,,frontispiece4 ,illustration3 ,,ruff and ,,honours 7from the ,compleat ,gamester #afhj74 ,lastly1 observe the ,women with what grace ,they sit1 and look their ,partners in the face1 ,who from their eyes shoot ,cupids fiery darts2 ,thus make them lose at once their ,game and ,hearts4 ,illustration3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,the ,,laws ,,and ,,principles ,,of ,,whist ,,stated ,,and ,,explained ,,and ,,its ,,practice ,,illustrated ,,on ,,an ,,original ,,system ,,by ,,means ,,of ,,hands ,,played ,,completely ,,through4 ,,by ,,cavendish4 ,,eighteenth ,,edition4 ,,london3 ,,thos4 ,,de ,,la ,,rue ,,co4 #ahhi4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,all ,,rights ,,reserved4 ,,printed ,,by ,,thomas ,,de ,,la ,,rue ,,and ,,co41 ,,bunhill ,,row1 ,,london4 ,,dedication ,,to ,,the ,,ninth ,,edition4 ,,james ,,clay1 ,,esq41 ,m4,p4 7,chairman of the ,whist ,laws ,committee of the ,arlington ,club1 #ahfd17 ,this ,book ,,is ,,cordially ,,dedicated ,,by ,,his ,,sincere ,,friend1 ,,the ,,author4 ,,dedication ,,to ,,the ,,tenth ,,edition4 -------------------------------- ,to the memory ,,of ,,james ,,clay -------------------------------- ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,first ,,edition4 ,it has often occurred to the ,author that there are two principal defects in the existing treatises on the game of ,whist--the one that the principles of play are1 in general1 laid down as so many isolated and arbitrary conventions1 the reasons upon which such principles are based being seldom1 if at all1 and scarcely ever fully1 stated2 the other1 that suitable illustrations1 by which alone the principles can be brought forcibly home and fixed in the memory1 are almost entirely wanting4 ,the present work is an attempt to supply these deficiencies4 ,with regard to the latter1 the ,author feels that nothing1 in point of illustration of principles1 can be so instructive as a selection of hands played completely through1 and accompanied by copious explanations4 ,the idea1 it is believed1 as applied to ,whist1 is a new one1 though a similar plan has long been in use in treatises on ,chess4 ,it has not been deemed necessary to occupy space by detailing the mode of playing and of scoring1 as this information can be readily acquired at the table4 ,the reader is1 therefore1 credited with this elementary knowledge1 and is conducted at once to the ,general ,principles1 which he is advised to consider carefully before proceeding to the ,hands4 ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,sixteenth ,,edition4 ,the attention of the ,reader is particularly directed to ,appendix ,a1 explanatory of ,american ,leads4 ,the ,author is firmly convinced that ,american ,leads are founded on true principles of whist play1 and they therefore have his hearty approval4 ,but1 he hesitates to insist upon these leads in the body of the ,principles1 as they have not yet met with universal1--and1 perhaps1 hardly with general1--acceptance4 ,the advanced player is also invited to consider1 with care1 ,appendix ,b1 which treats briefly of ,the ,plain-,suit ,echo4 ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,eighteenth ,,edition4 ,the advanced player is invited to consider1 with care1 ,appendix ,c1 which treats of the leads from ace1 king1 and from king1 queen suits4 ,,contents4 ,,page ,,the ,,laws ,,of ,,whist #a ,,etiquette ,,of ,,whist #ai ,,cases ,,and ,,decisions #bb ,,historical #ca ,,part ,i4 ,,general ,,principles4 ,,the ,,first ,,hand ,,or ,,lead4 ,,original ,,leads #ef ,,leads ,,from ,,strong ,,suits #ef ,,from ,,sequences #fb ,,analysis ,,of1 ,,in ,,detail #fd ,,from ,,weak ,,suits #gb ,,at ,,advanced ,,periods #gd ,,returned ,,leads #gi ,,the ,,second ,,hand4 ,,play ,,of ,,the ,,second ,,hand #hb ,,with ,,strong ,,suits #hb ,,with ,,sequences #hc ,,analysis ,,of1 ,,in ,,detail #he ,,the ,,third ,,hand4 ,,play ,,of ,,the ,,third ,,hand ,,when ,,the ,,lead ,,is ,,from ,,strong ,,suits #ib ,,play ,,of ,,the ,,third ,,hand ,,when ,,the ,,lead ,,is ,,from ,,weak ,,suits #ic ,,finessing #ib ,,the ,,fourth ,,hand4 ,,play ,,of ,,the ,,fourth ,,hand #if ,,the ,,command ,,of ,,suits #if ,,underplay #aja ,,discarding #ajd ,,the ,,conversation ,,of ,,the ,,game #ajh ,,trumps4 ,,the ,,management ,,of ,,trumps #aai ,,leading ,,trumps #abj ,,asking ,,for ,,trumps #abe ,,trumping #abi ,,forcing #aca ,,playing ,,to ,,the ,,score #acd ,,drawing ,,inferences #acd ,,coups #ada ,,part ,,ii4 ,,hands #aef ,,appendix ,a4 ,,american ,,leads #bha ,,appendix ,b4 ,,the ,,plain-,,suit ,,echo #bhg ,,appendix ,c4 ,,on ,,the ,,original ,,lead ,,of ,,king #bhi ,,the ,,laws ,,of ,,whist4 ,,by ,,permission1 ,,verbatim ,,from ,,the ,,club ,,code4 ,,the ,,foot ,,notes ,,are ,,added ,,by ,,the ,,author4 ,,the ,,rubber4 #a4 ,the rubber is the best of three games4 ,if the first two games be won by the same players1 the third game is not played4 ,,scoring4 #b4 ,a game consists of five points4 ,each trick1 above six1 counts one point4 #c4 ,honours1 i4e41 ,ace1 ,king1 ,queen1 and ,knave of trumps1 are thus reckoned3 ,if a player and his partner1 either separately or conjointly1 hold-- ,i4 ,the four honours1 they score four points4 ,,ii4 ,any three honours1 they score two points4 ,,iii4 ,only two honours1 they do not score4 #d4 ,those players1 who1 at the commencement of a deal1 are at the score of four1 cannot score honours4 #e4 ,the penalty for a revoke#a takes precedence of all other scores4 ,tricks score next4 ,honours last4 #f4 ,honours1 unless claimed before the trump card of the following deal is turned up1 cannot be scored4 #g4 ,to score honours is not sufficient2 they must be called at the end of the hand2 if so called1 they may be scored at any time during the game4 #h4 ,the winners gain-- ,i4 ,a treble1 or game of three points1 when their adversaries have not scored4 ,,ii4 ,a double1 or game of two points1 when their adversaries have scored less than three4 ,,iii4 ,a single1 or game of one point1 when their adversaries have scored three1 or four4 #i4 ,the winners of the rubber gain two points 7commonly called the rubber points71 in addition to the value of their games4 #aj4 ,should the rubber have consisted of three games1 the value of the losers' game is deducted from the gross number of points gained by their opponents4 #aa4 ,if an erroneous score be proved1 such mistake can be corrected prior to the conclusion of the game in which it occurred1 and such game is not concluded until the trump card of the following deal has been turned up4 #ab4 ,if an erroneous score1 affecting the amount of the rubber1#b be proved1 such mistake can be rectified at any time during the rubber4 ,,cutting4 #ac4 ,the ace is the lowest card4 #ad4 ,in all cases1 every one must cut from the same pack4 #ae4 ,should a player expose more than one card1 he must cut again4 ,,formation ,,of ,,table4 #af4 ,if there are more than four candidates1 the players are selected by cutting3 those first in the room having the preference4 ,the four who cut the lowest cards play first1 and again cut to decide on partners2 the two lowest play against the two highest2 the lowest is the dealer1 who has choice of cards and seats1 and1 having once made his selection1 must abide by it4 #ag4 ,when there are more than six candidates1 those who cut the two next lowest cards belong to the table1 which is complete with six players2 on the retirement of one of those six players1 the candidate who cut the next lowest card has a prior right to any after-comer to enter the table4 ,,cutting ,,cards ,,of ,,equal ,,value4 #ah4 ,two players cutting cards of equal value1#c unless such cards are the two highest1 cut again2 should they be the two lowest1 a fresh cut is necessary to decide which of those two deals4#d #ai4 ,three players cutting cards of equal value cut again2 should the fourth 7or remaining7 card be the highest1 the two lowest of the new cut are partners1 the lower of those two the dealer2 should the fourth card be the lowest1 the two highest are partners1 the original lowest the dealer4#e ,,cutting ,,out4 #bj4 ,at the end of a rubber1 should admission be claimed by any one1 or by two candidates1 he who has1 or they who have1 played a greater number of consecutive rubbers than the others is1 or are1 out2 but when all have played the same number1 they must cut to decide upon the out-goers2 the highest are out4 ,,entry ,,and ,,re-,,entry4 #ba4 ,a candidate wishing to enter a table must declare such intention prior to any of the players having cut a card1 either for the purpose of commencing a fresh rubber1 or of cutting out4 #bb4 ,in the formation of fresh tables1 those candidates who have neither belonged to nor played at any other table have the prior right of entry2 the others decide their right of admission by cutting4 #bc4 ,any one quitting a table prior to the conclusion of a rubber1 may1 with consent of the other three players1 appoint a substitute in his absence during that rubber4 #bd4 ,a player cutting into one table1 whilst belonging to another1 loses his right#f of re-entry into that latter1 and takes his chance of cutting in1 as if he were a fresh candidate4#g #be4 ,if any one break up a table1 the remaining players have the prior right to him of entry into any other1 and should there not be sufficient vacancies at such other table to admit all those candidates1 they settle their precedence by cutting4 ,,shuffling4 #bf4 ,the pack must neither be shuffled below the table nor so that the face of any card be seen4 #bg4 ,the pack must not be shuffled during the play of the hand4 #bh4 ,a pack1 having been played with1 must neither be shuffled1 by dealing it into packets1 nor across the table4 #bi4 ,each player has a right to shuffle1 once only1 except as provided by ,rule #cb1 prior to a deal1 after a false cut1#h or when a new deal#i has occurred4 #cj4 ,the dealer's partner must collect the cards for the ensuing deal1 and has the first right to shuffle that pack4 #ca4 ,each player1 after shuffling1 must place the cards1 properly collected and face downwards1 to the left of the player about to deal4 #cb4 ,the dealer has always the right to shuffle last2 but should a card or cards be seen during his shuffling or whilst giving the pack to be cut1 he may be compelled to re-shuffle4 ,,the ,,deal4 #cc4 ,each player deals in his turn2 the right of dealing goes to the left4 #cd4 ,the player on the dealer's right cuts the pack1 and in dividing it1 must not leave fewer than four cards in either packet2 if in cutting1 or in replacing one of the two packets on the other1 a card be exposed1#aj or if there be any confusion of the cards1 or a doubt as to the exact place in which the pack was divided1 there must be a fresh cut4 #ce4 ,when a player1 whose duty it is to cut1 has once separated the pack1 he cannot alter his intention2 he can neither re-shuffle nor re-cut the cards4 #cf4 ,when the pack is cut1 should the dealer shuffle the cards1 he loses his deal4 ,a ,,new ,,deal4 #cg4 ,there must be a new deal#aa-- ,i4 ,if1 during a deal1 or during the play of a hand1 the pack be proved incorrect or imperfect4 ,,ii4 ,if any card1 excepting the last1 be faced in the pack4 #ch4 ,if1 whilst dealing1 a card be exposed by the dealer or his partner1 should neither of the adversaries have touched the cards1 the latter can claim a new deal2 a card exposed by either adversary gives that claim to the dealer1 provided that his partner has not touched a card2 if a new deal does not take place1 the exposed card cannot be called4 #ci4 ,if1 during dealing1 a player touch any of his cards1 the adversaries may do the same1 without losing their privilege of claiming a new deal1 should chance give them such option4 #dj4 ,if1 in dealing1 one of the last cards be exposed1 and the dealer turn up the trump before there is reasonable time for his adversaries to decide as to a fresh deal1 they do not thereby lose their privilege4 #da4 ,if a player1 whilst dealing1 look at the trump card1 his adversaries have a right to see it1 and may exact a new deal4 #db4 ,if a player take into the hand dealt to him a card belonging to the other pack1 the adversaries1 on discovery of the error1 may decide whether they will have a fresh deal or not4 ,a ,,misdeal4 #dc4 ,a misdeal loses the deal4#ab #dd4 ,it is a misdeal#ac-- ,i4 ,unless the cards are dealt into four packets1 one at a time in regular rotation1 beginning with the player to the dealer's left4 ,,ii4 ,should the dealer place the last 7i4e41 the trump7 card1 face downwards1 on his own1 or any other pack4 ,,iii4 ,should the trump card not come in its regular order to the dealer2 but he does not lose his deal if the pack be proved imperfect4 ,,iv4 ,should a player have fourteen#ad cards1 and either of the other three less than thirteen4#ae ,v4 ,should the dealer1 under an impression that he has made a mistake1 either count the cards on the table1 or the remainder of the pack4 ,,vi4 ,should the dealer deal two cards at once1 or two cards to the same hand1 and then deal a third2 but if1 prior to dealing that third card1 the dealer can1 by altering the position of one card only1 rectify such error1 he may do so1 except as provided by the second paragraph of this ,law4 ,,vii4 ,should the dealer omit to have the pack cut to him1 and the adversaries discover the error1 prior to the trump card being turned up1 and before looking at their cards1 but not after having done so4 #de4 ,a misdeal does not lose the deal if1 during the dealing1 either of the adversaries touch the cards prior to the dealer's partner having done so1 but should the latter have first interfered with the cards1 notwithstanding either or both of the adversaries have subsequently done the same1 the deal is lost4 #df4 ,should three players have their right number of cards--the fourth have less than thirteen1 and not discover such deficiency until he has played any of his cards1#af the deal stands good2 should he have played1 he is as answerable for any revoke he may have made as if the missing card1 or cards1 had been in his hand2#ag he may search the other pack for it1 or them4 #dg4 ,if a pack1 during or after a rubber1 be proved incorrect or imperfect1 such proof does not alter any past score1 game1 or rubber2 that hand in which the imperfection was detected is null and void2 the dealer deals again4 #dh4 ,any one dealing out of turn1 or with the adversary's cards1 may be stopped before the trump card is turned up1 after which the game must proceed as if no mistake had been made4 #di4 ,a player can neither shuffle1 cut1 nor deal for his partner1 without the permission of his opponents4 #ej4 ,if the adversaries interrupt a dealer whilst dealing1 either by questioning the score or asserting that it is not his deal1 and fail to establish such claim1 should a misdeal occur1 he may deal again4 #ea4 ,should a player take his partner's deal1 and misdeal1 the latter is liable to the usual penalty1 and the adversary next in rotation to the player who ought to have dealt then deals4 ,,the ,,trump ,,card4 #eb4 ,the dealer1 when it is his turn to play to the first trick1 should take the trump card into his hand2 if left on the table after the first trick be turned and quitted1 it is liable to be called2#ah his partner may at any time remind him of the liability4 #ec4 ,after the dealer has taken the trump card into his hand1 it cannot be asked for2#ai a player naming it at any time during the play of that hand is liable to have his highest or lowest trump called4#bj #ed4 ,if the dealer take the trump card into his hand before it is his turn to play1 he may be desired to lay it on the table2 should he show a wrong card1 this card may be called1 as also a second1 a third1 c41 until the trump card be produced4 #ee4 ,if the dealer declare himself unable to recollect the trump card1 his highest or lowest trump may be called at any time during that hand1 and1 unless it cause him to revoke1 must be played2 the call may be repeated1 but not changed1 i4e41 from highest to lowest1 or vice vers1 until such card is played4 ,,cards ,,liable ,,to ,,be ,,called4 #ef4 ,all exposed cards are liable to be called1 and must be left#ba on the table2 but a card is not an exposed card when dropped on the floor1 or elsewhere below the table4 ,the following are exposed#bb cards3-- ,i4 ,two or more cards played at once4#bc ,,ii4 ,any card dropped with its face upwards1 or in any way exposed on or above the table1 even though snatched up so quickly that no one can name it4 #eg4 ,if any one play to an imperfect trick the best card on the table1#bd or lead one which is a winning card as against his adversaries1 and then lead again1#be or play several such winning cards1 one after the other1 without waiting for his partner to play1 the latter may be called on to win1 if he can1 the first or any other of those tricks1 and the other cards thus improperly played are exposed cards4 #eh4 ,if a player1 or players1 under the impression that the game is lost--or won--or for other reasons--throw his or their cards on the table face upwards1 such cards are exposed1 and liable to be called1 each player's by the adversary2 but should one player alone retain his hand1 he cannot be forced to abandon it4 #ei4 ,if all four players throw their cards on the table face upwards1 the hands are abandoned2 and no one can again take up his cards4 ,should this general exhibition show that the game might have been saved1 or won1 neither claim can be entertained1 unless a revoke be established4 ,the revoking players are then liable to the following penalties3 they cannot under any circumstances win the game by the result of that hand1 and the adversaries may add three to their score1 or deduct three from that of the revoking players4 #fj4 ,a card detached from the rest of the hand so as to be named is liable to be called2 but should the adversary name a wrong card1 he is liable to have a suit called when he or his partner have the lead4#bf #fa4 ,if a player1 who has rendered himself liable to have the highest or lowest of a suit called1 fail to play as desired1 or if when called on to lead one suit1 lead another1 having in his hand one or more cards of that suit demanded1 he incurs the penalty of a revoke4 #fb4 ,if any player lead out of turn1 his adversaries may either call the card erroneously led--or may call a suit from him or his partner when it is next the turn of either of them#bg to lead4 #fc4 ,if any player lead out of turn1 and the other three have followed him1 the trick is complete1 and the error cannot be rectified2 but if only the second1 or the second and third1 have played to the false lead1 their cards1 on discovery of the mistake1 are taken back2 there is no penalty against any one1 excepting the original offender1 whose card may be called--or he1 or his partner1 when either of them#bh has next the lead1 may be compelled to play any suit demanded by the adversaries4 #fd4 ,in no case can a player be compelled to play a card which would oblige him to revoke4 #fe4 ,the call of a card may be repeated#bi until such card has been played4 #ff4 ,if a player called on to lead a suit have none of it1 the penalty is paid4 ,,cards ,,played ,,in ,,error1 ,,or ,,not ,,played ,,to ,a ,,trick4 #fg4 ,if the third hand play before the second1 the fourth hand may play before his partner4 #fh4 ,should the third hand not have played1 and the fourth play before his partner1 the latter may be called on to win1 or not to win the trick4 #fi4 ,if any one omit playing to a former trick1 and such error be not discovered until he has played to the next1 the adversaries may claim a new deal2 should they decide that the deal stand good1 the surplus card at the end of the hand is considered to have been played to the imperfect trick1 but does not constitute a revoke therein4 #gj4 ,if any one play two cards to the same trick1 or mix his trump1 or other card1 with a trick to which it does not properly belong1 and the mistake be not discovered until the hand is played out1 he is answerable for all consequent revokes he may have made4#cj ,if1 during the play of the hand1 the error be detected1 the tricks may be counted face downwards1 in order to ascertain whether there be among them a card too many3 should this be the case they may be searched1 and the card restored2 the player is1 however1 liable for all revokes which he may have meanwhile made4 ,,the ,,revoke4 #ga4 ,is when a player1 holding one or more cards of the suit led1 plays a card of a different suit4#ca #gb4 ,the penalty for a revoke3-- ,i4 ,is at the option of the adversaries1 who1 at the end of the hand1 may either take three tricks from the revoking player#cb--or deduct three points from his score--or add three to their own score2 ,,ii4 ,can be claimed for as many revokes as occur during the hand2 ,,iii4 ,is applicable only to the score of the game in which it occurs2 ,,iv4 ,cannot be divided1 i4e41 a player cannot add one or two to his own score and deduct one or two from the revoking player2 ,v4 ,takes precedence of every other score1 e4g41--,the claimants two--their opponents nothing--the former add three to their score--and thereby win a treble game1 even should the latter have made thirteen tricks1 and held four honours4 #gc4 ,a revoke is established1 if the trick in which it occur be turned and quitted1 i4e41 the hand removed from that trick after it has been turned face downwards on the table--or if either the revoking player or his partner1 whether in his right turn or otherwise1 lead or play to the following trick4 #gd4 ,a player may ask his partner whether he has not a card of the suit which he has renounced2 should the question be asked before the trick is turned and quitted1 subsequent turning and quitting does not establish the revoke1 and the error may be corrected1 unless the question be answered in the negative1 or unless the revoking player or his partner have led or played to the following trick4 #ge4 ,at the end of the hand1 the claimants of a revoke may search all the tricks4#cc #gf4 ,if a player discover his mistake in time to save a revoke1 the adversaries1 whenever they think fit1 may call the card thus played in error1 or may require him to play his highest or lowest card to that trick in which he has renounced2--any player or players who have played after him may withdraw their cards and substitute others3 the cards withdrawn are not liable to be called4 #gg4 ,if a revoke be claimed1 and the accused player or his partner mix the cards before they have been sufficiently examined by the adversaries1 the revoke is established4 ,the mixing of the cards only renders the proof of a revoke difficult1 but does not prevent the claim1 and possible establishment1 of the penalty4 #gh4 ,a revoke cannot be claimed after the cards have been cut for the following deal4 #gi4 ,the revoking player and his partner may1 under all circumstances1 require the hand in which the revoke has been detected to be played out4 #hj4 ,if a revoke occur1 be claimed and proved1 bets on the odd trick1 or on amount of score1 must be decided by the actual state of the latter1 after the penalty is paid4 #ha4 ,should the players on both sides subject themselves to the penalty of one or more revokes1 neither can win the game2 each is punished at the discretion of his adversary4#cd #hb4 ,in whatever way the penalty be enforced1 under no circumstances can a player win the game by the result of the hand during which he has revoked2 he cannot score more than four4 7,vide ,rule #fa47 ,,calling ,,for ,,new ,,cards4 #hc4 ,any player 7on paying for them7 before1 but not after1 the pack be cut for the deal1 may call for fresh cards4 ,he must call for two new packs1 of which the dealer takes his choice4 ,,general ,,rules4 #hd4 ,where a player and his partner have an option of exacting from their adversaries one of two penalties1 they should agree who is to make the election1 but must not consult with one another which of the two penalties it is advisable to exact2 if they do so consult they lose their right2#ce and if either of them1 with or without consent of his partner1 demand a penalty to which he is entitled1 such decision is final4 ,this rule does not apply in exacting the penalties for a revoke2 partners have then a right to consult4 #he4 ,any one during the play of a trick1 or after the four cards are played1 and before1 but not after1 they are touched for the purpose of gathering them together1 may demand that the cards be placed before their respective players4 #hf4 ,if any one1 prior to his partner playing1 should call attention to the trick--either by saying that it is his1 or by naming his card1 or1 without being required so to do1 by drawing it towards him--the adversaries may require that opponent's partner to play the highest or lowest of the suit then led1 or to win or lose#cf the trick4 #hg4 ,in all cases where a penalty has been incurred1 the offender is bound to give reasonable time for the decision of his adversaries4 #hh4 ,if a bystander make any remark which calls the attention of a player or players to an oversight affecting the score1 he is liable to be called on1 by the players only1 to pay the stakes and all bets on that game or rubber4 #hi4 ,a bystander1 by agreement among the players1 may decide any question4 #ij4 ,a card or cards torn or marked must be either replaced by agreement1 or new cards called at the expense of the table4 #ia4 ,any player may demand to see the last trick turned1 and no more4 ,under no circumstances can more than eight cards be seen during the play of the hand1 viz43 the four cards on the table which have not been turned and quitted1 and the last trick turned4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,vide ,law #gb4 #b e4g4 ,if a single is scored by mistake for a double or treble1 or vice vers4 #c ,in cutting for partners4 #d ,example4 ,a three1 two sixes1 and a knave are cut4 ,the two sixes cut again1 and the lowest plays with the three4 ,suppose at the second cut1 the two sixes cut a king and a queen1 the queen plays with the three4 ,if at the second cut a lower card than the three is cut1 the three still retains its privileges as original low1 and has the deal and choice of cards and seats4 #e ,example4 ,three aces and a two are cut4 ,the three aces cut again4 ,the two is the original high1 and plays with the highest of the next cut4 ,suppose at the second cut1 two more twos and a king are drawn4 ,the king plays with the original two1 and the other pair of twos cut again for deal4 ,suppose instead1 the second cut to consist of an ace and two knaves4 ,the two knaves cut again1 and the highest plays with the two4 #f i4e41 his prior right4 #g ,and last in the room 7vide ,law #af74 #h ,vide ,law #cd4 #i ,vide ,law #cg4 #aj ,after the two packets have been re-united1 ,law #ch comes into operation4 #aa i4e41 the same dealer must deal again4 ,vide also ,laws #dg and #ej4 #ab ,except as provided in ,laws #de and #ej4 #ac ,vide also ,law #cf4 #ad ,or more4 #ae ,the pack being perfect4 ,vide ,law #dg4 #af i4e41 until after he has played to the first trick4 #ag ,vide also ,law #gj1 and ,law #dd1 paragraph iv4 #ah ,it is not usual to call the trump card if left on the table4 #ai ,any one may inquire what the trump suit is1 at any time4 #bj ,in the manner described in ,law #ee4 #ba ,face upwards4 #bb ,detached cards 7i4e41 cards taken out of the hand but not dropped face upwards on the table1 or dropped face downwards on the table71 are only liable to be called1 if named2 vide ,law #fj4 #bc ,if two or more cards are played at once1 the adversaries have a right to call which they please to the trick in course of play1 and afterwards to call the others4 #bd ,and then lead without waiting for his partner to play4 #be ,without waiting for his partner to play4 #bf i4e41 the first time that side obtains the lead4 #bg i4e41 the penalty of calling a suit must be exacted from whichever of them next first obtains the lead4 ,it follows that if the player who leads out of turn is the partner of the person who ought to have led1 and a suit is called1 it must be called at once from the right leader4 ,if he is allowed to play as he pleases1 the only penalty that remains is to call the card erroneously led4 #bh i4e41 whichever of them next first has the lead4 #bi ,at every trick4 #cj ,vide also ,law #df4 #ca ,vide also ,law #fa4 #cb ,and add them to their own4 #cc ,vide ,law #gg4 #cd ,in the manner prescribed in ,law #gb4 #ce ,to demand any penalty4 #cf i4e41 refrain from winning4 ,,etiquette ,,of ,,whist4 ,the following rules belong to the established ,etiquette of ,whist4 ,they are not called laws1 as it is difficult--in some cases impossible--to apply any penalty to their infraction1 and the only remedy is to cease to play with players who habitually disregard them4 ,two packs of cards are invariably used at ,clubs3 if possible this should be adhered to4 ,any one1 having the lead and several winning cards to play1 should not draw a second card out of his hand until his partner has played to the first trick1 such act being a distinct intimation that the former has played a winning card4 ,no intimation whatever1 by word or gesture1 should be given by a player as to the state of his hand1 or of the game4#cg ,a player who desires the cards to be placed1 or who demands to see the last trick1#ch should do it for his own information only1 and not in order to invite the attention of his partner4 ,no player should object to refer to a bystander who professes himself uninterested in the game1 and able to decide any disputed question of facts2 as to who played any particular card--whether honours were claimed though not scored1 or vice vers--etc41 etc4 ,it is unfair to revoke purposely2 having made a revoke1 a player is not justified in making a second in order to conceal the first4 ,until the players have made such bets as they wish1 bets should not be made with bystanders4 ,bystanders should make no remark1 neither should they by word or gesture give any intimation of the state of the game until concluded and scored1 nor should they walk round the table to look at the different hands4 ,no one should look over the hand of a player against whom he is betting4 ,,dummy ,is played by three players4 ,one hand1 called ,dummy's1 lies exposed on the table4 ,the laws are the same as those of ,whist1 with the following exceptions3-- ,i4 ,dummy deals at the commencement of each rubber4 ,,ii4 ,dummy is not liable to the penalty for a revoke1 as his adversaries see his cards3 should he#ci revoke and the error not be discovered until the trick is turned and quitted1 it stands good4#dj ,,iii4 ,dummy being blind and deaf1 his ,partner is not liable to any penalty for an error whence he can gain no advantage4 ,thus1 he may expose some1 or all of his cards1 or may declare that he has the game1 or trick1 c41 without incurring any penalty2 if1 however1 he lead from ,dummy's ,hand when he should lead from his own1 or vice vers1 a suit may be called from the hand which ought to have led4 ,,double ,,dummy ,is played by two players1 each having a ,dummy or exposed hand for his partner4 ,the laws of the game do not differ from ,dummy ,whist1 except in the following special law3 ,there is no misdeal1 as the deal is a disadvantage4 ,,footnotes3 #cg ,the question ,who dealt8 is irregular1 and if asked should not be answered4 #ch ,or who asks what the trump suit is4 #ci i4e4 ,dummy's hand4 ,if ,dummy's partner revokes1 he is liable to the usual penalties4 #dj ,and the hand proceeds as though the revoke had not been discovered4 ,,cases ,,and ,,decisions4 ,card laws are intended to effect two objects3 #a4 ,to preserve the harmony and determine the ordering of the table4 ,such1 for example1 are the laws in the previous code1 which regulate scoring1 cutting1 shuffling1 c4 and the miscellaneous rules included under the head of ,etiquette4 #b4 ,to prevent any player from obtaining an unfair advantage4 ,the word unfair must be taken in a restricted sense4 ,it does not mean intentional unfairness4 ,this is not to be dealt with by laws1 but by exclusion from the card table4 ,in deciding cases of card law1 the offender should be credited with bon fides4 ,it follows from this1 that offences should not be judged by the intention of the player1 but by the amount of injury which his irregularity may inflict on the opponents4 ,in a perfect code1 there should be a penalty for all errors or irregularities1 by which the player committing them1 or his side1 might profit2 and on the other hand there should be no penalty for errors by which he who commits them1 cannot possibly gain an advantage4 ,penalties should be proportioned as closely as possible to the gain which might ensue to the offender4 ,for instance3 if the third hand has not played and the fourth plays before his partner1 the second hand is informed whether or not his partner is likely to win the trick4 ,the law1 therefore1 provides that the adversaries shall be entitled to call on the second player either to win the trick1 or not to win it1 whichever they please4 ,say1 the fourth hand plays an ace out of turn4 ,the second hand may be required to win the trick4 ,if he has none of the suit he must trump it4 ,in the opposite case1 if the fourth hand plays a small card1 and the second is called on not to win the trick1 he must play a small card also4 ,in this manner1 the second player is prevented from benefiting by the irregular information afforded him4 ,other offences are legislated against in a similar way1 the point kept in view throughout being1 that no player shall be allowed to profit by his own wrong doing4 ,however carefully a code is drawn up1 it will not unfrequently happen in practice1 that cases occur which are but imperfectly provided for4 ,such cases should be referred for decision to some arbitrator4 ,the arbitrator will find himself materially assisted by keeping well before him the two great objects with which the laws have been framed4 ,the following general rules will also be found useful in guiding him to just decisions3 ,where two or more players are in fault1 it should be considered with whom the first fault lies1 and how far it induced or invited the subsequent error of the adversary4 ,questions of fact should be settled before the case is referred1 either by a majority of the players1 or1 if they are divided in opinion1 by an onlooker agreed to by both parties1 the decision of this referee being final4 ,when the facts are agreed to they should be written down1 and the written statement submitted to the judge1 who should return a written answer4 ,should it so happen that a case is referred1 wherein the players are divided in opinion as to the facts1 the arbitrator will do well to decline to give a decision4 ,the disputants1 however1 may be reminded that the player whom it is proposed to punish is entitled to the benefit of reasonable doubt4 ,questions of interpretation of law should be decided liberally1 in accordance with the spirit rather than the letter of the law4 ,on the other hand1 the arbitrator should bear in mind the great inconvenience of a lax interpretation of card laws1 and1 having made up his mind as to the intention of the law1 should decide all cases with the utmost strictness4 ,the following cases1 with decisions1 selected from a large number which have been brought under the author's notice as having occurred in actual play1 are given in exemplification of the foregoing remarks4 ,,case ,i4 ,the play of the hand shows that ,,ab 7partners7 hold no honour4 ,the hand is therefore abandoned and the adversaries 7,,yz7 score the game4 ,it is then discovered that ,y has only twelve cards1 and one of the honours is found on the floor4 ,,ab then object to the score on the ground that ,,yz only held three honours 7vide ,law #c74 ,decision--,,yz are entitled to score four by honours4 ,y is not obliged to play with his cards in his hand4 ,besides1 the game having been abandoned1 ,law #ei comes into operation4 ,the penalty for playing with twelve cards is laid down in ,law #df4 ,y is liable for any revoke he may have made4 ,,case ,,ii4 ,,ab claim the game and score it4 ,after the trump card of the following deal is turned up1 ,,yz object that ,,ab have not claimed honours 7vide ,laws #f and #g74 ,decision--,the honours were claimed within the meaning of the law4 ,the objection to the score1 if made really in ignorance of how it accrued1 should have been taken at once4 ,,yz should not wait the completion of the deal1 so as to entrap ,,ab on a mere technicality4 ,note4 ,this is a good instance of interpretation in accordance with the spirit of the law4 ,laws should never be so construed as to inflict a wholly unnecessary wrong1 as would happen in this case were the law insisted on literally4 ,the intention of ,law #g is to require ,,ab to draw attention to the claim2 and this is sufficiently done by the claim of the game4 ,,case ,,iii4 ,y throws down his hand and claims the game4 ,b 7,y's adversary7 thinking that ,y is referring only to the tricks1 says1 ,you are not game4 ,y then marks four4 ,after the trump card of the following deal is turned up1 ,a remarks1 if ,y had scored his honours1 he would have been game4 ,y then claims the game1 on the ground that he made the claim in time1 and only withdrew it in consequence of ,b's contradiction4 ,is ,y entitled to score the game8 ,decision--,no4 ,y's claim of the game is irregular4 ,he is bound to state in what way he wins it 7vide ,law #f74 ,there is no evidence that ,y was referring to his honours when he claimed the game1 but rather the contrary1 as he afterwards withdrew his claim and said nothing about honours4 ,note4 ,this is an example of two players being in fault4 ,it seems hard on ,y that he should suffer through ,b's mistake2 but it must be borne in mind that the confusion was introduced by ,y's own irregularity1 and that the omission to score honours was due to his subsequent forgetfulness4 ,compare with ,case ,,ii4 ,,case ,,iv4 ,at the conclusion of the deal the trump card comes to the hand on the dealer's left4 ,the dealer requests the players to count their cards4 ,the player to the dealer's left appropriates a packet of cards lying a little to his own right hand1 between himself and the dealer1 and finds twelve cards in it4 ,the other hands each contain thirteen4 ,the dealer now claims the hand with twelve cards in it as his hand4 ,must the players accept the hands thus given to them1 or is it a misdeal8 ,decision--,it is a misdeal4 ,the fault is entirely with the dealer4 ,if he deals so carelessly that there is any doubt as to the ownership of the hands1 he must apportion them1 and having once done so1 he must not shift the hands about1 so as to make a hand with twelve cards in it fall to himself4 ,,case ,v4 ,y throws down his cards1 remarking1 ,we have lost the game4 ,on this1 ,a and ,b 7,y's adversaries7 throw down their cards4 ,z retains his hand4 ,,ab plead that they were misled by ,y and that therefore they are not liable to ,law #eh4 ,decision--,a's1 ,y's1 and ,b's hands are exposed1 and must be left on the table to be called1 each player's by the adversary4 ,z is not bound to abandon the game because his partner chooses to do so4 ,consequently1 ,y's remark does not bind ,z4 ,a and ,b ought to keep up their cards1 until they have ascertained that both adversaries have abandoned the game4 ,note4 ,the written law is sufficient to decide this case 7vide ,law #eh72 but inasmuch as the irregularity in question is a fertile source of disputes1 the case has been deemed worthy of insertion4 ,,case ,,vi4 ,when it comes to the last trick of a hand1 it appears that the player who has to lead has no card4 ,what is to be done8 ,decision--7a7 ,if either of the other players remains with two cards1 it is a misdeal 7vide ,law #dd1 paragraph iv74 7b7 ,if the other players have their right number of cards1 the missing card should be searched for 7vide ,law #gj7 and when found assigned to the leader1 who is liable to ,law #df4 7c7 ,if the missing card cannot be found1 the tricks may be searched to find what card is wanting1 and the absent card assumed to have belonged to the player who had but twelve cards4 ,note4 ,it may seem that decision c is severe on a player playing bon fide with an imperfect pack4 ,but each player should protect himself1 by counting his hand before he plays4 ,his playing to the first trick signifies his acceptance of the hand4 ,if he accepts an imperfect one he must take the consequences4 ,,case ,,vii4 ,towards the end of a hand a spade is led4 ,the third hand1 when it comes to his turn to play1 lays down the ace of trumps 7hearts7 and says ,there's the game4 ,he then throws his hand on the table4 ,the hand contains several spades4 ,is it a revoke8 ,decision--,it is a question of fact4 ,if the card was exposed in order to save time1 it is not a revoke4 ,but if the ace of trumps was played to the trick it is a revoke1 the subsequent throwing down of the cards being an act of play1 equivalent to playing to the following trick 7vide ,law #gc74 ,,case ,,viii4 ,the adversary cuts the pack to the dealer1 but without his consent1 i4e41 without the dealer's presenting it to be cut4 ,is it too late to claim a revoke in the previous hand8 7vide ,law #gh74 ,decision--,it is too late for the player who cut or for his partner to claim a revoke1 but not too late for the adversaries4 ,,case ,,ix4 ,a player revokes1 and on discovering the revoke before the hand is played out1 says in explanation1 ,i never saw the card2 it was hidden behind my king of diamonds--the king of diamonds being still in his hand4 ,decision--,the king of diamonds is constructively an exposed card1 and the adversaries may require that it be laid on the table to be called4 ,,case ,x4 ,y leads out of turn4 ,b 7,y's adversary7 says to his partner1 ,shall we call a suit or not8 ,b's partner gives no answer4 ,is the asking the question a consultation within the meaning of ,law #hd1 although no answer is made to it8 ,decision--,yes4 ,it is the very question ,law #hd is framed to prevent4 ,b by the question shows that he is in doubt as to the policy of calling a suit1 and thus affords information he has no right to give4 ,further than this1 a reply by word of mouth is not necessary to constitute a consultation4 ,silence is an answer4 ,the knowledge that a partner is indifferent may convey information that ,b has no right to extract4 ,note4 ,the usual formula is ,will you exact the penalty1 or shall ,i8 ,this question does not bring the player under the operation of ,law #hd4 ,,case ,,xi4 ,a leads and the other three players follow suit4 ,a plays another card 7it not being his lead7 and proceeds to gather the five cards into one trick4 ,on being told of it1 ,a explains that his attention has been diverted1 and that he thought he had not played to the trick4 ,the adversaries claim to be entitled to the penalties for leading out of turn1 on the ground that the penalty should depend1 not on the actual intention of the player1 but on his possible intention4 ,decision--,a has not led out of turn2 he has merely exposed a card4 ,the abstract principle pleaded by the adversaries is quite sound1 but it does not apply to this case4 ,a's word must be taken as correctly representing the fact that he played a second time to one trick4 ,,whist4 ,,historical4 ,the early history of ,whist is involved in obscurity4 ,all games of high character become perfected by degrees2 and ,whist1 following this rule1 has been formed by gradual development4 ,as early as the beginning of the sixteenth century1 a card game called triumph or trump was commonly played in ,england4 ,this game in its chief feature1 viz41 the predominance of one particular suit1 and in its general construction1 was so similar to ,whist1 that no one can doubt it to have been the game from which ,whist grew4 ,there were two distinct games called trump4 ,triomphe or ,french ruff was very like cart1 only there was no score for the king2 ,trump or ,english ruff-and-honours closely resembled ,whist4 ,berni 7,capitolo del ,gioco della ,primera1 ,rome1 #aebf71 enumerates several games at cards2 among them are trionfi1 played by the peasants2 and ronfa1 the invention of which is attributed to ,king ,ferdinand4 ,triumphus ,hispanicus is the subject of a ,dialogue written in ,latin and ,french by ,vives1 a ,spaniard 7d4 #aeda74 ,la triomphe and la ronfle are included by ,rabelais 7first half of sixteenth century7 in the long list of some two hundred and thirty games played by ,gargantua4 ,in ,a ,worlde of ,wordes or ,most copious and exact ,dictionarie in ,italian and ,english collected by ,john ,florio1 #aeih1 ronfa is defined as a game at cardes called ruffe or trumpe2 and under trionfo we find triumph4 99 99 99 ,also a trump at cards1 or the play called trump or ruff4 ,there is no evidence to show whether the above were the foreign or native form of trump4 ,douce1 in his ,illustrations of ,shakespeare1 concludes1 from finding la triomphe in ,rabelais' list1 that we derived the game of trump from a ,french source4 ,but it seems more probable1 from the non-appearance of ,english ruff-and-honours in the ,acadmie des ,jeux1 and from the distinction drawn in ,cotton's ,compleat ,gamester between ,english ruff-and-honours and ,french ruff 7la triomphe of the ,acadmie71 that the game referred to by ,berni1 ,vives1 ,rabelais1 and ,florio1 was not the same game as ,english ruff-and-honours1 for which a purely ,english origin 7as the name implies7 may be claimed4 ,how and when trump or ,english ruff-and-honours originated cannot now be ascertained4 ,it was played at least as early as the time of ,henry ,,viii41 for it was taken by ,latimer to illustrate his text1 in the first of two sermons ,of the ,card1 preached by him at ,cambridge1 in ,advent1 about the year #aebi4 ,he mentions the game under its original and corrupted appellations1 and clearly alludes to its characteristic feature1 as the following extract will show4 ,and where you are wont to celebrate ,christmass in playing at ,cards1 ,i intend1 with ,god's grace1 to deal unto you ,christ's ,cards1 wherein you shall perceive ,christ's ,rule4 ,the game that we play at shall be the ,triumph1 which1 if it be well played at1 he that dealeth shall win2 the ,players shall likewise win1 and the standers and lookers upon shall do the same4 99 99 99 ,you must mark also1 that the ,triumph must apply to fetch home unto him all the other ,cards1 whatsoever suit they be of4 99 99 99 ,then further we must say to ourselves1 ',what requireth ,christ of a ,christian man8' ,now turn up your ,trump1 your ,heart 7,hearts is ,trump1 as ,i said before7 and cast your ,trump1 your ,heart1 on this card4 ,later in the century trump is often referred to4 ,in ,gammer ,gurton's ,nedle1 made by ,mr4 ,s41 ,mr of ,art ,bishop ,still #aege1 the second piece performed in ,england under the name of a comedy 7performed at ,christ's ,college1 ,cambridge1 in #aeff71 ,old ,dame ,chat thus invites some friends to a game3-- ,,chat4 ,what diccon3 come nere1 ye be no straunger1 ,we be fast set at trumpe man1 hard by the fyre1 ,thou shalt set on the king1 if thou come a litte nyer4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,come nether1 ,dol1 ,dol1 sit downe and play this game1 ,and as thou sawest me do1 see thou do even the same ,there is #e4 trumps beside the ,queene1 y hindmost y shalt finde her ,take hede of ,sim glover's wife1 she hath an eie behind her4 ,in ,eliot's ,fruits for the ,french 7#aeic71 trump is called a verie common alehouse game2 and ,rice1 in his ,invective against ,vices 7printed before #afjj71 observes that renouncing the trompe and comming in againe 7i4e41 revoking intentionally71 is a common sharper's trick4 ,decker1 in ,the ,belman of ,london 7#afjh71 speaks of the deceites practised 7euen in the fairest and most ciuill companies7 at ,primero1 ,saint1 ,maw1 ,tromp1 and such like games4 ,the game of trump is also mentioned by ,shakespeare in ,antony and ,cleopatra1 ,act iv41 scene #ab 7first published #afbc74 ,,ant4 ,my good knave1 ,eros1 now thy ,captain is ,even such a body2 here am ,i ,antony2 ,yet cannot hold this visible shape1 my knave4 ,i made these wars for ,egypt2 and the ,queen1-- ,whose heart ,i thought ,i had1 for she had mine2 ,which1 whilst it was mine1 had annex'd unto 't ,a million more1 now lost1--she1 ,eros1 has ,packed cards with ,csar1 and false-played my glory ,unto an enemy's triumph4 ,the repeated punning allusions to card-playing in this passage leave no doubt as to the reference in the last word4 ,douce 7,illustrations7 points out its real meaning1 and ridicules ,ben ,jonson's derivation of the word trump from tromper4 ,there is abundant evidence to show that trump is a corruption of the word triumph4 ,in addition to the instances already given1 the following may be quoted3 ,in ,cotgrave's ,dictionarie of the ,french and ,english ,tongve 7#afaa71 ,triomphe is explained as the ,card-game called ,ruffe or ,trump2 also the ,ruffe or ,trump at it4 ,minsheu1 in ,the ,guide unto ,tongues 7#afag71 gives1 ,the ,,trumpe in cardes4 ,triumfo1 ita dict3 quod de cteris chartis triumphare videatur1 quod illis sit prstantior4 ,seymour1 in his ,court ,gamester 7#agai71 says--,the ,term ,trump comes from a ,corruption of the ,word ,triumph2 for wherever they are1 they are attended with ,conquest4 ,ash 7,dictionary1 #agge7 has ,triumph 7s4 from the ,lat4 triumphus74 99 99 99 ,a conquering card1 a trump2 but this sense is now become obsolete4 ,trump 7s4 from triumph74 ,the derivation of the word ruff or ruffe has caused much speculation4 ,the previous quotations show that it is the same word as ronfa 7,ital47 and ronfle 7,fr471 and that it is synonymous with the ,english triumph or trump4 ,even at the present day many ,whist players speak of ruffing1 i4e41 trumping2 and1 in the expression a cross-ruff1 the word ruff is preserved to the exclusion of the word trump4 ,the game of ruff-and-honours1 if not the same as trump or ruff1 was probably the same game1 with the addition of certain advantages to the four highest cards of the trump suit4 ,rabelais includes in his list a game called les ,honneurs1 but whether it had any affinity to ruff-and-honours is doubtful4 ,in ,shufling1 ,cutting1 and ,dealing1 in a ,game at ,pickquet3 being ,acted from the ,year1 #afec4 to #afeh4 ,by ,o4,p4 ,oliver ,protector and others2 ,with great ,applause4 7#afei71 the ,old ,foolish ,christmas ,game with ,honours is mentioned4 ,some writers are of opinion that trump was originally played without honours2 but as no description of trump without honours is known to exist1 their view must be taken as conjectural4 ,in #afgd1 ,charles ,cotton1 the poet1 published a description of ruff-and-honours in ,the ,compleat ,gamester3 or ,instructions ,how to play at ,billiards1 ,trucks1 ,bowls1 and ,chess4 ,together with all manner of usual and most ,gentile ,,games1 either on ,cards or ,dice4 ,cotton gives a drawing of the game of ,english ,ruff and ,honours1 7see frontispiece7 and thus describes it3-- ,at ,ruff and ,honours1 by some called ,slamm1 you have in the ,pack all the ,deuces1 and the reason is1 because four playing having dealt twelve a piece1 there are four left for the ,stock1 the uppermost whereof is turn'd up1 and that is ,trumps1 he that hath the ,ace of that ,ruffs2 that is1 he takes in those four ,cards1 and lays out four others in their lieu2 the four ,honours are the ,ace1 ,king1 ,queen1 and ,knave2 he that hath three ,honours in his own hand1 his partner not having the fourth sets up ,eight by ,cards1 that is two tricks2 if he hath all four1 then ,sixteen1 that is four tricks2 it is all one if two ,partners make them three or four between them1 as if one had them4 ,if the ,honours are equally divided among the ,gamesters of each side1 then they say ,honours are split4 ,if either side are at ,eight ,groats he hath the benefit of calling ,can-ye1 if he hath two ,honours in his hand1 and if the other answers one1 the ,game is up1 which is nine in all1 but if he hath more than two he shows them1 and then it is one and the same thing2 but it he forgets to call after playing a trick1 he loseth the advantage of ,can-ye for that deal4 ,all ,cards are of value as they are superiour one to another1 as a ,ten wins a ,nine if not ,trumps1 so a ,queen1 a ,knave in like manner2 but the least ,trump will win the highest ,card of any other ,card suit2 where note the ,ace is the highest4 ,this game was clearly ,whist in an imperfect form4 ,whist is not mentioned by ,shakespeare1 nor by any writer 7it is believed7 of the ,elizabethan era4 ,it is probable that the introduction of the name whist or whisk took place early in the seventeenth century4 ,the first known appearance of the word in print is in the ,motto of ,taylor1 the ,water ,poet 7#afba74 ,taylor spells the word whisk4 ,speaking of the prodigal1 he says3-- ,the ,prodigals estate1 like to a flux4 ,the ,mercer1 ,draper1 and the ,silkman sucks3 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,he flings his money free with carelessnesse3 ,at ,novum1 ,mumchance1 mischance1 7chuse ye which7 ,at ,one and ,thirty1 or at ,poore and rich1 ,ruffe1 slam1 ,trump1 nody1 whisk1 hole1 ,sant1 ,new-cut4 ,the word continued to be spelt whisk for about forty years4 ,the earliest known use of the present spelling is in ,hudibras the ,second ,part 7spurious7 published in #affc3-- ,but what was this8 ,a ,game at ,whist ,unto our ,plowden-,canonist4 ,after this1 the word is spelt indifferently1 whisk or whist4 ,in ,the ,compleat ,gamester 7#afgd and subsequent editions7 ,cotton says1 under playing the cards at ,picket1 the elder begins and younger follows in suit as at ,whisk4 ,but he uses the other spelling in his chapter on the game itself4 ,he observes1 ,ruff and ,honours 7alias ,slamm7 and ,whist1 are ,games so commonly known in ,england in all parts thereof1 that every ,child almost of ,eight ,years old hath a competent knowledge in that recreation4 ,after describing ruff-and-honours 7see the passage quoted1 pp4 #cf1 #cg71 ,cotton adds1 ,whist is a game not much differing from this1 only they put out the ,deuces and take in no stock2 and is called ,whist from the silence that is to be observed in the play2 they deal as before1 playing four1 two of a side 99 99 99 to each ,twelve a piece1 and the ,trump is the bottom ,card4 ,the manner of crafty playing1 the number of the ,game ,nine1 ,honours and dignity of other ,cards are all alike1 and he that wins most tricks is most forward to win the set4 ,cotton's work was afterwards incorporated with ,seymour's ,court-,gamester 7first published #agai74 ,the earlier editions contain no ,whist1 but after the two books were united 7about #agcd71 ,seymour says1 ,whist1 vulgarly called whisk4 ,the original denomination of this game is ,whist1 here ,seymour is mistaken or the silent game at cards4 ,and again1 ,talking is not allowed at ,whist2 the very word implies ',hold your ,tongue4' ,dr4 ,johnson does not positively derive ,whist from the interjectio silentium imperans2 he cautiously explains ,whist to be a game at cards1 requiring close attention and silence4 ,nares1 in his ,glossary1 has ,whist1 an interjection commanding silence2 and he adds1 ,that the name of the game of ,whist is derived from this1 is known1 ,i presume1 to all who play or do not play4 ,skeat 7,etymological ,dictionary of the ,english ,language1 #ahhb7 gives1 ,whist1 hush1 silence2 a game at cards 99 99 99 named from the silence requisite to play it attentively4 ,chatto1 however1 7,facts and ,speculations on the ,origin and ,history of ,playing ,cards1 #ahdh71 suggests that whisk is derived by substitution from ruff1 both of them signifying a piece of lawn used as an ornament to the dress4 ,the best modern etymologists are of opinion that1 whisk and whist1 being1 like whisper1 whistle1 wheeze1 hush and hist1 words of imitative origin1 it makes no difference which form is first found4 ,so the received derivation from silence1 having a good deal of evidence in its favour1 may be accepted until some more conclusive arguments than ,chatto's are brought against it4 ,while ,whist was undergoing the changes of name and character already specified1 there was for a time associated with it another title1 viz41 swabbers or swobbers4 ,fielding1 in his ,history of the life of the late ,mr4 ,jonathan ,wild1 the ,great1 records that when the ingenious ,count ,la ,ruse was domiciled with ,mr4 ,geoffrey ,snap1 in #afhb1 or1 in other words1 was in a spunging-house1 the ,count beguiled the tedium of his in-door existence by playing at ,whisk-and-,swabbers1 the game then in the chief vogue4 ,swift1 in ,the ,intelligencer 7,no4 v1 ,dublin1 #agbh71 ridicules ,archbishop ,tenison for not understanding the meaning of swabbers4 ,there is a known ,story of a ,clergy-,man1 who was recommended for a ,preferment by some great ,man at ,court1 to ,a4 ,b4 ,c',t4 ,his ,grace said1 he had heard that the ,clergy-,man used to play at ,whisk and ,swobbers1 that as to playing now and then a ,sober ,game at ,whisk for pastime1 it might be pardoned1 but he could not digest those wicked ,swobbers1 and it was with some pains that my ,lord ,s----rs could undeceive him4 ,johnson defines swobbers as four privileged cards used incidentally in betting at ,whist4 ,in ,captain ,francis ,grose's ,classical ,dictionary of the ,vulgar ,tongue 7#aghe71 swabbers are stated to be ,the ace of hearts1 knave of clubs1 ace and duce of trumps at ,whist4 ,the ,hon4 ,daines ,barrington 7writing in #aghf71 says that at the beginning of the century1 whisk was played with what were called ,swabbers1 which were possibly so termed1 because they1 who had certain cards in their hand1 were entitled to take up a share of the stake1 independent of the general event of the game4 ,this was probably the true office of the swabbers1 the etymology of the word showing it to be allied to sweep1 swoop1 swab1 swap1 and to be first cousin to sweepstakes4 ,swabbers soon went out of general use1 but they may still linger in some local coteries4 ,r4 ,b4 ,wormald writes thus respecting them in #ahgc3--;,being driven by stress of weather to take shelter in a sequestered hostelry on the ,berkshire bank of the ,thames1 he found four persons immersed in the game of ,whist3 ,in the middle of the hand1 one of the players1 with a grin that almost mounted to a chuckle1 and a vast display of moistened thumb1 spread out upon the table the ace of trumps2 whereupon the other three deliberately laid down their hands1 and forthwith severally handed over the sum of one penny to the fortunate holder of the card in question4 ,on enquiry1 we were informed that the process was technically known as a 'swap' 7qy4 swab or swabber71 and was de rigueur in all property constituted whist circles4 ,after the swabbers were dropped 7and it is probable that they were not in general use in the eighteenth century71 our national card game became known simply as ,whist1 though still occasionally spelt whisk4 ,the ,hon4 ,daines ,barrington 7,archaeologia1 ,vol4 viii47 says1 that ,whist in its infancy was chiefly confined to the servants' hall4 ,that the game had not yet become fashionable is evident from the disparaging way in which it is referred to by writers of the period4 ,in ,farquhar's comedy of ,the ,beaux's ,stratagem 7#agjg71 ,mrs4 ,sullen1 a fine lady from ,london1 speaks in a contemptuous vein of the rural ,accomplishments of drinking fat ,ale1 playing at ,whisk1 and smoaking ,tobacco4 ,pope also classes ,whist as a country squire's game1 in his ,epistle to ,mrs4 ,teresa ,blount 7#agae7-- ,some ,squire1 perhaps1 you take delight to rack1 ,whose game is ,whisk1 whose treat a toast in sack4 ,thomson1 in his ,autumn 7#agcj71 describes how after a heavy hunt dinner-- ,perhaps a while1 amusive1 thoughtful ,whisk ,walks gentle round1 beneath a cloud of smoak1 ,wreath'd1 fragrant1 from the pipe4 ,early in the century the points of the game rose from nine to ten 7nine in all1 ,cotton1 #agji2 ten in all1 ,cotton1 #agba2 nine in all1 ,cotton1 #agbe2 ten in all1 ,seymour1 #agcd1 rectified according to the present standard of play74 ,every subsequent edition of ,seymour 7with which ,cotton was incorporated7 makes the game ten up4 ,it seems likely that1 simultaneously with this change1 or closely following it1 the practice of playing with the entire pack instead of with but forty-eight cards obtained4 ,this improvement introduced the odd trick1 an element of the greatest interest in modern ,whist4 ,at this period 7early part of the eighteenth century7 there was a mania for card playing in all parts of ,europe1 and in all classes of society1 but ,whist had not as yet found favour in the highest circles4 ,piquet1 ,ombre1 and ,quadrille1 were the principal games of the fashionable world4 ,but about #agbh1 the game of ,whist rose out of its comparative obscurity4 ,a party of gentlemen 7according to ,daines ,barrington71 of whom the first ,lord ,folkestone was one1 used at this date to frequent the ,crown ,coffee-house1 in ,bedford ,row1 where they studied ,whist scientifically4 ,they must have made considerable progress in the game1 to judge by the following rules which they laid down3--,lead from the strong suit2 study your partner's hand2 and attend to the score4 ,shortly after this1 the celebrated ,,edmond ,,hoyle1 the father of the game1 published his ,short ,treatise 7#agdb-c74 ,about ,hoyle's antecedents1 but little is known4 ,he was born in #afgb2 it is said he was educated for the bar4 ,it has been stated that he was born in ,yorkshire1 but this is doubtful4 ,at all events1 the author1 by personal enquiry1 has positively ascertained that he did not belong to the family of ,yorkshire ,hoyles1 who acquired estates near ,halifax temp4 ,edward ,,iii4 ,it has also been stated that ,hoyle was appointed registrar of the prerogative court at ,dublin1 in #agdb4 ,this1 however1 is unlikely4 ,at that time1 ,hoyle was engaged in writing on games1 and in giving lessons in ,whist1 and he was probably living in ,london4 ,at all events1 the only known genuine copy of the first edition of the ,short ,treatise 7in the ,bodleian71 was published in ,london2 and ,hoyle afterwards resided in ,queen ,square4 ,the name ,edmund or ,edmond is common in both the ,yorkshire and ,irish families of ,hoyle2 and probably one ,hoyle has been mistaken for another4 ,internal evidence shows that ,hoyle originally drew up notes for the use of his pupils4 ,his early editions speak of ,purchasers of the ,treatise in ,manuscript1 disposed of the last ,winter1 and further state that the author of it has fram'd an ,artificial ,memory1 which takes not off your ,attention from your ,game2 and if required1 he is ready to communicate it1 upon ,payment of one ,guinea4 ,and also1 he will explain any ,cases in the ,book1 upon ,payment of one ,guinea more4 ,the cheap spurious editions lament that there was a ,treatise on the ,game of ,whist lately dispersed among a few ,hands at a ,guinea ,price2 that it was to be procured with no small difficulty2 and that the public lay under imposition and hardship in not being able to get the book under a guinea1 and by its being reserved only in a few hands4 ,no doubt1 the circulation of these surreptitious copies induced ,hoyle to print the manuscript1 and to register the ,short ,treatise at ,stationers' ,hall in ,november1 #agdb4 ,the treatise ran through five editions in one year1 and it is said that ,hoyle received a large sum for the copyright4 ,this last statement1 however1 requires verification2 at all events1 ,hoyle continued for years to sign every copy personally1 as the proprietor of the copyright4 ,this was done in order to protect the property from further piracy1 as the address to the reader shows4 ,the following is a facsimile of ,hoyle's signature1 taken from the fourth edition3-- ,illustration ,in the fifteenth edition the signature is impressed from a wood block1 and in the seventeenth it was announced that ,mr4 ,hoyle was dead4 ,he died in ,welbank 7,welbeck7 ,street1 ,cavendish ,square1 in ,august1 #agfi1 aged #ig4 ,one effect of ,hoyle's publication was to draw forth a witty skit1 entitled ,the ,humours of ,whist4 ,a ,dramatic ,satire1 as ,acted every ,day at ,,white's and other ,coffee-,houses and ,assemblies4 7#agdc74 ,the pamphlet commences with an advertisement mimicking ,hoyle's address to the reader4 ,the prologue to the play is supposed to be spoke by a waiter at ,white's4 ,who will believe that ,man could e'er exist1 ,who spent near half an ,age in studying ,whist8 ,grew gray with ,calculation--,labour hard6 ,as if ,life's ,business center'd in a ,card8 ,that such there is1 let me to those appeal1 ,who with such liberal ,hands reward his ,zeal4 ,lo6 ,whist he makes a science1 and our ,peers ,deign to turn ,school ,boys in their riper ,years4 ,the principal characters are ,professor ,whiston 7,hoyle71 who gives lessons in the game of ,whist2 ,sir ,calculation ,puzzle1 a passionate admirer of ,whist1 who imagines himself a good player1 yet always loses2 ,sharpers1 ,pupils of the ,professor1 and ,cocao1 ,master of the ,chocolate-house4 ,the sharpers are disgusted at the appearance of the book4 ,lurchum4 ,thou knowest we have the ,honour to be admitted into the best ,company1 which neither our ,birth nor ,fortunes entitle us to1 merely for our ,reputation as good ,whist-,players4 ,shuffle4 ,very well6 ,lurch4 ,but if this damn'd ,book of the ,professor's answers1 as he pretends1 to put ,players more upon a ,par1 what will avail our superior ,skill in the ,game8 ,we are undone to all ,intents and ,purposes4 99 99 99 ,we must bid adieu to ,white's1 ,george's1 ,brown's1 and all the polite ,assemblies about ,town1 and that's enough to make a ,man mad instead of thoughtful4 ,shuf4 ,damn him1 ,i say1--,could he find no other ,employment for forty ,years together1 than to study how to circumvent younger ,brothers1 and such as us1 who live by our ,wits8 ,a man that discovers the ,secrets of any ,profession deserves to be sacrificed1 and ,i would be the first1 ,lurchum1 to cut the ,professor's ,throat for what he has done1 but that ,i think ,i have pretty well defeated the malevolent ,effect of his fine-spun ,calculations4 ,lurch4 ,as how1 dear ,shuffle8 ,thou revivest me4 ,shuf4 ,i must confess the ,publication of his ,treatise gave me at first some slight ,alarm2 but ,i did not1 like thee1 ,lurchum1 indulge in melancholy desponding ,thoughts3 ,on the contrary1 ,i called up my ,indignation to my ,assistance1 and have ever since been working upon a private ,treatise on ,signs at ,whist1 by way of counter ,treatise to his1 and which1 if ,i mistake not1 totally overthrows his ,system4 ,on the other hand1 the gentlemen are in raptures4 ,sir ,calculation ,puzzle4 ,the progress your ,lordship has made for the time you have study'd under the ,professor is wonderful4--,pray1 has your ,lordship seen the dear ,man to-day8 ,lord ,slim4 ,o yes4--,his ,grace sate him down at my ,house1 and ,i have just lent him my ,chariot into the ,city4--,how do you like the last edition of his ,treatise with the ,appendix1#da ,sir ,calculation8 ,i mean that sign'd with his ,name4#db ,sir ,cal4 ,o ,gad1 my ,lord1 there never was so excellent a ,book printed4--,i'm quite in ,raptures with it--,i will eat with it--sleep with it--go to ,court with it--go to ,parliament with it--go to ,church with it4--,i pronounce it the ,gospel of ,whist-,players2 and the ,laws of the ,game ought to be wrote in golden ,letters1 and hung up in ,coffee-houses1 as much as the ,ten ,commandments in ,parish ,churches4 ,sir ,john ,medium4 ,ha6 ,ha6 ,ha6 ,you speak of the ,book with the ,zeal of a primitive ,father4 ,sir ,cal4 ,not half enough1 ,sir ,john--the ,calculations#dc are so exact6 99 99 99 his ,observations#dd are quite masterly6 his ,rules#de so comprehensive6 his ,cautions#df so judicious6 ,there are such ,variety of ,cases#dg in his ,treatise1 and the ,principles are so new1 ,i want ,words to express the ,author1 and can look on him in no other ,light than as a second ,newton4 ,the way in which ,sir ,calculation introduces ,hoyle's ,calculations of ,chances is very amusing4 ,sir ,john4 ',twas by some such laudable ,practices1 ,i suppose1 that you suffered in your last ,affair with ,lurchum4 ,sir ,cal4 ,o ,gad1 ,no1 ,sir ,john--,never any thing was fairer1 nor was ever any thing so critical4--,we were nine all4 ,the adverse ,party had #c1 and we had #d ,tricks4 ,all the ,trumps were out4 ,i had ,queen and two small ,clubs1 with the ,lead4 ,let me see--,it was about #bbb and #c ,halves to--'gad4 ,i forgot how many--that my ,partner had the ,ace and ,king--let me recollect--ay--that he had one only was about #ca to #bf4--,that he had not both of them #ag to #b1--;and that he had not one1 or both1 or neither1 some #be to #cb4--,so ,i1 according to the ,judgment of the ,game1 led a ,club1 my ,partner takes it with the ,king4 ,then it was exactly #dha for us to #bbb against them4 ,he returns the same ,suit2 ,i win it with my ,queen1 and return it again2 but the ,devil take that ,lurchum1 by passing his ,ace twice1 he took the ,trick1 and having #b more ,clubs and a #acth ,card1 ,i gad1 all was over4--,but they both allow'd ,i play'd admirably well for all that4 ,the following passage from the same pamphlet mentions the ,crown--probably the ,crown ,coffee-house--and it has been inferred from this that ,hoyle himself might have been one of ,lord ,folkestone's party4 ,young ,jobber ,a pupil of the ,professor's4 ,dear1 ,mr4 ,professor1 ,i can never repay you4--,you have given me such an ,insight by this ,visit1 ,i am quite another ,thing--,i find ,i knew nothing of the ,game before2 tho' ,i can assure you1 ,i have been reckoned a ,first-rate ,player in the ,city a good while--nay1 for that ,matter1 ,i make no bad figure at the ,crown--and don't despair1 by your ,assistance1 but to make one at ,white's soon4 ,hoyle is also spoken of in his professional capacity in ,the ,rambler of ,may #h1 #agej4 ,a ,lady that has lost her ,money writes1 ,as for ,play1 ,i do think ,i may1 indeed1 indulge in that1 now ,i am my own ,mistress4 ,papa made me drudge at ,whist 'till ,i was tired of it2 and far from wanting a ,head1 ,mr4 ,hoyle1 when he had not given me above forty ,lessons1 said1 ,i was one of his best ,scholars4 ,again1 in ,the ,gentleman's ,magazine for ,february1 #agee1 a writer1 professing to give the autobiography of a modern physician1 says1 ,hoyle tutor'd me in the several games at cards1 and under the name of guarding me from being cheated1 insensibly gave me a taste for sharping4 ,in the middle of the eighteenth century1 ,whist was regularly played in fashionable society4 ,in ,tom ,jones1 ,lady ,bellaston1 ,lord ,fellamar1 and others1 are represented as indulging in a rubber4 ,hoyle also comes in for notice in the following passage in the same work3 ,i happened to come home several ,hours before my usual ,time1 when ,i found four ,gentlemen of the ,cloth at ,whisk by my fire2--and my ,hoyle1 sir2--my best ,hoyle1 which cost me a ,guinea1 lying open on the ,table1 with a ,quantity of ,porter spilt on one of the most material ,leaves of the whole ,book4 ,this1 you will allow1 was provoking2 but ,i said nothing till the rest of the honest ,company were gone1 and then gave the ,fellow a gentle ,rebuke1 who1 instead of expressing any ,concern1 made me a pert ,answer1 ',that ,servants must have their ,diversions as well as other ,people2 that he was sorry for the ,accident which had happened to the ,book2 but that several of his ,acquaintance had bought the same for a ,shilling2 and that ,i might stop as much in his ,wages1 if ,i pleased4' ,in an epic poem on ,whist1 by ,alexander ,thomson1 which appeared in #agia1 ,hoyle was thus invoked-- ,,whist1 then1 delightful ,,whist1 my theme shall be1 ,and first ,i'll try to trace its pedigree1 ,and shew what sage and comprehensive mind ,gave to the world a pleasure so refin'd3 ,then shall the verse its various charms display1 ,which bear from1 ev'ry game the palm away2 ,and1 last of all1 those rules and maxims tell1 ,which give the envied pow'r to play it well4 ,but first 7for such the mode7 some tuneful shade ,must be invok'd1 the vent'rous ,muse to aid4 ,cremona's poet shall ,i first address1 ,who paints with skill the mimic war of chess1 ,and ,india's art in ,roman accents sings2 ,or him who soars on far sublimer wings1 ,belinda's bard1 who taught his liquid lay ,at ,ombre's studious game so well to play8 ,but why thus vainly hesitates the ,muse1 ,in idle doubt1 what guardian pow'r to chuse8 ,what pow'r so well can aid her daring toil1 ,as the bright spirit of immortal ,hoyle8 ,by whose enlighten'd efforts ,whist became ,a sober1 serious1 scientific game2 ,to whose unwearied pains1 while here below1 ,the great1 th' important privilege we owe1 ,that random strokes disgrace our play no more1 ,but skill presides1 where all was chance before4 ,come then1 my friend1 my teacher1 and my guide1 ,where'er thy shadowy ghost may now reside2 ,perhaps 7for ,nature ev'ry change defies1 ,nor ev'n with death our ruling passion dies7 ,with fond regret it hovers still1 unseen1 ,around the tempting boards array'd in green2 ,still with delight its fav'rite game regards1 ,and tho' it plays no more o'erlooks the cards4 ,come then1 thou glory of ,britannia's isle1 ,on this attempt propitious deign to smile2 ,let all thy skill th' unerring page inspire1 ,and all thy zeal my raptur'd bosom fire4 ,hoyle's name also finds a place in ,don ,juan4 ,byron1 in saying that ,troy owes to ,homer what ,whist owes to ,hoyle1 scarcely does justice to ,hoyle1 who was rather the founder than the historian of ,whist4 ,the ,short ,treatise appeared just in the nick of time1 when ,whist was rising in repute1 and when card-playing was the rage4 ,the work became the authority almost from the date of its appearance4 ,in #agfj1 the laws of the game were revised by the members of ,white's and ,saunders's ,chocolate-houses1 then the head quarters of fashionable play4 ,these revised laws 7nearly all ,hoyle7 are given in every edition of ,hoyle from this date4 ,hoyle's laws1 as they were called1 guided all ,whist coteries for a hundred and four years2 when the ,arlington 7now ,turf7 and ,portland ,clubs1 re-revised the code of the ,chocolate-houses4 ,the code agreed to by the ,committees of both ,clubs was adopted in #ahfd2 it shortly found its way into all ,whist circles1 deposed ,hoyle1 and is now 7#ahgd7 the standard by which disputed points are determined4 ,one of the chief seats of card-playing1 and consequently1 of ,whist-playing1 during the eighteenth century1 was ,bath4 ,even ,mr4 ,pickwick is depicted playing ,whist there with ,miss ,bolo1 against the ,dowager ,lady ,snuphanuph and ,mrs4 ,colonel ,wugsby1 in a passage too well known to require quotation4 ,mr4 ,pickwick's visit was at a date when the chief glories of ,bath had departed4 ,hoyle's first edition1 it will be remembered1 was published at ,bath1 as also was ,thomas ,matthews' ,advice to the ,young ,whist ,player 7about #ahje7--;a sound and useful contribution to ,whist literature4 ,early in this century1 the points of the game were altered from ten to five1 and calling honours was abolished4 ,it is doubtful whether this change was for the better4 ,in the author's opinion ,long ,whist 7ten up7 is a far finer game than ,short ,whist 7five up72 ,short ,whist1 however1 has taken such a hold1 that there is no chance of our reverting to the former game4 ,according to ,clay 7,short ,whist1 #ahfd71 the alteration took place under the following circumstances3 ,some sixty or seventy years back1 ,lord ,peterborough having one night lost a large sum of money1 the friends with whom he was playing proposed to make the game five points instead of ten1 in order to give the loser a chance1 at a quicker game1 of recovering his loss4 ,the late ,mr4 ,hoare1 of ,bath1 a very good whist-player1 and without a superior at piquet1 was one of this party1 and has more than once told me the story4 ,the new game was found to be so lively1 and money changed hands with such increased rapidity1 that these gentlemen and their friends1 all of them members of the leading clubs of the day1 continued to play it4 ,it became general in the clubs--thence was introduced in private houses--travelled into the country--went to ,paris1 and has long since 99 99 entirely superseded the whist of ,hoyle's day4 ,long ,whist had long been known in ,france1 but it was not a popular game in that country4 ,hoyle has been several times translated into ,french4 ,whist was played by ,louis ,,xv41 and under the first ,empire was a favorite game with ,josephine and ,marie ,louise4 ,it is on record 7,diaries of a ,lady of ,quality1 #bnd ,ed4 p4 #abh71 that ,napoleon used to play ,whist at ,wrtemburg1 but not for money1 and that he played ill and inattentively4 ,one evening1 when the ,queen ,dowager was playing against him with her husband and his daughter 7the ,queen of ,westphalia1 the wife of ,jerome71 the ,king stopped ,napoleon1 who was taking up a trick that did not belong to him1 saying1 ,sire1 on ne joue pas ici en conqurant4 ,after the restoration1 ,whist was taken up in ,france more enthusiastically4 ,the ,nobles1 says a ,french writer1 had gone to ,england to learn to ,think1 and they brought back the thinking game with them4 ,talleyrand was a ,whist player1 and his mot to the youngster who boasted his ignorance of the game is well known4 ,vous ne savez pas le ,whiste1 jeune homme8 ,quelle triste vieillesse vous vous prparez6 ,charles ,x4 is reported to have been playing ,whist at ,st4 ,cloud1 on ,july #bi1 #ahcj1 when the tricolor was waving on the ,tuileries1 and he had lost his throne4 ,it is remarkable that the finest ,whist player who ever lived should have been1 according to ,clay1 a ,frenchman1 ,m4 ,deschapelles 7born #aghj1 died #ahdg74 ,he published in #ahci a fragment of a ,trait du ,whiste which treats mainly of the laws1 and is of but little value to the ,whist player4 ,before leaving this historical sketch1 a few words may be added respecting the modern literature of the game4 ,so far as the present work is concerned1 its raison d'tre is explained in the preface to the first edition4 ,how far it has fulfilled the conditions of its being1 it is not for the author to say4 ,it was followed1 however1 by three remarkable books1 which call for a short notice4 ,in #ahfd1 appeared ,short ,whist1 by ,j4 ,c4 7,james ,clay74 ,clay's work is an able dissertation on the game1 by the most brilliant player of his day4 ,he was ,chairman of the ,committee appointed to revise the ,laws of ,whist in #ahfc4 ,he sat in ,parliament for many years1 being ,m4,p4 for ,hull at the time of his death1 in #ahgc4 ,in #ahfe1 ,william ,pole1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,mus4 ,doc4 ,oxon1 published ,the ,theory of the ,modern ,scientific ,game of ,whist1 a work which contains a lucid explanation of the fundamental principles of scientific play1 addressed especially to novices1 but of considerable value to players of all grades4 ,in #ahhc1 ,dr4 ,pole issued another volume1 called ,the ,philosophy of ,whist4 ,this is an essay on the scientific and intellectual aspects of the modern game4 ,it is divided into two parts1 ,the ,philosophy of ,whist ,play and ,the ,philosophy of ,whist ,probabilities1 the latter having been strangely neglected since the publication of ,hoyle's ,essay towards ,making the ,doctrine of ,chances ,easy 7#aged74 ,these books exhibit the game both theoretically and practically1 in the perfect state at which it has arrived during the two centuries that have elapsed since ,whist assumed a definite shape and took its present name4 ,,footnotes3 #da ,the author of this treatise did promise if it met with approbation1 to make an addition to it by way of ,appendix1 which he has done accordingly4--,hoyle4 #db ,authorised as revised and corrected under his own hand4--,hoyle4 #dc ,calculations for those who will bet the odds on any points of the score1 c4--,calculations directing with moral certainty1 how to play well any hand or game1 c4--,hoyle4 #dd ,games to be played with certain observations1 c4--,hoyle4 #de ,some general rules to be observed1 c4--,some particular rules to be observed1 c4--,hoyle4 #df ,a caution not to part with the command of your adversaries' great suit1 c4--,hoyle4 #dg ,with a variety of ,cases added in the ,appendix4--,hoyle4 ,,part ,i4 ,,general ,,principles4 ,,introductory4 ,before entering on an analysis of the general principles of the ,game of ,whist1 it is advisable to explain shortly on what foundation these principles rest2 for it might be supposed that a demonstration of the propositions contained in these pages is about to be offered2 that the chances for and against all possible systems of play have been calculated2 and that the one here upheld can be proved to be certainly right1 and all others certainly wrong4 ,such a view would be altogether erroneous4 ,the problem is far too intricate to admit of being treated with mathematical precision4 ,the conclusion that the chances are in favour of a certain line of play is not arrived at by abstract calculation1 but by general reasoning1 confirmed by the accumulated experience of practised players4 ,the student must not1 therefore1 expect absolute proof4 ,he must frequently be satisfied if the reasons given appear weighty in themselves1 and none weightier can be suggested on the other side2 and also with the assurance that the method of play recommended in this work is for the most part that which1 having stood the test of time1 is generally adopted4 ,,the ,,first ,,hand ,,or ,,lead4 ,the considerations that determine the most advantageous card to lead at the commencement of a hand differ from those which regulate the lead at other periods2 for1 at starting1 the ,doctrine of ,probabilities is the only guide2 while1 as the hand advances1 each player is able1 with more or less certainty1 to draw inferences as to the position of some of the remaining cards4 ,the number of the inferences1 and the certainty with which they can be drawn from the previous play1 constantly increase2 hence it not unfrequently happens that1 towards the termination of a hand1 the position of every material card is known4 ,in treating of the lead1 it will be most convenient to begin by examining the principles which govern the original lead4 ,the application of these principles will require to be somewhat modified in the case of trumps1 as will appear hereafter4 #a4 ,,lead ,,originally ,,from ,,your ,,strongest ,,suit4 ,the first question that arises is1 ,which is the strongest suit8 ,a suit may be strong in two distinct ways4 #a4 ,it may contain more than its proportion of high cards4 ,for example1 it may contain two or more honours--one honour in each suit being the average for each hand4 #b4 ,it may consist of more than the average number of cards1 in which case it is a numerically strong or long suit4 ,thus a suit of four cards has numerical strength2 a suit of five cards great numerical strength4 ,on the other hand a suit of three cards is numerically weak4 ,in selecting a suit for the lead1 numerical strength is the principal point to look to2 for it must be borne in mind that aces and kings are not the only cards which make tricks2 twos and threes may become quite as valuable when the suit is established--i4e41 when the higher cards of the suit are exhausted4 ,to obtain for your own small cards a value that does not intrinsically belong to them1 and to prevent the adversary from obtaining it for his1 is evidently an advantage4 ,both these ends are advanced by choosing for your original lead the suit in which you have the greatest numerical strength2 for you may establish a suit of this description1 while1 owing to your strength1 it is precisely the suit which the adversary has the smallest chance of establishing against you4 ,a suit that is numerically weak1 though otherwise strong1 is far less eligible4 ,suppose1 for example1 you have five cards headed by 7say7 a ten in one suit1 and ace1 king1 and one other 7say the two7 in another suit4 ,if you lead from the ace1 king1 two suit1 all your power is exhausted as soon as you have parted with the ace and king1 and you have given the holder of numerical strength a capital chance of establishing the suit4 ,it is true that this fortunate person may be your partner2 but it is twice as likely that he is your adversary1 since you have two adversaries and only one partner4 ,on the other hand1 if you lead from the five suit1 though your chance of establishing it is slight1 you1 at all events1 avoid assisting your adversary to establish his2 the ace and king of your three suit1 still remaining in your hand1 enable you to prevent the establishment of that suit1 and may procure you the lead at an advanced period of the hand4 ,this we shall find as we proceed is a great advantage1 especially if1 in the course of play1 you are left with all the unplayed cards1 or long cards1 of your five suit4 ,the best suit of all to lead from is1 of course1 one which combines both elements of strength4 ,in opening a suit1 there is always the danger of finding your partner very weak1 or of leading up to a tenace 7i4e41 the best and third best cards1 or the second best guarded7 in the hand of the fourth player4 ,if you lead from a very strong suit1 these dangers are more than compensated for by the advantages just explained2 if your best suit is only moderately strong1 the lead is not profitable1 but rather the reverse4 ,if all your suits are weak1 the lead is very disadvantageous4 ,the hand1 however weak1 must hold one suit of four at least1 and this1 if only headed by a ten or a nine1 should generally be chosen4 ,being unable to strike the adversary1 you take the best chance of not assisting him4 ,it follows that a suit consisting of a single card is a very disadvantageous one to lead from2 yet no lead is more common1 even among players of some experience4 ,the reason assigned in favour of this lead is the possibility of making small trumps4 ,but it is important to observe1 that you stand very nearly as good a chance of making trumps by waiting for some one else to open the suit4 ,if the suit is opened by the strong hand1 your barrenness will not be suspected2 you will be able1 if necessary1 to win the second round1 while you will be free from the guilt of having sacrificed any high card your partner may have possessed in the suit1 or of having assisted in establishing a suit for the adversary4 ,again1 your partner1 if strong in trumps1 will very likely draw yours1 and then return your lead1 imagining you led from strength4 ,if1 indeed1 he is a shrewd player1 he will1 after being taken in once or twice1 accommodate his game to yours2 but he can never be sure of the character of your lead1 and may often miss a great game by not being able to depend upon you4 ,if you have great numerical strength in trumps1 the evils of a single-card lead are lessened2 but in this case1 as will hereafter be shown1 it is generally right to lead trumps4 ,in the opinion of the author1 it may be laid down as an axiom1 that in plain suits 7i4e41 in suits not trumps7 the original lead of a single card is in no case defensible4 ,many players will not lead from a strong suit if headed by a tenace2 preferring1 for instance1 to lead from ten1 nine1 three1 to ace1 queen1 four1 two4 ,they argue1 that by holding up the ace1 queen suit1 they stand a better chance of catching the king4 ,so far they are right2 but they purchase this advantage too dearly2 for the probable loss from leading the weak suit may be taken as greater than the probable gain from holding up the tenace4 ,which card of the strong suit should be led originally8--,the key to this problem is furnished by the remark1 that it conduces to the ultimate establishment of a suit to keep the high or commanding cards of it in the hand that has numerical strength4 ,in the suit of your own choosing1 you are presumably stronger than your partner2 it is therefore undesirable at once to part with your high cards4 ,hence it is best1 in general1 to lead the smallest4 ,your partner1 actuated by a desire to assist in establishing your strong suit1 will play his highest card to your lead 7see ,play of ,third ,hand1 p4 #ib71 and1 if he fails to win the trick1 will1 at all events1 force a higher card from the fourth player1 and so help to clear the suit for you4 ,another reason in favour of leading the lowest is1 that it increases your chance of making tricks in the first two rounds4 ,for in the first round of a suit the second hand generally puts on his smallest card1 as will be seen hereafter4 ,if1 therefore1 you originally lead the smallest1 holding ace and others1 the first trick will1 in all probability1 lie between your partner and the last player2 and since there is no reason why the fourth player should hold a better card than the third1 it is nearly an even chance that your partner wins the trick4 ,it is certain 7bar trumping7 that you win the second round2 therefore1 if the suit is led this way1 it is about an even chance that you make the first two tricks4 ,but if you lead out the ace first1 it is two to one against your making the second trick1 for the adversaries have two hands against your partner's one1 and either may hold the king4 ,a third reason for leading the lowest of your suit is1 that your partner may prove utterly weak in it2 and in this case it is important that you keep a commanding card1 to stop the adversary from establishing it4 ,it follows1 when you lead a small card originally1 that your partner should conclude you have led from numerical strength4 ,there are three exceptions to the rule of originally leading the lowest of a strong suit4--#a4 ,when you lead from ace with four or more small ones4 ,in this case it is considered best to begin with the ace1 lest it should be trumped on the second round4 #b4 ,when your suit contains a strong sequence1 it is best to lead one of the sequence1 in order to prevent the adversaries from winning the first trick with a very small card4 #c4 ,when you lead from a suit of more than four cards 7not headed by ace and not containing a strong sequence71 the fourth-best card is led1 for reasons to be afterwards explained4 7,see ,appendix ,a1 pp4 #bha-f47 ,when you intend to lead from a sequence1 the card to be selected depends on the nature of the sequence1 namely1 whether it is a head sequence or an under sequence4 ,by a head sequence is meant a sequence of the highest cards of your suit1 i4e41 of the cards heading your suit2 thus1 such a suit as queen1 knave ten1 six1 contains a head sequence of queen1 knave1 ten4 ,sequences that do not head your suit are under sequences2 thus ace1 queen1 knave1 ten1 is an example of an under sequence of queen1 knave1 ten4 ,you should-- #b4 ,,lead ,,the ,,highest ,,of ,a ,,head ,,sequence 7,except as specified in the ,analysis of ,leads1 pp4 #fd-ga74 ,for1 otherwise1 your partner is uncertain where the highest lies1 and you and he may play two winning cards where one would have sufficed4 ,for instance1 if1 with queen1 knave1 ten1 you lead the ten1 your partner may put the king on it1 but he certainly would not on the queen4 ,in addition to this1 if there is any finessing to be done in the suit1 it can only be by your partner4 ,by finessing is meant playing an inferior card though holding a higher one of the suit1 not in sequence with the card played4 ,thus1 to continue the illustration of the sequence of queen1 knave1 ten4 ,you lead the queen4 ,your partner has the ace and others4 ,he will not put it on1 but will finesse by playing his smallest card2 and if the king lies to your left1 that card is completely hemmed in4 ,had you led the ten1 your partner would have put on the ace1 and the king have been freed4 ,on the other hand1 if you lead from an under sequence1 you should lead the lowest1 the reason being that1 in this case1 you wish your partner to put on his highest card4 ,for example1 with king1 ten1 nine1 eight1 you should lead the eight and not the ten1 as if your partner's highest card is the knave1 you wish him to put it on that he may not afterwards block your suit by retaining a commanding card of it4 ,or1 suppose your partner's best card is the queen1 the lead of the ten would probably induce him to finesse1 and thus give the adversary a chance of making the knave the first round1 and of retaining the ace in hand1 although you and your partner hold two honours in the suit4 ,if your partner puts on the queen1 you are still able to finesse the nine when the suit is returned1 and this is much more advantageous than your partner's passing the ten4 ,in the first place1 the finesse is postponed to the second round1 when1 more cards having been played1 you have more data to guide you as to the policy of making the finesse2 and1 in the next place1 if you have a choice as to whether you or your partner shall finesse in your strong suit1 it is1 as a rule1 more advantageous for you to do it4 ,for1 as already explained1 it conduces to the establishment of a suit for the strong hand to retain the command of it1 and for the presumably weak hand to play his highest cards4 ,with sequences neither at the top nor at the bottom of a suit 7intermediate sequences71 the card to lead is the lowest of the intermediate sequence4 ,players who adopt ,american ,leads will1 however1 select the fourth-best card when leading a low card from suits of more than four cards1 whether or not the suit contains an under sequence1 or an intermediate sequence 7with the sole exception of ten1 led from king1 knave1 ten1 and small74 ,thus1 from king1 knave1 ten1 nine1 whether accompanied by the eight or by smaller cards1 they lead the nine2 and so on for other combinations4 7,see ,appendix ,a1 pp4 #bha-f74 ,,analysis ,,of ,,leads ,,in ,,detail4 7,see also ,appendix ,a1 pp4 #bha-f1 and ,appendix ,c1 pp4 #bhi-id47 ,the following analysis should be familiarly known by every player1 not only that he himself may follow it1 but also that he may form a correct idea of the cards the other players hold1 by observing what they lead4 ,ace1 king1 queen1 knave 7in trumps74 ,lead knave1 then ace4 ,with more than four in suit1 lead queen after ace4 ,with only four in suit1 lead king after ace4 ,ace1 king1 queen1 knave 7in plain suits74 ,lead king1 then knave4 ,with more than four in suit1 lead queen after knave4 ,with only four in suit1 lead ace after knave4 ,ace1 king1 queen1 with or without small ones 7in trumps74 ,lead queen4 ,with more than four in suit1 lead king after queen4 ,with only four or three in suit1 lead ace after queen4 ,ace1 king1 queen1 with or without small ones 7in plain suits74 ,lead king1 then queen4 ,ace1 king1 knave1 c4 ,lead king1 then ace4 ,sometimes it is right1 more especially in trumps1 to lead king1 then to change the suit1 and to finesse the knave on the return1 particularly if queen is turned up to your right4 ,with more than five trumps it is seldom advisable to wait for the finesse4 ,no positive rule can be laid down1 either for trumps or plain suits4 ,ace1 king1 and small 7in trumps74 ,lead king1 then ace1 if you have at least five small ones4 ,otherwise1 lead a small one 7the fourth-best if an ,american ,leader74 ,ace1 king1 and small 7in plain suits74 ,lead king1 then ace4 ,king is led before ace to inform your partner that you hold the winning card of your suit1 in case you should think fit to change the suit1 or in case the fourth player should have none of it4 ,if your partner has none1 he should not trump1 for1 even if you do not hold the ace1 you want the adversary to play it1 that he may not retain the winning card of your suit4 ,when opening a plain suit1 headed by ace1 king1 after having been forced to trump1 lead the ace first4 ,if you begin with the king1 and your partner happens to have none of the suit1 he might trump the king1 in order to lead again the suit you have already trumped4 ,if intermediate cards fall and you remain with the command and the next best1 you inform your partner of the fact by continuing with the next best4 ,thus3--,you lead king from ace1 king1 knave1 etc4 ,to the king1 your partner drops the queen4 ,you should next lead the knave4 ,ace1 queen1 knave1 ten1 with or without others4 ,lead ace1 then ten1 even though one of your others is the nine4 ,with more than four in suit1 lead knave after ten4 ,with only four in suit1 lead queen after ten4 ,ace1 queen1 knave1 and small4 ,lead ace4 ,with more than four in suit1 lead knave after ace4 ,with only four in suit1 lead queen after ace4 ,ace1 queen1 ten1 c4 7in trumps74 ,if knave is turned up to your right1 lead queen4 ,ace and small ones 7in trumps74 ,lead ace1 if you have seven in suit1 and then a small one 7the original fourth-best if an ,american ,leader74 ,lead a small one 7the fourth-best if an ,american ,leader71 with less than seven in suit4 ,obvious variations1 taking into account the trump card1 are omitted4 ,it is assumed1 e4g41 that1 if your partner has turned up the king1 you would lead a small one from ace1 queen1 knave1 c41 or from ace and any number of small cards4 ,ace and small ones 7in plain suits74 ,lead ace1 with five or more in suit4 ,lead a small one after ace 7the original fourth-best if an ,american ,leader74 ,lead lowest1 with only four in suit1 the cards being of a lower denomination than in the leads already enumerated4 ,king1 queen1 knave1 ten1 with or without others4 ,lead ten1 even though one of your others is the nine4 7a47 ,if ten wins the trick3-- ,with more than five in suit1 lead knave after ten4 ,with five in suit1 lead queen after ten4 ,with only four in suit1 lead king after ten4 7b47 ,if ten forces ace3-- ,with more than four in suit1 lead knave after ten4 ,with only four in suit1 lead queen after ten4 ,the common practice is 7or was7 to lead queen after ten1 in all cases1 to inform your partner that the lead was from king1 queen1 knave1 ten1 and not from king1 knave1 ten4 ,but1 if the ten wins the trick1 the mere fact of continuing with a high card informs your partner that the lead was from king1 queen1 knave1 ten2 for1 with the only other combination from which ten is first led1 7viz41 king1 knave1 ten71 if the ten wins1 the next lead is a small card4 ,if the ten forces the ace1 and your partner can give you credit for not leading a losing card when you hold a winning one1 he is informed1 by the second lead of any high card but the king1 that you led from king1 queen1 knave1 ten4 ,therefore1 queen and knave are high indifferent cards1 and you select the knave to show five or more originally2 the queen to show four exactly 7see ,appendix ,a74 ,king1 queen1 knave1 and more than one small4 ,lead knave4 ,with more than five in suit1 lead queen after knave4 ,with only five in suit1 lead king after knave4 ,king1 queen1 knave1 and one small one4 ,lead king1 then knave4 ,if the king wins the first trick it is not safe to go on with a small one1 ace being sometimes held up by the adversary1 especially in trumps4 ,king1 queen1 and small ones 7in trumps47 ,lead king1 if you have seven in suit1 or if one of your small ones is the ten4 ,lead a small one 7the fourth-best if an ,american ,leader71 with less than seven trumps1 and not holding the ten4 ,if king is led1 and it wins1 after king lead a small one 7the original fourth-best if an ,american ,leader74 ,king1 queen1 and small ones 7in plain suits74 ,lead king4 ,if the king wins1 after king lead a small one 7the original fourth-best if an ,american ,leader74 ,king1 knave1 ten1 nine1 with or without small ones4 ,lead nine1 even though you also hold the eight4 7a47 ,if nine wins the trick3-- ,with more than four in suit1 lead ten after nine4 ,with only four in suit1 lead knave after nine4 7b47 ,if nine forces queen1 or both queen and ace3-- ,with more than five in suit1 lead ten after nine4 ,with five in suit1 lead knave after nine4 ,with only four in suit1 lead king after nine4 7c47 ,if nine forces ace1 but not queen1 king must be led after nine4 ,then 7third lead71 ,with more than four in suit originally1 lead ten after king4 ,with only four in suit1 lead knave after king4 ,king1 knave1 ten1 with one or more small ones4 ,lead ten4 ,if the ten wins the trick1 lead a small one after ten 7the original fourth-best if an ,american ,leader74 ,if the ten forces the queen1 or both queen and ace3 ,with more than four in suit lead knave after ten4 ,with four in suit1 lead king after ten4 ,if the ten forces the ace1 and not the queen1 king must be led after ten4 ,king1 knave1 nine1 c4 7in trumps74 ,if ten is turned up to your right1 lead knave4 ,king and small ones4 ,from all strong suits headed by king1 other than those already enumerated1 lead a small one 7the fourth-best if an ,american ,leader74 ,queen1 knave1 ten1 nine1 with or without others4 ,lead queen1 then nine1 even though one of your others is the eight4 ,with more than four in suit1 lead ten after nine4 ,with only four in suit1 lead knave after nine4 ,queen1 knave1 ten1 and small4 ,lead queen4 ,with more than four in suit1 lead ten after queen4 ,with only four in suit1 lead knave after queen4 ,queen1 knave1 nine1 c4 7in trumps74 ,if ten is turned up to your right1 lead queen4 ,queen1 knave1 and small ones4 ,from all strong suits headed by queen1 knave 7or by queen71 other than those already enumerated1 lead a small one 7the fourth-best1 if an ,american ,leader74 ,from queen1 knave1 nine 7six or more in suit71 if an ,american ,leader1 lead fourth-best4 ,if not1 lead queen4 ,knave1 ten1 nine1 eight1 with or without small1 ones4 ,in trumps1 if queen or king is turned up to your left1 lead knave4 ,otherwise1 in trumps or plain suits1 7a47 ,if the second hand is known to adopt the practice1 even though numerically weak in the suit1 of not covering an honour with an honour 7other than the ace1 see p4 #hh71 lead eight4 ,with more than five in suit1 lead nine after eight4 ,with five in suit1 lead ten after eight4 ,with only four in suit1 lead knave after eight4 7b47 ,if the second hand adheres to the old practice of covering an honour with an honour when numerically weak in the suit1 lead knave1 then eight4 ,and ,with more than four in suit1 lead nine after eight4 ,with only four in suit1 lead ten after eight4 ,knave1 ten1 nine1 and small4 ,in trumps1 if king or queen is turned up to your left1 lead knave4 ,otherwise1 in trumps or plain suits1 7a47 ,if the second hand1 when numerically weak1 does not cover an honour with an honour 7other than ace71 lead a small one 7the fourth-best if an ,american ,leader74 7b47 ,if the second hand1 when numerically weak1 covers an honour with an honour1 lead knave4 ,and1 ,with more than four in suit1 lead nine after knave4 ,with only four in suit1 lead ten after knave4 ,knave1 ten1 eight1 c4 7in trumps74 ,if nine is turned up to your right1 lead knave4 ,knave1 ten1 and small ones4 ,from all strong suits headed by knave1 ten 7or by knave71 with the exceptions enumerated1 lead a small one 7the fourth-best if an ,american ,leader74 ,suits of four or more cards without an honour4 ,lead a small card 7the fourth-best if an ,american ,leader74 #c4 ,,lead ,,the ,,highest ,,of ,a ,,numerically ,,weak ,,suit4 ,when it is your fate to open a numerically weak suit1 your object should be to do as little harm as possible4 ,you cannot expect to win many tricks1 so you must do all you can to assist or strengthen your partner by leading high or strengthening cards2 for1 by leading the highest of a suit numerically weak1 you take the best chance of keeping the strength in your partner's hand1 should he happen to hold it4 ,you will not often be driven to open a weak suit originally1 as one of your suits must contain as many as four cards4 ,but it may so turn out that your four-card suit is composed of very small cards indeed1 in which case you might prefer to open a suit containing better cards1 though numerically weaker4 ,every one can see that ace1 king1 queen1 is a better suit to open than five1 four1 three1 two2 but1 as you descend in one scale and ascend in the other1 there comes a point where the two descriptions of strength nearly or quite balance4 ,with hands containing only a suit of four small cards--say none higher than the seven or eight1 and suits of three cards of higher value--the choice is sometimes difficult4 ,also1 with hands in which your only four-card suit is the trump suit1 you might sometimes deem it advisable to open one of the other suits1 as a smaller evil than leading a trump4 ,as a rule1 when you are in doubt1 stick to the general principle1 and lead from your four-card suit1 even though it is the trump suit4 ,whenever you decide on opening a suit of but three cards1 choose1 if possible1 one in which you hold a sequence which may be of benefit to your partner1 as queen1 knave1 ten2 queen1 knave1 and one small one2 knave1 ten1 and one other1 and so on1 and lead the highest4 ,if you have no sequence1 lead from your strongest weak suit4 ,thus1 two honours not in sequence1 and one small one1 is a better lead than ace and two small ones1 or king and two small ones4 ,these1 again1 should be chosen in preference to queen and two small ones4 ,when leading from a numerically weak suit that contains ace1 king1 or queen1 but no sequence1 if you have any indication from the previous play that your partner is strong in the suit 7as will be explained in ,section #d71 lead the highest4 ,but having no guide as to his strength lead the lowest4 ,you run the risk of making your partner think you have led from numerical strength2 but1 on the other hand1 by leading out the high card1 you at once give up the command of the suit1 and1 unless your partner has strength in it 7the chances being against this71 you leave yourself at the mercy of the opponents4 ,the case is different with numerically weak suits headed by a knave or a lower card4 ,of these suits you should lead the highest2 by retaining such a card as the knave you would scarcely ever be able to stop the adversaries from establishing the suit1 should they be strong in it2 and1 by leading out the high card1 you do all you can to aid your partner1 should he have strength4 ,ace and one other1 king and one other1 or queen and one other1 are very bad suits to lead from4 ,by holding them up you and your partner stand a better chance of making tricks in the suit2 and if it should be the adversaries' suit 7the chances being two to one that it is7 you keep the power of obstructing it and of obtaining the lead at advanced periods of the hand4 ,if you lead from ace1 king only1 lead ace1 then king4 ,it follows that when you lead a high card in the first round of a suit1 and in the next drop a lower one 7subject to the rules respecting leads from sequences and the lead from suits of five or more cards71 your partner should infer you have led from a weak suit4 ,thus1 suppose you lead a nine1 which is called an equivocal card1 as it comes from both strong and weak suits4 ,if in the second round your partner can infer that you hold a higher card1 he knows you have led from strength4 ,but if in the second round you lead 7say7 the eight1 your partner may be equally certain that the former card was the highest of your weak suit4 #d4 ,,avoid ,,changing ,,suits4 ,when you obtain the lead after one or more tricks have been played1 the question arises whether or not you should open a fresh suit4 ,if you have had the lead before1 it is generally advisable to pursue your original lead1 for you thus take the best chance of establishing the suit1 and you open a fresh suit to a disadvantage4 ,the fall of the cards in the previous rounds may cause you to alter your game4 ,thus1 the previous play may have already established your suit1 or may have so nearly established it as to justify you in leading trumps1 as hereafter explained2 or your partner may have shown a very strong suit1 or a strong trump hand1 which may modify your game4 ,again1 your partner may prove utterly weak in your suit2 you would then often discontinue it1 unless holding the winning cards or a strong sequence1 because1 with these exceptions1 your continuing it gives the adversary the opportunity of finessing against you1 and of cutting up your suit2 or you may sometimes discontinue a suit if you expect it will be trumped 7as will be further explained in ,sections #ac-af72 but1 failing such indications1 it is best1 as a rule1 to pursue the original lead4 ,if you have not had the lead before1 it is in most cases advisable to open your strong suit1 when you possess great strength in any suit1 for you open such suit to advantage2 but with weak or only moderately strong suits1 which you open to a disadvantage1 you would1 as a rule1 do better to return your partner's original lead1 or to lead up to the weak suit of your right-hand adversary1 or through the strong suit of your left-hand adversary4 ,when in doubt as to opening your own suit or returning your partner's1 you should1 as a general rule1 be guided by your strength in trumps4 ,with a strong trump hand play your own game2 with a weak trump hand play your partner's game4 ,if your partner has had a lead1 and you are thoroughly conversant with the system of leading developed in ,sections #b and #c1 and with the ,analysis of ,leads 7pp4 #fd-ga71 you know by the value of the card he has led whether he is strong or weak in that suit1 unless he has led an equivocal card1 which is led from both strong and weak suits4 ,in this case1 if you have no evidence from your own hand1 or from the fall of the cards1 you presume1 with a good partner1 that he has led from strength4 ,but you mostly have some evidence2 for instance1 if he leads a ten originally1 he has led from king1 queen1 knave1 ten2 from king1 knave1 ten2 or the highest of his suit4 ,if you hold--or either adversary plays--king or knave1 you know that your partner has led the highest of his suit4 ,but1 in the absence of these cards1 and especially if the ten wins the first round1 or falls to the ace or queen1 you may conclude that your partner's lead was from strength1 and you would do perfectly right to return it4 ,when you have won the first trick in your partner's lead cheaply1 you must be cautious in returning it1 as the strength must be between your partner and your right-hand adversary4 ,for example1 say ,a1 ,y1 ,b1 ,z1 are the four players1 and that they sit in this order round the table1 so that ,a leads and ,z is last player4 ,if ,a leads a small card of a plain suit1 ,y plays a small one1 and ,b 7third player7 puts on his best card1 the queen1 which wins the trick1 it is clear that ,z can have neither ace nor king2 ,a cannot have them both1 or he would have led one1 therefore ,y must have one of them at least2 and1 if ,b returns the lead1 he leads up to ,y's strength1 and may cut up his partner's suit4 ,by observing the card led by either adversary1 you can similarly tell whether he has led from strength or weakness2 so also you can judge from the card played third hand by the adversary whether he is weak1 it being presumed that the third player puts on his best4 ,it is advantageous to lead up to a weak suit1 because you compel the second hand to put on a high card1 or give your partner the opportunity of finessing4 ,it is generally less advantageous to lead through a strong suit1 unless you are sure that the second hand is not very strong1 and that the fourth hand is weak4 ,otherwise1 by continuing the suit1 you may be establishing it for the adversary1 and getting rid of the command of it from your partner's hand4 ,in discussing leads from weak suits it was supposed1 for the sake of convenience1 that the leader had no indication from the play to guide him4 ,but in practice1 in by far the greater number of cases1 weak suits are opened late in a hand when inference from previous play has given an insight into the strength or weakness of the several players4 ,thus1 you commence with your strong suit2 your partner fails to show any strength in it4 ,after several other tricks are played you get the lead again1 remaining with 7say7 king and two others of your first lead4 ,you do not wish to take one of the guards from your king1 and you do not deem it advisable to lead a card which your partner may be obliged to trump4 ,you therefore try another suit4 ,by this time you know1 either by the adversaries' leads what their strong suits are1 or by the players' discards 7i4e41 by the cards they throw away when not able to follow suit17 what their weak suits are1 as will be explained under discarding4 ,guided by these indications1 you make choice of a suit for your second lead in which your partner is probably strong1 and under such circumstances you would1 as a rule1 lead the highest of the suit of your second choosing1 if numerically weak in it4 ,when you have led a strengthening card1 and it wins the trick1 you can rarely do better than continue with your next highest4 ,for example3 from queen1 knave1 and three you lead the queen1 which goes round4 ,it hardly requires to be stated that you make the best use of your suit by continuing with the knave4 ,when your strengthening card does not win1 the course of the play is the only guide as to whether you should continue the suit4 ,the application of the considerations advanced in this ,section will generally inform you where the strong and weak suits lie1 and you will act accordingly1 giving your partner his strong suit1 or1 if he has not shown one1 leading up to the weak suit of the right-hand adversary1 or through the strong suit of the left-hand adversary4 ,it has several times been assumed that it is advantageous to have the lead at advanced periods of a hand2 we now see one principal reason why it is so4 ,the leader knows by observation where the strong and the weak suits lie1 and he will generally be able to make use of this knowledge in assisting his partner1 or in obstructing his opponents4 ,the principles explained in the preceding pages apply mainly to the original lead1 or to leads early in a hand4 ,they apply also to leads generally2 but1 at advanced periods of the hand1 and towards its close1 their application is frequently modified by inferences from the previous play1 and by the state of the score4 ,examples of departure from the rules here laid down will be presented in the illustrative hands4 ,in the second round of a suit-- #e4 ,,return ,,the ,,lowest ,,of ,a ,,strong ,,suit1 ,,the ,,highest ,,of ,a ,,weak ,,suit4 ,when you return your partner's lead1 the card you should choose to lead the second round depends on the number of cards of the suit you have remaining4 ,thus1 if you remain with three cards1 you must have had four at first4 ,you therefore had strength in the suit1 and you should return the smallest of the three remaining cards1 agreeably to the principle that with strength it is to your advantage to retain the command in your own hand4 ,if you remain with two cards only1 you should return the higher one1 to strengthen your partner2 and1 similarly1 if you have discarded one of a four-suit1 and are left with two only at the time you return it1 you have destroyed the numerical power of your suit1 and should therefore treat it as a weak suit1 and return the higher card of the two remaining in your hand4 ,the advantages of this principle are numerous4 ,in the case that you and your partner are both numerically strong1 the return of the lowest prevents him from finessing in a suit which must be trumped third round4 ,further1 if your hand is weak1 you naturally return a suit in which you infer that your partner is strong4 ,you then return a strengthening card to get a high card of your partner's strong suit out of his way1 and you enable him to finesse if he thinks proper1 and so to keep the command of his suit in his own hand4 ,it is true that with two small cards only 7say the five and the six7 you do not strengthen your partner by returning the six4 ,but there is a collateral advantage in keeping to the rule even with small cards--you enable a good partner to calculate how many you have left of the suit1 and often where the remainder of it lies4 ,thus1 your partner leads a small card of a suit of which you have king1 three1 and two4 ,you1 as third player1 put on the king4 ,if you return the suit1 you return the three1 and not the two1 when it ought to be inferred1 either that you have returned the smallest of a suit of four or more1 or that you have no more of the suit left1 or the two only4 ,when your two comes down in the third round it ought to be certain that you have no more4 ,if your partner has confidence in you1 he can often calculate what you have left before the third round is played2 thus1 in the above instance1 your partner1 not having the two himself1 and seeing that it does not drop from the adversaries1 concludes1 with tolerable certainty1 that you remain1 after the second round1 with the two and no more4 ,there are two exceptions to the rule of play above stated3 #a4 ,when you hold the winning card you return it1 whatever number of cards you hold1 lest it should be trumped the third round1 or1 your partner1 imagining it to be against him1 should finesse2 and #b4 ,when you hold the second and third best1 in plain suits1 you return the highest4 ,thus1 suppose you have queen1 knave1 ten1 and one small one of a suit of which your partner leads a small one1 you 7third hand7 put on the ten1 which is won by 7say7 the ace4 ,if you afterwards return the suit1 you should return the queen1 for you not only force out the king1 if against you1 but you also do not block your partner's suit1 should he have led from great numerical strength1 say five cards to the nine1 an advantage which you lose by returning the small one4 ,it should also be observed that1 occasionally1 when you return your adversary's strong lead1 you do not lead the higher of two remaining cards1 especially if you hold the second best guarded4 ,for example1 you are ,a2 ,y is your left-hand adversary4 ,y has led a king1 which was won by the ace1 leaving ,y with the queen and others4 ,you remain with knave and one small one4 ,if you are driven to return this suit1 you should return the small one4 ,the queen will probably be put on second hand1 and you will remain with the best4 ,illustration ,,the ,,second ,,hand4 ,in the first round of a suit1 you should generally1 #f4 ,,play ,,your ,,lowest ,,card ,,second ,,hand4 ,you presume that the first hand has led from strength1 and1 if you have a high card in his suit1 you lie over him when it is led again2 whereas1 if you play your high card second hand1 you get rid of a commanding card of the adversary's suit1 and1 when it is returned1 the original leader finesses against you4 ,besides this1 the third player will put on his highest card1 and1 if it is better than yours1 you have wasted power to no purpose4 ,if1 however1 you have a sequence of high cards1 you should put on one of the sequence second hand1 for1 if you pass the trick altogether1 the third hand may win with a very low card1 or1 with his low card1 may force a high one from your partner4 ,the chief objection to playing an unsupported high card does not apply1 as the leader cannot successfully finesse against you in the next round4 ,with a moderate sequence1 such as queen1 knave--knave1 ten--ten1 nine--you play the lowest of the sequence if you are numerically weak2 but1 with more than three cards of the suit1 you pass a small card led1 agreeably to the principle already discussed--that in weak suits you play to strengthen your partner1 but in strong ones you leave him to help you4 ,for instance3 the leader 7,a7 has king1 ten1 nine1 eight1 seven of a suit2 the second player 7,y7 has queen1 knave1 and one small one2 the fourth player 7,z7 has ace and two small ones4 ,a leads a small card2 ,y should play the knave2 if he does not1 the card led forces ,z's ace4 ,it is true that this happens also if ,y passes with queen1 knave1 and two small ones2 but ,y1 in this case1 has a guard to his queen and knave1 and is left with the two winning cards after the second round of the suit4 ,with a sequence lower than ten1 nine1 there is no advantage in putting on one of the sequence2 so the lowest should then be played second hand1 in conformity with the general principle4 #g4 ,,play ,,the ,,lowest ,,of ,a ,,sequence4 ,when you do not head a trick1 you throw away your lowest card to economise your strength4 ,thus1 with queen and two small ones1 you would not throw the queen to king led4 ,it is an error to suppose that it is of no consequence which card you play when you hold only small cards or cards in sequence4 ,it is not of much consequence as regards merely the chance of making tricks2 but it is of great importance in affording information to partner4 ,thus1 suppose the players to be as before1 ,a1 ,y1 ,b1 ,z4 ,a leads the three of a suit1 ,y plays the five1 ,b the four4 ,it ought to be certain that ,b has no more of the suit1 it being presumed that he1 not being able to head the trick1 throws away his smallest4 ,if he afterwards plays the two1 and it turns out that he previously played the four through carelessness1 his partner loses confidence1 and gives up all hopes of drawing correct inferences from his play4 ,the principle applies equally to cards in sequence4 ,thus1 say queen is led1 and you 7second hand7 hold ace and king2 if you put on the king1 your partner gains the very important information that you have the ace also4 ,for queen is not led from ace1 queen1 c41 so the leader cannot have the ace2 the third hand cannot have it1 or he would win the king2 and the fourth1 not having it himself1 infers that you have it4 ,if you put on the ace1 not only could he not tell that you hold the king1 but would assume that it lay with the leader's partner4 ,the principle1 though stated for the sake of convenience in respect of the second hand1 applies to the third and fourth hands also4 7,for a fuller examination of this point see ,section #ab47 ,illustration ,,analysis ,,of ,,play ,,of ,,second ,,hand ,,in ,,detail4 7,see ,note on ,analysis of ,leads1 p4 #fd47 ,ace1 king1 queen1 c4 ,play lowest of ace1 king1 queen sequence4 ,ace1 king1 knave1 c4 ,play king 7but see p4 #hi74 ,on the second round of the suit1 it becomes a matter of judgment whether you should play ace or finesse knave4 ,no positive rule can be laid down4 ,ace1 king1 c4 ,play king4 ,in trumps it is sometimes right to pass1 leaving the chance of the first trick to your partner4 ,obvious alterations on account of the trump card are omitted4 ,it is clear that1 with ace1 king1 c41 if your partner has turned up the queen1 you should play a small one2 and that1 with ace1 king1 knave1 if your right hand adversary has turned up the queen1 you should play the knave2 and so on for other cases4 ,ace1 queen1 knave1 c4 ,play lowest of queen1 knave sequence4 ,ace1 queen1 ten1 c4 ,in trumps1 play ten1 or with cards in sequence1 the lowest of the ten sequence4 ,in plain suits1 if strong enough in trumps to lead them1 play ten1 or lowest of sequence2 if weak in trumps1 play queen 7but see p4 #hi74 ,with ace1 queen1 ten only1 play ten1 whether strong in trumps or not4 ,ace1 queen1 c4 ,small card led4 ,in trumps1 play a small one4 ,in plain suits1 with five in suit1 play a small one if strong in trumps2 the queen if weak in trumps4 ,knave led4 ,play ace4 ,it is useless to cover with the queen1 as the leader cannot hold the king 7see ,analysis of ,leads74 ,these instructions assume ordinary original leads from strength4 ,if ace or queen is turned up1 some players lead knave1 from king1 knave1 ten4 ,if you know this is the practice of your right hand adversary1 you should exercise your judgment as to covering with ace or queen4 ,also towards the close of a hand1 knave might be led from king1 knave for various reasons1 perhaps as the best chance of saving or winning the game or a point1 or as a false card4 ,no rule can be laid down for such cases4 ,ten or nine led4 ,play queen4 ,ace1 knave1 ten1 c4 ,in trumps1 play ten1 or with cards in sequence with the ten1 the lowest of the sequence4 ,in plain suits1 play a small one4 ,the reason for the difference is that1 in trumps a small card may be led from king1 queen1 c42 but in plain suits1 not4 ,hence as1 in plain suits1 the king or queen must be in the third or fourth hand1 your strength would be wasted by covering4 ,ace and small ones4 ,play a small one4 ,as before observed1 the original lead of a small card from strength is assumed4 ,if1 after several tricks have been played1 you particularly want the lead1 or you suspect the possibility of a lead from a single card1 or one trick is of importance1 you would often be right to play the ace4 ,again1 no rule can be laid down4 ,king1 queen1 knave1 c4 ,play the lowest of the king1 queen1 knave sequence4 ,king1 queen1 c4 ,small card led4 ,play queen4 ,in trumps it is sometimes right to pass1 unless you hold ten also1 or only three in suit4 ,knave led4 ,the usual practice is to cover with the queen4 ,but1 it can be shown by calculation that1 if the lead is from knave1 ten1 nine1 and small1 more is gained than lost1 in the long run1 by passing4 ,the best lead from knave1 ten1 nine1 c41 is disputed2 and so also is the question of covering4 ,king1 knave1 ten1 c4 ,play the lowest of the knave1 ten sequence4 ,queen1 knave1 ten1 c4 ,play ten1 or lowest of sequence4 ,knave1 ten1 nine1 c4 ,play nine1 or lowest of sequence4 ,queen1 knave1 and small2 knave1 ten1 and small2 ten1 nine1 and small4 ,play as directed at pp4 #hb-c4 ,covering or passing second hand4 ,if an honour is led1 and you have the ace1 as a rule play the ace4 ,if an honour is led1 and you hold an honour1 not the ace1 pass as a rule4 ,it was formerly the practice to cover an honour with an honour1 if numerically weak4 ,calculation shows more is gained than lost1 in the long run1 by passing4 ,but1 if a strengthening card is led1 late in a hand1 it would often be right to cover4 ,no positive rule can be laid down for the play of the second hand under such circumstances4 ,when you have the fourchette it is almost always right to cover4 ,thus1 if knave is led1 and you hold queen1 ten1 c41 put on the queen4 ,if a ten is led1 and you hold queen and one small one1 play queen4 ,the lead is probably from king1 knave1 ten1 c41 and the queen may save your partner's ace4 ,with queen and two small ones1 or with other combinations not enumerated as those with which a high card should be played second hand1 pass4 ,if a nine is led1 and you hold king and one small one1 play king4 ,the leader must have opened an ace suit 7either ace1 queen1 ten1 nine1 or ace1 knave1 ten1 nine71 assuming him to have led from a suit of four cards4 ,the same applies if you hold king1 nine1 and eight is led4 ,if a medium card is led from a suit of at least four cards1 three being higher than the card led1 and you hold cards that 7together with the leader's cards7 make up a sequence1 cover with the lowest card you can4 ,for example3--,the original lead is an eight4 ,you 7second hand7 hold ace1 king1 ten1 with or without small ones4 ,if the lead was from queen1 knave1 nine1 eight1 as is most probable1 and the ten is put on1 it will win the trick4 ,again3 the original lead is a seven4 ,you hold ace1 queen1 knave1 eight4 ,if the seven is the lowest of a four card suit1 the lead must have been from king1 ten1 nine1 seven4 ,therefore1 the eight put on will win the trick4 ,the same applies1 if the leader of an ace follows with a medium card4 ,for example3--,ace is led originally4 ,the next lead of an ,american ,leader is1 say1 the eight4 ,you had originally king1 queen1 ten1 four1 and you played the four to the ace4 ,the leader must hold knave1 nine and small4 ,you should1 therefore play the ten4 ,and1 observe1 the play would be the same1 if the second lead of a player who does not follow the ,american system were the seven1 as then he must hold knave1 nine1 eight4 ,if a small card is led1 and you hold an honour and a small card1 pass the trick as a rule2 for by putting on the honour you expose your weakness1 and enable the original leader to finesse against you on the second round4 ,the principal general exception to playing a small card second hand1 is when the circumstances of the hand cause you to seize any chance of getting the lead1 as when you want to stop a lead of trumps1 or to lead trumps yourself4 ,then it is often right to play a high card second hand1 when unsupported by another high card4 ,also1 in trumps1 if king or queen is turned up1 and you hold it singly guarded 7i4e41 if you have only one other trump71 it is generally advisable to put on the turn-up1 second hand4 ,and if you hold king or queen1 singly guarded1 and a superior honour is turned up to your right1 you should play the king or queen4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the second round of a suit1 if you have the winning card1 you should--in plain suits--generally put it on second hand1 subject to a finesse that will certainly be successful2 but in trumps there are many cases in which you should not1 especially if you have numerical strength in trumps1 and a good hand besides4 ,your winning trump must make1 and1 by passing the second round1 you perhaps enable your partner to win with a third best trump--or even a smaller one--yourself retaining the command4 ,if1 when led through in the second round of a suit1 you conclude from the previous fall of the cards that the second best card is to your right1 it is sometimes advisable to put on the third best4 ,you thus save your partner's hand if he holds the best4 ,for instance3 if knave is led in the first round1 and your partner 7then second player7 puts on king1 which wins the trick1 it is clear 7if the ten is your best7 that your partner has the ace1 for the third player could not win the king1 and the leader could not have led from ace1 knave4 ,if your right-hand adversary afterwards returns the suit through you1 you should put on the ten in order to save your partner's ace4 ,illustration ,,the ,,third ,,hand4 7,see also ,whist ,developments4 ,,de ,,la ,,rue ,co47 ,in the first round of a suit1 you should generally #h4 ,,play ,,your ,,highest ,,card ,,third ,,hand1 in order to strengthen your partner4 ,you presume that he leads from his strong suit1 and wants to get the winning cards of it out of his way2 you1 therefore1 do not finesse1 but play your highest1 remembering that you play the lowest of a sequence4 ,with ace1 queen 7and1 of course1 ace1 queen1 knave1 c41 in sequence7 you do finesse1 for1 in this case1 the finesse cannot be left to your partner4 ,in trumps you may finesse ace1 knave1 if an honour is turned up to your right4 ,some players finesse knave with king1 knave1 c42 but it is contrary to principle to finesse in your partner's strong suit4 ,if your partner leads a high card originally1 you assume it is led from one of the combinations given in the ,analysis of ,leads 7pp4 #fd-ga71 and your play third hand must be guided by a consideration of the combination led from4 ,with ace1 you pass queen led2 you are then in much the same position as though a small card were led1 and you finessed with ace1 queen4 ,knave1 led originally1 is from king1 queen1 knave1 c4 7some players lead knave from knave1 ten1 nine1 c47 ,in either case1 if you hold ace with one small card1 play the ace2 with more than one small card1 pass 7see p4 #ih74 ,if your only honour is the king1 you should pass knave led4 ,for1 the second hand having passed1 you assume ace to be to your left 7p4 #hh74 ,should the queen be there also1 you waste the king by covering2 and if queen is to your right1 the knave forces the ace4 ,ten may be led originally from king1 queen1 knave1 ten1 or from king1 knave1 ten1 c4 ,if you hold ace1 you should put it on2 but if you hold queen1 you should pass4 ,holding both ace and queen1 your play depends on whether you wish to obtain the lead on the first round of the suit4 ,if your partner opens a suit1 late in a hand1 with a high card1 your play1 third hand1 will depend on your judgment of the character of the lead4 ,if it is probable that your partner has led from a weak suit1 you will often be right to finesse king1 knave1 c41 or to pass his card altogether1 so as not to give up the entire command of the suit4 ,thus1 if ten is led and you hold ace1 knave1 c41 it is clear that the card led is the highest your partner holds in the suit4 ,you therefore pass1 and unless both king and queen are to your left1 you remain with the tenace4 ,similar remarks apply to a forced lead of knave1 when you hold ace1 ten1 c4 ,if you have considerable strength in a suit in which a strengthening card is led1 you must be guided by your strength in trumps4 ,thus1 your partner leads knave from a weak suit1 and you hold ace1 king1 and small ones4 ,you may1 as a rule1 pass the knave if you are strong in trumps1 but not if weak4 ,in the second round of a suit1 if you 7third player7 hold the best and third best cards1 and you have no indication as to the position of the intermediate card1 your play should again depend on your strength in trumps4 ,if weak in trumps1 secure the trick at once2 if strong in trumps1 and especially if strong enough to lead a trump 7see ,management of ,trumps1 pp4 #abj-bd71 should the finesse succeed1 it is generally right to make it4 ,if you hold second and fourth best1 you may nearly always finesse2 for you conclude that the winning card is over you in the fourth hand1 since your partner has not led it1 and the second player has not put it on4 ,if the third best lies over you also1 you cannot prevent the tenace from making1 and your only chance1 therefore1 is to finesse4 ,thus1 if you lead a small card from queen1 ten1 and two small ones1 your partner wins the first trick with the king1 and returns a small one4 ,the ace is certainly to your left2 you therefore finesse the ten1 for if your left-hand adversary holds ace and knave he must make them both2 but1 otherwise1 your ten forces the ace1 and you are left with the best4 ,in trumps1 the winning card is often held up by the adversary1 but you must submit to this contingency1 and generally finesse4 ,it is of no use to finesse against your right-hand adversary in a suit in which he has shown weakness4 ,for instance1 if the second hand has none of the suit led1 and does not trump it1 you 7third hand7 should not finesse a major tenace 7i4e41 the best and third best cards74 ,this often occurs in the second or third round of a suit2 also1 if your partner 7third player7 has won a trick very cheaply1 and the suit is returned1 it is rarely of any use to finesse if you have the winning card4 ,in some few positions1 however1 it is necessary to finesse1 even if the second player holds nothing4 ,thus1 your partner leads a knave1 and the second hand renounces 7i4e41 does not follow suit72 if you 7third player7 hold king1 it is useless to cover1 as ace1 queen in the fourth hand must make4 ,again1 you have king1 and two small trumps2 your partner leads a small one2 the second hand renounces4 ,if you want one trick to win or save the game1 you 7third player7 play a small trump1 when the fourth player will be obliged to lead up to your king guarded4 ,the state of the game and of the score will often direct as to a finesse late in a hand4 ,thus1 if you hold a winning card1 and want one trick to save or win the game1 of course you should not run any risk4 ,a finesse against even one card is generally wrong1 if1 by playing otherwise1 you prevent the adversary from scoring three or five4 ,a finesse is almost always bad1 if by not finessing you insure the odd trick1 as that makes a difference of two to the score4 ,in the opposite case1 a finesse is generally right 7sometimes even against more than one card71 if its success gives you the odd trick1 or puts you at the score of three or five4 ,the considerations as to finessing and the course of play generally1 that come in as the hand proceeds1 are so complicated1 and depend so much on inferences from previous play1 and on the state of the score1 that one can scarcely do more than to state a few broad rules1 and to add some examples4 ,illustrations of the conduct of the hand at advanced periods will be found in ,sections #ag and #ah 7pp4 #acd-aee71 and more in the hands4 ,,the ,,fourth ,,hand4 ,the fourth player having1 with a few exceptions1 merely to win the trick1 if against him1 his play involves no further development of general principles4 ,the exceptional cases1 where the fourth hand should not win the trick though he can1 or should win his partner's trick in order to get the lead1 depend so much on the previous fall of the cards1 that they can best be illustrated in the hands4 ,,the ,,command ,,of ,,suits4 7,see also ,appendix ,b41 pp4 #bhg-h47 ,in the foregoing chapters it has been incidentally stated that you should #i4 ,,keep ,,the ,,command ,,of ,,your ,,adversary',s ,,suit3 ,,and #aj4 ,,get ,,rid ,,of ,,the ,,command ,,of ,,your ,,partner',s ,,suit4 ,the reasons will be obvious to those who are familiar with the previous pages2 in the first case1 you obstruct the adversaries' suits1 and prevent their establishing them2 in the second case1 you assist in clearing the suit for your partner4 ,thus1 with ace and queen only of a suit led by your partner1 if you win with the queen1 play out the ace at once2 but1 if the suit is led by your adversary1 keep the ace in your hand4 ,if you play out the winning card of the opponent's suit in hopes of trumping the next round1 which is often done by those who play a trumping game1 you do just what the adversaries want2 for the lead of the ace gives them valuable assistance towards bringing in their suit when trumps are out4 ,though the advantage of getting rid of the command of a suit1 of which your partner has declared numerical strength1 is recognised theoretically1 the application of the principle is much neglected in practice4 ,in order to get rid1 at the proper moment1 of the command of your partner's suit1 a thorough knowledge of the ,analysis of ,leads is requisite1 as the following examples will show3--#a4 ,your partner leads ace1 originally1 of a plain suit4 ,he has led from ace1 queen1 knave1 c41 or from a suit of five cards at least4 ,you have four of the suit1 say ten1 nine1 eight1 two4 ,to his ace1 you should play the eight1 not the two4 ,all follow suit1 and your partner continues with knave1 or with a small card4 ,you now know for certain that he led from five at least4 ,you should play the nine1 even if the second hand puts on a winning card or a trump4 ,when the suit is led again1 you should play the ten4 ,your partner is left with two small cards1 and you do not block his suit2 if you had played two1 eight1 nine1 it is very probable that you would keep the command of the suit with the ten4 #b4 ,if instead of ten1 nine1 eight1 two1 you held1 say1 ten1 nine1 three1 two1 and your partner leads ace and a small one1 you should similarly play the nine on the second round4 #c4 ,if your partner led from ace1 queen1 knave and one small one 7as you will be informed by his leading queen after ace71 you cannot block the suit2 but1 if you have played the eight to the ace1 as in ,example #a1 you must still play the nine to the queen1 or you have called for trumps 7see p4 #abe74 ,you lose nothing by this1 as you and your partner still retain the winning cards of the suit4 ,if on the third round you find it necessary to play your small card1 you have not called for trumps 7see ,appendix ,b1 pp4 #bhg-h74 #d4 ,similarly1 you have king1 queen1 and two small cards of a plain suit of which your partner leads ace and a small one4 ,all follow suit to the ace2 the second hand trumps the small one4 ,you should play the queen1 and to the third round the king4 #e4 ,your partner leads knave of a plain suit originally1 from king1 queen1 knave1 and at least two small cards4 ,the second hand plays a small card4 ,you 7third hand7 hold ace1 c4 ,whether or not you should put on the ace1 depends on the number of small cards you hold4 ,having only one small card1 you should play the ace1 that you may not block the suit4 ,having more than one small card1 you pass the knave4 ,suppose the knave wins the trick1 and your partner continues with king or queen4 ,if you now remain with ace and one small card1 you should put on the ace2 but1 if you have ace and two small cards left1 you should pass again1 as you still have the power of getting rid of the command on the third round4 #f4 ,to continue the previous example4 ,say the two rounds of your partner's suit have resulted in the fall of seven cards of it1 and that you still have ace and a small one left4 ,your adversary now leads the suit a third time1 that his partner may trump it4 ,you should play the ace1 keeping the small card of the suit of which your partner will still hold two cards4 #g4 ,if your partner leads a small card of a plain suit originally1 and you can tell from the fall of the cards that the card led was not his absolute lowest1 you know he led from a suit of more than four 7see ,analysis of ,leads71 and if you had four originally1 you should be prepared to get rid of the command on the subsequent rounds4 ,for example3--,your partner leads eight4 ,all follow suit1 and the queen falls4 ,on obtaining the lead again1 your partner leads the six1 showing that he led from at least five cards4 ,ace comes out4 ,one adversary does not follow suit4 ,you held1 originally1 knave1 five1 four1 three1 and have played the three and the four4 ,your partner now has the lead again1 and leads the king of his suit4 ,you1 holding knave and one small one1 would play very badly to retain the knave4 ,you should throw the knave on the king1 and your partner's suit is freed4 #h4 ,your hand contains four cards1 viz41 ace and one small spade 7spades not having been led71 and two losing diamonds2 your partner has nothing but spades1 of which he leads the king4 ,if you pass it you cannot make more than two tricks1 for the winning diamonds are against you in one hand2 but1 if you win your partner's king1 and return the small one1 and your partner has led from king1 queen1 you still win two tricks1 and get a chance of making three or four4 ,a collateral advantage of playing as advised1 is that a good partner will often know how many of his suit you still have in hand4 ,thus1 he leads knave1 which you pass2 he continues with queen1 which you win4 ,it ought to be a certainty that you remain with one small card of his suit and no more4 ,if you pass again1 it should be equally certain1 when your ace comes down in the third round1 that you have one small card of the suit in hand4 ,again3 your partner leads ace and knave2 knave is won by the adversary with the king4 ,you1 holding ten1 nine1 eight1 deuce1 have played eight and nine of the suit4 ,if the winner of the trick does not lead a trump1 your partner would infer1 with tolerable certainty1 that you remain with the deuce and ten of his suit1 as no one is asking for trumps 7see p4 #abe7 and no one has played the deuce in two rounds4 ,in trumps1 the case is somewhat different1 as you cannot block your partner's trump suit4 ,it is then only advisable to get out of his way1 if you see from the fall of the cards that it is essential he should proceed with trumps4 ,thus3 with ace and one small trump you would not put ace on his knave led1 unless very desirous of three rounds of trumps immediately4 ,moreover1 in trumps1 your partner can count your hand in another way2 for with four trumps you would echo1 as will be fully explained under ,management of ,trumps 7p4 #abh74 ,you help your partner to get rid of the command of your suit by leading the lowest of a sequence1 notwithstanding that it heads your suit1 when you want him to win your card if he can4 ,for this reason you lead ten from king1 queen1 knave1 ten2 ace1 knave from ace1 queen1 knave1 and at least two small cards2 and so on4 ,in this last case1 if your partner has king1 whether he should put it on your knave1 or not1 depends on how many small cards of the suit he holds4 ,if1 when you lead knave1 he remains with king and one small one1 he should win the knave with the king2 but if he has king and two small ones remaining1 he should pass the knave1 for precisely the same reasons as those given in the previous examples4 ,again1 suppose you are left with knave1 ten1 and others of a suit1 of which your partner can only have king and another 7ace and queen being out71 though it is uncertain whether he does hold the king4 ,you would cause him to get rid of the king by leading the ten2 whereas1 if you led the knave1 he probably would not part with the king4 ,experienced players frequently endeavour to steal a trick1 or to obtain the entire command of a suit 7i4e41 to keep a sufficient number of winning or commanding cards in it to make every trick71 by underplaying4 ,underplay is keeping up the winning card1 generally in the second round of a suit1 by leading a low card1 though holding the best4 ,thus1 suppose a small trump is led1 and you 7fourth player7 hold ace1 knave1 and two small ones1 and you win with one of the small ones4 ,if1 at a later period of the hand1 you return a small trump1 you will very likely cause your left-hand adversary to believe that your partner has the ace2 consequently1 if your left-hand adversary has the king1 he may not put it on2 your partner will win the second round with the queen1 and you will retain the command of the trump suit4 ,underplay is an extempore stratagem depending on observation of the previous fall of the cards1 and1 therefore1 best capable of explanation by examples4 ,thus3 ,a1 finding his partner strong in trumps1 leads the seven4 ,the king is put on by ,y 7second hand71 which ,b 7third hand7 wins1 holding ace1 queen1 ten1 nine1 eight4 ,it is evident to ,b that ,a's seven was his highest trump1 as the only higher one in is the knave1 and ,a would never lead the seven from knave1 seven4 ,the king having been put on second hand1 ,b concludes that ,y1 in all probability1 holds at most one small trump more4 ,the knave is1 to a moral certainty1 in ,z's hand4 ,b1 by leading the eight in the second round1 will probably win the trick1 and unless ,z had four trumps originally1 will catch the knave with the queen in the third round4 7,further examples of underplay occur in the hands47 ,players should be on their guard against this manuvre1 particularly when second hand1 in the second round of a suit1 they hold the second best card guarded1 and the adversary has been playing a strong game 7as by leading trumps71 and is left with the long trump1 or is certain to be able to obtain the lead again4 ,then it is often right for the second hand to stick on a singly-guarded second best card1 especially if that is the only chance of making it4 ,in the case stated in the previous paragraph1 ,z's only chance of making the knave1 if singly guarded1 is to put it on second hand4 ,for1 if the queen with small ones is in ,a's hand1 ,a is sure to finesse on the return of the suit by his partner4 ,again1 take this case3 ,a leads the six of diamonds2 ,y1 with knave1 ten1 and a small one1 puts on the ten2 ,b plays the king1 and ,z wins it with the ace4 ,presently1 ,a obtains the lead again1 and leads the eight of diamonds4 ,a1 having led the lowest of his suit in the first round1 it may be inferred that he has led from a strong suit--headed in this case by the queen--and that he is underplaying with1 probably1 queen and nine in his hand4 ,y should observe this1 and in the second round should win the eight with the knave4 ,refusing to play the winning card in the first and second rounds of a suit--commonly called holding up--is1 in fact1 a species of underplay4 ,for example3--#a4 ,trumps are led by the player to your left2 the third player wins with the ace1 and returns the suit through your hand4 ,if you are left with king and one or more small ones1 you should play a small one1 unless the circumstances of the hand are such that you deem it advantageous to stop the trump lead4 ,the original trump leader1 not knowing but that the king is in your partner's hand1 will probably finesse1 and your partner thus has a chance of making the third best trump1 even though unguarded4 ,if your partner has neither second nor third best trump1 no harm is done1 as you will then probably make but one trick in the suit1 however you play4 #b4 ,again1 ten tricks are played1 and each player is left with three cards of a suit not opened4 ,if the second player puts on the queen 7from which it may be inferred that he holds the king also71 the third hand should not cover with the ace4 ,for1 by winning the trick1 he must lead up to king guarded2 but1 by passing it1 he leaves the lead with the second player1 and takes the best chance of making two tricks4 #c4 ,one more example will suffice3 ,a has the last trump1 and ace1 ten1 and three small cards of a suit not led4 ,the adversary now leads the king1 and follows with the queen of that suit4 ,a should pass them both2 by so doing he will probably make three tricks in the suit if the cards are equally divided4 ,,discarding4 ,when you cannot follow suit1 you should #aa4 ,,discard ,,from ,,your ,,weakest ,,suit4 ,you weaken a suit by discarding from it1 and lessen the number of long cards you might otherwise establish and bring in 7i4e41 make tricks with if trumps are out1 and you obtain the lead after the establishment of your suit74 ,on the other hand1 you do but little harm by throwing from a suit in which you are already weak4 ,your partner should understand that your first or original discard is from your weakest suit1 just as he understands that your original lead is from your strongest suit4 ,but1 as in the case of leads1 you are sometimes obliged to lead from a weak suit1 or to make a forced lead1 so sometimes you have to make a forced discard4 ,forced discards require much more careful consideration than they generally receive4 ,it is clear that if the opponents declare great strength in trumps 7by leading trumps or asking for them1 as will be fully explained in ,section #ac71 that your chance of bringing in a suit is practically nil4 ,you should therefore1 in such cases1 abandon the tactics you would otherwise adopt1 and play to guard your weaker suits1 by discarding from your best protected suit1 which is generally your longest suit4 ,you must1 in fact1 play a defensive game4 ,if this system of discarding is comprehended by the two players who are partners1 it follows1 as a matter of course1 that when trumps are not declared against you1 your partner will assume you are weak in the suit you first discard2 but1 when trumps are declared against you1 he will give you credit for strength in the suit from which you originally throw away4 ,this is most important1 as it affects his subsequent leads4 ,in the first case1 he will refrain from leading the suit from which you have discarded2 in the second1 he will1 unless he has a very strong suit of his own1 select for his lead the suit in which you have shown strength by your discard4 ,it is commonly said1 ,discard from your strong suit when the adversary leads or calls for trumps4 ,but this is a very imperfect and misleading aphorism4 ,if you have no indications from the play1 and are obliged to discard to an adverse trump lead or call1 you should discard from your best protected suit4 ,but1 if you have1 or if the fall of the cards shows that your partner has1 sufficient strength in trumps to outlast the adversary1 the discard should be from the weak suit4 ,thus3 ,y1 second player1 calls for trumps 7see p4 #abe71 and ,b1 third player1 also calls4 ,the discards of ,a and ,z should be from their weak suits4 ,for though1 on the one hand1 great strength in trumps is declared against them1 on the other hand great strength is also declared with them4 ,again3 ,z deals and turns up nine of clubs4 ,a 7the original leader7 leads a small club2 ,y follows suit2 ,b puts on ace2 ,z plays king4 ,this shows that ,z has a sequence of queen1 knave1 ten1 nine of trumps2 and therefore that1 though ,a has led a trump1 he has anything but the command of the suit4 ,b returns the trump2 ,z wins2 ,y has no more trumps4 ,his discard should be from his weakest suit4 ,the following case is less easy3--,the adversary 7,a7 leads a tierce major in trumps1 eleven trumps come out1 and your partner 7,y7 must have knave of trumps to save the game4 ,you now credit your partner with the command of trumps1 though the adversary has led them2 and if either you 7,y7 or your partner 7,z7 has to discard1 the discard should be from the weakest suit 7see ,hand ,,xii47 ,similar remarks apply if a strengthening trump is led by an adversary from weak trumps and good cards in plain suits4 ,it must be borne in mind that it is only your original discard which is directive4 ,having once discarded1 you cannot undo your work by any number of discards from another suit4 ,also1 having once led a suit1 you have declared strength in it2 and subsequent discards from that suit do not alter the fact that it was originally your strongest suit4 ,it is dangerous to unguard an honour1 or to blank an ace2 and1 also1 to discard a single card when the game is in an undeveloped stage1 as it exposes your weakness almost as soon as the suit is led4 ,but1 when you see that there is a probability of strength in trumps on your side1 direct your partner to your strong suit by all the means in your power1 and unhesitatingly unguard an honour1 or throw a single card4 ,of course1 if strength in trumps is against you1 these are the very last cards you should think of throwing away4 ,when your left-hand adversary will have the lead next round1 if you discard from a suit in which you hold a tenace1 you may possibly induce him to lead that suit up to you4 ,you must be on your guard against this ruse1 and not necessarily lead up to the discard of your right-hand opponent4 ,the same principle applies to trumping as to discarding4 ,the weaker you are in trumps1 the better it is for you to make a little one by trumping1 as will be further explained in ,section #ad4 ,,the ,,conversation ,,of ,,the ,,game4 #ab4 ,,afford ,,information ,,by ,,your ,,play4 ,it has several times been assumed in the preceding pages that you should convey information by your play4 ,the question naturally arises1 ,how is it that a player gains any advantage by publishing information to the table8 ,it is often argued1 and with much show of reason1 that as almost every revelation concerning your hand must be given to the whole table1 and that as you have two adversaries and only one partner1 you publish information at a disadvantage4 ,no doubt this argument would have considerable force if you were compelled to expose the whole of your hand4 ,but you possess the power1 to a great extent1 of selecting what facts shall be announced and what concealed4 ,experienced players are unanimous in admitting that it is an advantage to inform your partner of strength in your own suits1 though some advise concealment of strength in suits in which the adversaries have shown strength4 ,thus1 with ace1 king1 second hand1 the usual play is to put on the king4 ,the third hand does not win the king1 and hence the leader is able to infer that the ace of his strong suit is against him4 ,but1 if you put on the ace second hand1 you prevent the leader from discovering where the king of his suit lies4 ,it is1 however1 found that two honours in the adversary's suit constitute sufficient strength to make it advantageous in the long run to proclaim your force2 while1 with less strength1 it is not easy to mystify the opponents prejudicially2 so that1 on the whole1 it seldom happens that a balance of gain results from the adoption of deceptive play4 ,occasionally1 however1 a false card may be played with a special object4 ,for instance3 ace is turned up to your right1 and1 when the dealer gets in1 he leads a small trump4 ,if you1 second hand1 have king1 queen only1 you would be justified in playing the king1 in hopes of inducing the trump leader to finesse on the return of the suit4 ,or1 take this case3 your left-hand adversary leads originally the five of his strong suit1 from king1 ten1 seven1 five4 ,your partner plays the six2 third hand plays ace4 ,you1 holding queen1 knave1 nine1 eight1 four1 three1 play the three4 ,your right-hand opponent now leads trumps2 all the trumps come out4 ,the player to your right next returns the deuce of his partner's suit4 ,the original lead being from a four-card suit1 king1 ten1 seven1 remain in the leader's hand4 ,if you play knave1 the original leader will place queen in your hand1 and will hesitate to go on with the suit4 ,but1 if you play queen1 he will put knave and at least one small one in his partner's hand4 ,then if1 under this impression1 he continues the suit1 you bring it in4 ,it is in most cases unquestionably disadvantageous to you that the whole table should be aware of your being very weak in a particular suit1 and1 consequently1 information of weakness should be withheld as long as possible4 ,if you are led up to fourth hand in such a suit1 or if your partner opens the suit with a small card1 of course the disclosure is inevitable2 but until one of these events happens your poverty can generally be kept out of sight4 ,it may happen that you are occasionally forced to lead a weak suit yourself2 and in this event the least disadvantage1 on the whole1 is to tell the truth at once1 by first leading the highest of it4 ,your partner apprised of the state of your hand1 by the fall of your smaller card in the subsequent round1 will probably deem it prudent to strive by defensive tactics to avert total defeat in that suit1 rather than to contend single-handed against the combined strength of the opponents4 ,but1 at critical points of the game1 it is often right to conceal weakness4 ,thus1 towards the end of a hand1 it is necessary that your partner should make a couple of tricks in an unopened suit1 of which you hold two or three little cards4 ,you should lead the lowest4 ,if you lead the highest1 the adversaries will suspect your weakness at once1 and will be sure of it on the second round4 ,their efforts will then be directed to preventing your partner from making the required tricks in that suit4 ,your left-hand adversary will not finesse2 and if your partner is led through1 your right-hand adversary merely covers1 or plays the lowest card he has1 higher than the one you first led4 ,when your partner has exhibited weakness in one or more suits1 you would frequently be justified in playing a false card4 ,you are driven to rely solely on yourself1 and are entitled to adopt every artifice your ingenuity can suggest in order to perplex the other side4 ,the consideration that you may mislead your partner will no longer influence you1 as you know him to be powerless for good or for evil4 ,you inform your partner by following the recognised practice of the game1 as by leading from your strong suit originally1 by leading the highest of a sequence1 by following suit with the lowest of a sequence1 and so forth4 ,if you adhere to this you will soon acquire a reputation for playing a straightforward intelligible game2 and this character alone will counterbalance the disadvantage which will sometimes attach to the fact that you have enabled the adversaries to read your hand4 ,if your partner knows that you play at random and without method1 he will be in a state of constant uncertainty2 and you almost preclude him from executing any of the finer strokes of play1 the opportunities for which generally arise from being able to infer with confidence the position of particular cards4 ,the extreme case of two skilled players against two unskilled ones amounts almost to this1 that towards the close of a hand the former have the same advantage as though they had seen each other's cards1 while the latter have not4 ,it follows that when you are unfortunately tied to an untaught partner1 especially if at the same time you are pitted against observant adversaries1 you should expose your hand as little as possible1 particularly in respect of minor details4 ,it will become apparent1 on consideration1 that the question of the advisability of affording information is more or less intimately connected with every card that is played4 ,it is1 therefore1 of extreme importance to ascertain whether the practice is advantageous or the reverse4 ,the arguments just adduced are doubtless in favour of the practice of affording information by the play2 but it must be admitted that by far the strongest authority for it is that experienced players1 by their settled opinions1 reject the opposite course4 ,the instructed player frequently selects one card in preference to another with the sole object of affording information4 ,when the principle is carried thus far1 the play becomes purely conventional4 ,for example3 you naturally win a trick as cheaply as possible2 if1 fourth hand1 you could win with a ten1 you would not waste an ace4 ,but suppose you hold knave and ten1 which card should then be played8 ,the knave and ten in one hand are of equal value1 and therefore to win with the knave would be no unnecessary sacrifice of strength4 ,nevertheless1 you extend to such cases the rule of winning as cheaply as possible1 and you play the ten for the mere purpose of conveying information4 ,this is a simple instance of pure convention4 ,again3 the system of returning the higher of two losing cards 7see p4 #hj7 when they are both small cards1 is purely conventional4 ,to take another case3 after two rounds of your four-card suit1 you are left with two losing cards1 say the six and the seven1 and you1 having the lead1 are about to continue the suit2 you should lead the six1 not the seven1 in accordance with the rule that you lead the lowest card of a suit1 except with commanding strength4 ,this being the convention1 if you lead the seven1 your partner will infer that you cannot hold the six1 and will suppose that you led from a three-card suit1 in consequence of exceptional circumstances2 if he is a good player he will miscount all the hands1 probably to your mutual discomfiture4 ,whist conventions1 it will be observed1 are in accordance with1 and are suggested by1 principle4 ,indeed1 all the established conventions of the game are so chosen as to harmonise with play that would naturally be adopted independently of convention4 ,the aggregation of the recognised rules of play1 including the established conventions1 constitute what in practice is called the ,conversation of the ,game of ,whist4 ,it must not be overlooked that unsound players often deceive unintentionally1 and all players sometimes with intention4 ,it is1 therefore1 necessary to be on your guard against drawing inferences too rigidly4 ,there are some ways of conveying information which have not been explained4 ,for example3 if you have the complete command of a suit1 you can publish the fact by discarding the highest of it2 the presumption being that you would never throw away a winning card with a losing one in your hand4 ,if you discard a second-best card of a suit of which your partner does not know you to hold a long sequence1 you ought to have no more of the suit1 for with the best also you would discard that1 and with a smaller one you would discard that4 ,by winning with the highest1 and returning the lowest of a sequence 7more especially fourth hand71 you show that you have the intermediate cards4 ,thus1 with ace1 king1 queen1 fourth hand1 if you desire to continue the suit1 and at the same time to show that you still remain with the winning card1 you would win with the ace and return the queen4 ,again1 as long as you keep the turn-up card in hand1 your partner knows where it is2 so1 having turned up a nine and holding the ten1 trump with the ten in preference4 ,this rule1 however1 is liable to exceptions4 ,with very small trumps1 of equal value1 trumping with the higher card may be mistaken for an exhibition of four or five trumps2 also1 if you are weak in trumps1 and the adversaries have shown strength in them1 it is not advisable to keep the turn-up card2 for1 if the adversaries know you have it in your hand1 they will draw it1 whereas1 if you play it1 they may be uncertain as to your holding another4 ,if you open a suit of ace1 king only1 it must be a forced lead4 ,you then adopt the rule of leading the highest of a numerically weak suit1 and first lead the ace4 ,this shows your partner 7unless you have already been forced1 when you lead the ace before king for other reasons71 that you have no more of the suit4 ,also1 by leading the lowest of a head sequence of winning trumps 7subject1 if an ,american ,leader1 to a selection of card in order to show number71 you convey information4 ,thus1 you lead a small trump1 partner plays queen1 won with king4 ,you remain with ace1 knave1 ten4 ,on obtaining the lead1 you continue with the ten1 and1 when it wins1 you have shown two by honours 7unless ace is held up1 which is unlikely74 ,if you continue with ace1 as in plain suits1 your partner can tell nothing about the knave and ten4 ,you may pursue the same method in plain suits when your partner has no more trumps1 and with any head sequence when you want him to win the trick1 or are sure he cannot1 and also when the fourth hand has already renounced in the suit led4 ,a most valuable mode of conveying very precise information of strength is within the reach of players who think fit to adopt ,american ,leads 7see ,appendix ,a74 ,as the propriety of these leads is questioned by some players1 it may be stated that they form a beautiful system which is in full harmony with the established principles of whist play4 ,with regard to the ,american system when leading a high card of your strong suit after a high card1 no one disputes the propriety of leading ace1 then queen1 from ace1 queen1 knave1 and one small card2 and of leading ace1 then knave1 from ace1 queen1 knave1 and more than one small card4 ,in the case of the four-card suit1 you select the higher card to tell your partner not to play the king1 as you have not sufficient numerical power to defend the suit single-handed4 ,in the case of a suit of more than four cards1 you select the lower card that your partner may not retain the command of your suit1 and may play the king1 should he happen to have held king and two small ones originally4 ,for a similar reason1 it is obvious that with queen1 knave1 ten1 and one small card1 you should follow queen with knave2 with queen1 knave1 ten1 and more than one small card1 you should follow queen with ten4 ,now1 here is a germ of a principle of play4 ,holding two high indifferent cards1 and only four of your suit1 your second lead is the higher card2 holding more than four1 your second lead is the lower card4 ,for the sake of uniformity1 you should pursue the same plan in all cases where1 after your first lead1 you remain with two high indifferent cards4 ,thus1 your original lead is a ten1 from king1 knave1 ten1 and one or more small cards4 ,the queen is played to your ten4 ,you have the lead again1 and it is immaterial1 so far as establishing the suit is concerned1 whether you proceed with the king or with the knave4 ,but1 if your practice is uniform1 and in accordance with the practice which obtains in the case of ace1 queen1 knave1 and of queen1 knave1 ten1 you can inform your partner whether you led from a suit of four cards or of more than four cards4 ,if you continue with the king1 the higher of two indifferent cards1 you led from king1 knave1 ten1 and one small card2 if you continue with the knave1 the lower of two indifferent cards1 you led from king1 knave1 ten1 and more than one small card4 ,with regard to the ,american system1 when opening your strong suit with a low card1 those who have already adopted the penultimate lead from suits of five cards1 will have no difficulty in again discovering the germ of a principle of play4 ,the fourth-best card of your suit is led from suits of four cards1 and from suits of five cards4 ,you have only to apply the same rule to suits of more than five cards1 and to lead your fourth-best card4 ,you then pursue a uniform practice1 and at the same time convey valuable information4 7,see ,appendix ,a74 ,as an illustration1 take this suit--queen1 ten1 nine1 eight4 ,you lead the eight4 ,now suppose your suit to be queen1 ten1 nine1 eight1 three4 ,you still lead the eight4 ,now add one more card4 ,your suit is queen1 ten1 nine1 eight1 three1 two4 ,you should still lead the eight4 ,no doubt1 a careful player would lead the eight1 as a card of protection1 even if ,american leads had never been thought of4 ,with lower cards1 such as queen1 nine1 eight1 seven1 three1 two1 it is possible a careful player might lead the seven2 and with still lower cards1 where is he to stop8 ,the knot is cut by the very simple and uniform rule of leading the fourth-best1 without reference to the possibility of its being a card of protection4 ,with regard to the lead of a high card followed by a low card1 when the ,american system is followed1 the low card selected should be the original fourth-best4 7,see ,appendix ,a74 ,the more the ,american system is examined1 the more thorough and perfect it will be found4 ,care1 however1 must be taken1 with leads late in a hand1 not to confuse a fourth-best lead with a forced lead of the highest card of a weak suit4 ,the ,american rule only applies1 in its integrity to the original lead1--or after one or more tricks have been played1 to the original lead of the player's own choice1 7,see ,appendix ,a74 ,also1 it may be1 that the leader1 with very strong cards in all plain suits1 starts by leading a strengthening trump4 ,the uncertainty of the real character of the lead1 in this case1 is no doubt unfavourable2 but1 the advantage of frequently being able to give information of great numerical strength far outweighs this occasional danger4 ,information as to the number of trumps you hold can be similarly communicated when you have more than four trumps1 by trumping with the fourth-best and then leading the fourth-best of those remaining4 ,this rule1 however1 is subject to rather a large exception4 ,when your fourth-best trump is a medium card1 such as an eight1 trumping with the eight may imperil a trick later on4 ,for instance3 with such cards as king1 knave1 nine1 eight1 three1 a careful player would rightly trump with the three and lead the eight4 ,for the time1 you do not inform your partner as to number1 because the eight is too valuable a card to get rid of1 and the information might be purchased too dearly4 ,also1 when about to lead high trumps after a force1 there is no occasion to run any risk by trumping with any but the lowest1 as the high cards led will of themselves indicate how many trumps you now hold 7not how many you held originally74 ,if you take a force with any trump but the lowest1 and do not lead a trump1 when your lowest is afterwards played it only signifies that you had at least five trumps originally1 and your play does not constitute a call for trumps4 7,see p4 #abe47 ,,trumps4 ,,the ,,management ,,of ,,trumps4 ,the ,management of ,trumps is1 perhaps1 the most difficult of the problems presented to the ,whist-player4 ,before discussing the special uses of trumps1 it may be observed that in some few hands trumps are led like plain suits1 because they are your strongest suit1 and you prefer leading them to opening a weak suit4 ,the principles already discussed1 which guide us to the most favourable chances for making tricks in a suit1 apply to trumps equally with other suits4 ,the privilege1 however1 enjoyed by the trump suit of winning every other1 causes some modifications of detail 7noticed at pp4 #fd-ga1 and at pp4 #he-hh72 for1 since the winning trumps must make tricks1 you play a more backward game in the trump suit4 ,thus1 with ace1 king1 and small trumps1 you lead a small one1 by which you obtain an increased chance of making tricks in the suit1 and you keep the command of it1 and must have the lead after the third round1 the advantage of which will be presently explained4 ,even if your partner is so weak in trumps that the opponent wins the first trick very cheaply1 but little 7if any7 harm accrues2 for the opponent then has to open a suit up to you or your partner4 ,in the great majority of hands1 trumps are applied to their special uses1 viz43 #a4 ,to disarm the opponents1 and to prevent their trumping your winning-cards2 and #b4 ,to trump the winning cards of the adversaries4 ,in order to comprehend when trumps may be most profitably applied to the first1 and when to the second1 of these uses1 we must first clearly perceive the objects aimed at throughout the hand1 viz43 to establish a suit1 to exhaust the adversaries' trumps1 and to retain the long trump1 or a certain winning card with which to get the lead again1 for the purpose of bringing in the suit2 also to endeavour to obstruct similar designs of the opponents4 ,it follows that you should #ac4 ,,lead ,,trumps ,,when ,,very ,,strong ,,in ,,them4 ,it cannot be too strongly impressed that the primary use of strength in trumps is to draw the adversaries' trumps for the bringing in of your own or your partner's long suit4 ,with great strength in trumps 7five or more71 you may proceed at once to disarm the opponents1 and lead trumps without waiting to establish a suit4 ,for1 with five trumps or more1 the chance of your succeeding in drawing the other trumps1 and of being left with the long trumps is so considerable1 that you may then almost always lead trumps1 whatever your other cards4 ,the exceptional hands are principally those which contain five trumps without an honour1 and five small cards of a plain suit2 or five trumps without an honour1 and four middling cards of one plain suit together with four bad cards of another plain suit4 ,but if the adversaries are at the score of three1 you should lead a trump with these hands1 as your partner must have two honours1 or very good cards out of trumps1 for you to save the game4 ,if you are at the score of three1 the adversaries being love1 one1 or two1 you should not lead a trump merely because you have five trumps with two honours1 if they are unaccompanied by a very strong suit1 or by good cards in each suit4 ,for here1 if your partner has an honour1 you probably win the game in any case2 and if he has no honour you open the trump suit to a disadvantage4 ,some good players1 however1 do not allow this to be an exceptional case4 ,the turn-up card may sometimes cause you to refrain from leading trumps from five4 ,thus3 you have king1 ten1 nine1 six1 and four of spades 7trumps72 ace1 queen1 and three small diamonds2 and three small hearts4 ,you are four1 and the ace of spades is turned up4 ,in the opinion of most players1 the ace of diamonds is the best original lead2 but1 if an ace were not turned up1 you should lead a trump4 ,it is often said1 even by pretty good players1 ,strength in trumps is no reason for leading them1 unless you have a good suit as well4 ,if both you and your partner are devoid of good cards you cannot make tricks2 but should your partner hold one good suit out of the three1 you will very likely bring it in for him by leading from strength in trumps4 ,for1 even if you have a poor hand out of trumps1 you will discover in the course of play 7i4e41 by the suits led or discarded by the other players71 what your partner's suit is1 and will be able to lead it to him each time you get the lead with your long trumps4 ,besides1 if your hand is weak out of trumps1 you are placed in the disadvantageous position of leading from a weak suit unless you lead trumps4 ,you should not be deterred from leading trumps because an honour is turned up to your right1 nor necessarily lead them because the same happens to your left2 either is proper if the circumstances of the hand require it1 but neither otherwise4 ,to illustrate this proposition1 take this hand3 ace1 queen1 and three small spades 7trumps71 three small hearts1 three small clubs1 and two small diamonds4 ,the king of spades is turned up fourth hand4 ,the best lead is disputed2 but the author has no hesitation in advising the lead of a small trump1 notwithstanding that there is a certain finesse over the king4 ,a little consideration will render this apparent4 ,by leading the trump suit originally1 you obtain the advantages just enumerated1 and make the dealer open a suit up to your partner4 ,your partner1 as soon as he gets the lead1 will return the trump1 and you thus obtain the command of trumps whether the king was forced out in the first round or not4 ,bearing in mind the severe consequences of leaving the adversary with the long trump1 you must be cautious in leading trumps from less than five2 four trumps and a moderate hand not justifying an original trump lead4 ,you should1 instead1 lead your strong plain suit1 and if you establish it1 and the adversaries do not meantime show any great strength1 as by leading or calling for trumps 7pp4 #abe-abg71 you may then1 with four trumps1 mostly venture a trump lead4 ,with strength in trumps you may generally finesse more freely in the second and third rounds of trumps than you would in plain suits4 ,in plain suits an unsuccessful finesse may result in the best card being afterwards trumped1 which cannot happen in trumps4 ,moreover1 by finessing1 you keep the winning trump1 and so obtain the lead after the third round4 ,this is especially important when you have a suit established and but four trumps4 ,here you should1 generally1 not merely finesse in the second round1 but hold up the winning trump1 and sometimes at this juncture refuse to part with it even if the trump lead comes from the adversary4 ,an example will render this more clear4 ,the leader 7,a7 has ace1 and three small trumps1 a strong suit1 headed by ace1 king1 queen1 and a probable trick1 say king and another1 in a third suit4 ,a should1 in the writer's judgment1 lead a trump4 ,if ,b 7,a's partner7 wins the first trick in trumps1 and returns a strengthening trump1 ,a1 as a rule1 should not part with his ace4 ,when ,a or ,b obtain the lead again they play a third round of trumps1 which1 being won by the ace1 enables ,a1 by leading his tierce major1 to get a force 7i4e41 to compel one of his adversaries to trump in order to win the trick71 in which case nothing short of five trumps in one hand against him can prevent ,a's bringing in his suit4 ,you must be prepared for similar tactics on the part of the adversaries1 and not conclude that they have not the best trump because they suffer you to win the first or second round4 ,with a well protected hand containing four trumps1 two being honours1 a trump may be led originally4 ,for here the chance of gaining by the trump lead may be taken as greater than the chance of losing4 ,thus with queen1 knave1 and two small trumps1 a four suit with an honour1 say for example1 knave1 ten1 nine1 and a small one1 king guarded in the third suit1 and queen guarded in the fourth1 a small trump if it finds partner with an honour is by no means unlikely to win the game4 ,if partner turns out very weak in trumps the leader must alter his plan1 and1 instead of continuing the trump lead1 play to make three1 five or seven tricks according to the fall of the cards in plain suits4 ,trump leads1 without strength in trumps1 can only be right in consequence of some special circumstance in the state of the game1 or of the score4 ,for instance1 great commanding strength in all the plain suits may call for a trump lead2 or it may be necessitated to stop a cross-ruff 7i4e41 the alternate trumping by partners of different suits1 each leading the suit in which the other renounces71 in which case it is generally advisable to take out two rounds if possible2 so with the winning trump you play it out1 whatever your others are4 ,again1 if you have a wretched hand and you are love to three or four1 you assume that the game is lost1 unless your partner is very strong2 and if he is very strong1 the trump is the best lead for him4 ,this doctrine is frequently carried to excess1 as1 by concealing your weakness1 you often stand a better chance of saving a point1 if not the game1 than by at once exposing it4 ,if1 therefore1 you have one four suit1 headed by an honour1 you would generally do better to choose that4 ,the trump lead is so much more important than any other that you should almost always return your partner's lead of trumps immediately1 except he has led from weakness1 when you are not bound to return it unless it suits your hand4 ,if you find one of the adversaries without a trump1 you should mostly proceed to establish your long suit1 and abstain from drawing two trumps for one2 to say nothing of the probability that the adversary who has not renounced is unusually strong in trumps4 ,besides1 when he has the lead1 he will very likely lead trumps in order to draw two for one2 and it is more advantageous to you that the lead should come from him4 ,on the other hand1 if your partner has no trump1 it is often right to endeavour to weaken the adversaries by continuing even their trump lead4 ,it is a common artifice1 if you wish a trump to be led1 to drop a high card to the adversary's lead1 to induce him to believe that you will trump it next round1 whereupon the leader will very likely change the suit1 and perhaps lead trumps4 ,thus1 if he leads king 7from ace1 king1 and others71 and you hold queen and one other1 it is evident that you cannot make the queen4 ,if you throw the queen to his king1 he may lead a trump to prevent your trumping his ace2 but if he goes on with the suit1 and you drop your small card1 it may fairly be inferred that you have been endeavouring to get him to lead a trump4 ,your partner should now take the hint1 and1 if he gets the lead1 lead trumps2 for if you want them led1 it is of little consequence from whom the lead comes4 ,by a conventional extension of this system to lower cards it is understood that1 whenever you throw away an unnecessarily high card1 it is a sign 7after the smaller card drops7 that you want trumps led4 ,this is called asking for trumps or calling for trumps4 ,when you ask for trumps1 you command your partner to abandon his own game1 and to lead a trump2 and you promise him1 in return1 if he has reasonably good cards1 either to win the game or to make a considerable score4 ,it has been laid down1 that the minimum strength in trumps which justifies you in issuing such an order to your partner is four trumps1 two being honours1 or five trumps1 one being an honour1 accompanied by such cards in your own or your partner's suits that you are reasonably secure of not having a suit brought in against you4 ,this rule1 however1 only applies to an original ask4 ,if you have had the lead1 and have not led a trump1 or if you have had an opportunity of asking and have not asked1 and you then ask for trumps at a later period of the hand1 the ask is not a command1 like an original one1 nor does it necessarily imply the possession of the minimum strength above stated4 ,it merely means that1 from the fall of the cards1 you consider a trump lead would be very advantageous4 ,for example3 you hold ace and a small spade2 king1 ten1 and two small hearts 7trumps72 queen and two small clubs2 and knave1 ten and two other diamonds4 ,you lead a small diamond2 your partner plays the queen2 the fourth hand plays the ace4 ,a small club is now led through you4 ,you should ask for trumps4 ,when your partner asks for trumps1 and you have four or more at the time you obtain the lead1 lead the smallest1 unless you have the ace1 or three honours1 or queen1 knave1 ten2 if you have only two or three trumps when you obtain the lead1 lead from the highest downwards1 whatever they are4 ,before answering the ask1 be sure that the higher card1 previously dropped1 is unnecessarily high4 ,for instance a higher card is often played before a lower1 to show that you command the suit1 or that you hold the intermediate cards1 or to get out of your partner's way4 ,it is very important to distinguish between covering second hand and discarding an unnecessarily high card4 ,for example3 with knave1 ten1 and one other 7say the three71 it is usual to play the ten second hand on a small card4 ,when your three comes down in the next round1 it is not an ask for trumps1 unless your partner can infer that you do not hold the knave4 ,moderate players1 who know of the ask1 never consider this2 so with them the choice of the least evil is generally not to cover1 for you otherwise run the terrible risk of having a strengthening trump led to you with a weak hand4 ,to ask for trumps1 second hand1 with knave1 ten1 and one other1 you must play the knave4 ,when your partner leads a trump1 or asks for trumps1 if you have numerical strength in trumps1 you should ask at the first opportunity4 ,this is called the echo of the call1 though it is made use of also in response to a lead4 ,the advantages of the echo are manifold4 ,your partner being strong in trumps may hesitate to take a force1 but your echo enables him to do so without fear1 and to persevere with the trump lead4 ,or1 your partner may be in doubt after the second round of trumps as to the policy of playing a third4 ,but if he can count two more trumps in your hand he will be directed4 ,thus3 eight are out1 your partner has three more2 you have echoed4 ,he will know that the other two are in your hand1 and will not draw two for none1 as without the echo1 he might do4 ,the negative advantage of the echo should not be overlooked4 ,thus3 to take the same case of eight trumps being out1 and the leader with three more trumps4 ,you 7his partner7 have had the chance of sounding an echo1 but have not done so4 ,the leader knows that you have not both the remaining trumps1 and he will regulate his game accordingly4 ,to your partner's trump lead you echo in the trump suit2 the same if partner calls1 and you are forced4 ,thus3 you have eight1 seven1 five1 two of trumps2 your left-hand adversary leads king1 ace of a suit of which you only hold one4 ,your partner calls4 ,you echo1 by trumping with the five1 and you then lead the eight4 ,on the second round of trumps1 when your deuce falls1 the echo is completed4 ,your partner knows that you have one more trump1 either the six or the seven4 ,if you had not echoed1 he might not be able to tell for certain whether you hold another trump or not4 7,see ,hands ,,xxxiv41 ,,xxxv47 ,if you have four trumps and are forced1 and your partner then leads or asks for trumps1 you should echo1 notwithstanding that you no longer have numerical strength4 ,this case can best be illustrated by an example4 7,see ,hand ,,xxxvi47 99 99 99 99 99 ,the use of strength in trumps being to disarm the opponents1 it follows that you should as much as possible husband your strength for that purpose4 ,therefore when second player1 #ad4 ,,do ,,not ,,trump ,a ,,doubtful ,,card ,,if ,,strong ,,in ,,trumps4 ,by a doubtful card is meant a card of a suit of which your partner may have the best4 ,whether you should trump or refuse to trump a doubtful card depends almost entirely on your strength in trumps4 ,it has already been mentioned that it is an advantage to trump when you are weak1 for you thus make a little trump1 which is not available for the other uses of trumps1 and which1 if not used for trumping1 will presently be drawn by the strong hand4 ,it is conversely a disadvantage to trump a doubtful card when you are strong in trumps1 for by trumping you weaken your numerical power1 and diminish the probability of your bringing in a suit4 ,if1 instead of trumping1 you throw away a losing card1 you inform your partner that you have strength in trumps1 and also1 by your discard1 what your strong suit is2 and if your partner has any strength in the suit led1 you leave him in a favourable position4 ,if you refuse to overtrump1 or to trump a certain winning card1 your partner should conclude either that you have no trump1 or more probably four trumps and a powerful hand besides4 ,if he concludes that you are reserving your trumps to bring in a suit1 he should assist you by leading trumps as soon as he can4 ,a refusal to be thus forced is seldom requisite if you have more than four trumps2 with six you are mostly strong enough to trump and to lead trumps2 with five you may do the same1 if your suit is established2 but if not1 it is generally best to take the force1 and to lead your suit4 ,the situations in which it is most necessary to refuse to overtrump your right-hand adversary1 or to refuse to trump a winning card1 occur when you have four trumps and a very strong suit1 or a suit established early in a hand4 ,for then1 by trumping1 you prejudice your chance of bringing in the suit in order to secure one trick4 ,by refusing to part with a trump in these cases1 you obtain the advantages just enumerated1 at the time when they are most likely to become of service2 and1 where you refuse to overtrump1 your adversary is left with one trump less1 by which your hand is strengthened4 ,many players run into the extreme of always refusing to be forced by a winning card when they are strong in trumps4 ,the situations1 however1 just indicated1 are almost the only ones in which it answers to hold up2 and these even are liable to several exceptions4 ,for instance3--#a4 ,you should not persist in refusing to be forced if you find that the adversary has the entire command of his suit4 #b4 ,you should not refuse if your partner evidently intends to force you2 and1 #c4 ,you should not refuse to overtrump if you have reason to believe that your left-hand adversary is strong in trumps4 ,with an untaught partner it is useless to refuse to trump2 he will not understand it1 but will continue to force you4 ,with such1 the best course is rather to make tricks when you can than to play for a great game4 99 99 99 99 99 ,from what has just been said1 it is evidently an advantage to #ae4 ,,force ,a ,,strong ,,trump ,,hand ,,of ,,the ,,adversary4 ,for you thereby take the best chance of preventing his making use of his trumps for bringing in a suit4 ,if he refuses to take a force1 keep on giving it to him4 ,for instance1 if he passes your king 7led from king1 queen1 c471 and the king wins1 continue the suit1 and so on4 ,some players can never be brought to understand this2 they do not like to see their winning cards trumped1 and therefore frequently change their suit or even lead trumps when an adversary refuses to be forced4 ,it now hardly requires to be stated that it is bad play intentionally to force a weak adversary1 and still worse to lead a suit to which both adversaries renounce1 as the weak will trump and the strong get rid of a losing card4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if you have numerical strength in trumps1 you are justified in forcing your partner1 relying on your own strength to disarm the opponents4 ,but #af4 ,,do ,,not ,,force ,,your ,,partner ,,if ,,you ,,are ,,weak ,,in ,,trumps4 ,for you thus weaken him1 and leave it in the power of the antagonists to draw all the trumps1 and bring in their suit4 ,if1 then1 a good partner refrains from forcing you1 you may be sure he is weak2 on the other hand1 if he evidently intends to force you 7as by leading a losing card of a suit he knows you must trump71 you may assume that he is strong in trumps1 and you should take the force willingly1 even though you do not want to be forced1 depending on his strength to exhaust the adversaries' trumps4 ,you may1 however1 though weak1 force your partner under these circumstances4 #a4 ,when he has already shown a desire to be forced1 or weakness in trumps1 as by trumping a doubtful card1 or by refraining from forcing you4 #b4 ,when you have a cross-ruff1 which secures several tricks at once1 and is therefore often more advantageous than trying to establish a suit4 #c4 ,sometimes when you are playing a close game1 as for the odd trick1 and often when one trick saves or wins the game or a point4 ,and #d4 ,sometimes when great strength in trumps has been declared against you4 ,if your partner leads a thirteenth card1 or a card of a suit in which he knows that both you and the fourth player renounce1 your play must depend on your partner's strength in trumps4 ,if he is strong1 he wants you to put on your best trump1 either to make the trumps separately1 or to force out one or two high ones1 to leave himself with the command4 ,if he is weak in trumps1 he wants you to pass the card1 that the fourth player may obtain the lead1 and lead up to your hand4 ,no general rule can be given as to the course to be pursued with regard to thirteenth cards4 ,you must judge of the leader's intention by the score and the previous fall of the cards4 ,illustration ,,playing ,,to ,,the ,,board4 #ag4 ,,play ,,to ,,the ,,score2 ,,and #ah4 ,,watch ,,the ,,fall ,,of ,,the ,,cards1 ,,and ,,draw ,,your ,,inferences ,,at ,,the ,,time4 ,these two all-important principles have already been mentioned as causing differences in the play4 ,the commonest form in which the former is presented to us is this3 at the score of ,love-all five tricks save the game against two by honours4 ,it is often right1 therefore1 when two by honours have been declared against you1 to go for the fifth trick by leading off a winning card1 or by putting one on second or third hand4 ,to explain further what is meant by playing to the score1 put yourself in this situation4 ,four trumps remain in1 the adversaries have two winning trumps1 it being uncertain whether they are in one hand or divided2 you have the two losing trumps1 two forcing cards1 and the lead2 you can only play correctly by referring to the score4 ,thus1 if the adversary is at four1 and you have won five1 or even six tricks1 your game would be to secure two tricks by forcing2 for if you play a trump and the two against you are in the same hand1 you lose the game4 ,but suppose you are at the point of two1 and the adversaries are not at four1 and you have won six tricks1 your game would be to risk the trump2 for if you bring down the other trumps you win the game2 but by playing to force you make certain of scoring only four4 ,by applying this mode of reasoning you will often be directed as to a finesse late in a hand4 7,further illustrations of playing to the score occur in the hands47 ,for simple examples of drawing inferences at the time of the fall of the cards take the following3--#a4 ,you lead a small card from ace1 knave1 c42 your partner wins with the queen2 you should immediately 7i4e41 before another card is led7 infer that the king cannot be with your right-hand adversary4 ,hence1 on the return of the suit1 you would not finesse the knave4 #b4 ,you are second player1 and a suit is led in which you have king1 ten1 and one small one4 ,you play the small one4 ,the third hand plays the queen1 which is won with the ace4 ,you should at once infer that the third hand cannot have the knave1 and that you may safely finesse the ten next round4 ,you will greatly assist your memory by systematically recording inferences in the above manner4 ,in addition to this you should apply your knowledge of the principles to noting important points1 not attempting too much at first4 ,begin by counting the trumps as they fall1 and notice1 at all events1 the honours1 and remember the turn-up card4 ,by degrees you will find yourself able to recollect the ten and nine1 and then the smaller trumps4 ,next attend to the suit led originally by each player1 and watch in the second round whether the lead was from strength or weakness4 ,try also to remember the fall of the cards in your own strong suit1 that you may know when it is established4 ,beyond this1 experience will enable you to judge what to retain and what to reject in each hand2 so that1 with practice1 you will acquire what may be termed whist memory which will enable you1 without any great effort1 to recollect the principal features of every hand4 ,the fall of the cards may1 one time or another1 modify nearly every rule of play4 ,a player who simply follows rule1 and fails to grasp the situations in which rule should be departed from1 is a mere machine without intelligence4 ,general principles only apply to the general case2 to apply them to particular cases1 observation1 inference1 and judgment are essential4 ,thus1 in the ,analysis of ,leads1 it appears that the card which should be led in trumps often differs from the card which should be led in plain suits4 ,the reason is given at p4 #aai4 ,but it will be clear to any one who reads between the lines1 that plain suits should be led like trumps1 if all the remaining trumps are in the leader's or his partner's hands2 or1 if all the trumps are out1 and the leader or his partner has certain cards of re-entry in other suits4 ,as another example1 take the case of returned leads4 ,a leads a small card2 the second hand plays a small card2 ,b 7third hand7 puts on the eight2 the fourth hand wins with the queen4 ,when ,b gets the lead he returns the knave4 ,it is evident that ,b must have the ten and the nine4 ,here two principles appear to conflict4 ,one rule is1 with four originally return the smallest2 the other rule is convey information to your partner4 ,when a player has thus to choose between two rules1 he must use his intelligence1 in order to decide under which rule his greater advantage lies4 ,in the example given1 the return of the knave cannot deceive partner as to the number of cards held in the suit2 if he takes the trouble to think1 he will at once perceive that the rule as to returned leads has been departed from1 in order to convey information4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the three following ,examples further illustrate cases where playing to the board is involved4 ,,case ,i4 ,illustration3 ,a #i1 #d1 #c1 #b ,y ,a1 ,qn1 ,knv1 #e ,b #h1 ,kg1 #h1 #g ,z #i1 #g1 #f1 #i ,score3 ,,ab1 three2 ,,yz1 four4 ,spades trumps4 ,,ab have six tricks and have played two by honours4 ,it is known from the fall of the cards that ,a has no trump2 also that ,z has the long diamond4 ,a to lead4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,play ,,and ,,remarks4--,a leads a small club4 ,y puts on the ace second hand4 ,in order to save 7and win7 the game1 ,y and his partner must win every trick 7see statement of score and of fall of the cards74 ,y sees that to do this ,z must have two of the three remaining trumps4 ,this being so1 ,z can have but one club1 and ,y therefore puts on the ace of clubs second hand4 ,for other illustrations see ,hands ,,viii and ,,xv4 ,,case ,,ii4 ,illustration3 ,a ,qn1 #h1 #b ,y #g1 #g1 #aj ,b #i1 ,knv1 #g ,z ,knv1 #aj1 #c ,score3 ,,ab want two tricks to save the game4 ,hearts trumps4 ,a to lead4 ,a knows ,y to have the best heart2 also ,b to have the best diamond and weak spades4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,play ,,and ,,remarks4--,a leads the queen of spades1 and then the losing trump4 ,a takes the only chance of winning two tricks4 ,to accomplish this ,y must hold one spade and one diamond1 as will appear by placing the unknown cards in any other way4 ,a therefore plays on the assumption that ,y holds a spade and a diamond in addition to the trump which is declared in his hand4 99 99 99 99 99 ,for another illustration of leading a losing trump to place the lead see ,hand ,,xxxv4 ,,case ,,iii4 ,it is the duty of a player to make the game as easy to his partner as he can4 ,the play often depends on the sort of partner4 ,for example3--you lead the ten from king1 queen1 knave1 ten1 only1 or from king1 knave1 ten1 c4 ,suppose the lead to be from the former combination1 and that your ten forces the ace from the fourth hand4 ,you obtain the lead again4 ,the proper lead now is the queen4 7,see ,analysis of ,leads1 p4 #fg74 ,but1 with an indifferent partner1 the better lead is the king1 as he may not have drawn the correct inference from the first lead1 and knowing the queen is not the best1 he may trump it4 ,however good your partner may be1 you should not put him into unnecessary difficulties4 ,for example3-- ,illustration3 ,b ,knv1 ,knv1 #aj1 #d ,z #f1 #g1 #e1 #b ,a ,qn1 #aj1 ,knv1 #g ,y ,knv1 #c1 ,kg1 #i ,spades trumps4 ,y can count two hearts1 and queen1 ten of spades in ,a's hand1 and a small spade in ,z's hand4 ,a to lead4 ,,the ,,play ,,and ,,remarks4--,a leads the seven of hearts4 ,y should put on the king1 though certain of being able to win with the nine4 ,for1 if ,y wins with the nine1 he compels ,z to play a coup1 viz41 to trump the best heart1 in order to get the lead through the queen1 ten of spades2 but1 if ,y wins with the king and leads the losing heart1 it requires no ingenuity on ,z's part to trump it4 ,,coups4 ,there is no ,whist principle which should not be occasionally violated1 owing to the knowledge of the hands derived from inference during the play4 ,some of the more frequent of the cases1 where a general rule can be given for departing from rule1 may advantageously close this ,section4 ,,leading ,,from ,,weakest ,,suit4 ,it is advisable in most cases where the game is desperate1 and where it is clear that your partner must be strong in your weak suit to save the game1 to lead your weakest suit1 notwithstanding ,principle #a 7p4 #ef74 ,your partner should finesse deeply in the suit you lead him1 and should not return it1 but1 actuated by motives similar to yours1 should lead his weakest suit1 in which you should finesse deeply1 and continue your weak suit1 and so on4 ,for example3 ,,ab 7partners7 lead trumps4 ,they win the first three tricks1 and show four by honours1 and three more trumps remain in ,a's hand4 ,consequently1 if ,,ab win another trick1 they win the game4 ,y or ,z now has the lead for the first time4 ,his lead should be from his weakest suit1 on this principle3 if his partner has not the command of it1 or a successful finesse in it1 the game is lost4 ,say ,y leads1 and ,z wins the trick4 ,z should not return ,y's lead1 but should similarly lead his weakest suit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,for an illustration of this coup1 see ,hand ,,xxvii4 ,,treating ,,long ,,suits ,,like ,,short ,,ones1 ,,and ,,vice ,,vers4 ,it often happens towards the end of a hand1 that an unplayed suit1 of which the leader holds 7say7 four cards1 can only go round twice1 e4g41 there may be two trumps left in in one of the opponents' hands4 ,in such a case1 if your suit is headed by queen or knave1 you should treat it as a suit of two cards only1 and lead your highest1 as this gives the best chance of making two tricks in the suit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the reverse case1 where a suit can only go round once1 it is obvious that a small card should be led1 so as not to tempt partner to finesse4 ,thus1 holding queen and one small card of an unplayed suit1 which you are about to lead1 all the opponents' cards but one being winning cards1 the proper lead is the small card4 99 99 99 99 99 ,for an illustration see ,hand ,,xxii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there is another case1 known as ,deschapelles' coup1 where the proper card to lead is not determined by the leader's numerical power in the suit4 ,it is this3 all the adversaries' and partner's trumps are exhausted1 and the leader's partner remains with an established suit4 ,if the leader 7not having any of his partner's suit left7 is obliged to open a fresh suit headed by king1 queen1 or knave1 he should lead the highest card1 irrespective of the number of cards he holds in the suit1 that being the best chance of subsequently procuring the lead for his partner in case his only card of entry in that suit should be an honour1 not the ace4 99 99 99 99 99 ,for an illustration of this coup1 see ,hand ,,xxviii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,deschapelles' coup often succeeds in practice1 but it may generally be defeated by an attentive player4 ,when the above-described position of the cards occurs1 the adversary1 if he has the ace of the fresh suit led1 should not put it on first round4 ,the suit will1 in all probability1 be continued with a low card1 when the third player will most likely be compelled to play his highest1 which will be taken by the ace2 and1 having lost the card of re-entry1 he never brings in his suit1 unless he gets the lead in some other way4 ,,refusing ,,to ,,win ,,the ,,second ,,round ,,of ,a ,,suit4 ,this is a case of by no means infrequent occurrence4 ,for example3 one of the adversaries has a long suit declared in his favour1 which is led a second time4 ,only one trump remains in1 which is in the hand of the second or fourth player4 ,as a rule1 the second round of the suit should not be trumped4 ,the third round will probably exhaust the adverse hand1 which is numerically weak in the suit4 ,if it so happens that the player who is numerically strong in it has no card of re-entry in any other suit1 he will then never bring in his long suit1 as his partner1 whose hand is exhausted1 cannot lead it again1 should he get the lead after the third round4 ,if there is a card of re-entry in the hand of the player who has numerical strength1 he must bring in the suit1 whether the second round is trumped or not4 ,see ,hand ,,xxix for an illustration of this position4 ,a similar rule applies1 but less frequently1 when one adversary has the long trumps1 and his partner a long suit nearly established4 ,for an illustration of this position1 see ,hand ,,xxx4 ,,declining ,,to ,,draw ,,the ,,losing ,,trump4 ,when all the trumps are out but two1 and the leader remains with the best trump1 the losing trump being in the hand of his adversary1 the natural and obvious play is to draw the last trump4 ,but there is a class of cases in which the trump should not be drawn as a matter of course1 viz41 if one adversary has a long suit established1 and his partner has a card of that suit to lead4 ,the case usually happens in this way3 ,,yz 7partners7 lead a suit1 and after two rounds establish it4 ,they then lead trumps from a suit of four trumps 7see p4 #abc74 ,eleven trumps come out1 and ,a 7,,yz's adversary7 has the lead and the best trump1 one of the opponents having the losing trump4 ,the question then arises1 ,should ,a draw the trump8 ,a should draw the trump if he has also an established suit2 or1 if ,b 7,a's partner7 has an established suit1 and ,a can put the lead into ,b's hand4 ,for1 in these two cases1 ,a or ,b cannot do better than bring in their suit4 ,again1 ,a should draw the trump1 if the adversary who has a suit established 7say ,z7 has also the losing trump1 for then1 if either ,y or ,z has a card of re-entry in either of the other two suits1 ,z cannot be prevented from bringing in his established suit4 ,lastly1 ,a should draw the trump if ,y 7,z's partner7 has the losing trump1 and ,z has1 declared in his hand1 two cards of re-entry4 ,the last case may be dismissed as of but little practical use1 as1 at the time when ,a has to decide whether he will draw the trump1 he will seldom know enough about the remaining cards to be positive that ,z has two cards of re-entry4 ,in the above cases1 ,a1 by not drawing the trump1 makes his adversaries a present of a trick4 ,on the other hand1 ,a should not draw the trump if one opponent 7,z7 has an established suit1 which ,y 7,z's partner7 can lead1 the losing trump being in ,y's hand4 ,and1 it is especially incumbent on ,a not to draw the trump1 if either he or his partner has a suit which will probably be established by leading it1 and if ,a can infer from the fall of the cards that ,y has only one card of his partner's established suit in his hand1 subject1 of course1 to the qualifications already noted4 ,the point aimed at in not drawing the trump1 is1 first to get the commanding card of ,a's or ,b's long suit out of the adverse hand4 ,y or ,z thus obtains the lead1 and continues the established suit1 which ,a trumps with the winning trump4 ,if1 now1 ,z has no card of re-entry in the fourth--or unopened--suit1 he never brings in his established suit1 ,y not having another card of it to lead4 ,the case is difficult to carry when stated thus generally2 for an illustration1 see ,hand ,,xxxi4 ,,refusing ,,to ,,overtrump4 ,cases often happen where it is not advisable to overtrump4 ,most of these depend on the fall of the cards and on inferences from the play 7see ,hands ,,xxiii1 ,,xxiv71 and cannot be generalised4 ,but there is one case in which it is never right to overtrump1 viz41 when three cards remain in each hand1 and one player holds the second and third best trumps1 with one of which he trumps the card led4 ,if the player to his left has the best and fourth best trumps1 he can never gain anything by overtrumping1 and may lose a trick1 as the following example shows3-- ,illustration3 ,y #i1 #d1 #aj ,b #i1 #h1 ,knv ,z ,kg1 #f1 ,a ,a #c1 #h1 #g ,the position of the trumps 7spades7 is known4 ,a leads a heart1 ,b trumps it4 ,if ,z overtrumps he loses the other two tricks1 but if he throws the ace of diamonds he wins the other two tricks4 ,this rule for not overtrumping cannot be laid down absolutely when there are more than three cards in hand2 but when only four trumps remain in1 second and third best against best and fourth1 it is so frequently advisable not to overtrump1 that the player should consider well the position of the remaining cards before overtrumping4 99 99 99 99 99 ,for an illustration of this case1 see ,hand ,,xxv4 99 99 99 99 99 ,since it is so often right not to overtrump under these circumstances1 it follows that when the case arises the player who holds second and third best should1 as a rule1 attempt to defeat the coup by playing a false card--i4e41 he should trump with the higher card in hopes of deceiving his left hand opponent as to the position of the third best trump4 ,,throwing ,,high ,,cards ,,to ,,place ,,the ,,lead4 ,this coup presents itself in a variety of forms2 the following are selected as likely to be of use4 ,whenever you are left at the end of a hand with the tenace in trumps 7either best and third best1 or second best guarded7 over the player to your right1 and two other cards1 both being cards of the suit led by him1 you1 second hand1 should always throw the highest card of his lead to that trick4 ,you can never lose by so doing1 and may win4 ,for example3 you have nine and five of the suit led4 ,throw the nine4 ,for1 in the second round of the suit1 it may so happen that you get the lead with the nine4 ,if the cards lie thus1 for instance3-- ,illustration3 ,y #i1 #e1 ,a1 #aj ,b ,knv1 ,qn1 #h1 #f ,z ,kg1 ,qn1 #h1 #c ,a ,a1 #f1 ,kg1 #g ,y has the tenace in hearts 7trumps7 over ,a4 ,a leads ace of clubs4 ,if ,y does not throw the nine1 and ,z plays carelessly and fails to win ,y's nine in the next round1 ,,yz lose a trick4 ,of course1 ,z ought to win the second round1 but it is ,y's duty to render it impossible for ,z not to do so 7see ,remarks on making it easy to ,partner1 p4 #aci74 ,the typical example of this coup is the case where the leader plays the ace1 and the second player has king guarded1 as in the following example3-- ,illustration3 ,y ,a1 ,knv1 ,kg1 #b ,b ,z ,a ,kg1 #aj1 ,a1 #d ,spades trumps4 ,there are only four spades in1 and ,y knows that ,a has the king1 ten4 ,b's and ,z's cards are immaterial4 ,a leads the ace of diamonds4 ,if ,y plays the two of diamonds he can only make two tricks2 but1 if he throws the king to the ace1 he still makes two tricks1 and1 if his partner has the queen of diamonds1 he makes three tricks4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this coup may be similarly played in plain suits4 ,for an illustration see ,hand ,,xxxii4 ,the following fine coup 7which occurred in actual play7 exemplifies a similar1 but more complicated1 case3-- ,illustration3 ,y ,kg1 #e1 #c1 #b ,b #i1 #f1 #aj1 #h ,z ,a1 ,qn1 ,qn1 #i ,a ,knv1 #aj1 #h1 #g ,score3 ,,yz require every trick4 ,hearts trumps4 ,it is known that the trumps lie between ,b and ,z4 ,a leads a club2 ,y and ,b play small clubs4 ,z1 knowing that ,b holds the second best trump guarded1 takes the only chance of saving the game1 by winning the first trick in clubs with the ace1 and returning the queen4 ,y1 seeing his partner's anxiety to get rid of the lead1 rightly conjectures him to hold the major tenace in trumps4 ,he1 therefore1 wins his partner's queen of clubs with the king1 and saves the game4 ,it being known that the remaining trumps lie between ,b and ,z1 ,y would be right to win the second round of clubs under all circumstances of the score4 ,for another illustration of this coup1 see ,hand ,,xxxiii4 ,on a similar principle1 the leader not infrequently leads a losing plain card1 or a losing trump1 at the end of a hand1 in order to place the lead4 ,for illustrations1 see ,case ,,ii1 p4 #ach1 and ,hands ,,xvi1 ,,xvii1 and ,,xxxv4 ,,the ,,grand ,,coup4 ,the ,grand ,coup consists in throwing away a superfluous trump4 ,at the first glance it appears impossible to have a superabundance of trumps2 but cases sometimes happen where a player has a trump too many4 ,to get rid of this trump--as by undertrumping a trick already trumped by your partner1 or by trumping a trick which he has won1 or which you know he may win--is to play the grand coup4 ,the opportunity for playing the grand coup generally happens in this way4 ,two rounds of trumps come out1 leaving five trumps in1 two in the hand of 7say7 ,b1 and three in the hand of ,z 7the player to his left74 ,if ,b has the best and third best trumps1 or the second best guarded1 and trumps are not led again1 nor used for trumping1 it is clear that at the eleventh trick ,z must obtain the lead1 and must lead up to the tenace in trumps4 ,if1 before the eleventh trick1 ,z trumps a trick of his partner's 7or1 in the case of only seven trumps coming out in two rounds1 undertrumps a trick already trumped by his partner71 and the lead at the eleventh trick can thus be kept in--or put into--,z's partner's hand1 the grand coup comes off1 as in the following example3-- ,illustration3 ,y ,qn1 #e1 #c1 #f ,b #aj1 #g1 #e1 #c ,z ,knv1 ,knv1 #i1 #e ,a #h1 #f1 #aj1 #i ,clubs trumps4 ,z knows that ,b has ten and another trump4 ,a leads the ten of diamonds2 ,y trumps with the six of clubs2 ,z undertrumps with the five4 ,if he retains his three trumps1 and ,b refuses to trump the queen of spades next led by ,y1 ,z loses a trick in clubs4 ,the opportunity for playing the grand coup is often missed4 ,a player should always be on the look-out for it when he has five trumps1 especially if a trump is led to his right4 ,it should be added also1 that if the player who attempts it retains a high card in his hand1 he may be just as badly off as though he remained with three trumps4 ,thus1 holding three trumps against two1 and ace and another card of another suit1 it is not sufficient that he disposes of one of his trumps2 he should also get rid of his ace 7see ,remarks on ,throwing ,high ,cards to place the ,lead1 pp4 #adg-aea74 ,the following example will render this more clear3-- ,illustration3 ,y ,knv1 #e1 #e1 ,knv ,b ,qn1 #f1 ,a1 #e ,z ,qn1 #aj1 #i1 #h ,a #h1 ,kg1 #g1 #f ,hearts trumps4 ,b has already got rid of his superfluous trump4 ,a leads the eight of clubs4 ,b should throw the ace of diamonds to it4 ,for1 if ,b has the lead after the next trick1 he might just as well have kept his third trump4 ,if ,a has the king of diamonds1 ,b wins a trick by discarding the ace2 and1 if ,a has not the king1 ,b loses nothing by throwing the ace4 ,an exception to this rule is when ,a has winning cards to go on with4 ,thus1 if ,a had another club1 ,b need not discard the ace of diamonds4 ,this is too obvious to require working out4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the following is another aspect under which the grand coup may present itself3-- ,illustration3 ,y #g1 #i1 #f1 #e ,b #h1 ,kg1 ,qn1 ,knv ,z ,qn1 #e1 #d1 ,qn ,a ,knv1 #aj1 #h1 #g ,hearts trumps4 ,it is known that ,b has king1 queen1 knave of trumps1 and a losing spade or club--but uncertain which4 ,a leads the knave of diamonds4 ,b trumps it4 ,z should throw away a small trump1 undertrumping ,b in order to keep two winning queens4 ,if he discards a queen1 he must do so at random1 and perhaps throw away the suit of which ,b has the small one4 ,by discarding his useless trump 7which ,b would proceed to draw7 he defers parting with either queen till after the next round1 when the fall of the cards may assist him4 ,b now leads a trump1 and ,y discards the losing club4 ,b then leads another trump1 and ,z now knows that he ought to keep the spade4 ,this case actually occurred in the presence of the writer1 but ,z1 instead of undertrumping1 discarded the wrong queen at random1 and eventually lost the rubber in consequence4 99 99 99 99 99 ,for further illustrations of the ,grand ,coup1 see ,hands ,,xxxviii and ,,xxxix4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if the foregoing principles are reflectively perused1 it will be seen that they mould the ,theory of ,whist into a harmonious whole4 ,the ,theory of ,whist tells you how to play your own hand to the greatest advantage1 how to assist your partner1 and how to weaken and to obstruct your opponents2 in short1 it teaches how to take the best chance of making the greatest number of tricks4 ,this knowledge constitutes a sound player4 ,if to theoretical perfection you add the power of accurate observation1 and of acute perception1 together with a thorough comprehension of the whist capacities of partners and of opponents1 you have all the elements necessary to form a ,master of the ,science4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,hands4 ,the following hands are given in illustration of the general principles discussed in ,part ,i4 ,the plan adopted in the arrangement of the hands is to imitate closely the circumstances of actual play4 ,thus1 at starting1 one player's hand is known1 together with the score and the turn-up card4 ,each player is then caused to play a card in his turn1 and at the end of the trick1 the one player whose hand is known makes observations1 and draws inferences from the play1 as though he were at the whist table4 ,a1 ,y1 ,b1 and ,z1 are the four players throughout4 ,they are placed at the table in the above order1 ,a and ,b being partners against ,y and ,z4 ,a is the first leader1 and ,z the dealer4 ,in the play the cards of each trick are placed in the order in which the players sit round the table1 the card played by the person whose hand is under consideration being the one nearest to the reader4 ,the capital letter by each card shows to which player it belongs4 ,all the players are supposed to follow the ordinary rules of play1 as laid down in ,part ,i4 ,thus1 each player is credited with leading originally from his strongest suit1 and with leading the card of it indicated in the ,analysis of ,leads 7pp4 #fd-ga72 with playing the lowest of a sequence when not leading2 with returning the highest of a numerically weak suit1 the lowest of a strong suit1 and so on4 ,it has been remarked by critics1 that the players are often made to play badly4 ,most of the hands are taken from actual play2 but1 independently of this1 illustrations of indifferent play1 with comments1 are obviously of value1 as showing the kind of errors that are likely to be made1 and how and why to avoid them4 ,illustration ,,hand ,i4 ,trump lead from four trumps on establishment of suit4 ,illustration3 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,qn1 #aj1 #e1 #c ,a ,a1 #g1 #f1 #c ,kg1 ,knv1 #i1 #b ,score3 ,love-all4 ,two of spades turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #a #a4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #d ,qn ,a #b ,,remark4--,a leads from his strongest suit 7see p4 #ef74 ,having no sequence1 he leads the lowest card of the suit 7see p4 #fj74 ,the fall of the queen and ace in this round1 leaves ,a with the winning diamonds and a small one4 ,his suit is virtually established 7see p4 #eg74 ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #b #b4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,qn #d #e #c ,,remark4--,a plays his lowest card second hand 7see p4 #hb74 ,b allowing the queen to win1 may be presumed not to have the king4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #b #c4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #g ,qn #c ,a ,,remark4--,it is unlucky that ,a is obliged to win his partner's queen4 ,the king of hearts is most probably in ,b's hand1 as it is not likely that ,b has only one heart1 and with queen and small ones ,b would pass4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #b #d4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #d ,kg #b #c ,,remark4--,this is an instructive trump lead4 ,a1 at the first start1 with but four trumps1 and only one heart1 would not have been justified in leading a trump4 ,but1 his strong suit being established1 and his partner having 7probably7 the best heart1 his game is now to lead trumps4 ,consider carefully the ,management of ,trumps 7pp4 #aai-bc71 and apply the arguments there made use of to the present situation4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #c #e4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,a #g #h #aj ,,remark 7,trick #e74--;,a finesses the ten 7see pp4 #ic-id74 ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #c #f4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #h ,kg #aj #f ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #d ,,yz1 #c #g4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #f #e #c ,knv ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #e ,,yz1 #c #h4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #f #g #i ,qn ,illustration3 ,,trick #i4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #e ,,yz1 #d #i4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #aj #h ,knv ,kg ,,remarks4--,at ,trick #i1 ,a forces the best trump1 and remains with the thirteenth to bring in the diamond4 ,if ,z refuses the force1 ,a 7,trick #aj7 leads nine of diamonds and 7,trick #aa7 the losing trump4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #aj4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #f ,,yz1 #d #aj4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #b #i #b #g ,at ,trick #aj1 if ,a plays ace of clubs he will be left with a losing club4 ,by passing1 he gives ,b a chance of winning the trick1 and cannot lose even if ,y has king of clubs4 ,it has been suggested that ,z's best lead1 at ,trick #aj1 is king of clubs1 on the chance of catching ace and knave2 but ,z's play is not under examination4 99 99 99 99 99 ,tricks #aa to #ac4--,whatever ,b leads1 ,a makes the remaining tricks1 and ,,ab win three by cards4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,a's hand is given above47 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,z',s ,,hand4 ,ace1 #f1 #d ,kg1 #g ,knv1 #i1 #h1 #b ,knv1 #i1 #h1 #g1 #d1 #b ,kg1 ,qn1 #f1 #e #aj1 #c ,qn ,knv1 #i1 #d ,kg1 #aj1 #h1 #e1 #b #aj1 #f1 #d ,qn1 #h1 #g1 #e ,ace1 #c ,,hand ,,ii4 ,trump lead from four moderate trumps4 ,illustration3 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,knv1 #aj1 #g1 #e ,kg1 #f ,a1 #h1 #f ,a1 #aj1 #i1 #b ,score3 ,love-all4 ,two of spades turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #j #a4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #d ,kg #g #b ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #j #b4 ,z ,a ,y ,b ,knv #e #h ,a ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #a #c4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #b ,kg ,a #e ,,remark 7,trick #c74--;,b has four trumps1 and defence in hearts and clubs1 his partner's suit is established1 and no adverse strength in trumps has been exhibited4 ,b therefore leads trumps4 7,consider carefully the arguments at pp4 #abb1 #abc1 respecting leads from four trumps1 and apply them to this case47 ,to judge when to lead from four moderate trumps is an important point in the game1 which hands such as this are given to illustrate and explain4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #a #d4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #i #e ,kg ,a ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #b #e4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #f #h ,qn #aj ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #c #f4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #aj #g ,qn #f ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #d #g4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #i ,knv #b #h ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #e #h4 ,z ,a ,y ,b ,a #b #g #f ,,tricks #i to #ac4--,z leads knave of hearts which ,b wins4 ,b draws the two trumps 7if he remembers down to the seven7 and brings in the diamonds1 and ,,ab win two by cards4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,b's hand is given above47 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,z',s ,,hand4 ,kg1 #h ,ace1 ,qn1 #d1 #c #i1 #f1 #b #e1 #c1 #b #aj1 #g ,ace1 ,qn1 ,knv1 #i1 #h1 #d ,knv1 #g1 #e ,kg1 ,qn1 #d1 #c1 #b #aj1 #i ,kg1 ,qn1 #f1 #e1 #c #h1 #g ,knv1 #d ,at ,trick #b1 ,a leads his original fourth-best diamond 7see ,appendix ,a74 ,in this hand it is immaterial whether ,a makes the ,american lead or not4 ,,hand ,,iii4 ,a simple elementary hand1 save in one point which demands strict attention to the rule respecting returned leads 7see pp4 #gi-ha74 ,illustration3 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,a1 ,qn1 ,knv1 #aj1 #b ,qn1 #f ,a1 #i1 #h1 #c #i1 #c ,score3 ,,ab1 #b2 ,,yz1 ,love4 ,knave of clubs turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #j #a4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #e #d #c ,a ,,remark4--,a leads from his strongest suit 7see p4 #ff74 ,holding ace1 queen1 knave1 ten1 he leads out ace and ten 7see ,analysis of ,leads1 p4 #ff74 ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #a #b4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #f #h ,kg #aj ,,remark4--,a continues his suit 7see p4 #gd74 ,as the cards happen to lie ,a would have been able to make a successful finesse against the king of spades4 ,but ,a1 not having seen ,z's hand1 can only play on general principles4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #b #c4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,kg #b #f #c ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #c #d4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,a #e #d #i ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #c #e4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #d #c ,knv ,qn ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #c #f4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #f ,qn #d #c ,,remark 7,trick #f74--;,a has now the command of his suit1 and four trumps4 ,the adversaries have not shown any particular strength in trumps1 either by leading them or by calling for them1 though they have had the opportunity of doing both1 and ,a therefore assumes that the trumps are pretty evenly divided1 and leads a trump 7see pp4 #abb1 #abc74 ,a is not deterred from opening the trump suit because an honour was turned up 7see p4 #abb74 99 99 99 99 99 ,b's winning the trick with the queen shows that ,z has not got the king4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #d ,,yz1 #c #g4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #aj #g #e ,a ,,remark 7,trick #g74--;,b returns his partner's lead of trumps 7see p4 #abe74 99 99 99 99 99 ,this is the important trick of the hand4 ,note the card returned by ,b1 the seven1 and if in doubt as to the fall of the trumps1 look at the previous trick 7see ,law #ia1 p4 #ah74 ,in that trick1 the small clubs that fall are the three1 six1 and four1 and in the present one1 the seven1 five1 and ten4 ,nobody having played the two1 ,a may place it by inference in ,b's hand1 for the adversaries not winning the trick may be supposed to play their lowest cards4 ,assuming ,b to hold the two1 it may be inferred that he has that card and no other left in the suit4 ,for he returns the seven1 a higher card than the two2 and the rule is to return the higher of two remaining cards1 the lowest if holding more than two 7see p4 #hj4 ,consider carefully the example given there1 and apply it to the present situation74 ,the king and knave are therefore in the opponents' hands1 and divided4 ,z has the knave 7which he turned up71 and he has not the king1 as he could not win the queen in the previous trick4 ,y must consequently hold it4 ,it may be objected that this train of reasoning is too close and elaborate to serve the purpose of inexperienced players4 ,it is1 perhaps1 a little difficult for an elementary hand2 but the careful observance of the rule of play respecting returned leads is so important1 that it has been deemed advisable to insist strongly upon it4 ,of course1 when playing with those who do not attend to the conversation of the game1 all pains bestowed on working out the position of the cards from such data as the preceding is so much trouble thrown away4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #d ,,yz1 #d #h4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,kg #b ,knv #h ,assuming1 then1 that ,a's partner can be depended on to play according to rule1 it is morally certain that the trumps are evenly divided1 and that a third round will leave ,a with a long trump to bring in his spades4 ,accordingly1 ,a leads the eight of clubs 7see ,trick #h1 above74 ,illustration3 ,,trick #i4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #e ,,yz1 #d #i4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,kg ,a #i #f ,,tricks #aj to #ac4--;,b 7,trick #aj7 leads a small diamond1 though1 as the cards happen to lie1 his lead is immaterial4 ,a trumps the diamond1 and brings in the spades2 and ,,ab win three by cards4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,a's hand is given above47 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,z',s ,,hand4 #i1 #f1 #e #h1 #d ,kg1 #g1 #c ,kg1 #aj1 #h1 #d1 #b ,ace1 #g1 #e1 #c ,knv1 #i ,kg1 #aj1 #f ,qn1 #g1 #b ,knv1 #e1 #d ,ace1 ,kg ,knv1 #h1 #e1 #b ,qn1 #aj1 #g1 #f1 #d ,,hand ,,iv4 ,an instructive hand1 illustrative of playing to the score4 ,illustration3 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,kg1 #i1 #e1 #d ,a1 ,knv1 #d ,kg1 #f1 #b ,qn1 ,knv1 #d ,score3 ,love-all4 ,queen of clubs turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #a #a4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,knv #g #c #d ,,remark4--,a leads from his strongest suit 7see p4 #ef74 ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #a #b4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #e #b ,kg ,a ,,remark4--,it may be inferred that hearts are ,y's strongest suit4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #b #c4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #f #b ,a ,qn ,,remark 7,trick #c74--;,a having found his partner weak in spades 7see ,trick #a71 does not continue his suit 7see p4 #ge74 ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #c #d4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,qn #h #f #d ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #c #e4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #g #aj #c ,knv ,,remark4--,presuming the players are to be depended on for following the elementary rules of the game1 it is clear from the fall of the cards that ,y holds the remaining heart1 the nine4 ,b drops the ten1 so he ought not to have the nine1 the rule being to play the lowest card when not able to win the trick4 ,z ought not to have another heart1 for he returned the six 7see ,trick #d71 and now plays the three4 ,having returned the higher card he can hold no more 7see p4 #hj74 ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #c #f4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #g #c #aj ,knv ,,remark4--,it is evident that ,z1 dropping the ten1 will trump the next round of diamonds4 ,nevertheless1 ,a's game is to continue the diamond 7,trick #g71 to give ,z the lead1 and to make ,b last player4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #d #g4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #i ,kg #d #d ,,remark 7,trick #g74--,y1 dropping the nine of diamonds1 may be taken to have no more1 as1 not being able to win the trick1 he is assumed to play his smallest4 ,the remaining diamonds are therefore with ,b4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #d ,,yz1 #d #h4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #b #e ,a #e ,illustration3 ,,trick #i4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #d ,,yz1 #e #i4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #c ,knv ,a #b ,,remark4--,z1 with ace1 queen1 second hand 7see his hand below71 follows the usual rule 7see p4 #hf74 ,it is open to argument whether ,z should depart from rule in this case4 ,but ,z's hand is not the one under examination4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #aj4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #e ,,yz1 #e #aj4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,qn #e #f ,kg ,,remark4--,the fall of the queen of spades from ,y shows ,a that the two remaining spades are in ,z's hand4 ,z's third card is the queen of clubs1 which he turned up4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #aa4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #f ,,yz1 #e #aa4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #h #g ,qn ,kg ,illustration3 ,,trick #ab4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #g ,,yz1 #e #ab4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #i #aj #h #i ,,remark 7,trick #ab74--;,a's lead here is instructive4 ,he knows his partner 7,b7 has one diamond and no spade and no heart 7see ,tricks #e1 #g1 and #aj74 ,b's other card must therefore be a club 7trump74 ,if it is the best trump1 ,a wins two by cards by leading a trump4 ,but if it is not the winning trump1 a trump lead loses the odd trick4 ,it is better to make certain of the odd trick than to risk losing it for the chance of winning two by cards2 for the odd trick makes a difference of two to the score4 ,a therefore properly ensures the odd trick by forcing his partner 7see p4 #acd74 ,suppose the score to be ,,ab three1 and ,,yz one4 ,then ,a would be justified in leading the trump at ,trick #ab4 ,for1 if ,b has the ten1 ,,ab win two by cards and the game2 and1 if ,b has not the ten1 ,,ab lose the odd trick2 the score remaining ,,ab three1 ,,yz two4 ,it is better to run the risk of this score for the sake of the game1 than to make certain of scoring only four and of leaving the adversaries at one4 ,,ab win the odd trick4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,a's hand is given above47 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,z',s ,,hand4 ,qn1 ,knv1 #b #g ,ace1 #aj1 #h1 #f1 #c ,qn1 #i1 #g1 #e #aj1 #h1 #b ,kg1 #f1 #c #i1 #h1 #c ,knv1 #aj1 #g1 #e ,ace1 ,qn1 #d #i1 #g1 #f ,kg1 #h1 #e1 #c1 #b ,ace1 #aj ,in the following hands the comments will be fewer1 it being assumed that explanations of ordinary play are unnecessary4 ,,hand ,v4 ,illustrative of the advantage of returning the highest of a short suit4 ,illustration3 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,a1 #i1 #f1 #b #d1 #b ,kg1 #aj1 #g1 #d #h1 #f1 #d ,score3 ,love-all4 ,three of spades turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #j #a4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #f ,a #b #d ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #j #b4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #h1 ,knv1 #e1 #g ,,remark 7,trick #b74--;,a's finesse here is justifiable1 because he has strength in trumps 7see p4 #id74 ,with only three trumps1 ,a's better play would be to secure the trick at once4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #j #c4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #i #c ,qn ,kg ,,remark4--,note the advantage of the return of the strengthening card at ,trick #b1 in accordance with ,general ,principle #e 7p4 #gi74 ,the command is left with the presumably strong hand2 and the queen is completely hemmed in4 ,it is true the queen might have been in ,y's hand4 ,in that case the queen must make whatever card is returned4 ,a similar position occurs at ,trick #i4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #a #d4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #d ,qn ,kg #b ,,remark4--,a did not lead the trump at first2 but now he does so for these reasons3 he has the long card of his suit2 trumps are his strongest suit 7p4 #aai72 and the adversaries have had the opportunity of calling for trumps 7see pp4 #abe1 #abf71 and have not made use of it1 which is negative evidence that there is no very great strength of trumps in one hand4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #b #e4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #c #e ,kg #b ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #c #f4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #g #h ,a #d ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #d #g4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,qn ,knv #f #d ,,remark 7,trick #g74--;,a being strong in trumps passes the doubtful card 7see p4 #abi74 ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #d ,,yz1 #d #h4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,knv ,a #e #f ,illustration3 ,,trick #i4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #e ,,yz1 #d #i4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #g #aj #c #f ,,tricks #aj to #ac4--;,b leads the five of spades1 which brings down all the outstanding trumps4 ,a makes the thirteenth club and the trump2 the adversary makes the king of diamonds 7see the hands below74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ab win two by cards4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,a's hand is given above47 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,z',s ,,hand4 #h1 #g1 #d ,qn1 #aj1 #e ,kg1 ,knv1 #c ,qn1 #aj #g1 #c ,knv1 #h1 #e ,ace1 ,kg1 #i1 #f #i1 #h1 #f ,ace1 ,knv1 #c ,qn1 #e1 #b ,knv1 #aj1 #i ,ace1 ,qn1 #c1 #b ,kg1 #g1 #e ,,hand ,,vi4 ,playing to the score4 ,illustration3 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,a1 #h1 #f1 #e ,a1 ,kg1 ,qn1 #b ,qn1 ,knv #h1 #f1 #d ,score3 ,love-all4 ,two of diamonds turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #j #a4 ,b ,z ,a ,y ,a #d #b ,knv ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #j #b4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #c #aj ,kg ,qn ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #a #c4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #f #i #c ,qn ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #b #d4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #e ,knv #d ,a ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #c #e4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #g #b #h ,kg ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #d #f4 ,b ,z ,a ,y ,kg #c #d ,a ,,remark 7,trick #f74--,the lead here is the point in the hand4 ,y has three tricks up2 there is a whole suit 7clubs7 against him1 and his adversary ,b has called for trumps 7see ,tricks #c and #d74 ,it is1 consequently1 ,y's duty to make five tricks 7which save the game if ,z has an honour7 as quickly as possible4 ,he therefore leads the ace of spades to make the fourth trick1 and 7,trick #g7 forces his partner 7though without any strength of trumps in his own hand1 see pp4 #acb1 #acc7 to make the fifth4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #e #g4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #aj ,qn #aj #b ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #e #h4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #e ,knv ,qn #e ,,tricks #i to #ac4--;,a leads a trump 7the knave1 see his hand below71 in obedience to the call1 and ,,ab score two by cards and two by honours4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,y's hand is given above47 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,z',s ,,hand4 ,qn1 #d ,kg ,knv1 #aj1 #i1 #g1 #c1 #b #aj1 #h1 #d1 #c #g1 #f1 #e ,knv1 #i ,kg1 #i1 #g1 #b ,ace1 #h1 #f1 #e1 #c #aj1 #d ,knv1 #e1 #c ,ace1 ,kg1 #aj1 #g ,qn1 #i1 #b 99 99 99 99 99 ,at ,trick #b1 ,b1 with the club suit well nigh established 7assuming his partner to have led from strength71 and four trumps1 two honours1 should risk a trump lead4 ,he cannot lose the game2 and if his partner has an average hand1 a trump lead will1 in all probability1 give ,,ab a good score4 ,as a matter of fact it would win the game1 but that proves nothing4 ,,hand ,,vii4 ,the lead of the fourth-best 7see ,appendix ,a71 and counting the hands 7see pp4 #aaf-ag74 ,illustration3 ,z',s ,,hand4 ,qn1 #aj ,ace1 ,qn1 #f1 #e1 #d #i1 #h ,knv1 #f1 #e1 #c ,score3 ,,ab1 love2 ,,yz1 four4 ,eight of clubs turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #a #a4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #d1 #e1 #i1 #aj ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #b #b4 ,a ,y ,b ,z ,kg1 ,a1 #g1 ,qn ,,remark 7,trick #b74--,z's better play would be to open the heart suit4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #c #c4 ,a ,y ,b ,z ,knv #g #h ,qn ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #d #d4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #g ,a #d #c ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #d #e4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #h #aj ,kg #e ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #d #f4 ,a ,y ,b ,z ,kg #c ,qn #h ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #d #g4 ,a ,y ,b ,z ,a #d #b #i ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #e #h4 ,a ,y ,b ,z ,knv #f #f #d ,illustration3 ,,trick #i4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #f #i4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #b #b #c #e ,,remark4--,it is now clear that ,y led from five hearts originally 7see his lead1 ,trick #c1 and p4 #aaf74 ,consequently1 ,,yz have all the remaining hearts between them4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #aj4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #g #aj4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #i #g #b #f ,,remark4--,z can count his partner's hand1 viz41 three more hearts 7see ,remark1 ,trick #i7 and one other card1 either the deuce of diamonds 7see the fall of the diamonds1 ,tricks #d and #e71 or a trump4 ,if ,y has the diamond1 it matters not what ,z leads1 as ,b must then hold four trumps4 ,z therefore assumes that his partner has another trump1 and plays to force him4 ,but if ,z could not tell that ,y has three hearts1 or rather could tell that he has only two1 ,z's proper lead at ,trick #aj would be the ace of hearts4 ,for then ,b must have a heart1 and if ,z leads a losing diamond1 ,b discards his heart on it1 and wins the game4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,z's hand is given above47 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,kg1 ,knv1 #h1 #d1 #c1 #b ,ace1 #e #i1 #g1 #f ,knv ,kg1 #aj1 #i1 #g1 #b #h1 #c ,ace1 ,kg #g1 #f1 #d1 #c ,qn1 ,knv1 #aj1 #e1 #b ,qn1 #i1 #h1 #g ,ace1 #aj ,kg1 #d1 #b ,at ,trick #f1 ,b should play to force his partner in hearts instead of leading trumps4 ,,hand ,,viii4 ,playing to the score and to the fall of the cards4 ,game won in spite of partner's bad play4 ,illustration3 ,z',s ,,hand4 #aj1 #i #h1 #d1 #c ,kg1 ,qn1 #h1 #b ,a1 ,knv1 #h1 #e ,score3 ,,ab1 one2 ,,yz1 three4 ,eight of hearts turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #a #a4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #f ,a #d #i ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #a #b4 ,a ,y ,b ,z ,knv #e #i #c ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #b #c4 ,a ,y ,b ,z ,qn #b ,kg #aj ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #b #d4 ,a ,y ,b ,z ,qn #f #aj #d ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #b #e4 ,a ,y ,b ,z ,a #g #c #h ,,remark4--,drawing two for one4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #c #f4 ,a ,y ,b ,z ,knv ,kg #h #e ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #d #g4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #f #d #g ,qn ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #d ,,yz1 #d #h4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #b #h ,a #b ,,remark4--,y must have knave4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #i4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #d ,,yz1 #e #i4 ,a ,y ,b ,z ,qn #b #d ,a ,,remark 7,trick #i74--,z manages to win the game1 in spite of his partner1 by putting on ace second hand and leading a club4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #aj4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #d ,,yz1 #f #aj4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #c #c #i ,kg ,,tricks #aa to #ac4--,z 7,trick #aa7 leads a club2 ,y makes two more tricks in clubs1 and ,,yz win two by cards4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,z's hand is given above47 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,qn1 ,knv1 #g1 #f1 #e1 #c1 #b ,ace ,kg1 #h1 #d ,ace1 ,qn1 ,knv ,kg1 #g1 #f1 #e1 #b #aj1 #i #f ,knv1 #aj1 #e1 #d1 #c ,ace1 #i1 #g ,kg1 ,qn #g1 #b #aj1 #i1 #f1 #d1 #c ,at ,trick #c1 ,y plays badly to trump the doubtful spade 7see p4 #abi74 ,at same trick1 ,b plays well to get rid of the command of his partner's suit 7see p4 #if71 as ,a1 from the lead1 must have knave of spades1 and ,z1 from the previous fall of the cards1 must have the ten single4 ,at ,trick #d1 ,y's continuing the trump is bad1 after ruining his numerical strength4 ,for he has no particular strength out of trumps 7see his hand71 and his partner is evidently very weak in trumps4 ,as the cards happen to lie1 if ,z does not put on ace of diamonds second hand at ,trick #i1 ,a brings in the spades1 and ,,yz lose the game instead of winning it4 ,,hand ,,ix4 ,counting the cards4 ,illustration3 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,a1 ,qn1 ,knv1 #h1 #g ,a1 #g #i1 #g1 #d1 #c #g1 #f ,score3 ,love-all4 ,five of spades turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #j #a4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #c #b #e ,a ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #a #b4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,kg #i #aj ,knv ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #a #c4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #e ,knv #b #g ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #a #d4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #d ,a ,knv #f ,,remark4--,b has led from a suit of at least five diamonds4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #b #e4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #e #c ,kg #g ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #c #f4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,kg #aj ,a #c ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #d #g4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #d ,qn #b #d ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #d ,,yz1 #d #h4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #i ,qn #e ,a ,,remark 7,trick #h74--,well played by ,a4 ,he can count ,b's hand4 ,the ten of diamonds is marked in ,y's hand1 so ,b has two diamonds and three hearts4 ,therefore ,b must have had four hearts originally1 and as it is not the game to put on knave1 second hand1 with four1 holding less than three honours 7see ,trick #c and ,analysis of ,play of ,second ,hand1 p4 #he71 ,b must hold both king and queen of hearts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tricks #i to #ac4--;,b leads king1 queen of hearts1 to which ,a discards clubs4 ,a makes his three trumps1 and ,,ab score three by cards and two by honours4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,a's hand is given above47 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,z',s ,,hand4 ,kg1 #f1 #d1 #c #i1 #b #aj1 #e #aj1 #i1 #f1 #e ,kg1 ,qn1 ,knv1 #d #h1 #c1 #b ,kg ,qn1 #aj ,ace1 ,knv1 #h1 #f1 #e1 #b #aj1 #i1 #e1 #d ,ace1 ,qn1 #h1 #c1 #b ,kg1 ,knv ,at ,trick #g1 ,z does not lead his original fourth-best1 as great strength in trumps is declared against him4 7,see ,appendix ,a47 ,at ,trick #h1 ,y's play is difficult4 ,he might have noticed that his best chance of winning the game is for ,a to hold only winning hearts and a losing club2 and this being so1 ,y should not lead a diamond4 ,illustration ,,hand ,x4 ,counting the hands4 ,simple instance of departure from rule4 ,illustration3 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,a1 #i1 #g1 #d ,qn1 #f1 #e1 #c ,a1 #c ,kg1 #i1 #e ,score3 ,love-all4 ,six of spades turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #a #a4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #d ,qn #aj #c ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #b #b4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #c #e #b ,a ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #b #c4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #h #aj ,kg #d ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #c #d4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #g #f ,knv ,a ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #c #e4 ,b ,z ,a ,y ,qn #f #b #g ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #d #f4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #h #i ,kg #i ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #e #g4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #h ,a #d #c ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #f #h4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #c ,a #d #e ,illustration3 ,,trick #i4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #g #i4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #g ,knv #b #i ,,remark 7,trick #i74--,the lead of ace1 followed by knave1 indicates a five card suit1 headed by ace1 queen1 knave1 and a desire that partner1 if he holds the king1 should put it on second round 7see p4 #aja74 ,but in this case ,y can count the hands1 and therefore departs from rule1 and does not put on the king4 ,z has a trump1 and three diamonds1 the ten guarded being in ,b's hand4 ,if ,y follows rule and puts on king of diamonds1 he loses a trick in diamonds2 by passing the knave1 he ensures five by cards4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #aj4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #h #aj4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #h #b #g ,kg 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tricks #aa to #ac4--,whatever ,y leads1 ,z makes the remaining tricks1 and ,,yz win five by cards4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,y's hand is given above47 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,z',s ,,hand4 ,kg1 #b ,qn1 #h1 #c ,knv1 #aj1 #f1 #e ,knv1 #i1 #g1 #d1 #b ,kg1 #aj1 #h ,ace ,kg1 ,knv1 #aj1 #e1 #b #h1 #g1 #d ,qn1 #i1 #f #d #aj1 #h1 #g1 #c ,ace1 ,qn1 ,knv1 #f1 #b ,at ,trick #b ,z's trump lead is rather forward1 but justifiable with his hand at the score of love-all1 especially as ,y must hold the ace of clubs4 ,,hand ,,xi4 ,discarding1 and playing to the score4 ,illustration3 ,z',s ,,hand4 ,a1 ,qn1 #g1 #f ,qn1 #i1 #f ,qn1 #h1 #d1 #b #g1 #c ,score3 ,love-all4 ,six of hearts turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #j #a4 ,a ,y ,b ,z ,kg #f #b #c ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #j #b4 ,a ,y ,b ,z ,a #e ,knv #g ,,remark4--,y has called for trumps4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #a #c4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #d #h #d #f ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #b #d4 ,a ,y ,b ,z ,kg ,a #g ,qn ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #c #e4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #b ,knv #aj #i ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #d #f4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #aj ,qn #c #b ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #e #g4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #c #i #g #f ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #f #h4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #h #c #b #g ,,tricks #i to #ac4--,y 7,trick #i7 leads a spade4 ,he is directed to the spade suit by ,z's original discard of a club at ,trick #f 7see p4 #ajd71 notwithstanding that ,z has since discarded two spades4 ,z plays properly to keep his queen of clubs guarded after his first discard1 as he only wants at most two tricks besides the two trumps which he knows to be in ,y's hand4 ,y1 at ,trick #h1 leads a heart to show he has all the other hearts1 as it is possible that the best heart may be held up by the adversary4 ,y thus tells ,z not to finesse if he has one trick certain 7see score74 ,z puts on the ace of spades1 at ,trick #i1 as that card and the two trumps in ,y's hand make the game4 ,if ,z finesses he only scores four1 as will be seen by referring to the hands below4 ,z's play would not be right if he had only five tricks up1 as he would then want one more trick to win the game4 ,in that case he should finesse4 ,this is a good illustration of playing to the score4 ,,yz score three by cards and two by honours4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,z's hand is given above47 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,kg1 #i1 #h1 #c #e ,knv1 #aj1 #d1 #b ,kg1 #b ,ace1 ,knv1 #h1 #e1 #c #aj1 #g1 #d ,kg1 #i1 #e ,knv1 #f ,ace1 #aj1 #g1 #c ,ace1 ,kg1 #aj1 #d ,qn1 #i1 #h1 #f1 #e ,knv1 #b ,at ,trick #c1 ,a is justified in risking a force on his partner1 though weak in trumps himself4 ,strength in trumps has been adversely declared by the call 7see pp4 #acb1 #acc71 and there is nothing to show that ,b has not the queen of diamonds4 ,at ,trick #d1 it is doubtful whether ,a should cover the strengthening card led 7see p4 #hh74 ,,hand ,,xii4 ,discarding4 ,illustration3 ,z',s ,,hand4 ,qn1 #i1 #g ,kg1 #aj1 #f1 #e ,qn1 #f1 #e #aj1 #d1 #b ,score3 ,,ab1 love2 ,,yz1 four4 ,two of diamonds turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #j #a4 ,a ,y ,b ,z ,qn #f #c #b ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #j #b4 ,a ,y ,b ,z ,a #h #g #d ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #j #c4 ,a ,y ,b ,z ,kg #i #g #aj ,,remark 7,trick #c74--,the knave of diamonds1 and therefore the command of trumps1 is marked in ,y's hand4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #d ,,yz1 #j #d4 ,a ,y ,b ,z ,kg #d #c #g ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #e ,,yz1 #j #e4 ,a ,y ,b ,z ,a #f #e #i ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #e ,,yz1 #a #f4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #b #b ,knv ,qn ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #e ,,yz1 #b #g4 ,a ,y ,b ,z ,kg ,a #h ,qn ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #e ,,yz1 #c #h4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #e ,knv #c #e ,,remark 7,trick #g74--,z properly concludes1 as his partner has command of trumps 7see ,remark1 ,trick #c71 that his discard 7,trick #f7 was from his weakest suit1 notwithstanding the adverse trump lead1 and therefore ,z leads clubs4 ,if ,z mistakes the character of his partner's discard1 and leads a heart1 he loses the game 7see pp4 #aje-f1 and apply the rules of play there stated to the present situation74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tricks #i to #ac4--,y brings in the clubs 7see his hand below71 and ,,yz win the odd trick4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,z's hand is given above47 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,ace1 ,kg1 #aj1 #b #f1 #d ,knv1 #h1 #e1 #c ,ace1 #i1 #g #d1 #b ,qn1 ,knv1 #h1 #c ,king1 #c ,ace1 ,knv1 #aj1 #d1 #b #i1 #h1 #g ,ace1 ,kg1 ,qn1 #e ,knv1 #i1 #h1 #f #g1 #c ,at ,trick #g1 ,a is right to cover the queen of clubs 7see p4 #hh74 ,illustration ,,hand ,,xiii4 ,getting rid of the command of partner's suit 7see p4 #ig74 ,illustration3 ,z',s ,,hand4 ,kg1 #aj1 #e ,a1 #f1 #e #i1 #h1 #c #aj1 #i1 #h1 #b ,score3 ,love-all4 ,five of hearts turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #j #a4 ,a ,y ,b ,z ,qn ,kg ,a #c ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #j #b4 ,a ,y ,b ,z ,qn #d #b #e ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #a #c4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #h #i #c #f ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #b #d4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #d ,a #c #h ,,remark4--,see p4 #ig4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #b #e4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #g ,knv ,kg #i ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #c #f4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #aj #aj #g #h ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #d ,,yz1 #c #g4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #b ,qn #g #aj ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #e ,,yz1 #c #h4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #i #f ,a #e ,illustration3 ,,trick #i4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #e ,,yz1 #d #i4 ,a ,y ,b ,z ,knv #g #b ,kg ,illustration3 ,,trick #aj4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #e ,,yz1 #e #aj4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #d ,knv ,kg ,a ,,tricks #aa to #ac4--,z 7,trick #aa7 leads deuce of diamonds4 ,y makes two tricks in diamonds 7note the advantage to ,,yz of ,z's having got rid of the command74 ,,yz win the odd trick4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,z's hand is given above47 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,knv1 #i #h1 #g1 #f ,ace1 ,qn1 #d1 #c1 #b ,qn1 #h ,knv1 #aj1 #i1 #d ,kg1 #g1 #c1 #b ,qn1 ,knv1 #aj1 #f1 #e1 #d1 #b ,kg ,ace1 #g #g1 #d ,ace1 ,qn1 ,knv1 #f1 #e ,kg1 #c ,at ,trick #b1 ,z plays the turn-up card 7see p4 #aad74 ,at ,trick #c1 ,b passes the nine of trumps4 ,if the tenace is against him covering does no good2 and there is a reasonable chance that the ace will fall4 ,at ,trick #f1 ,b1 having found ,a weak in trumps1 and the whole diamond suit being declared against him1 alters his tactics1 and does not continue trumps4 ,at ,trick #g1 ,y plays properly in attempting to force the strong trump hand1 keeping knave of hearts with which to trump clubs4 ,if ,b refuses the first force he wins two or three by cards1 as the cards happen to lie4 ,but he cannot place the diamonds1 and probably his best play is to trump4 ,,hand ,,xiv4 ,finessing4 ,illustration3 ,a',s ,,hand4 #g1 #f1 #b ,kg1 ,knv1 #i1 #g1 #f1 #d ,knv #aj1 #g1 #f ,score3 ,four-all4 ,ten of clubs turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #j #a4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #e ,a #b #g ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #a #b4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #b #f ,qn ,knv ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #a #c4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,knv ,a #c #b ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #b #d4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #d #e #aj #f ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #c #e4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,qn #i #e #g ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c1 ,,yz1 #c #f4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,kg #i #h #f ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #d #g4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,a #c ,kg #d ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #d ,,yz1 #d #h4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #d #g #aj #f ,illustration3 ,,trick #i4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #d ,,yz1 #e #i4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,qn #aj #c ,knv ,,remark 7,trick #i74--;,a's finesse is unlucky4 ,he has no indication as to the position of the queen4 ,the finesse must not be judged by the result4 ,it is generally right against one card if the success of the finesse wins the game4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tricks #aj to #ac4--,,yz make two tricks in diamonds 7see their hands below72 and ,,yz win the odd trick4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,a's hand is given above47 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,z',s ,,hand4 ,kg1 ,qn1 ,knv1 #d ,ace1 #i #aj1 #h1 #e1 #c ,qn1 #e ,ace1 #aj #h1 #c1 #b ,ace1 #d1 #b #i1 #h1 #g1 #f1 #e1 #c ,kg1 ,qn1 #aj ,kg1 ,knv1 #h1 #e ,qn1 #i1 #c ,ace1 #d1 #b ,at ,trick #f1 ,y's lead is not well judged4 ,he knows his partner to hold king of clubs single1 and his object should be to prevent the two trumps from being drawn together4 ,y's best lead appears to be queen of hearts2 and if it wins1 a diamond4 ,,hand ,,xv4 ,counting the hands1 and refusing a finesse4 ,illustration3 ,z',s ,,hand4 ,a1 ,kg1 ,knv1 #b ,a1 ,kg1 #b #f1 #d #h1 #d1 #c1 #b ,score3 ,love-all4 ,king of hearts turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #j #a4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #e #f ,a #b ,,remark 7,trick #a74--;,a has not both king and queen of diamonds1 or he would have led one4 ,b has not either king or queen of diamonds1 or he would have played one of them instead of the ace4 ,therefore1 ,y must have one of those cards4 ,z draws this inference at the time4 ,it will not be of any use to him until near the end of the hand4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #j #b4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #e #g ,a #d ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #a #c4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #h ,qn #c #f ,,remark4--,b has led from exactly five clubs 7see ,appendix ,a74 ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #b #d4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #d #e #c ,kg ,,remark4--,the ace would be an echo 7see p4 #abh74 ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #c #e4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #g #f #h ,a ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #d #f4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #c #e #d ,kg ,,remark 7,trick #f74--,the policy of this lead is doubtful4 ,players are apt to show their suits in this manner4 ,but it is clear1 the opponents having led diamonds and clubs1 that if ,z has strength in any suit it is in spades4 ,the objections to showing a suit in this way are3 #a1 that it may be trumped the first round2 #b1 that partner may have only one card of it4 ,in the latter case he cannot return the lead1 and must open or continue another suit to a disadvantage4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #e #g4 ,a ,y ,b ,z ,knv ,qn #i #b ,,remark4--,y has the long trump4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #f #h4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #i ,kg #b #c ,illustration3 ,,trick #i4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #g #i4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #h #i #f ,a ,,remark 7,trick #i74--,z's play in not finessing is very good4 ,he can count ,y's hand1 thus3 ,y has no more clubs 7see ,remark1 ,trick #c71 he has the last trump1 and three other cards4 ,these cards must either be queen1 ten of spades1 and a diamond1 in which case ,z's play does not matter2 or the nine returned by ,y must be his best spade1 in which case he can only have one more1 as he would return the higher of two remaining cards 7see p4 #gi71 and his other cards must then be two diamonds4 ,therefore1 assuming the case in which ,z's play does matter 7i4e41 of ,y's nine being his best spade71 ,y's diamond must be guarded4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #aj4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #h #aj4 ,a ,y ,b ,z ,knv ,qn #aj #h ,consequently1 ,z1 by not finessing1 makes sure of the game4 ,he requires one more trick besides the ace of spades and his partner's trump1 and this trick ,y is certain to make in diamonds if ,z leads through ,a's hand 7see ,remark1 ,trick #a74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tricks #aj to #ac4--,z 7,trick #aj7 leads a diamond1 and1 however ,a plays1 ,,yz score three by cards and two by honours4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,z's hand is given above47 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,qn1 #h1 #c #i1 #e #aj1 #g1 #f1 #d ,knv1 #g1 #d ,qn1 #aj1 #f1 #e #i1 #h1 #c #i1 #h1 #e ,kg1 ,qn1 #g ,ace1 ,knv1 #aj1 #c1 #b ,kg1 ,knv1 #g1 #e ,qn1 #aj1 #i1 #f ,ace ,as the cards happen to lie1 ,,yz only score four if ,z finesses at ,trick #i1 and ,a plays properly4 ,a1 on winning this trick with the queen of spades1 should see that his only chance of making two more tricks is to be led up to in diamonds4 ,he should therefore 7,trick #aj7 lead the seven of diamonds1 which ,y is compelled to take1 and ,,ab save the game4 ,illustration ,,hand ,,xvi4 ,leading losing card to place the lead 7see pp4 #adg-aea74 ,illustration3 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,a1 ,qn1 ,knv ,a1 ,kg1 #i1 #c ,knv1 #h1 #f1 #b ,knv1 #e ,score3 ,love-all4 ,ten of hearts turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #j #a4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #d1 ,kg1 #h1 #e ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #j #b4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #g ,a ,qn ,knv ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #j #c4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #b #aj #c ,knv ,,remark4--,y has the king of spades4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #d ,,yz1 #j #d4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #g ,knv #e #c ,,remark4--,it is probable that ,a is weak in trumps1 as he refused to force his partner in diamonds4 ,nevertheless1 ,b leads a trump1 as he is well provided in spades1 and has some defence in the club suit4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #e ,,yz1 #j #e4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #h #d #f ,kg ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #f ,,yz1 #j #f4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #aj #b #d ,a ,,remark 7,trick #f74--,the queen of hearts must be in ,z's hand1 as ,a returned the four and now plays the two1 and ,y renounces4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #f ,,yz1 #a #g4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #c ,kg ,a #b ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #f ,,yz1 #b #h4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #g #e ,qn #f ,illustration3 ,,trick #i4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #g ,,yz1 #b #i4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #aj #b #d ,knv ,illustration3 ,,trick #aj4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #g ,,yz1 #c #aj4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #f #c #i #h ,,remark 7,trick #aj74--;,b leads the losing club to throw the lead into ,y's hand4 ,y will then be obliged to lead a spade1 as he has no other suit4 ,z will have to follow suit1 or will be forced with the queen of trumps1 and ,b will make the ace of spades and the last trump4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tricks #aa to #ac4--,y 7,trick #aa7 leads a spade1 ,b puts on the queen1 and ,,ab score three by cards and two by honours4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,b's hand is given above47 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,z',s ,,hand4 #aj1 #i1 #g ,kg1 #h1 #e1 #d1 #c #f1 #b ,knv1 #d1 #b #f1 #e ,qn1 #aj1 #h1 #g ,kg1 #e ,ace1 ,qn1 #i1 #d #aj1 #g1 #c ,ace1 ,kg1 #f1 #c1 #b ,qn1 #h #aj1 #i1 #g1 #d ,at ,trick #h1 ,y should underplay in clubs4 ,,hand ,,xvii4 ,leading losing card to place the lead 7see pp4 #adg-aea74 ,illustration3 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,a1 ,qn1 #aj1 #e #aj1 #c #i1 #e1 #b ,qn1 ,knv1 #f1 #b ,score3 ,,ab1 love2 ,,yz1 one4 ,four of clubs turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #a #a4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #c #b #g ,qn ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #b #b4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #c ,kg #e #b ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #b #c4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #aj #d #g #i ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #c #d4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #f ,knv ,kg ,a ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #d #e4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #c ,kg #h #e ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #e #f4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #f ,a ,knv #b ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #f #g4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #d ,a #h #f ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #g #h4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #aj #g #i ,knv ,illustration3 ,,trick #i4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #g #i4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #d #d ,qn ,qn ,illustration3 ,,trick #aj4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #h #aj4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #f #e #h #aj ,illustration3 ,,trick #aa4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #h #aa4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #g #h #i #e ,,remark 7,trick #aa74--,y leads the losing spade to put the lead into ,a's hand 7see fall of the spades1 ,tricks #a1 #d1 and #aj71 and so compel ,a to lead hearts up to ,z4 ,at this score 7,,yz1 one7 this is the best chance of four by cards4 ,if the score were ,,yz1 love1 ,y should lead a heart1 as leading the spade gives up all chance of five by cards4 ,,tricks #ab and #ac4--,z has ace1 queen of hearts2 and ,,yz win four by cards4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,y's hand is given above47 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,z',s ,,hand4 ,kg1 #i1 #h1 #g #f1 #d1 #c ,knv1 #b ,kg1 #b ,knv1 #i1 #g1 #f ,ace1 ,qn1 #h1 #e1 #d ,qn1 ,knv1 #h1 #g #aj1 #f1 #c ,ace1 ,kg1 #d #i1 #h1 #e #aj1 #d1 #c ,ace1 ,kg1 #g ,at ,trick #d1 ,b1 having a weak hand1 plays his partner's game1 in preference to planning an attack for himself by opening his own poor suit of four to the knave4 ,,hand ,,xviii4 ,underplay4 ,illustration3 ,z',s ,,hand4 ,a1 ,kg1 #aj1 #f ,knv1 #aj1 #e1 #d1 #c ,kg1 #g ,kg1 #f ,score3 ,love-all4 ,six of spades turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #a #a4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #c #h #i #aj ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #b #b4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #f ,a #g #d ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #c #c4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #d ,a #f #g ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #d #d4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #b #aj #i ,kg ,,remark 7,trick #d74--,y has led from ace1 queen1 knave1 ten2 and ,b1 the weak trump hand1 has no more clubs4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #e #e4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #b ,knv #d #f ,,remark 7,trick #e74--,z underplays in trumps4 ,to continue hearts1 with queen1 king marked against him 7see ,trick #b71 or to open diamonds1 would be very disadvantageous1 so a trump lead is forced1 more especially as ,y has command of clubs1 and ,b is about to trump that suit4 ,the lead of ace or king of trumps would leave the lead with ,z1 who would then still be in a difficulty as to his next lead4 ,further1 it is of importance to endeavour to place the lead in ,y's hand1 that he may continue clubs4 ,also1 if the underplay succeeds1 it is not at all unlikely that ,,yz will win the game4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #f #f4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #e ,qn #b #c ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #g #g4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #h ,knv #h #e ,,tricks #h to #ac4--,z makes ace1 king of trumps1 and ,,yz win the game4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,z's hand is given above47 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,qn1 #g1 #e1 #c1 #b ,knv1 #h #i1 #d ,kg1 #f ,ace1 #b ,qn1 #i1 #h1 #g #h1 #e1 #d1 #b ,ace1 ,qn1 ,knv1 #aj1 #c #i1 #f ,ace1 ,qn #aj1 #e1 #d1 #c ,knv1 #i #h1 #g1 #b ,at ,trick #e1 if ,a puts on queen of spades1 second hand1 he saves the game4 ,may be1 a very shrewd player would have seen through the position1 including the importance of preventing ,y from getting the lead if possible2 but ,a can hardly be blamed for passing1 as it is unlikely that both ace and king of spades are in ,z's hand4 ,illustration ,,hand ,,xix4 ,underplay1 and playing to the score4 ,illustration3 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,knv1 #aj1 #g1 #c ,a1 ,kg1 #h1 #f1 #e ,a1 #c ,kg1 #b ,score3 ,love-all4 ,four of spades turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #a #a4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #i ,qn #f #c ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #b #b4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #c #d #f ,kg ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #b #c4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #f ,qn ,kg #c ,,remark 7,trick #c74--,y is justified in playing a forward game4 ,he has four trumps 7see pp4 #abb1 #abc71 ace of the opponent's suit1 and a fine heart suit3 and his partner has declared strength in diamonds by choosing that suit for his original lead4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #c #d4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #b #d #e ,a ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #c #e4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #h #b ,a #aj ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #d #f4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #d #c #aj ,a ,,remark 7,trick #f74--,y is justified in playing a false card here1 notwithstanding ,general ,principle #ab 7p4 #ajh74 ,the heart is a forced lead1 and the card led 7the ten7 is obviously ,a's best4 ,y's scheme is to take another round of trumps1 and then to underplay in hearts 7see p4 #aja72 so he puts on the ace to deceive ,b as to the position of the king4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #e #g4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #i #d #e ,knv ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #f #h4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #g #i #b #e ,,tricks #i to #ac4--,z leads the king of clubs1 to which ,y discards the two of diamonds4 ,z then leads the knave of hearts1 on which ,y puts the king2 the queen falls 7see the hands below72 ,y brings in the hearts2 and ,,yz win five by cards4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,y's hand is given above47 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,z',s ,,hand4 ,ace1 ,kg1 #e #i1 #h1 #f ,qn1 #d1 #b #aj1 #b ,qn1 #g1 #d ,knv1 #i1 #c ,knv1 #h1 #g1 #f1 #e #aj1 #i1 #b ,kg1 ,qn1 #d ,ace1 #h1 #f #aj1 #i1 #g1 #c ,qn1 ,knv1 #e1 #d ,a and ,b both play the hand badly4 ,at ,trick #f1 ,a1 in the face of an adverse trump lead and the command of his suit 7clubs7 against him1 should lead the ace of diamonds to make the third trick and save the game4 ,at ,trick #h1 ,b should put on his queen of hearts4 ,he is fairly taken in by ,y's dark play at ,trick #f2 but he ought not to have allowed himself to be so4 ,he should have argued that ,y1 who has been playing a very strong game1 would not be likely to put on ace second hand merely for the purpose of getting the lead or of making sure of a trick4 ,further1 if ,a's lead was a forced one1 from weakness 7hearts being the only suit in which ,b can be strong71 ,z is sure to finesse if he has king1 knave1 or even king1 nine4 ,so ,b's best chance of making the queen is to put it on 7see p4 #ajb74 ,,hand ,,xx4 ,defensive trump lead1 and playing to the score4 ,illustration3 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,kg1 ,knv1 #e ,qn1 #h1 #b ,qn1 #aj1 #e1 #c ,qn1 #g1 #e ,score3 ,love-all4 ,nine of clubs turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #j #a4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #f ,kg #d #c ,,remark 7,trick #a74--;,a defensive trump lead1 to avoid opening a three card suit4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #j #b4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #g ,a #h #e ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #j #c4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #h ,kg #f #e ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #a #d4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,knv #b #i #aj ,,remark 7,trick #d74--;,a's finesse is unlucky4 ,he is1 however1 clearly justified in not parting with the command of trumps1 as1 even if the finesse does not succeed1 he remains with the last trump1 will be led up to in one of his guarded suits1 and will1 in all probability1 bring in his partner's diamonds4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #b #e4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #d #c ,a #b ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #c #f4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #i #f ,knv #h ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #d #g4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,kg #g #e ,qn ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #d ,,yz1 #d #h4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #aj #aj #f ,qn ,,tricks #i to #ac4--;,a leads the queen of diamonds1 and finds his partner with the entire command of diamonds 7see ,b's hand below74 ,,ab score three by cards and two by honours4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,a's hand is given above47 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,z',s ,,hand4 #h1 #g1 #d1 #c1 #b #aj ,ace1 ,qn1 #i1 #f ,kg1 #aj1 #i1 #d #g1 #f1 #c ,ace1 ,knv1 #e ,knv1 #g1 #f ,ace1 ,kg1 #b #i1 #h1 #d #h ,a1 ,kg1 ,knv1 #d1 #c1 #b #aj1 #i1 #f ,it may be observed that ,z loses the game by bad play at ,trick #g4 ,the fall of the cards in ,tricks #e and #f shows that ,a has the queen of hearts1 and ,y the king4 ,z should therefore1 at ,trick #g1 lead the ace of spades to make the fourth trick1 and then the heart1 making the fifth trick and saving the game4 ,at ,trick #h1 if ,y leads a spade and ,z does not finesse1 the game may be saved4 ,to finesse at that point would be very bad play1 as the ace of spades makes the fifth trick4 ,but ,y's play at ,trick #h1 though unfortunate1 is not wrong2 for ,y cannot tell that ,z has the ace of spades2 indeed1 the presumption is that he has not1 or he would have led it4 ,y properly plays to force the long trump1 and to make his partner fourth player4 ,,hand ,,xxi4 ,an ill-judged call for trumps1 and a well-judged third round1 notwithstanding the adverse strength4 ,illustration3 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,kg1 #e1 #d ,a1 ,qn1 #aj1 #h #e1 #c1 #b ,qn1 #aj1 #f ,score3 ,four-all4 ,queen of spades turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #a #a4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #f #aj ,a #b ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #a #b4 ,z ,a ,y ,b ,kg ,a #c #f ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #b #c4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #d ,knv #b #c ,,remark4--,z has called for trumps4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #c #d4 ,z ,a ,y ,b ,knv #f ,a #d ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #c #e4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #h ,kg #g ,kg ,,remark4--,the fall of the spades 7see ,tricks #c1 #d1 and #e7 shows that the three is in ,y's hand4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #d #f4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #i #h #c #e ,,remark4--,it is seldom right to continue trumps when led by the opponents2 but this is an exceptional case4 ,b plays well in drawing two trumps for one1 as it is evident that if ,y and ,z make their trumps separately they must win the odd trick4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #d #g4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #d #g #i #aj ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #d ,,yz1 #d #h4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #g #i #d #e ,illustration3 ,,trick #i4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #e ,,yz1 #d #i4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #c ,qn #e #h ,illustration3 ,,trick #aj4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #e ,,yz1 #e #aj4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #aj #h ,knv ,qn ,,tricks #aa to #ac4--,whatever ,z leads1 ,b makes ace1 queen of hearts2 and ,,ab win the odd trick4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,b's hand is given above47 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,z',s ,,hand4 #f ,ace1 #g1 #c1 #b ,qn1 ,knv1 #aj1 #i1 #h #i1 #f1 #b #g1 #e1 #d ,kg1 ,knv1 #c ,kg1 ,qn1 ,knv1 #aj1 #i1 #h ,ace #g1 #f1 #d ,ace1 #h1 #g ,knv1 #i1 #e1 #c1 #b ,kg1 #d ,z's call for trumps is ill-judged1 especially at the score of four-all4 ,the whole club suit is declared against him1 as ,y1 putting on ace1 second hand1 can have no more4 ,if ,z does not call1 he wins the game easily4 ,,hand ,,xxii4 ,returned lead1 and refusing a force4 ,illustration3 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,a1 #aj1 #i1 #d1 #b #aj1 #f1 #c #i ,a1 ,qn1 #h1 #g ,score3 ,,ab1 one2 ,,yz1 love4 ,knave of spades turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #j #a4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #c ,qn #f #d ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #j #b4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #h #g ,knv ,a ,,remark 7,trick #b74--;,b has the five of spades1 and ,y the king4 ,a1 therefore1 does not continue the trump1 but leaves the small spade in his partner's hand4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #j #c4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #c ,kg #b #g ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #d ,,yz1 #j #d4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #f #aj #d ,qn ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #e ,,yz1 #j #e4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #i #b #e ,a ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #f ,,yz1 #j #f4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,knv #e #b #h ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #f ,,yz1 #a #g4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,a #d #g #i ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #f ,,yz1 #b #h4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,kg #c #g #b ,illustration3 ,,trick #i4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #f ,,yz1 #c #i4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,qn #e #h #c ,,remark 7,trick #i74--;,a knows ,b has two more clubs 7see ,tricks #g and #h1 and p4 #ajf74 ,a1 therefore1 desires to leave the lead with ,y1 that he may go on with another club1 and so clear ,b's suit4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #aj4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #g ,,yz1 #c #aj4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,kg #f ,knv #i ,illustration3 ,,trick #aa4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #h ,,yz1 #c #aa4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #d ,a #i #f ,,remark 7,trick #aa74--;,a leads his smallest heart1 as he does not want to tempt ,b to finesse 7see p4 #adb74 ,b has ace1 queen of hearts 7see his hand below71 but he does not finesse1 as the ace of hearts1 last club1 and ,a's trump make every trick4 ,,ab win four by cards4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,a's hand is given above47 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,z',s ,,hand4 ,kg1 #h1 #c ,qn1 #g1 #e ,knv1 #f #h1 #e1 #d ,ace1 ,qn ,kg1 ,knv1 #i1 #g1 #b ,ace1 ,kg1 ,qn #aj1 #f1 #e1 #d1 #c1 #b ,knv1 #h1 #g ,knv1 #i1 #f1 #c ,kg1 #aj #e1 #d1 #b ,y should play queen of clubs at ,trick #g1 and ace of clubs at ,trick #i1 when ,a will not have sufficient materials for his coup1 as he will be uncertain as to the position of the best club4 ,y gives his adversary too much information by playing book 7see p4 #aac74 ,when the adversaries have command of trumps1 it is often advisable1 towards the end of a hand1 to play so as not to enable them to count the cards4 ,,hand ,,xxiii4 ,refusing to overtrump4 ,illustration3 ,a',s ,,hand4 #aj1 #e1 #c1 #b ,kg1 #aj1 #b #c1 #b ,a1 #d1 #c1 #b ,score3 ,three-all4 ,five of diamonds turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #a #a4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #h ,knv #f #b ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #b #b4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #g #e #aj #b ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #b #c4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,qn ,a #d #b ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #b #d4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #d ,kg #i #b ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #b #e4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #g ,a ,qn #c ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #c #f4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #h ,knv #e #c ,,remark 7,trick #f74-;,a does not overtrump4 ,this is the sort of coup for which no rule can be laid down in a book1 as it depends entirely on the state of the game and the previous fall of the cards4 ,a sees1 that his only chance of two by cards is for the remaining trumps to be divided1 and for him to be able to get two rounds before he loses the command of hearts4 ,if then his partner has ace1 queen of spades1 he may win the game against two by honours4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #d ,,yz1 #c #g4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #h #f #c #aj ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #e ,,yz1 #c #h4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #h #f ,knv ,a ,illustration3 ,,trick #i4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #e ,,yz1 #d #i4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #i #d ,qn #c ,illustration3 ,,trick #aj4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #e ,,yz1 #e #aj4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #aj #f ,kg #d ,,tricks #aa to #ac4--,z leads a heart which ,a wins4 ,a leads a spade1 and finds his partner with ace1 queen2 and ,,ab win two by cards 7which score before honours74 ,,the ,,hands4 7,a's hand is given above47 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,z',s ,,hand4 ,kg1 #i1 #h ,ace1 ,qn1 ,knv1 #g1 #f1 #d ,qn1 #i1 #h ,ace1 #f ,knv1 #g1 #e1 #d1 #c #aj1 #h1 #g1 #d ,ace1 ,kg1 ,knv1 #f1 #e ,qn1 #i #i1 #h1 #g ,kg1 ,qn1 ,knv1 #aj1 #f1 #e ,,hand ,,xxiv4 ,refusing to overtrump4 ,illustration3 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,kg1 #g1 #f ,a1 #i1 #g1 #f1 #e1 #d #e1 #c ,qn1 #g ,score3 ,four-all4 ,five of spades turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #j #a4 ,b ,z ,a ,y ,a #b #i ,qn ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #j #b4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #aj #f ,a #c ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #j #c4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #b #c ,kg #g ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #a #d4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #d #d ,knv ,kg ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #b #e4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #h #c #b ,a ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #d ,,yz1 #b #f4 ,b ,z ,a ,y ,kg ,qn ,knv #d ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #d ,,yz1 #c #g4 ,b ,z ,a ,y ,qn #e #g #e ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #e ,,yz1 #c #h4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #h #e #aj #f ,illustration3 ,,trick #i4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #e ,,yz1 #d #i4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #aj #aj #h #e ,illustration3 ,,trick #aj4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #f ,,yz1 #d #aj4 ,b ,z ,a ,y ,knv #h #b #f ,,remark 7,trick #aj74--,y's play in not overtrumping is very good4 ,he counts the hand thus3 to save the game ,z must hold ace1 queen1 or ace1 knave of spades2 his third card is evidently the remaining diamond4 ,a has the nine of clubs 7see fall of the club suit in ,tricks #b1 #g1 and #i71 and two trumps4 ,b has two trumps1 one being queen or knave 7see ,trick #i71 and king1 knave of clubs4 ,if the cards remaining in each hand are placed face upwards on the table1 and the uncertain cards1 viz41 the nine1 four1 and three of trumps are given two to ,a1 and one to ,b1 it will be seen that1 if ,y overtrumps with the seven1 he cannot make the requisite three tricks2 but that1 if he leaves the lead with ,a1 ,,yz make the remaining tricks4 ,it may be added1 that if1 at ,trick #aj1 ,a discards his club1 and keeps his three little trumps together1 leaving the trick to ,b1 ,,ab must win the odd trick if ,b leads a trump at ,trick #aa after trumping4 ,this ,a might have reckoned4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,y's hand is given above47 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,z',s ,,hand4 #d1 #c1 #b ,qn1 #i1 #h ,ace1 ,knv1 #aj1 #e ,knv1 #b ,kg1 #aj1 #h ,qn1 #c ,ace1 #i1 #h1 #g ,kg1 ,qn1 ,knv1 #aj1 #d1 #b #f ,kg1 ,knv1 #aj1 #i ,ace #h1 #f1 #e1 #d1 #c1 #b ,,hand ,,xxv4 ,see ,refusing to overtrump1 pp4 #adf1 #adg4 ,illustration3 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,qn1 #b ,a1 #h1 #b #i1 #h1 #e1 #d ,kg1 #f1 #c1 #b ,score3 ,,ab1 three2 ,,yz1 love4 ,seven of hearts turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #a #a4 ,z ,a ,y ,b ,a #h #d ,qn ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #b #b4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #c #g ,knv #d ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #b #c4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #f #f ,a #e ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #b #d4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #c ,knv #e #b ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #b #e4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #aj ,kg #f #h ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #d ,,yz1 #b #f4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #e #d #h ,kg ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #e ,,yz1 #b #g4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #aj #i #b #i ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #e ,,yz1 #c #h4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #g ,qn ,a #b ,illustration3 ,,trick #i4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #f ,,yz1 #c #i4 ,z ,a ,y ,b ,knv ,kg #c #b ,illustration3 ,,trick #aj4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #f ,,yz1 #d #aj4 ,z ,a ,y ,b ,kg #i #aj #c ,,remark 7,trick #aj74--;,b can count ,a's hand--viz41 a spade and two diamonds4 ,therefore1 if ,b overtrumps he cannot possibly win two more tricks4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #aa4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #f ,,yz1 #e #aa4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #d #i ,qn #f ,,tricks #ab and #ac4--,z leads a trump 7he has only trumps in hand71 and ,b makes ace and eight4 ,,ab win two by cards4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,b's hand is given above47 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,z',s ,,hand4 ,kg1 ,knv1 #i1 #h1 #g #f1 #e1 #d ,ace1 #aj1 #c ,kg1 #i1 #f ,qn1 #aj1 #c ,knv1 #g1 #e1 #d #g ,ace1 ,qn1 ,knv1 #b ,kg1 #aj1 #f1 #c ,qn1 ,knv1 #i1 #d ,ace1 #aj1 #h #g1 #e ,the end play of this hand is difficult4 ,at ,trick #i1 ,y leads three of hearts in preference to the queen1 as he can count an honour single in ,a's hand4 ,at ,trick #aj1 ,a's best lead is doubtful4 ,at ,trick #aj1 also1 probably ,y should trump with the queen 7see p4 #adg72 but even then1 ,b must place ten of hearts in ,y's hand4 ,,hand ,,xxvi4 ,counting the hands1 and consequent departure from rule4 ,illustration3 ,y',s ,,hand4 #d ,a1 ,kg1 ,qn1 #aj1 #b #h1 #g ,kg1 #aj1 #h1 #g1 #c ,score3 ,,ab1 three2 ,,yz1 one4 ,five of diamonds turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #j #a4 ,b ,z ,a ,y ,knv #e #f #c ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #j #b4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #b #b ,a #g ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #a #c4 ,b ,z ,a ,y ,qn ,a #c #d ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #b #d4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #c ,a ,kg #g ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #b #e4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #d #aj #d #h ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #c #f4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #g #f #b #h ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #d #g4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #e #i #g #b ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #e #h4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #i ,qn #e #aj ,,remark 7,trick #g74--,this is strong illustration of a case for departing from rule4 ,y can count two more trumps1 and three more spades in ,a's hand 7see ,a's leads1 ,tricks #c and #f1 and p4 #aaf74 ,it is clear that ,a can have at most two hearts2 consequently1 if ,y leads his tierce major in hearts1 he must lose the game1 as the opponents have two by honours4 ,but1 if ,y can give his partner the lead1 and ,z has four more clubs1 or the winning club1 and ,a makes the mistake of trumping it1 ,,yz may make every trick1 and win the game4 ,y would be right to play as he does even if ,a had led from only four spades4 ,with a strong trump hand declared against1 and a long weak suit1 it is doubtful whether ,a should not have led the deuce of spades at ,trick #c 7see ,appendix ,a72 but the hand is given as it was played4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tricks #i to #ac4--,z continues to lead clubs 7see his hand below71 and whether ,a passes or trumps1 ,,yz score four by cards4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,y's hand is given above47 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,z',s ,,hand4 ,knv1 #i1 #e1 #c1 #b ,kg1 ,qn1 #aj1 #h1 #g ,ace1 #f #h1 #g ,knv1 #f1 #e #i1 #d1 #c ,kg #i1 #d1 #c ,a1 ,qn1 ,knv1 #aj1 #f1 #e1 #b ,ace1 ,qn1 #i1 #f1 #d ,knv1 #b #e ,illustration ,,hand ,,xxvii4 ,see ,leading from weakest suit1 p4 #ada4 ,illustration3 ,z',s ,,hand4 ,a1 #aj1 #g1 #f1 #d1 #c1 #b ,qn1 #f1 #c #e #h1 #e ,score3 ,,ab1 three2 ,,yz1 four4 ,five of clubs turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #j #a4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #h #c ,a #e ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #j #b4 ,a ,y ,b ,z ,kg #d ,knv #b ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #a #c4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #b ,qn #c #c ,,remark4--,by the first discard ,z shows his strong suit to be spades4 ,in an ordinary hand1 ,z might afterwards throw a diamond4 ,but here1 ,y must be strong in diamonds1 in order to save the game2 and it is important for ,z to keep the power of leading that suit more than once4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #b #d4 ,a ,y ,b ,z ,kg ,knv ,qn ,a ,,remark4--,b covers the honour1 because the lead was from weakness4 ,b plays badly2 he should have passed the knave4 ,for1 ,a has shown four more trumps1 and only one other trick is required4 ,hence1 if ,a has ace or king of spades1 the game is won to a moral certainty2 if not1 no good is got by covering4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #c #e4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #i #aj #d #h ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #c #f4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #f #h #i #aj ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #d #g4 ,a ,y ,b ,z ,kg ,a #g #c ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #d ,,yz1 #d #h4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #g #e #f #f ,illustration3 ,,trick #i4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #d ,,yz1 #e #i4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #d #b #h ,qn ,illustration3 ,,trick #aj4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #e ,,yz1 #e #aj4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #i #e ,knv #g ,,tricks #aa to #ac4--;,a1 with the lead1 remains with the last trump and king1 knave of diamonds4 ,he 7,trick #aa7 leads the trump2 but1 whatever he plays1 ,,yz win the odd trick4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,z's hand is given above47 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,kg ,knv1 #h1 #e ,qn1 #i ,kg1 #d ,ace1 #e1 #b ,knv1 #aj1 #i1 #h1 #g ,kg1 #aj1 #i1 #h1 #g1 #f1 #b ,qn1 #d1 #c ,ace1 ,knv ,kg1 ,knv1 #i ,ace1 ,qn1 #aj1 #b #g1 #f1 #d1 #c ,a plays well throughout1 but he cannot prevent the result4 ,his lead of the trump at ,trick #c to show his strength1 and to tell his partner to make one trick certain if he has the chance1 is unlucky1 as it puts the adversaries on the only tack for saving the game4 ,,hand ,,xxviii4 ,see ,treating long suits like short ones1 pp4 #adb1 #adc4 ,illustration3 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,a1 ,qn1 #aj1 #b ,kg1 #e1 #d1 #c1 #b ,kg1 #c ,qn1 ,knv ,score3 ,,ab1 one2 ,,yz1 love4 ,nine of spades turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #j #a4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #d #c #g ,knv ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #j #b4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #d ,kg #e #b ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #j #c4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #f #g ,knv ,qn ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #d ,,yz1 #j #d4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #h #c #b #aj ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #e ,,yz1 #j #e4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #i #e #f ,a ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #e ,,yz1 #a #f4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #f #b ,a ,qn ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #e ,,yz1 #b #g4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #d #g ,a #c ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #f ,,yz1 #b #h4 ,z ,a ,y ,b ,qn #h #i ,kg ,illustration3 ,,trick #i4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #f ,,yz1 #c #i4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #i #g ,a ,kg ,,remark 7,trick #i74--;,deschapelles' ,coup4 ,b can count ,a's hand1 three diamonds and two hearts1 for the ten1 nine of clubs are clearly with ,y 7see ,tricks #g and #h74 ,b therefore leads the king of hearts 7see p4 #adb74 ,if he makes the usual lead of a small heart1 he wins a trick less as the cards happen to lie4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #aj4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #f ,,yz1 #d #aj4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #f #e #aj #b ,illustration3 ,,trick #aa4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #f ,,yz1 #e #aa4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #h #i ,knv #c ,illustration3 ,,trick #ab4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #g ,,yz1 #e #ab4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #aj ,qn #h #d ,,trick #ac4--;,a makes the king of diamonds2 and ,,ab score two by cards and two by honours4 ,if ,y1 at ,trick #d1 discards a heart1 he saves the game4 ,nevertheless1 his proper discard is the club 7see pp4 #ajd-e74 ,,the ,,hands4 7,b's hand is given above47 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,z',s ,,hand4 ,kg1 #g1 #c ,knv1 #e #i1 #h1 #f1 #d ,qn1 #g ,ace1 #h1 #f ,knv1 #aj1 #i #h1 #g1 #e ,ace1 ,knv1 #aj1 #i1 #b ,qn1 #f1 #d ,kg1 #i1 #e1 #c1 #b ,ace1 #aj1 #g #h1 #f1 #d ,,hand ,,xxix4 ,see ,refusing to win the second round of a suit1 p4 #adc4 ,illustration3 ,z',s ,,hand4 ,kg1 #i1 #g1 #f1 #d ,a ,a1 #f ,knv1 #aj1 #i1 #f1 #c ,score3 ,,ab1 four2 ,,yz1 two4 ,four of spades turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #a #a4 ,a ,y ,b ,z ,knv #d #c ,a ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #b #b4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #b ,a #c #f ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #c #c4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #aj #h #e ,kg ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #c #d4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #c #h ,knv #g ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #c #e4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #d #i ,qn #i ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #c #f4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #b #b #aj #f ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #d #g4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #e #d #g #d ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #e #h4 ,a ,y ,b ,z ,kg ,a #e #f ,illustration3 ,,trick #i4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #d ,,yz1 #e #i4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #f #h ,qn #c ,illustration3 ,,trick #aj4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #d ,,yz1 #f #aj4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #g #b ,qn ,a ,,tricks #aj to #ac4--,z brings in the diamonds2 and ,,yz win three by cards4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,z's hand is given above47 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,b',s ,,hand4 #aj1 #b ,ace1 #h ,qn1 ,knv1 #e1 #c ,kg1 ,qn1 ,knv1 #f1 #e1 #b #i1 #h1 #d #aj1 #g1 #c ,kg1 #g1 #d1 #c #aj1 #i1 #h1 #b ,qn1 ,knv1 #e ,kg ,ace1 #h1 #d1 #b ,qn1 #g1 #e ,at ,trick #d1 ,a having already shown his suit does not discard from it1 as there is still a possibility of bringing it in 7see pp4 #ajd-f71 and his king of clubs is sufficiently protected even after the discard4 ,if ,z parts with the last trump at ,trick #f1 and leads diamonds1 ,a1 on the second round of diamonds1 will unguard his king of clubs1 knowing his partner to have a heart to lead him 7see fall of the heart suit1 ,tricks #a1 #d1 and #e71 will bring in all the hearts1 and win the odd trick4 ,,hand ,,xxx4 ,see ,refusing to win the second round of a suit1 pp4 #adc1 #add4 ,illustration3 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,a1 ,qn1 ,knv #h1 #d ,a1 #g1 #b ,a1 ,qn1 ,knv1 #e1 #b ,score3 ,love-all4 ,ten of hearts turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #j #a4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #d #f #c ,knv ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #a #b4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #e #g #h ,a ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #b #c4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #c #g ,qn #d ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #c #d4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #b #i ,kg #h ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #d #e4 ,z ,a ,y ,b ,kg #d #f #b ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #e #f4 ,z ,a ,y ,b ,a ,knv #b #b ,,remark 7,trick #f74--;,b has next to no chance of bringing in the diamonds4 ,he therefore plays to protect his short suits 7see pp4 #ajd-f74 ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #f #g4 ,z ,a ,y ,b ,knv #aj #e #g ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #f #h4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #c ,kg #h ,a ,,remark 7,trick #g74--;,b refuses to win this trick4 ,the three of clubs is clearly in ,z's hand 7see fall of the club suit1 ,tricks #e and #g71 and the two long trumps4 ,the remaining clubs are evidently in ,y's hand4 ,if1 therefore1 ,b parts with the ace of clubs while ,z has a club to lead1 ,,ab lose the game1 unless ,a has the king of spades2 and if ,a has that card1 ,b loses nothing by passing this trick1 as ,z1 having only one more club1 must hold three spades4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #i4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #g #i4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #f #i #aj ,qn ,illustration3 ,,trick #aj4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #g #aj4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #d #c #i ,knv ,,tricks #aa to #ac4--;,b 7,trick #aa7 leads the last diamond1 and forces ,z4 ,z 7,trick #ab7 has only spades to lead2 ,b makes ace1 queen of spades2 and ,,yz score two by cards and two by honours4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,b's hand is given above74 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,z',s ,,hand4 #aj1 #h1 #g1 #c #i1 #e1 #b ,kg1 #f1 #d ,knv1 #i1 #g ,kg1 ,qn ,ace1 #aj1 #f1 #e1 #c1 #b #aj1 #d ,qn1 #i1 #h1 #f1 #e ,kg1 ,knv1 #c ,kg1 #i1 #g1 #f #aj1 #h1 #c #d ,,hand ,,xxxi4 ,see ,declining to draw the losing trump1 pp4 #add1 #ade4 ,illustration3 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,qn1 ,knv1 #i1 #f1 #c ,qn1 #g1 #e ,a ,qn1 ,knv1 #i1 #h ,score3 ,,ab1 love2 ,,yz1 three4 ,ace of diamonds turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #a #a4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #g #aj ,a #f ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #b #b4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,a #f #aj #e ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #c #c4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #d #b ,a #h ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #d #d4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,kg #aj #e ,knv ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #d #e4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #i #h #c ,qn ,,remark4--,it is evident that ,z's lead was from king1 knave1 ten1 c41 and that ,b has no more hearts4 ,y returning the nine1 and the two not falling1 must have the two single1 and the other hearts are with ,z4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #d #f4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #f #b #c #i ,,remark4--,the case now arises contemplated at p4 #ade4 ,a has the best trump and the lead2 ,y the losing trump4 ,y also has one card of his partner's established suit 7see ,remark1 ,trick #e74 ,a therefore 7,trick #g7 does not draw the trump4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #e #g4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,kg #e #d ,qn ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #f #h4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #b #c ,knv #g ,illustration3 ,,trick #i4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #f #i4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #b #h ,kg ,qn ,illustration3 ,,trick #aj4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #g #aj4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #g #f #d ,knv ,,tricks #aa to #ac4--,y has nothing but clubs to lead4 ,a wins the three tricks2 and ,,yz win the odd trick4 ,if1 at ,trick #g1 ,a draws the trump1 ,,yz win two by cards4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,a's hand is given above47 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,z',s ,,hand4 ,kg1 #g #aj1 #h1 #e1 #b ,ace1 #d ,ace1 #i1 #b #h1 #f ,kg1 ,knv1 #aj1 #d1 #c ,kg1 ,qn1 #d1 #b ,knv1 #i1 #h1 #f1 #c #aj1 #g1 #e ,kg1 #g1 #f1 #d #aj1 #b ,ace1 #e1 #c ,,hand ,,xxxii4 ,see ,throwing high cards to place the lead1 pp4 #adg-adi4 ,illustration3 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,knv1 #i1 #g1 #c ,qn1 #f1 #e #h1 #g1 #f1 #d ,kg1 #d ,score3 ,love-all4 ,five of clubs turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #a #a4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #e #d #b #c ,,remark4--,b has no more spades4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #b #b4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,qn #c #e #d ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #c #c4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,knv ,kg ,a #f ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #d #d4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #aj #b #b #g ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #d #e4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #g #c #h ,qn ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #d #f4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,kg ,a #e #f ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #e #g4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #aj ,knv #i #e ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #f #h4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #f #b ,a ,kg ,,remark 7,trick #h74--,well played by ,a4 ,he sees that if he obtains the lead on the second round of diamonds he must continue the spade suit1 a course demonstrably fatal to him1 unless his partner has the queen of diamonds together with the long hearts 7see fall of hearts1 ,trick #g74 ,by throwing the king to the ace ,a avoids the lead1 and saves the game if his partner has either queen or knave of diamonds 7as may be seen by placing the cards71 unless the adversaries continue the spade suit1 when the game cannot be saved1 by any course of play4 ,this clever coup occurred in actual play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #i4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #f #i4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #i ,qn ,knv #d ,,tricks #aj to #ac4--;,b brings in the hearts1 winning two more tricks2 ,a makes his trump2 and ,,yz score the odd trick and two by honours4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,a's hand is given above47 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,z',s ,,hand4 ,kg1 #aj1 #h1 #f1 #e #d ,ace1 ,qn1 #b ,kg1 #aj1 #g ,ace1 ,knv1 #i1 #d1 #c1 #b #h ,qn1 ,knv1 #aj ,kg1 #c ,ace1 #i1 #e1 #b #i1 #f ,qn1 #h1 #c1 #b ,ace1 ,knv1 #aj1 #g1 #e ,at ,trick #b1 ,b does not cover 7see p4 #hh74 ,,hand ,,xxxiii4 ,see ,throwing high cards to place the lead1 pp4 #adg-adi ,illustration3 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,a1 #d1 #b ,a1 ,qn #h1 #c1 #b ,kg1 ,qn1 #g1 #f1 #d ,score3 ,love-all4 ,nine of clubs turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #a #a4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,a #h #c ,kg ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #a #b4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,knv #c #e ,a ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #a #c4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #e #i #b ,qn ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #b #d4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #aj #d #g #d ,,remark4--,y has the knave of diamonds4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #c #e4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,kg ,qn #f #b ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #d #f4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #aj #b ,knv #c ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #e #g4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #e #c #i #h ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #f #h4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #g #f ,qn #b ,illustration3 ,,trick #i4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #g #i4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #h #i ,kg #d ,illustration3 ,,trick #aj4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #g #aj4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #d #e #aj ,a ,,remark 7,trick #aj74--;,a plays very well in putting on the ace4 ,he wants two more tricks besides his ace of hearts to save the game4 ,the last trump and best diamond are against him4 ,it is clear1 therefore1 if ,a has the lead after the second round of hearts 7when he must lead a diamond71 he loses the game4 ,it is also clear that unless ,b has king1 knave1 and a small heart1 the game is gone4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #aa4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #d ,,yz1 #g #aa4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #f ,kg #h ,qn ,illustration3 ,,trick #ab4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #e ,,yz1 #g #ab4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #g ,knv #i #f ,,yz score two by cards and two by honours4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,a's hand is given above47 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,z',s ,,hand4 ,knv1 #h1 #g #aj1 #i1 #f1 #c ,kg1 ,qn1 #e #g1 #f1 #d ,kg1 ,knv1 #e1 #c1 #b #aj1 #i1 #h ,kg1 #aj1 #e ,qn1 #d ,ace1 ,knv1 #i1 #g1 #f ,ace1 ,knv1 #aj1 #e #i1 #h #c1 #b ,at ,trick #b1 ,y is in difficulties4 ,his strong suit has been led by his right-hand adversary4 ,under these circumstances1 he leads from his strongest weak suit4 ,at ,trick #f1 ,y's play in continuing the trump is open to criticism4 ,his better lead seems to be knave of diamonds4 ,z wins his partner's ten of trumps in order to draw all the trumps4 ,it is very bad play1 for if ,z passes the ten1 and ,y leads the knave of diamonds1 the game is certain4 ,this is an example of the very common error of winning partner's trick4 ,it should seldom be done1 and only if a positive advantage can be well-nigh demonstrated from doing it4 ,at ,trick #aa1 the advantage of winning partner's trick--when judiciously done--is shown4 ,b1 seeing ,a's anxiety to get rid of the lead1 rightly conjectures that ,a has two more diamonds4 ,he therefore takes the only course to save the game1 by winning his partner's queen of hearts4 ,illustration ,,hand ,,xxxiv4 ,echo of the ,call 7see p4 #abh74 ,illustration3 ,z',s ,,hand4 #i1 #g1 #f1 #b #i1 #h1 #e1 #c #g1 #f1 #e1 #d1 #b ,score3 ,love-all4 ,eight of hearts turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #j #a4 ,a ,y ,b ,z ,a #aj #d #b ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #j #b4 ,a ,y ,b ,z ,qn #c #e #g ,,remark 7,trick #b74--,y has called for trumps4 ,z1 having four trumps himself1 commences to echo his partner's call4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #a #c4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #h #g ,kg #f ,,remark4--,z completes the echo of the call4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #a #d4 ,a ,y ,b ,z ,a #aj #d #e ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #b #e4 ,a ,y ,b ,z ,knv ,knv #f #i ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #c #f4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #b ,kg #f #c ,,remark 7,trick #f74--,z having echoed1 ,y has no hesitation in leading trumps again after being forced a second time4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #d #g4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #h ,kg ,knv #b ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #e #h4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #i ,a #g #d ,illustration3 ,,trick #i4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #d ,,yz1 #e #i4 ,a ,y ,b ,z #aj #c #h #e ,,tricks #aj to #ac4--;,a 7,trick #aj7 leads queen of diamonds1 which analysis shows is rather better than a club1 though1 as the cards happen to lie1 his lead is immaterial4 ,y trumps the diamond1 and ,,yz score three by cards and two by honours4 99 99 99 99 99 ,but for the echo1 the game might have been missed4 ,if after being forced a second time1 at ,trick #e1 ,y deems it prudent not to continue trumps1 and leads two rounds of diamonds1 ,b makes a small trump1 and the game is saved4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,z's hand is given above47 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,ace1 ,qn1 ,knv1 #h #aj1 #c ,kg1 #e1 #d ,ace1 #b ,kg1 ,qn1 ,knv1 #aj1 #g #f1 #d ,knv1 #d1 #c #aj1 #e1 #b ,a1 ,kg1 ,qn1 #i1 #h1 #g1 #f ,qn1 #aj1 #i1 #h ,ace1 ,kg1 #c ,knv ,illustration ,,hand ,,xxxv4 ,leading losing trump1 to place the lead4 ,illustration3 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,knv1 #aj1 #i1 #h ,knv1 #i1 #g1 #f1 #c1 #b ,knv ,kg1 #b ,score3 ,love-all4 ,king of hearts turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #j #a4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #c #f ,a #b ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #a #b4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #d #g ,knv ,kg ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #a #c4 ,b ,z ,a ,y ,a #e #aj #f ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #b #d4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #aj #d #e ,knv ,,remarks 7,tricks #c and #d74--,y leads fourth-best2 ,z echoes2 but as the cards lie1 it so happens that the position of the hearts would be independently marked after ,trick #e4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #c #e4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #b ,kg ,qn #b ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #d #f4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #c ,a #b #h ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #e #g4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #e ,kg #d #i ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #f #h4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #i #f #aj #c ,illustration3 ,,trick #i4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #g #i4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #c ,a ,qn ,knv ,illustration3 ,,trick #aj4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #h #aj4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #d #g ,qn #i ,,remark 7,trick #aj74--,well played by ,y4 ,he can count his partner's hand1 viz41 the eight of trumps 7see ,remark1 ,trick #d1 and the fall of the hearts1 ,tricks #c1 #d1 and #e71 the last club1 and a losing spade1 as ,z having put on the ace of spades 7,trick #i71 cannot have the king4 ,y therefore trumps with the nine1 and 7,trick #aa7 leads the seven of hearts to put the lead in ,z's hand4 ,z 7,trick #ab7 leads the club1 to which ,y discards the ten of spades2 and ,,yz win five by cards4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,y's hand is given above47 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,z',s ,,hand4 ,qn ,kg1 #g1 #e1 #d1 #c1 #b ,ace1 #f ,qn1 #aj ,ace ,kg1 #h1 #e1 #d ,qn1 #aj1 #d1 #b #i1 #e1 #c ,ace1 ,kg1 #h1 #g1 #f ,a1 ,qn1 ,knv1 #i1 #h1 #e #aj1 #d1 #c #g1 #f ,at ,trick #d1 ,b should have led a spade4 ,a having shown at least five diamonds by leading ace1 then knave 7see p4 #ff71 the diamond is sure to be trumped1 and it may force the weak trump hand1 or may allow one adversary to discard and the other to trump4 ,,hand ,,xxxvi4 ,echo after a force 7see p4 #abi74 ,illustration3 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,a1 ,qn1 #i1 #f1 #d ,knv1 #g #h1 #f ,a1 ,qn1 #d1 #c ,score3 ,,ab1 three2 ,,yz1 four4 ,two of spades turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #a #a4 ,z ,a ,y ,b ,kg #f #b ,knv ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #b #b4 ,z ,a ,y ,b ,kg #c #b #h ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #b #c4 ,z ,a ,y ,b ,qn #c #d #f ,,remark4--,b has called4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #c #d4 ,z ,a ,y ,b ,kg #h #aj ,qn ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #d #e4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #i #aj ,a #h ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #e #f4 ,z ,a ,y ,b ,kg #e #f #c ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #e #g4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #g #b #aj ,qn ,,remark4--,a has echoed4 ,he therefore had at least four trumps originally4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #e #h4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #b #e ,knv ,a ,,remark4--,the remaining trump is in ,a's hand4 ,but for the echo1 it might be in ,z's hand4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #i4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #d ,,yz1 #e #i4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #e #i #h ,a ,,remark 7,trick #i74--;,b can now lead ace of diamonds1 without fear of its being trumped 7see ,remark1 ,trick #h74 ,if the position of the other trump were uncertain1 the lead of the ace of diamonds would be wrong4 ,for1 by leading nine of trumps1 ,b can make certain of saving the game 7see score72 whereas1 if ,z has a trump1 and trumps the ace of diamonds1 ,b loses the game1 as ,y will then make a diamond4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #aj4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #e ,,yz1 #e #aj4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #c #g ,knv #d 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tricks #aa to #ac4--;,b makes his three trumps1 and ,,ab win the game4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,b's hand is given above47 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,z',s ,,hand4 #h1 #g1 #e1 #c ,knv1 #aj ,kg1 #b ,qn1 #aj1 #g1 #f1 #e ,ace1 #d1 #b ,kg1 #i1 #c #c ,knv1 #i1 #d1 #b ,a1 ,kg1 ,qn1 #aj1 #g1 #e #i1 #e1 #b ,knv1 #aj1 #h1 #f ,kg1 #g ,illustration ,,hand ,,xxxvii4 ,coup of compelling a discard1 same in principle as the ,vienna ,coup4 ,illustration3 ,y',s ,,hand4 #g1 #c #f1 #e ,a1 ,knv1 #e1 #c1 #b ,a1 ,kg1 ,qn1 #h ,score3 ,love-all4 ,king of clubs turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #j #a4 ,b ,z ,a ,y ,kg #c #h #f ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #j #b4 ,b ,z ,a ,y ,a #d #b #e ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #a #c4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #e #b #i ,qn ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #b #d4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #i ,kg #f #c ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #b #e4 ,b ,z ,a ,y ,qn #g #h ,knv ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #c #f4 ,b ,z ,a ,y ,kg ,a #d #c ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #d #g4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #c #d #aj ,a ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #e #h4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #d ,knv #i ,kg ,illustration3 ,,trick #i4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #f #i4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #f #e #aj #e ,,remark 7,trick #i74--,well played by ,y4 ,he can count ,b's hand as follows3 ten and two small diamonds2 queen of spades 7see ,trick #f--the lead of the king could only be from king1 queen72 and one other card1 probably a small spade1 for had ,b another heart he would most likely have continued his partner's original lead1 instead of changing the suit4 ,y now leads a trump in hopes that ,b will discard the small spade1 when ,y will lead the seven of spades to throw the lead into ,b's hand1 and ,b will be obliged to lead a diamond up to ,y's tenace4 ,b1 however1 discards a diamond4 ,y continues his tactics 7see ,trick #aj71 leading another trump4 ,this compels another discard from ,b4 ,if ,b discards the small spade1 ,y leads the losing spade2 if ,b discards another diamond1 ,y establishes the diamonds1 and in either case wins the game4 ,this fine coup occurred in actual play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #aj4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #g #aj4 ,b ,z ,a ,y #b #f #h #b 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tricks #aa to #ac4--,y 7,trick #aa7 leads the spade4 ,b is obliged 7,trick #ab7 to lead a diamond2 and ,,yz score three by cards and two by honours4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,y's hand is given above47 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,z',s ,,hand4 ,knv1 #i1 #h1 #d ,kg1 ,qn1 #b ,ace1 #aj1 #f1 #e ,qn1 #aj1 #i1 #h1 #b ,ace1 ,kg ,knv1 #g1 #d1 #c #aj1 #h1 #f ,qn1 #i ,kg1 #g1 #d #i #aj1 #g1 #f1 #e1 #d1 #c ,knv1 #b ,at ,trick #aj1 ,b should notice that he must lose the game if he retains the queen of spades4 ,his only chance of saving the game here is to discard the queen of spades1 in hopes of finding his partner with two tricks in spades1 or with a trick in spades and hearts4 ,if ,a has not these cards1 the game is lost4 ,illustration ,,hand ,,xxxviii4 ,grand ,coup 7see pp4 #aea-aee74 ,illustration3 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,a1 ,kg #f ,qn1 ,knv1 #g1 #f1 #e1 #d ,kg1 #e1 #d1 #c ,score3 ,love-all4 ,ace of clubs turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #j #a4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #d ,kg #c #f ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #j #b4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #g ,qn #e #d ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #a #c4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #aj ,a #h #c ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #b #d4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #b #f ,a #e ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #c #e4 ,z ,a ,y ,b ,a #b ,knv #f ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #c #f4 ,z ,a ,y ,b ,qn #aj #i ,kg ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #d ,,yz1 #c #g4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #g ,kg #b ,qn ,,remark4--,the fall of the king shows that the remaining clubs are in ,y's hand4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #e ,,yz1 #c #h4 ,z ,a ,y ,b #h #aj #i #d ,,remark4--,well played by ,b4 ,all the hearts are out2 the remaining diamonds are in ,z's hand 7see fall of the diamonds1 ,tricks1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #f1 and #g71 and all the clubs are in ,y's hand4 ,y must therefore have three trumps and two spades4 ,if ,b discards a spade to this trick1 he cannot avoid leading trumps twice up to ,y4 ,in that case ,y will make two tricks in trumps1 saving the game1 as will be apparent by so playing the cards4 ,the result is otherwise if ,b trumps his partner's best heart4 ,he can then lead out ace and king of spades1 to which ,y must follow suit2 and by continuing with the five of clubs 7the nine1 eight1 and three are in against him71 ,b secures the tenace1 and wins the game4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,tricks #i to #ac4--;,b 7,tricks #i and #aj7 leads spades1 and 7,trick #aa7 the six of clubs4 ,b makes the last two tricks1 and ,,ab score three by cards and two by honours4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,b's hand is given above47 ,a',s ,,hand4 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,z',s ,,hand4 #i1 #e1 #d1 #c1 #b ,qn1 #f ,knv1 #aj1 #h1 #g ,ace1 ,kg1 ,qn1 #aj1 #b ,knv1 #i1 #h1 #e1 #c #g1 #d ,kg #i1 #h1 #c1 #b ,ace1 #aj #aj1 #f ,ace1 #i ,qn1 ,knv1 #h1 #g1 #b ,at ,trick #d1 ,z leads his lowest diamond1 though holding five1 because strength in trumps is declared against4 7,see ,appendix ,a74 ,,hand ,,xxxix4 ,grand ,coup 7see pp4 #aea-aee74 ,illustration3 ,a',s ,,hand4 #f1 #d1 #c ,a1 #h ,knv1 #aj1 #g1 #f1 #b #f1 #d1 #b ,score3 ,four-all4 ,knave of diamonds turned up4 ,,the ,,play4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #a4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #a #a4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #c ,kg ,a #f ,illustration3 ,,trick #b4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #b #b4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #b #g ,a #c ,illustration3 ,,trick #c4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #j ,,yz1 #c #c4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,kg #e #aj #d ,,remark4--,b has called4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #d4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #a ,,yz1 #c #d4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,qn #i #b ,a ,illustration3 ,,trick #e4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #c #e4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #e ,qn ,knv #f ,,remark4--,b has three of trumps4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #f4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #d #f4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #d #i ,qn #b ,illustration3 ,,trick #g4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #e #g4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #i #h ,qn #f ,illustration3 ,,trick #h4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #b ,,yz1 #f #h4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #aj #d ,kg #h ,illustration3 ,,trick #i4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #c ,,yz1 #f #i4 ,y ,b ,z ,a ,knv #c #c #d ,,remark4--,a plays a masterly coup in trumping with the four4 ,he argues that ,b1 having a weak hand1 would not call for trumps with less than five trumps1 two honours4 ,if so1 ,b has a trump too many1 and ,y must make a trick in trumps1 unless ,b can play the ,grand ,coup with the three of trumps 7see ,remark1 ,trick #e74 ,b undertrumps his partner1 the ,grand coup4 ,illustration3 ,,trick #aj4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #d ,,yz1 #f #aj4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #g #h #e #b ,illustration3 ,,trick #aa4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #e ,,yz1 #f #aa4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #h #e #f #aj ,illustration3 ,,trick #ab4 ,,tricks ,,ab1 #f ,,yz1 #f #ab4 ,y ,b ,z ,a #i #aj ,knv ,knv and ,,ab win the odd trick4 ,,the ,,hands4 7,a's hand is given above47 ,y',s ,,hand4 ,b',s ,,hand4 ,z',s ,,hand4 ,kg1 #i1 #b #h1 #g1 #e ,ace1 ,qn1 ,knv1 #aj ,qn1 ,knv1 #aj #i1 #d ,kg1 #g1 #f1 #e1 #c1 #b #h1 #d1 #c ,kg1 #i1 #e ,ace1 ,qn ,kg1 #i1 #g1 #e ,ace1 ,qn1 #aj1 #h1 #c ,knv ,at ,trick #e ,b can place all the remaining trumps2 hence he undertrumps his partner at ,trick #aj4 ,though his play is very good1 ,a's coup in trumping with the four1 so as to render ,b's coup possible1 is entitled to the palm4 ,hence1 ,a's hand heads the example4 ,at ,trick #i1 ,z ought to lead knave of spades1 on which ,y should discard eight of clubs1 when ,,yz win the game4 ,illustration ,,appendix ,a4 ,,american ,,leads4 ,since the appearance of the previous ,edition of this work1 ,american ,leads have been the subject of much discussion4 ,american ,leads propose a systematic course of play when opening and continuing the lead from the strong suit1 as follows3-- ,,low ,,card ,,led4 ,when you open a strong suit with a ,,low ,,card lead your ,,fourth-,,best4 ,when a four-card suit is opened with a low card1 the lowest is the card selected4 ,instead of calling this the lowest1 call it the fourth-best4 ,when a five-card suit is opened with a low card1 the penultimate card is selected4 ,instead of calling this the penultimate1 call it the fourth-best4 ,when a six-card suit is opened with a low card1 lead the ante-penultimate4 ,instead of calling this the ante-penultimate1 call it the fourth-best4 ,and so on for suits of more than six cards4 ,every suit of four or more cards1 opened with a low card1 is to be treated1 on the first lead1 as though there were no cards below the fourth-best in the leader's hand4 ,example3-- ,lead ,from ,qn1 #aj1 #h1 #g1 ,qn1 #aj1 #h1 #g1 #f ,qn1 #aj1 #h1 #g1 #f1 #d ,qn1 #aj1 #h1 #g1 c41 c41 c4 ,by following this method1 you show your partner1 as regards a strong suit which you open with a low card1 that you invariably hold exactly three cards higher than the one first led2 and not infrequently what those cards are4 ,,high ,,card ,,led ,,followed ,,by ,,low ,,card4 ,when you open a strong suit with a ,,high ,,card1 and next lead a ,,low ,,card1 lead your ,,original ,,fourth-,,best4 ,when ace is led from ace and four or more small cards1 after leading the ace1 lead the original fourth-best1 i4e41 the card you would have led if opening with a small card4 ,thus1 in trumps1 with ace1 knave1 nine1 eight1 seven1 an advanced player would begin the eight4 ,in plain suits1 the ace would be first led4 ,the second lead of an ,american ,leader would be the eight1 the original fourth-best1 and not the seven4 ,by following this method1 you inform your partner that you invariably remain with exactly two cards higher than the second card led1 as shown by the following tabulated example3-- ,lead ,then ,from ,ace1 ,knv1 #i1 #h1 #g ,ace1 ,knv1 #i1 #h1 #g1 #e ,ace1 ,knv1 #i1 #h1 #g1 #e1 #c ,ace1 ,knv1 #i1 #h1 c41 c41 c4 ,by leading in this way you not infrequently tell your partner what your remaining high cards are4 ,thus1 with the above combination1 if king1 queen come out on the second round1 and your partner holds the ten1 he knows to a certainty that you command the suit1 a fact about which he would have been in doubt had you continued with the lowest4 ,the same rule1 when a high card is followed by a low card1 applies to king led from king1 queen1 and small ones1 when the king wins the trick2 and to ten1 led from king1 knave1 ten and one or more small ones1 when the ten wins the trick4 ,these are all the possible cases4 ,with king1 knave1 ten1 nine1 if the nine wins the first trick1 the leader goes on with a high card4 ,,high ,,card ,,led ,,followed ,,by ,,high ,,card4 ,when you remain with ,,two ,,high ,,indifferent ,,cards1 lead the ,,higher if you opened a ,,suit ,,of ,,four2 ,,the ,,lower if you opened a ,,suit ,,of ,,five or more4 7,see ,analysis of ,leads in ,detail1 p4 #fd74 ,the typical example is the combination of ace1 queen1 knave1 and one or more small cards4 ,with four in suit1 ace1 then queen is led4 ,but with more than four in suit1 the knave is led after the ace1 because then1 if your partner remains with king and one small card1 you are strong enough to invite him to win your trick in order to unblock your long suit4 ,in the same way1 if queen is led from queen1 knave1 ten and small1 you proceed with the knave1 holding only ten and one small4 ,but1 with knave1 ten and more than one small1 you continue with the ten1 the lower of two indifferent high cards1 to induce your partner to win it1 and so to unblock your suit1 should he remain with ace and one small one1 or with king and one small one4 ,consequently1 if your partner is an ,american ,leader1 and on the second round of your suit1 you lead the higher of two high indifferent cards1 he will count your strong suit to have consisted of four cards exactly4 ,on the other hand1 when on the second round1 you lead the lower of two high indifferent cards1 he will count at least three of your strong suit still in your hand4 ,as it is advantageous to your partner to be able to count your hand in this way1 whether he has blocking cards or not1 you should always pursue the same system4 ,thus3 you lead ten1 from king1 knave1 ten1 c4 ,the ten forces the queen4 ,you obtain the lead again4 ,your king1 knave are now high indifferent cards4 ,if you lead the king1 your partner knows you remain with knave and at most one small card of the suit4 ,if you lead the knave1 your partner knows you remain with king and at least two small ones4 ,or1 you lead knave1 from king1 queen1 knave1 and two or more small ones4 ,on leading the suit again1 if you continue with king1 your partner counts queen1 and exactly two small ones in your hand4 ,if you continue with queen1 your partner counts king and more than two small ones in your hand 7see p4 #fh74 ,before deciding which of two or more high cards to lead1 be sure whether they are indifferent cards4 ,this information you can obtain by consulting the ,analysis of ,leads 7p4 #fd74 ,when1 in the ,analysis1 the second lead is given without any qualification1 the high cards are not indifferent4 ,three objections are urged against ,american ,leads by players who oppose their adoption4 ,the first is1 ,that they complicate the game4 ,even were this stricture true1 it is no objection to an intellectual game that it exercises the minds of the players4 ,but it has hardly any foundation in fact4 ,all an ,american ,leader asks his partner to observe is3-- ,that1 when he originally leads a low card he holds three of the suit higher than the card led4 ,that1 when he originally leads a high card and next a low one1 he still holds two cards higher than the second card led4 ,and1 ,that1 when he originally leads a high card1 and follows it with a high card1 he indicates1 in many cases1 to any one who knows the ,analysis of ,leads 7as every whist player ought71 whether his strong suit consisted of four or of more than four cards4 ,the second objection is1 ,that they seldom affect the result4 ,the answer is that ,american ,leads add little which is new to the game4 ,they only consolidate the received practice1 and extend a law of uniformity to cases not previously provided for4 ,the third objection is1 ,that the information afforded may be of more use to the opponents than to the leader's partner4 ,no doubt it may4 ,but1 under other whist conditions1 experience tells us that it is advantageous1 in the long run1 to convey information of strength1 notwithstanding its publication to the whole table4 ,it is in the highest degree improbable that a player will be at a disadvantage by imparting too much information4 ,it should be borne in mind that ,american ,leads1 in their integrity1 assume not merely an original lead1 but the original lead of the hand1--the very first lead of all4 ,when a player obtains the lead1 for the first time1 after one or more tricks have been played1 he may open his strong suit in the same way as though he were the original leader4 ,on the other hand1 he may deem it advisable to open a weak suit2 or to lead through a strong one1 or up to a weak one2 or1 if great strength in trumps has been declared against him1 may wish to conceal the fact that his best suit is only a very long one of small cards 7see ,hand ,,ix1 ,tricks #f and #g72 or1 if late in the hand1 he may conclude that the time for precise exhibition of strength is past and gone 7see ,hand ,,xiii1 ,tricks #h and #i1 and ,hand ,,xxiv1 ,tricks #e and #f74 ,these1 however1 are matters of judgment1 for which no hard and fast rule can be laid down4 ,for demonstrations of the working of ,american ,leads1 and for ,illustrative ,hands1 see ,whist ,developments1 by ,cavendish4 ,london3 ,,thos4 ,,de ,,la ,,rue and ,co4 ,,appendix ,b4 ,,the ,,plain-,,suit ,,echo4 ,all whist players are aware that it is advisable to get rid of the command of their partner's long suit4 ,but no general rules have been laid down to further this end4 ,it has been left1 for the most part1 to the ingenuity of the individual to decide for himself1 on the spur of the moment1 how and when unblocking should be attempted4 ,assuming an original lead of a high card from a plain suit of four or more cards1 the third hand may think fit to win his partner's trick in order to free the suit4 ,with regard to knave led1 the play of the third hand1 holding ace1 c41 is well known4 ,and there are other cases1 such as the play of the third hand1 holding ace1 knave only1 when king is led originally2 but these are too elementary for discussion here4 ,if the third hand does not endeavour to win the first trick in his partner's suit1 he is instructed to play his lowest card4 ,this is1 no doubt1 sound1 except where the third hand holds four cards exactly of his partner's suit1 and he may block it should the lead have been from more than four cards4 ,then he should sometimes retain in his hand the lowest of his four cards1 and play the next higher one4 ,it is the object of the ,plain-,suit ,echo to determine the cases1 in which this play is advisable4 ,the typical example is that of ace led originally by a strong suit player4 ,the second hand follows suit4 ,the third hand holds king1 queen1 knave1 deuce of the suit4 ,the lead was from at least five cards4 ,if the third hand is not to block his partner's suit1 he must play the knave to the ace4 ,if the fourth hand follows suit1 it is impossible to lose by playing as above proposed2 and1 even if the fourth hand renounces1 it is only possible to lose when the lead was from five cards exactly1 and the four cards accompanying the ace are all very small ones4 ,again3--,the original leader 7a strong suit player71 leads queen of a plain suit4 ,the third hand holds nine1 eight1 seven and a very small one4 ,he may block the suit by playing the very small one2 if the lead was from queen1 knave1 ten1 he cannot possibly lose by playing the seven to the queen2 and1 if the lead was from more than four cards he may gain4 ,it would occupy too much space to detail all the cases in which it is advisable to follow the plan set forth in the examples1 and to enter into all the possible consequences that may ensue4 ,for a full examination of the working of the ,plain-,suit ,echo1 and for ,illustrative ,hands1 the advanced player is referred to ,whist ,developments1 by ,cavendish4 ,london3 ,,thos4 ,,de ,,la ,,rue and ,co4 ,,appendix ,c4 ,,on ,,the ,,original ,,lead ,,of ,,king4 ,the ,analysis of ,leads1 undertaken in order to ascertain the cases in which the third hand should unblock his partner's suit1 showed that king led originally conveys less information to partner than the lead of any other high card4 ,it is the only case in which the lead of a high card is made without at least five in suit1 or without the accompaniment of at least two other high cards4 ,hence the student was told#dh that when a king is led originally1 he must not attempt to unblock the suit on the first round2 and this recommendation is quite sound4 ,it seemed strange that when ace1 queen1 knave1 or ten is led originally1 the third hand1 with four exactly in suit1 should retain his lowest card for two rounds2 but that1 when king is led1 he should abandon these tactics4 ,the conclusion forced on the ,author was1 that king should never be led originally1 when the leader desires to invite his partner to unblock4 ,the cases where the leader desires his partner to unblock1 are those in which the original lead is from more than four cards1 the third hand at the same time holding four of the suit exactly1 as explained in ,appendix ,b1 p4 #bhg4 ,therefore1 the argument on the previous pages being admitted1 king should never be led originally from a suit of more than four cards2 and it almost follows that king should always be led from a suit of four cards exactly1 which contains an ace1 king1 or a king1 queen combination4 ,ace1 king1 queen1 knave1 and one or more small4 ,lead knave1 in all suits4 ,holding more than two small1 follow knave with queen2 holding two small1 follow knave with king2 holding one small1 follow knave with ace4 ,ace1 king1 queen1 knave1 only4 ,lead king1 then knave1 in all suits4 ,ace1 queen1 exactly1 are marked in the leader's hand4 ,ace1 king1 queen1 and more than one small4 ,lead queen1 in all suits4 ,holding more than two small1 follow queen with king2 holding two small1 follow queen with ace4 ,ace1 king1 queen1 and one small4 ,lead king1 then queen1 in all suits4 ,ace and at most one small1 are marked4 ,ace1 king1 and more than two small4 ,lead ace1 then king1 in plain suits4 ,in trumps the same1 holding seven trumps2 with less than seven trumps1 lead fourth best4 ,ace1 king1 and two small4 ,lead king in plain suits2 the smallest in trumps4 ,king1 queen1 knave1 ten1 and small 7including the nine74 ,lead ten in all suits4 7a74 ,if ten wins the trick3-- ,holding more than two small1 follow ten with knave2 holding two small1 follow ten with queen2 holding one small1 follow ten with king4 7b74 ,if ten forces ace3-- ,holding more than one small1 follow ten with knave2 holding one small1 follow ten with queen4 ,in case b1 ten cannot be followed with king1 as then partner would be doubtful as to the position of the queen4 ,king1 queen1 knave1 ten1 only4 ,lead king1 then ten1 in all suits4 ,queen1 knave1 exactly1 are marked in the leader's hand4 ,here the leader runs the risk1 in plain suits1 of being blocked if his partner holds ace1 and one small one1 originally4 ,there is a conflict of advantages and disadvantages2 in favour1 the ,author believes1 of the lead of king1 if the suit contains only four cards 7compare p4 #fg1 bearing in mind that1 when that was written1 the lead of any card rather than a king1 from suits of more than four cards1 had not been the subject of consideration74 ,king1 queen1 knave1 more than one small4 ,lead knave1 in all suits4 ,holding more than two small1 follow knave with queen2 holding two small1 follow knave with king4 ,king1 queen1 knave1 one small4 ,lead king1 then knave1 in all suits4 ,if king forces ace1 or if partner holds ace1 the leader1 on the appearance of the knave1 is marked with queen and one small4 ,if ace is not forced1 the presumption is that the leader remains with ace1 queen1 exactly 7see lead from ace1 king1 queen1 knave74 ,king1 queen1 ten1 and more than one small1 in trumps4 ,lead queen4 ,if queen wins the trick1 follow with fourth best remaining in hand4 ,king is marked2 so1 exclude the king1 and on second lead continue with the fourth best of the small cards4 ,sooner or later1 the leader will be marked with at least five trumps originally1 including king1 ten2 or1 if he has not the ten1 with at least seven trumps originally4 ,if queen forces ace1 on the appearance of the king1 the leader is marked with at least five trumps originally 7one being the ten72 or1 if he has not the ten1 with at least seven trumps originally4 ,king1 queen1 ten1 and one small1 in trumps4 ,lead king4 ,sooner or later1 the leader will be marked with exactly four trumps originally1 including queen1 ten4 ,king1 queen1 and more than two small4 ,lead queen4 ,if queen wins the trick1 follow with fourth best remaining in hand 7compare1 lead from king1 queen1 ten1 and more than one small1 in trumps74 ,if queen forces ace1 on the appearance of the king1 the leader is marked with more than four originally4 ,in trumps1 the same1 holding seven trumps2 with less than seven trumps1 lead fourth best4 ,king1 queen1 two small4 ,lead king1 in plain suits4 ,on the appearance of the ace1 the leader is marked with queen and at most two small4 ,in trumps1 lead lowest4 99 99 99 99 99 ,granted that the third player will not trump an honour led originally 7and he will seldom lose by passing1 even if weak in trumps71 the foregoing leads are clearly advantageous1 as they enable the third player to employ the unblocking system1 and assist him in counting his partner's hand4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the mode of leading1 here set forth1 has been tried by a number of good players1 and has been generally approved4 ,it is1 therefore1 strongly recommended to the consideration of advanced players1 assuming always that the leader's partner is himself an advanced player4 ,notwithstanding the strong opinion in its favour entertained by the ,author1 it is still retained in an ,appendix1 that it may be tested by further trial before being positively asserted as a substantive part of the game4 ,,footnotes3 #dh ,whist ,developments by ,cavendish4 ,london3 ,,thos4 ,,de ,,la ,,rue and ,co4 ,illustration ,,thos4 ,,de ,,la ,,rue ,,and ,,co41 ,,printers1 ,,bunhill ,,row1 ,,london4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,may ,,be ,,had ,,of ,,all ,,stationers4 ,,the ,,isobath ,,constant-,,level ,,inkstand 7,,patented7 ,,constructed ,,on ,a ,,new ,,principle ,,offering ,,unique ,,advantages4 ,illustration3 ,adapted for all ,countries and all ,climates4 ,made in a variety of useful and ornamental forms4 ,the ,float is so weighted and poised as always to keep the ,ink on the same level1 whatever quantity may be contained in the ,reservoir4 ,the ,mechanism cannot get out of order1 as all the materials used are entirely unaffected by ,ink4 ,i4--,it provides a small ,,dipping ,,well in which the ,ink is always maintained at the ,,same ,,uniform ,,depth4 ,every dip of ,ink taken up by the pen is at once automatically replaced from the ,reservoir within1 until the supply of ,ink has been exhausted4 ,,ii4--,it contains a ,,large ,,reservoir ,,of ,,ink 7about -pint71 which1 from its being completely enclosed1 is protected from all access of dust or insects1 as well as from evaporation1 and is thus kept in perfect condition for an indefinite period4 ,,iii4--,it secures a great economy of ,ink2 much saving of time and trouble1 as regards cleaning and replenishing2 and the same convenient dip of ,ink is always obtainable without thought or trouble2 whilst inky fingers and an ill-supplied pen are alike avoided4 ,,iv4--,the ,,ink ,,is ,,always ,,ready2 ,,always ,,of ,,the ,,right ,,depth for dipping2 ,,always ,,fresh1 and ,,clear for use4 ,,prices1 from ,,five ,,shillings to ,,two ,,guineas4 ,wholesale only of the ,sole ,manufacturers1 ,,thos4 ,,de ,,la ,,rue ,co41 ,bunhill ,row1 ,,london4 ,,now ,,ready4 ,a ,,new ,,work ,,on ,,whist4 #hvo41 ,cloth4 ,price #as4 #f;d4 ,,whist-,,perception ,,illustrated ,,by ,,means ,,of ,,end-,,hands ,,from ,,actual ,,play4 ,,by ,b4,w4,d4 ,,cavendish4 ,,important ,,work ,,on ,,patience4 ,demy1 ,oblong #dto41 ,cloth1 ,gilt4 ,price #afs4 ,,patience ,,games4 ,,by ,,cavendish 7,,author ,,of ,,the ,,laws ,,principles ,,of ,,whist1 c41 c47 ,,with ,,examples ,,played ,,through4 ,,illustrated ,,with ,,numerous ,,diagrams1 ,,printed ,,in ,,colours4 ,,published ,,by ,,thos4 ,,de ,,la ,,rue ,,co4 ,,london1 ,,and ,,sold ,,by ,,all ,,booksellers4 ,,works ,,by ,,cavendish4 ,,the ,,standard ,,work ,,on ,,whist4 #ahth ,edition4 #hvo4 ,cloth1 ,gilt ,extra4 ,price #es4 ,greatly enlarged and revised throughout4 ,handsomely printed in ,red and ,black4 ,,the ,,laws ,,principles ,,of ,,whist4 99 99 99 99 99 #crd ,edition4 #hvo4 ,cloth1 ,gilt ,extra4 ,price #es4 ,handsomely printed in ,red and ,black4 ,,whist ,,developments3 ,,american ,,leads ,,and ,,the ,,plain-,,suit ,,echo4 99 99 99 99 99 #fth ,edition4 #hvo4 ,cloth1 ,gilt ,extra4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,the ,,laws ,,of ,,piquet1 ,,adopted ,,by ,,the ,,portland ,,and ,,turf ,,clubs4 ,,edited ,,by ,,cavendish3 ,,with ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,the ,,game1 ,,by ,,cavendish4 99 99 99 99 99 #crd ,edition4 #hvo4 ,cloth1 ,gilt ,extra4 ,revised throughout4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 ,,the ,,laws ,,of ,,cart1 ,,adopted ,,by ,,the ,,turf ,,and ,,portland ,,clubs4 ,,with ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,the ,,game1 ,,by ,,cavendish4 99 99 99 99 99 #bnd ,edition #hvo4 ,cloth1 ,gilt ,extra4 ,price #as4 #f;d4 ,,round ,,games ,,at ,,cards4 ,,by ,,cavendish4 99 99 99 99 99 #hvo4 ,cloth1 ,gilt ,extra4 ,price #as4 #f;d4 ,,the ,,laws ,,of ,,rubicon ,b,,zique4 ,,adopted ,,by ,,the ,,portland ,,club4 ,,edited ,,by ,,cavendish4 ,,with ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,the ,,game1 ,,by ,,cavendish4 99 99 99 99 99 #hth ,edition4 #hvo4 ,cloth1 ,gilt ,extra4 ,price #as4 ,,the ,,game ,,of ,,lawn ,,tennis 7,,with ,,the ,,authorized ,,laws74 ,,published ,,by ,,thos4 ,,de ,,la ,,rue ,,co4 ,,london1 ,,and ,,sold ,,by ,,all ,,booksellers4 ,,the ,,pocket ,,series4 ,,by ,,cavendish4 ,price #f;d4 each4 ,,whist 7#c7--;,,guide2 ,,laws2 ,,leads4 ,,imperial4 ,b,,zique 7with ,new ,laws74 ,,polish ,b,,zique4 ,,cart4 ,,euchre4 ,,spoil-,,five4 ,,cribbage4 ,,calabrasella4 ,,sixty-,,six4 ,,dominoes4 ,,chess4 ,,draughts4 ,,backgammon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,standard ,,work ,,on ,,billiards4 #eth ,edition4 ,carefully revised4 ,crown #hvo4 ,cloth4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,billiards4 ,by ,j4 ,,bennett1 ,,ex-,,champion4 ,edited by ,,cavendish4 ,with upwards of #bjj ,illustrations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,clay ,,on ,,whist4 ,improved ,edition4 ,cap4 #hvo4 ,cloth1 ,gilt ,extra4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,laws ,,of ,,short ,,whist1 ,by ,j4 ,l4 ,,baldwin2 ,,and ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,the ,,game1 ,by ,,james ,,clay4 99 99 99 99 99 #eth ,edition4 ,enlarged and ,improved4 ,cap4 #hvo4 ,cloth1 ,gilt ,ex4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,the ,,philosophy ,,of ,,whist4 ,,by ,,dr4 ,,pole1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,an ,essay on the ,scientific and ,intellectual ,aspects of the ,modern ,game4 99 99 99 99 99 ,by the same ,author4 ,handsomely ,printed on a ,card4 ,price #c;d4 ,,philosophical ,,whist ,,rhymes4 ,,manufactured ,,by ,,thos4 ,,de ,,la ,,rue ,,co4 ,,and ,,sold ,,by ,,all ,,booksellers ,,and ,,stationers4 ,,patent ,,playing ,,cards4 ,,moguls 7,,or ,,best ,,quality71 ,,harrys 7,,or ,,second ,,quality71 and the cheaper kinds of ,,harrys and ,,highlanders1 with ,round or ,square ,corners1 in great variety4 ,the round-cornered cards are cut by improved machinery to an absolute uniformity in size and shape4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dexter ,,playing ,,cards1 ,,with ,,patent ,,index-,,pips1 ,,rounded ,,corners1 ,,and ,,enamelled ,,faces4 ,,extra ,,thin4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pigmy ,,playing ,,cards4 ,,best ,,quality1 ,,highly ,,enamelled ,,backs1 ,,in ,,assorted ,,tints4 ,enclosed in neat ,sliding ,boxes1 each containing ,two ,packs4 ,adapted for the ,game of ,,patience4 ,price #as4 per ,box4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,patience ,,playing ,,cards4 ,,best ,,quality4 ,,highly ,,enamelled ,,backs1 ,,in ,,assorted ,,tints1 ,,and ,,index-,,pips4 ,enclosed in neat ,boxes1 each containing ,two ,packs4 ,,in ,a ,,great ,,variety ,,of ,,styles4 ,,prices ,,from #b_/f4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,midget ,,toy ,,playing ,,cards4 ,,tinted ,,backs1 ,,assorted4 ,each ,pack enclosed in a neat ,tuck ,case4 ,,price #b;d4 ,,per ,,pack4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b,,zique ,,playing ,,cards1 ,,in ,,boxes1 ,,for ,,two1 ,,three1 ,,or ,,four ,,players4 ,with ,markers1 and ,,guide by ,,cavendish4 ,,in ,a ,,great ,,variety ,,of ,,styles4 ,,prices ,,from #b_/f ,,to #fc_/- ,,published ,,by ,,thos4 ,,de ,,la ,,rue ,,co4 ,,london1 ,,and ,,sold ,,by ,,all ,,booksellers ,,and ,,stationers4 ,,de ,,la ,,rue',s ,,indelible ,,diaries ,,and ,,red-,,letter ,,calendars4 ,,pocket ,,diaries4 ,,de ,,la ,,rue',s ,,improved ,,indelible ,,diaries ,,and ,,memorandum ,,books1 in three sizes1 fitted in ,velvet1 ,russia1 ,calf1 ,turkey ,morocco1 ,persian1 or ,french ,morocco cases2 plain or richly gilt1 with gilt clasps or elastic bands1 in a great variety of styles4 ,all these ,diaries are fitted with electro-gilt indelible pencils4 ,also supplied in enamelled paper covers4 ,a size #c by #a inches4 ,b #c by #b ,c #d by #b ,,condensed ,,diaries ,,engagement ,,books1 ,in three sizes 7,a1 ,b1 ,c1 as above71 and in a great variety of ,plain and ,ornamental leather cases2 they are also published in enamelled paper covers1 suitable for the ,card ,case or ,purse4 ,,companion ,,memorandum ,,books4 ,for use with the ,condensed ,diaries2 ,a1 ,b1 ,c sizes1 as above4 ,n4,b4--,all ,condensed ,diary and ,calendar ,cases 7except the ,tuck7 are fitted with an extra elastic band for the reception of these books4 ,,half-,,crown ,,diary4 ,,de ,,la ,,rue',s ,,improved ,,diary ,,and ,,memorandum ,,book2 for ,library or ,counting-house use4 ,e size1 #g by #d inches4 ,,pocket ,,calendars4 ,,de ,,la ,,rue',s ,,red-,,letter ,,calendars ,,and ,,almanacs1 in two sizes 7,a ,b1 as above71 in enamelled paper covers1 suitable for the ,card ,case or ,pocket ,book4 ,also interleaved2 and in ,russia1 ,persian1 and ,french ,morocco cases4 ,,finger-,,shaped ,,condensed ,,diaries4 ,in elegant sliding cases1 extra gilt4 ,adapted for the ,pocket or ,reticule4 ,,transcriber',s ,,notes ,used a ,,clockwise ,,top ,,semicircle ,,arrow1 1 to indicate the lead in the hand illustration comments4 ,silently corrected simple spelling1 grammar1 and typographical errors4 ,retained anachronistic and non-standard spellings as printed4 ,enclosed italics font in underscores4