file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #eajcd-;h4htm or #eajcd-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #eajcd_/pg#eajcd-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#eajc d_/eajcd-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/inv5tion( pr9t#jj;deviu(t ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,orig9al small capital lett]s h be5 replac$ by all capitals4 ,text orig9ally pr9t$ 9 boldface is r5d]$ z all capitals 9 ?is edition4 ,! fir/ page ( ea* *apt] includes a *apt] head+ & an epigraph4 ,bo? 7 orig9ally pr9t$ 9 ,go?ic blacklett] scripts1 p]haps simil> to textura script4 ,bo? are r5d]$ z unm>k$ pla9 text 9 ?is edition4 ,images ( ! blacklett] are includ$ 9 ! html & epub editions4 ,9 o!r places1 z = example 9 ! note on page #acc1 or 9 ! text body on page #bja1 text orig9ally pr9t$ 9 blacklett] is enclos$ by f & _/f tags 7example3 f,a ,collection ( ,facts & ,op9ions_/f74 ,orig9al page numb]s are %[n l ?is3 p#jbc4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ f )9 p>agraphs to ne>by places betwe5 p>agraphs4 ,?is results 9 "s miss+ page numb]s1 s9ce illu/ration pages & ev5 blank pages 7 numb]$4 ,,! ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,pr9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?orwalds5',s ,,/atue ,,( ,,john ,,gut5b]g4 ,,! ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,pr9t+4 ,a ,collection ( ,facts & ,op9ions ,descriptive ( ,e>ly ,pr9ts & ,play+ ,c>ds1 ! ,block-,books ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 ! ,leg5d ( ,l\r5s ,janszoon ,co/]1 ( ,ha>lem1 & ! ,"w ( ,john ,gut5b]g & ,8 ,associates4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,fac-,similes ( ,e>ly ,types & ,wood-,cuts4 by ,,!o4 ,l4 ,,de ,,v9ne4 99 99 f,h]eby tongues are kn[ne1 k gr[e?1 judgem5t encrease?1 books are disp]s$1 ! ,scripture is se5e1 ! doctors be read1 /ories be op5$1 times comp>$1 tru? disc]n$1 fal%ood detect$1 & ) f+] po9t$1 & all1 z ,i said1 ?r\gh ! b5efit ( ,pr9t+4_/f ,fox's ,acts & ,monum5ts4 ,new-,york3 ,francis ,h>t ,co4 #ab #ad ,college ,place4 #ahgf4 ,ent]$1 ,accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ,ye> #ahgf1 by ,!odore ,l4 ,de ,v9ne1 9 ! ,(fice ( ! ,libr>ian ( ,congress at ,wa%+ton4 ,,to ,,david ,,wolfe ,,bruce1 ,,9 ,,ackn[l$gm5t ,,( ,,in/ruction ,,ab\t ,,types1 ,,n ,,to ,,be ,,_h ,,by ,,read+1 ,,( ,,assi/ance ,,9 ,,/udies1 ,,n ,,to ,,be ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,public ,,libr>ies1 ,,( ,,companion%ip ,,m ,,pleasant ,,?an ,,books1 ,,?is ,,"w ,,is ,,d$icat$ ,,by ,,8 ,,fri5d1 ,,!o4 ,l4 ,,de ,,v9ne4 ,,cont5ts4 ,i ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,me?ods ,,( ,,pr9t+ 4 4 4 #ag ,,ii ,,antique ,,me?ods ,,( ,,impression ,,& ,,_! ,,failure 4 4 4 #bi ,,iii ,,! ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,typography 4 4 4 #di ,,iv ,,! ,,image ,,pr9ts ,,( ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury 4 4 4 #fi ,v ,,pr9t$ ,,& ,,/5cil$ ,,play+ ,,c>ds 4 4 4 #hh ,,vi ,,! ,,*9ese ,,me?od ,,( ,,pr9t+ 4 4 4 #aji ,,vii ,,! ,,e>ly ,,pr9t+ ,,( ,,italy 4 4 4 #abb ,,viii ,,! ,,introduction ,,( ,,pap] ,,9 ,,europe 4 4 4 #acc ,,ix ,,! ,,book-,,mak]s ,,( ,,! ,,middle ,,ages 4 4 4 #adf ,x ,,! ,,prep>ations ,,= ,,pr9t+ 4 4 4 #aga ,,xi ,,block-,,books ,,( ,,images ,,)\t ,,text 4 4 4 #aic ,,xii ,,block-,,books ,,( ,,images ,,) ,,text 4 4 4 #bcj ,,xiii ,,! ,,donatus1 ,,or ,,boy',s ,,lat9 ,,gramm> 4 4 4 #bed ,,xiv ,,! ,,speculum ,,salutis1 ,,or ,,mirror ,,( ,,salvation 4 4 4 #bfd ,,xv ,,! ,,works ,,& ,,workman%ip ,,( ,,an ,,unkn[n ,,pr9t] 4 4 4 #bhb ,,xvi ,,! ,,p]iod ,,9 ,,:i* ,,! ,,speculum ,,0 ,,pr9t$ 4 4 4 #cjh ,,xvii ,,! ,,leg5d ,,( ,,l\r5s ,,janszoon ,,co/] 4 4 4 #cbf ,,xviii ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,leg5d 4 4 4 #cdg ,,xix ,,! ,,d[nfall ,,( ,,! ,,leg5d 4 4 4 #cfj ,,xx ,,john ,,gut5b]g ,,at ,,/rasburg 4 4 4 #cge ,,xxi ,,gut5b]g ,,& ,,8 ,,e>li] ,,"w ,,at ,,m5tz 4 4 4 #djc ,,xxii ,,! ,,lat] ,,"w ,,( ,,gut5b]g 4 4 4 #dca ,,xxiii ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,pet] ,,s*,,ff] ,,& ,,john ,,fu/ 4 4 4 #ddi ,,xxiv ,,alleg$ ,,inv5tors ,,( ,,pr9t+ 4 4 4 #dhj ,,xxv ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,pr9t+ 4 4 4 #dib ,,xxvi ,,! ,,tools ,,& ,,usages ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,pr9t]s 4 4 4 #ead ,,au?orities ,,consult$ 4 4 4 #edc ,,index 4 4 4 #edg ,,illu/rations4 ,/atue ( ,john ,gut5b]g 4 4 4 ,frontispiece4 ,surface ,expos$ to ,impression by ,copp]-plate me?od 4 4 4 #ba ,surface ,ink$ & ,expos$ to ,impression by ,typographic me?od 4 4 4 #ba ,surface ,expos$ to ,impression by ,li?ographic me?od 4 4 4 #ba ,face ( a l>ge ,type1 %[+ h[ ! ,lett] is plac$ on ! body 4 4 4 #bd ,side view ( ,canon body 4 4 4 #be ,small ,pica1 ,agate & ,diamond body 4 4 4 #be ,view ( body incl9$ to %[ ! face 4 4 4 #be ,/amp$ ,brick f ,babylon 4 4 4 #cj ,fac-simile ( ,impression on brick 4 4 4 #ca ,egyptian ,/amp = impress+ bricks 4 4 4 #cb ,assyrian ,cyl9d] 4 4 4 #cd ,old ,roman ,/amps 4 4 4 #cg ,roman ,/amps 4 4 4 #ch ,roman ,scr9ium & rolls ( papyrus 4 4 4 #dc ,types ( ,irregul> ,body 4 4 4 #eb ,pun* 4 4 4 #ee ,matrix 4 4 4 #ee ,illu/rations ( ,type-bodies 4 4 4 #ef ,type-,m\ld1 )\t matrix 4 4 4 #eg ,"o-half ( ! ,m\ld 4 4 4 #eg ,! o!r half ( ! ,m\ld 4 4 4 #eg ,type-ca/+ z practis$ 9 #afhc 4 4 4 #ei ,type-ca/+ z practis$ 9 #aefd 4 4 4 #fb ,pr9t ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph] 4 4 4 #gj ,pr9t ( ! ,annunciation 4 4 4 #gb ,pr9t ( ,/4 ,bridget 4 4 4 #gd ,flemi% ,indulg5ce ,pr9t 4 4 4 #gf ,brussels ,pr9t 4 4 4 #gi ,b]l9 ,pr9t 4 4 4 #ha ,play+ ,c>d ( ! fifte5? c5tury 4 4 4 #ic ,pr9t ,color] 4 4 4 #id ,engrav] on ,wood 4 4 4 #ie ,*9ese ,play+ ,c>ds 4 4 4 #ii ,e>ly ,fr5* ,play+ ,c>ds 4 4 4 #ajc ,fr5* & ,g]man ,play+ ,c>ds ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies 4 4 4 #aje ,fac-simile ( "p ( a ,*9ese ,book 4 4 4 #aag ,*9ese ,types made 9 ,london 4 4 4 #aag ,m>k ( ,jacobus ,arnoldus1 #acde 4 4 4 #abc ,m>k ( ,johannes ,meyn]s51 #adce 4 4 4 #abc ,m>k ( ,adam de ,walsokne1 #acdi 4 4 4 #abe ,m>k ( ,edmund ,pepyr1 #adhc 4 4 4 #abe ,m>k ( an unkn[n p]son 4 4 4 #abe ,japanese ,me?od ( ,mak+ ,pap] 4 4 4 #ace ,pap]-,mill ( ! sixte5? c5tury 4 4 4 #adj ,scriptorium ( ! middle ages 4 4 4 #adi ,p5man%ip ( ! n9? c5tury 4 4 4 #aej ,manuscript ( ! fifte5? c5tury 4 4 4 #aeb ,m$ieval ,bookb9d+ 4 4 4 #aec ,m$ieval ,illum9ator 4 4 4 #aed ,sumptu\sly ,b\nd ,book 4 4 4 #aef ,m$ieval ,book ) cov]s ( oak 4 4 4 #aeg ,book ,cov] 9 ,ivory1 ,byzant9e /yle 4 4 4 #aeh ,seal ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is 4 4 4 #afa ,engli% ,horn-,book 4 4 4 #agd ,engli% ,clog 4 4 4 #age ,holbe9's ,dance ( ,dea? 4 4 4 #ahc ,dance ( ,dea?1 z %[n 9 ! ,nuremb]g ,*ronicle 4 4 4 #ahe ,la/ page ( ! ,bible ( ! ,poor 4 4 4 #aig ,fir/ page ( ! ,bible ( ! ,poor1 z made by ,wal!r & ,hurn+ 4 4 4 #bji ,fir/ page ( ! ,apocalypse 4 4 4 #bac ,fir/ page ( ! ,canticles 4 4 4 #bag ,/ory ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 4 4 4 #bba ,ex]cise on ! ,"l's ,pray] 4 4 4 #bbc ,illu/ration f ! ,book ( ,k+s 4 4 4 #bbe ,lett] ,k ( ,grotesque ,alphabet 4 4 4 #bbg ,page f ! ,apo/les' ,cre$ 4 4 4 #bbh ,page f ! ,eight ,rogu]ies 4 4 4 #bbi ,page f ! ,anti*ri/ 4 4 4 #bcb ,page f ! ,ars ,memor&i 4 4 4 #bcd ,page f ! ,ars ,mori5di 4 4 4 #bcg ,*iromancy ( ,doctor ,h>tlieb 4 4 4 #bdj ,cal5d> ( ,john ( ,gamundia 4 4 4 #bdb ,page f ! ,wond]s ( ,rome 4 4 4 #bdc ,pom]ium ,spirituale 4 4 4 #bdd ,temptations ( ! ,devil 4 4 4 #bde ,life ( ,/4 ,me9rat 4 4 4 #bdf ,heidelb]g ,dance ( ,dea? 4 4 4 #bdg ,g]man ,donatus1 f a block 9 ! ,national ,libr>y at ,p>is 4 4 4 #beh ,fragm5t ( an e>ly ,donatus 4 4 4 #bei ,e>ly ,dut* ,hor>ium 4 4 4 #bfj ,impr9t ( ,conrad ,d9ckmut 4 4 4 #bfb ,fir/ page ( ,speculum ,salutis 4 4 4 #bff ,la/ page ( ,speculum ,salutis 4 4 4 #bfh ,types ( ,speculum ,salutis 4 4 4 #bgg ,types 9 ?ird edition ( ,speculum 4 4 4 #bhe ,types ( ,fables ( ,lor5zo ,valla 4 4 4 #bhf ,types ( ,peculi>ities ( ,crim9al ,law 4 4 4 #bhg ,types ( ,epitaphs ( ,pope ,pius ,,ii 4 4 4 #bhh ,! ,ens*$ ,abec$>ium 4 4 4 #bij ,exp]im5tal ,lett]s drawn on wood 4 4 4 #bid ,types f ,exp]im5tal ,lett]s 4 4 4 #bie ,frisket1 ,tympan & ,b$ ( an e>ly ,european ,pr9t+ ,press 4 4 4 #cjg ,pap]-m>ks3 sev5 illu/rations 4 4 4 #cji1 #caj ,types ( ,jacob ,bella]t 4 4 4 #cai ,types ( ,john ,brito 4 4 4 #cba ,map ( ! ,ne!rl&s 4 4 4 #cbc ,scriv]ius' ,portrait ( ,co/] 4 4 4 #ccc ,/atue ( ,co/] 9 ,doctors' ,g>d5 4 4 4 #cea ,m$als 9 honor ( ,co/] 4 4 4 #cec1 #ced ,/atue ( ,co/] on ! monum5t 4 4 4 #cei ,autograph ( ,laur5s ,janszoon 4 4 4 #cfa ,h\se ( ,co/] 4 4 4 #cgj ,portrait ( ,laur5s ,janszoon ,co/] 4 4 4 #cga ,spuri\s ,portrait by ,van d5 ,b]g 4 4 4 #cgb ,portrait attribut$ to ,van ,oudewat] 4 4 4 #cgb ,! ,laur5s ,janszoon ( ,me]man 4 4 4 #cgc ,m$ieval ,press 4 4 4 #cie ,type-m\ld ( ,claude ,g>amond 4 4 4 #cii ,types ( ! ,donatus attribut$ to ,gut5b]g at ,/rasburg 4 4 4 #dja ,types ( ,donatus ( #adea 4 4 4 #dje ,de la ,borde's ,illu/ration ( ,types 4 4 4 #djf ,holbe9's ,satire on ! ,indulg5ces 4 4 4 #djg ,lett] ( ,indulg5ce dat$ #aded 4 4 4 #dji ,types ( ,bible ( #cf ,l9es 4 4 4 #dac ,abbreviations ( ,bible ( #cf ,l9es 4 4 4 #dad ,portrait ( ,john ,fu/ 4 4 4 #dag ,types ( ,bible ( #db ,l9es 4 4 4 #dbc ,portrait ( ,john ,gut5b]g 4 4 4 #dbi ,types ( ,lett] ( ,indulg5ce ( #adfa 4 4 4 #dcc ,types ( ,ca?olicon ( #adfj 4 4 4 #dce ,types ( ,celebration ( ! ,mass 4 4 4 #dcg ,types ( ,mirror ( ! ,cl]gy 4 4 4 #dch ,colophon writt5 by ,pet] ,s*ff] 4 4 4 #dej ,types ( ! ,psalt] ( #adeg 4 4 4 #dec ,colophon ( ! ,psalt] ( #adeg 4 4 4 #dee ,types ( ! ,rationale ,dur&i 4 4 4 #dfa ,types ( ! ,bible ( #adfb 4 4 4 #dfb ,trade-m>k ( ,fu/ & ,s*ff] 4 4 4 #dfb ,types ( ,con/itutions ( ,clem5t ,v 4 4 4 #dfc ,portrait ( ,pet] ,s*ff] 4 4 4 #dfi ,types ( ! ,gramm> ( #adfh 4 4 4 #dgj ,illu/ration f ! ,book ( ,fables 4 4 4 #dhc ,arms ( ! ,typo!t 4 4 4 #dhi ,"p ( ,koburg]'s ,map ( ,europe 4 4 4 #dif ,! ,bir? ( ,eve1 ,za9]'s 4 4 4 #dig ,/atue ( ,gut5b]g at ,/rasburg 4 4 4 #eji ,type ( ! fifte5? c5tury 4 4 4 #ebj ,pr9t+ ,(fice ( sixte5? c5tury 4 4 4 #ebc ,h& ,press ( ,jodocus ,badius 4 4 4 #ebh ,ink+ ,balls ( sixte5? c5tury 4 4 4 #ecj ,l>ge wood-cut ( fifte5? c5tury 4 4 4 #ece ,! ,fall ( ,lucif]1 ,za9]'s 4 4 4 #ecg ,a ,pr9t ( #adge 4 4 4 #eci ,,preface4 ,! ,inv5tion ( ,pr9t+ has always be5 recogniz$ by educat$ m5 z a subject ( importance3 !re is no me*anical art1 nor are !re any ( ! f9e arts1 ab\t ^: e>ly hi/ory s _m books h be5 writt54 ,! subject is z my/]i\s z x is invit+4 ,!re is an unusual degree ( obscurity ab\t ! orig9 ( ! fir/ pr9t$ books & ! lives & works ( ! e>ly pr9t]s4 ,!re are records & traditions :i* _c be reconcil$ ( at lea/ ?ree di/9ct inv5tions ( pr9t+4 ,its e>ly hi/ory is entangl$ ) a controv]sy ab\t rival inv5tors :i* has la/$ = m ?an ?ree c5turies1 & is n yet fully det]m9$4 ,9 ! managem5t ( ?is controv]sy1 a subject intr9sically attractive has be5 made repulsive4 ,! hi/ory ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ has be5 writt5 to please national pride4 ,g]man au?ors ass]t ! claims ( ,gut5b]g1 & discr$it traditions ab\t ,co/]4 ,dut* au?ors insi/ on ! priority ( ,co/]1 & *>ge ,gut5b]g ) /eal+ ! inv5tion4 ,p>tisans on ea* side say t _! oppon5ts h p]v]t$ ! records & suppress$ ! tru?4 ,! qu>rel has spread4 ,engli% & ,fr5* au?ors1 :o _h no national prejudices to gratify1 & :o %\ld h consid]$ ! "q )\t passion1 h wrangl$ ov] ! subject ) all ! bitt]ness ( ,g]mans or ,holl&]s4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 o!r qu>rels1 !re are amus+ features1 b to ! g5]al read] ! controv]sy seems un=tunate & is c]ta9ly we>isome4 ,x is a great] mis=tune t all ! e>ly *ronicles ( pr9t+ 7 writt5 9 a dead language4 ,wolf's collection p#jaj ( ,typographic ,monum5ts1 :i* includes ne>ly e pap] ( value writt5 be=e #agdj1 is 9 ,lat92 ! valuable books ( ,me]man1 ,maittaire1 & ,s*oepfl9 are also 9 ,lat94 ,to ! g5]al read] ^! are seal$ books3 to ! /ud5t1 :o seeks exact k ( ! me?ods ( ! fir/ pr9t]s1 !y are tiresome books4 ,writt5 = ! in=mation ( libr>ians r ?an ( pr9t]s1 x is b prop] t ^! books %\ld devote ! l>ge/ space to a review ( ! controv]sy or to a description ( e>ly editions2 b x is /range t !y %\ld s imp]fectly describe ! con/ruction & appe>ance ( e>ly types & ! usages ( ! e>ly pr9t]s4 ,! me*anical features ( typography 71 app>5tly1 neglect$ z ( little importance1 & b5ea? ! dignity ( hi/ory4 ,a failure to pres5t accurate illu/rations ( e>ly pr9t+ is n ! fault ( mod]n au?orities4 ,_m ( !m are full ( fac-similes be>+ ! m>ks ( m9ute & consci5ti\s c>e2 b !y are 9 =eign languages1 & are seldom f\nd 9 our l>ge/ ,am]ican libr>ies4 ,!re are1 x is true1 a few books 9 ,engli% on e>ly pr9t+ :i* h accurate fac-similes2 b high prices & limit$ editions put !m out ( ! rea* ( ! ord9>y book-buy]4 ,!y 7 writt5 by & = libr>ians only4 ,valuable z all ^! books are1 !y disappo9t ! pr9t]4 ,"s ( !m1 ?\gh pres5t+ fac-similes 9 pr(usion1 are n accompani$ ) prop] explanations 9 ! text3 o!rs are devot$ to "o bran* only ( e>ly pr9t+1 su* z block-books1 or ! pr9t$ "w ( "o nation only4 ,two ( !m are untru/wor?y z au?orities4 ,nei!r f "o book1 nor f all ! books1 c a pr9t] get a cle> description ( ! me*anical developm5t ( typography4 ,?is incomplet5ess 0 frankly ackn[l$g$ by ,dr4 ,dibd91 :5 he said t !re 0 no "w 9 ! ,engli% language :i* des]v$ to be consid]$ z a complete g5]al hi/ory ( pr9t+4 ,?is 0 an old compla9t4 ,ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s be=e1 ,prosp] ,m>*& _h said t ! hi/ory ( pr9t+1 volum9\s z x !n seem$1 0 b hi/ory 9 fragm5ts4 p#jaa ,! fir/ attempt to supply ?is great defici5cy 0 made by ,augu/ ,b]n>d1 9 ! disquisition publi%$ at ,p>is1 9 ! ye> #ahec1 "u ! title1 ,de l'orig9e et des debuts de l'imprim]ie en ,europe4 ,8 0 ! fir/ book 9 :i* ! pr9t$ "w attribut$ to ,co/] & ,gut5b]g 0 critically exam9$ f a typographic po9t ( view4 ,to read]s :o 7 n cont5t ) ! vague descriptions ( popul> books ( typography1 ! explanations ( ,b]n>d 7 ( peculi> value4 ,i _h reason to ?9k t a translation ( ! hi/ory ( ?is em95t pr9t] w\ld be receiv$ by ,am]ican pr9t]s ) "s measure ( ! favor :i* ! orig9al _h met ) 9 ,europe4 ,impress$ ) ?is belief ,i began ! "w4 ,i f\nd x necess>y to consult _m ( ,b]n>d's au?orities4 ,my admiration ( ! sup]ior me?od & =cible /yle ( ,b]n>d1 an admiration /ill unabat$1 0 increas$ by ! read+ ( ! new books2 b ! e/eem 9 :i* ,i hold 8 valuable "w does n prev5t ! regret t1 9 8 entire neglect ( ! block-books1 he %\ld h ov]look$ ! mo/ significant feature ( e>ly pr9t+4 ,! fac-similes ( e>ly pr9ts1 subsequ5tly %[n 9 ,! ,infancy ( ,book ,pr9t+ ( ,weigel & 9 ,! ,typographic ,monum5ts ( ,holtrop1 conv9c$ me t ! e>lie/ practice ( typography _h its beg9n+ 9 a /ill e>li] practice ( pr9t+ f blocks1 & t a description ( block-books %\ld prec$e a description ( ! inv5tion ( types4 ,s9ce ^! books 7 writt51 all ! old !ories ab\t ! orig9 ( typography h be5 exam9$ ) increas$ int]e/1 & discuss$ ) sup]ior critical ability1 by _m em95t ,european s*ol>s4 ,discov]ies ( great importance h be5 made2 old facts h be5 set =? 9 new lights2 traditions accept$ z tru?ful hi/ory = ?ree hundr$ ye>s h be5 demoli%$4 ,( ! _m able m5 :o h be5 engag$ 9 ?is task ( sep>at+ tru? f fiction1 no "o has done m effici5t s]vice ?an ,dr4 ,a4 ,van d] ,l9de ( ,! ,hague1 ^: pap]s on ! traditions ( typography are ma/]pieces ( acute & s*ol>ly criticism4 ,8 rese>*es p#jab & reason+ conv9c$ me t x w\ld be unwise to (f] a translation ( any previ\sly publi%$ book z a fair expon5t ( mod]n k ab\t e>ly typography4 ,! newly discov]$ facts 7 oppos$ to e>ly tea*+s2 !re c\ld be no sew+ ( ! new clo? on ! old g>m5t4 ,i 0 l$ away f my fir/ purpose ( translation1 &1 almo/ unconsci\sly1 began to collect ! mat]ials = ! pres5t volume4 ,until rec5tly1 ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ has be5 reg>d$ z a subject belong+ almo/ entirely to bibliograph]s4 ,! op9ions ( type-f\nd]s & pr9t]s :o _h exam9$ old books h be5 set aside z ( no value1 :5ev] !y 7 oppos$ to favorite !ories or leg5ds4 ,?is p>tial treatm5t ( ! subject is no long] approv$3 a new s*ool ( criticism invites exp]ts to exam9e ! books1 & pays respect to _! conclusions4 ,x claims t ! int]nal evid5ces ( old books are ( high] au?ority ?an leg5ds1 & t ^! evid5ces are conclusive1 n to be ignor$ nor accommodat$ to ! /atem5ts ( ! e>ly *ronicl]s4 ,european critics d n hesitate to say t ! confus+ & contradictory descriptions ( ! orig9 ( pr9t+ are l>gely due to ! improp] def]5ce h]et(ore paid to ! /atem5ts ( m5 :o tri$ to describe processes :i* !y did n und]/&4 ,!y say1 also1 t too little att5tion has be5 paid to ! types & me*anics ( e>ly pr9t+4 ,criticisms ( ?is "* l$ me to indulge ! hope t ,i might f9d glean+s ( value 9 ! old field1 & t x w\ld be practicable to pres5t !m1 ) ! newly discov]$ facts1 9 a =m :i* w\ld be acceptable to ! pr9t] & ! g5]al read]4 ,9 ?is belief1 & = ?is purpose1 ?is book 0 writt54 ,i w\ld n h begun ?is "w1 if ,i _h n felt assur$ t a ?or\gh revision ( ! subject 0 ne$$4 ,! books & pap]s on typography :i* are mo/ popul>1 & are /ill accept$ z au?oritative by ! ord9>y read]1 repeat leg5ds :i* h rec5tly be5 prov$ untrue2 !y n>rate1 z e/abli%$ facts ( hi/ory1 me?ods ( pr9t+ :i* are n only incorrect b impossible4 ,x is "t t ! results ( p#jac ! m rec5t rese>*es %\ld be publi%$ 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,b ,i (f] !m only z ! compil] ( accr$it$ facts3 ,i h no orig9al discov]ies to ann\nce1 no speculative !ories to uphold4 ,nor %all ,i invade ! prop] field ( libr>ians & bibliograph]s4 ,i propose to describe old types1 pr9ts & books z !y are se5 by a pr9t]1 & ) ref]5ce to ! ne$s ( pr9t]s & ! g5]al read]1 avoid+1 z f> z ,i c1 all controv]sies ab\t matt]s :i* are ( int]e/ to book-collectors only4 ,! hi/orical "p ( ! record w be devot$ *iefly to ! pr9t$ "w ( ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x w beg9 ) descriptions ( ! e>lie/ =ms ( pr9t+1 z %[n 9 image pr9ts1 play+ c>ds & block-books2 x w end ) ! e/abli%m5t ( typography 9 ,g]many4 ,believ+ t a v]bal description ( old books & pr9ts1 )\t pictorial illu/rations1 w\ld be unsatisfactory1 ,i h provid$ _m fac-similes ( e>ly pr9t+4 ,no "p ( ?is "w w m fully repay exam9ation ?an its illu/rations1 :i* h be5 c>efully select$ f approv$ au?orities1 or f orig9als4 ,reproduc$ by ! new process ( photo-engrav+1 !y are accurate copies ( ! orig9als1 ev5 :5 ( r$uc$ size4 ,z !y are pr9t$ ) ! descriptive text by ! same me?od ( typographic presswork1 x is believ$ t !y w m cle>ly illu/rate ! subject ?an li?ograph$ fac-similes on /raggl+ leaves4 ,9 try+ to make pla9 :atev] may be obscure ab\t ! me*anics ( pr9t+1 ,i h ?\ght prop] to beg9 ! explanation ) a description ( its diff]5t me?ods4 ,an introduction ( ?is nature is n an unw>rantable digression4 ,x is important t ! read] %\ld h an und]/&+ ( ! radical diff]5ces betwe5 typography & xylography on ! "o side1 & li?ographic & copp]-plate pr9t+ on ! o!r1 z well z "s k ( ! con/ruction & uses ( ! m common tools ( type-f\nd]s4 ,i d n propose to give any ext5d$ quotations 9 =eign languages4 ,:]ev] an approv$ translation 9 ,engli% has p#jad be5 f\nd1 x has be5 sub/itut$ = ! orig9al text2 :]e translations h n be5 approv$1 !y h be5 made anew4 ,writ+ = ! g5]al read]1 ,i h assum$ t he w\ld pref]1 z ,i d1 9 e book to be read & n /udi$1 a v]sion 9 ,engli% r ?an ! orig9al text4 ,believ+ t ! frequ5t citation ( au?orities1 especially 9 in/ances :]e ! facts are undisput$1 or :]e ! books are inaccessible1 is an annoyance1 ,i h refra9$ f ! pres5tation ( foot-notes :i* ref] to books only4 ,i h1 9 a few cases1 deviat$ f ?is c\rse :]e ! matt]s /at$ 7 ( a "* :i* seem$ to require ! specification ( au?ority4 ,"o ( ! greate/ imp$im5ts ,i enc\nt]$ :5 ab\t to beg9 ! compilation ( ?is "w 0 ! difficulty ( access to books ( au?ority4 ,i d n m5tion ?is 9 disp>agem5t ( ! managem5t ( our public libr>ies1 = ,i "k t old books are liable to injury 9 ! h&s ( ! m]ely curi\s1 & t libr>ians h little enc\ragem5t to collect sc>ce books on typography4 ,to prove t !re is small inquiry = treatises ( ?is "*1 x is en\gh to say t ,i h _h to cut op5 ! leaves ( valuable books aft] _! re/ = _m ye>s on ! %elves ( "o ( ! l>ge/ libr>ies ( ?is city4 ,b if ^! books 7 ev] s abundant1 ! prop] re/rictions plac$ on _! use 7 a h9drance to "o ^: *ief opportunity = consult+ !m is at night4 ,"h ,i am pleas$ to ackn[l$ge my indebt$ness to ,mr4 ,david ,wolfe ,bruce4 ,he has n only accompani$ & aid$ me 9 repeat$ exam9ations ( 8 v valuable collection ( fifte5? c5tury books1 b has l5t me all ! books ,i desir$1 & has freely giv5 me unlimit$ "t = _! /udy4 ,?is collection--replete ) all ! books ( au?ority ,i ne$$1 ) specim5s ( types1 wood-cuts1 & curiosities ( type-f\nd+1 :i* illu/rate ! gr[? ( pr9t+ f its infancy--0 m admirably adapt$ to my ne$s ?an t ( any libr>y on ?is ,cont95t4 ,depriv$ ( ,mr4 ,bruce's g5]\s assi/ance1 my "w w\ld h be5 greatly re/rict$ 9 its scope1 & %orn ( its be/ features ( illu/ration4 p#jae ,i began ?is "w int5d+ to describe only ! me*anical developm5t ( e>ly pr9t+1 b ,i c\ld n keep ! matt] /rictly )9 ?is limit4 ,h$g$ 9 ?is n>r[ space1 ! /ory w\ld be b half told4 ,! true orig9 ( typography is n 9 types1 nor 9 block-books nor image pr9ts4 ,^! 7 consequ5ces1 n causes4 ,! condition ( society at ! close ( ! middle ages2 ! gr[? ( comm]ce & manufactures2 ! enl>g$ s5se ( p]sonal lib]ty2 ! brawls ( ecclesia/ics 9 high /ation1 & _! unwor?y behavior2 ! revolt ( ! p aga9/ ! au?ority ( *ur* & /ate2 ! neglect ( duty by ! self-elect$ tea*]s ( ! p 9 _! monopoly ( books & k2 ! b>r5ness ( ! education !n giv5 9 ! s*ools2 ! eag]ness ( all p = ! m5tal div]sion (f]$ 9 ! new game ( play+ c>ds2 ! unsatisfi$ religi\s appetite :i* hung]$ = image pr9ts & devotional books2 ! facilities = self-education af=d$ by ! introduction ( pap]1--^! 7 among ! influ5ces :i* produc$ ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,!y are causes :i* _c be ov]look$4 ,my inability to describe !m ) ! fullness :i* !y des]ve w\ld n ju/ify _! total neglect4 ,i h devot$ m space to !m ?an is cu/om>y 9 treatises on e>ly pr9t+1 b ,i h to admit1 ) regret1 t !y h be5 too curtly treat$4 ,i h done b little m ?an record a few ( ! m noticeable facts--en\gh1 p]haps1 to %[ t ! /ate ( education & society1 9 its relation to ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 des]ves a m ext5d$ description ?an x has hi!rto receiv$4 ,if ,i c succe$ 9 awak5+ ! att5tion ( pr9t]s1 & ^? :o look on a k ( pr9t+ z a prop] accompli%m5t ( ! s*ol>1 to ! nature & ext5t ( ^! influ5ces1 to ! curiosities ( lit]ature hidd5 9 app>5tly dry books ( bibliography1 & to ! value ( ! lesson ( pati5t indu/ry & fix$ purpose taught by ! life ( ,john ,gut5b]g1 ! object ( ?is book w h be5 accompli%$4 p#jag ,i ,! ,diff]5t ,me?ods ( ,pr9t+4 ,impression is us$ 9 _m ,arts 4 4 4 ,pr9t+ implies ! use ( ,ink & ,pap] 4 4 4 ,f\r ,me?ods ( ,pr9t+ 4 4 4 ,/eel-plate or ,copp]-plate1 ! arti/ic me?od 4 4 4 ,li?ography1 ! sci5tific me?od 4 4 4 ,typography1 ! useful me?od 4 4 4 ,xylography1 ! primitive me?od 4 4 4 ,illu/rations ( ,copp]-plate & ,li?ographic ,pr9t+ ,surfaces 4 4 4 ,process ( ,copp]-plate ,pr9t+ 4 4 4 ,its ,m]its & its ,defects 4 4 4 ,process ( ,li?ographic ,pr9t+ 4 4 4 ,its ,advantages & ,limitations 4 4 4 ,!ory ( ,typography1 ) ,illu/rations ( ! ,face & ,body ( ,types 4 4 4 ,sup]iority ( ,movable ,types ov] ,engrav$ ,lett]s 4 4 4 ,/]eotype 4 4 4 ,sup]iority ( ! ,typographic ,me?od 9 its ,presses & its ,process ( ,ink+ 4 4 4 ,xylography 4 4 4 ,p]iod :5 ea* ,me?od 0 ,introduc$ 4 4 4 ,a ,mean+ 9 _! almo/ ,simultane\s ,introduction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pr9t+1 ! act1 art1 or practice ( impress+ lett]s1 *>act]s1 or figures on pap]1 clo?1 or o!r mat]ial2 ! bus9ess ( a pr9t]2 typography4 ,typography1 ! art ( pr9t+1 or ! op]ation ( impress+ lett]s & words on =ms ( types4 ,web/]4 ,pr9t+1 ! bus9ess ( a pr9t]2 ! art or process ( impress+ lett]s or words2 typography2 ! process ( /a9+ l95 ) figures4 ,typography1 ! art ( pr9t+4 ,worce/]4 ,pr9t1 to press1 m>k1 /amp or infix lett]s1 *>act]s1 =ms1 or figures4 ,ri*>dson4 99 99 99 99 99 ,^! def9itions ( pr9t+ are bas$ on its d]ivation f ! ,lat91 premo1 to press1 & on ! supposition t its mo/ *>act]i/ic feature is impression4 ,f a te*nical po9t ( view1 ! def9itions are incomplete2 = pr9t+ & typography are made synonym\s1 :ile _m lead+1 b totally diff]5t1 me?ods ( impress+ lett]s1 *>act]s & figures1 are n ev5 notic$4 ,impression is employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( calico1 pap]-hang+s1 oilclo?1 figur$ crock]y1 & 9 _m o!r arts :i* h no connection ) ea* o!r4 ,"u "r conditions1 ! p#jah action or ! impress ( light makes a photograph4 ,"u diff]5t conditions1 ! pressure ( ! brea? makes holl[ glassw>e4 ,m\ld+1 co9+1 /amp+ & emboss+ are o!r me?ods ( impression2 b ! m5 :o practise ^! me?ods are n kn[n z pr9t]s4 ,! ^w pr9t+ has acquir$ a conv5tional mean+ n entirely w>rant$ by its d]ivation4 ,x means mu* m ?an impression4 ,x is commonly und]/ood z a process 9 :i* pap] & ink are employ$ 9 conjunction ) impression4 ,pr9t+ & typography are n /rictly synonym\s1 z may be inf]r$ f ! def9itions4 ,typography1 al?\gh ! mo/ useful1 is n ! only =m ( pr9t+4 ,pr9t+ on pap] ) ink is done by f\r me?ods4 ,ea* me?od is1 practically1 a sep>ate art1 di/9ct f its rivals 9 its !ory1 its process1 & its application4 ,^! me?ods are3 ,/eel-plate or ,copp]-plate pr9t+1 9 :i* ! subject is pr9t$ f an et*+ or engrav+ bel[ ! surface ( a plate ( /eel or ( copp]4 ,li?ography1 9 :i* ! subject is pr9t$ f a transf]r$ engrav+ on ! surface ( a prep>$ /one4 ,typography1 9 :i* ! subject is pr9t$ f a comb9ation ( movable metal types ca/ 9 high relief4 ,xylography1 9 :i* ! subject is pr9t$ f a design engrav$ on a block ( wood 9 high relief4 ,! di/9ct nature ( ! sub/ances 9 use = pr9t+ surfaces by ! f\r me?ods %\ld be en\gh to tea* u t ! me?ods are entirely diff]5t4 ,b ! mann] 9 :i* ! lett]s1 designs or figures ( ea* me?od are put on ! respective pr9t+ surfaces w %[ ! diff]5ces m noticeably4 ,9 typographic & xylographic "w1 ! matt] to be pr9t$ is ca/ or cut 9 high relief1 or above ! surface2 9 li?ographic "w1 x is put on ! smoo? surface ( ! /one1 9 relief s slight t x is almo/ level ) ! surface2 9 /eel & copp]-plate1 x is cut bel[ ! surface :i* receives ! impression4 ,! illu/ration on ! next page %[s1 b 9 an exagg]at$ =m1 ! appe>ance ( a p#jai s+le l9e1 cut across1 or 9 a v]tical direction1 :5 x has be5 prep>$ = pr9t+ by ea* ( ! diff]5t me?ods4 ,x w be se5 t ! l9e prep>$ = pr9t+ by ! typographic or xylographic me?od c be ink$ ) facility1 & t1 :5 comp>$ ) a simil> l9e 9 li?ographic or copp]-plate "w1 x pres5ts b a small surface & a slight] resi/ance to impression4 ,illu/ration3 ,typography or ,xylography4 ,a4 ,elevat$ l9e2 ! only "p ( a typographic or ( a xylographic surface :i* receives ! ink & impression4 ,b4 ,! %\ld] ( ! type1 or ! field ( ! block2 x receives nei!r ink nor impression4 ,illu/ration3 ,li?ography4 ,c4 ,transf]r$ surface l9e2 ! only "p ( ! surface :i* receives ink & repels moi/ure4 ,d4 ,! surface ( ! /one1 t imbibes moi/ure & repels greasy ink2 x receives ! full =ce ( impression 9 e "p4 ,illu/ration3 ,copp]-plate or ,/eel-plate4 ,e4 ,! l9e pr9t$1 :i* is engrav$ bel[ ! surface ( ! plate1 & is fill$ ) ink4 ,f4 ,! smoo? face ( ! plate1 :i* makes no m>k on ! pap]1 b :i* receives ! full =ce ( impression4 ,! process ( copp]-plate pr9t+ beg9s ) heat+ ! plate1 & roll+ x ) ink1 until ! incis$ l9es h be5 fill$4 ,! face ( ! plate is !n wip$ clean1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! ink 9 ! incis$ l9es is n remov$4 ,a moi/5$ %eet ( pap] is !n laid on ! plate1 & an impression is tak5 by =c+ x "u ! cyl9d] ( a roll+ press4 ,"u ?is pressure1 ! pap] is =c$ 9 ! sunk5 l9es fill$ ) ink1 & ! ink /icks to ! pap]4 ,copp]-plate pr9t+ is1 9 all po9ts1 ! rev]se ( typographic pr9t+4 ,! engrav$ l9es1 cut bel[ ! surface1 are fill$ ) ink 9 a compact body1 & n 9 a ?9 film1 liable to spread "u pressure1 z x may on a type or on a wood-cut2 ! ink f a copp]-plate is press$ 9 su* a way t x re-appe>s on ! pap] 9 a l[ relief--x is n squeez$ on & flatt$ out1 b /&s up ) %>p] l9e & %[s a great] dep? ( color4 ,! sl5d]ness ( ! incis$ l9es1 ! f95ess & h>dness ( ! metal1 & ! peculi> me?od by :i* ! ink is laid on ! plate & fix$ to ! pap]1 give to pr9ts f engrav+s on /eel or p#jbj on copp] a %>pness ( l9e1 a brilliancy ( color1 a delicacy ( tone1 & a rec$+ 9 p]spective1 :i* h always won = ?is bran* ( pr9t+ ! pref]5ce ( arti/s4 ,yet x is a sl[ & exp5sive process4 ,a /eel-plate engrav] may be engag$ = _m mon?s ^u a l>ge plate1 f :i* b =ty p]fect impressions c be tak5 9 a day4 ,on ord9>y "w on a l>ge plate1 ?ree hundr$ impressions p] day is ! av]age p]=mance ( a copp]-plate press4 ,/eel & copp]-plate pr9t+ is l>gely us$ = bank-notes1 portraits1 f9e book illu/rations1 rev5ue & po/age /amps1 & sometimes = comm]cial =mul>ies1 b x is 9 e way unfitt$ = ! pr9t+ ( books4 ,x has n be5 mu* improv$ s9ce its inv5tion4 ,/eel plates may be duplicat$ by means ( electrotyp+1 or by ! process ( transf] to s(t /eel1 b ^! duplicates _c be made s *eaply z typographic /]eotype plates1 nor s promptly z transf]s by li?ography4 ,! ink+ & cleans+ ( ! plate1 always dirty & disagreeable "w1 has hi!rto be5 done only by h&4 ,all ! manipulations ( copp]-plate "w are sl[ & difficult3 !y pres5t _m ob/acles to ! use ( labor-sav+ ma*9]y4 ,9 li?ography ! design to be pr9t$1 :i* may be engrav$ on /one or copp]1 or writt5 ) p5 on pap]1 is transf]r$ by a greasy ink ^u ! smoo? surface ( a /one ( peculi> f95ess & firmness4 ,?is /one1 :i* is f\nd 9 its be/ /ate only 9 ,bav>ia1 :]e ! art 0 inv5t$1 is a v>iety ( slate1 :i* fai?fully responds 9 pr9t+ to ! slighte/ t\* ( a grav] or a crayon1 & p]mits ! use ( f9e %ades & t9ts :i* _c be produc$ on wood or on copp]4 ,! transf]r$ l9es ( ! design cl+ to & dry ^u ! surface ( ! /one1 :i* is !n subject$ to ! action ( a weak acid1 :i* h>d5s ! ink 9 ! transf]r$ l9es1 :ile x slightly et*es & l[]s ! surface :]e x is unprotect$4 ,! process ( pr9t+ beg9s by damp5+ ! /one ) a moi/ sponge1 ! wat] 9 :i* is absorb$ by ! p#jbb unprotect$ face ( ! /one1 :ile x is repell$ by ! h>d greasy matt] 9 ! transf]r$ l9es4 ,! ink+ roll] is !n appli$ to ! /one ) a contr>y result2 ! moi/5$ surface repels ! greasy ink1 b ! transf]r$ l9es attract & reta9 x4 ,:5 an impression on pap] is tak51 ! only "p ( ! pap] :i* receives ink is t "p :i* t\*es ! transf]r$ l9es4 ,! !ory ( li?ography is bas$ ^u ! repulsion betwe5 grease & wat]4 ,li?ographic pr9t+ is *emical pr9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,surface ,expos$ to ,impression by ! ,copp]-plate ,me?od4 ,! entire surface ( ! plate is cov]$ ) ink until ! :ite l9es are fill$4 ,! surface ar\nd ! figures is wip$ clean be=e ! impression is tak54 ,illu/ration3 ,surface ,ink$ & ,expos$ to ,impression by ! ,typographic ,me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,surface ,expos$ to ,impression by ! ,li?ographic ,me?od4 ,?is surface is roll$ twice3 once ) wat]1 :i* is absorb$ only by ! surface "h %[n 9 dull black t9t2 once ) ink1 :i* is reta9$ only on ! figures4 ,li?ography is ! mo/ sci5tific & ! mo/ flexible ( all me?ods ( pr9t+4 ,x c imitate fairly1 & x (t5 reproduces ) accuracy1 a l9e engrav+ on /eel1 a draw+ 9 crayon1 ! manuscript ( a p5man1 or ! pa9t+ 9 oil ( an arti/4 ,by ! aid ( photography1 x c repeat1 9 an enl>g$ or dim9i%$ size1 any k9d ( pr9t$ "w4 ,x has _m advantages ov] copp]-plate & xylography4 ,= "s k9ds ( "w1 l autograph lett]s & rude diagrams1 engrav+ is unnecess>y2 ! design may be writt5 ) oily ink on pap]1 & c !n be transf]r$ direct f ! writt5 copy to a /one )\t ! aid ( a grav]4 ,! transf]r+ process is ano!r peculi>ity ( ?is art :i* all[s ! li?ograph] to duplicate small designs ) great] facility & economy ?an a simil> duplication c\ld be effect$ by ! /]eotyp] ( types4 ,^! advantages are c\nt]balanc$ by "o great defect3 li?ography is n a quick me?od ( pr9t+4 ,! usual p]=mance ( ! li?ographic h& press :5 appli$ to ord9>y "w1 is ab\t f\r hundr$ impressions p] day2 on ! /eam press1 ! p]=mance is ab\t five ?\s& impressions p] day4 ,! arts ( li?ography & copp]-plate are useful & beautiful me?ods ( pr9t+1 b !y d n make books & newspap]s4#a ,! necessity :i* compels !m to p#jbc make a new engrav+ = e new subject re/ricts !m almo/ exclusively to ! field ( art & ornam5t4 ,if no o!r me?od ( pr9t+ 7 kn[n1 encyclop$ias & newspap]s w\ld be impossibilities4 8,! art pres]vative ( all arts0 is n ! art ( li?ography nor ( copp]-plate4 ,?is di/9ction rightfully belongs to ,typography only4 ,! !ory ^u :i* ?is me?od is bas$ is t ( ! indep5d5ce ( ea* "*1 & ( ! mutual dep5d5ce ( all its *>act]s4 ,e "* is a sep>ate & movable type1 s made t x c be arrang$ ) o!rs 9 an endless v>iety ( comb9ations4 ,! types us$ = ?is page are us$ = o!r pages 9 ?is book2 !y c be re-arrang$ = use 9 ! pr9t+ ( _m o!r books or pamphlets2 !y cease to s]ve only :5 !y are worn out4 ,all o!r me?ods ( pr9t+ require1 at ! outset1 ! engrav+ on "o piece ( wood or metal ( all ! lett]s or p>ts ( a design1 :i*1 :5 once comb9$1 _c be sep>at$2 !y c be appli$ only to ! object = :i* !y 7 fir/ made4 ,typography is mo/ successful :5 x is appli$ to ! lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,x fails totally :5 appli$ to maps1 or to any k9d ( pr9t$ "w requir+ irregul>ly v>y+ l9es4 ,x is only p>tially successful 9 ! repres5tation ( comb9$ ornam5ts & ! *>act]s ( music4 ,its true field is 9 ! repres5tation ( words & ?\ghts1 & "h x is supreme4 ,!re is no o!r me?od ( pr9t+ :i* c d ?is "w s p]fectly4 ,typography has a great advantage ov] o!r bran*es ( pr9t+ 9 ! *eapness ( its mat]ials4 ,type-metal is *eap] by weight ?an copp] or /eel1 or ! f9] quality ( li?ographic /one3 by measurem5t1 x is *eap] ?an ! box-wood us$ by engrav]s4 ,types are *eap] ?an engrav$ lett]s4 ,a p\nd ( ! types by :i* ?is page is pr9t$ conta9s ab\t #cbj pieces ( metal1 ! co/ ( :i* is b #dh c5ts4 ,types are made ( _m =ms or faces1 b !y are always ( uni=m height1 & are always p#jbd truly squ>e z to body1 s t !y c be fitt$ to ea* o!r ) precision1 & c be int]*ang$ ) facility4 ,! exp5se ( comb9+ types 9 words is trivial1 z comp>$ ) ! co/ ( engrav+ = li?ographic or = copp]-plate pr9t+4 ,an employ+ pr9t]'s price = ! composition ( a page l ?is w\ld be1 at ! high rates ( ,new-,york city1 #a4aj4 ,! engrav+ ( su* a page1 by any me?od1 w\ld co/ at lea/ ?ree times z mu* z ! types & _! composition4 ,if nev] s c>efully done1 ! engrav$ lett]s w\ld n be s uni=m1 nor s satisfactory to ! g5]al read]1 z ! types4 ,! engrav$ lett]s w\ld co/ m1 b !y c\ld be us$ only = ! "w = :i* !y 7 made4 ,9 typographic pr9t+1 !re is no su* re/riction z to use1 & no su* loss ( labor4 ,x is only ! labor ( composition :i* ne$ be lo/2 ! types rema91 b little m worn1 or little less p]fect1 ?an :5 !y 7 fir/ put 9 use4 ,illu/ration3 ,lett] ,h1 f a ,em1 or full squ>e ,face ( ! lett] z x type ( ,canon body4 ( ,canon body4 appe>s on ! body4 ,! ,face ( a ,l>ge ,type1 %[+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,lett] is plac$ on ! ,body4#b ,! labor ( composition is n always lo/4 ,a page ( movable types c be us$ = a m\ld1 f :i* c be made a /]eotype plate ( immovable lett]s4 ,/]eotyp+ is a *eap process4 ,a plate ( ?is page ( type c be _h = ab\t "o-half ! co/ ( ! composition4 ,! /]eotype plate has all ! advantages p]ta9+ to an engrav+ on a li?ographic /one1 & x is m durable & portable4 p#jbe ,typography has a m>k$ advantage 9 ! great] ease ) :i* pr9t+ types are ink$4 ,9 ! copp]-plate process1 ! plate mu/ be fir/ black5$ ov] ! entire surface1 & !n cleans$ ) ev5 great] c>e1 be=e an impression c be tak54 ,?is labor _c be intru/$ to ma*9]y1 b mu/ be done by a practis$ workman4 ,! ink+ ( a li?ographic /one is z difficult3 ! /one mu/ be moi/5$ be=e ! ink+ roll] c be appli$4 ,?is d\ble op]ation ( ink+ & cleans+1 or ( ink+ & moi/5+1 is requir$ = e impression4 ,! ink+ ( types is done by a mu* simpl] me?od2 "o passage1 to & fro1 ( a gang ( roll]s ov] ! surface is suffici5t to coat !m ) ink4 ,! types ne$ no previ\s nor aft] application4 ,illu/ration3 ,side view ( ,small-pica ,agate ,diamond ,view ( body ,canon body4 body4 body4 body4 incl9$ to %[ ! face4 ,bodies ( ,types4 ,! impression by :i* typographic surfaces are pr9t$ is comp>atively slight4 ,! sunk5 l9es ( a copp] plate or ! transf]r$ l9es ( a li?ographic /one c be reproduc$ on pap] only by means ( viol5t impression1 :i* is obta9$ by =c+ ! plate or ! /one "u an iron cyl9d] or scrap]4 ,only a "p ( ! surface is pr9t$1 b ! entire surface mu/ receive impression1 :i* is1 ( necessity1 gradually appli$4 ,a direct v]tical pressure1 at ! same in/ant1 ov] e "p ( ! surface1 w\ld cru% ! /one or flatt5 ! plate4 ,9 pr9t+ types ( ord9>y =m1 ! area ( impression surface is exactly ! rev]se ( t ( ! li?ographic /one or ! copp] plate4 ,x is only ! "p :i* is pr9t$ t receives ! ink & ! p#jbf impression4 ,?is pr9t$ "p is ! rais$ surface1 :i* is r>ely ev] m ?an "o-six? ( ! area occupi$ by ! types1 & is (t5 less ?an "o-twelf?4 ,! resi/ance to impression ( types z comp>$ ) /ones or plates is1 at lea/1 9 ! proportion ( "o to six4 ,z relief plates or types are m quickly coat$ ) ink1 & ne$ less impression ?an li?ographic /ones or copp] plates1 ! typographic process is1 consequ5tly1 bett] fitt$ to receive ! help ( labor-sav+ ma*9]y4 ,! daily p]=mance ( ! typographic h& press on pla9 "w has be51 almo/ f its e>lie/ employm5t1 ab\t fifte5 hundr$ impressions1 :i* is ab\t f\r times great] ?an t ( ! h& li?ographic press4 ,by ! use ( /eam & ( improv$ ma*9]y1 ?is inequality is put almo/ beyond comp>ison4 ,! typographic s+le-cyl9d] type-pr9t+ ma*9e c pr9t fifte5 hundr$ impressions 9 an h\r1 & ! new newspap] p]fect+ press c pr9t fifte5 ?\s& p]fect %eets 9 an h\r4 ,! feature :i* gives to typography its prec$5ce 9 usefulness ov] all o!r bran*es ( ! graphic arts is n s mu* its sup]ior adaptation to impression z its sup]ior facility = comb9+ lett]s4 ,its m]it is 9 ! mobility ( its types & _! con/ruction = comb9ation4 ,pr9t+ is ,typography4 ,! pr9t+ :i* dissem9ates k is n ! art t makes pr9ts or pictures2 x is1 z ,b]n>d has def9$ x1 8! art t makes books40 ,! def9ition is n sci5tifically exact1 b x gives a cle> idea ( ! great bread? ( ! art4 ,9 its p]fect adaptation to ?is great object1 ! broad g5]alization ( ! def9ition 9 ! diction>ies may be ju/ifi$4 ,! me?od ( pr9t+ :i* is mo/ useful may rightfully claim ! g5]ic "n4 ,xylography is ! sci5tific ^w = ! art ( mak+ engrav+s on a s+le block ( wood1 9 high relief1 = use on ! typographic pr9t+ press4 ,a xylographic block may be an engrav+ ( lett]s only1 ( pictures only1 or ( bo? lett]s & pictures1 b 9 all cases ! engrav+ is fix$ on p#jbg ! block4 ,! fix$ness ( ! design on ! block is ! great feature :i* sep>ates xylography#c f typography4 ,! pr9t+ surfaces ( ! two me?ods are alike4 ,types & xylographic engrav+s are pr9t$ toge!r1 by ! same process1 & on ! same press4 ,pr9t+ ) ink1 n z an exp]im5t1 b z a practical bus9ess1 is comp>atively a mod]n art4 ,li?ography1 ! mo/ rec5t me?od1 0 discov]$ by ,alois ,s5efeld]1 an actor ( ,muni*1 9 #agih4 ,unlike o!r me?ods ( pr9t+1 x 01 9 e detail1 an entirely orig9al inv5tion4 ,! introduction ( copp]-plate pr9t+ is attribut$ to ,maso ,f9igu]ra1 a goldsmi? ( ,flor5ce1 :o is suppos$ to h made 8 fir/ pr9t ab\t ! ye> #adeb4 ,x _c be prov$ t ,f9igu]ra 0 ! inv5tor1 = pr9ts by ?is me?od 7 made 9 ,g]many z e>ly z #addf4 ,! p]iod ( ! inv5tion ( typography may be plac$ betwe5 ! ye>s #adch & #adej4 ,!re h be5 _m claimants = ! honor ( ! inv5tion4 ,ea* ( ! foll[+ fifte5 cities or t[ns--,augsburg1 ,basle1 ,bologna1 ,dordre*t1 ,feltre1 ,flor5ce1 ,ha>lem1 ,lubeck1 ,m5tz1 ,nuremb]g1 ,rome1 ,russemburg1 ,/rasburg1 ,s*ele/adt & ,v5ice--has be5 specifi$ by z _m diff]5t au?ors z ! true bir?place ( typography4 ,! names ( ! alleg$ inv5tors are1 ,ca/aldi1 ,co/]1 ,fu/1 ,g5sfleis*1 ,gresmund1 ,gut5b]g1 ,hahn1 ,m5tel1 ,j5son1 ,regiomontanus1 ,s*ff]1 ,pann>tz & ,swe9heym1 & ,l\is de ,vaelbaeske4 ,! evid5ces 9 favor ( ea* claimant h be5 fully exam9$1 & ! m fooli% pret5sions h be5 s completely suppress$ t x is unnecess>y to review !m4 ,! limits ( ! controv]sy h be5 greatly contract$3 b f\r ( ! alleg$ inv5tors ( types1 ,ca/aldi1 ,co/]1 ,gut5b]g & ,s*ff]1 h liv+ def5d]s4 ,! leg5d ( an inv5tion ( types p#jbh by ,ca/aldi1 ( ,feltre1 has nev] be5 accept$ beyond ,italy1 & b>ely des]ves respectful consid]ation4 ,! evid5ces 9 favor ( ,s*ff] are m plausible1 b !y are n admitt$ by ! writ]s :o h c>efully inve/igat$ ! docum5ts ^u :i* ?is pret5sion is bas$4 ,! real controv]sy is betwe5 ,l\r5s ,co/] ( ,ha>lem & ,john ,gut5b]g ( ,m5tz4 ,!re is no record1 nor ev5 any tradition1 conc]n+ an inv5tion ( xylography4 ,x is admitt$ by all au?orities1 t xylographic pr9ts 7 made dur+ ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & t xylographic books 7 9 use be=e typography 0 introduc$4 ,?ree ( ! f\r me?ods ( pr9t+ "h nam$ 7 inv5t$ or develop$ )9 a p]iod ( fifty ye>s4 ,if ! /atem5ts ( "s hi/orians c\ld be accept$1 ?is p]iod %\ld be contract$ to ?irty ye>s4 ,!re is no disagreem5t1 h[ev]1 z to ! ord] ( _! introduction4 ,xylography1 ! rude/ me?od1 0 ! fir/ 9 use2 typography1 a m useful me?od1 soon foll[$2 copp]-plate pr9t+1 ! arti/ic me?od1 0 ! prop] culm9ation4 ,! ord] ( inv5tion 0 t ( progressive developm5t f an imp]fect to a p]fect me?od4 ,! introduction ( ?ree di/9ct me?ods ( pr9t+1 by diff]5t p]sons & 9 diff]5t places1 b dur+ ! same p]iod1 %[s t a g5]al ne$ ( books or ( pr9t$ matt] _h giv5 a /rong impulse to ! inv5tive _s ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x may also be inf]r$ t ! inv5tors ( pr9t+ _h be5 b5efit$1 9 "s way1 by rec5t improvem5ts or developm5ts 9 ! me*anical processes ( :i* pr9t+ is compos$4 p#jbi ,,ii ,antique ,me?ods ( ,impression & _! ,failure4 ,transf] ( ,=m by ,impression "o ( ! ,olde/ ,arts 4 4 4 ,! ,/amp$ ,bricks ( ,assyria & ,egypt 4 4 4 ,assyrian ,cyl9d]s ( ,clay 4 4 4 ,greek ,maps 4 4 4 ,roman ,!ories ab\t ,comb9ations ( ,lett]s 4 4 4 ,roman ,/amps 4 4 4 ,! ,br&s & ,/amps ( ! ,middle ,ages 4 4 4 ,engli% ,br&s 4 4 4 ,/amp+ is n ,pr9t+ 4 4 4 ,ink !n us$ 0 ,unsuitable = ,pr9t+ 4 4 4 ,pr9t+ ,wait$ = ,discov]y ( ,ink & ,pap] 4 4 4 ,romans did n ,ne$ ,pr9t+ 4 4 4 ,pr9t+ ,dep5ds on a multitude ( ,read]s 4 4 4 ,read]s 7 few 9 ! ,d>k ,ages 4 4 4 ,inv5tion ( ,pr9t+ 0 ,n purely ,me*anical 4 4 4 ,pr9t+ ne$s _m ,supports 4 4 4 ,telegraph 4 4 4 ,s*ools 4 4 4 ,libr>ies 4 4 4 ,expresses 4 4 4 ,po/-,(fices 4 4 4 ,a ,premature ,inv5tion w\ld h be5 ,fruitless4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! /amps ( ! anci5ts1 & ! impressions f ! seals ( metal1 f\nd 9 de$s & conveyances ( ! l[] ages1 prove no?+ m ?an t mank9d walk$ = _m c5turies ^u ! bord]s ( ! two great inv5tions ( typography & *alcography1 )\t hav+ ! luck to discov] ei!r ( !m1 & appe> nei!r to h _h any influ5ce on ! orig9 ( ^! arts1 nor to m]it any place 9 _! hi/ory4 ,lanzi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"s notice ( ! mat]ial & moral elem5ts ne$$ = ! developm5t ( typography %\ld prec$e a description ( ! "w ( ! e>ly pr9t]s4 ,we %all =m incorrect notions ab\t ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ unless we "k some?+ ab\t ! /ate ( ! arts ( pap]-mak+1 ink-mak+ & engrav+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,we %\ld also "k some?+ ab\t ! books & ! book-mak]s ( ! middle ages4 ,nor w x be out ( place to review ! me*anical processes :i* h be5 us$1 almo/ f ! beg9n+1 = ! pres]vation ( writt5 language4 ,! review w %[ u :at elem5ts ! inv5tor ( typography f\nd at 8 h& ready = use2 :at he comb9$ f ! inv5tions ( o!rs1 & :at he inv5t$ anew4 p#jcj ,illu/ration3 ,a ,/amp$ ,brick f ! ,ru9s ( ,babylon4 ,f ,hans>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile ( ! ,impression on ! ,brick4 ,f ,hans>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,an ,egyptian ,/amp = ,impress+ ,bricks4 ,f ,jackson4 ,engrav+ mu/ be reg>d$ z ! fir/ process 9 e me?od ( pr9t+4 ,! impression ( engrav$ =ms on metal & wax1 = ! purpose ( mak+ co9s & seals1 is ( great antiquity1 hav+ be5 practis$ m ?an ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1 &1 by "s p1 ) a skill :i* _c n[ be surpass$4 ,!re are old ,egyptian seals ) faces ( su* m9ute delicacy t ! f95ess ( ! workman%ip c be fully p]ceiv$ only by ! aid ( a magnify+ glass4 ,!re are co9s ( ,mac$onia :i* are /amp$ 9 a relief z bold z t ( ! be/ pieces ( mod]n m9ts4 ,9 ,babylonia & ,assyria1 engrav$ =ms 7 pr9t$ or /amp$ on clay specially prep>$ = ?is purpose4 ,9 ! ru9s ( ! anci5t edifices ( ^! primeval nations !re is sc>cely a /one or a kiln-burnt brick )\t an inscription or a /amp ^u x4 ,! inscriptions on /one appe> to h be5 cut ) a *isel1 aft] ! usual me?od ( /one-cutt]s2 b ! /amps on ! bricks 7 made f engrav+s on wood1 or by ! sep>ate impressions ( "s po9t$ in/rum5t4 ,! prec$+ illu/ration is t ( a /amp$ brick tak5 _m ye>s ago f ! ru9s ( anci5t ,babylon4 ,:5 9 p]fect condition1 x 0 ?irte5 in*es squ>e & ?ree in*es ?ick4 ,! inscription1 :i* is 9 ! cunei=m or arr[-head$ "*1 is irregul>ly plac$ on ! surface1 b ! lett]s or words are arrang$ 9 p>allel r[s1 & are obvi\sly made to be read f top to bottom4 ,! *>act]s ( ?is inscription 7 n cut ^u ! brick1 nor 7 !y sep>ately impress$4 ,t !y 7 made p#jcb on ! pla/ic clay by ! sudd5 pressure ( a xylographic block1 is se5 by ! oblique position ( ! squ>e inscription on ! brick1#d 9 ! nicety ( ! engrav+ & its uni=m dep?1 9 ! bulg+ up ( ! clay on ! side1 :]e x 0 =c$ outw>d & upw>d by ! impression4 ,9 old ,egypt1 bricks 7 impress$ by ! same me?od ( /amp+1 b n to su* an ext5t z !y 7 9 old ,assyria4 ,! cuts annex$ repres5t ! face & back ( an old ,egyptian /amp discov]$ 9 a tomb ( ,!bes4 ,! /amp is five in*es long1 two & "o-qu>t] in*es broad1 & half an in* ?ick1 & is fitt$ to an ar*$ h&le4 ,! *>act]s are engrav$ bel[ ! surface ( ! wood1 s t an impression tak5 f ! /amp on ! clay w\ld %[ ! engrav$ *>act]s 9 relief4 ,! inscription on ! /amp p#jcc has be5 translat$1 ,am5oph1 belov$ ( tru?4 ,am5oph is suppos$1 by "s au?orities1 to h be5 ! k+ ( ,egypt at ! p]iod ( ! exodus ( ! ,israelites4 ,! *>act]s on ! ,egyptian & ,babylonian bricks are mu* m neatly execut$ ?an w\ld seem necess>y = inscriptions on s common a mat]ial z clay4 ,b !y are really co>se1 :5 comp>$ ) ! inscriptions ^u ! small cyl9d]s ( clay :i* 7 us$ by ! ,assyrians = ! pres]vation ( _! public docum5ts4 ,lay>d m5tions a small six-sid$ ,assyrian cyl9d] t conta9s sixty l9es ( m9ute *>act]s :i* c\ld be read only by ! aid ( a magnify+ glass4 ,antiqu>ies are n yet p]fectly agre$ z to ! me?od by :i* ! cyl9d]s 7 made4 ,lay>d1 :o says t ! ,babylonian bricks 7 /amp$1 ?9ks t ! inscriptions on ! cyl9d]s 7 cut on ! clay4 ,b !re are _m cyl9d]s :i* %[ ! cle>e/ indications ( impression4 ,x is probable t !y 7 made by bo? me?ods4 ,! clay 0 prep>$ = writ+ z well z = /amp+4 ,ezekiel1 :o prophesi$ by ! riv] ,*eb> 9 ,assyria1 0 comm&$ to take a tile1 & portray ^u x ! city ( ,j]usalem4 ,! ,*aldean prie/s in=m$ ,calli/h5es t !y kept _! a/ronomical obs]vations on tiles t 7 subsequ5tly bak$ 9 ! furnace4 ,f\r l>ge piles ( tablets ( unburn$ clay 7 f\nd by ,lay>d 9 ! libr>y or hall ( records ( ,assurbanipal4 ,"s ( ! tablets are ! gramm>s & prim]s ( ! language2 "s are records ( agreem5ts to sell prop]ty or slaves2 "s are fill$ ) a/ronomical or a/rological pr$ictions4 ,on "o ( !m 0 inscrib$ ! ,assyrian v]sion ( ! deluge4 ,! cyl9d]s conta9$ ! memorials :i* 7 !n consid]$ z ( mo/ value1 su* z ! proclamations ( ! k+1 or ! laws ( ! empire4 ,9 ! museum ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company is ! fragm5t ( a clay cyl9d] :i* conta9s a portion ( ! decrees or annals ( ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,= p]petuat+ records ( ?is nature1 ! cyl9d]s 7 admirably adapt$4 p#jcd ,!y 7 conv5i5t = ref]5ce1 & _! legibility1 aft] s long an exposure1 %[s t !y 7 p]fectly durable4 ,we d n "k by :at consid]ations ,assyrian rul]s 7 gov]n$ :5 ab\t to *oose betwe5 engrav+ or writ+ on clay2 b x is n unreasonable to assume t ! inscription 0 writt5 or cut on ! clay1 :5 "o copy only ( a record 0 want$2 if num]\s copies 7 want$1 a die or an engrav+ on wood 0 manufactur$1 f :i* ^! copies 7 m\ld$4 ,no sur] me?od ( secur+ exact copies ( an orig9al c\ld h be5 devis$ among a p t did n use ink & pap]4 ,^! cyl9d]s are examples ( pr9t+ 9 its mo/ elem5t>y =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,an ,assyrian ,cyl9d]4 ,f ,hans>d4 ,! accompany+ illu/ration1 copi$ f ,hans>d's ,typographia1 repres5ts an ,assyrian cyl9d] :i* pres5ts ! same indications ( impression :i* h be5 notic$ ^u ! bricks4 ,?is cyl9d]1 :i* is sev5 in*es wide at ea* end1 0 s ?or\ghly bak$ 9 a furnace t x is p>tially vitrifi$4 ,ar\nd its l>ge/ circumf]5ce is a ragg$ & bulg+ l9e1 ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* wide1 :i* seems p#jce to h be5 made by ! imp]fect meet+ ( two m\ld+ /amps4 ,if ! inscription _h be5 cut on ! clay1 ?is defect w\ld n appe>2 ! v]tical l9es w\ld h be5 connect$1 & ! ragg$ :ite l9e w\ld h be5 made smoo?4 ,?is me?od ( pr9t+ 9 clay 0 rude & imp]fect1 b1 to "s ext5t1 x did ! "w ( mod]n typography4 ,writ+s 7 publi%$ at small exp5se1 & records 7 pres]v$ = ages )\t ! aid ( ink or pap]4 ,! mod]n pr9t] may wond] t ?is skill 9 pr9t+ 0 n develop$4 ,! engrav+ t 0 us$ to impress clay c\ld h be5 coat$ ) ink & /amp$ on p>*m5t4 ,simple z ?is application ( ! engrav+ may appe>1 x 0 nev] made4 ,s f> f receiv+ any improvem5t1 ! art ( pr9t+ 9 clay gradually fell into disuse4 ,x has be5 neglect$ = m ?an tw5ty-five c5turies on ! soil :]e x probably orig9at$4 ,= ,lay>d tells u t an ,assyrian six-sid$ cyl9d] 0 us$ z a c&le/ick by a reputable ,turcoman family liv+ 9 ! village :]e x 0 f\nd4 ,a hole 9 ! c5tre ( "o ( ! ends receiv$ ! tall[ c&le4 ,!re is a practical irony 9 ?is base application ( :at may h be5 a praise ( 8! great k+10 :i* has nev] be5 surpass$ by ,solomon or ,%akspe>e 9 _! reflections on ! vanity ( human greatness4 ,engrav+ 0 us$ by ! anci5t ,greeks 9 a mann] :i* %\ld h sugge/$ ! feasibility ( pr9t+ ) ink4 ,"s ( ! maps ( ! ,a!nians 7 engrav$ on smoo? metal plates1 ) l9es cut bel[ ! surface1 aft] ! me?od ( copp]-plate pr9t]s1 f :i* impressions on vellum1 or ev5 on papyrus1 c\ld h be5 tak54 ,b1 s f> z we "k1 ! impressions 7 n tak53 = e new map !re 0 a new engrav+4 ,! ,assyrian me?od ( engrav+ /amps = impress+ clay 0 practis$ by ! old ,roman pott]s1 :o m>k$ _! manufactures ) ! names ( ! own]s or ) ! cont5ts ( ! vessel4 ,! pott]s cle>ly und]/ood ! p#jcf value ( movable types4 ,on "s ( _! lamps ( clay1 ! inscriptions 7 made by impress+1 consecutively1 ! type ( ea* lett]4 ,^! types mu/ h be5 movable1 &1 9 appe>ance1 some:at l ! pun*es or ! model lett]s ( type-f\nd]s4 ,!re 7 "s m5 9 anci5t ,rome :o _h a cle> p]ception ( ! ease ) :i* engrav$ lett]s c\ld be comb9$4 ,cic]o1 9 an argum5t aga9/ ! hypo!sis ( logical results f illogical causes1 has intimat$ t x w\ld be absurd to look = an intelligible s5t5ce f a c>eless mix+ up ( ! engrav$ lett]s ( ! alphabet4#e ,! phrase by :i* he describes ! assembl$ lett]s1 =m lit]>um1 0 us$ by ! e>ly pr9t]s to describe types4 ,8 argum5t implies1 conv]sely1 t if prop] c>e 7 ex]cis$1 x w\ld be easy to arrange ! lett]s 9 readable s5t5ces4 ,b ! speculation ( ,cic]o did n g beyond ! idea ( comb9ation4 ,x does n appe> t he ?\ght t ! lett]s c\ld be us$ = pr9t+4 ,qu9tilian _h speculations ab\t engrav$ lett]s4 ,he recomm5d$ to tea*]s ! use ( a ?9 /5cil plate ( wood1 on :i* %\ld be cut ! lett]s t a boy might be requir$ to copy :5 le>n+ to write4 ,! boy :o trac$ ! *>act]s ) 8 writ+ implem5t w\ld h 8 h& guid$ & =m$ by ! outl9es ( ! p]=at$ lett]s4 ,! curt mann] 9 :i* /5cil plates are notic$ %\ld lead u to ?9k t !y 7 !n 9 common use4 ,we c see t /5cils ( ?is nature c\ld h be5 us$1 at lea/ z an aid1 9 ! me*anical manufacture ( books2 b x is n probable t !y 7 s us$4 p#jcg ,we h "s evid5ces t ! old ,romans practis$1 at lea/ exp]im5tally1 ! art ( pr9t+ ) ink4 ,! ,briti% ,museum has a /amp ) lett]s engrav$ 9 relief1 t 0 f\nd ne> ,rome1 & :i* seems to h be5 made = ! purpose ( pr9t+ ! signature ( its own]4 ,! /amp is a brass plate1 ab\t two in*es long & n q "o in* wide4 ,a brass r+ is atta*$ to ! back ( ! plate :i* may h be5 us$ z a socket = ! f+]1 or z a support :5 x 0 susp5d$ f a *a9 or girdle4 ,on ! face ( ! /amp are engrav$ two l9es ( capital lett]s1 huddl$ toge!r 9 ! usual /yle ( all old ,roman inscriptions1 cut ! rev]se way1 z x w\ld n[ be done = pr9t+1 & enclos$ by a bord] l9e4 ,an impression tak5 f ?is /amp w\ld produce ! lett]s 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration1 :i* may be translat$1 ! signature ( ,cecilius ,h]mias4 ,( ,cecilius ,h]mias we "k no?+4 ,he may h be5 a civic (ficial :o us$ ?is /amp to exempt himself f ! tr\ble ( writ+1 or a citiz5 :o tri$ to hide 8 inability to write4 ,illu/ration ,if ?is /amp %\ld be impress$ 9 wax1 ! impression w\ld produce lett]s sunk bel[ ! surface ( ! wax 9 a mann] t is unlike ! impressions ( seals4 ,! rais$ surface on ! wax w\ld be r\gh :]e x %\ld be flat & smoo?4 ,?is peculi>ity is significant4 ,z ?is r\gh field unfitt$ x = a neat impression on any pla/ic surface1 ! /amp %\ld h be5 us$ = pr9t+ ) ink4 ,illu/ration3 ,an ,old ,roman ,/amp4 ,f ,jackson4 ,! accompany+ illu/ration is t ( a brass pr9t+ /amp 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i* is pres]v$ z a specim5 ( old ,roman workman%ip4#f ,! lett]s 7 cut 9 relief1 9 rev]se ord]1 & ) a r\gh c\nt] or field4 ,?is r\ghness proves t x c\ld n h be5 us$ to impress wax4 p#jch ,brass /amps ( simil> con/ruction & ( undet]m9$ age h be5 frequ5tly f\nd 9 ,france & ,italy4 ,all ( !m are ( small size1 & conta9 names ( p]sons only4 ,illu/ration3 ,roman ,/amps4 ,f ,jackson4 ,! illu/rations annex$1 ( two engrav$ brass /amps ( ecc5tric %apes1 7 also copi$ f ! orig9als 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,z ! lett]s are r\ghly sunk 9 ! metal1 & are n fitt$ = /amp+ 9 wax1 x is suppos$ t ! /amps 7 made = impression ) ink4 ,!y are reg>d$ z ,roman antiquities1 ( und\bt$ au!nticity1 b ! mean+ ( ! inscriptions1 ! special purposes = :i* !y 7 made1 & ! p]iod 9 :i* !y 7 employ$1 are unkn[n4 ,! difficulty connect$ ) ! prop] fix+ ( ink ^u ^! /amps ( brass1 ( :i* a subsequ5t notice w be made1 is "o ( _m causes :i* prev5t$ ! developm5t ( ?is exp]im5tal =m ( pr9t+4 ,a favorite me?od ( mak+ impressions 0 t ( br&+4 ,virgil1 9 ! ?ird book ( ! ,georgics1 tells u ( its application to cattle4 ,! old laws ( _m ,european /ates tell u ( its application to human be+s4 ,! cruel practice 0 kept up long aft] ! inv5tion ( typography4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,vi1 ( ,engl& 7#aedg-aeec71 x 0 enact$ t1 8:osoev]1 man or woman1 n be+ lame or impot5t1 nor s ag$ or diseas$ t he or %e c\ld n "w1 %\ld be convict$ ( loit]+ or idle w&]+ by ! highwayside1 or 9 ! /reets1 l a s]vant want+ a ma/]1 or a begg>1 he or %e 0 to be m>k$ ) a hot p#jci iron ^u ! brea/ ) ! lett] ,v = vagabond1 & adjudg$ to ! p]son br++ him or h] be=e a ju/ice1 to be 8 slave = two ye>s2 & if su* adjudg$ slave %\ld run away1 he or %e1 ^u be+ tak5 & convict$1 0 to be m>k$ ^u ! =ehead1 or ^u ! ball ( ! *eek1 ) ! lett] ,s = slave1 & adjudg$ to be ! said ma/]'s slave =ev]40 ,) ^! evid5ces be=e u ( long cont9u$ practice 9 v>i\s me?ods ( engrav+ & /amp+1 & ( a fair k ( "s ( ! advantages ( movable lett]s1 ! "q may be ask$1 ,:y did ! _w h to wait s long = ! inv5tion ( typography8 ,?is "q is bas$ on ! assumption1 t ! civilization ( antiquity 0 capable ( mak+ & pres]v+ ! inv5tion :i* 0 miss$ ?r\gh accid5t or neglect4 ,"h is a grave error4 ,! elem5ts ( an inv5tion are l ^? ( a *emical mixture4 ,all ! con/itu5ts b "o may be !re1 exact 9 quantity & quality1 b1 = ! lack ( t "o1 ! mix+ ( ! :ole 9 a new =m _c be accompli%$4 ,failure 9 "o po9t is entire failure4 ,! anci5ts fail$ 9 _m po9ts4 ,!y 7 de/itute ( sev]al mat]ials :i* we reg>d z indisp5sable 9 ! practice ( pr9t+4 ,!y _h no ink suitable = ! "w4 ,pl9y & ,dioscorides h giv5 ! =mulas = ! writ+ ink t 0 us$ by ,greek & ,roman scribes dur+ ! fir/ c5tury4 ,pl9y says t ! ink ( book-writ]s 0 made ( soot1 *>coal & gum4 ,he does n say :at fluid 0 us$ to mix ^! mat]ials1 b he does allude to an occasional use ( acid1 to give ! ink encau/ic prop]ty & to make x bite 9 ! papyrus4 ,dioscorides is m specific z to ! quantities4 ,he says t "o ounce ( gum %\ld be mix$ ) ?ree ounces ( soot4 ,ano!r =mula is1 "o-half p\nd ( smoke-black made f burn$ res91 "o-half ounce ea* ( copp]as & ox-glue4 ,dioscorides fur!r says t ! latt] mixture 8is a good application 9 cases ( gangr5e1 & is useful 9 scalds1 if a little ?ick5$1 & p#jdj employ$ z a salve40 ,f ?is crude recipe "o may =m a correct op9ion ( ! quality ( ! sci5tific k !n appli$ to m$ic9e & ! me*anical arts4 ,^! mixtures1 :i* are m l liquid %oe black+ ?an writ+ fluid1 7 us$1 ) immat]ial modifications1 by ! scribes ( ! d>k ages4 ,useful z !y may h be5 = _! me?ods ( writ+1 !y c\ld n h be5 appli$ to ! ink+ ( a metal surface engrav$ 9 relief4 ,if ! brass /amps describ$ on a previ\s page _h be5 bru%$ ov] nev] s c>efully ) ^! wat]y inks1 ! metal surface w\ld n be cov]$ ) a smoo? film ( color4 ,! ink w\ld collect 9 spots & blot*es4 ,:5 /amp$ on pap] or vellum1 ! ink !reupon impress$ w\ld be ( irregul> blackness1 illegible 9 spots1 & easily effac$4 ,writ+ ink1 ?ick5$ ) gum1 has b a feeble encau/ic prop]ty4 ,x w n be absorb$1 unless x is laid on 9 little pools1 & unless ! writ+ surface is scrat*$ by a p5 to aid ! desir$ absorption4 ,! flat impression ( a smoo? metal /amp c\ld n make a fluid or a gummy ink p5etrate bel[ ! writ+ surface4 ,x 01 no d\bt1 by reason ( ! inf]ior appe>ance ( impressions ( ?is nature t ! brass /amps describ$ on a previ\s page f\nd s limit$ a use4 ,an unsuitable ink may seem b a trifl+ imp$im5t to ! developm5t ( pr9t+1 b if !re _h be5 no o!r1 ?is w\ld h be5 an insurm\ntable ob/acle4 ,! mod]n pr9t]1 :o sees t ! *ief +r$i5ts ( pr9t+ ink are ! well-kn[n mat]ials smoke-black & oil1 may ?9k t an ignorance ( ?is mixture1 or an inability to discov] x1 is ridicul\s & inexcusable4 ,mod]n pr9t+ ink is b "o ( _m inv5tions :i* c\ld be nam$ z illu/rat+ ! real simplicity ( a long delay$ improvem5t4 ,simple z x may seem1 ! mix+ ( color ) oil 0 a great inv5tion :i* wr\ght a revolution 9 ! art ( pa9t+4 ,?is inv5tion1 attribut$ by "s au?ors to unkn[n ,italian pa9t]s ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & by o!rs to p#jda ,hub]t ,van ,eyck ( ,holl&1 at or ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 imm$iately prec$$ ! inv5tion ( types4 ,! e>ly typographic pr9t]s1 :o c\ld n use ! ink ( ! copyi/s1 succe$$ only :5 !y mix$ _! black ) oil4 ,aft] f\r c5turies ( exp]i5ce 9 ! use ( pr9t+ ink made ) oil1 & aft] repeat$ exp]im5tation ) impracticable sub/itutes1 x may be confid5tly ass]t$ t an inv5tion ( typography w\ld h fail$1 if ?is use ( oil _h n be5 und]/ood4 ,! inv5tion ( types _h to wait = ! inv5tion ( ink4 ,typography _h to wait = ! inv5tion ( pap]1 ! only mat]ial t is me*anically adapt$ = pr9t+1 ! only mat]ial t supplies ! wants ( ! read] 9 8 requirem5ts = /r5g?1 *eapness1 compactness & durability4 ,pap] 0 kn[n 9 civiliz$ ,europe = at lea/ two c5turies be=e typography 0 inv5t$1 b x 0 n produc$ 9 suffici5t quantity nor ( a prop] quality until ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! old ,romans _h no sub/itute = pap] t c\ld h be5 devot$ to pr9t+ or book-mak+4 ,! papyrus :i* !y us$ 0 s brittle t x c\ld n be fold$1 creas$ & sew$ l mod]n rag pap]4 ,x c\ld n be b\nd up 9 books2 x c\ld n be roll$ up1 unsupport$1 l a %eet ( p>*m5t4 ,x 0 secure only :5 x _h be5 c>efully w\nd ar\nd a wood5 roll]4 ,! scribes ( ,rome & ! book copyi/s ( ! middle ages pref]r$ vellum4 ,x 0 pref]r$ by illum9ators aft] pr9t+ _h be5 inv5t$4 ,b vellum 0 nev] a favorite mat]ial among pr9t]s4 ,9 its dry /ate1 x is h>%1 & we>s types2 x is greasy1 & resi/s ink2 9 its moi/5$ /ate1 x is flabby1 trea*]\s & unmanageable4 ,! e>ly books on vellum are n s neatly pr9t$ z ^? on pap]4 ,b ^! faults 7 trivial z comp>$ ) ! grav] fault ( inord9ate price4 ,:5 we consid] t ! sk9s ( m ?an ?ree hundr$ %eep 7 us$ 9 e copy ( ! fir/ pr9t$ ,bible1 x is cle> t typography w\ld h be5 a failure p#jdb if x _h dep5d$ on a lib]al supply ( vellum4 ,ev5 if ! re/rict$ size ( vellum c\ld h be5 con=m$ to1 !re 7 n en\gh %eep at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury to supply ! dem&s ( pr9t+ presses = a week4 ,if ! idea ( pr9t+ books f movable types _h be5 ent]ta9$ by an anci5t ,roman booksell]1 or by a copyi/1 dur+ ! e>li] "p ( ! d>k ages1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r he c\ld h devis$ ! me*anism t is ne$$ 9 ! mak+ ( types4 ,= types t are accurate z to body1 & economical z to co/1 c be made by "o me?od only4 ,x is1 9 ! highe/ degree1 improbable1 t ! sci5tific me?od ( mak+ types by me*anism c\ld h be5 inv5t$ at an e>li] date ?an ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,!re 0 me*anical skill en\gh = ! production ( any k9d ( +5i\s h& "w1 b ! _s t prompt$ m5 to con/ruct ma*9es & labor-sav+ app>atus 0 defici5t or b feebly ex]cis$4 ,!re 0 no m ( true sci5ce 9 me*anics ?an !re 0 9 *emi/ry4 ,! con/ruction ( a suitable type-m\ld1 ) its appurt5ances1 dur+ ! d>k ages1 w\ld h be5 z premature z an inv5tion ( ! /eam eng9e 9 ! same p]iod4 ,! civilization ( anci5t ,rome did n require pr9t+4 ,if all ! processes ( typography _h be5 reveal$ to its s*ol>s ! art w\ld n h be5 us$4 ,! wants ( read]s & writ]s 7 abundantly suppli$ by ! p54 ,papyrus pap] 0 *eap1 & scribes 7 num]\s2 ,rome _h m booksell]s ?an x ne$$1 & books 7 made fa/] ?an !y c\ld be sold4 ,! pr(essional scribes 7 educat$ slaves1 :o1 f$ & clo!d at nom9al exp5se1 & organiz$ "u ! direction ( weal?y publi%]s1 7 made s effici5t 9 ! production ( books1 t typography1 9 an op5 competition1 c\ld h (f]$ few advantages4 ,our k ( ! ,roman organization ( labor 9 ! field ( book-mak+ is n z precise z c\ld be wi%$2 b ! frequ5t notices ( books1 copyi/s & publi%]s1 made by _m au?ors dur+ ! fir/ c5tury1 tea* u t p#jdc books 7 pl5tiful4 ,horace1 ! elegant & fa/idi\s man ( lett]s1 compla9$ t 8 books 7 too common1 & t !y 7 sometimes f\nd 9 ! h&s ( vulg> snobs = ^: ent]ta9m5t !y 7 n writt54 ,m>tial1 ! jovial man ( ! _w1 boa/$ t 8 books ( /++ epigrams 7 to be f\nd 9 ev]ybody's h&s or pockets4 ,books 7 read n only 9 ! libr>ies1 b at ! ba?s1 9 ! porticoes ( h\ses1 at private d9n]s & 9 mix$ assemblies4 ,! bus9ess ( book-mak+ 0 practis$ by too _m p1 & "s 7 incompet5t4 ,lucian1 :o _h a ke5 p]ception ( pret5se 9 e =m1 ridicules ! publi%]s z ignoramuses4 ,/rabo1 :o probably wrote illegibly1 says t ! books ( booksell]s 7 incorrect4 ,illu/ration3 ,tablet ) ,wax$ ,surface4 ,manuscript ,roll1 ) ,title on ,scr9ium or ,case = ,manuscripts4 ! ,ticket4 ,papyrus ,manuscript p>tially ,unroll$4 ,roman ,scr9ium1 ) ,rolls ( ,papyrus4 ,! prices ( books made by slave labor 7 necess>ily l[4 ,m>tial says t 8 fir/ book ( epigrams 0 sold 9 pla9 b9d+ = six se/]ces1 ab\t tw5ty-f\r c5ts ( ,am]ican money2 ! same book 9 sumptu\s b9d+ 0 valu$ at five d5>ii1 ab\t eighty c5ts4 ,he subsequ5tly compla9$ t 8 ?irte5? book 0 sold = only f\r se/]ces1 ab\t sixte5 c5ts4 ,he frankly admits t half ( ?is sum 0 pr(it1 b intimates1 some:at ungraci\sly1 t ! publi%] ,tryphon gave him too small a %>e4 ,( ! m]its ( ?is old disagreem5t betwe5 ! au?or & publi%]1 we h n en\gh ( facts to ju/ify an op9ion4 ,we le>n t "s publi%]s1 l ,tryphon & ! bro!rs p#jdd ,sosii1 acquir$ weal?1 b !re are _m indications t publi%+ 0 !n1 z x is n[1 "o ( ! mo/ speculative k9ds ( bus9ess4 ,"o writ] *uckles ov] ! unk9d fate t s5t s _m ( ! unsold books ( rival au?ors f ! w>eh\ses ( ! publi%]1 to ! %ops ( groc]s & bak]s1 :]e !y 7 us$ to wrap up pa/ry & spices2 ano!r writ] says t ! unsold /ock ( a booksell] 0 sometimes b\ght by but*]s & trunk-mak]s4 ,! ,romans n only _h pl5ty ( books b !y _h a manuscript daily newspap]1 ! ,acta ,diurna1 :i* seems to h be5 a record ( ! proce$+s ( ! s5ate4 ,we d n "k h[ x 0 writt51 nor h[ x 0 publi%$1 b x 0 frequ5tly m5tion$ by contempor>y writ]s z ! regul> (ficial m$ium = transmitt+ intellig5ce4 ,x 0 s5t to subscrib]s 9 di/ant cities1 & 01 sometimes1 read to an assembl$ army4 ,cic]o m5tions ! ,acta z a %eet 9 :i* he expect$ to f9d ! city news & gossip ab\t m>riages & divorces4 ,9 ! six? c5tury ! bus9ess ( book-mak+ _h fall5 into hopeless decay4 ,ignorance p]vad$ all ranks ( society4#g ,! books t _h be5 writt5 7 neglect$1 & ! numb] ( read]s & s*ol>s dim9i%$ ) e succe$+ g5]ation4#h ,! treasures ( lit]ature at ,rome1 ,con/ant9ople & ,alex&ria :i* 7 de/roy$ by fire or by b>b>ic invasion 7 n replac$4 ,books 7 s sc>ce at ! close ( ! sev5? c5tury1 t ,pope ,m>t9 reque/$ "o ( 8 bi%ops to supply !m1 if possible1 f ,g]many4 ,! ignorance ( ecclesia/ics 9 high /ation 0 p#jde al>m+4 ,dur+ ?is c5tury1 & = c5turies aft]w>d1 !re 7 _m bi%ops & ar*bi%ops ( ! *ur* :o c\ld n sign _! names4 ,x 0 ass]t$ at a c\ncil ( ! *ur* held 9 ! ye> #iib1 t sc>cely a s+le p]son 0 to be f\nd 9 ,rome itself :o knew ! fir/ elem5t ( lett]s4 ,hallam says1 8,to sum up ! acc\nt ( ignorance 9 a ^w1 x 0 r>e = a layman ( any rank to "k h[ to sign 8 "n40 ,*>lemagne c\ld n write1 & ,fr$]ic ,b>b>ossa c\ld n read2 ,john1 k+ ( ,bohemia1 & ,philip ! ,h>dy1 k+ ( ,france1 7 ignorant ( bo? accompli%m5ts4#i ,! graces ( lit]ature 7 tol]at$ only 9 ! ranks ( ! cl]gy2 ! layman :o pref]r$ lett]s to arms 0 reg>d$ z a man ( mean _s4 ,:5 ! crusad]s took ,con/ant9ople1 9 #abjd1 !y expos$ to public ridicule ! p5s & ink/&s t !y f\nd 9 ! conqu]$ city z ! ignoble arms ( a contemptible race ( /ud5ts4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ( intellectual d>kness1 :i* la/$ f ! fif? until ! fifte5? c5tury1 a p]iod sometimes describ$1 & n improp]ly1 z ! d>k ages1 !re 0 no ne$ = any improvem5t 9 ! old me?od ( mak+ books4 ,! _w 0 n !n ready = typography4 ,! inv5tion wait$ = read]s m ?an x did = types2 ! multitude ( book-buy]s ^u :i* its success dep5d$ _h to be creat$4 ,books 7 ne$$ z well z read]s4 ,! treatises ( ! old ,roman sophi/s & rhetoricians1 ! dialectics ( ,ari/otle & ! s*oolm51 & ! comm5t>ies on ecclesia/ical law ( ! fa!rs ( ! *ur*1 7 ! works :i* engross$ ! att5tion ( m5 ( lett]s = _m c5turies be=e ! inv5tion ( typography4 ,useful z ^! books may h be5 to ! small class ( read]s = ^: b5efit !y 7 writt51 !y 7 ( no b5efit to a p :o requir$ ! elem5ts ( k4 ,we may imag9e ! probable fate ( a premature & unappreciat$ inv5tion ( typography by ?9k+ ( results t might h be5 & h n be5 accompli%$ by pr9t+ among a p :o 7 n prep>$ to use x z p#jdf x %\ld be us$4 ,pr9t+ has be5 practis$ 9 ,*9a = _m c5turies1 b !re c be no comp>ison betwe5 ! fruits ( pr9t+ 9 ,*9a & 9 ,europe4 ,! rem>kable ineffici5cy ( ! ,*9ese me?od is ! result n s mu* ( clums9ess ( ! process1 z ( ! p]v]s5ess ( a p :o are unable to improve x1 & unwill+ to accept ! improvem5ts ( ,europeans4 ,! fir/ pr9t+ press br\ght to ! ,new ,_w 0 set up 9 ! ,city ( ,mexico ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s be=e a pr9t+ (fice 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,books 7 pr9t$ 9 ,con/ant9ople1 p]haps z e>ly z #adij1 c]ta9ly be=e types 7 ?\ght ( 9 ,scotl&4 ,& n[ ,scotl& s5ds types & books to ,turkey1 & ,bo/on s5ds pr9t+ pap] & presses to ,mexico4 ,if ! p ( ,turkey & ,mexico are receiv+ b5efits f pr9t+1 ! b5efits h be5 d]iv$ f ! practice ( ! art abroad & n at home4 ,9 mak+ an e/imate ( ! s]vice t pr9t+ has done = ! _w1 we frequ5tly ov]look ! supports by :i* x has be5 upheld4 ,x is a common belief t ! diffusion ( k :i* 0 s cle>ly manife/$ 9 ! fifte5? c5tury 0 due to ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,?is belief rev]ses ! prop] ord]1 & sub/itutes ! effect = ! cause4 ,x 0 ! broad] diffusion ( k t made smoo? ! way = ! developm5t ( typography4 ,9 its infancy1 ! inv5tion 0 indebt$ = its exi/5ce to improvem5ts 9 lib]al & me*anical arts2 9 its maturity1 x is l>gely indebt$ = its success to discov]ies 9 sci5ce1 & to re=ms 9 gov]nm5t4 ,! magnetic telegraph is ! mo/ rec5t discov]y1 & ( ! mo/ importance1 9 its s]vices to ! daily newspap] press4 ,! circulation ( lead+ ,am]ican daily newspap]s has m ?an trebl$ s9ce ! inv5tion ( ! telegraph4 ,! free public s*ools ( ,am]ica h done mu* to promote ! gr[? ( pr9t+4 ,if ! ,/ate did n (f] free books & free education1 a l>ge portion ( ! p w\ld gr[ up 9 ignorance4 ,e s*ol> 9 a public s*ool p#jdg becomes = life a read]1 & to "s ext5t1 a pur*as] ( books4 ,! value ( ! s*ool-books manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates annually1 has be5 e/imat$ at fifte5 million doll>s4 ,( ,web/]'s ,spell+-,book alone1 ?irty-five million copies h be5 sold1 & a million copies are pr9t$ e ye>4 ,if pr9t+ 7 depriv$ ( ! support x receives f public s*ools1 !re w\ld at once foll[ a noticeable decrease 9 ! production ( pr9t$ matt]1 & a correspond+ decrease 9 ! numb] ( read]s & book-buy]s4 ,to fo/] ! ta/es :i* h be5 cultivat$ by public s*ools & newspap]s1 "s ,/ates h e/abli%$ public libr>ies 9 e s*ool di/rict4 ,!re are1 also1 a great _m valuable libr>ies :i* h be5 e/abli%$ by volunt>y association or by individual beque/4 ,^! libr>ies create books z well z read]s4 ,railroads1 /eamboats & package expresses are aids ( z great importance4 ,! ,new-,york daily newspap]1 pr9t$ e>ly 9 ! morn+1 is sold )9 a radius ( ?ree hundr$ miles be=e sunset ( ! same day4 ,newspap]s n[ f9d hundr$s ( eag] pur*as]s 9 places :]e !y w\ld n h f\nd "o 9 ! days ( /age-coa*es4 ,! b5efits ( *eap & quick transportation are also favorable to ! sale ( books4 ,a booksell]'s package1 weigh+ "o hundr$ p\nds1 w be c>ri$ f ,new ,york to ,/4 ,l\is1 on ! ,mississippi1 )9 sixty-five h\rs1 at an av]age exp5se ( ?ree doll>s4 ,:5 !re 0 no railroad f ,/4 ,l\is to ,san ,francisco1 ! ov]l& *>ges on "o hundr$ p\nds ( books 7 "o hundr$ doll>s4 ,! long delays & great exp5ses ( /age-coa* transportation w\ld op]ate almo/ z a prohibition to ! sale ( p]iodicals & new books4 ,! greate/ legislative aid t pr9t+ has receiv$ is ?r\gh ! facilities :i* are furni%$ by po/-(fices & mails4 ,!y create read]s4 ,weekly newspap]s are n[ s5t1 = "o ye>1 = tw5ty c5ts1 to subscrib]s 9 ! mo/ remote corn] ( ! ,union4 ,books are s5t ?ree ?\s& miles at ! rate ( "o c5t p] ounce4 ,! improvem5t p#jdh ( po/al facilities has increas$ ! numb] ( read]s & pur*as]s ( newspap]s to an am\nt un=ese5 by ! mo/ sangu9e projector4 ,all ^! aids are1 comp>atively1 ( rec5t introduction4 ,! beg9n+s ( ! telegraph1 ! railroad & ! express are )9 ! memory ( ! m5 ( ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,! sy/ematic e/abli%m5t ( free s*ools & libr>ies is ! "w ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,public mails & po/-(fices 7 introduc$ 9 #aecj1 b x is only )9 ! pa/ =ty ye>s t _! managem5t has be5 m lib]al = ! b5efit ( ! p4 ,x is by aids l ^!1 & n by its intr9sic m]its alone1 t pr9t+ has receiv$ its rec5t developm5t4 ,x 0 = ! want ( ^! aids t pr9t+ langui%$ = _m ye>s aft] its inv5tion4 ,"o has b to consid] ! _m supports pr9t+ has receiv$ to see t its premature inv5tion w\ld h be5 fruitless4 ,if1 ev5 n[1 :5 books & read]s & lit]>y ta/es are z common z !y 7 infrequ5t1 x is necess>y to ! success ( pr9t+ t !re %all be s*ools & libr>ies1 *eap & rapid me?ods ( travel1 g5]\s po/al facilities1 a lib]al gov]nm5t & a broad tol]ation ( ! greate/ diff]5ces 9 op9ion1 :at b failure c\ld h be5 expect$ :5 ! _w 0 de/itute ( ne>ly all8 ,pr9t+ n only _h to wait _m c5turies = improvem5ts 9 me*anical appliances1 )\t :i* x w\ld h be5 wor?less2 x _h to wait = a great] numb] ( read]s1 = lib]al gov]nm5ts1 = in/ructive writ]s1 = suitable books4 ,x came at ! prop] "t1 n too soon1 n too late4 8,n ! man1 ! age inv5ts40 p#jdi ,,iii ,! ,key to ! ,inv5tion ( ,typography4 ,conflict+ ,!ories ab\t ! ,inv5tion ( ,typography 4 4 4 ,0 x an ,inv5tion or a ,comb9ation8 4 4 4 ,errors ( ,sup]ficial ,obs]v]s 4 4 4 ,m]it ( ! ,inv5tion is n 9 ,impression 4 4 4 ,n altoge!r 9 ,types or ,composition 4 4 4 ,types ( no value unless !y are ,accurate 4 4 4 ,h&-made ,types ,impracticable 4 4 4 ,m]it ( ,inv5tion is 9 ! ,me?od ( ,mak+ ,types 4 4 4 ,is b ,"o ,me?od 4 4 4 ,description 4 4 4 ,c\nt]-,pun* 4 4 4 ,pun* 4 4 4 ,matrix 4 4 4 ,m\ld 4 4 4 ,illu/rations 4 4 4 ,type-,mak+ z ,illu/rat$ by ,moxon 9 #afhc 4 4 4 ,z ,illu/rat$ by ,amman 9 #aefd 4 4 4 ,notices ( ,type-,mak+ by ,e>li] ,au?ors 4 4 4 ,type-,m\ld ! ,symbol ( ,typography 4 4 4 ,inv5tor ( ! ,type-,m\ld ! ,inv5tor ( ,typography 4 4 4 ,a ,great ,inv5tion1 b ,orig9al only 9 ! ,type-,m\ld4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! "* ( typography is n press+ & pr9t+ b mobilization4 ,! w+$ ,a is its symbol4 ,! elem5ts un*a9$1 ! lett]s fre$ f e bond 9 :i* ! p5 or *isel ( calligraph] or xylograph] held !m entangl$2 ! cut "* ris5 f ! tomb ( ! solit>y tablet into ! sub/antive life ( ! ca/ types--t is ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,van d] ,l9de4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is a wide-spread belief t typography 01 9 all its details1 a purely orig9al inv5tion4 ,a popul> v]sion ( its orig91 h]eaft] to be relat$1 says t x 0 ! result ( an accid5tal discov]y2 a conflict+ v]sion says t x 0 ! result ( m ?an ?irte5 ye>s ( secret exp]im5t4 ,ea* v]sion tea*es u t !re 0 no p]ceptible unfold+ ( ! inv5tion2 t ! alleg$ inv5tor creat$ all t he ne$$1 t he made 8 types1 ink & presses1 t he d]iv$ no?+ ( value f ! labors ( e>li] pr9t]s4 ,if typography 0 inv5t$ by ,gut5b]g1 x 0 fitly introduc$ by ! sudd5 appe>ance ( ! pr9t$ ,bible 9 two folio volumes2 if inv5t$ by ,co/]1 by ! unh]ald$ publication ( a ?9 folio ( l>ge p#jej wood-cuts ) descriptive text ( type4 ,if ei!r ( ^! v]sions is accept$ 9 ! =m 9 :i* x is usually told1 we mu/ also believe t pr9t+1 9 ! =m ( p]fect$ typography1 leap$1 ,m9]va-l1 fully equipp$1 f ! bra9 ( ! inv5tor4 ,!re is ano!r belief1 :i* is /rongly ma9ta9$ by a few s*ol>s1 t typography 0 n an orig9al inv5tion1 t x 0 no?+ m ?an a new application ( ! old !ories & me?ods ( impression :i* h already be5 describ$4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! practice ( engrav+ is at lea/ z old z ! olde/ ,egyptian seal2 ! publication ( writt5 language c be trac$ to ! ,babyloni% bricks2 pr9t+ ) ink1 z indicat$ by old ,roman h& /amps1 0 practis$ z e>ly z ! fif? c5tury2 ! comb9ations ( movable lett]s 7 sugge/$ by ,cic]o & ,/4 ,j]ome4 ,all t 0 ne$$ = ! full developm5t ( typography 0 ! inv5tion ( pap]4 ,suppli$ ) pap]1 ! s-call$ inv5tor ( typography did no m ?an comb9e ! old !ories & processes1 & give !m a new application4 ,he really inv5t$ no?+4 ,9 ?is conflict ( op9ion1 ! critical read] w note an inability to p]ceive ! diff]5ce betwe5 impression & typography4 ,^? :o believe 9 ! entire orig9ality ( typography ascribe its m]it to ! m9d t fir/ ?\ght ( ! comb9ations ( types2 ^? :o d5y its orig9ality f9d its vital elem5t 9 pressure4 ,) "o class1 ! m]it ( ! inv5tion is 9 ! idea ( types2 ) ! o!r1 x is 9 ! impression ( types4 ,nei!r view is entirely correct4 ,a pr9t] may see h[ ^! errors c\ld be develop$4 ,! unreflect+ obs]v]1 :o1 = ! fir/ "t1 surveys ! op]ations ( a pr9t+ (fice1 f9ds 9 ! fa/ presses ! true vital pr9ciple ( pr9t+4 ,) him1 presswork is pr9t+2 type-sett+ & type-mak+ are only adjuncts4 ,he 0 ! inv5tor ( ! mod]n art ( pr9t+ :o built ! fir/ press1 & pr9t$ ! fir/ book4 ,! conclusion is illogical1 z w be %[n on ano!r page4 ,if a radical p#jea improvem5t _h n be5 made 9 ! e>lie/ me?od ( pr9t+ books1 ! art w\ld h be5 z unproductive 9 ,europe z x has be5 9 ,*9a4 ,! fa/ press may d its "w admirably1 b its only functions are ^? ( ink+ & impress+1 & impression is n typography4 ,! ?\ghtful obs]v] w p]ceive t ! m]it ( mod]n pr9t+ is n 9 impression2 t !re w\ld be nei!r fa/ presses1 nor great books1 nor daily newspap]s1 if !re 7 no types4 ,) him1 :atev] ( greatness !re is 9 pr9t+ is due to ! m9d t fir/ imag9$ ! utility ( types4 ,! gr&ness ( ! results t h be5 a*iev$ by typography seem all ! gr&] :5 he ?9ks t ^! results h be5 accompli%$ ) su* simple tools z little cubes ( metal4 ,! mak+ ( ^! tools he reg>ds z a matt] ( m9or importance4 ,= 9 ^! types are visible no intricacy ( me*anism z 9 ! p[] loom1 no indications ( a my/]i\s ag5cy z 9 ! magnetic telegraph1 no evid5ces ( sci5tific skill z 9 photographic app>atus4 ,!re are 9 types1 app>5tly1 no m evid5ces ( g5ius or sci5ce ?an !re are 9 p9s or ne$les4 ,! grotesque types ( ! fifte5? c5tury are rat$ by him1 & ev5 by _m me*anics1 z rude workman%ip :i* c\ld h be5 done by a c>v] 9 wood or a f\nd] 9 metal4 ,he :o c\ld imag9e !m c\ld make !m4 ,to ?9k 0 to d4 ,! m]it ( ! inv5tion ( typography is accord+ly adjudg$1 n to ! inv5tive _s :i* con/ruct$ ! m\ld by :i* ! types 7 made1 b to ! g5ius :i* fir/ ?\ght ( ! utility ( types4 ,?is is a grave error4 ,speculations l ^!1 :i* assign all ! m]it ( ! inv5tion ( typography to him :o fir/ conceiv$ ! idea ( types1 are oppos$ to _m facts & probabilities4 ,cic]o & ,j]ome c\ld n h be5 ! only m5 :o ?\ght ( ! comb9ations ( engrav$ lett]s2 nor 7 ! old ,roman lamp-mak]s & br&]s ( cattle ! only m5 :o us$ types4 ,! idea ( /amp+ ) deta*$ lett]s p#jeb c\ld h be5 ent]ta9$1 & practis$1 by hundr$s ( exp]im5t]s ( :om !re is no tradition4 ,x is probable t !re 0 su* a practice1 b ! /amp+ ( s+le types by h& pressure 0 n typography1 nor did x lead to its subsequ5t inv5tion4 ,exp]im5tal types l ^!1 :i* _h be5 cut by h&1 7 ( no practical value1 = !y c\ld n h be5 us$ on any ext5sive scale4 ,illu/ration3 ,illu/ration ( ,types ( ,irregul> ,body4 ,!re is some?+ m 9 types ?an is app>5t at ! fir/ glance4 ,simple z !y may seem1 !y are evid5ces ( notable me*anical skill 9 ! matt] ( accuracy4 ,! page be=e ! read] 0 compos$ ) m ?an #b1jjj pieces ( metal2 ! l>ge page ( a daily pap] may conta9 m ?an #aej1jjj ( ^! little pieces4 ,:e!r ! page is l>ge or small1 ! types are always closely fitt$ to ea* o!r2 !y /& accurately 9 l9e1 & ! page is truly squ>e4 ,if ! types ( "o "*1 z ( ! lett] a1 %\ld be made ! m]e/ trifle l>g] or small] ?an its fell[s 9 ! same font1 all ! types1 :5 compos$1 w %[ ! consequ5ces ( ! defect4 ,! irregul>ity ( l9e t is sc>cely p]ceptible 9 ! fir/ r[ w be (f5sively di/9ct 9 ! second4 ,x w increase ) ea* succe$+ r[1 until ! types become a heap ( confusion :i* _c be h&l$ by ! pr9t]4 ,advantages :i* might be secur$ f movable types are made ( no effect by an irregul>ity s slight t x w\ld be pass$ unnotic$ 9 ! workman%ip ( ord9>y trades4 ,! illu/ration proves t x is n en\gh = types to be movable2 !y mu/ be accurate z to body2 !y mu/ fit ea* o!r ) geometrical precision4 ,! accuracy ( mod]n pr9t+ types is due m to ! nice me*anisms employ$ by ! type-f\nd] ?an to 8 p]sonal skill4 ,he c\ld cut types by h&1 b ! co/ ( h&-cut types w\ld be enorm\s1 & !y w\ld be va/ly p#jec inf]ior to types made by ! type-ca/+ ma*9e4 ,he c\ld make types by a v>iety ( me*anical me?ods1 b !y w\ld be imp]fect & unsatisfactory4 ,a c>eful survey ( ! impracticable inv5tions 9 type-f\nd+1 record$ 9 ! pat5t (fices ( ?is c\ntry & ,great ,brita91 proves t !re is1 virtually1 b "o me?od ( mak+ types4 ,! requirem5ts ( accuracy & *eapness c be met only by mak+ !m ( metal1 & ca/+ !m 9 a m\ld ( metal4#aj ,al?\gh x is cle>ly und]/ood1 by all p]sons :o h a practical k ( ! subject1 t practical types c be made only by ca/+1 _m popul> books repeat ! old /ory t ! fir/ typographic books 7 pr9t$ ) types :i* _h be5 cut by h& out ( wood or metal4 ,:e!r ! me*anics ( ! middle ages c\ld h done :at mod]n me*anics _c d1--cut types ) bodies ( satisfactory accuracy--ne$ n n[ be consid]$4 ,! /ories ab\t h&-made types--ab\t types t 7 saw$ out ( wood blocks--ab\t types t 7 cut out ( wood5 rods1 & skew]$ toge!r ) iron wires--ab\t types t 7 engrav$ on ! ends ( cubes ( metal--w be exam9$ at great] l5g? on an advanc$ page4 ,ev5 if ^! d\btful /ories 7 v]ifi$1 x w\ld /ill rema9 to be prov$ t ! cut types _h advantages ov] lett]s engrav$ on wood4 ,x w\ld be difficult to give reasons = _! introduction4 ,books compos$ ) cut types c\ld n be neatly pr9t$2 !y w\ld be inf]ior to good manuscripts 9 appe>ance1 b n inf]ior 9 price4 ,cut types p#jed 7 z impracticable 9 ! infancy ( ! art z !y are n[4 ,!re is no tru/wor?y evid5ce t !y 7 ev] us$ = any o!r purpose ?an t ( exp]im5t4 ,e me?od = mak+ m]*antable types1 save t ( ca/+1 is a failure4 ,typography w\ld be a great failure1 if its types 7 n ca/ by sci5tific me?ods4 ,?is und]/ood1 we c see t ! mo/ m]itori\s feature 9 ! inv5tion does n belong to him :o fir/ ?\ght ( ! advantages ( types1 nor ev5 to him :o fir/ made !m by impracticable me?ods4 ,its honors are really due to ! man to ^: sagacity & pati5ce 9 exp]im5t we are indebt$ = ! type-m\ld1 = he 0 ! fir/ to make types :i* c\ld be us$ ) advantage4 ,illu/ration ,x w n[ be necess>y to expla9 ! sci5tific me?od ( mak+ types :i* is practis$ by e type-f\nd]4 ,! fir/ process is ! mak+ ( model lett]s4 ,! "w beg9s ) ! cutt+ on /eel ( a tool :i* is kn[n z ! ,c\nt]-pun*4 ,! illu/ration repres5ts ! face ( a c\nt]-pun* = ! lett] ,h1 ( ! size usually kn[n among type-f\nd]s z ,d\ble-,engli%4 ,?is c\nt]-pun* is an engrav+1 9 high relief1 ( ! holl[ or ! c\nt] ( t int]ior "p ( ! lett] ,h :i* does n %[ black 9 ! pr9t$ impression4 ,x has app>5tly1 no resemblance to ! lett] = :i* x is made4 ,:5 ! proportions ( ! c\nt]-pun* h be5 duly approv$1 x is /amp$ or impress$ to a prop] dep? on ! end ( a %ort b> ( s(t /eel4 ,prop]ly /amp$1 ! c\nt]-pun* f9i%es by "o quick /roke ! int]ior "p ( ! model lett]1 & does x m quickly & neatly ?an x c\ld be done by cutt+ tools4 ,illu/ration3 ,pun*4 ,illu/ration3 ,matrix4#aa ,! %ort b> ( s(t /eel is kn[n z a ,pun*4 ,:5 x has receiv$ ! impress ( ! c\nt]-pun*1 ! pun* cutt]1 = s ! engrav] ( lett]s is call$ 9 type-f\ndries1 cuts away ! out] edges until ! model lett] is pron\nc$ p]fect4 ,?is is "w ( great exactness1 = ! millions ( types t may be made by means ( ! pun* p#jee w reproduce all its peculi>ities1 :e!r ( m]it or defect4 ,! /eel ( ! pun* is !n h>d5$ until x has suffici5t /r5g? to p5etrate prep>$ copp]4 ,x is !n pun*$1 by quick & /rong pressure1 on ! flat side ( a n>r[ b> ( cold roll$ copp]4 ,?is op]ation makes a rev]s$ or sunk5 impr9t ( ! lett] on ! pun*4 ,9 ?is condition1 ! pun*$ copp] b> is kn[n among type-f\nd]s z a ,drive1 or a ,/rike1 or an ,unju/ifi$ ,matrix4 ,x becomes ! ,matrix prop]1 only aft] x has be5 c>efully fitt$-up to suit ! m\ld4 ,! ext]ior surface ( ! drive mu/ be made truly flat1 & ?is flatness mu/ be p>allel ) ! face ( ! /amp$ or sunk5 lett] 9 ! int]ior4 ,! sides ( ! drive mu/ be squ>$1 s t ! int]ior lett] %all be at a fix$ di/ance f ! sides4 ,! dep? ( ! /amp$ lett]1 & its di/ance f ! sides1 mu/ be made absolutely uni=m 9 all ! matrices requir$ = a font or a complete assortm5t ( lett]s4 ,! object ( ?is nicety is to secure a uni=m height to all ! types1 & to facilitate ! frequ5t *anges ( matrix on ! m\ld4 ,! ju/ify+ & fitt+ ( matrices to m\lds is "o ( ! mo/ exact op]ations 9 ! art ( type-f\nd+4 ,= e "* or lett] really requir$ 9 a full work+ assortm5t ( types1 ! type-f\nd] cuts a sep>ate pun* & fits up a sep>ate matrix2 b = all ! *>act]s or lett]s :i* are made to be us$ toge!r1 !re is b "o m\ld4 ,types are ( no use1 z has be5 %[n1 if !y _c be arrang$ & h&l$ ) facility1 & pr9t$ 9 l9es t are truly p>allel4 ,h[ev] unlike !y may be 9 face1 !y mu/ be exactly alike 9 body4 ,?is uni=mity ( body1 :i* is z p#jef ess5tial z v>iety ( face1 c be mo/ c]ta9ly secur$ by ca/+ all ! types 9 "o m\ld4 ,all ! matrices are1 consequ5tly1 made ) a view to be+ fitt$ to "o m\ld4 ,! m\ld =ms ! body1 & ! matrix =ms ! face ( ! type4 ,) ne>ly e *ange ( matrix !re mu/ be a new adju/m5t ( ! m\ld4 ,! ^w ,body1 z us$ by pr9t]s & type-f\nd]s1 means ! measurem5t ( a type 9 "o direction only--9 a direction at a "r angle ) ! regul> l9es or r[s ( pr9t$ matt]4 ,! types ( ! accompany+ illu/ration are ( ! same height1 b !y are ( diff]5t bodies4 ,illu/ration3 ,pica ,small-pica ,long-prim] ,b\rgeois ,brevi] ,m9ion ,nonp>eil body4 body4 body4 body4 body4 body4 body4 7,see also page #ah47 ,exactness ( body c\ld be secur$ ) little difficulty if all ! types belong+ to ! same font 7 ( ! same wid?1 & c\ld be ca/ 9 "o fix$ & unalt]able m\ld4 ,b types ( ! same font & same body are ( all wid?s4 ,!y v>y1 9 ! lett]s f ! l to ! ,w2 9 ! spaces or blanks us$ to sep>ate ! words1 f ! hair space to ! ?ree-em quadrat4 ,! spaces 9 ! foll[+ illu/rations are ( ! same body1 b !y are ( diff]5t wid?s1 to suit ! peculi>ities ( diff]5t k9ds ( pr9t$ matt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,six-9-em ,five-9-em ,f\r-9-em ,?ree-9-em space4 space4 space4 space4 ,en ,em ,two-em ,?ree-em quadrat4 quadrat4 quadrat4 quadrat4 ,x is n practicable to make a m\ld = ea* "*2 ! co/ w\ld be enorm\s1 & ! multiplicity ( m\lds p#jeg w\ld lead to fatal faults 9 inaccuracy ( body4 ,exactness ( body c be _h only by ca/+ all ! *>act]s 9 "o m\ld1 b ?is m\ld mu/ be made to suit all ! matrices4 ,! matrices mu/ be frequ5tly *ang$1 b ) su* nicety t ! types ( e lett] %all be uni=m 9 height1 9 l9e1 & truly squ>e4 ,any me*anic w see t ! con/ruction ( an adju/able m\ld is "w ( difficulty1 & t ! fitt+-up ( a set ( matrices = "o m\ld is a v nice op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4 ,type-,m\ld1 )\t ,matrix & ) a ,type 9 ! ,m\ld4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4 ,"o ,half ( ! ,m\ld4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4 ,! ,o!r ,half ( ! ,m\ld4 ,! ,type-,m\ld ( mod]n type-f\nd]s consi/s ( two firmly screw$ comb9ations ( a numb] ( pieces ( /eel1 mak+ "r & left halves4 ,9 ! fir/ illu/ration ( ! m\ld1 ,figure #a1 ! halves are prop]ly connect$4 ,9 ?is =m x is n practicable to repres5t ! int]ior1 b x may be und]/ood t ! int]ior faces fit ea* o!r snugly 9 e "p b ! c5tre1 9 :i* provision is made = a small op5+ :i* c be increas$ or dim9i%$ 9 a lat]al direction only4 ,"o end ( ?is op5+ is clos$ by ! matrix2 ! o!r end is ! jet1 or ! m\?-piece ?r\gh :i* ! melt$ metal is inject$4 ,9 ?is op5+1 :i* is indicat$ by ! lett] ,h 9 ! cut1 ! body ( type is ca/4 ,! matrix :i* =ms ! face ( ! type is snugly fitt$ betwe5 ! jaws on p#jeh ei!r side ( ?is lett] ,h4 ,x does n appe> 9 ! cut2 = ! matrices1 al?\gh indisp5sable p>ts1 are always look$ ^u by f\nd]s z atta*m5ts to ! m\ld4 ,figures #b & #c repres5t ! int]ior sides ( ! m\ld4 ,= ! purpose ( cle>] illu/ration1 ! half ( ! m\ld1 ,figure #b1 is %[n rev]s$1 or upside d[n2 b :5 ?is half is connect$ ) its mate1 ! two halves appe> z !y d 9 ,figure #a4 ,^! two halves diff] f ea* o!r only 9 a few m9or features4 ,!y are s con/ruct$ t1 :5 jo9$1 ! sides :i* det]m9e ! body ( ! types are 9 exact p>allel1 & at a-fix$ & unalt]able di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,9 ,figure #b1 ! ridges :i* make ! nicks are noticeable2 9 ,figure #c ! ca/ type is %[n z x appe>s be=e x is ?r[n f ! m\ld1 ) jet atta*$4#ab ,al?\gh ! two sides ( ! m\ld are fix$ s z to be immovable 9 ! direction :i* det]m9es ! body ( ! type1 !y h great fre$om ( motion & nicety ( adju/m5t 9 ! direction :i* det]m9es its wid?4 ,!y c be br\ght close toge!r1 s z to make a hair space1 or c be fix$ wide ap>t1 s z to ca/ a ?ree-em quadrat1 b !y always slide on broad & solid be>+s1 betwe5 guides :i* keep !m f gett+ out ( squ>e4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ! m\ld & adju/m5t ( ! matrices1 e c>e is tak5 to insure exactness ( body4 ,! illu/ration on page #eb may be aga9 ref]r$ to z an example ( ! necessity = m9ute accuracy4 ,we !re see t ! feasibility ( typography dep5ds ^u ! geometrical exactness ( its tools1 & t types are ( no practical use1 if !y _c be readily comb9$ & int]*ang$4 ,! ca/+ or f\nd+ ( types1 9 a m\ld con/ruct$ l t ( ! engrav+1 is n[ accompli%$ by a complex ma*9e1 ! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,david ,bruce1 ,jr41 ( ,new-,york city1 & by him pat5t$ 9 ! ye> #ahch4 ,be=e ?is date p#jei all types 7 ca/ by h&1 f a h&-m\ld1 & by a process :i* receiv$ no noticeable improvem5t = two c5turies4 ,! foll[+ illu/ration1 tak5 f an engrav+ publi%$ by an e>ly ,engli% type-f\nd]1#ac c be (f]$ z a sub/antially correct repres5tation ( ! me?od ( ca/+ :i* 0 practis$ by all type-f\nd]s 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ?is c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,type-,ca/+ z ,practis$ 9 #afhc4 ,f ,moxon4 ,! type-ca/] took 9 8 left h& ! m\ld1 :i* 0 imb$d$ 9 a wood frame1 & %ield$ ab\t ! jet1 p#jfj to protect him f accid5tal spla%es ( melt$ metal4 ,!n1 ) 8 "r h&1 he took f ! melt+ pot a spoonful ( ! hot metal1 :i* he quickly p\r$ into ! jet or m\? ( ! m\ld4 ,at ! same in/ant1 ) a sudd5 j]k1 he ?rew up 8 left h&1 s z to aid ! melt$ metal 9 mak+ a =cible spla% aga9/ ! matrix at ! bottom ( ! m\ld4 ,?is sudd5 j]k or ?r[ 0 ne$$1 9 ! ca/+ ( small lett]s1 to make a good face to ! type4 ,if x 0 n done1 ! metal w\ld cool too quickly1 & w\ld n p5etrate ! f9] l9es ( ! matrix4 ,long practice enabl$ ! type-ca/] to d ?is "w ) app>5t c>elessness2 b ! trick ( mak+ ?is ?r[ or ca/ ) ! left h&1 at ! "r "t & 9 ! "r mann]1 0 sl[ly acquir$--by "s /rong m51 nev] acquir$ at all4 ,9 all cases1 h&-ca/+ 0 h>d "w4 ,to face types1 writes ,augu/ ,b]n>d1 ! type-ca/] mu/ make ! contortions ( a maniac4 ,x 0 sl[ "w4 ,f\rni] ! y\ng]1 writ+ 9 #agfd1 says t ! p]=mance ( ! type-ca/] ( ord9>y book types w\ld v>y f two ?\s& to ?ree ?\s& types p] day4 ,:5 ?is ?r[ 0 made1 ! type-ca/] remov$ ! matrix ) 8 "r h&1 &1 giv+ ! m\ld a toss1 ?rew out ! type4 ,! matrix 0 !n replac$ on ! m\ld1 & ! op]ations :i* h be5 describ$ 7 repeat$ 9 ! ca/+ ( e subsequ5t type4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t ?is me?od ( mak+ types is n simple4 ,x is too circuit\s 9 its processes1 & too complex 9 its ma*9]y1 to be reg>d$ z ! fruit ( ! fir/ lucky ?\ght ( ! inv5tor4 ,x is a sci5tific process1 manife/ly ! result ( ?\ght & protract$ exp]im5t4 ,9 its s]ies ( impressions1 x is an emblem ( ! art :i* x has creat$4 ,! c\nt]-pun* impresses ! pun*1 ! pun* impresses ! matrix1 ! melt$ metal impresses ! matrix & m\ld4 ,"o model lett] on ! pun* is ! in/rum5t by :i* millions ( types are made2 "o lett] on a type may s]ve 9 ! pr9t+ ( millions ( words4 p#jfa ,! pun*1 matrix & m\ld are old inv5tions1 b !y are /ill 9 use 9 all type-f\ndries4 ,!y h n be5 *ang$ 9 any important feature s9ce !y 7 explicitly describ$ & illu/rat$ = ! fir/ "t1 by ,joseph ,moxon4 ,z ,moxon did n claim ^! implem5ts z 8 own inv5tion--z we f9d 9 ! writ+s ( ! au?ors :o prec$$ him notices ( ! art ( cutt+ lett]s1 & m5tion ( tools 8:i* !y call$ matrices10 & ( 8mak+ types 9 brass0 matrices or m\lds1 we h "s reason = ! belief t !re has nev] be5 any radical *ange 9 ! processes ( type-mak+4 ,un=tunately1 we h no m9ute description ( ! art ( type-mak+ z x 0 practis$ be=e ,moxon4 ,^? :o 7 compet5t to describe ! "w1 refra9$ f description1 ei!r because !y ?\ght t ! subject 0 trivial or te*nical1 or because !y int5d$ to conceal ! process4 ,! au?ors :o did und]take to describe ! art 7 incompet5t2 !y did n ?or\ghly und]/& ! subject1 & h treat$ x slight+ly & incorrectly4 ,b we are n entirely 9 ! d>k4 ,our mo/ au!ntic in=mation is conta9$ 9 a que] little book by ,jo/ ,amman1 :i* is kn[n to mod]n book-collectors z ,! ,book ( ,trades1#ad & :i* 0 publi%$ at ,frank=t-on-!-,ma91 9 ! ye> #aefd4 ,! title ( ! book1 ) text 9 ,g]man1 describes x z ,hans ,sa*s' ,correct ,description ( all ,arts1 ,ranks & ,trades1 ) pr9t$ p#jfb illu/rations4 ,! descriptions1 s call$1 :i* 7 writt5 9 v]se1 by ,hans ,sa*s1 ! cobbl] poet1 are ( no value = ?is inquiry3 !y describe no?+4 ,to m5 seek+ tru/wor?y in=mation ab\t art or manufactures1 all ! m]it ( ! book is 9 its num]\s engrav+s on wood1 :i* may be accept$ z fai?ful illu/rations ( ! me?ods & usages obs]v$ dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,type-,ca/+ z ,practis$ 9 #aefd4 ,f ,jo/ ,amman4 ,among ! illu/rations is ! s*riftgiess]1 or ! type-f\nd]1 ) ! accessories ( 8 art ab\t him4 ,we see ! furnace = melt+ ! metal1 ! bell[s1 ! tongs & ! basket ( *>coal4 ,t ! man is f\nd+ types is app>5t1 n only f ! b[l ( ca/ types on ! floor be=e ! /ool1 b f 8 position ) spoon 9 h&4 ,"h we beg9 to note diff]5ces4 ,! type-ca/] ( #afhc /&s up to 8 "w2 ! s*riftgiess] ( ,amman is sitt+ d[n4 ,! m\ld ( #afhc1 l ! h& m\lds t 7 9 use =ty ye>s ago1 is provid$ ) a wire spr+1 to keep ! matrix firmly 9 position2 ! m\ld ( ,amman has no spr+ ( iron wire & x is ne/$ 9 a pyramid-%ap$ box1 :i* seems to be us$ z a protection to ! h&4 ,h[ ! m\ld 0 ne/$ 9 ! box1 h[ ! matrix 0 atta*$ to ! m\ld1 h[ ! ca/ types 7 dislodg$ f ! m\ld1 is n %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,we h to regret p#jfc t ! wood-cut is s small1 & t ,amman's engrav+ is s co>se4 ,!re are "s indications t1 9 its m important features1 ! m\ld ( ,amman 0 l t ( ,moxon4 ,! little op5+ 9 ! side ( ! m\ld :i* re/s on ! %elf may h be5 an op5+ = ! ins]tion ( matrices4 ,t metal matrices 7 us$ is dimly %[n by ! ?ree little b>s re/+ on ! top ( a small ne/ ( draw]s1 :i* has ! appe>ance ( a *e/ = pun*es & matrices4 ,! pyramidal box 0 n only ! ne/ ( ! m\ld1 b s]v$ also z a support = ! matrix4 ,! sitt+ position ( ! ca/] p]mitt$ him to give ! box a ?r[ or j]k2 ) 8 "r h& at lib]ty1 he c\ld pull out ! m\ld & dislodge ! type 9 ! usual mann]4 ,!re are o!r features 9 ,amman's wood-cut requir+ notice4 ,^u ! l[] %elf are two crucibles1 :i* 7 put 9 use1 probably1 :5 mak+ ! alloy ( type-metal4 ,! use ( ! sieves is n app>5t2 !y may h be5 ne$$ to sift ! s& = ! s& m\lds1 9 :i* b>s ( type-metal 7 made1 & 9 :i* l>ge initial types 7 ca/4 ,! crucibles1 ! furnace1 ! m\ld1 ! position ( ! type-ca/]1 & ! s+le types ) jets atta*$1 are en\gh to prove t types 7 ca/1 "o by "o1 by ! process subsequ5tly describ$ by ,moxon4 ,x is pla9 t ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( type-f\nd+ 7 z cle>ly und]/ood 9 #aefd z !y are at ?is day4 ,! mo/ obscure feature 9 ?is wood-cut is ! matrix4 ,! ?ree little bits re/+ on ! *e/ ( draw]s are too rudely cut to enable u to decide positively t !y are matrices4 ,we inf] t !y are f _! surr\nd+s & f ! app>5t necessity = su* implem5ts2 b x w\ld be m satisfactory to "k1 & n inf]1 t ! e>ly type-f\nd]s us$ matrices ( h>d metal4 ,!re are no engrav+s ( type-f\nd+ ( e>li] date ?an ?is cut ( ,amman's1 b we h "s evid5ces :i* po9t to a v e>ly use ( m\lds ( h>d metal4 ,we f9d 9 _m ( ! books ( ! sixte5? & fifte5? c5turies p#jfd occasional allusions to type-mak+4 ,consid]$ sep>ately1 !y are ( little importance2 consid]$ toge!r1 !y are ample pro( t types 7 made ( fluid metal 9 m\lds & matrices ( brass1 n less ?an "o hundr$ ye>s be=e ,amman made 8 wood-cuts4 ,9 #aejg1 ,ivo ,wittig put up a /one to ! memory ( ,john ,gut5b]g1 on :i* he _h engrav$ t ,gut5b]g 0 ! fir/ to make pr9t+ lett]s 9 brass4 ,we d n f9d 9 any record ( au?ority t ,gut5b]g pr9t$ books by types cut out ( brass4 ,!re are difficulties connect$ ) ! cutt+ & use ( brass types :i* w\ld make su* an ass]tion incr$ible4 ,if we accept ! lit]al translation ( ! ,lat9 epitaph1 & supplem5t x ) a little k ( type-f\nd+1 we %all !n und]/& :at ,wittig meant--t ,gut5b]g1 by us+ melt$ metal1 made types 9 brass m\lds4 ,tri!mius1 writ+ 9 #aead1 obs]ves t ,gut5b]g & ,fu/ 8discov]$ a me?od ( f\nd+ ! =ms ( all ! lett]s1 :i* !y call$ matrices1 f :i* !y ca/ metal types40 ,! /atem5t ( ! bi%op is some:at confus$1 & 8 specification ( ,fu/ z an inv5tor is1 probably1 incorrect1 b e typograph] :o reads 8 description _c fail to see t he has endeavor$ to describe ! e/abli%$ me?od ( mak+ types--! me?od 9 use to ?is day4 ,pet] ,s*ff]1 9 a book pr9t$ by him 9 #adff1 makes ! book metaphorically say1 8,i am ca/ at ,m5tz40 ,he says ! types 7 ca/1 al?\gh he else:]e praises himself z a m skillful cutt] ( lett]s ?an ,fu/ or ,gut5b]g4 ,b]n>d ,c5n9i1 writ+ at ,flor5ce 9 #adga1 says t ! lett]s ( 8 book 7 fir/ cut & !n ca/4 ,ni*olas ,j5son1 :o calls himself a cutt] ( books1 says 9 "o ( !m1 publi%$ 9 #adhe1 t ! book1 mean+ ! types ( ! book1 0 cut & ca/ by a div9e art4 ,husn] ( ,/rasburg1 9 ! impr9t ( a book made by him 9 #adgc1 says 7translat+ 8 language lit]ally7 t x 0 pr9t$ 8) sculptur$ lett]s f brass10 or1 z x p#jfe c\ld be m cle>ly con/ru$1 ) lett]s 9 high relief1 made f brass matrices4 ,t ,husn] did n mean to say t 8 pr9t+ types 7 cut out ( brass1 is m cle>ly %[n 9 ! impr9t ( ano!r book pr9t$ by him 9 #adgf1 9 :i* he says1 lit]ally1 t x 0 pr9t$1 8)\t d\bt1 ) sculptur$ lett]s1 sci5tifically begun 9 brass40#ae ,t ! cutt+1 s frequ5tly m5tion$ by ! e>ly pr9t]s1 0 ! cutt+ ( pun*es1 is app>5t to e mod]n typograph] :o kn[s t1 9 ! manufacture ( types1 pun*-cutt+ is n only ! fir/ process 9 ord] ( "t1 b fir/ 9 ord] ( arti/ic importance4 ,t ! types said to be made ( brass 7 made 9 brass m\lds & matrices c\ld1 9 ! abs5ce ( o!r pro(1 be inf]r$ f ! appe>ance ( ! books ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,^! types (t5 %[ v>ieties ( ! same lett] & h o!r peculi>ities disagreeable to mod]n ta/es1 b !re is /rict uni=mity 9 ea* v>iety1 & an accuracy ( body :i* c\ld h be5 secur$ by no o!r me?od ?an p#jff t ( ca/+ !m 9 m\lds & matrices ( h>d metal4 ,!re is o!r evid5ce :i* is ev5 m direct4 ,9 ! ,magliabe*i libr>y at ,flor5ce is pres]v$ ! orig9al ,co/ ,book ( ! ,directors ( ! ,ripoli ,press ( t city1 = ! int]val betwe5 ! ye>s #adgd & #adhc4af ,9 ?is book may be f\nd1 among o!r pap]s ( value1 a li/ ( ! prices :i* 7 !n paid = ! supplies or mat]ials us$ 9 ! type-f\ndry connect$ ) ! ,ripoli ,press4 ,9 ?is li/ we see ! names ( ! metals t are us$ 9 all mod]n type-f\ndries4 ,!re c be no "q ( ! /atem5t t ! types ( ?is f\ndry 7 ca/ 9 metal m\lds4 ,,prices ,,( ,,mat]ial ,,= ,,! ,,type-,,f\ndry4 ,mat]ials4 ,tuscan ,am]ican ,curr5cy ,curr5cy p] p\nd4 p] p\nd4 ,/eel1 lir4 #b #h #j #b4ah ,metal1 7,antimony87 #aa #j 4#ej ,brass1 #ab #j 4#ed ,copp]1 #f #h 4#cj ,t91 #h #j 4#cf ,lead1 #b #d 4#aj-a_/b ,iron ,wire1 #h #j 4#cf ,x w\ld n be difficult to pres5t additional evid5ce t5d+ to prove t ! pun*1 ! matrix & ! m\ld ( h>d metal 7 us$ by ! e>lie/ typograph]s1 b ?is evid5ce w be giv5 ) m propriety 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,on ?is page1 x is en\gh to record1 z ! result ( ! future inquiry1 t pr9t+ types h always be5 made by "o me?od4 ,! significance ( ?is fact %\ld n be ov]look$4 ,x has be5 %[n t pr9t+1 z we n[ use x1 c\ld n exi/ )\t types1 & t !re w\ld be no types if we did n "k h[ to make !m 9 adju/able type-m\lds4 ,9 ?is type-m\ld we f9d ! key to ! inv5tion ( typography4 ,x is n ! press1 nor ! types1 b ! type-m\ld t mu/ be accept$ z ! orig9 & ! symbol ( ! art4 ,he 0 ! inv5tor ( p#jfg typography1 & ! f\nd] ( mod]n pr9t+1 :o made ! fir/ adju/able type-m\ld4 ,x is a curi\s circum/ance1 & n cr$itable to ! sagacity ( ! hi/orians ( typography1 t ! importance ( ?is implem5t1 ^u :i* ! exi/5ce ( typography dep5ds1 has nev] be5 fully appreciat$4 ,t ! type-m\ld 0 fir/ made by ! inv5tor ( typography ne$ n be discuss$4 ,we h no k t any me?od ( f\nd+ diff]5t sizes & =ms f an adju/able m\ld 0 attempt$ be=e ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,!re 0 no ne$ = su* a m\ld 9 any o!r art4 ,b we h indirect evid5ces 9 abundance t ! e>ly pr9t]s consid]$ _! me?od ( mak+ types z a m]itori\s & orig9al inv5tion4 ,pet] ,s*ff] describ$ x z a new & unhe>d-( art2 ,bi%op ,tri!mius said t x 0 f\nd out only ?r\gh ! good provid5ce ( ,god2 ,j5son said x 0 a div9e art2 ,husn] said x 0 a sci5tific me?od2 ,wittig said t ! inv5tor has des]v$ well ( ! wide _w4 ,x w\ld be useless to attempt to add any?+ to ^! tributes--q z useless to attempt to break _! =ce4 ,typography1 made practicable & p]fect by means ( ! type-m\ld1 0 an orig9al & a great inv5tion4 ,if ! inv5tor _h produc$ no?+ m ?an ! type-m\ld1 ?is w\ld be en\gh to entitle him to ! highe/ honor4 ,x is tribute en\gh to ackn[l$ge t ! inv5tor ( ! type-m\ld 0 ! inv5tor ( typography4 ,x is n logical nor tru?ful to attribute to him ! introduction or ! r$iscov]y ( ! simple elem5ts ( relief pr9t+4 ,x is n d]ogatory to 8 honor to confess t 8 labors 7 mat]ially light5$ by ! s]vices ( m5 :o _h gone be=e him & _h prep>$ mat]ials = 8 use4 ,! inv5tor ( ! type-m\ld did n inv5t pap]1 = t _h be5 kn[n = two c5turies be=e2 he did n orig9ate engrav+ on wood1 nor impressions f relief surfaces1 = bo? processes 7 kn[n be=e pap] 0 made2 he 0 n ! fir/ to pr9t ^u pap]1 = pr9t$ matt]1 9 ! p#jfh =ms ( play+ c>ds & pr9ts ( pictures1 0 a m]*antable commodity be=e he 0 born4 ,he 0 n ! fir/ to make pr9t$ books2 x is n c]ta9 t he made ! fir/ pr9t+ press2 x is n probable t he 0 ! fir/ to ?9k ( movable types4 ,8 m]its re/ on a secur] basis4 ,:ile o!rs dream$ & ?\ght1 &1 no d\bt1 made exp]im5ts1 he 0 ! fir/ to d practical & useful "w--! fir/ to make types t c\ld be us$--! fir/ to demon/rate ! utility ( typography4 ,! fir/ practical typograph]1 b n ! fir/ pr9t]1 he 0 really at ! end ( a long l9e ( unkn[n workm5 ^: k & exp]i5ce 9 rud] =ms ( pr9t+ 7 important contributions t[>d ! inv5tion ( ! p]fect me?od4 ,! contributions made by ! m5 :o practis$ rud] =ms ( pr9t+ dem& a full] description4 ,! m]it ( pr9t+ ) types _c be fully appreciat$ until x has be5 contra/$ ) ! pr9t+ t prec$$ types4 ,x w be an in/ructive lesson to trace ! orig9 ( a great art to its s\rces4 p#jfi ,,iv ,! ,image ,pr9ts ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,7 ,engrav$ on ,wood 4 4 4 ,pr9t ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph] 4 4 4 ,pr9t ( ,annunciation 4 4 4 ,pr9t ( ,/4 ,bridget 4 4 4 ,o!r ,g]man ,engrav+s on ,wood 4 4 4 ,flemi% ,indulg5ce ,pr9t 4 4 4 ,! ,brussels ,pr9t 4 4 4 ,! ,b]l9 ,pr9t 4 4 4 ,all ,image ,pr9ts f ,g]many or ! ,ne!rl&s 4 4 4 ,h[ 7 !y ,pr9t$8 4 4 4 ,n by ! ,frotton 4 4 4 ,me?ods ( tak+ ,pro( n[ us$ by ,engrav]s & ,pr9t]s 4 4 4 ,images copi$ f ,illu/rat$ ,manuscripts 4 4 4 ,n made by ,monks 4 4 4 ,images highly priz$ by ! ,p 4 4 4 ,! ,beg9n+ ( ,diss5t 9 ! ,*ur* 4 4 4 ,prec$$ by ,rud] ,pr9ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,book pr9t+ & picture pr9t+ h bo? ! same inn] cause = _! orig91 namely1 ! impulse to make ea* m5tal ga9 a common bless+4 ,n m]ely pr9ces & ri* nobles 7 to h ! privilege ( adorn+ _! private *apels & ap>tm5ts ) beautiful religi\s pictures2 ! poore/ man 0 also to h 8 delight 9 t :i* ! arti/ _h devis$ & produc$4 ,x 0 n suffici5t = him :5 x /ood 9 ! *ur* z an alt> %r9e1 visible to him & to ! congregation f af>4 ,he desir$ to h x z 8 own1 to c>ry x ab\t ) him1 to br+ x into 8 own home4 ,! gr& importance ( wood engrav+ & copp]-plate is n suffici5tly e/imat$ 9 hi/orical inve/igations4 ,!y 7 n alone ( use 9 ! advance ( art2 !y =m an epo* 9 ! entire life ( m9d & culture4 ,! idea embodi$ & multipli$ 9 pictures became l t embodi$ 9 ! pr9t$ ^w1 ! h]ald ( e intellectual movem5t1 & conqu]$ ! _w4 ,woltmann4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,pr9t ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph]4 ,size ( orig9al1 #h-a_/h by #aa-a_/d in*es4 ,"o ( ! purposes to :i* e>ly pr9t+ 0 appli$ 0 ! manufacture ( engrav$ & color$ pictures ( sacr$ p]sonages4 ,^! pictures1 or image pr9ts1 z !y are call$ by bibliograph]s1 7 made ( _m sizes2 "s ( !m are b little l>g] ?an ! palm ( ! h&1 o!rs are ( ! size ( a half %eet ( foolscap4 ,9 a few pr9ts !re are peculi>ities ( texture :i* h provok$ ! ?\ght t !y may h be5 pr9t$ f plates ( p#jgj s(t metal l lead or pewt]2 b ?is conjecture has nev] be5 v]ifi$4 ,we f9d 9 _m ( ! pr9ts ! cle>e/ indications t !y 7 tak5 f engrav+s on wood4 ,) a few exceptions1 ^! pr9ts 7 color$2 "s 7 pa9t$1 b m 7 color$ by means ( /5cil+1 z is abundantly prov$ by ! me*anical irregul>ities :i* are always produc$ by ! occasional slipp+ ( ! /5cil4 ,! colors are gross1 gl>+1 & s in>ti/ically appli$ t ! true outl9es ( ! figures are frequ5tly obscur$4 ,! quality ( ! engrav+ is unequal2 "s pr9ts are neatly1 & o!rs are rudely cut1 b 9 ne>ly all ( !m ! engrav+ is 9 simple outl9e4 ,we seldom see any %ad+ t9ts1 or any cross-hat*+s1 r>ely ev] any attempt to produce a p]spective by ! use ( f9e or fa9t l9es4 ,! abs5ce ( %ad+ l9es is n entirely due to ! imp]fect skill ( ! engrav]s4 ,! engrav+s seem to h be5 cut = no o!r purpose ?an t ( %[+ ! colors ( ! /5cil pa9t] to advantage1 by giv+ a def9ite edge to masses ( color4 ,! ta/e = pr9ts 9 black & :ite _h n !n be5 develop$4 ,to ! pr9t-buy] ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! attraction ( ! image pr9t 0 n 9 its draw+1 b 9 its vivid color1 & its suppos$ resemblance to ! pa9t+s t adorn$ p#jga ! walls ( *ur*es & mona/]ies4 ,! image pr9t ( ! fifte5? c5tury 0 ! prototype ( ! mod]n *romo4 ,! ,/4 ,*ri/oph]1 a bold & rude engrav+ on wood1 :i* repres5ts ! sa9t 9 ! act ( c>ry+ ! infant ,savi\r across a riv]1 is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! image pr9ts4 ,?is pr9t 0 discov]$ 9 ! cov] ( an old manuscript volume ( #adag1 among ! books ( "o ( ! mo/ anci5t conv5ts ( ,g]many1 ! ,*>treuse at ,buxheim1 ne> ,memm+51 9 ,suabia4#ag ,! monks said t ! volume 0 giv5 to ! conv5t by ,anna1 canoness ( ,bu*au1 :o is kn[n to h be5 liv+ 9 #adbg4 ,! "n ( ! engrav] is unkn[n4 ,?is conv5t is ab\t fifty miles f ,augsburg1 a city :i* seems to h be5 ! abode ( "s ( ! e>ly engrav]s on wood4 ,! date is obscurely giv5 9 ,roman num]als at ! foot ( ! picture4 f,*ri/(]i faciem die quacunque tu]is1 ,millesimo cccc4_/f f,illa nempe die morte mala non mori]is4 rr t]tio4_/f ,9 :atsoev] day ?\ see/ ! lik5ess ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph]1 ,9 t same day ?\ wilt at lea/ f dea? no evil bl[ incur4 #adbc4 ,! date #adbc is evid5ce only s f> z x %[s t ! block 0 engrav$ 9 t ye>4 ,! pr9t+ c\ld h be5 done at a lat] date4 ,z x is pr9t$ 9 an ink t is almo/ black 79 :i* feature x diff]s f o!r e>ly image pr9ts1 t are almo/ inv>iably 9 a dull or fad$ br[n ink71 !re is reason to believe t ?is pr9t 0 made "s "t aft] ! engrav+1 :5 ! me?od ( mak+ pr9ts ) p]man5t black ink 0 m common4 p#jgb ,?is engrav+ has its m]its z well z its absurdities4 ,*atto says t ! design is bett] ?an any he has f\nd 9 ! e>li] type-pr9t$ books2 t ! figure ( ! sa9t & t ( ! y\?ful ,*ri/ are1 ) ! exception ( ! extremities1 design$ 9 su* a /yle t !y w\ld sc>cely discr$it ,alb]t ,dur] himself4 ,! accessories are grotesquely treat$4 ,"o peasant is driv+ an ass ) a load$ sack to a wat]-mill2 ano!r is toil+ ) a bag ( gra9 up a /eep hill to 8 h\se2 ano!r1 to ! "r1 holds a lant]n4 ,! relative proportions ( ^! figures are b a little less absurd ?an ^? made fam\s 9 ,hog>?'s ironical /udy ( false p]spective4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,annunciation4 ,^! faults ( draw+ are c\nt]balanc$ by real m]its ( engrav+4 ,!re is a noticeable ?ick5+ & tap]+ ( l9es 9 prop] places1 a bold & a free m>k+ ( ! folds ( drap]y1 & a g5]al neatness & clev]ness ( cutt+ t indicate ! h& ( a practis$ & judici\s engrav]4 ,?is engrav+ ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph] is obvi\sly n ! fir/ exp]im5t ( an amateur or an untaught inv5tor4 ,9 ! book :i* conta9$ ?is pr9t ( ! ,/4 ,*ri/oph] 0 also f\nd1 pa/$ d[n )9 ! cov]1 ano!r p#jgc engrav+ on wood1 t is n[ kn[n z ! ,annunciation4 ,x is ( ab\t ! same size z ! pr9t ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph]4 ,x is pr9t$ on ! same k9d ( pap]1 ) ! same dull black ink4 ,!re is "s w>rant = ! g5]al belief t bo? engrav+s 7 execut$ at or ab\t ! same "t1 b !y are s unlike t !y _c be consid]$ z ! "w ( ! same design] nor ( ! same engrav]4 ,! l9es ( ! ,annunciation are m %>ply cut2 ! draw+ has m ( detail2 !re are no gl>+ faults ( p]spective4 ,! ,virg9 is repres5t$ z receiv+ ! salutation ( ! angel ,gabriel2 ! ,holy ,_s desc5ds 9 ! %ape ( a dove proce$+ f a "p ( ! pr9t :i* has be5 de/roy$1 & 9 :i* 0 "s symbol ( ! ,almighty4 ,! black field 9 ! c5tre ( ! pr9t 0 left unr\t$ by ! engrav]1 app>5tly = no o!r purpose ?an t ( light5+ ! "w ( ! colori/1 :o w\ld o!rwise h be5 requir$ to pa9t x black4 ,?is me?od ( produc+ ! full blacks ( a color$ pr9t 0 practis$ by _m ( ! e>ly engrav]s4 ,full black %oes on ! feet ( human figures may be notic$ 9 _m ( ,caxton's wood-cuts :ile o!r portions ( ! pr9t are 9 outl9e4 ,!re are portions ( ?is pr9t 9 :i* ! practical engrav] w note an abs5ce ( %ad+ :]e %ades seem to be ne$$4 ,! body ( ! ,virg9 appe>s z nak$1 except :]e x is cov]$ by h] mantle4 ,x 0 int5d$ t an inn] g>m5t %\ld be indicat$ by ! bru% ( ! colori/4 ,:at ! e>ly engrav]s on wood c\ld n d ) ! grav]1 !y aft]w>d did ) ! bru%4 ,!y n only pr9t$ b color$ _! pr9ts1 & ! color$ "w 0 usually done 9 a free & c>eless mann]4 ,^! pr9ts d n conta9 int]nal evid5ces ( _! orig94 ,!y 7 f\nd 9 ,g]many1 b !re is no?+ 9 ! designs1 nor yet 9 _! treatm5t1 t is di/9ctively ,g]man4 ,! faces & co/umes reveal to u no national *>act]i/ics2 ! leg5ds are 9 ,lat92 ! ar*itecture ( ! ,annunciation is decid$ly ,italian4 p#jgd ,b !re is a pr9t kn[n z ! ,/4 ,bridget1 a pr9t suppos$ to be ( ne>ly ! same age z ! ,/4 ,*ri/oph]1 :i* gives u at lea/ an indication ( ! p by :om x 0 pur*as$ & ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* x 0 pr9t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,/4 ,bridget4 ,sa9t ,bridget ( ,sw$51 born #acjb1 di$ #acgc1 0 "o ( ! *os5 sa9ts ( ,g]many4 ,! pr9t repres5ts h] z writ+ 9 a book :ile ! ,virg9 & ! infant ,*ri/ look d[n approv+ly4 ,! lett]s ,s4 ,p4 ,q4 ,r4 on ! %ield1 & ! pilgrim's hat1 /aff & scrip are suppos$ to indicate h] pilgrimages to ,rome & ,j]usalem4 ,! armorial %ield has ! arms ( ,sw$54 ,! leg5d1 if x c be s call$1 at ! top ( ! pr9t is 9 ,g]man3 ,o ,brigita bit got fr uns--,o1 ,bridget1 pray to ,god = u4 ,! lett]s ,m4 ,i4 ,*rs at ! bottom ( ! pr9t h be5 con/ru$ z1 ,"m ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! l9es ( ?is pr9t are ( a dull br[n color4 ,! face & h&s are ( fle% color1 ! g[n1 hat & scrip are d>k grey2 ! desk1 ! /aff1 lett]s1 lion & cr[n1 z well z ! glory or nimbus ab\t ! head1 are yell[4 ,! gr\nd is gre51 & ! :ole cut is surr\nd$ ) a bord] ( %9+ lake or mulb]ry color4 ,?is h>% p#jge arrangem5t ( ! colors is a prop] illu/ration ( ! inf]iority ( ! workman%ip ( ! colori/ to t ( ! design]4 ,o!r pr9ts 9 ,european libr>ies h be5 attribut$ to unkn[n engrav]s ( ,g]many1 :o are suppos$ to h practis$ _! art betwe5 ! ye>s #adjj & #adej4 ,"o ( ^! pr9ts1 to :i* is atta*$ a %ort pray] & ! date ( #adcg1 & :i* 0 discov]$ 9 a mona/]y 9 ! ,black ,=e/ ne> ! bord] ( ,suabia1#ah repres5ts ! m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,seba/ian4 ,^! pr9ts are r>e3 ( ! ,/4 ,*ri/oph] only ?ree copies are kn[n2#ai ( ! ,/4 ,bridget & ,annunciation !re is b "o copy ea*4 ,all ( !m 7 discov]$ 9 ,g]man religi\s h\ses1 9 :i* places x seems t !y h be5 pres]v$ ev] s9ce !y 7 pr9t$4 ,!y 7 f\nd 9 a "p ( ,g]many t is fam\s z ! abode ( e>ly engrav]s on wood1 & z ! bir?place ( sev]al great ,g]man arti/s4 ,pr9ts ( a simil> nature 7 subsequ5tly made 9 ,g]many 9 great] quantity ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ,europe4 ,! leg5d ( ,/4 ,bridget is 9 ,g]man2 ! co/umes ( ! ar*]s 9 ,/4 ,seba/ian are ,g]man4 ,!y are tru/wor?y evid5ces 9 favor ( ! hypo!sis t engrav+ on wood 0 fir/ practis$ 9 ,g]many4 ,?is hypo!sis has be5 disput$4 ,x is oppos$ by sev]al contradictory !ories1 :i* may be /at$ 9 ! foll[+ words3 7#a7 t engrav+ on wood 0 appli$ to ! manufacture ( play+ c>ds 9 ,france at ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury2 7#b7 t x 0 d]iv$ f ,*9a2 7#c7 t x 0 inv5t$ 9 ,italy2 7#d7 t x 0 practis$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s be=e x 0 kn[n 9 ,g]many4 ,z ! !ories ( ,fr5*1 ,*9ese & ,italian orig9 h no e>ly p#jgf pr9ts ( images to (f]1 !y ne$ n be consid]$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,! argum5t 9 favor ( a v e>ly practice ( engrav+ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s is bas$ on its pr9ts ( images4 p#jgg ,illu/ration3 ,! ,flemi% ,indulg5ce ,pr9t4 ,! illu/ration on ! opposite page is ! r$uc$ fac-simile ( an old pr9t once kn[n z ! ,indulg5ce ,pr9t ( #adaj1 & !n consid]$ z ( great] age ?an ! pr9t ( ,sa9t ,*ri/oph]4 ,! inscription at ! foot ( ! indulg5ce2 :i* is 9 old ,dut* or ,flemi%1 is to ?is effect3 8,:oev]1 reg>d+ ! suff]+s ( our ,"l1 %all truly rep5t ( 8 s9s1 & %all ?rice repeat ! ,pat] ,no/] & ! ,ave ,m>ia1 %all be entitl$ to sev5te5 ?\s& ye>s ( indulg5ce1 :i* h be5 grant$ to him by ,pope ,gregory1 z well z by two o!r popes & by =ty bi%ops4 ,?is has be5 done s t ! ri* z well z ! poor may try to secure ?is indulg5ce40 ,t ?is pr9t 0 made 9 ,fl&]s is app>5t f ! language1 z well z f ! peculi> %ape ( ! lett] t at ! end ( words4 ,! p]p5dicul> b> dropp+ f ! top ( ?is t 0 s seldom us$ 9 ,g]many t x may be reg>d$ z a v old ,flemi% mann]ism4 ,t ! pr9t 0 engrav$ 9 #adaj is extremely improbable4 ,! ,pope ,gregory "h m5tion$ is und\bt$ly ,pope ,gregory xii1 :o reign$ f #adjf to #adae4 ,x 0 once believ$ t ! two o!r popes m5tion$ 9 ! indulg5ce 7 ! rivals ( ,gregory1 ! anti-popes ,b5$ict ,,xii & ,john ,,xxii4 ,x 0 suppos$ t ?is pr9t 0 publi%$ dur+ ?is p]iod1#bj & = ?is reason1 x has sometimes be5 call$ ! ,indulg5ce ,pr9t ( #adaj4 p#jgh ,m4 ,wett]1 a le>n$ ,g]man critic1 has po9t$ out ! absurdity ( ! belief t ?ree popes at enmity ) ea* o!r %\ld unite 9 ! promulgation ( ?is docum5t4#ba ,x is n[ und]/ood t ! two o!r popes m5tion$ 9 ! indulg5ce are ,pope ,ni*olas ,v1 :o reign$ f #addg to #adee1 & ,pope ,calixtus ,,iii1 :o reign$ f #adee to #adeh4 ,! publication ( ! indulg5ce is !re=e plac$ betwe5 ! ye>s #adee & #adga4 ,consequ5tly1 ! pr9t is ( no value z an evid5ce ( ,flemi% priority1 = x 0 made m ?an ?irty ye>s aft] ! ,/4 ,*ri/oph]4 ,a mu* m satisfactory evid5ce ( ! great age ( ,flemi% engrav+ on wood is af=d$ by ! ,brussels ,pr9t1 :i* 0 discov]$ 9 #ahdh by an innkeep]1 pa/$ d[n on ! inside ( an old *e/4 ,x 0 b\ght by an ar*itect ( ! t[n ( ,me*l91 :o sold x = five hundr$ francs to ! ,royal ,libr>y ( ,brussels1 :]e x is n[ pres]v$4 ,?is pr9t be>s ! date #adah1 b ! validity ( ! date has be5 *all5g$4 ,x 0 alleg$ t ! num]als t =m ! date _h be5 repair$ ) a lead p5cil 9 su* a mann] z to provoke d\bts ( its g5u95ess2 t ! true date is #adfh1 in/ead ( #adah2 t an alt]ation 0 made1 by scrat*+ out ! ,l f ! middle ( ! num]als ?us1 ,,mcccc7,l7,,xviii & by sub/itut+ a p]iod--a fraud t puts ! date backw>d fifty ye>s4 ,! *>ge ( fraud has be5 d5i$ ) ability1 & seem+ly ) ju/ice4 ,! pr9t has pass$ ! ordeal ( ho/ile criticism1 & is n[ accept$ z a g5u9e pr9t ( #adah4 ,x repres5ts ! ,virg9 & infant ,savi\r1 :5 surr\nd$ by ,/4 ,b>b>a1 ,/4 ,ca?>9e1 ,/4 ,v]onica & ,/4 ,m>g>et4 ,! design is some:at /iff & me*anical1 b ! composition is n devoid ( m]it4 ,! l9es ( ! engrav+ 7 purposely brok51 = x 0 int5d$ t ! pr9t %\ld be m fully develop$ by ! bright colors p#jgi ( ! /5cil pa9t]4 ,! fac-simile is tak5 f ,holtrop's ,monum5ts typographiques4 ,holtrop says t ! fac-simile is slightly r$uc$ 9 height4 ,! size ( ! block1 z he repres5ts x1 is #i-g_/h by #ac-c_/d ,am]ican in*es4 p#jhj ,illu/ration3 ,! ,brussels ,pr9t4 ,! ,flemi% orig9 ( ! ,brussels ,pr9t is e/abli%$ by an image1 9 ! ,cab9et ( ,engrav+s at ,b]l91 n[ kn[n z ! ,b]l9 ,pr9t4 ,x is ( ! same size z ! ,brussels ,pr9t1 & is1 app>5tly1 ! "w ( ! same design]1 = 9 ^! pr9ts a rem>kable simil>ity ( treatm5t 9 design+ & engrav+ may be notic$ 9 ! w+s ( ! angels1 9 ! figure & position ( ! angel :o cr[ns ! ,virg91 9 ! cr[ns ( ,/ ,ca?>9e & ! ,virg91 9 ! fl[+ hair ( ! ?ree sa9ts1 & t ( ! ,virg91 & 9 ! coll>s on ! doves4 ,?is pr9t repres5ts ! ,virg9 z c>ry+ 9 h] arms ! infant ,savi\r4 ,x is describ$ 9 ! catalogue z an e>ly xylographic engrav+1 pr9t$ by friction ab\t ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x is )\t date or "n ( arti/4 ,! language ( ! leg5d is ,flemi%4 ,! ,virg9 holds 9 h] "r arm ! infant ,jesus1 & 9 h] left h& an apple4 ,! *ild c>esses ! *9 ( 8 "m ) "o h&1 :ile he drops a rose f ! o!r4 ,! ,virg91 en%r9$ 9 an aureole ( glory1 encircl$ by f\r angels & f\r doves1 placidly /&s ^u a cresc5t4 ,! leg5d 9 ! f\r corn]s is 9 metre1 & is an exhortation to ! read] to s]ve ! ,virg91 & imitate h] example4 ,:o is ?is que5 :o is ?us exalt$8 ,%e is ! consolation ( ! _w4 ,:at is h] "n8 tell me1 ,i pray6 ,m>y1 bless$ ,"m & ,virg94 ,h[ did %e atta9 ?is exaltation8 ,by love1 humility & *>ity4 ,:o w be uplift$ ) h]1 on high8 ,:oev] kn[s h] be/ 9 life4 ,connoisseurs 9 pr9ts disagree z to ! age & m]it ( ?is pr9t4 ,passavant says t ! ,b]l9 ,pr9t1 :i* he describes z ( f9e execution1 is und\bt$ly ( ,dut* orig91 b he ?9ks x is ! design ( a ,g]man arti/4 ,he places its date 9 ! same p]iod z t ( ! ,brussels ,pr9t1 :i*1 accord+ to him1 is #adfh4 ,r5\vi] says t ! outl9es ( ! ,b]l9 ,pr9t are 9 ! /yle ( well-kn[n ,dut* or ,flemi% pr9ts4 ,he haz>ds no conjecture z to p#jha ! exact date ( its publication1 b intimates t x may prop]ly be classifi$ ) ! old] pr9ts ( ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,b]l9 ,pr9t4 ,holtrop says t ! language ( ! leg5d 9 ! ,b]l9 pr9t decides its orig92 ! design is ( ! p#jhb ,ne!rl&i% s*ool2 ! language is ,flemi%1 & n ,dut*4 ,he fur!r says3 8,^! two pr9ts 7( ,b]l9 & ,brussels7 complem5t ea* o!r2 ! pr9t ( ,b]l9 %[s _! common orig92 ! pr9t ( ,brussels indicates _! date4 ,x may be said t !y 7 engrav$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 probably 9 ,fl&]s1 & p]haps 9 ,bruges1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury40 ,! pr9ts h]e9 describ$ are ! e>lie/ pr9ts ) dates1 b !y are n1 necess>ily1 ! e>lie/ ( all4 ,!re are pr9ts kn[n to collectors z ! ,crucifixion1 ! ,la/ ,judgm5t & ! ,/4 ,j]ome1 :i* are reg>d$ by _m bibliograph]s z ! "w ( unkn[n engrav]s at or ab\t #adjj4 ,!re is a pr9t ( ,/4 ,george :i* compet5t judges say 0 done 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,none ( ! pr9ts conta9 ! "n or ! place ( ! engrav]s1 b x is pla9 t !y 7 made 9 ! ,s\!rn ,ne!rl&s1 z well z 9 ,s\!rn ,g]many4 ,x w\ld be premature to assume t !y 7 made n[h]e else2 b x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t !re are no image pr9ts on pap] :i* c be ascrib$ to any engrav] 9 ,france1 ,italy1 ,spa91 ,holl& or ,engl&1 dur+ ! fir/ fifty ye>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,!re is a plausible /atem5t on record1 :i* w be review$ on ano!r page1 t arti/ic engrav+s on wood 7 made 9 ,italy be=e ?is p]iod4 ,we f9d1 also1 a m que/ionable /atem5t1 t engrav+ on wood 0 practis$ 9 ,france be=e ! ye> #adjj--;a /atem5t bas$ entirely on a pr9t 9 ! public libr>y ( ! city ( ,lyons1 ) a pr9t$ date :i* has be5 repres5t$ z t ( ! ye> #achd4 ,! age ( ?is pr9t has be5 d5i$4 ,x is alleg$1 ) e appe>ance ( probability1 t !re is mi/ake or fraud 9 ! num]als1 = ! co/umes ( ! figures prove t ! pr9t %\ld h be5 made 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! "q :e!r image pr9ts 7 fir/ made 9 ! ,ne!rl&s or 9 ,suabia ne$ n n[ be consid]$4 ,x is en\gh to say t1 al?\gh ! ,brussels pr9t be>s ! e>lie/ date1 ! manufacture ( ^! image pr9ts 0 m p#jhc common 9 ,g]many1 n only 9 ! fir/ b 9 ! latt] half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,t ^! few accid5tally discov]$ pr9ts repres5t ! half1 or ev5 "o-t5?1 ( ! images !n publi%$1 is n at all probable4 ,we h good reason = ! belief t !y 7 z abundant 9 ,s\!rn ,g]many dur+ ! ye> #adej z *eap li?ographs 7 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! ye> #ahcj4 ,t ! great] "p ( ^! image pr9ts h be5 de/roy$ & =gott5 may be expla9$ by ! improv$ ta/e ( ! succe$+ g5]ation4 ,! arti/ic copp]-plate pr9ts :i* came 9 fa%ion soon aft] swept away z rubbi% ! once admir$ image pr9ts1 j z ! *romos ( ?is p]iod h supplant$ ! pa9t$ li?ographic pr9ts ( #ahcj4 ,h[ 7 ^! images pr9t$8 ,almo/ e au?or :o has writt5 on pr9t+ has said t !y 7 pr9t$ by friction1 ) a tool kn[n z ! frotton1 :i* has be5 describ$ z a small cu%ion ( clo? /uff$ ) wool4 ,x is said t :5 ! block _h be5 ink$1 & ! %eet ( pap] _h be5 laid on ! block1 ! frotton 0 rubb$ ov] ! back ( ! %eet until ! ink 0 transf]r$ to ! pap]4 ,we are also told t ! pap] 0 n damp5$1 b 0 us$ 9 its dry /ate4 ,! %9+ appe>ance on ! back ( ! pap] is (f]$ z evid5ce ( friction4 ,?is explanation ( ! me?od us$ by ! pr9t]s ( engrav$ blocks has be5 accept$1 n z a conjecture1 b z ! description ( a kn[n fact4 ,i "k ( no good au?ority = x4 ,i "k no au?or :o pr(esses to h se5 ! process4 ,i "k no engrav] :o has tak5 impressions ) a clo? frotton4 ,i d\bt ! feasibility ( ! me?od4 ,! reasons = ?is d\bt w be app>5t :5 ?is conjectural me?od is contra/$ ) ! me?ods us$ by mod]n pr9t]s & engrav]s = tak+ pro(s (f ( press4 ,! mod]n engrav] on wood takes 8 pro(s on ?9 ,india pap]4 ,he uses a /uff$ cu%ion to apply ! ink to ! cut4 ,! ink1 :i* is /icky1 s]ves to make ?9 pap] adh]e to ! block4 ,he gets an impression by rubb+ ! p#jhd back ( ! pap] aft] x is laid on ! block1 ) an ivory burni%]4 ,if he is c>eful1 he c take ) a burni%] a neat] pro( ?an he c\ld get f a press4 ,b ! only po9t ( simil>ity betwe5 ! imag9>y old process & ! pres5t process is 9 ! me?od ( rubb+ or friction4 ,! mat]ials are diff]5t3 ! mod]n pap] is ?9 & s(t1 ! old 0 co>se & h>%2 mod]n ink is glut9\s1 m$ieval ink 0 wat]y2 ! burni%] is h>d1 ! frotton 0 v ela/ic2 ! burni%] w give a %9+ appe>ance to ! back1 ! s(t frotton w n4 ,if ! mod]n engrav] %\ld attempt to use co>se1 ?ick1 dry pap]1 fluid ink1 & a clo? frotton1 he c\ld n keep ! %eet 9 place on ! block dur+ ! sl[ process ( rubb+4 ,no c>e c\ld prev5t x f slipp+ :5 rubb$ ) an ela/ic cu%ion4 ,! lea/ slip w\ld produce a di/ort$ impression4 ,! mod]n pr9t] takes 8 pro( on damp5$ pap] ) a tool kn[n z ! pro(-plan]4 ,?is pro(-plan] is a small ?ick block ( wood1 "o side ( :i* is p]fectly flat & cov]$ ) ?ick clo?4 ,:5 ! pap]1 :i* mu/ be damp5$1 has be5 laid on ! ink$ type or engrav+1 ! pr9t] places ! plan] c>efully on ! pap]1 hold+ x firmly ) 8 left h&2 ) a mallet1 held 9 8 "r h&1 he /rikes a /rong h>d bl[ on ! plan]4 ,he !n lifts 8 plan] c>efully & places x ov] ! ne>e/ unpr9t$ surface & repeats ! bl[4 ,9 l mann] he repeats ! bl[ until e "p ( ! type surface has be5 pr9t$4 ,rude z ?is me?od may seem1 a skillful workman c obta9 a fair pr9t ) ! plan]4 ,al?\gh ! wet pap] cl+s to ! type1 & ! ink is /icky1 great c>e is ne$$ to prev5t ! slipp+ ( ! %eet1 & ! d\bl+ ( ! impression4 ,! back ( a ?ick %eet pr9t$ 9 ?is mann] (t5 %[s a %9+ appe>ance 9 ! places :]e ! bl[ 0 resi/$ by ! face ( ! type or by ! engrav$ l9es4 ,x w be se5 t ! pr9t]'s me?od ( tak+ pro( diff]s 9 all its details f ! supposititi\s me?od ( ! p#jhe e>ly engrav]s4 ,we h s(t1 damp pap]1 /icky ink1 & a sudd5 flat pressure aga9/ a h>d surface %ield$ ) clo?1 9 opposition to fluid ink1 dry pap]1 rubb+ pressure & an ela/ic pr9t+ tool4 ,z we c f9d no positive k ( ! me?od ( pr9t+ :i* 0 adopt$ by ! e>ly pr9t]s ( engrav+s on wood1 x is some:at haz>d\s to (f] conjectures 9 place ( facts4 ,x is begg+ ! "q to assume t !y 7 n pr9t$ by a press4 ,! presswork ( e>ly pr9ts is co>se & h>%1 & c\ld h be5 done ) simple me*anism1 ) rude applications ( ! screw or ( ! lev]1 t c\ld h be5 devis$ by any intellig5t workman4 ,x is m reasonable to assume t ! e>ly pr9ts 7 made by a press1 or ) "s practicable tool l a pro(-plan]1 r ?an ) ! impracticable frotton4 ,"o _c resi/ ! suspicion t ! *ronicl] ( e>ly block pr9t+ :o fir/ describ$ ! frotton attempt$ to describe :at he did n ?or\ghly und]/&--t he mi/ook ! engrav]'s ink+ cu%ion = ! tool by :i* he got ! impression4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t all ^! old pr9ts are ( a religi\s "*4 ,portraits ( rem>kable m5 or wom51 l&scapes1 repres5tations ( cities or build+s1 c>icatures1 illu/rations ( hi/ory or my?ology--none ( ^! are to be f\nd 9 any collection ( ! e>lie/ pr9ts4 ,! e>ly engrav]s 7 completely "u ! dom9ation ( religi\s ideas4 ,_! pr9ts seem to h be5 made ) ! p]mission1 & possibly "u ! direction1 ( prop] cl]ical au?ority4 ,! designs are ( mu* great] m]it ?an any t c\ld h be5 creat$ by amateurs 9 ! art ( engrav+ on wood4 ,!y 71 und\bt$ly1 copi$ f ! illum9at$ books ( piety :i* 7 !n to be f\nd 9 all l>ge mona/]ies4 ,ecclesia/ics ( ?is p]iod 7 c>eful ( _! books & jeal\s ( _! privileges1 & n dispos$ to all[ ei!r to become *eap or common1 b !y mu/ h favor$ an art t multipli$ ! images ( p#jhf patron sa9ts4 ,x 0 an age ( great disbelief1 & ! image pr9ts 7 ( s]vice z rem9d]s ( religi\s duty4 ,!re is no evid5ce t ^! pr9ts 7 made by ! monks !mselves4 ,!re is a /atem5t curr5t 9 ,g]man books ( bibliography t "o ,lug]1 a ,franciscan monk 9 ,nordl+51 engrav$ on wood at ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,b ?is /atem5t ne$s v]ification4 ,x is n at all c]ta9 t ! ^w :i* is "h translat$ engrav] on wood 0 writt5 ) cle> int5tion to convey ?is mean+4 ,! e>lie/ typograph]s 7 n monks1 nor 7 !y favor$ ) ! patronage ( ! *ur*4#bb ,x is n probable t any monk :o _h be5 educat$ = ! "w ( a copyi/ or an illum9ator1 w\ld =sake 8 pr(ession = ! practice ( engrav+ on wood or pr9t+4 ,pr9ts1 z !n made1 7 co>se1 me*anical copies ( m]itori\s orig9als4 ,! arti/ic scribe rightfully felt t engrav+ 0 b5ea? him4 ,he mu/ h look$ on ! p :o b\ght image pr9ts ) ! same pity+ scorn t a true arti/ feels = ! un$ucat$ ta/e ( ^? :o n[ buy gl>+ li?ographs ( sacr$ p]sonages1 & he mu/ h felt z little inducem5t to engage 9 _! manufacture4 ,& yet ! multitude receiv$ !m gladly4 ,weal?y laym5 :o c\ld af=d to buy gorge\s missals1 & prie/s :o daily saw & h&l$ manuscript works ( art1 might put ! pr9ts aside z rubbi%2 b poor m5 & wom51 ^: "w-day lives 7 unceas+ r\nds ( pov]ty & drudg]y1 unreliev$ by art1 ideality or s5tim5t1 mu/ h hail$ ) gladness ! images 9 _! own h\ses :i* %ad[$ ev] s dimly ! glories ( ! *ur* & ! rew>ds ( ! righte\s4 ,! putt+-up ( ! image pr9t on ! wall ( ! hut or ! cab9 0 ! fir/ /ep t[>d p#jhg br++ "o ( ! attractions ( ! ,ca?olic *ur* )9 ! dome/ic circle4 ,x 0 ! erection ( a private %r9e1 an act ( rivalry1 pitiable en\gh 9 its beg9n+1 b ( great importance 9 its consequ5ces4 ,= x 0 ! initiation ( ! "r ( private judgm5t1 & ( ! indep5d5ce ( ?\ght :i*1 9 ! next c5tury1 made itself felt 9 ! =midable diss5t kn[n 9 all ,prote/ant c\ntries z ! ,great ,re=mation4 ,our k ( ! orig9 ( engrav+ on wood has n be5 mat]ially increas$ by ! rec5t discov]y ( ! ,b]l9 & ,brussels ,pr9ts4 ,we see t wood-cuts ( m]it 7 made dur+ ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 b we see also t !y c\ld n h be5 ! fir/ productions ( a rec5tly discov]$ or newly reviv$ art4 ,!y pres5t indications ( a skill 9 engrav+ :i* c\ld h be5 acquir$ only ?r\gh exp]i5ce4 ,"o has b to comp>e !m ) wood-cuts made by amateurs 9 typographic pr9t+ 9 ,italy1 ,g]many & ,holl& betwe5 ! ye>s #adfj & #aejj1 to p]ceive t ! manufactur]s ( ! image pr9ts 7 mu* m skillful z engrav]s4 ,if !re 7 no o!r evid5ces1 we c\ld confid5tly assume t ?is skill c\ld h be5 acquir$ only by practice on rud] & e>li] engrav+s4 ,( ?is prelim9>y practice-"w we f9d cle> traces 9 ! /5cil$ & pr9t$ play+ c>ds :i* 7 popul> 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe be=e ! introduction ( images4 p#jhh ,v ,pr9t$ & ,/5cil$ ,play+ ,c>ds4 ,play+ ,c>ds n made by ! ,frotton 4 4 4 ,_! ,manufacture an ,indu/ry ( ,importance 4 4 4 ,decree ( ! ,s5ate ( ,v5ice prohibit+ ! ,importation ( ,c>ds 4 4 4 ,e>ly ,notices ( ,c>d-,mak+ 9 ,g]many 4 4 4 ,probable ,me?od ( ,manufacture 4 4 4 ,illu/rations ( a ,play+ ,c>d ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury 4 4 4 ,jo/ ,amman's ,illu/rations ( a ,pr9t ,color] & an ,engrav] on ,wood 4 4 4 ,play+ ,c>ds made f ,engrav$ ,blocks 4 4 4 ,e>ly ,notices ( ,c>d ,play+ 9 ,france 4 4 4 ,c>ds ,prohibit$ to ! ,p 9 ,france & ,spa9 4 4 4 ,introduc$ 9 ,italy 9 #acgi 4 4 4 ,n ,inv5t$ 9 ,g]many 4 4 4 ,an ,ori5tal ,game 4 4 4 ,illu/rations ( ,*9ese ,c>ds 4 4 4 ,orig9at$ 9 ,h9do/an 4 4 4 ,transmitt$ to ,europe ?r\gh ! ,s>ac5s 4 4 4 ,popul>ity ( ,c>ds 9 ,europe 4 4 4 ,c>ds ,d5\nc$ by ! ,cl]gy 4 4 4 ,new ,=ms & ,new ,games ( ,c>ds1 ) ,illu/rations 4 4 4 ,unsuccessful ,attempts to make ,c>ds a ,means ( ,in/ruction 4 4 4 ,c>ds n an ,unmix$ ,evil 4 4 4 ,induc$ ,respect = ,lett]s & ,education 4 4 4 ,c>ds probably made be=e ,images 4 4 4 ,made by ,block-,pr9t+ 4 4 4 ,mo/ l>gely made by ?is process 9 ,g]many4 99 99 99 99 99 ,aft] innum]able exp]im5ts & disappo9tm5ts1 ! art s eag]ly s\ght & s sorely ne$$ 0 at la/ discov]$4 ,& :at is /range1 al?\gh 9 accordance ) ! caprici\sness ( inv5tion1 ?is art t _h elud$ all ! ef=ts & aspirations ( intellig5ce1 0 discov]$ by mak]s ( c>ds4 ,x 0 by !m1 & = ! peculi> requirem5ts ( _! "w1 t xylography 0 inv5t$4 ,bibliophile ,jacob4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! hypo!sis1 = x is no?+ m1 t all ! e>ly pr9ts 7 produc$ by ! frotton does n satisfactorily expla9 ! l>ge production ( m]*antable pr9t$ matt] dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,friction w\ld h s]v$ !n1 z x does n[1 = trial pro(s or exp]im5ts1 b x 0 a me?od altoge!r too sl[ & unc]ta9 to meet ! requirem5ts ( an ext5d$ bus9ess4 ,! play+ c>ds & pr9ts s common dur+ ?is p]iod mu/ h be5 made by a quick] me?od4 ,t !re 0 an e/abli%$ int]national trade 9 play+ c>ds & 9 o!r k9ds ( pr9t$ "w1 z e>ly z ! ye> #adda1 may be inf]r$ f ! foll[+ decree ( ! s5ate ( ,v5ice3 p#jhi #adda1 ,oct #aa4 ,:]eas1 ! art & my/]y ( mak+ c>ds & pr9t$ figures1 :i* is 9 use at ,v5ice1 has fall5 to decay1 & ?is 9 consequ5ce ( ! great quantity ( pr9t$ play+ c>ds & color$ figures :i* are made out ( ,v5ice1 to :i* evil x is necess>y to apply "s rem$y1 9 ord] t ! said arti/s1 :o are a great _m 9 family1 may f9d enc\ragem5t r ?an =eign]s3 ,let x be orda9$ & e/abli%$1 accord+ to ! petition t ! said ma/]s h supplicat$1 t f ?is "t 9 future1 no "w ( ! said art t is pr9t$ or pa9t$ on clo? or pap]-t is to say1 alt>-pieces1 or images1 or play+ c>ds1 or any o!r ?+ t may be made by ! said art1 ei!r by pa9t+ or by pr9t+-%all be all[$ to be br\ght or import$ into ?is city1 "u pa9 ( =feit+ ! "w s import$1 & ?irty livres & twelve soldi1 ( :i* f9e "o-?ird %all g to ! /ate1 "o-?ird to ,giu/izi]i ,vec*i1 to :om ?is affair is committ$1 & "o-?ird to ! accus]4 ,) ?is condition1 h[ev]1 t ! arti/s :o make ! said works 9 ?is city %all n expose ! said works = sale 9 any o!r place b _! own %ops1 "u ! p5alty a=esaid1 except on ! day ( ,w$nesday at ,s4 ,paolo1 & on ,saturday at ,s4 ,m>co4#bc ,! engrav$ images "h notic$ 7 probably pr9ts ( sa9ts or sacr$ p]sonages l ^? ( :i* engrav$ illu/rations h be5 giv5 on previ\s pages4 ,! alt>-pieces 7 pr9ts ^u cotton or l95 clo?1 ( a simil> "*1 b ( mu* l>g] size4#bd ,play+ c>ds1 :i* are twice m5tion$ 9 ! decree1 seem to h be5 consid]$ z ( equal importance ) images & alt>-pieces4 ,! specification ( ?ree di/9ct k9ds ( pr9t$ "w1 c\pl$ z x is ) ! allusion to 8any o!r ?+ t may be made by ! said art10 is an intimation t ! manufactur]s1 8:o 7 a great _m p#jij 9 family10 7 ev5 !n apply+ ! art ( pr9t+ & color$ /5cil+ to _m o!r purposes4 ,! decree says t ! art _h fall5 to decay4 ,:5 x 0 9 its mo/ prosp]\s condition 9 ,v5ice _c be asc]ta9$ f ! record1 nor f any o!r s\rce4 ,! au?or#be :o f\nd ?is docum5t says t he _h fragm5ts ( co>se engrav+s on wood :i* repres5t$ "s p>ts ( ! city ( ,v5ice z !y appe>$ be=e ! ye> #adjj4 ,he ?9ks ^! rude engrav+s mu/ h be5 cut 9 ! latt] "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,t !y c\ld h be5 made at ?is "t is n improbable1 b ! direct evid5ce is want+4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 abundant reasons = ! belief t engrav+s on wood 7 made 9 ,v5ice1 n exp]im5tally1 b 9 ! way ( bus9ess1 _m ye>s be=e ! decree ( #adda4 ,& !y mu/ h be5 made else:]e4 ,! pr9t]s ( play+ c>ds & color$ figures mu/ h be5 _m 9 family beyond z well z 9 ,v5ice4 ,if ! =eign pr9t]s _h n be5 =midable competitors1 !re w\ld h be5 no reque/ = ! prohibitory decree4 ,no?+ is said 9 ! decree ab\t ! nationality ( ! =eign competitors1 b we may get ?is k f ano!r s\rce4 ,an au!ntic record ( ! t[n ( ,ulm 9 ,g]many conta9s a brief entry :i* tells u t play+ c>ds 9 b>rels 7 s5t f t city to ,sicily & ,italy1 to be b>t]$ = delicacies & g5]al m]*&ise4#bf p#jia ,! same book conta9s a def5se ( ! game ( play+ c>ds "u ! date ( #acig4 ,ano!r old ,g]man record1 ! ,burgh] ,book ( ,augsburg = ! ye> #adah1 specifically notices c>d-mak]s4 ,! ,tax ,book ( ,nuremb]g1 = ! ye>s #adcc & #adce1 names ,eliza1 a c>d-mak]4 ,! same book1 = ! ye> #adch1 m5tions ,m>g>et1 ! c>d-pa9t]4 ,! words k>t5ma*]91 c>d-mak]1 & k>t5mal]91 c>d-pa9t]1 :i* are f\nd 9 ^! books1 d n cle>ly specify ! process4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ^! c>ds c\ld h be5 drawn & pa9t$ by means ( /5cil plates4 ,! ^w =ms*neid]1 =m-cutt]1 ! ^w n[ us$ 9 ,g]many z ! equival5t ( engrav] on wood1 appe>s = ! fir/ "t 9 ! ye> #addi1 9 ! books ( ! city ( ,nuremb]g4 ,! same records m5tion "o ,wilhelm ,kegl]1 briftruck]1 or c>d-pr9t]1 "u ! date ( #adbj4 ,!y also m5tion "o ,hans ,=mansneid]1 9 ! ye> #acig1 b ,=mansneid] %\ld n be con/ru$ z engrav] on wood4 ,x %\ld be read ,hans ,=man1 s*neid] or tailor4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 "s o!r cases1 x w be se5 t ! facility ( ! ,g]man language = mak+ new words by ! comp\nd+ ( old ones1 is att5d$ ) peculi> disadvantages4 ,! manufactur$ words are susceptible ( diff]5t mean+s4 ,^! notices ( c>d-mak+ are n en\gh to prove t ! process employ$ 0 t ( xylography4 ,!y prove only t c>d-mak+ 0 an indu/ry ( note 9 ! t[ns ( ,ulm1 ,augsburg & ,nuremb]g4 ,b :5 ^! notices ( e>ly c>d-mak+ are consid]$ 9 connection ) e>ly ,g]man pr9ts1 l ! ,/4 ,*ri/oph] ( #adbc1 :i* 7 discov]$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ^! t[ns1 !re is no room = d\bt4 ,if pr9ts ( sa9ts 7 made by engrav+ on wood1 c>ds %\ld h be5 made by ! same art4 ,! connection ( c>ds & image pr9ts 9 ! decree ( ! ,s5ate ( ,v5ice is evid5ce t !y 7 made by ! same p]sons & by ! same process4 ,x may seem /range t ! little t[n ( ,ulm1 9 ! he>t ( ,g]many1 %\ld e/abli% by a long sea r\te a trade p#jib 9 play+ c>ds ) cities on ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,adriatic4 ,x is b "o ( _m evid5ces ( ! gr[+ _s ( comm]cial ent]prise :i* p]vad$ all ! cities ( ,g]many4 ,x is n m /range ?an ! fact t1 9 #aeje1 m]*ants ( ,augsburg1 a city at a great di/ance f navigable wat]s1 jo9$ ) ! ,portuguese 9 an ext5sive traffic ) ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,africa4 ,play+ c>ds may h be5 made at z e>ly dates 9 o!r c\ntries besides ,g]many & ,italy4 ,we %all soon see t !y 7 9 common use 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 b we h no c]ta9 k t !y 7 made f engrav$ blocks 9 o!r places4 ,our k ( ! fact t !y 7 pr9t$ 9 ,italy & ,g]many is bas$ entirely on occasional notices 9 old manuscript records4 ,we h indications t !y 7 pr9t$1 b we lack ! pro(4 ,!re are no c>ds 9 exi/5ce :i* c be (f]$1 ) any degree ( confid5ce1 z specim5s ( ! block-pr9t+ ( #addj4 ,! xylographic c>ds ( :i* fac-similes are mo/ common 9 books :i* treat ( pa/imes1 are ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 ! copp]-plate c>ds describ$ & illu/rat$ by ,weigel & ,breitkopf 7 made ei!r dur+ ! latt] half ( ! fifte5? or 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! engrav+ on ! foll[+ page is a fac-simile ( "o ( a set ( =ty-eight play+ c>ds n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! entire set1 pr9t$ on six sep>ate %eets ( pap]1 eight c>ds to ea* %eet1 0 f\nd 9 t great hid+-place ( disc>d$ %eets1 ! inn] l9+ ( a book cov]1 = :i*1 to adopt ! bookb9d]'s phrase1 x s]v$ z a /iff5]4 ,! %eets may h be5 reject$ = imp]fections1 & put 9 ! book cov] because !y 7 unsalable4 ,! book 9 :i* !y 7 f\nd 0 pr9t$ & b\nd by "s unkn[n or undescrib$ pr9t] be=e ! ye> #aejj4bg ,if rud5ess ( engrav+ c\ld be consid]$ p#jic z suffici5t pro( ( sup]ior antiquity1 ?is c>d %\ld be rat$ z "o ( ! olde/ pieces ( engrav+ on wood4 ,! cutt+ ( ?is block c\ld h be5 done by any c>v] on wood1 or ev5 by a c>p5t]4 ,b ! quality ( ! engrav+ is n a prop] crit]ion ( ! condition ( ! art ( engrav+ on wood dur+ ! p]iod 9 :i* x 0 made4 ,x is obvi\sly a *eap c>d1 made = ! uses ( p :o c\ld pay b a small price4 ,!re may h be5 o!r reasons = ! rud5ess ( ! "w4 ,! /iff & conv5tional mann] ( draw+ ! figures may h be5 z popul> !n z a simil> me?od ( design+ play+ c>ds is at ?is day4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,play+ ,c>d ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,f ,s+]4 ,dull r$ & d>k gre5 7 ! only colors us$ 9 illum9at+ ?is set ( c>ds4 ,!y 7 laid on ) bru% & /5cil4 ,! /5cil is "o ( ! olde/ =ms ( labor-sav+ contrivance = abridg+ ! labor ( writ+ or draw+4 ,x 0 us$1 z has be5 /at$1 9 ! six? c5tury by a ,roman emp]or :o c\ld n write2 x 0 us$ = ! same purpose by ,!odoric1 k+ ( ! ,o/rogo?s1 & by ! emp]or ,*>lemagne4 ,x is us$ to ?is day by m]*ants :o m>k boxes1 9 pref]5ce to writ+1 pr9t+1 br&+1 or pa9t+4 ,x has advantages ( *eapness & simplicity t comm5d x to all manufactur]s4 ,x is ev5 us$ by publi%]s ( books = t9t+ maps1 fa%ion plates1 & illum9at$ pamphlet cov]s4 ,jo/ ,amman1 9 8 ,book ( ,trades1 has pres5t$ u a repres5tation ( ! pr9t /5cil]1 z he practis$ 8 "w p#jid 9 #aefd4 ,! me?od "h %[n is1 probably1 ! me?od 9 g5]al use 9 #addj1 = ! color+ ( play+ c>ds & image pr9ts4 ,we see ! b[ls t conta9 diff]5t colors1 ) _! prop] bru%es1 on top ( ! *e/4 ,! color] is sweep+ ! bru% ov] ! p]=at$ metal plate1 & fill+ up ! outl9es ( ! pr9t4 ,! neat pile ( %eets be=e him & ne> 8 "r h& %[s t he is work+ ) precision & ) sy/em4 ,/5cil pa9t+ 0 "w ( c>e & neatness1 b x 0 s simple t we c cle>ly und]/& t x c\ld h be5 done by wom5 9 ,nuremb]g z effectively z x is done n[4#bh ,illu/ration3 ,! ,pr9t ,color]4 ,f ,jo/ ,amman4 ,! illu/ration ( ! engrav] on wood :i* appe>s 9 ! same ,book ( ,trades puts be=e u a man 9 a ri*] dress1 pla9ly a workman ( high] grade ?an ! /5cil pa9t]4 ,he seems to be trac+ outl9es on ! block4 ,! te*nical accessories ab\t ?is engrav] are ! same z ^? 9 use at ?is day--! grav]1 ! :et/one1 &1 possibly1 a wat] globe l5s 9 ! corn] ne> ! w9d[ casem5t4#bi p#jie ,play+ c>ds & engrav+ on wood be> to ea* o!r a curi\s relation4 ,! introduction ( ! c>ds 9 ,europe 0 soon foll[$ by ! revival1 or z ,bibliophile ,jacob ( ,p>is *>act]izes x1 by ! inv5tion1 ( engrav+ on wood4 ,:atev] diff]5ces ( op9ion may exi/ z to :e!r ! art 0 reviv$ or inv5t$1 x is c]ta9 t play+ c>ds 7 ! means by :i* e>ly pr9t+ 0 made popul>4 ,c>ds 7 ! only k9d ( pr9t$ "w :i* promis$ to repay ! labor ( engrav+4 ,p :o c\ld nei!r read nor write1 & :o _h no desire to be taught ei!r accompli%m5t1 d]iv$ great pleasure f !m4 ,!re 0 no o!r k9d ( pr9t$ matt]1 n ev5 ! image pr9ts1 :i* f\nd s _m buy]s 9 e condition ( society4 ,! fix+ ( ! e>lie/ practice z a regul> bus9ess ( engrav+ on wood 9 ,europe dep5ds1 9 "s degree1 on ! fix+ ( ! date ( ! fir/ introduction ( play+ c>ds4 ,! det]m9ation ( ?is date has be5 made a national "q1 & ! !me ( books conta9+ mu* curi\s in=mation4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,engrav] on ,wood4 ,f ,jo/ ,amman4 ,ambrose ,firm9 ,didot#cj quotes a scrap ( poetry f a ,fr5* romance ( #acbh1 :i* alludes to ! folly ( games ( dice1 *eck]s & c>ds4 ,o!r ,fr5* writ]s ma9ta9 t play+ c>ds 7 9 use 9 ,france z e>ly z #acej4 p#jif ,bullet says t play+ c>ds 7 us$ 9 ,france 9 ! ye> #acgf4 ,b ! te/imony 9 confirmation ( ^! dates is ambigu\s & insuffici5t4 ,! fir/ unequivocal notice ( play+ c>ds 9 ,france is to be f\nd 9 an acc\nt book = ! ye> #acib1 kept by "o ,*>les ,p\p>t1 treasur] to ,*>les ,,vi4 ,9 ?is book is an entry to ?is effect3 8,paid to ,jacquem9 ,gr+onneur1 pa9t]1 = ?ree packs ( c>ds1 gild$1 color$1 & ornam5t$ ) v>i\s designs1 = ! amusem5t ( our "l ! k+1 #ef sols ( ,p>is40 ,! m9d ( ,*>les ,,vi _h be5 s]i\sly affect$ by sun/roke1 & ^! c>ds 7 provid$ = 8 lucid int]vals dur+ :i* he suff]$ f melan*oly4 ,we are n told h[ ^! c>ds 7 made--:e!r !y 7 fir/ drawn by h&1 or :e!r !y 7 pr9t$ f cut blocks be=e !y 7 pa9t$4 ,! price paid 0 n small3 fifty-six sols ( ,p>is 9 #acic w\ld be equival5t to "o hundr$ & fifty francs 9 #ahgd4 ,9 #aded1 a pack ( c>ds pur*as$ = ! ,dauph9 ( ,france co/ b five s\s ( ,t\rs1 ! equival5t ( twelve or ?irte5 francs ( mod]n ,fr5* money4#ca ,! diff]5ce 9 ^! prices is "s indication ( a *eap5$ manufacture4 ,! e>lie/ & mo/ conv9c+ evid5ce ( ! popul>ity ( play+ c>ds 9 ,p>is is conta9$ 9 an ord] ( ! provo/ ( t city1 "u ! date ( #acig1 9 :i* ord] he =bids work+ p f indulg+ 9 games ( t5nis1 b[ls1 dice1 c>ds1 or n9e-p9s on work+ days4 ,t ! game 0 !n comp>atively new is inf]r$ f ! omission ( play+ c>ds 9 an ord9ance ( ! city ( ,p>is1 = ! ye> #acfi1 9 :i* o!r popul> games 7 m9utely specifi$4 ,! ,cab9et ( ,pr9ts atta*$ to ! ,national ,libr>y at ,p>is conta9s sev5te5 c>ds :i* are suppos$ to be ! relics ( ! ?ree packs made = ,*>les ,,vi by ,gr+onneur2 b ^! c>ds 71 )\t d\bt1 drawn by h&4 ,?is cab9et has no pr9t$ c>ds :i* c be attribut$ to ! p#jig f\rte5? c5tury4 ,its olde/ relics ( ?is k9d are eighte5 pr9t$ c>ds :i* may h be5 made 9 ,france dur+ ! reign ( ,*>les ,,vii1 or betwe5 ! ye>s #addb & #adfa4cb ,play+ c>ds seem to h be5 popul> 9 ,spa9 be=e !y 7 kn[n 9 ,france4 ,!y 7 suppos$ to be s demoraliz+ to ! p1 t ,john ,i1 k+ ( ,ca/ile1 9 ! ye> #achg1 ?\ght x necess>y1 to prohibit !m entirely4 ,to h acquir$ ?is popul>ity1 ! c>ds %\ld h be5 made by "s process z economical z t ( pr9t+4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 no k t ! c>ds 7 pr9t$4 ,!y c\ld h be5 made by /5cils4 ,*atto says t ! relics ( play+ c>ds :i* he ?\ght 7 ! olde/ 7 made exclusively ) /5cils4 ,c>ds 7 kn[n 9 ,italy z e>ly z #acgi4 ,an old manuscript hi/ory ( ! t[n ( ,vit]bo1 :i* /ates ?is fact1 says t 8,9 ?is ye>1 a ye> ( great di/ress occasion$ by ! w> betwe5 ! anti-pope ,clem5t ,,vii & ! pope ,urban ,,vi1 0 br\ght into ,vit]bo1 ! game ( c>ds1 :i* came f ! l& ( ! ,s>ac5s1 & by !m is call$ ,naib40 p#jih ,_m ,g]man au?ors claim t play+ c>ds 7 9 common use ?r\gh\t ,g]many at a mu* e>li] p]iod4 ,breitkopf quotes ! foll[+ passage f a book call$ ! ,gold5 ,mirror1 said to h be5 writt5 ab\t ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury by a ,dom9ican fri> ( ! "n ( ,+old3 8,! game is "r deceitful1 &1 z ,i h read1 0 fir/ br\ght 9 ,g]many 9 ! ye> #acjj40cc ,ano!r writ] quotes an old *ronicle1 t describes ! emp]or ,rudolph z amus+ himself ) c>ds 9 ! old t[n ( ,augsburg at "s undef9$ "t be=e 8 dea? 9 #abia4 ,x _c be prov$ t ! c>ds "h m5tion$ 7 true play+ c>ds4 ,x is m probable t ! amusem5t notic$ 0 ! game ( k+ & que51 :i* 0 =bidd5 to ! cl]gy by ! synod ( ,worce/] 9 #abdj1 & :i* has sometimes be5 errone\sly und]/ood z a game ( c>ds4 ,! notices ( c>d-mak]s & c>d-pr9t]s 9 ! t[n books ( ,nuremb]g & ,augsburg %\ld be reg>d$ z ! e>lie/ records ( ! use ( play+ c>ds 9 ,g]many4#cd ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,play+ ,c>ds4 ,f ,breitkopf4 ,a review ( ! dates proves t play+ c>ds 7 n popul> 9 any "p ( ,europe be=e ! la/ qu>t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! ,italian record :i* attributes _! d]ivation to ! l& ( ! ,s>ac5s is fully corroborat$ by o!r te/imony ( au?ority4 ,/ud5ts ( ori5tal lit]ature assure u t ! ,s>ac5s 7 taught ! uses ( play+ c>ds by ! inhabitants ( ,h9do/an1 9 :i* c\ntry !y 7 inv5t$4#ce ,play+ c>ds 7 made 9 ,*9a f pr9t$ blocks long be=e ! game 0 kn[n 9 ,europe4 p#jii ,! introduction ( ?is ori5tal pa/ime 9 civiliz$ ,europe has be5 attribut$ to ! ,moors ( ,spa91 to ea/]n ,jews :o trad$ on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 to ,gypsies :o made _! appe>ance 9 ,g]many at ! beg9n+ p#ajj ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,:e!r !y 7 introduc$ by ,moor1 ,*ri/ian1 ,jew or ,gypsy is ( m9or importance4 ,x conc]ns u m to "k h[ !y 7 receiv$4 ,we h abundant evid5ce t ! c>ds suppli$ a univ]sal want1 & t !y soon became z popul> ) ! poor & ignorant z !y _h be5 ) ! ri* & noble4 ,:ile ! ,duke ( ,milan f\nd amusem5t1 z he did 9 #adae1 ) a suite ( c>ds elaborately pa9t$ by arti/s ( r5[n on plates ( ivory1 at a co/ ( fifte5 hundr$ cr[ns1 & :ile ,flemi% nobles 7 play+ at games ( haz>d ) c>ds engrav$ on silv] plates1 ! work+ p ( ,france & ,spa91 soldi]s 9 ,italy1 & travel+ me*anics 9 ,g]many 7 div]t+ !mselves 9 w9e-%ops & public g>d5s1 9 huts & by ! road-side1 ) simil> games1 play$ ) greasy c>ds :i* _h be5 pr9t$ or /5cil$ on co>se pap]4 ,! c>ds 7 adapt$ to all ta/es1 & !re 0 a fasc9ation 9 !m :i* made m5 neglectful ( duty4 ,! evil results ( ?is infatuation 7 soon p]ceiv$4 ,play+ c>ds 7 d5\nc$ n only by k+s & ! provo/s ( cities1 b by ! m zeal\s & consci5ti\s prie/s ( ! *ur*4 ,at ! synod ( ,langres held 9 #adjd1 ! fa!rs ( ! *ur* =bid all games ( play+ c>ds to ! cl]gy4 ,on ! fif? day ( ,may1 9 ! ye> #adbc1 ,/4 ,b]n>d ( ,si5na prea*$ aga9/ play+ c>ds f ! /eps ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,pet]1 ) su* effect1 t 8 he>]s ran to _! h\ses1 & br\ght !refrom all ! games ( haz>d t !y own$--c>ds1 dice & *eck]s--& burnt !m 9 ! public squ>e4 ,"o c>d-mak]1 :o felt t 8 bus9ess _h be5 ru9$ by ! s]mon1 w5t 9 te>s to ! sa9t1 & said1 8,fa!r1 ,i am a c>d mak]1 & "k no o!r trade4 ,y h =bidd5 me to make c>ds & h consequ5tly condemn$ me to die f />vation40 ,:]eupon ! ready prie/ said1 8,if y "k h[ to pa9t1 pa9t ?is image0--%[+ him ! figure ( ,*ri/1 ) ! monogram ,i4 ,h4 ,s4 9 ! c5tre ( a halo ( glory4 ,! c>d-mak]1 we are told1 foll[$ ! p#aja judici\s advice4 ,! prop] sequel is n want+3 virtue _h prop] rew>d2 ! conv]t$ image-mak] soon became ri*4 ,9 #adeb1 ! monk ,john ,capi/an prea*$ = ?ree h\rs 9 ,nuremb]g ) a simil> result4 ,! consci5ce-/rick5 p br\ght into ! m>ket-place 8#gf j\/+ sl$ges1 #c1fdj backgammon bo>ds1 #dj1jjj dice1 & c>ds innum]able10 & burnt !m 9 ! m>ket-place4 ,! attacks ( ! cl]gy _h no p]man5t effect4 ,at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 play+ c>ds 7 m popul> ?an ev]4 ,o!r games 7 inv5t$1 & new =ms ( c>ds ( qua9t] or ( m graceful patt]ns 7 produc$4 ,sometimes !y 7 engrav$ on copp] plates1 & 7 pa9t$ ) all ! delicacy ( f9e m9iatures4 ,despair+ ( success 9 _! attempts to entirely aboli% ! practice1 morali/s und]took to div]t c>ds f _! fir/ purpose1 & to make !m a means ( in/ruction z well z ( amusem5t4 ,( ?is "* is an old pack ( fifty c>ds engrav$ on copp] plates1 & suppos$ to be ! "w ( ,f9igu]ra1 :i* has be5 pres]v$ 9 an ,italian libr>y4 ,"o ( ! c>ds be>s ! pr9t$ date1 #adhe4 ,! pack is divid$ 9 five suites3 ! fir/ suite conta9s c>ds t repres5t1 by figures & words 9 ! ,v5etian dialect1 ! v>i\s conditions ( m5 f ! pope to ! begg>2 ! second suite conta9s ! names & figures ( ! n9e muses1 ) ,apollo add$ to make ! complem5t2 ! ?ird illu/rates bran*es ( polite le>n+ f gramm> to !ology2 ! f\r? exhibits c>d9al virtues1 l ju/ice & prud5ce2 ! fif?1 displays ! heav5ly bodies1 ! ,moon1 ,saturn1 ! />s1 ,*aos & ! ,fir/ ,cause4 ,?is game1 obvi\sly made up = ! b5efit ( "y collegians1 01 probably1 no m popul> ) !m ?an ! sci5tific /ory books ( #ahbj-cj 7 ) ! boys ( t p]iod4 ,! comb9ation ( ab/ruse sci5ces ) a frivol\s amusem5t may rightfully be consid]$ a problem ( despair4 ,! illu/ration on ! next leaf is ! r$uc$ fac-simile ( a suite ( tw5ty-two play+ c>ds1 int5d$1 app>5tly1 p#ajb to convey solemn religi\s tru?s 9 ! =m ( a game ( life & dea?4 ,we d n "k h[ ! game 0 play$3 we h to accept ! figures ^u ! c>ds z _! own explanation & comm5t>y4 ,9 ! figures ( ,jupit] & ( ! ,devil1 we see ! p[]s :i* %ape ! de/9ies ( m54 ,! ,:eel ( ,=tune is emblematic ( ! fate :i* assigns to "o man ! condition ( a ,h]mit1 & to ano!r t ( an ,emp]or4 ,! virtues ( ,temp]ance1 ,ju/ice & ,/r5g? :i* man opposes to ,fate1 ! frivolity ( ! ,fool1 ! happ9ess ( ! ,lov] 7if he c be happy :o is cajol$ by two wom571 & ! pride ( ! ,empress1 are all dom9at$ by ! c5tral c>d be>+ an image ( ! skeleton ,dea?--,dea? :i* prec$es ! ,la/ ,judgm5t & op5s to ! righte\s ! ,h\se ( ,god4 ,9 ^! c>ds we h a pictorial repres5tation ( sc5es f "o ( ! curi\s spectacle plays ( ! middle ages1 :i* 7 (t5 enact$ 9 ! op5 air to ! accompanim5ts ( dance & music4 ,! union ( fe>ful my/]ies ) ridicul\s accessories1 & ! gha/ly sugge/ion ( ! fate ( all m51 z %[n 9 ! c>d ( ,dea? ! reap]--^! 7 ! features :i* gave po9t & "* to ! s]ies ( /range c>toons popul> = _m c5turies 9 all p>ts ( civiliz$ ,europe "u ! title ( ! ,dance ( ,dea?4 ,?is 0 b "o ( ! _m innovations propos$ z sub/itutes = ! old] ori5tal games4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 play+ c>ds 7 made 9 ,italy ) figures :i* repres5t$ ! f\r great mon>*ies ( ! anci5t _w1 ) :i* a *ildi% game 0 play$ 9 imitation ( w> & conque/4 ,suitable m>ks on ! c>ds designat$ ! f\r diff]5t classes ( society2 he>ts 7 ! symbol ( ! cl]gy2 spades 7f ! ,italian spada1 a sword7 7 = ! nobility2 clubs /ood = ! peasantry2 & diamonds repres5t$ ! citiz5s or burgh]s4 ,illu/ration3 #a ,! ,juggl]4 #ab ,! ,hang$4 #b ,juno4 #ac ,dea?4 #c ,! ,empress4 #ad ,temp]ance4 #d ,! ,emp]or4 #ae ,! ,devil4 #e ,jupit]4 #af ,! ,h\se ( ,god4 #f ,! ,lov]s4 #ag ,! ,/>s4 #g ,! ,*>iot4 #ah ,! ,moon4 #h ,ju/ice4 #ai ,! ,sun4 #i ,! ,h]mit #bj ,! ,la/ ,judgm5t4 #aj ,! ,:eel ( ,=tune4 #ba ,! ,_w4 #aa ,/r5g?4 #bb ,! ,fool4 ,r$uc$ ,fac-,simile ( ,fr5* ,copp]-plate ,play+ ,c>ds ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,f ,breitkopf4 ,?omas ,murn]1 a pr(essor ( philosophy at ,crac[ 9 #aejg1 und]took to make use ( play+ c>ds = tea*+ high s*ola/ic sci5ce4 ,he publi%$ a book :i* he call$ p#ajd ,logical ,play+ ,c>ds1 or ,logic ,realiz$ & ,made ,compreh5sible ?r\gh ,pleasant ,ex]cises ) ,pictures4 ,! c>ds 7 fill$ ) my/]i\s symbols int5d$ z keys to ! entire art ( reason+4 ,! difficult sci5ce 0 adapt$ to ! meane/ capacity1 by pu]ile me?ods :i* subsequ5tly provok$ ! contempt ( ,erasmus4 ,ea* c>d _h "s p$antic "n l ,proposition1 ,pr$icate or ,syllogism4 ,c\ld !re be a m unattractive game8 ,em95t ,g]man arti/s--among !m ,m>t9 ,s*ongau] & ! ,ma/] ( #adff--und]took to supplant ! /iff & b>b>\s figures t _h be5 us$ on play+ c>ds1 ) designs ( m]it4 ,!y drew & engrav$ new face figures ( mo/ extraord9>y "*1 9 :i* satirical & poetic fancies 7 /rangely bl5d$4 ,! amor\sness ( ! monks & ! coquetry ( ! ladies1 ! qu>rels ( t]magants among ! peasantry1 ! rev5ge ( h>es :o are roa/+ _! enemy man & 8 fri5d ! dog1 are ! subjects ( "s c>ds4 ,on o!r ,g]man c>ds ( ?is p]iod are repres5t$1 9 />tl+ contra/1 ! sweet & sa9tly faces ( pure wom51 h]oic m5 rid+ 9 triumph1 & fil?y s[s ) _! litt]s4 ,jo/ ,amman#cf design$1 & p]haps engrav$1 a full pack ( c>ds :i* 0 publi%$ 9 book =m ) explanatory v]ses 9 ,lat9 & ,g]man4 ,reject+ ! e/abli%$ =ms ( he>ts1 clubs1 spades & diamonds = ! designation ( ! suites1 he sub/itut$ books1 pr9t]s' ink+ balls1 w9e pots & dr9k+ cups4 ,! moral t he endeavor$ to inculcate 0 ! advantages ( indu/ry & le>n+ ov] idl5ess & drunk5ness4 ,b ! int5d$ moral is n z cle> z x %\ld be4 ,"s ( ! figures are exce$+ly gross1 al?\gh !y are drawn ) admirable skill & _s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fr5* ,c>d ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,f ,lacroix4 ,illu/ration3 ,g]man ,c>d ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,f ,lacroix4 ,illu/ration3 ,g]man ,c>d ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,f ,lacroix4 ,illu/ration3 ,g]man ,c>d ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,f ,breitkopf4 ,^! innovations _h b a transi5t popul>ity4 ,! p play$ c>ds1 n = in/ruction 9 art1 sci5ce or p#ajf morality1 b = amusem5t1 & !y w\ld n suff] ! games to be div]t$ f _! fir/ purpose ( ! pleasure ( haz>d4 ,! old games & ! old figures 7 deeply root$ 9 _! memories & habits4 ,!y w\ld h no *anges1 & !re h be5 none ( any importance4 ,! h>d conv5tional figures ( k+1 que5 & jack :i* are to be f\nd on ! olde/ play+ c>ds h be5 repeat$ almo/ )\t alt]ation 9 ! popul> c>ds ( e succe$+ c5tury4 ,we c readily und]/& ! reasons :y ! s*ola/ic & sci5tific games 7 reject$1 b x w\ld be difficult to acc\nt = ! pref]5ce always manife/$ = co>se outl9es & clumsy draw+ 9 ! figures4 ,al?\gh play+ c>ds l$ to gambl+1 & to =ms ( dissipation :i* requir$ re/ra9t1#cg _! g5]al use 0 n an unmix$ evil4 ,to ! common p1 !y 7 a means ( education2 a circuit\s & a dang]\s means1 no d\bt1 b n ! less effectual4 ,! m$ieval *url ^: ignorance 0 s d5se t he fail$ to see ! advantages ( education1 & :o w\ld h refus$ to le>n 8 lett]s by any p]suasion1 did p]ceive t !re 0 amusem5t 9 play+ c>ds1 & did take ! tr\ble to le>n ! games4 ,) him1 z ) little *ildr51 ! c\rse ( in/ruction began ) bright-color$ little pictures & ! explanation ( hidd5 mean+s 9 absurd-look+ little spots or symbols4 ,9 ! play+ ( ! game1 8 dull m9d 0 tra9$ to a new & a fre] ex]cise ( 8 reason+ faculties1 & he mu/ h be5 inspir$ ) m ( respect = ! dimly se5 utility ( pa9t$ or pr9t$ symbols4 ,to ! multitude ( e>ly c>d play]s1 c>ds 7 ( no o!r & no great] b5efit z a means ( m5tal discipl9e4 ,to m5 ( ?\ght & purpose1 !y taught a m impressive lesson ( ! value ( pap] & lett]s4 ,!y induc$ inquiries t l$ p#ajg to important resolves4 ,if a few arbitr>ily arrang$ signs on bits ( pap] c\ld greatly amuse a p>ty ( fri5ds dur+ a long ev5+1 w\ld n ! lett]s ( ! alphabet z !y 7 comb9$ 9 books1 furni% a /ill great] & an unfail+ s\rce ( amusem5t8 ,! meagre notices ( c>d-mak]s & c>d-pa9t]s 9 old t[n-books ( ,g]many & 9 ! decree ( ,v5ice d n tell u :e!r c>ds 7 made be=e or aft] image pr9ts4 ,^? :o h writt5 mo/ le>n$ly on ?is subject1#ch tell u t ! c>ds 7 made be=e ! images2 t at fir/ !y 7 drawn & pa9t$ by h&2 t !y 7 aft]w>d color$ by /5cils2 t :5 ?is me?od 0 f\nd too sl[1 blocks 7 engrav$ & pr9t$2 & t ! image pr9ts 7 subsequ5tly introduc$ = ! purpose ( c\nt]act+ ! evil influ5ces ( c>ds4 ,^! propositions are +5i\s1 b x mu/ be confess$ t we h no c]ta9 k t ! improvem5t 0 made 9 ?is ord]4 ,?is !ory ( gradual developm5t is bas$ on conjecture1 & its be/ support is d]iv$ f a consid]ation ( ! fact t c>ds 7 9 common use be=e we h any indications ( ! exi/5ce ( image pr9ts4 ,t ! c>ds %\ld h be5 made by engrav+ be=e ! images seems reasonable :5 we consid] t ! workman%ip ( ! c>ds 0 ( a mu* rud] nature4 ,! exp]im5t+ amateur :o knew t he 0 unable to cut a block l t ( ! ,/4 ,*ri/oph]1 w\ld readily und]take to engrave ! spots & face figures ( ! e>li] c>ds4 ,breitkopf1 an exp]t type-f\nd] & a writ] ( au?ority1 /&s almo/ alone 9 8 op9ion t play+ c>ds 7 p#ajh made aft] ! image pr9ts4 ,he says t ! engrav]s :o made c>ds also made images1 & he adds ! curi\s fact t 9 "s places c>ds & images 7 call$ by ! same "n4#ci ,! curt & c>eless mann] 9 :i* ! bus9ess ( c>d-mak+ is m5tion$ 9 ! old records is an indication t ! process us$ 0 n novel4 ,we d n f9d 9 ! writ+s ( any au?or ( ! fifte5? or sixte5? c5turies a /atem5t t ! e>lie/ play+ c>ds 7 made by a new art4 ,t !y 7 made by block-pr9t+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury 9 ,italy & ,g]many seems cle>ly e/abli%$4 ,t !y 7 made at a correspond+ p]iod 9 ,spa9 & ,france1 :]e c>ds 7 z common1 _c be prov$4 ,x is probable t ! ,g]mans d]iv$ _! k ( c>ds f ,italy1 b ! evid5ces ( an e>ly manufacture by pr9t+ are decid$ly 9 favor ( s\!rn ,g]many1 a di/rict 9 :i* ! mo/ fam\s image pr9ts h be5 f\nd1 & :i*1 at a lat] p]iod1 0 ! bir?place ( _m em95t engrav]s on wood4 p#aji ,,vi ,! ,*9ese ,me?od ( ,pr9t+4 ,antiquity ( ,pr9t+ among ! ,*9ese 4 4 4 ,/atem5t ( ,du ,halde 4 4 4 ,its ,p]v]sion 4 4 4 ,fir/ ,*9ese ,me?od1 ! ,g\g+ ( ,lett]s 4 4 4 ,didot's ,hypo!sis 4 4 4 ,second ,me?od1 ( ,xylography 4 4 4 ,?ird ,me?od1 a ,comb9ation ( ,xylography & ,typography 4 4 4 ,a ,peculi>ly ,*9ese ,inv5tion 4 4 4 ,me?od n[ us$ 4 4 4 ,its ,advantages ov] ,types 4 4 4 ,*9ese ,pap] 4 4 4 ,p]=mance ( ,pressm5 4 4 4 ,curi\s ,me?od ( ,b9d+ 4 4 4 ,exp5se ( ,engrav+ no h9drance to ,*9ese ,pr9t+ 4 4 4 ,! ,xylographic ,me?od necess>y 4 4 4 ,*9ese ,practice 9 ,typography 4 4 4 ,*eapness ( ,*9ese ,books 4 4 4 ,simil>ity betwe5 ! ,*9ese & ! ,european ,me?ods ( ,block-,pr9t+ 4 4 4 ,! ,hypo!sis ( its ,transmission to ,europe ?r\gh ,m>co ,polo1 or o!r ,v5etian ,travel]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 bo? arts1 writ+ & pr9t+ alike1 ! ,*9ese h rema9$ /iff1 /olid1 & immovable at ! fir/ /ep1 ,) ! *>act]i/ic un*angeability ( ! yell[ races ( ,ea/]n ,asia4 ,d4 ,f4 ,bacon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,_m em95t au?ors are ( ! op9ion t we are indebt$ to ,*9a n only = play+ c>ds1 b = ! means ( mak+ !m4 ,!y tell u t play+ c>ds c\ld n h be5 popul>1 z !y 7 at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 if !y _h n be5 made by a *eap] process ?an draw+ by h&4 ,! inf]5ce attempt$ is t block-pr9t+ & play+ c>ds 7 br\ght to ,europe toge!r4 ,! reasons pres5t$ 9 support ( ?is op9ion are f> f conclusive1 b !y are bas$ on _m curi\s facts :i* des]ve consid]ation4 ,! ,*9ese claims = priority 9 ! practice ( block pr9t+ h be5 disall[$ by "s critics1 *iefly because !y h be5 pres5t$ 9 ! =m ( p]v]t$ translations4 ,t ori5tal p practis$ pr9t+ be=e ?is art 0 appli$ to any useful purpose 9 ,europe is admitt$ by all :o h /udi$ _! hi/ory4 ,du ,halde1 a le>n$ ,jesuit fa!r1 :o travel$ 9 ,*9a dur+ ! e>li] "p ( ! p#aaj eighte5? c5tury1 0 ! fir/ au?or :o furni%$ ,europeans ) a description ( ,*9ese pr9t+4 ,he quotes ! foll[+ extract f a ,*9ese book1 suppos$ to h be5 writt5 9 ! reign ( ! emp]or ,wu-,wong1 :o 0 liv+ #aabj ,b4 ,c4 8,z ! /one me 7,*9ese = black+71 :i* is us$ to black5 ! engrav$ *>act]s1 c nev] become :ite1 s a he>t black5$ by vices w always reta9 its blackness40#dj ,?is is an allusion to "s primitive me?od ( black5+ incis$ *>act]s1 = ! purpose ( mak+ !m m legible4 ,x is a me?od :i* is /ill obs]v$ 9 ! inscriptions on memorial /ones 9 *ur*es & gravey>ds4 ,b x is an allusion to engrav+ & black5+ only4 ,!re is no m5tion ( pr9t+ ink1 & no sugge/ion ( pr9t+4 ,du ,halde quot$ x only to %[ ! antiquity ( engrav+1 yet x has be5 us$ by _m au?ors z a w>rant = ! ass]tion t pr9t+ 0 practis$ 9 ,*9a elev5 hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,if we c\ld accept ?is /atem5t1 we %\ld h to believe t pr9t+ 0 inv5t$ 9 ,*9a b a few ye>s aft] ! siege ( ,troy1 be=e ,rome 0 f\nd$1 be=e ,hom] wrote & ,solomon reign$4 ,du ,halde's words d n w>rant ?is /atem5t4 ,he says1 ) due caution1 8,9 pr9t+1 x seeme? t ,*9a ought to h ! prec$5ce ( o!r nations1 =1 accord+ to _! books1 ! ,*9ese h made use ( ?is art = sixte5 hundr$ ye>s10 or s9ce ! fir/ c5tury4 ,! practice ( black5+ *>act]s 0 n pr9t+1 b x may h l$ to its developm5t4 ,du ,halde says t ! ,*9ese pr9t$ n only on wood blocks1 b on tables ( 8/one ( a prop] & p>ticul> k9d40 ,! writ+ or design to be pr9t$1 :ile x 0 /ill wet ) ink1 0 transf]r$ by pressure f ! pap] ^u :i* x 0 writt5 to ! smoo? surface ( a slab ( /one4 ,:5 ! p#aaa black l9es ( ! writ+ or design 7 firmly set on ! /one1 ! pap] 0 peel$ (f4 ,! black transf]r$ l9es 7 !n cut out1 or cut bel[ ! surface1 z !y are n[ done 9 ! copp]-plate process4 ,! surface 0 ink$1 pap] 0 laid on ! /one1 & an impression 0 tak54 ,! result 01 ! appe>ance on ! pap] ( ! writ+ or design 9 :ite on a field ( solid black4 ,?is me?od ( cutt+ out ! l9es1 s t !y %\ld appe> :ite 9 ! pr9t$ impression1 is ! simple/ =m ( engrav+4 ,x is l t ( ! boy :o cuts 8 "n 9 ! b>k ( a tree4 ,he f9ds x easi] to g\ge out ! lett]s ?an x is to raise !m 9 high relief4 ,reason+ f probability1 we %\ld say t x %\ld h be5 ! e>lie/ ( ! me?ods4 ,didot believes t x 0 kn[n to ! old ,romans4#da ,du ,halde says t ?is me?od ( pr9t+ on /one 0 us$ *iefly = 8epitaphs1 pictures1 trees1 m\nta9s & su* l ?+s40 ,he does n fix ! date ( its inv5tion1 b x 0 probably ! e>li] me?od4 ,didot says t he _h 9 8 p#aab libr>y ! portraits ( f\r ,*9ese emp]ors ( a dyna/y :i* began ,a4 ,d4 #fah1 & end$ dur+ ! n9? c5tury1 & also "s fac-similes ( ! imp]ial writ+s1 :i* 7 made by ! same process4#db ,sir ,john ,francis ,davis1 = _m ye>s ,briti% ,m9i/] to ,*9a1 & au?or ( two valuable books on t c\ntry1 places ! inv5tion ( block-pr9t+ 9 ,*9a 9 ! t5? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,he attributes ! discov]y ( ! art to ,foong-,ta\1 ! ,*9ese m9i/] ( /ate1 :o _h be5 greatly h9d]$ 9 ! dis*>ge ( 8 duties by 8 inability to procure exact copies ( 8 writ+s4 ,aft] _m trials & failures1 he damp5$ a writt5 %eet ( pap]1 & press$ x on a smoo? surface ( wood until he _h produc$ a fair transf]4 ,he !n cut away e "p ( ! surface t did n %[ ! transf]r$ l9es1 & ?us produc$ a block 9 relief4 ,! l9es 9 relief 7 next bru%$ ) ink2 a %eet ( pap] 0 laid on ! block1 & impression 0 appli$4 ,! result 01 a true fac-simile ( 8 writ+1 & ! bir? ( block-pr9t+4 ,!re 0 ano!r ,*9ese me?od1 :i*1 p>adoxical z x may seem1 0 a comb9ation ( xylography & typography4 ,x 0 inv5t$ ,a4 ,d4 #ajda1 by an +5i\s ,*9ese blacksmi?1 nam$ ,pi-,*+1 ^: process is ?us describ$ by ,davis4 ,! inv5tor fir/ made a ?ick pa/e ( porcela9 clay1 & m\ld$ or cut x 9 little oblong cubes ( prop] size4 ,on ^! cubes he c>v$ ! ,*9ese *>act]s t 7 mo/ frequ5tly us$1 !reby mak+ movable types4 ,! next process 0 to bake !m 9 an ov5 until !y 7 h>d5$4 ,b ! types s made 7 irregul> z to height & z to body4 ,9 pr9t]s' phrase1 !y w\ld n /& toge!r3 "s w\ld be l>g] ?an ! /&>d1 o!rs w\ld be too high to pap]1 & all w\ld be crook$4 ,?is difficulty c\ld be rem$i$ only by fix+ ! types firmly on a surface or b$-plate ( unequal elevation4 ,?is surface 0 =m$ by p\r+ a melt$ mixture ( wax1 lime & p#aac res9 on a plate ( iron4 ,pi-,*+ !n took a /\t frame ( ! size ( ! page he propos$ to pr9t1 fill$ ) iron wires 9 n>r[ p>allels1 & plac$ x on ! prep>$ b$-plate4 ,! types ( clay 7 next =c$ betwe5 ! iron wires on ! mixture1 & press$ close toge!r4 ,!n ! plate 0 put on a furnace & heat$ until ! composition became s(t4 ,a plan] 0 put ^u ! face ( ! types1 to =ce !m d[n 9 ! composition until !y 7 firmly secur$ at a uni=m height4 ,s treat$1 ! compos$ types 7 made z solid z a xylographic block or a /]eotype plate4 ,! =m 0 !n ready = pr9t+4 ,! me?od ( pr9t+ 0 l t subsequ5tly us$ = pr9t+ blocks engrav$ on wood1 a me?od t w be describ$ h]eaft]4 ,:5 ! =m _h be5 pr9t$1 heat 0 aga9 appli$2 ! types 7 )drawn f ! composition1 clean$ ( ink & adh]+ composition by ! aid ( a bru%1 & put back into a case = future use4 ,signs & unusual *>act]s n 9 con/ant use 7 wrapp$ up 9 pap]4 ,!re is no?+ incr$ible 9 ?is curi\s /ory3 on ! contr>y1 x be>s int]nal evid5ces ( its probability4 ,! selection1 = pr9t+ purposes1 ( s unpromis+ a mat]ial z clay1 ! pati5t labor giv5 to ea* "* be=e x rea*$ ! condition ( a type1 ! sagacity t =esaw & evad$ ! difficulty ( irregul> bodies & heights by ! use ( iron p>allels1 & a yield+ b$-plate--all ^! are *>act]i/ic ( ! ecc5tricities ( ,*9ese inv5tion4 ,! process 0 +5i\s1 b x 0 n entirely practical4 ,x dep5d$ = its success m on ! zeal & ability ( ,pi-,*+ ?an x did on its own m]its4 ,:5 ,pi-,*+ di$1 8 process di$ ) him4 ,8 fri5ds pres]v$ 8 types z mem5tos ( 8 ability1 b none ( !m 7 able to use 8 me?od ) success4 ,! pres5t ,*9ese me?od is1 practically1 ! me?od orig9ally us$ by ,foong-,ta\4 ,= ! purpose ( block-pr9t+1 ,*9ese pr9t]s select ! wood ( ! pe>-tree1 :i* has close fibres t yield readily & %>ply to ! p#aad t\* ( ! grav]4 ,contr>y to we/]n usage1 ! blocks are cut f wood saw$ 9 bo>ds1 or saw$ p>allel ) ! fibres4 ,! ?ickness ( ! bo>ds or blocks is ab\t a half-in*1 b1 9 ! ,*9ese me?od1 x is n important t ! blocks be made ( uni=m ?ickness4#dc ,ea* block is cut l>ge en\gh to conta9 two pages1 & is c>efully plan$ & truly squ>$4 ,! surface is !n siz$ ) a ?ick solution ( boil$ rice1 :i* saturates ! pores ( ! wood4 ,:5 ! siz+ is h>d1 ! block is ready = ! engrav]4 ,! writ+ or design to be engrav$ is neatly drawn or writt5 on ?91 /rong1 transp>5t pap]1 & is transf]r$1 face d[nw>d1 to ! surface ( ! block4 ,! rubb+ ( ! back ( ! pap] p]man5tly transf]s ! writ+ 9 its inv]t$ position to ! block4 ,! engrav] !n cuts away ! field1 leav+ ! transf]r$ l9es 9 high relief4 ,if ! grav] slips & spoils a lett]1 ! defective "p is cut out2 ! vacant space is plugg$ ) new wood1 on :i* plug ! lett] is r$rawn & cut4 ,labor is *eap1 & skill is abundant3 ! cutt+ ( a block ( ,*9ese *>act]s :i* conveys z _m ideas z a page ( l>ge ,roman book types co/s no m1 (t5 less1 ?an ! composition ( ! types4 ,! block has advantages ov] metal types or /]eotypes4 ,x is1 practically1 a /]eotype3 correct to copy1 x ne$s no pro(-read+2 light1 portable1 & n s liable to damage z ! /]eotype1 x c be us$ = pr9t+ copies z !y are ne$$ f "t to "t4 ,= pr9t+ ! block1 a press is n ne$$4 ,! block is adju/$ ^u a level table1 be=e :i* ! pr9t] /&s1 ) a b[l ( fluid ink on "o side1 & a pile ( pap]1 cut to prop] size1 on ! o!r4 ,9 8 "r h& ! pr9t] holds two flat-fac$ bru%es1 fix$ on ! opposite ends ( ! same h&le4 ,"o bru% is occasionally dipp$ into ! ink1 p#aae & aft]w>d swept ov] ! face ( ! block4 ,?is done1 ! pr9t] places a %eet on ! block2 he !n rev]ses ! position ( ! wet bru%1 & sweeps ! pap] lightly1 b firmly1 ) ! dry bru% at ! o!r end ( ! h&le4 ,?is light impression ( ! bru% is all t is ne$$ to fa/5 ! ink on ! pap]4 ,! success ( ?is op]ation dep5ds l>gely on ! quality ( ! pap]1 :i* is s(t1 ?91 pliable1 & a quick absorb5t ( fluid ink4#dd ,if ,am]ican book pap]s 7 sub/itut$ = ,*9ese pap]1 ! process ( pr9t+ by ! bru% & ) fluid ink w\ld be f\nd impracticable3 ! %eet w\ld n adh]e to ! block2 ! ink w\ld sme> on ! pap]2 ! bru% w\ld n give en\gh pressure to transf] ! ink4 ,*9ese presswork is done ) rapidity4 ,du ,halde said t a pr9t] c\ld p]fect1 )\t ex]tion1 t5 ?\s& %eets )9 "o day4 ,z ?is p]=mance1 ab\t ?irte5 impressions 9 a m9ute1 = a work+ day ( twelve h\rs1 is really great] ?an t ( ord9>y book-pr9t+ ma*9es 9 mod]n pr9t+ (fices1 ?is "p ( ! description ( ,du ,halde may be reject$ z entirely untru/wor?y4 ,we mu/ believe t ! good fa!r did n c\nt ! "w1 & t 8 cr$ulity 0 impos$ ^u by "s ,*9ese bragg>t4 ,davis1 ) m reason1 says t ! usual p]=mance ( ! ,*9ese pr9t] is two ?\s& %eets p] day1 :i* is ab\t "o-f\r? m ?an ! daily task ( an ,am]ican h&-pressman4 ,! simple nature ( ! "w favors spe$4 ,! %eets are pr9t$ on "o side only1 & ! pr9t] is n delay$ by ! sett+-(f1 or sme>+ ( ! ink1 on ! back ( ! :ite pap]4 ,al?\gh ! ,*9ese book is pr9t$ on pap] ( ! size ( two leaves1 9 pairs ( two pages1 x is n /it*$ ?r\gh ! back or c5tre ( ! d\ble leaf4 ,! pap] is fold$ betwe5 ! pages1 & ! fold is made ! out] edge ( ! book2 ! cut edges are ! back ( ! book1 p#aaf ?r\gh :i* ! /it*+ is done4 ,clumsy z ?is me?od ( b9d+ may seem to our /&>ds ( propriety1 x is done 9 ,*9a ) a neatness & ?or\ghness :i* are almo/ beyond criticism4#de ,! labor ( engrav+ sep>ate blocks = e "w1 :i* w\ld be reg>d$ z an insup]able difficulty 9 ! ,we/]n ,_w1 is e/eem$ b lightly by ! pati5t & plodd+ ,*9ese1 & is no h9drance to a v broad developm5t ( pr9t+4 ,a daily newspap]1 kn[n to ,european resid5ts z ! ,pek+ ,gazette1 has be5 pr9t$ 9 ,pek+ = c5turies4 ,?is pap]1 :i* is made up *iefly ( ! ord]s ( ! emp]or & ! proce$+s & pap]s ( 8 g5]al c\ncil1 is pr9t$ f a composition ( h>d wax1 :i* c be m quickly engrav$ or ind5t$ ?an wood4 ,! presswork1 z might be expect$1 is inf]ior to t done f engrav$ wood5 blocks4 ,! co/1 9 ,*9a1 ( engrav+ a full page1 ab\t twice ! size ( ! fac-simile opposite1 w\ld be ab\t =ty-five c5ts2 a c>eful imitation ( ! same page by a compet5t engrav] on wood 9 ,new-,york w\ld co/ ab\t ?irty-five doll>s4 ,adh]5ce to old usages1 9 neglect ( improv$ me?ods1 is a true ori5tal trait1 b ! pref]5ce ( ! ,*9ese = block-pr9t+ is n altoge!r unreasonable4 ,_! writt5 language is an almo/ insurm\ntable ob/acle to ! employm5t ( types4 ,*9ese *>act]s d n /& = lett]s or s\nds2 !y repres5t complete words or ideas4 ,z _! vocabul>y conta9s a great _m ( ^! words1 e/imat$ by "s at #hj1jjj1 & by o!rs at #bdj1jjj1 x is impracticable1 by reason ( its exp5se1 to cut pun*es = all ^! *>act]s4 ,european type-f\nd]s1 at v>i\s times1 h made up an assortm5t ( ,*9ese *>act]s = pr9t+ ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & = o!r books requir+ a limit$ p#aag numb] ( words1 b a complete collection has nev] be5 attempt$ beyond ! ,*9ese ,empire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fac-,simile ( "p ( a ,page f a ,*9ese ,book4 ,illu/ration3 ,*9ese ,types ,made 9 ,london4 ,furni%$ by ,mr4 ,john ,f4 ,m>!ns ( ,pittsburgh4 ,! type-f\ndry atta*$ to ! ,national ,pr9t+ ,(fice at ,p>is1 :i* f\nd$ types = #dc1jjj di/9ct *>act]s1 has1 probably1 rea*$ ! highe/ practicable numb]2 b ?is p]=mance 0 accompli%$ only by repeat$ alt]ations ( pun*es & matrices4 ,! pun*es 7 cut on wood1 & press$ 9 prep>$ pla/]4 ,! matrices s made 7 brok5 :5 a suffici5t quantity ( types _h be5 ca/ f !m4 ,by %ort5+ or cutt+ (f a l9e or l9es1 ! old pun*es 7 alt]$ to =m new *>act]s4 ,! matrices1 also1 aft] !y _h receiv$ ! pr9ts ( ^! pun*es1 7 sometimes alt]$ by ! p#aah sep>ate pr9ts ( dots1 l9es1 or angles1 :i* gave !m a diff]5t mean+4 ,! imp]fection ( ! process is obvi\s1 = x requir$ ! de/ruction ( _m matrices & pun*es4 ,! difficulties 9 ! way ( us+ types1 if !y c\ld be made ) advantage1 are too great to be ov]look$3 !y c\ld n be classifi$ nor h&l$ ) economy4 ,! ,am]ican compositor picks types f cases ) boxes = #aeb *>act]s1 & cov]+ an area ( #ajhh squ>e in*es2 b exp]ts 9 type-sett+ say t ! ,am]ican case is too l>ge1 & t ! spe$ ( ! compositor w\ld be mu* increas$ by r$uc+ ! area ( ! case4 ,! p]=mance ( ! compositor decreases ) an increase 9 ! size ( case & 9 ! numb] ( *>act]s4 ,to provide = #hj1jjj ,*9ese *>act]s1 cases cov]+ an area ( #eej1jjj squ>e in*es w\ld be requir$4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,*9ese compositor w\ld ne$ ! room occupi$ by five hundr$ cases2 he w\ld unavoidably wa/e ! l>ge/ portion ( 8 "t walk+ ?r\gh alleys 9 se>* ( types1 & va9ly try+ to recollect ! places :]e he _h di/ribut$ !m4 ,! ,*9ese are n entirely ins5sible to ! advantages ( ,european typography4 ,!re is a /ory curr5t 9 books on pr9t+1 t ,jesuit mission>ies1 dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ca/ #bej1jjj ,*9ese *>act]s 9 ! =m ( movable types4#df ,"h is an obvi\s error3 if we consid] ! "w done aft]w>d ) ^! types1 ! quantity /at$ is altoge!r too small = ! types & too l>ge = ! pun*es4 ,x is fur!r said t ! ,jesuit mission>ies1 ) ! p]mission ( ! reign+ emp]or1 p#aai pr9t$ a collection ( anci5t & /&>d works 9 six ?\s& octavo volumes4 ,( ?is edition1 !re are n[ 9 ,p>is1 ! ,hi/ory ( ,music 9 sixty volumes1 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,*9ese ,language 9 eighty volumes1 & ! ,hi/ory ( ,=eign ,peoples 9 sev5ty-five volumes4#dg ,a pr9t+ (fice1 9 :i* movable types ( ca/ metal are us$1 has be5 9 op]ation 9 ,pek+ s9ce ! ye> #aggf4 ,! types ( ?is (fice are ( home manufacture1 made f pun*es ( h>d wood & matrices ( bak$ porcela94 ,!re may be o!r in/ances ( an occasional use ( types = special purposes1 b !y are exceptions to ! g5]al practice4 ,ev] s9ce _! inv5tion ( ! art1 ! l>ge/ "p ( ,*9ese pr9t$ "w has be5 done1 z x is n[ done1 by xylography4 ,s long z !y cont9ue to use ^! peculi> *>act]s1 ?is simple me?od ( pr9t+ mu/ be pref]r$ = its great *eapness & simplicity4 ,we may smile at ! clums9ess ( ! me?od1 b we %\ld n ov]look ! fact t x is effici5t4 8,e "o10 ,du ,halde says1 8ha? ! lib]ty to pr9t :at he please?1 )\t ! sup]vis+1 c5sure or lic5ce ( any "o1 & ) s small *>ge1 t = e hundr$ lett]s p]fectly engrav$ 9 ! mann] above said1 !y pay f\r p5ce half-p5ny1 yet e lett] consi/s ( _m /rokes40 ,9 no c\ntry are books s *eap & s abundant z !y are 9 ,*9a4 ,! ,am]ican book or pamphlet 9 pap] cov]1 sometimes sold = sev5ty-five c5ts1 m frequ5tly = "o doll>1 seems ( exorbitantly high price :5 contra/$ ) a ,*9ese book ( simil> size1 :i* c be _h 9 ,*9a = ! equival5t ( eight or t5 c5ts4 ,if ! ,*9ese h n d]iv$ great b5efits f pr9t+1 x is obvi\s t _! failure has n be5 produc$ by ! high price ( pr9t$ "w4 ,!re are _m po9ts ( simil>ity betwe5 ! ,*9ese me?od ( pr9t+ & ! e>ly ,european practice ( ! art4 ,! prelim9>y writ+ or draw+ 9 ink ( a design on pap]2 ! transf] ( l9es f ! pap] ^u ! wood1 p#abj & ! cutt+ away ( ! field2 ! use ( a fluid writ+ ink2 ! fa%ion ( pr9t+ ^u "o side only ( ! %eet3 ^! 7 features 9 use by bo? peoples4 ,if we _h a m ?or\gh k ( ! processes ( ! e>ly ,european engrav]s on wood1 o!r po9ts ( simil>ity might be f\nd4 ,^! resemblances seem /ill m significant :5 !y are consid]$ ) ! fact t play+ c>ds1 suppos$ to be ( ori5tal orig91 7 among ! e>lie/ productions ( ,european engrav]s on wood4 ,!y h be5 reg>d$ z a suffici5t w>rant = ! hypo!sis t our k ( engrav+ on wood mu/ h be5 tak5 f ,*9a4 ,x is ! belief ( _m t block-pr9t+ 0 introduc$ 9 ,europe by ,v5etian travel]s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :o _h acquir$ a full k ( all ! details ( pr9t+ ?r\gh long resid5ce 9 ,*9a4 ,?is is a speci\s proposition1 b x w n be> close exam9ation4 ,v5ice took ! lead ( all ,european cities 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( comm]cial int]c\rse ) ,*9a4 ,v5etian m]*ants1 9 #aahi1 occupi$ an allott$ /reet 9 ,con/ant9ople1 f :i* port !y s5t vessels ?r\gh ! ,black ,sea1 ) bales ( m]*&ise1 :i* accompany+ ag5ts introduc$ into ,?ibet1 ,t>t>y & ,*9a4 ,to promote ?is traffic1 ,v5ice s5t to ! c\rts ( ! ,ea/]n pot5tates "s ( h] mo/ reputable citiz5s z diplomatic & comm]cial ag5ts4 ,m>co ,polo1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ^! embassadors1 resid$ m ?an tw5ty ye>s 9 ! great empire ( ,ca?ay1 or ,*9a1 9 high favor ) ! emp]or1 & provid$ ) e facility = acquir+ a k ( ! arts & indu/ry ( ! c\ntry4 ,soon aft] 8 return to ,v5ice1 9 #abie1 he dictat$ a n>rative ( 8 travels1 b 8 /atem5ts 7 receiv$ ) g5]al disbelief1 & !y h usually be5 consid]$ z extravagant & improbable4 ,( late ye>s1 ! travels ( ,m>co ,polo h be5 def5d$ z sub/antially tru?ful1 b 8 mo/ zeal\s def5d]s h to confess t he 0 rem>kably cr$ul\s4 ,x is a notewor?y circum/ance t he does n describe pr9t+ or p#aba pr9t$ books1 al?\gh he does m5tion ! pap] money ( ,*9a1 =mally /amp$ 9 r$ ink ) ! imp]ial seal4 ,?is pap] money mu/ h be5 pr9t$1 b he does n say any?+ ab\t ! pr9t+4#dh ,! comm]cial relations betwe5 ,v5ice & ,*9a 7 cont9u$ _m ye>s1 & x is possible t o!r travel]s may h acquir$ "s k ( ! peculi>ities ( ,*9ese pr9t+1 & may h communicat$ ?is k2 b x 0 a communication ( details only1 & n ( ! pr9ciple ( pr9t+4 ,pr9t+ c\ld n h be5 a novelty1 = we h _m evid5ces t x 0 practis$ 9 ,italy be=e ,m>co ,polo 0 born4 ,! me*anics ( ,europe _h no?+ to le>n ( ! !ory1 & b little ( ! practice1 ( ! art ( xylography4 ,all !y ne$$ 0 some?+ to pr9t1 & some?+ to pr9t on4 ,!y 7 wait+ = pap] & = play+ c>ds4 p#abb ,,vii ,! ,e>ly ,pr9t+ ( ,italy4 ,pr9t+ ) ,ink 9 ,italy dur+ ! ,twelf? ,c5tury 4 4 4 ,pr9t$ ,initials 9 ,manuscripts 4 4 4 ,pr9t$ ,signatures & ,monograms1 ) ,illu/rations 4 4 4 ,m$ieval ,trade-,m>ks1 ) ,illu/rations 4 4 4 ,engrav$ ,initials probably made by ,copyi/s :o c\ld n draw 4 4 4 ,texts ( ,books pr9t$ f ,engrav$ ,lett]s 4 4 4 ,! ,codex ,arg5teus ( ,sw$5 4 4 4 ,weigel's ,fac-,similes ( ,pr9t+ on ,silk & ,l95 ,clo? 4 4 4 ,probable ,me?od ( ,pr9t+ 4 4 4 ,pr9t$ ,fabrics made 9 ,spa91 ,sicily & ,italy 4 4 4 ,art n d]iv$ f ,*9a 4 4 4 ,antiquity ( ,/a9$ ,clo?s 4 4 4 ,no ,connect+ ,l9k betwe5 ,h&-,/amp+ & ,c>d-,pr9t+ 4 4 4 ,no ,e>ly ,italian ,image ,pr9ts 4 4 4 ,/ory ab\t ! ,two ,cunios 4 4 4 ,its ,improbability 4 4 4 ,no ,e>ly ,notices ( ,engrav+ on ,wood 4 4 4 ,n consid]$ a ,new ,art1 nor a ,great ,art 4 4 4 ,its ,productions ( ,paltry ,nature 4 4 4 ,e>ly ,engrav]s _h no?+ to pr9t on4 99 99 99 99 99 ,nor is x any pro( or /rong argum5t aga9/ ! antiquity ( pr9t+1 t au!ntic specim5s ( wood engrav+ ( ^? e>ly times are n to be f\nd4 ,_! m]its z works ( art 7 n su* z to r5d] _! pres]vation at all probable4 ,ottley4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 a /ud5t ( old ,italian books call$ ! att5tion ( bibliograph]s to ! /range uni=mity ( ! initial lett]s 9 _m old manuscripts1#di "s ( :i* _h be5 made z e>ly z ! n9? c5tury4 ,ea* ornam5tal lett]1 :]ev] f\nd or h[ev] (t5 repeat$ 9 ! same book1 0 ( ! same =m4 ,he rea*$ ! conclusion t ?is uni=mity _h be5 produc$ by engrav$ /amps4 ,! ann\ncem5t ( ?is discov]y induc$ o!r p]sons to make simil> exam9ations1 ! result ( :i* confirm$ ! orig9al /atem5t4 p#abc ,x 0 prov$ t !re 0 a uni=mity 9 ! %apes ( ! lett]s :i* c\ld n h be5 made by draw+4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,m>k ( ,! ,m>k ( ,jacobus ,arnoldus1 #acde4 ,johannes ,meyn]s51 #adce4 ,f ,jackson4 ,f ,jackson4 ,! /atem5t t a rude me?od ( pr9t+ _h be5 practis$ ?ree c5turies be=e its suppos$ inv5tion1 0 receiv$ by ! bibliograph]s ) incr$ulity4 ,au?ors :o _h advocat$ !ories ( a ,*9ese1 a ,g]man or a ,ne!rl&i% discov]y ( pr9t+ w\ld n admit t pr9t+ ) ink c\ld h be5 done at an e>li] p]iod4 ,!y said t ! initials 7 made by /5cil+1 or by trac+s tak5 f a model lett]4 ,b !y _h a peculi>ity :i* c\ld n h be5 produc$ by /5cil+1 = !y %[$ ! m>ks ( h>d ind5tation 9 ! p>*m5t4 ,papillon1 a practical engrav] on wood1 accept$ ! ind5t$ lett]s z ! impressions ( wood-cuts2 ,lanzi1 ! hi/orian ( ,italian f9e arts1 said t ! initials 7 c]ta9ly pr9t$4 ,signatures :i* %[ all ! me*anical peculi>ities ( impressions f engrav+s on wood h also be5 f\nd on ,italian docum5ts ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,pr9t$ p#abd signatures or monograms ( not>ies1 :i* seem to h be5 made to s]ve ! d\ble purpose ( signature & seal1 9 imitation ( ! k+ly practice ( affix+ ! signet1 7 frequ5tly us$ 9 ,italy1 ,spa9 & ,g]many f ! n9? to ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 cu/om>y1 also1 = ! manufactur] or m]*ant#ej to /amp or br& m]*&ise ) a sign or m>k ?r\gh :i* its orig9 c\ld be trac$4 ,x does n appe> t m]*ants made use ( ^! trade-m>ks in/ead ( signatures on pap] or p>*m5t1 b _m ( !m c\ld nei!r read nor write4 ,yet !re 0 an active trade betwe5 ,italy & ! ,levant1 betwe5 ,engl& & ,g]many1 betwe5 ,spa9 & ! ,ne!rl&s1 :i* c\ld n h be5 c>ri$ on )\t acc\nts1 correspond5ce1 & ! employm5t ( duly au!nticat$ signatures4 ,x may be suppos$ t ! use ( /amp$ or pr9t$ signatures w\ld n be conf9$ to ! not>ies & copyi/s1 & t ?is pr9t+ w\ld be practis$ by m]*ants1 z mu* = reasons ( necessity z ( conv5i5ce4 ,! m]*ant :o knew ! advantages d]iv$ f br&+ boxes or cattle1 & ! respect paid to ! /amp ( a not>y1 w\ld also see ! utility ( an engrav$ & /amp$ signature on a lett] ( cr$it or a bill ( lad+4 ,! initials pr9t$ 9 manuscripts 7 probably made = scribes :o c\ld write1 b c\ld n draw ! floriat$ initials !n plac$ 9 all books ( value4 ,!y may h be5 cut by calligraph]s1 :o tri$ to exp$ite _! "w1 or may h be5 made to ! ord] ( copyi/s :o desir$ to free !mselves f _! dep5d5ce on ! calligraph]4 ,9 ei!r case !re w\ld h be5 suffici5t reason = ! engrav+4 ,^! initials are1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( unusually intricate design1 b !y 7 engrav$ 9 outl9e only1 s p#abe t !y c\ld be fill$ 9 ) bright color1 by h&-pa9t+ or by /5cil+4 ,!y 7 pr9t$ ) a fluid writ+ ink1 :i* may h be5 black1 b is n[ ( a d+y br[n4 ,a rec5t ,italian au?or1 ,d4 ,v9c5zo ,requ5o1 :o has publi%$ an essay on ?is subject1 tells u t ! employm5t ( engrav$ lett]s by ! ,italian book-mak]s ( ! middle ages 0 n conf9$ to floriat$ initials4 ,he says t !y 7 sometimes us$ = ! texts ( books1 & t _m s-call$ manuscripts 7 pr9t$ by /amp+ cut lett]s "o aft] ano!r ^u ! page4 ,?is me?od ( pr9t+ a book1 lett] by lett]1 c\ld h be5 made a quick] process ?an t ( c>eful writ+4 ,n m ?an sixty-six engrav$ *>act]s w\ld h be5 requir$ = ! copy+ ( any ord9>y manuscript4 ,a skillful workman1 :o _h ! *>act]s be=e him1 fitt$ up z h&-/amps1 lett]$ s t he c\ld select !m at a glance1 re/+ on a surface :i* kept !m coat$ ) ink1 c\ld take !m up "o aft] ano!r1 & produce on pap] ! impressions ( lett]s fa/] ?an !y c\ld be produc$ by ! p5man :o 0 oblig$ to c>efully draw ea* lett] & to pa9t or fill 9 its outl9es ) ink4#ea ,illu/ration3 ,m>k ( ,adam de ,m>k ( ,edmund ,pepyr1 ,m>k ( an unkn[n ,walsokne1 :o di$ :o di$ #adhc4 p]son f a tomb 9 #acdi4 ,f ,jackson4 ,lynn4 ,9 a libr>y at ,upsal1 ,sw$51 is a volume kn[n z ! ,codex ,arg5teus1 or ! ,silv]$ ,book1 :i* seems to h be5 made exclusively by ?is me?od ( /amp+ "o lett] p#abf aft] ano!r4 ,! book is s call$ because ! lett]s are 9 silv]1 & pres5t a brilliant appe>ance1 l ! glitt]+ lett]s ( bookb9d]s1 on _! leaves ( purple vellum4 ,! ,codex ,arg5teus pres5ts _m indications ( h&-pr9t+3 ! lett]s are depress$ on "o side ( ! leaf1 & rais$ on ! o!r1 z if made by ind5tation4 ,"u ! lett]s t h be5 too rudely press$ ) ! /amp1 ! vellum is ?92 9 "s p>ts ! leaf has be5 brok5 by pressure & pat*$ ) bits ( vellum4 ,occasionally1 lett]s are f\nd turn$ upside d[n--an error possible to a h&-pr9t]1 b n to a p5man4 ,john ,ihre1 :o describ$ ! book1 9 a pamphlet publi%$ at ,upsal 9 #agee1 says ! silv] leaf ( ! lett]s 0 affix$ to ! vellum by means ( siz+1 & t ! lett]s 7 produc$ by /amp+ on ! leaf ) engrav$ pun*es ( h>d metal1 :i* _h be5 heat$ & us$ z bookb9d]s n[ use gild+ tools4 ,! use ( heat has n be5 prov$1 b ! blemi%es ( ! "w are mo/ satisfactorily expla9$ by ! hypo!sis t ! book 0 pr9t$ lett] by lett]4#eb ,?is explanation ( ! me?od by :i* ! book 0 made has n be5 g5]ally accept$4 ,x 0 said t silv] lett]s are f\nd 9 m$ieval books made entirely by writ+4 ,b ?is is negative evid5ce1 = ^! books d n pres5t ! me*anical imp]fections ( ! ,codex ,arg5teus4 ,!re has1 evid5tly1 be5 a vague appreh5sion t ! admission ( an e>ly use ( s+le types = pr9t+ w\ld invalidate all subsequ5t claims to ! inv5tion ( typography4 ,"o c h>dly imag9e a gross] error1 = ! h&-pr9t+ ( s+le types is n typography4 ,x is ev5 f>!r remov$ f x ?an ! pr9t+ ( lett]s on engrav$ blocks4 p#abg ,! d\bts t once exi/$ z to ! g5u95ess ( ! pr9t$ initials 9 manuscript books h be5 dissipat$ by rec5t inve/igation 9 ano!r direction4 ,x has be5 conclusively prov$ t wov5 fabrics ( silk & ( l951 ornam5t$ ) designs pr9t$ 9 bright colors1 n unlike ^? ( mod]n *9tzes & calicoes1 7 produc$ betwe5 ! twelf? & fifte5? c5turies4 ,! designs or patt]ns 7 pr9t$ 9 ink f engrav$ blocks ( wood1 by ! t$i\s process ( h&-/amp+4 ,( ?is curi\s primitive pr9t$ "w1 !re are1 9 sev]al ,european collections1 fragm5ts ( images1 prie/s' robes1 alt> clo?s1 & ecclesia/ic app>el ( l nature4 ,! g5u95ess ( ^! relics ( e>ly pr9t+1 & ! process by :i* ! pr9t+ 0 done1 h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! mo/ satisfactory mann]4 ,weigel1 9 8 valuable "w on ! ,infancy ( ,pr9t+1 has illu/rat$ ?is "p ( 8 subject ) fac-similes ( ^! fragm5ts :i* prove t ,italian workm5 n only knew h[ to pr9t1 b t !y pr9t$ 9 colors ) great precision4 ,! mod]n pr9t] :o fairly appreciates ! difficulties ( pr9t+ colors 9 regi/]1 & ! =ce requir$ to secure a good impression f a l>ge1 flat surface1 may be puzzl$ by ! neatness ( ?is e>ly pr9t+4 ,8 exp]i5ce tells him t ^! designs %\ld h be5 pr9t$ ^u /rong & accurately adju/$ presses1 & f l>ge surfaces1 9 sections or =ms ( two or m squ>e feet4 ,b ! me?od ( ! ,italian pr9t]s 0 q diff]5t2 ! designs 7 engrav$ on _m pieces ( wood ( small size1 made to fit ea* o!r ) accuracy1 & ea* piece 0 sep>ately ink$ & /ruck by h&1 or by a mallet1 on ! fabric4 ,a c>eful workman c\ld readily connect ! diff]5t impressions ( diff]5t blocks1 keep+ ! colors 9 true regi/]1 & c\ld pursue ! patt]n 9 a neat mann] ov] any surface1 h[ev] l>ge4 ,! "w 0 t$i\s1 b n m s ?an t ( f9i%+1 or gild+ by h& tools1 9 ornam5tal bookb9d+1 :i* is n[ done by a simil> me?od4 ,sl[ z x may seem :5 comp>$ ) ! rapidity ( mod]n p#abh calico-pr9t+1 x 0 an improvem5t on all me?ods !n kn[n1 & mu* quick] & m exact ?an any =m ( /5cil+ or h&-pa9t+4 ,! fragm5t adjudg$ by ,weigel ! olde/ ( ! t5 specim5s illu/rat$ 9 ! book1 is a bit ( r$ silk1 wov5 & pr9t$ dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,he says t we mu/ se>* = its orig9 :]e silk fabrics 7 mo/ ext5sively manufactur$2 t x mu/ h be5 made by ,moori% artisans ( ,alm]ia1 ,gr5ada & ,seville 9 ,s\!rn ,spa91 or by ,s>ac5s 9 ,sicily 9 ! ri* manufactur+ cities ( ,pal]mo#ec & ,mess9a4 ,pr9t$ fabrics ( silk1 cotton1 l951 & wool5 /uffs 7 subsequ5tly made 9 ,lucca1 9 ,g5oa1 & ! free cities ( ,nor!rn ,italy4 ,! art ( /a9+ clo? ) colors is old] ?an hi/ory4 ,hom] writes ab\t ! magnific5t color$ clo?s ( ,sidon2 ,h]odotus m5tions ! g>m5ts ( ! p ( ,caucasus1 :i* he says 7 cov]$ ) figures ( animals2 ,pl9y describes ! decorat$ l95s ( ! old ,egyptians4#ed ,! ,spani% invad]s ( ,mexico br\ght back /atem5ts t all ! p ( ! ,new ,_w 7 clo!d 9 cotton clo?s p#abi ( brilliant colors1 :i* ,/eph5s says 7 c]ta9ly pr9t$4 ,cook1 ! discov]] ( isl&s 9 ! ,pacific1 says t ! ,polynesians beautifi$ _! g>m5ts by a me?od ( /amp+4 ,x is n ev5 necess>y to attribute ! e>ly ,italian practice ( pr9t+ ^u wov5 fabrics to ! ,s>ac5s ( ,sicily2 ! ,italian practice may h be5 ! revival ( a disus$ b un=gott5 ,roman art--a revival made possible ?r\gh ! gr[? ( comm]ce & manufactures4 ,!re is no connect+ l9k betwe5 ! ,italian h&-/amps ( ! ?irte5? & ! ,v5etian play+ c>ds ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,!re are no ,italian pr9ts ( images1 & no ,italian block-books1 :i* c be attribut$ to ?is p]iod4 ,papillon1 ! au?or ( a treatise on engrav+1 is ! only p]son :o has attempt$ to supply ?is defici5cy 9 ! record4 ,he gives a description ( eight l>ge pr9ts1 :i* he ?9ks 7 made at ,rav5na1 9 ! ye> #abhf1 by a tw9 bro!r & si/]1 kn[n z ! two ,cunios3 ,:5 ,i 0 a "y man1 & employ$ by my fa!r almo/ e week-day 9 diff]5t places1 to pa/e or arrange our pap]s = ! hang+ ( rooms1 x happ5$ t1 9 #agai or #agbj1 ,i 0 s5t to ! village ( ,bagneux1 ne> ,m\nt ,r\ge1 to a ,mr4 ,de ,gr$]1 a ,swiss capta91 :o !re possess$ a v pretty h\se4 ,aft] ,i _h pap]$ a closet = him1 he employ$ me to pa/e c]ta9 pap]s 9 imitation ( mosaic ^u ! %elves ( 8 libr>y4 ,"o day aft] d9n]1 he f\nd me read+ 9 "o ( 8 books1 & 01 9 consequ5ce1 induc$ to %[ me two or ?ree v anci5t volumes :i* _h be5 l5t to him by a ,swiss (fic]1 "o ( 8 fri5ds1 t he might exam9e !m at 8 leisure4 ,we conv]s$ toge!r ab\t ! pr9ts conta9$ 9 !m1 & conc]n+ ! antiquity ( engrav+ on wood4 ,i w n[ give ! description ( ^! anci5t volumes1 su* z ,i wrote 9 8 pres5ce1 & z he _h ! goodness to dictate to me3 8,^u a c>t\*e1 or frontispiece1 decorat$ ) fanciful ornam5ts1 :i*1 al?\gh ,go?ic1 are f> f disagreeable1 & measur+ ab\t n9e in*es 9 wid? by six in*es 9 height1 ) ! arms1 no d\bt1 ( ! family ( ,cunio at ! top ( x1 are rudely engrav$ ! foll[+ words1 9 bad ,lat91 or anci5t ,go?ic ,italian1 ) _m abbreviations3 8,! ,h]oic ,actions1 repres5t$ 9 ,figures1 ( ! great & magnanim\s ,mac$onian ,k+1 ! bold & valiant ,alex&]1 p#acj d$icat$1 pres5t$1 & humbly (f]$ to ! mo/ holy fa!r ,pope ,honorius ,,ii1 ! glory & support ( ! ,*ur*1 & to our illu/ri\s & g5]\s fa!r & "m--by u1 ,alless&ro ,alb]ico ,cunio1 cavali]1 & ,isabella ,cunio1 tw9 bro!r & si/]--fir/ r$uc$1 imag9$1 & attempt$ to be execut$ 9 relief1 ) a small knife1 on blocks ( wood1 & made ev5 & poli%$ by ?is de> si/]1 & cont9u$ & f9i%$ by u toge!r1 at ,rav5na1 f eight pictures ( our inv5tion1 pa9t$ six times l>g] ?an "h repres5t$1 engrav$ & expla9$ by v]ses1 & ?us m>k$ ^u ! pap]1 to p]petuate ! numb] ( !m1 & to enable u to pres5t !m to our relatives & fri5ds1 9 te/imony ( gratitude1 fri5d%ip & affection4 ,all ?is 0 done & f9i%$ by u :5 only sixte5 ye>s ( age40#ee ,! book 01 app>5tly1 9 its orig9al b9d+ ( ?9 plates ( wood1 cov]$ ) lea!r1 b )\t any gild+1 ornam5t$ only by cross$ divisions m>k$ ) a heat$ iron4 ,papillon says t ! engrav+s 7 cut 9 a crude1 exp]im5tal mann]1 & t !y appe> to h be5 pr9t$ by rubb+ ! palm ( ! h& or a frotton _m times ov] ! pap]4 ,! t9t ( ! ink 0 a pale1 fad$ blue1 mix$ z wat] color4 ,! field ( ! engrav+s 0 badly r\t$ out2 projections t soil$ ! pap] appe>$ 9 sev]al places1 obscur+ words1 :i* _h subsequ5tly be5 writt5 on ! m>g94 ,nei!r ! engrav+s1 nor ! memoir b\nd ) !m1 furni% u ) dates2 b !re c be no d\bt z to ! p]iod 9 :i* ! engrav+s 7 o/5sibly made1 = ,pope ,honorius occupi$ ! papal *air only betwe5 ,april #b1 #abhe1 & ,april #c1 #abhg4 ,!re is no?+ improbable 9 ! /atem5t t pr9ts l ^! c\ld h be5 made 9 #abhe4 ,!re may be a sub/ratum ( tru? "u ! exagg]ations rais$ by family pride & a love = ! m>vel\s2 b ! memoir ( ! lives ( ! two ,cunios1 & ! details furni%$ by ,papillon ab\t ! appe>ance ( ! engrav+s1 are altoge!r unsatisfactory4#a ,:atev] op9ion may be =m$ ( ! cr$ibility p#aca ( ! /ory ( ! two ,cunios1#ef x mu/ be admitt$ t _! pr9ts _h no kn[n influ5ce 9 ! developm5t ( engrav+ on wood4 ,!y 7 n imitat$4 ,! int]val betwe5 ! ye>s #abhe & #addj is almo/ an absolute blank 9 ! annals ( ,italian engrav+3 x furni%es u nei!r trace nor tradition ( engrav+s on wood4 ,! olde/ au!ntic ,italian engrav+s on wood are 9 ,! ,m$itations ( ,john ( ,turrecremata1 a book pr9t$ at ,rome 9 #adfg2 b ^! engrav+s _c be claim$ z illu/rations ( ! developm5t ( ! ,italian practice ( ! art1 = !y 7 design$ & cut by or = ,ulric ,hahn1 a ,g]man pr9t]4 ,?is sil5ce ( ! e>ly *ronicl]s %\ld n be con/ru$ z evid5ce t !re 0 no engrav+ on wood2 x is evid5ce only ( ! trivial nature ( ! "w done4 ,to specify ! "w is to ju/ify ! neglect4 ,x consi/$1 s f> z we "k1 only ( /amps = ! use ( not>ies1 autographs = ^? :o did n write1 trade-m>ks = m]*ants' packages1 outl9$ initials = inexp]t scribes1 & engrav$ blocks = manufactur]s ( textile fabrics4 ,?is paltry "w seems specially inappropriate = ! initiation ( a great art de/9$ to make a revolution 9 lit]ature4 ,engrav+ on wood 0 n consid]$ z a great art by ! e>li] engrav]s4 ,z x appe>$ to !m1 x 0 b a make%ift1 a me*anical me?od ( evad+ ! labor ( difficult draw+ or ( abridg+ its drudg]y4 ,to ! *ronicl]s ( ?is p]iod1 engrav+ 0 entirely unwor?y ( notice4 ,no "o c\ld see t x _h any m>k$ m]it4 ,s f> f des]v+ praise1 ! art ( engrav+ & pr9t+ lett]s 0 p#acb reg>d$ z a confess$ ackn[l$gm5t ( inability to draw1 m des]v+ ( c5sure ?an ( praise4 ,!re 7 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury workm51 n[ unkn[n1 :o produc$ exquisite workman%ip 9 ! c>v+ ( wood & /one1 9 ! *as+ ( gold & silv]1 & 9 ! copy+ ( manuscripts4 ,if ^! m5 7 ?\ght unwor?y ( notice1 ! rude engrav]s on wood w\ld be entirely =gott54 ,! paltr9ess ( ! pr9t$ matt]1 & ! p]i%able nature ( ! sub/ances on :i* ! pr9t+ 0 done1 w acc\nt = ! disappe>ance ( mo/ ( ! e>ly pr9ts4 ,nobody c>$ to pres]ve a bit ( pr9t$ cotton clo? z evid5ce ( ! me?od ( pr9t+ !n 9 fa%ion4 ,nobody c\ld =esee t x w\ld be ( any int]e/4 ,! trivial nature ( ! "w _c be consid]$ z an evid5ce ( ! incompet5cy ( ! engrav]s to d "w ( m]it4 ,!y left u no pr9t+ ( p]man5t value1 because !y knew ( no prop] sub/ance to pr9t ^u4 ,! only mat]ials available 7 p>*m5t1 papyrus & /iff cotton pap]1 all ( :i* 7 unsuitable4 ,pr9t+ c be done to advantage only on pap]1 b pap] 0 sp>+ly us$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,:5 pap] came1 pr9t+ foll[$4 p#acc ,,viii ,! ,introduction ( ,pap] 9 ,europe4 ,pap] ,inv5t$ 9 ,*9a 9 ! ,fir/ ,c5tury 4 4 4 ,pap]-,mak+ 9 ,japan1 ) ,illu/ration 4 4 4 ,description ( ,process 4 4 4 ,an ,illu/ration ( ,ori5tal ,book-,mak+ 4 4 4 ,! ,european ,process l ! ,ori5tal 4 4 4 ,pap] kn[n 9 ,europe 9 ! ,fif? ,c5tury 4 4 4 ,n us$ = ,writ+ 4 4 4 ,made ( ,cotton 4 4 4 ,e>lie/ ,notice ( ,l95 ,pap] 4 4 4 ,diff]5ces ( ,op9ion conc]n+ its ,introduction 4 4 4 ,diff]5t ,me?ods ( ,prep>+ ,pulp 4 4 4 ,e>ly ,european ,pap]-,mills 4 4 4 ,illu/ration ( ,pap]-,mill by ,jo/ ,amman 4 4 4 ,mills 9 ,spa91 ,france1 ,sicily & ,italy 4 4 4 ,possible ,antiquity ( ! ,european ,process 4 4 4 ,pap] n us$ by ,copyi/s 4 4 4 ,its ,inf]iority 4 4 4 ,vellum ,pref]r$ 4 4 4 ,palimpse/s 4 4 4 ,gov]nm5t ,int]f]5ce ) ,manufactur]s ( ,pap] 4 4 4 ,*anges ( ,fa%ion 9 ,pap] 4 4 4 ,pap] came 9 ,prop] ,"t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( all ! pret5d$ discov]ies ( ! middle ages1 t :5 ! hi/orians m5tion !m = ! fir/ "t1 !y treat !m z ?+s 9 g5]al use4 ,nei!r gunp[d]1 nor ! compass1 nor ! ,arabic num]als1 nor pap]1 are any:]e spok5 ( z discov]ies1 & yet !y mu/ h wr\ght a total *ange 9 w>1 9 navigation1 9 sci5ce & 9 education4 ,sism5di4 99 99 99 99 99 ,accord+ to ,*9ese *ronology1 pap] 0 inv5t$ 9 ,*9a at ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury1 or "o hundr$ & =ty-five ye>s#eg aft] ! ,*9ese inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,all ! pr9t+ t _h be5 done be=e ! inv5tion ( pap] 0 on %eets or leaves ( cotton or silk4 ,?is v]sion ( ! antiquity ( ! ,*9ese inv5tion is 9 "s degree corroborat$ by a ,japanese *ronicle1 :i* says t pap] 0 export$ f ! ,corea to ,japan betwe5 ! ye>s #bhj & #faj ,a4 ,d4 ,9 "t1 ! ,japanese pap] 0 made s sup]ior to ! ,*9ese1 t !re 0 no fur!r ne$ = importation4 ,?is sup]iority has be5 ma9ta9$ to ?is day4 ,9 "s bran*es ( pap]-mak+1 ! ,japanese are p#acd )\t rivals 9 ei!r ! ea/]n or we/]n _w4 ,two hundr$ & sixty-?ree k9ds ( pap] are n[ made 9 ,y$do4 ,"s ( !m may h _! orig9 9 reasons ( habit1 caprice or fa%ion1 b mo/ ( !m are made = specific uses4 ,pap]s are manufactur$ n only = writ+ & pr9t+1 b = hats1 umbrellas1 lant]ns1 clo?+1 dolls' dresses1 tw9e1 c&le-wick1 & an endless v>iety ( useful or c]emoni\s purposes4 ,an anonym\s au?or has wisely rem>k$3 8,:5 a p contrive to make saucepans t are us$ ov] *>coal fires1 f9e pocket-h&k]*iefs1 & sailors' wat]-pro( ov]coats out ( pap]1 !y may be consid]$ z hav+ pretty ?or\ghly ma/]$ ! subject40 ,! illu/ration on ! opposite page is ! r$uc$ fac-simile ( ! engrav+ ( a ,japanese arti/ :o has attempt$ to %[ h[ pap] 0 made 9 8 c\ntry 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! grim old man :o may be se5 at ! upp] "p ( ! illu/ration1 ) a leg 9 "o page1 & ) head & body 9 ano!r1 is beat+ pap] /ock to a pulp4#eh ,8 only tool is a =k$ club1 ) :i* he p\nds on ! /one1 & mac]ates ! leaves & inn] b>k ( v>i\s trees t h be5 previ\sly saturat$ 9 an adjo9+ tub t is suppos$ to conta9 a solution ( cau/ic alkali4 ,h[ ! /ock c\ld be r$uc$ to ! requisite smoo?ness = pap] pulp by ?is r\gh manipulation is a problem t no ,am]ican pap]-mak] w und]take to solve4 ,we only "k t x is done & well done4 ,! long tank 9 ! c5tre ( ! left-h& page conta9s ! pulp dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,two m5 are tak+ out ! pulp ^u pap]-m\lds1 or sieves ( bamboo spl9ts :i* h be5 wire-drawn & boil$ 9 oil4 ,! wat] tak5 up ) ! pulp is dra9$ ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! sieve1 leav+ ^u ! wov5 spl9ts a ?9 & flabby web ( pap] pulp4 ,! web is !n c\*$ on p#acf a surface ( clo? or felt1 or ( "s sub/itute ( simil> nature1 on :i*1 9 turn1 ano!r lay] ( felt & pulp is plac$4 ,:5 ! pile is ( suffici5t height x is press$1 until all ! wat] t c be expell$ by pressure is remov$4 ,! two att5dants on ! pap]-mak]s ne> ! tank are engag$ 9 ! "w ( int]leav+ ! web & c>ry+ x to be press$4 ,?is done1 ! %eet is firm en\gh to be h&l$4 ,x is !n laid ^u a smoo? bo>d :]e x /ays until x is dry4 ,! op]ation ( surfac+ or poli%+ ! %eet ( pap]1 by burni%+ x ) a smoo? %ell1 is n %[n 9 ! engrav+4 ,b ?is f9i% 0 n giv5 to all pap]s4 ,! neatly cord$ bales %[ t pap] 0 made 9 l>ge quantities4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,japanese ,me?od ( ,mak+ ,pap]4 ,f ,breitkopf4 ,?is engrav+ is ( s]vice z an illu/ration ( ori5tal book-mak+4 ,^! two pages 7 engrav$ & pr9t$ toge!r on "o side ( ! pap]4 ,! %eet 0 !n fold$ ?r\gh ! c5tre3 ! fold$ edge 0 made ! out] edge1 :ile ! two cut or raw edges 7 neatly /it*$ toge!r & made ! back ( ! book4 ,?is me?od ( sew+ ?r\gh ! cut edges1 in/ead ( ?r\gh ! fold1 began ) ! use ( ! cut leaves ( silk or cotton1 :i* 7 us$ 9 pr9t+ ! e>lie/ ,*9ese books be=e pap] 0 made4 ,if ! cut edges ( silk or cotton 7 made ! out] edges ( ! book1 ! leaves w\ld soon fray or ravel out 9 ?reads2 if !y 7 made ! inn] edges1 ! integrity ( ! leaf w\ld necess>ily be m secure4 ,l o!r habits & fa%ions1 ?is curi\s mode ( b9d+ has be5 cont9u$ :5 ! necessity = x has ceas$ to exi/4 ,al?\gh ?is engrav+ 0 made 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 x may be accept$ z a correct repres5tation ( pap]-mak+ z x has always be5 practis$ 9 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,rude z ?is process may seem1 x is1 9 its m important features1 except+ t ( pulp-beat+1 ! process t 0 us$ 9 ,europe until ! inv5tion ( ! cyl9d] & ,f\rdr9i] pap]-mak+ ma*9es4 ,nor is ?is process entirely out ( fa%ion4 ,!re are pap]-mak]s yet liv+ :o h p#acg tak5 pulp out ( ! vats ) h& m\lds & deckle1 & h c\*$ x on felts1 sub/antially by ! same me?od t 0 9 use 9 ,asia fifte5 hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,ori5tal pap]-mak]s d n use rags nor raw cotton = mak+ _! pulp4 ,!y select diff]5t k9ds ( bamboo1 & ! b>k & leaves ( v>i\s trees1 :i* !y comb9e 9 unequal proportions1 s z to produce = diff]5t k9ds ( pap] ! diff]5t qualities ( /r5g?1 smoo?ness & flexibility4 ,^! mat]ials are saturat$ 9 lime wat]1 & are sometimes boil$ to free !m f useless matt]4 ,b>ks are sometimes triturat$ ) pe/les 9 a mort>4 ,:ile ! greate/ c>e is tak5 to prev5t ! cutt+ ( ! fibres 9 too %ort l5g?s1 e exp$i5t is made use ( to split up ! fibres 9 ! f9e/ ?reads4 ,! result ( ?is c>e is ! production ( pap]s ( wond]ful /r5g? & flexibility4 ,x is admitt$ by all hi/orians t ! e>ly ,european practice ( pap]-mak+ 0 d]iv$ f ,asia4 ,h[ ! k ( ! art 0 transmitt$ to u f ,*9a1 ,p]sia or ,india1 & :]e & :5 pap] 0 fir/ made 9 ,europe are que/ions ( controv]sy4 ,! difficulty we enc\nt] 9 an inquiry conc]n+ its d]ivation is aggravat$ by ! discov]y t two k9ds ( pap]--"o1 said to be made ( cotton1 & ano!r1 said to be made ( l95 or rags--7 us$ 9 ,europe at a v e>ly p]iod--a p]iod 9 :i* we f9d no traces ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,european pap]-mill4 ,proteaux says t a ?ick c>d or c>d-l pap] came 9 use dur+ ! fif? c5tury1#ei :5 ! manufacture ( papyrus 0 decl9+4 ,b its fir/ use 0 n z a sub/itute = papyrus or p>*m5t4 ,x 0 call$ *>ta damasc5a1 ! c>d ( ,damascus2 *>ta gossyp9a1 or ! cotton c>d2 *>ta bombyc9a1 or ! silk-l c>d2 s]ica1 or ! silky fabric4 ,x 0 usually m5tion$ z a c>d2 = x 0 s ?ick1 & s unlike papyrus1 t x 0 reg>d$ z a diff]5t ?+1 & p#ach 0 def9$ by a diff]5t "n4 ,?is cotton c>d or cotton pap] 0 ?ick1 co>se1 woolly1 yell[ & some:at fragile4 ,x 0 s inf]ior to papyrus1 p>*m5t or l95 pap] z a writ+ surface1 & 0 s g5]ally neglect$ by pr(essional copyi/s1 t all ! e>li] *ronicl]s ( pap]-mak+ h pass$ x by z unwor?y ( notice4 ,! l95 pap]1 s call$1 came 9 use at a mu* lat] p]iod1 b !re is great disagreem5t among au?orities z to ! date4 ,me]man1 ! au?or ( a le>n$ book on ! orig9 ( pr9t+1 (f]$ a rew>d = ! e>lie/ manuscript on l95 pap]1 :i*1 he decid$1 c\ld n h be5 us$ 9 ,europe be=e #abgj4 ,montfaucon1 a le>n$ antiqu>y1 says t he c\ld f9d no book nor leaf ( l95 pap] ( e>li] date1 b he ?9ks t x 0 kn[n & us$ 9 ,europe to a limit$ ext5t be=e #abgj4 ,gibbon1 cit+ ! au?ority ( ,arabian hi/orians1 says t a l95 pap] 0 made 9 ,sam>c& 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 & leaves 8 read] to =m ! inf]5ce t n long aft]1 pap] f\nd its way to ,europe4 ,casiri1 a ,spani% au?or1 :o made a catalogue ( ! ,arabian manuscripts 9 ! ,escurial1 says t 9 ?is collection are _m old manuscripts ( ! twelf? c5tury on l95 pap]1 includ+ "o ( ! ye> #aajj4 ,b we are n told t ?is pap] 0 made 9 ,spa92 x may h be5 br\ght f ! ,ea/4 ,tirabos*i1 an ,italian hi/orian1 says t l95 pap] is ! inv5tion ( an ,italian1 ,pace de ,fabiano ( ,treviso1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,b ,pet] ,mauritius1 abbot ( a ,fr5* mona/]y at ,cluny1 9 a treatise writt5 by him 9 #aabj aga9/ ! ,jews1 says1 8,! books we read e day are made ( ! sk9s ( %eep1 goats & calves p>*m5t1 ( ori5tal plants papyrus1 or ( ! scrap+s ( old rags1 or ( any o!r compact$ refuse mat]ial40#fj ,x w\ld be a hopeless task to attempt to ga!r f ^! discordant p#aci /atem5ts a satisfactory explanation ( ! orig9 or ( ! introduction ( pap] 9 ,europe4 ,! mod]n pap]-mak]1 :o produces pap] pulp f mixtures 9 v>iable proportions ( all k9ds ( textile rubbi%1 w d\bt ! ability ( any antiqu>y to di/+ui% l95 f cotton pap]1 especially :5 ,tirabos*i admits t cotton pap] 0 made 9 ,italy dur+ ! f\rte5? c5tury s closely resembl+ l95 pap] t only a pap]-mak] c\ld p]ceive ! diff]5ce4 ,! microscope t enables ! educat$ inve/igator to detect ! *>act]i/ic features ( e k9d ( vegetable fibre is really ! only safe te/#fa = det]m9+ ! con/itu5ts ( pap]2 b x does n appe> t ?is in/rum5t 0 ev] us$ by ! au?ors :o h und]tak5 to discrim9ate betwe5 l95 & cotton pap]4 ,! explanation ( ^! contradictory /atem5ts mu/ be s\ght 9 ano!r qu>t]4 ,! peculi>ities ( ! s-call$ l95 & cotton pap]s are due m to _! di/9ct me?ods ( manufacture ?an to ! mat]ial us$4 ,! e>lie/ notice ( ! manufacture ( pap] 9 ,europe cle>ly specifies ! practice ( two unlike me?ods4 ,we are told t1 9 ! ye> #ajhe1 a pap]-mill at ,tol$o1 :i* _h be5 op]at$ by ! ,moors1 pass$ into ! h&s ( ,*ri/ians1 probably ,spani>ds1 :o made great improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture4 ,! ,moors made pap] pulp by gr9d+ ! raw cotton1 a process :i* ha/5$ ! "w1 b x %ort5$ & weak5$ ! fibres1 mak+ a pap] t 0 t5d] & woolly4 ,! ,spani>ds /amp$ ! cotton & rags into a pulp1 by pe/les or /amps driv5 by wat] p[]1 a me?od :i* pres]v$ ! long fibres t gave ! fabric its /r5g?4 ,?is pap]1 n[ kn[n z l95 pap]1 0 !n kn[n z p>*m5t clo?4 ,! cotton pap] ( ! antiqu>ians is1 app>5tly1 ! pap] t _h its fibres cut by gr9d+2 ! l95 pap] 0 ! pap] made f pulp t _h be5 beat54 p#adj ,! fir/ ,european pap]-mills seem to h be5 e/abli%$ by ! ,moors or ,s>ac5s :o _h direct int]c\rse ) ! ,ea/4 ,pap] 0 made at ,xativa1 ,val5cia1 & at o!r t[ns ( ,spa91 by ,moors & ,spani>ds1 & ! pap] made at ,xativa 0 mu* comm5d$ = its :it5ess4 ,we f9d m5tion1 also1 ( a family ( pap]-mak]s 9 ! isl& ( ,sicily 9 ! ye> #aajb4 ,= _m ye>s ! ,moors 7 n only ! l>ge/ manufactur]s1 b ! l>ge/ consum]s4 ,9 v>i\s cities ( ,spa91 sev5ty libr>ies 7 op5$ = ! in/ruction ( ! public1 dur+ a p]iod :5 all ! re/ ( ,europe1 )\t books1 )\t le>n+ & )\t cultivation1 0 plung$ 9 ! mo/ disgraceful ignorance4#fb ,illu/ration3 ,pap]-,mill ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,f ,jo/ ,amman4 ,9 ?is illu/ration1 :i* 0 fir/ publi%$ by ,jo/ ,amman 9 8 ,book ( ,trades1 we see some?+ ( ! me*anism always us$ = prep>+ ! pulp = pap]4 ,l>ge wat]-:eels1 p>tially se5 ?r\gh ! w9d[1 set 9 motion a wood5 cyl9d] ev5ly spik$ ) projections4 ,z ! cyl9d] revolv$1 ^! projections tilt$ up1 & !n dropp$ heavy /amp]s ( h>d wood t beat aga9/ ! torn & well-soak$ rags ly+ )9 ! tank4 ,! /amp+ 0 cont9u$ until ! mac]at$ rags 7 ( ! consi/5cy ( cream4 ,! /uff ?us made 0 !n transf]r$ to tubs1 at "o ( :i* a p#ada pap]-mak] is at "w4 ,! dipp+ out ( ! pulp ) h& m\ld & deckle1 ! c\*+ ( ! web on int]leav+ felts1 & its transf] to be press$ by ! brisk little boy1 are ! same processes 9 all po9ts z ^? t h be5 describ$ 9 ! ,japanese engrav+4 ,! processes ( sort+ & wa%+ ! rags1 & ( blea*+ ! half-made /uff are n %[n 9 ! cut1 b !y 7 n neglect$4 ,! screw press beh9d ! pap]-m\ld] is ! only innovation ( importance4 ,! developm5t ( pap]-mak+ 9 ,europe _c be trac$ ) any degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,!re are ,italian au?ors :o ass]t t l95 pap] 0 made 9 ,lomb>dy & ,tuscany z e>ly z ! ye> #acjj1 & t ! ,italian k ( ! art 0 d]iv$ n f ,spa9 or ,sicily1 b ?r\gh ! ,greeks at ,con/ant9ople1 :o _h be5 taught h[ to make pap] by ! ,s>ac5s4 ,! e>lie/ au!ntic m5tion ( an ,italian pap]-mill is t conc]n+ ! mill ( ,fabiano1 :i* _h be5 9 op]ation = "s ye>s be=e #acdj1 & :i* produc$ at t "t no?+ b ! cotton c>d-pap]4 ,!re is no record ( pap]-mills 9 ! ,ne!rl&s dur+ ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,pap] 0 made at ,troyes1 ,france1 9 ! ye> #acdj4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s !re 0 no pap]-mill be=e t ( ,john ,tate1 :o is suppos$ to h e/abli%$ x 9 ! ye> #adih4 ,9 ,g]many1 a pap]-mill 0 e/abli%$ at ,nuremb]g by ,ulman ,/rom] ab\t ! ye> #acij4fc ,b ! diff]5t pap]-m>ks 9 ! home-made pap] ( ,g]man manuscripts ( ?is p]iod are indications t !re 7 pap]-mills 9 _m ,g]man t[ns4 p#adb ,! gradual developm5t ( pap]-mak+ 9 ,europe is b imp]fectly pres5t$ ?r\gh ^! fragm5t>y facts4 ,pap] may h be5 made = _m ye>s be=e x f\nd *ronicl]s :o ?\ght ! manufacture wor?y ( notice4 ,! ,spani% pap]-mills ( ,tol$o :i* 7 at "w 9 ! ye> #ajhe1 & an anci5t family ( pap]-mak]s :i* 0 honor$ ) m>k$ favor by ! k+ ( ,sicily 9 ! ye> #aajb1 are c>elessly m5tion$ by contempor>y writ]s z if pap]-mak+ 0 an old & e/abli%$ bus9ess4 ,x does n appe> t pap] 0 a novelty at a mu* e>li] p]iod4 ,! bulls ( ! popes ( ! eigh? & n9? c5turies 7 writt5 on cotton c>d or cotton pap]1 b no writ] call$ att5tion to ?is c>d1 or describ$ x z a new mat]ial4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ?is pap] 0 made 9 ,asia1 b x c\ld h be5 made 9 ,europe4 ,a pap]-l fabric1 made f ! b>ks ( trees1 0 us$ = writ+ by ! ,longob>ds 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 & a co>se imitation ( ! ,egyptian papyrus1 9 ! =m ( a /rong br[n pap]1 _h be5 made by ! ,romans z e>ly z ! ?ird c5tury4 ,! art ( compact+ 9 a web ! mac]at$ fibres ( plants seems to h be5 kn[n & practis$ to "s ext5t 9 ,s\!rn ,europe long be=e ! e/abli%m5t ( ,moori% pap]-mills4 ,! ,moors br\ght to ,spa9 & ,sicily n an entirely new inv5tion1 b an improv$ me?od ( mak+ pap]1 & :at 0 m important1 a culture & civilization t kept ?is me?od 9 con/ant ex]cise4 ,x 0 *iefly = ! lack ( ability & lack ( disposition to put pap] to prop] use t ! e>li] ,european k ( pap]-mak+ 0 s b>r5 ( results4 ,! art ( book-mak+ z x 0 !n practis$ 0 made subs]vi5t to ! _s ( luxury m ?an to ! desire = k4 ,vellum 0 reg>d$ by ! copyi/s z ! only sub/ance fit = writ+ on1 ev5 :5 x 0 s sc>ce t x c\ld be us$ only = ! mo/ exp5sive books4 ,! c>d-l cotton pap] once made by ! ,s>ac5s 0 c]ta9ly kn[n 9 ,europe = _m ye>s p#adc be=e its utility 0 recogniz$4 ,hallam says t ! use ( ?is cotton pap] 0 by no means g5]al or frequ5t1 except 9 ,spa9 or ,italy1 & p]haps 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france1 until ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,nor 0 x mu* us$ 9 ,italy = books4#fd ,pap] came be=e its "t & _h to wait = recognition4 ,x 0 sorely ne$$4 ,! ,egyptian manufacture ( papyrus1 :i* 0 9 a /ate ( decay 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 ceas$ entirely 9 ! n9? or t5?4 ,n _m books 7 writt5 dur+ ?is p]iod1 b !re 0 !n1 & = at lea/ ?ree c5turies aft]w>d1 an unsatisfi$ dem& = some?+ to write ^u4 ,p>*m5t 0 s sc>ce t reckless copyi/s frequ5tly resort$ to ! desp]ate exp$i5t ( effac+ ! writ+ on old & lightly e/eem$ manuscripts4 ,x 0 n a difficult task4 ,! writ+ ink !n us$ 0 usually made ( lamp-black1 gum1 & v9eg>2 x _h b a feeble encau/ic prop]ty1 & x did n bite 9 or p5etrate ! p>*m5t4 ,! "w ( effac+ ?is ink 0 accompli%$ by moi/5+ ! p>*m5t ) a weak alkal9e solution & by rubb+ x ) pumice-/one4 ,?is treatm5t did n entirely oblit]ate ! writ+1 b made x s indi/9ct t ! p>*m5t c\ld be writt5 ov] ! second "t4 ,manuscripts s treat$ are n[ kn[n z palimpse/s4 ,all ! l>ge ,european public libr>ies h copies ( ! palimpse/s :i* are melan*oly illu/rations ( ! lit]>y ta/es ( _m writ]s or book-mak]s dur+ ! middle ages4 ,m conv9c+ly ?an by argum5t1 !y %[ ! utility ( pap]4 ,manuscripts ( ! ,gospels1 ( ! ,iliad1 & ( works ( ! highe/ m]it1 (t5 ( great beauty & accuracy1 are dimly se5 und]nea? /upid s]mons1 & !ological writ+s ( a nature s paltry p#add t no man liv+ c>es to read !m4 ,9 "s in/ances ! fir/ writ+ has be5 s ?or\ghly scrubb$ out t its mean+ is irretrievably lo/4 ,mu* z pap] 0 ne$$1 x 0 n at all popul> ) copyi/s4 ,_! prejudice 0 n altoge!r unreasonable1 = x 0 ?ick1 co>se1 knotty1 & 9 e way unfitt$ = ! display ( ornam5tal p5man%ip or illum9ation4 ,! *eap] quality1 !n kn[n z cotton pap]1 0 especially objectionable4 ,x seems to h be5 s badly made z to ne$ gov]nm5tal int]f]5ce4 ,fr$]ick ,,ii ( ,g]many1 9 ! ye> #abba1 =esee+ evils t might arise f bad pap]1 made a decree by :i* he made invalid all public docum5ts t %\ld be put on cotton pap]1 & ord]$ !m )9 two ye>s to be transcrib$ ^u p>*m5t4 ,pet] ,,ii1 ( ,spa91 9 ! ye> #acch1 publicly comm&$ ! pap]-mak]s ( ,val5cia & ,xativa to make _! pap] ( a bett] quality & equal to t ( an e>li] p]iod4 ,! bett] quality ( pap]1 n[ kn[n z l95 pap]1 _h ! m]its ( /r5g?1 flexibility & durability 9 a high degree1 b x 0 set aside by ! copyi/s because ! fabric 0 too ?ick & ! surface 0 too r\gh4 ,! art ( cal5d]+ or poli%+ pap]s until !y 7 ( a smoo?1 glossy surface1 :i* 0 !n practis$ by ! ,p]sians1 0 unkn[n to1 or at lea/ unpractis$ by1 ! e>ly ,european mak]s4 ,! *anges ( fa%ion 9 ! selection ( writ+ pap]s are wor?y ( pass+ notice4 ,! r\gh h&-made pap]s s he>tily despis$ by ! copyi/s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury are n[ pref]r$ by neat p5m5 & draughtsm54 ,! imitations ( m$ieval pap]1 ?ick1 h>%1 & d+y1 & %[+ ! m>ks ( ! wires ^u :i* ! fabric 0 c\*$1 are pref]r$ by m5 ( lett]s = books & correspond5ce1 :ile highly poli%$ mod]n plate pap]s1 ) surfaces mu* m glossy ?an any prep>ation ( vellum1 are n[ reject$ by !m z f9ical & effem9ate4 ,!re is a popul> notion t ! s-call$ inv5tions ( pap] & xylographic pr9t+ 7 gladly welcom$ by p#ade m5 ( lett]s1 & t ! new fabric & ! new art 7 imm$iately press$ into s]vice4 ,! facts ab\t to be pres5t$ 9 succe$+ *apt]s w lead to a diff]5t conclusion4 ,we %all see t ! mak]s ( play+ c>ds & ( image pr9ts 7 ! m5 :o fir/ made ext5d$ use ( pr9t+1 & t self-taught & unpr(essional copyi/s 7 ! m5 :o gave enc\ragem5t to ! manufacture ( pap]4 ,! m lib]al use ( pap] at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury by ?is newly creat$ class ( read]s & book-buy]s m>ks ! p]iod ( transition & ( m5tal & me*anical developm5t = :i* ! crude arts ( pap]-mak+ & ( block-pr9t+ _h be5 wait+ = c5turies4 ,we %all also see t if pap] _h be5 ev] s *eap & common dur+ ! middle ages1 x w\ld h work$ no *anges 9 education or lit]ature2 x c\ld n h be5 us$ by ! p1 = !y 7 too illit]ate2 x w\ld n h be5 us$ by ! pr(essional copyi/s1 = !y pref]r$ vellum & despis$ ! sub/itute4 p#adf ,,ix ,! ,book-,mak]s ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,education controll$ by ! ,*ur* 4 4 4 ,all ,books 9 ,lat9 4 4 4 ,ecclesia/ics ! only ,s*ol>s & ,book-,mak]s 4 4 4 ,copyi/s 9 ,con/ant9ople 4 4 4 ,9 ,irel& 4 4 4 ,*>lemagne's ,educational ,policy 4 4 4 ,copyi/s ( ,france & _! ,"w 4 4 4 ,! ,scriptoriums ( ,mona/]ies 4 4 4 ,errors ( ,copyi/s 4 4 4 ,illum9ators ( ,books 4 4 4 ,bookb9d]s 4 4 4 ,pr(use ,ornam5tation ( ,books 4 4 4 ,neglect ( ,books & ,copy+ by ,monks 4 4 4 ,copyi/s & ,book-,mak]s appe> among ! ,laity 4 4 4 ,regulations ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is ab\t ,copyi/s 4 4 4 ,"* ( ,m$ieval ,books 4 4 4 ,univ]sal ,appreciation ( ,pictures 4 4 4 ,g5]al ,use ( ,abbreviations 4 4 4 ,pap] ,us$ only = ,inf]ior ,books 4 4 4 ,rise ( ! ,romance ,lit]ature 4 4 4 ,its ,luxuri\s ,books 4 4 4 ,book-,collect+ a ,pr9cely ,pa/ime 4 4 4 ,high ,prices paid = ,books ( ,m]it 4 4 4 ,fondness = ,exp5sive ,books ret>d$ ! ,developm5t ( ,pr9t+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,) t ( ! boke los5de 7 ! claspis3 ,! m>g5t ,0 illumynid all ,) gold$ railles ,& byse1 enpicturid ) gressoppes & waspis1 ,) butt]flyis & fre%e pecocke taylis1 ,enflorid ,) fl[ris & slymy snaylis2 ,enuyuid picturis well t[*id & quikly2 ,x wolde haue made a man hole t _h be ryght sekely1 ,to beholde h[ x 0 g>nys*yd & b\nde1 ,enc\]de ou] ) gold ( tisseu fyne2 ,! claspis & bullyons 7 wor? a ?\s&e p\nde2 ,) balassis & *>buncles ! bord]s did %yne2 ,) aurum mosaicum e o!r lyne ,0 wryt94 ,skelton4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f ! six? to ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! ecclesia/ics ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic *ur* held all ! keys ( s*ola/ic k4 ,!y wrote ! books1 kept ! libr>ies1 & taught ! s*ools4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod !re 0 no lit]ature wor?y ( ! "n t 0 n 9 ! dead language ,lat91 & b little ( any k9d t did n treat ( !ology4 ,a lib]al education 0 ( no value to any "o :o did n propose to be a monk or prie/4 ,sci5ce1 z we p#adg n[ und]/& ! ^w1 & classical lit]ature1 7 sadly neglect$4 ,s*ola/ic !ology & metaphysical philosophy 7 ! /udies :i* took prec$5ce ( all o!rs4 ,! k d]iv$ ?r\gh ^! n>r[ *annels may h be5 imp]fect1 b x 0 a p[]4 ,! *ur* kept x to & = itself2 h$g+ x 9 ) difficulty & my/]y1 & mak+ x inaccessible to poor p4 ,! /udy ( ,lat9 w\ld h be5 neglect$1 & its lit]ature =gott51 if ?is dead language _h n be5 ! language ( ! ,scriptures1 ( ! canons & liturgies ( ! *ur*1 & ( ! writ+s ( ! fa!rs4 ,ecclesia/ics 7 requir$1 by virtue ( _! position1 to /udy ,lat91 b !re 7 _m 9 high /ation1 ev5 z late z ! f\rte5? c5tury1 :o 7 b>ely able to read1#fe & _m m :o c\ld n write4 ,! manufacture by pr(essional copyi/s ( ! books ( devotion requir$ = ! s]vices ( ! *ur*1 :i* _h di$ ( neglect 9 ,rome1 & :i* _h be5 driv5 out ( ,con/ant9ople by ! ho/ility ( ! iconocla/ic emp]ors1 re-appe>$ 9 ,irel&1 ) unprec$5t$ elegance ( workman%ip4 ,x does n appe> t ! dilig5ce ( ! monks at ,iona 0 ( any p]man5t b5efit to ,irel&1 b x 0 ( great value to ! corrupt$ religion & wan+ civilization ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,iri% mission>ies f\nd$ s*ools & mona/]ies 9 ,engl&1 & taught _! ,anglo-,saxon conv]ts to ornam5t books aft] a fa%ion n[ kn[n & describ$ z ! ,saxon /yle4 ,books ( great beauty1 p#adh admirably#ff writt5 by unkn[n ,iri% copyi/s1 are /ill pres]v$ 9 ,g]many1 ,france & ,switz]l&1 to :i* c\ntries ,iri% mission>ies 7 s5t f ,iona betwe5 ! six? & n9? c5turies4 ,^! mission>ies reviv$ ! ta/e = lett]s4 ,flaccus ,alcu91 an ,engli%man & a graduate ( ,anglo-,saxon s*ools1 ! tea*] & advis] ( ,*>lemagne1 0 au?oriz$ by ! great emp]or to in/itute a policy :i* w\ld multiply books & dissem9ate k4 ,x 0 ord]$ t e abbot1 bi%op & c\nt %\ld keep 9 p]man5t employm5t a qualifi$ copyi/ :o mu/ write correctly1 us+ ,roman lett]s only1 & t e mona/ic in/itution %\ld ma9ta9 a room kn[n z ! scriptorium1 fitt$ up ) desks & furni%$ ) all ! implem5ts = writ+4 ,! "w ( copy+ manuscripts & increas+ libr>ies 0 made a life-long bus9ess4 ,alcu9 e>ne/ly entreat$ ! monks to zeal\sness 9 ! dis*>ge ( ?is duty4 8,x is10 he writes1 8a mo/ m]itori\s "w1 m b5eficial to ! heal? ?an work+ 9 ! fields1 :i* pr(its only a man's body1 :il/ ! labor ( ! copyi/ pr(its 8 s\l40 ,on ano!r occasion1 ,alcu9 exhort$ ! monks :o c\ld n write neatly to le>n to b9d books4 p#adi ,illu/ration3 ,! ,scriptorium4 ,f ,lacroix4 ,! copyi/s ( ! middle ages may be prop]ly divid$ 9 two classes3 ! class t consid]$ copy+ an irksome duty & t did its "w me*anically & badly2 ! class t treat$ book-mak+ z a purely arti/ic occupation1 & gave ! mo/ "t & c>e to ornam5tation4 ,! book-mak]s :o made se>* = au!ntic copies1 comp>+ ! diff]5t texts ( books & correct+ _! errors1 did n appe> until aft] ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,! me*anical drudges1 :o 7 always mo/ num]\s1 n only repeat$ ! errors ( _! faulty copies1 b add$ to !m4 ,errors became s frequ5t t "s ( ! m c>eful & consci5ti\s copyi/s ?\ght x necess>y to repeat at ! end ( e book ! solemn adjuration ( ,ir5u3 ,i adjure !e :o %all transcribe ?is book1 by our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 & by 8 glori\s com+ to judge ! quick & dead1 p#aej t ?\ comp>e :at ?\ transcribe/1 & correct x c>efully accord+ to ! copy f :i* ?\ transcribe/1 & t ?\ also annex a copy ( ?is adjuration to :at ?\ ha/ writt54 ,! illu/ration annex$1 ! fac-simile ( a few l9es f a ,lat9 ,bible writt5 9 ! n9? c5tury1 is a fair example ( ! c>elessness ( _m me*anical copyi/s4 ,! words ,9 illo tempore are n to be f\nd 9 correct copies ( ! ,vulgate2#fg ! v awkw>d writ+1 ! runn+ toge!r ( words1 ! unnecess>y contractions1 & ! misuse ( capital lett]s1 are flagrant blemi%es t call = no comm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,p5man%ip ( a ,copyi/ ( ! ,n9? ,c5tury4 ,f ,lacroix4 ,! lett]s ( ?is book are ( ! ,roman =m1 z _h be5 comm&$ by ,*>lemagne2 b ?is =m ( writ+ gradually w5t out ( use1 n only 9 ,france1 b ev5 9 ,italy & ,spa94 ,! unskillful writ]s :o c\ld n prop]ly produce ! pla9 l9es & true curves ( ,roman lett]s1 tri$ to hide ! unga9l9ess ( _! awkw>dly con/ruct$ *>act]s by repeat$ t\*es ( ! p51 :i* made !m bri/le ) angles4 ,9 ! gold5 age ( po9t$ ar*itecture & sup]flu\s ornam5tation1 ?is fault became a fa%ion4 ,! po9t$ lett]s became kn[n z ecclesia/ic lett]s1 & !n !re seem$ to be a special propriety 9 putt+ f9ials & crockets on ! lett]s ( books ( piety4 ,x is to ! fail+ skill & bad ta/e ( inexp]t copyi/s m ?an to _! desire to con/ruct an improv$ =m ( writ+1 t p#aea we may trace ! orig9 ( ! ,black or ,go?ic lett]1#fh :i*1 "u a great _m names & modifications1 0 employ$ 9 all books until supplant$ by ! ,roman types ( ,j5son4 ,! copyi/s & calligraph]s 7 /imulat$ to d _! be/ by ! religi\s zeal ( weal?y laym5 :o frequ5tly gave to religi\s h\ses l>ge sums ( money = ! copy+ & ornam5tation ( books4 ,x 0 taught t ! gift ( an illum9at$ book1 or ( ! means to make x1 0 an act ( piety :i* w\ld be held 9 p]petual remembrance4 ,= ! m$ieval books ( luxury ?us made to ord]1 ! f9e/ vellum 0 select$4 ,! size mo/ 9 fa%ion 0 t n[ kn[n z demy folio1 ( :i* ! leaf is ab\t t5 in*es wide & fifte5 in*es long1 b small] sizes 7 (t5 made4 ,! space to be occupi$ by ! writt5 text 0 mapp$ out ) fa9t l9es1 s t ! writ] c\ld keep 8 lett]s on a l9e1 at ev5 di/ance f ea* o!r & )9 ! prescrib$ m>g94 ,ea* lett] 0 c>efully drawn1 & fill$ 9 or pa9t$ ) repeat$ t\*es ( ! p54 ,) good ta/e1 black ink 0 mo/ frequ5tly select$ = ! text2 r$ ink 0 us$ only = ! m prom95t words1 & ! cat*-lett]s1 !n kn[n z ! rubricat$ lett]s4 ,sometimes texts 7 writt5 9 blue1 gre51 purple1 gold or silv] inks1 b x 0 soon discov]$ t texts 9 bright color 7 n s readable z texts 9 black4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,fr5* ,manuscript ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,f ,lacroix4 ,:5 ! copyi/ _h f9i%$ 8 %eet1 he pass$ x to ! design]1 :o sket*$ ! bord]1 pictures & initials4 ,! %eet 0 !n giv5 to ! illum9ator1 :o pa9t$ x4 p#aeb ,! ornam5tation ( a m$ieval book ( ! fir/ class is beyond description by words or by wood-cuts4 ,e in* ( space 0 us$4 ,its broad m>g9s 7 fill$ ) qua9t ornam5ts1 sometimes ( high m]it1 admirably pa9t$ 9 vivid colors4 ,grotesque initials1 :i*1 ) _! fl\ri%es1 (t5 spann$ ! full height ( ! page1 or broad b&s ( floriat$ trac]y t occupi$ its entire wid?1 7 ! only indications ( ! *anges ( *apt] or ( subject4 ,9 pr9t]s' phrase1 ! composition 0 8close-up & solid0 to ! extreme degree ( compactness4 ,! uncommonly free use ( r$ ink = ! small] initials 0 n altoge!r a matt] ( ta/e2 if ! page _h be5 writt5 entirely 9 black ink1 x w\ld h be5 unreadable ?r\gh its blackness4 ,?is nicety 9 writ+ consum$ mu* "t1 b ! m$ieval copyi/ 0 seldom gov]n$ by consid]ations ( "t or exp5se4 ,x 0 ( little consequ5ce :e!r ! book he transcrib$ w\ld be f9i%$ 9 "o or 9 t5 ye>s4 ,x 0 requir$ only t he %\ld keep at 8 "w /eadily & d 8 be/4 ,8 skill is m to be comm5d$ ?an 8 ta/e4 ,_m ( 8 initials & bord]s 7 outrage\sly inappropriate = ! text = :i* !y 7 design$4 ,! grave/ tru?s 7 h$g$ 9 ) ! mo/ *ildi% conceits4 ,angels1 butt]flies1 p#aec gobl9s1 cl[ns1 birds1 snails & monkeys1 sometimes 9 arti/ic1 b mu* (t5] 9 grotesque1 & sometimes 9 highly (f5sive positions1 are to be f\nd 9 ! illum9at$ bord]s ( copies ( ! gospels & ! writ+s ( ! fa!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,m$ieval ,bookb9d+4 ,f ,jo/ ,amman4 ,! book 0 b\nd by ! =w>d]1 :o sew$ ! leaves & put !m 9 a cov] ( lea!r or velvet2 by ! f9i%]1 :o ornam5t$ ! cov] ) gild+ & enamel4 ,! annex$ illu/ration ( bookb9d+1 publi%$ by ,amman 9 8 ,book ( ,trades1 puts be=e u _m ( ! implem5ts /ill 9 use4 ,! =w>d]1 ) 8 cu/om>y apron ( lea!r1 is 9 ! =egr\nd1 mak+ use ( a pl[-knife = trimm+ ! edges ( a book4 ,! ly+-press :i* re/s obliquely aga9/ ! block be=e him conta9s a book t has receiv$ ! op]ation ( back+-up f a que]-%ap$ hamm] ly+ ^u ! floor4 ,! workman at ! end ( ! room is sew+ toge!r ! sections ( a book1 = sew+ 0 prop]ly reg>d$ z a man's "w1 & a sci5tific op]ation altoge!r beyond ! capacity ( ! raw seam/ress4 ,! "w ( ! f9i%] is n repres5t$1 b ! bru%es1 ! burni%]s1 ! spr9kl]s & ! :eel-%ap$ gild+ tools hang+ aga9/ ! wall leave u 9 no d\bt z to _! use4 ,!re is an air ( antiquity ab\t ev]y?+ connect$ ) ?is bookb9d]y :i* sugge/s ! ?\ght t its tools p#aed & usages are mu* old] ?an ^? ( pr9t+4 ,*evilli] says t sev5te5 pr(essional bookb9d]s f\nd regul> employm5t 9 mak+ up books = ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 z e>ly z #abgb4 ,:]ev] books 7 produc$ 9 quantities1 bookb9d+ 0 set ap>t z a bus9ess di/9ct f t ( copy+4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,m$ieval ,illum9ator4 ,f ,jo/ ,amman4 ,! poor /ud5ts :o copi$ books = _! own use 7 also oblig$ to b9d !m1 :i* !y did 9 a simple b effici5t mann]1 by sew+ toge!r ! fold$ %eets1 atta*+ !m to n>r[ p>*m5t b&s1 ! ends ( :i* 7 made to pass ?r\gh a cov] ( /\t p>*m5t1 at ! jo9t ne> ! back4 ,! ends ( ! b&s 7 !n pa/$ d[n "u ! /iff5+ %eet ( ! cov]1 & ! book 0 press$4 ,sometimes ! cov] 0 made flexible by ! omission ( ! /iff5+ %eet2 sometimes ! edges ( ! leaves 7 protect$ by flexible & ov]hang+ flaps :i* 7 made to project ov] ! cov]s2 or by ! ins]tion 9 ! cov]s ( /\t lea!r /r+s ) :i* ! two cov]s 7 ti$ toge!r4 ,ornam5tation 0 entirely neglect$1 = a book ( ?is "* 0 made = use & n = %[4 ,^! me?ods ( b9d+ 7 mo/ly appli$ to small books int5d$ = ! pocket3 ! workman%ip 0 r\gh1 b ! b9d+ 0 /rong & s]viceable4 p#aee ,books ( l>g] size1 made = ! lecturn1 7 b\nd up 9 bo>ds--n an amalgamation ( h>d-press$ oakum1 t>1 & pap]-pulp1 b v]itable bo>ds ( plan$ wood1 :i* 7 nev] less ?an "o-qu>t] in*1 & sometimes 7 two in*es 9 ?ickness4#fi ,! %eets encas$ 9 ^! bo>ds 7 ga!r$ 9 sections usually ( five d\ble leaves4 ,! sections 7 sew$ on r\nd$ raw-hide b&s protect$ f cutt+ or crack+ by a braid$ cas+ ( ?read4 ,a well-b\nd m$ieval book is a model ( c>eful sew+3 ! ?read1 repeat$ly pass$ 9 & out ( ! sections & ar\nd ! b&s1 sometimes diagonally f "o corn] ( ! book to ! o!r1 is caught up & lock$ 9 a work$ head at ! top & bottom ( ! back4 ,! b&s1 (t5 fan-tail$ at _! ends1 7 pa/$ & sometimes rivet$ 9 ! bo>ds4 ,! jo9ts 7 protect$ aga9/ crack+ by broad l9+s ( p>*m5t4 ,= a book t might receive r\gh usage1 & t did n require a high ornam5tal f9i%1 hog-sk9 0 select$ z ! /ronge/ & mo/ suitable cov]+ = ! bo>ds4 ,! cov]s & ! back 7 decorat$ by m>k+ !m ) fanciful patt]ns1 lightly burnt 9 ! lea!r by heat$ rolls or /amps1 f patt]ns & by processes sub/antially ! same z ^? us$ 9 manufactur+ mod]n acc\ntbooks4 ,= a book int5d$ to receive an ornam5tation ( gild$ "w1 calf & goat-sk9 lea!rs 7 pref]r$4 ,! gild+ 0 done ) c>e1 elaborately1 arti/ically1 ) an excess ( m9ute decoration t is really bewild]+1 :5 "o consid]s ! sp>sity & simplicity ( ! tools 9 use4 ,to protect ! gild+ on ! sides1 ! bo>ds 7 (t5 panel$ or sunk 9 ! c5tre1 & ! corn]s1 & sometimes ! entire out] edges ( ! cov]1 7 %ield$ ) ?ick project+ plates ( brass or copp]4 ,a l>ge boss ( p#aef brass 9 ! c5tre1 ) small] bosses or buttons ^u ! corn]s1 0 also us$ to protect ! gild+ f abrasion4 ,on ! *eap] books1 b\nd 9 hog-sk91 iron corn]s & a closely set /udd+ ( r\nd-head$ iron nails 7 us$ = ! same purpose4 ,to prev5t ! cov]s f w>p+ outw>d1 two clasps ( brass 7 atta*$ to ! cov]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,sumptu\sly ,b\nd ,book4#gj ,f ,*amb]s4 ,! book ?us b\nd 0 too weighty to be held 9 ! h&2 x 0 s full ( angles & knobs t x c\ld n be plac$ ^u a flat table )\t dang] ( scrat*+ x4 ,= ! safety ( ! book & ! conv5i5ce ( ! read]1 x 0 necess>y t ! book %\ld be laid on an incl9$ desk or a revolv+ lecturn1 provid$ ) a l$ge = hold+ x up & ) holdfa/s = keep+ d[n ! leaves4 ,! lecturn 0 really requir$ = ! protection ( ! read]4 ,petr>*1 :5 read+ an unwieldy volume ( ! ,epi/les ( ,cic]o1 :i* he held 9 8 h&s1 & 9 :i* he 0 p#aeg pr(\ndly int]e/$1 repeat$ly let ! book slip & fall1 & s bruis$ 8 left leg t he fe>$1 = "s "t1 t he w\ld h to submit to its amputation4 ,:5 ! book 0 n 9 use1 x 0 laid sidewise on ! %elf ) ! flat side fully expos$1 %[+ to be/ advantage ! beauty ( ! b9d+4 ,its metal-/udd$ sides prev5t$ x f be+ /ood upright on ! %elf4 ,! book made = common use 0 frequ5tly cov]$ ) oak bo>ds b&$ ) iron4 ,:5 expos$ 9 *ur*1 x 0 secur$ to a po/ or pill> ) a *a94 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,m$ieval ,book ) ,cov]s ( ,oak4 ,f ,*amb]s4 ,! mortise 9 ! cov] to ! left 0 = ! ins]tion ( ! h& :5 ! book 0 held up = read+4 ,! ornam5t$ cov] ( ! sumptu\s book 0 ev5 m respl5d5t ?an its illum9at$ text4 ,gild]s1 jewel]s1 silv]smi?s1 engrav]s1 & pa9t]s took up ! "w :i* ! b9d] _h left1 & lavi%$ ^u x all ! res\rces ( _! arts4 ,a copy ( ! ,evangeli/s pres5t$ by ,*>lemagne to a *ur* 9 ,france1 0 cov]$ ) plates ( gold & silv]1 & /udd$ ) gems4 ,to ano!r *ur* ! pi\s si/] ( ,*>lemagne gave a book glitt]+ ) preci\s /ones1 & ) appropriate engrav+ ^u a great agate 9 ! c5tre ( ! cov]4 ,we read ( ano!r book ( devotion cov]$ ) plates ( select$ ivory1 ^u :i* 0 sculptur$1 9 high relief1 ) que/ionable propriety1 an illu/ration ( ! ,fea/ ( ,bac*us4 ,! ,cluny ,museum at ,p>is conta9s two book-cov]s ( enamel$ brass1 "o ( :i* has on ! cov] a v elaborate engrav+ ( ! ,adoration ( ! ,wise ,m54 ,books l ^! call$ = ! display ( a high] degree ( p#aeh skill ?an c\ld be f\nd 9 mona/]ies4 ,! me*anics :o 7 call$ 9 to p]fect ! "w ( ! copyi/s soon became famili> ) all ! details ( book-mak+4 ,little by little !y encroa*$ on ! prov9ce ( ! copyi/1 & 9 "t became compet5t to d all 8 "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,book-,cov] 9 ,ivory1 ,byzant9e ,/yle4 ,f ,b]jeau4 ,dur+ ! twelf? c5tury ! ecclesia/ical monopoly ( book-mak+ began to give way4 ,lit]>y "w _h gr[n irksome4 ,! *ur* _h secur$ a position ( supremacy 9 temporal z well z spiritual matt]s2 x _h gr[n ri*1 & %[$ disreg>d = ! spiritual & educational means by :i* its successes _h be5 made4 ,x began to enjoy its prosp]ity4 ,! neglect ( books by _m ( ! prie/s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 0 au?oriz$ by ! example & precepts ( ,francis d',assisi1 :o suff]$ none ( 8 foll[]s to h ,bible1 brevi>y or psalt]4 ,?is new =m ( asceticism culm9at$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ord] ( ! ,m5dicant ,fri>s1 :i*1 9 its e>li] days1 0 wond]fully popul>4 ,f\nd$ = ! purpose ( supply+ ! spiritual adm9i/rations :i* _h be5 sadly neglect$ by ! b5efic$ cl]gy1 :o 7 n only ignorant b corrupt1#ga ! new ord] ultimately p#aei became ev5 m neglectful ( duty1 m ignorant & m immoral4 ,! lead]s ( ! fri>s 7 m5 ( piety1 & "s ( !m1 disreg>d+ ! precept ( ! zeal\s f\nd] ( ! ord]1 7 /ud5ts & collectors ( books2 b ! inf]ior cl]gy1 ) few exceptions1 7 extremely ignorant4 ,!y n only ex]t$ a mis*iev\s influ5ce ^u ! p1 b !y %[$ to prie/s ( o!r ord]s t ! k to be _h f books 0 n really necess>y4 ,! class ( monks :o _h devot$ _! lives to ! copy+1 b9d+ & ornam5t+ ( books1 imitat$ z f> z !y c\ld ! example set by ! pleasure-lov+1 ignorant fri>s1 & s\ght opportunities = relaxation4#gb ,! c>e ( libr>ies 0 neglect$ = pleasures ( a gross] nature4 ,! duties ( copyi/s & libr>ians pass$1 gradually & almo/ imp]ceptibly1 into ! h&s ( ! laity4 ,! bus9ess ( sell+ books1 :i* _h be5 giv5 up dur+ ! decl9e ( ! ,roman empire1 re-appe>$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! twelf? c5tury 9 ! neighborhood ( ! new ,italian univ]sities ( ,padua & ,bologna4 ,to h ! privilege ( sell+ books to ! /ud5ts1 ! booksell]s 7 p#afj oblig$ to submit to a /r+5t discipl9e4 ,! re/rictive legislation ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 = f\r c5turies ! greate/ s*ool ( !ology & ! mo/ r5[n$ ( ! ,european univ]sities1 may be (f]$ z a suitable illu/ration ( ! _s %[n to booksell]s by all ! s*ools ( ! middle ages4 ,?r\gh its cl]ical tea*]s1 ! *ur* claim$ ! "r to control ! mak+1 buy+ & sell+ ( books4 ,x ext5d$ its au?ority ov] p>*m5t-mak]s1 bookb9d]s1 & e o!r class ( me*anics t contribut$ 9 any way to _! manufacture4 ,! rules made by ?is univ]sity reveal _m curi\s facts conc]n+ book-mak+1 & tea* u1 z a rec5t imp]iali/ au?or has truly said1 t ! c5sor%ip ( books is old] ?an pr9t+4 ,we comm& t ! /ation]s1#gc vulg>ly call$ booksell]s1 %all ea* ye>1 or e o!r ye>1 z may be requir$ by ! univ]sity1 take oa? to behave !mselves hone/ly & fai?fully 9 all matt]s conc]n+ ! buy+1 keep+ or sell+ ( books4 ,9 ! ye> #acdb1 !y 7 requir$1 t\*+ ! price ( books1 to tell ! tru?1 pure & simple1 & )\t deceit or ly+4 ,no booksell] c\ld buy a book = ! purpose ( sale1 until x _h be5 expos$ = five days 9 ! ,hall ( ! ,univ]sity1 & its pur*ase _h be5 decl9$ by all ! tea*]s & s*ol>s4 ,! prices ( books sold by ! booksell]s 7 fix$ by f\r ma/] booksell]s appo9t$ by ! univ]sity4 ,any attempt to get a high] price entail$ a p5alty4 ,no "o c\ld buy or sell books1 or l5d money on !m1 )\t a special p]mit f ! univ]sity4 ,! pr(it ( ! booksell] ^u ! sale ( a book 0 fix$ at f\r d5i]s :5 sold to a tea*] or s*ol>1 & six d5i]s :5 sold to ! public4 ,no pots-de-v91 or dr9k-money1 nor gratuities ( any k9d1 7 to be exact$ by ! booksell] 9 addition to ! fix$ price4 ,books %\ld be made correct to copy1 & be sold z correct 9 good fai?4 ,! booksell] %\ld be requir$ to make an oa? z to _! entire accuracy4 ,:oev] sold incorrect books w\ld be oblig$ to make ! corrections1 & w\ld be o!rwise puni%$4 p#afa ,no booksell] %\ld refuse to l5d a book to ! /ud5t :o wi%$ to make a new copy f x1 & :o (f]$ security & compli$ ) ! t]ms fix$ by ! univ]sity4#gd ,illu/ration3 ,seal ( ! ,ma/]s & ,s*ol>s ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is4 ,f ,lacroix4 ,be=e any newly writt5 book c\ld be (f]$ = sale1 x mu/ be submitt$ to ! rector ( ! univ]sity1 :o _h ! p[] to suppress x1#ge or correct x1 & :o1 if x 0 approv$1 fix$ its price4 p#afb ,x does n surprise u to le>n t ! /ation]s did n ?rive4 ,"u ! h>d pressure ( taxation & c5sor%ip1 ! imposition ( arbitr>y prices & compulsory loans1 !y f\nd x v difficult to e>n a liv+4 ,!y 7 oblig$ to add ano!r bus9ess to t ( book-publi%+4 ,a few became not>ies2 "s sold furs1 :ile _! wives 9 ! same %op sold 8fripp]ies & l hab]da%]y02 o!rs became ! dress]s ( p>*m5ts & b9d]s ( books4 ,aga9/ ^! innovations ! reg5ts ( ! univ]sity made unavail+ prote/1 sev]ely c5sur+ ! base booksell]s :o 8did n uphold ! dignity ( _! pr(ession1 b :o mix$ x up ) vile trades40 ,b ! necessities ( ! half-/>v$ booksell]s compell$ ! univ]sity to ov]look ! (f5se4 ,! be/ & l>ge/ books ( ! /ation]s 7 always ( a !ological nature4 ,9 a li/ giv5 by ,*evilli] ( ! books sold 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury by ! booksell]s to ! univ]sity1 are f\nd 9 ! =emo/ place1 books on ! ,canon ,law1 ! ,homilies ( ,/4 ,gregory1 ! ,book ( ,sacram5ts1 ! ,confessions ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ! ,homilies ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ! ,comp5dium ( ,?omas ,aqu9as1#gf & ,/4 ,?omas on ,metaphysics1 on ,physics1 on ,heav5 & ,e>?1 on ! ,s\l4 ,copies ( ! ,gospels or ! ,scriptures1 or ev5 ( ! works ( classical au?ors1 7 n 9 high reque/4 ,! mo/ popul> books 7 elem5t>y works on gramm> & philosophy1 = ! use ( /ud5ts1 & devotional works l cre$s1 cate*isms1 & pray]s1 :i* 7 l>gely b\ght by ! m pi\s "p ( ! p t 7 able to read4 ,! copyi/s made books = ! m ignorant prie/s1 books conta9+ a synopsis ( ,*ri/ian fai? & doctr9e1 or descriptions ( important ev5ts record$ 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,z an additional refre%m5t ( ! memory1 & to make !m m entic+ to ! buy]1 ^! books 7 pr(usely illu/rat$ ) p5-&-ink draw+s4 ,! ,bible ( ! ,poor1 & ! ,mirror ( ,man's ,r$emption1 aft]w>d popul> z p#afc pr9t$ books1 are favorable specim5s ( a class ( illu/rat$ manuscripts 9 common use among ! inf]ior cl]gy z f> back z ! t5? & elev5? c5turies4 ,!y 7 sold to ! unle>n$ ( ! laity & to fri>s :o c\ld n read1 b :o c\ld und]/& ! allegories taught ?r\gh ! pictures4 ,an increas+ fondness = ornam5tation & = pictorial illu/ration may be notic$ among bo? le>n$ & unle>n$4 ,manuscripts ( e description 7 adorn$ ) pictures4#gg ,ab/ruse !ological writ+s & treatises on geometry & philosophy 7 (t5 deck$ out ) floriat$ bord]s & gaudily pa9t$ illu/rations :i* w\ld n[ be consid]$ z suitable only = *ildr54 ,x w\ld seem t x 0 ?r\gh ! pictorial attractions ( a book1 m ?an ?r\gh its text1 t m5 7 l$ to admire lit]ature4 ,! copyi/s made books ( small size :i* 7 sold to /ud5ts = trifl+ sums4 ,psalt]s1 ) leaves no l>g] ?an ! palm ( ! h&1 7 sold = a sol4 ,elem5t>y s*ool-books1 l ! ,logic ( ,boe?ius1 7 sometimes copi$ 9 a m9ute /yle ( p5man%ip1 & 7 /ill fur!r contract$ ) abbreviations until ! writ+ _h ! appe>ance ( microscopic /5ography4 ,! m9ute p5man%ip may be reg>d$ z evid5ce ( ! great sc>city ( p>*m5t1 & ! abbreviations z indications ( ! we>9ess ( ! writ]4 ,! arbitr>y ord] ( ! univ]sity1 :i* compell$ ! booksell]s to l5d _! books to s*ol>s1 %[s t x 0 cu/om>y = a /ud5t or a poor man ( lett]s to copy ! books he ne$$4 ,! little books sold = a sol 7 manife/ly made = read]s :o c\ld n ev5 buy ! vellum p#afd requir$ = a book ( ! usual size4 ,x 0 necess>y t books sold at ?is price %\ld be ( ! *eape/ mat]ials1 & t ! text %\ld be abbreviat$ by contractions#gh s t x w\ld occupy b little space4 ,! despis$ fabric ( pap]1 & ! remnants ( vellum reject$ by pr(essional copyi/s aft] ! sk9 _h be5 cut up = leaves ( folio or ( qu>to size1 7 *e]fully accept$ by read]s :o valu$ a book m = its cont5ts ?an = its appe>ance4 ,! sc>city ( vellum 9 "o c5tury1 & its abundance 9 ano!r1 are indicat$ by ! size ( writt5 pap]s dur+ ! same p]iods4 ,be=e ! six? c5tury1 legal docum5ts 7 usually writt5 ^u "o side only2 9 ! t5? c5tury ! practice ( writ+ ^u bo? sides ( ! vellum became common4 ,dur+ ! ?irte5? c5tury1 valuable docum5ts 7 (t5 writt5 ^u /rips two in*es wide & b ?ree & a half in*es long4 ,at ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury ^! /rips w5t out ( fa%ion4 ,! m g5]al use ( pap] _h dim9i%$ ! dem& = vellum & increas$ ! supply4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 legal docum5ts on rolls ( sew$ vellum tw5ty feet 9 l5g? 7 n uncommon4 ,all ! valuable books ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 7 writt5 on vellum4 ,9 ! libr>y ( ! ,l\vre ! manuscripts on p#afe pap]1 comp>$ to ^? on vellum1 7 z "o to tw5ty-eight2 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,dukes ( ,burgundy1 "o-fif? ( ! books 7 ( pap]4 ,! increase 9 ! proportion ( pap] books is a fair indication ( ! increas+ popul>ity ( pap]2 b x is obvi\s t vellum 0 ev5 !n consid]$ z ! m suitable sub/ance = a book ( value4 ,! e/eem ) :i* books 7 reg>d$ by prie/s & s*ol>s dur+ ! f\rte5? c5tury 0 %>$ by m5 ( weal?1 :o covet$ books1 n s mu* = _! cont5ts z = _! pictures1 & z evid5ces ( weal? & culture4 ,a rem>kable impulse _h be5 giv5 to lit]ature & to ! mak+ ( books by ! tr\bad\rs ( ,s\!rn ,france4 ,_! songs ( love & devotion to wom51 _! encomiums ( *ivalry1 & /ories ( battle & adv5ture1 :i* 7 ( _! own age1 fre% & full ( life1 & unta9t$ by ! influ5ce ( )]$ classical models1 _h mo/ unb\nd$ popul>ity 9 e grade ( society4 ,uncultivat$ p1 :o w\ld h yawn$ ov] ! read+ ( ,hom] or ! ,odes ( ,horace1 w\ld li/5 ) a ke5 delight to ! songs ( a ,prov5al m9/rel1 or to ! read+ ( romances ab\t ,*>lemagne & 8 ,palad9s1 ab\t ,ar?ur & ,m]l91 & ! ,knights ( ! ,r\nd ,table4 ,to m5 :o _h reg>d$ books only z dull treatises ab\t !ology1 ^! romances 7 revelations ( an unsuspect$ attractiv5ess 9 lit]ature4 ,h[ mu* ^! romances increas$ ! respect = books1 & l$ to ! mak+ ( new copies1 & to a m g5]al k ( read+ & writ+1 _c be exactly /at$2 b _! influ5ce on ! p 0 va/ly great] ?an t ( ! books ( ! s*ools4 ,dur+ ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 books ab\t love & *ivalry con/itut$ ! great] "p ( ! secul> lit]ature ( ,europe4 ,! mo/ popul> books ( ,caxton1 ! fir/ ,engli% pr9t]1 & ( ! e>ly pr9t]s ( ,p>is1 7 ( ?is "*4 ,to ! ladies ( ,france1 ! books ( love & song 7 especially attractive4 ,x 0 l>gely ?r\gh _! admiration t ! workman%ip ( a new ord] ( book-mak]s came 9 fa%ion4 p#aff ,to please _! da9ty ta/es1 copies 7 made ) ref9em5ts ( calligraphy nev] be=e attempt$2 ! unwieldy sizes ( folio & qu>to 7 supplant$ by small & h&y duodecimos1 & b9d+s ( a m delicate "* 7 introduc$4 ,! nature ( ! new lit]ature1 & ! effem9ate ta/e ( ! newly made class ( read]s1 seem$ to call = *anges 9 ! old me?ods ( mak+ books4 ,x 0 necess>y t ! massiv5ess & b>b>ic spl5dor ( ! mona/ic books %\ld be supplant$ by workman%ip comb9+ elegance1 lightness & delicacy4 ,x 0 necess>y t ! illu/rations made = ! lady's missal1 or = a book ( romance1 %\ld be design$1 n by "s grim old monk ^: imag9ation _h be5 cramp$ by 8 solit>y life1 & ^: n>r[ness & sev]ity 7 visible 9 all 8 workman%ip1 b by a c\rti]1 an arti/1 & man ( fa%ion1 :o knew ! _w1 :o knew h[ to please x1 & h[ to pa9t x4 ,to ?is class ( m51 ! =]unn]s ( c\rtly arti/s l ,dur]1 ,holbe9 & ,rub5s1 ! manufacture ( ! new books 0 intru/$4 ,! new arti/s 9 book-mak+ organiz$ a nic] division ( labor1 & sup]vis$ & direct$ ! "w at e /age ( its progress4 ,a copyi/ select$ = 8 skill wrote ! text 9 prescrib$ places on ! %eets1 &1 by ! uni=mity ( 8 p5man%ip1 gave "* & connection to ! "w2 "o design] sket*$ ! bord]s1 & ano!r outl9$ ! initials2 an illum9ator fill$ 9 ! outl9es ) gold-leaf & bright colors4 ,!n came ! arti/1 or m9iaturi/1 :o drew ! illu/rations & pa9t$ ! f9e pictures :i* gave ! book its great *>m4 ,! arti/s 7 call$ m9iaturi/s because _! illu/rations 7 m9iature pictures1 z arti/ically design$1 & always m c>efully pa9t$ ?an l>g] pa9t+s made = ! adornm5t ( *ur*es1 halls & picture gall]ies4 ,avoid+ ! h>d outl9es & gl>+ pigm5ts ( ! illum9ator1 ! m9iaturi/ pa9t$ 9 l[ t9ts1 & ) ! nice/ att5tion to h>mony ( color4 ,! beauty ( ! "w1 :i* has be5 b little affect$ p#afg by "t1 is recogniz$ to ?is day4 ,! %eets :i* _h be5 s arti/ically pa9t$ 7 z elegantly b\nd4 ,!y 7 cov]$ ) silk1 velvet1 sat91 or bright-color$ lea!r1 embroid]$ ) gold & pe>ls1 /udd$ ) buttons ( gold1 b&$ on ! corn]s ) %ields1 & secur$ ) clasps ( preci\s metals engrav$ & enamel$ 9 ! v f9e/ /yle ( decorative art4 ,admirable z ! books are1 !y d n give u a high op9ion ( ! intellig5ce ( ! arti/s1 nor ( ! culture ( _! own]s1 = !y are full ( ana*ronisms & absurdities 9 ! pictures & 9 ! text4 ,?is ta/e = elegant books1 :i* began 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 became a pr9cely amusem5t4 ,9 #acgc1 ,*>les ,v ( ,france 0 ! own] ( m ?an n9e hundr$#gi books1 mo/ ( :i* 7 writt5 on f9e vellum1 sup]bly b\nd1 & adorn$ ) preci\s /ones & clasps ( silv] or gold4 ,8 bro!rs fo/]$ ! same ta/e4 ,philip ! ,bold1 ,duke ( ,burgundy1 ga!r$ ar\nd him arti/s1 au?ors1 copyi/s1 & bookb9d]s1 & e/abli%$ a great libr>y4 ,8 son1 ,john ! ,fe>less1 l>gely increas$ x1 b ! mo/ co/ly additions 7 made by ,philip ! ,good1 :o1 at ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 enjoy$ ! di/9ction ( possess+ ! mo/ magnific5t books 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,books ( equal beauty 7 also made 9 ,italy1 b !re 0 no "p ( ,europe :]e calligraph]s1 m9iaturi/s & ornam5tal bookb9d]s f\nd a high] appreciation ( _! skill ?an 9 ,burgundy & ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,nor did ?is ta/e = f9e p#afh books soon g out ( fa%ion4 ,! bus9ess ( mak+ f9e manuscript books 0 n entirely de/roy$ by ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,lacroix1 a ,fr5* antiqu>y1#hj has %[n u t copyi/s1 illum9ators1 design]s & pa9t]s f\nd employm5t 9 ! embelli%m5t ( books ev5 z late z ! la/ qu>t] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,dur+ ! middle ages1 books ( m]it 7 ev]y:]e sold at enorm\s prices4 ,illu/rat$ & illum9at$ volumes 9 elegant b9d+s seem specially exorbitant1 :5 we consid] ! great] pur*as+ capacity ( money4 ,daun\ says1 t 9 a computation ( ! value ( a l>ge libr>y ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ! av]age price ( ea* manuscript book %\ld be fix$ at ab\t #dej francs4 ,didot says t1 ( ?ree hundr$ books conta9$ 9 ! libr>y at ,ratisbon1 dur+ ! ye> #abca1 ! av]age price ( ea* book 0 #fjj francs4 ,:at proportion %\ld be all[$ = b9d+ & illum9ation is n /at$1 b x c be prov$ t copy+ c\ld n h be5 ! labor ( greate/ exp5se4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ! price ( copy+ a ,bible at ,bologna1 exclusive ( ! value ( b9d+1 p>*m5t & illum9ation1 0 #hj ,bolognese livres4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! price ( copy+ 0 /eadily decl9+1 :ile ! prices ( illum9at+ & b9d+ 7 increas+4 ,books 7 exp5sive1 n s mu* ?r\gh ! labor ( ! copyi/1 :o did ! simple/ & *eape/ "p ( ! "w1 b ?r\gh ! extravagant ornam5tation put on p#afi !m by ! illum9ator & ! b9d]4 ,! true (fice ( ! book 0 p]v]t$4 ,x 0 reg>d$1 n z a m$ium ( in/ruction1 b z a means = ! display ( weal? & arti/ic ta/es4 ,! read] 0 really taught to value x m = its dress ?an = its sub/ance2 ! book-mak] 0 mo/ appreciat$ :5 he made books s exp5sive t !y 7 out ( ! rea* ( ord9>y buy]s4 ,to ! mod]n book-buy]1 ! prices ask$ = books ( size & m]it dur+ ! middle ages seem excessive1 & especially s :5 !y are contra/$ ) ! prices !n paid = food or labor4#ha ,at ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 books ( in/ruction 7 l>g]1 m ornam5tal1 &1 to ! uns*ool$ read]1 m p$antic & m =bidd+ ?an ev]4 ,we d n f9d 9 !m any valuable contributions to k1 nor d we discov] 9 ! writ]s or tea*]s ( ! day any disposition to make k easy to be acquir$4 ,! love ( great books dur+ ?is p]iod1 frequ5tly notic$ z "o ( ! evid5ces ( a true revival ( lit]ature1 is1 :5 critically exam9$1 evid5ce only ( ! arti/ic ta/es ( book-buy]s & ( ! exclusiv5ess ( s*ol>s4 ,s f> f pav+ ! way = ! introduction ( pr9t+1 ?is trifl+ ) p#agj lit]ature 0 "o ( ! mo/ =midable imp$im5ts 9 its pa?4 ,x made despicable ev5 ! ?\ght ( an attempt to produce books by ! simpl] me?od ( pr9t+1 !n 9 its fir/ /age ( practical developm5t4 ,! pr9cely patrons ( lit]ature1 ! le>n$ doctors ( ! univ]sities1 ! copyi/s & /ation]s1 ! illum9ators & m9iaturi/s1 mu/ h se5 ! play+ c>ds & pr9ts !n sold 9 all l>ge cities1 &1 to "s ext5t1 mu/ h kn[n ! process by :i* !y 7 made4 ,b !y look$ on !m ) a pity+ contempt = ! co>se ta/es :i* c\ld be satisfi$ ) su* rude workman%ip4 ,! di/ance 9 degrees ( m]it betwe5 pr9t$ play+ c>ds & f9ely illum9at$ manuscript books seem$ inf9ite4 ,if ! c>ds convey$ a sugge/ion ( ! possibility ( pr9t$ books1 ! sugge/ion 0 reject$4 ,to ! da9ty ta/es ( book-mak]s pr9t+ 0 a b>b>\s trade2 to ! weal?y book-buy]1 a pr9t$ book w\ld h be5 ! degradation ( art & lit]ature4 ,"o may look 9 va9 among ! book-mak]s & s*ol>s ( ! f\rte5? c5tury = any sign t h]ald$ ! com+ ( pr9t+4 ,mak]s & buy]s ( books seem to h be5 fully satisfi$ ) ?+s z !y 7--) ! e/abli%$ me?ods ( book-mak+1 ) ! organization ( society & ! /ate ( education4 ,& ! pr(ess$ patrons ( lit]ature w\ld h be5 =ev] satisfi$ ) ?is /ate ( affairs4 ,"u _! exclusive patronage1 books w\ld h be5 made m & m sumptu\sly1 & put m & m out ( ! rea* ( ! p4 p#aga ,x ,! ,prep>ations = ,pr9t+4 ,imp]fect ,prep>ation ( ! ,p ( ,s\!rn ,europe 4 4 4 ,repression ( ,education 9 ,engl&4 ,e>ly ,grop+s aft] ,k by ,engli% ,p 4 4 4 ,! ,horn-,book & ,clog 4 4 4 ,injuri\s ,effects ( ! ,use ( ,lat9 9 ,books 4 4 4 ,beg9n+s ( ,common ,s*ools 4 4 4 ,_! ,usefulness 9 ,g]many & ,fl&]s 4 4 4 ,indications ( ,m5tal ,activity 9 ! ,arts 4 4 4 ,favorable ,condition ( ,g]many z ,comp>$ ) o!r ,/ates 4 4 4 ,pr(ligacy ( ! ,cl]gy 4 4 4 ,gr[? ( ,h]esy 4 4 4 ,e>ly ,translations ( ! ,bible 4 4 4 ,appreciation ( ,pictures by ! ,illit]ate 4 4 4 ,! ,dance ( ,dea?4 ,neglect ( ! ,p by _! ,con/itut$ ,tea*]s 4 4 4 ,gr[+ use ( ,pap] 4 4 4 ,increase ( ,self-taught ,copyi/s 4 4 4 ,guilds ( ,book-,mak]s 9 ! ,nor? ( ,europe 4 4 4 ,pr9t+ z an ,aid to ,writ+ 4 4 4 ,pr9t+ ,delay$ by ,consid]ations ( ,exp5se 4 4 4 ,c\ld n be ,introduc$ until !re 7 a ,multitude ( ,read]s 4 4 4 ,books ( ,pictures prec$$ ,books ( ,lett]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,no great fact1 no social /ate1 makes its appe>ance complete & at once2 x is =m$ sl[ly1 successively2 x is ! result ( a multitude ( diff]5t facts ( diff]5t dates & orig9s1 :i* modify & comb9e !mselves 9 a ?\s& ways be=e con/itut+ a :ole1 pres5t+ itself 9 a cle> & a sy/ematic =m1 receiv+ a special "n1 & /&+ ?r\gh a long life4 ,guizot4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to ! c>eless obs]v] ( ! gr[? ( le>n+ & ! /ate ( ! me*anical arts at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ,italy might be reg>d$ z ! nation be/ prep>$ to receive & ma9ta9 any new me?od ( book-mak+4 ,! neatly engrav$ initial lett]s 9 manuscript books1 ! designs pr9t$ 9 _m colors on wov5 fabrics1 & ! ext5d$ manufacture ( images & play+ c>ds1 prove t ! ,italians knew h[ to pr9t f blocks1 & t !y _h me*anical skill 9 abundance4 ,9 spite ( h] civil w>s1 ,italy 0 ri* & prosp]\s1 & fam\s all ov] ! _w1 n only = h] univ]sities & le>n$ m51 b p#agb = ! cultur$ ta/es ( h] p4 ,x w\ld appe> t all ! conditions = ! com+ ( block-book pr9t+ _h be5 fill$1 & t its introduction %\ld h foll[$ z a consequ5ce4 ,b ! conditions 7 only p>tly met4 ,to be ultimately successful1 x 0 requisite t pr9t+ %\ld beg9 ) ! pla9e/ "w1 & t x %\ld be adapt$ to ! dem&s ( v pla9 p2 b ! ta/es ( ,italians 7 ref9$1 & !y c\ld n tol]ate rud5ess 9 any =m4 ,) all its skill1 weal? & culture1 !re 0 9 ,italy no true middle class1 &1 consequ5tly1 no suitable basis = ! uphold+ ( an art l xylography4 ,! _s :i* ,woltmann has specifi$ z ! basis ( pr9t+1--8! impulse to make ea* m5tal ga9 a common bless+10--0 entirely want+4 ,z ! pr(essional book-mak]s1 :o 7 ( ! p1 did no?+ = ! advancem5t ( _! ord]1 ! developm5t ( ,italian pr9t+ _h to /op ) pr9t$ c>ds1 clo?s & images4 ,! skill ( ,italian engrav]s culm9at$1 n1 z x did 9 ,g]many1 9 popul> block-books1 b 9 ! m arti/ic & exclusive bran* ( copp]-plate pr9t+4 ,! ef=ts ( ,italian s*ol>s to revive ! /udy ( classical au?ors1 h[ev] useful !y may h be5 to ! p ( o!r c\ntries1 end$ 9 ,italy ) a wid5+ ( ! gulf t sep>at$ ! ignorant f ! educat$4 ,= ! b5efits ( pr9t$ books1 ,italy is indebt$ to ! skill ( ,g]man pr9t]s1 ^: e>ly productions _h be5 exclud$ f ,v5ice at ! petition ( h] qu]ul\s c>d-mak]s4 ,x may seem equally /range t block-book pr9t+ 0 n inv5t$ 9 ,spa91 :]e textile fabrics 7 pr9t$1 & :]e pap] 0 m l>gely made & us$ ?an 9 any portion ( ,europe4 ,we !re f9d s*ools1 libr>ies1 & signs ( great m5tal activity4 ,9 poetry1 ar*itecture1 music & o!r f9e arts1 ! p ( ,spa9 7 z advanc$ z ! ,fr5* or ,italians4 ,b ! love ( books1 & ! culture t comes only f _! /udy1 7 n firmly root$ 9 ! life & habits ( common p4 ,! education & social elevation ( ! few _h be5 secur$ at ! exp5se p#agc ( ! _m1 & lit]ature & ! lit]>y arts _h be5 s ref9$ t !y 7 9 decay4 ,no?+ seems to h be5 done to pave ! way = ! introduction ( xylographic pr9t+ by attempts to educate ! p4 ,! intellectual developm5t ( ,france resembl$ t ( ,italy & ,spa9--x 0 a developm5t ( ! lit]ature ( ! *ur*1 & ( effem9ate ta/es among ! weal?y1 b f ^! ! p d]iv$ no b5efit4 ,france 0 !n pass+ ?r\gh ! horrors ( :at ,fr5* hi/orians call ! 8,hundr$ ,ye>s' ,w>0 ) ,engl&1 dur+ :i* h] population decreas$ at an al>m+ rate1 & _m ( h] arts & indu/ries 7 irrep>ably injur$4 ,! pr9ces & nobles 7 wag+ aga9/ ea* o!r a w> ( treason & assass9ation2 ! peasantry1 on :om feudal laws press$ m sev]ely ?an !y did on any o!r p1 broke out 9 ! insurrection ( ! ,jacqu]ie4 ,9 #adjg1 ! pope laid ! k+dom "u int]dict1 & ! )drawal ( ! m9i/rations ( ! *ur* 7 add$ to ! horrors ( civil & s]vile w> & ! mis]ies ( =eign invasion4 ,x 0 n a "t = cultivat+ ! arts ( peace4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no block-book ( ! fifte5? c5tury 9 ! ,fr5* language1 & !re is no reason to believe t any block-book pr9t] ev] attempt$ to e/abli% 8 bus9ess on ,fr5* t]ritory4 ,( all ! /ates ( ,we/]n ,europe1 ,engl& seems to h be5 mo/ unfitt$ = ! reception ( pr9t+4 ,!re 7 a few ecclesia/ics :o saw ! importance ( books1 & :o tri$ to f\nd libr>ies1 b ! great] "p ( ! cl]gy 7 v ignorant4 ,!y w\ld n le>n1 nor w\ld !y all[ common p to be taught4 ,x 0 unlawful1 ev5 z late z #adab1 = labor]s1 f>m]s & me*anics to s5d _! *ildr5 to s*ool4 ,a great opportunity = popul> education 0 pres5t$ 9 ,wickliffe's translation ( ! ,bible1 :i* c\ld h be5 made an effective means = diffus+ ! k ( lett]s among a religi\s p4 ,b 9 #adae x 0 enact$ t !y :o read ! ,scriptures 9 ! "m tongue %\ld be hang$ = treason1 & burn$ = h]esy4 p#agd ,illu/ration3 ,an ,engli% ,horn-,book4 ,f ,*amb]s4 ,9 spite ( all ^! imp$im5ts1 !re 0 a sl[ b positive diffusion ( k among ,engli% p4 ,h[ ! k 0 communicat$ is n cle>1 = notices ( common s*ools 9 ,engl&1 & inde$ on ! ,cont95t1 are infrequ5t & unsatisfactory4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 "s curi\s relics ( ! sub/itutes = books us$ by ! p4 ,"o ( !m is ! ,horn-,book1#hb by :i* ! *ildr5 7 taught _! lett]s & ! ,"l's ,pray]4 ,! engrav+ annex$ repres5ts a book t is ( no e>li] date ?an ! reign ( ,*>les ,i1 b x is a tru/wor?y illu/ration ( ! con/ruction1 if n ( ! matt]1 ( ! horn-books 9 use 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,ano!r ( ^! sub/itutes is ! ,clog1 a rude contrivance = m>k+ ! ord] ( com+ days1 :i* may be consid]$ z ! =]unn] ( ! pr9t$ almanac4 p#age ,illu/ration3 ,! ,clog4#hc ,f ,*amb]s4 ,! /&>d ( ,engli% education 0 l[1 ev5 9 ! univ]sities4 ,an em95t ,italian man ( lett]s1 9 ,engl& 9 #adbj1 compla9s ( ! sc>city ( good books1 & is n at all respectful to ,engli% s*ol>s4#hd ,! ,univ]sities ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge _h be5 e/abli%$ r m ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 b !y taught bad ,lat94 ,!re 7 few books ( m]it 9 ! ,engli% language3 ,wickliffe's translation ( ! ,bible1 & ! poems ( ,*auc]1 ,lydgate & ,g[]1 are all t des]ve any notice4 ,!re 01 z yet1 no univ]sally spok5 ,engli% language3 ,fr5* 0 ! language ( ! ,engli% nobility & ( ,engli% c\rts & books ( law1 z late z ! ye> #acfb2 m]*ants & m]cantile companies kept _! books 9 ,fr5*2 boys at s*ool 7 requir$ to translate p#agf ,lat9 into ,fr5*4#he ,! habitual employm5t ( ,fr5* z ! language ( ! nobility1 & ( ,lat9 z ! language ( lit]ature1 %ut ! doors ( k on ^? :o spoke ,engli% only4 ,9 all c\ntries ! elem5t>y text books ( ! s*ools 7 9 ,lat94 ,to le>n ari?metic1 gramm> or geography1 ! s*ol> mu/ beg9 ) ! /udy ( ,lat94 ,! dead language 0 ! pa? to all k3 x 0 a circuit\s & a we>isome pa?1 b x 0 travel$ by e /ud5t de/9$ = ! *ur*1 or = ! pr(ession ( law or m$ic9e4 ,at a v e>ly p]iod ! bi%ops ( ! ,ca?olic *ur* tri$ to e/abli% s*ools = *ildr51 b n s mu* = ! tea*+ ( secul> z ( religi\s k4 ,9 ! ye> #hjj a synod at ,m5tz ord]$ t p>o*ial prie/s %\ld e/abli% s*ools 9 all t[ns & villages to tea* lett]s to *ildr54 ,^! ord]s 7 repeat$ by o!r c\ncils1 b !y c\ld be en=c$ only 9 ! l>g] cities4 ,9 _m rural di/ricts common s*ools 7 entirely unkn[n4 ,z ! cl]gy grew corrupt1 !y 7 neglect$ 9 cities4#hf ,! prim>y s*ools 7 n always taught by ecclesia/ics1 b ! *ur* claim$ ! "r to sup]vise !m1 & made sure t its doctr9es & dogmas %\ld be fully taught4 p#agg ,^! s*ools seem to h be5 mo/ useful :]e !y 7 n ov]%ad[$ by great in/itutions ( le>n+4 ,9 ! ,g]man c\ntries t bord]$ on ! ,rh9e1 & m especially 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 :]e !re 7 no univ]sities1 & :]e ! p _h a l>ge measure ( p]sonal lib]ty1 we f9d _m evid5ces ( a /eady progress 9 education1#hg & ( improvem5t 9 social condition4 ,! simple tea*+s ( ! s*ools 7 receiv$ by a pla9 b utilit>ian p :o put ! k to practical use4 ,! newly develop$ m5tal activity did n run to wa/e1 z x did 9 ! univ]sities1 9 unpr(itable metaphysical speculations2 x 0 at once appli$ to ! v>i$ requirem5ts ( art1 trade & manufactures4 ,:5 pr9t+ came1 ! common p 7 fully prep>$ = x1 prep>$ n only to read books1 b to make !m4 ,! inv5tion 0 develop$ 9 prop] ord]1 & 0 prec$$ by improvem5ts 9 me*anical arts4 ,z illu/rations ( ?is m5tal activity1 x is n out ( place to m5tion "s ( ! _m inv5tions ( ! m5 :o _h /udi$ books only to aid !m 9 /udy+ ?+s4 ,we f9d gunp[d] & fire-arms1 glass w9d[s & mirrors1 clocks & wat*es1 & num]\s contrivances t add to ! com=ts ( social life1 "s ( :i*1 l ! t9n+ ( iron1 & ! putt+ ( *imneys to fireplaces1 h seem$ too paltry to des]ve notice4 ,trivial z !y may seem1 :5 9 contra/ ) ! /eam eng9e & railroad1 ! *imney & w9d[ 7 ( ! highe/ s]vice z aids 9 br++ m5 f a qualifi$ b>b>ism to civilization4 ,x _c be p#agh prov$ t ^! contrivances 7 inv5t$ 9 ,g]many1 b x is c]ta9 t !y 7 !re appreciat$ & us$ :5 !y 7 entirely unkn[n 9 p>ts ( ,europe !n suppos$ to be mu* m enlight5$4#hh ,! ,g]mans & ,flem+s 7 reg>d$ z a boori% p by ! m poli%$ ,italians4 ,9 ! arti/ic education t c be acquir$ only f intimate association ) m5 ( g5ius & works ( art1 ! ,nor!rn p 7 defici5t2 b 9 ! k ( useful arts1 9 orig9ality ( inv5tion1 9 pati5ce & ?or\ghness z manufactur]s1 !y 7 sup]ior4 ,! ,g]mans made l951 glass1 c>v$ wood5-w>e1 & useful articles ( all k9ds ne$$ 9 home life4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( f9e me*anisms1 l clocks & curi\s automatons1 !y _h no rivals4 ,! ,flem+s 7 celebrat$ z weav]s1 cutl]s1 goldsmi?s1 armor]s1 engrav]s ( silv]-w>e1 & z c>v]s ( wood & /one4 ,!y 7 m ?an skillful me*anics4#hi ,hub]t & ,john ,van ,eyck1 f\nd]s ( ! ,flemi% s*ool ( pa9t+1 & in/ructors ( em95t ,italian arti/s1 may be reg>d$ z repres5tatives ( ! practical ,flemi% "*1 = !y consid]$ no bran* ( ! arts ( design z unwor?y _! att5tion2 !y pa9t$ on glass z well z on wood or canvas2 !y illum9at$ missals1 &1 z _m bibliograph]s believe1 made designs on wood = ! engrav]s ( block-books4 p#agi ,! /eady progress made by ! p ( ,fl&]s & ,g]many 9 arts & manufactures 0 l>gely due to _! lib]ty4 ,!y 7 n altoge!r exempt f ! bondage ( feudalism3 !re 0 "s discord 9 ,g]many1 & nev]-ceas+ /rife betwe5 ! nobles & middle class1 b ! ,g]man burgh] ma9ta9$ 8 indep5d5ce & liv$ 9 com=t4#ij ,! ne$ ( peace & p]sonal lib]ty z prep>ations = ! introduction ( pr9t+ may be m cle>ly p]ceiv$ 9 a glance at ! social condition ( ! p4 ,! discont5t ( common p at _! treatm5t by con/itut$ au?orities 0 nev] great] ?an dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,s\!rn ,europe 0 afflict$ by sangu9>y w>s1 into :i* ! rul]s ( ! p dragg$ _! unwill+ peasantry4#ia ,arm$ b&s ( p#ahj dis*>g$ soldi]s roam$ ab\t1 robb+ & murd]+ at w4 ,nobles secure 9 _! ca/les s5t out soldi]s to make =ays 9 adjac5t di/ricts1 ) no m pretext ( law ?an is claim$ by pirates4 ,outside ( l>ge cities !re 0 no safety = life or prop]ty4 ,to add to ! g5]al mis]y1 fam9e desolat$ ! mo/ fruitful c\ntries1 & 9 "s di/ricts1 ! awful pe/il5ce ( ! black dea? swept away half ! population4 ,:]e ! suff]+ 0 greate/1 ! p rebell$1 b to no purpose4 ,9 ,france1 ! insurg5ts ( ! ,jacqu]ie1 9 #aceh1 7 massacr$ ) savage +5uity 9 cruelty2#ib 9 ,engl&1 ! ,wat ,tyl] revolt ( #ache 0 put d[n ) viol5ce1 & ! p 7 rem&$ to ! old ville9age4#ic ,9 c\ntries :]e !re 0 no outbreak1 a sull5 res5tm5t grew up aga9/ all au?ority1 b m especially aga9/ t ( ! e/abli%$ *ur*4 ,! exactions & sc&al\s mann]s ( ! sup]ior cl]gy af=d$ a suffici5t provocation4 ,!re 7 two popes--"o at ,rome & "o at ,avignon2 9 _m dioceses 7 rival bi%ops1 hold+ au?ority "u ! rival popes4 ,! heads ( ! *ur* 7 at enmity ) ea* o!r1 & !y rul$ ov] ,god's h]itage ) ! weapons & ! _s ( temporal pr9ces4 ,! tribute ( money :i* _h be5 delay$ or refus$ by recusant bi%ops1 & ! tribute ( homage :i* _h be5 d5i$ by excommunicat$ k+s or emp]ors1 7 paid 9 ! mis]y & blood ( ! p4 ,9 ! prolong$ disputes betwe5 pope & k+1 & pope & anti-pope1 ! pi\s & loyal1 :o _h be5 taught to honor ^? :o 7 9 au?ority1 7 unable to disc]n :i* ( ! two conte/ants 0 ! true & :i* ! false pope or bi%op4 p#aha ,f ! tea*+s ( ea* pret5d] ! good turn$ away4 ,! religi\s s5tim5t :i* _h be5 %ock$ at ! outrage\s behavior ( ! ano9t$ tea*]s =sook ! old alt>s4 ,x s\ght out new fai?s & f\nd$ new sects4#id ,! tea*]s ( ! new sects 7 unwitt+ly prep>+ ! p = ! com+ ( pr9t+ by en=c+ ! duty ( m c>eful read+ & /udy ( ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,9 ! ye> #achj1 ,wickliffe complet$ a translation 9 ,engli% ( ! entire ,bible4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 copies ( a translation ( ! ,scriptures 9 ,prov5al ,fr5*1 made by or "u ! direction ( ,pet] ,waldo1 a weal?y m]*ant ( ,lyons1 & ! f\nd] ( ! ,wald5ses1 7 circulat$ 9 ,burgundy & ^u ! bord]s ( ! ,rh9e4 ,!re 7 _m new translations1 or at lea/ ( ! gospels & psalms1 9 o!r ,european languages4#ie ,m5 & wom5 p#ahb ga!r$ toge!r 9 secret places to he> !m read4#if ,! timid & irresolute1 ali5at$ f ! *ur*1 & det]r$ f frequ5t+ prohibit$ associations1 set up alt>s ( ! mo/ unpret5ti\s "* )9 _! own h\ses4 ,too poor to buy books1 & p]haps too ignorant to read !m1 !y s\ght f ! =ms*neid]s & image-mak]s ! emblems !y ne$$ z visible symbols ( _! fai?4 ,9 ?is hung]+ aft] ! in/ruction or consolation af=d$ by religi\s pictures1 we see ! orig9 ( ! block-books4 ,a gr[+ fondness = pictures is a m>k$ peculi>ity 9 ! intellectual developm5t ( ! age4 ,x 0 n conf9$ to ! buy]s ( pr9t$ images3 x 0 manife/$ 9 ! pa9t+s on ! walls & w9d[s ( magnific5t *ur*es1 9 ! pictorial play+ c>ds !n 9 ! h&s ( all p1 g5tle & simple1 & m ?an all 9 ! fe>ful pictures ( ! ,dance ( ,dea? ^u ! walls ( conv5ts1 9 ! arcades ( bury+-gr\nds1 & 9 m>ket-places & t[n halls4 ,9 ^! hide\s pa9t+s1 ! sa9t saw ! necessity ( prep>ation = dea?2 ! s9n] int]pret$ !m z an ass]tion ( ! equality ( all m5 & ! f9al puni%m5t ( ! p#ahd unju/4 ,9 ! inexorable imp>tiality ( ! gr9n+ & /alk+ skeleton :o rudely dragg$ away ! resi/+ noble & prote/+ prie/1 !re 0 a gha/ly irony :i* 0 ke5ly appreciat$ ev5 by ! illit]ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,abbot4 ,dea? despoils ! ,abbot ( 8 mitre & crozi]1 & drags him away4 ,! ,abbot resi/s1 & is ab\t to ?r[ 8 brevi>y at 8 adv]s>y4 ,! ,m5dicant ,fri>4 ,he is ab\t to ent] 8 conv5t ) 8 money-box & wallet1 :5 ,dea? seizes him by ! c[l1 & compels him to leave ! _w4 ,! ,prea*]4 ,dea?1 ) a /ole ab\t 8 neck1 /&s beh9d ! ,prea*]1 & holds a jaw-bone ov] 8 head1 intimat+ t he is ! m =cible tea*]4 ,! ,knight4 ,aft] escap+ p]ils 9 num]\s combats1 ! ,knight ineffectually resi/s ! onset ( ,dea?1 & is vanqui%$ by "o ?ru/ ( ! spe>4 ,holbe9's ,illu/rations ( ! ,dance ( ,dea?4 ,f ,d\ce4 ,! signs ( awak5+ intellig5ce1 z manife/$ 9 ! g5]al appreciation ( pictures1 images1 play+ c>ds & books1 7 entirely disreg>d$ by ! au?oriz$ tea*]s ( ! age1 :o c\ld h us$ ! me?od ( xylographic pr9t+ by :i* images & play+ c>ds 7 made1 & c\ld h l$ p f ! contemplation ( images & allegories ( ! ,dance ( ,dea?1#ig to ! /udy ( books & lett]s4 ,!y _h all ! means )9 rea*4 ,!re 7 engrav]s & pr9t]s 9 ,v5ice 9 #adjj2 !re is an obscure notice ( image-cutt]s or engrav]s on wood 9 ! records ( ! frat]nity ( ,/4 ,luke 9 ,p>is#ih = ! ye> #acia4 ,b p#ahe nei!r ! doctors ( ! univ]sities nor ! book-mak]s ( ,p>is ev] attempt$ to pr9t books or pictures4 ,nor c x be %[n t any "o ( ! _m p]sons labor+ = ! revival ( lit]ature at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury _h any?+ to d ) pr9t+4 ,! significance ( ?is fact %\ld be fairly consid]$1 = x is ! prop] explanation ( ! curi\s & *ildi% lit]ature ( ! block-books :i* foll[$ ! pr9t$ images4 ,illu/ration3 ,r$uc$ ,fac-simile ( ! ,dance ( ,dea?1 z %[n 9 ! ,nuremb]g ,*ronicle4 ,photograph$ f ,mr4 ,bruce's ,copy4 ,e>ly pr9t$ "w 0 ! outgr[?1 n ( s*ol>%ip1 b ( comp>ative ignorance4 ,! fir/ block-pr9t]s 7 m5 outside ! pale ( lit]ature1 & n indebt$ to any s*ool or s*ol> = ! sugge/ion ( pr9t+4 ,! fir/ m]*antable products ( pr9t+ on pap] 7 n books1 b play+ c>ds & images4 ,! e>lie/ pur*as]s ( p#ahf pr9t+ 7 m5 :o c\ld nei!r read nor write4 ,! c>d-mak]s1 :o labor$ = ! amusem5t ( boyi% ta/es1 7 ! ignorant nurses ( an art :i* has pres]v$ ! le>n+ ( ! _w4 ,!y h _h gr& success4 ,! once despis$ fabric ( pap] has displac$ vellum2 types d ! "w ( re$ & p51 & ! "w ( p]petuat+ ! lit]ature ( ! _w is done by me*anics4#ii ,nor has ?is great revolution be5 re/rict$ to me*anical processes 9 book-mak+4 ,m$ieval books are m ?an out ( date3 !y are dead1 beyond all revival4 ,!y are kn[n to book-lov]s *iefly by reputation4 ,! writ+s ( ,anselm1 ,dun ,scotus1 ,abel>d1 ,pet] ,lomb>d1 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ,?omas ,aqu9as & ,ockham1 are read only ?r\gh curiosity2 !y are z obsolete z ! works ( ! old ,greek philosoph]s4#ajj ,al?\gh mu* _h be5 done to prep>e ,g]many & ,fl&]s = ! reception ( pr9t+1 "o ?+ 0 lack+4 ,pr9t+ wait$ = a wise appreciation ( ! utility ( pap]4 ,= c5turies pap] _h be5 reg>d$ z a plebeian writ+ surface1 unfitt$ = books1 b good en\gh = %opkeep]s1 me*anics1 & *ildr5 :o _h or s\ght a smatt]+ ( education4 ,x 0 necess>y t ! prejudices 9 favor ( vellum %\ld be uproot$1 & t ! practical sup]iority ( pap] %\ld be recogniz$ by m5 ( high] au?ority ?an c>d-pr9t]s or poor s*ol>s4 ,?is *ange 9 fa%ion 0 effectually made by ! ri* m]*ants ( ,fl&]s & ,g]many4 ,! pap] reject$ ( pr(essional book-mak]s 0 n s /rong nor s attractive z p>*m5t1 b x 0 flexible1 durable1 & mu* *eap]4 ,!re 0 no legislative int]m$dl+ ) its sale#aja z !re _h be5 ) p>*m5t4 p#ahg ,ev]ybody 0 free to buy & use x at 8 pleasure4 ,! consequ5ces ( ?is contemptu\s ab&onm5t ( pap] to ! p1 :o 7 suppos$ to be almo/ unfit to use x1 7 unexpect$4 ,^? :o knew h[ to read & write f\nd 9 pap] a ready means ( communicat+ _! k4 ,! numb] ( read]s grew4 ,) ?is increase ( read]s came also an increase ( self-taught copyi/s & ( unpr(essional book-mak]s4 ,9 ! comm]cial cities1 :]e copyi/s 7 n subject$ to ! c5sor%ip ( ! univ]sities1 ! practice ( mak+ books became z common z x _h be5 exclusive4 ,book-mak+ became a di/9ct trade1 & %ops 7 e/abli%$ = ! sale ( alphabets1 prim]s1 pray] books1 cre$s1 & elem5t>y text books = s*ools1 all adapt$1 bo? 9 price & 9 subject1 to ! v humble/ read]s4#ajb ,! names ( "s nooks & corn]s 9 ,london1 ,pat]no/] ,r[1 ,cre$ ,lane1 ,am5 ,corn]1 ,ave ,m>ia ,lane1 %[ t ^! 7 ! places 9 t city :]e manuscripts ( a religi\s "* 7 l>gely made & sold4 ,z ! sale ( ^! books & tracts increas$1 ,nor!rn copyi/s comb9$ ) ea* o!r = purposes ( mutual protection1 aft] ! usage ( all ! tradesm5 ( ! middle ages4 ,we f9d a m5tion ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,company ( ,/ation]s ( ,london 9 #adje4 ,!re 7 guilds ( book-mak]s at ,augsburg 9 #adah1 at ,nordl+5 9 #adbh1 at ,ulm 9 #adda1 at ,antw]p 9 #adda1 at ,bruges 9 #aded4 ,^! are ! ye>s 9 :i* ! guilds 7 fir/ m5tion$2 b x is probable !y 7 incorporat$ at e>li] dates4 ,! p#ahh book-mak+ frat]nities ( ,/4 ,luke1 9 ,v5ice & 9 ,p>is1 7 con/itut$ ( copyi/s1 calligraph]s1 illum9ators & bookb9d]s2 b ! m practical ,nor!rn guilds admitt$ to memb]%ip pr9t]s & engrav]s1 & e work]1 h[ev] humble 8 "w1 :o contribut$ to ! mak+ ( a book4 ,b ?is comb9ation ( copyi/s ) engrav]s & pr9t]s did n at once lead to ! pr9t+ ( books4 ,x did no m ?an pave ! way = its introduction1 by mak+ p famili> ) pap] & pr9t+4 ,= a long "t ! workman%ip ( ! rival arts 0 kept di/9ct2 ! copyi/ transcrib$ books1 :ile ! pr9t]s made images4 ,b ! "t came :5 ! copyi/ _h to ask help f ! pr9t]4 ,! pr9t+ ( books began1 n z an indep5d5t art1 b z an aid to ! art ( writ+4 ,a publi%]#ajc ( ,london rec5tly describ$ & (f]$ = sale a curi\s old book1 p>tly pr9t$ & p>tly writt51 :i* illu/rates ! close alliance ( labor once ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! copyi/ & ! engrav]4 ,he describes ! book z a folio ( #ag leaves ( vellum1 on :i* are pr9t$ #fi engrav+s1 twelve ( !m be>+ leg5ds1 8repres5t+ sc5es ( ,*ri/ian my?ology1 figures ( patri>*s1 sa9ts1 devils1 & o!r dignit>ies ( ! *ur*1 all color$ & illum9at$ ) oxidiz$ gold1 impress$ 9 ! mid/ ( a manuscript text 9 ,g]man40 ,! engrav+s ( ?is book are small1 ab\t #c in*es long & #b-a_/d in*es broad4 ,!y are enclos$ by a d\ble bord] ( black l9es1 & are pr9t$ on ! left side ( ! page4 ,! design] ( ! illu/rations 0 obvi\sly an inexp]t1 n accu/om$ to draw+ ! lett]s ( ! inscriptions 9 rev]se ord] on ! block1 = "s ( ! lett]s are turn$ ! wrong way4 ,! engrav+s 7 pr9t$ be=e ! descriptive text 0 writt54 ,! language ( ! text1 old ,high ,g]man1 conta9s obsolete words :i* 7 out ( use be=e typography 0 inv5t$4 ,qu>it* attributes ?is p#ahi book to unkn[n monks ( ,s\!rn ,g]many1 8ab\t ! ye> #adjj40 ,?is copy ( ! ,weekly ,m$itations is a favorable specim5 ( ! comb9$ workman%ip ( ! copyi/ & ! pr9t]2 b x is n ! only "o4 ,copies or fragm5ts ( manuscript books#ajd ) pr9t$ illu/rations are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & 9 _m ,european libr>ies4 ,^! specim5s ( book-mak+ dur+ ! p]iod ( its transition f writ+ to pr9t+1 give u "s notions ( ! e/imation 9 :i* ! process ( pr9t+ 0 held by ! m5 :o manufactur$ *ap-books4 ,x does n appe> t !y made use ( pr9t+ because !y ?\ght x 0 a labor-sav+ process4 ,!y us$ x ma9ly1 if n entirely1 to supplem5t ! defici5t skill ( ! copyi/4 ,x 0 !n z x is n[--_m c\ld write1 b few c\ld draw4 ,if ! copyi/ :o wrote ! text _h be5 compet5t to draw1 ! pictures w\ld n h be5 engrav$4 ,nor w\ld ^! engrav+s h be5 made = "o nor ev5 = "o doz5 copies4 ,we may prop]ly suppose t en\gh copies 7 pr9t$ to ju/ify ! exp5se ( engrav+4 ,:ile x 0 exp$i5t to engrave ! pictures1 x 0 inexp$i5t to engrave ! text ( a book4 ,9 _m books1 ! lett]s con/itut$ ! l>ge/ "p ( ! "w1 & to ! engrav] x 0 ! m difficult "p--! exp5se ( engrav+ w\ld m ?an (fset all ! advantages t might h be5 ga9$ f pr9t+4 ,a full suite ( blocks = ! text w\ld co/ m ?an ! writ+ ( a hundr$ copies4 ,to ! /ation] :o c\ld sell b few books1 xylographic pr9t+ 0 n an economical process3 ! prelim9>y co/ ( engrav+ 0 too great4 ,x w\ld be an extravagant e/imate to assume t ! writ] ( ! ,weekly ,m$itations made "o hundr$ copies ( ?is book2 b "o p#aij hundr$ copies w\ld h be5 an edition mu* too small to ju/ify ! engrav+ ( its text ( sev5te5 pages4 ,we mu/ accept ?is z ! reason :y pr9t+ 0 s sp>+ly us$ by ! e>ly book-mak]s4 ,!y did n engrave blocks & pr9t books1 because !re 7 n en\gh book-buy]s to w>rant ! exp5se4 ,?is feature ( pr9t+--its entire dep5d5ce ^u a v l>ge numb] ( book-buy]s--may require a m ext5d$ explanation4 ,! small prices = :i* all popul> mod]n books & newspap]s are sold lead _m into ! error t pr9t+ is1 necess>ily & "u all circum/ances1 a mu* *eap] me?od ( mak+ books ?an t ( writ+4 ,z comp>$ ) writ+1 presswork1 or ! op]ation ( impress+ ! types on ! %eet1 is mu* ! quick] & *eap] process2 b presswork is n ! ma9 bran* ( ! art ( pr9t+4 ,be=e "o impression c be tak51 or "o copy be made1 types mu/ be compos$ or blocks engrav$ at v great exp5se4 ,! composition & /]eotyp+ ( ! pages ( an ord9>y duodecimo book may be wor? six hundr$ doll>s4 ,on an edition ( t5 copies ! co/ ( su* a book w\ld be1 = mak+ plates only1 sixty doll>s p] copy4 ,if !re 7 b "o hundr$ copies1 ! exp5se ( ! plates w\ld be six doll>s p] copy4 ,"u ^! conditions few books w\ld be publi%$4 ,b if an edition ( "o ?\s& copies %\ld be pr9t$1 ! co/ ( ! plates w\ld be only sixty c5ts a copy4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 pr9t+ w\ld be mu* *eap] ?an writ+1 b ?is r$uc$ rate w\ld n necess>ily ju/ify ! exp5ses ( pr9t+4 ,! risk ( sale mu/ be haz>d$4 ,no publi%] w\ld und]take at 8 own risk to pr9t ev5 "o ?\s& copies1--mu* less a small] numb]1--if he did n fully believe t ! edition c\ld be promptly sold4 ,b ! e>ly book-mak] did n h ?is confid5t belief 9 l>ge & spe$y sale4 ,!re 71 comp>atively1 few book-buy]s1 & ! publication ( a book by ! me?od ( engrav+ & pr9t+ mu/ h seem$ v haz>d\s speculation4 p#aia ,x c be cle>ly se5 t ! co/ ( pr9t+ a book is 9 inv]se ratio ) ! numb] pr9t$4 ,:5 ! numb] is small1 ! co/ p] copy is great2 :5 ! numb] is great1 ! co/ p] copy is small4 ,pr9t+ is an economical process only = books ( _m copies4 ,if !re 7 n a v great numb] ( book-read]s & book-buy]s1 pr9t+ c\ld n be practis$ to advantage4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ?is multitude ( book-read]s _h n be5 creat$4 ,"o hundr$ copies w\ld h be5 consid]$ a great edition1 & ! engrav]s or pr9t]s :o took su* a haz>d w\ld h wait$ _m ye>s = pur*as]s4 ,_! unwill+ness to take an unwise risk has be5 (t5 reg>d$ z an evid5ce1 n ( _! sagacity1 b ( _! /upidity4 ,!re are writ]s :o h taught t ! project ( a pr9t$ book 0 a gr& conception1 n to be imag9$ by any b a great inv5tor--an idea f> above ! capacity ( any pr9t] ( play+ c>ds or images2 b ! leg5ds 9 ! image pr9ts tea* u t ! e>ly engrav]s knew h[ to engrave ! lett]s1 & t !y c\ld h engrav$ entire books ( lett]s if !y _h ?\ght x exp$i5t4 ,! advantages or disadvantages ( engrav+ books 7 consid]$ by !m z !y w\ld be by publi%]s ( our own "t1 purely z an economical "q4 ,! e>ly engrav]s decid$ t books ( lett]s c\ld be appreciat$1 & w\ld be pur*as$1 only by ! educat$1 a class too small to rew>d ! labor ( ! engrav]4 ,= ! mak+ ( books1 pr9t+ 0 n reg>d$ z an economical process1 & books 7 consequ5tly made by ! *eap] process ( writ+4 ,:ile x 0 unpr(itable to engrave lett]s = books1 x 0 pr(itable to engrave designs = pr9t$ fabrics1 images & play+ c>ds4 ,on "w ( ?is "*1 ! relations ( co/ & sale 7 completely rev]s$4 ,! exp5ses = engrav+ "o design1 "o image1 or "o suite ( c>ds1 0 small2 b ! sale ( ! "w pr9t$ f ! blocks 0 g5]ally v l>ge4 ,fabrics t c\ld be worn1 c>ds t p#aib c\ld amuse1 & images t w\ld s]ve z decorations or z aids to devotion1 _h attractions = all p1 & especially = ! poor & illit]ate4 ,:oev] pr9t$ m]*&ise ( ?is nature c\ld rightfully expect t x w\ld be sold 9 su* l>ge quantities t ! co/ ( engrav+ w\ld be inappreciable4 ,! _w 0 n ready at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury to apply its k ( pr9t+ ) ink to ! mak+ ( books4 ,x 0 reg>d$ z too exp5sive a process4 ,x bid$ its "t1 wait+ = m read]s & book-buy]s1 = pap] 9 great] supply & ( bett] quality1 = high] skill on ! "p ( ! engrav]s1 pr9t]s & ink-mak]s4 ,if !re 7 no o!r evid5ces ?an ^? af=d$ by ! p>tly pr9t$ & writt5 books1 x c\ld be safely assum$ t :5 ! e>ly engrav]s did beg9 to pr9t books1 !y w\ld be1 n books ( lett]s1 b books ( pictures4 p#aic ,,xi ,block-,books ( ,images )\t ,text4 ,g5]al ,appreciation ( ,pictures 4 4 4 ,beg9n+ ( ! ,block-,books 4 4 4 ,popul>ity dur+ ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury 4 4 4 ,neglect$ aft]w>d 4 4 4 ,*ildi% 9 ,"* 4 4 4 ,! ,bible ( ! ,poor 4 4 4 ,its ,age z a ,manuscript 4 4 4 ,its ,popul>ity 4 4 4 ,! ,fir/ ,edition 4 4 4 ,its ,designs & ,engrav+s 4 4 4 ,explanations ( ,fac-similes 4 4 4 ,description ( ,pr9t+ 4 4 4 ,n ,pr9t$ by ! ,frotton 4 4 4 ,ana*ronisms 9 ,design 4 4 4 ,dissimil>ity ( ! ,copies 4 4 4 ,blocks de/roy$ 9 #adhh 4 4 4 ,price ( ,copies 4 4 4 ,description ( ,g]man ,edition ( #adgj 4 4 4 ,! ,apocalypse 4 4 4 ,description ( ,illu/rations 4 4 4 ,probably ( ,g]man ,orig9 4 4 4 ,! ,canticles 4 4 4 ,description ( ,fac-simile 4 4 4 ,its ,ana*ronisms 4 4 4 ,its object 4 4 4 ,quality ( ,engrav+ 4 4 4 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 4 4 4 ,its ,object 4 4 4 ,description ( ,fac-simile 4 4 4 ,its ,absurdities 4 4 4 ,ex]cise on ! ,"l's ,pray] 4 4 4 ,description ( ,fac-simile 4 4 4 ,s+ul> ,p]v]sion ( ! ,pray] 4 4 4 ,! ,book ( ,k+s 4 4 4 ,description & ,fac-simile 4 4 4 ,! ,grotesque ,alphabet 4 4 4 ,a ,my/]i\s ,book 4 4 4 ,! ,apo/les' ,cre$ 4 4 4 ,! ,eight ,rogu]ies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i presume t no?+ is 9 ?is life m useful to a man ?an to ackn[l$ge 8 ,creator1 8 condition1 8 own be+4 ,s*ol>s may le>n ?is f ! ,scriptures1 & ! laym5 %all be taught by ! books ( ! laym51 t is by ! pictures4 ,:]e=e ,i h ?\ght fit1 ) ! help ( ,god1 to compile ?is book = laym5 to ! glory ( ,god1 & z an in/ruction = ! unle>n$1 9 ord] t x may be a lesson bo? to cl]ks & to laym54 ,preface to ! ,speculum ,salutis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! sumptu>y laws ( ! middle ages1 :i* 7 made to re/ra9 common p f imitat+ ! dress & equipage ( ! nobility1 7 n ext5d$ to ! mak+ ( books4 ,! copyi/ or calligraph] 0 at lib]ty to decorate books accord+ to 8 own fancy4 ,!re 0 no occasion = re/rictive legislation4 ,! admirable romances & books ( pray] ^u :i* ! m9iaturi/ _h lavi%$ 8 tal5ts 7 beyond ! skill ( ! vulg> copyi/ & beyond ! means ( ! plebeian book-buy]4 ,only an arti/ c\ld pa9t !m2 only a pr9ce or patrician c\ld buy !m4 ,b ^! books1 al?\gh f> remov$ f ! multitude by price & r>ity1 7 n above ! capacity ( ! ord9>y read]4 ,! illit]ate man :o c\ld f9d no attraction 9 a book ( lett]s w\ld readily ackn[l$ge ! *>m ( ! pictures p#aid 9 a book l ! ,b$=d ,missal4 ,9 ?is univ]sal appreciation ( pictures1 "s ( ! e>ly engrav]s ( c>ds & images saw an opportunity4 ,m5 :o w\ld n buy books ( lett]s w\ld buy books ( pictures4 ,books ( ! latt] class 7 n only sure ( sale1 b !y c\ld be engrav$ on blocks at a comp>atively small exp5se4 ,!y c\ld be pr9t$ 9 quantities mu* m *eaply1 &1 above all1 ) m accuracy & uni=mity ?an !y c\ld be drawn by h&4 ,!y c\ld be pa9t$ or illum9at$ by /5cil plates1 & made acceptable to m5 ( simple ta/es4 ,"h 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! block-books4 ,! t]m ,block-,book is us$ to def9e ! book pr9t$ entirely f engrav$ blocks1 9 contradi/9ction to ! book pr9t$ f movable types4 ,bibliograph]s divide ! block-books 9 two di/9ct classes3 books ( pictures )\t text1 9 :i* words descriptive ( ! picture are engrav$ at ! foot ( ! page1 or 9 c>t\*es proce$+ f ! m\?s ( ! pr9cipal figures2 & books ( pictures ) text1 9 :i* ! explanations ( ! pictures are giv5 9 ! =m ( a full page ( text1 :i* 0 commonly pr9t$ on ! page opposite ! picture4 ,x is admitt$ by all writ]s on typography t block-books ( bo? classes 7 made be=e & aft] ! inv5tion ( typography4 ,t !y 7 manufactur$ 9 l>ge quantities by _m pr9t]s1 & 9 _m cities or t[ns1 dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1 does n admit ( d\bt4 ,x is claim$ by "o bibliograph] t !re are eight editions ( ! ,ars ,mori5di2 by o!rs1 t !re are six editions ea* ( ! ,bible ( ! ,poor & ( ! ,apocalypse1 & f\r ( ! ,mirror ( ,man's ,r$emption4 ,9 "s in/ances1 ! s-call$ lat] editions are repr9t+s1 ) slight alt]ations1 ( ! same blocks t 7 us$ = ! fir/ edition2 9 o!r in/ances1 ! lat] editions 7 pr9t$ f blocks newly engrav$4 ,! numb] & v>iety ( ! editions are pro( t !re mu/ h be5 a v l>ge dem& = ! books2 ! alt]ations 9 ! engrav+s are presumptive evid5ce ( p#aie repairs to blocks badly worn by long use2 ! newly engrav$ blocks are evid5tly ! replacem5t ( a suite completely worn out2 an edition diff]5t f ! o!rs 9 design may be accept$ z ! "w ( a rival or compet+ pr9t]4 ,! few block-books kn[n 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury 7 reg>d$ by bibliograph]s z prejudicial to ! claims ( conte/ants = ! honor ( ! inv5tion ( typography4 ,!y 7 annoy+ facts :i* c\ld nei!r be reject$ nor accept$ )\t hurt to favorite !ories4 ,!re 0 a disposition on all sides to belittle !m 9 numb] z well z 9 importance4 ,! fir/ writ] :o call$ att5tion to _! value z relics c\ld describe b n9e block-books4 ,so!by1 writ+ ab\t !m 9 #aheh1 describ$ 9 ! ,pr9cipia ,typographica tw5ty-"o block-books--n diff]5t editions ( a few books1 b tw5ty-"o di/9ct works4 ,ev5 ) ^! additions1 ! li/ _c be consid]$ complete3 x is possible t m w yet be f\nd1 b x is c]ta9 t _m h be5 irretrievably lo/4 ,! neglect ( ! block-books by e>ly libr>ians seems almo/ ju/ifiable :5 we consid] _! great inf]iority to ! typographic books t foll[$ !m4 ,f a lit]>y po9t ( view1 !y 7 ( no importance z works ( in/ruction or au?ority4 ,!y 7 publi%$ dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1 b !y really belong to ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 dur+ :i* p]iod mo/ ( !m 7 compos$4 ,! leg5ds t expla9 _! illu/rations 7 writt5 9 ,lat91 b !y are adapt$ to read]s 9 a *ild-l /ate ( developm5t4 ,x is n /range t !y %\ld h be5 put aside by ! _w :5 x _h outgr[n !m4 ,*ildi% z ^! books are1 !y are ( high value to ^? :o wi% to note ! gr[? ( pr9t+4 ,!y indicate ! atta9m5ts ( _! au?ors & read]s1 & ! arti/ic abilities ( _! design]s & engrav]s4 ,!y %[ ! quality ( ! pap]1 ink1 & workman%ip ( ! p]iod4 ,!y prove t ! art ( pr9t+ f blocks 0 practis$ by _m p]sons dur+ ! second & ?ird qu>t]s ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 p#aih ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile ( ! ,la/ ,page ( ! ,bible ( ! ,poor4 ,,! ,,biblia ,,paup]um1 ,,or ,,bible ,,( ,,! ,,poor4 ,?is is ! mo/ fam\s & ! mo/ cr$itable specim5 ( ! e>ly block-book4#aje ,! title1 ,bible ( ! ,poor1 seems to h be5 us$ at an e>ly p]iod to di/+ui% x f ! ,bible prop]1 a fair manuscript copy ( :i* 0 sold 9 ,france1 9 ! ye> #adfj1 = five hundr$ cr[ns ( gold4 ,! ,bible prop]1 z !n made1 9 two or m /\t folio volumes ( f9e vellum1 0 ! ,bible ( ! ri*2 its epitome1 9 ! %ape ( ! book ( =ty pages ( engrav+s1 ab\t to be describ$1 0 ! ,bible ( ! poor4 ,! au?or ( ! ,bible ( ! ,poor is unkn[n1 b ! design] ( ! illu/rations 0 n ! writ] ( ! texts t expla9$ ! designs4 ,!re are frequ5t incongruities betwe5 ! words & ! pictures1 :i* fully %[ t ! au?or did n always und]/& ! int5t ( ! arti/4 ,x is probable t ! illu/rations 7 made fir/1 & t1 9 ! beg9n+1 ! ,bible ( ! ,poor 0 a book ( pictures only4#ajf ,"s ,g]man antiqu>ians say t ! book1 9 its p#aii orig9al =m1 0 design$ & expla9$ by a monk nam$ ,w]nh]1 :o 0 liv+ 9 #aahj1 & 0 fam\s dur+ 8 lifetime bo? z a pa9t] & a poet4 ,o!r ,g]man au?orities put ! orig9 ( ! fir/ manuscript z f> back z ! n9? c5tury1 attribut+ ! "w to ,sa9t ,ansg>ius1 fir/ bi%op ( ,hamburg4 ,x seems to h be5 a popul> manuscript1 = copies writt5 be=e ! fifte5? c5tury h be5 f\nd 9 _m old mona/]ies4 ,^! copies are n alike4 ,ne>ly e transcrib] has made m or less alt]ations & innovations ( 8 own2 b ! g5]al plan ( ! book--! contra/+ ( apo/les ) prophets1 & ( ! patri>*s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ) ! sa9ts ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*--has be5 pres]v$ 9 all ! copies4 ,at lea/ f\r di/9ct xylographic editions--two 9 ,lat9 & two 9 ,g]man--( ! ,bible ( ! ,poor h be5 discov]$4 ,?ree ( !m 7 pr9t$ 9 ,g]many aft] ! inv5tion ( typography4#ajg ,! edition ackn[l$g$ z ! fir/1#ajh & suppos$ to h be5 pr9t$ be=e ! inv5tion ( types1 is 9 ,lat91 )\t date1 place1 or "n ( pr9t]4 ,^? :o favor ! !ory ( a ,g]man inv5tion ( pr9t+ say t x 0 pr9t$ 9 ,g]many betwe5 ! ye>s #addj & #adfj4 ,^? :o believe 9 ! priority ( ,dut* pr9t+ say t x mu/ be reg>d$ z ! "w ( "s pr9t] ( ,holl&4 ,?is is ! op9ion ( ,b]jeau1 :o republi%$ ! book 9 fac-simile4 ,he says t ! designs = ! orig9al editions mu/ h be5 made 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 probably by ,van ,eyck1 betwe5 #adaj & #adbj4 p#bjj ,! illu/ration on ! prec$+ page1 :i* is ! exact size ( ! orig9al1 gives a fai?ful repres5tation ( ! la/ page ( ! fir/ edition ( ?is curi\s book4 ,unlike mo/ ( ! block-books1 ! ,bible ( ! ,poor 0 design$ ) ar*itectural symmetry4 ,an op5 frame-"w divides ea* page 9 n9e di/9ct panels or p>titions1 five ( :i* are devot$ to pictorial illu/rations1 & f\r to _! explanation 9 words4 ,! ?ree l>ge panels 9 ! middle ( ! page illu/rate hi/orical subjects drawn f ! ,bible1 ( :i* ! c5tral panel is1 9 !ological phrase1 ! type1 & is tak5 f ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! pictures on ei!r side are kn[n z ! antitypes1 & are (t5e/ tak5 f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! texts t expla9 ! pictures are plac$ 9 ! corn]s ( ! page1 or 9 scrolls ne> ! figures4 ,to mo/ read]s ! explanatory text is undeciph]able4 ,! obscurity is n only t ( a dead language3 a tra9$ ,lat9 s*ol> w always grope & (t5 /umble 9 attempt+ to make a translation4 ,all ! lett]s are c>elessly drawn & cut2 ! words are badly spac$1 & are de=m$ ) abbreviations4 ,^! faults appe> m noticeable :5 ! lett]s are contra/$ ) ! designs4 ,:oev] design$ ! figures on ! wood drew ) ! bold & free h& ( an arti/ :o _h prop] confid5ce 9 8 ability4 ,:oev] engrav$ ! figures cut ! clean firm l9e t c be made only by an exp]t4 ,b ! cutt+ ( ! lett]s1 al?\gh probably done by ! engrav] ( ! figures1 is really b>b>\s4 ,x is obvi\s t ! design]1 skillful z he 0 ) figures1 _h no exp]i5ce 9 draw+ lett]s1 & t ! engrav] 0 equally unsuccessful at a new k9d ( "w4 ,! text & translation app5d$ are ! v]sion ( ,dr4 ,horne1 au?or ( ! ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,bibliography1 :o has correct$ ! contractions ( ! orig9al ,lat94 ,x is copi$ f ! ,typographia ( ,hans>d4 ,ea* page conta9s f\r bu/s--two at ! top1 & two l[] d[n2 toge!r ) ?ree hi/orical subjects4 ,! two upp] bu/s repres5t c]ta9 prophets1 or o!r em95t p]sons1 ^: names are p#bja add$ b5ea? !m4 ,( ! ?ree hi/orical subjects1 ! *ief type1 or pr9cipal piece1 is tak5 f ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & occupies ! c5tre ( ! page1 betwe5 ! two antitypes1 or subord9ate subjects1 :i* are allusive to x4 ,! two bu/s1 plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! upp] "p ( ! page1 repres5t ,david & ,isaiah betwe5 two texts ( ! ,bible1 ) brief explanations4 ,! =m] ( ^!1 on ! left ( ! ,prophets1 is f ! ,song ( ,solomon1 ,*apt] iv1 #g3 f,legitur 9 ,cantico ,canticorum1 qu>to capite1 quod sponsus alloquitur sponsam1 et eam sum5do dixit3 ,tota pul*ra es1 amica mea1 et macula non e/ 9 te4 ,v5i1 amica mea1 v5i1 coronab]e4 ,sponsus v]us i/e e/ ,*ri/us1 qui 9 assum5do eam sponsam1 qu e/ anima s9e macula omnis peccati1 et introducit eam 9 requiem t]nam2 et coronat cum corona immortalitatis4_/f ,9 ! f\r? *apt] ( ! ,song ( ,solomon x is read1 ,t ! bridegroom addresses ! bride1 & receiv+ h]1 says1 ,?\ art all fair1 my love1 & 9 !e is no spot4 ,come1 my love2 come1 ?\ %alt be cr[n$4 ,! real bridegroom is ,*ri/1 :o1 9 receiv+ ! bride1 :i* is ! s\l )\t spot ( s91 also conducts h] to et]nal re/1 & cr[ns h] ) ! cr[n ( immortality4 ,! second passage1 on ! "r ( ,david & ,isaiah1 is p>tly tak5 f ! ,book ( ,revelation1 & runs ?us3 f,legitur 9 ,apocalypsi xxi capite1 quod angelus ,dei appreh5dit ,jhoannem ,evangeli/am cum esset 9 ,spiritu1 et vol5s sibi o/5d]e ar*ana ,dei1 dixit ad eum1 ,v5i1 et o/5dam tibi sponsam1 uxorem agni4 ,angelus loquitur ad omnem g5]ationem ut v5iant ad auscult&um 9 sponsum1 agnum innoc5tem ,*ri/um animas innoc5tes coronantem4_/f ,9 ! tw5ty-fir/ *apt] ( ! ,revelation x is read1 ,t ! ,angel ( ,god took ,john ! ,evangeli/ :5 he 0 9 ! ,_s1 & will+ to %[ him ! my/]ies ( ,god1 said to him1 ,come1 & ,i w %[ !e ! bride1 ! wife ( ! ,lamb4 ,! ,angel speaks to e g5]ation1 t !y come & he>k5 to ! bridegroom1 ! pure ,lamb ,*ri/1 cr[n+ innoc5t s\ls4 ,"u ! bu/ ( ,david1 :i* is indicat$ by 8 "n1 is a scroll proce$+ f 8 h&1 inscrib$3 f,enim tamquam sponsus dom9us proc$5s de ?alamo suo4_/f ,ev5 z a bridegroom come? out ( 8 *amb]4 ,ps4 ,,xix1 #e4 ,b5ea? ! correspond+ comp>tm5t conta9+ a bu/ ( ,isaiah1 is ! ^w ,ysaye1 & also ! ord9al numb] ,,lxi1 ref]r+ to ! sixty-fir/ *apt] ( t prophet2 & f ! h& ( ! figure proce$s a label conta9+3 f,tamquam sponsus decoravit me corona4_/f ,z a bridegroom1 he ha? adorn$ me ) a cr[n4 ,,lxi1 #aj4 ,t[>d ! bottom ( ! plate are two o!r bu/s1 simil> to ^? at ! top1 & :i* repres5t ! ,prophets ,ezekiel & p#bjb ,hosea4 ,f ! figure t occupies ! left-h& comp>tm5t ext5ds a scroll1 at "o end ( :i* is ! ^w zeciel1 ) a numb] ref]r+ to ! tw5ty-f\r? *apt]2 & 9 ! o!r "p are ! words3 f,corona tua capite ligata fiet1 et calciam5ta 9 p$ibus4_/f ,?y tire %all be b\nd ^u ?9e head1 & ?y %oes ^u ?y feet4 ,,xxiv1 #ag4 ,! correspond+ scroll1 atta*$ to ! o!r figure1 conta9s1 at "o end1 ,ozee1 ) a ref]5ce to ! second *apt]2 & 9 ! o!r "p are ! words3 f,sponsabo te mihi 9 sempit]num4_/f ,i w betro? !e unto me =ev]4 ,,ii1 #ai4 ,9 ! c5tral comp>tm5t1 betwe5 ! upp] & l[] bu/s1 is depict$ ! ,type1 or pr9cipal subject4 ,x repres5ts ! rew>d ( righte\sness 9 heav52 ! design] hav+ introduc$ ! ,r$eem] z be/[+ ! ,cr[n ( ,life ^u "o ( ! elect ,spirits4 ,! antitype1 on ! left1 is ! ,daught] ( ,zion cr[n$ by h] sp\se1 ) ! foll[+ leon9e v]se und]nea?3 f,laus anime v]e1_/f f,sponsum b5e s5sit hab]e4_/f ,o s\l div9e6 x rightly knew1 ,to h ! sp\se 0 glory true4 ,! o!r antitype1 on ! "r1 repres5ts an ,angel address+ ,/4 ,john1 hav+ b5ea? x ?is v]se3 f,sponsus amat sponsam1_/f f,*ri/us nimis et speciosam4_/f ,& ,*ri/1 ! bridegroom1 f> above ,conception1 ! fair bride do? love4 ,& 9 ! bottom space is ?is v]se3 ,tunc gaud5t anime sibi qu&o bonum datur omne4 ,!n s\ls rejoice ) great delight1 ,:5 giv5 is ! diadem bright4 ,! fir/ edition ( ! book conta9s =ty engrav+s on wood1 pr9t$ on "o side only ( ! leaf4 ,! pr9ts face ea* o!r2 two pages ( illu/rations are always foll[$ by two pages ( blank pap]4 ,! book 0 put toge!r 9 sections ( two leaves1 a me?od ( mak+ a book contr>y to prevail+ usage4 ,manuscript books ( t p]iod 7 usually made up 9 sections ( f\r d\ble leaves1 :i* 7 ne/$ toge!r 9 "o section4 ,?is deviation f e/abli%$ usage 01 app>5tly1 caus$ ?r\gh ! error ( ! engrav]1 :o cut1 on ! same block1 ! two pages :i* fac$ ea* o!r4 ,x 01 consequ5tly1 impossible to ne/ p#bjc ! leaves1 or make !m up 9 ?ick sections4 ,cracks 9 ! wood block1 :i* h made op5 seams or :ite gaps 9 ! pr9t1 & :i* ext5d 9 /raight l9es ov] bo? pages1 %[ conclusively t two pages 7 engrav$ on "o block4 ,! book is )\t folios or pag+ figures to guide ! read]1 & also )\t signatures to guide ! b9d]4 ,! prop] ord] ( ! pages 0 made manife/ by engrav+ on ea* page a lett] ( ! alphabet4 ,pages #a to #bj are m>k$ 9 alphabetical ord] f a to v2 pages #ba to #dj h ! same lett]s1 b ) a dot be=e & aft] ea*1 4a4 to 4v4 ,! pap] ( ! fifte5 kn[n copies ( ?is edition ( ! book is ( v>iable quality4 ,( itself1 ?is v>iability is n suffici5t indication t ! pap] 0 made by diff]5t mak]s1 & pr9t$ at diff]5t times1 b ! diff]5t designs ( ! pap]-m>ks lead directly to su* a conclusion4 ,"s copies h b "o k9d ( pap]-m>k2 o!rs h two & ?ree k9ds2 tak+ all copies toge!r1 !re are at lea/ f\rte5 di/9ct pap]-m>ks4 ,if ea* decid$ v>iation ( ! same design c\ld be consid]$ ! m>k ( a diff]5t mak]1 ! numb] c\ld be d\bl$4 ,t ! sub/ance us$ = ^! engrav+s 0 wood1 is cle>ly indicat$ by ! occasional fea!r+ or flatt+ out ( bord]-l9es1 :i*1 :5 cru%$1 %[ ! fibres ( wood 9 ! impression4 ,x seems t ! engrav+s 7 cut on flat plates or blocks1 t _h be5 saw$ or split on a l9e p>allel ) ! fibres4 ,! ink is ( a dull or ru/y-br[n color2 on "s pages light1 & on o!rs ( d>k] t9t1 r>ely ev] ( uni=m t9t on ! same page4 ,x has ! appe>ance ( a pa/e or a ?ick wat] color4 ,?is unev5ness 9 color 0 produc$ by "s imp]fect me?od ( ink+ ! block--possibly by a h>d-fac$ bru% :i* %$ color irregul>ly4 ,! %9+ appe>ance ( ! backs ( ! pr9ts1 9 all places :]e ! rais$ l9es ( ! wood-cut h ind5t$ ! pap]1 has be5 consid]$ z suffici5t evid5ce t ! impressions 7 tak51 n by a press1 b by means ( a p#bjd frotton1 or by friction1 or by rubb+ 9 "s =m or o!r4 ,"o writ] ( r>e simplicity has haz>d$ ! op9ion t ! back ( ! pap]1 or ! frotton1 may h be5 soap$ to facilitate ! "w4 ,b ^! me?ods ( pr9t+ books are imag9>y & entirely impracticable4 ,! %9+ appe>ance on ! back ( ! pap] does n prove t ! pr9ts 7 made by friction4 ,! gloss c\ld h be5 produc$ by any press :i* gave a h>d impression aga9/ a h>d] surface4 ,x c\ld h be5 produc$ by rubb+ or smoo?+ d[n ) a burni%] ! ind5tations ( ! l9es on ! back ( ! pap]1 z is sometimes done by pressm5 ( ?is day :5 !y take too h>d an impression4 ,"s copies ( ! book %[ ! results ( h>d impression4 ,two ( ! f\r copies ( ! ,bible ( ! ,poor 9 ! possession ( ! ,briti% ,museum pres5t l9es deeply sunk 9 ! pap]1 z if !y _h be5 pr9t$ f a press4 ,jackson1 a practical engrav] on wood1 :o _h l>ge exp]i5ce 9 prov+ wood-cuts1 has unwill+ly accept$ ! unau?oriz$ tradition ( presswork by friction1 b he has c&idly /at$ its difficulties4 8,consid]+ ! ?ickness ( ! pap] on :i* ! block-books are pr9t$--if ,i may apply ?is t]m to !m--& ! ?9-bodi$ ink :i* has be5 us$1 ,i am at a loss to conceive h[ ! e>ly wood engrav]s h contriv$ to take (f _! impressions s correctly2 = 9 all ! block-books :i* ,i h se51 :]e friction has evid5tly be5 ! means employ$ to obta9 ! impression1 ,i h notic$ only two subjects 9 :i* ! l9es appe> d\ble 9 consequ5ce ( ! %ift+ ( ! pap]4 ,f ! want ( body 9 ! ink1 :i* appe>s 9 ! ,apocalypse to h be5 little m ?an wat] color1 x is n likely t ! pap] c\ld be us$ 9 a damp /ate1 o!rwise ! ink w\ld run or spread2 & ev5 if ?is did n exi/1 ! pap] 9 a damp /ate c\ld n h borne ! excessive rubb+ :i* x appe>s to h receiv$ 9 ord] to obta9 ! impression4 ,ev5 ) su* pr9t]'s ink z is us$ 9 ! pres5t day--:i*1 be+ t5aci\s1 r5d]s ! pap] 9 tak+ an impression by means ( friction1 mu* less liable to slip or %ift--x w\ld be difficult to obta9 cle> impressions on ?ick pap] f blocks ! size ( ^? :i* =m ea* page ( ! ,apocalypse1 or ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,virg94 444 ,a block conta9+ only two pages ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,virg91 a block ( small] size ?an t us$ = ! p#bje ,bible ( ! ,poor w\ld be ab\t sev5te5 in*es by t51 all[+ = inn] m>g9s2 & to obta9 cle> impressions f x by means ( friction1 on dry ?ick pap]1 & ) m]e wat] color ink1 w\ld be a task ( su* difficulty t ,i _c conceive h[ x c\ld be p]=m$4 ,no traces ( po9ts1 by :i* ! pap] might be kept /eady on ! block1 are p]ceptible2 & ,i unhesitat+ly ass]t1 t no wood engrav] ( ! pres5t day c\ld1 by means ( friction1 take cle> impressions f su* a block on equally ?ick pap]1 & us+ m]e di/emp]1 in/ead ( pr9t]'s ink4 ,z ! impressions 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,virg9 h unque/ionably be5 tak5 by means ( friction1 x is evid5t to me t if ! blocks 7 ( ! size t ,mr4 ,ottley supposes1 ! old wood engrav]s1 :o did n use a press1 mu/ h resort$ to "s contrivance to keep ! pap] /eady ) :i* we are unacqua9t$40#aji ,?is la/ hypo!sis ( an imag9>y contrivance t kept ! pap] /eady1 is z unt5able z ! proposition t blocks 7 unque/ionably pr9t$ by friction4 ,! feat :i* is impossible n[ 0 impossible !n4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! appe>ance ( ! presswork ( ! block-books really inconsi/5t ) ! !ory1 t ! books 7 pr9t$ "u a rude press :i* 0 defici5t 9 _m atta*m5ts t are ne$$ by ! pr9t]4 ,! peculi> appe>ance ( ! presswork ( ?is & ( o!r block-books w be mo/ satisfactorily expla9$ by ! hypo!sis t !y 7 pr9t$ on a press4 ,! hypo!sis ( pr9t+ by friction is a conjecture = :i* !re is no good au?ority4 ,x seems to h be5 inv5t$ = a purpose4 ,if ! e>ly *ronicl]s ( pr9t+ _h n be5 s anxi\s to magnify ! m]its ( ! e>ly typograph]s1 & to belittle ! pr9t]s ( block-books1 we %\ld h he>d no?+ ( pr9t+ by friction4 ,! designs ( ! fir/ edition h m m]it ?an ^? ( ! e>li] manuscript copies--m ?an ^? ( subsequ5t editions pr9t$ by imitators4 ,nei!r ! rud5ess ( ! engrav+s1 nor ! flagrant ana*ronisms 9 ar*itecture & 9 ! co/umes ( ! figures1 are gross en\gh to conceal ! ability ( ! design]1 ^: skill 9 gr\p+ figures is manife/ on almo/ e page4 p#bjf ,! illu/rations h m]it1 b !y are 9 ! reali/ic & commonplace /yle ( ! design]s ( ,g]many & ( ,fl&]s dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! want ( ideality is pa9ful4 ,! design] c]ta9ly _h no ?\ght ( irrev]5ce1 b _m ( ! designs are really ludicr\s4 ,"s ( ! ana*ronisms are3 ,gideon array$ 9 plate armor1 ) m$ieval helmet & visor & ,turki% scimit>2 ,david & ,solomon 9 raki%1 wide-brimm$ hats be>+ high conical cr[ns2 ! translation ( ,elijah 9 a f\r-:eel$ vehicle resembl+ ! mod]n f>m]'s hay-wagon4 ,sl\*$ hats1 puff$ d\blets1 tight-legg$ bree*es & po9t$ %oes are se5 9 ! app>el ( ! ,israelites :o are n repres5t$ z prie/s or soldi]s4 ,"s h\ses h ,italian t[]s & "s h ,moori% m9>ets1 b 9 none ( ! pictures is !re an exhibition ( po9t$ ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,! old ,dut* /air-l gable is (t5 del9eat$1 & s is ! r\nd ar* & lattic$ w9d[ ( ! ,flemi% h\se ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,) all its absurdities1 ?is edition ( ! ,bible ( ! ,poor comm&$ ! respectful att5tion ( great arti/s l ,alb]t ,dur] & ,lucas von ,leyd51 :o did n scruple to appropriate _m ( its designs4 ,"o ( ! mo/ puzzl+ peculi>ities ( ! fir/ edition ( ! ,bible ( ! ,poor is ! dissimil>ity ( ! copies4 ,9 "s copies ! dissimil>ity is 9 ! details ( ! frame-"w2 9 o!rs1 x is 9 ! foliage ( trees1 b x is1 = ! mo/ "p1 conf9$ to a few immat]ial po9ts4 ,^! diff]5ces seem to w>rant ! op9ion /at$ by ,so!by t !re 7 six di/9ct editions1 ea* pr9t$ f a sep>ate set ( blocks2 b ?is op9ion _c be reasonably def5d$4 ,9 all important features ! copies are alike4 ,! pages ( ! s-call$ diff]5t editions h ! m>ks1 ev5 9 little blemi%es1 ( impressions f ! same block--a uni=mity :i* c\ld n h be5 produc$ if ea* block _h be5 re-engrav$ = ea* new edition4 ,:y ! v>i\s copies ( ! book %\ld be alike 9 important1 & unlike 9 m9or features1 _c be expla9$4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! p#bjg dissimil>ities are ! evid5ces ( accid5t & repair2 t :5 ! block 0 injur$1 x 0 plugg$1 z is frequ5tly done ) wood-cuts 9 our own day1 & ! newly ins]t$ plug 0 re-engrav$ ) a new design4 ,! explanation is n plausible4 ,! diff]5ces g5]ally appe> 9 ! same relative position on e page1 & !re are too _m ( !m to be attribut$ to accid5t2 !y seem to h be5 made = "s unkn[n purpose4 ,irregul>ities ( l nature h be5 notic$ 9 copies ( ! typographic books ( ! fifte5? c5tury :i* are kn[n to be ( ! same edition4 ,we d n c]ta9ly "k :5 & :]e ^! blocks 7 engrav$1 b we d "k :5 !y 7 de/roy$4 ,two books1 publi%$ by ,pet] ,van ,os ( ,zwoll1 9 ,holl&1 9 #adhh & #adhi1 conta9 sev5ty-sev5 engrav+s on wood :i* 7 c]ta9ly cut f ! blocks t _h be5 us$ to pr9t ! orig9al edition ( ! ,bible ( ! ,poor4 ,to get ! little cuts he ne$$ to illu/rate texts ( movable type1 ,van ,os mu/ h p>tly de/roy$ ! orig9al blocks4 ,9 ?is act ( de/ruction1 we h a fact & a date :i* give a clue to ! orig9 ( ! book4 ,copies ( ! fir/ edition 9 folio =m mu/ h be5 pr9t$ be=e #adhh4 ,at ?is date1 & p]haps = "s "t be=e1 ! blocks 9 folio =m _h no m]cantile value2 !re 0 no long] any dem& = ! book 9 ! neighborhood 9 :i* x _h be5 made4 ,t ! c\ntry 9 :i* ?is fir/ edition 0 pr9t$ & sold 0 ,holl&1 seems probable :5 we f9d t ! blocks 7 us$ = ! la/ "t1 & 9 a mutilat$ =m1 9 a t[n ( ,holl&4 ,?is op9ion is /r5g!n$ by ! facts t ! ,bible ( ! ,poor 9 folio =m 0 !n1 & aft]w>d1 a salable book 9 ,g]many & 9 o!r c\ntries1 b x 0 n subsequ5tly repr9t$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s 9 any =m4 ,! ,dut* & ,flemi% ar*itectural features 9 ! designs1 & ! leg5ds :i* attribute ! "w to ,dut* engrav]s & pr9t]s1 are ( !mselves unsatisfactory evid5ces ( ! orig9 ( ! book2 b !y _c be entirely ov]look$4 ,!y lead to ! conclusion t ! book 0 pr9t$ 9 p#bjh ,holl&1 b !y d n fix ! date ( pr9t+1 :i* may h be5 z e>ly z ! ye> #adbe1 or z late z #adej4aaj ,! illu/ration on ! foll[+ page is a fac-simile1 b r$uc$ 9 size1 ( ! fir/ page ( ! edition publi%$ 9 ! ye> #adgj1 at ,nordl+51 by ,wal!r & ,hurn+4 ,! panel 9 ! c5tre ( ?is fac-simile repres5ts ! ,annunciation2 on ! left is ! ,temptation ( ,eve2 on ! "r is ,gideon ) ! ,fleece4 ,! bu/s at ! top are ^? ( ,isaiah & ,david2 at ! foot1 ,hezekiah & ,j]emiah4 ,?is edition1 l ! "o previ\sly notic$1 0 pr9t$ 9 ru/y br[n ink ^u "o side ( ! pap]4 ,! adh]5ce ( ! pr9t]s to a r\gh me?od ( pr9t+ seems /range :5 we consid] t typographic books1 pr9t$ ) black ink & on bo? sides ( ! pap]1 7 !n kn[n & sold 9 e "p ( civiliz$ ,europe4 ,wal!r & ,hurn+ 71 probably1 pr9t]s ( c>ds & images :o tri$ to compete ) typography4#aaa ,incompet5t to practise ! new art1 & unable to make f9e books1 !y made a ,g]man translation ( ! ,bible ( ! ,poor1 & tri$ to sell x to ,g]man p4 ,! ,nordl+5 edition is an obvi\s imitation ( ! ,lat9 edition previ\sly describ$1 b x is a v feeble imitation4 ,! design] 0 incompet5t to 8 task1 & ! engrav] 0 clumsy4 ,! workman%ip ( ?is book is "o ( _m p#baj evid5ces :i* might be (f]$ to prove t co>s5ess ( engrav+ 9 undat$ block-books is by no means pro( ( _! great] age4 ,! facts po9t ! o!r way4 ,! block-books :i* conta9 engrav+s ( high m]it are1 z a rule1 ! olde/2 ^? made 9 ! ?ird or f\r? qu>t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury %[ decid$ decl9e 9 skill4 ,mean z ?is book is1 x does n fully %[ ! degradation t pr9t+ subsequ5tly suff]$ f ! h&s ( unskillful engrav]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fir/ ,page ( ! ,bible ( ! ,poor z made by ,wal!r & ,hurn+ ( ,nordl+51 #adgj4 ,! size ( ?is pr9t1 9 ! orig9al1 is #g by #aj-a_/h ,am]ican in*es4 ,f ,he9ek54 ,,! ,,apocalypse ,,( ,,/4 ,,john4 ,?is is ! "n ( an e>ly block-book almo/ z fam\s z ! ,bible ( ! ,poor1 & ( :i* !re are at lea/ six di/9ct xylographic editions4 ,"s ( !m h fifty1 & o!rs h =ty-eight leaves1 pr9t$ ^u "o side only ( ! leaf4 ,! dissimil>ities 9 ! designs & ! engrav+ ( ^! editions are decid$ & unmi/akable3 !y are1 no d\bt1 impressions f diff]5t suites ( blocks1 & ea* edition may be reg>d$ z ! "w ( a diff]5t pr9t]4 ,z a lit]>y production1 ! ,apocalypse has small m]it4 ,x is n1 z might be suppos$1 ! text or an abridgm5t ( ! ,book ( ,revelation4 ,x is1 9 fact1 only a book ( pictures1 & ^! pictures 9 _m po9ts bord] v closely on ! ridicul\s4 ,"o _c %ut 8 eyes to ! ludicr\s po9ts1 b nei!r c he ov]look ! fact t ! designs ( ! book are n ! "w ( an ignorant arti/4 ,rudely z !y h be5 cut1 & badly z !y 7 pr9t$1 !re is /rong "* 9 ! faces1 & mu* arti/ic skill 9 ! gr\p+ ( ! figures4 ,! designs are vigor\s1 b !y are unlike ! works ( ,van ,eyck1 or ( ! ,g]man arti/s ( ! p]iod4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! co/umes or ar*itecture :i* c be rat$ z decid$ly ,g]man or ,dut*4 ,*atto says ! designs 7 probably int5d$ to repres5t ,mahomet z ! ,anti*ri/ ( ! ,book ( ,revelation1 & t !y may h be5 made by an exil$ ,byzant9e arti/ :o _h be5 driv5 out ( ,con/ant9ople aft] ! tak+ ( t city by ! ,turks 9 #adec4 ,b ?is conjecture is n p#baa approv$ by c>eful bibliograph]s4 ,x is g5]ally suppos$ t ! designs are ( an e>li] p]iod4 ,maittaire1 :o says t x is ! olde/#aab ( all block-books1 calls att5tion to ! s+ul> simplicity ( ! engrav+1 :i* is 9 almo/ pla9 outl9e4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> ! ,apocalypse is mu* inf]ior to ! ,bible ( ! ,poor1 = we see no attempt to give appe>ance ( r\ndness to ! limbs by curv$ %ad+ l9es1 nor are !re prop] m>ks to indicate ! %ad[s & folds 9 a dress4 ,b ! rud] workman%ip ( ! engrav] is m cle>ly %[n 9 ! lett]s4 ,x may be t !y 7 badly drawn ^u ! block1 b x is pla9 t ! engrav] has frequ5tly brok5 connect+ l9es4 ,bad presswork & bad ink h mat]ially aggravat$ ! fault2 z pr9t$1 ! l9es ( ! engrav] appe> ?ick] ?an !y 7 cut4 ,ea* page has two illu/rations ) explanatory leg5ds4 ,"s ( ^! illu/rations repres5t ! visions ( ,/4 ,john1 b ! design] has drawn !m ) ! same disreg>d ( "t & place :i* may be notic$ 9 ! wood-cuts ( ! ,bible ( ! ,poor4 ,! ar*itecture is t ( ,g]many 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury2 ! m5 we> bree*es & coats1 conical1 flat-topp$ & broad-brimm$ hats2 ! soldi]s are 9 *a9 or 9 plate armor1 ) ! helmets & battle-axes ( ! middle ages4 ,nor d ! improprieties /op "h3 _m ( ! illu/rations repres5t ev5ts 9 ! life ( ! apo/le :i* ! arti/ did n f9d 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! illu/ration on page #bac1 :i* is a r$uc$ copy ( ! fir/ page 9 "o edition ( ! ,apocalypse1 seems to h be5 d]iv$ f ! fabul\s life ( ,/4 ,john1 suppos$ to h be5 writt5 by ,abdias1 bi%op ( ,babylon4 ,drusiana1 a p#bab m>ri$ lady ( ,ephesus1 & "o ( ! _m conv]ts ( ,/4 ,john1 is an important p]sonage 9 ?is fabul\s life & 9 ! illu/ration annex$4 ,9 ! upp] picture1 ,/4 ,john is repres5t$ z prea*+ to a magnate1 ^: robe or mantle is held by two att5dants4 ,drusiana /&s beh9d !m4 ,?is picture is describ$ 9 ! leg5d3 f,conv]si ab idolis p] pr$icacionem beati ,johannis ,drusiana et cet]a4_/f ,?r\gh ! prea*+ ( ,/4 ,john1 ,i h turn$ f idols ,drusiana & o!rs4 ,9 ! l[] picture1 ,/4 ,john is repres5t$ z baptiz+ ,drusiana 9 ! ,*ri/ian temple ( ,ephesus4 ,drusiana is judici\sly abbreviat$ to suit ! size ( ! baptismal font4 ,six arm$ m5 are be=e ! b>r$ door1 endeavor+1 by viol5ce1 to ga9 entrance1 or to witness ! c]emony4 ,! picture is expla9$ by ! words3 f,/s ,johannes baptisans ,drusiana4_/f f,cultores ydolorum explorantes facta ejus4_/f ,/4 ,john baptiz+ ,drusiana4 ,! wor%ip]s ( idols wat*+ 8 ,/4 ,john's proce$+s4 ,! edition ( ! ,apocalypse nam$ by ,he9ek5 z ! fir/ 0 plann$ by a practical book-mak]1 & 0 made up 9 sections ( eight d\ble leaves4 ,! fir/ & la/ pages ( ea* section 7 probably engrav$ toge!r on "o block4 ,!y 7 c]ta9ly pr9t$ toge!r by ! foll[+ plan3 #a--af #c--ad #e--ab #g--aj #b--ae #d--ac #f--aa #h--i ,page #a 0 engrav$ on ! "r1 & page #af on ! left end ( ! block4 ,page #b 0 on ! left1 & #ae on ! "r4 ,?is alt]nation 0 ma9ta9$ on all %eets ( ! section4#aac ,! pr9t$ %eets1 #a1 #c1 #e & #g 7 fold$ ) ! pr9t$ "w on ! inside2 :ile %eets #b1 #d1 #f & #h 7 fold$ ) ! pr9t$ "w on ! outside4 ,:5 ! %eets 7 prop]ly collect$1 two pr9t$ pages fac$ ea* o!r1 & 7 foll[$ by two pages ( blanks4 ,?is me?od ( mak+ p#bad up ! book mu/ h giv5 ! pr9t] & ! b9d] a great deal ( tr\ble1 b x 0 an effici5t me?od1 & ! only "o t %\ld h be5 employ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile ( ! ,fir/ ,page ( ! ,apocalypse4 ,engrav+ 9 ! orig9al pr9t is #g-g_/h by #aj-a_/c ,am]ican in*es4 ,f ,he9ek54 ,9 mo/ editions ( ! book1 ! ink is ( ! same ru/y br[n color t has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! ,bible ( ! ,poor4 ,9 "s copies x is almo/ gray2 9 o!rs1 ne>ly black4 ,! fir/ edition has engrav+s ( ! greate/ m]it1 b x is badly pr9t$4 ,! pap]-m>k is a bun* ( grapes1 simil> 9 design to t ( a pr9t 9 ! collection ( ,m4 ,weigel1 entitl$ ,! ,adoration ( ! ,?ree ,k+s1 :i*1 x is claim$1 0 pr9t$ ab\t ! ye> #adbe4 ,b pap]-m>ks are mislead+ evid5ces4 ,we d n c]ta9ly "k ! date nor ! c\ntry 9 :i* any edition ( ! book 0 pr9t$4 ,g]man bibliograph]s say t x 0 pr9t$ 9 ,s\!rn ,g]many2 ,dut* bibliograph]s say t x 0 pr9t$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 probably by ,co/] ( ,ha>lem2 b all evid5ces t h be5 adduc$ to e/abli% a c]ta9 date = ! e>li] editions ( ! book1 or to prove t !y 7 done at any "t or by any pr9t]1 are unsatisfactory4 ,"s copies ( ! book are int]leav$ ) manuscript explanations1 :i* are sometimes 9 ! ,dut*1 & sometimes 9 ! ,g]man language4 ,! great] "p ( ! copies h be5 f\nd 9 ,g]many1 & x is ! op9ion ( ! mo/ em95t bibliograph]s t ! fir/ edition ( ! book1 & mo/ ( ! editions1 7 pr9t$ 9 ,g]many4 ,! catalogue ( ! libr>y ( ,dr4 ,kloss conta9s ! foll[+ note "u ! specification ( a ragg$ copy ( ! ,apocalypse3 8,at ! end ( ?is volume is a %ort note1 writt5 by ,pope ,m>t9 ,v1 :o occupi$ ! papal *air f #adag to #adca40 ,?is indirect atte/ation to ! age ( ! book has nev] be5 consid]$ z tru/wor?y4 ,ano!r copy ( ! book1 kn[n z ! ,sp5c] copy1 is b\nd up ) a copy ( ! ,bible ( ! ,poor1 & has on ! b9d+ an inscription to ?is effect3 8,b\nd 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #adfg by me1 ,john ,rei*5ba*1 9 ,gyll+540 ,! inscription is und\bt$ly au!ntic4 p#bae ,dibd9#aad alludes to an ,engli% cl]gyman :o said t he 0 once ! own] ( "o copy ea* ( ! ,apocalypse1 ! ,bible ( ! ,poor1 & ! ,ars ,mori5di1 all b\nd 9 "o volume1 on ! cov] ( :i* 0 /amp$ an inscription c]tify+ t 8?is volume 0 b\nd = ! curate ( ! *ur* 9 #adb--40 ,! la/ figure ! cl]gyman _h =gott51 b he 0 sure t ! book 0 9 its orig9al b9d+1 & t x mu/ h be5 b\nd1 & consequ5tly pr9t$1 be=e #adcj4 ,! te/imony is unsatisfactory4 ,,! ,,canticles4 ,?is is a block-book#aae ( sixte5 pages1 ( small folio size4 ,x is "o ( ! few block-books :i* may be unhesitat+ly pron\nc$ z ( ,ne!rl&i% orig94 ,9 g5]al appe>ance x closely resembles ! books previ\sly notic$4 ,! impressions are 9 br[n ink1 & on "o side ( ! %eet2 !re are two illu/rations on ea* page1 & ! two pr9t$ pages face ea* o!r2 ! explanations ( ! designs are 9 ,lat91 & are engrav$ 9 scrolls t surr\nd ! figures4 ,accord+ to "s bibliograph]s1 !re are ?ree editions ( ! book2 accord+ to o!rs1 ! trifl+ v>iations :i* h be5 seiz$ ^u to ju/ify ! exi/5ce ( a second & a ?ird edition are only alt]ations or repairs t h be5 su/a9$ by ! orig9al block4 ,"o edition conta9s at ! head ( ! fir/ page an engrav$ l9e1 9 ! l[ ,dut* or ,flemi% language1 :i* may be translat$ ?us3 8,?is is ! ,prefiguration ( ,m>y1 ! ,"m ( ,god1 :i*1 9 ,lat91 is call$ ,! ,canticles40 ,explanatory titles 9 block-books1 & ev5 9 ! e>li] typographic books1 are unusual4 ,= ?is reason ! g5u95ess ( ! inscription has be5 *all5g$1 b x has be5 g5]ally accept$ z a true "p ( ! orig9al block4 p#baf ,! illu/ration opposite is ! fac-simile1 r$uc$ 9 size1 ( ! fir/ page ( ! ,canticles4 ,! design is imp]fectly expla9$ by ! leg5ds 9 ! engrav+4 f,osculetur me osculo oris sui2 quia ,let him kiss me ) ! meliora sunt ub]a tua v9o4_/f kisses ( 8 m\?1 = ?y love is bett] ?an w9e4 f,v5i 9 hortum meum1 soror mea sponsa ,i am come into my g>d51 my messui myrrham meum cum aromatibus si/]1 my sp\se3 ,i h meis4_/f ga!r$ my myrrh ) my spice4 f,caput tuum ut ,c>melus2 collum tuum ,?9e head is l ,c>mel2 sicut turris eburnea4_/f ?y neck is l a t[] ( ivory4 f,nigra sum1 s$ =mosa1 fili ,i am black b comely1 ,o ye ,j]usalem1 sicut tab]nacula c$>1 daught]s ( ,j]usalem2 ,z sicut pelles ,solomonis4_/f ! t5ts ( ,k$>1 z ! curta9s ( ,solomon4 ,! agriculturi/s ( ! upp] illu/ration are 9 mona/ic habits3 "s are cutt+ & ?re%+ gra92 "o is p\nd+ ! gra9 9 a mort> & ano!r is gr9d+ x 9 a h& mill4 ,9 ! op5 little h\se be=e ! monk ) a pe/le1 is a desk ) two books4 ,9 ?is comb9ation ( agricultural "w ) ! emblem or sugge/ion ( /udy1 ,h>z5 sees an illu/ration ( ! daily "w ( ! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,life-9-,common1 to :om he attributes ! engrav+ & pr9t+ ( ?is book4 ,! bre?r5 ( ?is ord] 7 em95t z /ud5ts & copyi/s ( books1 & _h "s di/9ction 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury z pr9t]s1 b _! connection ) ?is book _c be e/abli%$4#aaf ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile ( ! ,fir/ ,page ( ! ,canticles4 ,engrav+ 9 ! orig9al pr9t is #g-a_/d by #aj-a_/b ,am]ican in*es4 ,f ,he9ek54 ,! words at ! top ( "o ( ! cuts are n ! only ,dut* feature 9 ! book3 ! /yle ( design is t ( ! ,ne!rl&i% s*ool ( art4 ,! blocks h be5 drawn & engrav$ ) mu* m c>e ?an ^? ( ! ,apocalypse1 or ! ,bible ( ! ,poor4 ,!re is m ( grace 9 ! attitudes & drap]ies ( ! female figures ( ! ,canticles1 & less ( t gross & unimag9ative treatm5t ( sacr$ p]sonages :i* bord]s bo? on ! ludicr\s & ! pr(ane4 ,b p#bah ! design] ( ! book pres5ts ! ori5tal love /ory to 8 read]s ) ,dut* accessories4 ,! bride ( ! ,song ( ,solomon w&]s ab\t ! /reets ( a city suppos$ to be ,j]usalem1 b ! dwell+s h high-peak$ ro(s1 ,dut* gables1 & ov]hang+ upp] /ories2 %e is assault$ by an arm$ & helmet$ cavali] :o c>ries on 8 %ield ! h]aldic black eagle ( "s unkn[n ,g]man pot5tate2 ! pope1 two c>d9als & a bi%op1 ) drawn swords 9 _! h&s & %ields on _! arms1 look ) great composure ov] ,go?ic battlem5ts on ! assault bel[4 ,writ]s :o are skill$ 9 h]aldry say t !re is a peculi> significance 9 ! pres5tation ( ! devices & ! arms on %ields :i* are f\nd 9 _m places 9 ! book4 ,"s ,g]man au?ors see 9 ^! devices ! arms ( ! ,g]man ,empire1 ( ,wittemburg & ( m9or ,g]man pr9cipalities4 ,^? :o believe t ! book 0 pr9t$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 see 9 ! %ields ! arms ( ,burgundy1 ( ,alsace1 & ( ,flemi% t[ns & cities4 ,f ^! trivial evid5ces1 ! conclusion has be5 drawn by "o class ( p>tisans t ! design] mu/ h be5 a ,g]man1 &1 by ano!r class1 t he mu/ h be5 a ,holl&]4#aag p#bai ,! engrav$ lett]s ( ?is book are mu* m legible ?an ^? ( ! ,apocalypse or ! ,bible ( ! ,poor4 ,! ,dut* f9al t is frequ5tly introduc$4 ,! pap]-m>ks mo/ frequ5tly obs]v$ are ! unicorn1 ! bull's head1 & ! lett] ,p2 b no in=mation ( value c be d]iv$ f ! pap]-m>ks1 & b little f ! designs & engrav+s4 ,al?\gh we d n "k :e!r ! ,canticles 0 pr9t$ 9 ! second or ?ird qu>t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 x may be admitt$ t x 0 pr9t$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,we see ! la/ trace ( ! blocks 9 ! h&s ( ! same pr9t] :o de/roy$ ! engrav+s ( ! ,bible ( ! ,poor4 ,a book1 be>+ ! impr9t ( ,pet] ,van ,os1 ( ,zwoll1 #adid1 has = its frontispiece ! upp] half ( ! fir/ plate4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,bless$ ,,virg94 ,?is is ! bibliographic title#aah ( a block-book :i* may be (f]$ z a prop] specim5 ( ! popul> religi\s lit]ature ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,so!by m5tions f\r di/9ct editions ( ! "w4 ,! "o t has be5 mo/ frequ5tly describ$ 7:e!r fir/ or la/1 is n kn[n7 consi/s ( sixte5 leaves1 ) f\r illu/rations on ea* leaf1 & a brief explanatory text 9 ,lat94 ,! designs h no arti/ic m]it2 ! engrav+ is co>se1 & evid5tly ! "w ( a novice2 ! lett]s are legible1 b !y betray great inexp]i5ce 9 ! use ( ! grav]1 & !y d n1 9 any feature1 resemble ^? ( ! block-books previ\sly describ$4 ,"s ( !m h mann]isms l ^? ( ,gut5b]g's ,bible4 ,x is possible t ! lett]s ( "o edition ( ! book are ^? ( movable types1 or t !y 7 engrav$ on wood f a transf] tak5 f an impression ( movable types4 ,9 all editions ! lett]s h ,g]man peculi>ities1 b !re is no edition :i* has ! appe>ance ( a fir/ exp]im5t 9 p#bbj pr9t+4 ,x is probable t all ! editions 7 pr9t$ 9 ,g]many1 & aft] ! inv5tion ( typography4 ,! edition f :i* ! annex$ illu/ration 0 tak5 0 r\ghly pr9t$ on "o side ( ! pap]1 b 9 a v black ink4 ,9 o!r editions1 :i* 7 pr9t$ f entirely diff]5t blocks1 diff]+ bo? 9 ! size ( ! block & 9 ! positions ( ! figures1 ! ink is ( ! cu/om>y ru/y br[n4 ,! copy 9 black is suppos$ to h be5 pr9t$ on a press1 & at a lat] date4 ,! object ( ! book is to %[ ! reasonabl5ess ( ! /ory ( ! ,inc>nation1 & to def5d ! dogma ( ! ,immaculate ,conception4 ,! bad ta/e ( ! au?or is m signally %[n 9 ! text ?an 9 ! pictures4 ,argum5ts 9 support ( ! dogma are wre/$ f sacr$ hi/ory & hea!n my?ology1 & ! writ+s ( ! fa!rs ( ! *ur*4 ,! book is a curi\s comp5d ( piety & unconsci\s irrev]5ce1 ( high s*ol>%ip & gross /upidity1 z w be m cle>ly %[n by ! foll[+ translation ( ! leg5ds t expla9 ! pictures on ! opposite page4 ,temple ( ,v5us1 ) a man ,a man gaz+ at wat] t gaz+ at a lamp4 ,if ! reflects ! moon4 ,if light at ! temple ( ,v5us ,seleucus 9 ,p]sia f9ds _c be ext+ui%$1 :y reflect$ light f %\ld n ! ,virg9 g5]ate ! moon1 :y %\ld n )\t ! se$ ( ,v5us8 ! ,virg91 pregnant by a ,augu/9e de ,civitate ,dei1 beautiful />1 g5]ate8 ,,xxi1 #g4 ,augu/9e de ,civitate ,dei1 ,,xx1 #f4 ,two ,human ,figures & a ,two m5 saw+ a /one on ,/atue4 ,if a human be+ c :i* appe> two human heads4 be *ang$ into /one1 :y1 by ,if man c be pa9t$ on div9e p[]1 %\ld n ! /one by ! p[] ( heav51 ,virg9 g5]ate8 ,alb]tus de :y %\ld n ! ,virg9 ,m9oralium1 ,i1 9 g5]ate by ! assi/ance ( f9e4 ! ,holy ,_s8 ,alb]tus de ,m9oralium1 ,,ii1 ,i4 ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile ( a page ( ! ,/ory ( ! ,bless$ ,virg94 ,engrav+ 9 ! orig9al pr9t is #g-c_/h by #aj-a_/b ,am]ican in*es4 ,f ,he9ek54 ,! book beg9s ) repres5tations ( ,/4 ,ambrose1 ,/4 ,j]ome1 ,/4 ,gregory & ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,/4 ,ambrose1 :o is duly quot$ f 8 ,hexam]on1 book ,,ii1 *apt] #da1 assigns reasons = ! ,immaculate ,conception1 by illogical ref]5ce to a bird )\t a mate4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :o is repres5t$ z seat$ at a table1 read+ f 8 "w1 ,de ,mirabilibus1 book ,,iii1 *apt] #ab1 ass]ts ! ,immaculate ,conception because _m animals are produc$ )\t mat+4 ,/4 ,j]ome & p#bbb ,/4 ,gregory exp\nd ! same doctr9e4 ,fifty-f\r illu/rations foll[1 ea* expla9$ by a proposition t enunciates ) great =mality "s ( ! m>vels ( natural sci5ce4 ,we are told ( bees )\t fa!rs1 ( birds impregnat$ by ! bill1 ( geese born f trees1 ( asbe/os t burns =ev]1 ( pe>ls made fruitful by ! dew1 ( ! phnix re/or$ by fire1 & ( _m o!r absurdities4 ,! au?orities cit$ seem to h be5 select$ ) a truly ca?olic _s3 we f9d among !m ,val]ius ,maximus1 ,pet] ,come/or1 ,t]5ce1 ,boe?ius1 ,job1 ,livy1 & ,isidore4 ,"o edition ( ?is "w conta9s an impr9t 9 sprawl+ & almo/ unreadable *>act]s1 :i* bibliograph]s int]pret z ! lett]s ,f4 ,w4 #adgj4 ,! lett]s ,f4 ,w4 7 no d\bt ! initials ( ,fr$]i* ,wal!r ( ,nordl+54 ,! quality ( ! sci5ce taught 9 ?is ,hi/ory ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 enables u to =m a j idea ( ! real value ( ! s*ola/ic philosophy !n reg>d$ z ! p]fection ( wisdom4 ,! silly speculations set =? 9 ! book 7 ! husks ^u :i* a dev\t p 7 f$4 ,,an ,,ex]cise ,,on ,,! ,,"l',s ,,pray]4 ,?is is ! translat$ title ( a ?9 block-book ( t5 leaves1 :i* 0 int5d$ to expla9 ! ,"l's ,pray] by illu/ration4 ,! blocks are pr9t$ 9 br[n ink on "o side ( ! pap]4 ,! ,ex]cise is 9 ! popul> =m ( dialogue4 ,9 ! illu/ration ,no4 #a1 ! monk ,frat] begs ! angel ,oratio to tea* him ! ,"l's ,pray]4 ,& ^! are ! lessons t are taught3 #b4 ,our ,fa!r :o art 9 ,heav54 ,*ri/1 ! ,monk1 & ! ,angel kneel4 #c4 ,hall[$ be ?y "n4 ,! ,monk1 ! ,angel1 ,*ri/1 & ! ,*ur* repres5t$ by a female figure1 are kneel+4 ,on ! "r ! ,virg9 & ,holy ,*ild4 #d4 ,?y k+dom come4 ,a repres5tation ( ,purgatory3 9 ! upp] "p1 ! wick$ surr\nd$ by flames2 9 ! l[] "p1 ,jews & ,pagans 9 ! fi]y lake4 #e4 ,?y w be done4 ,! ,almighty 9 ! cl\ds1 & be=e him ! ,angel & ! ,monk kneel+4 ,on ! "r1 a good ,*ri/ian & an ,angel4 ,9 ! c5tre1 two bad m5 :o are reject+ ! ,eu*>i/4 ,9 ! =egr\nd1 ! ,jews & ,pagans ?r[ d[n ! cup & are p\r+ out its cont5ts4 ,scroll 9 ,no4 #e4 ,frat] & ,oratio kneel+ be=e ,god4 f,fiat voluntas tua sicut 9 clo et 9 t]ra4_/f ,let ,?y w be done 9 ,heav5 z on e>?4 4 4 4 ,! ,angel to ! "r4 f,qui /at videat ne cadat4_/f ,let him :o may /& take he$ le/ he fall 4 4 4 ,! ,good ,*ri/ian4 p#bbc f,gratia ,dei sum id quod sum4_/f ,?anks to ,god t ,i am :at ,i am4 4 4 4 ,! ,jews4 f,quis e/ ,jesus filius fabri8_/f ,:o is ,jesus b ! son ( ! c>p5t]8 ,! ,pagans4 f,quis no/] dom9us e/8_/f ,:o is our ,"l8 4 4 4 4 ,! ,bad ,*ri/ians4 f,ducamus 9 bonis dies no/ros4_/f ,we guide ourselves to salvation4 #f4 ,give u ?is day our daily bread4 ,9 ! c5tre1 ?ree loaves ( bread on a table1 ar\nd :i* is ,*>ity1 rob$ z a que51 ) ?ree o!r figures4 ,on "o side ! ,monk & ,angel kneel+2 on ! o!r1 a ,knight 9 armor4 #g4 ,=give u our trespasses4 ,*ri/ /&+ on ! alt>1 ! blood p\r+ f 8 side 9 a bas91 f :i* sev]al p]sons fill _! cups4 #h4 ,lead u n into temptation4 ,! disob$i5t1 pr\d1 glutton\s & av>ici\s surr\nd a table4 ,dea? c>ries away ! =emo/4 #i4 ,deliv] u f evil4 ,a repres5tation ( ,hell4 ,! disob$i5t man 9 ! p[] ( ! ,devil4 ,! damn$ mak+ supplication to ! ,almighty4 #aj4 ,am54 ,a view ( ,p>adise1 ) ! happ9ess ( ! bless$4 p#bbd ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile ( ! ,fif? ,illu/ration ( ! ,ex]cise on ! ,"l's ,pray]4 ,engrav+ 9 ! orig9al pr9t is #g-a_/h by #g-a_/b ,am]ican in*es4 ,f ,holtrop4 ,sant&] says t ! book be>s all ! m>ks ( ! highe/ antiquity4 ,holtrop says t !re is "o copy ( ?is "w 9 :i* ! ,lat9 text is translat$1 & expla9$ by engrav$ l9es 9 ,flemi% at ! bottom ( ea* cut4 ,gui*>d describes a s]ies ( engrav+s on wood1 consi/+ ( eight designs l ^? j describ$1 ) a manuscript text 9 ,flemi%4 ,x is1 )\t d\bt1 a ,flemi% book4 ,( ! _m extraord9>y comm5t>ies :i* h be5 made on ! ,"l's ,pray]1 ?is1 surely1 is ! mo/ s+ul> p]v]sion4 ,! pray] :i* beg9s ) a recognition ( ! bro!rhood ( mank9d1 :i* tells u to believe 9 ! all-embrac+ love ( ! ,fa!r1 :i* tea*es lessons ( dep5d5ce1 =giv5ess & protection1 is made ! text = a d5unciation ( ,jews & ,pagans1 & = ! tea*+ ( doctr9al notions ab\t ! ,eu*>i/4 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,k+s4 ,9 ?is book1 two sep>ate illu/rations1 ) _! explanatory text1 are pr9t$ toge!r on ea* page4 ,! ,book ( ,k+s might1 !re=e1 be classifi$ among ! block-books )\t sep>ate pages ( text1 b x really has a text ( unusual l5g? = a book ( ?is class4 ,9 o!r features1 x resembles ! block-books previ\sly describ$2 its tw5ty pages are pr9t$ on "o side ( ! leaf2 ! illu/rations face ea* o!r1 & are 9 ! cu/om>y br[n ink4 ,! designs are rudely drawn1 & are z full ( ana*ronisms 9 ar*itecture z ! illu/rations ( ! ,bible ( ! ,poor1 b ! ar*itecture mo/ frequ5tly %[n is 9 ! po9t$ ,go?ic /yle4 ,! engrav+ is co>se2 e object is cut 9 bold & heavy outl9e2 t9ts & %ad+ l9es are timidly us$1 & always 9 a crude mann]4 ,x 0 obvi\sly int5d$ t ! illu/rations %\ld be develop$ by pa9t+ or by /5cil+4 ,! lett]s are drawn & engrav$ ) m c>e ?an ! pictures1 b !y are irregul> 9 size & =m4 ,"o ( ! peculi>ities ( ! lett]+ is ! f9al cross giv5 to ! small lett] t1 a peculi>ity :i* is frequ5tly p#bbf notic$ 9 "s ( ! typographic "w ( ,dut* pr9t]s4 ,! leaves 7 n ne/$ 9 sections "o )9 ano!r z 0 cu/om>y3 ea* %eet ( two leaves 0 engrav$1 pr9t$ & fold$ sep>ately1 s z to make a book ( t5 sections4 ,illu/ration3 ,an ,illu/ration f ! ,book ( ,k+s4 ,orig9al is #g by #h-c_/d in*es4 ,f ,so!by4 ,! book 0 int5d$ to illu/rate ! m important ev5ts ( ! life ( ,david z record$ 9 ! books ( ,samuel1 & 9 ! ,fir/ & ,second ,books ( ,k+s4 ,! fac-simile on ! prec$+ page illu/rates ,hannah pres5t+ ,samuel to ! prie/s 9 ! h\se ( ! ,"l1 & ,samuel call$ by ! ,"l out ( sleep4 ,so!by classifies x ) ! block-books ( ,holl&1 b ,falk5/e9 attributes x to ,g]many4 ,,! ,,grotesque ,,alphabet4 ,?is is a curi\s block-book ( tw5ty-f\r pages1 ( ! orig9al edition ( :i* n "o p]fect copy is kn[n4 ,! leaves ( ! copy n[ on ! %elves ( ! ,briti% ,museum are #c-c_/d in*es wide & #f in*es high4 ,so!by1 :o has c>efully exam9$ its con/ruction1 says t ! tw5ty-f\r pages 7 pr9t$ 9 sections ( eight pages on ?ree %eets ( pap]1 ) a ?9 wat]y ink ( a sepia t9t4 ,! m>g9s & blanks h be5 writt5 on ) an ink ( ne>ly ! same color z t ( ! pr9t$ cuts4 ,ano!r copy ( ?is "w has be5 f\nd at ,basle1 9 :i*1 on ! lett] ,a 7n f\nd 9 ! ,london copy71 may be se5 ! date #adfd4 ,ano!r copy1 9 a libr>y at ,dresd51 has ! same date4 ,r5\vi] says t ^! copies1 by ,g]man engrav]s1 & ( inf]ior execution1 are transf]s ( ! orig9al1 :i* 0 engrav$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,! hi/ory ( ! book 9 ! ,briti% ,museum is unkn[n1 b x has _m evid5ces ( long use 9 ,engli% h&s4 ,! cov] or b9d+ consi/s ( a d\ble fold ( ?ick p>*m5t1 ^u ! inside ( :i*1 betwe5 ! folds1 is writt5 9 l>ge ,engli% *>act]s1 8,edw>dus ,l[es40 ,on "o side ( ! la/ leaf is ! r\gh draft ( a lett] 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,! writ+1 :i* is f\nd 9 scraps all ov] ! book1 is ( p#bbg ! p]iod ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,^u a sword-blade 9 ! cut ( ! lett] ,l is writt5 9 small *>act]s ! ^w ,london4 ,9 ano!r place 9 ! same cut are lett]s :i* are read by "s z ,we/mi/re--by o!rs z ,be!m/$4 ,x is full ( ,engli% writ+1 b x has n be5 prov$ t ! cuts are ! "w ( an ,engli% engrav]4 ,*atto says ( !m3 ,illu/ration3 ,lett] ,k ( ,grotesque ,alphabet4 ,orig9al is #c-a_/b by #d-e_/h in*es4 ,f ,holtrop4 ----,!y 7 nei!r design$ nor engrav$ by ! arti/s :o design$ & engrav$ ! cuts 9 ! ,apocalypse1 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,virg9 & ! ,poor ,prea*]s' ,bible4 4 4 4 ,) respect to draw+1 engrav+ & expression1 ! cuts ( ! ,alphabet are decid$ly sup]ior to ^? ( e block-book1 & g5]ally to all wood engrav+s execut$ be=e ! ye> #aejj1 ) ! exception ( su* z are by ,alb]t ,dur]1 & ^? conta9$ 9 ! ,hypn]otoma*ia1 pr9t$ by ,aldus at ,v5ice 9 #adii4 4 4 4 ,i p]ceive no?+ 9 !m to induce me to suppose t !y 7 ! "w ( a ,dut* arti/2 & ,i am z little incl9$ to ascribe !m to a ,g]man4 ,! /yle ( ! draw+ is n unlike :at we see 9 illum9at$ ,fr5* manuscripts ( ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury2 & z ! only two engrav$ words :i* occur 9 ! volume are 9 ,fr5*1 ,i am r incl9$ to suppose t ! arti/ :o made ! designs 0 a native ( ,france4 ,! co/ume ( ! female to :om ! words are address$ appe>s to be ,fr5*2 & ! action ( ! lov] kneel+ seems almo/ *>act]i/ic ( ! nation4 ,no ,dut*man p#bbh c]ta9ly ev] address$ 8 mi/ress ) su* an air4 ,he holds :at appe>s to be a r+ z gracefully z a mod]n ,fr5*man holds a snuff-box1 & ^u ! scroll be=e him are engrav$ a he>t1 & ! words :i* he may be suppos$ to utt]3 ,mon ame--,my s\l4#aai ,! real object ( ?is book is n app>5t4 ,! figures 7 n engrav$ = ! purpose ( tea*+ ! alphabet1 = ! designs are qua9t1 elaborate1 & above ! compreh5sion ( "y *ildr54 ,:5 ! book 0 fir/ made1 ! lett]s _h a significance :i* seems to h be5 =gott54 ,,! ,,apo/les' ,,cre$4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,page f ! ,apo/les' ,cre$4 ,orig9al is #e-c_/h by #h-a_/h in*es4 ,f ,dibd94 ,?is is ! title giv5 to a lo/ block-book1 ( :i* only sev5 leaves rema94 ,! annex$ illu/ration is a r$uc$ fac-simile ( ! page t tells ! /ory ( ! ,resurrection4 ,! f\r angels ab\t ! circle are s\nd+ ! la/ trump1 & ! dead are com+ =? f _! graves4 ,! figures 9 ! l[] corn]s are ^? ( ,za*>ias & ,judas4 ,9 ?is book1 & 9 ne>ly all ! block-books1 ! subjects mo/ frequ5tly pres5t$ are ^? t illu/rate ! m>vel\s & t]rible4 ,! designs h m]it1 b ! lett]s are badly engrav$4 ,! pictures are expla9$ by a few l9es 9 ,g]man4 ,! p#bbi copy ( ! book describ$ by ,dibd9 has on ! fly-leaf ! writt5 memor&um ,v4 ,w4 #adga1 b x is n probable t ?is writ+ has any ref]5ce to ! date ( pr9t+4 ,,! ,,eight ,,rogu]ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,page f ! ,eight ,rogu]ies4 ,orig9al is #d by #e-c_/h in*es4 ,f ,falk5/e94 ,?is is a small block-book ( eight leaves4 ,weigel places x among ! e>lie/ specim5s ( engrav+ on wood4 ,! language 9 :i* ! pictures are expla9$ is ,high ,g]man4 ,! pictures illu/rate ! ,g-betwe51 ! ,li>1 ! ,*eat1 ! ,c\nt]feit ,goldsmi?1 ! ,*eat+ ,m]*ant1 ! ,*ur* ,robb]1 ! ,*eat+ ,rope-mak]1 ! ,blacksmi? t sells iron = /eel4 ,! designs are rude1 b !y are full ( _s & "*1 & ! cutt+ ( ! figures has be5 done ) ability & intellig5ce4 ,! pap] 0 pr9t$ on "o side only & 9 dull br[n ink4 ,?is book 0 f\nd 9 ! neglect$ libr>y ( an old ,s\? ,g]man mona/]y1 9 ! he>t ( ! neighborhood 9 :i* we f9d ! e>lie/ notices ( pr9t]s & pa9t]s ( images4 ,z x is ! only block-book ( a decid$ly non-religi\s "*1 x may be ascrib$ to "s mak] ( play+ c>ds1 :o practis$ ! art ( engrav+ be=e x 0 plac$ "u ! control ( ! ,*ur*4 p#bcj ,,xii ,block-,books ( ,images ) ,text4 ,! ,anti*ri/1 ) ,fac-simile 4 4 4 ,h[ to ,rememb] ! ,evangeli/s1 ) ,fac-simile 4 4 4 ,h[ to ,die ,becom+ly1 ) ,fac-simile 4 4 4 ,o!r ,editions ( ?is ,"w 4 4 4 ,*iromancy ( ,doctor ,h>tleib1 ) ,fac-simile 4 4 4 ,g]man ,planet>ium & ,cal5d>1 ) ,fac-simile 4 4 4 ,wond]s ( ,rome1 ) ,fac-simile 4 4 4 ,pom]ium ,spirituale1 ) ,fac-simile 4 4 4 ,temptations ( ! ,devil1 ) ,fac-simile 4 4 4 ,life ( ,/4 ,me9rat1 ) ,fac-simile 4 4 4 ,dance ( ,dea?1 ) ,fac-simile 4 4 4 ,me*anical ,peculi>ities ( ! ,block-,books 4 4 4 ,all ( ,religi\s ,"* 4 4 4 ,made = ,prie/s1 b se5 by ! ,p 4 4 4 ,n ,adapt$ to ! ,ne$s ( ! ,p 4 4 4 ,! ,p]iod ( ! ,block-,books 4 4 4 ,made 9 ,g]many & ! ,ne!rl&s 4 4 4 ,dates & ,pr9t]s ( ! ,books ,unkn[n 4 4 4 ,probably ,made 9 ! ,fir/ ,qu>t] ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury 4 4 4 ,an ,e/abli%$ ,bus9ess be=e ! ,inv5tion ( ,typography4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is1 t is writt5 9 ?is little book1 ought ! prie/s to le>n & tea* to _! p>i%es3 & x is also necess>y = simple prie/s t und]/& n ! ,scriptures1 & x is made = simple p 4 4 4 4 by cause t = to he> examples /irre? & move? ! p t b5 simple m to devotion ?an great au?ority ( sci5ce4 ,caxton's ,preface to ! ,doctr9al ( ,sapy5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,d] ,endkri/1 or ! ,anti*ri/4 ,?is book seems to h be5 writt5 to w>n m5 aga9/ ! sn>es ( h]esy4 ,two di/9ct editions are kn[n2 ea* 0 pr9t$ f a diff]5t suite ( blocks & by a diff]5t pr9t]4 ,! copy ab\t to be describ$ has ?irty-eight leaves1 tw5ty-six ( :i* are devot$ to ! life ( ,anti*ri/1 & elev5 to a sep>ate treatise kn[n z ! ,fifte5 ,signs1 :i* 0 b\nd up ) ! ,anti*ri/1 & ( :i* x seems to be ! prop] sequel4 ,! book is pr9t$ on "o side ( ! leaf1 9 br[n ink1 & ! illu/rations face ea* o!r4 ,! text beg9s ) ! words1 8,"h beg9ne? ( ,anti*ri/1 tak5 & drawn out ( _m books1 h[ & ( :om he p#bca %all be born40 ,aft] a half-page wood-cut1 :i* repres5ts ) ne$less grossness ! bir? ( ,anti*ri/1 foll[ o!r engrav+s illu/rat+ ! m notable ev5ts ( 8 life4#abj ,! fac-simile on ! foll[+ page gives a correct notion ( ! lawlessness ( ! designs#aba ( ! book4 ,x is obvi\s t !y 7 n made by ! arti/ :o drew ! illu/rations = ! ,bible ( ! ,poor or = ! ,canticles4 ,! text :i* expla9s ! wood-cuts is 9 ! ,g]man language1 b x is 9 a v c>eless =m ( ,g]man writ+4 p#bcc ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile1 r$uc$1 ( a ,page ( ! ,anti*ri/4 ,f ,he9ek54 ,! ?irty-eight leaves ( "o edition are made up 9 "o section4 ,?is bungl+ me?od ( mak+ up a book is suffici5t evid5ce t ! pr9t] or engrav] :o plac$ ^! pages toge!r _h no education 9 practical book-mak+4 ,b ! bad me?od %[n 9 ! plan does n prove t ! book is ( great age4 ,! copy "u notice conta9s1 9 ! ,g]man language1 ! impr9t ( ,junghannis1 priffmal]1 or pa9t] ( c>ds1 ,nuremb]g1 #adgb4 ,:e!r ?is ,junghannis 0 ! design]1 pr9t] or engrav] is n kn[n4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,rememb] ,,! ,,evangeli/s4 ,?is block-book#abb 01 no d\bt1 int5d$ = m51 b a mod]n obs]v] w\ld say t x _h be5 made = *ildr54 ,! "t-honor$ me?od1 /ill us$ = ! *ild's alphabet1 ,a 0 an apple1 is ! me?od ( ! ,ars ,memor&i4 ,comp>$ ) ! block-books previ\sly notic$1 x is a book ( high m]it4 ,x is a ?9 folio ( ?irty pages1 fifte5 ( :i* conta9 a text ( v l>ge1 clumsily drawn & compactly arrang$ lett]s )9 a rule-bord]$ frame2 ! rema9+ fifte5 pages h full-page illu/rations4 ,! edition f :i* ! annex$ illu/ration 0 copi$ is 9 br[n ink4 ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile ( a ,page ( ! ,ars ,memor&i4 ,engrav+ 9 ! orig9al pr9t is #f-c_/d by #i-a_/d ,am]ican in*es4 ,f ,he9ek54 ,! designs are m ecc5tric ?an ^? ( any kn[n block-book1 b ! design] has %[n no arti/ic ability 9 ! gr\p+ ( 8 figures4 ,! f\r ,evangeli/s are symboliz$--,/4 ,john by an eagle1 ,/4 ,mat!w by an angel1 ,/4 ,luke by a bull1 ,/4 ,m>k by a lion--b !y are pres5t$ to u 9 unc\? attitudes1 & are surr\nd$ or ov]laid by "s ( ! famili> objects frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! ,gospels4 ,^! objects are numb]$ ) ,arabic figures ref]r+ to explanations 9 ! text4 ,! dove1 = x mu/ be s consid]$1 al?\gh x looks l an owl1 p]*$ on ! head ( ! symboliz$ ,/4 ,john1 may be accept$ z ! emblem ( ! ,deity4 ,! two heads beside ! eagle are to be und]/ood z ^? ( ,moses & ( ,*ri/4 ,! musical in/rum5ts1 a lute & ?ree bells1 on ! brea/ ( ! eagle1 indicate ! cont5ts p#bce ( ! second *apt]1 ! m>riage at ,cana4 ,! fi% recalls ! pool ( ,be!sda4 ,! num]al #c po9ts to ! conv]sation ) ,nicodemus2 ! wat]-bucket & ! cr[n ref] to ! woman ( ,sam>ia at ! well2 ! five loaves & ! two small fi%es to ! fe$+ ( ! multitude4 ,! cross 9 ! circle is ! consecrat$ waf] ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,! lett]s 9 ! pages ( text are unusually l>ge2 !y are cle>ly cut1 b are s compactly arrang$ t !y frequ5tly int]f]e ) ea* o!r4 ,! descriptive text is 9 ,lat91 b ( v objectionable gramm> & or?ography4 ,! k x conveys ( ! ,gospel is imp]fect to ! la/ degree1 z may be m cle>ly se5 9 ! foll[+ lit]al translation ( ! text provid$ = ?is illu/ration4 ,! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john has tw5ty-"o *apt]s4 ,fir/ ,*apt]4 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w1 f ! et]nity ( ! ,^w & ! ,tr9ity4 ,second ,*apt]4 ,nuptials 7 made 9 ,cana ( ,galilee1 & h[ ,*ri/ ov]turn$ ! tables ( all ! money-*ang]s4 ,?ird ,*apt]4 ,b !re 0 a man among ! ,ph>isees nam$ ,nicodemus4 ,f\r? ,*apt]4 ,h[ ,jesus ask$ ! ,sam>itan woman to give him to dr9k ne> ! well ( ,jacob1 & ab\t ! law4 ,fif? ,*apt]4 ,ab\t ! miracle 9 ! fi% pool1 :5 ,jesus told ! lame man1 ,take up ?y b$ & walk4 ,six? ,*apt]4 ,ab\t ! fe$+ ) five loaves & two fi%es1 & ab\t ! ,eu*>i/4 ,! ,ars ,memor&i is consid]$ by ,s*elhorn z "o ( ! olde/ ( block-books1 8if n ! fir/1 among ! fir/40 ,von ,aret9 says t 8x is wor?y ( obs]vation t ?is book1 "o ( ! e>lie/ ( its k9d1 %\ld be devot$ to ! improvem5t ( ! memory1 :5 x 0 to be r5d]$ ( little consequ5ce by ! art ( pr9t+40 ,,h[ ,,to ,,die ,,becom+ly4#abc ,at lea/ t5 di/9ct xylographic editions ( ?is popul> block-book h be5 id5tifi$1 sev5 ( :i* are 9 ,lat9 & ?ree 9 ,g]man4 ,! text ( ! book is sub/antially ! same 9 all editions1 b ! designs are dissimil>1 & ! engrav+ & pr9t+ are ( unequal m]it4 ,"s copies are 9 black & o!rs 9 br[n ink2 "s are pr9t$ on p#bcf "o side & o!rs on bo? sides ( ! pap]4 ,! orig9 ( ! book is n kn[n1 b x 0 a popul> "w long aft] types _h be5 inv5t$2 be=e ! ye> #aejj1 x _h be5 pr9t$ ei!r f types or f blocks1 9 ,nuremb]g1 ,p>is1 ,rome1 ,flor5ce1 ,v]ona1 ,lyons1 ,utre*t1 ,delft & ,zwoll4 ,! edition ab\t to be describ$1 :i* ,he9ek5 names z ! f\r?1 is a folio ( tw5ty-f\r leaves4 ,x is pr9t$ 9 br[n ink1 on "o side1 ) pr9t$ pages fac+ ea* o!r4 ,elev5 pages h illu/rations1 & ?irte5 pages are giv5 to ! text4 ,! book is made up 9 workmanlike mann]1 9 f\r sections ( six leaves4 ,! illu/rations are cr[d$2 ! figures are gr\p$ in>ti/ically2 ! engrav+ is co>se4 ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile ( a ,page ( ! ,ars ,mori5di4 ,engrav+ 9 ! orig9al pr9t is #f-a_/b by #h-c_/d ,am]ican in*es4 ,f ,he9ek54 ,! object ( ! book is to pres5t ! temptations t beset ! dy+4 ,! fir/ illu/ration repres5ts ! dy+ man z tempt$ by devils conc]n+ 8 fai?4 ,! next illu/ration %[s ! good angels :o enable him to rema9 /eadfa/4 ,9 l mann] he is tempt$ by devils to despair1 to impati5ce 79 :i* ! moribund is vigor\sly kick+ an att5dant71 to va+lory1 & to av>ice2 b ?r\gh help ( ! angels1 he triumphs ov] all 8 adv]s>ies4 ,! n9? illu/ration1 :i* is reproduc$ on ! foll[+ page1 %[s ! dy+ man z resi/+ ! la/ assaults ( ?ree emiss>ies ( ! devil4 ,! vigor\s action ( ^! hide\s gobl9s is 9 m>k$ contra/ ) ! composure ( ! relatives1 :o /& at a respectful di/ance4 ,! horse & ho/l] %[ t ! man on ! dea?-b$ 0 ri*4 ,! moral ( ! design is ! vanity ( ri*es4 ,"o ( ! devils1 ! "o at ! head ( ! b$1 malici\sly sugge/s1 ,provideas amicis--y %\ld provide = y\r fri5ds4 ,ano!r devil1 po9t+ to ! h\se1 calls out ) grim irony--,int5de !sauro--pay att5tion to y\r treasures4 ,?is illu/ration is foll[$ by ano!r 9 :i* a m9i/]+ angel exhorts ! dy+ man to disc>d ! devil's advice1 & n leave 8 prop]ty to 8 relatives1 b to give x to ! *ur*4 ,9 ! la/ illu/ration1 ! _s ( ! dy+ man exhales f 8 m\? 9 ! %ape ( a manik91 :i* is receiv$ by ! angels4 ,! p#bch baffl$ devils make "s frightful contortions & !n dep>t4 ,x is n a pleasant book4 ,b ! hide\sness ( ! devils 9 ! illu/rations is n s revolt+ z ! craft9ess ( ! au?or :o devis$ ^! gha/ly sc>ecr[s4 ,! o/5sible purpose ( ! book 0 ! prep>ation ( m5 = ano!r _w2 its real object 0 ! aggr&izem5t ( ! *ur*1 & = ?is purpose ! writ] ( ! book recomm5d$ ! sacrifice ( ! desire to provide = "o's family4 ,x does n increase our respect = ! piety or intellig5ce ( ! p to le>n t ?is book 0 popul> = m ?an a c5tury4 ,! xylographic editions ( ?is "w :i* conta9 ! names ( ! pr9t]s are 9 ! ,g]man language4 ,"o ( !m has ^! words1 ,hans ,spor]1 #adgc2 ano!r has ! impr9t ( ,j4 ,w4 ,presbrm1 ( ,nuremb]g2 ano!r is dat$ ,leipsic1 #adif4 ,"o ( ! typographic editions1 dat$ #adgc1 is attribut$ to ,john ,g5sb]g1 ( ,rome2 ano!r1 dat$ #adgh1 be>s ! impr9t ( ,ratdolt1 ( ,v5ice4 ,an edition ) a typographic text 0 pr9t$ 9 #adhh by ,pet] ,van ,os1 ( ,zwoll1 ! same pr9t] :o la/ own$ ! blocks ( ! ,bible ( ! ,poor4 ,9 ?is edition ! words 9 ! scrolls are 9 ! ,flemi% language1 & ! text is 9 ,lat94 ,! use ( ,flemi% 9 ! engrav$ blocks seems to w>rant ! belief t !re mu/ h be5 an e>li] edition1 entirely xylographic1 b no su* edition has be5 discov]$4 ,,! ,,*iromancy ,,( ,,doctor ,,h>tlieb4 ,?is is a folio ( fifty-two pages1 badly pr9t$1 9 d>k gray ink1 on bo? sides ( ! pap]4 ,! designs are pu]ile & ! engrav+ is co>se4 ,! text ( ! book is 9 ! ,g]man language4 ,"s copies ( ! book conta9 at ! foot ( "o page & outside ( ! bord] ! "n fjorg *apff zu augpurg_/f ,o!r copies ( ! book h1 9 ! same position1 ! "n firog capff zu augpurg_/f4 ,! spell+ is diff]5t1 p#bci & ! %apes ( ! lett]s are diff]5t4 ,no satisfactory explanation c be (f]$ = ^! diff]5ces 9 books t are suppos$ to be pr9t$ f ! same blocks4 ,x may be t ! "n1 ins]t$ 9 a v expos$ place1 broke d[n "u impression1 & 0 c>elessly re-engrav$4 ,?is v>iation is a specim5 ( "s ( ! p]plex+ *anges to be f\nd n only 9 block-books b ev5 9 e>ly typographic books4 ,! "n is usually read z ,george ,s*apff1 ( ,augsburg1 :o is suppos$ to h be5 ! engrav] & pr9t] ( ! book 9 #addh4 ,! workman%ip is n to 8 cr$it3 ,*atto says 8m wret*$ cuts 7 nev] *isel$ out by a pr9t]'s appr5tice z a head-piece to a half-p5ny ballad40 ,! matt] is wor?y ( ! mann]4 ,! book pr(esses to tea* ! sci5ce ( palmi/ry1 or ! tell+ ( =tunes by wr9kles 9 ! palm ( ! h&4 ,! fir/ page conta9s ! title1 9 l>ge lett]s1 ov] a piece ( ornam5tal bord] & lattice-"w4 ,! page t foll[s conta9s ?is d$ication3 8,! h]e9aft] writt5 ,book ( ! ,h& 0 made ,g]man by ,doctor ,h>tlieb1 ?r\gh ! ,pray] & ,bidd+ ( ! s]5e high-born ,pr9cess ,dame ,anna1 ne ,brunswick1 & ,wife ( ! virtu\s1 bless$ ,pr9ce1 ,duke ,alb]t1 ,duke ( ,bav>ia & ,c\nt ( ,voburg4 ,?is has come to pass on ! ,friday aft] ! ,conception ( ,m>y1 ! mo/ glori\s ,virg94 #addh40 ,! language is n cle>3 ! date "h giv5 may be t ( ! translation1 or ( ! engrav+1 or ( ! pr9t+4 ,! rud5ess ( design & engrav+ might lead an ord9>y obs]v] to ! conclusion t ! book 0 pr9t$ at an e>li] date ?an #addh2 b ! ins]tion ( a sep>ate title-page1 ! pr9t+ ( ! pages on bo? sides ( ! pap]1 & ! me?od ( ga!r+ ! book 9 sections ( eight leaves1 tea* u t ! book %\ld h be5 pr9t$ at a lat] date1 :5 ^! improvem5ts 7 9 g5]al use4 ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile ( a "p ( a ,page ( ! ,*iromancy ( ,doctor ,h>tlieb4 ,f ,he9ek54 ,doctor ,h>tlieb apprises 8 read]s t he =etells ! de/9y ( man by 8 "r1 & t ( woman by h] left h&4 ,= ?is purpose he furni%es1 on z _m pages1 =ty-f\r l>ge illu/rations ( ! human h&1 ea* cov]$ ) p#bda my/ical *>act]s1 t are almo/ illegible by reason ( bad pr9t+4 ,! illu/ration annex$1 :i* is ! fir/ 9 ! book1 is int5d$ to repres5t ev5ts t happ5 to p :o h c]ta9 m>ks ^u ! palms ( _! h&s4 ,at "o end ( ! picture are hang+ & murd]2 at ! o!r end1 a k9d deity is %[]+ gold on ! head ( a bewild]$ peasant4 ,! *ildi% book is an illu/ration ( ! intellig5ce ( ! ord9>y read] ( ! p]iod4 ,x may be t ! re/rictive phrase1 ord9>y read]1 is n w>rant$1 = ,doctor ,john ,h>tlieb 0 probably an honor$ graduate f a m$ieval univ]sity1 & ! ,pr9cess ,anna1 no d\bt1 0 m c>efully educat$ ?an ! ladies ( h] c\rt4 ,*iromancy 0 consid]$ a sci5ce4 ,adri5 ,sicl] d$icat$ a book on ?is subject to ,camille de ,neuf-,ville1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,lyons & ,primate ( ,france4 ,books on *iromancy 7 pr9t$ at ,lyons 9 #adib1 at ,/rasburg 9 #aecd1 & at ,bologna 9 #aejd4 ,! *ur* tol]at$ ! books ( palmi/ry :i* did n int]f]e ) ! doctr9e ( moral responsibility1 & :i* did n tea* a/rology or magic arts4 ,,g]man ,,planet>ium ,,& ,,cal5d>4 ,illu/ration3 ,an ,illu/ration f ! ,cal5d> ( ,john ( ,gamundia4 ,f ,b]jeau4 ,^! are two di/9ct works1 :i* 7 (t5 pr9t$ & b\nd toge!r4 ,! ,planet>ium1 :i* is 9 ,g]man1 describes1 ?r\gh a text 9 rhyme & by engrav$ illu/rations1 ! influ5ce ( ! planets on ! de/9ies ( mank9d4 ,! ,cal5d>1 :i* is 9 ,lat91 occupies b f\r pages1 & conta9s at ! end ( ! mon? ( ,febru>y ! inscription1 ,magi/] ,johannes ,gamundia4#abd ,on ano!r page is f\nd ! p#bdb date #adfh4 ,!re is a copy ( ! ,g]man ,planet>ium 9 ! ,briti% ,museum :i* conta9s only twelve pr9t$ pages4 ,b]jeau describes x z a small qu>to1 & says1 t al?\gh x is pr9t$ on bo? sides ( ! pap]1 x pres5ts ! appe>ance ( impression by ! frotton4 ,! fac-simile illu/ration t is giv5 und]nea? repres5ts ! influ5ces ( ! planet ,m]cury4 ,! arti/ be=e ! easel is pa9t+ a ,madonna2 8 s]vant is mix+ colors ) a mull]2 9 ! middle ( ! pr9t is an organ-mak]2 to ! "r is a copyi/2 at 8 back are two g\rm&s2 9 ! =egr\nd is a sculptor at "w on a /atue2 to ! left is a goldsmi? be=e 8 anvil4 ,! descriptions ( ^! works t h be5 giv5 by ! e>ly ,g]man bibliograph]s are n cle>4 ,!y repres5t ! book z consi/+ ( tw5ty-six pages pr9t$ on "o p#bdc side ( ! %eet1 ) ! blank pages pa/$ toge!r4 ,! size ( ! page1 ! color ( ! ink1 & ! me?od us$ 9 ga!r+ ! %eets are n /at$4 ,x seems t !re 7 at lea/ two editions ( ea* "w1 "o 9 ,g]man & "o 9 ,lat91 & t portions ( ! diff]5t editions 7 sometimes b\nd up 9 "o book4 ,von d] ,hag5 says t ! fir/ page ( ! copy exam9$ by him conta9$ an imp]fect impression ( "o ( ! pages ( ! ,anti*ri/4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,rome4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,page f ! ,wond]s ( ,rome4 ,orig9al is #c-a_/d by #e-e_/h in*es4 ,f ,so!by4 ,?is small qu>to ( "o hundr$ & eighty-f\r engrav$ pages is an example ( pati5ce 9 obscure lett]-cutt+ t is m *>act]i/ic ( ,*9a ?an ( ,europe4 ,! text is 9 ,g]man1 & is fairly pr9t$ 9 black ink on bo? sides ( ! pap]4 ,! book is enliv5$ by a few illu/rations :i* h small m]it z designs4 ,! ,wond]s ( ,rome is an ecclesia/ic's description ( ! m important %r9es ( ! holy city1 ) _! consecrat$ relics4 ,! fir/ page ( ! book conta9s an engrav+ ( ! h&k]*ief ( ,sa9t ,v]onica1 :i*1 accord+ to ! leg5d1 0 plac$ on ! face ( ,*ri/ to wipe away ! blood t dripp$ f ! cr[n p#bdd ( ?orns1 & receiv$ !refrom ! impress ( 8 features4 ,"u ?is design ! papal arms & ! triple cr[n1 ! cross$ keys1 & ! lett]s ,s4 ,p4 ,q4 ,r4 ,! arms ( ! pope are ^? ( ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv1 :o occupi$ ! papal *air f #adga to #adhd1 )9 :i* p]iod x is suppos$ t ! book 0 engrav$ & publi%$ = ,g]man read]s4 ,,pom]ium ,,spirituale1 ,,or ,,spiritual ,,nurs]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,an ,illu/ration f ! ,pom]ium ,spirituale4 ,orig9al is #d-g_/h by #e in*es4 ,f ,holtrop4 ,! rightful place ( ?is "w is among ! manuscripts t are p>tly writt5 & p>tly pr9t$1 = its pictures 7 engrav$ & its text 0 writt54 ,! book conta9s p#bde tw5ty-six leaves ( small folio1 made up 9 "o section4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ea* ( its twelve writt5 *apt]s is ! impression ( an engrav+ on wood4 ,! date #addj is f\nd 9 two ( ! engrav+s4 ,! only kn[n copy ( ?is book is held by ! ,royal ,libr>y ( ,brussels4 ,x is a curi\s circum/ance t ?is copy1 possibly 9 its orig9al b9d+1 :i* conta9s a pr9t$ date e>li] ?an t ( any o!r block-book1 %\ld also conta9 two pr9t$ leaves ( ! ,bible ( ! ,poor4 ,holtrop says t ! book 0 compos$ by ,h5ry ,boga]t1 canon ( a mona/]y ne> ,brussels1 :o 0 born 9 #achb & di$ 9 #adfi4 ,he 0 ! au?or ( _m small religi\s books1 ( :i* ! ,ex]cise on ! ,"l's ,pray] is "o4 ,! illu/rations ( ?is book & ( ! ,pom]ium ,spirituale 7 probably made at ! same "t & by ! same engrav]4 ,,! ,,temptations ,,( ,,! ,,devil4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,fragm5t ( ! ,temptations ( ! ,devil4 ,orig9al is #aj in*es wide4 ,f ,kon+4 ,?is is n a book1 b a pr9t on a s+le %eet elev5 in*es wide & sixte5 in*es high4 ,x diff]s f ! image pr9ts 9 ! pett9ess ( its cuts & ! abundance ( its text1 = :i* reason x may prop]ly be describ$ among ! block-books ) text4 ,! nature ( ! "w is cle>ly set =? 9 ! preface1 ,! ,temptations ( ! ,devil1 z he tempte? m5 to ! ,sev5 ,mortal ,s9s4 ,! ,devil1 :o1 ) a claw-hook 9 8 h&1 /&s 9 ! corn] to ! left1 has b5ea? him ! li/ ( ^! sev5 s9s4 ,! tempt$ man is p#bdf ! monk ne> ! c5tre ( ! pr9t1 :o supplicates ! aid ( ! angel1 :o ha/5s to 8 rescue4 ,bel[ ! angel are appropriate quotations f ! ,scriptures1 :i* %[ t ?is pr9t is b a m$ieval p>aphrase ( ! /ory ( ,*ri/ tempt$ by ! ,devil1 z relat$ by ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,x 0 engrav$ & pr9t$ 9 ! =m ( a plac>d1 t x might be fa/5$ aga9/ a wall = ! contemplation ( ! dev\t4 ,! illu/ration %[s only a portion ( ! upp] "p ( ?is curi\s pr9t1 ( :i* ! ,briti% ,museum has ! only kn[n copy4 ,x is suppos$ to h be5 pr9t$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,/4 ,,me9rat4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,page f ! ,life ( ,/4 ,me9rat4 ,orig9al is #c-a_/h by #e-g_/h in*es4 ,f ,dibd94 ,?is book1 :i* has an introduction ( two pages 9 ,g]man1 & =ty-eight pages ( illu/rations1 ) brief descriptions bel[ ! pictures1 tells ! /ory ( two bad m5 :o murd]$ ,/4 ,me9rat1 & :o 7 imm$iately !reaft] pursu$ by two cr[s4 ,! illu/ration "h pres5t$ repres5ts ! murd]]s on _! way to execution1 accompani$ by ! unrel5t+ cr[s4 ,on ! pages t foll[ are engrav+s ( ! murd]]s suff]+ "u torture2 x is %[n h[ !y 7 dragg$ at ! heels ( horses1 & 7 brok5 & burnt on ! :eel4 ,! moral p#bdg ( ?is /ory is unmi/akable3 x is an awful crime to kill an ecclesia/ic4 ,! publication ( s l>ge a book to en=ce s pla9 a truism is an intimation t "s ( ! laity ne$$ =cible illu/rations ( ! dang] ( abus+ ! cl]gy4 ,,! ,,dance ,,( ,,dea?4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,page f ! ,heidelb]g ,dance ( ,dea?4 ,orig9al is #e-a_/b by #h-a_/d in*es4 ,f ,dibd94 ,( ?is block-book ( tw5ty-sev5 l>ge pages1 only two copies are kn[n2 "o ( !m1 :i* is 9 ! ,heidelb]g libr>y1 is entirely xylographic1 ) a text 9 ,g]man2 ! o!r copy1 9 a ,muni* libr>y1 has also a text 9 ,g]man1 b x is 9 manuscript4 ,= ea* edition a diff]5t suite ( blocks 0 us$4 ,no?+ is kn[n ab\t ! pr9t] ( ei!r book1 nor ab\t ! date ( its execution4 ,! designs are really m]itori\s1 & ! engrav+ is obvi\sly ! "w ( a man :o _h exp]i5ce 9 8 art1 b ! m]it ( ! "w has be5 ov]%ad[$ by ! sup]ior designs ( ,holbe9 & ! m ma/]ly engrav+s ( ,lutzelb]g]4 ,! *>act]s or p]sonages 9 ?is block-book are ! same z ^? 9 ! fam\s pa9t+ once at ,basle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,^! descriptions ( ! m fam\s block-books may be suffici5t to %[ _! paltr9ess f a lit]>y po9t ( view1 & _! rud5ess z specim5s ( pr9t+1 b ! p#bdh books describ$ are n en\gh 9 numb] to give u a correct notion ( ! activity ( ! e>ly block-pr9t]s4 ,x is probable t _m books h be5 lo/ & =gott52 b we h1 h[ev]1 en\gh to w>rant ! belief t block-pr9t+ 0 an indu/ry ( "s repute ev5 z e>ly z #adcj4 ,"o me*anical peculi>ity ( ! block-books des]ves a specific notice3 all ! block-books 7 pr9t$ on pap]4 ,! pr9t]s soon discov]$ t vellum 0 an intractable mat]ial1 & !y pref]r$ pap] z mu* = its conv5i5ce z = its *eapness4 ,an app>5t dislike ( black ink is equally noticeable2 ! color 9 diff]5t books v>ies f a blacki% gray to a d+y br[n4 ,b _! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature is ! me?od ( pr9t+ ^u "o side ( ! %eet4 ,"o *ronicl] says t ! leaves 7 s pr9t$ t ! blank sides might be pa/$ toge!r4 ,t ?is is n ! true reason is app>5t :5 we discov] t v few ( ! books h pa/$ leaves4 ,x is m reasonable to suppose t ! e>li] block-pr9t]s c\ld n pr9t on bo? sides ( ! pap]4 ,x is pla9 t !y c\ld n produce a neat impression ev5 on "o side--c\ld n regulate ! =ce ( ! impression1 :i* 0 s h>% & viol5t t x sometimes spread ! ink1 & deeply ind5t$ ! pap]4 ,z ! m>g9s are unev51 we h to inf] t ! pr9t]s c\ld n place ! %eets ) uni=m accuracy ^u ! blocks4 ,consequ5tly1 !y c\ld n pr9t 9 regi/]1 & place ! second page truly on ! back ( ! fir/4 ,"s au?orities say t ! pap] 0 pr9t$ dry1 b ?is is only a conjecture1 made to suit ! !ory ( pr9t+ by ! frotton4 ,! pap] mu/ h be5 damp5$1 = x 0 v ?ick1 & z /rong & z co>se z mod]n manila wrapp+2 x c\ld n h be5 legibly pr9t$ until x _h be5 s(t5$4 ,) few exceptions1 ! block-books are ( a religi\s "*2 b ! religion taught is dogmatic & doctr9al m ?an devotional4 ,we may safely assume t !y 7 writt5 by ecclesia/ics 9 high /ation = ! in/ruction ( ! ignorant monks1 m5dicant fri>s1 & 8unable curates40 p#bdi ,illit]ate prie/s1 to :om ! descriptions or ! leg5ds ( ! pictures _h be5 read1 mu/ h und]/ood _! hi/orical & spiritual mean+1 & mu/ h f\nd ! pictures an aid to ! memory1 & sugge/ive ( topics = prea*+4 ,al?\gh made = prie/s1 !y 7 n beyond ! rea* ( ! p4 ,z f> back z ! twelf? c5tury1 an ,engli% abbot /]nly =bade1 "u p5alty ( excommunication1 ! l5d+ ( any books1 8nei!r ! l>ge books ) pictures1 nor ! small books )\t pictures40 ,b ! m&ate 0 disreg>d$4 ,soon] or lat]1 ! books f\nd _! way to ! h&s ( laym51 ^: ignorance ( ,lat9 did n prev5t !m f admir+ ! pictures2 & ?is admiration mu/ h inspir$ _m a read] ) ! desire to le>n ! /range language & to own ! covet$ book4 ,! ,life ( ,/4 ,me9rat is ! only book :i* seems to h be5 writt5 especially = ! p4 ,!re are two1 ! ,anti*ri/ & ! ,ex]cise on ! ,"l's ,pray]1 :i* 71 app>5tly1 writt5 to furni% sugge/ions to prea*]s aga9/ h]esy4 ,!re 0 ne$ = books ( ?is "*4 ,! *ur* 0 f]m5t+ ) diss5t2 a v l>ge portion ( ! p _h ab&on$ ! old fai?1 & !re 0 a g5]al compla9t among all prie/s t ! *ur*es 7 neglect$4 ,to recov] ?is lo/ allegiance1 & z an antidote to infidelity & h]esy1#abe ! *ur* gave its ass5t to ! circulation ( image pr9ts & block-books among ! laity4 ,! pov]ty ( ! spiritual diet prep>$ = m5 :o hung]$ = in/ruction & :o lean$ to h]esy _c be pass$ by )\t notice4 ,x is /range t1 9 an age ( p#bej gr[+ disbelief1 no?+ 0 writt5 = ! p :i* c n[ be consid]$ z ( importance4 ,we look 9 va9 ov] ! e>li] block-books = a copy1 9 any language t ! common p c\ld read1 ( a book conta9+ appropriate selections f ! ,scriptures4 ,! ,"l's ,pray] 0 publi%$ b once1 publi%$ 9 ,lat91 & /rangely p]v]t$ f its true purpose4 ,! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 9 block-book =m1 7 pr9t$ 9 ,g]man1 b n be=e ! la/ qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,we f9d no selections f ! ,psalms or ,evangeli/s4 ,! /ories ( ! ,bible1 always ) a ,lat9 text1 7 obvi\sly prep>$1 n to tea* lessons ( piety to ! p1 b to in/ruct ! prie/s 9 ! my/]ies ( dogmatic !ology4 ,all are or?odox3 !re is no block-book t has ! slighte/ ta9t ( h]esy4 ,x does n appe> t any ( ^! block-books 7 made by monks4 ,! block-pr9t]s ( a lat] p]iod 7 laym51 & m5 ( no note1 & x seems probable t ! e>li] books1 )\t names1 places or dates1 7 also made by laym51 by ! pr9t]s ( c>ds & images4 ,x is possible t !y 7 made at ! in/ance1 & p]haps "u ! direction1 ( ! ecclesia/ics4 ,b we f9d no evid5ces t !y 7 pr9t$ 9 mona/]ies2 ! lazy habits & co>se ta/es ( ! monks1 & _! g5]al avoidance ( e =m ( me*anical labor z b5ea? _! sacr$ call+1 make ?is conjecture inadmissible4#abf ,! lit]>y m]it ( ! block-books 0 small1 & _! %abby me*anical execution made !m contemptible4 ,to read]s accu/om$ to h&le great books ( t9t$ vellum1 admirably writt5 9 lett]s t are yet z %>p & legible z mod]n types1 ^! mis]able little pamphlets on d+y pap]1 & ) muddy lett]s1 sc>cely des]v$ ! "n ( books4 ,by ! educat$ read]s ( ! fifte5? c5tury !y p#bea 7 rat$ z lit]>y rubbi%4 ,pr(essors 9 ! univ]sities look$ on !m ) ! same contemptu\s _s :i* m5 ( lett]s aft]w>d manife/$ t[>d e>ly newspap]s4 ,! attempts ( e>ly pr9t]s to furni% ^! poor sub/itutes = books to common p1 s f> f receiv+ any enc\ragem5t f s*ol>s1 met ) _! disda9ful neglect4 ,!re 71 inde$1 a few praisewor?y exceptions1 b ! s*ol>%ip ( ! middle ages took sides ) rank1 9 uphold+ all ! conv5tional di/9ctions ( society4 ,!y wi%$ illit]ate p to und]/& t books 7 ! "r ( ! educat$ only4#abg ,! p]iod 9 :i* block-books 7 pr9t$ _c be fix$ )9 exact limits4 ,!y did n g out ( fa%ion :5 types 7 inv5t$3 ! illu/rat$ block-book ,op]a ,nova ,contemplativa1 ! ,italian adaptation ( ! ,bible ( ! ,poor1 0 pr9t$ 9 ,v5ice ab\t #aeab2 b block-books ( inf]ior m]it 7 made aft] ?is date4 ,b]jeau describes "o1 ! ,innoc5tia ,victrix1 probably engrav$ 9 ,*9a at ! ord] ( ! ,jesuits1 :i* 0 pr9t$ 9 #afga4 ,b ^! books are really ! la/ specim5s ( a dy+ art2 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 !y 7 practically obsolete4 ,! p]iod ( _! greate/ popul>ity may be fix$ betwe5 ! ye>s p#beb #addj & #adge4 ,z we approa* ! latt] date1 we f9d block-books conta9+ ! names & places ( ! pr9t]s4 ,we see t !y 7 made at ,ulm1 ,nuremb]g1 & ,augsburg1--! t[ns :i* h ! e>lie/ records ( manufactur]s ( play+ c>ds1--9 ! di/rict 9 :i* old image pr9ts l ! ,/4 ,*ri/oph] h be5 (t5e/ discov]$4 ,x is probable t block-books 7 pr9t$ 9 ,s\!rn ,g]many at or ne> ! "t :5 ! ,/4 ,*ri/oph] 0 pr9t$1 b we h no positive pro( t any block-book 0 pr9t$ 9 #adbc4 ,! ,g]man book ) e>lie/ pr9t$ date is ! ,*iromancy1 b its date ( #addh is n c]ta9ly ! date ( pr9t+4 ,! evid5ces 9 favor ( an e>ly practice ( block-book pr9t+ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s are1 9 "s features1 ev5 m incomplete4 ,no e>ly ,dut* or ,flemi% block-book reveals ! "n ( its pr9t]4 ,!re are n _m notices 9 old ,flemi% t[n-books conc]n+ c>d-mak]s1 or pr9t]s or pa9t]s ( images4 ,yet !re 01 )\t d\bt1 an e>ly practice ( block-pr9t+ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,! ,dut* traditions ab\t e>ly pr9t+ are m circum/antial ?an ^? ( ,g]many2 ! ,brussels ,pr9t dat$ #adah is old] by five ye>s ?an ! pr9t ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph]2 ! date ( #addj z pr9t$ 9 ! wood-cuts ( ! ,ex]cise on ! ,"l's ,pray] is eight ye>s e>li] ?an ! date ( ! ,*iromancy4 ,! books !mselves d n tell u1 nei!r directly nor indirectly1 :e!r !y 7 fir/ pr9t$ 9 ,fl&]s or 9 ,g]many4 ,!y h be5 critically exam9$ by _m able m51 b ! unbias$ read] w n fail to note t mo/ inquir]s h f\nd only :at !y want$ to f9d4 ,to ! ,g]man critic1 all ! e>ly block-books are ,g]man2 to ! ,dut* critic1 !y are surely ,dut*4 ,to recite ! argum5ts advanc$ by p>tisans1 or ev5 to /ate ! facts wre/$ to ! support ( ! argum5ts1 w\ld provide a t$i\s task = ! read]4 ,nor w\ld ! fulle/ pres5tation ( ! facts lead to c]ta9 k4 ,! language (t5e/ f\nd 9 ! block-books is ,lat91 ! language ( ! ,*ur* & ( p#bec s*ol>s 9 all c\ntries dur+ ! middle ages1 & x gives u no clue to ! place :]e !y 7 pr9t$4 ,! pap]-m>ks h be5 c>efully scrut9iz$1 9 ! hope t !y w\ld reveal ! manufacture ( ! pap] at "s date or 9 "s place1 b reason+s made f pap]-m>ks are n[ reg>d$ z unc]ta9 & ( no practical value4 ,we le>n no?+ ?r\gh ! /udy ( ! %apes or fa%ion ( ! engrav$ lett]s1 = ,g]man-l *>act]s h be5 f\nd 9 block-books kn[n to be ,dut*1 & peculi>ities suppos$ to be ,dut* h be5 f\nd 9 ,g]man books4 ,nor c we glean any?+ ( real value f a critical exam9ation ( ! designs1 :i* c\ld h be5 copi$ f manuscripts1 or drawn 9 "o c\ntry & pr9t$ 9 ano!r4 ,! only me*anical feature :i* leads to positive conclusions z to age is ! mann] 9 :i* !y 7 pr9t$4 ,! books pr9t$ 9 black ink & on bo? sides ( ! pap] 7 c]ta9ly pr9t$ aft] ! inv5tion ( typography1 & by typographic app>atus4 ,! books 9 br[n ink & on "o side ( ! pap] are ( an e>li] p]iod4 ,!re is a peculi> rud5ess ab\t ! books 9 br[n ink :i* is n to be f\nd 9 typographic "w1 a rud5ess :i* we "k began ) ! mak]s ( c>ds or pr9t]s ( images4 ,if we consid]1 z we mu/1 t ! block-books are only collections ( image pr9ts1 :i* 7 put 9 ! =m ( books z soon z pap] became *eap & popul>1 we may conclude ) confid5ce t !y c\ld h be5 made1 & probably 7 made1 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! great popul>ity ( ! block-books ev5 aft] #adej1 :5 types _h be5 inv5t$1 proves t ! bus9ess ( mak+ !m 0 !n firmly e/abli%$1 & t x 0 n *eck$ by ! sup]ior advantages (f]$ by types4 ,x is obvi\s t ! block-pr9t]s ( #adej _h long practice 9 ! old] me?od1 t !y 7 firmly atta*$ to x1 & w\ld n ab&on x 9 favor ( ! new inv5tion4 ,_! pref]5ce = ! old] me?od ( xylography is v pla9ly %[n by ! num]\s editions ( ! ,donatus4 p#bed ,,xiii ,! ,donatus1 or ,boy's ,lat9 ,gramm>4 ,a ,v ,old ,book 4 4 4 ,a ,favorite ) ! ,e>ly ,xylograph]s 4 4 4 ,frequ5tly ,pr9t$ 4 4 4 ,sc>city ( ,fragm5ts 4 4 4 ,pr9t$ by ,typographic ,process 4 4 4 ,pr9t$ be=e & aft] ,inv5tion ( ,typography 4 4 4 ,te/imony ( ! ,cologne ,*ronicle 4 4 4 ,( ,accursius 4 4 4 ,( ,scalig] 4 4 4 ,( ,swe9heim & ,pann>tz 4 4 4 ,fac-simile ( a ,g]man ,donatus 4 4 4 ,( a ,dut* ,donatus 4 4 4 ,! ,arrangem5t ( ,words 9 ! ,donatus 4 4 4 ,obscurity ( ! ,lett]s 4 4 4 ,fac-simile ( a ,dut* ,hor>ium 4 4 4 ,xylographic ,editions are ,imitations ( ,typographic ,editions 4 4 4 ,irregul>ities ( ,engrav$ ,lett]s 4 4 4 ,! ,donatus a ,relic ( ! ,pa/ 4 4 4 ,%[s ! ,retrogressive ,t5d5cies ( ! ,tea*]s ( ! ,p]iod 4 4 4 ,! ,pett9ess ( all ,block-,books 4 4 4 ,an ,evid5ce ( ! ,limitations ( ,xylography4 99 99 99 99 99 ,al?\gh ! art ( pr9t+1 z has be5 said1 0 discov]$ at ,m5tz1 9 ! mann] z x is n[ g5]ally us$1 yet ! fir/ prefiguration 0 f\nd 9 ,holl&1 9 ! ,donatuses :i* 7 pr9t$ !re be=e t "t4 ,& f ^! ,donatuses ! beg9n+ ( ! art 0 tak54 ,cologne ,*ronicle ( #adii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! only block-book )\t pictures ( :i* we h any k is ! ,donatus1#abh or ,boy's ,lat9 ,gramm>4 ,x receiv$ its "n f its au?or1 lius ,donatus1 a ,roman gramm>ian ( ! f\r? c5tury1 & "o ( ! in/ructors ( ,/4 ,j]ome4 ,! block-book is b an abridgm5t ( ! old gramm>3 z x 0 usually pr9t$ 9 ! =m ( a ?9 qu>to1 x c\ld1 ) propriety1 be classifi$ among prim]s r ?an ) books4 ,:5 pr9t$ 9 ! l>ge/ lett]s1 x occupi$ b ?irty-f\r pages2 :5 lett]s ( small size 7 us$1 x 0 compress$ )9 n9e pages4 ,z ! mo/ popul> ( small works1 & "o con/antly ne$$ 9 e p#bee prep>atory s*ool1 x met ! conditions !n requir$ by ! e>ly publi%]3 x c\ld be engrav$ at little co/1 & ! pr9t$ copies c\ld be sold 9 v l>ge quantities4 ,h[ _m xylographic editions ( ! book 7 pr9t$ has nev] be5 asc]ta9$1 b we are l$ to believe t ! numb] 0 l>ge :5 we le>n t m ?an fifty editions 7 pr9t$ f types be=e ! ye> #aejj4 ,fragm5ts ( ! xylographic ,donatus are sc>ce1 & !y are1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 a %abby condition4 ,_m ( !m are ! remnants ( badly pr9t$ leaves :i* 7 reject$ z spoil$ by ! pr9t]4 ,if x _h n be5 = ! frugal habits ( ! b9d]s1 :o us$ !m z /iff5]s 9 ! cov]s ( books1 we %\ld h few specim5s ( ?is book4 ,^! wa/e leaves 7 put to ?is use because !y 7 pr9t$ on p>*m5t & _h m /r5g? ?an pap]4 ,& "h we h to notice a rem>kable diff]5ce betwe5 ! block-books ( images & ! xylographic ,donatus4 ,all ! block-books are pr9t$ on pap]1 & ! great] "p are pr9t$ on "o side ( ! %eet 9 br[n ink4 ,all copies ( ! xylographic ,donatus are pr9t$ on p>*m5t1 on bo? sides ( ! leaf1 & 9 black ink4 ,p>*m5t 01 no d\bt1 select$ to adapt ! book to ! h>d usage x w\ld receive f c>eless s*ool-boys1 b ! me?od ( pr9t+ 9 black ink & on bo? sides is ! typographic me?od1 :i* 0 n 9 use1 s f> z we c le>n1 be=e ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,we h to conclude t all copies ( ! ,donatus pr9t$ 9 ?is mann] 7 pr9t$ aft] ! inv5tion ( types4 ,! mo/ tru/wor?y au?orities say t !re is no kn[n fragm5t ( an engrav$ ,donatus t c be attribut$ to ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! manufacture ( ?is gramm>1 ! block-book pr9t]s compet$ successfully ) type-pr9t]s = _m ye>s4 ,b typography improv$ :ile xylography decl9$2 at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! copies made f type 7 decid$ly sup]ior4 ,! engrav$ copies ( ! book 7 gradually ca/ aside z rubbi%1 = !y conta9$ no pictures1 p#bef & _h no features to ju/ify _! pres]vation4 ,we _c wond] t copies ( ! engrav$ ,donatus are sc>ce1 b we mu/ n inf] f _! pres5t sc>city t !y 7 n common be=e ! ye> #adej4 ,x is probable t m copies 7 pr9t$ ( ?is ?an ( any pictorial block-book2 al?\gh we f9d no copies1 we h tru/wor?y evid5ces t ! ,donatus 0 pr9t$ be=e types 7 made4 ,t ! ,donatus 0 engrav$ & pr9t$ be=e ! inv5tion ( typography is di/9ctly /at$ 9 ! book n[ kn[n z ! ,cologne ,*ronicle1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 t city by ,john ,koelh(f1 9 ! ye> #adii4 ,! "n ( ! au?or is unkn[n1 b he writes ) ! confid5ce ( a cle>-m9d$ ?9k] & a c&id *ronicl]4 ,he says t ! foll[+ /atem5t 0 communicat$ to him1 by ^w ( m\?1 8by ,ma/] ,ulric ,zell1 ( ,hanau1 n[ a pr9t] 9 ,cologne1 ?r\gh :om ! art 0 br\ght to ,cologne40 ,al?\gh ! art ( pr9t+1 z has be5 said1 0 discov]$ at ,m5tz1 9 ! mann] z x is n[ g5]ally us$1 yet ! fir/ prefiguration 0 f\nd 9 ,holl&1 9 ! ,donatuses :i* 7 pr9t$ !re be=e t "t4 ,f ^! ,donatuses ! beg9n+ ( ! said art 0 tak51 & x 0 inv5t$ 9 a mann] mu* m ma/]ly & subtle ?an ?is1 & became m & m +5i\s4#abi ,m>iangelus ,accursius1 a le>n$ ,italian ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 made a simil> ackn[l$gm5t ( ! indebt$ness ( ! m5 :om he reg>d$ z ! inv5tors ( typography to ! unkn[n pr9t]s ( ! ,donatus 9 ,holl&4 ,he says3 ,john ,fu/1 a citiz5 ( ,m5tz1 & ! mat]nal gr&fa!r ( ,john ,s*ff]1 0 ! fir/ :o devis$ ! art ( pr9t+ ) types f brass1 :i* he subsequ5tly inv5t$ 9 lead4 ,pet] ,s*ff]1 8 son1 add$ _m improvem5ts to ! art4 ,! ,donatus & ,confessionalia 7 pr9t$ fir/ ( all1 9 ! ye> #adej4 ,b ! sugge/ion ( typography 0 c]ta9ly made by ! ,donatuses t _h be5 pr9t$ be=e 9 ,holl&1 f wood5 blocks4 ,?is extract fir/ appe>$ 9 an ,app5dix to ! ,libr>y ( ! ,vatican1 :i* 0 writt5 by ,angelo ,rocca1 & p#beg publi%$ at ,rome 9 #aeia4 ,rocca says t ?is /atem5t is 9 ! h&writ+ ( ,m>iangelus ,accursius1 :o affix$ 8 "n to x4 ,on ?is page x is n necess>y to po9t out ! _m errors ( ,accursius ab\t ! orig9 ( ! inv5tion at ,m5tz2 x is en\gh to %[ t he believ$ t ! ,donatus 0 pr9t$ 9 ,holl& be=e types 7 made 9 ,g]many4 ,x is n kn[n1 h[ev]1 :e!r he acquir$ ?is in=mation f ! ,cologne ,*ronicle or f ano!r s\rce4 ,joseph ,ju/us ,scalig]1 an em95t s*ol> ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 says t pr9t+ 0 inv5t$ 9 ,holl&1 & t ! fir/ block-book ) text 0 a brevi>y or manual ( devotion4 ,x seems t ?is book 0 l ! ,hor>ium1 ( :i* a fac-simile w be %[n on an advanc$ page4 ,pr9t+ 0 inv5t$ at ,dordre*t1 by engrav+ on blocks1 & ! lett]s 7 run toge!r z 9 writ+4 ,my gr&mo!r _h a psalt] pr9t$ aft] ?is fa%ion ) a cov] two f+]s ?ick4 ,inside ( ?is cov] 0 a little recess 9 :i* 0 plac$ a little crucifix ( silv]4 ,! fir/ book t 0 pr9t$ 0 a brevi>y or manual1 & "o w\ld h ?\ght t x _h be5 writt5 by h&4 ,x belong$ to ! gr&mo!r ( ,julius ,cs> ,scalig]4 ,a little dog de/roy$ x1 mu* to 8 vexation1 = ! lett]s 7 conjo9$1 & _h be5 pr9t$ f a block ( wood1 ^u :i* ! lett]s 7 s engrav$ t !y c\ld be us$ = ?is book & = no o!r4 ,aft]w>d 0 inv5t$ a me?od ( us+ ! lett]s sep>ately4 ,?is record is ( int]e/ = its specification ( ,dordre*t 9 ,holl& z ! bir?place ( block-books1 b x does n give any date1 nor ! "n ( ! fir/ pr9t]4 ,z x has n be5 corroborat$ by ! te/imony ( any o!r *ronicl]1 x is n[ reg>d$ by ! hi/orians ( typography z imp]fect evid5ce--incorrect1 probably1 9 its ass]tion ( ! priority ( ! brevi>y1 b tru/wor?y s f> z x %[s t ?is le>n$ antiqu>ian _h "s really valuable evid5ces conc]n+ a v e>ly practice ( block-pr9t+ 9 ,holl&4 ,swe9heym & ,pann>tz1 ! ,g]man pr9t]s1 :o introduc$ typography 9 ,rome1 & publi%$ m books ?an !y c\ld sell1 9 ! ye> #adgb petition$ ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv p#beh = relief4 ,9 ! catalogue accompany+ _! petition !y describe ?is ,donatus z ! 8,donatus = ,boys1 f :i* we h tak5 ! beg9n+ ( pr9t+40 ,_! language is n cle>1 = x may be int]pret$ z ! fir/ book pr9t$ by ,swe9heym & ,pann>tz1 or z ! fir/ book made by ! art ( pr9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile ( "p ( a ,block ( ! ,donatus 9 ! ,national ,libr>y at ,p>is4 ,f ,lacroix4 ,! ,national ,libr>y at ,p>is has two v old xylographic blocks#acj ( ?is book1 :i* "s bibliograph]s suppose 7 made ab\t ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! lett]s on ^! blocks 7 m c>efully drawn & %>ply engrav$ ?an ! lett]s ( any kn[n block-book4 ,! wood is worm-eat51 b ! lett]s are neat & cle>1 & d n %[ any evid5ces ( we> f impression4 ,"o ( ^! blocks has be5 attribut$ to ,john ,gut5b]g1 = its lett]s resemble ^? ( ! ,maz>9 ,bible4 ,x p#bei has be5 conjectur$ t ?is block may h be5 "o ( ,gut5b]g's e>li] exp]im5ts 9 pr9t+4 ,ap>t f ! simil>ity ( ! *>act]s1 !re is no w>rant = ?is conjecture4 ,?is simil>ity is entirely insuffici5t z evid5ce2 x is n ev5 pro( ( age4 ,! block 0 probably engrav$ dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile ( ! ,fragm5t ( an e>ly ,donatus4 ,f ,kon+4 ,kon+1 au?or ( a treatise on e>ly pr9t+ 9 ,holl&1 has giv5 9 8 book ! fac-simile1 :i* is "h copi$1 ( a fragm5t ( a leaf f a xylographic ,donatus4 ,x 0 tak5 f ! cov] ( a book pr9t$ by ,g]>d ,leeu1 ( ,antw]p1 9 #adij4 ,kon+ says t ! fa%ion ( ! lett]s 9 ?is book is l t ( lett]s 9 ! manuscripts ( ,holl& dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1 & t !y closely resemble ! engrav$ lett]s ( "o edition ( ! ,ars ,mori5di4 ,holtrop gives a fac-simile ( ! entire page ( a xylographic ,donatus ) simil> lett]s1 :i* he claims z a piece ( e>ly ,dut* pr9t+4 ,! arrangem5t ( words 9 ,kon+'s fac-simile ( ?is fragm5t _c be pass$ by )\t notice4 ,! words are m readable ?an ^? ( _m block-books1 b ,i h reset a small portion 9 mod]n type1 t !y might be m cle>ly contra/$ ) ! mod]n me?od ( composition4 ,! words t d n appe> 9 ! mutilat$ fragm5t giv5 by ,kon+ are re/or$ f ! p]fect copy ( ,holtrop4 ,,! ,,old ,,me?od4 f,lego legis legit4 plr legim'_/f flegitis legu't ,ptito ipfco legeba'_/f flegebas legebat1 plrlegebam'_/f flegebatis legeba't_/f ,,! ,,mod]n ,,me?od4 ,pres5t ,t5se4 ,imp]fect ,t5se4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,s+ul>4 ,plural4 ,lego1 ,legimus1 ,legebam1 ,legebamus ,legis1 ,legitis1 ,legebas1 ,legebatis1 ,legit1 ,legunt1 ,legebat1 ,legebant4 p#bfj ,?is fac-simile gives an imp]fect notion ( ! abbreviations1 ! blackness & obscurity ( a page ( ! ,donatus1 b x is a fair specim5 ( ! =bidd+ appe>ance ( all ! pr9t$ "w ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! illu/ration ( ! mod]n me?od ( arrang+ ! same lett]s %[s ! sup]ior p]spicuity ( mod]n types & ( mod]n typographic me?od4 ,n e read] ( ?is age has a j idea ( ! ext5t ( 8 obligation to :at may be call$ ! m9or improvem5ts ( typography4 ,x may be safely said t _m m5 owe mu* ( _! s*ola/ic k to ! sy/ematic arrangem5t & ! invit+ appe>ance ( mod]n types & books4 ,! s*ool-boy :o glances ov] ?is fac-simile w quickly see ! dep? ( ! quagmire f :i* he has be5 deliv]$ by ! inv5tion ( types4 ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile ( an e>ly ,dut* ,hor>ium4 ,f ,kon+4 ,to support 8 !ory t ?is fragm5t ( ! ,donatus is b a "p ( "o ( ! _m copies ( ! book :i* 7 pr9t$ 9 ,holl& be=e ! inv5tion ( typography1 ,kon+ submits ! fac-simile ( a page f an old ,hor>ium1 or manual ( devotion1 :i* 0 copi$ by him f ! orig9al block4 ,he says t ?is block once belong$ to ,adri5 ,rooman1 a ,ha>lem pr9t] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :o _h receiv$ x f "o ( ! desc5dants ( ,co/]4 ,t ,co/] engrav$ or pr9t$ ?is block is highly improbable1 b x is1 )\t d\bt1 a p#bfa v old piece ( engrav+4 ,x c be fairly attribut$ to ! fifte5? c5tury1 b no good evid5ce has be5 adduc$ to %[ t x 0 made be=e ! inv5tion ( types4 ,! block is practically worn out3 ! lett]s h be5 s flatt5$ by impression t _m ( !m are illegible4 ,x mu/ "h be notic$ t ! lett]s ( ?is ,hor>ium d n int]lock1 z !y d 9 _m ( ! block-books4 ,a rul$ l9e drawn betwe5 ! pr9t$ l9es w %[ only a few & unimportant int]f]5ces ( lett]s4 ,?is ev5ness 9 l9+1 :i* is prop]ly reg>d$ z "o ( ! peculi>ities ( typography1 seems out ( place 9 an e>ly block-book4 ,b x is n conf9$ to ! ,hor>ium4 ,!re are copies ( ! xylographic ,donatus t closely resemble typographic editions ( ! same p]iod4 ,!y agree1 l9e ) l9e1 page ) page1 & almo/ lett] = lett]1 ) ! typographic model4 ,t ^! xylographic copies 7 made f ! engrav$ transf]s ( "s typographic model is prov$ n only by ! uni=mity & p>allelism ( ! lett]s1 b by ! squ>e outl9e to ! "r ( e page4 ,^! peculi>ities are nev] produc$ 9 ! workman%ip ( m5 :o draw lett]s on a block4 ,x is n /range t ! block-book pr9t]s %\ld h imitat$ ! "w & ! mann]isms ( ! typograph]s4 ,x 0 easi] to transf] ! lett]s ?an to draw !m2 easi] to cut ! lett]s = a book ( tw5ty or ?irty pages ?an to cut ! pun*es1 make ! m\lds1 & ca/ & compose ! types4 ,! blocks hav+ be5 engrav$1 ! block-pr9t] _h ! sup]ior advantage4 ,8 blocks1 l mod]n /]eotype plates1 7 always ready = use4 ,he c\ld pr9t a l>ge or small edition at pleasure4 ,& :at 0 ( mu* m importance1 he c\ld pr9t m legibly f 8 smoo? plates ( wood ?an ! amateur typograph] c\ld f 8 unev5 surface ( lead4 ,! significance ( ! fact t lett]s 7 engrav$ by block-pr9t]s aft] typographic models w be m pla9ly se5 :5 we exam9e ! editions ( ! ,speculum ,salutis1 p#bfb a book :i* has be5 claim$ by ,dut* hi/orians z ! fir/ production ( ! newly inv5t$ art ( typography4 ,! irregul> mann] 9 :i* all ! e>ly xylograph]s drew & engrav$ lett]s on ! block is fairly %[n 9 ?is fac-simile ( ! impr9t ( ,conrad ,d9ckmut1 ( ,ulm1 :o affix$ x to a ,donatus pr9t$ by him 9 #adhj4 ,x w be se5 t p>allel l9es rul$ betwe5 ! pr9t$ l9es w\ld int]f]e ) almo/ e asc5d+ or desc5d+ lett]4 ,illu/ration3 ,r$uc$ ,fac-simile ( ! ,impr9t ( ,conrad ,d9ckmut4 ,f ,de la ,borde4 ,! ,donatus cle>ly %[s ! retrogressive t5d5cies ( ! tea*]s ( t age4 ,x 0 orig9ally writt5 = s*ol>s :o spoke 9 ,lat91 & :o1 :5 ! book 0 fir/ plac$ 9 _! h&s1 knew ! mean+ ( almo/ e ^w4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury ,lat9 0 a dead language1 b ! book t _h be5 writt5 a ?\s& ye>s be=e receiv$ no modification adapt+ x to ! capacities ( ! ,g]man or ,dut* boys1 to :om ,lat9 0 z /range z ,*9ese4#aca ,! p#bfc rules & ! explanations1 z well z ! text1 7 9 ,lat94 ,! boy :o began to /udy ! book 0 compell$ to translate ! words & rules be=e he knew ! simple/ elem5ts ( ! language4 ,! difficulty ( ! task w be und]/ood if we imag9e an ,am]ican boy beg9n+ ! /udy ( ,g]man1 n ) a ,g]man gramm> 9 :i* ! explanations are 9 ,engli%1 b ) ! gramm> t is n[ us$ 9 ! s*ools ( ,g]many4 ,we f9d no trace ( any o!r s*ool-book 9 ! =m ( a block-book4 ,!re 0 no o!r book ( equal popul>ity4 ,to ! s*ol> ( ! middle ages !re 0 no sci5ce t c\ld be comp>$ ) ,lat92 !re 0 no k l t ( ! words ( ! dead language4 ,words 7 held ( m value ?an facts4 ,! tea*]s ( ! fifte5? c5tury clung to ?is obsolete book1 & compell$ _! pupils to g ?r\gh ! same b>r5 c\rse ( /udy t _h be5 us$ 9 ! fif? c5tury4 ,9 ?is fix$ purpose we see some?+ m ?an ! =ce ( habit3 !re 0 a g5]al unwill+ness to make ! acquisition ( k 9 any way attractive4 ,! limitations ( xylography are pla9ly set =? 9 ?is review ( ! m fam\s block-books4 ,dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 labor 0 *eap1 skill 9 engrav+ 0 n r>e1 pap] 0 9 abundant supply1 ! art ( block-pr9t+ 0 kn[n all ov] civiliz$ ,europe1 & !re 0 a gr[+ dem& = pr9t$ "w1 b ?is rude art ( block-pr9t+ 0 limit$ to ! production ( pictures4 ,x 0 nev] appli$ to ! production ( books ( size or m]it4 ,! ,wond]s ( ,rome1 ) its text ( "o hundr$ & sixty-eight pages1 is its mo/ ambiti\s attempt2 b l>ge z ?is "w may seem :5 x is put 9 contra/ ) o!r block-books1 x is really insignificant :5 comp>$ ) ! works ( ! fir/ typograph]s4 p#bfd ,,xiv ,! ,speculum ,salutis1 or ! ,mirror ( ,salvation4 ,its ,popul>ity z a ,manuscript ,book 4 4 4 ,made = ,m5dicant ,fri>s 4 4 4 ,description ( ! ,text 4 4 4 ,fac-similes ( ,wood-cuts on ,fir/ & ,la/ ,pages 4 4 4 ,its ,curi\s ,!ology 4 4 4 ,f\r ,editions ( ! ,book 4 4 4 ,_! ,peculi>ities 4 4 4 ,tw5ty ,engrav$ ,pages 9 "o ,edition 4 4 4 ,/range ,blemi%es 4 4 4 ,op9ions ( ,bibliograph]s conc]n+ ! ,date & ,pr9t] 4 4 4 ,text ( ! ,book ,pr9t$ f ,types 4 4 4 ,fac-simile ( ! ,types 4 4 4 ,diff]5t ,bodies ( ,types 9 ,diff]5t ,editions 4 4 4 ,engrav$ ,pages 7 ,transf]r$ f ,types 4 4 4 ,book ,pr9t$ 9 ,f\r ,k9ds ( ,ink 4 4 4 ,by ,two ,me?ods ( ,impression 4 4 4 ,types & ,cuts c\ld n be ,pr9t$ toge!r 4 4 4 ,op9ions ab\t ! ,quality ( ! ,presswork 4 4 4 ,/range ,faults ( ,presswork 4 4 4 ,all ,editions 7 ,pr9t$ 9 ,holl& 4 4 4 ,wood-cuts us$ = ! la/ "t by ,veld5] 9 #adhc 4 4 4 ,n ,probable t ,veld5] ,pr9t$ ! ,e>li] ,editions 4 4 4 ,veld5] did n use ! ,types 4 4 4 ,! ,speculum is ! ,"w ( an ,unkn[n ,pr9t]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ev]y?+ ab\t ! book is unc]ta94 ,x may be t ! book 0 pr9t$ f engrav$ blocks4 ,!re are p]sons :o say t x 0 engrav$2 !re is a libr>ian :o says t x 0 writt5 by h&4 4 4 4 4 ,i submitt$ ! book to a type-f\nd]1 to an engrav]1 & to a pr9t]1 :o decid$ t ! book 0 pr9t$ ) movable metal types t _h be5 ca/ 9 a m\ld4 ,&r ,*evilli]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,speculum ,salutis#acb 0 popul> z a manuscript = at lea/ two c5turies be=e ! inv5tion ( typography4 ,he9ek5 describes a copy 9 ! imp]ial libr>y ( ,vi5na1 :i* he attributes to ! twelf? c5tury4 ,he says1 su* 0 ! popul>ity ( ! "w ) ! ,b5$ict9es t almo/ e mona/]y possess$ a copy ( x4 ,( ! f\r manuscript copies own$ by ! ,briti% ,museum1 "o is suppos$ to h be5 writt5 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ano!r copy is 9 ! ,flemi% writ+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! pr9t$ p#bfe book conta9s =ty-five *apt]s ( b>b>\s ,lat9 rhymes1 ! lit]>y m]it ( :i* is cle>ly en\gh set be=e u 9 ,*atto's fai?ful translation ( f\r l9es ( ! preface3 f,pr$ictum prohemium huius libri de cont5tis compilaui_/f f,et propt] paup]es pr$icatores hoc appon]e curaui_/f f,qui si =te nequi]unt totum libri sibi comp>>e_/f f,possunt ex ipso prohemio si sciunt hi/orias pr$ic>e4_/f ,?is preface ( cont5ts1 /at+ :at ?is book's ab\t1 ,= ! sake ( all poor prea*]s ,i h fairly writt5 out4 ,if ! pur*ase ( ! book entire %\ld be above _! rea*1 ,?is preface yet may s]ve !m1 if !y "k b h[ to prea*4#acc ,9 _m features1 ! ,speculum resembles ! ,bible ( ! ,poor4 ,z ! designs are 9 ! same /yle1 & z ! engrav+s %[ ! same mann]isms1 x has be5 suppos$ t bo? books 7 made by ! same pr9t]2 b ?is conjecture is oppos$ by _m facts & probabilities4 ,! illu/ration at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt] is a fac-simile ( ! upp] "p ( ! fir/ pictorial page4 ,9 ! comp>tm5t to ! "r may be se5 ! ,fall ( ,lucif]4 ,! rebelli\s angels hav+ be5 trans=m$ into devils1 & by swords & spe>s ?ru/ ov] ! battlem5ts ( ,heav51 are fall+ into ! jaws ( ,hell1 :i* is "h repres5t$1 9 ! conv5tional /yle ( m$ieval design]s1 z ! m\? ( a hide\s mon/] fill$ ) =ks ( flame4 ,9 ! next comp>tm5t is ! ,creation ( ,eve 9 ! g>d5 ( ,ed54 ,"h we see t ! design] has modifi$ ! biblical n>rative to suit 8 own notions3 ,eve is n =m$ f ! rib ( ,adam1 b is em]g+ f 8 side4 ,at ! bottom ( ?is picture is ?is leg5d 9 abbreviat$ ,lat91 ,god creat$ man aft] 8 own image & lik5ess4 p#bfg ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile ( ! ,upp] ,"p ( ! ,fir/ ,pictorial ,page ( ! ,speculum ,salutis4 ,f ,he9ek54 ,an illu/ration on ! la/ page ( ! book repres5ts ! ,p>able ( ! ,t5 ,virg9s1 to :i* is add$ ! leg5d1 ,! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 is lik5$ unto ,t5 ,virg9s4 ,! five fooli% virg9s are sadly desc5d+ into ! m\? ( ! mon/] t repres5ts ,hell4 ,ano!r illu/ration repres5ts ! prophet ,daniel int]pret+ ! writ+ on ! wall4 ,hessel's free translation ( a l>ge portion ( ! preface is really ne$$ to %[ ! !ological tea*+s ( ! book4 ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile ( ! ,upp] ,"p ( ! ,la/ ,page ( ! ,speculum ,salutis4 ,f ,he9ek54 ,?is is ! preface ( ! ,spieghel ons] beh\d5isse1 :i* w tea* _m p righte\sness1 & to %9e z ! />s 9 et]nal et]nities4 ,x is = ?is reason t ,i h ?\ght ( compil+1 z an in/ruction = _m1 ?is book1 f :i* ^? :o read x w give & receive in/ruction4 ,i presume t no?+ is 9 ?is life m useful to a man ?an to ackn[l$ge 8 ,creator1 8 condition1 8 own be+4 ,s*ol>s may le>n ?is f ! ,scriptures1 & ! layman %all be taught by ! books ( ! laym51 t is by ! pictures4 ,:]e=e ,i h ?\ght fit1 ) ! help ( ,god1 to compile ?is book = laym5 to ! glory ( ,god1 & z an in/ruction = ! unle>n$1 9 ord] t x may be a lesson bo? to cl]ks & to laym54 ,x w be suffici5t to expla9 ! matt] briefly4 ,i mean fir/ to %[ ! fall ( ,lucif] & ! angels4 ,!n ! fall ( our fir/ p>5ts & _! po/]ity4 ,!reupon1 h[ ,god deliv]$ u by 8 assum+ fle%1 & ) :at figures he :ilom prefigur$ ?is assum+4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t _m hi/ories are giv5 9 ?is "w1 :i* c\ld n be expla9$ f ^w to ^w1 = a tea*] does n want to expla9 m ( ! hi/ories ?an he ?9ks necess>y = _! mean+4 ,& 9 ord] t ?is may be se5 bett] & cle>]1 ,i give ?is p>able4 4 4 4 4 ,!re 0 an abbey1 9 :i* /ood a l>ge oak1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! n>r[ness & smallness ( ! t[n1 !y 7 compell$ to cut d[n4 ,:5 x 0 cut d[n1 ! workm5 came toge!r1 & ea* ( !m *ose :atev] he ?\ght w\ld suit 8 trade4 ,! smi? cut (f ! und]mo/ block1 :i* he ?\ght suitable = a =ge2 ! %oemak] took ! b>k = mak+ lea!r2 ! sw9eh]d1 ! acorns = fe$+ pigs2 ! c>p5t]1 ! /raight wood = a ro(2 ! %ipwright1 ! crook$ wood2 ! mill] digs ! roots up1 z !y are fit1 on acc\nt ( _! solidity1 = ! mill2 ! bak] uses ! ?9 twigs = 8 ov52 ! sexton ( ! *ur*1 ! leaves = decorat+ ! *ur* at fe/ivals2 ! butl]1 ! bran*es = b>rels & mugs2 ! cook1 ! *ips = ! kit*54 4 4 4 4 ,j n[1 z "h e "o *ose 8 lik+ f ! hewn tree1 s !y d ) ,holy ,writ4 ,! same me?od has be5 foll[$ reg>d+ ! hi/ories :i* w be expla9$4 ,e tea*] collects f !m :at he ?9ks prop] & useful4 ,i %all foll[ ! same way ) reg>d to ?is "w1 leav+ out altoge!r "s "p ( ! hi/ories1 t x may n (f5d ^? :o w he> & read x4 ,let u also obs]ve t ,holy ,writ is l s(t wax1 :i* assumes ! %ape ( all =ms impress$ ^u x4 ,does1 = in/ance1 ! /amp conta9 a lion8 ! s(t wax w conta9 ! same2 & if x be>s an e>1 ! s(t wax w be> ! same figure4 ,s "o ?+ signifies1 sometimes ! ,devil1 & sometimes ,*ri/4 ,h[ev]1 we ought n to be a/oni%$ at ?is mann] ( ! ,scriptures1 = div]s significations may be ascrib$ to ! div]s p]=mances ( a ?+ or a p]son4 ,:5 ,david1 ! k+1 committ$ bo? adult]y & p#bfi man-slaught]1 he repres5t$ n ,*ri/ b ! ,devil4 ,& :5 he lov$ 8 enemies1 & did !m good1 he bore )9 him ! figure ( ,*ri/ & n ( ! ,devil4 4 4 4 4 ,?is is :y ,i h notic$ ^! rem>kable ?+s "h1 = ,i ?\ght x useful to ^? :o /udy ! ,holy ,scriptures1 t !y %\ld n judge me1 if !y happ5$ to f9d su* ?+s 9 ?is book1 = ! mann] ( translation & exposition is s4 ,o good ,jesus1 give me works & a ,*ri/ian devotion :i* may please !e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,equally curi\s is ! explanation ( ! m>riage ( ! "m ( ,god ) ,joseph4 ,x appe>s f ?is1 t x 0 n ?\ght sup]flu\s to ju/ify a fact some:at /range 9 reg>d to ! doctr9e ( ! sup]natural inc>nation ( ! second p]son ( ! ,godhead4 ,! au?or ( ! ,speculum assigns eight reasons = ?is m>riage4 ,! fir/ 01 t ,m>y %\ld n be suspect$ ( un*a/ity2 ! second1 t %e might want ! help ( a man dur+ h] travels z well z else:]e2 ! ?ird1 t ! ,devil might n become aw>e ( ! inc>nation ( ,*ri/2 ! f\r?1 t ,m>y c\ld h a witness ( h] purity2 ! fif?1 t ,god wi%$ t 8 "m %\ld be m>ri$2 ! six?1 to prove ! sanctity ( m>riage2 ! sev5?1 to prove t m>riage is no imp$im5t to bless+2 ! la/1 t m>ri$ p %\ld n despair ( _! salvation4 ,ca?olicism _h already br\ght ! _w to ! possibility ( t despair4 ,van d] ,l9de1 ,ha>lem ,leg5d ( ! ,inv5tion ( ,pr9t+1 p4 #d4 ,! ,speculum 0 pr9t$ at diff]5t times & places dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1#acd b ! copies ( greate/ value are ^? :i* belong to f\r correlat$ editions--two 9 ,lat91 & two 9 ,dut*--all )\t date1 "n1 or place ( pr9t]4 ,9 ^! f\r editions ! illu/rations are obvi\sly impressions f ! same blocks2 b ea* edition exhibits "s new peculi>ity 9 ! %ape or disposition ( ! lett]s4 ,^? :o favor ! !ory ( an inv5tion ( typography 9 ,holl& ma9ta9 t ^! lett]s are ! impressions ( ! fir/ movable types1 & t ! curi\s workman%ip ( ! book m>ks ! developm5t ( pr9t+ at ! great turn+-po9t 9 its progress :5 x 0 pass+ f xylography to typography4 ,z important conclusions h be5 drawn f ! peculi>ities ( ea* edition1 x is necess>y t !y %\ld be describ$ ) precision4 ,! ord] 9 :i* ! f\r editions 7 actually pr9t$ is n c]ta9ly kn[n4 ,six em95t bibliograph]s h arrang$ !m 9 z _m diff]5t ord]s4 ,! ord] assign$ to !m "h p#bgj is purely conjectural1 b x is bas$ on ! supposition t t %\ld be ! fir/ edition 9 :i* ! wood-cuts %[ ! %>pe/ l9es1 & t ! la/ 9 :i* ! types & wood-cuts %[ ! /ronge/ m>ks ( we>4 ,! ,fir/ ,edition is 9 ,lat94 ,ea* copy ( ! book is made up ( sixty-?ree leaves ( small folio pr9t$ ^u "o side ( ! pap]1 b ) pr9t$ pages fac+ ea* o!r1 aft] ! /yle ( ! block-books4 ,! space occupi$ by ! pr9t$ page is ab\t #g-c_/d in*es wide1 & #aj-a_/d in*es high4 ,! preface1 9 rhyme1 is compos$ 9 broad measure1 & occupies five pages4 ,! fifty-eight pages ( text t foll[ are also 9 rhyme2 b !y are made up ) two columns to ! page4 ,at ! top ( ea* page is an engrav+ on wood1 conta9+1 on "o block1 two di/9ct designs1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by ! pill> ( an ar*itectural frame-"w4 ,at ! bottom ( ea* design1 & engrav$ ^u ! same block1 is a l9e 9 ,lat91 :i* expla9s ! design1 & :i* s]ves z ! text = ! v]ses und]nea?4 ,! lett]s ( ! preface & ! text are impressions f ,po9t$ ,go?ic types ( ! ,flemi% /yle4 ,e l9e ( v]se beg9s ) a capital lett]4 ,! only m>k ( punctuation is ! p]iod1 b x is r>ely us$4 ,! book is )\t title1 pag+-figures1 signatures1 or cat*-words4 ,! wood-cuts are 9 br[n1 & ! types 9 black ink4 ,! br[n ink is a wat] color :i* c be p>tially effac$ by rubb+ ) a moi/ sponge2 ! black ink is an oil color1 = x has /a9$ ! pap] ) ! pale gre5i% t+e ( badly prep>$ oil4 ,z ! back ( e pr9t$ wood-cut is smoo? & %9+1 :ile ! back ( e type-pr9t$ page is r\gh & deeply ind5t$1 x is obvi\s t ! types ( ! text 7 n only pr9t$ ) a diff]5t ink1 b by a sep>ate impression1 &1 p]haps1 by a process diff]5t f t employ$ 9 pr9t+ ! pictures4 ,! two pages t appe> on ! same %eet 7 pr9t$ toge!r1 z may be inf]r$ f _! irregul>ities2 if "o page is out ( regi/]1 or out ( squ>e1 its mat$ page is out ( regi/] to ! same degree4 ,! engrav+s 7 pr9t$ p#bga be=e ! types1 z is cle>ly prov$ by ! discov]y t on "s pages ! types slightly ov]lap ! cuts4#ace ,! ,second ,edition is 9 ,lat91 & is l ! fir/1 ) ?is odd exception3 tw5ty pages ( ! text are pr9t$ f engrav$ blocks ( wood4 ,^! xylographic pages are di/ribut$ 9 irregul> ord]1 z if by accid5t1 z w be %[n by ! italic figures1 :i* repres5t ^! pages1 9 ! foll[+ table4 ,fir/ ,second ,?ird ,f\r? ,fif? ,section ,section ( ,section ( ,section ( ,section ( ( ,six ,f\rte5 ,f\rte5 ,f\rte5 ,sixte5 ,leaves4 ,leaves4 ,leaves4 ,leaves4 ,leaves4 -#e 4 #f-ai4 #bj-cc #cd-dg #dh-fc #a-d 4 #g-ah4 4#ba-cb4 #ce-df #di-fb #b-c #h-ag 4#bb-ca4 #cf-de #ej-fa 4 #i-af4 #bc-cj #cg-dd 4#ea-fj4 4#aj-ae4 #bd-bi #ch-dc #eb-ei 4#aa-bd4 #be-bh #ci-db #ec-eh 4#ab-ac4 4#bf-bg4 #dj-da #ed-eg #ee-ef ,x %\ld be notic$ t ! xylographic pages1 z well z ! typographic pages1 are always f\nd 9 c\ples4 ,! types are ^? ( ! fir/ edition1 b !re are p#bgb v>iations 9 ! composition & spell+ ( words1 :i* prove t !y mu/ h be5 recompos$ = ?is edition4 ,! ,?ird ,edition is 9 ,dut* prose4 ,! types are l ^? ( ! previ\s editions1 ) ! exception ( pages #di & #fj1 :i* are pr9t$ 9 types ( a small] body4 ,! face ( ! small] types has all ! peculi>ities ( ! types ( ! e>li] editions1 & is app>5tly ! "w ( ! same lett]-cutt]4 ,9 ! few kn[n copies ( ?is edition !re are diff]5ces 9 typographic arrangem5t :i* %[ t types 7 alt]$ betwe5 ! fir/ & ! la/ impression4 ,! ,f\r? ,edition is also 9 ,dut* prose4 ,all kn[n copies ( ?is edition are s badly pr9t$ t !y h ! appe>ance ( spoil$ or disc>d$ %eets4 ,_m au?ors h suppos$ t ?is mu/ h be5 ! fir/ edition1 &1 p]haps1 ! fir/ exp]im5t ) types2 b a clos] exam9ation proves t ! bad pr9t+ is ow+1 n s mu* to ignorance & to inexp]i5ce z to worn types & c>eless presswork--t ?is edition is really ! la/4 ,! copy t is pres]v$ by ! city ( ,ha>lem %[s1 9 ! h&writ+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ?is inscription 9 ,dut*3 8,! ,speculum ,salutis1 ! e>lie/ production ( ,l\r5s ,co/]1 ! inv5tor ( typography1 :o pr9t$ at ,ha>lem ab\t ! ye> #addj40 ,betwe5 ! second & ! ?ird leaf has be5 ins]t$ a portrait ( ,l\r5s ,co/]1 8engrav$ by ,v&]velde aft] ,van ,camp510 ) ! words1 9 ,lat91 8,l\r5s ,co/]1 ( ,ha>lem1 fir/ inv5tor ( ! typographic art ab\t ! ye> #addj40 ,und]nea? ?is inscription is a ,lat9 v]se by ,scriv]ius1 9 :i* he extols ,co/] z indisputably ! inv5tor ( typography4 ,z ! writ+1 ! portrait1 & ! inscription 7 add$ a long "t aft] ! book _h be5 pr9t$1 ^! additions _c1 consequ5tly1 be accept$ z evid5ces ( any real value4 ,junius1 ! hi/orian ( ,holl&1 writ+ 9 #aefh1 0 ! fir/ to call att5tion to ! ,speculum4 ,he notic$ b "o edition3 x is n probable t he knew ( ! o!rs4 ,he said x 0 made by ,co/] f types ( wood1 9 ,ha>lem1 p#bgc be=e ! ye> #addj4 ,scriv]ius1 a ,dut* au?or1 writ+ 9 #afbh1 said t x 0 pr9t$ by ,co/] f f\nd$ or ca/ types 9 or ab\t #adbh4 ,he9ek51 a ,g]man bibliograph]1 intimates t ! blocks ( ! ,speculum 7 engrav$1 & t ! two ,lat9 editions 7 pr9t$ 9 ,g]many aft] ! inv5tion ( typography2 b he conc$es1 r grudg+ly1 t ! ,dut* editions 7 pr9t$ 9 ,holl&4 ,sant&] says t ! book 0 pr9t$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 b n be=e ! ye> #adhj4 ,! disagreem5ts ( bibliograph]s conc]n+ ?is book h n be5 re/rict$ to controv]sies ab\t its date & pr9t]4 ,"s h said t !re 7 no types 9 any ( ! editions1 & t ! lett]s1 l ! pictures1 7 cut on solid blocks ( wood4 ,?is error is almo/ p>donable4 ,! sup]ficial obs]v] ( our own "t w say t ! *>act]s ( ?is book are n types1 b badly engrav$ lett]s4 ,!y seem to lack ! mo/ di/+ui%+ feature ( types4 ,! lett]s are n at all alike1 z may be se5 9 ! accompany+ fac-simile4 ,! v>iations 9 ! %apes ( ! lett]s are s frequ5t t a mod]n pr9t] w\ld at once decide t ! dissimil> lett]s c\ld n h be5 ca/ 9 ! same matrix4 ,?is is a curi\s defect1 b x c be %[n t ! lett]s are types1 & f\nd$ types4 8,! exi/5ce ( a positive fact10 says ,*atto1 8c nev] be affect$ by any argum5ts :i* are gr\nd$ on ! difficulty ( acc\nt+ = x40 ,x is pla91 h[ev]1 t ! types ( ! book 7 c>elessly made by an inexp]t type-mak]1 & p]haps by a clumsy me?od n[ out ( use4 ,in/ead ( mak+ all ! types ( "o "* f "o pun* or orig9al1 ! pr9t] ( ?is book made !m f two1 f\r1 or six pun*es or orig9als4 ,at ?is po9t x is n necess>y to consid] :y s _m pun*es 7 made4 ,x is en\gh to say t !re is real uni=mity 9 ! mid/ ( all ?is div]sity--t ea* lett] is a duplicate1 m or less fai?ful accord+ to ! we> x has receiv$1 ( its own orig9al4 ,c>eful trac+s on transp>5t pap] h be5 repeat$ly made ( a select$ lett] p#bgd = ! purpose ( te/+ its agreem5t or disagreem5t ) lett]s ( ! same k9d on o!r pages1 & ! comp>ison e/abli%es ! fact t ! lett]s are f\nd$ types4#acf ,! errors ( ! ,speculum are ^? ( types4 ,!y %[ ! inv]sion ( lett]s 9 positions :i* preclude ! possibility t !y c\ld h be5 =m$ ^u engrav$ blocks4 ,! occasional occurr5ce ( a c = an e1 ( an n = a u1 ( an = an f1 & ! 8turn+ upside d[n0 ( o!r lett]s1 are examples ( errors :i* c be made only by compositors4 ,! unequal p]spicuity ( ! lett]s 9 ! ,speculum is t ( unequally worn types4 ,( two adjo9+ lett]s1 "o w be di/9ct1 black1 & deeply ind5t$ 9 ! pap]2 ! o!r w be ( dull color1 & ( indi/9ct outl9es4 ,! di/9ct lett] is a new & high type1 :i* has receiv$ ! full =ce ( impression2 ! indi/9ct lett] is an old & worn type :i* has be5 t\*$ b feebly by impression4 ,if all ! lett]s _h be5 engrav$ on "o plate1 !y w\ld h be5 ( equal height1 & %\ld h be5 equally legible1 or ne>ly s1 "u impression4 ,! f\r editions ( ! ,speculum are1 ( !mselves1 presumptive evid5ce t ea* edition 0 pr9t$ f types4 ,x is improbable t ! pr9t] w\ld re-engrave blocks = a second edition :5 ^? ( ! fir/ 7 9 exi/5ce4 ,if ! fir/ edition _h be5 pr9t$ f types1 & ! types _h be5 di/ribut$1 z is cu/om>y1 ! pr9t] 0 oblig$ to reset !m 9 ord] to make ! second edition4 ,^! f\r editions 7 c]ta9ly ! "w ( ! same pr9t+ (fice1 &1 )\t d\bt1 ( ! same pr9t]1 = p#bge ! engrav+s are ! same1 & ! types1 ink1 pap]1 & workman%ip h simil> defects & peculi>ities4 ,! fir/ edition %[s pages ( types only2 ! next edition has types & blocks1 b ! types are l ^? ( ! fir/2 !n comes a ?ird edition 9 ! same types1 b ) two pages ( types diff]+ some:at z to body & face2 la/ly an edition entirely 9 ! old types1 9 a worn condition4 ,ea* edition has m or less connection ) ! o!rs4#acg ,illu/ration3 ,engli%4 ,two-l9e ,brevi]4 ,! body or dim5sion ( ! types us$ 9 ! ,speculum approximates ! size kn[n to all ,briti% & ,am]ican pr9t]s z ,engli%2 b x is r l>g] ?an any ( ! mod]n /&>ds4 ,x is really int]m$iate betwe5 ! body ,engli% & ! little-us$ body ( ,two-l9e brevi] or ,columbian4#ach ,! appe>ance ( tw5ty engrav$ pages 9 ! second edition ( ! ,speculum _c be expla9$ ) satisfaction4 ,b]n>d ?9ks t ^! pages are ! relics ( an e>li] edition engrav$1 or at lea/ attempt$1 on wood1 :i*1 = "s unkn[n reason1 7 tempor>ily sub/itut$ = types4 p#bgf ,no trace ( ?is imag9>y edition has be5 discov]$4 ,x has be5 claim$ t ! engrav] ( ^! xylographic blocks 0 ! probable inv5tor ( typography4 ,x is suppos$ t he matur$ ! ideas he _h *]i%$ ab\t movable types :5 he 0 engrav+ & pr9t+ ! fir/ edition ( ! book2 t :5 he became fully conv9c$ ( _! feasibility1 he /opp$ ! engrav+ ( ! blocks1 & f9i%$ ! "w ) types :i* 7 made = ! purpose4 ,?is hypo!sis is n reasonable4 ,if ! pr9t] ( ! book sudd5ly ab&on$ blocks = types1 ! *ange w\ld be abruptly m>k$ 9 8 "w4 ,! tw5ty pages at ! beg9n+ ( ! book w\ld be xylographic1 & all foll[+ w\ld be typographic4 ,b x w be p]ceiv$ t ! tw5ty pages are scatt]$1 )\t any ord]1 ?r\gh\t ! book4 ,in/ead ( be+ ! relics ( an e>li] edition1 x is demon/rable t ^! xylographic blocks 7 cut f transf]s obta9$ f a typographic edition4 ,a trac$ draw+ ^u transp>5t pap]1 tak5 ) accuracy f ! fir/ edition ( ! ,speculum1 & c>efully laid ov] a correspond+ xylographic page 9 ! second edition1 w %[ an agreem5t 9 ! l5g? ( l9es1 9 ! abbreviation ( words1 & 9 ! copy+ ( little errors or blemi%es1 :i* c\ld h be5 produc$ only by means ( transf]r$ draw+4#aci ,) ?is fact be=e u1 ! supposition ( ! priority ( an engrav$ edition ( ! book is unt5able4 ,dut* au?ors say t ^! xylographic blocks corroborate a ,holl&i% leg5d1 9 :i* x is /at$ t ! mat]ials ( ! pr9t] ( ! ,speculum 7 /ol54 ,!y suppose t ! fir/ typograph] 0 oblig$ to engrave p#bgh ^! tw5ty blocks to complete 8 imp]fect edition4 ,?is hypo!sis does n accord ) o!r facts3 ! appe>ance ( ?ree successive editions ( ! book1 ea* ) a text ( types1 proves t ! practice ( typography 0 cont9u$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile ( "p ( a ,page ( ! ,speculum ,salutis4 ,! provision ( black ink = ! types & br[n ink = ! cuts seems unnecess>y1 b ,van d] ,l9de's explanation ( ?is peculi>ity is plausible4 ,he says t ! oily black ink us$ on ! types may h be5 reject$ = ! cuts because its greasy surface int]f]$ ) ! bru% ( ! colori/4 ,x does n appe> t ! inquiry has ev] be5 made1 :e!r ! br[n ink ( block-books 0 always br[n4 ,x is probable t ?is br[n ink 0 once black4 ,! v>iability ( ! color1 s frequ5tly rem>k$ 9 all block-books1 is ! c]ta9 indication ( a fad$ black writ+ ink4 ,x 0 ! fluidity ( ?is writ+ ink t prev5t$ its use on ! types ( ! ,speculum2 ! fluid collect$ 9 globules on ! metal1 spread+ "u impression1 & blott+ ! pap]4 ,oily ink 0 requir$ = a surface ( metal4 ,! unequal ind5tation ( ! lett]s indicates t ! types 7 n ( a uni=m height4 ,nor is x probable t ! engrav+s at ! head ( e page 7 always truly flat & ( precisely ! same height z ! types4 ,!y 7 pieces ( flat bo>ds1 :i* mu/ h w>p$ ) e *ange f heat to cold1 or f dampness to dryness4#adj ,9 ^! irregul>ities we f9d ! probable reason = ! employm5t ( two di/9ct me?ods ( impression4 ,two impressions 7 ne$$ z mu* z two k9ds ( ink4 p#bgi ,! types requir$ /rong1 & ! wood-cuts weak impression4 ,if ! impression _h be5 graduat$ to suit ! wood-cuts1 ! pr9t ( ! types w\ld n h be5 visible2 if en\gh impression _h be5 giv5 to face ! types1 ! wood-cuts1 if 9 ! same =m1 w\ld h be5 cru%$4 ,! quality ( ! presswork ( ! ,speculum has be5 /rangely misrepres5t$4 ,so!by1 :o tries to e/abli% ! priority ( ,dut* pr9t+1 says t ! ink 9 "o edition is brilliant2 t its types h great beauty & %>pness2 t its presswork is equal 9 cle>ness to t ( ,gut5b]g's ,bible4 ,9 ?is high praise no o!r au?or jo9s3 mo/ critics say x is b a %abby piece ( presswork4 ,! ,dut* au?ors1 :o wi% to %[ ! imp]fections ( typography 9 its infancy1 call especial att5tion to ! illegibility ( ! f\r? edition 9 ,dut*1 :i* !y claim z ! fir/1 & = t reason !y rate x z an unusually clumsy piece ( pr9t+4 ,van d] ,l9de says t ! presswork ( ! ,speculum does n diff] mat]ially f t ( _m books pr9t$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury4#ada ,! wood-cuts 7 pr9t$ by ! unkn[n process !n made use ( by all block-pr9t]s2 ! types 7 pr9t$ on a press :i* 0 fitt$ ) at lea/ "o ( ! appliances ( a well-made pr9t+ press2 b ! two editions 9 ,lat91 :i* are 9 v]se1 ) l9es ( irregul> l5g?1 %[ typographical blemi%es ( an extraord9>y nature4 ,9 ! blank spaces at ! ends ( ! %ort l9es are f\nd impressions ( lett]s nev] int5d$ to be se5 or read--( lett]s t d p#bhj n belong to ! text--( lett]s n pr9t$ ) ink1 b emboss$ or jamm$ 9 ! pap]4 ,on "s pages entire words are f\nd4 ,^! words & lett]s1 :i* are always f\nd )9 ! squ>e ( ! pr9t$ page1 & 9 l9e ) ! types pr9t$ 9 black1 are1 und5iably1 emboss+s ( types f ! same font4 ,! pr9t] :o critically exam9es ^! emboss$ lett]s w be conv9c$ t ! types mak+ !m 7 us$ z be>]s at ! ends ( ! %ort l9es1 to %ield adjac5t types f h>d impression3 he w also "k t !y 7 pr9t$ on a press provid$ ) a frisket4#adb ,! p]iod 9 :i* ! e>ly editions ( ! ,speculum 7 pr9t$ w be ! subject ( ! next *apt]1 b x may "h be told :5 ! wood-cuts 7 de/roy$4 ,9 ! ye> #adhc1 "o ,john ,veld5]1 !n a pr9t] at ,culemb\rg1 pr9t$ two editions ( ! ,speculum1 9 ! ,dut* language1 & 9 small qu>to =m4 ,"o edition conta9$ #aaf & ano!r #abh illu/rations1 pr9t$ f ! wood-cuts t _h be5 previ\sly us$ 9 ! f\r notable editions4 ,to make ^! broad wood-cuts1 :i* _h be5 design$ = pages 9 folio1 s]ve = pages 9 qu>to1 ,veld5] cut away ! ar*itectural frame-"w surr\nd+ ea* illu/ration1 & !n saw$ ea* block 9 two pieces4 ,mutilat$ 9 ?is fa%ion1 x 0 impossible aft]w>d = any pr9t] to use ^! blocks 9 ! production ( an edition 9 folio l any ( ^? t h be5 previ\sly describ$4 ,veld5]'s editions 7 n made by ! me?od us$ by ! pr9t] ( ! e>li] editions3 ! types & ! wood-cuts 7 pr9t$ toge!r1 p#bha 9 black ink & ^u bo? sides ( ! leaf4 ,! blocks 7 badly worn be=e !y 7 mutilat$3 ! f9] l9es ( ! engrav+ are flatt5$ out1 & reta9 too mu* ink1 produc+ an effect ( blackness & mudd9ess n %[n 9 ! impressions ( ! e>li] editions4 ,! fault is c]ta9ly 9 ! cuts1 & n 9 ! presswork1 = ,veld5] 0 an able pr9t]4 ,! wood-cuts pr9t$ by him 9 o!r books1 at ,l\va9 & at ,utre*t1 %[ neat] presswork1 al?\gh !y are ( feeble design & meanly engrav$4#adc ,al?\gh ,veld5] made use ( ! wood-cuts1 he did n use any ( ! types ( ! ,speculum4 ,8 book types are well kn[n3 z !y are ( diff]5t bodies & faces1 !y may be reg>d$ z conclusive evid5ce t ,veld5] 0 n ! pr9t] ( ! e>ly editions4 ,x is probable t he b\ght f ! pr9t] ( ! fir/ editions1 or f 8 successors1 ! wood-cuts only4 ,we may suppose t ! types 7 worn out1 & t ! pun*es & matrices 7 also worn out or obsolete1 = we f9d no traces ( !m 9 ! books ( any lat] pr9t]4 ,we h1 !re=e1 to attribute all ! books 9 :i* ^! types are f\nd to a pr9t] :o prec$$ ,veld5]4 ,we d n "k ! "n ( ?is pr9t]1 nor c we fix ! date :5 he began to pr9t1 b x is evid5t t he 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ if n ! fir/ typographic pr9t] 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 p#bhb ,,xv ,! ,works & ,workman%ip ( an ,unkn[n ,pr9t]4 ,! ,speculum n ! ,"w ( an ,exp]im5t] 4 4 4 ,improbable t ?is 0 8 only ,typographic ,book 4 4 4 ,twelve ,books1 ,eight ,faces ( ,types & ,=ty-two ,editions attribut$ to him or 8 ,successors 4 4 4 ,hessel's ,classification ( ^! ,types 4 4 4 ,fac-simile ( ! ,types ( ! ,speculum 4 4 4 ,fac-simile ( ! ,fables ( ,lor5zo ,valla 4 4 4 ,fac-simile ( ! ,peculi>ities ( ,crim9al ,law 4 4 4 ,fac-simile ( ! ,epitaphs ( ,pope ,pius ,,ii 4 4 4 ,! ,donatus 4 4 4 ,fac-simile ( ! ,abec$>ium 4 4 4 ,! ,eight ,faces ( ,types 7 made by ! same ,pr9t] 4 4 4 ,an ,indication t he ,wore out ,types rapidly 4 4 4 ,t he ,sold _m ,books 4 4 4 ,trivial ,"* ( ! ,books 4 4 4 ,8 ,types n ,made ( ,wood 4 4 4 ,illu/rations ( ,types ( ,wood 4 4 4 ,_! ,impracticability ,demon/rat$ 4 4 4 ,books n made f ,cut ,types 4 4 4 ,cause ( ! ,dissimil> ,appe>ance ( ! ,types 4 4 4 ,7 ,f\nd$ 4 4 4 ,! ,press ( ! ,unkn[n ,pr9t] 4 4 4 ,its ,defects 4 4 4 ,indications ( ! ,use ( a ,frisket4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if any %all sugge/1 t "s ( ! ,enquiries "h insi/$ ^u 7z p>ticul>ly ^? ab\t ! ,lett]s ( ! ,alphabet7 d seem too m9ute & trivial = any prud5t man to be/[ 8 s]i\s ?\ghts & "t ab\t1 su* p]sons may "k t ! discov]y ( ! true nature & cause ( any ! mo/ m9ute ?+ do? promote real k1 & !re=e _c be unfit = any ,man's endeav\rs4 ,bi%op ,wilk9s1 #affh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if ! pr9t] ( ! ,speculum 0 ! rightful inv5tor ( typography1 8 workman%ip1 z %[n 9 ! diff]5t editions ( ! book1 cle>ly proves t he _h pass$ ! %oals ( exp]im5t1 & 0 on ! broad sea ( successful practice4 ,we c see1 ev5 )\t ! help ( ! leg5ds or *ronicles1 t he cut pun*es1 made m\lds & f\nd$ types ( diff]5t faces & bodies2 t he comp\nd$ ink 9 a prop] mann]1 & pr9t$ 8 types ^u a press con/ruct$ = ! ne$s ( 8 "w2 t he 0 successful bo? z a publi%] & a pr9t]4 ,he practis$ pr9t+ n = amusem5t1 nor 9 ! way ( sci5tific exp]im5t1 b z a bus9ess4 ,rude z 8 workman%ip may appe>1 x fairly includ$ all dep>tm5ts ( ! art3 x 0 n exp]im5tal1 b practical typography4 p#bhc ,) ^! facts be=e u1 x w\ld seem prop] to pass at once to ! exam9ation ( ! /atem5ts t h be5 made ab\t ! suppos$ pr9t] ( ! book4 ,b an exam9ation at ?is po9t w\ld be premature1 = we h n1 z yet1 all ! facts t are requir$4 ,! f\r editions ( ! ,speculum d n furni% en\gh evid5ce4 ,x is n reasonable to suppose t two or ?ree di/9ct fonts ( type 7 made = no o!r purpose ?an ! pr9t+ ( f\r editions ( ?is book4 ,x is probable t ! pr9t] pr9t$ o!r books4 ,b ! e>ly *ronicles ( ,dut* pr9t+ tell u v little ab\t ^! books4 ,!y are n only meagre 9 _! recital ( ! m important facts connect$ ) ! inv5tion1 b are notori\sly incorrect 9 _! description ( ! m9or details4 ,!y are unsafe guides4 ,! books !mselves1 :i* reveal1 to "s ext5t1 ! process by :i* !y 7 pr9t$1 are n[ reg>d$ z ( high] au?ority4 ,we c accept ! *ronicles only s f> z !y corroborate ! int]nal evid5ces ( ! books4 ,x is prop] t ! books %\ld be exam9$ fir/4 ,! numb] ( ^! books is great] ?an has be5 suppos$1 ev5 by ^? :o h favor$ ! ,dut* v]sion ( ! inv5tion ( typography4 ,=ty-?ree editions ( twelve diff]5t works1 pr9t$ f eight faces ( types1 are n[ attribut$ to ! unkn[n pr9t] ( ! ,speculum or to 8 successors4 ,9 elev5 works1 ! types resemble ^? ( ! ,speculum1 b ! books are diff]5t z to "*4 ,!y are 9 ! =m ( small qu>to or octavo1 & are entirely de/itute ( illu/rations4 ,!y are )\t "n or place ( pr9t]1 &1 ) "o exception1 are )\t date2 !y h no lit]>y & no hi/orical value2 !y diff] b little1 9 a me*anical po9t ( view1 f num]\s undat$ works ( simil> nature t h be5 assign$ by bibliograph]s to ! latt] "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! places :]e ^! books or _! fragm5ts 7 f\nd1 & "s ( _! peculi>ities ( workman%ip1 furni% evid5ces ( value 9 an inquiry conc]n+ _! pr9t]4 p#bhd ,^! books h be5 c>efully classifi$ accord+ to _! types1 by ,j4 ,h4 ,hessels1 ! translator 9 ,engli% ( ,van d] ,l9de's ,ha>lem ,leg5d1 f :i* "w ! classification foll[+ has be5 copi$4 ,! types h be5 specifi$ by numb]s1 & h be5 arrang$ accord+ to ! ord] 9 :i* !y are describ$ by ,holtrop 9 8 ,monum5ts typographiques4 ,x is n pret5d$ t ! ord] ( ^! numb]s indicates ! ord] 9 :i* ! types 7 made2 numb]s h be5 assign$ to !m only = conv5i5ce 9 ref]5ce & = ! purpose ( accurate classification4 ,,type ,i4 ,9 ?is "*#add ! f\r notable editions ( ! ,speculum 7 pr9t$4 ,9 ! same "* 7 f\nd ! relics ( six editions ( ! ,donatus4 ,! s+le leaf by :i* "o edition ( ?is book 0 id5tifi$1 0 pa/$ 9 a volume :i* once belong$ to ,sion ,conv5t1 at ,cologne1 & :i* conta9$ sev]al treatises pr9t$ by ,ulric ,zell1 ( ,cologne4 ,"o ( ^! treatises is dat$ #adfg4 ,ano!r leaf1 n[ 9 ! city hall ( ! city ( ,ha>lem1 0 f\nd 9 ! orig9al b9d+ ( an acc\nt book = ! ye> #adgd1 :i* book 0 kept 9 ! ca!dral ( t city4 ,! acc\nt books ( ?is *ur* = ! ye>s #adgf1 #adhe & #aead1 conta9 cutt+s ( leaves f ! same edition4 ,! fir/ entry 9 ! record ( #adgd is to ?is effect3 8,item4 ,i h paid six ,rh9e flor9s to ,cornelis ! b9d]1 = ! b9d+ ( books40#ade ,fragm5ts ( o!r little books pr9t$ 9 ! types ( ! ,speculum h be5 f\nd3 ,an abridgm5t ( ! ,liturgy1 !n kn[n z ! ,little ,book ( ! ,mass1#adf a small qu>to1 ) pages ( twelve l9es4 p#bhe ,a ,dut* v]sion ( ! ,sev5 ,p5it5tial ,psalms1 9 ! =m ( a v small qu>to1 conta9+ b elev5 l9es to ! page1 pr9t$ on vellum1 on "o side only ( ! leaf4 ,! only kn[n copy ( ?is "w 0 f\nd 9 ,brussels4 ,fragm5ts on vellum ( ?ree editions ( ! ,doctr9al ( ,alex&] ,gallus1 a ,lat9 gramm> 9 rhyme1 notic$ by ,van d] ,l9de z ! %abby compilation1 by a prie/ ( ,brittany :o liv$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ( ! old ,lat9 gramm> ( ,priscianus4 ,"o ( ^! fragm5ts 0 f\nd )9 ! l9+ ( a book pr9t$ at ,dev5t] 9 #adie4 ,f\r leaves ( ! ,c\plets ( ,cato1 a small qu>to :i* 0 !n v popul> 9 ! s*ools4 ,illu/ration3 ,type ,,ii4 ,fac-simile ( ! ,small ,types 9 ! ,?ird ,edition ( ! ,speculum4 ,f ,holtrop4 ,,type ,,ii4 ,! ,dut* edition ( ! ,speculum1 :i* is describ$ 9 ?is book z ! ?ird1 conta9s1 on pages #di & #fj1 types :i* resemble ^? ( o!r editions1 & :i* seem to be ! workman%ip ( ! same lett]-cutt]4 ,z ^! types are ( a small] face & body1 !y mu/ h be5 f\nd$ 9 ano!r m\ld4 ,no fragm5ts ( any book 9 ?is small] type h be5 f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,type ,,iii4 ,fac-simile ( ! ,types ( ! ,fables ( ,lor5zo ,valla4 ,f ,kon+4 ,,type ,,iii4 ,! types ( ?is face are new]1 b !y resemble ^? ( ,type ,,ii2 "s capitals are id5tical1 b o!rs h diff]5ces :i* e/abli% x z a di/9ct face4 ,z x is ( a l>g] body1 x mu/ h be5 f\nd$ 9 a p#bhf diff]5t m\ld4 ,a book :i* conta9s ! ,fables ( ,lor5zo ,valla & ! ,witty ,spee*es ( ,great ,m51 two little works ( "s popul>ity 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 is ! only kn[n specim5 ( ?is type4 ,! pap] ( ?is book1 :i* is l t ( ! ,speculum1 conta9s _m ( ! /range blemi%es1 previ\sly describ$1 ( useless lett]s emboss$ 9 ! :ite l9es & ne> ! m>g9s4 ,z ! writt5 preface ( ! au?or is dat$ ,may1 #adch1 x is app>5t t ! book mu/ h be5 pr9t$ subsequ5tly to ?is date4 ,illu/ration3 ,type ,,iv4 ,fac-simile ( ! ,types ( ! ,peculi>ities ( ,crim9al ,law4 ,f ,kon+4 ,,type ,,iv4 ,( ?is face1 ! fragm5ts ( f\r copies1 & presumably ( f\r di/9ct editions1 ( ! ,donatus h be5 f\nd4 ,?is type1 :i* does n closely resemble ! faces previ\sly describ$1 0 f\nd$ on a body a little l>g] ?an ,p>agon4 ,! l>ge/ book 9 ?is type is a treatise on ! ,roman ,law1 app>5tly an abridgm5t ( ! fif? book ( ! ,p&ects ( ,ju/9ian4 ,x is describ$ 9 ! preface z ,! ,peculi>ities ( ,crim9al ,law1 by ,lewis ( ,rome4 ,?is treatise1 :i* consi/s ( =ty-f\r pages1 is pr9t$ 9 ! =m ( small folio1 tw5ty-six l9es to ! page4 ,x 0 ! l>ge/ book & conta9s ! l>ge/ type ( ! unkn[n pr9t]4 p#bhg ,,type ,v4 ,! =ty-fif? page & all subsequ5t pages ( ! book previ\sly describ$ are devot$ to a ,treatise & ,epitaphs by ,pope ,pius ,,ii1 & a ,eulogy on ,lor5zo ,valla4 ,9 ^! names we f9d sure indications ( ! probable age ( ! book3 ,c>d9al ,piccolom9i or neas ,sylvius 0 made ,pope ,pius ,,ii 9 ! ye> #adeh2 ,lor5zo ,valla di$ 9 #adeg4 ,! book mu/ h be5 writt5 & pr9t$ aft] ^! dates4 ,! workman%ip ( ?is "p ( ! book is ( sup]ior "*3 ! types 7 fairly f\nd$ on a body ab\t ! size ( ,great-prim]2 !y 7 dec5tly pr9t$ 9 good black ink & on bo? sides ( ! pap]1 b ! rem>kable defect ( emboss$ lett]s :i* has be5 notic$ z "o ( ! blemi%es ( ! ,speculum is also noticeable 9 ?is book4 ,?is ,type ,v seems to h be5 m frequ5tly us$ ?an any o!r type 9 ! li/1 b x 0 always on petty books or pamphlets4 ,"o book pr9t$ 9 x has only tw5ty-f\r pages1 b x is made up ( f\r di/9ct tracts3 ,william ( ,saliceto on ! ,heal? ( ! ,body2 ,torquemada on ! ,heal? ( ! ,s\l2 ,a ,treatise on ,love1 etc41 by ,pope ,pius ,,ii2 ,! ,iliad ( ,hom]1 or m def9itely1 a comm5dation ( ! ,iliad4 ,two editions ( ?is book h be5 discov]$4 ,a fragm5t ( "o edition 0 f\nd 9 ! b9d+ ( a "w pr9t$ by ,jan ,&rieszoon1 ( ,ha>lem1 9 ! ye> p#bhh #adhf4 ,ano!r book 9 ! same type1 :i* consi/s ( t5 leaves1 conta9s an abridgm5t or an epitome ( ! ,iliad1 ) a preface by ,pius ,,ii 9 praise ( ,hom]4 ,( ?is book two editions 7 pr9t$4 ,six editions ( ! ,donatus1 f\r editions ( ! ,doctr9al ( ,alex&] ,gallus1 & "o edition ( ! ,c\plets ( ,cato 7 also pr9t$ 9 ?is type4 ,illu/ration3 ,type ,v4 ,fac-simile ( ! ,types ( ! ,epitaphs ( ,pope ,pius ,,ii4 ,f ,kon+4 ,,type ,,vi4 ,an edition ( ! ,donatus1 tw5ty-sev5 l9es to ! page1 is ! only kn[n book 9 ?is type1 :i* 0 f\nd$ on ,great-prim] body4 ,,type ,,vii4 ,f\r leaves ( a ,donatus on vellum1 tak5 f ! b9d+ ( a book pr9t$ 9 ,/rasburg 9 ! ye> #adic1 & belong+ to a conv5t 9 ,nor? ,brabant1 are all t is kn[n ( ?is type1 :i* closely resembles ! "* describ$ z ,type ,v4 ,,type ,,viii4#adg ,impressions f ?is face ( type h be5 f\nd 9 ! fragm5ts ( only two books4 ,two broad b&s ( p>*m5t pr9t$ ^u "o side only ) ! text ( a p#bhi ,donatus1 :i* 7 discov]$ 9 ! cov] l9+s ( a manual ( devotion1 pr9t$ at ,delft 9 #adhd1 are ! only kn[n relics ( "o ( ^! books4 ,! types are b>b>\s1 ( s+ul>ly ungraceful cut1 ( unev5 height & out ( l9e1 evid5tly f\nd$ by a man :o _h no skill 9 type-f\nd+4 ,!y are pr9t$ 9 pale ink :i* is readily remov$ by ! application ( wat]4 ,! presswork is z slov5ly z ! type-f\nd+1 b ! composition 0 done ) "s c>e & intellig5ce4 ,! l9es ( type are ne>ly ev5 z to l5g?1 & ! words1 :5 brok51 are prop]ly divid$ 9 syllables4 ,x is evid5t t ! compositor knew h[ to space & divide words1 b ! font ( type t he us$ 0 n provid$ ) hyph5s or m>ks ( punctuation4 ,! fa%ion ( ! lett] is 9 ! ,dut* /yle z may be se5 9 ! f9al t ) ! p]p5dicul> b>4 ,! o!r fragm5t 9 ?is type is a little pamphlet ( eight pages1 pr9t$ on p>*m5t & ^u "o side only4 ,x is describ$ by "s z a ,hor>ium1 or a little book ( pray]s2 by o!rs z an ,abec$>ium1 or a *ild's prim]4 ,x conta9s ! ,alphabet 7all ! small lett]s b n ! capitals71 ! ,"l's ,pray]1 ! ,ave ,m>ia1 ! ,apo/les' ,cre$1 & two pray]s4 ,! ,alphabet has ! k1 a lett] t 0 n us$ 9 ! ,lat9 language2 x has no w1 ?is lett] be+ =m$ by ! union ( ! two *>act]s v4 ,holtrop says t ! types seem to h be5 made = ! ,dut* language4 ,! 8turn+ upside d[n0 ( f\r lett]s on ! second page ( ?is little "w proves t ! lett]s are impressions f movable types4 ,l9e #b4 ,paue %\ld be ,pane4 ,l9e #c4 ,cotidiaun %\ld be ,cotidianu4 ,l9e #e4 uobis %\ld be nobis4 ,l9e #f4 uo/ra %\ld be no/ra4 ,?is little tract 0 discov]$ 9 #agea by ! celebrat$ type-f\nd] ,ens*$1 ( ,ha>lem1 9 a manuscript brevi>y ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 among ! books ( ! desc5dants ( ,john ,van ,zur51 a pr9t] ( ,ha>lem 9 #aefa4 ,if b>b>\s type-f\nd+ & %abby pr9t+ c\ld be accept$ z conclusive evid5ce ( ! sup]ior antiquity ( p#bij ! book 9 :i* ^! faults occur1 ! ,abec$>ium %\ld be ! olde/ piece ( pr9t$ matt]4 ,"o _c imag9e a pr9t$ book ) m slov5ly workman%ip4 ,its types pres5t all ! irregul>ities ( ! ,donatus previ\sly describ$4 ,! pages h b n9e l9es ( types to ea* page1 yet !y are v crook$4 ,?is crook$ness 0 p>tially produc$ by an unskillful fa/5+1 or lock+-up ( ! types1 b x is pla9 t ! types 7 ( irregul> size z to body1 & t ! lett]s 7 badly adju/$ ^u ! bodies4 ,"s types are high & o!rs l[ to pap]1 & !re are types t are legible at "o end ( ! face & n at ! o!r4 ,! presswork is wret*$3 we see ! evid5ces ( too weak & badly di/ribut$ ink & ( unev5 impression4 ,! text %[s _m faults ( composition 9 ! division ( syllables4 ,to ! obs]v] :o is n an exp]t 9 typography1 ! workman%ip ( ! book seems t ( a man :o _h no exp]i5ce 9 any dep>tm5t ( pr9t+3 ! faults d n appe> to be ^? ( a badly taught pr9t]1 b ^? ( an exp]im5t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fir/ ,page4 ,! ,ens*$ ,abec$>ium4 ,f ,holtrop4 ,illu/ration3 ,second ,page4 ,! ,ens*$ ,abec$>ium4 ,f ,holtrop4 ,= ?is reason ! ,abec$>ium has be5 claim$ by ! ,dut* hi/orians ( typography z ! fir/ production ( ! inv5tor ( ! art4 ,!y say t x 0 pr9t$ be=e any edition ( ! ,speculum1 & probably 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,a clos] p#bia exam9ation ( ! book does n lead to ?is conclusion3 ! pr9t] ( ! book 01 no d\bt1 a c>eless workman1 b he _h be5 taught ! trade4 ,! fragm5ts ( ! tract are 9 f\r pieces1 b !y 7 pr9t$ 9 "o =m ( eight pages1 & by "o impression4 ,?is artificial arrangem5t ( ! pages1 9 ! arbitr>y position :i* all[s !m to be fold$ toge!r 9 regul> ord]1 reveals an exp]tness 9 little te*nicalities on ! "p ( ?is e>ly pr9t] :i* is some:at unexpect$4 ,! me?od ( pr9t+ %eets impos$ 9 =ms ( eight pages 0 n 9 fa%ion be=e x 0 adopt$ by ,aldus ,manutius1 ( ,v5ice1 9 8 edition ( ,virgil dat$ #aeja4 ,x is n an inv5tion ( ! fir/1 b ( ! la/ qu>t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 to :i* p]iod ?is book belongs4#adh ,! types ( ! book 7 n set up by an exp]im5t] or ignoramus4 ,! comp>atively ev5 outl9e to ! "r ( e page %[s t ! compositor tri$ to space out 8 l9es & to give e page an appe>ance ( uni=m squ>5ess4 ,z full & ev5-spac$ l9es are n to be f\nd 9 any edition ( ! ,speculum1 nor 9 any ( ! fir/ books ( ! e>ly pr9t]s1 we may conclude t ! ,abec$>ium 0 pr9t$ at a lat] date1 :5 ?is improvem5t _h be5 adopt$ by all pr9t]s4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$ t ! book mu/ be v old1 because x is pr9t$ on "o side only1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ! block-pr9t]s4 ,?is is an improp] inf]5ce1 = ea* fragm5t has ! appe>ance ( a spoil$ impression :i* 0 reject$ be=e ! %eet _h be5 p]fect$ by pr9t+ on ! o!r side4 ,! unfill$ space = ! initial lett] %[s t ! "w on ! %eet 0 nev] complet$4 p#bib ,! eight faces ( types %[ _! relation to ea* o!r1 n only by common features1 b by ! occasional appe>ance ( two faces 9 "o book4 ,t !y 7 nev] us$ by any pr9t] ( ,g]many1 nor by any kn[n pr9t] ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 is ackn[l$g$ ev5 by ^? :o dispute _! age4 ,t !y 7 f\nd$ & us$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 & probably 9 ,holl&1 may rightfully be inf]r$ f ! language ( two editions ( ! same book1 f ! ,dut* fa%ion ( ! lett]s 9 all ! books1 & f ! fact t all exi/+ copies or fragm5ts ( works 9 ^! types h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,t !y 7 ! "w ( "o pr9t]1 or ( ! successors ( t pr9t]1 is highly probable4 ,b ?is admission involves difficulties4 ,^! eight faces ( types 7 f\nd$ on z _m diff]5t bodies3 f\r ( ^! faces are on bodies ne>ly ! size ( ,engli%2 two ( !m are on bodies ab\t ! size ( ,great-prim]4 ,! mod]n pr9t] is at a loss to imag9e :y 8 unkn[n pr$ecessor %\ld h cut s _m pun*es & made s _m fonts ( types ) faces closely resembl+ ea* o!r1 yet s unlike t !y c\ld n be us$ toge!r4 ,8 p]plexity is increas$ :5 he discov]s1 aft] c>eful measurem5t1 t ea* face on ,engli% body & ea* face on ,great-prim] body 0 ca/ 9 a new or diff]5t m\ld4 ,x w\ld seem t ! unkn[n pr9t] ( ! ,speculum n only incurr$ ! ne$less exp5se ( cutt+ new pun*es & mak+ new m\lds = e new font ( types1 b t he int5tionally introduc$ 9 8 pr9t+ (fice bodies s ne>ly alike t !y c\ld n1 9 ! %ape ( s+le types1 be di/+ui%$ ap>t4 ,! que/ions at once arise1 ,:y 7 s _m faces & bodies ( types t c\ld be readily mi/ak5 = ea* o!r1 & 7 s liable to be mix$ toge!r1 all[$ 9 "o (fice8 ,:y 7 s _m pun*es cut = su* trivial diff]5ces ( face1 & s _m m\lds made = su* slight diff]5ces ( body8 ,^! que/ions c be answ]$ only by conjectures fairly d]iv$ f ! rem>kable workman%ip ( ! books4 p#bic ,! h>% ind5tation ( ! types 9 ! pap] %[s v cle>ly t ! types 7 r\ghly us$1 & t !y wore out rapidly4 ,we c see1 also1 t ! me?od ( mak+ types 0 z imp]fect z ! me?od ( obta9+ impression4 ,x is possible t ! matrices & m\lds wore out z fa/ z ! types1 b !y c\ld n h be5 r5ew$ if !y _h n be5 made by a mu* quick] & *eap] me?od ?an t ( mod]n type-f\nd]s4 ,x is n at all probable t ^! diff]5t types 7 9 use toge!r4 ,we may suppose t z soon z a font ( types 0 worn out1 x 0 replac$ by ano!r font1 :i* may h be5 ca/ f new matrices & a new adju/m5t ( m\ld4 ,a new font made 9 imitation ( ! old "o1 b made )\t sci5tific me?od1 & )\t reg>d to exact accuracy1 w\ld %[ ! diff]5ce 9 face & body :i* seems s /range to ! mod]n pr9t]4 ,^! eight fonts ( type seem all ! m unnecess>y :5 we consid] ! trivial nature ( ! unkn[n pr9t]'s works4#adi ,! ,speculum is ! only book ( respectable size2 ! o!rs are s dim9utive t !y c\ld be classifi$ z pamphlets4 ,!y 7 *eaply made1 adapt$1 app>5tly1 to ! wants ( s*ool-boys1 & 7 probably sold = small sums4 ,x is evid5t t ! books met ) ready sale4 ,we f9d f\r editions ( ! ,speculum 9 two faces ( type & 9 two languages2 n9ete5 editions ( ! ,donatus 9 six faces ( type2 six editions ( ! ,doctr9al 9 two faces2 & twelve editions ( o!r books4 ,f ! "* ( ! books1 "o might judge t !y _h be5 pr9t$ = ! use ( "s s*ool1 & at ! sugge/ion1 or "u ! direction1 ( ! au?orities ( ! *ur*4 ,! ,abec$>ium 0 a prim] = small *ildr54 ,! books mo/ frequ5tly publi%$1 ! ,donatus & ! ,doctr9al1 7 ^? mo/ ne$$ by v "y s*ol>s4 p#bid ,! ,c\plets ( ,cato1 ! curt treatise on ! ,roman ,law1 & ! ,praise ( ! ,iliad1 are1 9 size & subject1 ! books t w\ld be suitable = a boy's s*ool 9 ! middle ages4 ,! ,treatises ( ,saliceto & ,torquemada1 ! ,witty ,say+s ( ,great ,m5 & ! ,eulogy ( ,pope ,pius ,,ii1 may also be includ$ 9 ! li/ ( books t 7 int5d$ to be us$ 9 s*ools = ! tea*+ ( morals4 ,! "* ( ^! works is m juv5ile ?an t ( any o!r typographic pr9t] ( t c5tury4 ,:oev] comp>es !m ) ! pond]\s !ological works t 7 pr9t$ by ,m5tel1 ,gut5b]g & ,s*ff]1 & by num]\s pr9t]s 9 ,g]many1 & subsequ5tly 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 w at once see t ?is unkn[n pr9t] made books = boys :]e o!r pr9t]s made books = m54 ,probably he c\ld secure no o!r buy]s4 ,8 workman%ip 0 s rude t x c\ld n be sold to an intellig5t or critical read]4 ,8 process 0 suitable only = ! *eape/ "w & ! simple/ ta/es4 ,illu/ration3 #a4 ,exp]im5tal ,lett]s ,drawn on ,wood4 ,f ,de la ,borde4 ,illu/ration3 #b4 ,exp]im5tal ,lett]s ,drawn on ,wood4 ,f ,de la ,borde4 ,illu/ration3 #c4 ,types made f ! ,exp]im5tal ,lett]s4#aej ,f ,de la ,borde4 ,x is unnecess>y to prove t ! types ( ^! books1 l ! types ( ! ,speculum1 7 f\nd$ 9 a m\ld4 ,!y %[ ! same features1 & mu/ h be5 made by ! same process4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 necess>y to %[ t nei!r ^! types1 nor p#bie any types made 9 ! infancy ( ! art1 c\ld h be5 cut on wood or metal4 ,!re is a tradition1 :i* has f\nd its way 9 _m popul> treatises on typography1 & ev5 9 encyclopdias1 t ! fir/ types 7 cut or saw$ out ( wood4 ,we are told t sep>ate lett]s1 drawn at graduat$ di/ances1 7 engrav$ on blocks ( wood1 & t a saw cutt+ ?r\gh ! int]v5+ spaces sep>at$ ! fix$ lett]s & made movable types4 ,accord+ to ,me]man1 ! unc\?ness ( ! types ( ! ,abec$>ium is fully expla9$ by ! acceptance ( ?is tradition4 ,x is necess>y1 at ! outset1 to %[ ! impracticability ( ^! imag9>y types ( wood4 ,?is c be done 9 no bett] way ?an by pres5t+ ! illu/rations ( ,leon ,de la ,borde1 "o ( ! mo/ em95t def5d]s ( ! !ory4 ,9 ^! engrav+s1 we see h[ ! lett]s 7 drawn on ! blocks1 h[ l9es 7 m>k$ out to guide ! saw t cut !m ap>t1 & h[ ! dissect$ lett]s 7 recomb9$ 9 new positions4 ,b ?is illu/ration really proves ! rev]se ( :at 0 int5d$3 x proves t types may be cut out ( wood1 b t !y _c be us$ aft] !y h be5 cut4 ,9 ?is ?ird illu/ration1 ! l9es ( type are sep>at$ by leads1#aea b ! types /& m unev5ly 9 l9e ?an ! lett]s ( any xylographic book4 ,x is obvi\s to e pr9t] t !y c\ld n h be5 pr9t$ at all1 if !y _h n be5 p#bif lead$4 ,z an imitation1 ! illu/ration is ( no value1 = x illu/rates a me?od ( arrang+ types :i* 0 nev] practis$ by ! unkn[n pr9t]1 ^: types 7 always compos$ )\t leads4 ,?is pret5d$ demon/ration mu/ be put aside z a complete failure4#aeb ,^? :o h writt5 9 def5se ( types ( wood h fail$ to see t ! cutt+ ( ! faces is ! lea/ difficult "p ( ! "w4 ,! real difficulty is 9 ! cutt+ ( ! bodies--9 mak+ bodies s accurate t !y c be int]*ang$ ) facility1 9 all k9ds ( comb9ations1 )\t %[+ di/ortion 9 ! l9e ( ! face4 ,9 small types made ( wood ?is accuracy is n possible4 ,ev5 if x 7 possible to cut !m1 x w\ld be impossible to use !m4 ,no c>e c\ld keep !m f w>p+4 ,types mu/ be wet ) ink1 & !y mu/ be cleans$ ) lye or wat]2 !y mu/ be expos$ to *anges f heat to cold1 f dampness to dryness4 ,"u ^! influ5ces1 ! little skew]s ( wood1 = s !y mu/ be reg>d$1 w\ld soon be twi/$ out ( %ape1 & unfitt$ = future s]vice4 ,x is 9 ?is liability to w>p t types ( wood fail mo/ signally4 ,x is n en\gh t !y c be made to s]ve = "o exp]im5t2 ! only demon/ration ( practicability t a pr9t] c accept is p#big t ( repeat$ di/ribution & recomposition1 a feat :i* has nev] be5 done4 ,t types ( wood 7 tri$ by ! inv5tor ( typography is probable2 t s+le leaves 7 pr9t$1 exp]im5tally1 is possible2 b ! /atem5t t any pr9t] us$ !m repeat$ly 9 ! pr9t+ ( books1 _c be admitt$4 ,no book 0 ev] pr9t$ 9 ,europe ) small types ( wood4 ,x is "t1 says ,van d] ,l9de1 t criticism made a bonfire ( ^! imag9>y types4#aec ,! hypo!sis ( types ( wood has be5 giv5 up reluctantly4 ,x 0 consid]$ t ! s+ul> v>iety ( lett]s1 s noticeable 9 all ! books ( ! unkn[n pr9t]1 & s contr>y to ! usage ( ! mod]n type-f\nd]1 c\ld h be5 produc$ only by engrav+ ! types4 ,a demon/ration ( ! impracticability ( bodies ( wood seem$ to p#bih de/roy ) x ! only reasonable explanation ( ! greate/ peculi>ity ( ^! types4 ,to place ?is imag9>y me?od ( mak+ types on unassailable gr\nd1 ,me]man (f]$ a modification ( ! !ory4 ,he suppos$ t ! fir/ pr9t]s ( ,g]many f\nd$ little cubes ( metal1 ) truly squ>$ bodies1 ^u "o end ( :i* ! faces 7 subsequ5tly engrav$4 ,! miscon/ruction ( ! language ( a *ronicl] ( ! sixte5? c5tury--:o1 9 try+ to expla9 ! process ( mak+ types1 c>elessly plac$ ! cutt+ ( ! pun* aft] ! f\nd+ ( ! type--seem$ a full w>rant = ?is conjecture4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 b a conjecture3 !re is no cr$ible au?ority = ! /atem5t t ! pr9t]s fir/ ca/ ! bodies & !n cut ! faces4 ,cut types1 if made at all1 7 made only 9 ! way ( prelim9>y exp]im5t4 ,! me?od is z impracticable z x is absurd4 8,he mu/ h be5 an imbecile10 says ,b]n>d1 8:o c\ld n see t ! process ( f\nd+ 9 a m\ld :i* made ! body w\ld also make ! face40 ,! allusions to lett]-cutt+ t are s frequ5t 9 all ! e>li] notices ( type-mak+ c be readily expla9$4 ,! cutt+ is n t ( types us$ = pr9t+1 b ( ! pun*es by :i* ! pr9t+ types 7 made4 ,! types ( ! e>ly pr9t]s 7 made by two classes ( workm53 he :o p\r$ ! melt$ metal 0 ! f\nd]2 he :o made ! model lett]s 0 ! cutt]4 ,p]=m+ ! m arti/ic & ! m difficult "p ( ! "w1 ! pun*-cutt] 0 prop]ly reg>d$ z ! mak] ( ! types4 ,! v>iety ( faces 9 ! types ( ! unkn[n pr9t] c be expla9$ 9 a mu* m satisfactory mann] ?an by attribut+ !m to ! accid5tal slips or deviation ( ! grav+ tool4 ,! lett]s ( ! manuscript books ( t c5tury 7 n uni=m2 x 0 n necess>y t pr9t$ lett]s %\ld be uni=m4 ,! fa%ion ( ! day did n require x4 ,on ! contr>y1 x did seem desirable t ! lett]s %\ld be pr9t$ ) ! v>iety ( %apes to :i* read]s 7 accu/om$4 ,:e!r ?is v>iety ( %ape 9 p#bii type 0 ! result ( design1 ( accid5t1 or ( necessity ne$ n n[ be consid]$2 9 ?is place x is en\gh to say t all ! e>ly pr9t]s made _m v>ieties ( ! lett]s :i* !y mo/ frequ5tly us$4#aed ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be notic$ t ?is app>5t ta/e = v>iety ( =m 0 conf9$ to ! small or l[]-case lett]s4 ,two =ms ( a capital lett] are r>ely f\nd 9 ! same book1 b ! same =m ( capital is occasionally us$ ) two faces ( l[]-case types t are decid$ly diff]5t4 ,! dissimil>ity ( ! small types has be5 made great] by faults ( type-f\nd+ & ( presswork4 ,9 all copies ( ! ,speculum ! c>eful obs]v] w see ! impressions ( types ) imp]fect faces4 ,!re are _m half-=m$ lett]s1 ) little peculi>ities ( appe>ance :i* c be satisfactorily expla9$ only by ! conjecture t ! types 9 leav+ ! m\ld1 c>ri$ ) !m ! impress ( defects 9 ! matrices4 ,we c see t ! types 7 unequal 9 height1 & t ! ov]-high types h be5 flatt5$ out "u impression4 ,?is flatt5+-out ( ! s(t metal has produc$ a /range appe>ance ( compactness1 mak+ lett]s t 7 really sep>ate seem connect$4 ,! ink1 :i* p#cjj 0 sometimes ?9 & gray & sometimes ?ick & /rong black1 0 appli$ by an imp]fect me?od :i* has fill$ ! c\nt]s ( "s lett]s until !y are almo/ illegible1 :ile x has n fairly cov]$ ! faces ( o!r lett]s4 ,! s+ul> irregul>ities ( a collection ( types1 app>5tly new on "o page & worn-out on ano!r1 :i* h provok$ ! a/oni%m5t ( _m critics1 are *>geable1 n to ! condition ( ! types1 b to faulty me?ods ( ink+ & impression4 ,few p]sons h a prop] notion ( ! *anges t c be giv5 to ! appe>ance ( ! be/ mod]n types by sub/itut+ wet = dry pap]1 h>d = light impression1 & ?9 = ?ick ink4#aee ,h[ ! types ( ^! & ( o!r e>ly books 7 f\nd$ _c be le>n$ f ! vague descriptions ( ! e>ly *ronicl]s ( typography4 ,we h to conjecture ! process f ! workman%ip ( ! books4 ,! discrepancies 9 ! bodies & ! imp]fections ( ! faces indicate t ! process 0 rude & unsci5tific1 & t ! m\ld 0 n ( metal4 ,x is possible t ! mak] ( ^! types foll[$ ! example ( o!r f\nd]s 9 metals1 & made types 9 m\lds ( s&4#aef ,!re are "s peculi>ities 9 8 types :i* almo/ confirm ?is conjecture4 ,! difficulty enc\nt]$ 9 fitt+ matrices to ^! m\lds1 or 9 adju/+ ! m\ld ( ! face ( ! lett] 9 prop] position on ! body1 a difficulty t calls = no explanation1 may be ! reason :y ! types are s (t5 out ( l9e1 crook$ly set on body & ( irregul> height to pap]4 ,! feebl5ess ( ! s& m\ld1 its liability to damage1 & ! necessity = its frequ5t r5ewal are1 possibly1 ! reasons :y we f9d 9 ! p#cja impressions ( ! unkn[n pr9t] types ( s _m bodies1 & ) su* s+ul> defects4#aeg ,! r\nd$ edges1 spott$ /ems & defici5t l9es ( _m ( ! lett]s seem ! faults ( types unskillfully f\nd$ 9 m\lds ( s&1 f metal insuffici5tly hot1 p\r$ 9 )\t ! =ce t is ne$$ to make x p5etrate all ! f9] l9es ( ! matrix4#aeh ,kon+1 ! au?or ( a prize essay on ! inv5tion ( typography by ,co/]1 expresses 8 belief 9 ! !ory t ! types ( ! ,speculum 7 made f pun*es ( wood & 7 f\nd$ 9 matrices ( lead4 ,8 belief 9 ! use ( ^! rude implem5ts is bas$ on ! well kn[n fact t matrices ( lead 7 frequ5tly us$ by ! e>li] ,g]man & ,dut* pr9t]s4 ,ens*$ ( ,ha>lem _h 9 8 type-f\ndry matrices ( lead1 :i* he claim$ 7 us$ by ,pet] ,s*ff] 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,firm9-,didot1 ! em95t p#cjb type-f\nd] ( ,p>is1 says t pun*es ( wood & matrices ( lead 7 us$ 9 8 type-f\ndry = ! ca/+ ( l>ge ornam5tal types ev5 z late z ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,8 description is z curi\s z x is in/ructive4 4 4 4 ,i h (t5 made use ( ?is process1 4 4 4 :i* is to s9k 9 lead1 a "* cut on wood1 at ! in/ant :51 melt$ by heat1 ! lead is ab\t to h>d54 ,matrices ( lead made by ?is process are subsequ5tly ju/ifi$ = height & = l9+1 l o!r matrices4 ,!n1 by ! ord9>y process ( /]eotyp+1 "o may take f ?is matrix1 a duplicate 9 metal1 :i*1 aft] hav+ be5 dress$1 is replac$ 9 ! matrix 9 lead1 & fitt$ up to a m\ld4 ,! melt$ metal p\r$ 9 ?is m\ld1 n only makes ! body ( ! type1 b at ! same "t sold]s itself to ! /]eotype ne/$ 9 ! matrix :i* makes ! face ( ! type4 ,by ?is process "o may take f a matrix 9 lead1 a type z p]fect z t :i* is obta9$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,b ^! matrices 9 lead w only make a limit$ numb] ( /]eotypes4 4 4 4 ,by tak+ ! precaution to cool occasionally a matrix 9 lead1 "o c obta9 f sixty to eighty types1 )\t be+ oblig$ to re-ent] ! old matrix ) ! pun* ( wood1 or to make a new matrix f ! same pun*4 ,= v[els1 & = ! lett]s t are m frequ5tly us$1 x is necess>y to increase ! numb] ( matrices4 ,b :5ev] ! pun* re-ent]s ! matrix1 ! =m ( ! pun* und]goes "s alt]ation f ! effects ( ! pressure & ! heat4 ,x (t5 happ5s t ! pun* is burn$ dur+ ! little "t t x is buri$ 9 ! hot metal4 ,x !n becomes necess>y to re-engrave ! pun*4 ,^! are ! reasons :y diff]5ces 9 %ape are to be f\nd 9 ! lett]s t are mo/ frequ5tly us$4#aei ,:e!r ! types ( ! unkn[n pr9t] 7 f\nd$ entirely 9 s&1 or 9 matrices ( lead1 _c be positively det]m9$ f ! appe>ance ( ! lett]s1 = x seems t ei!r me?od ( f\nd+ w\ld produce types %[+ simil> defects4 ,x is probable t ! pun*es 7 cut on wood1 & sunk 9 hot metal z describ$ by ,didot1 & t ! types ( ! ,speculum 7 n only ca/ 9 lead matrices1 b t ! matrices 7 sometimes conjo9$1 & t two or m lett]s 7 ca/ toge!r on "o body4 ,!re is a clos5ess ( fitt+ 9 "s ( ! words :i* _c be p#cjc expla9$ ) entire satisfaction by ! hypo!sis t ?is clos5ess is ! result ( flatt5+ out "u pressure4 ,"o is /r5g!n$ 9 ?is belief :5 he discov]s t x 0 n an uncommon practice 9 ! type-f\ndries ( ! fifte5? c5tury to jo9 ! matrices4 ,six ( ! matrices own$ by ,ens*$1 & by him attribut$ to ,s*ff]1 7 made to be comb9$4 ,^! lead5 matrices 7 pi]c$ ?r\gh _! sides ) a gimlet-hole1 9 :i* an iron wire 0 ins]t$ to b9d !m toge!r1 & keep !m securely on ! m\ld4 ,! me?od 0 faulty1 = x c\ld n keep ! matrices 9 prop] position2 x c\ld n produce types uni=m z to height & true z to l9e4#afj ,! ?ick faces & flatt5$ l9es ( ! types 9 _m ( ! unkn[n pr9t]'s books %[ t 8 types 7 ( v s(t metal1 probably ( pure lead4 ,to satisfy 8 d\bts on ?is subject1 ,ens*$ ca/ 9 "s ( 8 antique m\lds types compos$ almo/ entirely ( lead4 ,! exp]im5t succe$$3 he 0 conv9c$ t practical types ( lead c\ld be f\nd$ 9 matrices ( lead4#afa ,blades c>ri$ ?is exp]im5t to a m successful conclusion1 = he put ! types to practical use4 ,he _h ca/ = him a collection ( types 9 p#cjd 8unmix$ lead10 ) :i* he pr9t$ five hundr$ impressions on r\gh & dry pap]4 ,he says t ! types %[$ no appreciable we>2 b ?is is n surpris+1 = we h evid5ces t !y 7 pr9t$ by an exp]t pressman on an iron press provid$ ) e appliance requisite = a nice adju/m5t ( ! impression4 ,x is n at all probable t ! press ( ! unkn[n pr9t] _h ^! h&y appliances4 ,all ! pr9t+ presses made be=e ! n9ete5? c5tury _h wood5 frames1 ) b$s ( slate or /one1 & plat5s or press+ surfaces ( wood4 ,impression 0 giv5 by ! direct action ( a screw1 ! =ce appli$ be+ regulat$ only by ! discretion ( ! pressman4 ,knight1 9 8 essay on ,caxton1 says ! press ( t pr9t] 0 a modification ( ! *eese-press1 provid$ ) an atta*m5t t p]mitt$ ! =m ( types to be mov$ 9 & out ( ! press4 ,g]man au?ors say t ! fir/ pr9t+ press 0 a modification ( ! w9e-press4 ,b]n>d says x 01 probably1 an improv$ =m ( co9+ or /amp+ press4 ,b ^! are only conjectures4 ,we c f9d no engrav+ nor any v]bal description ( ! =m ( ! pr9t+ press 9 use dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! g5]al neglect by all arti/s & writ]s ( ?is important auxili>y to pr9t+ is an indication t no importance 0 atta*$ ei!r to ! me*anism ( ! press or to ! pr9ciple ( impression4 ,x seems to h be5 g5]ally und]/ood t1 :atev] m]it !re might h be5 9 ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 no notewor?y inv5tive skill _h be5 %[n 9 ! con/ruction ( ! press4 ,x 0 n only a rude b an old contrivance4 ,we h _m evid5ces t ! press ( ! unkn[n pr9t] 0 ( ! rude/ con/ruction4 ,"s pages h ! m>ks ( /rong pressure 9 "o corn] & ( weak impression 9 ano!r--manife/ly ! result ( ! pr9t]'s inability to regulate or control ! =ce he ex]t$4 ,! m>g9s ( ! ,speculum are ( unequal wid?2 ! type-"w is r>ely ev] p>allel ) ! engrav+ at ! head or at a prop] p#cje di/ance f x4 ,on "s pages1 ! types ov]lap or bite on ! wood-cuts2 on o!r pages !y are too ne> or too f> f !m4 ,"o ( ! reasons :y ! ,speculum 0 pr9t$ on "o side only 0 ! defici5cy 9 ?is press ( any contrivance = det]m9+ ! prop] position ( ! %eet be=e ! impression 0 tak54 ,! pressman c\ld n pr9t "o page truly & squ>ely on ! back ( ano!r page4 ,kon+ says t ! pr9t] did n h ! lea/ idea ( ! means to be us$ = accompli%+ ?is result4#afb ,?is defect ( ! press c be se5 9 ! pages ( ! small books )\t illu/rations3 !y 7 pr9t$ on bo? sides1 b ! mod]n pr9t] w\ld condemn ! "w z s]i\sly out ( regi/]4 ,! mo/ rem>kable peculi>ity 9 ! presswork ( ! ,speculum is ! emboss$ lett]s at ! ends ( ! %ort l9es4#afc ,!y are mo/ noticeable 9 ! two ,lat9 editions1 :i* conta9 l9es ( unequal l5g?4 ,to ! mod]n pr9t] ! purpose to be accompli%$ by ! use ( ! old & worn types t produc$ ^! emboss$ lett]s is app>5t at a glance4 ,!y s]v$ z be>]s or gu>ds to %ield new] & bett] types 9 expos$ positions f an impression :i* p#cjf c\ld n be regulat$4 ,?is expos$ position 0 at ! ends ( ! long l9es2 ! types t project$ beyond _! fell[s receiv$ ! h>de/ impression1 & ! pr9t] knew no bett] me?od ( %ield+ !m ?an by ! ins]tion ( worn types at ! ends ( ! %ort] l9es above & bel[4#afd ,?is exp$i5t 0 insuffici5t4 ,on ! m>g9s ( _m copies ( ! ,speculum c be detect$ 7= ! gra9 ( wood is unmi/akable7 ! m>ks ( impressions aga9/ wood4 ,x seems t ! pages ( types 7 fa/5$ 9 a mortis$ block ( wood ( ! same height z ! types4 ,?is block ( wood n only s]v$ z a *ase to hold ! types1 b z a be>] to %ield ! types f unev5 impression4 ,x /eadi$ ! desc5t ( ! plat51 & diffus$ ! impression equally ov] ! entire surface4 ,^! be>]s %ield$ ! types f undue impression1 b !y made a new difficulty1 = !y 7 ( ! same height z ! types4 ,! ink+ ( a =m s con/ruct$ mu/ h black5$ ) equal imp>tiality ! types ( ! text1 ! worn types us$ z be>]s1 & ! wood5 *ase4 ,to lay a %eet ( :ite pap] ov] su* a =m w\ld sme> & black5 x at ! ends ( %ort l9es & 9 ! m>g9s :]e no color 0 requir$4 ,x became necess>y to put a mask ov] ^! be>]s1 s t ! ink on ! be>]s w\ld n be transf]r$ to ! pap]4 ,?is mask 0 sub/antially ! same contrivance :i* mod]n pr9t]s call ! frisket4 ,x %ield$ ! :ite %eet f contact ) ink :]e ink 0 n requir$1 b c\ld n %ield x f impression4 ,x really /r5g!n$ & deep5$ ! impression1 produc+ ! emboss$ lett]s 9 ! %ort l9es & ! m>ks ( wood 9 ! m>g9s4 ,on p#cjg "s pages ! slipp+ or displacem5t ( ?is pap] mask caus$ ! false lett]s to be pr9t$ 9 black2 on "o o!r page ! mask slipp$ s trivially t "o-half ( ! false types 0 pr9t$ 9 black1 :ile ! o!r half 0 emboss$ 9 :ite2 on ano!r page ! mask slipp$ ov] ! text type1 & obscur$ ! end ( ! l9e4 ,^! 7 exceptional errors2 ! g5]al execution ( ?is "p ( ! "w %[s t ! pr9t] 0 a man ( "s intellig5ce1 & t ) imp]fect mat]ials he p]=m$ a v difficult task4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,frisket1 ,tympan & ,b$ ( a ,european ,h& ,pr9t+ ,press4 ,a ,c ,! ,frisket4 ,c ,b ,! ,tympan4 ,b ,d ,! ,b$4 ,! op]ation ( presswork beg9s ) ink+ ! =m on ! b$ ( ! press1 :i*1 9 ?is illu/ration1 is suppos$ to conta9 a =m n unlike t ( ! ,speculum1 ne/$ 9 a *ase type-high4 ,! %eet is laid on ! tympan aga9/ guides t keep x 9 place4 ,! frisket1 conta9+ ! pap] masks cut out to s9k ! irregul>ities ( ! =m1 is fold$ d[n 9 ! l9e ,a ,b1 p>tially cov]+ ! pap] on ! tympan4 ,! tympan is !n fold$ ov] on ! l9e ,c ,d1 :i* op]ation br+s ! pap] d[n on ! face ( ! =m1 ready to receive ! impression4 ,^! are ! appliances ( a mod]n press4 ,! frisket ( ! unkn[n pr9t] 0 ( mu* simpl] con/ruction1 probably no?+ m ?an a mask ( pap] laid on ! =m ( types by h&4 p#cjh ,,xvi ,! ,p]iod 9 :i* ! ,speculum 0 ,pr9t$4 ,! ,pap]-,m>ks ( ! ,speculum1 ) ,fac-similes 4 4 4 ,n ,evid5ce ( ,age 4 4 4 ,! ,e>lie/ ,dat$ ,annotation 4 4 4 ,e>lie/ ,kn[n ,manuscript copy 9 ,dut* 4 4 4 ,indications t ! ,book 0 ,pr9t$ at ,utre*t 4 4 4 ,probably ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,la/ ,half ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury 4 4 4 ,review ( ! ,evid5ces 4 4 4 ,! ,cambray ,record 4 4 4 ,pr9t]s ( ! ,frat]nity ( ,/4 ,john at ,bruges 4 4 4 ,te/imony ( ,zell 9 ! ,cologne ,*ronicle 4 4 4 ,all ,unsatisfactory 4 4 4 ,discordant ,op9ions 4 4 4 ,dut* ,pr9t+ probably ,xylographic 4 4 4 ,no ,evid5ce ( an ,e>ly ,use ( ,types 9 ,holl& 4 4 4 ,e>ly ,pr9t+ 9 ,ha>lem 4 4 4 ,jacob ,bella]t 4 4 4 ,fac-simile ( 8 ,types 4 4 4 ,8 ,successors 4 4 4 ,brito ( ,bruges1 ) ,fac-simile ( 8 ,types 4 4 4 ,0 n an ,inv5tor 4 4 4 ,ne!rl&i% ,k ( ,pr9t+ came f ,cologne 4 4 4 ,map ( ! ,ne!rl&s 4 4 4 ,n probable t ,types 7 ,us$ !re be=e #adfc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! utility & *>m ( hi/orical rese>*es d n dep5d ^u ! exactness ( _! results4 ,inasmu* z error is mis=tune1 s exam9ation is pr(itable1 ev5 t :i* does no m ?an decl>e z evid5t ! op9ion :i* _h be5 reg>d$ z plausible4 ,daun\4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! pap]-m>ks#afe ( ! ,speculum & ( o!r works ( ! unkn[n pr9t] h be5 repeat$ly exam9$ 9 ! belief t !y w\ld reveal ! place :]e & ! "t :5 ! pap] 0 manufactur$4 ,a ,dut* au?or has said t ^! m>ks enable u to det]m9e :5 ! books 9 :i* !y are to be se5 7 pr9t$4 ,an ,engli% au?or1 p#cji :o devot$ ! l>g] "p ( a folio volume to a review ( ! pap]-m>ks ( ! block-books1 und]took to prove f !m t ! ,speculum mu/ h be5 pr9t$ be=e #addj4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,all kn[n copies ( ! ,speculum conta9 a v>iety ( dissimil> pap]-m>ks4 ,among !m are ! h&1 ! dolph91 ! lily1 ! unicorn1 bulls' heads1 ! lett] ,p1 ! lett] ,y1 ! lett]s ,m ,a1 ! spurr$ :eel1 & ! papal keys4 ,_m ( ^! m>ks are f\nd 9 ! pap] ( ! ,canticles & ! ,bible ( ! ,poor4 ,x is evid5t t pap]s be>+ s great a v>iety ( pap]-m>ks 7 n made at "o mill1 & probably n 9 ! same di/rict4 ,!y 7 n made 9 ,holl&1 at lea/ n dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 = !re 7 !n no pap]-mills 9 t c\ntry4 ,! e>ly records ( ! treasury ( ! city ( ,ha>lem1 :i* are writt5 on pap]s conta9+ pap]-m>ks l ^? ( ! ,speculum1 %[ t ! pap] 0 b\ght at ,antw]p4 ,kon+ ?9ks t ! ,speculum1 & ! block-books :i* are pr9t$ on ! same pap]1 mu/ h be5 pr9t$ betwe5 #adbj & #addj2 t ! pap] ( ! books 0 made 9 ,brabant2 & t _m ( ! pap]-m>ks are ! initials or arms ( ! h\se ( ,burgundy4 ,accord+ to ,kon+1 ! lett] ,p /&s = ,philip ! ,good1 ,duke ( ,burgundy1 :o reign$ f #adai to #adfg2 ! lett] ,y /&s = ,ysabella ( ,portugal1 :o m>ri$ ,philip 9 #adcj2 ,m ,a /& = ,m>g>et1 :o 0 c\ntess ( ,holl& be=e t /ate 0 c$$ to ,philip 9 #adcc4 ,^! are v confid5t assumptions2 !y require a c>eful exam9ation4 ,a clos] inve/igation has elicit$ ^! facts3 ! lett] ,p has be5 f\nd 9 ! acc\nts ( ! ,c\nt ( ,holl& at ! ,hague = ! ye> #achg2 pap] be>+ ! same ,p 0 us$ by _m pr9t]s ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 by "o pr9t] 9 ,p>is1 & by sev]al pr9t]s 9 ,g]many 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x is f\nd 9 pap] made be=e & p#caj aft] ! reign ( ,philip1 & 9 cities ov] :i* ,philip nev] rul$4 ,pap] conta9+ ! lett] ,y 0 us$ 9 #acie1 be=e ,ysabella 0 born2 x 0 9 use = _m ye>s aft] %e 0 dead2 pap] ) ! lett]s ,m ,a jo9$ to ! arms ( ,bav>ia mu/ h be5 made be=e h] daught] ,jacquel9e 0 m>ri$1 or1 9 o!r words1 be=e #adbb1 an e>li] date ?an c be claim$ = any typographic book4 ,! rude pap]-m>k ( ! bull's head 0 9 frequ5t use betwe5 ! ye>s #acgj & #aebc 9 ! ,ne!rl&s & 9 ,g]many2 x is f\nd 9 ! great ,bible ( ,gut5b]g4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ( no value 9 an inquiry conc]n+ ! date ( any book 9 :i* x has be5 f\nd4 ,! pap]-m>k ( ! lily 0 us$ ev5 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury2 9 ! fifte5? x 0 z common z ! bull's head4 ,x is f\nd 9 books t 7 pr9t$ 9 ,cologne & 9 ,p>is1 9 ,utre*t1 ,g\da1 ,delft1 ,l\va9 & ,dev5t]4 ,pap] m>k$ ) ! unicorn 0 frequ5tly us$ by ! lat] ,ne!rl&i% pr9t]s4 ,x did n g out ( use until #afbj4 ,x is f\nd 9 s _m %apes t x is impossible to det]m9e by x ! date1 or ! pr9t]1 ( any book on :i* x 0 us$4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,:5 we f9d t ^! m>ks 7 us$ 9 manuscripts be=e ! fifte5? c5tury1 & 9 pr9t$ books at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 we h to conclude t !y are almo/ wor?less z evid5ce#aff 9 an inquiry conc]n+ ! pr9t] ( ! ,speculum4 ,in/ead ( prov+ t ! ,speculum mu/ h be5 pr9t$ betwe5 #adbj & #addj1 !y really %[1 s f> z pap] is connect$ ) ! "q1 t ! v>i\s editions ( ! book c\ld h be5 pr9t$ 9 ! ?ird1 & p]haps 9 ! f\r?1 qu>t] ( ! c5tury4 p#caa ,we h a cle>] indication ( ! p]iod ( ! unkn[n pr9t] 9 ! fragm5ts ( 8 "w t h be5 discov]$ 9 ! cov] l9+s ( manuscript & pr9t$ books b\nd 9 ! latt] "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x is obvi\s t ! fragm5ts are old] ?an ! b9d+s1 b x is n probable t !y are mu* old]1 = no fragm5t has be5 f\nd 9 any book made be=e ! ye> #adfg4 ,! l>g] portion came f b9d+s made aft] #adgj4 ,a copy ( ,william ( ,saliceto on ! ,heal? ( ! ,body conta9s a writt5 memor&um or annotation to ?is effect3 8,?is book 0 b\ght by ,"l ,conrad1 abbot ( ?is place1 ,,xxxiiii 81 :o di$ 9 ! ye> #adgd40 ,conrad du ,m\l9 0 abbot betwe5 ! ye>s #adga & #adgd only4 ,ano!r inscription 9 ! same book /ates t x once belong$ to ! ,conv5t ( ,/4 ,james at ,lille4#afg ,^! inscriptions h be5 cit$ to %[ t ! unkn[n pr9t] prec$$ e o!r typographic pr9t] 9 ! ,ne!rl&s2 b ! prec$5ce claim$ is unimportant1 = we "k t ,ketela] & ,de ,leempt pr9t$ books at ,utre*t 9 #adgc4 ,9 a public libr>y at ,ha>lem is a manuscript copy ( a v]sion ( ! ,speculum 9 ! ,dut* language--an admirably illu/rat$ book ( #bij leaves ( vellum--:i* conta9s ^! inscriptions3 8,?is book 0 f9i%$ 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #adfd1 on ! #af? day ( ,july4 4 4 4 ,an ,ave ,m>ia to ,god = ! writ]4 4 4 4 4 ,?is book belongs to ,cayman ,janszo5 ( ,zi]ikzee1 liv+ ) ! ,c>?usians ne> ,utre*t40#afh ,van d] ,l9de says t ! text ( ! two editions 9 ,dut* describ$ on a previ\s page1 is really an abridgm5t ( ! text ( ?is ,utre*t manuscript ( #adfd4 ,?is fact e/abli%$1 ! claim t ! ,dut* editions ( ! book 7 pr9t$ be=e ?is date becomes unt5able4 ,nor is !re positive evid5ce t ! book 0 pr9t$ any:]e out ( ,utre*t4 ,utre*t 0 ! resid5ce ( ,david1 a pr9ce ( ,burgundy & a notable patron ( lit]ature2 x 0 also ! resid5ce ( ! bi%op ( ! diocese2 x _h a p#cab gymnasium 7z ! high s*ool ( ! "t 0 !n designat$7 ( "s reputation2 x 0 a favorable location = an e>ly pr9t]2 x 0 9 ,utre*t t ! mutilat$ blocks ( ! ,speculum 7 pr9t$ by ,john ,veld5] 9 #adhc4 ,! book conta9+ ! ,eulogy on ,pope ,pius ,,ii1 :i* mu/ h be5 pr9t$ aft] ! ye> #adei1 & ! ,abec$>ium1 ) its ev5ly spac$ l9es & its arrangem5t 9 octavo1 are specim5s ( ! typography1 n ( ! second1 b ( ! ?ird1 qu>t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! ,lat9 editions ( ! ,speculum 71 no d\bt1 pr9t$ be=e ! ,dut* editions2 b :5 we consid] ! activity ( ne>ly all ! e>ly pr9t]s1 & _! frequ5t publication ( popul> books1 x is haz>d\s to conc$e to ! ,lat9 editions a priority ( m ?an five ye>s4 ,b ,dut* bibliograph]s claim t ! e>li] editions ( ! book 7 pr9t$ at lea/ ?irty-?ree1 p]haps fifty1 ye>s be=e ! arrival ( ,g]man pr9t]s 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,to support ?is claim1 !y ref] to passages or annotations 9 old manuscript books1 :i* seem to %[ t pr9t$ books 7 common 9 ! ,ne!rl&s dur+ ! middle ( ! c5tury4 ,^! passages & annotations dem& critical exam9ation4 ,!re is an entry 9 an old di>y :i*1 on its fir/ read+1 produces ! impression t pr9t$ books 7 sold 9 ,bruges z ord9>y m]*&ise 9 ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,?is entry 0 made by "o ,jean le ,rob]t1 abbot ( ,/4 ,aub]t 9 ,cambray1 !n a city ( ,burgundy4 ,item4 ,= a doctr9al gett en molle1 :i* ,i s5t to ,bruges = 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y1 #adde1 f ,m>qu>t1 ! fir/ copyi/ at ,val5ci5nes1 = ,jacqu>t1 tw5ty s\s1 curr5cy ( ,t\rs4 ,little ,alex&] _h a simil> copy = :i* ! *ur* paid4 ,item4 ,procur$ at ,arras a doctr9al = ! in/ruction ( ! ,"l ,g]>d1 :i* _h be5 b\ght at ,val5ci5nes1 & :i* 0 jettez en molle1 & :i* co/ tw5ty-f\r groots4 ,he ,"l ,g]>d return$ to me ?is doctr9al on ,all ,sa9ts' ,day1 9 ! ye> '#ea1 say+ t he set no value on x1 & t x 0 altoge!r faulty4 ,he _h b\ght ano!r copy 9 pap] = t5 pat>ds4#afi p#cac ,! importance ( ?is docum5t dep5ds entirely ^u ! con/ruction ( ^! words1 gett en molle4 ,b]n>d says t !y h always be5 reg>d$ 9 ,france z ! equival5t ( pr9t+1 or ( pr9t$ lett]s4#agj ,! lit]al mean+ ( ! words is1 ca/ 9 m\ld4 ,s con/ru$1 no words c\ld m cle>ly def9e f\nd$ types4 ,?is con/ruction ( ! phrase w\ld prove ! exi/5ce ( a typographic pr9t] 9 ,bruges at lea/ z e>ly z #adde4 ,! dry1 matt]-(-fact way 9 :i* ! words 7 us$ w\ld %[ t books ( ?is description 7 n novelties2 t !y 7 sold 9 ,arras & 9 ,bruges2 t book-buy]s 7 critical ab\t _! workman%ip1 & knew h[ !y 7 made4 ,?is con/ruction ( ! phrase has be5 ke5ly disput$4 ,van d] ,l9de says t ! books 7 pr9t$1 b n f types--f blocks t _h be5 gett en molle1 or put into =m1 or put into readable %ape1 by ! art ( engrav+4 ,he cites au?orities %[+ t ! ^w molle or m\ld _h be5 appli$ to =ms ( manuscript4#aga ,dr4 ,van ,meurs proposes a new con/ruction--t gett en molle has no?+ to d ei!r ) types or blocks4 8,:o does n p]ceive1 :ile read+ ! ,cambray docum5t1 t 9 #adea1 ! t]m gett en molle is us$ 9 contradi/9ction to 9 pap]8 ,d n ^! t]ms make u r ?9k ( books 9 loose %eets z oppos$ to %eets t are b\nd8 ,:at c molle mean b =m8 ,:at is a book gett en molle b a book br\ght toge!r 9 a =m1 or 9 a b9d+1 9 p#cad opposition to ano!r book 9 pap]1 or 9 a pap] cov]80 ,?is conjecture is reasonable4 ,no "o kn[s ( an e>ly edition ( ?is book f engrav$ blocks4 ,z ! sell] ( "o copy 0 a copyi/ we may conclude t bo? copies 7 writt54 ,equally unsatisfactory to an unprejudic$ read] is ! miscon/ruction ( ! ^w pr9t] 9 ! li/ ( ! diff]5t arts or trades embrac$ by ! ,confrat]nity ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 at ,bruges4 ,x has be5 inf]r$ t ! pr9t]s "h notic$ 7 pr9t]s ( types1 & t typographic pr9t+ 0 done 9 #aded1 :5 ! foll[+ li/ 0 writt53#agb ,libr>i]s en boeckv]kop]s1 or booksell]s4 ,v+hettemak]s1 or pa9t]s 9 m9iature4 ,scriv]s en b\cscriv]s1 or scriv5]s & copyi/s ( books4 ,scoolemee/]s1 or s*oolma/]s4 ,pr5t]v]coop]s1 or image sell]s4 ,v]li*t]s1 or illum9ators4 ,pr5t]s1 or pr9t]s4 ,b\cb9d]s1 or bookb9d]s4 ,riemmak]s1 or curri]s :o prep>e sk9s = p>*m5t-mak]s4 ,p]kem5tmak]s en fransynmak]s1 or mak]s ( p>*m5t4 ,guispelsnid]s1 or mak]s ( decorations = b\nd books4 ,scoolevr[51 or s*oolmi/resses4 ,lett]snyd]s1 or engrav]s ( lett]s4 ,scild]s1 or pa9t]s4 ,dro*s*]r]s1 or %e>]s ( clo?4 ,beeldemak]s1 or mak]s ( images4#agc ,we h "h a c>eful &1 probably1 a complete specification ( all trades contribut+ to ! manufacture ( books1 b !re is no m5tion ( type-mak]s nor ( typograph]s4 p#cae ,9 #addb !re 0 an organiz$ society ( book-mak]s 9 ! city ( ,antw]p1 kn[n z ! ,frat]nity ( ,sa9t ,luke4 ,l ! association ( ,bruges1 x compris$ e trade t contribut$ to ! mak+ ( books4 ,! trade ( pr9t] is 9 _! li/1 z x is 9 t ( ! ,confrat]nity ( ,sa9t ,john ( ,bruges2 b 9 ?is li/ !re is no m5tion ( ! mak]s or pr9t]s ( types4 ,! pr9t]s ( ! frat]nities 71 no d\bt1 ! pr9t]s ( play+ c>ds1 images & block-books4#agd ,! e>lie/ notice ( book-pr9t+ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s is t ( ! ,cologne ,*ronicle ( #adii1 :i* is to ?is effect3 ,?is highly valuable art 0 discov]$ fir/ ( all 9 ,g]many1 at ,m5tz on ! ,rh9e4 ,& x is a great honor to ! ,g]man nation t su* +5i\s m5 are f\nd among !m4 ,& x took place ab\t ! ye> ( our ,"l #addj1 & f ?is "t until ! ye> #adej1 ! art1 & :at is connect$ ) x1 0 be+ inve/igat$4 ,& 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #adej x 0 a gold5 ye> jubilee1 & !y began to pr9t1 & ! fir/ book !y pr9t$ 0 ! ,bible 9 ,lat92 x 0 pr9t$ 9 a l>ge lett]1 resembl+ ! lett] ) :i* at pres5t missals are pr9t$4 ,al?\gh ! art z has be5 said 0 discov]$ at ,m5tz1 9 ! mann] z x is n[ g5]ally us$1 yet ! fir/ prefiguration die er/e vurbyldung 0 f\nd 9 ,holl& ! ,ne!rl&s1 9 ! ,donatuses1 :i* 7 pr9t$ !re be=e t "t4 ,& f ^! ,donatuses ! beg9n+ ( ! said art 0 tak51 & x 0 inv5t$ 9 a mann] mu* m ma/]ly & subtile ?an ?is1 & became m & m +5i\s4 ,"o nam$ ,omnibonus1 wrote 9 a preface to ! book call$ ,qu9ctilianus1 & 9 "s o!r books too1 t a ,walloon f ,france1 nam$ ,nicol4 ,j5son1 discov]$ fir/ ( all ?is ma/]ly art2 b t is untrue1 = p#caf !re are ^? /ill alive :o te/ify t books 7 pr9t$ at ,v5ice be=e ,nicol4 ,j5son came !re & began to cut & make lett]s4 ,b ! fir/ inv5tor ( pr9t+ 0 a citiz5 ( ,m5tz1 born at ,/rasburg1 & nam$ ,junk] ,johan ,gut5b]g4 ,f ,m5tz ! art 0 introduc$ fir/ ( all into ,cologne1 !n into ,/rasburg1 & aft]w>d into ,v5ice4 ,! orig9 & progress ( ! art 0 told me v]bally by ! honorable ma/] ,ulri* ,zell1 ( ,hanau1 /ill pr9t] at ,cologne1 anno #adii1 & by :om ! said art came to ,cologne4#age ,ulri* ,zell is a c&id & a compet5t witness1 yet he n>rates n :at he _h se51 b :at he _h he>d4 ,he 0 b a m]e *ild1 possibly unborn1 :5 ,gut5b]g began to exp]im5t ) types at ,/rasburg ab\t ! ye> #adcf1 or sixty-?ree ye>s be=e ?is *ronicle 0 pr9t$4 ,zell's /atem5t is ! e>lie/ ackn[l$gm5t ( ! priority ( book-pr9t+ 9 ,holl&1 b x is an incomplete & unsatisfactory ackn[l$gm5t4 ,he names ,gut5b]g1 b he does n "n ! pr9t] ( ! ,donatus4 ,he specifies ! p]iod betwe5 #addj & #adej z ! "t1 & ,m5tz z ! place1 & ! great ,lat9 ,bible z ! fir/ product1 ( ! ,g]man inv5tion2 b he does n specify ! ye> nor ! city 9 :i* ! ,donatus 0 fir/ pr9t$4 ,! only specifications are--9 ,holl&1#agf be=e ,gut5b]g1 & by an inf]ior me?od4 ,x is app>5t t ,zell did n h exact k ( ! details ( e>ly ,dut* pr9t+1 & t he c\ld n describe its orig9 nor its peculi>ities ) accuracy4 ,we _c supplem5t ,zell's imp]fect description ( e>ly ,dut* pr9t+ ) k or ) inf]5ces t might p#cag be d]iv$ f a critical exam9ation ( ! ,dut* ,donatuses4 ,^! books1 describ$ by him z ! prefiguration ( typography1 h be5 de/roy$4 ,!re is no kn[n copy ( ! ,donatus1 nei!r typographic nor xylographic1 :i* c be attribut$ to a p]iod be=e t ( ,gut5b]g's fir/ exp]im5ts 9 ,/rasburg4 ,! e>ly typographic copies h ! full-spac$ l9es1 :i* 7 n 9 use be=e #adfj 9 any book2 ! xylographic copies are ab\t z old1 &1 = ! mo/ "p1 are imitations ( ! typographic editions4 ,guid$ by ^! facts we h to conclude t x is n probable t ! ,donatuses ( ,zell 7 pr9t$ f types4 ,! frequ5t repetition ( ! /atem5t t ! art 0 inv5t$ 9 ,g]many %[s !re 0 no confusion 9 ! m9d ( ! writ] conc]n+ ! relative importance ( ! ,g]man & ! ,dut* me?od ( pr9t+4 ,he cle>ly p]ceiv$1 al?\gh he obscurely describ$1 two di/9ct me?ods ( book-pr9t+3 ! fir/1 ! me?od us$ = pr9t+ ! ,donatus1 :i* me?od 0 imp]fect & b a prefiguration2 ! second1 ! me?od t 0 m ma/]ly & subtile1 ! me?od t n[ is us$4 ,! second me?od 01 )\t d\bt1 ! mak+ ( accurate types 9 metal m\lds1 & ! pr9t+ ( great books4 ,x 0 n ! second inv5tion1 b ! inv5tion1 inasmu* z x 0 ! only inv5tion t _h a practical value4 ,! ,donatus 0 pr9t$1 b x 0 n pr9t$ by ! art4 ,x 0 ! art z x is n[ us$1 ! only practical art ( mak+ types & books1 ( :i* ,gut5b]g 0 ! fir/ inv5tor4 ,accord+ to ,g]man hi/orians1 ! fir/ me?od 0 xylography4 ,!y say t x 0 ! sight ( "s lo/ or n[ unkn[n copy ( an engrav$ ,donatus1 :i* gave to ,gut5b]g ! sugge/ion ( ! m subtile inv5tion ( movable types2 t ?is ,donatus 0 n tak5 z a model = imitation--x s]v$ only z ! sugge/ion ( an entirely new me?od4 ,dut* hi/orians say t x is unreasonable to assume t ?is ,donatus 0 engrav$ on wood4 ,!re is =ce 9 ! argum5t t x is n probable t ,ulri* ,zell1 p#cah ! pr9t]1 :o furni%$ ! writ] ( ! *ronicle ) 8 facts1 & :o1 z a ,g]man1 0 pr\d t typography 0 a ,g]man inv5tion1 w\ld h ascrib$ ! fir/ rude practice ( pr9t+ to ,holl&1 if ?is practice _h be5 no?+ b xylography4 ,x _c be suppos$ t ,gut5b]g 0 s ignorant ( ! productions ( ,g]man =ms*neid]s t he believ$ xylographic pr9t+ 0 done only 9 ,holl&4 ,!y say t ! sugge/ive ,donatus :i* 0 made 9 ,holl& %\ld h be5 a typographic book1 pr9t$ z ! ,speculum 0 pr9t$1 f types f\nd$ by an inf]ior me?od--a me?od t 0 nev] imitat$4 ,x w be se5 t ! /atem5t ( ! ,cologne *ronicl] is s ambigu\s t x c be wre/$ to ! b5efit ( ei!r side ( ! "q4 ,x c be us$ to support ! hypo!sis t !re 7 two inv5tions ( typography--"o ,dut*1 "o ,g]man--"o ( little & ! o!r ( great m]it--bo? alike 9 !ory1 b unlike 9 process & 9 result4 ,b x is n wor? :ile to consid] ! probability ( a v e>ly inv5tion ( typography 9 ,holl& until we c f9d ! evid5ces :i* w comp5sate = ! defici5cies ( ,zell4 ,?is evid5ce is want+4 ,! /atem5t attribut$ to ,ulri* ,zell is ! only ackn[l$gm5t made by any writ]1 ,dut* or ,g]man1 dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,9 view ( ! pret5sions subsequ5tly made1 ! sil5ce ( ! e>lie/ ,dut* writ]s & pr9t]s seems unacc\ntable4 ,_m ( ! pr9t]s 7 le>n$ & patriotic m51 pr\d ( _! art & ( _! c\ntry1 b 9 none ( _! books d we f9d any claim = ,holl& z ! bir?place ( typography4 ,nor 0 ?is claim made by any ( ! great m5 ( ,holl&4 ,erasmus1 ! s*ol>1 ! gue/ & corrector ( ! press = ,john ,frob51 ! fri5d & correspond5t ( ,?i]ry ,m>t5s1 fir/ s*ol>ly pr9t] 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 %\ld h kn[n some?+ ( ! introduction ( typography 9 8 native c\ntry2 b ! only m5tion t he made ( ! orig9 ( ! art 0 to attribute its inv5tion to ,g]many4 ,be=e ! ye> #adhj1 ?ree *ronicles ( ! ev5ts ( ! c5tury _h be5 p#cai pr9t$ 9 ,holl&1 b 9 none ( !m is any notice made ( e>ly pr9t+ 9 ,holl&4 ,! pr9t]s ( ,holl& :o foll[$ _! bus9ess 9 o!r cities nev] claim$ ,ha>lem z ! bir?place ( typography4 ,be=e ! ye> #aejj1 !re 7 ,dut* pr9t]s :o put on record1 9 impr9ts atta*$ to _! books1#agg _! belief 9 ! /atem5t t pr9t+ _h be5 inv5t$ 9 ,g]many4 ,x does n appe> t !re 0 !n any k ( ! leg5d ( ,ha>lem4 ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile ( ! types ( ,jacob ,bella]t4 ,f ,holtrop4 ,at ?is po9t x may be prop] to record :at is exactly kn[n ab\t ! old pr9t+ (fices ( ?is t[n4 ,! fir/ ,ha>lem book ) a pr9t$ date is ( ! ye> #adhc4 ,x is a little religi\s book t conta9s ?irty-two wood-cuts & a peculi> face ( type t _h be5 us$ ! ye> be=e by "o ,g]>d ,leeu ( ,g\da4 ,! pr9t]'s "n is n giv51 b a colophon at ! end ( ! book di/9ctly says t x 0 pr9t$ at 8ha]lem 9 hollant40 ,f ! same press1 by ! same pr9t]1 & ) ! same types1 sev5 o!r books 7 pr9t$ be=e ! ye> #adhf4 ,9 "o ( ^! books1 dat$ #adhd1 is pr9t$ ! "n ( ! pr9t]1 ,jacob ,bella]t ( ,zi]ikzee4 ,!re is no evid5ce t he _h be5 taught typography 9 ,ha>lem1 nor t he succe$$ to any old pr9t+ (fice 9 t t[n4 ,bella]t 0 f ,zi]ikzee2 8 types & 8 wood-cuts _h be5 procur$ f ,g]>d ,leeu ( ,g\da4 ,! types are ( a cond5s$ =m1 sup]ior to ^? ( ! ,speculum1 fairly l9$1 obvi\sly ca/ 9 m\lds p#cbj ( metal1 entirely unlike ^? ( ! unkn[n pr9t]4 ,! engrav+s h _m peculi>ities ( design & cut :i* are n to be f\nd 9 any kn[n block-book4 ,jan ,&rieszoon 0 ! second pr9t] ( ,ha>lem4 ,9 #adhe he op5$ a pr9t+ (fice ) a /ock ( old & worn types1 pr9t$ sev5 books1 f\r ) & ?ree )\t a date4 ,!re is no evid5ce :atev] t connects him or 8 works ) ! unkn[n pr9t]4 ,! competition ( two rival pr9t]s 9 a small t[n produc$ ! usual result4 ,z no book c be f\nd ) ! impr9t ( ei!r pr9t] aft] #adhf1 we h to inf] t ! pr9t]s clos$ _! (fices & ab&on$ typography4 ,! impr9t ( ,ha>lem does n aga9 appe> on any book be=e #aejg4 ,! "n ( ! ?ird pr9t] is suppos$ to be ,hasback1 :o1 9 #aejf1 _h an (fice 9 ,am/]dam1 :i* he remov$ to ,ha>lem4 ,8 ent]prise 0 unsuccessful1 = no book ( a lat] date c be attribut$ to him4 ,!re is nei!r record nor tradition ( any typographic pr9t] 9 ,ha>lem betwe5 ! ye>s #aejg & #aefa4 ,! acc\nt books ( ! treasury ( ! t[n conta9 entries :i* %[ t its typographic "w 0 done at ,leyd54 ,coornh]t & ,van ,zur51 8sworn book-pr9t]s at ,ha>lem10 7 also unsuccessful1 = we h no evid5ces ( _! "w aft] ! ye> #aefb4 ,9 #aeha1 ,an?onis ,ketel 0 9 possession ( a pr9t+ (fice 9 ,ha>lem1 b typography _c be consid]$ z securely e/abli%$ 9 t t[n be=e #aehg1 9 :i* ye> "o ,gillis ,rooman began to pr9t4 ,he cont9u$ to "w z pr9t] until #afaa1 :5 he 0 succe$$ by ,adri5 ,rooman4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ?is li/ ( unsuccessful pr9t]s :i* assures u t typography _h be5 inv5t$ or *]i%$ 9 ,ha>lem4 ,nor is !re ev5 any record$ evid5ce ( an e>ly pr9t+ ( block-books4 ,!re 01 at an e>ly date1 9 ,ha>lem a guild compos$ ( pa9t]s1 goldsmi?s1 sculptors1 & ( o!r artisans2 b we c f9d no engrav] on wood1 no pr5t] or figu]snyd] among ! memb]s4 8,! h>ve/ p#cba ( hi/ory10 writes ,dr4 ,van d] ,l9de1 conc]n+ ,ha>lem1 8on ! field ( typography may be scanty2 on ! field ( xylography x does n yield any?+40 ,?is recital ( ! names & ! =tunes ( ! e>li] pr9t]s ( ,ha>lem is n altoge!r irrelevant2 x furni%es a prop] introduction to ! leg5d ( ,ha>lem4 ,! fir/ pr9t] 9 ,ha>lem1 ,jacob ,bella]t1 ^: art mu/ h be5 a wond] to simple p1 clos$ 8 (fice aft] two or ?ree ye>s ( unsuccessful labor1 & probably w5t to "s o!r place4 ,! pr9t]s :o foll[$ him at long int]vals 7 equally unsuccessful4 ,van d] ,l9de ?9ks t x is ar\nd ! fir/ pr9t+ (fice ( ,ha>lem t ! vague traditions h clu/]$4 ,9 none ( ! notices ( e>ly ,ne!rl&i% pr9t+ d we f9d any m5tion ( ,co/] ( ,ha>lem1 or any description ( pr9t+ by types4 ,!re is extant1 h[ev]1 an allusion1 :i* _c be pass$ by unnotic$1 to ! pr9t$ "w ( "o ,brito ( ,bruges1 :o1 ab\t #adha1 pr9t$ a little book entitl$ ,! ,book ( ,doctr9e = ! ,in/ruction ( ,*ri/ians4 ,! fir/ page ( ?is book says t x is a copy ( two great tablets 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,our ,lady ( ,t]\anne2 ! la/ page has ?is inscription 9 six l9es ( faulty ,lat9 rhyme3 p#cbb ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile ( ! ,types ( ,john ,brito4#agh ,f ,holtrop4 ,brito 0 a memb] ( ! ,frat]nity ( ,sa9t ,john ! ,bapti/1 betwe5 ! ye>s #aded & #adid1 b he 0 n indu/ri\s z a pr9t]1 = ,campbell c attribute b f\r books to him4 ,van ,praet#agi says t he 0 engag$ by ! bi%op ( ! *ur* to pa9t or to affix ?is ,book ( ,doctr9e on ! great tablets1 :i* he did by ! wond]ful art ( /5cil+1 ) ! v a/oni%+ in/rum5ts ( p]=at$ lett]s1 nobody hav+ in/ruct$ him4 ,pr\d ( 8 "w1 he atta*$ ?is inscription4 ,:5 he pr9t$ ! composition 9 ! =m ( a book he repeat$ ! inscription4 ,x is n possible t ,brito int5d$ to convey ! notion t he _h inv5t$ typography4 ,s f> f inv5t+ types1 ,brito did n ev5 make ! types t he us$ 9 ?is book4 ,!y are ! types ( ,veld5] ( ,utre*t4#ahj ,f ! e>ly records we c glean no?+ :i* w demon/rate t typography 0 practis$ 9 any "p ( ! ,ne!rl&s be=e #adgb4 ,! workman%ip ( all kn[n ,ne!rl&i% pr9t]s aft] ?is date is ( e degree ( m]it & ( dem]it1 b 9 all _! books x %[s ! impressions ( types f\nd$ 9 m\lds ( h>d metal1 & prop]ly pr9t$ on a press1 on bo? sides ( ! pap]1 & 9 black ink4 ,z x is a /yle ( workman%ip entirely unlike t ( ! unkn[n pr9t]1 x is a prop] inf]5ce t typography came into ! ,ne!rl&s1 z x did into all o!r c\ntries1 ?r\gh ! pupils & by ! me?od ( ,gut5b]g4 ,! table annex$ w %[ h[ late 0 ! beg9n+ ( typography 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,x also %[s t pr9t+ 8by ! art t is n[ us$10 0 introduc$ almo/ simultane\sly 9 ?ree diff]5t t[ns ( ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,9 ! ye> #adgc1 ,john ( ,we/phalia 0 fir/ pr9t] at ,alo/2 p#cbd ! p>tn]s ,ketela] & ,de ,leempt 7 at ,utre*t2 & ,veld5] 0 at ,l\va94 ,ketela] & ,de ,leempt 7 ,ne!rl&]s1 b !re is no evid5ce to confirm ! conjecture t !y _h be5 in/ruct$ by ! unkn[n pr9t]4 ,veld5] ( ,wurtzburg1 ,john ( ,we/phalia1 ,col>d ,mansion1 ,william ,caxton1 ,arnold ,t] ,hoorne1 ,conrad ( ,we/phalia1 ,ri*>d ,paffro$1 ,conrad ,braem1 & ,h]mann ( ,nassau 7 graduates f pr9t+ (fices at ,cologne4#aha ,x is possible t ,?i]ry ,m>t5s also 0 taught typography 9 ! same city4 ,we h _m evid5ces t ,cologne 0 ! s*ool ( typography = ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,t[ns ,,& ,,cities ,,( ,,! ,,ne!rl&s ,,9 ,,:i* ,,pr9t+ ,,(fices ,,7 ,,e/abli%$ ,,dur+ ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury4 ,f ,holtrop4 ,utre*t ,ni*olas ,ketela]1 ,g]>d de ,leempt1 #adgc-adgd4 ,william ,hees #adge4 ,john ,veld5] #adgh-adha4 ,alo/ ,john ( ,we/phalia #adgc-adgd4 ,?i]ry ,m>t5s #adgd-adij4 ,l\va9 ,john ,veld5] #adgc-adgg4 ,john ( ,we/phalia #adgd-adif4 ,conrad ,braem #adge-adha4 ,conrad ( ,we/phalia #adgf4 ,h]mann ( ,nassau1 ,rud4 ,loeffs1 #adhc4 ,egidius van d] ,he]/rat5 #adhe-adhh4 ,l\is de ,ravescot #adhh4 ,?i]ry ,m>t5s #adih-aejj4 ,brussels ,bro!rhood ( ! ,life-9-,common1 #adgf-adhg4 ,g\da ,g]>d ,leeu #adgg-adhd4 ,godfrey de ,os #adhf4 ,godfrey de ,ghem5 ,unnam$ ,pr9t] #adhf4 ,bruges ,col>d ,mansion #adge-adhd4 ,john ,brito ,dev5t] ,ri*>d ,paffro$ #adgg-aejj4 ,jacques de ,br$a #adhe-aejj4 ,delft ,jacob ,jacobzoon #adgg-adgi4 ,j4 ,van d] ,me] #adhj-adhg4 ,unnam$ ,pr9t] #adhh-adid4 ,/4 ,ma>t5sdyk ,w]recor5 #adgh4 ,nimegu5 ,g]>d ,leempt #adgi4 ,zwoll ,unkn[n ,pr9t] #adgi4 ,pet] von ,os #adhj-aejj4 ,aud5>de ,arn4 l',emp]eur #adhj-adhb4 ,hasselt ,p]eg4 ,b]m5tlo #adhj-adha4 ,antw]p ,matt4 ,van d] ,goes #adhb-adia4 ,g]>d ,leeu #adhd-adic4 ,?i]ry ,m>t5s #adic-adig4 ,leyd5 ,h5ry ,h5ry #adhc-adhd4 ,g& ,arnold l',emp]eur #adhc-adhi4 ,cul5burg ,john ,veld5] #adhc-adhd4 ,bois-le-,duc ,g]>d ,leempt #adhd-adhg4 ,s*oonhov5 ,bro!rhood #adie-aejj4 ,s*i$am ,unnam$ ,pr9t] #adih-aejj4 ,ha>lem ,jacob ,bella]t #adhc-adhf4 ,we h no evid5ces t ! unkn[n pr9t] acquir$ 8 poor k ( typography ?r\gh any o!r *annel4 ,8 unequal workman%ip is an indication t 8 in/ruction 0 imp]fect2 ! neat presswork ( 8 wood-cuts is t ( an exp]t pr9t] ( block-books1 :o1 no d\bt1 _h abundant practice 9 ?is field be=e he und]took to pr9t ) types2 ! rud5ess ( 8 typographic "w is t ( "o :o _h nev] receiv$ regul> in/ruction 9 typography4 ,x is possible t he receiv$ only a v]bal explanation ( ! processes ( ! art1#ahb & t he tri$1 unaid$1 to graft ! new into ! old me?od4 ,8 workman%ip seems to be t ( an imitator1 a curi\s mixture ( skill & ( ignorance1 b its inf]iority to ! workman%ip ( o!r pr9t]s ( 8 "t is n pro( ( its great] age or ( 8 orig9ality2 x proves only 8 imp]fect in/ruction or great] incapacity4 ,s f> f %[+ ! fir/ /eps 9 an immature inv5tion1 8 books truly %[ ! degradation ( a p]fect me?od4 ,!y %[ ! ignorance ( a badly taught typographic pr9t]1 & p#cbe ! prejudices ( an old block-pr9t] :o _h adopt$ ! new] me?od ) reluctance4 ,we h se5 t ,wal!r's edition ( ! ,bible ( ! ,poor is e way inf]ior to ! fir/ edition1 & h drawn f x ! conclusion t !re 0 a wond]ful degradation ( ! art ( engrav+ on wood4 ,:5 we e/abli% a comp>ison betwe5 ! great ,bible ( ,gut5b]g & ! ,speculum ( ! unkn[n pr9t] we h simil> premises1 & h to =m ! simil> conclusion1 t ! arts d n always improve ) age1 & t ! pupil or ! imitator is (t5 inf]ior to ! ma/]4 ,! evid5ces 9 favor ( ! priority ( ! unkn[n pr9t] are v slight4 ,x may be conc$$ t he 0 ! fir/ pr9t] ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 b x has n be5 prov$1 nor is x probable1 t he pr9t$ ) types e>li] ?an ! ye> #adfc4 ,/ill m improbable is ! assumption t he 0 an indep5d5t inv5tor ( pr9t+4 ,we h to judge ( ! m]its ( ?is pret5d$ inv5tion z we d ( e o!r--by its fruits4 ,x _h no fruit4 ,! facts t ?is unkn[n pr9t] made no m>k on 8 age--t he left no "w wor?y ( 8 alleg$ inv5tion--t nei!r he nor 8 pr9t$ "w 0 notic$ by any ( ! *ronicl]s ( 8 day--t he _h no pupils1 no successors1 no imitators--%\ld be suffici5t to prove t he 0 n an inv5tor b an imitator4 ,by _m au?ors ! "q ( 8 possible priority has be5 decid$1 n f an exam9ation ( kn[n & prov$ facts1 b f ! ass]tions ( prejudic$ & untru/wor?y witnesses4 ,! frequ5t pres5tation ( ! /atem5t ( ! ,cologne ,*ronicle1 & ( ! leg5ds t f9d _! support 9 x1 has n be5 )\t effect4 ,!re is a g5]al belief 9 ! tradition t types 7 fir/ made 9 ,ha>lem by ,co/]1 & t ! ,g]man me?od 0 ! outgr[? ( ! ,dut* me?od4 ,?is proposition has be5 repeat$ s frequ5tly & s confid5tly t x becomes necess>y to give a critical exam9ation to ! leg5d ( pr9t+ 9 ,ha>lem4 p#cbf ,,xvii ,! ,leg5d ( ,l\reus ,janszoon ,co/]4 ,coornh]t's ,notice ( ,pr9t+ 9 ,ha>lem 4 4 4 ,notice by ,van ,zur5 4 4 4 ,by ,guicci>d9i 4 4 4 ,! ,/atem5t ( ,junius 4 4 4 ,fac-simile ( ,scriv]ius's ,portrait ( ,co/] 4 4 4 ,sket* ( ,junius's life & ,works 4 4 4 ,exam9ation ( 8 ,/atem5t 4 4 4 ,vagu5ess ( ! ,date 4 4 4 ,junius's ,/ory is ,incr$ible 4 4 4 ,wood ,types c\ld n be ,us$ 4 4 4 ,metal ,types made too soon 4 4 4 ,?is /ory an ,imitation ( a ,spuri\s ,g]man ,/ory 4 4 4 ,fu/ 0 n ! ,?ief 4 4 4 ,absurdity ( ! ,accusation 4 4 4 ,evid5ce ( ,cornelis 4 4 4 ,our k ( ,cornelis f o!r ,s\rces 4 4 4 ,cornelis n an ,eye-,witness 4 4 4 ,talesius n a ,satisfactory ,witness 4 4 4 ,disappe>ance ( ! ,art m ,wond]ful ?an its ,inv5tion 4 4 4 ,leg5d ,*]i%$ = ,patriotic ,reasons 4 4 4 ,its ,gr[? & its ,exagg]ations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,he :o is satisfi$1 z reg>ds a fact l t ( ! inv5tion ( typography1 ) ! simple ass]tion ( p :o talk ( ?+s :i* are said to h happ5$ m ?an a c5tury be=e _! "t1 is de/itute ( sci5tific morality3 he is ignorant ( ! passion ( tru?2 9 %ort1 he belongs to ! plebeians4 ,we h n only ! "r to reject ! fable fabricat$ by ,junius1 4 4 4 b z hone/ m5 we are b\nd to d x4 ,van d] ,l9de4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! ye> #aefa1 ,jan ,van ,zur5 & ,di]ick ,coornh]t1 ) o!r p>tn]s1 set up a pr9t+ (fice 9 ,ha>lem4 ,van ,zur5 0 a native & burgoma/] ( ! t[n ( ,am/]dam2 ,coornh]t1 :o 0 a not>y & an engrav]1 is said to h be5 ! in/ructor ( ! fam\s engrav] ,goltzius4 ,_! fir/ book 0 an edition ( ,cic]o de ,(ficiis1 to :i* !y prefix$ ! foll[+ qua9t d$ication3 ,to ! burgoma/]1 %]iffs & c\ncilors ( ! t[n ( ,ha>lem1 ,d4 ,v4 ,coornh]t wi%es z 8 honorable & comm&+ ma/]s1 salvation to s\l & body4 8,i 0 (t5 told1 9 good fai?1 honorable1 wise1 & prud5t g5tlem51 t ! useful art ( pr9t+ books 0 inv5t$ fir/ ( all "h at ,ha>lem1 al?\gh 9 a v crude way1 z x is easi] to improve on an inv5tion ?an to inv5t2 :i* art hav+ be5 p#cbg br\ght to ,m5tz by an unfai?ful s]vant1 0 v mu* improv$ !re1 :]eby ?is t[n1 on acc\nt ( its fir/ hav+ spread x1 ga9$ su* a reputation = ! inv5tion ( ?is art1 t our fell[-citiz5s f9d v little cr$5ce :5 !y ascribe ?is honor to ! true inv5tor1 z x is believ$ by _m "h on inconte/able in=mation1 & is und\bt$ly kn[n to ! eld] citiz5s4 ,nor am ,i ignorant t ?is fame ( ,m5tz has tak5 s deeply root 9 ! op9ion ( all1 by ! he$less c>elessness ( our =efa!rs1 t no pro(1 h[ev] app>5t1 h[ev] cle>1 h[ev] blameless x may be1 w\ld be capable ( remov+ ?is invet]ate impression f ! he>ts ( ! p4 ,b--= tru? is no less tru? :5 kn[n only to a few1 & because ,i implicitly believe :at ,i h said be=e1 on acc\nt ( ! tru/wor?y evid5ce ( v old1 dignifi$1 & grey heads1 :o (t5 told me n only ! family ( ! inv5tor1 b also 8 "n & surname1 & expla9$ ! fir/ crude way ( pr9t+1 & po9t$ ) _! f+] ! h\se ( ! fir/ pr9t] out to me--,i c\ld n help m5tion+ ?is 9 few words1 n z an envi] ( ano!r's glory1 b z a lov] ( tru?1 & to ! promotion ( ! honor ( ?is t[n2 :i* prop] & j ambition seems to h also be5 ! cause = ! re-e/abli%m5t & recomm5cem5t ( ?is pr9t+ (fice 7z a %oot f ! root ( an old tree74 ,= x (t5 happ5$1 :5 ! citiz5s talk$ to ea* o!r ab\t ?is case1 t !y compla9$ t o!rs enjoy$ ?is glory unju/ly1 & 7z !y said7 )\t anybody contradict+ !m1 because no "o ex]cis$ pr9t+ 9 ?is t[n40#ahc ,! claim ( ,ha>lem to ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ is confid5tly /at$1 b ,coornh]t has neglect$ to give ! "n or describe ! process ( ! inv5tor1 to fix ! date ( ! inv5tion1 or to specify any ( its products4 ,he & 8 v5]able in=mants1 ! 8honorable1 wise & prud5t g5tlem510 knew all ^! matt]s1 b ,coornh]t prud5tly kept sil5ce4 ,x is wor?y ( notice t ,coornh]t admits t1 9 #aefa1 8! fame ( ,m5tz0 _h tak5 s deep a root 9 ! m9ds ( _m p t no pro( c\ld remove x4 ,a full notice ( ! details ( e>ly pr9t+ might h be5 consid]$ out ( place 9 ! preface to a classic text book1 b x w\ld h be5 p]t95t 9 a 8,dialogue on ! ,fir/ ,inv5tion ( ! ,typographic ,art10 :i* 0 ! title ( a book said to h be5 writt5 by ,jan ,van ,zur54 ,( p#cbh ?is dialogue no?+ is kn[n b ! introduction4 ,:e!r ! au?or grew we>y ( 8 task1 & ab&on$ x be=e completion1 or :e!r ! manuscript 0 de/roy$1 z is alleg$1 dur+ ! siege ( ,ha>lem 9 #aegc1 _c n[ be asc]ta9$4 ,all we "k ( ?is manuscript is ?r\gh ,pet] ,scriv]ius1 :o1 dilig5tly glean+ e scrap ( hi/ory t favors ! ,ha>lem inv5tion1 has pres]v$ ! preface4 ,x is too long & rambl+ = a lit]al translation2 ?is is ! sub/ance1 :i* ,van ,zur5 approa*$ ) great delicacy3 ,he does n wi% to deprive ,m5tz ( its rightful honors1 b he w see t ! honors ( ,ha>lem are n altoge!r lo/4 ,! t[n ( ,m5tz1 s ju/ly laud$1 fir/ introduc$ ?is art1 receiv$ f u1 9 public life4 ,! fir/ crude f\ndations ( ?is excell5t art 7 laid 9 our t[n ( ,ha>lem4 ,"h ! art ( pr9t+ 0 born4 ,no d\bt x 0 "h c>efully cultivat$ & improv$2 "h x rema9$ dur+ _m ye>s1 until at la/ x accompani$ a =eign] & made1 at la/1 its public appe>ance at ,m5tz4 ,"h aga9 is a noticeable abs5ce ( names1 dates1 books1 evid5ces & au?orities4#ahd ,f beg9n+ to end !re is no?+ 9 ?is /atem5t b nak$ ass]tion4 ,"o fact ( real value may be glean$ f ! preface ( ,van ,zur5 & ! d$ication ( ,coornh]t4 ,!re 0 ev5 !n 9 ,ha>lem a /rong prejudice aga9/ ,m5tz2 !re 0 a wav]+ belief among "s ( ! t[nsfolk t pr9t+ _h be5 inv5t$ 9 ,ha>lem1 & t ! pret5sion ( p#cbi ,m5tz 0 unf\nd$4 ,:e!r ?is prejudice _h be5 fo/]$ by ! obscure language ( ,zell1 or :e!r x took its rise 9 ! conceit ( ! simple p ( ! t[n1 :o may h ?\ght t ,balla]t1 ! fir/ pr9t] at ,ha>lem1 0 also ! fir/ pr9t] 9 ! _w1 _c n[ be asc]ta9$4 ,!re 0 a prejudice1 & ,van ,zur5 & ,coornh]t ?\ght t x w\ld be to _! int]e/ z pr9t]s to propitiate x4 ,! publication ( ^! my/]i\s allusions to an e>ly pr9t] 9 ,ha>lem /r5g!n$ ! belief ( ,holl&]s 9 ! leg5d4 ,x 0 impos$ z v]itable hi/ory on intellig5t =eign]s :o 7 unable to disprove x4 ,luigi ,guicci>d9i1 a ,flor5t9e nobleman1 = _m ye>s resid5t ( ,antw]p1 & :o !re wrote & publi%$1 9 #aefg1 a ,description ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 0 ! fir/ au?or ( di/9ction :o gave a _w-wide publicity to ! leg5d4 ,9 8 book he says3 ,accord+ to ! common tradition ( ! inhabitants & ! ass]tion ( o!r natives ( ,holl&1 z well z ! te/imony ( c]ta9 au?ors & records1 x appe>s t ! art ( pr9t+ & /amp+ lett]s & *>act]s on pap] 9 ! mann] n[ us$1 0 fir/ inv5t$ 9 ?is place ,ha>lem4 ,b ! au?or ( ! inv5tion happ5+ to die be=e ! art 0 br\ght to p]fection & _h acquir$ repute1 8 s]vant1 !y say1 w5t to reside at ,m5tz1 :]e1 giv+ pro(s ( 8 k 9 t sci5ce1 he 0 joyfully receiv$1 & :]e1 hav+ appli$ himself to ! bus9ess ) unremitt+ dilig5ce1 x became at l5g? g5]ally kn[n1 & 0 br\ght to entire p]fection1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! fame aft]w>d spread abroad & became g5]al t ! art & sci5ce ( pr9t+ orig9at$ 9 t city4 ,:at is really ! tru? ,i am n able1 nor w ,i take ^u me to decide1 x suffic+ me to h said ^! few words t ,i might n be guilty ( inju/ice t[>d ?is t[n & ?is c\ntry4#ahe ,! /ory is told z x _h be5 he>d1 )\t comm5t1 & )\t he>ty belief4 ,x w be notic$ t no really important fact has be5 add$ to supplem5t ! previ\s /ory4 ,we are /ill 9 ! d>k z to ! "n ( ! pr9t]1 ! date ( ! inv5tion1 & ! titles ( 8 books4 ,! au?ors m5tion$ by ,guicci>d9i 7 probably ,coornh]t p#ccj & ,van ,zur52 ! inhabitants :o gave him in=mation 7 probably ! same m5 :o _h previ\sly giv5 x to ^! pr9t]s4 ,guicci>d9i's /ory diff]s f !irs 9 "o po9t only4 ,8 description ( ! translation ( typography f ,ha>lem to ,m5tz does n impute di%one/y to ! workman :o c>ri$ x ?i!r4 ,! ins9uat$ accusation ( !ft 0 n repeat$ by ! scrupul\s ,italian4 ,guicci>d9i's book1 :i* 0 ( m>k$ m]it1 0 publi%$ 9 an age ( cr$ulity4 ,x 0 translat$ & repr9t$ 9 _m languages4 ,?is leg5d ( an unnam$ inv5tor at ,ha>lem 0 tak5 up by o!r writ]s4 ,x 0 publi%$ z valid hi/ory by ,george ,braunius ( ,cologne1 9 8 geography1 dat$ #aegj-hh2 by ,mi*ael ,eytz+] ( ,cologne1 9 a book on ! ,ne!rl&s1 dat$ #aehd2 by ,mat!w ,quade ( ,cologne1 9 a comp5d ( hi/ory & geography dat$ #afjj2 by ,noel ,conti ( ,v5ice1 9 a univ]sal hi/ory1 dat$ #aegb4 ,^! au?ors h be5 frequ5tly quot$ z m5 :o _h exam9$ & confirm$ ! leg5d2 b x is obvi\s t !y copi$ ! /atem5ts ( ,guicci>d9i )\t inve/igation4 ,_! approval ( ! leg5d mu/ be consid]$ z an exhibition ( cr$ulity r ?an ( k4 ,! specification ( ! "n ( ! alleg$ proto-typograph] ( ,ha>lem 0 made = ! fir/ "t 9 a book n[ kn[n z ,batavia1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #aehh1 & ( :i* ,hadrianus ,junius or ,adri5 de ,jonghe 0 ! au?or4 ,! /ory ( ! inv5tion1 z "h relat$1 is f> f complete1 b x is positive & def9ite3 x gives ! "t1 ! place1 ! book & ! man4 ,x c be fairly pres5t$ only 9 an unabridg$ translation ( ! au?or's words3 ,ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty-eight ye>s ago1 !re dwelt 9 a h\se ( "s magnific5ce 7z may be v]ifi$ by inspection1 = x /&s intact to ?is day7 9 ,ha>lem1 ne> to ! m>ket1 & opposite ! royal palace1 ,laur5tius ,joannes1 surnam$ ditus or ,cu/os1 by reason ( ?is lucrative & honorable (fice1 :i* by h]$it>y "r app]ta9$ to ! di/+ui%$ family ( ?is "n4 ,to ?is man %\ld rev]t ! wre/$ honor ( ! inv5tion ( ! typographic art1 :i* has be5 wrongfully enjoy$ by o!rs4 ,a j judgm5t p#cca %\ld give to him be=e all o!rs1 ! laurel :i* he has des]v$ z ! mo/ successful conte/ant4 ,:5 /roll+ 9 ! woods ne> ! city1 z citiz5s :o enjoy$ ease 7 accu/om$ to d aft] d9n] & on holidays1 x happ5$ t he und]took z an exp]im5t to fa%ion ! b>k ( a bee* tree 9 ! =m ( lett]s4 ,! lett]s s made he impress$ ! rev]se way1 consecutively1 ^u a leaf ( pap]1 9 little l9es ( "o k9d & ano!r1 & ! k9dness ( 8 nature induc$ him to give !m1 z a keepsake1 to ! gr&*ildr5 ( 8 son-9-law ,?omas ,piet]zoon4 ,he _h succe$$ s happily 9 ?is t he aspir$ to great] ?+s1 z became a man ( cultivat$ & enl>g$ capacities4 ,by ! aid ( 8 son-9-law1 ,?omas ,piet]zoon1 to :om 7 left f\r *ildr51 mo/ ( :om atta9$ ! dignity ( burgoma/] 7,i say ?is t all ! _w may "k t ?is art 0 inv5t$ 9 a reputable & honorable family1 & n among plebeians71 he inv5t$1 fir/ ( all1 an ink ?ick] & m viscid ?an t ( ! scribes1 = he f\nd t ! common ink spread or blott$4 ,!reupon he made1 by ! addition ( lett]s1 explanations = pictures engrav$ on wood4 ,( ?is k9d ( pr9t+ ,i myself h se5 "s /amp$ block-books1 ! fir/ essays ( ! art1 pr9t$ on "o side only1 ) ! pr9t$ pages fac+ ea* o!r1 & n ^u bo? sides ( ! leaf4 ,among !m 0 a book 9 ! v]nacul>1 writt5 by an unkn[n au?or1 be>+ ! title ( ,spieghel onz] beh\d5is ! edition 9 ,dut* ( ! ,speculum ,salutis4 ,?is book 0 among ! a b c s ( ! art--= an art is nev] p]fect$ at its inception--& ! blank sides ( ! leaf 7 unit$ by pa/e1 to hide ! unc\?ness ( ! unpr9t$ pages4 ,he subsequ5tly *ang$ ! bee*-wood lett]s = ^? ( lead1 & ^! aga9 = lett]s ( t91 because t9 0 a less flexible mat]ial1 h>d]1 & m durable4 ,to ?is day may be se5 9 ! v h\se itself1 look+ ov] on ! m>ket-place z ,i h said 7inhabit$ aft]w>d by 8 great-gr&*ild1 ,g]rit ,?omaszoon1 :o dep>t$ ?is life b a few ye>s s9ce1 & :om ,i m5tion only to honor71 "s v old w9e flagons1 :i* 7 made f ! melt+ d[n ( ! remnants ( ^! v types4 ,! new inv5tion met ) favor f ! public1 z x des]v$1 & ! new m]*&ise1 nev] be=e se51 attract$ pur*as]s f e direction1 & produc$ abundant pr(it4 ,z ! admiration ( ! art increas$1 ! "w increas$4 ,he add$ assi/ants to 8 b& ( workm52 & "h may be f\nd ! cause ( 8 tr\bles4 ,among ^! workm5 0 a c]ta9 ,john4 ,:e!r or n1 z suspicion alleges1 he 0 ,fau/#ahf--;inauspici\s "n = "o :o 0 p#ccb equally un=tunate & unfai?ful to 8 ma/]--or :e!r he 0 ano!r ( ! same "n1 ,i %all n tr\ble myself to asc]ta9--=1 ,i am unwill+ to di/urb ! %ades ( ! dead1 inasmu* z !y#ahg mu/ h suff]$ f ! reproa*es ( consci5ce z long z !y liv$4 ,?is man1 al?\gh b\nd by oa? to pres]v+ ! secrets ( ! typographic art1 :5 he knew himself to be p]fectly skill$ 9 ! op]ations ( type-sett+1 9 ! k ( type-f\nd+1 & 9 e o!r detail app]ta9+ to ! "w1 seiz$ ! fir/ favorable opportunity--& he c\ld n h f\nd a "t m favorable1 = x 0 on ! night ( ! anniv]s>y ( ! nativity ( ,*ri/1 :5 all1 )\t di/9ction1 are accu/om$ to assi/ at div9e s]vice--& flew into ! closet ( ! types1 & pack$ up ! in/rum5ts us$ 9 mak+ !m t belong$ to 8 ma/]1 & :i* _h be5 made ) 8 own h&s1 & imm$iately aft] slunk away f ! h\se ) ! ?ief4 ,he w5t fir/ to ,am/]dam1 !nce to ,cologne1 & f9ally rega9$ ,m5tz1 z x 7 to an alt> ( safety s x is said1 & z if beyond all possibility ( a recapture1 :]e1 hav+ op5$ 8 (fice1 he reap$ an abundant rew>d f ! fruits ( 8 !ft4 ,t is to say1 )9 ! space ( a ye>1 or ab\t #addb1 x is well kn[n t he publi%$ by ! aid ( ! same types :i* ,laur5tius _h us$ 9 ,ha>lem1 ! ,doctr9al ( ,alex&] ,gallus1 ! mo/ popul> gramm> !n 9 use1 & also ! ,treatises ( ,pet] ( ,spa91 :i* 7 8 fir/ publications4 ,^! are ! facts4 ,ne>ly all ( !m are f old m5 wor?y ( belief1 :o1 ea* 9 turn1 h accept$ & transmitt$ !m1 z !y w\ld pass a light$ tor* f h& to h&4 ,i knew ^! facts long "t ago1 & h positive k f o!r s\rces :i* h atte/$ & confirm$ !m4 ,i rememb] t ,ni*olas ,gallius1 ! preceptor ( my boyhood1 a man ( t5aci\s memory1 & v5]able ) gray hairs1 n>rat$ ^! circum/ances to me4 ,he1 :5 a boy1 _h m ?an once he>d ,cornelis1 an old bookb9d] & an "u workman 9 ! same pr9t+ (fice1 :5 n an octog5>ian & b[$ d[n ) ye>s1 recite all ^! details z he _h receiv$ !m f 8 ma/]1 embrac+ ! inception ( ! ent]prise1 ! gr[? & cultivation ( ! rude art1 & o!r transactions connect$ !re)4 ,b z (t5 z he made m5tion ( ! !ft1 he involunt>ily w\ld bur/ into te>s at ! recollection ( ! infamy ( ! sequel2 & !n ! ang] ( ! old man p#ccd w\ld fla% up1 z he ?\ght ( ! glory ( ! inv5tion t _h be5 /ol5 ) ! o!r !ft2 & he wi%$1 if 8 life _h be5 sp>$1 t he might h be5 able to set =? ! ?ief 9 irons1 ready to be pron\nc$ a subject = ! execution]2 & !n aga9 he 0 wont to consign 8 sacrilegi\s head to ! dire/ puni%m5t1 & to curse & execrate ! nights :i* he _h pass$ ^u ! same b$ = _m mon?s ) t villa94 ,^! details d n disagree ) ! words ( ,quir9ius ,talesius1 burgoma/]2 = ,i ackn[l$ge t a long "t ago ,i receiv$ ne>ly ! same /ory f him z 0 receiv$ f ! m\? ( ! bookb9d]4#ahh ,illu/ration3 ,scriv]ius' ,portrait ( ,co/]4 ,f ,moxon4 ,! /ory ( ,junius is ! real f\ndation ( ! mod]n leg5d ( ,ha>lem4 ,all t _h be5 writt5 be=e is ( little value2 all t has be5 writt5 s9ce is b 9 explanation ( its obscur] features4 ,be=e any criticism is giv5 p#cce to ?is important docum5t1 ! capability & cr$ibility ( ! le>n$ au?or ( ,batavia %\ld be consid]$4 ,! le>n+ ( ,junius _c be que/ion$2 b ,junius mu/ be judg$ n by 8 dead reputation1 b by 8 liv+ p]=mance4 ,batavia1 al?\gh writt5 9 unexceptionable classical ,lat91 is n a valuable1 nor ev5 a m$iocre book4 ,! au?or 0 n above ! p$antry & ! bad ta/e ( 8 age4 ,8 book is full ( classical allusions1 lugg$ 91 n to illu/rate ! subject1 b to display ! au?or's omnivor\s read+2#ahi 8 /yle is rhetorical1 & 8 arrangem5t ( facts is bewild]+4 ,^! faults w\ld be ov]look$1 if we c\ld be sure ( 8 s-call$ facts2 b "o _c read _m pages ( ,batavia )\t be+ conv9c$ ( ! cr$ulity ( ! au?or1 & ( ! ?or\gh untru/wor?9ess ( _m ( 8 p#ccf descriptions4 ,8 def5d]s mu/ confess t ! book w\ld h be5 ( high] au?ority1 if he _h be5 m *>y ( rhetoric & m exact 9 description4#aij ,! fix+ ( ! p]iod 9 :i* ! inv5tor liv$ seems to h be5 made ) a /udi$ c>elessness & int5d$ obscurity4 ,if we d$uct ! #abh ye>s f ! ye> #aefh1 ! ye> 9 :i* ! manuscript ( ,batavia 0 complet$1 we h ! date #addj4 ,9 ?is ye> ,co/] liv$4 ,:5 he 0 born1 :5 he di$1 & h[ long he _h be5 occupi$ ) ! practice ( pr9t+1 is n relat$4 ,if we inf] t ,junius int5d$ t ?is ye> #addj %\ld be consid]$ z ! ye> ( ,co/]'s dea?1 ! inf]5ce is purely conjectural4 ,he does n say s4 ,x may be suppos$1 b x is n said1 t ,co/] pr9t$ ) types be=e #addj4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! int5tion ( ,junius1 ! ye> #addj 0 at fir/ accept$ by ! au?orities ( ,ha>lem z ! true date ( ! p#ccg inv5tion ( typography4#aia ,x 0 ?\ght t ! fix+ ( ! inv5tion )9 ?is ye> w\ld suffici5tly e/abli% ! priority ( ,co/]1 = ! ye> #addb 0 ! date !n assign$ to ! rival inv5tion 9 ,g]many4 ,! au?ority ( ,junius = ! ye> #addj 01 no d\bt1 a p$igree ( ! ,co/] family1 ( :i* he makes no m5tion4 ,!re are tr\blesome entanglem5ts connect$ ) ?is date ( #addj4 ,subsequ5t def5d]s ( ! leg5d1 :o tri$ to supply ! defici5cies & correct ! errors ( ,junius1 made discov]ies :i* compell$ !m to ackn[l$ge t ,l\r5s ,janszoon 7suppos$ by !m to be ,l\r5s ,janszoon ,co/]7 di$ 9 ! ye> #adci4 ,if he di$ 9 #adci1 & if we believe t ! inv5tion 0 made 9 #addj1 !n he did 8 typographic "w 9 ! ye> aft] 8 dea?4#aib ,! absurdity ( ?is date 0 cle>ly p]ceiv$ :5 x 0 aft]w>d discov]$ t ,gut5b]g _h be5 engag$ z e>ly z #adcf 9 exp]im5ts ) pr9t+4 ,to pres]ve ! appe>ance ( probability1 ! date ( ! inv5tion 0 remov$ to #adbc1 s z to all[ ,co/] "t = exp]im5t & = ! p]fection ( 8 inv5tion4 ,! "n ( ! inv5tor is z unc]ta9 z ! date ( ! inv5tion4 ,junius names him ,laur5tius ,johannes1 surnam$ dituus1 or ,cu/os4 ,9 ! p$igree1 ! "n 0 p#cch writt5 ,l\r5s ,jansso5s ,co/]4 ,surnames 7 n !n 9 common use2 ! son 0 id5tifi$ ?r\gh a "n :i* describ$ him 9 words z ! son ( 8 fa!r4 ,l\r5s ,jansso5 ,co/] is lit]ally1 ,l\r5s1 son ( ,john1 ! keep]1 or ! sexton4#aic ,he is mo/ widely kn[n 9 typographical lit]ature by ! "n ( ,co/]4 ,by ! record1 x appe>s t ,co/] 0 bo? a pr9t] & a publi%]4 ,he cut blocks & made types1 he mix$ pr9t+ inks1 he pr9t$ books1 he employ$ _m workm51 he _h an honorable reputation z a pr9t]1 he reap$ abundant pr(it f ! sale ( 8 m]*&ise4 ,^! /atem5ts are inconsi/5t ) ! eulogy :i* repres5ts him z an idle man :o exp]im5t$ ) types = amusem5t4#aid ,t ,co/] knew no?+ :atev] ab\t pr9t+ :5 he took 8 walk 9 ! wood may be prop]ly inf]r$ f a c>eful read+ ( ! /ory4 ,8 exp]im5ts ) b>k seem to h surpris$ & amus$ him z mu* z !y did 8 p#cci gr&*ildr54 ,!re is no?+ unreasonable 9 ?is "p ( ! leg5d1 b fai? fails u :5 ,junius says t ,co/] pr9t$ 8 book ) types ( wood4#aie ,! /atem5t mu/ be put aside z entirely unwor?y ( belief1 = x has be5 %[n t types ( wood are impracticable1 & t ! types ( e kn[n edition ( ! ,speculum 7 made ( f\nd$ metal4 ,no "p ( ,junius's /atem5t is m incr$ible ?an 8 description ( ! ease ) :i* ,co/] solv$ ! problem ( typography4 ,co/] knew no?+ ( pr9t+2 b hav+ c>v$ a few lett]s on b>k1 & hav+ *]i%$ ! idea t books c\ld be pr9t$ f s+le types1 he und]took to make--n types1 b wood-cuts4 ,eag] to realize 8 idea ( typography1 he began "w ) a =midable task ( engrav+4 ,"h is an absurdity4 ,to design1 engrave1 & pr9t ! illu/rations ( ! ,speculum 0 a task almo/ z great z t ( mak+ ! types4 ,if ! engrav+s 7 n 9 ! possession ( ,co/] be=e he made ?is exp]im5t 7& ,junius does n au?orize ?is hypo!sis71 x is n possible t he c\ld h add$ to 8 task by attempt+ s _m l>ge wood-cuts4 ,:at foll[s is equally incr$ible4 ,he pass$ f ! "w ( cutt+ lett]s & pictures to t ( mak+ types )\t hesitation or exp]im5tation2 p#cdj he /ruck out ! correct me?od ( mak+ ! types at ! outset4 ,8 only mi/ake ) types 0 9 ! selection ( mat]ials2 wood 0 laid aside = lead1 & t9 supplant$ lead2 8 greate/ difficulty 0 enc\nt]$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! ink4 ,if ?is /ory is true1 !n typography 0 inv5t$ ?r\gh inspiration1 = its orig9 0 unlike t ( all great me*anical inv5tions4 ,junius describes ?is pret5d$ inv5tion ( typography1 n z he knew x 0 done1 b z he ?\ght x %\ld h be5 done4 ,ignorant ( ! necessity = t /rict accuracy ( body1 :i* is ! vital pr9ciple ( typography1 & :i* c be secur$ only by ! mo/ +5i\s me*anism1 he ?\ght1 z ?\s&s h ?\ght1 t ! m]it ( ! inv5tion consi/$ 9 ! conception ( ! idea4 ,! con/ruction ( ! me*anism he has skipp$ ov] z a little matt] ( me*anical detail entirely unwor?y ( notice4 ,he tells u no?+ ab\t x4 ,he %[s ! ext5t ( 8 read+ & ! weakness ( 8 judgm5t1 by tread+ 9 ! foot/eps ( ,g]man au?ors :o attempt$ to describe ! ,g]man inv5tion ( typography1 n f positive k1 b ?r\gh ! ex]cise ( a lively imag9ation4 ,he makes ,co/] foll[ ! road :i* !y say 0 tak5 by ,gut5b]g3 fir/1 ! types ( wood2 !n1 engrav$ lett]s on blocks ( wood2 next1 types ( lead2 la/ly1 types ( t94#aif ,! artful ins9uation t ,john ,fu/ 0 ! false workman is discr$itable4 ,junius does n unequivocally say t ,fu/ 0 ! ?ief1 b 8 language au?orizes ! calumny4 ,t ,john ,fu/ ( ,m5tz c\ld n h /ol5 ! implem5ts ( ,co/] w be positively e/abli%$ by records ( p#cda ! highe/ au?ority4 ,! ,dut* hi/orians ( typography :o def5d ! /ory ( ,junius1 say t ,junius did n "k ! "n ( ! real ?ief1 b t ! "n ( ,fu/ is prop]ly ins]t$1 because ,fu/ 0 honor$ z ! inv5tor ( typography 9 ,m5tz2 t !re 01 probably1 a complicity betwe5 ,fu/ & ! false workman1 & t ,fu/ 01 = t reason1 prop]ly m5tion$ z ! real (f5d]4#aig ,! det]m9ation ( ,junius to fa/5 ?is !ft on ,fu/ is %[n 9 8 /atem5t t ! ?ief rega9$ or return$ to ,m5tz1 z to 8! alt> ( safety40 ,at t "t ,p>is1 ,rome & ,v5ice _h m s*ools & s*ol>s1 m book-read]s & buy]s ?an ,m5tz1 & (f]$ great] inducem5ts = ! f\nd+ ( a pr9t+ (fice4 ,^! 7 ! cities to :i* pr9t]s f ,m5tz subsequ5tly w5t1 & to :i* a ?ievi% pr9t] f ,ha>lem %\ld h gone4 ,b ,junius f9ds x necess>y to s5d him to ,m5tz to expla9 ! introduction ( typography 9 ,g]many4 ,! *>ge ( !ft is n corroborat$ by ! discov]ies ( bibliograph]s4 ,! two books :i* ,junius says 7 pr9t$ 9 ,m5tz 9 #addb1 ) ! types ( ,co/]1 _c be trac$ to ,m5tz4 ,fragm5ts ( a copy ( ! ,doctr9al ( ,alex&] ,gallus1 ! "w ( "s unkn[n pr9t]1 h be5 f\nd1 n 9 ,m5tz1 b 9 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,! types p#cdb ( ?is book resemble ^? ( ! ,speculum1 b !y are suffici5tly unlike to e/abli% ! fact t !y c\ld n h be5 ca/ f ! matrices us$ = ! ,speculum4 ,?is edition ( ! ,doctr9al c\ld n h be5 pr9t$ at ,m5tz4 ,! zeal\s indignation ( ,cornelis does n comp5sate u = 8 my/]i\s concealm5t ( ! "n ( ! ?ief4#aih ,8 evid5ce is extremely unsatisfactory4 ,cornelis1 :o 0 9 ! employ ( ,co/] :5 ! !ft 0 made1 :o knew ! process1 :o b\nd ! pr9t$ "w1 :o 0 an old resid5t ( ,ha>lem1 :o _h bus9ess relations ) e pr9t] t succe$$ ,co/]1 ( all m51 %\ld h be5 ! "o mo/ p#cdc compet5t to describe ! "w ( ,co/]4 ,b ! in=mation t he has furni%$ ?r\gh ,junius is ridicul\sly trivial1 scanty z to facts & dates1 inconsi/5t1 &1 9 "s po9ts1 entirely untrue4 ,be=e we accept all t ,junius has said ab\t ,cornelis1 x w be well to le>n :at we c ab\t him f o!r s\rces4 ,! fir/ entry 9 an acc\nt book ( ! ca!dral ( ,ha>lem = ! ye> #adgd is to ?is effect3 8,item4 4 4 4 ,i h paid to ,cornelis1 ! b9d]1#aii six ,rh9e flor9s = b9d+ books40 ,simil> items1 describ+ ,cornelis z a bookb9d]1 are f\nd 9 simil> acc\nt books betwe5 ! ye>s #adhe & #aeae4 ,paym5ts 7 also record$ to ,cornelis = color+ ! initial lett]s ( ! 8bulls ( ! indulg5ces40 ,aft] ! ye> #aeae 8 "n appe>s no long] z a bookb9d]2 9 #aeag ano!r b9d] did ! "w ( ! *ur*4 ,seiz m5tions an old book1 pr9t$ by ,jacob ,bella]t ( ,ha>lem 9 #adhe1 on ! la/ leaf ( :i* 0 writt53 8,b\ght at ,ha>lem 9 ! ,cruys/raet1 ( ,cornelis ! bookb9d]1 9 ,may1 #adib40 ,! regi/] = ! ye> #aebb conta9s ?is entry3 8,cornelis ! bookb9d] 0 buri$ 9 ! *ur*4 ,= ! mak+ ( 8 grave1 tw5ty p5ce40 ,!re c be no d\bt t !re 0 a bookb9d] ,cornelis at ,ha>lem1 & t ! ,cornelis ( ,junius is ! ,cornelis ( ! *ur* record4 ,! dates 9 ^! records w enable u to te/ ! accuracy ( "o portion ( ! *ronology ( ! leg5d4 ,junius said t ,cornelis told 8 /ory be=e he 0 an octog5>ian4 ,eighty ye>s might prop]ly be consid]$ z ! limit ( 8 life1 :i*1 accord+ to ! record1 end$ 9 #aebb4 ,if1 to asc]ta9 ! date ( ! bir? ( ,cornelis1 we d$uct eighty ye>s f #aebb1 ! result w\ld %[ t he mu/ h be5 born 9 #addb4 ,b ?is 0 at lea/ "o ye>1 p]haps two ye>s1 aft] ! alleg$ !ft4 ,if ,cornelis liv$ to ! age ( n9ety ye>s1 ! all[ance ( t5 ye>s m w\ld n reconcile ! discrepancy4 ,cornelis w\ld h p#cdd be5 a *ild ( eight ye>s ( age2 b ! /ory ( ,junius requires1 n a *ild1 nor ev5 a boy1 b a man1 an "u-workman1 ! associate & room-mate ( ! false workman4 ,to call x by ! milde/ "n1 "h is a griev\s blund]4 ,! blund] is n 9 ! record ( ! *ur*1 9 :i* ! *ronology is consi/5t1 = x repres5ts ,cornelis z beg9n+ to "w = ! *ur* :5 he 0 ab\t ?irty-two ye>s ( age4 ,x w\ld be a wa/e ( "t to %[ t ! *ronology ( ,junius is impossible3 x is en\gh to say t ! fir/ l9k 9 ! attempt$ *a9 is brok51 & t ,cornelis c\ld n h be5 an eye-witness ( ! facts4#bjj ,x is a suspici\s circum/ance t ! te/imony ( ,cornelis %\ld be record$ = ! fir/ "t ne>ly half a c5tury aft] 8 dea?4 ,hasback1 ,&rieszoon & ,bella]t1 ! e>ly pr9t]s ( ,ha>lem1 %\ld h he>d f ,cornelis ?is /ory ab\t ,co/] & 8 inv5tion4 ,! p ( ,ha>lem1 we are told1 7 pr\d ( ,co/]1 & envi\s ( ! honors conc$$ to ,gut5b]g4 ,:y ! pr9t]s & ! p ( ,ha>lem all[$ ! important te/imony ( ,cornelis to rema9 unpubli%$ = s long a "t is a "q t _c be answ]$4 ,at ?is late day1 x is impossible to discov] ! k]nel ( tru? t may be conceal$ 9 ! he>t ( s great a husk ( fiction4 ,x may be t ,cornelis1 :o seems to h be5 a simple-m9d$ man1 & :o appe>s z a b9d] 9 ! *ur* record ab\t n9e ye>s be=e ,bella]t op5$ 8 pr9t+ (fice1 imag9$ t ?is fir/ pr9t+ (fice 9 ,ha>lem 0 ! fir/ pr9t+ (fice on ! globe4 ,!re may h be5 a !ft ( types & ( secrets f ! (fice ( ,jacob ,bella]t at or ab\t #adhe4 ,cornelis blund]$ ab\t dates1 & 8 inaccuracies h be5 exagg]at$ by ! gossip ( ! next g5]ation4 ,^! are possible conjectures4 p#cde ,b we mu/ rememb] t ?is /ory ( ,cornelis is n told by himself1 b by ,junius4 ,"o ( ! au?orities ref]r$ to by ,junius is ,talesius1 burgoma/] ( ,ha>lem :5 ,junius 0 writ+ ,batavia4 ,9 ref]r+ to him1 ,junius is c>eful 9 8 *oice ( words4 8,my acc\nt does n disagree ) t ( ,talesius4 4 4 4 ,i recollect t ,i h he>d f him ne>ly ! same /ory40 ,?is is a timid ass]tion--"o t ,talesius c\ld h modifi$ 9 "s ( its features4 ,talesius himself has n spok54 ,talesius 01 9 8 y\?1 ! secret>y1 &1 9 mature age1 ! intimate fri5d ( ,erasmus1 to :om he mu/ h spok5 ab\t ! leg5d1 b he did n make ,erasmus believe x4#bja ,! my/]i\s disappe>ance ( ! practice ( ! art f ,ha>lem is ev5 m wond]ful ?an its introduction4 ,! tools may h be5 /ol51 b ! k ( ! art mu/ h rema9$4 ,co/] may h di$ imm$iately aft] ! !ft1 b 8 son-9-law ,?omas ,piet]zoon1 & ! workm51 :o knew all ab\t ! details ( typography1 7 liv+1 & able to g on ) ! "w4#bjb ,! mak+ ( books may h be5 tempor>ily susp5d$1 b ! curi\s p#cdf public :o clamor$ = !m %\ld h p]suad$ ,co/]'s successors to fill _! wants4 ,! new art ( pr9t+ :i* f\nd s _m admir]s %\ld n h be5 completely =gott5 fifty ye>s aft]w>d4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! /ory ( ,junius to satisfy ^! d\bts4 ,if we accept 8 acc\nt ( ! inv5tion1 we mu/ re/ cont5t$ ) ! belief t typography 9 ,ha>lem di$ z sudd5ly z x 0 born1 leav+ beh9d z its only relics "o edition ( ! ,speculum & ! old w9e-flagons ( ,?omaszoon4 ,! same /range fatality foll[$ ! alleg$ ?ief ,john :o fl$ to ,m5tz & pr9t$ two books 9 #addb4 ,imm$iately aft]1 8 types1 8 peculi> process & 8 pr9t$ books disappe> =ev]4 ,! improbable features ( ?is leg5d 7 n se5 9 ! uncritical age 9 :i* ,batavia 0 writt54 ,patriotic ,dut*m5 did n wi% to see !m4 ,holl&1 at ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 0 flu%$ ) pride at h] successful resi/ance to ! p[] ( ,spa94 ,grateful to ! m5 :o _h made h] fam\s1 %e exagg]at$ ! s]vices ( all h] em95t sons4 ,co/] 0 n =gott54 ,! "n ( ,junius gave au?ority to ! ,ha>lem leg5d1 & ! /ory ( ,co/] 0 read & believ$ ?r\gh\t ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,!re 7 dramatic features connect$ ) x :i* pleas$ ! imag9ation & fa/5$ !mselves to ! memory4 ,to p :o _h no opportunity to exam9e ! evid5ces1 ! leg5d ( ,ha>lem soon became an article ( national fai?1 to disbelieve :i* 0 to be disloyal & unpatriotic4 ,b ?is en?usiasm w\ld h subsid$ if x _h n be5 n\ri%$4 ,if subsequ5t writ]s _h add$ no?+ to ?is leg5d ( ,junius1 x w\ld n be necess>y to write m ab\t x4 ,long ago x w\ld h be5 put aside z untrue4 ,b ! leg5d has gr[n3 x has be5 almo/ hidd5 "u ! additions t h be5 made to x4 ,! sn[-ball has become a sn[-heap4 ,x is necess>y to expose ! falsity ( ! additions z well z ( ! leg5d1 & to %[ h[ recklessly ?is *apt] ( ! hi/ory ( typography has be5 writt54 p#cdg ,,xviii ,! ,gr[? ( ! ,leg5d4 ,p]v]sion by ,b]tius 4 4 4 ,romance ( ,scriv]ius 4 4 4 ,date ( ,inv5tion remov$ to #adbh 4 4 4 ,illu/ration ( ,fir/ ,/atue to ,co/] 4 4 4 ,date ( #adbj giv5 by ,boxhorn 4 4 4 ,rooman's ,date ( #adcj 4 4 4 ,hi/ory & ,*ronology ( ,seiz 4 4 4 ,d\bts ( ,holl&]s 4 4 4 ,discrepancies 9 ! ,dates on ,m$als 4 4 4 ,me]man & 8 ,unsatisfactory ,sy/em 4 4 4 ,fac-similes ( ,m$als 4 4 4 ,kon+ & 8 ,prize ,essay 4 4 4 ,dr4 ,de ,vries's ,!ory 4 4 4 ,radical ,disagreem5ts ( ! ,au?ors 4 4 4 ,all ,v]sions ,enl>gem5ts ( ! ,leg5d z giv5 by ,junius 4 4 4 ,an ,article ( ,patriotic ,fai? 9 ,holl& 4 4 4 ,monum5ts to ,co/] 4 4 4 ,illu/ration ( ,la/ ,/atue4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:o is !re t has n op9ions plant$ 9 him by education "t out ( m9d1 :i* by t means came to be z ! municipal laws ( ! c\ntry1 :i* mu/ n be que/ion$1 b are to be look$ on ) rev]5ce 4 4 4 :5 ^! op9ions are b ! traditional grave talk ( ^? :o receive !m f h& to h& )\t ev] exam9+ !m8 ,locke4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! leg5d _h two /rong supports--! au?ority ( an em95t s*ol>1 & ! patriotic pride ( ! ,holl&]s1 :o accept$ x z tru?ful hi/ory4 ,x did n1 h[ev]1 pass ! ordeal ( criticism unh>m$3 ! weak] po9ts ( ! leg5d 7 expos$ by _m ,g]man au?ors1 & ! weight ( _! objections compell$ ,dut* writ]s to attempt new explanations4 ,b]tius1#bjc writ+ 9 #afjj1 & evid5tly p]plex$ by ! c>elessness ) :i* ,junius _h notic$ ,co/]'s fir/ exp]im5ts1 says1 b )\t produc+ any pro(1 t 8,co/] inv5t$ ! art ( pr9t+ ) engrav$ blocks or xylography 4 4 4 4 ! ?ree-fold villa9 ,john ,fau/ /ole ! inv5tion40 ,"h we see ! unavoidable result ( ,junius's p#cdh malignant innu5do3 ,b]tius does n hesitate1 z ,junius did1 to "n ,fu/ z ! false workman :o /ole ,co/]'s tools4 ,pet] ,scriv]ius ?\ght x necess>y1 9 #afbh1 to enl>ge & embelli% ! /ory ( ,junius4 ,he wrote a new v]sion ( ! inv5tion1 :i* appe>$ ) a curi\s poem call$ ! ,laurecrans4#bjd ,?is1 says ,scriv]ius1 0 ! mann] ( x3 ,9 ! ye> #adbh1 ,laur5s ,co/]1 !n a %]iff ( ,ha>lem1 /roll$ 9 ! ,ha>lem wood4 ,he took up ! bran* ( an oak-tree1 cut a few lett]s 9 relief on ! wood1 & aft] a :ile wrapp$ !m up 9 pap]4 ,he !n fell asleep1 b :ile he slept1 ra9 desc5d$ & soak$ ! pap]4 ,awak5$ by a clap ( ?und]1 he took up ! %eet1 &1 to 8 a/oni%m5t1 discov]$ t ! ra9 _h transf]r$ to x ! impress ( ! lett]s4 ,"h 0 ! sugge/ion ( xylography1 :i* he at once foll[$ to a successful conclusion4 ,he pr9t$ a great _m block-books & a ,donatus1 b f9d+ to 8 surprise t lett]s cut ^u a solid block c\ld n be us$ = o!r "w1 he !reupon inv5t$ typography4 ,john ,gut5b]g1 :o _h be5 employ$ z a workman1 /ole ! tools & ! secret4 ,di%e>t5$ ) ?is mis=tune1 ,co/] ab&on$ pr9t+ & di$4 ,he proce$s3 ,x is my op9ion t ! art 0 fir/ inv5t$ t5 or twelve ye>s be=e ! ye> ( our ,"l #addj 79 :i* ! mo/ tru/wor?y au?ors agree71 9 ,holl&1 at ,ha>lem4 ,junius has told its beg9n+ & progress be=e u4 ,& al?\gh he discov]$ "s p>ticul>s ab\t ! inv5tion1 yet he has 7,i may be all[$ to say x )\t di/urb+ 8 a%es7 8 errors1 & may n be pron\nc$ free f inadv]t5ce4 ,to-day 7,a4 ,d4 #afbh7 is j two c5turies s9ce ! p#cdi excell5t & valuable art ( pr9t+ made its appe>ance 7,a4 ,d4 #adbh74 ,n 9 ! mann] t is us$ n[1 ) lett]s ca/ ( lead & t94 ,no1 x did n g on l t2 b a book 0 cut1 leaf = leaf1 on wood5 blocks 4 4 4 4 ,we mu/ n ?9k t e lett] 0 cut sep>ately on wood1 & t ^! lett]s 7 collect$ & put toge!r to a l9e1 & 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( l9es4 4 4 4 4 ,our acute ,laur5s fir/ cut ! lett]s1 twi/$ & close to ea* o!r1 9 ! mann] ( writ+ on wood or t92 b aft]w>d1 :5 he 0 s successful1 he *ang$ 8 me?od ( work+1 &1 hav+ inv5t$ ! matrices1 ca/ 8 lett]s4 767 ,i w n say fur!r h[ ! noble art ( engrav+ & pr9t+ ( engrav+s is connect$ ) ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 :i* arose aft]w>d4 ,b j z ! dext]\s ,jan ,fuy/ imitat$ ! appropriate art ( pr9t+1 s ! excell5t & tal5t$ pr9t]s & design]s1 :o also h&l$ ! arti/ic *isel & knife1 contriv$ to multiply & publi% _! engrav+s1 cut aft] ! pr9t+ ( ! ,ha>lem figures4 ,& all h be5 in/ruct$ by1 & got _! fir/ exp]i5ce f1 our clev] & tal5t$ ,laur5s ,ko/]4#bje ,scriv]ius has giv5 dates & new details1 b he has n ?r[n any cle> light on ! subject4 ,he has n made ! /ory ( ,junius m cr$ible1 b he has expos$ himself z a romanc] & a fabricator4 ,9 try+ to m5d ! leg5d1 he has de/roy$ x4 ,if ! /ory ( ,scriv]ius is true1 !n t ( ,junius is false1 = !y contradict ea* o!r4 ,! /atem5ts ( ,junius 7 bas$ on ! p$igree & ! gossip ( ! old m5 ( ,ha>lem2 ! /atem5ts ( ,scriv]ius 7 bas$ on no?+1 = he _h no au?orities :i* ! mo/ l5i5t critic c\ld accept4 ,scriv]ius said t ,l\r5s ,janszo5 or ,laur5s ,ko/] 0 ! inv5tor ( xylography z well z ( types4 ,aft] an exam9ation ( ! ,speculum1 he _h wit en\gh to see :at ,junius did n1 t ! pr9t] ( ! book mu/ h _h practice ) blocks1 & t pr9t+ on blocks necess>ily prec$$ pr9t+ ) types4 ,8 description ( ! gr[? ( ! new art is n at all satisfactory4 ,! c>eless mann] 9 :i* he skips ov] ! inv5tion ( matrices & ! mak+ ( ! m\lds is t ( a man :o kn[s no?+ p#cej ab\t type-f\nd+1 nei!r f in/ruction nor obs]vation4 ,enc\rag$ by ! praise :i* ,scriv]ius _h receiv$ = 8 p]=mance1 ,m>cus ,zu]ius ,boxhorn und]took to place ! date ( ! inv5tion eight ye>s e>li]4 ,9 8 ,diss]tation on ! ,inv5tion ( ,typography1 pr9t$ by ,vogel at ,leyd5 9 ! ye> #afdj1bjf ,boxhorn says t ! inv5tion 0 made 9 #adbj4 ,"h we enc\nt] a curi\s fact4 ,! /ory ( ,junius _h be5 publi%$ less ?an fifty ye>s1 yet ! writ]s disagre$ conc]n+ ! date ( ! inv5tion4 ,believ]s 9 ! leg5d _h be5 taught by "o tea*] t typography 0 inv5t$ 9 #addj--;by ano!r1 9 #adbh--;by ano!r1 9 #adbj4 ,& x is a noticeable circum/ance t ! au?ors f>!/ remov$ f ! date ( ! inv5tion 7 ! mo/ positive 9 _! /atem5ts4 ,! lat] writ]s1 :o knew ! lea/1 give u ! e>li] dates4 ,adri5 ,rooman1 a pr9t] ( ,ha>lem1 & app>5tly a cons]vative & conciliatory man1 ?\ght t ^! diff]5ces c\ld be mo/ satisfactorily adju/$ by fix+ ! date midway betwe5 ! extremes4 ,he 0 n 9 ! possession ( any newly discov]$ facts1 & _h no au?ority = ! arbitr>y selection1 b ?is incompet5cy did n prev5t him f publi%+ a portrait ( ,co/]1 ) an inscription :i* made ! ye> #adcj ! date ( ! inv5tion4 ,to ! ?9k+ m5 ( ,ha>lem ! assumptions ( ,boxhorn 7 z unsatisfactory z ^? ( ,junius & ,scriv]ius4 ,!re 0 an air ( improbability1 or at lea/ ( unc]ta9ty1 ab\t ! /atem5ts ( all ! au?orities1 :i* fill$ _! m9ds ) d\bts z to ! tru? ( ! leg5d4 ,! /atue to ,co/]1 :i* 0 soon aft] put up 9 ! ,doctors' ,g>d51 _h no date ( inv5tion on ! p$e/al4 ,to remove ^! d\bts1 ,seiz#bjg und]took1 9 #agdb1 to furni% 8a true & rational acc\nt ( ! inv5tion0 by ,co/]4 ,! tru? & reason ( ?is new description ( ! inv5tion ( ,co/] are mo/ /rik+ly illu/rat$ 9 its *ronology4 p#ceb ,illu/ration3 ,! ,/atue ( ,co/] 9 ! ,doctors' ,g>d54 ,f ,seiz4 #adbh ,laur5s ,co/] engrav$ a few lett]s ^u ! b>k ( a tree4 #adbi ,he gave "o ye> to exp]im5tal engrav+ on wood4 #adca ,he pr9t$ ! ,temptations ( ,demons or ,ars ,mori5di4 #adcb ,pr9t$ ! ,bible ( ! ,poor4 #adce ,he began to engrave & pr9t an edition ( ! ,donatus4 #adcf ,he cut sep>ate lett]s or s+le types out ( lead4 #adcg ,aft] prolong$ exp]im5t1 he ab&on$ ?is me?od4 #adch ,he inv5t$ a me?od ( ca/+ types ( lead4 #adci ,he began to pr9t an edition ( ! ,donatus1 & ! ,dut* edition ( ! ,speculum4 ,9 ?is ye> ,gut5b]g took s]vice ) ,co/]1 & began to pr9t = him1 by :i* he e>n$ ! title ( ! ,book-pr9t] ( ,ha>lem4 767 #addj ,gut5b]g abscond$ ) "s k ( ! inv5tion4 ,he 0 able to cut1 b n to ca/ types4 767 #adda ,he e/abli%$ a pr9t+ (fice 9 ,m5tz4 #addb ,gut5b]g pr9t$ an ,a b c book1 ! ,doctr9al ( ,alex&] ,gallus & ! ,treatise ( ,pet] ( ,spa94 ,by ?is "t ,co/] _h repair$ ! damages ( ! !ft4 #addc ,co/] pr9t$ ! second edition ( ! ,speculum 9 ,dut*4 #addd ,co/] pr9t$ a ,lat9 edition ( ! ,speculum4 #addf ,gut5b]g also induc$ ,g5sfleis*1 call$ aft]w>d ,fau/1 767 & ,meyd5ba* to jo9 him 9 pr9t+ a ,lat9 ,bible4 #adeg ,co/]'s art 0 well kn[n1 & excit$ ! envy ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury & ( ,k+ ,h5ry ,,vi ( ,engl&4 #adeg ,! ,ar*bi%op p]suad$ ! k+ to get a k ( ! art f ,gut5b]g1 ! fir/ book pr9t] ( ,ha>lem4 767 #adei ,turn\r & ,caxton1 :o 7 s5t on ?is mission1 brib$ ,fr$]ick ,corsellis1 a workman ( ,co/]1 to run away f ,ha>lem 9 disguise4 ,to prev5t 8 escape1 ,corsellis 0 tak5 to ,ox=d1 9 :i* t[n he began to pr9t 9 #adfh4 #adfg ,co/] di$1 ab\t ! same "t t ,gut5b]g & ,fau/ di$4 767 ,8 pr9t+ (fice ceas$ to exi/4#bjh ,seiz has n told u :]e he obta9$ ?is curi\s in=mation1 b we %all make no mi/ake if we attribute x to an imag9ation disord]$ by national pride4 ,8 *ronology is s absurd t s]i\s criticism w\ld be a wa/e ( "t4 ,not)/&+ ! /rong ef=ts ( ,seiz to remove ! impression creat$ by ! contradictory acc\nts ( 8 pr$ecessors1 ! citiz5s ( ,ha>lem seem$ to be involv$ 9 p#cec great] d\bts ?an ev] ab\t ! *ronology ( ! inv5tion4 ,=1 9 #agdj1 ^u ! occasion ( ! ?ird jubilee ( ,co/]'s inv5tion1 two silv] m$als 7 /ruck1 ) leg5ds curi\sly unlike4 ,we "h see t ! "n ( ! inv5tor is pr9t$ 9 diff]5t =ms2 "o m$al be>s ! date #addj1 & ! o!r conta9s ! date #adbh4 ,^! irregul>ities prep>e u = :at is to foll[4 ,illu/ration3 ,m$als 9 ,honor ( ,co/]4 ,f ,seiz4 ,9 #ageg1 ,g]>d ,me]man1 subsequ5tly a di/+ui%$ *ampion ( ! ,ha>lem leg5d1 wrote 8t ! pret5ti\s ass]tion ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ by ,laur5s ,co/] beg9s to lose cr$it m & m4 ,! p>ticul>s t h be5 relat$ by ,seiz are m]e suppositions1 & ! *ronology ( ,co/]'s inv5tion & ent]prise is a romantic fiction40 ,b1 9 ! ye> #agfj1 ,daniel ,s*oepfl91 an em95t s*ol> ( ,/rasburg1 wrote a valuable contribution to ! hi/ory ( typography1 "u ! title ( ,v9dici ,typographic4 ,me]man 0 provok$ to emulation4 ,he _h n believ$ 9 ! leg5d1 b he ?\ght t he c\ld con/ruct a !ory ( ! inv5tion1 :i* w\ld1 to "s ext5t1 conc$e ! claims ( ! rival cities ( ,ha>lem1 ,/rasburg & ,m5tz4 ,9 ?is illogical mann]1 by ! con/ruction ( a !ory be=e p#ced he 0 9 possession ( ! facts1 he began to write ! ,orig9es ,typographic4 ,! entire book 0 publi%$ 9 #agfe1 ) a portrait ( ,l\r5s ,co/] by ! em95t ,dut* engrav] ,h\brak51 & a portrait ( ,me]man himself by ,daull4 ,9 ! matt] ( s*ol>%ip1 ,me]man 0 ?or\ghly qualifi$ = 8 task4 ,he wrote 9 a cle> /yle & ) admirable me?od4 ,b he knew no?+ ( ! me*anics ( pr9t+ nor ( type-f\nd+1 &1 un=tunately1 he 0 too conceit$ to accept correction or in/ruction ev5 f ! h&s ( exp]ts l ,ens*$1 ,f\rni] & o!rs4 ,9 try+ to make facts suit !ories1 he w5t s f> z to ord] ! engrav] ( a fac-simile to /ret* ! vellum ( a ,donatus s t ! types us$ ^u ?is ,donatus %\ld appe> to be ! same z ! types ( ! ,speculum4 ,illu/ration3 ,m$als 9 ,honor ( ,co/]4 ,f ,seiz4 ,^! are ! conclusions submitt$ by ,me]man z ! result ( 8 /udy (1 & reflection on1 ! leg5d ( ,ha>lem3 ,typography 0 inv5t$ by ,l\w]ijs ,janszo51 also kn[n z ,laur5s ,co/]1 :o1 at v>i\s times betwe5 #adbb & #adcd1 fill$ ! (fice ( %]iff1 treasur] & sacri/an4 ,he 0 ( noble blood1 b a ba/>d ( "o ( ! p#cee ,br$]odes4 ,he di$ sometime betwe5 #adcd & #addj4 ,he inv5t$ typography ab\t #adbh or #adcj1 us+ only movable types ( wood4 ,all t ,junius has writt5 ab\t an inv5tion ( lead & t9 types by ,co/] is incorrect4 ,he ?9ks x useless to consid] ! engrav+ ( lett]s ^u solid wood-blocks1 = ?is is n typography1 & is n pr9t+ z we n[ und]/& x4 ,laur5s 0 robb$ on ,*ri/mas night1 #addj1 by ,johan ,g5sfleis* ! eld]1 :o c>ri$ ! art to ,m5tz4 ,! son-9-law & heirs ( ,co/] cont9u$ 8 bus9ess = "s "t aft] 8 dea?1 b ) little appreciation1 z !y 7 ov]%ad[$ by ! sup]ior inv5tion ( ,gut5b]g & ,s*ff]4 ,co/] pr9t$ b "o edition ( ! ,speculum f types ( wood4 ,8 successors pr9t$ ! o!r ,dut* edition & ! two ,lat9 editions f engrav$ metal types4 ,! contributions ( diff]5t inv5tors t[>d ! p]fect inv5tion are ackn[l$g$ 9 ?is mann]3 ,laur5s ,co/] 0 ! fir/ to demon/rate ! feasibility ( typography by 8 use ( wood types2 ,john ,g5sfleis* 0 ! fir/ to make cut or engrav$ metal types2 ,pet] ,s*oeff] 0 ! inv5tor ( ca/ or f\nd$ metal types2 ,john ,gut5b]g & ,john ,fu/ 7 pr9t]s :o inv5t$ no?+4 ,me]man _h fair w>n+ f ! type-f\nd] & pr9t] ,john ,ens*$ t 8 !ories ( wood types#bji & ( cut metal types 7 prepo/]\s4 ,he did n he$ ! w>n+4 ,he wrote1 n = pr9t]s1 b = bibliograph]s :o believ$ 9 ! practicability ( wood types1 & he did n mi/ake 8 read]s4 ,! bibliograph]s1 :o knew little or no?+ ( ! !ory or practice ( type-mak+1 7 n compet5t to criticise ! me*anical "p ( 8 !ory4 ,he hop$ to dis>m ! prejudices ( ,g]man au?ors by 8 frank ackn[l$gm5t ( ! contributions ( ,s*ff] & ,g5sfleis* z co-inv5tors4 ,! novelty ( 8 !ory1 ! p#cef judicial equity ) :i* he decre$ to ,co/]1 ,g5sfleis* & ,s*ff] :at he said 0 _! %>e 9 ! honors ( ! inv5tion1 ! temp]ate tone & calm philosophic _s 9 :i* ! book 0 writt51 ! bread? ( s*ol>%ip display$ 9 exact quotations f a great numb] ( au?ors1 won admir]s 9 all c\ntries4 ,! !ory ( ,me]man ab\t a contributive inv5tion ne$ n be exam9$ "h3 x has be5 entirely refut$ by _m ,fr5* & ,g]man au?ors2 x 0 ab&on$ ev5 by ,holl&]s#baj at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,! au?ority ( ! book is at an end4 ,! conviction t all previ\sly writt5 def5ces ( ! leg5d 7 unt5able1 caus$ a sci5tific society ( ,holl& to (f] a prize = ! be/ treatise on ! inv5tion4 ,jacobus ,kon+ 0 ! successful competitor4 ,9 #ahaf1 he publi%$1 "u ! sanction ( ! society1 ! essay t _h won ! prize1 "u ! title ( 8,! ,orig91 ,inv5tion & ,developm5t ( ,pr9t+40 ,x 0 an inquiry ( m ?an ord9>y m]it--! fir/ book on ! subject :i* %[$ evid5ces ( orig9al rese>*4 ,kon+ tri$ to supplem5t ! _m defici5cies ( ,junius1 ) extracts f ! records ( ! old *ur* & t[n ( ,ha>lem1 :i* he _h /udi$ ) dilig5ce4 ,he br\ght to light a great deal ( in=mation ab\t "o ,laur5s ,janszoon1 :om he conf\nd$1 z ,me]man _h done1 ) ,l\r5s ,janszoon ,co/]4 ,?is is ! sub/ance ( 8 discov]ies & ( 8 conclusions !refrom3 ,kon+ describes ! inv5tor z ,laur5s ,janszoon ,ko/]1 & n z ,l\r5s ,janszoon4 ,he says t ,ko/] 0 born ab\t #acgj2 t !re are no records ( 8 e>ly life1 & t 8 "n does n appe> on any ( ! regi/]s ( ,ha>lem1 municipal or ecclesia/ical1 until he became a man ( middle age4 ,aft] ?is p]iod ( 8 life1 notices are frequ5t4 ,he 0 ! sacri/an ( a *ur* f #adba to #adcc4 ,he 01 at diff]5t times1 ald]man & presid+ ald]man1 treasur] ( ! t[n1 l5d] ( money to ! city1 (fic] 9 ! citiz5s' gu>d1 memb] ( ! gr& c\ncil1 & deputy to a p#ceg convocation ( ! ,/ates--cle>ly a man ( weal? & di/9ction4 ,!re 0 a great pe/il5ce 9 ,ha>lem 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ye> #adci1 & ,kon+ says x seems probable t ,ko/] 0 "o ( its _m victims4 ,ko/]'s only *ild 0 a daught] nam$ ,lucette1 :o m>ri$ ,?omas1 ! son ( ,piet] ,piet]zoon--! ,pet] m5tion$ by ,junius4 ,piet]zoon _h ?ree *ildr51 b ) !m ! family "n 0 lo/4 ,?is ,laur5s ,janszoon ,ko/] inv5t$ xylography & typography4 ,he exp]im5t$ ) types ( wood1 b did n use !m = practical "w4 ,8 types 7 f\nd$ 9 matrices ( lead1 & 9 m\lds ( metal2 he inv5t$ pr9t+ ink1 & pr9t$ 8 books ) ink+ balls on a press4 ,8 mat]ials 7 rude1 b ! process 0 sub/antially ! same z t ( mod]n pr9t]s4 ,he pr9t$ ! fir/ edition ( ! ,speculum 9 #adcj1 & sixte5 o!r books be=e 8 dea?4 ,8 bus9ess z a pr9t] 0 cont9u$ = "s ye>s1 b 9 a feeble mann]1 by 8 gr&sons4 ,! ?ief ( ,ko/]'s process 0 ,frielo ,g5sfleis*4 ,9 ! t[n records ,ko/] is n notic$ z a pr9t]1 b ,kon+ describ$ 8 me?od ( pr9t+1 8 pun*es1 m\lds1 matrices1 presses1 ink+ balls1 ink1 types1 & pr9t+ (fice furniture1 ) z mu* boldness z if he _h be5 eye-witness to ! entire process4 ,nor 0 ?is 8 only error4 ,x has s9ce be5 prov$ t he willfully suppress$ _m important facts 9 ! records :i* are ( great importance 9 an exam9ation ( ! life & s]vices ( ,co/]4 ,x is pla9 t he 0 m int5t on pleas+ ! national pride ?an on reveal+ ! tru?4 ,! speculations ( ,kon+ 7 de/roy$ by ! ke5 criticisms ( ! au?ors :o foll[$ him4 ,dr4 ,abraham ,de ,vries#baa set aside impati5tly ne>ly all ! +5i\s !ories devis$ by =m] comm5tators4 ,he repudiat$ ! /atem5t t ,co/] _h be5 a sexton or sacri/an1 or t he inv5t$ engrav+ on wood4 ,w>n$ by ! failures ( 8 pr$ecessors1 he advanc$ no new !ory ab\t ! peculi>ities ( ,co/]'s typographic process2 he pr(ess$ to be satisfi$ ) ! bald /atem5t ( ,junius1 & dogmatically ma9ta9$ t ,co/] 80 ! inv5tor ( typography1 ( ! prop] art ( pr9t+1 ! fir/ :o inv5t$ & practis$ p#ceh ! art ( pr9t+ ) movable & ca/ lett]s1 & s gave ! example to ,m5tz4 4 4 4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 ! art 0 secretly practis$ z a trade 9 manuscripts1 n only dur+ ! lifetime ( ! inv5tor1 b by 8 successors aft] 8 dea?40 ,de ,vries plac$ ! inv5tion ab\t #adbc4 ,x is n necess>y to protract ?is review ( ! diff]5t v]sions ( ! leg5d1 nor yet to po9t out ! fatal disagreem5ts & inaccuracies ( ^! v]sions4 ,x is pla9 t all ! au?ors :o h ma9ta9$ ! claims ( ,co/] h tak5 _! lead+ facts f ,junius4 ,x is equally pla9 t !y h be5 dissatisfi$ ) 8 /atem5ts & h tri$ to fill up ! gaps 9 ! evid5ce ) conjectures4 ,b !y h n made ! leg5d any m cr$ible4 ,! exact nature & date ( ! inv5tion1 ! "n ( ! inv5tor1 8 me?od ( mak+ types1 ! books he pr9t$1 ! ?ief :o /ole 8 process1 ! fate ( 8 pr9t+ (fice1 ! total disappe>ance ( ! k ( ! new art--^! & o!r features ( ! positive /atem5t fir/ made by ,junius are envelop$ 9 z complete a my/]y z !y 7 :5 ,batavia 0 writt54 ,) all its inconsi/5cies & improbabilities1 ! leg5d has be5 accept$ z ess5tially tru?ful by _m em95t bibliograph]s 9 ,france & ,engl&4 ,( late ye>s x has enc\nt]$ b feeble opposition f ,g]man writ]s4 ,9 _m mod]n books on pr9t+1 ,co/] has be5 recogniz$ ei!r z ! inv5tor or z "o ( ! co-inv5tors ( ! art4 ,!re has be5 a g5]al belief t1 h[ev] absurd ! leg5d might be 9 "s m9or matt]s ( detail1 x _h a nucleus ( tru?4 ,co/]'s place 9 typographical hi/ory1 at ! middle ( ! pres5t c5tury1 seem$ almo/ z firmly fix$ z t ( ,gut5b]g4 ,9 ,holl&1 ?is leg5d ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ by ,co/] 0 an article ( national fai? :i* only ! bold man d>$ to d5y4 ,x has produc$ results :i* c\ld nev] h be5 =ese5 by ! va9 old man ,g]rit ,?omaszoon1 9 ^: conceit ! fable orig9at$4 ,ha>lem is dott$ ) p#cei monum5ts to ! memory ( ,co/]4 ,c]ta9 days 9 ,june & ,july are obs]v$ z fe/ivals 9 commemoration ( ! inv5tion4 ,9 ! ,h\t1 or ,ha>lem ,wood1 :]e ,co/] is said to h receiv$ 8 fir/ sugge/ion ( types1 an impos+ c5otaph has be5 plac$4 ,c>v$ on ?is /one are ! arms ( ! %]iff ,laur5s ,janszoon1 & ! ye> #adbc1 :i* is (f]$ z ! date ( ?is sugge/ion4 ,an ackn[l$gm5t ( ,co/] z ! inv5tor ( typography may be se5 9 ! anci5t ca!dral ( ,ha>lem1 on a black m>ble tablet1 :i* 0 put 9 place dur+ ! mon? ( ,june1 #ahbd1 by ,k+ ,william ,i4 ,9 almo/ e well appo9t$ public (fice or private h\se ( ,ha>lem is "s pictorial recognition ( ,co/] z ! inv5tor ( pr9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,/atue on ! ,new ,monum5t to ,co/]4 ,f ,noordziek4 ,9 ! ye> #ahea1 an association ( patriotic ,holl&]s plac$ 9 front ( ! rebuilt ,co/] h\se a memorial /one ) ?is inscription3 8,! h\se ( ,co/]3 ! bir?place ( typography40 ,! date ( ?is bir? is judici\sly omitt$4 ,! tablet ( ! old ,co/] h\se conta9$ an inscription 9 honor ( 8,laur5s ,co/]1 %]iff1 ( ,ha>lem1 inv5tor ( typography ab\t ! ye> #adcj40 ,! vitality ( ! leg5d has also be5 pres]v$ by ! issue ( a great _m m$als1 pr9ts & pap]s1 & by ! repeat$ ass]tion ( ! civic au?orities t ,co/] 0 ! orig9al & unque/ionable inv5tor ( typography4 p#cfj ,,xix ,! ,d[nfall ( ! ,leg5d4 ,! ,vague ,inscription on ! ,la/ ,monum5t 4 4 4 ,relics 9 ! ,co/]ian ,museum 4 4 4 ,fac-simile ( ,janszoon's ,autograph 4 4 4 ,! ,co/] ,p$igree 4 4 4 ,made by ,g]rit ,?omaszoon 4 4 4 ,leg5d began ) ! ,p$igree 4 4 4 ,p$igree has be5 ,falsifi$1 & is ( ,no ,au?ority 4 4 4 ,se>* by ,van d] ,l9de = ,records conc]n+ ,co/] 4 4 4 ,ar*ives ( ! ,t[n & ,*ur* ( ,ha>lem repres5t ,co/] z a ,tall[-,*&l] & ,innkeep] 4 4 4 ,co/] liv+ at ,ha>lem 9 #adhc 4 4 4 ,! ,record ( ! ,*air-,book 4 4 4 ,no ,evid5ce t ,co/] 0 a ,pr9t] 4 4 4 ,l\r5s ,co/] has be5 ,conf\nd$ ) ,laur5s ,janszoon 4 4 4 ,illu/ration ( ! ,h\se ( ,co/] 4 4 4 ,o!r ,fac-similes ( ,portraits ( ,co/] 4 4 4 ,_! ,curi\s ,dissimil>ity 4 4 4 ,absurdity ( ! ,leg5d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we see 9 a squ>e at ,ha>lem ! monum5t ( ! fictiti\s p]sonage ,laur5s ,co/]4 ,x pres5ts a sad figure4 ,beh9d ?is /atue1 sne]+ 9 mock]y1 is ano!r colossal monum5t1 :i* dom9ates & belittles x--a /atue visible to u1 b to ,holl&]s invisible--! /atue ( ,ridicule4 ,helbig4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! ye> #ahef1 on ! sixte5? day ( ,july1 ! day accept$ z ! anniv]s>y ( ! inv5tion1 a /atue ( ,co/] 0 put up 9 ,ha>lem4 ,! tablets ( ! p$e/al be> inscriptions :i* are ?us translat$ by ,hessels3 ,,l\r5s ,,janszoon ,,co/]4 ,,homage ,,( ,,! ,,ne!rl& ,,nation4 ,,mdccclvi4 ,,inv5tor ,,( ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,pr9t+ ,,) ,,movable ,,lett]s ,,ca/ ,,( ,,metal4 ,! date ( ! inv5tion & ! pr(ession or position ( ! inv5tor are omitt$4 ,we _c asc]ta9 f ! monum5t :e!r ,co/] 0 a %]iff or a sexton1 :e!r he inv5t$ pr9t+ 9 #adbc or #addj4 ,x may be inf]r$ t !re _h be5 disagreem5ts among ! em95t m5 :o erect$ ?is "w ( patriotism1 & t !y c\ld n p#cfa he>tily accept ! date ( any v]sion ( ! leg5d4 ,on ?is great occasion ! ,co/]ian ,museum#bab ( ,ha>lem 0 enri*$ ) a p$igree ( ! ,?omaszoon family1 an old docum5t frequ5tly ref]r$ to by "s def5d]s ( ! leg5d z an inconte/able evid5ce ( its tru?4 ,! p$igree 01 )\t d\bt1 a g5u9e relic4 ,its d+y vellum surface1 writt5 ov] 9 _m h&writ+s1 0 surr\nd$ by an embroid]$ bord] black5$ ) age4 ,its hi/ory c\ld be trac$ ?r\gh ?ree c5turies4 ,g]rit ,?omaszoon1 ! ag$ desc5dant ( ,co/] m5tion$ by ,junius ) su* m>k$ respect1 0 ! p]son by or = :om ?is p$igree 0 made 9 or ab\t ! ye> #aeej4bac ,?is ,g]rit ,?omaszoon _h kept an inn 9 ! h\se once occupi$ by ,co/]1 & x is suppos$ t ! p$igree 0 "o ( ! decorations ( a wall 9 8 h\se4 ,!re is a special significance 9 ?is date ( #aeej4 ,illu/ration3 ,autograph ( ,laur5s ,janszoon4 ,f ,kon+4 ,?is p$igree1 :i* describes ,co/] z ! inv5tor ( pr9t+1 0 writt5 at lea/ "o hundr$ ye>s aft] ! discov]y ( ! inv5tion & ! dea? ( ! inv5tor4 ,x 0 writt5 :5 ,cornelis1 ! only eye-witness kn[n to p#cfb hi/ory1 _h be5 dead ne>ly ?irty ye>s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 & too mu* /ress _c be laid on ?is fact1 ! olde/ docum5t 9 :i* m5tion is made ( ,co/] z a pr9t]4 ,!re are valid reasons = ! belief t ,co/]'s m]it z an inv5tor _h nev] be5 recogniz$ 9 any way be=e ! record 0 made on ?is p$igree4 ,:5 we consid] ! ord] ( ! dates1 x is obvi\s t x 0 f ?is mu* suspect$ docum5t t ,coornh]t d]iv$ ! in=mation he publi%$ 9 #aefa4 8,! old1 dignifi$ & grey heads0 describ$ by ,van ,zur5 9 #aefa1 8! ag$ & respectable citiz5s0 ( ,guicci>d9i 7#aeff7 & ,junius 7#aefh71 7 ,g]rit ,?omaszoon & 8 fri5ds1 among :om we may prop]ly include ,gallius & ,talesius4 ,& x may be add$ t ! m circum/antial /ory ( ,junius 0 fir/ publi%$ :5 ,gallius & ,talesius 7 dead1 & :5 !re 0 no man liv+ :o c\ld controv]t or modify any "p ( 8 /ory4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! leg5d began ) ?is p$igree4 ,x is n at all probable t ! va9 old man ,g]rit ,?omaszoon1 :o 0 pr\d ( ! ance/or 9 ^: h\se he liv$1 kept 8 fri5ds 9 ignorance ( x4 ,x 0 n unkn[n to ,junius4 ,!re is a simil>ity ( unc]ta9ty betwe5 an ambigu\s date 7#addj or #addf7 on ?is p$igree & ! my/]i\s circumlocution ( ,junius 9 8 use ( ! words 8ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty-eight ye>s ago10 or #addj1 :i* is en\gh to %[ t ,junius _h n only se5 ! p$igree1 b t he took x z an au?ority = ?is date4 ,:e!r ,scriv]ius saw x _c be confid5tly ma9ta9$2 he does n m5tion x4 ,g]>d ,me]man knew ( its exi/5ce1 b he did n repr9t x4 ,he made use ( x1 h[ev]1 9 ! con/ruction ( a new g5ealogy ( ! ,co/] family1 9 :i* he add$ & alt]$ items 9 ! mo/ unw>rantable mann]4 ,kon+ /udi$ x ) dilig5ce3 he frequ5tly allud$ to x z a docum5t ( ! highe/ importance1 b he did n repr9t x1 nor ev5 describe x 9 g5]al t]ms4 ,! )hold+ ( ?is p$igree f public exam9ation1 & ! evasion ( its description by ! au?ors :o _h p#cfc exam9$ x1 are suspici\s circum/ances4 ,we see t m5 :o wrote hundr$s ( pages ( speculations to support ! claims ( ,co/]--m5 :o translat$ & repr9t$ _m columns ( irrelevant *aff = ! sake ( "o little k]nel ( gra9--willfully suppress$ :at !y ma9ta9$ 0 a mo/ conv9c+ evid5ce ( ! tru? ( ! leg5d4 ,x 0 n suppress$ because x 0 too long3 ! entire p$igree c be pr9t$ 9 two pages4 ,! reasons = )hold+ ! p$igree 7 app>5t :5 x 0 put 9 ! ,museum4 ,! read+ ( ! words 9 ! fir/ r[ at once produc$ ! impression t its importance _h be5 va/ly ov]rat$2 t its in=mation 0 ( little value2 t x 0 almo/ wor?less z evid5ce ( ! priority ( ,dut* typography4 ,dr4 ,van d] ,l9de1 :o made a critical exam9ation ( ! writ+ soon aft] x 0 plac$ 9 ! ,museum1 reveal$ ! a/oni%+ fact t ! mo/ important entry _h be5 falsifi$4 ,?is entry1 :i* conta9s ! only portion ( any int]e/ 9 an inquiry conc]n+ ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ by ,co/]1 consi/s ( ! foll[+ l9es3 8,sijn twe$e wijff 0 ,l\r5s 8,8 ,?omas ,piet]zoon's second ,jansso5s ,co/]s do*t] die wife 0 ,l\r5s ,jansso5's de]/e pr9t 9 die w]lt ,co/]'s daught] :o br\ght bro*t ,anno #addf40 ! fir/ pr9t 9 ! _w 9 ! ye> #addf40 ,! date fir/ writt5 0 #addf1 b 9 ?is column1 & 9 o!rs1 objectionable entries h be5 effac$ & falsifications h be5 attempt$4 ,! figure #f has be5 p>tially rubb$ out2 x has be5 replac$ by a #j1 s t ! c>eless read] w con/rue ! date z #addj4 ,!re c be no hesitation :atev] on ?is po9t2 ! figures fir/ writt5 surely 7 #addf4 8,we see "h a fable arise be=e our v eyes4 ,a ,ha>lem citiz5 has a p$igree made = him1 probably to put x up 9 8 inn4 4 4 4 4 4 ,b ! frame wants lu/re1 & s ! p$igree is l9k$ by ! probably totally fictiti\s ,lucye1 ! second wife1 to a ,ha>lem]--to a ,ha>lem] :o 7! awkw>dness & navet ( ! expression may n surprise p#cfd u at all 9 su* a product ( family vanity7 br\ght ! fir/ pr9t 9 ! _w40#bad ,we may waive all criticism ( ! faulty gramm> ( ! p$igree & proce$ to m important matt]s4 ,x may be conc$$ t ! p$igree 0 writt5 by an ignorant man :o int5d$ to say t x 0 ,co/]1 & n 8 daught]1 :o br\ght ! fir/ pr9t 9 ! _w4 ,by ! ^w pr9t ,?omaszoon may h meant a play+ c>d1 ! engrav$ figure ( a sa9t1 a block-book1 or a book made f movable types4 ,if he meant any product ( xylographic pr9t+1 ! /atem5t is totally false1 & des]ves no consid]ation4 ,if he meant typography1 8 failure to express t mean+ is un=tunate4 ,b 8 int5tion is really ( b little importance4 ,a bald /atem5t on a p$igree1 writt5 by an ignorant & conceit$ man1 ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s aft] ! great ev5t he pr(ess$ to record1 ( ! details ( :i* he obvi\sly knew no?+1 _c be us$ to ov]?r[ e/abli%$ facts 9 ! hi/ory ( typography4 ,x is unsatisfactory 9 o!r po9ts4 ,! alt]ation ( ! date1 & ! unexpla9$ erasures h de/roy$ :atev] validity ! docum5t may h _h4 ,x may be put aside2 z an au?ority x is wor?less4 ,its obscure notice ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ is b a frail f\ndation = ! colossal sup]/ructure :i* ,junius erect$4 ,x is pla9 t ,junius mu/ h be5 consci\s ( its weakness z a basis = ! leg5d2 he _h d\bts ( its accuracy1 & d>$ n ref] to x4 ,he pref]r$ ! oral te/imony ( ! dead ,cornelis4 ,! discov]y ( ?is falsification induc$ ,dr4 ,van d] ,l9de to make1 8) a zeal & pati5ce wor?y ( a bett] cause & ( a bett] rew>d10 a labori\s inve/igation 9 ! ar*ives ( ! t[n & *ur* ( ,ha>lem = au!ntic p#cfe in=mation conc]n+ ,co/]4 ,he _h cause to ?9k t hi/ory _h be5 falsifi$ by o!r hi/orians ( ! leg5d4 ,?r\gh ! /udy ( ! ar*ives1 ,van d] ,l9de asc]ta9$ t !re liv$ 9 ,ha>lem1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 a citiz5 ^: "n 0 ,l\r5s ,janszoon ,co/]1 ! son ( "o ,jan ,co/] :o di$ 9 #adcf4 ,! results ( ! se>* 7 z curi\s z !y 7 unexpect$1 z w be fully und]/ood aft] an exam9ation ( ?is translation ( ! orig9als3 #adda 4 4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! #ac?1 settl$ ) l\ ko/] = #ae p\nds & #ab p\nds ( oil1 ea* p\nd an anci5t butdrag]1 & #cd p5ce = soap & tall[ c&les1 toge!r #bb guild]s #c p5ce4 #adda 4 4 ,l\w]ijs ,jansso51 = #gb p\nds ( c&les1 :i* h be5 burnt by ! gu>ds 9 ! t[n hall dur+ ! ye>--= ea* p\nd an anci5t butdrag]4 #adda 4 4 ,l\w]ijs ,jans1 a=esaid1 = ! c&les burnt 9 ! t[] 9 honor ( ,our ,lady1 dur+ ?is ye>1 z 0 agre$ ) him4 #addb 4 4 ,l\rijs ,co/]1 paid = hav+ repair$ ! lant]n ( ,our ,lady 9 ! t[]4 #addb 4 4 ,l\rijs ,co/]1 = #dj p\nds ( tall[ c&les :i* ! gu>ds 9 ! t[n hall burnt2 co/ ea* p\nd an anci5t butdrag]4 #addb 4 4 ,paid to l\ co/] #h guild]s = oil & soap4 #addb 4 4 ,to l\ co/] = soap1 c&les & o!r ?+s1 #ae p5ce4 #addg 4 4 ,on ! #ad? day ( ,m>*1 paid to ,l\w]ijs ,co/] = #e p\nds ( c&les burnt 9 ! t[] 9 honor ( ,our ,lady4 ,!re c be no mi/ake ab\t ! bus9ess ( ?is man4 ,! ,l\r5s ,janszoon ,co/] describ$ on ! old p$igree z ! fam\s man :o br\ght ! fir/ pr9t 9 ! _w1 & 9 ,batavia z a weal?y citiz51 a man ( leisure & ( enl>g$ m9d1 & ! inv5tor ( engrav+ on wood & typography1 0 c]ta9ly an obscure tall[-*&l]1 :o sold oil & c&les4#bae ,! anti-climax is suffici5tly absurd1 b worse rema9s4 ,! ar*ives give u m ?an a clue to ! orig9 ( ,co/]'s w9e-flagons4 ,x seems t1 "s "t p#cff aft] #addg1 ?is ,l\r5s ,janszoon ,co/] gave up ! bus9ess ( *&l] 9 favor ( 8 si/] ,gh]truit ,jan ,co/]sdo*t]1 & t he *ose = 8 new occupation ! duties ( a tav]n-keep]4 ,van d] ,l9de f\nd ?is fact cle>ly /at$ 9 ! treasury acc\nts ( ! t[n ( ,ha>lem4 #adea 4 4 ,l\ co/]#baf paid1 = two m5ghel5 ( w9e :i* 7 s5t to ! burgoma/] a ye> ago4 #aded 4 4 ,a d9n] 0 (f]$ to ! c\nt ( ,oo/]vant on ! #h? day ( ,octob]1 #adec1 at l\ co/]'s2 indebt$ to him = x ,,xvii guild]s4 #adfh 4 4 ,l\ris ,co/] & o!r citiz5s are summon$ to ! ,hague4 #adgd 4 4 ,l\ris ,janszoon ,co/] pays w> taxes4 #adge 4 4 ,l\ris ,janszoon ,co/] pays a f9e = 8buyt5 dr9ck50 7to dr9k beyond ! premises74 #adhc 4 4 ,receiv$ ( ,l\ris ,janszoon ,co/] = f]ry toll = 8 goods :5 he left ! t[n1 #h rex guild]s4 ,we "h see t ! "n ( ,l\ris ,janszoon ,co/] 0 record$ 9 ! t[n-book = ! la/ "t "u ! date ( #adhc1 :5 he paid f]ry toll = 8 goods1 & 0 all[$ to leave ! t[n4 ,x is n kn[n :]e he w5t or :]e he di$1 b x is pla9 t ! /ory ( 8 dea? 9 #adci1 z relat$ by ,me]man & ,kon+1 mu/ be untrue4 ,!re might h be5 a d\bt z to ! id5tity ( ! *&l] ) ! innkeep]1 if ,van d] ,l9de _h n inve/igat$ 9 ano!r direction1 & made glean+s f ! books ( an old association1 ^: records are z tru/wor?y z ^? ( ! ar*ives ( ! t[n & ! *ur*4 ,?is association1 :i* /ill exi/s1 "u ! "n ( ! ,holy ,*ri/mas ,corporation1 is ?us describ$ by ,van d] ,l9de3 ,x is "o ( ^? frat]nities :i* _h ! l(ty aim ( eat+ & dr9k+4 ,?is corporation is already v old1 = x celebrat$ its ?ird jubilee 9 #afjf4 ,its fifty-f\r bre?r5 & si/]s pres]v$ ea* a *air = _! meet+s4 ,accord+ to ^! /atutes1 ^! *airs1 if !y 7 n dispos$ ( by a la/ w1 7 inh]it$ by p#cfg ! elde/ & ne>e/ blood relation 9 ! bran* f :i* !y came 4 4 4 4 ,! corporation rema9+ 9 exi/5ce1 ! "r ( prop]ty 9 ! *airs cont9u$1 by un9t]rupt$ transmission1 until our "t4 ,9 ! regi/] ( ! names ( ! occupants ( ! *airs are f\nd ! foll[+ entries "u ! head+ ( *air #bi3 #adba 4 4 ,jan ,co/]1 by 4 4 4 4 #adcf 4 4 ,l\rijs ,co/]1 by inh]itance4 #adhd 4 4 ,frans ,?omas ,?omasz1 by 4 4 4 4#bag #adig 4 4 ,g]ret ,?omas ,piet]z1 by inh]itance f 8 fa!r4 #aefd 4 4 ,cornelis ,g]ritz1 by inh]itance f 8 fa!r4 #aehi 4 4 ,anna ,g]ritsdr41 by pur*ase f h] c\s94 ,! names ( ! successive own]s ( *air #bi are cont9u$ 9 ! book1 b !y are ( no int]e/ 9 ?is inquiry4 ,! ar*ives ( ! *ur* & t[n ( ,ha>lem conta9 ! names ( o!r ,co/]s1 b !re is no o!r ,co/] :o w answ] ! description ( ,junius & ,?omaszoon4 ,! ,l\r5s ,janszoon ,co/] ( ! p$igree1 ! ,l\w]ijs ,jansso5 7s call$ only aft] ! ye> #adda7 or ,l\rijs ,co/] ( ! ar*ives1 & ! ,l\rijs ,co/] ( ! *air-book are1 )\t d\bt1 ! diff]5t names ( ! same man4 ,?is is ! man :o1 accord+ to ,?omaszoon & ,junius1 br\ght ! fir/ pr9t 9 ! _w4 ,b he appe>s z a pr9t] only 9 ! p$igree4 ,! ar*ives & ! *air-book d n s describe him2 !y tell u no?+ ( 8 inv5tion1 nor ( ! alleg$ /eal+ ( 8 types1 nor ( 8 dea? 9 #adci4 ,! t[n-book says t he 0 liv+ 9 #adhc4 ,9 none ( ^! docum5ts does he appe> z %]iff1 sexton1 or treasur]4 ,x is obvi\s t ! leg5d ( ,co/] ! pr9t] re/s entirely ^u ! p$igree & its amplifications by ,junius4 p#cfh ,b ! p$igree is ( no au?ority4 ,its in=mation is n confirm$ by ! records2 its falsifications & its suspect$ hi/ory compel e c&id read] to reject its evid5ce altoge!r4 ,we h to accept 9 pref]5ce ! te/imony ( ! ar*ives1 & h to admit t !re is no cr$ible evid5ce t ,co/] pr9t$ any?+ at any "t4 ,! ,l\r5s ,janszoon ,co/] ( typographical hi/ory is z fictiti\s a p]sonage z ! ,cadmus ( ,greek my?ology4 ,he is really m fictiti\s1 = he is ! repres5tative ( two m54 ,! revelations ( ,dr4 ,van d] ,l9de %[ t ,l\r5s ,janszoon ,co/] has be5 conf\nd$ ) ,laur5s ,janszoon or ,l\w]ijs ,janszoon1#bah :o 0 a man ( "s di/9ction1 a w9e m]*ant1 innkeep]1 c\ncilor1 %]iff1 treasur] & gov]nor ( ! hospital4 ,he is ! man ( civic (fices1 ( weal? & high social position1 :o has be5 describ$ by ,kon+4 ,he is ! man :om ,me]man repres5t$ z an p#cfi unrecogniz$ memb] ( ! noble family ( ,br$]odes4 ,b he is1 c]ta9ly1 n ! man describ$ on ! p$igree z ! ,co/] :o br\ght ! fir/ pr9t 9 ! _w4 ,he is n ! man describ$ by ,junius :o liv$ 8ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty-eight ye>s ago10 or 9 #addj1 = ! records ( ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,bavo prove t ,laur5s ,janszoon di$ & 0 buri$ 9 #adci4 ,x is n at all probable t ,?omaszoon or ,junius made any mi/ake 9 ! "n1 & t x 0 ?is ,l\w]ijs ,janszoon :o br\ght ! fir/ pr9t 9 ! _w4 ,!re is no m evid5ce 9 favor ( ,janszoon z an inv5tor ( pr9t+ ?an !re is 9 favor ( ,co/]4 ,! mo/ c>eful se>*+ ( ! records fails to br+ to light any evid5ce t he 0 engag$ 9 ! practice ( pr9t+4 ,t ,l\r5s ,co/] kept a tav]n may also be inf]r$ f ! fact t ! h\se he liv$ 9 0 always kn[n z a tav]n4 ,! engrav+ ( ?is h\se on ! foll[+ page %[s h[ ! edifice appe>$ 9 #agdj4 ,junius said t x 0 a h\se ( "s pret5sion 9 #aefh1 & t x /ood on ! m>ket-place ne> ! royal palace2 b ,van ,zur5 _h previ\sly notic$ x z a h\se fall+ to decay4 ,9 #afbh1 ,scriv]ius said t ! h\se _h be5 8*ang$ & 0 divid$ among ?ree ma/]s30 ! "p suppos$ to be ! ,co/] resid5ce 0 call$ ,! ,gold5 ,bun* ( ,grapes1 & x 0 ev5 !n us$ z a tav]n4 ,:5 ,john ,bag=d fir/ saw ! h\se1 9 #agjf1 x 0 a *eese %op4 ,9 #agfa1 ,moses ,van ,hulk5roy1 a pr9t]1 liv$ 9 "p ( x1 & ! o!r "p 0 occupi$ z an inn1 !n kn[n z ,! ,gold5 ,fleece4 ,9 #ahac1 ! c5tre build+ 0 us$ z a public h\se4 ,x fell into ru9s on ! #ac? ( ,may1 #ahah1 b x has s9ce be5 rebuilt1 & a tablet ins]t$ 9 memory ( ,co/]4 ,x is probable t ?is h\se 0 an inn :5 ,junius wrote ,batavia1 & t he refra9$ f m5tion+ ?is circum/ance le/ x might degrade ,co/]4 ,b we n[ "k t ,co/]1 & ,piet] ,?omaszoon1 8 son-9-law1 :o succe$$ him 9 bus9ess1 & t ,g]rit ,?omaszoon1 ! au?or ( ! p$igree1 7 all innkeep]s4 ,! w9e-flagons1 to :i* p#cga ,junius po9ts s triumphantly1 7 a prop] portion ( ! furni%+s ( an inn4 ,to ! mod]n read]1 :o has be5 in=m$ t a "p ( ?is h\se has always be5 a dr9k+ tav]n = ! refre%m5t ( ! m5 ( ,ha>lem1 ^! pewt] mugs1 or flagons1 z ,junius names !m1 are n1 z he w\ld h u believe1 indisputable evid5ce t _! fir/ own] mu/ h be5 a pr9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,h\se ( ,co/]4 ,f ,seiz4 ,illu/ration3 ,laur5s ,janszoon ,co/]4 ,f ,maittaire4 ,! falsity ( ! leg5d is abundantly e/abli%$ by ! dissimil>ity ( ! _m engrav$ lik5esses1 :i* f "t to "t h be5 pres5t$ z portraits ( ,co/]4 ,! e>lie/ repres5tation ( ! alleg$ inv5tor 0 publi%$ by ,scriv]ius1#bai n q two c5turies aft] ,co/] is said to h di$4 ,! only atte/ to ! accuracy ( ! portrait is ,scriv]ius himself1 & x ne$ n be said t he is n a tru/wor?y witness4 ,!re h be5 _m v>iations ( ?is well-kn[n engrav+4 ,van d] ,l9de sugge/s t ?is engrav+ by ,scriv]ius may be a portrait ( ,g]rit ,?omaszoon1 appropriat$ = ! exig5cy4 ,!re is a peculi>ity 9 ! engrav+ :i* pla9ly proves t ! portrait c\ld n h be5 pa9t$ dur+ ! lifetime ( ,co/]4 ,! 8true effigies ( ,laur5z0 c>ries 9 8 "r h& a matrix ( ! lett] ,a ( ! ,roman =m1 b lett]s ( ,roman =m 7 n us$ at ,ha>lem 9 #addj4 ,books attribut$ to ,co/] h lett]s 9 ! ,go?ic /yle4 p#cgb ,9 #afcj1 a new portrait ( ,co/] 0 publi%$ by ,adri5 ,rooman1 ) ,lat9 & ,dut* v]ses atta*$4 ,boxhorn m5tion$ ?is engrav+ 9 su* a mann] t /rang]s 7 l$ to believe x 0 a /atue t _h be5 erect$ to ,co/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,spuri\s ,portrait by ,van d5 ,b]g4 ,f ,kon+4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,portrait attribut$ to ,van ,oudewat]4 ,f ,kon+4 ,jacob ,van ,camp5 0 induc$ to make ano!r pa9t+ ( ! grim features 9 a m truly arti/ic /yle4 ,8 idealiz$ head ( ,co/] 0 engrav$ by ,cornelis ,kon+1 ^: reproduction ( ! pa9t]'s fancy has ev] s9ce be5 accept$ z an au!ntic portrait4#bbj ,! r\nd cap1 ! furr$ p#cgc robe1 & ! matrix 9 ! ext5d$ h&1 are ! features ( ! ,scriv]ius portrait2 b ! head is t ( ano!r man4 ,! /ony face :i* ,scriv]ius pres5t$ z ! image ( ,co/] 0 some:at s(t5$ by ! p5cil ( ,van ,camp51 b aft] he _h exhau/$ ^u x all ! res\rces ( 8 art1 x /ill rema9$ a grim & unsatisfactory head1 a head )\t any expression ( g5ius or ev5 ( culture--! head ( a h>d innkeep]1 b n ( an inv5tor4 ,x 0 a bit+ satire ^u ! /ory ( ,junius1 all ! m (f5sive because ! portrait _h z /rong claim to au!nticity z ! leg5d4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,laur5s ,janszoon ( ,me]man4 ,f ,me]man4 ,me]man refus$ to accept ?is head z a fai?ful portrait4 ,he produc$ a new lik5ess ( ! inv5tor1 & claim$ = x a sup]ior tru?fulness4 ,9 ! same ye>1 #agfe1 ,van ,o/5 de ,bruyn publi%$ an engrav+ ( ! same head1 ) ?is explanation3 8,laur5s ,janszoon1 %]iff1 ( ! t[n ( ,ha>lem1 inv5tor ( ! noble art ( pr9t+ 4 4 4 aft] an old picture b\ght f ,william ,corneliszoon ,croon1 ! la/ desc5dant ( ,laur5s ,janszoon1 :o di$1 unm>ri$1 at ,ha>lem 9 #agbd40 ,we f9d no v\*]s = ! au!nticity ( ?is portrait4 ,croon 0 ! man by p#cgd or = :om ! vellum p$igree 0 cont9u$4 ,he 0 equally int]e/$ ) ! orig9ator ( ! p$igree1 ,g]rit ,?omaszoon1 9 uphold+ ! leg5d4 ,:e!r ,croon 0 ignorant ( ! fact t ,laur5s ,janszoon1 ! %]iff1 0 n ,l\r5s ,janszoon ,co/]1 is n s cle>2 b x is cle> t ! portrait submitt$ by ,croon does n resemble ! portrait furni%$ by ,scriv]ius4 ,gock+a ass]ts t ! engrav+ made by ,me]man 7aft] ,croon's portrait7 is l ! engrav$ head ( ,sir ,?omas ,m ( ,engl&4 ,van d] ,l9de says t ! ,co/] ( ,me]man closely resembles ! engrav$ portrait ( a once celebrat$ inquisitor1 "o ,ru>d ,tapp] ( ,enkhuiz54#bba ,! ,co/] ( ,scriv]ius & ! ,co/] ( ,me]man are c]ta9ly diff]5t m54 ,ev]y:]e b 9 ,holl&#bbb & ,belgium1 ,dr4 ,van d] ,l9de's exposure ( ! spuri\sness ( ! leg5d has be5 accept$ z ! end ( all debate4 ,co/] mu/ h]eaft] be reg>d$ z "o ( ! h]oes ( fiction & n ( hi/ory4 ,) ! d[nfall ( ,co/]1 fall also all ! speculations conc]n+ an e>ly inv5tion ( pr9t+#bbc 9 ! ,ne!rl&s by an unkn[n or unnam$ pr9t]4 p#cge ,,xx ,john ,gut5b]g at ,/rasburg4 ,gut5b]g's ,place z an ,inv5tor 4 4 4 ,8 ,bir? at ,m5tz 4 4 4 ,subsequ5t ,resid5ce 9 ,/rasburg 4 4 4 ,e>ly ,suits at ,law 4 4 4 ,8 ,probable ,m>riage 4 4 4 ,is ,su$ by ,claus ,dritzeh5 4 4 4 ,! ,judge's ,/atem5t 4 4 4 ,te/imony ( ! ,witnesses 4 4 4 ,gut5b]g ! ,*ief ( an ,association 4 4 4 ,engag$ 9 a ,secret ,art 4 4 4 ,notices ( a ,press & ( a ,my/]i\s ,tool ( ,f\r ,pieces 4 4 4 ,notices ( ,=ms t 7 ,melt$1 & ( ,pr9t+ 4 4 4 ,decision ( ! ,judge 4 4 4 ,gut5b]g's ,reputation = ,k ( ,curi\s ,arts 4 4 4 ,poli%+ ,/ones 4 4 4 ,mak+ ,mirrors 4 4 4 ,! ,secret ,art 0 ,pr9t+ ) ,f\nd$ ,types 4 4 4 ,secret 0 n 9 ! ,press 4 4 4 ,illu/ration ( ,old ,screw ,press 4 4 4 ,te/imony ( ! ,e>li] ,au?ors 4 4 4 ,tool ( ,f\r ,pieces 0 a ,type-,m\ld 4 4 4 ,fac-simile ( ,g>amond's ,m\ld 4 4 4 ,fac-simile ( an ,e>ly ,donatus 4 4 4 ,gut5b]g's ,f9ancial ,emb>rassm5ts & ,failure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b :oev] 7 ! inv5t]s ( ?is ,art1 or1 7z "s ,au?ors w h x17 ,sci5ce1 nay1 ,sci5ce ( ,sci5ces 7say !y71 c]ta9 x is1 t 9 all its ,bran*es x c be deem$ little less ?an a ,sci5ce4 4 4 = my "p1 ,i weigh$ x well 9 my ?\ghts1 & ,i f9d 4 4 4 t a ,typograph] ought to be a man ( ,sci5ce4 ,by a ,typograph]1 ,i d n mean a ,pr9t] 4 4 4 ,i mean su* a "o1 :o by 8 own ,judgm5t f solid reason+ ) himself1 c ei!r p]=m1 or direct o!rs to p]=m1 f ! beg9n+ to ! end1 all ! ,h&y-works & all ! ,physical ,op]ations relat+ to ,typographie4 ,su* a ,sci5tifick man 0 d\btless he :o 0 ! fir/ ,inv5t] ( ,typographie4 ,joseph ,moxon1 #afhc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,moxon did n ov]rate ! rank ( typography among ! arts4 ,x is a sci5ce1 &1 l all sci5ces1 is ! fruit ( ! k :i* comes only by /udy4 ,l all sci5ces1 x came 9 ! fullness ( "t1 :5 ! _w _h be5 prep>$ = x1 b x came only to him :o _h qualifi$ himself = its h&iworks f beg9n+ to end4 ,9 ! description ( ! "w ( ,john ,gut5b]g ab\t to be relat$1 imp]fect z x mu/ be by reason ( our ignorance ( 8 ?\ghts & plans1 we %all cle>ly see t ! inv5tion ( typography 0 n1 z ,junius w\ld h u believe1 ! result ( a happy ?\ght or ( a fla% ( inspiration4 ,x p#cgf 0 n born 9 a day4 ,to use ! s\nd language ( an old *ronicl]1 x 0 ?\ght out & wr\ght out4 ,! "w ( ,gut5b]g w require a treatm5t diff]5t f t giv5 to ! "w ( ,co/]4 ,x is n necess>y to introduce ! subject by a description ( 8 books1 by pro( ( 8 exi/5ce f writ+s made a c5tury aft] 8 dea?1 &1 by a tra9 ( f9e speculative reason+1 to %[ t he %\ld h be5 ! pr9t] ( ! books ascrib$ to him by conjecture4 ,our k ( ,gut5b]g is incomplete1 b x is positive z f> z x goes4 ,he did n put 8 "n on any book1 b he c]ta9ly pr9t$ _m books2 x does n appe> t he ev] boa/$ t he 0 ! inv5tor ( typography1 b ?is honor 0 conc$$ to him by _m pr9t]s soon aft] 8 dea?4 ,8 antagoni/s 9 c\rts ( law1 z well z ! fri5ds :o put up tablets to 8 memory1 h told u1 z pla9ly z c\ld be desir$1 t he 0 a ma/] ( _m curi\s arts1 & t he _h made a broad & unmi/akable m>k on 8 "t4 ,!re is no record ( ! bir? ( ,gut5b]g1#bbd b x is ! belief ( 8 ,g]man biograph]s t he 0 born at ,m5tz ab\t #acih or #acii4 ,8 p>5ts 71 ,frielo ,g5sfleis* & ,else ,gut5b]g4 ,_! two#bbe *ildr5 71 ,john ,gut5b]g1#bbf nam$ aft] 8 "m1 & ,frielo ,g5sfleis*4 ,frielo junior 0 always call$ ,g5sfleis*1 b ,john1 ^: relation to ! ,g5sfleis* family mu/ h be5 well kn[n1 0 sometimes describ$ z ,john ,g5sfleis*1 junior4 ,a legal docum5t ( p#cgg ! city ( ,/rasburg names him ,john1 call$ ,g5sfleis*1 alias ,gut5b]g1 ( ,m5tz4#bbg ,! infancy & y\? ( ,gut5b]g 7 pass$ amid sc5es ( /rife4 ,9 ,m5tz1 z 9 _m o!r cities ( ,g]many1 ! burgh]s made p]si/5t encroa*m5ts on ! privileges ( ! noblem51 & met ) z p]si/5t resi/ance4 ,! municipal disord] :i* foll[$ _! frequ5t collisions 0 s]i\sly aggravat$ by ! disputes ( ! rival ar*bi%ops :o held (fice "u rival popes4 ,! burgh]s1 z ! l>g] body1 claim$ ! l>g] %>e ( ! city (fices1 & ! "r to take ! lead on occasions ( c]emony & 9 ! adm9i/ration ( affairs4 ,9 ! ye> #adbj1 ! burgh]s ( ,m5tz made prep>ation = ! ent]ta9m5t ( ! ,emp]or1 on ! occasion ( 8 visit to ! city4 ,circumv5t$ by ! action ( ! noblem51 :o greet$ ! ,emp]or fir/1 ! burgh]s retaliat$ by ! de/ruction ( ! h\ses & goods ( ! m obnoxi\s nobles4 ,9 _! rage1 !y dem&$ ( !m humiliat+ gu>antees1 & put !m "u re/rictions s gall+1 t ,frielo ,g5sfleis* & _m o!rs pref]r$ to g 9 exile4#bbh p#cgh ,x is n kn[n :]e ! ,g5sfleis* family took refuge4 ,x is suppos$ t ,/rasburg 0 ! city select$1 = ?is is ! city 9 :i* we f9d ! e>lie/ notice ( ,gut5b]g4 ,9 #adcj1 ! ,elector ,conrad ,,iii grant$ a full amne/y to _m ( ! exil$ citiz5s ( ,m5tz1 & summon$ !m to return4 ,johan ,gut5b]g 0 specifically nam$ 9 ! proclamation1 b he cont9u$ to dwell abroad4 ,dur+ ?is ye>1 8 "m ,else1 !n a wid[1 negotiat$1 ?r\gh h] son1 = h] p5sion ( f\rte5 guild]s :i* _h be5 all[$ to h] by ! magi/rates ( ,m5tz4 ,9 #adcb1 he visit$ ,m5tz1 probably on bus9ess relat+ to ?is p5sion4 ,^! are ! only kn[n records ( 8 e>ly manhood4 ,no?+ is kn[n ab\t 8 education4 ,"s writ]s h repres5t$ him z an engrav] on wood or a pr9t] ( c>ds or ( block-books at an e>ly age4 ,x is possible t he may h receiv$ in/ruction 9 ! arts ( block-pr9t+ & engrav+1 & t he may h travel$ f> & wide 9 que/ ( great] k1#bbi z 0 & is cu/om>y ) ,g]man artisans2 b we h no evid5ce on ?is po9t4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t ! fir/ ?irty ye>s ( 8 life are virtually blank4 ,! mo/ important actions ( 8 aft] life w\ld h be5 obscur$ q z ?or\ghly1 if x _h n be5 8 fate to appe> _m times1 ei!r z compla9ant or def5dant1 be=e ! c\rts ( 8 c\ntry4 ,x is f ! records ( ^! c\rts t we glean ! /ory ( 8 life4 ,he fir/ appe>s z compla9ant 9 a suit at law :i* %[s 8 high p#cgi _s & audacity4 ,! magi/rates ( ,m5tz _h neglect$ or refus$ to pay to ,gut5b]g ! sum ( money :i* he claim$ z 8 due4 ,gut5b]g1 wait+ = 8 opportunity1 caus$ to be arre/$ ! cl]k or record] ( ! city ( ,m5tz1 :o happ5$ to be 9 ,/rasburg4 ,?is sudd5 arre/ seems to h be5 a great annoyance to ! magi/rates ( ,/rasburg1 :o fe>$ t x w\ld endang] ! fri5dly relations ( ! two cities4 ,at _! reque/ he cons5t$ to relax 8 hold on ! un=tunate cl]k4#bcj ,?is is ! fir/ pla9 pro( we h ( 8 resid5ce 9 ,/rasburg 9 #adcd4 ,9 ! same ye> he =mally au?oriz$ 8 "m to act = him 9 ! adju/m5t ( "s bus9ess betwe5 him & 8 bro!r ,frielo4 ,?is au?orization1 :i* is record$ 9 ! city books ( ,m5tz & ( ,frank=t1 w\ld imply t he 01 or int5d$ to be1 abs5t4 ,9 #adcf he appe>$ z def5dant be=e ! tribunal ( ,/rasburg4 ,anne1 call$ ,zur ,is]n5 ,?ur 7,anne ( ! ,iron ,gate71 su$ ,gut5b]g = a brea* ( promise ( m>riage4 ,! judgm5t ( ! c\rt is n giv54 ,mo/ writ]s on ! subject believe t ! suit 0 )drawn1 & t ! case 0 clos$ by m>riage4 ,aft] ?is suit1 ! "n ( ,ennel ,gut5b]g1 :o1 accord+ to ,s*oepfl91 is none o!r ?an ?is ,anne1 appe>s on ! tax-roll ( ! city ( ,/rasburg4 ,x does n appe> t ,anne _h any noticeable influ5ce p#chj ov] 8 subsequ5t life2 %e did n foll[ him to ,m5tz2 x is n c]ta9 t %e 0 liv+ 9 #addd4 ,9 ! ye> #adci1 ,john ,gut5b]g aga9 comes be=e ! c\rt1 & aga9 z def5dant4 ,! te/imony br\ght out on ?is trial reveals ,gut5b]g to u z an exp]im5t] & inv5tor4 ,! (ficial record#bca is long1 & full ( matt] t seems irrelevant1 b x pres5ts a curi\s picture ( ! "t1 :i* des]ves /udy4 ,?is is ! judge's /atem5t ( ! case1 z deliv]$ by him on ! #ab? day ( ,decemb]1 #adci3 ,we1#bcb ,cune ,nope1 ma/] & c\nselor at ,/rasburg1 h]eby make kn[n to all :o %all see ?is writ+1 or %all he> ! read+ !re(1 t ,george ,dritzeh51 our fell[-citiz51 has appe>$ be=e u 9 prop] p]son1 & ) a full p[] ( attorney = 8 bro!r ,claus ,dritzeh51 & has cit$ ,john ,g5sfleis*1 ( ,m5tz1 call$ ,gut5b]g1 our fell[-resid5t1 & has depos$ t ! late ,&rew ,dritzeh51 8 bro!r1 _h inh]it$ f 8 deceas$ fa!r valuable effects1 :i* he _h us$ z security1 & f :i* he _h realiz$ a consid]able sum ( money2 t he _h ent]$ into cop>tn]%ip ) ,john ,gut5b]g & o!rs1 & ) !m _h =m$ a company or association1 & t he _h paid ov] 8 money to ,gut5b]g ! *ief ( ?is association2 & t = a c]ta9 p]iod ( "t !y _h c>ri$ on & practis$ toge!r _! bus9ess1 f :i* !y _h reap$ a good pr(it2 b t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! speculations ( ! association1 ,&rew ,dritzeh5 _h made himself p]sonally liable1 9 "o way & ano!r1 = ! lead & o!r mat]ials :i* he _h pur*as$1 & :i* 7 necess>y 9 ?is art1 or trade1 & :i* he ,george w\ld also h be5 responsible p#cha = & w\ld h paid2 b inasmu* z 9 ?is int]val ,&rew _h di$1 he ,george & 8 bro!r ,claus _h reque/$ ) importunity ( ,john ,gut5b]g t he %\ld receive !m 9 ! association 9 ! place ( _! late bro!r1 or else1 t he %\ld acc\nt to !m = ! money t he ,&rew _h put 9 ! association2 b t he ,gut5b]g 0 unwill+ to comply ) _! reque/1 alleg+1 z an excuse1 t ,&rew ,dritzeh5 _h n1 z yet1 paid 8 prop] quota into ! association4 ,n[ he1 ,george ,dritzeh51 believ$ t he 0 abundantly able to prove t ?is agreem5t 0 j z he _h repres5t$3 he _h plead$ t ,gut5b]g %\ld take him & 8 bro!r ,claus 9 ! association1 9 place ( _! late bro!r1 = !y 7 8 lawful heirs1 or t ,gut5b]g %\ld return ! money :i* _! late bro!r _h inve/$1 or t he %\ld at lea/ give ! reason :y he w\ld n acc$e to _! dem&4 ,9 answ]1 ,john ,gut5b]g _h repli$ t ! compla9t ( ,george ,dritzeh5 seem$ to him v unju/1 inasmu* z he c\ld suffici5tly e/abli% ?r\gh _m notes & writ+s 7! nature ( :i* ,george & 8 bro!r ,claus c\ld h le>n$ aft] ! dea? ( ,&rew ,dritzeh571 "u :at rules ! association 0 =m$4 ,9 tru?1 ,&rew ,dritzeh5 came to him _m ye>s ago1 & _h ask$ him to communicate & to tea* to ! said ,&rew _m secrets3 x 0 = ?is reason1 & to comply ) 8 reque/1 t he _h taught him h[ to poli% /ones1 f :i* art ,&rew ,dritzeh5 _h d]iv$ a good pr(it4 ,aft]w>d1 aft] a long int]val ( "t1 he ,gut5b]g _h made agreem5t ) ,hans ,riffe1 mayor ( ,lit*t5au1 to "w up a secret = ! fair at ,aix-la-,*apelle1 & !y 7 associat$ toge!r aft] ?is fa%ion3 ,gut5b]g 0 to h two %>es ( ! bus9ess1 & ,hans ,riffe "o %>e4 ,?is agreem5t came to ! k ( ,&rew ,dritzeh51 :o begg$ ,gut5b]g to communicate & tea* him ?is secret also1 = :i* ,&rew ,dritzeh5 promis$ to be 8 debtor1 on ,gut5b]g's own t]ms4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! eld] ,an?ony ,heilmann _h made ! same reque/ 9 favor ( 8 bro!r ,&rew ,heilmann2 :]eupon he ,gut5b]g _h consid]$ ^! two applications1 & he _h promis$1 at _! solicitation1 to make kn[n to !m ! secret1 & also to give & grant to !m ! half ( ! pr(its1 9 ?is wise3 t !y two %\ld h "o %>e1 ,hans ,riffe "o %>e & he ,gut5b]g "o %>e2 b t1 z a consid]ation1 ! two %\ld give to him ,gut5b]g #afj guild]s = ! tr\ble t he w\ld h 9 tea*+ !m1 & = ! communication ( ! secret1 & t !y %\ld1 aft]w>d1 ea* give him #hj guild]s additional4 ,at ! "t :5 !y 7 det]m9+ _! agreem5t x 0 p#chb und]/ood t ! fair w\ld be held t same ye>1 b :5 !y 7 all ready1 & prep>$ to "w out ! secret i4 e4 to manufacture ! m]*&ise int5d$ = ! fair ! fair 0 po/pon$ to ! foll[+ ye>4 ,!reupon1 !y ,an?ony & ,&rew _h made reque/ t ,gut5b]g w\ld hide no?+ f !m :i* he knew or w\ld discov] ( secrets & inv5tions1 & !y at once propos$ to him to "n 8 t]ms2 & x 0 !n agre$ t !y %\ld add to ! sum fir/ nam$ #bej guild]s1 mak+ 9 all #daj guild]s2 & t !y %\ld at once pay #ajj guild]s 9 ca%--( :i* sum1 at t "t1 ,&rew ,heilmann paid #ej1 & ,&rew ,dritzeh5 paid #dj--s t ,&rew ,dritzeh5 rema9$ a debtor to ! am\nt ( #aj guild]s4 ,x 0 also und]/ood t ! two p>tn]s %\ld pay ! #ge guild]s due & unpaid1 at ?ree diff]5t dates :i* 7 /ipulat$2 b be=e ! expiration ( ^! dates ,&rew ,dritzeh5 _h di$1 /ill 9 debt to ,gut5b]g4 ,at ! "t :5 ! agreem5t 0 made1 x _h be5 decid$ t ! accompli%m5t ( _! secret ! duration ( cop>tn]%ip %\ld occupy five entire ye>s3 9 ! ev5t ( ! dea? ( any "o ( ! f\r p>tn]s1 dur+ ?is five ye>s1 all ! implem5ts p]ta9+ to ! secret1 & all ! m]*&ise t _h be5 manufactur$1 %\ld be ve/$ 9 ! rema9+ p>tn]s1 & t ! heirs ( ! p>tn] :o _h di$ %\ld receive1 at ! end ( five ye>s1 #ajj guild]s4 ,consequ5tly1 & because ! contract1 :i* is express$ 9 ^! v t]ms1 & :i* contract 0 f\nd at ! h\se ( ,&rew ,dritzeh51 fully set =? all ^! /ipulations1 & ^? t prec$$ x1 z he ,john ,gut5b]g hopes to prove by good witnesses1 he dem&s t ,george ,dritzeh5 & 8 bro!r ,claus %\ld d$uct ! #he guild]s :i* 7 /ill due to him f _! late bro!r1 f ! #ajj guild]s1 & !n he w\ld cons5t to return to !m ! #ae guild]s1 al?\gh he 0 /ill fairly entitl$1 accord+ to ! t]ms ( ! contract1 to sev]al ye>s1 be=e ?is money %\ld be payable4 ,z to ! decl>ation made by ,george ,dritzeh5 t ! late ,&rew ,dritzeh51 8 bro!r1 _h tak5 mu* money by ! pl$ge ( 8 goods & ( 8 inh]itance f 8 fa!r1 he did n ?9k x wor? consid]ation1 = he ,gut5b]g _h n receiv$ f ! goods or inh]itance any?+ m ?an he _h be=e fir/ /at$1 except a half-om5 ( w9e1 a basket ( pe>s1 & a half-fud] ( w9e1 :i* ,&rew ,dritzeh5 & ,&rew ,heilmann _h giv5 to him2 t1 moreov]1 ! two m5 _h consum$ ! equival5t ( ?is & m besides at 8 h\se1 = :i* !y _h nev] be5 ask$ to pay any?+4 ,moreov]1 :5 he1 ,george ,dritzeh51 dem&$ to be admitt$ 9 ! p>tn]%ip z an heir1 he knew v well t ?is claim 0 no bett] f\nd$ ?an any o!r2 p#chc & t ,&rew ,dritzeh5 _h nev] be5 security = him1 nei!r = lead1 nor = any o!r matt]1 except on "o occasion be=e ,fritz von ,seck+52 b he _h1 aft] 8 dea?1 satisfi$ ?is obligation2 & x is = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ ! tru? ( ^! ass]tions t he dem&s t ! depositions %\ld be he>d4 ,! depositions conta9 ! mo/ curi\s portions ( ! plead+s1 = x w be notic$ t ,gut5b]g & ,dritzeh5 h n describ$ ! secret4 ,gut5b]g did n wi% to divulge x1 & ,dritzeh5 probably hop$ to discov] x 9 ! evid5ce1 :i* beg9s my/]i\sly & dramatically4 ,b>bel von ,zab]n1 ! m]c]1 te/ifi$ t on a c]ta9 night %e _h talk$ ) ,&rew ,dritzeh5 ab\t v>i\s matt]s1 & t %e _h said to him3 8,b w y n /op "w1 s t y c get "s sleep80 ,he repli$ to h]1 8,x is necess>y t ,i fir/ f9i% ?is "w40 ,!n ! witness said1 8,b1 ,god help me1 :at a great sum ( money y are sp5d+6 ,t has1 at lea/1 co/ y #aj guild]s40 ,he answ]$1 8,y are a goose2 y ?9k ?is co/ b #aj guild]s4 ,look "h6 if y _h ! money :i* ?is has co/ ov] & above #cjj guild]s1 y w\ld h en\gh = all y\r life2 ?is has co/ me at lea/ #ejj guild]s4 ,x is b a trifle to :at ,i w h to exp5d4 ,x is = ?is t ,i h mortgag$ my goods & my inh]itance40 8,b10 cont9u$ ! witness1 8if ?is does n succe$1 :at w y d !n80 ,he answ]$1 8,x is n possible t we c fail2 be=e ano!r ye> is ov]1 we %all h recov]$ our capital1 & %all be prosp]\s3 t is1 provid+ ,god does n int5d to afflict u40 ,?is dialogue puts two ( ! p>tn]s 9 a cle> light3 ! dom9ation ( ,gut5b]g & ! fai? ( ,dritzeh5 are p]fect4 ,unmov$ by ! cold di/ru/ ( %rewd ,madame ,zab]n1 ,dritzeh5 p]si/s 9 8 "w1 tru/+ confid5tly 9 ! g5ius ( ,gut5b]g & ! success ( ! process4 8,x is n possible t we c fail40 ,9 ! te/imony ( ! next witness we f9d ! fir/ clue to ! secret4 ,dame ,ennel ,dritzeh51 ! wife ( ,hans ,s*ul!iss1 deal] 9 wood1 te/ifi$ t ,lor5tz ,beildeck p]sonal s]vant to ,gut5b]g came on a c]ta9 day to h] h\se1 :]e ,claus ,dritzeh51 h] c\s91 happ5$ to be1 & said to ! latt]1 8,de> ,claus ,dritzeh51 ! late ,&rew ,dritzeh5 _h f\r pieces ly+ 9 a press1 & ,gut5b]g begs t y w take !m away f ! press1 & t y w sep>ate !m1 s t no "o c see :at x ! tool or implem5t made ( f\r pieces is1 = he does n wi% t anyone %\ld see x40 ,?is witness also te/ifi$ t :5 %e 0 ) ,&rew ,dritzeh51 h] c\s91 %e _h assi/$ him night & day :5 he 0 on ?is "w4 ,%e also said t %e knew v well t ,&rew ,dritzeh51 h] c\s91 _h1 dur+ ?is p]iod1 mortgag$ 8 capital2 b z to h[ mu* ( x he _h devot$ to ?is "w1 %e knew no?+4 p#chd ,! nature or ! purpose ( ?is tool ( f\r pieces ly+ 9 ! press is n expla9$ by any ( ! witnesses4 ,x seems t ,gut5b]g fe>$ t x w\ld1 :5 fitt$ toge!r1 be readily und]/ood1 & w\ld reveal ! secret4 ,8 inquietude ab\t x is also set =? by ,hans ,s*ul!iss4 ,hans ,s*ul!iss te/ifi$ t ,lor5tz ,beildick came "o day to 8 h\se ) ,claus ,dritzeh51 :]e ?is witness _h conduct$ him4 ,x 0 at or ab\t ! "t ( ! dea? ( ,&rew ,dritzeh52 ,lor5tz ,beildick said1 8,y\r late bro!r1 ,&rew ,dritzeh51 has f\r pieces ly+ d[n 9 or und]nea? a press1 & ,gut5b]g begs t y w take !m out & sep>ate !m1 s t no "o w be able to see :at x is40 ,claus ,dritzeh5 se>*$ = ! pieces1 b c\ld n f9d !m4 ,?is witness he>d1 a long "t ago1 f ,&rew ,dritzeh5 t ! "w _h co/ him m ?an #cjj guild]s4 ,x is obvi\s t ^! f\r pieces 7 n a "p ( ! press4 ,prop]ly put toge!r1 !y con/itut$ "o tool4 ,ano!r witness repeats ! /ory1 describ+ ?is tool z x4 ,conrad ,sahspa* te/ifi$ t ,&rew ,heilmann came to him "o day :5 he 0 9 ! m>ket squ>e & said3 8,de> ,conrad1 ,&rew ,dritzeh5 is dead1 & z y are ! man :o made ! press1 & "k all ab\t ! matt]1 g !re1 & take ! pieces out ( ! press1 & sep>ate !m1 s t nobody c "k :at x is40 ,b :5 ?is witness w5t to look aft] ! press 7x 0 on ,/4 ,/eph5's day la/7 ! ?+ x _h disappe>$4 ,?is witness said t ,&rew ,dritzeh5 _h once borr[$ money f him1 :i* he us$ = ! "w4 ,he knew t he _h mortgag$ 8 prop]ty4 ,x does n appe> t !re 0 any secret ab\t ! con/ruction ( ! press4 ,sahspa*1 :o 0 n "o ( ! p>tn]s1 0 au?oriz$1 n to disjo9t ! press1 b to remove & disconnect ! =m ( f\r pieces 9 ! press1 :i* seems to h be5 ! key to ! secret4 ,! pov]ty & ! subsequ5t despond5cy ( ,&rew ,dritzeh5 are describ$ by ,hans ,sid5neg]1 :o te/ifi$ t ,&rew _h mortgag$ all 8 prop]ty4 ,8 hone/y is ackn[l$g$ by ,w]n] ,smalriem1 :o te/ifi$ t he _h l5t him money & _h be5 repaid4 ,8 anxiety ab\t 8 debts1 & 8 dea?1 :i* seems to h be5 ! result ( ov]work1 are briefly relat$ by ,mydeh>t ,/ock]4 ,mydeh>t ,/ock] depos$ t ! late ,&rew ,dritzeh5 fell sick on ,/4 ,john's ,day1 or ab\t ,*ri/mas "t4 ,:5 he fell sick1 he 0 laid ^u a b$ 9 ! room ( ?is witness4 ,& ?is witness w5t to him & said1 8,&rew1 h[ are y80 ,& he answ]$1 8,i believe t ,i am on my dea?-b$4 p#che ,if ,i am ab\t to die1 ,i wi% t ,i _h nev] be5 connect$ ) ! association40 ,witness said1 8,:y s80 ,he respond$1 8,because ,i "k v well t my bro!rs w nev] agree ) ,gut5b]g40 ,witness said1 8,is n y\r p>tn]%ip gov]n$ by a writt5 agreem5t8 ,are !re n evid5ces ( ! nature ( y\r obligations80 ,&rew said1 8,yes4 ,ev]y?+ has be5 done prop]ly by writ+40 ,witness !n ask$ h[ ! association _h be5 =m$4 ,dritzeh5 !n told him h[ ,&rew ,heilmann1 ,hans ,riffe1 ,gut5b]g & himself1 _h =m$ a p>tn]%ip1 to :i* ,&rew ,heilmann & himself _h br\ght #hj guild]s1 at lea/1 s f> z he recollect$4 ,:5 ! p>tn]%ip _h be5 made1 ,&rew ,heilmann & himself w5t "o day to ! h\se ( ,gut5b]g at ,sa9t ,arboga/us4 ,:5 !re1 !y discov]$ t ,gut5b]g _h conceal$ _m secrets :i* he _h n obligat$ himself to tea* to !m4 ,?is did n please !m4 ,!reupon !y dissolv$ ! old p>tn]%ip1 & =m$ a new "o4 ,"h foll[s a repetition1 sub/antially1 ( ! /atem5t made by ,gut5b]g1 conc]n+ ! indebt$ness ( ea* p>tn]4 ,! insolv5cy ( ,&rew ,dritzeh5 is set =? 9 ! te/imony ( ! prie/ :o att5d$ him be=e 8 dea?4 ,h]r ,pet] ,eckh>t1 curate ( ,/4 ,m>t91 said z a prie/1 he 0 n sworn1 t ! late ,&rew ,dritzeh5 s5t = him dur+ ,*ri/mas week t he might h 8 confession4 ,:5 he came to 8 home1 he f\nd him ready to confess4 ,he ! prie/ ask$ him if !re 0 debt due by him to any p]son1 or if any p]son ow$ him1 or if he _h giv5 or done any?+ :i* x 0 necess>y t he %\ld reveal4 ,!n ,&rew ,dritzeh5 told him t he 0 9 p>tn]%ip ) _m p]sons1 ) ,&rew ,heilmann & o!rs1 & t he _h incurr$ an obligation 9 an ent]prise to ! am\nt ( #bjj or #cjj guild]s1 & t1 at t "t1 he 0 n wor? a /iv]4 ,gut5b]g's ne$ ( money1 & ,dritzeh5's liability = money l5t to ! association1 are prov$ by ano!r witness4 ,?omas ,/e9ba* depos$ t ,hesse1 ! brok]1 once came to him1 ask+ him if he knew :]e he c\ld place "s money1 ) little risk ( loss4 ,witness _h recomm5d$ him to ,john ,gut5b]g1 ,&rew ,dritzeh5 & ,an?ony ,heilmann1 :o ne$$ money4 ,witness took up = !m #ad lutzelb]g]s1 b he really lo/ #ab-a_/b guild]s by ! transaction4 ,fritz von ,seck+5 0 _! surety1 & 8 "n 0 inscrib$ z endors] on ! books ( ! h\se ( comm]ce probably "s k9d ( bank+-h\se4 ,! mo/ explicit evid5ce conc]n+ ?is =m ( f\r pieces is giv5 by ,lor5tz ,beildick1 ! s]vant ( ,gut5b]g4 ,lor5tz ,beildick te/ifi$ t ,john ,gut5b]g1 on a c]ta9 day1 s5t him to ! h\se ( ,claus ,dritzeh51 aft] ! dea? ( ,&rew1 8 bro!r1 ) ?is message--t he %\ld n %[ to any p]son ! press 9 8 c>e4 ,witness did s4 ,gut5b]g _h in/ruct$ him m9utely1 & told him t ,claus %\ld g to ! press & %\ld turn two buttons1 s t ! pieces w\ld be deta*$ "o f ! o!r2 t ^! pieces %\ld be aft]w>d plac$ 9 ! press or on ! press2 t :5 ?is _h be5 done1 no "o c\ld compreh5d its purpose4 ,gut5b]g also reque/$ ,claus ,dritzeh51 if he %\ld leave 8 h\se1 t he %\ld at once repair to 8 h\se ,john ,gut5b]g's1 :o _h p#chf "s ?+s to tell to him 9 p]son4 ,?is witness rememb]s p]fectly t ,john ,gut5b]g 0 n indebt$ to ! late ,&rew1 b t1 on ! contr>y1 ,&rew 0 indebt$ to ,john ,gut5b]g4 ,witness also te/ifi$ t he _h nev] be5 pres5t at any ( _! meet+s s9ce ,*ri/mas la/4 ,witness _h (t5 se5 ,&rew ,dritzeh5 d9+ at ! h\se ( ,john ,gut5b]g1 b he _h nev] se5 him give to ,gut5b]g z mu* z a /iv]4 ,! bold mann] 9 :i* ,beildick d5i$ ! paym5t ( money by ,&rew ,dritzeh51 seems to h greatly exasp]at$ ,george ,dritzeh51 :o ?reat5$ him ) a prosecution = false evid5ce1 or p]jury4 ,!re 0 a sc5e 9 ! c\rt4 ,george ,dritzeh5 cri$ out1 s>ca/ically1 8,witness1 tell ! tru?1 ev5 if x takes u bo? to ! gall[s40 ,beildick compla9$ to ! judge ( ?is intimidation1 b x does n appe> t ! affair _h fur!r consequ5ces4 ,reimboldt1 ( ,eh5heim1 te/ifi$ t he 0 at ! h\se ( ,&rew be=e ,*ri/mas1 & ask$ him :at he int5d$ to d ) ! nice ?+s ) :i* he 0 busy4 ,&rew told him t !y _h already co/ him m ?an #ejj guild]s1 b t he hop$1 :5 ! "w 0 p]fect$1 to make a great deal ( money1 ) :i* he w\ld pay witness1 & w\ld also receive a prop] rew>d = 8 labor4 ,witness l5t him #h guild]s1 = he 0 !n v ne$y4 ,witness's wife _h also l5t money to ,&rew4 ,&rew once came to h] ) a r+1 :i* he valu$ at #cj guild]s1 & :i* he _h pawn$ to ! ,jews at ,eh5heim = #e guild]s4 ,witness fur!r said t he knew v well t ,dritzeh5 _h prep>$ two l>ge b>rels ( sweet w9e1 ( :i* he gave "o-half om5 to ,gut5b]g1 & "o-half om5 to ,mydeh>t4 ,he _h also giv5 ,gut5b]g "s pe>s4 ,on a c]ta9 occasion ,&rew _h reque/$ witness to buy = him two half-b>rels ( w9e1 & ,dritzeh5 & ,heilmann1 jo9tly1 _h giv5 "o ( ^! half-b>rels to ,gut5b]g4 ,t ! "w on :i* ,dritzeh5 0 engag$ 0 ( a novel nature may be inf]r$ f ! fact t 8 visitors c\ld n give names to 8 tools or 8 workman%ip4 ,!y speak ( x1 t ?+1 ! nice ?+s1 ! =m ( f\r pieces1 etc4 ,madame ,zab]n is surpris$ at ! co/ ( t ?+2 ,reimboldt wond]s :at he int5ds to d ) ^! nice ?+s4 ,x is obvi\s t ?is my/]i\s "w is n t ( poli%+ /ones or gems1 nor ! mak+ ( mirrors1 = x _c be suppos$ t ^! witnesses1 & "o ( !m a woman1 w\ld be ignorant ( ! purpose ( a mirror1 or w\ld grossly und]rate ! value ( gems1 or poli%$ /ones4 ,b !re is "o witness :o te/ifies t ,dritzeh5 said 8 ent]prise 0 t ( mak+ mirrors4 p#chg ,hans ,nig] von ,bis*oviszheim te/ifi$ t ,&rew ,dritzeh5 came to him & told him t he 0 9 great ne$ ( money1 = he 0 deep 9 an ent]prise :i* tax$ 8 res\rces to ! utmo/4 ,witness ask$ him :at he 0 do+4 ,dritzeh5 !n in=m$ him t he 0 mak+ mirrors4 ,:5 witness ?re%$ 8 gra91 he took x to m>ket at ,mol%eim & ,eh5heim1 & sold x1 & gave ,dritzeh5 ! money4 ,?is witness also corroborat$ ! te/imony ( ,reimboldt z to ! giv+ ( w9e to ,john ,gut5b]g4 ,he took ! w9e 9 8 own c>t to ,gut5b]g1 :o 0 !n at ,sa9t ,arboga/us4 ,x may be inf]r$ f ?is te/imony t ,dritzeh5 0 /ill d]iv+ "s pr(it f ! old "w ( mak+ mirrors4 ,fritz von ,seck+5 te/ifi$ t ,gut5b]g _h borr[$ money ( him1 & t ,an?ony ,heilmann 0 on 8 bond4 ,&rew ,dritzeh51 :o %\ld h done s1 evad$ ?is obligation1 & nev] sign$ ! bond at all4 ,gut5b]g paid up ! entire sum at ! "t ( ! la/ fair dur+ ,mid-,l5t4 ,gut5b]g's p>tn] gives "s curi\s details ab\t ! p>tn]%ip1 & intimates t ! =ms 7 ( metal4 ,an?ony ,heilmann te/ifi$ t1 :5 he le>n$ t ,gut5b]g wi%$ to take ,&rew ,dritzeh5 z a ?ird p>tn] 9 ! company =m$ = ! sale ( mirrors at ! fair ( ,aix-la-,*apelle1 he begg$ him ) importunity to take also 8 bro!r ,&rew1 if he wi%$ to d a great favor to him1 ,an?ony4 ,b ,gut5b]g told him t he fe>$ t ! fri5ds ( ,&rew w\ld pret5d t ?is bus9ess or secret 0 t ( sorc]y1 an imputation he wi%$ to avoid4 ,heilmann p]si/$ 9 8 reque/1 & f9ally obta9$ a docum5t1 :i* he 0 oblig$ to %[ to ! two future p>tn]s1 & ab\t :i* !y f\nd x necess>y to h a consultation4 ,gut5b]g took ! docum5t to !m1 & !y decid$ t !y w\ld comply ) its t]ms1 & 9 ?is way ! affair ( p>tn]%ip 0 settl$4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! negotiations1 ,&rew ,dritzeh5 begg$ ?is witness ,an?ony ,heilmann to l5d him "s money1 & he !n said t he w\ld will+ly oblige him1 if he w\ld give good security4 ,& he l5t ,dritzeh5 #ij p\nds1 :i* ,dritzeh5 took to ,gut5b]g1 at ,sa9t ,arboga/us4 4 4 4 4 ,! witness ask$ him1 8,:at d y wi% to d ) s mu* money8 ,y d n ne$ m ?an #hj guild]s40 ,dritzeh5 repli$ t he _h ne$ = m money2 t x 0 b two or ?ree days be=e ! vigil ( ,annunciation 7,m>* #be71 on :i* day he 0 b\nd to give #hj guild]s to ,gut5b]g4 ,"h foll[s an elaborate explanation ( ! f9ancial /&+ & ! rights ( ea* p>tn]4 ,aft] t1 ,gut5b]g said to ?is witness t x 0 necess>y t he %\ld draw 8 att5tion to an ess5tial po9t 9 ! agreem5t1 :i* 01 t all ! p>tn]s 7 on a foot+ ( equality1 & t !re %\ld be a mutual und]/&+ t ea* %\ld conceal no?+ f ! o!rs2 & t ?is arrangem5t w\ld be = ! common b5efit4 ,! witness 0 cont5t ) ?is proposition1 & communicat$ x ) praises to ! o!r two4 ,"s "t aft] ?is1 ,gut5b]g repeat$ 8 words1 & ! witness respond$ ) ! same prote/ations z be=e1 & said t he int5d$ to be wor?y ( ! tru/4 ,aft] ?is1 ,gut5b]g drew up an agreem5t z ! expression ( ?is proposition1 & said to ?is witness3 8,consult well among y\rselves1 & see t y are agre$ on ?is matt]40 ,!y did s consult1 & !y discuss$ = a long "t on ?is po9t1 & ev5 s\ght ! advice ( ,gut5b]g1 :o1 on "o occasion1 said3 8,!re are "h n[ p#chh _m ?+s ready = use1 & !re are _m m 9 progress2 ! goods y acquire are almo/ equal to y\r inve/m5t 9 money4 ,9 addition to all ?is1 y get ! k ( ! secret art40 ,s !y soon came to an agreem5t1 & x 0 decid$ t ! heirs ( ! deceas$ p>tn] %\ld h = t p>tn]'s inve/m5t1 = ! =ms1 & = all ! mat]ials1 #ajj guild]s2 b !y %\ld h x only aft] ! five ye>s4 ,gut5b]g said t ?is provision w\ld be ( great advantage to !m1 =1 if he *anc$ to die1 he w\ld ab&on to !m ev]y?+ to :i* he 0 entitl$1 z 8 %>e ( ! prop]ty2 & yet !y w\ld be oblig$ to give to 8 heirs only ! #ajj guild]s1 z !y propos$ to d ) ea* o!r4 ,x 0 also decid$ t 9 case ( ! dea? ( any "o ( ! p>tn]s1 ! o!rs %\ld n 9 any wise be oblig$ to tea*1 to %[1 or to reveal ! secret to 8 heirs4 ,x 0 a provision z favorable to "o z to ano!r4 4 4 4 ,?is witness also te/ifi$ t ,gut5b]g1 a little :ile be=e ,*ri/mas1 s5t 8 s]vant to ! two ,&rews1 to fet* all ! =ms4 ,^! =ms 7 melt$ be=e 8 eyes1 :i* he regrett$ on acc\nt ( sev]al =ms4 ,:5 ,&rew ,dritzeh5 di$1 !re 7 p :o w\ld h will+ly exam9$ ! press4 ,he told ,gut5b]g to s5d & prev5t x f be+ exam9$4 ,gut5b]g1 9 effect1 did s5d 8 s]vant to put x 9 disord]1 & to tell ! witness t1 :5 he _h ! "t1 he wi%$ to talk ) him4 ,! te/imony ( ! la/ witness is ! %orte/1 & x is rem>kable z ! only te/imony :i* def9es ! "w4 ,hans ,dnne1 ! goldsmi?1 te/ifi$ to ?is effect3 )9 ! pa/ two or ?ree ye>s he _h receiv$ f ,john ,gut5b]g ab\t #ajj guild]s1 :i* sum _h be5 paid to him exclusively = "w connect$ ) pr9t+4 ,! te/imony ( eighte5 o!r witnesses 0 tak51#bcc b1 accord+ to ,s*oepfl91 ,dnne's is ! la/ te/imony on ! (ficial record4 ,! judge gave ! foll[+ decision3 ,we1 ma/] & c\nselor1 aft] hav+ he>d ! compla9t & answ] ( ! p>ties1 ! depositions & ! te/imony 4 4 4 & aft] hav+ exam9$ ! contract & ! agreem5t4 4 4 ,consid]+ t !re is a contract :i* fully e/abli%es ! mann] 9 :i* ^! arrangem5ts 7 project$ & c>ri$ out3 ,we d comm& t ,hans ,riffe1 ,&rew ,heilmann & ,hans ,gut5b]g %all make an oa? be=e ,god t ! matt]s t h transpir$ are w>rant$ by ! contract t has be5 cit$2 & t ?is contract _h b "o supplem5t>y agreem5t1 "u seal1 :i* w\ld h be5 p#chi agre$ to by ,&rew ,dritzeh5 if n[ liv+2 & t ,hans ,gut5b]g %all also take oa? t ! #he guild]s h n be5 paid to him by ,&rew ,dritzeh52 & f ?is "t ?is am\nt ( #he guild]s %all be d$uct$ f ! sum ( #ajj guild]s1 ab\t :i* !re has be5 controv]sy2 & he ,gut5b]g %all pay to ,george & ,claus ,dritzeh5 #ae guild]s2 &1 9 ?is mann]1 ! #ajj guild]s w be paid 9 con=mity to ! contract t has be5 cit$4 ,! oa?1 accord+ to ?is =m1 has be5 tak5 be=e u by ,hans ,riffe1 ,&rew ,heilmann & ,hans ,gut5b]g1 ) ?is qualification on ! "p ( ,hans ,riffe1 t he 0 n pres5t at ! fir/ meet+ ( ! p>tn]s2 b t1 z soon z he did meet ) !m1 he _h approv$ ( _! action or agreem5t4 ,! tak+ ( ?is oa?1 & ! paym5t ( ! fifte5 guild]s by ,john ,gut5b]g1 t]m9at$ ! suit 9 8 favor4 ,! record is en\gh to give u a cle> idea ( ! "* & position1 if n ( ! process1 ( ,john ,gut5b]g4 ,at ?is "t1 ,decemb]1 #adci1 & = "s "t previ\s1 ,gut5b]g 0 nei!r 9 pov]ty nor 9 obscurity4 ,he _h already acquir$ a local reputation = sci5tific k4 ,he did n seek = p>tn]s or pupils2 !y came to him4 ,among ! numb] we f9d ,hans ,riffe1 ! mayor ( ,li*t5au1 ^: confid5ce 9 ,gut5b]g1 aft] ?ree ye>s ( p>tn]%ip1 is impli$ 9 8 te/imony4 ,an?ony ,heilmann1 ! l5d] ( money1 seems to h be5 equally satisfi$ ) 8 bro!r p>tn]4 ,! action ( ! judge1 9 accept+ ,gut5b]g's oa? z conclusive1 proves t he 0 a man ( e/abli%$ "*4 ,! def]5ce paid to him by all ! witnesses %[s t he 0 n m]ely a me*anic or an inv5tor1 b a man ( activity & en]gy1 a born lead]1 ) a pres5ce & a p[] ( p]suasion t enabl$ him to secure ready assi/ance 9 ! execution ( 8 plans4 ,8 reputation _h be5 made by success4 ,george ,dritzeh5 said t 8 bro!r _h receiv$ a good pr(it f 8 connection ) ,gut5b]g4 ,! eag]ness & ! fai? ( ,&rew1 ! p]t9acity ) :i* 8 bro!rs press$ _! claim to be admitt$ z p>tn]s1 ! solicitation ( ,heilmann on behalf ( 8 bro!r1 are indications t ! m5 7 sangu9e z p#cij to ! success ( ,gut5b]g's new inv5tion4 ,! expect$ pr(it 0 attractive1 b x 0 n ! only advantage4 ,9 t c5tury x 0 n an easy matt] to le>n an art or a trade ( value3 no "o c\ld ent] ! ranks ( me*anics ev5 z a pupil1 )\t ! paym5t ( a premium 9 money2 no "o c\ld practise any trade unless he _h s]v$ a long p]iod ( appr5tice%ip4 ,^! exactions hopelessly %ut out _m :o wi%$ to le>n2 b m5 :o _h compli$ ) all ! conditions 7 (t5 unwill+ to tea*1 or to all[ o!rs to practise4 ,_m trades 7 monopolies4 ,9 "s cases !y 7 protect$ by legislative enactm5ts1 l t accord$ to ! ,v5etian mak]s ( play+ c>ds4 ,s f> z x c\ld be done1 e detail ( me*anics 0 kept secret1 z may be inf]r$ f ! old phrase 8art & my/]y10 /ill reta9$ 9 ind5tures ( appr5tice%ip 9 all c\ntries4 ,"o ( ! consequ5ces ( ?is exclusiv5ess 0 t _m me*anical arts 7 inve/$ ) unusual dignity4#bcd ,! %>ply def9$ l9e :i*1 9 our day1 sep>ates art f trade & me*anics did n !n exi/4 ,! te/imony %[s t ,gut5b]g _h a k ( ?ree di/9ct arts4 ,! "o e>lie/ practis$1 f :i* ,dritzeh5 d]iv$ a good pr(it1 0 ! poli%+ ( /ones or gems4 ,! second1 0 t ( mak+ mirrors4 ,gut5b]g 0 n ! inv5tor ( ?is art1 b he 0 "o ( ! p#cia fir/ to practise x4#bce ,! e>ly ,g]man mirrors 7 small1 b !y _h broad frames1 & 7 ri*ly gilt & adorn$ ) c>v$ or m\ld$ "w 9 high relief4 ,ottley ?9ks t ! press 0 us$ = press+ m\ld+s = ! frames ( mirrors1 & t ! lead 0 us$ = ! metallic face4 ,! ?ird art is imp]fectly describ$4 ,if ,dnne's te/imony _h be5 lo/1 x w\ld n appe> t ?is art 0 pr9t+1 = !re is no m5tion ( books1 pap]1 ink1 types1 or wood-cuts4 ,! lead1 ! press1 & ! goldsmi?'s "w on ?+s relat+ to pr9t+1 c\ld be reg>d$ z mat]ials requir$ 9 ! art ( mirror-mak+4 ,b 8! ?+10 & 8! nice ?+s10 :i* provok$ exclamations ( surprise at _! great co/1 c\ld n h be5 look+-glasses4 ,dnne said1 v pla9ly1 t ?is art 0 pr9t+2 b ,dnne's te/imony c\ld be set aside1 & ,gut5b]g's connection ) typography at ! p]iod ( ?is trial c\ld be inf]r$ f o!r evid5ce4 ,! ?or\ghness ( ! workman%ip 9 ! books pr9t$ by ,gut5b]g aft] #adej is a ?or\ghness :i* c\ld h be5 acquir$ only by practice4 ,be=e he began ?is practice he mu/ h devot$ mu* "t to exp]im5t & to ! mak+ ( ! tools he ne$$4 ,no inv5tor1 no pr9t] c believe t ! skill p#cib he subsequ5tly %[$ z a pr9t] c\ld h be5 atta9$ by ! labor ( a few mon?s or ye>s4 ,if x is also consid]$ t ,gut5b]g 0 poor1 & t he collect$ ! money he ne$$ ) great delay & difficulty1 ! d\bt may assume ! =m ( d5ial4 ,x is a m>vel t he 0 s well prep>$ at ! end ( ! t5 ye>s :i* ,zell says 7 giv5 up to inve/igation4 ,x w\ld be gratify+ to "k ! =m 9 :i* ! idea ( typography fir/ pres5t$ itself to ,gut5b]g2 b !re is 9 ?is case1 no /ory l t ( ,frankl9 & ! kite1 or ( ,newton & ! apple4 ,zell1 9 ! ,cologne ,*ronicle1 says t ! fir/ prefiguration ( ,gut5b]g's me?od 0 f\nd 9 ! ,donatuses publi%$ 9 ,holl& be=e #addj4 ,t ! xylographic ,donatus1 ! only block-book )\t cuts1 0 ! =]unn] ( all typographic books1 may n be d5i$4 ,t "s /ray copy ( a n[ lo/ edition ( ! book may h sugge/$ to ,gut5b]g ! sup]ior utility ( typography is possible1 b ! sugge/ion 0 t ( ! feasibility ( a gr&] result by an entirely diff]5t process4 ,=1 al?\gh typography took its beg9n+s 9 an e>li] practice ( xylography1 x 0 n ! outgr[?#bcf ( t practice4 ,x took up ! art ( pr9t+ at a po9t p#cic :]e xylography _h fail$1 & develop$ x by new ideas & new me?ods4 ,typography 0 an inv5tion pure & simple4 ,9 ! !ory & practice ( block-pr9t+1 !re 0 no?+ t c\ld h be5 improv$ until x rea*$ ! discov]y ( ! only prop] me?od ( mak+ types4 ,x may h be5 f 8 exp]i5ce 9 ! melt+ & p\r+ ( lead1 9 ! engrav+ ( designs = ! frames ( 8 mirrors1 9 ! use ( a press = ! m\ld+ ( ! designs = ^! frames1 t ,gut5b]g d]iv$ 8 fir/ practical ideas ( ! true me?od ( mak+ types4 ,:atev] ! ext]nal impulse :i* l$ ,gut5b]g to pr9t+1 x 0 s /rong t x compell$ him to ab&on ! practice ( all o!r arts4 ,aft] ?is trial we he> no m ( him z a mak] ( mirrors1 or a poli%] ( gems4 ,! record ( ! trial be=e ,cune ,nope is n ! only evid5ce we h t ,gut5b]g's unkn[n art 0 t ( typography4 ,wimphel+1 "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ m5 ( 8 age1 & ne>ly contempor>y ) ,gut5b]g1 gives ! foll[+ te/imony conc]n+ e>ly pr9t+ 9 ,/rasburg3#bcg ,9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #addj1 "u ! reign ( ,fr$]ic ,,iii1 ,emp]or ( ! ,romans1 ,john ,gut5b]g1 ( ,/rasburg1 discov]$ a new me?od ( writ+1 :i* is a great good1 & almo/ a div9e b5efit to ! _w4 ,he 0 ! fir/ 9 ! city ( ,/rasburg :o inv5t$ t art ( impress+ :i* ! ,lat9 peoples call pr9t+4 ,he aft]w>d w5t to ,m5tz1 & happily p]fect$ 8 inv5tion4 ,9 ano!r book1 9 :i* ,wimphel+ pays complim5t to ! intellig5ce ( ! p ( ,/rasburg1 he writes3 ,y\r city is ackn[l$g$ to excel mo/ o!r cities by its orig9ation ( ! art ( pr9t+1 :i* 0 aft]w>d p]fect$ 9 ,m5tz4 ,! ,*ronicle ( ,cologne#bch is z explicit z to date1 b n z to place4 ,x specifies #addj z ! date ( ! discov]y ( pr9t+ 89 ! mann] t is n[ g5]ally us$40 p#cid ,! evid5ce ( ! witnesses on ! trial agrees ) ! te/imony af=d$ by ! *ronicles3 x is pla9 t ,gut5b]g _h n p]fect$ 8 inv5tion 9 #adci4 ,f 8 lonely room 9 ! ru9$ mona/]y ( ,sa9t ,arboga/us1 to :i* he retreat$ = ! sake ( secrecy1 ,gut5b]g gave "w to ,dnne1 ! goldsmi?1 to ,saspa*1 ! jo9]1 & to ,dritzeh51 8 old workman4 ,x w\ld seem t !y 7 n produc+ "w = sale1 b 7 mak+ tools :i* requir$ a great deal ( labor4 ,dritzeh5 work$ night & day1 ,madame ,s*ul!iss help+ him4 ,at ! dea? ( ,dritzeh51 ! "w exp5d$ on ! art _h co/ a great deal ( money1 b x 0 /ill incomplete4 ,! te/imony %[s t x _h be5 int5d$ t ! salable "w to be produc$ by ! p>tn]%ip %\ld be expos$ = sale at ! great fair ( ,aix-la-,*apelle 9 ! summ] ( #adci4 ,! po/ponem5t ( ?is fair#bci to ! ye> #addj 0 a grave disappo9tm5t4 ,if ! object ( ! p>tn]%ip 0 ! mak+ ( popul> books ( devotion1 we c und]/& ! reasonabl5ess ( ! hopes ( great pr(it :5 ! books %\ld be laid be=e ! pi\s pilgrims4 ,! sudd5 dea? ( ,&rew ,dritzeh5 0 ! occasion ( m delay4 ,gut5b]g1 fe>+ t ! public1 or ,george ,dritzeh51 w\ld get possession ( ! secret1 melt$ ! =ms & susp5d$ ! "w4 ,!n foll[$ a litigation :i* la/$ ne>ly "o ye>1 dur+ :i* p]iod x seems no "w 0 done4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,m$ieval ,press4 ,f ,duv]g]4 ,!re are _m conflict+ op9ions ab\t ! "* ( ! pr9t+ s obscurely m5tion$ 9 ! te/imony ( ! witnesses4 ,s*oepfl9 says x 0 block-pr9t+4 ,9 ! f\r pieces ly+ 9 ! press1 he sees f\r pages ( engrav$ p#cie blocks2 9 ! two buttons1 :i* ,dr4 ,van d] ,l9de says are improp]ly translat$ by him z two screws1 he f9ds a screw *ase t held ! f\r pages toge!r4 ,?is conjecture is 9 e way improbable4 ,all ! processes ( block-pr9t+ %\ld h be5 z well kn[n at t "t 9 ,/rasburg z !y 7 9 ,v5ice1 ,augsburg & ,nuremb]g4 ,some?+ m novel ?an ?is =m ( pr9t+ w\ld h be5 requir$ to secure ! cop]ation ( %rewd m5 l ,riffe & ,heilmann4 ,! en?usiasm ( ,dritzeh51 & ! eag]ness ( all p>ties to le>n ! new art1 & to h a %>e 9 its pr(its1 _c be satisfactorily expla9$ by ! conjecture t ?is art 0 simple block-pr9t+4#bdj p#cif ,gut5b]g may h begun 8 exp]im5ts 9 typography by ! use ( engrav$ types or pun*es ( wood2#bda b he mu/ h soon discov]$ ! defects & limitations ( xylography & h rea*$ ! unalt]able conclusion t useful types c\ld be made ( metal only4 ,!re is no plausibility 9 ! !ory ( ,fis*]1 t ! ?+ ( f\r pieces 0 a =m ( f\r pages or columns ( types ( wood4 ,nor is !re any evid5ce t ,gut5b]g _h !n done any practical "w4 ,! practice ( pr9t+ 9 ,dritzeh5's h\se _c be inf]r$ f ! pres5ce ( a press1 = !re is no notice ( pap]1 pr9t$ %eets or books4 ,x does n seem t !re 0 a my/]y ab\t ! press4 ,x 0 n ! press1 b :at 0 9 x1 conc]n+ :i* ! p 7 curi\s4 ,x 0 ! imp]fectly describ$ implem5t ( f\r pieces :i* gave ! p>tn]s anxiety4 p#cig ,nor 0 ! tool ( f\r pieces ! only object ( value4 ,gut5b]g assur$ ! p>tn]s t ! ?+s _h co/ him ne>ly z mu* z he ask$ ( !m = _! %>es 9 ! ent]prise1 b m 7 to be made4 ,9 ! ev5t ( ! dea? ( a p>tn]1 8 heirs 7 to be paid _! claim on ! =ms & tools4 ,:5 ,dritzeh5 di$1 ,gut5b]g s5t = all ! =ms1 :i* 7 melt$ be=e 8 eyes1#bdb :i* act he subsequ5tly regrett$ on acc\nt ( ! =ms4 ,x 0 a ra% act1 b ,gut5b]g's fe>s 7 ar\s$1 & he pref]r$ to de/roy ! tools r ?an all[ ,george ,dritzeh5 to get a k ( 8 secret4 ,9 ! practice ( pr9t+1 ! ^w =m means a collection ( compos$ types1 arrang$ 9 readable ord]1 secur$ toge!r z "o piece1 9 an iron b& or *ase1 & prep>$ to receive impression4#bdc ,9 all pr9t+ (fices x has ?is mean+4 ,t ! =ms s frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ?is record ( ! trial 7 ( metal is cle>ly impli$ 9 ! /atem5t p#cih t ,gut5b]g melt$ !m4 ,^! =ms1 or =m5s1 71 )\t d\bt1 implem5ts connect$ ) typography2 b :e!r !y 7 types1 or matrices1 or m\lds1 or a collection ( types1 is n s cle>4 ,if !y 7 types1 x w seem /range t !y 7 n accurately describ$ z lett]s ( metal by "s ( ! witnesses :o saw !m4 ,if we reg>d !m z matrices1 !y may h be5 8! nice ?+s0 allud$ to by ,reimbolt1 ! use ( :i* he did n und]/&4#bdd ,x is possible t ,dritzeh5 0 mak+ matrices & fitt+ !m to ! m\ld4 ,if ! =ms 7 matrices1 !y & ! pun*es c\ld h co/ five hundr$ guild]s4 ,if ! 8nice ?+s0 7 matrices1 !re mu/ h be5 a type-m\ld1 & x 0 ?is m\ld :i* 0 ! key to ! inv5tion4 ,! m\ld 0 ! only implem5t connect$ ) typography :i* w\ld at once lay op5 to an intellig5t obs]v] ! secret ( mak+ types4 ,( all 8 tools1 ?is 0 ! "o t _h receiv$ ! greate/ am\nt ( c>e & labor1 & x %\ld h be5 ! "o t ,gut5b]g w\ld be anxi\s to conceal4 ,x may be suppos$ t ! ?+ ( f\r pieces t 0 op5$ by two buttons 0 ! m\ld4#bde ,:y x %\ld h be5 kept 9 or "u ! press _c be expla9$4 ,b if ,dritzeh5 0 fitt+ up matrices1 x 0 prop] t he %\ld h ! m\ld at h&4 ,! conjecture t ! ?+ ( f\r pieces 0 a type-m\ld1 is n free f difficulties1 b x seems ! only "o t makes intelligible ! action ( ! witnesses4 p#cii ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile ( ! ,type-m\ld ( ,claude ,g>amond4 a4 ,! place :]e ! body ( ! type 0 ca/4 b4 c4 ,! m\?-piece 9 :i* ! fluid metal 0 p\r$4 d4 ,! type z ca/1 ) ! metal =m$ 9 ! m\?-piece adh]+ to x4 ,f ,duv]g]4 ,! grave/ difficulty 9 ! way ( ?is conjecture is1 t ! type-m\ld ( mod]n type-f\nd]s has1 includ+ ! matrix1 b ?ree deta*able pieces4 ,z ?is m\ld is sub/antially ( ! same =m z t kn[n to h be5 us$ by ,claude ,g>amond1 ! em95t type-f\nd] ( ,p>is1 9 #aedj1 x has be5 suppos$1 & prop]ly1 t ?is m\ld ( ?ree pieces mu/ h be5 us$ be=e ,g>amond1 by all ! e>ly pr9t]s4 ,b x 0 n ! only =m ( m\ld4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury e type-f\nd] f\nd x exp$i5t to use at times1 a type-m\ld some:at diff]5t 9 its con/ruction--a m\ld :i*1 ) ! matrix1 consi/$ ( f\r deta*able pieces4 ,! m]it ( ?is m\ld 0 its adaptability1 )9 limits1 to any size ( body4 ,its disadvantages 7 its difficulty ( nice adju/m5t & its liability to inaccuracy--faults :i* h oblig$ all ,am]ican type-f\nd]s ( ?is day to discont9ue its use entirely4 ,x is1 )\t d\bt1 a v old =m ( m\ld1 b x 0 nev] a popul> "o1 hav+ be5 us$ *iefly = ca/+ bodies ( irregul> size4#bdf ,mr4 ,bruce has %[$ me "o ( ^! e>ly m\lds--a m\ld long out ( use1 pres]v$ only z "o ( ! e>li] relics ( 8 old type-f\ndry4 ,its con/ruction is p#djj too complex = description by words1 or ev5 by engrav+2 b x may be suffici5t to say t1 ) ! matrix1 x consi/$ ( f\r pieces1 & 0 s con/ruct$ z to all[ ( an enl>gem5t & nice adju/m5t 9 ei!r direction ( ! space provid$ = ca/+ ! body ( ! type4 ,! pieces 7 held toge!r by /iff spr+s1 b buttons c\ld h be5 us$ = ! same purpose4 ,:5 ^! pieces 7 connect$ x w\ld be pla9 to any me*anic t x 0 a m\ld2 disconnect$1 its purpose w\ld be a riddle4 ,?is peculi>ity1 c\pl$ ) ! well kn[n fact t ,gut5b]g subsequ5tly made at ,m5tz1 ?ree fonts ( types on bodies ( diff]5t size1 b closely approximat+ ea* o!r1 lead me to ! belief t ?is tool ( f\r pieces %\ld h be5 "s k9d ( an adju/able type-m\ld4 ,! only book :i* c be (f]$ ) plausibility z ! "w ( ,gut5b]g 9 ,/rasburg is a ,donatus1 ( :i* f\r leaves are n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,national ,libr>y at ,p>is4 ,?is ,donatus is a small qu>to1 conta9+ tw5ty-sev5 l9es to ! page4 ,! simil>ity ( ! types ( ?is book1 bo? 9 face & body1 to ^? ( ! ,bible ( #db l9es1 sugge/s ! ?\ght t bo? books 7 ! "w ( ! same pr9t]2 b ! cut ( ! lett]s1 ! f\nd+ ( ! types & ! pr9t+ ( ! book are va/ly inf]ior4 ,x is possible t ,gut5b]g may h pr9t$ "s books at ,/rasburg1 b we d n "k any?+ ab\t !m4 ,!re 7 _m difficulties connect$ ) ! prop] developm5t ( typography1 & he may h labor$ ov] !m _m ye>s )\t any satisfactory result4#bdg ,8 e>li] exp]i5ce c\ld n h be5 mat]ially diff]5t f t ( o!r inv5tors3 he may h be5 kept = ye>s on ! ?re%old ( success1 va9ly try+ to remove "s ob/ruction :i* block$ up 8 way4 ,if we suppose t ,gut5b]g p#dja began1 z a novice w\ld probably beg91 by f\nd+ types ( s(t lead 9 m\lds ( s&1 ! pr9t] w und]/& :y he w\ld condemn ! types made by ?is me?od4 ,if he aft]w>d made a m\ld ( h>d metal1 & f\nd$ types 9 matrices ( brass1 we c und]/& t1 9 ! beg9n+1 he _h abundant reason to reject 8 fir/ types = inaccuracies ( body & irregul>ities ( height & l9+4 ,to him z to all true inv5tors1 !re c\ld be no pat*+ up ( defects 9 plan or 9 con/ruction4 ,x 0 necess>y to ?r[ away all ! defective "w & to beg9 anew4 ,exp]im5ts l ^! consume a great deal ( "t & q z mu* ( money4 ,! te/imony %[s t ! money contribut$ by "s ( ! p>tn]s 9 ! association _h be5 collect$ ) difficulty4 ,we may suppose t :5 ?is _h be5 sp5t to no purpose1 !y 7 unable or unwill+ to contribute any m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile ( ! ,types ( a ,donatus attribut$ to ,gut5b]g at ,/rasburg4 ,f ,b]n>d4 ,x may be t ! failure ( ! ,/rasburg associates 0 due solely to ! audacity ( ,gut5b]g1 ^: plans 7 always beyond 8 pecuni>y ability4 ,ev5 !n he may h purpos$ ! pr9t+ ( ! great ,bible ( #cf l9es 9 ?ree volumes1 :i* he aft]w>d complet$ 9 an admirable mann]4 ,9 try+ to accompli% mu*1 he may h fail$ to d any?+ ( p#djb value4 ,:atev] ! reason1 x is c]ta9 t 8 p>tn]s ab&on$ ,gut5b]g & 8 inv5tion4 ,we read no m ( ,riffe & ,heilmann 9 connection ) typography4 ,!re is evid5ce t ,gut5b]g 0 f9ancially emb>rass$ aft] ! trial4 ,on ! second day ( ,janu>y1 #adda1 ,gut5b]g & ! knight ,lu?old von ,ram/e9 gave security = ! annual paym5t ( five p\nds to ! ,*apt] ( ,/4 ,?omas at ,/rasburg1 9 consid]ation ( ! pres5t sum ( "o hundr$ p\nds paid by ! *apt] to ,gut5b]g4 ,on ! fifte5? day ( ,decemb]1 #addb1 ,john ,gut5b]g & ,m>t9 ,bre!r sold to ! same corporation = ! pres5t sum ( eighty p\nds1 an annual income ( f\r p\nds1 f ! rev5ues ( ! t[n ( ,m5tz4 ,gut5b]g _h inh]it$ ?is income f 8 uncle1 ,johan ,lehheim]1 secul> judge ( t city4 ,! tax-book ( ! city %[s t he 0 9 arre> = taxes betwe5 ! ye>s #adcf & #addj4 ,9 ! tax-book = #addc1 x is pla9ly record$ t ,gut5b]g's tax 0 paid by ! ,ennel ,gut5b]g5 :o is suppos$ to h be5 8 wife4 ,gut5b]g _h reason to be di%e>t5$4 ,he _h sp5t all 8 money2 _h ali5at$ 8 p>tn]s2 _h app>5tly wa/$ a great deal ( "t 9 fruitless exp]im5ts2 _h damag$ 8 reputation z a man ( bus9ess1 & seem$ fur!r f success ?an :5 he reveal$ 8 plans to 8 p>tn]s4 ,x is ! common belief t ,gut5b]g w5t direct f ,/rasburg to ,m5tz4 ,w9>icky1 on ! contr>y1 says t he =sook ,/rasburg = ! ,univ]sity ( ,prague1 at :i* in/itution he took ! degree ( ba*elor ( arts 9 #adde1 & 9 :i* city he resid$1 until x 0 besieg$1 & he 0 oblig$ to leave1 9 #addh4 ,!re is no tru/wor?y au?ority = ei!r /atem5t4 ,! p]iod 9 8 life betwe5 #addb & #addh is blank1 b x is n probable t he 0 idle4 p#djc ,,xxi ,gut5b]g & 8 ,e>li] ,"w at ,m5tz4 ,gut5b]g appe>s 9 ,m5tz z a ,borr[] ( ,money 4 4 4 ,0 !n ,ready to ,beg9 z a ,pr9t] 4 4 4 ,donatus ( #adea 4 4 4 ,lett]s ( ,indulg5ce ( #aded & #adee 4 4 4 ,made f ,f\nd$ ,types 4 4 4 ,circum/ances att5d+ _! sale 4 4 4 ,fac-simile ( ,holbe9's ,satire 4 4 4 ,fac-simile ( ! ,lett] dat$ #aded1 ) a ,translation 4 4 4 ,almanac ( #adee 4 4 4 ,gut5b]g's two ,bibles 4 4 4 ,dates ( ,publication ,unc]ta9 4 4 4 ,bible ( #cf l9es1 ) ,fac-simile 4 4 4 ,evid5ces ( its probable ,priority 4 4 4 ,app>5tly an ,unsuccessful ,book 4 4 4 ,john ,fu/1 ) ,portrait 4 4 4 ,fu/'s ,contract ) ,gut5b]g 9 #adej 4 4 4 ,probable ,beg9n+ ( ! ,bible ( #db l9es 4 4 4 ,description ( ,book1 ) ,fac-simile 4 4 4 ,colophon ( ! ,illum9ator 4 4 4 ,mu/ h be5 ,pr9t$ be=e #adef 4 4 4 ,fu/ br+s ,suit aga9/ ,gut5b]g 4 4 4 ,(ficial ,record ( ! ,trial 4 4 4 ,gut5b]g's ,inability to pay 8 debt 4 4 4 ,suit 0 a ,surprise 4 4 4 ,portrait ( ,gut5b]g 4 4 4 ,fu/ deposes ,gut5b]g & in/alls ,s*ff] at ! head ( ! ,(fice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is mat]ial 9 ?is ev5t = an affect+ drama3 a g5ial inv5tor1 indefatigably occupi$ 9 realiz+ an idea1 an usuri\s & crafty money-l5d]1 abus+ ! f9ancial c>elessness ( a g5ius1 to get him m & m into 8 p[]2 a clev] s]vant c\rt+ ! daught] ( ! usur]1 & conspir+ ) him aga9/ ! great ma/]2 ! inv5tor robb$ ( all ! fruit ( 8 ex]tions dur+ _m ye>s1 at ! mom5t t x 0 ripe to be ga!r$4 ,van d] ,l9de4 99 99 99 99 99 ,gut5b]g's la/ act ^u record 9 ,/rasburg 0 ! sell+ out ( ! la/ remnant ( 8 inh]itance4 ,! fir/ evid5ce we h ( 8 return to ,m5tz is an entry1 on ! six? day ( ,octob]1 #addh1 9 a record ( legal contracts1 9 :i* he appe>s z a borr[] ( money4 ,x seems t ,gut5b]g _h p]suad$ 8 k9sman1 ,arnold ,gel?us1 to borr[ f ,rynh>d ,brms] & ,john ,rod5/e91 ! sum ( #aej guild]s1 = ! use ( :i* ,gut5b]g promis$ to pay ! ye>ly int]e/ ( #h-a_/b guild]s4 ,gut5b]g _h no securities to (f]2 ,gel?us _h to pl$ge ! r5ts ( "s h\ses = ?is purpose4 ,h[ ?is money 0 to be us$ is n /at$1 b x may be presum$ t ,gut5b]g ne$$ x = ! developm5t ( 8 gr& inv5tion4 ,8 plans1 p#djd :atev] !y 71 met ) ! approbation ( 8 uncle ,john ,g5sfleis*1 by ^: p]mission he occupi$ ! leas$ h\se#bdh ,zum ,jung51 :i* he us$ n only = a dwell+1 b z a pr9t+ (fice4 ,at ?is "t ,gut5b]g 01 no d\bt1 ne>ly p]fect 9 8 k ( ! correct !ory ( type-f\nd+1 & _h also acquir$ fair practice z a pr9t]4 ,helbig ?9ks t he _h ready ! types ( ! ,bible ( #cf l9es4 ,madd5 says t he 0 !n1 or v soon aft]1 engag$ 9 pr9t+ a small edition ( ?is book4 ,!re is evid5ce t ^! types 7 9 use at lea/ z e>ly z #adea4 ,two leaves ( an e>ly typographic edition ( ! ,donatus1 #bg l9es to ! page1 pr9t$ on vellum f ! types ( ! ,bible ( #cf l9es1 h be5 discov]$ ne> ,m5tz1 9 ! orig9al b9d+ ( an old acc\nt book ( #adea4bdi ,9 "o ^w ! lett] i is rev]s$1 a positive pro( t x 0 pr9t$ f types1 & n f blocks4 ,! ink is /ill v black1 b ,fis*] says t x w n resi/ wat]4#bej ,z ?is fragm5t %[s ! l>ge types ( ! ,bible ( #cf l9es 9 _! mo/ primitive =m1 x au?orizes ! belief t x %\ld h be5 pr9t$ by ,gut5b]g soon aft] 8 return to ,m5tz4 ,dur+ ! int]val betwe5 #addj & #adea1 ab\t :i* hi/ory records s little1 ,gut5b]g may h pr9t$ _m trifles4 ,he c\ld n h be5 always unsuccessful3 he c\ld n h borr[$ money = m ?an t5 ye>s1 )\t p#dje a demon/ration ( 8 ability to pr9t & to sell pr9t$ "w4 ,x is probable t he _h to po/pone 8 gr& plans1 & t 8 necessities compell$ him to beg9 ! practice ( 8 new art ) ! pr9t+ ( trivial "w4 ,!re is evid5ce t ! bran* ( typography :i* is n[ kn[n z job pr9t+ is z old z1 if n old] ?an1 book pr9t+4 ,?is evid5ce is furni%$ 9 ! ,lett]s ( ,indulg5ce1 :i* h di/9ction z ! fir/ works ) type-pr9t$ dates4 ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile ( ! ,types ( ! ,donatus ( #adea4 ,f ,fis*]4 ,?ree di/9ct editions ( ! ,lett]s ( ,indulg5ce are kn[n4 ,! copies are dat$ #aded or #adee1 b are m cle>ly def9$ by ! numb] ( ! l9es 9 ea* edition1 z ,lett]s ( #cj1 or #ca1 or #cb l9es4 ,ea* ,lett] is pr9t$ f movable types1 9 black ink1 ^u "o side ( a /\t piece ( p>*m5t1 ab\t n9e in*es high & ?irte5 in*es wide4 ,! =m ( words is sub/antially ! same 9 all editions1 & all copies pres5t ! same g5]al typographical features1 z if !y 7 ! "w ( ! same pr9t+ (fice4 ,9 all copies1 ! presswork is good2 !y seem to h be5 pr9t$ by a prop]ly con/ruct$ press on damp vellum ) ink mix$ 9 oil4 ,! types p#djf ( ! ?ree editions h a g5]al resemblance1#bea yet !y diff] s]i\sly z to face & body4 ,!y 7 c]ta9ly ca/ f diff]5t matrices & adju/m5ts ( ! m\ld1#beb & 7 compos$ by diff]5t compositors4 ,9 ! edition ( #cj l9es1 ! types ( ! text are on a body small] ?an ,engli%1 & ^? ( ! l>ge l9es are on ,p>agon body2 9 ! edition ( #ca l9es ! types ( ! text are on ,engli% body1 & ^? ( ! l>ge l9es approximate ,d\ble-pica body4 ,illu/ration3 ,p>agon ,body4 ,illu/ration3 ,pica ,body4 ,illu/ration3 ,engli% body4 ,illu/ration3 ,d\ble-pica ,body4 ,illu/ration3 f ,de la ,borde4 ,! types on ,d\ble-pica body are ^? ( ! ,donatus ( #adea & ! ,bible ( #cf l9es2 ! types on ,p>agon body are ^? ( ! ,bible ( #db l9es4 ,! appe>ance ( ^! types 9 ! ,bibles is presumptive evid5ce t ! pr9t] ( ! ,bibles 0 ! pr9t] ( ! ,lett]s4 ,! small types are unique2 !y 7 nev] us$1 s f> z we "k1 = any o!r "w4 ,! l>ge initials may h be5 engrav$ on wood1 b ! text & ! display l9es 7 f\nd$ p#djg types4 ,! illu/ration on ! previ\s page %[s t al?\gh ! matrices 7 fitt$ ) clos5ess1 ea* type 0 f\nd$ on a squ>e body4 ,! circum/ances connect$ ) ! publication ( ! ,lett]s require m ?an a pass+ notice1 = !y pres5t ! fir/ specific indication ( a dem& = pr9t+4 ,^! circum/ances give u a glimm] ( ! corruption ( "s ( ! m5 :o sold ! indulg5ces--a corruption :i*1 9 ! next c5tury1 br\ght d[n ^u ! sell]s & ! sy/em ! scorn ( ,holbe9 & ! wra? ( ,lu!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile ( ,holbe9's ,satire on ! ,sale ( ,indulg5ces4 ,f ,woltmann4 ,! canon at ! "r absolves ! kneel+ "y man1 b po9ts significantly to ! huge money-*e/ into :i* ! wid[ puts h] mite4 ,?ree ,dom9icans1 seat$ at ! table1 are prep>+ & sell+ indulg5ces3 "o ( !m1 hold+ back ! lett]1 gre$ily c\nts ! money z x is paid d[n2 ano!r pauses 9 8 writ+1 to repulse ! p5it5t b p5niless cripple2 ano!r is le]+ at ! woman ^: lett] he delays4 ,! pope1 en?ron$ 9 ! nave1 & surr\nd$ by c>d9als1 is giv+ a commission = ! sale ( ! lett]s4 ,on ! twelf? day ( ,april1 #adea1 a pl5>y indulg5ce ( ?ree ye>s 0 accord$ by ,pope ,ni*olas ,v to all :o1 f ,may #a1 #adeb1 to ,may #a1 #adee1 %\ld prop]ly contribute ) money to ! aid ( ! al>m$ k+ ( ,cyprus1 !n ?reat5$ by ! ,turks4 ,paul ,zappe1 an ambassador ( ! k+ ( ,cyprus1 select$ ,john de ,ca/ro z *ief commission] = ! sale ( ! indulg5ces 9 ,g]many4 ,!odoric1 ar*bi%op ( ,m5tz1 gave him full p]mission to sell !m1 b p#djh held ! commission] acc\ntable = ! moneys collect$4 ,! precaution 0 ju/ifi$4 ,:5 ! dread$ news ( ! capture ( ,con/ant9ople 7,may #bi1 #adec7 0 receiv$1 ,john de ,ca/ro1 ?9k+ t ,cyprus _h also be5 tak51 squ&]$ ! money he _h collect$4 ,de ,ca/ro 0 arre/$1 convict$ & s5t to prison1 b ! sc&al t _h be5 creat$ by ! embezzlem5t greatly injur$ ! sale ( ! indulg5ces4 ,z ! p]mission to sell indulg5ces expir$ by limitation on ,may #a1 #adee1 ,zappe1 ! *ief commission]1 made r5ew$ & m vigor\s ef=ts to promote ! sale4 ,x 0 f\nd t1 9 ! limit$ "t all[$ = sale1 ! cu/om>y process ( copy+ 0 entirely too sl[4 ,!re 01 also1 ! liability t a hurri$ copyi/ w\ld produce inexact copies2 t an unscrupul\s copyi/ or sell] w\ld issue spuri\s copies4 ,^! seem to h be5 ! reasons t l$ ,zappe to h ! docum5ts pr9t$1 :i* 0 accord+ly done1 ) blank spaces = ! ins]tion ( ! "n ( ! buy] & ! signature ( ! sell]4 ,! typography ( ?is ,lett] ( #ca l9es is mu* bett] ?an t ( ! ,donatus1 b x has _m blemi%es4 ,! text is de=m$ ) abbreviations2 ! l9es are n ev5ly spac$ out2 ! capital lett]s ( ! text are rudely drawn & c>elessly cut4 ,! :ite space bel[ ! sixte5? l9e1 & ! space & ! crook$ness 9 ! ?ree l9es at ! foot1 are evid5ces t ! types 7 n securely fa/5$ 9 ! *ase4 ,^! faults provoke notice1 b x mu/ be admitt$ t ! types 7 fairly fitt$ & /& 9 dec5t l9e4 ,!y 7 obvi\sly ca/ 9 m\lds ( metal2 x w\ld be impracticable to make types s small 9 m\lds ( s&4 ,illu/ration3 ,r$uc$ ,fac-simile ( a ,lett] ( ,indulg5ce1 dat$ #aded4 ,f ,de la ,borde4 ,translation4 ,to all ! fai?ful foll[]s ( ,*ri/ :o may read ?is lett]1 ,paul ,zappe1 c\nselor1 ambassador1 & adm9i/rator-g5]al ( 8 graci\s maje/y1 ! k+ ( ,cyprus1 s5ds greet+3 ,:]eas ! ,mo/ ,holy ,fa!r 9 ,*ri/1 our ,"l1 ,ni*olas ,v1 by div9e grace1 pope1 m]cifully compassionat+ ! afflictions ( ! k+dom ( ,cyprus f ^? mo/ trea*]\s enemies ( ! ,cross ( ,*ri/1 ! ,turks & ,s>ac5s1 9 an e>ne/ exhortation1 by ! spr9kl+ ( ! blood ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 freely grant$ to all ^? fai?ful foll[]s ( ,*ri/1 :]esoev] e/abli%$1 :o1 )9 ?ree ye>s f ! fir/ day ( ,may1 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #adeb1 %\ld pi\sly contribute1 accord+ to _! ability1 m or less1 z x %\ld seem good to _! own consci5ces1 to ! procurators1 or _! deputies1 = ! def5se ( ! ,ca?olic religion & ! a=em5tion$ k+dom1--t confessors1 secul> & regul>1 *os5 by !mselves1 hav+ he>d _! confessions = excesses1 crimes1 & faults1 h[ev] great1 ev5 = ^? hi!rto res]v$ exclusively = ! apo/olic see to remit1 %\ld be lic5s$ to pron\nce due absolution ^u !m1 & enjo9 salut>y p5ance2 &1 also1 t !y might absolve ^? p]sons1 if !y %\ld humbly besee* x1 :o1 p]*ance might be suff]+ excommunication1 susp5sion1 & o!r s5t5ces1 c5sures1 & ecclesia/ical puni%m5ts1 in/itut$ by canon law1 or promulgat$ by man1--salut>y p5ance be+ requir$1 or o!r satisfaction :i* might be enjo9$ by canon law1 v>y+ accord+ to ! nature ( ! (f5ce2 &1 also1 t !y might be emp[]$ by apo/olic au?ority to grant to ^? :o 7 truly p5it5t1 & confess$ _! guilt1 or if p]*ance1 on acc\nt ( ! loss ( spee*1 !y c\ld n confess1 ^? :o gave outw>d demon/rations ( contrition--! fulle/ indulg5ce ( all _! s9s1 & a full remission1 z well dur+ life z 9 ! h\r ( dea?--rep>ation be+ made by !m if !y %\ld survive1 or by _! heirs if !y %\ld !n die3 ,& ! p5ance requir$ aft] ! grant+ ( ! indulg5ce is ?is--t !y %\ld fa/ ?r\gh\t a :ole ye> on e ,friday1 or "s o!r day ( ! week1 ! lawful h9drances to p]=mance be+ prescrib$ by ! regul> usage ( ! ,*ur*1 a v[ or any o!r ?+ n /&+ 9 ! way ( x2 & z = ^? prev5t$ f s do+ 9 ! /at$ ye>1 or any "p ( x1 !y %\ld fa/ 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 or 9 any ye> !y c2 & if !y %\ld n be able conv5i5tly to fulfill ! requir$ fa/ 9 any ( ! ye>s1 or any "p ( !m1 ! confessor1 = t purpose %all be at lib]ty to commute x = o!r acts ( *>ity1 :i* !y %\ld be equally b\nd to d3 ,& all ?is1 s t !y presume n1 :i* ,god =bid1 to s9 f ! assurance ( remission ( ?is k9d1 = o!rwise1 t :i* is call$ concession1 :]eby !y are admitt$ to full remission 9 ! h\r ( dea?1 & remission1 :i*1 z x is promis$1 leads !m to s9 ) assurance1 w\ld be ( no weight & validity3 ,& :]eas ! dev\t ,judocus ,ott von ,apspa*1 9 ord] to obta9 ! promis$ indulg5ce1 accord+ to 8 ability ha? pi\sly contribut$ to ! above-nam$ laudable purpose1 he is entitl$ to enjoy ! b5efit ( indulg5ce1 ( ?is nature4 ,9 witness ( ! tru? ( ! above concession1 ! seal orda9$ = ?is purpose is affix$4 ,giv5 at ,m5tz 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #aded1 on ! la/ day ( ,decemb]4 ,,! ,,fulle/ ,,=m ,,( ,,absolution ,,& ,,remission ,,dur+ ,,life3 ,may our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ be/[ on !e 8 mo/ holy & graci\s m]cy2 may he absolve !e1 bo? by 8 own au?ority & t ( ! bless$ ,pet] & ,paul1 ,8 apo/les2 & by ! au?ority apo/olic committ$ unto me1 & conc$$ on ?y behalf1 ,i absolve !e f all ?y s9s rep5t$ = ) contrition1 confess$ & =gott51 z also f all c>nal s9s1 excesses1 crimes & del9qu5cies ev] s griev\s1 & ^: cognizance is res]v$ to ! ,holy ,see1 z well z f any ecclesia/ical judgm5t1 c5sure1 & puni%m5t1 promulgat$ ei!r by law or by man1 if ?\ ha/ incurr$ any1--giv+ !e pl5>y indulg5ce & remission ( all ?y s9s1 inasmu* z 9 ?is matt] ! keys ( ! ,holy ,"m ,*ur* d avail4 ,9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 & ! ,son1 & ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,am54 ,,! ,,pl5>y ,,=m ,,( ,,remission ,,at ,,! ,,po9t ,,( ,,dea?3 ,may our ,"l z above4 ,i absolve !e f all ?y s9s1 ) contrition rep5t$ =1 confess$ & =gott51 re/or+ !e to ! unity ( ! fai?ful1 & ! p>tak+ ( ! sacram5ts ( ! ,*ur*1 releas+ !e f ! torm5ts ( purgatory1 :i* ?\ ha/ incurr$1 by giv+ !e pl5>y remission ( all ?y s9s1 inasmu* z 9 ?is matt] ! keys ( ! ,"m ,*ur* d avail4 ,9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 & ! ,son1 & ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,am54 ,joseph1 abbot ( ! ,mona/]y ( ,sa9t ,burck>d1 ,duly qualifi$ to make ?is engagem5t4 ,eighte5 copies ( ^! ,lett]s ( ,indulg5ce are kn[n1 all be>+ ! pr9t$ date ( #aded or ( #adee4 ,! places :]e !y 7 sold hav+ be5 writt5 on ! docum5t by ! sell]1 we discov] t !y mu/ h be5 sold ov] a l>ge t]ritory1 = "o 0 issu$ at ,cop5hag51 ano!r at ,nuremb]g1 & ano!r at ,cologne4 ,! l>ge numb] ( copies pres]v$ is evid5ce t _m copies mu/ h p#daj be5 pr9t$4 ,x is probable t ,gut5b]g 0 requir$ to compose & pr9t ! =m at ?ree diff]5t times2 b we d n "k :y he f\nd x necess>y to make a new face ( text type = ! second & ?ird editions1#bec = x is v pla9 t ! types ( ! fir/ edition 7 n worn out4 ,! ,appeal ( ,*ri/ianity aga9/ ! ,turks1 sometimes call$ ! ,almanac ( #adee1 is ano!r small "w attribut$ to ,gut5b]g4 ,x is a little qu>to ( six pr9t$ leaves1 9 ,g]man v]se1 9 ! l>ge type ( ! ,bible ( #cf l9es4 ,z x conta9s a cal5d> = ! ye> #adee1 x is suppos$ t x 0 pr9t$ at ! close ( #aded4 ,its typographical appe>ance is curi\s3 ! type 0 l>ge1 ! page 0 n>r[1 & ! compositor run ! l9es toge!r z 9 prose1 m>k+ ! beg9n+ ( e v]se ) a capital1 & its end+ by a fanciful arrangem5t 3 ( f\r full po9ts4 ,x is ! fir/ typographic "w 9 ,g]man1 & ! fir/ "w 9 t language :i* c be attribut$ to ,gut5b]g4 ,b "o copy ( ?is book is kn[n4 ,gut5b]g's fame z a great pr9t] is m ju/ly bas$ on 8 two editions 9 folio ( ! ,holy ,bible 9 ,lat94 ,! bread? ( 8 m9d1 & 8 fai? 9 ! compreh5siv5ess ( 8 inv5tion1 are m fully set =? by 8 selection ( a book ( s =midable a nature4 ,!re 0 an admirable propriety 9 8 det]m9ation t 8 new art %\ld be fairly introduc$ to ! read+ _w by ! book kn[n p#daa ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom z ,! ,book4 ,^! two editions ( ! ,bible are mo/ cle>ly def9$ by ! specification ( ! numb] ( l9es to ! page 9 ! columns ( ea* book3 "o is ! ,bible ( #db l9es1#bed 9 types ( ,p>agon body1 usually b\nd 9 two volumes2 ! o!r is ! ,bible ( #cf l9es1#bee 9 types ( ,d\ble-pica body1 usually b\nd 9 ?ree volumes4 ,x is n c]ta9ly kn[n :i* 0 pr9t$ fir/4 ,ea* edition 0 publi%$ )\t pr9t$ date1 &1 l all o!r works by ,gut5b]g1 )\t "n or place ( pr9t]4 ,!y 7 n accurately describ$ by any contempor>y au?or4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury !y 7 obsolete1 & ! tradition t !y _h be5 pr9t$ by ,gut5b]g 0 entirely lo/4 ,:5 a copy ( ! ,bible ( #db l9es 0 discov]$ 9 ! libr>y ( ,c>d9al ,maz>91 & 0 id5tifi$ z ! "w ( ,john ,gut5b]g1 x 0 n kn[n t !re 0 ano!r edition4 ,! ,bible ( #db l9es 0 consequ5tly reg>d$ z ! fir/--z ! book describ$ by ,zell1 :i*1 he says1 0 pr9t$ 9 #adej4 ,?is belief 0 /r5g!n$ by ! subsequ5t discov]y1 9 ano!r copy ( ?is edition1 ( ! c]tificate ( an illum9ator t1 9 ! ye> #adef1 he _h f9i%$ 8 task ( illum9ation 9 ! book4 ,m ?an tw5ty copies ( ?is edition 7sev5 ( :i* are on vellum7 h be5 f\nd1 & !y h g5]ally be5 sold & b\ght z copies ( ! fir/ edition4 ,! ,bible ( #cf l9es 0 def9itely describ$ = ! fir/ "t by ! bibliograph] ,s*w>tz1 :o1 9 #agbh1 discov]$ a copy 9 ! libr>y ( a mona/]y ne> ,m5tz4 ,9 ! old manuscript catalogue ( ?is libr>y 0 a note1 /at+ t ?is book _h be5 giv5 to ! mona/]y by ,john p#dab ,gut5b]g & 8 associates4 ,s*w>tz said t ?is mu/ h be5 ! fir/ edition4 ,a /ill m exact description ( ?is edition 0 publi%$ by ,s*elhorn 9 #agfj1 "u ! title ( ,! ,olde/ ,edition ( ! ,lat9 ,bible4 ,he said t ?is mu/ h be5 ! edition describ$ by ,zell4 ,! ,bible ( #cf l9es is a l>ge demy folio ( #agfd pages1 made up1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 sections ( t5 leaves1 & usually b\nd 9 ?ree volumes4 ,ea* page has two columns ( #cf l9es ea*4 ,9 "s sections1 a leaf torn out1 possibly on acc\nt ( "s error1 has be5 replac$ by ! ins]tion ( a s+le leaf or a half %eet4 ,! workman%ip ( ! fir/ section is inf]ior3 ! ind5tation ( pap] by too h>d pressure is v /rongly m>k$2 ! pages are sadly out ( regi/]2 on "o page ! m>g9s & :ite space betwe5 ! columns %[ ! m>ks ( a wood5 *ase & be>]s1 :i* 7 us$ to equalize impressions & prev5t undue we> ( types4 ,?is section has ! appe>ance ( exp]im5tal or unpractis$ workman%ip4 ,x is app>5t1 almo/ at a glance1 t ! pr9t] did n use a prop] *ase & be>]s1 nor a frisket1 nor po9ts = mak+ regi/]4#bef ,all o!r sections 7 pr9t$ ) ! prop] appliances1 ) uncommon neatness ( presswork1 9 black ink1 ) exact regi/]1 & ) a nicely graduat$ impression1 :i* %[s ! %>p edges ( ! types ) cle>ness4 ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile ( ! ,types ( ! ,bible ( #cf ,l9es1 ) ! ,rubricator's ,m>ks on ! ,capitals4 ,v]ses #ag to #bb ( ! ,six? ,*apt] ( ! ,book ( ,wisdom4 ,photograph$ f a ,fragm5t ( ! ,orig9al 9 ! ,collection ( ,mr4 ,david ,wolfe ,bruce4 ,! types ( ?is book closely resemble1 9 face & body1 _m lett]s be+ id5tically ! same1 ! types ( ! display l9e 9 ! ,lett] ( ,indulg5ce ( #ca l9es1 & ( ! ,donatus ( #adea4 ,9 "s features !y resemble ! types ( ! ,bible ( #db l9es4 ,x is possible t ! types ( ea* edition 7 design$ & made by ! same lett] cutt]1 & t !y 7 made = & us$ by ! same pr9t]4 ,?is op9ion is /r5g!n$ aft] an inspection ( ! mann]isms ( ! composition1 :i* are ^? ( ! ,bible ( #db l9es4 ,! colon1 p]iod1 & hyph5 are ! only m>ks ( punctuation4 ,! l9es ( ! text are always full3 ! hyph5 p#dad is frequ5tly se5 project+ beyond ! lett]s4 ,a blank space 0 left = e l>ge initial :i*1 x 0 expect$1 w\ld be ins]t$ by ! calligraph]4 ,r$ ink 0 n us$ by ! pr9t]2 ! rubricat$ lett]s 7 dabb$ ov] ) a /roke f ! bru% ( ! illum9ator4 ,illu/ration3 ,"s ( ! ,abbreviations ( ! ,bible ( #cf l9es4 ,f ,duv]g]4 ,"o copy ( ! book conta9s a writt5 annotation dat$ #adfa4 ,an acc\nt book ( ! ,abbey ( ,sa9t ,mi*ael ( ,bamb]g1 :i* beg9s ) ! date ,m>* #ba1 #adfj1 has 9 its orig9al b9d+ "s ( ! wa/e leaves ( ?is ,bible4 ,^!1 ! e>lie/ evid5ces ( date1 prove t ?is edition c\ld n h be5 pr9t$ lat] ?an #adei4 ,t x 0 done 9 #adej1 z ass]t$ by ,madd51 has n be5 decisively prov$1 b ! evid5ce favor+ ?is conclusion des]ves consid]ation4 ,ulric ,zell's te/imony t ! fir/ ,bible 0 pr9t$ 9 #adej f missal-l types1#beg po9ts ) directness to ! ,bible ( #cf l9es1 = !re is no o!r pr9t$ ,bible to :i* ,zell's description c be appli$4 ,its close imitation ( ! l>ge & g5]\s /yle 9 :i* ! *oic] manuscripts ( t p]iod are writt5 m>ks ! p]iod ( transition betwe5 ! old & ! new /yle ( book-mak+4 ,! prodigality 9 ! use ( pap] seems ! "w ( a man :o _h n c\nt$ ! co/1 or :o ?\ght t he 0 oblig$ to disreg>d ! exp5se4 ,z n m ?an half a doz5 copies are kn[n1 x is probable t ! numb] pr9t$ 0 small4 ,ne>ly all ! copies & leaves ( ?is edition 7 f\nd 9 ! neighborhood ( ,bamb]g4 ,?is curi\s circum/ance may be expla9$ by ! supposition t ! entire edition1 probably small1 _h be5 pr9t$ at ! ord] (1 or p#dae _h be5 mortgag$ to1 "o ( ! _m ecclesia/ical bodies ( t t[n4 ,!re is evid5ce t ,gut5b]g frequ5tly borr[$ money f weal?y mona/]ies4 ,! imp]fect workman%ip ( ! fir/ section is1 app>5tly1 ! "w ( a pr9t] 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 practice1 :5 he _h n discov]$ all ! tools & implem5ts :i* he aft]w>d us$ ) s mu* success4#beh ,! ,bible ( #cf l9es %\ld h be5 9 press a long "t1 = x _c be suppos$ t ,gut5b]g _h ! means to d ?is "w ) regul>ity4 ,8 (fice 0 de/itute ( compos+ /icks & rules1 iron *ases1 galleys1 & impos+ /ones4 ,depriv$ ( ^! & o!r labor-sav+ tools1 )\t ! exp]tness acquir$ by practice1 frequ5tly delay$ by ! corrections ( ! read]1 ! failures ( ! type-f\nd] & ! errors ( pressm51 x is n probable t ! compositor p]fect$ m ?an "o page a day4 ,he may h done less4 ,ev5 if1 z ,madd5 supposes1 two or m compositors 7 engag$ on ?is1 z !y 7 ^u o!r e>ly "w1 ! ,bible ( #cf l9es %\ld h be5 9 press ab\t ?ree ye>s4#bei ,! newness ( ! types seems to favor ! op9ion t ?is mu/ be ! e>li] edition4 ,! same types1 or types ca/ f ! same matrices1 7 frequ5tly us$ 9 little books pr9t$ betwe5 ! ye>s #adea & #adfb1 b !y always appe> ) worn & blunt$ faces1 z if !y _h p#daf be5 r\nd$ "u ! long-cont9u$ pressure ( a press1 or _h be5 f\nd$ 9 old & clogg$ matrices4 ,gut5b]g deceiv$ himself z mu* z he did 8 ,/rasburg p>tn]s1 9 8 ov]-sangu9e e/imate ( ! pr(its ( pr9t+ & ! difficulties connect$ ) its practice4 ,8 pr9t$ "w did n meet ) ! rapid sale he _h anticipat$1 or ! co/ ( do+ ! "w 0 v mu* 9 excess ( ! price he receiv$4 ,! great success :i* ,&rew ,dritzeh5 hop$ to h )9 "o ye>1 or 9 #addj1 _h n be5 atta9$ 9 #adej4 ,dur+ ?is ye> ,gut5b]g comes be=e u aga9 z ! borr[] ( money4 ,if he _h be5 only an ord9>y dream] ab\t great inv5tions1 he w\ld h ab&on$ an ent]prise s h$g$ 9 ) me*anical & f9ancial difficulties4 ,b he 0 an inv5tor 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w1 an inv5tor ( means z well z ( ends1 z resolute 9 b5d+ indiff]5t m5 z he 0 9 fa%ion+ obdurate metal4 ,aft] sp5d+1 ineffectually1 all ! money he _h acquir$ f 8 indu/ry1 f 8 p>tn]s1 f 8 inh]itance1 f 8 fri5ds1--/ill unable to =ego 8 great project1--he w5t1 z a la/ resort1 to "o ( ! pr(essional money-l5d]s ( ,m5tz4 8,heav5 or hell10 says ,lacroix1 8s5t him ! p>tn] ,john ,fu/40#bfj ,! "* & s]vices ( ,john ,fu/ h be5 put p#dag be=e u 9 /range lights4 ,by "s ( ! e>li] writ]s he 0 mo/ untruly repres5t$ z ! inv5tor ( typography1 z ! in/ructor1 z well z ! p>tn]1 ( ,gut5b]g4 ,by ano!r class ( au?ors he has be5 reg>d$ z ! patron & b5efactor ( ,gut5b]g1 a man ( public _s1 :o _h ! wit to see ! great value ( ,gut5b]g's new art1 & ! c\rage to unite 8 =tunes ) ^? ( ! ne$y inv5tor4 ,?is latt] view has be5 popul>3 to ?is day1 ,fu/ is ?or\ghly id5tifi$ ) all ! honors ( ! inv5tion4 ,! unreasonabl5ess ( ?is pret5sion has s5t o!r writ]s to ! opposite extreme4 ,dur+ ! pres5t c5tury1 ,fu/ has be5 frequ5tly pa9t$ z a gre$y & crafty speculator1 :o took a mean advantage ( ! ne$s ( ,gut5b]g1 & basely robb$ him ( ! fruits ( 8 inv5tion4#bfa ,illu/ration3 ,john ,fu/4 ,f ,maittaire4 ,x is possible t ,gut5b]g knew ,john ,fu/1 ! money-l5d]1 ?r\gh bus9ess relations ) ,fu/'s bro!r1 ,james1 ! goldsmi?2 = we h se5 t1 dur+ 8 exp]im5ts 9 ,/rasburg1 ,gut5b]g _h "w done by two goldsmi?s4 ,:at projects ,gut5b]g unfold$ to ,john ,fu/1 & :at allurem5ts he set =?1 are n kn[n2 b ! w>y money-l5d] w\ld n h haz>d$ a guild] on ,gut5b]g's inv5tion1 if he _h n be5 conv9c$ ( its value & ( ,gut5b]g's ability4 ,john ,fu/ knew t !re 0 "s risk 9 ! ent]prise1 = x is probable t he _h he>d ( p#dah ! losses ( ,dritzeh51 ,riffe & ,heilmann4 ,9 mak+ an alliance ) ! inv5tor1 ,fu/ neglect$ none ( ! precautions ( a money-l5d]4 ,he really add$ to !m1 insi/+ on t]ms ?r\gh :i* he expect$ to receive all ! advantages ( a p>tn]%ip )\t its liabilities4#bfb ,! t]ms 7 h>d4 ,b ,gut5b]g _h ! firme/ fai? 9 ! success ( 8 inv5tion3 9 8 view x 0 n only to be successful1 b s enorm\sly pr(itable t he c\ld well af=d to pay all ! exactions ( ! money-l5d]4 ,! object ( ! p>tn]%ip is n explicitly /at$1 b x 01 )\t d\bt1 ! bus9ess ( pr9t+ & publi%+ text books1 &1 m especially1 ! production ( a gr& edition ( ! ,bible1 ! price ( a fair manuscript copy ( :i*1 at t "t1 0 five hundr$ guild]s4 ,! exp5se t w\ld be made 9 pr9t+ a l>ge edition ( ?is "w seem$ trivial 9 comp>ison ) ! sum :i* ,gut5b]g dream$ w\ld be readily paid = ! new books4 ,b ! expect$ pr(it 0 n ! only allurem5t4 ,gut5b]g 01 no d\bt1 completely dom9at$ by ! idea t necessity 0 laid on him--t he mu/ demon/rate ! utility & gr&eur ( 8 inv5tion1--& ?is mu/ be done :e!r ! demon/ration begg>$ or enri*$ him4 ,aft] sixte5 ye>s ( labor1 almo/ if n entirely fruitless1 he snat*$ at ! p>tn]%ip ) ,fu/ z ! only means by :i* he c\ld realize ! great purpose ( 8 life4 ,! ov]rul+ p[] ( ! money-l5d] 0 %[n 9 ! p#dai beg9+ ( ! p>tn]%ip4 ,gut5b]g _h ready ! types ( ! ,bible ( #cf l9es1 & _h1 p]haps1 pr9t$ a few copies ( ! "w--too few to supply ! dem&4 ,ano!r edition c\ld h be5 pr9t$ )\t delay1 b x 0 decid$ t ?is new edition %\ld be 9 a small] type & 9 two volumes4 ,x 0 int5d$ t ! co/ ( ! new edition %\ld be ab\t "o-?ird less ?an t ( ! ,bible ( #cf l9es4 ,gut5b]g 01 consequ5tly1 oblig$ to cut a new face & f\nd a new font ( types1 :i*1 by ! t]ms ( ! agreem5t1 7 to be mortgag$ to ,fu/4 ,fu/ did n assi/ ,gut5b]g z he %\ld h done4 ,in/ead ( pay+ ! #hjj guild]s at once1 z 0 impli$ 9 ! agreem5t1 he all[$ two ye>s to pass be=e ?is am\nt 0 fully paid4 ,! equipm5t ( ! pr9t+ (fice ) new types 0 sadly delay$4 ,at ! end ( ! two ye>s1 :5 ,gut5b]g 0 ready to pr9t1 he ne$$ = ! next ye>'s exp5ses1 & = ! pap] & vellum = ! entire edition1 m ?an ! #cjj guild]s all[$ to him by ! agreem5t ( #adej4 ,fu/1 p]ceiv+ ! ne$ ( ,gut5b]g1 saw also 8 opportunity = a /roke 9 f9ance1 :i* w\ld assi/ him 9 ! designs :i* he seems to h ent]ta9$ f ! beg9n+4 ,he propos$ a modification ( ! contract--to commute ! annual paym5t ( #cjj guild]s = ! ?ree successive ye>s by ! imm$iate paym5t ( #hjj guild]s4 ,z an (fset to ! loss ,gut5b]g w\ld su/a9 by ?is dep>ture f ! contract1 ,fu/ propos$ to remit 8 claim to int]e/ on ! #hjj guild]s t _h be5 paid4 ,gut5b]g1 eag] = ! money1 & cr$ul\s1 ass5t$ to ^! modifications4 ,! delays & difficulties :i* ,gut5b]g enc\nt]$ 9 ! pr9t+ ( ?is edition 7 great1 b no "p ( ! "w 0 done ha/ily or unadvis$ly4 ,he may n h receiv$ practical education z a book-mak]1 b he _h ! r>e good s5se to accept in/ruction f ^? :o _h4 ,! ,bible ( #db l9es 0 obvi\sly plann$ by an adept 9 all ! book-mak+ skill ( 8 "t4 ,x 0 laid out 9 #ff p#dbj sections1 = ! mo/ "p ( #aj leaves ea*4 ,to facilitate ! division ( ! book 9 p>ts 7s t x c\ld be b\nd1 if necess>y = ! conv5i5ce ( ! read]1 9 t5 ?9 volumes71 "s ( ! sections h b #d1 "s #aa1 & "s #ab leaves4 ,! book prop]1 )\t ! summ>y ( cont5ts1 consi/s ( #abhb pr9t$ pages1 #b columns to ! page1 &1 = ! mo/ "p1 ) #db l9es to ! column4#bfc ,a wide m>g9 0 all[$ = ! ornam5tal bord]s1 )\t :i* no book ( t "t 0 complete1 & l>ge spaces 7 also left 9 ! text = ! great initial lett]s4 ,x 0 expect$ t ! pur*as] ( ! book w\ld h ! m>g9s & spaces cov]$ ) ! fanciful designs & bright colors ( ! illum9ator4 ,9 "s copies1 ?is "w ( illum9ation 0 admirably done2 9 o!rs x 0 badly done or entirely neglect$4 ,! rubrics 7 r\ghly made by dabb+ a bru% fill$ ) r$ ink ov] a lett] pr9t$ 9 black4 ,on ! pages ( #dj l9es1 ! summ>ies ( *apt]s 7 pr9t$ 9 r$ ink2 on o!r pages ! summ>ies 7 writt51 sometimes 9 r$ & sometimes 9 black ink4 p#dba ,x w\ld seem t x 0 ,gut5b]g's orig9al int5tion to pr9t all ! summ>ies 9 r$ ink1 & t he 0 oblig$1 = "s unkn[n reason1 to h !m writt5 94 ,! g5]al effect ( ! typography is t ( excessive blackness1--an effect :i* seems to h be5 made ( set purpose1 = ! design] ( ! types made b sp>+ use ( hair l9es4 ,x may be t ! avoidance ( hair l9es 0 caus$ by difficulties ( type-f\nd+4 ,! type-f\nd+ 0 prop]ly done3 ! types h solid faces & /& 9 l9e4 ,! lett]s are n only black b cond5s$1 & are s closely connect$ t !y seem to h be5 spread by pressure4 ,d\ble lett]s & abbreviations 7 freely us$4 ,judg$ by mod]n /&>ds1 ! types are ungraceful2 ! text lett]s are too d5se & black1 & ! capitals are ( rude =m1 obscure1 & too small = ! text4 ,! presswork is unequal3 on "s vellum copies1 ! types are cle>ly & %>ply pr9t$2 on o!r copies1 !y %[ muddily f excess ( ink4 ,on ! pap] copies1 ! ink is usually ( a full black1 b !re are pages on pap] & on vellum1 9 :i*1 = lack ( ink & impression1#bfd ! color is ( a grimy gray-black4 ,van d] ,l9de & o!rs say t ! ink w n resi/ wat]1 b ! ink on ! fragm5ts ( vellum belong+ to ,mr4 ,bruce /ood a sev]e te/ by wat]1 )\t any weak5+ ( color4 ,! regi/] on ! pap] copies is v good2 on ! vellum copies x is (f5sively irregul>1 a pla9 pro( t ! vellum _h be5 damp5$1 & _h %runk or twi/$ be=e ! second side 0 pr9t$4 ,x has be5 said t ?is ,bible ( #db l9es 0 pr9t$ ) int5t to *eat pur*as]s1 s t x might be sold z a manuscript4 ,!re is a leg5d t ,fu/ did attempt ! *eat at ,p>is1 b !re is no good au?ority = ! libel1 :i* sc>cely des]ves exam9ation4 ,!re 71 no d\bt1 dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1 _m :o c\ld n p]ceive p#dbb ! dissimil>ities betwe5 manuscript & pr9t$ books1 b ^! m5 7 n book-buy]s4 ,to ! intellig5t book-buy]1 ! features ( dissimil>ity 7 conspicu\s4#bfe ,x is n at all probable t ,gut5b]g ent]ta9$ any ?\ght ( deception3 he imitat$ 8 manuscript copy only because x 0 9 an approv$ /yle ( book-mak+4 ,al?\gh ! types ( ?is ,bible are obsolete1 !re is some?+ pleas+ 9 _! boldness & solidity to a read] :o is we>i$ ) ! small trim lett]s1 light l9es & app>5tly pal] ink ( mod]n books4 ,! effect ( rugg$ /r5g? is reliev$ by ! fl[+ l9es1 vivid colors & complex ornam5tation ( ! odd bord]s & initials :i* h be5 add$ by design] & illum9ator4 ,h[ mu* ( ! pleasure d]iv$ f an inspection ( ! "w is due to ! skill ( ! pr9t]1 & h[ mu* to ! art ( ! illum9ator1 has n always be5 judicially weigh$ by ^? :o repres5t ! book z a specim5 ( p]fect pr9t+4 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! mo/ attractive features ( ! book are ^? made1 n by pr9t+1 b by illum9ation1 b x is pla9 t ! designs & ornam5tation are n ( a "* appropriate to ! text4 ,!y w\ld n be all[$ 9 any mod]n edition ( ! book4 ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile ( ! ,types ( ! ,bible ( #db ,l9es1 ) ! ,rubricator's ,m>ks on ! ,capitals4 ,v]ses #aj to #bj ( ! ,fifte5? ,*apt] ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,photograph$ f a ,fragm5t ( ! ,orig9al 9 ! ,collection ( ,mr4 ,david ,wolfe ,bruce4 ,! workman%ip ( ! pr9t] 9 8 own prop] field is wond]ful :5 we reg>d ! circum/ances "u :i* x 0 done1 b x w\ld n satisfy ! requirem5ts ( a mod]n publi%] or book-buy]4 ,x is ( its own "t1 ) ! faults ( t "t1 9 mann] & matt]4 ,! promise ( legibility1 :i* seems w>rant$ by ! bold & black types1 is delusive4 ,! ord9>y ,lat9 s*ol> _c read ! book1 nor ref] to any passage 9 x1 ) satisfaction4 ,x is )\t title & pag+ figures4 ,! blank spaces :i* indicate *anges ( subject1 & give relief to ! eye1 7 seiz$ by ! illum9ator4 ,v]se foll[s v]se1 & *apt] foll[s *apt]1 & "o l9e *ases ano!r ) a p#dbd grudg+ ( :ite space & ( true relief :i* is n aton$ = by ! dabs ( r$ 9 ! rubrics1 nor by ! pr(use weal? ( ornam5tation 9 ! c5tre column & m>g9s4 ,! composition is noticeably irregul>3 ! l9es are n always ( uni=m l5g?4 ,:5 a ^w 0 divid$1 ! hyph5 0 all[$ to project & give to ! "r side ( ! column a ragg$ appe>ance4 ,:5 !re 7 too _m lett]s = ! l9e1 words 7 abbreviat$4 ,! measure 0 n>r[1 & x 0 only ?r\gh ! lib]al use ( abbreviations t ! spac+ ( words c\ld be regulat$4 ,! p]iod1 colon & hyph5 7 ! only po9ts ( punctuation4 ,! manuscript tak5 = copy 0 n /rictly accurate1 & ! errors ( ! scribe 7 repeat$ by ! compositor4 ,! lib]ties tak5 by scribe & compositor 9 ! mak+ ( abbreviations1 & 9 ! spell+ out ( abbreviations1 7 a prolific s\rce ( error4 ,x 0 q z mu* on acc\nt ( ! frequ5cy ( ^! errors1 z ! obsolet5ess ( ! types1 t ?is fam\s edition 0 s soon laid aside & 0 s quickly =gott54 ,x 0 supplant$ by ! editions ( ! m s*ol>ly pr9t]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :o collat$ a great _m manuscript & pr9t$ copies be=e !y prep>$ a new copy = ! pr9t]4 ,x is un=tunate t ,gut5b]g did n1 z 0 cu/om>y ) ! book-mak]s ( t "t1 put 8 "n & ! date ( pr9t+ on ! book4 ,! omission 0 p>tially suppli$ by an illum9ator :o suffix$ ! foll[+ colophons or subscriptions to 8 copy ( ! book3 ,fir/ ,volume4 ,"h ende? ! ,fir/ ,"p ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ( ! ,holy ,bible1 :i* 0 illum9at$1 rubricat$ & b\nd by ,h5ry ,albe*1 or ,crem]1 on ,sa9t ,b>?olomew's ,day 7,augu/ #bd71 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #adef4 ,?anks be to ,god4 ,hallelujah4 ,second ,volume4 ,?is ,book 0 illum9at$1 b\nd & p]fect$ by ,h5ry ,crem]1 vic> ( ! ,collegiate ,*ur* ( ,sa9t ,/eph5 9 ,m5tz1 on ! ,fea/ ( ! ,assumption ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 7,augu/ #ae71 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #adef4 ,?anks be to ,god4 ,hallelujah4 ,z ! second volume 0 illum9at$ n9e days be=e ! fir/ volume1 x may be suppos$ t1 on ?is copy1 ! p#dbe "w ( illum9ation 0 />t$ on ! %eets1 z soon z !y _h be5 pr9t$ & be=e !y 7 b\nd4 ,x is possible t ! la/ %eet 0 pr9t$ 9 #adef1 b x is a m g5]al belief t ! "w 0 complet$ 9 #adee4 ,!re is no tradition ab\t ! numb] pr9t$4 ,at ! close ( ! c5tury1 ?ree hundr$ copies 7 reg>d$ by pr9t]s ( ,italy z a prop] numb] = an edition 9 folio4 ,x is n probable t ,gut5b]g pr9t$ s l>ge a numb]4 ,unb\nd copies 7 sold at diff]5t times & places1 n long aft] publication1 = v>i\s sums rang+ f twelve guild]s to sixty cr[ns4#bff ,x does n appe> t ! books provok$ any en?usiasm3 no *ronicl] ( t "t ?\ght x wor? :ile to give !m ev5 a pass+ m5tion4 ,we h to suppose t !y attract$ no m att5tion ?an ! books ( a copyi/4 ,x appe>s1 also1 t ! ,bible ( #db l9es1 f a m]cantile po9t ( view1 0 a v unsuccessful ent]prise4 ,?is is ! evid5ce4 ,on ! six? day ( ,novemb]1 #adee1 ,fu/ br\ght a suit = ! recov]y ( ! money advanc$ to ,gut5b]g4 ,z ,gut5b]g 0 unable to pay ! dem&1 we may suppose t ! ,bible _h n be5 complet$1 or1 _h n met ) a ready sale4 ,! suit ( ,john ,fu/ has be5 ! occasion ( discordant criticism4 ,dibd9 fully ju/ifies 8 action1 & intimates t ,gut5b]g 0 really a trick/]1 :o w\ld h defraud$ ,fu/ if he _h n resort$ to summ>y proce$+s4 ,! def5d]s ( ,fu/1 :o are few1 h to admit t he "h appe>s z a ke5 man ( bus9ess1 de/itute ( s5tim5t1 & ( ung5]\s disposition4 ,sympa?iz]s ) ,gut5b]g d5\nce ,fu/ z a cunn+ s*em]1 :o _h made ! t]ms ( ! p>tn]%ip rigor\s ) ! secret det]m9ation to get possession ( ! inv5tion ?r\gh ,gut5b]g's inability to keep 8 contract4 ,?is is ! record ( ! proce$+s be=e ! c\rt3 p#dbf ,,in/rum5t ( a c]ta9 day1 :5 ,fu/ produc$ an acc\nt & confirm$ x by an oa?4 ,9 ! "n ( ,god4 ,am54 ,be x kn[n to all :o %all see ?is public docum5t or he> x read1 t1 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #adee1 on ,?ursday1 ! #f? ( ,novemb]1 betwe5 elev5 & twelve at noon1 at ,m5tz1 9 ! l>ge d9+-hall 7refectorium7 ( ! conv5t ( b>e-foot$ fri>s1 appe>$ be=e me1 not>y1 & ! witnesses to be m5tion$ h]eaft]1 ! honorable & prud5t man ,jacob ,fu/1 citiz5 ( ,m5tz1 & has1 9 behalf ( ,johan ,fu/ 8 bro!r1 also pres5t1 %ewn1 said & expos$1 t to ! said ,johan ,fu/ on ! "o side & ,johan ,gut5b]g on ! o!r1 %\ld be adm9i/]$ ! oa?1 accord+ to judgm5t pass$ on bo? ! p>ties1 & = :i* ?is day & ?is h\r _h be5 fix$ & ! hall ( ! conv5t assign$4 ,9 ord] t ! fri>s ( ! said conv5t1 :o 7 /ill assembl$ 9 ! hall1 %\ld n be di/urb$1 ! said ,jacob ,fu/ did ask ?r\gh 8 mess5g]1 :e!r ,johan ,gut5b]g1 or any "o = him1 7 pres5t 9 ! conv5t1 9 ord] to f9i% ! matt]4 ,at ?is message came into ! said refectorium ! rev]5d ,he9ri* ,gun!r1 pa/or ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph]'s at ,m5tz1 ,he9ri* ,keff]1 & ,b]tolf von ,hanau1 a s]vant ( ,johan ,gut5b]g1 & :5 !y _h be5 ask$ by ,johan ,fu/ :e!r !y _h be5 au?oriz$ by ,johan ,gut5b]g1 !y answ]$ t !y _h be5 s5t by ,junk] ,johan ,gut5b]g to he> & see :at %\ld happ5 9 ?is case4 ,!reupon ,johan ,fu/ begg$ leave to con=m to ! /ipulations ( ! v]dict1 aft] he _h wait$ = ,johan ,gut5b]g till twelve o'clock1 & 0 /ill wait+ = him4 ,he reads ! s5t5ce pass$ on ! fir/ article ( 8 claim1 f ^w to ^w1 ) its pret5sion & response1 :i* runs z foll[s3 ,fir/1 t he1 accord+ to ! writt5 agreem5t1 %\ld l5d ,johan ,gut5b]g ab\t #hjj flor9s 9 gold1 ) :i* he 0 to f9i% ! "w1 & :e!r x w\ld co/ m or less 0 no matt] to ,fu/2 & t ,johan ,gut5b]g 0 to pay six p] c5t4 int]e/ = ?is money4 ,he _h inde$ l5t him ^! #hjj guild]s on a bond1 b ,gut5b]g 0 n satisfi$1 b compla9$ t he _h n yet receiv$ ! #hjj guild]s4 ,= t reason1 ,fu/1 be+ desir\s ( do+ him "s s]vice1 l5t him #hjj guild]s m ?an he 0 b\nd by 8 contract to d1 = :i* #hjj guild]s ,fu/ _h to pay =ty guild]s z int]e/4 ,&1 al?\gh ,gut5b]g _h b\nd himself by contract to pay six p] c5t4 int]e/ on ! fir/ #hjj guild]s1 yet he _h n done s = a s+le ye>1 b ,fu/ _h to pay ?is int]e/ himself to ! am\nt ( #bej guild]s4 ,=1 at pres5t1 ,gut5b]g hav+ nev] paid int]e/1 & ,fu/ hav+ be5 oblig$ to borr[ ?is int]e/ f ,*ri/ians & ,jews1 = :i* he _h paid ab\t ?irty-six flor9s1 8 paym5ts1 toge!r ) ! capital1 p#dbg am\nt to ab\t #b1jbj guild]s1 ( :i* he dem&s reimbursem5t4 ,!reupon1 ,johan ,gut5b]g answ]$ t ,johan ,fu/ _h agre$ to l5d him #hjj guild]s1 ) :i* money he 0 to arrange & make 8 tools1 & t ^! tools %\ld rema9 z security = ,fu/4 ,b ,fu/ _h moreov] agre$ to give him e ye> #cjj guild]s = exp5ses1 & to advance also wages1 h\se-r5t1 ,,vellum1 ,,pap]1 ,,ink1 etc4 ,if1 aft]w>d1 !y did n agree1 ,gut5b]g %\ld !n pay ! #hjj guild]s back1 & ! tools %\ld be free f mortgage2 x %\ld be und]/ood1 t ) ! #hjj guild]s he _h to make ! ma*9e1 :i* 0 to be a pl$ge4 ,he hopes n t any "o %all pret5d t he 0 oblig$ to sp5d ^! #hjj guild]s on ! "w ( ! books i4 e41 on vellum1 pap]1 etc4 ,&1 al?\gh x is said 9 ! contract t ,gut5b]g 0 to pay six p] c5t4 int]e/1 ,fu/ _h told him t he _h no int5tion ( accept+ ?is int]e/ f him4 ,moreov]1 he _h n receiv$ ! #hjj guild]s 9 full & at once accord+ to agreem5t1 z ,fu/ _h pret5d$ 9 ! fir/ article ( 8 claim2 & z = ! second #hjj guild]s1 he is ready to give an acc\nt ( !m1 b decl9es to give him int]e/ or usury = !m1 & hopes t he is n b\nd by law to pay !m4 ,we pass1 !re=e1 s5t5ce accord+ to pret5sion & response3 ,:5 ,johan ,gut5b]g has submitt$ an acc\nt ( all receipts & disbursem5ts sp5t on ! "w to _! common pr(it i4 e41 pr9t+1 ?is "w %all be add$ to ! #hjj guild]s2 if he has sp5t m ?an ! #hjj guild]s1 :i* did n belong to _! common pr(it1 he %\ld pay x back2 if ,fu/ is able to prove1 on oa? or by witnesses1 t he has borr[$ ! money on int]e/1 & did n l5d x out ( 8 own res\rces1 !n ,gut5b]g is b\nd by contract to pay x4 ,n[1 aft] ?is s5t5ce _h be5 read 9 pres5ce ( ! a=esaid witnesses1 ,johan ,fu/ has1 ) rais$ f+]s1 9 ! h&s ( me1 public not>y1 tak5 ! oa? by all ! sa9ts1 t ev]y?+ 0 compris$ accord+ to tru? & s5t5ce1 9 an act :i* he plac$ 9 my h&s4 ,he confirm$ x on oa?1 z truly z ,god & ! sa9ts may help him2 & ! cont5ts ( ?is docum5t 7 z foll[s3 ,i1 ,johan ,fu/1 h borr[$ #a1eej guild]s1 :i* h be5 receiv$ by ,johan ,gut5b]g1 & sp5t on our common "w1 = :i* ,i h paid an annual int]e/1 & /ill owe a "p ( x4 ,!re=e1 ,i c\nt = e hundr$ guild]s :i* ,i h borr[$ 9 ?is way1 six guild]s p] annum2 & = ! money sp5t on our common "w1 ,i dem& ! int]e/ accord+ to judgm5t pass$4 ,! said ,johan ,fu/ dem&s f me1 public not>y1 "o or m public acts ( ?is matt]1 z _m & z (t5 z he %\ld want !m2 & all ^! matt]s record$ "h1 happ5$ 9 ! ye>1 indiction1 day1 h\r1 papacy1 mon?1 & t[n a=esaid1 9 ! p#dbh pres5ce ( ! hone/ m51 ,pet] ,grauss1 ,johan ,ki/1 ,johan ,kn(f1 ,johan ,ys5eck1 ,jacob ,fu/1 citiz5s ( ,m5tz2 ,pet] ,g]n%eim & ,johan ,bone1 cl]ks ( ! city & diocese ( ,m5tz1 ask$ & summon$ z witnesses4 ,& ,i1 ,ulri* ,helmasp]g]1 cl]k ( ! diocese ( ,bamb]g1 by imp]ial au?ority1 public cl]k ( ! ,holy ,see at ,m5tz1 sworn not>y1 h be5 pres5t at all ! a=esaid transactions & articles ) ! witnesses m5tion$4 ,!re=e1 be+ reque/$ to d s1 ,i h sign$ ) my h&1 & seal$ ) my common seal1 ?is public act1 writt5 by ano!r1 z te/imony & true record ( all ! a=esaid matt]s4#bfg ,,ulricus ,,helmasp]g]1 ,not>y4 ,! suit br\ght by ,fu/ 01 app>5tly1 a surprise1 = x _c be suppos$ t ,gut5b]g w\ld h be5 s completely unprep>$ to meet 8 obligation if he _h n be5 l$ to believe t ,fu/ w\ld po/pone ! collection ( 8 claim4 ,! en=cem5t ( ?is claim be=e ! book 0 publi%$1 or at lea/ be=e money _h be5 d]iv$ f its sale--tak5 9 connection ) ! facts t ! delay 9 ! publication ( ! book1 & ,gut5b]g's inability to pay 8 debt1 7 l>gely due to ! delay ( ,fu/ 9 furni%+ ! money z he _h promis$--seems to w>rant ! *>ge t ,fu/ m$itat$ ! despoilm5t ( ,gut5b]g at ! =mation ( ! p>tn]%ip4 ,gut5b]g's def5se be=e ! c\rt 0 v feeble3 x is t ( a man :o knew he _h no hope ( success4 ,he did n appe> 9 p]son1 b tru/$ 8 case to 8 workm54 ,fu/ 0 m adroit2 he 0 voluble & positive1 & 8 relative1 ,jacob ,fu/1 0 "o ( ! judges4 ,b ! fates 7 aga9/ ,gut5b]g3 ! h>d t]ms ( ! contract he _h sign$ compell$ an adv]se decision4 ,illu/ration3 ,john ,gut5b]g 4 4 4 ,f an ,old ,pr9t 9 ! ,national ,libr>y at ,p>is4 ,f ,lacroix4 ,t ,fu/ did ,gut5b]g a griev\s wrong is v pla92 t ,gut5b]g _h manag$ ! bus9ess ( ! p>tn]%ip ) economy & intellig5ce is n s cle>4 ,at no p]iod ( 8 life did ! great inv5tor %[ any tal5t = f9ancial adm9i/ration4 ,he 0 c]ta9ly defici5t 9 _m qualities t %\ld be possess$ by a man ( bus9ess1 & ,fu/ may h ?\ght t he 0 fully ju/ifi$ 9 plac+ 8 money p#dbi int]e/s 9 ! h&s ( a m c>eful manag]4 ,?is1 a copy ( ! olde/ engrav+ kn[n ( ,gut5b]g1 pres5ts him to u z a man ( decid$ "*1 n to be cajol$ or manag$ by a p>tn] 9 bus9ess4 ,! ?9 curv+ lip & po9t$ nose1 ! /rongly m>k$ l9es on ! =ehead1 ! bold eyes & arrogant be>+ ( ! head reveal to u a man ( g5ius p#dcj & ( =ce1 a man born to rule1 impati5t ( re/ra9t1 & ( inflexible resolution4 ,we h b to look at ! portrait ( ,fu/ to see t he1 also1 0 accu/om$ to hav+ 8 own way1 & t he & ,gut5b]g 7 n at all adapt$ to ea* o!r z p>tn]s4 ,b ,fu/ w\ld n h brok5 ) ,gut5b]g if he _h n be5 prep>$ to put a compet5t successor 9 8 place4 ,9 ,pet] ,s*ff]1 a "y man tw5ty-six ye>s old1 :o _h be5 employ$ 9 ! pr9t+ (fice1 ,fu/ disc]n$ an intellig5t workman :o gave promise ( ability z a manag]4 ,s*ff]1 :o !n hop$ to w9 ! h& ( ,fu/'s daught] ,*ri/9a1 01 no d\bt1 m complaisant ?an ! irascible ,gut5b]g4 ,z he 0 aft]w>d m>ri$ to h]1 x may be ?\ght t %e approv$ 8 suit 9 its beg9n+1 & t h] influ5ce ) h] fa!r 0 us$ to its utmo/ 9 favor ( ! removal ( ,gut5b]g & ! advancem5t ( ,s*ff]4 ,x 0 fully und]/ood by ! ?ree conspirators t ,gut5b]g c\ld make no prop] def5se2 x 0 det]m9$ t he %\ld be expell$ f 8 place 9 ! p>tn]%ip & t ,s*ff] %\ld succe$ him 9 ! managem5t ( ! pr9t+ (fice4 ,:5 e ?+ _h be5 arrang$1 ,gut5b]g 0 summon$ to appe> be=e ! c\rt4 ,! plot 0 successful 9 all po9ts4 ,fu/ won ! suit almo/ )\t a /ruggle3 "u ! =ms ( law1 he took possession ( all ! mat]ials made by ,gut5b]g = ! common pr(it1 & remov$ !m to 8 own h\se4 ,) ! types1 presses & books w5t also _m ( ! skill$ workm51 & ,pet] ,s*ff] 0 at _! head4 ,f an equitable po9t ( view1 ,fu/ 0 amply recomp5s$1 ,he got ! pr9t+ (fice t he covet$1 &1 ) x1 ! "r to use ! newly discov]$ art ( ,gut5b]g4 ,x appe>s t he 0 cont5t4 ,!re is no evid5ce t he aft]w>d made any attempt to collect ! claim :i* 01 legally1 unsatisfi$ ev5 aft] ! surr5d] ( ,gut5b]g's pr9t+ mat]ials & ! pr9t$ books4 p#dca ,,xxii ,! ,lat] ,"w ( ,gut5b]g4 ,e/abli%es a ,new ,pr9t+ ,(fice 4 4 4 ,cal5d> ( #adeg 4 4 4 ,n probable t ! ,bible ( #cf l9es 0 pr9t$ at ?is "t 4 4 4 ,gut5b]g ,emb>rass$ by ,debts 4 4 4 ,lett] ( ,indulg5ce ( #adfa1 ) ,fac-simile 4 4 4 ,ca?olicon ( #adfj1 ) ,fac-simile & ,colophon 4 4 4 ,indiff]5ce ( ,gut5b]g to ,fame 4 4 4 ,pamphlets attribut$ to ,gut5b]g 4 4 4 ,celebration ( ! ,mass1 ) ,fac-simile 4 4 4 ,mirror ( ! ,cl]gy1 ) ,fac-simile 4 4 4 ,! ,w> betwe5 ! ,rival ,ar*bi%ops 4 4 4 ,! ,siege & ,sack ( ,m5tz 4 4 4 ,gut5b]g's ,(fice remov$ to ,eltvill 4 4 4 ,gut5b]g made a ,g5tleman ( ,adolph's ,c\rt 4 4 4 ,end ( ,gut5b]g's ,labors 4 4 4 ,8 ,dea? 9 #adfh 4 4 4 ,disposition ( 8 ,types 4 4 4 ,8 ,s]vices n fully ,appreciat$ 4 4 4 ,true ,nature ( 8 ,inv5tion 4 4 4 ,8 ,m]it ackn[l$g$ by ,writ]s ( 8 ,"t 4 4 4 ,tablets ( ,gel?us & ,wittig 4 4 4 ,p]man5cy ( ,gut5b]g's ,inv5tion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:y %\ld we talk ab\t monum5ts ( bronze or m>ble to commemorate ! s]vices ( ,gut5b]g8 ,8 is a monum5t :i*1 m frail ?an any o!r1 w survive !m all3 x is ! ,book4 ,madd54 99 99 99 99 99 ,gut5b]g _h be5 legally depriv$ ( 8 pr9t+ (fice & ( ! exclusive "r to 8 great inv5tion1 b he 0 n left fri5dless & utt]ly impov]i%$4 ,nor 0 8 _s brok5 by ?is great calamity4 ,! reflection t ,fu/ 0 own] ( ! mat]ials made = pr9t+ ! ,bible ( #db l9es1 & 0 ab\t to enjoy all ! emolum5ts ( ! new art1 ar\s$ ,gut5b]g to rivalry4 ,he 0 ne>ly sixty ye>s ( age1 b he 0 vigor\s 9 m9d1 if n 9 body1 & evid5tly reta9$ all 8 old p[] ( p]suasion4 ,:5 he det]m9$ to f\nd a new pr9t+ (fice1 he f\nd help]s3 ,conrad ,hum]y1 a physician1 & also cl]k ( ! t[n ( ,m5tz1 provid$ him ) ! means1 & "s ( 8 old workm5 came ov] to jo9 8 =tunes4 ,gut5b]g _h "s mat]ials t[>d ! equipm5t ( a new (fice4 ,fu/'s mortgage cov]$ only ! mat]ials p#dcb made ) ,fu/'s money = ! common pr(it2 x did n cov] ! l>ge types on ,d\ble-pica body1 :i* 7 us$ ^u ! ,bible ( #cf l9es1 & o!r mat]ials :i* might h be5 made 9 ,/rasburg4 ,z ^! types 7 subsequ5tly us$ 9 sev]al little books :i* may be attribut$ to ,gut5b]g1 we may conclude t he reta9$ ! pun*es & matrices 9 8 own possession4 ,we h indirect evid5ce t ! new pr9t+ (fice ( ,gut5b]g 0 9 op]ation at ! close ( ! ye> #adef4 ,) ! types ( ,d\ble-pica body he pr9t$ on "o side ( ! pap]1 obvi\sly made to be pa/$ on a wall1 a broad-side1 n[ kn[n z ! ,cal5d> ( #adeg4 ,( ?is curi\s docum5t1 only ! half ( a copy has be5 f\nd--a fragm5t :i* conta9s ! fe/ivals & notable days = six mon?s4 ,x is fairly pr9t$ 9 black ink on co>se pap]4 ,x is ! belief ( sev]al hi/orians t ,gut5b]g1 hot ) ang] at ! bad fai? ( ,fu/1 9 wre/+ f him ! honor ( pr9t+ ! fir/ ,bible1 imm$iately und]took 9 8 new (fice to publi% a rival edition ( ! same book1 or ! edition h]e9 describ$ z ! ,bible ( #cf l9es4 ,! annotation 9 "o copy ( ! book ( ! ye> #adei1 :i* is suppos$ to be ! date ( publication1 accords ) ! conjecture t ! book begun 9 #adef c\ld h be5 f9i%$ 9 ?ree ye>s4 ,b !re is no evid5ce t x 0 begun 9 #adef1 :ile !re are _m indications t x 0 done or %\ld h be5 done 9 #adej4 ,gut5b]g _h e>n$ fame z a pr9t]#bfh 9 #adeh1 b no writ] ( t "t has said t he 0 !n at "w on ! ,bible ( #cf l9es4 p#dcc ,we h evid5ce1 also1 t he 0 emb>rass$ by 8 debts4 ,aft] ! ye> #adeg he 0 unable to pay ! f\r p\nds annually to ! *apt] ( ,/4 ,?omas at ,/rasburg1 z he _h agre$ to d 9 #addb4 ,! *apt] summon$ him to appe> be=e a c\rt at ,rottweil 9 ,suabia1 9 #adfa1 b to no purpose1 = he 0 unable to satisfy ?is debt4 ,8 pr9t+ mat]ials 7 own$ by ,conrad ,hum]y1 & n liable to seizure4 ,x is by no means cle>ly e/abli%$ t he 01 ev5 !n1 c>ry+ on bus9ess 9 8 own "n4 ,helbig ?9ks x 0 ! fe> ( legal proce$+s1 if he _h made himself v conspicu\s1 t prev5t$ him f putt+ 8 "n on 8 books4 ,?is omission has made x difficult to specify ! books & pamphlets :i* are suppos$ to h be5 pr9t$ by him ab\t ?is "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile ( ! ,types ( ! ,lett] ( ,indulg5ce ( #adfa4 ,f ,b]n>d4 ,"o ( ^! works is ,! ,lett] ( ,indulg5ce ( #adfa1 an indulg5ce grant$ by ,pope ,pius ,,ii to all :o %\ld contribute to ! re/oration ( a *ur* at ,neuhaus54 ,x is pr9t$ 9 a new face ( type1 :i* %\ld h be5 made be=e #adfj4 ,! types ( ?is indulg5ce resemble ^? ( ! ,lett]s ( ,indulg5ce ( #cj l9es & ( #ca l9es1 b !y 7 ca/ f diff]5t matrices & 9 a diff]5t p#dcd m\ld4 ,!y seem to be ! production ( an incompet5t pun*-cutt]2 ! lett]s 7 rudely cut1 ! matrices 7 n prop]ly fitt$ up1 & ! types d n l9e4 ,! presswork1 ^u new types1 is good4 ,9 ! same face ( type1 b ^u a body a little l>g]1 ,gut5b]g pr9t$ ! ,ca?olicon#bfi ( #adfj1 a great folio ( #gdh pages ( d\ble columns1 ) #ff l9es to ea* column4 ,9 "s copies ( ! ,ca?olicon1 ! summ>y ( cont5ts is pr9t$ 9 r$ ink1 & ornam5t$ ) an engrav+ :i* fills "o side ( ! fir/ page4 ,! composition is z rude z t ( ! ,bibles2 ! "r side ( ea* column is always ragg$ f c>eless spac+4 ,! colophon annex$ /ates t ! book 0 pr9t$ at ,m5tz 9 #adfj1 b x does n give ! "n#bgj ( ! pr9t]4 ,! sil5ce ( ,gut5b]g conc]n+ 8 s]vices is rem>kable1 all ! m s1 :5 ?is sil5ce is contra/$ ) ! silly *att]+s ( sev]al pr9t]s dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury1--( :om ,pet] ,s*ff] may be consid]$ z ! fir/1 & ,tre*sel ( ,lyons ! la/1--ea* insi/+ t he1 :atev] o!rs might h done be=e him1 0 ! true p]fect] ( pr9t+4 ,!re is no o!r in/ance 9 mod]n hi/ory1 except+ possibly t ( ,%akesp]e1 ( a man :o did s mu* & :o said s little ab\t x4 ,?is colophon is ! only passage 9 ?is book1 &1 inde$1 9 any ( 8 works1 :i* c be attribut$ to ,gut5b]g3 p#dce ,by ! assi/ance ( ! mo/ ,high1 at ^: w ! tongues ( *ildr5 become eloqu5t1 & :o (t5 reveals to babes :at ,he hides f ! wise1 ?is r5[n$ book1 ! ,ca?olicon1 0 pr9t$ & p]fect$ 9 ! ye> ( ,inc>nation #adfj1 9 ! belov$ city ( ,m5tz 7:i* belongs to ! illu/ri\s ,g]man nation1 & :i* ,god has cons5t$ to pref] & to raise ) su* an exalt$ light ( ! m9d & ( free grace1 above ! o!r nations ( ! e>?71 n by means ( p51 or p5cil1 or /5cil plate1 b by ! admirable proportion1 h>mony & connection ( ! pun*es & matrices4#bga ,:]e=e to !e1 ,div9e ,fa!r1 ,son & ,holy ,gho/1 triune & only ,god1 let praise & honor be giv51 & let ^? :o nev] =get to praise ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 jo9 also ?r\gh ?is book 9 ! univ]sal an!m ( ! ,*ur*4 ,god be prais$4 p#dcf ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile ( ! ,types ( ! ,ca?olicon ( #adfj4 ,f ,b]n>d4 ,! dignifi$ & rev]5tial language ( ?is colophon1 s unlike ! va+lori\s impr9ts ( ,fu/ & ,s*ff] & ! commonplace subscriptions ( ,pfi/]1 is almo/ en\gh ( itself to %[ t ! pr9t] ( ! ,ca?olicon 0 ,john ,gut5b]g4 ,t he %\ld attribute ! inv5tion to ! assi/ance & favor ( ! ,almighty1 might be expect$ f a man ?or\ghly imbu$ ) religi\s s5tim5t1 b :y ,gut5b]g %\ld1 9 ?is & 9 all o!r books1 neglect to m5tion himself z ! man ?r\gh :om ! inv5tion 0 accompli%$ is an irregul>ity :i* _c be expla9$4 ,?is neglect is /range1 = ,fu/ & ,s*ff] _h boa/$1 9 an impr9t to ! ,psalt] ( #adeg1 ( _! skill z pr9t]s4 ,five little pamphlets ) texts 9 a new face ( ,r\nd ,go?ic on ,engli% body1 & ) *apt] head+s 9 types resembl+ ! text types ( ! ,bible ( #db l9es1 h be5 attribut$ to ,gut5b]g4 ,!y are3 ,a ,treatise on ! ,celebration ( ! ,mass1#bgb a book ( #cj leaves2 ,a ,cal5d>1 or ,an ,almanac = #adfj1 9 ,lat91 a qu>to ( #f leaves2 ,! ,mirror ( ! ,cl]gy1 by ,h]mann ( ,saldis1 8happily p]fect$ & pr9t$ at ,m5tz10 a qu>to ( #af leaves2 ,a ,treatise on ! ,necessity ( ,c\ncils1 etc41 a qu>to ( #bd leaves2 ,a ,dialogue betwe5 ,cato1 ,hugo & ,oliv] ab\t ,ecclesia/ical ,lib]ty1 p#dcg a qu>to ( #bj leaves4#bgc ,x is possible1 b n c]ta91 t ,gut5b]g pr9t$ ^! books4 ,a ,treatise on ,reason & ,consci5ce1#bgd by ,mat!w ( ,crac[1 a small qu>to ( #bb leaves1 & ,a ,summ>y ( ! ,articles ( ,fai?1 by ,?omas ,aqu9as1 a qu>to ( #ab leaves1 pr9t$ 9 ! types ( ! ,ca?olicon1 may be confid5tly accept$ z ! "w ( ,gut5b]g4 ,b "o copy or fragm5t ( "s ( ^! works is kn[n4 ,gut5b]g may h pr9t$ _m o!r works :i* h be5 de/roy$ & =gott54#bge ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile ( ! ,types ( ! ,treatise on ! ,celebration ( ! ,mass4 ,f ,fis*]4 ,! exi/+ copies or fragm5ts ( pamphlets & books pr9t$ be=e #adfb are en\gh to prove t pr9t+ met p#dch ) a qualifi$ degree ( appreciation4 ,gut5b]g & ,fu/ mu/ h giv5 employm5t to _m presses & workm53 !re 0 a dem& = pr9t$ "w ( all k9ds f almanacs to diction>ies1 & ! pr9t]s _h reason to believe t !y w\ld be amply rew>d$ = _! labor4 ,_! hopes 7 de/roy$ by ! sack ( ,m5tz 9 #adfb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile ( ! ,types ( ,! ,mirror ( ! ,cl]gy4 ,f ,b]n>d4 ,! city ( ,m5tz !n held ! fir/ place 9 ! league ( ! free cities ( ! ,rh9e1 b h] prosp]ity#bgf 0 decl9+4 ,unceas+ civil /rifes _h driv5 away ! m feeble "p ( h] population4 ,9 #adfa1 x 0 ! wreck ( its e>li] greatness3 x _h b #ej1jjj inhabitants & 0 burd5$ ) debt4 ,die!r1 ,c\nt ( ,is5burg1 0 !n ar*bi%op & elector ( ! city1 by ! cons5t ( ! majority ( ! inhabitants2 b ! rival ar*bi%op1 ,adolph ,,ii1 ,c\nt ( ,nassau1 support$ by ,pope ,pius ,,ii1 claim$ ! ar*bi%opric1 & made w> ^u ,die!r4 ,! consequ5ces ( ! w>1 :i* ne>ly ru9$ ! city1 are =cibly /at$ by ,s*aab4 p#dci ,?is enmity betwe5 two ar*bi%ops 0 ! cause ( "o ( ! mo/ t]rible days to ! t[n ( ,m5tz4 ,x 0 ! #bh? ( ,octob]1 #adfb1 ! day on :i* ,*ri/ianity celebrat$ ! anniv]s>y ( ! apo/les ,simon & ,judas4 ,m5tz _h rema9$ fai?ful to ! ar*bi%op ,die!r4 ,adolph !re=e tri$ to conqu] x by /ratagem & treason4 ,traitors 7 ga9$ ov] 9 ! t[n1 :o entail$ ^u a half ?\s& ( _! fell[-citiz5s dea?1 & endless mis]y on _m m4 ,by ! trea*]y ( "s wick$ p]sons ! t[n 0 assault$ dur+ ! night betwe5 ! #bg? & #bh? ( ,octob]1 #adfb1 by ! foll[]s ( ,adolph2 its noble/ citiz5s 7 murd]$1 ! mo/ ( !m robb$ ( _! possessions1 & driv5 f ! t[n4 ,all k9ds ( mis*ief 7 committ$ t[>d ^? :o rema9$ beh9d4 ,nei!r age1 rank1 nor sex 0 exempt$4 ,! booty 0 sold publicly 9 ! cattle-m>ket1 & ! money divid$ betwe5 ! soldi]s4#bgg ,( ! expell$ citiz5s only a few gradually return$ 9 secret to _! relations4 ,b ! t[n1 s popul\s be=e1 rema9$ empty1 & all indu/ry 0 de/roy$4 ,! elector ,adolph ,,ii f\nd x necess>y1 on ! ,saturday aft] ,/4 ,?omas's day ( ! same ye>1 to issue a proclamation :]eby he promis$ to all :o wi%$ to trade or to ex]cise a pr(ession 9 ,m5tz1 protection = _! p]sons & possessions1 to induce a few to return4 ,a t[n1 a %ort "t be=e fl\ri%+ ) comm]ce & indu/ry1 _h be5 robb$ 9 a few days ( its privileges & utt]ly de/roy$4#bgh ,9 ! g5]al sack ( ! city1 ! h\se ( ,fu/ 0 burn$1 & 8 pr9t+ mat]ials 7 de/roy$4 ,dur+ ! ?ree ye>s t foll[$ no books ( value 7 pr9t$ 9 ,m5tz4 ,we d n "k h[ ,gut5b]g 0 affect$3 we f9d no au?oritative /atem5t t 8 pr9t+ (fice 0 de/roy$2 x is n ev5 c]ta9 t 8 (fice 0 !n 9 ! city ( ,m5tz4 ,9 ! ye> #adff1 ! pr9t+ (fice :i* conta9$ 8 types 0 9 active op]ation at ,eltvill1 a village n f> f ! city4 ,z ?is 0 ! place :]e ,gut5b]g's "m 0 born1 & :]e %e _h an e/ate1 x is probable t ,gut5b]g f\nd "s advantage 9 mak+ x 8 resid5ce1 soon aft] 8 sep>ation f ,fu/4 ,eltvill 0 also p#ddj ! place :i* ,adolph ,,ii _h select$ = 8 resid5ce be=e he made 8 attack on ,die!r4 ,x may be presum$ t ,eltvill 0 ! place :]e ,adolph fir/ knew ( ,gut5b]g & 8 works4 ,9 #adfe1 ,adolph ,,ii made ,gut5b]g "o ( ! g5tlem5 ( 8 c\rt = 8agreeable & volunt>y s]vice r5d]$ to u & our bi%opric40 ,! nature ( ! s]vice is n def9$4 ,gut5b]g 0 c]ta9ly n a soldi]4 ,8 ,g]man biograph]s d n believe t1 z diplomati/ or politician1 he _h favor$ ! cause ( ! de/roy] ( ! lib]ties ( 8 native city4 ,helbig ?9ks ! words us$ are purely conv5tional1 & t ?is di/9ction 0 conf]r$ on ,gut5b]g because he 0 connect$ ) ! old nobility ( ! city4 ,x is a m common & a m reasonable belief t ,adolph recogniz$1 to "s ext5t1 ! utility ( ,gut5b]g's inv5tion1 & took ?is me?od to honor ! inv5tor4 ,,we1 ,adolph1 elect$ & confirm$ ar*bi%op ( ,m5tz1 ackn[l$ge t we h consid]$ ! agreeable & volunt>y s]vice :i* our de> & fai?ful ,johan ,gut5b]g has r5d]$ to u & our bi%opric1 & h appo9t$ & accept$ him z our s]vant & c\rti]4 ,nor %all we remove him f our s]vice z long z he lives2 & 9 ord] t he may enjoy x ! m1 we w clo! him e ye>1 :5 we clo! our ord9>y suite 7uns]n geme95 h(fges9d71 always l our noblem51 & give him our c\rt dress2 also e ye> tw5ty m\t ( corn & two vo] ( w9e = ! use ( 8 h\se1 free ( duty1 z long z he lives1 b on condition t he %all n sell x or give x away4 ,:i* has be5 promis$ u 9 good fai? by ,johan ,gut5b]g4 ,eltvill1 ,?ursday aft] ,/4 ,antony1 #adfe4bgi p#dda ,! man :o _h inv5t$ an art :i* promis$ to r5ew ! lit]ature ( ! _w1 :o _h pr9t$ two great ,bibles1 a ,lat9 ,diction>y1 & _m m9or works relat+ to religion1 _h surely r5d]$ s]vice to ! fir/ ecclesia/ical dignit>y ( ,g]many4 ,"h ,gut5b]g's "w ends4 ,if n disqualifi$ by ! infirmities ( age f ! managem5t ( 8 pr9t+ (fice1 8 position z c\rti] mu/ h compell$ 8 att5dance at ! c\rt ( ! ar*bi%op4 ,possibly1 ! rules ( ! c\rt requir$ ,gut5b]g to )draw f bus9ess4 ,:atev] ! reason1 we see t ! pr9t+ (fice at ,eltvill pass$ into ! h&s ( 8 relatives by m>riage1 ! bro!rs ,h5ry & ,ni*olas ,be*t]mntz4 ,x does n appe> t ^! m5 _h be5 =mally in/ruct$ z pr9t]s 9 ,m5tz4 ,z !y acquir$ no rights ( proprietor%ip 9 ?is (fice1 z !y 7 m5 ( middle age1 ri*1 ( noble bir? & ( high civic position1 x may be suppos$ t !y took *>ge ( ! (fice to oblige ,gut5b]g & ! ar*bi%op1 &1 p]haps1 f a pure love ( ! new art4 ,9 ! ye> #adfg1 ?is pr9t+ (fice at ,eltvill produc$ a book n[ kn[n z ! ,vocabul>ium ex quo1 call$ s because ^! fir/ words ( ! "w s]ve to di/+ui% x f o!r vocabul>ies4 ,x is an abbreviation ( ! ,ca?olicon1 & = t reason is describ$ 9 ! colophon z an opusculum1 or a little "w2 b x is a heavy qu>to ( #ccj pages4 ,x is pr9t$ ) ! types ( ! ,ca?olicon1 & %[s ! same peculi>ities ( composition4 ,! colophon says t 8?is little book 0 made1 n by re$1 nor p51 nor /5cil plate1 b by a c]ta9 new & subtile inv5tion 4 4 4 by ,h5ry ,be*t]mntz1 ( bless$ memory4#bhj 4 4 4 ,ni*olas ,be*t]mntz1 & ,wyg& ,spyess ( ,or!nburg40#bha ,gut5b]g c\ld n h ab&on$ 8 pr9t+ (fice ) mu* regret4 ,he _h abundantly demon/rat$ ! p#ddb utility ( 8 inv5tion & 8 own ability z a pr9t] by ! publication ( two great books & _m pamphlets4 ,8 art _h be5 adopt$ 9 five ,g]man cities3 x 0 !n mak+ its entry 9 ,rome2 x 0 eag]ly s\ght = by ! k+ ( ,france4 ,a future ( unb\nd$ popul>ity & usefulness 0 be=e x4 ,! "y m5 to :om ,gut5b]g _h taught ! practice ( pr9t+ _h s improv$ t !y 7 8 equals & sup]iors1 & ! old man ( q sev5ty ye>s c\ld n cope ) ^! competitors4 ,8 ambition = pre-em95ce 9 8 own art1 or = ! weal? t %\ld h be5 d]iv$ f its practice1 if he ev] _h su* aspirations1 _h to be giv5 up4 ,x 0 "t t he %\ld quit ! /age4 ,gut5b]g did n long enjoy ! leisure or ! honors ( a c\rti]4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #adfh1 he 0 dead4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( ! cause or ! circum/ances ( 8 dea?1 nor is !re any m5tion ( a surviv+ family4 ,we h to conclude t ,john ,gut5b]g1 ! inv5tor ( ! greate/ ( mod]n arts1 di$1 weigh$ d[n by debts1 & unatt5d$ by wife or *ild4 ,! disposition ( 8 pr9t+ (fice is /at$ 9 ! foll[+ docum5t3#bhb ,i1 ,,! und]sign$1 ,conrad ,hum]y1 doctor1 ackn[l$ge by ?is writ+1 t 8 em95ce ! pr9ce1 my graci\s & de> "l ,adolphus1 ar*bi%op ( ,m5tz1 has g5]\sly deliv]$ to me c]ta9 =m5 matrices or m\lds1 *>act]s types1 in/rum5ts1 ut5sils1 & o!r implem5ts connect$ ) pr9t+1 :i* ,john ,gut5b]g left aft] 8 dea?1 :i* mat]ials belong$ & /ill belong to me3#bhc b1 = ! honor & ! satisfaction ( 8 em95ce ,i am b\nd1 & ,i pl$ge myself1 by ?is docum5t1 nev] to put !m to use b 9 ! city ( ,m5tz1 & fur!r1 to sell !m1 at a fair price1 to a citiz5 ( ,m5tz 9 pref]5ce to any o!r4 ,9 te/imony :]e(1 ,i h put my seal to ^! pres5ts1 :i* h be5 made 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #adfh1 on ! ,friday aft] ,sa9t ,mat!w's day #bf? ( ,febru>y4 p#ddc ,9 ?is /range docum5t we aga9 f9d ! ^w =m51 & ! =m5 are specifi$ fir/1 z if !y 7 ! mo/ valuable tools4 ,z types are specifically describ$1 x is pla9 t ^! =m5 mu/ h be5 matrices or m\lds4 ,hum]y kept 8 ^w4 ,! types & tools ( ,gut5b]g rema9$ ) ,ni*olas ,be*t]mntz until 8 dea?4 ,!y 7 !n transf]r$ to ! cu/ody or ! possession ( ! ,bro!rs ( ! ,life-9-,common1 :o _h a pr9t+ (fice at ,m>i5?al1 ne> ,eltvill1 z e>ly z #adfh4 ,t ?is place 0 reg>d$ z a "p ( ,m5tz may be inf]r$ f ! impr9t !y put on _! fir/ book1 :i* is to ?is effect3 ,dat$ 9 our city ( ,m5tz on ! la/ day ( ,augu/1 #adfh4 ,eltvill 0 ! *os5 resid5ce ( ! ar*bi%op1 & "u 8 jurisdiction1 & might prop]ly be consid]$ z a dep5d5cy or a "p ( ! city ( ,m5tz4 ,= "s unkn[n reason ^! ,bro!rs ( ! ,life-9-,common made no use ( ! types ( ,gut5b]g4 ,9 ! ye> #aejh1 !y 7 sold to ,fr$]ic ,hauman ( ,nuremb]g1 :o e/abli%$ a pr9t+ (fice 9 ,m5tz1 & :o us$ ^! types 9 _m ( 8 books4#bhd ,! h\se t _h be5 occupi$ by ,hauman z a pr9t+ (fice 0 subsequ5tly us$ = ! same purpose by ,alb9us1 a pr9t] ( p#ddd ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! types ( ,gut5b]g 7 9 ?is h\se at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 = ,s]>ius1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,m5tz1 says t he _h se5 !m !re4#bhe ,hum]y's promise t1 9 ! sale ( ! pr9t+ mat]ials !n contemplat$1 he w\ld give pref]5ce to a citiz5 ( ,m5tz1 0 obvi\sly made at ! reque/ ( ! ar*bi%op4 ,x foll[s t ! types ( ! dead pr9t] 7 !n reg>d$ z relics ( value ( :i* ! city %\ld be pr\d4 ,?is reque/1 :i* w\ld n h be5 made )\t occasion1 seems to confirm ! conjecture t ,gut5b]g _h previ\sly sold ! types1 or at lea/ ! matrices1 ( ! ,bible ( #cf l9es to ,alb]t ,pfi/]1 ( ! mona/ic t[n ( ,bamb]g4 ,x is n probable t ! de$ ( gift w\ld h be5 clogg$ ) ?is /ipulation1 if !re _h be5 no sale4 ,?is reque/ ( ! ar*bi%op is ! only evid5ce we h t ,gut5b]g's "w 0 appreciat$1 b ! appreciation came :5 he 0 dead4 ,no contempor>y writ] notic$ ! ,bible ( #db l9es1 & no "o dur+ 8 lifetime suitably honor$ ,gut5b]g z a great inv5tor4 ,! ar*bi%op1 :o knew ! m]it ( ! man1 & piti$ 8 mis=tunes1 _h n a ^w to say 9 ! docum5t t made him a c\rti] ( 8 s]vices z an inv5tor or pr9t]4 ,?is indiff]5ce or want ( p]ception seems inexcusable1 b x 0 n altoge!r )\t cause4 ,! read]s ( t "t 7 some:at famili> ) pr9t$ impressions 9 ! =m ( block-books1 & ! ,bible ( #db l9es may h seem$ to !m b a block-book ( l>g] size & ( high] ord]4 ,kn[+ t engrav+1 ink1 pap]1 & impression ^u surfaces 9 relief1 7 us$ 9 bo? processes1 ! ord9>y book-buy] c\ld h inf]r$ t type-pr9t+ 0 ! natural outgr[? ( ! old] & well-kn[n art ( block-pr9t+4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ,gut5b]g inv5t$ little or no?+2 he did b little m ?an comb9e "s old & well-kn[n processes2 he di/+ui%$ himself m by ! great size ( 8 books ?an by ! novelty or m]it p#dde ( 8 process4 ,x is b prop] to expose ?is sophi/ry1 = x is p]petuat$ to ?is day 9 sev]al books on typography4 ,?is grave error did n orig9ate ) ! fir/ pr9t]s1 :o knew ! full diff]5ce betwe5 type & block-pr9t+4 ,!y knew t ,gut5b]g 0 indebt$ to ! e>li] block-pr9t]s = a great deal ( 8 k1 b !y knew z well t 8 sy/em ( pr9t+ 0 a great & an orig9al inv5tion1 = !y cle>ly und]/ood1 :at ! ord9>y book-read] did n1 ! value ( its *>act]i/ic feature4 ,& "h x may be repeat$1 = ! error is common & x is necess>y to be emphatic1 t ! m]it ( ,gut5b]g z an inv5tor is n bas$ ^u 8 suppos$ discov]y ( ! advantages ( movable types1 b ^u ! sy/em by :i* he made ! movable types4 ,all ! pr9t]s ( t p]iod recogniz$ ! fact t ,gut5b]g's me?od ( mak+ ! types1 or ! type-m\ld1 ) its connections1 0 ! prop] basis or />t+-po9t ( ! inv5tion4 ,s*ff]1 :o fir/ pr9t$ a notice ( ! new art1 speaks ( x z ! 8ma/]ly inv5tion ( pr9t+ & also ( type-mak+10 imply+ t ! art ( pr9t+ 0 insep>ably connect$ ) t ( type-mak+4 ,john ,gut5b]g1 9 ! ,ca?olicon1 has n a ^w to say ab\t isolat$ types1 nor ab\t a comb9ation ( types3 ! admiration :i* he invokes = ! ma/]ly inv5tion %\ld1 9 8 view ( ! matt]1 be be/[$ on its sy/em ( mak+ ! types1 or on ! 8admirable proportion1 connection & h>mony ( ! pun*es & matrices40 ,gut5b]g made no ef=t to secure = himself 8 rightful honors z ! inv5tor ( pr9t+1 b 8 fri5ds :o knew ! nature & value ( 8 s]vices 7 n neglectful4 ,we h abundant evid5ce t ,gut5b]g 0 ! man1 & ,m5tz ! place1 :]e pr9t+ 0 inv5t$4 ,tri!mius1 f in=mation furni%$ by ,pet] ,s*ff]1 said1 9 a book writt5 be=e #adij1 8,ab\t ?is "t 7#adej71 ! admirable & !n unhe>d-( art ( compos+ & pr9t+ books1 by means ( types1 0 conceiv$ & inv5t$ at ,m5tz1 by a citiz5 ( ,m5tz1 nam$ ,john ,gut5b]g40 p#ddf ,mat?ias ,palm]1 9 #adgd1 said t ,john ,gut5b]g1 a knight ( ,m5tz1 _h inv5t$ ! art ( pr9t+ books4 ,ulric ,zell's te/imony1 giv5 9 #adii1 is equally explicit4#bhf ,polydore ,virgil1 9 8 treatise on ,inv5tions1 says1 9 ! fir/ edition1 t pr9t+ 0 inv5t$ by "o ,pet] probably ,pet] ,s*ff]1 b 9 ! second edition ( #aeag1 he correct$ ! error1 & attribut$ ! inv5tion to ,gut5b]g4 ,wimphel+1 9 #adii1 wrote & publi%$ at ,heidelb]g "s v]ses prais+ ,gut5b]g1 9 :i* he said1 8,bless$ ,g5sfleis*6 ?r\gh y ,g]many is fam\s ev]y:]e4 ,assi/$ by ,omnisci5ce1 y ,john1 fir/ ( all1 pr9t$ ) lett]s 9 metal4 ,religion1 ! wisdom ( ,greece1 & ! language ( ! ,lat9s1 are =ev] indebt$ to y40 ,two pr(essors at ,heidelb]g1 at an e>li] date 7#adid71 _h writt5 panegyrics on ,gut5b]g z ! inv5tor ( typography1 9 :i* he is honor$ above all ! great m5 ( antiquity4#bhg ,two fri5ds ( ,gut5b]g :o1 no d\bt1 knew all ab\t 8 inv5tion1 put up tablets to 8 memory1 9 :i* 8 m]it z an inv5tor is di/9ctly ackn[l$g$4 ,! inscriptions on ^! tablets h n receiv$ ! att5tion :i* !y m]it4 ,! tablet fir/ plac$ 0 put up n long aft] 8 dea? by 8 relative1 ,adam ,gel?us1 ne> 8 tomb 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,francis4 ,?is is a translation ( ! inscription3 ,to ,john ,g5szfleis*1 inv5tor ( ! art ( pr9t+1 & des]v] ( ! highe/ honors f e nation & tongue1 ,adam ,gel?us places ?is tablet1 9 p]petual commemoration ( 8 "n4 ,8 rema9s peacefully repose 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,francis ( ,m5tz4#bhh p#ddg ,gel?us prop]ly describes ,gut5b]g's inv5tion z ! art ( pr9t+4 ,9 a practical view1 !re 0 no o!r4 ,equally in/ructive is ! pi?y inscription on ! second tablet1 :i* 0 put up by ,ivo ,wittig1#bhi 9 ! c\rt ( ! h\se ( ! ,g5sfleis* family1 :]e ,gut5b]g is suppos$ to h di$1#bij & :i* 0 !n us$ z a law s*ool4 ,to ,john ,gut5b]g1 ( ,m5tz1 :o1 fir/ ( all1 inv5t$ pr9t+ lett]s 9 brass matrices & m\lds1 & by ?is art has des]v$ honor f ! :ole _w1 ,ivo ,wittig places ?is /one 9 commemoration1 #aejh4bia ,ivo ,wittig1 :o _h probably kn[n ,gut5b]g1 & :o cle>ly und]/ood 8 process1 is n cont5t ) a p>aphrase ( ! ,gel?us inscription4 ,9 pla9 words1 he specifies ! key ( ! inv5tion3 ,gut5b]g1 fir/ ( all1 made types 9 brass m\lds & matrices4 ,9 o!r words1 x 0 only ?r\gh ! inv5tion ( ! type-m\ld & matrices 9 brass t pr9t+ became a great art4 ,?is inscription %[s t p#ddh ,wittig1 !n pr(essor ( hi/ory 9 ! ,univ]sity1 & probably ! mo/ le>n$ man 9 ,m5tz1 reg>d$ ,john ,gut5b]g z ! true inv5tor ( pr9t+4 ,consid]$ f a me*anical po9t ( view1 ! m]it ( ,gut5b]g's inv5tion may be inf]r$ f its p]man5cy4 ,8 type-m\ld 0 n m]ely ! fir/2 x is ! only practical me*anism = mak+ types4 ,= m ?an f\r hundr$ ye>s ?is m\ld has be5 "u critical exam9ation1 & _m attempts h be5 made to supplant x4 ,contrivances h be5 inv5t$ = ca/+ fifty or m types at "o op]ation2 = swag+ types1 l nails1 out ( cold metal2 = /amp+ types f cyl9drical /eel dies ^u ! ends ( ?9 copp] rods--b exp]i5ce has %[n t ^! & l inv5tions 9 ! dep>tm5t ( type-mak+ ma*9]y are impracticable4 ,!re is no bett] me?od ?an ,gut5b]g's4 ,mod]n type-ca/+ ma*9es h m\lds atta*$ to !m :i* are m exact & m c>efully f9i%$1 & :i* h _m little atta*m5ts ( :i* ,gut5b]g nev] dream$1 b 9 pr9ciple & 9 all ! m important features1 ! mod]n m\lds may be reg>d$ z ! m\lds ( ,gut5b]g4 ,gut5b]g's m]it z an orig9al inv5tor1 al?\gh nev] prop]ly recogniz$ dur+ 8 life1 0 nev] d5i$4 ,b ?is m]it 0 disall[$ & set aside aft] 8 dea? by ! sons & fri5ds ( ,pet] ,s*ff]4 ,!y said t pr9t+ 0 only half inv5t$ by ,gut5b]g1 & t ! complete inv5tion is really due to ,gut5b]g's assi/ant & successor4 ,z ?is claim has be5 repeat$ by _m au?ors1 x is necess>y1 = ! v9dication ( ,gut5b]g1 to review ! "w & workman%ip ( ,pet] ,s*ff] & ,john ,fu/4 p#ddi ,,xxiii ,! ,"w ( ,pet] ,s*ff] & ,john ,fu/4 ,s*ff] a ,copyi/ at ,p>is 9 #addi 4 4 4 ,fac-simile ( 8 ,writ+ 4 4 4 ,ent]s ! ,s]vice ( ,gut5b]g 4 4 4 ,psalt] ( #adeg1 ) ,fac-simile ( ,types & ,initials 9 ,colors 4 4 4 ,accurate ,regi/] ( ,initial made by ,pa9t+ ! ,cut 4 4 4 ,evid5ces ( ,pa9t+ 4 4 4 ,fac-simile ( ,colophon 9 ,colors 4 4 4 ,diff]5t ,!ories conc]n+ ! ,me?od ( ,pr9t+ 4 4 4 ,s*ff]'s ,fir/ ,claim z an ,inv5tor 4 4 4 ,psalt] probably ,plann$ by ,gut5b]g 4 4 4 ,fac-similes ( ! ,types ( ! ,rationale ,dur&i & ( ! ,bible ( #adfb 4 4 4 ,trade-,m>k ( ,fu/ & ,s*ff] 4 4 4 ,fac-simile ( ! ,types ( ! ,con/itutions 4 4 4 ,j5son's ,mission to ,m5tz 4 4 4 ,pr9t+ n a ,secret 4 4 4 ,dea? ( ,fu/ 4 4 4 ,p>tn]%ip ( ,s*ff] & ,conrad ,fu/ 4 4 4 ,fac-simile ( ,types ( #adfh 4 4 4 ,s*ff] becomes a ,judge 4 4 4 ,s*ff]'s ,claim to ! ,inv5tion ( ,matrices 4 4 4 ,/atem5ts ( ,john ,s*ff] & ( ,tri!mius 4 4 4 ,_! ,improbability 4 4 4 ,/atem5t ( ,jo4 ,frid4 ,fau/us 4 4 4 ,its ,untru/wor?9ess4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! man :o ent]s ! s]vice ( ,gut5b]g & ,fu/ at ,m5tz aft] #adej1 :5 ! inv5tion 0 complet$1 & has yet ! c\rage to decl>e 9 #adfh1 t he1 ,petrus1 ent]$ fir/ ( all ! sanctu>y ( ! art1 is1 not)/&+ all 8 te*nical ability z a typograph]1 a bragg]1 aga9/ ^: in=mation we ought to be on our gu>d4 ,van d] ,l9de4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pet] ,s*ff] 0 born at ,g]nszheim1 a little village situat$ on ! ,rh9e1 ne> ,m5tz1 ab\t ! ye> #adcj4 ,be=e he 0 tw5ty ye>s ( age1 he 0 copy+ books at ,p>is1 z is cle>ly en\gh %[n 9 ! colophon ( an old manuscript book1 :i* says t 8?is book 0 complet$ by me1 ,pet]1 ( ,g]nszheym1 or ( ,m5tz1 dur+ ! ye> #addi1 9 ! mo/ glori\s ,univ]sity ( ,p>is40 ,?is isolat$ fact is ! only au?ority = ! ass]tion t ,s*ff] 0 a calligraph]1 engag$ by ,gut5b]g to design ! lett]s & ornam5ts ( ! ,bible ( #db l9es4 ,he may h be5 qualifi$ = ?is s]vice1 b ! ?9 lett]s & angul> ornam5ts ( 8 colophon are n l ! ?ick types & fl[+ l9es ( ,gut5b]g's ,bible4 ,l all poor /ud5ts p#dej ( 8 "t1 ,s*ff] 0 a copyi/1 b we h no evid5ce t he 0 a calligraph] or an illum9ator4 ,z a /ud5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 he 0 qualifi$ to read & correct ! pro(s ( a ,bible 9 ,lat91 & ?is may h be5 ! duty = :i* he 0 engag$4 ,if s1 he 0 n really ne$$ 9 ! pr9t+ (fice until ! types 7 f\nd$1 or until #adec2 b :e!r he came !n or be=e1 x is obvi\s t he ent]$ ! pr9t+ (fice z a boy f s*ool1 & t all he knew ( pr9t+ 0 taught him by ,gut5b]g4 ,he prov$ an apt s*ol>4 ,fu/'s confid5ce 9 8 ability is en\gh to %[ t he _h add$ skill to 8 k1 & t1 :5 ,gut5b]g dep>t$1 he 0 compet5t to sup]vise & manage all ! dep>tm5ts ( ! pr9t+ (fice4 ,illu/ration3 ,r$uc$ ,fac-simile ( a ,colophon writt5 by ,s*ff]4 ,f ,madd54 ,b]n>d ?9ks t ,s*ff]'s fir/ "w 9 8 new place 0 to *ange ! appe>ance ( ! ,bible ( #db l9es#bib by ! cancellation ( eight pages ( #db l9es1 & ! sub/itution ( pages ( #dj l9es1 ) summ>ies pr9t$ 9 r$ ink4 ,! extraord9>y lic5ce !n enjoy$ by copyi/s all[$ ! compositor to abbreviate ! words ( a manuscript copy p#dea ( #db l9es1 until !y 7 cr[d$ into ! space ( #dj l9es4 ,! page 0 made ( full l5g? by lead+ out1 or by wid5+ ! l9es ) b&s ( /\t p>*m5t4 ,! fir/ book publi%$ by ,fu/1 aft] 8 sep>ation f ,gut5b]g1 0 ! ,psalt]#bic ( #adeg1 a folio ( #age leaves1 :i* is almo/ z fam\s z ! ,bible ( #db l9es4 ,only sev5 fair copies ( ! edition ( #adeg are kn[n1 & all ( !m are on vellum4 ,! leaves ( ?is book are ne>ly squ>e1 small] 9 size ?an ^? ( ! ,bible ( #db l9es1 b1 l t book1 !y are made up1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 sections ( t5 ne/$ leaves4 ,! size ( ! pr9t$ page is irregul>1 b mo/ pages are ab\t #h in*es wide & #ab in*es high4 ,! ,psalms are pr9t$ 9 types ( ,d\ble-p>agon body1 & ! introductory or connect+ text 9 types ( ,d\ble-great-prim] body4#bid ,z ! cut or fa%ion ( ^! types is l t ( ! ,bibles ( ,gut5b]g1 x is possible t !y 7 design$ by ! same h&4 ,! leaf 0 n broad en\gh = ! l>ge-siz$ types1 b a v l>ge portion ( x 0 giv5 up to ! initial lett]s & _! p5dants1 :i* are ( unusual dim5sions4 ,! space allott$ to ! pr9t is small3 b a few l9es ( ! l>ge types c\ld be put on a page1 & on _m pages x 0 necess>y to use small types4 ,! fault ( unev5 or ragg$ outl9e on ! "r side ( ! page1 :i* has be5 notic$ 9 ! ,bible ( #db l9es1 is repeat$ m /rik+ly 9 ! ,psalt]4 ,"h & !re spaces 7 made = pla9 *ant notes ( music1 p>ts ( :i* appe> 9 pr9t+ ink1 :ile o!r p>ts seem to h be5 retrac$ ) a p54 ,x is obvi\sly an imitation n only ( ! copyi/'s b ( ! illum9ator's "w ^u a f9e manuscript4 ,x 0 int5d$ t ! book %\ld %[ ! full capacity ( ! newly discov]$ art4 ,lett]s & l9es 9 r$ ink are to p#deb be f\nd on e page1 & !re are _m v l>ge & pr(usely ornam5t$ initials 9 r$ & blue inks4 ,to ! "y read] :o is accu/om$ to ! sev]e & colorless /yle ( mod]n pr9t+1 ! boldness & blackness ( ! /ately text types ( ?is ,psalt]1 ! brightness ( its rubrics1 & ! graceful =ms ( its two-color$ initials1 are really bewild]+4 ,!y lead him to ! belief t ! workman%ip ( ! book is ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,?is has be5 ! op9ion ( _m em95t au?ors2#bie ! ,psalt] ( #adeg has be5 call$ ! p]fection ( pr9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile ( ,"p ( ! ,fir/ ,page ( ! ,psalt] ( #adeg4 ,f ,humphreys4 ,! initial lett] ,b1 ! l>ge/ 9 ! book1 :i* is at ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ ,psalm1 ,beatus vir1 has be5 (t5 reproduc$1 & comm5d$ z an example ( skillful engrav+1 brilliant color & faultless regi/]4 ,! design is beautiful1 & admirably fitt$ = relief pr9t+1 b x is n 9 ! ,go?ic or ,g]man /yle3 ! palm-leaf fillet-"w is ori5tal1 & 0 probably copi$ f "s ,spani% manuscript1 ! illum9ator ( :i* _h be5 taught 9 ! ,moori% s*ools4 ,9 a few copies1 ! lett] is r$ & ! ornam5t is blue2 9 o!r copies1 ! colors are rev]s$4 ,9 all copies ! ?9 :ite l9e :i* sep>ates ! r$ f ! blue is always ( uni=m ?ickness3 !re is no ov]lapp+ or meet+ ( ! adjac5t colors4 ,! regi/] is )\t fault 9 all ! copies4 ,! quality ( ! ink has be5 greatly prais$3 we are told p#ded t ! black ( ! text is v deep & glossy1 t ! r$ has a vividness ( color1 & ! blue a delicacy ( t9t1 n to be f\nd 9 ! productions ( any mod]n pr9t]4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ t ?is ,psalt] is m neatly pr9t$ ?an any mod]n book2 t ,s*ff]1 ) rudely made types1 a r\gh press ( wood1 & ) small exp]i5ce 91 or sci5tific k (1 ink-mak+1 succe$$ 9 produc+ presswork t has nev] be5 excell$ on mod]n presses4 ,^! bold ass]tions require c>eful exam9ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile1 slightly r$uc$1 ( ! ,colophon ( ! ,psalt] ( #adeg4 ,f ,falk5/e94 ,! few exp]ts 9 pr9t+ :o h exam9$ copies ( ?is book h be5 s c[$ by ! rul+s ( em95t bibliograph]s t !y h n1 app>5tly1 d>$ to tru/ _! own obs]vation4 ,savage 0 ! fir/ to refuse ! dictum ( au?orities & tell u :at he saw ) 8 own eyes4 ,he di/9ctly says t ! blackness ( "s notes ( music 0 made by retrac+ ) a p5#bif ! fad$ l9es ( a pal] pr9t$ color4 ,b]n>d#big & ,humphreys#bih pla9ly say t 9 ! f9e copy ( ! ,m5tz ,psalt] at ! ,briti% ,museum1 "s l9es ( text h be5 writt5 9 by h&4 ,humphreys ?9ks t ?is fill+ 9 ( l9es may h be5 done :5 ! book 0 publi%$4 ,we h "h tru/y evid5ce t ! pr9t+ ( ! ,psalt] 0 imp]fect3 t 9 "s places ! ink 0 too weak1#bii & t ! deep] p#def color 0 produc$ by pa9t+ ! lett]s ) a p54 ,! brilliancy ( ! black ink has consequ5tly be5 unwisely prais$1 = x is a triumph n ( pr9t+1 b ( pa9t+4 ,! same obs]vation may be appli$ to ! color$ ink ( ! great initials4 ,savage d5ies ! /atem5t ( ,papillon t ! r$ ink is ( ! mo/ p]fect beauty3 he says t 8x is a v heavy brick-du/ color40 ,he9ek5 says x is a dull r$4 ,a clos] exam9ation ( ! book reveal$ ! fact to ,savage t ! initials also _h be5 retrac$ or pa9t$4 ,i c\ld n avoid express+ my a/oni%m5t at see+ 9 "s pages two di/9ct r$ inks3 "o1 ! dull color be=e spok5 (1 & ! o!r1 a r$ :i*1 9 pr9t+1 might fairly be call$ ( ! mo/ p]fect beauty2 & ,i _h ne>ly left x ) ! belief t !re 7 two inks1 r$ & blue1 us$ 9 ! pr9t+ ( ! book1 :i*1 = brilliancy ( color1 w\ld set at defiance all ! ef=ts ( ! pres5t day to equal !m4 ,"s accid5tal circum/ance caus$ me to view ! book 9 a diff]5t light1 :5 ,i discov]$ t ! beautiful r$ 0 n pr9t$ b writt5 91 s exactly l ! type t x c\ld only be asc]ta9$ by ! want ( ind5tation 9 ! pap]1 :i* is inv>iably produc$ by pressure 9 ! process ( pr9t+4 ,by ! same means1 ,i also asc]ta9$ t ! f9e delicate blue 0 pa9t$4 ,?us ! colors produc$ by pr9t+ 9 ! capital lett]s are r$uc$ to two1 namely1 dull blue & dull r$4#cjj ,x is n difficult to expla9 ?is curi\s circum/ance4 ,! r$ & blue pr9t+ inks fir/ us$ by ,s*ff] 7 s dull & fad$ t he w\ld n suff] !m to be comp>$ ) ! bright] colors ( fair manuscripts4 ,he 0 compell$ to bright5 ! colors by pa9t+4 ,al?\gh sold z a pr9t$ book1 ! ,psalt] 0 ! jo9t "w ( ! pr9t] & ! illum9ator1 & ! features :i* ! mod]n bibliograph] mo/ admires are ^? made by ! illum9ator4 ,! process employ$ by ! pr9t] ( ! ,psalt] = secur+ an exact regi/] ( ! colors 0 j z irregul>4 ,x is an error to assume t ! two-color$ initials 7 pr9t$ z simil> "w is n[ pr9t$1 by two impressions4 ,b]n>d says t ! r$ & ! blue blocks ( ! initials1 p#deg ea* engrav$ on a sep>ate piece ( wood1 7 made to fit ea* o!r1 s t ! r$ block %\ld fit accurately 9 ! mortis$ blue block4 ,9 ! process ( pr9t+1 ea* block 0 sep>ately ink$1 b ! r$ block 0 dropp$ 9 ! mortise ( ! blue block be=e impression 0 tak54#cja ,aft] ^! pa9/ak+ prep>ations1 exact regi/] 0 inevitable4 ,blades does n accept ?is explanation4 ,he ?9ks t ! engrav+ = ! r$ & ! blue ink 0 done on "o block1 :i* 0 n pr9t$ ) ink1 b 0 emboss$ 9 ! pap] z a guide to ! colori/4 ,he says t 8 exam9ation ( ! two-color$ initial lett]s ( a ,bible made by ,sweynheim & ,pann>tz 9 #adfg proves t !y 7 n pr9t$1 b emboss$1 9 ! :ite pap]2 t ! pap] mask on ! frisket 0 left uncut ov] ! engrav+1 s z to %ield ! :ite pap] f ! ink1 & to deep5 ! ind5tation ( ! engrav$ l9es2 & t ! illum9ator made use ( ?is ind5tation1 z he w\ld ( a p5cil draw+1 to guide 8 p5 or bru% :5 lay+ on ! colors4 ,he fur!r says#cjb t a simil> op]ation 0 c>elessly done 9 p>ts ( ! ,psalt] ( #adeg2 t "s ( ! spiral l9es1 f9ials & ornam5ts 7 left uncolor$1 b t ! process 0 pla9ly expos$ by ! ind5tation ( ! engrav$ l9es4 ,x is n necess>y to accept ,blades' op9ion t ! color+ 0 done entirely ) p5 or bru%3 ! few uncolor$ l9es 9 ! initials ( ! ,m5tz ,psalt] may be reg>d$ z blemi%es occasion$ by an accid5tal ov]lapp+ ( ! mask on ! frisket4 ,savage's /atem5t t ! blocks 7 pr9t$ ) ink is too positive to be disput$4 ,nor is x necess>y to accept ! hypo!sis ( ,b]n>d t ! blocks 7 engrav$ 9 two pieces & mortis$1 t !y might be pr9t$ by "o impression4 ,we may rightfully suppose p#deh t ,s*ff] tri$ to imitate ! "w ( ! illum9ator by ! imitation ( 8 me?od4 ,to engrave ! initial & ! ornam5t ar\nd x on "o block1 to pa9t ! lett] 9 "o color & ! ornam5t 9 ano!r1 & to pr9t bo? colors by "o impression1 seem$ ! sure/ way to d ! "w4 ,t ?is 0 ! int5tion ( ! design] ( ! lett]s is evid5t f ! mann] 9 :i* ! colors are divid$4 ,contr>y to ! usage ( ! illum9ators1 :o 7 fond ( int]weav+ colors1 ea* color 0 kept ap>t 9 a mass1 t x might be ink$ ) great] facility4 ,& ?is ink+ 0 probably done ) a bru%4 ,blue ink 0 pa9t$ on ! lett]1 & r$ ink on ! ornam5t1 at a great sacrifice ( "t1 b ) neatness & )\t any int]f]5ce ( ! colors4#cjc ,x %\ld n surprise u t exact regi/] 0 secur$1 b x 0 m a feat ( pa9t+ ?an ( pr9t+4#cjd ,sett+ aside ! colors1 ! workman%ip ( ! ,psalt] is n neat] ?an t ( ! ,bible ( #db l9es4 ,! "r side ( e page is mu* m ragg$#cje ?r\gh bad spac+2 typographical errors#cjf are m frequ5t2 ! l9es are (t5 b[$ or b5t 9 ! c5tre f c>eless lock+ up4 ,! presswork is n good2 ! pages are d>k & light f unev5 ink+1 & ! types h a grimy appe>ance1 z if p#dei !y _h be5 ink$ ) f\l balls & pr9t$ on ov]-wet vellum4 ,! colophon or impr9t atta*$ to ?is book says3 ,?is book ( ,psalms1 decorat$ ) antique initials1 & suffici5tly emphasiz$ ) rubricat$ lett]s1 has be5 ?us made by ! ma/]ly inv5tion ( pr9t+ & also ( type-mak+1 )\t ! writ+ ( a p51 & is consummat$ to ! s]vice ( ,god1 ?r\gh ! indu/ry ( ,johan ,fu/1 citiz5 ( ,m5tz1 & ,pet] ,s*ff] ( ,g]nszheim1 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #adeg1 on ! eve ( ! ,assumption ,augu/ #ad4 ,?is impr9t is +5i\sly word$4 ,fu/ & ,s*ff] d n say1 9 pla9 words1 t !y 7 ! inv5tors ( pr9t+2 !y invite att5tion to ! r$ ink & ! two-color$ initials :i* 7 "h us$ 9 pr9t+1 ) f9e effect4 ,!y speak ( rubricat$ pr9t+ & ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ z if !y 7 insep>able4 ,!y suppress ! "n ( ,gut5b]g1 & induce ! read] to believe t ,fu/ & ,s*ff] 7 n only ! fir/ to pr9t ) lett]s 9 r$ ink1 b ! fir/ to discov] & use ! ma/]ly inv5tion4 ,?is ins9uat$ pret5se _h ! effect :i* 01 no d\bt1 int5d$4 ,by _m read]s ( t c5tury1 ,pet] ,s*ff] 0 reg>d$ z ! man :o plann$ & pr9t$ ! ,psalt]1 ! man :o made ! types1 n only ( ?is book1 b ( ! ,bible ( #db l9es4 ,made bold by ! sil5ce ( ,gut5b]g1 ,s*ff] all[$1 if he did n positively au?orize1 ! /atem5t to be made by 8 fri5ds1 t he 0 ! true inv5tor ( pr9t+2 t he took up ! art :]e ,gut5b]g left x incomplete1 & p]fect$ x4 ,be=e ?is ass]tion c be exam9$1 x w be prop] to consid] ! date ( #adeg 9 ! impr9t ( ! ,psalt]4 ,if ,s*ff] plann$ & pr9t$ ! book1 he did all ! "w 9 ! tw5ty-"o mon?s foll[+ ,gut5b]g's expulsion f ! p>tn]%ip4 ,?is is an unreasonable proposition1 = ! book %\ld h be5 9 press or 9 prep>ation z long z ! ,bible ( #db l9es4 ,x is q probable t ! ,psalt] 0 plann$ & left incomplete by ,gut5b]g4 ,! types1 :i* are l ^? ( ,gut5b]g's ,bible1 are unlike any types p#dfj subsequ5tly made by ,s*ff]4 ,! great initials 9 colors are ( ! same design z ! initials ( ! ,donatuses %[n by ,fis*]1 & by him attribut$ to ,gut5b]g4 ,! c>eful mann] 9 :i* !y 7 engrav$ indicates exp]i5ce z well z skill on ! "p ( ! engrav]2 b x is n possible t ! engrav] 0 ,s*ff]1 or any workm5 atta*$ to 8 (fice1 = ,s*ff] nev] aft] pr9t$ any engrav+s on wood ( equal m]it4#cjg ,! sumptu\s /yle ( ! ,psalt] is unlike t ( any book aft]w>d made by ,s*ff]2 x is 9 a /yle :i* he did n orig9ate1 & c\ld n su/a94 ,he repr9t$ x 9 #adei1 9 #adij1 & 9 #aejb1 b ! lat] editions 7 n pr9t$ s well z ! fir/4#cjh ,! inf]iority ( ! lat] workman%ip is evid5ce t ! ma/] m9d :o plann$ ! "w 0 n at ! head ( ! pr9t+ (fice4 ,on ! six? day ( ,octob]1 #adei1 ,fu/ publi%$ ! ,rationale ,dur&i1 or ! exposition1 by ,dur&us1 ( ! s]vices ( ! *ur*4 ,x is a folio ( #afj leaves1 #b columns to ! page1 9 types on ,engli% body1 #fc l9es to ! column4 ,x has _m rubricat$ lett]s & l9es1 & ends ) a colophon1 9 r$ ink1 word$ l ! ,psalt] ( #adeg1 b ) ! addition ( ! words1 8cl]k ( ! diocese ( ,m5tz10 aft] ! "n ( ,pet] ,s*ff]4 ,! /atem5t 9 ! colophon1 t x 0 made )\t ! writ+ ( a p51 is n entirely true4 ,!re are two k9ds ( copies3 "o has pr9t$ capitals l ^? ( ! ,psalt]1 ! o!r has illum9at$ initials4 ,to provide suitable spaces = ^! writt5 initials1 :i* are ( l>ge size1 ! types 7 ov]run & re-arrang$4 ,if ,s*ff] _h be5 an able calligraph]1 he w\ld h p#dfa demon/rat$ 8 ability by ! production ( types ( f9] proportions ?an ^? ( ,gut5b]g4 ,if he 0 an exp]t type-f\nd]1 & ! inv5tor ( ! type-m\ld1 he %\ld h prov$ 8 skill by ca/+ types ( neat] f9i%4 ,! fir/ types made by him or by 8 ord] aft] 8 sep>ation f ,gut5b]g are exhibit$ 9 ! ,rationale ,dur&i1 b !y d n w>rant ! op9ion t he 0 a v skillful design] or an +5i\s type-f\nd]4 ,! comb9ation ( ,go?ic & ,roman :i* he !re exhibit$ is evid5tly an imitation ( ! ,r\nd ,go?ic face us$ by ,gut5b]g 9 ! ,lett]s ( ,indulg5ce & ! ,ca?olicon4 ,s*ff]'s types pres5t no features ( sup]iority3 !y %[ mann]isms ( engrav+ s l ^? ( ,gut5b]g's types z to lead to ! op9ion t bo? 7 made by ! same pun*-cutt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile ( ! ,text ,types ( ! ,rationale ,dur&i4 ,f ,b]n>d4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> 7#adfj71 ,s*ff] & ,fu/ f9i%$ a /\t folio1 :i* 0 pr9t$ 9 a ,r\nd ,go?ic face on ! l>g] body ( ,great-prim]4 ,?is book1 ! ,con/itutions 7or ,body ( ,div9ity7 ( ,pope ,clem5t ,v1 ) ! ,comm5t>ies ( ,bi%op ,john ,&rew1 has be5 mu* admir$ by bibliograph]s = its composition4 ,! fac-simile on a foll[+ page %[s ! text ( ! pope ne/$ 9 ! comm5t>ies ( ! bi%op--truly 8a rivulet ( text 9 a mead[ ( notes40 ,9 "s pages ! text occupies ab\t "o-?ird1 9 o!r pages ab\t "o-six?1 ( ! space assign$ to ! pr9t4 p#dfb ,! composition ( pages s unev5ly balanc$ mu/ h tax$ ! +5uity ( ! compositor1 b he 0 mat]ially aid$ by ! lic5ce p]mitt+ frequ5t use ( abbreviations4 ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile ( ! ,types ( ! ,bible ( #adfb4 ,f ,b]n>d4 ,^! types are ca/ 9 ev5] l9e ?an ! types ( ! ,rationale1 b ! face is n ( neat] cut4 ,! presswork is n good4 ,! colophon1 :i* is l t ( ! ,psalt]1 /ates t ! r$ lett]s h be5 pr9t$ by ! ma/]ly inv5tion ( type-mak+2 b ! r$ lett]s are ! ones int]sp]s$ 9 ! text4 ,! great initials 7 n pr9t$2 ! blank space left = !m 0 fill$ up by ! illum9ator4 ,?is book 0 ev5 m popul> ?an ! ,psalt]2 x 0 repr9t$ f\r times1 b always 9 ! same =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,m>k ( ,fu/ & ,s*ff]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile ( a "p ( a ,page ( ! ,con/itutions ( ,pope ,clem5t ,v4 ,! p>agraph m>ks 7 writt5 9 r$ ink4 ,f ,humphreys4 ,9 #adfb ,s*ff] pr9t$ a new edition ( ! ,lat9 ,bible1 9 ! ,great-prim] types ( ! ,con/itutions1 9 folio =m1 two columns to ! page1 & #dh l9es to ! column4 ,x is ! fir/ ,bible ) pr9t$ date4 ,accord+ to mod]n ta/e1 ,s*ff]'s *ange f ,po9t$ ,go?ic to ,r\nd ,go?ic 0 n happy1 = ! new face is inf]ior 9 design & execution4 ,b ! ,r\nd ,go?ic p]mitt$ ! compression ( ! book )9 few] pages1 & 0 a m economical lett] = ! pr9t]4 ,! second volume has1 9 "s copies1 a colophon word$ l t ( ! p#dfd ,psalt] ( #adeg1 sett+ =? t 8?is little book 0 made by ! ma/]ly inv5tion ( pr9t+ & ( type-mak+1 )\t any writ+ ( a p520 9 o!r copies1 obvi\sly ( ! same edition1 ?is clause does n appe>4 ,?is is b "o ( _m v>iations 9 ?is book :i* c be satisfactorily expla9$ only by ,madd5's !ory ( a d\ble composition4 ,! w> betwe5 ,die!r & ,adolph = ! possession ( ! electorate ( ,m5tz 0 ! occasion ( "s curi\s proclamations :i* 7 pr9t$ 9 ! types ( ,s*ff]4#cji ,two editions1 "o 9 ,lat91 "o 9 ,g]man1 ( a ,bull ( ,pope ,pius ,,ii aga9/ ! ,turks1 dat$ ,octob] #bb1 #adfc1 h also be5 attribut$ to ,s*ff]4 ,! capture & sack ( ,m5tz br\ght great mis=tune to ,fu/ & ,s*ff]4 ,we are told t ! h\se & mat]ials ( ,fu/ 7 burn$2 b x is pla9 t he sav$ 8 pun*es & matrices1 = we see t ! old faces ( type 7 us$ 9 all ! lat] books ( ,fu/ & ,s*ff]4 ,! pr9t$ proclamations ( ,adolph %[ t ,fu/ soon refurni%$ 8 (fice1 & began to pr9t4 ,) 8 fell[-citiz5s1 he suff]$ f ! p>alysis to indu/ry inflict$ by ! w>4 ,!re 0 no enc\ragem5t = ent]prise4 ,!re is no book be>+ ! impr9t ( ,fu/ & ,s*ff] betwe5 ! ye>s #adfb & #adfd4 ,! unemploy$ workm5 ( ,fu/ & p#dfe ,s*ff] 7 oblig$ to leave ! city4 ,9 leav+ x1 !y c>ri$ ) !m ! k ( ! new art1 :i*1 9 a few ye>s1 !y e/abli%$ 9 all ! l>g] cities ( ,europe4 ,! ,bible ( #adfb f\nd few pur*as]s 9 ,m5tz4 ,! dem& 9 ! city _h already be5 suppli$ ) ! ,bibles ( #cf l9es & ( #db l9es1 & buy]s f abroad %unn$ a city subject to siege & to civil w>4 ,leav+ ,s*ff] to take c>e ( ! bus9ess ( ! pr9t+ (fice1 ,fu/ took ! unsold ,bibles to ,p>is1 :]e he believ$ !y w\ld f9d a m g5]\s appreciation4 ,= x seems t1 9 #adeh1 ! k+ ( ,france _h s5t ,ni*olas ,j5son to ,m5tz to get a k ( ! practice ( typography1 ! fame ( :i* _h !n rea*$ ,france1 & x is suppos$ t ,j5son gave to ,fu/ ! in=mation t !re 0 a dem& = pr9t+ 9 ,p>is4 ,?is is ! (ficial record ( ! propos$ mission4#caj ,on ! ?ird day ( ,octob]1 #adeh1 ! k+ ,*>les ,,vii1 hav+ le>n$ t ,messire ,gu!mburg1 *evali]1 a resid5t ( ,m5tz 9 ,g]many1 a man dext]\s 9 engrav+ & 9 types & pun*es1 _h p]fect$ ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ ) types & pun*es1 curi\s conc]n+ ?is my/]y1 ! k+ ord]$ ! *iefs ( ! m9t to nom9ate "s p]sons ( prop] exp]i5ce 9 engrav+ ( a simil> nature1 s t he c\ld secretly s5d !m to ! said place1 to obta9 in=mation ab\t ! said =m type-m\ld & inv5tion1 !re to he>1 to consid]1 & to le>n ! art4 ,?is m&ate ( ! k+ 0 obey$1 & x 0 direct$ t ,ni*olas ,j5son %\ld make ! j\rney1 by means ( :i* ! k ( ! art & its e/abli%m5t %\ld be a*iev$ 9 ?is realm1 & x %\ld be 8 7,j5son's7 duty to fir/ give ! art ( pr9t+ to ! said realm4#caa p#dff ,! description ( pr9t+ "h giv5 is s+ul>ly exact4 ,x is n surpris+ t ! exi/5ce ( ! new art 0 !n kn[n 9 ,p>is1 = ! colophon to ! ,psalt] ( #adeg _h ann\nc$ ! ma/]ly inv5tion2 b x is /range t ?is docum5t specifi$ its *>act]i/ic features--! =m51 or ! matrices & type-m\ld1 ! types1 pun*es & engrav+4 ,we see t ! secret 0 reveal$2 t ,fr5*m5 9 #adeh _h a correct idea ( ! vital pr9ciple ( pr9t+1 & t all !y requir$ 0 a k ( its manipulations4 ,eag] to prev5t ! ?reat5$ rivalry ( ,j5son1 ,fu/ appe>$ 9 ,p>is1 9 #adfb1 ) copies ( ! ,bible1#cab :ile ,j5son 0 ineffectually solicit+ ! new k+ to aid him4 ,s f> f be+ p]secut$ 9 ,p>is1 ,fu/ 0 receiv$ ) high consid]ation1 n only by ! k+1 b by ! lead+ m5 ( ! city4 ,he 0 enc\rag$ to e/abli% 9 ,p>is a /ore = ! sale ( 8 books1 & to repeat 8 visit4 ,9 #adfe1 ,s*ff] pr9t$ ! ,decretals ( ,boniface ,,viii1 a folio ( #ada leaves1 ea* page conta9+ a text 9 l>ge types1 surr\nd$ by notes 9 small types4 ,r$ lett]s & l9es are introduc$1 b !re are no engrav+s1 & ! presswork is 9 no po9t bett] ?an t ( ! ,bible ( #adfb4 ,! colophon exhibits an unscrupul\s appropriation ( ! p#dfg words ( ! colophon ( ! ,ca?olicon ( #adfj2cac b1 unlike ! pr9t] ( t book1 ,fu/ & ,s*ff] "h adv]tise !mselves z ! m5 mo/ intimately connect$ ) ! great inv5tion4 ,we c pla9ly see _! /rong desire to be reg>d$ z ! fir/ pr9t]s1 b !re is z yet no cle> /atem5t t ,s*ff] 0 ! real inv5tor ( pr9t+4 ,9 ! same ye> 0 pr9t$ by ,fu/ & ,s*ff] an edition ( ,! ,(fices ( ,cic]o1 a small qu>to ( #hh leaves1 9 _! small] size ( ,r\nd ,go?ic types4 ,to make ! book ( prop] ?ickness1 & p]haps to improve ! appe>ance ( ! types1 :i* %[ signs ( we>1 ,s*ff] put ?ick leads1 ab\t "o-t5? ( an in* ?ick1 betwe5 ! l9es4 ,z x is ! fir/ book 9 :i* leads ( p]ceptible ?ickness 7 us$1 ?is real improvem5t 9 pr9t+ may be attribut$ to ,s*ff]4 ,?is edition ( ,cic]o is also di/+ui%$ z ! fir/ book 9 :i* ,greek lett]s 7 pr9t$2 b ^! lett]s 7 n types--!y 7 engrav$ on wood 9 a rude mann]4#cad ,?is edition ( ,cic]o has ! foll[+ colophon3 ,?is v celebrat$ "w ( ,m>cus ,tullius1 ,i1 ,john ,fu/1 a citiz5 ( ,m5tz1 h happily complet$1 ?r\gh ! h&s ( ,pet]1 my son1 n ) writ+ ink1 nor ) p51 nor yet 9 brass1#cae b ) a c]ta9 art exce$+ly beautiful4 ,dat$ #adfe4caf ,! ,cic]o 0 repr9t$ on ,febru>y #d1 #adff4 ,soon aft] its publication1 ,fu/ made ano!r ,j\rney to ,p>is4#cag ,be=e he c\ld p]fect 8 arrangem5ts = ! sale ( 8 books1 ,p>is 0 depopulat$ by ! plague1 & x is ! common p#dfh belief t ,fu/ 0 "o ( its victims4 ,?is is n c]ta9ly kn[n1 b he 0 dead on ! ?irtie? day ( ,octob]1 #adff1 ! date ( ! fir/ mass in/itut$ = him at ! ,*ur* ( ,sa9t ,victor at ,p>is1 :]e 8 body 0 buri$4#cah ,aft] ,fu/'s dea?1 ,pet] ,s*ff] took 8 place at ! head ( ! pr9t+ h\se4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t he _h a p>tn]1 "o ,conrad ,fu/1 or ,conrad ,hanequis1 :o 01 no d\bt1 ! ,h5lif m5tion$ 9 ! record ( ! ,*ur* ( ,sa9t ,victor4#cai ,a book belong+ to ! ,*ur* ( ,sa9t ,pet] ( ,m5tz conta9s ! foll[+ record ( _! application = ! manuscript ( a book to :i* !y wi%$ to ref]3 ,on ,tuesday ev5+1 ,janu>y #ad1 #adfh1 ! dean & ! canons ( ! *apt] be+ assembl$ 9 ! c\rt ( ,rh+rave1 ! discreet man1 ,conrad ,fu/1 citiz5 ( ,m5tz1 respectfully reque/$ ( _! rev]5ces t !y w\ld be pleas$ to l5d to him1 & also to ,pet]1 ! husb& ( 8 daught]1 a book f ! libr>y ( our *ur*1 to be us$ z a copy1 namely3 ! ,sa9t ,?omas ( ,aqu9as1 entitl$ ,lib] sup] qu>to s5t5ti>um1 & ( :i* !y wi% to make _m copies4 ,! canons1 consid]+ t ?is reque/ 0 j & pi\s1 & t x w\ld be productive ( good1 cons5t$ to ! reque/1 on condition1 h[ev]1 t he %\ld replace ?is book1 toge!r ) ! ,decretals ( ,boniface1 & fur!r1 t he %\ld give prop] security to ! canons4 ,x 0 s done4#cbj p#dfi ,soon aft] ,gut5b]g's dea?1 ,s*ff] put =? ?is artful claim = recognition z "o ( ! inv5tors ( ! new art3 ,illu/ration3 ,portrait ( ,pet] ,s*ff]4 ,f ,dahl4 ,moses1 9 ! plan ( ! tab]nacle1 & ,solomon1 9 ! plan ( ! temple1 did no?+ m ?an imag9e a m]itori\s "w4 ,! m]it ( con/ruct+ ! temple 0 great] ?an ,solomon's ?\ght4 ,hiram & ,beselehel1 great] ?an ,solomon1 improv$ on ! plans ( ,solomon & ,moses4 ,he :o is pleas$ to end[ mighty m5 ) k has giv5 u two di/+ui%$ ma/]s 9 ! art ( engrav+1 bo? be>+ ! "n ( ,john1 bo? liv+ 9 ! city ( ,m5tz1 & bo? illu/ri\s z ! fir/ pr9t]s ( books4 ,9 company ) ^! ma/]s1 ,pet] ha/5$ t[>d ! same end4#cba ,! la/ to leave1 he 0 ! fir/ to arrive2 = he excell$ 9 ! sci5ce ( engrav+1 ?r\gh ! grace ( ,him only :o c give g5ius & inspiration4 ,h]eaft] e nation may procure prop] types ( its own *>act]s1 = he excels 9 ! engrav+ ( all k9ds ( types4 ,x w\ld be almo/ incr$ible 7 ,i to specify ! great sums :i* he pays to ! wise m5 :o correct 8 editions4 ,he has 9 8 employ1 ! pr(essor ,francis1 ! gramm>ian1 ^: me?odical sci5ce is admir$ all ov] ! _w4 ,i1 also1 am atta*$ to him1 n by any gre$ ( fil?y lucre1 b by my love = ! g5]al good1 & = ! honor ( my c\ntry4 ,oh t !y :o set ! types & !y :o read ! pro(s w\ld free _! texts f errors6 ,! lov]s ( lit]ature w\ld c]ta9ly rew>d !m ) cr[ns ( honor :5 ) _! books1 !y come to aid ! /ud5ts 9 ?\s&s ( s*ools4#cbb p#dgj ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile ( ! ,types ( ! ,lat9 ,gramm> ( #adfh4 ,a bold-fac$ ,r\nd ,go?ic on ,engli% ,body4 ,f ,b]n>d4 ,9 ?is colophon1 ,s*ff] claims sup]ior skill z a lett]-cutt]4 ,?is pret5sion mu/ be te/$ by 8 works4 ,8 fir/ types1 on ,engli% body1 appe>$ 9 #adei1 at lea/ f\r ye>s aft] ,gut5b]g's expulsion f ! p>tn]%ip2 8 next types1 on ,great-prim] body1 appe>$ 9 #adfb2 8 la/ types1 a v bold-fac$ ,r\nd ,go?ic on ,engli% body1 7 fir/ %[n 9 #adfb1 & ?is new face is b a font ( small lett]s fitt$ to ! capitals ( ! ,engli% ( #adei4cbc ,^! are ! only types made by ,s*ff]4 ,if we comp>e !m ) ! types ( ,gut5b]g1 x w be p]ceiv$ t !y are few] 9 numb] & ( inf]ior design & execution4 ,x is absurd = ,s*ff] to claim ev5 equal m]it ) ,gut5b]g ei!r z lett]-cutt] or type-f\nd]4 ,s*ff]'s real m]it is to be f\nd 9 8 em95ce z a man ( bus9ess4 ,he 01 no d\bt1 *os5 z ,gut5b]g's successor1 = 8 presum$ ability z a manag] & a %>p f9anci]4 ,?is presumption 0 w>rantable4 ,8 subsequ5t managem5t ( ! pr9t+ (fice %[s t he 0 a ?or\gh man ( bus9ess--a born trad]4 ,he has n %[n t he 0 a me*anic or an inv5tor4 ,l ,john ,fu/1 he practis$ pr9t+1 n because he lov$ x = its own sake1 b because he lov$ its excitem5t & its promis$ rew>ds4 p#dga ,s*ff] e/abli%$ ag5cies = ! sale ( 8 books 9 ,lubec#cbd & ,frank=t1#cbe & probably 9 o!r cities4 ,he sold n only 8 own books1 b ^? ( o!r pr9t]s4#cbf ,we h _m evid5ces t he 0 unwe>i$ 9 ! prosecution ( 8 bus9ess1 :i* seems to h be5 att5d$ ) mu* risk ( loss4#cbg ,8 prosp]ity 0 at its highe/ po9t 9 #adgf1 9 :i* ye> he pr9t$ f\r l>ge books4 ,aft] #adhj1 8 int]e/ 9 ! pr9t+ (fice began to decl9e4 ,betwe5 #adij & #aejb1 b six books 7 issu$ f 8 (fice4 ,x is wor?y ( note t 8 la/ book 0 ! f\r? edition ( ! ,psalt]1 ! book ) :i* he began 8 typographical c>e]4 ,dur+ 8 lat] ye>s1 ,s*ff] 0 made a judge4 ,8 (ficial duties prev5t$ him f giv+ close att5tion to 8 pr9t+ (fice2 b pr9t+ 0 neglect$ by him because x _h almo/ ceas$ to be pr(itable4 ,he _h competitors1 n only 9 ,rome1 ,p>is & ,v5ice1 b 9 all ! l>g] cities ( ,g]many1 & ev5 9 ,m5tz & ,/rasburg--competitors :o 7 m skillful z pr9t]s & m %rewd z publi%]s4 ,!y _h p]ceiv$ t ! art ( pr9t+ w\ld be ( little advantage to !m1 & ( little s]vice to ! _w1 if its practice 0 conf9$ to ! s]vile imitation ( manuscript books1 or if x expect$ to d]ive a g5]\s support exclusively f ! ri*1 or f m5 ( ta/e & m5 ( lett]s4 ,! y\ng] pr9t]s saw t x 0 necess>y t books p#dgb %\ld be made m *eaply1 & 9 m conv5i5t =ms4 ,) ?is end 9 view1 !y introduc$ ! *eap] size ( octavo1 :i* 0 mu* h&i] ?an ! unwieldy folio or qu>to4 ,! rubricat$ lett]s & l9es 7 supplant$ by initials & bord]s engrav$ on wood & pr9t$ ) ! types 9 black ink4 ,! fa%ion ( surr\nd+ a text ) notes1 & ( mak+ notes & text 9 measures ( diff]5t wid? & l5g? on e page1 0 ab&on$3 ! text 0 put at ! top & ! notes at ! bottom4 ,signatures1 cat*-words1 pag+-figures1 blank spaces betwe5 *apt]s1 & ! division ( matt] 9 p>agraphs1 7 introduc$4 ,b ! greate/ innovation 0 9 ! lett]s !mselves4 ,:5 ,ni*olas ,j5son introduc$ ,roman types1 & prov$ ! sup]ior legibility ( light & simple l9es1 ! popul>ity ( ! sombre ,go?ic 9 ,s\!rn ,europe came to an end4 ,! new fa%ions 7 adopt$ by _m pr9t]s 9 ,g]many1 b !y 7 n approv$ by ,s*ff]1 :o resi/$ !m till 8 dea?4 ,9 8 judgm5t1 ! only model = a pr9t$ book 0 ! ,go?ic manuscript copy1 & he copi$ x z closely z he c\ld1 ) all its imp]fections4#cbh ,?is curt review ( ! works & workman%ip ( ,pet] ,s*ff] %\ld be en\gh to %[ t 8 reputation z ! fa!r ( lett]-f\nd]s1 & ! inv5tor ( matrices & ! type-m\ld1 is entirely undes]v$4 ,8 types %[ t he _h no skill z a lett]-cutt] or me*anic4 ,x is n possible t a man :o has %[n su* feeble evid5ces ( me*anical ability c\ld h be5 ! fir/ inv5tor ( ! matrices & ! type-m\ld4 ,:ile ,gut5b]g & ,fu/ 7 liv+1 ,s*ff] nev] made ! claim t he 0 ! inv5tor1 or ev5 a co-inv5tor1 ( pr9t+4 ,b :5 !y 7 buri$1 he claim$ t he 0 sup]ior to bo?1 & t he 0 really ! fir/ to ent] ! sanctu>y ( ! art4 ,9 #adfh1 he p#dgc falsely said t al?\gh ,gut5b]g 0 ! fir/ inv5tor1 he 0 ! man :o p]fect$ ! art4 ,x seems t he mu/ h told 8 fri5ds _m ?+s ab\t 8 pret5d$ s]vices :i* he 0 unwill+ to pr9t4 ,9 #aejc1 ,john ,s*ff] said 9 8 fir/ book t he 0 a desc5dant ( ! inv5tor ( ! almo/ div9e art ( pr9t+4 ,9 #aeji1 he says 9 ano!r book t 8 gr&fa!r 0 ! fir/ inv5tor ( pr9t+4 ,9 #aeae1cbi he pr9t$ ?is extraord9>y /atem5t3 ,! pr9t+ ( ?is *ronicle 0 complet$ 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #aeae1 9 ! vigil ( ! ,virg9 ,m>g>et1 9 ! noble & fam\s city ( ,m5tz1 :]e ! art ( pr9t+ 0 fir/ develop$1 by ,john ,s*ff]1 desc5dant ( ! hone/ man1 ,john ,fu/1 citiz5 ( ,m5tz1 & inv5tor ( ! be=e-m5tion$ art4 ,x 0 9 ! ye> #adej1 9 ! #ac? indiction1 "u ! reign ( ! v illu/ri\s ,roman ,emp]or ,fr$]ic ,,iii1 ! v rev]5d fa!r 9 ,*ri/1 ,"l ,!odoric1 gr& cup-be>] ( ,erpa*1 pr9ce elector1 occupy+ ! ar*iepiscopal *air 9 ,m5tz1 t ?is ,john ,fu/ began to devise1 & f9ally inv5t$1 solely ?r\gh 8 own g5ius1 ! art ( pr9t+4 ,aid$ by div9e favor1 9 ! ye> #adeb1 he _h s f> improv$ & develop$ 8 art1 t he 0 able to pr9t2 9 :i* "w1 h[ev]1 he 0 indebt$ = _m improvem5ts to ! +5uity ( ,pet] ,s*ff] ( ,g]nszheim1 8 workman & 8 adopt$ son1 to :om1 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 _m s]vices & 8 skill1 he gave ! h& ( 8 daught]1 ,*ri/9a ,fu/4 ,^! two m51 ,john ,fu/ & ,pet] ,s*ff]1 c>efully reta9$ to _! own advantage ! secrets ( ! art2 & = ?is purpose1 !y dem&$ f _! workm5 & s]vants an oa? t !y %\ld n 9 any way divulge ! process4 ,not)/&+ ?is precaution1 9 ! ye> #adfb ! k ( ! art 0 c>ri$ by _! workm5 to di/ant c\ntries1 & pr9t+ !reby secur$ a wide developm5t4 p#dgd ,! ?or\gh di%one/y ( ?is /atem5t is abundantly prov$ by its suppression ( ! "n & s]vices ( ,gut5b]g4 ,x is also evid5t t ! writ] c\ld n1 or d>$ n1 po9t out ! improvem5ts :i* he alleges 7 made by ,s*ff]4 ,?is defici5cy 0 soon suppli$ by a m cr$ul\s writ]4 ,ab\t #aead1 ,tri!mius1#ccj "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ m5 ( t c5tury1 wrote ! foll[+ description ( ! inv5tion1 :i* he says he _h f ,pet] ,s*ff] himself3 ,x 0 at ?is p]iod 7#adej7 9 ,m5tz1 a city ( ,g]many on ! ,rh9e1 & n 9 ,italy1 z "s p h falsely ass]t$1 t ?is admirable1 & till !n unhe>d-(1 art ( pr9t+ books by ! aid ( types 0 plann$ & inv5t$ by ,john ,gut5b]g1 a citiz5 ( ,m5tz4 ,:5 he _h sp5t all 8 prop]ty 9 8 se>* aft] ?is art1 & 0 almo/ ov]:elm$ ) difficulties1 unable to f9d relief f any qu>t]1 & m$itat+ ! ab&onm5t ( 8 project1 ,gut5b]g 0 enabl$ by ! c\nsel & by ! money ( ,john ,fu/1 also a citiz5 ( ,m5tz1 to f9i% ! "w :i* he _h begun4 ,!y fir/ pr9t$1 ) engrav+s ( lett]s on blocks ( wood1 arrang$ 9 prop] ord] 9 ! mann] ( ord9>y manuscripts1 ! vocabul>y !n call$ ! ,ca?olicon2 b ) ! lett]s on ^! blocks !y 7 n able to pr9t any?+ else1 = ! lett]s 7 n movable1 b fix$ & unalt]able ^u ! blocks1 z has be5 /at$4 ,to ?is inv5tion succe$$ ano!r mu* m +5i\s4 ,!y discov]$ a me?od ( f\nd+ ! =ms ( all ! lett]s ( ! ,lat9 alphabet1 :i* !y call$ matrices1 f :i* matrices !y aga9 f\nd$ types1 ei!r 9 t9 or 9 brass1 /rong en\gh = any pressure1 :i* types8 be=e ?is _h be5 cut by h&4 ,9 "r e>ne/1 ,i 0 told1 ne>ly ?irty ye>s ago1 by ,pet] ,s*ff] ( ,g]nszheim1 citiz5 ( ,m5tz1 ! son-9-law ( ! fir/ inv5tor1 t ?is art ( pr9t+ _h enc\nt]$1 9 its fir/ essays1 great difficulties4 ,=1 :5 !y 7 pr9t+ ! ,bible1 !y 7 oblig$ to exp5d m ?an #d1jjj flor9s be=e !y _h pr9t$ ?ree sections sixty pages4 ,b ! ,pet] ,s*ff] already m5tion$1 at t "t a workman1 b aft]w>d son-9-law1 z has be5 said1 ( ! fir/ inv5tor1 ,john ,fu/1 a man skillful & +5i\s1 devis$ a m easy me?od ( f\nd+ types1 & ?us gave ! art its pres5t p]fection4 ,& ! ?ree m5 kept secret among !mselves1 = a :ile1 ?is me?od ( pr9t+1 up to ! "t :5 _! workm5 7 depriv$ ( ! "w1 )\t :i* !y 7 unable to practise _! trade1 by :om x 0 divulg$1 fir/ 9 ,/rasburg1 & aft]w>d 9 o!r cities4 p#dge ,!re are _m inaccuracies 9 ?is /atem5t4 ,gut5b]g & ,fu/ are repres5t$ z fooli%ly squ&]+ money 9 va9 ef=ts to inv5t xylography1 a me?od ( pr9t+ !n 9 common use 9 _m cities ( ,g]many1 ,italy & ,holl&4 ,! ,ca?olicon1 :i* is m5tion$ z "o ( ! productions ( block-pr9t+1 0 pr9t$ f metal types 9 #adfj4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 ,gut5b]g is ackn[l$g$ z ! inv5tor ( pr9t+1 yet1 a few l9es fur!r1 we are told t ,fu/ 0 ! fir/ inv5tor4 ,& x seems t ,gut5b]g c\ld d no?+ ) 8 inv5tion until help$ by ! advice1 z well z ! money1 ( ,john ,fu/4 ,aft] ! improv$ inv5tion1#cca ,gut5b]g & ,fu/ fell 9 hopeless difficulties1 hav+ sp5t f\r ?\s& flor9s be=e !y _h complet$ sixty pages ( ! ,bible4 ,f ^! difficulties !y 7 extricat$ by ,pet] ,s*ff]1 8son-9-law ( ! fir/ inv5tor10 :o inv5t$ a m easy me?od ( mak+ types1 & :o gave ! art its pres5t p]fection1 & )\t ^: aid ! e>li] inv5tions w\ld h be5 ( little value4 ,! int5tion ( ! writ] is pla93 ,gut5b]g1 ,fu/ & ,s*ff] may be reg>d$ z co-inv5tors1 b ,s*ff] did ! mo/ effective s]vice4 ,x is a curi\s fact t ?is pap]1 :i* has be5 s (t5 quot$ z evid5ce 9 favor ( ,s*ff]'s inv5tion ( matrices1 p#dgf positively says t matrices _h already be5 us$ by ,fu/ & ,gut5b]g4 ,be=e ,s*ff]'s "n is m5tion$1 x is said t 8!y0 ,fu/ & ,gut5b]g discov]$ a me?od ( mak+ matrices4 ,tri!mius says t ,s*ff]'s contribution to ! inv5tion 0 8a m easy me?od ( f\nd+ types1 by :i* he gave ! art its pres5t p]fection40 ,he does n expla9 ?is easy me?od4 ,we d n "k :e!r 8 claim$ improvem5t 0 9 ! m\ld or matrix1 9 its con/ruction or 9 its manipulation2 b x 0 n orig9ation or inv5tion1 x 0 improvem5t only4 ,! passage :i* seems to say t ! fir/ types 7 cut by h& does n require mu* comm5t4 ,tri!mius may h misund]/ood1 & incorrectly report$1 :at he he>d1 or ,s*ff] may h misrepres5t$ ! facts4 ,x is evid5t t ,tri!mius is 9 error2 = cut types1 cut ei!r z to body or z to face1 nev] 71 nev] c\ld h be5 us$4 ,! mo/ tru/wor?y evid5ces tell u t ! e>lie/ types 7 ca/ 9 a m\ld4#ccb ,if ! ^w =m51 :i* is f\nd 9 ! record ( ! trial ( ,/rasburg1 be con/ru$ z ! same ^w mu/ be con/ru$ 9 ! colophon to ! ,ca?olicon ( #adfj1 9 ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ,dr4 ,hum]y 9 #adfh1 & 9 ! ord] ( ! ,k+ ( ,france 9 #adeh1 !n we h ! mo/ complete evid5ce t ! matrices & ! accompany+ type-m\ld 7 us$ by ,gut5b]g long be=e he knew ,s*ff]4 ,x 0 n necess>y t ,tri!mius %\ld h told u t he d]iv$ ?is curi\s in=mation f ,pet] ,s*ff]4 ,9 ^! p]v]sions ( tru? we may see ! vanity ( ! man :o _h already boa/$ t he 0 ! fir/ to ent] ! sanctu>y ( ! art4 ,! unreasonabl5ess ( 8 claim p#dgg to ! inv5tion ( matrices1 or to ! p]fection ( pr9t+1 may be inf]r$ f ! fact t1 al?\gh he 0 a judge1 a man ( di/9ction1 & a successful publi%] = m ?an =ty ye>s1 dur+ ! p]iod :5 ! value ( pr9t+ 0 fully appreciat$1 he 0 nev] notic$ 9 any way z a great b5efactor4 ,nei!r ! emp]or nor elector gave him any di/9ction z ! f\nd] ( a great art2 no "o put up a /one to 8 memory1 honor+ him z an inv5tor2 no pr9t] ( t c5tury reg>d$ him z aught m ?an a ?rifty publi%]4 ,8 reputation has be5 creat$ entirely by 8 own boa/s & ^? ( 8 family2 & x is a mo/ damag+ circum/ance t ^! boa/s 7 n made until ,gut5b]g & ,fu/ 7 dead1 & t ! /atem5t writt5 by ,tri!mius 0 n publi%$ until all ! witnesses to ! inv5tion 7 dead1 & !re c\ld be no contradiction4 ,!re are _m facts :i* %[ ! falsity ( ,s*ff]'s claim4 ,sett+ aside ! evid5ces 9 favor ( ! probable priority ( ! types ( ! ,bible ( #cf l9es1 ! record ( ! lawsuit betwe5 ,gut5b]g & ,fu/ virtually tells u t ! types ( ! ,bible ( #db l9es _h be5 made1 p]haps 9 #adeb1 b n lat] ?an #adec4 ,t ^! types 7 f\nd$ 9 matrices1 7 ( neat] cut1 m exact z to body1 & bett] f\nd$ ?an any aft]w>d made by ,s*ff]1 is app>5t at a glance4 ,!y prove t ! true me?od ( type-mak+ _h already be5 f\nd4 ,if ,s*ff] inv5t$ ! matrices f :i* ^! types 7 made1 he %\ld h p]fect$ ?is inv5tion 9 #adea4 ,b ,s*ff] 0 a copyi/ at ,p>is 9 #addi1 & x is n c]ta9 t he 0 ) ,gut5b]g be=e #adec4 ,"h we enc\nt] an impossibility4 ,x _c be suppos$ t a "y collegian1 fre% f books1 )\t exp]i5ce 9 me*anics1 c\ld inv5t1 (f-h&1 a complicat$ me?od ( type-mak+1 ^u :i* ,gut5b]g _h be5 work+ = _m ye>s4 ,!re is /ill ano!r v]sion ( ?is inv5tion ( matrices by ,s*ff]1 ! v]sion ( ,jo4 ,frid4 ,fau/us1 :i* has be5 (t5 p>ad$ z conclusive te/imony 9 ,s*ff]'s favor4 p#dgh ,john ,fu/1 ( ,m5tz1 0 ! fir/ to p]ceive ! losses suff]$ by s*ol>s ?r\gh ! sc>city ( books4 ,he labor$ dilig5tly to inv5t "s new me?od ( multiply+ !m1 s t !y c\ld be furni%$ to read]s at r$uc$ & reasonable prices4 ,high ,heav51 k9dly favor+ 8 s9c]e pray]s & 8 mo/ laudable int5tion1 reveal$ to ?is excell5t man ! mo/ approv$ =m & ma9/ay ( 8 inv5tion4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 he cut ! lett]s ( ! alphabet = *ildr51 on a block ( wood1 9 high relief4 ,) mu* loss ( "t & labor1 he wait$ = ! inv5tion ( a m suitable ink2 = writ+ ink blott$ & made ! pr9t$ lett]s un9telligible4 ,he exp]im5t$ ) soot f a c&le1 ) :i* he 0 able to pr9t1 b ! impression w\ld n adh]e to ! pap]4 ,at la/ he inv5t$ an ink :i* 0 black1 adhesive & p]man5t4 ,!n he began to pr9t on a press & to publi% little books = *ildr51 :i* ev]ybody b\ght1 = ! price 0 trivial1 & buy]s prais$ ! pr9t]4 ,fu/ 0 /imulat$ to attempt l>g] "w1 & he !reupon pr9t$ ! ,donatus 9 exactly ! same mann]4 ,b ! engrav$ pages ( ?is book1 cut out ( ! solid block1 display$ _m imp]fect lett]s1 & _m copies 7 wor?less4 ,x !n occurr$ to ! inv5tor1 at ! "r "t1 t he might pr9t books ) sep>ate types1 & t x 0 n at all necess>y t ! lett]s %\ld always be cut on solid blocks4 ,:]eupon he cut up ! wood blocks1 & sav+ all ! types t _h escap$ injury1 he made new comb9ations ) !m4 ,?is is ! true orig9 ( ! composition ( movable types4 ,?is new me?od ( mak+ types call$ = a great exp5diture ( "t & labor2 x delay$ ! "w1 h9d]$ ! developm5t ( ! new art1 & made _m mis]able difficulties = ! inv5tor4 ,fu/ _h _m workm51 :o assi/$ him 9 mak+ ink & types1 & 9 o!r "w4 ,among !m 0 ,pet] ,s*ff] ( ,g]nszheim1 :o1 :5 he p]ceiv$ ! difficulties & delays ( 8 ma/]1 0 seiz$ ) an ard5t desire to accompli% ! success ( ! new art4 ,?r\gh ! special inspiration ( ,god1 he discov]$ ! secret by :i* types ( ! matrix1 z !y are call$1 c\ld be cut1 & types c\ld be f\nd$ f !m1 :i*1 = ?is purpose1 c\ld be compos$ 9 frequ5t comb9ations1 & n be s+ly cut z !y _h be5 be=e4 ,s*ff] secretly cut matrices ( ! alphabet1 & %[$ types ca/ !refrom to 8 ma/]1 ,john ,fu/1 :o 0 s greatly pleas$ ) !m1 & rejoic$ s greatly1 t he imm$iately promis$ to him 8 only daught]1 & soon aft] he gave h] to him 9 m>riage4 ,b ev5 ) ?is k9d ( type1 great difficulty 0 exp]i5c$4 ,! metal 0 s(t & did n )/& pressure1 until !y inv5t$ an alloy :i* gave x prop] /r5g?4 p#dgi ,z !y _h happily succe$$ 9 ?is und]tak+1 ,fu/ & ,s*ff] b\nd _! workm5 by oa? to conceal ! process ) ! greate/ secrecy2 b !y %[$ to fri5ds1 :5ev] x pleas$ !m1 ! fir/ exp]im5tal types ( wood1 :i* !y ti$ up ) a /r+ & pres]v$4 ,my uncle1 ,doctor ,john ,fu/1 te/ifi$ t he _h se51 ) ! manuscripts :i* 7 bequea!d by ! inv5tor1 ^! exp]im5tal types ( wood1 & t he _h held 9 8 h&s ! fir/ "p ( 8 edition ( ! ,donatus4#ccc ,! unkn[n au?or fur!r says t ,john ,gut5b]g 0 "o ( ! fri5ds to :om ,fu/ & ,s*ff] %[$ ! wood types2 t ,gut5b]g1 pr(ess+ to admire _! +5uity1 took a great int]e/ 9 _! ent]prise1 & l5t ,fu/ & ,s*ff] money1 !reby entangl+ !m 9 an agreem5t1 f :i* !y c\ld n extricate !mselves until ,gut5b]g _h acquir$ a "r to use ! inv5tion1 by :i* use he wrongfully enjoys ! honor ( fir/ inv5tor4 ,"h we may /op4 ,x w\ld be a wa/e ( "t to expose1 "o by "o1 ! falsehoods ( a /atem5t s flatly contradict$ by _m unimpea*able evid5ces4 ,x is v cle> t ! writ] _h no new facts to tell u ab\t ! inv5tion4 ,he has told u n h[ x 0 made1 b h[ he wi%$ x _h be5 made t x might r$\nd to ! honor ( ! ,fu/s4 ,:at lat] writ]s h said ab\t ! value ( ,s*ff]'s s]vices ne$ n be consid]$1 = !y also h produc$ no new facts3 !y h bas$ _! op9ions entirely on ! incorrect in=mation ( ,fau/us1 ,tri!mius & ,s*ff]4 ,we may pass1 )\t fur!r delay1 to ! exam9ation ( ! claims made = o!r alleg$ inv5tors ( pr9t+4 p#dhj ,,xxiv ,alleg$ ,inv5tors ( ,pr9t+4 ,discov]y ( ! ,book ( ,f\r ,/ories1 ) ,impr9t ( ,alb]t ,pfi/] 4 4 4 ,its ,types ! same z ^? ( ! ,bible ( #cf l9es 4 4 4 ,pfi/] reg>d$ z an ,inv5tor ( ,pr9t+ 4 4 4 ,description ( ,book ( ,f\r ,/ories 4 4 4 ,its ,colophon 4 4 4 ,book ( ,fables 4 4 4 ,colophon & ,fac-simile 4 4 4 ,o!r ,books by ,pfi/] 4 4 4 ,pfi/] n a ,type-f\nd] 4 4 4 ,probably an ,engrav] on ,wood 4 4 4 ,c\ld n h ,pr9t$ ! ,bible ( #cf l9es 4 4 4 ,pfi/] probably got 8 ,k ( ,pr9t+ f ,gut5b]g 4 4 4 ,paul ( ,prague's ,notice ( ,pr9t+ at ,bamb]g 4 4 4 ,seba/ian ,pfi/] 4 4 4 ,pamphilo ,ca/aldi 4 4 4 ,absurdity ( ! ,leg5d 4 4 4 ,john ,m5tel & 8 ,epitaph 4 4 4 ,gebwil]'s ,/atem5t 4 4 4 ,fac-simile ( ! ,arms ( ! ,typo!t 4 4 4 ,speckl9's ,/atem5t 4 4 4 ,pla9 ,falsifications ( ,hi/ory 4 4 4 ,kn[n ,facts ab\t ,m5tel & 8 p>tn] ,h5ry ,egge/e94 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is1 p]haps1 possible to %[ ( all inv5tions t some:]e somebody mu/ h be5 v ne> to x4 ,to ass]t ( any inv5tion :atev]1 t x c\ld or %\ld h be5 inv5t$ long ago1 is no?+ b *icane3 we are to prove1 incontrov]tibly1 t x 0 really inv5t$1 or else be sil5t4 ,less+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s*elhorn's op9ion t ! ,bible ( #cf l9es 0 ! ,bible describ$ by ,zell--! book pr9t$ by ,gut5b]g 9 #adej--;did n meet ) ! approval ( ^? :o _h copies ( ! ,bible ( #db l9es4 ,m5 :o _h paid v l>ge prices = ! copies ( an edition suppos$ to be ! fir/1 7 lo? to h x degrad$ to ! inf]ior place ( a second edition4 ,! te/imony ( ,zell 0 unc]emoni\sly set aside2 ! writt5 date ( #adfj 9 "o copy ( ! ,bible ( #cf l9es 0 reg>d$ z indicat+ ! date ( pr9t+1 & ! book 0 decl>$ ! "w ( ,gut5b]g betwe5 #adee & #adfj4 ,ano!r hypo!sis 0 soon pres5t$4 ,9 #agib1 ,/e9]1 a cl]gyman at ,augsburg1 ann\nc$ ! discov]y ( ! ,book ( ,f\r ,/ories ) ! impr9t ( ,alb]t p#dha ,pfi/]1 ,bamb]g1 #adfb4 ,soon aft]1 ,camus read be=e ! ,national ,in/itute at ,p>is1 a critical description ( ! book1 9 :i* he prov$ ! id5tity ( its types ) ^? ( ! ,bible ( #cf l9es4 ,!reupon1 incauti\s read]s ru%$ to ! ha/y inf]5ce t1 z ,pfi/] _h made use ( ! types ( ! ,bible ( #cf l9es1 ! ,bible mu/ h be5 pr9t$ by ,pfi/]4 ,critics ( au?ority did n hesitate to say t ,alb]t ,pfi/]1 a pr9t] unkn[n = ?ree c5turies1 & ( :om !re is no tradition1 might h be5 an inv5tor ( pr9t+1 ! rival1 & p]haps ! pr$ecessor & tea*]1 ( ,john ,gut5b]g4 ,z we "k ,pfi/] only ?r\gh 8 books1 x w be prop] to exam9e _! workman%ip be=e ?is hypo!sis c be consid]$4 ,!y are n num]\s3 sixte5 books & pamphlets h be5 attribut$ to him1 b 8 claim to eight has be5 disprov$4#ccd ,! ,book ( ,f\r ,/ories1 a ?9 folio ( #fj leaves--a v]sion made = *ildi% read]s ( ! biblical descriptions ( ,joseph1 ,daniel1 ,e/h] & ,judi?--may be (f]$ z ! mo/ *>act]i/ic specim5 ( ,pfi/]'s /yle4 ,! types ( ?is book are ^? ( ! ,bible ( #cf l9es1 b !y are mu* worn4 ,if !y 7 n ! id5tical *>act]s1 !y 7 ca/ 9 ! m\ld & matrices t _h be5 us$ = ! types ( ! ,bible1 = ! types ( bo? books agree 9 face & 9 body4 ,! ,book ( ,f\r ,/ories has fifty-five engrav+s on wood1 six ( :i* are repeat$1 ea* occupy+ ! space ( ab\t elev5 l9es1 or #b-c_/d in*es1 ( ! text4 ,! engrav+s are co>se2 !y h no arti/ic m]it1 & are 9 e way inf]ior to ^? ( ! ,bible ( ! ,poor or ! ,speculum ,salutis2 !y ab\nd 9 pu]ile absurdities1 & seem to be ! "w ( a mak] ( c>ds or images4 ,! text ( ! book is 9 ,g]man rhyme1 b ! l9es foll[ ea* o!r1 )\t break1 z 9 a text ( prose4 ,a capital p#dhb lett] indicates ! beg9n+ ( ea* l9e ( poetry1 & a loz5ge-%ap$ p]iod d5otes its end+4 ,! presswork is decid$ly inf]ior3 ! deeply ind5t$ pap] %[s t ! pr9t] c\ld n regulate ! pressure on ! types2 ! mudd9ess ( ! lett]s comes f ! use ( a ?9 ink1 & ! faulty regi/] f a %ackly press4 ,! colophon or subscription ( ?is book1 a translation ( :i* is submitt$1 specifies ! date1 ! place ( pr9t+ & ! pr9t]3 ,e man1 9 8 he>t1 desires to be le>n$ & well read4 ,)\t books & )\t tea*]1 ?is _c be4 ,if x 7 o!rwise1 all ( u w\ld "k ,lat94 ,^! reflections h engag$ me = a long "t4 ,to good purpose h ,i s\ght out & ga!r$ ! f\r /ories ( ,joseph1 ,daniel1 ,judi?1 & also ( ,e/h]4 ,god grant$ protection to ^! f\r p]sonages1 z ,he always does to ! good4 ,?is little book1 :i* is int5d$ to tea* u h[ to am5d our lives1 0 complet$ 9 ,bamb]g1 9 :i* city ,alb]t ,pfi/] pr9t$ x1 9 ! ye> :i* is numb]$ "o ?\s& f\r hundr$ & sixty-two1--:i* is ! tru?1--soon aft] ! day ( ,sa9t ,walpurgis1 :o is able to obta9 = u grace abundant1 peace1 & ev]la/+ life4 ,may ,god give !m to all ( u4 ,am54 ,! ,book ( ,fables1 a folio ( #hh leaves1 pr9t$ ) ! types ( ! ,bible ( #cf l9es1 is ano!r "w :i* fairly exhibits ! /yle ( ,pfi/]4 ,x conta9s eighty-five fables1 ea* illu/rat$ ) a co>se engrav+ on wood1 9 :i* monkeys repres5t m54 ,! text is 9 rhyme1 b ! l9es foll[ ea* o!r )\t break4 ,! colophon says3 ,at ,bamb]g ?is little book 0 f9i%$1 aft] ! ,nativity ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 z "o c\nts1 "o ?\s& f\r hundr$ ye>s & sixty & "o1--su* is ! tru?1--on ! day ( ,sa9t ,val5t9e4 ,god save u f ,8 suff]+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile ( an ,illu/ration 9 ! ,book ( ,fables by ,alb]t ,pfi/]4 ,f ,he9ek54 ,ano!r book attribut$ to ,pfi/] is kn[n z ,belial1 or ! ,consolation ( ! ,s9n]4 ,x is a folio ( #ie leaves1 :i* exhibits on ! la/ leaf ! words ,albre*t ,pfi/] su ,bamb]g4 ,pfi/] also pr9t$ two editions ( ! ,bible ( ! ,poor1 "o 9 ,lat9 & "o 9 ,g]man1 ea* conta9+ eighte5 engrav+s4 ,8 treatm5t ( ! old block-book is t ( a me*anic & n ( an arti/3 ! design+1 p#dhc engrav+ & pr9t+ are ( ! l[e/ ord]4 ,he also pr9t$ ! ,compla9t aga9/ ,dea?1 & ! ,judgm5t ( ,man aft] ,dea?4 ,all 7 pr9t$ ) ! types ( ! ,bible ( #cf l9es1 & !y 71 app>5tly1 8 only types4 p#dhd ,t ,pfi/] 0 n a type-f\nd] seems cle>ly en\gh e/abli%$ ?r\gh ! fact t he did all 8 typographic "w ) only "o size & face ( type4 ,9 all 8 books1 ! lett]s ( ! ,lat9 alphabet appe> old & worn1 b ! w1 k1 & z1 *>act]s ( ! ,g]man alphabet1 are new & %>p4 ,! types _h evid5tly be5 us$ be=e = books 9 ,lat91 b n by ,pfi/]1 = ! ,bible ( ! ,poor seems to h be5 ! only book he pr9t$ 9 t language4 ,! ,book ( ,fables be>+ ! date ( #adfa seems ! e>lie/ ( ,pfi/]'s books1 b x 0 publi%$ )\t any explanation /at+ t x 0 made by a new art4 ,x may !re=e be presum$ t he began to pr9t ) types be=e #adfa4 ,! pr(usion ( wood-cuts 9 8 books is an indication t he 0 an engrav] on wood--probably a mak] ( play+ c>ds1 images1 & block-books1 :o _h pr(it$ by an e>ly opportunity to p]ceive ! advantages ( types4 ,z a sell] & mak] ( *ap-books1 he w\ld pref] ! types because !y expla9$ 8 pictures m *eaply ?an ! sl[] process ( engrav+ lett] by lett]2 b 8 p]si/5t use ( types :i* o!r pr9t]s w\ld h condemn$ z worn out1 %[s t he did n make & c\ld n r5ew !m4 ,x is n probable t a man :o seems to h rat$ 8 wret*$ wood-cuts z ! mo/ m]itori\s feature ( 8 books c\ld h inv5t$ types4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t an image pr9t] ( l[ aims & sl5d] ability c\ld h p]ceiv$ ! economical advantages ( types1 & may h pur*as$ a disc>d$ font = ! sole purpose ( pr9t+ explanations to 8 engrav+s4 ,& ?is seems ! only conjecture t w expla9 ,pfi/]'s own]%ip ( ! types ( ! ,bible ( #cf l9es4 ,! conjecture t ,pfi/] pr9t$ ! ,bible ( #cf l9es w n be> a critical exam9ation4 ,x is n en\gh to %[ t our fir/ positive k ( ! types & ! copies ( ?is book beg9s ) ,pfi/] & ,bamb]g4 ,x /ill rema9s to be prov$ t ,pfi/] made ! types & pr9t$ ! copies4 ,! pro( is want+ & ! probabilities are p#dhe /rongly adv]se4 ,! ,bible ( #cf l9es is unlike any book ( ,pfi/]'s 9 size1 "*1 & workman%ip4 ,x is n possible t ! man :o began 8 c>e] z a pr9t] ) an admirable edition ( ! ,lat9 ,bible 9 ?ree volumes folio1 c\ld h end$ x ) ! publication ( %abby little books 9 ,g]man1 int5d$ = *ildr54 ,a decl5sion l ?is is )\t a p>allel 9 typographical hi/ory4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ,pfi/] got 8 types & 8 imp]fect k ( typography f ,gut5b]g aft] ! dissolution ( ! p>tn]%ip betwe5 ,fu/ & ,gut5b]g1 b ,pfi/] c\ld h gott5 !m be=e4 ,!re is a blank 9 ,gut5b]g's hi/ory betwe5 ! ye>s #addb & #addh1 ab\t :i* we "k no?+4 ,t he 0 !n at "w on 8 problem2 t he mu/ h communicat$ m or less ( 8 secrets to ! _m unkn[n workm5 & associates :o succe$$ ,dritzeh51 ,saspa*1 ,heilmann & ,dnne2 t he may h be5 induc$ to try 8 =tunes at ,bamb]g be=e he w5t to ,m5tz2 t ,alb]t ,pfi/] may h be5 "o ( 8 workm5 :o foll[$ him to ,m5tz & acquir$ "s skill 9 ! art1--^! are conjectures t des]ve consid]ation4 ,b !y are conjectures only3 we h no exact k conc]n+ ! introduction ( typography 9 ,bamb]g4 ,x is pla91 h[ev]1 t ! appe>ance at ,bamb]g1 9 #adfa1--;a ye> be=e ! sack ( ,m5tz1 ! date usually fix$ on z t ( ! disp]sion ( ! pr9t]s1 & ! g5]al divulgem5t ( ! secret1--( a book pr9t$ 9 ! worn types ( ! ,bible ( #cf l9es1 & ! subsequ5t discov]y ne> ?is city ( _m copies ( ?is book1 :i* c\ld n h be5 pr9t$ by ,pfi/]1 are indications t ,gut5b]g mu/ h _h bus9ess relations ) ,bamb]g :i* are ( importance 9 ! hi/ory ( pr9t+4 ,! only docum5t>y evid5ce :i* seems to favor ! hypo!sis t ,pfi/] might h pr9t$ ! ,bible ( #cf l9es is ! foll[+ curi\s notice ( e>ly pr9t+1 :i* 0 writt5 ab\t #adfc1 by ,paul ( ,prague1 = a contemplat$ b unf9i%$ encyclop$ia ( arts & sci5ces3 p#dhf ,! libripagus#cce is an artisan :o skillfully engraves on plates ( copp]1 iron1 h>d wood1 or o!r sub/ances1 images1 writ+1 or any?+ he fancies1 & aft]w>d quickly pr9ts !m on pap]1 or on a wall1 or on a smoo? bo>d4 ,he cuts :atev] he pleases1 & is a man :o c apply 8 art to pictures4 ,:5 ,i 0 at ,bamb]g1 a man engrav$ ! :ole ,bible ^u plates1 & 9 f\r weeks skillfully pres]v$ ?is engrav+ ( ! :ole ,bible on ?9 p>*m5t4 ,pfi/]'s "n is n m5tion$1 b he 01 probably1 ! libripagus "h notic$4 ,! /ory is n cr$ible4 ,! :ole ,bible 0 n pr9t$ 9 f\r weeks1 nei!r at ,bamb]g nor else:]e2 nor 0 x ev] engrav$ ^u plates4 ,! only book ( ,pfi/]'s to :i* ?is /atem5t c\ld be appli$1 is 8 edition ( ! ,bible ( ! ,poor4 ,we d n "k :5 ,pfi/] di$2 8 la/ dat$ "w is ( ! ye> #adfb4 ,seba/ian ,pfi/]1 :o is suppos$ to be ,alb]t's son1 0 at ! head ( a pr9t+ (fice at ,bamb]g 9 ! ye> #adgj1 & !n pr9t$ a little book :i* seems to h be5 8 fir/ & la/ v5ture 9 pr9t+4 ,pamphilo ,ca/aldi ( ,feltre1 ,italy1 to :om a /atue 0 erect$ 9 #ahfh1 has also receiv$ ! undes]v$ honor ( an inv5tor ( pr9t+4 ,?is commemoration ( ! man by ! p ( a great nation seems to require 9 ?is book at lea/ a /atem5t ( ! leg5d on :i* 8 claims are bas$4 ,?is is ! leg5d1 abridg$ f a long panegyric on ,ca/aldi's s]vices by "o ( 8 c\ntrym53 ,pamphilo ,ca/aldi 0 born 9 ,feltre1 ( noble p>5ts1 at ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,he 0 highly educat$ & intellig5t4 ,al?\gh a poet & a lawy] ( good reputation1 8 love = lit]ature induc$ him to op5 a s*ool = polite le>n+1 :i* soon became fam\s1 & attract$ /ud5ts f =eign c\ntries4 ,none ( 8 pupils acquir$ great] fame ?an ,john ,fu/1 :o is call$ by ! hi/orians ( ,feltre1 ,fau/o ,comesburgo4 ,?is ,fau/ resid$ ) p#dhg ,ca/aldi 9 ,feltre z e>ly z #aded4 ,9 ! ye> #addb1 ,ca/aldi _h se5 a pro( ( ,gut5b]g's attempts at ! inv5tion ( typography4 ,gut5b]g at t "t 7#addb7 0 support$ by ! money ( ,fau/ & ! skill ( ,s*ff]1 8 p>tn]s4 ,aft] t5 ye>s ( exp]im5t1 ,gut5b]g _h done no?+ m ?an pr9t f blocks ( wood & ) metallic *>act]s4 ,he _h n yet inv5t$ movable types1 = ! ,bible ( #adef %\ld be classifi$ ) ! block-books4 ,ca/aldi1 m +5i\s or m =tunate1 _h already discov]$ movable types be=e ! arrival ( ,fau/ 9 ,feltre4 ,x is well kn[n t1 a c5tury be=e ! publication ( ! ,m5tz ,psalt] ( #adeg1 initial lett]s & capital lett]s =m$ ( glass 7 manufactur$ at ,murano1 & us$ 9 ,italy4 ,^! glass lett]s 71 probably1 ! inv5tion ( ,pietro de ,natali1 bi%op ( ,equilo4 ,ca/aldi _h notic$ t ^! lett]s 7 ( advantage to ! scribes1 :o pr9t$ !m 9 _! manuscript books4 ,he at once saw t x w\ld be possible to pr9t entire books1 in/ead ( occasional lett]s1 ) movable types4 ,! facility ) :i* ?is discov]y _h be5 made caus$ him to und]value its importance4 ,he gave ! idea to ,fau/1 :o1 return+ to 8 p>tn]s 9 #adef1 or a little be=e1 enabl$ !m to appropriate ! inv5tion ( ,ca/aldi4 ,!y gre$ily adopt$ ?is inv5tion1 &1 9 #adeg1 !y produc$ ! ,psalt]1 ! fir/ book pr9t$ ) movable *>act]s ( wood4#ccf ,! only portion ( ?is absurd /ory :i* has any claim to respect is t ab\t ! e>ly use 9 ,italy by copyi/s ( engrav$ or m\ld$ initial lett]s4 ,t !y 71 or c\ld h be51 made by ! glass-bl[]s ( ,murano1 & t ,ca/aldi may h amus$ himself ) exp]im5ts 9 /amp+ consecutive lett]s or l9es1 is possible4 ,all else is pure fiction4 ,x does n appe> t ,ca/aldi pr9t$ any?+ ( value3 we h no relics ( 8 exp]im5ts 9 ! =m ( a book1 or ev5 ( a leaf1 a l9e1 or a lett]4 ,nor did 8 dreams or tea*+s ab\t ! possible value ( types ev] incite any ( 8 ,italian pupils to make & use types4 ,to ^? :o ?9k t ! m]it ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ is 9 ! conception ( ! idea ( movable types1 ?is leg5d ab\t ,ca/aldi is in/ructive4 ,x reveals to u a man :o is repres5t$ z hav+ a v cle> idea ( ! p#dhh importance ( types1 :o did no?+ ) 8 great discov]y4 ,8 discov]y1 if x c be s call$1 0 useless4 ,he _c be rat$ z an inv5tor ( pr9t+1 = he pr9t$ no?+4 ,john ,m5tel1 ( ,/rasburg1 :o di$ 9 ,decemb]1 #adgh1 & 0 buri$ 9 ! great ca!dral ( t city1 has !re a tablet to 8 memory1 :i* conta9s ! foll[+ inscription3 ,"h ,i re/3 ,i1 ,john ,m5tel1 :o1 by ! grace ( ,god1 0 ! fir/ to inv5t1 9 ,/rasburg1 ! *>act]s ( typography1 & to develop ?is art ( pr9t+1 :i* %\ld be p]petuat$ to ! end ( ! _w1 to su* a degree ( p]fection t a man c n[ write z mu* 9 a day z ano!r c\ld h done 9 a ye>4 ,x is b j t ?anks %\ld be r5d]$ to ,god1 & )\t vanity1 to me myself2 b z ?is homage c\ld n o!rwise be r5d]$ 9 a prop] mann]1 ,god has orda9$1 z ! rew>d = my inv5tion1 t ! /ones ( ?is ca!dral %\ld s]ve = my mausoleum4#ccg ,! claim t ,m5tel 0 ! inv5tor ( typography 0 fir/ made 9 #aebj by ,john ,s*ott1#cch son ( ,m>t9 ,s*ott1 :o _h m>ri$ ,m5tel's daught] & inh]it$ 8 bus9ess4 p#dhi ,9 ! ye> #aeba1 ,j]ome ,gebwil]1 misl$ by ! ass]tions ( ,s*ott1 und]took to controv]t ! pret5sions ( ,fu/ & ,s*ff] z ! fir/ pr9t]s4 ,he writes t pr9t+ 0 practis$ 9 ,/rasburg by ,john ,m5tel1 :o _h obta9$ ! new art ( *alcography1 or ( mak+ books ) t9 p5s 7types7 ab\t ! ye> #addg2 t ,m5tel1 & ,egge/e91 8 p>tn]1 made an agreem5t t !y %\ld keep secret ! new art2 t ,john ,s*ott1 :om he praises1 %[$ him a manuscript book1 )\t date1 writt5 by ,m5tel1 9 :i* 7 draw+s ( typographic in/rum5ts1 & obs]vations on ! manufacture ( pr9t+ ink4 ,x 0 by simil> me?ods t ,john ,s*ott induc$ ,james ,spiegel to decl>e1 9 a book pr9t$ 9 #aeca1 t ,john ,m5tel inv5t$ pr9t+ 9 ,/rasburg 9 ! ye> #addd4cci ,john ,s*ott is also ! au?ority = ! foll[+ v]sion ( ! inv5tion :i* 0 f\nd 9 an old manuscript *ronicle attribut$ to ,daniel ,speckl94 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,arms ( ! ,typo!t4 ,f ,hans>d4 ,9 ! ye> #addj1 ! admirable art ( pr9t+ 0 discov]$ 9 ,/rasburg by ,john ,m5tel4 ,8 son-9-law1 ,pet] ,s*oiff]1 & ,m>t9 ,fla* at once made use ( ! discov]y2 b a s]vant ( ,m5tel1 call$ ,john ,g5sfleis*1 aft] /eal+ ! secret1 fl$ to ,m5tz1 :]e he soon e/abli%$ ! new art1 ?r\gh ! help ( ,gut5b]g1 a v ri* man4 ,m5tel 0 s affect$ ) grief by ?is p]fidy t x caus$ 8 dea?4 ,9 honor ( ! art1 he 0 buri$ 9 ! mona/]y or ca!dral *ur*1 & a repres5tation ( 8 press 0 cut on 8 tomb/one4 ,god swiftly puni%$ ! s]vant ,g5sfleis*1 by /rik+ him ) bl9dness = ! remnant ( 8 life4 ,i h se5 ! fir/ press 7( ,m5tel7 & ! types cut on wood1 :i* 7 ( syllables & words4 ,!y 7 pi]c$ ?r\gh ! sides1 t !y c\ld be conjo9$ by a wire & kept 9 l9e4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ^! types1 ! fir/ ( ! k9d1 %\ld h be5 lo/4#cdj p#dij ,^! impud5t falsifications ( hi/ory w\ld h be5 soon =gott5 if !y _h n be5 r5ew$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 by "o ,james ,m5tel1 a physician ( ,p>is1 ! suppos$ desc5dant ( ,john ,m5tel1 :o publi%$ two little books on ! hi/ory ( pr9t+1 9 :i* he enl>g$ & di/ort$ ! v]sions ( ,gebwil]1 ,spiegel & ,speckl94 ,to support 8 claim1 he did n scruple to alt] ! text & p]v]t ! mean+ ( ! au?ors f :om he pret5d$ to quote4#cda ,x 0 a useless "w1 = no imp>tial critic c accept ! /atem5ts ( ,m5tel or ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,= ^! /atem5ts1 l ^? 9 behalf ( ,co/]1 ,ca/aldi & ,s*ff]1 7 made1 = ! fir/ "t1 long aft] ! inv5tion _h be5 p]fect$1 by m5 :o _h ! desire & ! temptation to misrepres5t ! facts4 ,all ( !m are ta9t$ ) ! same calumny--! accusation t ,gut5b]g /ole 8 k ( ! inv5tion--& all ( !m are contradict$ by public records ( und\bt$ au?ority4 ,nei!r ,m5tel's books nor ! records ( ,/rasburg give any w>rant to ! hypo!sis t ,m5tel 0 an inv5tor ( pr9t+4 ,8 "n appe>s = ! fir/ "t on ! tax li/ ( ! city ( ,/rasburg1 9 ! ye> #addg4 ,he is call$ a golts*rib]1 & is enroll$ ) ! goldsmi?s4 ,9 ano!r record ( ! city1 = ! same ye>1 8 "n appe>s 9 a li/ ( arti/s & pa9t]s1 b he is n describ$ z a pr9t]4 ,! e>lie/ notice ( him z a pr9t] 0 made by ,philip de ,lignam9e ( ,rome1 :o said1 9 #adgd1 t ,john ,m5tel ( ,/rasburg1 s9ce #adeh1 _h !re a pr9t+ (fice1 9 :i* he pr9t$ ?ree hundr$ %eets a day1 8aft] ! mann] ( ,fu/ & ,gut5b]g40 ,by ?is /atem5t we may suppose t ,m5tel practis$ pr9t+ soon aft] ! dissolution ( ! p>tn]%ip betwe5 ,fu/ & ,gut5b]g4 ,x 01 no d\bt1 f ,m5tz t he got a k ( typography1 = x _c be %[n t he 0 taught ! art by any ( ,gut5b]g's e>ly associates 9 ,/rasburg1 nor is !re any reason to believe t he 0 an indep5d5t inv5tor4 ,we p#dia h no evid5ce t he exp]im5t$ ) types1 or t he pr9t$ any?+ 9 ,/rasburg betwe5 #adci & #adeg4 ,x is n ev5 e/abli%$ t ,m5tel 0 ! fir/ practical pr9t] 9 ,/rasburg1 = !re is evid5ce t he began to pr9t !re 9 p>tn]%ip ) "o ,h5ry ,egge/e91 :o 0 a man ( sup]ior ability & ( great] di/9ction1 a ma/] ( arts & philosophy4#cdb ,m5tel did n affix 8 "n to any ( 8 books be=e #adgc1 b he _h !n pr9t$ _m l>ge !ological works4#cdc ,s*pfl9 says t he soon made himself ri* by 8 indu/ry & 8 sagacity 9 ! selection ( salable books4 ,he 0 a %rewd publi%]1 ! fir/ :o issu$ a descriptive catalogue1 & employ$ ag5ts = ! sale ( 8 works4 p#dib ,,xxv ,! ,spread ( ,pr9t+4 ,fir/ ,pr9t]s ( ,g]many 4 4 4 ,m5tel at ,/rasburg 4 4 4 ,zell at ,cologne 4 4 4 ,keff] & ,koburg] at ,nuremb]g 4 4 4 ,fac-simile ( a "p ( ,koburg]'s ,map 4 4 4 ,za9] at ,augsburg 4 4 4 ,fac-simile ( ,za9]'s ,bir? ( ,eve 4 4 4 ,john ( ,we/phalia & ,m>t5s at ,l\va9 4 4 4 ,mansion at ,bruges 4 4 4 ,g]>d ,leeu at ,antw]p 4 4 4 ,fir/ ,pr9t]s ( ,italy 4 4 4 ,swe9heym & ,pann>tz at ,rome 4 4 4 ,de ,spira at ,v5ice 4 4 4 ,j5son's ,types 4 4 4 ,v5ice fam\s = ,pr9t+ 4 4 4 ,c5n9i at ,flor5ce 4 4 4 ,! ,ripoli ,press 4 4 4 ,z>ot at ,milan 4 4 4 ,appe>ance ( ,publi%]s 4 4 4 ,fir/ ,pr9t]s ( ,france 4 4 4 ,g]+1 ,crantz & ,friburg] at ,p>is 4 4 4 ,! ,pr9t]s ( ,elegant ,books 4 4 4 ,fir/ ,pr9t]s 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal 4 4 4 ,9 ,engl& 4 4 4 ,caxton at ,we/m9/] 4 4 4 ,pr9t+ did n f9d a g5]al ,welcome 4 4 4 ,made ,popul> by ! ,*eapness ( ,books 4 4 4 ,injudici\s ,selection ( ,books = ,publication 4 4 4 ,dem& = ,books 9 ! ,v]nacul> 4 4 4 ,fir/ ,*eck on ! ,lib]ty ( ! ,press4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ab\t ?is "t1 ! crafte ( ,enpryntyng 0 fyr/e f\nde 9 mag\nce 9 ,almayne1 :i* crafte is multiply$ ?r\gh ! _w 9 _m places1 & bookes b5 _h grete *epe & 9 grete nombre by cause ( ! same crafte4 ,caxton1 #adhb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,9 ,,c5tral ,,& ,,nor!rn ,,europe4 ,:5 two rival pr9t+ (fices _h be5 e/abli%$ at ,m5tz x 0 no long] possible to keep secret ! processes4 ,e pr9t] :o h&l$ ! types & e goldsmi? :o help$ to make ! tools mu/ h felt a weak5+ ( ! obligation ( secrecy4 ,! sack ( ,m5tz 0 a great] mis=tune1 = x dissolv$ all obligations & s5t ! pr9t]s to o!r cities to f\nd new (fices4 ,n "o ( ^! pr9t]s has told u :5 & h[ he began to pr9t on 8 own acc\nt4 ,all we "k ab\t ! introduction ( pr9t+ 9 _m ( ! l>ge cities has be5 ga!r$ f ! dates ( books & ! *ance allusions ( e>ly *ronicl]s4 ,x is f ^! imp]fect evid5ces p#dic t ! foll[+ tables ( ! spread ( pr9t+ h be5 made up4 ,!y are bas$ on ! *ronological arrangem5t ( ,sant&]'s ,diction>y1 b ! names & dates h be5 collat$ ) ^? ( ,cotton's ,typographical ,gazette]1 & o!r works ( au?ority1 & "s alt]ations h be5 made4 ,place4 ,pr9t]4 ,date4 ,m5tz ,john ,gut5b]g #adej ,bamb]g ,alb]t ,pfi/] -- ,/rasburg ,m5tel & ,egge/e9 #adeh ,cologne ,ulric ,zell #adfb ,augsburg ,gun!r ,za9] #adfh ,nuremb]g ,h5ry ,keff] #adfi ,mun/] 9 ,argau ,helyas ,helye #adgj ,spire ,pet] ,dra* #adga ,ulm ,john ,za9] #adgc ,buda 7,hung>y7 ,&rew ,hess #adgc ,m]sburg ,lucas ,br&is #adgc ,laug+5 #adgc ,essl+5 ,conrad ,fyn] #adgc ,m>i5?al ,bros4 ( ,life-9-,com #adgd ,lubec ,lucas ,br&is #adge ,burgdorf -- #adge ,blaubeur5 ,conrad ,mancz #adge ,pils5 -- #adge ,ro/ock ,bros4 ( ,life-9-,com4 #adgf ,g5eva ,ad4 ,/eyns*au] #adgh ,prague -- #adgh ,ei*/adt ,m4 & ,g4 ,reys] #adgh ,wurtzburg ,dold1 ,rys]1 et al4 #adgi ,leipsic ,m>cus ,br& #adha ,aura* ,conrad ,fyn] #adha ,erfurt ,wid] de ,hornba* #adhb ,memm+5 ,alb]t de ,dud]/adt4 #adhb ,passau ,/ahl1 ,may]1 et al4 #adhb ,reutl+5 ,john ,ottm> #adhb ,vi5na ,john ,w9t]burg #adhb ,magdeburg ,rau5/e9 et al4 #adhc ,/ockholm ,john ,snell #adhc ,w9t]b]g ,john ,alacraw #adhd ,heidelb]g ,fr$4 ,mis* #adhe ,ratisbon ,john ,s5s5s*midt #adhe ,br9n ,/ahl ,pre9le9 #adhf ,mun/] ,john ,limburg #adhf ,sleswick ,/eph5 ,arndes #adhf ,frisia -- #adhh ,kutt5b]g ,von ,tis*ni[a #adhi ,+ol/adt ,john ,ka*el(5 #adij ,hamburg ,j4 & ,t4 ,bor*>d #adia ,wad/e9 -- #adia ,cz]nigov ,tz]noevic #adib ,z9na -- #adib ,frib\rg ,kilianus ,piscator #adic ,luneburg ,john ,luce #adic ,cop5hag5 ,go?(4 de ,ghem5 #adic ,opp5heim -- #adid ,freis+5 ,john ,s*ffl] #adie ,(f5burg -- #adif ,tub+5 ,john ,ottm> #adih ,crac[ ,john ,hall] #aejj ,muni* ,john ,s*obs] #aejj ,olmutz ,de ,baumg>t5 #aejj ,p=tzheim ,?omas ,anselmus #aejj ,?is is b a brief li/ = ! va/ & popul\s c\ntry nor? ( ,italy & ea/ ( ,france & ! ,ne!rl&s4#cdd ,n less rem>kable is ! fact t "s cities n[ des]v$ly fam\s = _! pr9t+ 7 among ! la/ to acquire a k ( ! art1 & ^? t gave x feeble support4 ,! ma/] pr9t]s at ,m5tz be=e #aejj1 n previ\sly nam$1 73 ,erh>dus ,reuwi*1 ^: fir/ book 0 dat$ #adhf2 ,fr$]ic ,mis*1 :o began aft] #adij2 ,jacob ,meyd5ba* 7a witness at ! trial ( #adee71 betwe5 #adia & #adif2 & ,pet] ,fri$burg1 betwe5 #adid & #adig4 ,!re may p#did h be5 o!rs1 ^: names are lo/1 b ! pr9t]s are few2 !y _c be comp>$1 ei!r 9 numb] or 9 influ5ce1 ) ^? ( _m small] cities dur+ ! same p]iod4 ,long be=e ,s*ff] di$1#cde ,m5tz _h ceas$ to be a great s*ool & c5tre ( pr9t+4 ,,/rasburg4 ,! /atem5t ( ,lignam9e1 t ,m5tel pr9t$ at ,/rasburg aft] #adeh1 has be5 corroborat$ by ! rec5t discov]y 9 ! ,freiburg libr>y ( a ,lat9 ,bible 9 two volumes folio1 :i* is kn[n to h be5 pr9t$ by ,m5tel1 & :i* conta9s ! subscriptions ( ! illum9ator & ! writt5 dates1 9 "o volume ( #adfj1 9 ! o!r ( #adfa4cdf ,z ?is book %\ld h be5 9 press at lea/ two ye>s1 x may be reg>d$ z evid5ce t pr9t+ 0 practis$ "h z e>ly z 9 ,bamb]g4 ,/rasburg gave great] enc\ragem5t to pr9t]s ?an ,m5tz1 = sixte5 ma/] pr9t]s 7 work+ !re be=e #aejj4 ,,cologne4 ,! fir/ pr9t] at ,cologne 0 ,ulric ,zell4 ,he 0 an indu/ri\s pr9t] = m ?an =ty ye>s1 b he nev] pr9t$ a book 9 ,g]man1 nor did he adopt any ( ! improvem5ts ( ! pr9t]s ( ,italy4 ,he adh]$ rigidly to ! sev]e /yle ( 8 ma/]1 ,s*ff]1 pr9t+ all 8 books f ?ree sizes ( a rude face ( ,r\nd ,go?ic types4 ,he 0 n a skillful nor ev5 a correct pr9t]1 b he 0 a %rewd publi%]1 & accumulat$ a l>ge prop]ty4 ,madd5 supposes t he w5t to ,cologne 9 #adfb1 & p#die 0 engag$ by ! ,bro!rhood ( ! ,life-9-,common at ,weid5ba*1 ne> t city1 to assi/ !m ) 8 new art ( pr9t+ 9 _! pi\s task ( mak+ books4#cdg ,8 "n appe>s = ! fir/ "t 9 a book dat$ #adff1 :i* date may be accept$ z indicative ( ! "t :5 he left ! mona/]y & began to pr9t on 8 own acc\nt 9 ! city4 ,at ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 tw5ty-two pr9t+ (fices _h be5 e/abli%$ at ,cologne4 ,among !m 0 t ( ,arnold ,t] ,hoorne1 :o1 despite 8 occasional bad presswork1 des]ves special notice z "o ( ! fir/ pr9t]s :o made use ( ,arabic figures4 ,illu/ration3 ,fac-simile1 r$uc$1 ( "p ( ,koburg]'s ,map ( ,europe4 ,photograph$ f ,mr4 ,bruce's copy ( ! ,nuremb]g ,*ronicle4 ,,nuremb]g4 ,h5ry ,keff]1 :o appe>$ z a witness = ,gut5b]g 9 ! suit at law 9 #adee1 is suppos$ to h e/abli%$ himself z a pr9t] at ,nuremb]g ab\t #adfi4 ,8 "n appe>s1 = ! fir/ "t1 9 ! impr9t ( a book dat$ #adgc1 f :i* x seems t he 0 hir$ by ,john ,s5s5s*midt1 a weal?y man ( t city1#cdh :o aspir$ to be a publi%]4 ,9 #adgc1 ,an?ony ,koburg] began to pr9t at ,nuremb]g4 ,9 a few ye>s he acquir$ great reputation z pr9t] & publi%]3 he _h tw5ty-f\r presses at ,nuremb]g & (fices at ,basle & at ,lyons4 ,li*t5b]g] says t he pr9t$ twelve editions ( ! ,bible 9 ,lat9 & "o 9 ,g]man4 ,t he m]it$ 8 honors is impli$ by ! te/imony ( ,jodocus ,badius1 8 rival at ,p>is1 :o frankly said he 0 an hone/ m]*ant & ! pr9ce ( pr9t]s4 ,! success ( ,koburg] did n mat]ially int]f]e ) ! p#dif prosp]ity ( 8 rivals1 = !re 7 sev5te5 ma/] type-pr9t]s & _m block-pr9t]s at ,nuremb]g be=e #aejj4 ,koburg]'s mo/ curi\s book is ! ,nuremb]g ,*ronicle ( #adic1 a l>ge & ?ick folio1 edit$ or compil$ by ,h>tmann ,s*$el1 z a summ>y ( ! hi/ory1 geography & wond]s ( ! _w4 ,x conta9s m ?an two ?\s& p#dig impressions#cdi ( wood-cuts1 8made by ,wolgemu? & ,pleyd5wurff1 ma!matical m51 & cunn+ z design]s40 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,bir? ( ,eve1 f ,za9]'s ,edition ( ! ,speculum ,salutis4 ,f ,he9ek54 ,,augsburg4 ,! practice ( typography 0 br\ght to ,augsburg 9 #adfh by ,gun!r ,za9] ( ,reutl+51 :o is suppos$ to h be5 taught at ,/rasburg4 ,he 0 ! fir/ pr9t] 9 ,g]many :o pr9t$ a book 9 ,roman *>act]s4 p#dih ,he & 8 rivals1 ,baml]1 ,s*ssl] & ,sorg1#cej illu/rat$ _! books s freely ) wood-cuts z to provoke ! remon/rance ( ! frat]nity ( block-pr9t]s ( ,augsburg4#cea ,?is opposition may h caus$ ,za9]'s retirem5t f bus9ess 9 #adge1 b x did n *eck ! bus9ess ( ! o!rs4#ceb ,!re 7 tw5ty ma/] pr9t]s at ,augsburg be=e #aejj4 ,,9 ,,! ,,ne!rl&s4 ,,utre*t4 ,x is probable t ! unkn[n pr9t] ( ! f\r notable editions ( ! ,speculum 0 at ,utre*t be=e ! arrival ( ,ketela] & ,de ,leempt 9 #adgc4cec ,,l\va94 ,john ( ,we/phalia came to ,l\va9 9 #adgb1 ) "s matrices ( ,r\nd ,go?ic & ,roman types :i* he _h acquir$ 9 ,v5ice1 & began to fit up a pr9t+ (fice4 ,9 #adgc1 he publi%$ 8 fir/ book4 ,dur+ ! tw5ty-two ye>s he 0 9 bus9ess1 he pr9t$ #abj works4 ,_m 7 editions ( ! classics1 & all 7 select$ ) ref]5ce to ! requirem5ts ( ! ,univ]sity1 f :i* he receiv$ ! honor>y title ( ,ma/] ( ,pr9t+4 ,john ,veld5]1 :o began to pr9t at ,l\va9 9 #adgc1 receiv$ a simil> title4 ,he boa/$ t he 0 exp]t 9 all bran*es ( ! graphic arts1 b 8 skill 0 t ( a me*anic4 ,z p#dii a publi%]1 he c\ld n compete ) ,john ( ,we/phalia4#ced ,?i]ry ,m>t5s1 ( ,alo/1 0 employ$ by ,john ( ,we/phalia1 probably z editor1 soon aft] he arriv$ at ,l\va94 ,aft] receiv+ suitable in/ruction1 ,m>t5s 0 all[$ to pr9t "s little books at ,alo/ 9 #adgc4 ,he began to pr9t at ,alo/ 9 8 own "n 9 #adhg4 ,necessity or ! love ( *ange compell$ him to move 8 pr9t+ (fice _m times betwe5 ,l\va9 & ,antw]p4 ,9 #aebi1 he =sook pr9t+ & retir$ to ,alo/1 :]e he di$ 9 #aecd1 at ! age ( eighty-eight ye>s4 ,9 8 bus9ess life ( almo/ sixty ye>s he pr9t$1 beside _m o!r works1 ab\t #aej books 9 ,greek1 ,hebrew & ,lat94 ,he _h a critical k ( six languages1 & 8 ability z an editor 0 ackn[l$g$ by _m s*ol>s :o 7 8 fri5ds & correspond5ts4 ,erasmus wrote 8 epitaph1 & ! t[n ( ,alo/ has put up a /atue to commemorate 8 wor?4 ,,bruges4 ,! "n ( ,col>d ,mansion1 a calligraph] ( high m]it & aft]w>d ! fir/ typograph] at ,bruges1 is f\nd 9 ! records ( a corporation ( book-mak]s1 betwe5 ! ye>s #aded & #adgc4 ,z 8 "n does n re-appe> be=e #adhb1cee x is suppos$ t he ab&on$ ! guild & le>n$ pr9t+4 ,9 #adgf1 he pr9t$ a little book 9 a new face ( type 9 ! ,fr5* /yle4 ,he 0 a skillful b n a prosp]\s pr9t]1 = he 0 oblig$ to eke out 8 scant income z a pr9t] by occasional jobs ( illum9ation4 ,soon aft] #adhd1 he left ,bruges4 ,x is n kn[n :]e he w5t or :5 he di$4 ,john ,brito1 :o succe$$ ,mansion1 0 = _m ye>s ! only typographic pr9t] at ,bruges4 ,?is neglect ( pr9t+ 9 a city r5[n$ = ! elegance ( its manuscripts & ! skill ( its calligraph]s %[s t ! pr(essional book-mak]s reg>d$ pr9t+ z an in>ti/ic & me*anical me?od ( mak+ books4 p#ejj ,,g\da & ,,antw]p4 ,g]>d ,leeu1 ! mo/ indu/ri\s#cef pr9t] ( 8 "t1 began to pr9t at ,g\da 9 #adgg1 b he w5t to ,antw]p 9 #adhd1 :]e he cont9u$ to pr9t until 8 dea? 9 #adic4 ,imitat+ ,v]>d ( ,p>is1 he gave 8 lat] ye>s to ! translation & pr9t+ ( romances & popul> books4 ,9 #adic1 he began to pr9t ,caxton's ,*ronicle ( ,engl&1 9 ,engli% & obvi\sly = sale 9 ,engl&1 b he di$ be=e ! "w 0 f9i%$4#ceg ,,9 ,,italy4 ,?is is ! ord] 9 :i* pr9t+ 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,italy3 ,place4 ,pr9t]4 ,date4 ,subiaco ,swe9heym ,pann>tz #adfe ,rome ,swe9heym ,pann>tz #adfg ,v5ice ,john de ,spira #adfi ,milan ,an?ony ,z>ot #adgj ,foligno ,john ,nummei/] #adgj ,trevi ,john ,reyn>d #adgj ,v]ona ,john ( ,v]ona #adgj ,treviso ,g]>d de ,lisa #adga ,bologna ,bal?az> ,azzoguidi #adga ,f]r>a ,&rew ,bel=t #adga ,naples ,sixtus ,riess+] #adga ,pavia ,antonio de ,c>cano #adga ,flor5ce ,b]n>d ,c5n9i #adga ,fivizano ,jacobus & o!rs #adgb ,padua ,balt4 de ,valdezo*io #adgb ,mantua ,pietro ,adam de ,mi*ael #adgb ,mondovi ,antonio ,ma?iae1 et al4 #adgb ,jesi ,fr$]ic ,v]on5sis #adgb ,cremona ,p>avis9us1 et al4 #adgb ,p>ma ,&rew ,portiglia #adgc ,brescia ,?omas ,f]r&us #adgc ,mess9a ,h5ry ,ald+ #adgc ,vic5za ,john de ,r5o #adgc ,como ,de ,or*o1 et al4 #adgd ,tur9 ,fabri & ,john de ,petro #adgd ,g5oa ,mat!w ,moravus1 et al4 #adgd ,mod5a ,john ,vur/] #adge ,tr5t ,h]mann ,s*9deleyp #adgf ,pal]mo ,&rew de ,wormatia #adgg ,ascoli ,william de ,l9is #adgg ,lucca ,b>t4 de ,civitali #adgg ,casal ,william de ,canepa #adha ,cotton1 9 8 ,typographical ,gazette]1 specifies ?irty-sev5 o!r places 9 ,italy 9 :i* pr9t+ 0 done be=e #aejj4 p#eja ,,subiaco & ,,rome4 ,conrad ,swe9heym & ,arnold ,pann>tz1 two pr9t]s f ,g]many1 set up a press 9 ! mona/]y ( ,subiaco1 ne> ,rome1 & !re produc$ 9 #adfe ! books fir/ pr9t$ f types 9 ,italy4 ,to please ! ta/es ( _! ,roman read]s !y made a new font ( ,roman types4 ,x 0 n a successful ef=t1 = ! traces ( ,go?ic mann]isms are noticeable 9 almo/ e lett]4 ,n meet+ ) ! enc\ragem5t !y desir$1 ! two pr9t]s remov$ to ,rome 9 #adfg4 ,!y began to pr9t on a gr& scale1 mak+ new fonts ( ,roman1 ,greek & ,r\nd ,go?ic types1 enli/+ ! s]vices ( ,bi%op ,john ,&rew z read] & corrector1 & und]tak+ ! publication ( _m l>ge classical works4 ,!y did n prosp]4 ,9 ! ye> #adgb1 !y petition$ ! pope = relief1 sett+ =? t !y _h pr9t$ #aa1dge copies ( tw5ty-eight works1 a v l>ge portion ( :i* _h n be5 sold1 & t !y 7 9 great di/ress4 ,9 #adgc1 ,swe9heym )drew f ! p>tn]%ip1 & began to engrave on copp] maps = an edition ( ,ptolemy's ,geography4 ,he di$ be=e ! book 0 publi%$1 9 #adgh4 ,pann>tz di$ 9 #adgf4 ,ulri* ,hahn1 a pr9t] ( ,bav>ia1 w5t to ,rome 9 #adfe1 & began to pr9t !re 9 #adfg4 ,8 fir/ book 0 9 ,r\nd ,go?ic types1 b 8 ,italian read]s induc$ him to make = 8 second book a rude =m ( ,roman types4 ,he employ$ ,campanus1 an em95t s*ol>1 z read] & corrector1 & associat$ himself ) ,simon ,ni*olas de ,lucca1 :o act$ z editor & publi%] ( 8 books4 ,at ?is "t !re 7 9 ,rome _m pr9t+ (fices1 & ! numb] increas$1 not)/&+ ! compla9ts ( ,swe9heym & ,pann>tz1 & also ( ,philip de ,lignam9e1 t m books 7 pr9t$ ?an c\ld be sold4 ,be=e ! ye> #aejj1 !re 7 or _h be5 ?irty-sev5 ma/] pr9t]s at ,rome4 ,,v5ice4 ,john de ,spira1 s call$ f ,spire1 ! city 9 :i* he 0 born1 0 ! fir/ typograph] at ,v5ice4 ,he began 9 #adfi1 by ! publication ( ! ,lett]s ( ,cic]o 9 types ( ,roman =m4 ,soon aft]1 he publi%$ an edition 9 p#ejb folio ( ! ,national ,hi/ory ( ,pl9y1 :i* is reg>d$ z "o ( ! f9e/ specim5s ( ! pr9t+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,pr\d ( 8 f9e "w1 b fe>+ competition1 ,de ,spira solicit$ & obta9$ f ! s5ate1 ,septemb] #ah?1 #adfi1 exclusive rights z a pr9t] 9 ,v5ice = five ye>s4 ,! privileges seem to h be5 =feit$ by 8 dea? 9 #adgj2 b 8 pr9t+ (fice 0 manag$ ) ability by 8 bro!r ,v9del91 :o succe$$ to ! bus9ess4 ,ni*olas ,j5son1 ! 8man skill$ 9 engrav+10 :o _h be5 s5t to ,m5tz 9 #adeh1 & :o1 accord+ to ,madd51 _h ?or\ghly qualifi$ himself 9 ! mona/]y ( ,weid5ba*1 seems to h be5 ! fir/ ( sev]al pr9t]s :o ha/5$ to ,v5ice to pr(it by ! =feiture ( ,de ,spira's privilege4 ,9 #adga1 he publi%$ 8 fir/ book1#ceh ! ,decor ,puell>um1 9 neat light-fac$ ,roman types on ,great-prim] body4 ,8 exp]i5ce at ! m9t ( ,t\rs z an engrav] gave him a decid$ advantage ov] all 8 rivals4 ,roman types _h be5 made be=e by ,swe9heym1 ,de ,spira & ,hahn1 b nev] be=e _h pun*es be5 s sci5tifically engrav$1 nor types s truly align$4 ,x is n surpris+ t ! ef=ts ( 8 pr$ecessors %\ld pass = naught1 & t ,j5son has ev] s9ce be5 reg>d$ z ! introduc] ( ,roman types4 ,b ,j5son discov]$1 z ,hahn & ,de ,spira _h done1 t1 to secure buy]s 9 ,g]many1 x 0 necess>y to pr9t books 9 ,go?ic *>act]s4 ,) ?is object 9 view1 he cut sev]al fonts ( ,r\nd ,go?ic1 "o on ,b\rgeois & "o on ,brevi] body1 ! smalle/ sizes ( types made 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,z a pr9t]1 ,j5son is entitl$ to high praise4 ,none ( 8 competitors %[$ s mu* ta/e & skill 9 ! details ( book-mak+4 ,x is noticeable 9 e feature--9 ! t9t & texture ( 8 pap]1 9 ! glossy blackness ( 8 ink1 9 ! cle>ness & solidity ( 8 impressions1 9 ! p#ejc uni=mity ( regi/] & ( color on e page4 ,j5son's m]its 7 recogniz$ by ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv1 :o1 9 addition to o!r m>ks ( favor1 be/[$ ^u him ! title ( c\nt palat9e4 ,he di$ 9 #adha4 ,8 pr9t+ (fice pass$ into ! h&s ( an association ( :i* ,&rew ,torresani ( ,asola 0 ! manag]4 ,9 "t1 ,aldus ,manutius1 a p>tn] 9 ?is association1 m>ri$ a daught] ( ,torresani1 & got control ( ! (fice1 ! reputation ( :i* he increas$ by 8 s*ol>%ip1 by 8 num]\s editions ( ! classics1 & by 8 introduction ( ,italic types1 b n by sup]ior skill z a typograph]4 ,z a type-f\nd]1 pr9t] & ink-mak]1 ,j5son _h no rival & left no prop] successor4 ,at ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ,v5ice took ! lead ( all cities1 n only 9 ! numb] ( its pr9t+ (fices1 b 9 ! beauty ( its types & pr9t+4 ,pr9t]s 9 o!r c\ntries knew t !y w\ld secure = _! types ! highe/ comm5dation by ann\nc+ !m z ! true ,v5etian *>act]s4 ,sant&] specifies #bja ma/] pr9t]s :o _h be5 9 bus9ess at ,v5ice be=e #aejj4 ,b]n>d e/imates ! numb] ( books !n & !re pr9t$ at two million volumes4 ,,flor5ce4 ,b]n>d ,c5n9i1 an em95t goldsmi? ( ,flor5ce1 began to pr9t ) types at t city 9 ! ye> #adga4 ,he said t he & 8 sons ,pet] & ,dom9ic made ! tools & types & did all ! "w )\t in/ruction1 b ! exact mann] 9 :i* ,c5n9i describes ! cutt+ ( pun*es & ! f\nd+ ( types makes ?is /atem5t d\btful4 ,c5n9i nev] e>n$ any reputation z a typograph]1 = x does n appe> t he pr9t$ any book aft] #adga4 ,sant&] names tw5ty-two ma/] pr9t]s at ,flor5ce be=e #aejj4 ,! mo/ noticeable ( ! numb] is ,dom9ic de ,pi/oia1 an ecclesia/ic :o f\nd$ a pr9t+ (fice 9 #adgd1 :i* is kn[n 9 hi/ory z ! ,ripoli ,press4 ,dom9ic 0 ! abbot ( a mona/]y1 b he prov$ an active & intellig5t publi%]4 ,he des]ves notice *iefly = 8 c>e 9 keep+ 8 acc\nts1 :i* give u our mo/ p#ejd tru/wor?y in=mation conc]n+ ! mat]ials & usages ( ! e>ly pr9t]s4#cei ,,milan4 ,an?ony ,z>ot began to pr9t at ,milan 9 #adgj or #adga1 hav+ be5 hir$ by ,philip de ,lavagna1 :o seems to h be5 a capitali/ & a publi%]4 ,9 #adgb1 ,z>ot p]suad$ f\r citiz5s ( ,milan to unite ) him 9 a new association = ! pr9t+ & publi%+ ( books4 ,! articles ( agreem5t are curi\s1 & des]ve pres]vation4#cfj ,! association seems to h be5 rem>kably prosp]\s1 = 9 #adgb x _h sev5 presses at "w4 ,9 #adgc1 ! p#eje publi%] ,philip de ,lavagna & 8 new p>tn] ,montanus made an agreem5t ) ,*ri/oph] ,vald>f]1 ano!r pr9t] at ,milan1 = ! exclusive use ( two presses4#cfa ,!re 0 no "p ( ,europe 9 :i* s great an en?usiasm 0 %[n = pr9t+ z 9 ,italy4#cfb ,! only op5 opposition :i* ! new art enc\nt]$ 0 made 9 #adgb1 by ! copyi/s ( ,g5oa1 :o compla9$ t ! typograph]s 7 gre$y1 & t !y depriv$ ! copyi/s ( _! livelihood by und]tak+ to pr9t little books4 ,,9 ,,france4 ,place4 ,pr9t]4 ,date4 ,p>is ,ulri* ,g]+1 et al #adfi ,lyons ,buy] & ,le ,roy #adgf ,ang]s ,de ,turre & ,morelli #adgg ,*ablis ,pi]re le ,r\ge #adgh ,poiti]s ,j4 ,boy] & ,g4 ,b\*et #adgi ,t\l\se -- #adgi ,ca5 ,f]r&us & ,quijone #adhj ,vi5ne ,pi]re ,s*5ck #adha ,prom5t\r ,loys ,gu]b9 #adhb ,troyes ,guillaume le ,r\ge #adhc ,*amb]y ,antonius ,neyret #adhd ,br&-,l\dhac ,r4 ,f\cquet #adhd ,r5nes ,pi]re ,belleescule #adhd ,abbeville ,dupr & ,g]>d #adhf ,r\5 ,guillaume le ,talleur #adhg ,besanon -- #adhg ,hag5au ,h5ry ,grau #adhi ,dol ,pet] ,metl+] #adij ,gr5oble -- #adij ,orleans ,mat?ieu ,vivian #adij ,dijon ,pet] ,metl+] #adia ,ang\lme -- #adia ,cluny ,mi*ael ,w5ssl] #adic ,nantes ,eti5ne ,l>*] #adic ,limoges ,john ,b]ton #adie ,prov9s ,g4 ,tav]ni] #adif ,t\rs ,mat?ieu ,lat]on #adif ,avignon ,nicol ,lepe #adig ,tregui] -- #adii ,gui5ne -- #aejj ,p]pignan ,j4 ,rosemba* #aejj ,,p>is4 ,ab\t ! close ( ! ye> #adfi1 ,ulri* ,g]+1 ,mi*ael ,friburg] & ,m>t9 ,crantz began to pr9t at ,p>is4 ,to please ! classic ta/es ( ! doctors ( ! univ]sity :o _h invit$ !m1 _! fir/ book appe>$ 9 types ( ,roman =m4 ,!y 7 n skillful pr9t]s1 = ,*evilli] says t lett]s half =m$ & half pr9t$ are noticeable p#ejf 9 _! e>li] works1 b !y 7 indu/ri\s publi%]s4 ,l ,j5son1 !y f\nd x exp$i5t to cut & ca/ types ( ! ,r\nd ,go?ic fa%ion1 = ! ,roman "* 0 mo/ admir$ by s*ol>s4 ,9 #adgg1 ,crantz & ,friburg] ab&on$ pr9t+1 b ,g]+ cont9u$ to pr9t until 8 dea? 9 #aeaj4 ,he will$ a l>ge prop]ty to ! univ]sity4 ,9 #adgc1 ,pet] ,keys] & ,john ,/ol1 aft] a ?ree ye>s' s]vice ) ,g]+1 set up a rival pr9t+ (fice1 ! result ( :i* 0 a r$uction 9 ! price ( books4#cfc ,?is competition did n prev5t o!r pr9t]s f f\nd+ (fices 9 ,p>is1 b x did compel "s to improve ! quality ( _! "w1 & to seek a new class ( read]s4 ,anto9e ,v]>d 9 #adhj1 & ,phillipe ,pig\*et 9 #adhd1 f\nd$ a new s*ool ( pr9t+1 :5 !y und]took to make pray]-books & romances 9 imitation ( ! /yle ( ! m9iaturi/s4#cfd ,?ielmann ,k]v]1 :o comm5c$ to pr9t 9 #adig1 0 almo/ z fam\s z a pr9t] ( ornam5tal books4 ,! gr[+ ta/e = f9e books did n prev5t ! publication ( solid lit]ature4 ,9 #adie1 ,jodocus ,badius1 a pr9t] ( great le>n+1 :o _h be5 pro(-read] = 8 fa!r-9-law1 ,tre*sel ( ,lyons1 e/abli%$ an (fice at ,p>is1 & began to pr9t = m5 ( education4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> came ! fam\s ,h5ry ,/eph5s1 fir/ ( a long l9e ( pr9t]s em95t = _! s*ol>%ip & dilig5ce z editors & publi%]s ( classical & critical text books4 ,be=e ! ye> #aejj1 !re 71 or _h be51 sixty-n9e ma/] pr9t]s 9 ,p>is4 ,,lyons4 ,lyons mu/ h (f]$ unusual inducem5ts to ma/] pr9t]s1 = !re 7 =ty pr9t+ (fices 9 t city be=e ! ye> #aejj4 ,! pr9t]s ( ,lyons 7 busy p#ejg publi%]s1 & _! competitors 9 ,italy compla9$ ) reason ( _! piratical editions4 ,!y made lib]al use ( engrav+s on wood & copp]-plate illu/rations4 ,!y 7 also ! fir/ pr9t]s to sell *eap books 9 %[y b9d+s4 ,,9 ,,spa9 ,,& ,,portugal4 ,place4 ,pr9t]4 ,date4 ,b>celona ,n4 ,sp9del] #adgc or #adgh ,val5cia ,cordova & ,palom> #adgd ,s>agossa ,mat!w ,fl&rus #adge ,seville ,a4 ,m>t9ez1 et al4 #adgf ,segorbe -- #adgi ,tolosa ,h5ry ,may] #adhj ,burgos ,de ,basilea #adhe ,salamanca -- #adhe ,soria ,eliez> b5 ,alanta #adhe ,x]ica -- #adhe ,tol$o ,john ,vasquez #adhf ,murcia ,juan de ,roca #adhg ,t>ragona ,john ,rosemba* #adhh ,l]ida -- #adhh ,san ,cucufute des ,valles -- #adhi ,lisbon ,r4 ,samuel ,zorba #adhi ,pampeluna -- #adhi ,zamora -- #adij ,leiria ,abraham ,dortas #adib ,gr5ada ,meyn>d ,ungut #adif ,madrid -- #adii ,monts]rat ,john ,lu*n] #adii ,,9 ,,great ,,brita94 ,! fir/ book pr9t$ 9 ,engli%1 ! ,recuyell ( ! ,hi/oryes ( ,troye1 a /\t folio ( #cea leaves1 does n conta9 ! date ( pr9t+1 nor ! "n & place ( ! pr9t]1 b x appe>s f ! introduction t x 0 translat$ f ! ,fr5* by ,william ,caxton betwe5 ! ye>s #adfi & #adga4 ,:5 & :]e x 0 pr9t$ is a vex$ "q4#cfe ,! monogram :i* 0 exhibit$ by ,caxton 9 8 lat] books--fs ,w4 #gd4 ,c4 c_/f--is int]pret$ by ,madd5 z ,william ,caxton1 #adgd1 ,sancta ,colonia4 ,x is an indication t a notable ev5t 9 8 life 0 repres5t$ by ! ye> #adgd & ! city ( ,cologne1 & x seems to au?orize ! conjecture t at ?is "t & place he publi%$ 8 fir/ book4 ,9 #adge1 ,caxton pr9t$1 9 ! (fice ( ,mansion at p#ejh ,bruges1 ,! ,game & ,playe ( ! ,*esse4 ,9 #adgg1 he 0 89 ! abbey ( ,we/m9/]1 by ,london10 & !n & !re publi%$ ,! ,dictes & ,say+s ( ,philosoph]s4 ,he 0 !n a v old man1 b he did good s]vice z a pr9t] be=e 8 dea? 9 #adia4 ,blades e/imates ! entire product ( 8 press at #ah1jjj pages1 ne>ly all ( :i* 7 ( folio size4 ,comp>$ ) 8 great rivals on ! ,cont95t1 ,caxton _c be accord$ high rank z editor or publi%]1 b !re 0 no pr9t] ( 8 "t :o labor$ m dilig5tly4 ,9 #adhj1 ,lett\ & ,ma*l9ia began to pr9t at ,london4 ,wynk5 de ,worde1 ,ri*>d ,pynson1 ,julian ,not>y & ,william ,faques 7 also pr9t]s ( t city be=e #aejj4 ,9 #adhj1 ,!odoric ,rood1 ( ,cologne1 pr9t$ at ,ox=d4 ,9 ! same ye>1 an unnam$ pr9t]1 kn[n to bibliograph]s z ,! ,s*ool-ma/] ( ,/4 ,albans1 0 at ,sa9t ,albans4 ,! fir/ pr9t+ press 9 ,scotl& 0 put up at ,ed9burgh 9 #aejg2 ! fir/ 9 ,irel& at ,dubl9 9 #aeea4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pr9t+ 0 fir/ practis$ 9 ! ,new ,_w 9 ! city ( ,mexico1 by ,juan ,cromb]g]1 or 8 ag5t ,pablos1 betwe5 #aecf & #aedj4cff ,! second pr9t+ press 9 ,nor? ,am]ica 0 put up by ,/eph5 ,daye at ,cambridge1 9 #afch1 & ! fir/ "w pr9t$ on x1 ! ,freeman's ,oa?1 0 dat$ #afci4 ,illu/ration3 ,/atue ( ,gut5b]g at ,/rasburg4 ,f ,/4 ,ni*olas4 ,! ,g]man orig9 ( pr9t+ is fairly %[n by ! names1 unque/ionably ,g]man1 ( ne>ly all ! m5 :o introduc$ pr9t+ 9 ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,! workman%ip ( ^! m5 leads to ! same conclusion1 = ! exp]t w see 9 _! books evid5ces ( ! use ( ! pun*1 p#eaj m\ld1 press1 & frisket4 ,:e!r done well or ill1 pr9t+ 0 done ) ! tools & by ! me?ods ( ,gut5b]g4 ,pr9t+ did n meet ) g5]al welcome1 b ! neglect or opposition x enc\nt]$ did n come l>gely f ! copyi/s4 ,! bus9ess ( ! copyi/ ( *eap books 0 injur$1 b ! only compla9t t ,i h met came f ! copyi/s ( ,g5oa4 ,! calligraph] 0 indiff]5t to ! gr[? ( ! new art1 = 8 skill 0 nev] 9 high] reque/ nor m h&somely rew>d$ ?an at ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,s f> f injur+ ! bus9ess ( ! calligraph]1 pr9t+ really improv$ x1 = x l>gely increas$ ! production ( books int5d$ = illum9ation4 ,! neglect ( lit]>y m5 to note ! ,bible ( #db l9es & ! ,ca?olicon ( ,gut5b]g1 ! delay$ e/abli%m5t ( a pr9t+ (fice at ,p>is1 ! indiff]5ce %[n to pr9t+ 9 ! great book-mak+ t[n ( ,bruges1 & ! insuffici5t patronage be/[$ on ! e>ly pr9t]s at ,rome1 are evid5ces t !re 01 9 ! beg9n+1 a prejudice aga9/ pr9t$ books mu* m p[]ful ?an t ( ! copyi/s4 ,! bibliophiles ( ! "t look$ on pr9t$ books z ! productions ( an in>ti/ic trade4 ,! admiration :i* has be5 rec5tly invok$ = ! ,bible ( #db l9es z a book ( ne>ly p]fect workman%ip 0 n express$ by any e>ly book-buy]4 ,x does n appe> t any book-lov] ( t p]iod reg>d$ ?is "w1 or ! art by :i* x 0 made1 z ( high m]it4 ,! error seems p>donable1 = ! pr9t$ book 0 n z attractive z ! manuscript1 & no "o =esaw ! future ( pr9t+4 ,gut5b]g may h _h a cle>] idea ?an any man liv+ ( its capabilities1 b x is n probable t he =esaw ! :eels )9 :eels :i* 8 types w\ld put 9 motion1 or he>d ! cla% & ro> ( ! innum]able presses = :i* !re %\ld be no night & sc>cely a ,sunday ( re/1 or dream$ t books1 s*ools1 libr>ies1 newspap]s & read]s 7 yet to appe> 9 a _w !n undiscov]$1 9 numb]s s great t !y c\ld n be c\nt$4 p#eaa ,! activity ( ! e>ly pr9t]s is rem>kable4 ,! task ( pres]v+ ! lit]ature ( ! _w 0 fairly done at a v e>ly date4 ,!re 7 n _m books t promis$ to be salable & pr(itable1 & "s ( !m 7 sc>ce1 & copies 7 obta9$ ) difficulty--b ne>ly e valuable book 0 f\nd & pr9t$4 ,naud1 ! libr>ian ( ,c>d9al ,maz>91 said t1 be=e ! ye> #adgd1 all ! good books1 h[ev] bulky1 _h be5 pr9t$ two or ?ree times1 to say no?+ ( _m wor?less works :i* %\ld h be5 burn$4 ,! same "w 0 (t5 pr9t$ 9 ! same ye>1 by f\r or five rival pr9t]s 9 z _m diff]5t cities4 ,! catalogue ( ,ha9 v m9utely describes #af1bij editions1 :i*1 at ! l[ e/imate ( #cjj copies = ea* edition1 repres5ts a total production ( #d1hhg1jjj books4#cfg ,! att5tion ( ! lit]>y _w 0 fir/ arre/$1 n by ! possibilities ( future usefulness 9 pr9t+1 b by ! gr[+ *eapness ( books4 ,! e>ly pr9t]s (f]$ _! books at less ?an ! m>ket prices ( manuscripts1 b 9 a few ye>s !y 7 oblig$ to r$uce ! prices /ill l[]4 ,! m>ket 0 soon glutt$1 & ! prices fell rapidly & irretrievably4 ,*evilli] says t1 at ! close ( ! c5tury1 ! price ( _m books _h be5 r$uc$ by f\r-fif?s4 ,9 ! preface to a book pr9t$ at ,rome 9 #adgj1 ,john ,&rew1 ! bi%op ( ,al]ia1 address+ ,pope ,pius ,,ii1 says3 8,x reflects no small glory on ! reign ( y\r hol9ess t a tol]ably correct copy ( su* a "w z =m]ly co/ m ?an a hundr$ cr[ns may n[ be pur*as$ = tw5ty2 ^? t 7 wor? tw5ty1 = f\r at mo/4 ,x is a great ?+1 holy fa!r1 to say1 t 9 y\r "t ! mo/ e/imable au?ors are atta9able at a price little exce$+ t ( blank p>*m5t or pap]40 p#eab ,! failure ( _m e>ly pr9t]s to make _! bus9ess pr(itable 0 l>gely caus$ by _! injudici\s selection = publication ( bulky !ological writ+s :i* co/ a great deal ( money to pr9t1 & 7 salable only to a small class4 ,x 0 unwisely suppos$ t pr9t+ w\ld receive its great support f ! ecclesia/ics4 ,) ?is object 9 view1 ! fir/ pr9t]s pr9t$ almo/ exclusively 9 ,lat91 & g5]ally 9 ! exp5sive %ape ( folio1 ! books :i* c\ld be read only by ! le>n$1 & b\ght only by ! weal?y4#cfh ,! pr9t]s' hopes ( pr(it 7 r>ely ev] realiz$4 ,only a few l ,zell1 ,m5tel & ,s*ff] became successful m]*ants ( books on dogmatic !ology4 ,x 0 soon discov]$ t pr9t+ c\ld n be support$ by ecclesia/ics4 ,! pr9t]s :o _h be5 induc$ to set up presses 9 mona/]ies did n long rema9 !re1 nor did ! pr9t+ & publi%+ (fices :i* !y left prosp] = _m ye>s4 ,books ( devotion 7 nev] 9 great] reque/1 b books publi%$ by ! *ur* did n fully meet ! popul> want4 ,ne>ly all ! books pr9t$ by ,gut5b]g & ,s*ff] 7 9 ! ,lat9 language4 ,:e!r !y ov]look$ ! fact t !re 0 an actual ne$ = books 9 ,g]man1 or :e!r !y 7 re/ra9$ 9 an attempt to pr9t 9 ,g]man1 _c be decid$4 ,o!r publi%]s saw ! ne$1 & disreg>d$ ! re/ra9t1 if !re 0 any1 to ! great inquietude ( ecclesia/ics1 :o seem to h _h =ew>n+ ( ! mis*ief t w\ld be made by types4 ,on ! f\r? p#eac day ( ,janu>y1 #adhf1 ,b]?old1 ! ar*bi%op ( ,m5tz1 issu$ a m&ate 9 :i* he =bade all p]sons f pr9t+1 publi%+1 buy+ or sell+ books translat$ f ! ,greek or ,lat91 or any o!r language1 be=e ! writt5 translation _h be5 approv$ by a committee :i* %\ld be appo9t$ = ! purpose f ! faculty ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,m5tz4 ,! p5alties 7 excommunication1 confiscation ( ! books1 & a f9e ( #ajj flor9s ( gold4#cfi ,9 ,italy ! revival ( classical lit]ature op5$ a new field = ! publi%]1 b ! dem& = ,lat9 au?ors 0 limit$4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 & 9 o!rs1 eag]ness = books 9 ! native language 0 manife/$2 = books t pla9 p c\ld read2 = books t repres5t$ ! life & ?\ghts ( ! liv+ & n ( ! dead4 ,! _w 0 gett+ ready = new tea*]s & = a new lit]ature--= ,lu!r & ,bacon1 = ,galileo & ,%akespe>e4 p#ead ,,xxvi ,! ,tools & ,usages ( ! ,e>ly ,pr9t]s4 ,pun*es made by ,goldsmi?s 4 4 4 ,/yles ( ,types imitat$ f ,manuscripts 4 4 4 ,popul>ity ( ! ,go?ic 4 4 4 ,m\ld$ ,matrices 4 4 4 ,types made )\t any ,sy/em 4 4 4 ,f an ,adju/able ,m\ld 4 4 4 ,appe>ance ( ,e>ly ,types 4 4 4 ,l>ge ,fonts made 4 4 4 ,importance ( ,m\ld 4 4 4 ,rud5ess ( ,e>ly ,composition 4 4 4 ,me?od ( ,dictation 4 4 4 ,faults ( ,compositors 4 4 4 ,sl[ness ( ,improvem5t 4 4 4 ,con/ruction ( ! ,h&-,press1 ) illu/ration 4 4 4 ,ink+ ,balls1 ) illu/ration 4 4 4 ,sl[ness ( ,pressm5 4 4 4 ,pr9t+ 9 ,colors 4 4 4 ,pr9t+ ,ink 4 4 4 ,+r$i5ts us$ by ! ,ripoli ,press 4 4 4 ,moxon's ,compla9ts ab\t ,ink 4 4 4 ,neglect ( ,engrav+ on ,wood 4 4 4 ,peculi>ities ( ,pap] 4 4 4 ,! ,degradation ( ,engrav+ 4 4 4 ,pro(-read+ at ,weid5ba* 4 4 4 ,faults ( ,fir/ ,editions 4 4 4 ,sup]iority ( ,pr9t$ z comp>$ ) ,manuscript ,books 4 4 4 ,p]man5ce ( ,gut5b]g's ,me?od4 99 99 99 99 99 ,all inv5tion is progressive4 4 4 4 ,:5 a new ma*9e is produc$1 we d n say1 ,:y1 x only consi/s ( a numb] ( :eels & cyl9d]s1 !re=e1 surely !re is no?+ new 9 x6 ,all ! p>ts may be old1 & yet ! comb9ation be q new4 ,to analyse an inv5tion into its sev]al p>ts1 w\ld be equival5t to f9d+ t a poem 0 only compos$ ( ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 or ! words 9 a diction>y4 ,dircks4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! fir/ processes 9 ! practice ( typography--! cutt+ ( pun*es & mak+ ( m\lds--dem&$ a degree ( skill 9 ! h&l+ ( tools & ( exp]i5ce 9 ! work+ ( metal r>ely f\nd 9 any man :o und]took to le>n ! art ( pr9t+4 ,!y 7 nev] reg>d$ z prop] bran*es ( ! pr9t]'s trade1 b 71 f ! beg9n+1 set aside z k9ds ( "w :i* c\ld be prop]ly done by ! goldsmi? only4 ,j5son1 ,c5n9i1 ,swe9heym & ,veld5] seem to h be5 ! only pr9t]s ( ! fifte5? c5tury :o _h ! prelim9>y education t w\ld w>rant !m 9 attempt+ to cut pun*es ) _! own h&s4 p#eae ,n e goldsmi?#cgj c\ld d ?is "w ) neatness1 & = ?is reason1 z well z = ! sake ( economy1 _m beg9n]s b\ght _! matrices f ! pr9t]s :o own$ pun*es4 ,9 "s cases ! types 7 b\ght outright1 b matrices :i* gave ! means ( r5ew+ a worn-out font mu/ h be5 pref]r$4 ,t !re 0 a trade 9 matrices be=e type-f\ndries = ! trade 7 e/abli%$ is %[n by ! appe>ance ( ! same face ( type 9 _m (fices4 ,! ,r\nd ,go?ic types cut by ,j5son 7 frequ5tly us$ by pr9t]s 9 ,france & ,g]many4 ,c]ta9 faces ( types us$ by ,caxton & by ,van d] ,goes1 by ,leeu & ,bella]t1 by ,ma*l9ia & ,veld5]1 are id5tically ! same1 & mu/ h be5 ca/ f matrices /ruck f ! same pun*es4 ,! /yles ( ! e>ly types 7 n inv5t$ by pr9t] or pun*-cutt]4 ,! ,po9t$ ,go?ic lett]s ( ,gut5b]g's ,bibles & ( ! ,psalt] ( #adeg are l ^? ( ! *oice ecclesia/ical manuscripts ( t p]iod4 ,! ,r\nd ,go?ic lett]s ( ! ,ca?olicon & ( ! ,lett]s ( ,indulg5ce are ( ! =m !n us$ by ,g]man copyi/s 9 popul> books4 ,9 ,italy1 ! fir/ types 7 cut 9 imitation ( ! popul> =m ( ,roman lett]s1 or 9 ! s\!rn fa%ion ( ,r\nd ,go?ic2 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 !y pres5t ! peculi>ities ( ,flemi% writ+2 9 ,france & ,burgundy1 !y 71 = ! mo/ "p1 9 ! favorite ,fr5* /yle ( ,bt>de anci5ne4 ,9 no in/ance did ! pr9t] inv5t a new /yle3 he did p#eaf no m ?an direct 8 pun*-cutt] to imitate1 z closely z he c\ld1 ! lett]s ( a m]itori\s manuscript4 ,9 ?is matt]1 z well z 9 ! arrangem5t ( types1 he foll[$ ! fa%ion set by an approv$ copyi/ or calligraph]4 ,! peculi> *>act]s#cga ( diff]5t languages 7 produc$ z !y 7 requir$1 some:at sl[ly & ( unequal m]it1 by diff]5t pr9t]s4 ,! limitations ( typography 7 n fully p]ceiv$1 & _m unsuccessful attempts 7 made to produce types & sectional wood-cuts t c\ld be us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( maps1 ornam5ts & pictures4#cgb ,! ,go?ic "* 0 m popul> ?an ! ,roman1 b !re 7 me*anical reasons :y _m pr9t]s pref]r$ x4 ,x 0 n s quickly cut1 b its broad face1 free f hair-l9es1 0 m readily f\nd$4 ,x c\ld be ink$ ) facility & pr9t$ ) m ev5ness ( color1 & x w\ld n %[ we> z soon z ! ,roman4 ,e>ly pr9t]s1 :o _h no ,roman1 7 l\d 9 _! praises ( ! ,go?ic4#cgc ,x 0 pref]r$ by ,v]>d1 ,pig\*et1 ,k]v]1 & ne>ly all ,fr5* & ,flemi% pr9t]s4 ,x did n entirely g out ( fa%ion 9 ,s\!rn ,europe nor 9 ,france until ! close p#eag ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x might h be5 supplant$ by ,roman *>act]s 9 ,g]many1 if !re _h n be5 at ?is "t a /rong prejudice aga9/ ,roman cu/oms & fa%ions ( all k9ds4 ,attempts at *ange 7 frequ5tly made1 b !y 7 always unsuccessful4 ,! /eel b\ght = ! type-f\ndry ( ! ,ripoli ,press 0 probably int5d$ = pun*es4 ,! use ( ?is metal 9 o!r type-f\ndries may be inf]r$ f ! %>pness1 :5 new1 ( _m fonts ( e>ly types4 ,t ! m\lds 7 ( brass is indicat$ by ! allusions ( e>ly writ]s & pr9t]s to types made 9 brass4 ,! matrices 7 ( copp]1 b x is n probable t !y 7 /ruck 9 cold metal1 = x requir$ great =ce & /ill great] discretion to /rike ! pun* truly1 & ! risk ( break+ x _h to be haz>d$4 ,= ! matrices ( ! l>ge types ( ,gut5b]g's ,bibles & ! ,psalt] ( #adeg1 copp] s(t5$ by heat#cgd %\ld h be51 & probably 01 provid$4 ,:5 ! secrets ( type-mak+ _h be5 divulg$1 ! pr9t]s :o f\nd difficulties 9 mak+ or buy+ matrices tri$ to evade its necess>y conditions & *eap5 its processes4 ,! types ( wood ) holes = wire1 describ$ by ,speckl9 & o!rs1 mu/ h be5 pun*es ( wood :i* _h be5 made 9 ! belief t x w\ld be *eap] to ca/ words ?an to ca/ & compose s+le lett]s4 ,! matrices ( lead notic$ by ,ens*$ 7 probably made by /rik+ ! pun* ( wood 9 half-melt$ metal1 aft] ! process describ$ by ,didot4 ,! pun* ( wood1 burn$ by contact ) hot metal1 0 repair$1 alt]$ & r5ew$2 ! matrix ( lead1#cge clogg$ by ! adhesion ( metal1 became defac$1 & 0 soon worn out4 ,e *ange 9 pun* or matrix produc$ a correspond+ *ange 9 ! ca/ type4 p#eah ,! types ( ! fifte5? c5tury 7 made )\t sy/em4 ,! dim5sions ( ea* body & ! peculi>ities ( ea* face 7 det]m9$ *iefly by ! manuscript copy :i* _h be5 select$ z ! model4 ,no pr9t] _h any idea ( ! advantages to be d]iv$ f a s]ies ( regul>ly graduat$ sizes1 nor ( ! beauty ( a s]ies ( uni=m faces1 nor ( ! great evils !y w\ld impose on !mselves & _! successors by ! use ( irregul> bodies4#cgf ,a classification by scale ( ! types ( any pr9t] ( ?is p]iod w %[ t !re are (t5 wide gaps betwe5 ! l>g]1 & confus+ proximities betwe5 ! small]1 bodies4#cgg ,z ! size ( e body is det]m9$ by ! m\ld 9 :i* x is ca/1 x w\ld seem t !re mu/ h be5 a sep>ate m\ld = e di/9ct body4#cgh ,b ?is inf]5ce is encumb]$ ) fatal objections4 ,! type-m\ld ( h>d metal is1 & always has be51 a v exp5sive tool1 & x _c be suppos$ t any e>ly pr9t] made two or f\r m\lds = "o body :5 "o m\ld w\ld h s]v$4 ,x p#eai is mu* m probable t he tri$ to make "o m\ld s]ve = two or m bodies4 ,! inv5tor ( ! m\ld may h ?\ght t x %\ld be con/ruct$ ) adju/m5ts1 s t x %\ld ca/ diff]5t bodies z well z diff]5t wid?s ( types4 ,! practicability ( a m\ld ( ?is description is prop]ly demon/rat$ by ! old-fa%ion$ adju/able m\ld = irregul> bodies1 or by ! m\ld us$ = ca/+ leads1 :i* c be s enl>g$ or dim9i%$ t x w ca/ _m bodies or ?icknesses4 ,if we suppose t ?is m\ld 0 us$ by ,gut5b]g = ca/+ ! two bodies ( ! ,lett]s ( ,indulg5ce1 & by ! unkn[n pr9t] ( ! ,ne!rl&s = 8 f\r bodies ( ,engli%1 & t x 01 ( necessity1 newly set or adju/$ ea* "t a new font 0 ca/1 we %all at once h a precise explanation ( irregul>ities :i* are unacc\ntable "u any o!r hypo!sis4 ,ca/+ types )\t ! sy/em1 /&>ds & gauges :i* mod]n type-f\nd]s use1 x is n surpris+ t ! fir/ pr9t]s made types ) diff]5ces ( body4 ,x 0 ! impracticability ( ca/+ 9 ?is primitive m\ld1 at diff]5t times1 types ( uni=m body1 t compell$ lat] type-f\nd]s to disc>d x1 & to use in/ead a m\ld = ea* body4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,type ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4#cgi ,f ,madd54 ,! ca/+ ( ! types1 :i* 0 always done 9 ! pr9t+ (fice1 0 !n adjudg$ a prop] "p ( a pr9t]'s trade4 ,! e>li] *ronicl]s said ! fir/ types 7 made ( lead & t94 ,! ,co/ ,book ( ! ,ripoli ,press specifies ^! metals1 & obscurely m5tions ano!r :i* seems to h be5 "o ( ! con/itu5ts ( type-metal4 ,if ?is conjecture c be accept$1 types 7 probably made 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 z !y are n[1 ( lead1 t9 & antimony4#chj ,n "o ( ! millions ( types f\nd$ dur+ ! fifte5? p#ebj c5tury has be5 pres]v$1 nor is !re 9 any old book an engrav+ or a description ( a type4 ,?is neglect$ in=mation has be5 unwitt+ly furni%$ by a c>eless pressman 9 ! (fice ( ,conrad ,w9t]s1 :o pr9t$ at ,cologne 9 #adgf4 ,?is pressman1 or 8 mate1 :5 ink+ a slackly ju/ifi$ =m1 p]mitt$ ! ink+ ball to pull out a ?9-bodi$ type1 :i* dropp$ sideways on ! face ( ! =m4 ,! accid5t 0 n notic$2 ! tympan clos$ ^u ! =m1 & ! b$ 0 drawn "u ! plat54 ,d[n came ! screw & plat51 jamm+ ! un=tunate type 9 ! =m1 & emboss+ x /rongly 9 ! fibres ( ! ?ick wet pap]1 9 a mann] :i* reveals to u ! %ape ( ,w9t]s' types m tru?fully ?an x c\ld h be5 done ev5 by special engrav+4 ,! height#cha ( ?is type is a trifle less ?an "o ,am]ican in*4 ,! slop+ %\ld]1 or ! be>d1 z x 0 once call$1 0 made to prev5t ! black5+ ( ! pap]1 = x w\ld h be5 black5$ if ! %\ld] _h be5 high & squ>e4#chb ,! circul> m>k1 ab\t p#eba "o-t5? ( an in* diamet]1 on ! side ( ! type1 0 firmly depress$ 9 ! metal1 b did n p]=ate x4 ,z ?is type _h no nick on ! body1 x is app>5t t ! circul> m>k 0 ca/ !re to guide ! compositor4 ,:5 ! type 0 put 9 ! /ick ) ! m>k fac+ outw>d1 ! compositor knew1 )\t look+ at ! face1 t x 0 rightly plac$4 ,!re is no groove at ! foot4 ,duv]g] says t ! e>ly types _h no jet or break+-piece2 t ! sup]flu\s metal 0 cut (f1 & ! type made ( prop] height by saw+4#chc ,^! details may seem trifl+1 b !y are ( importance3 !y %[ t1 9 ! m important features1 ! types ( ! e>ly pr9t]s closely resembl$ ours4 ,!re is a disagreem5t among bibliograph]s ab\t ! quantity ( types ord9>ily ca/ = a font by ! e>ly pr9t]s4 ,"s1 judg+ f appe>ances :i* %[ t "o page only 0 pr9t$ at an impression1 say t !y ca/ types = two or ?ree pages only2 o!rs ma9ta9 t !y mu/ h _h v l>ge fonts4 ,t ! latt] view is correct seems fully e/abli%$ aft] a survey ( ! books kn[n to h be5 pr9t$ by ,zell1 ,koburg]1 ,leeu1 & o!rs4 ,x w\ld h be5 impossible to pr9t ^! books 9 ! %ort p]iod 9 :i* we "k !y 7 done1 if ! pr9t] _h n be5 provid$ ) abundance ( types4#chd ,z ! types 7 made 9 ! pr9t+ (fice1 by a quick me?od1 f an alloy :i* c\ld be us$ repeat$ly = ! same purpose1 ! supply 0 r>ely limit$ by fe> ( exp5se4 ,! trades ( compositor & pressman1 & possibly t ( type-ca/]1 7 kept ab\t z di/9ct !n z !y are n[4 ,!re 7 m compositors ?an pressm51 & ! p#ebb compositors1 says ,madd51 9 ! h]oic age ( pr9t+1 7 n boys1 b m5 ( education & intellig5ce4 ,! e>ly pr9t]s :o 7 taught ! bus9ess t !y might become ma/]s _h to pay a premium = _! education4#che ,9 ! brief "t t !y gave to ! "w1 _! education mu/ h be5 m !oretical ?an practical4 ,z ! bran* ( composition requir$ ! l>ge/ numb] ( workm51 & m intellig5ce1 & less manual labor ?an any o!r1 x 0 usually select$ by ! pupil = practice4 ,( type-ca/+ & presswork he le>n$ no m ?an 0 suffici5t to enable him to direct ! labors ( 8 future workm54 ,! k ( ! trade :i* ! pupil covet$ 0 ! ability to practise x on 8 own acc\nt1 & ?is k 01 9 mo/ in/ances1 satisfactorily acquir$ :5 he got a !oretical k ( its secret processes4 ,! frequ5t specification ( ! =m5 9 ! e>lie/ notices ( pr9t+ %[s t ! m\ld1 ) its accompany+ matrices1 0 reg>d$ z ! key to ! k & practice ( ! art4 ,z ! m\lds 7 made by ma/] me*anics1 n b\nd to secrecy1 & z ! e>li] compositors _h "s k ( ! process ( type-ca/+1 x 0 n difficult = a j\rneyman to become a ma/] pr9t]4 ,:5 he _h b\ght a type-m\ld & matrices1 he c\ld g to any city & beg9 to pr9t books4 ,he c\ld ca/ types & mix ink z he ne$$ !m2 he c\ld buy pap] & ! con/itu5ts ( type-metal 9 any l>ge t[n2 prop]ly in/ruct$1 any jo9] c\ld make ! press4#chf ,illu/ration3 ,presswork & ,composition z done 9 #aefd4 ,f ,jo/ ,amman4 ,! annex$ illu/ration1 a fac-simile ( "o ( ,amman's engrav+s ( a pr9t+ (fice1 is f 8 book dat$ #aefd4 p#ebc ,! case = ! type is ( "o piece & is re/+ on a rude frame4 ,all ! boxes are repres5t$ z ( ! same size1 b ?is is probably an error1 = x is an error :i* is frequ5tly made by design]s ( ?is day4#chg ,9 ?is1 & 9 _m o!r e>ly illu/rations ( type-sett+1 ! compositors are seat$ on /ools4 ,9 ,italy & 9 ,p>is1 wom5 7 employ$ z compositors4 ,9 ! wood-cut us$ by ,jodocus ,badius#chh = a trade-m>k1 we see a h>d-featur$ dame be=e a n>r[ case1 compos+ types ) judicial delib]ation4 ,%e has 9 h] left h& a n>r[ compos+ /ick1 made to hold b two or ?ree l9es ( small types4 ,! e>ly /ick 0 n l ! neatly f9i%$ iron tool ( our "t1 ) /eel compos+ rule & an adju/able screw & knee adapt+ x to any measure4 ,x 0 a real /ick ( wood1 a home-made /rip ( deal1 ) ! side & end-piece tack$ on4 ,= e measure a new /ick or a retack+ ( ! movable piece 0 requir$4 ,! date ( ! introduction ( ! /ick _c be fix$1 b x 0 us$1 )\t alt]ation = _m ye>s1 by ! pr9t]s ( all c\ntries4 ,x is possible t "s ( ! e>ly pr9t]s p#ebd _h no /icks4 ,! peculi> workman%ip ( ! unkn[n pr9t] & ( ,alb]t ,pfi/] %[s t ! types 7 tak5 direct f ! case & w$g$ 9 ! mortis$ blocks ( wood :i* s]v$ = *ases4 ,blades attributes ! unev5 spac+ & irregul> end+s ( l9es 9 ! e>ly pr9t$ books ( ,caxton & ( o!r pr9t]s1 to _! ignorance ( ! advantages ( a compos+ rule1 )\t :i* types c\ld n be readily mov$ to & fro1 & adju/$4#chi ,9 ! foll[+ illu/ration1 ! compositor has ! copy be=e h] 9 ! %ape ( a book1 b ,conrad ,zeltn]1 a le>n$ pr9t] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 said t ?is 0 n ! e>ly usage2 t x 0 cu/om>y to employ a read] to read al\d to ! compositors1 :o set ! types f dictation1 n see+ ! copy4 ,he also says t ! read] c\ld dictate f z _m diff]5t pages or copies to ?ree or f\r compositors work+ toge!r4#cij ,:5 ! compositors 7 educat$1 ! me?od ( dictation may h be5 practis$ ) "s success2 :5 !y 7 ignorant1 x 0 sure to produce _m errors4 ,zeltn] said t he pref]r$ ! old me?od1 b he admits t x _h to be ab&on$1 on acc\nt ( ! increas+ ignorance ( ! compositors4 p#ebe ,no feature ( e>ly pr9t+ is m unworkmanlike ?an t ( composition4 ,imitat+ ! /yle ( ! manuscript copy1 ! compositor huddl$ toge!r words & p>agraphs 9 solid columns ( dismal blackness1 & s5t 8 =ms to press )\t title1 runn+-titles1 *apt]-heads & pag+-figures4 ,! space = ! ornam5tal bord]s & lett]s ( ! illum9ator seems extravagant :5 contra/$ ) ! p9*$ spaces betwe5 l9es & words4 ,! pr9t] tru/$ to ! bright colors ( ! illum9ator to give relief to ! blackness ( ! types1 n kn[+ t a pur] relief & great] p]spicuity w\ld h be5 secur$ by a wid] spac+ ( ! words & l9es4 ,! obscurity produc$ by huddl$ & ov]-black types 0 increas$ by ! neglect ( simple or?ographical rules4 ,prop] names 7 pr9t$ ) or )\t capitals1 app>5tly to suit ! :im ( ! compositor4 ,! comma1 colon & p]iod1 ! only po9ts ( punctuation 9 g5]al use1 7 employ$ caprici\sly & illogically4 ,crook$ & unev5ly spac$ l9es & errors ( arrangem5t or mak+-up 7 common4 ,madd5 has po9t$ out sev]al gross blund]s1 caus$ by ! transposition ( l9es & pages & an errone\s calculation ( ! space t %\ld be occupi$ by pr9t4 ,words 7 mangl$ 9 division1 & 9 ! display ( l9es 9 capital lett]s1 9 a mann] t seems inexcusable4 ,b no usage ( ! e>ly compositor is m annoy+ ?an 8 lawless use ( abbreviations4 ,imitat+ ! example ( ,procru/es1 he made ! words fit1 *opp+ !m (f on any lett] or 9 any position1 indiff]5t to ! wants ( ! read] or to ! proprieties ( language4#cia ,:atev] op9ion may be ent]ta9$ conc]n+ p#ebf ! det]ioration ( pr9t+ 9 o!r bran*es1 x is1 beyond all cavil1 c]ta9 t 9 ! art ( arrang+ types s t ! mean+ ( ! au?or %all be made lucid1 ! mod]n compositor is mu* ! m intellig5t me*anic4 ,improvem5ts 7 made sl[ly4 ,! me?od ( spac+ out l9es s z to produce a regul> outl9e at ! "r side ( e page _h be5 practis$ be=e1 b x 0 n 9 g5]al use ev5 z late z #adgh4 ,arabic figures1 in/ead ( ,roman num]als1 7 fir/ us$ by ,t] ,hoorne ( ,cologne1 & by ,helye ( ,mun/] 9 #adgj4 ,signatures to guide ! b9d] 9 putt+ toge!r 9 ord] ! diff]5t %eets ( a book 7 fir/ us$ 9 pr9t$ books by ,z>ot ( ,milan 9 #adgj4 ,z ! alphabetical lett]s ( ^! signatures (t5 _h to be d\bl$1 & sometimes quadrupl$ 9 ?ick books1 x became necess>y to pr9t a full li/ ( ! signatures at ! end ( e book z an additional guide to ! b9d]4 ,?is li/1 regi/rum *>t>um1 seems to h be5 fir/ us$ by ,colonna at ,v5ice 9 #adge4 ,! clums9ess ( d\bl$ alphabetical lett]s %\ld h l$ to ! use ( ,arabic figures = signatures1 & %\ld h sugge/$ pag+1 b ^! re=ms 7 n adopt$ = _m ye>s aft]w>d4#cib ,a table ( errata1 two pages folio1 0 exhibit$ by ,gabriel ,pet] ( ,v5ice 9 #adgh4 ,! fir/ full title1 if a few l9es 9 compact capital lett]s c be s call$1 0 made by ,ratdolt ( ,v5ice 9 #adgg1 b 8 example 0 n rapidly foll[$ by rival pr9t]s4 ,runn+-titles & op5 *apt]-head+s are innovations ( ! next c5tury4 ,! pr9t]s ( ! fifte5? c5tury :o wi%$ to free !mselves f dep5d5ce on ! illum9ator fill$ up ! :ite spaces ab\t *apt]-head+s ) bits ( engrav+ on wood or metal4 p#ebg ,galleys1 or trays ( wood to keep 9 place ! compos$ types1 7 n kn[n2 ! types 7 plac$ l9e aft] l9e1 p]haps lett] by lett]1 9 ! mortis$ block ( wood :i* s]v$ = ! *ase4 ,nice ju/ification 0 impossible4 ,if two pages 7 put 9 "o mortise1 "o ( ^! pages w\ld (t5 be out ( squ>e--an irregul>ity :i* has l$ "s bibliograph]s to ?9k t ea* page 0 sep>ately pr9t$ f a sep>ate =m4 ,! lock+-up or tight5+ ( ! types1 :i* 0 r\ghly done1 (t5 made ! types crook$1 spr++ !m (f _! feet & mak+ ! spaces "w up4#cic ,! neglect ( ! e>ly pr9t]s to praise _! presses is rem>kable :5 contra/$ ) _! frequ5t praises ( ! m>vel\s art ( type-mak+4 ,x is inf]5tial evid5ce t ! press 0 !n reg>d$ z an old contrivance1 & n wor?y ( notice1 b ?is conclusion _c be unres]v$ly accept$4 ,! pr9ciple ( pressure 0 old1 & = t reason1 0 und]valu$ by pr9t]s1 b ! me*anism ( ! press 0 new4 ,t ! pr9t+ press 0 an inv5tion ( m]it w be p]ceiv$ at a glance :5 x is comp>$ ) ! screw press :i* is suppos$ to h s]v$ z ! basis ( con/ruction4#cid ,t a prop] me?od ( do+ presswork 0 devis$ 9 ! infancy ( ! art may be inf]r$1 n only f ! p]man5cy ( ! primitive =m ( press1 all ! important features ( :i* are /ill pres]v$ 9 ! mod]n h&-press1 b f ! m]itori\s presswork ( ! fir/ books4 ,! ,bibles ( ,gut5b]g 7 c]ta9ly pr9t$ on a press :i* quickly gave & quickly releas$ its pressure1 & :i* _h ! atta*m5ts ( a movable b$1 tympan & frisket1 & contrivances = neatly ink+ ! types & = keep+ ! pap] 9 position4 ,illu/ration3 ,presswork & ,composition z done 9 #aebj4 ,f ,blades' fac-simile ( ! pr9t ( ,badius4 ,two upright beams1 or *eeks1 support+ a ?ick cross-piece1 or cap1 made ! frame-"w4 ,! cap held 9 place ! screw & sp9dle :i* gave ! impression1 & ! desc5t ( ! sp9dle 0 /eadi$ by ! l>ge squ>e coll>1 or till1 :i* 0 support$ by ! *eeks4 ,! po9t ( ! sp9dle press$ aga9/ ! impress+ surface1 or plat51 :i* 0 held 9 place by iron rods connect+ x ) ! coll>4 ,! b$ ( ! press & ! =m ( types are conceal$ by ! tympan draw]1 :i*1 ) tympan & frisket1 h be5 fold$ d[n & run "u ! plat54 ,see illu/ration on page #cjg1 & explanation on page #bhj1 = ! uses ( ^! p>ts4 ,! b$ 0 ( /one1 b e o!r l>ge piece 0 ( wood4 ,iron 0 us$ only = ! sp9dle1 ! core ( ! b>-h&le1 = nuts & bolts1 & ! m9or pieces = :i* no o!r mat]ial w\ld s]ve4 ,jodocus ,badius ( ,p>is 0 ! fir/ pr9t] :o publi%$ engrav+s ( ! pr9t+ press4 ,x _c be ass]t$ p#ebh t !y are m9utely accurate repres5tations ( ! press !n 9 use1 b !y w s]ve to %[ its g5]al con/ruction4 ,two features provoke ho/ile comm5t4 ,contr>y to mod]n usage1 ! piles ( :ite pap] & pr9t$ pap] are unh&ily plac$ on ! (f-side ( ! press1 & ! /alw>t pressman pulls home ! b> ) bo? arms4 ,! plat5 p#ebi seems altoge!r too small :5 contra/$ ) ! great screw1 ! heavy frame1 & ! two-h&$ pull ( ! pressman4 ,! smallness ( ?is plat5 0 n an error ( ! design]4 ,moxon1 :o has m9utely describ$ ! press ( 8 "t1 says t ! plat5 ( an ord9>y press %\ld be ( ! size #i by #ad in*es1 & t ! c(f91 or tr\gh 9 :i* ! b$ 0 plac$1 %\ld be #bh in*es long & #bb in*es wide4 ,9 o!r words1 ! plat5 0 purposely made s t x c\ld impress less ?an half ! surface ( ! b$2 x c\ld pr9t only "o-half ( "o side ( ! %eet4#cie ,small z ?is plat5 may seem1 x 0 l>ge en\gh = ! frame-"w ( wood4 ,x gave great resi/ance "u pull1 & sev]ely tax$ ! /r5g? ( ! pressman4 ,a plat5 ( d\ble size w\ld h defi$ ! pressman2 x w\ld h sprung "u pressure & h brok5 ! b$ ( /one4 ,! types 7 ink$ by balls1 an appliance :i* is n m ?an fifty ye>s out ( fa%ion4 ,^! balls 7 made ( untann$ %eepsk91 /uff$ h>d ) wool1 & m\nt$ ) h&les4 ,! gluey ink 0 ev5ly di/ribut$ by =cibly rock+ _! curv$ surfaces aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,?is done1 ! balls 7 !n beat5 ^u ! types 9 ! =m4 ,:5 we le>n t ! e>ly presses 7 made almo/ entirely ( wood1 & put toge!r by ord9>y jo9]s1 we may inf] t _m 7 unsci5tifically built1#cif & %ackly4 p#ecj ,all ! mat]ials = presswork 7 imp]fect4 ,! types1 cut to l5g? by a saw1 7 ( unev5 height2 ! pap] 0 usually ( v r\gh surface & ( irregul> ?ickness2 ! plat5 ( wood1 r>ely ev] truly flat1 mu/ h giv5 unequal pressure at diff]5t corn]s4 ,x 0 necess>y t "s sub/ance %\ld be put betwe5 ! plat5 & ! :ite %eet :i* w\ld comp5sate = ^! irregul>ities4 ,?is sub/ance 0 a wool5 blanket1 9 two or m ?icknesses1 :i* spread or diffus$ ! impression4 ,! wett+ ( ! pap]1 :i* made x s(t & pliable1 mat]ially aid$ ! pressman1 b 8 great reliance seems to h be5 on /rong impression4 ,all ! old cuts ( presses repres5t ! pressman tugg+ at ! b> ) a =ce :i* seems out ( all proportion to ! size ( ! =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,e>ly ,ink+ ,balls4 ,f a ,play+ ,c>d ( ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,! e>ly press 0 rude1 & ! me?od ( pr9t+ 0 unsci5tific1 b 9 _m (fices ! pressman 0 sup]ior to 8 press & 8 me?od4 ,by do+ 8 "w sl[ly & c>efully he (t5 did x admirably4 ,x 0 always done sl[ly1 ) a wa/e ( "t :i*1 if all[$ 9 ! mod]n practice ( pr9t+1 w\ld make books ( excessive price4 ,"s notion ( ?is wa/e may be _h aft] an exam9ation ( ! lett]s ( ! ,psalt] ( #adeg1 9 :i* exact "w 0 produc$ by pa9t+1 n by pr9t+ prop]4 ,t ! p]=mance ( ! press ev5 on ord9>y black "w 0 sl[1 is indicat$ by ! great numb] ( presses us$ by ! e>ly pr9t]s1 & is prov$ by ! pla9 /atem5t ( ,philip de ,lignam9e1 p#eca :o said t ! pr9t]s ( ,m5tz pr9t$ ?ree hundr$ %eets a day4 ,?is seems a small p]=mance4#cig ,! accurate regi/] ( ! fir/ books 0 produc$ by plac+ ! :ite %eet on f\r fix$ po9ts :i* p]=at$ ! f\r corn]s ( ! leaf :5 ! fir/ side 0 pr9t$4 ,9 pr9t+ ! back ( ! page1 ! half-pr9t$ %eet 0 hung on ! same po9ts1 f ! same po9t-holes1 & 0 impress$ 9 ! same position4 ,blades notices ! f\r po9t-holes 9 "s ( ,caxton's books1 & x is probable t ! my/]i\s p9-holes 9 o!r books are ! m>ks ( po9ts4 ,x 0 soon discov]$ t regi/] c\ld be _h ) two po9ts1 :i* 7 plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! %eet :]e ! m>ks w\ld be hidd5 by ! b9d]4#cih p#ecb ,! pr9t+ ink ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 z we n[ see x1 is ( unequal m]it4 ,9 ! books ( ,j5son x appe>s z an int5se1 velvety1 glossy black2 9 ! ,bibles ( ,gut5b]g x is a /rong1 p]man5t black1 )\t gloss2 9 ! ,psalt] ( #adeg x appe>s 9 "s places z a glossy black1 & 9 o!rs z a fad$ color :i* _h to be ret\*$ ) ! p52 9 ! works ( ! unkn[n pr9t] x is a d+y & sme>+ black2 9 ! book ( "s pr9t]s x is a pa/e color :i* c be rubb$ (f ) a sponge2 9 ne>ly all1 x is unev51 ov]-black on "o page & gray on ano!r4#cii ,! g5]al impression t e>ly pr9t+ ink is black] & bright] ?an mod]n ink is n always correct4 ,e>ly ink seems black]1 because x is %[n 9 great] quantity1 = ! e>ly types 7 l>g]1 ( broad] face1 )\t hair l9es1 & c\ld be ov]-color$ )\t disadvantage4#djj ,! same ink appli$ to ! small ?9 ,roman types ( our "t1 p#ecc w\ld seem dull & gray4 ,! microscopic exam9ation ( any e>ly ink w %[ t ! black is n f9e & n ?or\ghly mix$ ) prop] dry+ oil4 ,b ?is imp]fection is comp>atively unimportant4 ,x is a grav] fault 9 "s e>ly inks t !y are n firmly fix$ to ! pap]4#dja ,!re is no tru/wor?y acc\nt ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ ink1 b ! types & ! inks 7 und\bt$ly inv5t$ toge!r4 ,"o 0 ! prop] complem5t ( ! o!r4 ,x may be suppos$ t ,gut5b]g acquir$ ! k ( ! newly f\nd prop]ties ( boil$ l9se$ oil#djb f ,g]man pa9t]s4 ,x is c]ta9 t he us$ oil z ! basis ( 8 ink1 & t x 0 also us$ by 8 pupils & successors4 ,& x has be5 9 use ev] s9ce1 = !re is no sub/itute4 ,,+r$i5ts ,,( ,,pr9t+ ,,ink ,,us$ ,,by ,,! ,,ripoli ,,press4 ,+r$i5ts4 ,tuscan ,am]ican ,curr5cy4 ,curr5cy4 ,l9se$ ,oil1 bbl4 lir4 #c #aj #j #c4ag ,turp5t9e1 lb4 #d #j 4#ah ,pit*1 ,greek #d #j 4#ah ,pit*1 ,black #a #h #g-a_/b ,m>cassite #c #j 4#ac-a_/b ,v]milion #e #j 4#bb-c_/d ,ros9 #c #j 4#ac-a_/b ,v>ni%1 h>d #h #j 4#cf ,v>ni%1 liquid #ab #j 4#ed ,nutgalls #d #j 4#ah ,vitriol #d #j 4#ah ,%ellac #c #j 4#ac-a_/b ,we h n be5 told h[ ! ink 0 comp\nd$4 ,our ne>e/ approa* to ?is k is ?r\gh ! ,co/ ,book ( ! ,ripoli ,press = #adha1 :i* specifies & prices ! mat]ials4 ,z no p#ecd m5tion is made ( smoke-black1 we h to inf] t pit* 0 burnt to make ?is black4 ,l9se$ oil1 z ! mo/ bulky +r$i5t1 v prop]ly occupies ! fir/ place4 ,! real value ( nutgalls & vitriol is n s app>5t3 !y 7 important +r$i5ts 9 writ+ ink1 & ! ,italian pr9t] may h ?\ght !m indisp5sable 9 pr9t+ ink4 ,%ellac & liquid v>ni% 7 us$ to give a glossy surface4 ,pr9t]s soon discov]$ t pr9t+ 0 an art ( too _m details1 & t ! manufacture ( pr9t+ ink 0 its mo/ objectionable duty4 ,!re 0 risk ( fire 9 ! boil+ ( l9se$ oil2 !re 0 discom=t & dirt connect$ ) ! manipulation ( ! +r$i5ts2 & 9 inexp]t h&s !re 0 wa/e & (t5 entire failure4 ,9 all l>ge cities1 ink-mak+ 0 set ap>t & practis$ z a di/9ct trade4 ,z a necess>y consequ5ce1 ! quality det]iorat$ ?r\gh ! competition t foll[$4 ,moxon's criticism ( ink made 9 ,engl& 9 #afhc c\ld be appli$ )\t any inju/ice to mu* ( ! ink ( ! fifte5? c5tury4#djc p#ece ,illu/ration3 ,r$uc$ ,fac-simile ( a l>ge ,wood-cut1 said to be ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,f ,jackson4 ,gut5b]g1 ,s*ff]1 ,zell1 ,m5tel & _m e>ly pr9t]s ( ,france & ,italy neglect$ engrav+ on wood4#djd ,x may be t ?is neglect orig9at$ 9 ! difficulties ( pr9t+ types & wood-cuts toge!r1#dje or 9 a despisal ( ! rude productions ( ! block-pr9t]s1#djf & 9 ! int5tion ( ! p#ecf typograph]s to make emphatic ! sup]iority ( _! bran*4 ,wood-cuts 7 freely us$ by typograph]s 9 ! he>t ( ,g]many & 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ! di/ricts :]e we f9d ! e>lie/ notices ( block-pr9t+1 b !y are g5]ally ( a l[ ord]4 ,_m ( !m are b>b>\s1 z faulty 9 cutt+ z 9 draw+1 & pleas+ only to uncultivat$ ta/es4 ,x is probable t1 ab\t ?is "t1 _m ( ! m skillful engrav]s & design]s#djg ab&on$ ! practice ( xylography1 attract$1 no d\bt1 by ! sup]ior advantages (f]$ by ! newly inv5t$ art ( copp]-plate pr9t+4 ,! art ( engrav+ on wood1 al?\gh x aft]w>d enli/$ ! s]vices ( arti/s l ,dur] & ,holbe91 c\ld n compete ) ?is =midable rival4 ,x suff]$ a long eclipse1 f :i* x did n em]ge until ! days ( ,bewick4 ,! quality ( ! pap] 9 e>ly books is z unequal z ! pr9t+4 ,9 ! ,bible ( #cf l9es1 ! pap] is ?ick & /rong1 ( co>se fibre1 yell[i%1 app>5tly made f sun-blea*$ flax2 9 ! books ( ,s*ff]1 & ( ! lat] ,g]man pr9t]s1 ! pap] is ?9n]1 b d+y & h>%2 9 ! books ( ! ,v5etian pr9t]s1 x is (t5 v ?91 usually ( smoo? surface & a creamy :ite t9t t seems to h be5 un*ang$ by "t4 ,diff]5t qualities are (t5 noticeable 9 ! same book4 ,!re 7 _m pap]-mills f :i* ! pr9t]s drew _! supplies1 & e mill made diff]5t qualities4 ,blades says t x 0 ! practice to sort ! pap] be=e pr9t+1 sep>at+ ! r\gh f ! smoo?1 & ! ?9 f ! ?ick1 & to pr9t & b9d toge!r %eets ( simil> quality4 ,! sizes requir$ by pr9t]s 7 small4 ,! books fir/ made 7 pr9t$ on %eets ab\t #af by #ba in*es1 "o leaf ( :i* 0 z l>ge z c\ld be pr9t$ by "o pull ( ! press4 ,! sizes #ae by #bj1 #ad by #ah & #ab by #ae in*es 7 common1 & p#ecg 9 reque/ = qu>tos & octavos4 ,! l>ge/ size seems to h be5 royal1 ab\t #bj by #be in*es4 ,! ,co/ ,book ( ! ,ripoli ,press gives names & prices to n9e di/9ct qualities or sizes ( pap]1 b x does n def9e ! weights & measurem5ts4 ,! smalle/ size & *eape/ quality1 possibly a pot foolscap1 0 put d[n at ! price ( #b lire #h soldi 7ab\t #b4ah7 p] ream2 ! l>ge/ & be/1 probably royal1 at #f lire #h soldi 7ab\t #e4hj7 p] ream4#djh ,illu/ration3 ,! ,fall ( ,lucif]1 z %[n 9 ,za9]'s ,edition ( ! ,speculum ,salutis4 ,an ,illu/ration ( ! ,degradation ( ,engrav+ on ,wood4 ,f ,he9ek54 ,! pap] made = ! ,bibles ( ,gut5b]g & = ! e>li] books 0 ! ord9>y writ+ pap] ( ! p]iod4 ,made f l95 rags t _h n be5 weak5$ by cau/ic alkalies or by /eam-boil+ & gas-blea*+ processes1 & /rongly siz$ by ! dipp+ ( ea* %eet 9 a tub p#ech conta9+ a ?9 solution ( glue1 x 0 /rong & ( h>d surface4 ,b ! qualities :i* comm5d$ ! pap] to ! copyi/ 7 objectionable to ! pr9t]4 ,! h>d surface caus$ h>% impression1 & /rong siz+ made ! damp %eets /ick toge!r4 ,x 0 soon discov]$ t unsiz$ pap]1 :i*1 accord+ to ,madd51 0 ab\t half ! price ( ! siz$1 0 easi] to pr9t4 ,x w\ld take a cle>] impression1 & m ?or\ghly imbibe ! oily ink4 ,^! advantages c\ld n be ov]look$1 &1 consequ5tly1 h>d-siz$ pap]s w5t out ( fa%ion4 ,by f> ! l>ge/ "p ( ! books pr9t$ dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury 7 ( unsiz$ or half-siz$ pap]4 ,! e>ly pr9t] tri$ to gratify luxuri\s ta/es by pr9t+ copies on vellum1 b its inord9ate price1 & ! great difficulties !n enc\nt]$ 9 pr9t+1 oblig$ him to give x up z an impracticable mat]ial4 ,:5 book-lov]s f\nd t able pr9t]s l ,k]v] & ,pig\*et pr9t$ pap] m neatly & ev5ly 9 color1 vellum#dji w5t out ( fa%ion4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,pr9t ( #adge1 probably ! "w ( an amateur engrav]4 ,f ,he9ek54 ,we d n "k :at sy/em or me?od 0 obs]v$ 9 e>ly pro(-read+4 ,madd5 has po9t$ out _m curi\s errors 9 ?ree di/9ct copies ( a book pr9t$ at ,weid5ba* ab\t #adfd1 :i* seem to %[ t ! compositor ( ea* copy read ! pro( ( 8 own "w1 & read x badly4 ,possibly ?is 0 ! me?od ( _m ( ! amateur pr9t]s ( t c5tury1 ^: books1 accord+ to ,s*elhorn1 bri/le ) horrid & squalid errors4 ,x c\ld n h be5 ! me?od ( ,gut5b]g1 ^: ,bibles1 al?\gh n free f faults1 7 obvi\sly read ) c>e4 ,nor 0 x ! me?od ( c>eful pr9t]s1 = !re is evid5ce t _m ( !m p#eci enli/$ ! s]vices ( em95t s*ol>s z pro(-read]s or correctors ( ! press4#daj ,^! correctors did a d\ble duty2 !y correct$ ! errors ( ! compositors & ^? ( ! manuscript copy4#daa ,f ! frequ5cy & e>ne/ness ( ! compla9ts !n made conc]n+ faulty manuscript texts1 p#edj x seems t ! copyi/s ne$$ correction m ?an ! compositors4 ,b ! correctors 7 n always equal to ! task4 ,"s ( !m 7 grossly incompet5t1 & /ill fur!r corrupt$ ! texts !y und]took to improve4#dab ,consid]+ ! difficulties ! e>ly pr9t]s enc\nt]$ 9 gett+ correct copies & compet5t read]s1 x is surpris+ t _! books are n m full ( faults4 ,! errors ( e>ly pr9t$ books h be5 frequ5tly comm5t$ on1 b ! rem>ks ( ,prosp] ,m>*& are1 p]haps1 ! mo/ emphatic3 ,x is a prejudice altoge!r too common1 a prejudice :i* deal]s 9 old books h kept alive & pr(it$ f1 to ?9k t ! editions ( ! fifte5? c5tury are m accurate because !y 7 pr9t$ f manuscript copies4 ,_m ( ^! editions 7 pr9t$ f faulty texts1 pick$ up by *ance1 or select$ )\t judgm5t by pr9t]s :o 7 unable to see _! faults1 & 7 /ill fur!r corrupt$ by ! ignorance & ra%ness ( _! editors & correctors4 ,i "k t ?is is a k9d ( lit]>y blasphemy1 b x is w>rant$ by respectable au?ority4 4 4 4 ,!y are deceiv$ :o ?9k t books are accurate 9 proportion to _! age4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 ! old] !y are1 ! m inaccurate !y are4#dac p#eda ,inaccurate z e>ly pr9t$ books may h be51 !y 7 m correct ?an ^? ( ! copyi/s4 ,! errors ( a faulty fir/ edition 7 soon discov]$ & ! faulty editions 7 supplant$ by ! p]fect4 ,x is n ! lea/ ( ! _m b5efits ( pr9t+ t x has effectually prev5t$ ! accid5tal or int5tional debasem5t ( texts4 ,! inf]iority ( ! tools ( ! e>ly pr9t+ (fice c\ld be pla9ly exhibit$ by contra/+ !m ) ^? ( our "t--! e>ly h&-press ) ! mod]n cyl9d] pr9t+ ma*9e--! entire collection ( types made 9 ! fifte5? c5tury ) ! specim5 book ( any reputable mod]n type-f\nd]4 ,b ! pride ( ! "y pr9t] 9 improvem5ts :i* h be5 mo/ l>gely made by ! m5 ( ?is c5tury %\ld be modifi$ by ! reflection t !re has be5 no *ange 9 ! !ory1 & b few *anges 9 ! elem5t>y processes ( pr9t+4 ,! pun*1 matrix & m\ld1 ! tympan1 frisket & po9ts1 ! use ( damp pap] & oily ink1 ( curv$ surfaces = apply+ ! ink1 & ( blankets = diffus+ ! impression1 are /ill 9 fa%ion4 ,pr9t+ is done quick]1 *eap]1 ) m neatness & accuracy1 ) m reg>d = ! conv5i5ce ( ! read]1 ) _m new features ( arti/ic m]it1 & 9 v>ieties & quantities s va/ t !re c be no comp>ison betwe5 e>ly & mod]n productions--b x is ! same k9d ( "w x 0 9 ! beg9n+4 ,x has n be5 made obsolete by li?ography or photography1 nor by any o!r inv5tion ( our "t4 ,! me?od inv5t$ by ,gut5b]g /ill keeps its place at ! head ( ! graphic arts4 p#edc ,,au?orities ,,consult$4 ,,beckmann ,,john4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,inv5tions1 ,discov]ies & ,orig9s4 ,translat$ by ,william ,john/on4 #abmo4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahdf4 ,,b]jeau ,j4 ,,ph4 ,biblia ,paup]um4 ,reproduc$ 9 ,fac-simile 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ) an ,hi/orical & ,bibliographical ,introduction4 ,folio4 ,london1 #ahei4 ---- ---- ,le ,bibliophile ,illu/r = #ahfa4 ,imp]ial #hvo4 ,london1 #ahfb4 ---- ---- ,book-worm = #ahff4 ,imp]ial #hvo4 ,london1 #ahff4 ,,b]n>d ,,aug4 ,de l'orig9e et des dbuts de l'imprim]ie en ,europe4 #hvo4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #ahec4 ,,bibliophile ,,belge ,,bullet9 ,,du4 #hvo4 ,vols4 ,i to ,,ix4 ,brussels1 #ahde-aheb4 ,,blades ,,william4 ,! ,life & ,typography ( ,william ,caxton1 ,engl&'s ,fir/ ,pr9t]1 etc4 ,royal #dto4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahfa-ahfc4 ,,breitkopf ,,joh4 ,,gottl4 ,,imman4 ,v]su* d5 ,ursprung d] ,spielk>t51 die ,e9fhrung des ,le95papi]es1 und d5 ,anfang d] ,holzs*neidekun/ 9 ,europa4 #dto4 #b vols4 9 "o4 ,leipsic1 #aghd4 ,,campbell ,m4-,f4-,a4-,g4 ,annales de la typographie ,nerl&aise au ,x,ve sicle4 #hvo4 ,la ,haye1 #ahgd4 ,,camus4 ,notice d'un livre imprim ,bamb]g en #adfb4 #dto4 ,p>is1 an ,,vii4 ,,crapelet ,g4-,a4 tudes pratiques et littraires sur la typographie4 #hvo4 ,p>is1 #ahcg4 ,,daun\ ----4 ,analyse des op9ions div]ses sur l'orig9e de l'imprim]ie4 #hvo4 ,p>is1 an ,,xi4 ,,de ,,la ,,borde ,l,,on4 ,dbuts de l'imprim]ie ,/rasb\rg1 ou re*]*es sur les travaux my/rieux de ,gut5b]g dans cette ville1 et sur le procs qui lui fut int5t en #adci cette occasion4 #hvo4 ,p>is1 #ahdj4 ---- ---- ,dbuts de l'imprim]ie ,may5ce et ,bamb]g1 ou description des lettres d'indulg5ce du pape ,ni*olas ,v pro regno ,cypri1 imprimes en #aded4 ,royal #dto4 ,p>is1 #ahdj4 ,,de ,,vries ,a4 claircissem5s sur l'hi/oire de l'inv5tion de l'imprim]ie4 #hvo4 ,la ,haye1 #ahdc4 ,,didot ,m4 ,,ambroise ,,firm94 ,essai sur la typographie4 #hvo4 ,p>is1 #ahea4 ,,d\ce ,,francis4 ,holbe9's ,dance ( ,dea? 4 4 4 ) a ,diss]tation1 etc4 #abmo4 ,london1 #ahgb4 ,,falk5/e9 ,,k>l4 ,ges*i*te d] ,bu*druck]kun/ 9 ihr] ,ent/ehung und ,ausbildung4 #dto4 ,leipsic1 #ahdj4 ,,fis*] ,,got!lf4 ,essai sur les monum5ts typographiques de ,jean ,gut5b]g1 may5ais1 inv5teur de l'imprim]ie4 #dto4 ,may5ce1 an ,x4 ,,f\rni] le jeune ,p4 ,s4 ,manuel typographique4 #afmo4 #b vols4 ,p>is1 #agfd-agff4 ,,gresswell ,,william ,,p>r4 ,annals ( ,p>isian ,typography1 etc4 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahah4 ,,ha9 ,l4 ,rep]torium ,bibliographicum1 9 quo ,libri ,omnes ab ,arte ,typographica ,inv5ta usque ad ,annum ,,md4 typis expressi1 etc4 #hvo4 #b vols4 ,/uttg>dt1 #ahbf-ahch4 ,,hallam ,,h5ry4 ,introduction to ! ,lit]ature ( ,europe 9 ! ,fifte5?1 ,sixte5? & ,sev5te5? ,c5turies4 #hvo4 #b vols4 ,new-,york1 #ahda4 ---- ---- ,view ( ! ,/ate ( ,europe dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 #hvo4 #c vols4 ,bo/on1 #ahec4 ,,hans>d ,t4 ,c4 ,typographia3 an ,hi/orical ,sket* ( ! ,orig9 & ,progress ( ! ,art ( ,pr9t+1 etc4 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahbe4 ,,he9ek5 ,c4 ,h4 ,ide gnrale d'une collection complette d'e/ampes1 avec une diss]tation sur l'orig9e de la gravure et sur les premi]s livres d'images4 #hvo4 ,leipsic & ,vi5na1 #agga4 ,,helbig ,,h5ri4 ,une ,dc\v]te p\r l'hi/oire de l'imprim]ie4 ,pamphlet1 #hvo4 ,brussels1 #ahee4 ---- ---- ,notes et diss]tations relatives l'hi/oire de l'imprim]ie4 ,pamphlet1 #hvo4 ,brussels1 )\t date4 7,f ,vol4 ,,xviii ( ! ,bibliophile ,belge47 ,,holtrop ,,joh4 ,,guil4 ,catalogus ,librorum ,sculo ,,xv ,impressorum1 quotquot 9 ,biblio!ca ,regia ,hagana ass]vantur4 #hvo4 ,hagae-,comitum1 #ahef4 ---- ---- ,monum5ts typographiques des ,pays-,bas au qu9zime sicle4 ,folio4 ,la ,haye1 #ahfh4 ,,humphreys ,h4 ,,noel4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,art ( ,pr9t+ f its ,inv5tion1 etc4 ,folio4 ,second ,issue4 ,london1 #ahfh4 ,,jackson ,,john & ,,*atto ,w4 ,a4 ,a ,treatise on ,wood ,engrav+1 etc4 ,second ,edition4 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahfa4 ,,jacob ,p4 ,l4 7,lacroix47 ,curiosits de l'hi/oire des arts4 #afmo4 ,p>is1 #aheh4 ,,johnson ,j4 ,typographia1 or ! ,pr9t]s' ,in/ructor1 includ+ an ,acc\nt ( ! ,orig9 ( ,pr9t+4 #bdmo4 #b vols4 ,london1 #ahbd4 ,,kon+ ,,jacques4 ,diss]tation sur l'orig9e1 l'inv5tion1 et le p]fectionnem5t de l'imprim]ie4 #hvo4 ,am/]dam1 #ahai4 ,,lacroix ,,paul 7,bibliophile ,jacob71 ,e4 ,,f\rni] et ,f4 ,,s]4 ,hi/oire de l'imprim]ie et des arts et pr(essions1 etc4 ,imp]ial #hvo4 ,p>is1 #aheb4 ,,la ,,caille ,,jean ,,de4 ,hi/oire de l'imprim]ie et de la libr>ie o l'on voit son orig9e et son progrs jusqu'en #afhi4 #dto4 ,p>is1 #afhi4 ,,lamb9et ,p4 ,re*]*es hi/oriques1 littraires et critiques sur l'orig9e de l'imprim]ie4 #hvo4 ,brussels1 an ,,vii4 ,,lanzi ,,abate ,,luigi4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+ 9 ,italy1 etc4 ,translat$ by ,?omas ,roscoe4 #abmo4 #c vols4 ,london1 #aheb4 ,,madd5 ,j4-,p4-,a4 ,lettres d'un bibliographe4 ,s]ies ,i to ,,iv4 ,royal #hvo4 ,v]sailles & ,p>is1 #ahfh-ahge4 ,,maittaire ,m4 ,annales ,typographici ab ,artis ,inv5t ,orig9e ad annum ,,mdclxiv4 #dto4 #e vols4 ,hagae-,comitum1 #agai-agda4 ,,m>*& ,,prosp]4 ,hi/oire de l'orig9e et des prmi]s progrs de l'imprim]ie4 #dto4 ,la ,haye1 #agdj4 ,,me]man ,g4 ,orig9es ,typographic4 #dto4 #b vols4 ,hagae-,comitum1 #agfe4 ,,m]l9 ,r4 ,orig9e des c>tes j\]1 etc4 #dto4 ,p>is1 )\t date4 ,,moxon ,,joseph4 ,me*anick ,ex]cises3 or ! ,doctr9e ( ,h&y-,works4 ,appli$ to ! ,art ( ,pr9t+4 ,small #dto4 ,london1 #afhc4 ,,munsell ,,joel4 ,a ,*ronology ( ,pap] & ,pap] ,mak+4 #hvo4 ,albany1 #ahgj4 ,,ni*ols ----4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,pr9t+1 etc4 #hvo4 ,london1 #aggd4 ,,ottley ,,william ,,"y4 ,an ,inquiry into ! ,orig9 & ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,engrav+ ^u ,copp] & on ,wood4 #b vols4 #dto4 ,london1 #ahaf4 ---- ---- ,an ,inquiry conc]n+ ! ,inv5tion ( ,pr9t+1 etc41 ) an ,introduction by ,j4 ,ph4 ,b]jeau4 #dto4 ,london1 #ahfc4 ,,passavant ,j4 ,d4 ,le ,pe9tre-,graveur4 #hvo4 #f vols4 ,leipsic1 #ahfj4 ,,r+walt ,j4 ,,lu!r4 ,am]ican ,encyclopdia ( ,pr9t+4 ,imp]ial #hvo4 ,philadelphia1 #ahga4 ,,sant&] ,,s]na ,,de ,,la4 ,dictionnaire bibliographique *oisi du qu9zime sicle4 #hvo4 #c vols4 ,brussels1 #ahje-ahjg4 ,,savage ,,william4 ,practical ,h9ts on ,decorative ,pr9t+4 #dto4 ,london1 #ahbb4 ,,s*oepfl9 ,,jo4 ,,daniel4 ,v9dici ,typographic4 #dto4 ,/rasburg1 #agfj4 ,,seiz ,j4 ,c4 ,annus ,t]tius ,scul>is ,inv5t ,artis ,typographic4 #hvo4 ,ha>lem1 #agdc4 ,,sismondi ,j4 ,c4 ,l4 ,,simonde ,,de4 ,hi/orical ,view ( ! ,lit]ature ( ! ,s\? ( ,europe4 #abmo4 #b vols4 ,new-,york1 #ahfj4 ,,so!by ,s4 ,,leigh4 ,! ,typography ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury1 etc41 exemplifi$ 9 a ,collection ( ,fac-similes4 ,folio4 ,london1 #ahde4 ---- ---- ,pr9cipia ,typographica4 ,! ,block-,books1 or ,xylographic ,del9eations1 etc4 ,folio1 #c vols4 ,london1 #aheh4 ,,ske5 ,,william4 ,e>ly ,typography4 #hvo4 ,colombo1 ,ceylon1 #ahgb4 ,,?omas ,,isaiah4 ,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+ 9 ,am]ica1 etc4 4 4 4 ) a concise view ( ! discov]y ( ! art4 #hvo4 #b vols4 ,worce/]1 #ahaj4 ,,timp]ley ,c4 ,h4 ,a ,diction>y ( ,pr9t]s & ,pr9t+1 etc4 ,royal #hvo4 ,london1 #ahci4 ,,tymms ,w4 ,r4 & ,,wyatt1 ,m4 ,d4 ,! ,art ( ,illum9ation z ,practis$ 9 ,europe f ! ,e>lie/ ,times4 ,royal #hvo4 ,london1 )\t date4 ,,van ,,d] ,,me]s* ,p4 ,c4 ,re*]*es sur la vie et les travaux des imprimeurs ,belges et ,nerl&ais1 etc4 ,royal #hvo4 ,g& et ,p>is1 #ahef4 ,,van ,,d] ,,l9de4 ,! ,ha>lem ,leg5d ( ! ,inv5tion ( ,pr9t+ by ,l\r5s ,janszoon ,co/] ,critically ,exam9$4 ,f ! ,dut* by ,j4 ,a4 ,hessels1 ) an ,introduction1 etc4 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahga4 ,,weigel ,t4 ,o4 & ,,ze/]man4 ,die ,anfnge d] ,druck]kun/ 9 ,bild und ,s*rift1 etc4 ,imp]ial #dto4 #b vols4 ,leipsic1 #ahff4 ,,wett] ,j4 ,kritis*e ,ges*i*te d] ,erf9dung d] ,bu*druck]kun/ dur* ,johann ,gut5b]g zu ,ma9z4 #hvo4 #ahcf4 ,,woltmann ,,alfr$4 ,holbe9 & ,8 ,"t4 ,translat$ by ,f4 ,e4 ,bunntt1 #hvo4 ,london1 #ahgb4 ,,wolf ,,jo4 ,,*ri/ian4 ,monum5ta ,typographica1 qv ,artis hujus pr/antissim ,orig9em1 ,laudem et ,abusum po/]is produnt1 etc4 #afmo4 #b vols4 ,hamburg1 #agdj4 p#edg ,,index ,abbreviations1 excessive use (1 #afd1 #ebe -- ( ,bible ( #cf l9es1 #dad ,abec$>ium ( ,ens*$1 #bhi1 #bij ,accuracy 9 types1 importance (1 #eb ,accursius ,m>iangelus1 #bef ,acta ,diurna ( old ,rome1 #dd ,adolph1 c\nt ( ,nassau1 #dch -- 8 patronage ( ,gut5b]g1 #ddj neas ,sylvius1 ,pope ,pius ,,ii1 #bhg ,aix-la-,*apelle1 fair (1 #cid ,aldus ,manutius1 #bia1 #ejc1 #edj ,amman ,jo/1 ! arti/1 #fa ,ana*ronisms1 #bjf1 #baa1 #bah1 #dig ,&rieszoon ,jan1 ( ,ha>lem1 #cbj ,annunciation1 pr9t (1 #gb ,anti*ri/1 ! block-book1 #bca ,antimony1 probable use (1 #ff1 #eai ,antw]p1 e>ly type-pr9t+ at1 #ejj -- fir/ block-pr9t] at1 #cad ,apocalypse ( ,/4 ,john1 block-book1 #baj -- evid5ces ( its age1 #bad -- prices paid =1 #baa ,apo/les' ,cre$1 ! block-book1 #bbh ,appeal aga9/ ! ,turks1 #daj ,arabic figures1 fir/ use (1 #ebf ,ars ,memor&i1 ! block-book1 #bcc ,ars ,mori5di1 ! block-book1 #bce ,association ( pr9t]s at ,milan1 #ejd -- -- -- at ,/rasburg1 #cha ,assyrian ,cyl9d]s1 #cc ,augsburg1 e>ly pr9t+ at1 #dig ,babylon1 bricks (1 #cc ,badius ,jodocus1 ( ,p>is1 #ejf ,bamb]g1 ,bible (1 see ,bible ( #cf l9es4 -- e>ly pr9t+ at1 #dhe -- ,missal1 #die ,batavia ( ,adrian ,junius1 #cce -- its au?ority consid]$1 #ccf ,be>]s ( e>ly pr9t+ press1 #cjf ,be*t]mntz1 ,h5ry & ,ni*olas1 #dda ,beildick ,lor5tz1 te/imony (1 #che ,bella]t ,jacob1 ( ,zi]ikzee1 #cai ,b]l9 pr9t1 #hj ,b]n>d ,augu/1 hi/ory (1 #aa ,bible1 e>ly translations (1 #aha -- fir/ ) wood-cuts1 #dih -- read+ ( prohibit$1 #ahb ,bible1 ,maz>91 see ,bible ( #db l9es4 ,bible ( #adfb 7#dh l9es71 #dfb ,bibles ( ,m5tel at ,/rasburg1 #dia ,bible ( #cf l9es1 description (1 #dab -- -- -- -- its discov]y1 #daa -- -- -- -- n pr9t$ by ,pfi/]1 #dhd -- -- -- -- peculi>ities (1 #dad -- -- -- -- possibly ! fir/1 #dab -- -- -- -- ,s*elhorn's view (1 #dhj -- -- -- -- speculations ab\t1 #dcb -- -- -- -- :5 pr9t$1 #dae ,bible ( #db l9es1 description (1 #dai -- -- -- -- annotations 91 #dbd -- -- -- -- co/ (1 #dgd -- -- -- -- defects (1 #dbb -- -- -- -- ornam5tation (1 #dbb -- -- -- -- prices paid =1 #dbe -- -- -- -- probably ( sl[ sale1 #dbe -- -- -- -- two k9ds ( copies1 #dej -- -- -- -- workman%ip (1 #dba ,bible ( ! ,poor1 editions f types1 #bjh -- -- -- -- xylographic editions (1 #aii -- -- -- -- description (1 #bjj -- -- -- -- ,nordl+5 edition1 #bjh -- -- -- -- prices paid =1 #bjh -- -- -- -- pr9t+ (1 #bjc ,blemi%es 9 books1 h[ correct$1 #bga ,block-books1 ,anti*ri/1 #bcj -- ,apocalypse1 #baj -- ,apo/les' ,cre$1 #bbh -- ,ars ,memor&i1 #bcc -- ,ars ,mori5di1 #bce -- ,bible ( ! ,poor1 #aih -- ,book ( ,k+s1 #bbd -- ,canticles1 #bae -- ,*iromancy ( ,h>tlieb1 #bci -- ,dance ( ,dea?1 #bdg -- ,donatus1 #bed -- ,eight ,rogu]ies1 #bbi -- ,ex]cise ,"l's ,pray]1 #bbb -- ,g]man ,planet>ium1 #bda -- ,grotesque ,alphabet1 #bbf -- ,life ( ,/4 ,me9rat1 #bdf -- ,pom]ium ,spirituale1 #bdd -- ,/ory ( ! ,virg91 #bai -- ,temptations ( ,devil1 #bde -- ,wond]s ( ,rome1 #bdc -- absurdities 91 #bbb -- advantages (1 #bfa -- def9ition (1 #aid -- disreg>d$ by s*ol>1 #bea -- e>lie/ date 91 #bde ,block-books1 great numb] (1 #aid1 #bdh -- inf]iority (1 #aie -- lit]>y m]it (1 #bej -- made = prie/s1 #bdh -- obscurity (1 #bfj -- p]iod (1 #bea -- p]mitt$ to p1 #bdi -- popul>ity (1 #bch1 #bdi -- :]e made1 #beb ,block-pr9t]s1 _m 9 numb]1 #bdh -- faulty "w (1 #bdh -- unkn[n1 #beb ,block-pr9t+ an e/abli%$ trade1 #bec -- e>ly notices (1 #ia -- 9 ,holl&1 #bef -- n ,gut5b]g's secret1 #cie -- process (1 #hc -- slight$1 #hf1 #ahd ,blocks us$ = engrav+1 #aad ,bodies1 irregul>ities (1 expla9$1 #eai ,bodies ( types1 cuts (1 #be1 #ef1 #bge1 #djf -- -- -- 9 ,speculum1 #bge -- -- -- n made by rule1 #eah -- -- -- ( ,caxton1 #bic -- -- -- ( unkn[n pr9t]1 #bib ,bodman's spuri\s docum5ts1 #dcf ,book ( ,k+s1 #bbd ,book ( ,trades1 #fa ,book-b9d+1 ,*9ese1 #aaf -- ( middle ages1 #aec -- prices paid =1 #afh -- sumptu\s =ms (1 #aef ,book-collect+1 a pr9cely hobby1 #afg ,book-mak+1 z done 9 old ,rome1 #db -- an ecclesia/ical art1 #adh -- becomes a trade1 #ahg -- giv5 up to copyi/s1 #aei -- 9 ,irel&1 #adg -- 9 mona/]ies1 #adh -- ori5tal me?od (1 #acf ,book ( ,f\r ,/ories1 #dha ,book ( ,fables1 #dhb ,books1 pr9t$1 *anges 9 /yle (1 #dgb -- ,*9ese1 *eapness (1 #aai -- common 9 old ,rome1 #dc -- dem& = *eapness 91 #ahg -- e>ly pr9t$1 *eapness (1 #eaa -- e>ly pr9t$1 prices (1 #eab -- m$ieval1 #aej -- -- "* (1 #afb -- -- *eap =ms (1 #aed1 #afc -- -- l>ge size (1 #aef -- -- made by arti/s1 #aff -- -- made = ! ri*1 #agj -- -- neglect$ by cl]gy1 #aei -- -- obsolet5ess (1 #ahf -- -- ( romance1 #afe -- -- sale ( regulat$1 #afj -- -- sumptu\sness (1 #afh -- ( d>k ages1 #de -- ( mona/]ies1 #baf -- ( pictures1 #afc -- ( unkn[n pr9t]1 #bhd -- numb] pr9t$ be=e #aejj1 #eaa -- ! "r ( ! educat$1 #bea -- injudici\sly select$1 #eab -- writt5 & pr9t$1 #ahh ,book-sell]s ( ,p>is1 #afj ,book-sell+ re/rict$1 #afb ,boxhorn1 ,m>cus ,zu]ius1 #cej ,br&+ 9 middle ages1 #ch ,brass m\lds or matrices1 #fa ,brass /amps ( middle ages1 #ch ,brass types impracticable1 #fe ,bre?r5 ( ,life-9-,common1 #agg1 #bej1 #ddc ,bricks1 /amp$1 antiquity (1 #cj ,brito ,john1 ( ,bruges1 #cba ,bro!rhood ( ! ,life-9-,common at ,weid5ba*1 #bej1 #die ,bruges1 e>ly pr9t+ at1 #dii -- guild ( book-mak]s at1 #cad ,brussels pr9t1 #gh ,bull ( ,pope ,pius ,,ii aga9/ ! ,turks1 #dfd ,burni%] ( engrav]s1 #hd ,cal5d> ( #adeg1 #dcb ,cal5d> or ,almanac ( #adfj1 #dcf ,calico-pr9t+1 e>ly1 #abg ,calligraphy1 e>ly1 #adh1 #aff ,cambray1 record (1 #cab ,canticles1 ! block-book1 #bae ,c>d-mak]s1 e>ly1 #ia ,case ( e>ly compositors1 #ebc ,ca/aldi ,pamphilo1 #bh1 #dhf ,ca?olicon ( #adfj1 #dcd ,caxton ,william1 ( ,engl&1 #ejg ,celebration ( ! ,mass1 #dcf ,c5n9i ,b]n>d1 #ejc ,*ases ( wood1 #cjf1 #ebg ,*9ese pr9t+1 e>ly me?od (1 #aaa -- language n fit = types1 #aaf -- pap]1 inv5tion (1 #acc ,*iromancy ( ,dr4 ,h>tlieb1 #bch ,cic]o1 8 speculations on types1 #cf ,clog ( ,engl&1 #age ,codex ,arg5teus1 #abe ,cologne z a s*ool = pr9t]s1 #cbd1 #die ,cologne ,*ronicle ( #adii1 #cae ,cologne1 e>ly pr9t+ at1 #did ,color "w ( ,pet] ,s*ff]1 #def ,compla9t aga9/ ,dea?1 #dhc ,compos+ rules1 e>ly ignorance (1 #ebd ,composition z done 9 #aefd1 #ebc -- by dictation1 #ebd -- d\ble1 indications (1 #dfd -- 9 imitation ( writ+1 #ebe -- imp]fections (1 #ebe ,composition ( types 9 ,*9a1 #aah -- -- -- a te/ ( age1 #cab -- -- -- co/ (1 #bd ,compositors (t5 m5 ( education1 #ebb -- sometimes wom51 #ebc ,condition ( m$ieval society1 #agi ,confrat]nity ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 #cad ,consolation ( ! ,s9n]1 #dhb ,con/itutions ( ,pope ,clem5t ,v1 #dfa ,coornh]t & ,van ,zur51 #cbj ,copp]-plate pr9t+1 process (1 #ai -- -- inv5tion (1 #bg ,copyi/s1 faults (1 #eci -- fond ( pictures1 #afc -- ( middle ages1 #adi -- ( old ,rome1 #db -- ( ,p>is1 #afb ,cornelis1 ! b9d]1 #bhd1 #ccb1 #cdc ,correctors ( ! press1 #edj ,co/]1 ,l\r5s ,janszoon1 #cbf ,co/]1 z describ$ by ,junius1 #cca -- -- -- by ,kon+1 #cef -- -- -- 9 ar*ives1 #cfe -- -- -- 9 *air book1 #cfg -- -- -- 9 treasury book1 #cff -- z a pr9t]1 #cci -- z a sexton1 #cch -- z a tall[-*&l]1 #cfe -- z a tav]n keep]1 #cfi -- conf\nd$ ) ,janszoon1 #cfh -- alleg$ desc5dants (1 #cde -- portraits (1 #cga1 #cgd -- /atues (1 #cea1 #cei -- tablets to1 #cei1 #cfj ,co/]ian ,museum1 #cfa ,c\nt]-pun*1 use (1 #ed ,c\plets ( ,cato #bhe1 #bhh ,cunei=m inscriptions1 #cj ,cunio1 ! /ory ( ! two1 #abi ,cyl9d]s ( ,assyria1 #cd ,dance ( ,dea?1 ,holbe9's designs1 #ahc -- -- -- 9 ,nuremb]g ,*ronicle1 #ahe -- -- -- popul>ity (1 #ahd -- -- -- ! block-book1 #bdg ,decretals ( ,boniface ,,viii1 #dff ,desro*es1 8 /ory ab\t ,ludwig1 #cae ,de ,vries ,abraham1 on ,co/]1 #ceg ,dialogue betwe5 ,cato1 ,hugo1 et al41 #dcf ,dictation1 ,madd5's !ory (1 #dej1 #ebd ,die!r1 ,c\nt ( ,is5burg1 #dch ,diss]tation on ,inv5tion1 ,boxhorn's1 #cej ,doctor ,h>tlieb1 ,*iromancy (1 #bch ,doctr9al ( ,alex&] ,gallus1 #bhe1 #bhh -- ( ,cambray1 #cab ,donatus notic$ by ,zell1 #bef1 #cae -- ascrib$ to ,gut5b]g1 #beh1 #dja -- imitations ( type-"w1 #bfa -- ( ,gut5b]g at ,m5tz1 #djd -- ( ,kon+1 #bei -- sugge/$ typography1 #cib -- ( ,swe9heym1 #beg -- ( unkn[n pr9t]1 #bhd -- popul>ity ( ! book1 #bed ,dordre*t1 tradition ( pr9t+ at1 #beg ,dritzeh5 ,claus1 compla9t (1 #chj -- ,&rew1 dea? (1 #chd -- -- s]vices (1 #chg -- ,ennel1 te/imony (1 #chc -- ,george1 #chf ,dnne ,hans1 te/imony (1 #chh ,education1 /ate ( 9 ,x,i,vth c5tury1 #agb ,education ( s*ools 9 middle ages1 #agf -- af=d$ by block-books1 #bdi -- e>ly1 made difficult1 #bfc -- mod]n1 aid$ by types1 #bfj ,egge/e9 ,h5ry1 ( ,/rasburg1 #dia ,eight ,rogu]ies1 ! block-book1 #bbi ,eltvill1 pr9t+ done at1 #dci -- a suburb ( ,m5tz1 #ddc ,emboss$ types ( unkn[n pr9t]1 #bhj -- -- ( ,codex ,arg5teus1 #abf ,endkri/1 ! block-book1 #bcj ,engrav]s1 e>ly1 jeal\sy (1 #dih ,engrav]s on wood1 e>ly1 notices (1 #ahd ,engrav+ an aid to ! inv5tion1 #cif ,engrav+ decad5ce (1 #ecf -- l>ge blocks (1 #ecf -- (t5 done on metal1 #ece -- ( ,pfi/]1 #dhd -- at ,augsburg1 #dih -- at ,nuremb]g1 #dif -- n "m ( typography1 #cib -- n practis$ at ,ha>lem1 #cba -- ( play+ c>ds1 #ia -- ( pun*es1 #fe1 #ead -- on wood1 by ! ,cunios1 #acj -- -- -- ,*9ese practice1 #aaf -- -- -- e>ly =ms (1 #acb -- -- -- rud5ess (1 #bci1 #ecf -- -- -- ,italian practice (1 #aca -- -- -- m]it ( e>ly "w1 #ga -- -- -- neglect (1 #bgh1 #ece -- -- -- ( lett]s1 #bjj -- -- -- orig9 consid]$1 #ge -- -- -- us$ by copyi/s1 #abd ,ens*$ on wood types1 #big1 #cee ,epitaphs ( ,pope ,pius ,,ii1 #bhg ,erasmus1 8 v]sion ( ! inv5tion1 #cde -- z a corrector1 #edj ,errata1 fir/ appe>ance (1 #ebf ,errors ( e>ly books1 #edj -- typographical1 frequ5cy (1 #deh1 #ebe ,eulogy on ,lor5zo ,valla1 #bhg ,ex]cise on ! ,"l's ,pray]1 #bbb ,fables1 ,book (1 by ,pfi/]1 #dhb ,fables ( ,lor5zo ,valla1 #bhf ,fau/ ,john1 z describ$ by ,junius1 #cca ,fau/us ,jo4 ,frid41 te/imony (1 #dgh ,f9igu]ra ,maso1 #bg ,fl&]s1 e>ly importance (1 #agh ,flem+s1 _! skill 9 ! arts1 #agh ,flemi% block-pr9t+1 #bae1 #beb1 #cad ,flor5ce1 e>ly pr9t+ at1 #ejc ,=m1 ambiguity ( ! ^w1 #cig ,=m51 #cig1 #ddc1 #dff1 #dgf1 #ebb ,=ms ( metal1 notices (1 #chg -- melt$ by ,gut5b]g1 #cig -- 7 probably matrices1 #cih1 #ddc ,f\r pieces1 ! tool (1 #cih ,frat]nity ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 #cad -- ( ,/4 ,luke1 #cae ,friction1 press-"w by1 #bjd ,frisket1 e>ly use (1 #bhj ,frotton ( engrav]s on wood1 #hc -- n us$ by block-pr9t]s1 #bjd ,fu/ ,john1 conflict+ views ab\t1 #dag -- -- dea? (1 #dfh -- -- 8 suit aga9/ ,gut5b]g1 #dbe -- -- 8 victory ov] ,gut5b]g1 #dcj -- -- 0 n ,fau/1 #daf -- ,conrad1 #dfh -- ,jacob1 ! judge1 #dbh ,fu/'s sale ( ,bible 9 ,p>is1 #dff ,gebwil]1 te/imony (1 #dhi ,gel?us ,adam1 tablet (1 #ddf ,g5sfleis* ,john1 n a pr9t]1 #djd -- family (1 #cgg ,g]+ ,ulri*1 #eje ,g]man ,planet>ium & ,cal5d>1 #bda ,g]many1 its progress 9 education1 #agg -- -- -- 9 useful arts1 #agh ,gett en molle1 mean+ ( ! t]m1 #cac ,goldsmi?s z pun*-cutt]s1 #ead ,go?ic "*1 popul>ity (1 #eaf ,go?ic lett]s1 orig9 (1 #aej -- -- popul>ity (1 #eaf -- -- v>ieties (1 #djf -- -- ,petr>*'s dislike (1 #aea ,grotesque ,alphabet1 ! block-book1 #bbg ,guilds ( middle ages1 #ahf1 #cij -- ( book-mak]s1 #ahg ,gut5b]g1 family (1 #cgf ,gut5b]g ,john1 e>ly life (1 #cgg -- z a book-mak]1 #dai -- z a c\rti]1 #ddj -- z a f9anci]1 #cgi -- z an engrav]1 #cie1 #cif -- z an inv5tor1 #cha1 #daf1 #ddh -- z an organiz]1 #chi -- books pr9t$ by1 #dcc -- c>eless ( fame1 #dcd -- ,ca?olicon (1 #dce -- c\rage (1 #dca -- dea? (1 #ddb -- exp]im5ts (1 #djb -- memorials (1 #ddf1 #ddg -- p>tn]%ip (1 at ,/rasburg1 #chg -- p>tn]%ip (1 at ,m5tz1 #dah -- plann$ ! ,psalt]1 #dei -- pov]ty (1 #che1 #djb1 #dcc -- probable m>riage (1 #cgi -- supplant$ by ,s*ff]1 #dcj -- trials (1 at ,/rasburg1 #cgi1 #chj -- -- -- at ,m5tz1 #dbe -- unkn[n "w (1 #dcg ,gut5b]g's types1 hi/ory (1 #ddc -- def5se aga9/ ,fu/1 #dbg -- idea ( typography1 #dde -- place 9 hi/ory1 #ddh ,ha>lem1 fir/ notice ( leg5d (1 #cbg -- kn[n pr9t]s at1 #cai -- neglect$ pr9t+1 #cde1 #cce ,hahn ,ulri*1 #eja ,hanequis ,conrad1 #dfh ,hanseatic ,league1 #agi ,hasback ( ,ha>lem1 #cbj ,hauman ,fr$]ic1 #ddc ,heilmann ,an?ony1 te/imony (1 #chg ,hessels ,j4 ,h41 writ+s (1 #bhd ,holl&1 e>ly pr9t+ (1 #cae1 #bef -- conf\nd$ ) ,ne!rl&s1 #caf -- n ! bir?place ( inv5tion1 #cah ,hor>ium ( ,scalig]1 #beg -- ( ,adri5 ,rooman1 #bfj ,horn-book ( ,engl&1 #agd ,h[ to ,die ,becom+ly1 #bce ,h[ to ,rememb] ! ,evangeli/s1 #bcc ,hum]y ,conrad1 fri5d to ,gut5b]g1 #dca -- -- ackn[l$gm5t (1 #ddb ,ignorance1 preval5ce ( 9 d>k ages1 #de -- ( ecclesia/ics1 #adg ,iliad ( ,hom]1 ! s*ool-book1 #bhg1 #bhh ,illum9at$ books ( middle ages1 #aeb ,illum9ators & calligraph]s1 #aff ,impression by diff]5t me?ods1 #bf -- d\bl+ (1 #bgh -- n typography1 #ej -- on bricks1 #cj ,impression on e>ly h& press1 #cjf1 #ecj -- on pap] & vellum1 #ech -- on textile fabrics1 #abg ,image pr9ts all devotional1 #he -- -- ,annunciation1 #gb -- -- ,b]l9 pr9t1 #hj -- -- ,brussels pr9t1 #gh -- -- ,indulg5ce pr9t1 #gg -- -- ,/4 ,*ri/oph]1 #ga -- -- prec$$ books1 #fi -- -- h[ pr9t$1 #hc -- -- made = /5cil+1 #gj -- -- m]it (1 #hg -- -- n done by friction1 #hd -- -- n made by monks1 #hf -- -- orig9 (1 #fi -- -- popul>ity (1 #hf -- -- :]e made1 #hb ,impositions ( eight pages1 #bia ,initial lett]s ( ,italy1 #abb1 #dhg -- -- ( e>ly pr9t]s1 #eaf ,ink+ balls1 h[ made1 #ebi ,ink+ ( pr9t+ surfaces1 #be ,ink ,pr9t+1 affect$ by pap]1 #ecb -- -- det]ioration (1 #ecd -- -- e>ly1 faults (1 #ded -- -- e>ly1 un/abl5ess (1 #ecc -- -- inequality (1 #ecb -- -- ,moxon's criticism (1 #ecd -- -- ( ,bible ( #db l9es1 #dba -- -- ( ,donatus ( ,m5tz1 #djd -- -- ( ,j5son1 #ecb -- -- ( ,psalt] ( ,m5tz1 #def -- -- ( ! block-pr9t]s1 #bjc -- -- ( ! ,psalt] ( #adeg1 #deb -- -- ( ! ,ripoli press1 #ecc -- -- ( unkn[n pr9t]1 #bgj1 #bgh -- -- ! complem5t ( types1 #ecc ,ink writ+1 antiquity (1 #ci -- -- useless 9 pr9t+1 #dj ,inv5tion1 m]it (1 n 9 idea1 #dde1 #dhg ,inv5tions n ! "w ( exp]ts1 #cie ,inv5tion ( pap] 9 ,*9a1 #acc ,inv5tion ( press1 n notic$1 #cjd -- -- -- :y neglect$1 #ebg ,inv5tion ( ,pr9t+1 -- -- -- e>ly notices (1 #ddf -- -- -- a great discov]y1 #fg -- -- -- came at ! "r "t1 #de -- -- -- diff]5t me?ods (1 #bh -- -- -- key ( 9 ! type-m\ld1 #fg -- -- -- m]it (1 n 9 ! idea1 #ea -- -- -- -- -- 9 ! type-m\ld1 #dde -- -- -- n p]fect 9 #adci1 #cid -- -- -- probable causes (1 #ae1 #bh -- -- -- wait$ = read]s1 #de -- -- -- v]sion ( ,b]tius1 #cdg -- -- -- -- -- ,coornh]t1 #cbg -- -- -- -- -- ,de ,vries1 #ceg -- -- -- -- -- ,erasmus1 #cah1 #cde -- -- -- -- -- ,guicci>d9i1 #cbi -- -- -- -- -- ,jo4 ,frid4 ,fau/us1 #dgh -- -- -- -- -- ,junius1 #ccj -- -- -- -- -- ,kon+1 #cef -- -- -- -- -- ,me]man1 #cec1 #ced -- -- -- -- -- ,scalig]1 #beg -- -- -- -- -- ,john ,s*ff]1 #dgc -- -- -- -- -- ,scriv]ius1 #cdh -- -- -- -- -- ,seiz1 #ceb -- -- -- -- -- ,tri!mius1 #dde1 #dgd -- -- -- -- -- ,van ,zur51 #cbh -- -- -- -- -- ,wimphel+1 #cic -- -- -- -- -- ,zell1 #cae ,inv5tion ( pr9t+ ink1 #dj1 #cca1 #ecc ,inv5tions ( ! middle ages1 #agg ,inv5tion ( types1 n boa/$ (1 #dce -- -- -- alleg$ !fts (1 #ccb1 #cdb ,irel&1 ! book-mak]s (1 #adg ,italy1 e>ly pr9t]s (1 #ejj -- its en?usiasm = ! art1 #eje ,jan1 ! pr9t] at ,antw]p1 #cad ,janszoon n ,janszoon ,co/]1 #cef1 #cfh ,japan1 pap] (1 #acc ,j5son ,ni*olas1 #dfe -- -- z a type f\nd]1 #ejb ,john ( ,gamundia1 cal5d> (1 #bda ,john ( ,we/phalia1 z a publi%]1 #dih ,judgm5t ( ,man aft] ,dea?1 #dhc ,junius ,hadrian1 sket* ( 8 life1 #ccd -- -- cr$ul\sness (1 #ccf -- -- hi/ory (1 #cce ,kepf] 7or ,keff]7 ,h5ry1 #dcg1 #die ,ketel ,an?onis1 ( ,ha>lem1 #cbj ,ketela] & ,de ,leempt1 #dih ,k]v] ,?ielman1 ( ,p>is1 #ejf ,keys] ,pet]1 ( ,p>is1 #ejf ,k1 acquisition (1 difficult1 #bfc ,k a monopoly1 #adf1 #bea ,koburg] ,an?ony1 ( ,nuremb]g1 #die ,kon+'s book on ! inv5tion1 #cef ,ko/] ,l\r5s ,janszoon1 see ,co/]4 ,labor1 division (1 by pr9t]s1 #eba ,lat9 language1 :y pres]v$1 #adg -- -- abbreviations (1 #afd -- -- key to all k1 #agf ,laurecrans ( ,scriv]ius1 #cdh ,lead us$ by ,gut5b]g1 #chj ,leads fir/ us$ by ,s*ff]1 #dfg ,lecturn ( ! middle ages1 #aef ,leeu ,g]>d1 indu/ry (1 #ejj ,leg5d ( ,ha>lem1 #cbf -- -- -- began ) p$igree1 #cfb -- -- -- contradictions (1 #ceh -- -- -- e>ly meagr5ess (1 #cbh -- -- -- e*o ( false hi/ory1 #cdj -- -- -- exposure (1 #cfc -- -- -- improbability (1 #cdf -- -- -- unfix$ dates (1 #cej1 #ceg ,leg5d ( ,wal*ius ab\t ! sale ( fir/ pr9t$ books at ,p>is1 #dff ,lett]s engrav$1 peculi>ities (1 #bfb -- -- imp]fections (1 #bjj ,lettres de somme or ,r\nd ,go?ic1 #cac -- de =me or ,po9t$ ,go?ic1 #cac ,lett] ( ,indulg5ce ( #adfa1 #dcc ,lett]s ( ,indulg5ce ( #aded1 #dje -- -- -- ,holbe9's satire on1 #djg -- -- -- popul>ity (1 #djh -- -- -- translation (1 #dji ,libr>ies1 e>ly1 neglect (1 #aei -- 9 ,france & ,burgundy1 #afg ,life ( ,/4 ,me9rat1 #bdf ,lit]ature1 decl9e ( 9 old ,rome1 #dd -- neglect ( by ! ,*ur*1 #adg -- ( popul> books1 #ahg -- ( ! romance books1 #afe -- revolutioniz$ by pr9t+1 #ahf -- ! privilege ( a class1 #agj1 #bea ,li?ography1 process (1 #bj -- inv5tion (1 #bg ,little ,book ( ! ,mass1 #bhd ,london1 e>ly pr9t+ at1 #ejh ,l\va91 e>ly pr9t+ at1 #dih ,lyons1 e>ly pr9t+ at1 #ejf ,mak+-up badly done1 #ebe ,mansion ,col>d1 ( ,bruges1 #dii ,manuscripts1 fault9ess (1 #edj ,manutius ,aldus1 #ejc -- z an editor1 #edj ,m>co ,polo does n notice pr9t+1 #abj ,m>ks ( not>ies1 #abc ,m>t5s ,?i]ry1 #dii ,ma/] pr9t]s1 *anges (1 #ebb ,ma/]y ( pr9t+1 h[ acquir$1 #ebb ,mat]ials e>ly1 imp]fections (1 #ecj ,matrices1 z describ$ by ,tri!mius1 #dge ,matrices ( lead1 #cja1 #cjc1 #eag -- ( copp]1 #eag -- conjo9$1 #cjc -- e>ly me?od ( mak+1 #eag -- e>ly trade 91 #eae -- made ( s(t metal1 #cjb1 #dge ,matrix1 description (1 #ee -- e>ly use (1 #fc ,me*anics 9 middle ages1 #agh ,m$als 9 honor ( ,co/]1 #cec1 #ced ,me]man ,g]>d1 book (1 #cec ,memorials to ,co/]1 #cei -- -- ,gut5b]g1 #ddf1 #ddg ,m5dicant fri>s1 #aeh ,m5tel ,john1 memorial to1 #dhh -- -- alleg$ inv5tion (1 #dhi -- -- z a pr9t]1 #dij -- ,james1 #dij ,m5tz1 revolt ( burgh]s at1 #cgg -- capture & sack (1 #dci ,me?ods ( pr9t+1 #ah1 #cag ,mexico1 fir/ pr9t]s (1 #ejh ,milan1 e>ly pr9t+ at1 #ejd ,m9iaturi/s ( middle ages1 #aff ,mirror-mak+ 9 ,g]many1 #cia ,mirror ( ,salvation1 #bfd ,mirror ( ! ,cl]gy1 #dcf ,m\ld1 mod]n1 description (1 #eg -- adju/able1 notice (1 #cii1 #eah -- e>ly1 description (1 #fb -- ( ,gut5b]g1 #cih1 #ddg ,music1 types =1 #dea1 #eaf ,neglect ( e>ly pr9t+1 #ddd ,ne!rl&s1 block-pr9t]s (1 #cad1 #cae -- type-pr9t]s (1 #bha1 #cbc1 #dih -- block-pr9t+ (1 #beb ,newspap]s ( old ,rome1 #dd -- -- ,*9a1 #aaf ,nope ,cune1 decision (1 #chh ,nummei/]1 ,john1 #dcf1 #ejj ,nuremb]g1 e>ly pr9t+ at1 #die ,nuremb]g1 ,*ronicle (1 #dif ,(fices ( ,cic]o1 #dfg ,ord] ( ,k+ ( ,france to ,j5son1 #dfe ,orig9es ,typographic1 #ced ,ornam5tation ( manuscript books1 #aeb ,pa9t+ ( pr9t$ lett]s1 #def ,palimpse/s1 #adc ,p&ects ( ,ju/9ian1 #bhf ,pap] approv$ by ! p1 #ahg -- z made 9 ,japan1 #acd -- -- -- 9 middle ages1 #adj -- -- -- 9 ,spa91 #aci -- came be=e its "t1 #adc -- dislik$ by calligraph]s1 #add -- e>lie/ notices (1 #acg1 #adb -- e>ly1 badly made1 #add -- great price (1 #ecg -- l95 & cotton1 #ach -- made ( _m qualities1 #ecf -- neglect$ by copyi/s1 #add1 #ahf -- ( e>ly typographic pr9t]s1 #ecg -- prec$$ pr9t+1 #da -- pref]r$ to vellum by pr9t]s1 #ech -- select$ = block-books1 #bdh -- sizes (1 #ecg ,pap]-mak+1 gr[? (1 #ada ,pap]-m>ks n a guide to age1 #caj -- ( unkn[n pr9t]1 #cjh -- :y made1 #cji ,pap]-mills1 e>ly notices (1 #ada ,pap] money ( ,*9a1 #aba ,papillon's /ory ( ! ,cunios1 #abi ,papyrus n fit = pr9t+1 #da ,p>*m5t1 h[ made1 #ech ,p>is1 reception ( pr9t+ at1 #dff -- fir/ pr9t]s at1 #eje ,paul ( ,prague1 te/imony (1 #dhf ,peculi>ities ( ,crim9al ,law1 #bhf ,p$igree ( ,co/] family1 #cfa -- -- -- -- its exposure1 #cfc -- -- -- -- its =g]y1 #cfd -- -- -- -- its insuffici5cy1 #cfc ,pfi/] ,alb]t1 our fir/ k (1 #dha -- -- z a block-pr9t]1 #dhd -- -- z an inv5tor1 #dhd -- ,seba/ian1 #dhf ,pi-,*+1 an e>ly ,*9ese pr9t]1 #aab ,pictures came be=e books1 #fi -- g5]al fondness =1 #ahb1 #bdi ,pig\*et ,phillipe1 ( ,p>is1 #ejf ,plat51 smallness (1 #ebi ,play+ ,c>ds1 ,*9ese1 #ih -- -- date ( introduction1 #ii1 #ajh -- -- d5\nc$ by cl]gy1 #ajj -- -- e>ly1 co/ (1 #if1 #ajj -- -- e>ly =ms (1 #ajd -- -- e>ly notices (1 #ia1 #ie -- -- manufacture (1 #hi -- -- ( ,france & ,italy1 #if1 #ig -- -- ( ,g]many1 #ia -- -- popul>ity (1 #ie -- -- prec$$ image pr9ts1 #ajg -- -- rudely made1 #ajg -- -- /range games (1 #aja -- -- sugge/ive ( pr9t+1 #ajf ,pl9y's notice ( portraits 9 books1 #aaa ,po9ts = mak+ regi/]1 #eca ,poli%+ ( gems taught by ,gut5b]g1 #cij ,pom]ium ,spirituale1 #bdd ,pope ,pius ,,ii1 treatises (1 #bhg ,presswork1 e>ly me?od (1 #ebi -- alt]s appe>ance ( types1 #cjj -- z done 9 ,*9a1 #aad -- daily p]=mance (1 #aae1 #eca -- e>ly1 9 colors1 #eca -- e>ly practice (1 #ecj -- imp]fections (1 #ebi -- ( block-books1 #bdh -- ( ,col>d ,mansion1 #deh -- ( e>ly type pr9t]s1 #ecj -- ( ,gut5b]g1 #dab1 #dba1 #dcd -- ( ,s*ff]1 #ded1 #dfb -- ( unkn[n pr9t]1 #cje -- on textile fabrics ( ,italy1 #abg -- process (1 #cjg ,prices ( manuscript books 9 old ,rome1 #dc -- ( m$ieval books1 #afi -- ( pr9t$ books1 #eab -- paid = pr9t+1 #ejd1 #eje ,pr9t-color+1 e>ly practice (1 #id ,pr9t]s1 e>ly1 activity (1 #eaa ,pr9t]s1 e>ly names =1 #dhf -- armorial %ield (1 #dhh -- at ,m5tz be=e #aejj1 #dic -- e>lie/ 9 ,g]many1 #dic -- -- -- ,c5tral ,europe1 #dic -- -- -- ,great ,brita91 #ejg -- -- -- ,france1 #eje -- -- -- ,italy1 #ejj -- -- -- ,new ,_w1 #ejh -- -- -- ,spa91 etc1 #ejg ,pr9t+1 ambiguity ( ! ^w1 #ag1 #cae -- aid$ by pa9t+1 #def -- by friction1 #hc -- -- -- difficulties (1 #bjd -- ,*9ese me?od (1 #aae -- dep5ds on o!r aids1 #dg -- d]ivation ( f ,*9a1 #abj -- diff]5t me?ods (1 #ah -- e>ly1 9 ,ne!rl&s1 #cad -- e>ly prejudices aga9/1 #dej1 #eaj -- f engrav$ /amps1 #cg -- ,g]man orig9 (1 #ejh -- 9 clay1 #cd -- n always economical1 #aij -- n g5]ally welcom$1 #eaj -- ( ,psalt] ( #adeg1 #deb -- on "o side1 reason (1 #bdh1 #bia -- on textile fabrics1 #abh -- p]man5ce ( ! art1 #eda -- b5efit f1 #eda -- wait$ = read]s1 #agb1 #aia -- ) a bru%1 #aae ,pr9t+ ,press1 con/ruction (1 #ebh -- -- ,lignam9e's notice (1 #ecj -- -- op]ation (1 #ebi ,pr9t+ ,presses1 co/ (1 #dih ,pro(-plan]1 use (1 #hd ,pro(-read+1 e>ly notice (1 #dfi -- h[ done1 #eci ,psalt] ( #adeg1 beauty (1 #deb -- -- -- colophon (1 #dei -- -- -- editions (1 #dfj -- -- -- ! design] (1 #dei ,publi%]s ( old ,rome1 #dc -- 9 ,italy1 #eje ,pun*1 description (1 #ee ,pun*-cutt]s 7 goldsmi?s1 #ead ,pun*-cutt+ n done by pr9t]s1 #ead -- importance (1 #ed ,pun*es ( /eel1 #eag -- ( wood1 #cja -- ( ,gut5b]g1 #dce ,quadrats1 sub/itutes =1 #bhj -- prop] use (1 #cje ,qu9tilian's notice ( /5cils1 #cf ,rationale ,dur&i1 #dfj ,regi/]1 means us$ = mak+1 #eca -- ( colors1 h[ done1 #def1 #eca -- -- -- 9 ,psalt] (1 #adeg #deh ,regi/] ( pages1 e>ly1 h[ done1 #eca ,regi/rum *>t>um1 #ebf ,reimboldt1 te/imony (1 #chf ,religi\s diss5sions1 #ahj ,ripoli ,press at ,flor5ce1 #ejc -- -- mat]ials us$ by1 #ff1 #ecc ,rome1 e>ly pr9t+ at1 #eja ,rooman ,gillis & ,adri51 #cbj ,rubricat$ books ( middle ages1 #aeb -- -- ( e>ly pr9t]s1 #eca ,sahspa* ,conrad1 te/imony (1 #chd ,s& m\lds1 #cja1 #eah ,savage on ! ,psalt] (1 #adeg #def ,scalig] ,j4 ,j41 ab\t ,hor>ium1 #beg ,s*ff] ,pet]1 z a copyi/1 #ddi -- z a judge1 #dga -- z a pr9t]1 #deh -- z a pun*-cutt]1 #dfa1 #dgj -- z a trad]1 #dgj -- z a type-f\nd]1 #dfa -- z an inv5tor1 #dfi1 #dgg -- borr[s a book1 #dfh -- desc5dants (1 #did -- false claims (1 #dfi1 #dgb -- memory (1 neglect$1 #dgg -- pupil ( ,gut5b]g1 #dej -- succe$s ,gut5b]g1 #dcj -- vanity (1 #dfi ,s*ff] ,john1 te/imony (1 #dgc ,s*oepfl9 ,daniel1 #cec ,s*ott ,john1 claims (1 #dhh ,s*ool books ( middle ages1 #ahg ,s*ools ( ! middle ages1 #agg ,s*ul!iss ,hans1 te/imony (1 #chd ,scriptorium ( mona/]ies1 #adh ,scriv]ius ,pet]1 #cdh ,secrets ( pr9t+ /ol51 #ccb1 #cdb ,section1 def9ition ( t]m1 #bab ,seiz & 8 book1 #cej ,s5efeld] ,alois1 ! li?ograph]1 #bg ,s5s5s*midt ,john1 #die ,sev5 ,p5it5tial ,psalms1 #bhe ,sew+ ( books1 #aed ,sid5neg] ,hans1 te/imony (1 #chd ,signatures1 e>ly use (1 #ebf ,spac+ out ( l9es1 #bia1 #ebf ,speckl9 ,daniel1 #dhi ,speculum ,salutis1 a ,dut* book1 #bge -- -- z notic$ by ,junius1 #cca -- -- blocks ( de/roy$1 #bhj -- -- description (1 #bfd -- -- translation (1 #caa -- -- editions (1 #bfi -- -- its workman%ip1 #bgj -- -- n an exp]im5t1 #bhb -- -- pr9t$ f types1 #bgd -- -- probably pr9t$ at ,utre*t1 #caa -- -- tea*+s ( ! book1 #bfg -- -- v>iable lett]s (1 #bgc -- -- :5 pr9t$1 #caa ,spira ,john de1 ( ,v5ice1 #eja ,spyess ,wyg&1 #dda ,/amp+ ( s+le lett]s1 #abf -- on textile fabrics1 #abg ,/amps ( ,babylon & ,assyria1 #cj -- -- copyi/s1 #abe -- -- ,egypt1 #cb -- -- middle ages1 #ch -- -- ,romans1 #cg -- -- pr9t]s ( textile fabrics1 #abg ,/ation]s ( ,p>is1 #afj ,/4 ,bridget1 pr9t (1 #gd ,/4 ,*ri/oph]1 pr9t (1 #gj ,/eel-plate pr9t+1 process (1 #ah ,/e9ba* ,?omas1 te/imony (1 #che ,/5cil-plates ( old ,romans1 #ic -- ( c>d-mak]s1 #id ,/]eotype m\lds1 #cjj ,/]eotyp+1 its advantages1 #bd ,/ick ( e>ly compositors1 #ebc ,/ock] ,mydeh>t1 te/imony (1 #chd ,/ory ( ! ,bless$ ,virg91 #bai ,/rasburg1 e>ly pr9t+ at1 #dij1 #did ,/4 ,?omas ( ,aqu9as1 book (1 #dfh ,suabia1 abode ( e>ly engrav]s1 #ge ,surfaces1 v>ieties ( 9 pr9t+1 #ah ,swe9heym & ,pann>tz1 #eja ,temptations ( ! ,devil1 #bde ,?omaszoon ,g]rit1 #cfa1 #cfg ,title-page1 fir/ appe>ance (1 #ebf ,tool ( f\r pieces1 my/]i\s1 #chd -- -- -- -- n a press1 #cig -- -- -- -- n types nor pages1 #cih -- -- -- -- probably a m\ld1 #cii ,torquemada on ,heal? ( ,s\l1 #bhg ,torresani ,&rew1 #ejc ,trade-m>ks ( middle ages1 #abd ,trades e>ly1 secrecy (1 #cij ,transf]r+1 by ,*9ese me?od1 #aab ,transf]r+1 process (1 #bgf ,treatise on ,celebration ( ,mass1 #dcf -- on ,love1 #bhg -- on ,necessity ( ,c\ncils1 #dcf -- on ,reason & ,consci5ce1 #dcg ,trial ( ,gut5b]g at ,/rasburg1 #chj ,trial ( ,gut5b]g at ,m5tz1 #dbe ,tri!mius1 te/imony (1 #dgd ,two pages pr9t$ 9 "o =m1 #bgj ,tympan ( h& press1 #cjg ,type-ca/+1 z done 9 #aefd1 #fb -- z done 9 #afhc1 #ei -- mod]n1 by ma*9e1 #eh -- sl[ness ( h&-"w1 #fj ,type-f\nd+1 relation ( ,tri!mius1 #dgd -- -- ( ,fau/us1 #dgh -- an art ( sl[ gr[?1 #eaf -- 9 s& m\lds1 #cja -- z done by ,didot1 #cjb -- z done by ,frankl91 #cjc -- by novices1 #cbd1 #eag -- e>ly notices (1 #dce1 #dei ,type-mak+ a secret art1 #fa -- 9 ,*9a1 #aac1 #aah ,type-metal1 +r$i5ts (1 #ff1 #eai ,type-m\ld1 ! key to ! inv5tion1 #fg ,type-m\ld1 adju/able1 #cii1 #eai -- made by goldsmi?s1 #ead -- ( e>ly pr9t]s1 #ei1 #eag -- ( ,g>amond1 #cii -- ( ,gut5b]g1 #dja -- ( s&1 #cjj ,types ( wood1 ,junius's description (1 #cci -- -- -- z made 9 ,japan1 #ec ,types ( wood1 exp]im5tal1 #dgi1 #dhi -- -- -- ,de la ,borde's !ory (1 #bie -- -- -- limitations (1 #ec -- -- -- ,speckl9's description (1 #dhi -- z made by ,conrad ,w9t]s1 #ebj -- ,*9ese1 e>ly =ms (1 #aab -- -- mod]n -- --1 #aag -- e>ly1 ca/ & n cut1 #bih1 #dgf -- e>ly faces (1 #eae -- e>ly speculations ab\t1 #cf -- engrav$1 impracticable1 #ec1 #bie -- ,go?ic1 popul>ity (1 #eaf -- h[ made1 #eba -- ( ,j5son1 #ejb -- made by "o me?od only1 #ec -- made 9 s& m\lds1 #cja -- mu/ be accurate1 #eb -- n made ) sy/em1 #eah -- ( brass1 notices (1 #fe -- ( glass1 #dhg -- ( ,gut5b]g1 #ddc -- ( lead1 z made by ,blades1 #cjj -- -- -- -- -- -- ,co/]1 #cci -- ( porcela91 #aab -- ( ,s*ff]1 #dgj -- quantity ( usually ca/1 #eba -- smalle/ sizes 9 #ae? c5tury1 #eah -- unkn[n pr9t]1 #bhd -- v>iations ( =m expla9$1 #bih ,typography1 advantages (1 #bc1 #bf -- *eapness ( me?od1 #bc -- ,*9ese me?od (1 #aac -- claimants ( inv5tion1 #bg -- dep5ds on o!r aids1 #dg -- errone\s ideas ab\t1 #di -- is a sci5ce1 #cge -- n fruit ( engrav+1 #cie -- p]iod ( its inv5tion1 #bg -- :y x 0 delay$1 #ci ,typo!t1 arms (1 #dhh ,unev5 spac+ 9 e>ly pr9t+1 #dea ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 #afj ,unkn[n pr9t] ( ,ne!rl&s1 #bhb -- -- p]iod (1 #cbe ,unkn[n pr9t]1 workman%ip (1 #cbd ,utre*t1 e>ly pr9t+ (1 #dih -- ,speculum trac$ to1 #caa ,vald>f] ,*ri/oph]1 #eje ,van d] ,l9de's ,ha>lem ,leg5d1 #aa -- -- -- exposure ( fraud1 #cgd ,van ,eyck ,hub]t1 #da ,veld5] ,john1 #bhj1 #bha1 #dih ,vellum1 h[ made1 #ech -- e>ly sc>city (1 #afd -- n suitable = pr9t+1 #da1 #ech ,v5ice1 e>ly pr9t+ 91 #eja -- fam\s = pr9t+1 #ejc -- play+ c>ds (1 #hi -- relations ( ) ,*9a1 #abj -- ! s*ool ( typography1 #ejc ,v]>d ( ,p>is1 #ejf ,v9dici ,typographic1 #cec ,vocabul>ium ex quo1 #dda ,von ,bis*oviszheim1 te/imony (1 #chg ,von ,seck+51 te/imony (1 #chg ,von ,zab]n ,b>bel1 te/imony (1 #chc ,weid5ba*1 pr9t+ at1 #die ,william ( ,saliceto1 ,treatise (1 #bhg ,wimphel+1 te/imony (1 #cic ,w9>icky's book on ,gut5b]g1 #cgh ,w9e-flagons ( ,co/]1 #cdj ,witnesses on trial at ,/rasburg1 #chh ,wittig ,ivo1 tablet (1 #ddg ,witty ,spee*es ( ,great ,m51 #bhf ,wond]s ( ,rome1 ! block-book1 #bdc ,wood-cuts1 e>ly1 m]it (1 #fh -- difficult to pr9t ) types1 #bgh -- dissimil>ities (1 #bjf1 #bci -- e>ly1 design$ by arti/s1 #bbg -- lat]1 inf]iority (1 #ecf -- liability to w>p1 #ece -- mutilations (1 #bjg1 #bai1 #bhj -- neglect$ by e>ly pr9t]s1 #ece -- n pr9t$ ) types1 #bga ,wood types1 impracticability (1 #bie -- -- ,ens*$'s rem>ks on1 #big -- -- exp]im5ts )1 #bie ,wood us$ by e>ly engrav]s1 #bjc ,xylography1 limitations (1 #bf1 #bfc -- ,*9ese me?od (1 #aad -- fir/ me?od (1 #cag -- n applicable to books1 #bfc -- n ,gut5b]g's art1 #cif -- n practis$ at ,ha>lem1 #cbj ,za9] ,gun!r1 #dig ,zappe ,paul1 ! ambassador1 #djg ,z>ot ,an?ony1 #ejd ,zell ,ulric1 ab\t ! ,donatus1 #cae1 #bef -- -- z a pr9t]1 #did p#eee ,,additional ,,notes ,,& ,,corrections4 ,,page #bd4 ,9 ! second l9e ( foot-note1 *ange two-?irds to f\r-n9?s4 #bg4 ,! exact date ( ! complete inv5tion ( copp]-plate pr9t+ is unfix$4 ,vas>i says t ,f9igu]ra's discov]y 0 made 9 #adej1 b t ! ,italian practice ( mak+ plate pr9ts began ab\t #adfj4 ,x is obvi\s t ! alleg$ discov]y 9 #adej ( ! fact t ! black+ plac$ 9 incis$ l9es c\ld be transf]r$ to pap] by pressure 0 n ! complete inv5tion ( copp]-plate pr9t+4 ,mu* m _h to be done4 ,! e>lie/ dat$ ,italian pr9t by ?is me?od is ( ! ye> #adfe4 ,! e>lie/ au!ntic ,g]man pr9t is dat$ #addf4 ,!re are o!rs attribut$ to ! ye>s #adbb1 #adcj1 #addj1 b !y are n accept$ z g5u9e by ,passavant4 ,see ,pe9tre-,graveur1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #aib-aig4 ,s5efeld]'s fir/ sugge/ion ( li?ography 0 ent]ta9$ 9 #agif1 b 8 vague notions ab\t pr9t+ f /one did n assume a practical %ape be=e #agih4 ,he did n receive1 & p]haps 0 n entitl$ to1 8 pat5t be=e #ahjj4 #cd4 ,! exact size ( ! ,assyrian cyl9d] illu/rat$ on ?is page is sev5 in*es high & ?ree in*es wide at ea* end4 #fd4 ,on page #ddg1 ! date ( ! erection ( ?is /one by ,wittig is put d[n at #aejh1 :i* is ! date giv5 by ,b]n>d & by _m o!rs4 ,b ,wett]1 f ^: book ?is /atem5t 0 tak51 kn[+ t ,wittig 0 dead 9 #aejg1 alt]$ ! date to #aejg4 ,helbig does n accept ei!r date4 ,he ?9ks t x %\ld be #aejd4 ,notes et diss]tations1 pp4 #aj1 #aa4 #fe4 ,9 foot-note1 *ange exculptis to exsculptis4 #gg4 ,i h foll[$ ,de la ,borde's translation ( ?is indulg5ce1 :i* makes ! "t sev5te5 ?\s& ye>s1 b ,holtrop's translation is f\rte5 ?\s& ye>s4 ,! popes suppos$ to be associat$ ) ,gregory 9 ! promulgation ( ?is indulg5ce 7 ! ,anti-pope ,b5$ict ,,xiii at ,avignon1 & ,pope ,john ,,xxiii4 ,holtrop does n reg>d ?is z a pr9t ( #adah2 he places x betwe5 #adee & #adgj4 #hb4 ,x is possible t engrav+ on wood 0 done 9 ,engl& 9 ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,ottley1 9 8 ,inquiry conc]n+ ! ,inv5tion ( ,pr9t+1 page #aih1 describes an ,engli% pr9t ( ! crucifixion1 ) leg5d 9 ,engli%1 :i* he says may be z old z ! ,/4 ,*ri/oph]4 ,?is is ! leg5d3 8,seynt ,gregor4 ) oy] o!r popes bys%oppes yn se]1 ,haue graunt$ ( p>don ,,xxvi4 mill ye]4 ,to yeym yat be= yis fygur on yeir knees ,dev\tly say 4v4 pat] no/] 44v4 ,auees40 ,weigel has giv5 o!r fac-similes ( e>ly ,engli% engrav+4 #if4 ,*atto says t ,gr+onneur 0 paid #ef sols ab\t #acic4 ,passavant says #ej sols4 ,lacroix says #acib1 & e/imates ! value ( #ef sols 9 mod]n money at #ahj francs4 #ih4 ,9 ?ird l9e ( second p>agraph1 *ange fifte5? to f\rte5?4 #ajd4 ,9 ?ird l9e ( foot-note1 *ange pr9t]s to pa9t]s4 #aaa4 ,9 foot-note1 la/ l9e ( small type1 *ange *ap4 ,i to *ap4 ,,ii4 #aej4 ,*ange ,john ,i1 #c1 to ,john ,,iii1 #a4 #aej4 ,lacroix gives ! date ( #abib = ! employm5t ( ! sev5te5 book-b9d]s at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is4 #agg4 ,9 six? l9e ( note1 *ange #adce to #adcj1 & ! ^w d\ble to ?rice4 #ahj4 ,9 elev5? l9e1 *ange #ache to #acha4 #bah4 ,! date ( ! t]m9ation ( ! ,great ,s*ism is usually put at #addg1 b x 0 n fully end$ until ,pope ,felix ,v abdicat$ ! papal *air 9 #addi1 & ord]$ ! *ur* to submit to ,ni*olas ,v4 #bej4 ,passavant 7vol4 ,i1 p4 #ej7 says t !re is 9 ! libr>y at ,heidelb]g a copy ( a xylographic edition ( ! ,"l's ,pray]1 a block-book ( t5 leaves1 :i* may be attribut$ to ! fifte5? c5tury4 #bii4 ,9 la/ l9e b two ( note1 *ange #chj to #bhj4 #cai4 ,holtrop says t ,bella]t's "n is fir/ m5tion$ 9 #adhe1 z x appe>s 9 ! fac-simile4 #cgh4 ,a docum5t has be5 rec5tly discov]$ at ,/rasburg :i* proves t ,frielo ,g5sfleis*1 ! eld] bro!r ( ,john ,gut5b]g1 0 9 ,/rasburg 9 #adbi4 ,?is docum5t is ! signature ( ,frielo to a receipt = #bf flor9s due him on an annuity4 ,see ,book ,worm = ,janu>y1 #ahfh4 #cig4 ,x is n probable t ?is tool ( f\r pieces 0 ! press4 ,ottley1 :o ?9ks t ,gut5b]g's secret 0 n t ( pr9t+ 7,inquiry conc]n+ ,inv5tion1 p4 #da71 says1 8!re c be no d\bt t presses ( diff]5t k9ds 7 kn[n long be=e ! inv5tion ( typography0 7p4 #cg71 & t 8five ( ! witnesses1 none ( :om 7 p>tn]s1 knew all ab\t ! press0 7p4 #dj74 ,x may also be add$ t ! repetition by diff]5t witnesses ( ! ord] to sep>ate ! f\r pieces & put !m 9 a disjo9t$ =m 9 ! press or on or "u ! press1 is evid5ce t ! f\r pieces did n con/itute ! press nor any "p ( x4 ,nor c x be suppos$ t ,gut5b]g _h s5t to 8 home a bulky press to h1 z has be5 ass]t$1 its 8jo9+s r5ew$40 ,?is "w %\ld h be5 done by ,sahspa*1 ! jo9] :o built x4 ,al?\gh ,i believe t ,gut5b]g aft]w>d inv5t$ ! pr9t+ press1 ,i ?9k t ! press "h m5tion$ 0 no?+ m ?an ! screw press ( ! c>p5t]--! wood5 vise or press ( a workman :o ne$$ x :5 us+ a file4 ,a pr9t+ press w\ld n be ne$$ until ! types 7 made1 :i* x appe>s 7 n ev5 !n ready4 ,! fact t ,gut5b]g1 ,dritzeh51 ,dnne1 & ,sahspa* work$ ap>t is pro( t ! propos$ pr9t+ (fice 0 n furni%$--t ! m5 7 mak+ tools1 & ! tools 7 probably m\lds & matrices4 ,i h accept$ ,van d] ,l9de's translation ( zurloss5 z melt+1 = x is w>rant$ by _m evid5ces t ! tool ( f\r pieces & ! =m5 7 ( metal4 ,ottley's translation1 mak+ zurloss5 mean a loos5+ or unjo9t+1 or break+-up1 ) a view to r5ewal or recon/ruction1 c\ld also be accept$4 #dje4 ,b]n>d que/ions ! accuracy ( ! date ( ! ,donatus ( #adea1 b x is ! belief ( ,fis*] & ( _m o!rs t x 0 pr9t$ 9 #adea4 #dab4 ,9 ! la/ l9e ( text1 ins]t ! ^w n be=e always4 #dac4 ,comp>e ! spac+ 9 ! ,bibles ( ,gut5b]g ) t ( ! ,psalt] ( #adeg1 z %[n 9 pages #dec & #dee4 ,9 ,gut5b]g's ,bibles1 !re are "s evid5ces ( attempts to keep ! l9es ev52 9 ! ,psalt]1 ! nicety ( full l9es or ( ev5 spac+ 0 disreg>d$4 #dea4 ,madd5 admits t ,s*ff] 0 a copyi/ at ,p>is1 b d\bts ! inf]5ce t he 0 a /ud5t ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,8 d\bt seems to be bas$ on ! faulty ,lat9 ( ! colophon4 #dee4 ,i am n entirely satisfi$ ) ! fac-simile ( types on ?is page4 ,x is a copy ( ! fac-simile made by ,falk5/e91 ! only "o accessible to me ( ! edition ( #adeg4 ,x is1 no d\bt1 a correct repres5tation ( =m & ( g5]al appe>ance1 b ! outl9es ( ! lett]s are suspici\sly %>p4 ,!y d n accord 9 ?is feature ) ! types %[n on page #dec4 ,9 ,falk5/e9's fac-simile1 ! ornam5tal "w ab\t ! lett] ,p is a dull blui% purple1 s made by pr9t+ deep blue ov] l9es previ\sly pr9t$ 9 dull r$4 ,i h n attempt$ to imitate ?is dull purple color 7( :i* ,i f9d no notice save 9 ! book ( ,papillon71 = ,i believe t ?is use ( purple 0 exceptional4 ,x 0 probably caus$ by an imp]fect cleans+ ( ! r$ block1 ! aft] application ( ! blue & ! mix+ on ! block ( bo? colors1 =m+ a dull purple4 #dfe4 ,madd5 d\bts ! g5u95ess ( ! record ( ! propos$ mission ( ,j5son to ,m5tz4 #dfg4 ,i h accept$ ! /atem5t ( ,b]n>d t leads 7 fir/ us$ 9 #adfe 9 ! ,(fices ( ,cic]o1 b a re-exam9ation ( ! fac-simile 9 ,so!by's ,typography 7,no4 #ij7 ( ! ,treatise on ,reason & ,consci5ce conv9ces me t ! types ( ?is "w 7 lead$4 ,z ,gut5b]g ab&on$ pr9t+ 9 #adfe1 x is probable t ! ,treatise is really old] ?an ! ,(fices4 ,if s1 ,gut5b]g 0 ! fir/ to use leads4 #dih4 ,_m bibliograph]s reg>d ,m>t5s z ! pr$ecessor ( ,john ( ,we/phalia1 & z a graduate ( "o ( ! typographical s*ools at ,cologne4 ,holtrop ?9ks t ,m>t5s 0 ! pupil ( ,john ( ,we/phalia1 8 corrector & associate1 b n 8 p>tn] or pr$ecessor4 #ejf4 ,la ,caille & ,sant&] say t ,g]+ di$ 9 #aeaj2 ,van d] ,me]s* says #aebj4 #ebi4 ,! weakness ( ! e>ly press is abundantly prov$ by ! smallness ( ! =ms & ! abs5ce ( l>ge & black wood-cuts 9 all books pr9t$ be=e #ahjj4 ,! inability ( ! h&-press 7ev5 :5 made ( iron1 z x 0 9 #ahbd7 is set =? by ,johnson 9 8 ,typographia1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #edh4 ,x is !re /at$ t an engrav] :o _h be5 at "w = ?ree ye>s on a wood-cut #aa-a_/b by #ae in*es1 0 dismay$ by ! discov]y1 aft] a fair trial1 t 8 block 0 too l>ge to be prop]ly pr9t$ on any v>iety ( ,engli% press !n 9 common use4 ,! ,clym] press1 j introduc$1 0 !n te/$4 ,by l5g!n+ ! b>1 & gett+ two m5 to pull1 a few fair impressions 7 obta9$1 b ! block soon broke "u pressure4 ,?is wood-cut 0 only ab\t half ! size ( ! two-page cuts :i* are n[ regul>ly & easily pr9t$ = ! popul> illu/rat$ pap]s on ma*9es at ! rate ( #a1jjj an h\r4 #ecj4 ,! mo/ admirable feature ( ! be/ e>ly pr9t+ is its simplicity4 ,! types 7 unc\?1 b !y 7 made ) s+le purpose1 to be easily read1 n to %[ ! skill ( ! pun*-cutt]4 ,?is object w\ld h be5 fully accompli%$ if ! compositor _h refra9$ f abbreviations & _h spac$ 8 words ) intellig5ce4 ,! pressman did 8 "p ( ! "w fairly1 & hone/ly impress$ ! types on ! pap] ) unexceptionable firmness & solidity4 ,! readable me?od ( do+ presswork is1 un=tunately1 out ( fa%ion4 ,a p]v]t$ ta/e requires ! mod]n pr9t] to use ?9 types1 dry glossy pap]1 z little ink & z weak an impression z is consi/5t ) passable legibility4 ,?is g5]al fondness = delicacy is n at all favorable to ! production ( readable books4 ,,notes3 #a ,! ,daily ,graphic ( ,new ,york1 may be (f]$ z an exception to ?is ass]tion1 b ?is newspap] really confirms its correctness4 ,x is ! illu/rat$ side only ( ?is pap] :i* is done by li?ography4 ,! side :i* gives x value z a newspap] is pr9t$ ) ord9>y pr9t+ types1 & ?is result c\ld be accompli%$ by no o!r me?od4 #b ,?is body ( ,canon type occupies ab\t two-?irds ( an ,am]ican squ>e in*4 ,a squ>e in* ( ! ,small-pica type1 9 :i* ?is text is compos$1 conta9s ab\t #dd ems to ! squ>e in*2 a squ>e in* ( ,agate1 or ( small adv]tis+ type1 conta9s #agg ems to ! squ>e in*4 ,!re are types s small t #ddg ems c be put 9 a squ>e in*4 #c ,! ^w xylography is little us$ by pr9t]s or engrav]s1 ) :om ! art ( mak+ engrav+s 9 relief is usually kn[n z engrav+ on wood4 ,x is mo/ frequ5tly us$ by bibliograph]s to di/+ui% e>ly pr9t$ "w3 books pr9t$ f types are n[ def9$ z typographic1 & ^? pr9t$ f engrav$ blocks z xylographic4 #d ,! accompany+ translation ( a tablet tak5 f ! record room ( ! second ,assurbanipal 7accord+ to "s orig9al s*ol>s1 ! ,s>danapalus ( ! ,greeks71 k+ ( ,assyria1 ,b4 ,c4 #ffg1 w give an idea ( "o purpose = :i* ! impressions 7 made3 ,assurbanipal1 ! great k+1 ! p[]ful k+1 k+ ( nations1 k+ ( ,assyria1 son ( ,es>haddon1 k+ ( ,assyria1 son ( ,s5na*]ib1 k+ ( ,assyria2 accord+ to ! docum5ts & old tablets ( ,assyria1 & ,sumri & ,akkadi1 ?is tablet 9 ! collection ( tablets ,i wrote1 ,i /udi$1 ,i expla9$1 & = ! inspection ( my k+dom )9 my palace ,i plac$4 ,:oev] my writt5 records defaces1 & 8 own records %all write1 may ,nabu all ! writt5 tablets ( 8 records deface4 ,mr4 ,smi? ( ! ,briti% ,museum is translat+ "s ( ^! tablets4 #e ,balbus1 ! /oic1 9 reply+ to ,vellejus1 ! epicurean1 opposes 8 a!i/ical argum5t t ! _w 0 made by *ance1 & says3 ,he :o fancies t a numb] ( solid & invisible bodies c\ld be kept toge!r by weight gravitation81 & t a _w full ( ord] & beauty c\ld be =m$ by _! accid5tal juxtaposition--f su* a man ,i _c und]/& :y he %\ld n also believe t if he ?rew toge!r1 pell-mell1 a great numb] ( ! tw5ty-"o lett]s1 ei!r ( gold or ( "s o!r mat]ial1 ! ,annals ( ,ennius c\ld be legibly put toge!r f ! =ms scatt]$ on ! gr\nd4 ,de ,natura ,deorum1 book ,,ii1 *ap4 #bj4 #f ,jackson & ,*atto1 ,treatise on ,wood ,engrav+1 p4 #ab4 #g ,! emp]or ,ju/9 7#eah-ebg7 c\ld n write1 & 0 oblig$ to sign /ate pap]s ) a /5cil4 #h ,:5 ,lat9 ceas$ to be a liv+ language1 ! :ole treasury ( k 0 lock$ up f ! eyes ( ! p4 ,! few :o might h imbib$ a ta/e = lit]ature1 if books _h be5 accessible to !m1 7 r$uc$ to ab&on pursuits t c\ld only be cultivat$ ?r\gh a k9d ( education n easily )9 _! rea*4 ,s*ools conf9$ to ca!drals & mona/]ies1 & exclusively design$ = ! purposes ( religion1 af=d$ no enc\ragem5t or opportunities to ! laity4 ,hallam1 ,middle ,ages4 #i ,hallam1 ,middle ,ages1 vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #bhf1 #bhg4 #aj ,^! obs]vations apply only to ! types us$ = ! text lett]s ( books & newspap]s4 ,! l>ge types made = ! display l9es ( po/]s are cut on wood1 b ^! types ( wood are us$ only = pr9t+ s+le l9es2 !y are n comb9$ ) ! compactness ( book types1 & d n require _! precision ( body4 ,! wood types ( ,japan are1 probably1 ! smalle/ wood types 9 practical use2 b !y are mu* l>g] ?an our book types2 !y are pr9t$ 9 small] pages2 !y are n oblig$ to /& truly 9 l9e1 nor to con=m to ! /&>ds ( ,european & ,am]ican pr9t]s4 ,! *eapness ( types :i* h be5 ca/1 z comp>$ ) lett]s :i* h be5 engrav$1 has be5 expla9$ on page #bc ( ?is "w4 #aa ,! *>act]s ,d1 ,e1 #a are ! private ref]5ce m>ks ( ! type-f\nd]4 ,9 ?is position !y _c be reproduc$ on ! ca/ type4 #ab ,! sup]flu\s metal :i* adh]es to ! ca/ type1 & is aft]w>d brok5 (f1 is also call$ ! ,jet4 ,! f9i%+ ( ! types is comp>atively simple "w :i* does n require explanation4 #ac ,me*anick ,ex]cises1 or ! ,doctr9e ( ,h&y-,works1 appli$ to ! ,art ( ,pr9t+4 ,by ,joseph ,moxon1 ,memb] ( ! ,royal ,society1 & ,hydrograph] to ! ,k+1 etc4 ,london1 #afhc4 #ad ,! ,book ( ,trades 0 popul>4 ,two editions 9 ,lat9 v]se 7 publi%$1 "o 9 #aefh1 & ano!r 9 #aegd1 ) descriptions by ,h>tmann ,s*opp]4 ,*atto says3 ,?is is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ curi\s & int]e/+ s]ies ( cuts1 exhibit+ ! v>i\s ranks & employm5ts ( m51 t ev] 0 publi%$4 ,among ! high] ord]s 4 4 4 4 4 4 are ! ,pope1 ,emp]or1 ,k+1 ,pr9ces1 ,nobles1 ,prie/s & ,lawy]s2 :ile almo/ e bran* ( labor or trade !n kn[n 9 ,g]many1 f agriculture to p9-mak+1 has its repres5tative4 ,!re are also n a few :i* x w\ld be difficult to r$uce to any di/9ct class1 z !y are nei!r trades nor hone/ pr(essions4 ,( ^! het]oclytes is ! ,m]etricum procurator1 or1 z ,capta9 ,dugald ,dalgetty says1 ! capta9 ( ! queans4 ,jackson & ,*atto1 ,a ,treatise on ,wood ,engrav+1 p4 #dji4 ,jo/ ,amman 0 "o ( ! _m fam\s ,g]man design]s on wood4 ,! publi%]s ( ,nuremb]g & ,frank=t e/eem$ 8 ability highly & gave him con/ant employm5t4 #ae ,! text ( ! ,speculum ,dur&i1 ! book ( #adgc1 is exculptis re litt]is2 ! text ( ! ,prceptorum ,nid]i1 ! book ( #adgf1 is litt]is exculptis artificiali c]te conatu ex re4 ,! language is pla9 & _c be con/ru$ to mean cut types4 ,:5 ^! books 7 pr9t$1 ! arts ( typography & copp]-plate pr9t+ 7 new & _h n yet receiv$ di/9ctive names4 ,! read+ public knew no?+ ( ! !ory or practice ( ei!r process1 & conf\nd$ ! productions ( "o art ) ^? ( ! o!r4 ,! e>ly pr9t]s _h to def9e ! respective arts z !y be/ c\ld1 ) words made f ,lat94 ,a close exam9ation ( ! words select$ by ,husn] w %[ _! propriety4 ,! ^w exculptis1 sculptur$1 or cut out 9 high relief1 is "h us$ 9 contradi/9ction to inculptis1 sculptur$ 91 or cut 91 z 9 an engrav+ on copp]-plate4 ,x def9es typographic "w f copp]-plate pr9t+4 ,! phrase artificiali c]te conatu ex re1 means some?+ m ?an skillful engrav+2 x sugge/s ! use ( me*anism1 & ( a beg9n+ ( ! "w 9 brass1 :i* c be cle>ly und]/ood only by con/ru+ ex re1 f or 9 a brass m\ld4 ,! phrase "h translat$ 9 brass has be5 r5d]$ ( brass1 b ! language w n be> ?is con/ruction4 ,! phrase ex re1 91 or out (1 or f brass1 0 frequ5tly us$ by _m e>ly pr9t]s4 ,i h r>ely met ! =m ris1 ( brass4 ,to repres5t t e>ly types 7 ( brass is z mu* a violation ( hi/ory z x is ( gramm>4 #af ,?is book 0 edit$ & republi%$ 9 ! =m ( an octavo pamphlet ( fifty-six pages1 by ,signor ,p4 ,v9c5zo ,f9es*i1 at ,flor5ce1 9 #agha4 ,! equival5t 9 ,am]ican curr5cy ( ! ,tuscan lira is calculat$ f a =mula giv5 ) great m9ut5ess by ,blades 9 8 ,life & ,typography ( ,william ,caxton1 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 xx4 #ag ,he9ek51 ,ide gnrale d'une collection complette d'e/ampesavec une diss]tation1 etc41 p4 #bej4 ,accord+ to ! leg5d1 x 0 ! occupation ( ,sa9t ,*ri/oph] to c>ry p across ! /ream on ! banks ( :i* he liv$4 ,he is accord+ly repres5t$ z a man ( gigantic /ature & /r5g?4 ,"o ev5+ a *ild pres5t$ himself to be c>ri$ ov] ! /ream4 ,at fir/ 8 weight 0 :at might be expect$ f 8 infant ye>s2 b pres5tly x began to increase1 & kept increas+1 until ! f]ryman /agg]$ "u 8 burd54 ,!n ! *ild said1 8,wond] n1 my fri5d2 ,i am ,jesus1 & y h ! weight ( ! s9s ( ! :ole _w on y\r back40 ,/4 ,*ri/oph] 0 ?us reg>d$ z a symbol ( ! *ur*4 #ah ,! ,suabia ( ! fifte5? c5tury 0 sep>at$ by ! ,rh9e f ,switz]l& & ,france on ! s\? & we/2 its ea/]n b\nd>y 0 ,bav>ia2 its nor!rn b\nd>y1 ,franconia & ! ,palat9ate ( ! ,rh9e4 #ai ,z ^! ?ree copies h nev] be5 comp>$ side by side1 x has n be5 prov5 t !y are impressions f ! same block4 ,! copy describ$ on a prec$+ page has "s peculi>ities n f\nd 9 ! o!rs4 #bj ,a book pr9t$ at ,delft 9 #adhj1 says t :5 ,/4 ,gregory 0 pope1 he celebrat$ mass 9 ! *ur* ,porta ,crucis4 ,z he 0 consecrat+ ! bread & w9e1 ,*ri/ appe>$ to him z repres5t$ 9 ! engrav+1 ) all ! accessories to 8 passion4 ,rob]t ( ,cologne1 :o wrote a treatise on indulg5ces1 publi%$ at ,zutph5 9 #aeah1 adds1 t ,pope ,gregory k9dly grant$ #ad1jjj ye>s ( indulg5ce2 t ,pope ,ni*olas ,v d\bl$ !m2 t ,pope ,calixtus1 aft] requir+ ! repetition five times ( ! pray]s1 aga9 d\bl$ ! ye>s ( indulg5ce2 t ,pope ,innoc5t ,,viii1 aft] add+ sev5 m pray]s1 two o!r pray]s1 & two m ( ! ,pat] ,no/] & ! ,ave ,m>ia1 aga9 d\bl$ ! l5g? ( indulg5ce--s t ! sum total am\nt$ to at lea/ #gj1jjj ye>s3 accord+ to o!r computations1 to #ib1jjj ye>s1 or #aab1jjj ye>s4 ,holtrop1 ,monum5ts typographiques1 p4 #ac4 ,!re is b "o copy ( ?is pr9t1 :i* rec5tly belong$ to ! collection ( ,!odor ,o4 ,weigel ( ,leipsic1 :o publi%$ a fac-simile ( x 9 colors1 9 8 great "w1 ,! ,infancy ( ,pr9t+1 plate #aac1 vol4 ,i4 #ba ,wett] says t all lett]s ( indulg5ce = ?\s&s ( ye>s are spuri\s2 t !y 7 made by monks & ignorant travel+ prie/s = no o!r purpose ?an to allure simple p to *ur*4 #bb ,swe9heym & ,pann>tz1 :o 7 invit$1 9 #adfd1 to e/abli% a pr9t+ (fice 9 ! mona/]y ( ,subiaco ne> ,rome1 7 ! fir/ pr9t]s connect$ ) any ecclesia/ical in/itution4 ,x may be rem>k$1 t !y did n ?rive "u cl]ical favor1 = !y soon f\nd x exp$i5t to remove to ! city ( ,rome1 :]e !y 7 equally un=tunate 9 _! ef=ts to f9d pur*as]s = _! books4 #bc ,i h us$ ! translation z ,i f9d x 9 ,ottley's ,inquiry into ! ,orig9 & ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,engrav+1 vol4 #a1 p4 #dg4 ,! orig9al is giv5 by ,temanza1 ,lett]e ,pittori*e1 vol4 v1 p4 #cba4 ,temanza f\nd ?is decree 9 an old book ( regulations :i* belong$ to a frat]nity ( ,v5etian pr9t]s4 #bd ,weigel1 9 8 ,infancy ( ,pr9t+1 plate #aj1 pres5ts ! fac-simile ( an old pr9t$ alt>-piece1 ab\t eight in*es wide & tw5ty in*es long1 :i* conta9s a repres5tation ( ! ,virg9 & ! infant ,*ri/4 ,! engrav+ is 9 outl9e only4 ,! int]ior 0 color$ by /5cils1 l ! image pr9ts4 #be ,temanza _h "s old ,v5etian play+ c>ds ( unkn[n date1 :i* he believ$ 7 made at or ab\t ! "t ( ! publication ( ?is decree4 ,!y 7 ( l>ge size1 on ?ick pap]1 & elaborately decorat$ ) gold & colors4 ,! e>ly ,v5etian play+ c>ds 71 probably1 m exp5sively made1 & 7 (f]$ at high] prices ?an ! ,g]man c>ds4 ,9 ! field ( art & ornam5t1 & ev5 9 ! trades :i* call$ = a high] degree ( skill1 ! ,v5etians surpass$ all _! competitors4 ,?is pre-em95ce 0 ma9ta9$ _m ye>s aft] ! inv5tion ( typography4 ,! e>li] books ( ,v5ice are fam\s = ! :it5ess ( _! pap] & ! beauty ( _! types1 z well z = admirable presswork & solid b9d+s4 #bf ,he9ek51 ,ide gnrale1 page #bde4 ,he does n give ! date4 ,! record f :i* he quotes1 ! ,r$ ,book ( ,ulm1 s call$ because ! initials 7 9 t color1 ends ) ! ye> #adgd4 #bg ,s+]'s ,rese>*es into ! ,hi/ory ( ,play+ ,c>ds4 ,?is book ab\nds 9 curi\s in=mation & has _m valuable fac-similes4 #bh ,breitkopf says t ! /5cil pa9t+ ( pr9ts 0 done ) great rapidity by ! m$ieval colori/4 ,he alludes to an old ,g]man say+ ( 8pa9t+ ! twelve apo/les ) "o /roke10 :i*1 no d\bt1 ref]s to ! exp$iti\s pa9t+ ( a once popul> image pr9t1 ( :i* !re is n[ no fragm5t 9 exi/5ce4 #bi ,"s antiqu>ians say t ?is pr9t is a repres5tation ( ,amman4 #cj ,didot1 ,essai sur la typographie1 p4 #efd4 #ca ,bibliophile ,jacob1 ,curiosits de l'hi/oire des arts1 etc41 p4 #dh4 #cb ,"o ( ! c>ds be>s ! "n ( ! mak]1 ,f4 ,cl]c4 ,! co/umes ( ! figures are ,fr5*1 & ( ! fa%ion ( ! c\rt ( ,*>les ,,vii4 ,"o ( ! que5s is a rude copy ( ! well kn[n portrait ( ! que5 ,m>ie ( ,anj\2 ano!r que5 is f an au!ntic portrait ( ! k+'s mi/ress1 ,gr>de ,cass9el4 ,! robe ( "o ( ! k+s is pl5tifully spr9kl$ ) ! fleur-de-lis2 ! figure ( ano!r k+ is t ( a hairy savage ) a tor* 9 8 h&4 ,^! s+ul> c>ds illu/rate a frightful accid5t :i* made a pr(\nd impression on ! p ( ,france4 ,to div]t ! half-craz$ k+ ,*>les ,,vi1 a masqu]ade 0 plann$ = a ball giv5 by ,que5 ,blan*e1 on ! #bi? ( ,janu>y1 #acib1 9 :i* masqu]ade ! k+ & five ( ! g5tlem5 ( ! c\rt took ! p>ts ( savages4 ,! co/umes 7 made by encas+ ! actors 9 tight-fitt+ l95 g>m5ts1 cov]$ ) w>m pit* & t[4 ,9 ?is unc\? attire1 & l9k$ toge!r ) clank+ *a9s1 !y danc$ 9 ! ball-room to ! amusem5t ( ! m5 & ! t]ror ( ! ladies4 ,wi%+ to discov] "o ( ! mask]s1 ! ,duke ( ,orleans snat*$ a tor* f ! h& ( a s]vant1 & ?ru/ x too ne> an unhappy mask]'s face4 ,9 a mom5t he 0 cov]$ ) a blaze :i* quickly spread to 8 fell[s4 ,! k+ 0 rescu$ 9 "t1 b f\r ( ! masqu]ad]s 7 burn$ to dea?4 #cc ,breitkopf1 ,v]su* d5 ,ursprung d] ,spielk>t51 p4 #i1 note g4 ,! fac-similes ( play+ c>ds 9 ?is book are exce$+ly grotesque4 #cd ,c>ds are n m5tion$ 9 a specification ( popul> games 9 ! ,/ad?oldt ,book ( ,augsburg = ! ye> #abgd4 ,! ord9ances ( ! t[n ( ,nuremb]g = ! p]iod betwe5 ! ye>s #abhf & #abii prohibit gambl+1 b !y d n m5tion c>ds4 ,= ! p]iod betwe5 #achj & #achd1 !y are bo? m5tion$ & p]mitt$4 #ce ,9 ,s+]'s ,rese>*es into ! ,hi/ory ( ,play+ ,c>ds may be f\nd _m fac-similes ( e>ly ,h9do/anee c>ds1 "s ( :i*1 we are told1 7 engrav$ on plates ( ivory4 ,^! fac-similes %[ t ! primitive game 0 a modification ( ! old ,indian game ( *ess4 #cf ,! indu/ry ( ,jo/ ,amman 0 z rem>kable z 8 skill4 ,! old hi/orian ( e>ly pr9t]s1 ,s&ra>t1 says1 on ! au?ority ( 8 pupil ,george ,kell]1 t dur+ ! f\r ye>s 9 :i* ,kell] liv$ ) him1 ,amman produc$ designs en\gh to load a wagon4 #cg ,! ord9ances ( ,nuremb]g betwe5 ! ye>s #achj & #achd p]mitt$ gambl+ & bett+1 b 9 mod]ation3 8,always except+ horse-rac+1 %oot+ ) cross-b[s1 c>ds1 %ovel bo>ds1 tric-trac & b[ls1 at :i* a man may bet f two p5ce to a groat40 ,von ,murr1 z quot$ by ,*atto1 ,treatise on ,wood ,engrav+1 p4 #db4 #ch ,hav+ visit$ _m conv5ts 9 ,franconia1 ,suabia1 ,bav>ia1 & ! ,au/rian ,/ates1 ,i ev]y:]e discov]$ 9 _! libr>ies _m image pr9ts engrav$ on wood & pa/$ ei!r 9 ! beg9n+ or ! end ( old volumes ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,^! facts tak5 toge!r confirm me 9 ! op9ion t ! next /ep ( ! engrav] on wood1 aft] play+ c>ds1 0 ! engrav+ ( figures ( sa9ts1 :i*1 di/ribut$ & lo/ among ! laity1 7 c>efully pres]v$ by ! monks1 :o pa/$ !m on ! inn] cov]s ( ! books ) :i* !y furni%$ _! libr>ies4 ,aft] ! engrav]s _h succe$$ 9 mak+ pr9ts ( sa9ts1 !y f\nd x v easy to engrave hi/orical subjects1 ) explanations 9 words4 ,he9ek51 ,ide gnrale1 etc41 p4 #bea4 #ci ,wood-cuts ( sacr$ subjects 7 kn[n to ! common p ( ,suabia1 & ! adjac5t di/ricts1 by ! "n ( ,halg5 or ,halgle91 sa9ts or little sa9ts1 a ^w :i*1 9 c\rse ( "t1 0 also appli$ to pr9ts ( all k9ds4 ,9 ,france also1 ! e>lie/ pr9ts 7 kn[n z dom9os1 or lords1 a ^w :i* 0 int5d$ to convey ! same mean+4 ,! mak] ( pr9ts 0 kn[n z a dom9oti]1 :e!r he made pr(ane c>ds or pi\s images4 ,9 "t ! ^w s f> decl9$ f its fir/ mean+ t x 0 appli$ n only to pr9t]s ( c>ds & images1 b to ! mak]s ( fancifully color$ wall-pap]s4 ,v]su* d] ,ursprung d] ,spielk>t51 etc41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #agd4 #dj ,?is me?od is /ill 9 use 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,a dri$ leaf is writt5 on ) a po9t$ /eel :i* scrat*es ! smoo? surface4 ,a bit ( *>coal is !n rubb$ ov] ! leaf2 ! places scrat*$ are fill$ ) atoms ( *>coal1 :i* make ! writ+ z legible z x w\ld h be5 if writt5 ) fluid ink4 #da ,9 support ( ?is op9ion he quotes ! foll[+ f ,pl9y3 ,x w\ld be improp] to omit ! notice ( a new inv5tion4 ,we h be5 accu/om$ to pres]ve 9 our libr>ies1 9 gold1 silv]1 or bronze1 ! p]sonages ^: immortal spirits speak to u f di/ances ( leagues & c5turies4 ,we create /atues ( ^? :o are no long] liv+4 ,our regrets inve/ !m ) features :i* h n be5 giv5 to u by tradition1 z1 = example1 is %[n 9 ! bu/ ( ,hom]4 ,! idea ( mak+ a collection ( ^! portraits is due to ,as9ius ,pollio1 :o 0 ! fir/ to ?r[ op5 8 libr>y1 & to make ^! m5 ( g5ius ! prop]ty ( ! public4 ,t ! love = portraits has always exi/$ is suffici5tly prov5 by ,atticus1 ! fri5d ( ,cic]o1 :o publi%$ a book on ! subject1 & also by ,m>cus ,v>ro1 :o _h ! enl>g$ idea ( ins]t+ 9 8 num]\s books n only ! names1 b1 by ! aid ( a c]ta9 inv5tion1 ! images ( sev5 hundr$ illu/ri\s p]sons4 ,v>ro wi%$ to save _! features f oblivion1 s t ! l5g? ( c5turies w\ld n prevail aga9/ !m4 ,z ! inv5tor ( a b5efit :i* w fill ev5 ! gods ) jeal\sy1 he has clo!d ^! p]sons ) immortality4 ,he has made !m kn[n ov] ! wide _w1 s t ev]y:]e "o c see !m z if !y 7 pres5t4 ,pl9y1 book ,,xxxv1 *ap4 ,i4 ,?is inv5tion has nev] be5 cle>ly expla9$4 ,a new inv5tion1 :i* exhibit$ 9 books ! features ( sev5 hundr$ m51 :i* multipli$ !m s t !y 7 kn[n ov] ! wide _w1 & pres]v$ !m = po/]ity1 %\ld h be5 ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,pl9y speaks ( x z a well-kn[n fact1 b no o!r writ] ( 8 age makes any m5tion ( x4 ,:y did n ,pl9y describe ! new art in/ead ( prais+ x8 #db ,didot1 ,essai sur la typographie1 p4 #efc4 #dc ,am]ican engrav]s on wood use box :i* has be5 cut across ! fibres 9 flat disks1 n9ety-two hundr$?s ( an in* ?ick4 ,wood s cut1 ) its fibres l columns1 p]p5dicul> to ! t\* ( ! grav] & to ! l9e ( impression1 c be engrav$ ) m delicacy1 &1 = pr9t+1 has m /r5g? ?an wood cut 9 l9e ) ! fibres4 #dd ,! buff-t9t$ wrapp]s ar\nd fire-crack]s & ,*9ese silks w fairly repres5t ! quality ( ! pap] us$ = ,*9ese books4 #de ,i h be=e me a ?ick ,*9ese pamphlet :i* is b\nd 9 ?is /yle4 ,9 ! ess5tial po9ts ( /r5g?1 flexibility & conv5i5ce1 ?is b9d+ is mu* sup]ior to t ( ,am]ican or ,european sew$ pamphlets4 ,! mo/ fam\s bookb9d] w\ld be ju/ly pr\d ( ! comb9ation ( firmness & ela/icity 9 ! sew+4 #df ,to ?is description ( ,*9ese typography is usually add$ ! untrue /atem5t t ! types 7 made ( copp]4 ,:y ! ,jesuit mission>ies1 :o 7 amateurs 9 type-f\nd+1 %\ld add to _! labors by ! use ( su* a tr\blesome & sl[ly melt$ metal z copp]1 :5 ,european type-f\nd]s pref]r$ lead1 t9 & antimony1 _c be expla9$4 ,i _c f9d a copy ( ! orig9al /atem5t1 :i* 01 no d\bt1 9 ,lat94 ,! phrase1 types ( copp]1 is1 probably1 an incorrect translation1 a repetition ( ! error expla9$ 9 a note on page #fe ( ?is book4 ,! mission>ies int5d$ to say1 & no d\bt did say1 t !y made types 9 copp]1 or 9 copp] matrices4 #dg ,am]ican ,encyclopdia ( ,pr9t+1 p4 #ajd4 #dh ,polo 0 m deeply int]e/$ 9 ! simplicity ( ! f9ancial me?od by :i* ! ,emp]or fill$ 8 impov]i%$ treasury4 ,he transf]r$ ! b>k ( ! mulb]ry-tree into some?+ resembl+ %eets ( pap]1 & ^! into money1 :i* co/ him no?+ at all3 s t y might say he _h ! secret ( al*emy to p]fection4 ,& ^! pieces ( pap] he made to pass curr5t univ]sally ov] all 8 k+doms & prov9ces & t]ritories1 & :i!rsoev] 8 p[] & sov]eignty ext5d$4 ,& nobody1 h[ev] important he ?\ght himself1 dur/ refuse !m on pa9 ( dea?4 ,! ,book ( ,s] ,m>co ,polo1 ! ,v5etian4 ,translat$ & edit$ by ,h5ry ,vale1 ,london1 #ahga4 ,) all 8 p[]1 ! ,great ,khan met ! fate :i* comes to e f9anci] :o tries to fill up a deplet$ treasury by ! issue ( pap] money4 ,9 a v %ort "t ! notes 7 wor? b "o-half ( _! orig9al value4 ,b ! ,emp]or 0 equal to ! em]g5cy3 :5 ! notes fell to "o-fif? ( ! nom9al value1 he call$ !m 91 & ex*ang$ five old = "o new note ( ! same d5om9ation4 #di ,papillon1 ,trait hi/orique et pratique de la gravure en bois1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #gf1 #gg4 ,papillon does n "n ?is /ud5t4 ,lanzi describes him z ! ecclesia/ic ,padre della ,valla4 ,passavant 7,le pe9tre-graveur1 p4 #ah7 says t ! initials ( l "* :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ,g]man manuscript books ( ! twelf? c5tury1 7 pr9t$4 #ej4 4 4 ,if he 0 a wool-/apl]1 he /amp$ x on 8 packs2 or if a fi%-cur]1 x 0 br&$ on ! end ( 8 casks4 ,if he built himself a new h\se1 8 m>k 0 frequ5tly plac$ betwe5 8 initials ov] ! pr9cipal doorway1 or ov] ! fireplace ( ! hall2 if he made a gift to a *ur* or a *apel1 8 m>k 0 emblazon$ on ! w9d[s1 beside ! knight's or ! nobleman's %ield ( arms2 & :5 he di$1 8 m>k 0 cut ^u 8 tomb4 ,jackson & ,*atto1 ,treatise on ,wood ,engrav+1 pp4 #ag1 #ah4 #ea ,! lett]s 9 ! mo/ m]itori\s manuscript books ( ! middle ages 7 n made ) runn+ h&1 closely connect$1 l ! lett]s ( mod]n p5man%ip4 ,! =m ( writ+ mo/ 9 fa%ion 0 a spurr$ or po9t$ ,go?ic ( rem>kable blackness4 ,ea* lett] 0 sep>ate1 c>efully drawn1 angl$ & pa9t$1 by _m /rokes ( ! re$4 #eb ,! text ( ! ,codex is a translation ( ! f\r ,gospels1 writt5 9 ! ,go?ic "*1 by ,ulphilas1 bi%op ( ! ,go?s1 ab\t ! ye> #cgj4 ,?is book1 :i* is suppos$ to h be5 made n lat] ?an ! six? c5tury1 0 discov]$ 9 ! ye> #aehg1 9 an abbey 9 ,we/phalia1 & 0 tak5 to ,prague4 ,:5 t city 0 captur$ by ! ,sw$es 9 #afdh1 ! book 0 s5t z "o ( ! trophies ( w> to ,que5 ,*ri/9a4 ,x has ev] s9ce be5 reg>d$ z a great curiosity4 #ec ,moori% au?ors tell u t 9 ! days ( ! la/ ,norman k+s ( ,sicily1 t5 ?\s& silk looms 7 9 active op]ation 9 ,pal]mo2 b ?is /atem5t is an ori5tal exagg]ation ( a fact t requir$ no embelli%m5t4 ,o!rs say t ,jewi% & ,italian trad]s c>ri$ ^! silks to ,italy1 ,g]many1 & ! ,nor? ( ,europe4 ,! e>lie/ silk-weav]s ( ,pal]mo 7 ! captur$ inhabitants ( ,greece :o _h be5 tak5 !re 9 #aadg4 #ed ,pl9y says t ! colors 7 produc$ by dye+1 b ! g>m5ts describ$ by ,h]odotus c\ld n h be5 made by ?is process4 ,we h to inf] t !y us$ "s =m ( impression4 ,breitkopf tells u t ! color$ clo?s ( ! ,egyptians 7 made by pr9t+4 ,8 conclusions seem reasonable :5 we consid] h[ l>gely engrav$ /amps 7 us$ by ! ,egyptians = pr9t+ ^u clay1 & h[ %ort 0 ! /ep f pr9t+ on clay to pr9t+ on clo?4 ,! art ( /a9+1 pr9t+ or /5cil+ clo? ) bright colors by diff]5t processes1 has be5 practis$ 9 ,h9do/an f a v e>ly p]iod4 ,! antiquity ( ! ,indian manufacture may be inf]r$ f ! ,european adoption ( ,indian names4 ,! ,engli% ^w *9tz1 & its ,g]man synonym zitz1 are d]iv$ f a ,h9do/anee ^w t means bo? a color$ pr9t$ clo? & a fl[]4 ,! ^w calico is f ,calicut1 ! t[n on ! ,malab> coa/ f :i* calico 0 fir/ export$ to ,europe4 #ee ,papillon1 ,trait hi/orique et pratique de la gravure en bois1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #hi4 ,8 description is v prolix & full ( irrelevant matt]4 ,i h made use ( ! translation ( ,ottley1 b h abridg$ x4 #ef ,?is v]sion ( ! orig9 ( block-pr9t+ 9 ,europe has be5 accept$ by _m au?ors1 :o f9d 9 x1 or pr(ess to f9d 9 x1 ! evid5ce t pr9t+ 0 d]iv$ f ,*9a & 0 fir/ us$ 9 ,italy4 ,! wise/ judgm5t pass$ ^u its m]its is t ( ,lanzi1 :o m]ely recites ! leg5d1 & concludes t 8x is safe/ to say no?+ ab\t x40 ,b ,humphreys 7,hi/ory ( ! ,art ( ,pr9t+1 second issue1 page #bji7 submits ! sub/ance ( a lett] f a ,russian book-collector1 :o ass]ts t1 9 #ahfa1 he _h se51 9 ! possession ( a ,mr4 ,h]deg5 ( ,nuremb]g1 sev5 pr9ts :i* agre$ precisely ) ^? describ$ by ,papillon4 ,i f9d no o!r description ( ^! pr9ts4 #eg ,du ,halde1 z quot$ by ,ottley 9 8 ,inquiry into ! ,orig9 ( ,engrav+1 p4 #i4 ,!re is ano!r v]sion plac+ ! date at #agj ,b4 ,c4 #eh ,! arti/ 0 n re/rict$ by ! scant space t all[$ him to %[ only ! leg ( ! pulp-beat] on ! fir/ page4 ,he does ?is1 & !n1 ) an amus+ unconsci\sness ( its impropriety1 proce$s to draw ! head & body on ! foll[+ page1 :i*1 9 ! ,japanese book f :i* ?is 0 tak51 is ! o!r side ( ! leaf4 #ei ,proteaux1 ,practical ,guide = ! ,manufacture ( ,pap]1 ,pa9e's translation1 p4 #ag4 ,he does n "n 8 au?ority = fix+ ! date 9 ! fif? c5tury1 b x is n at all improbable t a c>d-l pap] 0 !n made = "s o!r purpose ?an t ( writ+4 #fj ,! phrase ex rasuris vet]um pannorum1 "h translat$ z ! scrap+s ( old rags1 has be5 con/ru$ by _m au?ors z l95 pap]1 9 opposition to ! 8compact$ refuse mat]ial10 :i* is suppos$ to be cotton1 or1 at lea/1 a mixture ( cotton & cordage4 #fa ,see ,! ,am]ican ,encyclop$ia ( ,pr9t+1 p4 #cbi1 = engrav+s ( microscopic enl>gem5ts ( "s ( ! fibres us$ = pap]4 #fb ,sismondi1 ,lit]ature ( ! ,s\? ( ,europe1 *ap4 #b4 #fc ,! jeal\sy ) :i* trades 7 !n gu>d$ is illu/rat$ by ! policy ( ,/rom]4 ,he oblig$ all 8 workm5 to take an oa? t !y w\ld n reveal ! process1 nor practise x on _! own acc\nt4 ,he _h two roll]s & eighte5 /amp]s1 & 0 ab\t to put 9 ano!r roll]1 :5 he 0 oppos$ by 8 ,italian workm51 :o probably ?\ght t ?is ext5sion ( ! works w\ld give him a monopoly1 & w\ld deprive !m ( all opportunity ( obta9+ "w f any rival manufactur]4 ,! mut9e]s 7 br\ght be=e ! magi/rates & s5t to prison4 ,!y aft]w>d submitt$ & return$ to "w1 b 7 all[$ to r5\nce _! oa? ( obligation4 #fd ,pap]1 :5ev] or :]ev] inv5t$1 0 v sp>+ly us$1 & especially 9 manuscript books1 among ! ,fr5*1 ,g]mans or ,engli%1 or l95 pap] ev5 among ! ,italians1 until ne> ! close ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,^u ! /udy ( ! sci5ces x c\ld z yet h _h v little effect4 ,! va/ importance ( ! inv5tion 0 j beg9n+ to be discov]$4 ,x is to be add$ t ! e>lie/ l95 pap] 0 ( v good manufacture1 /rong & h&some1 ?\gh p]haps too mu* l c>d = g5]al conv5i5ce4 ,lit]ature ( ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 *ap4 ,i1 sec4 #fe4 #fe ,lewis ,beaumont1 an illit]ate ,fr5* nobleman1 made bi%op ( ,durham 9 #accj1 0 s inexp]t at read+1 t he c\ld n read ! bulls writt5 = 8 p at 8 consecration4 ,! ^w metropolitic occurr$3 ! bi%op paus$1 tri$ 9 va9 to repeat x1 & at la/ said1 8,let u suppose t read40 ,!n he came to ! ^w nigmate1 be=e :i* he /opp$ 9 a f9e wra?1 & said1 8,by ,/4 ,lewis1 he 0 no g5tleman :o wrote ?is /uff404 4 4 4 ,at an ent]ta9m5t giv5 at ,rome1 dur+ ! same c5tury1 by ! bi%op ( ,murray1 ! papal legate f ,scotl&1 ! bi%op s blund]$ 9 8 ,lat9 :5 he 0 say+ grace1 t 8 hol9ess & ! c>d9als c\ld n refra9 f laugh+4 ,! disconc]t$ bi%op te/ily conclud$ 9 ,scot*-,engli%1 by wi%+ 8all ! false c>les to ! devil10 to :i* ! company1 :o did n und]/& ! dialect1 unwitt+ly respond$1 ,am54 #ff ,at a p]iod :5 ! f9e arts may be said to h be5 almo/ ext9ct 9 ,italy & 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,cont95t1 namely1 f ! fif? to ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury1 a /yle ( art _h be5 e/abli%$ & cultivat$ 9 ,irel& absolutely di/9ct f t ( all o!r p>ts ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,9 ! six? & sev5? c5turies ! art ( ornam5t+ manuscripts ( ! sacr$ scriptures1 & m especially ( ! gospels1 _h atta9$ a p]fection 9 ,irel& almo/ m>vel\s4 ,we/wood1 ,palographia ,sacra ,pictoria1 ,book ( ,kells1 page #a4 ,we/wood fur!r says1 t 9 delicacy ( h&l+1 & m9ute b faultless execution1 ! :ole range ( palography (f]s no?+ t c be comp>$ to ^! e>ly ,iri% manuscripts1 & ^? t 7 produc$ by _! pupils 9 ,engl&4 ,wyatt1 9 a curt description ( ! fam\s ,book ( ,kells1 says t he tri$ to make a copy ( "s ( its ornam5ts1 b broke d[n 9 despair4 8,9 "o space ( ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* sup]ficial1 he c\nt$1 ) a magnify+ glass1 no less ?an "o hundr$ & fifty-eight int]lacem5ts ( a v sl5d] ribbon patt]n1 =m$ ( :ite l9es1 edg$ by black ones1 ^u a black gr\nd40 ,9 ?is book1 :i* he /udi$ = h\rs1 he nev] detect$ a false l9e or an irregul> int]lacem5t4 ,giraldus ,cambr5sis1 a le>n$ ,wel% ecclesia/ic ( ! twelf? c5tury1 :o _h c>efully exam9$ "s ( ! ,iri% manuscripts at ,kild>e1 says t ! writ] ( ?is ,book ( ,kells made ! draw+s f designs furni%$ by angels ?r\gh ! int]cession ( ,/4 ,bridget4 ,timms & ,wyatt1 ,art ( ,illum9ation1 p4 #ad4 #fg ,! text z x n[ appe>s 9 au?oriz$ copies ( ! ,vulgate is3 ,erat autem homo ex ,ph>isis1 ,nicodemus nom9e1 pr9ceps ,judorum4 ,hic v5it ad ,jesum nocte1 et dixit ei4 ,john #a1 #c4 #fh ,petr>*'s dete/ation ( po9t$ lett]s & _! admir]s is amus+4 ,aft] compla9+ ( ! difficulty he met 9 gett+ a fair copy ( 8 writ+s1 he comm5ds ! workman%ip ( a copyi/ to :om he appli$1 a p5man :o wrote ,roman lett]s ) great neatness4 ,8 writ+ is n labor$ & tortur$4 ,x is suitable = our age1 &1 inde$1 = all ages4 ,"y p1 always giddy1 admir]s ( frivolity1 despis]s ( useful ?+s1 h adopt$ ! fa%ion ( writ+ 9 bri/l+ & undeciph]able lett]s1 ( :i* accompli%m5t !y are v pr\d4 ,to me1 ^! m$leys & jumbles ( angl$ lett]s1 rid+ "o on ano!r1 make no?+ b a mess ( confusion :i* ! writ] himself mu/ read ) difficulty4 ,:oev] buys "w ( ?is "*1 buys n a book1 b an unreadable f>rago ( lett]s4 #fi ,^! bo>ds 7 sometimes panel$ f ! inside ( ! cov]4 ,scalig] tells u t 8 gr&mo!r _h a pr9t$ psalt]1 ! cov] ( :i* 0 two f+]s ?ick1 conta9+ 9 an int]ior panel a silv] crucifix4 ,hans>d says t he _h se5 an old book :i* conta9$ 9 a simil> recess a human toe1 obvi\sly a sacr$ relic ( value4 #gj ,?is is "o ( ! f9e/ exi/+ specim5s ( antique bookb9d+ 9 ! ,national ,libr>y at ,p>is4 ,x is a "w ( ! elev5? c5tury1 & encases a book ( pray]s 9 a mass ( gold1 jewels & enamels4 ,! c5tral object is sunk l a fram$ picture1 & repres5ts ! ,crucifixion1 ! ,virg9 & ,/4 ,john on ea* side ( ! cross1 & above x ! veil$ bu/s ( ,apollo & ,diana2 ?us exhibit+ ! influ5ce ( ! old] ,byzant9e s*ool1 :i* is1 inde$1 visible ?r\gh\t ! entire design4 ,?is subject is execut$ on a ?9 %eet ( gold1 beat5 up f beh9d into high relief1 & *as$ ^u its surface4 ,a ri* frame ( jewel$ ornam5t surr\nds ?is object1 portions ( ! decoration be+ fur!r enri*$ ) color$ enamels2 ! angles are fill$ 9 ) enamel$ emblems ( ! evangeli/s2 ! gr\nd ( ! :ole design enri*$ by ?reads & foliations ( delicate gold wire4 ,*amb]s1 ,book ( ,days4 #ga ,wickliffe says t1 9 #achj1 !re 7 9 ,engl& _m 8unable curates t kunn5 n ! t5 comm&m5ts1 ne read _! saut]1 ne und]/& a v]se ( x40 ,! au?or ( ! ,pl[man's ,tale accuses ! cl]gy ( faults worse ?an t ( ignorance4 #gb ,boccaccio1 "o ( ! en?usia/s ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 9 ! labor ( collect+ ! =gott5 manuscripts ( classical au?ors1 has told ! foll[+ *>act]i/ic /ory ab\t ! neglect ( libr>ies & ! abuse ( books by ! con/itut$ cons]vators ( lit]ature4 ,:5 travel+ 9 ,apulia1 ,boccaccio 0 induc$ to visit ! conv5t ( ,m\nt ,cass9o & its !n celebrat$ libr>y4 ,he respectfully address$ a monk :o seem$ ! mo/ approa*able1 begg+ t he w\ld op5 to him ! libr>y4 ,b ! monk1 po9t+ to a high /aircase1 said1 9 a h>% voice1 8,g up2 ! libr>y is op540 ,asc5d+ ! /aircase ) gladness1 ,boccaccio came to a hall1 to :i* !re 0 nei!r door nor b> to protect ! treasures ( ! libr>y4 ,:at 0 8 a/oni%m5t :5 he saw t ! w9d[s 7 ob/ruct$ ) plants :i* _h g]m9at$ 9 ! crevices1 & t all ! books & all ! %elves 7 ?ickly cov]$ ) du/4 ,) /ill great] a/oni%m5t1 he took up book aft] book1 & discov]$ t 9 a l>ge numb] ( classical manuscripts entire sections _h be5 torn out4 ,o!r books _h _! broad1 :ite m>g9s cut away to ! edges ( ! text4 ,full ( grief1 & ) eyes fill$ ) te>s1 at ?is sad spectacle ( ! de/ruction ( ! works ( wise & fam\s m51 he desc5d$ ! /aircase4 ,meet+ a monk 9 a cloi/]1 he ask$ :y ! books 7 s mutilat$4 ,! monk answ]$1 8,?is is ! "w ( "s ( ! monks3 to e>n a few s\s1 !y te> out ! leaves & make little psalt]s1 :i* !y sell to ! *ildr54 ,) ! :ite m>g9s !y make mass-books1 :i* !y sell to ! wom540 ,b5v5uto da ,immola1 z quot$ by ,didot1 ,essai sur la typographie1 p4 #efg4 #gc ,! ^w /ation] :i* has be5 adopt$ 9 ! ,engli% language has lo/ its fir/ mean+ 9 ! ,fr5*4 ,x is "h us$ to def9e a trad] :o sold books & all k9ds ( writ+ mat]ials 9 a /ation1 %op or /ore1 9 contradi/9ction to a class ( p$dl]s or cl]ks :o _h no /ore or place ( bus9ess1 b :o act$ z c\ri]s or ag5ts betwe5 ! buy] & mak]4 #gd ,! prices all[$ to /ation]s 9 #acjc = ! use ( _! copies seem pitiably small4 ,a treatise on ! ,gospel ( ,mat!w1 #cg pages1 0 pric$ at #a sol2 ,gospel ( ,m>k1 #bj pages1 at #ag d5i]s2 ,/4 ,?omas on ,metaphysics1 #ec pages1 at #c sols2 a treatise on ,canon ,law1 #abj pages1 at #g sols2 ,/4 ,?omas on ! ,s\l1 #ai pages1 at #ac d5i]s4 #ge ,if ! book 0 objectionable1 x 0 burn$ & ! au?or 0 imprison$4 ,accord+ to ! ,roman law1 ! condemnation ( dea? atta*$ n only to ! au?or & buy] ( a proscrib$ book1 b to him :o *anc$ to f9d x & did n burn x4 ,9 #acbh1 ,pope ,john ,,xxii condemn$ two au?ors :o _h writt5 a book 9 eight *apt]s1 full ( griev\s h]esies--= !y _h und]tak5 to prove t ! ,emp]or ,l\is ( ,bav>ia _h ! "r to discipl9e1 in/all or depose ! pope at 8 own pleasure1 & t all ! prop]ty ( ! *ur* 0 held by x ?r\gh ! suff]ance ( ! ,emp]or4 ,lacroix1 ,hi/oire de l'imprim]ie1 p4 #bf4 #gf ,erasmus1 cau/ically1 b tru?fully1 said ( ?is huge book1 8,no man c c>ry x ab\t ) him1 nor ev5 get x 9 8 head40 #gg ,! ,national ,libr>y at ,p>is possesses two manuscript ,bibles1 ( :i* "o volume conta9s #e1abb pictures4 ,ea* picture is expla9$ by two l9es1 "o 9 ,lat9 & "o 9 ,fr5*2 ea* l9e is decorat$ by an initial & a f9ial 9 gold & bright colors4 ,if ! co/ ( ea* picture ) its l9es be e/imat$ at sixte5 francs 7,didot's valuation71 ! value ( ?is book w\ld be #hb1jjj francs1 exclusive ( ! co/ ( p>*m5t1 b9d+ & copy+4 ,by ! same e/imate1 ! value ( ! second volume w\ld be #ej1jjj francs4 ,didot p]t95tly asks ! "q3 ,:]e c we f9d1 9 ! pr9t$ "w ( our day1 an equal prodigality 9 illu/ration8 ,essai sur la typographie1 p4 #gae4 #gh ,abbreviations :i* de=m$ writt5 language to su* an ext5t t x is almo/ undeciph]able to mod]n read]s1 7 once e/eem$ a positive m]it4 ,! habit ( mak+ !m 0 cont9u$ aft] pr9t+ 0 inv5t$4 ,9 #adge1 a pr9t] ( ,lubec said1 9 comm5dation ( "o ( 8 own books1 t he _h made free use ( abbreviations1 to get ! :ole "w 9 "o volume in/ead ( two--a proc$ure1 he ?\ght1 t des]v$ special praise1 = he said t ! contractions made ! book m readable4 ,! mod]n read] w be ( a diff]5t op9ion4 ,! ,logic ( ,ockham1 9 folio1 pr9t$ at ,p>is 9 #adhh1 by ,clos-,bruneau1 conta9s1 among o!r abbreviations1 ?is bewild]+ passage3 7,! text z pr9t$47 f,sic hic e fal sm qd ad simplr a e pducible a ,deo g a et silr hic a n g a n e pducible a ,d4_/f 7,) words 9 full47 ,sicut hic e/ fallacia secundum quid ad simplicit]4 ,a e/ producibile a ,deo4 ,ergo ,a e/4 ,et similit] hic4 ,a non e/4 ,ergo ,a non e/ producibile a ,deo4 ,9 #adih1 ,john ,petit1 ( ,p>is1 publi%$ a diction>y :i* pr(ess$ to be ,a ,guide to ! ,read+ ( ,abbreviations4 ,x 0 n publi%$ too soon1 = ! practice ( mak+ contractions _h increas$ to su* an ext5t t books ) abbreviations 7 legible only to exp]ts4 #gi ,f a catalogue /ill extant1 x appe>s t ?is libr>y 0 compos$ *iefly ( romances1 leg5ds1 hi/ories1 & treatises on a/rology1 geometry & *iromancy4 ,x 0 !n valu$ at #b1bbc ,fr5* livres1 r m ?an ! same numb] ( p\nds /]l+4 ,at ?is "t1 ! price ( a c[ 0 ab\t eight %ill+s1 & ( a horse ab\t tw5ty %ill+s4--,x is difficult to asc]ta9 ! real value ( ! money ( ! middle ages4 ,co9s 7 frequ5tly clipp$ to light weight by knavi% trad]s1 & 7 (t5] debas$ at ! m9t :5 ! royal treasury 0 l[4 ,sell]s ev]y:]e knew t ! value ( a co9 0 n 9 its /amp1 b 9 its quantity ( silv]1 & !y alt]$ prices to meet ! alt]$ value ( co94 ,b ev5 9 its mo/ debas$ =m1 ! silv] co9 ( ! middle ages _h a v high pur*as+ capacity4 #hj ,he has giv5 an extract f an ecclesia/ical acc\nt book 9 :i* are f\nd ! items ( exp5se = ! mak+1 b9d+1 & pres5tation ( ! manuscript book ,royal ,*ants to ,pr9cess ,l\ise ( ,savoy4 ,to ,jacques ,pla/el1 = sket*+ ! designs = =ty-eight pictures1 #de livres2 to ,jehan ,pi*\1 illum9ator1 = color+ ! designs1 #hj livres2 to workm5 ( ,jehan ,pi*\1 #ej sols1 & = v9 du m>* 79 colloquial ,engli%1 treat+ or dr9k money7 ) illum9ator ,pi*\1 #bd sols2 to ,jean de ,bgu9es1 prie/1 = engrav+ ! ballads1 #ab livres2 to ,guy-le-,flam5c1 = illum9at+ ! l>ge initial lett]s1 #ac livres1 #c sols2 = vellum1 #c livres1 #ab sols2 = ! b9d+1 exp5ses ( pres5tation to ,l\ise ( ,savoy1 & ! j\rney to ,amboise1 #fh livres1 #h sols4 ,sum total1 #cff livres4 ,lacroix1 ,hi/oire de l'imprim]ie1 p4 #dg4 #ha ,/[ says t a ,bible 8fairly writt50 0 sold 9 #abgd1 9 ,engl&1 = #ej m>ks1 equal to ab\t #cc p\nds4 ,at ?is "t a labor]'s wages 7 #a-a_/b;d4 p] day1 & a %eep c\ld be _h = a %ill+4--,rog] ,bacon1 :o di$ 9 #abib1 said t he _h sp5t m ?an #b1jjj p\nds = books4 ,at ?is "t ! annual income ( an ,engli% curate 0 #c #fs4 #h;d4--,9 #acje1 ! priory ( ,bolton gave #cj %ill+s = ,! ,book ( ,s5t5ces1 by ,pet] ,lomb>d4 ,hallam says t ! acc\nts ( ! priory %[ t ! jolly monks b\ght b ?ree books 9 =ty ye>s4 ,he e/imates ! equival5t 9 mod]n money ( ?is #cj %ill+s at ne> #dj p\nds4--,! ,mirror ( ,hi/ory1 a "w 9 f\r volumes1 0 sold at ,p>is 9 #accb1 ) great =malities1 = #dj livres ( ,p>is4--,9 #aceg1 ,! ,s*ola/ic ,hi/ory 0 sold to ! ,e>l ( ,salisbury = #ajj m>ks1 or ab\t #fg p\nds4 ,at ?is "t ! pay ( ! k+'s surgeon 0 fix$ at #e #acs4 #d;d4 p] annum & a %ill+ a day besides4--,wickliffe's translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 0 sold 9 #achj = #d m>ks & #dj p5ce4--,pi]re ,plaont bequea!d1 9 #adae1 to ! reg5ts ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 a big qu>to ,bible1 :i* he said 0 wor? #ae p\nds4 ,*evilli] says t a pr9t$ ,bible ( ! same size 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury c\ld be _h = #f francs4 #hb ,! horn-book 0 ! prim] ( our ance/ors1 e/abli%$ by common use4 ,x consi/$ ( a s+le leaf1 conta9+ on "o side ! alphabet1 l>ge & small1 9 black lett] or 9 ,roman1 )1 p]haps1 a small regim5t ( monosyllables1 & ! words ( ! ,"l's ,pray]4 ,?is leaf 0 usually set 9 a frame ( wood1 ) a slice ( diaphan\s horn 9 front--h5ce ! "n horn-book4 ,g5]ally1 !re 0 a h&le to hold x by1 & ?is h&le _h usually a hole = a /r+1 :]eby ! horn-book 0 slung to ! girdle ( ! s*ol>4 ,x 0 frequ5tly notic$ by e>ly *ronicl]s4 ,*amb]s1 ,book ( ,days4 #hc ,x 0 a squ>e /ick ( h>d wood1 & ab\t eight in*es long4 ,! entire s]ies ( days con/itut+ ! ye> 0 repres5t$ by not*es runn+ along ! angles ( ! squ>e block1 ea* side & angle ?us pres5t+ ?ree mon?s2 ! fir/ day ( a mon? 0 m>k$ by a not* hav+ a patul\s /roke turn$ up f x1 & ea* ,sunday 0 di/+ui%$ by a not* some:at broad] ?an usual4 ,! fea/s 7 d5ot$ by symbols resembl+ hi]oglyphics4 ,*amb]s1 ,book ( ,days4 #hd ,m5 giv5 up to s5suality we may f9d 9 abundance1 b v few lov]s ( le>n+1 & ^? b>b>\s1 skill$ m 9 quibbles & sophisms ?an 9 lit]ature4 ,poggio1 z quot$ by ,hallam4 #he ,an entry 9 ! books ( ! ,brew]s' ,company dur+ ! reign ( ,h5ry ,v 7#adae-adcj71 /ates ! reasons :y ?is *ange 0 made f ,fr5* to ,engli%4 ,:]eas our "m tongue1 to wit1 ! ,engli% language1 ha? 9 mod]n days begun to be honorably enl>g$ & adorn$1 = t our mo/ excell5t ,k+ ,h5ry ,v ha?1 9 8 lett]s missive1 & 9 div]s affairs1 t\*+ 8 own p]son1 m will+ly *os5 to decl>e ! secrets ( 8 w2 &1 = ! bett] und]/&+ ( ! p1 ha?1 ) a dilig5t m9d1 procur$ ! common idiom1 sett+ aside o!rs1 to be comm5d$ by ! ex]cise ( writ+2 & !re are _m ( our craft ( brew]s :o h ! k ( writ+ & read+ 9 ! same ,engli% idiom1 b 9 o!rs1 to wit1 ! ,lat9 & ,fr5*1 be=e ^! times us$1 !y d n 9 any wise und]/&2 = :i* causes1 ) _m o!rs1 x be+ consid]$ h[ t ! great] "p ( ! lords & tru/y commons h begun to make _! matt]s to be not$ d[n 9 our "m tongue1 s we also1 9 our own craft1 foll[+ 9 "s mann] _! /eps1 h decre$ 9 future to commit to memory ! ne$ful ?+s :i* conc]n u4 #hf ,9 #addf1 a petition 0 pres5t$ to ! ,engli% p>liam5t1 to consid] ! great numb] ( gramm> s*ools t sometime 7 9 div]s p>ts ( ?is realm1 besides ^? t 7 9 ,london1 & h[ few !re are 9 ^! days4 ,knight1 ,! ,old ,pr9t] & ,mod]n ,press4 #hg ,9 ! ,ne!rl&s we f9d ! e>lie/ developm5t ( ! high s*ool4 ,! s*ools ( ! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,life-9-,common1 f\nd$ by ,g]>d ,groot ( ,dev5t]1 9 #ache1 :i* 7 =ty-five 9 numb] 9 #adce1 & d\ble t numb] 9 #adfj1 7 ! fir/ nurs]ies ( lit]ature 9 ,g]many4 ,! fruits ( ?is att5tion to education 7 freely ga!r$ 9 ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies4 ,! entire ,bible 0 pr9t$ 9 ! ,flemi% or ,dut* language )9 ! fir/ ?irty-six ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury 9 fifte5 editions4 4 4 4 ,?irty-f\r editions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 t language alone appe>$ )9 ! same p]iod4 4 4 4 4 ,!re c be no sort ( comp>ison betwe5 ! numb] ( ^! editions1 & consequ5tly ! eag]ness ( ! p ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries = biblical k1 consid]+ ! limit$ ext5t ( _! language1 & any?+ t c\ld be f\nd 9 ! ,prote/ant ,/ates ( ! ,g]man ,empire4 ,hallam1 ,lit]ature ( ,europe1 *ap4 ,,vi1 sec4 #ch4 #hh neas ,sylvius 7subsequ5tly ,pope ,pius ,,ii71 writ+ ne> ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 said t ! k+s ( ,scotl& w\ld rejoice to be z com=tably lodg$ z ! second class ( citiz5s ( ,nuremb]g4 ,hallam says t ,pope ,pius also prais$ _! well-furni%$ & spl5did dwell+s1 _! easy mode ( liv+1 ! security ( _! rights & ! j equality ( _! laws4 #hi ,fl&]s1 dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1 0 ! ri*e/ & mo/ d5sely populat$ "p ( ,europe4 ,x 0 fam\s = ! ext5t ( its =eign trade & ! v>iety ( its indu/ry4 ,x 0 n uncommon = "o hundr$ & fifty %ips 9 "o day to ent] ! port ( ,bruges1 9 :i* city 7 m]cantile ag5ts f sev5te5 diff]5t nations4 ,fl&]s 0 full ( indu/ries1 b its great bus9ess 0 ! mak+ ( clo?4 ,all ! _w1 wrote an en?usia/ic *ronicl] ( ! p]iod1 is clo!d by ,fl&]s4 ,gh5t _h fifte5 ?\s& workm5 employ$ on /uffs ( wool2 ,ypres _h f\r ?\s& mak]s ( clo?2 ,c\rtray _h six ?\s& drap]s4 #ij ,z e>ly z ! twelf? c5tury1 ! emp]or ,h5ry ,v und]took to curb ! exactions ( feudalism by ! e/abli%m5t ( free cities1 & by ! grant ( extraord9>y privileges to me*anics & manufactur]s4 ,to ! nobility & petty pr9ces ( ,g]many ^! privileges 7 a con/ant (f5se1 & ! occasion ( _m local /rifes2 b ! burgh]s 7 indu/ri\s & public-spirit$1 & took c>e ( _! rights4 ,to protect _! trade f ! rapacity ( ! pr9ces on ! ,elbe & ! coa/1 ! cities ( ,g]many1 9 ! ye> #abdi1 e/abli%$ a m]cantile organization1 kn[n z ! ,hanseatic ,league4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 ?is league 0 con/itut$ ( trad]s f all p>ts ( ! ,ne!rl&s & ,g]many4 ,x 0 s p[]ful t x monopoliz$ ! trade ( ,nor!rn ,europe3 by ?reat ( w> x compell$ ,edw>d ,,vi ( ,engl& to grant extraord9>y concessions2 x made successful w> aga9/ ,sw$51 ,norway & ,d5m>k4 ,! ,hanseatic ,league is a wond]ful example ( ! sudd5 developm5t ( successful legislative & executive ability among m5 ( little or no culture1 :o till !n _h be5 exclud$ f e position ( honor 9 ! /ate4 #ia ,peasants c\ld n claim exemption f arbitr>y arre/ or milit>y s]vitude4 ,!y _h no lib]ty to *oose a resid5ce1 to le>n a trade1 to travel1 to g to s*ool1 to m>ry1 to keep prop]ty1 to transact bus9ess1 or to associate ) o!rs 9 any peaceable ent]prise4 ,practically1 !y 7 b little bett] ?an slaves4 ,beaumanoir1 a ,fr5* juri/ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 def9es ! nature ( _! s]vitude 9 ! pla9e/ words4 ,he says t3 ,! ?ird e/ate ( man is t ( su* z are n free2 & ^! are n all ( "o condition1 = "s are s subject to _! "l1 t he may take all !y h1 alive or dead1 & imprison !m :5ev] he pleases1 be+ acc\ntable to none b ,god2 f o!rs ! "l c take no?+ b ! cu/om>y paym5ts1 ?\gh at _! dea? all !y h es*eats to him4 #ib ,! det]m9ation to keep ! peasants enslav$ 0 /rong] ?an all enmities4 ,dur+ ! insurrection ( ! ,jacqu]ie1 ! ,engli% knights :o accompani$ ,k+ ,edw>d ,,iii 9 8 invasion ( ,france made truce ) ! ,fr5* nobles1 & jo9$ !m 9 putt+ d[n ?is rebellion4 ,froiss>t1 ! *ronicl] ( *ivalry1 admir$ ?is exhibition ( magnanimity4 ,= ! suff]+s ( ! peasants he has no sympa?y4 #ic 8,ville9s y h be51 ville9s y are1 & %all be10--said ,k+ ,ri*>d to ! mis]able peasantry ( ,essex1 aft] ! kill+ ( ,wat ,tyl]1--8n z be=e1 b 9 a bondage mu* m bitt]40 #id ,! ecclesia/ical hi/ory ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 says ,hallam1 teems ) sect>ies & s*ismatics1 v>i\s 9 _! ab]rations ( op9ion1 b all concurr+ 9 dete/ation ( ! e/abli%$ *ur*4 ,! h]esy :i* began dur+ ! twelf? c5tury1 or e>li]1 ) ! ,mani*ees ( ,bulg>ia1 0 made m & m =midable by ! ,albig5ses ( ,langu$oc1 by ! ,wald5ses ( ,france & ,g]many1 by ! ,vaudois ( ! ,alps1 by ! ,loll>ds ( ! ,ne!rl&s & ,engl&1 & aft]w>d by ! disciples ( ,john ,huss ( ,bohemia1 until ! fai? ( ! mass ( ! p 0 uproot$ f its f\ndation4 ,9 ,g]many1 en?usia/ic b my/ical prie/s l ,eckh>dt1 ,taul] & ,suso1 keep+ !mselves )9 ! pale ( ! *ur*1 weak5$ its rigid discipl9e by prea*+ aga9/ ! arrogant pr]ogatives ( ! cl]gy1 & by comm&+ a high] wor%ip ( ! he>t & life4 #ie ,! ,briti% ,museum conta9s a ,bible 9 ,flemi% v]se1 kn[n z ! ,rym ,bible1 writt5 by ,jacob von ,ma]l&t ( ,damne1 ne> ,bruges 9 ,fl&]s4 ,x is a manuscript ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ^u vellum1 ) ornam5t$ capitals1 & is "o ( _m copies ( a v]sion ( ! ,scriptures made 9 ! ye> #abgj4 ,except ! ,wald5sian translation 9 ! ,prov5al language1 ?is v]sion is1 consequ5tly1 ! mo/ anci5t 9 exi/5ce1 9 ! v]nacul>1 & mu/ h prec$$ by a c5tury ! v]sions ( ,ra\l de ,presles1 ( ,john ,trevisa or ! ,h]mit ( ,hampole4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! ,briti% ,museum _h ano!r manuscript 9 prose1 ( p>ts ( a ,bible 9 ,flemi%1 writt5 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x is "p ( a translation made 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & 0 ! text us$ = ! ,bible pr9t$ 9 ,delft 9 #adgg4 ,so!by1 ,pr9cipia ,typographica1 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #abc4 ,! ,briti% ,museum has1 also1 a manuscript 9 ,flemi% ( five books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 made 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 #if ,x is a notewor?y fact t ! fir/ compla9t ( an unau?oriz$ read+ ( ! ,bible came f ! city :]e ! ,bible 0 fir/ pr9t$4 ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iii1 al>m$ at ! consequ5ces ( ?is innovation1 & writ+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 says he _h be5 in=m$ by ! bi%op ( ,m5tz t3 ,no small multitude ( laym5 & wom51 hav+ procur$ ! translation ( ! ,gospels1 ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 ! ,psalt]1 ,job & o!r books ( ,scripture to be made = !m into ,fr5*1 meet 9 secret conv5ticles to he> !m read & to prea* to ea* o!r1 & hav+ be5 reprim&$ = ?is by "s ( _! p>i% prie/s1 h )/ood !m1 alleg+ reasons f ! ,scriptures :y !y %\ld n be s =bidd54 ,"s ( !m1 too1 d]ide ! ignorance ( _! m9i/]s1 & ma9ta9 t _! own books tea* !m m ?an !y c le>n f ! pulpit1 & t !y c express x bett]4 ,al?\gh1 ,innoc5t proce$s1 ! desire ( read+ ! ,scriptures is r praisewor?y ?an repreh5sible1 yet !y are to be blam$ = frequ5t+ secret assemblies1 = usurp+ ! (fice ( prea*+1 = d]id+ _! own m9i/]s1 & = scorn+ ! company ( ^? :o d n concur 9 _! novelties4 ,he presses ! bi%op & *apt] to discov] ! au?or ( ?is translation1 :i* c\ld n h be5 made )\t a k ( lett]s4 ,he wi%$ to "k :at 7 8 int5tions1 & :at degree ( or?odoxy & respect = ! holy see ^? :o us$ x possess$4 ,9 ano!r lett] ,innoc5t compla9s t "s ( ! memb]s ( ?is association cont9u$ refractory1 & refus$ to obey ei!r ! bi%op or ! pope4 ,hallam1 ,middle ,ages4 #ig ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 pa9t+s ( ! ,dance ( ,dea? 7 9 all ! l>ge cities ( ,europe4 ,woltmann has di/9ctly /at$ ! causes :i* gave popul>ity to ^! horrible compositions4 ,! mis]y & unhapp9ess :i* at ?is p]iod m ?an any o!r visit$ ! nations ( ! ,we/1 increas$ m & m ! ascetic views on ! subject ( dea?4 ,! great aims & ideas ( m$ieval life _h pass$ away1 & ! ideas ( ! new p]iod 7 n[ fa/ beg9n+ to =m !mselves4 4 4 4 4 ,lic5ti\sness prevail$ 9 all l&s2 immod]ate fe/ivity & b\ndless excesses ( s5suality ga9$ m & m ! upp] h&4 4 4 4 4 ,^u ?is life ( self-w & self-indulg5ce1 ( riot & revelry1 ! t]rors ( dea? bur/ all ! m fe>fully4 ,9 addition to ! con/ant w>s1 ! acts ( viol5ce & ! %$d+ ( blood :i* prevail$ among m51 we f9d ! mo/ v>i\s al>ms 9 nature4 ,fam9e & desolat+ pe/il5ces1 & 9 ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury ! ,black ,dea?1 made _! fe>ful & triumphal progress ?r\gh ,europe4 ,to escape ! dread & ?\ght ( ?is mis]y1 m5 gave !mselves up on ! "o side all ! m passionately to ! intoxication ( ! s5ses2 b on ! o!r !y believ$ !mselves /ruck by ! v5geance ( ,god1 & s\ght = safety 9 contrition & rep5tance1 :i* (t5 l$ !m into ! mo/ repulsive =ms ( ec/asy4 ,b ! mo/ =cible s]mons exhort+ to rep5tance1 ! s]mons t spoke to ! p 9 ! mo/ intelligible =m1 7 ! figurative repres5tations :i* proclaim$ ! almighty p[] ( dea?4 ,holbe9 & 8 ,"t 7,bunnt's translation71 p4 #bdh4 #ih ,taill]es ymagi]s1 ! words ( ! record1 may be con/ru$ z engrav]s on wood1 or z c>v]s ( wood5 /atuettes2 b ! taill]es 71 probably1 engrav]s4 ,! frat]nity ( ,/4 ,luke consi/$ *iefly ( m5 :o made or contribut$ to ! mak+ ( books3 an engrav] w\ld prop]ly belong to ! guild4 ,! words taill]es ymagi]s sugge/ engrav+ q z cle>ly z =ms*neid] does 9 ,g]man4 #ii ,laborde1 a brilliant ,fr5* writ] on e>ly pr9t+1 :o traces ! orig9 ( pr9t+ to play+ c>ds1 ackn[l$ges its v ignoble orig9 ) evid5t mortification3--8,:at a "m = su* a son60 #ajj ,! hi/ory ( lit]ature1 l t ( ,empire1 is full ( revolutions2 our public libr>ies are cemet]ies ( dep>t$ reputation2 ! du/ accumulat+ ^u ^! unt\*$ volumes speaks z =cibly z ! grass t waves ov] ! ru9s ( ,babylon4 ,hallam1 ,middle ,ages4 #aja ,! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is made no opposition to ! free sale ( pap]4 ,x 0 n subject$ to taxes or duties 9 ,france1 n ev5 :5 oppressive taxes 7 levi$ on mo/ manufactures4 ,didot1 ,essai sur la typographie1 p4 #gcj4 #ajb ,a s*ool ord9ance ( ,bautz5 9 ,saxony1 dat$ #adah1 gives ! names & prices ( "s ( ^! books4 ,= an ,a ,b ,c & ,pat] ,no/]1 etc41 #a gros*52 = a good ,donatus1 or *ild's gramm>1 #aj gros*52 = a complete ,doctr9al1 #a half-m>k2 = ! ,fir/ ,"p1 #h gros*54 ,!re has also be5 pres]v$ ! adv]tisem5t ( "o ,dypold ,laub]1 a tea*] & copyi/ ( books at ,hag5au 9 ,g]many1 :o liv$ dur+ ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 f :i* we may ga!r a cle> notion ( ! books t 7 mo/ salable among ! p4 ,8 catalogue beg9s ) ! ,de$s ( ! ,romans1 ) illu/rations4 ,!n foll[ poetical works1 romances ( *ivalry1 biblical & leg5d>y works1 edify+ books1 religi\s books1 books = ! p1 =tune-tell+ books1 & o!r works ( l "*4 ,van d] ,l9de1 ,ha>lem ,leg5d ( ! ,inv5tion ( ,pr9t+1 pp4 #b1 #c4 #ajc ,b]n>d ,qu>it*1 ,catalogue ( ,block-,books1 #hvo4 ,octob]1 #ahgc1 pp4 #acgc-acge4 ,! title ( ! book1 z he gives x1 is ,e9 ,vorr$e das ,pu* hai/ wo*5li* ,&a* zu ,seligkayt d] weltli*5 ,m5s*54 #ajd ,!y 7 common dur+ ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,b]n>d1 ,de l'orig9e de l'imprim]ie1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #ajb4 ,f\rni]1 ,de l'orig9e et des productions de l'imprim]ie1 p4 #agf4 ,papillon1 ,trait hi/orique et pratique de la gravure sur bois1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #aja4 ,gui*>d1 ,notice sur le ,speculum1 p4 #aah4 ,!y h be5 notic$ also by ,passavant4 ,x is pla9 t copyi/s ev]y:]e recogniz$ ! utility ( engrav+4 #aje ,! engrav] or ! pr9t] ( ! book publi%$ x1 z all o!r books ( ?is k9d 7 publi%$1 )\t a pr9t$ title4 ,x has be5 describ$ by diff]5t au?ors "u ^! titles3 ,types & ,antitypes ( ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5t2 ,! ,hi/ories & ! ,prophecies ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 ,! ,typical ,h>mony ( ! ,bible2 ,typical ,illu/rations ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ,antitypical ,illu/rations ( ! ,new1 or ! ,/ory ( ,jesus ,*ri/ z told by ,engrav]s4 ,*atto calls x ! ,bible = ,poor ,prea*]s1 & claims t x 0 writt5 especially = _! use4 ,he objects to ! title1 ,bible ( ! ,poor1 z lead+ to ! errone\s op9ion t ! book 0 b\ght by ! poor ( ! laity1 :o1 he says1 7 unable to read 9 _! own language1 mu* less 9 ,lat94 ,?is obs]vation is true1 yet ,*atto's addition to ! old title is n really ne$$4 ,he ov]looks ! fact t ! *>m ( ! book 0 9 its pictures1 :i* c\ld be appreciat$ by ! poor ( ! laity z well z by poor prea*]s4 ,9 ?is s5se1 x 0 truly ! ,bible ( ! ,poor4 #ajf ,! ,briti% ,museum has a ,fr5* manuscript1 entitl$ ,figures de la ,bible1 9 :i* ! illu/rations occupy ne>ly all ! page1 leav+ room = little m ?an ! text t describes ! cuts4 ,! same libr>y has two copies 9 ,lat9 v]se ( an abridgm5t ( ! ,bible1 9 :i* ! text occupies ne>ly all ! page1 :ile ! illu/rations are 9 m9iature4 ,^! manuscripts ( ! f\rte5? c5tury are n ,bibles ( ! ,poor1 b !y %[ ! fondness = books ) biblical pictures4 #ajg #a4 ,an edition 9 ,lat91 ( fifty pages1 & suppos$ to h be5 engrav$ & pr9t$ by ,mel*ior ,wohlgemu? ( ,nuremb]g1 betwe5 ! ye>s #adej & #adfj4 ,only "o copy ( ?is book is kn[n4 #b4 ,an edition 9 ,g]man1 ( =ty pages1 by ,fri$ri* ,wal!r & ,hans ,hrn+1 at ,nordl+51 #adgj4 #c4 ,an edition 9 ,g]man1 attribut$ to ,spor]1 at ,erfur?1 9 #adge4 #ajh ,fifte5 copies are kn[n ( ! edition "h specifi$ z ! fir/4 ,he9ek51 notic+ little dissimil>ities ( design & engrav+ 9 _m ( ^! copies1 says t !y prove ! exi/5ce ( five di/9ct editions4 ,= simil> reasons1 ,so!by says t !re are six editions4 ,! weight ( au?ority favors ! classification ( ^! fifte5 copies 9 "o edition4 #aji ,jackson & ,*atto1 ,treatise on ,wood ,engrav+1 pp4 #gh-hj4 #aaj ,! ,bible ( ! ,poor has always be5 consid]$ z "o ( ! mo/ valuable ( block-books1 b copies h be5 sold at widely v>y+ prices1 z may be se5 9 ! annex$ /atem5t1 compil$ f ,so!by's ,pr9cipia ,typographica3 ,willet copy1 #ahac #bde gu9eas4 ,+lis copy1 #ahbf #cfl4 #aes4 ,willet copy1 #ahcc #cfl4 #aes4 ,lucca copy1 #ahdh #hil4 #es4 ,/ev5s copy1 #ahdi #aal4 #abs4 ,sykes copy1 #ahbd #ahl4 #ags4 #f;d4 ,r5dorp copy1 #ahbe #agl4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,devon%ire copy1 #ahae #bajl4 #aaa ,?ree typographic editions ( ! ,bible ( ! ,poor h be5 pr9t$3--#a4 ,an edition by ,alb]t ,pfi/]1 at ,bamb]g1 9 #adfa4 ,9 ?is edition1 ! engrav+s are small & co>sely cut4 #b4 ,an edition by ,an?o9e ,vr>d1 9 ,p>is1 ab\t #aejj4 ,?is edition is a close imitation1 beautifully pr9t$1 ( ! fir/ xylographic edition1 ) explanations 9 ,fr5* on ! back ( ! engrav$ pages & on supplem5t>y leaves4 #c4 ,an edition ( v diff]5t arrangem5t1 hav+ #aah small wood-cuts1 pr9t$ by ,giovanni ,&rea ,vavassore detto ,vadagn9o ( ,v5ice1 betwe5 #aeae & #aebj4 ,b]jeau1 ,biblia ,paup]um1 p4 #ag4 #aab ,! great prices paid = copies ( ! book seem to %[ t ?is is a v g5]al belief4 ,so!by has wisely put "s ( !m on record 9 8 ,pr9cipia ,typographica4 ,gaignat copy #cjj francs4 ,la ,vallire copy #hjj francs4 ,crev5na copy #eaj flor9s4 ,wilks copy1 #ahdg #gdl4 ,bri5ne-,laire copy #fjj francs4 ,lang copy1 #ahbh #del4 ,v]duss5 copy #bdj flor9s4 ,cors] copy1 #ahgc 7,qu>it*7 #eejl4 ,+lis copy #dgl4 #es4 ,briti% ,museum copy1 #ahde #afjl4 ,qu>it*'s1 #ahgc #bjjl4 ,/[e copy1 #ahdi #ial4 #aac ,a section consi/s ( two or m %eets fold$ toge!r1 s t "o leaf w be )9 ano!r1 z %eets ( fold$ lett] pap] are ne/$4 ,if five qu>t] quires ( lett] pap] 7 sew$ toge!r1 & b\nd1 ! book s b\nd1 9 b9d]s' phrase1 w\ld h five sections4 #aad ,biblio!ca ,sp5c]iana1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #d1 z quot$ by ,ottley1 p4 #ii4 #aae ,?is book is sometimes describ$ z ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 or ,! ,prefiguration ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y f ! ,song ( ,songs4 #aaf ,x is probable t ! c[l$ f>m]s repres5t ! lay bro!rs1 !n v num]\s 9 ne>ly e ?rifty mona/]y4 ,! f>m]s1 but*]s1 bak]s1 c>p5t]s & useful me*anics 7 (t5 p]mitt$ to we> ! dress & %>e "s ( ! privileges ( ! monks1 on condition t !y %\ld d ! s]vile "w1 & accept z a full rew>d ! ri* bless+s ( mona/ic pray]s & masses4 #aag ,^! devices give u no c]ta9 clue to ! engrav] or pr9t] ( ! book1 b !y are ( value 9 assi/+ u to asc]ta9 ! purpose = :i* ! book 0 made4 ,!re are no old manuscript copies ( ! book1 b !re are _m evid5ces t x 0 design$ & produc$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x w\ld seem t ?is pictorial v]sion ( ! ,canticles 0 design$1 n s mu* to illu/rate ! prefiguration ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 z ! t]m9ation ( a great s*ism :i* _h divid$ ! ,ca?olic *ur* betwe5 ! ye>s #acgh & #addi4 ,*ri/5dom _h be5 sc&aliz$ by ! rule ( two1 &1 = a %ort p]iod1 ( ?ree rival popes4 ,x 0 believ$ t ?is s*ism 9 ! *ur* w\ld h be5 clos$ by ! action ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance1 :i* t]m9at$ 9 #adah2 b ?is result 0 n accompli%$ until #addi1 :5 ,ni*olas ,v became ! only pope4 ,! design] ( ! pictures has treat$ ! return ( ,*ri/5dom to ! rule ( "o pope z ! reconciliation ( ,*ri/ ) ! *ur*4 ,to give special significance to ! subject1 he has introduc$ ! armorial %ields ( ! magnates at ! c\ncils4 ,x may be t ! engrav+s 7 made 9 #adbj1 b x c\ld be ma9ta9$ ) plausibility t !y 7 made aft] ! dissolution ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,basle 9 #addh4 #aah ,! full title ( ! book is1 z giv5 by ,he9ek51 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y1 collect$ f ! ,evangeli/s & ! ,fa!rs1 & ,illu/rat$ by ,engrav+s4 ,dibd9 calls x1 ,! ,def5se ( ! ,immaculate ,conception ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y4 #aai ,! read+ %\ld be1 ,mon cur avez1--y h my he>t1--! ^w he>t be+ repres5t$ n by lett]s1 b by a draw+4 #abj ,! foll[+ synopsis ( ! "w is cond5s$ f ! translation ( ! text ( ! book1 z giv5 by ,so!by 9 8 ,pr9cipia ,typographica1 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ch-de3 ,anti*ri/ is born 9 ,babylon4 ,he yields himself to lu/ ( wom5 at ,be?saida4 ,he is circumcis$1 & ann\nces himself z ! ,messiah4 ,he is in/ruct$ 9 magic & all sorts ( evil4 ,elias & ,eno* come d[n f ,heav5 & prea* aga9/ him4 ,anti*ri/ deceives ! _w by sup]ior eloqu5ce2 he p]=ms miracles2 8 apo/les prea* to ! k+s ( ,lybia & ,e?iopia1 & 8! que5 ( ! ,amazons1 & ! ,r$ ,jews40 ,all ! k+s ( ! _w are conv]t$ to ,anti*ri/2 he condemns unbeliev]s to /range tortures2 he kills ,elias & ,eno*4 ,he repeats ! hi/ory ( ! resurrection2 he bids ! :ole _w witness 8 asc5t to ,heav5 f ! ,m\nt ( ,olives4 ,! ,almighty !n gives ! ord]--8,mi*ael1 /rike him dead2 ,i w no long] be> ) ! unju/40 ,anti*ri/ is c>ri$ to ,hell1 :]e he is receiv$ by ! ,devil & 8 allies4 ,anti*ri/ be+ dead1 pr9ces & p become ,*ri/ians1 & !re is only "o fai?4 ,b ! p fe> ! ,day ( ,judgm5t4 ,^! are "s ( ! signs ( ! great & t]rible day3 ,! sea %all rise =ty ells above ! m\nta9s2 x %all !n s9k away & vani%4 ,! sea %all burn4 ,trees & plants %all sweat blood4 ,!re w be e>?quakes4 ,build+s & trees %all fall d[n 9 hopeless ru94 ,/ones %all fly up 9 ! air4 ,wild bea/s gr[ tame ) fright1 & run to m5 = help4 ,! dead arise4 ,/>s fall f ,heav54 ,heav5 & e>? are burnt up & *aos comes aga94 ,at ?is po9t ! imag9ation ( ! design] 0 exhau/$3 he _h done 8 be/4 ,! page foll[+1 :i* %\ld h be5 fill$ ) an illu/ration1 is judici\sly left blank4 ,! la/ engrav+ is t ( ! resurrection ( ! bless$4 #aba ,! c5tral figure 9 ! l[] illu/ration1 ! meek & prie/ly p]sonage :o1 surr\nd$ by gambol+ devils1 & ) a monkey p]*$ ^u 8 back1 walks ) measur$ pace & uplift$ eyes1 is ! ,anti*ri/4 ,?is is ! introduction to ! explanatory text3 ,anti*ri/ is in/ruct$ by adepts1 :o tea* him to make gold1 ! art ( magic1 & all sorts ( evil4 ,& ?is takes place at ! city nam$ ,corosaym4 ,& ?is /&s also writt5 9 ! ,comp5dium ,!ologi4 ,& our ,"l curses ! said city 9 8 gospel1 & says ?us3 8,woe to !e1 ,corosaym60 ,"h1 we see ,anti*ri/ goes f ,cap]naum to ,j]usalem1 & he !re ann\nces himself z holy4 ,& h]e( is also writt5 9 ! book ,comp5dium ,!ologi4 ,& our ,"l1 9 ! gospel1 also curses ?is city1 & speaks ?us conc]n+ x3 8,woe to !e1 ,cap]naum60 #abb ,! ,lat9 title is ,ars ,memor&i1 notabilis p] figuras evangeli/>um4 #abc ,! bibliographic title is ,ars ,mori5di1 or1 lit]ally1 ,! ,art ( ,dy+1 b ! "w is m cle>ly describ$ by ! p>aphrase ,h[ to ,die ,becom+ly4 ,x is also kn[n z ,! ,temptations ( ,demons4 #abd ,john ( ,gamundia 0 a ma!matician & pr(essor ( a/ronomy4 ,at 8 dea?1 9 ! ye> #addb1 he 0 *ancellor ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,vi5na4 ,! cal5d>s made by him 7 highly e/eem$1 & 7 engrav$ & pr9t$ = _m ye>s aft] 8 dea?4 ,9 8 rese>*es aft] old pr9ts1 ! late ,r4 ,z4 ,beck]1 ( ,go?a1 discov]$ "o ( ! orig9al blocks ( a plac>d or po/] edition ( ! ,cal5d> ( ,john ( ,gamundia4 ,he describes x z ab\t #aj-c_/d in*es wide1 #ae-a_/d in*es long & #a-a_/b in*es ?ick4 ,! block 0 engrav$ on bo? sides4 #abe ,*atto says t ! practice ( di/ribut+ pictures or pr9ts ( a religi\s "* at mona/]ies & %r9es to ^? :o visit !m is n yet ext9ct 9 ,europe4 ,9 ,belgium x is /ill cont9u$1 &1 ,i believe1 also 9 ,france1 ,g]many & ,italy4 ,! figures1 h[ev]1 are n g5]ally impressions f wood blocks1 b are1 = ! mo/ "p1 :olly execut$ by means ( /5cils4 ,"o ( ! latt] class1 repres5t+ ! %r9e ( ,notre ,dame de ,hal1 color$ 9 ! mo/ wret*$ ta/e ) brick-du/ r$ & %9+ gre51 is n[ ly+ be=e me4 ,x 0 giv5 to a g5tleman :o visit$ ,halle1 ne> ,brussels1 9 #ahbi4 ,x is ne>ly ( ! same size z _m ( ! old devotional wood-cuts ( ,g]many1 be+ ab\t f\r in*es high by two & ?ree-qu>t]s wide4 ,treatise on ,wood ,engrav+1 pp4 #eg1 #eh4 #abf ,! ,bro!rhood ( ! ,life-9-,common may1 p]haps1 be reg>d$ z an exception4 ,madd5 9 8 ,lettres d'un bibliographe has %[n t ?is frat]nity 7 mu* int]e/$ 9 ! production ( books1 & t !y _h a pr9t+ (fice 9 a mona/]y at ,cologne2 b he has n yet made x appe> t !y did ! manual labor4 #abg ,s\!y says t1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 _m educat$ m5 compla9$ t ! reputation ( le>n+1 its privileges & rew>ds1 7 l[]$ :5 x 0 ?r[n op5 to all m54 ,x 0 s]i\sly propos$ 9 ,italy to prohibit ! publication ( any book co/+ less ?an ?ree soldi4 ,! amus+ insol5ce manife/$ by au?ors1 s*ol>s & read]s t[>d ! e>ly developm5t ( lit]ature 9 any new field1 or by a new me?od1 is a subject t c\ld be amply illu/rat$4 ,! city ( ,new-,york furni%es a comp>atively rec5t example 9 ! field ( j\rnalism4 ,! daily newspap]s ( #ahce1 :i* 7 !n sold = six c5ts ea*1 refus$ to recognize ! rightful exi/5ce ( ! new daily !n sold = "o c5t4 ,s /rong a prejudice 0 creat$ aga9/ 8! p5ny pap]10 t _m timid m5 7 afraid to be se5 ) ! despis$ %eet 9 _! h&s3 ! six-p5ny pap]s 7 respectable1 & ! p5ny pap] 0 vulg>4 ,! same contemptu\sness 0 manife/$ :5 duodecimos supplant$ ! folios & qu>tos--:5 books b\nd 9 clo? took ! place ( books b\nd 9 lea!r4 ,! despis$ =ms ( pr9t+ h _h _! rev5ge4 ,! rod ( ,a>on has swall[$ its rivals4 #abh ,! full title ( ! book is ,donatus de octibus p>tibus orationis1 or ,donatus on ! ,eight ,p>ts ( ,spee*4 ,x is sometimes designat$ z ,donatus pro pu]ilis1 or ! ,donatus = ,little ,boys4 #abi ,?is extract is f ! *apt] entitl$1 8,:51 :]e1 & by :om 0 f\nd out ! unspeakably useful art ( pr9t+ books80 ,x conta9s /atem5ts ( value1 :i* w be quot$ at great] l5g? on an advanc$ page4 #acj ,!re c be no d\bt :atev] ab\t ! g5u95ess ( ^! blocks4 ,!y 7 b\ght 9 ,g]many1 ab\t two hundr$ ye>s ago1 by ,f\cault1 ! m9i/] ( ,l\is ,,xiv ( ,france4 #aca ,van d] ,l9de says t ! ,donatus & ,abec$>ium1 a religi\s prim] h]eaft] to be notic$1 are us$ 9 all ! religi\s s*ools ( ,italy to ?is day4 ,i look ) melan*oly respect at an ,abec$>ium1 a little octavo ( f\r leaves1 ,il ,sillab>io1 pr9t$ 9 our "t 9 #ahfb1 at ,a/i4 ,b5ea? ! head+1 ,jesus ,m>ia1 ! ,alphabet foll[s1 & aft] t ! ,pat] no/]1 ,ave1 & ,cr$o4 ,beside ! ,sillab>io1 ,i h a little gramm> entitl$ ,donato ad uso delle scuolle second>ie4 ,nuova editione accresciuta e ri=mata4 ,p9]ola1 c41 #ahfe4 4 4 4 ,! e/eem 9 :i* ^! ,ca?olic s*ool-books1 ^? f\l spr+s f :i*1 = in/ance1 ,erasmus drew ! fir/ elem5ts ( ,lat91 7 held1 0 s great t ! fir/ ef=ts ( ! humani/s to improve !m 7 reg>d$ z h]esy1 & heav5 & e>? 7 mov$ aga9/ su* dang]\s de/roy]s4 4 4 4 ,donatuses 7 pr9t$ 9 e place :]e s*ools 7 e/abli%$1 & :]e ! art ( pr9t+ 0 introduc$4 ,! ,ha>lem ,leg5d1 p4 #c4 #acb ,sometimes describ$ "u ! title ( ,speculum ,human ,salvationis4 #acc ,jackson & ,*atto1 ,treatise on ,wood ,engrav+1 p4 #hc4 ,! book 0 writt5 = ! in/ruction ( ! travel+ m5dicant fri>s :o _h1 s9ce ! ?irte5? c5tury1 gradually monopoliz$ prea*+ & ! pa/oral "w ( ! settl$ cl]gy4 ,provid$ ) no?+ b a little ,*ur* ,lat91 & !re=e too ignorant to d]ive _! disc\rses f orig9al s\rces1 !y felt ! want ( homiletic & cate*etical assi/ance z an aid to _! und]/&+ & memory4 ,picture books1 ) a brief explanatory text1 7 ! be/ means ( supply+ ?is want4 ,h5ce orig9at$ repres5tations ( ! my/ic relation betwe5 ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ( :i* ! ,biblia ,paup]um is ! fir/ fruit4 ,van d] ,l9de1 ,ha>lem ,leg5d1 p4 #c4 #acd ,!re is an edition1 ) a text 9 ,lat9 & 9 ,g]man1 :i* 0 pr9t$ at ,augsburg 9 #adga2 !re are _m editions 9 ,g]man only1 "s )\t dates1 & o!rs ) dates ( #adgf1 #adib1 & #aejj2 a ,flemi% edition by ,veld5] 9 #adhc2 & v>i\s editions 9 ,fr5*4 #ace ,!re are two copies ( ! book :i* exhibit ! blemi% ( a leaf made up ( two di/9ct pieces ( pap]1 ea* piece pr9t$ by a diff]5t impression1 b s pa/$ toge!r z to con/itute "o p]fect page4 ,we d n c]ta9ly "k ! cause t made ?is pat*work necess>y1 b x w\ld seem t a gross blund] _h be5 made 9 ! pr9t+-(fice2 p]haps a transposition ( l9es by ! compositor1 or illegible presswork by ! pressman4 ,x 0 necess>y t ! %eet conta9+ ! error %\ld be cancel$ & replac$4 ,b ! frugal pr9t] refus$ to de/roy ! entire page = an error conf9$ to b half a page4 ,he tore (f ! l[] half ( ! leaf1 & replac$ x by atta*+ a piece ( :ite pap] to ! bottom ( ! upp] half1 :i* conta9$ ! engrav+ 9 br[n ink4 ,on ?is pa/$ piece ( :ite pap]1 he took a correct$ or p]fect impression f ! types4 ,9 ?is copy1 ! impression1 :i* deeply ind5t$ ! pap] 9 ! d\ble ?ickness :]e x 0 pa/$1 proves t ! types 7 pr9t$ aft] ! engrav+s4 ,!re is ano!r copy 9 :i* ! illu/ration on ! upp] half ( ! %eet 0 cancel$1 & replac$ by ! same me?od4 #acf ,ottley1 select+ "o lett] = exam9ation f a great numb] ( lett]s ( ! same k9d1 f\nd t x 0 always ! same :]e-ev] x occurr$1 n only 9 ! fir/1 b 9 ! second edition4 ,kon+ & ,en*$1 pursu+ a badly ca/ or defective lett]1 f\nd t ! peculi> blemi%es ( ?is lett] re-appe>$ 9 o!r lett]s on _m pages4 ,?is precision ( =m is ! peculi>ity ( typography3 x proves t ! lett]s ( unv>y+ uni=mity c\ld n h be5 made by any engrav] on wood1 b mu/ h be5 produc$ by a m\ld4 #acg ,! ,lat9 & ,dut* editions ( ! ,speculum ma9ta9 su* a rem>kable con=mity ) ea* o!r 9 ! engrav+s1 9 ! types1 9 ! quality ( ! pap]1 9 ! presswork1 & 9 e typographic feature1 t x is evid5t t ! f\r editions 7 publi%$ 9 ! same c\ntry & by ! same pr9t]4 ,z all bibliograph]s1 :atev] !ory !y may h conc]n+ ! orig9 ( pr9t+1 attribute1 )\t hesitation1 ! ,dut* edition ( ! ,speculum to ,holl&1 ! ,lat9 editions %\ld also be attribut$ to ,holl&4 ,gui*>d1 ,notice sur le ,speculum1 pp4 #aah & #aai4 ,?is is ! op9ion ( all bibliograph]s except ,he9ek54 #ach ,! fac-simile giv5 by ,holtrop 9 8 ,monum5ts typographiques pres5ts ! foll[+ measurem5ts1 9 ,am]ican in*es3 ,9 ! ,lat9 edition1 describ$ 9 ?is book z ! fir/1 #be l9es measure #e-a_/b in*es4 ,9 ! ,dut* edition1 "h describ$ z ! ?ird1 #bg l9es measure #e-a_/b in*es4 ,9 ! ,dut* edition1 "h describ$ z ! f\r?1 #bf l9es measure #e-a_/b in*es4 ,z we f9d no indication ( ! use ( leads or ?9 blanks to increase ! di/ance betwe5 l9es1 x w\ld seem t ! types ( ! ?ree editions 7 ca/ 9 diff]5t m\lds4 ,so!by's fac-similes1 :i* seem to h be5 made ) equal c>e1 d n exactly agree ) ^? tak5 f ,holtrop's book4 ,!re are1 no d\bt1 diff]5ces ( size1 n only 9 ! fac-similes1 b 9 ! orig9al copies ( ! book4 ,all[ance mu/ be also made = ! unequal %r9kage on diff]5t leaves ( ! v ?ick pap]1 :i* may h be5 unequally damp5$1 & unequally ext5d$ be=e pr9t+4 #aci ,:5 a new engrav+ on wood1 9 imitation ( an old "o1 is desir$1 ! mod]n engrav] does n r$raw1 b transf]s ! subject1 sub/antially by ! foll[+ process3 ,! back ( ! pr9t to be copi$ is moi/5$ ) a solution ( alkali1 or ( b5z9e1 :i*1 soak+ ?r\gh ! pap]1 =ms a new comb9ation ) ! oil 9 ! ink4 ,! black ( ! ink is !reby lib]at$1 s t x c be completely remov$ by firm pressure4 ,! pr9t s treat$ is !n laid1 face d[nw>d1 on ! block1 & ! free black is transf]r$ to ! block by ! pressure ( a burni%]1 or ( a press4 ,! black re-appe>s on ! block1 b 9 a prop]ly rev]s$ position1 ready = ! tool ( ! engrav]4 #adj ,! neglect ( engrav+ on wood by ! e>ly typograph]s has frequ5tly be5 notic$ z a /range fact4 ,x 01 no d\bt1 induc$ by ! difficulties enc\nt]$ 9 try+ to pr9t wood-cuts ) types4 ,! blocks w\ld w>p & crack 9 spite ( all precautions4 ,! evil 0 b p>tially *eck$ by dim9i%+ ! size ( ! blocks4 ,to evade ! annoyance produc$ by w>p$ blocks1 "s pr9t]s engrav$ l>ge illu/rations on sep>ate pieces ( wood1 :i* 7 r\ghly fitt$ to ea* o!r1 b n conjo9$4 ,o!r pr9t]s pr9t$ ! wood-cuts ( _! books by a sep>ate impression4 ,z ^! illu/rations 7 pr9t$ 9 ! same black ink :i* 0 us$ = ! text1 ! d\ble impression is r>ely ev] notic$1 n ev5 by ! practical pr9t]4 #ada ,! ,dut* folio ( ,jan de ,m&eville1 plac$ by ,holtrop ab\t #adgj1 z a "w ( pr9t+1 is s bad t ! e>lie/ editions ( ! ,speculum are ma/]pieces by ! side ( x4 ,! "w ( an unkn[n ,s*i$am pr9t] ( ! latt] "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury is equally bad4 ,! ,brussels incunabula ( ! ,bro!rhood ( ! ,life-9-,common are bad2 ^? ( ,arnold t] ,hoorne at ,cologne 7#adga-hc7 are sometimes b>b>\s4 ,he9ek5 m5tions a book pr9t$ 9 ,augsburg 9 #aeeg1 & says3 8,if ! "n ( ! engrav] on wood & ! date _h n be5 f\nd1 "o might ?9k t ?is 0 ! olde/ book 9 ! _w40 ,9 ! s]ies ( ! diff]5t ,dut* incunabula ( ?is k9d1 ! ,speculum pres5ts itself v favorably2 x is n badly1 b well pr9t$2 x is n a fir/ exp]im5t1 b ! fruit ( practice4 ,dr4 ,van d] ,l9de1 ,ha>lem ,leg5d ( ! ,inv5tion ( ,pr9t+1 p4 #cg4 #adb ,! frisket ( ! mod]n h&-press is a light frame-"w ( iron1 :i* is cov]$ l a kite1 ) a %eet ( pap] pa/$ to ! edges4 ,j be=e ! act ( impression1 ?is frisket is plac$ betwe5 ! =m ( ink$ types & ! %eet ( pap] prep>$ to receive ! impression4 ,! (fice ( ! frisket is to prev5t ! %eet f be+ black5$ by any?+ b ! face ( ! types4 ,= ?is purpose1 e "p ( ! page to be pr9t$ is neatly cut out ( ! pap] mask pa/$ on ! frisket4 ,e "p ( ! %eet t %\ld rema9 unpr9t$ is mask$ or cov]$ by ! uncut pap] ( ! frisket4 ,:5 ! impression is tak51 ! %eet receives only ! impression f ! type1 & is unsoil$ by ! ink t accumulates ab\t ! types & _! fixtures4 #adc ,veld5]1 :o 0 a ,g]man1 &1 probably1 a pupil ( ,ulric ,zell ( ,cologne1 began to pr9t at ,l\va9 9 #adgc4 ,l _m pr9t]s ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 he mov$ 8 pr9t+ (fice f place to place4 ,he pr9t$ at ,l\va9 9 #adgc2 at ,utre*t 9 #adgh2 at ,culemburg 9 #adhc4 ,! la/ book be>+ 8 impr9t is dat$ #adhd4 #add ,= a fac-simile 7f ,holtrop7 ( ?is face ( type see page #bgg4 #ade ,a full] notice ( ,cornelis ! b9d] w be giv5 9 ! *apt] on ! ,leg5d ( ,co/]1 9 :i* 8 relations to e>ly pr9t+ w be describ$4 ,att5tion may be call$ to ! significance ( ! fact t no fragm5ts ( any book 9 ! types ( ! ,speculum h be5 f\nd 9 ! cov]s or b9d+ ( any manuscript book ( e>li] date ?an #adfg4 #adf ,?is "w 0 9 use z late z ! reign ( ,*>les ,v4 ,x 0 enjo9$ by him t a pr9t] %\ld furni% )\t alt]ation 8! little book comm5c+ ) ! alphabet1 ! little book :i* directs h[ to bless ! table 7grace at meals71 & ! little book :i* directs h[ to answ] at ! holy mass40 ,van d] ,l9de1 ,ha>lem ,leg5d1 p4 #b4 #adg ,hessels does n describe ?is z ,type ,,viii1 b z ! ,type ( ! ,ens*$ ,abec$>ium4 ,he ?\ght x 8advisable to sep>ate ^! two little works ! ,donatus & ! ,abec$>ium1 :i* are pr9t$ 9 ?is face1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 f ! o!rs0 b he admits t ! types ( ^! books be> ! family lik5ess & _c be omitt$4 #adh ,b]jeau1 :o accepts ?is ,abec$>ium z "o ( ! fir/ products ( ! inv5tion1 says t impositions ( eight pages seem m complex ?an !y really are--t ! pr9t] _h b to fold a %eet1 to m>k ! pages & !n unfold ! %eet1 to see ! me?od at a glance4 ,?is reason+ is speci\s1 b x is inconclusive4 ,x 0 ! argum5t ( ! c\rti]s ) ,columbus aft] he _h /ood ! egg on its end4 ,anybody c d x4 ,simple z ! process may seem1 ! imposition ( eight pages ( type 9 "o =m 0 n done by any ( ! e>ly pr9t]s1 & we h to inf] t !y did n "k h[ to d x4 #adi ,caxton1 :o pr9t$ ?\s&s ( pages 9 folio1 made use ( b eight fonts4 ,blades1 ,life & ,typography ( ,caxton1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 xxvii4 ,gut5b]g1 :o practis$ pr9t+ = ?irty ye>s1 did 8 "w ) n m ?an six fonts ( type4 ,s*ff]1 :o 0 a pr9t] & publi%] = =ty-?ree ye>s1 made use ( b six fonts4 #aej ,leon ,de la ,borde1 ,debut de l'imprim]ie ,/rasb\rg1 pp4 #gj1 #gb4 #aea ,leads are v ?9 pieces ( metal :i* are ins]t$ betwe5 ! l9es ( types to increase ! di/ance betwe5 ! l9es1 & to give ! pr9t$ page a m op5 & invit+ appe>ance4 #aeb ,?is app>5tly easy me?od ( demon/rat+ ! practicability ( types ( wood has be5 attempt$ by _m writ]s4 ,wett]1 ! au?or ( a valuable hi/ory ( pr9t+1 publi%$ 9 8 book a page pr9t$ f types ( wood1 :i* he (f]$ z conclusive evid5ce t types ( wood c\ld h be5 made & 7 made by ! e>ly pr9t]s4 ,b 8 types ( wood are l>g] ?an ^? ( ! ,speculum1 & !y are also provid$ ) leads to keep !m 9 l9e4 ,not)/&+ ^! precautions1 !y are m out ( l9e ?an ! types ( ! ,speculum4 ,me]man1 9 8 ,orig9es ,typographic1 pr9t$ a few words f types ( wood ) a simil> result2 b he %[$ a practical disbelief 9 8 own !ory1 by engrav+ all ! fac-similes ( ! alleg$ types ( wood ^u plates ( copp]4 ,! sub/itution ( copp] = wood 01 virtually1 an ackn[l$gm5t ( ! impracticability ( wood types4 ,s*9kel1 a ,dut* pr9t]1 0 m successful ?an ei!r ,me]man or ,wett] 9 obta9+ a good impression f small types ( wood1 b he subsequ5tly admitt$ t 8 success 0 b a trick1 & t x did n prove t !y c\ld be us$ 9 ! ord9>y practice ( pr9t+4 ,lon ,de la ,borde aft]w>d conc$$ t types ( wood w\ld be impracticable4 #aec ,! impracticability ( types ( wood is clev]ly /at$ by ,ens*$3 8,i h ex]cis$ pr9t+ = ab\t fifty ye>s1 & ,i h cut lett]s & figures = my fa!r's & my own pr9t+ (fice 9 wood ( palm1 pe>1 & m$l> trees2 ,i h n[ be5 a type-f\nd] = upw>ds ( ?irty ye>s2 b to d su* ?+s z ^? le>n$ g5tlem5 ,junius & ,me]man pret5d t ,laur5s ,co/] & 8 heirs h done1 nei!r ,i nor ,papillon ! mo/ clev] wood-engrav] ( ,france are able to und]/&1 nor ! arti/s ,albre*t ,dur]1 ,de ,gray1 & ,iz4 ,van d] ,v9ne ei!r2 b su* le>n$ m5 :o dream ab\t wood5 movable lett]s make ,laur5s ,janzoon ,co/] use wit*craft1 = ! h&s ( m5 are n able to d x4 ,to pr9t a book ) capitals ( ! size ( a ?umb1 z on plac>ds1 ,h\se & ,gr\nd1 :i* are cut 9 wood1 & :i* ,i h cut myself by hundr$s1 w\ld be ridicul\s2 to d x ) wood5 lett]s ( ! size ( a p9's head is impossible4 ,i h made exp]im5ts ) a few ( a some:at l>g] size4 ,i made a wood5 slip ( ,text ,corpus a body ab\t ! size ( ,long-prim]1 & drew ! lett]s on ! wood or slip2 !reupon ,i cut ! lett]s4 ,i _h left a space ( ab\t ! size ( a saw betwe5 ea* lett] on purpose1 & ,i _h no want ( f9e & good tools2 ! only "q n[ 0 to saw ! lett]s ma!matically squ>e (f ! slip4 ,i us$ a v f9e little saw1 made ( a v ?9 spr+ ( ,engli% /eel1 s clev]ly made t ,i d\bt :e!r our ,laur5s ,janszoon _h a saw half z good2 ,i did all ,i c\ld to saw ! lett]s /raight & p>allel1 b x 0 impossible2 !re 0 n a s+le lett] :i* c\ld /& ! te/ ( be+ ma!matically squ>e4 ,:at n[ to d8 ,x 0 impossible to poli% or file !m4 ,i tri$ x1 b x c\ld n be done by our type-f\nd]'s :et/ones1 z x w\ld h injur$ ! lett]s4 ,9 %ort1 ,i saw no *ance1 & ,i feel sure t no engrav] is able to cut sep>ate lett]s 9 wood1 9 su* a mann] t !y reta9 _! quadrature1 = t is ! mo/ important "p ( ! "w ( type-ca/+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,i wi%$ to give my tr\ble & "t to x1 ,i %\ld be able to execute ! ?ree words1 ,spiegel onz] ,beh\d9is1 bett] ?an ! ,rott]dam arti/ has done 9 ! ,lat9 works ( ,m4 ,me]man2 b x is impossible1 ridicul\s1 & m]ely *im]ical1 to pr9t books 9 ?is mann]40 ,van d] ,l9de1 ,ha>lem ,leg5d1 pp4 #gb1 #gc4 #aed ,?is ta/e = v>iety 9 ! %ape ( lett]s 0 m cle>ly exhibit$ 9 ,greek & ,g]man ?an 9 ,roman types4 ,! ,greek types ( ! sixte5? c5tury are s full ( ligatures & v>iants1 t !y are undeciph]able to ! s*ol> :o has be5 taught ! language only 9 mod]n text books4 ,s f> f try+ to make lett]s readable1 ! lit]ati ( t p]iod tri$ to make !m obscure3 !y 7 evid5tly det]m9$ n to make ! acquisition ( ! language easy = _! successors4 ,:5 ,francis ,i ( ,france e/abli%$ ! royal pr9t+ (fice1 he engag$ a skillful ,greek p5man to design additional v>ieties ( contractions4 ,two c5turies aft]w>d1 ,pi]re ,f\rni]1 ! y\ng]1 a type-f\nd] ( ,p>is1 comm5d$ ! ,greek types ( 8 own manufacture z mu* less complicat$ ?an any ,greek types !n 9 use4 ,b ,i c\nt #ggf *>act]s 9 ! font4 ,m ?an #cjj ( ,f\rni]'s contractions1 once e/eem$ z admirable graces1 h be5 reject$ by mod]n type-f\nd]s4 ,blades1 :o has made a c>eful analysis ( ! *>act]s us$ by ,caxton1 %[s t 9 ! face describ$ by him z #a !re are at lea/ #afg di/9ct *>act]s4 ,b #bd ( ^! are capitals & #ha are d\ble lett]s4 ,9 faces #b & #b99 !re are #chj *>act]s1 exclusive ( figures1 spaces & m>ks ( punctuation4 #aee ,blades1 9 8 ,life & ,typography ( ,william ,caxton1 has giv5 a practical illu/ration ( ^! *anges 9 ,plate ,,ix ,b1 :i* also illu/rates ! feasibility ( types ( pure lead1 = a notice ( :i* see next page4 #aef ,! mo/ approv$ process 9 ! mod]n art ( /]eotyp+ is t 9 :i* ! m\ld is made ( calc9$ gypsum or pla/]4 ,! same mat]ial is us$ by type-f\nd]s 9 ! manufacture ( ! l>ge/ types ( metal4 ,! *eapness ( s&1 & ! ease ) :i* x c be work$1 make x ! mo/ s]viceable ( mat]ials = all f\nd]s :o wi% to produce *eap ca/+s4 #aeg ,to satisfy 8 own d\bts z to ! feasibility ( ca/+ small types 9 m\lds ( s&1 ,b]n>d1 ( ,p>is1 gave to a brass-f\nd] ! types ( a few ,roman capital lett]s z ! models f :i* he reque/$ f\nd$ duplicates4 ,he *>g$ ! f\nd] n to dress nor f9i% ! face ( ! f\nd$ lett]s1 nor to give !m m ?an ord9>y c>e4 ,! f\nd$ lett]s s made 7 pr9t$ by ,b]n>d 9 8 hi/ory z practical illu/rations ( ! feasibility ( s& m\lds4 ,!y lack ! f9i% ( types made by ! pr(essional type-f\nd]2 !y look l badly worn types1 b !y are legible4 ,! brass-f\nd] assur$ ,b]n>d t a workman c\ld make "o ?\s& simil> types 9 "o work+ day4 ,b]n>d !n gave to ?is f\nd] sep>ate types ( a ^w 9 ,go?ic lett]s & reque/$ him to furni% duplicates ( ^! types f\nd$ on "o body4 ,! duplicates return$ %[$ ! v defects ( ! types ( ! ,speculum2 ! ?ick l9es 7 spott$1 & ! lett]s 7 out ( l9e4 ,b]n>d's impression %[s t ! movable types :i* made ! ^w 7 jo/l$ or trivially di/urb$ at ! in/ant ( m\ld+4 ,a di/urbance ( ?is nature w\ld expla9 ! irregul>ity ( l9e & ! r\nd+ ( ! edges4 ,! spott$ & ragg$ edges ( ! f\nd$ ^w 7 probably caus$ by ! r\ghness ( ! m\ld+ s&1 or by ! /ick+ fa/ to ! m\ld ( bits ( metal4 ,x is a prop] inf]5ce t 9 bo? cases ! defects 7 ! imp]fections ( ! same process4 ,! exp]im5t ( ,b]n>d fully prov$ ! feasibility ( mak+ small types 9 s& m\lds4 #aeh ,9 ! s& m\ld1 ! hot metal is p\r$ 92 9 ! metal m\ld1 :e!r work$ by h& or ma*9e1 ! hot metal is =c$ or ca/ 94 ,! phrase 8ca/+ type10 :i* implies a sudd5 ?r[ or viol5t j]k1 has entirely supplant$ ! old] phrase ( 8f\nd+ type40 #aei ,didot1 ,essai sur la typographie1 p4 #fjg4 #afj ,! process seems impracticable1 b :oev] c>efully /udies ! ,briti% & ,am]ican pat5t reports1 w f9d specifications ( inv5tions 9 typography t are mu* m absurd4 ,!re c be no d\bt ( _! use4 ,kon+ cites "o ,m4 ,fleis*man1 :o _h n only se5 conjo9$ matrices 9 ! type-f\ndry ( ,c4 ,h>dwi*1 ( ,nuremb]g1 b _h exp]im5tally ca/ types f !m 9 an old m\ld t appe>s to h be5 made = ?is express purpose4 ,speckel9us1 ,paul ,pat]1 ,me]man1 ,s*oepfl91 ,spiegel1 & o!r e>ly *ronicl]s1 h specifically m5tion$ types pi]c$ ) a hole1 & b\nd toge!r ) wire4 ,^! s-call$ types 7 ei!r pun*es or matrices4 ,kon+1 l',orig9e1 etc41 de l'imprim]ie1 p4 #ab4 #afa ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 9 8 autobiography1 has giv5 a curi\s description ( 8 attempt to supply 8 defective pr9t+ (fice ) types ca/ 9 matrices ( lead3 8,our pr9t+ h\se (t5 want$ sorts1 & !re 0 no lett]-f\ndry 9 ,am]ica2 ,i _h se5 types ca/ at ,james's 9 ,london1 b )\t mu* att5tion to ! matt]2 h[ev]1 ,i contriv$ a m\ld1 & made use ( ! lett]s we _h z pun*eons1 /ruck ! matrices 9 lead1 & ?us suppli$ 9 a pretty tol]able way all defici5cies4 ,i also engrav$ sev]al ?+s on occasion2 made ! ink2 ,i 0 w>eh\se-man1 &1 9 %ort1 q a factotum40 #afb ,diss]tation sur l'orig9e1 l'inv5tion1 etc41 de l'imprim]ie1 p4 #ah4 #afc ,x has be5 %[n t book types mu/ be on squ>e bodies4 ,z a necess>y consequ5ce e =m ( types mu/ be squ>$4 ,if ! l9es ( types 9 any page are n ( uni=m l5g? 9 ! metal1 & ! page is n truly squ>$1 ! =m _c be h&l$ nor pr9t$4 ,b al?\gh ! l9es are ( uni=m l5g? 9 ! metal1 !y d n always appe> s 9 pr9t4 ,! la/ l9e ( a p>agraph is frequ5tly %ort2 l9es ( poetry are always ( an irregul> l5g?4 ,to make ! =m squ>e1 & yet produce ?is desir$ irregul>ity at ! end ( e %ort l9e1 ! compositor ins]ts metal blanks1 te*nically kn[n z quadrats4 ,z ^! blanks are ab\t "o-?ird %ort] ?an ! lett]s1 !y are n t\*$ by ! ink+ roll]2 !y receive no ink & take no impression1 & are consequ5tly invisible to ! read]4 ,quadrats are n[ reg>d$ z an indisp5sable "p ( e font ( types1 b ! appe>ance ( ! ,speculum %[s t ! pr9t] ( ! book _h to d 8 "w )\t !m4 ,t he knew ! utility ( quadrats is app>5t1 = he us$ l[ types z spaces betwe5 words4 ,8 imp]fect press compell$ him to reject quadrats at ! end ( %ort l9es1 & to fill ! blanks ) be>]s4 #afd ,to protect types 9 places simil>ly expos$1 /]eotyp]s ins]t at ! extreme ends ( %ort l9es types ( flat face expressly design$ = ?is object1 :i* are usually kn[n z gu>ds4 ,:5 ! plates h be5 made p]fect 9 o!r po9ts1 ! gu>ds are no long] ne$$1 & are cut away4 ,:5 books 7 pr9t$ on h& presses dur+ ! fir/ half ( ?is c5tury1 pressm5 sometimes pa/$ on or tack$ on ?9 /rips ( wood ar\nd ! =ms ( types to %ield ! ends ( l9es f injury4 ,x is a /range surprise to enc\nt] ?is mod]n me?od ( protect+ types f injury 9 "o ( ! e>lie/ books4 #afe ,a pap]-m>k is an opaque design on ! web ( ! pap]1 plac$ !re to enable ! buy] to id5tify a p>ticul> manufacture4 ,x is made by b5d+ ! wires on :i* ! moi/ pulp is c\*$ 9 "s peculi> %ape :i* leaves its impression on ! pap] :5 x is p]fect$4 ,c]ta9 sizes ( pap] are ev5 n[ kn[n by ! names ( m>ks t are no long] us$4 ,foolscap once bore ! m>k ( a fool's head ) cap & bells2 ,po/ once _h ! m>k ( a po/-boy's horn4 ,pap]-m>ks are n[ made *iefly = ! f9] qualities ( writ+ pap]s4 ,! illu/rations ( old pap]-m>ks1 on ! foll[+ pages1 7 tak5 f ,kon+1 & are ab\t "o-eigh? ( ! orig9al size4 #aff ,wat]-m>ks h mu* less weight 9 bibliography ?an "s writ]s h attribut$ to !m4 ,9 v few in/ances c a prime limit be fix$ = _! use2 &1 z ! m>ks might be repeat$1 & ! pap] itself kept = any l5g? ( "t1 & import$ to any place1 !y _c be us$ z evid5ce ei!r ( ! date :51 or place :]e1 !y pass$ ?r\gh ! press4 ,blades1 ,william ,caxton1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 ,,xviii4--,! results ( ! exam9ation ( ! pap]-m>ks are1 = ! pres5t1 mo/ly negative4 ,van d] ,l9de1 ,ha>lem ,leg5d1 p4 #hf4 #afg ,hessels1 ,ha>lem ,leg5d1 p4 xvii4 #afh ,ha>lem ,leg5d1 p4 #ce4 #afi ,b]n>d1 ,de l'orig9e et des dbuts de l'imprim]ie1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ig & #ih4 #agj ,b]n>d1 ,de l'orig9e et des dbuts de l'imprim]ie1 vol4 ,i4 p4 #ih4 #aga ,! phrase c\ld be appli$ to ! =ms ( ! lett]s 9 ! books1 )\t reg>d to ! quality or any peculi>ity ( ! pr9t+ or ! b9d+4 ,two =ms ( writ+ 7 !n 9 use3 "o1 a black angul>1 & some:at cond5s$ =m ( ,go?ic "*1 :i* is def9$ 9 ,f\rni]'s ,manuel typographique z lettres de =me1 or lett]s ( precision2 ! o!r1 a r\nd1 light-fac$1 m c>eless & m popul> =m ( lett]s1 nam$ by him z lettres de somme4 ,to ?is day1 c>efully writt5 b disconnect$ lett]s1 :e!r upright or incl9$1 are colloquially kn[n z pr9t lett]s4 ,! doctr9al :i* 0 put 9 =m may h be5 writt5 9 lettres de =me4 ,! phrase gett en molle c\ld h be5 fairly appli$ to ^! precise lett]s1 9 contradi/9ction to ! m c>eless %apes ( ! lettres de somme4 #agb ,leon de ,bubure1 9 a pap] publi%$ 9 ! ,bullet9s de l'acadmie royale de ,belgique1 #b;d s]ies1 vol4 ,,viii1 ,no4 #aa1 %[s t pr9t+ 0 practis$ at ,antw]p z e>ly z #adag4 ,he submits an extract f ! records ( ! city 9 :i* x appe>s t "o ,jan ! pr9t] publicly ackn[l$g$1 ,augu/ #e?1 #adag1 t he 0 indebt$ to ,william ,ts]neels1 manufactur] ( p>*m5t1 9 ! sum ( #b p\nds #ab %ill+s #d p5ce1 = :i* he b\nd himself & 8 *attels4 ,x seems t ?is ,jan ! pr9t] receiv$ a v lib]al cr$it1 = !re are o!r ackn[l$gm5ts ( obligations = l>g] am\nts1 all incurr$ 9 #adag4 ,aft] ?is date 8 "n does n aga9 appe> on ! record4 #agc ,van d] ,me]s*1 ,imprimeurs ,belges et ,nerl&ais1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #ib4 #agd ,"s ( ! evid5ces t h be5 adduc$ to prove ! priority ( typographic pr9t+ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s are really ludicr\s4 ,9 #aggg1 ,desro*es1 a memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,brussels1 publi%$ a pamphlet1 9 :i* he und]took to prove t ! art ( pr9t+ books 0 practis$ 9 ,fl&]s 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,8 au?ority 0 an old rhym$ *ronicle ( ,brabant1 writt5 by ,ni*olas1 cl]k ( ! city ( ,antw]p4 ,9 t "p ( ! *ronicle :i* n>rat$ ev5ts be=e #acac1 x is /at$ ( "o ,ludwig1 t 8,he 0 "o ( ! fir/ :o discov]$ ! me?od ( ,/amp+ :i* is 9 use to ?is day40 ,desro*es con/ru$ ! ^w ,/ampi5 z pr9t+4 ,b ! context %[s t ?is ,ludwig 0 a fiddl]1 & t he _h inv5t$ no?+ m ?an a me?od ( beat+ "t by /amp+ ) ! foot4 ,9 o!r examples :i* might be adduc$1 x is pla9 t ! ^w translat$ z pr9t+ does n mean pr9t+ ) ink4 ,?is ^w has be5 made to s]ve 9 notices ( emboss+1 /amp+1 /5cil+ & m\ld+4 #age ,hessel's translation1 z giv5 9 ,! ,ha>lem ,leg5d ( ,van d] ,l9de1 p4 #h4 #agf ,van d] ,l9de takes exception to ?is "p ( ! *ronicle4 ,he says t ,zell's k ( geography 0 confus$1 & t he wrote ,holl& :]e he %\ld h writt5 ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,8 reasons = sugge/+ ?is correction are1 t ! manufacture ( block-books & ! pr9ts ( images1 & ! cultivation ( lit]ature & ( lit]>y arts1 dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 7 9 _! mo/ fl\ri%+ condition 9 ! cities ( ,bruges1 ,antw]p1 ,brussels & ,l\va91 all ( ! ,s\!rn ,ne!rl&s1 :ile !y 7 comp>atively neglect$ 9 ,ha>lem1 ,leyd51 ,delft & ,utre*t1 ( ! ,nor!rn ,ne!rl&s4 ,at t p]iod ,holl& _h n tak5 its place z ! =emo/ /ate ( ,europe1 9 its *ampion%ip ( lib]ty & civilization4 #agg ,van d] ,l9de1 ,ha>lem ,leg5d1 p4 #ff4 #agh ,behold :at favor is due to ! writ+6 ,comp>e "w ) "w & exam9e copy ) copy i4 e4 notice ! uni=mity ( ! lett]s4 ,consid] h[ cle>ly1 h[ neatly1 h[ h&somely1 ,john ,brito1 a citiz5 ( ,bruges1 pr9ts ^! works1 hav+ discov]$ a v wond]ful art1 nobody hav+ in/ruct$ him1 & ! v a/oni%+ implem5ts also1 n less praisewor?y4 #agi ,van ,praet says t ! ^w imprimit1 or pr9t$1 0 frequ5tly us$ by ! scribes & copyi/s ( t p]iod z ! equival5t ( scripsit1 or wrote4 ,x 0 also us$ to describe pa9t+ by /5cils4 ,notice sur ,col>d ,mansion1 p4 #aa4 #ahj ,! same face ( types 0 us$ by ,ma*l9ia ( ,london4 ,x w\ld seem t ,veld5] 0 n only work+ z a pr9t]1 b t1 ev5 at ?is date1 he 0 do+ bus9ess1 to "s ext5t1 z a manufactur] ( types = ! trade4 #aha ,! date usually assign$ = ! introduction ( pr9t+ 9 ,cologne is #adff1 b "s au?ors suppose1 & ,hessels & ,madd5 say x is probable1 t ,ulric ,zell began to pr9t !re z e>ly z #adfb4 #ahb ,we h 9 ?is c\ntry two rem>kable illu/rations ( attempts to make types by m5 :o _h no exp]i5ce 9 type-f\nd+4 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9's exp]im5t is m5tion$ 9 ! note on page #cjc4 ,9 #agid1 ,w+ & ,:ite ( ,h>t=d1 m5 entirely ignorant ( type-f\nd+1 und]took to make type1 nev] hav+ se5 a type-m\ld4 #ahc ,hessel's translation z giv5 9 ! ,ha>lem ,leg5d1 p4 #ej4 #ahd ,! comm5ts ( a mod]n critic on ! /range omissions ( ?is positive /atem5t are to ! po9t3 8,?is =getfulness ( ,coornh]t has always seem$ to me "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ peculi>ities ( ! ,ha>lem leg5d4 ,h[ c x be6 ,"h is a man1 v le>n$1 v patriotic1 :o appreciates ! importance ( ! discov]y1 :o cont5ds ) zeal to e/abli% = 8 c\ntry ! honor ( be+ ! cradle ( ! greate/ ( mod]n inv5tions4 ,he kn[s ! "n1 ! family "n & ! family ( ! inv5tor1 & he does n divulge !m to 8 fell[-citiz5s6 ,?is surpasses belief4 ,& :at %all we say ( ! burgoma/] ,van ,zur58 ,he writes a special treatise to retrieve ! glory ( ! inv5tion to ! honor ( ! city ( :i* he is a magi/rate1 b x nev] occurs to him t he %\ld honor ! memory ( ! inv5tor--,i w n say by a monum5t ( "s k9d1 = t might be dem&+ altoge!r too mu*--b at lea/ by a m5tion1 by "s s\v5ir1 by giv+ 8 "n to "s /reet1 or /ill less1 by a simple record 9 a book4 ,x is n possible to f9d ano!r example ( a =getfulness s incr$ible40 ,c4 ,ruel5s1 ,bibliophile ,belge1 vol4 ,,iii1 #ahfh4 #ahe ,ottley's translation z quot$ 9 ,johnson's ,typographia1 vol4 ,i1 #ab4 #ahf ,an attempt$ play or pun on ! ,lat9 fau/us1 happy4 ,b ! ,g]man pr9t]'s "n 0 n ,fau/1 b ,fu/4 ,?is pun 0 ! orig9 ( ! error4 #ahg ,9 ,junius's description ( ! ?ief1 !re is a /range confusion ( s+ul> & plural4 ,beg9n+ ) ! specification ( "o ,john z ! ?ief1 ! /ory ends ) an intimation t !re 7 two ?ieves4 ,?is sub/itution ( !y = he is n a typographical error1 nor is x a slip ( ! p54 ,x seems to h be5 int5d$ to su/a9 ! ins9uation ( ! complicity ( ,fu/ 9 ?is !ft4 #ahh ,! full title ( ! book f :i* ?is translation 0 made is ,hadriani ,ivnii ,hornani1 ,m$ici ,batavia4 ,9 qua prt] g5tis insul antiquitatem1 orig9em1 decora1 mores1 aliaque1 ad eam hi/oriam p]t9antia1 decl>atur qu fu]it vetus ,batavia4 ,ex4 (fic4 ,plant9iana1 #aehh1 #dto4 ,hadrianus ,junius 0 born at ,hoorn1 9 ! ye> #aeaa4 ,8 education1 z a boy1 0 receiv$ at a gramm> s*ool 9 ,ha>lem2 z a "y man at ! univ]sity ( ,l\va94 ,9 #aecg1 ) "o ,m>t9 ,co/]us1 he made a t\r 9 =eign c\ntries4 ,9 #aedj he obta9$ f ! univ]sity ( ,bologna ! degree ( doctor ( m$ic9e4 ,two ye>s aft]w>d he 0 liv+ 9 ,p>is4 ,9 #aedc he w5t to ,engl&1 & = six ye>s succe$+1 he 0 employ$ z physician to ! duke ( ,norfolk4 ,soon aft] ! dea? ( ! duke1 he publi%$ 9 ,london a ,greek lexicon1 :i* enhanc$ 8 reputation z a s*ol>1 b did n m5d 8 =tunes4 ,9 #aeei he return$ to ,ha>lem1 :]e he m>ri$ a lady ( weal?4 ,?ree ye>s aft] 8 m>riage he accept$ ! appo9tm5t ( tutor to ! cr[n pr9ce ( ,d5m>k1 b f9d+ f9d+ t ! position or ! climate 0 disagreeable1 he resign$ ! (fice4 ,9 #aefc he 0 appo9t$ t[n physician1 & rector ( ! ,lat9 gramm> s*ool at ,ha>lem1 :i* appo9tm5ts he held until #aefi4 ,ab\t ?is p]iod he wrote ,nom5clator1 a lexicon 9 eight languages1 & ,batavia1 a description ( ,holl&4 ,at v>i\s times he 0 =mally invit$ to ent] ! s]vice ( ! k+s ( ,hung>y1 ,pol& & ,d5m>k4 ,william ( ,orange s5t front ,delft = 8 s]vices z a physican3 at a meet+ ( ! deputies f ! ,/ates1 he nom9at$ ,junius z ! hi/orian ( ,holl&4 ,9 #aegd he 0 made t[n physican at ,middleburg1 ) a lib]al sal>y & a free liv+4 ,:5 ,ha>lem 0 captur$ 9 #aegc by ! ,spani>ds1 ! libr>y ( ,junius 0 plund]$1 & _m ( 8 manuscripts 7 de/roy$4 ,he took ?is calamity greatly to he>t1 & di$ at ,arnemuid5 9 #aege4 ,ju/us ,lipsius said he 0 ! mo/ le>n$ ,ne!rl&] aft] ,erasmus4 #ahi ,! publication ( ,batavia1 ! "w ^u :i* ! fame ( ,junius re/s1 seems to h be5 sugge/$ to ,william ( ,orange by ,junius himself1 :o expect$ to receive f ! ,/ates a sal>y = 8 s]vices z hi/orian4 ,9 #aefe1 ! "q ( sal>y1 fir/ nam$ at #bjj p\nds ( #dj groots1 0 put to vote4 ,! prud5ce ( ! ,dut* "* is %[n 9 ! delib]ations ( ! deputies4 ,ha>lem1 ,delft1 ,leyd51 & ,g\da ass5t$2 ,dordre*t & ,am/]dam reque/$ "t = its consid]ation4 ,dordre*t aft]w>d cons5t$1 b on condition t ! money %\ld be paid out ( ! taxes2 t ,junius %\ld publi% a volume e ye>2 & t he %\ld publi% no?+ )\t ! approval ( ! ,/ates4 ,9 ! meantime o!r ,/ates rec$$ f _! action1 say+ t ! publication 0 ill-tim$ dur+ a p]iod ( g5]al di/ress4 ,aft] "s influ5ces _h be5 us$1 ! ,/ates gave a grudg+ & qualifi$ ass5t4 ,9 #aegj1 ,junius petition$ = ! paym5t ( #bjj guild]s1 z he _h !n f9i%$ ! fir/ book ( ! hi/ory4 ,! petition 0 n favorably receiv$1 & its consid]ation 0 po/pon$ = "o ye>1 at :i* "t x 0 f9ally decid$ by ! deputies to pay ,junius #cjj guild]s1 to prohibit him f publi%+ ! fir/ volume ( ! book ) a d$ication to ! ,/ates1 & to release him f all obligation to cont9ue ! "w4 ,?is disp>ag+ treatm5t ( ! au?or prev5t$ ! publication ( ! book ) ! complet5ess & at ! "t ,junius _h propos$4 ,aft] 8 dea? ! manuscripts ( ,batavia 7 collect$ & transcrib$ by 8 son ,pet]1 :o1 ) ,pet] ,d\za1 und]took ! publication4 ,! book 0 publi%$ dur+ #aehh1 f ! (fice ( ,*ri/oph] ,plant91 at ,antw]p4 ,! selection ( a pr9t] 9 a neighbor+ city %[s t !re 0 !n no compet5t pr9t] at ,ha>lem4 ,x is ano!r evid5ce ( ! indiff]5ce ( ! p ( ,ha>lem t[>d typography4 #aij ,he relates n z a leg5d1 b z v]itable hi/ory1 t ! virg9 ,sot]1 :o possess$ b ?ree p5nies1 gave !m = ! build+ ( a *ur* 9 ,dordre*t4 ,o!r ?ree p5nies 7 miracul\sly & regul>ly f\nd 9 h] purse1 & 7 z regul>ly be/[$1 until ! *ur* 0 built4 ,he repeats1 ) simplicity1 ! /ory ( ! elev5 ?\s& virg9s ( ,cologne1 :o came f ,engl& to ! n[ unkn[n port ( ,v]ona 9 ,holl&4 ,he says t a c]ta9 /one 9 a *ur* 9 ,leyd5 0 once a loaf ( bread1 & t ! transub/antiation 0 made by a curse4 ,he =mally records ! deliv]y by "o ,m>g>et1 c\ntess ( ,h5n5b]g1 ( #cfe babies--a miracle1 writes ,van d] ,l9de1 8t makes y ?9k ( an upset pot ( %rimps40 ,junius adds t ?is w\ld be a miracle beyond belief1 if x _h n be5 atte/$ by ! au?ority ( public monum5ts 4 4 4 4 b he accepts ! common belief4 ,^! examples ( ! cr$ul\sness ( ! au?or ( ,batavia w>n u n to accept 8 criticisms on o!r traditions4 ,junius beg9s 8 description ( pr9t+ at ,ha>lem ) a solemn decl>ation ( 8 int5tion to tell ! tru?4 ,! decl>ation ( c&or is n ne$$3 :at ! read] ( ,batavia does ne$ is1 n ! prote/ation ( ! int5tion ( ! au?or to tell ! tru?1 b "s conv9c+ evid5ce ( 8 ability to di/+ui% ! true f ! false4 ,8 preface is long1 p$antic1 & 9 e way irrelevant1 z may be inf]r$ f a glance at ! foll[+ classical names :i* he has spr9kl$ 9 ! fir/ p>agraph3 ,c>neades1 ! ,daught] ( ,"t1 ,democritus1 ,phnicians & ,egyptians1 ,cadmus1 ,a!nians1 ,greeks & ,!bans1 ,cecrops1 ,philo/ratus1 ,l9us1 ,tacitus1 ,palam$es1 ,hyg9us1 ,c>m5ta1 ,ev&]1 ,crassus1 ,scvola & ,plut>*6 #aia ,9 ! ye> #afcj1 ,adri5 ,rooman1 ( ,ha>lem1 publi%$ a pr9t :i* conta9$ ! engrav$ repres5tation ( a pr9t+ (fice1 to :i* he put ! words--8,inv5t$ at ,ha>lem ab\t #adcj20--;b 8,! magi/rates & citiz5s ( ,ha>lem1 9 ev]la/+ remembrance ( ! ev5t & ! man10 erect$ a monum5t 9 front ( ! ,co/] h\se1 ) an inscription on x1 :i* fix$ ! date at #addj4 #aib ,lamb9et cau/ically obs]ves t ! romance ( ,junius obeys ! dramatic law ( unity1 9 "t1 place1 & h]o2 ! typographic art is inv5t$ complete 9 "o day4 ,! vague language ( ,junius has be5 us$ z a prop] w>rant = a v lib]al con/ruction ( ! date4 ,:5 ,van ,l5nep object$1 9 #ahbc1 to ! *im]ical ye> ( ! inv5tion1 #adbc1 fix$ ^u by a ,ha>lem committee1 ! synod enjo9$ him3 8,if he w aga9 c>efully read ! acc\nt ( ,junius1 & n =sake1 out ( 8 prejudice1 all common s5se1 he w pla9ly see himself1 & be oblig$ to ackn[l$ge1 t ,junius said n a s+le ^w ab\t ! "t ( ! inv5tion40 ,van d] ,l9de1 ,! ,ha>lem ,leg5d1 p4 #fh4 #aic ,!re has be5 mu* dispute conc]n+ ! functions ( ?is keep]4 ,junius says t ?is ,l\r5s ,janszoon 0 ! keep] ( a *ur*2 t ?is keep]%ip 0 an honor>y (fice :i* belong$ to ,co/]'s family by h]$it>y "r4 ,! duties ( ! (fice seem to h be5 ^? ( a *ur* tru/ee4 ,"s writ]s say t ?is cu/os 0 no?+ m ?an a sexton1 b x is ( no mom5t :e!r cu/os means sexton or tru/ee4 ,! c>e ) :i* ,junius introduces evid5ces ( ! respectability ( ,co/]'s h\se & ! dignity ( 8 family implies 8 fe> t !re might be1 on ! "p ( a he$less read]1 "s d\bt conc]n+ ! social position ( a cu/os4 ,no?+ is said ( ! ance/ors ( ,co/]4 ,probably1 !re 0 reason = ?is omission4 ,co/]'s di/9ction 9 ,ha>lem 0 n t ( patrician blood4 ,8 weal? 0 n1 s f> z we c le>n1 d]iv$ f any inh]itance1 nor c\ld x h be5 acquir$ ?r\gh ! emolum5ts ( a cu/os1 :i* 0 an honor>y b n a lucrative (fice4 ,he _h be5 engag$ 9 "s occupation :i* ,junius consid]$ d]ogatory to 8 dignity4 ,( ?is occupation we %all he> m h]eaft]4 #aid ,! assurances ( 8 weal?1 leisure & respectability seem to h be5 provok$ by ! publi%$ /atem5ts1 ) :i* ,junius 0 famili>1 t ,gut5b]g1 ! rival ,g]man inv5tor1 0 ( noble bir?4 ,x is n ! only in/ance 9 :i* ! ,dut* leg5d is ! e*o ( ! ,g]man hi/ory4 ,! fir/ co9cid5ce is t ,co/]1 l ,fu/1 0 indebt$ to 8 son-9-law = valuable assi/ance 9 p]fect+ typography4 ,& bo? sons-9-law 7 nam$ ,pet]4 #aie ,if ,junius _h n said t ,co/] *ang$ ! *>act]s ( wood = lett]s ( lead & ( t91 & t ! false workman 0 exp]t 9 compos+ lett]s & 9 f\nd+ types1 !re might be "s d\bt :e!r ^! *>act]s ( wood 7 made disconnect$ or conjo9$4 ,8 language is obscure1 = he has us$ ! words =m & "* z ! equival5t ( type1 :]e ^! words c\ld be appli$ ) equal propriety to a lett] engrav$ on a block4 ,?is obscurity 0 n caus$ by ! pov]ty ( ! ,lat9 language1 = he aft]w>d describ$ types ) cle>ness4 ,!re 0 obvi\sly "s confusion 9 ! m9d ( ,junius4 ,x is n c]ta9 t he cle>ly und]/ood ! broad diff]5ce betwe5 typography & xylography2 x is c]ta9 t he int5d$ to convey ! idea t ,co/] 0 ! inv5tor ( pr9t+ 9 its broade/ s5se--! inv5tor ( pr9t+ f blocks z well z f movable types4 ,! absurdity ( ?is broad claim mu/ be obvi\s to all :o h read ab\t e>ly image pr9ts & play+ c>ds & ! pr9t$ fabrics ( ,italy & ,sicily4 #aif ,! w9e-flagons ( ,?omaszoon may h _h "s features :i* c>ri$ conviction to ! obs]v] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 b ! mod]n read] ( ! /ory w fail to see t !y %\ld h be5 made ( worn-out types4 ,b ! t9 w9e-flagons & ! noticeable h\se on ! m>ket-place are n to be despis$4 ,useless z pro(s ( ! cr$ibility ( ! leg5d ( ,junius1 !y illu/rate to "s ext5t ! p$igree ( ! ,co/] family1 a p$igree ) :i* ,junius 0 well acqua9t$1 b = :i* he c\ld f9d no place 9 8 leg5d4 ,^! w9e-flagons 7 ! pewt] pots ( a tav]n ab\t a c5tury old4 #aig ,!re 7 _m ,johns among ! e>ly pr9t]s ( ,m5tz3 ,john ,fu/1 ,john ,gut5b]g1 ,john ,pet]%eim1 ,john ,meyd5ba*4 ,:5 x 0 ?\ght prop] to acquit ,fu/ ( ?is accusation1 ,john ,gut5b]g 0 select$ z ! man2 b ! discov]y ( records :i* prov$ t ,gut5b]g 0 mak+ exp]im5ts 9 typography at ,/rasburg dur+ ! ye> #adcf1 compell$ ! )drawal also ( ?is accusation4 ,me]man1 ) a skill 9 casui/ry equal to ! occasion1 !n und]took to prove t !re 7 two ,gut5b]gs--bro!rs1 b ) diff]5t surnames--,johan ,g5sfleis*1 ! eld]1 & ,johan ,gut5b]g1 ! y\ng]2 & t x 0 ! eld] bro!r :o betray$ ,co/] & reveal$ ! secret to ,john ,gut5b]g4 ,x 0 a weak artifice4 ,g]man hi/orians h fully prov$ t ,gut5b]g's bro!r ,frielo _h no?+ to d ) typography2 t ,john ,g5sfleis*1 ! eld]1 0 an uncle1 n a bro!r1--old1 ri* & bl9d--( all m51 mo/ incapable ( any attempt at ! purlo9+ or practis+ ( an intricate art l pr9t+4 ,!re is no evid5ce to inculpate ,pet]%eim or ,meyd5ba*4 #aih ,! /ory ( !ft is n only improbable1 b x is unsupport$ by ext]nal evid5ce4 ,jacobus ,kon+1 a dilig5t se>*] 9 ! ar*ives ( ,ha>lem1 discov]$ t1 on & aft] ,*ri/mas day1 #addj1 ! con/abul>y ( ,ha>lem 7 (t5 s5t to ,am/]dam ^u important bus9ess4 ,! inf]5ce attempt$ is t ! con/ables 7 9 se>* ( ! workman :o /ole ,co/]'s implem5ts4 ,! records d n say t !y 7 s5t = a ?ief4 ,_! bus9ess 0 ( ano!r nature4 ,!re _h be5 a great mortality 9 ,ha>lem1 & ! (fic]s ( ! t[n _h left x :ile ! pe/il5ce 0 rag+4 ,! j\rneys ( ! con/ables 7 made to ! tempor>y resid5ces ( ! magi/rates :o1 f a m heal?y city1 s5t directions = ! gov]nm5t ( ! t[n4 ,kon+ knew ?is fact b suppress$ x4 ,! accusation ( unfair practice1 is frequ5tly made by m5 :o h be5 defeat$ 9 a fair conte/4 ,:5ev] su* an accusation is accompani$1 z x 0 9 ?is in/ance1 ) dramatic details1 x effects a lodgm5t 9 ! popul> belief1 f :i* x is n easily remov$4 ,junius 0 n ! fir/1 nor ! la/1 to use ?is discr$itable b effective me?od ( mak+-up a case4 ,!re is an old ,fr5* record :i* n>rates h[ ,ni*olas ,j5son 0 s5t f ,p>is to ,m5tz 9 ! ye> #adeh to get a k ( ! ,g]man inv5tion4 ,j5son did acquire ?is k1 & became an em95t pr9t]4 ,8 detractors say t he /ole ! secret2 8 eulogi/s say t he le>n$ no?+1 t he 0 ! real inv5tor4--,! /ory ( ,ri*>d ,atkyns ab\t ! ,engli% !ft is too full ( absurdities = criticism4--,sometime betwe5 #aebj & #aegj1 ,daniel ,speckl9 wrote a *ronicle ( ,/rasburg1 9 :i* he relates t pr9t+ 0 inv5t$ at t city 9 ! ye> #addj1 by ,john ,m5tel2 t ,m5tel's unfai?ful s]vant1 "o ,john ,g5sfleis*1 /ole ! secret1 n ! pun*es1 & took x to ,m5tz4--,!re is a popul> leg5d 9 ,italy t ,pamphilo ,ca/aldi inv5t$ pr9t+ types at ,feltre 9 ! ye> #adej2 t ,john ,fu/1 :o happ5$ to be 9 ! t[n1 ab/ract$ ! k ( ! inv5tion1 c>ri$ x to ,m5tz1 & arrogat$ all ! honors ( ! rightful inv5tor4 #aii ,x 0 on ! inn] cov] or b9d+ ( ?is acc\nt book t ! fragm5t ( a typographical ,donatus 0 f\nd4 ,see page #bei4 #bjj ,lamb9et _h reason to speak ( ! ag$ witnesses1 ,cornelis1 ,gallius & ,talesius1 z 8walk+ & talk+ c5turies40 ,van d] ,l9de *>act]i/ically describes ! /ory ( ,junius z 8a /ory 9 :i* all ! au?orities he> ! pr9cipal facts 9 _! infancy1 b only to communicate !m to ea* o!r 9 _! second *ildhood40 #bja ,erasmus says3 8,all ^? :o apply !mselves to ! sci5ces are "u no small obligations t[>d ! excell5t t[n ( ,m5tz1 on acc\nt ( ! excell5t & almo/ div9e inv5tion ( pr9t+ books ) t9 lett]s1 :i*1 z !y assure u1 0 born !re40 #bjb ,to satisfy ^! d\bts1 & to bridge ! *asm betwe5 ,co/] ( #addj & ,bella]t ( #adhc1 ,me]man und]took to %[ t ,co/]'s ?ree gr&sons1 ,pet]1 ,&rew & ,?omas1 cont9u$ ! practice ( typography & pr9t$ _m small works4 ,dr4 ,de ,vries ma9ta9$ t 8!re 0 aft] ,co/]'s dea?1 until ab\t #adgj1 an un9t]rupt$1 c>efully conceal$ practice ( pr9t+4 4 4 4 ,t !re exi/$ 9 ,holl& = _m ye>s a sem9>y ( ! practic]s ( ! art is confirm$ by _m & /rong evid5ces40 ,b ,de ,vries (f]s conjectures = evid5ces4 ,hi/ory is sil5t ab\t ! pr9t+ (fice t 0 conduct$ by ! sons ( ,co/]4 ,?is (fice & ^! pr9t]s 7 really creat$ by ,me]man to fill a disagreeable gap 9 ! /ory ( ,junius--a gap n se5 by any ( 8 num]\s comm5tators f ,scriv]ius to ,seiz4 ,!re is no book t be>s _! names2 !re is no record t m5tions !m z pr9t]s2 !re is n ev5 a tradition t !y _h any?+ to d ) pr9t+4 ,if _! names _h n appe>$ ^u ! p$igree ( ,g]rit ,?omaszoon1 we %\ld "k no?+ ( !m4 ,! typographical successors ( ,co/] are z fictiti\s z _! prog5itor4 #bjc ,wolf1 ,monum5ta ,typographica1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #aic & #fba4 #bjd ,laurecrans voor ,laur5s ,co/] von ,ha>lem1 e]/e ,v9d] von de ,boeck-druck]y1 etc4 ,ha>lem1 #afbh4 ,repr9t$ 9 ,dut*1 ) description 9 ,lat91 9 ,wolf's ,monum5ta ,typographica1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #bji-dea4 ,! poetry ( ,scriv]ius is z :imsical z 8 prose4 ,"h is 8 *>ge ( !ft aga9/ ,john ,gut5b]g3 ,ah1 rascal6 ah1 are y !re8 is x y ,hans ,gut5b]g]8 ,:y does ?is "n become y8 ,yes1 two-fold rascal1 & worse6 ,notori\s by !ft1 oh %ameless man6 ,?is ^w is /ill too mild = y\r villa9y4 ,because y conceal$ ,laur5s' good & c>ri$ x away1 ,& /ole x falsely3 s he> we n[ speak ,( ,go$5b]gh]'s praise2 h[ev] !y disguise x1 ,by ! ,go$5-b]g !y betray ! ,guyt5-7rogue7b]g4 #bje ,cond5s$ f ,hessels' translation 9 ,ha>lem ,leg5d1 p4 #aac-ad4 #bjf ,wolf1 ,monum5ta ,typographica1 vol4 #a1 pp4 #hac-hfh4 #bjg ,seiz1 ,annus ,t]tius ,sculoris ,inv5t ,artis1 etc4 ,ha>lem1 #agdb4 #bjh ,cond5s$ f ,hessels' translation 9 ,ha>lem ,leg5d1 p4 #abc4 #bji ,john ,ens*$ !n said t 8,jans5 ,ko/] us$ no wood5 movable lett]s1 z lat]1 & /ill liv+ s*ol>s ,me]man ass]t--s*ol>s :o "k no?+ ( ! me*anism ( type-f\nd+--& :o1 !re=e1 g5tly sw]ve f ! pa? ( simple tru?40 ,me]man's reason = rat+ ?is ,dut* edition ( ! ,speculum z fir/ ( all 0 ! inf]ior appe>ance ( ! types & ! pr9t+1 :i* inf]iority1 he ma9ta9$1 _h be5 produc$ by wood types & want ( exp]i5ce 9 presswork4 ,f\rni] told him truly t ! types ( 8 alleg$ fir/ edition 7 metal types2 t ! pr9t+ ( ! book 0 inf]ior because ! types 7 worn out2 t 8 fir/ edition _h all ! signs ( a la/ edition--b ,me]man refus$ ?is explanation4 #baj ,dr4 ,de ,vries1 ! mo/ em95t def5d] ( ! leg5d 9 ?is c5tury1 said3 8,! "w ( ! le>n$ b n v judici\s ,me]man _h done m injury to ! cause ( ,ha>lem ?an ! writ+s ( all o!r antagoni/s40 #baa claircissem5s sur l'hi/oire de l'inv5tion de l'imprim]ie4 #ahdc4 #bab ,?is ,museum !n conta9$1 among o!r relics1 copies ( ! ,apocalypse1 ! ,ars ,mori5di1 ! ,canticles1 ! ,donatus1 ! ,speculum1 ! ,temptations ( ,demons1 & o!r pr9t$ works t h "h be5 notic$ 9 ! *apt] on ,! ,works & ,workman%ip ( an ,unkn[n ,pr9t]1 mo/ ( :i* 7 claim$ z ! "w ( ,co/]'s (fice4 ,! wood block ( ! ,hor>ium 7see page #bfj71 "s (ficial docum5ts1 "s autographs ( ! %]iff ,l\w]ijs ,janszoon1 a picture said to be a lik5ess ( ,co/]1 sev]al engrav+s ( ,co/] 7curi\sly dissimil>1 & "o ( :i* is an und5iable =g]y71 are also conta9$ 9 ?is ,museum4 ,van d] ,l9de d5\nc$ ! ,museum z a municipal %[-boo?4 ,! ,ha>lem ,leg5d1 p4 #afd4 #bac ,g]rit ,?omaszoon di$ ab\t #aefc or #aefd4 ,9 ! ye> #afaa1 ! p$igree belong$ to ,adri5 ,rooman1 ! t[n pr9t] at ,ha>lem4 ,at 8 dea? x fell into ! h&s ( ,dr4 ,john ,vlasveld4 ,= ne>ly two c5turies x 0 unkn[n to ! public4 ,9 #ahji1 x 0 sold at auction1 ,jacobus ,kon+ pay+ = x1 & = an old wood-cut1 suppos$ to be ! "w ( ,co/]1 f\r hundr$ guild]s4 #bad ,van d] ,l9de1 ,! ,ha>lem ,leg5d ( ! ,inv5tion ( ,pr9t+1 p4 #db4 ,9 ! s+ul> words 8:o br\ght ! fir/ pr9t 9 ! _w0 we may f9d ! cause ( t my/]i\s indef9it5ess ( description :i* may be obs]v$ 9 all ! au?orities4 ,x is m ?an an indication t ! /ory ( ,junius is bas$ on ! p$igree & on in=mation d]iv$ f ,?omaszoon & 8 fri5ds4 #bae ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 no reason :y a *&l] c\ld n h inv5t$ typography1 b we h no evid5ce t ?is *&l] inv5t$ any?+4 ,our k ( ! ta/es ( ! man1 z %[n 9 8 selection ( a new bus9ess1 is en\gh to prove t he 0 n at all l ! lat] *&l]1 ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 ) a lean+ to types & lett]s4 #baf ,! v>iable or?ography ( ! "n ( ,co/]1 :i* is "h copi$ lit]ally f ! records1 is a suffici5t explanation ( ! irregul>ities 9 ! spell+ ( 8 "n :i* are to be f\nd 9 all ! au?orities4 ,i h adopt$ ! or?ography z ,i f9d x 9 ! book ( ,van d] ,l9de4 #bag ,! exact nature ( ! relation%ip betwe5 ,laur5s ,janszoon ,co/] & ,g]rit ,?omaszoon is n cle>ly def9$1 b ! ar*ives ( ! t[n & ! vellum p$igree corroborate ea* o!r 9 e/abli%+ ! exi/5ce--( ,l\r5s ,janszoon ,co/] 7son ( ,jan ,co/]71 tall[ *&l] & innkeep]1 :o left ,ha>lem 9 #adhc--( ,?omas ,piet]szoon 7probably ! son-9-law ( ,co/]71 %]iff1 :o di$ 9 #adib--( ,g]rit ,?omaszoon 7accord+ to ! p$igree1 a great-great-gr&son ( ,l\r5s ,janszoon ,co/]71 a %]iff & an innkeep]4 ,he 01 also1 a sacri/an or *ur*-w>d54 #bah ,= ?is unw>rantable confusion ( ! names & de$s ( ! two m5 ,junius & ,scriv]ius are responsible4 ,junius1 :o wrote 9 ,lat91 caught at ! ^w ,co/]1 :i* he f\nd 9 ! p$igree1 z a subject = ! display ( 8 critical ability4 ,he expla9s & exp\nds x3 8,l\r5s ,janszoon1 surnam$ ,co/]1 by reason ( ! (fice :i* belong$ to ! family by h]$it>y "r40 ,!re 0 no ne$ = ?is absurd expansion ( ! mean+ ( ! ^w cu/os4 ,?is attribution ( an honorable (fice to an insignificant man 0 purposely made to give him a dignifi$ position4 ,g]rit ,?omaszoon1 :o knew t ,co/] 0 a man ( no note1 gave him only ! di/9ction ( ! fir/ pr9t]4 ,?is 0 n en\gh = ,junius1 :o ?\ght t he w\ld be defici5t 9 patriotism if he did n make ,co/] z reputable z 8 rival ,gut5b]g1 :o 0 repres5t$ z ( noble blood4 ,! ^w ,co/] 0 8 opportunity1 & he made ! mo/ ( x4 ,x is n probable t ,junius /udi$ ! ar*ives ( ,ha>lem = ! purpose ( gett+ exact in=mation ab\t ,co/]1 b x is possible t he _h read or he>d ( ,l\r5s ,janszoon1 ! weal?y man1 & t he conf\nd$ him ) ,co/]1 ! *&l]4 ,:e!r he made ?is confusion ) int5t or 9 ignorance _c n[ be asc]ta9$1 b we c see t ! weal? & respectability ( ,janszoon 7 attribut$ to ,co/]4 ,scriv]ius p]petuat$ ! blund]4 ,he f\nd a docum5t sign$ by ,l\w]ijs ,janszoon1 z %]iff1 9 #adca4 ,)\t fur!r rese>*1 he leap$ to ! conclusion t ?is man :o di$ 9 #adci1 :o _h no?+ 9 common ) ,co/] b simil>ity ( "n & simil>ity ( occupation z innkeep]1 0 ! v ,l\r5s ,janszoon ,co/] :o1 accord+ to ,junius1 inv5t$ types & practis$ pr9t+ 9 #addj4 #bai ,moxon's copy ( ?is engrav+ is %[n on page #ccc ( ?is book4 #bbj ,van d] ,l9de tells a curi\s /ory ab\t ,holl&i% cr$ulity3 ,! mo/ amus+ imitation 0 t ( an amateur arti/ ( ! la/ c5tury1 ,c4 ,van d5 ,b]g1 :o wi%$ to play ! collector ,j4 ,m>cus a trick4 ,he engrav$ a small wood-cut aft] ! portrait ( ,van ,camp51 ) ! "n ,laur' ,jassoe1 9 old-fa%ion$ /yle1 und]nea?4 ,) a little soot & dirt1 he gave ! copies an antique appe>ance1 & made ,m>cus happy = a few weeks4 ,! poet ,lang5dijk1 ! type-f\nd] ,ens*$1 & o!r amateurs1 ea* got a copy4 ,van d5 ,b]g 0 too hone/ to mean any?+ m ?an fun2 he told aft]w>d to ,m>cus himself ! value ( t antique wood-cut4 ,al?\gh e inve/igator c\ld & ought to h kn[n ^! ?+s1 yet ,jacobus ,kon+ 0 bold en\gh1 9 ! second nom5clature ( 8 collection ( r>e books & manuscripts1 to describe a copy ( ?is portrait z 8pr9t$ by1 or at ! "t (1 ,l\r5s ,janszoon ,ko/]40 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,! ,ha>lem pa9t] ,l4 ,van d] ,v9ne1 9 8 y\?1 pa9t$1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! =m] c5tury1 a /udy1 aft] a draw+ ( ,van ,camp54 ,b lo6 9 #agfb1 ?is picture is (f]$ = sale by ,van ,damme at ,am/]dam 7! same :o produc$ ! false inscriptions respect+ ! imag9>y ,corsellis ( ,ox=d71 provid$ at ! back ) a v old inscription1 ,l\rs ,jans to ,h>lem ,,mccccxxxiii1 & ! monogram ,a ,o1 :i* 0 expla9$ to mean ,alb]t ,van ,oudewat]4 ,excell5t discov]y6 ,"h 0 a g5u9e contemporane\s portrait by a pa9t] ( ! fifte5? c5tury6 ,a trifle1 h[ev]1 0 want$ to make ! joy p]fect4 ,alb]t ,van ,oudewat]1 :o _h pa9t$ ! celebrat$ inv5tor ( pr9t+ 9 #adcc1 0 born 9 #addd6 ,?is hi/ory is full ( despair+ irony f beg9n+ to end4 ,j z ! %]iff ,l\r5s ,janszoon inv5ts ! art ( pr9t+ aft] 8 dea?2 j z ,cornelis works at ,donatuses be=e 8 bir?2 j z ! *&l] ,l\r5s ,janszoon ,ko/] entirely =gets 8 inv5tion dur+ 8 lifetime2 s ! pa9t] ,alb]t ,van ,oudewat] becomes a zeal\s ,co/]ian 8long be=e he 0 born40 ,van d] ,l9de1 ,! ,ha>lem ,leg5d1 p4 #ade4 #bba ,! /rik+ dissimil>ity betwe5 ! calm philosophic face ( ! ,co/] ( ,me]man & ! s\r look & misan?ropic features ( ! ,co/] ( ,scriv]ius is neatly expla9$ by ,dr4 ,abr4 ,de ,vries3 ,! portrait giv5 by ,scriv]ius 0 pa9t$ f a sket* or /udy made aft] ,co/]'s dea?1 & 01 necess>ily1 gloomy & cadav]\s2 b no portrait1 h[ev] beautiful1 unless x 0 a true & g5u9e lik5ess1 c\ld satisfy ! tru?-lov+ ,scriv]ius4 ,! tru? 0 to be well f\nd$ if he endors$ x4 ,! cadav]\s hue & ! m>ks ( dea? 9 ,van ,camp5's picture are /rong evid5ces = ! g5u95ess & fai?fulness bo? ( ! orig9al repres5tation & ( ,van ,camp5's copy6 #bbb ,9 ,holl&1 ,dr4 ,van d] ,l9de's book has be5 d5\nc$ z impolitic & unpatriotic1 b x has n1 z yet1 met ) a suitable answ]4 ,! indignation manife/$ t[>d ! au?or has be5 s viol5t t he1 a native ,holl&]1 has f\nd x exp$i5t to remove to ,g]many4 #bbc ,! only positive evid5ce :i* seems to give a color ( probability to ! ass]tion t typography 0 fir/ practis$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s is ! fact t an unkn[n pr9t] _h pr9t$ !re "s little books be=e ! arrival ( ,ketela] & ,de ,leempt1 9 #adgc4 ,:oev] ?is pr9t] may h be51 x /ill rema9s to be prov$ t he did any typographic "w be=e #adfc4 #bbd ,!re is no kn[n au!ntic autograph ( ,gut5b]g4 ,9 8 day ! "n 0 writt5 by o!r p]sons1 ,guttemburg1 ,gud5bur*1 ,good5b]g]1 ,gu!mb]gius1 ,gud5b]gh1 ,kutt5b]g1 & 9 _m o!r ways4 ,! =m ( spell+ us$ 9 ?is book is ! "o t is pref]r$ by ! ,g]man bibliograph]s4 ,g5sfleis*1 9 ,g]man1 is goose-fle%2 ,gut5b]g is good hill4 #bbe ,bodmann1 a libr>ian at ,m5tz1 said t he _h discov]$ two old docum5ts :i* set =? t ,gut5b]g _h a bro!r1 ,conrad1 & two si/]s1 ,hebele & ,b]?a4 ,helbig says t ^! docum5ts1 z repr9t$ by ,fis*]1 are spuri\s4 #bbf ,x seems t ,else ,gut5b]g 0 ! la/ surviv+ memb] ( h] family4 ,accord+ to a ,g]man cu/om prevail+ at t "t1 a son 01 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 p]mitt$ to take ! "n ( 8 "m :5 x 0 fe>$ t h] family "n might become ext9ct4 #bbg ,! "n ( ! bro!r ( ,frielo ,g5sfleis*1 s5ior1 0 ,john ,g5sfleis*1 s5ior4 ,he is ! man improp]ly describ$ by ,me]man z ! eld] bro!r ( ,john ,gut5b]g4 ,! id5tity ( 8 baptismal "n ) t ( ! inv5tor ( pr9t+ has be5 ! occasion ( _m mi/akes4 ,! uncle has be5 conf\nd$ ) ! nephew4 ,! family 0 weal?y3 x _h1 9 or ne> ,m5tz1 ?ree h\ses or e/ates1 kn[n z ,zum ,gud5b]g1 ,zum ,jung5 & ,zum ,g5sfleis*4 ,! memb]s ( ! family 7 sometimes call$ ,sulgelo* or ,sorg5lo*1 f a prop]ty on :i* !y resid$ outside ( ,m5tz4 #bbh ,?is is ! v]sion ( *ronicl]s 9 ! int]e/ ( ! nobles4 ,! *ildi% dispute ab\t prec$5ce seems an insuffici5t cause = ! qu>rel4 ,x 01 probably1 ! occasion1 b n ! cause4 ,x 0 ! sp>k :i* set on fire ! /ifl$ res5tm5t ( ! burgh]s aga9/ a long c\rse ( neglect & ( misgov]nm5t4 ,! ,g5sfleis* families seem to h be5 always prom95t 9 ! civil di/urbances ( ,m5tz4 ,gut5b]g's great-great gr&fa!r took sides ) "o ( ! rival ar*bi%ops1 &1 9 #accb1 aid$ him 9 burn+ "s conv5ts1 = :i* he 0 put "u ban by ! ,emp]or ,l\is4 ,9 ! same ye>1 he & o!r noblem5 made !mselves s (f5sive to ! burgh]s t !y 7 oblig$ to flee = _! lives4 #bbi ,*>les ,w9>icky1 a le>n$ ,bohemian1 wrote a diss]tation on ! bir?place ( ,gut5b]g--,jean ,gutt5b]g1 n en #adab a ,kutt5b]g en ,bohme1 #abmo4 ,brussels1 #ahdg--;9 :i* he tri$ to prove3 t ,gut5b]g 0 born 9 ! ye> #adab1 9 ! t[n ( ,kutt5b]g 9 ,bohemia1 f :i* t[n he d]iv$ 8 "n2 t he 0 a graduate ( ! univ]sity ( ,prague2 t he acquir$ 8 k ( metallurgy f ! metal work]s ( t old m9+ t[n2 & t 8 pr(ici5cy 9 _m curi\s arts 0 ! result ( 8 ,bohemian education4 ,w9>icky's book ab\nds ) curi\s in=mation1 b 8 reason+ is l>gely bas$ on conjecture4 ,x _c be us$ to discr$it ! positive dates & facts ( _m ,g]man records4 #bcj ,?is is ! =m ( compla9t3 8,i1 ,johan ,g5sfleis*1 ! y\ng]1 also call$ ,gut5b]g1 decl>e by ?is lett]1 t ! wor%ipful sage burgoma/] & ! c\ncil ( ! t[n ( ,m5tz owe me e ye> a c]ta9 int]e/1 accord+ to ! cont5ts ( lett]s :i* conta91 among o!r ?+s1 t1 if !y d n pay me1 ,i am at lib]ty to seize & imprison !m4 ,z ,i h n[ to claim mu* r5t 9 arre>s f ! said t[n1 :i* !y 7 hi!rto n able to pay me1 ,i caus$ ,m4 ,nicolaus1 secret>y ( ,m5tz1 to be seiz$1 :]eupon he promis$ me & swore to give me #caj valid ,rguild]s1 to be paid at ,opp5heim1 be=e ! foll[+ ,:itsuntide4 ,i ackn[l$ge1 by ?is lett]1 t ! burgoma/] & c\ncil ( ,/rasburg h induc$ me to relieve ( my own free w1 9 honor & love ( !m1 ! said ,m4 ,nicolaus f 8 imprisonm5t1 & f ! paym5t ( ! #caj guild]s4 ,giv5 on ,sunday 7#ab? ( ,m>*71 #adcd40 ,! ease ) :i* ,gut5b]g rel9qui%es 8 monet>y claim1 & :i* at once %[s him to be a bett] knight ?an f9anci]1 exhibits a trait ( "* :i* expla9s mu* 9 8 lat] fate4 ,van d] ,l9de1 ,ha>lem ,leg5d1 p4 #ac4 #bca ,= m ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s ?is important docum5t1 ) o!r records ( ! c\rts ( ,/rasburg1 re/$ unkn[n & undi/urb$ 9 ! old t[] ,pf5nig?urm1 9 :i* place x 0 discov]$ by ,w5kl]1 ! keep] ( ! records4 ,he communicat$ ?is fact to ,s*oepfl91 :o1 p]ceiv+ its value1 made x ! great feature ( ! ,v9dici ,typographic4 ,! record is imp]fect1 = x does n conta9 all ! te/imony ( all ! witnesses4 ,:e!r ?is defici5cy is due to ! neglect ( ! record]1 or to ! decay or mutilation ( ! record1 has n be5 fully expla9$4 ,s*oepfl91 :o says x is writt5 9 an almo/ obsolete ,g]man dialect h>d to be und]/ood1 repr9t$ x 9 full1 accompani$ ) a translation 9 ,lat91 :i* has be5 c5sur$ z inaccurate4 ,dr4 ,dibd91 & a few c>p+ bibliograph]s1 :o look$ ) disfavor on all newly discov]$ docum5ts :i* oblig$ !m to revise _! own !ories1 h tri$ to ?r[ discr$it on ?is record1 b its au!nticity is n[ recogniz$ z beyond controv]sy4 ,! records 7 plac$ 9 ! ,libr>y ( ,/rasburg = safety1 b !y 7 de/roy$ by ! ,prussians dur+ ! siege ( t city 9 #ahgj4 #bcb ,conv5tionally us$ = ,i4 #bcc ,! eighte5 witnesses 7 ,ma/] ,hirtz1 ,jacob ,im]le1 ,midh>t ,honwe1 ,he9ri* ,bis+]1 ,wilhelm von ,s*utt]1 ! wife ( ,lor5tz ,beildick1 ,m4 ,j]ge ,saltzmtt]1 ,/ss] ,nese von ,eh5heim1 ,m>t9 ,v]w]1 ,h5ri* ,seid5neg]1 ,m4 ,gosse ,/urm1 ( ,sa9t ,arboga/us1 ,hans ,ross1 ! goldsmi?1 & 8 wife1 ,&rew ,heilmann1 ,claus ,heilmann1 ,he9ri* ,olse1 ,hans ,riffe & ,johan ,dritzeh54 ,_! te/imony is n on ! record4 ,x is un=tunate t we h lo/ ! te/imony ( ,m4 ,gosse ,/urm1 ( ,sa9t ,arboga/us1 & ,ross1 ! goldsmi?4 ,x is probable t ^! m51 :o _h intimate relations ) ,gut5b]g1 c\ld h describ$ ?is secret art ) great] cle>ness4 #bcd ,aft] ! developm5t ( ! t[ns1 all memb]s ( ! nobility did n seek _! occupation exclusively 9 de$s ( knigh?ood4 ,indu/ry1 art1 & ! ref9em5t ( t[n life gradually sup]s$$ ! w>like _s ( ! nobility1 to :om ! t[n (f]$ di/+ui%$ dignities & situations1 :ile ent]prises ( comm]ce & indu/ry gave !m di/9ction & ri*es4 ,! privilege ( co9+ money1 especially1 0 (t5 f>m$ out to an association ( anci5t families4 ,at ,m5tz ?is association consi/$ ( twelve families 7,mnz]-,hausg5oss571 among :om 0 also ! family ( ,g5sfleis*4 ,!y possess$1 moreov]1 ! privileges ( ! valuation ( co91 ( ! assize ( weights & measures1 or (fices = ! ex*ange ( money & ( ! sale ( gold & silv] /aves to ! m9t4 ,su* employm5t br\ght !m *iefly 9 connection ) ! goldsmi?s1 ^: "w consi/$1 at t "t1 ( "o ( ! mo/ consid]able trades1 :i* compris$ me*anics & *emi/ry1 nay1 ! :ole dom9ion ( pla/ic & graphic art1 9 its application to metals1 :e!r sep>ate or 9 conjunction ) diamonds & o!r preci\s mat]ials4 ,!y 7 mo/ly patricians :o e/abli%$ p[d]-mills1 pap]-mills & simil> new manufactories4 ,van d] ,l9de1 ,ha>lem ,leg5d1 p4 #ag4 #bce ,glass mirrors1 almo/ unkn[n 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 7 reg>d$ z novelties 9 ! fifte5?4 ,x seems t !y 7 fir/ made 9 ,g]many4 ,w9>icky lays great /ress on ! fact t ! ,bohemians 7 ! e>lie/ & ! mo/ skillful work]s 9 glass1 & t !y also excell$ z lapid>ies & metallurgi/s4 ,he says1 b )\t pro(1 t ! art ( poli%+ /ones & mak+ mirrors 0 acquir$ by ,gut5b]g 9 ,bohemia4 ,! le>n$ ,beckmann says t 8,e>ly ,g]man mirrors 7 made by p\r+ melt$ lead or t9 ov] a glass plate :ile yet hot z x came f ! furnace4 ,9 & ar\nd ,nuremb]g1 convex mirrors 7 made by bl[+ ) ! pipe 9 ! glass bubble :ile x 0 /ill hot a metallic mixture ) a little salts ( t>t>4 ,:5 ! bubble _h be5 cov]$ & cool$1 x 0 cut 9 small r\nd mirrors4 ,^! small convex mirrors 7 call$ o*s5aug51 or ox-eyes4 ,!y 7 set 9 a r\nd bo>d1 & _h a v broad bord] or m>g94 ,"o ( !m 9 my possession is two & a half in*es 9 diamet]4 4 4 4 ,?is art is an old ,g]man inv5tion1 = x is describ$ by ,porta & ,ganzoni1 :o bo? liv$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & :o bo? expressly say t ! art 0 !n common 9 ,g]many4 ,curi\s =eign]s (t5 attempt$ to le>n x1 & imag9$ t ,g]mans kept x a secret40 #bcf ,! mo/ common prejudice is ! supposition1 priori1 legitimat$ /rictly sci5tifically by no?+1 t pr9t+ ) movable types 0 only an improvem5t on t ) wood5 blocks on :i* ! lett]s 7 cut2 t x 0 a developm5t ( x1 an ext5sion1 a =tunate application1 ! highe/ /ep ( ! ladd]1 consi/+ ( play+ c>ds1 images ( sa9ts1 pictures ) sup]1 sub & o!r scriptions1 texts )\t pictures4 ,9 %ort1 xylography1 9 a te*nical1 logical & re=matorical s5se1 w\ld be ! "m ( typography4 ,b x is su* only 9 ! s5se ( an ext]nal impulse1 ( an ext]nal pu% to m$itat+ on q ano!r means ?an wood or metal engrav+1 or ano!r mode ( obta9+ books4 ,zell f9ds t pu% 9 ! block-,donatuses1 b ! inspiration ( g5ius1 ! fir/ inv5tion ( a q indep5d5t art1 ( a totally new pr9ciple1 :i* has no?+ 9 common ) wood & metal engrav+1 he ascribes 4 4 4 to ,gut5b]g4 ,9 ,gut5b]g's m9d1 ! gr& idea arose t all words1 all writ+1 all language1 all human ?\ghts1 c\ld be express$ by a small numb]1 a score ( diff]5t lett]s1 arrang$ accord+ to ! requirem5ts2 t1 ) a l>ge quantity ( ^? diff]5t lett]s1 unit$ z "o :ole1 a :ole page ( text c\ld be pr9t$ at once1 &1 repeat+ ?is process cont9ually1 l>ge manuscripts c\ld be swiftly multipli$4 4 4 4 ,?is ?\ght1 ?is idea1 begot ! inv5tion ( typography4 4 4 4 ,e o!r explanation is at once unhi/orical & unpsy*ological4 ,ha>lem ,leg5d1 p4 #aa4 #bcg ,wolf1 ,monum5ta ,typographica1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #ehf4 #bch ,see page #cae ( ?is book4 ,! *ronicl] is 9 error 9 specify+ ,m5tz z ! place :]e ! art 0 discov]$1 b ! specification ( ! p]iod betwe5 #addj & #adej z t 9 :i* 8! art 0 be+ inve/igat$0 by ,john ,gut5b]g is su/a9$ by o!r te/imonies4 #bci ,! pilgrimage to anci5t ,aix-la-,*apelle took place e sev5? ye>1 &1 comm5c+ on ! #aj? ( ,july1 la/$ f\rte5 days1 dur+ :i* "t ! ord9>y s]vice 9 ! *ur* did n take place1 b a free m>ket 0 held4 ,! conc\rse ( p 0 uncommonly great on t occasion1 s t1 = in/ance 9 ! ye> #adif1 #adb1jjj pilgrims 7 c\nt$ 9 ! t[n1 & #hj1jjj guild]s 9 ! (f]+ boxes on "o day4 ,aix-la-,*apelle possess$ relics ( ! fir/ rank1 z ! swaddl+-clo!s ( ,*ri/1 8 body-clo? at ! ,crucifixion1 ! dress worn by ,m>y at 8 bir?1 & ! clo? on :i* ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ 0 behead$4 ,van d] ,l9de1 ,ha>lem ,leg5d1 p4 #ah4 #bdj ,!re is no evid5ce t ,gut5b]g _h be5 taught xylography1 or any ( ! _m bran*es ( book-mak+4 ,he 0 n1 = t reason1 incompet5t to inv5t an entirely new bran*4 ,! hi/ory ( great inv5tions %[s t _m inv5tors nev] receiv$ a ?or\gh te*nical in/ruction 9 ! arts or trades :i* !y und]took to recon/ruct4 ,jacqu>d1 inv5tor ( ! automatic loom1 01 9 8 boyhood1 a bookb9d] & a type-f\nd]4 ,arkwright1 inv5tor ( ! sp9n+ j5ny1 0 a b>b] until he 0 ?irty ye>s ( age4 ,/eph5son1 inv5tor ( ! locomotive1 t5d$ a /eam boil]1 b _h n s]v$ "t z a ma*9i/ nor z a c>riage-build]4 ,fulton1 inv5tor ( ! /eamboat1 0 n a sailor1 ma*9i/ nor %ip-build]4 ,morse1 inv5tor ( ! electric telegraph1 0 an arti/1 n a me*anician1 nor ev5 a man ( sci5ce4 ,kon+1 inv5tor ( ! cyl9d] pr9t+ ma*9e1 0 n a pr9t]4 ,! greate/ inv5tions h be5 made by m5 n )91 b )\t1 ! arts !y improv$4 ,x w\ld seem t a ?or\gh te*nical education 9 any art or trade cramps ! inv5tive faculties1 disqualify+ ! exp]t f mak+ any attempt at radical *anges1 p]mitt+ him to attempt improvem5t 9 ! details only4 #bda ,"s au?ors w n admit t ,gut5b]g d]iv$ any b5efit f xylography4 ,b]n>d treats block-pr9t+ z an art s paltry1 t he refus$ to describe ! block-books1 or to admit t xylography _h any noticeable influ5ce1 direct or indirect1 on ! inv5tion ( types4 ,van d] ,l9de says t hi/ory kn[s no?+ ( ,gut5b]g z a xylograph]--t !re is no docum5t>y evid5ce t he ev] cut or pr9t$ a block4 ,^! disclaim]s--obvi\sly provok$ by ! absurd /atem5ts ( o!r au?ors t ,gut5b]g inv5t$ xylography1 t he pr9t$ ) types ( wood1 t typography is ! natural outgr[? ( xylography--_c be accept$ )\t qualification4 ,! fact rema9s t ,gut5b]g1 8 associates & pupils1 7 b5efit$ by ! highe/ te*nical skill ( t "t 9 all ! processes ( engrav+ 9 relief1 9 ! comp\nd+ ( inks1 9 ! con/ruction & use ( presses1 & 9 ! manipulation ( pap]4 ,comp>$ ) ! inv5tion ( ! type-m\ld1 ^! may seem trivial matt]s1 b ! success ( ,gut5b]g's new ideas ab\t pr9t+ dep5d$ ^u 8 att5tion to e process t promis$ aid4 ,x is n probable t ! man :o hir$ jo9]s & goldsmi?s c\ld h neglect$ to avail himself ( :atev] skill ! block-pr9t]s possess$4 ,! exp]i5ce 9 pr9t+ acquir$ by ! block-pr9t]s 0 f> f contemptible1 b ! educat+ influ5ces !y _h ex]t$ ov] ! book-buy+ public 7 ( great importance4 ,x 0 ,gut5b]g's disc]nm5t ( ! fact t ! block-pr9t]s _h creat$ a dem& = pr9t$ "w :i* c\ld nev] be satisfi$ by ! me?od ( xylography1 :i* gave him ! impulse to seek = a m sci5tific me?od4 ,block-pr9t+1 al?\gh 9 no s5se ! "m ( typography1 0 its =]unn]1 & = t reason alone dem&s respectful consid]ation4 #bdb ,?is passage has be5 translat$ by ,ottley3 ,gut5b]g s5t 8to fet* all ! =ms t !y might be loos5$1 & t he might see x done1 & t ! jo9+s ( "s ( ! f\r pieces might be r5ew$40 ,?is translation makes ! action ( ,gut5b]g un9telligible4 ,b]n>d's translation is3 8,gut5b]g s5t to get ! =ms1 s t he c\ld be sure t !y _h be5 sep>at$2 ^! =ms _h giv5 him a great deal ( solicitude40 ,?is is obvi\sly a v free & evasive translation4 ,wett]1 :o int]prets ! passage z descriptive ( block-pr9t+1 says t 8! words are too obscure = u to inf] any?+ def9ite f !m4 ,we are 9 no case to und]/& by ! ^w =m5 sep>ate lett]s1 b :ole blocks40 ,?is is an unw>rantable assumption1 & 9 contradiction to ! /atem5t t ! =ms 7 melt$4 ,van d] ,l9de says t 8! words are pla94 ,translators h /opp$ at ! words zurloss5 & ruwete4 ,zurloss51 or z]lass51 means melt+1 & ruwete is dialect = reuete1 rep5t$40 #bdc ,! commone/ mean+ ( ! ^w =m1 9 mo/ ,european languages1 is a %ape or figure prep>$ by c>v+2 b x has also be5 appli$1 colloquially1 to ! m\ld made f ?is c>v$ %ape1 & also to ! article made f ! m\ld4 ,a type-f\nd]'s pun* is ! =m ( a lett]2 ! m\ld 9 :i* ! type is ca/ is ! =m or =m] ( ! lett]2 ! types prep>$ = pr9t+ are also kn[n z ! =m4 ,on a future page x w be %[n t ! ^w =m5 z us$ 9 ! trial1 0 also us$ at a lat] date to describe ! mo/ important tools 9 ,gut5b]g's pr9t+ (fice at ,eltvill4 #bdd ,"h we may recall ! surprise ( ,madame ,zab]n at ! co/ ( ! "w4 ,%e w\ld n h haz>d$ ! l[ e/imate ( t5 guild]s1 if ,dritzeh5 _h be5 surr\nd$ by _m types or pr9t$ %eets4 ,! only tools app]ta9+ to typography1 :i* h a value out ( all proportion to _! app>5t co/1 are ! pun*es1 matrices & m\lds4 ,! mod]n inexp]t w\ld und]rate ! value ( a simil> collection z grossly z did ,madame ,zab]n4 #bde ,x c\ld n h be5 f\r pages ( metal types1 = types disconnect$ & put 9 disord]1 9 or "u ! press1 w\ld h betray$ ! secret almo/ z pla9ly z if !y _h be5 9 ord]4 ,nor c\ld x h be5 any atta*m5t to a press l ! frisket or tympan4 ,x is impossible to "n any jo9t$ or button$ tool ( f\r pieces1 connect$ ) composition or presswork1 :i* w\ld sugge/ to an inexp]t ! secret ( typography4 #bdf ,b]n>d gives ?is =m ( type-m\ld a pass+ notice4 ,he says3 ,m4 de ,b]ny %[$ me "o ( ^! primitive me*anisms 9 8 own f\ndry4 ,?is m\ld1 :i* is /ill #ahec 9 use1 is con/ruct$ ) two k9ds ( knees or squ>es enabl+ ! type-mak] to adju/ x 9 v>i\s ways s z to ca/ any body desir$4 ,de l'orig9e1 etc4 vol4 ,i1 p4 #dd1 note4 #bdg ,! inability to produce any book pr9t$ by ,gut5b]g at ,/rasburg 0 ! occasion ( ! foll[+ pi?y answ]3 ,ko* _h ass]t$ be=e ! ,in/itute1 t ,/rasburg 0 ! cradle ( pr9t+4 ,s*aab int]rupt$ him1 8,yes1 b x is a cradle )\t a baby40 #bdh ,s*aab says t !re is on record 9 ,m5tz a docum5t :i* proves t ,john ,g5sfleis* leas$ ?is h\se 9 ,octob]1 #addc4 ,reason+ f ! two disconnect$ facts1 t ?is h\se 0 us$ by ,gut5b]g = a pr9t+ (fice1 & t x _h be5 leas$ by ,g5sfleis* 9 #addc1 c>eless read]s h assum$ t ,john ,g5sfleis* 0 ! fir/ pr9t] 9 ,m5tz1 & t he 0 ei!r ! true inv5tor ( pr9t+1 or ! unfai?ful workman :o /ole ! inv5tion ( ,co/] or ( ,m5tel4 ,x is n necess>y to repeat :at has be5 writt5 conc]n+ ! impossibility ( a !ft f ! fictiti\s ,co/]1 nor ab\t ! absurdity ( repres5t+ ! uncle z a pr9t]4 #bdi ,fis*]1 ,essai sur les monum5ts typographiques1 p4 #gj4 #bej ,b]n>d refuses ?is /atem5t4 ,he says t ! fragm5ts ( o!r editions ( ! ,donatus 9 ?is type1 suppos$ to be ( ! same p]iod1 :i* he inspect$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 %[ ink t is p]man5t4 #bea ,! text lett]s are ( ! =m kn[n to libr>ians z lettres de somme1 or lett]s ( acc\nt1 :i* may be und]/ood z ! c>elessly made lett]s !n us$ 9 books ( acc\nt4 ,! lett]s ( ! l>ge l9es are ( ! =m kn[n z lettres de =me1 or lett]s ( precision1 ! angul> & c>efully made lett]s ( f9e books4 ,! lettres de somme w be def9$ 9 ?is book "u ! "n ( ,r\nd ,go?ic2 ! lettres de =me1 "u ! "n ( ,po9t$ ,go?ic4 #beb ,deceiv$ by ! close fitt+-up ( ! matrices1 e>li] writ]s said t ! lett]s 7 xylographic4 ,! comm5ts ( ,dr4 ,van d] ,l9de on ?is error are p]t95t3 4 4 4 4 ,x 0 ?\ght necess>y to f9d ! wood5 lett]s ( ! imag9ation1 & h5ce bibliography pres5ts ! dismal spectacle t almo/ all monum5ts ( ! excell5t inv5tion1 t fruit ( a vigor\s m9d1 ( a simple1 b ample & gr& idea1 h be5 decl>$ by w\ld-be connoisseurs "o by "o to be xylographic4 ,?is caus$ ! d\ble tr\ble ( fir/ mak+ out1 ) mu* v]bosity & an air ( p]spicuity1 incontrov]tibly typographical ma/]pieces to be wood1 & !n aft]w>d putt+ aside ?is p$antry & return+ to ! simple tru?4 ,! orig9 ( typography pres5ts n[h]e any?+ n>r[-m9d$1 wor?less1 or trifl+1 = x belongs to ! gr& facts ( hi/ory1 b trifl+ m9ds h soil$ x ) _! own littl5ess4 ,ha>lem ,leg5d1 p4 #gg4 #bec ,x is possible t o!r books1 n[ lo/ & =gott51 may h be5 pr9t$ 9 ! small types1 b ,helbig ?9ks t ! types 7 made expressly = ! ,lett]s ( ,indulg5ce1 z bank-notes are n[ made1 ) ! int5tion t ! copies ( ea* edition %\ld be exactly alike 9 appe>ance1 & t !y %\ld be difficult ( imitation4 ,b]n>d diss5ts f ! belief t ! ,lett]s ( ,indulg5ce 7 pr9t$ by ,gut5b]g4 ,he attributes !m to "s pr9t] ( unkn[n "n 9 ,m5tz1 suppos$ by him to h be5 ei!r ! false workman describ$ by ,junius1 or "s graduate or sec$+ malcont5t ( ,gut5b]g's pr9t+ (fice4 ,b we h no evid5ce ( a typographical pr9t] be=e ,gut5b]g4 ,jck has endeavor$ to prove t two ,lett]s 7 pr9t$ by ,pfi/] ( ,bamb]g4 ,de la ,borde ?9ks "o ( ! faces ( type us$ 9 ! ,lett]s 0 cut by ,s*ff] 9 a fri5dly competition ) ,gut5b]g4 ,^! conjectures _c be made plausible4 #bed ,x is sometimes describ$ z ! ,maz>9 ,bible1 & sometimes z ,gut5b]g's ,fir/ ,bible4 #bee ,?is is kn[n z ! ,bamb]g ,bible1 because ne>ly all ! kn[n copies ( ?is edition 7 f\nd 9 ! neighborhood ( ! t[n ( ,bamb]g2 z ,pfi/]'s ,bible1 because x has be5 attribut$1 incorrectly1 to ,alb]t ,pfi/]1 a pr9t] ( ,bamb]g2 z ! ,s*elhorn ,bible1 because x 0 fully describ$ by ! bibliograph] ( t "n2 z ,gut5b]g's ,second ,bible1 because x is ! belief ( _m au?ors t x %\ld h be5 pr9t$ by ,gut5b]g ab\t #adei1 aft] 8 rupture ) ,john ,fu/4 #bef ,b]n>d1 ,de l'orig9e et des debuts de l'imprim]ie1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cj4 #beg ,9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #adej1 !y began to pr9t1 & ! fir/ book !y pr9t$ 0 ! ,bible 9 ,lat93 x 0 pr9t$ 9 a l>ge lett]1 resembl+ ! lett] ) :i*1 at pres5t1 missals are pr9t$4 ,cologne ,*ronicle ( #adii4 #beh ,9 ! fir/ essays ( pr9t+1 great difficulties 7 enc\nt]$4 ,= :5 !y ! fir/ pr9t]s 7 pr9t+ ! ,bible1 !y 7 oblig$ to exp5d m ?an f\r ?\s& flor9s be=e !y _h pr9t$ ?ree sections4 ,tri!mius1 z repr9t$ by ,wolf1 ,monum5ta ,typographica1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fed4 #bei ,^! evid5ces1 :i* seem to favor ! !ory ( ! priority ( ! ,bible ( #cf l9es1 comb9e _m features ( probability1 b !y are n free f objections4 ,too little is kn[n ab\t ! book to w>rant a positive /atem5t z to its age4 ,9 ne>ly all ! popul> treatises on pr9t+1 ! ,bible ( #db l9es is specifi$ z ! fir/ book ( ,gut5b]g1 b x is ! belief ( _m ( ! mo/ le>n$ bibliograph]s1 f ,zapf to ,didot & ,madd51 t ! ,bible ( #cf l9es is ! old] edition4 ,! !ory t x mu/ h be5 pr9t$ by ,gut5b]g betwe5 #adeg & #adei1 & ! proposition t x may h be5 pr9t$ by ,alb]t ,pfi/] ( ,bamb]g at or soon aft] t "t1 w be exam9$ on an advanc$ page4 #bfj ,8 "n is (t5 improp]ly writt5 z ,fau/4 ,9 all ! books subsequ5tly pr9t$ by ,fu/ & 8 p>tn]1 ,s*ff]1 ! "n appe>s z ,fu/4 ,x 0 s writt5 & pr9t$ by all 8 contempor>ies1 & is s se51 :]ev] x occurs1 9 ! record ( ! fam\s trial he in/itut$4 ,x is s spelt 9 ! *ur* record ( 8 burial4 ,dur+ 8 lifetime1 & = at lea/ ?irty ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 ! "n is always giv5 z ,fu/4 ,! notori\s reputation subsequ5tly made by ,dr4 ,john ,fau/1 :o 0 born 9 ,wurtemb]g 9 #adhj 7sev]al ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,fu/71 :o /udi$ magic 9 ,crac[1 &1 by 8 le>n+ & wick$ness1 horrifi$ wise m5 l ,lu!r & ,melanc?on2 ^: life1 de$s & dea? are involv$ 9 a my/]y t dramati/s h turn$ to su* good acc\nt1 has be5 transf]r$ by c>elessness to ,john ,fu/1 ! pr9t]4 ,! confusion has be5 p]petuat$ by a leg5d4 ,! fable1 n yet we$$ out ( treatises on pr9t+1 t ,fu/ 0 arre/$ 9 ,p>is = sell+ bibles1 suppos$ to h be5 manufactur$ at ! in/igation ( ! devil1 has s]v$ to fo/] ! error4 #bfa ,^? :o favor ?is view ( ,fu/'s "*1 f9d a peculi> significance 9 ! radical mean+ ( 8 "n1 ,fu/--9 ,g]man1 fi/1 ! symbol ( all t is h>d1 close1 grasp+1 & aggressive4 #bfb ,^! 7 ! t]ms ( ! contract1 made 9 ,augu/1 #adej3 ,! p>tn]%ip betwe5 ,gut5b]g & ,fu/ %\ld be = five ye>s1 9 :i* "t ! "w project$ by ,gut5b]g %\ld be complet$4--,= ! purposes ( ?is p>tn]%ip1 n specifi$1 ,fu/ %\ld advance to ,gut5b]g #hjj guild]s1 at #f p] c5t4 int]e/4 ,! tools & mat]ials made by ,gut5b]g = ! uses ( ! p>tn]%ip %\ld rema9 mortgag$ to ,fu/1 z security = ?is loan ( #hjj guild]s1 until ! :ole sum %\ld be paid4--,:5 ! a=esaid tools & mat]ials %\ld be made1 ,fu/ %\ld1 e ye>1 furni% ,gut5b]g ) #cjj guild]s to provide = ! paym5t ( ! pap]1 vellum1 ink1 wages & ! o!r mat]ials t w\ld be requir$ = ! execution ( ! "w4--,= ^! advances ,fu/ %\ld h "o-half ( ! pr(its made f ! sale ( ! products ( ! p>tn]%ip4--,fu/ %\ld be exempt$ f ! p]=mance ( any "w or s]vice connect$ ) ! p>tn]%ip1 & %\ld n be held responsible = any ( its debts4 #bfc ,!re are two k9ds ( copies1 ) diff]5ces :i* seem to ju/ify ! op9ion t !y belong to two di/9ct editions4 ,9 "o k9d1 all ! copies h #db l9es to ! column1 & all ! summ>ies ( *apt]s are writt5 & n pr9t$4 ,9 ! o!r k9d1 ! fir/ eight pages ( ! fir/ section h #dj l9es to ! column2 ! n9? page has #da l9es2 ! t5? & all o!r pages 7except two #dj-l9e pages 9 ! book ( ,maccabees7 h #db l9es2 & ! pages ( #dj & #da l9es h _! five summ>ies pr9t$ 9 r$ ink4 ,! same face ( type is us$ 9 bo? k9ds ( copies1 b ! pages ( #dj & #da l9es occupy ! same space z ! pages ( #db l9es1 beg9+ & end+1 = ! mo/ "p1 ) ! same words4 ,b]n>d says t ! #dj-l9e pages 7 reset by ,pet] ,s*ff] aft] ,fu/ _h acquir$ ! unsold copies ( ! ,bible1 ) int5t to lead ! pur*as] ( ! book to =m ! belief t x 0 an entirely new edition4 ,o!r writ]s sugge/ t a portion ( ! fir/ section may h be5 spoil$1 & replac$ by a subsequ5t repr9t+4 ,b ! diff]5ces are n conf9$ to ! fir/ section4 ,9 _m o!r sections !re are diff]5ces 9 ! spell+ & abbreviation ( words :i* cle>ly prove t ! two k9ds ( copies 7 pr9t$ f sep>ately compos$ & di/9ct =ms4 ,! d\ble composition ( e page = ! same edition seems a ridicul\s wa/e ( labor1 b ! pro(s ( ?is d\ble labor are unmi/akable4 #bfd ,b]n>d says t ov]-color$ & "u-color$ pages are by no means r>e4 ,he attributes ?is unequal blackness to imp]fections 9 ! ink+ implem5ts4 ,de l'orig9e de l'imprim]ie1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #ahb4 #bfe ,see ! fac-similes ( ,so!by & ,humphreys4 ,! writt5 summ>ies ( ?is ,bible1 z !y pres5t !m1 are unlike ! pr9t$ text4 #bff ,at ! sale ( ! ,p]k9s libr>y ne> ,london1 ,june #f1 #ahgc1 a copy ( ! ,bible ( #db l9es1 on vellum1 0 sold = #c1djj1 & a copy on pap] = #b1fij--m ?an ! fir/ pr9t]s got = all ! copies4 #bfg ,hessels' translation1 z pr9t$ 9 ! ,ha>lem ,leg5d1 pp4 #bd & #be4 #bfh ,philip de ,lignam9e1 9 a book entitl$ ,a ,cont9uation ( ! ,*ronicles ( ! ,popes1 :i* he pr9t$ 9 ,rome 9 #adgd1 writes conc]n+ ! ye> #adeh3 8,jacob ,gut5b]g ( ,/rasburg1 & ano!r call$ ,fu/1 v skillful 9 ! art ( pr9t+ ) *>act]s ( metal on p>*m5t1 ea* pr9t$ ?ree hundr$ leaves daily at ,m5tz40 ,jacob is an error ( memory or ( typography1 & ! m5tion ( ,/rasburg z ,gut5b]g's bir?place is incorrect1 b ! /atem5t t he pr9t$ 9 #adeh is1 no d\bt1 true4 ,x seems ! te/imony ( a pr9t]1 ^: k ( ! facts _h be5 d]iv$ ei!r f p]sonal obs]vation1 or f ! reports ( workm5 once employ$ at ,m5tz4 #bfi ,?is ,ca?olicon 0 writt51 or edit$1 z ! title in=ms u1 by ,john ( ,g5oa1 ( ! frat]nity ( prea*]s1 or m5dicant fri>s4 ,x conta9s an elaborate ,lat9 gramm> & an etymological diction>y 9 five divisions4 ,x 0 a text book ( au?ority 9 ! high] s*ools4 #bgj ,van ,praet says t ,gut5b]g1 z a noble1 d>$ n adv]tise 8 connection ) a me*anical art4 ,?is is absurd1 = ,gut5b]g's connection ) pr9t+ 9 ,m5tz _h be5 kn[n = at lea/ t5 ye>s1 & pr9t+ 0 n !n reg>d$ z a bus9ess d]ogatory to ! /&+ ( a noble4 ,wett] says t ,gut5b]g 0 humiliat$ by ! sup]ior workman%ip ( ,fu/ & ,s*ff]4 ,b ! "w ( ^! pr9t]s 0 n ( su* unque/ionable sup]iority4 ,helbig's conjecture seems mo/ plausible1 b ,gut5b]g may h be5 s int5t on ! p]sonal satisfaction he d]iv$ f ! realization ( 8 ideas1 t he 0 comp>atively indiff]5t to ! gratification d]iv$ f notoriety4 #bga ,9 ,g]many1 ! pun* or ! model lett] is kn[n z ! patrice1 a ^w obvi\sly d]iv$ f ! root ( ! ,lat9 patron>um ( ! text4 ,! rev]s$ duplicates ( pun*es1 "h translat$ z matrices1 are notic$ 9 ! text z =m>um1 a v>iation ( ! ^w =m1 :i* we f9d s (t5 9 ! record ( ! ,/rasburg trial4 8,! admirable proportion1 h>mony & connection ( ! pun*es & matrices10 %\ld be und]/ood1 n z a comm5dation ( ! beauty ( ! pr9t$ lett]s1 b z a specification by ! inv5tor ( :at he conceiv$ 0 ! great feature ( typography1 ! mak+ ( types ( diff]5t faces & ?ickness on bodies ( absolute uni=mity1 s t !y c\ld be comb9$ ) ease4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t ! inv5tion or ! use ( isolat$ lett]s or types is n boa/$ (2 x 0 ! me?od ( mak+ ! types :i* ! inv5tor reg>d$ z ! mo/ admirable feature ( 8 inv5tion4 #bgb ,?is "w is attribut$ to ,gut5b]g1 *iefly on ! au?ority ( ?is inscription1 :i* 0 f\nd 9 a copy 9 ! possession ( ! ,c>?usian ,fri>s at ,m5tz3 ,! ,c>?usian ,fri>s ne> ,m5tz1 ?r\gh ! lib]ality ( ,john ,gut5b]g1 own ?is book1 :i* 0 made by 8 wond]ful art1 & by ! skill ( ,john ,nummei/]1 cl]k4 ,9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #adfc1 on ! #ac? cal5d ( ,july ,june #ai4 ,helbig d\bts ! g5u95ess ( ?is annotation1 & intimates t x may be ! "w ( ,bodmann1 a libr>ian at ,m5tz1 :o has be5 suspect$ ( attempts to foi/ spuri\s docum5ts on ^? :o 7 eag] to "k m ( ! life & labors ( ,gut5b]g4 ,9 8 treatise on ! ,typographic ,monum5ts ( ,gut5b]g1 ,fis*]1 on ! au?ority ( ,bodmann1 pr9t$ ! copy ( a v]bose docum5t :i* set =? t ,john ,gut5b]g & ,frielo ,g5sfleis* ass5t$ to ! action ( _! si/] ,hebele 9 convey+ to ! ,conv5t ( ,sa9t ,cl>e1 ( :i* %e 0 !n a nun1 h] %>e 9 ! pat]nal inh]itance4 ,x also recites t ,john ,gut5b]g w give to ! conv5t a copy ( e book to be pr9t$ by him4 ,?is docum5t1 :i* is dat$ #adei1 is n accept$ z g5u9e by discreet bibliograph]s4 #bgc ,b]n>d says t "s ( ^! works 7 probably pr9t$ by an unkn[n pr9t] at ,m5tz 7n ! pr9t] ( ! ,indulg5ce ( #ca l9es72 b ?is conjecture ( two pr9t+ (fices1 ab\t :i* hi/ory & tradition are sil5t1 :i* nev] produc$ any "w ( value1 _c be accept$4 #bgd ,a copy ( ?is book 9 ! ,national ,libr>y at ,p>is has an annotation :i* sets =? t 8,h5ry ,kepf] ( ,m5tz put ?is book 9 pl$ge = twelve days1 & has n reclaim$ x4 4 4 40 ,h5ry ,kepf] 0 "o ( ,gut5b]g's workm5 :o appe>$ = him on ! trial4 #bge ,fis*] says t a libr>y at ,m5tz once conta9$ sev]al pamphlets pr9t$ by ,gut5b]g 9 ! l>ge types ( ! ,bible ( #cf l9es4 ,he gives fac-similes ( ! illum9at$ initials 9 "o ( ^! pamphlets1 :i* closely resemble ^? ( ! ,psalt] ( #adeg4 ,?is simil>ity is m ?an an indication t ! lett]s ( ?is ,psalt] 7 made by ,gut5b]g4 #bgf ,9 ! t5? & elev5? c5turies1 ,m5tz1 !n ! capital ( ,g]many1 conta9$ a population ( ab\t #ajj1jjj inhabitants4 ,x 0 ! mo/ p[]ful city ( ! empire1 ! great city :]e ! emp]ors 7 cr[n$4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 x 0 s /rong t x c\ld s5d out ( its walls #aj1jjj arm$ citiz5s to de/roy ! /rongholds ( ! noble robb]s :o _h ravag$ its comm]ce4 #bgg ,helbig says t all ! l>g] h\ses t _h n be5 de/roy$ by fire 7 confiscat$4 ,! booty 0 divid$ 9 ?ree p>ts3 ,adolph took ! fir/ & ! be/ "p1 ! nobles ( 8 army claim$ ! second2 ! soldi]s1 8a b& ( m]c5>y savages10 took ! rema9d]4 ,notes et diss]tations1 p4 #eb4 #bgh ,hessels' translation4 #bgi ,s*aab says t an ari/ocratic appo9tm5t at ! c\rt procur$ ?is nobleman a com=table life4 ,volunt>ily he foll[$ ! pr9cely c\rt1 :]e he _h a free table & fodd] = 8 horses4 ,ev5 = 8 dress he receiv$ clo? 9 ! c\rt colors1 & g5]ally wore a k9d ( mantle1 call$ ,tab>d4 ,x 0 9 accordance ) ! morals ( t "t to c>\se at c\rt4 ,!y w5t !re ) empty cups & return$ ) full ones4 ,! pr9ces tri$ n be=e ! sixte5? c5tury to put a *eck to ?is excess by special ord]s4 ,! elector ,johan ,s*weik>d von ,kron5b]g ord]$1 ev5 9 ! ye> #afje1 to leave ! gross5 ,saumag5--?is 0 ! "n ( ! cups !n us$--= ! future at home 4 4 4 4 ,h[ev] com=table & ,g]man-l all ?is may look1 mis]able 7 ^! c\rt-wages1 ?is dress1 ^! alms pres5t$ to ! inv5tor ( typography4 ,b no1 x is p]fectly 9 h>mony ) ! g5]al c\rse ( e>?ly ?+s4 ,van d] ,l9de1 ,ha>lem ,leg5d1 p4 #bi4 #bhj ,h5ry ,be*t]mntz _h di$ be=e ! book 0 f9i%$4 #bha ,! ,vocabul>ium ex quo 0 repr9t$ by ,ni*olas ,be*t]mntz1 9 ! same types & 9 ! same =m1 9 ! ye>s #adfi1 #adgb1 & #adgg4 ,only "o copy is kn[n ( ! fir/ edition ( ! book4 #bhb ,f ! preface to a curi\s & little-kn[n poem entitl$ ,encomion ,*alcographi1 by ,arnold ,b]gellanus1 z repr9t$ by ,wolf 9 8 ,monum5ta ,typographica1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #e4 #bhc ,x appe>s f ?is1 t ,hum]y1 :o own$ ! pr9t+ (fice1 _h neglect$ to prop]ly record or e/abli% 8 title4 ,x 0 ?r\gh ! grace ( ! ar*bi%op1 :o und]/ood ! matt]1 t he 0 sp>$ ! tr\ble ( re-e/abli%+ 8 "r by legal process4 #bhd ,"o day :5 ,i 0 read+ ?is int]e/+ passage ( ,bodmann1 conc]n+ ! types ( ,gut5b]g1 ! idea pres5t$ itself to me t x w\ld be well to exam9e ) c>e a c]ta9 volume pr9t$ by ,fr$]ic ,hauman1 :i* 0 9 a neglect$ corn] ( my libr>y4 ,i took x up1 n ?9k+ t ,i %\ld make any discov]y4 ,i knew t ! la/ productions ( ! presses ( ,ni*olas ,be*t]mntz 7 pr9t$ ) o!r types ?an ^? ( ,gut5b]g1 & t1 among ! kn[n impressions ( ! ,bro!rs ( ! ,life-9-,common at ,m>i5?al1 none 7 execut$ ) ^! *>act]s4 ,b judge ( my a/oni%m5t1 ( my joy1 p]haps1 :5 ,i recogniz$ 9 ?is neglect$ book n only ! types ( ! ,ca?olicon ( #adfj1 ! only ones app]ta9+ to ,gut5b]g t c\ld h be5 employ$ 9 ! books t proce$$ f ! presses ( ,eltvill1 b also ! types t _h be5 us$ 9 ! ,lett]s ( ,indulg5ce ( #aded & #adee1 9 ! ,appeal aga9/ ! ,turks ( #adee1 ! ,cal5d> ( #adeg describ$ by ,fis*]1 ! ,bible ( #cf l9es1 & all ! *>act]s ( ,alb]t ,pfi/]--or1 to be brief1--:5 ,i recogniz$ ! mo/ anci5t types ( ,john ,gut5b]g4 ,helbig1 ,une dc\v]te p\r l'hi/oire de l'imprim]ie1 p4 #d4 ,helbig gives a li/ ( sev5 books1 ( little value1 pr9t$ by ,hauman1 9 ^! types ( ,gut5b]g4 ,he expresses 8 a/oni%m5t t !y _h n be=e be5 id5tifi$1 b he (f]s no explanation ( ! s+ul> fact t ^! types 7 n us$ by any pr9t] betwe5 #adfi & #aejf4 #bhe ,helbig1 ,une dc\v]te p\r l'hi/oire de l'imprim]ie1 p4 #d1 note4 #bhf ,see pages #cae & #caf ( ?is book4 #bhg ,_m au?ors :o d n m5tion ,gut5b]g speak ( ,m5tz z ! city 9 :i* pr9t+ 0 fir/ practis$4 ,van ,la>1 at ,cologne1 9 #adgh2 ,caxton1 at ,we/m9/]1 9 #adhb2 ! ar*bi%op ,b]?old ( ,m5tz 9 #adhf2 ,meyd5ba* ( ,m5tz 9 #adid--^! are a few ( ! _m writ]s :o h c]tifi$ to ?is fact4 ,a cl\d ( witnesses1 says ,van d] ,l9de1 jo9 9 ! song ( ,celtes3 8,y w9d y\rself1 already1 ,o broad-wav$ ,rh9e6 to ! t[n ( ,m5tz1 :i* fir/ ( all pr9t$ ) metal lett]s40 ,van d] ,l9de1 ,ha>lem ,leg5d1 p4 #cb4 #bhh ,9 ! ye> #agdb1 ! ,jesuits1 :o !n _h control ( ! *ur* ( ,sa9t ,francis1 tore x d[n 9 ord] to rebuild ano!r edifice ^u ! same gr\nd4 ,! tablet & ! tomb ( ,gut5b]g 7 de/roy$4 ,! inscription on ?is tablet 0 publi%$ = ! fir/ "t 9 a book pr9t$ by ,pet] ,fri$burg at ,m5tz 9 ! ye> #adii4 ,helbig1 ,notes et diss]tations1 p4 #aj4 #bhi ,ivo ,wittig 0 an ecclesia/ic ( em95ce1 *ancellor & gr& rector ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,m5tz1 to :i* he gave 8 l>ge libr>y ( books & manuscripts4 ,:5 ! ,sw$es approa*$ ,m5tz1 ?is preci\s libr>y 0 remov$4 ,un=tunately1 x 0 put on a boat ( ! ,rh9e :i* 0 wreck$1 & 8 r>e collection ( books 0 lo/4 ,helbig says x is an irrep>able loss1 = ,wittig 0 deeply int]e/$ 9 pr9t+1 & 8 collection1 no d\bt1 conta9$ mat]ials ( ! highe/ importance conc]n+ its hi/ory4 #bij ,?is is an error4 ,?is h\se is n connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( pr9t+ 9 any o!r way ?an 9 be+ ! resid5ce ( ,gut5b]g :5 a *ild4 ,:5 ! ,g5sfleis* family 7 s5t or w5t 9 exile1 _! h\ses 7 confiscat$4 ,x is n probable t ,gut5b]g di$ 9 ! h\se be>+ 8 "n4 #bia ,! ,jesuit ,s]>ius says t he saw ?is tablet "o hundr$ ye>s aft] x 0 erect$4 ,betwe5 #afcb & #afcf1 :5 ! ,sw$es 7 9 ,m5tz1 ?is h\se 0 sack$1 b ! tablet 0 sp>$4 ,9 #agda1 x 0 tak5 d[n & plac$ 9 ! wall 9 ! c\rt ( a h\se belong+ to ! ,univ]sity4 ,b ?is monum5t1 :i* escap$ ! b>b>ity ( ! ,sw$i% soldi]s1 0 de/roy$ by ! conscripts ( ! ,fr5* republic1 :o 7 lodg$ 9 ?is h\se betwe5 ! ye>s #agic & #agig4 ,helbig says x is probable t ^! ruffians suspect$ ,john ,gut5b]g ( ari/ocratic t5d5cies4 ,!y did n "k t ! old citiz5 ( ,m5tz 01 unwitt+ly1 ! lead] ( all democrats1 revolutioni/s & re=m]s1 ! man above all o!rs1 :o1 by 8 inv5tion1 _h pav$ ! way = ! ,fr5* revolution4 #bib ,b]n>d's conjectures z to ! reason = ?is *ange are plausible4 ,he says3 ,! sales ( ! ,bible _h n be5 s great z ,fu/ _h expect$4 ,envi\s copyi/s _h probably fo/]$ a prejudice aga9/ ! pr9t$ ,bible z purely me*anical copy+1 & = t reason1 or on acc\nt ( its kn[n errors1 inf]ior to ! ord9>y manuscript4 ,fu/ hop$ to remove ^! objections1 & to attract pur*as]s by giv+ ! unsold copies ! appe>ance ( a new edition4 ,madd5 does n accept ?is hypo!sis4 ,he ?9ks t ! two k9ds ( copies 7 compos$ at ! same "t by diff]5t compositors1 :o1 sett+ _! types f dictation1 n see+ ! manuscript copy1 made _! abbreviations )\t uni=mity1 &1 z a necess>y consequ5ce1 produc$ pages ( unequal l5g?4 ,?is explanation is q z reasonable4 #bic ,x c\ld1 ) m propriety1 be call$ a ritual4 ,! psalms are foll[$ by pray]s1 collects1 litanies1 ! s]vice = ! dead1 hymns1 etc4 ,b x is always describ$ z a psalt]4 #bid ,! rubricat$ capital lett]s on ! l>g] body1 :i* are v l>ge & squ>e1 might be reg>d$ z ano!r incomplete font1 = :i* small lett]s _h n be5 provid$4 #bie ,savage said1 be=e he _h critically exam9$ ! ink ( ! book3 ,x is a curi\s fact t1 "u ,fu/ & ,gut5b]g1 ! process ( pr9t+ 9 colors %\ld be c>ri$ ne>ly to p]fection2 = "s ( ! works !y pr9t$1 bo? 9 ! quality ( ! ink & 9 ! workman%ip1 are s excell5t t x w\ld require all ! skill ( our be/ pr9t]s1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 to surpass !m 9 all respects3 & ,i d n hesitate to say1 t1 9 a few ye>s aft]1 ! pr9t]s 7 actually sup]ior to u 9 ! use ( r$ ink1 bo? z to color & z to ! ins]t+ ( a great numb] ( s+le capital lett]s 9 _! prop] places 9 a %eet1 ) a degree ( accuracy & %>pness ( impression t ,i h nev] se5 equal$ 9 mod]n workman%ip4 ,decorative ,pr9t+1 ,london1 #ahbb1 pp4 #f & #g4 ,aft] a clos] inspection1 ,savage discov]$ t ! r$ 0 pa9t$4 ,papillon decl>$ t ! r$ ink 0 ( ! mo/ p]fect beauty4 ,*atto said t ?is e>lie/ kn[n production ( ! press ( ,fu/ & ,s*ff] rema9s to ! pres5t day unimpair$ z a specim5 ( skill 9 ornam5tal pr9t+4 ,! art ( pr9t+ 0 p]fect$ by ,fu/ & ,s*ff]4 ,jackson & ,*atto1 ,wood ,engrav+1 p4 #afh4 #bif ,he says ! ink 0 dull yell[3 ,on "s ( ! leaves :]e music is giv5 !re is an appe>ance z if ! oil 9 ! ink _h p5etrat$ ?r\gh ! vellum & t+$ ! opposite side ( ! leaf ) a d+y yell[4 ,?is _h be5 suppos$ to be ! case1 b ,i f9d t ! orig9al tune _h be5 pr9t$ ) a dull yell[ ink1 & t subsequ5tly a diff]5t "o _h be5 writt5 9 ov] ! fir/1 ) black ink to mat* ! color ( ! text2 & s exactly is ?is effect produc$ t1 if x 7 n = ! rema9s ( ! pr9t+ ( ! orig9al tune1 x might pass unsuspect$ ( be+ any o!r ?an ! production ( ! press4 ,practical ,h9ts on ,decorative ,pr9t+1 pp4 #di & #ea4 #big ,de l'orig9e1 etc41 vol4 ,i4 p4 #bbe4 #bih ,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+1 p4 #he4 #bii ,"s writ]s say t ! e>lie/ pr9t+ inks 7 gum-wat] colors1 :i* c\ld be wa%$ (f ! vellum ) a wet sponge4 ,b ! ink ( ! ,psalt] 0 a true pr9t+ ink1 a smoke-black mix$ ) oil4 ,! mod]n pressman1 :o has ineffectually tri$ to make ord9>y pr9t+ ink /ick to p>*m5t imp]fectly cleans$ ( oily matt]1 w at once attribute ?is failure ( ! pr9t] ( ! ,psalt] to ! oil9ess ( ! vellum & ! weakness ( 8 pr9t+ ink4 #cjj ,practical ,h9ts on ,decorative ,pr9t+1 p4 #ej4 #cja ,?is me?od ( pr9t+ 9 colors 0 pat5t$ by ,solomon ,h5ry ( ,great ,brita9 9 #aghf1 & 9 ano!r =m by ,sir ,william ,congreve 9 #ahai1 & by him appli$ to ! pr9t+ ( maps4 ,abridgm5t ( ,specifications relat+ to ,pr9t+1 ,london1 #ahei4 ,improvem5ts 9 ma*9e presses h put out ( use ^! me?ods ( pr9t+ 9 colors4 #cjb ,life & ,typography ( ,william ,caxton1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 liii1 note4 #cjc ,blades %[s fac-similes ( ! pr9t$ "w ( ,col>d ,mansion1 9 :i* we see t 8 r$ & black 7 pr9t$ by ! same impression4 ,life & ,typography ( ,william ,caxton1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #dc4 ,also1 plates ,,iii & ,,viii4 #cjd ,! mod]n pr9t] :o may reg>d ?is me?od ( color-pr9t+ z pu]ile & wa/eful ( "t1 mu/ be rem9d$ t1 sl[ z x may n[ seem1 x 0 a quick] me?od ?an t ( h&-draw+ & pa9t+4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! old & ! mod]n process ( pr9t+ 9 colors w be fully /at$1 by say+ t ,s*ff] pr9t$1 probably1 b =ty copies ( ?is initial 9 "o day1 & t ! mod]n pressman on a ma*9e press w\ld be requir$ to produce1 f two impressions1 ab\t tw5ty-five hundr$ copies 9 "o day4 ,f> f be+ a specim5 ( ! skill ( ! e>ly pr9t]s1 ?is initial ,b is a flagrant example ( _! inexp]i5ce & ! rud5ess ( _! me?ods4 #cje ,see fac-simile1 plate #ae1 ,humphrey's ,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+4 #cjf ,see fac-simile on page #dee = ! frequ5t transposition ( ! lett]s t & c4 ,also 9 fir/ l9e ( same fac-simile1 ,pres5 spalmorum = ,pres5s psalmorum4 #cjg ,f\rni] ?9ks t all ! lett]s ( ! ,psalt] 7 cut on wood4 ,de l'orig9e1 etc41 de l'imprim]ie1 p4 #bca4 ,b ,b]n>d says3 8,aft] a c>eful /udy ( _m copies1 ,i decl>e t ?is book is c]ta9ly pr9t$ ) types ( f\nd$ metal1 & f\nd$1 too1 ) admirable precision40 ,de l'orig9e et des dbuts1 etc41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bbd4 #cjh ,! la/ edition ( ! book1 pr9t$ by 8 son1 ,john ,s*ff]1 9 #aeaf1 %[s ! great initial ,b entirely 9 r$ ink4 ,x proves t ! lett] previ\sly pr9t$ 9 two colors 0 engrav$ on "o block4 ,x proves also t ! orig9al me?od ( pa9t+ ! lett] 9 two colors _h be5 f\nd exp5sive & impracticable4 #cji ,! "o fir/ pr9t$ is dat$ ,april #f?1 #adfb3 x is a manife/o1 f ,die!r1 notify+ all p t he is ! lawful rul]1 & t ,adolph is ! usurp]4 ,?is docum5t1 :i* is 9 ,g]man1 conta9s #ajf l9es ( ,great-prim] type1 & is pr9t$ on a %eet ( ! size #ab-a_/b by #ag-a_/d in*es4 ,b :5 ,adolph captur$ ,m5tz1 he issu$ c\nt] proclamations4 ,fir/ ( all 0 a proclamation dat$ ,augu/ #h1 #adfa1 f ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ic ,,iii1 ann\nc+ ! deposal ( ,die!r4 ,x 0 pr9t$ on a half %eet1 9 ,g]man1 & 9 ! types ( ! ,bible ( #adfb4 ,! o!r proclamations 7 bulls or briefs 9 ,lat91 aga9/ ,die!r1 f ,pope ,pius ,,ii1 dat$ at ,tivoli4 ,all ( !m are 9 ,r\nd ,go?ic types on ,engli% body4 ,! fir/ bull w>ns ! p to %un ,die!r z !y w\ld a pe/il5t bea/2 ! second is ! w>rant = ! in/allation ( ,adolph2 ! ?ird ord]s ! cl]gy to obey ,adolph2 ! f\r? ord]s ! p to obey ,adolph1 & releases !m f allegiance to ,die!r4 ,! fif? bull relates to a diff]5t matt]3 x sets =? ! unsuccessful mission ( ,c>d9al ,bess>ion to ! ,turks4 ,b]n>d1 ,de l'orig9e1 etc41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bdb4 #caj ,b]n>d1 ,de l'orig9e1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bgc4 #caa ,we d n "k :e!r ,j5son acquir$ 8 k ( pr9t+ secretly or op5ly--9 ! (fice ( ,gut5b]g or ,s*ff]1 or else:]e1 b he succe$$ 9 8 und]tak+4 ,nor is ! date ( 8 return to ,p>is kn[n4 ,madd5 ?9ks t ,j5son 0 taught ! art n 9 ,m5tz1 b 9 ,cologne4 ,dur+ 8 abs5ce1 ,*>les ,,vii di$4 ,on ! #ae? ,augu/1 #adfa1 ,l\is ,,xi1 8 son1 0 cr[n$ at ,rheims4 ,a lov] ( books1 & ! f\nd] ( ! great ,national ,libr>y1 ! k+ %\ld h be5 deeply int]e/$ 9 ! mission ( ,j5son1 b he _h =m$ a /rong dislike to all ! (fic]s t _h be5 appo9t$ by 8 fa!r1 & began 8 reign by dismiss+ ! c\rt favorites4 ,j5son 0 treat$ z "o ( _! numb]4 ,all 8 ef=ts to get a suitable recomp5se = :at he _h done1 & money to e/abli% an (fice 9 ,p>is1 7 unavail+1 & he 0 oblig$ to ab&on ,p>is4 ,he w5t to ,v5ice1 & made himself fam\s by 8 new design ( ,roman lett]1 & by ! admirable presswork ( 8 books4 #cab ,^! ,bibles h be5 ! occasion ( an incr$ible leg5d :i* 0 fir/ told by "o ,john ,wal*ius4 ,x w\ld n des]ve repetition "h if x _h n s (t5 appe>$ 9 mod]n lit]ature4 ,he says t ,fu/ (f]$ "o copy ( ?is ,bible to ! k+ = sixty cr[ns1 & ano!r copy to ! ar*bi%op = fifty cr[ns4 ,to tempt indiff]5t pur*as]s1 he abat$ 8 price until x 0 b =ty cr[ns1 a price s small & s insuffici5t z to excite ! greate/ wond]4 ,! pur*as]s ( diff]5t copies1 fe>+ trick]y1 comp>$ _! copies4 ,in/ead ( discov]+ imp]fection1 !y f\nd an unv>y+ uni=mity :i* 0 unacc\ntable4 ,mean:ile ,fu/ 0 /ill (f]+ = sale o!r copies1 & all 7 exactly alike4 ,z x 0 cle>ly impossible t any copyi/ c\ld write s _m books ) ?is precision1 x 0 obvi\s t ,fu/ 0 9 league ) ! ,devil1 & t ! ,bibles 7 _! jo9t production4 ,! logical process by :i* ?is conclusion 0 rea*$ is n /at$2 b we are told t compla9t 0 made1 t ,fu/ 0 arre/$1 & ?r[n 9 prison1 f :i* he 0 n releas$ until he _h reveal$ ! secret4 ,! absurdity ( ! /ory is transp>5t4 ,b]n>d has %[n t x re/s on no valid au?ority4 #cac ,see page #dce ( ?is book4 #cad ,9 ?is ye> ,conrad ,swe9heym & ,arnold ,pann>tz1 :o _h e/abli%$ a pr9t+ (fice 9 ! mona/]y ( ,subiaco1 ne> ,rome1 pr9t$ an edition ( ,lactantius1 9 :i* ,greek types 7 us$4 #cae ,! phrase1 neque rea1 mu/ be und]/ood z1 n by engrav+ 9 brass or copp] plates1 or n by ! process !n employ$ by ! copp]-plate pr9t]s4 #caf ,! use ( ! words1 ,pet]1 my son1 may be und]/ood z ! fir/ ackn[l$gm5t by ,fu/ ( ! m>riage ( 8 daught] to ,s*ff]4 #cag ,! ,libr>y ( ,g5eva has a copy ( ?is edition ( ,cic]o1 :i* conta9s1 9 8 own h&writ+1 ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ,l\is de ,lav]nade1 fir/ presid5t ( ,langu$oc1 t ! book _h be5 pres5t$ to him 9 ,p>is1 by ,john ,fu/1 9 ,july1 #adff4 #cah ,! record ( ?is *ur* says t ! mass 0 in/itut$ to ,john ,fu/1 pr9t] ( books1 8by ,pet] ,sc(] & ,conrad ,h5lif10 :o gave to ! *ur* ! ,epi/les ( ,sa9t ,j]ome1 pr9t$ on p>*m5t1 & valu$ at #ab cr[ns ( gold4 ,9 #adgc1 ,s*ff] e/abli%$ ano!r mass = ,fu/ & 8 wife ,m>g>et1 ) ! ,dom9icans at ,m5tz1 = :i* he gave a copy ( ! ,epi/les ( ,j]ome & ( ! ,con/itutions ( ,pope ,clem5t ,v4 ,z two books 7 "h requir$1 x %[s t ! price ( books 0 rapidly depreciat+4 #cai ,b]n>d says t ?is ,conrad 0 ! son ( ,john ,fu/1 & t ,*ri/9a ,fu/1 :o m>ri$ ,s*ff]1 0 ,conrad's daught]4 ,! only evid5ce t ?is ,*ri/9a 0 ,conrad's daught] is ! /atem5t 9 ! application1 :i* is pr9t$ above4 ,b ?is /atem5t is n en\gh to ov]turn ! contradictory /atem5ts ( o!r writ]s ( t day1 :o _h bett] k ( ! true relation%ip ( all ! p>ties4 ,wett] ?9ks t ,conrad 0 ano!r son-9-law to ,fu/4 ,we "k v little ab\t him4 ,x does n appe> t he _h any ?+ to d ) pr9t+ be=e ! dea? ( ,fu/1 nor did he ex]cise any kn[n influ5ce z a pr9t]4 ,8 "n is n to be f\nd 9 any ( ,s*ff]'s books4 ,x is n kn[n :5 he di$4 #cbj ,?is manuscript 0 return$1 z _h be5 agre$4 ,x 0 probably us$ to collate ! text ( _! edition ( ?is book1 a big folio ( #edh d\ble-column$ pages 9 types on ,engli% body1 :i* 0 complet$ by ,s*ff] & ,conrad ,fu/1 ,june #ac?1 #adfi4 #cba ,?is passage is an allusion to ! runn+ ( ! disciples to ! sepul*re :]e ,*ri/ _h be5 laid4 8,s !y ran bo? toge!r2 & ! o!r disciple did outrun ,pet]1 & came fir/ to ! sepul*re 4 4 4 4 yet w5t he n 9 4 4 4 4 ,!n come? ,simon ,pet] foll[+ him1 & w5t into ! sepul*re40 ,/4 ,john1 ,,xx1 #d1 #f4 #cbb ,in/itutes ( ,ju/9ian1 #adfh4 #cbc ,x seems t ?is 0 done to avoid ! exp5se ( mak+ a new m\ld1 & to save ! labor ( cutt+ new capital lett]s--an evasion ( duty n at all cr$itable to ! alleg$ inv5tor ( ! type-m\ld4 ,gut5b]g made f\r sizes ( ,po9t$ ,go?ic--! ,p>agon ( ! ,bible ( #db l9es1 ! ,d\ble-pica ( ! ,bible ( #cf l9es1 ! ,d\ble-great-prim] & ,m]idian ( ! ,psalt] ( #adeg--;& ?ree sizes ( ,r\nd ,go?ic1 ! l>ge ,engli% ( ! ,lett] ( ,indulg5ce ( #ca l9es1 ! small ,engli% ( ! ,lett] ( ,indulg5ce ( #cj l9es1 & ! ,pica ( ! ,ca?olicon ( #adfj4 ,!y 7 ca/ on sev5 di/9ct bodies4 ,s*ff]'s ?ree faces ( types1 "o ( !m imp]fect1 7 ca/ on two bodies4 #cbd ,he consign$ 8 books to "o ,hans ,bitz ( ,lubec1 :o di$1 leav+ ! debt unpaid4 #cbe ,to become a freeman ( ! city ( ,frank=t1 ,s*ff] paid a tax ( #aj p\nds #d %ill+s4 #cbf ,!re is 9 ,p>is a treatise by ,dun ,scotus1 pr9t$ by ,an?ony ,koburg] ( ,nuremb]g 9 #adgd1 :i* conta9s a bill ( sale writt5 by ,pet] ,s*ff]1 :i* /ates t ! book 0 sold to "o ,john ,h5ry = ?ree cr[ns ( gold4 #cbg ,8 ag5t 9 ,p>is 0 ,h]mann ,/a?o51 :o di$ !re 9 #adgd1 be=e he _h be5 made a citiz54 ,accord+ to ! ,fr5* law1 all 8 effects rev]t$ to ! cr[n4 ,! books ( ,s*ff] 7 seiz$ by ! k+'s commission]s1 & 7 scatt]$ & sold be=e 8 p>tn] ,conrad ,fu/1 or ,h5lif1 c\ld make a reclamation4 ,he appeal$ to ! k+1 ,l\is ,,xi1 :o ord]$ t ,s*ff] %\ld be recomp5s$ by ! paym5t ( #b1dbe cr[ns4 ,?is 0 a l>ge sum = t day3 x 0 ne>ly f\r times z l>ge z ! sum fix$ on 9 a valuation ( all ! books 9 ! ,l\vre 9 #adei4 #cbh ,8 son1 ,john ,s*ff]1 :o _h "s control ov] ! pr9t+ (fice be=e 8 fa!r's dea?1 timidly & t>dily introduc$ pag+-figures1 b !y 7 n regul>ly us$ 9 8 lat] works4 ,we may suppose t ! fa!r dislik$ ! innovation4 ,! inv5tion ( leads is ! only improvem5t t c be attribut$ to ,s*ff]4 #cbi ,t5 ye>s be=e1 ,john ,s*ff] _h conc$$ full ju/ice to ,gut5b]g1 & _h told ! /ory ) m tru?4 ,9 ! d$ication ( an edition ( ,livy1 pr9t$ by him 9 #aeje1 ,john ,s*ff] uses ?is language3 8,w y\r ,maje/y address+ ! ,emp]or ,maximilian deign to accept ?is book1 pr9t$ 9 ,m5tz1 ! city 9 :i* ! admirable art ( typography 0 inv5t$1 9 ! ye> #adej1 by ! +5i\s ,john ,gut5b]g1 & 0 aft]w>d p]fect$ at ! co/ & by ! "w ( ,john ,fu/ & ( ,pet] ,s*ff] 4 4 4 0 ,?is ackn[l$gm5t did n prev5t ! ,emp]or f mak+ a subsequ5t (ficial decl>ation1 9 ! privilege or copyright = a gr& edition ( ,livy1 publi%$ by ! same pr9t]1 & dat$ ,decemb] #i1 #aeah1 t ! gr&fa!r ( ,john ,s*ff] _h inv5t$ pr9t+ *alcographia4 ,s mu* = ! /r5g? ( audaci\s falsehood6 ,b]n>d1 ,de l'orig9e et des dbuts1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #cji4 #ccj ,annales ,hirsaugi5ses1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dba4 #cca ,! description ( ! m +5i\s me?od ( 8f\nd+ ! =ms ( all ! lett]s ( ! ,lat9 alphabet1 :i* !y call$ matrices1 f :i* matrices !y aga9 f\nd$ types1 ei!r 9 t9 or 9 brass10 has be5 d5\nc$ by _m writ]s on typography z ! confus$ /atem5t ( a man :o did n ?or\ghly und]/& :at he relat$1 & :o has rev]s$ ! prop] ord] ( ! process ( type-mak+4 ,a m c>eful read+ w %[ t ,tri!mius attempt$ to describe ! process ( matrix-mak+1 :i* is set =? 9 page #cjb ( ?is book4 ,he says ! types 7 made ei!r ( brass or ( t91 = 8 memory fail$ him1 & he c\ld n recollect t x 0 ! matrix :i* %\ld h be5 ( brass1 & ! type ( t94 ,! *>act]s 8:i* be=e ?is _h be5 cut by h&0 may be reg>d$ n z types1 b z pun*es ( s(t metal4 ,!y w\ld necess>ily be damag$ by pressure 9 ! semi-fluid metal select$ = mak+ ! matrices4 ,! tools :i* ,tri!mius va9ly tri$ to describe 7 ! pun* ( /eel & ! m\ld & matrices ( brass4 ,t pun*es & matrices ( wood or ( s(t metal unequal to h>d pressure 7 us$ by ! e>li] pr9t]s is prov$ by ! v>iable %apes ( _! types4 #ccb ,! impressions ( ,gut5b]g1 :i* cle>ly %[ t 8 types 7 ca/ & n cut1 %\ld outweigh ! /atem5ts ( all ! *ronicl]s2 b x may be prop] to call att5tion to ! fact t ! types ( ! ,bible ( #db l9es 7 us$ by ,s*ff] 9 #adgf1 & t ! types ( ! ,lett]s ( ,indulg5ce & ( ! ,bible ( #cf l9es 7 9 use by ,hauman at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,if ^! types _h be5 cut1 !y w\ld h be5 soon worn out4 ,! reappe>ance ( ^! faces fifty ye>s aft] !y 7 fir/ us$ %[s t ! types ( ,hauman mu/ h be5 ca/ f ! matrices ( ,gut5b]g4 #ccc ,?is v]sion is f\nd 9 ,wolf's ,monum5ta ,typographica1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #dff & #dfi1 "u ! head+ ( ,! ,/atem5t ( an ,unkn[n ,au?or1 & is attribut$ by ,wolf to "o ,jo4 ,frid4 ,fau/us ( ,as*aff5burg 7:o di$ 9 #afbj71 or to 8 son4 ,wolf admits 7p4 #deb1 note7 t ! id5tity ( ! au?or is n cle>ly e/abli%$4 ,x is probable t ! /atem5t 0 writt5 by a desc5dant ( ,john ,fu/1 :o 0 pr$ispos$ to magnify 8 s]vices & ^? ( 8 p>tn]4 ,van d] ,l9de calls ! writ] an ar* li>4 ,b]n>d rejects ! entire /atem5t z unwor?y ( cr$it1 or ev5 ( notice4 #ccd ,five ( ! disput$ works are ! ,donatus ( #adea1 ! ,bible ( #cf l9es1 ! ,lett]s ( ,indulg5ce ( #adee1 ! ,cal5d> ( #adeg & ! ,almanac ( #adee4 ,! *ief reason = attribut+ ^! works to ,pfi/] is t !y exhibit ! types ( ! ,bible ( #cf l9es4 #cce ,!re is no ,engli% equival5t = libripagus1 :i* means a workman :o is an engrav]1 a pr9t]1 & a /5cil]4 ,l o!r writ]s ( 8 day1 ,paul ( ,prague _h to co9 a ^w to def9e pr9t]s1 :o = _m ye>s aft] 7 call$ typographi1 typo!t1 *alcographi1 excusores & proto*>agmatici4 ,mo/ writ]s call$ pr9t]s impressores1 or impressors1 f ! process ( impress+ types4 ,?is ^w1 :i* 0 f9ally accept$ 9 all ,european languages1 has s]v$ to fo/] ! error t ! vital pr9ciple ( pr9t+ is impression4 #ccf ,ticozzi1 ,/efano1 ,/oria del lett]ati e degli arti/i del dip>tim5to della ,piave1 ,belluno1 #ahac4 ,see1 also1 ,l'imprim]ie1 ,no4 #eh1 ,octob]1 #ahfh4 #ccg ,b]n>d1 ,de l'orig9e1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #id4 ,?is va9 & sc&al\s inscription 0 probably made by "o ( ,m5tel's desc5dants4 ,x is n /at$ :5 ?is tablet 0 erect$4 ,b]n>d supposes t x is a second tablet1 :i* 0 put up 9 place ( "o made soon aft] 8 burial4 #cch ,x 0 probably provok$ by ! false ass]tion ( ,john ,s*ff]1 t ,pet] ,s*ff]1 8 fa!r1 & ,john ,fu/1 8 gr&fa!r1 7 ! prop] inv5tors1 to ! exclusion ( ,gut5b]g4 ,s*ott1 kn[+ t ,m5tel's claims z an inv5tor 7 z valid z ^? ( ,fu/ or ,s*ff]1 plac$ on 8 books1 aft] #aebj1 an armorial %ield conta9+ a cr[n$ lion1 ) ?is inscription3 8,arms ( ! ,s*ott family1 grant$ by ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ic ,,iii to ,john ,m5tel1 ! fir/ inv5tor ( typography1 & to 8 heirs1 9 ! ye> #adff40 ,!re are d\bts conc]n+ ?is pat5t ( nobility4 ,:5 x 0 dem&$ _m ye>s aft]w>d1 x c\ld n be produc$ ,de l'orig9e1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fi4 ,x may h be5 grant$ to ,m5tel1 n z ! fir/ pr9t]1 b z ! fir/ pr9t] 9 ,/rasburg4 ,s*pfl91 :o speaks ( ?is docum5t z if he _h se5 ! orig9al1 d5ies t x gave to ,m5tel ! title ( inv5tor ( pr9t+ ,v9dici ,typographic1 p4 #ih1 note4 ,!re 0 a tradition t ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ic ,,iii _h giv5 to a corporation ( ma/] pr9t]s kn[n z ! ,typo!t1 an h]aldic %ield1 repres5t+ an eagle hold+ 9 "o claw a compos+-/ick1 & 9 ! o!r claw a copy-guide1 surm\nt$ by a griff9 di/ribut+ ink ) two balls4 ,b ^! are n ! arms display$ by ,s*ott1 nor did ,m5tel1 nor 8 successor ,fla*1 make any display ( !m 9 _! books4 #cci ,9 ano!r book ,spiegel says #addb4 #cdj ,me]man1 ,orig9es ,typographic1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aii4 ,x is n cle>ly prov$ t ,speckl91 :o 0 a magi/rate ( ,/rasburg at ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 is ! au?or ( ?is /atem5t4 ,b]n>d says t ?is v]sion conta9s ab\t z _m errors z words4 #cda ,li*t5b]g]1 ,initia ,typographica1 p4 #ef4 #cdb ,! fir/ book pr9t$ at ,/rasburg ) a date 0 a copy ( ! ,decretals ( ,gratianus1 a folio 9 two volumes1 :i* be>s ?is impr9t3 8,by ! v5]able ,h5ry ,egge/e91 ma/] ( lib]al arts1 & citiz5 ( ! r5[n$ city ( ,/rasburg1 9 ! ye> #adga40 ,?is 0 n 8 fir/ book1 = 9 ano!r book pr9t$ 9 ! same ye>1 he tells ! read] t he has pr9t$ 8innum]able volumes ( law1 philosophy & div9ity40 ,he pr9t$ two or ?ree editions ( ! ,bible 9 ,lat91 & "o 9 ,g]man1 & _m o!r books 9 folio4 ,! types ( ^! books are unlike ^? us$ by ,m5tel4 ,egge/e9 0 record$ 9 ! tax li/ among ! city (fic]s1 & 0 aft]w>d bi%op's *ancellor 9 ! c\rt ( ,/rasburg4 ,! p>tn]%ip betwe5 ,m5tel & ,egge/e9 0 ( %ort duration4 ,! date ( ,egge/e9's dea? is n kn[n3 8 "n is n f\nd 9 any books pr9t$ ) 8 types aft] #adgb4 #cdc ,x is suppos$ t he pr9t$ ! ,bible 9 ,g]man & 9 ,lat91 ,que/ions ( ,consci5ce1 ,a ,concordance ( ! ,bible1 ,! ,epi/les ( ,sa9t ,j]ome1,! ,city ( ,god1 ,! ,specula ( ,v9c5t ( ,beauvais4 ,all ^! books are ?ick folios--_m ( !m 9 types on ,engli% body4 ,"s are 9 two1 & ! la/ nam$ 9 eight1 volumes4 ,o!r works h be5 attribut$ to him1 b ,madd5 says t "s ( !m 7books ) a curi\s =m ( ! lett] ,r--:i* o!rs say 7 ! "w ( ,zell7 7 pr9t$ at ! ,mona/]y ( ,weid5ba*4 #cdd ,= a table ( ! *ronological ord] 9 :i* pr9t+ 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 see page #cbc ( ?is book4 #cde ,! high reputation ( ,s*ff]'s (fice 0 fairly su/a9$ by 8 son ,john1 :o di$ 9 #aeca4 ,pet] ,s*ff]1 junior1 ano!r son1 0 equally able1 = he pr9t$ books 9 ,hebrew1 ,lat91 ,g]man & ,engli%4 ,he f\nd no prop] enc\ragem5t at ,m5tz1 & _h to e/abli% 8 (fice successively at ,worms1 ,/rasburg & ,v5ice4 ,8 la/ kn[n "w1 ) date #aedb1 0 pr9t$ at ,v5ice1 :]e x is suppos$ he di$4 ,ives ,s*ff]1 son ( ,pet]1 junior1 :o succe$$ ,john ,s*ff] 9 ! managem5t ( ! (fice at ,m5tz1 0 an indu/ri\s publi%] f #aeca to #aeeb1 ! suppos$ ye> ( 8 dea?4 ,victor1 ! son ( ,ives1 gave up ! bus9ess1 & ! "n ( ,s*ff] disappe>$ f ! roll ( pr9t]s at ,m5tz4 ,helbig1 ,notes et diss]tations1 etc41 p4 #dg-ej4 #cdf ,a description ( ?is ,bible1 ) o!r p>ticul>s ( importance1 0 giv5 by ,dr4 ,dziatzko1 ! libr>ian at ,freiburg1 9 a lett] to ,hessels1 & by him pr9t$ 9 ! introduction to ! ,ha>lem ,leg5d1 p4 ,,xxii4 #cdg ,! ,bro!rhood 7 =bidd5 by ! v[s !y _h tak5 to ask = alms or accept gifts1 & 7 requir$ to live by ! labor ( _! h&s4 ,!y devot$ !mselves to ! duties ( tea*+ s*ool & copy+ books4 ,at ,weid5ba* !y 7 rem>kably successful4 ,!y built a *ur* 9 #adij ) ! money !y _h made f ! sale ( manuscript & pr9t$ books4 ,madd5 says t ! mona/]y ( ,weid5ba* 0 n only a publi%+ h\se1 b a prom95t s*ool ( typography1 & t !re are reasons = believ+ t x gave in/ruction to ,caxton1 ,j5son1 ,mansion & o!r em95t pr9t]s4 #cdh ,?is ,john ,s5s5s*midt subsequ5tly w5t to ,bamb]g1 & 9 #adha !re publi%$ ! ,bamb]g ,missal1 ) a text 9 ,po9t$ ,go?ic types ( five-l9e pica body1 probably ! l>ge/ text types ev] us$ 9 a book4 ,x 0 admirably pr9t$ & rubricat$4 #cdi ,^! two ?\s& impressions 7 tak5 f ab\t ?ree hundr$ cuts--= ! cut t s]v$ = ! portrait ( ,p>is ( ,troy 0 us$ = ,od(r$us ( ,g]many & ! poet ,dante ( ,italy4 ,wood-cuts pr(ess+ to repres5t cities & battles 9 ,greece & ,syria 7 repeat$ = battles & cities 9 ,france & ,g]many1 ) an indiff]5ce to ! ana*ronisms & a cool disreg>d ( ! incr$ulity ( ! read] t are amaz+4 ,! au?or _h a ke5 reli% = ! m>vel\s--= m5 ) "o eye1 ) imm5se e>s1 ) enorm\s legs1 & l mon/rosities4 ,! ,dance ( ,dea?1 :i* is reproduc$ on page #ahe ( ?is book1 is "o ( ! mo/ m]itori\s designs1 b mo/ ( !m are ( small value4 ,! fac-simile ( ,koburg]'s map on ! opposite page %\ld be contra/$ ) ! map ( ,g]many 9 any mod]n atlas4 ,x is pres5t$ z an illu/ration ( ! m$ieval notion ( geography1 & z "o ( ! fir/ attempts at map-pr9t+4 #cej ,9 #adgg1 ,sorg pr9t$ ! fir/ illu/rat$ edition ( ! :ole ,bible2 9 #adhc1 a description ( ! c\ncil ( ,con/ance1 conta9+ ne>ly "o ?\s& engrav+s4 #cea ,repres5t+ t ! use ( wood-cuts by typograph]s 0 an infr+em5t on ! ve/$ rights ( ! guild1 ! block-pr9t]s induc$ ! magi/rates to pass a law comm&+ pr9t]s n to use wood-cuts4 ,n d]iv+ ! b5efits !y expect$ f ?is re/riction1 ! block-pr9t]s propos$ to conc$e to ! typograph]s ! "r to use z _m cuts z !y pleas$1 provid+ !y w\ld agree to use only ! wood-cuts made by regul> engrav]s4 #ceb ,9 #adgb1 ,mel*ior ( ,/anheim1 abbot ( ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,ulric at ,augsburg1 e/abli%$ a pr9t+ (fice 9 8 mona/]y1 buy+ types & tools f o!r pr9t]s4 ,he b\ght five presses ( ,s*ssl] = #gc flor9s1 & _h five o!r presses made = him by a jo9] ( ,augsburg4 ,! equipm5t ( 8 (fice co/ #gjb flor9s1 :i* 0 !n reg>d$ z a l>ge sum4 #cec ,see *apt] ,,xv & pages #cbb-cbe ( ?is book = a full] description ( ! works ( ?is pr9t]4 #ced ,see notes on pages #bha & #cbb4 #cee ,_m bibliograph]s say t he w5t to ,cologne 9 #adgc4 ,madd5 reg>ds him z a pupil ( ! mona/]y at ,weid5ba*4 ,blades ?9ks t he 0 self-taught1 or taught by "s unkn[n pr9t]1 & t1 z e>ly z #adgb1 he began 8 typographic "w at ,bruges1 9 :i* he 0 assi/$ by ,william ,caxton4 #cef ,he pr9t$ eight books 9 #adgh2 sev5 9 #adgi2 n9e 9 #adhj2 t5 9 #adhb4 ,9 fifte5 days he pr9t$ ?ree books1 "o ( #he1 & ano!r ( #cje leaves4 ,dur+ ! sev5te5 ye>s he 0 9 bus9ess he pr9t$ #aej books4 ,8 la/ book at ,g\da 0 dat$ ,june #bc1 #adhd2 on ! #ah? ( ,septemb]1 #adhd1 he publi%$ at ,antw]p1 a book ( #djj pages4 ,fifte5 days aft]1 he complet$ ano!r book4 ,dur+ ! fir/ six mon?s ( #adhe1 he publi%$ "o volume ea* mon?4 ,"o ( ^! books _h #cd1 & ano!r #gf engrav+s specially cut = ! "w4 #ceg ,! colophon ( ?is book is a que] piece ( my/]i\s ,engli%3 4 4 4 ,enpr5tyd 9 ! du*ye ( ,brab&1 9 ! t[n ( ,&ew>pe1 9 ! y]e ( our ,"l ,m4 ,,cccc4 ,,xciiii4 ,by mai/ir ,g]>d de ,leew1 a man ( grete wys$om 9 all man] ( kunyng3 :y* n[e is come f ,lyfe unto ! do?1 :i* is grete h>me = _m ( p\re man4 ,on :as s[le ,god almy?y = hys hygh grace haue m]cy4 ,am54 ,van d] ,me]s*4 ,imprimeurs ,belges et ,nerl&ais1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #aai4 #ceh ,! pr9t$ date ( ?is book is ,m4,,cccc4,,lxi4 ,x is a curi\s circum/ance t ?is exact pr9t] %\ld beg9 ) an error :i* makes 8 fir/ publication appe> t5 ye>s e>li] ?an x 04 #cei ,9 #adgi1 ,dom9ic made ?is contract = pr9t+ a book4 ,! publi%] ,boniface %\ld furni% ! pap]1 & %\ld pay #aj livres = #bjj copies ( a book ( #bc or #bd leaves ( royal octavo or ord9>y qu>to4 ,if he pr9t$ m ?an #bjj copies1 he %\ld =feit all claims = "w done4 ,9 ano!r contract1 made 9 #adhj1 ,dom9ic agre$ to pr9t #ajj copies ( a book ( #ajj or #abj pages = #d flor9s 9 gold4 ,! prices = pr9t+ seem insuffici5t1 b ! co/ ( labor 0 small4 ,! compositors ( ! ,ripoli ,press 7 ! si/]s ( a conv5t4 #cfj ,! p>tn]%ip %\ld be = ?ree ye>s4 ,z>ot b\nd himself to furni% all ! types1 ,lat9 & ,greek1 ,roman & ,go?ic1 & to make all ! ink4 ,! f\r associates 7 to furni% ! money4 ,"o ( !m1 ,de ,burgo1 %\ld advance #ajj ducats z soon z !y c\ld keep f\r presses /eadily at "w4 ,if any p>tn] %\ld ob/ruct ! bus9ess1 he %\ld lose all 8 rights4 ,r5t %\ld be paid out ( ! g5]al fund4 ,pr(its %\ld be divid$ 9 ?ree p>ts1 ( :i* ,z>ot %\ld h "o "p1 & ! f\r associates1 two p>ts4 ,z>ot %\ld pay ! associates "o ?ird ! actual co/ ( ! presses & o!r implem5ts1 :i* %\ld become 8 prop]ty at ! t]m9ation ( ! p>tn]%ip4 ,curr5t exp5ses %\ld be paid out ( ! g5]al fund f ! pr(its ( sales4 ,! prie/ ,gabriel 7a p>tn]7 %\ld be ! ag5t1 treasur] & g5]al manag]4 ,he %\ld h "o copy ( e book pr9t$4 ,books = publication %\ld be select$ at a g5]al meet+ ( all p>tn]s4 ,! corrector & ! copyi/s %\ld be paid 9 pr9t$ books4 ,e workman %\ld be b\nd by oa? to keep ! secrets ( ! p>tn]s1 & 0 =bid to give any book to any o!r ma/] pr9t] ( ! city4 ,if any p>tn] wi%$ to pr9t a book on 8 own acc\nt1 & c\ld n agree ) 8 associates1 he w\ld be p]mitt$ to h x done else:]e4--,pet] & ,ni*olas de ,burgo imm$iately ask$ = ! use ( ?ree presses or m1 = works on common & civil law & m$ic9e1 !y provid+ & pay+ = ! presses & = work+ !m1 & half ! curr5t exp5ses ( ! (fice4 ,!y also agre$ to give "o-f\r? ( ! pr(its1 to pay a bonus ( #be ducats1 & "o copy ( ea* book1 provid$ ! society w\ld n sell x "u price4 #cfa ,x w be se5 t ! bus9ess ( publi%+ is almo/ z old z t ( pr9t+4 ,vald>f] agre$ to set up ! types ( ! books produc$ at ! rate ( #bd imp]ials 787 = e #bj pages4 ,! w>y publi%]s took ! precaution to specify 9 ! agreem5t t ! blank pages %\ld n be c\nt$4 #cfb ,! ,s5ate ( ,lucca1 by a vote ( #ch to #i1 vot$ to pay ! prie/ ,clem5t1 a pr(essional calligraph] & bookb9d] 7:o _h appli$ = ! means to g to ,v5ice & get a k ( ! art71 a subv5tion ( two flor9s mon?ly1 on condition t he %\ld practise 8 art z a public (fic]1 tea*+ all :o wi%$ to le>n4 ,clem5t decl9$ ! (f]4 #cfc ,g]+ repr9t$ ! books ( ,keys] & ,/ol z soon z he c\ld procure copies4 ,ea* h\se boa/$ ( ! sup]ior accuracy & great] *eapness ( its own publications4 #cfd ,9 ?is /yle ! pages 7 surr\nd$ by n>r[ pictorial bord]s 9 pieces ( irregul> l5g?4 ,^! pieces 7 repeat$ly us$ on diff]5t pages1 b always 9 new comb9ations1 s z to pres5t "s feature ( novelty4 ,! gr\nd-works ( ! bord]s 7 g5]ally /ippl$4 ,! l>ge illu/rations 9 ! text 7 9 outl9e1 obvi\sly int5d$ = color+4 ,r$ lett]s 7 (t5 pr9t$ on e page1 b ! l>g] initials 7 pa9t$4 #cfe ,blades ?9ks t x 0 pr9t$ at ,bruges by ,col>d ,mansion & ,william ,caxton1 ab\t #adgb4 ,madd5 ?9ks x 0 pr9t$ at ! mona/]y ( ,weid5ba* by ,mansion & ,caxton1 :o w5t !re ab\t #adgd to le>n practical typography4 ,o!r bibliograph]s say t x 0 pr9t$ by ,zell at ,cologne4 ,! types ( ?is ,recuyell are ?or\ghly ,fr5*1 & are l ! l>g] types us$ by ,mansion4 ,b]n>d ?9ks t ^! types 7 made & fir/ us$ at ,cologne1 by ! ord] ( ! ,duke ( ,burgundy = ! ,fr5* edition ( ! same "w4 #cff ,?omas1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+1 said t pr9t+ 0 done 9 ,mexico be=e #aefi4 ,! subsequ5t discov]y ( ,mexican books ) e>li] impr9ts has compell$ a gradual putt+ back ( ! date to #aedj1 :i* is t ( ! e>lie/ exi/+ book4 ,!re is a tradition ab\t a ,mexican book said to be pr9t$ 9 #aecf1 b ! book is n 9 exi/5ce1 & ! correctness ( ?is date has n be5 prov$4 ,h>risse quotes an au?or :o says t pr9t+ 0 tak5 to ,mexico 9 #aecb1 by ! ,vic]oy ,m5doza1 & t ,pablos 0 ! fir/ pr9t]4 ,b ,m5doza did n g to ,mexico until #aece4 ,pablos 0 ! =eman ( ,cromb]g]1 :o _h "o (fice 9 ,seville & "o 9 ,mexico4 #cfg ,?is is ,hallam's enum]ation ( ! hooks pr9t$ 9 l>ge cities be=e #aejj3 ,flor5ce #cjj ,milan #fbi ,bologna #bih ,rome #ibe ,v5ice #bhce ,london #acj ,p>is #gea ,cologne #ecj ,nuremb]g #chb ,leipsic #cea ,basle #cbj ,/rasburg #ebf ,augsburg #bef ,l\va9 #aaf ,m5tz #acd ,dev5t] #afa ,if all[ance be made = ! books t are lo/1 ^! numb]s are too small1 b ! li/ w give a correct idea ( ! comp>ative activity ( ! e>ly pr9t]s at diff]5t places4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod 7 publi%$ #bia editions ( ,cic]o1 #ie ( ,virgil1 #eg ( ,horace1 #ia ( ! ,lat9 ,bible & _m hundr$s ( ! decretals & dige/s ( canon law4 #cfh ,! ,bi%op ( ,ang]s 9 #adgj paid #dj cr[ns ( gold = a copy ( ! ,bible ( #adfb4 ,! ,ca?olicon ( ,gut5b]g sold = #da cr[ns ( gold 9 #adfe4 ,a copy ( ,mansion's edition ( ! ,consolation ( ,philosophy by ,boe?ius1 br\ght #dj cr[ns 9 #adha4 ,a missal 0 sold 9 #adha = #ah gold flor9s4 ,b]n>d notes a sale 9 :i* a pr9t$ copy br\ght a high] price ?an a manuscript4 ,a copy on vellum ( ! ,summ>y ( ,/4 ,?omas by ,s*ff]1 0 sold at ,p>is = #ae cr[ns ( gold4 ,a manuscript ( simil> size 0 sold = #aj cr[ns4 ,x is difficult to =m j conclusions f ^! prices1 = ! b9d+s ( ! books h n be5 describ$4 ,hallam says t ! flor9 0 wor? ab\t f\r francs ( pres5t money1 equival5t1 p]haps1 to tw5ty-f\r 9 commodities1 & t ! cr[n 0 wor? r m4 ,ano!r e/imate all[s to ! money ( ! fifte5? c5tury eight times its pres5t pur*as+ p[]4 #cfi ,! m&ate is too long = an unabridg$ translation1 b ! foll[+ extracts w fairly set =? ! reasons = 8 action3 ,al?\gh1 by a c]ta9 div9e art ( pr9t+1 abundant & easy access is obta9$ to books 9 e sci5ce 4 4 4 yet we h p]ceiv$ t c]ta9 m51 l$ by ! desire ( va+lory or money1 d abuse ?is art2 & t :i* 0 giv5 = ! in/ruction ( human life is p]v]t$ to purposes ( mis*ief & calamity4 ,=1 to ! di%onor+ ( religion1 we h se5 9 ! h&s ( ! vulg> c]ta9 books ( ! div9e (fices & ! writ+s ( our religion translat$ f ! ,lat9 into ! ,g]man tongue4 4 4 4 ,"s volumes on ?is subject1 c]ta9 ra% unle>n$ simpletons h d>$ to translate into ! vulg> tongue1 ^: translation 4 4 4 _m le>n$ m5 h decl>$ un9telligible1 9 consequ5ce ( ! v great misapplication & abuse ( words4 4 4 4 ,let su* translators1 if !y pay any reg>d to tru?1 say :e!r ! ,g]man language be capable ( express+ t :i* excell5t writ]s 9 ,greek & 9 ,lat9 h mo/ accurately & argum5tatively writt5 on ! sublime speculations ( ! ,*ri/ian religion & ! k ( ?+s4 ,!y mu/ ackn[l$ge t ! pov]ty ( our idiom r5d]s x insuffici5t1 4 4 4 !y mu/ corrupt ! s5se ( ! tru? 9 ! sacr$ writ+s 4 4 4 :i*1 f ! greatness ( ! dang] att5dant ^u x1 we greatly dread2 = :o w\ld leave x to ignorant & unle>n$ m5 & to ! female sex1 into ^: h&s copies ( ! ,holy ,scriptures may h fall51 to f9d out ! true mean+ ( !m8 ,?is 0 n ! fir/ re/riction impos$ on ! lib]ty ( ! pr9t]s1 = ! ,univ]sity ( ,cologne 9 #adgi _h assum$ ! "r to control ! pr9t+ ( books by ,qu5tell & ,w9t]s4 #cgj ,gut5b]g's employm5t ( ! goldsmi? ,dnne at ,/rasburg1 & ! paym5t to him ( a big sum = "w connect$ ) pr9t+1 c be mo/ satisfactorily expla9$ by ! conjecture t ,dnne 0 hir$ to cut pun*es & make a m\ld4 ,i f9d no m5tion ( pun*-cutt+ or m\ld-mak+ at ,m5tz1 b !re is1 9 ! acc\nts ( ! ,ripoli ,press1 an unequivocal notice ( "o ,john ,pet] ( ,m5tz1 :o 0 sell+ matrices to ! pr9t]s ( ,flor5ce 9 #adgf4 ,x is evid5t t ?is ,john ,pet] _h exp]i5ce 9 ?is bran* ( typography4 ,! ,ripoli ,press b\ght ( him1 9 #adgg1 ! matrices ( a full font ( ,roman1 = #aj flor9s 9 gold4 ,john ,pet] 0 n ! only pun*-cutt]4 ,9 #adgh1 ! ,ripoli ,press paid ! goldsmi? ,b5v5uto #aaj livres = ! pun*es ( ?ree fonts--two ( :i* 7 ( ,roman & "o ( ,go?ic face4 ,9 #adha1 ano!r goldsmi?1 ,banco1 made a sale to ! manag] ( ! ,ripoli ,press1 ( 8#ajj little lett]s1 #c big lett]s1 & #c vignettes on copp]40 #cga ,squ>e notes ( music1 p>tly writt51 p>tly pr9t$1 are se5 9 ! ,psalt] ( #adeg4 ,greek lett]s 7 made by ,s*ff] & ,swe9heym1 b ! fir/ book 9 ,greek 0 pr9t$ by ,p>avis9us at ,milan 9 #adgf4 ,hebrew types 7 made at ,sonc9o 9 #adhh4 ,at ! close ( ! c5tury1 a ,g]man pr9t] at ,p>is made an imitation ( writ+1 b ! lett]s 7 n connect$1 & ! only p5manlike features 7 9 ! capitals4 ,ab\t #aejj1 ,manutius _h ! engrav] ,francis ( ,bologna cut pun*es = ,italic types1 9 imitation ( ! h&writ+ ( ,petr>*4 #cgb ,jacob ,bella]t ( ,ha>lem comb9$ isolat$ engrav+s1 cut = ! purpose1 9 ! belief t ea* comb9ation w\ld seem a new engrav+4 ,k]v] tri$ to give v>iety to 8 pages by v>y+ comb9ations ( deta*$ pictorial bord]s4 ,b x 0 quickly demon/rat$ t typography c\ld deal successfully ) lett]s only4 ,! l>ge ornam5tal initial lett]s ( books 7 n ca/1 b cut1 sometimes on wood1 (t5] on metal4 ,small & ornam5t$ capital lett]s 7 ca/ by ,m5tel ( ,/rasburg1 & by ,ratdolt ( ,v5ice 9 #adgg4 #cgc ,colonna & ,man!n at ,v5ice said t _! ,go?ic 0 a 8sublime lett]40 ,john ,h]bort1 9 #adhc1 said 8 0 8a mo/ captivat+ lett]1 unque/ionably excell+ all o!rs40 ,ni*olas ,prevo/ said 8 book 0 pr9t$ 89 types ! mo/ beautiful & mo/ becom+ = polite lit]ature40 ,*evalon said 8 ,go?ic 0 8! polite & fa%ionable lett]40 #cgd ,9 ,france1 ! pun*es are /ruck 9 hot copp] to prev5t _! breakage4 #cge ,i "k by exp]i5ce t ! ord9>y metal us$ = types c be ca/ 9 a matrix ( lead to ! numb] ( #abe or #aej types be=e ! matrix w be de/roy$4 ,aft] #ej or #fj ca/+s1 !re w be an alt]ation 9 ! m\ld2 ! f9] l9es w disappe> & rud] l9es be pres5t$4 ,?is w acc\nt = ! diff]5ces t ! same lett]s pres5t on e page4 ,magaz9 ,encyclop4 de ,mill91 #ahjf1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #gd1 z quot$ by ,b]n>d1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bii4 #cgf ,gut5b]g's l>g] bodies 7 irregul>ly graduat$ & ( ,po9t$ ,go?ic face2 8 small] bodies 7 n sep>at$ at prop] di/ances1 & 7 ( ,r\nd ,go?ic face4 ,! unkn[n pr9t] _h f\r faces & f\r bodies ( ! size ,engli%4 ,caxton _h two faces & two bodies ea* ( ! sizes ,p>agon1 ,great-prim] & ,engli%4 ,! types ( _m pr9t]s at ,p>is & ,v5ice %[ irregul>ities ( body :i* seem rem>kable & inexplicable to ! mod]n pr9t]4 #cgg ,! smalle/ sizes :i* ,i h met 9 any book ( ! fifte5? c5tury are 9 ! ,decretals ( ,gregory1 pr9t$ 9 black & r$ by ,&rew ,torresani at ,v5ice 9 #adih1 9 :i* book ! text is 9 ,b\rgeois & ! surr\nd+ notes are 9 ,brevi]4 ,nonp>eil 0 fir/ made by ,g>amond ( ,p>is ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,diamond 0 made by ,jannon ( ,s$an ab\t #afbe4 ,no?+ small] 0 attempt$ until #ahbg1 :5 ,h5ry ,didot1 !n #ff ye>s old1 cut a font on ! ,fr5* body ( #b-a_/b po9ts--a body kn[n to ,am]ican pr9t]s z ,brilliant1 or ,half-nonp>eil--ab\t tw5ty-five l9es to ! ,am]ican in*4 #cgh ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ^! di/9ct bodies 7 f\nd$ 9 s& m\lds2 t a new patt]n = ! body 0 made e "t a new font 0 ca/2 & t ! irregul>ities 9 body are ! results ( un9t5d$ or undetect$ v>iations 9 ! patt]n4 ,b ?is hypo!sis _c be accept$4 ,! small bodies1 ! %>p edges1 close fitt+-up & ev5 l9+ ( ! types1 are peculi>ities :i* c\ld n h be5 produc$ by a s& m\ld1 nor by a m\ld ( any pla/ic mat]ial4 #cgi ,lettres d'un bibliographe1 #d? s]ies1 p4 #bca4 #chj ,see page #ff ( ?is book4 ,0 ?is obscure metal antimony8 ,! text books say t antimony 01 = ! fir/ "t1 set ap>t z a di/9ct metal 9 #adij1 by ,basil ,val5t9e1 a monk ( ,erfurt4 ,b ,madd5 says t a book suppos$ to h be5 pr9t$ at ,cologne1 be=e ! ye> #adgc1 pla9ly describes antimony z a metal frequ5tly us$ & mu* abus$ by _m monks ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 9 _! ph>maceutical prep>ations4 ,lettres d'un bibliographe1 #d? s]ies1 p4 #aae4 #cha ,x agrees exactly ) ! old ,fr5* /&>d 7( #agbc7 = height ( type1 :i* 0 #aj-a_/b geometric l9es1 or1 by mod]n ,fr5* measure1 #bd millimetres4 ,f\rni]1 ,manuel typographique1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #abe4 #chb ,! slop+ %\ld]1 :i* 0 9 g5]al use 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ?is c5tury1 0 disc>d$ to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! new art ( /]eotyp+4 ,x 0 f\nd t ^! slop+ %\ld]s made projections 9 ! pla/] m\ld1 :i* imp]il$ ! mak+ ( an accurate ca/4 ,! black5+ ( ! %eet f squ>e %\ld]s 0 prev5t$ by alt]+ ! m\ld & plac+ ! %\ld] l[] on ! body4 #chc ,see page #cii ( ?is book4 #chd ,b]n>d believes t ,gut5b]g ca/ = ! ,bible ( #db l9es at lea/ #abj1jjj types1 or en\gh = two sections1 or =ty pages4 ,he supposes t tw5ty pages 7 p]fect$1 & ready = press or "u press1 :ile ! succe$+ tw5ty pages 7 9 ! compositor's h&s4 ,?is w\ld be ! me?od adopt$ by ! mod]n pr9t]1 & x may h be5 ! me?od ( ,gut5b]g1 b x is probable t ! difficulties connect$ ) ! new art compell$ him to pr9t ! book m sl[ly1 & ) imp]fect sy/em4 ,b ! pr9t]s :o foll[$ him c]ta9ly us$ quick me?ods4 #che ,caxton said t he _h 8practys$ le>n$ at 8 grete *>ge & disp5se to ordeyne ?is said booke 9 prynte40 #chf ,_m ( ! e>ly ma/] pr9t]s practis$ _! trade = a few ye>s 9 "o place1 & a few ye>s 9 ano!r1 rov+ ab\t f t[n to t[n ) a seem+ indiff]5ce to *ange :i* seems unacc\ntable to ! mod]n pr9t]1 :o kn[s h[ exp5sive x is to move a pr9t+ (fice4 ,! rov+ habits ( ! ma/]s w n seem s /range :5 x is kn[n t ! equipm5t ( ! e>ly (fice 0 simple1 & t ! m exp5sive tools c\ld be c>ri$ ) little difficulty4 #chg ,! engrav+s ( cases %[n by ,moxon h boxes ( unequal size4 ,no d\bt1 !y 7 s made f ! beg9n+1 = a day's exp]i5ce w\ld tea* any compositor t 8 case mu/ h a l>g] box = ! lett] e ?an = ! lett] x4 #chh ,see page #ebh4 #chi ,b]n>d says t /icks ( wood 7 us$ by ,*ri/oph] ,plant91 8k+ ( pr9t]s40 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! ta/e ( 8 "t1 t ,plant9 _h /icks ( wood1 al?\gh he boa/$ t "s ( 8 types 7 ca/ 9 matrices ( silv]4 #cij ,madd51 9 8 fir/ collection ( ,lettres d'un bibliographe1--! mo/ curi\s piece ( analytical criticism t has appe>$ 9 typographical lit]ature--has demon/rat$ t ! me?od ( dictation 0 practis$ 9 ! (fice at ,weid5ba*4 ,9 ?is s]ies ( lett]s he critically exam9es ?ree books1 pr9t$ at ?is (fice ) ! same types1 & at ! same "t1 & po9ts out ! peculi> errors ( ?ree diff]5t compositors1 :o1 n see+ ! copy1 7 misl$ by _! misappreh5sion ( ! dictat$ words4 ,he claims t ^! books 7 ! practice "w ( ?ree amateur compositors :o 7 !n le>n+ ! trade4 ,ea* compositor _h copies ( 8 own workman%ip pr9t$ z evid5ces ( 8 skill1 or z a mem5to ( 8 errors4 ,novel z !y may seem1 ,i am incl9$ to accept ! conclusions ( ,madd54 ,_m copies ( e>ly pr9t$ books1 kn[n to be ( ! same edition1 or done at ! same "t1 %[ v>iations 9 ! typographical arrangem5t :i* _c be expla9$ by any o!r hypo!sis ?an t ( a d\ble composition by compositors work+ f dictation4 #cia ,! composition ( ,s*ff]'s edition ( ! ,decretals has be5 injudici\sly prais$ by ,b]n>d4 ,9 ! fac-simile on page #dfc1 x w be notic$ t ! page is crook$1 & t ! ju/ification & mak+-up are v faulty4 ,9 a copy ( ,torresani's edition ( ! ,decretals1 ! frequ5t contractions make ! "w almo/ unreadable4 ,?is book has be5 highly comm5d$ = its ev5 spac+2 b x is a suffici5t answ] to say t any pr9t] c\ld space admirably1 ev5 9 ! n>r[e/ measure1 if all[$ to mangle words to suit 8 conv5i5ce4 #cib ,! /atem5t made by ,lacroix t "o book 0 pag$ 9 #adfi does n prove t ?is 0 ! usage4 ,9 "s books pr9t$ at ,v5ice dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! leaves 7n ! pages7 are numb]$ on e odd page4 ,b ?is 0 n ! common practice4 ,9 ! ,/atius ( ,aldus1 pr9t$ at ,v5ice 9 #aejb1 & 9 ! ,italian translation ( ! ,comm5t>ies ( ,julius ,cs>1 pr9t$ by ,b]n>d ,v5etus ( t city 9 #aeag1 nei!r leaves nor pages are numb]$4 #cic ,"s e>ly *ases held _! types n ) quo9s1 b by ! pressure ( screws4 ,a ,g]man pr9t]'s h&-book1 dat$ ,leipsic1 #agdc1 has diagrams ( imposition 9 :i* ! pages are fa/5$ by screws p]=at+ ! *ase4 ,quo9s & bevels 7 n an e>ly inv5tion4 #cid ,see page #cie = illu/ration ( primitive screw press4 #cie ,me*anick ,ex]cises1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #eb1 #fi4 ,to ! pr9t] :o has se5 only ! press 9 :i* ! plat5 cov]s ! b$ ?is may seem an absurd me?od1 b x 0 a me?od 9 g5]al use ev5 z late z ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury4 ,m5 are yet liv+ :o h pr9t$ books by ! me?od %[n 9 ! cut--pull+ d[n ! b> :5 "o-half ( ! =m 0 "u ! plat5--releas+ ! pressure--runn+ ! o!r half ( ! b$ "u ! plat5--& f9i%+ ! presswork ( ! o!r half ( ! %eet by a second pull4 #cif ,!re %\ld h be5 a gradual improvem5t 9 ! con/ruction ( ! press1 z !re 0 9 ! mak+ ( ! types1 b !re 0 no decid$ *ange = two c5turies4 ,moxon1 9 #afhc1 comm5d+ ! 8new fa%ion0 presses ( ,blaew1 d5\nc$ ! 8old fa%ion presses z make-%ift1 slov5ly contrivances practis$ 9 ! m9ority ( ?is art40 ,nor 0 ,blaew's press p]fect4 ,to insure prop] regi/]1 ,jackson 7:o und]took1 at ,v5ice 9 #agde1 to pr9t wood-cuts 9 colors7 0 oblig$ to recon/ruct ! press ( ,blaew4 #cig ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t on ! e>ly pr9t+ press two pressm5 7 requir$ = ! "w--"o to beat or to ink1 & "o to pull or to pr9t4 ,! ord9>y task ( ! h&-pressman ( ,new-,york 9 #ahdj 0 rat$ at #aejj impressions1 b ^! impressions 7 made by "o man 7work+ an ink+ ma*9e7 & "o pull on =ms ( l>ge size4 ,consid]+ ! surface pr9t$1 ! p]=mance ( "o h&-pressman 9 #ahdj 0 ab\t eight times m ?an t ( "o pressman 9 #adeh4 #cih ,words & l9es 7 sometimes pr9t$ 9 r$ 9 a text ( black1 ) a nicety ( regi/] r>ely equal$ by any pr9t] dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( ?is c5tury4 ,! e>ly me?od ( pr9t+ r$ ) black1 has be5 describ$ by ,moxon4 ,! black =m 0 fir/ pr9t$ ) quadrats 9 ! places t %\ld be occupi$ by ! r$ words or l9es4 ,?is done1 ! =m rema9+ on press1 ! quadrats 7 tak5 out & ! vacant space p>tially fill$ ) 8und]lays0 ( reglet1 ab\t "o-six? in* ?ick4 ,on ^! und]lays ! types to be pr9t$ 9 r$ 7 plac$1 :i* adju/+ made !m ab\t "o-six? ( an in* high] ?an ! types ( ! black =m4 ,! be>]s 7 !n rais$1 ! impression 0 readju/$1 a new frisket 0 put on1 & ! pressman 0 ready to pr9t r$ z he _h pr9t$ ! black4 ,?is me?od ( pr9t+ r$ ) black1 a clumsy me?od at be/1 :i* c be practis$ only on small =ms on ! h&-press1 has be5 out ( fa%ion = _m ye>s4--,! color "w ( ! e>ly pr9t]s has be5 ov]prais$4 ,sup]ior1 no d\bt1 to t ( pr9t]s ( ! la/ c5tury1 :o tri$ to d m "w 9 less "t1 x _c be comp>$ ) ! color "w ( our "t4 ,! rubricat$ ,book ( ,common ,pray] pr9t$ by ,wel*1 ,bigel[ ,co4 ( ,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts1 ! ,specim5 ,book ( ,*>les ,d]riey ( ,p>is1 ! ,fr5*-,engli% ,diction>y ( ,george ,bell[s ( ,gl\ce/]1 ,engl&1 may be (f]$ z specim5s ( mod]n color presswork :i* %[ an exactness ( regi/] & a purity ( color & ( impression n to be f\nd 9 any e>ly book4 #cii ,?is unev5ness does n prove ! use ( two di/9ct inks4 ,9 "s in/ances1 x 0 caus$ by ! neglig5ce ( ! pressman :o appli$ an unequal quantity ( ink ^u diff]5t pages4 ,9 _m in/ances1 x 0 produc$ by ! v>iable qualities or conditions ( ! pap] or vellum4 ,if ! pap] laid out = "o =m diff]$ f t us$ = o!r =ms 9 be+ too co>se or too dry1 or ov]-wet1 or if ! vellum _h be5 poli%$ too mu* or too little1 or _h n be5 entirely fre$ f lime & grease1 x w\ld take up f ! types1 dur+ ea* condition1 a v>iable quantity ( color1 & produce pr9ts ( a diff]5t degree ( blackness4 ,^! v>iations 9 color are mo/ noticeable 9 books ( vellum4 ,9 a pray] book pr9t$ by ,k]v] 9 #aejg1 ! ink is black :]ev] ! vellum is smoo?1 & gray :]e x is r\gh4 ,9 ano!r edition ( ! same book on pap]1 pr9t$ by ,k]v] 9 #aebb1 ! ink is n s black z x appe>s on ! smoo? vellum1 b ! color is m uni=m4 ,equal c>efulness seems to h be5 tak5 ) ea* book1 & ! ink 01 no d\bt1 sub/antially ! same4 ,"s ( ! e>ly pr9t]s sort$ _! %eets aft] pr9t+1 sep>at+ ! "u-color$ f ! ov]-color$ & b9d+ ea* toge!r4 #djj ,9 try+ to avoid ! gloom9ess ( e>ly pr9t+1 mod]n pr9t]s h gone too f> 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! fault ( imp]fect blackness :i* is ju/ly c5surable 9 _m mod]n books is l>gely due to :at ,hans>d calls ! 8razor-edg$0 hair l9es & ?9 /ems ( mod]n types :i* give ! pr9t] no opportunity to %[ black color4 ,read]s h be5 taught to pref] a fem99e elegance 9 types1 a weak & useless imitation ( copp]-plate effects1 to ! mascul9e boldness1 solidity & readabl5ess ( ! old-/yle lett] ( ! la/ c5tury4 #dja ,mr4 ,ti*eborne1 a rec5t contributor to ,*amb]s' ,j\rnal1 says t ! old] pr9t+ inks are m easily saponifi$ & wa%$ (f by alkalies ?an ^? ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,"s ( ! old inks he f\nd s s5sitive1 t on introduc+ !m to a weak solution ( ammonia1 ! pr9t$ *>act]s in/antly float$ (f ! surface ( ! pages4 ,8 explanation1 t ! oil _h n be5 prop]ly prep>$ by boil+1 & 0 n *ang$ into an insoluble v>ni%1 & 8res9fi$10 is1 no d\bt1 correct4 ,a practical ink-mak]1 9 a s]ies ( pap]s to ,l'imprim]ie 7vol4 ,i1 p4 #abi71 says t 9 _m books ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! adhesion ( ! color to ! pap] is v weak1 & t ! ink c be made pale or wa%$ (f ) a moi/ sponge4 #djb ,lanzi ref]s to an ,italian manuscript ( #adcg 9 :i* x is ass]t$ t ! new me?od ( pa9t+ 9 oil1 z practis$ by ! ,g]mans1 mu/ beg9 ) ! process ( boil+ l9se$ oil4 ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+ 9 ,italy4 ,bohn's edition1 #aheb1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #hf4 #djc ,our ,inck-mak]s to save *>ges1 m+le _m times ,trane-,oyl among !irs & a great deal ( ,ros92 :i* ,trane-,oyl by its grossness ,furs & ,*oaks up a ,=m1 & by its fatness h9d]s ! ,inck f dry+2 s t :5 ! ,"w comes to ! ,b9d]s1 x ,sets-(f2 & besides is dull1 sme>y & unpleasant to ! eye4 ,& ! ,ros91 if too great a quantity be put 91 & ! ,=m be n v ,lean-,beat51 makes ! ,inck turn yell[3 ,& ! same does ! ,new ,l9se$-,oyl4----,secondly4 ,!y seldom ,boyl or ,burn x to t consi/5ce ! ,holl&]s d1 because !y n only save lab\r & ,fewel1 b h a great] weight ( ,inck out ( ! same quantity ( ,oyl :5 less ,burnt away ?an :5 m ,burnt away2 :i* want ( ,burn+ makes ! ,inck also1 ?\gh made ( good old ,l9se$-,oyl1 ,fat & ,sme>y1 & h9d]s its ,dry+2 s t :5 x comes to ! ,b9d]s x also ,sets-(f4----,?irdly4 ,!y d n use t way ( cle>+ _! ,inck ! ,holl&]s d1 or inde$ any o!r way ?an me] ,burn+ x1 :]eby ! ,inck rema9s m ,oyly & ,greasie ?an if x 7 well cl>ifi$4----,f\r?ly4 ,!y1 to save ! ,press-man ! lab\r ( ,rubb+ ! ,black+ into ,v>ni% on ! ,inck-,block1 ,boyl ! ,black+ 9 ! ,v>ni%1 or at lea/ put ! ,black+ 9 :il/ ! ,v>ni% is yet ,boyl+-hot1 :i* s ,burns & ,rubifies ! ,black+1 t x loses mu* ( its brisk & vivid black complection4----,fif?ly4 ,because ,black+ is de>1 & adds little to ! weight ( ! ,inck1 !y /9t !mselves to a quantity :i* !y exce$ n2 s t sometimes ! ,inck proves s unsuff]able ,pale1 t ! ,press-man is =c$ to ,rub 9 m ,black+ ^u ! ,block2 yet ?is he is (t5 s lo? to d1 t he w r haz>d ! ,cont5t1 ! ,col\r %all give1 ?an take ! pa9s to am5d x3 satisfy+ himself t he c lay ! blame ^u ! ,inck-mak]4 ,moxon1 ,me*anick ,ex]cises1 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #gf1 #gg4 #djd ,no exception ne$ be made = ! initial lett]s ( ! ,psalt] ( #adeg4 ,! ?9 curv$ l9es ( ! ornam5tal portions ( ^! lett]s c\ld n h be5 cut on ! flat bo>ds !n us$ by all engrav]s on wood4 ,! abs5ce ( cracks & brok5 l9es1 aft] long s]vice1 9 e pr9t tak5 f ^! cuts is presumptive evid5ce t !y 7 cut on metal4 ,! ornam5tation is unlike t ( ! pr(essional engrav]s ( block-books & at once sugge/s ! ?\ght t !y 7 cut on brass or type-metal by ! h& t cut ! types ( ! text4 #dje ,t ! e>ly pr9t]s did enc\nt] s]i\s difficulties 9 ! use ( wood-cuts 9 type =ms is prov$ by _! selection ( blocks ( small] size4 ,full-page cuts are r>e 9 ! books ( ,koburg]1 ,leeu & ,veld5]4 ,von ,os ( ,zwoll cut up ! blocks ( ! ,bible ( ! ,poor4 ,blades says t ,col>d ,mansion pr9t$ ! types & wood-cuts t appe>$ on ! same page by two impressions4 ,sad exp]i5ce 9 ! w>p+ & crack+ ( blocks ( wood 9 =ms ( types 01 no d\bt1 ! reason = ?is extra labor4 ,?is difficulty seems to h be5 avoid$ by ,pig\*et1 ,k]v] & ! pr9t]s ( ornam5tal books1 ^: cuts h all ! mann]isms ( engrav+ on metal4 #djf ,! disconnection betwe5 ! arts ( engrav+ on wood & typography is fairly indicat$ by ! qu>rel betwe5 ! type-pr9t]s & block-pr9t]s ( ,augsburg4 #djg ,"s engrav]s on wood :o w\ld n "w ) typograph]s und]took a new bran* ( pr9t+--! mak+ ( pr9ts1 ?irty or =ty in*es long1 = ! decoration ( int]ior walls4 ,beck] has publi%$ a collection ( ^! l>ge pr9ts1 tak5 f ! orig9al blocks1 "s ( :i* he says 7 made be=e #aejj4 ,see cut on page #ece4 #djh ,if ,flor5t9e money _h eight times ! pur*as+ p[] ( its ,am]ican equival5t1 ^! 7 high prices4 ,!y ju/ify ! obs]vation ( ,keys] & ,/ol1 pr9t]s at ,p>is 9 #adhf1 t ! price ( pap] 0 out ( all proportion to ! price ( pr9t$ books4 #dji ,vellum 0 made out ( ! dress$ sk9s ( v "y kids & lambs2 p>*m5t f ! sk9s ( %eep & goats4 ,! vellum 0 v ?91 flexible & highly poli%$2 ! p>*m5t 0 ?ick & horn-l2 b ea* sub/ance 0 prep>$ by ne>ly ! same process4 ,! sk91 :5 fre$ f hair1 0 put 9 a lime-pit1 until x 0 depriv$ ( its fat4 ,x 0 !n /ret*$ on a frame1 p>$ ) a knife1 rubb$ ) lime & pumice-/one1 & repeat$ly dri$ & wet1 & rubb$ & /ret*$1 until ! surface 0 made faultlessly smoo?4 #daj ,see page #dfi = ! te/imony ( ,s*oeff]'s pro(-read]4 #daa ,! copyi/s1 und]paid by ! /ation]s1 did _! "w recklessly1 abbreviat+ words s freely t x 0 (t5 impossible to discov] ! mean+ ( ! au?or4 ,! faults ( ! calligraph]1 :o pref]r$ beauty to accuracy1 & ( ! "y s*ol>1 :o ra%ly und]took to correct errors--t5d$ to ! same result4 ,fi*et1 a pr(essor ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 :o seems to h be5 ! fir/ man ( lett]s :o e/eem$ pr9t+1 said1 9 a complim5t>y lett] to ,g]+1 ,crantz & ,friburg]1 t books 7 becom+ b>b>\s ?r\gh ! faults ( ! copyi/s4 ,b\hi]1 a lat] presid5t ( ! ,univ]sity1 said t ! books ( ! copyi/s 7 mon/r\s1 & (t5 un9telligible4 #dab ,m>*& quotes at l5g? an au?or :o says t ,john ,&rew1 ! corrector = ,swe9heym & ,pann>tz1 0 a v presumptu\s m$dl] ) texts4 ,:5 he met a ^w he did n und]/&1 he pr9t$ x 9 ,lat91 or put 9 words at a v5ture1 (t5 mak+ ! text m un9telligible ?an ev]4 ,ano!r ecclesia/ical read]1 ,bi%op ,ni*olas ,p]otti1 0 q z great an (f5d]4 #dac ,m>*&1 ,hi/oire de l'imprim]ie1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ig-ajc1 & notes4 ,9 support ( ?is ass]tion he cites ! op9ions ( ,s*elhorn1 ,maittaire1 ,naud1 & o!r em95t bibliograph]s1 & gives _m specifications ( ! inaccuracies ( ! e>ly pr9t]s f ,fu/ & ,s*ff] to ,frob54 ,n ev5 ,aldus ,manutius escapes1 = ,m>*& quotes at l5g? ! accusation ( ,erasmus t ! ,hom]1 ,cic]o1 & ,plut>* ( ,aldus 7 depravatissima4 ,?is criticism is h>dly w>rant$ by ! errors ( ^! editions1 & is decid$ly unju/ 9 its reflection on a pr9t] ^: indu/ry & c>efulness z an editor h nev] be5 surpass$1 & :o1 9 8 edition ( ,plato ( #aeac1 (f]$ a gold co9 = e mi/ake t %\ld be discov]$4 ,?is damag+ accusation w\ld probably nev] h be5 made if ,erasmus _h n qu>rel$ ) ,aldus1 & _h n ?\ght x necess>y to d5y ) mu* asp]ity t he _h s]v$ z a corrector ( ! press 9 ! ,ald9e (fice4 ,z a corrector1 ,erasmus 0 n beyond reproa*1 z w be m cle>ly se5 9 8 read+ ( ! ,greek ,te/am5t4 ,frob5's lam5tation ov] ! two pages ( errata 9 ?is book 7publi%$ by him1 b correct$ by ,erasmus7 %[s h[ mu* easi] x is to discov] errors aft] commission ?an x is to correct !m 9 "t4 ,/ung by ! taunts ( critics1 ,erasmus said t if ! ,devil did n preside ov] typography1 !re mu/ h be5 a diabolical malice on ! "p ( ! compositors4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,orig9al pr9t$ spell+ & gramm> are reta9$1 ) a few exceptions not$ bel[4 ,= example1 ,g]nszheim1 ,g]nszheym1 & ,g]n%eim are all reta9$4 ,foot-notes h be5 r5umb]$ #a-dac & mov$ to ! end ( book4 ,l>ge curly brackets #8' us$ to comb9e in=mation on multiple l9es h be5 elim9at$1 by m9imally *ang+ ! text to reta9 ! orig9al mean+4 ,! orig9al ,index employ$ ditto m>ks & :ite space ext5sively to indicate topics relat$ by a ^w or phrase4 ,^! m>ks1 sometimes ( dubi\s scope1 h be5 replac$ by em da%es1 "o = ea* ^w to be reg>d$ z repeat$4 ,= example1 "u ! topic head+ 8,bible ( #cf l9es1 4 4 4 01 sev]al topics />t$ ) two ditto m>ks & suffici5t :ite space to indicate ! f\r-^w phrase2 h]e9 8-- -- -- --04 ,page #ai4 ,9 ! s5t5ce end+ ) 8 4 4 4 :5 x has be5 prep>$ = pr9t+ by ea* ( ! diff]5t me?ods301 ! colon 0 *ang$ to full /op4 ,page #abe4 ,*ang$ ! fir/ t to ?an1 9 8quick] process t t ( c>eful writ+04 ,page #abg4 ,add$ full /op aft] 8 4 4 4 h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! mo/ satisfactory mann]04 ,page #bjg4 ,full /op add$ aft] 8b !y _c be entirely ov]look$04 ,page #bie4 8,abc$>ium0 *ang$ to 8,abec$>ium04 ,page #cjb4 ,second comma 9 8& = l9+1 l o!r matrices10 *ang$ to full /op4 ,page #cac note4 ,*ang$ gette en molle to gett en molle4 ,page #cef4 ,! comma 9 8,kon+ tri$ to supplem5t ! _m defici5cies ( ,junius1 ) extracts 4 4 40 look$ m l a fly-speck1 b 0 pres5t 9 bo? #a/ & #bnd editions1 & seems plausible4 ,page #ceg note4 ,*ang$ 8,eclaircissem5s0 to 8claircissem5s04 ,page #cgb note4 ,add$ a left d\ble quotation m>k to #8long be=e he 0 born40'1 al?\gh ?is placem5t is p]haps que/ionable4 ,page #daj4 ,!re 0 a symbol t looks simil> to ! poorly support$ ,unicode glyph ,u#gjj ,,syriac ,,end ,,( ,,p>agraph4 ,?is has be5 repres5t$ 9 ?is edition l ?is3 8304 ,page #edh4 ,*ang$ 8,be*t]muntz0 to 8,be*t]mntz04 ,page #eee--;,additional ,notes & ,corrections4 ,none ( ! corrections recomm5d$ 9 ?is section h be5 appli$4 ,hyp]l9ks are provid$ 9 ! html & epub editions only4 ,!re are two notes 9 ! ,additional ,notes & ,corrections section t ref] to page #aej4 ,! second "o seems to be a mi/ake1 h[ev]1 & really ref]s to page #aed4 ,simil>ly1 ! note t ref]s to page #dea seems to fit bett] page #dej4