,illustration3 ,geology of ,canyonlands ,illustration3 ,,looking ,,north ,,from ,,east ,,wall ,,of ,,devils ,,lane1 just south of the ,silver ,stairs4 ,needles are ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone4 ,junction ,butte and ,grand ,view ,point lie across ,colorado ,river in background4 ,illustration3 ,the ,geologic ,story of ,canyonlands ,,national ,,park ,the ,geologic ,story of ,canyonlands ,,national ,,park ,by ,s4 ,w4 ,lohman ,graphics by ,john ,r4 ,stacy ,,geological ,,survey ,,bulletin #acbg ,,united ,,states ,,department ,,of ,,the ,,interior ,,rogers ,c4 ,b4 ,,morton1 ,secretary ,,geological ,,survey ,v4 ,e4 ,mc,kelvey1 ,director ,library of ,congress catalog-card ,no4 #gd-fjjjdc ,illustration3 ,u4,s4 ,,department ,,of ,,the ,,interior ,,march #c1 #ahdi ,u4,s4 ,,government ,,printing ,,office3 #aigd ,for sale by the ,superintendent of ,documents1 ,u4,s4 ,government ,printing ,office ,washington1 ,d4,c4 #bjdjb--,price #b4fe 7paper covers7 ,stock ,number #bdja-jbdih ,contents ,page ,a new park is born #a ,major ,powell's river expeditions #d ,early history #i ,prehistoric people #i ,late arrivals #ad ,geographic setting #ag ,rocks and landforms #bj ,how to see the park #bf ,the high mesas #bg ,island in the ,sky #bg ,dead ,horse ,point ,state ,park #cj ,north entrance #cd ,shafer and ,white ,rim ,trails #cd ,grand ,view ,point #cf ,green ,river ,overlook #dc ,upheaval ,dome #dc ,hatch ,point #df ,needles ,overlook #dg ,canyonlands ,overlook #dh ,u-#c ,loop #di ,anticline ,overlook #ej ,orange ,cliffs #ed ,the ,benchlands #eh ,the ,maze and ,land of ,standing ,rocks #eh ,the ,needles district #fj ,salt1 ,davis1 and ,lavender ,canyons #fd ,the ,needles and ,the ,grabens #gc ,canyons of the ,green and ,colorado ,rivers #he ,entrenched and cutoff meanders #hf ,green ,river #hg ,colorado ,river #if ,summary of geologic history #aab ,additional reading #aag ,acknowledgments #aah ,selected references #aah ,index #abc ,illustrations ,page ,frontispiece4 ,looking north from ,devils ,lane near ,silver ,stairs4 ,figure #a4 ,map of ,canyonlands ,national ,park #f #b4 ,pictographs on wall of ,horseshoe ,canyon #aj #c4 ,the ,all ,american ,man #aj #d4 ,tower ,ruin #aa #e4 ,newspaper ,rock #ac #f4 ,cave ,spring ,line ,camp #ae #g4 ,canyonlands ,national ,park and vicinity #ai #h4 ,shallow inland sea #ba #i4 ,rock column of ,canyonlands ,national ,park #bb #aj4 ,section across ,canyonlands ,national ,park #bd #aa4 ,aerial view of ,the ,neck and ,shafer ,trail #bh #ab4 ,merrimac and ,monitor ,buttes #bi #ac4 ,cane ,creek anticline 7viewed from ,dead ,horse ,point7 #cj #ad4 ,cutaway view of anticline #ca #ae4 ,looking southwest from ,dead ,horse ,point #cb #af4 ,shafer ,trail #ce #ag4 ,natural tanks #cg #ah4 ,canyon ,viewpoint ,arch #cg #ai4 ,index map showing photograph localities #ch #bj4 ,the ,white ,rim #dj #ba4 ,monument ,basin from ,grand ,view ,point #da #bb4 ,monument ,basin from the air #db #bc4 ,stillwater ,canyon and ,green ,river #dd #bd4 ,turks ,head #de #be4 ,upheaval ,dome #de #bf4 ,cutaway view of syncline #df #bg4 ,junction ,butte and ,grand ,view ,point #dh #bh4 ,syncline in core of ,lockhart ,basin #di #bi4 ,view westward from ,u-#c loop #ej #cj4 ,looking north from ,anticline ,overlook #ea #ca4 ,cane ,creek anticline 7viewed from ,anticline ,overlook7 #eb #cb4 ,view southeastward from ,the ,spur #ee #cc4 ,looking north down ,millard ,canyon #ef #cd4 ,elaterite seeping from ,white ,rim ,sandstone #ei #ce4 ,white ,rim ,sandstone #ei #cf4 ,the ,doll ,house #fj #cg4 ,church ,rock #fa #ch4 ,north and south ,six-,shooter ,peaks #fb #ci4 ,squaw ,flat ,campground #fd #dj4 ,aerial view eastward across ,salt ,canyon #fe #da4 ,wooden ,shoe #ff #db4 ,paul ,bunyans ,potty #fg #dc4 ,angel ,arch #fi #dd4 ,fisheye ,arch #gj #de4 ,wedding ,ring ,arch #ga #df4 ,hand ,holt ,arch #ga #dg4 ,cleft ,arch #gb #dh4 ,arch #gb #di4 ,the ,needles #gc #ej4 ,chesler ,park in ,the ,needles #gc #ea4 ,the ,needles and ,the ,grabens #gd #eb4 ,trail to ,druid ,arch #gg #ec4 ,upper ,elephant ,canyon #gg #ed4 ,druid ,arch #gh #ee4 ,a simple graben #hj #ef4 ,cutaway view of normal fault #hj #eg4 ,west wall of ,cyclone ,canyon ,graben #ha #eh4 ,lower ,elephant ,canyon #ha #ei4 ,the confluence from the air #hb #fj4 ,the confluence from ,confluence ,overlook #hc #fa4 ,cataract ,canyon #hd #fb4 ,bowknot ,bend #hi #fc4 ,inscription by ,julien #ia #fd4 ,buttes of the ,cross #ib #fe4 ,anderson ,bottom ,rincon #id #ff4 ,drainage changes at ,anderson ,bottom ,rincon #id #fg4 ,stillwater ,canyon #ie #fh4 ,the ,portal #ig #fi4 ,the ,canyon ,king #ih #gj4 ,potash mine of ,texas ,gulf1 ,inc #ii #ga4 ,evaporation ponds #ii #gb4 ,petrified log #ajb #gc4 ,relatively recent rincons along ,indian ,creek #ajc #gd4 ,the ,loop #ajd #ge4 ,reverse fault #aje #gf4 ,cutaway view of reverse fault #aje #gg4 ,salt ,creek ,canyon #ajg #gh4 ,the ,slide #ajg #gi4 ,gypsum plug #aji #hj4 ,geologic time spiral #aaj #ha4 ,late ,cretaceous sea #aad ,a ,new ,park is ,born ,on ,september #ab1 #aifd1 ,president ,lyndon ,b4 ,johnson signed an act of ,congress establishing ,canyonlands as our thirty-second national park1 the first addition to the park system since #aief4 ,the birth of ,canyonlands ,national ,park was not without labor pains4 ,in the #aicj's virtually all the vast canyon country between ,moab1 ,utah1 and ,grand ,canyon1 ,ariz41 was studied for a projected ,escalante ,national ,park4 ,but ,escalante failed to get off the ground1 even when a second attempt was made in the #aiej's4 ,not until another proposal had been made and legislative compromises had been worked out did the park materialize1 this time under a new name--,canyonlands4 ,among the many dignitaries who witnessed the signature on ,september #ab was one of the men most responsible for the park's creation1 park superintendent ,bates ,e4 ,wilson1 who did the pioneer spade work in the field4 ,the newborn park covered #djj square miles#a at the junction of the ,green and ,colorado ,rivers in ,utah4 ,it included such magnificent features as ,island in the ,sky1 ,the ,needles1 ,upheaval ,dome1 and the two great stone formations1 ,angel ,arch and ,druid ,arch4 ,on ,november #af1 #aiga1 ,president ,richard ,m4 ,nixon signed an act of ,congress enlarging the park by #abe square miles in four separate parcels of land1 so the area now totals #ebe square miles1 all in southeastern ,utah1 as shown on the map 7fig4 #a74 ,the northern boundary was extended to include parts of ,taylor and ,shafer ,canyons4 ,the addition at the southeast corner takes in the headwaters of ,salt and ,lavender ,canyons and part of ,davis' ,canyon4 ,the largest addition1 at the southwest corner1 includes grotesquely carved areas bearing such colorful names as ,the ,maze1 ,land of ,standing ,rocks1 ,the ,fins1 ,the ,doll ,house 7fig4 #cf71 and ,ernies ,country 7named after ,ernie ,larson1 an early-day sheepman74 ,the fourth parcel lies about #h miles west of the northwest corner and encompasses much of ,horseshoe ,canyon1 whose walls are adorned by striking pictographs 7fig4 #b74 ,at this writing 7#aigc7 the park is still in its infancy1 with most of the planned developments and improvements awaiting time and money1 but a good start has been made4 ,in #aifj my family and ,i first traversed ,island in the ,sky to ,grand ,view ,point over a rough jeep trail2 now it is reached with ease over a good graded road which eventually will be paved4 ,a temporary trailer-housed entrance station near ,the ,neck will be replaced by permanent headquarters for the ,island in the ,sky district after water is piped up from wells drilled near the mouth of ,taylor ,canyon4 ,in ,august #aife1 when the ,park was but #aa months old1 we drove the family car over a two-track dirt 8road0 from ,dugout ,ranch to ,cave ,spring--temporary headquarters for the ,needles district of the park1 whose personnel were housed partly in trailers and partly in the cave4 ,now a modern paved highway1 built by the ,state 7,utah ,highway #aa7 for #ai miles to ,dugout ,ranch and by ,san ,juan ,county1 the ,state of ,utah1 and the ,national ,park ,service for the next #ah miles1 extends a total of #ch miles from ,u4,s4 ,highway #afc to a new modern campground at ,squaw ,flat 7fig4 #ci74 ,the entrance station and housing for park personnel are now in trailers about #b miles west of ,cave ,spring1 but the trailers will be replaced by permanent structures4 ,a shallow well near temporary headquarters supplies the only water available to the campground #a4e miles to the west1 but a new supply is to be developed for the campground and permanent headquarters4 ,groceries1 gasoline1 trailer hookups1 and charter flights are available at ,canyonlands ,resort1 just outside the eastern park boundary4 ,the old cowboy line camp at ,cave ,spring has been restored so that visitors can see this phase of colorful ,canyonlands history 7fig4 #f74 ,except for #b miles of partly graded road west from ,squaw ,flat1 all travel to the west and south is by four-wheel-drive vehicle or on foot4 ,in order to reach the confluence of the ,green and ,colorado ,rivers1 ,the ,grabens1 and ,chesler and ,virginia ,parks1 drivers must conquer formidable ,elephant ,hill1 with its #dj percent grades and backup switchbacks4 ,,sob ,hill and the ,silver ,stairs also tax the skill and patience of jeepsters4 ,parts of this area will eventually be reached by graded roads1 possibly by about #aigg1 but many hope that much of it will be kept accessible only by jeep or foot trails4 ,bates ,wilson1 recently retired superintendent not only of ,canyonlands ,national ,park but also of nearby ,arches ,national ,park and of ,natural ,bridges ,national ,monument about #hj miles to the south1 is one of the few men in the park service who has guided a national park through all phases--location1 promotion1 establishment1 and initial development4 ,he retired in ,june #aigb to a ranch along the ,colorado ,river north of ,moab4 ,unless credited to others1 for which grateful acknowledgment is made1 the color photographs were taken by me4 ,most of these were taken on #d- by #e-;inch film in a tripod-mounted press camera using lenses of several focal lengths1 but a few were taken on #ce-millimeter film4 ,unless credited to others1 the black and white photographs were kindly loaned from the ,moab and ,arches files of the ,national ,park ,service4 ,the points from which most of the photographs were taken are shown in figure #ai4 ,illustration3 ,petroglyph ,major ,powell's ,river ,expeditions ,although ,major ,john ,wesley ,powell was not the first geologist to view the canyon lands1 his two daring boat trips down the ,green and ,colorado ,rivers in #ahfi and #ahga made history by bringing to light the first descriptions of the geography and geology of what was then the largest remaining uncharted wilderness in the ,united ,states4 ,many landmarks along the canyons in the park were named by ,powell and his men during those explorations4 ,j4 ,s4 ,newberry is thought to have been the first geologist to view the canyon lands--at least he seems to have been the first one whose observations were recorded 7#ahfa71 but the more comprehensive findings of ,powell 7#ahge7 were the ones that made history4 ,the #ajjth anniversary of ,major ,powell's pioneer exploration of the ,green and ,colorado ,rivers was commemorated in #aifi by a national centennial sponsored jointly by the ,u4,s4 ,department of the ,interior1 the ,smithsonian ,institution1 the ,national ,geographic ,society1 and many other organizations4 ,this touched off many magazine and newspaper articles1 several commemorative programs and dedications1 and several publications of lasting interest4 ,noteworthy among the latter is ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey ,professional ,paper #ffi entitled 8,the ,colorado ,river ,region and ,john ,wesley ,powell40 ,of its four separate parts1 two are of special interest to our ,canyonlands story3 part ,a1 8,john ,wesley ,powell3 ,pioneer ,statesman of ,federal ,science10 by ,rabbitt 7#aifi7 and part ,c1 8,geologic ,history of the ,colorado ,river10 by ,hunt 7#aifi74 ,an interesting history of the ,national ,park ,service by ,everhart 7#aigb7 was published as part of the national park centennial effort4 ,the ,powell ,society1 ,ltd41 of ,denver1 ,colo41 was founded mainly to publish four 8,river ,runners' ,guides to the ,canyons of the ,green and ,colorado ,rivers1 with ,emphasis on ,geologic ,features10 covering five reaches of the two rivers from ,flaming ,gorge ,dam1 ,utah1 to ,grand ,canyon1 ,ariz4 ,one of these by ,mutschler 7#aifi7 covers ,labyrinth1 ,stillwater1 and ,cataract ,canyons1 all in ,canyonlands ,national ,park4 ,another guidebook by ,baars and ,molenaar 7#aiga7 covers the ,colorado ,river from about ,potash1 ,utah1 to the confluence with the ,green1 and ,cataract ,canyon4 ,it is difficult to realize that thousands of people annually now boat down the canyons ,powell dared to explore without knowledge of the dangers that lay ahead4 ,during the summer of #aifh a ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey expedition led by ,eugene ,m4 ,shoemaker retraced the historic #ahfi and #ahga river voyages of ,major ,powell1 in order to reoccupy the camera stations of the #ahga voyage and rephotograph the same scenes nearly #ajj years later4 ,remarkably enough1 about #aej camera stations were recovered1 many requiring considerable search1 and official photographer ,hal ,g4 ,stephens rephotographed the scenes taken with cumbersome wet-plate cameras nearly #ajj years earlier by ,e4 ,o4 ,beaman 7above the site of ,lees ,ferry7 and by ,j4 ,k4 ,hillers 7below the site74 ,a report containing these remarkable sets of before and after photographs hopefully will be published eventually as a delayed part of the ,powell centennial4 ,a few pairs have been published by others 7,baars and ,molenaar1 #aiga1 p4 #ij-ii71 and two pairs are shown herein as figures #fb and #fg4 ,as these photographs show1 in most places the rocks and even the vegetation remain virtually unchanged after nearly a century1 but a few other pairs not included herein show catastrophic changes resulting from local floods or rockfalls4 ,illustration3 ,,canyonlands ,,national ,,park1 showing location in ,utah1 ,lake ,powell1 ,dead ,horse ,point ,state ,park1 boundaries1 streams1 roads1 trails1 landforms1 and principal named features4 ,there was insufficient room to show all named features2 some not shown are related in text by distance and direction to named ones1 and some additional names are given in figures #g1 #ea1 and #ei4 ,hans ,flat ,ranger ,station near left border is in ,glen ,canyon ,national ,recreation ,area4 ,the reader is referred to road maps issued by the ,state or by oil companies for the location of ,u4,s4 ,highway #afc 7shown as #afj on old maps7 and other nearby roads and for the locations of the towns of ,green ,river1 ,crescent ,junction1 ,moab1 ,la ,sal ,junction1 and ,monticello4 ,visitors also can obtain pamphlets at the entrance stations to the ,needles and ,island in the ,sky districts of the park or at the ,national ,park ,service office in ,moab2 these contain up-to-date maps of the park and the latest available information on roads1 trails1 campsites1 and picnic sites4 7,fig4 #a7 ,on ,june #bf1 #aifi1 state and local officials met along the ,green ,river at the mouth of ,split ,mountain ,canyon1 in ,dinosaur ,national ,monument1 to dedicate a monument to ,major ,powell1 commemorating the #ajjth anniversary of his first river trip1 and to dedicate the ,powell ,centennial ,scenic ,drive1 also known as the ,powell ,memorial ,highway4 ,in the absence of any roads closely paralleling the ,green and ,colorado ,rivers except for short distances1 this route is virtually the only means of approach to the rivers and comprises parts of several state and federal highways connecting ,green ,river1 ,wyo41 and ,grand ,canyon1 ,ariz4 ,a segment of it1 ,u4,s4 ,highway #afc1 connects ,crescent ,junction1 ,moab1 ,monticello1 and ,blanding1 all in ,utah1 and provides the principal access routes to ,canyonlands and ,arches ,national ,parks and ,natural ,bridges ,national ,monument4 ,the ceremonies at the mouth of ,split ,mountain ,canyon began with the landing of the official party flotilla of four boats similar to the ones used #ajj years earlier by ,powell1 who was impersonated by a bearded man dressed to resemble the one-armed major4 ,after the dedication1 the four boats resumed the voyage down the ,green ,river for another ceremony4 ,on ,june #bi a second monument was dedicated at the head of ,desolation ,canyon1 some #ej miles southwest of ,vernal1 ,utah1 where the #ahfi ,powell expedition first ventured into the then unknown wilderness4 ,the bronze plaque identifies ,desolation ,canyon1 named by ,powell1 as a national historic landmark that comprises #eh1jjj acres in an area #a mile wide on each side of a #ie-mile reach of the ,green ,river4 ,illustration3 ,petroglyph ,early ,history ,prehistoric people ,there is abundant evidence that the canyon lands were inhabited by cliff dwellers centuries before the explorations of ,powell or the earlier visits of the ,spanish explorers and the fur trappers4 ,projectile points and other artifacts found in the nearby ,la ,sal and ,abajo ,mountains indicate occupation by aborigines from about #c1jjj-b1jjj ,b4,c4 to about #a ,a4,d4 7,hunt1 #aief74 ,archeologists have found evidence of two occupations by prehistoric peoples in and near ,canyonlands ,national ,park--the ,fremont people around #hej or #ijj ,a4,d4 and the ,pueblo or ,anasazi people from about #ajge to their departure in the late #abth century 7,jennings1 #aigj74 ,within the park1 the most densely populated area was along ,salt ,canyon and its tributaries in the ,needles district1 but many prehistoric dwellings and granaries are also found just south of the park in ,beef ,basin and ,ruin ,park4 ,the ,fremont people1 who were mainly hunters1 seemingly left no artifacts1 but they did leave beautiful pictographs1 or rock paintings1 such as the group of ghostly human figures on the sandstone wall of ,horseshoe ,canyon 7fig4 #b71 in the detached unit northwest of the park proper 7fig4 #a74 ,the ,all ,american ,man 7fig4 #c71 a most unusual 8,humpty ,dumpty0 figure painted in red1 white1 and blue on the wall of a cave about #c miles above the cable across the east fork of ,salt ,canyon1 is believed to have been done in the ,fremont style1 but as shown in the photograph1 it is next to one of three dwellings in the same cave that were built later by the ,anasazi people4 ,tower ,ruin 7fig4 #d7 is one of many well-preserved granaries built by the ,anasazi1 who farmed the flood plains of creeks such as ,salt and ,horse ,canyons4 ,according to ,jennings 7#aigj71 ,there is some evidence that these early ,utah people practiced a form of irrigation1 using shallow ditches to carry water to their crops4 ,there is also evidence that a change in climate sometime around the late #abth century brought about summer flash flooding and induced the cliff dwellers to abandon their ,canyonlands homes and farms4 ,illustration3 ,,pictographs ,,on ,,wall ,,of ,,horseshoe ,,canyon1 believed to have been made by ,fremont people about #a1jjj years ago4 ,numbered chalkmarks #a foot apart along bottom were made by some previous photographer4 ,photograph by ,walter ,meayers ,edwards1 #aiga ,national ,geographic ,society4 7,fig4 #b7 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,all ,,american ,,man1 on wall of cave in ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone ,member of ,cutler ,formation along upper ,salt ,canyon1 believed to have been painted by ,fremont people4 ,granary on right was built by ,anasazi people4 ,chalk outline was added by some previous photographer4 ,photograph by ,national ,park ,service4 7,fig4 #c7 ,illustration3 ,,tower ,,ruin1 an ,anasazi granary in cave in ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone ,member along tributary of ,horse ,canyon4 7,fig4 #d7 ,visitors to the ,needles district pass through ,indian ,creek ,state ,park #ab miles west of ,u4,s4 ,highway #afc4 ,the principal attraction1 which is visible at the base of the ,wingate ,sandstone cliff on the right 7north71 is ,newspaper ,rock 7fig4 #e71 one of the best preserved and most intriguing petroglyphs1 or rock inscriptions1 in the canyon lands4 ,many of the older cliff faces of the ,wingate and ,navajo ,sandstones are darkened or blackened by desert varnish1 a natural pigment of iron and manganese oxides4 ,the prehistoric inhabitants of the canyon country learned that effective and enduring designs could be created simply by chiseling through the thin dark layer to reveal the buff or tan sandstone beneath4 ,according to ,jesse ,d4 ,jennings 7letter of ,mar4 #bj1 #aifb1 to ,utah ,div4 ,parks and ,recreation71 ,there are at least three periods of workmanship visible on the rock4 ,the last is quite recent since it shows men mounted on horses brought in by ,spanish explorers4 ,these are probably less than #bjj years old and are probably the work of ,ute tribesmen4 ,the others cannot be identified with any specific cultural group1 although the earliest may be as much as one thousand years old and are probably the work of the so-called 8,fremont0 peoples 99 99 99 ,in addition to the designs by the ,fremont1 ,anasazi1 and ,ute artists1 you will note a few names and dates as late as #aied4 ,illustration3 ,petroglyph ,illustration3 ,,newspaper ,,rock1 petroglyphs cut in ,wingate ,sandstone cliff in ,indian ,creek ,state ,park4 ,inscriptions probably span about #a1jjj years and include figures by ,fremont1 ,anasazi1 and ,ute people 7mounted horsemen7 and by a few early white settlers4 7,fig4 #e7 ,late arrivals ,the modern history of ,canyonlands is as colorful as the canyons themselves1 and involves ,indians1 cattlemen1 bank robbers1 cattle rustlers1 and horsethieves1 followed by oil drillers1 uranium hunters1 potash miners1 jeepsters1 boaters1 and tourists4 ,a brief summary of their activities is taken mainly from a recent account by ,maxine ,newell 7#aigj71 to whose work you are referred for further details4 ,bands of ,ute and ,navajo ,indians roamed the canyons and mesas until the late #ahjj's1 but gradually they were driven out and succeeded by pioneer cattlemen1 the first of whom were ,george and ,silas ,green in #ahgd-ge1 followed by the ,taylor brothers in #ahhj-ha4 ,cowboys named many of the natural features of the area1 and the ,needles country provided the scenic background for some of ,zane ,grey's western tales and for ,david ,lavender's 8,one ,man's ,west40 ,lavender ,canyon1 whose headwaters were recently annexed to the park1 was named for him4 ,visitors to the ,needles district pass the ,dugout ,ranch about #g miles northwest of ,newspaper ,rock4 ,the earliest ranch dwellings were dirt houses built by the ,somerville and ,scorup brothers1 who bought the huge ,indian ,creek spread for #dbf1jjj from the ,carlisle ,co4 in #aiah4 ,in #aigc the ranch was operated by ,robert and ,heidi ,redd1 whose line camp at ,cave ,spring served as temporary park headquarters and later was restored to a typical line camp 7fig4 #f7 as part of the ,cave ,spring ,environmental ,trail4 ,robbers ,roost ,canyon and ,spring some #cj miles west of the park was the hangout of a horsethief named ,cap ,brown in the seventies4 ,from #ahhd until about #aijj it was the hiding place for the notorious ,butch ,cassidy and his ,wild ,bunch1 who robbed banks1 trains1 and mine payrolls and stole or traded horses and cattle from the ranchers4 ,cassidy and his gang managed to get along with the cattlemen by either replacing or paying for most of the horses and cattle1 but the law finally drove them out1 and ,butch1 the ,sundance ,kid1 and a woman named ,etta ,place moved to ,bolivia4 ,according to the movie version1 ,butch and the ,sundance ,kid were hunted down and shot by ,bolivian soldiers for robbing banks and mine payrolls1 but according to ,baker 7#aiga7 ,butch returned safely to the ,united ,states and died in the ,northwest in #aidc or #aidd1 and the ,sundance ,kid is reported to have died in ,casper1 ,wyo41 in #aieh at age #ih4 ,art ,ekker 7,findley1 #aiga1 fig4 #c71 present owner of ,robbers ,roost ,ranch1 which contains the former hangout1 commented3 8,a lot of people are sure that ,butch and his gang buried some money around ,robbers ,roost4 ,every so often somebody turns up with a map or a metal detector and wants to start digging4 ,they've found a lot of rusty tin cans and old horseshoes40 ,illustration3 ,,cave ,,spring ,,line ,,camp4 ,above1 line-camp exterior1 showing entrance and corral2 below1 interior1 showing furnishings and staple food items kept in stock4 ,served as regular cowboy line camp for many years1 then as part of temporary park headquarters2 later restored as part of ,cave ,spring ,environmental ,trail4 ,a nearby cave1 also in ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone1 contains a spring4 7,fig4 #f7 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f1 lower image ,the uranium boom of the #aiej's1 touched off by ,charlie ,steen's fabulous ,mi ,vida mine south of ,la ,sal1 ,utah1 temporarily skyrocketed the population of ,moab and sent uranium hunters into every nook and cranny of the canyon lands4 ,many of the jeep trails were first made then1 and landing strips and prospect holes of that period are plentiful4 ,most of the prospects were in the ,chinle ,formation1 particularly in the ,moss ,back ,member at the base1 but some were in rocks older than the ,chinle1 and some were in younger rocks4 ,the uranium mines in the park are no longer operating1 but production has been resumed in a few mines just north and east of the park4 ,information on some of these mines1 obtained from ,e4 ,p4 ,beroni 7,u4,s4 ,atomic ,energy ,comm41 oral commun41 ,feb4 #ad1 #aigc7 is given at appropriate places below4 ,the number of boaters or floaters on the ,colorado and ,green ,rivers is increasing steadily1 and trips by jet boat and other power boats are available from ,moab4 ,tourist travel over good roads on ,island in the ,sky and ,hatch ,point and by paved road to ,the ,needles also is increasing steadily4 ,travel west of the ,green ,river and main stem of the ,colorado ,river is still restricted largely to a few jeep trails and to hiking or horseback riding4 ,illustration3 ,petroglyph ,geographic ,setting ,geologists have divided the ,united ,states into many provinces1 each of which has distinctive geologic and topographic characteristics that set it apart from the others4 ,one of the most intriguing and scenic of these is the ,colorado ,plateaus province1 referred to in this report simply as the ,colorado ,plateau1 or the ,plateau4 ,this province1 which covers some #aej1jjj square miles and is not all plateaus1 as we shall see1 extends from ,rifle1 ,colo41 at the northeast to a little beyond ,flagstaff1 ,ariz41 at the southwest and from ,cedar ,city1 ,utah1 at the west nearly to ,albuquerque1 ,n4 ,mex41 at the southeast4 ,canyonlands ,national ,park appropriately occupies the heart of the ,canyon ,lands section1 one of the six subdivisions of the ,plateau4 ,as the names imply1 the ,canyon ,lands section of the ,plateau comprises a high plateau1 generally ranging in altitude from #e1jjj to #g1jjj feet1 which has been intricately dissected by literally thousands of canyons4 ,canyonlands ,national ,park is drained entirely by the ,colorado and ,green ,rivers1 whose confluence is an important and scenic central feature of the park 7figs4 #ei1 #fj74 ,individual canyons traversed or drained by these rivers are discussed in later chapters4 ,when ,major ,powell reached the confluence in #ahfi1 the river flowing in from the northeast to join the ,green ,river was called the ,grand ,river1 and the ,green and ,grand joined there to form the ,colorado ,river4 ,the ,grand ,river was renamed ,colorado ,river by act of the ,colorado ,state ,legislature approved ,march #bd1 #aiba1 and by act of ,congress approved ,july #be1 #aiba4 ,but the old term still remains in names such as ,grand ,county1 ,colo41 the headwaters region2 ,grand ,valley1 a town #af miles west of ,rifle1 ,colo42 ,grand ,valley between ,palisade and ,mack1 ,colo42 ,grand ,mesa1 which towers more than a mile above the ,grand and ,gunnison ,river valleys2 ,grand ,junction1 ,colo41 a city appropriately located at the confluence of the ,grand and ,gunnison ,rivers2 ,grand ,county1 ,utah1 which the river traverses after entering ,utah2 and ,grand ,view ,point1 the southern terminus of ,island in the ,sky4 ,when viewed at a distance of #a foot1 the shaded relief map 7fig4 #a7 shows the general shape of the land surface in and near ,canyonlands ,national ,park to the same horizontal scale as it would appear to a person in a spacecraft flying at a height of #bej1jjj feet1 or about #dh miles4 ,this map was prepared by artist ,john ,r4 ,stacy from parts of the reverse sides of four plastic relief maps#b--,salina1 ,moab1 ,cortez1 and ,escalante quadrangles1 at a scale of #a3bej1jjj--using a simple time- and money-saving method he devised 7,stacy1 #aifb74 ,an image of ,canyonlands ,national ,park and vicinity from a satellite at a height of about #egj miles is shown in figure #g4 ,note white clouds and black cloud shadows on right4 ,illustration3 ,,canyonlands ,,national ,,park ,,and ,,vicinity1 from ,,nasa's unmanned ,earth ,resources ,technology ,satellite 7,,erts-#a71 at height of about #egj miles4 ,the space image map was prepared from simultaneous scanning in three color bands--blue green1 red1 and near infrared--that were combined to produce a false-color image in which vigorous green vegetation 7forests and irrigated areas7 appears bright red1 water dark blue1 and soils and bare rocks various shades of blue1 blue green1 or yellow green4 ,bright-blue area on west bank of ,colorado ,river about #aj miles southwest of ,moab is the group of large evaporation ponds of ,texas ,gulf1 ,inc41 shown in figures #ca and #ga4 ,images were taken at #aj3ca3aj a4m41 ,aug4 #bc1 #aigb1 during the #dcb;d orbit1 telemetered to ,alaska1 videotaped1 then photographed4 ,sun elevation was #ec degrees above horizon from azimuth of #acj degrees4 ,image covers an area about #ajj miles square4 7,see scale47 ,location of ,monticello is approximate2 that of other towns is believed to be correct4 ,park boundaries are not shown because of difficulty in locating them accurately1 but features such as ,colorado and ,green ,rivers can easily be compared with those in figure #a4 7,fig4 #g74 ,rocks and ,landforms ,the vivid and varied colors of the bare rocks and the fantastic canyons1 buttes1 spires1 columns1 alcoves1 caves1 arches1 and other erosional forms of the canyon country result from a fortuitous combination of geologic and climatic circumstances and events unequaled in most other parts of the world4 ,first among these events was the piling up1 layer upon layer1 of thousands of feet of sedimentary rocks under a wide variety of environments4 ,sedimentary rocks of the region are composed of particles ranging in size from clay and silt through sand and gravel carried to their resting places by moving water1 silt and sand particles transported by wind1 and some materials precipitated from water solutions1 such as limestone 7calcium carbonate71 dolomite 7calcium and magnesium carbonate71 gypsum 7calcium sulfate with some water71 anhydrite 7calcium sulfate alone71 common salt 7sodium chloride71 potash minerals such as potassium chloride1 and a few other less common types4 ,some of the materials were laid down in shallow seas that once covered the area 7fig4 #h7 or in lagoons and estuaries near the sea4 ,some beds were deposited by streams in inland basins or plains1 a few were deposited in lakes1 and some1 like the ,navajo ,sandstone1 were carried in by the wind4 ,the character and thickness of the sedimentary rocks1 and the names and ages assigned to them by geologists1 are shown in the rock column in figure #i and in the cross sections in figures #aj and #ae1 and the history of their deposition is discussed in the chapter 8,summary of ,geologic ,history40 ,the rock column was compiled mainly from generalized stratigraphic sections given by ,baker 7#aicc1 #aidf71 ,mc,knight 7#aidj71 ,hinrichs and others 7#aifg1 #aiga;b71 and ,f4 ,a4 ,mc,keown and ,p4 ,p4 ,orkild 7,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 unpub4 data1 ,mar4 #af1 #aigc74 ,not exposed in the area but present far beneath the sedimentary cover1 and exposed in a few surrounding places1 are examples of the other two principal types of rocks3 7#a7 igneous rocks1 solidified from molten rock forced into or above younger rocks along cracks1 joints1 and faults and 7#b7 much older metamorphic rocks1 formed from other pre-existing rock types by great heat and pressure at extreme depths4 ,the particles comprising the sedimentary rocks were derived by weathering and erosion of rocks of all three types in the headwater regions of the ancestral ,colorado ,river basin4 ,igneous rocks of ,tertiary ,age 7fig4 #hj7 form the nearby ,la ,sal1 ,abajo1 and ,henry ,mountains 7fig4 #g74 ,illustration3 ,,shallow ,,inland ,,sea which covered ,canyonlands and vicinity during ,middle ,pennsylvanian time4 7,fig4 #h7 ,second among the main events leading to the formation of the canyon country was the raising and buckling of the ,plateau by earth forces so that it could be vigorously attacked by various forces of erosion and so that the rock materials thus pried loose or dissolved could eventually be carted away to the ,gulf of ,california by the ancestral ,colorado ,river4 ,some idea of the enormous volume of rock thus removed is apparent when you look down some #b1jjj feet to the river from any of the high overlooks1 such as ,dead ,horse ,point 7fig4 #ae7 or ,green ,river ,overlook 7fig4 #bc71 or when you lay a straightedge across the three high mesas in figure #aj and note the large volume of missing rocks below4 ,not so apparent1 however1 is the fact that some #aj1jjj feet of younger ,mesozoic and ,tertiary rocks that once overlay this high plateau also has been swept away4 ,in all1 the river has carried thousands of cubic miles of sediment to the sea and is still actively at work on this gigantic earthmoving project4 ,in an earlier report 7,lohman1 #aife1 p4 #db7 ,i estimated that the rate of removal may have been as great as about #c cubic miles each century4 ,for a few years the bulk of it was dumped into ,lake ,mead1 but now ,lake ,powell is getting much of it4 ,when these and other reservoirs ultimately become filled with sediment1 for reservoirs and lakes are but temporary things1 the ,gulf of ,california will again become the burial ground4 ,illustration3 ,,rock ,,column ,,of ,,canyonlands ,,national ,,park4 ,one foot equals #j4cje meter4 7,fig4 #i7 ,,age 7millions of yrs ago7 ,,geologic ,,age ,,name ,,of ,,rock ,,formation ,,kind ,,of ,,rock ,,and ,,how ,,it ,,is ,,sculptured ,,by ,,erosion ,,thickness 7feet7 ,,named ,,for ,,occurrence ,,at ,,or ,,near #aej ,jurassic ,entrada ,sandstone ,crossbedded white fine-grained sandstone at top 7,moab ,member72 salmon colored to pink1 fine-grained1 generally crossbedded sandstone in middle 7,slick ,rock ,member72 red earthy sandstone and siltstone at base 7,dewey ,bridge ,member1 grades into ,carmel ,formation west of ,green ,river74 ,forms steep-sided buttes north1 east1 and west of park4 #djj-ejj ,entrada ,point1 ,san ,rafael ,swell1 ,utah #age ,jurassic ,triassic787 ,glen ,can ,group ,navajo ,sandstone ,crossbedded buff to gray sandstone1 some red sandstone1 and thin beds of limestone4 ,residual rounded patches on highest mesas4 #cbe-eej ,navajo ,country1 ,ariz41 ,new ,mexico1 ,utah ,late ,triassic787 ,kayenta ,formation ,irregularly bedded stream-laid gray1 buff1 lavender and red fine-to-coarse-grained sandstone and siltstone4 ,caps most high mesas and forms tops of highest cliffs4 ,contains fresh-water fossils4 #afj-cjj ,glen ,canyon1 ,s4 ,utah1 ,kayenta1 ,arizona #bjj ,late ,triassic ,wingate ,sandstone ,buff and light red generally crossbedded medium-grained sandstone4 ,forms highest cliffs1 many of which are coated with black desert varnish4 #baj-cdj ,ft4 ,wingate1 ,new ,mexico ,chinle ,fm4 ,unnamed upper member ,reddish siltstone1 mudstone1 and sandstone locally bleached to bluish or greenish gray1 and few thin beds of limestone4 ,forms steep slopes at base of highest cliffs4 ,contains some fossil wood and reptile bones4 #bje-gdj ,chinle ,valley1 ,ariz4 ,moss ,back ,mbr ,gray1 brown1 and gray-green sandstone and conglomerate4 #j-hj ,moss ,back ,ridge1 ,utah #bae ,middle787 and ,early ,triassic ,moenkopi ,fm4 ,unnamed upper member ,brick red1 reddish-brown1 and brown mudstone and sandstone1 and some conglomerate and gypsum4 ,forms slopes broken by thin ledges4 #bej-idj ,moenkopi ,wash1 ,ariz4 ,triassic787 ,hoskinnini ,tongue ,pale-brown fine-to-coarse-grained sandstone2 forms ledges4 #j-abj ,hoskinnini ,mesa1 ,ariz4 #bej ,permian ,cutler ,fm4 ,undivided ,cutler ,formation in northeastern part of area is composed of buff1 red1 and purple arkosic sandstone and conglomerate4 ,south of ,indian ,creek is the thick ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone ,member1 composed of massive mainly crossbedded white to pale red sandstone with thin beds of cherty limestone4 ,forms needles1 arches and other erosional features4 ,thickening southwestward is the ,white ,rim ,sandstone ,member of white crossbedded sandstone4 #hjj-a1jjj ,cutler ,creek1 ,colo4 ,white ,rim ,sandstone ,member ,white ,rim1 ,wayne ,co41 ,utah ,organ ,rock ,tongue ,organ ,rock1 ,utah ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone ,member ,cedar ,mesa1 ,s4 ,e4 ,utah ,rico ,formation ,buff1 red1 and purple arkosic sandstone and conglomerate containing several thin beds of marine fossiliferous limestone4 ,forms moderately steep slopes4 #bej-ehe ,rico1 ,colo4 #cjj ,pennsylvanian ,hermosa ,formation ,hermosa ,creek1 ,animas ,river ,valley1 ,colo4 ,unnamed upper member ,blue1 greenish1 and gray fossiliferous limestone interbedded with white1 gray1 and greenish sandstone and gray to green shale4 ,lower part known only from deep wells4 ,forms steep canyon walls4 #ijj-a1hjj ,paradox ,member ,salt1 gypsum1 and anhydrite with interbedded black and brown shale2 some limestone4 8 ,paradox ,valley1 ,colo4 ,last but far from least among the factors responsible for the grandeur of the canyon country is the desert climate1 which allows us to see virtually every foot of the vividly colored naked rocks and has made possible the creation and preservation of such a wide variety of fantastic sculptures4 ,a wetter climate would have produced a far different and smoother landscape in which most of the rocks and land forms would have been hidden by vegetation4 ,in the canyon lands the vegetation is mainly on the high mesas and on the narrow flood plains bordering the rivers1 but scanty vegetation does grow on the gentle slopes or flats4 ,the desert climate has combined with the nearly flat lying layers of sediments of different character1 hardness1 and thickness to produce steep slopes having many cliffs and ledges and generally sharp to angular edges rather than the subdued rounded forms of more humid regions4 ,this has led geologists to refer to such terrain as having 8layer-cake geology10 and this is brought out by the profile in the rock column 7fig4 #i71 by the cross section 7fig4 #aj71 by figure #ae1 and by many of the other photographs4 ,but the baker of this cake was rather careless--not only do the layers range widely in thickness and character1 but some are wedge shaped1 thick on one side of the cake but thin or absent on the other4 ,then too1 when he ran out of icing in the midst of a layer1 he was apt to finish with a different kind or color1 for no inspector was on the job to insure orderly construction4 ,if all the rock strata in the park were present at one locality1 their sequence and thickness would be those shown on the right-hand side of the graphic section in figure #i4 ,however1 because of the lateral changes in thickness and character and the wedging out of certain beds1 such as the ,white ,rim ,sandstone ,member of the ,cutler ,formation1 no two sections of the strata are exactly alike4 ,this will be brought out in photographs of different exposures of rocks in various parts of the park4 ,an often-asked question is1 why are most of the rocks so red8 ,this can be answered by one word--iron1 the same pigment used in rouge and in paint for barns and boxcars4 ,various oxides of iron1 some including water1 produce not only brick red but also pink1 salmon1 brown1 buff1 yellow1 and even green or bluish green4 ,this does not imply that the rocks could be considered as sources of iron ore1 for the merest trace of iron1 generally only #a to #c percent1 is enough to produce even the darkest shades of red4 ,the only rocks in the park that contain virtually no iron are white sandstones of the ,white ,rim ,sandstone ,member of the ,cutler ,formation 7figs4 #ba-bd7 and the ,navajo ,sandstone4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj1 first section ,illustration3 ,,section ,,across ,,canyonlands ,,national ,,park from ,north ,point at west 7left71 via ,grand ,view ,point in middle1 to ,needles ,overlook at east 7right71 showing the three principal topographic levels and character of the rock strata4 ,line of section bends at ,grand ,view ,point1 which is northernmost part4 7,fig4 #aj7 ,as pointed out by ,stokes 7#aigj1 p4 #c71 microscopic examination of the colored grains of quartz or other minerals shows the pigment to be merely a thin coating on and between white or colorless particles4 ,sand or silt weathered from such rocks soon loses its color by the scouring action of wind or water1 so most of the sand dunes and sand bars are white or nearly so4 ,the map 7fig4 #a7 and cross section 7fig4 #aj7 of the park show that in general the major features of the landscape lie at three different and distinctive levels4 ,a recently erected plaque on ,grand ,view ,point appropriately refers to these levels as the 8,three ,worlds40 ,the high plateaus1 or mesas1 in and adjoining the park dominate the skyline--in fact1 the central one1 between the ,green and ,colorado ,rivers1 is appropriately named ,island in the ,sky4 ,if you stand on either the east or the west shore of this towering cliff-bordered island1 you can look across a sea of fantastic erosional forms to a similar cliff-bordered shore at about the same level4 ,closer inspection of the sea of rocks on either side shows relatively flat benches or platforms about halfway to the bottom2 below these are the generally steep sided or cliff-bordered canyons of the two rivers and their larger tributaries4 ,from some vantage points along the shore1 such as ,dead ,horse ,point 7fig4 #ae7 or ,green ,river ,overlook 7fig4 #bc71 you can see the deepest level of all--the channels and flood plains of the ,green and ,colorado ,rivers4 ,what caused the 8,three ,worlds0 and the formidable cliffs supporting the high mesas or forming towering monoliths like ,angel ,arch or ,druid ,arch 7figs4 #dc1 #ed78 ,differences in the composition1 hardness1 arrangement1 and thickness of the rock layers determine their ability to withstand the forces of fracturing and erosion and hence their tendency to form cliffs1 ledges1 or slopes4 ,most of the cliff- or ledge-forming rocks are sandstones consisting of sand grains deposited by wind or water and later cemented together by silica 7,si,o71 calcium carbonate 7,ca,c,o71 or one of the iron oxides 7such as ,fe,o71 but some hard1 resistant ledges are made of limestone 7calcium carbonate74 ,the rock column 7fig4 #i7 shows in general how these rock formations are sculptured by erosion and how they protect underlying layers from more rapid erosion4 ,the nearly vertical cliffs supporting the highest mesas consist of the well-cemented ,wingate ,sandstone protected above by the even harder sandstone of the ,kayenta ,formation4 ,to borrow from an earlier report of mine 7,lohman1 #aife1 p4 #ag71 ,vertical cliffs and shafts of the ,wingate ,sandstone endure only where the top of the formation is capped by beds of the next younger rock unit--the ,kayenta ,formation4 ,the ,kayenta is much more resistant than the ,wingate1 so even a few feet of the ,kayenta 99 99 99 protect the rock beneath4 ,in some places remnants of the overlying ,navajo ,sandstone make up the topmost unit of the cliff4 ,illustration3 ,petroglyph ,how to ,see the ,park ,the question of how to see the park has no simple answer1 for the park is too vast and complex to comprehend by a quick visit to any one of its many and varied parts or by any one means of transportation4 ,some1 as did ,major ,powell1 view it only from the rivers--by boat plus a few back-breaking climbs up the bordering canyon walls4 ,others see only the small parts reachable by passenger cars4 ,the more venturesome see vastly more by jeep1 foot1 or horseback4 ,and a few prefer to view it as the birds do--from the air4 ,many1 those who put aside their magazines long enough1 get bird's-eye views without half trying1 for ,canyonlands is beneath the principal air routes connecting ,los ,angeles with ,grand ,junction and ,denver4 ,actually1 a full appreciation of all the wonders and beauties of the park is possible only by combining all these approaches and methods of locomotion1 but only a few fortunate souls such as ,bates ,wilson have thus been able to inspect virtually every square foot of it4 ,the task clearly before me1 then1 is how best to present such a complex wonderland to you1 the reader4 ,the method ,i selected1 after considerable thought and a few false starts1 is to begin at the top--the high mesas--and work my way downward much as the rivers have done in carving out this fantastic area1 to some of the broad benchlands beneath the mesas and eventually to the river channels and deep canyons4 ,although the approach ,i selected may not be the best1 and admittedly is but one of several that comes to mind1 ,i hope it gets the job done4 ,the ,high ,mesas ,even though the 8peninsular0 mesas east and west of ,island in the ,sky1 known respectively as ,hatch ,point and the ,orange ,cliffs1 lie outside the present boundaries1 they provide breathtaking views of important features within the park1 so brief descriptions of them are included below4 ,but first1 let us take a closer look at ,island in the ,sky4 ,island in the ,sky ,as the map 7fig4 #a7 shows1 ,island in the ,sky is really a fork of a wedge-shaped peninsula extending southward between the two rivers4 ,an outlier to the south named ,junction ,butte has already been severed from the main peninsula by erosion and now is a true island4 7,see frontispiece and fig4 #bb47 ,a large chunk of ,island in the ,sky south of ,the ,neck was about to be severed by erosion from the main peninsula to become a true island1 when recent widening and grading of the road gave it a temporary reprieve4 ,when my family and ,i first squeaked over this narrow neck in #aifj by jeep1 furtive glances to right or left showed the two canyons perilously close1 and complete severance seemed imminent4 ,the road builders have staved off disaster for a few thousand years1 but ultimately the large section to the south will become another island1 and a bridge will be required to connect it to the mainland4 ,its appearance from the air before the road widening is shown in figure #aa4 ,illustration3 ,,aerial ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,neck ,,and ,,shafer ,,trail1 looking southwest1 taken before rebuilding of park road on mesa top4 ,cliff-walled canyon to right of ,the ,neck1 in middle1 drains westward to the ,green ,river2 south fork of ,shafer ,canyon to left drains eastward to ,colorado ,river4 ,this is the narrowest part of ,island in the ,sky4 ,photograph by ,national ,park ,service4 7,fig4 #aa7 ,the entrance road to ,island in the ,sky intersects ,u4,s4 ,highway #afc at a point #aj miles northwest of ,moab1 or #ba miles southeast of ,crescent ,junction on ,interstate ,highway #gj4 ,from ,u4,s4 #afc a paved road climbs colorful ,sevenmile ,canyon past sandstone cliffs of the ,wingate1 ,kayenta1 and ,navajo ,formations to reach the high mesa4 ,there1 just 8offshore0 to the north1 are anchored the 8battleships0 that guard the island--,merrimac and ,monitor ,buttes 7fig4 #ab74 ,these landmarks are composed of the ,entrada ,sandstone--the same rock that forms ,church ,rock at the entrance to the ,needles district 7fig4 #cg7 and that shapes the spectacular arches in ,arches ,national ,park4 ,all three members of the ,entrada 7,wright and others1 #aifb71 as noted in the figure #ab caption1 are present here as well as at ,church ,rock4 ,eleven miles from the junction with ,u4,s4 ,highway #afc a graded road to the right1 called ,horsethief ,trail1 goes #af miles down to the ,green ,river1 where it connects with roads following the river both upstream and downstream4 ,the road upstream leads to two uranium mines in the lower part of ,mineral ,canyon which were reactivated in #aigb and #aigc4 ,the switchbacks are quite spectacular and are reminiscent of the ,shafer ,trail4 ,three miles south of the ,horsethief ,trail turnoff is a fork in the road--to the left the pavement continues to ,dead ,horse ,point1 and straight ahead a graded road leads southward to the ,island in the ,sky district of ,canyonlands ,national ,park4 ,illustration3 ,,merrimac 7,,left7 ,,and ,,monitor ,,buttes guard north entrance to ,island in the ,sky4 ,white rock near middle is ,navajo ,sandstone4 ,buttes comprise all three members of ,entrada ,sandstone3 remnant white top of ,moab ,member1 vertical cliffs of ,slick ,rock ,member1 and sloping base of ,dewey ,bridge ,member4 7,fig4 #ab7 ,most of ,island in the ,sky has a scattered growth of pion and juniper trees1 but several large flat areas1 such as ,grays ,pasture1 contain sufficient sandy soil to support a mantle of grass and weeds1 which is used for grazing2 however1 grazing in this part of the park will be discontinued in #aige4 ,,dead ,,horse ,,point ,,state ,,park ,let us follow the paved road from ,u4,s4 ,highway #afc all the way to ,dead ,horse ,point1 which was set aside as a state park in #aieg4 ,the park has a visitor center1 museum1 modern campgrounds and picnic facilities1 and piped water1 which is hauled all the way from ,moab4 ,an entrance fee of #a permits us to drive across the narrow neck to a parking area near the point proper1 which is protected by stone walls and is provided with a ramada1 benches1 paths1 and sanitary facilities4 ,from ,dead ,horse ,point we get breathtaking views in several directions1 including a loop of the ,colorado ,river called the ,goose ,neck1 #b1jjj feet nearly straight down4 ,illustration3 ,,cane ,,creek ,,anticline1 looking northeast toward the ,la ,sal ,mountains from ,dead ,horse ,point4 ,colorado ,river cuts across crest at middle right1 above which is ,anticline ,overlook4 7,see fig4 #ca47 ,jeep trail and part of ,shafer dome lie below4 7,fig4 #ac7 ,how did such a magnificent viewpoint get such a macabre name8 ,dead ,horse ,point was named for a sad but colorful legend concerning a band of wild horses that once roamed the high mesas4 ,the point is really an embryo island separated from the mainland by a narrow neck barely wide enough for the present road4 ,in the early cowboy days the island was used as a natural corral in which wild mustangs were penned up behind a short fence across the neck so that the better ones could be sorted out and driven to mines in the ,san ,juan ,mountains of ,colorado4 ,a band of horses corralled too long without water allegedly died of thirst within sight of the river #b1jjj feet below1 hence the name of the point1 or at least so one version of the story goes4 ,some versions allude to the wranglers as cowboys2 others1 as horsethieves4 ,to the northeast we can see the ,cane ,creek anticline--an upward fold of the rocks--behind which loom the ,la ,sal ,mountains 7fig4 #ac74 ,a cutaway view of a typical anticline is shown in figure #ad4 ,a better view of the ,cane ,creek anticline can be seen from ,anticline ,overlook1 as shown in figure #ca4 ,from our vantage point at ,dead ,horse ,point1 we can see much of ,hatch ,point1 including ,anticline ,overlook1 by looking east and southeast4 ,spectacular views of the northern part of ,canyonlands ,national ,park lie to the south1 southwest1 and east4 ,looking southwest 7fig4 #ae71 we see most of the rock formations exposed in ,canyonlands--more than can be seen from any other vantage point in or near the park4 ,the names of the visible rock units shown in figure #ae can be compared with the complete list in the rock column 7fig4 #i74 ,parts of ,shafer dome1 a 8closed0 rounded anticline1 are visible in the lower left of figure #ae and in the lower right of figure #ac4 ,its general domelike shape is outlined by the bluish-white ,shafer limestone1 a marker bed which also caps the bench on the peninsula within the ,goose ,neck of the river4 ,this limestone1 which here forms the top of the ,rico ,formation1 is not shown in the rock column 7fig4 #i7 because its exposure is limited to the ,shafer dome and the ,cane ,creek anticline and its name is used only locally by prospectors for oil and gas4 ,illustration3 ,,cutaway ,,view ,,of ,,anticline1 or upfold of the rocks4 ,from ,hansen 7#aifi1 p4 #ca74 7,fig4 #ad7 ,illustration3 ,,looking ,,southwest ,,from ,,dead ,,horse ,,point toward ,island in the ,sky on right skyline1 ,orange ,cliffs on left skyline1 ,colorado ,river and ,white ,rim ,trail below1 and ,shafer dome at lower left4 ,sketch from photograph shows names of rocks4 7,compare with fig4 #i47 7,fig4 #ae7 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae1 cont4 ,note that the ,white ,rim ,sandstone ,member of the ,cutler ,formation1 referred to hereinafter simply as the ,white ,rim ,sandstone1 becomes thinner toward the right 7northeast7 in figure #ae but is absent entirely in figure #ac1 just a short distance to the northeast4 ,the gradual disappearance of recognizable beds of this type toward the northeast1 including the disappearance of some limestone beds containing marine fossils1 are examples of what geologists call facies changes4 ,here the changes result from the fact that while strata were being deposited in or near ancient seas that lay to the southwest1 beds of different character were being laid down on land by streams emanating from the northeast4 ,this will be gone into in more detail in discussions that accompany illustrations to follow1 particularly figure #bg1 fig4 #ca1 and fig4 #ce4 ,,north ,,entrance ,the north entrance to the ,island in the ,sky district of ,canyonlands ,national ,park used to be #f miles south of the junction with the paved road to ,dead ,horse ,point1 but since the land additions of ,november #aiga1 it is only #d miles south of this junction4 ,a temporary trailer-housed entrance station marks the old boundary4 ,,shafer ,,and ,,white ,,rim ,,trails ,during the early #aiej's a remarkable but hair-raising road known as ,shafer ,trail was cut down the face of the cliffs below ,the ,neck to reach the ,c ,group of uranium claims near the head of ,lathrop ,canyon4 ,it branches southward from the park road a mile south of the new entrance1 then descends in a series of switchbacks4 ,the aerial view 7fig4 #aa7 shows the upper trail and ,the ,neck before the park road was graded and widened1 and a view from near ,the ,neck 7fig4 #af7 shows the precipitous cliffs the trail descends4 ,it follows the general route of an old foot trail4 ,illustration3 ,,shafer ,,trail1 from just south of ,the ,neck 7fig4 #a1 fig4 #aa74 ,navajo ,sandstone is above road at left1 ,kayenta ,formation forms upper half of cliff below road1 and ,wingate ,sandstone forms lower1 vertical half of cliff2 lower part of road is in ,chinle ,formation4 7,fig4 #af7 ,shafer ,trail connects with the ,white ,rim ,trail1 which1 as the name suggests1 is built mainly on the ,white ,rim1 after which the ,white ,rim ,sandstone was named4 ,the ,white ,rim ,trail can be followed northeastward to join the pavement at ,potash1 or it can be followed southward along the ,colorado ,river canyons to ,junction ,butte1 thence northward along ,stillwater and ,labyrinth ,canyons of the ,green ,river to and beyond the northern boundary of the park4 ,at ,horsethief ,bottom1 you can leave the canyon by ,horsethief ,trail and rejoin the paved road leading northward to ,u4,s4 #afc4 ,at ,lathrop ,canyon1 #h or #aj miles south of where ,shafer ,trail meets the ,white ,rim ,trail1 a branch of the ,white ,rim ,trail leads downward to the ,colorado ,river1 where picnic tables and sanitary facilities are provided4 ,this is used as a lunch stop by some boating groups4 ,although some two-wheel-drive cars or trucks have traversed the ,white ,rim and ,shafer ,trails1 they may encounter trouble with deep sand1 washouts1 or fallen rocks1 so four-wheel-drive vehicles are recommended4 ,in the summer these trails should not be attempted without plenty of water1 and two vehicles traveling together provide an added margin of safety4 ,all vehicles should carry emergency equipment including a shovel1 tow chain or rope1 jack1 tire tools1 and other necessary items4 ,geologists and uranium prospectors working along the ,white ,rim ,trail have obtained good drinking water from small springs that flow from the base of the ,white ,rim ,sandstone in many places 7,neal ,hinrichs1 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 oral commun41 ,feb4 #aigc74 ,after rains1 runoff gathers in large potholes in the ,white ,rim ,sandstone in some places and affords emergency drinking water4 ,several such potholes filled with water are shown in figure #ag4 ,some potholes occur also in the ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone in the ,needles district4 ,,grand ,,view ,,point ,about a mile southwest of ,the ,neck1 the road crosses ,grays ,pasture--the widest and flattest part of ,island in the ,sky4 ,the drive over this flat grassland yields not the slightest hint of the awesome cliff-walled chasms on either side of the island4 ,some #e miles southwest of ,the ,neck1 both the island and the road branch like a ,y4 ,at a point #j4d mile north of the ,y1 ,mesa ,trail leads one-quarter mile east to ,canyon ,viewpoint ,arch1 which frames the ,colorado ,river canyon and the ,la ,sal ,mountains 7fig4 #ah74 ,this arch1 at the very top edge of the cliff1 is composed of the lower part of the ,navajo ,sandstone4 ,the only other arch of ,navajo ,sandstone in or near the park that ,i know of is the small one shown in figure #cc1 but of course there may be others4 ,illustration3 ,,natural ,,tanks1 filled with runoff from rain1 serve as emergency sources of drinking water4 ,largest tank in foreground contains #d feet of water and small fresh-water shrimp4 ,so-called tanks1 or potholes1 are formed partly by water dissolving the calcium carbonate cement and partly by wind or water removing the resulting loose sand grains4 ,view is north toward ,junction ,butte from point about a mile south of the ,white ,rim ,trail4 ,red rocks in hill on right are in lower part of ,moenkopi ,formation4 ,photograph by ,e4 ,n4 ,hinrichs4 7,fig4 #ag7 ,illustration3 ,,canyon ,,viewpoint ,,arch1 framing ,colorado ,river canyon at east end of ,mesa ,trail #j4d mile north of ,y in ,island in the ,sky road4 ,arch is in lower part of ,navajo ,sandstone4 7,fig4 #ah7 ,illustration3 ,,index ,,map showing localities where most of the photographs were taken4 ,arrows point to distant views4 ,numbers refer to figure numbers4 7,fig4 #ai7 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,white ,,rim1 looking northeast toward ,la ,sal ,mountains from overlook #c miles north of ,grand ,view ,point4 ,white ,rim ,sandstone here is thicker than near ,dead ,horse ,point 7fig4 #ae7 but thinner than in ,monument ,basin and ,stillwater ,canyon 7fig4 #ba1 fig4 #bc74 7,fig4 #bj7 ,let us now take the branch south of the ,y and follow the narrow crest of ,grand ,view ,point for about #f miles to the main overlook4 ,about #j4i mile south of the ,y1 a short walk to the west over the lower part of the ,navajo ,sandstone affords a magnificent view of ,stillwater ,canyon of the ,green ,river1 including ,turks ,head 7fig4 #bc1 fig4 #bd74 ,half way to the point is a parking area and overlook1 from which we get a spectacular view of canyons cutting the ,white ,rim and of the ,la ,sal ,mountains beyond 7fig4 #bj74 ,note that the ,white ,rim ,sandstone1 which forms the broad bench appropriately named the ,white ,rim1 is here much thicker than where seen near ,dead ,horse ,point 7fig4 #ae74 ,illustration3 ,,monument ,,basin ,,from ,,grand ,,view ,,point1 ,needles ,overlook on left skyline1 ,abajo ,mountains on right skyline4 ,red spires and cliffs in basin are ,organ ,rock ,tongue of ,cutler ,formation4 7,fig4 #ba7 ,three more miles southward takes us to ,grand ,view ,point and its nearby picnic area4 ,though named after the former ,grand ,river some #b1jjj feet below1 ,grand ,view ,point has a double meaning1 for we see from here a truly grand view 7fig4 #ba76 ,at our feet is spectacular ,monument ,basin1 cut below the ,white ,rim into the brick-red ,organ ,rock ,tongue of the ,cutler ,formation4 ,the ,white ,rim ,sandstone here is slightly thicker than to the northeast 7fig4 #bj7 but thinner than to the west 7fig4 #bc71 because it forms a wedge-shaped body that thickens westward4 ,in the distance southeastward are the ,abajo ,mountains1 just west of ,monticello1 ,utah4 ,the prominent projection on ,hatch ,point on the left skyline is ,needles ,overlook1 from which the photograph in figure #bg was taken4 ,a closeup view of ,monument ,basin1 showing ,junction ,butte and ,grand ,view ,point in the background1 is shown in figure #bb4 ,the slender spire in the foreground has a measured height of #cje feet 7,findley1 #aiga1 p4 #gh74 ,illustration3 ,,monument ,,basin ,,from ,,the ,,air1 looking north to ,junction ,butte and ,grand ,view ,point4 ,spire of ,organ ,rock ,tongue in foreground is #cje feet high4 ,white top of ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone is at bottom of photograph4 ,photograph by ,national ,park ,service 7,fig4 #bb7 ,,green ,,river ,,overlook ,about a quarter mile west of the ,y1 a left fork of the road goes about a mile and a half to ,green ,river ,overlook1 which provides a superb view of ,stillwater ,canyon of the ,green ,river1 the ,orange ,cliffs beyond1 and the ,henry ,mountains in the extreme distance 7fig4 #bc74 ,note that here the ,white ,rim ,sandstone is much thicker than in preceding views4 ,the prominent butte enclosed by the loop of the river is known as ,turks ,head and is better seen from the air 7fig4 #bd74 ,the light-colored band near the base of the cliffs in the background of figure #bd is characteristic of the bleached upper part of the ,moenkopi ,formation in this part of the park4 ,according to ,f4 ,a4 ,mc,keown and ,p4 ,p4 ,orkild 7,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 unpub4 data1 ,feb4 #af1 #aigc71 petroliferous material or odor generally occurs in this bleached zone and in the basal beds of the ,moenkopi4 ,the campground just north of ,green ,river ,overlook has no water at this writing 7#aigc71 but water from wells in ,taylor ,canyon will eventually be piped to nearby parts of ,island in the ,sky4 ,,upheaval ,,dome ,five miles northwest of the ,y we come to ,upheaval ,dome1 one of the most unusual geographic and geologic features of the park4 ,viewed from the air 7fig4 #be71 it resembles somewhat a volcanic or meteor crater and has been called such by some4 ,because beds of salt are known to underlie the park1 some have suggested that the salt may have thickened and welled upward to form a salt dome1 similar to domes along the ,gulf ,coast 7,mattox1 #aifh74 ,however1 only #a1dgj feet of salt was encountered in an oil test just east of ,upheaval ,dome 7,robert ,j4 ,hite1 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 oral commun41 ,feb4 #ac1 #aigc72 so although salt may have played a role1 ,upheaval ,dome clearly is not a salt dome with dimensions similar to the ,gulf ,coast types4 ,it may be related to a mound on the deep-seated ,precambrian rocks 7,joesting and ,plouff1 #aieh1 fig4 #c2 ,joesting and others1 #aiff1 p4 #ac1 #ad1 #ag71 but the exact origin of the dome is not clear4 ,the central part has the structure of a dome1 in that the strata dip downward away from the middle4 ,a ringlike syncline1 or downward fold in the rock layers 7fig4 #bf71 surrounds the dome1 beyond which the strata resume their nearly flat position4 ,the white rock in the bottom of the craterlike depression is not salt1 but jumbled large fragments of the ,white ,rim ,sandstone4 ,surrounding that are slopes of the ,moenkopi and ,chinle ,formations1 cliffs of the ,wingate ,sandstone1 a circular bench of the ,kayenta ,formation1 and outer ramparts of the ,navajo ,sandstone4 ,upheaval ,canyon leads to ,stillwater ,canyon of the ,green ,river at the upper left4 ,illustration3 ,,stillwater ,,canyon ,,and ,,green ,,river1 looking southwest from ,green ,river loop of river4 ,brown material covering nearby parts of the ,white ,rim is lower part of ,overlook4 ,orange ,cliffs in background1 ,henry ,mountains on right skyline1 ,turks ,head in ,moenkopi ,formation4 7,fig4 #bc7 ,illustration3 ,,turks ,,head1 an erosional remnant of the ,white ,rim ,sandstone supported by red beds of ,organ ,rock ,tongue1 in loop of ,green ,river4 ,aerial view looking north4 ,photograph by ,national ,park ,service4 7,fig4 #bd7 ,illustration3 ,,upheaval ,,dome1 aerial view looking northwest toward junction of ,upheaval and ,taylor ,canyons with ,labyrinth ,canyon of ,green ,river4 ,photograph by ,walter ,meayers ,edwards1 #aiga ,national ,geographic ,society4 7,fig4 #be7 ,illustration3 ,,cutaway ,,view ,,of ,,syncline1 or downfold of the rocks4 ,from ,hansen 7#aifi1 p4 #ajh74 7,fig4 #bf7 ,one mile before the road ends1 a well-marked foot trail leads to the top of ,whale ,rock1 a prominence on the ,navajo ,sandstone that forms the outer ring of the dome4 ,at the end of the road1 another foot trail ascends from the picnic area to the foot of the ,wingate ,sandstone cliffs around the central part of the dome4 ,the views of the dome from these trails are interesting1 but you are really too close to get a true picture of the unusual feature1 which is obtainable only from the air1 as shown in figure #be4 ,just west of ,upheaval ,dome1 ,bighorn ,mesa is connected to ,steer ,mesa by a neck only #ae feet wide flanked by #cjj-;foot vertical cliffs1 as pointed out by ,mc,knight 7#aidj1 p4 #ab74 ,i later learned from ,ed ,mc,knight 7oral commun41 ,june #f1 #aigc7 that during his field work in this area in #aibf he was riding a mule across this narrow neck when the half-asleep mule suddenly became aware of the dropoff on one side and began to turn around and head back4 ,ed hastily but cautiously dismounted and led the mule across6 ,when this neck is finally breached by erosion1 ,bighorn ,mesa will be just as isolated and inaccessible as ,junction ,butte1 now cut off from ,grand ,view ,point4 7,see frontispiece and fig4 #bg47 ,hatch ,point ,the high mesa east of ,canyonlands ,national ,park and the ,colorado ,river canyons1 called ,hatch ,point1 contains several vantage points ideally suited for viewing scenic features of the park and adjacent areas4 ,hatch ,point is part of the vast public domain administered by the ,bureau of ,land ,management--a sister agency of the ,geological ,survey and the ,national ,park ,service1 all in the ,u4,s4 ,department of the ,interior4 ,the ,bureau1 hereinafter referred to simply as the ,b4,l4,m41 has made many improvements on ,hatch ,point1 including fine roads1 two modern campgrounds with sanitary facilities and piped water from wells1 and two overlooks with protective fences1 benches1 paths1 sanitary facilities1 and ramadas containing panels that describe the features visible from the viewpoints4 ,because of these improvements1 the ,b4,l4,m4 has appropriately named this area 8,canyon ,rims ,recreation ,area40 ,geologically1 ,hatch ,point is similar to ,island in the ,sky4 ,both are bordered by towering cliffs of the ,wingate ,sandstone capped by the resistant ,kayenta ,formation1 and rounded remnants of the overlying ,navajo ,sandstone rise above the otherwise-flat mesa surface in many places4 ,access to this high tableland is by a good paved road leading west from ,u4,s4 ,highway #afc at a point #cb miles south of ,moab and #bb miles north of ,monticello4 ,about #e miles west of the highway we pass ,windwhistle ,campground1 nestled in an attractive cove of ,entrada ,sandstone cliffs1 and #af miles from the highway we reach an intersection4 ,from here it is #g miles west by paved road to ,needles ,overlook1 #aj miles north to ,anticline ,overlook4 ,like the other high mesas1 ,hatch ,point contains peripheral areas of scattered pion and juniper trees and large flat grasslands used for grazing4 ,grain tanks here and there store winter feed for the cattle4 ,,needles ,,overlook ,let us follow the pavement to ,needles ,overlook1 from which fine morning views of ,canyonlands ,national ,park can be seen to the south and west4 ,northwestward 7fig4 #bg7 we look #aj miles across the ,colorado ,river canyon to ,junction ,butte and ,grand ,view ,point4 7,this view is along the line of the east half of the cross section in fig4 #aj47 ,the feather edge of the ,white ,rim ,sandstone caps the ,white ,rim west of the ,colorado ,river1 but the ,white ,rim is absent on the east side of the canyon and in the entire ,needles district to the southwest1 where the important scenic features are carved from the underlying ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone ,member of the ,cutler ,formation1 referred to hereinafter simply as the ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone4 ,both these sandstones are missing in the foreground of figure #bg--their place being taken by thin beds of red siltstone1 mudstone1 and sandstone similar to those that comprise the ,organ ,rock ,tongue shown between the two sandstones in figure #bb4 ,these are additional examples of facies changes mentioned earlier 7p4 #cd74 ,illustration3 ,,junction ,,butte ,,and ,,grand ,,view ,,point1 looking northwest from ,needles ,overlook4 7,fig4 #bg7 ,,canyonlands ,,overlook ,turning north from the intersection #g miles east of ,needles ,overlook1 we traverse a nearly flat grassy tableland to ,hatch ,point ,campground4 ,in figure #a the campground is shown west of the old road2 the new road is west of the campground1 but no map of the new route was available for plotting in figure #a4 ,about a mile before we reach the campground a jeep trail heads west then northwest about #e miles to ,canyonlands ,overlook1 a scant mile from1 but some #a1djj feet above1 the eastern border of ,canyonlands ,national ,park4 ,this overlook affords fine views of the ,colorado ,river canyons and the eastern shore of ,island in the ,sky1 but at present 7#aigc7 there are no plans to improve the trail for passenger-car travel4 ,two miles north of the campground we cross a minor drainage leading northeastward into the north fork of ,trough ,springs ,canyon4 ,the ,b4,l4,m4 plans a road down this canyon to ,kane ,springs ,canyon1 #a1ajj feet below1 where it will connect both with a scenic drive to ,moab1 the lower part of which is paved1 and with the jeep trail going west over ,hurrah ,pass 7fig4 #cj7 and thence south along the eastern benches of the canyons of the ,colorado ,river to the ,needles district of the park4 ,e4 ,neal ,hinrichs 7,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 oral commun4 ,feb4 #af1 #aigc7 reported specimens of blue celestite 7strontium sulfate1 ,sr,s,o7 and barite 7barium sulfate1 ,ba,s,o7 in the ,cutler ,formation at a point where a sharp bend of this jeep trail crosses a fault1 or fracture 7fig4 #ef71 in the northeast fork of ,lockhart ,canyon 7shown in fig4 #a as the easternmost loop of the trail about #f miles northeast of ,lockhart ,basin74 ,farther south1 the trail swings west of ,lockhart ,basin1 whose center exposes part of a syncline 7fig4 #bh74 ,illustration3 ,,syncline ,,in ,,core ,,of ,,lockhart ,,basin1 near ,needles ,overlook4 ,dish-shaped roof is ,wingate ,sandstone1 partly bleached2 sloping sides are ,chinle ,formation2 dark sloping ledge at left middle ground is ,moss ,back ,member of ,chinle resting on ,moenkopi ,formation4 ,photograph by ,e4 ,n4 ,hinrichs4 7,fig4 #bh7 ,u-#c ,,loop ,two and a half miles farther north1 or about #b miles south of ,anticline ,overlook1 a short road leads to the west and entirely around a small conical butte of the ,navajo ,sandstone4 ,this new circular drive has not yet been formally named and is simply called the ,u-#c loop1 as designated in the surveyor's notebook4 ,it affords splendid views to the west and is to be equipped with picnic tables4 ,looking west 7fig4 #bi7 we see a ,w-shaped loop of the ,colorado ,river1 ,dead ,horse ,point on the right skyline1 and ,island in the ,sky on the distant skyline4 ,the strata curving over ,shafer dome appear in the right middle background4 ,illustration3 ,,view ,,westward ,,from ,u-#c ,,loop4 ,dead ,horse ,point on right skyline1 ,island in the ,sky capped by ,navajo ,sandstone in extreme distance1 ,kayenta ,formation in foreground at left4 ,cliffs topping ridge at left are ,wingate ,sandstone protected by caprock of the ,kayenta ,formation2 red slopes beneath cliffs are ,chinle ,formation1 with dark ledge of ,moss ,back ,member at base2 steep slopes and ledges beneath are ,moenkopi ,formation1 lower part of which is ,hoskinnini ,tongue2 reddish gentle slopes below are ,cutler ,formation2 nearly flat benches above ,colorado ,river are ,rico ,formation1 with ,shafer limestone at top4 7,fig4 #bi7 ,,anticline ,,overlook ,two more miles takes us to ,anticline ,overlook for the most sublime views in this part of the area4 ,to the north 7fig4 #cj7 we look across the northeast flank of the ,cane ,creek anticline1 an upfold of the rocks 7figs4 #ac1 #ad74 ,hurrah ,pass straddles the narrow wall separating the ,colorado ,river and its canyon at the left from ,kane ,springs ,canyon on the right4 ,the ,colorado ,river appears again in the right background1 where it leaves ,moab ,valley4 ,the ,kings ,bottom syncline1 or downfold 7fig4 #bf71 seen in the middle distance between the ,cane ,creek anticline and the ,moab anticline1 exposes a wide area of the ,navajo ,sandstone4 ,the ridge on the right skyline1 composed of the ,entrada ,sandstone1 is ,the ,windows ,section of ,arches ,national ,park1 and the left skyline shows faintly the distant ,book ,cliffs4 ,on the east wall of ,kane ,springs ,canyon just to the right of figure #cj is the ,atomic ,king mine in the ,cutler ,formation1 from which uranium ore has been mined at intervals during the last #b or #c years4 ,illustration3 ,,looking ,,north ,,from ,,anticline ,,overlook1 across axis of ,cane ,creek anticline4 ,unimproved road crosses ,hurrah ,pass in foreground4 ,colorado ,river at left is near ,potash and in right background is at ,moab4 ,for description of strata1 see caption for figure #ca4 7,fig4 #cj7 ,illustration3 ,,cane ,,creek ,,anticline1 looking northwest from ,anticline ,overlook4 ,colorado ,river is cutting into limestone of unnamed upper member of ,hermosa ,formation in lower bench at crest of fold2 ,rico ,formation1 with bluish-white ,shafer limestone at top1 forms upper curved bench2 remainder of formations are as given in caption for figure #bi4 ,potash mine 7right7 and evaporation ponds 7left7 are operated by ,texas ,gulf1 ,inc4 ,merrimac and ,monitor ,buttes on right skyline are shown in figure #ab4 7,fig4 #ca7 ,to the northwest 7fig4 #ca2 see also fig4 #ac7 is a textbook example of a rock fold--the ,cane ,creek anticline--laid bare by the ,colorado ,river cutting directly across its crest 7fig4 #a74 ,anticlines are noted as sources of or at least hunting grounds for oil and gas1 and this one is no exception1 although production has been relatively small and was stopped altogether in about #aifc4 ,some oil and gas was produced also from wells on the north flank of ,shafer dome1 just beneath ,dead ,horse ,point 7figs4 #a1 #ae71 but other favorable-looking structures farther south that were tested1 such as ,lockhart anticline1 ,rustler dome1 and ,gibson dome 7fig4 #a71 failed to yield commercial amounts 7,baker1 #aicc1 p4 #hj-hd74 ,some of the colorful events in the early days of wildcatting are noted on page #ajj4 ,exploration for oil and gas led to the discovery of potash beneath several anticlines in eastern ,utah and western ,colorado4 ,according to ,hite 7#aifh1 p4 #cbe71 the ,cane ,creek anticline is underlain by about #e1bjj feet of salt-bearing rocks in the ,paradox ,member of the ,hermosa ,formation 7fig4 #i71 of which about #hd percent is halite 7common salt1 sodium chloride7 and associated potash salts 7sylvite1 potassium chloride74 ,the potash mine of ,texas ,gulf1 ,inc41 is shown at the right in figure #ca4 ,the white area to the left of the mine is waste common salt1 which is recovered with the potash salts1 and the white area with dark stripes at the left is a small part of more than #djj acres of evaporation ponds built to separate the salts4 ,these ponds also can be seen from ,dead ,horse ,point4 ,the dark stripes are the visible parts of plastic membranes lining the ponds4 ,mining of an #aa-;foot bed of ore began by usual underground methods from the bottom of a shaft #b1ghh feet deep but became too difficult because of intense and intricate folding of the salt beds4 ,now the salts are being extracted by a method involving solution1 wherein river water is introduced into the former workings and allowed to stand long enough to dissolve the salts1 then the brine is pumped out to evaporation ponds1 and the valuable potash salts are separated from the sodium salts4 ,closeup views of the mine and evaporation ponds are seen in figures #gj and #ga4 ,as noted earlier1 most of the readily recognizable thin beds1 such as the ,white ,rim ,sandstone1 pinch out south of here1 and figure #ca marks the northeasternmost exposure of the ,shafer limestone at the top of the ,rico ,formation4 ,northeast from here the ,rico and overlying ,cutler ,formation are not readily separable and are included in the so-called ,cutler ,formation undifferentiated4 ,this land-laid unit of red sandstone1 siltstone1 and shale is as much as #h1jjj feet thick just southwest of the ancient ,uncompahgre highland 7present ,uncompahgre ,plateau1 in western ,colorado and eastern ,utah71 from which it was derived by erosion during the ,permian ,period 7fig4 #hj74 ,orange ,cliffs ,the high mesas west of ,canyonlands ,national ,park do not form as distinct a mainland as does ,hatch ,point1 but rather are broken up into a maze of peninsulas and islands1 as shown in figure #a4 ,owing to the gentle northwestward dip of the rock strata1 the altitude of the mesas declines from about #g1jjj feet in the south to about #e1cjj feet in the north and northwest1 where the whole aspect of the country becomes more rounded and subdued4 ,as shown on the map 7fig4 #a71 however1 the name ,orange ,cliffs is applied to much of the eastward-facing cliffs1 which are made of the ,wingate ,sandstone capped by the ,kayenta ,formation4 ,remnants of the ,navajo ,sandstone increase in number to the north and west1 where remnants of the next two younger rock units--the ,carmel ,formation and the ,entrada ,sandstone--also occur4 ,thus1 the cliff-forming units dip downward beneath younger rocks that form the relatively flat ,green ,river ,desert to the northwest1 also referred to as the ,san ,rafael ,desert4 ,figure #cb is a view southeastward from ,the ,spur1 shown on the map 7fig4 #a7 as the northern section of the ,orange ,cliffs4 ,at present 7#aigc71 the areas west of the ,green ,river and the main stem of the ,colorado ,river are the least accessible of any in the park and in this respect have not changed much since ,butch ,cassidy and his ,wild ,bunch roamed the area1 except that the former main horse trails are now jeep trails4 ,a secondary road south from the town of ,green ,river goes past the north side of the ,horseshoe ,canyon ,detached ,unit 7figs4 #a1 #b7 and connects with another secondary road to the west1 which joins ,utah ,highway #bd at ,temple ,junction1 #bj miles north of ,hanksville2 near ,horseshoe ,canyon a jeep trail leads south to the ,orange ,cliffs4 ,owing to blowing sand1 these 8roads0 are not considered reliable for passenger cars and are best negotiated by four-wheel-drive vehicles or horses4 ,illustration3 ,,view ,,southeastward ,,from ,,the ,,spur1 in northern section of ,orange ,cliffs4 ,junction ,butte and ,grand ,view ,point on left skyline2 ,abajo ,mountains in extreme distance to right of center4 ,photograph by ,parker ,hamilton1 ,flagstaff1 ,ariz4 7,fig4 #cb7 ,illustration3 ,,looking ,,north ,,down ,,millard ,,canyon from head of canyon a mile northwest of ,french ,spring4 ,note small arch or window in the ,navajo ,sandstone at upper left1 which is shown in figure #a as 8,arch40 ,the ,navajo is underlain by the cliff-forming ,kayenta ,formation and ,wingate ,sandstone resting upon a sloping base of the ,chinle ,formation and1 farther downstream1 ledges and slopes of the ,moenkopi ,formation4 ,photograph by ,parker ,hamilton1 ,flagstaff1 ,ariz4 7,fig4 #cc7 ,according to ,baker 7#aiga1 p4 #ab71 the road leading eastward along ,north ,point was used by the ,wild ,bunch in traveling to ,french ,spring1 whence they dropped down ,millard ,canyon 7fig4 #cc7 and crossed the ,green ,river at ,bonita ,bend1 which is just east of ,buttes of the ,cross 7fig4 #fd74 ,they also followed the ,old ,spanish ,trail from the ,henry ,mountains eastward across the ,dirty ,devil ,river1 up ,north ,hatch ,canyon1 across ,sunset ,pass1 and down across the ,land of ,standing ,rocks to ,spanish ,bottom on the ,colorado ,river 7fig4 #a74 ,after crossing the river1 they followed the trail up ,lower ,red ,lake ,canyon 7fig4 #ei7 and eastward through ,the ,needles to ,monticello4 ,illustration3 ,petroglyph ,the ,benchlands ,the ,white ,rim1 a broad benchland some #a1jjj-a1bjj feet below the southern half of ,island in the ,sky1 and some of the associated benchlands west of the ,green ,river and between the ,colorado ,river and ,hatch ,point have already been discussed as viewed from ,island in the ,sky1 the ,white ,rim ,trail1 or ,hatch ,point4 ,there remain for consideration several other prominent benchlands4 ,the ,maze and ,land of ,standing ,rocks ,the ,maze1 an intricately carved series of canyons and gullies1 has been called a 8,thirty-square-mile puzzle in sandstone0 7,findley1 #aiga1 p4 #ga-gc71 and one can readily visualize a king-sized rat struggling in vain to find a way out4 ,the rock is the ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone1 which here underlies red shales beneath the ,white ,rim ,sandstone4 ,south of ,the ,maze an area containing tall spires was appropriately named by the ,indians 8,toom'-pin wu-near' ,tu-weap'10 or 8,land of ,standing ,rocks0 7,powell1 #ahge1 p4 #aed74 ,west of ,the ,maze is ,elaterite ,basin1 so named because of a dark-brown elastic mineral resin called elaterite1 which seeps from the ,white ,rim ,sandstone4 ,one of these seeps is shown in figure #cd1 and a wedge-shaped layer of the sandstone is shown in figure #ce4 ,in the ,range ,canyon area shown in figure #ce1 sand was being laid down in an offshore bar at the left1 while red silts and muds were being deposited on land to the right4 ,the dark bed just above the ,white ,rim near the middle of the photograph is the ,hoskinnini ,tongue of the ,moenkopi ,formation1 which intertongues with and pinches out in beds of the ,moenkopi ,formation to left4 ,these are excellent examples of what geologists call facies changes4 ,south of the ,land of ,standing ,rocks are equally colorful areas known as ,the ,fins and ,ernies ,country 7named after ,ernie ,larson1 an early-day sheep man74 ,a prominent row of spires near ,cataract ,canyon is known as ,the ,doll ,house 7fig4 #cf74 ,illustration3 ,,elaterite ,,seeping ,,from ,,white ,,rim ,,sandstone in ,elaterite ,basin west of ,the ,maze4 ,elaterite is a dark-brown elastic mineral resin4 ,photograph by ,donald ,l4 ,baars4 7,fig4 #cd7 ,illustration3 ,,white ,,rim ,,sandstone in north wall of ,range ,canyon1 south of ,elaterite ,basin4 ,bed thins from #bcj feet at left 7west7 to #ch feet at right 7east71 and disappears 7by facies change into red shales7 a short distance farther east4 ,see description in text of pinch out of ,hoskinnini ,tongue4 ,bed at top of mesa is ,moss ,back ,member of ,chinle ,formation4 ,photograph by ,donald ,l4 ,baars4 7,fig4 #ce7 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,doll ,,house1 eroded from ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone just west of ,spanish ,bottom1 above ,cataract ,canyon4 ,notice the red layer at right offset by a fault4 ,photograph by ,parker ,hamilton1 ,flagstaff1 ,ariz4 7,fig4 #cf7 ,the ,needles district ,the ,needles district is currently 7#aigc7 the most highly developed part of the unfinished park as the result of design1 not accident1 for this district includes the greatest number and widest variety of spectacular features--,the ,needles proper1 ,the ,grabens 7pronounced grbns71 colossal arches and other erosional forms1 large meadows such as ,squaw ,flat and ,chesler and ,virginia ,parks1 a wide variety of prehistoric ruins and pictographs1 and ,confluence ,overlook for viewing the joining of two mighty rivers--the ,green and the ,colorado4 ,like the ,white ,rim and ,the ,maze1 the ,needles district is another of the broad benchlands about midway between the high mesas and the deep canyons4 ,utah ,highway #baa1 as mentioned already1 is a #ch-mile-long paved road leading to the ,needles district from ,u4,s4 ,highway #afc at a point #ae miles north of ,monticello and #ah miles south of ,la ,sal ,junction4 ,the intersection is well marked by ,church ,rock 7fig4 #cg71 a butte of the ,entrada ,sandstone4 ,highway #baa gradually climbs an eastward-dipping slope of the ,navajo ,sandstone dotted with a few buttes and patches of the ,entrada ,sandstone1 such as ,church ,rock1 and reaches the first of two summits #c miles west of ,highway #afc4 ,the road crosses a broad gentle valley in the ,navajo ,sandstone1 reaches the second summit about #aj miles from the highway1 then descends steeply through the ,navajo ,sandstone and part of the ,kayenta ,formation to ,indian ,creek1 #a miles below1 and follows this creek nearly to ,the ,needles4 ,half a mile down the canyon takes us to the top of the cliff-forming ,wingate ,sandstone1 and another half mile brings us to ,indian ,creek ,state ,park and its striking ,newspaper ,rock 7fig4 #e74 ,another #a miles takes us to the base of the ,wingate and top of the underlying ,chinle ,formation1 which forms the red slope beneath the cliffs4 ,historic ,dugout ,ranch 7p4 #ad7 is #ai miles west of the highway1 and from here a dry-weather road leads southward up north ,cottonwood ,creek #cg miles to ,beef ,basin and connects with roads to ,elk ,ridge and the ,bears ,ears1 both just west of the ,abajo ,mountains4 ,just west of the ranch we get a good view ahead of two historic landmarks--,north and ,south ,six-,shooter ,peaks 7fig4 #ch71 so named because of their resemblance to a pair of revolvers pointing skyward4 ,the guns are sculptured from slivers of ,wingate ,sandstone resting upon conical mounds of the ,chinle4 ,these can be seen from a wide area2 both appear in figures #ch and #dj1 and the north one is seen in figure #gg4 ,illustration3 ,,church ,,rock1 standing guard at the intersection of ,u4,s4 ,highway #afc and the east end of ,utah ,highway #baa leading to the ,needles district4 ,rock is ,entrada ,sandstone3 red foundation is ,dewey ,bridge ,member2 yellowish smooth rounded body of church is ,slick ,rock ,member2 white steeple is ,moab ,member4 ,la ,sal ,mountains at left4 7,fig4 #cg7 ,illustration3 ,,north ,,and ,,south ,,six-,,shooter ,,peaks1 looking west from entrance road to ,the ,needles4 7,fig4 #ch7 ,a mile west of ,dugout ,ranch we descend to the top of the ,moss ,back ,member of the ,chinle1 a ledge of gray-green sandstone forming the base of this generally red formation1 and reach the base of the member at the top of the ,moenkopi ,formation in the next mile and a half4 ,the ,moss ,back is uranium bearing in nearby areas4 ,at #c4h miles west of ,dugout ,ranch a poorly marked road on the left crosses ,indian ,creek1 then forks2 the left-hand fork follows the bed of ,lavender ,canyon1 and the right-hand fork goes into ,davis ,canyon4 ,headwaters of both these canyons are new additions to the park4 ,the red ,organ ,rock ,tongue of the ,cutler ,formation is seen about #c miles beyond the turnoff1 or about #f miles west of ,dugout ,ranch4 ,another #a miles takes us down in the rock column 7fig4 #i7 to the top of the ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone4 ,the ,white ,rim ,sandstone1 which forms such a prominent bench around the southern part of ,island in the ,sky 7figs4 #bj-bc7 and west of the ,green ,river1 is missing from the ,needles district1 its place in the rock column being taken by red shales and sandstones of the ,cutler ,formation4 ,south of ,indian ,creek other underlying red beds of the ,cutler are gradually replaced in turn by the thick ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone4 ,erosion has reduced the general level of the ,needles district to or into the ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone1 but many streams have cut into the underlying ,rico ,formation1 and the ,colorado ,river has cut also into1 and in places through1 the limestones of the unnamed upper member of the ,hermosa ,formation4 ,our first view of ,the ,needles is another #d miles1 and #a more mile takes us to the park boundary1 nearly #cb miles from the ,u4,s4 ,highway #afc4 ,we pass a road on the right leading to ,canyonlands ,resort1 and on the left is a new line camp which replaces the restored one at ,cave ,spring 7fig4 #f74 ,the unusual features of the ,needles district are due in some part to the character and thickness of the underlying rocks but in large part to erosion along joints and faults4 ,joints are fractures along which no displacement has taken place1 and faults are fractures along which there has been displacement of the two sides relative to one another 7fig4 #gf74 ,the ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone comprises #ejj to #fjj feet or more of hard well-cemented buff1 white1 and pink beds of massive sandstone4 ,on the basis of the type and amount of deformation and erosion of the ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone and underlying rocks1 the ,needles district can be divided into three differing areas3 7#a7 an eastern area where the rocks are relatively undeformed but are carved into an intricate series of canyons1 including ,salt ,canyon and the upper reaches of ,davis and ,lavender ,canyons--the section of the district that contains most of the arches and ,indian ruins2 7#b7 ,the ,needles proper1 where tensional forces have cracked the brittle ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone into a crazy-quilt pattern of square to rectangular blocks separated by joints widened by erosion1 creating a myriad of spires and pinnacles2 and 7#c7 ,the ,grabens1 where the previously jointed rocks were later subjected to additional tensional forces that produced a series of nearly parallel faults that trend northeastward and separate downdropped blocks of rock1 called grabens1 from intervening stationary or upthrown blocks of rock1 called horsts4 ,let us examine each of these areas in the order named4 ,for traveling to most features a four-wheel-drive vehicle is strongly recommended4 ,some visitors negotiate the jeep trails with dune buggies or motorcycles1 but four-wheel-drive vehicles are considered safer and generally more reliable4 ,a few trails can be traveled only on foot4 ,squaw ,flat1 in the western part of the relatively undeformed area1 is a nearly flat area of lower ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone covered here and there by a thin layer of sparsely vegetated soil and surrounded by generally low hilly erosional forms in the upper part of the sandstone4 ,short canyons and alcoves in the sandstone hills along the west side afford excellent semi-private campsites1 each of which has its own paved access road1 picnic table1 and trash can 7fig4 #ci74 ,moreover1 ground water at shallow depth in the underlying sandstone has encouraged the growth of exceptionally large pion and juniper trees that provide welcome shade4 ,illustration3 ,,squaw ,,flat ,,campground1 in the ,needles district1 in ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone4 ,large pion and juniper trees draw ground water from this sandstone4 7,fig4 #ci7 ,,salt1 ,,davis1 ,,and ,,lavender ,,canyons ,a glance at the southeast corner of the map 7fig4 #a7 shows that most of the arches and prehistoric ruins in the park are in ,salt ,canyon and its main tributary1 ,horse ,canyon4 ,a few are in adjacent ,davis and ,lavender ,canyons1 whose headwaters were recently annexed to the park4 ,these canyons are accessible only by negotiating the streambeds on four-wheel-drive vehicles1 horseback1 or foot4 ,salt or ,horse ,canyons are best conquered by four-wheel-drive vehicles plus short hikes in the northern part and long hikes in the southern part4 ,an aerial view 7fig4 #dj7 eastward across ,salt ,canyon shows that erosion has produced an intricate series of meandering canyons separated by rather narrow walls of the ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone1 resembling somewhat ,the ,maze1 west of the ,green ,river4 ,illustration3 ,,aerial ,,view ,,eastward ,,across ,,salt ,,canyon4 ,note narrow walls and pinnacles between canyons and alcoves4 ,six-,shooter ,peaks are in left background4 ,photograph by ,wayne ,alcorn1 ,national ,park ,service4 7,fig4 #dj7 ,the massive sandstone beds of the ,cedar ,mesa are composed of sand grains cemented together by calcium carbonate 7,ca,c,o71 which also forms the mineral called calcite and the rock known as limestone4 ,limestone and calcite are soluble in acid1 even weak acid such as carbonic acid 7,h,,hco71 formed by solution of carbon dioxide 7,,co7 in water4 ,ground water1 found everywhere in rock openings at differing depths beneath the surface1 contains considerable dissolved carbon dioxide derived from decaying organic matter in soil1 from the atmosphere1 and from other sources4 ,even rain water and snow contain small amounts absorbed from the atmosphere--enough to dissolve small amounts of limestone or of calcite cement in sandstone4 ,the calcite cement in the ,cedar ,mesa and many other sandstones is unevenly distributed1 so the cement is removed first from places that contain the least amounts1 and once the cement is dissolved1 the loose sand grains are carried away by gravity1 wind1 or water4 ,thus1 relatively thin walls of sandstone containing irregularly distributed patches of soluble cement are prime targets for the formation of potholes 7fig4 #df71 alcoves1 and caves4 ,once a breakthrough occurs1 weakened chunks from the ceiling tend to fall off1 and arches of various shapes are produced1 because an arch is naturally the strongest form that can support the overlying rock load4 ,man1 from the ancient ,greeks1 ,romans1 and ,egyptians to modern day1 has long made use of arches in building bridges1 aqueducts1 temples1 cathedrals1 and other enduring edifices4 ,all the spectacular arches we are about to see were carved from the ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone4 ,let us begin our tour of ,salt and ,horse ,canyons by driving a four-wheel-drive vehicle eastward from the fine campground at ,squaw ,flat4 ,after about a mile we pass the ,wooden ,shoe 7fig4 #da7 capping a ridge south of the highway2 it contains one of the smallest arches we will encounter4 ,three quarters of a mile east of the temporary ranger station we come to ,cave ,spring1 an old restored cowboy line camp pictured in figure #f4 ,this and an adjacent cave containing a spring are part of the interesting well-marked ,environmental ,trail1 well worth the half hour or so it requires4 ,illustration3 ,,wooden ,,shoe1 near temporary ranger headquarters1 the ,needles district4 ,carved in ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone4 7,fig4 #da7 ,the jeep trail up ,salt ,canyon lies mostly in the sandy bed of ,salt ,creek but includes a few shortcuts across goosenecks and some rough rocky stretches around rapids or waterfalls4 ,it is best traveled when the canyon bottom is moist but not soaked4 ,when the sand is soft and dry1 a shift into four-wheel drive is generally necessary4 ,signs warn of quicksand1 which occurs when the sand is fully saturated2 hence1 summer thundershowers sometimes require delaying or postponing the trip4 ,when in doubt1 consult a park ranger for expected weather and trail conditions4 ,thundershowers sometimes occur so suddenly and violently as to cause serious floods1 and the 8road0 is closed when heavy rain is expected4 ,however1 if an unexpected storm occurs while you are up in the canyon1 try to reach high ground and wait until the flood subsides4 ,if you do not have time to get your vehicle out of the flood's path1 at least get yourself and passengers to a safe spot4 ,illustration3 ,,paul ,,bunyans ,,potty1 on east wall of ,horse ,canyon4 7,fig4 #db7 ,two and a half miles south of ,cave ,spring we reach the confluence with ,horse ,canyon1 marked by a sign at the ,y giving distances to points of interest up each canyon4 ,let us try ,horse ,canyon first4 ,after about a mile we pass ,paul ,bunyans ,potty on the left--one of the most aptly titled features of the park 7fig4 #db74 ,two miles south of the ,y is ,keyhole ,ruin1 nestled in a cleft high on the cliff to our left--a granary built by the ,anasazi4 ,here we face another ,y4 ,the left fork leads half a mile east to ,tower ,ruin 7fig4 #d71 one of the largest and best preserved ,anasazi granaries in the park4 ,the right fork takes us on up ,horse ,canyon1 and in about #b miles we pass ,gothic ,arch on the right4 ,in #b more miles1 #d miles from ,salt ,canyon1 a short hike up the tributary to the right leads to ,castle ,arch and ,thirteen ,faces4 ,assuming we have taken photographs of the important features along the way1 it probably is about time to return to camp at ,squaw ,flat1 unless we choose to spend the night at ,peek-a-boo ,spring and primitive campground in ,salt ,canyon1 about #a4b miles above the confluence with ,horse ,canyon4 ,another drive takes us up ,salt ,canyon #h miles past the confluence with ,horse ,canyon to another confluence and ,y1 which has a primitive campsite without water4 ,one mile up the left1 or southeast1 tributary is a parking area where we begin the -mile walk to ,angel ,arch1 considered by many people to be the most beautiful and spectacular arch in the park if not in the entire canyon country4 ,angel ,arch was drawn for the front cover by ,john ,r4 ,stacy and is pictured in figure #dc4 ,illustration3 ,petroglyph ,illustration3 ,,angel ,,arch1 along tributary of ,salt ,canyon4 7,fig4 #dc7 ,illustration3 ,,fisheye ,,arch1 along upper ,salt ,canyon1 looking north4 ,photograph by ,national ,park ,service4 7,fig4 #dd7 ,from the last ,y we can proceed only about #b miles farther up main ,salt ,canyon by vehicle1 and the remaining features shown on the map 7fig4 #a7 can be reached only on foot4 ,the ,all ,american ,man1 a unique pictograph referred to earlier 7fig4 #c71 is about #c miles up the canyon4 ,those hardy souls who wish to hike many additional miles to the head of ,salt ,canyon will be rewarded with views of four additional arches and several ruins4 ,two of these arches are shown in figures #dd and #de4 ,the more adventuresome may wish to explore upper ,lavender and ,davis ,canyons by driving up the sand washes in a four-wheel-drive vehicle1 but inquiry should be made from a park ranger regarding access to the canyon mouths and condition of the washes4 ,hand ,holt ,arch 7fig4 #df7 and ,cleft ,arch 7fig4 #dg7 are two of the rewarding sights in ,lavender ,canyon1 and figure #dh shows one of the arches in ,davis ,canon4 ,illustration3 ,,wedding ,,ring ,,arch1 along upper ,salt ,canyon4 ,photograph by ,national ,park ,service4 7,fig4 #de7 ,illustration3 ,,hand ,,holt ,,arch1 in ,lavender ,canyon4 ,note holes in sandstone formed by solution and wind scour4 ,photograph by ,national ,park ,service4 7,fig4 #df7 ,illustration3 ,,cleft ,,arch1 in upper ,lavender ,canyon1 looking north4 ,photograph by ,e4 ,n4 ,hinrichs4 7,fig4 #dg7 ,illustration3 ,,arch1 in upper ,davis ,canyon1 looking northwest4 ,photograph by ,e4 ,n4 ,hinrichs4 7,fig4 #dh7 ,,the ,,needles ,,and ,,the ,,grabens ,illustration3 ,,the ,,needles1 looking southwest from ,squaw ,flat4 7,fig4 #di7 ,illustration3 ,,chesler ,,park ,,in ,,the ,,needles1 aerial view looking northeast4 ,photograph by ,walter ,meayers ,edwards1 #aiga ,national ,geographic ,society4 7,fig4 #ej7 ,the northeastern edge of ,the ,needles proper can be seen from ,squaw ,flat 7fig4 #di71 but the true character of ,the ,needles can be appreciated better from the air 7fig4 #ej74 ,you cannot get far into ,the ,needles without traversing part of ,the ,grabens1 so we will consider them together4 ,an aerial oblique view 7fig4 #ea7 shows ,the ,needles in the foreground and ,the ,grabens in the middle background4 ,as shown on the map 7fig4 #a71 you can hike into ,the ,needles and ,the ,grabens from ,squaw ,flat1 but let us make the trip using a four-wheel-drive vehicle and several short hikes4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,needles ,,and ,,the ,,grabens1 aerial oblique view looking west over ,chesler ,park in foreground1 ,the ,grabens to the right1 and ,cataract ,canyon behind4 ,photograph by ,u4,s4 ,army ,air ,force4 7,fig4 #ea7 ,ordinary passenger cars now can go #b miles west of ,squaw ,flat to ,soda ,spring1 at the east base of ,elephant ,hill1 but beyond ,soda ,spring four-wheel-drive vehicles should be used4 ,some people conquer the hill in dune buggies or on motorcycles1 but this is considered quite dangerous4 ,both sides of this short 7#a miles7 but formidable hill have switchback curves too sharp to negotiate in the regular manner1 so special driving techniques must be followed4 ,on the east side1 you must drive out on a flat rock1 jockey back and forth until turned completely around1 then proceed up the hill4 ,on the west side1 you descend a #dj-percent grade to a shelf1 back down a narrow stretch of about #cj-percent grade and back sharply to the left onto a flat rock1 then go forward again4 ,on the return trip the whole procedure is carried out in reverse order4 ,west of ,elephant ,hill1 the road reaches a ,y1 at which you must turn left on a one-way road2 the right-hand road is for later one-way return to the ,y4 ,why the left-hand fork is one way soon becomes apparent1 for the road leads into a narrow shallow graben1 called ,devils ,pocket 7fig4 #ea71 between rock walls1 and is barely wide enough for one car4 ,after about #b miles the graben widens out into a beautiful spot called the ,devils ,kitchen1 which contains several picnic tables tucked into shady recesses in the sandstone walls4 ,this is the starting point for two trails leading southward by different routes to ,chesler ,park1 from which other trails lead to ,druid ,arch or back to ,squaw ,flat4 ,from the ,devils ,kitchen1 the road turns abruptly westward for about half a mile to another ,y in about the middle of ,devils ,lane1 one of the larger grabens and one of two whose entire length is traversed by roads1 as shown on the map 7fig4 #a74 ,only the left fork is a two-way road1 so let us take the left fork #b miles southwestward to the next road junction4 ,about halfway down ,devils ,lane1 a fault crossing the graben has created a narrow steep ridge appropriately called ,,sob ,hill1 because the road over it creates a challenge that some vehicles fail to meet on the first attempt6 ,the next road intersection is now shown on the map 7fig4 #a7 as a sharp turn leading southwest to ,ruin ,park and ,beef ,basin4 ,the abandoned left fork 7not shown7 leads east into ,chesler ,park4 ,this park1 shown in figure #ej and near the bottom of figure #ea1 is a beautiful natural meadow of several hundred acres fenced by a natural wall of needles and containing a central island of needles4 ,because of vehicular damage to meadow vegetation1 the ,national ,park ,service found it necessary to close the road4 ,to reach ,chesler ,park now1 vehicles must go right a short distance to the ,chesler ,canyon turnoff1 then left about half a mile to a parking area4 ,from here1 a -mile hike east through the narrow ,joint ,trail gets us to the south side of ,chesler ,park1 where we join the abandoned road to reach the northeast corner of the park and the trails into ,the ,needles proper 7fig4 #a74 ,this change adds #a miles 7one way7 to the hike to ,druid ,arch1 making the round trip about #aa miles4 ,at the old trailhead1 near the northeast corner of ,chesler ,park1 is a sign proclaiming the need for rubber-soled shoes and water1 and ,i strongly support these admonitions1 for much of the hike is on bare smooth sandstone and includes steep slopes and generally dry waterfalls4 ,the hike should not be attempted by anyone not in good physical condition1 and it should not be undertaken alone2 two or more people should travel together4 ,as shown in figure #eb1 the trail to ,druid ,arch from ,chesler ,park starts out on bare ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone marked by a succession of rock cairns1 two of which are visible and without which the trail would soon be lost4 ,the trail drops rapidly down into ,elephant ,canyon1 which is then followed southward #b miles to the arch4 ,this canyon has cut through the ,cedar ,mesa into the underlying ,rico ,formation1 and much of the canyon is quite narrow and steep sided1 as shown in figure #ec4 ,although much of the ,rico consists of red beds laid down above sea level by ancient streams1 the trail crosses several thin beds of dark-gray hard limestone containing fossil marine seashells and ancient sea anemones whose original calcium carbonate parts have been locally replaced by jasper 7red iron-bearing silica74 ,when at last the weary hiker makes the steep climb out of the canyon and rounds the final bare-rock curve1 the sudden and striking view of ,druid ,arch 7fig4 #ed7 seems worth every bit of the effort--at least it was to me and my hiking companion4 ,after my friend and ,i hiked to ,druid ,arch and after the length of this route was increased to a round-trip distance of #aa miles1 a new route was constructed having a round-trip length of only #h miles4 ,this new trail starts at the end of the passenger-car road at the east edge of ,elephant ,hill1 goes #a miles southwest to join an older trail in ,elephant ,canyon1 then follows this canyon #c miles south to the arch4 ,illustration3 ,,trail ,,to ,,druid ,,arch1 near its beginning at northeast corner of ,chesler ,park1 marked only by rock cairns1 two of which are visible4 7,fig4 #eb7 ,illustration3 ,,upper ,,elephant ,,canyon1 containing trail to ,druid ,arch4 7,fig4 #ec7 ,illustration3 ,,druid ,,arch1 from end of arduous trail shown in figures #eb and #ec4 7,fig4 #ed7 ,after returning to our vehicle west of ,chesler ,park and backtracking over ,,sob ,hill to the intersection in the middle of ,devils ,lane1 let us proceed northward on a one-way road to and beyond the ,silver ,stairs for a closer look at ,devils ,lane and other grabens to the west and for a look at the confluence of the ,green and ,colorado ,rivers4 ,but first let us pause and reflect upon the possible origin of ,the ,grabens4 ,geologists have different opinions as to just how grabens and complex systems of joints have formed1 but all seem to agree that tensional forces were involved4 ,some think that solution of salt and gypsum from the ,paradox ,member of the ,hermosa ,formation by ground-water movement allowed the brittle ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone and other overlying rocks to sag1 producing tension cracks and faults4 ,others believe that removal of the salt and gypsum occurred by plastic flowage toward the ,meander anticline 7see p4 #ajh and fig4 #fa71 whose axis follows the ,colorado ,river southwest from ,the ,loop1 past the confluence1 and to and beyond ,spanish ,bottom4 ,some suppose that compaction due to the weight of the abnormally thick pile of sedimentary rock underlying the area may have caused the sagging1 cracking1 and faulting4 ,the rock deformation may have resulted from a combination of these and possibly other things1 of course1 but whatever the cause1 the resulting features are very striking4 ,there was room to show only two of the named grabens within the park on the map 7fig4 #a71 but all are shown in figure #ea1 and several appear in figure #ei4 ,a diagramatic cross section of a typical graben is shown in figure #ee4 ,the tension faults shown in figures #ee and #ef are called normal faults1 in contrast to faults formed by horizontal compression1 which are called reverse faults 7figs4 #ge1 #gf74 ,the ,grabens range in width from about #g or #h feet at the north end of ,devils ,pocket to nearly #b1jjj feet at the south end of ,red ,lake ,canyon1 but the average width is about #ejj feet4 ,the floors of ,the ,grabens are covered by soil and grass1 but the displacement along the faults is believed to approximate the height of the walls--nearly #cjj feet4 ,that ,the ,grabens are of fairly recent origin is attested by the fact that most of the walls are vertical fault faces showing little sign of erosion 7fig4 #eg72 that no through drainage has yet been established in ,cyclone ,canyon1 which is a series of basins with low divides between2 and that several pre-existing streams were interrupted or diverted by the faulting4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,simple ,,graben1 formed by tension in directions indicated by horizontal arrows4 ,downdropped central block is the graben2 stationary or uplifted blocks on sides are called horsts4 ,from ,hansen 7#aifi1 p4 #abc74 ,see also figure #gf4 7,fig4 #ee7 ,illustration3 ,,cutaway ,,view ,,of ,,normal ,,fault1 resulting from tension in and lengthening of the earth's crust4 ,note amount of displacement and repetition of strata4 ,compare with figure #gf4 ,from ,hansen 7#aifi1 p4 #aaf74 7,fig4 #ef7 ,now let us continue our journey northward along ,devils ,lane4 ,just before reaching the ,silver ,stairs we may wish to pause long enough to take in the distant view to the northwest toward ,junction ,butte and ,grand ,view ,point4 7,see frontispiece47 ,after descending the steep ,silver ,stairs in a narrow cleft between rock walls1 we reach another intersection3 a two-way road continuing northwest goes to our destination1 and a one-way road turning right returns to ,elephant ,hill via part of ,elephant ,canyon 7fig4 #eh74 ,about #b miles to the northwest we cross the north end of ,cyclone ,canyon1 the largest graben4 ,it contains a road #c miles long and is well worth seeing4 ,about one-half mile from the south end1 an old trail follows ,red ,lake and ,lower ,red ,lake ,canyons to the ,colorado ,river across from ,spanish ,bottom 7figs4 #a1 #fa74 ,from near the north end of ,cyclone ,canyon 7figs4 #a1 #ei71 we drive west three-fourths mile to a parking area and hike one-half mile to an overlook for a spectacular view of the confluence of the ,green and ,colorado ,rivers 7figs4 #ei1 #fj7 and of the northern part of ,cataract ,canyon 7fig4 #fa74 ,these and other canyons are discussed in the next chapter4 ,illustration3 ,,west ,,wall ,,of ,,cyclone ,,canyon ,,graben1 a nearly vertical fault face showing little sign of erosion4 7,fig4 #eg7 ,illustration3 ,,lower ,,elephant ,,canyon1 followed by jeep trail from near ,silver ,stairs to ,elephant ,hill4 7,fig4 #eh7 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,confluence ,,from ,,the ,,air1 and some of ,the ,grabens4 ,see also figure #ea4 ,vertical aerial photograph by ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 7,fig4 #ei7 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,confluence ,,from ,,confluence ,,overlook1 shown in figures #a and #ei4 ,green ,river entering from left1 ,colorado ,river from right4 ,red beds near top are ,rico ,formation1 overlain by ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone and underlain by unnamed upper member of ,hermosa ,formation4 7,fig4 #fj7 ,illustration3 ,,cataract ,,canyon1 from the rim1 looking south to ,spanish ,bottom at bend4 ,beds dip to left and right away from ,colorado ,river1 which here is followed by axis of ,meander anticline4 7,see p4 #ajh74 ,cliff below overhanging rock resembles profile of a man2 the rock resembles his hat4 ,photograph by ,walter ,meayers ,edwards1 #aiga ,national ,geographic ,society4 7,fig4 #fa7 ,canyons of the ,green and ,colorado ,rivers ,we have discussed two of the three major topographic divisions of the park--the high mesas and the benchlands--and there remains to consider the third division--the canyons of the mighty ,green and ,colorado ,rivers and some of their tributaries4 ,after we discuss a few features common to both rivers1 we will take up the details of each river4 ,a glance at the map 7fig4 #a7 shows that above the confluence both rivers are very crooked and contain many loops1 or meanders1 the most striking of which are ,bowknot ,bend of the ,green ,river 7fig4 #fb71 several miles north of the park1 and ,the ,loop of the ,colorado ,river 7fig4 #gd74 ,in contrast1 the main stem of the ,colorado ,river below the confluence is considerably straighter4 ,not apparent on the map are the facts that the crooked rivers above the confluence have very gentle grades and are free from rapids or falls1 whereas a few miles south of the confluence the main stem plunges into ,cataract ,canyon--the steepest and wildest reach of the river1 containing #fd rapids4 ,these differences are partly explicable on the basis of the geologic structure and character of the rocks through which the rivers have cut4 ,above the confluence1 the soft strata dip gently northward1 so in flowing generally southward the two rivers are cutting 8against the grain10 which tends to impede their flow and thus reduce their grades4 ,below the confluence1 the hard limestones of the ,hermosa ,formation lie relatively flat for several miles and then begin to dip gently southward1 thus allowing the river to cut 8with the grain0 and therefore drop more rapidly4 ,the quiet1 smooth waters above the confluence permit power boating between the towns of ,green ,river1 ,utah1 and ,moab during part of the year1 whereas the rapids below ,spanish ,bottom1 #c miles below the confluence1 restrict river travel to float trips using sturdy boats or rafts4 ,above the confluence1 a so-called ,friendship ,cruise is run each year during the ,memorial ,day weekend4 ,participants tow their own power boats on trailers to the town of ,green ,river1 and after the boats are launched1 facilities are available at nominal cost for transporting cars and boat trailers to ,moab to await the arrival of the boats4 ,although some high-powered speedboats are reported to have made the run down the ,green ,river to the confluence then up the ,colorado ,river to ,moab in a few hours1 the trip for most boats requires #b to #g days4 ,trips by power boats1 including jet boats1 can be arranged from either ,green ,river or ,moab4 ,some passengers from ,moab return by jeep from ,lathrop ,canyon via the ,white ,rim ,trail1 and some from ,green ,river return on land via the ,horsethief ,trail4 ,many prefer the quieter float trip down to the confluence1 with return to either town by a prescheduled power boat1 and some more adventurous souls float through the rapids of ,cataract ,canyon all the way to ,lake ,powell4 ,in the spring of #aigb1 a #ic-;foot #aej-passenger stern-wheeler 7fig4 #fi7 began passenger service on the ,colorado ,river from just above ,potash to the foot of ,dead ,horse ,point and return 7,lansford1 #aigb74 ,entrenched and cutoff meanders ,meanders such as those above the confluence generally are formed by streams flowing in soft alluvium consisting of clay1 silt1 and sand1 such as along the ,mississippi ,river below ,cairo1 ,ill4 ,but there is no soft alluvium along the ,colorado and ,green ,rivers1 so how did these meanders form8 ,they probably attained their serpentine shape while cutting in softer1 younger material1 which long ago was removed by erosion1 and then continued to cut their crooked channels down1 until they created the deep rock-walled canyons in which they now flow as 8entrenched0 meanders4 ,meandering streams tend to shorten their lengths from time to time by cutting through narrow walls between adjacent loops1 leaving abandoned horseshoe-shaped channels or lakes4 ,in most of the ,united ,states these are known as oxbows or cutoff meanders1 but in the desert ,southwest they are commonly called by the ,spanish term 8rincon40 ,cutoffs are common along soft alluvial channels such as the lower ,mississippi ,river valley but are rare along channels whose meanders are entrenched into hard rock4 ,thus1 there have been many natural 7and several manmade7 cutoffs along the lower ,mississippi during historic times1 but the most recent ones along the ,green and upper ,colorado ,rivers probably occurred a million or so years ago1 during the ,pleistocene ,epoch 7figs4 #fe1 #hj74 ,mark ,twain served several years as an expert riverboat pilot on the ,mississippi ,river during which several cutoffs took place4 ,chapter #bg of his 8,life on the ,mississippi0 contains sage references to both natural and artificial cutoffs and concludes with a few good-natured jibes at geologists in particular and scientists in general3 ,therefore the ,mississippi between ,cairo and ,new ,orleans was twelve hundred and fifteen miles long one hundred and seventy six years ago4 ,it was eleven hundred and eighty after the cutoff of #agbb4 ,it was one thousand and forty after the ,american ,bend cut-off4 ,it has lost sixty-seven miles since4 ,consequently1 its length is only nine hundred and seventy-three miles at present4 ,now1 if ,i wanted to be one of those ponderous scientific people1 and 8let on0 to prove what had occurred in the remote past by what had occurred in a given time in the recent past1 or what will occur in the far future by what has occurred in late years1 what an opportunity is here6 ,geology never had such a chance1 nor such exact data to argue from6 ,nor 8development of species10 either6 ,glacial epochs are great things1 but they are vague--vague4 ,please observe3 ,in the space of one hundred and seventy-six years the ,lower ,mississippi has shortened itself two hundred and forty two miles4 ,that is an average of a trifle over one mile and a third per year4 ,therefore1 any calm person1 who is not blind or idiotic1 can see that in the ,old ,olitic ,silurian ,period1 just a million years ago next ,november1 the ,lower ,mississippi ,river was upward of one million three hundred thousand miles long1 and stuck out over the ,gulf of ,mexico like a fishing rod4 ,and by the same token any person can see that seven hundred and forty-two years from now the ,lower ,mississippi will be only a mile and three-quarters long1 and ,cairo and ,new ,orleans will have joined their streets together1 and be plodding comfortably along under a single mayor and a mutual board of aldermen4 ,there is something fascinating about science4 ,one gets such wholesale returns of conjecture out of such a trifling investment of fact4 ,green ,river ,much more has been written about the ,green ,river and the main stem of the ,colorado than about the ,colorado above the confluence 7the former ,grand ,river71 because all but one of the early float trips began on the ,green4 ,the first reports concerning ,powell's memorable voyages of #ahfi and #ahga were his articles published in ,scribners ,monthly during #ahgd and #ahge followed by his formal #ahge report 8,exploration of the ,colorado ,river of the ,west and ,its ,tributaries40 ,as pointed out by ,porter 7#aifi1 p4 #ba71 however1 ,powell's narrative is written as if everything chronicled therein occurred during the first trip4 ,events which actually occurred in #ahga and #ahgb are reported as happening in #ahfi4 ,there is no mention of the personnel of the #ahga-gb party1 nor is there an indication that there even was a second trip4 ,the engravings illustrating the report were made from photographs taken by ,beaman and ,hillers between #ahga and #ahgd1 but this fact is not noted4 ,for these reasons1 ,porter's account contains ,powell's diary of the first 7#ahfi7 trip and many of the missing photographs1 plus his own beautiful color prints4 ,much more complete and accurate accounts of the #ahga voyage than those of ,powell1 including many of the photographs taken by ,beaman and ,hillers1 were given by ,dellenbaugh 7#aijb1 #aifb71 who was a member of ,powell's #ahga expedition4 ,numerous river trips were undertaken in the years following ,powell's pioneering expeditions4 ,the ill-fated ,brown-,stanton voyage of #ahhi-ij included starts on both the ,grand and the ,green ,rivers4 7,see section on 8,colorado ,river407 ,more successful were ,nathan ,galloway and ,william ,richmond1 trappers who left ,henrys ,fork1 ,wyo41 late in #ahif and reached ,needles1 ,calif41 on ,february #aj1 #ahig 7,kolb1 #aibg1 p4 #cch74 ,trappers ,charles ,s4 ,russell1 ,e4 ,r4 ,monette1 and ,bert ,loper left ,green ,river1 ,utah1 in three steel boats on ,september #bj1 #aijg2 ,russell and ,monette reached ,needles in one boat in ,february #aijh1 but ,loper was drowned4 ,dellenbaugh's #aijb book was carried by the ,kolb brothers as a guide for their #aiaa trip down the river 7,kolb1 #aibg74 ,in addition to making superb still photographs1 the ,kolb brothers took the first moving pictures in the canyons1 and these are still being shown in the ,kolb ,studio on the ,south ,rim of the ,grand ,canyon4 ,julius ,f4 ,stone and party traversed the canyons in #aiji1 and his account 7#aicb7 also contains excellent photographs4 ,e4 ,c4 ,la ,rue1 of the ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 and assistants made two trips down the ,green and ,colorado ,rivers in #aiad and #aiae and additional trips from #aiba through #aibd4 ,their comprehensive hydrographic findings and studies1 plus excellent photographs1 are given in two reports 7,la ,rue1 #aiaf1 #aibe74 ,the #aiaf report also contains 7p4 #af-bb7 a good condensed account of earlier explorations and voyages from #aeca through #aiaa1 taken in part from ,dellenbaugh 7#aijb74 ,as noted earlier1 a modern river runners' guide by ,mutschler 7#aifi71 which logs the ,green and ,colorado ,rivers from ,green ,river1 ,utah1 to ,lake ,powell1 is now available4 ,river mileages in this log were taken from detailed topographic maps of both rivers prepared under the direction of ,herron 7#aiag74 ,we will visit only a few notable features of the canyons2 the mile-by-mile details for the ,green ,river can be obtained from ,mutschler 7#aifi71 and those for the ,colorado ,river1 from ,baars and ,molenaar 7#aiga1 p4 #fa-ii74 ,several other references are given below1 and additional ones are given by ,rabbitt 7#aifi1 p4 #bj-ba74 ,illustration3 ,,bowknot ,,bend1 of ,green ,river1 looking east from west end of narrow intervening saddle4 ,upper photograph was taken by ,e4 ,o4 ,beaman on ,september #aj1 #ahga1 during second voyage of ,major ,john ,wesley ,powell and his party4 ,lower photograph was taken from same camera station on ,august #ai1 #aifh1 by ,hal ,g4 ,stephens1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 on expedition led by ,e4 ,m4 ,shoemaker to recover camera stations of the #ahga voyage and rephotograph the scenes to record changes during the nearly #ajj year interval4 ,note that almost no changes occurred in the bedrock1 or even in the loose rocks1 but that considerable change occurred in the vegetation along the river4 ,although salt cedar 7tamarisk7 had been introduced into this country from the ,mediterranean area long before #ahga1 it had not yet spread to this area1 but the bare islands shown in the earlier photograph are covered by salt cedar in the #aifh photograph4 7,fig4 #fb7 ,illustration3 ,figure #fb1 lower image ,all travelers down the ,green ,river embarking from ,green ,river1 ,utah1 or above1 were impressed with ,bowknot ,bend 7fig4 #fb71 so named by ,powell and his men 7#ahge1 p4 #ed7 near the beginning of ,labyrinth ,canyon1 which they also named for its deeply entrenched meanders4 ,the upper photograph in figure #fb was taken by ,beaman on ,september #aj1 #ahga1 looking eastward from the west end of the narrow saddle separating the upper and lower reaches of the river2 the lower photograph was taken from the same point on ,august #ai1 #aifh1 by ,hal ,g4 ,stephens nearly #ig years later4 ,although there are changes in the vegetation1 as described in the caption1 there are virtually no visible changes in the bedrock4 ,nevertheless1 the distant future will likely see a breakthrough1 whereby ,green ,river will shorten itself by about #g miles 7,herron1 #aiag1 pl4 #ae;,c74 ,it is interesting to note that the vertical cliffs of ,wingate ,sandstone in and west of ,bowknot ,bend are only a few hundred feet above the river1 whereas1 because of the gentle northward dip of the beds and the gentle southward grade of the rivers1 the ,wingate cliffs are more than #b1jjj feet above the two rivers at ,grand ,view ,point and ,junction ,butte1 at the southern tip of ,island in the ,sky4 ,at the mouth of ,horseshoe ,canyon1 about #c miles below ,bowknot ,bend1 we pass a large rincon where the ,green ,river shortened its course by about #c miles4 ,some idea of the rincon's antiquity is gained from the facts that the river is now some #cej feet lower than at cutoff time1 whereas ,bowknot ,bend 7fig4 #fb7 has shown no visible deepening in #ig years4 ,this rincon was not noted by ,powell or other early voyagers1 seemingly because they did not happen to climb the banks at this point1 but it is quite noticeable on modern topographic maps and on aerial photographs4 ,this rincon and ,jackson ,hole along the ,colorado ,river may be as old as late ,tertiary 7fig4 #hj74 ,at a point reported to be #cej yards above the mouth of ,hell ,roaring ,canyon1 which enters from the east about #c miles below the rincon1 an early day trapper named ,julien left his mark4 ,stone 7#aicb1 p4 #fi1 pl4 #ci;,a7 seems to have been the first river runner to find 7from a description given him by a ,mr4 ,wheeler at ,green ,river71 record1 and photograph the inscription shown in figure #fc4 ,mutschler 7#aifi1 p4 #ca7 indicated that this inscription is carved on a massive ,moenkopi sandstone bed about #dj feet above the canyon floor4 ,a similar inscription by ,julien was found in ,cataract ,canyon1 #ca miles below the confluence1 but it is now covered by ,lake ,powell 7,mutschler1 #aifi1 p4 #fe74 ,some boaters are met by car and taken out to ,moab or ,green ,river via the ,horsethief ,trail 7fig4 #a71 just north of the park4 ,the road along the river here continues south for #f miles to the mouths of ,taylor and ,upheaval ,canyons1 where it becomes the ,white ,rim ,trail4 ,illustration3 ,,inscription ,,by ,,julien1 near mouth of ,hell ,roaring ,canyon1 thought to have been carved by ,dennis ,julien1 an early day trapper4 ,photograph by ,k4 ,sawyer1 ,august #aiad1 member of expedition led by ,e4 ,c4 ,la ,rue 7#aiaf74 7,fig4 #fc7 ,coming down the ,green ,river1 we enter ,canyonlands ,national ,park where the ,grand-,san ,juan county line meets the ,emery-,wayne county line 7fig4 #a71 about #b miles north of ,taylor and ,upheaval ,canyons4 ,the ,national ,park ,service had three successful test wells put down in ,taylor ,canyon1 and water under artesian pressure was found in the ,white ,rim ,sandstone at depths of #cgc to #dhb feet4 ,when funds become available1 they hope to complete one or more of these wells and pump the water up to ,island in the ,sky1 where two dry holes were drilled earlier4 ,about #e miles below ,upheaval ,canyon is an interesting ruin on a hill in the middle of a large nearly closed loop of the river enclosing ,fort ,bottom4 ,this was noted by ,dellenbaugh 7#aijb7 during ,powell's #ahga trip and was described in more detail by ,mutschler 7#aifi1 p4 #cc-cd73 ,the ruin consists of two1 two-story1 interconnected1 crudely circular towers1 and a third separate1 completely collapsed tower1 built on the summit of the bluff with a commanding view downriver and of ,fort ,bottom4 ,other collapsed structures are present on the summit1 and a slab-lined cist is present beneath the ,moss ,back ledge west of the towers4 ,the ruin was built of dry laid masonry and most of the mud plaster on the inside has been washed away1 leaving the structure in danger of imminent collapse4 ,please do not climb the walls6 ,fort ,bottom also contains a cabin believed to have been used by ,butch ,cassidy and the ,wild ,bunch 7,baker1 #aiga1 p4 #aih74 ,at about the mouth of ,millard ,canyon1 we leave ,labyrinth ,canyon and enter ,stillwater ,canyon1 aptly named by members of the #ahfi ,powell voyage 7,dellenbaugh1 #aijb1 p4 #bgf74 ,the beginning of ,stillwater ,canyon is marked by vertical walls of the ,white ,rim ,sandstone4 ,from here ,powell's men observed a butte to the southwest thought to resemble a fallen cross and named it 8,butte of the ,cross40 ,farther downstream they realized they had been looking at two buttes1 a small one in front of a larger one1 so the feature was renamed 8,buttes of the ,cross40 ,an aerial view of ,buttes of the ,cross is shown in figure #fd4 ,illustration3 ,,buttes ,,of ,,the ,,cross1 looking southwest from the air4 ,millard ,canyon enters ,green ,river in foreground1 ,north ,point is in right middle ground1 ,orange ,cliffs are in background1 and ,henry ,mountains form right skyline4 ,white ,rim ,sandstone forms ,white ,rim near mouth of ,millard ,canyon and near ,anderson ,bottom at left middle4 7,see fig4 #fe47 ,buttes are ,wingate ,sandstone capped by ,kayenta ,formation2 slopes down to prominent ledge are ,chinle ,formation1 ,moss ,back ,member forming the ledge2 steep and gentle slopes between ledge and ,white ,rim are ,moenkopi ,formation4 ,photograph by ,national ,park ,service4 7,fig4 #fd7 ,about #b miles below the mouth of ,millard ,canyon1 at ,anderson ,bottom1 we reach one of the most interesting features on the river--the most recent rincon of a major river in the park1 if not in the entire canyon country4 ,although some rincons are more recent1 they are along minor tributaries such as ,indian ,creek 7fig4 #gc74 ,the cutoff at ,anderson ,bottom probably took place during the ,pleistocene ,epoch1 whereas most of the others along the main rivers probably occurred during the ,tertiary ,period 7fig4 #hj74 ,an aerial view of the ,anderson ,bottom rincon is shown in figure #fe1 and a sketch of the drainage change is shown in figure #ff4 ,this feature was noted and correctly interpreted by ,powell and his men1 who applied the name ,bonita ,bend to the sharp new course the river took after the cutoff4 ,continuing through ,stillwater ,canyon1 we pass ,turks ,head 7figs4 #bc1 #bd7 and head for the confluence of the ,green ,river with the ,colorado ,river4 ,figure #fg shows the canyon just west of the confluence4 ,the lowest and largest cliff above the river is the upper member of the ,hermosa ,formation1 overlain by the slopes and thin ledges of the ,rico ,formation4 ,the massive sandstone at the top of the canyon wall is the ,cedar ,mesa4 ,junction ,butte and ,grand ,view ,point are on the right skyline4 ,we have already viewed the confluence and ,cataract ,canyon from the land and from the air 7figs4 #ei-fa72 soon we will see them from the ,colorado ,river4 ,illustration3 ,petroglyph ,illustration3 ,,anderson ,,bottom ,,rincon1 aerial view looking southeast4 ,jointed ,white ,rim ,sandstone forms the clifflike canyon walls and the mesa in middle of ,anderson ,bottom4 ,green ,river is now about #fj feet lower than former channel at right4 ,photograph by ,national ,park ,service4 7,fig4 #fe7 ,illustration3 ,,drainage ,,changes ,,at ,,anderson ,,bottom ,,rincon4 ,river shortened itself about #b miles by this cutoff4 7,fig4 #ff7 ,illustration3 ,,stillwater ,,canyon1 of ,green ,river1 viewed from a point on the south rim about #a mile above 7west of7 confluence with the ,colorado ,river4 ,upper photograph was taken by ,e4 ,o4 ,beaman on ,september #af1 #ahga1 during second ,powell voyage4 ,lower photograph was taken from same camera station on ,august #bc1 #aifh1 by ,hal ,g4 ,stephens1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 7,see caption for figure #fb47 ,note that there are no noticeable changes in rocks or bushes away from the river but that sand bars in the early photograph are covered with salt cedar 7tamarisk7 in the later photograph1 as described for figure #fb4 7,fig4 #fg7 ,illustration3 ,figure #fg1 lower ,colorado ,river ,as indicated earlier1 all but one of the early river voyages began on the ,green ,river4 ,the ,grand 7,colorado7 ,river above the confluence was neglected for some #ah years after ,powell's second voyage1 until1 in #ahhi1 ,frank ,m4 ,brown organized a company for construction of the proposed ,denver1 ,colorado ,canyon1 and ,pacific ,railway4 ,this railroad was to carry coal from mines in ,colorado over a 8water-level0 line through the canyons of the ,colorado ,river to the ,gulf of ,california some #a1bjj miles away2 from there the coal would presumably be shipped to ports as far north as ,san ,francisco 7,dellenbaugh1 #aijb1 p4 #cdc-cfi74 ,on ,march #bf1 #ahhi1 ,brown1 president1 ,f4 ,c4 ,kendrick1 chief engineer1 and ,t4 ,p4 ,rigney1 assistant engineer1 drove the first stake for a survey of the new line at ,grand ,junction1 ,colo41 then ,brown left for the ,east to obtain financing1 and the other two plus some hired hands took off down the ,grand ,river4 ,after reaching the confluence they towed the boat up the ,green ,river1 thus becoming the first to make this trip upstream4 ,they nearly ran out of food1 but thanks to the hospitality of some cattlemen1 they replenished their stock and after about #i days reached the railroad at ,green ,river1 ,utah4 ,brown1 who had returned from the ,east1 his newly appointed chief engineer1 ,robert ,brewster ,stanton1 and #ad others in six ill-designed boats of cedar1 rather than oak1 left ,green ,river on ,may #be1 #ahhi4 ,against the advice of ,major ,powell and ,a4 ,h4 ,thompson1 ,powell's topographer on the #ahga trip1 they carried no life preservers4 ,after many mishaps1 ,brown and two others were drowned near the head of ,marble ,canyon1 and the ill-fated expedition was temporarily halted4 ,however1 the indefatigable ,stanton contracted for new boats built of oak and1 with a reorganized party of #ab1 left the mouth of the ,fremont 7,dirty ,devil7 ,river on ,november #be4 ,after many further mishaps1 the party finally reached the ,gulf of ,california on ,april #bf1 #ahij4 ,needless to say the proposed railway was not built4 ,although the ,colorado ,river enters ,canyonlands ,national ,park about #cc river miles below ,moab1 most boaters or floaters begin their voyage either at ,moab or near ,potash1 and most travelers of the ,white ,rim ,trail begin at ,moab1 so we will start our trip at ,moab4 ,no logs or river runners' guides are available as yet for the reach from ,moab to ,potash1 but below ,potash some details of the geology have been described by ,baars in ,baars and ,molenaar 7#aiga1 p4 #ei-hg74 ,as noted at the beginning of this chapter1 above the confluence both the ,green and ,colorado ,rivers are very crooked1 have very low grades1 and are free from rapids4 ,as with the ,green1 the soft rocks along the ,colorado have a generally low northward dip that partly explains the river's gentle grade and its southward flow through increasingly lower and older strata4 ,unlike the ,green1 however1 the gentle dips of the strata in the canyons of the ,colorado are interrupted by several gentle anticlinal 7fig4 #ad7 and synclinal 7fig4 #bf7 folds and by at least one fault4 ,the most important of these geologic structures and other features will be noted as we journey down the river4 ,the first #ad miles from ,moab ,valley to ,potash can be made either by river or by paved ,utah ,highway #bgi4 ,this highway leaves ,u4,s4 ,highway #afc near the uranium ore-reduction plant several miles northwest of ,moab1 leaves ,moab ,valley through ,the ,portal 7fig4 #fh71 and follows the west bank of the river4 ,a paved secondary road from ,moab follows the east bank of the river through ,the ,portal and through ,kings ,bottom1 where it crosses the ,kings ,bottom syncline1 to the mouth of ,kane ,springs ,canyon1 then becomes a gravel road that ascends this canyon southward to and beyond ,hurrah ,pass 7fig4 #cj74 ,high above this road north of ,kings ,bottom are petroglyphs and a few cliff dwellings in the vertical cliffs of ,wingate ,sandstone4 ,a ranch 8house0 at ,kings ,bottom has been excavated entirely into the ,wingate cliff4 ,convenient turnouts have been provided at several places along ,highway #bgi for viewing petroglyphs or other points of interest4 ,small viewing tubes welded to vertical steel posts having signs help visitors locate and see the features described4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,portal1 in south wall of ,moab ,valley1 through which the ,colorado ,river1 ,utah ,highway #bgi 7on right71 and a paved secondary road 7on left7 leave the valley to enter the canyons in and above ,canyonlands ,national ,park4 ,rounded remnants on top are ,navajo ,sandstone2 cliffs are ,kayenta ,formation and ,wingate ,sandstone2 red slopes are ,chinle and ,moenkopi ,formations1 and perhaps a little of the ,cutler ,formation at the base4 ,light-colored patches at base of slope behind trees on left are contorted intrusions of ,paradox ,member of ,hermosa ,formation4 7,fig4 #fh74 ,the ,kings ,bottom syncline 7fig4 #cj7 southwest of ,moab ,valley brings the ,navajo ,sandstone down to and slightly below water level1 whereas at ,the ,portal 7fig4 #fh7 the ,navajo caps the southwest wall of ,moab ,valley4 ,several anticlines at or near the river from ,potash to and beyond the confluence 7fig4 #a7 bring up strata as old as the ,rico or the unnamed upper member of the ,hermosa4 ,between these extremes1 much of the river's course lies in strata of the ,cutler ,formation4 ,about #g miles below ,the ,portal1 ,highway #bgi is joined on the right by a branch line of the ,denver and ,rio ,grand ,western ,railroad completed in #aifb to haul potash #cf miles from the mine at ,potash north to the main line at ,crescent ,junction4 ,the railroad emerges from a tunnel at the head of ,bootlegger ,canyon4 ,two natural arches near the mouth of the tunnel--,pinto and ,little ,rainbow ,bridge--can be reached by trail4 ,about #c miles farther down the ,colorado is a temporary dock from which jet boats and the ,canyon ,king1 a #ic-;foot #aej-passenger stern-wheeler1 take off for points downriver during the spring and early summer1 when water depth permits4 ,the ,canyon ,king 7fig4 #fi71 a small replica of a ,mississippi ,river stern-wheeler1 carries passengers about #cj miles downriver to the foot of ,dead ,horse ,point and returns 7,lansford1 #aigb74 ,about #ab miles below ,the ,portal we reach ,potash--the potash 8mine0 7fig4 #gj7 of ,texas ,gulf1 ,inc4 7,see fig4 #ca and its associated text for description of operation47 ,travelers down the jeep trail below ,potash pass the evaporation ponds 7fig4 #ga7 used to separate the potash from common salt4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,canyon ,,king1 a #ic-;foot #aej-passenger stern-wheeler which hauls passengers some #cj miles below ,potash and returns4 ,trips run during the spring and early summer1 when water depth permits4 ,photograph by ,henry ,lansford1 ,boulder1 ,colo4 7,fig4 #fi7 ,illustration3 ,,potash ,,mine ,,of ,,texas ,,gulf1 ,,inc4 at ,potash1 as viewed from a boat4 ,high cliffs on right are ,wingate ,sandstone capped by ,kayenta ,formation and underlain by slopes of ,chinle and ,moenkopi ,formations4 7,fig4 #gj7 ,illustration3 ,,evaporation ,,ponds1 used to separate potash from common salt1 viewed from jeep trail4 ,black borders are parts of plastic membranes covering bottoms of ponds4 ,crest of ,cane ,creek anticline and ,la ,sal ,mountains in right background4 7,fig4 #ga7 ,across the river east from ,potash is ,jackson ,hole1 a large rincon4 ,since abandonment1 which shortened the river by about #c miles1 the river has cut its channel nearly #bjj feet deeper4 ,it is comparable in size to the large rincon along ,green ,river below ,bowknot ,bend 7p4 #ij7 but probably is somewhat younger4 ,both rincons may be as old as late ,tertiary 7fig4 #hj74 ,just below ,potash we cross the axis of the huge ,cane ,creek anticline 7fig4 #ca7 and also leave ,grand ,county to enter ,san ,juan ,county4 ,a mile east of this point1 high on the canyon wall1 is the ,school ,section #ac uranium mine1 which has yielded considerable ore and is expected to resume production sometime during #aigc4 ,it can be seen from the river or the trail1 and some of the tailings are visible on the left flank of the anticline in figure #ac4 ,voyagers who cross the axis of the ,cane ,creek anticline may observe on the right-hand 7west7 bank a protruding oil-well casing1 some drill bits1 and several shacks--all that remain of the ,frank ,shafer ,no4 #a oil test started during the winter of #aibd-be and completed by the ,midwest ,exploration ,co4 7,baker1 #aicc1 p4 #ha74 ,as described by ,maxine ,newell 7,u4,s4 ,natl4 ,park ,service1 written commun41 #aigj71 ,the well blew in in ,december #aibe1 caught fire1 and spewed burning oil #cjj feet into the air4 99 99 99 ,the local ,times-,independent newspaper called it 8,mother ,nature's ,christmas ,gift to ,grand ,county40 ,the gusher burned down the rig1 a barge of equipment1 and it took three months to get it under control4 ,then it didn't produce4 ,various #aibe and #aibf issues of the ,moab ,times-,independent reported that despite many efforts to plug the well1 it continued to flow from #a1jjj to several thousand barrels of oil per day for #f months or more1 all of which floated down the river4 ,the last blowout occurred in #aicg1 after which the well was plugged with an additional #ahj tons of cement4 ,mrs4 ,newell added1 ,the stories told of the early-day exploration are endless and delightful4 ,equipment and supplies were barged down the ,colorado ,river by the old ,moab ,garage ,company2 in winter months materials were carried by team and sled over the river ice4 ,they would take a couple of rig timbers and pile a lot of lumber on them 7they could take #aj1jjj feet71 then we'd give them a start with a crowbar and the mules would trot all the way downhill to the well4 ,when they'd get there they had a little trouble stopping sometimes2 they would turn into the bank1 unload1 then put the double trees on one mule1 ride the other1 and head back for a new load of rig lumber4 ,the evaporation ponds shown in figures #ca and #ga are in ,shafer ,basin1 a synclinal basin separating the ,cane ,creek anticline and ,shafer dome4 ,we cross the axis of ,shafer ,basin about #b miles below the county line4 ,further downstream is ,shafer dome1 a closed anticlinal bulge just beyond the ,w-shaped bend in the river as shown in figure #bi4 ,parts of the dome also show up in the lower right of figure #ac and the lower left of figure #ae4 ,from almost anywhere in the ,goose ,neck1 the sharp bend of the river shown in figure #ae1 we get an excellent view of ,dead ,horse ,point some #b1jjj feet above4 ,robert ,r4 ,norman 7oral commun4 ,feb4 #bg1 #aigc7 described to me a small petrified forest--which he said resembles a log jam--in the eastern part of the ,shafer dome1 at mileage #ci 7,baars and ,molenaar1 #aiga1 p4 #fe71 just north of this point about half way between the river and the jeep trail below ,dead ,horse ,point4 ,he estimated that there probably are #bj to #cj logs1 some of which are as large as #ah inches in diameter and more than #bj feet long1 and also described a stump about #c feet in diameter4 ,they occur in red beds at about the middle of the ,rico ,formation1 hence could be either ,pennsylvanian or ,permian in age 7figs4 #i1 #hj74 ,the original wood has been replaced by silica 7,si,o7 and stained a dark reddish brown1 as shown in figure #gb4 ,mr4 ,norman and his brother also discovered many teeth of a primitive sharklike fish in the ,rico ,formation at the same general locality as the petrified wood and also in the ,rico on the ,cane ,creek anticline4 ,i submitted two of the teeth to ,dr4 ,david ,h4 ,dunkle1 curator of the ,cleveland ,museum of ,natural ,history1 who reported them to be 8one tooth of the cochliodont #8shark' ,deltodus1 and one tooth of the petalodont #8shark' ,petalodus0 7written commun41 ,may #bb1 #aigc74 ,about #d miles below the ,goose ,neck1 we enter ,canyonlands ,national ,park and remain in the park almost to the north end of ,lake ,powell4 ,about #f miles into the park1 at the north end of a bend much like the ,goose ,neck1 is the mouth of ,lathrop ,canyon1 where many boaters stop for lunch and where a side road connects with the ,white ,rim ,trail 7fig4 #a74 ,six and one half miles below ,lathrop ,canyon is the mouth of ,rustler ,canyon1 which is joined near its mouth by ,indian ,creek--the creek followed by the highway leading to ,the ,needles from ,u4,s4 #afc4 ,within an airline distance of only #c miles1 the lower reach of ,indian ,creek1 an intermittent stream1 flows past four small rincons1 three of which 7fig4 #gc7 are within an airline distance of only #j4h mile4 ,the stream has cut its new channel into the red sandstones and shales of the ,cutler ,formation only #ae to #bj feet deeper than the abandoned ones in the two rincons at the left in figure #gc and only about #be feet deeper than the one on the right4 ,these figures suggest1 at least to me1 that these cutoffs probably occurred sometime during the ,holocene ,epoch1 or age of man--that is1 probably within the last #aj1jjj years 7fig4 #hj74 ,a detailed study of these rincons might change this estimate1 particularly if1 say1 buried driftwood or other carbonaceous material could be found for an age determination by the radiocarbon method4 ,illustration3 ,,petrified ,,log1 near middle of ,rico ,formation1 about #a mile southeast of ,dead ,horse ,point4 ,log is estimated to be about #ah inches in diameter4 ,photograph by ,robert ,r4 ,norman4 7,fig4 #gb7 ,illustration3 ,,relatively ,,recent ,,rincons ,,along ,,indian ,,creek1 about #c miles above mouth and about #b miles east of ,canyonlands ,national ,park4 ,above1 stereoscopic pair of aerial photographs by ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey2 below1 sketch showing drainage changes4 ,the stereoscopic pair can be viewed without optical aids by those accustomed to this procedure1 or by use of a simple double-lens stereoscope4 7,fig4 #gc7 ,illustration3 ,figure #gc1 diagram ,illustration3 ,,the ,,loop1 of ,colorado ,river1 about #e miles northeast of the confluence4 ,lower canyon walls are unnamed upper member of ,hermosa ,formation overlain by slopes of the ,rico ,formation4 ,jointed sandy ledges at top become sandier to south1 where they comprise the ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone4 ,aerial photograph by ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey4 7,fig4 #gd7 ,about #e miles below the mouth of ,rustler ,canyon and ,indian ,creek1 and also about #e miles above the confluence1 is ,the ,loop--an even sharper and more symmetrical figure eight than ,bowknot ,bend of the ,green ,river 7fig4 #fb74 ,an aerial view of ,the ,loop 7fig4 #gd7 shows that the channels on the south loop are only about #ejj feet apart and that those on the north loop are only about #a1gjj feet apart4 ,at the narrowest places1 both saddles are considerably eroded--the southern one is only about #aej feet above the river1 but the northern one is still about #cej feet above4 ,erosion of both saddles has been hastened by the facts that the axis of the ,meander anticline 7see p4 #ajh7 passes through each saddle and that an interesting reverse fault 7fig4 #ge7 passes through the lower and thinner southern saddle4 ,the differences between reverse and normal faults are shown by comparing figures #ef and #gf4 ,it seems inevitable that some day the small saddle will be cut through by the ,colorado ,river1 and a new rincon will result4 ,eventually1 the other loop also probably will be abandoned4 ,as one of my colleagues remarked1 how wonderful it would seem1 to be present at the proper moment to witness such an event1 particularly if one had a time-lapse movie camera to record it for posterity6 ,illustration3 ,,reverse ,,fault in southern saddle of ,the ,loop1 looking northwest from boat in river4 ,apparent angle of dip is #ab below horizontal4 ,rocks at left1 above fault plane1 have been shoved about #aj feet past and over those on right4 ,curving of dark bed near middle of fault plane is called 8drag40 7,see fig4 #gf47 ,rocks are unnamed upper member of ,hermosa ,formation4 7,fig4 #ge7 ,illustration3 ,,cutaway ,,view ,,of ,,reverse ,,fault1 resulting from horizontal compression1 which caused a shortening of earth's crust4 ,note 8drag0 of beds on each side of fault plane4 ,low-angle reverse faults1 also called thrust faults1 may have displacements ranging from a few feet to many miles4 ,from ,hansen 7#aifi1 p4 #aaf74 7,fig4 #gf7 ,about a mile and a half below the south saddle of ,the ,loop we meet the mouth of ,salt ,creek1 which drains a large part of the ,needles district4 ,figure #gg was taken in ,salt ,creek canyon about #b airline miles above the mouth looking southeast toward ,six-,shooter ,peaks and ,shay ,mountain1 northernmost of the ,abajo ,mountains1 on the horizon4 ,a mile and a half above the confluence is ,the ,slide1 a jumbled mass of angular blocks of rock that fell from the northwest canyon wall and originally probably extended all the way to the southeast bank of the river4 ,as shown in figure #gh1 it still extends nearly across the river1 leaving only a narrow deep chute along the southeast bank4 ,just after the photograph was taken1 we hit rough fast water in the chute1 with waves about #b feet high4 ,at higher stages of the river1 progressively more of ,the ,slide is covered by water1 and there is less tendency for waves to form4 ,the date of this landslide is not known1 but it is shown on a map by ,herron 7#aiag1 pl4 #bb;,a7 made prior to #aiag and may well have occurred during prehistoric times4 ,soon we reach the confluence of the ,green and ,colorado ,rivers 7figs4 #ei1 #fj74 ,this important junction of two mighty rivers was noted by all previous voyagers1 but their impressions of it differed considerably4 ,powell 7#ahge1 p4 #ef7 remarked3 ,these streams unite in solemn depths1 more than one thousand two hundred feet below the general surface of the country4 ,the walls of the lower end of ,stillwater ,caon are very beautifully curved see fig4 #fg1 as the river sweeps in its meandering course4 ,the lower end of the caon through which the ,grand comes down1 is also regular1 but much more direct1 and we look up this stream1 and out into the country beyond1 and obtain glimpses of snow clad peaks1 the summits of a group of mountains known as the ,sierra ,la ,sal ,la ,sal ,mountains4 ,down the ,colorado1 the caon walls are much broken4 ,dellenbaugh 7#aijb1 p4 #bgg7 gave a fuller description but concluded3 8,in every way the ,junction is a desolate place0--an appraisal with which ,i disagree4 ,the most colorful account ,i have read is that of ,captain ,francis ,marion ,bishop1 a member of ,powell's #ahga expedition1 who recorded in his journal for ,september #ae1 #ahga 7#aidg1 p4 #bjb73 ,well1 we are at last1 after many days of toil and labor1 here at the confluence of the two great arteries of this great mountain desert4 ,no more shall our frail boats dash through thy turbid waters1 ,old ,green1 and no more shall we press on to see the dark flood from the peaks and parks of ,colorado4 ,grand and ,green here sink to thy rest1 and from thy grave the ,colorado de ,grande shall flow on forever1 and on thy bosom henceforth will we battle with rock and wave4 ,one can hardly tell which is the largest of the two rivers4 ,neither seems to flow into the other1 but there seems to be a blending of both1 and from their union rolls the ,colorado ,river4 ,illustration3 ,,salt ,,creek ,,canyon1 looking southeast from point on rim #b miles above mouth4 ,lower ledges are limestones in unnamed upper member of ,hermosa ,formation2 slope and upper cliff are ,rico ,formation capped by remnants of ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone4 ,horizon shows ,six-,shooter ,peaks in center and ,shay ,mountain1 northernmost of ,abajo ,mountains1 at right4 ,photograph by ,e4 ,n4 ,hinrichs4 7,fig4 #gg7 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,slide1 which partly blocks the ,colorado ,river about #a miles above the confluence4 ,view downstream4 7,fig4 #gh74 ,cataract ,canyon heads at the confluence1 but the rapids do not appear until we leave ,spanish ,bottom some #c miles below4 ,between ,the ,loop and ,spanish ,bottom1 the ,colorado ,river follows closely the axis of an anticline4 ,along this reach the rock strata dip downward away from the river1 as shown in figure #fa4 ,this fold was noted by ,powell and some of his men1 and ,bishop 7#aidg1 p4 #bjc7 reported in his journal for ,september #af1 #ahga3 ,he ,steward is at a loss how to account for the folded appearance of the strata here4 ,but doubtless will find some explanation4 ,says the dip recedes from the river caon1 and thinks it is a fissure4 ,maj4 ,powell thinks it is owing to an upheaval1 and that the beds next to the river have broken up from the mass1 etc41 etc4 ,forty-four years later ,harrison 7#aibg7 named this structure the ,meander anticline and concluded that the weight of the rocks on each side of the river had squeezed underlying beds of salt in the ,paradox ,member of the ,hermosa ,formation and caused them to move upward along the river1 where the confining strata had been removed by erosion4 ,harrison's theory was accepted by ,baker 7#aicc7 and most later workers in the area4 ,thus we have what may be termed an erosional anticline1 whose axis1 or crest1 follows the river4 ,erosional anticlines also occur elsewhere1 as along the ,eagle and ,roaring ,fork valleys of central ,colorado4 ,mutschler and ,hite 7#aifi7 suggested that this zone of weakness in ,canyonlands overlies and follows a break in the hard ,precambrian 7fig4 #hj7 rocks that underlie the area at great depth4 ,at any rate1 ,powell was on the right track even though he was totally unaware of the underlying salt or the deep-seated fault4 ,smooth water continues from the confluence to ,spanish ,bottom1 where the ,old ,spanish ,trail comes down to the river from the west and continues up ,lower ,red ,lake ,canyon to the east4 ,as mentioned earlier1 this is about the south end of the ,meander anticline1 and an intruded chunk of the ,paradox ,member1 mostly gypsum1 occupies part of the mouth of ,lower ,red ,lake ,canyon1 as shown in figure #gi4 ,the remaining #aj miles or so of ,cataract ,canyon within ,canyonlands ,national ,park contains many rapids and should be traversed only under the leadership of experienced river guides4 ,if and when ,lake ,powell reaches its maximum level1 it will extend to within about a mile of the park1 but at present 7#aigc7 it heads near the mouth of ,gypsum ,canyon1 about #e miles below the park4 ,illustration3 ,,gypsum ,,plug of ,paradox ,member1 intruded along south end of ,meander anticline at mouth of ,lower ,red ,lake ,canyon4 ,common salt has been removed by solution1 leaving residue of gypsum and some shale4 ,photograph by ,donald ,l4 ,baars4 7,fig4 #gi7 ,illustration3 ,petroglyph ,illustration3 ,,geologic ,,time ,,spiral1 showing the sequence1 names1 and ages of the geologic eras1 periods1 and epochs1 and the evolution of plant and animal life on land and in the sea4 ,the primitive animals that evolved in the sea during the vast ,precambrian ,era left few traces in the rocks because they had not developed hard parts such as shells1 but hard shells or skeletal parts became abundant during and after the ,paleozoic ,era4 7,fig4 #hj7 ,the ,age of the ,earth ,the ,earth is very old--four and a half billion years or more according to recent estimates4 ,most of the evidence for an ancient ,earth is contained in the rocks that form the ,earth's crust4 ,the rock layers themselves--like pages in a long and complicated ,history--record the surface-shaping events of the past1 and buried within them are traces of life--the plants and animals that evolved from organic structures that existed perhaps three billion years ago4 ,also contained in rocks once molten are radioactive elements whose isotopes provide earth scientists with an atomic clock4 ,within these rocks1 8parent0 isotopes decay at a predictable rate to form 8daughter0 isotopes4 ,by determining the relative amounts of parent and daughter isotopes1 the age of these rocks can be calculated4 ,thus the results of studies of rock layers 7stratigraphy71 and of the progressive development of life 7paleontology71 coupled with the ages of certain rocks as measured by atomic clocks 7geochronology71 attest to a very old ,earth6 ,summary of ,geologic ,history ,having finished our geologic ramble through ,canyonlands ,national ,park1 let us see how this pile of eroded rocks fit into the bigger scheme of things--the geologic age and events of the earth as a whole1 as depicted in figure #hj4 ,as shown in figure #i1 the rock strata still preserved in the park range in age from ,pennsylvanian to ,jurassic1 or from about #cjj to #age million years ago1 a span of about #abe million years4 ,this seems an incredibly long time1 until you note that the earth is some #d4e billion years old and that our rock pile is but one twenty-fifth1 or #d percent1 of the age of the earth as a whole4 ,thus1 in figure #hj the rocks exposed in the park occupy only about the left-hand third of the top whorl of the spiral4 ,but this is not the whole story4 ,as indicated earlier1 about #aj1jjj feet of younger ,mesozoic and ,tertiary rocks that once covered the area have been carried away by erosion1 and if we include these1 the span is increased to about #bej million years1 or nearly a full whorl of the spiral4 ,deep tests for oil and gas tell us that much older rocks underlie the area1 and we have seen that some of these rocks played a part in shaping the park we see today--note the breaks in the deep-seated ,precambrian rocks and the salt in the ,paradox ,member4 ,in addition to the ,precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks1 there are about #b1jjj feet of ,paleozoic sedimentary rocks older than the ,pennsylvanian ,paradox ,member4 ,most of these sedimentary rocks were laid down in ancient seas during ,cambrian1 ,ordovician1 ,devonian1 ,mississippian1 and ,pennsylvanian times 7fig4 #hj74 ,there are some gaps in the rock record caused by temporary emergence of the land above sea level and erosion of the land surface before the land again subsided below sea level so that deposition could resume4 ,silurian rocks are absent altogether1 presumably because here the ,silurian ,period was dominated by erosion rather than deposition4 ,while ,pennsylvanian and ,permian sediments were being deposited in and southwest of the park1 a large area to the northeast--called by geologists the ,uncompahgre highland1 because it occupied the same general area as the present ,uncompahgre ,plateau--rose slowly above sea level4 ,whatever ,paleozoic rocks there were on this rising land1 plus part of the underlying ,precambrian rocks1 were eroded and carried by streams into deep basins to the northeast and southwest4 ,thus1 while mostly marine or nearshore deposits were being laid down in and near the park1 thousands of feet of red beds were being laid down by streams in an area between the park and the ,uncompahgre ,plateau4 ,during part of ,middle ,pennsylvanian time a large area including the park and known as the ,paradox ,basin was alternately connected to or cut off from the sea1 so the water evaporated during cutoff periods and was replenished during periods when connection with the sea resumed4 ,in this huge evaporation basin were deposited the layers of salt and gypsum plus some potash salts and shale that now make up the ,paradox ,member4 ,the old ,uncompahgre highland continued to shed debris into the bordering basins until ,triassic time1 when it began to acquire a veneer of red sandstone and siltstone of the ,chinle ,formation 7,lohman1 #aife74 ,the area remained above sea level during the ,triassic ,period and most if not all the ,jurassic ,period1 although the ,jurassic ,carmel ,formation was laid down in a sea that lay just to the west4 ,late in the ,cretaceous ,period a large part of central and southeastern ,united ,states1 including the eastern half of ,utah1 sank beneath the sea1 as shown in figure #ha1 and received thousands of feet of mud1 silt1 and some sand that later compacted into the ,mancos ,shale4 ,this formation and all the younger and some older strata have long since been eroded from the park area but are present in adjacent areas1 such as the lower slopes of the ,book ,cliffs north of ,green ,river1 ,crescent ,junction1 and ,cisco 7fig4 #g74 ,the land rose above the sea at about the close of the ,cretaceous and has remained above ever since1 although inland basins and lakes received sediment during parts of the ,tertiary ,period4 ,compressive forces in the earth's crust produced some gentle folding of the strata at the close of the ,cretaceous1 but more pronounced folding and some faulting occurred during the ,eocene ,epoch1 when most of the ,rocky ,mountains took form4 ,during the ,miocene ,epoch molten igneous rock welled up into the strata to form the cores of the nearby ,la ,sal1 ,abajo1 and ,henry ,mountains 7fig4 #g74 ,additional uplift and some folding occurred in the ,pliocene and ,pleistocene ,epochs4 ,illustration3 ,,late ,,cretaceous ,,sea1 which covered parts of central and southeastern ,united ,states4 7,fig4 #ha7 ,much of the course of the ,colorado ,river was established in the ,miocene ,epoch1 with some additional adjustments in the late ,pliocene and early ,pleistocene ,epochs 7,hunt1 #aifi1 p4 #fg74 ,erosion during much of the ,tertiary ,period and all of the ,quaternary ,period1 combined with some sagging and breaking of the crust brought on by solution and lateral squeezing of salt beds beneath ,the ,needles1 ,the ,grabens1 and the ,meander anticline1 produced the landscape as we now see it4 ,the ,precambrian rocks beneath the area are about #a4e billion years old1 so an enormous span of time is represented by the rocks and events in and beneath ,canyonlands ,national ,park4 ,if we consider the geologic formations that make up the ,colorado ,plateau--including national parks 7,n4,p471 national monuments 7,n4,m47 7excluding small historical or archeological ones71 ,monument ,valley1 ,san ,rafael ,swell1 and ,glen ,canyon ,national ,recreation ,area--certain formations or groups of formations play starring roles in some parks or monuments1 some play supporting roles1 and in a few places the entire cast of rocks gets about equal billing4 ,let us compare them and see how and where they fit into the geologic time spiral 7fig4 #hj74 ,dinosaur ,n4 ,m41 with exposed rocks ranging in age from ,precambrian to ,cretaceous1 represents the greatest time span 7nearly #b billion years7 but has one unit--the ,jurassic ,morrison ,formation--in the starring role1 for this unit contains the many dinosaur fossils that give the monument its name and fame2 several older units have supporting roles4 ,grand ,canyon ,n4 ,p4 and ,n4 ,m4 are next1 with rocks from ,precambrian through ,permian 7excluding the ,quaternary lava flows in the ,n4 ,m471 but here there is truly a team effort1 for the entire cast gets about equal billing4 ,canyonlands ,n4 ,p4 stands third in size of cast1 with rocks ranging from ,pennsylvanian to ,jurassic1 but we would have to give top billing to the ,permian ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone ,member of the ,cutler ,formation1 from which ,the ,needles1 ,the ,grabens1 and most of the arches were sculptured2 the ,triassic ,wingate ,sandstone and ,kayenta ,formation get second billing for their roles in forming and preserving ,island in the ,sky and other high mesas4 ,now let us consider those with only one or few players in the cast1 beginning at the bottom of the time spiral4 ,black ,canyon of the ,gunnison ,n4 ,m41 cut entirely in rocks of early ,precambrian age 7except for only a veneer of much younger rocks71 obviously has but one star in its cast4 ,colorado ,n4 ,m4 contains rocks ranging from ,precambrian to ,cretaceous--equal to ,dinosaur in this respect--but it is unique in that all the rocks of the long ,paleozoic ,era and some others are missing from the cast2 of those that remain1 the ,triassic ,wingate and ,kayenta are the stars1 with strong support from the ,jurassic ,entrada ,sandstone4 ,all the bridges in ,natural ,bridges ,n4 ,m4 were carved from the ,permian ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone1 also the star in ,canyonlands ,n4 ,p4 ,in ,canyon de ,chelly 7pronounced 8dee shay07 ,n4 ,m4 and ,monument ,valley 7neither ,n4 ,p4 nor ,n4 ,m41 as it is owned and administered by the ,navajo ,tribe71 the de ,chelly ,sandstone ,member of the ,cutler ,formation--a ,permian member younger than the ,cedar ,mesa--plays the starring role4 ,wupatki ,n4 ,m41 near ,flagstaff1 ,ariz41 stars the ,triassic ,moenkopi ,formation4 ,petrified ,forest ,n4 ,p4 7which now includes part of the ,painted ,desert7 also has but one star--the ,triassic ,chinle ,formation1 with its many petrified logs and stumps of ancient trees4 ,the ,triassic-,jurassic ,glen ,canyon ,group 7fig4 #i71 which includes the ,triassic ,wingate ,sandstone and ,kayenta ,formation and the ,triassic-,jurassic ,navajo ,sandstone1 receives top billing in recently enlarged ,capitol ,reef ,n4 ,p41 but the ,triassic ,moenkopi and ,chinle ,formations enjoy supporting roles4 ,the ,triassic-,jurassic ,navajo ,sandstone1 erosional remnants of which are found on the high mesas of ,canyonlands ,n4 ,p41 is the undisputed star of ,zion ,n4 ,p41 ,rainbow ,bridge ,n4 ,m41 and ,glen ,canyon ,national ,recreation ,area1 despite the fact that the latter is the type locality of the entire ,glen ,canyon ,group 7fig4 #i74 ,the ,navajo also forms the impressive reef at the eastern edge of the beautiful ,san ,rafael ,swell 7a dome1 or closed anticline1 fig4 #g71 now crossed by ,highway ,i-#gj between ,green ,river and ,fremont ,junction1 ,utah4 ,as we journey upward in the time spiral 7fig4 #hj71 we come to the ,jurassic ,entrada ,sandstone1 which stars in ,arches ,n4 ,p41 with help from the underlying ,navajo ,sandstone and a supporting cast of both older and younger rocks4 ,the ,entrada also forms the grotesque erosional forms called 8hoodoos and goblins0 in ,goblin ,valley ,state ,park1 north of ,hanksville1 ,utah4 ,moving ever upward in the spiral1 we come to the ,cretaceous--the age of the starring ,mesaverde ,group1 whose caves in ,mesa ,verde ,n4 ,p4 now house beautifully preserved ruins once occupied by the ,anasazi1 the same ancient people who once dwelt in ,canyonlands ,n4 ,p4 ,this brings us up to the ,tertiary ,period1 during the early part of which the pink limestones and shales of the ,paleocene and ,eocene ,wasatch ,formation were laid down in inland basins4 ,beautifully sculptured cliffs1 pinnacles1 and caves of the ,wasatch star in ,bryce ,canyon ,n4 ,p4 and nearby ,cedar ,breaks ,n4 ,m4 ,this concludes our climb up the time spiral1 except for ,quaternary volcanoes and some older volcanic features at ,sunset ,crater ,n4 ,m41 near ,flagstaff1 ,ariz4 ,thus1 one way or another1 many geologic units that formed during the last couple of billion years have performed on the stage of the ,colorado ,plateau and1 hamlike1 still lurk in the wings eagerly awaiting your applause to recall them to the footlights4 ,don't let them down--visit and enjoy the national parks and monuments of the ,plateau1 for they probably are the greatest collection of scenic wonderlands in the world4 ,illustration3 ,dinosaur ,additional ,reading ,many reports covering various aspects of the area have been cited in the text by author and year1 and these plus a few additional ones are listed below under 8,selected ,references40 ,a few of general or special interest should be mentioned1 however4 ,between #aibf and #aica virtually the entire area now included in the park was mapped geologically in three classic reports--two by ,baker 7#aicc1 #aidf7 and one by ,mc,knight 7#aidj74 ,these men and their field assistants mapped the area by use of the plane table and telescopic alidade without benefit of modern topographic maps or aerial photographs1 except for topographic maps of narrow stretches along the ,green and ,colorado ,rivers made under the direction of ,herron 7#aiag74 ,only small sections could be reached by automobile1 so nearly all the area was traversed using horses or by hiking4 ,during the uranium boom of the early and middle #aiej's1 the ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey remapped the topography of most of the area at a scale of #a3bd1jjj and also remapped the geology of much of the area at this same scale4 ,the southern part of the ,needles district was mapped by ,lewis and ,campbell 7#aife74 ,the geologic mapping west of the ,green and ,colorado ,rivers was done by ,f4 ,a4 ,mc,keown1 ,p4 ,p4 ,orkild1 ,c4 ,c4 ,hawley1 and others2 that east of the ,colorado ,river and a little between the two rivers was done by ,e4 ,n4 ,hinrichs and others4 ,only four of the geologic maps have been published 7,hinrichs and others1 #aifg1 #aifh1 #aiga;a1 b71 but all this work and the older reports were used by ,williams 7#aifd7 in compiling the #a3bej1jjj-scale geologic map of the ,moab quadrangle1 by ,williams and ,hackman 7#aiga7 in compiling a similar map of the ,salina quadrangle1 and by ,haynes1 ,vogel1 and ,wyant 7#aigb7 in compiling a similar map of the ,cortez quadrangle4 ,these three maps show the geology of the entire park4 ,the #aigj issue of the ,naturalist in which the cited papers by ,jennings1 ,newell1 and ,stokes appear also contains other papers on ,canyonlands ,national ,park1 including one on the plants4 ,several early reports on the ,green and ,colorado ,rivers and their potential utilization contain a wealth of information and many fine photographs--two reports on the ,colorado ,river by ,la ,rue 7#aiaf1 #aibe71 one on the ,green ,river by ,wooley 7#aicj71 and one on the upper ,colorado ,river 7above the confluence7 by ,follansbee 7#aibi74 ,for those who wish to learn more about the science of geology1 ,i suggest the textbook by ,gilluly1 ,waters1 and ,woodford 7#aifh74 ,acknowledgments ,my deep appreciation goes to ,bates ,wilson1 former superintendent of ,canyonlands ,national ,park1 and to ,joe ,carithers1 former assistant superintendent1 for their splendid cooperation in supplying data and information and for making available four-wheel-drive vehicles4 ,i also wish to thank ,chuck ,budge1 former chief ranger2 ,dave ,may1 assistant chief ranger2 ,joe ,miller1 former maintenance engineer2 ,bob ,kerr1 new superintendent2 ,maxine ,newell1 park historian and member of the staff at ,arches ,national ,park2 ,jerry ,banta1 park ranger at ,arches2 and ,dave ,minor1 district ranger for the ,needles district1 for their many favors4 ,i am grateful to several colleagues and friends for the loan of photographs1 for geologic help and data1 and for reviewing this report4 ,i am also deeply grateful to my wife ,ruth for accompanying me on all the field work and for her help and encouragement4 ,selected references ,baars1 ,d4 ,l41 and ,molenaar1 ,c4 ,m41 #aiga1 ,geology of ,canyonlands and ,cataract ,canyon3 ,durango1 ,colo4 ,four ,corners ,geol4 ,soc41 #fth ,field ,conf41 ,cataract ,canyon ,river exped41 #ii p4 ,baker1 ,a4 ,a41 #aicc1 ,geology and oil possibilities of the ,moab district1 ,grand and ,san ,juan ,counties1 ,utah3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #hda1 #ie p4 #aidf1 ,geology of the ,green ,river ,desert-,cataract ,canyon region1 ,emery1 ,wayne1 and ,garfield ,counties1 ,utah3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #iea1 #abb p4 ,baker1 ,pearl1 #aiga1 ,the ,wild ,bunch at ,robbers ,roost3 ,new ,york1 ,toronto1 ,london1 ,abelard-,schuman1 #bbd p4 ,bishop1 ,captain ,francis ,marion1 #aidg1 ,bishop's ,journal edited by ,charles ,kelley1 in ,biographical sketches and original documents of the second ,powell expedition of #ahga-gb3 ,utah ,state ,hist4 ,soc41 ,utah ,hist4 ,quart41 v4 #ae1 p4 #aei-bch4 ,crampton1 ,c4 ,g41 #aifd1 ,standing up country1 the canyon lands of ,utah and ,arizona3 ,new ,york1 ,alfred ,a4 ,knopf 7,utah ,univ4 ,press1 in association with ,amon ,carter ,mus4 ,western ,art71 #aia p4 ,dellenbaugh1 ,f4 ,s41 #aijb1 ,the romance of the ,colorado ,river3 ,new ,york1 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 #cii p4 reprinted #aifb by ,rio ,grande ,press1 ,chicago1 ,,iii4 #aifb1 ,a canyon voyage3 ,the narrative of the second ,powell ,expedition down the ,green-,colorado ,river from ,wyoming1 and the explorations on land1 in the years #ahga and #ahgb3 ,new ,haven and ,london1 ,yale ,univ4 ,press1 ,foreword by ,william ,h4 ,goetzmann1 #bgg p4 ,everhart1 ,w4 ,c41 #aigb1 ,the ,national ,park ,service1 ,praeger ,library of ,u4,s4 ,government ,departments and ,agencies ,no4 #ac3 ,new ,york1 ,london1 ,praeger ,publishers1 ,inc41 #bgf p4 ,findley1 ,rowe1 #aiga4 ,canyonlands--realm of rock and the far horizon3 ,nat ,geog4 ,mag41 ,july1 p4 #ga-ia4 ,follansbee1 ,robert1 #aibi1 ,upper ,colorado ,river and its utilization3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,water-,supply ,paper #fag1 #cid p4 ,gilluly1 ,james1 ,waters1 ,a4 ,c41 and ,woodford1 ,a4 ,o41 #aifh1 ,principles of geology #c;d ed43 ,san ,francisco and ,london1 ,w4 ,h4 ,freeman and ,co41 #fhe p4 ,hansen1 ,w4 ,r41 #aifi1 ,the geologic story of the ,uinta ,mountains with graphics by ,john ,r4 ,stacy3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #abia1 #addp4 ,harrison1 ,t4 ,s41 #aibg1 ,colorado-,utah salt domes3 ,am4 ,assoc4 ,petroleum ,geologists ,bull41 v4 #aa1 no4 #b1 p4 #aaa-acc4 ,haynes1 ,d4 ,d41 ,vogel1 ,j4 ,d41 and ,wyant1 ,d4 ,g41 #aigb1 ,geology1 structure1 and uranium deposits of the ,cortez quadrangle1 ,colorado and ,utah3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,misc4 ,geol4 ,inv4 ,map ,i-#fbi4 ,herron1 ,w4 ,h41 #aiag1 ,profile surveys in the ,colorado ,river basin in ,wyoming1 ,utah1 ,colorado1 and ,new ,mexico3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,water-,supply ,paper #cif1 #f p41 #dc pl4 ,hinrichs1 ,e4 ,n41 and others1 #aifg1 ,geologic map of the northwest quarter of the ,hatch ,point quadrangle1 ,san ,juan ,county1 ,utah3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,misc4 ,geol4 ,inv4 ,map ,i-#eac4 #aifh1 ,geologic map of the northeast quarter of the ,hatch ,point quadrangle1 ,san ,juan ,county1 ,utah3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,misc4 ,geol4 ,inv4 ,map #a-ebf4 #aiga;a1 ,geologic map of the southeast quarter of the ,hatch ,point quadrangle1 ,san ,juan ,county1 ,utah3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,misc4 ,geol4 ,inv4 ,map #a-ffi4 #aiga;b1 ,geologic map of the southwest quarter of the ,hatch ,point quadrangle1 ,san ,juan ,county1 ,utah3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,misc4 ,geol4 ,inv4 ,map #a-fgj4 ,hite1 ,r4 ,j41 #aifh1 ,salt deposits of the ,paradox ,basin1 southeast ,utah and southwest ,colorado1 in ,mattox1 ,r4 ,b41 ed41 ,saline deposits3 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,america ,spec4 ,paper #hh1 p4 #cai-ccj4 ,hunt1 ,alice1 #aief1 ,archeology of southeastern ,utah1 in ,geology and economic deposits of east-central ,utah3 ,intermountain ,assoc4 ,petroleum ,geologists1 #gth ,ann4 ,field ,conf41 ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,utah1 #aief1 p4 #ac-ah4 ,hunt1 ,c4 ,b41 #aifi1 ,geologic history of the ,colorado ,river1 in ,the ,colorado ,river region1 and ,john ,wesley ,powell3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,prof4 ,paper #ffi1 p4 #ei-acj4 ,jennings1 ,j4 ,d41 #aigj1 ,canyonlands--aborigines3 ,naturalist1 v4 #ba1 ,summer1 ,spec4 ,issue #b1 p4 #aj-ae4 ,joesting1 ,h4 ,r41 and ,plouff1 ,donald1 #aieh1 ,geophysical studies of the ,upheaval ,dome area1 ,san ,juan ,county1 ,utah3 ,intermountain ,assoc4 ,petroleum ,geologists1 #ith ,ann4 ,field ,conf41 ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,utah1 #aieh1 p4 #hf-ia4 ,joesting1 ,h4 ,r41 ,case1 ,j4 ,e41 and ,plouff1 ,donald1 #aiff1 ,regional geophysical investigations of the ,moab-,needles area1 ,utah3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,prof4 ,paper #eaf-;,c1 #ba p4 ,kolb1 ,e4 ,l41 #aibg1 ,through the ,grand ,canyon from ,wyoming to ,mexico #b;d ed43 ,new ,york1 ,macmillan1 #cdd p4 ,lansford1 ,henry1 #aigb1 ,boatman in the desert1 a passenger-carrying stern-wheeler in canyon country3 ,empire magazine of the ,denver ,post1 ,nov4 #e1 p4 #ah-ai4 ,la ,rue1 ,e4 ,c41 #aiaf1 ,colorado ,river and its utilization3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,water-,supply ,paper #cie1 #bca p4 #aibe1 ,water power and flood control of ,colorado ,river below ,green ,river1 ,utah1 with a forward by ,hubert ,work1 ,secretary of the ,interior1 p4 #a-ajj4 ,app4 ,a1 ,a report on water supply1 by ,e4 ,c4 ,la ,rue and ,g4 ,f4 ,holbrook1 p4 #aja-abc2 app4 ,b1 ,a geologic report on the inner gorge of the ,grand ,canyon of ,colorado ,river1 by ,r4 ,c4 ,moore1 p4 #abe-aga3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,water-,supply ,paper #eef1 #agf p4 ,lewis1 ,r4 ,q41 and ,campbell1 ,r4 ,h41 #aife1 ,geology and uranium deposits of ,elk ,ridge and vicinity1 ,san ,juan ,county1 ,utah3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,prof4 ,paper #dgd-;,b1 #fi p4 ,lohman1 ,s4 ,w41 #aife1 ,the geologic story of ,colorado ,national ,monument3 ,colo4 and ,black ,canyon ,nat4 ,history ,assoc41 #ef p4 ,mc,knight1 ,e4 ,t41 #aidj1 ,geology of area between ,green and ,colorado ,rivers1 ,grand and ,san ,juan ,counties1 ,utah3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #ijh1 #adg p4 ,mattox1 ,r4 ,b41 #aifh1 ,upheaval ,dome1 a possible salt dome in the ,paradox ,basin1 ,utah1 in ,mattox1 ,r4 ,b41 ed41 ,saline deposits3 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,america ,spec4 ,paper #hh1 p4 #cca-cdg4 ,mutschler1 ,f4 ,e41 #aifi1 ,labyrinth1 ,stillwater1 and ,cataract ,canyons3 ,river runners' guide to the canyons of the ,green and ,colorado ,rivers1 with emphasis on geologic features1 volume ,,ii3 ,denver1 ,colo41 ,powell ,soc41 ,ltd41 #gi p4 ,mutschler1 ,f4 ,e41 and ,hite1 ,r4 ,j41 #aifi1 ,origin of the ,meander anticline1 ,cataract ,canyon1 ,utah1 and basement fault control of ,colorado ,river drainage abs43 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,america1 ,rocky ,mtn4 ,sec41 #bbnd ,ann4 ,mtg41 ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,utah1 #aifi1 ,abs4 with ,programs1 pt4 #e1 p4 #eg-eh4 ,newberry1 ,j4 ,s41 #ahfa1 ,geological report1 in ,ives1 ,j4 ,c41 ,report upon the ,colorado ,river of the ,west3 ,u4,s4 #cfth ,cong4 #ast sess41 ,s4 ,ex4 ,doc4 and ,h4 ,ex4 ,doc4 #ij1 pt4 #c1 #aed p4 ,newell1 ,maxine1 #aigj1 ,canyonlands--modern history3 ,naturalist1 v4 #ba1 ,summer1 ,spec4 ,issue #b1 p4 #dj-dg4 ,newman1 ,w4 ,l41 #aigj1 ,geologic time3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 #bj p4 ,porter1 ,elliot1 #aifi1 ,down the ,colorado1 ,john ,wesley ,powell diary of the first trip through the ,grand ,canyon #ahfi3 ,new ,york1 ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton ,co41 #afh p4 ,powell1 ,j4 ,w41 #ahge1 ,exploration of the ,colorado ,river of the ,west and its tributaries3 ,washington1 ,d4,c41 #bia p4 ,rabbitt1 ,m4 ,c41 #aifi1 ,john ,wesley ,powell3 pioneer statesman of federal science1 in ,the ,colorado ,river region and ,john ,wesley ,powell3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,prof4 ,paper #ffi1 p4 #a-ba4 ,sharrock1 ,f4 ,w41 #aiff1 ,an archeological survey of ,canyonlands ,national ,park3 ,utah ,univ41 ,dept4 ,anthropology1 ,anthropol4 ,papers1 ,misc4 ,paper #hc1 p4 #ea-hd4 ,stacy1 ,j4 ,r41 #aifb1 ,shortcut method for the preparation of shaded-relief illustrations1 in ,short papers in geology1 hydrology1 and topography3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,prof4 ,paper #dej-;,d1 p4 ,d#afd-;,d#afe4 ,stokes1 ,w4 ,l41 #aigj1 ,canyonlands--geology3 ,naturalist1 v4 #ba1 ,summer1 ,spec4 ,issue #b1 p4 #c-i4 ,stone1 ,j4 ,f41 #aicb1 ,canyon country--,the romance of a drop of water and a grain of sand3 ,new ,york1 ,london1 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 #ddb p4 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 #aifi1 ,john ,wesley ,powell--soldier1 explorer1 scientist3 #bc p4 ,williams1 ,p4 ,l41 #aifd1 ,geology1 structure1 and uranium deposits of the ,moab quadrangle1 ,colorado and ,utah3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,misc4 ,geol4 ,inv4 ,map ,i-#cfj4 ,williams1 ,p4 ,l41 and ,hackman1 ,r4 ,j41 #aiga1 ,geology1 structure1 and uranium deposits of the ,salina quadrangle1 ,utah3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,misc4 ,geol4 ,inv4 ,map ,i-#eia4 ,wooley1 ,r4 ,r41 #aicj1 ,the ,green ,river and its utilization3 ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,water-,supply ,paper #fah1 #def p4 ,wright1 ,j4 ,c41 ,shaw1 ,d4 ,r41 and ,lohman1 ,s4 ,w41 #aifb1 ,definition of members of the ,jurassic ,entrada ,sandstone in east-central ,utah and west-central ,colorado3 ,am4 ,assoc4 ,petroleum ,geologists ,bull41 v4 #df1 no4 #aa1 p4 #bjeg-bjgj4 ,illustration3 ,petroglyph ,footnotes #a;,for the benefit of visitors from countries using the metric system1 the following conversion factors may be helpful3 #a square mile #b4eij square kilometers1 #a acre #j4djdg hectare1 #a inch #b4ed centimeters1 #a foot #j4cje meter1 #a mile #a4fji kilometers1 #a ,u4,s4 gallon #j4jjcgi cubic meter4 #b,these plastic relief maps1 made by the ,u4,s4 ,army ,map ,service1 can be obtained from the ,t4,n4 ,hubbard ,scientific ,co41 ,box #aje1 ,northbrook1 ,ill4 #fjjfb4 ,topographic maps at scales of #a3bej1jjj and #a3fb1ejj for the entire area1 topographic maps at a scale of #a3bd1jjj for much of the area1 and a special topographic map of 8,canyonlands ,national ,park and ,vicinity0 at a scale of #a3fb1ejj are available from the ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 ,denver ,distribution ,section1 ,federal ,center1 ,denver1 ,colo4 #hjbbe1 and from privately owned shops where maps are sold4 ,a revised edition of the latter1 including relief shading1 will soon be available4 ,an index map of ,utah showing all available topographic maps is free upon request to the above address4 ,index ,italic page numbers indicate major references ,a ,abajo ,mountains #ba1 #aac ,additions to the park #a ,all ,american ,man pictograph #i1 #gj ,anasazi people #i1 #ab1 #fh ,anderson ,bottom #ic ,angel ,arch #bd1 #fh ,anticline ,overlook #ca1 #ej ,arches #fd1 #gj ,angel #bd1 #fh ,canyon ,viewpoint #cf ,castle #fh ,druid #bd1 #gf ,gothic #fh in ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone #ff1 #aae in ,navajo ,sandstone #cf ,little ,rainbow ,bridge #ih origin #fe ,pinto #ih ,wooden ,shoe #ff ,arches ,national ,park #bh1 #aaf ,b ,beef ,basin #i1 #ge ,benchlands #eh ,bighorn ,mesa #df ,bishop1 ,francis ,marion1 quotation #ajf ,black ,canyon of the ,gunnison ,national ,monument #aae ,bonita ,bend #eg1 #ic ,bootlegger ,canyon #ih ,bowknot ,bend #he1 #hh ,bryce ,canyon ,national ,park #aaf ,bureau of ,land ,management #df ,buttes1 ,junction #bg ,merrimac and ,monitor #bh of the ,cross #ib ,turks ,head #dj1 #dc1 #ic ,c ,campgrounds1 ,hatch ,point #dh near ,green ,river ,overlook #dc ,peek-a-boo ,spring #fh ,squaw ,flat #b1 #fc ,windwhistle #dg ,cane ,creek anticline #ca1 #ej1 #ec1 #ajj ,canyon de ,chelly ,national ,monument #aae ,canyon ,king #ih ,canyon ,rims ,recreation ,area #dg ,canyon ,viewpoint ,arch #cf ,canyonlands ,overlook #dh ,canyonlands ,resort #b1 #fc ,canyons1 access roads #h ,bootlegger #ih ,cataract #e1 #he1 #ajh ,colorado ,river #he ,cyclone #gi1 #hj ,davis #fd1 #gj ,desolation #h ,elephant #gf ,green ,river #he ,horse #fd1 #fg ,horseshoe #a1 #i ,kane ,springs #dh ,labyrinth #e1 #ij ,lathrop #cd1 #cf ,lavender #fd1 #gj ,lockhart #di ,lower ,red ,lake #hj ,millard #eg ,mineral #bi ,range #eh ,red ,lake #hj ,salt #i1 #fd1 #ff ,sevenmile #bh ,stillwater #e1 #dj1 #dc1 #ib ,taylor #ia ,trough ,springs #dh ,upheaval #df ,capitol ,reef ,national ,park #aae ,castle ,arch #fh ,cataract ,canyon #e1 #he1 #ajh ,cave ,spring ,environmental ,trail #ad1 #ff ,cave ,spring line camp #b1 #ad ,cedar ,breaks ,national ,monument #aaf ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone #dg1 #eh1 #fc arches #ff1 #aae potholes #cf1 #fe ,chesler ,park #ge1 #gf ,chinle ,formation #aae ,moss ,back ,member #af1 #fb ,church ,rock #fj ,climate #bc ,colorado ,national ,monument #aae ,colorado ,plateau #ag1 #ba1 #aad ,colorado ,river #if1 #aad river runners' guidebook #e ,confluence of ,green and ,colorado ,rivers #ag1 #hj1 #ajf ,confluence ,overlook #hj ,cutler ,formation #dh1 #ed1 #fb1 #ih ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone ,member #dg de ,chelly ,sandstone ,member #aae ,organ ,rock ,tongue #dj ,white ,rim ,sandstone ,member #cd ,see also ,cedar ,mesa ,sandstone2 ,white ,rim ,sandstone4 ,cyclone ,canyon #gi1 #hj ,d ,davis ,canyon #fd1 #gj ,dead ,horse ,point #cj1 #ca1 #aja ,dead ,horse ,point ,state ,park #cj ,desolation ,canyon #h ,devils ,kitchen #ge ,devils ,lane #ge1 #hj ,devils ,pocket #ge ,dinosaur ,national ,monument #h1 #aad ,druid ,arch #bd1 #gf ,dugout ,ranch #ad1 #fa ,e ,elaterite ,basin #eh ,elephant ,canyon #gf ,elephant ,hill #b1 #ge ,entrada ,sandstone #bh1 #fj1 #aae1 #aaf ,entrances1 ,island in the ,sky district #b1 #bh1 #cd ,needles district #b1 #fj ,ernies ,country #eh ,erosion #ba1 #fd1 #aad landslide #ajf ,needles district #fc rate #ba1 #ij volume of rock removed #ba1 #aab ,f ,facies changes #cd1 #dg1 #eh1 #aac ,faults #dh1 #fc1 #gi1 #ajd ,floods #fg ,fort ,bottom #ia1 #ib ,fossils #gf1 #aja ,four-wheel-drive roads4 ,see ,jeep trails4 ,fremont people #i1 #ab ,g ,gas #ec1 #aab ,geologic history #bj1 #aab ,glen ,canyon ,national ,recreation ,area #aae ,goblin ,valley ,state ,park #aaf ,goose ,neck #cj1 #ca1 #aja ,gothic ,arch #fh ,grand ,canyon ,national ,park #aae ,grand 7,colorado7 ,river #ag1 #if ,grand ,view ,point #dj ,grays ,pasture #bi1 #cf ,green ,river #hg ,overlook #dc ,river runners' guidebook #d ,ground water #fd1 #fe ,h ,hatch ,point #df ,hatch ,point ,campground #dh ,henry ,mountains #ba1 #aad ,hermosa ,formation1 ,paradox ,member #ec1 #gi1 #ajh ,history1 ,butch ,cassidy and his ,wild ,bunch #ad1 #eg1 #ib cliff dwellers #i cliff dwellings #ig cowboys #ad1 #cj first siting by white man #d mapping #aag ,powell river expeditions #d1 #hg railroads #if trapper ,julien #ij ,horse ,canyon #fd1 #fg ,horseshoe ,canyon #a1 #i ,horseshoe ,canyon ,detached ,unit #ed ,horsethief ,trail #bi1 #cf1 #ij ,hurrah ,pass #dh1 #ej ,i ,igneous rocks #bj1 #aac ,indian ,creek #fa1 #ic1 #aja ,indian ,creek ,state ,park #ab1 #fa ,indian ruins4 ,see ,ruins4 ,indians1 ,anasazi #i1 #ab1 #fh ,fremont #i1 #ab ,pueblo #i ,ute #ab ,iron #bc ,island in the ,sky #bg ,j ,jackson ,hole #ij1 #ajj ,jeep trails1 ,davis ,canyon #gj ,elephant ,hill #b1 #ge ,horse ,canyon #fg ,hurrah ,pass #dh ,island in the ,sky district #cf ,lavender ,canyon #gj ,needles district #b1 #fc1 #ge ,potash area #ih reason for building #af ,salt ,canyon #ff ,silver ,stairs #b1 #gi1 #hj ,,sob ,hill #b1 #ge west of ,green ,river #ed ,jennings1 ,j4 ,d41 quotation #i1 #ab ,joint ,trail #gf ,joints #fc1 #gi ,julien #ij ,junction ,butte #bg ,k ,kane ,springs ,canyon #dh ,kayenta ,formation #be1 #ed1 #aae ,keyhole ,ruin #fg ,king's ,bottom syncline #ej1 #ih ,l ,la ,sal ,mountains #ba1 #aac ,labyrinth ,canyon #e1 #ij ,lake ,powell #bc1 #ajh ,land of ,standing ,rocks #eh ,lathrop ,canyon #cd1 #cf ,lavender ,canyon #fd1 #gj ,little ,rainbow ,bridge #ih ,lockhart ,basin #di ,lockhart ,canyon #di ,lohman1 ,s4 ,w41 quotation #be ,lower ,red ,lake ,canyon #hj ,m ,maps1 geologic #aag satellite image #ah shaded relief #ah ,meander anticline #gi1 #ajh ,merrimac and ,monitor ,buttes #bh ,mesa ,trail #cf ,mesa ,verde ,national ,park #aaf ,mesas #bg1 #df ,metamorphic rocks #ba ,metric conversion factors #a ,millard ,canyon #eg ,mineral ,canyon #bi ,mines1 ,atomic ,king #ej ,mi ,vida #af potash #ec1 #ih ,school ,section #ac #ajj uranium #af1 #bi1 #ej1 #ajj ,moab #af1 #hf1 #if ,moab anticline #ej ,moenkopi ,formation #dc1 #eh1 #aae ,monument ,basin #dj1 #db ,monument ,valley #aae ,morrison ,formation #aad ,moss ,back ,member of ,chinle ,formation #af1 #fb ,mutschler1 ,f4 ,e41 quotation #ia ,n ,natural ,bridges ,national ,monument #aae ,navajo ,sandstone #df1 #ih1 #aae1 #aaf arches #cf color #bd environment of deposition #bj resistance to erosion #be ,needles district #fj ,needles ,overlook #db1 #dg ,newell1 ,maxine1 quotation #ajj ,newspaper ,rock #ab1 #fa ,north ,point #eg ,o ,oil #ec1 #ajj1 #aab ,old ,spanish ,trail #eg1 #ajh ,orange ,cliffs #ed ,organ ,rock ,tongue of ,cutler ,formation #dj ,overlooks1 ,anticline #ca1 #ej ,canyonlands #dh ,confluence #hj ,dead ,horse ,point #cj1 #ca ,grand ,view ,point #dj ,green ,river #dc ,needles #db1 #dg ,u-#c loop #di ,p ,paradox ,basin #aac ,paradox ,member of ,hermosa ,formation #ec1 #gi1 #ajh1 #aac ,paul ,bunyans ,potty #fg ,petrified ,forest ,national ,park #aae ,petroglyphs #ab1 #ig ,photography #c ,powell camera stations #e1 #ij1 #ic ,picnic sites #cf1 #df1 #ge ,pictographs #i1 #ab1 #gj ,pinto ,arch #ih ,porter1 ,elliot1 quotation #hg ,potash salts #ec1 #ih1 #aac ,potholes #cf1 #fe ,powell1 ,john ,wesley #d1 #hg ,john ,wesley1 quotation #ajf river expeditions #d1 #hg ,memorial ,highway #h ,pueblo people #i ,q ,quicksand #ff ,r ,railroads #if1 #ih ,rainbow ,bridge ,national ,monument #aae ,range ,canyon #eh ,red ,lake ,canyon #hj ,rico ,formation #gf1 #aja ,rincons #hf1 #ij ,anderson ,bottom #ic ,indian ,creek #ic1 #aja ,jackson ,hole #ij1 #ajj ,river trips #he1 #hf ,canyon ,king #ih early float #hg1 #hh1 #if guidebooks #d1 #hh ,powell expeditions #d1 #hg rapids #ajh stern-wheeler #ih ,rivers1 ,colorado #if1 #aad ,grand 7,colorado7 #ag1 #if ,green #hg cutoffs #hf1 #hg ,see also ,rincons4 meanders #he1 #hf ,rock column #bj1 #ca ,rock folds1 anticlines #ih ,cane ,creek anticline #ca1 #ej1 #ec1 #ajj ,kings ,bottom syncline #ej1 #ih ,meander anticline #gi1 #ajh ,moab anticline #ej oil and gas #ec potash salts #ec ,san ,rafael ,swell #aaf ,shafer dome #ca1 #di1 #ec1 #aja synclines #dc1 #di1 #ajj ,upheaval ,dome #dc ,rock fractures1 faults #dh1 #fc1 #gi1 #ajd joints #fc1 #gi origin #gi ,rock inscriptions #ab ,rock layers1 dip #ed1 #he1 #ij1 #ig ,rock paintings #i ,ruin ,park #i1 #ge ,ruins #fd1 #gj ,anasazi #i1 #fh ,fort ,bottom #ia granaries #i1 #fh ,keyhole #fg ,tower #i1 #fh ,s ,salt beds #dc1 #ec1 #gi1 #ajh1 #aac ,salt ,canyon #i1 #fd1 #ff ,salt ,creek #ajf ,san ,rafael ,desert #ed ,san ,rafael ,swell #aaf ,sedimentary rocks #bj1 #aab ages #bj1 #aab cement #be1 #fe color #bc elaterite #eh environments of deposition #bj1 #aac facies changes #cd1 #dg1 #eh1 #aac fossils #gf1 #aja gypsum #gi1 #aac 8layer-cake geology0 #bc salt #dc1 #ec1 #gi1 #ajh1 #aac sculpture by erosion #be ,sevenmile ,canyon #bh ,shafer ,basin #ajj ,shafer dome #ca1 #di1 #ec1 #aja ,shafer limestone #ca1 #ed ,shafer ,trail #cd ,silver ,stairs #b1 #gi1 #hj ,six-,shooter ,peaks #fa ,,sob ,hill #b1 #ge ,spanish ,bottom #hj1 #he1 #ajh ,spanish explorers #ab ,springs #cf ,squaw ,flat ,campground #b1 #fc ,steer ,mesa #df ,stillwater ,canyon #e1 #dj1 #dc1 #ib ,sunset ,crater ,national ,monument #aaf ,t ,taylor ,canyon #ia ,the ,doll ,house #eh ,the ,fins #eh ,the ,grabens #gc age #gi ,cyclone ,canyon #gi1 #hj ,devils ,lane #ge1 #hj ,devils ,pocket #ge origin #gi ,the ,loop #he1 #ajd ,the ,maze #eh ,the ,neck #bg1 #cd ,the ,needles #gc ,the ,portal #ig ,the ,slide #ajf ,the ,spur #ed 8,three ,worlds0 #bd ,thundershowers #fg ,tower ,ruin #i1 #fh ,trails1 ,cave ,spring ,environmental #ad1 #ff foot #fc1 #fd1 #gj1 #gc1 #gf1 #ih horse #ed ,horsethief #bi1 #cf1 #ij jeep4 ,see ,jeep trails4 ,joint #gf ,mesa #cf ,old ,spanish #eg1 #ajh ,shafer #cd to ,druid ,arch #gf to ,upheaval ,dome #df ,white ,rim #cd ,transportation in the park #bf ,trough ,springs ,canyon #dh ,turks ,head #dj1 #dc1 #ic ,twain1 ,mark1 quotation #hg ,u ,u-#c loop #di ,uncompahgre highland #ed1 #aac ,upheaval ,canyon #df ,upheaval ,dome #dc ,uranium #af1 #cd1 #ig mines #af1 #bi1 #ej1 #ajj occurrence #af1 #fb ,ute petroglyphs #ab ,v ,vegetation1 ,chesler ,park #gf fossil forest #aja ,hatch ,point #dg historical changes #e1 #ij ,island in the ,sky #bi ,squaw ,flat #fc ,w ,wasatch ,formation #aaf ,water1 artesian #ia floods #fg ground #fd1 #fe ,island in the ,sky district #dc1 #ia potholes #cf1 #fe quicksand #ff springs #cf ,whale ,rock #df ,white ,rim #cd1 #eh ,white ,rim ,sandstone #bc1 #dg1 #ed color #bd elaterite #eh potholes #cf thickness variation #bc1 #cd1 #dj1 #dc water #ia ,white ,rim ,trail #cd ,windwhistle ,campground #dg ,wingate ,sandstone #df1 #ed1 #fa1 #aae cliff dwellings #ig petroglyphs #ab1 #ig resistance to erosion #be ,wooden ,shoe #ff ,wupatki ,national ,monument #aae ,z ,zion ,national ,park #aae ,illustration3 ,,department ,,of ,,the ,,interior ,march #c1 #aidi ,transcriber's ,notes --,retained publication information from the printed edition3 this e,book is public-domain in the country of publication4 --,corrected a few palpable typos4 --,included a transcription of the text within some images4 --,in the text versions only1 text in italics is delimited by underscores4