,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,a ,,monthly ,,magazine ,,of ,,general ,,literature ,,and ,,science4 ,,vol4 ,,xviii4 ,,october1 #ahgc1 ,,to ,,march1 #ahgd4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,the ,,catholic ,,publication ,,house4 #i ,warren ,street4 #ahgd4 ,,contents4 ,archbishop ,spalding1 #eab4 ,are ,our ,public ,schools ,free8 #a4 ,block of ,gold1 ,a1 #hee4 ,brittany1 ,more about1 #aaa4 ,catharine1 ,s41 of ,ricci1 #dbj4 ,cathedral of ,chartres1 ,the1 #bce4 ,catholic ,literature in ,england ,since the ,reformation1 #bfa1 #cfc4 ,catholic ,young ,men's ,associations1 #bfi4 ,christmas ,story1 ,a1 #dgi4 ,como1 ,a ,week at the ,lake of1 #acg4 ,confiscation ,laws1 ,italian1 #cj4 ,court of ,france in #ahcj1 ,the1 #djc4 ,crime--,its ,origin and ,cure1 #ee4 ,daniel ,o',connell1 #bjh4 ,dubois' ,madame ,agnes1 #fh1 #aie4 ,english ,christmas ,story1 ,an1 #dgi4 ,english ,maiden's ,love1 ,an1 #fid4 ,english ,sketches3 ,an ,hour in ,jail1 #bgi4 ,english ,sketches3 ,ruins of an ,old ,abbey1 #cih4 ,epiphany1 ,the1 #eij4 ,evangelical ,alliance1 ,the1 #cec4 ,farm of ,muiceron1 ,the1 #aga1 #cch1 #ddb1 #fbg1 #gcd4 ,father ,sebastian ,rale1 ,s4,j41 #eda4 ,france1 ,the ,court of in #ahcj1 #djc4 ,french ,poet1 ,a1 #id4 ,fur ,trader1 ,the1 #dab1 #ejb4 ,grace ,seymour's ,mission1 #ffh1 #hjf4 ,grande ,chartreuse1 ,a ,visit to the1 #aah4 ,grapes and ,thorns1 #aj1 #bbj1 #cjc1 #eia1 #ggb4 ,hester ,hallam1 #dgc4 ,hour in a ,jail1 ,an1 #bgi4 ,how ,george ,howard was ,cured1 #dj4 ,italian ,confiscation ,laws1 #cj4 ,jansenist ,schism in ,holland1 ,the1 #fhf1 #hch4 ,john ,stuart ,mill1 #gba4 ,laus ,perennis1 #chh4 ,literature1 ,catholic1 in ,england1 #bfa1 #cfc4 ,looker-,back1 ,a1 #gaa1 #hdh4 ,love of ,god1 ,the1 #ic4 ,madame ,agnes1 #fh1 #aie4 ,madame de ,stal1 #ecb4 ,metaphysics1 ,a ,talk on1 #bhi4 ,more about ,brittany3 ,its ,customs1 ,its ,people1 and ,its ,poems1 #aaa4 ,my ,friend and ,his ,story1 #hg4 ,nano ,nagle1 #feh4 ,napoleonic ,idea and ,its ,consequences1 ,the1 #gi4 ,odd ,stories1 #adb4 ,o',connell1 ,daniel1 #bjh4 ,one ,chapter from ,hester ,hallam's ,life1 #dgc4 ,our ,masters1 #gjb4 ,paris ,hospitals1 #abd4 ,philosophical ,terminology1 #ahd1 #gec4 ,principles of ,real ,being1 ,the1 #dcc1 #egg1 #hbd4 ,public ,schools1 ,are they ,free8 #a4 ,rale1 ,father ,sebastian1 ,s4,j41 #eda4 ,real ,being1 ,the ,principles of1 #dcc1 #egg1 #hbd4 ,religious ,policy of the ,second ,empire1 #gic4 ,ruins of an ,old ,abbey1 #cih4 ,see of ,s4 ,francis of ,sales1 ,the1 #bdi4 ,son of ,god1 ,the1 ,archetypal ,beauty1 #afe4 ,song of ,roland1 ,the1 #cgh1 #dhh4 ,spalding1 ,archbishop1 #eab4 ,spiritualism1 #ade1 #cah1 #fjf4 ,stal1 ,madame de1 #ecb4 ,tale of the ,northwest1 ,a1 #dab1 #ejb4 ,talk on ,metaphysics1 ,a1 #bhi4 ,terminology1 ,philosophical1 #ahd4 ,travels with a ,valetudinarian1 #ebb4 ,visit to the ,grande ,chartreuse1 ,a1 #aah4 ,week at the ,lake of ,como1 ,a1 #acg4 ,year of ,our ,lord #ahgc1 ,the1 #eeh4 ,young ,men's ,associations1 ,catholic1 #bfi4 ,,poetry4 ,child ,restored1 ,the1 #eca4 ,church ,postures1 #i4 ,cui ,bono8 #fhd4 ,dante's ,purgatorio1 #aff1 #bii1 #ehg4 ,epigrams1 #bih1 #feg4 ,from ,egypt to ,chanaan1 #eeg4 ,greatest ,grief1 ,the1 #dbe4 ,in ,thy ,light shall we see ,light1 #bdh4 ,late ,home1 #gga4 ,little ,chapel1 ,the1 #gef4 ,lute with the ,broken ,string1 ,the1 #bhe4 ,mary1 #aaj4 ,nature1 ,to1 #abc4 ,ordinandus1 #dgb4 ,priest1 ,the1 #bai4 ,recent ,poetry1 #ed4 ,self-,love1 #aid4 ,serious ,vive la ,bagatelle1 ,the1 #dda4 ,sleep1 #cag4 ,trouvere1 ,the1 #fg4 ,venite1 ,adoremus1 #eja4 ,vigil1 #heg4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,acts of the ,early ,martyrs1 ,the1 #egf4 ,arena and the ,throne1 ,the1 #ege4 ,ark of the ,people1 ,the1 #egc4 ,augustine1 ,s41 ,works of1 #hfj4 ,baron of ,hertz1 #egd4 ,bible ,history1 #dcj4 ,byrne's ,irish ,emigration1 #bhh4 ,catholicity and ,pantheism1 #dbf4 ,christian ,doctrine1 ,the ,enchiridion1 etc41 #hfj4 ,christian ,trumpet1 ,the1 #dbg4 ,de ,concilio's ,catholicity and ,pantheism1 #dbf4 ,de ,smet's ,voyages aux ,montagnes ,rocheuses1 etc41 #bhg4 ,divine ,sequence1 ,the1 #bhf4 ,dove of the ,tabernacle1 ,the1 #hei4 ,essays on ,various ,subjects1 #dbi4 ,ewing1 ,thomas1 ,memorial of1 #hei4 ,fastr's ,acts of the ,early ,martyrs1 #egf4 ,fullerton's ,life of ,luisa de ,carvajal1 #bhf4 ,fullerton's ,seven ,stories1 #egd4 ,goldie's ,life of ,b4 ,john ,berchmans1 #gbj4 ,good ,things for ,catholic ,readers1 #bhh4 ,gordon ,lodge1 #egd4 ,historical ,sketches1 #add4 ,holy ,mass1 ,the1 #heh4 ,house of ,gold1 and the ,saint of ,nazareth1 #bhg4 ,idea of a ,university1 #add4 ,illustrated ,catholic ,family ,almanac1 #dca4 ,irish ,emigration to the ,united ,states1 #bhh4 ,jesuits in ,conflict1 #gai4 ,kinane's ,the ,dove of the ,tabernacle1 #hei4 ,kirkpatrick's ,spain and ,charles ,,vii41 #dbi4 ,labadye's ,baron of ,hertz1 #egd4 ,lascine1 #egd4 ,lectures on ,s4 ,john1 #hfj4 ,lectures upon the ,devotion to the ,most ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus ,christ1 #gbj4 ,lefebvre's ,louise ,lateau1 #heg4 ,lenten ,sermons1 #hei4 ,life of ,luisa de ,carvajal1 #bhf4 ,life of ,s4 ,alphonsus ,liguori1 #gah4 ,life of ,s4 ,alphonsus ,liguori1 by ,bishop ,mullock1 #gah4 ,life of the ,b4 ,john ,berchmans1 #gbj4 ,life of the ,most ,rev4 ,m4 ,j4 ,spalding1 #dcb4 ,life of the ,ven4 ,anna ,maria ,taigi1 #heh4 ,lives of the ,irish ,saints1 #gah4 ,marie and ,paul1 #egd4 ,meditations for the ,use of the ,clergy1 #dca4 ,memorial of ,thomas ,ewing1 #hei4 ,moscheles' ,recent ,music and ,musicians1 #dcb4 ,mller's ,the ,holy ,mass1 #heh4 ,mullock's ,life of ,s4 ,alphonsus ,liguori1 #gah4 ,newman's ,historical ,sketches1 #add4 ,newman's ,idea of a ,university1 #add4 ,o',hanlon's ,lives of the ,irish ,saints1 #gah4 ,o',leary's ,bible ,history1 #dcj4 ,o',reilly's ,songs from the ,southern ,seas1 #dca4 ,pleadings of the ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus1 #hei4 ,poetical ,life of ,s4 ,joseph1 #bhg4 ,potter's ,sacred ,eloquence1 #add4 ,pratt's ,rhoda ,thornton's ,girlhood1 #ege4 ,preston's ,lectures upon the ,devotion to the ,most ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus ,christ1 #gbj4 ,pronouncing ,handbook of #c1jjj ,words1 #bhg4 ,real ,presence1 ,the1 #egd4 ,recent ,music and ,musicians1 #dcb4 ,rhoda ,thornton's ,girlhood1 #ege4 ,rituale ,romanum ,pauli ,v4 ,pontificis ,maximi ,jussu ,editum et a ,benedicto ,,xiv4 ,auctum et ,castigatum1 etc41 #ege4 ,sacred ,eloquence1 #add4 ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus1 ,pleadings of the1 #hei4 ,saxe ,holm's ,stories1 #egd4 ,scotti's ,meditations for the ,use of the ,clergy1 #dca4 ,segneri's ,lenten ,sermons1 #hei4 ,seven ,stories1 #egd4 ,songs from the ,southern ,seas1 #dca4 ,soule and ,campbell's ,pronouncing ,vocabulary1 #bhg4 ,spain and ,charles ,,vii41 #dbi4 ,spalding's ,life of ,archbishop ,spalding1 #dcb4 ,story of ,wandering ,willie1 ,the1 #dcb4 ,thompson's ,the ,life of the ,ven4 ,anna ,maria ,taigi1 #heh4 ,tissot's ,real ,presence1 #egd4 ,townsend's ,arena and the ,throne1 #ege4 ,voyages aux ,montagnes ,rocheuses et ,sejour ches les ,tribus ,indiennes de l',oregon1 #bhg4 ,white's ,gordon ,lodge1 #egd4 ,wiseman's ,essays on ,various ,subjects1 #dbi4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xviii41 ,no4 #ajc4--,,october1 #ahgc4a ,,are ,,our ,,public ,,schools ,,free8 ,give ,catholics their full rights2 ask nothing of them you would not willingly concede if you were in their place4--,new ,york ,journal of ,commerce4 ,the subject of education1 the method and extent of it1 is undoubtedly one of the foremost topics of discussion to-day1 and will be more conspicuous than ever in the immediate future4 ,and1 while all men are agreed that a sound and sufficient education of the entire people is our only ground of hope for the perpetuity of our rights and liberties--that1 in truth1 it is vital--it is not to be wondered at that men differing in the depth as well as extent of their individual culture1 should also widely differ as to the constituent elements of a sound and sufficient education4 ,there are1 for instance1 some1 as yet happily few in number1 who1 in the maze of confusion and ,babel-like discussions of sectarians and false teachers turn their faces away in hopeless1 helpless uncertainty1 and suggest that religion of every name and kind must be excluded and the ,deity himself ignored in our public schools1 so that public education shall be secular2 and however much of religion of any and every sort may be taught1 it must be in private4 ,this is natural enough in those unfortunate persons who so far lack a positive faith that they see no safety except in uncertainty1 and hence adopt a kind of eclecticism which1 embracing some abstract truth1 may confessedly also contain something of error4 ,the early settlers of this country--this land of liberty--however1 had no idea of excluding religion from the schools2 and if any among them or their immediate successors entertained even any peculiar notions as to what constituted religion1 they were very summarily squelched out4 ,even the great expounder of the constitution was in the habit of adjuring his fellow-citizens not to forget the religious character of our origin1 and to remember that the right to life1 liberty1 and the pursuit of happiness is guaranteed to us in that epitome of human wisdom which the great ,new ,englander was born to defend4 ,that right it is the privilege and the duty of each one of us also to maintain1 especially when it is threatened under the specious pretext of reform4 ,these and other reflections are suggested by the perusal of a pamphlet1 a sort of campaign document1 issued by the ,new ,york ,city ,council of ,political ,reform1 first published in #ahgb1 and thought to be of consequence enough to be reissued in the present year of grace #ahgc4 ,this document contains among others a report entitled ,sectarian ,appropriations of ,public ,money4 ,the very title of this report at once alarms and arouses us4 ,we are alarmed at the dangers that menace1 and we are aroused to defend1 our rights as ,americans4 ,in this defence we invoke the genius of liberty and the spirit of equal rights1 and shall fight under the ,stars and ,stripes1 the flag of freedom1 till we succeed in repelling the open as well as insidious assaults of the enemies of that truth which only can make us ,,free4 ,the ostensible and praiseworthy purpose of the pamphlet in question is to expose the frauds upon the city treasury perpetrated by the late ,tammany ,ring1 which1 in the person of the boss thief of the world1 is now on trial1 in a sort1 before the courts1 charged with robbery1 theft1 and perjury1 but the real purpose1 the iniquitous and damnable purpose1 is intimated in the following words of the report upon ,sectarian ,appropriations1 etc43 ,over #b1bgc1bca taken from the treasury in #ahfi1 #ahgj1 #ahga4 ,one sect gets in cash #a1iae1def #ib2 besides public land1 #c1ejj1jjj4 ,total to a single sect1 #e1dae1def #ib4 ,and further 7on page #aj of the same report73 ,nearly #b1jjj1jjj of the money raised by taxes abstracted from the public treasury of the city and county of ,new ,york in the last three years alone for sectarian uses4 ,a single sect gets #a1cif1chh #ea1 besides a large slice of the city's real estate4 ,this sect means the ,catholic ,americans of the city of ,new ,york1 in numbers somewhere about #ejj1jjj1 or nearly half the population of the city2 of whom we are told elsewhere in this same report 7page #d7 that1 as a sect1 it has during the last three years1 by an alliance with the ,tammany ,ring drawn 7taken1 abstracted7 from the public treasury1 in cash1 for the support of its convents1 churches1 cathedrals1 church schools1 and asylums1 the enormous sum of #a1cif1chh #ea4 ,it is hardly worth while for our present purpose to verify or to contradict this total or the particulars of it1 for the errors into which the report or its author has perhaps ignorantly fallen1 though not inconsiderable in magnitude1 hardly affect our main purpose2 and after all1 these inaccuracies may not1 it is hoped1 be the result of carelessness solely1 but are due in some measure to the fact that many of the sects1 while they parody our practices1 appropriate also our names1 and so may conveniently be confounded with our ,catholic institutions4 ,we will1 however1 point out some which may readily be investigated4 ,for instance1 on page #aj of the report just mentioned1 we find that the ,house of ,mercy1 ,bloomingdale1 with a #e1jjj abstraction in #ahfi1 is classed as ,roman ,catholic1 and it happens to be a ,protestant institution2 the ,sisters of ,mercy also1 with an abstraction of #deg1 is ,protestant2 ,german-,american ,school1 ,s4 ,peter's ,church1 with its abstraction of #a1ejj1 is ,protestant2 and the ,german-,american ,free ,school1 with its abstraction of #ad1jjj in #ahfi1 #b1dif in #ahgj1 and #a1ifj in #ahga1 is ,protestant2 and the ,german-,american ,school1 ,nineteenth ,ward1 with its abstraction of #c1aej in #ahfi and #b1gjj in #ahgj1 is ,protestant2 and the ,church of ,holy ,name or ,s4 ,matthew1 with its abstraction of #dfc #ab1 is also ,protestant2 and the ,free ,german ,school1 with its abstraction of #e1jjj in #ahfi1 #c1fjj in #ahgj1 and #d1dhj in #ahga1 is also ,protestant2 and the ,german ,mission ,association1 with its abstraction of #e1jjj in #ahfi1 and #aj1jjj in #ahgj and #ahga1 is also ,protestant2 besides others1 perhaps1 improperly classed as ,roman ,catholic4 ,in some other instances1 the sums abstracted were simply amounts of assessments improperly laid and subsequently refunded4 ,and in connection with this suggestion of errors may be noted1 also1 among the omissions 7suppressions1 may we not say87 the instance of ,the ,society for the ,reformation of ,juvenile ,delinquents which is mentioned 7on p4 #af of the report in question7 as receiving an abstraction of #h1jjj in #ahgj and nothing in #ahga4 ,this is a ,protestant institution1 and so classed in the ,report--to show1 we suppose1 how small an abstraction comparatively it took4 ,but will the author of the report tell us how large an abstraction that society took of public money8 ,as he has not1 and perhaps does not know1 we refer him to its annual report1 where he will find as follows1 viz43 #ahgj4 ,from ,state ,comptroller1 #dj1jjj #jj ,from ,city ,comptroller1 #h1jjj #jj ,board of ,education1 ,license1 and ,theatres1 #bb1bah #ec ---------- #gj1bah #ec #ahga4 ,state ,comptroller1 #dj1jjj #jj ,board of ,education1 #e1gff #ia making a pretty total of #gj1bah #ec for #ahgj and #de1gff #ia for #ahga4 ,there is also the ,new ,york ,juvenile ,asylum1 a ,protestant institution1 which does not seem to be mentioned in the report in question1 but it will be found that in #ahga it abstracted ,from the ,city ,treasury1 #dh1jdi #da ,from the ,board of ,education1 #d1jae #hc ---------- #eb1jfe #bd ,there are other omissions--that of the abstraction by the ,children's ,aid ,society1 for instance--but these are enough for the purpose1 although it may be added that in #ahgb this institution took from the city #ajf1bch #ij4 ,our objection is not so much to the amount in cash stated to have been taken1 because the report admits that it has not been expended for individual or selfish purposes1 but in the maintenance and working of schools and other beneficent institutions4 ,we wish1 however1 that the ,new ,york ,city ,council of ,political ,reform had used the means at its command to give an accurate and complete statement1 and we think it would have been wiser to do so1 inasmuch as1 while professedly carrying on the purpose proclaimed in its motto on page #a of the report in question1 to ,,cherish1 ,,protect1 ,,and ,,preserve ,,the ,,free ,,common ,,schools1 it has seen fit so unmistakably to attack the single sect4 ,certainly1 we object to the manner in which the sect is charged to have acquired its money1 although having used it so wisely4 ,this single sect1 comprising as it does more than two hundred millions 7or two-thirds7 of the ,christian population of the world1 rather objects to the term sect as applied4 ,and if the author will take the trouble to consult the other ,webster--not ,daniel1 whom we have already quoted--but him of the more venerable baptismal name1 he will learn1 very likely1 however1 not for the first time1 that the term sect means a denomination which dissents from an established church4 ,and ,catholics are certainly not aware that they are dissenters in the hitherto recognized sense of the word among polemical writers4 ,whether his application of the term is malicious or simply the result of ignorance1 makes little difference2 it suited him1 and is of no particular importance just now to us4 ,but surely the author of the report cannot think the amount1 even as overstated by him1 to be disproportionate to the end to be attained--to cherish1 protect1 and preserve the free common schools1 when it is added that our purpose is also to extend and to make our common schools free indeed to all1 whether ,jew or ,gentile4 ,all that we ask is to have our equal rights in this land of equal rights1 and to extend in the broadest manner the freedom of the public schools1 so that the rights and consciences of none may be restricted or violated4 ,we ask simply that the money raised by taxes1 so large a portion of which we are charged to have abstracted1 shall be divided pro rata1 and so1 by dividing the difficulty1 conquer it6 ,in the report1 it is admitted 7p4 #d7 that the enormous sum alleged or intimated to have been surreptitiously taken or abstracted1 was not taken for the purpose of individual gain1 but for the support of convents1 churches1 cathedrals1 and church schools4 ,what sum1 thus expended1 can be too great8 ,in what is it enormous8 ,is it enormous because disproportioned to the amount expended by other sects8 ,or is it so because expended for the support of schools kept in damp basements of churches1 so dark that gas has to be used on the brightest days1 rather than in the educational palaces where ,catholics cannot go without a violation of conscience1 and from which they are practically excluded8 ,and here it is notable that in the report now under consideration 7p4 #b7 is printed the following1 purporting to be an extract from a report of the ,secretary of ,commissioners of ,charities to the ,legislature in #ahga1 wherein it is said the secretary refers very truthfully to the already marked injury to the public schools of the city of ,new ,york caused by building up and supporting from the public treasury so large a number of rival sectarian schools 7see ,rep4 pp4 #ii1 #ajj74 ,the italics are not ours4 ,now1 in the report of the ,hon4 ,abram ,b4 ,weaver1 ,superintendent of ,public ,education1 made in the same year 7#ahga71 he says3 ,the aggregate and the average attendance was greater absolutely1 and in proportion to population1 than in any former year--444 #aa1gjj schools were maintained1 #ag1ejj teachers were employed1 and about #aj1jjj1jjj were expended 7,rep4 ,com4 of ,education1 #ahga1 p4 #bia74 ,the average number of pupils for the whole state in attendance each day of the entire term in #ahgj was #af1bhd1 more than in #ahfi1 etc4 7p4 #bib74 ,and in ,new ,york ,city1 we are told in the same report 7p4 #cja of ,report of ,commissioners of ,education1 #ahga71 ,it is interesting to note1 as evidence of the substantial progress of free schools in ,new ,york ,city1 that1 while the whole population of the city has increased but about #ad per cent4 in the last ten years1 the average attendance of pupils has increased nearly #ed per cent4 in the same time4 ,now1 wherein consists the injury complained of8 ,while the average attendance on the free public schools was actually increasing1 whence came the children attending in these damp basements of churches1 and what necessity drove them from the educational palaces8 ,is the condition1 in certain respects1 of our public schools such as is pictured by the writer of the following1 taken from the ,new ,york ,herald of ,feb4 #i1 #ahgc3 ,,public-,,school ,,abuses4 ,,to ,,the ,,editor ,,of ,,the ,,herald3 ,your articles on school ventilation have my hearty approval4 ,i have sent my two youngest boys for two successive winters to the boys' school on ,thirteenth street1 near ,sixth avenue 7primary department71 but each time they remained from one to two weeks1 and then had to remain home1 owing to a severe cold or inflammation of the lungs1 which kept them away for weeks4 ,having tried the school thus ,i was compelled to remove them this winter to a private school1 where they have attended regularly and have been in good health4 ,no judgment is used in that department in regard to ventilation4 ,sometimes the room is excessively warm2 at other times the windows on both sides of the house are opened1 and the current of cold air descending on the heads of the children causes catarrhal affections and pneumonia4 ,such complaints as the following have been made about the girls' school1 ,twelfth street1 near ,university place4 ,a continual system of stealing is going on after they leave in the afternoon4 ,the desks locked up are opened and articles removed1 even books as well as other things1 and if anything is accidentally left by the scholars it is always gone before morning4 ,nothing is safe in that school1 and the question is1 who steals it8 ,complaints1 ,i understand1 have been made1 but no steps taken to correct it again4 ,the ,board of ,education is frequently applied to for necessary books and material for conducting the school1 and they are not supplied4 ,no notice is taken4 ,the teachers have to purchase themselves the necessary articles1 or go without4 ,at present1 to my knowledge1 an important part of a teacher's duty is prevented being fulfilled by reason of not having the necessary material4 ,teachers are afraid of complaining for fear of losing their situations4 ,,amicus4 ,or this1 taken from the ,new ,york ,telegram of ,february #ac1 #ahgc3 ,an association has been formed by the women of ,washington1 called ',the ,society for ,moral ,education1' which has for its object the proper education and mental development of the children of the country4 ,the society holds regular meetings1 and proposes to become a national organization4 ,mrs4 ,l4 ,b4 ,chandler1 of ,boston1 is the inspiring genius of the movement4 ,the members of the society1 in an appeal for support1 say3 ',as women1 teachers1 and mothers1 we feel it incumbent upon us1 in view of the alarming prevalence of intemperance and various frightful social vices1 the increase of pernicious knowledge among children and youth1 the general ill-health of women1 the large number of diseased1 deformed1 idiotic children born1 and the appalling mortality of infants1 to seek the means whereby future generations may be blessed with better knowledge of the laws of life1 wiser and stronger parents1 and a purer social state4 ,or this1 from ,prof4 ,agassiz1 embodied in an editorial article of the ,boston ,herald of ,october #bj1 #ahga3 ,year after year the chief of police publishes his statistics of prostitution in this city1 but how few of the citizens bestow more than a passing thought upon the misery that they represent6 ,although these figures are large enough to make every lover of humanity hang his head with feelings of sorrow and shame at the picture1 we are assured that they represent but a little1 as it were1 of the actual licentiousness that prevails among all classes of society4 ,within a few months1 a gentleman 7,prof4 ,agassiz7 whose scientific attainments have made his name a household word in all lands1 has personally investigated the subject1 and the result has filled him with dismay1 when he sees the depths of degradation to which men and women have fallen2 he has almost lost faith in the boasted civilization of the ,x,i,xth century4 ,in the course of his inquiries1 he has visited both the well-known 'houses of pleasure' and the 'private establishments' scattered all over the city4 ,he states that he has a list of both1 with the street and number1 the number of inmates1 and many other facts that would perfectly astonish the people if made public4 ,he freely conversed with the inmates1 and the life histories that were revealed were sad indeed4 ,to his utter surprise1 a large proportion of the 'soiled doves' traced their fall to influences that met them in the public schools1 and although ,boston is justly proud of its schools1 it would seem from his story that they need a thorough purification4 ,or are we driven to the conclusion that the injury complained of is like that which was chronicled so long ago1 as suffered by ,haman at the hands of ,mordecai8 ,a single sect gets #a1cif1chh4ea1 besides a large slice of the city's real estate4 ,this1 of course1 refers to the cathedral lots4 ,that this large slice was fairly obtained1 in the customary way of business1 more than half a century ago1 and at a time when no ,tammany ,ring existed1 and when this same sect had no regularly consecrated place of worship in this city1 so insignificant were its numbers1 is notoriously a matter of record--known1 indeed1 of all men who choose to know2 and the statement made in the report has been so often refuted1 that the repetition of it now is disgraceful1 and is simply a lie well stuck to4 ,as to the other leases mentioned at a nominal rental1 what matters it to anybody but ,haman so long as the property1 however now increased in value for building sites or other material advantage to the money-changers1 is devoted1 as the report in question expressly admits1 to the cause of education--of the education of the children whose poverty prevented them from attending the public schools for want of clothing1 and in many cases even of food--as we are told in the following extract from the last published ,report of the ,board of ,public ,instruction 7city of ,new ,york7 for #ahga 7page #ad73 ,it will be seen from the preceding statement 7showing the average attendance at the schools under the jurisdiction of the ,board to be1 for #ahga1 #ajc1dha1 and in #ahgj1 #ajc1hbd7 that the attendance at the public schools has not increased1 which is readily explained by the fact that many benevolent and charitable institutions have entered the educational field4 ,in these institutions the children whose poverty prevented them from attending the public schools for want of clothing1 and in many cases even of food1 are provided for4 ,in the same pamphlet from which we have quoted is also another ,document1 designated ,no4 #d1 embodying what purports to be a report made to the ,state ,council of ,political ,reform in #ahgj by the ,committee on ,endowment and ,support by the ,state of ,sectarian ,institutions4 ,this report contains1 among other quotations from ,aristotle1 ,washington1 ,jay1 ,de ,witt ,clinton1 ,chancellor ,kent1 ,milton1 ,lord ,brougham1 ,guizot1 and ,horace ,mann1 many of which are so generally known and accepted as to have become truisms1 one notable extract from ,thomas ,jefferson1 which embodies very nearly all that ,catholics desire and are contending for4 ,jefferson says3 ,a system of general instruction which shall reach every description of our citizens from the richest to the poorest 444 give it to us in any shape4 ,this is what we ask4 ,we make no war2 we have no plan of attack upon the public schools1 as charged upon page #e of this ,document ,no4 #d2 our chief desire is simply that expressed in the words already quoted from ,thomas ,jefferson2 and1 with the sectarians1 we deny that the system now in use is sufficiently general to accomplish the purpose intended1 or that it can be called a general system while it excludes any class whose positive religious convictions must necessarily be daily interfered with by what is called an unsectarian method of instruction4 ,we believe1 as did the ,puritan fathers1 that a knowledge of and an obedience to the divine government are essential in fitting each child to be a citizen of a free and tolerant republic4 ,we believe in our right to say how and by whom such knowledge shall be given and such obedience shall be taught1 and we also believe that we are quite as competent to determine our methods and to select our teachers as is any political party now in being or ever likely to be4 ,we are quite as strongly opposed to the establishment of any state religion as this self-elected body of political reformers are or affect to be2 and1 to quote and apply to this body the words of ,document ,no4 #d1 we cannot yield one jot or tittle of their demand1 for it involves a principle to us sacred and vital4 ,it means the union of church and state4 ,and we refer to history for the proof that the ,catholic has never been a state church1 but has been more frequently found in antagonism to the civil power than in alliance with it2 always on the side of liberty and the rights of the people2 shielding them from oppression1 even to the deposing of unjust rulers2 enforcing their rights1 even to the extent of aiding to make war upon tyrants2 and yet1 despite this teaching of history1 we are told 7on page #h of the ,document first referred to71 under the pretence of saying why we make war upon the public schools1 as follows3 ,but a single sect is taught by its head1 a foreign and despotic ecclesiastical prince1 that the civil authorities in a republic have not the right to direct and control the course of study1 and the choice and appointment of teachers in the public schools1 open alike to the youth of all classes1 but that this right belongs to the church4 ,now1 this is merely a specious falsehood4 ,for1 let us ask what is here meant by the civil authorities8 ,does the phrase mean the state1 which1 we are also told1 is a better educator than the church2 or does it mean that aggregation of individuals1 each being represented and having an equal voice1 composing the state8 ,if the latter is the meaning1 what ,catholic ,american denies the right or asserts it for the church exclusively8 ,we are yet to meet him4 ,catholics1 and others not ,catholics1 do deny that the state is the best educator1 to the exclusion of the church2 and they do their best to maintain the rights of minorities as against the tyranny of majorities4 ,there are certain words and phrases used in this ,document ,no4 #d which we do not altogether like2 as1 for instance3 ,the state a better educator than the church2 for1 in the light of certain events not long since occurring here and in ,washington1 the state has come to be used1 and perhaps understood1 in a sense of which we are somewhat suspicious4 ,the doctrine of centralization is slowly becoming something more than theory with a certain class of politicians and office-holders2 and the words1 the state1 the civil authorities1 and the government1 are beginning to have an ominous ring in our ears4 ,to be sure1 when we are told1 in a somewhat dogmatic way1 that the state is a better educator than the church1 we may infer from the text illustrating the dogma 7page #h1 ,document ,no4 #d7 that in this connection the state is manifest in the persons of the public-school authorities1 and that they are a power in opposition to a sect or to sects4 ,and when our public schools are open alike to youth of all classes1 of all creeds1 and ,catholics are fairly represented among school authorities1 and are allowed an equal voice in direction and control1 and in the choice of teachers--in short1 when they have their rights as component parts and members of the state1 we shall probably hear no more about this war upon the public schools1 but until then probably this clamor for their rights will still be heard4 ,all this talk1 however1 about secularizing education means nothing more nor less than the divorcement of religion from all public education2 and it remains to be seen how far the descendants and the heirs of that people who asserted that liberty of conscience and freedom to worship ,god 7even in the school-room7 meant something1 and are paramount1 will tolerate this new departure4 ,the ,catholic barons of ,england wrung from ,king ,john at ,runnymede the famous ,magna ,charta1 and the ,catholic settlers of ,maryland gave the first constitution recognizing equal rights for all men2 and the ,church of ,rome1 as a ,british ,presbyterian writer has said1 has always been an 'independent1 distinct1 and often opposing power'2 and that civil liberty is closely connected with religious liberty--with the church being independent of the state4 ,every school-boy might and ought to be taught these and other like facts1 for history mentions them2 and the assailants of the ,catholic ,church ought to be ashamed to ignore or deny them4 ,and yet such ignorance and such denials are the capital in trade of the bigots and the fanatics who fear and affect to see in the spread of ,catholicism a menace to our liberties4 ,on page #e of this ,document ,no4 #d we are told that the moment the state takes under its protection any church1 by appropriating public money or property to the uses or support of that church1 or the teaching of its peculiar tenets or practices1 it in that act1 and to that extent1 unites church and state4 ,the union of church and state1 in all ages and in all countries1 has led to oppression and bloodshed4 ,now1 if this is not arrant nonsense1 what is8 ,the practice of appropriating public money or property to churches1 so called1 is coeval with our national birth4 ,and in this country church and state have1 according to the logic of this statement1 been very much united--very much married1 like ,brigham ,young and his multitudinous wives--and yet the oppression and bloodshed sure to follow have not yet come upon us--in fact1 churches and state have always in this country been united1 and we did not know it6 ,through what unknown dangers have we passed6 ,this ,document ,no4 #d is not honest in this kind of talk--the union of church and state means a form of religion established by law1 and pains and penalties inflicted upon dissenters4 ,not a great many years ago1 in ,prussia1 of which we hear so much upon the educational question1 by command of the king1 the ,prussian ,calvinist and ,lutheran1 who had quarrelled for three hundred years about the real presence and predestination1 abandoned their disputes1 denied their faith1 and became members of the ',evangelical ,church of ,prussia'--a church whose simple creed is thus stated3 ,do ye believe in ,god8 then must ye believe in ,christ4 ,do ye believe in ,christ8 then must ye believe in the king4 ,he is our head on earth1 and rules by the order of ,god4 ,the king has appeared in the flesh in our native land6 ,this was a state religion--a union of church and state1 and is about as likely to be established here as that the ,document ,no4 #d is to be adopted as a text-book in our public schools4 ,this union of church and state is about as sensible a cry1 and quite as malignant1 as the old ,no ,jews1 no wooden shoes6 addressed to the mob in ,england1 and is framed and uttered in the spirit of the same sectarian and bigoted hate4 ,now1 one word as to secular education--there is no such thing1 if ,god's work is our work4 ,if his glory requires the dedication of all the powers he has given us1 it is preposterous to talk about an education from which he and his existence1 and the knowledge of him and his purposes and laws1 are excluded4 ,we may endow1 and send our children to colleges where no priest or clergyman shall ever come1 and no creed shall be taught or even mentioned1 and call the education there received secular and unsectarian1 as was intended to be done at the ,girard ,college at ,philadelphia1 and yet we shall find the education unsatisfactory1 and no state has yet adopted the plan4 ,in conclusion1 we demand1 in the language of the resolutions unanimously adopted and appended to the report in ,document ,no4 #d1 444 free of cost1 to every child in the state1 a generous and tolerant education--such an education as qualifies him for the duties of citizenship2 and1 moreover1 such an education as shall recognize and protect the first and most important of all the rights of citizenship--the right of conscience1 which is grossly violated by the system of atheistical education4 ,,church ,,postures4 ,ye would not sit at ease while meek men kneel ,did ye but see ,his face shine through the veil1 ,and the unearthly forms that round you steal ,hidden in beauteous light1 splendent or pale ,as the rich ,service leads4 ,and prostrate faith ,shroudeth her timorous eye1 while through the air ,hovers and hangs the ,spirit's cleansing ,breath ,in ,whitsun shapes o'er each true worshipper4 ,deep wreaths of angels1 burning from the east1 ,around the consecrated ,shrine are traced1 ,the awful ,stone where by fit hands are placed ,the ,flesh and ,blood of the tremendous ,feast1 ,but kneel--the priest upon the altar-stair ,will bring a blessing out of ,sion there4 --,faber4 ,,grapes ,,and ,,thorns ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,yorke4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,shadows ,,and ,,lilies4 ,mr4 ,schninger came early to the rehearsal that evening1 and1 in his stately fashion1 made himself unusually agreeable4 ,there was1 perhaps1 a very slight widening of the eyes1 expressive of surprise1 if not of displeasure1 when he saw ,miss ,ferrier's critics1 but his salutation did not lack any necessary courtesy4 ,he did not lose his equanimity even when1 later1 while they were singing a fugue passage1 a sonorous but stupid bass came in enthusiastically just one bar too soon4 ,i am glad you chose to do that to-night instead of to-morrow night1 sir1 the director said quietly4 ,now we will try it again4 ,and yet ,mr4 ,schninger was1 in his profession1 an object of terror to some of his pupils1 and of scrupulous1 if not anxious1 attention to all2 for not only did he possess notably that exalted musical sensitiveness which no true artist lacks1 but he concealed under an habitual self-control1 and great exactness in the discharge of his duty1 a fiery impatience of temper1 and a hearty dislike for the drudgery of his profession4 ,if your doctrines regarding future punishments are true1 he once said to ,f4 ,chevreuse1 then the physical part of a musician's purgatory will be to listen to discords striving after1 but never attaining to1 harmony1 and his hell to hear sublime harmonies rent and distorted by discords4 ,i never come so near believing in an embodied spirit of evil as when ,i hear a masterpiece of one of the great composers mangled by a tyro4 ,i haven't a doubt that ,chopin or ,schumann might be played so as to throw me into convulsions4 ,and ,f4 ,chevreuse had answered after his kind3 ,and your spiritual purgatory1 sir1 will be the recollection of those long years during which you have persisted in playing with one thumb1 as a bleak monody1 that divine trio of which all the harmonies of the universe are but faint echoes4 ,nothing of this artistic irritability appeared to-night1 as we have said4 ,in its stead was a gentleness quite new in the musician's demeanor1 and so slight as to be like that first film of coming verdure on the oak1 when1 some spring morning1 one looks out and doubts whether it is a dimness of the eyes or the atmosphere1 or a budding foliage which has set swimming those sharp outlines of branch and twig4 ,he is really human1 ,annette whispered to ,miss ,pembroke2 and ,honora smiled acquiescence1 though she would scarcely have employed such an expression for her thought4 ,she had already discovered in ,mr4 ,schninger a very gentle humanity4 ,low as the whisper was1 his ears caught it1 and two sharp eyes1 watching him1 saw an almost imperceptible tremor of the eyelids1 which was the only sign he gave4 ,the owner of these eyes did not by any means approve of the manner in which their leader had given ,miss ,pembroke her music that evening1 leaving the other ladies to be served as they might2 still less did she approve of the coldness with which her own coquettish demands on his attention had been met4 ,it was scarcely worth while to submit to the drudgery of rehearsing1 in a chorus too1 if that was to be all the return4 ,rising carelessly1 therefore1 and allowing the sheet of music on her lap to fall unheeded to the floor1 ,miss ,carthusen sauntered off toward where ,miss ,ferrier's two critics sat apart1 talking busily1 having1 apparently1 as she had anticipated1 written their reports of the rehearsal before coming to it4 ,these critics were a formidable pair1 for they criticised everybody and everything4 ,one of them added to a man's sarcasm a woman's finer malice1 which pricks with the needlepoint4 ,dr4 ,porson was a tall1 aquiline-faced1 choleric man1 with sharp eyes that1 looking through a pair of clear and remarkably lustrous glasses1 saw the chink in everybody's armor4 ,those who knew him would rather see lightning than meet the flash of his glasses turned on them1 and feel the probing glances that shot through1 and thunder would have been music to their ears compared to the short laugh that greeted a sinister discovery4 ,the other was ,mr4 ,sales1 the new editor of ,the ,aurora1 a little wasp of a man4 ,he had twinkling black eyes that needed no lens to assist their vision1 and a thin-lipped mouth with a slim black moustache hanging at either corner1 like a strong pen-dash made with black ink4 ,dr4 ,porson called them quotation-marks1 and had a way of smoothing imaginary moustaches on his own clean-shaven face whenever the younger man said any very good thing without giving credit for it4 ,a clever little eclectic1 the doctor said of him4 ,he pilfers with the best taste in the world1 and1 with the innocence of a babe1 believes everybody else to be original4 ,he never writes anything worth reading but ,i want to congratulate him on his 'able scissors4' ',able scissors' is not mine1 the doctor added1 but it is good4 ,i found it in ,blackwood's4 ,these two gentlemen had arrived early1 and1 seated apart1 in a side-window of the long drawing-room1 crunched the people between their teeth as they entered4 ,between the morsels1 the doctor enlightened his companion1 a new-comer in the city1 regarding ,crichton and the ,crichtonians4 ,there's little ,jones1 the most irritating person ,i know1 the doctor said4 ,by what chance he should have that robust voice ,i cannot imagine4 ,sometimes ,i think it doesn't come out of his own throat1 but that he has a large ventriloquist whom he carries about with him4 ,i shouldn't wonder if the fellow were now just outside that open sash4 ,did you see the way he marched past us1 all dickey and boot-heels8 ,a man who is but five feet high has no right to assume six-foot manners2 he has scarcely the right to exist at all among well-grown people4 ,besides1 they always wear large hats4 ,not but ,i respect a small stature in a clever person1 he admitted1 with a side glance at ,mr4 ,sales' slight figure4 ,we don't wish to have our diamonds by the hundredweight4 ,but common1 pudding-stone men must be in imposing masses1 or we want them cleared away as dbris4 ,is ,mr4 ,schninger a pudding-stone man8 the young editor asked1 when that gentleman had passed them by4 ,dr4 ,porson's face unconsciously dropped its mocking4 ,if you should strike ,mr4 ,schninger in any way1 he said1 you would find him flint4 ,the only faults ,i see in the man are his excessive caution and secretiveness4 ,he is here1 evidently1 only to get all the money he can1 and1 when he has enough1 will wash his hands of us2 therefore1 wishes for no intimacies4 ,that is my interpretation4 ,he is a gentleman1 however4 ,a man must have the most perfect politeness of soul to salute ,mme4 ,ferrier as he did4 ,while they were speaking together1 she actually had the air of a lady4 ,see her look after him4 ,it is an art which we critics cannot learn1 sir1 that of setting people in their best light4 ,of course it would spoil our trade if we did learn it2 but1 for all that1 we miss something4 ,schninger is a ,jew1 to be sure1 but that signifies nothing4 ,each one to his taste4 ,we no longer trouble ourselves about people's faith4 ,when you say that a man believes this or that1 it's as though you said1 he eats this or that4 ,the world moves4 ,why1 sir1 a few years ago1 we wouldn't have spoken to a man who ate frogs any more than to a cannibal2 and now we are so fond of the little reptiles that there isn't a frog left to sing in the swamps4 ,but1 ,mr4 ,sales objected1 society has established certain rules-- then stopped1 finding himself in deep water4 ,undoubtedly1 the doctor replied1 as gravely as though something had been said4 ,the ,flat-head ,indians now1 who seem to have understood the science of phrenology1 think it the proper thing to have a plateau on the top of the head4 ,their reason is1 probably1 a moral rather than an sthetic one4 ,they know that the peaceful and placable qualities1 those which impel a man to let go1 are kept in little chambers in the front top of the brain4 ,they have other use for their attics4 ,so they just clap a board on the baby's soft head1 and press the space meant for such useless stuff as benevolence and reverence back1 so as to increase the storage for the noble qualities of firmness and self-esteem4 ,that is one of the rules of their society2 and ,i have always considered it a most striking and beautiful instance of the proper employment of means to an end4 ,there is a certain sublime and simple directness in it4 ,no circuitous1 century-long labor of trying to square the fluid contents of a round vessel1 but just a board on the head4 ,that1 sir1 should be the first step in evangelizing the heathen--shape their heads4 ,when you want a man to think in a certain way1 put a strong pressure on his contradictory bumps1 and preach to him afterwards4 ,that's what ,i tell our minister1 ,mr4 ,atherton4 ,there he is now1 that bald man with the fair hair4 ,he is a glorious base4 ,his great-grandfather was a conceited ,anglo-,saxon1 and he's the fourth power of him4 ,the reason why he does not believe in the divinity of ,christ is because he was not of ,anglo-,saxon birth4 ,here1 across the pianissimo chorus which made the vocal accompaniment of an ,alp-song1 ,miss ,ferrier's brilliant voice flashed like lightning in clear1 sharp zigzags1 startling the two into silence4 ,that wasn't bad1 the doctor said when she ended4 ,the younger gentleman applauded with such enthusiasm that ,annette blushed with pleasure4 ,she needs but one thing to make her voice perfect1 he said1 and that is a great sorrow4 ,yes1 as ,i was telling you some time ago1 the doctor resumed1 we are a liberal and hospitable people in ,crichton4 ,we have no prejudices4 ,everybody is welcome1 even the devil4 ,we are sthetic1 too4 ,we admire the picturesque4 ,we wouldn't object to seeing an interesting family of children shot with arrows1 provided they would fall with a grace1 and their mother would assume the true ,niobe attitude4 ,in literature1 too1 how we shine6 ,we have reached the sublime of the superficial4 ,there's your ,miss ,carthusen1 now1 with her original poetry4 ,how nicely she dished up that conceit of ,montaigne's1 that somebody is peculiar because he has no peculiarities4 ,i've forgotten1 it is so long since ,i read him4 ,i haven't looked over the new edition that this poetess of ours has peeped into and fished a fancy out of4 ,but yesterday ,i was charmed to see it scintillating1 in rhymed lines1 in the ,olympian corner of ,the ,aurora1 over the well-known signature of ,fleur-de-lis4 ,the young man looked mortified4 ,he had never read ,montaigne1 and had announced this production as original and remarkable1 firmly believing the writer to be a genius4 ,but he did not choose to tell ,dr4 ,porson that4 ,what would you8 he asked1 raising his eyebrows and his voice in a philosophical manner4 ,i must fill the paper2 and it is better to put in good thought at second-hand than flat originals4 ,how many know the difference8 ,here ,annette's voice stopped them again4 ,strange that girl sings so well to-night1 said the doctor1 adjusting his glasses for a clearer glance4 ,she looks well1 too4 ,must be the inspiration of her lover's presence4 ,that's the kind of fellow1 sir1 that a woman takes a fancy to--a pale1 beautiful young man with a slouched hat and a secret sorrow1 the sorrow usually having reference to the pocket4 ,lawrence ,gerald sat near his lady1 and seemed to be absorbed in his occupation of cutting a rosebud across in thin slices with his pocket-knife1 a proceeding his mother viewed with gentle distress4 ,but when the song was ended1 he looked up at ,annette and smiled1 seeming to be rather proud of her4 ,and1 looking so1 his eyes lingered a little1 expressing interest and a slight surprise1 as if he beheld there something worth looking at which he had not noticed before4 ,had he cared to observe1 he might have known already that ,miss ,ferrier had moments of being beautiful4 ,this was one of them4 ,there is a pain that looks like delight1 when the heart bleeds into the cheeks1 the lips part with a smile that does not touch the eyes1 and the eyes shine with a dazzling brilliancy that may well be mistaken for joyousness4 ,with such feverish beauty ,annette was radiant this evening1 and the excitement of singing and of applause had added the last touch of brightness4 ,the programme for the concert was chiefly of popular music1 or a kind of old-fashioned music they were making popular1 part-songs and glees4 ,they had attained great finish and delicacy in executing these1 and the effect was charming1 and far preferable to operas and operatic airs as we usually hear them4 ,it would have been a bold woman who would have asked ,mr4 ,schninger's permission to sing a difficult aria4 ,annette had once made such a request1 but with indifferent success4 ,mademoiselle1 the teacher replied1 you have a better voice than either of the ,pattis2 but a voice is only a beginning4 ,you must learn the alphabet of music before you can read its poems4 ,when you are ready to be a ,norma1 ,i will resign you to some teacher who knows more than ,i do4 ,the singing was at an end1 and the singers left their seats and wandered about the house and garden4 ,only ,mr4 ,schninger lingered by the piano1 and1 seeing him still there1 no one went far away1 those outside leaning in at the window4 ,he seated himself presently1 and played a ,polonaise4 ,he sat far back1 almost at arm's length from the keys1 and1 as he touched it1 the instrument seemed to possess an immortal soul4 ,one knew not which most to admire1 the power that made a single piano sound like an orchestra1 or the delicacy that produced strains fine and clear like horns of fairyland4 ,when he had finished1 he went to ask ,mrs4 ,gerald how the singing had gone4 ,i observed that you listened1 he remarked1 being within ,dr4 ,porson's hearing4 ,mrs4 ,gerald had been sitting for the last half-hour beside ,mrs4 ,ferrier1 and the time had been penitential1 as all her intercourse with ,annette's mother was4 ,it was hard for a fond mother and a sensitive lady to listen to such indelicate complaints and insinuations as ,mrs4 ,ferrier was constantly addressing to her when they were together without uttering any sharp word in return4 ,to be reminded that ,lawrence was making a very advantageous marriage without retorting that she would be far more happy to see him the husband of ,honora ,pembroke1 required an effort2 and to restrain the quick flash1 or the angry tears in her fiery ,celtic heart when she heard him undervalued1 was almost more than she could do4 ,but she had conquered herself for ,god's sake and for her son's sake1 perhaps a little for pride's sake1 had given the soft answer when she could1 and remained silent when speech seemed too great an effort4 ,that coarse insolence of mere money to refined poverty1 and the mistaking equality before the law for personal equality1 are at any time sufficiently offensive2 how much more so when the victim is in some measure in the tormentor's power4 ,mrs4 ,gerald's face showed how severe the trial had been4 ,her blue eyes had the unsteady lustre of a dew that dared not gather into tears1 a painful smile trembled on her lips1 and her cheeks were scarlet4 ,had she been at liberty1 this lady could perfectly well have known how to ignore or reprove impertinence without ruffling her smooth brow or losing her tranquil manner2 but she was not free1 and the restraint was agitating4 ,this rude woman's rudest insinuation was but truth1 and she must bear it4 ,yet1 mother-like1 she never thought of reproaching her son for what she suffered4 ,i never heard music ,i liked so well1 she said to ,mr4 ,schninger's question4 ,we are under obligation to you for giving us what we can understand4 ,the composition you have just played delighted me1 too1 though it is probable that ,i do not at all appreciate its beauties4 ,it made me think of fairies dancing in a ring4 ,it was a dance-tune1 ,mr4 ,schninger said1 pleased that she had perceived the thought2 for it required a fine and sympathetic ear to discern the step in that capricious movement of ,chopin's4 ,the fact that he was a ,jew had prevented her looking on this man with any interest1 or feeling it possible that any friendship could exist between them2 but the thought passed her mind1 as he spoke1 that ,mr4 ,schninger might be a very amiable person if he chose4 ,there was a delicate and reserved sweetness in that faint smile of his which reminded her of some expression she had seen on ,honora's face1 when she was conversing with a gentleman who had the good fortune to please her4 ,meantime1 ,lawrence had been having a little dispute with ,annette4 ,what's this about the wine8 he whispered to her4 ,john says there isn't any to be had4 ,he looked astonished1 and with reason1 for the fault of the ,ferrier entertainments had always been their profusion4 ,i meant to have told you that ,i had concluded not to have wine1 she said4 ,two gentlemen present are intemperate men1 who make their families very unhappy1 and when they begin to drink they do not know where to stop4 ,the last time ,mr4 ,lane was here he became really quite unsteady before he went away4 ,but the others6 ,lawrence exclaimed4 ,what will they think8 ,they may understand just why it is1 she replied2 and they may not think anything about it4 ,i should not imagine that they need occupy their minds very long with the subject4 ,why1 you must know1 ,annette1 that some of them come here for nothing but the supper1 and chiefly the wine1 the young man urged unguardedly4 ,she drew up slightly4 ,so ,i have heard1 ,lawrence2 and ,i wish to discourage such visitors' coming4 ,people who are in the devouring mood should not go visiting2 they are disagreeable4 ,i have never seen in company that liveliness which comes after supper without a feeling of disgust4 ,it may not go beyond proper bounds1 but still it is a greater or less degree of intoxication4 ,i have provided everything ,i could think of for their refreshment and cheering1 but nothing to make them tipsy4 ,i gave you a good reason at first1 ,lawrence1 and ,i have a better4 ,my father died of liquor1 and my brother is becoming a slave to it4 ,i will help to make no drunkards4 ,well1 the young man sighed resignedly1 you mean well2 but ,i can't help thinking you a little quixotic4 ,the ,ferriers are giving us eau sucre instead of wine to-night1 sneered one of the company to ,mr4 ,schninger1 a while after4 ,they show good taste in doing so1 he replied coldly4 ,there are always bar-rooms and drinking-saloons enough for those who are addicted to drink4 ,i never wish to take wine from the hand of a lady1 nor to drink it in her presence4 ,the night was brilliantly full-moonlighted1 and so warm that they had lit as little gas as possible4 ,a soft glow from the upper floor1 and the bright doors of the drawing-room1 made the hall chandelier useless4 ,miss ,ferrier's new organ there was flooded with a silvery radiance that poured through a window4 ,mr4 ,schninger came out and seated himself before it4 ,shall ,i play a fugue of ,bach's8 he asked of ,miss ,pembroke1 who was standing in the open door leading to the garden4 ,she took a step toward him1 into the shadow between moonlight of window and door1 and the light seemed to follow her1 lingering in her fair face and her white dress4 ,even the waxen jasmine blossoms in her hair appeared to be luminous4 ,yes1 she said1 if you are to play only once more2 but1 if more than once1 let that be last4 ,i never lose the sound and motion of one of ,bach's fugues till ,i have slept2 and ,i like to keep the murmur it leaves1 as if my ears were sea-shells4 ,she went back to stand in the door1 but1 after a few minutes1 stepped softly and slowly further away1 and passed by the drawing-room doors1 through which she saw ,annette talking with animation and many gestures1 while her two critics listened and nodded occasional acquiescence1 and ,lawrence withdrawn to a window-seat with ,miss ,carthusen1 and ,mrs4 ,ferrier the centre of a group of young people1 who listened to her with ill-concealed smiles of amusement4 ,at length she found the place she wanted1 an arm-chair under the front portico1 and1 seated there1 gathered up that strong1 wilful rush of harmony as a whole4 ,it did not seem to have ceased when ,mr4 ,schninger joined her4 ,she was so full of the echoes of his music that for a moment she looked at him standing beside her as if it had been his wraith4 ,he pointed silently and smiling to the corner of the veranda visible from where they sat4 ,it was on the shady side of the house1 and still further screened by vines1 and the half-drawn curtains of the window looking into it allowed but a single beam of gaslight to escape4 ,in that nook were gathered half a dozen children1 peeping into the drawing-room4 ,they were as silent as the shadows in which they lurked1 and their bare feet had given no notice of their coming4 ,their bodies were almost invisible1 but their eager little faces shone in the red light1 and now and then a small hand was lifted into sight4 ,it reminds me1 he said1 of a passage in the ,koran1 where ,mahomet declares that it had been revealed to him that a company of genii had listened while he was reading a chapter1 and that one of them had remarked3 ',verily1 we have heard a most admirable discourse4' ,that amused me2 and ,i fancied that an effective picture might be made of it3 the prophet reading at night by the light of an antique lamp that shone purely on his solemn face and beard1 and his green robe1 with1 perhaps1 the pet cat curled round on the sleeve4 ,the casement should be open wide1 and crowded with a multitude of yearning1 exquisite faces1 the lips parted with the intensity of their listening4 ,as ,i came along the hall just now1 ,i saw one of those children through the window1 and in that light it looked like a cameo cut in pink coral4 ,i fancy they are some of my children1 ,miss ,pembroke said1 and rose4 ,let us see4 ,they ought not to be out so late1 nor to intrude4 ,oh6 spare the poor little wretches1 ,mr4 ,schninger said laughingly1 as she took his arm4 ,we find this commonplace enough1 but to them it is wonderful4 ,i think we might be tempted to trespass a little if we could get a peep into veritable fairyland4 ,this is to them fairyland4 ,that anything is a strong temptation is no excuse for yielding1 the lady said in a playful tone that took away any appearance of reproof from her words4 ,we do not go into battle in order to surrender without a struggle1 nor to surrender at all1 but to become heroes4 ,i must teach my little ones to have heroic thoughts4 ,the children1 engrossed in the bright scene within1 did not perceive any approach from without till all retreat was cut off for them1 and they turned1 with startled faces1 to find themselves confronted by a tall gentleman1 on whose arm leaned a lady whom they looked up to with a tender but reverent love4 ,these children were of a class accustomed to a word and a blow1 and their instinctive motion was to shrink back into a corner1 and hide their faces4 ,i am sorry to see you here1 my dears1 she said4 ,please go home now1 like good children4 ,that was her way of reproving4 ,she stood aside1 and the little vagabonds shied out past her1 each one trying to hide his face1 and scampering off on soundless feet as soon as he had reached the ground4 ,so you have a school8 ,mr4 ,schninger asked1 as they went round through the garden4 ,they came out into the moonlight1 and approached the rear of the house1 where a number of the company were gathered1 standing among the flowers4 ,yes1 ,i have fifty1 or more1 of these little ones1 and ,i find it interesting4 ,they were in danger of growing up in the street1 and ,i had nothing else to do--that is1 nothing that seemed so plain a duty4 ,so ,i took the largest room in an old house of mine just verging on the region where these children live1 and have them come there every day4 ,you must find teaching laborious1 the gentleman said4 ,oh6 no4 ,i am strong and healthy1 and ,i do not fatigue myself nor them4 ,the whole is free to them1 of course1 and ,i am responsible to no one1 therefore can instruct or amuse them in my own way4 ,as far as possible1 ,i wish to supply the incompetency of their mothers4 ,if ,i give the little ones a happy hour1 during which they behave properly1 and teach them one thing1 ,i am satisfied4 ,one of the branches ,i try to instruct them in is neatness4 ,no soiled face is allowed to speak to me1 nor soiled hands to touch me4 ,then they sing and read1 and learn prayers and a little doctrine1 and ,i tell them stories4 ,when the ,christian ,brothers and the ,sisters of ,notre ,dame come1 my occupation will of course be gone4 ,i wish ,i might some time be allowed to visit this school of yours1 ,mr4 ,schninger said hesitatingly4 ,i could give them a singing-lesson1 and tell them a story4 ,little ,rose ,tracy likes my stories4 ,miss ,pembroke was thoughtful a moment1 then consented4 ,she had witnessed with approval ,mr4 ,schninger's treatment of ,miss ,carthusen that evening1 and respected him for it4 ,the day after to-morrow1 in the afternoon1 would be a good time1 she said4 ,it is to be a sort of holiday1 on account of the firemen's procession4 ,the procession passes the school-room1 and ,i have promised the children that they shall watch it4 ,they went in to take leave1 for the company was breaking up4 ,oh6 by the way1 ,mr4 ,schninger1 ,annette said1 recollecting1 did you get the shawl you left here at the last rehearsal8 ,it was thrown on a garden-seat1 and forgotten4 ,yes2 ,i stepped in early the next morning1 and took it1 he said4 ,his countenance changed slightly as he spoke4 ,the eyelids drooped1 and his whole air expressed reserve4 ,the next morning6 she repeated to herself1 but said nothing4 ,lawrence went off with ,miss ,carthusen2 and as ,mrs4 ,gerald and ,honora went out at the same time with ,mr4 ,schninger1 he asked permission to accompany them4 ,how lovely the night is6 ,mrs4 ,gerald murmured1 as they walked quietly along under the trees of the avenue1 and saw all the beautiful city bathed in moonlight1 and ringed about with mountains like a wall4 ,heaven can scarcely have a greater physical beauty than earth has sometimes4 ,i do not think1 the gentleman said1 that heaven will be so much more beautiful than earth1 but our eyes will be opened to see the beauties that exist4 ,he spoke very quietly1 with an air of weariness or depression2 and1 when they reached home1 bowed his good-night without speaking4 ,the two ladies stood a moment in the door1 looking out over the town4 ,if that man were not a ,jew1 ,i should find him agreeable1 ,mrs4 ,gerald said4 ,as it is1 it seems odd that we should see so much of him4 ,i am inclined to believe1 ,honora said slowly1 that it is not right for us to refuse a friendly intercourse with suitable associates on account of any difference of religion1 unless they intrude on us a belief or disbelief which we hold to be sacrilegious4 ,could you love a ,jew8 ,mrs4 ,gerald asked1 rather abruptly4 ,honora considered the matter a little while4 ,our ,lord loved them1 even those who crucified him4 ,i could love them4 ,besides1 ,i do not believe that the ,jews of to-day would practise violence any more than ,christians would4 ,we are friendly with ,unitarians1 yet they are not very different from some ,jews4 ,i think we should love everybody but the eternally lost4 ,i could more easily become attached to an upright and conscientious ,jew1 than to a ,catholic who did not practise his religion4 ,mr4 ,schninger1 as soon as he had left the ladies1 mended his pace1 and strode off rapidly down the hill4 ,in a few minutes he had reached a lighted railroad station1 where people were going to and fro4 ,just in time6 he muttered1 and ran to catch a train that was beginning to slip over the track4 ,grasping the hand-rail1 he drew himself on to the step of the last car1 then walked through the other cars1 and1 finally1 took his seat in that next the engine4 ,once a week he gave lessons in a town fifteen miles from ,crichton1 and he usually found it more agreeable to take the night train down than to go in the morning4 ,in selecting this car he had hoped to be alone2 but he had hardly taken his seat when he heard a step following him1 and another man appeared and went into the seat in front of him--an insignificant-looking person1 with a mean face4 ,he turned about1 put his feet on the seat1 stretched his arm along the back1 and1 assuming an insinuating smile1 bade ,mr4 ,schninger good evening4 ,he had1 apparently1 settled himself for a long conversation4 ,mr4 ,schninger's habits were those of a scrupulous gentleman1 and he had1 even among gentlemen1 the charming distinction of always keeping his feet on the floor4 ,this man's manners were1 therefore1 in more than one way offensive1 and his salutation received no more encouraging reply than a stare1 and a scarcely perceptible inclination of the head4 ,mr4 ,schninger seemed1 indeed1 to regret even this slight concession1 for he rose immediately with an air of decision1 and walked forward to the first seat4 ,the door of the car was open there as they rushed on through the darkness1 and1 looking forward1 it was like beholding the half-veiled entrance of a cavern of fire4 ,a cloud of illuminated smoke and steam swept about and enveloped the engine with a bright atmosphere impenetrable to the sight1 and through this loomed the gigantic shadow of a man4 ,this shadow sometimes disappeared for a moment only to appear again1 and seemed to make threatening gestures1 and to catch and press down into the flames some unseen adversary4 ,mr4 ,schninger's fancy was wide awake1 though his eyes were half asleep1 and this strange object became to him an object of terror4 ,painful and anxious thoughts1 which he had resolutely put away1 left yet a dim and mysterious background1 on which this grotesque figure1 gigantic and wrapped in fire1 was thrown in strong relief4 ,he imagined it an impending doom1 which might at any moment fall upon him4 ,finding these fancies intolerable at length1 he shook himself wide awake1 rose1 and walked unsteadily up and down the car4 ,in doing so1 he perceived that his fellow-passenger had retreated to the last seat1 and was1 apparently1 sleeping1 his cap drawn low over his forehead4 ,but ,mr4 ,schninger's glance detected a slight change in the position of the head as he commenced his promenade1 and he could not divest himself of the belief that1 from under the low hat-brim1 a glance as sharp as his own was following his every movement4 ,in an ordinary and healthy mood of mind he would have cared little for such espionage2 but he was not in such a mood4 ,circumstances had of late tried his nerves1 and it required all his power of self-control to maintain a composed exterior4 ,did this man suspect his trouble1 and search for1 or1 perhaps1 divine1 or1 possibly1 know the cause of it8 ,he would gladly have caught the fellow in his arms1 and thrown him headlong into the outer darkness4 ,he returned to his place1 and1 leaning close to the window1 looked out into the night4 ,if he had hoped to quiet himself by the sight of a familiar nature1 he was disappointed1 for the scene had a weird1 though occasionally beautiful aspect1 very unlike reality4 ,the moon had set1 leaving that darkness which follows a bright moonlight1 or precedes the dawn of day1 when the stars seem to be confounded by the near yet invisible radiance of their conqueror1 and dare not shine with their own full lustre4 ,only this locomotive1 dashing through the heart of the night1 rendered visible a flying panorama4 ,groves of trees twirled round1 surprised in some mystic dance2 streams flashed out in all their windings1 red and serpent-like1 and hid themselves as suddenly2 wide plains swam past1 all a blur1 with hills and mountains stumbling against the horizon4 ,only one spot had even a hint of familiarity4 ,framed round by a great semi-circle of woods1 not many rods from the track1 was a long1 narrow pond1 with a few acres of smooth green beyond it1 and a white cottage close to its farthest shore4 ,this little scene was as perfectly secluded1 apparently1 as if it had been in the midst of a continent otherwise uninhabited4 ,no road nor neighboring house was visible from the railroad4 ,the dwellers in that cottage seemed to be solitary and remote1 knowing nothing of the wide1 busy world save what they saw from their vine-draped windows when the long1 noisy train1 crowded with strangers1 hurried past them1 never stopping4 ,what web that clattering shuttle wove they might wonder1 but could not know1 could scarcely care as they dreamed their lives away1 lotos-eating4 ,for the lotos was not wanting4 ,mr4 ,schninger recollected his first glimpse of that place as he had whirled past one summer morning1 and swiftly now he caught the scene between his eyelids1 and closed them on it1 and dreamed over it4 ,he saw the varied green of the forest1 and the velvet green of the banks1 and the blue and brooding sky4 ,like a sylvan nymph the cottage stood in its draping vines1 and tried to catch glimpses of itself in the glassy waters at its feet1 half smothered in drifting fragrant snow of water-lilies4 ,what sort of being should come forth from that dwelling of peace8 ,mr4 ,schninger asked himself4 ,who should stretch out hands to him1 and draw him out of his troubled life1 approaching now a climax he shrank from8 ,his heart rose and beat quickly4 ,the door under the vines swung slowly back1 and a woman floated out over the green1 as silent and as gracious as a cloud over the blue above4 ,the drapery fluttered back from her advancing foot till it reached the first shining ripple of the pond1 and then she paused--a presence so warm and living that it quickened his breathing4 ,she stretched her strong white arms out toward him over the lilies she would not cross1 and the face was ,honora ,pembroke's4 ,the large1 calm look1 the earnest glow that saved from coldness1 the full humanity steeped through and shone through by spiritual loveliness--they were all hers4 ,he started1 and opened his eyes4 ,their pace was slackening1 the great black figure in its fiery atmosphere was in some spasm of motion1 and walls of brick and stone were shutting them in4 ,the cars stopped at the foot of an immense flight of stairs that stretched upward indefinitely1 a dingy ,jacob's ladder1 without the angels4 ,mr4 ,schninger slowly ascended them1 heavyhearted again1 and therefore heavy-footed2 and1 not far behind1 a man with a skulking step and a mean face followed after4 ,there was nothing very mysterious in this walk4 ,it led merely through a deserted business street1 by the shortest route1 to a respectable hotel4 ,mr4 ,schninger called for a room1 and went to it immediately2 the little man lingered in the office1 and hung about the desk4 ,that gentleman comes down here pretty often in the night1 doesn't he8 he asked of the clerk4 ,the man nodded1 without looking up4 ,does he always record his name when he comes8 pursued the questioner4 ,can't say1 was the short answer1 still without looking up4 ,comes down every ,wednesday night1 ,i suppose8 remarked the stranger4 ,the clerk suddenly thrust his face past the corner of the desk behind which his catechiser stood4 ,look here1 sir1 what name shall ,i put down for you8 he asked sharply4 ,the man drew back a little1 and turned away4 ,i'm not sure of booking myself here1 he replied4 ,the clerk came down promptly from his perch4 ,then it's time to lock up1 he said4 ,and when he had locked the door1 and pulled down the curtains1 with a snap that threatened to break their fastenings1 he put his hands in his pockets1 and made a short and emphatic address to an imaginary audience4 ,i don't believe there is any redemption for spies1 he said2 and ,i would rather have a thief in my house than a sneak4 ,you sometimes hear of a criminal who repents2 but nobody ever yet heard of one of your prying1 peeping1 tattling sort reforming4 ,there being no other person present1 no one contradicted him1 a circumstance which seemed to increase the strength of his convictions4 ,he paced the room two or three times1 then returned to his first stand1 removing his hands from his pockets to clasp them behind his back1 as being a more dignified attitude for a speaker4 ,if ,i had my will1 he pursued1 every nose that poked itself into other people's affairs would be cut off4 ,bravo6 ,mr4 ,clerk4 ,you have sense4 ,but if you had also that sanguinary wish of yours1 what a number of mutilated visages would be going about the world6 ,how many feminine faces would be shorn of their retrouss1 or long1 rooting feature1 or clawing1 parrot beak1 and how many men would be incapacitated for taking snuff6 ,having delivered himself of his rather extreme opinion1 this excellent man shut up the house and retired4 ,mr4 ,schninger looked forward with interest to his promised visit to ,miss ,pembroke's school1 and was so anxious that she should not by any forgetfulness or change of plan deprive him of it1 that he reminded her as they came out of the hall1 after their concert1 of the permission she had given him for the next afternoon4 ,certainly6 she replied smiling4 ,but how can you think of such a trifle after the grand success of this evening8 ,for their concert had been a perfect success1 and ,mr4 ,schninger himself had been applauded with such enthusiasm as had pleased even him4 ,it was the first time he had played in public in ,crichton1 and1 respectable as he held their musical taste to be1 he had not been prepared to see so ready an appreciation of the higher order of instrumental music4 ,i never saw a more appreciative audience1 he said4 ,they applauded at the right places1 and it was a well-bred applause4 ,how delicate was that little whisper of a clapping during the prelude6 ,it was like the faint rustling of leaves in a summer wind1 and so soft that not a note was lost4 ,i have never seen so nearly perfect an audience in any other city in this country4 ,do not we always tell you that ,crichton is the most charming city in the world8 laughed ,annette ,ferrier1 who had caught his last remark4 ,she was passing him1 accompanied by ,lawrence ,gerald4 ,her face was bright with excitement1 and the glistening of her ornaments and her gauzy robe through the black lace mantle that covered her from head to foot gave her the look of a butterfly caught in a web4 ,she had sung brilliantly1 dividing the honors of the evening with ,mr4 ,schninger1 and ,lawrence1 finding her admired by others1 was gallant to her himself4 ,on the whole1 she was radiant with delight4 ,do not expect too much of my little ones1 ,miss ,pembroke said1 recurring to the proposed visit4 ,recollect1 they are all poor1 and they have had but little instruction4 ,mr4 ,schninger did not tell her that his interest was in her more than in the children1 and that he desired to see how she would conduct herself in such circumstances rather than take any note of the persons and acquirements of her pupils4 ,to his mind it was very strange that a lady of her refinement should wish to assume such a work without necessity4 ,his conception of the character of teachers of children was not flattering2 he thought a certain vulgarity inseparable from such persons1 a positiveness of speech1 an oracular tone of voice1 and an authoritative air1 which the employment conferred on successful teachers1 if it did not find them already possessed of4 ,it amused him to fancy these fifty children swarming about ,miss ,pembroke1 like ants about a lily1 and it annoyed him to think that she might receive some stain from them4 ,i like ladies to be charitable1 he said to himself1 as he went homeward2 but there are kinds of rough work ,i would prefer they should delegate to others4 ,he was thinking of the physical part of the work2 ,honora of the spiritual4 ,the school-room was the lower floor of a house at the corner of two streets1 and had been used as a shop1 the two wide show-windows at either side of the door giving a full light4 ,the upper floors were occupied as a dwelling-house4 ,these windows looked out on a wide and respectable street2 but the cross street1 beginning fairly enough1 deteriorated as it went on toward the ,saranac1 through the poorest section of the city1 and ended in shanties and a dingy wharf where lobsters were perpetually being boiled in large kettles in dingy boats1 and crowds of ragged children seemed to be always hanging about1 sucking lobster-claws1 or on the watch for them4 ,miss ,pembroke's charge were from this class of children1 and one of her great difficulties was to keep her school-room from having the fixed odor of a fish-market4 ,the room was severely clean and spotless1 and1 but that the side-walls were nearly covered with maps1 bookcases1 and blackboards1 would have been glaring white2 for the walls and ceiling were white-washed1 the wood-work painted white1 and the floor scoured white4 ,two rows of oak-colored benches extended across the room1 the backs toward the windows4 ,the sun shone in unobstructed all the afternoon4 ,only when it began to touch the last row of benches were the green worsted curtains drawn down far enough to keep it within bounds4 ,miss ,pembroke's chair1 table1 and piano were in the space opposite the door4 ,on the centre of the wall behind her hung a large crucifix1 and on a bracket beneath it a marble ,child ,jesus stretched out his arms to the little ones4 ,on larger brackets to right and left stood an ,immaculate ,lady and a ,s4 ,joseph4 ,they were thus in the midst of the ,holy ,family4 ,these images were constantly surrounded by wreaths1 arches1 and flowers1 so that the end of the room had quite the appearance of a bower2 and on all his festivals1 and whenever prayers were said1 a candle was lighted before the ,infant ,jesus1 who was the patron of their school1 and the dearest object of their childish devotion4 ,it was delightful to them to know that they need not always approach their ,god in the language1 to them1 often inexplicable1 of the mature and the learned1 but that they could whisper their ingenuous petitions and praises into the indulgent ear of a holy ,child1 using their own language1 and asking him to be their interpreter4 ,s4 ,joseph with the lily and the white ,lady with her folded hands they worshipped with awe2 but they were not afraid of the dear ,infant who stretched out his arms to them4 ,fifty little faces1 all brown1 but otherwise various1 looked straight at their teacher--blue eyes and brown eyes1 black eyes and grey1 large eyes and small eyes1 bright and dull eyes2 and fifty young souls were at that instant occupied with one thought4 ,the first faint thrilling of the silence with martial music was heard1 and they were eager to take their places to see the advancing procession4 ,but ,miss ,pembroke waited still4 ,she had told ,mr4 ,schninger to come at three o'clock1 and it lacked five minutes of that4 ,just as she was thinking that she would give him two minutes' grace1 he appeared4 ,she went at once to place the children1 and he watched with a smile of pleasure and amusement the soldierly precision of the performance4 ,the door was opened wide1 and two of the largest boys carried out and placed a bench near the edge of the upper step4 ,at the motion of a finger1 the smallest boys filed out and seated themselves on this bench1 and an equal number of larger ones stood behind keeping guard4 ,then the door was closed4 ,at the next silent gesture the smallest of the boys and girls remaining seated themselves in the low1 broad ledge of the windows1 the next size placed a bench across each window recess for themselves1 and the largest again stood behind the benches4 ,not a word had been spoken1 not a child had turned its head1 not the slightest noise nor confusion had occurred1 and all were perfectly well placed to see4 ,what admirable order6 the gentleman exclaimed4 ,you must have drilled them thoroughly4 ,it did not seem to me wasting time1 ,miss ,pembroke replied4 ,i wish to impress on them the necessity of a decorous and reserved manner in public4 ,they are too prone to presume1 and be more than ordinarily lawless on such occasions4 ,besides1 it teaches them self-control4 ,the two sat back at a little distance4 ,the children began to stretch their heads forward1 and whisper exclamations to each other4 ,the air resounded with martial sounds1 and a solid front of superb grey horses appeared1 well-caparisoned and well-ridden1 the full crimped manes tossed over their arching necks4 ,behind them another and another line pressed1 making a living wall4 ,i think one feels the influence of such a mass of strong life and courage1 ,miss ,pembroke remarked4 ,it seems to me it would invigorate a weak person to be near those horses4 ,mr4 ,schninger had been thinking nearly the same thing4 ,i have fancied it not unlikely1 he said1 that in a bold cavalry charge the horses may help to inspire the riders4 ,the neighborhood of strong animal life is1 no doubt1 invigorating4 ,it would be fine to stand face to face with a herd of wild cattle1 if they could be surely stopped in mid-career1 to feel the air stirring with their breaths1 and see their eyes glaring through heaps of rough mane4 ,there would be something electrical in it1 as there is in a crowd of men2 and in both cases it is a merely physical excitement4 ,but a crowd of men may be electrified by some great thought1 suggested ,honora4 ,not unless each had the thought in his single mind before1 either latent or conscious4 ,i do not believe that any crowd or excitement1 however immense1 can put a great thought into a little soul4 ,i can never act with an excited crowd1 can hardly look at one with respect4 ,his lip expressed contempt4 ,it is true that an eloquent leader may have the power of inciting people to some good deed2 but even so1 they are only a machine which he works4 ,great thoughts are not vociferous4 ,they float in air1 with no sound1 unless it is the sound of wings4 ,honora checked the words that rose to her lips so suddenly that a deep blush bathed her face4 ,she had been thinking of the crowd that roared ,crucify him6 and had recollected only just in time that they were this man's remote ancestors4 ,but she recollected also that it was to him as original sin was to her1 an hereditary1 but not a personal1 stain1 and that baptism could wash both away4 ,her charity began at home1 in the great ,christian family1 but it stayed not there3 it overflowed to all living creatures4 ,i have almost an enthusiasm for firemen1 she said hastily4 ,they sometimes perform such wonders1 and run such terrible risks for scarcely a reward4 ,unlike soldiers1 they save without destroying anything4 ,how beautiful their engines are6 ,the procession was a long and very brilliant one1 and the companies had vied with each other in decoration4 ,the engines shone as if made of burnished gold and silver1 and wreaths and bouquets of green and flowers decked them4 ,these processions1 more than any others ,i have seen1 remind me of descriptions of pageants in the old time1 remarked ,honora1 when they had been silent a while4 ,there is so much show and glitter in them1 and the costumes are so gay4 ,how ,i would like to be transported back to that time for one year6 ,her thoughts had taken a flight between the first and last words1 and she was thinking of medival religion1 with its untroubled faith and its fiery zeal4 ,mr4 ,schninger did not share her enthusiasm4 ,those had been bitter days for his people1 and perhaps he was thinking so4 ,i imagine you would ask to be transported back again before the year was over1 he said quietly4 ,those times look very picturesque at this distance1 with their ,rembrandt shading4 ,but there was no more heroism then than there is to-day4 ,i far prefer the hero of to-day4 ,he is a better bred man1 not so blatant as the medival4 ,it seems to me that the admirers of that time are chiefly the poets1 who sacrifice everything to the picturesque2 ambitious men1 who covet power2 and--pardon me6--devout ladies who have been captivated by legends of the saints1 and stories of ecclesiastical pageantry1 but who take little thought for humanity at large4 ,but in those days1 said ,miss ,pembroke1 men had some respect for authority and law1 and now they despise it4 ,it is the fault of authority if it is despised1 ,mr4 ,schninger replied with decision4 ,license is the inevitable reaction from tyranny1 and is in proportion to it4 ,so long as man retains any vestige of the image of the ,creator1 tyranny will always1 in time1 produce rebels4 ,the world is now inebriated with freedom2 let those whose abuse of authority created this burning thirst share the opprobrium of its excesses4 ,some day the equilibrium will be found4 ,we cannot force it2 it is a question of growth2 but we can help4 ,you are helping it1 he added1 smiling4 ,what you have said sounds just1 she replied1 thoughtfully2 and ,i like justice4 ,perhaps the abuse of legitimate authority is a greater sin than rebellion against it1 since the ruler should be wiser and better than the ruled4 ,they were again silent awhile1 the gentleman hesitating whether to speak his thought1 and finally speaking4 ,trust one who has studied the world well1 he said earnestly4 ,instead of being determined not to believe1 mankind at this time is longing to believe4 ,but it is determined not to be duped4 ,the sceptic of to-day was made by the hypocrite of yesterday1 and half the scepticism is affected1 as half the piety was affected4 ,men are ashamed and afraid to be caught in a trap1 and they pretend to disbelieve1 when in fact they only doubt4 ,you must now prove to them that truth itself is true1 since they have so often been deceived by falsehood in the garb of truth4 ,let a man or a measure prove to be sincere and honest1 and there was never a period in the history of the world when either would win more hearty approval than now4 ,it is true that the childlike trustfulness of mankind is gone1 partly from growth1 partly because it has been abused2 but the nobler powers are maturing4 ,to believe this1 you need not give up your faith4 ,i have seen the eyes of one of the most bitter of scoffers fill with tears1 and his lips tremble1 at a proof of ardent and pious devotion which was not meant to be known4 ,that man was a scoffer because his common sense and sentiment of justice had been insulted by pious pretenders4 ,if he could believe1 he would be a saint4 ,honora ,pembroke's face was troubled4 ,there could be no doubt that the man was honest and sincere in what he said1 and that much of what he said was true4 ,but was a ,jew to teach a ,christian8 ,she could not be sure that his judgment was unbiased1 and that one more learned than she would not be able to refute him4 ,she said the best thing she could think of4 ,false professors do not make false doctrines4 ,and if the human mind is becoming so adult and strong1 it should judge the truth by itself1 not by the person who professes it4 ,you are quite right1 ,mr4 ,schninger answered4 ,and that is precisely what people are learning to do4 ,it is also what many1 who wish truth to be believed on their own testimony1 object to their doing4 ,i repeat--he glanced with anxiety into her clouded face--,i earnestly assure you that ,i have not uttered a word which conflicts with your creed1 though it is not mine4 ,if ,i were to-day to become a ,catholic1 ,i should only reiterate what ,i have said on this subject4 ,the cloud passed from her face1 but still she did not speak4 ,she was not gifted in argument1 and this subject was complex1 and1 moreover1 a bone of contention4 ,it has occurred to me1 he said presently1 that the people in ,crichton1 though they appear to be very liberal1 may still have a prejudice against me as a ,jew4 ,that would be of no consequence to me in the case of most of them2 but there are a few whom ,i should be sorry to know had such a feeling4 ,the ,jews are much misunderstood and slandered1 though people have an opportunity of learning their true character if they would4 ,the majority seem to look on every ,jew as a probable or possible usurer and dealer in old clothes1 and a person capable of joining a rabble at any moment1 and pursuing an innocent man to death4 ,i do not1 of course1 fancy for an instant that you have any sympathy with such people2 but ,i think it possible that you may misunderstand my attitude toward your church4 ,i have not the slightest feeling of enmity against it as long as it does not do violence to me or mine1 and while its members are true to the doctrines of peace and charity which they profess4 ,as an artist ,i admire it4 ,its theology is the only one which still retains binding and implacable obligations of form1 consequently1 the only one that can inspire high art4 ,i do not count the old ,jews1 who are rapidly melting away4 ,i am of the reformed ,jews4 ,you no longer expect the coming of the ,redeemer1 nor the return to ,jerusalem1 nor the triumph of your people8 she asked1 looking at him in astonishment4 ,we no longer believe in them1 he replied4 ,what1 then1 is left you8 she exclaimed4 ,he smiled slightly4 ,i expect and long for the redemption of mankind by the spirit of ,god1 and ,i believe that truth and charity will prevail1 though they may not descend from heaven to become incarnate in one form4 ,the ,jerusalem my people will return to is the spiritual city of the children of ,god4 ,is it not nobler than the pretty myths which have been wasting our energies and dividing the brotherhood of men into petty clans1 all hating each other even while they professed that love was their prime virtue8 ,but sacrifice1 she said1 what did you mean by that8 ,we had truth and error mingled4 ,the sacrifice was merely a remnant of heathen customs4 ,peoples who knew nothing of ,judaism nor of ,christianity had their offerings and sacrifices4 ,the ,jews were the chosen people1 finer and more spiritual than any other2 and to the souls of the chosen among them the ,creator revealed his truths4 ,they renounced all heathenish doctrines1 and into the few ceremonies and customs they retained they infused a spiritual significance4 ,as the race deteriorated1 this spiritual meaning was misinterpreted1 and became more and more literal and gross4 ,the people fell into sin1 and for this the ,creator punished them by taking away their power and pre-eminence1 and by scattering them over the face of the earth4 ,honora listened intently2 and when he had finished1 she uttered but one word4 ,clasping her hands and lifting her eyes1 her heart seemed to burst upward like a fountain1 tossing that one word into air1 ,emmanuel6 ,not the primeval ,creator alone1 distant and awful1 but ,god with us6 ,into this vast and terrible void which had been spread out before her1 she invoked with passion the incarnate1 the lowly1 the pitiful1 the suffering ,god4 ,we hold that sacrifice is a practice of divine institution retained from our first parents1 not an originally heathen custom1 she added after a moment1 regaining her composure4 ,you are1 however1 obliged to give up your belief in it1 or be inconsistent4 ,i can see now that if you hold to the sacrifice1 you must hold to the ,redeemer2 if to the ,redeemer1 then you must believe in ,christ1 since the time is gone by for expectation2 and if you accept the ,christ1 you must be a ,roman ,catholic4 ,precisely6 said the ,jew4 ,he had felt a momentary electric shock at the passion of her first exclamation1 and had seen with emotion the flush and fire in her countenance4 ,now he smiled at her concise statement of the case4 ,miss ,pembroke rose1 for the last of the procession was passing4 ,the children were called back to their seats in the same order in which they had left them1 and a few simple exercises were gone through with at the request of their visitor4 ,all was well calculated to unfold and inform their young minds1 but nothing was for show4 ,mr4 ,schninger blushed for the mistake he had made in fancying that any occupation on earth could be more refined and noble than ,miss ,pembroke's1 when it was conducted in ,miss ,pembroke's manner4 ,it seemed an occupation for angels4 ,she possessed1 evidently1 in a preeminent degree1 the power to understand and interest children1 and she used that power to perfect ends4 ,there was none of that personal familiarity which he had dreaded to see1 that promiscuous fondness and caressing by which some women fancy they please children1 when1 in fact1 the finer sort of children are oftener than not displeased with it4 ,a kind touch of her fingers was to them an immense favor1 and a kiss would have been remembered for ever4 ,but while they treated her with profound respect1 they approached her with perfect confidence and delight4 ,they gathered about her1 and gazed into her sympathetic face1 bright and transparent with love from a bountiful woman's heart4 ,they looked at her as a sky full of little stars may look into a smooth lake1 and each saw its own reflection there1 and was happy4 ,in her soul all innocent infantile thoughts and fancies were condensed1 as cloud and spray are condensed into water1 and not only could she remember the process1 but she could reverse it at will1 could evaporate a thought or truth too strong for childish intellects1 and give it in the form of rosy clouds to wide1 grasping1 childish imaginations4 ,only one exercise failed at first4 ,the children were shy of singing before the stranger4 ,all their voices faltered into silence but one1 a rather fair voice of a little boy who was perfectly self-confident1 and who evidently expected applause4 ,mr4 ,schninger took no notice of the child4 ,its vanity and boldness displeased him4 ,a shallow thing6 he thought2 and said1 ,i see that ,i must hire you to sing for me4 ,you like fairy-stories1 surely4 ,well1 sing me but one song1 and ,i will tell you the story4 ,his voice and smile reassured them4 ,moreover1 a gentleman1 no matter how splendid he might be1 who could tell fairy-stories1 could not be very dreadful4 ,they exchanged smiles and glances1 took courage1 fixed their eyes on their teacher1 and sang a pretty hymn in good time and tune1 and with good expression4 ,in their first essay the musician had caught a faltering little silvery note1 which had failed as soon as heard4 ,in the second it came out round and clear1 a voice of surprising beauty4 ,he marked the singer1 and called him forward as soon as the hymn was over4 ,the boy came awkwardly and blushing4 ,he was the ugliest and most dingy pupil there4 ,only a pair of melancholy1 dark1 and lustrous eyes1 habitually downcast1 and a set of perfect teeth1 redeemed the face from being disagreeable4 ,through those eyes looked a winged soul that did not recognize itself1 still less expect recognition from others1 but felt only the vague weight and sadness of an uncongenial life4 ,he gave the impression of a beautiful bird whose every plume is so laden with mire it cannot fly4 ,you have a good voice1 and should learn how to sing1 ,mr4 ,schninger said to him kindly4 ,i will teach you1 if ,miss ,pembroke approves1 and will make the arrangements4 ,of course it will cost you nothing4 ,he needs encouragement1 the musician remarked when the boy had returned to his seat2 and he needs to have his position defined before the others4 ,do you not perceive that they despise him8 ,he has the voice of an angel1 and he looks remarkable4 ,and now for my story4 ,the children's eyes sparkled with anticipation1 and the teacher leaned smilingly to listen4 ,let us listen also1 and become better acquainted with ,mr4 ,schninger4 ,once upon a time1 there was a great wrangle in a certain street1 the story-teller began4 ,five little boys and girls were quarreling1 and two dogs were barking4 ,the neighbors put their heads out their windows1 and the policeman stopped4 ,mrs4 ,blake put her two forefingers in her two ears1 for the noise was near her step1 and the five boys and girls were all telling her together what the matter was1 and whose fault it was4 ,then the mothers called their children home1 and two went into ,mrs4 ,blake's1 for they were hers4 ,this was the story she drew from them3 ,anne ,blake had said a cross word to one of the others1 that other had made a face at the next1 the third had slapped the fourth1 and it went round the circle4 ,so it seemed that ,anne started the whole by speaking a cross word4 ',since you are sorry1 ,i will talk no more to you about it1' her mother said4 ',but ,i wish you to go up to your chamber and sit alone a little while1 and think over a ,chinese proverb which is written on this slip of paper4 ,you are ten years old1 and must begin to think4' ,anne went slowly up-stairs to her chamber1 shut the door after her1 and sat down in a little cushioned chair by the window to read her proverb4 ,its being ,chinese did not prevent it from being good4 ,this is what she read3 ',a word once spoken1 a coach and six cannot bring it back again4' ,the day was warm1 and the curtain at the window swung with a lulling motion1 giving glimpses of blue sky with white clouds sailing over1 and1 below1 of the top of a grape-vine full of leaves and small green grapes4 ,anne gazed at the sky till it made her feel sleepy--gazing at bright things does make one sleepy--then she gazed at the grape-vine4 ,presently1 she saw something in this vine that looked like a tiny ladder1 hidden among the leaves4 ,it looked so much like a ladder that she leaned forward and pulled the curtain aside1 to see more plainly4 ,sure enough6 ,it was the loveliest ladder1 or stairway1 winding down and down4 ,its steps were dark1 like vine branches1 and there was a railing at each side of twigs and tendrils1 and it wound down and down1 in sight and out of sight4 ,and1 more wonderful still1 it was no longer a yard1 with the city about1 she saw1 but a great vine covering all the window1 and glimpses of a moonlighted forest down below4 ',i must go down1' says ,anne2 and so down she went on the beautiful stairs4 ,lights and shades fluttered over her1 and the leaves clapped together1 and little tendrils caught at her dress in play4 ,and by-and-by she stepped on to the brightest greensward that could be1 full of blue and white violets4 ,the trees arched over her1 the air was sweet1 and there was a smooth pond near by4 ,the water was so very smooth that she would never have known it was water if the banks had not turned the wrong way in it1 and the trees grown down instead of up4 ,a little white boat1 too1 had another little white boat under it1 the two keel to keel4 ,swans ran down the shore as she looked1 and splashed into the water1 dipping their heads under1 and making the whole surface so full of motion that the upside-down trees and banks and boat disappeared4 ,words cannot describe how beautiful the place was4 ,there was every kind of flower1 and hosts of birds1 and the moonlight was so bright that all could be distinctly seen4 ,there were also a great many splendid moths that looked like flowers flying about1 and flapping their petals4 ,but the most beautiful part was that everything seemed to breathe of peace and love4 ,the birds sang and cooed to each other1 the blossoms leaned cheek to cheek1 the water laughed at the stones it ran over1 and the wet stones smiled back1 the gray old rocks held tenderly the flowers and mosses that grew in their hollows1 and the mosses and flowers held on to the rocks with their tiny roots1 like little children clinging to old people who are fond of them4 ',how beautiful it is to see them so loving1' ,anne said4 ',they are a sort of people1 too2 for they look alive4 ,i wish other folks would be as good4 ,i'm sure ,i try2 but then somebody always comes along and says something ugly2 and then1 of course1 ,i can't help being ugly back again4' ',oh6 yes1 you can1' said a sweet voice close by4 ,anne looked and saw a charming little lady standing beside her4 ,she was so beautiful that words cannot describe her1 and she carried a pink petunia for a parasol to preserve her complexion4 ,for she was exquisitely fair1 and the moonlight was really very bright4 ',oh6 yes1 you can1' she repeated when ,anne looked at her4 ',you can give a pleasant answer1 and then people will stop being ugly4' ',i could do it if everybody else would1' ,anne said4 ',the beginning is the trouble4 ,how nice it would be if there were a king over all the world1 and he would say1 ,now1 after ,i have counted three1 all of you stop being cross1 and begin to love each other1 and keep on loving a whole hour4 ,if you don't1 ,i'll cut your heads off6' ',that would not be love2 it would be a make-believe to save their heads1' the little lady answered4 ',but there is such a king1 and he has commanded us to love each other1 and4444' ,here she was interrupted by a loud flapping of wings and a terrible croaking1 and a great black bird1 something like a bat1 flew by2 and wherever it struck its wings other bats flew out1 and the air grew dark with them1 and all the beautiful forest was changed4 ,the stones tried to stop the brook1 and the brook tried to upset the stones2 the leaves struck each other1 the swans and little birds began to pull each other's feathers out4 ,all was discord4 ,and then there was a rolling of wheels1 and a trampling of hoofs1 and a great yellow coach appeared drawn by six horses covered with foam4 ,the coachman looked as if he were driving for his life1 and there was a head thrust from each window of the coach1 telling him to drive faster4 ,all the heads wore caps like dish-covers1 and had long braids of hair hanging down their necks1 though they were men2 and their eyes slanted down toward their noses1 instead of going straight across their faces4 ',we are trying to catch a wicked word that is ruining all the place1' they said1 'but we cannot4 ,a wicked word has wings4' ',so has a kind word wings1' said the little lady4 ',send a kind word after the cross one1 and perhaps it may bring it back4' ',you are right1 madam1' said one of the ,chinamen2 and he nodded his head till the long braid at the back of it wagged to and fro4 ,and he kept on nodding so queerly that ,anne felt obliged to nod too1 and so he nodded1 and she nodded1 till he nodded his head off4 ,and then she nodded her head off--no1 not quite off2 but she nodded so that she waked herself up4 ,for she had been dreaming4 ,then she jumped up and ran down-stairs and out doors as fast as her feet would carry her4 ,and in ten minutes she was back again1 all out of breath1 and full of excitement4 ',mother1' she said1 'a coach and six can't do it1 but a kind word can4 ,i told ,jane ,i was sorry1 and she told--and we all told each other that we were sorry1 and then we were glad4' ,the words were rather mixed up1 but the meaning was all right4 ,i am truly grateful to you for allowing me to come this afternoon1 ,mr4 ,schninger said on taking leave4 ,my visit has been to me like a drop of cold water to one in a fever1 or like the sound of ,david's harp to ,saul4 ,i am refreshed4 ,he looked both sad and pleased4 ,i was about to thank you for coming1 ,honora answered4 ,you have given me and the children much pleasure4 ,and so1 with a friendly salutation1 they separated4 ,she mused a moment4 ,if he could believe in the sacrifice1 all would follow1 she thought4 ,then she called the children to their prayers1 but first said a word to them4 ,there is something1 my dear children1 that ,i want very much1 she said4 ,oh6 ,i long for it4 ,i shall be unhappy if ,i do not have it4 ,and ,i want all of you to ask the ,infant ,jesus to give it to me for his dear mother's sake4 ,ask with all your hearts4 ,i will tell him what ,i wish for4 ,her wish was that ,mr4 ,schninger might believe that sacrifice was a divine revelation1 not a heathenish custom4 ,that is all he needs from me1 she thought4 ,i trust him4 ,if he has that to begin with1 he will himself ask ,god for the rest4 ,,italian ,,confiscation ,,laws4 ,,reviewed ,,from ,,an ,,american ,,stand-,,point4 ,,by ,a ,,lawyer4 ,no state shall pass any ex post facto law1 or law impairing the obligation of contracts4#b ,this is indeed a moral law1 and has been recognized as such by all civilized nations4 ,justice ,curtis1 in his ,life of ,webster 7vol4 i41 chap4 #g1 p4 #afe7 thus notices the decision in the ,supreme ,court which first gave the scope and meaning of this clause in regard to charters of private corporations3 ,the framers of the ,constitution of the ,united ,states1 moved chiefly by the mischiefs created by the preceding legislation of the states1 which had made serious encroachments on the rights of property1 inserted a clause in that instrument which declared that 'no state shall pass any ex post facto law1 or law impairing the obligation of contracts4' ,the first branch of this clause had always been understood to relate to criminal legislation1 the second to legislation affecting civil rights4 ,but before the case of ,dartmouth ,college v4 ,woodward occurred1 there had been no judicial decisions respecting the meaning and scope of the restraint in regard to contracts1 excepting that it had more than once been determined by the ,supreme ,court of the ,united ,states that a grant of lands made by a state is a contract within the protection of this provision1 and is1 therefore1 irrevocable4 ,the decisions1 however1 could go but little way toward the solution of the questions involved in the case of the college4 ,they did1 indeed1 establish the principle that contracts of the state itself are beyond the reach of subsequent legislation equally with contracts between individuals1 and that there are grants of a state that are contracts4 ,but this college stood upon a charter granted by the crown of ,england before the ,american ,revolution4 ,was the state of ,new ,hampshire--a sovereign in all respects after the ,revolution1 and remaining one after the federal constitution1 excepting in those respects in which it had subjected its sovereignty to the restraints of that instrument--bound by the contracts of the ,english crown8 ,is the grant of a charter of incorporation a contract between the sovereign power and those on whom the charter is bestowed8 ,if an act of incorporation is a contract1 is it so in any case but that of a private corporation8 ,was this college1 which was an institution of learning1 established for the promotion of education1 a private corporation1 or was it one of those instruments of government which are at all times under the control and subject to the direction of the legislative power8 ,all these questions were involved in the inquiry1 whether the legislative power of the state had been so restrained by the constitution of the ,united ,states that it could not alter the charter of this institution1 against the will of the trustees1 without impairing the obligation of a contract4 ,if this inquiry were to receive an affirmative answer1 the constitutional jurisprudence of the ,united ,states would embrace a principle of the utmost importance to every similar institution of learning1 and to every incorporation then existing1 or thereafter to exist1 not belonging to the machinery of government as a political instrument4444 ,on the conclusion of the argument the ,chief-,justice 7,marshall7 intimated that a decision was not to be expected until the next term4 ,it was made in ,february1 #ahai1 fully confirming the grounds on which ,mr4 ,webster had placed the cause4 ,from this decision1 the principle in our constitutional jurisprudence which regards a charter of a private corporation as a contract1 and places it under the protection of the ,constitution of the ,united ,states1 takes its date4 ,we add a passage from ,mr4 ,webster's speech in this case1 as quoted by the same author from a letter of ,prof4 ,goodrich1 of ,yale ,college1 to ,rufus ,choate3 ,this1 sir1 is my case4 ,it is the case not merely of that humble institution2 it is the case of every college in our land4 ,it is more4 ,it is the case of every eleemosynary institution throughout our country--of all those great charities founded by the piety of our ancestors to alleviate human misery and scatter blessings along the pathway of life4 ,it is more6 ,it is1 in some sense1 the case of every man among us who has property of which he may be stripped1 for the question is simply this3 ,shall our state legislatures be allowed to take that which is not their own1 to turn it from its original use1 and apply it to such ends or purposes as they in their discretion shall see fit8 ,the charitable and religious institutions of ,italy and the ,states of the ,church were founded under guarantees as strong at least as those which assured the perpetuity of ,dartmouth ,college1 and were entitled to as much immunity from confiscation and intrusion for all coming time4 ,when a law is in its nature a contract1 and absolute rights have vested under that contract1 a repeal of the law cannot divest those rights1 nor annihilate or impair a title acquired under the law4 ,a grant is a contract according to the meaning given to the word by jurists4 ,a grant is a contract executed1 and a party is always estopped by his own grant4 ,a party cannot pronounce his own act or deed invalid1 whatever cause may be assigned for its invalidity1 and though that party be the legislature of a state4 ,a grant amounts to an extinguishment of the right of the grantor1 and implies a contract not to reassert that right4 ,a grant from a state should be as much protected as a grant from one individual to another2 therefore1 a state is as much inhibited from impairing its own contracts1 or a contract to which it is a party1 as it is from impairing the obligation of contracts between two individuals4 ,a grant once made by the ruling or competent power1 creates an indefeasible and irrevocable title4 ,there is no authority or principle which could support the doctrine that such a grant was revocable in its own nature1 and held only durante bene placito4 ,for no ruling power1 be it kingly1 legislative1 or otherwise1 can repeal a law or grant creating a corporate body1 or confirming to them property already acquired under the faith of previous laws or edicts1 and by such repeal vest the property in others without the consent or default of the corporators4 ,such a procedure would be repugnant to the principles of natural justice4 ,a society or order of religious people holding property in common or in solido1 may be considered in the character of a private eleemosynary institution endowed with a capacity to take property for objects unconnected with government3 it receives gifts or devises1 and other private donations bestowed by individuals on the faith of its perpetuity and usefulness--such a corporation not being invested with any political power whatever1 or partaking in any degree in the administration of civil government4 ,it is merely an institution or private corporation for general charity4 ,it is established under a charter1 which was a contract1 to which the donors1 the trustees of the corporation1 and the governing power were the original parties1 and it was granted for a valuable consideration--for the security and disposition of the property necessary for the existence of the community1 order1 or society4 ,the legal interest1 in every such literary and charitable institution1 is in trustees1 and to be asserted by them1 which they claim or defend on behalf of the society or community for the object of religion1 charity1 or education1 for which they were originally created1 and the private donations made4 ,contracts of this kind1 creating such charitable or educational institutions1 should be at all times protected by the state1 and their rights maintained by the courts administered by a pure and just judiciary4 ,conquests or revolutions cannot change the rights acquired under such contracts1 and no state should by any act transfer the rights of property theretofore acquired1 nor transfer from the trustees appointed according to the will of the founders or donors4 ,the will of the state should not be substituted for the will of the donors1 or convert an institution1 moulded according to the will of its founders1 and placed under the control of people of their own selection1 into government property4 ,such action is of course subversive of the original compact on the faith of which the donors invested their gifts1 donations1 or devises1 and is1 therefore1 repugnant to every idea of honesty and good morals1 for enforcing which governments are instituted4 ,a grant to a private trustee1 for the benefit of a particular cestui que trust1 or for any special1 private1 or public charity1 cannot be the less a contract because the trustee takes nothing for his own benefit4 ,nor does a private donation vested in a trustee for objects of a general nature thereby become a public trust1 which a government may at its pleasure take from the trustee4 ,a government cannot even revoke a grant of its own funds1 when given to a corporation or private person for special uses4 ,it has no other remaining authority but what is judicial to enforce the proper administration of the trust4 ,nor is such a grant less a contract though no beneficial interest accrues to the possessor4 ,all incorporeal hereditaments1 as immunities1 dignities1 offices1 and franchises1 are rights deemed valuable in law1 and whenever they are the subject of contract or grant they should be held as legal estates4 ,they are held as powers coupled with interests1 and consequently are vested rights1 and of which the possessors should not be divested by any legislative body without their consent4 ,chief-,justice ,marshall 7in ,u4 ,s4 v4 ,percheman1 #g ,peters #hf7 says3 ,it is unusual1 even in cases of conquest1 for the conqueror to do more than to displace the sovereign and assume dominion over the country2 and that the modern usage of nations1 which has become law1 would be violated2 that sense of justice and right which is acknowledged and felt by the whole civilized world1 would be outraged if private property should be generally confiscated and private rights annulled4 ,justice ,sprague 7,amy ,warwick1 #b ,sprague #aej7 says3 ,confiscations of property1 not for any use that has been made of it1 which go not against an offending thing1 but are inflicted for the personal delinquency of the owner1 are punitive1 and punishment should be inflicted only upon due conviction of personal guilt4 ,the communities whose rights are now invaded and whose property is confiscated1 ought to be protected under the law of nations4 ,for1 by this law is understood that code of public instruction which defines the rights and prescribes the duties of nations in their intercourse with each other4 ,the faithful observance of this law is essential to national character and the happiness of mankind4 ,according to ,montesquieu1 it is founded on the principle that different nations ought to do each other as much good in peace1 and as little harm in war1 as possible4 ,the most useful and practical part of the law of nations is instituted or positive law1 founded on usage1 consent1 and agreement4 ,it is impossible to separate this law from natural jurisprudence1 or to consider that it does not derive much of its force and dignity from the same principle of right reason1 the same views of the nature and constitution of man1 and the same sanction of divine revelation1 as those from which the science of morality is deduced4 ,there is a natural and a positive law of nations4 ,by the former1 every state in its relations with other states is bound to conduct itself with justice1 good faith1 and benevolence2 and this application of the law of nature has been called by ,vattel the necessary law of nations1 because nations are bound by the law of nature to observe it2 and it is termed by others the internal law of nations1 because it is obligatory upon them in point of conscience4 ,that eminent jurist1 ,chancellor ,kent1 says that the science of public law should not be separated from that of ethics1 nor encourage the dangerous suggestion that governments are not strictly bound by the obligations of truth1 justice1 and humanity in relation to other powers1 as they are in the management of their own local concerns4 ,states or bodies politic are to be considered as moral persons1 having a public will1 capable and free to do right and wrong1 inasmuch as they are collections of individuals1 each of whom carries with him into the service of the community the same binding law of morality and religion which ought to control his conduct in private life4 ,the law of nations consists of general principles of right and justice1 equally suitable to the government of individuals in a state of natural equality and to the relations and conduct of nations2 the conduct of nations should be governed by principles fairly to be deduced from the rights and duties of nations and the nature of moral obligation2 and we have the authority of lawyers of antiquity1 and of some of the first masters in the modern school of public law1 for placing the moral obligations of nations and of individuals on similar grounds1 and for considering individual and national morality as parts of one and the same science4 ,the law of nations1 as far as it is founded upon the principles of natural law1 is equally binding in every age1 and upon all mankind4 ,the law of nature1 by the obligations of which individuals and states are bound1 is identical with the will of ,god1 and that will is ascertained by consulting divine revelation1 where that is declaratory1 or by the application of human reason where revelation is silent4 ,christianity is an authoritative publication of natural religion1 and it is from the sanction which revelation gives to natural law that we must expect respect to be paid to justice between nations4 ,christianity reveals to us a general system of morality1 but the application to the details of practice is often left to be discovered by human reason4 ,justice is of perpetual obligation1 and is essential to the well-being of every society4 ,the great commonwealth of nations stands in need of law1 and observance of faith1 and the practice of justice4 ,if the question was one to be decided by the civil courts according to the ,american rules concerning rights to property held by ecclesiastical bodies1 the points involved might be presented as follows3 #a4 ,where the property which is the subject of controversy is1 by the express terms of the deed or will of the donor or other instrument under which it is held1 devoted to the teaching1 support1 or spread of a specific form of religious doctrine and belief4 #b4 ,where the property is held by a religious congregation1 which by the nature of its organization is strictly independent of other ecclesiastical associations1 and1 so far as church government is concerned1 owes no fealty or obligation to any higher authority4 #c4 ,the third is where the religious congregation or ecclesiastical body holding the property is but a subordinate member of some general church organization in which there are superior ecclesiastical tribunals with a general and ultimate power of control1 more or less complete1 in some supreme judicatory over the whole membership of that general organization4 ,respecting the first of these classes1 it does not admit of a rational doubt that an individual or an association of individuals may dedicate property by way of trust to the purpose of sustaining1 supporting1 and propagating definite religious doctrines or principles1 provided that in doing so they violate no law of morality1 and give to the instrument by which their purpose is evidenced the formalities which the law requires4 ,and it is then the duty of a court of law1 in a case properly brought before it1 to see that the property so dedicated is not diverted from the trust which is thus attached to its use4 ,so long as there are persons qualified within the meaning of the original dedication1 and who are also willing to teach the doctrines or principles prescribed in the act of dedication1 and so long as there is any one so interested in the execution of the trust as to have a standing in court1 it must be that they can prevent the diversion of the property or fund to other and different uses4 ,this is the general doctrine of courts of equity as to charities1 and it is also applicable to ecclesiastical matters4 ,in such case1 where the trust is confided to a religious congregation or church government1 it is not in the power of the majority of that congregation1 however preponderant by reason of a change of views on religion1 to carry the property so confided to them to the support of new and conflicting doctrine4 ,a pious man building and dedicating a house of worship to the sole and exclusive use of those who believe in the doctrines of the ,holy ,roman ,catholic ,church1 and placing it under the control of those who at the time held the same belief1 has a right to expect that the law will prevent that property from being used for any other purpose whatsoever4 ,the law should throw its protection around the trust1 and it is the duty of courts of law to enforce a trust clearly defined1 and to inquire whether the party accused of violating the trust is using the property so dedicated as to defeat the declared objects of the trust4 ,in such cases1 the right to the use of the property must be determined by the ordinary principles which govern voluntary associations4 ,the same rule prevails as to the class of cases coming within the view of the third proposition1 as to property acquired in any of the usual modes for the general use of a religious congregation which is itself part of a larger and general organization1 with which it is connected by religious views and ecclesiastical government1 and which appeals to the courts to determine the right to the use of the property so acquired4 ,that is1 where property has been purchased for the use of the congregation1 and so long as any such body can be ascertained to be of that congregation1 and is under its control and bound by its orders and judgments1 or its regular and legitimate successor1 it is entitled to the use of the property4 ,in this class of cases1 the rule of action which governs the civil courts of the ,united ,states1 as enunciated by the highest legal tribunal1 the ,supreme ,court1 is founded upon a broad and sound view of the relations of church and state1 and is1 that wherever questions of faith or of discipline1 or ecclesiastical rule1 custom1 or law1 have been decided by the highest of these church judicatories to which the matter has been carried1 the legal tribunals must accept such decisions as final1 and as binding on them in their application to the case before them4#c ,in delivering the opinion of the court in that case1 the learned ,mr4 ,justice ,miller said3 ,in this country the full and free right to entertain any religious belief1 to practise any religious principle1 and to teach any religious doctrine which does not violate the laws of morality and property1 and which does not infringe personal rights1 is conceded to all4 ,the law is not committed to the support of any dogma1 the establishment of any sect4 ,the right to organize voluntary religious associations1 to assist in the expression and dissemination of any religious doctrine1 and to create tribunals for the decision of controverted questions of faith within the association1 and for the ecclesiastical government of all the individual members1 congregations1 and officers within the general association1 is unquestioned4 ,all who unite themselves to such a body do so with an implied consent to this government1 and are bound to submit to it4 ,but it would be a vain consent1 and would lead to the total subversion of such religious bodies1 if any one aggrieved by one of their decisions could appeal to the secular courts and have them reversed4 ,it is of the essence of these religious unions1 and of their right to establish tribunals for the decision of questions arising among themselves1 that those decisions should be binding in all cases of ecclesiastical cognizance1 subject to only such appeals as the organism itself provides for4 ,nor do we see that justice would be likely to be promoted by submitting those decisions to review in the ordinary judicial tribunals4 ,the ,catholic ,church has constitutional and ecclesiastical laws of its own that task the ablest minds to become familiar with4 ,it cannot be expected that judges of the civil courts can be as competent in the ecclesiastical law as the ablest men in the church4 ,it would therefore be an appeal from the more learned tribunal in the law1 which should decide the case1 to one which is less so4 ,these views are supported by the preponderant weight of authority in this country4 ,and according to the ,american rule1 where the subject-matter of dispute1 inquiry1 or decision is strictly and purely ecclesiastical in its character1 it is a matter over which the civil courts should not exercise any jurisdiction--a matter which concerns theological controversy1 church discipline1 ecclesiastical government1 or the conformity of the members of the church to the standard of morals required of them1 the civil court has not and should not have any jurisdiction4 ,if the civil courts were at liberty to inquire into the whole subject of doctrinal theology1 usages1 and customs1 the written laws and fundamental principles would have to be examined into with minuteness and care1 for they would be the criteria by which the validity of the ecclesiastical decree would be determined in the civil court4 ,and that would deprive the authorities of the church of their proper right and power to construe their own church laws1 and would open the way to the evil of transferring to the civil courts1 where the rights to property were concerned1 the decision of all ecclesiastical questions4#d ,of all the cases in which this doctrine is applied1 no better representative can be found than that of ,shannon v4 ,frost1#e where the principle is ably supported by the learned ,chief-,justice of the ,court of ,appeals of ,kentucky1 wherein he says3 ,this court1 having no ecclesiastical jurisdiction1 cannot revise or question ordinary acts of church discipline4 ,our only judicial power in the case arises from the conflicting claims of the parties in the church property1 and the use of it4 ,we cannot decide who ought to be members of the church1 nor whether the excommunicated have been justly or unjustly1 regularly or irregularly1 cut off from the body of the church4 ,the same principle was laid down in the subsequent case of ,gibson v4 ,armstrong1#f and of ,watson v4 ,avery4#g ,one of the most careful and well-considered judgments on the subject is that of the ,court of ,appeals of ,south ,carolina1 delivered by ,chancellor ,johnson in the case of ,harmon v4 ,dreher4#h ,that case turned upon certain rights in the use of church property claimed by the minister1 notwithstanding his expulsion from the synod as one of its members3 ,he stands1 says the chancellor1 convicted of the offences alleged against him by the sentence of the spiritual body of which he was a voluntary member1 and whose proceedings he had bound himself to abide4 ,it belongs not to the civil power to enter into or review the proceedings of a spiritual court4 ,the structure of our government has for the preservation of religious liberty rescued the temporal institutions from religious interference2 on the other hand1 it has secured religious liberty from the invasion of the civil authority4 ,the judgments1 therefore1 of religious associations1 bearing on their own members1 are not examinable here2 and ,i am not to enquire whether the doctrines attributed to ,mr4 ,dreher were held by him1 or whether1 if held1 were anti-,lutheran1 or whether his conduct was or was not in accordance with the duty he owed to the synod or to his denomination4444 ,when a civil right depends upon an ecclesiastical matter1 it is the civil court and not the ecclesiastical which is to decide4 ,but the civil tribunal tries the civil right1 and no more1 taking the ecclesiastical decisions out of which the civil right arises as it finds them4 ,this principle is reaffirmed by the same court in the ,john's ,island ,church case4#i ,and in ,den v4 ,bolton#aj the ,supreme ,court of ,new ,jersey asserts the same principle4 ,the ,supreme ,court of ,illinois1 in the case of ,ferraria v4 ,vascouelles1 refers to the case of ,shannon v4 ,frost with approval1 and adopts the language of the court1 that the judicial eye cannot penetrate the veil of the church for the forbidden purpose of vindicating the alleged wrongs of excised members2 when they became members1 they did so upon the condition of continuing or not as they and their churches might determine1 and they thereby submit to the ecclesiastical power1 and cannot now invoke the supervisory power of the civil tribunals4 ,and in the case of ,chase v4 ,cheney1 recently decided in the same 7,illinois7 court1 ,judge ,lawrence says3 ,the opinion implies that in the administration of ecclesiastical discipline1 and where no other right of property is involved1 their loss of the clerical office or salary incident to such discipline1 a spiritual court is the exclusive judge of its own jurisdiction1 and that its decision of that question is binding on the secular courts4 ,in the case of ,watson v4 ,ferris1#aa which was a case growing out of the schism in the ,presbyterian ,church in ,missouri1 the court held that whether a case was regularly or irregularly before the assembly1 was a question which the assembly had the right to determine for itself1 and no civil court could reverse1 modify1 or impair its action in a matter of merely ecclesiastical concern4 ,the opinion of the ,supreme ,court of ,pennsylvania1 expressed in the case of the ,german ,reformed ,church v4 ,seibert1#ab sets forth that the decisions of ecclesiastical courts1 like every other judicial tribunal1 are final1 as they are the best judges of what constitutes an offence against the word of ,god and the discipline of the church4 ,any other than those courts must be incompetent judges of matters of faith1 discipline1 and doctrine2 and civil courts1 if they should be so unwise as to attempt to supervise their judgments on matters which come within their jurisdiction1 would only involve themselves in a sea of uncertainty and doubt1 which would do anything but improve religion and good morals4 ,in the subsequent case of ,mc,ginnis v4 ,watson1#ac this principle is again applied and supported by a more elaborate argument4 ,lord ,chancellor ,eldon1 upon delivering the opinion of the ,house of ,lords in the celebrated test-case of ,craigdallie v4 ,aikman1 reported in #b ,bligh1 #ebi 7#a ,dow1 #a71 said3 ,that they 7the law lords7 had adopted this principle as their rule and guide for cases of dispute respecting the right to property conveyed for the use of religious worship--that it is a trust which is to be enforced for the purpose of maintaining that religious worship for which the property was devoted1 and in the event of schism 7the original deed having made no provision for such cases7 its uses are to be enforced1 not on behalf of a majority of the congregation1 nor yet exclusively in behalf of the party adhering to the general body1 but in favor of that part of the society adhering to and maintaining the original principles upon which it was founded3 the exclusive standard or guide by which conflicting claims are to be decided is adherence to the church itself4 ,regarding1 therefore1 church property1 or the property of religious societies1 communities1 or orders1 in the same manner as the private property of any other corporation or individual1 it may with safety be assumed as a settled and fundamental law that ought to be recognized by every ,christian and civilized state1 that it is bound to make just indemnity and compensation to the citizen or subject1 society1 or corporation1 or community1 for all property taken under the pressure of state necessity for the public good1 convenience1 or safety4 ,the eminent domain of the state should be so exercised as to work no wrong1 to inflict no private injury1 without giving to the party aggrieved ample redress4 ,this doctrine was not engrafted on the public law to give license to despotic and arbitrary sovereigns4 ,it has its foundation in the organization of society1 and is essential to the maintenance of public virtue in every government1 whether a republic1 a monarchy1 or a despotism4 ,it is of the very essence of sovereignty1 for without it a state cannot perform its first and highest duties--those required by justice and righteousness4 ,whenever1 therefore1 from necessity a state appropriates to public use the private property of an individual or of a corporation1 lay or religious1 it is obliged by a law as imperative as that by which it makes the appropriation1 to give to the party aggrieved redress commensurate with the injury sustained4 ,upon any other principle the social compact would work mischief and wrong4 ,the state might impoverish the citizen it was established to protect1 and trample on those rights of property1 security for which was one of the great objects of its creation4 ,all the elementary writers of authority sustain these views of the duty and obligations of states4 ,justice requires1 says ,vattel1 that the community or individual be indemnified at the public charge4 ,the taking1 says ,grotius1 must be for some public advantage2 as1 for instance1 in time of war1 the erection of a rampart or fortification1 or where his standing corn or storehouses are destroyed to prevent their being of use to the enemy1 in which case the person injured should receive a just compensation for the loss he suffers out of the common stock4 ,the state is obliged to repair the damage suffered by any citizen out of the public funds4 ,the conversion cannot take place either to gratify any whim1 caprice1 or fashion2 it must be an actual public necessity4 ,for1 do we not read of an instance where some king1 perhaps of ,prussia1 was erecting a magnificent palace at his capital1 and1 in order to carry out the design of the architect1 it became necessary to remove a small unsightly tenement1 the property of a poor man1 who1 though so poor1 would not sell his place or consent that it should be removed1 and there it remained for years1 an eyesore perhaps to many1 and yet the king1 as the chief depositary of justice1 would not permit it to be disturbed1 although urged by his flatterers and courtiers to do so1 until in lapse of years the owner died1 and his successors consented to sell4 ,the historian recalls the justice of the king1 that all honest and honorable rulers and men might follow such a noble example of honor and justice4 ,but can any one reasonably praise such an act1 and approve of the confiscation of the houses of religious and charitable associations in ,italy1 and the very suppression and wiping out of the corporation or society itself1 without trial1 or charge of offence or crime other than the offence of doing good to the human race without pay1 fee1 or reward here1 but looking only to heaven for recompense4 ,if the ,italian government or parliament may to-day confiscate or escheat the property of ,catholic communities1 and thus commit a breach of the pact made by former rulers1 emperors1 or governments with the founders of such communities1 disregarding all inherent rights of succession and perpetuity1 may it not to-morrow also commit a breach of its own compacts or implied guarantees1 and confiscate or escheat all the property of churches1 school-houses1 colleges1 of other denominations who have lately or are now building them within ,italian jurisdiction8 ,for what obstacle is to prevent it doing so8 ,having outraged and set aside as nought the moral or human law1 styled law of nations1 in this respect1 may it not do so again in any other1 from either whim or caprice8 ,unless there is some power left in public opinion to restrain it1 this is a dilemma from which all the arguments of theoretical political economists or logicians cannot relieve them4 ,therefore1 is it not a question now well worthy the consideration of all honest-thinking men1 whether or not they should aid public opinion in sending forth a note of warning against this doctrine of confiscation--for else1 perhaps1 the disease may make a wider sweep over the earth1 and parliaments or congresses be elected for the purpose of confiscating or escheating other property besides church property or the property of religious or charitable houses or communities8 ,judging from the tenor and tone of ,american decisions--upon the question involved--pronounced by some of our ablest and purest men1 this confiscation1 or1 more expressively1 this spoliation of the property of the church and of religious orders1 by ,victor ,emanuel1 under color of parliamentary enactments1 and tested also by recognized rules of international law1 to say nothing of that higher law which commands us to do unto others1 etc41 such confiscation is utterly indefensible upon any doctrine other than that set forth in the nefarious maxim1 ,to the victors belong the spoils1 and any acquiescence on the part of the ,christian nations1 ,catholic or non-,catholic1 is simply disgraceful1 and an act of homage to the prince of this world which is in itself an act of dishonor towards ,god4 ,and as any title so acquired can only be maintained so long as the usurper has the material power to occupy and defend1 it is certain that with the destruction of that power the true and rightful owners may revive and assert their rights of ownership and possession1 as the lawful successors of the original grantors and founders1 regardless of any claims or incumbrances whatsoever made or suffered by intervening holders or intruders4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahgc1 by ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #b ,constitution of the ,united ,states4 #c ,watson v4 ,jones1 #ac ,wallace #gbi4 #d ,see ,cardcross case1 ,mc,millan v4 ,general ,assembly of the ,presbyterian ,church1 #bb ,d4 7,scotch ,ct4 of ,sess47 #bgj1 decided #bc;d ,december1 #ahei4 ,attorney-,general v4 ,pearson1 #c ,merivale #cec2 ,miller v4 ,goble1 #b ,denio #dib4 #e #c ,b4 ,monroe #bec4 #f #g ,b4 ,monroe #dha4 #g #b ,bush #ccb4 #h #b ,speers' ,equity #hg4 #i #b ,richardson's ,equity #bae4 #aj #g ,halstead #bjf4 #aa #de ,missouri #ahc4 #ab #c ,barr #bia4 #ac #da ,pennsylvania ,state #ba4 ,,how ,,george ,,howard ,,was ,,cured4 ,to give up the battle of life at any age is bad1 so long as a flicker of life is left4 ,it is like deserting the doomed ship whilst the groaning planks hold together2 like refusing to make one in the forlorn hope1 but choosing rather to sit down with closed eyes1 and let death come as it may4 ,but to give up the battle of life at five-and-twenty1 when the battle can scarcely be said to have begun1 whilst the future lies hidden behind an uncertain mist1 when the sinews are braced1 the eyes clear1 the heart hopeful1 the hair unsilvered--to give it up then is like deserting the ship whilst all is fair sailing1 like sneaking from the ranks at first scent of the enemy4 ,it is as cowardly as for the sentinel to abandon his post or the ensign to surrender without a blow the colors which he swore to defend to death2 nay1 as for the husband to desert the wife he chose out of all the world before ,god to be his until death4 ,yet this was what ,george ,howard had done4 ,of course a woman was in it1 as she is in most difficulties here below4 ,and is it not her province8 ,if she sometimes happen to be in it a little too much1 rather in the light of an obstacle than a helper--well1 the best and not the worst must be made of her under the awkward circumstances4 ,the first man1 if ,mr4 ,darwin will excuse the heresy1 set us a good example in this way4 ,it was a pity that ,eve did not turn her ear away from the voice of the charmer2 but as she did the other thing1 and so wrought upon her husband that he followed her example1 after all he made the very best of a very bad bargain1 and1 like a true man1 stuck to his wife4 ,but to return from ,adam to his ,x,i,xth century descendant1 ,mr4 ,george ,howard3 ,why had that promising young gentleman metaphorically thrown up the sponge1 and drawn aside like a coward from the broad road of life1 to linger on uselessly in this little out-of-the-way ,french town where nobody knew him1 where nobody heard of him from the great city at the other side of the ocean1 which he left one fine morning a year or more ago without a word of warning or a single good-by to the many friends whose kindly eyes had looked hopefully upon him1 and whose friendly lips had prophesied success8 ,why had he gone out from this busy heart of the ,new ,world1 palpitating with promise and half-defined yearnings1 to bury himself away in this silent nook in an obscure corner of the south of ,france1 doing nothing1 caring nothing1 planning nothing1 wearily waiting for life to end8 ,as is generally the case with despairing five-and-twenty in the masculine1 and despondent seventeen or eighteen in the feminine1 sex1 it was one of those peculiar difficulties known as affairs of the heart4 ,nobody ever knew the exact ins and outs of it2 how far the lady was to blame1 and how far ,george had himself to accuse4 ,like many a passionate1 high-souled young man1 where he bestowed his heart he expected that heart to absorb and fill up the life and soul of the woman he loved4 ,that effect does follow generally1 but by degrees more or less slow4 ,george was apt to love too fiercely and too fast4 ,but young1 high-spirited girls like to be wooed before they are won4 ,though their hearts may have been virtually taken by storm long before the besieging party so much as suspect that a breach has been made in the stubborn fortress1 still they like to make a show of surrendering at discretion1 and marching out with all the honors of war1 rather than be instantly and absolutely overwhelmed by love4 ,there is such a thing as a surfeit of happiness4 ,george ,howard had probably made this mistake4 ,such lovers as he are apt to start at shadows1 imagining them realities4 ,the end of it was that ,george's fortress surrendered to somebody else1 married the conqueror1 and was disgracefully happy4 ,whether or not she ever cast a thought back on the bright young fellow that once loved her so fiercely1 who can tell8 ,probably not4 ,she made a good match--and contented wives soon drop romance2 sooner than husbands often4 ,it is astonishing how easily the goddess we adore before marriage descends from the clouds1 walks the earth like a sturdy woman1 and becomes a practical1 sensible wife4 ,it may be a little unromantic at first sight1 but it is undoubtedly by far the best thing she could do under the circumstances4 ,but when poor ,george saw his goddess riding about smiling and happy by the side of her husband1 and that husband not himself1 he could not endure the sight4 ,after lingering a little in misery1 he threw up his connections1 and left the city for what destination nobody knew4 ,george ,howard was alone in the world4 ,his mother had died early2 his father went off when ,george was twenty1 leaving him fortune enough to help him to make life as pleasant as he chose to make it for himself4 ,he was advancing rapidly in his profession--law--and had made a host of friends when the collapse came4 ,as is so often the case1 his pride1 instead of sustaining him1 sank under the blow4 ,most probably1 if the truth were told1 the wound inflicted on his self-esteem rankled deeper than that which had killed his love4 ,the thought that another man could succeed where ,george ,howard had failed would have been gall and wormwood to him in any case2 but when the object of rivalry was a woman's heart1 and ,george ,howard's were the rejected addresses1 death would be a small word to express the consummation of that gentleman's misery2 it was the annihilation of all that made life worth the living4 ,howard the jilted1 he seemed to read in everybody's eye1 when perhaps not half a dozen persons knew anything about the affair4 ,jilted by a girl6 ,how could a man recover such a blow8 ,what was there in the wide world to fill up the void left in one when his mighty self shrank to such insignificant proportions8 ,common sense might have suggested that there was more than one woman in the world1 and that there lay a deeper fund of love in the heart of a man than could be exhausted on the first girl he chanced to meet and admire4 ,it might have suggested also that failure in love did not necessarily mean failure in matters which1 after all1 as far as the world outside of our little selves is concerned1 are of far more importance than love4 ,man is not sent into this world for the one purpose of being married and done for1 as the phrase goes4 ,but when did common sense find the ear of a lover1 particularly of a lover rejected8 ,so here was ,george ,howard1 clever enough1 good-looking enough1 and by no means a bad fellow1 self-stranded on the barren sand-banks of life1 with a short five-and-twenty years behind him1 a future full of fair promise still before him1 hugging a useless sorrow in silent sadness1 and making that his bride4 ,he lived on listlessly from day to day4 ,he mixed with no circle2 he knew nobody4 ,he took his meals at his hotel1 addressed a few commonplaces to those he happened to meet1 and passed most of his time in the open air1 taking long strolls into the country1 walking up and down the beach by the sea1 watching the solitary sails that came and went and faded out of sight--sadly1 it seemed to him sometimes1 as though beckoning him back to a living world4 ,there were few visitors at the little town1 save just during the hottest of the summer months4 ,such as did come hurried away again as fast as they could4 ,the train rushed through it day after day1 a crowd of peering faces would show themselves a few moments at the windows of the cars1 strange eyes would stare curiously at the strange place1 and pass on a moment after as indifferent as before4 ,something of the instinct which prompts a wounded animal to seek out a silent covert where it may lie down with its wound and die alone1 must have conducted ,george ,howard to this spot4 ,yet to a man who had only gone there for a short holiday1 weary awhile of the rush1 and the struggle1 and the incessant strain and roar of a busier life1 the little ,french town1 with its quaint look and quaint ways1 might have offered a refreshing relief from the dust1 and the turmoil1 and the worry of the world of politics and money1 railroads and trade4 ,many a one doubtless has at some time or other had the wish to wake up some morning a century or two ago in a world that had gone away4 ,to such the placid evenings by the sea1 the homely looks of the inhabitants1 the clean blouses of the men1 the white caps of the women1 the busy tongues of the children1 the long silver hair of ,m4 le ,cur1 the dances by the sea as the sun went down1 the slow wains drawn by drowsy oxen1 the fuss and bustle of the weekly market-day1 the big gendarme with his clanking sword1 the white houses and their antique gables1 with the beat of the surf on the beach for ever1 and the fresh odor of the ocean pervading all places1 would have seemed the delicious realization of many a picture looked on and lingered over in a gilded frame4 ,but on the deadened senses of ,george ,howard these simple scenes1 and sights1 and sounds fell as you might fancy the roll of the muffled drums to fall on the one stretched out in the coffin who is being borne speedily on by the living to his grave4 ,they wake no life in him2 he makes no stir2 he is let down into the earth--a farewell roll1 and the grave is closed over him for ever1 whilst the bright world above seems to smile the merrier that another dead man is hidden away4 ,of course1 this kind of life and mode of thought were rapidly telling on him and bringing nearer and nearer the consummation he seemed to desire4 ,the step grew slower1 the eyes began to lose their quick lustre1 the cheek its flush1 the body its swing and half-defiant bearing4 ,the simple people round about looked at him silently1 shook their heads1 and sighed as he moved by without noticing them4 ,he grew more and more attached to the beach1 where he would stroll up and down and sit for hours on the yellow sand1 staring out blankly at the broad water1 casting a pebble into it from time to time1 and watching the circles that it made4 ,there was something congenial to his nature in the changeable face and mood1 the smile1 the frown1 the hoarse breathing1 the sob1 the sigh1 the roar1 the rage of the ocean4 ,to all these changes something within him gave a voice1 until the very spirit of the mysterious deep seemed to creep into his being1 and make it an abode there4 ,so he lived on1 never writing to a friend1 never yearning to go back to the world he had quitted1 and which still held out its arms to him4 ,all ambition1 all desire of achievement1 all common feeling with the world into which he had been born1 seemed to have gradually oozed out of him4 ,he had staked his happiness and lost1 and now he only wished for the end to come soon4 ,it never occurred to him that he had possibly staked his happiness at too low a figure4 ,he only saw before him an empty life with a dreary existence4 ,at such stages1 some men commit suicide4 ,he was not yet coward enough for that1 though not ,christian enough to perceive that this world was not made for one man and one woman only1 but for all the children of ,adam4 ,but happily1 however man may reject ,providence1 and close his eyes to a ,power that shapeth all things for good1 ,providence mercifully refuses to reject him without at least giving him plenty of opportunities1 humanly called chances1 to come back to the possession of his senses1 and the fulfilment of the mission which is appointed unto every man4 ,and one of ,george ,howard's chances came about this wise4 ,a favorite walk of his was along a winding road leading some distance out of the little town up a lofty hill1 from the summit of which the eye could scan the sweeping circle of the waters1 stretching out in its glittering wonder to the verge of dimness1 or1 inland1 where miles and miles of fair pasture-land and vineyards spread away in gentle undulations1 with smoke rising from hollows in which hamlets slept1 and church spires clove the clear air1 and airy villas crowned the pleasant hills4 ,alternate gleams of sea and land shot through the tall poplars that lined the road as it circled round the hill4 ,at the top1 buried amid trees1 and fronted by a garden filled almost the year through with delicious flowers1 was the ,maison ,plaquet1 a sort of caf1 where visitors could procure a cup of coffee1 a glass of eau sucre1 or the good wines du pays4 ,this establishment was presided over by ,mme4 ,plaquet1 a buxom dame with a merry eye and kindly voice1 whose pleasant face had become quite a part of the landscape4 ,there was understood to be a ,m4 ,plaquet somewhere1 but he did not often show himself to visitors4 ,he left the whole business to madame1 having a strong suspicion that there was no woman like her in the world1 and spent most of his time trimming the flower-beds1 pruning the trees1 or tending to the vineyard4 ,george was a frequent visitor at the ,maison ,plaquet4 ,he would spend hours in the garden dreaming4 ,madame was won by his handsome face and the fixed sadness in his eyes1 which always lighted up1 however1 in response to her genial greeting4 ,she half suspected that it was something more than a love of nature which sent the pauvre garon1 as she called him1 away from friends1 and home1 and family1 to sit there day after day dreaming in her arbor1 beautiful as it was4 ,with the chatty good-nature which in a ,frenchwoman never seems offensive1 she would sometimes try to draw him out of himself1 to learn something about him that might help her to lift the settled cloud off his handsome face4 ,to ,mme4 ,plaquet it seemed almost a sin against the good ,god to wear a cloudy face always4 ,but ,george was so jealously reserved that she gave him up1 with the secret conviction that it was love alone that could inflict so deep a wound on so young a heart1 and that love alone could heal it4 ,one afternoon1 whilst ,george was reclining in the arbor1 a riding party of gay cavaliers and dames showed themselves suddenly in front of the ,maison ,plaquet4 ,exclamations of delight at the beauty of the scene burst from one and another4 ,one fair young girl stood her horse just at the entrance to the arbor1 and1 to those within1 completely filled in the picture4 ,thus she met the dreamy eyes of ,mr4 ,george ,howard4 ,the steed was a little restive1 but with a firm though gentle hand she curbed him until he stood still as death and she upon him4 ,the light hat she wore was thrown back1 showing a shapely head with glossy curls1 around which the sun made a glory under the clustering blossoms4 ,for a moment horse and rider seemed to stand out startlingly clear from the sky1 and for that moment ,george allowed his eyes to linger there as upon a striking picture4 ,a moment after1 the party had dismounted1 entered the arbor1 and seated themselves at a table opposite to our friend4 ,as the centre figure of the picture which had attracted his gaze passed1 she glanced at him1 and he had a momentary view of a blooming cheek and a pair of those large1 soft1 but courageous eyes1 filled with that courage which makes a man reverence a woman--eyes round1 and full1 and clear as a child's1 that fear no evil without1 because they are conscious of none within4 ,the party was a gay one1 and their gaiety grated on ,george's ear4 ,he rose and sauntered down the hill1 a little sadder1 if possible1 than when he had ascended it4 ,after his departure1 one of the gentlemen1 an old acquaintance of ,mme4 ,plaquet's apparently1 inquired of her who her strange visitor might be whom he had met there more than once1 and always alone4 ,madame1 with a sigh and many a shrug1 and much amiable volubility1 told the company that she knew nothing at all about him1 save that he lived in the little town en bas1 that he came there very often1 that he was evidently suffering from some great trouble1 that he was a good gentleman and always gave something to the poor when they asked him1 and that it was a great pity so handsome a young gentleman should offend the good ,god by not being happy4 ,the ladies were quite interested in madame's narrative4 ,ladies will be interested about good-looking young men who are suffering from that romantic complaint1 an incurable melancholy4 ,but as madame's narrative1 eloquent and pathetic though it was1 left them in much the same state of enlightenment as before with regard to the interesting stranger1 all they could do was sigh a little1 remount1 and resume their gay tone4 ,just as they were commencing the descent1 a hare started and frightened the horse of the young lady who had attracted ,george's attention4 ,a plunge1 a rear1 and an instant after it was out of sight1 thundering down the steep road at a speed that mocked pursuit4 ,george was strolling along in his listless way1 stopping now at this turn1 now at that1 to admire the scenery1 pluck a flower or a leaf1 and muse a little4 ,he had almost arrived at the foot of the hill1 when a cry from above and a clatter of hoofs broke on his ear4 ,he stood at a narrow turn between two high banks opening into the last bend of the road1 to listen and observe4 ,a moment after1 a horse with a lady on his back came tearing down at a mad speed right on him4 ,a glance showed that the rider stood in imminent danger of her life1 and that the only means of saving her was to stop the animal in the midst of its wild career4 ,the thought and determination to do something had scarcely time to flash through his brain1 when the horse was on him2 and how he never knew1 but he found himself dragging at the reins--a stumble of the steed against the bank as it swerved1 a fainting lady in his arms1 and a moment after a crowd of persons around them4 ,he surrendered her to the care of her friends1 and1 seeing her revive whilst they were engaged in tending her1 took occasion to slink away unobserved1 as though he had been guilty of some mean action4 ,and the ,maison ,plaquet saw him no more4 ,about a week after this occurrence1 he was taking one of his usual moody walks along the beach1 his hands clasped behind him1 and his eyes following the golden path that led away over the waters down to the sinking sun4 ,he walked along listlessly1 insensible to everything save the subtle solemnity of the hour1 when the brooding calm of the evening began to settle over the crimson wave and the flushed earth4 ,he did not observe a figure leaning against a huge boulder that lay rosy-red right in his path4 ,the leaning figure was that of a young man1 who1 like ,george1 was surveying the scene1 but with an air of genuine admiration curiously tempered by the eye of a connoisseur examining a painting as to the merits or defects of which his oracular opinion might be called for at any moment by a listening world4 ,let us look at him as he leans back there1 so contented1 to all seeming1 with the world in general1 and possibly with himself in particular2 for notwithstanding an occasional touch of what in others would be called impertinence1 but in him was really rather assumed than natural1 and1 as he was wont to say1 often got him out of difficulties1 ,ned ,fitzgerald was a fellow you would like4 ,his slim1 well-knit figure1 clad in a light summer suit1 his pleasant1 animated face surmounted by a straw hat that became him1 his bright eyes glancing around and taking all in in a sweep--the sinking sun1 the mingling colors on the waters1 the flush on the hills1 the blood-red glow on the sands1 the quiet circles of a solitary sea-bird that turned and dipped its snow-white wings in the rosy light--to one looking at him1 he made nature seem all the more lovely and enjoyable for having one who could feel its loveliness so thoroughly and so evidently4 ,the quick eye did not take long to pick out the slightly stooped figure that seemed so wrapt in silent thought1 and1 as it neared him1 never turned its gaze from the dying sun4 ,mr4 ,ned ,fitzgerald watched its approach1 and1 with his usual tendency to be sociable1 evidently contemplated addressing it2 when1 as it came close enough to distinguish the features1 he started from his recumbent position1 took off his hat and tossed it wildly in the air1 never waiting to catch it again1 but1 rushing towards ,george1 seized that astounded and miserable mortal in his arms1 and hugged him almost to suffocation before he could see who it was1 whilst the exclamation burst from him3 ,why1 ,george ,howard1 by all that's impossible6 ,another hug and a longer one1 and a hearty laugh1 and a shake of both hands up and down1 and a look of genuine pleasure in the bright eyes that seemed to throw a light over the kindly face--,ned's pleasantry was contagious1 and the first flush of surprise on ,george's face was succeeded by a faint smile as soon as he recognized his old friend and school-fellow1 whilst a sort of moisture forced itself into his own eyes4 ,it was as though he had come back from the grave a moment to find that after all the hand shaken so vigorously by an old friend--the best-liked old friend of them all1 who had studied with him1 and fought with him1 and played with him1 and got into all sorts of scrapes and out of them with him1 and built with him those bubble castles that boys will build at school1 destitute of nothing save foundation--was still real flesh and blood1 and that the heart throbbing within him was still human4 ,why1 ,ned1 old fellow1 what in the name of wonder brought you here8 ,destiny1 my boy1 destiny1 fate--anything you please that may give a sufficiently solemn turn to a landslip close by which interfered considerably with locomotion1 and forced me bag and baggage out of my snug coup1 to set me down in this unknown corner of the earth1 absolutely without a soul to speak to1 for one night4 ,but ,i do believe ,i could have endured a broken head as well as a broken journey for the sake of dropping on you again1 old boy4 ,why young gentlemen1 supposed to know the meaning of words1 should find such a secret fund of special endearment in the terms which they so lavishly apply to one another of old boy1 old fellow1 or old man1 is a mystery whose solution is still to appear4 ,young persons of the opposite sex1 as it is called--goodness knows why--are not in the habit of addressing each other as old woman1 old duck1 or old maid4 ,such terms would be esteemed in them as anything but endearing1 although married ladies have been known to speak of their lord and master as a dear1 good old thing4 ,however1 to return from this digression1 which is becoming dangerous1 to the old men in question3 ,well1 ,ned1 ,i am really glad to see you1 said ,george1 and then added slowly1 as the old chill came back to him1 and that's more than ,i'd say to many an old acquaintance--now4 ,he looked away moodily to where the sun had gone down1 as the gray began to settle over the water4 ,ned took a quick glance at his friend1 and saw that1 as he expressed it to himself1 all was not right somewhere4 ,he had seen very little of ,howard since they left college1 and knew nothing of what had driven him from ,new ,york4 ,however1 he determined to take no notice of his last remark for the present1 but said gaily3 ,this sea of yours gives one a tremendous appetite4 ,i move dinner4 ,there's nothing like dinner to liven up a man's wits4 ,come along1 ,george4 ,we have had our fill of gorgeous sunsets and scenery for one day4 ,there's a poetry as well as a glare in the gaslight when it shines on a well-spread table4 ,what6 you have no gas here8 ,happy people6 ,one tax the less4 ,but it is to be hoped you find something to eat in this backbone of the world4 ,now1 come along1 and we'll have all the adventures by flood and field with the cigars4 ,ned was at his best during dinner1 though1 for that matter1 he seemed always at his best4 ,his presence gave a pleasant flavor to dishes which time after time ,george had turned away from with disgust4 ,he had an original remark for everything4 ,and the polite ,french waiter was rather astonished as the dinner progressed to see ,m4 ,o--art1 as the domestics called ,george1 give vent to an occasional laugh1 which grew and grew1 until the two old friends became almost as uproarious as a couple of school-boys out for a holiday4 ,that delicious after-dinner moment having arrived when the cigars are lighted and the legs stretched out in lazy contentment1 without the slightest regard for the proprieties--nobody but themselves being present--they began their questionings and cross-questionings4 ,george was the first to start4 ,well1 ,ned1 what in the name of good fortune brought you down here8 ,what are you doing8 ,still writing8 ,yes4 ,at present ,i am despatched on a secret diplomatic mission1 which of course it is impossible for me to divulge1 by the editor of the greatest daily in the world4 ,you know what that means4 ,well1 ,i can guess4 ,the particular 'greatest daily' does not matter much4 ,there are so many4 ,yes2 and the fun of it is1 ,i write for them all4 ,the six or seven special correspondents who keep ,new ,york and ,london on the qui vive with regard to ,european affairs1 and who lay bare to their wondering vision from time to time the real undercurrent of those affairs1 social1 political1 and religious1 are often one and the same with your ,mephistophelian friend4 ,bohemianizing1 eh8 ,why1 ,i took you to be respectable1 ,ned4 ,ah6 a newspaper office is a sadly demoralizing place4 ,pshaw6 ,what will you have8 ,the public wants news1 and somebody must furnish it4 ,people nowadays are much the same as people ever were4 ,humanity must have something to talk about1 or it could not exist4 ,humanity is a woman4 ,i agree with you there2 that is why ,i have abandoned it4 ,oh6 ,i see what you would say4 ,there are two sides to that4 ,but what ,i mean is1 we must talk1 or the world will come to a stand-still4 ,the newspaper man nowadays furnishes the staple commodity on which the world exercises its tongue4 ,nowadays1 yes4 ,well1 it's a poor commodity4 ,somebody has well called it the 'cheap and nasty4' ,always the same1 ,george2 always the same4 ,what was the cry of the ,athenians when ,s4 ,paul went amongst them8 ',what news8 ,quid novi8'--and the ,athenians were the intellect of their time4 ,to-day we live too fast for the tongue2 hence electricity1 hence the daily4 ,hence the ,bohemian8 ,well1 ,bohemian is a much-misapplied word4 ,it requires a sort of genius to be a true ,bohemian2 erratic genius1 if you like1 but still genius4 ,bohemianism is not all boots down at heel1 crushed hat1 and broken elbows1 five-cent cigars and lager-beer that a friend pays for1 with an occasional bottle of champagne when the pocket happens to be flush4 ,look at me1 for instance1 supplying the six or seven leading dailies with news4 ,if ,i tell a lie one day1 ,i contradict it the next4 ,if ,i send a false account to the government organ1 ,i send an extra true one to the opposition1 and a trimmer to the free and independent4 ,if the government is malicious1 the opposition is ultra pious2 and if the free and independent is scandalous1 both unite in coming down on and crushing it4 ,to be sure1 things get mixed up a little sometimes2 but1 on the whole1 matters are pretty evenly balanced1 and in the end the truth comes uppermost4 ,then all along you are supported by the secret conviction that nobody ever believes a word you say4 ,whose fault is that8 asked ,george4 ,the weakness of humanity1 my dear fellow4 ,you must not go too deeply into things1 nor expect a daily newspaper1 with its villanous printers1 to be true as gospel4 ,a newspaper correspondent is despatched to find news2 and if he can't find it4444 ,he invents4 ,well1 what is the use of imagination1 unless you exercise it a bit8 ,but it is the greatest fun in the world to see yourself quoted by opposite parties for opposite purposes4 ,yes1 it must be amusing4 ,some people--old-fashioned people1 to be sure--might consider it a trifle dishonest1 perhaps2 but then1 they are behind the age4 ,ned rose1 laughed1 and took a turn round the room4 ,standing opposite his friend1 he said3 ,so1 ,george1 ,i find ,i have succeeded in giving you an exalted idea of my character and ability already4 ,have you forgotten that famous gift ,i had of extemporizing yarns at school8 ,well1 to relieve your mind1 the devil--that is to say1 ,mr4 ,edward ,fitzgerald--is not quite so black as he has painted himself4 ,nor1 indeed1 am ,i quite so powerful and fluent a writer as ,i have imagined4 ,i am on a mission here1 though2 partly business1 and partly to take my sister back with me to ,new ,york4 ,she has been staying with some of her school friends1 convent companions4 ,i was on my way to join them when this lucky accident tumbled me into your hermitage4 ,and now1 what has brought you here8 ,you seem quite domiciled4 ,why1 ,i expected to have heard great things of you by this time4 ,i8 ,oh6 ,i am doing nothing1 said ,george1 with a sigh1 coming back to himself4 ,nothing6 ,well1 that is not such a bad occupation when you only know how to do it1 and can find no other employment4 ,why1 what else can a fellow do8 ,ned was fairly taken aback at this question4 ,to ask him what a fellow could do in this world was like asking him why he had teeth1 or hands1 or a head1 or life altogether4 ,after an amazed stare at his friend1 he answered3 ,well1 ,i suppose that what a man can do is generally best known to himself1 when1 like you1 he has life in his veins1 brains in his head1 and money in his pocket4 ,at all events1 it is scarcely likely that you were made for the precise purpose of burying yourself alive here4 ,oh6 ,i don't know4 ,it is not such a bad sort of life1 said ,george wearily4 ,here ,i have no cares1 and fuss1 and bother1 no visitors to bore1 and no bores to visit4 ,nobody comes to borrow or beg4 ,there is no necessity for playing at compliments with people for whom you do not care a straw1 and who care for you less4 ,here is1 instead1 the sea1 and the shore1 and the woods1 and the hills1 a fair table1 a good enough washerwoman1 and people around you who never speak till they are spoken to4 ,what more can a fellow want8 ,ned made no reply4 ,he was puffing his cigar in silence1 and following the curling smoke with his eye as he blew it against the light--a favorite fashion of his when thinking to himself4 ,he was thinking now1 rapidly1 how changed was his friend in so short a time4 ,he was wondering where all the ardent spirit and high hopes that fired him a few years back had gone4 ,contact with the world1 instead of crushing1 had raised his own hopes the more4 ,why had it not done the same for ,howard8 ,he could find no solution to the difficulty2 for life to him was a glorious battle1 and inaction worse than death4 ,his friend must have encountered some great shock1 some bitter disappointment1 at the outset4 ,he was seeking the clew in the smoke apparently4 ,after a painful pause1 he at length asked3 ,how long have you been here now1 ,george8 ,on and off1 a year or more4 ,i go and come4 ,i make short excursions round about for a week or so sometimes1 but ,i always return here4 ,you entered a firm on the other side1 did you not8 ,no2 ,i was about to do so4 ,and why didn't you8 ,were they cheats8 ,no4 ,did they fail8 ,no4 ,did you fail8 ,did you lose any money in any way8 ,no1 what makes you ask8 ,because ,i want to find out what the trouble is with you4 ,you are not in love8 ,good ,god6 ,no6 exclaimed ,george almost fiercely1 as he rose1 strode to the window1 and stood there looking out at the moon4 ,the bitterness of his tone1 the abruptness of his action1 told the observant ,ned that unwittingly he had touched the right chord4 ,he indulged in a silent whistle to himself1 and shook his head as a good-hearted physician might over a hopeless case4 ,ned confessed himself a bad hand at ministering to the love complaint4 ,that was the only ill for which he would advocate the calling in of a female physician4 ,for heart disease of this nature1 ,ned would1 on his own authority1 grant a diploma to any suitable lady doctor2 for he was convinced of the utter inability of man to handle such a delicate affair4 ,so he shook his head despondently4 ,whilst these thoughts were passing through the brain of the now very wide-awake ,mr4 ,fitzgerald1 ,george seemed to have recovered his usual dead calm1 and1 leaving the window as he proceeded to light a fresh cigar1 inquired1 with a smile that seemed to anticipate a characteristic answer3 ,ned1 have you ever been in love8 ,it was now ,ned's turn to rise4 ,he tore about the room frantically a moment1 dashed his hand through his hair1 and finally1 coming to a stand-still before his amused friend1 burst out3 ,in love6 ,have ,i ever been in love8 ,what a question to ask a man6 ,don't you know my name8 ,did you ever hear of a ,fitzgerald or any other of his race who had not been in love8 ,why1 man1 ,i fall in love every day of my life4 ,how can ,i help it when every woman ,i see for five minutes falls in love with me4 ,i might say ,i have lost my heart so often that ,i don't think there's a bit of it left to lose now2 and still ,i go on falling in love by sheer force of habit4 ,and ,ned hove to with a comic burst of despair4 ,you are a happy man1 ,ned1 said ,george1 laughing4 ,happy8 questioned ,ned1 half to himself1 and as though the idea had struck him for the first time in his life4 ,well1 ,i suppose ,i am4 ,i don't see much advantage to be gained by being otherwise4 ,nor ,i2 but1 for all that1 people differently constructed from your fortunate self cannot always help being otherwise4 ,bah6 ,of course they can2 particularly in love matters4 ,love was not meant to make a man mope1 but to stir him up4 ,those old fogies in the middle ages had a much truer idea of love1 as of many other things1 than we have nowadays1 with all our boasting4 ,ah6 love then was the genuine article4 ,not all sighs1 and tears1 and millinery1 and newspaper paragraphs1 and mothers-in-law1 and the lovers playing cat's-cradle to each other4 ,no2 but the man went about his business1 bearing his love in his heart for a year and a day4 ,he wore his lady's gage on his helm1 and1 if his business happened to be the giving and taking of hard knocks1 why1 he gave and took1 his love and himself against the world4 ,he rode in the lists under his lady's eye1 and proved himself a brave man for her sake4 ,love nerved his arm1 whilst it purified his heart and softened his soul4 ,why did the wife gird the buckler on her lord8 ,love was akin to religion then1 marriage a sacrament1 and not1 as it now is4444 ,a social exchange1 a trade carried on by the great ,mother-in-law ,company1 ,unlimited--a thing of barter and loss1 where dollars are wedded to dollars by the magistrate1 where youth and beauty sells herself to old age for so much a year and her own carriage4 ,o ,ned1 ,ned6 what a pity we were not born in the middle ages6 ,hallo6 said ,ned1 ,i did not mean to go quite so far as that1 ,george4 ,after all1 they were men and women then1 just as we are2 and1 though one cannot help breaking out now and again on modern notions1 one thing is certain--for every true knight there is somewhere a true lady4 ,have you found yours yet1 ,ned8 ,perhaps not1 perhaps yes1 said ,ned1 dropping a moment his light tone4 ,perhaps because ,i am not a true knight2 perhaps because1 though ,i found a true lady1 she was meant for somebody else4 ,because ,i may have made one mistake1 that is no reason why my true lady should not be waiting for me somewhere1 nor why ,i should fail to rejoice at seeing two others happy1 though my own toes may have been trodden on a little bit4 ,after all1 the world is very wide and full of happy possibilities4 ,something unusual in ,ned's tone seemed to spring from real feeling that lay concealed under his usual airy manner2 perhaps suffering1 with which his good-nature cared not to trouble the sufficiently trouble-laden world4 ,for the first time in his life1 ,george ,howard felt a little ashamed of himself1 and conscious of something akin to selfishness in his nature which he had never suspected there before4 ,it takes a very long time to see ourselves4 ,self-knowledge comes piecemeal1 and the pieces that go to make the human mosaic are sometimes very ugly when seen alone1 though they may pass muster in the whole1 and merge and be lost in its common symmetry4 ,when he awoke the following morning1 and the thought came to him that the usually dreary day was to be enlivened for once by the presence of ,ned ,fitzgerald1 the thought was not an unpleasant one2 and when that gentleman burst into his room with a bundle of sea-weed in his hand1 speckled all over with curious little shells1 which he said he would keep for ,mary1 the look of young1 active1 earnest life in his bright eyes and diffused over his whole person seemed in some indescribable manner to make the sun brighter and the air clearer4 ,george began to feel young again1 and examined the shells and the slimy weed1 over which ,ned gloated and expatiated1 with an interest that would have been a marvel to him yesterday4 ,and who is ,mary8 he asked1 as that name passed ,ned's lips more than once4 ,why1 the sister ,i was telling you about4 ,oh6 said ,george1 and was silent4 ,that evening1 it was arranged that ,ned should go the next day1 and bring ,mary back with him4 ,as he found the little town so quaint and quiet1 he determined to stay a week or so with his old friend1 instead of going on directly to ,paris1 as he had intended2 and ,george1 to pass the interval1 made his first visit since the accident to his friend1 ,mme4 ,plaquet4 ,that good dame was as angry as she could be with him4 ,why had he not come to see her for so long8 ,what had he been doing8 ,was he sick from the dragging that mchant1 the horse1 had given him8 ,how did she know about it8 ,why1 had not ,m4 de ,lorme and the ladies been there almost every day since1 and all on purpose to meet him and thank him for his brave service8 ,and now1 was not mademoiselle going away1 and her heart breaking because she could not see her preserver1 and thank him for saving her life8 ,and there was the card and the letter of ,m4 de ,lorme waiting for him all these days4 ,she would not have it sent1 because she expected monsieur to come every day4 ,ah6 it was cruel6 ,george opened the letter1 and found that it was an eulogium of ,m4 de ,lorme on his gallantry and devotion1 to which he was indebted for the life1 probably1 of his charming young friend2 that her brave but unknown preserver would confer an honor on her and on ,m4 de ,lorme by favoring them with his distinguished friendship2 that it was cruel of him to escape from them whilst they were all engaged with his charming young friend2 that he hoped he would excuse this mode of addressing him1 as1 owing to the peculiarity of the circumstances1 he knew of no other2 and that1 as his charming young friend was about to leave them1 he would no longer deny them the opportunity1 so much desired1 of paying the deep debt of gratitude they owed him1 by allowing them to testify in person their admiration of his admirable courage and chivalrous devotion4 ,well1 and what do you say8 asked ,mme4 ,plaquet1 as1 with arms folded and a general air of mistress of the situation1 she surveyed her mysterious young friend1 whilst1 with a half-amused countenance1 he read ,m4 de ,lorme's missive4 ,oh6 said ,george1 ,i don't know4 ,what a fuss you ,french people make about stopping a horse6 ,there--don't say any more about it4 ,i have a friend staying with me who knows how to arrange all these matters1 and ,i will consult him4 ,to-morrow or the day after he shall come to see you4 ,you will like him4 ,is the lady quite recovered8 ,entirely4 ,but she looked so sad when she came1 and came1 and never found you4 ,ah6 if ,i were a handsome young man1 how many horses would ,i not stop1 only to get one such glance from such lovely eyes6 ,the next morning1 ,ned was to return with his sister1 and ,george went down to the railway station to meet them4 ,if he showed himself a trifle more careful than he had been lately in his selection of a tie and in his dress generally1 and if anybody had entered at the time and told him so1 ,george would probably have been angry at the idea of his returning to such weaknesses4 ,there was ,ned's pleasant face at the window2 there he is waving his hat2 and here he is now introducing ,miss ,mary ,fitzgerald to his old friend1 ,mr4 ,george ,howard1 to the mutual astonishment and evident confusion of that lady and gentleman1 who blushed and turned pale by turns like guilty things4 ,even ,ned was dumfoundered a moment1 and argued to himself1 from these silent but unmistakable signs of recognition between the parties1 that his ceremony of introduction was quite a superfluous piece of etiquette4 ,he broke the awkward silence in his characteristic fashion3 ,well1 if you people know each other already1 you had better say so at once1 and not let me make an ass of myself by going through a formal introduction--a thing ,i always hate4 ,mary1 do you know ,george1 or don't you8 ,there were tears in ,mary's large eyes1 as1 clinging a moment to her brother1 she sobbed rather than said3 ,o ,ned6 this is the gentleman ,i told you of1 444 to whom ,i owe my life1 444 of whom we were all speaking4444 ,and then1 turning the luminous and still tearful eyes full on ,george1 who could scarcely stand up against the rush of mingled feelings that oppressed him1 said1 with a genuine simplicity and native grace which were most moving1 as she took his hand in her own with an action at once gentle and natural3 ,sir1 it was a bitter thought to me that ,i should be compelled to leave ,france without knowing and thanking the brave gentleman who risked his life to save mine4 ,i had hoped to see you at ,m4 de ,lorme's1 and had so much to say to you4 ,but now that ,i meet you1 glancing at ,ned1 in this 444 in this way1 my heart is so full ,i can say nothing4444 ,and the gathering tears began to fall4 ,it was time for ,ned to intervene3 ,oho6 ,so you are the unknown knight whom ,m4 de ,lorme and the ladies have been raving about2 who goes around in sable sadness1 rescuing charming young ladies from perilous situations1 and disappearing as mysteriously as you come4 ,faith1 my friend1 there is a nice romance concocted over you4 ,but1 ,george1 my boy1 ,i could say a great deal more than my eloquent sister has done on this subject1 only ,i know it would be distasteful to you4 ,however1 we shall have it out together on the quiet some day4 ,but what a shame6 ,ned rattled on as they made their way to the hotel4 ,here is all my nice little plot spoiled4 ,mary1 ,i gave him such a description of you4 ,let me see1 ,george1 what was she like8 ,red-haired1 freckled1 middle-aged1 and stout2 short of breath and tall of body2 weighing one hundred and seventy pounds after dinner1 and a trifle less before4 ,george looked disgusted1 and ,mary was laughing4 ,you took snuff1 ,mary1 and wore your carroty curls in little whisks of brown paper half through the day4 ,you had a vixenish temper1 a liking for toddy1 and would insist on speaking ,french to the servants with a beautiful ,galway accent1 and swore at them like a trooper for not understanding you4 ,it was only out of pure regard for your handsome brother and for the sake of 'auld lang syne' that my friend ,george would tolerate your presence at all4 ,and here you are the whole time old and valued friends1 under mutual obligations to each other--you for saving my middle-aged relative from being run away with and dashed to pieces by a vicious brute1 and my middle-aged relative for being gracious enough to allow you to do anything of the kind4 ,i declare it is shameful1 and almost makes one take the rash oath of never telling a good-natured lie again4 ,this harangue of ,ned's set them both at their ease as though they had known each other all their lives4 ,and may ,i ask1 ,miss ,fitzgerald1 if this conscientious brother of yours gave an equally accurate description of his old school-fellow8 said ,george1 laughing4 ,mary1 don't tell4444 ,he'll murder me4444 ,i was instructed all the way along to be particularly kind and attentive to a dapper4444 ,no1 not dapper 444 interjected ,ned4 ,yes1 dapper1 ,mr4 ,howard2 ,i remember the word distinctly4 ,a dapper little old gentleman with a bald head and only one eye1 who was as deaf as a post1 but would not allow any one to consider him so4 ,i was led to understand that he made excellent company at table1 only that he simply followed out his own train of thought1 and his remarks consequently were generally rather mal--propos2 and in fact quite a lot of other things that ,i cannot remember1 save that ,i was to take him his drops every morning at half-past eleven precisely1 and always put six lumps of sugar in his coffee1 and none in his tea4 ,there was a merry dinner-party that evening at the hotel1 and a long ramble by the beach afterwards under the moon4 ,mary had a great deal of ,ned's happy nature in her1 and between the two1 what with sailing1 and riding1 and long strolls1 ,george could not well help throwing off his despondency4 ,the light soon came back to the eye1 the color to the cheek1 the spring to the step1 the gaiety to the young heart1 the belief that1 after all1 life was not such a bad thing1 and that there were pleasant places even in this miserable world for those who sought them in the right spirit4 ,your friend ,george is getting quite gay1 remarked ,mary one evening1 as brother and sister sat alone1 during the temporary absence of the subject of that young lady's remark4 ,yes1 poor fellow4 ,he was in a sad way when ,i dropped on him4 ,going to the dev--,i mean the grave1 fast4 ,why1 what was the matter with him8 ,oh6 ,i don't know4 ,put his foot in it somehow4 ,put his foot in what8 ,in the wrong box1 of course4 ,how stupid you women are6 ,but what wrong box1 ,ned8 ,that gentleman looked ineffable disgust at his beautiful sister1 whose eyes were fixed a little anxiously on his4 ,then taking the peachy cheeks between both hands1 he drew her face up to his own and kissed her1 saying1 ,there1 ,mary4444 ,there are only two women in the world to whom ,i would do that4444 ,you are one-- ,and the other8 asked ,mary1 a little bewildered4 ,is to come1 answered ,ned enigmatically4 ,it will take some time perhaps to find her4 ,one makes a mistake sometimes among so many4 ,when he does1 he puts his foot in the wrong box4 ,and you think he--that is1 ,mr4 ,howard has quite recovered now8 asked ,mary1 after a pause4 ,well1 it looks as though he were very near it2 but here he is to speak for himself1 said ,ned1 as ,george half bounded into the room1 flushed with exercise1 and looking as handsome as any young lady could wish4 ,but why give the stages of what all know so well and have heard thousands of times told and retold8 ,one morning1 some months after1 the little ,french town looked very gay4 ,there were green rushes strewn at the door of the hotel1 and all the towns-people turned out in gala attire4 ,there was the carriage of ,m4 de ,lorme1 and an enormous bouquet in the coachman's button-hole4 ,there were more carriages1 and more coachmen1 and more bouquets4 ,soon the church was filled with a buzzing and excited crowd that hushed into silence as a bridal party moved up the nave and stood at the steps of the altar1 whilst the venerable cur in the name of ,god joined the hands together which no power on earth may sunder4 ,the sunlight fell softly on them through windows of pictured saints4 ,mme4 ,plaquet was there1 wiping her eyes1 and weeping silently1 as she praised the good ,god1 who had saved the pauvre garon and brought it all about so wonderfully4 ,m4 ,plaquet was there1 more convinced than ever that his wife was a wonderful woman2 for had not she made the match8 ,old women1 and tender girls wept as the sweet bride passed out a wife1 amid showers of blossoms strewn in her path by little white-robed children4 ,they blessed her for an angel1 and her handsome husband1 whom they all knew so sad1 and who now looked so happy4 ,there was another happy face1 with bright eyes and a sunny smile1 that attracted many an eye--the face1 the eyes1 and the smile of ,mr4 ,edward ,fitzgerald4 ,if the reader would know more of ,george's history1 it is being made4 ,he has found his true lady-love1 and is proving himself a true knight4 ,ned1 gay ,ned1 is as merry as ever4 ,he is called uncle now by a chubby-cheeked youngster with sturdy legs and the large eyes of his mother1 into whose innocent face his father often gazes half anxiously1 wondering will he ever come to imitate him in his short-lived folly4 ,ned has not put his foot in the right box yet2 so he says1 but rumor tells another tale4 ,he may meet us again some day4 ,,recent ,,poetry4 ,,by ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,we looked for peach and grape-bunch drenched in dew3-- ,he serves us up the dirt in which they grew4 ,,crime--,,its ,,origin ,,and ,,cure4 ,it is no exaggeration to say that there is scarcely a man or woman in the community who1 upon taking up a morning newspaper1 is not prepared to find recorded in its pages at least one case of wilful murder or some other atrocious infraction of the law1 human and divine4 ,whether it be homicide or uxoricide1 attempt at either1 or the criminal indulgence of the baser passions2 whether the result of artificial excitement or the wilful premeditation of bad or diseased minds1 the effect is the same on the public1 and the dreadfully frequent recurrence of such offences--that the lives of the most harmless among us are put in jeopardy equally with those of the most belligerent2 while the law1 the first office of which is to protect the life1 honor1 and property of the citizen1 is practically ignored and defied4 ,this terrible prevalence of crime has been a fruitful subject of comment1 and while the supineness of the legal guardians of the general welfare and the unaccountable stupidity or weak sentimentality of jurymen have been unsparingly denounced1 very little has been done in the way of intelligent legislation to check the ever-flowing stream of criminality4 ,it is true that the common and the statute laws have long ago prescribed death as the penalty for the commission of murder1 arson1 treason1 and one or two other high crimes1 long terms of imprisonment in state-prisons and penitentiaries for felonies1 and shorter terms in local prisons for minor offences1 but all these wise enactments do not appear to check the onward march of outrage and lawlessness4 ,the result is that abroad the good name of the ,republic suffers1 while at home the very familiarity with deeds of violence and dishonesty created by the sensational and minute newspaper reports is debasing the youth of the country1 and1 by throwing a halo of romance over their commission1 robs them of half their repulsive and disgusting features4 ,still1 while much indignation and more apprehension have been manifested at the growth of crime and the apathy and ignorance of those entrusted with the duty of repressing it1 very little has been done either to remove the causes which lead to its perpetration1 or to visit it with condign punishment when all other efforts have failed4 ,this mere theorizing over what is a tangible evil is deeply to be deplored4 ,surely nothing can be more worthy of the attention of the statesman and the philanthropist than the study and analysis of this frightful social phenomenon1 with a view of limiting its growth1 even though it were found impossible to lesson appreciably its present gigantic proportions4 ,it is well recognized that it is the primary duty of all civil governments to protect the lives1 liberties1 and property of their subjects1 and our own national and state organizations1 clothed as they are with such ample powers and supported by popular approbation1 ought to be the foremost in discharging this trust4 ,under arbitrary or usurping governments1 such as those which dominate ,poland1 ,ireland1 and ,italy1 it is generally difficult to execute what is called the law1 for the oppressed people are at enmity with their oppressors1 and take every opportunity to oppose and thwart what is styled the administration of justice4 ,they feel1 and properly feel1 that the world is not their friend1 nor the world's law2 but with us it ought to be far different4 ,here the laws are made by the people1 and it is understood for the people1 and hence every good citizen should feel a personal interest in the rectitude and exactitude of their administration4 ,he is not only injured in person and property by imperfect and ignorant legislation1 through his own carelessness1 but he violates his obligations to his fellow-man when through neglect1 or from unworthy motives1 he does not do all in his power to prevent it4 ,however1 to act intelligently as well as conscientiously in matters of such gravity1 the study of the origin of the evils which afflict and disgrace our country1 and the sources from whence they generally spring1 requires more attention than has usually been given1 even by those who most deplore their existence4 ,it will not do to throw down your newspaper after perusing accounts of three or four cases of murder1 and ask to what is the world coming8 ,it is almost equally useless to occasionally hang a criminal1 or to send another to prison for life4 ,for the one so punished1 a score at least escape1 and the demands neither of retributive nor distributive justice are satisfied4 ,the evil-disposed gratify their revenge by the commission of these crimes1 while their chances of punishment are no more than one in twenty4 ,thus the plague that infests society daily becomes more noxious and1 as it were1 epidemic4 ,crime has its latitude and longitude1 its nationality1 classes1 and castes1 its peculiar inciting causes1 as well as the great vital cause--the absence of true religious faith and practice4 ,for instance1 it might be easily demonstrated that the many-nationed people of the ,united ,states are addicted to special classes of crime1 as distinct and almost as obvious as their language1 habits1 and intellectual idiosyncrasies4 ,we speak now of the more flagrant violations of the social compact1 not with the intention of discriminating against any class or race in the community1 nor with the object of holding the mass of any people1 no matter what their origin or country1 responsible for the acts of a few among them--for after all the criminals are in a small minority1 fortunately1 among all nations--but to point out the nature and peculiar motives for the commission of offences against the law as they exist among different classes of our population1 so that suitable remedies may be applied to the respective cases4 ,outrages against law and justice depend to a certain extent on locality for their distinctive character4 ,the desperate hand-to-hand encounters which have so long characterized a certain class of society in the border states1 are as different in motive from that of the cool ,connecticut poisoner1 as the assassin of our aristocratic circles is dissimilar to the ruffian of the slums4 ,when we ascribe homicide to the criminal classes of ,america1 we do not assume it to be a national sin1 for though of late we have read of some cases in ,new ,england and the ,west1 and know of many deliberate ones in this vicinity1 we refer specially in our analysis to the remote ,southern and ,southwestern states1 where the bowie-knife1 the rifle1 and the revolver are considered much more efficacious and prompt in the settlement of disputes than the slower and less exciting appeal to the courts4 ,it may be said that this is the natural consequence of the war1 the termination of which has thrown out of employment many desperate men habituated to the use of arms2 but this is only partially true1 for the same state of society existed in ,new ,orleans1 ,arkansas1 and along the banks of the ,mississippi many years anterior to the late internecine contest4 ,lawless men of every grade1 gamblers1 horse-thieves1 the idle1 and the debauched1 have for nearly two generations infested those and neighboring localities2 deadly quarrels were constantly springing up1 and were decided in a moment by the death of one if not of both disputants2 and the public authorities1 whenever they dared to interfere1 were sure to be set at defiance1 if not maltreated4 ,the same state of affairs exists to this day1 but in a modified form1 and there seems to have been no way discovered to alter it4 ,still1 the ,american people as a whole are not responsible for what might be called a local disorganization of society1 grown out of their rapidly-extending settlements1 whence flock naturally many outcasts1 vagabonds1 and reckless men1 anxious to escape the odium of public opinion and the chastisement that awaited them in the older and more thickly settled communities of the ,east4 ,but our country1 with a better show of reason1 may be accused of condoning1 if not of actually encouraging1 a widespread system of political and commercial dishonesty1 an offence which1 though not by any means as bad as the taking of human life in its direct consequences1 indirectly encourages and promotes the commission of the greater crime4 ,a legislator or a judge who can be guilty of taking bribes1 is sure1 the one to make bad laws and the other to execute good ones corruptly4 ,criminals who have political or moneyed influence are allowed to escape with impunity1 with a carte blanche to continue their nefarious business4 ,whoever has read the proceedings of the several investigating committees in ,washington during the last session of ,congress1 and of our ,state ,senate acting as a court of impeachment during the summer of #ahgb1 will hardly doubt the truth of this assertion4 ,this spirit of bribery1 false swearing and peculation we find prevailing1 among some of the most prominent members of the national ,congress1 who1 these investigations have shown1 are not above the acceptance of paltry bribes for the use or abuse of their high delegated authority2 we find it in many of our state legislatures1 particularly when a ,united ,states senator is to be elected or the interest of a railroad company1 a corporation1 or a wealthy private individual is to be subserved by forcing or retarding legislation2 and it is a matter of public notoriety that among the officers of municipal corporations1 notably our own1 where integrity1 if in any place1 should find a home1 the most unblushing robbery1 swindling1 and false swearing have prevailed for years4 ,again1 let us look at the history of our large banks and insurance companies4 ,there is scarcely a week passes but we hear of defaulting officers and clerks who1 after years of secret1 continuous stealing and false entries1 finally decamp1 leaving it to be discovered that the aggregate amount of their individual abstractions reaches tens and hundreds of thousands4 ,what makes this respectable species of larceny so heartless and reprehensible is1 that the money so stolen does not actually belong to the institutions themselves1 but to the public1 and generally the poorer classes1 who are depositors or policyholders4 ,it is significant that in proportion to the number of counting-houses superintended by their owners to the number of banks and insurance companies the trust-funds of which are in keeping of paid officials1 the number of defalcations in the former are as a mere nothing compared with those of the latter4 ,why8 ,in one case1 the merchant is liable to lose his own money by negligence2 in the other1 the president and directors lose only that of other people1 and thus a criminal betrayal of trust is added to swindling4 ,now1 these blots on the national escutcheon are of comparatively recent date1 and are the result mainly of two causes3 the late war1 which suddenly elevated an ignorant and ignoble class to enormous wealth1 and the corruption of politics and politicians by the unguarded and unchecked abuse of universal suffrage4 ,the shoddyites and the politicians1 having no claim on the respect or esteem of honest men1 commenced a career of extravagance and vulgar display1 which1 if it did not win the approbation of the judicious and refined1 certainly was well calculated to dazzle the moral vision of the vain and unstable4 ,palaces1 diamonds1 and resplendent equipages became the order of the day1 and their effect on the integrity of the staid men of business was marked and deleterious in the highest degree4 ,mrs4 ,a41 whose husband before the war was doing a thriving little business and was content with an occasional drive in a hired light-wagon1 now enjoyed the luxury of a private carriage and liveried servants2 consequently ,mrs4 ,b41 whose husband was cashier in a bank at two or three thousand a year1 must have one similar4 ,mr4 ,c41 who was a resident of the ,sixth or ,seventh ,ward previous to his election to office1 and occupied part of a comfortable house1 now lived in a handsome mansion on ,madison or ,fifth avenues2 hence ,mr4 ,d41 who was confidential clerk in a large importing house1 abandoned his cosy cottage in the suburbs and followed his old friend's example4 ,now1 how are ,b4 and ,d4 to support this luxury8 ,clearly1 not out of their salaries4 ,having control of the funds and enjoying the confidence of their employers1 they abstract the money and rush into ,wall or ,new ,streets to gamble in gold or stocks4 ,they are not common thieves--oh6 no2 they only borrowed from time to time large sums of cash from the true owners1 intending to return it2 but they never do so6 ,for a short time they are lucky1 and are able to keep place in a course of wild dissipation with ,a4 and ,c41 but sooner or later a crisis arrives1 there is a panic in the street1 and they lose all4 ,then follow flight1 detection1 and public exposure--in any well-regulated community1 we might add dishonor4 ,but it is not so2 for1 you see1 this is the age of progress and enlightenment4 ,the public think very lightly of such matters1 probably from their very frequency1 and soon forget them2 the knowing ones condemn the fugitives only for not having been smart enough2 the bank or insurance authorities compromise the felony for a consideration1 for it is only the public1 not themselves personally1 who have suffered2 and1 after a brief sojourn in ,europe or ,canada1 the criminals return to the bosom of their families prepared to enter on some new field of peculation4 ,as for the political rogues1 no one seems to heed their depredations4 ,public opinion has become so vitiated that it is expected every man in office will steal2 in fact1 some persons go so far as to say they ought to steal1 holding it a trivial affair to appropriate large amounts of the people's money1 while they would hesitate long before advising any one to rob a till or strip a clothes-line4 ,we recollect an official in this city who for a wonder was so honest that he was poorer when he resigned than when he accepted office4 ,upon being met on an occasion by a friend and congratulated on having been able to purchase one of the largest hotels in ,new ,york out of the spoils1 the gentleman indignantly resented the insult in no measured terms4 ,his acquaintance laughed quietly1 and walked away with an expression of mingled pity and contempt on his countenance4 ,now this lust for gain1 this inordinate love of display1 which leads the inexperienced and weak-minded into so many unworthy actions1 should be abated1 if we hope to preserve anything like commercial honor and political purity4 ,they are eating into the very vitals of society1 infecting the very highest as well as the lowest class in the community2 and though the consequences to which they lead may not appear so heinous as other crimes1 they are so far-reaching and so general that they might well be classed with those to which the law attaches its severest penalties4 ,there was a time1 not very far distant1 when the idea of attempting to bribe a senator1 or what is called buying up a state legislature1 would have been considered preposterous1 and when the counting-house and the banker's desk were considered the temple and altar1 as it were1 of honesty and integrity4 ,why is it that so lamentable a change has taken place1 and in so short a time8 ,clearly1 because an insatiate longing for the acquisition of wealth1 speedily and with as little labor as possible1 has taken possession of the present generation1 and in a headlong pursuit of fortune1 honor1 reputation1 and conscience are too often cast aside and forgotten4 ,this should not be so in a country like ours of unlimited resources1 and where industry and ability need never look in vain for a competency4 ,but a more diabolical crime against all law1 natural1 human1 and divine1 is the system1 so prevalent in some sections of this country1 of mothers depriving their inchoate offspring of existence even on the very threshold of their entrance into the world4 ,so unnatural is this offence that it is beyond the power of language to reprobate it adequately1 and in charity we hope that the guilty votaries of ease and fashion1 who perpetrate such horrible atrocities1 do not realize the full turpitude of their acts4 ,we had long refused to believe that such a violation1 not only of ,god's law1 but of the strongest and most beautiful instincts of our nature--the parent's love for her child--existed to any great extent1 but we have been so often assured of it by physicians and other reputable persons conversant with such matters1 that we have been forced to admit as true the existence among us of a crime that would disgrace the veriest savage4 ,we are assured that in certain localities1 which we shall not particularize1 the evil is not only widespread but is growing into a custom1 and this extraordinary fact is adduced as one of the reasons why the children of native-born parents are so few in proportion to those of foreigners4 ,if we were to look for a primary cause for such barbaric criminality in merely human motives1 we should fail to find one at all commensurate with the enormity of the guilt4 ,the wish of married women to be freed from the care of young children1 so that they1 being unincumbered by household duties and cares1 may participate in outdoor pleasures1 attend the opera1 the theatres1 concerts1 and ball-rooms1 has been advanced with some force as one of the reasons2 but this is not sufficient1 for we find the heinous practice prevailing in remote towns and villages where no such attractions are presented4 ,the laws of civil marriage and of divorce1 as recognized in most of the states of the ,union2 that curse of what is called modern civilization2 that fatal legacy handed down to us by the ,reformers1 has much to answer for in this respect4 ,protestantism has reduced the holy sacramental bond of matrimony beneath the level of a limited co-partnership1 degraded the nuptial contract below the most trivial commercial obligation1 annihilated its responsibilities1 destroyed its safeguards1 and even wishes to go further--to ignore the very shadow of marriage1 from which it has long since taken the substance4 ,the purchase of a piece of land or the delivery of a bale of goods is now attended with more ceremony than that sacred rite at which our ,saviour himself attended in ,galilee and at which he performed his first miracle6 ,how deeply has humanity been made to suffer for the bestiality of ,henry ,tudor and the apostasy of the monk of ,augsburg6 ,is it any wonder then that a link1 so thoughtlessly accepted and so lightly worn1 should be as unceremoniously sundered1 and that the woman1 who does not know but on the morrow she may be either plaintiff or defendant in a divorce suit1 should be adverse to bringing into the world children which either parent may claim or disown8 ,but the grand motive cause is to be found still deeper4 ,if the truth must be told1 the masses of the people of this noble country are fast sinking into intellectual paganism1 beside which that of imperial ,rome was harmless and innocuous4 ,protestantism1 as has often been predicted1 has nearly reached its logical conclusion--infidelity4 ,read the sermons of the prominent sensational preachers1 their newspapers and periodicals1 and what do you find in them8 ,no stern lessons of ,christian morality2 no appeals to the moral conscience or exposition of the beauties of the cardinal virtues2 no dogma1 as befits heaven-appointed guides2 no doctrine such as only the ordained of ,god can preach and teach2 but1 instead1 stale tirades against ,catholicity1 rehashed lyceum lectures1 and fragments of stump-speeches delivered before the last election and interlarded with pious ejaculations to suit the occasion1 apologies for being ,christians at all1 and occasional efforts to explain away ,christianity itself--all covered over with a thin veil of cant and mock philanthropy4 ,do we find these so-called ministers telling their congregations that marriage is an indissoluble tie1 which no man can burst asunder2 that the object of it is to enable husband and wife to live together happily and to bring up their children in the love and fear of ,god2 that to take the life of an infant ante-natal is a dark1 deadly1 mortal sin2 that no living human being who has not received baptism can ever see the face of ,god2 and that whoever wilfully deprives her helpless babe of that ineffable delight will have to account for that lost soul to its ,maker8 ,oh6 no2 that might shock the sensibilities of their audiences1 and might lead to their own expulsion from their livings4 ,is it surprising1 then1 that a vice so much in harmony with the working of human passions1 as apparently devoid of all moral responsibility as it is free from civil punishment1 should be so frequently and so freely indulged in by those whose base inclinations are unchecked and unregulated by anything like true ,christian teaching8 ,but what most surprises us is the appearance in the public prints for the past two or three years of numerous cases of suicide4 ,this self-slaughter was a crime1 we thought1 confined to the older nations of ,europe almost exclusively4 ,the ,americans are neither a despondent1 an impoverished1 nor a sentimental people2 and yet we have been exceedingly pained to read of men well-to-do in the world1 many of them being comfortable farmers and most of them advanced in years1 deliberately taking that life which ,god gave them for wise and useful purposes1 and voluntarily going before the judgment-seat of their ,maker with the crime of murder on their souls4 ,the policy of the old common law was to consider every suicide insane1 but that was merely a fiction to save his goods from confiscation by the crown2 we would fain believe that the numerous instances among ourselves were the result of aberration of mind--doubtless some of them were2 but others have been planned and executed with such forethought as to preclude the possibility of such a supposition4 ,as we write1 we have before us a copy of a ,new ,york journal in which no less than four suicides of ,americans in various parts of the country are recorded4#ad ,it has been debated whether the act of a suicide is1 humanly speaking1 one of courage or cowardice3 we are inclined to the latter opinion1 but the question is immaterial4 ,whatever be its character in that respect1 it is sure to originate in the absence of any belief which affirms a hereafter1 or in that morbid form of idiocy known as spiritualism1 which runs into the other extreme4 ,in either case1 it can only be prevented by moral suasion1 for the civil law is of course utterly powerless in the matter2 yet of all known crimes it is the most seductive1 and even might be called contagious4 ,let us now turn to another class of our people--the adopted citizens1 and consider the peculiarities of their criminal classes4 ,the largest proportion of our immigrant population is from ,ireland1 and1 coming from a misgoverned and plundered land1 many of them1 indeed we think a large majority1 are very poor indeed1 so destitute that they have not means to bring them to the ,west1 or into the rural districts1 and consequently remain in the large cities for life4 ,we have observed that deeds of violence committed by a certain class of ,irish-,americans are disproportionately large1 when compared with the native population or with those of other countries4 ,we regret to be obliged to say so4 ,we yield to none in our respect1 nay affection1 for the children of long-suffering and persecuted ,ireland1 but we would be untrue to ourselves and unjust to the bulk of our fellow-citizens of ,irish birth were we to ignore or deny that but too many of them allow themselves to be led into the commission of acts of violence not unfrequently ending in deadly quarrel4 ,this should not be4 ,as a rule1 an ,irishman is social1 humorous1 and kind1 affectionate in his family relations and disinterested in his friendships4 ,in this country he has all the advantages that religion can afford1 the churches are open to him every day1 he is not restricted in his attendance at divine service on ,sundays1 he has always1 particularly in cities and large towns1 an opportunity of hearing good1 practical1 and instructive sermons and discourses on the duties of life1 at least once a week2 and the strength to resist temptation1 which the sacraments alone can give1 is always within his power to obtain4 ,whence1 then1 originates this ungovernable passion1 this desperate recklessness that resists all control1 and1 disregarding consequences1 rushes madly into sin1 makes man an outlaw among his fellows1 and drags him to the dungeon and the scaffold8 ,we must not attribute it to his defective education1 the result of a jealous and tyrannical system of government in his native country1 though it may have something to do with it2 neither will the fact that many who had golden dreams before they reached our shores failed to realize them1 and so became heedless4 ,poverty and destitution have been pleaded in extenuation1 but they are more a result than a cause2 for no able-bodied man1 if well-conducted1 need be in that sense either poor or destitute in this country1 where labor is ever in demand4 ,no2 the secret1 if it be a secret1 lies in one word--intoxication1 and1 as a consequence1 in the neglect of the religious duties taught and performed in their younger days4 ,intoxication is the demon that creeps into their souls1 fires their heated blood1 plunges his victims into an abyss of crime and transforms man1 the noblest work of the ,creator1 into a ferocious brute4 ,we are aware that instances of forgery1 arson1 swindling1 and premeditated homicide--in fact1 all offences requiring skill and deliberation--are exceedingly rare among our ,irish-born population1 but that is no reason why a few men born and baptized in the church1 as little children taught the great truths of religion in the simple words of the catechism1 and as adults weekly and almost daily within reach of moral instruction and a participation in the benefits of the sacraments1 should by their neglect of religion1 and their insane desire for deleterious stimulants1 disgrace the race from which they have sprung and bring obloquy on the religion they profess to respect1 but never practise4 ,who ever heard of an ,irish adopted citizen1 a teetotaler or even a uniformly temperate man1 committing an atrocious crime or a deliberate breach of the laws of his adopted country8 ,no better illustration can be given of the beneficial effects of temperance on the ,irish character than the following official statistics taken from the ,life of ,father ,mathew4 ,the author says3 ,as a conclusive proof that the diminution of crime in ,ireland was one of the necessary consequences of the spread of temperance among those classes of the community most liable to be tempted to acts of violence or dishonesty1 some few facts from the official records of the time may be quoted here4 ,they are taken from the returns of 'outrages specially reported by the constabulary1' from the year #ahcg to the year #ahda1 both included4 ,the number of homicides1 which was #bdg in #ahch1 was only #aje in #ahda4 ,there were #ia cases of 'firing at the person' in #ahcg and but #ff in #ahda4 ,the 'assaults on police' were #ia in #ahcg and but #eh in #ahda4 ,incendiary fires1 which were as many as #dei in #ahch1 were #cij in #ahda4 ,robberies1 thus specially reported1 diminished wonderfully from #gbe in #ahcg to #beg in #ahda6 ,the offence of 'killing1 cutting1 or maiming cattle' was also seriously lessened2 the cases reported in #ahci being #dcc1 to #bac in #ahda6 ,the decrease in cases of 'robbery of arms' was most significant2 from being #bdf in #ahcg there were but #aaa in #ahda4 ,the offence of 'appearing in arms' showed a favorable diminution1 falling from #aaj in #ahcg to #ff in #ahda4 ,the effect of sobriety on 'faction fights' was equally remarkable4 ,there were #bj of such cases in #ahci and #h in #ahda4 ,the dangerous offence of 'rescuing prisoners1' which was represented by #cd in #ahcg1 had no return in #ahda4 ,without entering further into details1 the following returns of the number committed during a period of seven years1 from #ahci to #ahde1 must bring conviction home to the mind of any rational and dispassionate person that sobriety is good for the individual and the community3 ,total ,year4 ,no4 #ahci #ab1jdi #ahdj #aa1aid #ahda #i1bhg #ahdb #i1hge #ahdc #h1fbj #ahdd #h1jdb #ahde #g1ajg ,the number of sentences of death and transportation evidenced the operation of some powerful and beneficial influence on the public morals4 ,the number of capital sentences in eight years1 from #ahci to #ahdf1 was as follows3 ,no4 of ,year4 ,sentences4 #ahci #ff #ahdj #dc #ahda #dj #ahdb #be #ahdc #af #ahdd #bj #ahde #ac #ahdf #ad ,the sentences to transportation during the same period1 from #ahci to #ahdf1 exhibited the like wonderful result3 ,no4 of ,year4 ,sentences4 #ahci #iaf #ahdj #gea #ahda #fdc #ahdb #ffg #ahdc #dhb #ahdd #ebf #ahde #dbh #ahdf #ejd ,the figures already quoted are most valuable1 as they prove1 beyond the possibility of a doubt1 that national drunkenness is the chief cause of crime1 and that sobriety is1 humanly speaking1 one of the best preservatives of the morals of a people4#ae ,when we recollect that during the years above reported the consumption of ardent spirits had decreased one-half1 though the population had increased by at least a quarter of a million1 the inexorable logic of the figures above quoted becomes irresistible--intemperance is a greater enemy of the ,irish race than even her hereditary foe1 ,england4 ,with the ,germans it is different4 ,they are by no means given to indulgence in violent stimulants1 though they1 too1 are a social people1 fond of enjoyment and of their national beverage1 beer2 yet crime1 and that of a very serious character1 is not unusual among them1 particularly the killing of females4 ,and here again we have the evidence of the terrible havoc which the great rebellion of the ,x,v,ith century against the church and her authority has wrought in the social relations of mankind4 ,germany was the originator1 the centre1 and the main supporter of that revolt on the ,continent of ,europe1 and1 having been violently wrested from the seat of ,catholic unity1 has ever since been groping in the dark1 oscillating between heathenism and transcendentalism1 without stability or any sort of fixed principles4 ,the blight of the ,reformation1 so called1 has eaten into the very marrow of their family relations1 and what would be deemed infamous for women of other countries to do1 is considered among a certain class of this people1 limited1 it is true1 a matter of course4 ,once again1 let us not be misunderstood4 ,in ascribing this species of offence to the ,germans in the ,united ,states1 we do not mean to say that it is general to the whole body2 on the contrary1 we are happy to know that it is confined to a few1 for1 as a whole1 the people from the north of ,europe are perhaps the most law-abiding portion of our citizens4 ,we are well aware that in this city1 and in the ,west and ,south1 there are many learned professors1 devoted priests1 and devout congregations1 all of ,german birth1 as well as many reputable merchants1 mechanics1 and professional men of the same nationality1 who worship ,god according to their hereditary customs2 but we think we do not go too far in saying that the majority of ,german-,americans have practically no religion1 that they never enter a church1 say a prayer1 or perform any of the ordinary duties of a ,christian4 ,some years ago1 the writer was introduced into a ,germania society in a neighboring city which consisted of over three hundred members1 all gentlemen of education and wealth4 ,he subsequently visited it three or four times on various ,sundays1 and always found its spacious suite of rooms crowded4 ,upon enquiring where those persons went to church1 his friend placidly replied3 ,i don't think there is one of us ever goes to church2 you know ,i do not4 ,if such an example is set by the higher classes1 what can we expect from those in the lower scale of social life8 ,we often have had occasion to admire the way in which the ,germans enjoy themselves on week-days and ,sundays2 the order and good-fellowship which prevail at their gatherings1 their songs and instrumental music1 and the fact that they always bring with them their wives and children to partake of their enjoyment4 ,but our satisfaction at seeing them go to the rural retreats on a ,sunday morning1 and return peaceably in the evening after a long day of rational pleasure1 has been considerably lessened by the knowledge that no portion of the day1 set apart as a day of prayer as well as of rest1 has been devoted by those pleasure-seekers to the service of the great ,giver of all blessings1 of happiness here and hereafter4 ,such practical defiance of ,god's law1 such ingratitude towards our common ,father1 such complete disregard of the simplest requirements of religion1 must necessarily blunt the moral sense1 more especially as it affects and weakens the sanctified tie that binds husband and wife4 ,it is therefore with more sorrow than surprise that we read of so many cases among our ,german fellow-citizens of men and women living with other persons' wives and husbands4 ,such conditions are unlawful and short-lived1 the fruitful source of anger1 jealousy1 and discontent1 and not unusually culminate in ill-treatment1 blows1 and even death4 ,while we also ascribe the crime of the destruction of offspring to the ,germans1 we do not mean to say that it is practised to any extent among them1 but that the foul crime is perpetrated in this and other large cities almost exclusively by ,german quack doctors1 male and female2 their victims being generally from other nationalities4 ,for this the ,german people are not so much to blame as our own press1 which publishes the advertisements of those miscreants and scatters them broadcast on the world for a paltry consideration2 and our state legislatures1 which have neglected until lately to enact proper laws2 and our prosecuting attorneys1 who have failed to enforce such enactments as we have on our statute-books against this class of rank murderers4 ,offences against property are almost exclusively in the hands of our ,english criminals1 if we except the horse-stealing of the ,southwest4 ,our most expert pickpockets1 our most dexterous sneak-thieves1 daring highwaymen1 and scientific burglars come from ,london1 many of whom have served her ,majesty for a term of years in her penal colonies1 and are so well known to the detectives of the ,british metropolis that they have sought new fields of enterprise in this country4 ,they have been preceded or accompanied by prize-fighters1 gamblers1 and keepers of low dens called concert-saloons4 ,the former they make the partners in their labors and gains1 and in the latter hot-beds of infamy they find shelter and concealment4 ,it may be said that this class of crimes is far less reprehensible than those above enumerated1 and so they would be were it not that highway robbery and burglary sometimes terminate in the taking of human life4 ,still1 it must be said in justice that we hear of very few cases of wilful homicide being perpetrated by the ,english among us1 though1 like the ,french1 suicide is not unknown to them1 but arises from different causes4 ,the ,briton shuffles off this mortal coil through moroseness and despondency2 the ,gaul gaily prepares to smother himself with carbonic acid gas from a morbid sentimentality1 and a contempt for the precious gift of life which he is about to throw away4 ,now1 if all these offences were simply infractions of the municipal law1 we would naturally look to our legislatures1 our courts1 juries1 and sheriffs for their prevention or punishment1 but they are not only that1 but breaches of the divine law1 and we must depend likewise on the efficacy of moral suasion to prevent if not to correct them4 ,public opinion can do much to repress crime1 the legislative1 administrative1 and judicial branches of our various local governments1 each in its sphere1 might effect far more good2 but it is on the teachings of true ,christianity alone1 and all the consequences that flow from it1 that we must rely if we wish to stem the tide of misery1 vice1 and outrage which are fast surging over every portion of our fair land4 ,the strong arm of the civil power is potent to punish when the crime has been committed1 but weak indeed to prevent its perpetration4 ,this higher and nobler duty is reserved for religion1 and for religion alone4 ,it is well enough to make concise and exact punitive laws1 though this is not always done2 and to administer them fearlessly1 honestly1 and intelligently1 though the reverse is generally the case2 still1 experience has taught us that wise enactments and impartial judges have very little power to stay the promptings of bad hearts or repress the temptations ever presenting themselves to men of vicious habits or defective moral training4 ,the church1 and only the church1 can rule the mind and heart of man1 can train him from his infancy1 before he knows or is responsible to any civil law1 can strengthen him with the graces of the sacraments1 arm him with the most potent of all weapons against sin--prayer--place constantly before his eyes the certainty of everlasting bliss or eternal damnation1 keep him in the narrow path1 and thus prevent the possibility of his being an enemy to society and an outcast of heaven4 ,next to the church comes the school4 ,the importance of education to the well-being of society can never be overstated4 ,it may be well said that it is in the school-room the seeds of vice or virtue are first sown1 it is there that the future benefactor or the enemy of his kind commences his career in life1 and it is upon the proper or vicious method of teaching which he receives as a boy depends mainly his future course in the world4 ,no wonder1 then1 that the ,catholic ,church is so desirous of superintending the training of those little ones who by the sacrament of baptism have been made children of ,god and heirs to the kingdom of heaven2 that the zealous parish priest should mourn over the loss of hundreds of the youth of his congregation1 who1 taught in ,protestant or infidel schools1 have fallen away from the faith to plunge into sin and vice4 ,is he to be blamed if he exhausts every resource and strains every nerve to establish for his people a school where their offspring will be guarded from worldly contamination1 and trained in all the beautiful morality of ,catholic doctrine8 ,few seem to understand the comprehensive meaning of the word education4 ,the mere acquisition of worldly knowledge is not education1 the development of the highest intellectual powers is not education1 but only a part1 and a secondary part at that1 of a complete education2 for without inculcating morality1 justice1 a high sense of honor1 a noble disregard for self1 and a sympathy for the suffering and unfortunate1 you curse man with a disposition that is its own ,nemesis1 with unlawful desires that make the food they feed on1 and simply enlarge his capacity for doing evil4 ,that this is the result of our present common-school system cannot well be gainsaid in view of the general spirit of peculation and corruption which prevails in those very portions of the country where such schools are most numerous and best attended and supported4 ,and this view is not ours alone4 ,already we find the secular press1 hitherto the strongest opponents of denominational education1 clamoring for a reform in our method of public instruction4 ,we must have1 says a leading daily paper of this city1 a higher system of morals taught in our public schools2 though the writer does not condescend to say how morals can be taught without religion1 or who are to be the teachers4 ,is it the fagged-out teacher who tries to earn his salary by the least possible labor1 and who perhaps1 in this respect1 is as deficient as the children themselves2 or is it the trained priest or the lowly ,christian ,brother1 who has devoted himself heart and soul to the service of ,god and of his creatures1 and whose reward is not of this world8 ,our common schools1 with some modifications1 are decidedly a ,new ,england invention1 but none the worse for that1 for the early settlers of that much-abused region1 whatever may have been their other faults1 were neither an irreligious nor an immoral people4 ,on the contrary they were deeply imbued with a sense of the dignity of religion and a reverence for its ministers1 according to their limited and erroneous but honestly entertained ideas2 and being all of one way of thinking1 they established schools1 at the public expense it is true1 but they took care that their peculiar theological notions should go hand-in-hand with secular teaching4 ,the minister1 the elder1 or the deacon generally united with his clerical office that of schoolmaster1 and the morals as well as the intellectual qualities of the pupils were sedulously developed and cultivated4 ,now all this is changed4 ,the foundation upon which the public-school system was built has crumbled into dust1 and the superstructure cannot and ought not to stand longer4 ,our country is now composed of many nationalities1 believing in various creeds1 and the task of educating the rising generation should be remitted to each denomination to take care of and instruct its own members4 ,if we want to inculcate true lessons of morality and integrity1 to stop bribery1 forgery1 perjury1 dishonesty1 infanticide1 and homicide1 we must change our system of education1 or it is possible that society1 laboring under so heavy a burden of sin and dishonor1 will in the near future be crushed to pieces4 ,but for the adult immigrants who have never felt the baleful influence of our public schools1 what is the remedy8 ,for the ,germans we would say1 a more general attendance at divine service4 ,they are pre-eminently an organizing people3 why do not those good ,german ,catholics who are so constant in their devotions establish more societies1 with a view to induce their erring compatriots to give up at least a portion of that time now wholly devoted to pleasure to the worship of ,god8 ,this would be a work of great charity1 and if earnestly undertaken would doubtless be successful4 ,the panacea that lies before our ,irish fellow-citizens is temperance--that observed1 we venture to say that they will be found among the most moral and orderly portion of our population4 ,in this connection we are glad to observe the untiring energy exhibited by prominent laymen to organize and unite temperance societies1 and the encouragement given them by priests and bishops4 ,our ,irish friends must not forget that not only the honor of their native land and the prosperity of their children in that of their adoption depend on their good conduct and sobriety1 but that1 to a great extent1 the ,catholic ,church in ,america is contemned or revered in proportion as they act against or in harmony with her doctrine and discipline4 ,if woe be denounced against whosoever gives scandal1 a blessing is also promised to those who1 by their actions1 glorify the name of ,god4 ,,footnotes3 #ad ,new ,york ,times1 ,may #ac1 #ahgc4 #ae ,father ,mathew3 ,a ,biography4 ,by ,john ,francis ,maguire1 ,m4,p4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 #ahga4 ,,the ,,trouvere4#af ,,by ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,i make not songs1 but only find3-- ,love1 following still the circling sun1 ,his carols casts on every wind1 ,and other singer is there none6 ,i follow ,love1 though far he flies2 ,i sing his song1 at random found ,like plume some bird of ,paradise ,drops1 passing1 on our dusky bound4 ,in some1 methinks1 at times there glows ,the passion of a heavenlier sphere3 ,these1 too1 ,i sing3--but sweetest those ,i dare not sing1 and faintly hear4 ,,footnotes3 #af ,the ,greeks called the poet the ,maker4 ,in the middle ages1 some of the best poets took a more modest title--that of the ,finder4 ,,madame ,,agnes4 ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,,charles ,,dubois4 ,,chapter ,,xxiv4 ,,louis ,,is ,,dismissed4 ,such1 then1 was the state of affairs when ,louis1 after an absence of ten days1 returned to his usual occupation4 ,the evening was somewhat advanced when he arrived4 ,mr4 ,smithson1 who was not in the habit of doing anything hastily1 thought it better to defer the interview till the following day4 ,the order to the porter was therefore countermanded1 and a servant sent to inform ,louis that ,mr4 ,smithson wished to see him the next morning4 ,louis was quite startled at receiving so unexpected a summons4 ,what has happened8 he said to himself4 ,can ,mr4 ,smithson be displeased at my long absence8444 ,has he heard of ,adams' intended conversion8444 ,perhaps ,albert has obtained my dismissal4 ,there was nothing cheering whichever way he turned4 ,he therefore passed a restless night4 ,fortunately1 he had a support that was once wanting3 he trusted in ,god1 and could pray4 ,prayer does not remove our fears1 but it calms them4 ,besides1 whatever misfortune threatens the ,christian1 he feels it will never befall him unless it is the will of ,god4 ,however rude the blow1 it is even changed into a blessing to him that turns with confidence to the ,hand that chastens4 ,god is ever merciful1 especially toward those who truly hope in him4 ,eugnie1 better informed than ,louis as to what had taken place1 but less pious1 was at that very hour tormented by a thousand apprehensions really justified by the circumstances4 ,she saw the storm approaching1 and was sure it would overwhelm the one she loved4 ,but what could she do8 ,she had already got into trouble by undertaking his defence4 ,she could only await in silence the result which was at hand4 ,then1 perhaps1 she could decide on something1 or wait still longer before deciding4 ,thwarted affection more than any other sentiment in the world relies on the help of time4 ,the next morning1 ,louis went to ,mr4 ,smithson's office at the appointed hour4 ,they had not had a special interview for a long time4 ,louis appeared as he usually did at that period--easy in his manners1 but cold and taciturn4 ,mr4 ,smithson1 on his side1 had recovered his usual calmness4 ,he ceremoniously offered the engineer a chair1 and thus began the conversation3 ,monsieur1 ,i have thought it proper to have an immediate explanation with you4 ,your long absence has been unfortunate on many accounts4 ,moreover1 a fact has recently come to my knowledge1 or rather1 a series of facts which have occurred in my manufactory1 by no means agreeable to me4 ,i acknowledge1 sir1 replied ,louis1 that my absence was long--much longer than ,i could have wished4 ,but you would regard the motives that kept me away from the mill as a sufficient excuse1 if you knew them4 ,i am already aware of them1 monsieur1 and admit that they were reasonable4 ,but as you had a sufficient excuse for absenting yourself1 you did wrong not to communicate it before leaving4 ,it would have been better to do so1 ,i acknowledge2 but ,i was sent for in haste1 and obliged to leave without any other notice than a note4 ,i have since been so absorbed in care as to hinder me from thinking of anything else4 ,very well1 monsieur1 we will say no more about that4 ,there remains the other occurrence that has vexed me4 ,you have excited religious doubts in the mind of a poor fellow of my own belief who is young and inexperienced--considerations that should have checked your propensity to make proselytes4 ,excuse me1 sir1 if ,i beg leave to correct an inexactness--quite involuntary1 ,i am sure1 but a serious one--in the expressions you have just made use of4 ,i made no effort to induce this man to abandon his religion4 ,he first came to me1 and said4444 ,what he said was prompted by certain things in your evening instructions4 ,you dwell on the necessity of the ,catholic faith2 you infuse doubts in the minds of the workmen who do not partake of your convictions4 ,i have never directly attacked any religion4 ,your indirect attacks are more dangerous4 ,what could ,i do8 ,your course was all marked out beforehand4 ,employed in an establishment the head of which belongs to a different faith from yours2 exercising an influence perhaps beneficial to the workmen by means of your evening-school1 your library1 and your visits to their houses1 but exercising this influence in my name and under my auspices1 you ought not to have allowed yourself to wander off to religious subjects4 ,excuse me1 sir1 ,i did not and could not4 ,have the goodness to listen to my reasons4 ,morality without religion is1 in my opinion1 merely ,utopian4 ,that the ,anglican religion sanctions morality ,i do not deny4 ,nor can you deny that it is supported in a most wonderful manner by the ,catholic ,church--indeed1 my conscience obliges me to say the faith is its most efficient support4 ,in talking to the workmen1 who are nearly all ,catholics1 ,i give them moral instructions in the name of the belief they practise1 or ought to practise4 ,that was a grave error1 as it soon proved4 ,in consequence of your imprudent course1 a weak-minded man was led to the point of changing his religion4 ,as ,i am of the same faith1 this was an insult to me4 ,such a thing could not occur in my establishment without my consent1 and it was inadmissible4 ,if ,adams had persisted1 ,i should have discharged him4 ,toleration has its limits4 ,ah6 he has not persisted8 ,no2 his fears were imaginary1 and only needed calming4 ,i have used no other means of leading him back but persuasion4 ,friendly reasoning brought him back to the point where he was a month ago4 ,nevertheless1 ,i do not wish a similar occurrence to take place4 ,we must decide on the course you have got to pursue4 ,my wishes may be summed up thus3 either you must give up attempting to exercise any influence over my workmen1 apart from your official duties1 or you must bind yourself by a promise never to touch on religious subjects before them1 either in public or in private4 ,does this prohibition apply equally to the ,catholic workmen and those of other religions8 ,to all indiscriminately4 ,i must say to you1 with my habitual frankness1 that you manifest a zeal for proselyting that displeases me and excites my fears4 ,what fears1 monsieur8 ,i fear that1 knowingly or unknowingly1 you are the agent of the priests4 ,they always seek1 ,i know1 to insinuate themselves everywhere1 and to rule everywhere4 ,i will not tolerate it on my premises4 ,you have a wrong idea of the ,catholic priesthood1 monsieur4 ,the love of power imputed to the clergy it would be difficult to prove4 ,i am not their agent1 for the reason that they have no agents4 ,if ,i desire to do some good to those around me1 this wish is inspired by the ,gospel1 which teaches us in many places to do all the good we can4 ,now1 to bestow money or food on the poor1 to instruct the ignorant in human knowledge merely1 is but little4 ,we should1 above all1 give spiritual alms4 ,the alms their souls need is the truth4444 ,for me1 the truth is ,catholicism4 ,i suppose1 then1 monsieur1 with such sentiments1 you cannot accept the conditions ,i propose8 ,no1 monsieur1 ,i cannot4 ,doing good in the way you wish would have but little attraction for me4 ,i had the serious misfortune to live for many years as if ,i had no belief4 ,now ,i have returned1 heart and soul1 to the faith1 ,i wish to make myself truly useful to others1 and to repair1 if possible1 the time ,i have lost4 ,i wish1 therefore1 to take the stand of a ,catholic1 and not of a philanthropist--to be useful1 not to appear so4 ,monsieur1 ,i have always had a high respect for people of frankness and decided convictions1 and they entitle you to my esteem2 but1 your convictions being opposed to mine1 we cannot live together4 ,i regret it1 sir1 but ,i am of your opinion4 ,i assure you1 monsieur1 that my regret is not less than yours4 ,but though forced to separate for grave reasons1 there need be no precipitation about it4 ,just as you please1 monsieur4 ,well1 you can fix the day of your departure yourself4 ,mr4 ,smithson and ,louis then separated4 ,mme4 ,smithson had succeeded6 ,a quarter of an hour later1 she imparted the agreeable news to ,albert4 ,we are rid of him6 said ,albert4 ,well1 for lack of anything better1 ,i will content myself with this semi-victory4 ,i shall never forget1 aunt1 the service you have done me on this occasion4 ,i have no hope now of marrying ,eugnie1 but ,i am sure the other will never get her1 and that is a good deal6 ,you give up the struggle too readily1 said ,mme4 ,smithson1 in a self-sufficient and sarcastic tone4 ,i am more hopeful about the future than you4 ,eugnie was likewise informed that very morning of all that had taken place4 ,her mother took care to do that4 ,the news1 though anticipated1 agitated her so that she came near betraying her feelings4 ,but she saw in an instant the danger to which she was exposing herself4 ,making an energetic effort to recover herself1 she laughed as she said3 ,my cousin ought to be quite satisfied4 ,poor fellow6 if he undertakes to rout all he looks upon as rivals1 he is not at the end of his troubles4 ,there are a great many men ,i prefer to him6 ,while this was taking place at ,mr4 ,smithson's1 ,louis was so distressed that he shut himself up in his chamber to recover his calmness4 ,he came to see me that very evening1 and related all that had occurred4 ,i cannot blame ,mr4 ,smithson1 he said4 ,every means has evidently been used to prejudice him against me4 ,there is some base scheme at the bottom of all this4 ,i have quietly obtained information which has convinced me of ,adams' hypocrisy4 ,he never intended to change his religion4 ,his only aim was to get me into inextricable difficulty4 ,he has succeeded4 ,it remains to be discovered who prompted him to do all this4444 ,i have tried in vain to get rid of a suspicion that may be wrong1 for ,i have no proofs2 but it is continually recurring to me4 ,and to me also4 ,yes1 ,i believe ,albert is at the bottom of it all4 ,well1 that is my idea4 ,but what can ,i do8 ,unmask him8 ,that is1 so to speak1 impossible4 ,even suppose ,i succeeded1 it would not destroy the fact that ,mr4 ,smithson regards me with distrust1 and has people around him who depict me in odious colors4 ,and in the end1 how could ,i confess my love for his daughter8 ,i have lost my property through my own fault4 ,i am not sure that ,mlle4 ,eugnie loves me4 ,even if she cherished a profound affection for me1 ,i have reason to believe her parents would regard it with disapprobation4 ,whichever way ,i look at things1 ,i cannot hide from myself that my hopes are blasted6444 ,it is the will of ,god3 ,i submit2 but the blow is terrible4 ,poor friend6 you remained too long with me4 ,it was your prolonged absence that has endangered everything4 ,allow me1 by way of consoling myself for my regret1 to give you my advice4 ,i feel as if it were ,victor himself who inspires me3 he loved you so much6444 ,remain at ,mr4 ,smithson's some days longer4 ,instead of manifesting any coolness towards him1 appear as you used to4 ,everything is not lost as long as you retain his esteem4 ,if you meet with ,mlle4 ,eugnie1 do not avoid her4 ,the time has come when she ought to know you as you are4 ,yes1 we have at last arrived at the decisive hour which ,victor spoke of the night before he died4 ,mlle4 ,eugnie must now be enabled to appreciate you as you deserve4 ,she must pity you4444 ,she must love you6 ,if this is not the case1 however sad it will be to give up an illusion without which it seems impossible to be happy1 renounce it1 and acknowledge without shrinking3 ',she does not love me2 she never will love me2 she is not the wife ,god destines me4' ,but do not act hastily4 ,believe me1 if she is intended for you1 whatever has been done1 nothing is lost4 ,but it is my opinion she is intended for you4 ,these words did ,louis good4 ,i hope you are not deceived1 said he1 and this very hope revives me4 ,i will try to believe you are right4 ,we will do nothing hastily1 therefore4 ,but do you not think ,i could now venture to disclose my sentiments to ,mlle4 ,eugnie1 if ,i have a favorable opportunity1 and see it will give no offence8 ,one consideration alone restrains me--,i fear being suspected of seeking her hand from interested motives4 ,the time for such suspicions is past4 ,if ,eugnie still cherishes them1 it will lower her in my estimation4 ,she is twenty-two years of age4 ,she has a good deal of heart and an elevated mind1 and is capable of deciding her own destiny4 ,i therefore approve of your plan4 ,if she loves you1 she will have the courage to avow it to her parents4 ,if she does not love you1 she has sufficient courage to make it evident to you4 ,how ,i wish the question already decided6 ,no youthful impulsiveness6 ,you need more than ever to be extremely cautious while feeling your way4 ,your situation is one of great delicacy4 ,act1 but with deliberation4 ,such was pretty nearly the advice ,i gave ,louis1 often stopping to give vent to my grief1 which was as profound as ever4 ,he left me quite comforted4 ,though he did not say so1 for fear of being deceived1 he thought ,eugnie loved him1 and believed1 with her on his side1 he should triumph over every obstacle4 ,when a person is in love1 he clings to hope in spite of himself1 even when all is evidently lost4 ,,chapter ,,xxv4 ,,all ,,is ,,lost6-,,the ,,prospect ,,brightens4 ,louis spent several evenings in succession with me4 ,he briefly related how the day had passed1 and afterwards took up the different events1 and enlarged upon them4 ,he often found enough to talk about for hours upon the sometimes ungrateful theme4 ,i can still see him sitting opposite my mother and myself in the arbor in the little garden behind our house4 ,everything was calm and delightful around us in those beautiful autumn evenings4 ,louis alone was troubled4 ,in vain we tried to restore peace to his soul3 it was gone6 ,i never comprehended so thoroughly all the power of love as then4 ,the profound sadness in which ,i was at that time overwhelmed rendered me inaccessible to such passionate outbreaks--such fits of elevation and depression as ,louis was then subject to4 ,i gazed at him with a cool1 dispassionate eye1 but with the affectionate compassion with which we regard a friend who is trying to make himself unhappy4 ,i was astonished2 sometimes ,i was even--yes1 ,i acknowledge it--irritated to see how utterly he gave himself up to the passion he had allowed to develop so rapidly in his heart4 ,doubtless my poor friend remained resigned to the will of ,god1 but not so completely as he thought4 ,it is true1 even when his mind was apparently the most agitated1 we felt that piety was the overruling principle2 but then1 what a struggle there was between the divine ,spirit1 which always seeks to infuse calmness1 and the gusts of passion that so easily result in a tempest6 ,ah6 ,i loved my husband too sincerely1 and ,i recall other loves too pure1 to dare assert that love is wrong4 ,but believe me1 my young friend1 ,i do not exaggerate in adding that1 if love is not always censurable1 it is in danger of being so4 ,we are told on every hand that love ennobles the heart and tends to elevate the mind2 that it is the mainspring of great enterprises1 and destructive of egotism4 ,yes1 sometimes2 444 but for love to effect such things1 what watchfulness must not a person exercise over himself6 ,how much he must distrust his weakness6 ,what incessant recourse he must have to ,god6 ,without this1 the love that might ennoble is only debasing1 and to such a degree as to lead unawares1 so to speak1 to the commission of acts unworthy1 not only of a ,christian1 but a man4 ,allow me1 my friend1 continued ,madame ,agnes1 to make use of a comparison1 common enough1 but which expresses my idea better than any other4 ,love is like generous wine4 ,it must be used with sobriety and caution4 ,taken to excess1 it goes to the head1 and makes a fool of the wisest4 ,you are young4 ,you have never loved4 ,beware of the intoxication to which ,i allude6 ,if you ever do love1 watch over yourself2 pray with fervor that ,god will give you the grace of self-control4 ,the moment love becomes a passion--an overruling passion--ah6 how its victim is to be pitied6 ,when reason and conscience require it1 you can--,i mean with the divine assistance--banish love from the heart where it reigns2 but believe me1 it will leave you as an enemy leaves the country it has invaded--with fearful destruction behind4 ,and first of all1 it destroys one's peace of mind4 ,the soul in which passion has reigned continues to bear marks of its ravages a long time after its extinction6444 ,louis had arrived at this deplorable state2 he had not full control over his heart2 his happiness depended on the success of his love4 ,eugnie's image beset him everywhere4 ,the word is hard1 ,i confess1 but it is true4 ,he attached undue importance to whatever had the least bearing on this predominant thought4 ,one day1 he announced he had seen ,albert walking with a melancholy air4 ,he was sad1 then4 ,but why should he be sad unless his cousin had treated him coldly8 ,and ,louis hastily added by way of conclusion3 ,mlle4 ,eugnie knows all ,i have to annoy me2 she follows me in thought1 she participates in my sorrows1 she repays me for them4444 ,another day he had really seen her4 ,she passed by his window1 lovelier than ever1 but more thoughtful4 ,she was doubtless as anxious as he to be freed from the suspense in which they both were4 ,at last he came with important news4 ,he had had the unhoped-for happiness of meeting ,eugnie4 ,she was advancing towards him1 blushing with embarrassment1 and was the first to greet him1 with an expression so friendly as to leave no doubt of her sentiments4 ,he returned her salutation1 but was so overpowered with emotion that he could scarcely speak4 ,after some words of no importance1 he said3 ,i am going to leave you1 mademoiselle4 ,eugnie replied that she should regret to see him go4 ,then1 as if to intimate he had enemies in the house1 she added3 ,more than one--,i wish ,i could say all--will be as afflicted as ,i at your departure4 ,i refer to those you have benefited1 and to whom you might continue to do good4 ,yes1 said ,louis1 it is hard to have to leave my work incomplete4 ,however limited it is1 my soul is in it4 ,but ,i must not make myself out a better ,christian than ,i am4 ,it is not my work ,i shall leave with the most regret4444 ,he dared not complete the expression of his thought4 ,eugnie1 generally so self-restrained1 was visibly affected and intimidated4 ,she was about to reply1 when ,mme4 ,smithson suddenly made her appearance4 ,it looked as if she kept watch over her daughter4 ,when she saw her talking with ,louis1 she could not conceal her annoyance4 ,saluting him in a freezing1 insolent manner1 she said3 ,eugnie1 what are you doing here8 ,your cousin is hunting everywhere for you to go to town with him6 ,there is no hurry1 replied ,eugnie1 resuming her habitual coolness and dignity4 ,she went away1 taking leave of ,louis with a visible air of decided sympathy4 ,this brief interview was sufficient to render ,louis' hopes legitimate4 ,i agreed with him that ,eugnie would have behaved very differently if she regarded him with antipathy1 or even with indifference4 ,there is no doubt she knows all that has taken place1 said ,i to my friend4 ,if there is any plot against you1 she cannot fail to be aware of it1 or1 at least1 suspect it4 ,under such circumstances1 the very fact of her showing you unmistakable sympathy is a sufficient proof that she loves you4 ,at this time1 an occurrence took place that had an unfortunate effect on me1 and created new difficulties in ,louis' path4 ,it was then in the latter part of the month of ,september4 ,the summer had been rainy and unpleasant4 ,the rains increased in ,september1 and soon caused an alarming rise in all the rivers4 ,i was then at the end of my stay in the little village of ,st4 ,m----1 where ,i lived unknown to the ,smithsons4 ,faithful to my request1 ,louis had told no one of my temporary residence in the vicinity4 ,excuse me for giving you here some topographical details1 perhaps somewhat difficult to comprehend1 but necessary for you to know in order to understand what follows4 ,st4 ,m---- is situated in a charming valley4 ,in ordinary weather1 the current of the ,loire is below the level of the valley through which it winds with a majestic sweep4 ,when a rise occurs1 the plain would at once be inundated were it not protected by a dike which the water cannot cross4 ,this dike did not extend to ,mr4 ,smithson's manufactory1 though but a short distance from ,st4 ,m----4 ,when1 therefore1 the river got very high1 the mill ran the risk of being inundated4 ,the dwelling-house alone was out of danger1 being on an eminence beyond the reach of the waters of the ,loire1 even when it joined1 swelled by the junction1 the small stream that drove ,mr4 ,smithson's machinery4 ,having given you some idea of that region1 ,i will now resume my story4 ,one evening1 then1 towards the end of my stay at ,st4 ,m----1 ,louis told me the ,loire was rising fast4 ,he assured me1 however1 before leaving1 that there was no danger4 ,no matter how strong or high the current1 he said1 the dike secures you from all danger4 ,it is as firm as a rock4 ,my friend was mistaken4 ,the bank had certain weak places which the water had undermined without any one's being aware of it4 ,towards eleven o'clock1 there was a tremendous noise in every direction4 ,people were screaming and rushing around the house3 the dike had given way6 ,the water had reached the ground floor4 ,my mother1 my sister1 and myself were lodged on the first story4 ,the proprietor1 beside himself1 and frightened enough to alarm every one else1 came up to tell us we must make haste to escape2 his house was not solid2 we were in danger of being carried away4 ,the water is only rising slowly1 he said4 ,by wading two or three hundred yards1 we can reach the causeway4 ,there we shall be safe2 for the ground is firm1 and the causeway extends to ,st4 ,denis4 ,the inundation cannot reach that place1 for it is built on a height4 ,i did not lose my presence of mind in the midst of the alarm4 ,victor's death had destroyed all attachment to life4 ,if my mother and sister had not been in danger as well as myself1 ,i should have remained where ,i was1 trusting in ,god1 not believing ,i was under any moral obligation to escape from a house which might withstand more than was supposed2 as it did1 in fact4 ,but my mother and sister lost all reason1 so to speak4 ,wild with terror1 they fled1 and ,i followed them4 ,when we got down to the ground floor1 we found the water had risen to the height of about six inches4 ,there was a mournful sound in every direction which made us tremble4 ,we sprang towards the causeway4 ,i was at that time in delicate health4 ,i had been suddenly roused from sleep4 ,the distance ,i had to wade through the cold water had a fearful effect on me4 ,when we reached the causeway1 they had to carry me to ,st4 ,denis3 ,i was incapable of walking4 ,while we were thus flying from danger1 ,louis committed a series of generous but imprudent acts which became a source of fresh difficulties to him4 ,he was sitting alone in his chamber1 when1 about half-past ten1 he heard a dull crash like a discharge of artillery at a distance4 ,he hastily ran down into the court1 entered the porter's lodge1 and inquired where the noise came from that had alarmed him4 ,i do not know1 monsieur1 replied the man1 but ,i have an idea that the leve has given way4 ,at a great inundation twenty years ago1 the ,loire made a large hole in the dike1 which caused a similar noise4 ,i know something about it1 for ,i was then living near4444 ,this was enough to alarm ,louis1 and just then a man passed with a torch in his hand1 crying breathlessly3 ,the dike has given way at ,st4 ,m----6 ,help6 ,quick6 ,the village will be inundated6 ,these words redoubled ,louis' terror4 ,st4 ,m---- would be inundated2 perhaps it was already4444 ,i was there ill1 and knew no one6 ,is there any danger of the water's reaching us8 asked ,louis of the porter4 ,the mill8 ,yes1 444 but not ,mr4 ,smithson's3 that is impossible4 ,the house stands twenty feet above the river4 ,eugnie and her parents1 then1 had nothing to fear4 ,i alone was in danger--in so great a danger that there was not a moment to be lost4 ,go and tell ,mr4 ,smithson all that has happened1 said ,louis4 ,i am going away4 ,i am obliged to4 ,i shall be back in half an hour1 or as soon as ,i can4 ,of all the sacrifices ,louis ever made1 this was the most heroic4 ,in fact1 had he remained at his post1 he might have saved the machinery1 that was quite a loss to ,mr4 ,smithson4 ,instead of that1 he hurried off without any thought of the construction his enemies might put on his departure4 ,to complete the unfortunate complication1 ,mr4 ,smithson had an attack of the gout that very day4 ,when ,i afterwards alluded to his imprudence in thus risking his dearest interests1 as well as life itself1 ,louis replied3 ,i knew ,eugnie had nothing to fear2 whereas1 you were in danger4 ,i had promised ,victor on his death-bed to watch over you as he would himself4 ,it was my duty to do as ,i did4 ,if it were to do over again1 ,i should do the same4 ,did ,victor hesitate when he sprang into the water to save me8 ,and he did not know who ,i was4 ,the house ,i had just left was about half a league from the mill4 ,the water was beginning to reach the highway1 though slowly4 ,louis kept on1 regardless of all danger1 and arrived at our house in feverish anxiety4 ,i had been gone about fifteen minutes1 and the water was much higher than when we left4 ,louis learned from a man who remained in a neighboring house that ,i was safe3 we had all escaped by the causeway before there was any danger4 ,he added that ,i must be at ,st4 ,denis by that time4 ,louis1 reassured as to my fate1 succeeded in reaching another road1 more elevated1 but not so direct to the mill4 ,this road passed just above the ,vinceneau house4 ,when ,louis arrived opposite the house1 he saw the water had reached it4 ,he heard screams mingled with oaths that came from the father1 angry with his wife and daughter4 ,having returned home a few moments before1 the drunken man was resisting the efforts of both women to induce him to escape4 ,louis appeared as if sent by ,providence4 ,he at once comprehended the state of affairs4 ,his look overawed the drunken man1 who left the house4 ,they all four proceeded toward the mill4 ,there was no nearer place of refuge4 ,the first people they saw at their arrival were ,durand1 ,albert1 and some workmen4 ,an insolent smile passed over ,albert's face4 ,he evidently suspected ,louis of having abandoned everything for the purpose of saving ,madeleine ,vinceneau4 ,but he did not dare say anything4 ,louis intimidated him much more than he could have wished4 ,he resolved1 however1 to make a good use of what he had seen4 ,louis at once felt how unfortunate this combination of circumstances was1 but the imminent danger they were in forced him to exertion4 ,it was feared the walls of the manufactory might give way under the action of the water1 if it got much higher1 and it was gradually rising4 ,louis set to work without any delay4 ,the workmen1 who had hastened from every part of the neighborhood to take refuge at ,mr4 ,smithson's1 began under his direction to remove the machinery that was still accessible4 ,they afterwards propped up the walls1 and1 when these various arrangements were completed1 ,louis1 who had taken charge of everything1 occupied himself in providing temporary lodgings for the people driven out by the inundation4 ,mme4 ,smithson and her daughter had come down to render assistance4 ,the refugees were lodged in various buildings on a level with the house4 ,louis would have given everything he possessed for the opportunity of exchanging a few words with ,eugnie at once1 in order to forestall the odious suspicions ,albert would be sure to excite in her mind4 ,but he was obliged to relinquish the hope4 ,mme4 ,smithson and ,albert followed her like a shadow4 ,louis could not approach her without finding one or the other at her side4 ,overcome by so fatiguing a night1 he went towards morning to take a little repose4 ,he felt sure fresh mortifications awaited him in consequence of what had just taken place1 and he was right4 ,when he awoke after a few hours' sleep1 his first care was to go and see ,mr4 ,smithson4 ,he related what he had done1 without concealing the fact of his abandoning the mill to go to my assistance4 ,mr4 ,smithson was suffering severely from the gout4 ,he was impatient at such a time to be on his feet1 and was chafing with vexation4 ,i cannot blame you1 monsieur1 he said4 ,the life of a friend is of more consequence than anything else4 ,whatever be the material loss ,i may have to endure at this time in consequence of your absence1 ,i forbear complaining4 ,but it was unfortunate things should happen so4 ,if ,i had only been able to move6444 ,but no4444 ,you will acknowledge1 monsieur1 that ,i am the victim of misfortune4444 ,did you succeed1 after all1 in saving the person whose fate interested you more than anything else8444 ,she had made her escape before my arrival4 ,i hurried back1 but1 on the way1 a new incident occurred4 ,an unfortunate family was on the point of perishing4 ,i brought them with me1 as there was no nearer asylum4 ,are these people employed at the mill8 ,the woman works here2 her husband elsewhere4 ,what is their name8 ,vinceneau4 ,i think ,i have heard of them4 ,the father is a drunkard2 the mother is an indolent woman4 ,you may have learned these facts from ,mlle4 ,eugnie1 who takes an interest in the family1 ,i believe4 ,i recommended them to her4 ,was that proper8444 ,i have every reason to think otherwise4444 ,but it is done4 ,we will say no more about it4 ,and since ,i am so inopportunely confined to my bed1 ,i must beg you to continue to take charge in my place1 watch over the safety of the inundated buildings1 provide for the wants of the people who have taken refuge here1 and1 above all1 have everything done in order4 ,louis was uneasy and far from being satisfied4 ,there was a certain stiffness and ill-humor in ,mr4 ,smithson's manner that made him think ,albert had reported his return to the mill with the ,vinceneau family4 ,he attempted an explanation on this delicate subject4 ,mon ,dieu6 you seem very anxious about such a trifling affair1 said ,mr4 ,smithson4 ,it appears to me there is something of much more importance to be thought of now4444 ,it is high time to try to remedy the harm done last night4444 ,louis felt that1 willing or not1 he must await a more propitious time4 ,he went away more depressed than ever4 ,the whole country around was inundated4 ,i was obliged to send a boat for news concerning my young friend1 and give him information about myself4 ,the unfortunate people who had taken refuge at ,mr4 ,smithson's were at once housed and made as comfortable as possible4 ,it happened that ,durand and some others were put in the same building with the ,vinceneau family4 ,nothing occurred the first day worth relating4 ,louis watched in vain for an opportunity of seeing and speaking to ,eugnie4 ,he only saw her at a distance4 ,the next morning--,o unhoped-for happiness6--he met her on her way to one of the houses occupied by the refugees4 ,she looked at him so coldly that he turned pale and his limbs almost gave way beneath him4 ,but ,eugnie was not timid4 ,she had sought this interview1 and was determined to attain her object4 ,whom have you put in that house8 she asked1 pointing to the one assigned to the ,vinceneaus1 which was not two steps from the small building occupied by ,louis himself4 ,the ,vinceneau family and some others1 replied ,louis4 ,at that name1 ,eugnie's lips contracted4 ,an expression of displeasure and contempt passed across her face4 ,then1 looking at ,louis with a dignity that only rendered her the more beautiful1 she said3 ,then you still have charge of them8 ,i thought you gave them up to me4 ,i have had nothing to do with them till within two days1 mademoiselle4 ,it was enough to know you took an interest in their condition4 ,he then briefly related all that had taken place the night of the inundation1 and ended by speaking of the letter ,i had written to relieve his anxiety4 ,he finished by presenting the letter to ,eugnie1 under the pretext of showing her the reproaches ,i addressed him4 ,i wrote him that1 before troubling himself about me1 he ought to have been sure he was not needed at ,mr4 ,smithson's4 ,eugnie at first declined reading the letter4 ,then she took it with a pleasure she endeavored to conceal4 ,before reading it1 she said3 ,why did you not tell me your friend was at ,st4 ,m----8 ,i have been greatly preoccupied for some time1 and ,i seldom see you1 mademoiselle4 ,it was in a manner impossible to tell you that my poor friend had come here to be quiet and gain new strength in solitude4 ,i should have been pleased to see her4 ,so saying1 ,eugnie1 without appearing to attach any importance to it1 read my letter from beginning to end4 ,thus all ,albert and ,mme4 ,smithson's calculations were defeated4 ,there is no need of my telling you the inference ,louis' enemies had drawn from the interest he had manifested in the ,vinceneau family4 ,he left everything to save them1 or rather1 to save that girl1 said ,mme4 ,smithson4 ,he would have let us all perish rather than not save her4 ,my being at ,st4 ,m----1 and my letter1 threw a very different light on everything4 ,thenceforth1 ,louis1 dismissed by her father1 and calumniated by her mother and ,albert1 was1 in ,eugnie's eyes1 a victim4 ,and he had risked his own life to save that of his friend4 ,it is said that noble hearts1 especially those of women1 regard the rle of victim as an attractive one4 ,when ,eugnie left ,louis1 there was in the expression of her eyes1 and in the tone of her voice1 something so friendly and compassionate that he felt happier than he had for a long time4444 ,to obtain this interview1 ,eugnie had been obliged to evade not only her mother's active vigilance1 but that of her cousin and ,fanny4 ,this vigilance1 suspended for a moment1 became more active than ever during the following days4 ,it was impossible to speak to ,louis2 but she saw him sometimes1 and their eyes spoke intelligibly4444 ,the water receded in the course of a week4 ,louis profited thereby to come and see me1 and make me a sharer in his joy4 ,i was then somewhat better4 ,i passed the night of the inundation in fearful suffering1 but felt relieved the following day4 ,my dreadful attack of paralysis did not occur till some weeks afterwards4 ,i little thought then ,i had symptoms of the seizure that has rendered my life so painful4 ,the refugees were still living at the manufactory1 the ,vinceneau family among them4 ,louis had scarcely returned to his room that night1 when he heard a low knock at his door1 and ,madeleine ,vinceneau presented herself before him4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,the ,,napoleonic ,,idea ,,and ,,its ,,consequences4 ,,from ,,the ,,civilta ,,cattolica4 ,i4 ,for several weeks past1 we have heard much of ,louis ,napoleon ,bonaparte4#ag ,nothing less than his mournful physical death1 on the #ith of ,january1 #ahgc1 was needed to draw him from the oblivion to which ,italian liberals consigned him after his political death of ,september #b1 #ahgj4 ,it would seem that from the imperial grave opened at ,chiselhurst went forth a bitter reproach against the unexampled ingratitude of those who saw the tombstone of ,sedan close over his empire with mute impassibility and secret joy4 ,now to the cowardly silence of two years succeeds an uproar of elegies and praises4 ,remorse for having left the conqueror of ,solferino in the mire of the ,meuse is lulled to sleep by the wailing of hired mourners2 as if the shame of basely forsaking him could be masked behind a block of unblushing marble4 ,no man was ever more fatal to himself than ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,all which was his by usurpation or right turned against him in the end4 ,his worst humiliations were the work of his own hands4 ,he destroyed himself1 and the words of the ,christian ,demosthenes were truer of him than of others3 ,nemo nisi a se ipso lditur4 ,now1 by a final mockery of fortune1 he is punished after death by having bier and tomb dishonored with the apotheosis of the ,italian party who laud to the skies the weapon that worked his ruin--the ruling idea of his reign4 ,this idea1 which necessarily failed because it was impracticable1 and in its failure reduced him to nothing1 is his sole title to compassion or glory in the opinion of this faction4 ,but as the cruel irony contains a historical lesson1 useful for the present and the future1 we will study it by the light of facts1 incontestable except to the blind4 ,,ii4 ,such were the contradictions1 perplexities1 and duplicity of ,louis ,napoleon ,bonaparte upon the throne1 that he was often believed to be a prince reigning at hap-hazard4 ,indeed1 it is said1 now that he has left the earth1 that the history of his incomprehensible reign will be the most difficult work ever undertaken4 ,this seems to us a mistake1 if a distinction be made between the man and the prince1 his life and his reign4 ,the man and his life will always seem inextricable1 for he used all means that suited his convenience1 and in their choice gave preference to no moral rule or principle of honesty2 following openly or hiddenly the mutable interest of each day4 ,but the prince and his reign1 in spite of apparent contradictions1 are easily understood by the simple study of the political end which he invariably proposed to himself4 ,this end is not hidden4 ,his youthful writings1 and the series of his imperial documents1 read by the light of the actions of his administration1 make it plain4 ,he aimed at reestablishing and consolidating in his dynasty the power of the ,first ,empire1 and at the elevation of ,france to the headship of ,europe1 reorganized in its territorial divisions according to the law of nationality1 and in its institutions in accordance with the forms of ,csarean democracy4 ,an author who has read his books1 and confronted them with the achievements of his reign1 thus sums up the new ,napoleonic idea constantly pursued by ,louis in his youth1 middle life1 and old age1 in exile1 in prison1 and on the throne3 ,peoples distributed according to their needs and instincts1 belonging each to a self-elected country1 provided each with a constitution fixed yet democratic2 devoted at their choice to works of civil industry destined to transform the world2 ,europe1 free in her various nations1 consolidated almost into a federated republic1 with ,france as its centre2 ,france aggrandized and forming the clasp in the strong chain of free intercourse2 universal exhibitions to encourage nations in the exchange of reciprocal visits2 ,european congresses1 where governments1 laying aside arms1 could compose their differences2 ,paris1 the imperial city par excellence1 wonderfully embellished1 raised to the honors of capital of the world1 metropolis of wealth and wisdom1 under the wing of the ,napoleonic eagle1 offering to the two hemispheres the rarest discoveries in science1 masterpieces of art1 exquisite refinements of luxury and civilization4#ah ,divisum imperium cum ,jove ,csar habet6 ,such was the intoxicating dream of the life and reign of ,napoleon ,,iii41 the idea which he believed himself created to carry out--a combination of the designs of ,henry ,,iv4 and the aspirations of ,augustus1 mounted on the frail pedestal of the principles of #aghi4 ,in fact1 proceeds our author1 ,within and without the confines of the ,empire1 this idea was reduced to two words3 reconstruction and reconciliation1 based upon the principles of the ,french ,revolution4 ,here was to be the general synthesis of all external and internal politics in ,france and ,europe3 ,reconstruction of nations founded on national will within and without2 effected by a single instrument--universal suffrage--applied to the determination of the nationality as well as of the sovereign and the government2 reconciliation of nations among themselves1 and of the divers classes composing them1 thanks to an equal satisfaction of the rights and interests of all4#ai ,that nothing might be wanting to the enchantment of his fair dream1 the young prisoner of ,ham contemplated a double mission of giving peace and glory to ,france4 ,war was to consolidate peace1 imperial battles were to give repose to the world4 ,thus the famous device1 ,the ,empire and ,peace1 came to bear a sublime significance4#bj ,in short1 the ,napoleonic idea had for its ultimate aim the aggrandizement and ,european omnipotence of ,france under the dynasty of the ,bonapartes1 through the universal means of popular suffrage with plbiscites1 forming a basis of a new national and international right1 opposed to the old historical right of peoples4 ,the other three principles of territorial compensation1 non-intervention and accomplished facts1 were special means and passing aids to be used according to opportunity for carrying out intentions4 ,,iii4 ,louis ,napoleon received his political education from his uncle exiled in the ,island of ,st4 ,helena1 and from the ,carbonari1 among whom ,ciro ,menotti enrolled him in ,tuscany1 in the year #ahca4ba ,in these two schools he acquired the fundamental idea of reconstructing ,european countries according to nationality4 ,but he did not see that1 in the hands of ,napoleon ,i4 and of the ,carbonari1 this idea was a strong weapon of destruction1 not a practical or powerful argument for reconstruction4 ,bonaparte1 gaoler of ,european potentates1 and the ,carbonari1 persecuted by them1 wished to use it to destroy the order of things established by the ,holy ,alliance in the treaty of ,vienna of #ahae1 upon the right1 more or less defined1 of legitimacy4 ,on the pretext of restoring political nationality to peoples1 the first ,napoleon bequeathed to his heirs the command to excite ,italy and ,hungary against ,austria2 ,poland against ,russia and ,prussia2 ,greece and the ,christian principalities against ,turkey2 ,ireland1 ,malta1 and the ,ionian ,isles against ,england2 hoping that the changes originating in this movement1 and the gratitude of these nations1 would make easy to his heirs the extension of ,french boundaries and the recovery of the imperial crown4 ,the ,carbonari worked with the same pretext to overthrow princes and substitute themselves1 with a view of introducing into states their anti-,christian and anti-social systems4 ,the so-called principle of nationality resolved itself1 then1 with ,napoleon ,i4 and the ,carbonari1 into a pure engine of war--into a battery which1 after destroying the bulwarks of the opposite principle of legitimacy1 should give into their hands nations and kingdoms4 ,that ,louis ,napoleon1 in prison1 a fugitive1 a conspirator1 should support himself with this flattering principle1 and dexterously dazzle with it the eyes of those who could help him to recover the sceptre of ,france1 can be easily understood2 but that1 after obtaining this sceptre by a network of circumstances wholly foreign to the principle of nationality1 he should adopt that principle as the final aim of his empire and the corner-stone of his own greatness and of ,french power--this1 in truth1 is hard to understand4 ,but that it was the case is only too clear4 ,he spent the twenty years of his dominion over ,france in coloring the design which he had puzzled out twenty years before1 dreaming over the memories of ,st4 ,helena1 and plotting in the collieries of the ,carbonari4 ,,iv4 ,to a sagacious mind which had well weighed the true worth of the ,napoleonic idea1 even before the new emperor attempted its fulfilment1 terrible dangers and obstacles must have presented themselves4 ,after a succession of wars and successful conspiracies had led nations to an independent reconstruction within natural frontiers1 what increase of territory could have accrued to ,france8 ,suppose ,italy1 ,poland1 ,hungary1 and ,iberia adjusted on this principle1 would their power have remained so equalized as to leave ,france secure of preponderance8 ,if ,germany had been so reconstructed1 to the certain advantage of ,prussia1 was there not a risk of exposing ,france to a shock which might have proved fatal8 ,according to the theory of natural limits1 the aggrandizement which ,france could have demanded in compensation for protection and successful warfare would have been reduced to some additions towards the ,alps1 the ,pyrenees1 and in ,flanders2 to a few thousand square kilometres1 and perhaps three or four millions of inhabitants4 ,towards the ,rhine1 we cannot see what the ,empire could have claimed without contradicting the theory itself4 ,germany has maintained that ,alsace and half of ,lorraine1 incorporated with ,french soil1 are ,german1 and has forced them to a legal annexation to her territory4 ,now1 were these slender acquisitions1 so disproportioned to the acquisitions of neighboring countries1 worth the cost of turning ,europe upside down1 and subjecting ,france to a chance of political and military ruin8 ,louis ,napoleon rejoiced in the thought of one day resuscitating the fair name of ,italy1 extinguished for many years1 and restoring it to provinces so long deprived of it4 ,this sounds well2 but was this resurrection to end in a united kingdom1 or in the simple emancipation from foreign rule8 ,and granted that unity could not be prevented1 and that it should prove equal to the imaginary union of ,spain and ,portugal1 was it really advantageous to create alongside of ,france1 from a platonic love of nationality1 two new states of twenty-five millions of souls each1 capable of supplanting her later in the ,mediterranean4#bb ,and if ,prussia1 taking advantage of the loss of ,italy and ,hungary to her rival ,austria1 had united in a single political and military body the scattered members of ,germany1 would it have been useful and hopeful for ,france to feel herself pressed on the other side by a kingdom or empire of fifty millions of inhabitants1 a military race of the first order8 ,moreover1 what would have become of the ,roman ,pontiff in this renovation of countries1 governments1 and juridical laws4 ,the ,pope is a great moral power1 the greatest in the world4 ,if his independence were to give way before the principle of nationality1 what would become of his religious liberty1 so necessary to the public quiet of consciences4 ,could a pope1 subject to an ,italy constructed in any way soever1 increase the light1 peace1 and tranquillity of ,france and the rest of ,europe8 ,would the palace of the ,vatican1 changed into a prison1 have accorded with the imagined splendors of the ,tuileries8 ,finally1 a new international and national right1 which should have sanctioned1 in accordance with popular suffrage1 the obligation of non-intervention and accomplished facts1 far from reconciling nations and various classes of citizens among themselves by superseding the inalienable right of nature1 would have become a firebrand of civil discord1 an incentive to foreign wars1 and a germ of revolutions which would have plunged ,europe into the horrors of socialism4 ,an eagle eye was not needed to see and foresee these weighty dangers4 ,however affairs might have turned1 even if they had succeeded according to every wish1 it is indubitable that the ship of ,napoleonic politics1 following in its navigation the star of this idea1 must eventually have struck on three rocks1 each one hard enough to send ship and pilot to the bottom3 the ,papacy1 ,germany1 and ,revolution4 ,the ,papacy1 oppressed by the ,italy of the ,carbonari1 would have taken from ,france her greatest moral force4 ,germany1 in one way or another1 strongly united in her armies1 would have tried1 as in #ahac1 to overwhelm the ,empire4 ,revolution1 kindled and fed from without1 would have gathered strength in ,france to the ruin of the ,empire4 ,these rocks were not only visible1 but palpable to touch4 ,napoleon ,,iii4 saw them1 felt them1 and used all the licit and illicit arts of his administration to avoid them4 ,in vain2 it was impossible4 ,he should not have followed the guidance of his enchantress1 his idea2 following it1 perdition was inevitable4 ,v4 ,perhaps history offers no other example of a man who has grasped the sceptre under conditions so propitious for good and so opposed to evil as those under which ,louis ,napoleon ,bonaparte began his reign2 or of one who has so pertinaciously abused his advantages to his own ruin and that of others4 ,the vote of the better and larger portion of the ,french nation had raised him to the throne1 that he might save them from the hydra of socialism1 and stop the course of political changes in ,france4 ,europe1 just recovering from terrible agitations1 welcomed his elevation as a pledge of order and peace4 ,catholics of every country rejoiced over it almost as the reward of the uncontested restoration in ,rome of the principality of ,s4 ,peter4 ,interest and conscience seemed to unite in inducing him to take the triumphal road of justice which must lead to certain glory4 ,but cum in honore esset non intellexit4#bc ,he seemed to wish to take this path4 ,but1 in fact1 he showed that he was preparing to follow another by the ephemeral light of that idea which he worshipped on the imperial throne with the same devotion which he had professed in prison and in exile4 ,the ,crimean war1 to a participation in which he invited little ,piedmont1 predestined by him to enjoy the benefits of ,italian resurrection1 helped him to cut the knot of the ,holy ,alliance1 to humble ,russia and set her at enmity with ,austria1 to create by a plbiscite the first of his national unities--that of the ,roumanian ,principalities--and to introduce at the ,congress of ,paris that subalpine diplomacy which1 endorsed by him1 sowed the seeds of the contemplated ,italian war4 ,meanwhile1 the daggers and bombs of the ,pianori1 ,tibaldi1 and ,orsini came to remind him that1 before being ,emperor of the ,french1 he had been an ,italian ,carbonaro1 and that he was expected to keep his oaths4 ,it is said that1 after the explosion of ,orsini's bombshell1 a friend of the assassin1 to whom ,napoleon complained confidentially of this party persecution1 replied3 ,you have forgotten that you are an ,italian4 ,what shall ,i do8 asked his majesty4 ,serve your country4 ,very good4 ,but ,i am ,emperor of the ,french1 a nation hard to govern4 ,can ,i sacrifice the interests of my people to accommodate those of ,italy8 ,no one will prevent you from studying the interests of ,france when you have promulgated the independence and secured the unity of your country4 ,italy first of all4#bd ,but he had less need of spurring than was supposed4 ,after the secret negotiations of ,plombires1 he attacked ,austria in the plains of ,lombardy1 and1 having subdued her1 he inaugurated the resurrection of ,italy according to his idea1 which1 presiding over the work1 showed itself unveiled1 with all the magnificence of territorial compensation1 universal suffrage1 non-intervention1 and accomplished facts1 as we all know4 ,,vi4 ,but the ,napoleonic ship got lost irreparably among the three rocks above named4 ,between the ,mincio and the ,adige it met ,germany in threatening guise2 in ,rome1 the betrayed pontiff rose up2 and in ,paris revolution lifted her savage head4 ,for eleven years ,bonaparte struggled to save the ship from the straits into which his ,italian enterprise had driven it2 but the more earnest his efforts1 the worse became the entanglement1 until the tempest of #ahgj split the vessel in the midst with awful shipwreck4 ,his crimes towards the ,pope1 the ignoble artifice of insults couched in reverential terms1 of perfidy1 lies1 and hypocrisy1 alienated from him not only ,catholics1 but all those who honored human loyalty and natural probity4 ,the so-called ,roman question1 a compendium of the whole ,italian question1 ruined the credit of ,napoleon ,,iii41 unmasked him1 and made him appear as inexorable history will show him to posterity--a monster of immorality1 to use the apt expression of one of his former sycophants4#be ,prussia1 after checking him at the ,mincio in #ahei1 cut short in his hands the thread of the web woven in #ahfc to regenerate ,poland on the plan of ,italy4 ,god did not permit a good and noble cause like that of ,poland to be contaminated by the influence of the ,napoleonic idea2 and this seems to us an indication that he reserves to her a restoration worthy of herself and of her faith4 ,prussia also held him at bay during the ,danish war1 into which he threw himself with closed eyes1 in the mad hope of conquering ,mexico1 and making it an empire after his own idea4 ,this whim cost ,france a lake of blood1 many millions of francs1 and an indelible stain2 it cost the unfortunate ,maximilian of ,austria his life1 and his gifted wife her reason4 ,prussia solemnly mocked at him in the other war of #ahff1 when1 leagued with ,italy by his consent1 she attacked the ,austrian ,empire4 ,it was the beginning of that political and military unity of ,germany which was destined to make him pay dear for the work of unity accomplished beyond the ,alps by so many crimes4#bf ,lastly1 ,prussia1 choosing the occasion of the vacancy of the ,spanish throne1 and seconded by him in the promotion of an ,iberian unity like that of ,italy1 and prepared by a subalpine marriage1 drew him into the toils where he left his crown and his honor4 ,step by step with the barriers opposed by ,prussia to the foolish policy of ,napoleon ,,iii4 in ,europe went the anxieties caused in the empire by revolution4 ,losing gradually the support of the honest ,catholic plurality of the ,french1 he thought to reinforce himself by flattering his enemy1 demagogism1 and by unchaining gradually passions irreligious1 anarchical1 destructive to civilization4 ,taking all restraint from the press1 he removed every bar to theatrical license1 gave unchecked liberty to villany1 free course to nefarious impiety and a ,babylonish libertinism1 and finished by opening the doors to public schools of socialism4 ,but as outside ,france his duplicity and cowardly frauds had drawn upon him the hatred and contempt of accomplices and beneficiaries1 so at home they excited discontent and distrust among all parties4 ,on the #b;d and #dth of ,september1 #ahgj1 he reaped at ,sedan and in ,paris the crop sowed by him in #ahei4 ,germany broke his sword1 and the ,revolution his sceptre4 ,the ,napoleonic idea touched the apex of its triumphs4 ,,vii4 ,the old ,prince ,theodore of ,metternich1 after #ahdi1 predicted of ,louis ,bonaparte1 then only ,president of the ,french ,republic1 that he would restore the ,empire1 and ruin himself as revolutionary emperor in ,italy4 ,donoso ,corts1 ,marquis of ,valdegamas1 predicted a little later that ,bonaparte1 after becoming emperor1 would work very hard1 but the fruits of his labors would be enjoyed by another2 by whom he could not say4 ,both these shrewd statesmen knew ,louis ,napoleon1 the secret chains which bound him to his party1 and the idea which clouded his mind1 and both hit the mark2 for ,napoleon ,,iii4 made every effort throughout his reign to play the revolutionary emperor in ,italy2 and1 with all his refined policy1 he worked for no one but the ,king of ,prussia4 ,thanks to this policy1 ,william enjoys the vassalage of the only two national unities created by the ,napoleonic idea3 the ,roumanian1 whose head is a ,prussian prince1 and the ,italian1 whose kingdom has become a ,prussian regiment of hussars4 ,he enjoys the ,german ,empire reared on the ruins of that of ,france2 and1 moreover1 he enjoys ,european supremacy1 taken from ,france with the keys of ,paris1 and five milliards poured by her into the ,prussian treasury1 to pay expenses4 ,in his own good time we shall see for whom ,bismarck has made and still makes the ,king of ,prussia work4 ,such are the weighty consequences of that idea whose execution ,bonaparte believed was to make the world over again1 and raise his race and ,france to the summit of power--a political calamity1 military ruin1 and a dynastic downfall the most terrible which history has to record4 ,in conclusion1 the dogma of nationality for which ,french liberalism played the fool with ,napoleon has caused the loss to ,france of two provinces as opulent as those which ,bonaparte took from ,italy in homage to the same dogma4 ,the principle of non-intervention1 so carefully guarded by ,bonaparte at the cost of the ,roman ,pontiff1 and so loudly applauded by ,french liberalism1 has borne fruit to ,france in her hour of sorest need1 in the desertion of all those states1 and especially of ,italy1 who owed their existence to ,french blood1 and gold1 and honor4 ,the new right of #aghi1 perfected by ,napoleonic ,carbonarism1 of which ,bonaparte1 with the approval of ,french liberalism1 made himself the apostle in ,europe to the disturbance of the best-ordered countries1 has sprung up for ,france in the joys of ,sept4 #d1 #ahgj1 in the delights of the ,commune of #ahga1 and in the comfort of her present peace and security4 ,thus has ,bonaparte's idea crushed him and reduced him to nothing4 ,the unhappy man has had not only the anguish of suffering historical dishonor while yet alive1 but also that sharpest pang of seeing all the most celebrated works of his reign destroyed4 ,the destruction1 military1 moral1 political1 and in part material1 of ,france1 which he hoped to raise to the summit of greatness2 the destruction of the palaces of ,saint ,cloud and the ,tuileries1 embellished by him with ,asiatic magnificence2 the destruction of popular votes1 those wings which bore him from exile to the throne2 of the treaty of ,paris1 that crowned his ,crimean victories2 of the glory of the ,french name in ,mexico with the empire founded by him2 of the treaty of ,prague1 for which he well-nigh sweated blood in opposing the union of ,germany under ,prussia3 in short1 all his enterprises have resulted in smoke4 ,only one remains--the subalpine kingdom of ,italy1 for whose formation and support the wretched man staked crown and honor4 ,but before closing his eyes for ever1 he tasted the sweetness of his last treachery in seeing that kingdom pass from his bondage to that of the conqueror of ,france4 ,if ,god still allows it to his soul1 he may now see his beloved ,italy1 with a ,prussian helmet on her head1 bend over his tomb1 and shed two crocodile's tears--the only kind of tears which he deserved4 ,let us see what the ,napoleonic idea has lavished upon her blind idolater--the defeat at ,sedan1 the burning of ,paris1 the lonely tomb at ,chiselhurst4 ,it was an idea conceived without ,god and his ,christ1 and against them1 and therefore unable to bring forth anything but ruin and death4 ,and certain ruin and death it will bring on him who shall hope to live and grow great under its influence4 ,,footnotes3 #ag ,this was written soon after the death of ,louis ,napoleon4 #ah ,la politique du second empire1 essai d'histoire contemporaine1 d'aprs les documents1 par ,m4 ,anatole ,leroy-,beaulieu--,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 ,april #a1 #ahgb1 pp4 #eeb-ec4 #ai ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 p4 #eed4 #bj ,ibid4 p4 #eeb4 #ba ,la ,reine ,hortense en ,italie1 en ,france1 en ,angleterre1 pendant l'anne #ahca2 fragments extraits de ses mmoires indits1 crits par elle mme1 pp4 #ee-ef4 ,paris1 #ahcd4 #bb ,ides ,napoloniennes1 p4 #adc4 #bc ,psalm xlviii4 #ba4 #bd ,univers1 ,jan4 #ba1 #ahgc4 #be ,he was in science a phenomenon1 in history an adventurer1 in morality a monster 7,le ,sicle1 ,jan4 #ab1 #ahgc74 ,amid the labyrinth of contradictions in which ,bonaparte enveloped his thoughts concerning the political condition in which he meant to place the ,roman ,pontiff1 it is impossible to decide what was his true conception1 or whether he had formed any fixed and definite plan4 ,in #ahei1 when he dreamed of three kingdoms in ,italy1 one subalpine1 a second for his cousin ,jerome1 and a third for his cousin ,murat1 ,napoleon ,,iii4 traced upon the map of the ,peninsula with his own hand a small circlet enclosing the new ,pontifical state1 including ,rome1 and five provinces4 ,at the end of that year1 the dream vanished through the opposition of ,lord ,palmerston in the famous opuscule1 ,the ,pope and the ,congress1 where he showed a wish to restrict the dominion of the ,holy ,father to ,rome1 converted into something like a ,hanseatic city4 ,in ,sept41 #ahfc1 according to the revelations of ,marquis ,carlo ,alfieri 7,l',italia ,liberale1 p4 #hc71 who declares himself well informed1 ,bonaparte consented to the gradual withdrawal of ,french troops from ,rome1 so arranged that1 on the departure of the last ,french battalion1 the territorial dominion of the ,pontiff should be reduced to the city of ,rome1 the suburban campagna1 and the road and port of ,civit ,vecchia4 ,so the ,pope would have remained king of a city1 a road1 and a port4 ,in #ahfg1 when the nation obliged ,bonaparte to go to the aid of the ,pontiff1 assailed by the irregolari of ,italy1 he wished the state to remain as it was left after the dismemberment of #ahfj1 and commanded the ,italian regulars to withdraw from ,viterbo and ,frosinone1 which they did with military punctuality4 ,in that year1 and during the perplexities 7says l',armonia of ,jan4 #ab1 #ahgc71 there came to visit him in ,paris an illustrious ,italian who enjoyed his confidence1 and had been decorated by his imperial hand with the cross of the ,legion of ,honor4 ,this gentleman1 engrossed with the position of the ,pope1 was lamenting it with ,napoleon ,,iii41 and remarked that1 unless reparation were made1 the ,revolution would enter ,rome4 ,the ex-emperor replied3 ,so long as ,pius ,,ix4 lives1 ,i shall never permit it4 ,after the death of ,pius ,,ix41 ,i will adjust the affairs of the church4 ,if we question whether after his dethronement the unhappy man approved the accomplished fact of ,sept4 #bj1 #ahgj1 l',opinione of ,jan4 #ah1 #ahgc1 removes all doubt4 ,it tells us that an individual 7generally supposed to be ,count ,arese1 a great friend of his71 visited him at ,chiselhurst1 and1 when the conversation turned to ,rome1 where the ,italian government was established1 ,napoleon ,,iii4 said with entire frankness that he had personal engagements with the ,pope1 to which as emperor he could never have proved faithless2 but that1 since his dethronement1 ,italian politics had passed beyond his action4 ,and he added3 ,this was to be foreseen as being in the order of facts1 and it is not an occasion for turning back4 ,from which we may infer that he wished the temporal power of the popes to cease with ,pius ,,ix41 without caring to substitute for their necessary liberty any other guarantee than that of chance4 ,this will be enough to convince posterity that ,napoleon ,,iii4 was not a statesman of the first order4 #bf ,a partisan or well-wisher has tried to represent ,napoleon as an edifying ,catholic4 ,the ,univers of ,january #be1 #ahgc1 has a curious panegyric1 in which it is affirmed that he loved our ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,in the ,gospels1 our ,lord has taught us a rule for judging those who love him and do not love him3 ,by their fruits you shall know them 7,matt4 vii4 #af74 ,now1 the long and crafty war of ,bonaparte against ,christ in his vicar1 and the unbridled license given to ,renan and to irreligious papers to blaspheme at will the divine majesty of ,jesus ,christ1 while he severely punished those who offended his own imperial majesty1 give the true measure of his love for ,jesus ,christ4 ,by the argument of facts constant1 public1 and notorious1 ,napoleon ,,iii4 is judged4 ,he has been for the church and for ,christian society a great scourge of ,god1 one of the worst precursors of ,antichrist4 ,we shall believe in his pretended conversion when we have seen a single action which shall disclaim and make amends for the immense scandal of his ,julianic persecution of ,catholicity4 ,his repentance at the hour of death1 of which we have no solid proof1 we leave to the infinite mercy of ,god1 who certainly could inspire him with it4 ,but it is not out of place to remember the words of ,s4 ,augustine about similar conversions3 ,of certain examples we have but one--the good thief on ,calvary4 ,unus est ne desperes1 but solus est ne prsumas4 ,,my ,,friend ,,and ,,his ,,story4 ,i had been spending the winter with a friend in poor health in the ,south of ,france4 ,i will not name the place1 but it was one of the loveliest spots on the northern ,mediterranean coast4 ,perhaps ,i shall have something to tell of it at another time4 ,after prolonging our stay till we began to feel that a change would be beneficial1 we travelled on along the glorious old ,cornice road into ,italy1 and sat ourselves down among the palms and olives of a region that1 on account of its eastern vegetation and general likeness to the ,holy ,land1 is often called the ,jericho of the ,riviera4#bg ,for1 in truth1 when the traveller climbs the steep slopes and staircases of that old town1 pierced by narrow1 winding troughs of streets1 tied together1 as it were1 by old crumbling bridges and arches1 built as a protection against continual earthquakes2 and after groping through what is more like a labyrinth of subterranean caves than a town of civilized build1 he gains the crest of the hill1 and looks down from the sanctuary of the ,blessed ,virgin which is its crown1 the actual ,holy ,land itself seems spread below his feet4 ,there are the very outlines of ,palestine3 ,the stony slabs and tilted strata of crag and ridge2 the aromatic shrubs2 the wealth of sad olives1 fruit-bearing to an extraordinary degree2 the vast tanks1 haunted by bright-green1 persistently serenading frogs2 the lizards darting in the hot glare2 the flat-topped1 low houses1 and the women carrying jars of the identical ,eastern forms on their heads4 ,the very dark-skinned men and women themselves have the like sad1 sweet1 mournful ,eastern eyes2 for throughout the ,riviera there is a large admixture of ,arab blood1 as many ,arab words are crystallized in the strange1 rough patois of the speech4 ,in this wild1 bright1 solemn country1 ,i found and made the friend whose story ,i am going to tell2 and1 if it is disappointing at first to the expectant1 ,i shall ask them to wait till they near the end4 ,we lived in a not very comfortable boarding-house outside the town1 chosen on account of its position1 and being quite removed from the noise of the sea1 which those acquainted with the ,mediterranean will thoroughly understand2 for there is no noisier or more aggravating sea-shore than that which is poetically the tideless1 waveless1 sapphire-like mirror of the old ,tyrrhenian4 ,in this house ,i soon made out my friend--a white dog with black points1 shaven to the shoulders1 and of ,spitz breed1 as his tail1 put on very high up1 and twisted with a jaunty1 self-asserting swirl over his back1 denoted1 but with an undoubted bar sinister in his shield--some ,english spaniel or terrier drop1 which1 strange to say1 gave him a power of persistence1 a dauntless courage1 and loving faithfulness1 such as ,i never saw in any dog before2 and yet ,i know about dogs and dog ways1 too4 ,the first thing my friend did--his name was ,cicarello1 abbreviated to ,cico1 and anglicized to ,chick--was to lift himself up very high on his toes1 erect every hair into a wire1 and growl so as to show all his beautiful young white teeth at my approach and outstretched hand4 ,chick6 how dare you1 sir8 ,come along1 be a good little dog1 and let me scratch your back2 you don't know how nice it is1 dear6 ,but the growling and defiant looks continued1 as ,chick lay down on his own chosen step of the stairs4 ,i pushed him with my foot1 and said emphatically3 ,chick6 you're a nasty little dog6 ,at which candid opinion1 ,chick1 sulkier and crosser than ever1 settled himself to sleep4 ,it was not long1 however1 before ,chick1 like all other dogs1 succumbed to the dog mesmerism of that hearty good-will and affection in which dogs are apt to trust with a much more generous confidence than men4 ,he began by licking my hand1 then came to my room for water1 and at last was won from his disreputable habits of straying from one wine-shop to another about the town1 into which he had fallen from not being made happy and comfortable at home4 ,one day1 he condescended to offer himself for a walk1 and we went through sundry tortuous lanes to some olive-terraces above the town4 ,once there1 the dog's unbounded delight was pretty to see4 ,he rolled among the fresh grass and hop-clover1 thickly sprinkled with lovely red gladioli2 he careered in and out of the olive-trees1 as if weaving some mystic1 invisible witch-web2 and then1 rushing back to me1 barking sharply in a high falsetto1 he sprawled at full length on the ground1 wagging his bushy plume over his back1 and saying1 in the clearest speech of his wonderful brown eyes1 ,i am not a nasty little dog now4 ,thank you for making me so happy6 ,my friend1 whom ,i had long loved with all my heart1 was easily made happy4 ,the one thing necessary to him was some sort of master whom he could love4 ,with any such1 his queer1 sullen temper brightened1 his thoroughly obstinate will grew docile1 his eyes watched every motion and indication showing his master's wishes1 and1 if anything were given into his charge1 no amount of tempting or frightening could win or scare him from his trust4 ,his chiefest delight was running after a stone or cork1 in which also his ways were special to himself4 ,when the stone was found or dug up--that very stone and no other--,chick would stand with one paw placed upon it1 looking down at it with crest and tippet erect1 and exactly as if it were some sort of live game4 ,if no notice were taken of his dumb appeal1 he would snatch up the stone1 and carry it on1 but always with appealing looks to have it thrown again4 ,on the olive-terraces1 among the grass and wild flowers1 where he always became intensely excited1 he would run round the stone1 growling1 roll upon it in a kind of frenzy1 and snap at every one who came near4 ,when ,i gravely called or spoke to him1 he would relinquish this ,berserk mood1 and1 wagging his brush1 lick my hand as if to beg pardon for such childishness1 and return to the decent sobrieties of ordinary life4 ,i need scarcely say that it was only because the over-excitement was bad for himself that he was ever controlled in his fancies and conceits2 for dogs1 even more than children1 should be allowed to express their own character and make their own happiness1 in unimportant things1 in their own way4 ,chick attached himself to me in the most persistent way4 ,he took walks with me1 scratched at the room doors to be where ,i was1 ran up and down stairs after me on every errand1 used my room1 like the dogs at home1 as the ,united ,dogs' ,service1 and slept on a chair at the foot of my bed4 ,even when left at the church door during daily ,mass1 when ,i vainly thought him securely pent within gates and rails1 the padded door would be shoved open1 and ,chick1 with his ears and twisted tail ,cocked fu' sprush1 and his whole bearing that of the right man in the right place1 would scuttle over the stone pavement1 scent me out1 and ensconce himself beside my chair4 ,at meals he took his seat beside me1 in which he would rear himself up unbidden in the drollest way1 lolling back with perfect ease1 and gracefully holding one forepaw higher than the other1 as if addressing the party4 ,sometimes he would even emphasize his remarks by bringing one paw down on the table1 and1 amid the shouts of laughter he occasioned1 would look us steadily in the face1 as if enjoying the joke as well as the rest4 ,he learnt to sit up with a shawl round him1 a napkin-ring on his nose1 and one crowning his head2 to hold biscuit on his nose untouched till bidden to eat1 and even to stand quite upright in the corner1 watching with the gravest intelligence till he was told to come out4 ,in short1 as ,i said before1 if the one motive-power of love were found1 ,chick's genius seemed to know no limit4 ,but1 meanwhile1 the day was drawing near when the deep and most real grief must be suffered of leaving my friend4 ,our temporary rest was over1 and our faces were bound to be turned towards home4 ,chick1 also1 took good note of the preparations for departure1 and ,i read in his eyes that he guessed their import1 and knew that our separation was drawing near4 ,never for an instant would he let me move out of his sight1 except for ,mass1 when ,i locked him up in my room4 ,his exceeding joy at my return was one of the most touching things ,i ever felt4 ,when every other demonstration had been made1 he would get up on his hind legs1 and gently lick my face1 not as a dog usually does1 but just putting out his tongue1 and touching my cheek4 ,this special act always seemed to say1 ,can you go away and leave me behind8 ,why not take me with you8 ,the consciousness of this feeling wrought so strongly that the question was seriously mooted between my friend and me of buying ,chick and carrying him with us to ,england4 ,but there were great difficulties in the way4 ,the expense was no small addition1 besides the anxiety and added fatigue of another fresh thing to lead about and struggle for in stations and waiting-rooms1 being1 as we were1 only a party of women1 neither strong nor well1 and already burdened with a superfluity of luggage and impedimenta4 ,so the mournful decision was come to that it could not be4 ,our last walks were taken1 our last gambols on the olive-terraces played out1 and it seemed to me as if every hour ,chick's eyes became more tenderly loving and more devotedly faithful4 ,and soon ,i should be far out of reach and ken1 while he must be left in the careless1 indifferent1 dog-ignorant hands to which he belonged4 ,doubtless the many well-read and cultivated people who are in the habit of reading this periodical have already set me down as a remarkably foolish person2 but what will they say when ,i confess there were moments when the very thought of leaving ,chick without certain bed and board1 water at will1 and sympathy in his ways and love1 made me weep real1 scalding tears1 and not a few8 ,out of the very abundance of thoughts and pain some light appeared2 and one fine day1 when the heat was fierce1 ,i put on my hat1 ,chick took up a stone1 and we both made our way to a large villa in the neighborhood1 occupied by a family from ,wales1 whose acquaintance we had happily made3 what sort of people they were the story of my friend will show1 at least to those1 in my eyes1 the truest aristocracy of the world--the people who have an inbred love of dogs6 ,on this visit1 ,i remarked that ,chick1 instead of walking on his toes and wiring his hair as he usually did with strangers1 accepted the whole party as friends1 and showed off all his stock of accomplishments with as much docility as if we had been at home by ourselves4 ,on the other side1 ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,griffith--as ,i shall call them--thoroughly appreciated the dog1 and1 seeing this1 ,i made my proposition--an unblushing one1 considering that they had already rescued two other dogs from ill usage--that they should also possess themselves of ,chick4 ,having once broken the ice1 ,i launched into a moving description of his wretched plight1 and greater misery when we should have gone1 as well as the reward they would reap from ,chick's delightful ways4 ,they laughingly took it all in good part1 and said1 if they had not already an ,italian ,spitz which they had sent home1 and a dancing dog just brought on their hands1 they might have thought of ,chick4 ,i took poor ,chickie home1 therefore1 with a heavy heart1 though ,i did not yet give up all hope2 and1 because ,i did not1 ,i put him under ,s4 ,anthony's care1 and asked him to suggest to these dear people to buy ,chick and give him a happy home4 ,the eve of our departure was a few days after this1 and1 when ,chick followed me up-stairs to bed as usual1 ,i took him in my arms1 and told him ,i was going away2 that nothing on earth should ever have made me leave him but the being obliged to do so2 that ,i had put him under ,s4 ,anthony's care1 who ,i was sure would find him a friend2 and that he must be a good1 brave little dog1 and hold on for the present without running away4 ,chick licked away my tears1 looking at me with his brave brown eyes full of trust1 as ,i kissed him over and over again before going to bed4 ,but afterwards ,i could never tell how many more tears ,i shed at leaving ,chick friendless and alone4 ,the next morning very early1 ,i wrote a last appeal to ,mrs4 ,griffith1 which ,i carried out to the post myself1 that it might be sure to reach her2 and then the carriage came to the door1 and we drove away1 seeing ,chick to the last on the door-step1 sorrowfully looking after us with his steady brown eyes4 ,it was a long time before ,i myself learnt the second chapter of my dear friend's story4 ,mrs4 ,griffith duly got the note1 and1 being much touched by it1 she went to the boarding-house to call on me1 thinking that ,i had been left behind for a week1 not yet recovered from an illness1 and also wishing to get another view of ,chick4 ,neither of these objects being gained1 she returned home with a strong feeling borne in upon her mind that ,chick must be rescued at any inconvenience to themselves4 ,not long afterwards1 she and her husband were asked by the owner of the boarding-house to go and look at it1 as she wished to sell or let it on lease4 ,they both accordingly went1 chiefly with a view to seeing ,chick4 ,after a long visit and much conversation1 ,mrs4 ,griffith did at length see the poor little dog lying panting in the sun in the garden1 where there was not an atom of shade4 ,she called the attention of the owner to him1 and told her that the dog was suffering and in great want of water4 ,his mistress made some careless reply as usual1 and passed on1 still talking1 down the stairs1 when1 at the front door1 ,mrs4 ,griffith chanced to look down into the court1 and there saw poor little ,chick stretched on his back in the violent convulsions of a fit4 ,she hastily summoned her husband1 who1 after one glance1 vanished into the lower regions1 instinctively found a pump and a large pan1 and reappeared to drench the poor little dog with a cold-water bath1 strongly remonstrating with his owner the while that any one with eyes or ears could have seen how suffering the animal had been from heat and thirst4 ,ah6 ,chickie6 ,chickie6 did any thought cross your dog's mind then of the ,united ,dogs' ,service of my room8 ,alas6 when ,i heard of it1 how did ,i not feel for my dear little friend1 proclaiming by every mute appeal his urgent need1 and bravely suffering on in silence near to death1 while not a hand was lifted to give him even the cup of cold water which brings with the gift its reward6 ,by dint of much bathing and rubbing for nearly an hour from ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,griffith1 while his owner looked on in stupid amazement at this waste of time and trouble on only a dog1 ,chick recovered breath and life and was able to take some physic administered by the same kind hands4 ,and then1 at last1 an agreement was entered into that he should be made over to these generous friends on certain conditions1 one of which was that he should be left to guard the house where he was for the present2 for though much was not given to my poor little friend1 much was required from him by his wretched masters4 ,a few days afterwards1 ,mrs4 ,griffith felt restless and uneasy1 and told her husband she should like to have ,chick in their possession before the time stipulated2 for she felt afraid he might come under the fresh police regulations for putting an end to all stray dogs during the raging heat4 ,mr4 ,griffith laughed at her fidgets1 but went to the boarding-house1 nevertheless1 to comply with her wishes4 ,he was met at the door with the announcement that ,chick had run away1 and had not been heard of for two days6 ,grieved and completely disgusted at the heartless neglect which had again driven the poor dog from his so-called home1 ,mr4 ,griffith hurried back to his wife with the news1 and she1 like the true woman and mother she is1 sat down and burst into tears4 ,mr4 ,griffith caught up his hat1 and hurried out to the police1 set several ,italian boys whom he taught1 and who loved him well1 to search everywhere for the missing ,chick1 and did not return to his own house till late1 completely worn out with the heat and worry4 ,some time later1 he was told that one of his ,italian boys had come1 and was asking to see him2 and1 as soon as he was ordered in1 the boy1 who knew what pain he was giving1 sorrowfully told his news that the police had seized upon the bravo ,cico--the half-shaven dog whom everybody knew and loved--and4444 ,well1 and where is he8 cried ,mrs4 ,griffith1 her husband1 and the child in one breath4 ,ah6 signora1 ,cico morto6 7,cico is dead74 ,dead6 ,how do you know8 ,where8 ,signora1 the police take the dogs they find to the ,mola 7breakwater71 and1 if they are not claimed before the next night1 they make away with them4 ,ah6 ,cico was a bravo1 bravo canino6 7a brave little dog74 ,looking at his wife's face1 ,mr4 ,griffith quickly despatched the boy1 and1 once more taking up his hat1 this brave and good man again sought the police office1 where the news was confirmed that ,chick was dead4 ,still hoping against hope1 ,mr4 ,griffith said1 ,there are many white and black dogs2 ,i should like to see his dead body4 ,this1 backed by other arguments1 admitted of no demur4 ,the foreign ,english lord must be humored in his whim1 and he should be conducted to the poor dead ,chickie's dungeon4 ,on the way1 ,mr4 ,griffith amazed his wife by rushing into their house like a fire-flaught1 calling out for a piece of cold meat and a roll and butter as quick as possible6 ,but ,chickie's dead--the poor dog's dead6 she began4 ,but he waved his hand and vanished1 running down the street with his coat flying in the wind4 ,he1 too1 almost flew across the reach of sand and driftwood to the ,mola1 and up to the prison door of the dark1 airless1 filthy hole into which poor little ,chick had been thrust1 like a two-legged criminal guilty of some horrible crime1 from the last ,saturday afternoon till this present ,monday night4 ,not a single drop of water had been vouchsafed him2 but the fiendish cruelty which characterizes people ignorant of the habits and sufferings of animals1 while denying the dog this one necessary1 had instigated the police to leave him a large piece of poisoned meat4 ,signore1 said a magisterial voice from among the idle crowd which had gathered to see what miracles the ,english lord was going to work--signore1 if the dog will not eat1 he is mad1 and you must not take him away6 ,and a lump of hard1 mouldy black bread was thrown down before the seemingly lifeless body of poor little ,chick1 who of course made no sign4 ,e matto6 ,e matto6 7he is mad7 cried many voices4 ,chickie6 ,chickie6 dear little doggie1 come and speak to me6 cried ,mr4 ,griffith1 who was nearly beside himself at the bare sight of what the bright1 happy little creature had become1 and the thought of what his sufferings had been4 ,chickie heard the voice1 recognized his kind helper1 opened his eyes1 and1 feebly dragging himself up from the ground1 came forward a step or two towards the door1 which caused a general stir of dread and horror among the spectators1 and made the police half close the door1 lest the terrible monster should break loose upon them4 ,mr4 ,griffith forced himself into the opening1 and threw his bit of cold meat to ,chick2 but he had suffered too much to be able to eat it1 and turned from it with disgust1 though he feebly wagged his brush in acknowledgment to his kind friend4 ,almost in despair1 but calling the dog by every coaxing1 caressing name he could think of1 ,mr4 ,griffith then held out to him a morsel of well-buttered roll1 and1 again wagging his brush1 ,chick smelt at it1 took it1 and ate the whole of it in the presence of the august crowd4 ,mr4 ,griffith felt that he could throw up his hat1 or dance for joy1 or misbehave in any other way which was most unbecoming to a staid country gentleman2 but all he actually did was to pull a piece of cord quickly out of his pocket1 and say1 ,i can take the dog home with me now1 can't ,i8 ,you can take him to the owner1 signore4 ,and on payment of ten francs to the police 7for the poisoned meat871 and with the owner's consent1 the dog will be yours4 ,the prison door was then opened a little wider for the cord to be tied round ,chick's neck1 when1 behold6 he spied the moment of escape1 and1 refreshed with his morsel of roll1 and not knowing what more the cruelty of man would devise1 the plucky little dog rushed through the crowd1 and raced along the shore to the town as hard as he could go1 ,mr4 ,griffith after him at the top of his speed1 to a certain low wine-shop1 where also ,chick had a true friend4 ,and there ,mr4 ,griffith found him1 after drinking nearly a bucketful of water1 in the convulsions of another and most terrible fit6 ,his generous friend carried him home in his arms1 tucked up his sleeves and gave him a warm bath1 physicked him1 nursed him1 washed and combed the vermin of his loathsome prison-hole from him1 and1 with untiring pains and a love that never wearied1 brought the brave little doggie back to life and health4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the story of my friend is told4 ,chick's last appearance in his native town was when making a triumphal progress through it in a carriage with his master and mistress2 he sitting up on his hind legs in his old fashion1 lolling back against the carriage-cushion with one paw raised1 while every man and boy they met saluted the ,english lord and lady with lifted hats and delighted cries of ,cico6 ,cicarello6 ,bravo6 bravo canino6 ,chick was eventually brought home to ,england by that best of masters whom ,s4 ,anthony had found for him1 to whom he has attached himself so devotedly that nothing but force will induce him to leave him by night or day4 ,and that master and ,i are of one mind--that a braver1 cleverer1 more loving1 or more faithful dog could never be found4 ,,footnotes3 #bg ,the ,riviera di ,ponente and di ,levante is the ,mediterranean coast from ,nice to ,genoa and beyond4 ,,the ,,love ,,of ,,god4 ,the chief thing that is to be regarded in him that doth anything1 is the will and love wherewithal he doeth it4 ,o ,redeemer of the world6 although thou has done much for us1 and given us great gifts1 and hast delivered us from many mischiefs1 and hast promised us thy eternal and everlasting bliss1 yet is all this1 being so much that it maketh one astonished and afraid1 far less than the love that thou bearest us4 ,for love thou gavest thyself unto us3 thou camest down from heaven1 thou tookest flesh1 and diest2 and through the unspeakable love that thou borest us1 thou hast created and redeemed us1 and gavest thyself unto us in the ,blessed ,sacrament of the ,eucharist1 and deliveredst us from so many evils1 and promisest us so great goods4 ,thy love is of such force towards us1 that the least favors that thou doest us1 coming polished with such singular fine love1 we are never able to be sufficiently thankful for it1 nor to requite1 although we should thrust ourselves into flaming furnaces for love of thee4--,southwell4 ,a ,,french ,,poet4#bh ,it is often said among those who assert much and investigate little that the control of science1 of literature1 and of art has passed beyond the domain of the ancient church1 that her children have given up the contest1 and that she no longer produces distinguished men4 ,it seems to be an understood thing that sound ,catholicism is not consistent with proficiency in any branch of the higher pursuits1 and that every artist1 scientist1 and littrateur ceases to be a good ,christian in proportion as he is successful in his profession4 ,there has been some apparent excuse for such an impression gaining ground1 but it is none the less an erroneous impression4 ,especially of late years has it been triumphantly refuted1 and nowhere with more clat than in the very stronghold1 the sanctum sanctorum of free thought and private judgment--,england4 ,there has arisen in that land of successful and jubilant materialism1 that citadel of rationalism in matters of religion1 a knot of men formidable for their learning1 their eloquence1 their taste1 and their wit4 ,but if even in ,england1 under the shadow that was yet left hanging over the church from the effects of three hundred years of repression1 the vitality of the old olive-tree#bi was amply proved by the grafting in and prosperous growth of so many new branches1 still more was the fruitfulness of the ancient mother and mistress of all knowledge shown forth in ,catholic ,france4 ,that country has suffered sorely2 it has been the experimental plaything of the world1 it has been torn by unchristian politicians1 gagged by ,csarism1 drenched in blood by demagogism2 it has been deluged with a literature as shameless as it was attractive1 until the name of ,france has become identified in the minds of many with deliberate and organized immorality4 ,it is asserted that the names of her most famous novelists are synonymes of licentiousness2 that her philosophers openly preach the grossest materialism2 and that those of her littrateurs who are not absolute libertines are undisguised ,sybarites4 ,never was country so thoroughly and deplorably misrepresented as this ,catholic land1 whence have come three-fourths of the missionaries of the world1 armies of ,sisters of ,charity1 the most impetuous and the bravest of the ,pope's defenders1 the most indefatigable scientific explorers1 the purest of political reformers4 ,if ,france must be judged by her literature1 she can point to ,montalembert1 ,ozanam1 ,albert de ,broglie1 ,eugnie de ,gurin1 ,louis ,veuillot1 ,dupanloup1 ,rio1 ,lacordaire1 ,mme4 ,craven1 ,pontmartin1 ,la ,morvonnais1 as well as to ,balzac1 ,dumas1 ,eugne ,sue1 ,george ,sand1 and ,alfred de ,musset4 ,if by her art1 ,de la ,roche1 ,ary ,scheffer1 ,hippolyte ,flandrin1 vindicate her old ,catholic historical pre-eminence2 if by her science and her philosophy1 there are ,ampre1 ,berryer1 ,villemain1 even ,cousin4 ,everywhere the old sap is coursing freely1 and in the ranks of all professions are champions ready to do battle for the old faith that made ,france a grande nation4 ,but those we have mentioned1 especially the distinguished and brilliant cluster1 ,montalembert1 de ,broglie1 ,lacordaire1 and ,dupanloup1 had eschewed the old legitimist traditions1 and1 without detracting from their fame1 we may say that they were eminently men of the ,x,i,xth century4 ,the charm and poetry of chivalry1 fidelity to an exiled race1 the spell of the white flag and the golden fleur-de-lis1 were in their minds things of the past2 noble and beautiful weapons1 it is true1 but useless for the present emergency1 like the enamelled armor and jewelled daggers which we reverently admire in our national museums4 ,the old monarchical traditions needed a champion in the field of literature where their conscientious and respectful opponents were so brilliantly represented1 and this they found in ,jean ,reboul1 the subject of this memoir4 ,one would have thought that the legitimist poet would have arisen from some lonely castle of ,brittany1 and have borne a name which twenty generations of medival heroes had made famous in song4 ,one would have pictured him as the melancholy1 high-spirited descendant of ,crusaders1 orphaned by the ,vendean war1 inspired by the influence of the ocean and the majestic solitude of the landes4#cj ,he would be likely to be a ,christian ,byron1 a modern ,ossian1 far removed from contact with the world1 almost a prophet as well as a poet4 ,but as if to render his personality more marked1 and his partisanship more striking1 the champion of legitimacy was none of these things4 ,instead of being a noble1 he was a baker2 instead of a solitary1 a busy man of the world--even a deputy in the ,french ,assembly in #ahdj4 ,who would have dreamt this8 ,yet when ,god chose a king for ,israel1 he did not call a man of exalted family to the throne1 but a son of ,jemini of the least tribe of ,israel1 and his kindred the last among all the families of the tribe of ,benjamin4#ca ,so it fell out with the representative who1 among the constellation of more than ordinary brilliancy which marked the beginning of this century in ,france1 was to uphold the old political faith of the land4 ,there was doubtless some wise reason for this singular and unexpected choice4 ,reboul was a man of the people1 a worker for his bread1 that it might be known what the people could do when led by faith and loyalty2 he was from ,nmes1 in the south of ,france1 not far from ,lyons and ,marseilles1 that his attitude might be a perpetual protest against the wave of communism and revolution which had its source in the south2 he was1 so to speak1 a descendant of the ,romans--for ,nmes was a flourishing ,roman colony and its people are said to retain much of the massiveness of the ,roman character--that he might rebuke the mistaken notion of those who make of the old republic a type of modern anarchy1 and desecrate the names of ,lucretia and ,cornelia by bestowing them on the tricoteuses#cb of #agic1 or the ptroleuses of #ahgj4 ,it must have been a special consolation to the exiled representative of the ,bourbons1 the object of such devoted and romantic loyalty1 to follow the successes and receive the outspoken sympathy of so unexpected and so staunch an adherent4 ,uncompromising in his championship of the drapeau blanc1 ,reboul was politically a host in himself1 and1 untrammelled as he was by the traditions and prejudices that hedged in the nobles of the party1 he was able to mingle with all classes1 speak to all men1 treat with all parties1 and yet to carry his allegiance through all obstacles1 unimpaired and even unsuspected4 ,jean ,reboul was born at ,nmes on the #bc;d of ,january1 #agif4 ,his father was a locksmith and in very modest circumstances4 ,his mother was early left a widow1 with four young children to provide for4 ,jean1 who was the eldest1 and of an equally thoughtful and energetic character1 soon contrived to relieve her of the anxieties of her position1 by establishing himself in business as a baker4 ,whatever ambitious and vague longings he might have had even at that early period we do not know1 but can easily guess at1 and his sacrifice of them already endears the future poet to our hearts4 ,how he ever after preferred the claims of his family to his own convenience1 and refused to take from them the security which his lowly trade gave them1 and which the precarious success of a literary career might have taken away1 we shall see later on4 ,but ,reboul did not forego his poetical aspirations2 he published various detached pieces in the local journals of ,nmes1 he circulated ,,ms4 poems among his friends1 and his name began to be well known at least in his native town4 ,it was not till #ahbj1 however1 that the outside world and the literary assemblies of ,paris knew him4 ,he gave half his day to the labor of his trade and half to intellectual work and hard study1 and the activity of his character1 as well as the rigorous measurement of his time1 so arranged as never to waste a moment1 made this division of labor prejudicial to neither one employment nor the other4 ,in physique he was tall1 athletic1 and stately enough for a ,roman senator4 ,his features were cast in a large and massive mould1 his dark1 brilliant eyes were full of meridional fire1 and his abundant black hair seemed a fitting frame for his manly1 fearless countenance4 ,even in old age and when dying1 a friend and admirer recorded that his face has suffered no contraction1 but has wholly kept the purity of those sculptural lineaments so nobly reproduced by the chisel of ,pradier2 it even seemed to have borrowed a new and graver majesty from the dread approach of death2 444 even death appeared1 as it were1 to hesitate to touch his form1 and seemed to draw near its victim with the deepest respect4 ,his vigorous life1 his active intelligence1 his inflexible uprightness of character--everything seemed to point him out as a man beyond the common run of even good men4 ,we shall see his character as developed in the admirable letters which form the basis of this sketch4 ,type of a ,christian patriot1 he towers above his contemporaries by sheer nobility of soul1 and is an example of that moral stature to which no worldly honors1 no political position1 no hereditary rank can add one cubit4 ,pro ,deo1 ,patria et ,rege was his lifelong motto1 and it may safely be said that if ,france had many such sons1 no one in the past or in the future could have rivalled or could hope to rival la grande nation4 ,his first volume of collected poems was published in #ahcf1 and one by one eminent men of letters1 struck by the beauty1 severity1 and freshness of his diction1 sought out the new light and entered into brotherhood with him4 ,his lifelong friendship with ,m4 de ,fresne1 however1 dated from #ahbi1 when he had already published ,the ,angel and the ,child1#cc in a ,paris magazine1 and other pieces at various intervals in local periodicals4 ,a traveller from the capital knocked at the unknown poet's door1 and the tie knit by the first external homage that had yet come to ,reboul1 was never dissolved4 ,the letters from which we draw his portrait1 as traced by himself1 were all addressed to this first friend4 ,in #ahch1 another and more illustrious visitor came to the baker's home at ,nmes1 the patriarch of revived ,christian literature in ,france1 the immortal ,chteaubriand4 ,he tells the story of his visit himself3 ,i found him in his bakery1 and spoke to him without knowing to whom ,i was speaking1 not distinguishing him from his companions in the trade of ,ceres2 he took my name1 and said he would see if the person ,i wanted was at home4 ,he came back presently and smilingly made himself known to me4 ,he took me through his shop1 where we groped about in a labyrinth of flour-sacks1 and at last climbed by a sort of ladder into a little retreat 7rduit7 something like the chamber of a windmill4 ,there we sat down and talked4 ,i was as happy as in my barn in ,london1#cd and much happier than in my minister's chair in ,paris4 ,reboul was an ardent ,catholic1 an uncompromising ultramontane1 as their enemies designate those who refuse to render unto ,csar the things that are ,god's4 ,he took a keen and sensitive interest in the struggles of religion against infidelity1 the prototypes1 or rather the counterparts1 of those we see now waging in ,italy and ,germany4 ,on the occasion of one of these attacks on the church in #ahdd1 he writes these trenchant words3 ,the sword is drawn between the religious and the political power3 if ,i were not a ,frenchman before being a royalist1 and a ,catholic before a ,frenchman1 ,i should find much to rejoice at in this check to the hopes of a certain part of the episcopate who honestly believed in the reign of religious freedom1 on the word of the revolutionists4 ,but1 good people6 if revolution were not despotism1 it would not be revolution4 ,the unity of the church struck him as immeasurably grand4 ,speaking of the great ,spanish convert ,donoso-,cortes and his religious works1 he says3 ,what a marvellous faith it is which makes men situated at such distances of time and place think exactly alike on the most difficult and deepest subjects6 ,a most striking passage in his writings is the following opinion on the ,reformation3 ,forgive my outspokenness1 he writes to his friend ,m4 de ,fresne1 if my opinion differs totally from yours4 ,no1 the ,reformation was not an outburst of holy and generous indignation against abuses and infamies4 ,this indignation possessed all the eminent and virtuous men in the church1 but it was not to be found among the reformers4 ,the ,reformation1 on the contrary1 came to legalize corruption and bend the precepts of the ,gospel to the exigencies of the flesh4 ,luther was literally the ,mahomet of the ,west4 ,both acted through the sword3 the one established polygamy1 the other divorce1 a species of polygamy far more fatal to morals than polygamy proper4 ,if you would know what the ,reformation really was1 look at its founders and abettors1 and see if chastity was dear to them4 ,henry ,,viii4 married six wives1 of whom he divorced two and executed two more2 ,zwinglius took a wife1 ,beza took a wife1 ,calvin took a wife1 ,luther took a wife1 the landgrave of ,hesse wished to take a second wife during the lifetime of his first1 and ,luther authorized him to do so4 ,the caustic ,erasmus1 whose ,catholicism was not very strict1 could not help saying that the ,reformation was a comedy like many others1 where everything ended with marriages4 ,the real reformers of the church1 those who reformed her not according to the gospel of passion1 but the ,gospel of ,jesus ,christ1 were ,s4 ,charles ,borromeo1 ,s4 ,john of the ,cross1 ,s4 ,teresa1 ,s4 ,ignatius ,loyola1 and thousands of holy priests and bishops4 ,not to weary the reader by constant comments on the text which reveals this great ,christian thinker's mind1 we will append the following significant quotations from his letters with as few breaks as possible4 ,they are gathered from a collection extending over a period of more than thirty years3 ,the secrets of the church are ruled by a divine order1 and to judge of them according to merely human fears or prudence1 is to mistake the nature of the church1 and to ignore her past4 ,time takes upon itself the vindication of decisions arrived at by a legitimate authority1 even though it be a temporal one2 444 truth will come to the surface1 and is often manifested by the very men apparently most earnest in combating it4444 ,i believe this work 7a religious publication of ,m4 de ,broglie7 is an event1 as much because of the author's character and the principles which his name is understood to represent1 as because of the epoch of its publication4 ,this frank confession in the belief of the supernatural in the teeth of the public rationalistic teaching of the day--ever striving to wrap ,christ in its own shroud of philosophical verbiage and to bury him in the grave from which he had risen--makes us pray to ,god and praise him1 444 that his kingdom may come4444 ,the struggle nowadays is between ,god made man1 and man making himself ,god4444 ,i wonder that you take the trouble to break your head thinking about these ,german dreamers 7atheists72 for my part1 ,i gave orders long ago to the door-keeper of my brain1 if any of these gentleman should ask for me1 to say that ,i was 'not at home4' ,these old errors served up with the new sauce of a worse darkness than before seem to me very indigestible4 ,genius which devotes itself to evil1 far from being a glory1 is but a gigantic infamy4 ,plato is right when he calls it a fatal industry4 ,the ,french ,revolution has done in the political world what the ,reformation did in the religious world2 it has taken from reason her leaning staff1 and reason1 trying to stand alone1 has caused the things we have seen--and so1 alas6 at this moment1 the ,revolution cries out for a principle1 but is itself the negation of all principle4 ,in politics1 as we have seen1 ,reboul was a staunch legitimist1 but a shrewd observer4 ,he was no dreamer1 though his belief in the ancient ,bourbons was with him a perfect cultus4 ,he never swerved from the road which he had traced for himself4 ,as a poet1 his native city was proud of him1 ,france held out every honor to him1 fellow-littrateurs of all shades of opinion welcomed him as a brother1 governments flattered him1 the people looked up to him4 ,had he been ambitious1 civic and parliamentary honors were ready for him2 had he been venal1 his career might have been brilliant1 lucrative1 and idle4 ,in #ahdd1 the mayor of ,nmes1 ,m4 ,girard1 proposed to him a change of occupation1 offering him the position of town-librarian1 as more suited to his tastes than the trade he followed4 ,he was assured that this appointment would entail no political obligation1 that perfect independence of speech and action would be guaranteed to him1 but1 says ,m4 de ,poujoulat3 ,reboul1 intent above all on the services he could render the cause among his own surroundings1 and solicitous of hedging in the dignity of his life with the most spotless integrity1 refused the mayor's offer4 ,he did not even seek to make a merit of his refusal2 his friends knew nothing of it2 ,m4 de ,fresne alone was in the secret1 and it was not divulged till years after4 ,the ,cross of the ,legion of ,honor was twice offered him3 once by the government of ,louis ,philippe1 through the agency of the minister ,m4 de ,salvandy1 who was fond of seeking out honest and independent talent1 but the loyal poet answered briefly3 ,he who alone has the right to decorate me is not in ,france2 and again by the empire1 when it was urged that the decoration was a homage such as might have been respectfully offered in les ,arnes 7the ,roman amphitheatre at ,nmes74 ,reboul proudly yet playfully replied that he had not yet quite reached the state of a monument1 and feeling plenty of vitality left in him1 did not need the red ribbon4 ,he explains to his friend ,m4 de ,fresne that he asked the ,god of ,s4 ,louis to enlighten his perplexities1 to lift his soul above all small vanities1 to deliver him from political rancor1 if he harbored any1 and to guide him to a decision which would leave him at peace with himself4 ,i have not the presumption1 he adds1 to think that ,i received an inspiration from above1 but ,i believe in the efficacy of prayer4 ,i know not if ,i was heard1 but at any rate ,i did my best4 ,there is a grand ,christian simplicity in this1 which marks ,reboul as a man far beyond the average4 ,nothing dazzles him1 because he always has the glory of ,god before his eyes4 ,his friend ,m4 de ,poujoulat says of him3 ,i find in ,reboul a penetrating and serious good sense1 broad views1 as it were luminous sheaves of thought2 ,i see in him an unprejudiced and discriminating observer of the affairs of his day4 ,the noise of popularity is not glory1 and the stature our contemporaries make for us is not our true one1 but one raised by artifice and conventionality4 ,here was a man who looked down from the height of his solitude1 said what he thought1 and in his judgment forestalled the verdict of posterity4 ,reboul was interested in the individual works of his day1 but he had only scant admiration for the age that produced them4 ,his conscience was the measure of his appreciation both of men and events1 and it was a measure hardly advantageous to them4 ,in #ahcf1 a few of his friends clubbed together to offer him at least a pension1 in the name of an exile 7the ,comte de ,chambord71 but he refused even this with touching disinterestedness1 saying3 ,there is but one hand on earth from which ,i should not blush to accept a gift3 the representative of ,providence on earth4 ,the gifts of this hand increase the honor and independence of the recipient1 and bind him to nothing save the public weal1 but adverse circumstance having sealed this fount of honor1 ,i could not dream of drawing aught from it1 for l'exil a besoin de ses miettes1#ce and it is rather our duty to contribute to its needs than to draw on it for our own4 ,later1 when pressing necessity made it incumbent upon him to accept help from his friends and his sovereign1 as he loyally called the exiled ,comte de ,chambord1 it was so great a sorrow to him that he could scarcely enjoy the material benefit of such help4 ,the poor and faithful poet had dreamed of leaving earth with the memory of a devotion wholly gratuitous1 and was sincerely grieved because it could not be so4 ,he received several letters from the ,comte de ,chambord and his wife1 some written in their own hand1 others by their secretary1 and he addressed himself several times to these objects of his cultus in terms of impassioned yet dignified loyalty4 ,henri ,v4 fully appreciated his homage1 and treated him as a friend rather than a stranger4 ,reboul visited the royal family at ,frohsdorf1 their ,austrian retreat1 and received the most flattering marks of attention4 ,to him it was not a visit so much as a pilgrimage2 his devotion to the person of his sovereign was but the embodiment of his principle of fealty towards hereditary monarchy4 ,speaking of the ,requiem ,mass celebrated at ,nmes1 in ,october1 #ahea1 on the occasion of the death of the ,duchesse d',angoulme1 daughter of ,louis ,,xvi41 he says3 ,she had made a deep impression1 and left durable memories among the working classes of our town1 on her passage through ,nmes some years ago4444 ,the people1 my dear friend1 the ,christian people1 recognizes better than les beaux-esprits what true greatness is1 and is ever ready to bow before the majesty of a nobly-borne sorrow4 ,no orator could adequately describe the appearance of our church to-day4 ,this great gathering en blouse ou en veste1#cf these faces browned by toil and want1 bore an expression of nobility and gravity fully suitable to such an occasion4444 ,when one still has such courtiers1 is exile a reality8 ,reboul would never allow that the irregularities of its representatives were enough of themselves to condemn a system4 ,we have seen how1 while recognizing the degeneracy of many churchmen in the ,x,v,ith century1 he yet denounced the pretended reformers who sought this pretext for attacking the church1 and in politics his judgments were equally clear and impartial4 ,if1 he says1 it is still possible to be a republican despite the ,reign of ,terror1 it is not impossible to be a royalist despite a few moral deviations which have disgraced some of our kings4 ,was the ,directoire 7a genuine republican product7 an assembly of ,josephs8 ,and the houses of our day--are they not of glass8 ,it is not wise1 therefore1 to be incessantly throwing stones4444 ,after all1 ,i return to my original argument3 notwithstanding the shadows which darken the great qualities and high virtues of many of our kings1 can you find anything better8 ,reboul's political faith is traced at length in the following paragraph1 which may be called statesmanlike1 since it contains a theory of government3 ,the sovereign is by all means a responsible agent1 but ,i add to this1 that the people also1 when it makes itself sovereign1 is equally responsible4 ,the habit of thought which separates the one from the other is one of the misfortunes of our times4 ,without sovereignty there can be no nation1 nor even a people4 ,there remains but an agglomeration of individuals4 ,when ,i say sovereign you know1 if you understand the language of politics1 that ,i mean any legitimate form of government4 ,this is applicable to all governments4 ,be sure that it is nonsense to talk of a nation as making its own sovereign4 ,a nation which as yet has no sovereignty is no more a nation than a body without its head is a real body4 ,reboul not only believed in sovereignty1 but in an aristocracy as a necessary part of a sound national system4 ,commenting upon a political article by ,m4 de ,villemain1 he gives his ideas thus3 ,he is mistaken if he believes1 as he says he does1 that a people can enjoy freedom without an aristocracy1 or1 if this word is too much of a bugbear in the ears of our age1 without an intermediate class between the sovereign and the people4 ,equality is a fine thing1 but revolutionary journalists must make up their minds that equality can only be arrived at by the raising of one man and the lowering of all the rest4 ,it is almost a truism to say so1 but these truisms are not bad things in politics1 being so often borne out by experience1 and1 alas6 by the convulsions of empires4 ,our poet and politician could be witty when he liked1 and1 had he not been so earnest a ,christian1 his satirical humor would have been more often exercised on those from whom he differed so widely in opinion4 ,this humor crops out sometimes1 as when1 on the occasion of an agricultural show 7no very congenial fte to a man of his stamp71 he quaintly says3 ,i do not demur to any rational encouragement given to agriculture1 but ,i fancy ,sully1 to whom it owes so much1 would not have been quite so extravagant in the choice of honors such as are now heaped upon it4 ,a public and gratuitous show1 convocation of the ,academy1 the municipal council1 the prefect of the department1 all that fuss for the coronation of a few dumb animals6 ,do you not see in this a providential sarcasm--a people allowed to crown swine after uncrowning its kings6 ,a significant prophecy is contained in the last words of the following paragraph3 ,i begin to doubt the efficacy of all these intellectual struggles2 our times need a stronger logic than that of pamphlets1 and ,i fear 7,god forgive me for the despairing thought7--,i fear that some great misfortune alone is capable of curing ,france4 ,how terrible the cure was when it came we all know1 but we have yet to see whether it has been efficient4 ,his brief career as deputy to the ,constituent ,assembly in #ahdh derives a peculiar interest for the reader by reason of the seeming contradiction it presents to his settled political creed4 ,but ,reboul judged things by a higher standard than that of party prejudice4 ,a ,frenchman before a royalist1 he vindicated his patriotism by active measures in those stormy days when more voices were needed to speak for the right in the councils of the nation4 ,no doubt1 with his unfailing discernment1 he saw the incongruity of his actual position as a man of the people with that refusal of office which was in a certain sense becoming--nay1 required--in a legitimist of noble birth4 ,he says of his nomination3 ,i had firmly refused before1 being certain of my own incompetency1 but our population would not hear reason4 ,these good people imagine that1 because one can scribble verses1 one can therefore represent a borough4 ,i was not able to disabuse them2 it was made a question of honor and patriotism1 and how could ,i refuse any longer8 ,here am ,i1 therefore1 who have always lived far from political gatherings1 ,i a man of retirement and study1 thrown into your whirlpool without well knowing what will happen to me there4 ,he was not happy as a deputy4 ,m4 de ,poujoulat says that ,reboul's countenance in those days was that of a man bored to death4 ,when1 the following year1 he retired from these unwonted honors1 he thanked ,god for having rescued him from the storm1 and wrote to a friend3 ,i am quite happy again1 and do not at all regret the honors ,i have left4 ,i wonder what interest there can be in such heated disputes about vulgarized issues6 ,i never felt more at home than ,i do now1 and nothing whispers to me that ,i have had any loss4 ,of a young and unfortunate colleague in the ,assembly1 a man who had mistaken an irrepressible momentary exaltation for a genuine vocation1 and from a porter had vaulted to the position of a deputy1 while he further aspired to that of a poet1 ,reboul says with grave sympathy and sterling sense3 ,his blind ambition often astounded me1 but it was so candid and so genuine that ,i had not the heart to condemn it4 ,i have often grieved over this frank nature1 this child who1 in his gambols1 would handle as a whip which he could use the serpent that was to bite him4 ,the best thing for him would be to go back to his trade in the teeth of the world1 and to make use of his strength and youth2 he would find in that a truer happiness than in the shadow of an official desk1 or in the corruptions of the literary ',bohemia1' but such an effort1 ,i fear1 is beyond his strength of mind4 ,with what special right ,reboul could give this sound1 if stern1 advice1 we shall see presently4 ,in poetry ,reboul's inspiration was purely ,christian1 austere in its morality1 and trusting rather to the matter than the form4 ,he believed that the times required a poetic censorship1 incisive1 rapid1 and relentless2 poetry was the mould that ,god had given him in which to cast his thoughts1 and he felt bound to use it in season for ,god's cause1 without stopping to elaborate its form and perhaps weaken its effect4 ,thus it came about that he was essentially a poet of action1 mingling with his fellow-men1 following the vicissitudes of the day and bearing his part valiantly in the battle of life4 ,he was not of the contemplative1 subjective order of poets1 nor was he among the sensualists of literature4 ,his art was to him neither a personal consolation1 occupying all his time and plunging him into a selfish yet not unholy oblivion of the world1 nor yet an instrument of gain and a pander to the evil passions of others4 ,it was a mission1 not simply a gift2 a talent to be used and to bring in five-fold in the interests of his heavenly ,master4 ,many of his friends objected to the crudity of form which sometimes resulted from this earnest conviction1 and later in life he did set himself to polish his style a little more4 ,all his verses bear this imprint of passionate earnestness2 he speaks to all1 kings and people2 he tells them of their duties in times of revolution1 he urges men to martyrdom1 if need be1 that the truth may triumph2 he exalts patriotism1 fidelity1 and disinterestedness1 and loses no opportunity to wrap wholesome precepts in poetic form4 ,his style is vigorous and impetuous1 yet domestic affections are no strangers to his pen4 ,the world knows him as the author of ,the ,angel and the ,child1 which has been translated into all languages from ,english to ,persian#cg and inspired a ,dresden painter with a beautiful rendering of the song on canvas4 ,he says of himself3 ,with me1 poetry is but the veil of philosophy1 and in this he has unconsciously followed the dictum of a great man of the ,x,vth century1 ,savonarola1 who1 in his work on the ,division and ,utility of all ,sciences1 records the same truth3 ,the essence of poetry is to be found in philosophy2 the object of poetry being to persuade by means of that syllogism called an example exposed with elegance of language1 so as to convince and at the same time to delight us4#ch ,corneille was his favorite ,french poet1 and his admiration for the ,christian tragedy of ,polyeucte prompted him to write a drama in the same style1 called the ,martyrdom of ,vivia4 ,the scene was placed in his own ,nmes1 in the time of the ,roman ,empire4 ,the piece was full of beauties1 and above all of enthusiasm1 but1 as might have been expected1 it was hardly a theatrical success4 ,he says himself3 ,the glorification of the martyrs of old is not a sentiment of our day2 but when ,vivia was performed under his own auspices in his native town the result was far different4 ,it created a furor1 and everything1 even the accessories1 was perfect4 ,every one vied with each other to make it not only a success in itself1 but an ovation to the author4 ,reboul1 when he once saw it acted in ,paris1 was so genuinely overcome by it that1 leaning across the box toward his friend ,m4 de ,fresne1 he whispered navely with tears in his eyes3 ,i had no idea that it was so beautiful4 ,as a poet1 he utterly despised mere popularity1 and has recorded this feeling both in verse and in prose4 ,in his poem ,consolation in ,forgetfulness he asks whether the nightingale1 hidden among the trees1 seeks out first some attentive human ear into which to pour its ravishing strains8 ,nay1 he answers1 but the songster gives all he has to the night1 the desert1 and its silence1 and if night1 desert1 and silence are alike insensible1 its own great ,maker is ever at hand to listen4 ,but it is useless to translate winged verse into lame prose2 the next verse we will quote in the original3 ,un grand nom cote cher dans les temps o nous sommes1 ,il fant rompre avec ,dieu pour captiver les hommes4 ,the same idea is reproduced in his correspondence3 ,the revolution has for a long time usurped1 all over ,europe1 the disposal of popularity and renown1 and1 alas6 how many ,esaus there are who have sold their birthright for a mess of celebrity6444 ,our excellent friend ,m4 ,le ,roy had a quality of soul capable of harmonizing with the sad memories of fallen greatness6 ,our sicle de grosse caisse#ci has lost the secret of those high and sublime feelings which the reserve of a simple-minded man may cover4 ,when1 in #ahea1 his friends wished to nominate him as a candidate for the ,french ,academy1 the highest literary honor possible1 ,reboul answered ,m4 de ,fresne thus3 ,your kind friendship has led you astray4 ,what on earth would you have me do in such a body8 ,though ,i may1 in the intimacy of private life1 have spoken to you of whatever poetic merits ,i have1 ,i am far from wishing to declare myself seriously the rival of the best talent of the capital4 ,such pretension never entered my head4 ,nay1 in these days ,i might have written ,athalie and yet deem myself unfit for the ,academy4 ,in revolutionary times1 things invade and overflow each other1 and nothing is more futile than the lamentations of literary men over the nomination of politicians to the vacancies of the ,french ,academy4 ,the revolution has always jealously guarded her approaches2 the ,institut is her council4 ,ten years later he congratulates himself that things have so far mended among academicians as that one may pronounce ,god's holy name in the halls of the academy2 but he steadily refused to be nominated for a fauteuil4 ,reboul's relations with the great men of his day were active and cordial4 ,no party feeling separated him from any on whom the stamp of genius was set equally with himself4 ,he corresponded with distinguished personages of all countries1 ,english1 ,french1 ,italian1 etc41 admired and appreciated the literature of foreign lands1 followed the intellectual movement of ,europe in every branch of learning1 and supplied by copious reading of the best translations his want of classical knowledge4 ,the ,holy ,scriptures and the patristic literature of the church were familiar and favorite studies with him2 in every sense of the word1 he was a polished and appreciative scholar4 ,the accident of his birth and circumstances of his life in no way interfered with this scholarship1 and it would be a great mistake to suppose that he was but a phenomenon1 a freak of nature1 a working-man turned suddenly poet1 but having beyond the gift of ready versification no further knowledge of his art or grasp of its possibilities4 ,in #ahcd1 having addressed to ,lamennais a poetical warning and remonstrance1 he says that1 receiving no answer1 he is appalled by the silence of this man4 ,heaven forefend that the pillar which once was the firmest support of the sanctuary should be turned into a battering-ram6444 ,the ,christian world knows that this prophecy came true1 but there are those who believe that on his death-bed the erring son was drawn back to the bosom of his mother4 ,in #ahdd1 ,reboul was chosen as spokesman by the deputation of ,nmes to the reception awarded ,m4 ,berryer by the town of ,avignon4 ,he says3 ,the illustrious orator said so many flattering things to me that ,i was quite confounded4 ,he called me his friend4444 ,then1 addressing us all1 his words seemed so fraught with magic that the immense audience hung breathless on his lips1 but when he began to speak of ,france his voice1 trembling with love of our country1 took our very souls by storm1 and you should have seen those southern faces all bathed in tears of admiration4 ,we had need of a respite before applauding--but what an explosion it was6 ,at another time he writes3 ,where has ,berryer lived that he should be able to escape the influence of the hazy phraseology of our age and keep intact that eloquence of his1 at once so clear and so trenchant8 ,manzoni's genius seemed to make the two poets1 though not personally acquainted1 companions in spirit4 ,m4 de ,fresne1 who knew the ,milanese littrateur1 was charged with ,reboul's homage to him in verse1 and ,reboul himself speaks thus of the impression made on a friend of his by ,manzoni's ,inni ,sacri3 ,we read and admired everything in the book4 ,the hymn for the #eth of ,may particularly struck ,gazay2 he was quite beside himself1 as ,i knew he would be4 ,this nature1 rugged and trenchant 7osseuse et brve71 which is so impatient of the milk-and-water#dj style of literature1 found here a subject of enthusiasm2 he rose from his chair1 walked up and down the room with gigantic strides1 and barely escaped breaking through the floor4 ,his judgment of ,victor ,hugo is both interesting and striking4 ,in #ahfb1 when ,les ,misrables was published1 he comments thus on the great herald and apologist of revolution3 ,it is always the same glorification of the convict-prison and the house of prostitution1 a theme which has for many years been dragged over our literature and our drama4 ,i do not like ,hugo's bishop any more than ,branger's cur2 the former is a fool and the latter a drunkard4 ,the author of ,les ,misrables is vigorous in his style1 no doubt1 but he carries the defects of this quality to the last pitch of absurdity4 ,the style is vigorous and rugged1 true--but c'est du 'casse-poitrine' et du 'sacr chien1' de l'eau-de-vie de pommes-de-terre4#da ,i do not know what to expect from the next two volumes1 but up to this it all seems to me to breathe the air of a low public-house 7buvette de faubourg74 ,the ostentatious praise of the socialist organs confirms this opinion4 ,the multitude1 as well as kings1 has its flatterers4 ,i think that honest poverty1 lacking everything1 and yet shutting its eyes and ears to temptation1 would have been a type worthier of the author's reputation1 if it were only for a change6 ,a year later1 in #ahfc1 we see ,reboul reading with interest a criticism of ,lamartine on this same work1 and recording his satisfaction at the implied condemnation4 ,but1 says our poet1 it is only1 alas6 the blind leading the blind4 ,one is astonished to see the devastation created in these two great intellects by the forsaking of principle4 ,his relations with ,lamartine were close and affectionate1 but his admiration for the poet yet left him a severe measure for the man4 ,in #ahfd1 he wrote him an address in verse on dogma1 or rather1 as he calls it1 divine reason1 as the foundation of all legislation1 and from his reasons drew consequences not over-favorable to the historian-poet4 ,but1 he says1 ,i tried to be respectful without ceasing to be frank4 ,lamartine answered him a few months later1 and promised him a visit4 ,reboul then says of him3 ,i found him as amiable1 as much a friend as ever2 there must be something great in the depths of that man's heart4 ,may ,providence realize one day my secret hopes for his soul's welfare4 ,when seven years before ,lamartine came to see him at ,nmes1 ,reboul was his cicerone to the ruins and sights of the ,roman colony1 and the exquisitely graceful compliment of the world-known poet to his brother artist was thus worded3 ,this is worth more than all ,i saw during my ,eastern journey4 ,of ,lamartine's poetical genius1 and ,victor ,hugo's claims to the renown of posterity1 ,reboul has no doubt1 for he says that the former's ,lac and the latter's lyrics will never die4 ,the reader may like to know the opinion of ,lamartine himself on ,reboul4 ,we find it in his ,harmonies ,potiques1 where he dedicates a piece to him entitled ,genius in obscurity1 and appends the following anecdote1 which will remind us of ,chteaubriand's earlier visit4 ,this was the first time the two poets met1 and1 like most of ,reboul's friendships1 it was sought by the greater man--or rather1 should we not say the higher-placed rather than greater8 ,every one knows the poetical genius1 so antique in form1 so noble in feeling1 of ,m4 ,reboul1 poet and workman4 ,work does not degrade4 ,his life is less known2 ,i was ignorant of it myself4 ,one day1 passing through ,nmes1 ,i wished1 before going to the ,roman ruins1 to see my brother-poet4 ,a poor man whom ,i met in the street led me to a little1 blackened house1 on the threshold of which ,i was saluted by that delicious perfume of hot bread just from the oven4 ,i went in2 a young man in his shirt sleeves1 his black hair slightly powdered with flour1 stood behind the counter1 selling bread to a few poor women4 ,i gave my name2 he neither blushed nor changed countenance1 but quietly slipped on his waistcoat1 and led me up-stairs by a wooden staircase to his working room1 above the shop4 ,there was a bed1 and a writing-table1 with a few books and some loose sheets of paper covered with verses4 ,we spoke of our common occupation4 ,he read me some admirable verses1 and a few scenes of ancient tragedy1 breathing the true masculine severity of the ,roman spirit4 ,one felt that this man had spent his life among the living mementos of ancient ,rome1 and that his soul was1 as it were1 a stone taken from those monuments1 at whose feet his genius had grown like the wild laurel at the foot of the ,roman bridge over the ,gard4 ,i saw ,reboul again in the ,constituent ,assembly4 ,his was a free soul1 born for a republic2 a heart simple and pure1 and whose like the people needs sorely to make it keep and honor the liberty it has won1 but will lose again unless it be tempered by justice and hallowed by virtue4 ,it will be seen that ,reboul himself did not agree with ,lamartine's estimate of him1 nor indeed with many of the great poet's religious and political views2 but the tribute to our hero is only rendered more honorable by this dissidence of opinion4 ,many other names might be added to the list of ,reboul's literary acquaintances4 ,montalembert1 at whose request he paraphrased in verse the famous article published in the ,correspondant1 ,une ,nation en deuil1 a plea for ,poland written by the author of ,the ,monks of the ,west2 ,pre ,lacordaire1 ,mgr4 ,dupanloup1 ,m4 de ,falloux1 ,mme4 ,rcamier1 ,mme4 de ,beaumont1 a graceful poetess1 ,canonge1 his fellow-poet of ,nmes1 ,charles ,lenormand1 and hosts of others4 ,artists too he held in great honor3 ,sigalon1 a painter full of promise1 of a poor family in ,nmes1 and whom ,reboul characterizes as one who1 had he lived1 would have been a modern ,michael ,angelo2 ,orsel1 of whom he speaks in these enthusiastic terms3 ,i showed my friends some of ,orsel's sketches1 which they found more true and more holy than ,raphael's style4 ,i will not go so far1 for the judgment of ages and of so many connoisseurs unanimously proclaiming the supremacy of the great ,italian is a stronger authority in my eyes than the exclamation of a few men in a given moment of enthusiasm4 ,still ,i was astounded4 ,some vague remorse seized me when ,i reflected that ,i had regarded this man with indifference1 not yet knowing his works6 ,but when ,i think that ,i actually read so many of my bad verses to one who had before his mind's eye such holy and beautiful types1 and that he was good enough to listen patiently1 it is not admiration1 but veneration that ,i feel towards him4 ,reber1 the musician1 who in #ahec was deservedly elected member of the ,institut de ,france1 and ,rose1 a young sculptor1 whose ,christian genius was worthy of being placed in contrast 7in his admirable bassi-relievi of the ,stations of the ,cross in the church of ,s4 ,paul1 at ,nmes7 with the perfection of ,hippolyte ,flandrin's magnificent frescos1 were also among ,reboul's artistic friends4 ,in a comparison instituted by our poet between popular and high art1 we find the following pungent comment3 ,m4 ,courbet has painted women fitted1 by the rotundity of their dimensions1 to be exhibited at a fair1 and his name is incessantly in the papers4 ,on the other hand1 ,m4 ,ingres is seldom if ever mentioned6 ,reboul's voluminous letters to ,m4 de ,fresne trace unconsciously a most noble moral portrait of the writer4 ,here are a few characteristic touches1 putting in relief his manliness and freedom from petty vanities or weak susceptibilities4 ,there was not the shadow of a meanness in ,reboul's mind2 his soul was simplicity itself1 and was rather like those dark1 deep waters of some of the ,american lakes1 at whose bottom every pebble is distinctly visible4 ,one of the advantages of the position in which it has pleased ,god to place me1 he says1 is that ,i hear the truth told me point-blank and without any circumlocution whatever1 and1 thank ,god1 ,i am inured to this4 ,i have found out since that what once galled my pride has had other and important results1 so that both friend and foe have served me4444 ,i bow to nothing save that which is beautiful everywhere and at all times1 and progress to my mind signifies only the fashioning of my works more and more according to this eternal standard4 ,if ,i do not succeed1 therefore1 be sure that it is through human helplessness and not intentional profanation4 ,he thus distinctly recognizes his art as a mission1 a sacred thing to be reverently handled1 and not profaned by compromises with the local and accidental spirit of the age4 ,and again3 ,if the poet condescends to these intrigues behind the scenes1 he loses what should be his greatest treasure3 the consciousness of his own dignity4#db ,theatrical plaudits1 success1 all that is outside ourselves3 the poet should seek to live at peace with his own soul1 for alas6 man cannot fly from himself1 and woe to him if he has need to blush for his deeds before the tribunal of his own conscience4444 ,there is too much water in the wine of success to inebriate me4444 ,time1 which is ,god's mode of action1 deprives us little by little of everything which can be salutary guardianship1 until that supreme moment when it leaves us face to face with itself alone4 ,let us strive to prepare ourselves for this awful tte--tte4 ,reboul possessed the true pride of a noble heart which consisted in doing simply every duty required of him alike by his poor condition and his admirable talent4 ,of the former he never showed himself ashamed and repeatedly refused to change it2 yet this refusal was perfectly honest4 ,if he was in no ways ashamed of his lowly origin1 at the same time he was equally far from making it a boast4 ,on the publication of his ,traditionelles 7a volume of detached poems7 ,m4 ,lenormand devoted to it a laudatory and appreciative article in the ,correspondant4 ,reboul noticed this in the following words3 ,i have only one observation to make1 however3 ,i would rather they had left the 'baker' out of the question1 certainly not because the allusion humiliates me1 but because ,i fear that it points towards making an exception of my verses1 as a moral lusus natur1 and it is my ardent wish1 on the contrary1 to be judged quite outside such circumstances4 ,i can say this the more frankly1 because ,i have never1 in my ,traditionelles1 disguised my origin1 and indeed1 did ,i not fear to be suspected of that hateful plebeian pride1 ,i should even say that ,i would not exchange my family for any other4 ,this is between ourselves4 ,and again1 when the question of his nomination to the ,french ,academy was under discussion1 he wrote a very similar sentence3 ,i can hardly tell you why ,i would not accept this candidature4 ,this1 perhaps1 will best render my idea3 ,i am not of the stuff of which academicians are made4 ,this is no outburst of plebeian pride--the most insolent pride of any2 it is merely my true estimate of my own position4 ,at another time he said1 excusing himself for not having asked a person of high position and a friend of his to the funeral of his mother3 ,whatever ignorance and enviousness may say to the contrary1 there are barriers between the different classes of society which cannot be disregarded without unseemliness4 ,my 'neglect' was but the consequence of this conviction4 ,he has left carelessly here and there embedded in the text of an everyday letter some phrase which seems like a proverb1 so beautiful and comprehensive is it4 ,for instance1 speaking of the costliness of the ,paris salons1 he says3 ,the most beautiful abodes1 my dear friend1 are those where the devil finds nothing to look upon4 ,of the degeneracy of modern thought he speaks thus3 ,these noble convictions are passing away1 and every thing is subjected to the feeble equations of reason2 all things are discussed1 calculated1 weighed1 and the heart would appear to be a superfluity of creation1 so little are its holy inspirations followed6 ,and of books and their readers he says3 ,we do not all read a book alike1 but each takes from it only what his individual nature is capable of appropriating4 ,the prejudices of divers schools of literature1 the rivalry of various political1 philosophical1 and religious opinions1 are all so many spectacles through which we judge the beauties or defects of any work4 ,reboul's domestic life was a calm and simple one2 his mind craved no pleasures beyond its silent circle1 save those which he found in books2 and his attachment to his native city and his humble home was as touching as it was sincere4 ,his trade gave him enough for a modest and assured way of life1 and he coveted no more4 ,it was a less precarious source of gain than literature alone would have been2 it supported his family in comfort1 and1 above all1 left his own mind at ease2 and it was only towards the end of his life that1 having generously assisted a relation in financial difficulties1 he found himself in real want4 ,then only1 and not till then1 did he accept1 with touching sadness and humility1 the help his friends and his heart's sovereign1 the ,comte de ,chambord1 had repeatedly pressed upon him in happier days4 ,his greatest relaxation was an hour spent with his family or a few chosen literary friends in his mazet1 an enclosed garden with a little dwelling attached1 in which were a sitting-room and a kitchen1 but no bed-rooms4 ,we do not know if this is a peculiar institution of ,nmes alone or of the whole south of ,france4 ,it is constantly mentioned by ,reboul1 and his letters are often dated from it--nay1 his verses were sometimes composed there4 ,it was a luxury of his later days1 not of the time when he received ,chteaubriand and ,lamartine in the windmill chamber4 ,reboul suffered for ten years before his death from a constitutional melancholy1 which the distraction of several interesting journeys in ,italy1 ,switzerland1 and ,austria only temporarily relieved2 his general health gave way by degrees1 and he died on the #bith of ,may1 #ahfd4 ,he who had vowed his life to the glory of ,god and his church was called away from earth on the feast of ,corpus ,christi1 having been completely paralyzed on the left side three days before4 ,he recovered neither speech nor--to all appearance--consciousness1 and his death was as peaceful as a child's4 ,his native town celebrated his funeral with all the pomp of civic and religious honors2 the ,bishop1 ,mgr4 ,plantier1 made a funeral oration over his grave1 and a monument was soon raised to his memory by his grateful and admiring fellow-citizens4 ,more than that1 the city of ,nmes took charge of his family and assured their future1 as a fitting homage to the man whose life had been so nobly independent1 so proudly self-supporting4 ,the ,roman colony could not bear to see ,reboul's helpless relatives the pensionaries of a stranger1 and the care it extended to them was delicately offered not as a boon but a right4 ,people of all classes1 all religions1 all political opinions united in mourning their great compatriot4 ,we can end with no tribute of our own more fitting than ,m4 de ,poujoulat's warm and eloquent words3 ,noble triumph of honest genius1 of sublime and modest virtue6 many things will have fallen1 many footsteps have been effaced1 while yet ,reboul will be remembered4 ,the only lasting glory is that in which there is no untruth4 ,reboul has left like a ,christian a world and an epoch which often grieved his faith4 ,he has gone to that heaven which he had seen in his poetic visions1 and in which his imagination had placed so many noble types4 ,he himself has now become a type such as the ,christian muse would fain see placed in the immortal fatherland of the elect4 ,the recording angel may well have sung over his tomb these triumphant words of the ,gospel3 ,well done1 thou good and faithful servant2 because thou hast been faithful in a few things1 ,i will set thee over great things3 enter thou into the joy of thy ,lord4 ,we have thus endeavored to present a portrait of a character not often met with in our literature4 ,this man of the people1 and yet a royalist2 this delicately-toned poet1 and yet a man of sturdy common sense1 affords a curious and interesting study4 ,what has won our especial admiration is his inflexible adherence to principle in all that concerns faith and the rights of the ,holy ,see4 ,,footnotes3 #bh ,lettres de ,jean ,reboul de ,nmes1 avec une ,introduction par ,m4 de ,poujoulat4 ,michel ,lvy ,frres4 ,paris1 #ahff4 #bi ,romans xi4 #bd4 #cj ,uncultivated tracts of land bordering the sea-shore of ,brittany4 #ca #a ,kings ix4 #ba4 #cb ,this name was given to the market-women who had their regular seats around the guillotine1 and knitted diligently1 at the same time insulting the victims while the executioner did his bloody work4 #cc ,see a translation of this poem in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world for ,july4 #cd ,alluding to his own vicissitudes during the ,french emigration4 #ce ,literally1 ,exile needs even its very crumbs4 #cf ,smock-frock1 or working-clothes4 #cg ,by ,monchharem1 a young ,persian attached to the staff of ,marshal ,paskievicz4 #ch ,see the second article on ,jerome ,savonarola1 ,,catholic ,,world1 ,july1 #ahgc4 #ci ,literally big-drum century4 #dj ,more expressive in the original1 le blanc d'uf battu--literally white of eggs beaten up4 #da ,untranslatable3 the meaning is1 that the vigor is that of a prize-fighter1 the ruggedness not of a philosopher1 but of a low ruffian4 #db ,simpler and more forcible in the original3 le sentiment de lui-mme--the consciousness of himself4 ,,mary4 ,dear honored name1 beloved for human ties1 ,but loved and honored first that ,one was given ,in living proof to erring mortal eyes ,that our poor flesh is near akin to heaven4 ,sweet word of dual meaning3 one of grace1 ,and born of our kind ,advocate above2 ,and one by memory linked to that dear face ,that blessed my childhood with its mother-love1 ,and taught me first the simple prayer1 ,to thee1 ,poor banished sons of ,eve1 we send our cries4 ,through mist of years1 those words recall to me ,a childish face upturned to loving eyes4 ,and yet to some the name of ,mary bears ,no special meaning1 or no gracious power2 ,in that dear word they seek for hidden snares1 ,as wasps find poison in the sweetest flower4 ,but faithful hearts can see1 o'er doubts and fears1 ,the ,virgin link that binds the ,lord to earth2 ,which to the upturned1 trusting face appears ,greater than angel1 though of human birth4 ,the sweet-faced moon reflects on cheerless night ,the rays of hidden sun to rise to-morrow2 ,so unseen ,god still lets his promised light1 ,through holy ,mary1 shine upon our sorrow4 ,,more ,,about ,,brittany3 ,,its ,,customs1 ,,its ,,people1 ,,and ,,its ,,poems4 ,all great national gatherings dating from an early period have a religious origin4 ,the assemblies of the ,welsh1 ,bretons1 and ,gauls were convoked by the ,druids1 and in the laws of ,molmud are designated the privileged synods of fraternity and union which are presided over by the bards4 ,these1 in losing their pagan character under the influence of ,christianity1 nevertheless retained many of their forms and regulations1 together with the customary place and time of meeting4 ,true to her prudent mode of action among the peoples she was converting1 the church1 instead of destroying the temples1 purified them1 and1 instead of overthrowing the menhir and dolmen1 raised the cross above them4 ,it was almost invariably at the solstices that the ,christian assemblies of the ,celtic nations were accustomed to take place1 as the pagan ones had done before them1 when1 in the presence of immense multitudes1 the bards held their solemn sittings1 and vied with each other in poetry and song1 while athletes ran1 wrestled1 and performed various feats of agility and strength4 ,in ,wales1 the sectaries who divided the land amongst them have deprived these assemblies of all religious character and association whatsoever1 and the manners1 language1 and traditions are all that remain unchanged4 ,in ,brittany1 on the contrary1 the religious element is the dominant one1 and impresses its character not only upon the antique observances1 but also upon the rustic literature--that is to say1 the poesy--with which the land abounds4 ,the most favorable opportunities for hearing these popular ballads occur at weddings and agricultural festivities1 such as the gathering-in of the harvest and vintage1 the linadek1 or flax-gathering--for it is believed that the flax would become mere tow or oakum unless it were gathered with singing--the fairs1 the watch-nights1 when1 around the bed of death1 the relatives and neighbors take their turn to watch and pray1 while those who are waiting pass much of the time in singing or listening to religious ballad-poems of interminable length1 or ditties like the following1 ,kimiad ann ,ene--,the ,departure of the ,soul--which chiefly consists of a dialogue between the soul and its earthly tenement3 ,,the ,,departure ,,of ,,the ,,soul4 ,come listen to the song of the happy ,soul's departure1 at the moment when she quits her dwelling4 ,she looks down a little towards the earth1 and speaks to the poor body which is lying on its bed of death4 ,,soul4 ,alas1 my body6 ,behold1 the last hour is come2 ,i must quit thee and this world also4 ,i hear the rapping of the death-watch4 ,thy head swims2 thy lips are cold as ice2 thy visage is all changed4 ,alas1 poor body6 ,i must leave thee6 ,,body4 ,if my visage is changed and horrible1 it is too true that you must leave me4 ,you are1 then1 unmindful of the past2 despising your poor friend1 who is1 alas6 so disfigured4 ,likeness is the mother of love3 since you have no longer any left to me1 lay me aside4 ,,soul4 ,no1 dearest friend1 ,i despise you not4 ,of all the ,commandments1 you have not broken one4 ,but it is the will of ,god 7let us bless his goodness7 to put an end to my authority and your subjection4 ,behold us parted asunder by pitiless death4 ,behold me all alone between heaven and earth1 like the little blue dove who flew from the ark to see if the storm was over4 ,,body4 ,the little blue dove came back to the ark1 but you will never return to me4 ,,soul4 ,nay1 truly1 but ,i will return to thee1 and solemnly promise so to do2 we shall meet again at the ,day of ,judgment4 ,as truly shall ,i return to thee as ,i now go forth to the particular judgment1 the thought of which1 alas6 makes me tremble4 ,have confidence1 my friend4 ,after the northwest wind there falls a calm on the sea4 ,i will come again and take thee by the hand2 and wert thou heavy as iron1 when ,i shall have been in heaven1 ,i will draw thee to me like a loadstone4 ,,body4 ,when ,i shall be1 dear ,soul1 stretched in the tomb1 and destroyed in the earth by corruption2 ,when ,i shall have neither finger nor hand1 nor foot nor arm1 in vain will you try to raise me to you4 ,,soul4 ,he who created the world without model or matter has power to restore thee to thy first form4 ,he who knew thee when thou wast not shall find thee where thou wilt not be6 ,as truly shall we meet again as that ,i now go before the terrible tribunal1 at the thought whereof ,i tremble1 ,feeble and frail as a leaf in the autumn wind4 99 99 99 99 99 ,god hears the ,soul1 and hastens to answer it saying1 ,courage1 poor ,soul1 thou shalt not be long in pain4 ,because thou hast served me in the world1 thou shalt have part in my felicities4 ,and the soul1 always rising1 casts again a glance below1 and beholds her body lying on the funeral bier4 ,farewell1 my poor body1 farewell6 ,i look back yet once more1 out of my great pity for thee4 ,,body4 ,cease1 then1 dear ,soul1 cease to address me with golden words4 ,dust and corruption are unworthy of pity4 ,,soul4 ,saving thy favor1 ,o my body6 thou art truly worthy1 even as the earthen vessel that has held sweet perfumes4 ,,body4 ,adieu1 then1 ,o my life6 since thus it must be4 ,may ,god lead you to the place where you desire to be4 ,you will be ever awake and ,i sleeping in the grave4 ,keep me in mind1 and hasten your return4 ,but tell me1 why is it thus that you are so gay and glad at leaving me1 and yet ,i am so sad8 ,,soul4 ,i have so exchanged thorns for roses1 and gall for sweetest honey4 ,then1 joyous as a lark1 the soul mounts1 mounts1 mounts1 ever upwards towards heaven4 ,when she reaches heaven1 she knocks at the gate1 and humbly asks my lord ,s4 ,peter to let her enter in4 ,o you1 my lord ,s4 ,peter6 who are so kind1 will you not receive me into the ,paradise of ,jesus8 ,s4 ,,peter4 ,truly thou shalt enter into the ,paradise of ,jesus1 who1 when thou wast on earth1 didst receive him into thy dwelling4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the soul1 at the moment of entering1 once more turns her head1 and sees her poor body like a little mole-hill4 ,till we meet again1 my body--and thanks--till we meet again1 till we meet again in the valley of ,jehosaphat4 ,i hear sweet harmonies ,i never heard before4 ,the day breaks1 and the shadows are fled away4 ,behold1 ,i am like a rose-tree planted by the waters of the river of life4 ,this dialogue bears a remarkable resemblance to at least three similar compositions by ,s4 ,ephrem ,syrus1 ,deacon of ,edessa1 who died ,a4,d4 #cgb4 ,with the ,breton poem it may not be uninteresting to compare the following wild ,northern dirge1 which may be unknown to some amongst our readers3 ,,scottish ,,lyke-,,wake ,,dirge4 ,this ae nighte1 this ae nighte1 ,every nighte an' alle1 ,fire1 an' sleet1 an' candle-light1 ,an' ,christe receive thy saule4 ,when thou from hence away art paste1 ,every nighte an' alle1 ,to whinny-muir thou comest at laste1 ,an' ,christe receive thy saule4 ,if ever thou gavest hosen or shoon1 ,every nighte an' alle1 ,sit thee down an' put them on1 ,an' ,christe receive thy saule4 ,if hosen an' shoon thou never gavest nane1 ,every nighte an' alle1 ,the whinnes shal prick thee to the bare bane1 ,an' ,christe receive thy saule4 ,from whinny-muir when thou mayest passe1 ,every night an' alle1 ,to ,brig o' ,dread#dc thou comest at laste1 ,an' ,christe receive thy saule4 ,if ever thou gavest meate or drinke1 ,every nighte an' alle1 ,the fire shall never make thee shrinke1 ,an' ,christe receive thy saule4 ,from ,brig o' ,dread when thou mayest passe1 ,every night an' alle1 ,to ,purgatory fire thou comest at laste1 ,an' ,christe receive thy saule4 ,if meat or drink thou never gavest nane1 ,every nighte an' alle1 ,the fire will burn thee to the bare bane1 ,an' ,christe receive thy saule4 ,this ae nighte1 this ae nighte1 ,every nighte an' alle1 ,fire1 an' sleet1 an' candle-light1 ,an' ,christe receive thy saule4 ,not in ,brittany alone1 but also in most of the country parts of ,france1 the villagers have a custom during the winter of assembling in each other's cottages--or in a barn1 if no other room of convenient size should offer--for the fileries du soir1 when1 by the light of a single candle1 or the blazing logs upon the hearth1 round which all sit in a circle1 the women sew or spin1 while some of the company take it in turn to sing or tell stories1 or occasionally to read aloud for the amusement or instruction of the rest4 ,besides singing ballads which are already known1 it not unfrequently happens that the villagers compose a new one amongst themselves during one of these veilles4 ,some one arrives1 it may be a pilgrim1 a beggar1 or a neighbor1 and relates something which has just happened2 while the hearers are talking it over1 probably another person comes in1 bringing fresh details2 interest becomes more and more excited1 and all at once there is a general cry1 ,let us make a song about it4 ,the poet most in renown amongst the company is called upon to make a beginning1 to which he accedes1 after the customary amount of entreaty has been gone through4 ,he improvises a strophe1 which every one repeats after him2 a neighbor continues the song1 which is again repeated by all2 a third adds his share1 and so on1 every new verse being taken up by all present1 and repeated with the rest2 and thus a new ballad1 the composition of all1 repeated and learned by all1 flies on the following day from parish to parish1 on the wings of its refrain1 from veille to veille1 and speedily finds its place among the poetry of the land4 ,most of the ,breton ballads are composed thus by collaboration1 and this manner of producing them has its name in the language2 it is called diskan 7repetition71 and the singers are diskanerien4 ,but it is especially at the ,pardons1 or feasts of the patron saints1 that are to be heard in their greatest perfection historical ballads1 love-ditties1 and songs on sacred subjects2 and we turn again to the interesting pages of ,m4 de ,villemarqu1 from which we have already drawn so largely1 for a description of these festive occasions4 ,every great ,pardon lasts at least three days4 ,on the eve1 all the bells are set ringing1 and the people busy themselves in decorating the church4 ,the altars are adorned with garlands and vases of flowers1 the statues of the saints clothed in the national costume1 the patron or patroness being distinguished by the habiliments of a bridegroom or a bride4 ,the former has a large bouquet1 tied with long and bright-colored ribbons2 the white head-dress of the latter glitters with a hundred little mirrors4 ,as the day declines1 the church is swept and the dust scattered to the winds1 that it may be favorable to those who are coming to the morrow's festival4 ,after this1 every one places in the nave the offering he has brought the patron saint4 ,these offerings generally consist of sacks of corn1 bundles of flax1 soft white fleeces1 cakes of wax1 or other agricultural productions1 just as in the days of ,gregory of ,tours1 who mentions the multitudo rusticorum1 444 exhibens lanas1 vellera1 formas cer1 etc4#dd ,dancing then begins1 to the sound of the national biniou1 the bombardo1 and tambourine1 in front of the church1 or by the fountain of the patron saint1 or it may be near some ancient dolmen1 which serves as a seat for the fiddlers3 it is even stated that not more than a century ago dancing took place in the church itself--a profanity which the clergy invariably set themselves against1 the bishops excommunicating obstinate offenders4 ,in some places1 bonfires are lighted at night upon the eminence on which the church is built1 and on the neighboring hills4 ,as soon as the flame leaps up the pyramid of dry leaves and broom1 the crowd walks in procession twelve times round it1 reciting prayers or singing4 ,the old men surround it with a circle of stones1 and place a cauldron in the centre1 in which1 in ancient times1 meat was cooked for the priests1 but in the present day it is filled with water1 into which children throw pieces of metal1 while a circle of beggars1 kneeling around it bare-headed1 and leaning on their sticks1 sing in chorus the legends of the patron saint4 ,it was exactly thus that the old bards sang hymns in honor of their divinities1 by the light of the moon1 and round the magic basin encircled with stones1 in which was prepared the repast of the brave4 ,on the following morning1 at break of day1 arrive from ,lon1 ,trguier1 ,gelo1 ,cornouailles1 ,vannes1 and all parts of ,basse ,bretagne1 bands of pilgrims1 singing as they proceed on their way4 ,as soon as they descry from afar the church-spire1 they take off their large hats1 and kneel down1 making the sign of the cross4 ,the sea is covered with a thousand little barks1 from whence the wind brings the sound of hymns1 whose solemn cadence keeps time with the stroke of the oars4 ,whole cantons arrive1 with the banners of their respective parishes1 and led by their rectors4 ,as they approach their destination1 the clergy of the ,pardon advance to receive them1 and1 at the moment of their meeting1 the crosses1 banners1 and images of the saints are bent towards each other by way of mutual salutation1 as the two processions form themselves into one1 while the church-bells make the air resound with their joyous clamor4 ,when ,vespers are ended1 the procession comes forth1 the pilgrims arranging themselves according to their different dialects4 ,the peasants of ,lon may be recognized by their green1 brown1 or black habiliments1 and bare1 muscular limbs2 the ,trgorrois1 whose gray garb has about it nothing particularly original1 are remarkable among the rest for their full and melodious voices2 the ,cornouaillais for the costliness and elegance of their richly embroidered blue or violet coats1 their puffed-out pantaloons and floating hair2 while the men of ,vannes1 on the contrary1 are distinguishable by the sombre color of their apparel4 ,the cold1 calm aspect of their countenances and bearing would scarcely lead one to suspect the determination of this energetic race1 of whom neither ,csar nor the ,republican armies could break the will1 and whom ,napoleon designated as frames of iron1 hearts of steel4 ,as the procession pours forth from the church1 nothing can be more curious than to observe these close ranks of peasants1 in costumes so varied and at times so strange1 with their heads uncovered1 their eyes cast down1 and the rosary in their hands2 nor anything more touching than the hands of weather-beaten mariners in their blue shirts and barefoot1 who are come to pay the vow that has saved them from shipwreck and death1 bearing on their shoulders the fragments of their shattered vessel2 nothing more impressive than the sight of this countless multitude1 preceded by the cross1 traversing the sandy or rock-scattered beach1 while the sound of its litanies mingles with the murmurs of the ocean4 ,certain parishes1 before entering the church1 halt first at the cemetery4 ,there1 among the graves of their forefathers1 the most venerable peasant with the lord of the canton1 and the most exemplary village-maiden with one of the young ladies of the manor1 stand on the topmost step of the churchyard cross1 and1 with their hands placed on the ,holy ,gospel1 solemnly renew their baptismal vows in their own names and on behalf of the prostrate multitude4 ,the pilgrims pass the night in tents erected on the plain1 and do not retire to repose until a late hour1 remaining to listen to the long narrative poems on sacred subjects which the popular bards wander singing from tent to tent4 ,this first day is wholly consecrated to religion1 but secular pleasures awake with the sound of the hautboy on the following morn4 ,the lists are opened at noon4 ,the tree of the prizes1 laden with its strange variety of fruits1 rises in the centre1 while at its foot lows the chief prize of all--the heifer--with its horns gaily decked with ribbons4 ,numberless competitors present themselves4 ,trials of strength or skill1 wrestling1 racing1 and dancing1 continue without intermission until the evening is far advanced4 ,the first two nights of the ,pardon are devoted to wandering singers of every description1 such as the millers1 the tailors1 the ragmen1 beggars1 and barz2 but the last is exclusively the right of the kloer or kler1 of whom1 as well as of the first-named personages1 we will mention a few particulars4 ,the chief difference between the miller and the other popular minstrels is that he returns every evening to his mill2 but1 like them1 he makes the round of the country1 passing through the cities1 towns1 and villages1 entering the farm-house and the manor1 going to fairs and markets1 and hearing news1 which he puts into rhyme as he goes on his way2 and his songs1 repeated by the beggars1 who are rarely the composers of ballads themselves1 soon find their way from one end of ,brittany to the other4 ,the tailor's special characteristic is caustic wit and raillery4 ,his ear is long1 says the ,breton proverb1 his eye open day and night1 and his tongue as sharp as his needle4 ,nothing escapes him4 ,he makes a song upon everybody without distinction1 saying in verse that which1 he would not dare to say in prose1 and yet often so disguising his satire that it is keenest where at first sight least evident4 ,all the value of his songs depends upon their actuality4 ,he is learned in all the gossip of the place1 and if perchance on his homeward way he lights upon a couple of lovers1 happy in the seclusion of a wood1 they find themselves next day the subjects of his malicious muse1 and their mutual appreciation proclaimed to all the neighborhood4 ,of the miller and the ragman much the same may be said2 and yet it is but just to add that1 with all the pleasure they find in laughing at their neighbor1 they are never guilty of calumny against him4 ,the barz occupies a higher place in the order of singers than any other1 the kloer only excepted4 ,he represents the wandering minstrels1 shades of the primitive bards1 who were reproved by ,taliessin for their degeneracy even in his day1 and for living without regular occupation or fixed dwelling-place1 serving as echoes of popular gossip1 and spending their days in wandering from one assembly to another4 ,the self-same reproaches one hears at this present day1 addressed to the same class of people by the ,breton priests4 ,and yet some few rays of their former glory linger around the race4 ,like their ancestors1 they celebrate noble and worthy deeds1 dispensing praise or blame impartially to small and great4 ,those of the ancient bards who were blind made use of a sort of tally-stick1 of which the arrangement of the notches served to fix certain songs in their memory4 ,this species of mnemonics1 which is known in ,wales as ,coelbren y ,beirdd--the ,alphabet of the ,bards--is still in use among the barz of ,brittany4 ,they also invariably observe the old bardic law which forbade them to enter any house without previously asking permission by singing the customary salutation at the door3 ,god's blessing be upon you1 people of this house3 ,god's blessing be upon you1 small and great6 and never entering unless they receive the answer3 ,god's blessing be also upon you1 wayfarer1 whoever you may be4 ,if they do not hear this speedily1 they pass on their way4 ,like the ancient ,cambrian bards1 they are1 by virtue of their profession1 a necessity at every popular festival4 ,they betroth the future husband and wife1 according to antique and unvarying rites1 previous to the performance of the religious ceremony2 they enjoy great liberty of speech1 and exercise a certain amount of moral authority over the minds of the people2 they are loved1 sought for1 and honored almost as much as were their bardic ancestors1 though moving in a less elevated sphere4 ,the name of kloer 7kloarek in the singular7 is given to the youths who are studying with a prospect of entering the ecclesiastical state4 ,they are identical with the ,welsh kler1 or school-clerk1 and in the time of ,taliessin occupied1 as they still occupy1 the place of bards1 forming a class by themselves of scholar-poets4 ,the ,breton kloer generally belong to the peasantry or to the trades-people of the country towns4 ,the ancient episcopal sees of ,trguier and ,lon1 ,quimper and ,vannes1 attract them in the largest numbers4 ,they arrive there in bands from the depths of the country1 in the national costume1 with their long hair1 and their rustic simplicity and language2 most of them being from about eighteen to twenty years old4 ,they live together in the faubourgs2 the same garret serves for bed-room1 kitchen1 dining-room1 and study4 ,this is a far different existence from that which they led among the woods and fields1 and it is not long before a complete change has come over them4 ,with the lessening of muscular strength1 their intellect and imagination develop themselves4 ,the summer vacation takes them back to their village homes at the season in which1 says a ,breton poet1 young hearts expand with the flowers1 and when temptations abound2 thus it not unseldom happens that the kloarek returns to his studies with the thorn of a first love in his heart4 ,then there arises a tempest in his soul--a struggle between the love of the creature and the ,creator4 ,sometimes the former is the stronger2 isolation1 homesickness1 leisure1 contribute to develop a sentiment of which the germ only exists4 ,a remembrance1 a word1 a melody1 or the sound of some wild instrument which breaks on his ear and recalls his home1 makes it suddenly burst forth4 ,then he throws his class-books into the fire1 renounces the ecclesiastical state1 and returns to his native village4 ,but it is far oftener that the higher devotion wins the day4 ,in either case1 however1 the scholar-poet must1 according to his own expression1 comfort his heart by making his confidences to the muse4 ,by an instinct natural to all but truly popular poets1 the kloer never write their compositions4 ,they are wise in this4 ,the memory of hearing1 as it was called by the ancient bards1 is much more tenacious than the memory of letters4 ,to write and print their songs would be to give up having them learnt by heart1 and repeated by generation after generation4 ,once become priests1 the kloer burn that which they have worshipped2 thus ,gildas declaims against the bards1 forgetting1 in his monk's habit1 that in his youth he had made one of their number4 ,as kloer1 these scholar-poets disdain the songs of the wandering minstrels2 as priests1 they equally disdain the lays of the kloer4 ,and yet1 as priests1 they do not cease to sing2 but that which lingered on the earth now finds its wings and takes a heavenward flight1 and the sacred songs and canticles which express the warm devotion of their hearts imprint themselves on the memory of the people1 and are1 like prayers1 transmitted from age to age4 ,it is thus impossible to know the date of their compositions1 except by knowing the exact period at which their authors lived4 ,with regard to the religious events which are the theme of the legends1 it is different4 ,these compositions belong to the domain of historical songs and ballads1 and owe their popularity to their being the expression of traditions already widely known among the people4 ,we close our notice with the translation of a little poem by a young kloarek of ,lon4 ,it is his farewell to earthly love--a farewell which is apparently made more easy by outward accidentals than can always be the case under similar circumstances4 ,it is entitled ,,ann ,,drouk-,,rans2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,rupture4 ,ah6 knew ,i how to read and write as ,i know how to rhyme1 ,a song all new ,i would indite1 and in the shortest time6 ,behold my little friend1 who comes6 towards our house comes she1 ,and1 if the chance befals1 she'll may-be speak awhile with me4 ,sweet little friend1 but you are changed since last ,i saw your face2 ',twas in the month of ,june1 when you the pardon went to grace4 ,and if1 young man1 so changed ,i am1 what wonder can there be8 ,when1 since the pardon of the ,folgot1 death has stood by me2 ,for 'twas a raging fever that has made the change you see4 ,sweet friend1 come with me to the garden2 there a little rose ,first opened out its dewy bud when ,thursday morning rose4 ,upon her stalk1 so fair and gay1 her new-born beauty shone2 ,the morrow came--her beauty and her freshness all were gone4 ,sweet friend1 the door of your young heart ,i bade you well to close1 ,that naught might enter to disturb that garden's still repose2 ,but1 ah6 you did not listen1 and you left ajar the door1 ,and now the flower is withered up that showed so fair before4 ,for fairer things than love and youth this world has not to give1 ,but in this world nor love nor youth have oft-times long to live2 ,our love was like a summer cloud that melts into the sky1 ,and passing as a breath of wind that dies with scarce a sigh4 ,,footnotes3 #dc ,in some versions1 ,to ,razar ,brig thou comest at laste4 #dd ,multitude of peasants1 444 exhibiting wool1 fleeces1 forms of wax1 etc4 ,a ,,visit ,,to ,,the ,,grande ,,chartreuse4 ,it was a glorious ,september morning2 the freshness of the night was still perceptible1 although the rays of the sun were filling the air with a genial warmth1 when1 issuing from the fortified gates of the beautifully situated town of ,grenoble1 ,i turned my steps towards the celebrated monastery of the ,grande ,chartreuse4 ,i made an early start1 as the road before me was long1 consisting of an uninterrupted series of steep ascents1 with the exception of the first few miles that lay along the banks of the ,isre4 ,this level and comparatively uninteresting country is soon passed1 and the traveller1 quitting the high-road at the village of ,voreppe1 strikes into the mountains4 ,on reaching the brow of the hill that rises above that village1 a most beautiful panorama presents itself to the view4 ,the fertile and far-famed valley of ,grsivaudan spreads far away to the left and right1 shut in on either side by rocky mountains1 capped by dark pine forests4 ,the snowy crests of the ,alps are conspicuous1 while1 through the centre of the valley1 the ,isre1 in its sinuous course1 gleams in the sun like a silver thread1 contrasting with the dark1 luxuriant green of the hemp and the gay autumnal tints of the vine4 ,commanding a like enchanting view1 and nestled in the hills a few miles from ,voreppe1 is the ,convent of ,chalais4 ,founded as a ,benedictine abbey in the ,x,ith century1 it became later on a dependence of the ,grande ,chartreuse4 ,at the ,revolution1 it was sold as national property1 but it was destined once again to revert to its pious use2 for in #ahdd it was bought by the ,pre ,lacordaire for the sons of ,s4 ,dominic1 whose order he had just restored in ,france4 ,often in after-years did he seek there1 in the presence of nature's loveliest aspects1 some slight repose for his overworked body and ardently active mind4 ,the road from ,voreppe to ,st4 ,laurent du ,pont appeared to me exceedingly dreary and monotonous1 more so1 perhaps1 than it really was1 from the contrast its bare and rugged hills presented to the luxuriant and richly varied scene on which ,i had just been gazing4 ,so pleasant1 however1 were the anticipations that filled my mind that the distance was accomplished in a very short time2 and a few minutes sufficed for refreshment at ,st4 ,laurent4 ,the village is poor2 its church1 which is a new building1 was built1 like most of those in the neighborhood1 by the charity of the monks of the ,chartreuse2 indeed1 the village itself has been several times rebuilt by their generosity1 having frequently1 owing to the quantity of wood used in the construction of its houses1 been burnt almost to the ground4 ,the most beautiful part of the whole journey is now at hand4 ,within a mile of ,st4 ,laurent is the entrance to the famous gorge that bears the name of ,desert of ,s4 ,bruno4 ,my expectations were raised to the highest pitch2 for ,i had always heard that the scenery of this gorge would alone repay the traveller his journey thither1 even if the monastery and its surroundings were entirely devoid of interest4 ,i was not1 however1 free from misgivings2 for how often does that which in itself is really beautiful disappoint us when compared to the bright visions that had charmed our imagination6 ,such at least was the lesson experience had taught me2 but to-day ,i was to learn something new1 for the reality far surpassed my most sanguine expectations4 ,never shall ,i forget the majestic grandeur of the scenery that continued to unfold itself to my view at every turn of the road until ,i reached the monastery4 ,the most striking scene of the whole journey1 and the one to which the memory loves best to revert1 is without doubt the entrance to the ,desert de ,s4 ,bruno2 here both nature and man seem to have combined to render the features of the landscape picturesque and sublime4 ,the mind is totally unprepared for what is coming4 ,during the first mile after leaving the village1 the road has been pleasantly winding along the banks of the ,guiers ,mort1 among wooded hills1 and through rich mountain pastures--nature in its softer rather than in its grander aspects--and it is at a sudden turn of the road1 at a point where the valley seems shut in on all sides1 that the entrance to the gorge bursts upon the sight1 seemingly as if the rocks had been rent in two to form a passage just sufficient to admit the foaming torrent1 while the road is carried along the face of the mountain1 now rising perpendicularly from the water's edge to an immense height4 ,a ruined archway1 on which is still visible the arms of the ,carthusian order1 here marks the limits of the former domain of the monastery1 and1 with the bold1 single-arched bridge which carries the road across the stream1 and the rustic iron forge that crouches under the opposite rocks1 adds a picturesque beauty to the grandeur of the spot4 ,until you reach the convent--that is to say1 for about eight miles--the beauty of the scenery never for a moment diminishes2 the road1 which shows great engineering skill1 follows the course of the torrent1 which it crosses several times4 ,at each turn the view varies2 sometimes distant glimpses of the snowy peaks of the ,alps are obtained2 at other times you are so completely shut in by the mountains that nothing is visible save the magnificent forests that cover their sides4 ,the size of some of the pines in these forests is very remarkable2 one could almost imagine that they dated back as far as ,s4 ,bruno4 ,i could not refrain from thinking1 as ,i gazed on them1 what scenes they must have witnessed1 and what strange tales they could unfold were they able to speak2 of how many could they tell who passed along that road after bidding the world an eternal farewell--men who had seen life in all its gayest moods1 and1 having tasted its unsatisfying honors and delights1 sought peace and happiness in repentance and self-denial2 youths who wore still unsullied their baptismal robes1 and fled hither to preserve that innocence that fears even the contact of a sinful world4 ,they could tell how the great ,s4 ,hugh had returned sorrowfully along that road from the calm home of his dear ,chartreuse1 to accept1 for ,god's greater glory1 the far distant see of ,lincoln1 and the dreary task of struggling against an unprincipled king and a corrupt court2 they could tell of many others who1 like him1 had humbly trod that path1 thinking to hide themselves from dignities and honors1 but had been recalled by the all-penetrating wisdom of the church to wear the mitre or the purple4 ,about midway between ,st4 ,laurent and the monastery there rises by the side of the road a most singular pinnacle-shaped rock1 ascending perpendicularly to a considerable height1 and called the ,pic de ,l'illette4 ,in connection with this rock an amusing story is told of an ,englishman1 who1 having heard that no one had ever reached its summit1 determined to secure that honor for his country4 ,accordingly1 he commenced the task with a thorough good-will1 and1 after much labor1 succeeded in accomplishing it to his satisfaction4 ,as soon as his enthusiasm1 which showed itself in the form of three genuine ,british cheers1 had in some measure subsided1 he began to think of descending2 to his dismay1 he discovered that to descend would be more than difficult--indeed1 to all appearance1 impossible2 and it was not until he had passed several hours in his very uncomfortable position1 meditating1 let us hope1 on the vanity of human greatness1 that he was able to let himself down in most inglorious fashion by the aid of ropes brought to him by some peasants4 ,owing to the height of the surrounding mountains and narrowness of the gorge1 no distant views of the monastery are obtained2 and the traveller comes very suddenly on the imposing pile1 which1 from its extent1 resembles a small village4 ,without being remarkable in architecture1 it is decidedly picturesque2 the high pitch of the roofs1 rendered necessary by the heavy falls of snow which occur during seven months of the year1 and its six belfries rising to various heights1 give it a striking and quaint appearance4 ,before entering its solemn portals1 a few words on the origin and history of the monastery may not be out of place4 ,s4 ,bruno1 after quitting the world1 selected this spot1 at the invitation of ,s4 ,hugh1 the holy ,bishop of ,grenoble1 as a suitable place where1 in imitation of the fathers of the desert1 he1 with six disciples1 might lead a life of solitude and prayer4 ,at first each recluse built himself a separate cell2 but in time1 as their number increased1 the rude huts grew into a large and regular monastery4 ,the site of this early settlement1 now marked by the ,chapel of ,s4 ,bruno and ,notre ,dame de ,cassalibus1 was higher than that of the present structure1 which was chosen some thirty years after the death of the holy founder1 when the original buildings were destroyed by an avalanche4 ,during its long existence1 many have been the vicissitudes the convent has experienced2 frequently burnt almost to the ground1 pillaged by ruthless nobles or fanatical heretics1 it has always risen again from its ruins2 and in riches or in poverty1 in prosperity or in adversity1 its inhabitants have given the same noble example of austere virtue1 unbounded charity1 and generous hospitality4 ,the ,revolution of #aghi found the ,carthusian order at the height of its prosperity2 in ,france alone it counted no less than seventy houses1 with immense possessions in lands and revenues4 ,these1 of course1 were seized by revolutionary greed1 and the poor monks driven forth into the world1 even from the uninviting solitudes of ,s4 ,bruno's desert4 ,with #ahae came the restoration of religion in ,france1 and the return of the scattered members of the religious orders4 ,the ,grande ,chartreuse once more afforded shelter to the children of ,s4 ,bruno1 but bereft of all its lands and forests1 which had been either expropriated by the state or sold as national property4 ,in ,july1 #ahaf1 possession was taken in the name of the order by ,dom ,moissonnier1 superior-general4 ,a happy day it was for the inhabitants of the surrounding country1 who had not forgotten the kind and generous friends of whom they had been deprived for twenty-four years2 and the welcome they gave the returning fathers proves that then1 as to-day1 the cry against religious orders proceeded1 not from the people1 but from that class1 more noisy than numerous1 whose sole aim is the destruction of ,christianity and the gratification of their own evil passions4 ,the part of the building reserved for the reception of strangers forms one side of the spacious courtyard1 into which you enter through the principal gateway2 it contains four large dining-halls and a great number of bed-rooms1 often1 however1 insufficient for the visitors who in the summer crowd to view this lovely spot1 and to see something of that wondrous1 and in our days unfamiliar1 institution--monastic life4 ,during one's stay at the monastery1 which1 unless by special permission1 is limited to three days1 one must be content with ,carthusian fare--a curious mixture of vegetable soups1 omelettes1 carp--of which there seems to be a never-failing supply--and wild fruits from the mountains4 ,meat is never allowed within the precincts of the convent2 not even in case of serious illness is the rule relaxed for the monks4 ,the long walk and the invigorating purity of the mountain air had sharpened my appetite1 and ,i did ample justice to the viands placed before me1 meagre in quality certainly1 but not in quantity1 finishing with a glass of the famous liqueur4 ,i contented myself with a short stroll after dinner1 as at so high an altitude the air is cool after sunset2 indeed1 few are the evenings here1 even at midsummer1 that people are not glad to assemble for a short time around the glowing logs before retiring to rest4 ,at midnight1 the great bell tolls forth for matins1 at which the visitor is permitted to assist in a small gallery looking into the church4 ,a solitary lamp lights but dimly the large and naturally sombre interior4 ,it is an impressive sight to behold in that solemn gloom the white-robed monks entering one by one1 and1 after prostrating themselves before the altar1 noiselessly take their places in the choir4 ,the office lasts until two in the morning4 ,the chant is low and monotonous1 unaccompanied by any musical instrument4 ,every morning at ten1 a father whose special duty it is to entertain visitors shows you over the monastery1 explaining everything with the most genial courtesy1 answering with perfect affability the oftentimes foolish and ignorant questions that are addressed to him4 ,the visit lasts about an hour and a half4 ,the chapel is spacious and lofty but exceedingly plain1 and contains nothing to interest the antiquarian4 ,the largest room in the building is the chapter-hall1 which is finely proportioned1 and is decorated with portraits of the first fifty generals of the order1 and copies of the celebrated paintings by ,lesueur representing the life of ,s4 ,bruno4 ,by far the most interesting part of the whole convent is the cloister1 in shape a very long parallelogram1 the two side galleries being #gba feet in length2 into them open the cells of the monks4 ,in the centre of the cloister is their burial-ground2 and thus their abode in life is separated by but a few steps from their final resting-place4 ,the graves of the generals of the order are alone marked by stone crosses2 all others lie beneath the greensward unmarked1 unnamed4 ,the cells are now but rarely shown4 ,they are all alike1 consisting of two rooms one above the other2 each has a small garden4 ,food is passed to the inmates through a wicket opening into the corridor of the cloister2 for it is only on ,sundays and certain feast-days that the monks dine in common in the refectory2 even then the strictest silence is observed4 ,the library is not extensive2 the most valuable books and manuscripts were given1 at the ,revolution1 to different public libraries4 ,the liqueur for which the ,grande ,chartreuse is so renowned1 and which now forms the principal source of income for the convent1 is manufactured in a house quite apart from the main buildings4 ,the process is1 of course1 not shown to visitors1 for the recipe used--aromatic herbs of various kinds--is kept a secret2 and hitherto all attempts to imitate this liqueur have been failures4 ,the manufacture occupies a large staff of lay brothers4 ,the fathers take no part in it2 their lives are purely contemplative4 ,it takes fully two days to explore the environs1 and more time may profitably be spent in doing so should the tourist happen to be either an artist or a botanist4 ,the former will find numberless points of view worthy to adorn his album1 while the latter will revel in the luxuriance of the wondrous flora which clothes the neighboring hills4 ,the lover of mountain-climbing will find a pleasant and easy day's work in the ascent of the ,grand ,som1 and on a fine day will be amply repaid by the extensive prospect the summit commands4 ,the less enterprising will probably be satisfied with the many pleasant walks through the woods and sloping pastures that surround the monastery1 of which varied and striking views may be obtained at every turn4 ,it was not without a feeling of sincere regret that1 on the last evening of my stay1 ,i ascended one of those slopes to take a farewell view of the venerable pile4 ,the last rays of the setting sun lit up the high-pitched roofs and cross-topped belfries2 a solemn silence reigned in cloister and courtyard1 in chapel and cell4 ,it was a scene on which one could gaze with unmixed pleasure1 awakening as it did in the mind feelings so calm and peaceful--a scene so full of all that spoke of future hopes1 so empty of all that recalled the fleeting joys of the present6 ,but the sun had sunk behind the horizon1 and the shades of evening1 fast closing around1 warned me that it was time to cease my musings1 and seek1 for the last time1 the shelter of the hospitable convent-roof4 ,early next morning1 ,i was back again to the noisy world1 with its crowded streets1 bustling hotels1 and busy railways2 but ,i shall ever bear in my memory the pleasant recollections of that wonderful combination of the austere charms of monastic life with the most varied beauties of nature1 which ,i have endeavored to describe in these few pages on ,la ,grande ,chartreuse4 ,,to ,,nature4 ,nature1 to me thy face has ever been ,familiar as a mother's2 yet it grows ,but younger with the wearing years1 and shows ,fresher--unlike all others ,i have seen4 ,the beings of the mind1 though not of clay-- ,essentially immortal1#de and a joy ,for ever#df--;even these may pall and cloy1 ,for all that poets gloriously say4 ,yea1 and thy own charms1 ,nature1 when portrayed ,by hand of man1 become the spoil of time4 ,the seasons mar1 not change1 them3 in sublime ,repose they reign--but evermore to fade4 ,whence comes1 then1 thy perennial youth renewed8 ,thy freshness as of everlasting morn8 ,god's breath is on thee4 ,of it thou wast born1 ,and with its fragrance is thy life bedewed4 ,nor can ,i need aught sterner than thy face ,to wean me from the things that pass away4 ,not by autumnal lesson of decay1 ,or vernal hymn of renovating grace1 ,but by this fragrance of the ,infinite2 ,for here my soul catches her native air1 ,and tastes the ever fresh1 the ever fair1 ,that wait her in the ,gardens of ,delight4 ,,lake ,,george1 ,august1 #ahgc4 ,,footnotes3 #de ,the beings of the mind are not of clay3 ,essentially immortal1 they create ,and multiply in us a brighter ray ,and more belov'd existence4 --,byron4 #df ,a thing of beauty is a joy for ever4 --,keats4 ,,paris ,,hospitals ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,m4 ,l',,abbe ,o4 ,,delarc4 ,hospitals convey two very different impressions4 ,if gone over on the day specified for public admittance1 everything will be found in perfect order1 every article used1 every place1 will shine with cleanliness2 the patients will be seen lying under white coverlets behind the folds of neatly drawn curtains1 and the men in attendance will be attired in their best uniforms4 ,every repulsive object has been put out of sight4 ,but should the visitor command sufficient influence to obtain admission when he is not expected1 when no preparations have been made for the public1 he will acquire a more correct idea of human infirmity4 ,the atmosphere is thick and heavy1 the flickering night-lamp scarcely sheds its pale light around4 ,here lies one whose groans disturb his fellow-sufferers2 there shrieks the victim of fever1 endeavoring in his delirium to tear away from the infirmier who is holding him down2 further on1 half-closed curtains insufficiently conceal the mortal remains of such or such a ,number1 who expired a few hours ago4 ,other details1 too harrowing to retrace1 shall be omitted1 but their fearful reality may not be lost sight of in a faithful account of what scenes do occur in a hospital4 ,a heavy coffin is from time to time viewed at the foot of one of the beds4 ,it awaits the corpse of the sufferer1 with whom his nearest survivor may have exchanged converse on the preceding day4 ,these1 in short1 are some of the sights witnessed without the delusive cover of science or preparations for a public exhibition4 ,the aversion of the poor for benevolent institutions of this kind is hereby explained1 although incessant efforts are being made in ,france to improve the condition of hospitals in a material point of view2 and all the objections now made are to be attributed to mismanagement in the past rather than to shortcomings in the present4 ,in spite of progress1 nevertheless1 the word hospice and the thing itself have retained a signification which is replete with mournful forebodings4 ,on the other hand1 repugnance for hospitals is perfectly legitimate when grounded on serious motives1 and especially when inspired by a feeling of family love4 ,that man would be worthless indeed who could abandon his relatives to public charity without experiencing some kind of sorrow at being unable to keep them1 through a trying illness1 in his own home4 ,examples of moral desertions are nevertheless too frequent in ,paris4 ,physicians are well acquainted with those sham patients who prefer hospital bread to any other1 because they have not to earn it4 ,there are1 however1 certain adversities here below which defy all human foresight1 which destroy old-established positions1 and render the efforts of a whole laborious lifetime unprofitable4 ,a large portion of some lives is spent in contending with unforeseen1 unsuspected vicissitudes4 ,many may therefore die in a hospital who deserved better2 but1 as a general rule1 this end is brought on by a long course of dissipation1 and by oblivion of the most sacred duties4 ,a hospital is not unfrequently the last stage on which retribution is played out4 ,when families are averse to trust their sick to public charity for reasons given above1 it is wise not to argue with natural pride1 founded1 after all1 on a praiseworthy motive2 yet all who are anxious to relieve the suffering members of ,jesus ,christ are none the less bound to improve the present condition of hospitals1 as far as they have it in their power so to do4 ,the following pages are published for the purpose of showing how much there is to be done4 ,not all the good-will nor all the experiments tried by physicians1 managers1 and almoners for the alleviation of bitter suffering1 will ever be superfluous4 ,objections ever will be made to hospital treatment that cannot be remedied2 and1 do what we may1 the most active ,christian charity will never replace the tender care of a mother1 daughter1 or sister4 ,after a careful examination of the question1 the first lesson acquired is that home relief is the best solution to the problem of misery and illness in needy families2 it encourages the lower classes1 besides1 to perform their domestic duties4 ,in one case out of ten1 it is highly prejudicial to remove a patient from his surroundings2 moreover1 it loosens the family tie1 and in ,paris especially1 where these bonds are so slight and so incessantly undermined by false theories1 it is a more damaging course than elsewhere4 ,statistics are very justly resorted to for the solution of many of our problems1 but their conclusions cannot be blindly adopted in medical cases2 physicians themselves often warn us against glancing them over without investigation4 ,figures do1 however1 undeniably prove that mortality in hospitals is much larger than in private dwellings4 ,a considerable number of patients1 to whom fresh air is a boon1 cannot breathe a vitiated atmosphere with impunity4 ,crowding is particularly prejudicial to the wounded and in lying-in hospitals4 ,in #ahfa1 says ,dr4 ,brochin1 in his ,encyclopdia of ,medical ,sciences1 the proportion of patients cured by home relief was #di to #ajj1 while the proportion of deaths in private dwellings was #i to #ajj4 ,during this same period1 deaths in the hospitals were #ac to #ajj4 ,the average space of time required for the treatment of each patient in his own home is from #ad to #ci days2 in the hospitals1 from #be to #hc4 ,the average cost of a patient per day is #a fr4 #ai c42 the entire treatment of each1 #af frs4 #ij c42 whereas1 in the hospitals1 a patient costs #b frs4 #be c4 per day1 and #fa frs4 #de c4 for an entire cure4 ,these figures plead in favor of home relief4 ,a great deal has been said in these latter times of those immense edifices pompously called ,model ,hospitals4 ,there is ,lariboisire1 for instance1 and the new ,htel ,dieu4 ,it would have been wiser had the government spent less in one instance1 and been more lavish in another2 for1 while these magnificent buildings were being erected1 palaces were also in course of construction all over the capital1 and the laboring classes1 thus driven from their workshops1 were compelled to seek lodgings up in attics or in out-of-the-way localities4 ,if some trouble had been taken to cleanse and widen the poor man's tenement1 or had something been done towards putting him in the way of getting food at little cost1 we should boast fewer faades1 fewer sumptuous edifices1 but the work would be more meritorious4 ,physicians have energetically opposed the idea of accumulating so large a number of patients in the ,htel ,dieu as it was originally intended it should contain4 ,let us trust the observations of experienced men will be taken into consideration1 and that the number of beds will be diminished before final arrangements are completed4 ,,hospital ,,beds4 ,our beds are too close2 and another thing which strikes a foreigner on visiting our hospitals is that the divisions which are supposed to seclude one patient from his neighbor1 are perfectly useless for that purpose4 ,in many cases1 they are done away with altogether4 ,the proximity of beds varies1 however1 according to the different asylums4 ,some of the buildings were not intended for hospitals1 and their managers have had to turn rooms into wards in the best way they could1 in spite of defective architecture4 ,it is difficult to specify the exact distance kept between the beds2 but an idea can be conveyed when ,i state that any patient1 by stretching his arm out1 without any great exertion could easily touch his neighbor's hand4 ,in many hospitals1 the beds have been coupled by two and two1 so that1 if two patients are thus closer to each other on one side1 the distance is larger from other patients on the opposite side4 ,there is1 however1 always space enough left for a night-table between every two beds4 ,in most hospitals1 beds are hung round with white calico curtains2 but in some asylums they are omitted1 and in these there is literally nothing to hide patients from view4 ,such a system of total exposure is perfectly inhuman4 ,i should say it originates in a spirit of medical socialism2 for it compels sufferers to exhibit their wounds to each other during the doctor's visit4 ,some men and all women cannot endure this ordeal without a struggle4 ,why not sympathize with that which can be alleviated1 if not entirely cured8 ,what would be our feelings if1 when brought low by fever and diet1 we had to lie near a man who is breathing his last1 and to remain in full view of his corpse for long hours after he had expired8 ,but1 as before said1 the larger number of hospital beds are hung round with curtains1 maintained in opposition to our ,paris doctors1 who have repeatedly protested against them1 insisting that all hangings draw unwholesome miasms1 and are therefore receptacles of contagion4 ,this objection is not unfounded2 eminent practitioners experience great uneasiness on the subject1 and the curtain difficulty has often been debated by managers of sanitary institutions4 ,endeavors have been made to obviate the evil by a renewal of hangings every six months2 in spite of the great expense1 the difficulty exists4 ,it is next to impossible to ventilate a ward encumbered to excess with beds and hangings2 and1 if the principals of hospitals do still advocate curtains1 it is because they are actuated by motives of a moral order4 ,in ,m4 ,husson's ,study of ,hospitals we find3 ,these calico divisions are a great comfort to female patients2 it is a great relief to them to be able to conceal their diseases from the public gaze1 and thus to isolate themselves from surrounding wretchedness4 ,this feeling of modesty1 or shyness in other cases1 will long resist the most eloquent exhortations of our doctors on general salubrity4 ,our present hospital regulations do not carry out the purpose for which curtains are intended4 ,it is usual to draw them all back at eight ,a4,m41 and they are left open until the doctor's visit is over and the wards have been swept4 ,this lasts till about mid-day4 ,the consequence of this arrangement is that1 during the most delicate operations1 such as the dressing of wounds1 the doctor's examination1 and the change of a patient's linen1 there is no sort of privacy around the sufferer1 no more consideration shown for women and young girls than for others4 ,in the day-time1 another regulation prevails4 ,inspectors forbid concealment behind the curtains on account of the difficulty they would experience on surveying proceedings in the wards4 ,for these reasons1 the curtains are elegantly looped aside1 and contribute more to the decoration of the beds than to use4 ,every ward contains two rows of beds1 placed along the lateral walls in such wise that the patient's head is near the wall1 and his feet turn towards the centre of the ward4 ,why could not a low partition1 covered over with stucco1 be raised between each bed8 ,this separation need not exceed #a metre #ej centimetres in height1 nor #a metre #ej centimetres in width4 ,it would part the beds1 and not obstruct ventilation in the upper regions or down the central passage4 ,if the ward were lighted by a sufficient number of windows to allow of one being opened in each of these cells1 the circulation of so much fresh air would greatly benefit the sick4 ,the front of each cell being open1 surveyors would find their task rendered easy1 neither would their inspection be hindered by a small iron rod being affixed to the outer side of each partition1 on which two light curtains might be drawn in case of a death1 or when it were absolutely necessary that a patient should enjoy privacy4 ,the slight screens would not entail the same inconvenience as those which are in use at present1 as they are mounted on a very complicated plan all around the beds4 ,whenever a decease occurs1 the stucco coating of the low divisions should be washed with a sponge4 ,it is well known that stucco is not a receptacle for contagion in the same degree as drapery4 ,such is the kind of cabinet each patient should have to himself1 and it should be wide enough for a chair and night-table to find place by his bedside4 ,these and a crucifix are the indispensable articles every patient has a right to4 ,this system would greatly simplify our hospital beds1 now consisting of so many and such cumbersome pieces4 ,a little space might possibly be lost2 a ward now containing twenty-five patients would only hold eighteen2 but1 on the other hand1 what an improvement1 and how much healthier an arrangement in a medical point of view6 ,patients have certain communications to make to their friends on the days set aside for public admission which are not intended for the hearing of strangers2 and1 when the hour of death is nigh1 it is but natural they should be allowed to hold converse with their relatives without any witnesses4 ,even this semi-retirement is denied them under the present system2 whereas the plan proposed would secure the preservation of family secrets4 ,it will1 perhaps1 be alleged that the patient would thus be isolated from his fellow-sufferers4 ,by no means4 ,as above remarked1 the cells would be open down the central passage1 and each patient could see his opposite neighbor4 ,this1 added to the going to and fro of infirmiers1 doctors1 sisters1 and regular visitors1 affords quite enough excitement for an invalid4 ,neither is this an innovation4 ,it was once tried at ,munich1 and1 if but imperfectly carried out1 no hygienic objection was made to it4 ,we find this organization existed in one of the oldest hospitals in ,france1 the ,tonnerre ,htel ,dieu--a monument described by ,m4 ,viollet ,leduc in his work1 ,dictionnaire ,raisonn de l',architecture ,franaise du ,,xi4 au ,,xvi4 ,sicle4 ,the learned writer says this institution can bear comparison with the most boasted foundations of the present day4 ,in the archives of the ,tonnerre ,hospital we find the following document4 ,i quote because it forcibly reminds us of ,s4 ,vincent de ,paul3 ,the poor are provided for in this institution1 and the convalescent are kept a whole week after their cure1 when they are sent away with a coat1 a shirt1 and a pair of boots4 ,a chapel will be added having four altars4 ,the brothers and sisters in charge are twenty in number2 they are bound to provide food and drink for the wayfarer2 to board pilgrims and strangers1 clothe the poor1 visit the sick1 comfort the prisoner1 and bury the dead4 ,the brothers and sisters will not take their meals before the sick have been attended to4444 ,on closing this paragraph1 a question arises whether people in the dark1 middle ages were not more solicitous for the poor than in the ,x,v,i,i,ith century4 ,a glance down a report written for ,louis ,,xv4 on the ,htel ,dieu will corroborate this4 ,we shall doubtless hear it objected that partitions between hospital beds will inconvenience the doctors and medical students2 that it will be difficult to approach patients2 and young physicians will declare they cannot follow the chef's instructions near enough4 ,it will be said1 further1 that1 when any operation is going on1 the limited space allowed by a narrow cell must exclude the use of surgical instruments4 ,the following considerations clear the first of these objections2 but1 in a strict sense of the word1 the only essential thing is that the physician should not be impeded in his movements round the sufferer4 ,he1 his assistants1 and about seven or eight more are all the spectators necessary1 and these form a sufficiently large audience4 ,the central passage down all wards affords room for more4 ,even as the beds are now placed1 it is not easy for a larger number to get nearer4 ,as to operations1 they are carried on in a special hall1 to which the patient is carried2 patients never are operated on in the wards4 ,,the ,,doctor',s ,,visit4 ,the great everyday occurrence in a hospital is the doctor's visit4 ,it begins at about eight ,a4,m41 and lasts till eleven4 ,the chef1 a term designating the head-physician1 examines each sufferer in turn1 inquires into his or her state1 and dictates prescriptions1 which are taken down by an outdoor student4 ,he is also attended by indoor students1 other outdoor students1 postulants1 and auditors4 ,the two latter must have gone through a course of two years' study before they are privileged to walk the hospitals4 ,the postulant is not admitted before he has gone through a special examination1 and then becomes an outdoor student4 ,the highest degree under doctor is that of an indoor student2 all are1 therefore1 familiar with medical science excepting the auditor1 who1 though he may have studied two years in the schools1 is but a dilettante--a kind of amateur authorized by the chef to follow him on his rounds with the students4 ,many even call themselves auditors who slip in unperceived with the crowd4 ,when the head-doctor is followed by all these young men1 his cortge is very numerous4 ,there are often as many as fifty in our principal hospitals1 seldom less than thirty in the minor ones4 ,thus1 without any amplification of a known fact1 a patient has to see about forty strangers round his bed every day4 ,he is operated on in public4 ,not a line of his features contracted by pain escapes the notice of indifferent spectators2 not a motion of his muscles is unheeded4 ,the professor meanwhile develops his medical theories on the living body1 studying the case with care4 ,let us for a moment imagine that your own daughter is lying at the hospital4 ,she is twenty2 you have brought her up with all the care and solicitude parents owe to their children2 you have often said in her hearing that modesty is the loveliest adornment2 that it replaces whatever else is wanting1 and can be replaced by nothing4 ,for twenty years1 you have watched the growth of her budding virtues2 her ,christian advancement has been your daily care4 ,her state now requires she should see an eminent physician once every day4 ,look into your heart4 ,what is the sensation you feel there at the idea of her being examined by forty or fifty medical students besides8 ,it is an indignant protest against their attendance4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is the mission of a priest to be made the confidant of many sorrows2 he has to suffer with the sufferer1 to mourn with the mourner2 and he can state that1 of all trials which attend medical treatment in hospitals1 there is not one more distasteful than the doctor's visit1 especially to women4 ,i appeal to any who have heard patients converse together2 ,i appeal to any brother in the ministry4 ,is this not the great cause of repugnance for hospitals8 ,on the other hand1 medical science has certain rights2 doctors have to go through an apprenticeship1 practitioners must follow a course of practice on living beings before they are qualified for operations2 it is therefore indispensable that the head-doctor should be followed by disciples1 and the height of absurdity to require he should go round the wards alone4 ,it is necessary1 likewise1 that postulants and students should be present2 for it frequently occurs that they are called on to dress wounds during the doctor's absence4 ,their attendance is consequently unavoidable2 but1 this being the case1 it is all the more desirable1 in the name of female modesty1 and in the name of common respect for a needy suffering female1 that the presence of noisy auditors should be done away with4 ,they crowd the wards1 and learn very little4 ,it should be with medical science as with every other3 students ought to have become familiar with the rudiments and theories of their profession before they practice2 and a few years in the private schools should be gone through before beginners walk the hospitals4 ,the crowd is perfectly intolerable at the hour of the doctor's visit in our best hospitals1 especially at the ,cliniques and ,charit4 ,this might be remedied by each medical student being bound to keep to one asylum for an allotted space of time1 let us say one year1 after which he could be removed to another4 ,one of the good effects instantly resulting from this would be that our central city hospitals1 instead of being crowded to the neglect of others1 would find the number of spectators greatly thinned for the benefit of minor hospitals now forsaken4 ,the great thing in all questions relating to benevolent asylums is to examine whence the stand-point is taken for their consideration4 ,two principles present themselves3 common sense and humanity say that physicians and surgeons are intended for hospitals1 not hospitals for physicians and surgeons4 ,medical science--and here we allude to the materialistic and unsound branch of that science--replies3 ,by no means4 ,inconvenience must be tolerated1 science and progress go foremost4 ,let us manfully1 though sadly1 give up a share for scientific progress 7which is not an imaginary thing72 and1 on looking into it1 let us reflect on the bitterness of that irony which so often leaves us to utter the word equality1 coupled with that other word1 fraternity1 which is just as little understood4 ,hospitals will not answer the end for which they were instituted until the smallest of those who flee hither to hide their misery and sufferings obtain the same respect1 deference1 and care lavished on the man who owns a yearly income4 ,some time ago1 a woman afflicted with an internal disease was carried to a hospital4 ,the head-doctor examined her on the following morning1 and immediately concluded that her case was too grave to be remedied4 ,he declared any attempt made to operate on her would prove fatal and hasten death2 the only thing he could do was to prescribe lenients1 in order to alleviate intense agony so long as life held out4 ,the young students around him urgently insisted on the operation being performed2 whereupon the physician1 turning towards them1 and finding expostulation unprofitable1 said3 ,if this patient were my wife1 gentlemen1 ,i should not attempt what you suggest1 ,i should leave her in peace2 you must1 therefore1 not expect me to do otherwise by this woman4444 ,such words as these should be engraved in letters of gold on the hearts of all practitioners4 ,,the ,,poor ,,man',s ,,death4 ,a fact that has often been set forth by ,christianity is that the secrets of man are revealed on his death-bed4 ,then it is that every syllable he utters1 every motion of his spirit1 are full of significance4 ,the smallest sign is a ray of light by which a whole lifetime can be read2 and1 if the amount of faith in a man is thus disclosed1 how easy it is to compute the amount of faith in a nation from what is supplied by observation in so many single cases6 ,o mors6 bonum est judicium tuum6--,o death6 thy judgments are equitable6 ,no man is better qualified than the priest to look into this matter4 ,a large portion of his time is spent by the dying1 and my own personal experience has confirmed me in the following observations4 ,the most striking features as regards faith in the dying are moral dejection and an almost total absence of hope4 ,these are the inevitable consequences of the efforts which have for some time been made to uproot religious principle from the hearts of the people4 ,it is no wonder that hope fled with her divine sister1 faith4 ,can any thinker form a notion of the state of a man who has been down-trodden all his life1 who has been looked on as a bearer of burdens and a misrable1 and who has nothing to hope for in a future state8 ,we read in ,holy ,writ that1 when the waters of the deluge began to decrease1 and ,noe looked out of his ark after his arduous struggle with the elements1 he saw a dove1 bearing an olive-branch1 fly towards him2 the bird was the herald of good news1 the harbinger of future deliverance4 ,our poor1 when exhausted by long adversity1 look out in vain for the dove1 and that hope which carries peace and help seldom brightens their last moments4 ,death to such as these is nothing but acquiescence in blind fate4 ,what can a priest do in such cases8 ,teach and enlighten4 ,very true2 but the patient's physical condition does not give him much time to do this thoroughly1 nor can the sufferer always attend to the little the priest can do4 ,the thing left to be tried is the awakening of the dying man's memory4 ,the priest therefore recalls the scenes of boyhood1 talks of a mother's teachings1 of the village church1 the long-forgotten first communion1 etc41 etc4 ,if the poor man come from the ,south or from ,alsace1 the patois of his native place rouses wonderful reminiscences2 but it is useless to attempt reasoning4 ,a plain-spoken statement of fact that is neither commonplace nor trivial often creates a great impression4 ,it is a mistake to use unrefined phraseology in the hope of redeeming the illiterate by descending to the level of their intelligence2 the lower classes prefer plain but elevated language1 and value the price of the liquid according to the cost of the vase in which it is contained4 ,returns to ,god in the last day are very scarce and always leave much room for the mercy of the ,almighty2 but it is something to have brought about a desire for the last sacraments1 and to have been able to set forth1 though imperfectly1 one or two of the great truths of ,christianity4 ,three dissolving elements have greatly hastened the degenerate condition of ,paris workmen1 and1 in general1 of the lower classes in this capital4 ,they are the wine-shop1 the club1 and the journal4 ,the enormous rate at which wine was taxed under the ,empire forced the heads of small families to give up keeping a provision of ordinaire in their cellars2 and1 as wine could not be kept at home1 it had to be fetched from the nearest wine-shop4 ,there was also an additional reason why the usual barrel could not be kept4 ,houses no longer afford the luxury of a cellar to each flat1 and those who could have afforded to pay the duties had no room for a cask of wine from the provinces4 ,but there was the wine-shop2 and alcoholic mixtures1 colored with dyeing tinctures or logwood1 were resorted to instead of the wholesome draught of thin but unadulterated wine which every ,frenchman1 a few years ago1 was so accustomed to4 ,when once the habit is acquired of turning in at a wine-shop1 many are the baneful results which ensue2 first drunkenness1 then extravagance1 bad associates1 low talk and discussions round the counter1 broils--all of which soon get the better of an originally upright conscience unsupported by firm principle4 ,the evil effects of drink were never known to breed in ,france such a cankerous wound as that which has spread among us since the siege and the ,commune4 ,prior to these melancholy events1 alcoholic patients were only now and then brought to our hospitals1 but they have increased out of all proportion within the last few years4 ,there can be no mistaking such cases with the following symptoms3 delirium1 inflammation of the lungs1 extraordinary irritability1 then languor and that sudden debility which is the forerunner of death4 ,no sooner did a ,communist suffer amputation than he expired2 for it is almost impossible to operate on men who are in a continual state of intoxication4 ,paris clubs were first heard of towards the end of the ,empire4 ,m4 ,emile ,ollivier thought a good deal of these gatherings2 but they have1 in reality1 proved to be a most disastrous institution4 ,the only good they accomplished was to propagate a correct idea of the intellectual and moral degeneracy of our people4 ,the lower classes met for no other purpose than that of uniting all their ignorance and hates4 ,what errors1 what curses1 fell from those short-lived tribunes6 ,what frantic applause welcomed false theories6 ,no ,european nation could have resisted this trial1 much less than any other the ,french1 who are so credulous1 so fickle1 so sensitive to all outward impressions4 ,the seeds which bore such noxious fruit under the ,commune were first sown within ,paris clubs4 ,as to the public press1 it would be loss of time and space to demonstrate how that has contributed to general demoralization4 ,the ,sicle1 the ,opinion ,nationale1 etc41 are read at all wine-shops4 ,the smallest fault or misdemeanor committed by any one connected with the clergy is exposed by these journals to general scandal1 aggravated by spiteful comment1 exaggerated1 then thrown as a rare morsel to open-mouthed multitudes4 ,such manuvres are very hurtful with an unenlightened populace1 who never discriminate between religion and those who profess it4 ,to them the priest and the faith are synonymous4 ,if the former is immoral1 the latter can be good for nothing4 ,a certain amount of logic is wanting by which the contrary could be demonstrated2 but the larger proportion are incapacitated for so intellectual an effort4 ,it would lead too far were ,i to analyze more closely the workings of the three causes which have destroyed our religious and moral convictions4 ,suffice it that the wine-shop1 the club1 and the journal have exercised a pernicious influence1 and that our working-classes have not the means in their power wherewith to avert it so long as their education is considered complete at the age of twelve4 ,from the day a mechanic commences an apprenticeship1 he never hears the name of ,god1 unless it is coupled with some curse on the lips of his elders4 ,the church1 ,jesus ,christ1 the sacraments1 soon become objects of derision4 ,in short1 the end of such an educational system and of such a life is that the poor man who is carried to a ,paris hospital1 there to die1 knows that he will no sooner have breathed his last than his body will belong to medical students2 and as to his soul1 that better part which1 had it been cultured1 would have been a glorious harvest for eternity1 he cannot comprehend any discourse concerning it2 if compelled to listen because he cannot help himself1 he falls back on his pillow in morose indifference4 ,when a nation1 once so devout1 has come to this1 some anxiety is felt for its future2 and the words addressed to ,ezechiel the prophet rise to our lips3 ,lord1 can a new life ever animate these scattered bones8 ,,the ,,poor ,,man',s ,,burial4 ,the deeper we dive into the subject of ,paris hospitals1 the more are we impressed by the melancholy spectacle of extreme misery presented4 ,it is as if we stepped into ,dante's circles1 and saw nothing before us but horror2 only here we look stern facts in the face1 and have nothing to do with grand poetic conceptions4 ,it is life1 it is reality1 it is anguish in a most poignant form2 for ,i have now to speak of the mortal remains of ,christians1 of brothers1 of men like ourselves4 ,when a death occurs in the ,paris hospitals1 the corpse of the departed remains for one or two hours in the ward1 after which space of time it is enveloped in a sheet and carried out on a litter by two infirmiers4 ,none who have ever seen this abandoned cortge will forget it4 ,the corpse is instantly conveyed to an amphitheatre1 where it is left1 after being stripped of every thread of linen which covered it4 ,here it lies for forty-eight hours or more1 according to the arrangements made by relatives1 or to orders received from the authorities4 ,when no objections are made by relatives1 indoor and outdoor students proceed to the autopsy of the body4 ,laws and regulations have been laid down1 by which a certain number only of dead bodies are allowed for medical science2 but these rules are frequently infringed1 and too much precipitation has often been the cause of needless distress in poor families4 ,when the necessary formalities have been gone through1 the corpses in the amphitheatre are divided into two series3 those claimed by relatives1 and those which are left to public charity4 ,we shall see what becomes of both1 after a few preliminary considerations4 ,the mortal remains of all ,christians are sacred in the eyes of ,catholics4 ,we never erect a temple1 or build an altar1 without consecrating a spot therein for the relics of a saint1 which lie thus honored1 like the corner-stone of an edifice4 ,neither does the church authorize ,mass to be said in any place not having a consecrated place for relics2 and on such alone may the body and blood of ,christ rest during the holy sacrifice4 ,our belief in the resurrection of the body2 our assurance that ,christians will1 on a future judgment day1 either rise in glory or stand to hear their eternal condemnation1 renders it impossible for us to look on the mortal remains of ,christians as do materialists and the professors of unbelief4 ,what to the latter is nothing but a dead body1 a fit object for study1 is to us a sacred deposit whence immortality will germinate4 ,it is1 therefore1 no wonder if ,catholics are so solicitous to obtain proper burial for such remains4 ,in this instance1 as in all others1 ,christianity is in perfect harmony with the tenderest aspirations of our kindred4 ,when it so happens that relatives of the deceased can afford to pay down the sum of fourteen francs 7eight for a coffin1 and six for the municipal tax71 a bier is provided1 and the body is buried2 if the deceased leaves behind enough money to cover the above expenses1 he is buried in like manner1 and1 if any sum remains over1 it is employed according to the will expressed by the deceased4 ,in some cases1 survivors are willing to incur more expense than that which is included in an outlay of fourteen francs2 for1 although this insignificant sum is sufficient for a coffin1 it does not suffice for a shroud nor for any body-linen4#dg ,moreover1 if the family cannot afford to pay fifty francs over and above the fourteen required1 the body is interred in the common grave4 ,the common grave6 ,what a train of sad thought this lugubrious idea gives rise to6 ,it is no longer1 thank ,god6 what it was2 the bodies are not now thrown1 as before1 pell-mell in a deep grave4 ,a coffin is provided for each1 according to the rule given above2 but even in our days1 the burial of a poor man is not what it should be4 ,fancy a long ditch1 in which the coffins are sunk as close as possible1 and in juxtaposition2 the spaces between are filled up with children's coffins1 so as to leave no intervening space4 ,when the soil is covered over this vast grave1 it is not possible for each to have a cross above1 and it is impossible1 likewise1 for relatives to know the exact spot occupied by the remains of a beloved parent4 ,grave-diggers have1 of late1 had orders to allow more room for the coffins2 but until a radical rule is enforced1 and until each corpse is authorized to have a separate grave1 relatives of the departed are at the mercy of grave-diggers4 ,however narrow and confined the space thus left for each coffin in the common grave1 that small share is only allowed for five years4 ,after that short length of time1 the bodies are exhumed1 and the bones gathered to the catacombs4 ,the big ditch1 now vacated1 again yawns for what the diggers call a fresh set1 and soon the work of decomposition again silently commences for another term of five years1 and so on for all time4 ,leaving every other consideration aside1 does it not strike every reader that the period allowed for rest in the common grave is much too short8 ,many bodies are dug up in good preservation when thus brutally disturbed1 and there are persons who can testify to the horror they have experienced when called on1 by some untoward circumstance1 to be present at these impious exhumations4 ,i shall not add to it by overdrawing this sufficiently painful picture2 it does not become the pen of a priest to color with such ghastly elements4 ,my object is simply to state plain facts--to be exact1 and not leave room for the slightest contradiction4 ,arguments have been advanced in favor of the good influence of this supreme misery of the common grave4 ,it is hoped that such an end will be avoided1 and that it will carry a lesson with it--a horror for relying on public charity2 but it nevertheless deals a direct blow at every feeling of respect for kith and kin4 ,is not the grief caused by eternal partings deep enough1 without being increased by our acquiescence in the total abandonment of the tomb8 ,any one in authority who could suppress the common grave1 and give every poor man separate burial--any one who1 having done this1 could render such a tomb inviolable for a reasonable term of years1 would confer an immense blessing on ,parisians4 ,when ,m4 ,haussmann gave out the project of a large burial-ground at ,mry-sur-,oise1 it met with opposition in all quarters4 ,it was alleged that to send corpses out of ,paris by special railway conveyances would be considered disrespectful to the dead4 ,but1 we would inquire1 is the present system of interment in the common grave calculated to inspire respect8 ,the distance of a few miles1 of even a few leagues1 would be nothing compared with the privilege of a separate tombstone over a separate grave2 and it would be much wiser to have remote cemeteries1 provided they were hospitable4 ,this question of the common grave not only interests those who die within the hospitals2 it is also of importance to the indigent wherever they die in misery--a state many have fallen into since the war and the ,commune4 ,the above disclosures are certainly very melancholy1 and yet ,i have only described the case of the more fortunate among the poor--of those who have1 after all1 a hallowed spot to rest in after death4 ,there are some to whom even this boon is denied4 ,the interests of science and those of families being here antagonistic1 it is necessary to quote a few figures3 ,on the #ast ,january1 #ahfg1 the number of sick in the ,paris hospitals was #f1bdc4 ,in the course of that year1 the number was increased by #ij1cge2 total1 #if1fah4 ,out of this total1 #gi1hig left the hospitals cured2 #aj1jde had died4 ,there remained1 therefore1 on the #ast ,january of the following year1 #f1fgf sick persons4 ,in #ahfi1 the number of invalids in the hospitals was #ic1cee1 out of which #hb1bhc left cured2 #aj1dbi had died on the #cast ,december of the same year4 ,we have1 in short1 an average of #aj1jjj deaths every year2 and the result shown by the above furthermore is that the proportion of deaths to invalids is about that of #a to #h4 ,i will not dwell on this latter conclusion1 which1 however1 proves the danger of accumulating a large number of cases under the same roof1 and also the necessity of a reform in our establishments4 ,i will pass on to the #aj1jjj deaths resulting from the report4 ,in this average number1 there are from #a1jjj to #a1ejj claimed by relatives1 who purchase a right of separate burial for fifty francs2 and there are from #c1ejj to #d1jjj who are conveyed to the common grave4 ,the remaining #e1jjj1 not claimed by any relative or friend1 are dissected1 either at the ,ecole de ,mdecine or at the ,rue ,fer--,moulin4 ,these corpses are used after dissection for the manufacture of skeletons1 for anatomical institutions1 for museums1 etc41 etc4 ,the detritus collected when these purposes have been accomplished are carried promiscuously in biers to the ,hospital ,cemetery1 which is situated near the ,fort of ,bictre1 not far from ,turg4 ,no spectacle can be more distressing than that of this cemetery1 to which access is gained by a side door in the wooden palings that fence it round4 ,it is a dreary plain1 and has no sign to show it is consecrated to the departed4 ,the ridges look more like trenches than graves4 ,no living being has been led here by love to mark the mounds with a cross1 neither is this sign of redemption erected over the door1 as it is in the smallest hamlet2 no holy-water is sprinkled over these graves4 ,why should no difference be made here between a churchyard and a public field8 ,i again repeat that these #e1jjj corpses are those of the deceased not claimed by relatives2 and this it is which constitutes a striking inequality between the indigent who die in their own homes1 and those who die in the care of public charity4 ,when a poor man dies on his own bed1 and has not left any provision for his burial1 the mairie of his arrondissement has to provide a coffin gratis1 and the municipal tax is suppressed2 whereas no such generosity as a coffin is granted in the hospitals4 ,a man dying here without the fourteen francs mentioned is carried to one or other of the amphitheatres4 ,there is no favor shown1 even were the departed your own mother4 ,fourteen francs for a ransom1 or the heart of the parent that beat for you is the prey of medical students4 ,a priest is sent for when the corpses have been dissected4 ,it is then his duty to stand up1 facing the mutilated remains1 and to read the prayers for the dead4 ,when this ceremony is over1 they are conveyed to the hospital cemetery4 ,need ,i insist that the religious rite performed as ,i have described is of little consolation to those who are left behind8 ,it is not a separate service for each of the deceased2 several bodies lie together1 or rather1 the members of their bodies--a galling sight1 which surviving relatives avoid4 ,neither can it be defended2 for1 until the religious ceremony has been performed1 the remains are not collected in a coffin2 they lie unshrouded1 a hideous exposure of human flesh4 ,i here repeat that ,i am not opposed to medical science1 nor to the dissection of certain corpses2 it is an unavoidable process for the benefit of progress in surgery1 and for that of the living2 what ,i have in view is the welfare of the state as acquired by respect for ties of kindred1 and by veneration for the mortal remains of ,christians4 ,there is a middle course to be adopted very evidently--a course by which surgery and science generally would be promoted and the religious convictions of ,christians not trampled under foot4 ,i propose that1 when any person claims the body of a parent or relative in the first degree1 that person should be privileged to obtain gratuitous burial1 if he or she prove utter incapacity to meet the expenses4 ,this proof is acquired by a certificate from the almshouses1 by receipts from the ,mont de ,pit 7,loan ,bank71 by a line from the mairie1 and other sources4 ,a relative in the first degree implies a father1 mother1 wife1 husband1 son or daughter1 brother or sister4 ,even were grandfathers and grandmothers included1 the #e1jjj corpses left to hospital charity would not be greatly diminished2 #d1jjj bodies would remain at least for dissection--those of wandering strangers1 of lawless1 unknown persons mostly--and surely this is a high figure for the indigent population of one capital4 ,there are no better surgeons in ,europe than those of ,gttingen1 ,wurzburg1 ,salerno1 ,montpellier1 ,vienna1 and ,berlin1 and yet these cities have not near so many dead bodies in their amphitheatres4 ,i say that a ,christian must feel deeply for those who are left without proper burial1 a sign on their tombs1 a stone to perpetuate their memory for a few years4 ,all this is replaced by the jests of indifferent students2 and1 instead of the friendly parting kiss1 there is the surgeon's instrument on a loved brow4 ,o old reminiscences of the early catacombs6 how far off1 how faint1 are you now4 ,who is there in this large city that remembers what a work of mercy it is to bury the dead8 ,o village churchyards6 in the centre of which rises the humble church-spires2 ,o graves6 over which the fervent kneel every ,sunday--graves that never open to give up their dead2 ,o hallowed spots6 around which thoughts of ,god are united with thoughts of our dear ones1 and where the past is folded1 as it were1 hand in hand with the future1 how do ,i prefer you to these grand cemeteries1 in which there is so much show for one or two1 and nothing for the poor man who will want no more6 ,,footnotes3 #dg ,when an invalid enters a ,paris hospital1 the shirt he had on is taken from him4 ,it would be but charitable to return it to the family in case of death4 ,a ,,week ,,at ,,the ,,lake ,,of ,,como4 ,for perfect quiet and certain inspiration1 the poet or artist could hardly choose a more suitable summer roost than any one of the villages that fringe the ,lake of ,como2 while for health the advantages of this neighborhood are unrivalled4 ,it combines the beauty of softened lines and veiled colors that distinguishes ,italy with that more bracing atmosphere peculiar to ,alpine countries4 ,the lake is there for luxurious midnight expeditions under the ,italian sky--romantic glidings in boats which1 if neither so graceful nor so mysterious as the gondolas of ,venice1 are yet picturesque enough in their--only apparent--cumbersomeness2 the mountains are there for ,english pedestrian exercise1 for long1 delightful1 tiring walks over crag and scanty vineyard1 and1 beyond that1 through chestnut woods and cypress clearings1 till the limit of bareness begins to warn you of ,alpine snows2 excellent little hotels are there1 hardly spoiled by the many but quickly fleeting guests whom the shabby little black steamboat brings in cargoes three times a day--hotels with clean1 dapper bed-rooms and bay windows overlooking the lake--hotels where you can always get plenty of fresh milk and graceful ,italian civility4 ,then there are villas by the score1 some to be hired1 and many more utterly forlorn and deserted2 others well cared for1 pleasantly tenanted by happy1 unpretending ,italian families1 and wearing a general air of attractive1 half-civilized rusticity4 ,you feel that life must go on very smoothly within their walls2 that bright1 artless women and children chatter and laugh away their brief summer holiday in those spacious verandas and vine-trellised piazzas2 and that conventional restraint is an unknown spirit there4 ,you wish that you had a right to enter such an abode1 or money enough to create one for yourself just for three months at a time2 then may be you pass by another kind of dwelling1 with broad1 grass-grown steps meeting the water like those of the palaces of ,venice2 with a great rusty iron gate and railing showing tarnished remains of heraldic gilding2 with a garden now overgrown with weeds1 but whose tall hedges of box or ilex suggest the statuesque style of the ,x,v,i,ith century2 with melancholy fountains innocent of water1 and ,etruscan-shaped stone vases once filled with flowers1 and now holding only a little stagnant rainwater2 with another flight of gaunt steps leading up to a porch and innumerable stone balconies and terraces notched with half-ruined carvings of the ,renaissance2 moss and mould everywhere1 life nowhere2 funereal cypresses mounting guard over mutilated statues of fauns and wood-nymphs2 rats and mice peopling in reality the marbled-paved halls of the mansion2 and ghosts--in your imagination--pacing up and down the broad1 deserted corridors4 ,then1 if you are of a poetic turn of mind1 you forget the brightness1 the freedom1 the laisser-aller of the peopled villas1 and wish that you were lord of this vast1 melancholy1 romantic pile1 the natural scene of some stately poem1 the fitting frame of some picture like ,millais' pathetic ,huguenot ,lover1 the sure source of an inspiration lofty1 noble1 vague1 and richly proportioned4 ,everything is on a scale of magnificence1 such as suggests only extravagance to our dwarfed notions of the proprieties of life2 a modern visitor feels a pigmy in those vast1 re-echoing halls2 he almost expects some ,brobdingnag halberdier in cloth of gold and scarlet to catch him up by the hair as some insect curiosity1 or at least to order him out as an impertinent intruder2 the great marble staircase seems to be alive with the shades of the noble throngs who1 in ,spanish doublets1 jewelled toques1 needle-like swords1 and stiff neck-ruffs1 used to parade the courtly scene--in fact1 he finds himself utterly overwhelmed by the phantoms of a greatness that is dead2 swamped by the flood of modern days that has brought in a generation of monkeys to consume their lives in efforts to fill the place of a generation of lions4 ,again1 the traveller may find other sights among the villas of the ,lake of ,como--less pleasant sights1 too1 and jarring on the artist's sense of fitness2 as1 for instance1 when he finds a wealthy and prosaic paterfamilias1 of the class who do not know and care less what antiquity means--unless it may mean shabbiness--established in placid and ludicrous possession of some stately abode such as we have named4 ,of course1 this unappreciative being1 with his robust wife and chubby olive-branches1 is of the great1 dominant1 self-sufficient ,anglo-,saxon race1 with its grand physical contempt of everything that is foreign1 but its keen national determination to take timely advantage of everything that is cheap4 ,he may be from our own or the other of the ,atlantic shores2 from the cotton-mills of ,england or the oil-wells of ,america2 but he will invariably be a man of prosaic and practical tendencies1 quite impervious to the romance of his new home1 but perfectly alive to its value as a good speculation and an economical venture4 ,you will never find an artist or a scholar thus established2 they will be penned up in a white-washed room of some peasant's cottage1 or1 if lucky members of their craft1 in the best room of the ,signor ,curato's little presbytery4 ,they1 too1 are on the lookout for cheap lodgings2 but what is cheap to the careful millionaire is the height of impossible extravagance to the gifted brain-worker4 ,and for our part1 if we had to share the home of either of these two classes of lake tourists1 we should much prefer a shake-down at the white-washed cottage1 with the human counterweight of the artist1 than the surroundings of marble halls1 spacious1 deserted gardens1 and ghost-haunted staircases1 if balanced by the incongruous presence of the prosperous family before mentioned4 ,what poetic justice is it which sternly forbids the tenantship of such abodes to be interchanged8 ,just such a beautiful place--but1 luckily1 not thus tenanted--is a villa on the ,lake of ,como1 just opposite the sharp end of the tongue of land which1 jutting into the lake to the distance of half its length1 cuts it into the shape of a ,y4 ,we passed it every day on our way to the chapel4 ,it was formerly1 if we remember rightly1 the pleasure-house of ,queen ,caroline of ,england during her exile4 ,no one ever goes there now1 and its aspect is as suggestive1 as gloomy1 as pathetic1 as ,edgar ,poe or ,mrs4 ,radcliffe could have wished4 ,just beyond it1 on the narrow slip of land which runs parallel to the lake at the foot of the abrupt mountains1 is a private chapel1 built over the family vault of the ,marquises of ,a---- and ,counts of ,s----1 an old ,savoyard family of great piety and high origin4 ,the land around here is part of their patrimonial estate1 and the chapel contains two or three very beautiful monuments of white marble1 exquisite in carving and finish1 but hardly very ,christian in taste4 ,further up1 and to be reached by a pleasant1 rugged path right behind our little hotel1 was another church--a village parish church this time1 a much more homely and homelike place--served by a gentle old curato4 ,the view over the lake from the jasmine-covered parapet surrounding this church was lovely--so peaceful that it suggested rather the possible surroundings of a holy soul just released from the body than the actual home of a busy1 struggling1 mortal life4 ,to heighten the illusion1 the moon rose slowly as we descended the same path1 and her broad silver shield1 as it passed seemingly behind the crags of the mountains on the opposite shore1 became momentarily stamped with the irregular outline of dark rocks1 simulating to our imagination the turrets and spires of a spectre city4 ,soon the path of light traced by her rays upon the waters began to shine like the ,israelites' guiding pillar in the wilderness1 and we felt tempted to try a water-excursion as a fitting ending to our day4 ,the beauty of the scene1 as the shadows grew darker and the moonlight more intense1 is indescribable4 ,our silent party in the boat did not even attempt to admire it out loud4 ,the hills1 purple-black in the foreground1 rising out of the lake as walls of onyx from a crystal floor1 grew stone-gray as they receded from sight and mingled their colors with the unearthly white of the ,alpine snow-peaks in the far distance4 ,these last seemed as though hung like a bridal wreath between earth and heaven1 resting on the dark1 undistinguishable masses of the chestnut woods covering the lower spurs4 ,now and then a bell would ring out in the still night air--a brazen voice rolling from some village belfry--and waking the mountain echoes till its sound died away in a silver murmur1 mingling with the plashing of our steady oars1 and gently reminding us that our lives had floated one hour nearer to ,god4 ,but lovely as the scene was by night1 it is difficult to call it less lovely by day4 ,opposite our temporary home was ,bellaggio1 one of the most frequented of the lake villages--a tiny hamlet of white houses clustered together in a grove of cypresses1 and perched on a rocky ledge overlooking the shore4 ,the tall1 columnar trees scattered among the houses almost suggested the idea of a peaceful burying-ground1 the white cottages from a distance seeming no bad substitutes for marble tombstones4 ,a gray-blue mist--the last ,italian beauty that clings to this fairy-like outpost of ,italy1 invaded by ,alpine breezes and watched by craggy sentinels--hangs over the dormant village2 the fir-trees of the neighboring villa--the show-place of the lake1 the ,villa ,serbellone--waft their scented breath over its houses1 while at its foot lie the hot-houses and orangeries1 etc41 by which the owner of this beautiful garden property tries to emulate ,english taste4 ,the ,villa ,serbellone is almost a tropical marvel2 the profusion of flowers2 the scent of southern blossoms1 cultivated with assiduous care2 the ivory-like magnolia1 framed in its dark and massive foliage2 the starry orange flowers2 the pineapple1 in its luscious perfection of growth--all denote the sunny land of spontaneous productiveness2 while the velvet lawns1 emerald-colored and closely shaven2 the trim gravel-walks1 rolled to the exact point of firmness required in an ,english garden2 the marble vases1 overflowing with creepers of carefully chosen and judiciously contrasted shades2 and the thousand-and-one dainty little contrivances to make the most of every natural advantage1 display the art of that northern land to which its very disadvantages of climate have taught the secret of enhancing every beauty and almost creating new ones by its industry4 ,there is little to distinguish the ,lake of ,como beyond its beauty of atmosphere and scenery--little or no historical interest1 no ruins1 castles1 or towns with momentous remembrances of troubled times in the past4 ,the churches are plain1 and generally in bad taste--in fact1 beyond the reach either of gorgeousness or even of simple restoration2 for the mountain population and the fishermen of the shore are very poor1 and the inhabitants of the lake-side villas only come to ,como for the summer4 ,but these poor parishioners have spiritual riches1 if not temporal comforts3 the faith of the ,italian1 and the nave enthusiasm of mountaineers4 ,one day1 after landing for a moment during one of our boat excursions1 we fell into conversation with an old woman1 her brown1 wrinkled face lighted up by eyes of the intensest black1 sparking with a vigor strangely in harmony rather than in contrast with her age1 and her dress1 in its picturesque1 but we fear uncomfortable dilapidation1 quite a study for a painter4 ,she was very devout1 and1 when she found that we were forestiri1 anxiously asked if we were ,christians4 ,this reminds us of what happened in the ,north of ,ireland to a ,catholic ,english lady of distinction4 ,her husband was a ,protestant1 and she accordingly started alone one day to find the church1 which she knew to be somewhere in the neighborhood of the place at which she was temporarily staying4 ,it was not a ,sunday4 ,she lost her way1 and1 meeting an old woman1 asked her to set her on the right road for the ,catholic ,chapel4 ,the old dame looked very suspiciously at the elegant costume of the questioner1 and well knowing1 by the accent1 that she was foreign to ,ireland1 asked her in return1 with incredulity stamped on every expressive feature3 ,shure1 she was not a ,catholic8 ,and1 indeed1 the ,english convert did not succeed in persuading the old ,irishwoman that she was her sister in the faith1 until1 opening her dress1 she showed her the scapular round her neck1 and put the rosary into her hand4 ,these marks of orthodoxy quite convinced the staunch old ,catholic1 and the ,english lady reached the church at last4 ,having satisfied herself1 with a sort of joyful surprise1 on this cardinal point1 our ,italian friend discoursed very volubly of the ,madonna1 her own priest and mountain church1 and the ,pope4 ,we had some beads with us blessed by the ,holy ,father1 and offered her the choice of one of the set4 ,she was reverently delighted with the opportunity1 and with many blessings and thanks1 as gracefully expressed as a poet could have wished or done himself1 she made her selection4 ,how her precious spiritual nearness to the ,holy ,father1 rendered more palpable by the sight of the plain brown rosary1 seemed realized in her mind's eye6 ,she kissed the beads again and again in a transport of devotion1 and in simple1 straight-forward language expressed her love and loyalty to the ,supreme ,pontiff4 ,there are few women in ,italy1 high or low1 who have not the same feeling for the head of the church2 and those who have it not are by no means among the most exemplary wives and mothers4 ,we were at ,como--or rather1 on the shores of the lake--in ,march as well as in ,june4 ,the spirit of the scene was just a little more dreamy in the former month than even in the latter1 chiefly because there were very few tourists1 and the steamboats went up and down the lake at longer intervals than in the summer4 ,the great heat showed no signs of its advent2 the vegetation was tender and yellow-green1 yet not scant2 for the hills1 whose cold breath tempers the torrid heat of ,lombardy1 also protect the lake from the biting winds that one is used to associate with the mention of ,march4 ,it was possible to go out boating and walking even at noon1 though the nights were none the less beautiful and inviting2 but perhaps1 at that time of the year1 the loveliest hour was early morning4 ,it was with such a remembrance that we left the lake4 ,after five o'clock ,mass1 we rowed over to the projecting tongue of mainland that cuts the waters in two1 and got into a light open carriage of the country1 en route for ,milan4 ,the air was delightfully fresh1 the sun had just risen1 and a rosy1 hazy tint lay over everything4 ,it might have been the ,bosporus1 so tranquil and softened was the scene4 ,indeed1 many travellers have likened this lake to the ,bosporus1 its narrow1 river-like course between the shelving mountains being1 they say1 quite a reproduction of the oriental marvel1 though it does not produce the oriental languor characteristic of the other4 ,our road for some time lay in a direction in which we could see both branches of the lake2 then1 swerving to one side1 we passed through miniature mountain passes1 green meadows with many water-mills1 and pretty villages embowered in trees4 ,there was somewhat of northern dampness in the atmosphere1 but its effect on the pasturage was certainly satisfactory1 the turf in many places being almost worthy of the ,emerald ,isle4 ,as the hours sped on1 our appetite began to make itself felt2 we had brought nothing with us1 not even sandwiches1 and the drive was lengthening beyond our original calculations4 ,the wayside inns were practically useless1 the wine was like vinegar1 and bread not always forthcoming4 ,at length1 at a place where we changed horses for the last time before reaching ,milan1 and after we had been enjoying the beauties of nature for ten hours on an empty stomach1 we found something eatable1 though not in a superfluous quantity4 ,not long after1 we were regaling ourselves on a banquet of fish fried in oil1 and an adequate supply of bread and butter1 served in the irreproachable ,milan hotel1 once the palace of a fallen family1 and where our privato dining-room had formerly been the ,sala di ,giustzza1 in which feudal lords sat dispensing justice to their clan of retainers or hangers-on6 ,and with this1 farewell to the queen of ,italian lakes6 ,,odd ,,stories4 ,,iv4--,,the ,,india-,,rubber ,,man ,one thousand three hundred and ninety-seven years ago1 the city of ,cadiz was startled by rumors of the presence of a mysterious person1 whose irrepressible activity was the fear and wonder of many4 ,perhaps1 from a certain dusk which pervaded his countenance1 it came to be gossipped that he was an ,indian by birth1 and had arrived in ,spain by way of ,africa4 ,if1 however1 his color was no fair sign of his origin1 the manuscripts found in his apartments betrayed his affinity with the ,oriental stoics4 ,be this as it may1 the devices and doings of ,don ,ruy ,gomia de ,goma had so impressed the traditions of ,cadiz that the maker of ballads1 ,gil ,cantor1 sung of him in language the puzzling quaintness of which we have endeavored to smooth out as follows into modern ,english3 ,oft have ,i seen1 e'en now ,i see1 ,the presence ,i would ban2 ',tis he1 the ,afreet of my dreams1 ,the ,india-rubber man6 ,i pick him out among the crowd ,as nimbly he goes by1 ,and points his gum-elastic nose1 ,and blinks his vitreous eye4 ',tis said he prowls the streets at night1 ,and1 spite of the police1 ,with ,india-rubber ease commits ,ingenious robberies4 ,abounding ,mephistopheles ,on stealthy tiptoe comes1 ,and1 as he chokes you for your purse1 ,he shows his frightful gums4 ,avoid1 my friend1 his outstretched hand-- ,that hand of gum and glue2 ,and1 ere he catches you1 beware ,the friend of caoutchouc4 ,fate tries in vain to crush him out1 ,she studies how to kill2 ,but1 no--this grim contortionist ,is standing1 springing still4 ,one day1 ten ruffians clubbed him down-- ,he wasn't dead for that2 ,up1 grinning in their faces1 sprang ,that horrid acrobat4 ,an agile politician1 now ,the public back he mounts1 ,and much the rabble like him for ,his gumption and his bounce4 ,he rises with the rise of stocks1 ,no crisis keeps him down2 ,and1 dancing on a dividend1 ,he goes about the town4 ,he pesters busy men of trade1 ,and on their beds at night ,a gum-elastic nightmare sits1 ,and will not quit their sight4 ,oft have ,i marvelled at the man1 ,and searched his meaning more2 ,so many people set him down ,a terror and a bore4 ,elastic1 everlasting soul6 ,in gloomy ages back ,they must have tried to stretch him out ,a martyr on the rack6 ,victor1 alas6 and victim he-- ,his wretched fate ,i scan2 ,and much ,i pity1 if ,i scorn1 ,the injured rubber-man4 ,doubtless the whimsical ,gil has here turned a venerable legend to a subtle purpose of satire2 for it appears1 from a number of traditions1 that ,don ,ruy distinguished himself as a trader1 courtier1 gallant1 and knight-errant4 ,he grew rich1 because no debtor ever got rid of him till payment1 and1 as a cavalier1 the grace and flexibility of his carriage and motions were the admiration of ladies4 ,thus it was that1 though denounced by jealous grandees as one sprung from the vulgar1 and1 in fact1 an upstart1 his first appearance at court was a triumph1 and all the more so from the great ease of his genuflexion1 and the modest liveliness of his manner and deportment4 ,the fact1 however1 which first drew the general attention of ,cadiz to the new cavalier was an open insult which1 it was alleged1 he had cast upon the proud escutcheon of the fair ,doa ,gumesinda ,vinagrilla de ,miraflores de ,albujuera y ,albuquerque1 ,countess ,delamar and ,marchioness ,delcampo4 ,the story runs that the marble heart of ,doa ,gumesinda had never yielded except to the blandishments of the bold and nimble ,don ,ruy4 ,one day1 addressing her at the court in terms of insinuating gallantry1 he stretched out his arms with so fine a gesture of command and entreaty that the noble maid all at once resolved that no one should win her love save the flexible and fascinating philosopher2 being well assured of the softness of his heart and the tenacity of his affections4 ,good right1 then1 had ,don ,ruy to stand one night under her leafy bower1 and1 according to the fashion of the times1 sing a piteous ditty3 ,mi corazon es suave ,como la goma dulce1 ,mis lagrimas se corren ,con la resina triste2 ,oid mi cancion elastica1 ,oid mi cancion1 seora6#dh ,having thus appealed to the fair ,gumesinda1 he ascended at a leap into a leafy refuge formed by the vines and trees near her window1 and prepared to finish his song1 when he felt that one of his legs was being pulled violently from below4 ,nothing daunted1 he allowed his covert enemies to pull it quite to the ground1 while1 still seated near his lady's bower1 he sang in strains that moved her heart to more purpose than his disturbers had moved his limbs4 ,tired of their vain attempt to budge him1 they let go of his leg1 to their no small surprise at the suddenness of its springing back4 ,immediately he leaped down1 and laid about him2 and1 though twice he was hit in vital parts by the infuriated relatives1 and1 in fact1 should have been run through1 he was so invulnerably spry and spirited that he killed a dozen or more of them before he embraced the terrified ,gumesinda with his outstretched arms1 and carried her away1 bending somewhat under his burden4 ,a large force of alguacils barred his path1 however1 and he was brought1 not without trouble1 before the chief magistrate of the city1 who1 being also a relative of ,doa ,gumesinda1 put him immediately to the rack4 ,vain1 and all too vain1 was the cruel act of torture to extenuate the body and bones1 or conquer the irrepressible being1 of ,don ,ruy ,gomia de ,goma4 ,gliding on tiptoe behind his jailers1 he one day escaped1 and in the night danced a fandango on the bed and body of the ,governor of ,cadiz4 ,who was he8 the good folk of ,cadiz asked themselves time and again4 ,some few visionaries said that he was the spirit of free inquiry1 that could never be put down or put out2 and other wiseacres averred that he was the veritable spirit of mischief1 always upturning and turning up4 ,,footnotes3 #dh ,my heart is soft ,as sweetest gum1 ,my tears they flow ,with resin sad2 ,hear my elastic song1 ,hear my song1 lady6 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,historical ,,sketches4 ,third ,series4 ,by ,john ,henry ,newman1 ,d4,d4 ,,the ,,idea ,,of ,a ,,university1 defined and illustrated4 ,by the same4 ,london3 ,basil ,montagu ,pickering4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,it would perhaps be proper to say that the revised edition of ,dr4 ,newman's writings bears the same relation to their original publication that fulfilment and prophecy sustain to each other4 ,in the one we see the germ1 the promise1 and in the other the matured and mellowed fruit4 ,in the former1 we foresee the inevitable result of the principles set forth1 on a mind so single and intent on the truth4 ,and it is because they do not reflect the perfect image of the truth he now holds that he would blot some of the lines therein written4 ,in the latter1 readers will again meet the same wise simplicity and transparency of style which charmed them before1 and which mark all the products of his pen4 ,as a study of diction1 ,dr4 ,newman's works are richly worth whatever they cost4 ,we doubt if any author of the time has done more to bring both writers and speakers down from the stilts formerly thought essential in the expression of thought4 ,almost unconsciously1 the leaven of his pure idiomatic ,english has worked1 until its influence is shown in a large number of written and spoken productions1 both at home and abroad4 ,as a reflex of a truthful1 honest soul1 deeply solicitous for the spiritual welfare of his kind1 they have a pathos and unction which will have an ever-increasing influence as time goes on4 ,the first of the above-mentioned volumes embraces the matter which bore the title1 ,the ,church of the ,fathers1 on its first appearance in the ,british ,magazine2 and the latter was published as ,the ,scope and ,nature of ,university ,education4 ,,sacred ,,eloquence2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,theory ,,and ,,practice ,,of ,,preaching4 ,by ,rev4 ,thomas ,j4 ,potter4 ,troy3 ,p4 ,j4 ,dooley4 #ahgc4 ,this work is too well known to require any notice at our hands1 having received the warmest commendation of the hierarchy and press on its first appearance in ,england4 ,while this edition will hardly please those who are fastidious in the matter of print and paper1 it presents an argument to the pockets of purchasers which many of our seminarians will highly appreciate4 ,our clerical readers are already aware that the ,sacred ,eloquence was prepared for the author's own class in the ,missionary ,college of ,all ,hallows1 and resulted from the necessity felt for a work adapted to ,english-speaking students in that department4 ,,books ,,received4 ,from ,,burns1 ,,oates ,,co41 ,london 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society73 ,sermons for all ,sundays and ,festivals of the ,year4 ,by ,j4 ,n4 ,sweeney1 ,d4,d4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 #abmo1 pp4 vi4 #dih4--,spain and ,charles ,,vii4 ,by ,gen ,kirkpatrick4 #hvo1 pp4 #hg4--;,a ,theory of the ,fine ,arts4 ,by ,s4 ,m4 ,lanigan1 ,a4,b41 ,t4,c4,d4 #abmo1 pp4 xiii4 #aid4 ,from ,d4 ,j4 ,,sadlier ,,co41 ,new ,york3 ,bible ,history4 ,by ,rev4 ,james ,o',leary1 ,d4,d4 #abmo1 pp4 #dhj4 ,from ,,henry ,,holt ,,co43 ,dimitri ,roudine4 ,by ,ivan ,turgnieff4 #ahmo1 pp4 #bga4 ,from ,,benziger ,,bros41 ,new ,york3 ,neue ,fibel1 oder3 ,erstes ,lesebuch1 fr die ,deutschen ,katholischen ,schulen in den ,vereinigten ,staaten von ,nord-,america4 ,bearbeitet von mehreren ,priestern und ,lehrern4--,zweites ,lesebuch1 und ,drittes ,lesebuch1 of the same series #abmo1 pp4 #eh1 #abj1 and #bgf4 ,from ,,kelly1 ,,piet ,,co41 ,baltimore3 ,a ,course of ,philosophy1 embracing ,logic1 ,metaphysics1 and ,ethics4 ,by ,rev4 ,a4 ,louage1 ,c4,s4,c4 #abmo1 pp4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xviii41 ,no4 #ajd4--,,november1 #ahgc4di ,,spiritualism4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,spiritus sunt vagi1 et insinceri1 pervolantes et perscrutantes4--,s4 ,max4 ,taur41 ,tract4 iv41 ,cont4 ,pag4 ,it can hardly be denied that the question of spiritualism is forcing itself every year more and more upon the public attention2 and that a belief in the reality of its phenomena1 and1 as almost a necessary consequence1 a suspicion of their at least partially preternatural character1 is on the increase amongst honest and intelligent persons4 ,by preternatural phenomena1 ,i mean manifestations of the operation of intelligences that are not clothed in flesh and blood2 for with other than such as are so clothed1 in the way of the senses1 which is the way of nature1 we have no acquaintance4 ,i believe that few will examine seriously and patiently the phenomena of spiritualism as a whole without coming upon much that they cannot1 without doing violence to their natural instincts1 attribute to anything but preternatural agency4 ,whether they reduce this to white spirits or black1 red spirits or gray1 will depend for the most part on the religious prepossessions of the inquirers4 ,i have said the phenomena as a whole1 because some of these1 such as cases of tables turning1 upon which the hands of the company are resting1 and1 again1 many of the communications through mediums speaking in trance or otherwise1 do not necessarily suggest preternatural interference4 ,the phenomena on which ,i am inclined to lay most stress are1 #ast1 physical manifestations--the movement or raising in the air1 without contact of any sort1 of heavy bodies1 whether animate or inanimate2 #b;d1 intelligent manifestations involving the communication of true information through a human medium1 which was unknown at the time both to the medium and recipient4 ,such phenomena are not unfrequent at successful sances1 and spiritualists have a right to demand that we should criticise their successes rather than their failures4 ,for examples of the phenomena of modern spiritualism1 we shall depend mainly upon two volumes3 ,experiences in ,spiritualism with ,d4 ,d4 ,home1 and the ,report of the ,committee of the ,london ,dialectical ,society4 ,the former is a well-known though unpublished relation of seventy-eight sances2 the relaters are gentlemen whose names are guarantees for intelligence and honor4 ,of these sances1 some were held in rooms which ,mr4 ,home had never before entered1 others in a variety of rooms belonging to gentlemen taking part in the proceedings4 ,the supposition of concealed machinery1 possible enough were it question of the magician's own den1 is thus effectually precluded4 ,the ,report is a still more remarkable volume4 ,even if spiritualism were exploded absolutely1 this volume would still retain its interest as a unique collection of mental photographs representing every attitude which it is possible for the human mind to take up with regard to spiritualistic phenomena1 from irreconcilable repulsion1 through every shade of intelligent hesitation1 to complete acceptance4 ,the ,report consists of the reports of the sances of six experimental subcommittees1 minutes of the examination before the ,general ,committee of spiritualist witnesses1 letters on spiritualism from a great number of literary and scientific persons1 and communications in the shape of experiences and speculative essays on spiritualism by some of its principal adherents4 ,subcommittee ,no4 #a 7,rep41 p4 #i7 declares itself to have established conclusively the movements of heavy substances without contact or material connection of any kind between such substances and the body of any person present4 ,this is confirmed by ,subcommittee ,no4 #b1 and embodied in the general report4 ,amongst a great mass of well-attested phenomena1 ,i select the following3 ,thirteen witnesses state that they have seen heavy bodies1 in some instances men1 rise slowly in the air1 and remain there without visible or tangible support4 ,fourteen witnesses testify to having seen hands of figures not appertaining to any human being1 but lifelike in appearance and mobility1 which they have sometimes touched and even grasped4 ,eight witnesses state that they have received precise information through rappings1 writings1 and in other ways1 the accuracy of which was unknown at the time to themselves or to any persons present1 and which1 on subsequent inquiry1 was found to be correct4 ,many of these experimental sances took place without the presence of any professional mediums4 ,subcommittees #a and #b declare that they have never used them1 and these were particularly fertile in instances of independent movement1 ,no4 #a having witnessed no less than fifty such motions4 ,there is absolutely no room for a suspicion of trickery1 neither is it more rational to suppose that the phenomena had no objective existence1 but were the mere phantasms of the excited imagination of the company2 for the witnesses testify that they were in no such state of excitement1 and their recorded conversation and behavior are incompatible with any such supposition4 ,again1 such excitement acts spasmodically and irregularly2 but1 as a rule1 the phenomena are seen by all equally4 ,in the few cases in which individuals have manifested abnormal excitement1 the sances have been frustrated4 ,subcommittee ,no4 #b sent for a neighbor to witness the phenomena when in full operation1 and they presented precisely the same aspect to him as they did to the members of the sance4 ,there remains1 then1 a large number of objective phenomena of the kind mentioned which have to be accounted for4 ,three hypotheses have been advocated with more or less success1 which ,i shall proceed to consider in order4 #ast4 ,unconscious cerebration expressing itself in unconscious muscular action4 #b;d4 ,psychic force4 #c;d4 ,spirits4 ,i would remark that the first and second agree1 in so far as they make the source of the phenomena internal2 they differ in that the first would make them the result of a known law1 the action of which had been previously detected1 whilst the second supposes a previously unknown law or force of which spiritualistic phenomena are the sole evidence4 ,i4 ,the doctrine of unconscious cerebration is thus expressed by ,dr4 ,carpenter 7,rep41 p4 #bgb73 ,ideational changes take place in the cerebrum1 of which we may be at the time unconscious for want of receptivity on the part of the sensorium1 but of which the results may at a subsequent period present themselves to the consciousness1 as ideas elaborated by an automatic process of which we have no cognizance4 ,dr4 ,carpenter's ground for surmising that ideational changes may be received unconsciously1 and subsequently recognized1 and that the consciousness or unconsciousness of the reception depends upon their being presented or not in the sensorium1 is the following analogy3 ,the cerebrum1 or rather its ganglionic matter in which its potentiality resides1 stands in precisely the same anatomical relation to the sensorium that the retina does2 but visual changes may be unconsciously received in the retina when the sensorium is inoperative1 and may be subsequently recognized4 ,the reality of this automatic reception and elaboration of ideas is confirmed by the phenomena of somnambulism1 which show that long trains of thought may1 with a complete suspension of the directing and controlling power of the will1 follow the lead either of some dominant idea or of suggestion from without4 ,this doctrine1 when applied to explain the intelligent manifestations of spiritualism1 comes to this1 that you cannot argue1 from the fact that a man informs you truly of something which he could not possibly have learned elsewhere1 and which you know you were never aware of in the ordinary sense of the word1 that he is informed by a superior intelligence2 for you may have received unconsciously into your cerebrum the information in question1 or have unconsciously elaborated it from premises so received1 and may have communicated it to your informant by unconscious muscular action4 ,i must do ,dr4 ,carpenter the justice to admit that he nowhere1 so far as ,i have seen1 attempts to apply his doctrine in detail to the higher phenomena of spiritualism4 ,he is contented with stating it as indicating the direction in which a solution of such phenomenal difficulties as do not seem to him wholly incredible is to be looked for4 ,i have every wish to speak on matters of physiological experiment with the modesty befitting my comparative unfamiliarity with the subject4 ,i have no difficulty in admitting all that ,dr4 ,carpenter says1 in his article on ,electro-biology and ,mesmerism 7,quart41 ,oct41 #ahec71 on the action of dominant ideas1 whether original or suggested1 in the production of the phenomena of somnambulism and mesmerism2 but ,i hesitate as to the possibility of receiving in the form of an unconscious ideational change such a piece of information as this3 ,i have another sister besides those ,i am used to reckon2 and of its recovery1 not as an image or sensation such as a dream might leave1 but as an unequivocal assertion of a fact clothed in all its native confidence4 ,the nerve modification1 which ,i suppose the ideational change comes to1 is here understood to play the part1 not merely of a bell whose prolonged vibrations1 when taken cognizance of1 may more or less suggest the individual visitor1 but of a photographic negative1 set aside1 indeed1 and overlaid1 but from which at any moment exact representations may be taken4 ,this theory appears to me to belong to the category of those which1 to borrow ,dr4 ,carpenter's expression 7art41 p4 #ece71 cannot be accepted without a great amount of evidence in their favor1 but which1 not being in absolute opposition to recognized laws1 may be received upon strong testimony1 without doing violence to our common sense4 ,i must add that ,i have met with no such evidence either in the ,quarterly ,review or elsewhere4 ,when we ask for instances1 in which modern science is ordinarily so fertile1 it is at least suspicious that the only at all adequate examples produced in the brilliant article1 ,spiritualism and its ,recent ,converts 7,quart41 vol4 #aca1 #ahga71 are taken from the very spiritualistic phenomena under discussion4 ,let us1 however1 for the moment grant all that is expressly demanded on the score of unconscious cerebration1 and then see how far it affords an adequate explanation of the phenomena of spiritualism4 ,of course1 independent physical manifestations1 such as the subcommittees report1 fall entirely without the sphere of this explanation2 and ,faraday's ingenious machine for testing muscular action has no place where there is no contact of muscles4 ,but what are we to say to communications such as the following 7,rep41 p4 #aie71 made to ,signor ,damiani1 at ,clifton8 ,he asked of the rapping table1 ,who is there8 ,sister1 was rapped out in reply4 ,what sister8 ,marietta4 ,don't know you2 that is not a family name4 ,are you not mistaken8 ,no2 ,i am your sister4 ,he left the table in disgust1 but afterwards joined in another sance at the same house4 ,who are you8 he asks4 ,marietta4 ,again6 ,why does not a sister whom ,i can remember come8 ,i will bring one4 ,and the raps were heard to recede1 becoming faint and fainter1 until lost in the distance4 ,in a few seconds1 a double knock1 like the trot of a horse1 was heard approaching1 striking the ceiling1 the floor1 and1 lastly1 the table4 ',who is there8' ',your sister ,antonietta4' ,that is a good guess1 thought ,i4 ',where did she pass away8' ',chieti4' ',when8' ,thirty-four loud1 distinct raps succeeded4 ,strange6 ,my sister so named had certainly died at ,chieti just thirty-four years before4 ,how many brothers and sisters had you then8 ,can you give me their names8 ,five names 7the real ones71 all correctly spelt in ,italian1 were given4 ,numerous other tests produced equally remarkable results4 ,he is much perplexed1 naturally1 about this sister ,marietta1 and writes to his mother about her4 ,he is answered that1 on such a date1 forty-four years before1 a sister had been born and had lived six hours1 during which time she had been baptized by the midwife by the name of ,mary4 ,now1 this is not a case of an isolated bit of information that may have been given and forthwith wholly disconnected from the current of life1 as an ,indian child might have been told1 on the eve of its voyage to ,england1 that a certain tropical berry was poisonous1 which it never saw again4 ,in ,signor ,damiani's case1 the sleep of unconscious cerebration must have been very deep that so interesting a fact should not have been waked up by all the friction it must have sustained every time of the thousand of times that he asserted himself and his five brothers and sisters to the exclusion of any others4 ,but these difficulties sink into the shade when we try to carry out the explanation a step further4 ,we have to explain not merely how ,signor ,damiani knew1 but how the medium knew1 the astonishing fact4 ,i can understand how emotions of various kinds may be read in muscular motions2 how the almost inevitable slight hesitation at certain critical letters may suggest them to the keen and practised observer2 but how1 amongst all the threads of thought which cross the human mind1 the very one which must needs be the slenderest and most remote should get itself expressed by unconscious muscular action1 and how another should read the hieroglyph1 ,i simply cannot conceive4 ,nothing ,i have met with in the wildest spiritualism is half so difficult to believe4 ,here is another instance1 from the testimony of ,mr4 ,eyre 7,rep41 p4 #agi74 ,this gentleman wanted the register of the baptism of a person born in ,england1 and who had died in ,america a century ago4 ,he was led to suppose that this would be found either in ,yorkshire or ,cambridgeshire4 ,he hunted for it for three months1 and then1 in broad daylight1 without saying who he is or what he wants1 consults a medium4 ,he says3 ,before leaving home1 ,i wrote out and numbered about a dozen questions4 ,among them was the question1 ',where can ,i find the register of the baptism ,i am searching for8' ,the paper with the questions ,i had folded and placed in a stout envelope1 and closed it4 ,when we sat down to the table1 ,i asked1 after some other questions1 if the spirits would answer the questions ,i had written and had in my pocket4 ,the answer by raps was1 ',yes4' ,i took the envelope containing the questions out of my pocket1 and1 without opening it1 laid it on the table4 ,i then took a piece of paper1 and as the questions were answered--,no4 #a1 #b1 and so on--,i wrote down the answers4 ,when we came to the question1 where ,i could get the register of the baptism1 the table telegraphed1 ',stepney church1' and1 at the same time1 ,mrs4 ,marshall1 senior1 in her peculiar manner1 blurted out1 ',stepney4' ,being at that time a stranger in ,london1 ,i did not know there was such a place4 ,i went on with the questions ,i had prepared1 and got correct answers to all of them4 ,a few days afterwards1 ,i went to ,stepney ,church1 and1 after spending some days in searching1 ,i there found the register of the baptism1 as ,i had been told4 ,here the medium had not even the light of the questions by which to read the unconscious expression of unconscious cerebration4 ,one cannot help wondering what may be the muscular expression for ,stepney church4 ,the writer in the ,quarterly ,review1 to whom ,i have before referred1 shall give us the next example from his own experience 7vol4 #aca1 p4 #cca74 ,he owns that1 on one occasion1 he was strongly impressed by a spiritualistic manifestation4 ,he 7the medium1 ,mr4 ,foster7 answered1 in a variety of modes1 the questions we put to him respecting the time and cause of the death of several of our departed friends and relatives1 whose names we had written down on slips of paper1 which had been folded up and crumpled into pellets before being placed in his hands4 ,but he brought out names and dates correctly1 in large red letters on his bare arms1 the redness being produced by the turgescence of the minute vessels of the skin1 and passing away after a few minutes like a blush4 ,we must own to have been strongly impressed at the time by this performance2 but1 on subsequently thinking it over1 we thought we could see that ,mr4 ,foster's divining power was partly derived from his having the faculty of interpreting the movements of the top of pen or pencil1 though the point and what was written by it was hid from his sight2 and partly from a very keen observation of the indications unconsciously given by ourselves of the answer we expected4 ,indubitably in the case of two accomplices1 a preconcerted system of movements of the top of the pencil might be made to indicate what was written2 but1 considering the enormous variety of ways of writing1 that any one can acquire the art of so reading chance writing is incredible4 ,at best this explanation only applies to the questions4 ,the answers1 which were given correctly1 in the shape of dates and causes of death1 etc41 in red letters on the medium's arm1 must have been read in the reviewer's unconscious contortions4 ,the force of the reviewer's admission of the accuracy of these communications is not affected by the fact that when another way of answering questions was adopted--viz41 the questioner pointing successively to the letters of the alphabet1 until interrupted by the rap--there were indications of his manner being read by the medium4 ,again1 it is little to the purpose that the trick by which the red letters were produced was discovered by the inquiries of one of our medical friends--a most curiously vague statement1 by the bye--for the mystery to be explained is not the red letters1 but the correctness of the information they conveyed4 ,there is nothing in the necessity of some sort of rapport existing between the medium and his questioner inconsistent with the spirit hypothesis2 there is nothing in the subsequent experiments of the reviewer even tending to a natural explanation of what had so strongly impressed him2 and yet he is able to shake off the strong impression triumphantly4 ,one begins to appreciate the eloquent words of ,professor ,tyndall3#ej ,the logical feebleness of science is not sufficiently borne in mind4 ,it keeps down the weed of superstition not by logic1 but by slowly rendering the mental soil unfit for its cultivation4 ,i recognize with gratitude1 as one of the many services ,dr4 ,carpenter has done to science1 his full admission of a series of facts in connection with mesmerism and animal magnetism1 until the other day looked upon with suspicion by medical men and physiologists2 and1 further1 ,i am ready to admit that the influence of unconscious cerebration upon some of the phenomena of spiritualism is probable enough4 ,but ,i maintain that it is distinctly inadequate as an explanation4 ,its main use1 as applied to spiritualism1 has been that of a learned label to attract the attention of scientific men--a scientific rag wherewith spiritualism may cover its nakedness1 but which all the ingenuity in the world cannot convert into clothes4 ,,ii4 ,numbers of intelligent persons1 men distinguished in science1 in literature1 in the learned professions1 but whose mental soil has not been rendered wholly unfit for the cultivation of all germs foreign to the philosophy of the day1 have acknowledged that the phenomena of spiritualism are not only veritable1 but inexplicable by any known law4 ,the absolute and even derisive incredulity which dispenses with all examination of the evidence for preternatural occurrences1#ea of which ,mr4 ,lecky boasts as one of the results of civilization1 has certainly lost ground of late4 ,professor ,de ,morgan says3 ,i am perfectly convinced that ,i have both seen and heard1 in a manner which should render unbelief impossible1 things called spiritual which cannot be taken by a rational being to be capable of explanation by imposture1 coincidence1 or mistake4 ,so far ,i feel the ground firm under me4#eb ,mr4 ,edwin ,arnold 7,rep41 p4 #beh7 speaks to the same effect3 ,i regard many of the 'manifestations' as genuine1 undeniable1 and inexplicable by any known law or any collusion1 arrangement1 or deception of the senses4 ,and so we come very much to what ,s4 ,bonaventure said in the ,x,i,i,ith century3 ,some have said that witchcraft is a nonentity in the world1 and has no force1 save merely in the estimation of men1 who1 in their want of faith1 attribute many natural mishaps to witchcrafts2 but this position is derogatory to law1 to common opinion1 and1 what is of more importance1 to experience1 and so has no foothold4#ec ,law has1 indeed1 long ceased to have anything to say on the subject1 and popular sentiment1 if not converted1 has at least been reduced to shamefaced silence2 but once again experience claims her rights1 and1 in a great wave extending across two hemispheres1 the experience of spiritualism breaks upon us1 and the opposite opinion is found to lack foothold4 ,even in this ,x,i,xth century1 men are beginning to admit that magic or mysticism1 call it what you will1 though overrun as ever with trickery and delusion1 is for all that no nonentity1 but a long-ignored reality1 worthy1 not of derision1 but of patient examination4 ,true many of those who go furthest in their recognition of the genuineness of the phenomena do not attribute them to spirits2 still1 however this may be1 no advocate of psychic force can deny that many of the so-called marvel-mongers of the middle ages were at least no mere blind leaders of the blind1 but the witnesses of phenomena none the less true because it has been for so long the fashion to ignore them4 ,in the middle ages1 people thought that these marvels were the work of spirits good or bad1 or at least the result of their co-operation with man4 ,for such an hypothesis1 modern science has an almost invincible repugnance1 in which ,i think there is much that is excusable4 ,it is not that the man of science necessarily disbelieves in the existence of spirits2 but the idea of their possible interference in phenomena which he has to consider exercises a disturbing influence upon all his calculations4 ,he is as irritated as though he should be called upon to submit to1 and make allowance for1 the tricks of mischievous children who jerk his arm or clog his machinery4 ,again1 he is haunted with the notion that1 by admitting the spirit hypothesis1 he is contributing to the inauguration of an era of disastrous reaction4 ,to the eye of his imagination1 the bright1 open platform1 the familiar instruments1 each a concrete realization1 in honest metal1 of a known law1 the intelligent modern audience1 his own classical tail-coat and white neckcloth1 melt away1 and he sees himself propitiating fickle spirits with uncouth spells1 at the bottom of a medival grotto3 ,a shape with amice wrapped around1 ,with a wrought ,spanish baldric bound1 ,like a pilgrim from beyond the sea4 ,not that the evil dream could ever be realized in its integrity2 but still1 when once a spiritualist reaction has set in1 who will venture to fix its limits8 ,and so1 forgetting that the spirit hypothesis in nowise excludes the operation of psychic conditions1 he insists upon every indication of such conditions1 as though they were the key to everything1 and there were no indications of any other agency4 ,his mental soil1 perhaps1 does not permit him to deny the reality of the phenomena of spiritualism1 or to talk of unconscious cerebration as a sufficient explanation2 and so he is contented to raise his altar to an unknown god1 provided only he may baptize him into the dynasty of science by the name of ,psychic ,force4 ,psychic force has still to be defined4 ,it is the unknown cause of certain effects1 taking its color from them only4 ,with reference to independent physical manifestations1 it is the power to produce the movement of heavy substances without contact or material connection4 ,in this sense1 ,arago is stated to have reported to the ,academy of ,science1 that1 under peculiar conditions1 the human organization gives forth a physical power which1 without visible instruments1 lifts heavy bodies1 attracts or repels them1 according to a law of polarity1 overturns them1 and produces the phenomena of sound4#ed ,when considered in relation to the whole mass of spiritualistic phenomena1 its vague1 unsatisfactory character becomes still more apparent4 ,the nearest approach to a definition of psychic force1 in its larger sense1 that ,i have met with occurs in ,mr4 ,atkinson's communication 7,rep41 p4 #aje73 ,it is nothing more than the ordinary and normal power of our complex nature acting without impediment 7consciousness being one of the impediments71 and diverted from its usual relations1 though in some cases abnormal conditions clearly favor the development4 ,it is hardly possible to mistake the pantheistic character of this passage2 for this unconditioned nature1 underlying personal consciousness1 which1 in virtue of its being unconditioned1 knows all and can do all1 what else can it be but a common nature1 an anima mundi1 a world-god8 according to the pantheistic conception of ,averrhoes1 an intelligence which1 without multiplication of itself1 animates all the individuals of the human species1 in respect to their exercising the functions of a rational soul4#ee ,i am convinced that psychic force1 if drawn out as the one solution of spiritualism1 can end in nothing short of this2 but1 on the other hand1 ,i readily admit that the anima mundi or rather1 spirit of nature1 as advocated by ,dr4 ,h4 ,more1 ,glanvil1 and1 if he is not misrepresented1 the famous ,carmente doctor1 ,john ,bacon1#ef is not pantheistic4 ,more1 formally rejecting the doctrine of ,averrhoes as atheism1 insists that the spirit of nature is substantially distinct from1 though in intimate relations with1 individual souls4 ,he defines it to be a substance incorporeal1 how far possessing sense and animadversion he may not determine1 but certainly devoid of reason and free-will1 pervading the whole matter of the universe1 and exercising a plastical power therein1 according to the sundry predispositions and occasions in the parts it works upon1 raising such phenomena in the world1 by directing the parts of matter and their motion1 as cannot be resolved into mere mechanical powers4#eg ,as capable of holding automatic thought1 processes1 or their embryons1 such a spirit might lend itself as a vehicle of direct intellectual influence between soul and soul1 as also1 of course1 between souls and spirits of another sort4 ,but it must be remembered that1 if this might in some measure account for the intercommunication of thought1 it in no way tends to explain the genesis of information of which all concerned are ignorant4 ,that some such brute intelligence acts as intermediary would seem to be borne out by the frequent spaces of hopeless incoherency1 like nothing so much as the shaking up of loose type1 which prelude and interrupt spiritual communications when the intelligent will that would fain direct matters has not yet seized the reins1 or has dropped them from its grasp4 ,whatever may be thought of the theory1 the following passage from the first edition of ,glanvil's ,vanity of ,dogmatizing is worth quoting4 ,the story in it was suppressed in subsequent editions1 as too romantic for the taste of the day3#eh ,that one man should be able to bind the thoughts of another1 and determine them to their particular objects1 will be reckoned in the first rank of impossibles2 yet1 by the power of advanced imagination1 it may very probably be effected2 and history abounds with instances4 ,i'll trouble the reader but with one1 and the hands from which ,i had it makes me secure of the truth on't4 ,there was very lately a lad in the ,university of ,oxford1 who1 being of very pregnant and ready parts1 and yet wanting the encouragement of preferment1 was by his poverty forced to leave his studies there1 and to cast himself upon the wide world for a livelihood4 ,now1 his necessities growing daily on him1 and wanting the help of friends to relieve him1 he was at last forced to join himself to a company of vagabond gypsies1 whom occasionally he met with1 and to follow their trade for a maintenance4 ,among these extravagant people1 by the insinuating subtility of his carriage1 he quickly got so much of their love and esteem as that they discovered to him their mystery2 in the practice of which1 by the pregnancy of his wit and parts1 he soon grew so good a proficient as to be able to outdo his instructors4 ,after he had been a pretty while exercised in the trade1 there chanced to ride by a couple of scholars who had formerly been of his acquaintance4 ,the scholars had quickly spied out their old friend among the gypsies1 and their amazement to see him among such society had well-nigh discovered him2 but by a sign he prevented their owning him before that crew1 and1 taking one of them aside privately1 desired him with his friend to go to an inn not far distant thence1 promising there to come to them4 ,they accordingly went thither1 and he follows2 after their first salutations1 his friends inquire how he came to lead so odd a life as that was1 and to join himself with such a cheating1 beggarly company4 ,the scholar-gypsy1 having given them an account of the necessity which drove him to that kind of life1 told them that the people he went with were not such impostors as they were taken for1 but that they had a traditional kind of learning among them1 and could do wonders by the power of imagination1 and that himself had learnt much of their art1 and improved it further than themselves could2 and1 to evince the truth of what he told them1 he said he would remove into another room1 leaving them to discourse together1 and1 upon his return1 tell them the sum of what they had talked of2 which accordingly he performed1 giving them a full account of what had passed between them during his absence4 ,the scholars1 being amazed at so unexpected a discovery1 earnestly desired him to unriddle the mystery4 ,in which he gave them satisfaction by telling them that what he did was by power of the imagination1 his fancy binding theirs2 and that himself had dictated to them the discourse they held together while he was from them2 that there were warrantable ways of heightening the imagination to that pitch as to bind another's2 and that1 when he had compassed the whole secret1 of some parts of which he said he was yet ignorant1 he intended to leave their company1 and give the world an account of what he had learned4 ,now1 that this strange power of the imagination is no impossibility1 the wonderful signatures of the ftus1 caused by the imagination of the mother1 is no contemptible item4 ,the sympathies of laughing and gaping together are resolved into this principle2 and ,i see not why the fancy of one man may not determine the cogitation of another1 rightly qualified1 as easily as his bodily motion4 ,this influence seems to me to be no more unreasonable than that of one string of a lute upon another1 when a stroke on it causeth a proportionable motion in the sympathizing consort1 which is distant from it and not sensibly touched4 ,now1 if this notion be strictly verifiable1 it will yield us a good account of how angels inject thoughts into our minds1 and know our cogitations2 and here we may see the source of some kinds of fascination4 ,if we are prejudiced against the speculation1 because we cannot conceive the manner of so strange an operation1 we shall indeed receive no help from the common philosophy2 but yet the hypothesis of a mundane soul1 lately revived by that incomparable ,platonist and ,cartesian1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,more1 will handsomely relieve us2 or1 if any would rather have a mechanical account1 ,i think it may probably be made out some such way as follows3 ,imagination is inward sense2 to sense is required a motion of certain filaments of the brain1 and consequently in imagination there is the like2 they only differing in this1 that the motion of the one proceeds immediately from external objects1 but that of the other hath its immediate rise within us4 ,now1 then1 when any part of the brain is strongly agitated1 that which is next1 and most capable to receive the motive impress1 must in like manner be moved4 ,now1 we cannot conceive anything more capable of motion than the fluid matter that is interspersed among all bodies and is contiguous to them4 ,so1 then1 the agitated parts of the brain begetting a motion in the proxime ether1 it is propagated through the liquid medium1 as we see the motion is which is caused by a stone thrown into the water4 ,now1 when the thus moved matter meets with anything like that from which it received its primary impress1 it will proportionably move it1 as it is in musical strings tuned unisons2 and thus the motion being conveyed from the brain of one man to the fancy of another1 it is there received from the instrument of conveyance1 the subtile matter1 and the same kind of strings being moved1 and much what after the same manner as in the first imaginant1 the soul is awakened to the same apprehensions as were they that caused them4 ,i pretend not to any exactness or infallibility in this account1 foreseeing many scruples that must be removed to make it perfect4 ,it is only an hint of the possibility of mechanically solving the phenomenon1 though very likely it may require many other circumstances completely to make it out4 ,there are abundant records of the marvels wrought by the imagination1 when1 under the influence of desire or fear1 or even simple expectation1 the attention is concentrated upon a particular spot or a particular set of circumstances2 but of the conditions and nature of the operation almost nothing is known4 ,it would seem as if there were a tendency in every act of the imagination to create that which it conceives1 although it is only in rare cases that any palpable result ensues4 ,various cases of recovery from the gravest illness1 some of which involved the arresting active1 organic mischief1 are recorded as brought about by the vehement impression made upon the imagination by a remedy supposed1 but never really applied4 ,the action of imaginative sympathy is even more startling4 ,dr4 ,tuke relates the following of a lady well known to him3 ,one day1 she was walking past a public institution1 and observed a child1 in whom she was particularly interested1 coming out through an iron gate4 ,she saw that he let go the gate after opening it1 and that it seemed likely to close upon him1 and concluded that it would do so with such force as to crush his ankle2 however1 this did not happen4 ',it was impossible1' she says1 'by word or act1 to be quick enough to meet the supposed emergency2 and1 in fact1 ,i found ,i could not move1 for such intense pain came on my ankle1 corresponding to the one ,i thought the boy would have injured1 that ,i could only put my hand on it to lessen its extreme painfulness4 ,i am sure ,i did not move so as to strain or sprain it4 ,the walk home--a distance of about a quarter of a mile--was very laborious1 and1 in taking off my stocking1 ,i found a circle round the ankle1 as if it had been painted with red-currant juice1 with a large spot of the same on the outer part4 ,by morning1 the whole foot was inflamed1 and ,i was a prisoner to my bed for many weeks4#ei ,in another case referred to by ,dr4 ,tuke1 a lady of an exceedingly sensitive and impressible nature1 on one occasion when a gentleman visited her house1 experienced a very uncomfortable sensation so long as he was present1 and she observed a spot or sore on his cheek4 ,two days after1 a similar spot or sore appeared on her cheek1 in precisely the same situation1 and with the same characters4#fj ,i have no fault to find with ,dr4 ,tuke for extending this same principle of sympathetic attention to the case of stigmatization1 when he says of ,s4 ,francis1 absorbed in ardent realization of the ,passion of ,christ1 ,so clearly defined an idea1 so ardent a faith intensifying its operation1 were sufficient to reflect it in his body4#fa ,i cannot help thinking that the ,fathers recognized the creative power of the imagination when they denounced so fiercely the masquerading in beast-skins on the calends of ,january4 ,is not all this false and mad when ,god-formed men transform themselves into cattle1 or wild beasts1 or monsters8#fb ,the numerous accounts of the were-wolf transformation1 both in classical and medival times1 all point in the same direction2 and ,mr4 ,baring-,gould brings good authority for thinking that the etymology of the ,barsark rage of the ,norsemen designates it as an outcome of their bear-skins4 ,the direct action of the imagination upon external objects1 attributed to ,avicenna 7,muratori della ,fantasia1 p4 #bfh71 is1 of course1 something further4 ,the ,arabian philosopher is reported to have said that1 by a strong action of the fancy1 one might kill a camel4 ,at the same time1 the signature on the ftus1 not merely of the emotion of the mother's fear or desire1 but of the object or occasion of it1 would seem to imply some action ab extra1 as well as such cases as that of the sympathetic bruise referred to above4 ,that the ordinary acts of the imagination1 for all their airy and impalpable play1 do leave behind them most momentous results1 forming1 as it were1 the very mould and measure of our whole life1 is a matter of constant experience4 ,hence it is that castles in the air are often so costly1 to say nothing of the danger that1 though we have built them ourselves1 we may find them haunted4 ,i am quite prepared to admit what the ,germans have called a night-side of nature--that is1 various rudimental powers of doing many things of a seemingly miraculous character1 which powers do very probably often co-operate in the production of spiritualistic phenomena1 and under peculiar organic conditions1 without any spiritual influence1 may be brought into considerably developed action4 ,moreover1 as it is1 of course1 in the investigation of these natural bases of magic that science will succeed so far as it succeeds at all1 it is only right that it should expatiate in them4 ,my complaint is that the modern attempt to reduce spiritualism to psychic force involves an inadequate analysis of the facts presented2 and spiritualists have surely some ground to complain of the prima facie disingenuousness of a manuvre which1 in regard to the same phenomena1 began with1 ,this is not natural1 therefore it is certainly not true1 and ends with1 ,this is true1 therefore it is certainly natural4 ,however much the scientific mind of the day may dislike the preternatural stand-point1 yet it may be that1 seeing an absolute and derisive incredulity is no longer regarded as the one scientific attitude1 some examination of the views entertained by ,catholic writers on the subject may not be without interest4 ,many of the acutest amongst them for ages have given great attention to the phenomena of mysticism1 although mainly engaged in the consideration of their moral and ascetical bearings4 ,before leaving this second hypothesis1 ,i propose to bring together such passages from the schoolmen as seem to make the largest allowance on the side of psychic force4 ,whilst there are1 ,i think1 sufficient indications that the scholastics generally admit psychic force as a natural basis and concurrent cause in many of the phenomena of both divine and diabolic mysticism1 it must be allowed that passages dwelling at any length on this point have at least the merit of rarity4 ,grres taught1 reasonably enough1 ,i conceive1 in his ,mystik1 that there is a physical basis for the great mass of miracles wrought by ,almighty ,god in and through his saints2 that is to say1 that they do not1 ordinarily speaking1 involve the creation of an entirely fresh power1 but are rather the result of a divine excitation of a power already existing in germ4 ,of course1 he who of these stones can raise up children to ,abraham only subjects himself to the laws which he has made in so far as it pleases him to do so2 and the scholastics were right in their insistence upon what they called the obediential power of things--that is1 their inherent capacity of becoming anything in the hands of their ,creator4 ,of course1 too1 it is often impossible to ascertain in a given case whether ,god is using that altum dominium which he possesses as ,creator1 or1 on the other hand1 is merely developing previously existing powers4 ,everything tends to persuade us that all nature1 and especially the human soul1 is full of rudimental powers which may be developed1 #ast1 by the special1 immediate action of the ,creator2 #b;d1 by spiritual influences1 good and bad2 #c;d1 by certain abnormal conditions of the bodily organism4 ,i conceive that these rudimental powers form a common natural basis for the great mass of both divine and diabolic miracles1 and that sometimes they may attain to a considerable degree of development without any special influence1 divine or diabolic4 ,the existence of such a common basis would seem to be implied in the fact that the devil has been able to imitate successfully and really1 as in the case of ,pharao's magicians1 so many of the divine miracles2 for we know that he can at most develop what already exists1 without having the least power to create what is not4 ,we cannot imagine that ,god would ever create where he might develop1 according to the scholastic principle which ,sir ,william ,hamilton has translated into the ,law of ,parsimony3 ,deus non abundat in superfluis4 ,to take a particular example1 ,grres maintains that the ascetic and mystic process which the mind of the saint goes through by abstraction from earthly things1 and the habit of celestial contemplation1 does really co-operate in the phenomenon1 so common in ecstasy1 of levitation4 ,in which case1 the saint would be rather aided by ,god1 acting upon his body through his soul1 to rise in the air1 than1 properly speaking1 lifted up by him4 ,this levitation is common enough in the best authenticated cases of diabolical possession2 and1 if it does not occur in cases presumably natural1 at least a wholly abnormal lightness and agility is not unfrequent in some of the movements of somnambulism4 ,we find an example of this in the following narrative1 taken from a rare treatise of the ,benedictine ,abbot ,trithemius 7sc4 #ae71 entitled ,curiositas ,regia 7p4 #bi73 ,let any one who knows nothing of nature tell me if the specific gravity of the body can be lightened by the action of the mind4 ,i1 with two witnesses to back me1 will relate what ,i myself experienced when a boy at school4 ,one night1 we were four of us sleeping in one bed2 my companion rose from beside me1 as asleep as ever he was1 the moon in its fifteenth night shining in upon us1 and wandered all over the house as though he were awake1 with his eyes shut4 ,he climbed the walls more nimbly than a squirrel4 ,he a second and a third time clambered up on the bed1 and trampled upon all of us with his feet2 but we felt no more of his weight than if he had been a little mouse4 ,wherever his sleeping body came1 at once all the fastenings of the doors fell back of their own accord4 ,with exceeding swiftness1 he got to the top of the house1 and1 sparrow-fashion1 clave to the roof4 ,i am telling what ,i saw1 not what ,i heard in idle talk4 ,this would seem to be the part1 not of a body1 but of a spirit which freely uses its native power1 so to speak1 when the corporal senses are bound1 and it wanders outside the mansion of the body4444 ,we do not suppose that this will appear wonderful to the wise1 who have a true conception of the power and nobility of the human mind1 which in some respects is accounted the equal of the angels1 being only separated from them by the interposition of the body4 ,after speaking of the miracles wrought1 first by the invocation of faith1 second by sanctity1 which commands the ministration of angels1 third by the assistance of demons through explicit or implicit compact1 he continues3 ,some persons add to these three ways a fourth1 saying that the mind or spirit of the man himself can naturally work its miracles1 provided only it knows how to withdraw itself from the accidental1 in upon itself1 above the exercise of the senses1 into unity4 ,those who can compass this undertake to work marvels1 to predict the future1 to lay open the secrets of men's hearts1 to dispel diseases1 and suddenly to change men's counsels4 ,trithemius is willing to admit that some such power exists1 whilst denying that it can attain to any perfect exercise without some external assistance from good or evil spirits4 ,he gives the same account with ,grres of the ecstatic volatus1 viz41 that the power of ,god co-operates with the energy of the saint's soul4 ,william of ,auvergne1 ,bishop of ,paris1 in the beginning of the ,x,i,i,ith century1 recognizes the reality of several of the phenomena of spiritualism1 and indicates a natural basis4 ,thus1 speaking of the mirrors upon which magicians make their patients look1 he says that no images are seen in the glass1 but that what takes place is a bending back of the mind's edge upon itself--of his mind1 ,i say1 who looks upon such an instrument2 for its brightness forbids the mind's vision exteriorating and directing itself1 and flings it back and reflects it in such sort that it cannot but look into itself4#fc ,within the mind1 he says1 all sorts of wonders may be read1 for therein abides the light to which our souls in respect to their noble powers are most closely united2 and one of the wisest ,christians saith that 'this light is the ,creator ever blessed1' meaning by these words that betwixt our minds and the interior light1 which is ,god1 there is no intermediary1 according to the prophet's word1 which1 addressing the ,creator1 saith1 ',the light of thy countenance is sealed upon us1 ,o ,lord'2 that is1 thy lightsome countenance1 which is naught else but thyself4 ,whilst acknowledging that this light is sealed1 and that its rays do but break out like lightning flashes in a dark night1 and confessing that he has long been cured of that error of his youth1 the notion that the purification and abstraction necessary for such inward vision could be profitably achieved without the grace of the ,creator1 he yet maintains that this light is1 up to a certain point1 communicated according to a natural law1 analogous1 it would seem1 to that of the infusion of life4 ,he considers that a melancholy temperament favors this abstraction1 and insists that melancholy madmen1 in virtue of their abstraction1 do receive true irradiations of this divine light1 although indefinitely fragmentary 7particulatas et obtruncatas71 wherefore naturally they begin to discourse like prophets of divine things1 yet continue not to talk so1 save for a little while1 but lapse into words of accustomed folly4 ,he attributes this relapse to their shattered condition and the excess of the melancholy fumes which overpower them4 ,whatever may be thought of the theory1 few can have seen much of mad persons without noticing the noble fragments with which their disjointed talk is not unfrequently interspersed4 ,the present writer has often heard one of the persons concerned relate the following story of a madman's prophecy3 ,the narrator1 with two lady friends1 had just been received from ,anglicanism into the ,catholic ,church in ,italy1 and they were anxiously looking forward to the new phase of life awaiting them in ,england4 ,they were all three going over a lunatic asylum at ,palermo1 when suddenly one of the inmates strode up to them1 and with great solemnity1 touching each of them in turn1 said to one of the ladies1 ,il ,paradiso2 to the other1 ,la ,madalena2 and to the gentleman1 ,molto1 molto d',argento4 ,of the two ladies1 the first died a holy death on the threshold of her ,catholic life1 whilst the other entered an order devoted to the reformation of fallen women4 ,the third part only remains unfulfilled1 and may possibly mark the relapse into our author's desipientia consueta4 ,william of ,auvergne extends these natural divine irradiations even to the minds of animals1 for which he entertains a most unscholastic-like respect3 ,yea1 this light 7splendor7 is given to dogs to hunt out the most secret thieves2 444 for the dog perceives not the thief himself1 and the sense of smell represents him not2 for a thief1 as such1 has no odor4 ,trithemius and ,william of ,auvergne may be regarded as authors who lay an exceptional stress upon the natural basis of the supernatural4 ,the former indicates the possibility of the alteration of the specific gravity of the body by the action of the soul within it2 the latter suggests a system of natural revelation akin1 it would seem1 to what one meets with in the mesmeric or somnambulistic trance4 ,the somnambulistic and mesmeric states would seem to be substantially identical1 although the latter involves a relation of subjection to the will of another which is not necessary1 though possible1 at least in some degree1 to the former4 ,somnambulism very frequently produces the phenomenon of the exaltation of the natural powers2 for instance1 when in a somnambulistic state1 the singer sings more sweetly1 the dancer dances more gracefully1 than in their normal condition4 ,the same exaltation of natural power has been stated sometimes to take place in deranged persons1 as ,lamb indicates was the case with himself1 in his letter to ,coleridge3 ,dream not1 ,coleridge1 of having tasted all the grandeur and wildness of fancy till you have gone mad4 ,all seems to me now vapid1 comparatively so4 ,i remember being told by an intelligent person very fond of singing1 who was subject to occasional fits of derangement1 that1 when mad1 his voice gained in compass a good octave2 even if this proves to be nothing but a lunatic's delusion1 it is sufficiently curious that somnambulism should effect in reality what madness vainly imagines4 ,from time to time1 somnambulism seems to open a door in the soul to a source of natural revelation1 such as ,william of ,auvergne speaks of4 ,the following authentic instance is particularly noteworthy1 because the possibility of expectation1 having produced1 as it often does1 what was expected1 is precluded4 ,at a school at ,thorp ,arch1 in ,yorkshire1 at the beginning of the present century1 a boy was known to be a somnambulist4 ,one night1 the usher saw him rise from his bed and wander down-stairs into the school-room4 ,he followed1 and saw the boy go to his desk1 take out his slate1 and write4 ,on looking over his shoulder1 he read3 ,on such a day of such a month next ,i shall die4 ,the boy almost directly after went up to bed1 and the usher took the slate to the head-master4 ,they agreed to say nothing about it1 and another slate was substituted4 ,the boy went on with his routine life1 apparently quite unconscious that anything was impending2 and1 indeed1 it is on all hands admitted that somnambulists in their waking state recollect nothing of their somnambulism4 ,when the day came1 the boy died4 ,sister ,anne ,catherine ,emerich 7#aggd-ahbd71 an ecstatica of ,westphalia1 has expressed herself with considerable precision on the subject of mesmerism4 ,whilst earnestly warning people against its use as to the last degree dangerous1 she admits that the phenomena are objective1 and that the power brought into action is substantially natural4 ,what she says is so remarkable that ,i shall not hesitate to quote at some length4#fd ,my impression in regard to it mesmerism was always one of horror1 and this sprang less from the thing itself than from the enormous danger to which ,i saw such as practised it almost always fall a prey4 ,the practice of magnetism borders on that of magic2 in the former1 indeed1 there is no invocation of the devil1 but he comes of himself4 ,whoever gives himself up to it plucks from nature something that cannot be lawfully won except in the church of ,jesus ,christ1 and which cannot keep its power of healing1 and sanctifying1 except in her bosom4 ,nature1 for all such as are not in active union with ,jesus ,christ by true faith and sanctifying grace1 is full of satanic influences4 ,magnetic subjects see nothing in its essence and in its relation of dependence upon ,god2 they see everything in a state of isolation and separation1 as if they were looking through a hole or crack4 ,they see one ray of things2 and would to ,god this ray were pure--that is to say1 holy6 ,it is in ,god's mercy that he has veiled and separated us from one another2 that he has raised a wall between us4 ,since we are all full of sin1 and exercise influence one upon the other1 it is well that we should be obliged to interpose some preamble before seducing one another and reciprocating the contagious influence of the evil spirit4 ,but in ,jesus ,christ1 ,god himself made man is given us as our head1 in union with whom we can1 when purified and sanctified1 become one--one body--without bringing into this union our sins and evil inclinations4 ,whoever would bring to an end in any other way this separation which ,god has established is uniting himself1 after a most dangerous fashion1 to fallen nature1 in which he reigns with all his allurements who drew it to its fall4 ,i see that magnetism is essentially true2 but in that veiled light there crouches a thief who has broken his chain4 ,all union amongst sinners is dangerous1 interpenetration more especially so4 ,but when this befalls a soul that is altogether cloudless2 when a state1 the condition of whose clairvoyance is its simplicity and directness1 falls a prey to artifice and intrigue1 then one of the faculties of man before his fall--a faculty which is not quite dead--is in a certain manner revived1 to leave him more unarmed1 more mystified1 and exposed internally to the assaults of the demon4 ,this state is real--it exists2 but it is covered with a veil1 because it is a spring poisoned for all except the saints4 ,i feel that the state of these persons follows a course in certain respects parallel to mine1 but moving in an opposite direction1 coming from elsewhere1 and having other consequences4 ,the sin of a man with only the faculty of ordinary vision is an act wrought by the senses or in their forum4 ,the inward light is not thereby darkened1 but speaks in the conscience1 and urges from within1 like a judge1 to sensible acts of repentance and penance4 ,it leads us to those remedies which the church administers under a sensible form--the sacraments4 ,then the sensitive part is the sinner1 and the inward light the accuser4 ,but in the magnetic state1 when the senses are dead1 when the inward light receives and yields impressions1 then that which is holiest in a man1 the interior watcher1 is exposed to deadly influences1 to contagious infection of the evil spirit1 such as the soul in the state of ordinary wakefulness can have no consciousness of1 owing to the senses1 subject as these are to the laws of time and space4 ,at the same time1 it cannot free itself of its sins by the purifying remedies of the church4 ,i see1 indeed1 that a soul altogether pure and reconciled with ,god1 even in the state in which the whole interior life is open1 may chance not to be wounded by the devil4 ,but ,i see that if she has previously consented to the least temptation1 as very easily happens1 especially to those of the female sex1 ,satan is free to play his game in the interior of the soul1 which he always manages in a way to dazzle her with the semblance of sanctity4 ,the visions become lies1 and1 if she perchance discover some way of healing the mortal body1 she pays a costly price for it in the secret defilement of an immortal soul4 ,with regard to another kindred phenomenon1 viz41 the projection of the thinking soul in a visible envelope1 there is a remarkable passage in ,s4 ,augustine 7,de ,civ4 ,dei1 lib4 xviii4 #ah74 ,he is speaking of a story he heard when in ,italy of men being turned into asses by enchantment1 and made to carry burdens3 ,to say nothing of the soul1 ,i do not believe that a man's body could any how by demons-craft be turned into bestial limbs and lineaments2 but the fantastic part of man's nature 7which1 in the processes of thinking and dreaming1 is countlessly specificated1 and which1 though itself no body1 yet with wondrous swiftness1 when the man's bodily senses are holden in sleep or bondage1 adapts to itself the images of bodies7 may be presented in some ,i know not what ineffable way1 under a bodily form1 to the senses of others1 the while their bodies be elsewhere alive1 indeed1 but with their senses much more heavily and mightily bound than in sleep4 ,and that fantastic part appears to the eyes of others1 as it were1 incorporated in the likeness of another creature2 and such the man seems to himself to be1 and to carry burdens4 ,while burdens1 if they be real bodies and not fantastic1 the demons carry to deceive spectators1 who see on the one hand the burdens1 which are real2 on the other the beasts1 which are mere appearances4 ,the phenomenon described1 or rather suggested1 by the saint is substantially identical with that of the wraith1 or apparition of the spirit of a living person1 when the soul is supposed to be projected in a visible envelope under the influence of some strong emotion1 the bonds uniting soul and body being indefinitely stretched1 without being broken4 ,fanciful as this sounds1 the apparition of the wraith is perhaps the best authenticated of all ghost phenomena4 ,plutarch 7,de ,gen4 ,soc4 p4 #bff7 would seem to indicate the same phenomenon4 ,the ,neoplatonic interlocutor1 having distinguished the intelligence 77 from the soul 771 inasmuch as the former is not properly the body at all1 except by reflection1 as light in a mirror1 but floats above the man's head1 bound to the incorporated soul and yielding light for its conduct1 says1 in respect to the case of one ,hermodorus1 whose soul was supposed periodically to leave his body3 ,but this is not true1 for his soul did not go forth from his body1 but1 slackening and loosing the reins to the intelligence 7the 1 as the wise call it1 regarding it as something external71 allowed it circumgyration and circum-frequentation 7 71 and1 when it had seen or heard anything1 to bear in the tidings4 ,catholic theologians1 although commonly denying that the soul can be separated from the body in natural or diabolical ecstasy1 admit generally that1 in the case of the divine raptus1 this separation1 or rather projection--for death is supposed not to ensue--may take place2 although many of them--amongst others ,benedict ,,xiv4 7,de ,beatif41 lib4 iii4 cap4 #di7--;deny that1 in fact1 such separation ever does occur4 ,on this question1 ,cardinal ,bona 7,de ,discret4 ,spir41 cap4 #ad7 says3 ,whether the soul1 in the higher or more vehement rapt1 sometimes leaves the body1 or can leave it1 is a doubtful and difficult question2 for the apostle1 caught up into the third heaven1 professed that he knew not whether this was in the body or out of the body2 and what so great a man did not know it is not for us to define4 ',for who1' saith ,augustine1 most learnedly disputing of the rapt of ,paul1 'would dare to say he knew what the apostle said he did not know8' ,the same ignorance possessed ,s4 ,teresa's mind2 for1 describing the effects of rapture in ,the ,castle of the ,soul1 mans4 #f c4 #e1 she says3 ',whether in the body or out of the body these things take place1 ,i cannot tell3 ,i certainly dare not affirm on my oath either that the soul is then in the body1 or that the body can1 in the meanwhile1 live without the soul4' ,then1 making use of some similitude to explain the matter1 she ends by saying she knows not what to say4 ,but ,s4 ,catherine of ,sienna1 herself a divine patient 7,epist4 xii4 ad ,p4 ,raym471 does not hesitate to affirm for certain that her soul sometimes left her body and tasted the sweets of immortality2 which occasional separation of the soul and body it is manifest could take place1 not by the powers of nature1 but by the omnipotence of ,god4 ,i would suggest that separation or projection would seem to admit of degrees1 some of which may be possible to other powers short of omnipotence4 ,to this phenomenon of projection ,i should be inclined to reduce the majority1 if not all1 the cases of replication or bilocation recorded in the lives of the saints4 ,benedict ,,xiv4 7,de ,beatif41 lib4 iv4 pars4 i4 cap4 #cb71 when discussing the apparitions of living saints1 is careful to explain that he is not pretending to entertain the question of the possibility of one and the same body of a living man being at the same time in two places1 which philosophers call replication4 ,both ,s4 ,thomas and ,s4 ,bonaventure insist upon the intrinsic impossibility of the presence of a body extensive--i4e4 clothed in its dimensions--at the same time in more than one place4 ,that this is so1 ,de ,lugo1 whilst advocating against ,vasquez the contrary opinion1 intrepidly admits4 ,we may add that the fact of trilocation being unheard of is1 so far1 an argument against the possibility of replication2 for once admit that replication is possible1 and there is no reason for limiting to duality of presence4 ,it would seem to be essential to the phenomenon of projection that the body remain in a trance during the process4 ,when simultaneous intelligent activity has been proved1 the hypothesis is shown to be insufficient4 ,the best authenticated cases1 however1 of so-called bilocation seem to me to fail precisely in this proof of simultaneity4 ,take1 for instance1 the wonderful miracles of this kind related of ,s4 ,alphonso ,liguori1 such as his preaching in the church and hearing confessions in the house at the same time2 the possibility either of his having passed1 with miraculous rapidity of course1 from the one place to the other1 or1 again1 of the projection of his soul1 does not seem to me to have been fairly disproved4 ,setting aside the hypothesis of replication1 the apparitions of saints simultaneously existing elsewhere need not be the result of projection1 as it is quite conceivable that they may be represented by their angels4 ,this seems to be suggested by ,s4 ,augustine 7,de ,cura ,gerenda pro ,mortuis1 cap4 #aj74 ,such representation would cover simultaneous activity should this be proved4 ,for the perfection of the phenomenon of projection1 we require the patient's own testimony that he and no other has been consciously acting in some place where his body was not1 and1 in default of witnesses1 some proof that he has been there4 ,for obvious reasons1 such self-testimony is very rare in the lives of the saints4 ,the most remarkable ,i have met with is the following from the ,life of ,s4 ,alphonso ,liguori 7vol4 iii4 p4 #dag1 ,orat4 ,series74 ,it is unfortunately defective in there having been no witnesses at the term of projection3 ,in the morning of the #bast of ,september1 #aggd1 after ,alphonso had ended ,mass1 contrary to custom1 he threw himself into his arm-chair2 he was cast down and silent1 he made no movement of any sort1 never articulated a word1 and said nothing to any one4 ,he remained in this state all that day and all the following night2 and1 during all this time1 he took no nourishment1 and did not attempt to undress4 ,the servants1 on seeing the state he was in1 did not know what was going to happen1 and remained up and at his room door1 but no one dared to enter it4 ,on the morning of the #bb;d1 he had not changed his position2 and no one knew what to think about it4 ,the fact was that he was in a prolonged ecstasy4 ,however1 when the day became further advanced1 he rang the bell to announce that he intended to celebrate ,mass4 ,this signal was not only answered by ,brother ,francis ,anthony1 according to custom1 but all the people in the house hurried to him with eagerness4 ,on seeing so many people1 his lordship asked what was the matter1 with an air of surprise4 ',what is the matter8' they replied4 ',you have neither spoken nor eaten anything for two days1 and you ceased to give any signs of life4' ',that is true1' replied ,alphonso2 'but you do not know that ,i have been with the ,pope1 who has just died4'444 ,ere long1 the tidings of the death of the ,pope ,clement were received2 he passed to a better life on the #bb;d of ,september1 at seven o'clock in the morning1 at the very moment when ,alphonso came to himself4 ,to all appearances1 precisely the same phenomenon is to be found both in the diabolical and the natural order4 ,innumerable instances are recorded of diabolical projection4 ,here is one quoted by ,grres from ,senert 7,de ,morbis ,occultis73 ,a woman1 accused of being a were-wolf1 anointed her body in the presence of the magistrate1 who promised her her life if she would give him a specimen of her art4 ,immediately after the anointing1 she fell on the ground1 and slept profoundly4 ,she awoke three hours after1 and1 on being asked where she had been1 answered that she had been changed into a wolf1 and had torn to pieces a sheep and a cow close to a little village1 which she named1 and which was situated a few miles off4 ,they sent to this village1 and1 on inquiry1 found that the mischief she claimed to have perpetrated was a reality4 ,the following narrative of presumably natural projection is characterized by ,grres 7,mystik1 tom4 iii4 p4 #bfg1 ,french ,trans47 as very noteworthy and perfectly authentic3 ,mary1 the wife of ,john ,goffe1 of ,rochester1 was attacked by a lingering illness1 and was removed ten miles from her home to her father's house at ,west ,malling1 at which place she died ,june #d1 #afia4 ,on the eve of her death1 she was possessed with a great longing to see her children1 whom she had left at home with their nurse4 ,she besought her husband to hire a horse1 that she might go to ,rochester and die with her children4 ,they pointed out to her that she was not in a condition to leave her bed and mount on horseback4 ,she insisted that anyhow she would make the attempt4 ',if ,i cannot sit upright1' said she1 ',i will lie down on the horse2 for ,i must see my dear little ones4' ,the clergyman visited her about ten o'clock at night4 ,she seemed perfectly resigned to die1 and full of confidence in the divine mercy4 ',all that troubles me1' said she1 'is that ,i am not to see my children any more4' ,between one and two in the morning1 she had a kind of ecstasy4 ,according to the statement of ,widow ,turner1 who was watching beside her during the night1 her eyes were open and fixed1 and her mouth shut4 ,the nurse put her hand to her mouth and nostrils1 and felt no breath2 she therefore supposed that the sick woman had fainted1 and1 indeed1 was not clear whether she was alive or dead4 ,when she came to herself1 she told her mother that she had been to ,rochester1 and had seen her children4 ',impossible1' replied the mother2 'you have never for a moment left your bed4' ',for all that1' rejoined the other1 ',i went to-night and saw my children during my sleep4' ,the ,widow ,alexander1 the children's nurse1 declared on her side that1 a little before two o'clock in the morning1 she saw ,mary ,goffe come out of the room next to hers1 where one of the children was sleeping by itself1 with the door open between them1 and enter her room2 and that she remained about a quarter of an hour close to the bed where she was lying with the youngest child4 ,her eyes moved and her lips looked as if they were speaking2 but she said nothing4 ,the nurse professed herself willing to affirm on oath in the presence of the authorities all that she had said1 and to take the sacrament upon it4 ,she added that she was perfectly awake1 and that the dawn was beginning to break1 as it was one of the shortest nights of the year4 ,she sat up in bed1 and watched the apparition attentively4 ,she heard the clock on the bridge strike two4 ,after a few moments had passed1 she said1 ',in the name of the ,father1 and the ,son1 and the ,holy ,ghost1 who are you8' ,at these words1 the apparition vanished4 ,here is another example from ,mr4 ,varley's evidence 7,report on ,spiritualism73 ,my sister-in-law had heart disease4 ,mrs4 ,varley and ,i went into the country to see her1 as we feared1 for the last time4 ,i had a nightmare1 and could not move a muscle4 ,while in this state1 ,i saw the spirit of my sister-in-law in the room4 ,i knew that she was confined to her bed-room4 ,she said1 ',if you do not move1 you will die1' but ,i could not move2 and she said1 ',if you submit yourself to me1 ,i will frighten you1 and you will then be able to move4' ,at first ,i objected1 wishing to ascertain more about her spirit-presence4 ,when at last ,i consented1 my heart had ceased beating4 ,i think at first her efforts to terrify me did not succeed2 but when she suddenly exclaimed1 ',o ,cromwell6 ,i am dying1' that frightened me exceedingly1 and threw me out of the torpid state1 and ,i awoke in the ordinary way4 ,my shouting had aroused ,mrs4 ,varley2 we examined the door1 and it was still locked and bolted1 and ,i told my wife what had happened1 having noted the hour--#c3de ,a4,m4--and cautioned her not to mention the matter to anybody1 and to hear what was her sister's version1 if she alluded to the subject4 ,in the morning1 she told us that she had passed a dreadful night1 that she had been in our room1 and greatly troubled on my account2 and that ,i had been nearly dying4 ,it was between half-past three and four when she saw ,i was in danger4 ,she only succeeded in rousing me by exclaiming1 ',o ,cromwell6 ,i am dying4' ,i appeared to her to be in a state which otherwise would have ended fatally4 ,in considering the psychic-force hypothesis1 ,i have been anxious to do justice to every slightest indication of such abnormal power in the speculations and experiences of ,catholic writers4 ,for this reason1 ,i have spoken of projection1 although ,i am not aware that any attempt has been made by the advocates of psychic force so to explain it4 ,whilst reiterating my belief that the mind has many mysterious powers capable of being brought into active operation by various influences1 and that these are1 in all probability1 operative in several of the phenomena of spiritualism2 granting1 moreover1 that it is hardly possible to define precisely the extent of the soul's co-operation in the production of these phenomena1 ,i contend1 notwithstanding1 that the psychic-force hypothesis is the result of a non-natural and inadequate analysis of the phenomena of spiritualism4 ,for1 #ast1 in the form in which it has been presented1 it is indubitably obnoxious to the charge of being an expedient to escape a recognition of spiritual influence1 which recognition1 in a ,x,i,xth-century man of science1 would be so very unsportsmanlike1 to say the least of it4 #b;d4 ,it wholly ignores the sense of personal dualism in spiritual experience1 to which the history of spiritualism in all ages bears consistent witness4 ,as the idealist would convince us that there is no external world distinct from the phenomena of sensation1 so the advocate of psychic force would persuade spiritualists that they have been merely conversing with their own shadows1 as with real beings who could hear and answer their questions1 and have attributed to these1 as independent agents1 feats which they were themselves performing4 #c;d4 ,so far as we have any indication of a thaumaturgic element in the mind1 it manifests itself in the supreme efforts of the imagination1 kindled by emotion1 and abstracted and concentrated by expectation2 whereas1 in the mass of spiritualistic experiences1 imagination in those concerned seems distinctly to fall short of its highest stages4 ,the third hypothesis remains for consideration2 but1 in order to do it justice1 ,i shall have to enter at some length into the church notion of magic and direct diabolical interference2 and this will form the subject of my second chapter4 ,,footnotes3 #di ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahgc1 by ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #ej ,scientific ,scraps4 #ea ,hist4 of ,rat41 chap4 i4 #eb ,pref4 to ,from ,matter to ,spirit4 #ec ,lib4 iv4 dist4 #cd1 art4 #b4 #ed ,dr4 ,tuke1 ,influence of the ,mind upon the ,body1 p4 #cee4 #ee ,biog4 ,brit41 ,baconthorp4 #ef ,haureau1 ,la ,philosophie ,scholastique1 tome ii4 cap4 #bi4 #eg ,the ,immortality of the ,soul1 op4 p4 #bab4 #eh ,biog4 ,brit4 #ei ,influence of the ,mind upon the ,body1 p4 #bfj4 #fj ,ibid41 p4 #dbh4 #fa ,influence of the ,mind upon the ,body1 p4 #hb4 #fb ,s4 ,max4 ,taur41 ,hom4 xvi4 #fc ,de ,universo1 pars iii4 cap4 #ah1 #bj4 #fd ,vie1 par ,schmoeger1 tome i41 p4 #dhd et seq4 ,,the ,,son ,,of ,,god1 ,,archetypal ,,beauty4 ,my heart's voice is to thee1 my ,lord and ,eternal ,king1 ,christ ,jesus4 ,the work of ,thy hand dares to address ,thee with loving boldness1 for it yearns after ,thy beauty1 and longs to hear ,thy voice4 ,o ,thou1 my heart's desired ,one1 how long must ,i bear ,thy absence6 ,how long must ,i sigh after ,thee1 and my eyes drop tears8 ,o ,lord1 all love1 all loveable1 where dwellest ,thou8 ,where is the place of ,thy rest1 where ,thou reposest all joyful among ,thy favorite ones1 and satisfiest them with the revelations of ,thy glory8 ,how happy1 how bright1 how holy1 how ardently to be longed for1 is that place of perennial joys6 ,my eye has never reached far enough1 nor my heart soared high enough1 to know the multitude of the sweetnesses which ,thou hast stored up in it for ,thy children4 ,and yet ,i am supported by their fragrance1 though ,i am far away from them4 ,the breath of ,thy sweetness comes to me from afar--a sweetness which to me exceeds the odour of balsam1 and the breath of frankincense and myrrh1 and every kind of sweet smell4--,s4 ,anselm4 ,,dante',s ,,purgatorio4 ,,canto ,,eleventh4 ,in the ,ninth ,canto ,virgil declares to ,dante3 ,tu sei omai al ,purgatorio giunto-,thou hast arrived at ,purgatory now6 and it is not until the next ,canto that the gate of ,purgatory proper is unfolded to the poet4 ,the first nine ,cantos being preliminary1 are by ,italian critics called the ,ante-,purgatorio4 ,in the first cornice of the true ,purgatory1 ,la1 dove 'l ,purgatorio ha dritto inizio1 ,dante meets a procession of spirits crouching under great burdens of stone1 in expiation of their sin of pride4 ,as this ,tenth ,canto1 however1 is mostly occupied with an elaborate description of certain sculptures around the cornice1 illustrative of the same deadly sin1 and might be less interesting to the readers of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 we proceed to the ,eleventh1 where we are introduced to the spirits of ,omberto ,aldobrandeschi1 ,oderisi the illuminator1 and ,provenzan ,salvani1 lord of ,sienna4 ,in ,omberto the pride of birth is especially reproved2 and in ,salvani the pride of place1 the arrogance of power4 ,the sin of ,oderisi is of the sthetic order common to a period of larger culture4 ,himself an artist1 whose fault was pride of art1 he inveighs against the vanity of painters and of poets1 and the emptiness of a present reputation4 ,,prayer ,,of ,,the ,,proud ,,spirits--,a ,,paraphrase ,,of ,,the ,,lord',s ,,prayer4 ,o thou1 our ,father1 dwelling there in heaven6 ,not circumscribed1 save by the larger love ,which to thy love's first offspring must be given1 ,who from the first have dwelt with thee above6 ,by every creature hallowed be thy name ,and praised thy goodness1 as for man was meant ,to render thanks to thy benignant flame3 ,may to our souls thy kingdom's peace be lent1 ,for of ourselves we could not come thereto ,with all our intellect1 unless 'twere sent3 ,and even as of their will thine ,angels do 7,chanting ,hosanna7 sacrifice to thee1 ,so to ,thy ,will may men their own subdue3 ,our daily manna give to us this day1 ,without which help1 through this rough wilderness1 ,who strives to go falls backward on his way4 ,and even as we forbear us to redress ,the wrong from others which we have to brook ,pardon thou us1 benignant ,one6 and less ,on our deserving than our weakness look3 ,try not our virtue1 ever prone to yield1 ',gainst the old enemy who spurs it so2 ,deliver us from him and be our shield3 ,this last petition1 dearest ,lord6 we know ,we have no need of2--but for them we plead ,who after us amid temptation go4 ,thus praying for themselves and us ,god-speed1 ,those weary shadows1 underneath a load ,like that we sometimes dream that we endure1 ,toiled in unequal anguish#fe o'er the road ,round the first cornice1 all becoming pure ,from the world's tarnish4 ,o if alway there ,for us they say such gracious words6 for them ,what might be here performed in act or prayer ,by souls whose will is a sound-rooted stem3 ,well might we help them wash whatever stain ,they bore from this world1 that sublimed and fair ,they to the starry circles might attain4 ,,virgil4 ,ah so may pity soon1 and justice spare ,you souls this load1 that you may move the wing ,that lifts you upward to celestial air6 ,show us which way most speedily may bring ,us towards the ascent4 ,if more than one there be1 ,point us that pass the least precipitous2 ,since he who comes and fain would climb with me ,through flesh of ,adam is encumbered thus4 ,who made their answer to these words which he ,whom ,i was following unto them addrest ,was not discernible1 but this was said3 ,,omberto4 ,to the right hand1 along the bank1 'tis best ,you come with us4 ,this way to living tread ,the pass is possible that you request3 ,and were ,i not impeded by the stone ,which my proud neck so masters with its weight1 ,that ,i perforce must hold my visage down1 ,this man who liveth1 and who doth not state ,what name he bears1 ,i would look up to see ,if ,i do know1 and make compassionate ,his heart for this huge load that bendeth me4 ,william ,aldobrandeschi was the name ,of a great ,tuscan2 ,i was born his son1 ,of ,latin race3 whether his title came ,to your ears ever1 knowledge have ,i none4 ,mine ancestors1 their ancient blood1 and what ,they wrought by prowess1 rendered me so high ,in arrogance1 that never taking thought ,about our common ,mother1 all men ,i ,so scorned1 that as the ,siennese all know1 ,i to my death at last was brought thereby1 ,and every child in ,campagnatico ,knows how ,i there did perish for my sin4 ,i am ,omberto1 and not me alone ,hath pride done damage to1 but all my kin ,hath it dragged hither with myself to groan1 ,and ,i who living never bowed my head1 ,till ,god be satisfied1 and mercy shown1 ,must bear this burden here among the dead4 ,listening ,i held my visage down intent1 ,and one of them1 but not the same that spoke1 ,writhing looked up1 beneath his burden bent1 ,and recognized1 and called me2 still his look ,with strained eyes fixing upon me who went ,all bowed beside them4 ,o6 exclaimed ,i then1 ,art thou not ,oderisi1 ,gubbio's pride1 ,and honor also of that art which men ,in ,paris name illuming8 ,he replied3 ,,oderisi4 ,brother6 those leaves with hues more smiling shine ,touched by the pencil of the ,bolognese ,franco1 whose whole fame was but partly mine4 ,haply in life such courteous words as these ,i had not spoken1 so my heart was set ,all others to excel4 ,for such poor pride ,here ,i must pay the penalty2 nor yet ,should ,i be here1 but that before ,i died ,i turned to ,god1 still having power to sin4 ,o thou vain-glory of man's boasted powers6 ,how little while thy summit keeps its green1 ,unless gross ages come that yield no flowers6 ,once ,cimabu thought to keep the crown ,in painting's field2 now all cry ,giotto best1 ,so that the former hath but dim renown3 ,thus could one ,guido from the other wrest ,the glory of language1 and perchance is born ,he that shall drive out either from his nest4 ,naught is the world's voice but a breath of morn ,coming this way and that1 and changing name ,even as it shifteth side3 what more shalt thou1 ,if old thou cast thy flesh1 enjoy of fame ,than if death's hand had touched thy baby brow ,whilst thou wert babbling1 ere a thousand years ,have past8 which unto ,god's eternity ,a space more insignificant appears ,than would the twinkle of an eyelid be ,to the least rapid of the heavenly spheres4 ,yon soul before me1 moving on so slow1 ,once through all ,tuscany was noised for great1 ,now scarce ,sienna breathes his name1 although ,he was her sovereign1 when the infuriate ,spirit of ,florence met such overthrow2 ,for she1 now vile1 swelled then in proud estate4 ,men's reputation is the fleeting hue ,of grass1 that comes and goes6 even that whereby ,fresh from the soil its tender verdure grew1 ,the sun1 discolors it and leaveth dry4 ,,ante4 ,and ,i3 ,thy truthful words teach me to seek ,goodness in humbleness1 and quell my pride4 ,but who is he of whom thou just didst speak8 ,,oderisi4 ,that's ,provenzan ,salvani1 he replied2 ,and he goes here because he so presumed ,in bringing all ,sienna 'neath his sway3 ,thus ever since he died hath he been doomed1 ,without repose1 to walk his weary way4 ,who dares too much there in such coin pays back4 ,,dante4 ,i then3 ,if every soul who doth delay ,repentance till the limit of life's track1 ,must wait below1 nor be up here received ,unless good prayers assist him on his road1 ,before as much time pass as he hath lived1 ,how comes this largess upon him bestowed8 ,,oderisi4 ,the spirit replied3 ,when he was living still ,in the full glory of his most high state1 ,all shame subduing1 of his own free will ,amid ,sienna's public square he sate1 ,and there his friend to ransom from the pain1 ,which ,charles had doomed him1 of his dungeon's grate1 ,did that which made him tremble in each vein4#ff ,i say no more and know ,i darkly teach ,but in short while thy neighbors unto thee ,will so conduct that thou mayst gloss my speech3 ,him from those confines did this act set free4 ,,note4 ,in the translation of ,canto ,,vii41 published in the ,april ,no4 of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,i proposed a new rendering of the #gdth verse1 namely1 ,india's rich wood1 heaven's lucid blue serene1 for ,indico legno1 lucido e sereno1 which line ,i would then have read1 ,indico legno1 lucido sereno1 without the conjunction4 ,i had not found this reading in any edition which fell to my hands1 and it was merely a suggestion of my own to make intelligible what seemed to be unsatisfactory to the sense4 ,in a late ,no4 7,june #ad7 of the ,london ,athenum1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,barlow1 a very learned ,dantean1 confirms my reading by one of the older texts in his library1 and also adds that1 in the edition of the ,divina ,commedia by ,paola ,costa1 we find the reading recently adopted by ,mr4 ,parsons 444 which the editor says is an emendation of ,biondi1 who has defended it with much learned reasoning4 ,nevertheless1 ,dr4 ,barlow does not accept this amendment2 but believes1 with ,monti1 that ,dante meant to compare the rich and varied hues of a flower-bed to something like charcoal2 to wood1 clear and dry2 for instance1 ebony2 and he quotes from ,monti this word3 ,what can be darker than the night8 yet when free from clouds we call it serene4 ,the answer whereto is that when the night is free from clouds1 and starry1 or serene1 it is not dark1 and many objects in nature are blacker than such a night4 ,i cannot feel quite so sure of my reading as ,dr4 ,barlow appears to be of his own interpretation1 but ,i have some confidence that ,dante did not mean ebony1 for the obvious reason that ebony is not a brilliant color such as ,dante was describing2 and the statement which ,dr4 ,barlow takes such pains to prove1 namely1 that painters often introduce black for the sake of contrast1 does not apply at all to a verbal description--segnius per aurem1 etc4 ,i am after all inclined to think that the true reading of this much-disputed verse may be ,indico legno1 e lucido sereno1 but my mind is not made up entirely1 and one object of publishing these ,cantos in a periodical is that my version1 before it is completed1 may have the advantage of critical suggestions1 and perhaps elucidation1 in doubtful passages1 from the learning and ingenuity of such ,italian scholars in ,england as ,mr4 ,haselfoot1 ,dr4 ,barlow1 and ,sir ,frederic ,pollock4 ,,translator4 ,,footnotes3 #fe ,that is1 under loads of divers weight proportioned to their degree of sin4 #ff ,that is to say he begged3 in which act of terrible humiliation to so haughty a spirit ,dante is recalling his own bitter experience4 ,,the ,,farm ,,of ,,muiceron4 ,,by ,,marie ,,rheil4 ,,from ,,the ,,revue ,,du ,,monde ,,catholique4 ,i4 ,what ,i am going to relate to you is a true story in every respect1 seeing that ,i had it from my late father--in his lifetime the harness-maker of our hamlet of ,val-,saint1 and who was never known to tell a falsehood3 may ,god have mercy on his soul6 ,in the village of ,ordonniers1 which was the next one to us1 and in our commune1 where flows la ,range1 lived a farmer named ,louis ,ragaud4 ,the maiden name of his wife was ,pierrette ,aubry2 but after her marriage1 according to our custom1 she was called by every one ,la ,ragaude4 ,they were rich1 and no one was jealous of them1 as it was known that they had commenced with nothing1 having been simply servants in the employ of ,m4 le ,marquis de ,val-,saint4 ,little by little they had risen1 without having injured any one1 always kind to the poor1 never miserly or boasting2 so that1 when at the end of twenty years they found they had saved enough to buy the beautiful farm of ,muiceron1 which they had previously rented1 all the neighbors said3 ,behold the true justice of the good ,god6 ,they had been married a long time1 and had no children4 ,now1 wealth is a great deal1 but not enough for perfect contentment of heart4 ,the good man ,ragaud had fields and meadows that yielded rich crops1 strong oxen1 and even vines that bore well--though it must be acknowledged that the wines of our province were not very renowned4 ,as for the farm buildings1 except those of the chteau1 there were scarcely any in a circle of six leagues which were as well kept2 and nevertheless1 ,ragaud sighed when looking around him--no child1 alas6 and no family1 with the exception of a cousin1 who left for the army more than thirty years before1 and had never been heard of since2 so that1 very naturally1 he could not be counted upon4 ,la ,ragaude sighed still more4 ,she was good and very devout1 but unable to bear sorrow2 and this was so severe1 so constant1 it had ended by destroying all her happiness4 ,often1 when looking at the neighbors' children playing before the doors1 she felt her heart throb with pain1 and would hasten to seek refuge in her own house1 where she could give free vent to her tears4 ,as this happened more than once1 and as she always reappeared with red eyes1 it had been much remarked1 and sundry comments made4 ,not that there is much time to be lost in the fields1 but a reflection here and there scarcely retards work4 ,there are even those who say that the tongue assists the arm1 and that gossipping helps push the plough4 ,it is woman's tattle1 ,i believe2 but a good number of men here and elsewhere have the habit of repeating it1 and ,i do likewise1 without inquiring further4 ,the gossips of the neighborhood--above all1 those who had larger families than incomes--were determined to find out the true cause of ,pierrette ,ragaud's tears2 and1 as often happens1 preferred seeking for wicked reasons rather than stop their babbling4 ,it is a thing ,i cannot understand1 said one1 why the mistress of ,muiceron is so unhappy that she weeps constantly--a woman who is so well off4 ,we must believe that things at the farm are not so well as they appear4 ,perhaps it is her husband who makes all the trouble6 ,her husband6 ,magdaleine ,pidau8 replied another2 you must be well put to that you imagine such a thing4 ,master ,ragaud is the first workman in the country2 and1 as for his using bad words1 that he has never done1 any more to his wife than to others4 ,bah6 what you say is true1 replied ,magdaleine ,pidau2 but all the same1 neighbor1 ,ragaud can fly into a rage as well as any other man4 ,i saw and heard him1 day before yesterday1 beside himself with anger against one of his yoke of oxen4 ,you know ,capitaine1 the big black one8 ,ah6 my dear1 ,i pitied the poor beast--he beat him well6 without counting that he swore so that you would not have known him4 ,bah6 don't talk to me6 ,ah6 that may be1 but ,i speak of people4 ,now1 an ox is not a person6 ,there you are right1 thank ,god6 ,men are often rough to beasts1 and very polite to ,christians2 but1 in my opinion1 we must be gentle and patient to both4 ,a beast that works well deserves to be well treated1 and ,ragaud had no right to beat his ox4 ,i don't say he would treat his wife so2 but1 at least1 we must allow that ,pierrette ,ragaud does not always look as if her life were a holiday4 ,ah6 she has trouble1 that is very sure1 poor creature6 ,and the reason8 ,the reason6 ,go and ask her1 ,magdaleine1 if you are so curious4 ,i wouldn't dare2 for1 after all1 it don't concern me very much4 ,what ,i have said was only in the way of friendly gossip4 ,in that case1 we can speak of other things2 for ,i don't know any more about it than you4 ,we will leave it for ,god to clear up4 ,go and catch your boy1 who will fall into the pond1 ,magdaleine ,pidau1 and lend me your sickle1 that ,i may cut some grass for my cows4444 ,but to think that ,ragaud ill-treats his wife--no1 no2 that is out of the question4 ,after that1 where may we hope to find a good man8 ,one don't know4444 ,no1 neighbor1 one never knows how it is with them4 ,you speak like a priest1 my good woman4 ,the deceased ,pidau1 my man1 that every one believed so good1 444 ,good-evening1 ,magdaleine4 ,was a drunkard and big eater4 ,i concealed it for ten years1 and wept alone like the mistress of ,muiceron4 ,good-evening1 neighbor4 ,,ii4 ,one summer day1 when ,la ,ragaude was washing her earthen pans in the sun1 she saw the cur of ,ordonniers advancing through the path in the woods4 ,he was a worthy priest1 beloved by all1 and well deserving of it on account of his great charity4 ,i have heard it said that1 in the years when bread was so dear1 he gave away his last measure of wheat1 and then1 having no more for himself1 was obliged to go to the miller1 ,pierre ,cotentin1 and ask for some flour on credit4 ,it is not my custom1 said he gaily1 and you are not bound to oblige me2 but the times are hard1 and you must never refuse to give alms1 even to your cur4 ,the miller filled the bag willingly2 and as for the money1 although he was very fond of it1 he would never hear the word mentioned4 ,said he1 ,m4 le ,cur has an empty purse4 ,we must not ask him where the last cent went1 poor dear man6 ,pierre ,cotentin can well feed him--it is justice6 ,who will have the heart to be jealous8 ,and in fact1 the cur was so respected that not a boy1 no matter how bad he was1 ever failed to take off his cap when passing him4 ,when ,la ,ragaude saw the black cassock coming towards ,muiceron1 she quickly arranged her pans1 and threw aside her working-apron2 for she was a careful woman and thorough housekeeper4 ,good-morning1 ,m4 le ,cur2 how are you8 she asked joyfully4 ,very warm1 very warm1 replied the cur2 otherwise1 well4 ,my dear monsieur1 why did you not wait until the cool of the evening to do us the honor of visiting us8 ,it is roasting in the road4 ,i thought just now ,i would send a servant to replace my husband in the fields4 ,a storm is rising1 the flies bite1 ,ragaud is not as strong as he was at twenty1 and ,i am afraid of the beasts--they are difficult to control when they become impatient4 ,ah6 your husband is absent8 ,have you something to say to him1 monsieur8 ,to him and to you also1 my good woman4 ,come in and refresh yourself1 said she4 ,m4 le ,cur entered1 and took a seat near the table4 ,he appeared preoccupied1 and answered like a man who did not hear what was said to him4 ,he even placed his cane against the bread-box1 and his hat on top--something which he had never done before1 as the slightest motion might have sent them to the floor4 ,when he put his hand in his pocket for his breviary1 he found he had forgotten it1 which embarrassed him not a little2 as1 it must be said1 no man was more exact and particular than he in words as well as in actions4 ,la ,ragaude1 not being a fool by nature1 quietly replaced the cane and hat in a safe place1 but was1 in her turn1 very much astonished to see the cur so absent1 as it was the first time it had ever happened2 and from that concluded he must have something in his head of great importance4 ,what could it be8 ,while busying herself around the room1 without showing it1 ,pierrette ,ragaud had distractions also4 ,she drew new wine for cider1 and washed a glass which had not been used4 ,but that ,i do not believe she would have perceived then or afterwards2 for she was so accustomed to scrub everything you could have used the side walls of the stable for a mirror4 ,m4 le ,cur tasted the wine through civility1 but1 as he said nothing1 she began to feel rather impatient4 ,women are curious4 ,my deceased father was accustomed to say1 from that came all the evil from the commencement of the world4 ,it is true the dear man was rather in his dotage towards the end2 but it is also true that ,i have heard others say the same thing4 ,pierrette at last commenced to question the cur very respectfully and gently2 for1 in truth1 she could no longer restrain herself4 ,although the master is out1 ,m4 le ,cur1 said she1 will you not tell me what ,i can do to serve you8--without pressing to know1 you understand1 monsieur4 ,m4 le ,cur raised his eyes1 and replied as gravely as though he were preaching a sermon3 ,i have come to know1 in the name of the good ,god1 ,mme4 ,ragaud1 if you are disposed to act charitably4 ,oh6 if it is to aid those who are suffering and in need1 my husband and ,i will be most happy to assist you1 frankly cried ,la ,ragaude1 who spoke with her whole heart and soul4 ,thank ,god6 there is yet money in the drawer4 ,tell me how much you want1 monsieur4 ,the good cur shook his head1 laughing1 and repeated two or three times1 ,good1 good1 which was a sign that he was pleased4 ,you are always ready to give money to the poor1 ,i know1 said he2 but to-day that is not the question4 ,i have come to ask you for something of greater importance4 ,more so than money6 ,heaven of our ,lord6 said ,pierrette1 slightly amazed4 ,i do not know1 ,m4 le ,cur1 how1 then1 ,i can oblige you4 ,she said that1 although she had a generous heart2 but money with us is always the great affair4 ,in the fields1 as in the city1 the poor man who eats his bread while working knows that the francs are not picked up under the horses' feet4 ,money1 replied ,m4 le ,cur1 when the soul is wanting in charity1 is given1 and there it ends2 but what ,i have come to ask of you is a good work which will not end for a long while1 and which will need good-will1 and great patience especially1 on your part4 ,i can guess what it is1 said ,pierrette4 ,indeed6 replied the cur4 ,well1 that spares me the difficulty of explaining myself4 ,let us hear1 ,mme4 ,ragaud1 what you have guessed4 ,i have heard it said you were very much worried about your surplices and altar-linens1 since ,catharine ,luguet left the country so shamefully1 like a good-for-nothing girl1 to seek her fortune in ,paris1 said ,la ,ragaude1 blushing--for this ,catharine was a distant cousin--and doubtless1 ,m4 le ,cur1 you wish me to replace her1 and take charge of the sacristy4 ,and if it were so1 would you refuse me8 ,certainly not1 monsieur4 ,i would willingly do my best to please you4 ,not that ,i have as light a hand as ,catharine for plaiting and folding2 but for washing and ironing1 ,i can say1 without boasting1 ,i am the equal of any one4 ,thank you1 said the cur4 ,i accept an offer made so willingly4 ,but to speak truly1 ,i have not come for that4 ,then1 replied ,pierrette1 in astonishment1 ,i cannot imagine what you want me to do4 ,this is it1 said the cur1 taking a serious tone3 ,this morning1 ,pierrette1 a bundle was left at my house4444 ,i bet1 cried ,la ,ragaude1 it was the beautiful monstrance promised by ,m4 le ,marquis for ,corpus ,christi6 ,no1 it was a new-born infant1 a beautiful boy1 ,mme4 ,ragaud2 and1 since the good ,god has allowed you to remain childless1 and that this privation has greatly afflicted you1 ,i immediately thought he destined this child for you4 ,monsieur1 replied ,pierrette1 with emotion1 it is true that it is very hard for me to be alone in the house1 and to think that ,i will die and leave no one after me to inherit ,muiceron2 but ,i prefer it to working all my life for a child sprung1 perhaps1 from a wicked race4 ,i know where it comes from1 said the cur2 but still ,i can tell you nothing1 as it is a secret of the confessional4 ,but have confidence in me2 as for the race1 it is not bad4 ,it is the same thing4 ,i don't believe in these foundlings4 ,say nothing further about it1 replied the cur rather sadly2 ,i will send it to the hospital4 ,and then1 without appearing to feel either pique or bitterness1 ,m4 le ,cur commenced to converse on other subjects1 speaking of the next harvest1 the price of the new wine1 and of the last fair1 with even voice and kind looks1 that showed plainly he did not wish his parishioner to think he was pained by her rather prompt refusal4 ,this kindness of a heart truly charitable had more effect on good ,pierrette than reproaches or scolding4 ,she did her best to reply to the cur1 but her eyes were wet against her will1 and soon she became so absent-minded the cur with difficulty repressed his mirth1 seeing that he had gained ground by the ell1 without seeming to do it intentionally4 ,you see1 said he1 by often hearing the bells ring1 one becomes a bell-ringer2 and as ,i love all my parishioners1 like a true pastor1 ,i go everywhere1 inquiring and advising1 so that ,i may be useful in case of need4 ,in that way1 ,mme4 ,ragaud1 without ever having driven a plough or taken care of cattle1 ,god has given me the grace of being able to advise on all rural subjects1 as well as the first master-farmer in the neighborhood4 ,thus1 ,i will say to you3 ',when there are more pears than apples1 keep your wine1 good man4' ,this is a country proverb hundreds of years old4 ,now1 as this year there are more pears than they know what to do with1 believe me1 keep your vintage1 and you will have news to tell me of it by next ,easter4 ,i do not know how ,ragaud will decide1 replied ,pierrette2 he is always afraid when the cellar is full4444 ,the proverb never fails1 my good woman2 and that is easily understood when one reflects how and why proverbs have obtained credit4 ,but1 ,m4 le ,cur1 interrupted ,la ,ragaude1 if you knew where this poor abandoned child came from1 it seems to me4444 ,what child8 said the cur1 taking a pinch of snuff1 so as to appear indifferent4 ,oh6 yes1 the little one of this morning4 ,what1 do you still think of it8 ,bah6 let it pass2 after all1 the hospital is not a place where one dies from want of care4 ,i know it2 but it is sad1 monsieur1 very sad1 for one of those little innocents to say afterwards1 ',i was in a hospital'2 that always gives a bad idea4 ,what can be done1 ,mme4 ,ragaud8 ,one becomes accustomed to everything4 ,come1 come1 don't make yourself uneasy4 ,we were saying1 then1 444 what were we saying8 ,ah6 ,i remember now4 ,i was telling you that proverbs must be believed1 and for the reason that these little village-sayings are only repeated after they have been verified by the great and long experience of our fathers4 ,thus1 you will see that the last part of the one ,i just quoted is equally curious3 ',when there are more apples than pears1 then1 good man1 you can drink4' ,well1 wasn't it a fact last year8 ,there were so many apples that a jug of cider was only worth two farthings2 there was enough for everybody1 and the wine was so abundant that--you are not listening to me1 ,pierrette ,ragaud8 ,excuse me1 ,m4 le ,cur1 ,i am listening attentively2 but ,i was thinking perhaps my husband would not return2 and1 nevertheless1 he should have a little talk with you4 ,about the vintage8 ,we have time enough until then for that1 replied the cur with a spice of malice4 ,about the little innocent1 dear monsieur4 ,the truth is1 ,i feel my heart ache when ,i think he will go to the hospital through my fault4 ,and as for me1 my good woman1 ,i am sorry that ,i spoke to you about it2 yes1 sorry1 he repeated earnestly1 for ,i have worried you1 and ,i had no such intention when ,i came to visit you4 ,i see now that you are inclined on the side of the good work2 but ,i don't wish to force you to take it in hand4 ,here1 now1 if the hospital frightens you1 ,i have thought of another arrangement1 which might work well4 ,my old ,germaine1 notwithstanding her thirty years of service1 is still active1 and the work in my house don't kill her4 ,we will buy a good milking-goat at the ,august fair2 until then1 you will lend us one1 and1 ,god willing1 the little one will remain where his good angel deposited him4 ,may the ,lord bless you6 cried ,la ,ragaude1 the tears streaming from her eyes4 ,but what a shame for us to let you burden yourself with such a heavy load1 when you already give more than you can afford6 ,no1 no1 holy and good ,virgin ,mary6 ,for my part1 ,i would not sleep easy after such an act4 ,the good cur clasped his hands1 and in his heart rendered thanks to all the saints in paradise4 ,he was very much touched1 and as he was about to thank ,pierrette as she deserved1 ,ragaud returned from the fields4 ,they cordially saluted each other2 and1 very naturally1 as the good man saw his wife wiping her eyes1 and the cur almost ready to do likewise1 he asked what had excited them4 ,thereupon ,m4 le ,cur commenced a long discourse1 so gentle and so touching--he spoke of charity1 of the rewards of heaven1 the happiness of generous hearts1 with words so beautifully turned that never in the parish church1 on the greatest festivals1 had he preached better4 ,pierrette1 as she afterwards said1 thought she was listening to the holy patron saint of ,ordonniers1 who in his lifetime1 it is related1 spoke so well that the birds stopped singing to listen to him4 ,ragaud remained silent1 but he shook his head1 and turned his cap around in his hands--signs of great emotion with him4 ,meanwhile1 he said neither yes nor no1 but asked time for reflection1 promising to give his answer the next day before twelve o'clock4 ,he was perfectly right1 and ,m4 le ,cur1 who felt in the bottom of his heart that the cause was gained1 wished even to wait until ,sunday2 but ,ragaud did not like to take back his word4 ,i said to-morrow1 ,m4 le ,cur1 and it will be to-morrow1 said he1 when conducting his pastor to the threshold of the door4 ,dear1 holy soul of the good ,god6 cried ,pierrette1 looking after the cur as he leisurely walked down the road1 repeating his rosary as he went along4 ,good dear priest1 that he is6 ,we need many more like him1 ,ragaud6 ,good1 holy man1 in truth1 replied the farmer2 but what he proposes to us is an affair of importance4 ,you are young and healthy yet1 wife1 but in ten years your arms will not be as strong as now4 ,you must think of that1 even if ,god keeps you in good health4 ,a child is a comfort in a house1 but all the burden falls on the mother4 ,suppose this little one should become refractory and vagabond1 like ,cotentin's son4 ,that is true1 said ,la ,ragaude4 ,suppose he should get bad ideas in his head1 and send religion and honesty to the devil4 ,that would be a great misfortune1 again said ,la ,ragaude1 but this time sighing4 ,i know you1 continued the good man--you become attached to every one4 ,didn't you weep like a little girl because ,i beat ,capitaine1 who is only an ox1 and who deserved it8 ,and haven't ,i seen you half crazy because ,brunette had the gripes8--and she was only a cow4444 ,can it be hoped that you would be more reasonable about a child who would become ours8--for we must do the thing well or not at all2 isn't it so8 ,it is just as you say1 replied ,pierrette1 sighing still louder2 but what1 then1 shall we do8 ,my opinion is that we must consider it well1 answered ,ragaud4 ,you only consider the bad side1 said ,la ,ragaude gently2 but suppose the little one should preserve the blessing of his baptism1 and let himself be well governed--later1 we would be very happy and well rewarded4 ,that is true1 said the farmer4 ,if1 continued ,la ,ragaude1 ,i am easily worried about animals1 ,i know well it would not be the same thing with a ,christian4 ,you see1 husband1 the poor beasts suffer without being able to complain or explain themselves2 and1 therefore1 ,i am always afraid of their being treated unjustly4 ,but a boy has his tongue1 and can defend himself4 ,we can talk sense to him1 and if he won't listen1 why1 we will put him to school4 ,bah6 you will spoil him so that he will be master of the house before he is in breeches4 ,don't fear1 cried ,pierrette2 that will never be1 or ,i should think myself wanting in gratitude to the good ,god4 ,if ,i could be sure of that1 my wife1 ,i would attempt it4 ,but1 come2 let the night pass before deciding4 ,they did not mention it again until the next day2 but ,pierrette took care1 before retiring1 to light a taper at her bedside1 beneath a beautiful picture of ,our ,lady of ,liesse4 ,early the next morning1 she went1 as usual1 to feed her turkeys and drive her cows to the meadow4 ,on her return1 she saw ,ragaud dressing himself in his ,sunday clothes4 ,i think1 wife1 said he1 we had better1 at least1 see this little one before deciding4 ,pierrette hastened to throw aside her apron2 and then it appeared she had expected such a decision1 as at dawn she had dressed herself in her new gown of gray serge1 with her bright-flowered neckerchief from ,rouen1 which had only been worn at the last feast of the good ,s4 ,anne1 in ,july4 ,it was thus the worthy couple proceeded on their way to the priest's house4 ,as it was ,thursday1 and neither festival1 nor fair1 nor market-day in the village1 the neighbors stared as they saw them pass1 and1 unable to imagine the cause1 chattered nonsense1 half from malice1 half from spite2 and ,simonne ,durand1 well known for her viper tongue1 said aloud3 ,we must believe the ,ragauds are going to obtain the priest's blessing on their fiftieth anniversary1 as they are so finely dressed on a week-day4 ,this wicked jealousy went a little too far1 and profited nothing to the spiteful thing1 as every one knew the ,ragauds had only been married twenty years at the furthest2 but1 when the mind is full of malice1 there is little time for reflection4 ,when the good friends arrived at the pastoral residence1 ,m4 le ,cur had just entered after saying his ,mass2 and we need not ask if he had prayed well4 ,germaine1 his old servant1 held the baby in her lap1 and was feeding him with boiled goat's milk4 ,pierrette could not restrain her delight on seeing what a beautiful child it was1 and that it was at least six or seven months old4 ,she snatched it from ,germaine's arms1 and commenced kissing it1 not caring that she had interrupted his little repast4 ,this showed that the child was good-natured2 for instead of crying1 as a sickly1 cross baby would have done similarly situated1 he crowed with joy1 and put out his little hands1 dazzled with the fine1 flowered neckerchief of his new mamma4 ,how pretty and healthy he is6 cried ,la ,ragaude4 ,my dear ,m4 le ,cur1 you told me it was a new-born child4 ,did ,i say so1 ,pierrette8 ,it was because ,i did not know much about it4 ,so it seems1 replied the good woman1 gaily4 ,the little darling is at least seven or eight months old2 don't you think so1 ,germaine8 ,i know one a year old not so large as he1 answered the old servant4 ,but that is not all1 ,mme4 ,ragaud2 you see him in the day-time1 but it is at night that he is good and amusing4 ,he sleeps without stirring1 like a little corpse4 ,for my part1 ,i would not be afraid to bring him up4 ,ragaud had not yet said a word1 and still upon him all depended4 ,come and talk a little while with ,m4 le ,cur1 said he1 pulling his wife by the skirt4 ,pierrette quickly rose to obey him1 according to her good habit1 but she did not give up the young one2 so that ,ragaud gently reproved her for again showing herself as ready to become attached to men as to beasts4 ,we need not be sorcerers to divine what happened4 ,in less than a quarter of an hour1 the contract of adoption was passed satisfactorily1 without notary or scribbling4 ,it was signed with a friendly shake of the hands2 and to say which one of these good hearts was the best satisfied would not be very easy4 ,,iii4 ,now1 without further delay1 ,i am going to show you1 as they say1 the under-card in relation to the little one4 ,true1 it was a secret of the confessional1 at least for the time being2 but later1 it was everybody's secret4 ,the story is simple1 and will not be long4 ,you remember that our cur1 in conversation with ,pierrette1 led her to mention a certain ,catharine ,luguet1 against whom the good woman appeared very much incensed4 ,this ,catharine was an orphan1 whose parents1 dying1 left her when quite young without any means of support4 ,germaine watched over her like a daughter1 and ,m4 le ,cur1 to keep her near him1 paid her apprenticeship to a seamstress2 after which1 having grown up1 and being very skilful with her needle1 he placed her in a little room near the church1 and gave her charge of the sacristy4 ,but1 unfortunately1 the poor child was as pretty as a picture1 and loved compliments1 dress1 and dancing1 which is a great danger for a young girl1 especially in a village4 ,catharine commenced by degrees to make people talk about her1 and not without cause4 ,the ,ragauds1 who were distantly related to her on the mother's side1 at first reprimanded her1 and finally would not see her4 ,the girl was quick-tempered1 resented the treatment1 and one fine day went off1 saying that she could easily find in ,paris people who would be happy to receive her4 ,two years passed without news of her4 ,her name was no longer mentioned in the village1 and from that ,m4 le ,cur surmised some misfortune had happened4 ,he prayed for the poor girl1 and unceasingly begged the good ,god to mercifully receive her through his grace1 if not during her life1 at least at the hour of death4 ,his prayer was heard at a moment when he scarcely expected it4 ,one morning1 when ,germaine had left the village at day-dawn to make some purchases in the city1 she took it into her head to pay a visit to one of her good friends1 who was a ,gray ,sister in a large hospital4 ,they talked about the patients2 and the sister1 very much affected1 spoke of a young woman she had received the week before1 and who appeared very near her end4 ,i have put her by herself1 said she1 and ,i will confide to you1 ,germaine1 that this poor afflicted creature has a child2 and1 between ourselves1 ,i very much believe she is dying as much of shame as of want4 ,germaine wished to see her2 but1 at the first look1 the sick woman uttered a loud cry1 and hid her head under the counterpane4 ,what is the matter8 said ,germaine4 ,i frighten her4 ,we have awakened her1 replied the good sister1 and she is nervous4 ,i should have entered alone4 ,but the poor girl sobbed without showing her face4 ,at last the sister calmed her4 ,germaine1 on her side1 spoke kindly1 and finally she drew down the covering4 ,you can imagine the rest4 ,it was ,catharine ,luguet1 but how changed6 ,she1 formerly so pretty1 so bright1 and so laughing--and now her mother herself would scarcely have recognized her4 ,the innocent little being that slept in a cradle by her side told all her story4 ,what she had found in ,paris1 what had brought her back to the country1 there to die1 were dishonor1 misery1 and an orphan without a name--but also sincere and true repentance2 and the good ,god1 who has certainly received her in paradise1 struck the blow1 that she might be saved4 ,who was astonished1 and at heart happy1 in spite of his sorrow1 which can be well understood8 ,it was our cur4 ,holy man that he was1 he was happier to have his lost sheep brought back to him1 even although half dead1 than not to have found her at all4 ,the next day1 he hastened to ,issoudun1 and remained the greater part of the afternoon with poor ,catharine4 ,issoudun was the nearest large city to our village1 and1 if ,i have forgotten to tell you so1 ,i beg you will excuse me4 ,although my father gave me some slight details of the unfortunate girl's story1 ,i will not relate them2 for many long years she has reposed in consecrated ground1 and1 as the dear1 good man wisely said1 ,the sins which have received the pardon of ,god should be hidden by man2 and this is true charity4 ,it is only necessary to say that this first visit of our cur was followed by many others4 ,catharine declined visibly1 and her little one1 from whom she would not be separated1 was a great worry to her4 ,the sisters took care of him1 and fed him to the best of their ability during the day1 but they could not attend to him at night4 ,he was beautiful and healthy1 and grew like a weed--which was a miracle1 considering the state of the mother--but his first teeth commenced to appear1 and rendered him restless and troublesome4 ,one morning1 when ,m4 le ,cur and ,germaine went together to the hospital1 they found poor ,catharine so ill they feared she would not pass the day4 ,my daughter1 said ,germaine to her1 be reasonable2 let me have your child4 ,i will take great care of him4 ,as you please1 replied ,catharine4 ,he was instantly carried away2 and1 that no one should penetrate the secret1 a confidential woman1 employed in the hospital1 came in the night-time1 and left him at the priest's house in the village4 ,that same night1 poor ,catharine became speechless1 but was conscious until the moment of her death1 which soon happened1 and never was there seen a more peaceful and touching agony4 ,the sisters saw with admiration that after death she regained her beauty1 and her face its youthful look of twenty years4 ,she is smiling with the angels1 said the pious souls1 and it was not to be doubted2 for the angels receive with as great joy the repentant as the innocent4 ,the little one was baptized and registered under the name of his poor mother4 ,our cur easily procured all the necessary acts2 but for the family name1 the dear innocent had none to bear1 at least for a long time4 ,he was called ,jean-,louis2 about the rest1 there was silence4 ,as to the secret of his birth1 although confided in confession1 ,catharine1 before dying1 said to the cur3 ,you will tell all1 my father1 if it is necessary1 later1 for the future of my child4 ,and you will see in the end that it was a wise speech4 ,between ourselves1 this holy1 good man of a cur1 who was gentle and merciful1 as much from a sense of duty as by inclination of heart1 had always blamed the ,ragauds for their rigorous severity against the poor departed4 ,says the proverb1 ,in trying to do too much1 one often fails to do well4 ,perhaps it would have been better to have patiently borne with the poor inexperienced girl than to have driven her from the protection of her only relatives on account of malicious gossip4 ,but ,ragaud did not understand jesting2 he was1 as the saying runs1 as stiff as a poker1 and1 as soon as the wicked tongues commenced to wag about her1 he said1 ,there is no smoke without fire1 and closed his mind to all explanations1 and his door to the girl4 ,thus had they acted towards ,catharine1 without thinking that then she was only giddy and coquettish--faults which might have been cured as long as the soul was not spoiled4 ,the treatment was too harsh2 it caused the flight to ,paris1 which took place in a moment of anger and spite1 and all the misfortunes that followed4 ,in strict justice1 the ,ragauds should in a measure make reparation for an action done with good intentions1 but which had ended so badly4 ,our cur foresaw that sooner or later they would be sorry for it2 therefore1 in burdening them with the child1 he acted shrewdly1 but also with great fairness4 ,i certainly will not blame him1 nor you either1 ,i think4 ,,iv4 ,from the day that poor ,catharine's child was installed in the house of her relatives1 there was a change in ,muiceron4 ,pierrette no longer wept1 and1 far from being grieved1 as formerly1 at the sight of other children1 she willingly drew them around her4 ,on ,saturdays1 when she baked her bread for the week1 she never failed to make a large crumpet of wheaten flour1 beaten up with eggs1 and a bowl of curds and fresh cream1 for the sole purpose of regaling the young ones of the neighborhood4 ,we need not inquire if1 on these evenings1 the house was full4 ,the children were well satisfied1 and their mammas also2 for ,saturday's supper remained whole for ,sunday1 and1 in the meantime1 the little rascals went to bed gayer than usual1 thanks to a glass of white wine that watered the crumpet and filled the measure of joy in all those little heads4 ,it was also remarked that ,ragaud's jests were more frequent at the meetings of the church wardens of the parish on the appointed days after ,vespers4 ,sometimes he even went off in the morning to his work singing the airs of the country-dances1 which was a sure proof that his heart was at peace2 for1 by nature1 he was a man more serious than gay1 and as for singing1 that was something quite out of his usual habit4 ,these good people thus already received a holy reward for their generous conduct4 ,according to the old adage1 ,contentment is better than wealth2 and now they1 who had so long possessed riches without contentment1 had the happiness of enjoying both4 ,quite contrary to many ,christians1 who imagine that the good ,god owes them everything1 the ,ragauds every evening thanked ,heaven for this increase of wealth4 ,now1 if gratitude is pleasing to men1 it is easy to believe that it draws down blessings from on high2 and from day to day this could be clearly seen at ,muiceron4 ,little ,jean-,louis grew wonderfully1 and gave good ,pierrette neither trouble nor care4 ,at his age1 children only cry from hunger1 and as he1 well fed and well cared for1 had nothing to complain of1 it followed that he grew up scarcely ever shedding a tear4 ,when he was one year old1 it seemed that the good boiled goat's milk was no longer to his taste1 as he put on a discontented look when he saw the smoking bowl4 ,ragaud1 one evening1 for a joke1 put his glass to the boy's lips1 and1 far from turning his head1 he came forward boldly1 and drank the cider like a man4 ,this highly delighted ,master ,ragaud1 who wished to try if a piece of dry pork1 in the shape of a rattle1 would please him as well2 but to that ,pierrette objected1 maintaining that a root of marsh-mallow was a hundred times better1 particularly as the little fellow was getting his double teeth4 ,you wish to bring him up like a woman1 said ,ragaud1 shrugging his shoulders2 but1 nevertheless1 he let the mistress have her own way4 ,there were no other disputes about him until he had attained his third year1 for then his excellent health1 which had caused so much happiness1 was nothing in comparison with the good instincts which commenced to develop4 ,he was lively and gentle1 chattered away delightfully1 and was always so obedient and tender1 that to pay him for his good behavior1 the ,ragauds nearly killed him with kindness4 ,in regard to his appearance1 ,i will tell you that in height he surpassed most children of his age1 his hair was black and curly1 his eyes dark also and very bright4 ,with all this1 he was not very handsome1 as1 growing so fast1 he had kept very thin2 but ,pierrette said wisely1 he would have time to grow fat1 and since he ate1 drank1 and slept when he was tired1 there was nothing to fear4 ,one thing will astonish you1 that neither of the ,ragauds perceived for an instant that the child was the living image of poor ,catharine ,luguet2 and still the likeness was so striking1 ,m4 le ,cur spoke of it incessantly to ,germaine1 and expected on every visit to ,muiceron to be embarrassed by some remark on the subject4 ,but whether the good people had really forgotten their relative1 or did not wish by even pronouncing her name to recall a sorrowful remembrance1 certain it is that nothing in their words or actions1 which were perfectly frank and simple1 betrayed in the slightest degree that they ever thought of it4 ,about that time1 ,pierrette commenced to be more uneasy1 as ,master ,jean-,louis often escaped on the side of the stables1 and delighted in racing up and down the bank1 bordered with tall grass1 of the stream that ran behind the bleaching-ground of ,muiceron4 ,with such a bold boy1 who would not listen to any warning1 an accident very often happens2 therefore1 the good woman placed around his neck a medal of ,s4 ,sylvain1 in addition to that of the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary1 which he had worn ever since his arrival at the farm4 ,s4 ,sylvain is a patron saint venerated in our province1 who won heaven in leading the life of a peasant like us4 ,pierrette had a great devotion for him1 and said that the saints above remember with tenderness those of their own former condition on earth2 consequently1 no one in the good ,god's heaven could better protect a child daily exposed to the accidents of rural life4 ,one day especially1 when he wished to be very active in helping his mother ,pierrette by putting little pieces of dry wood in the fire1 while she was soaking the clothes in lye1 a plank of the big tub gave way all at once1 and the boiling water floated around the room1 and only stopped within half a foot of the child1 who might have been drowned and scalded1 in less time than it takes to say it4 ,pierrette for two entire days was so overcome she could speak of nothing else4 ,in the same manner1 once1 when ,ragaud carried the little fellow with him to the fields1 he amused him by placing him on one of the oxen2 but the animal1 tormented by the flies1 shook his head so roughly that his rider1 about as high as your boot1 was thrown on the ground2 but before any one could run to assist him he was already standing1 red1 not with fear1 but with anger1 and quickly revenged himself on the beast by striking him with a willow-wand that he used for a whip1 and which he had not let go in his fall4 ,ragaud was terribly frightened at the time1 but afterwards proudly related the adventure1 and said to his neighbors that his son1 ,jean ,louis1 would be as brave a man as ,general ,hoche1 the hero of the war of ,la ,vende1 and who1 according to the old men of the neighborhood1 never in his lifetime feared either man or beast4 ,as for the resemblance to ,general ,hoche1 ,pierrette cared precious little1 not being the least warlike by nature4 ,truth to say1 ,i scarcely believe she knew precisely who was this very great personage1 notwithstanding his immense renown in the province2 therefore1 she simply contented herself with having a ,mass of thanksgiving said in ,s4 ,sylvain's ,chapel1 thinking that his protection was worth more than all the vanities of this world4 ,the great love of this good household for the little orphan increased day by day4 ,pierrette and her husband accustomed themselves to call him ,my son so often and so sincerely that ,i do believe they really ended by fancying it was so4 ,the neighbors could do no less than they2 so that every where and by every one he was called the ,ragauds' son--so true it is that custom often takes away reflection4 ,from that grew the idea that this little mite would one day be the big man of the neighborhood2 and those who thought they were making a wise discovery1 in supposing it would be thus1 fell into the intentions of the ,ragauds1 as surely as the brook flows into the river2 for at this same time1 one autumn evening1 when the fire burnt brightly on the hearth1 ,ragaud1 seated at table opposite his good wife1 commenced all at once to compliment her talent for housekeeping1 praising everything around him1 from the walls and window-panes1 glistening with cleanliness1 to the chests and benches1 newly waxed once a month4 ,he took pleasure in recalling his great happiness during the past twenty years1 attributing all his blessings1 after ,god1 to the account of ,pierrette's virtues2 and as1 like the thread in a needle1 ,jean ,louis was sitting between them1 eating his soup1 he seized him in his arms1 and tossed him up three times nearly to the rafters4 ,you see1 my son1 said he1 re-seating himself1 and still keeping the boy on his knees1 you drew a good number in the lottery2 for although you came to us like the down off the thistle1 you have1 nevertheless1 a mother such as cannot be found in a hundred leagues2 and as for your father1 my brave fellow1 he will leave you enough crowns to make you as respected in life as though you were a prefect4 ,happily1 replied the wise ,pierrette1 the little one is not old enough to understand what you are talking about2 for this1 my dear husband1 is a very improper speech for the child's ears4 ,we would fill him with vanity1 and not only does pride offend the good ,god1 but it renders a man very disagreeable to those around him4 ,you are always right1 replied ,ragaud1 without taking offence2 but a good fire1 a good wife1 money honestly earned1 and new cider--nothing like these for untying the tongue and making it a little too long4 ,come1 go to bed1 my ,jeannet1 kiss your parents1 and say your prayers well2 to-morrow we will go to gather the thatch in the fields near ,ordonniers1 and if you only bring me as much as will fill your apron1 you shall have two cents on ,sunday to buy a gingerbread4 ,very well1 said ,pierrette1 laughing1 that will be a fortune which will not make him too vain4 ,a little while afterwards1 when they were alone1 the conversation was recommenced1 but they proceeded regularly about the business1 and1 finally1 debated the question as to how the will should be drawn1 according to law1 so as to leave ,muiceron to the child4 ,the difficulty was that ,ragaud knew very little about writing in any shape1 and ,pierrette nothing at all4 ,they talked away1 without making any progress1 far into the night1 and at last acknowledged they would have to finish where they should have begun1 namely1 by going next day to consult ,master ,perdreau1 the notary of ,val-,saint1 on the subject4 ,thereupon1 they went off well pleased to sleep in their big bed1 with the canopy of yellow serge2 and as the next morning the work of the thatching pressed1 on account of the rains which were about to commence1 ,ragaud postponed his trip to another day4 ,now1 the good ,god1 who has his own designs1 permitted that it should be entirely otherwise from what these good people had intended1 and in a manner so astonishing that no one1 no matter how wise1 could have foreseen it2 for ,la ,ragaude1 who had nearly completed her forty-second year1 became the following year the mother of a beautiful little girl1 who was most fondly welcomed by the delighted parents4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,philosophical ,,terminology4#fg ,,ii4 ,,to ,,the ,,editor ,,of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world3 ,in the letter which ,i ventured to address to you a short time ago concerning the general conditions required in a good ,english work of philosophy1 ,i made some observations on the importance and difficulty of wielding the popular language in a strictly philosophical manner4 ,as ,i apprehend that the title of ,philosophical ,terminology1 under which that letter was made to appear1 is scarcely justified by its very limited contents1 ,i beg leave to add a few other considerations on the same subject1 that your intelligent readers may find in these additional remarks a confirmation and a further development of what ,i said about our need of a more copious philosophical language4 ,there are two words which cannot easily be dispensed with in the metaphysical analysis of created beings2 these two words are1 in ,latin1 actus and potentia4 ,metaphysicians1 in fact1 conclusively prove that in every created substance there are two essential principles3 a principle of activity1 which is known under the name of actus1 and a principle of passivity1 which is styled potentia4 ,these two terms1 which are so necessary in metaphysics1 and so familiar to all the scholastic philosophers1 might be fairly represented in ,english by act and potency2 though as yet neither act nor potency is popularly used in this philosophical sense4 ,the word act with us primarily signifies that which is produced by action2 for all action is the production1 or the position1 or the making of an act4 ,but all action implies an agent--that is1 a being which is already in act1 with its actual power prepared for action4 ,on the other hand1 nothing is formally in act1 but through an intrinsic act1 which is the formal principle of its actuality4 ,accordingly1 the word act1 though primarily known to us as expressing the product of action1 must1 by metaphysical necessity1 be applied also to that from which every agent and every being has its actuality4 ,hence1 philosophers found it necessary to admit two kinds of acts--the essential and the accidental4 ,the essential is that which gives the first actuality1 or existence1 to a being--dat esse simpliciter4 ,the accidental is that which is received in a subject already existing1 and which only gives it an accidental actuality or a mode of being--dat esse secundum quid4 ,but the essential act 7which is also called substantial1 though it has a more extensive meaning1 as we shall see hereafter7 is1 moreover1 to be distinguished from actual existence4 ,metaphysicians1 indeed1 very often speak of existence as an act2 and hence1 to avoid confusion and equivocation1 they are obliged to distinguish the actus essenti from the actus existenti4 ,yet1 to speak properly1 existence is not simply an act2 it is the actuality of the being2#fh and1 consequently1 the distinction which must be admitted between the essential act and the existence of a being is not strictly a distinction between two acts1 but between the act which actuates the essential term of the being1 and the actual state which results from such an actuation4 ,i will say more on this point when ,i have explained the use of the word potency4 ,the ,english word potency is the equivalent of the ,latin potentia4 ,this ,latin word1 although used most frequently in the sense of passive principle1 is not1 however1 necessarily connected with passivity more than with activity2 and accordingly it has been used as well to designate active power4 ,hence1 it is obvious that this term1 potentia1 when employed absolutely without the epithet activa or passiva1 is liable to two interpretations1 and becomes a source of mischievous equivocations4 ,i do not see what prevented our old ,latin philosophers from designating the two kinds of potentia by two different words4 ,had they constantly used virtus or vis for the potentia activa1 and reserved potentia exclusively for the potentia passiva1 they would not have mistaken the one for the other1 as they sometimes did4 ,let me quote a few examples of this for our common instruction4 ,sanseverino1 a very learned man1 and one of the best modern scholastics1 while arguing against the ,scotists1 who deny all real distinction between the soul and its faculties1 says that if the soul and its faculties are really the same thing1 then1 as the soul is always in act1 the faculties also must be always in act and never in potency4 ,whence he infers that the soul would have no potentiality1 and would therefore be a purus actus like ,god2 which is1 of course1 a pantheistic absurdity4#fi ,but evidently this inference has no other foundation than the confusion of the potentia activa with the potentia passiva4 ,the author1 in fact1 knows perfectly well that no being in which there is potentia passiva can be styled purus actus3 when1 therefore1 he draws the conclusion that the soul1 in the ,scotistic theory1 would be purus actus1 he must be understood to mean or imply that all potentia passiva would be excluded from the soul4 ,yet his premises are concerned with the potentia activa only2 and it is quite evident1 that from such premises he could not have passed to such a conclusion had he not confounded the two kinds of potentia with one another4 ,i would remark1 also1 that in his argument the expression1 ,the faculties must be always in act1 cannot mean that the faculties must be always acting1 but only that they are always actual1 as the soul itself2 and1 therefore1 the author cannot reasonably conclude that the faculties would never be in potency respecting their proper acts4 ,the potentia activa is already an act1 as it is known1 since it is called actus primus agendi2 and is not called potentia1 except as contrasted with its accidental operations4 ,moreover1 a faculty does not cease to be potentia activa1 even when it actually performs its operations4 ,when ,i actually make a syllogism1 my faculty of reasoning is in act1 and yet it retains its potentia activa with regard to any number of other syllogisms4 ,it is not true1 therefore1 that a faculty which is in actual operation ceases to be in potentia activa4 ,lastly1 the soul itself1 which1 as ,sanseverino remarks1 is always in act1 is nevertheless always in potency also2 for the actuality of all contingent being is always potential--that is1 liable to modifications of different kinds4 ,hence1 we not only deny the conclusion of the learned author as illegitimate1 but affirm that the premises themselves1 on which he relies1 are untenable4 ,it is the indiscriminate use of the word potentia that vitiates the author's argumentation4 ,another great ,thomist1 ,goudin1 wishing to prove that in all creatures the power of acting is an accident1 argues that potentia et actus sunt idem1 quamvis diversimode1 and that actus est semper nobilior quam potentia ad eum essentialiter ordinata2 whence he concludes that1 if a given act is an accident1 the active power1 whence it proceeds1 must needs be an accident too4 ,here1 also1 the equivocation is evident4 ,the act is nobilior quam potentia when we compare it with the potentia passiva which is destined to receive it--that is1 to be actuated by it--but when an act is compared with the active power from which it proceeds--that is1 with the potentia activa--we cannot say that it is nobilior quam potentia ad eum essentialiter ordinata3 it is the contrary that is true4 ,had the author used the word virtus agendi instead of the equivocal word potentia1 he would soon have discovered the fallacy of his argument4 ,i am sorry to say that even ,s4 ,thomas sometimes forgets to observe the distinction between potentia activa and potentia passiva2 as in the first part of his ,summa1 where he compares the potentia essendi and the potentia operandi with their respective acts1 and establishes a kind of proportion between the two potencies and the two acts4#gj ,no such proportion can be admitted1 unless the potentia operandi and the potentia essendi are both similarly connected with their acts4 ,yet whilst the potentia operandi is active1 the potentia essendi1 according to ,s4 ,thomas1 is passive4#ga ,they cannot1 therefore1 be related to their acts in a similar manner4 ,hence1 the terms are not homologous1 and the proportion cannot subsist4 ,in another place1 the holy doctor argues that1 if an act is accidental1 the potentia from which it proceeds must be accidental also2 because potentia et actus dividunt ens1 et quodlibet genus entis1 and1 therefore1 oportet quod ad idem genus referatur potentia et actus4#gb ,but the potentia which1 with the actus1 constitutes the being and every class of beings is the potentia passiva2 whilst the potentia from which any act proceeds is the potentia activa4 ,the argument1 therefore1 contains four terms1 and proves one thing only1 namely1 that it is extremely difficult1 even for the greatest men1 to avoid equivocations when things that are different and opposite are designated by the same term4 ,in ,english1 the word potentia is commonly represented by power1 to which the epithets of active and passive have been attached by some writers1 in the same manner as was done with the ,latin potentia4 ,power1 says ,locke1#gc may be considered twofold1 namely1 as able to make or able to receive any change4 ,but in strictness1 says ,webster1 passive power is an absurdity in terms4 ,to say that gold has a power to be melted is improper language2 yet for want of a more appropriate word1 power is often used in a passive sense4 ,it is not true1 however1 that the want of a more appropriate word really compels us to use the word power in a passive sense4 ,have we not the word potency8 ,this word exactly answers our purpose4 ,it is not only the exact equivalent of the ,latin potentia1 but is also the immediate relation of the terms potential1 potentially1 potentiality1 which are already admitted in common philosophical language as expressing capability1 passiveness1 and liability4 ,these latter words are only subordinate members of a family1 of which potency is the head4 ,therefore1 to convey the notion of potentia passiva1 we have a more appropriate word than power1 and nothing compels us to employ the absurd expression of passive power4 ,on the other hand1 the remarks above made1 on the consequences of the promiscuous use of the word potentia in the active and the passive sense1 would suffice to show that the word power1 even if it could be used without absurdity in the passive sense1 should1 in philosophy1 be restricted to the active2 as it is most desirable that things which are so thoroughly opposite be expressed by different words4 ,thus1 the word power retaining its active meaning1 the potentia passiva may very appropriately be styled potency4 ,some will ask1 ,why should we use the word potency in this new sense1 while we have already the term potentiality1 which seems to express very exactly the same notion8 ,i answer that the principle of passivity1 which we call potency1 is an essential constituent of created beings2 whilst potentiality is not an essential constituent1 but an attribute flowing from the essential constitution of being1 on account of the potency which the latter involves4 ,accordingly1 potentiality cannot stand for potency1 any more than rationality can stand for reason1 or materiality for matter4 ,from the foregoing considerations1 it appears that the words act and potency cannot be easily dispensed with in metaphysics1 and1 therefore1 should be freely admitted and acknowledged as philosophical terms4 ,as to their definitions1 however1 we shall have to rely on philosophical treatises rather than on common ,english dictionaries4 ,the word act is indeed to be found in all dictionaries2 but1 unfortunately1 its meaning is restricted to the expression of mere accidents1 while substantial acts are ignored altogether4 ,in ,fleming's ,vocabulary of ,philosophy we find3 ,act in metaphysics and in logic is opposed to power4 ,power is simply a faculty or property of anything1 as gravity of bodies4 ,act is the exercise or manifestation of a power or property1 the realization of a fact1 as the falling of a heavy body4 ,on these words ,i would incidentally remark that power cannot be defined a faculty2 because1 though all faculties are powers1 yet there are powers which are not faculties4 ,again1 power cannot be defined a property without adding some restriction2 as there are properties which are not powers4 ,moreover1 the gravity of bodies is not a power1 as some unphilosophical scientists imagine1 but is a simple tendency to fall1 owing to the fact that the active power of the earth is actually applied to the passive potency of the body4 ,nor is it true that in metaphysics or in logic the act is the exercise or manifestation of a power4 ,such an exercise and manifestation is action--that is1 the position or the production of the act4 ,as to the falling of a heavy body1 it is true that we usually call it an act1 but we evidently mean actuality2 for1 if the falling were an act strictly1 then the tendency to fall would be an active power2 which it is not4 ,lastly1 the most important metaphysical meaning of the word act1 and of its correlative1 potency1 is not given2 which1 however1 is not owing to any oversight of the author1 as we have already said that these two words were not used by ,english writers in this philosophical sense4 ,in ,worcester's and ,webster's dictionaries1 the word act is said to mean action1 exertion of power1 and real existence as opposed to possibility4 ,from the preceding remarks1 it may be seen that1 in metaphysics1 none of these three meanings can be considered rigorously accurate4 ,act1 in the scholastic language1 is that which gives existence by formal actuation4 ,potency is that which1 by formal actuation1 receives existence4 ,actuality is the result of the actuation--that is1 the very existence of the act in its potency4 ,actuality1 as we have already remarked1 was also called actus existenti2 hence1 existence itself was considered as an act received in the essence1 and causing it to be4 ,but this view is now generally abandoned1 because it has been shown that it is not the existence that entails the reality of the act and the potency1 but the real position of the act in its potency that entails the existence of the being4 ,accordingly1 existence is not an act received in the essence1 but the result of the position of the essence2 and cannot be called an act1 except in a logical sense1 inasmuch as it gives to the being denominationem existentis4 ,an act is called essential when it gives the first existence to any essence1 be it simple or compound2 substantial1 when it gives the first existence to a pure potency2 accidental1 when it gives a mode of being4 ,the distinction between essential and substantial acts will be explained here below1 where we examine the different kinds of forms4 ,every being acts inasmuch as it is in act1 and is acted on inasmuch as it is in potency4 ,hence1 the substantial act is a principle of activity1 and the potency a principle of passivity4 ,the active power of any being1 if taken in the concrete1 is nothing but its substantial act as ready for exertion1 and is called active power1 because its exertion is the position or the production of an act4 ,the active power thus considered is1 therefore1 in reality one of the constituent principles of natural beings2 whilst the abstract term activity does not stand for a principle1 but for an attribute of the being--that is1 for its readiness to act4 ,the passive potency of any being1 if taken in the concrete1 is nothing but the term of the substantial act as liable to be acted on1 and is called passive or receptive1 because it is actuated by the reception of an act4 ,the passive potency1 thus considered1 is therefore in reality one of the constituent principles of natural beings1 whilst the abstract term passivity does not stand for a principle1 but for an attribute of the being--that is1 for its liability to be acted on4 ,every one who is acquainted with metaphysical matters will acknowledge that it is of extreme importance that these terms and others of a like nature1 which are continually employed in metaphysical analysis1 be clearly understood by all students of philosophy4 ,so long as our language has no definite words by which to designate the essential constituents of things1 no hope can be entertained of advancing the interests of metaphysics by means of vernacular books4 ,act and potency1 in material things1 are called form and matter respectively2 hence1 material substance is said to consist essentially of matter and form4 ,the forms of natural things are usually divided into substantial and accidental4 ,the substantial form is commonly defined as that which gives the first existence to its matter--qu dat materi primum esse1 or simpliciter esse4 ,it is sometimes defined1 also1 as that which gives the first existence to a thing--qu dat primum esse rei4 ,but this second definition is open to misconstruction2 because1 when the thing in question is a physical compound having a number of material parts1 the form that gives to it--that is1 to the compound essence--its first existence is its physical composition1 which is not a substantial1 but an essential1 form1 as we shall see presently4 ,the accidental form is defined as that which gives an accidental mode of being--qu dat esse secundum quid4 ,this definition is universally admitted2 but it is a remarkable fact that the examples of accidental forms given by most philosophers do not support it4 ,thus1 the form of a statue and the form of a column are not forms giving to the marble any accidental mode of being1 but are the very modes of being1 which have resulted in the marble from the reception of suitable accidental acts4 ,therefore1 what is called the form of a statue is not a form giving a mode of being1 but the mode itself1 on account of which we give to the marble the name of a statue4 ,suarez and others have indeed pointed out the necessity of distinguishing the forms dantes esse from the forms dantes denominationem2 yet1 even to this day1 in our philosophical treatises1 the definition of the former is almost exclusively illustrated by examples of the latter4 ,true forms are acts1 whilst modes of being are actualities2 and therefore modes of being should not be called forms1 but formalities4 ,as1 however1 the word form is in general use in this last sense also1 the best thing we can do is to retain the term1 and add to it a suitable epithet4 ,i would call them resultant forms1 or consequential forms2 and in the same manner1 when actuality is styled act1 ,i would call it consequential act1 or complementary act1 that it may not be confounded with act proper4 ,it is also necessary to make a well-marked distinction between substantial and essential forms4 ,the necessity of this distinction is sufficiently shown by the very existence of the two scholastic definitions of form4 ,in fact1 two definitions imply two concepts4 ,the first definition1 ,forma est id quod dat primum esse materi1 strictly belongs to the substantial form1 as every one knows2 but the second1 ,forma est id quod dat primum esse rei1 is more general1 and extends to all essential forms1 be they substantial or not4 ,thus1 we can say that velocity is the essential form of movement1 though1 of course1 it is not a substantial form1 as movement is not a substance4 ,the same distinction is to be admitted with regard to natural compounds1 at least in the opinion of those philosophers who oppose the ,aristotelic theory of substantial generations1 or teach that bodies are made up of primitive1 unextended elements4 ,indeed1 if chemical combination does not destroy the essence of the combining substances1 it is obvious that the compound substance which arises out of the combination will have no special form1 except the combination itself2 and such a form1 however essential to the compound substance1 cannot be a substantial form in the sense of the ,peripatetics2 because it gives existence to the compound nature only1 and not to its matter4 ,again1 if the molecule of a primitive body1 as hydrogen1 is nothing more than a system of material points or elements connected with one another by dynamical ties1 and subject to a law of vibratory movement1 which allows the molecule to contract and dilate1 then it is evident that the essential form of such a molecule will be its specific composition2 for the composition is the immediate constituent of all material compound4 ,accordingly1 since the scientific views which lead to these conclusions are widely received1 and very well founded on chemical and other data1 and can be philosophically established by the very principles of ancient metaphysics1 the said distinction between substantial and essential forms is to be acknowledged as a very important one in questions connected with modern science4 ,lastly1 essential forms are to be admitted1 not only in natural1 but also in artificial and in moral1 compounds4 ,a clock has its essential form1 without which it would cease to be a clock2 a family has its essential form1 without which it would cease to be a family2 and yet it would be ridiculous to talk of a clock or a family as having a substantial form4 ,it is1 therefore1 necessary to divide all true forms into substantial1 essential1 and accidental1 and to place in a separate class all the so-called resultant forms above mentioned4 ,thus1 the substantial form is that which gives the first being to matter4 ,this definition comes from ,aristotle himself1 and has been universally received by all metaphysicians4 ,the essential form is that which gives to a thing its specific nature4 ,this definition coincides with that of the substantial form whenever the specific nature of which we treat is physically simple--that is1 without composition of material parts--for1 in fact1 such a simple nature receives its species from the same form that gives the first being to its matter4 ,hence1 the essential form and the substantial form are one and the same thing so long as there is question of simple or primitive beings4 ,but the definition of the essential form is no longer equivalent to that of the substantial form when the specific nature constituted by it is physically compounded of material parts2 because such a compound nature receives its species from its specific composition1 which is not a substantial form1 though it is essential to the specific compound4 ,the accidental form is that which gives to its subject an accidental mode of being1 or an esse secundum quid1 according to the language of the schools4 ,the so-called resultant form is the actuality resulting from the position of any true form4 ,as1 therefore1 true forms are either substantial1 essential1 or accidental1 so1 also1 are all the resultant forms4 ,from the substantial form results the actuality of the primitive being1 which1 as primitive1 is always free from material composition2 from the essential form results the actuality of every specific nature1 which involves composition of material parts2 and from the accidental form results the actual modification of the subject in which it is received4 ,i have dwelt purposely on these considerations1 because the word form1 and its derivatives1 formal1 formally1 formality1 etc41 are variously employed1 and sometimes loosely1 in philosophy1 and because1 without a clear and distinct notion of the different kinds of forms1 many fundamental questions of metaphysics cannot be rightly understood4 ,i might say nearly as much respecting the word matter1 which is the metaphysical correlative of form2 but it will suffice to remark that matter1 in philosophy1 always means a receptive potency which is actuated by a form2 so that1 if the form is accidental1 the word matter stands for material substance itself as receptive1 because it is the substance that receives accidental forms2 if the form is essential in the sense above explained1 then the word matter means the totality of the material parts required for the constitution of any given specific compound1 including their actual disposition to receive the form in question2 and if the form is substantial1 then the word matter expresses only one of the constituent principles of primitive material substance--that is1 the potential term of substance2 which is first actuated by such a form4 ,the word matter is used analogically in many other senses1 which are given by our lexicographers1 who1 however1 omit to mention matter as that potency which receives its first existence through the substantial form4 ,webster says3 ,matter is usually divided by philosophical writers into three kinds or classes3 solid1 liquid1 and aeriform4 ,this statement is not correct4 ,philosophical writers admit that bodies are either solid1 liquid1 or aeriform2 but they do not admit that the matter of which bodies and their molecules are made up is either solid1 or liquid1 or aeriform4 ,ice is solid1 water is liquid1 and vapor is aeriform2 and yet the matter in all of them is identically the same4 ,it is impossible1 therefore1 for philosophical writers to divide matter into liquid1 solid1 and aeriform4 ,the philosophical division of matter has always been into materia informis1 or prima1 or actuabilis--that is1 matter conceived as void of all substantial form2 and materia formata1 or secunda1 or actuata--that is1 matter actuated by1 and existing under1 a substantial form4 ,as ,i am not now writing a treatise on matter1 ,i will dismiss this subject with only two observations4 ,the first is1 that the words first matter and second matter are indispensable in metaphysics1 and1 therefore1 must be adopted in our ,english philosophical language1 unless1 indeed1 we prefer to make use of the original ,latin words4 ,the other is1 that in reading the metaphysical works of the scholastics1 when we find the word materia with the epithet prima1 we should carefully ascertain that the epithet is not misapplied4 ,for1 it has been observed with reason that most of the abstruseness and uncertainty inherent in the old explanation of physical questions arises from the fact that the matter1 which was supposed to be actually under its form1 and therefore in act1 was very frequently called materia prima1 though it is known that nothing that is in act can be called by such a name4#gd ,this observation is of the greatest importance1 since it is evident that nothing but perpetual confusion can arise from contradictory definitions4 ,to express the relation existing between act and potency1 or between form and matter1 the philosophical ,latin possesses many good phrases1 such as the following3 ,forma dat esse materi1 actuat materiam1 informat materiam1 terminatur ad materiam2 and1 reciprocally1 materia accipit esse a forma1 actuatur a forma1 informatur a forma1 terminat formam4 ,in ,english1 ,i presume1 we are allowed to say that the form informs its matter1 that the form gives existence to the matter1 and that the form actuates the matter4 ,but can we say that the form is terminated to its matter1 and that the matter terminates1 that is1 completes its form8 ,this manner of speaking may be considered awkward1 nevertheless its mode of expressing the relation of the form to its matter is so remarkable for its philosophical precision1 clearness1 and universality1 that ,i would not hesitate to adopt it in philosophy4 ,to say that the form is terminated to its matter1 is to say that the matter is the potential term actuated by the form4 ,the philosophical notion of term 7terminus71 which is susceptible of a general application to all conceivable beings1 is a very important one in philosophy as well as in theology2 and since it can be made quite intelligible even to the dullest of students1 ,i think that in metaphysical speculation the use of the words term1 termination1 to terminate1 terminability1 terminativity1 etc41 cannot but greatly help both teachers and students in their efforts to explain correctly a number of ontological relations which it would be difficult to express as simply and as correctly by other words4 ,the word term in the popular use means the extremity of anything1 or that where anything ends4 ,the spot of ground where a stone is allowed to fall is the term of the falling2 the drop of rain acted on by gravity is the term of the action by which it is attracted2 the tree at which ,i am looking is the term of my vision2 the concept which ,i form of anything is the term of my thought4 ,but all these terms correspond to accidental acts1 whereas the term which we ultimately reach in the analysis of substance1 is always substantial1 as being intrinsic to the substantial act of which it is the term4 ,hence1 when we say that the matter is the term of the form1 or in general that the potency is the term of its act1 we mean not only that the act1 or the form1 reaches the potency or the matter1 but that the potency or the matter acquires its first reality and actuality by the very position of the act or form which it terminates2 in the same manner as the centre of a sphere acquires its first actuality through the simple position of a spherical form4 ,accordingly1 the words act and term are correlative2 the act actuates1 the term is actuated1 and the formal reason of their correlation is actuation4 ,this actuation is not efficient1 but formal2 that is1 the act1 not by its action1 but by itself1 entails the immediate existence of its intrinsic term1 just as the spherical form by itself1 and not by any action1 entails the immediate existence of a centre4 ,as a sphere without a centre1 so an act without a term is an utter impossibility4 ,hence the termination of the act to its term is nothing less than the very constitution of any essence that has a proper and complete existence4 ,for this reason1 ,i am of opinion that the phrase the form is terminated to the matter1 and the act to its potency1 is the best we can adopt in speaking of created things1 however new it may be to ,english ears4 ,with regard to the peculiar construction of this verb with the preposition to instead of the prepositions by1 at1 or in1 which are in general use1 ,i will only remark that these latter prepositions are not suitable to express what we need4 ,the termination at connotes a limit of time or space1 as every one knows4 ,the termination in connotes a change or successive transformation of that which is terminated into that in which it ends1 as when a quarrel terminates in murder4 ,the termination by connotes either an obstacle to further advance1 or at least a positive entity existing independently of the termination itself3 it cannot therefore express the fact that a substantial term receives its very first actuality by the termination of the act4 ,on the other hand1 this fact is perfectly expressed by saying that the act is terminated to its term2 and since no other ,english phrase has yet been found1 so far as ,i know1 which can express the fact equally well1 ,i think that we need have no scruple in enriching our philosophical language with this old scholastic phrase4 ,the resources of our noble language in philosophy1 says a well-known ,american writer1 are surpassed by no ancient or modern tongue1 unless the ,greek be an exception4 ,it is capable in philosophy of receiving and assimilating all the riches of the ,greek1 ,latin1 ,italian1 and ,french languages1 while it has in its ,teutonic roots the wealth of the ,german4#ge ,this is a great encouragement to ,english philosophical writers4 ,indeed1 to say that among the resources of the ,english language for philosophy we may reckon its capability of receiving and assimilating all the riches of other learned languages1 is to tell us that our resources are still in a potential state1 and therefore that no one can reasonably blame us for freely adopting from other languages as many terms and phrases as we need to express our thoughts with philosophical rigor4 ,yet the task1 for obvious reasons1 is extremely difficult1 as it requires a degree of judgment which unfortunately is common only to the few4 ,the ,english language1 adds the same writer1 only needs ,catholic restoration and culture to be the richest and noblest language ever written or spoken4 ,but it deteriorates1 as does everything else1 in the hands of ,protestants and unbelieving ,englishmen and ,americans4 ,at least two things are certain2 first1 that if the ,english language ever becomes a perfect instrument of philosophical education1 it will be due to ,catholic writers1 for they alone will be able to utilize for its healthy development all the treasures of the scholastic terminology2 second1 that only in proportion as such a development will be carried on1 shall we acquire the means of training our youthful generation in a vernacular course of philosophy4 ,this thought should rouse our dormant energies into action4 ,it was with this object that ,i undertook to say a few words on philosophical terminology4 ,our language may be capable of receiving and assimilating all the riches of other languages2 but so long as such an assimilation is in abeyance1 the language remains poor and imperfect1 nay1 it continues to deteriorate1 as does everything else1 in the hands of ,protestants and unbelieving ,englishmen and ,americans4 ,we still need many philosophical words4 ,i have given a few examples of such a need in the preceding pages4 ,that we also need a number of new phrases is undeniable2 but ,i will not enter into the discussion of so difficult a subject4 ,i prefer simply to mention a few ,latin phrases1 which are much used by ,catholic philosophers or theologians1 and will allow the reader himself to attempt their translation without altering their philosophical meaning1 and without infringing upon ,english usages4 ,translate3 ,actus et potentia conspirant in unitatem essenti4 ,actio motiva terminatur materialiter ad mobile1 et formaliter ad motum4 ,sicut se habet actus substantialis ad esse simpliciter1 ita se habet actus accidentalis ad esse secundum quid4 ,facultas ordinatur ad operationem ut actus primus ad secundum4 ,quidquid sistit in suis essentialibus1 nullo superaddito1 est unum per se4 ,intellectus attingit objectum sub ratione veri1 voluntas autem sub ratione boni4 ,actus et potentia principiant ens principiatione metaphysica4 ,relatio est id cuius totum esse est ad aliud se habere4 ,motus est actus existentis in potentia ut in potentia4 ,these and such like phrases will afford matter for a great exercise of patience to him who will undertake to translate them faithfully4 ,to conspire into unity1 to be terminated to a movable object1 to be ordered to the operation1 etc41 are scarcely good ,english expressions3 yet it is not easy to see what other phrases would be calculated to express the same thoughts in an unobjectionable manner4 ,i will conclude by giving the opinion of a competent authority on this very point4 ,the ,rev4 ,f4 ,hill1 in the preface to his substantial work lately published under the title of ,elements of ,philosophy1 says3 ,the ,latin of the schools1 besides being brief1 is also peculiarly capable of expressing precisely1 clearly1 and comprehensively matters which it is difficult to utter through the less accurate vernacular in terms that are neither obscure nor ambiguous4 ,and speaking of the ,latin philosophical axioms and sentences1 which he inserted in his treatise with their ,english translation1 he remarks3 ,it was not1 however1 an easy task1 in some instances1 to reproduce them with fidelity in the ,english phraseology1 as the classic scholar will readily see from the result4 ,certainly1 the task was not an easy one4 ,yet the author has most creditably carried out his object4 ,may his example encourage others to cultivate the same field1 and thus contribute towards developing the resources of our noble language1 and making it a fit channel for sound philosophical education4 ,a ,,friend ,,of ,,philosophy4 ,,footnotes3 #fg ,for the preceding article on the subject1 see the ,july ,no4 of ,the ,catholic ,world4 #fh ,esse est perfectissimum omnium2 comparatur enim ad omnia ut actus4 ,nihil enim habet actualitatem nisi in quantum est2 unde ipsum esse est actualitas omnium rerum1 et etiam ipsarum formarum4--,s4 ,thomas1 ,summa ,th41 p4 #a q4 #d a4 #a4 #fi ,sanseverino1 ,dynamilogia1 c4 i4 a4 #a4 #gj ,summa ,th41 p4 #a q4 #ed a4 #c4 #ga ,for he says that esse non comparatur ad alia sicut recipiens ad receptum1 sed magis ut receptum ad recipiens 7p4 #a q4 #d a4 #a72 whence it is clear that the potentia essendi is considered by him as the recipient of actual existence4 ,the same he teaches ,contra ,gent4 lib4 ii4 c4 #ec1 and in other places4 #gb ,summa ,th41 p4 #a q4 #gg a4 #a4 #gc ,essay on the ,human ,understanding1 b4 #b4 c4 #ba4 #gd ,materia 444 per se nunquam potest esse2 quia1 quum in ratione sua non habeat aliquam formam1 non potest esse in actu 7quum esse in actu non sit nisi a forma71 sed solum in potentia4 ,et ideo quidquid est in actu non potest dici materia prima4--,s4 ,thomas ,opusc4 ,de ,principiis ,natur4 #ge ,brownson's ,quarterly ,review1 ,july1 #ahgc1 p4 #daf4 ,,self-,,love4 ,,by ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,light-winged ,loves6 they come2 they flee3 ,if we were dead1 they'd never miss us3 ,self-,love6 with thee is constancy-- ,thine eyes could see but one1 ,narcissus4 ,,madame ,,agnes4 ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,,charles ,,dubois4 ,,concluded4 ,,chapter ,,xxvi4 ,fais ce que dois1 advienne que pourra6 ,louis was thunderstruck at seeing ,madeleine4 ,he had not spoken a word to her for several days1 and intended to maintain a reserve full of circumspection towards her4 ,his connection with the family had twice given rise to the most malevolent interpretations1 and he by no means wished a similar vexation to be repeated4 ,he received the young girl with a coldness that was almost rude4 ,what do you wish8 said he4 ,to speak with you1 monsieur4 ,but ,i fear ,i have come at the wrong time4 ,i will return at a later hour4 ,not later1 but elsewhere4 ,why8 asked ,madeleine1 with navet4 ,but what have you so urgent to tell me8444 ,nothing concerning you1 monsieur2 it only relates to myself4 ,i am so unhappy4444 ,if ,i ventured to come here at this hour1 it is because ,i feared being seen talking with you4 ,i have a secret to confide to you which my parents alone are aware of4 ,if they knew ,i told you1 ,i do not know what they would do to me4 ,where are your parents now8 ,at my cousin's1 a league off4 ,they will not be back for several hours4 ,madeleine was so overwhelmed with grief and anxiety that ,louis was filled with compassion4 ,he motioned for her to be seated on a lounge before his desk1 and then said3 ,well1 my good ,madeleine1 what has happened8 ,tell me your troubles4 ,if in my power to remove them1 it shall soon be done4 ,what can ,i do for you8 ,you know ,durand1 the overseer8 ,yes1 yes6444 said ,louis1 frowning with the air of a man who knows more than he expresses4 ,he and my father have become intimate1 ,i know not how or why1 within a few weeks--since you stopped coming to our house4 ,he often came before the inundation1 and paid me a thousand absurd compliments4 ,i made no reply to his silly speeches1 but they seemed to please my parents4 ,the first moment ,i set eyes on that man1 he inspired me with fear4 ,he looks so bold--so false6 ,and besides4444 ,besides what8 ,madeleine1 ,i insist on your telling me everything4 ,well1 he tried every way to make us believe you are4444 ,i dare not tell you4444 ,go on1 child4 ,nothing would astonish me from ,durand4 ,i know he hates me4 ,he says you are a hypocrite1 a--,jesuit1 a dangerous man4 ,he told my father you were going to leave the mill1 and seemed to boast of being the cause of it4 ,i suspected it1 said ,louis to himself4 ,adams was only ,durand's tool4 ,oh6 what deceit6 ,is it true1 then1 that you are going away8 asked ,madeleine anxiously4 ,quite true1 my child4 ,oh6 what a hateful man6 ,i was right in detesting him6 ,since we have been here living in the same house with him1 he has tormented me more than ever4 ,he says he wishes to marry me4444 ,has he dared go that far8 ,yes2 and1 what is worse1 my parents have given their consent4 ,durand tells them he has money laid up2 that he is earning a good deal here1 and is willing to live with them and provide for the support of the whole family4444 ,but ,i--,i have a horror of that man6 ,there is nothing disagreeable ,i do not say to him4 ,i have told him plainly ,i would never consent to marry him4 ,my parents were terribly angry at this2 my father beat me1 and my mother loaded me with abuse4 ,they ended by saying1 if ,i persisted in refusing ,durand1 they would find a way of making me change my mind4 ,this scene took place last evening4 ,what shall ,i do8 ,o ,god6 what shall ,i do8444 ,so saying1 ,madeleine burst into tears4 ,louis remained silent4 ,he was reflecting4 ,self whispered3 ,leave this girl to her unhappy fate4 ,do not embark in another undertaking that will get you into fresh trouble and may endanger everything--both ,eugnie's love for you1 and your reputation itself4 ,this unfortunate girl has already been the cause of more than one sad moment2 take care she does not at last ruin you1 and likewise compromise herself4444 ,but such selfish promptings had no power over a heart so generous and upright as that of ,louis4 ,besides1 he had learned such shocking things about ,durand that1 if he did not reveal them in order to save ,madeleine1 he would regard himself guilty of a crime1 and not without reason4 ,after some moments of silent reflection1 all incertitude ceased4 ,he had decided on the course to pursue4 ,how old are you1 my child8 said he4 ,i am in my twenty-first year4 ,well1 you have hitherto devoted yourself generously to the interests of your parents4 ,they have now made this impossible4 ,there is no choice in the matter4 ,you must leave them4 ,i have thought of it4 ,but where could ,i go8 ,i have no place of refuge1 now my aunt is dead4 ,i will give you a note to a lady who lives in the city4 ,i may as well say at once it is my sister4 ,she will take care of you1 and get you a place as a chamber-maid1 if she does not keep you herself4 ,oh6 how kind you are6444 ,you revive my courage4 ,when can ,i go8 ,when you please4 ,to-morrow8 ,yes1 to-morrow morning4 ,and who will inform my parents8 ,you yourself4 ,write a line1 and leave it with some one you can trust1 to be delivered a few hours after you are gone4 ,you can tell your parents you are going to seek a situation in the city in order to escape from ,durand4 ,promise to be a credit to them1 to love them always1 and even to render them assistance2 and ,i will say more to them when the proper time comes4 ,above all1 ,i will tell them what ,durand really is4444 ,thank ,god1 my child1 that he enables you to escape that man's snares4444 ,everything was done as agreed upon by ,louis and ,madeleine4 ,the latter left for town the next morning4 ,her parents were not informed of her departure till about noon4 ,they immediately notified ,durand4 ,the engineer has had a hand in this1 said he to ,vinceneau and his wife4 ,he shall pay for it4 ,what makes you think he had anything to do with it8 asked ,vinceneau4 ,your daughter went to see him last evening4444 ,my police told me4 ,how shall we be revenged8 ,by telling everybody what this ,tartuffe is4 ,i will see to it4 ,ah6 he induces young girls to run away without any one's knowing where they are gone6 ,that is rather too bold6 ,durand watched for an opportunity of speaking to ,albert1 with whom he kept up daily communication4 ,he told him what had occurred1 adding calumnious suppositions that may be imagined4 ,albert1 delighted at the news1 went at once to tell his aunt4 ,it was near dinnertime4 ,mme4 ,smithson said to her nephew3 ,wait till we are at table1 then relate this story without appearing to attach any importance to it4 ,if ,i am not very much mistaken1 this will be a death-blow to that troublesome creature4 ,only be prudent1 and do not begin till ,i make a sign4 ,there are times when your uncle takes no interest in the conversation1 no matter what is said4 ,poor ,eugnie will blush well to hear of such infamous conduct1 for she loves him4 ,it is horrible to say1 but so it is4 ,since ,i caught them talking together the other day1 ,i have had no doubt about it4 ,besides1 as you have remarked1 she grows more and more reserved toward us1 while1 on the contrary1 she has redoubled her amiability towards her father4 ,i really believe1 if the foolish fellow had not compromised himself1 she would in the end have got the better of us4 ,her father is so indulgent to her6444 ,but after what has taken place1 there can be no more illusion6 ,she will perceive the worth of her hero6444 ,it must be acknowledged there is no alternative6 ,her romance has ended in a way to make her ashamed of it for ever4444 ,you will see1 ,albert1 she will end by thinking it too great an honor to be your wife4 ,too great an honor6 ,hum6 hum6 ,it will be well if she consents4 ,eugnie has more pride than any girl ,i ever saw4 ,humbled1 she will be unapproachable4 ,believe me1 aunt1 we must be cautious in availing ourselves of this advantage4 ,they took seats at table at six o'clock as usual4 ,mr4 ,smithson appeared thoughtful and out of humor1 but that often happened4 ,eugnie was no less serious4 ,very little was said till the dessert4 ,albert evidently longed to let fly the shaft he held in reserve against ,louis4 ,mme4 ,smithson was quite as impatient as he1 but could not find a propitious opportunity4 ,however1 her bitterness against ,louis prevailed4 ,towards the end of dinner1 she made ,albert an imperceptible sign1 as much as to say3 ,proceed1 but be prudent6 ,albert assumed as indifferent an air as possible1 and in an off-hand way began his attack after this manner3 ,there is trouble in the refugees' quarter to-day4 ,mme4 ,smithson looked up with an air of surprise at the news4 ,mr4 ,smithson and ,eugnie remained impassible4 ,the ,vinceneaus are in great commotion1 continued ,albert4 ,their daughter has run away4 ,a poor set--those ,vinceneaus1 muttered ,mr4 ,smithson4 ,yes1 replied ,albert1 a poor set indeed6 ,but this time ,i pity them4 ,their daughter has gone off1 and no one knows where she has gone4 ,why did she leave them8 asked ,eugnie4 ,she and her parents had a violent quarrel day before yesterday1 but not the first2 they say this ,madeleine is more amiable in appearance than in reality4 ,anyhow1 there is something inexplicable about her4 ,it seems she was to have been married2 then she refused to be4 ,result3 anger of the parents1 obstinacy of the daughter4 ,all that is known besides this is that she went all alone to consult the engineer last evening4 ,durand and another workman saw her go to his room4 ,this morning she disappeared1 leaving word she intended to get a situation1 no one knows where2 she has not thought it proper to leave her address4444 ,while listening to this account1 ,eugnie turned pale1 then red1 and finally almost fainted4 ,mr4 ,smithson perceived the sad effect of the story on her1 and was filled with inexpressible sorrow4 ,heretofore he had refused to believe in the possibility of her loving ,louis2 but now he could no longer doubt it4 ,for the first time in his life1 he acknowledged his wife had shown more penetration than he--more prudence4 ,the look that rested on ,eugnie was not of anger1 however1 but full of affection and anxiety4 ,he loved her too much not to pity her1 even though he blamed her4 ,eugnie1 with characteristic energy1 recovered her self-possession in a few moments4 ,suspicions of a stronger and more painful character than any she had yet had struggled with the love in this proud girl's heart4 ,albert was overjoyed1 but concealed his satisfaction under a hypocritical air of compassion4 ,continuing the subject1 he said the workmen were all indignant at ,madeleine's flight4 ,the engineer has done well not to show himself since the girl's departure was known1 he added4 ,he would have exposed himself to a public manifestation of rather a disagreeable nature4 ,and ,i do not see who could defend him4444 ,he could defend himself1 if he is innocent1 thought ,eugnie4444 ,then another idea occurred to her3 ,but if he has plans he cannot yet acknowledge1 444 if he loves this ,madeleine1 444 ah6 how he will have deceived me6444 ,no6 it is impossible6444 ,and yet it is true he has disappeared3 ,i have not seen him to-day4444 ,by an unfortunate coincidence1 ,louis had been obliged to come to see me that day4 ,i had been taken with a terrible pain in all my limbs--the first symptoms of my paralytic seizure4 ,my mother1 frightened beyond all expression1 sent a messenger to our poor friend1 conjuring him to come with all possible speed4 ,enough6 said ,mr4 ,smithson4 ,the subject does not please me4 ,i do not like to be deceived1 as ,i have so often been before4 ,it seems to me there is some mistake here4 ,i shall ascertain the truth4 ,but this shall be my care4 ,let it be understood that no one but myself is to make any inquiries about the affair4 ,no tittle-tattle6 ,they retired to the salon a few moments after4 ,albert offered ,eugnie his arm4 ,she refused it1 as if to show him1 if ,louis were driven from her heart1 he1 ,albert1 should never have a place there4 ,she seated herself at the piano1 and played a succession of pieces with great effect4 ,her ardent nature required the relief of some outward manifestation4 ,for the first time in her life1 she blushed before her parents--before the cousin she despised4 ,but the torture she suffered from her wounded pride was not the most painful4 ,she had loved ,louis--she loved him still1 as a woman of her intelligence and energy alone could love--that is to say1 to excess4 ,and now she is forced to ask herself3 is an affection so pure met only with hypocrisy1 or at least an indifference but too easy to understand4 ,swayed between love and contempt2 by turns ashamed of herself1 then drawing herself up with pride1 she would have given ten years of her life to be able at once to solve the doubt that caused her so much suffering4 ,while the poor girl was thus abandoning herself to the most distressing anxiety1 without any consolation1 ,mme4 ,smithson and ,albert were talking in a low tone near the fireplace4 ,they appeared dissatisfied4 ,the affair has begun badly1 said ,albert4 ,one would think my uncle resolved to thwart me in everything4444 ,why could he not intimate to that fellow that there is no necessity of his remaining any longer8444 ,that is what ,i hoped and what ,i expected6 ,he has certainly done enough to deserve being treated in such a way4444 ,instead of that1 my uncle is going to undertake an investigation6444 ,i wager this arrant piece of craft will find some way of making himself out innocent4 ,that would be rather too much6 said ,mme4 ,smithson4 ,you are right3 we must despatch business1 or all is lost4 ,i will talk to your uncle this very evening1 and make every effort to prevent their meeting4444 ,,chapter ,,xxvii4 ,a ,,villain',s ,,revenge4 ,the whole family were still in the salon1 when1 about half-past eight1 they heard an unusual noise out of doors1 and people seemed to be moving about in the darkness4 ,in a few moments1 a servant entered and said a few words to ,mr4 ,smithson in a low tone4 ,he immediately rose and started to go out2 but1 before leaving the room1 he said3 ,i shall not be gone long4 ,i wish you all to remain here till my return4 ,eugnie continued to drum furiously on the piano2 then1 weary of this monotonous employment1 she took a book1 and pretended to read4 ,mme4 ,smithson and ,albert were far from being at ease4 ,triumphant as they were1 they stood in awe of ,eugnie4 ,to keep themselves in countenance1 they began a game of cards4 ,what was ,mr4 ,smithson doing meanwhile8 ,he forbade his servants mentioning a word of what had happened1 which they were aware of as well as he4 ,sure of being obeyed1 he went directly to ,louis' apartment4 ,entering the room1 he found him lying all dressed on his bed1 groaning and unable to utter a word4 ,a bloody handkerchief was tied across his forehead1 as if he had received a severe wound4 ,at a sign from ,mr4 ,smithson1 the servant dismissed all the men--hands at the mill--who had brought the engineer to his room4 ,when they were gone1 the servant removed the handkerchief that concealed the wound4 ,it was a long gash1 which was still bleeding4 ,louis opened his eyes1 and put his hand to his neck1 as if there was another wound there4 ,the servant untied his cravat4 ,the unfortunate young man's neck1 in fact1 bore marks of violence4 ,the servant seemed greatly affected at the sight4 ,he placed the wounded man in as comfortable a position as he could1 bandaged his wounds1 and tried to revive him with eau-de-,cologne4 ,louis came to himself a little1 and1 extending his hand1 pressed that of the good fellow who was tending him so kindly4 ,mr4 ,smithson stood a few steps from the bed1 looking on as calmly as if gazing at some unreal spectacle in a theatre4 ,no one would have divined his thoughts from the expression of his countenance2 but at the bottom of his heart there was a feeling of animosity against ,louis1 which was scarcely lessened by the sight of his sufferings4 ,at that moment1 he believed ,louis guilty1 and what had happened only a chastisement he merited4 ,nevertheless1 he sent in haste for a physician1 who arrived in a short time4 ,louis' clothes were removed1 and his wounds dressed with the greatest care4 ,the relief he experienced1 the warmth of the bed1 and the skill of the attentive physician1 produced a speedy and favorable reaction4 ,he recovered the perfect use of speech1 and1 addressing those around him with an attempt at a smile1 he said3 ,they have brought me to a sad condition4 ,you will get over it1 replied the doctor4 ,how did it happen8 asked ,mr4 ,smithson coldly4 ,it is a long story to tell1 replied ,louis4 ,i have not recovered from the violent concussion1 and am still in severe pain2 but ,i will endeavor to tell you how it happened4 ,it is time for you to know the truth about many things1 ,mr4 ,smithson4 ,what is your opinion of ,durand8 ,he is a capable hand1 but somewhat unaccountable4 ,well1 ,i have found him out4444 ,he is a dangerous man4 ,the condition you see me in is owing to him4 ,what induced him to ill-treat you in this way8 ,he has hated me for a long time1 though secretly4 ,before ,i came here1 he did somewhat as he pleased1 and was guilty of many base acts4 ,he robbed you in many ways--saying he had paid the workmen money that was never given them1 and having an understanding with one and another1 in order to cheat you4 ,i found out his dishonest trafficking1 and put a stop to it4 ,this was the origin of his dislike4 ,why did you not notify me at once8 ,my silence proceeded from motives of delicacy4 ,you will recollect the man came here with excellent recommendations2 he was a ,protestant2 and you liked him1 and thought more of him than of many others4 ,that is true4 ,go on4 ,i afterwards discovered he lent money on security4 ,my reproaches offended him still more4 ,within a short time1 he has become intimate with that drunken ,vinceneau and his indolent wife1 and1 since the inundation drove them here for shelter1 he has permanently installed himself in their house4 ,he only did this to annoy their poor daughter1 ,madeleine1 with his audacious attentions4 ,the girl was indignant4 ,young as she is1 she felt there was something vile--,i may say criminal--in the depths of his deceitful soul4 ,but her father and mother countenanced him4 ,they hoped a son-in-law so much richer than they would enable them to give themselves up to their shameful inclinations--the husband to drink1 and the wife to idleness4 ,madeleine was1 therefore1 ordered--and in such a way6--to accept ,durand's offer4 ,she came to consult me on the subject1 and said the man inspired her with invincible horror4 ,on the other hand1 her parents threatened her with the worst treatment possible if she resisted their orders--a treatment already begun4 ,now1 ,i had learned only a few days previous the following particulars respecting ,durand3 ,his name is not ,durand1 but ,renaud4 ,he is not a ,protestant1 but a ,catholic1 if such a man can be said to have any religion4 ,his fine recommendations did not come from his employers2 he wrote them himself4 ,he is not a bachelor1 but is married1 and the father of three children4 ,be good enough to open my desk1 ,mr4 ,smithson4444 ,you will find a letter from ,durand's wife1 in which all these facts are stated with a minuteness of detail1 and such an accent of truth1 that there can be no doubt after reading it4 ,it was addressed to the cur1 begging him to threaten ,durand--or rather1 ,renaud--with the law if he did not send for his wife and children4 ,they are dying of want at ,lille1 whence he fled without saying anything to them4 ,they lost all trace of him for a year1 and only heard of him again about six months ago4 ,mr4 ,smithson opened ,louis' desk1 and took out the letter4 ,the details it contained were1 in truth1 so numerous and so precise that there could be no doubt they really referred to the so-called ,durand4 ,what an infamous impostor6 exclaimed he1 as he finished the letter4 ,continue your account1 monsieur4 ,i am eager to know how this sad affair terminated4 ,my friend1 ,mme4 ,barnier1 continued ,louis1 has not been able to leave ,st4 ,denis1 where she took refuge at the time of the inundation4 ,a violent affection of the muscular system obliges her to keep her bed4 ,i learned this morning from a letter that she was worse1 and wished to see me immediately4 ,i went to ,st4 ,denis4 ,on my way back this evening on foot1 ,i met ,durand not three hundred steps from the mill4 ,i cannot say he was waiting for me1 but am inclined to think so4 ,when he perceived me by the light of the moon1 a gleam of fury lighted up his features4 ,i had no weapon of defence4 ,he1 as usual1 carried a strong1 knotty cane in his hand4 ',where is ,madeleine8' said he4 ',at my sister's1' ,i replied4 ,in fact1 ,i had sent her there with a letter of recommendation4 ',why did you send her away8' ',because ,i wished to withdraw her from your criminal pursuit4' ',criminal8444 ,how was my pursuit criminal8 ,i wished to marry her4' ',you have not the right4' ',what do you say8 ,i haven't a right to marry8' ',no1 you have not4 ,you are married already4' ',it is false4' ',i have the proof in my possession--a letter from your wife4' ,then ,i told him what ,i knew of his history1 and ended thus3 ',you have hitherto gone from one crime to another4 ,it is time for you to reform4 ,promise to begin a new life1 and ,i pledge my word to keep what ,i know to myself4' ',i promise--humble myself--and to you6444 ,there is one man too many in the world1 you or ,i4 ,by heaven6 this must be ended4' ,i heard no more4 ,before ,i could ward off the blow1 he hit me1 causing the wound you see on my head4 ,then he continued striking me with diabolical fury4 ,i could not defend myself1 but called for help4 ,two men heard me in the mill1 and came running with all their might4 ,as soon as ,durand saw them1 he fled ,i know not where4 ,i beg he may not be pursued2 the crime is too serious4 ,louis had ended his account4 ,monsieur1 said ,mr4 ,smithson1 you have been strangely unfortunate since you came here4 ,it has all arisen from a misunderstanding4 ,i distrusted you4 ,i was wrong4 ,you have a noble heart4 ,i see it now4 ,what you have said explains many things ,i did not understand4 ,you have been odiously calumniated1 monsieur6 ,now that we have come to an understanding1 promise not to leave me4 ,i will go further3 forgive me4 ,louis was affected to tears1 and could not reply4 ,and now1 monsieur1 said ,mr4 ,smithson1 can ,i render you any service8 ,i wish my father and sister to be cautiously informed of what has happened to me4 ,i will go myself1 said ,mr4 ,smithson1 and give them an account of your unfortunate adventure4 ,you may rely on my making the communication with all the discretion you could wish4 ,will to-morrow be soon enough8 ,oh6 yes4 ,to go this evening would made them think me in great danger4 ,they continued to converse some minutes longer1 then ,mr4 ,smithson returned to the house4 ,when he entered the salon1 he found the family exceedingly anxious4 ,they suspected something serious had occurred1 but the servants had not dared communicate the slightest particular4 ,mr4 ,smithson had forbidden it1 and in his house every one obeyed to the letter4 ,m4 ,louis1 444 began he4 ,at this name1 ,eugnie turned pale4 ,she still loved the engineer1 and waited with dread for her father to allay the suspicions so hateful to her1 or to confirm them4 ,m4 ,louis came near being killed4 ,he was only wounded1 and will soon be well again4 ,what happened to him8 cried ,eugnie eagerly4 ,mme4 ,smithson and ,albert exchanged a look of intelligence4 ,mr4 ,smithson related the facts he had just learned from ,louis4 ,in proportion as he unveiled the infamy of ,durand's conduct1 and revealed the nobility of ,louis' nature1 an expression of joy1 mingled with pride1 dawned on ,eugnie's face4 ,it was easy to read the look she gave her mother and ,albert--a look of mingled happiness and triumph which seemed to say3 ,he is innocent2 it is my turn to rejoice6 ,mr4 ,smithson1 always sincere and ready to acknowledge an error1 ended his account by expressing his regret at having been hard1 suspicious1 and unjust towards ,louis4 ,i shall henceforth regard him with the highest respect2 and ,i hope1 if any of you1 like me1 have been deceived about him1 that my words and example will suffice to correct your mistake4 ,mme4 ,smithson and ,albert pretended not to hear his last words2 but they struck ,eugnie particularly4 ,had she dared1 she would have thrown her arms around her father's neck1 and given vent to her joy and gratitude4 ,she was obliged to refrain1 but her sentiments were so legible in her face that no one could mistake them4 ,you will not be surprised to hear that ,mme4 ,smithson and her nephew cut a sad figure4 ,a few moments after1 they all retired to their rooms4 ,as ,eugnie embraced her father1 she could not refrain from timidly asking him one question3 ,is it really true that ,m4 ,louis' life is not in danger1 father8 ,it would be very sad for so good a man to be killed by a villain on our own premises4 ,there is no danger1 my child1 ,i assure you1 replied ,mr4 ,smithson kindly4 ,he then tenderly kissed his daughter for the second time4 ,this mark of affection on the part of so cold a man had a special value--,i might even say1 a special significance4 ,this voluntary expression of love from my father1 said ,eugnie to herself1 shows he is aware of all ,i have suffered1 and that he sympathizes with me4 ,and she went away full of joy and hope4 ,once more in her chamber1 she reflected on all the events of the last few days4 ,louis had been calumniated many times before1 and she believed him guilty2 but he had always come out of these attacks justified1 so that the very circumstances which at first seemed against him turned to his benefit4 ,what had happened during the evening now at an end threw a new light on the state of affairs4 ,louis was an upright man4 ,he was sincere1 and the persecution he had undergone made him so much the worthier of being loved4 ,for the first time1 ,eugnie ventured to say to herself boldly3 ,yes1 ,i love him6 ,then she prayed for him4 ,at length a new doubt--a cruel doubt--rose in her heart3 ,but he1 does he love me8 immediately followed by another question3 if ,louis loved her1 would her father consent to receive him as a son-in-law8444 ,he had won his esteem--that was a good deal2 but ,mr4 ,smithson was not a man to be led away by enthusiasm4 ,these questions were very embarrassing4 ,nor were they all4 ,eugnie foresaw many other difficulties also3 ,louis was poor2 he was a ,catholic1 not only in name1 but in heart and deed4 ,his poverty and his piety were two obstacles to his gaining ,mr4 ,smithson's entire favor4 ,these two reasons might prevent him from ever consenting to give ,louis his daughter's hand4 ,such were ,eugnie's thoughts4 ,reflection1 instead of allaying her anxiety1 only served to make it more keen4 ,one hope remains1 thought she1 but that is a powerful one3 my father loves me too well to render me unhappy4 ,i will acknowledge that the happiness of my life depends on his decision4 ,at that same hour1 ,louis1 in the midst of his sufferings1 was a prey to similar anxiety4 ,but he had one advantage over ,eugnie4 ,it is not without some design1 he said1 that ,providence has directed everything with such wonderful goodness4 ,i trust that1 after giving me so clear a glimpse of happiness1 ,i shall at last be permitted to attain the reality4 ,this was by no means certain1 for the designs of ,god1 though ever merciful1 are always unfathomable4 ,no one can tell beforehand how things will end4 ,but we must pardon a little temerity in the heart of a lover4 ,it is sad to say1 but even in the most upright souls love overpowers reason4 ,,chapter ,,xxviii4 ,,the ,,betrothal4 ,the next morning1 ,eugnie had news that surprised her1 but seemed a happy augury3 her cousin had suddenly decided to go home6 ,his departure was announced by ,fanny4 ,as long as things remained undecided1 and ,albert had some hope1 ,fanny had appeared cross and dissatisfied4 ,but now she made her appearance as she used to be--smiling1 chatty1 and agreeable1 without any one's knowing why4 ,the artful soubrette felt it was high time to change her tactics4 ,in consequence of the blunders ,albert had committed1 and ,eugnie's marked antipathy to him1 he would henceforth be blotted out of the list of mademoiselle's admirers4 ,if1 therefore1 ,fanny wished to reinstate herself in her mistress' good graces1 if she wished to make sure of that cherished asylum--the object of all her aims for the last ten years--she must pave the way by her subserviency to her future patrons--,eugnie and the husband of her choice1 whoever he might be4 ,with a keener eye1 or at least bolder1 than ,eugnie's1 ,fanny had no doubt it would be ,louis4 ,with the assurance of those people who make others forget their faults by appearing to be ignorant of them themselves1 ,fanny went with a single bound over to the side of the man she regarded as a personal enemy the night before4 ,eugnie perceived the sudden tack4 ,it greatly amused her1 though she pretended not to see it4 ,where is my father8 she asked ,fanny4 ,monsieur is going to town with ,m4 ,albert1 and also to notify ,mr4 ,louis' family of the misfortune that has happened to him--a painful errand4 ,m4 ,louis has a father who is greatly attached to him1 and a sister who is still fonder of him--a very amiable woman1 with a strong mind4 ,ah6 indeed2 where did you learn these particulars8 ,here and there4 ,mademoiselle knows the good ,god has given me ears to hear with4 ,and especially a tongue that can ask questions1 ,fanny4 ,eugnie went down to the breakfast-room1 where she found the rest assembled4 ,mr4 ,smithson wore a cheerful air4 ,albert was in an ill-humor1 which he badly concealed under pretended elation4 ,mme4 ,smithson appeared anxious1 but ,eugnie saw with delight that she was more affectionate towards her than she had been of late4 ,a policeman from ,st4 ,m---- passed by the window4 ,what is that policeman here for8 inquired ,eugnie4 ,we had to search ,durand's room1 my child1 replied ,mr4 ,smithson4 ,the man cheated me in a shameful manner4 ,i have obtained positive proofs of it4 ,we found letters from his wife and other people which prove him utterly heartless and base--in short1 one of the most dangerous men ,i ever saw4 ,mr4 ,smithson and ,albert started a short time after4 ,the parting between the two cousins was not1 as you may suppose1 very affecting4 ,as ,mr4 ,smithson entered the carriage1 he said to his wife3 ,go and tell ,m4 ,louis ,i am on my way to his father's4 ,i intend to bring him back with me1 and hope the sister will accompany him2 for no one knows so well how to take care of him1 or to do it so acceptably4 ,do not delay giving him this information2 it will do him more good than a visit from the doctor4 ,mme4 ,smithson made a brief reply1 in which a slight confusion and a lingering antipathy were perceptible4 ,the commission was evidently disagreeable1 but she obeyed her husband4 ,as soon as he was out of sight1 she proceeded towards the wounded man's room4 ,eugnie returned to the house4 ,she expected her mother would be back in a few minutes1 and was greatly surprised when a quarter of an hour--half an hour--nearly a whole hour passed without her returning4 ,she became extremely anxious4 ,she feared her mother had found ,louis in too dangerous a state to be left till ,mr4 ,smithson returned4 ,perhaps1 she also thought--perhaps mother and ,m4 ,louis are having a painful explanation4 ,mother is very kind1 but at times she is dreadful6 ,exasperated by my cousin's abrupt departure1 ,i fear she may1 under the impulse of vexation or animosity1 say something painful to the poor sick fellow4444 ,and at this1 she gave her imagination full course4 ,at length ,mme4 ,smithson reappeared4 ,eugnie refrained from questioning her1 but she looked as if she would read the bottom of her mother's heart4 ,we had rather a long talk1 said ,mme4 ,smithson1 without appearing to suspect how anxious her daughter had been4 ,he is a good young man1 that ,m4 ,louis2 a little serious1 a little too gloomy1 but that seems to please certain people6444 ,he is delighted because his sister is coming4444 ,i am not surprised1 said ,eugnie4 ,the conversation was kept up for some time in this discreet tone1 neither of them wishing to let the other see what she really thought4 ,it seemed to ,eugnie1 however1 that her mother1 instead of manifesting any irritation against ,louis1 was making an effort to reconcile herself to him4 ,had she then an idea he might become her son-in-law1 and did she wish to accustom herself to a prospect but recently so contrary to her views8444 ,the carriage arrived an hour after4 ,eugnie felt somewhat agitated at the thought of meeting ,louis' father and sister4 ,shall ,i like them8 ,will they like me8 she said to herself1 as she proceeded resolutely to the door to receive them4 ,she first shook hands with ,aline4 ,the poor girl was pale with anxiety1 but her very anxiety increased her beauty4 ,she made a conquest of ,eugnie at the first glance4 ,her thoughtful air1 the distinction of her manners1 her intelligent and animated countenance1 were all pleasing to her4 ,eugnie felt1 if ,aline did not become her friend1 it would be because she did not wish to4 ,their interview lasted only a few minutes2 then ,aline followed ,mr4 ,smithson1 who had taken her father's arm1 to ,louis' room4 ,eugnie was also pleased with ,m4 ,beauvais4 ,he had a cold1 stern air1 but so had ,mr4 ,smithson himself4 ,quite a series of incidents of no special importance occurred after this1 which it would take too much time to relate4 ,i must hasten to end my story1 as you wish1 ,i fear4 ,a week after1 ,mr4 ,smithson's house was en fte to celebrate ,louis' convalescence4 ,both families assembled on this occasion4 ,aline1 ,eugnie1 and ,mme4 ,smithson1 who had again become the excellent woman she was when we first knew her1 formed a trio of friends such as is seldom found4 ,and one would have taken ,mr4 ,smithson and ,louis' father for two old friends from boyhood1 so familiarly did they converse4 ,they seemed to understand each other at half a word4 ,what a delightful runion6 said ,mr4 ,smithson when they came to the dessert4 ,it is hard to think we must all separate to-morrow4 ,but it is settled that you1 ,m4 ,louis1 are to come back as soon as you are perfectly well4 ,i give you my word1 said ,louis2 and promise also never to leave you from the time you see me again4 ,i hope you will carry out that intention4 ,we will never separate again4 ,but you are young1 and it is more difficult for a young man to foresee what may occur4 ,as far as it depends on me1 ,i can4 ,as ,louis said these words1 he glanced at ,eugnie1 who sat opposite4 ,his look seemed to say3 ,there is the magnet that will keep me here for ever6 ,eugnie blushed4 ,every one noticed it4 ,it is useless for you to say that1 said ,mr4 ,smithson4 ,i shall always be in fear of your escape till you are positively bound here4 ,but how shall we bind you to ,st4 ,m----8 ,there is one way1 and ,mr4 ,smithson smiled as he spoke2 which has occurred to the parents2 will the children consent8 ,eugnie and ,louis looked at each other4 ,in the eyes of both beamed the same joy4 ,the children make no reply1 444 resumed ,mr4 ,smithson4 ,pardon me1 exclaimed ,louis4 ,i dare not be the first to answer4 ,silence implies consent1 replied ,mr4 ,smithson4 ,if ,eugnie is not of your mind1 let her protest against it4 ,otherwise ,i shall give my own interpretation to her silence4 ,i do not protest1 said ,eugnie1 unusually intimidated4 ,oh6 what strange lovers6 continued ,mr4 ,smithson4 ,i think we shall have to tell them they love each other4 ,perhaps we are already aware of it1 said ,louis4 ,at least1 ,i have been for a long time4 ,and have you not confessed it to each other8 ,i had forbidden myself to do so4 ,louis1 you have a noble heart1 said ,mr4 ,smithson4 ,to keep silence in such a case requires a courage amounting to heroism4 ,but ,i have remarked that the heroic qualities you have given so many proofs of since you came here always turn to the advantage of those who continue under their influence4 ,this proves that ,god1 even in this world1 rewards the deeds of the upright much oftener than is supposed4 ,doubtless they are also recompensed in heaven1 but they often have on earth a foretaste of what awaits them hereafter4 ,such was the betrothal of my two friends4 ,the next day1 ,louis came to town1 in order to obtain the medical aid necessary to complete his cure4 ,i had returned myself a few days previous4 ,i cannot tell you with what pleasure ,i received him1 and learned the welcome news from the lips of the fiance herself1 who greatly pleased me at the very first interview1 and never gave me any reason to change my opinion4 ,my intercourse with them and ,aline--three choice spirits--was so delightful that it sustained me in the midst of the terrible trials through which ,i was then passing4 ,my grief for the death of my husband had grown more calm1 but his memory followed me constantly and everywhere4 ,in addition to my mental troubles1 ,i underwent physical sufferings that were sometimes excruciating4 ,and ,i was filled with a dread that was still worse4 ,i trembled at the thought ,i might always be a burden to my poor mother and sister4 ,i had not fully learned that1 when ,god sends a trial1 he likewise gives the strength to bear it1 and some way of mitigating it4 ,how many times ,i have since realized this6 ,god comes to the aid of those whose will is in conformity with his4 ,the marriage of ,louis and ,eugnie took place a month afterwards4 ,for them1 and ,i might almost say for myself1 it was the beginning of a life of serene happiness that lasted six years4 ,the better these two souls became acquainted1 the more they loved each other4 ,they were always of the same mind on all subjects whatever1 particularly when there was a question of doing good4 ,eugnie1 under her husband's influence1 became in a few months a woman of angelic piety4 ,the good works ,louis had previously begun under such unfavorable circumstances were resumed at once1 and carried on with a zeal and prudence that had the happiest influence on the whole country round4 ,st4 ,m---- was transformed into a ,christian republic4 ,the wicked--to be found everywhere--were few in number1 and1 instead of ruling over the good1 considered themselves fortunate in being tolerated4 ,ah6 if it were thus everywhere6444 ,every summer1 ,i went to pass three months with my friends4 ,i was happier there than ,i can express4 ,it was delightful to behold a family so admirably united1 so beloved and respected everywhere around6 ,mr4 ,smithson himself was hardly to be recognized4 ,the sight of the wonders effected by his son-in-law and daughter destroyed one by one all his prejudices against the true religion4444 ,alas6 the happiness of this world is seldom of long duration4 ,eugnie had been married six years1 and was the mother of two children1 when she was seized with a severe illness that endangered her life4 ,she got over it1 however1 but remained feeble and languid4 ,the physicians insisted on her residing permanently in the ,south4 ,a large manufactory being for sale on the delightful shores of the ,mediterranean1 a few leagues from ,marseilles1 on the picturesque and charming road leading from the ,phocan ,city to ,toulon1 ,louis purchased it1 and they all went away6 ,no words could describe the sadness they experienced at leaving so dear a spot as ,st4 ,m----1 where they were greatly beloved4 ,they likewise regretted separating from me4 ,when ,i saw them start1 ,i felt almost as distressed as ,i was at the death of my husband2 but ,i did not tell them so1 for fear of increasing their regret4 ,after they went to ,provence1 they had one more year of happiness2 but the amelioration that took place in ,eugnie's health did not last any longer4 ,she died three months later4 ,some time after1 ,louis came to seek consolation from his sister and me4 ,his very aspect made us heartsick4 ,his grief was beyond the reach of any human consolation4 ,it would have been wrong had he voluntarily given himself up to it4 ,but1 no2 he struggled against it4 ,it prevailed1 however1 in spite of himself1 as phthisis resists every remedy and wears the sufferer to the grave4 ,we represented to him the good he might still effect1 and reminded him he had one child left to bring up2 the other being dead4 ,he listened kindly to our representations1 and said he had had more happiness on earth than he merited2 that he submitted to the divine will1 and resigned himself to live as long as ,god wished4 ,but all this was said with a dejection and involuntary weariness of everything1 that was no good sign4 ,louis was one of those souls1 all sensibility1 who die as soon as their hearts receive a deep wound4 ,had he been an unbeliever1 he would have taken his own life1 or died of grief in a few months4 ,religion sustained him four years longer4 ,during that time1 his friends always found him resigned4 ,he became more devout than ever1 and more zealous in doing good4 ,a sudden illness at length carried him off4 ,the physicians asserted that he might have recovered if grief had not undermined his constitution1 once so robust4 ,when he died1 he left his son to be brought up by his sister4 ,god gave him the happiness1 before his death1 of seeing his father-in-law enter the bosom of the church4 ,madame ,agnes had finished her story4 ,such1 my friend1 is the history of my life1 said she4 ,it is not very entertaining1 ,i confess1 but ,i think it instructive4 ,all who had a part in it suffered1 but they never lost courage4 ,such a misfortune could not happen to them1 because they only expected from life what it has to give--many days of trial1 mingled with some that are joyful4 ,but whether their days were sad or joyful1 my friends were never deprived of the light of the divine presence4 ,they received from the hand of ,god happiness and sorrow with equal gratitude1 aware that he disposes all things for the good of those he loves1 and that in him all they have loved on earth will be found again4 ,my friend1 imitate the example of these dear ones now gone6 ,keep intact the gift of faith1 which was their dearest1 most precious treasure4 ,let it also be yours6 ,if you rely on ,god1 you will never lack resignation and hope1 even in the midst of the most bitter trials4 ,faith1 while waiting to open the gates of heaven to you--faith1 practical and ardent1 wonderfully softens every trial here below4 ,,daniel ,o',,connell4 ,the good old saying1 that it never rains but it pours1 has received additional illustration in the appearance within a very short time of two lives and one memoir of the great ,irish agitator1 the late ,daniel ,o',connell4 ,the latter1 it is true1 is a mere sketch1 intended only as an introduction to a collection of ten or twelve of the most noteworthy speeches of that distinguished man1 judiciously selected from hundreds which1 as a lawyer1 politician1 and parliamentary debater1 he had delivered in the course of a remarkably busy life1 extending over nearly half a century4 ,in this regard1 if in no other1 it will be found interesting and useful to those who have not leisure or inclination to study the history of his career in detail4 ,of ,mr4 ,luby's work1 published originally in parts1 many of which we have carefully perused1 we have little to say4 ,it is evidently written in haste1 loosely1 and without due regard to the canons which are generally supposed to govern composition and narration4 ,there are no facts or incidents in it bearing on the public or private life of ,o',connell that are not already well known to every person of ordinary intelligence1 and which have not been better and more lucidly presented to the public years ago4 ,it has the demerit1 also1 of being altogether too discursive1 not to say blatant1 in style1 and the author is too constantly wandering away from his subject to matters quite disconnected from the actions and peculiarities of his hero4 ,judging from this production1 ,mr4 ,luby seems to be a very unfit person to portray the genius1 aims1 and designs of the great ,irish popular leader1 lacking as he does that earnest sympathy which should exist between the biographer and his subject1 as well as that judicial and philosophical insight into the secret springs of human action which1 while recording patent facts1 can comprehend and elucidate the true motives1 designs1 and probable results of the deeds related4 ,such has ever been considered the real end of biographical literature4 ,in this respect1 the ,life of ,o',connell1 by ,sister ,mary ,francis ,clare1 is much superior to ,mr4 ,luby's1 as it is in every other essential quality1 though in itself far inferior to what might have been expected from so popular a writer1 particularly when dealing with so great and congenial a theme4 ,in her book of eight hundred pages1 the good religious has shown a vast amount of industry1 a genuine appreciation of the character1 labors1 and conduct of the ,liberator1 and considerable literary skill in presenting them to the public in the most attractive and readable form4 ,the correspondence between ,o',connell and the venerable ,archbishop of ,tuam1 now for the first time published1 constitutes a most valuable1 perhaps the most valuable1 feature in the work1 and1 as a glimpse at the inner life of the busy lawyer and untiring agitator1 will be read with particular gratification by the admirers of his extraordinary abilities in this country4 ,here1 we regret to say1 our praise of ,miss ,cusack's book must end4 ,as a biography of one of the most remarkable public men of this century or of any country1 it is not a decided success1 and1 as coming from the pen of an experienced1 facile1 and patriotic writer1 it will1 we do not doubt1 disappoint the majority of her admirers at home and abroad4 ,with the exception of the letters to ,abp4 ,mc,hale1 alluded to above1 and some original notes and appendices supplied by friends1 the facts1 incidents1 and anecdotes recounted of the ,irish leader are mainly taken from such books as those of ,o',neill ,daunt1 ,fegan1 ,sheil1 and his own son1 ,john ,o',connell1 all of which may be found in an anonymous compilation published five or six years ago4#gf ,we do not find fault so much with the fact that it is so largely a compilation1 as with the crude manner in which the extracts from those works are collated and presented to the public4 ,we can even point to several instances where they are inserted bodily in the text1 as original1 without quotation-marks1 foot-notes1 or any other sign of reference4 ,this may or may not be the fault of the printer1 but the examples are so numerous as to incline us to the latter opinion4 ,we have often admired the industry of ,miss ,cusack in bringing out so many good books in such rapid succession2 as well as her zeal in endeavoring to aid1 by the products of her genius1 a most meritorious charity2 but we hold it to be against the laws both of fair play and literary courtesy to neglect to accord to the labors of others a proper share of acknowledgment4 ,we do not want to be unreasonable4 ,had the gifted authoress allowed herself more time1 and related the dramatic story of ,o',connell's life entirely in her own words1 we would have been satisfied4 ,we do not expect that a lady secluded from the world1 necessarily devoting the greater part of her time to the duties of her calling1 and consequently practically unacquainted with the outside political world1 its storms1 passions1 and intrigues1 can treat us to anything like a full or elaborate disquisition on the circumstances1 dangers1 and difficulties which surrounded and impeded the career of such a man as the emancipator of the ,catholics of ,great ,britain and ,ireland4 ,only a person who has devoted much time to the examination of the history of ,ireland and ,england1 for the past hundred years1 at least2 who himself has been a participant in1 or an interested spectator of1 the unceasing conflict which during that period was naturally waged between the ,irish nationalists and their opponents1 can attempt to do so4 ,this war was carried on in every relation of life2 at the bar1 on the bench2 in the pulpit1 press1 and forum2 in the workshop1 the club1 and the halls of ,st4 ,stephen2 and the central figure1 the invincible leader of the aggressive and at length victorious national party1 was ,o',connell--the man who for near half a century dared all opposition and defied all hostile power in the championship of the cause of his persecuted countrymen and co-religionists4 ,however men may differ as to the wisdom1 policy1 or honesty of ,o',connell1 none will deny that he was a man of stupendous intellect and indomitable perseverance4 ,in everything he was gigantic4 ,in physique1 mental attainments1 courage1 virtues1 and even in his errors1 he was decidedly great4 ,there was nothing small or dwarfed about him2 and as1 a popular leader while living1 he seemed to hold in his hand the control of the masses of his countrymen2 so1 when dead1 the very mention of his name is enough to awaken the gratitude and evoke the admiration of millions of the present generation1 whose advent into the world succeeded his demise4 ,not only in ,ireland was he trusted1 beloved1 and revered1 but on the continent of ,europe and in this country his name was associated with the cause of civil and religious liberty1 and his every movement watched with interest by all classes4 ,and when at length1 worn down by his excessive labors in behalf of faith and liberty1 he yielded up his soul to his ,creator1 his piety and patriotism became the subjects of unqualified encomiums from the noblest and most distinguished orators in both hemispheres4 ,surely so great an embodiment of zeal and genius1 well directed1 deserves a fitting chronicler4 ,born of a house never remarkable before nor since his time for attachment to creed or country2 educated far from the influences of his native land1 we find him returning to it just as he had completed his majority1 an accomplished scholar and a barrister1 with nothing to depend upon but his own labors for support1 yet full of ambition and eager for distinction4 ,had he followed the traditions of his family1 he would have settled down quietly to the practice of his profession1 and in course of time1 doubtless1 would have become wealthy and a useful assistant to the hostile power that controlled the destinies of his nation1 as too many of his professional brothers had already done4 ,but the young lawyer1 to the dismay of many of his relations1 soon showed that he was made of sterner stuff4 ,he could not bend the pregnant hinges of the knee1 that thrift might follow fawning4 ,he had arrived home in time to witness the horrors of '#ih2 he had seen his fellow-,catholics1 even then four-fifths of the population of ,ireland1 bowed down to the very dust1 sneered at1 reprobated1 and1 on their own soil1 denied every social1 commercial1 and political right to which as freemen they were entitled2 and1 with a courage that never deserted him1 and a capacity for labor that was truly remarkable1 he ranged himself on the side of the proscribed1 and took up the gauntlet cast down to the oppressed by the powerful and unscrupulous faction which then1 as now1 represented ,british supremacy in ,ireland4 ,his first appearance in public1 being then but twenty-three years old1 was in #agii1 when the question of a legislative union between ,ireland and ,england convulsed the former and deeply moved the public mind of the latter country4 ,at a meeting in ,dublin1 he denounced the measure in terms so bold1 clear1 and forcible that those who listened to him had little difficulty in foreseeing his future eminence and usefulness to the national cause4 ,the scheme of ,pitt and ,castlereagh was1 however1 carried out1 the ,irish parliament was destroyed1 and the ,catholics saw themselves at the beginning of the century not only without a domestic legislature1 but shut out from all representation1 not only in the united ,lords and ,commons1 but even in the most insignificant corporation and local boards4 ,where1 then1 could the ardent young patriot1 gifted1 enthusiastic1 and impatient of the restrictions placed upon himself and his fellow-countrymen1 find an audience and an outlet for the fiery eloquence that heaved and burned in his soul8 ,clearly in popular gatherings and in the courts of law4 ,but the people at that time were so timid1 nay1 so degraded1 that they dared not assemble in any force to protest against the tyranny that had for so many generations enslaved them2 or1 if a few hundreds did assemble together1 the sight of a magistrate1 or the presence of some truculent follower of the castle1 like the infamous ,maj4 ,sirr1 was sufficient to disperse them1 while the few ,catholic noblemen and gentry yet left were as timid as so many hares4 ,the ,irish ,catholics of that epoch1 so long trodden under foot1 and deprived absolutely of political power and landed interests1 were not like the ,catholics of to-day1 who1 in all thankfulness be it said1 are triumphantly bearing aloft the banner of the church when so much of ,europe is trailing it in the mire of infidelity and communism4 ,then ,wolfe ,tone1 once their secretary1 in his ,memoirs1 and ,wyse1 in his ,history of the ,catholic ,association1 likened them to the servile ,jews1 and described them as deficient in manliness and self-respect4 ,they crawled at the feet of a hostile government1 says the latter1 fawned on their ,protestant neighbors1 and felt honored by being even noticed by persons of that creed1 even though in every respect their inferiors4 ,such people had very little business in the civil courts to give1 and what little they had they gave to those who loathed their creed and despised themselves4 ,o',connell soon saw that nothing could be effected in the way of popular demonstrations with such unpromising materials4 ,he therefore adopted another and a wiser course4 ,the courts became his fulcrum1 and his eloquence the lever1 by which he sought to raise the spirit of the nation4 ,term after term1 year after year1 his potent voice was heard ringing through the halls of justice by an astonished bar and delighted and electrified audiences1 in the defence of the victims of landlord tyranny or official persecution4 ,his arguments to the bench1 and his harangues to the jury1 were always full of fire1 audacity1 and logic1 and were seldom1 even in the face of unmitigated prejudice1 unsuccessful4 ,pathos and humor1 wit and vituperation1 strong appeals to the patriotism of his hearers1 and stern denunciations of the rashness and folly of some of his compatriots1 were with him invariably mingled with sound common sense and unerring legal acumen4 ,so great1 indeed1 was his success as a pleader in criminal cases1 so unlimited his resources in difficult motions1 and so general his triumphs over ignorance and bigotry1 that1 before most of his fellow-practitioners had earned their first fees1 he found himself in the enjoyment of a lucrative practice1 and1 what to him was an object of much greater importance1 the spokesman of the degraded majority1 and the oracle of his people4 ,his forensic efforts were not confined to judges and juries exclusively4 ,he lost no opportunity of throwing into his legal arguments and speeches some remarks for the benefit of the masses who always throng ,irish courts--remarks which never failed to elicit the wildest delight and the most hearty applause4 ,in this indirect way he was gradually infusing into his countrymen that spirit of manhood which so powerfully moved himself4 ,as an evidence of this1 we may quote an extract1 though a long one1 from his speech in defence of ,magee1 editor of the ,evening ,post1 then the most influential advocate of ,catholic rights in ,ireland4 ,in #ahac1 ,magee was prosecuted for a libel on the ,duke of ,richmond1 the retiring lord-lieutenant2 and as the crown officers in their speeches1 and1 as it appeared1 by previous arrangement1 endeavored to give to the trial--having first selected a jury to suit themselves--a political significance1 ,magee's counsel willingly joined issue with them on their own terms4 ,the array of legal ability on both sides was proportionate to the gravity of the question involved4 ,for the government appeared the ,attorney-,general1 ,saurin1 the ,solicitor-,general1 ,bushe1 and ,sergeants ,moore1 ,ball1 and ,mc,mahon2 for the defence1 ,o',connell1 assisted by ,messrs4 ,wallace1 ,hamilton1 ,findley1 and ,philips4 ,saurin1 in his opening1 alluding to the ,catholic ,board1 of which the defendant's newspaper was the organ1 made use of these words3 ,if the libel only related to him ,richmond1 it would have gone by unprosecuted by me4 ,but the imputation is made against the administration of justice by the government of ,ireland1 and it forms only a part of a system of calumny with which an association of factious and revolutionary men are in the habit of vilifying every constitutional authority in the land4 ,the opportunity thus afforded ,o',connell was instantly and dexterously seized by him to reply with more than his usual boldness and wealth of invective4 ,in the course of his long address to the jury1 he said3 ,my lord1 upon the ,catholic subject ,i commence with one assertion of the ,attorney-,general1 which ,i trust ,i misunderstood4 ,he talked1 as ,i collected him1 of the ,catholics having imbibed principles of a seditious1 treasonable1 and revolutionary nature6 ,he seemed to me most distinctly to charge us with treason6 ,there is no relying on his words for his meaning--,i know there is not4 ,on a former occasion1 ,i took down a repetition of this charge full seventeen times on my brief2 and yet afterwards it turned out that he never intended to make any such charge2 that he forgot he had ever used those words1 and he disclaimed the idea they naturally convey4 ,it is clear1 therefore1 that upon this subject he knows not what he says2 and that these phrases are the mere flowers of his rhetoric1 but quite innocent of any meaning6 ,upon this account ,i pass him by1 ,i go beyond him1 and ,i content myself with proclaiming those charges1 whosoever may make them1 to be false and base calumnies6 ,it is impossible to refute such charges in the language of dignity or temper4 ,but if any man dares to charge the ,catholic body1 or the ,catholic ,board1 or any individuals of that ,board1 with sedition or treason1 ,i do here1 ,i shall always in this court1 in the city1 in the field1 brand him as an infamous and profligate liar6 ,pardon the phrase1 but there is no other suitable to the occasion4 ,but he is a profligate liar who so asserts1 because he must know that the whole tenor of our conduct confutes the assertion4 ,what is it we seek8 ,chief-,justice4--,what1 ,mr4 ,o',connell1 can this have to do with the question which the jury are to try8 ,mr4 ,o',connell4--,you heard the ,attorney-,general traduce and calumniate us2 you heard him with patience and with temper--listen now to our vindication6 ,i ask1 ,what is it we seek8 ,what is it we incessantly1 and1 if you please1 clamorously1 petition for8 ,why1 to be allowed to partake of the advantages of the constitution4 ,we are earnestly anxious to share the benefits of the constitution4 ,we look to the participation in the constitution as our greatest political blessing4 ,if we desired to destroy it1 would we seek to share it8 ,if we wished to overturn it1 would we exert ourselves through calumny1 and in peril1 to obtain a portion of its blessings8 ,strange1 inconsistent voice of calumny6 ,you charge us with intemperance in our exertions for a participation in the constitution1 and you charge us at the same time1 almost in the same sentence1 with a design to overturn the constitution4 ,the dupes of your hypocrisy may believe you2 but1 base calumniators1 you do not1 you cannot believe yourselves6 ,the ,attorney-,general--'this wisest and best of men1' as his colleague1 the ,solicitor-,general1 called him in his presence1--the ,attorney-,general next boasted of his triumph over ,pope and ,popery2 ',i put down the ,catholic ,committee2 ,i will put down1 at my good time1 the ,catholic ,board4' ,this boast is partly historical1 partly prophecy4 ,he was wrong in his history--he is quite mistaken in his prophecy4 ,he did not put down the ,catholic ,committee2 we gave up that name the moment that this sapient ,attorney-,general's polemico-legal controversy dwindled into a mere dispute about words4 ,he told us that1 in the ,english language1 'pretence' means 'purpose4' ,had it been ,french and not ,english1 we might have been inclined to respect his judgment2 but in point of ,english1 we venture to differ with him4 ,we told him1 ',purpose1' good ,mr4 ,attorney-,general1 is just the reverse of 'pretence4' ,the quarrel grew warm and animated4 ,we appealed to common sense1 to the grammar1 and to the dictionary2 common sense1 grammar1 and the dictionary decided in our favor4 ,he brought his appeal to this court1 your lordship1 and your brethren unanimously decided that in point of law--mark1 mark1 gentlemen of the jury1 the sublime wisdom of the law--the court decided that1 in point of law1 'pretence' does mean 'purpose'6 ,fully contented with this very reasonable and most satisfactory decision1 there still remained a matter of fact between us4 ,the ,attorney-,general charged us with being representatives2 we denied all representation4 ,he had two witnesses to prove the fact for him2 they swore to it one way at one trial1 and directly the other way at the next4 ,an honorable1 intelligent1 and enlightened jury disbelieved those witnesses at the first trial2 matters were better managed at the second trial--the jury were better arranged4 ,i speak delicately1 gentlemen3 the jury were better arranged1 as the witnesses were better informed2 and1 accordingly1 there was one verdict for us on the representative question1 and one verdict against us4444 ,let me pledge myself to you that he imposes on you when he threatens to crush the ,catholic ,board4 ,illegal violence may do it1 force may effectuate it2 but your hopes and his will be defeated if he attempts it by any course of law4 ,i am1 if not a lawyer1 at least a barrister4 ,on this subject ,i ought to know something1 and ,i do not hesitate to contradict the ,attorney-,general on this point1 and to proclaim to you and to the country that the ,catholic ,board is a perfectly legal assembly2 that it not only does not violate the law1 but that it is entitled to the protection of the law2 and in the very proudest tone of firmness1 ,i hurl defiance at the ,attorney-,general6 ,i defy him to allege a law or a statute1 or even a proclamation1 that is violated by the ,catholic ,board4 ,no1 gentlemen1 no2 his religious prejudices--if the absence of every charity can be called anything religious1--his religious prejudices really obscure his reason1 his bigoted intolerance has totally darkened his understanding1 and he mistakes the plainest facts1 and misquotes the clearest law1 in the ardor and vehemence of his rancor4 ,i disclaim his moderation1 ,i scorn his forbearance4 ,i tell him he knows not the law1 if he thinks as he says2 and if he thinks so1 ,i tell him to his beard that he is not honest in not having sooner prosecuted us1 and ,i challenge him to that prosecution4#gg ,those were brave words1 such as the ears of the ,english officials were unused to hear1 but which found a responsive echo in the hearts of millions of the oppressed ,catholics1 degraded and enthralled as they were at that time4 ,on the first day of its publication1 ten thousand copies of the entire address were sold1 and in a short time it was to be found in nearly every house and place of public resort in the country4 ,it was also translated into ,french and ,spanish1 and eagerly read and commented upon on the continent4 ,in fact1 this trial may be considered the true initial point of the great ,catholic movement which culminated in emancipation sixteen years afterwards4 ,to a man of less indomitable will and less transcendent legal abilities1 a course such as ,o',connell had adopted would have been utterly ruinous4 ,then1 as now1 but to a far greater extent1 the ,irish judges were the mere creatures of the castle1 and their least frown or sneer was considered sufficient to blast the prospects of any young aspirant for professional honors1 even if he were only suspected of patriotic leanings4 ,but in the future ,emancipator they met their equal1 not only in point of legal knowledge1 but their superior in moral courage and in that mental force which1 like a torrent1 swept everything before it4 ,the following anecdotes1 told of ,o',connell while in active practice1 illustrate his method of dealing with the government jurists3 ,happening to be one day present in the courts in ,dublin1 where a discussion arose on a motion for a new trial1 a young attorney was called upon by the opposing counsel either to admit a statement as evidence1 or hand in some document he could legally detain4 ,o',connell stood up1 and told the attorney to make no admission4 ',have you a brief in this case1 ,mr4 ,o',connell8' asked ,baron ,mc,cleland1 with very peculiar emphasis4 ',i have not1 my lord2 but ,i shall have one when the case goes down to the assizes4' ',when ,i was at the bar1 it was not my habit to anticipate briefs4' ',when you were at the bar1 ,i never chose you for a model2 and now that you are on the bench1 ,i shall not submit to your dictation4' ,leaving the judge to digest this retort1 he walked out of the court1 accompanied by the young attorney4 ,at a case tried at the ,cork assizes1 a point arose touching the legality of certain evidence1 which ,o',connell argued was clearly admissible4 ,he sustained his own view very fully1 reasoning with that force and clearness1 and quoting precedent with that facility1 for which he was distinguished4 ,but it was to no purpose4 ,the court ruled against him1 and the witnesses were shut out4 ,the trial was of extraordinary length1 and at the close of the day the proceedings were not ended4 ,on the following morning1 when the case was about to be resumed1 the judge addressed ,o',connell3 ',i have reconsidered my decision of yesterday1' said his lordship1 'and my present opinion is that the evidence tendered by you should not have been rejected4 ,you can1 therefore1 reproduce the evidence now4' ,instead of obsequiously thanking him for his condescension1 as another would have done1 ,o',connell's impatience broke out3 ',had your lordship known as much law yesterday as you do to-day1' said he bitterly1 'you would have spared me a vast amount of time and trouble1 and my client a considerable amount of injury4 ,crier1 call up the witnesses4'#gh ,the career of the great criminal lawyer--for his civil business was comparatively small--lasted for more than a generation1 and his success was uniform and uninterrupted1 while his fees in the aggregate1 for that time1 were enormous4 ,a single fact1 says the author just quoted1 will demonstrate the confidence which the ,irish public placed at this period in the professional abilities of ,o',connell4 ,in the autumnal assizes of #ahac1 twenty-six cases were tried in the ,limerick ,record ,court4 ,in every one of these ,o',connell held a brief4 ,he was likewise retained in every criminal case tried in the same city4 ,his professional career was equally triumphant and extraordinary in the autumn assizes of ,ennis2 while in ,cork and his native province1 ,kerry1 it was that year1 if possible1 exceeded4 ,at this golden period of his life1 his prosperity1 flowing from his brilliant abilities1 and his popularity1 springing from his country's gratitude1 rendered his position at the bar in the highest degree enviable4 ,but it was not as a jurist or an advocate that ,o',connell was destined to hand down his name to posterity covered with imperishable glory4 ,he only used his great professional success to further two ends4 ,like a true patriot1 and1 fortiori1 unlike the politicians of to-day1 he desired first to establish his own independence before attempting to obtain that of his countrymen1 knowing well that poverty1 associated with ambition1 is too often the means of leading men1 otherwise honest1 into the commission of acts not always honorable or meritorious4 ,then1 also1 as we have before intimated1 he desired1 under the protection of the court1 to instil into the hearts and souls of the dejected ,catholics a spirit of manliness and courage by his burning appeals to courts and juries--words which1 if uttered out of court1 would have entailed on him endless prosecutions and proscription4 ,strictly speaking1 ,o',connell cannot be considered as the leader of the ,irish ,catholics till #ahbj1 when ,henry ,grattan died4 ,that brilliant orator and inflexible patriot1 though a ,protestant1 always enjoyed the confidence and esteem of the persecuted masses2 and whether in or out of ,parliament1 in ,college ,green or ,st4 ,stephen's1 his conduct was ever such as to command their respect and affection4 ,o',connell1 on the contrary1 up to that date1 was unable to control for any length of time the feeble movements which1 during the previous decade1 had been made by the ,catholic body to obtain some redress of their grievances4 ,his audacious denunciation of the government1 and his contempt for the advocates of half measures1 frightened away such lukewarm ,catholics as ,lords ,fingal1 ,trimleston1 and ,french2 while his superior foresight1 skill1 and perhaps arrogance1 frequently led him into disputes with the less clear-headed and more violent of his other associates4 ,a portion of the national press1 also1 looked coldly upon the burly lawyer1 fearing his ambition2 while many of the clergy and bishops hesitated to yield implicit confidence to a man who was once a freemason1 and a good deal of whose leisure time1 it was said1 was spent amid the convives of the capital4 ,the ,catholic ,committee1 which was mainly his creation1 was established in #ahjh1 and easily suppressed by the government1 after a useless existence of less than three years4 ,its successor1 the ,catholic ,board1 was equally powerless1 and even more given to internal dissensions2 and after its demise1 in #ahad1 nine years elapsed1 during which the ,catholics1 divided1 dispirited1 and despairing1 made no effort whatever for their rights1 unless the forwarding of an odd petition to the ,english ,parliament might be called so4 ,in fact1 the generation that had witnessed the horrors of '#ih and the wholesale perfidy of the men who planned and passed the act of union1 were not fit to carry on a manly1 determined agitation3 fear had been driven into their very marrow1 and the badge of slavery was worn with a calmness that closely resembled contentment4 ,it required a new generation to conduct such a movement with success1 and a leader to point the way to victory4 ,time at last brought both4 ,the first sign of returning life in the people was evinced upon the occasion of a relief bill having been introduced into the ,house of ,commons in #ahba1 and passed by that body by nineteen majority4 ,though of course defeated by the ,lords1 its partial success1 and the unexpected support it received from some of the more distinguished members1 had a salutary effect on the public mind in ,ireland1 and aroused hopes that had long lain dormant in the bosom of the ,catholic party4 ,meetings began to be held in different parts of the provinces1 and at length a ,catholic ,association was formed in ,dublin1 ,april #bh1 #ahbc4 ,its founder was ,o',connell1 then in his prime1 physically and mentally2 his reputation as an orator and a statesman beyond question2 his impetuosity mollified1 if not subdued2 and his judgment matured by long experience of actual life4 ,at first the association numbered but a few individuals2 so few1 indeed1 that after it had been a year in existence1 it was difficult to get the necessary quorum of members to attend its stated meetings2 but a combination of circumstances almost providential1 and certainly unexpected1 occurred1 which gave the movement an irresistible impulse4 ,the hierarchy of ,ireland unanimously endorsed the movement2 the clergy not only approved of it1 but were active in extending the organization2 the poet ,moore dropped the lyre1 and took up the pen controversial2 the illustrious ,j4 ,k4 ,l4 thundered through the press2 while the halls of ,parliament rang with the eloquence of ,brougham1 ,mackintosh1 and ,sir ,f4 ,burdett4 ,the rent or revenue to conduct and disseminate a knowledge of the principles of the association flowed in with unparalleled generosity1 sometimes as much as ten thousand dollars being received weekly by the treasurer4 ,o',connell was the head and front1 the vivifying principle1 organizer1 and counsellor of this grand uprising of an enslaved people2 and his efforts were as untiring as his advice was judicious and well timed4 ,at length the government1 the supporters of ,protestant ascendency1 became alarmed1 and at the session of #ahbe of the ,british ,parliament a bill was introduced to suppress the association4 ,that body immediately delegated ,o',connell and ,r4 ,l4 ,sheil to attend the bar of the ,house1 and offer their testimony as to the perfect legality of the organization4 ,they attended1 but were not heard1 though admitted to seats in the body of the chamber4 ,still1 they were ably represented by ,brougham and other influential members4 ,speaking of the two delegates1 the ,edinburgh ,review of that day well said3 ,no men in circumstances so difficult and delicate ever behaved with greater temper and moderation1 or more recommended themselves to all parties by their fairness and the conciliatory manner of their proceedings4 ,of necessity ignorant of the men with whom they were called upon to act1 they could not avoid falling into some errors4444 ,the sanguine temper which made them give ear to the hope of emancipation so unaccountably held out by some persons1 is to be reckoned the chief of these mistakes2 for it led to far too much carelessness about the blow to be levelled at the association4444 ,when the bill was prepared for putting down the association1 a debate ensued1 not1 perhaps1 paralleled in parliamentary history for its importance and the sustained excellence which marked the whole compass of its duration4 ,four whole nights did this memorable contest last1 if contest it might be called1 where all the strength lay1 except that of numbers1 on one side4 ,the effect produced by this debate out of doors and within the ,parliament itself was truly important4 ,the whole range of ,irish policy was discussed1 all the grievances of ,ireland were openly canvassed1 the conduct of the government freely arraigned1 and such a death-blow given to the cry of ',no ,popery6' and the other delusions of the ,high-,church party that intolerance lost more ground that night than it had ever hoped to regain by the alarm which the association enabled it to excite4 ,the conduct of that body was most triumphantly defended1 and it appeared plainly that the peace of ,ireland had been restored by its exertions and maintained by its influence4 ,nevertheless1 the act passed and the association was dissolved1 but only to reappear in another form4 ,the cause of emancipation had gained many and powerful friends1 not the least of whom was the editor of the quarterly just quoted4 ,a new ,catholic ,association was formed the same year1 and the work of arousing the supine masses went bravely on4 ,meetings were held simultaneously in the various centres of population1 at one or more of which ,o',connell was generally present2 for he seemed ubiquitous4 ,the patriotic newspapers teemed with speeches1 communications1 and extracts1 all directed to the same purpose4 ,the country was in a state of tremendous fermentation1 to a degree that it was thought impossible it could go further1 till the ,emancipator himself1 by a masterly stroke of policy1 which could only have been the inspiration of genius1 resolved to get himself elected to ,parliament1 and carry the war into ,africa4 ,ireland was now thoroughly aroused and organized2 so he resolved1 if he could not convince or persuade ,england to do her justice1 at least to shock the latter into something like equity1 or expose her to the world as an oppressor and a hypocrite4 ,he had seen what beneficial effects had followed the debate on the ,algerine ,bill1 and he was determined not to rest till all ,europe1 all ,christendom1 should become familiar with the wrongs of the ,catholics4 ,in #ahbh1 a vacancy occurred in the representation of ,clare4 ,o',connell presented himself as a candidate1 was against all odds elected1 and immediately proceeded to ,london4 ,events1 however1 hurried on so fast that he had not time to present himself to the ,commons before the great measure for which he had so long struggled1 and for which millions had prayed for years1 had passed4 ,on the #bb;d of ,january1 #ahbh1 the ,duke of ,wellington was appointed ,first ,lord of the ,treasury4 ,towards the end of that year1 the ,catholic ,association was voluntarily dissolved1 in conformity to a preconcerted plan between the ,irish ,catholics and the ,british ,ministry1 having first passed unanimously the following resolution3 ,that1 as the last act of this body1 we do declare that we are indebted to ,daniel ,o',connell1 beyond all other men1 for its original creation and sustainment1 and that he is entitled1 for the achievement of its freedom1 to the everlasting gratitude of ,ireland4 ,on the #acth of ,april1 #ahbi1 the ,emancipation ,act received the royal signature1 the bill having passed the ,house by an overwhelming vote1 and the ,lords by one hundred and four majority4 ,many persons fondly thought that this law had laid the fell spirit of ,protestant bigotry for ever2 but it was not so4 ,the snake was only scotched1 not killed4 ,it required another blow to render it completely innoxious4 ,o',connell1 who had been elected before the bill passed1 claimed a right to a seat in the ,commons1 even though a ,catholic1 and in support of that claim presented himself early in the session4 ,the scene that ensued is thus described by an eye-witness3 ,it is impossible to convey a perfect idea of the silent1 the almost breathless attention with which ,o',connell was watched and perused1 when1 in compliance with the request of the speaker1 he advanced to the table4 ,so large a number of peers had never been previously seen in that ,house4 ,two members of the aristocracy accompanied ,o',connell1 and1 as a matter of form1 introduced him to the ,house4 ,their names were ,ebrington and ,dungannon4 ,as he passed the bar of the ,house1 every eye was fixed on him4 ,the first oath tendered to ,o',connell was that of the supremacy1 which he was seen1 by the silent and watching multitude1 to wave away and refuse4 ,they heard him say3 ',i apply to take my seat under the new act4 ,i am ready to take the oath directed to be taken by ,roman ,catholic members4 ,i do not feel that ,i am bound to take these oaths4' ,as he uttered these last words1 he passed his hand over the oaths which he objected to1 and which were affixed to pasteboards4 ',you will be good enough1' added ,o',connell1 'to inform the speaker that ,i do not think ,i am bound to take these oaths4' ,the chief clerk gathered up the pieces of pasteboard1 and hurried up with them to the speaker1 where he was seen pointing out to that functionary the oaths which ,o',connell refused to take4 ,the speaker then rose and said that1 unless the new member took the old oaths1 he must withdraw4 ,the speaker alluded to those blasphemous oaths whose injustice was so flagrant that they had been just repealed4 ,o',connell1 it is said1 requested that the oath of qualification1 stating that he possessed six hundred a year1 should be administered to him2 but this was likewise refused4 ,during all this time1 the speaker's manner and expression of countenance towards ,o',connell1 on whom he fixed his regards1 were extremely courteous1 but the declaration that he must withdraw firm and authoritative4 ,o',connell looked round1 as if expecting support2 but this failing1 he bowed1 and stood facing the speaker in perfect silence4 ,at this moment1 ,brougham was seen to rise2 but before he could address the house1 the speaker exclaimed ',order6' and again intimated to ,o',connell that he must withdraw4 ,the latter bowed respectfully1 and1 without uttering a single syllable1 withdrew4 ,after his departure1 ,brougham1 who was still on his legs1 addressed the house in a subdued tone1 and1 after some discussion1 the debate was postponed4 ,may #ah1 #ahbi1 was a memorable day in the history of ,o',connell's eventful life4 ,peel1 rising in the ,house of ,commons on that day1 moved that ,o',connell should be heard at the bar--a motion which was carried4 ,accordingly1 he advanced to the bar1 attended by ,pierce ,mahony--the whole house regarding him with the most intense interest4 ,he addressed the house in a long and elaborate speech1 in which he clearly demonstrated his right4 ,his courteous manner and temperate address conciliated1 in some degree1 the good opinion of the members4 ,he exhibited that flexibility of mind1 that power of accommodating himself to his auditory1 which formed his most remarkable attribute4 ,when he concluded1 the question was taken up by the lawyers1 who endeavored to explain the meaning of the new act to the very men who had passed it4 ,as the aristocracy had previously determined that ,o',connell should not sit1 the members of the lower house1 who always do their bidding1 rejected ,o',connell's claim4 ,retiring with ,pierce ,mahony by his side1 ,o',connell endeavored to recover the seat which he had occupied previously to his appearance at the table4 ,but to his surprise1 he found two gentlemen in possession of it4 ,they were ,frenchmen1 but spoke ,english like natives4 ,one of these men afterwards reigned in ,france as ,louis ,philippe4 ,the other was his son1 the ,duke of ,orleans4 ,the following day1 ,o',connell appeared for the third time at the bar of the ,house4 ,he was told by the speaker that unless he took the oath of supremacy1 the ,house would not permit him to take his seat4 ',are you willing to take the oath of supremacy8' asked the speaker4 ',allow me to look at it1' replied ,o',connell4 ,the oath was handed to ,o',connell1 and he looked at it in silence for a few seconds2 then raising his head1 he said3 ',in this oath ,i see one assertion as to a matter of fact1 which ,i know to be untrue4 ,i see a second assertion as to a matter of opinion1 which ,i believe to be untrue4 ,i therefore refuse to take this oath4' ,a writ was immediately issued for a new election4 ,he was again triumphantly elected for ,clare1 and from thenceforth till his death occupied a seat in the ,house1 representing at various times different constituencies4 ,of his conduct as member of ,parliament1 however his contemporaries might have differed in opinion1 either through partiality or prejudice1 posterity will do him the justice of according to him a wonderful versatility of talent1 a conscientious desire to forward the interests of his country1 an unswerving courage and dignity in meeting the taunts and sneers of ,tory and ,whig alike against his compatriots--a process of reasoning then much in vogue among ,english politicians4 ,from ,peel1 ,russell1 ,disraeli1 and ,sipthorpe downwards1 no man1 among the seven hundred or so that are supposed to represent the commons of ,great ,britain and ,ireland1 ever dared to raise their crest against ,catholics or ,irishmen1 but1 swifter than the flight of a falcon on a heron1 the ,liberator pounced upon him1 and1 metaphorically1 tore him to pieces4 ,in the debates on the ,reform ,bill1 the ,poor ,law ,act1 and the tithe question1 he was generally found on the side of popular rights and free government2 and if1 as has been charged1 he sometimes leaned towards the ,whigs1 it was because he accepted their measures as the lesser evils4 ,,footnotes3 #gf ,a ,life and ,times of ,daniel ,o',connell1 with ,sketches of his ,contemporaries1 etc4 #b vols4 ,dublin3 ,john ,mullany4 #ahfg4 #gg ,life and ,speeches of ,daniel ,o',connell1 ,m4,p4 ,new ,york3 ,j4 ,a4 ,mc,gee4 #ahgb4 #gh ,life and ,times of ,daniel ,o',connell4 7,anonymous47 ,dublin4 #ahfg4 ,,the ,,priest4 ,and the people were waiting for ,zachary4--,s4 ,,luke i4 #ba4 ,as morning breaks1 or evening shadows steal1 ,duties and thoughts throng round the marble stair1 ,waiting for ,him who burneth incense there1 ,till ,he shall send to bless them as they kneel4 ,greater than ,aaron is the mighty ,priest ,who in that radiant shrine for ever dwells2 ,brighter the stones that stud ,his glowing vest1 ,and ravishing the music of ,his bells ,that tinkle as ,he moves4 ,the golden air ,is filled with notes of joy that dance and run ,through every court1 and make the temple one4 --,the lamps are lit2 'tis past the hour of prayer1 ,and through the windows is their lustre thrown-- ,deep in the holy place the ,priest doth watch alone4 --,faber4 ,,grapes ,,and ,,thorns4 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,yorke4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,marriage ,,bells4 ,that green and sequestered domain which ,mr4 ,schninger had looked at across the water-lilies and peopled with his fancies1 which1 indeed1 he had visited1 and was perfectly familiar with1 was not so far out of the world as it appeared4 ,it was in a great triangle made by three railroads1 and there was a station-house a mile back from the pond by which the tenants of the cottage held easy communication with the two cities near4 ,still1 the place was not very accessible from without2 for this mile of country road had been made by simply driving over pasture and field1 and through alder-woods1 till a track was visible1 and then continuing to drive in the same track4 ,after coming through the alder-swamp1 the road became two yellow-brown lines across the greensward1 and ended in a grove that completely hid the barn built in it4 ,between these two yellow-brown lines1 at regular distances1 were yellow-brown spots1 showing where the horse had stepped4 ,dobbin appeared to always step precisely in his own tracks4 ,it was seldom that any one drove over this road except old ,mr4 ,grey1 whose horse and wagon were1 after their kind1 quite as old as himself4 ,mrs4 ,macon1 zealously collecting useful articles for the new convent1 had driven there in her light phaeton1 and spent two hours rummaging the attics with ,mrs4 ,grey1 and talking over the relics they found2 that is1 ,mrs4 ,grey explained1 and her visitor listened4 ,she had gone away with bundles piled up to her chin4 ,one afternoon late in ,august1 ,mr4 ,grey harnessed ,dobbin to the wagon--tackled ,dobbin1 he would have said--and started for the railroad station4 ,he had almost reached the alders1 which seemed to bar the way1 when he drew the reins and listened4 ,if it had been ,mrs4 ,grey1 instead of her husband1 she would have driven straight on1 for she was perfectly deaf4 ,these alders leaned over1 and1 in summer1 completely hid the road1 and whatever went through there had to breast a tide of leaves4 ,it had never occurred to ,mr4 ,grey to cut the twigs away1 nor1 apparently1 had it occurred to ,dobbin to fret against them4 ,they jogged on uncomplainingly1 never in a hurry1 and lived and let live4 ,mr4 ,grey's philosophy was that every person in the world is appointed to do just so much1 and that1 as soon as his work is accomplished1 he dies4 ,he preferred to do his part in a leisurely manner1 and live the longer4 ,the sound he listened to was a faint noise of wheels and hoofs1 in1 or beyond1 the alders4 ,for two carriages to meet in that place would be a predicament more perplexing than that of the two unwise men and the two wise goats on the narrow bridge we have all read of2 because here neither could turn back1 nor walk over the other1 and if one should be killed1 still that would not clear the track4 ,so the driver waited1 his mouth slightly open1 to hear the better1 and the lash of his old-fashioned whip hanging motionless over his shoulder4 ,the old white horse dropped his nose1 and went to sleep1 and the creaking and rattling wagon looked as if it had made its final stand1 and meant to go to pieces where it was4 ,there was just sound enough to show how still it was4 ,some wild creature under a rude cage on the lawn snarled lowly to itself1 there was the swift rustle of a bird's wings through the air1 and the roll of a train of cars lessened to a bee's hum by distance4 ,the pond was glassy1 the rails shone hot beyond it2 farther still the sultry woods heaved their billows of light and shade2 and1 farthest of all1 over a little scooped-out valley1 a single mountain stood on the horizon4 ,there was1 indeed1 a carriage among the alders1 but by no means such an equipage as that which awaited it4 ,it was like a fairy coach in comparison1 with a glitter of varnish and metal1 and snowy-white lining that shone like satin1 and beautiful horses that pranced from side to side as they felt the soft1 brushing leaves and twigs against their dainty coats1 and pushing into their very eyes4 ,the mice on the box wore glossy hats1 and appeared to be very much disgusted with this trap into which they had fallen4 ,to the birds overhead the whole must have looked like something swimming in a sea of green leaves4 ,the fairies in the coach were not fully visible from any point1 but a clear voice rose presently from the submerged cushions4 ,there's a sufficient road underneath1 ,john1 it said4 ,drive where you see the alder-tops lowest4 ,there are no roots1 if you keep the way4 ,it is only overleaning branches4 ,in a few minutes they emerged1 and drew up beside the wagon4 ,its occupant did not make the slightest reply to the bright salutation of the two ladies4 ,it was not his custom to salute any one4 ,he merely waited to see what would be said4 ,o ,mr4 ,grey6 says ,annette1 if ,i had a pair of strong shears1 ,i would cut a peep-hole1 at least1 through that jungle4 ,did you get my letter8 ,he nodded1 with a short ,yes1 looking with calm scrutiny at the two young women4 ,well8 continued ,miss ,ferrier4 ,elizabeth is out on the pond1 he said2 but the old woman will blow the horn for her4 ,she'll show you the flowers2 and you can have 'em all4 ,i can put them aboard of any train you settle on4 ,there was a moment of silence2 for ,mr4 ,grey had condensed the whole business into a few words1 and there was really no more to say4 ,annette had written him to save all his flowers for her wedding1 and this was his answer4 ,are you going away8 she asked1 rather needlessly4 ,i'm going to meet the next up-train1 he answered1 and began to tug at his reins1 and chirrup at ,dobbin4 ,they left him making great efforts to get under way again1 and drove noiselessly on4 ,what a peculiarly condensed sort of man he is in his speech6 remarked ,miss ,pembroke4 ,condensed6 exclaimed the other4 ,his talk reminds me of some one whose head and limbs have been cut off4 ,it takes me by surprise1 and leaves me astonished4 ,i always feel as if something ought to be done4 ,so one carriage creaked into the alders1 and the other sparkled up to the house door4 ,this door stood open1 and within it sat an old woman1 her hands folded in her lap1 her eyes looking out over the water4 ,she had a placid face1 and looked refined4 ,a sweet1 faint smile greeted her visitors1 and her voice was sweet1 and was very low1 as the voices of some deaf persons are4 ,elizabeth has gone out on the water1 she said4 ,i will call her4 ,don't rise6 exclaimed ,annette quickly1 preventing her4 ,i'll get the horn for you4 ,i know where everything is here4 ,the old lady understood the action1 though she had not heard the words1 and sank back into her seat again4 ,she feels for everybody's pain1 she said gratefully1 speaking to herself4 ,annette tripped lightly across the sunny1 silent room1 and took down from a nail beside the chimney a large ox-horn suspended there4 ,with simple politeness1 the old lady obeyed her visitor's wish1 and did not rise even when the horn was placed in her hand4 ,she merely leaned forward1 and1 placing it to her lips1 blew a loud and prolonged blast that sounded far over water and forest4 ,that will bring her1 she said1 and gave back the rustic instrument for ,annette to return to its place4 ,the two then strolled down to the water-side to wait for the lady of the lake4 ,they seated themselves on a mossy rock close to the water1 under the shade of the only tree left there4 ,it was an old pine-tree1 of which the main part was decayed1 but one strong branch made a shade over them1 and held firmly all its dark-green fasces in token of a sovereignty it would not abdicate while life remained4 ,beside the rock1 in the warm sunshine1 stood a group of ,japan lilies4 ,i don't like them1 ,annette said4 ,they are beautiful in their way1 but they look cruel and detestable4 ,they seem to me like a large pink and white woman who poisons people4 ,my dear1 said ,miss ,pembroke1 as she bent her head over the flowers1 it would be well if you could contrive to shut the battery of those nerves of yours once in a while4 ,it might be well if ,i could be changed into one like you1 ,annette responded2 but immediately corrected herself4 ,no6 ,and ,i do not believe that the most unfortunate and discontented person in the world would be willing to change his individuality with another4 ,it is only his circumstances he would change1 and be still himself1 but at his best4 ,perhaps that is what will keep us contented in heaven1 though we may see others far above us3 each will be himself in perfection1 with all the good in possession that he is capable of holding1 and will see that he cannot be different without being some one else4 ,perhaps1 said ,honora dreamily4 ,it may be that she felt unconsciously a little of that superiority which the calm assume over the troubled1 though the calm may be of the pool1 and the trouble of the ocean1 or both a mere question of temperament4 ,she leaned over the lily1 and examined the red clots on its petals2 how they rose higher1 and strained upward toward the centre1 till by their passionate stress they drew up the milky flower substance into a stem to support them2 as though they would reach the slender filaments that towered aloft over their heads4 ,two or three tiniest red spiders were picnicking on the fragrant white ground among these stems1 and did not seem to even suspect the presence of a large black spider1 with extravagantly long legs1 which walked directly over the flower and them in two or three sextuple strides4 ,the petal they stand on must seem to them a soft and snowy-white moss1 drawled ,miss ,pembroke1 half asleep with the heat and the silence4 ,i should think the perfume of it would be too strong for their little noses4 ,perhaps the particles of fragrance are too large for their little noses4 ,or1 perhaps1 they have no noses1 responded ,miss ,ferrier1 gravely4 ,a faint1 responsive murmur of assent from the other4 ,annette tossed twigs into the water1 and watched the dimples they made1 and which way they floated4 ,that is a wild fox up under that cage1 she said4 ,it is cruel to keep it there4 ,i shall free it when we go back4 ,perhaps ,mr4 ,grey is going to stuff its skin1 and may not like to lose it1 ,honora answered1 having finished her examination of the lily4 ,i have heard that he is quite a naturalist1 and has specimens of every animal1 and insect1 and plant about4 ,annette tossed a pebble this time with energy4 ,i hate naturalists1 she remarked4 ,i always fancy that they have bugs in their pockets4 ,bugs in their pockets6 ,that would be uncomfortable1 was the placid comment4 ,for the bugs1 yes6 said ,annette2 then1 after a moment1 added1 ,whenever it is a question of tormenting what ,lord ,erskine called the 'mute creation1' ,i am always for the plaintiff4 ,who is to be profited by knowing about bugs and beetles8 ,it is a contemptible science1 and1 ,i repeat1 a cruel one4 ,i never can like a woman or a man whom ,i have once seen sticking pins through beetles1 and butterflies1 and bats2 and ,i would as lief have a human skull for an ornament in a room as a stuffed skin of anything4 ,i shall set that fox free this instant4 ,i observed it as ,i came past1 and it looked like a person going crazy4 ,its eyes were like fire and there was froth round its teeth4 ,miss ,pembroke looked up in alarm1 for ,annette had risen4 ,do be careful6 she said4 ,his bite would kill you4 ,don't you remember that ,duke of ,richmond who was bitten by a fox1 in ,canada1 and died of hydrophobia a day to two afterwards8 ,he was playing with it1 and it snapped at his hand4 ,i'm not going to play with it1 but to free it1 said ,annette1 and walked rapidly across the green4 ,i've found one fault in ,honora1 she muttered4 ,she is sweet and good to a certain length1 but her sympathies are circumscribed4 ,the cage of strong withes was securely fastened to the ground with wooden pins1 and the door was tied with a slender chain4 ,the fox was furthermore secured by a rope which held one of his legs4 ,he faced about and glared at his liberator1 while1 from the outside1 she cut the rope with her pocket-knife4 ,his eyes were like balls of fire1 but he did not snap at her4 ,he did not trust her1 but he had perhaps a doubt that she meant him well4 ,the leg free1 ,annette slipped the knob of the chain1 and opened the door4 ,in honor of the ,creator of men and beasts1 and ,s4 ,francis of ,assisi1 go free now and for ever1 she said4 ,the creature stood motionless one instant1 then1 with the rush and speed of an arrow1 it shot through the opening1 flew across the green1 and leaped into the water1 that hissed as though a red-hot coal had been dropped into it4 ,annette ran1 laughing and full of excitement1 back to the rock1 and watched the swimmer4 ,only his nose and long tail showing1 he made fiercely for the shore1 his whole being concentrated in the one longing for freedom4 ,if he should run into a cage on the other side1 ,i believe his heart would burst with the disappointment1 ,annette said1 standing up to watch him4 ,bravo6 ,there he is1 my dear brother1 the fox4 ,he leaped up the farther shore and over the track1 and rushed headlong into the broad1 free woods4 ,won't he have a story to tell6 said ,annette1 seating herself2 that is1 if he ever stops running4 ,you may depend on it1 ,honora1 ,i shall be a great heroine among the foxes2 and as years go by1 and the story is passed down from generation to generation1 ,i shall undergo a change in the picture4 ,my hair will grow to be golden1 with stars in it1 and my eyes will be radiant1 and they will put wings on me1 and ,i shall be an angel4 ,that's the way the myths and marvels were made4 ,but how they will get over my sawing off the rope with a dull pen-knife is more than ,i can tell4 ,the spirit will be true1 dear1 if not the letter1 ,honora answered1 smiling4 ,what signifies a little inaccuracy in the material part8 ,that will be turned to dust before the story reaches the winged period4 ,miss ,ferrier had something on her mind which she shrank a little from speaking of1 but presently mentioned in that careless manner we assume when we care more than we like to own3 ,i've been wondering lately whether it would be silly in me to have my genealogy looked up4 ,it seems a little top-heavy to have one's family tree all leaves and no roots1 though mine is not so in reality4 ,my father and mother were both very poor and ignorant when ,i was born2 but my great-grandfather was a ,french gentleman4 ,he became poor in some way1 and had no idea how to do anything for himself4 ,i dare say he was very weak1 but he was immensely genteel4 ,he and his sons lived in a tumble-down old stone house somewhere near ,quebec1 and ate oatmeal porridge out of painted china bowls1 with heavy spoons that had a crest on them4 ,there they moaned away their existence in a state of resigned surprise at their circumstances1 and of expectation that the riches that had taken to themselves wings would fly back again4 ,there was one desperate one in the family1 and he was my grandfather4 ,he grew tired of shabby gentility1 and set out to work4 ,the others cast him off2 and ,i suppose he wasn't very energetic1 or very lucky1 for he went down4 ,he married a wife from the working class1 and they had no end of children1 who all died sooner or later1 except my father4 ,my grandfather died1 too--was glad to get himself out of sight of the sun2 and my poor father--,god be merciful to him6--stumbled on through life in the same dazed way4 ,all he inherited was the dull astonishment of that old ,frenchman who could never be made to realize that riches would not some day come back as they had gone4 ,of course--,annette shrugged her shoulders1 and laughed slightly--it would be necessary to drop some of the later details4 ,that is the way people do4 ,build a bridge over the chasm into the shining part4 ,miss ,pembroke1 what do you think of my unearthing my great-grandfather1 and setting him up in my parlors for people to admire8 ,wouldn't it be more interesting than a stuffed fox8 ,i am of his ancestry--her laughter died out in a flash of pride4 ,if they had any fire worthy their blood1 ,i have it4 ,some spark was held in abeyance1 and ,i have caught it4 ,i would like to go back and search out my kindred4 ,well6 do you think me vulgar8 ,honora looked at her earnestly4 ,no1 ,annette2 but you are condescending too much4 ,you are coming nearer to vulgarity than ,i ever knew you to before4 ,lineage is something1 is much1 and those who can look back on a noble and stainless ancestry are fortunate1 if they are worthy of it4 ,i do not wonder that they are pleased to remember their forefathers4 ,but character is more1 and does not need ancestry4 ,it is sufficient to itself4 ,what1 after all1 is the real advantage of belonging to a high family8 ,it is that one is supposed to inherit from it high qualities4 ,if one has the qualities without the family1 it is far higher4 ,it is the kind of character that founds great families--that natural1 newly-given loftiness4 ,i should be sorry if you allowed yourself to take a step in this matter1 ,annette4 ,you can easily say all that1 ,annette replied1 half pleased and half bitter4 ,you have a past that you can look to with pride4 ,with pride6 echoed the other4 ,i do not understand you4 ,if you mean ,mrs4 ,carpenter1 ,i certainly like to think of her2 but her qualities were entirely personal4 ,i have nothing to be ashamed of in my family1 and ,i am thankful for that2 but1 also1 ,i am not aware that there is anything to be proud of4 ,it is a merely negative feeling4 ,but1 ,annette said1 your people have always been well off1 and some were very rich1 and they were educated4 ,and you think me capable of pluming myself on that--of being proud of an ancestry of prosperous traders and merchants who were passably educated6 ,honora flushed1 and drew herself up involuntarily1 with an awakening of that invincible personal haughtiness which is more soaring than any mere royalty of blood4 ,i never give it a thought1 except in a negative way4 ,they merely did what decent people with ordinary sense and capacity are obliged to do4 ,no1 ,annette1 don't fancy that ,i can walk on such small stilts4 ,if it were an old historical name1 now1 one that painters had illustrated and poets sung1 that would be fine4 ,if there had been great warriors and mighty rulers1 there would be a chance for pride to come in4 ,or1 better1 if it were some hero or benefactor to the race1 whom ,i could look back to2 or if it were a poet4 ,i always fancy some grace surrounds the children of a poet4 ,they may not sing1 they may be personally commonplace2 but1 like the broken vase1 ',the scent of the roses will hang round them still4' ,i think you must be descended from a poet1 ,annette said1 smiling4 ,and so1 child1 concluded ,honora1 laying her hand on her companion's arm1 don't condescend to go into the past for some reason why you should be respected2 find it in yourself4 ,i think it right to tell you now what might otherwise sound like flattery4 ,i1 and many better judges than ,i1 think you uncommon and admirable4 ,you have made little mistakes--as who has not8--but they were never mean ones4 ,don't be led into pettiness now4 ,annette blushed4 ,what set me talking of ancestry8 she exclaimed4 ,it's a dusty subject1 not fit for this fresh1 clear place4 ,it belongs to the town4 ,how quiet and lovely it is here6 ,i would like to come often4 ,in the city1 ,i can't hear myself think4 ,they sat a while without saying anything1 and looked over the water4 ,a shower was travelling across the distant mountain1 trailing in a dim silver mist from sky to earth4 ,it sailed nearer1 so that drops from the edge of it dimpled the pond not far away4 ,a boat came toward them1 propelled by a pair of strong arms4 ,elizabeth had heard her grandmother's summons1 and was coming home4 ,her little boat was piled full of boughs of the wild cherry4 ,strings of its fruit1 like strung garnets1 glowed through the green leaves4 ,with this was a tangled mass of clematis4 ,she had hung a long spray of the vine over her head and neck1 and its silvery-green blossoms glistened in the loose rings of her short1 black hair1 which it pushed over her forehead1 and almost into the laughing eyes beneath4 ,through this vine1 and the blouse that covered but did not hide them1 the working of her supple shoulders could be seen4 ,her smooth1 oval face was deeply flushed with health1 exercise1 and warmth4 ,she was perfectly business-like in her manner1 and attended strictly to what she was doing4 ,even in passing before the young ladies1 and looking directly in their faces1 though her lips parted in a smile1 she made no other sign of recognition4 ,she brought her boat round in a smooth circle1 not without pride1 apparently1 in displaying her skill1 pushed it into a tiny cove1 where the long1 trailing grass brushed both sides1 sprang lightly ashore1 and tied it to the mooring-ring4 ,then she made her half-embarrassed salutation1 and stood wiping away the perspiration that lay in large drops on her forehead1 and in little beads around her mouth4 ,if these three young women had been changed into flowers1 the rower would have been a peony1 ,honora a lily1 and ,annette--but there is no flower complex and generous enough to be her representative4 ,be her symbol1 rather1 the familiar one of the orb just rounding into shape out of chaos4 ,she was less well balanced than ,honora1 merely because there was so much more to balance4 ,her freak of searching out an ancestry would never have been acted on1 even if her friend had approved it4 ,it was one of those thoughts which need only to be put into words in order to be dismissed4 ,annette had rid herself of a good many foolish notions in this way1 and had been growing wiser than her critics by the very acts which they took as proofs of her weakness4 ,miss ,pembroke had discovered this1 for she looked lovingly4 ,others were astonished to find themselves awed to-day where they had mocked but yesterday1 and professed that they knew ,annette ,ferrier only to be puzzled by her4 ,it sometimes happens to people that illusory thoughts and feelings1 which1 pent in the mind1 have an appearance of reality1 and even of force1 perish in expressing themselves1 as the cloud breaks in thunder4 ,there was another difference between these two3 ,annette had one of those souls that are born nailed to their cross4 ,it is usual with hasty and superficial judges1 people who1 as ,liszt says1 desire to promulgate laws in spheres to which nature has denied them entrance1 to show what they fancy is a good-natured contempt for these discontented beings who cannot accommodate themselves to life as it is4 ,they mention them with an indulgent smile1 and seem to take pleasure in wounding still further these sensitive souls1 not aware how clearly they display their own presumptuous selfishness4 ,the ease with which they content themselves with inferior aims and pleasures1 they dignify by the name of philosophy and good sense2 and they presume to censure those who1 tormented by a vision of perfection1 and feeling within themselves the premature stirring of powers that can be employed only in a higher state of existence1 seem so imperfect only because to be perfect they must be superhumanly great4 ,there are two ways in which this divine discontent may be silenced3 the soul may degrade itself1 and treat its ideals as visionary2 or it may find rest in ,god4 ,but no ordinary piety suffices2 only a saintly holiness1 flowing in and around the troubled soul like a sunny and peaceful sea1 can lift and bear it smoothly on to that land where nothing sacred is mocked at1 and the smiles are awakened by no sight of another's pain4 ,annette ,ferrier had made this much progress1 that she had learned to rely on no one for a sympathy that would satisfy her1 and had owned to herself that her heart required other and nobler aims and motives than those which had occupied her4 ,she was half aware1 or would have been1 if the thought had not been rejected as treasonable1 that if she were not already engaged to ,lawrence ,gerald1 nothing would induce her to accept him as her future husband4 ,but she had accepted him1 and there was no longer room to doubt or to choose1 or even to think of doubting or choosing4 ,it lacked but a week to their wedding-day1 and she was making her last preparations4 ,what was worth doing at all was worth doing well1 she thought1 and resolved to make the occasion a festival one4 ,the three walked up the green together1 ,elizabeth between the two young ladies4 ,miss ,pembroke stepped quite independently1 her hands folded lightly together2 ,annette held by the end of the clematis wreath that still hung over the young girl's shoulders1 and looked at her with a caressing smile4 ,did you buy the little writing-case we were speaking of when ,i was here last8 she asked4 ,well1 not exactly1 was the hesitating answer4 ,not exactly6 ,that means that you have engaged it1 or got one that does not suit1 and must be exchanged4 ,miss ,ferrier had dropped the wreath1 and was engaged in gathering up the cloud of pale blue muslin that flowed around and behind her1 and did not observe the smile on the girl's face4 ,no1 said ,elizabeth1 gathering courage from her visitor's kindness4 ,you see1 when ,i sat down and looked at the half-eagle you gave me1 ,i thought it seemed a pity to go right off and spend it for a writing-case4 ,i could have that1 if ,i wanted to1 so ,i didn't feel quite so anxious about it2 and there were other things ,i wanted just as much4 ,it would be nice to have a little clock in my room1 and five dollars would buy one4 ,so since ,i could have that1 too1 ,i felt easier about not having it4 ,then1 ,i would like a larger looking-glass4 ,well1 ,i kind of thought ,i had it1 since ,i could buy it if ,i would4 ,and ,i could get any one of the half a dozen other things ,i wanted1 making about ten in all4 ,but when ,i knew that ,i could have either whenever ,i chose1 ,i didn't feel in a hurry to get anything2 and ,i was so sure of each one that it seemed to me as if ,i had them all4 ,so ,i just kept the five dollars2 and while ,i keep it1 it is as good as fifty to me4 ,when ,i spend it1 it will be only five dollars1 and ,i shall want nine things dreadfully1 and be sorry ,i hadn't bought one of them instead of what ,i did get4 ,annette dropped her gathered-up skirts from her hands to throw her arms around the young rustic's neck1 and kiss her astonished face4 ,you dear little soul6 she cried1 in an ecstasy1 how quickly you have found it out6 ,elizabeth blushed immensely1 for she was not used to being kissed4 ,found out what8 she asked4 ,why1 that nothing in the world is very desirable except what you can't get4 ,oh6 ,the girl tossed her head back1 and laughed ringingly4 ,i found that out as long ago as ,i used to cry for mince-pie to eat1 and then cry with stomach-ache after ,i had eaten it4 ,grandfather used to tell me then that if there is anything in the world that we want so much we cry to get it1 it will be sure to make us cry still more after we have it4 ,i never forgot that4 ,grandfather knows a great deal about everything1 she concluded1 with an air of conviction4 ,did you ever see a creature learn so easily8 ,annette said to ,honora4 ,she begins life with all the wisdom of experience4 ,honora sighed as she answered1 ,she reminds me of something dear ,mother ,chevreuse said the last time she came to see me3 ',nothing is worth working for but bread and heaven4' ,they had reached ,mr4 ,grey's floral treasure-house by this time1 and the flowers absorbed their attention4 ,bushels of asters6 exclaimed ,annette1 pausing outside the door1 and glancing along the garden-beds4 ,and they are almost as handsome as roses4 ,those will do for the balconies and out-of-the-way places4 ,and1 ,elizabeth1 ,i want you to cherish every pansy as if it were a jewel4 ,i don't care about the piebald ones1 but the pure purple or pure gold are quite the thing4 ,and now1 ,honora1 step in here1 and own that you never before saw fuchsias4 ,you remember ,edgar ,poe's hill of tulips sloping to the water1 like a cataract of gems flowing down from the sky8 ,that ,poetical creature6 ,well1 here's a ,niagara of lady's ear-drops4 ,when at length they had started1 and were driving down to their alder-bath again1 ,honora leaned out of the carriage1 and looked back4 ,what a lovely place this would be to spend a honeymoon in6 she said softly1 as if to herself4 ,which1 yours or mine8 asked ,annette4 ,honora blushed4 ,i was thinking of honeymoons in the abstract1 she replied4 ,elizabeth stood on the lawn1 and looked after the carriage as long as it was in sight2 and when it was no longer in sight1 she still gazed at the green wall that had closed up behind it4 ,perhaps she was thinking what a fine thing it must be to drive in a pretty carriage1 and have gauzy dresses trailing away behind one like clouds2 or may be she was recollecting what they had said to her1 and how that delicate1 airy lady had kissed her on the cheek1 and laughed with tears in her eyes4 ,while she gazed1 deeply occupied with whatever dream or thought she was entertaining1 the alders parted again1 and a man appeared1 hesitating whether to come forward1 yet looking at her as if he wished to speak4 ,elizabeth did not much like his looks1 but she advanced a step to see what he wanted4 ,no harm had ever come to her there1 and she had no thought of fear4 ,besides1 she would have considered herself perfectly well able to put this person to flight2 for his slim1 little figure and mean face were by no means calculated to inspire either fear or respect4 ,encouraged by her advance1 the man came forward to meet her4 ,my grandfather will soon be home1 if you want him1 she said directly1 holding aloof4 ,the stranger did not want to see him2 he merely wished to ask some questions about the place which she could answer4 ,they were very trivial questions1 but she answered them1 keeping her eyes fixed intently on him4 ,he wanted to know what they raised there2 if it was very cold in winter2 if it was very hot in summer2 if they had many visitors there2 if she was much acquainted in ,crichton2 if she had a piano2 if she could play2 if she knew any good music-teacher4 ,and perhaps she had seen ,mr4 ,schninger8 ,no1 she had not seen him4 ,oh6 perhaps you have met him without knowing1 the man said with animation1 in spite of an assumed carelessness4 ,seems to me ,i saw him come here this summer4 ,don't you remember a man whose buggy broke down beyond there1 and he came here for a rope8 ,the girl's eyes brightened4 ,oh6 is that a music-teacher8 she asked4 ,his voice sounds like it1 or like what a music-teacher's ought to be4 ,yes1 ,i remember him4 ,he got on to the wrong road driving up to ,crichton1 turned off here instead of going straight on1 and something broke4 ,i gave him a rope1 and he went away4 ,let me see2 there was somebody else here at the same time1 wasn't there8 he asked1 with an air of trying to recollect4 ,wasn't there a woman here getting things for the new convent8 ,the disagreeable eagerness in her questioner's eyes chilled the girl2 but there seemed no reason why she should not answer so insignificant a question4 ,she did so reluctantly4 ,yes1 ,mrs4 ,macon was here4 ,and her carriage was standing at the door8 he added1 nodding4 ,seems to me you're very much interested in our visitors1 said ,elizabeth abruptly1 drawing herself up a little4 ,the man laughed4 ,why1 yes1 in these two4 ,but ,i won't ask you much more4 ,only tell me one thing4 ,did you see this ,mr4 ,schninger come up to the door1 and go away from it8 ,i saw him come up1 ,i didn't see him go away1 she said4 ,the truth was that ,miss ,elizabeth had admired this stranger exceedingly1 but had not wished him to suspect it4 ,so instead of frankly looking after him as he went out1 she had turned away1 with an air of immense indifference1 then rushed to the window to look when she thought him at a safe distance4 ,then you didn't see him when he passed by the phaeton that stood at the step8 pursued the questioner4 ,she shook her head1 and pursed her lip out impatiently4 ,he had a shawl over his arm when he came4 ,did you notice whether he had it when you saw him going away8 was the next question4 ,i don't know anything about it1 she said shortly2 but recollected even in speaking that she had said to herself as she watched the strange gentleman going1 ,how does he hold his shawl so that ,i can't see it8 ,now1 one more question1 and ,i have done1 the stranger said4 ,his weak1 shuffling manner had quite disappeared1 and he was keen and business-like4 ,was there anybody else about the house who saw this man8 ,yes2 grandfather was in the garden2 but he didn't come near him4 ,what part of the garden8 ,in sight of the door8 ,i won't tell you another word6 she exclaimed1 turning away4 ,and ,i think you'd better go4 ,when she glanced back again1 the man had disappeared4 ,she felt uneasy and regretful4 ,something was going on which she did not understand1 and it seemed to her that she had done harm in answering those questions4 ,i wish ,i had gone into the house when ,i saw the prying creature1 she said to herself2 or ,i wish ,i had held my tongue4 ,he's got what he came for1 ,i can see that4 ,he had got what he came for1 or very nearly4 ,shall ,i waylay the old man1 and question him8 he thought2 and concluded not to4 ,if he knows anything1 he will tell it at the proper time4 ,the green boughs brushed him with their tender leaves1 as if they would have brushed away some cobwebs from his sight1 and opened his eyes to the peace and charity of the woods2 but he was too much absorbed in one ignoble pursuit to be accessible to gentler influences4 ,what he sought was not to uphold the law2 what he felt was not that charity to the many which sometimes makes severity to the few a necessity4 ,his object was money1 and charity lay dead in his heart with a coin over each eye4 ,that evening ,miss ,ferrier and ,lawrence ,gerald talked over their matrimonial affairs quite freely1 and in the most business-like manner in the world4 ,they discussed the ceremony1 the guests1 the breakfast1 and the toilette1 and ,annette displayed her lace dress4 ,it is frightfully costly1 she owned2 but ,i had a purpose in making it so4 ,i shall never wear it but once1 and some day or other it will go to trim a priest's surplice4 ,you see1 ,i ordered the pattern to that end1 as nearly as ,i could get it1 and not have it made for me4 ,there was no time for that4 ,the ferns are neutral2 but the wheat is perfect1 you see1 and that vine is quite like a grape-vine4 ,i shall wear a tulle veil4 ,she threw the cloud of misty lace over her head4 ,why1 ,annette1 it makes you look lovely6 ,lawrence exclaimed4 ,i am glad you think so1 she responded dryly1 and took it off again4 ,lawrence was seated on a tabouret in ,annette's own sitting-room1 which no one else was allowed to enter during these last days of her maiden life4 ,it had been newly furnished after her own improved taste1 and the luxury and elegance of everything pleased him4 ,he was still more pleased to see her so well in harmony with it4 ,he was beginning to find her interesting1 especially as he found her indifferent and a little commanding toward him4 ,and now1 ,lawrence1 she said1 folding carefully the beautiful ,alenon flounce1 you have some little preparation to make4 ,you know you must be reconciled to the church4 ,i have nothing against the church1 he said coolly4 ,the church has something against you1 and it is a serious matter1 she urged1 refusing to smile4 ,you haven't been to confession for--how many years8 ,not a few1 certainly4 ,no priest will marry us till you go4 ,i suppose a minister wouldn't do8 remarked the young man1 with the greatest hardihood1 seeming mildly doubtful about the question4 ,now1 ,lawrence1 don't talk nonsense1 ,annette begged4 ,when one is going to be married1 one feels a little sober4 ,that's a fact6 he assented1 with rather ungallant emphasis4 ,she colored faintly4 ,her gentle earnestness might have touched one less careless4 ,it is beginning a new life1 she said2 and if it were not well begun1 ,i'm afraid we should not be happy4 ,the young man straightened himself up1 and gave his moustache an energetic twist with both hands--a way he had when impatient4 ,well1 anything but a lecture1 ,ninon1 he exclaimed4 ,i'll think the matter over1 and see if ,i can rake up any transgressions4 ,i dare say there are plenty4 ,you will speak to ,f4 ,chevreuse about it8 she asked eagerly4 ,he nodded4 ,and now sing me something1 he said4 ,i haven't heard you sing for an age4 ,is there anything new8 ,she seated herself at the exquisite little piano1 well pleased to be asked4 ,here was one way in which she could delight him1 for he grew more and more fond of her singing4 ,annette's was a graceful figure at the piano1 and she had the gift of looking pretty while singing4 ,her delicate and expressive face reflected every light and shade in the songs she sang1 and the music flowed from her lips with as little effort as a song from a bird4 ,here is ',the ,sea's ,answer1' she said4 ,lawrence settled himself into a high-backed chair4 ,well1 let us hear what the sea answered4 ,only it might be more intelligible if one first knew what the question was1 and who the questioner1 and why he didn't ask somebody else4 ,there6 go on4 ,annette sang3 ,o ,sea6 she said1 ,i trust you2 ,the land has slipped away2 ,myself and all my fortunes ,i give to you to-day4 ,break off the foamy cable ,that holds me to the shore2 ,for my path is to the eastward1 ,i can return no more4 ,but ever while it stretches-- ,that pale and shining thread-- ,it pulls upon my heart-strings ,till ,i wish that ,i were dead4 ,then the sea it sent its ripples ,as fast as they could run4 ,and they caught the bubbles of the wake1 ,and broke them one by one2 ,and they tossed the froth in bunches ,away to left and right1 ,till of all that foamy cable ,but a fragment lay in sight4 ,and on the circling waters ,no clue was left to trace ,where the land beyond invisibly ,held its abiding-place4 ,but1 oh6 she cried1 it follows-- ,that ghostly1 wavering line-- ,like the floating of a garment ,drenched in the chilly brine4 ,it clings unto the rudder ,like a drowning1 snowy hand2 ,and while it clings1 my exiled heart ,strains backward to the land4 ,then the sea rolled in its billows4 ,it rolled them to and fro2 ,and the floating robe sank out of sight1 ,and the drowning hand let go4 ,o ,sea6 she said1 ,i trust you6 ,now tell me1 true and bold1 ,if the new life ,i am seeking ,will be brighter than the old4 ,i am stifling for an orbit ,of a wider-sweeping ring2 ,and there's laughter in me somewhere1 ,and ,i have songs to sing4 ,but life has held me like a vise ,that never1 never slips2 ,and when my songs pressed upward1 ,it smote me on the lips4 ,and1 ,sea1 she sighed1 ,i'm weary ,of failure and of strife2 ,and ,i fain would rest for ever1 ,if this is all of life4 ,thy billows rock like mothers' arms ,where babes are hushed to rest2 ,and the sleepers thou dost take in charge ,are safe within thy breast4 ,then1 if the way be weary1 ,i have not strength to go2 ,and thy rocking bosom1 ,ocean1 ,is the tenderest ,i know4 ,then the sea rose high1 and shook her1 ,as she called upon its name1 ,till the life within her wavered1 ,and went out like a flame4 ,and stranger voices read the ,word1 ,and sang the parting hymn1 ,as they dropped her o'er the ship's side ,into the waters dim4 ,and the rocking ocean drew her down ,its silent ones among1 ,with all her laughters prisoned1 ,and all her songs unsung4 ,there was silence for a little while when the song ended2 then ,lawrence exclaimed1 with irritation1 ,what sets people out to write such things8 ,the whole world wants to be cheered and amused1 and yet some writers seem to take delight in making everything as gloomy as they are4 ,why can't people keep their blues to themselves8 ,the singer shrugged her shoulders4 ,you mistake1 ,i think4 ,i always fancy that melancholy writing proves a gay writer4 ,don't you know that school compositions are nearly always didactic and doleful8 ,when ,i was fifteen years old1 and as gay as a lark1 ,i used to write jeremiads at school1 and make myself and all the girls cry4 ,i enjoyed it4 ,when a subject is too sore1 you don't touch it1 and silence proves more than speech4 ,lawrence kept the promise he had made1 though he put its fulfilment off as long as possible4 ,the morning before his wedding-day he was at early ,mass1 and1 when ,mass was over1 went into ,f4 ,chevreuse's confessional4 ,it would seem that he had not succeeded in raking up many transgressions1 for ten minutes sufficed for the first confession he had made in fifteen years4 ,but when he came out1 his face was very pale1 and he lingered in the church long after every one else had left4 ,glancing in from the sacristy1 after his thanksgiving1 ,f4 ,chevreuse saw him prostrate before the altar1 with his lips pressed to the dusty step where many an humble communicant had knelt1 and heard him repeat lowly1 ,enter not into judgment with thy servant2 for no one living shall be justified in thy sight4 ,the priest looked at him a moment with fatherly love and satisfaction1 then softly withdrew4 ,the spiritual affairs of her future husband attended to1 toilet1 decoration1 ceremony1 reception1 all planned and arranged by one brain and one pair of hands1 ,annette had still to school and persuade her mother to a proper behavior4 ,she1 the daughter1 had conquered ,crichton4 ,they no longer laughed at nor criticised her1 and were in a fair way to go to the opposite extreme1 and regard her as an authority on all subjects4 ,for the ,crichtonians had the merit of believing that good can come out of ,nazareth1 and could become enthusiastic over what they conceived to be an original genius victoriously asserting its independence of a low origin and of discouraging circumstances4 ,but the mother was1 and ever would be to them1 a subject of quenchless mirth4 ,her sayings and doings1 and the mortification she inflicted on her daughter1 were an endless source of amusement to them4 ,now1 do keep quiet this once1 mamma1 ,annette begged pathetically4 ,you know ,i shall not be able to hover about and set people to rights when they quiz you4 ,you will have to take care of yourself4 ,don't trust anybody1 and don't quarrel with anybody4 ,for once the mother was disposed to yield entire obedience4 ,she had begun to assume that mournful face which1 according to ,thackeray1 all women seem to think appropriate at a wedding2 and there was far more danger of her being inarticulate and sobbing than of her showing either pugilism or loquacity4 ,i'm sure ,i sha'n't feel much like saying anything to anybody when ,i see my only daughter getting married before my eyes1 she said reproachfully4 ,suppose you saw your only daughter growing into an old maid before your eyes1 mamma1 said ,annette1 laughing1 and patting her mother on the shoulder4 ,would you like that any better8 ,well1 ,mrs4 ,ferrier sighed1 ,i suppose you may as well be married1 now you've had the fuss of getting ready4 ,all ,i care about is your happiness1 though you may not believe it4 ,i'm no scholar1 and ,i know people laugh at me2 but that doesn't prevent my having feelings4 ,you deserve to be happy1 ,annette1 for you have been a good child to me1 and you were never ashamed of me1 though you have tried hard to make me like other folks4 ,i couldn't be anything but what ,i am2 and when ,i have tried1 ,i've only made a greater fool of myself than ,i was before4 ,but for all that1 ,i'm sorry ,i've been such a burden to you1 and ,i'm grateful to you for standing by me4 ,this was ,mrs4 ,ferrier's first confession of any sense of her own shortcomings1 or of her daughter's trials on her account1 and it touched ,annette to the heart4 ,the outside world1 that she had striven to please and win1 faded away and grew distant4 ,here was one whom she could depend on1 the only one on earth whom she could always be sure of4 ,whatever she might be1 her mother could not be estranged from her1 and could not have an interest entirely detached from hers4 ,don't talk of being grateful to me1 mamma1 she said tremulously4 ,i believe1 after all1 you were nearer right than ,i was2 and ,i have far more reason to be ashamed of myself than of you4 ,i have been straining every nerve to please people who care nothing for me1 and to reach ends that were nothing when reached4 ,it isn't worth the trouble4 ,still1 it is easier to go on than to turn back1 and we may as well take a little pains to keep what we have taken much pains to get4 ,i'm sorry ,i undertook this miserable business of a show-wedding4 ,it disgusts me4 ,a quiet marriage would have been far better4 ,but since it is undertaken1 ,i want it to be a success of its kind4 ,oh6 as to that1 ,mrs4 ,ferrier said1 ,i like the wedding4 ,i don't like to see people get married behind the door1 as if they were ashamed of themselves4 ,you don't marry every day1 and it may as well be something uncommon4 ,they were conversing more gently and confidentially than they had for a long time2 and the mother appeared to greater advantage than ever before1 more dignified1 more quiet4 ,annette pushed a footstool to the sofa1 and1 sitting on it1 leaned on her mother's lap4 ,still1 ,i do not like a showy marriage1 she said4 ,it may do for two young things who have parents and friends on both sides to take all the care1 while they dream away the time1 and have nothing to do or think of but imagine a beautiful future4 ,for serious1 thoughtful people1 ,i think the less parade and staring and hurly-burly there is1 the better4 ,but then1 that quiet way throws the two very much alone together1 and obliges them to talk the matter over2 and ,lawrence and ,i would find it a bore4 ,we are neither of us very sentimental4 ,she spoke gently enough1 but there was a faint touch of bitterness in her voice that the mother's ear detected4 ,i don't know why he shouldn't like to talk the matter over with you1 she began1 kindling to anger2 but ,annette stopped her4 ,now1 mamma1 there must be an end put to all this1 she said firmly4 ,and since there is no other way1 let me tell you the true story of my engagement4 ,you seem to think that ,lawrence was very anxious to get me1 and that he has made a good bargain1 and ought to be grateful4 ,well1 perhaps a part of the last is true2 but the first is not4 ,i've got to humiliate myself to tell you2 but you will never cease to reproach him unless ,i do4 ,a burning blush suffused her face1 and she shrank as if with a physical pain4 ,lawrence knew perfectly well that ,i liked him before he ever paid the slightest attention to me2 and when he began to follow me ever so little1 ,i encouraged him in a manner that must have been almost coaxing4 ,he knew that ,i was to be had for the asking4 ,of course1 ,i wasn't aware of this1 mamma4 ,girls do such things1 like simpletons1 and think nobody understands them2 and perhaps they do not understand themselves4 ,i am sure that ,lawrence was certain of me before ,i had the least idea what my own feelings were4 ,i knew ,i liked him1 but ,i never thought how4 ,i was too romantic to come down to realities4 ,of course1 he had a contempt for me--he couldn't help it--though ,i didn't deserve it2 for while he thought1 ,i suppose1 that ,i was trying to win him for my husband1 ,i was only worshipping him as superior and beyond all other men4 ,if girls could only know how plainly they show their feelings1 or rather1 if they would only restrain and deny their feelings a little1 they would save themselves much contempt that they deserve1 and much that they do not deserve4 ,so you see1 mamma1 ,lawrence might at any time1 if you reproach him1 turn and say that ,i was the one who sought him1 and say what is half true1 too4 ,i didn't mean to1 but ,i did it for all that4 ,now1 of course1 it is different1 and he really wants to marry me4 ,he is more anxious than ,i am1 indeed4 ,but the less said about the whole matter the better4 ,when ,i think of it1 ,i could throw myself into the fire4 ,well1 well1 dear1 don't think about it1 then1 the mother urged soothingly1 startled by the passion in ,annette's face4 ,it doesn't make much difference who begins1 so long as both are willing4 ,and now1 don't torment yourself any more1 child4 ,you're always breaking your heart because you have done something that isn't quite up to your own notions4 ,and ,i tell you1 ,annette1 ,i wouldn't exchange you for twenty ,honora ,pembrokes4 ,annette leaned on her mother's bosom1 and resigned herself with a feeling of sweet rest and comfort to be petted and caressed1 without criticising either grammar or logic4 ,how mean and harsh all such criticisms seemed to her when brought to check and chill a loving heart6 ,mamma1 she whispered1 after a while1 ,i almost wish that we were back in the little cabin again4 ,i can just faintly remember your rocking me to sleep there1 and it seems to me that ,i was happier then than ever since4 ,yes1 ,mrs4 ,ferrier sighed1 we were happier then than we are now2 but we shouldn't be happy to go back to it4 ,i should feel as if ,i were crawling head-foremost into a hole in the ground4 ,we didn't know how happy we were then1 and we don't know how happy we are now1 ,i suppose4 ,so let's make the best of it all4 ,the wedding proved to be1 as the bride had desired1 a success of its kind4 ,the day was perfect1 no mishap occurred1 and everybody whom the family had not invited themselves as spectators4 ,policemen were needed to keep the way clear to the church door when the bridal party arrived1 and the heavens seemed to rain flowers on them wherever they went4 ,seeing ,mr4 ,gerald bend his handsome head1 and whisper smilingly to the bride1 as they entered the church1 sentimental folks fancied that he was making some very lover-like speech suitable to the occasion4 ,but this is what he said3 ,annette1 we draw better than the giraffe4 ,why hadn't we thought to charge ten cents a head8 ,her eyes had been fixed on the lighted altar1 just visible1 and she did not look at him as she replied1 ,lawrence1 we are in the presence of ,god1 and this is a sacrament4 ,make an act of contrition1 or you will commit a sacrilege4 ,and then the music of the organ caught them up1 and the rest was like a dream4 ,how touching it is to see a young girl give herself away with such perfect confidence1 remarked ,mr4 ,sales1 who was much impressed by the splendor of the bride4 ,give herself away6 growled ,dr4 ,porson in return4 ,she is throwing herself away4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,the ,,cathedral ,,of ,,chartres4 ,the story of the erection of the ,cathedral of ,chartres is an epic from beginning to end4 ,before it arose in the amplitude and majesty which the great epoch of ,christian art knew how to bestow upon its works1 nothing less was required than the greatest courage1 the most indomitable perseverance1 and a determination of will which no difficulties or reverses could turn from its purpose4 ,the building of this cathedral was a struggle against fire and sword1 against barbarians and the elements--a long conflict1 which in the end left piety and devotion victorious4 ,no sooner was the era of persecution closed by the conversion of ,constantine1 ,a4,d4 #cab1 than a church was raised over the ,druidic grotto1 and thronged incessantly by the multitudes of pilgrims who came to venerate the sacred image4 ,the wood covering the hill1 no longer possessing1 as formerly1 any sacred character1 was cut down1 in order that the town might extend itself in that direction2 and houses began forthwith to cluster round the foot of the temple1 as if seeking the immediate protection of ,mary4 ,of this earliest structure it is impossible to give any description1 as no account of it remains4 ,it was in all probability a basilica resembling others of the period1 built with much less splendor than solidity1 and existed through several centuries until the year #hej4 ,charles the ,bald was then on the throne1 and ,frothold was ,bishop of ,chartres1 being the forty-second prelate of that see4 ,the times were very troubled4 ,charlemagne had years before gone to his glorious repose1 leaving to his degenerate successors a sceptre too heavy for their feeble arms to wield--a vast empire without cohesion1 and which1 lacking the firm hand of a sagacious ruler1 was already torn with dissensions4 ,the incursions of the ,northmen1 invariably accompanied by fire and carnage1 were continual upon the hapless kingdom of the ,franks4 ,hasting1 the ,danish chieftain1 laid siege to ,chartres1 which was at this epoch surrounded with strong and solid walls1 and held out courageously1 well knowing its fate should it fall into the hands of the barbarians4 ,after spending some time in ineffectual endeavors to effect a breach1 the wily ,northman had recourse to craft1 causing the bishop to be informed that he was ready1 with all his followers1 to accept the ,christian faith1 and humbly requesting admittance into the city4 ,scarcely had he entered1 when he threw aside the mask2 the bishop and most of the inhabitants were massacred1 the church destroyed1 and the city given up to the flames4 ,this exploit was no sooner performed than rewarded as it deserved4 ,before the savage invaders had time to hasten back1 laden with plunder1 to their vessels1 the ,franks of the surrounding country fell upon them and slew them without quarter4 ,soon the church and the city arose again from their ashes4 ,the new sanctuary was but an humble erection4 ,the people gave to ,god the best they could1 but they were impoverished1 and in that age of iron the arts had sunk to the lowest condition2 moreover1 another century had not elapsed before a similar disaster seemed about to befall the building4 ,in those barbarous ages1 the sacking and burning of towns and the slaughter of their inhabitants were events always possible1 often impending4 ,in the year #iaa1 ,chartres was besieged by the fierce ,norman chieftain1 ,rollo1 at the head of a formidable army provided with powerful engines of war4 ,the ,dukes of ,france and ,burgundy1 with the ,count of ,poitiers1 hastening to the succor of the city1 gave battle outside its walls2 but they were hard pressed1 and to the anxious watchers on the ramparts seemed likely to be overborne by the foe4 ,the bishop1 ,ganthelm or ,gancelin1 was not only a warrior in time of need1 but was also full of devotion to ,mary4 ,in the heat of the combat1 he put himself at the head of the ,chartrians1 taking with him the reliquary containing the greatest treasure of his church--the sacred tunic of ,our ,lady--and fell upon the invaders4 ,this vigorous sortie was so successful that the ,northmen were utterly defeated and with so great a slaughter that1 according to the account of the monk ,paul1 the river was choked with their corpses4 ,the holy tunic just mentioned had been given to ,charlemagne by the ,emperor ,nicephorus and the ,empress ,irene1 who previously kept it at ,constantinople1 whither it had been brought from ,ephesus in the year #dfj1 in the reign of the ,emperor ,leo4 ,charlemagne1 who meditated an ,empire of the ,west1 of which the capital should be ,aix-la-,chapelle1 had at first placed the relic in that city4 ,his successors1 being unable to carry out his designs1 nevertheless recognized the importance of preserving so great a treasure to ,france1 and ,charles the ,bald1 removing it from ,aix1 presented it to the church of ,chartres4 ,the history of this double translation may be seen portrayed in the great window of the chapel of ,s4 ,john ,baptist2 the archives of the cathedral and the ,poem of the ,miracles agreeing with these representations in their account of the facts1 with regard to which the poet ,matre ,nicolas ,gilles1 writes3 ,lors prinrent la sainte chemise ,a la ,mre ,dex qui fut prise ,jadis dans ,constantinople4 ,precieux don en fit et noble ,a ,chartres un grand ,roi de ,france2 ,charles le ,chauve ot nom d'enfance4 ,cil roy ,chartres le donna4#gi ,but the effects of protection from on high are not such as to permit a people and its rulers to do evil with impunity4 ,some time afterwards1 ,thibault le ,tricheur--i4e4 the sharper or cheat--ce chevalier fel et enginous--this dangerous and deep-skilled knight1 as he is called in the chronicles of the time1 who by some unknown means obtained possession of the county of ,chartres1 made an expedition against the town of ,evreux1 which he took by stratagem1 and1 going on from thence as far as ,rouen1 so utterly devastated the country that1 in all the land through which he had passed1 there was not heard so much as the bark of a dog4 ,during his absence1 the ,normans and ,danes together laid siege to ,chartres1 which they took by assault1 and again burnt the town1 together with the church4 ,thibault1 returning to find his son slain and his town in ruins1 went mad with anger and grief4 ,towards the close of the ,i,xth century was a period of great calamities and sinister predictions4 ,there was a general spirit of discouragement and gloom4 ,men said that the end of the world was approaching1 for the year one thousand was close at hand4 ,they built no more churches2 for to what purpose would it be8 ,still1 ,our ,lady must not surely be left without her sanctuary at ,chartres1 nor could the people themselves dispense with it2 they set to work1 therefore1 and the destroyed building was speedily replaced by a new one2 yet1 as they had no hope of its long continuance1 wood had a larger place in its construction than stone4 ,a few years later1 however1 when the unchecked course of time had belied the prophecies of popular credulity1 it seemed as if ,heaven itself willed to teach the ,chartrians that ,god and their blessed ,patroness must be more worthily honored2 for in the year #ajbj1 under the episcopate of ,fulbert1 on the ,feast of the ,assumption according to some1 on ,christmas ,day according to others1 the church was struck by lightning1 and wholly consumed4 ,bp4 ,fulbert was a holy man1 and also a man of intelligence and courage4 ,he felt that ,god had given him a mission4 ,amid the smoking ruins of his episcopal church1 he laid the foundations of a noble structure which should be fitted to brave the injuries of time1 and not be liable1 like the former ones1 to the danger of conflagration4 ,in order to carry out his design1 ,fulbert needed treasure4 ,he at once devoted all his own fortune to the work1 and then appealed to his clergy1 who imposed on themselves great sacrifices to satisfy their generosity2 the people of his diocese also aiding eagerly with their contributions4 ,not satisfied with all this1 he addressed himself to the princes and nobles of ,france1 and especially to ,king ,robert1 who has been called the father of religious architecture1 and who could not fail to take a lively interest in the erection of a sanctuary to ,our ,lady of ,france4 ,the princes of the whole ,christian world were in like manner invited to assist in the undertaking1 and the ,king of ,denmark in particular signalized himself by his munificence4 ,gifts arriving from all parts1 ,fulbert was enabled to commence the works1 as he had desired1 on very large proportions1 and to push them forward with so much activity that in less than two years the crypt was finished--this crypt which is probably the largest and finest in the world1 and which is still admired as a marvel of the architecture of the ,x,ith century4 ,this sanctuary of ,notre ,dame de ,dessoubs-terre1 or ,our ,lady of ,underground1 more worthy than any which had preceded it of the ,druidic ,virgin1 was then opened to receive1 through long centuries1 successive generations of the faithful4 ,nevertheless1 this was but the root of the majestic tree which was to rise and expand above this favored spot4 ,fulbert devoted the remaining years of his life to the work1 so that when he died1 in #ajbi1 it had made great progress2 and1 being continued with equal energy by ,thierry1 his successor1 was considered sufficiently advanced to be consecrated in #ajcg1 although still requiring much for its completion4 ,after the death of ,thierry came a period of marked relaxation in activity4 ,several bishops in succession made no progress in the erection4 ,s4 ,yves1 one of the most illustrious prelates who ever filled the episcopal throne of ,chartres1 confined himself principally to the interior adornment of the cathedral4 ,munificent gifts from ,maude1 ,queen of ,england1 enabled him to replace the ancient and already dilapidated roof by one of lead4 ,a new impetus being given to the undertaking1 in #aaae were laid the foundation of the two spires1 so remarkable and so well known to the world4 ,in #aade1 the works were in full activity1 and it was wonderful1 observes ,haymond1 ,abbot of ,s4 ,pierre sur ,dive1 to see with what ardor1 perseverance1 and piety the people set to work to bring about the completion of their church4 ,what a marvellous spectacle6 he writes4 ,there one sees powerful men1 proud of their birth and of their wealth1 accustomed to a life of ease and pleasure1 harnessing themselves to the shafts of a cart1 and dragging along stones1 lime1 wood1 and all the materials necessary for the construction of the sacred edifice4 ,sometimes it befalls that as many as a thousand persons1 men and women1 are harnessed to the same wagon1 so heavy is the load2 and yet so great a silence prevails that there is not heard the faintest murmur4 ,it was chiefly during the summer season that these labors were carried on4 ,at night1 tapers were lighted and set on the wagons1 while the workers watched around the church1 singing hymns and canticles4 ,thus it was at ,chartres that the custom1 afterwards so prevalent1 began of the laborers assembling together to pass the night as well as the day near the building in course of erection4 ,the old spire being at last completed1 and the new one reaching to the height of the roofs1 in #aaid another fire broke out1 the cause of which was unknown4 ,it had seemed as if a strange fatality pursued the pious undertaking1 were not every event providentially permitted or arranged4 ,the faithful of those days so understood this fresh catastrophe1 acknowledging that it was the chastisement of ,heaven for those sins from which1 in spite of their zeal1 the toilers in this work had not always kept themselves free4 ,it is easy to comprehend that1 notwithstanding all precautions1 these large and prolonged assemblages could not have been without great dangers4 ,some considered the disaster as a manifestation of the divine will that the work was not carried on to a sufficient degree of perfection2 while others again regarded it as an effect of the jealous hatred of the arch-enemy1 and1 according to the historian ,mezeray1 declared that demons1 under the form of ravens1 had been seen flying over the cathedral1 with red-hot embers in their beaks1 which they let fall upon the sacred edifice4 ,this time the destruction was immense4 ,nothing was saved but the crypt and the two spires1 with the connecting masonry forming the western portal4 ,the latter1 not having as yet been joined to the main building1 were unharmed by the flames4 ,historians of the ,x,v,ith century and later do not mention this fire1 and suppose the edifice which at present exists to be almost entirely the work commenced by ,bp4 ,fulbert--an error only to be accounted for by the most complete ignorance of the laws of ecclesiastical architecture4 ,contemporary writers1 as1 for instance1 ,william le ,breton and ,rigord1 monk of ,s4 ,denis1 as well as ,robert of ,auxerre1 who adds that a portion of the town was also consumed1 are unanimous as to the date and principal particulars of the disaster4 ,melchior1 the legate of ,pope ,celestine ,,iii41 was at ,chartres at the time of its occurrence1 and it was he who revived and sustained the spirit of the people1 overwhelmed as they were at first by their calamity4 ,assembling them around the ruins of their church1 he did his utmost to console and cheer them1 winning from them the promise to raise a cathedral which should not have its equal in the world1 and which should be built entirely of stone1 so as to render its destruction by fire impossible4 ,the impulse was easily given4 ,at the conclusion of the legate's stirring address1 the bishop1 ,regnault de ,mouon1 and all the canons of the cathedral1 gave up their revenues for the space of three years towards the expenses of the building1 as may be seen in the ,pome des ,miracles of ,jehan le ,marchant2 ,philip ,augustus adding his offerings to those of the clergy with a royal liberality4 ,the towns-people1 also1 considering that their misfortune was not so great by far as it might have been1 seeing that the reliquary containing the sacred tunic of ,our ,lady was saved1 thanks to the devotion of certain courageous men1 who bore it from the burning church into a place of safety1 felt bound to show their gratitude by depriving themselves of part of their possessions in favor of the work4 ,a powerful and irresistible current of devotion seemed in those days to carry along with it the hearts of men2 and the enthusiasm of the ,crusades having been chilled by reverses1 the religious sentiment of the people found its outlet in another channel--raising sanctuaries of which the magnificence should be a marvel to succeeding ages4 ,moreover1 it must not be forgotten that1 in those ages of faith and fervor1 the fabulous sums which would be required in our days for similar erections were not necessary1 even taking into account all proportions with regard to the respective value of money4 ,the time had not then arrived for none but master-masons1 working for ready money only1 and of that a free supply2 they who had nothing but their strength and good-will cheerfully gave the alms of their toil1 thus sharing equally with the rich and great in forwarding the enterprise4 ,everywhere architects arose1 ready to translate into stone the religious thoughts and aspirations of the time1 which was not a period of popular enthusiasm only1 but that in which ,christian art was rapidly expanding into its most remarkable development1 and replacing the heavy and massive edifices of the ,romano-,byzantine style by those possessing a boldness1 freedom1 and splendid gracefulness hitherto unknown4 ,where was found the marvellous genius capable of conceiving and executing the plan of the ,cathedral of ,chartres8--this man who1 careless of human fame1 and careful only to work for ,god1 has left no record of his name1 and is called by ,jehan le ,marchant simply li mestre de l'uvre4 ,the master of the work for three years wrought with incredible ardor4 ,the idea had sprung from his mind complete1 and he longed to see it realized in its colossal harmony4 ,it is only in the crypt1 in the old spire1 and in the western portal1 spared by the fire of #aaid1 that the ancient style is to be recognized2 everywhere else the art of the ,x,i,i,ith century triumphs1 and we behold the poem of stone as it was hewn out in the first purity of its beauty4 ,at the end of three years resources failed1 and the work could not go on4 ,then1 says the poet ,jehan1 with all the simplicity of a medival chronicler--then the ,holy ,virgin prayed her divine ,son to work fresh miracles in her ,cathedral of ,chartres1 in order that the increase of alms and offerings might be such as to secure its completion3 ,la haute ,dame glorieuse ,qui voloit avoir merveilleuse ,iglise1 et haute1 et longue1 et le1 ,si que sa per ne fust trove1 ,son douz ,fils pria doucement ,que miracles apertement ,en son ,eglise ,chartres feist1 ,que tout le peuple le veist1 ,si que de toutes parts venissent ,gens qui offerendes tous feissent1 ,que acheve fust siglise1 ,qui estoit faire emprise4#hj ,miracles1 which in this place had at all times been numerous and remarkable1 and which we might cite by thousands1 are said to have now greatly multiplied4 ,those which at that period excited the enthusiasm and gratitude of the people to the highest degree were the cures of a terrible malady very common in the middle ages1 and known by the name of the burning sickness4 ,the unfortunate persons who were attacked by it1 besides being consumed by fever1 suffered internally as if from torture by fire1 while outwardly their bodies were covered with frightful ulcers1 of which the pain was intolerable4 ,the victims of this malady came from all parts for relief and healing to ,our ,lady of ,chartres4 ,according to ,jehan le ,marchant and other contemporary writers1 the disease never failed to disappear1 either during or immediately after the novena which it was customary for each sufferer to make in the church4 ,this increase of favors revived the ardor of the faithful4 ,gifts and thank-offerings were made in great abundance1 and the building of the church went on1 with what vigor may be gathered from the fact that1 in little more than twenty years afterwards1 the cathedral was built and covered with what ,william le ,breton calls its merveilleuse et miraculeuse roof of stone4 ,it is in the year #abbj that he writes3 ,entirely rebuilt anew in hewn stone1 and completed by a vaulted roof like the shell of a tortoise1 the cathedral has no more to fear from fire before the day of judgment4 ,the new tower received a spire like that of the old1 excepting that it was constructed of wood and lead1 and destined to perish in the very partial fire of #aejf1 to be replaced by the beautiful and delicately sculptured steeple of the ,x,v,ith century1 still so greatly admired4 ,the porches were finished1#ha as well as the sculptures1 in their finest details1 and the windows put in4 ,on the #agth of ,october1 in the year #abfj1 the edifice was complete1 and on this occasion the ,bishop of ,chartres1 ,pierre de ,maincy1 seventy-fifth successor of ,s4 ,aventine1 solemnly consecrated his cathedral1 in presence of the king1 ,s4 ,louis4 ,description1 however picturesque1 is utterly inadequate to convey a worthy image or idea of a ,gothic cathedral in all the mysterious fulness1 richness1 and variety of its details4 ,chartres must be seen1 must have received many quiet hours of contemplation1 before its magnificences will have shown to what heights ,christian art was raised by ,christian devotion in those early centuries of enthusiasm and of faith4 ,and yet we cannot leave the reader at the threshold without inviting him to glance with us rapidly1 and therefore most imperfectly1 within4 ,how grand is the perspective which opens upon the view1 when1 looking from the ,royal ,gate towards the sanctuary1 the eye takes in this triple nave1 with its forest of pillars1 amongst which fall1 in rich and softened splendor1 warm rays of light and color from the higher windows6 ,all the dimensions are on a scale of grandeur4 ,in its elevation1 the cathedral is divided into three parts1 the idea of the ,blessed ,trinity ruling this arrangement4 ,the arcades1 springing from the ground1 form the first line1 under the triforium1 which forms the second1 while above this rises the third height1 containing the clerestory windows1 which are lofty1 double lancets1 each surmounted by a rose4 ,the lower walls are pierced by simple lancets of very large size4 ,to the right and left of the nave are aisles without side chapels2 but in the double aisle which is carried round the choir are seven apsidal chapels1 of which the centre one1 dedicated to ,our ,lady1 is the most important4 ,the pillars of the nave are massive in their proportions1 to bear the weight of the lofty superstructure4 ,there are sixteen circular or octagon pillars round the choir1 with well-sculptured capitals2 and in the centre of the transept rise four colossal pillars1 around which cluster a number of smaller ones1 which are carried up to the spring of the roof4 ,the latter was the most beautiful in the world1 and was called the ,forest1 being constructed of fine chestnut-wood1 which time colors with a sort of golden hue1 and which attracts neither dust nor spiders4 ,the roof of ,st4 ,stephen's ,hall at ,westminster gives a good idea of what this must have been1 with its exquisite fan tracery and graceful pendants1 until1 on the fourth of ,june1 #ahcf1 the whole was destroyed by fire4 ,the iron roof by which it has been replaced1 though excellent in its kind1 is far from approaching the worth and beauty of the ancient ,fort4 ,the church is paved throughout with large slabs of stone1 not one of which is a grave-stone1 as would be the case in almost every other cathedral1 under the pavement of which are buried numbers of ecclesiastics and other persons2 but this is virgin earth1 wherein no sepulture has ever taken place4 ,we give the reason in the words of ,sebastian ,rouillard3 ,the said church has this pre-eminence as being the couch or resting-place of the ,blessed ,virgin1 and in token thereof has been even until this day preserved pure1 clean1 and entire1 without having ever been dug or opened for any burial4 ,the choir is the largest in ,france1 and one of the most splendid in existence1 notwithstanding the unfortunate zeal of the chapter in the year #agjc to alter and disfigure its medival beauties according to their own ideas1 which appear to have been warped to the lowest degeneracy of ,renaissance4 ,happily1 however1 the prodigious expense to which they put themselves resulted in but a partial realization of their plan1 in which ancient carving and mural frescos were swept away to give place to gilding and stucco1 marble and new paint1 to say nothing of kicking cherubs and arabesques gone mad4 ,it was at this time that the groups representing the annunciation of ,our ,lady and ,our ,saviour's baptism were placed at the entrance of the choir1 which1 even if they were the work of a more skilful hand1 instead of being that of a very mediocre artist1 would yet be out of harmony with the church2 and the same may be said of the group1 in ,carrara marble1 of the ,assumption1 which rises behind the high altar1 and which is the work of the celebrated ,bridan1 who finished it in #aggc4 ,when1 two centuries before1 the choir was still without enclosure1 the ,x,v,ith century provided for it one of the rarest specimens of late ,gothic art ever seen4 ,jehan de ,beauce1 who had been charged with the building of the new spire1 was chosen to make the designs and direct the work2 and though he died whilst it was still unfinished1 his plan was carefully carried to its completion4 ,in this marvel of conscientious labor there are forty groups1 each containing numerous figures1 nearly the size of nature1 representing the ,legend of ,mary and the principal events in the life of ,our ,lord4 ,around these groups cluster pillars and arches1 turrets1 crocketed spires1 everything that can help to give them1 as it were1 a framing and background as full and elaborate as possible1 while all sorts of odd and ,lilliputian creatures are playing in and out of the pediments1 or clinging to the columns in the most capricious and fantastic manner4 ,besides these forty principal subjects1 the enclosure is further enriched with thirty-five medallions1 the first of which represents the siege of ,chartres by ,rollo1 followed by subjects from the ,holy ,scriptures1 and then1 strange to say1 by others taken from heathen mythology6 ,the pagan spirit of the ,renaissance was already daring to invade the sanctuaries of the ,catholic faith4 ,before proceeding to mention other architectural details1 two of the especial treasures of the cathedral require some further notice4 ,besides the ,druidic ,virgin1 of which we have already given the history1 and whose chapel has1 since the ,revolution1 been carefully restored1 as well as the twelve other subterranean chapels of this marvellous crypt1 there is in the upper church another statue1 almost equally venerated1 which dates from the first years of the ,x,v,ith century1 and is called ,our ,lady of the ,pillar1 from the columnar pedestal on which it rests4 ,this figure is enthroned1 and adorned with gold and painting of good execution1 as far as may be seen under the abundant vestments of lace1 silk1 and gold with which the loving piety of pilgrims1 greater in devotion than good taste1 delights to load this statue1 of which the dark but beautiful face has an expression of great sweetness and benignity1 as well as that of the divine ,child1 whose right hand is raised in benediction1 while his left rests upon the globe of the world4 ,it was to this venerable image of ,notre ,dame du ,pilier that the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 ,pius ,,ix41 granted the signal favor of a solemn coronation1 which took place on the last day of the month of ,may1 #ahee1 in the presence of seven prelates and a concourse of clergy and people so immense that the church could not contain the multitudes4 ,the dogma of the ,immaculate ,conception had just been promulgated1 and a special jubilee in honor of ,our ,lady of ,chartres had been granted by the ,holy ,father1 and the whole city was in a state of indescribable joy4 ,with regard to the vestment of ,our ,blessed ,lady1 to which allusion has so frequently been made1 and which appears to be of indisputable authenticity1 we will give the remainder of its history up to the present time4 ,when this was presented to the cathedral by ,charles the ,bald1 it was enclosed in a chest of cedar-wood covered with gold4 ,the veneration with which the precious relic was regarded did not allow of the chest being opened without necessity1 and its form was naturally supposed to be that of a tunic or undergarment4 ,numbers were made after the imaginary pattern1 and1 after being laid upon the reliquary1 were greatly valued as pledges of ,our ,lady's protection1 especially by those about to become mothers4 ,as to one detail1 however1 everybody was mistaken1 the vestment not being by any means of the form supposed4 ,this was for the first time discovered in #agab1 when1 by order of the bishop1 ,mgr4 de ,merinville1 the coffer1 which was falling to pieces from extreme age1 was opened with the most extraordinary care and precautions4 ,a kind of gauze1 embroidered with silk and gold1 enveloped the sacred relic1 which proved to be a veil of great length1 woven of linen and silk4 ,it was then1 in presence of ,mgr4 de ,merinville and other witnesses1 enclosed in a chest of silver1 and placed again in the ancient reliquary1 which had been strengthened and repaired4 ,this1 being most richly ornamented with precious stones1 was1 in ,december1 #agic1 carried off by the men of the ,revolution1 who took the relic to ,paris1 and submitted it to be examined by the members of the ,institute1 without giving them any information respecting it1 and anticipating from their verdict a triumphant proof of its being nothing more than a cheat and deception of the priests4 ,it was with less satisfaction1 therefore1 than surprise that they were informed by the learned members that1 although they found it impossible to give the exact age of the fabric1 it was evidently of very great antiquity1 and the material was identical with that of the long1 folding veils anciently worn by women in the ,east4 ,owing merely to this character of remote antiquity1 it was allowed a place among the curiosities of a museum4 ,when the ,reign of ,terror was over1 certain pious persons obtained possession of it1 but had the want of judgment to divide it1 giving larger or smaller portions to different churches and individuals4 ,in #ahbj1 ,mgr4 de ,lubersac succeeded in collecting several of these portions1 and1 after having had them carefully authenticated1 he placed them in a reliquary of coral1 which has since1 by ,mgr4 ,clausel de ,montals1 been replaced by one of greater richness1 so arranged as to allow the precious relic to be visible4 ,we must1 before taking leave of the cathedral1 bestow at least a passing glance upon its glorious windows4 ,here and there one has been broken by revolutionary or other anti-religionists1 one or two others have had a deep-toned color clumsily replaced by one of brighter hue by certain of the aforesaid ,x,v,i,i,ith century canons1 who required more light to read their office2 but1 on the whole1 they are in admirable preservation4 ,we can linger but to read some few of the characters of this vast book of light1 which is justly called by the ,council of ,arras ,the ,bible of the laity2 for months would be insufficient to decipher its glowing pages4 ,there are one hundred and thirty-five large windows1 three immense roses1 thirty-five roses of a middle size1 and twelve small ones4 ,these are almost all of the date of the ,x,i,i,ith century1 and are the gifts of kings1 nobles1 ecclesiastics1 burgesses1 and workmen of every trade1 as may be seen in each window1 which usually contains a kneeling figure of the donor4 ,the great roses are marvellous in their splendor4 ,that of the north transept1 which1 from being the gift of ,s4 ,louis1 is called the ,rose of ,france1 represents the glorification of the ,blessed ,virgin1 who occupies the centre1 bearing in her arms her divine ,son4 ,the five great windows beneath the rose make the complement of the subject4 ,in the centre is ,s4 ,anne1 with ,our ,lady as an infant4 ,on the right and left stand ,melchisedech and ,aaron1 types of our ,lord's priesthood2 ,david and ,solomon1 the types of his royalty4 ,the southern rose was given by the ,count of ,dreux1 and has for its subject the glorification of our ,lord1 which is also that of the sculpture over the western entrance4 ,in the centre window of the five below is the infant ,saviour in the arms of his ,mother1 while to the right and left are the four greater prophets1 bearing on their shoulders the four ,evangelists1 to symbolize the support which the ,new ,law receives from the ,old4 ,the western rose represents the ,last ,judgment4 ,the three splendid windows beneath it are more ancient than the rest1 and are said by those who are learned in stained glass to date from the ,x,i,ith century at the latest4 ,one of these is the far-famed ,jesse ,window1 in which the tree of ,jesse bears among the verdure of its branches the royal ancestors of ,our ,lord2 the second represents scenes from his life1 and the third those of his passion and death2 while above appears the resplendent figure of ,mary1 known by the name of ,notre ,dame de la ,belle ,verriere1 and justly celebrated for its admirable beauty4 ,in the seven great windows of the apse1 ,mary is still the centre4 ,in those of the choir occur amongst others the figures of ,s4 ,louis1 ,s4 ,ferdinand of ,castile1 ,amaury ,,iv41 ,count of ,montfort1 and ,simon de ,montfort1 his brother4 ,the lower windows are filled with scenes from the ,holy ,bible and the ,golden ,legend1 and contain a great number of figures of small size1 while the higher ones are principally occupied by grand and separate figures of prophets1 apostles1 and saints4 ,standing in the middle of the transept1 one sees the extremities darkened by the great masses of the porches1 but above them shine the great roses1 whose rainbow hues play upon the entrance of the choir2 the aisles and chapels are softened by that sort of half-luminous obscurity in which we find ourselves on entering the church2 but the shadows flee more and more before the light1 which1 ever increasing1 streams down in torrents as we approach the centre of the cross1 making the sanctuary resplendent with emerald and ruby rays4 ,and this marvellous picture has ever-changing aspects1 beauties ever new1 according to the hour of the day1 the brightness of the sun1 and the season of the year4 ,reader1 when in propri person you make your pilgrimage to ,notre ,dame de ,chartres1 you will feel how poor and how inadequate has our description been1 and1 with the ,presence that is ever there1 will own that it is heaven in all but the locality4 ,we will conclude our sketch with a few historical notices of interest1 without which it would be incomplete4 ,although we have lived to see occasionally something approaching to a renewal of the ancient throngs of pilgrims1 and notably so on the last #bgth-#cjth of ,may1 when a multitude of more than sixty thousand persons1 including twelve prelates1 besides six hundred other ecclesiastics1 two generals1 one hundred and fifty officers1 and one hundred and forty members of the ,national ,assembly1 went from ,paris and various parts of ,france on a pilgrimage to ,chartres1 still this does not recall the continuous concourse of former days1 when it often happened that the town was not large enough to contain the crowds of strangers1 so that on the eve of certain festivals it was necessary to allow great numbers of them to remain all night for shelter in the church itself4 ,the parvis of the cathedral1 which slopes downwards from the choir to the western door1 rendered easy the cleansing process which followed in the early morning1 when floods of water were thrown upon the pavement4 ,this eager devotion of the common people has in it something more touching even than the innumerable visits of the rich and great to this chosen shrine4 ,in the course of the ,x,i,ith century1 ,chartres numbered among its pilgrims no less than three popes and five kings of ,france2 ,philip ,augustus being accompanied by his queen1 ,isabella of ,hainault1 who came to ask ,our ,lady's intercession that she might have a son4 ,whereupon1 says ,william le ,breton1 even whilst the queen was making her prayer1 the candles upon the high altar suddenly lighted of themselves1 as if in token that her request was granted1 and which accordingly came to pass4 ,before the completion of the church1 it had been visited by two princesses greater for their sanctity than for their rank--namely1 ,blanche of ,castile1 the mother of ,s4 ,louis1 and the gentle and pious ,isabelle1 her sister4 ,they were followed not long afterwards by the holy monarch himself1 who1 on his first visit1 was accompanied by ,henry ,,iii41 of ,england1 and on his second1 in #abfj1 was present at the consecration4 ,philip the ,fair1 who attributed his success at the battle of ,mons en ,puelle entirely to the protection of ,mary1 came thither to do her homage by offering the armor he had worn in the combat2 and in like manner ,philip of ,valois1 after the victory of ,cassel1 gave to the church of ,chartres his charger and his arms4 ,and when the times darkened over ,france1 and her king1 ,john the ,good1 was the prisoner of ,edward ,,iii41 the latter refused to listen to the entreaties of the ,dauphin and the ,papal legate that he would grant peace on reasonable terms1 although the ,father of ,christendom had again and again with his own hand written letters to the ,english king1 calling on him to 'forbear from the slaughter of souls redeemed by the ,blood of ,christ'2 success had made him relentless1 and1 leading on his victorious army1 he laid siege to ,chartres4 ,we learn from ,froissart1 among other chroniclers1 how ,our ,lady signalized her power1 not only in saving the city1 but in leading1 humble and submissive1 the lion of ,england to her feet3 ,for there befell to the ,king of ,england and all his men a great miracle3 a storm and thunder so great and horrible came down from heaven on the ,english host that it seemed as if the end of the world were come2 for there fell down stones so great that they killed men and horses1 and so that even the boldest trembled4#hb 444 ,thereupon the ,king of ,england1 leaping down from his saddle1 and stretching out his arms towards the church of ,our ,lady at ,chartres1 devoutly vowed and promised to her that he would no longer refuse to grant peace upon any terms consistent with his honor4 ,when1 therefore1 he entered the city1 it was not as a warrior1 but as a pilgrim2 for he repaired at once to the cathedral1 in company with the ,prince of ,wales1 the ,duke of ,lancaster1 and many other ,english knights1 and shortly afterwards signed the ,peace of ,bretigny4 ,charles ,v41 having revived the glory of the ,french arms1 was not unmindful of his gratitude to ,our ,lady of ,chartres1 to whom on two occasions he made a pilgrimage barefoot1 prostrating himself before the sacred image2 considering1 as he declares in his letters-patent1 the splendid1 great1 and notable miracles which our ,lord ,god works day by day in the said church1 and praying for the peace and prosperity of his kingdom4 ,one other fact connected with the kings of ,france ought not to be omitted--namely1 the sacring of ,henri ,,iv41 which1 instead of taking place at ,rheims1 according to1 we believe1 invariable precedent1 was1 by his own special desire1 solemnized in the church of ,our ,lady of ,france at ,chartres1 when he made1 as it were1 a second abjuration by thus publicly declaring himself to be henceforth a devoted client of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,thus1 observes the ,abb ,hamon1 ,cur of ,s4 ,sulpice1 ,protestantism1 which had flattered itself with the hope of mounting on the throne of ,france1 was broken at the feet of ,our ,lady of ,chartres1 where also paganism had expired before it in the defeat and subsequent conversion of ,rollo4 ,were we to attempt to name the saints who have gone as pilgrims to ,chartres1 from ,s4 ,anselm and ,s4 ,thomas ,becket to ,s4 ,francis de ,sales1 ,s4 ,vincent de ,paul1 ,m4 ,olier1 and the ,blessed ,b4 ,labr1 the enumeration would be endless2 and though it would require1 not pages1 but volumes1 to recount the favors obtained by the intercession of the ,blessed ,virgin for her city1 we cannot refrain from selecting a few well-authenticated historical facts in addition to those already mentioned4 ,in the year #aacg1 ,louis le ,gros1 having great cause of displeasure against ,thibault1 ,count of ,chartres1 resolved to chastise him in a signal manner1 and advanced against his city1 with the resolution to raze it to the ground4 ,the inhabitants were in the utmost terror and distress1 knowing their helplessness before the power of the irritated monarch4 ,the bishop1 ,geoffrey de ,lieues1 causing the reliquary containing ,our ,lady's tunic to be taken from the church1 carried it in procession with his clergy and people outside the gates1 and advanced to the royal tent4 ,at this sight1 the anger of the king subsided4 ,he fell on his knees before the sacred relic1 which he then devoutly followed1 entering alone into the city1 not to destroy it1 but to grant it special privileges4 ,more than four centuries later1 in #aefh1 ,chartres was besieged by the ,huguenots under ,cond4 ,they opened a heavy fire against the ,porte ,drouaire1 above which gate the ,chartrians placed an image of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,this greatly excited their fury1 and their utmost endeavors were used to shoot it down4 ,but the sacred image remained untouched1 though every stone near it was shattered4 ,the rampart was nevertheless so far weakened as to be unable longer to stand against the powerful artillery4 ,a large breach was opened1 towards which the besiegers crowded1 that they might carry fire and desolation into the city4 ,but while the defenders believed that all was lost1 the whole of the population not in arms was praying in the cathedral4 ,in the very moment of their success1 the enemy lost courage2 the trumpets sounded a retreat1 and the ,huguenot army left the city1 never to return4 ,it was in memory of this signal deliverance that a chapel was raised between the ,porte ,drouaire and the river ,eure1 dedicated to ,our ,lady of the ,breach1 and which1 after being destroyed in #aghi1 was in #ahdd rebuilt4 ,whenever ,chartres has been threatened with pestilence or famine it has been customary for the bishop and dean of the chapter to bear the holy tunic in procession from the cathedral to the ,abbey of ,josaphat1 in the midst of an immense concourse of the faithful1 kneeling in the dust1 with heads uncovered4 ,even in our own time there has been a recurrence of these expiatory solemnities4 ,the cholera1 which in #ahcb made so many victims in ,paris1 appeared also in ,chartres1 and deaths multiplied in the city4 ,but no sooner had the inhabitants1 with all the religious pomp and devotion of ancient days1 borne the venerated relic through the streets1 imploring her succor who had for ages proved her right to the title of ,tutela ,carnutum1 than the plague was stayed4 ,all the sick were cured1 and two more deaths only occurred--the deaths of two persons who had publicly insulted the procession on its way4 ,a gold medal was struck on this occasion1 having the following inscription2 ,voted to ,our ,lady of ,chartres1 by the inhabitants of the city1 in gratitude for the cessation of the cholera immediately after the solemn procession celebrated to obtain her powerful intercession1 on ,sunday1 the #bfth of ,august1 #ahcb4 ,,footnotes3 #gi ,then they took the holy garment1 which had belonged to the ,mother of ,god1 formerly in ,constantinople2 and a great king of ,france made of it a precious and noble gift to ,chartres--,charles the ,bald1 so called from his name of infancy4 ,this king presented it to ,chartres4 #hj ,the high and glorious ,lady1 who willed to have the church all marvellous1 and high1 and long1 and large1 so that its equal nowhere might be found1 prayed sweetly to her gracious ,son that manifest miracles might be wrought in her church at ,chartres for all the people to behold1 so that from all parts there might come persons who should make offerings wherewith the church might be finished as it was undertaken to be done4 #ha ,except certain parts of the side portals1 some of the statues of which are of the ,x,i,vth century1 the three gables1 the chapel of ,s4 ,piat1 that of ,vendme1 and the enclosure of the choir4 #hb ,les ,grandes ,chroniques1 tom4 iv4 ch4 #df4 ,,in ,,thy ,,light ,,shall ,,we ,,see ,,light4#hc ,the moon1 behind her pilot star1 ,came up in orbd gold3 ,and slowly near'd a fleecy bar ,o'er-floating lone and cold4 ,i look'd again1 and saw an isle ,of amber on the blue3 ,so changed the cloudlet by the smile ,that softly lit it through4 ,another look3 the isle was gone-- ,as though dissolv'd away4 ,and could it be1 so warmly shone ,that chaste and tender ray8 ,i said3 ,o star1 the faith art thou ,that brought my life its ,queen-- ,in her sweet light no longer now ,the vapor it has been4 ,shine on1 my ,queen3 and so possess ,my being to its core1 ,that self may show from less to less-- ,thy love from more to more4 ,a touch of the oars1 and on we slid-- ,my cedar boat and ,i4 ,the dreaming water faintly chid ,our rudeness with a sigh4 ,,lake ,,george1 ,september1 #ahgc4 ,,footnotes3 #hc ,,ps4 ,,xxxv4 ,,the ,,see ,,of ,s4 ,,francis ,,of ,,sales4 ,the arrowy ,rhone and ,lake ,leman have become in modern literature the counterparts of the classic ,anio and ,nemi of antiquity4 ,peculiar memories cluster about their shores2 they have been the intellectual battle-field of systems1 even while poets and dreamers were seeking to make a ,lethe of their enchanted waters2 and perhaps on no other northern spot in ,europe has ,god lavished such beauties of color1 of atmosphere1 of outline1 and of luxuriant vegetation4 ,geneva rivals the south in its growth of orange1 oleander1 and ilex1 in its lake of sapphire hue1 its sunsets of intense variety of color1 and its profusion of white villas1 homes of summer luxuriance1 and temples of delightful idleness4 ,the clearness of the mountain air1 the irregular outlines of the smaller hills1 the view of the ,alps beyond--above all1 that of ,mont ,blanc--the quantity of hardy ,alpine flowers1 the dusky1 medival beauty of the town1 and the unmistakable energy of its sturdy-looking inhabitants1 denote the northern character of ,geneva4 ,the old ,cathedral of ,s4 ,peter1 where ,calvin's chair is now the greatest curiosity and almost the greatest ornament 7so bare is the church71 and the new ,cathedral of ,notre ,dame1 a building hardly large enough for the now numerous ,catholic congregation of ,geneva1 speak of the change that has come over the town in the last four hundred years4 ,the religious phases that have come and gone in this small and seemingly insignificant spot form an epitome of the religious history of ,europe4 ,the age of faith1 the age of fanaticism1 the age of indifferentism1 have reigned successively in ,geneva4 ,in the ,x,i,i,ith century1 as in many an earlier one1 ,high ,mass was sung at ,s4 ,peter's1 and monks or canons sat in the stalls which yet remain in the choir2 in the ,x,v,ith1 ,calvin and ,beza sat in plain black gown1 teaching justification by faith alone1 and burning ,michael ,servetus for tenets that disturbed the new personal infallibility of the ,reformers2 in the ,x,i,xth1 ,socinianism is the creed of the national church1 and ,catholics1 ,evangelicals1 and ,anglicans have each handsome and roomy buildings1 crowded on ,sundays1 and adorned with every outward sign of freedom of worship4 ,catholics form half the population of the canton1 and nearly half that of the city itself4 ,there are few conversions1 however1 so that this proportion does not sensibly increase4 ,many of the suburbs are entirely ,catholic4 ,the diocese extends to many ,savoyard parishes1 which are1 of course1 altogether ,catholic4 ,until the recent outbreak against perfect liberty of conscience1 when that liberty was to be applied to the old church1 the position of ,catholics1 clergy and laity1 was comparatively satisfactory2 the bishop 7of whom we shall speak later7 was universally beloved by his people1 respected by his liberal opponents1 feared by his illiberal enemies2 the moderate party in politics1 consisting of the class corresponding to an aristocracy1 and all of them men of polite bearing and strong religious 7,evangelical7 convictions1 were always on the side of ,catholics in upholding their privileges as citizens of the state1 voters1 and freeholders2 the two churches1 ,s4 ,germain on the hill1 and ,notre ,dame on the plain 7among the new hotels and villas71 besides other chapels on the ,savoy side of the lake1 and the new suburb of ,plainpalais1 were always crowded1 and there were many schools for rich and poor under religious teachers4 ,the ,sisters of ,charity had a house1 to which tradition pointed as the house of ,calvin2 and many ,english visitors knocked at their door1 to beg to be allowed a peep into the courtyard1 where they would pluck a blade of grass as a memento or relic4 ,these have now been suppressed2 the clergy1 who were originally salaried by the state1 have been thrown on their own resources2 the bishop has been sent beyond the frontier4 ,he is said to have remarked to the ,holy ,father1 propos of this measure3 ,your ,holiness sent me to ,calvin2 ,calvin sent me to ,voltaire 7the bishop's retreat is ,ferney72 but ,i have great hopes of outliving them both4 ,still1 we would fain insist upon the great difference between this mark of intolerance and the old rules of the ,calvinistic theocracy4 ,the ,conseil d',etat does not represent ,calvin and his personal fanaticism2 it speaks a language of its own1 and one which ,calvin himself would be horrified to listen to--the language of state supremacy defying ,god4 ,if ,calvin were alive1 he would no doubt feel a hearty satisfaction in burning ,mgr4 ,mermillod2 but he would have as great a relish for the burning of ,prince ,bismarck4 ,calvinism was at least sincere in its fanaticism2 the ,bismarckian animus is not even that of a fanatic1 but of a cynic4 ,so it is not the spirit of the pale1 nervous reformer of the ,x,v,ith century that is responsible for the recent outrage against freedom of conscience at ,geneva2 but a spirit more potent1 more ambitious1 more grasping1 and1 above all1 more farseeing--the spirit of open infidelity boasting of its material power of repression4 ,of the political attitude of ,geneva we need not speak1 further than to say that its acknowledged neutrality1 and the intellectual culture of its inhabitants1 have given it a new life1 and made of the focus of the only ,reformation that had any sincerity or inherent strength in it a new focus of peaceful and dignified repose4 ,from the champ clos of ,calvinism1 it has become the arena of the world1 especially of diplomacy1 and the city of refuge of all exiles1 royalist1 ,mazzinist1 and social4 ,among the latter came one who has contributed to ,geneva's glory--,byron1 the gifted prodigal1 who is among poets as the morning star once was among angels4 ,we meant1 however1 to speak rather of one of ,geneva's citizens than of the historic city itself2 though such are the manifold charms of the place that only to name it is a temptation to plunge at once into a thousand speculations as to its past and a thousand theories as to its future4 ,mgr4 ,mermillod1 the successor of ,s4 ,francis of ,sales1 is a native of ,caronge1 a suburb of ,geneva1 and was born of a ,catholic family1 poor in the world's goods1 and obscure in its estimation4 ,he has a vivacity rather ,french than ,genevese1 but with a solid foundation of that more serious character which distinguishes his countrymen4 ,as an orator1 he is hardly second to the ,bishop of ,orlans1 ,mgr4 ,dupanloup2 as a lecturer to pious women on the duties of womanhood1 he is superior to most ecclesiastics4 ,in the guidance of souls1 the enlightened discrimination between what is in itself wrong1 and what harmless if done in a proper spirit1 he seems to have inherited the special gift of ,s4 ,francis of ,sales in directing women of good family1 living at court or otherwise1 in the world4 ,his singular prudence and the graciousness of his manner are essential helps to him in the prominent position he holds towards modern governments1 and the daily contact which confronts him with modern sentiment4 ,he is the weapon expressly fashioned for the last new phase into which the eternal struggle against the world1 the flesh1 and the devil has entered4 ,like ,s4 ,francis1 he wraps his strength in gentleness1 and carries out the suaviter in modo1 fortiter in re4 ,in conversation1 of which he is fond--for his is not the monastic ideal of holiness--he is sprightly1 witty1 and accurate4 ,his power of crystallizing ideas into a mot is quite ,french1 and the childlike joyousness of his demeanor is no less so4 ,the word ascetic seems to imply the very antipodes of his nature2 and yet his private apartment1 which we were once privileged to see1 is almost like a cell4 ,here is a description of it1 gathered from the impressions of two worthy visitors3 ,i felt1 says one1 in this little buco 7hole7 as if ,i were in the cell of a saint1 and examined everything with veneration4 ,that little prie-,dieu1 so simple in its build1 which daily witnesses the prayers and sighs of the pastor1 anxious for his flock and the souls entrusted to him by ,god2 of the ,christian humbling himself and praying for his own needs4444 ,perhaps some day this little room will be visited as ,s4 ,charles ,borromeo's is now at ,milan4 ,i am favored in that ,i know it already4 ,two purple stocks and the tasselled hat alone recalled the bishop1 while the framed table of a ',seminarist's ,duties1' taken in connection with the simplicity1 nay1 poverty1 of the room1 might make one think it the habitation of a young cleric4 ,and another account adds3 ,what a memory to have seen this room1 so narrow1 so humble1 so evidently the home of a saint6 ,we shall always be able to fix the picture of the bishop in our memory1 night or day1 praying or working1 at all times2 444 and that beautiful print of ,blessed ,margaret ,mary ,alacoque1 and that tiny prie-,dieu6 ,the bishop's library1 his ordinary working-room1 was also a very simple retreat1 and often fireless in the coldest days of winter4 ,the house stood next door to the cathedral1 and the rest of the clergy1 four or five in all1 lived there in community4 ,among them was the old vicar1 the second priest to whose charge the reconstituted parish of ,geneva had been entrusted before being raised to the dignity of a bishopric4 ,it was very touching to watch this old man lovingly deferring to the young bishop1 who was formerly but a curate under him1 and rejoicing as a father in the elevation of one of whose fitness for the episcopal office he1 above all1 had reason to be certain4 ,no man securely commands but he who has learned well to obey4#hd ,another of the clergy was a very remarkable man1 the type of a character found nowhere in these days save under the cowl of the monk1 and even among religious probably nowhere save in the ,benedictine ,order4 ,he was the bishop's private secretary1 and his right hand in the business of the diocese4 ,he belonged to the ,reformed ,benedictines of ,solesmes1 and was a friend and spiritual subject of ,dom ,guranger1 author of the invaluable ,liturgical ,year1 the beautiful ,history of ,s4 ,cecilia1 and other works4 ,it was only by a special dispensation that he was allowed to hold his present position and live outside his cloister2 but having1 in early life1 been the schoolmate of the bishop1 and being eminently fitted to wield ecclesiastical sway1 this privilege 7which was none to him1 however7 had been obtained by ,mgr4 ,mermillod4 ,he was called rather by the title of his religious profession1 le pre1 than by his name in the world--a name since become known as that of the author of a learned and voluminous ,life of ,s4 ,dunstan4 ,he was1 as it were1 a stranded pilgrim in this age of compromise--a stern1 heroic soul cast in the giant mould of the ,x,i,i,ith century2 rather a ,bernard of ,clairvaux than a ,francis of ,sales2 in learning a descendant of ,duns ,scotus1 and a disciple of ,aristotle2 an ascetic1 a scholastic1 a rigid disciplinarian1 an unerring director4 ,in person tall1 dignified1 spare of form1 with keen1 eagle glance1 clear-cut1 largely-moulded features2 in dress simple to rusticity1 and a fit model for an old monkish carving at the foot of a pulpit or on the boss of an arch4 ,they completed each other1 these two saintly characters1 the bishop and the monk1 bound together in a mystic marriage for the production of spiritual children for ,god and the church2 and the contrast between them seemed1 as it were1 typical of that other union of distant ages1 one with another1 for the furtherance of a principle ever the same1 whether its accidental exponent be ,peter the fisherman1 ,hildebrand the ,reformer1 ,bernard the monk1 ,francis of ,sales1 the gentle bishop1 or ,pius ,,ix41 the yet more gentle and more persecuted ,pope4 ,our stay at ,geneva covered three-fourths of a year1 so that we grew familiar with the beauties of the neighborhood in its different aspects of summer1 autumn1 and winter4 ,it would be difficult to chronicle every detail of these beauties of earth1 sky1 and water1 which1 as the seasons brought them severally into prominence1 seemed to form a series of cabinet pictures for memory to dwell upon ever after4 ,there is nothing like a long stay in one place to make one feel its loveliness2 the transient wayfarer among the most enchanting scenes sees not a quarter as much natural beauty as the constant dweller in a less favored spot4 ,in the wild rush1 named with unconscious satire a tour1 the traveller sees a kaleidoscopic mixture of incongruous1 discordant beauties1 and of each in detail he sees but one phase1 sometimes an abnormal one1 sometimes an obscured one1 and not seldom he sees but the vacant place where this beauty should be4 ,his opinions are hastily formed1 and1 strange phenomenon6 the more hastily the more ineradicably1 and they are often erroneous1 or at least one-sided4 ,a man looking for the moon during the week when the moon is new1 and concluding1 therefore1 that no moon exists or is visible at any time1 would not be a rasher tale-teller than he who asserted that because he passed twenty-four hours in ,venice during a fog1 therefore the sun never shone in the ,adriatic city2 or that since in a week's scamper through the environs of ,naples he never came across a beautiful woman1 therefore the type of the ,grecian goddess was extinct among the women of ,parthenope4 ,sweeping statements are as invariably wrong as they are temptingly easy to make2 it is needless to say how intellectually absurd they are4 ,give your experience as your experience1 and you will have contributed something to the sum total of acquisition on any given subject2 but do not give it as the only1 absolute1 indisputable1 and final result of research4 ,all knowledge is but partial2 it is subject to all kinds of qualifications4 ,few men can speak with authority of more than a grain of it at a time1 and it is equally unwise and undignified to put yourself in the position of the ,pharisee whom the lord of the feast directed to give place to a guest of worthier and seemlier station4 ,but this is a digression4 ,we began by saying that long residence in one place is the true way to see1 learn1 and probe its beauties2 as well as its resources4 ,until your heart grows to a place1 you do not know it1 and no place unassociated with family or patriotic connections can teach your heart to grow to it without long residence4 ,perhaps there are exceptions1 corresponding to love at first sight1 but even this in human relations is only an exception4 ,we remember one place1 seen for one day only1 for which this sadder feeling of kinship and yearning grew up in our heart--it was ,heidelberg2 but intimate knowledge in ordinary cases is the only channel to a great and appreciative love4 ,geneva won its way to our love thus1 and1 more than any one spot we visited--not excepting even ,rome--came to represent to the memory the happiest1 most peaceful1 and most fruitful period of our lives4 ,we shall be forgiven if we draw a sketch of the surroundings which are associated with our knowledge of the ,bishop of ,geneva4 ,in all our reminiscences his figure is the central one1 and the group of persons who formed our circle of friendship seems naturally to revolve around his person4 ,our summer life was spent in a shy little villa1 invisible from the high-road1 and embowered in groves of pine1 chestnut1 and oak2 our winter days were passed1 perforce1 at the uncongenial but perfectly appointed ,htel de la ,paix4 ,the party consisted of our own family only1 with one or two accidental additions from ,england for a week at a time4 ,the house was slightly built and cottage-like1 with a flight of steps on each side1 the front stoop being festooned with a jessamine-vine1 and the wide1 grand drive1 flanked by a bed of flaming balsam-flowers1 sweeping up to the door under the shade of two or three massive horse-chestnuts4 ,no room in the house was carpeted1 and only the drawing-room had a parquet floor4 ,the bed-rooms were miracles of simplicity and cleanliness--milk-white boards1 white-washed walls1 no curtains to bed or window1 and an absence of any furniture1 save a narrow bed1 a washstand1 a dimity-covered table1 and one cane chair1 making them seem so many dormitory sections partitioned off4 ,we made the best room a little more picturesque1 as that of a loved invalid never fails to be1 by the help of crimson velvet coverlets1 blue silk and knitted wool in cushions1 a portable easy-chair1 muslin bed-curtains1 and a display of cut-glass bottles with gold stoppers--in short1 the contents of an ,english dressing-case on the pretty1 white-robed table4 ,books1 also1 and any pretty thing that struck our fancy in the treasure-houses of the town1 accumulated here1 and made of it the choicest room in the house4 ,we had a severer trysting-place on the ground-floor1 where reading was carried on systematically1 illuminating and ecclesiastical embroidery filled up many an hour1 and our journals 7from which we have already quoted7 were compiled4 ,but there was a rarer treasure yet--a chapel4 ,a tiny room1 darkened all' ,italiana1 with red curtains1 and containing a portable altar suitably draped1 recalled the oratories of ,roman palazzi2 and here was often seen the tall figure of le pre and a little chorister from ,notre ,dame1 as we had ,mass said there generally twice a week4 ,it was a sanctification to the house1 and we felt it an incitement in our labor of love of reading and manual work4 ,another gathering-spot was the wall on the garden side1 forming the parapet between the terrace and the lower level of meadow-land4 ,there was a whole colony of spiders nestled in the miniature grove of jessamine that hid the wall2 and1 as we sat with our books on the steps leading from the terrace1 we assisted1 as it were1 at a perpetual natural history lecture in actu4 ,the webs were generally very perfect1 and1 as the autumn came on1 the early dews transformed them into a jewelled network1 shining rainbow-wise1 with the loveliest prismatic hues4 ,sometimes1 when they were broken1 they seemed like a cordage of diamonds--the tangled ruins of some fairy wreck clinging to the mast1 represented by a green twig4 ,but there was in the grounds another more sylvan and lonely retreat still--our own especial haunt4 ,it was a damp valley1 below the level of the high-road1 carpeted with periwinkles and decaying leaves1 and shut out from human observation by a grove of oaks and chestnuts4 ,a peculiar darkness always brooded over it1 and one might have forgotten the existence of noontide had he spent twenty-four hours in its gloom4 ,a little brook ran along the bottom1 its waters carrying miniature freight-barks in the shape of half-opened horse-chestnuts or curled and browned oak-leaves4 ,if anything so small could bear so lofty a likeness1 we should say that this sombre valley was akin to a ,druidical grove4 ,our outdoor pleasures were few1 as the world understands them2 they mostly consisted of long drives into the interior1 where we would often pass dignified1 melancholy-looking iron portals1 let into a wall festooned profusely with the ,virginia creeper1 and giving a glimpse of some deserted1 parklike expanse of meadow4 ,other less pretentious entrances showed a wilderness of roses1 flowering shrubs1 and vines1 but always in contrast with the luxuriant ,virginia creeper1 which nowhere else in ,europe grows in such perfection4 ,a variety of shades absolutely ,western greets the eye and delights the imagination2 the hues of the ,indian summer seem concentrated in this one plant1 and1 from its rich glow1 an artist can easily guess what a forest of indefinitely multiplied trees1 painted in the colors of this creeper1 would look like4 ,two of our visitors were welcome additions to our party and sympathetic sharers in our pleasures--one1 a lady well known for her energetic and active charity1 whose presence in any place pointed invariably to some hidden work of mercy to be performed there1 and whose mission just then was to comfort a lonely and despairing widow under peculiarly trying aggravations of her sorrow2 the other an artist whose name in his public capacity has already appeared more than once in the pages of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 and whose character of childlike simplicity and reverent earnestness has endeared him to us in private life as a friend and a model4 ,people staying at ,geneva--at least1 ,english people--always make a point of going through the arduous expedition to ,chamouni and the ,mer de ,glace4 ,we do not mean to disparage the spirit which inevitably urges on our countrymen and countrywomen to put their necks in jeopardy on the slightest provocation2 but1 turning the adventurous instinct of our ,anglo-,saxon blood to a better purpose1 we chose rather to make two or three expeditions to sites hallowed by the presence of the ,apostle of ,geneva--,s4 ,francis of ,sales4 ,mont ,blanc could not1 from any point of view1 appear more majestically beautiful than it does from the shores of ,lake ,leman2 and we preferred to gaze upon the monarch with the eye of an artist rather than that of a gymnast4 ,we here lean upon the authority of ,ruskin1 whom we are glad to appeal to in an instance where his naturally reverential mind makes him a safe and unbiassed guide4 ,our first pilgrimage was to the ,castle des ,allinges1 on the ,savoy side of the lake1 a ruin now1 but where1 in former days1 the saint often said ,mass in a chapel1 which is the only part of the castle still untouched4 ,there is no lack of visitors to this shrine during the summer1 and each party is generally accompanied by a priest4 ,we were happy in persuading le pre to be our companion1 and started overnight for the village of ,thonon4 ,the lake was unruffled1 and the sun shining tropically1 as the little steam boat carried us over the waters4 ,thonon is a ,catholic village1 with an ugly church1 adorned by carved and gilded cherubs and other unsightly excrescences ambitiously striving to be ,michael ,angelos and ,donatellos4 ,frogs never can let oxen alone1 especially in art4 ,we slept at the inn1 a picturesque and proportionately dirty hostelry1 very little changed1 we should say1 from what it was in the days of ,s4 ,francis4 ,it stands on a high terrace above the lake1 the top of which terrace forms a drilling-ground2 for ,thonon has fortifications and the ghost of a garrison4 ,the road from the boat-landing winds up through stunted vines to a dilapidated gateway1 and is often dotted by the curious one-horse vehicle of the country1 called char--banc--i4e4 a sort of diminutive brougham turned sideways1 and hardly capable of holding two persons--a kind of side-saddle locomotion rather curious to any one accustomed to sit with his face to the horses4 ,the view over the lake by sunrise the next morning was dreamlike in its beauty--each rounded peak veiled in mist1 and the motionless waters lying at their base as a floor of azure crystal4 ,as we went further up into the mountains1 the sun's rays flashed on hill after hill1 throwing a softened radiance over each1 and shooting darts of gold across the clear blue of the lake4 ,we met carts laden with wheat-sheaves1 and men and boys going to their day's work2 passed farms and dairies before coming to the heathery waste that separates the lonely hill-top of les ,allinges from the cultivated lands below2 jolted over the stony path1 called1 in mockery1 a road2 and1 having seen in a short two hours' drive as many beauties as we could conveniently remember1 arrived at the ,chapel of ,s4 ,francis4 ,it has been changed since his time1 but the altar is said to be the one at which he celebrated ,mass4 ,the chapel is a white-washed room like a rough school-room1 fitted up with painted benches and cheap prints2 but the feeling that draws so many ,christian hearts to this refuge of the missionary ,bishop of ,geneva hallows the bare walls and open poverty of the chapel1 and a spirit seems to rise from the altar recess to rebuke any worldly sense of disparagement or even disappointment4 ,the manner in which le pre said ,mass was enough to make one feel the solemnity of the occasion and the gratitude that ought to possess one after having had the privilege1 doubtless not to be repeated in a lifetime1 of praying on this consecrated spot4 ,we all received holy communion during ,mass4 ,an old man is stationed at les ,allinges as custos1 sacristan1 and ,mass-server2 and his little garden1 in full view of the lake1 makes a pretty domestic picture grafted on to the medival one of the ruined castle ivy-draped4 ,s4 ,francis1 so says tradition1 often wandered day and night over this mountain on his apostolic missions1 and1 being once overtaken by darkness1 found no better resting-place than the fork of a chestnut-tree4 ,wrapped in his cloak1 he there went to sleep1 lulled by the howling of the wolves1 which abounded in that neighborhood4 ,many similar stories are told in ,savoy of his missionary adventures2 one of them recording that one day he presented himself1 with two or three companions1 at one of the gates of ,geneva4 ,the guard1 not knowing him1 asked who he was1 before he would allow him to pass2 the saint calmly and smilingly replied1 ,i am l'vque du lieu 7the bishop of the place74 ,the guard1 concluding he was some foreign visitor1 and that ,dulieu was the name of his diocese or manor1 nonchalantly opened the gate1 and let him in4 ,when the magistracy discovered who had thus got entrance into the city of ,calvin1 there was a terrible outcry2 the too innocent guard was summoned and threatened with death for his gross neglect of his duty1 and a hasty search was begun for the hated ,papist bishop4 ,s4 ,francis had by that time quietly finished his business and left the hostile walls of ,geneva4 ,this is not unlike the incident related by ,cardinal ,wiseman in ,fabiola1 where a ,christian substitutes for the watchword ,numen ,imperatorum1 without repeating which he could not pass out to his secret worship in the catacombs1 the words similar in sound1 though widely different in meaning1 ,nomen ,imperatorum1 and succeeds in cheating the guard1 who was a ,pannonian1 and whose knowledge of ,latin was but elementary4 ,it was probably during one of these stolen visits that ,s4 ,francis administered the sacraments to a poor ,catholic servant-girl in the cellar of the ,htel de l',ecu d'or--an old inn still standing at ,geneva1 and where the identical apartment is now shown4 ,from ,thonon we took the boat to ,lausanne1 on the opposite side of the lake1 visited the ,castle of ,chillon1 and returned to ,geneva1 after another night spent at the ,vevay end of ,lake ,leman2 where the mountains1 purple and rounded2 the vegetation1 southern in its quality and luxuriance2 the winding road by the shore--all contribute to remind you of the ,bay of ,naples and the ,sorrento road along the ,mediterranean4 ,lausanne itself1 its cathedral1 monuments1 fortifications1 and general quaintness of architecture and beauty of position1 was the goal of another expedition1 in which our ,english friend1 ,mr4 ,b----1 accompanied us1 and became our commentator and artistic guide4 ,there were many other places we also visited2 one of us was indefatigable1 and followed the bishop to ,thonex1 where he solemnly deposited a corpo santo2 to ,collonge1 where he blessed a new cemetery with all the pomp of ritual1 made easy by this village being situated on ,savoyard ground2 and to ,caronge1 where he distributed the prizes at a girl's school1 and gave an excellent and appropriate lecture on the education of women in this century4 ,but the most beautiful ceremony of all was the consecration of the new parish church of ,bellegarde1 the ,french frontier post and custom-house4 ,this village is a mere handful of white-washed cottages dropped among the spurs of the ,jura range4 ,the mountains1 though not high1 have all the beauty of the ,alps2 their varied outline1 their abrupt gorges1 and their swift torrents being yet more beautiful because embowered in a vegetation of softer aspect than the monumental pineries which close-clothe the ,alps4 ,within half a mile of ,bellegarde is a curious natural phenomenon--la perte du ,rhne4 ,the river1 here scarcely more than a mountain brook1 after struggling through a barren1 sandy bed1 strewn with boulders of a porous white stone worn by the action of the water into strange shapes of vases1 cauldrons1 and urns1 suddenly plunges under an arched entrance in a wall of rocks1 and disappears4 ,its subterranean course is some miles long1 and it re-emerges1 on a lower level1 a placid1 shallow stream4 ,around the mouth of this unknown cavern the scenery is very striking2 deep clefts of rock1 with fringes of ,alpine flowers1 alternate with thick growths of oak and chestnut2 and from every peaklet of the mountains some charming pastoral scene comes into view4 ,the new church was a plain white building1 of no architectural pretensions1 but strong and impervious to the weather4 ,the internal decorations were simple in the extreme2 no frog emulation here1 as in ambitious ,thonon4 ,for once we saw ,french peasants au naturel2 they really seemed the fervent1 hospitable1 unsophisticated people one longs to see4 ,the ,jura protects ,bellegarde from ,geneva2 there is no large town near on the ,french side1 and there is neither hotel1 nor mineral springs1 nor iron mines1 nor natural resources of any kind to attract the acquisitive mind of the ,x,i,xth century4 ,so ,god still reigns undisturbedly in this narrow kingdom--narrow1 indeed1 if measured by the numerical strength of its inhabitants1 but noble and precious if measured by the worth of each immortal soul which it holds4 ,the people were collected outside the church1 as the full ceremonies of consecration were going to be performed1 and many of these take place before the people can canonically be admitted into the interior4 ,a priest stood on the natural pulpit of a low stone wall1 describing to the faithful the symbolic meaning of each ceremony1 as the bishop and his assistants passed round and round the walls1 chanting psalms and anointing the building1 or1 entering the portals1 inscribed the ,greek and ,latin alphabets in the form of a cross on the floor of the church1 made seven crosses on the different internal walls1 and recited psalms and litanies before each4 ,the men stood in the burning sun1 bare-headed and motionless1 often kneeling in the dust1 and singing hymns in ,french corresponding to the meaning of the ,latin prayers2 a line of ,gardes ,nationales1 in uniforms rather the worse for wear1 and many wearing the ,crimean medal1 stood opposite the entrance1 while an excruciating brass band played with a will a mixture of national and religious airs4 ,when at last the congregation all poured into the church1 ,high ,mass was sung1 the brass band doing duty in a scarcely less subdued tone than before1 but being as much of an improvement upon the theatrical and sensuous exhibitions nicknamed sacred music in many grander churches1 as a rough but pious print is--religiously speaking--an improvement on a lascivious ,rubens4 ,the sermon 7we forget whether preached by the bishop or not7 was a touching exhortation to the people to remain knit in heart and soul to this church1 the emblem at once of their hopes in the future and their spiritual struggles in the present4 ,in the afternoon1 the bishop sang solemn ,vespers1 and towards dusk we all returned to ,geneva1 happy in having witnessed a ceremony so seldom seen in its beautiful entirety4 ,mgr4 ,mermillod was throughout the summer our frequent guest at the villa1 and as we purposed staying through the winter as well1 he promised to accompany us to ,annecy1 in ,savoy1 to visit ,s4 ,francis of ,sales' tomb and other places hallowed by his memory1 on his own feast 7#bith of ,january74 ,we started on the eve in two or three close carriages1 with postilions4 ,the road lay over a low pass of the ,savoy ,alps2 the cold was intense--such as we have never felt in any other temperate climate in ,europe1 and which nothing but the unexpectedly rigorous winters of the ,northern ,states have surpassed in our ,american experience4 ,the road was lined with trees1 and valleys here and there opened a vista which in summer must have been gorgeous4 ,it was scarcely less lovely now4 ,each slender twig was sharply defined1 and covered with a clinging garment of frost2 the white mist wreathed itself round the mountain-tops1 falling down the river-sides like shadowy waterfalls1 and1 mingling with the white sky overhead1 formed1 as it were1 a vast dome of snow4 ,no noise disturbed the silence save the creaking wheels of our vehicles1 and as far as eye could reach there was no sign of life but our own presence4 ,we might have been in cloud-land1 or below the surface of the ocean1 among hedges of gigantic white coral6 ,after two hours of this elf-like journey1 we came to a ravine over which was thrown an iron suspension bridge1 and here the intensely earthly resumed its dominion and made itself clearly felt in the prosaic necessity of paying toll and listening to profane language1 rendered yet more uncouth by the ,savoyard patois4 ,annecy is a little1 old-fashioned town1 with a cathedral in not much better taste than the church of ,thonon4 ,the place wears a deserted look1 and1 the cold being terrible1 yet fewer of the inhabitants cared to be seen loitering in the public squares4 ,we adjourned first to the inn 7we fear modern pilgrims are less fervent than of old71 but could get no fire4 ,grates are unknown1 and a miserable stove1 badly managed and half filled1 is the starveling and inefficient substitute4 ,the old inn was a characteristic place4 ,we went through the kitchen1 the general meeting and table-d'hte room1 to our upper chambers4 ,the staircase was wide enough for a palace1 of beautiful carved oak1 as was all the wood-work in the house4 ,the next morning the bishop said ,mass for us at the shrine of ,s4 ,francis4 ,the building of greatest interest after this is the ,convent of the ,visitation1 a rambling house with a large kitchen-garden1 which we crossed to reach it4 ,we were shown1 through a double grating 7the ,visitation nuns are enclosed71 the various relics which form the spiritual wealth of the convent4 ,they have the original manuscript of ,s4 ,francis' ,treatise on the ,love of ,god written by his own hand1 the pen with which he wrote it1 and a shirt embroidered for him by ,s4 ,jeanne ,franoise de ,chantal4 ,in the lower part of the house1 corresponding to the position of a cellar1 is a little chapel partly hewn in the rock1 which serves as the foundation1 where ,s4 ,francis gave the veil to ,s4 ,jane and one companion1 or rather1 blessed the first semi-religious costume which the founders of the order wore4 ,this consisted of a black gown and cape1 and a large1 close1 white cap in one piece covering the neck and shoulders as well as the head4 ,this house then belonged to ,s4 ,jane in her own right4 ,in the chapel to the right of the altar is a picture of her in this dress1 and on the other side a description of the simple ceremony4 ,later on1 when the order was constituted1 the dress became thoroughly monastic1 as it has remained ever since4 ,the cell of ,s4 ,jane is exactly as she left it2 not made into a regular chapel1 but1 on days connected with her memory or that of ,s4 ,francis1 ,mass is said there at a temporary altar4 ,her cloak is kept in a press in the room1 and one of us was privileged in having it thrown over her shoulders for a few minutes by the superioress4 ,the order is not at all austere1 but there is an immense deal of moral sacrifice imposed by the spirit of the rule4 ,s4 ,francis designed it rather as a discipline of the mind than of the body2 and since saints have differed about this point1 we are not at a sufficient elevation to pronounce upon it4 ,individually1 however1 we prefer the spirit of the older and more ascetic orders1 as involving a more complete oblation of the whole being to ,god2 but--to every age its own institutions1 and1 we might add1 its own saints4 ,mgr4 ,mermillod is surely one of those saints of our day4 ,indefatigable in preaching 7once the distinctive duty of a bishop71 his own flock sometimes complain1 not without reason1 that he is always away1 preaching a retreat here1 a mission there--,lent in ,paris1 ,advent at ,lyons1 etc42 but in the winter of #ahff1 he fortunately preached five confrences at ,s4 ,germain1 at ,geneva itself4 ,the church was in the old1 hilly part of the town1 but neither that nor the difficulty of approach--the frost made steep roads impassable that winter1 and even the cabs went on runners--seemed to diminish the ardor of the people4 ,all denominations were represented at these evening lectures1 and the subject was invariably one accessible to the understanding and commanding the interest of all4 ,one1 on the regeneration of fallen man1 was peculiarly fine2 but the arguments were perhaps inferior to the language in which they were clothed4 ,it wound up with a forcible peroration on that brutal and atheistical democracy which1 in its most hideous exponent 7the ,french ,revolution of #agic71 prostrated itself before a courtesan1 and knelt before a scaffold4 ,when the worship of ,god perished1 the worship of shame was the substitute2 and when the blood of ,god ceased to flow upon the altar1 the blood of man began to flow on the guillotine4 ,the orator's enthusiasm in speaking sometimes carried him beyond his argument1 and he even lost the thread of his similes in the ardor of his utterance4 ,his watch invariably stopped before he had been twenty minutes in the pulpit1 and this entranement was all the more vivid from being quite spontaneous1 as he never wrote his sermons1 but preached extempore from a few scattered notes4 ,how much study he must have gone through at a previous time to make him so polished1 as well as so forcible1 an orator1 we can only conjecture4 ,in ordinary social intercourse1 his charm was chiefly sweetness and sprightliness1 with a certain happy diction which is a special gift1 seldom found except among ,frenchmen or those to whom ,french has become a second mother-tongue4 ,our long winter evenings at the ,htel de la ,paix 7the cold having driven us from the villa7 were often enlivened by his genial presence2 other friends1 too1 came sometimes1 and one1 a ,russian and an acute thinker1 ,m4 ,s----1 was one of the most welcome4 ,he was blind1 but his infirmity only seemed to enhance his powers of conversation1 and made his company more agreeable than it might otherwise have been4 ,one night1 the bishop was speaking of ,lamennais and his more hidden life4 ,there were soul-struggles and temptations assaulting him even in his chosen retreat of ,la ,chnaie1 in the midst of his triumph1 when the ,christian youth of ,france clustered round him1 and sat at his feet as his humble disciples4 ,he sometimes fancied himself irretrievably destined to eternal loss1 and experienced paroxysms of terrible agony4 ,the ,abb ,gerbet1 his confessor1 once surprised him in one of these fits of despair1 and did his best to strengthen and comfort him2 but the demon was not to be laid so easily4 ,the bishop1 telling us this1 added3 ,the three greatest geniuses of ,france in this age have fallen1 the one through pride1 the others through vanity--,lamennais1 ,victor ,hugo1 and ,lamartine4 ,the conversation having rested upon these two failings1 some one quoted the saying that ,the greater part of mankind is incapable of rising to the level of pride4 ,a ,russian lady who was present then said3 ,indeed1 one ought to have a great deal of pride to save one's self from petty vanity4 ,thereupon ,m4 ,s---- quickly remarked3 ,oh6 therefore1 we should burn down a city to prevent fires4 ,our ,russian friend was very sharp at repartee4 ,another evening1 when he brought with him a young ,german1 the conversation fell upon ,duke ,ernest of ,saxe-,coburg1 ,prince ,albert's brother4 ,he had lately had an immense forest awarded to him as damages for some losses sustained during the ,austro-,prussian war of the previous summer2 so ,s----said3 ,there are people who make arrows out of any wood1 but he has contrived to make wood out of any arrow4 ,this is a ,french rendering of ',tis an ill wind that blows no one good2 but the connection in this case between an arrow1 a weapon typical of the war1 and the wood1 or forest gained in compensation1 is better expressed by the ,french form4#he ,later on1 some one remarked that in that war the telegraph had been ,prussianized throughout ,germany2 and when the young ,german1 ,s---- 's friend1 was trying to give us an idea of ,duke ,ernest's ticklish position1 ,s---- interrupted3 ,yes1 yes2 ,i know what you mean2 in short1 he played the part 444 of the telegraph6 ,mgr4 ,mermillod had a winning way of turning everything into a moral1 and at the same time giving balm to a rebuke and strength to a counsel4 ,for instance1 one day1 as he visited a sick penitent of his1 whose mental energy was for ever soaring beyond her physical capabilities1 he said3 ,you will do more good on your sick-bed than you could in the best of health in the ,london salons4 ,remember that ,our ,blessed ,lord lay but three hours stretched upon the cross1 and thereby converted the world2 while1 during his three years' ministry1 he scarcely converted a handful of ,jews4 ,on ,new ,year's ,eve1 #ahff-g1 gave us a few little books of devotion as a souvenir1 and then1 making the sign of the cross on each of our foreheads1 said3 ,here are crosses to disperse the crosses of #ahff and frighten away those of #ahfg4 ,another time1 on one of his penitents going to him with a load of doubt1 uneasiness1 almost despair1 he gave her the wisest and gentlest counsels1 after which he said sympathizingly1 comprehending the whole in a dozen words3 ,i understand1 my child2 you go from one extreme to another--from sadness to laughter1 from melancholy to irony4 ,once when some one in his presence expressed a wish that all priests were like him1 he answered humbly3 ,my dear child1 every priest is in some sort an incarnation of the ,spirit of ,god4#hf ,it is sad to think of ,geneva without the presence of its pastor1 so admirably fitted as he is to carry on the work of ,s4 ,francis and execute the designs of ,god in this important see4 ,the faith is most vigorous just where the attack is hottest1 and it is on the missionary bishoprics1 flung thus into the warring bosoms of non-,catholic nations1 that1 humanly speaking1 the future--and let us say the triumph--of the church very much depends4 ,with such internal bulwarks as the ,benedictine secretary of ,mgr4 ,mermillod represents1 and such external champions as the eloquent1 energetic1 and enlightened bishop himself1 it is not too much to say that not even the faintest heart has reason to dread the fall of the rock-built citadel of ,peter4 ,,footnotes3 #hd ,following of ,christ1 b4 #a4 c4 xx4 v4 #b4 #he ,the original proverb sounds less ponderously3 ,il en est qui font flche de tout bois1 mai lui1 il a fait bois de toute flche4 #hf ,the ,catholic reader will not misunderstand the still more forcible original3 ,tous les prtres c'est une petite incarnation du bon ,dieu4 ,,catholic ,,literature ,,in ,,england ,,since ,,the ,,reformation4 ,it is not surprising that ,catholic literature was at a low ebb for many years after ,henry ,,viii41 of evil memory4 ,deprived of the means of knowledge in their own country under ,edward ,,vi41 ,elizabeth1 and ,james ,i41 ,catholics were compelled to seek education abroad in colleges where they forgot their mother-tongue and the writers of their native land4 ,as to their brethren who remained at home1 it was dangerous for them even to possess books1 and they seldom had time or opportunity to make themselves acquainted with their contents4 ,a prayer-book1 black with use and carefully secreted1 was all the library of those who were liable at any moment to be ferreted out of vaults and wainscots1 and hanged1 drawn1 and quartered for believing in the ,papal supremacy4 ,the ,puritan movement in the time of ,charles ,i4 and the ,commonwealth was highly unfavorable to literature in general2 and the ,catholics who joined the royal standard were more anxious to wield the sword than the pen4 ,but the fewer the authors who broke the long literary silence of the ,catholic body in ,england1 the more their names deserve to be cherished4 ,we will endeavor1 therefore1 to make a catena auctorum1 and to offer a few comments on each link in the chain4 ,though all of them were ,catholics at some period or other of their lives1 they were not all persistent in their faith nor exemplary in their practice4 ,it will be understood that they are cited in their literary capacity1 and not as saints1 martyrs1 and confessors in a calendar4 ,robert ,southwell1 however1 must head the list1 as he was both author and martyr4 ,he published many volumes in prose and verse1 though his life was closed prematurely in his thirty-fifth year4 ,educated at ,douay1 he labored in ,england eight years during ,elizabeth's reign4 ,he was a member of the ,society of ,jesus1 and he touched the hearts of his suffering brethren by his tender and plaintive verse4 ,s4 ,peter's ,complaint1 with ,other ,poems1 appeared in #aeic1 and ,moni1 or ,certaine ,excellent ,poems and ,spirituall ,hymnes1 in #aeie1 the year in which he was hanged1 drawn1 and quartered at ,tyburn1 under a false charge of being engaged in a political movement4 ,his real offence was that of the ,bishop of ,ermeland and the ,jesuits of ,germany in the present day--his allegiance in spiritual matters to the authority of the ,holy ,see4 ,robert ,southwell's memory is still cherished in ,england1 and it is not long since selections from his poems were read to a crowded audience in ,hanover ,square ,rooms1 ,london1 by the ,rev4 ,f4 ,christie1 ,s4,j4 ,they do not rise high in poetic merit1 but they are full of noble1 just1 and devout sentiments4 ,time ,goes by ,turns is found in most collections of ,british poetry4 ,the following are the last stanzas of his ,conscience3 ,no change of fortune's calms ,can cast my comforts down2 ,when fortune smiles1 ,i smile to think ,how quickly she will frown4 ,and when in froward mood ,she moves an angry foe1 ,small gain ,i find to let her come1 ,less loss to let her go4 ,religious writings--sermons1 meditations1 and even works of controversy--had more importance1 in a literary point of view1 in ,queen ,elizabeth's reign than they have now4 ,at that time1 people read little2 books were few and dear4 ,books of piety cultivated the mind1 though used chiefly to edify the heart4 ,they exercised many persons in the art of reading1 who1 but for that branch of literature1 would have read nothing at all4 ,they kept up a habit which was good on secular grounds1 apart from the higher spiritual consideration4 ,looked upon in this light1 the tracts and letters of such holy men as ,campion1 ,persons1 and ,allen 7afterwards cardinal7 had a twofold value4 ,edmund ,campion was an accomplished scholar4 ,he received his education at ,s4 ,john's1 ,oxford1 and being courteous and refined1 as well as clever1 he was universally beloved4 ,after leaving college1 he went to ,ireland1 and wrote a history of that country1 which was highly esteemed4 ,having been reconciled to the church1 he repaired to the new college at ,douay1 that he might there study theology2 and after following the usual course1 he was admitted into the ,society of ,jesus1 and sent to ,england to comfort and strengthen his brethren who were contending for the faith4 ,his friendship for ,persons1 his publication of a work written by that father1 entitled ,reasons for not ,going to ,church 7that is1 to the parish ,protestant church71 and the seizure of a private press1 which a ,catholic gentleman had given to the friends1 that they might work off edifying books and tracts1 led to his apprehension4 ,he was dragged through the streets of ,london1 with a paper fixed on his hat1 stigmatizing him as ,campion1 the seditious ,jesuit 7,july1 #aeha71 and being tried for treason1 of which he was quite guiltless1 he was barbarously executed1 after suffering the most horrible tortures4 ,the life of ,cardinal ,allen1 if carefully written1 would be an important addition to ,english ,catholic literature1 and involve numerous particulars of thrilling interest respecting the political and domestic history of the times4 ,his writings lie in the border-land between theology and politics4 ,his ,apology or ,defence of the ,jesuits and ,seminarists was a reply1 written in #aehb1 to the proclamations of the government which denounced the ,catholic priests as traitors4 ,persons engaged in the same controversy1 dwelling chiefly on the dogmatic and practical side of the question4 ,all honor to these heroes of the cross1 whom literature as well as religion claims as her own6 ,in placing ,rare ,ben ,jonson among ,catholic authors1 it is not meant to claim him altogether as one of the church's children4 ,in early youth1 he bore arms and served a campaign in the ,low ,countries4 ,his troop being disbanded1 he took to the stage2 but a hot temper often led him into brawls1 and in one of these he had the misfortune to kill a brother actor4 ,being in prison1 he contracted an intimacy with a fellow-prisoner1 a ,catholic priest1 which ended in his conversion4 ,during twelve years he remained a ,catholic1 and then returned to the ,established ,church4 ,it was the only pathway to worldly success1 and he became a favorite with ,james ,i41 as ,shakespeare had been with ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,we name them together1 for1 indeed1 they were rivals2 yet what a difference between the texture and the productions of their brains6 ,ben ,jonson was made poet-laureate1 and wrote comedies and masques without number4 ,here and there we find in his works noble sentiments worthily expressed1 as in that classical drama1 ,catiline's ,conspiracy4 ,we find also rhythmical sweetness1 as in the song1 ,to ,celia1 ,drink to me only with thine eyes1 and in the ,hymn to the ,moon1 ,queen and huntress1 chaste and fair4 ,now and then he touches a more sacred chord1 and such as might suit a ,catholic lyre1 as in the following hymn3 ,hear me1 ,o ,god6 ,a broken heart ,is my best part4 ,use still thy rod1 ,that ,i may prove ,therein thy love4 ,if thou hadst not ,been stern to me1 ,but left me free1 ,i had forgot ,myself and thee2 ,for sin's so sweet1 ,as minds ill bent ,rarely repent1 ,until they meet ,their punishment4 ,the way had been prepared for ,ben ,jonson's success as a dramatist--not to speak now of ,shakespeare1 ,beaumont and ,fletcher1 ,massinger1 and ,marlowe--by the miracle plays or mysteries of the middle ages1 similar to those which are acted at the present time among the ,indians in ,mexico1 and the famous ,ammergau1 or ,passion ,play1 in ,bavaria4 ,in these plays1 ,the ,fall of ,man1 ,the ,death of ,abel1 ,the ,flood1 ,lazarus1 ,pilate's ,wife's ,dream1 ,st4 ,catharine's ,wheel1 and the like1 were brought on the stage with the approbation of the clergy1 in order that they might bring home the mysteries of the faith to people's heart and imagination1 and supply in some measure the place of books4 ,the miracle plays had been succeeded in time by moral plays1 which1 from the early part of ,henry ,,vi4's long reign1 had represented apologues1 not histories1 by means of allegorical characters4 ,vices and ,virtues1 however1 did not stand their ground long at the theatre4 ,they gradually changed into beings less vague and shadowy1 who1 while they represented vices or virtues in the concrete1 had1 in addition1 the charm of resembling real life4 ,richard ,crashaw's fame as a poet rests mainly on one line1 and that in ,latin2 nor was the rest of his poetry of sufficient force and merit to enable him always to retain the credit of that single line4 ,it has over and over again been attributed to ,dryden and other hands4 ,yet it is positively his1 and a poem in itself4 ,it is to be found in a volume of ,latin poems published by ,crashaw in the year in which he graduated at ,cambridge 7#afce74 ,the line is a pentameter--on the miracle at ,cana of ,galilee--and consists of two dactyls1 a spondee1 and two anapests4 ,it is often quoted inaccurately1 but we give it exactly3 ,nympha pudica ,deum vidit1 et erubuit4 ,the modest water saw its ,god1 and blushed4 ,the author's mind was devotional from his earliest years4 ,he had always been hearing about religion2 for his father preached at the ,temple1 and took part largely in the controversies of the day4 ,there was one favorable feature in the religious polemics of that period--both sides professed belief in ,god and in the ,christian religion2 now our warfare is with atheists1 deists1 pantheists1 positivists1 with whom we have scarcely any common ground4 ,after his election as a ,fellow of ,peterhouse in #afcg--;about the time that ,hampden1 ,pym1 and ,cromwell himself were embarking for ,new ,england1 and were forcibly detained from sailing--he became noted in the university as a preacher1 and passed so much of his time in devotion that the author of the preface to his poems says3 ,he lodged under ,tertullian's roof of angels4 ,there he made his nest more gladly than ,david's swallow near the house of ,god4 ,there1 like a primitive saint1 he offered more prayers in the night than others usually offer in the day4 ,there he penned these poems3 ,steps for ,happy ,souls to climb to ,heaven by4 ,in #afdd1 sorrow came to his calm nest2 and as he would not sign the covenant1 he was driven from the university he loved and from surroundings increasingly dear4 ,accomplished in ,hebrew1 ,greek1 ,latin1 ,italian1 and ,spanish1 skilled in drawing1 music1 and engraving1 he was still more noted for his talent in the higher art of poetry4 ,he belonged to what is called the fantastic school of ,cowley1 which is full of conceits4 ,but conceits are often original and beautiful ideas quaintly expressed4 ,the poetry of conceits was a reflex of the times1 and is1 with all its faults1 far preferable to classic platitudes in flowing verse4 ,the overthrow of the ,church of ,england by the ,commonwealth was to ,crashaw a cause of poignant regret4 ,he could no longer bear to look on the towers and spires of venerable churches given over into the hands of bawling1 nasal ,puritans4 ,he quitted ,england1 and1 crossing the ,channel1 found that1 in ,france1 he was a member of no church at all4 ,his own communion was extinct1 and he was a stranger to the ,catholic ,church1 before whose altars he now stood as an alien4 ,but he had taken up his residence in ,france1 and it was not long before he decided on embracing the faith which that land prized as its most precious heritage4 ,after the decisive battle of the ,civil ,war had been fought at ,naseby1 the poet ,cowley1 who was an ardent royalist1 visited ,paris1 and found ,crashaw in great distress4 ,he represented his case to ,henrietta ,maria1 the exiled queen of ,england1 and presented him to her4 ,he received kindness from her majesty1 and letters of recommendation to her friends in ,italy4 ,having made his way to ,rome1 he became secretary to one of the cardinals1 and was subsequently appointed canon of the church of ,our ,lady at ,loretto4 ,here he resided during the remainder of his days1 and died a poet and a saint 7as ,cowley calls him7 in #afej1 the year after the execution of ,charles ,i4 ,two years after his death1 a volume of his posthumous poems was published2 and his memory was honored by ,cowley in what ,thomas ,arnold calls one of the most loving and beautiful elegies ever written4 ,his ,steps to the ,temple3 ,sacred ,poems1 and other ,delights of the ,muses1 which appeared in #afdf1 had reached a second edition before his decease1 and a third was published in #afgj4 ,in #aghe1 his entire poems were published in ,london1 and included a translation of part of the ,sospetto di ,herode of ,marini4 ,his style resembled that of ,herbert1 and a few lines breathing a ,catholic spirit shall be quoted from his works4 ,it is called ,a ,hymn to the ,nativity3 ,gloomy night embraced the place ,where the noble ,infant lay3 ,the babe looked up1 and showed his face-- ,in spite of darkness1 it was day4 ,we saw thee in thy balmy nest1 ,bright dawn of our eternal day4 ,we saw thine eyes break from the east1 ,and chase the trembling shades away4 ,we saw thee1 and we blessed the sight3 ,we saw thee by thine own sweet light4 ,she sings thy tears asleep1 and dips ,her kisses in thy weeping eye2 ,she spreads the red leaves of thy lips ,that in their buds yet blushing lie4 ,yet when young ,april's husband-showers ,shall bless the faithful ,maia's bed1 ,we'll bring the first-born of her flowers ,to kiss thy feet and crown thy head3 ,to thee1 dread ,lamb6 whose love must keep ,the shepherds while they feed their sheep4 ,sir ,william ,davenant was another poet-convert to the ,catholic ,church1 and his conversion took place nearly at the same time as ,crashaw's4 ,like that poet1 also1 he was in the favor of ,queen ,henrietta ,maria during her exile in ,france4 ,his life was full of adventure4 ,as a child1 he was acquainted with ,shakespeare1 who frequented the ,crown ,inn in the ,corn ,market1 ,oxford1 kept by his father4 ,that father rose to be mayor1 and ,william entered at ,lincoln ,college4 ,leaving ,oxford without a degree1 he became page to the ,duchess of ,richmond1 and subsequently was attached to the household of the poet1 ,lord ,brooke4 ,exhibiting a decided talent for dramatic composition1 he was employed to write masques for the court of ,charles ,i4 ,these light plays1 of which ,milton's ,comus is the best specimen ever produced1 were highly popular1 and served for private theatricals in the mansions and castles of lords and princes4 ,william ,davenant had fame enough to be celebrated in his time1 and to be made poet-laureate when ,ben ,jonson died2 but his writings had not body of thought1 original conception1 or sweetness of expression enough to preserve them long from oblivion4 ,his ballad1 ,my ,lodging is on the ,cold ,ground1 seems to have had more of the principle of life in it than anything else he wrote4 ,during the ,civil ,war1 like many other authors1 he flung aside his books1 and girded on the sword4 ,he was then known as ,general ,davenant1 and he negotiated in the king's name with his majesty's friends in ,paris4 ,twice captured1 and having twice escaped to ,france1 he nevertheless returned1 took part in the siege of ,gloucester1 and was knighted by the king for his services on that critical occasion4 ,in #afdf1 we find him in ,france1 in the service of the exiled ,queen of ,england1 attending ,mass1 and conforming to the discipline of the ,catholic ,church4 ,living in the ,louvre with ,lord ,jermyn1 he had once more leisure to cultivate his taste for poetry4 ,there he began writing his longest poem1 and a very tedious production it is4 ,but his versatile mind was now occupied by a new scheme4 ,he promoted an emigration of colonists from ,france to ,virginia1 and1 having embarked for the distant settlement1 the ship in which he was sailing fell into the hands of one of ,cromwell's cruisers4 ,he was captured and taken to ,cowes ,castle1 and is said to have escaped trial for his life through the kind intercession of his brother poet1 ,milton4 ,it was not till after two years of imprisonment that he regained his liberty2 and when at last he did so1 all his efforts were directed to a revival of dramatic performances1 which the austere ,puritans had entirely suppressed4 ,he succeeded at last in establishing a theatre1 and1 gaining support by degrees1 he ultimately restored the regular drama4 ,with the return of ,charles ,,ii4 his difficulties ended4 ,king and people alike heaped their favors on him4 ,he died at his house1 in ,lincoln's ,inn ,fields1 in #affh1 and was buried with distinction in ,westminster ,abbey4 ,he was very handsome1 of ready wit and a singularly fertile mind2 but it is to be supposed that his attachment to the ,catholic religion was not by any means a prominent feature in his character and career4 ,like several of those already mentioned1 ,john ,dryden is but an imperfect link in the chain of ,english ,catholic authors since the ,reformation4 ,it was not till a late period of his life that he entered the true church1 but he lived long enough to impress on his works a decidedly ,catholic stamp4 ,indeed1 ,the ,hind and the ,panther1 published in #afhg1 some months after his conversion1 was looked upon as a defence of ,catholicism4 ,the hind represented the ,roman ,church1 and the panther the ,church of ,england4 ,it was a singular circumstance1 to which1 so far as we have observed1 attention has never been drawn1 that three poets-laureate in succession1 ,ben ,jonson1 ,sir ,william ,davenant1 and ,dryden1 were converts to ,catholicity4 ,the life of the last of these poets was too long and too eventful to allow of our recalling even the chief occurrences by which it was marked4 ,suffice it to say that before he was twenty-eight years old he had passed from ,westminster ,school to ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge1 and had acted as secretary to his kinsman1 ,sir ,gilbert ,pickering1 who stood high in the ,protector's favor1 and went by the name of ,noll's ,lord ,chamberlain4 ,on the death of ,cromwell1 ,dryden wrote an elegy upon him1 which was also a eulogy2 and soon after the ,restoration1 he commenced writing for the stage coarse comedies and stilted tragedies4 ,married to a daughter of the ,earl of ,berkshire1 he was appointed poet-laureate1 with #bjj a year4 ,this was in #afgj1 the tenth year of the reign of his licentious majesty1 ,charles ,,ii4 ,when that sovereign expired 7having been reconciled on his death-bed to the ,catholic ,church71 ,dryden eulogized him as he had eulogized ,cromwell1 and in the same poem turned with alacrity to the praises of ,james ,,ii4 ,nor was it long before he embraced the religion of the ,duke of ,york4 ,the motives which induced him to take this step have often been made the subject of debate4 ,the authority of ,lord ,macaulay is constantly adduced in support of ,dryden's venality and insincere conversion4 ,but in opposition to this1 it must be remembered that ,dr4 ,johnson and ,sir ,walter ,scott arrived at a different conclusion4 ,the latter biographer of ,dryden contends that the poet's writings contain internal evidence of his convictions having been in complete accordance with the step he took1 and that many external circumstances contributed to make it easy for him to act in the way he thought right4 ,duty and interest are not always at variance2 and if ,dryden gained by the change in the first instance1 when ,james ,,ii4 was on the throne1 he lost eventually many temporal advantages4 ,having refused to take the oaths of allegiance or forsake his religion1 he was dismissed1 under ,william ,,iii41 from his offices of poet-laureate and historiographer2 he had the mortification of seeing ,shadwell1 the dramatist1 whom he had often ridiculed1 promoted to wear his laurel2 and for the rest of his life1 he was more or less harassed by the ills of poverty4 ,he educated his children in the faith which he had embraced1 and they showed the strongest signs of heartfelt attachment to the person of the ,sovereign ,pontiff and the church of which he is the head4 ,one of them entered a religious order1 another was usher of the palace to ,pope ,clement ,,xi4 ,in writing to them both in ,september1 #afig1 ,dryden said3 ,i flatter not myself with any manner of hopes1 but do my duty and suffer for ,god's sake1 being assured beforehand never to be rewarded1 even though the times should alter4444 ,remember me to poor ,harry1 whose prayers ,i earnestly desire4444 ,i never can repent of my constancy1 since ,i am thoroughly persuaded of the justice of the cause for which ,i suffer4 ,this is not the language of one who had sold himself for a pension of #ajj a year4 ,dryden did not1 like ,chillingworth1 return after a time to the ,established ,church4 ,he died in the religion of his choice1 and many of his poems1 particularly the paraphrase of the ,veni ,creator1 and the two odes on ,st4 ,cecilia's ,day1 breathe alike the devotion and the well-ordered ideas of a ,catholic4 ,there is much force in the closing line of this stanza3 ,refine and clear our earthly parts1 ,but1 oh6 inflame and fire our hearts6 ,our frailties help1 our vice control2 ,submit the senses to the soul2 ,and when rebellious they are grown1 ,then lay thy hand1 and hold them down4 ,when ,dryden1 in ,the ,hind and the ,panther1 describes the different ,protestant sects1 he very naturally gives the preference to the ,church of ,england1 and speaks of her with a becoming tenderness1 she having been the church in which he was nurtured3 ,the panther1 sure the noblest next the hind1 ,and fairest creature of the spotted kind1 ,oh6 could her inborn stains be washed away1 ,she were too good to be a beast of prey6 ,how can ,i praise or blame1 and not offend1 ,or how divide the frailty from the friend8 ,her faults and virtues lie so mixed that she ,not wholly stands condemned1 nor wholly free4 ,then like her injured lion 7,james ,,ii47 let me speak1 ,he cannot bend her1 and he would not break4 ,if1 as our dreaming ,platonists report1 ,there could be spirits of a middle sort4 ,too black for heaven1 and yet too white for hell1 ,who just dropped half-way down1 nor lower fell2 ,so poised1 so gently she descends from high1 ,it seems a soft demission from the sky4 ,dryden's successor on the throne of letters in ,england was ,alexander ,pope1 who was also a ,catholic1 though not a convert4 ,his father1 a linen merchant of ,lombard ,street1 ,london1 was a ,catholic before him1 and had been led to embrace the faith by a residence in ,lisbon4 ,his were the days of penal laws and various disabilities1 among which was exclusion from the public schools and universities4 ,alexander's education1 therefore1 was private1 and not of a first-rate kind4 ,he may almost be called a self-taught man4 ,he had seen ,dryden when a boy1 and he knew ,wycherley1 the dramatist1 who is here mentioned because he was in the number of those who adopted the ,catholic profession under the auspices of ,james ,,ii4 ,wycherley was1 as ,arnold calls him1 a somewhat battered and worn-out relic of the gay reign of ,charles ,,ii4 ,macaulay has little respect for him1 for the very reason that he could interest us--because he became a ,catholic4 ,he styles him the most licentious and hard-hearted writer of a singularly licentious and hard-hearted school4 ,but the gentle ,charles ,lamb was more indulgent to his memory and his works4 ,i do not know1 he says1 in the ,essays of ,elia1 how it is with others1 but ,i feel the better always for the perusal of one of ,congreve's--nay1 why should ,i not add even of ,wycherley's8--comedies4 ,i am the gayer1 at least1 for it2 and ,i could never connect those sports of a witty fancy in any shape with any result to be drawn from them to imitation in real life4 ,they are a world of themselves almost as much as fairyland4 ,we will not pause to discuss the soundness of this criticism2 we have to do with ,pope1 and chiefly with his religious character4 ,no one can read his ,dying ,christian's ,hymn1 beginning1 ,vital spark of heavenly flame1 without being convinced that the author was capable of the deepest religious feeling4 ,the times were not favorable to a ,catholic poet1 nor is it in ,pope's writings that we must look for the strongest evidence of his faith4 ,the ,letter of ,eloisa to ,abelard1 indeed1 could hardly have been written by a ,protestant2 but it says nothing of his personal religion4 ,we find1 however1 by his correspondence with ,racine and others1 that though infidelity and gallantry were the fashion of his day1 he was known among his friends as a ,papist1 and that he speaks of himself as such unreservedly4 ,the words of ,dr4 ,johnson on this subject are as follows3 ,the religion in which he lived and died was that of the ,church of ,rome4444 ,he professes himself a sincere adherent4444 ,it does not appear that his principles were ever corrupted1 or that he ever lost his belief of revelation4444 ,after the priest had given him the last sacraments1 he died in the evening of the #cjth day of ,may1 #agdd4 ,it is pleasing to reflect that this illustrious poet1 so distinguished by his deep thought1 his affluent imagery1 his pathos1 his scathing satire and matchless versification1 recoiled in his solitude and sickness from the false philosophy of his friends1 and closed his weary and painful existence at the foot of the cross2 that he departed hence1 not only with laurels on his brow1 but with the ,viaticum on his lips and the church's blessing on his drooping head4 ,but it was not at the awful hour of death merely that he began to prize the religion which ,england proscribed4 ,there is a little anecdote related of him which shows that he had a distinct and warm feeling on the subject long before he came face to face with the last enemy4 ,he and ,mrs4 ,blount had been invited on one occasion to stay with ,mr4 ,allen1 at ,prior ,park1 near ,bath1 on a visit4 ,pope left the house for a short time to go to ,bristol2 and while he was absent1 it happened that ,mrs4 ,blount1 who was a ,catholic as well as himself1 wished to attend ,mass in the chapel in ,bath1 and requested the use of ,mr4 ,allen's chariot for that purpose4 ,but her host1 at that time being mayor of the city1 had a decided objection to his carriage being seen at the doors of such a place1 and begged to be excused lending it4 ,mrs4 ,blount felt deeply offended at this time-serving1 and1 when ,pope returned1 told him her feelings on the subject4 ,the poet was so incensed at this offence offered to his religion and his friend that he1 and ,mrs4 ,martha ,blount too1 abruptly quitted the house4 ,there is1 happily1 no need of our contending for the places which ,dryden and ,pope should occupy among literary celebrities4 ,their attachment to ,catholicism at a time when it was especially distasteful to the ,english people--during the reigns1 we mean1 of ,william the ,third and ,queen ,anne--did not detract from the popularity of their writings even while they lived4 ,the striking genius of ,dryden as a translator1 his racy language and manly style1 have been fully appreciated by posterity2 and if we put ,pope above him in the rank of poets1 it is because we discover in the latter more profound philosophy and rhythmical sweetness4 ,he enjoyed1 too1 an advantage over his distinguished predecessor in that he was not a convert1 but had from childhood been imbued with the doctrines of the ancient faith4 ,the ,catholic system1 even more than he knew1 lent force and color to his imagination1 restrained his philosophic speculations within orthodox bounds1 and imparted a certain majesty and consistency to his verse1 even when it was concerned with purely secular topics4 ,it had done the like for ,dante1 ,chaucer1 ,calderon1 and ,corneille before him1 and it has done the like since for ,thomas ,moore1 as we shall endeavor to show in a future number4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,catholic ,,young ,,men',s ,,associations4 ,the saying is becoming almost trite that the ,catholic ,church has done wonders in this country4 ,its rapid rise1 growth1 and spread are little short of miraculous4 ,half a century ago1 the church was scarcely known here1 save in a misty way1 as something very remote and powerless4 ,to-day it stands up as a factor to be counted in ,american polity4 ,it points to its five or six millions of believers4 ,it points to its cathedrals1 its magnificent churches1 its splendid educational establishments1 its parochial schools1 its illustrious hierarchy1 its active and zealous priesthood1 its religious orders and societies of men and women1 its lay associations for various pious purposes1 its newspapers1 and its multiplying writers4 ,it has seized upon the very genius of this new people4 ,it lags not behind1 but keeps apace with their enterprise2 and scarcely are the piles driven in for the building of a new city or town than the cross is seen above the growing settlement4 ,protestants have recognized this fact4 ,they are daily bearing witness to its truth4 ,it is but recently that the press1 secular and religious1 was alive with a discussion on ,the ,decline of ,protestantism1 here1 in this very land4 ,and the two foes that ,protestantism had most to dread were1 as all agreed1 the one from without--,catholicity2 the other from within--infidelity4 ,it was expected the ,evangelical ,council would take into consideration the same subject3 the best means to be adopted in order to beat off those two terrible foes--,catholicity and infidelity4 ,all this is well4 ,it is well that the foes of the church should themselves testify to the irrepressible spread of the truth2 that they should cut the dividing lines so clearly between ,catholicity and infidelity--their ,scylla and ,charybdis1 either of which is destruction to them4 ,it is well that the men who within living memory despised the church should now come forward and testify that that church has conquered them4 ,that they themselves should thus bear witness to the spread of ,catholicity and the corresponding decline of ,protestantism is flattering enough1 if mere human feeling were allowed to enter into a question which involves man's eternal salvation2 but it is well1 also1 that ,catholics lay not too flattering unction to their souls4 ,they may occasionally point with pardonable pride to their swelling numbers and all that has been indicated above2 but at the same time1 it would be a fatal mistake to imagine that everything has now been done for the church of ,god2 that it has nothing to do but run on smoothly in the eternal grooves fixed for it1 sweeping triumphantly through the country1 and bearing away all in its track4 ,a young and a new ,catholic generation is coming into possession4 ,it does not know1 and can scarcely appreciate1 at what terrible cost1 after what long and painful struggles1 cathedral after cathedral1 church after church1 college after college1 school-house after school-house1 were built4 ,it finds them there and is content1 as an heir finds the woods and the fields won inch by inch by the toil and the sweat of his father4 ,if the young generation would not squander its inheritance1 would not see it dissipated before its eyes1 and slip away out of its nerveless grasp1 it must be up and doing while the morning of life is on it2 tilling1 trenching1 delving1 casting out the weeds1 watching for the enemy that would sow tares among the wheat1 that it may leave a larger1 a richer1 and a brighter inheritance to its own children when it is gathered to the soil of its fathers--the good soil consecrated by their bones4 ,yes1 a goodly inheritance has fallen upon the young ,catholic generation of ,america to-day2 and a goodlier yet is in store1 to be won by their own endeavor4 ,never in this world's history was there a fairer field to fight the battle of ,god in than in this great country2 and never yet1 take them all in all1 were there fairer foes and less favor to contend against4 ,but let it be borne well in mind1 the battle is a severe one2 all the severer1 perhaps1 because the field is so open and ,catholics are so free4 ,here in ,america there is nothing of the glory of martyrdom to sustain us--a glory that turns defeat into victory1 and by one death wins a thousand lives4 ,ours is not the clash of arms and of battle1 but of intellect4 ,we have to reason our way along4 ,the cry of the decline of ,protestantism is a cry well grounded4 ,the churches are losing their children4 ,a reaction against ,puritanism has set in as decided and as disastrous in its results as that which set in in ,england on the accession of ,charles ,,ii4 ,the children throw off even the gloomy cloak of religion to which their fathers clung long after the many deformities and defects it concealed had shone through the threadbare garment4 ,the thought of young ,america to-day is1 ,let the doctors wrangle about their creeds4 ,all we know or care to know is that we have life1 and let us enjoy it while we may4 ,and thus the battle of the age is coming to be fought out among and by the young--young ,america ,catholic and young ,america non-,catholic4 ,true1 our ranks are swelling daily1 and nowadays principally by native growth4 ,the birth-rate1 if classified as ,catholic or non-,catholic1 is so strikingly in favor of the former as to attract the universal attention of the medical faculty4 ,converts1 too1 crowd in upon us2 but1 numerous as they are1 they are only driblets compared to the vast ocean that roars outside4 ,five or six millions is a mighty number2 but there are thirty millions or more left4 ,were it not remembered that ,god1 although the ,god of battles1 is not always on the side of the big battalions1 our hearts might sicken at the mustering of the forces--our six millions surrounded1 absorbed1 as it were1 by that mighty army five times greater1 stretching away dim in its immensity1 yet meeting us at every turn1 and1 directly or indirectly1 contesting stubbornly every inch of ground4 ,it is true that they are broken whilst we are one4 ,they fight under a thousand different banners2 and even while presenting a united front against us1 they are rending each other in the rear4 ,the deserters from our side are few--practically none--and such as do go become objects of infamy even to those who make a show of welcoming them4 ,but besides the two directly opposing forces1 ,catholics1 and ,protestants of some professed creed1 there is a neutral ground1 vaster than either1 and equally opposed to both--infidelity2 and thither is young ,america drifting4 ,and truly it looks a fair region for a young man to enter4 ,there is no constraint upon him beyond the pleasant burden1 light to bear1 of fashionable etiquette4 ,a dress-coat and a banker's account will pass him anywhere4 ,the man under the dress-coat does not matter much2 and the inquiry as to how the banking account came into his hands is not scrupulously close4 ,he will meet there the lights of modern science and literature--men who can trace the motions of the world1 and find no ,mover2 who have sifted the ashes of nature1 to find only matter2 who have analyzed the body of man1 to find no soul in him2 to whom life is simply life1 and death1 death4 ,there is the abode of wit1 and scoffing1 and irreligion1 and bold speculation1 and the unshackled play of the undisciplined intellect1 and under it all the power to do as you please1 because you may believe as you please1 provided you sin not against the laws of etiquette4 ,now1 the work of the church is to break up that neutral ground1 which1 indeed1 is the most formidable of the day4 ,it must keep its own young men from being drawn thither1 and win those that are there into its bosom4 ,but although in very truth the yoke of ,christ is sweet and his burden light1 it takes a long time to impress that fact upon youth in the heyday of life4 ,and with all the power of the prayer of the faithful1 with the voice of the preacher1 and the attractions of the ceremonies of the church1 there is no merely human agency to win youth like youth itself2 no sermon so powerful as the unspoken sermon preached by a ,christian young man1 set in the midst of a world that practically knows not ,christianity4 ,and this is one great point of the present article4 ,our young men and young women who mix daily in the army occupying that neutral territory of infidelity are1 or may be made1 our best missionaries4 ,there the voice of the preacher never or rarely penetrates4 ,his voice is as the voice of one crying in the wilderness4 ,but though the preacher's words may not reach there1 the effect of his words may be visible in the conduct of those whom his words do reach--the ,catholic youth who live and move in the daily world4 ,hitherto this point has been1 perhaps necessarily1 much neglected4 ,catholics have not half utilized their forces4 ,they have not made use enough of the young4 ,indeed1 the work of reclaiming them at all has been a severe one1 and is still far from even the full means of accomplishment2 for it may here be noted how ,protestants cling to the godless school system1 though many of their best thinkers and leading organs acknowledge that a system of education founded on no faith at all must naturally produce scholars of no faith at all4 ,but it is time for ,catholics to see that if they would not only keep their own--hold fast to the inheritance that their fathers bequeathed them--but also win more1 something more definite must be done to hold together the young1 and unite them in one common cause4 ,if you want missionaries1 you must educate them4 ,if you wish the young to be ,catholic1 not on the ,sunday only1 but always1 you must take the proper means to that end4 ,our meaning is this3 ,catholicity must not be confined to the churches only4 ,half an hour's ,mass weekly is undoubtedly a great deal when rightly heard2 but it is1 after all1 only a portion of the spiritual food necessary to carry a man safely through the week4 ,the poison of the atmosphere of utter worldliness that our young people breathe can only be counteracted by an antagonistic ,catholic atmosphere2 and this can only be created by having ,catholic centres of attraction under church auspices1 where ,catholics may meet occasionally to converse1 to read1 to hear a lecture1 or to amuse themselves in a healthful manner4 ,it is not long since1 at the commencement season1 we were listening to the young orators of the graduating classes of our various educational establishments4 ,kind eyes looked on as they poured forth their eloquent ten minutes of benison on the heads of the comrades they were leaving behind them4 ,it was pleasant to hear the words of wisdom1 of eloquence1 and the soundest morality fall from their lips4 ,but the listeners1 the admiring parents or friends1 felt1 nevertheless1 that their boys were speaking comparatively from the safe side of the hedge1 and that it remained to be seen how far the good thoughts to which they gave utterance on leaving the college would guide them and rule them in the real battle of life that was only then about to begin4 ,what has become of the thousands of young men who have gone out and continue to go out1 year after year1 from our colleges8 ,for the most part1 they are lost to the eyes of those who trained their boyhood4 ,they may continue to hold fast by the principles they imbibed at school1 or they may not4 ,in our large cities and towns1 there are always more or less of our ,catholic college graduates1 most of whom are unknown to each other1 or rarely meet4 ,how different would it be had they places in which to assemble6 ,something has been done to meet this very striking want4 ,very many churches have attached to them this or that young men's association1 devoted generally to literary pursuits2 but for the most part1 these excellent associations have not effected much2 not because they have not the right spirit and energy1 but purely from lack of organization1 from not knowing exactly what to do or what not to do1 from not being united with fellow-associations1 and generally from lack of funds4 ,in ,new ,york1 for instance1 where ,catholics boast of half a million of their creed2 where they have so many magnificent churches1 some of them with very wealthy congregations2 with so many wealthy ,catholic residents1 professional men1 and large business firms2 with half a dozen weekly newspapers or more--where are the young men8 ,where is our ,catholic hall1 club1 reading-room1 library8 ,nowhere4 ,nevertheless1 there are1 in one shape or form1 numbers of associations of ,catholic youth scattered through the city1 and greater numbers of ,catholic youth still who do not and will not join them1 because they do not find in them attraction enough4 ,now1 this is a thing worthy of being investigated closely1 and remedied speedily4 ,we ,catholics ought to be ashamed of ourselves to see what the ,protestants have done in the organization known as the ,young ,men's ,christian ,association1 with its splendid reading and meeting-rooms1 gymnasium1 and lecture-hall1 where the ablest lecturers of the world hold forth and draw the crowds of the city to hear them4 ,nor does this association stop here4 ,it has multiplied itself1 not only throughout the city1 but throughout the country4 ,branch houses are covering the whole land2 and1 whatever may be its present or its future1 it is certainly admirable in conception and organization4 ,its honor and reputation rest in its own hands4 ,there is only one association to which the ,catholics of ,new ,york1 speaking generally1 can point as having achieved something2 as not purely local1 but general1 in its character2 as1 in fact1 a success1 though it is still struggling almost in its infancy4 ,this is the ,xavier ,alumni ,sodality and its correlative1 the ,xavier ,union4 ,that admirable association1 the ,catholic ,union1 is designedly omitted from the present article1 which deals only with the young men4 ,the ,xavier ,alumni ,sodality was established in ,new ,york on ,december #h1 #ahfc4 ,it was intended originally1 as its name implies1 for graduates and ex-students of the ,college of ,s4 ,francis ,xavier4 ,it began with about half a dozen members4 ,it gradually and very wisely widened its scope so as to take in the alumni of any ,catholic college who might choose to join1 as also merchants in business and professional men4 ,its objects may best be set forth by quoting from the printed ,constitution3 ,i4 ,the encouragement of virtue1 ,christian piety1 and devotion to the ,blessed ,virgin among educated ,catholic gentlemen1 the perpetuation of friendships formed by them during their college life1 and the promotion of ,catholic interests4 ,,ii4 ,the means to obtain this end shall be principally the daily practice of certain devotions1 the frequent and worthy reception of the sacraments1 and religious and social meetings at stated intervals4 ,in the following sections of the ,by-laws we find3 ,,sec4 #ad4 ,on the ,sunday following ,december #h1 and on a ,sunday during ,easter-time1 there shall be a general communion1 at which all members shall be expected to assist4 ,the first general communion shall be preceded by a ,triduum1 or three days' spiritual retreat4 ,,sec4 #ag4 ,in case any member of the ,sodality falls sick1 the ,rev4 ,father ,director and the ,president 7who is elected of and by the members7 shall appoint one or more members to visit him4 ,,sec4 #bj4 ,there shall be a ,requiem ,mass for the repose of the soul of a deceased member as soon after his death as convenient4 ,the members of the ,sodality are expected to assist at this ,mass4 ,,sec4 #bb4 ,there shall be a standing committee called the ',committee on ,employment1' and consisting of the ,president and six members of the ,sodality1 appointed by him at the ,january meeting4 ,the members meet on the first ,sunday of every month4 ,its duties shall be to assist young men to procure mercantile or professional employment4 ,there are quite a number of special indulgences attached to the ,sodality1 whose genuine worth and practical tendencies may be faintly imagined from this short statement4 ,its effects1 and the success attained by it1 may best be judged from the fact that the half a dozen members of ten years ago have swollen to the number of over four hundred1 notwithstanding losses by death and by members leaving the city4 ,this number is being increased at every meeting2 whilst out of the ,sodality has sprung the ,xavier ,union1 which1 though established only two years ago1 already numbers two hundred members4 ,to quote the ,preamble of its printed ,constitution and ,by-laws-- ,the ,xavier ,union was organized in ,march1 #ahga1 by a number of gentlemen1 members of the ,xavier ,alumni ,sodality--a ,society established in #ahfc1 and having for its object the encouragement of virtue and ,christian piety among the educated ,catholic young men of this city ,new ,york1 and the promotion of ,catholic interests by their united efforts4 ,from this body1 in order to unite its members more intimately1 better to carry out its objects1 and to effect other desirable ends not strictly within the scope of a purely religious body1 the ,xavier ,union has been formed4 ,this ,union has in view both the mental and moral improvement of its members4 ,by a regular and proper representation of ,catholic questions1 by association with men of mature years and study1 and by their frequent meetings with each other1 it hopes to keep alive among its members a spirit of true ,catholicity1 and to encourage by example all ,catholic young men in fidelity to the teachings and practices of their religion4 ,it further proposes to promote the study of good books1 and to foster a taste for the sciences and arts2 but it intends more especially to exert itself in awakening and keeping alive an interest in ,catholic history and literature4 ,while pursuing these ends1 it has in view the furnishing its members with every desirable means for their proper recreation1 both of mind and body4 ,thus it hopes1 by guarding youth against the temptations of youth itself1 and withdrawing it from the no less insidious than dangerous associations of a city1 to encourage our educated young men to a proper use of both mind and body1 and to make them ambitious to be and do good1 that they may exert that influence on society which is to them indeed a duty4 ,in furtherance of these objects1 the ,union shall1 through its management1 provide-- ,i4 ,a library4 ,,ii4 ,a reading-room having all desirable reviews and journals4 ,,iii4 ,literary and musical entertainments4 ,the best comment on these objects and the desirability of them is to point to the success which has already attended this movement4 ,the ,union1 which is recruited exclusively from the ,xavier ,alumni ,sodality1 rents for its use a building containing a reading-room1 reception-rooms1 billiard-room1 and a handsome library of six thousand volumes4 ,it is found already that the accommodations are far too small1 and a proposal is on foot to erect a building adequate to the growing wants of the society1 and containing a large hall for the giving of lectures and for other purposes4 ,the want of this was found last year1 when1 for a series of lectures given under the auspices of the ,xavier ,union1 it was found necessary to hire one of the public halls4 ,of course1 the question is mainly one of funds4 ,however1 here is something practical1 tangible1 which can point to results1 and which challenges the attention of all ,catholics1 particularly of our ,catholic young men4 ,the ,xavier ,alumni ,sodality and the ,xavier ,union have so far done everything for themselves under the guidance of their able director4 ,their work1 as may be imagined1 has been very up-hill1 for the entrance fees are not large2 nevertheless1 with the profit of lectures1 they have constituted their only source of revenue4 ,in the face of all difficulties1 however1 there they stand1 an active and ever-increasing organization of educated young ,catholic laymen1 with their rooms for reading and amusement1 and their library4 ,they form already the nucleus of a great ,catholic centre1 which1 with a little tact1 a little generosity on the part of those who can afford to be generous1 and who could not be generous for a better purpose1 a steady perseverance in the way they have entered upon1 may rival any club in the city1 may be a rallying-point for the ,catholic laity1 and may furnish a constant supply of amusement1 information1 and recreation of mind and body for ,catholics of all ages1 but particularly the young4 ,special attention has been devoted to these two organizations1 because they are1 beyond doubt1 the most prominent associations of ,catholic young men in ,new ,york4 ,indeed1 at the present writing1 we know of none equal to them in the ,united ,states4 ,this is not at all said by way of flattery to the societies mentioned2 rather by way of reproach to those who have neglected to form similar societies4 ,educated young ,catholics are plentiful in most of our large cities2 and wherever a number of educated young ,catholics exist1 there such societies as the ,xavier ,alumni ,sodality and the ,xavier ,union ought to exist1 with their rooms for association1 meeting1 reading1 and amusement4 ,much the same programme1 and much the same organization1 and much the same aims and tendencies1 would answer for all4 ,a new and wonderful impetus would thus be imparted to ,catholic thought1 ,catholic work1 and1 above all1 to ,catholic literature and education4 ,an esprit du corps would be engendered among our ,catholic youth that is sadly wanting at present1 and that would inevitably tell upon society4 ,any large ,catholic project might be almost instantaneously taken up and discussed throughout the country2 and1 above all1 ,catholic young men would find places where healthy amusement was blended with instruction and blessed by a religious spirit4#hg ,neither need such organizations be restricted1 as it were1 to any special class4 ,the ,sodality of the ,blessed ,virgin1 of which the ,xavier ,alumni ,sodality is a branch1 may be made to embrace all classes4 ,it was founded in the ,roman ,college of the ,society of ,jesus1 on ,december #h1 #aefc1 exactly three hundred years prior to the foundation of this promising offshoot in ,new ,york4 ,the society has an eventful history4 ,it began in the ,jesuit ,colleges1 and was restricted to the students4 ,it speedily spread thence throughout the world1 embracing all ranks from the crowned head to the peasant4 ,one branch took up one good work1 another devoted itself to some other4 ,it entered the world1 society1 the army1 everywhere4 ,popes belonged to it1 kings1 astute statesmen1 great generals1 as well as the rank and file1 and the humblest craftsmen4 ,many a saint's name glitters on its scroll4 ,s4 ,aloysius ,gonzaga1 ,s4 ,stanislaus ,kotska1 ,s4 ,charles ,borromeo1 ,s4 ,francis of ,sales1 ,blessed ,berchmans1 and many another consecrated in ,catholic history1 were all members of the ,sodality of the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary4 ,so great was the good it wrought that popes have bestowed upon it many rights and privileges4 ,it has had the glory of persecution4 ,infidel governments suppressed it from time to time1 in ,france particularly1 fearing lest it should lead men back to ,god2 for if there is one thing more than another that the devil fears1 it is seeing the young go from him wholesale4 ,now1 this matter is worthy the attention of all ,catholics4 ,enough graduates go out yearly from our colleges1 and enough intelligent and zealous ,catholic young men are scattered through our great cities and towns1 to take this matter up earnestly1 and establish ,catholic societies of this kind for practical1 pious1 and sanitary purposes4 ,they might embrace in a short time all the ,catholic youth of ,america4 ,as has been seen1 the ,sodality of the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary is very elastic in its constitution1 though one in its organization and aims2 and it may be made to embrace all classes and states of life4 ,it has history1 stability1 saintly members1 and good works innumerable to recommend it4 ,it has been specially blessed and favored by many popes1 and it has for its head the ,blessed ,mother of ,god1 whilst those who enroll themselves in it do so as children of ,mary4 ,coming back to the opposing forces here at home--,catholicity1 ,protestantism1 and infidelity--we see nothing more powerful to withstand the assault of the latter particularly than ,catholic societies of this nature4 ,the social atmosphere to-day is full of insidious poison4 ,the young unconsciously breathe it from their infancy up4 ,the edifice of faith in ,god was never more persistently assaulted by the united forces of the powers of this world4 ,no persecution of the ,roman emperors1 unless1 perhaps1 that of ,julian the ,apostate1 ever threatened the religion of ,jesus ,christ1 the ,son of ,god1 with a tithe of the bitterness and hatred that frown upon it now4 ,men nowadays do not so much seek out the chiefs of the church1 the pontiffs1 and the bishops as the little children and the young of all ages4 ,in some cases1 as in ,germany1 ,switzerland1 ,italy1 and ,brazil1 they add open and violent persecution to its secret and more fatal forms4 ,the great cry of the age--a good and earnest cry--is for education4 ,educate the masses6 ,educate all at any cost6 ,that cry is good in itself1 and is as old as the church of ,christ1 and no older4 ,but to it is joined another cry3 ,the church is out of date4 ,it cannot educate4 ,it has failed4 ,it will keep the people ignorant and superstitious4 ,that is just the right state for the priests4 ,we know that of old4 ,the priests in pagan times were just the same4 ,they kept the people blind for their own sakes4 ,but the newspapers have broken all that up4 ,men who read their daily ,herald or their daily ,times know a little too much for that nowadays4 ,so out with the priests and their church altogether4 ,we want the children to know how to read1 and write1 and cipher1 and be intelligent4 ,if they want religion1 they may find it where they can4 ,but religion is quite a secondary consideration nowadays4 ,it used to be the first thing4 ,that was the great mistake4 ,we must now make it the last4 ,that is pretty much how the lights of the age--the scientific apostles--talk4 ,their opinions are re-echoed in the pages of journals which1 compared to ,christian or ,catholic1 are as a thousand1 nay1 ten thousand1 to one2 so that they are ever before the public eye in one form or other4 ,consequently1 religion is not only thrown out of the school1 but1 to a great extent1 out of the world altogether2 nay1 if the accounts our ,protestant friends give of themselves be true1 out of the pulpit also1 when preachers preach a theology without the ,theos1 and a ,christianity without ,christ4 ,it is perhaps only natural1 then1 to find public morality at a sad discount2 private morality1 on a large scale1 a thing ugly to inquire into1 and commercial morality broken down before commercial gambling4 ,it is not strange to find the loosest ideas on the marriage tie prevail1 and a corresponding disregard of the sanctity of the household and the mutual obligations of husband and wife1 of father and child1 spreading wider and further every day4 ,it is no wonder to find public amusements1 as a rule1 unfit to be witnessed by the eye of a decent man or woman4 ,it is not surprising to see well-dressed crowds listening eagerly to brilliant lecturers1 who in mellifluous accents and the chastest ,english1 and in evening costume1 pleasantly and quietly1 and in the best possible taste1 laugh away the idea of ,god and ,christianity2 and it is no surprise to find the children of those well-dressed crowds growing up and moving about the world1 with no sense of ,christian morality at all1 and at best1 to use an ordinary expression1 a human sense of what is square4 ,right in the face of this scornful infidelity or shaky faith1 it is noble to see the ,catholic world1 especially the young ,catholic world1 rising up everywhere to proclaim openly1 boldly1 and with no hesitation in the tone1 its whole-souled faith in the ,roman ,catholic ,church1 its tenets1 its doctrines1 and its practices4 ,allusion1 as will be understood1 is made chiefly to the pilgrimages in ,europe1 and more particularly to the contingent furnished by ,protestant ,england4 ,a pilgrimage1 composed of ,catholic young men1 visited1 the other day1 the shrine of ,s4 ,thomas of ,canterbury2 another soon after crossed over to ,france1 to visit the shrine of the ,sacred ,heart at ,paray-le-,monial2 and doubtless others will follow4 ,we see it advocated in the ,catholic press that our young men here do likewise4 ,they would do well2 but whether their desire take living form or not1 certain it is that in this country they are just as eager to give evidence of their ,catholic faith as in any other4 ,and just here1 in this proposal to make an ,american pilgrimage to some of the ,catholic shrines in ,europe1 step in the want and necessity of such ,catholic organizations1 distinct enough individually1 but linked together more or less1 and springing from a common centre1 to aid effectually in making such a proposal feasible4 ,coming back to ourselves1 the rising ,catholic generation may congratulate itself that it has fallen upon good times4 ,it would be well for it to remember that these good times are the result of the labors of their fathers2 and that as they were won by incessant conflict1 so they must be retained4 ,the present generation has not so many odds to contend against4 ,that fact is perhaps as much a danger as a benefit4 ,the ,catholic generation that is passing away had to suffer more or less a social ostracism4 ,the barriers between class and class are dwindling down2 and to-day1 on the whole1 a ,catholic does not find his religion mark him off from his fellow-citizens as a man to be left out in the cold4 ,that is no doubt very satisfactory4 ,at the same time1 however painful may be this kind of social ostracism1 certain it is that the class who come under its ban are more apt to be circumspect in their conduct than classes removed from it4 ,to-day the spirit of liberality is abroad2 but liberality often means liberalism1 which is a very different thing4 ,the order of the day is that it does not matter what you are1 ,protestant1 ,catholic1 ,jew1 or pagan1 provided you only act as everybody else acts4 ,this sudden effusion of brotherly love among all castes and creeds is no doubt very gratifying1 and a vast improvement on old-fogy barriers2 but1 at the same time1 it involves often a sacrifice of principle4 ,it is a rank and unhealthy growth1 springing from the neutral ground of infidelity1 or that unpronounced infidelity known as indifferentism4 ,catholics cannot enter the world as non-,catholics4 ,their religion must be more than a ,sunday religion4 ,it cannot be left outside on entering their office1 nor in the hall on entering society4 ,it must accompany them everywhere1 not aggressively1 indeed1 so as to be outwardly offensive to the neighbor who does not believe in it1 because he does not know it1 or because he may not see its effects visible in those who profess to believe in it2 its principles must guide them in the transaction of their business1 in the amusements or recreation they take1 as well as in the confessional or at the altar4 ,without this1 it is no religion4 ,without this unaggressive1 but none the less real1 atmosphere of piety1 surrounding and emanating from ,catholics in the world as well as in the church1 the heaviness of the present social atmosphere can never be lifted4 ,it requires a constant current to and fro1 and this can only be obtained by the creating of a ,catholic influence right in the heart of the world4 ,this is for our young men to do by their societies and associations2 by knowing each other1 meeting together1 consulting1 and creating a tone that will tell sooner or later upon society4 ,many a fine young fellow is lost for pure lack of a good companion4 ,many a one spends his evenings in places and amid society that1 if not actually sinful1 are undoubtedly demoralizing in tendency1 because he has no other society or place of amusement to enter4 ,it is too hard upon the young to tell them that they must not follow the way of the world1 if no better mode of recreation is provided for them4 ,the blood of youth is coursing through its veins1 and the heat will find vent1 if not in good1 then in evil4 ,it is the place of all true ,christians to help and provide that good1 by aiding in the work of building up societies1 halls1 reading-rooms1 and libraries for our young people4 ,the blessing will come back upon their own heads in their children1 in their children's children1 and in the building up of a sound1 moral1 ,christian tone among the young in these days1 when it is considered more manly to deny than to inquire2 to sneer at all religion than to kneel down and adore the ,god that made us to his own image4 ,with our young men linked together thus1 working together throughout the whole country1 showing by deeds1 and words1 and open profession that they are ,catholics1 those who to-day1 in #ahgc1 wonder at the marvellous growth of the church within the last half-century1 if ,god spares them another half-century1 may find their country1 if not ,catholic1 covered1 at least1 and blest from end to end1 with ,catholic homes of learning1 piety1 and charity2 whilst the church may respond to the foolish taunt that is flung at her1 that her religion is a foreign religion1 and her children nursed in foreign ideas1 by pointing silently to what her children are--by contrasting her ,christian sons with the product and growth of an education with ,god left out4 ,,footnotes3 #hg ,besides the two ,associations particularly mentioned in this article1 there are numbers of others scattered throughout the country4 ,in ,brooklyn there is attached to almost every parish church a ,young ,men's ,catholic ,association4 ,the writer restricts his mention of names necessarily to the two societies which stand forth most prominently in ,new ,york1 and which give greatest promise of a bright future4 ,if they can be improved upon by others already existing or to come1 they would probably be the first to adapt themselves to the improvement4 ,but as matters stand at present1 their constitution and organization might be very safely recommended1 at least1 to embryo associations4 ,,english ,,sketches4 ,,an ,,hour ,,in ,a ,,jail4 ,there is nothing in the exterior of the building to indicate its real character1 nor is it in any way calculated to strike terror into the mind of the beholder whose imagination1 fed by early prejudices1 connects the idea of a jail with gloomy precincts1 drawbridges1 and armed sentinels pacing before frowning gates4 ,the jail of ,reading1 the chief town of the royal county of ,berks1 presents the very antithesis of all this4 ,this is a gay edifice of variegated red brick and white stone1 in the style called carpenter's ,gothic--a rather appropriate name for the jocular mongrel performance it designates1 and which is one of the most surprising hallucinations of the modern architect's mind4 ,the building stands close by the ,forbury gardens and at the back of the ,catholic church4 ,the delusion as to the character of the place is not dispelled on entering2 the uninitiated stranger might1 on passing the great door1 still fancy himself in some free dwelling1 where no abnormal impediments prevented his exit2 but crossing the court1 he ascends by a flight of steps to a second gate of ominous appearance1 and before whose glittering steel bars the spell of liberty dissolves4 ,within this second gate there is another1 equally formidable1 which opens into a broad gallery lighted from the roof and crossed by light bridges at intervals1 to which you ascend by a steep1 ladder-like iron staircase4 ,the second story is occupied by the women prisoners1 the lower one by the men4 ,as few of our readers may have had the opportunity or the curiosity to go through an ,english jail1 perhaps they would like to do so vicariously1 as the ,shah enjoyed dancing--sitting quietly in his chair1 while foolish people fatigued themselves for his entertainment4 ,we were accompanied by a young priest1 whose ministry had frequently led him within the steel gates on another errand than curiosity2 and1 thanks to his friend's 7,canon ,r----7 introduction to the governor1 we had permission to see every detail of the place4 ,the aspect of the long galleries1 with the bright-tiled flooring and white walls glancing in the flood of sunshine flowing from the roof1 kept up the first impression of cheerfulness4 ,there was nothing so far to suggest unnecessary rigor or broken spirits1 still less cruelty and demoralization4 ,all was airy and exquisitely clean4 ,warders in official uniforms paced leisurely up and down the corridors and galleries2 and though the silence was broken only by their foot-falls and our own voices as we conversed with the warder who acted as our guide1 there was no oppressive gloom in the atmosphere4 ,the cells opened on either side of the gallery4 ,they were each lighted by a good-sized window looking on the prison garden and protected by strong iron bars2 in one corner was a complete washing apparatus1 with a water-pipe over the basin2 in another there was a gas-pipe4 ,the furniture consisted of a small table1 a stool1 and a stretcher-bed1 which is rolled up during the day4 ,on a shelf were the prisoner's plate and mug4 ,the ,protestants are allowed the use of their ,bible and the ,common ,prayer-,book2 the ,catholics have the ,douay edition of the ,bible and ,the ,garden of the ,soul2 special good conduct is rewarded by the loan of story-books4 ,some of the cells were ornamented with prints from the ,graphic and the ,illustrated ,london ,news4 ,a man with a good conscience and sound health might live comfortably in one of these cells4 ,the ,reading jail is worked entirely on the isolated system1 each prisoner being virtually as much alone amidst two hundred fellow-captives as if he were the only inmate4 ,it is urged against this system that it frequently leads to madness1 total solitude being the most cruel form of punishment1 and the one against which the human mind is1 by its very essence1 least calculated to bear up4 ,but the theory applies in its chief force to solitary confinement1 where the sound of the human voice and the sight of his fellow-creature's face never intrude upon the tomblike silence of the dungeon2 where complete inaction of the body feeds the despondency of the imagination dwelling on the one fixed idea of an interminable perspective of silence and solitude4 ,in the case of short periods of incarceration1 the separate system must be regarded as an immense improvement on the old gregarious one4 ,it prevents the spread of vice1 and protects the comparatively innocent subject from being utterly corrupted by the hardened sinner4 ,in ,france1 where the gregarious system is in full force1 its effect is too plainly visible in the most deplorable results4 ,a youth or a girl goes in a mere novice in iniquity1 and1 after a short sojourn in the midst of the offscourings of society1 comes out utterly depraved4 ,nowhere is this truth more lamentably apparent than in those cases that come under the head of prison prventive1 where any suspected person1 on the smallest amount of evidence1 is thrown into these social sloughs for weeks1 nay1 months sometimes1 and held in hourly contact with thieves1 forgers1 burglars1 and every species of offender4 ,strong indeed must be the principles1 and pure the heart1 that come out unshaken and unsullied from such an ordeal4 ,the men were at work on the day when we arrived at the jail1 so we saw the penal system in full operation4 ,the mildest form of hard labor is the oakum-picking4 ,it is performed partly in the open air1 partly in the cells1 and consists of untwisting old cables1 and then tearing them into loose hemp1 which is used for caulking the seams of ships4 ,the next category was the stone-breaking4 ,one side of a yard is walled off into separate compartments1 with a railing at each end1 and from these the ring of the pick-axe resounds dismally for many hours in the day4 ,one of these cages was occupied by a lunatic1 who had attempted the life of his brother4 ,the poor fellow was only there for the day1 awaiting an order for removal to some government asylum for the insane4 ,he stood bolt upright1 without leaning against the wall1 with his hands hanging by his side1 and his head bent downwards1 the picture of melancholy and sullen despair4 ,we noticed with satisfaction that the warder compassionately avoided passing before the poor creature's railing1 and did not even speak within earshot of him4 ,on re-entering the house1 we came into a corridor where the air was filled with a grinding noise of ominous import4 ,on either side of us were cells1 where the forced labor in its most severe aspect comes into view4 ,warders were walking slowly up and down1 peeping at intervals into the cells through a narrow little aperture in the doors1 where the prisoners were undergoing the sentence of the law4 ,some were grinding corn1 others were turning the crankpump4 ,the former is done by a machine which it takes all the strength of the workman's two arms to keep going4 ,in one of these cells1 the door of which was unlocked for us to examine closely1 there was a lad of a little over twenty1 of middle height1 and with a countenance which1 but for the sinister leer of the mouth1 might have been called mild and almost prepossessing4 ,we were startled to learn that this juvenile criminal had been taken up for highway robbery1 with attempt to murder4 ,the cell opposite his was occupied by a middle-aged1 broad-shouldered man1 who was turning the crankpump4 ,this is the most severe of all the forms of labor in the jail4 ,to a superficial observer it would seem almost easy labor1 so smooth is the movement of the crank as it gyrates under the clenched hands of the prisoner1 his body rising and falling in rhythmic movement with the rotation of the crank he is propelling2 but the strain upon the spine becomes after a while intolerable4 ,this man was a very hardened criminal1 and had just undergone seven days on bread and water in the dark cell1 twenty-four lashes of the cat-o'-nine tails having proved unavailing2 and he was still unsubdued4 ,his misdemeanor in the prison was swearing at one of the warders1 and threatening to break his skull against the wall2 even after the fearful infliction of the dark cell1 he repeated his threat to do for him4 ,coarse-matting weaving is another prison employment2 it is far less laborious than either of the two preceding1 yet working the heavy looms must be a great discipline to unpractised arms4 ,one man's face in this category struck us as different from the others2 it bore the unmistakable stamp of education2 we found that the weaver was properly a man of a better class1 and who1 with half the ingenuity he had shown in getting into his present condition1 might have been a well-to-do member of society4 ,in the lower basement there are admirably constructed baths1 immersion in which is compulsory on the prisoners once a month4 ,the dark cell above referred to is also in these lower regions4 ,refractory subjects are consigned to it for three1 five1 or seven days1 as the case may be1 for insubordination or idleness4 ,it must be a very obdurate spirit indeed1 one would imagine1 which this awful punishment could leave unbroken4 ,the darkness is like that of the grave1 so dense that it is suffocating2 and when the warder1 to show how utterly every ray of light was excluded from the cell1 suddenly went out1 and locked the double doors upon us as we stood in the gloom1 we all felt a chill of indescribable horror creep over us4 ,the ventilation is1 however1 perfect1 though we could not see how it was contrived4 ,the kitchen department is as bright and as complete in its appointments as the rest of the building4 ,great and desirable reforms have of late been effected in the prison fare1 which a few years ago was so luxurious as to call loudly for remonstrance from all wise rulers and thoughtful men4 ,the thief and the burglar a little time ago fared far better than the poor working-man struggling to put honest bread into his children's mouths1 and infinitely better than the inmate of the workhouse4 ,all this is happily changed1 and the hospitality of the jail is now proportioned to the quality of the guests4 ,the bread is coarse and brown1 but sweet and wholesome4 ,each prisoner gets six ounces of it at breakfast1 with a pint of gruel2 eight at dinner1 with a pound of potatoes2 and on three days in the week three ounces of bacon2 the other four he gets cheese instead2 at supper1 bread and gruel again4 ,the quantity is less for a short-period man1 namely1 those who are condemned for a week or a fortnight2 the reason being that the constitution could not resist for a lengthened period the low diet1 which acts with salutary effect on the spirit for a short time4 ,in answer to our inquiries how far the present system or any system acted as reformatory on criminals1 the warder said he believed it very seldom attained that end4 ,a man who once came to jail was pretty sure to come twice4 ,when a man gets the name of a jail-bird1 he said1 it is all over with him2 he can never hold up his head again amongst honest folk1 and so he goes back to his old ways and haunts4 ,he added that the one chance he had was to go out of the country to a place where he had no past to live down2 and for this reason he observed that the ,prisoners' ,aid ,society ought to be upheld by all humane people4 ,it offered the only plank to the shipwrecked that was possible4 ,amongst the two hundred prisoners which the jail accommodates1 there happens at the present moment not to be a single ,catholic4 ,we were surprised to hear this1 for we noticed more than once that the men into whose cells we entered cast a wistful look at the young priest who was with us2 and when he smiled and nodded to them on turning away1 their faces relaxed into a smile too4 ,mr4 ,s---- told us that this was no uncommon thing2 that1 as a rule1 the prisoners1 whatever be their religion1 welcome the ,catholic priest with a smile1 and seem thankful for the chance of speaking to him4 ,the parson1 on the contrary1 they look on with suspicion1 and even with aversion1 frequently listening in sullen silence to his questions1 and refusing to answer them4 ,this does not betoken any dislike to the ,protestant minister personally2 it arises from the fact of his having a sort of official character1 and being thus associated in their minds with the cruel strength of the law2 whereas the priest only comes in the capacity of a helper--one who pities them1 and would serve them in body and soul if he could2 his errand is purely one of mercy and kindness4 ,our companion told us that this jail has for him many beautiful memories of grace and repentance4 ,he has gone there frequently in the course of the winter to hear the confessions of penitents who have approached the sacraments in their little cells with sentiments of the most touching humility and sorrow4 ,these prodigals are almost invariably ,irish4 ,wherever you find a ,paddy1 you find the faith1 observed ,canon ,r----2 and where is the spot on earth where you don't find one8 ,to illustrate the truth of this remark1 he told us a curious anecdote1 which was related to him many years ago by the priest to whom it occurred4 ,this priest went on the mission to ,america1 and for some years his labors lay in the wild regions of the far ,west4 ,the missionary led pretty much the life of the children of the virgin forests that he traversed1 and where the footprint of the white man was never seen4 ,he rode for miles and miles through the wilderness1 feeding1 like the anchorites1 on what he could gather by the way1 and sleeping in the branches of some thick-foliaged tree1 to the stem of which he tied his horse2 and at daybreak he was off on his rambles again4 ,one morning1 as he was riding through a wood in search of food1 he descried a little wreath of smoke curling above the trees4 ,he made for the spot1 thinking he had come on a field of labor in the shape of a little colony to be baptized2 but1 on approaching1 he found only a solitary wigwam1 at the door of which a wild woman was squatting with a brood of small children about her4 ,the good father was exhausted with hunger1 and managed1 by signs and a few words of the ,indian dialect1 to convey this fact to the woman4 ,she rose at once1 and placed before him her frugal store4 ,while he was doing justice to it1 the lord of the wigwam returned1 and great was his amazement to behold the guest whom his lady was hospitably ministering to4 ,the priest was trying to air his small store of words1 when his host1 who was attired in the scanty costume of his tribe1 with a plentiful crop of feathers sprouting from his head-gear1 after surveying him silently for a moment1 exclaimed1 ,your reverence is a ,catholic priest1 ,i'll be bound1 and an ,irishman into the bargain6 ,his listener nearly capsized with astonishment4 ,but it was neither a vision nor a delusion4 ,the wild ,indian was himself an ,irishman1 who1 with two older companions1 had come to those remote forests many years before in search of fortune in some form or other2 the trio had been captured by the ,indians1 who put two of them to death1 and only spared the youngest on account of his expertness with the bow and arrow and other kindred accomplishments which made him useful to the tribe4 ,he learned in time to speak their language and adopt their mode of life1 even to the extent of marrying a wild woman of their race4 ,but the faith of his childhood survived amongst the vicissitudes of this strange career4 ,he welcomed the priest with joy and the reverence of a genuine ,irish heart2 and before the missionary left his wigwam1 he received the wife into the church1 married the pair1 baptized and instructed the children1 and administered the sacraments to the father4 ,then he sallied forth once more on his life of danger and self-sacrifice1 which1 though it afforded many consoling and romantic episodes1 never furnished such another as this4 ,now1 exclaimed ,canon ,r---- triumphantly1 just tell me if such an adventure as that could happen to any two men under the sun but a pair of ,irishmen6 ,and no one contradicted him4 ,but to return to the jail4 ,we visited the church last4 ,it was the saddest spectacle of all1 though the building itself was bright and just then full of sunshine4 ,the seats rise in the form of a steep amphitheatre1 almost touching the ceiling at the last tier2 and they are so contrived that each prisoner is as isolated in his own seat as if he were the only one looking up at the bare pulpit1 where no crucifix1 nor pitying ,madonna1 nor kindly angel face looks down upon him1 but only the wooden box1 where the preacher once a week tells him of the message of mercy1 and points to the home where the ,father awaits each prodigal son4 ,there1 locked up between four narrow boards that rise high above his head1 the prisoner assists at the service on ,sunday4 ,so rigorously is the separate system maintained that the two men who were employed in washing the stairs and floor of the church were masked1 so as not to recognize each other even in passing1 while a warden stood by to prevent their exchanging a word together4 ,the men are exercised in batches every morning from six to a quarter past seven in the prison garden--a dreary place to call by that flower-suggestive name4 ,they wear masks1 and walk at a distance of four yards from one another1 holding a rope with the left hand4 ,such a system naturally disarms the dangers of agglomeration1 and makes mutiny or concerted rebellion impossible4 ,the strength of union is not theirs1 and they are as feeble as if1 instead of being two hundred against nine1 the proportions were reversed4 ,attempts to escape are almost unknown4 ,the reason of this may be that the inmates are never condemned to a longer term than two years1 which would be trebled1 both in duration and in severity1 if the attempt failed2 so1 in face of such a risk1 it would hardly be worth while to make it4 ,we did not visit the female department1 which is conducted on precisely the same principle1 the only difference being the greater lenity of the enforced labor4 ,it was painful enough to see strong men brought to just humiliation for their misdeeds2 but our hearts failed us to look at women in the same position4 ,on the whole1 we left the ,reading jail with our minds disabused of many illusions concerning the strong hand of the law4 ,its application is as humane and merciful as is compatible with the interests of justice and the professed object of legal punishment4 ,there is nothing to demoralize or to harden a culprit whose misfortune it is to undergo a term of durance within its walls4 ,before1 however1 such punishment can be really reformatory1 the whole community must be reformed on the highest ,christian ideal4 ,we must learn not to despise or unduly mistrust the weak brother who has fallen once1 but to practically recognize the vital truth implied in the prayer taught us by our ,master3 ,lead us not into temptation2 remembering that if we have not fallen it is from no merit or strength of our own1 but of the gratuitous mercy of ,god1 whose providence has prevented us in temptation1 and saved us from our own weakness2 and that the measure of our preservation from evil should be the measure of our charity to the fallen4 ,when we have all learned this1 we may see our prisons reformatory as well as penitential2 we doubt if we ever shall otherwise4 ,,the ,,lute ,,with ,,the ,,broken ,,string4 ,i took the lute ,i had prized so much ,in my day of pride1 in my day of power1 ,and wiped the dust with a tender touch1 ,and wreathed it gaily with ribbon and flower4 ,and the tears from my heart were falling fast ,for the bloom that had faded1 the fragrance fled1 ,as ,i thought of the hand that had wreathed it last-- ,the hand of my darling now cold and dead3 ,and ,i put it aside with a passionate fling1 ,and something was broken--a heart or a string4 ,and again ,i essayed1 when the tears had dried ,and the tumult of sobs in my bosom was still1 ,to touch it once more with the olden pride1 ,that the hearts that yet love me might hear it and thrill3 ,but a soft low note1 with its melting power1 ,a tone of deep pathos1 had trembled and gone2 ,and my hopes died out in that silent hour1 ,and left me in darkness and sorrow alone4 ,what wonder1 beloved1 that ,i cannot sing ,a song of the heart with a broken string8 ,what worth is the lute when its music hath fled8 ,what worth is the strain when its alto is lost8 ,what worth is the heart with its tenderness shed1 ,and all its warm feelings laid waste by the frost8 ,but love cannot die4 ,there is comfort in this1 ,that ,love is eternal1 though passion controls4 ,and what1 then1 is heaven1 with its glory and bliss1 ,but the union of hearts and communion of souls-- ,when saints shall be minstrels1 and angels shall sing1 ,and lutes shall have never a broken string8 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,the ,,divine ,,sequence4 ,by ,f4 ,m4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,green ,co4 #ahgc4 ,this is a small volume1 but one replete with thought4 ,it treats of the relation existing between some of the principal doctrines of the faith1 with special reference to the office of our ,blessed ,lady as mediatrix of grace4 ,the topics treated1 though they are the most sublime and mysterious dogmas of faith1 are handled with a theological precision and with a depth of contemplative piety which show that the author has drawn her doctrine from the purest sources1 and meditated on it profoundly within her own soul2 for the author of this admirable treatise is a lady1 though we refrain from giving her name out of respect to the modesty which has induced her to hide herself behind the veil of initials4 ,there are some copies of the ,english edition--which we regret very much not to see reprinted here--for sale at ,the ,catholic ,publication ,house2 and we feel sure that if the lovers of the choicest gems of spiritual thought and sentiment knew the value of this one1 they would lose no time in securing it4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,luisa ,,de ,,carvajal4 ,by ,lady ,georgiana ,fullerton4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgc4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,this book is an addition to the sum total of sound ,catholic literature4 ,we almost lose sight of the merit of the translator's style in admiration of the motive that led her to undertake the task4 ,the life of this holy ,spanish woman is strange and pathetic4 ,her lifelong sacrifice of worldly1 and1 what is more1 of national1 associations for the sake of an apostleship in ,england during the dark days of the faith in that country1 is indeed a triumph of grace and a heroic model to all after-ages4 ,luisa de ,carvajal was a woman of rare strength of mind1 energy1 perseverance1 and endurance4 ,her holiness was that of the champion rather than of the novice4 ,her mind was richly cultivated4 ,latin was familiar to her2 ,english she acquired after she was thirty years of age--a feat requiring much patience in a ,spaniard4 ,her theological knowledge1 patristic lore1 and minute acquaintance with the ,scriptures were distinguishing traits of her subsequent self-education4 ,involved in a tedious lawsuit1 her accurate memory1 excellent understanding1 and unflagging presence of mind were no less remarkable than her sweet temper and great patience4 ,although never setting her will in opposition to that of her spiritual advisers1 she invariably conquered their objections1 and by her very humility proved her superiority4 ,her vocation to a life of poverty1 without at the same time being called to a conventual life1 was a peculiar dispensation2 and when we think of the greater ridicule that attended such an unconventional manner of leaving the world1 we see how much greater the sacrifice was than we at the present day can imagine4 ,her life in ,england seems a romance of self-devotion1 and her ,english biographer has lovingly dwelt upon its interesting details4 ,one pregnant suggestion is made by the translator1 which is1 that it would be a specially holy work for a woman to undertake to train in a species of semi-religious community life those young girls whose future destiny is the instruction of youth in the higher classes4 ,this1 although applicable chiefly to ,england1 and of less significance on this side of the ocean1 is a suggestion that deserves more notice than it is perhaps likely to get1 embedded as it is in the crowded narrative of ,doa ,luisa's life4 ,one thing shines forth out of this exceptional record of a holy and strong woman's days1 and it is this--that ,god somehow or other always removes all obstacles to his real will in his own good time4 ,in her youth1 ,luisa was foiled1 by her natural guardians and really best-intentioned friends1 in her desire to adopt the strange life to which ,god called her--that of a recluse without a cloister--and in a few years these friends were taken away1 leaving her her own mistress4 ,later on1 when the seemingly ,quixotic wish came over her to leave ,spain to minister to the ,english martyrs under ,james ,i41 and preach the ,catholic faith in ,london1 her long lawsuit1 which was urged as a reason for giving up this design1 suddenly came to a favorable and ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xviii41 ,no4 #aje4--;,,december1 #ahgc4hh ,a ,,talk ,,on ,,metaphysics4 ,one of the greatest obstacles to the spread of philosophical education is the false opinion which1 through the efforts of a school of low scientists1 has gained much ground--viz41 that metaphysics1 the central and most important part of philosophy1 is only a mass of useless abstractions and unintelligible subtleties2 a science priori1 telling us nothing about facts2 a dismal relic of medival ignorance and conceit2 a thing1 therefore1 which has no longer a claim to hold a place in the world of science4 ,this is a shameless misrepresentation1 and as such it might be treated with the contempt it deserves2 but it is so carefully insinuated1 and with such an assurance1 that it succeeds in making its way onward1 and in gaining more and more credit among unreflecting people4 ,we intend1 therefore1 to give it a challenge4 ,a short exposition of the nature and object of metaphysics will suffice1 we hope1 to show our young readers the worthlessness of such mischievous allegations4 ,what is metaphysics8 ,it is1 answers one of the most eminent metaphysicians1 ,francis ,suarez1 that part of philosophy which treats of real beings as such4 ,this definition is universally accepted4 ,it is needless to remark that a being is said to be real when it exists in nature2 whereas that which has no existence except in our conceptions is called a being of reason4 ,but it is well to observe that the expression1 real being1 is used in two different senses4 ,in the first it means a complete natural entity1 which has its own separate existence in nature1 independently of the existence of any other created thing2 as when we say that ,peter1 ,john1 and ,james are real beings4 ,in the second it means some incomplete entity1 which has no separate existence of its own1 but is the mere appurtenance of some other thing to the existence of which it owes its being2 as ,peter's life1 ,john's eloquence1 ,james' stature4 ,of course1 every substance1 whether material or spiritual1 simple or compound1 is a complete entity2 but every constituent1 attribute1 property1 or quality of complete beings is an incomplete entity1 inasmuch as it has no separate existence1 but only partakes of the existence of the being to which it belongs4 ,a real1 complete entity is said to be a physical being1 because it possesses all that is required to exist separately in the physical order of things4 ,on the contrary1 a real1 incomplete entity is said to be a metaphysical being4 ,thus1 movement1 velocity1 time1 force1 attraction1 repulsion1 heat1 cold1 weight1 work1 resistance1 figure1 hardness1 softness1 solidity1 liquidity1 etc41 are metaphysical beings4 ,those modern men of science who shudder at the very name of metaphysics would do well to consider for a while this short catalogue of metaphysical entities4 ,they would find that it contains the very things with which they are most familiar4 ,if metaphysical entities are only abstractions--empty and useless abstractions1 as they declare--what shall we say of all their scientific books8 ,are they not all concerned with those dreadful metaphysical entities which we have enumerated8 ,yet we would scarcely say that they treat of useless abstractions4 ,certainly1 when a drop of rain is falling1 the action by which it is determined to fall is not an abstraction1 the velocity acquired is not an abstraction1 and the fall itself is not an abstraction4 ,in like manner1 the rotation of the earth1 the hardness of a stone1 the sound of a trumpet1 are not abstractions2 and yet all these are entities of the metaphysical order4 ,therefore1 to contend that metaphysics is a science of pure abstractions is nothing but an evident absurdity4 ,the object of metaphysics is no less real than the object of physics itself4 ,it may1 perhaps1 be objected that1 though the material object of metaphysics is real and concrete in nature1 we despoil it of its reality as soon as we1 in our metaphysical reasonings1 rise from the individual to the universal2 for universals1 as such1 have no existence but in our conception4 ,the answer is obvious4 ,the metaphysical universals must not be confounded with the logical universals4 ,the logical universal--as genus1 difference1 etc4--expresses a mere concept of the mind1 and is a mere being of reason1 or a second intention1 as it is called2 but the metaphysical universal--as figure1 force1 weight1 etc41 is not a mere being of reason2 for its object is a reality which can be found existing in the physical order4 ,it is true that all such realities exist under individual conditions1 and therefore are not formally but only fundamentally1 universal2 for their formal universality consists only in their mode of existing in our mind when we drop all actual thought of their individual determinations4 ,but1 surely1 they do not cease to be realities because the mind1 in thinking of them1 pays no attention to their individuation2 and1 therefore1 metaphysical universals1 even as universal1 retain their objective reality4 ,we might say more on this subject1 were it not that this is hardly the place for discussing the merits of formalism1 realism1 or nominalism4 ,we can1 however1 give a second answer1 which will dispose of the objection in a very simple manner4 ,the answer is this3 ,granted that abstractions1 as such1 have no existence but in our intellect4 ,nevertheless1 what we conceive abstractedly exists concretely in the objects of which it is predicated and from which it is abstracted4 ,humanity in our conception is an abstraction1 and yet is to be found in every living man2 velocity1 likewise1 is an abstraction1 and yet is to be found in all real movement through space2 quantity also1 is an abstraction1 and yet is to be found in every existing body4 ,therefore1 abstract things do not cease to be real in nature1 though they are abstract in our conception4 ,this is an evident truth4 ,if the adversaries of metaphysics are bold enough to deny it1 then they at the same time and in the same breath deny all real science1 and thus forfeit all claim to the honorable title of scientific men4 ,statics and dynamics1 geometry and calculus1 algebra and arithmetic1 are abstract sciences4 ,no one will deny that they are most useful2 yet they would be of no use whatever if what they consider in the abstract had no concrete correspondent in the real world4 ,chemistry itself1 and all the experimental sciences1 inasmuch as they are sciences1 are abstract4 ,atomic weights1 inasmuch as they fall under scientific reasoning1 are abstractions2 genera1 species1 and varieties in zology and botany are abstract conceptions2 crystalline forms in mineralogy are as abstract as any purely geometric relation4 ,indeed1 without abstractions1 science is not even conceivable2 for all science1 as such1 proceeds from abstract principles to abstract conclusions4 ,but though the process of scientific reasoning be abstract1 real science deals with real objects and real relations4 ,and such is exactly the case with metaphysics1 which is the universal science of all reality1 and the queen of all the real sciences4 ,these general remarks suffice1 without any further development1 to vindicate the reality of the material object of metaphysics4 ,but here the question arises1 ,are all real beings without exception the object of this science8 ,some authors1 in past centuries1 thought that the only object of metaphysics was to treat of beings above nature2 and accordingly taught that ,god and the angels alone were metaphysical beings--that is1 beings ranging above nature4 ,on the contrary1 man and this visible world--that is1 all creatures liable to local motion--they called natural beings1 and considered them to be the proper and exclusive object of physical science4 ,this view was grounded1 apparently1 on the latent assumption that metaphysics meant above physics2 which1 however1 is not correct1 as does not mean above1 but after2 and therefore metaphysical is not synonymous with supernatural4#hi ,on the other hand1 ,god and the angels are undoubtedly physical beings2 for they are complete beings1 having their complete physical nature and their separate existence4 ,we cannot call them metaphysical beings2 for we know of no beings which deserve the name of metaphysical but those incomplete entities which are attained through the intellectual analysis of physical and complete beings4 ,as to man and all the other natural things1 every one will see that though they are1 in one respect1 the proper object of physics1 yet they are also1 in another respect1 the proper object of metaphysics2 and this too1 without in the least confounding the two branches of knowledge4 ,the attributions of physics and of metaphysics are1 in fact1 so distinct that there can be no danger of the one invading the province of the other1 even though they deal with the same subject4 ,the office of the physicist is to investigate natural facts1 to discuss them1 to make a just estimate of them1 and to discover the laws presiding over their production4 ,this1 and no other1 is the object of physics1 to accomplish which it is not necessary to know the essence of natural things4 ,hence1 the physicist1 after ascertaining the phenomena of nature and their laws1 cannot go further in his capacity of physicist4 ,but where he ends his work1 just there the metaphysician begins2 for his office is to take those facts and laws as a ground for his speculations in order to discover the essential principles involved in the constitution of natural causes1 and to account by such principles for all the attributes and properties of things4 ,this is the duty of the metaphysician4 ,thus natural things1 although an object of physics when considered as following certain laws of action or of movement1 are nevertheless an object of metaphysics when considered in their being and intimate constitution4 ,on this point even physicists agree4 ,instead of regarding the proper object of physical science as a search after essential causes1 says one of the best modern champions of scientific progress1 it ought to be1 and must be1 a search after facts and relations4#ij ,hence1 physical science deals with natural facts and their relations exclusively2 the search after causes and essential principles constitutes the object of a higher science2 and such a science is real philosophy1 or metaphysics proper4 ,i was surprised at finding in ,webster's ,english ,dictionary 7v4 ,metaphysics7 the following words3 ,the natural division of things that exist is into body and mind1 things material and immaterial4 ,the former belong to physics1 and the latter to the science of metaphysics4 ,from what we have just said1 it is clear that this division is not accurate4 ,we must add that it is not consistent with the definition of metaphysics given by the same author only a few lines before4 ,metaphysics1 says he1 is the science of the principles and causes of all things existing4 ,now1 if material things existing do not belong to metaphysics1 it evidently follows that either material things existing have no principles and no causes1 or that such principles and causes are no object of science4 ,but it is obvious that neither conclusion can be admitted4 ,furthermore1 it is well known that all metaphysicians treat of the constitution of bodies--a fact which conclusively proves that material things are not excluded from the object of metaphysics4 ,here1 however1 we must observe that some modern writers1 while conceding this last point1 contend that material things must be mentally freed from their materiality before they can be considered as an object of metaphysics4 ,their reason is1 that this science is concerned with real things only inasmuch as they consist of principles known to the intellect alone4 ,matter1 they say1 is not an object of the intellect4 ,therefore1 the object of metaphysics must be immaterial--that is1 either a thing which has no matter of its own1 or at least a thing which is conceived1 through mental abstraction1 as free from matter4 ,but we should remember that1 according to the common doctrine1 the true and adequate object of metaphysics is all real being as such1 whether it be material or immaterial2 and that it is1 therefore1 the duty of the metaphysician to divide substance into material and immaterial1 and to give the definition of both2 for it belongs to each science to point out and define the parts of its own object4 ,hence1 the metaphysician is bound to explain how things material differ from things immaterial1 and has to ascertain what metaphysical predicates are attributable to material substance on account of its very materiality4#ia ,now1 it is evident that nothing of the kind can ever be done by a philosopher who1 through mental abstraction1 considers material substance as freed from its matter4 ,for when1 by such an abstraction1 he has taken away the matter1 what else can he look upon as a ground of distinction between material and immaterial beings8 ,we must admit1 then1 that material things1 inasmuch as they are real things1 and only in that manner in which they are real 7that is1 with their own matter71 are a proper object of metaphysics4 ,to the patrons of the opposite view we confidently answer that their argument has no sound foundation2 for though it is true that no material thing1 owing to the complexity of its simultaneous actions on our senses1 distinctly reveals to us its material constitution1 yet it is not true that material things cannot be understood by our intellect unless they are mentally stripped of their matter4 ,to understand them thus would be simply to misunderstand them4 ,matter and form are the essential constituents of material substance1 as all metaphysicians admit2 it is1 therefore1 impossible to understand the essence of material substance1 unless the intellect reaches the matter as well as the form4#ib ,let us add that those very authors who in theory affect to exclude matter from the object of metaphysics find it impossible to do away with it in practice1 and1 in spite of the theory1 devote to matter1 as such1 a great number of pages in their own metaphysical treatises4 ,thus far we have defined the object of metaphysics4 ,we now come to its method1 on account of which it is so frequently assailed by the votaries of experimental science4 ,metaphysics1 they say1 is a science priori2 it is1 therefore1 altogether incompetent to decide any matters of fact2 and1 if so1 what is the use of metaphysics8 ,to this reasoning1 which claims no credit for perspicacity1 many answers can be given4 ,and first let us suppose for a moment that metaphysics is a science altogether priori4 ,does it follow that it has no claim to our most careful attention8 ,geometry1 algebra1 and all pure mathematics are priori sciences4 ,are they despised on this account8 ,we see1 on the contrary1 that for this very reason they are held in greater honor and lauded as the most thorough1 the most exact1 and the most irrefragable of all sciences4 ,some will say that the object of mathematics is not to establish natural facts1 but only relations2 but this is equally true of metaphysics4 ,the metaphysician1 when treating of physical subjects1 assumes the facts and laws of nature as they are presented to him by the physicist2 he has not to establish them anew1 but only to account for them by showing the reason of their being4 ,metaphysics would1 therefore1 be as good1 as excellent1 and as interesting as geometry1 even if it were an priori science4 ,but1 secondly1 what is the real case8 ,to proceed priori is to argue from the cause to the effect1 and from antecedents to consequents2 whereas1 to proceed posteriori is to argue from the effect to the cause1 and from consequents to antecedents4 ,now1 it is a fact that in metaphysics we frequently argue from the cause to the effect1 as is done in other sciences too2 but it is no less a fact that we even more frequently argue from the effect to the cause4 ,the very name of metaphysics1 which is the bugbear of our opponents1 clearly shows that such is the case4 ,real philosophy1 in fact1 is called metaphysics for two reasons1 the first of which is extrinsic and historical1 the second intrinsic and logical4 ,the historical consists in the fact that ,aristotle's speculations on those incomplete entities which enter into the constitution of things were handed down to us under the name of metaphysics4 ,the logical is1 because the knowledge of such incomplete entities must be gathered from the consideration of natural beings by means of an intellectual analysis1 which cannot be made properly without a previous extensive knowledge of the concrete order of things4 ,this latter knowledge1 which must be gathered by observation and experiment1 constitutes physical science4 ,hence1 the rational knowledge which comes after it1 and is based on it1 is very properly called metaphysical1 and that part of philosophy which develops such a knowledge metaphysics--that is1 after-physics4 ,now1 all analysis belongs to the posteriori process2 for it proceeds from the compound to its components1 and therefore from the effect to the cause4 ,therefore1 metaphysics1 inasmuch as it analyzes natural beings and finds out their constituents1 is an posteriori science2 and since such an analysis is the very ground of all metaphysical speculations1 we must conclude that the whole of metaphysics is based on the posteriori process1 no less than physics itself4 ,thirdly1 that metaphysics cannot decide any matter-of-fact question is a silly objection2 as it is evident that to establish the existence of ,god1 the spirituality of the human soul1 the creation of the world1 etc41 is nothing less than to decide matters of fact4 ,it may be that1 in the opinion of the utilitarian1 such facts are not very interesting2 they are facts1 however1 as much and as truly as the rotation of the earth1 atmospheric pressure1 and universal attraction are facts2 and they are much more important1 too4 ,we might also maintain that metaphysics is mainly a science of facts2 for there are facts of the intellectual as well as of the experimental order4 ,that every effect must have a cause is a fact4 ,that every circle must have a centre is another fact4 ,that a part is less than the whole is a third fact4 ,intellectual facts are as numerous and as certain as the facts of nature2 and it is through them that our experimental knowledge of natural things is raised to the dignity of scientific cognition4 ,for there is no science1 whether inductive or deductive1 without reasoning1 and no reasoning without principles2 and every principle is a fact of the intellectual order4 ,those critics who are wont to slight metaphysics as an priori science would1 therefore1 do well to consider that no true demonstration can be made but by priori principles1 and that true demonstration constitutes the perfection of science4 ,we may here remark that metaphysics is usually divided into general and special1 and that the priori character1 for which it is assailed1 belongs to general metaphysics only4 ,general metaphysics treats of the constituents1 attributes1 and properties of being in general1 and is called ontology4 ,ontology is considered as a necessary preparation for the study of special metaphysics1 which1 from the knowledge of being in general1 descends to the examination of the different classes and genera of beings in particular4 ,our men of science1 accustomed as they are to the inductive method1 do not approve of this form of proceeding4 ,on what ground1 they ask1 do you impose upon the student notions1 definitions1 and principles priori1 as you do in ontology1 affirming in general that which has not yet been examined in particular1 and taking for granted what has yet to be established and verified8 ,the answer is obvious enough4 ,general metaphysics assumes nothing but what is already admitted as evident by all mankind4 ,it is mainly concerned with the notions conveyed by such words as being1 cause1 effect1 principle1 essence1 existence1 substance1 accident1 etc4 ,these notions are common1 and their methodical explanation is based on common-sense principles--that is1 on evident1 intellectual facts4 ,thus far1 therefore1 no one can say that we invert the natural order of science2 for we start from what is known4 ,next comes the analysis of the notions just referred to4 ,the object of this analysis is to point out distinctly the different classes of being1 the different genera of causes1 the variety of principles1 reasons1 etc41 implied in those general notions1 to show their ontological relations1 and to account for their distinction4 ,this important investigation1 as well as the preceding one1 is based on common-sense reasonings1 but sometimes not without reference to other truths1 which are established and vindicated only in special metaphysics1 to which they properly belong4 ,thus1 it is the custom to treat in ontology of the intrinsic possibility of things1 and its eternity1 necessity1 and immutability2 but it is only in natural theology that such matters find their full and radical explanation4 ,of course1 whenever an assertion is made1 of which the proof is totally or partially deferred to a later time1 the assent of the student to it is more or less provisional4 ,it is not1 however1 in metaphysics only that a student must accept certain things on trust2 he thus accepts the equivalents in chemistry1 the distances of the planets from the sun in astronomy1 and the logarithms in trigonometry4 ,yet we confess that philosophical writers and teachers sometimes expose themselves to just criticism by treating in general metaphysics certain matters which it would be better to reserve intact for special treatises4 ,it is doubtless necessary1 immediately after logic1 to treat of the nature of being1 and its principles and its properties in general2 but it is extremely difficult1 and even dangerous1 to undertake the settlement of some questions of ontology connected with the physical department of science before these same questions are sufficiently explored by the light1 and disentangled by the analysis1 of special metaphysics1 to which their full investigation really appertains4 ,what is the use of giving1 for instance1 an unestablished1 and perhaps preposterous1 notion of corporeal quantity to him who has as yet to learn what is the essential composition of bodies8 ,is a student prepared to realize the true nature of the quantity of mass1 or of the quantity of volume1 who has never yet explored either the mysterious attributes of formal continuity or the intimate constitution of material substance8 ,certainly not4 ,he may1 indeed1 make an act of faith on the authority of his professor2 but philosophy is not faith1 and no professor who understands his duty would ever unnecessarily oblige his pupils to admit anything as true on his own sole authority4 ,questions connected with the physical laws of causation and movement1 or with the nature of sensible qualities and properties1 should similarly be deferred to a later time2 for no one will be able to deal successfully with them1 unless he has already acquired a distinct knowledge of many other things1 on which both the right understanding and the right solution of these questions essentially depend4 ,accordingly1 such matters1 instead of being treated lightly and perfunctorily at the beginning of the course of metaphysics1 should be treated with those others to which they are naturally allied1 in order that they may be fully examined and competently decided4 ,from this it will be seen that we do not want a metaphysical science based on priori grounds4 ,in all times1 metaphysics has been a science of facts2 and it could not be otherwise1 since its object is real1 and all that is real is a matter of fact4 ,experiment and observation have always supplied the materials of its speculations4 ,all its conclusions about the nature of the soul are drawn from the facts of consciousness2 all its affirmations concerning the constitution of bodies are founded on the facts and laws of the physical world2 and all its theses on ,god1 his existence and his attributes1 are likewise deduced from a positive knowledge of contingent things4 ,to suppose that metaphysical knowledge can be obtained otherwise is such an absurdity that nothing but the most stupid ignorance can be made to believe it4 ,and yet this absurdity is what many of our modern scientists fall into when they contend that metaphysics is an priori science4 ,it is not difficult1 however1 to account for such a dislike of metaphysical reasonings4 ,the greatest number of our scientific men have been brought up under the influence either of ,protestantism or of its legitimate offspring1 indifferentism2 and absolute truth1 such as is attained by rigorous metaphysical reasoning1 is not congenial to their habit of thought4 ,protestantism is a system made up of half-truths1 half-premises1 and half-consequences4 ,a ,protestant must at the same time believe the authenticity of the ,bible1 and reject the authority by which alone the ,bible can be proved to be authentic2 he must conciliate the liberty of his private judgment with the obedience due to the teaching of his church2 he must have the courage to believe that true ,christian religion is not that which1 from the apostolic times down to our own1 has formed so many generations of saints1 changed the face of the world1 confirmed its own divine origin by a perpetual succession of prodigious works1 but that which1 starting from ,luther or some other mischievous innovator1 has never and nowhere produced any fruit of high sanctity or witnessed a single miracle4 ,hence1 to a ,protestant mind1 truth in its entirety must be embarrassing2 since the very essence of ,protestantism is to cut truth into pieces1 to believe and relish a portion of it1 and to reserve some other portion unbelieved and unrelished1 lest nothing should be left to protest against4 ,it is clear that minds so disposed in religious matters cannot be much better disposed in other branches of speculative knowledge2 and it is but natural that they should despise metaphysics altogether4 ,to the healthy scientific mind1 says a modern writer1 the fine-spun arguments and the wonderful logical achievements of metaphysicians are at once so bewildering and so distasteful that men of science can scarcely be got to listen even to those who undertake to show that the arguments are but cobwebs1 the logic but jingle1 and the seeming profundity little more than a jumble of incongruous ideas shrouded in a mist of words4#ic ,indeed1 when men of science are thus satisfied with their ignorance of philosophy1 and shut their eyes and their ears1 lest the light1 or perhaps the jingle1 of logic compel them to learn what mere experimentalism cannot teach1 we cease to wonder that they countenance such theories as the ,descent of ,man1 the eternity of matter1 or the meteoric origin of the principle of life4 ,we do not wish to deny the progress of modern science2 we fully acknowledge that experimentalism has led to the discovery of important facts4 ,but this is no reason why our men of science should disregard philosophy4 ,an increase of positive knowledge regarding facts1 far from bringing about the exclusion of philosophical reasoning1 extends its range1 enlarges its foundation1 and makes its employment both easier and surer4 ,accordingly1 while we profess gratitude to the modern scientists for their unceasing labors and untiring efforts towards the development of experimental knowledge1 we beg leave to remind them that this knowledge is not the ne plus ultra of natural science4 ,subordinate sciences account in a certain measure for such things as form their special object2 but philosophy1 the highest1 the deepest1 and the most universal of sciences1 not only embraces in its general scope all the objects of human knowledge1 but accounts for them by their highest principles and causes1 and makes them not only known1 but understood4 ,to know facts is an excellent thing2 yet the human mind craves something higher4 ,we are all born to be philosophers4 ,indeed1 our rational nature teaches us very early the first elements of philosophy1 and compels us to philosophize4 ,as soon as we acquire the use of reason1 we detect ourselves tracing effects to causes1 and conclusions to principles2 and from that time we experience a strong tendency to generalize such a process1 till it extends to all known objects and to the ultimate reasons of their being4 ,yet we should reflect that our rational nature1 while thus prompting us to such high investigations1 does not lead us freely to the goal1 but leaves it to our industry to acquaint ourselves with the proper methods of discovering philosophical truth4 ,negligence in the study of such methods hinders intellectual advancement1 and leaves men exposed to the snares of sophistry4 ,such a negligence on the part of men who are looked upon as the lights of modern science is one of the great evils of the day4 ,distaste for philosophical instruction1 when confined to the lower classes of society1 is of little consequence3 even in the middle classes it might be comparatively harmless if men were ready to own their ignorance1 and forbore judging of what transcends their intellectual acquirements4 ,but in an age like ours1 when every one who has a smattering of light literature or of empirical science thinks himself called upon to decide the most abstruse and formidable questions2 when countless books and periodicals of a perfidious character are everywhere spread by the unholy efforts of secret societies2 and1 when a confiding public allow themselves to be led like sheep by such incompetent authorities1 then ignorance1 supported by presumption or malice on the one side1 and by credulity on the other1 cannot but be the source of incalculable evils4 ,hence it is that all prudent and experienced men have come to the conclusion that one of the greatest necessities of our times is to popularize the study of sound philosophy4 ,young ,america needs to be taught that there is a whole world of important truths ranging above the grasp of the vulgar1 uncultivated mind1 unknown to the pretentious teachers of a material and spurious civilization1 and unattainable by those who are not trained to the best use of their intellectual powers4 ,it needs to realize the fact that modern literature and thought in general is full of deceits4 ,it needs to be instructed how to meet a host of high-sounding assertions1 plausible fallacies1 and elaborate theories1 advanced in support of social1 religious1 or political error4 ,it needs to be enabled1 by a sound1 uniform1 and strong teaching1 gradually to form into a compact body1 held together by the noble ties of truth1 powerful enough to stem the torrent of infidelity1 and always ready to defend right and justice against learned hypocrisy1 as well as against ignorant sophistry4 ,grown-up men cannot be reclaimed2 they are too much engrossed with material interests to find leisure for the cultivation of their higher faculties2 but we are glad to see that our brilliant and unbiassed youth can be given1 and are ready to receive1 a more intellectual education4 ,let us only convince them of the importance of philosophy2 let us provide them with good1 kind1 and learned teachers1 and the future will be ours4 ,,footnotes3 #hh ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahgc1 by ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #hi ,fleming1 in his ,dictionary of ,philosophy 7v4 ,metaphysics71 says3 ,in ,latin1 metaphysica is synonymous with supernaturalia2 and ,shakespeare has used metaphysical as synonymous with supernatural3 '444 ,fate and metaphysical aid doth seem ,to have thee crowned4' --,macbeth1 act i41 scene #c4 ,clemens ,alexandrinus 7,strom4 i47 considered metaphysical as equivalent to supernatural2 and is supported by an anonymous ,greek commentator1 etc4 ,that ,shakespeare's metaphysical aid means the aid of some mysterious power above nature may be conceded4 ,but that in ,latin metaphysica is synonymous with supernaturalia is an assertion which can be easily refuted by a simple reference to any of the great ,latin works of metaphysics4 ,nor is it true that ,clemens ,alexandrinus considered metaphysical as equivalent to supernatural4 ,he only remarks that ,aristotle's ,metaphysics is that part of philosophy which ,plato at one time styled a contemplation of truly great mysteries1 and at other times dialectics--that is1 a science which investigates the reasons of the things that are 7 74 ,now1 the science which investigates the reasons of the things that are extends to all real beings4 ,it is not true1 therefore1 that ,clemens ,alexandrinus considered metaphysical as equivalent to supernatural4 ,the truth is that he does not even use the word metaphysics as his own1 but only says that ,aristotle's ,metaphysics contains the investigation and contemplation of mysteries--that is1 of abstruse things4 ,and since ,aristotle's metaphysics is not a science of the supernatural1 ,clemens ,alexandrinus1 in quoting the word metaphysics in connection with ,aristotle1 cannot have considered it as equivalent to the science of the supernatural4 ,lastly1 ,clemens ,alexandrinus explains that the science which ,aristotle called metaphysics1 and ,plato dialectics1 has for its object the consideration of things1 and the determination of their powers and attributes1 from which it raises itself to their very essence1 whence again it ventures to go further1 even to ,god himself1 the master of the universe4 1 1 1 1 7,strom41 lib4 i4 c4 #bh74 ,this shows that metaphysical science1 according to ,clemens ,alexandrinus1 extends to the investigation of all natural things4 ,it cannot1 therefore1 be said that he considered metaphysical as equivalent to supernatural1 whatever may have been the opinion of the anonymous ,greek commentator4 #ij ,grove1 ,correlation of ,physical ,forces4 #ia ,suarez1 ,metaph4 ,disput41 i4 sect4 #b1 n4 #be4 #ib ,s4 ,thomas says3 ,intellectus potest intelligere aliquam formam absque individuantibus principiis1 non tamen absque materia1 a qua dependet ratio illius form 7in #c ,de ,anima1 lect4 #h74 #ic ,nature1 a ,journal of ,science1 ,march #ac1 #ahgc4 ,,epigram4 ,inconstant thou6 ,there ne'er was any ,till now so constant--to so many4 ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,,dante',s ,,purgatorio4 ,,canto ,,fourth4 ,this ,canto1 being somewhat abstruse1 was passed over at its due place in the series of these translations4 ,as its omission has been regretted by some students of ,dante1 it has been thought best to publish it now1 although the first portion of it may seem a little difficult to any but a mathematical reader4 ,perhaps its dryness may be somewhat relieved at the close by the humorous picture of the lazy sinner ,belacqua1 which is the first slight touch of the comic in this most grave comedy1 and here for the first time ,dante confesses to a smile4 ,whene'er the mind1 from any joy or pain ,in any faculty1 to that alone ,bends its whole force1 its other powers remain ,unexercised1 it seems 7whereby is shown ,plain contradiction of th' erroneous view ,which holds within us kindled several souls74 ,hence1 when we hear or see a thing whereto ,the mind is strongly drawn1 unheeded rolls ,the passing hour2 the man observes it not3 ,that power is one whereby we hear or see1 ,and that another which absorbs our thought2 ,this being chained1 as 'twere--the former free4 ,a real experience of this truth had ,i1 ,listening that soul with wonder at such force1 ,for now the sun full fifty degrees high ,had risen without my noticing his course1 ,when came we where the spirits1 with one voice all1 ,cried out to us1 ,behold the place ye seek6 ,a wider opening oft1 in hedge or wall1 ,some farmer1 when the grape first browns its cheek1 ,stops with one forkful of his brambles thrown1 ,than was the narrow pass whereby my ,guide ,began to climb1 ,i following on alone1 ,while from our way ,i saw those wanderers glide4 ,a man may climb ,st4 ,leo1 or descend ,the steeps of ,noli1 or ,bismantua's height ,scale to the top1 and on his feet depend2 ,here one should fly6 ,i mean he needs the light ,pinions and plumage of a strong desire1 ,under such leadership as gave me hope ,and lighted me my way4 ,advancing higher ,in through the broken rock1 it left no scope ,on either side1 but cramped us close2 the ledge ,o'er which we crept required both feet and hands4 ,when we had toiled up to the utmost edge ,of the high bank1 where the clear coast expands1 ,which way1 said ,i1 my ,master1 shall we take8 ,and he to me1 ,let not thy foot fall back2 ,still follow me1 and for the mountain make1 ,until some guide appear who knows the track4 ,its top sight reached not1 and the hillside rose ,with far more salient angle than the line ,that from half-quadrant to the centre goes4 ,most weary was ,i3 ,gentle ,father mine1 ,i thus broke silence1 turn and see that if ,thou stay not for me1 ,i remain alone4 ,struggle1 my son1 as far as yonder cliff1 ,he said1 and pointed upwards to a zone ,terracing all the mountain on that side4 ,his word so spurred me that ,i forced myself ,and clambered on still close behind my ,guide ,until my feet were on that girdling shelf4 ,here we sat down and turned our faces towards ,the ,east1 from which point we had made ascent 7,for looking back on toil some rest affords72 ,and on the low shore first mine eyes ,i bent1 ,then raised them sunward1 wondering as ,i gazed ,how his light smote us from the left4 ,while thus ,i stared1 he marked how ,i beheld amazed ,day's chariot entering 'twixt the ,north and us4 ,were yonder mirror now1 the ,poet said1 ,that with his light leads up and down the spheres1 ,in ,castor and ,pollux1 thou wouldst see the red ,zodiac revolving closer to the ,bears1 ,if it swerved nothing from its ancient course2 ,which fact to fathom wouldst thou power command1 ,imagine1 with thy mind's collected force1 ,this mount and ,zion so on earth to stand ,that though in adverse hemispheres1 the twain ,one sole horizon have3 thence 'tis not hard ,to see 7if clear thine intellect remain7 ,how the ,sun's road--which ,phaeton1 ill-starred1 ,knew not to keep--must pass that mountain o'er ,on one1 and this hill on the other side4 ,certes1 my ,master1--ne'er saw ,i before ,so clear as at this moment1 ,i replied 7,where seemed but now my understanding maimed71 ,how the mid-circle of the heavenly spheres ,and of their movements--the ,equator named ,in special term of art--which never veers ,from its old course1 'twixt winter and the ,sun1 ,yet for the reason thou dost now assign1 ,towards the ,septentrion from this point doth run1 ,while to the ,jews it bore a ,south decline4 ,but if it please thee1 gladly would ,i learn ,how far we have to journey2 for so high ,this hill soars that mine eyes cannot discern ,the top thereof4 ,he made me this reply3 ,such is this mountain that for one below ,the first ascent is evermore severe1 ,it grows less painful higher as we go4 ,so when to thee it pleasant shall appear ,that no more toil thy climbing shall attend ,than to sail down the way the current flows1 ,then art thou near unto thy pathway's end2 ,there from thy labor look to find repose4 ,i know that this is true1 but say no more4 ,and this word uttered1 not far off addressed ,me thus a voice3 ,it may be that before ,that pass1 thou wilt have need to sit and rest4 ,at sound thereof we both looked round1 and there ,beheld a huge rock1 close to our left hand1 ,whereof till now we had not been aware4 ,thither we toiled1 and in its shade a band ,behind it stood with a neglectful air1 ,as men in idleness are wont to stand4 ,,belacqua ,,the ,,sluggard4 ,and one was seated1 hanging down his face ,between his knees1 which he with languid limb1 ,looking exhausted1 held in his embrace4 ,o my sweet ,seignior6 ,i exclaimed1 note him6 ,lazier-looking than had laziness been ,his sister-born4 ,turning towards us1 at length ,he gazed1 slow lifting o'er his thigh his chin1 ,and drawled1 ,go up1 then1 thou who hast such strength4 ,i knew who that was then2 and though the ascent ,had made me pant somewhat1 ,i kept my pace1 ,spite of short breath3 close up to him ,i went1 ,and he droned forth1 scarce lifting up his face1 ,hast thou found out yet how the ,sun this way ,o'er thy left shoulder doth his chariot guide8 ,his sloth1 and what few words he had to say1 ,made me smile slightly1 and ,i thus replied3 ,no more1 ,belacqua1 do ,i mourn thy fate2 ,but tell me wherefore in this place ,i see ,thee sitting thus8 ,dost thou for escort wait1 ,or has thy old slow habit seized on thee8 ,and he--,o brother6 what boots it to climb8 ,god's ,angel sitting at the gate denies ,me way to penance until so much time ,be past as living ,i beheld the skies4 ,outside ,i must remain here for the crime ,of dallying to the last my contrite sighs1 ,unless ,i happily some help derive ,from the pure prayer ascending from a heart ,that lives in grace3 a prayer not thus alive ,heaven doth not hear3 what aid can such impart8 ,now before me the ,poet up the height ,began to climb1 saying1 ,come on1 for o'er ,this hill's meridian hangs the ,sun1 and ,night ,sets foot already on ,morocco's shore4 ,,note4 ,the ,rev4 ,edward ,everett ,hale1 in a most interesting paper intended for presentation to the ,american ,antiquarian ,society1 in ,boston1 makes this record3 ,when ,columbus sailed on his fourth voyage1 he wrote to ,ferdinand and ,isabella a letter which contains the following statement with regard to the ,south ,sea1 then undiscovered1 known to us as the ,pacific ,ocean3 ',i believe that if ,i should pass under the equator1 in arriving at this higher region of which ,i speak1 ,i should find there a milder temperature and a diversity in the stars and in the waters4 ,not that ,i believe that the highest point is navigable whence these currents flow1 nor that we can mount there1 because ,i am convinced that there is the terrestrial paradise1 whence no one can enter but by the will of ,god4' ,this curious passage1 of which the language seems so mystical1 represents none the less the impression which ,columbus had of the physical cosmogony of the undiscovered half of the world4 ,it is curious to observe that the most elaborate account of this cosmogony1 and that by which alone it has been handed down to the memory of modern times1 is that presented in ,dante's ,divina ,commedia1 where he represents the mountain of ,purgatory1 at the antipodes of ,jerusalem1 crowned by the terrestrial paradise4 ,it is this paradise of which ,columbus says1 ',no one can enter it but by the will of ,god4' ,of ,dante's cosmogony a very accurate account is given by ,miss ,rossetti1 in her essay on ,dante1 recently published1 to which she gives the name of ',the ,shadow of ,dante4' ,her statement is in these words3 ',dante divides our globe into two elemental hemispheres--the ,eastern1 chiefly of land2 the ,western1 almost wholly of water4' ,it is much easier to praise ,mr4 ,hale's valuable comments than to agree with ,miss ,rossetti4 ,to us it seems that her confused account lets no light in upon ,dante's cosmogony1 which was simply that of the age he lived in1 poetized after his own fashion4 ,according to the interpretation of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world's translation1 ,dante divides our globe into two hemispheres--,northern and ,southern4 ,in the story of ,ulysses 7,inferno1 ,canto xxvi47 he alludes to a ,western hemisphere1 and1 as far as we remember1 nowhere else4 ,mr4 ,hale says in conclusion of his able paper1 ,i am not aware that any of the distinguished critics of ,dante have called attention to the fact that so late as the year #aejc1 a navigator so illustrious as ,columbus was still conducting his voyages on the supposition that ,dante's cosmogony was true in fact4 ,this1 indeed1 is quite curious1 but ought not to surprise one who reflects that the cosmography of ,columbus was not much advanced from the time of ,dante4 ,in this very canto the poet shows that he knew about the variation of the ecliptic and the retrogression of the equinoxes4 ,from his age to that of the great navigator1 science had hardly taken a forward step4 ,in fact1 before #acjj1 ,dante was acquainted not only with the sphericity of the earth1 but with the first law of gravitation--the tendency of things to their centre4 ,few consider how very slow was the growth of science from that which ,dante had learned in ,florence1 and ,columbus had studied in ,pavia and ,sienna1 up to the time of ,copernicus1 at whom1 so late as #afbe1 ,lord ,bacon had the hardihood to give this fling3 ,who would not smile at the astronomers--,i mean1 not those carmen which drive the earth about1 but the few ancient astronomers1 which feign the moon to be the swiftest of the planets in motion1 etc48 ,the pages of this magazine will not permit us to prolong an inquiry that may hereafter1 and which ought to1 be made as to the ,ptolemean astronomy of the schools in the age of ,dante4 ,the one scholar in this country most capable of such investigation is too busy--we mean ,professor ,peirce1 of the ,u4 ,s4 ,coast ,survey4--,,translator4 ,,grapes ,,and ,,thorns4 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,yorke4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,mother ,,chevreuse ,,again4 ,if one would take the trouble to search into the subject1 it would1 perhaps1 be acknowledged that the apparently unreasonable emotion that women display on occasions when men find themselves unmoved is not1 after all1 entirely ridiculous4 ,it may be annoying1 it may partake of the hysterical2 but1 if genuine1 it is the sign of a more subtile1 though often vague1 perception4 ,a woman whom the ,creator has endowed so nobly with intellect as to make it a source of painful regret that the infinitely higher supernatural gifts are lacking in her has written words which may be quoted in this connection3 ,that element of tragedy which lies in the very fact of frequency has not yet wrought itself into the coarse emotions of mankind2 and perhaps our frames could hardly bear much of it4 ,if we had a keen vision and feeling of all ordinary human life1 it would be like hearing the grass grow and the squirrel's heart beat1 and we should die of that roar which lies on the other side of silence4 ,as it is1 the quickest of us walk about well wadded with stupidity4 ,had ,george ,eliot been gifted with faith as with reason1 she could not have written that paragraph without recollecting that the saint on earth is an exception to her rule2 that the soul illumined by the ,holy ,spirit has so keen a perception1 not of natural things as such1 but of natural things in their relations to ,god2 that but for the divine strength and peace which accompany the holy presence1 it could not endure that vision of eternal results hanging on apparently trivial causes4 ,to such a soul there are but two paths1 and every smallest step is in the road to heaven or the road to hell4 ,look at those saints1 and listen to them4 ,they were worn and pallid2 they were consumed by a fiery zeal because of this awful tragedy they saw in the perpetually recurring common events of life4 ,they heard for ever that roar of eternity from the other side of the silence of death4 ,but regarding the natural1 of which our author speaks1 she is right4 ,the greater number of us are well-wadded with stupidity1 though women are by nature far less so than men4 ,their view is often distorted and vague2 they tremble at shadows1 and do not know where to look for the substance which casts them2 but the substance is there1 nevertheless4 ,they feel the tragedy hidden in common things1 whether they can explain it or not4 ,it must be remembered that while man was made of the slime of the earth1 woman was formed of flesh2 and that the material part which is the veil between her spirit and the outer world has felt twice the refining touch of the ,creator's hand4 ,is all this too large an propos to the tears which women are accused of shedding whenever they see a marriage8 ,think a moment before deciding4 ,not the happiness or misery of these two alone is in question1 but that of an endless line of possible descendants4 ,there is1 indeed1 no kind of tragedy which may not follow on a marriage4 ,after this long preamble1 we may venture to say that both ,mme4 ,ferrier and ,mrs4 ,gerald were moved to tears at the marriage of their children2 the former crying openly and naturally1 the latter showing her emotion with that restraint which conventional life imposes4 ,each understood the other1 and was cordially drawn to the other for1 perhaps1 the first time in all their acquaintance4 ,they stood side by side on the wharf as the steamer which bore the young couple left it1 and gazed after their children1 who waved handkerchiefs and kisses to them from the deck4 ,a few hours in the steamer would carry them to the city1 where they were to take the cars for ,niagara4 ,annette wished to see the falls when the autumn foliage should form a setting for them1 and ,lawrence had his own reason for liking the place4 ,i have the greatest sympathy and affection for waterfalls1 he said2 and ,i would like to live near ,niagara4 ,one gets so tired of hearing of rising and aspiring that it is a real relief to see some object in creation that lets things slide1 and lays all its cares on the shoulders of gravity4 ,i like to see those green waters just go to sleep and tumble along without troubling themselves4 ,as ,i remember that river1 it looked like melted chrysoprase4 ,it is true1 my son1 the mother had answered1 tremulously tender and smiling4 ,but to let things slide1 as you express it1 is to go downward4 ,and just as inevitably1 he rejoined1 kissing her1 does my pretty mother find something to moralize about in every random word her worthless son utters4 ,they were going1 then1 to ,niagara4 ,the steamer threw the waters of the ,saranac backward from her prow1 and left a snowy wake1 like a bridal veil1 trailing after her4 ,the sun was going down1 and the new moon hung1 a crescent of fire1 in the cloudless west4 ,the new moon is over our right shoulders4 ,let's wish1 said ,lawrence4 ,that is one of my pet superstitions4 ,the bride shook her head playfully4 ,then ,i must forbid your wishing4 ,we are going to be very good1 you know1 and not commit the least sin to-day4 ,seeing a faint shade came over his face at her chiding1 she made haste to add3 ,we will convert this superstition into something good4 ,fancy ,our ,lady standing on that crescent1 and say an ,ave4 ,and since we are making the stars our rosary1 we will look for the three magi4 ,spanish sailors call by that name the stars in ,orion's belt4 ,he should be in the east before long4 ,these sailors say that he who sees the three magi is not far from the ,saviour4 ,whenever ,i see them1 and think of it1 ,i make acts of faith1 hope1 and charity4 ,will you say them with me to-night8 ,lawrence ,gerald looked intently and curiously at his young wife4 ,if she had been a stranger to him1 he would have been captivated by her4 ,annette1 he said1 ,i don't feel so well acquainted with you as ,i thought ,i was4 ,it will take us a good many years to become well acquainted with each other1 she answered quietly4 ,now let's take a seat at the other side of the deck1 and look for the three magi4 ,good-night1 ,crichton6 ,she leaned over the rail1 and looked back for one moment at the city4 ,whatever thoughts may have surged up1 whatever fears1 hopes1 or regrets1 they found no utterance4 ,no one saw the look in her eyes4 ,then she took her husband's arm1 and crossed the deck4 ,there come the ,pleiades1 like a little cluster of golden grapes1 and there is ,aldebaran2 and now1 ,orion1 buckle on your belt1 and come forth4 ,by the way1 said ,lawrence1 struck by a sudden thought1 you are ,mrs4 ,gerald2 did you know it8 ,are you sorry for it8 she asked1 and tried to make the question sound playful1 but with ill success4 ,i am rather astonished1 he replied2 and seemed really to find the thought a new one4 ,annette could not restrain a momentary outburst1 though she blushed with mortification for it as soon as the words were spoken4 ,o ,lawrence6 cannot you speak one word of kindness to me8 ,as though that could be kindness which waits till asked for4 ,he took the appeal jestingly4 ,you shall dictate4 ,only tell me what you would be pleased to have me say1 and ,i will repeat it1 like an obedient husband4 ,then1 seeing her blush1 and that she shrank from him with a look that was almost aversion1 he spoke seriously4 ,i do not mean to be unkind to you1 ,annette4 ,have patience with me4 ,you have made a bad bargain1 but ,i am1 perhaps1 more grateful than ,i appear2 and ,i like you better every day4 ,she made no reply1 but leaned back and looked at the stars coming out1 one by one4 ,there was no delight in her heart1 but a greater peace and sweetness than she had even hoped for4 ,i like you better every day4 ,how softly the words echoed in her ears6 ,when the steamer had disappeared around a curve of the river1 ,mrs4 ,ferrier turned her tear-drenched face to ,mrs4 ,gerald1 and sobbed out1 ,they are gone6 ,they are not our children any more4 ,mrs4 ,gerald did not trust herself to speak2 but she laid a kind hand on the mother's arm1 and tried to smile4 ,do come home with me6 ,mrs4 ,ferrier begged4 ,it is so lonesome there ,i can't bear to go into the house4 ,come and stay to tea1 you and ,honora4 ,but ,mrs4 ,gerald had promised to drive out with ,mrs4 ,macon to see the ,sisters1 and the bright little lady was waiting impatiently for her2 so to ,honora was left the task of comforting ,annette's mother4 ,on their way home1 ,mrs4 ,ferrier started up suddenly1 and ordered the coachman to stop4 ,i don't care if he is a ,jew1 she said1 having caught sight of ,mr4 ,schninger4 ,he's good enough to be a ,christian2 and ,i'm going to ask him to supper4 ,and before ,honora could prevent it1 even if she had desired to1 the gentleman had been beckoned to the carriage1 and the invitation given and accepted4 ,i'm not what people call a lady1 ,mrs4 ,ferrier said1 as they drove on again1 but ,i believe ,i know a gentleman when ,i see him2 and if there ever was a true gentleman1 he is one4 ,how he does it ,i don't know2 but he some way makes me respect myself4 ,he doesn't flatter me2 ,i am sure he doesn't care for my money1 and that he knows ,i am no scholar2 but it seems to me as if he thinks there is something respectable in being an honest woman1 no matter how ignorant you are2 and ,i'm just as sure that that man never laughs at me1 and is mad when other people do it1 as ,i am that ,i sit here4 ,in my house1 when some of those little upstarts have been talking to me1 and trying to make me say things--,i knew all the time what they were up to6--,i've seen him come marching across the room to me like a king1 and scatter them as if they were mice1 with just one glance of his eyes4 ,i'm not a fool1 and ,i know my friends4 ,honora's visit was a short one2 and after an hour of pleasant talk1 she started for home1 accompanied by ,mr4 ,schninger4 ,they had been speaking of the ,moonlight ,sonata2 and1 since the hour was early1 the gentleman asked permission to go in and play it on ,miss ,pembroke's piano4 ,i was about to ask you to1 she said cordially4 ,it has been on my mind that ,i never heard you play that2 and ,i fancy that my piano is just the instrument for it1 the tone is so soft and rich4 ,mrs4 ,gerald had not yet returned4 ,the night was very warm1 and the doors and windows all stood open1 the parlor being lighted only from the next room4 ,honora seated herself by an open window1 and listened with a perfect enjoyment to which nothing was wanting4 ,she was in the mood to hear music1 the composition and the rendering were both excellent1 and the half-light in-doors and out not only veiled all defects in their surroundings1 but invested them with a soft and dreamy grace4 ,her mood was so happy that1 when the sonata was ended1 she did not feel obliged to praise it1 nor to speak at all2 and they were silent a little while1 ,mr4 ,schninger touching octaves with his right hand so exquisitely that they faltered out as the stars come--faint at first1 yet ending brightly4 ,i like to look on the whole of creation as a symphony1 he said presently4 ,the morning stars sang together4 ,what a song it must be to the ears that can hear it6 ,fancy them setting out on that race1 their hearts on fire1 their orbits ringing as they rolled1 their sides blooming1 light just kindled6 ,the stars1 then1 being tuneful1 everything on their surfaces and beneath them must have been harmonious4 ,how complex and wonderful--large and small1 from the song of the sun to the song of the pine-needles6 ,the ocean had its tune1 and the rivers1 and there was music in the clouds that rose from them4 ,how ethereal it must have been6 ,yes1 nature was born singing1 and everything was musically ordered4 ,the days were grouped in octaves4 ,they climbed from ,sabbath to ,sabbath4 ,he had spoken slowly1 as if to himself1 or to some sweeter self1 and let a note drop here and there into pauses4 ,he paused a moment now1 then added3 ,what is music8 ,it is harmonious action2 and in action the mystical number is seven4 ,he lifted his head1 but not his eyes1 and seemed to await a reply4 ,and in being1 the perfect number is three1 ,honora said quietly4 ,he did not answer for a moment1 and1 if he understood her meaning1 did not reply to it when he spoke4 ,i had not thought of that2 but ,i catch a glimpse of truth in your remark which ,i should like to follow out4 ,in nature1 there are the three colors for one item4 ,in art--say1 architecture--there are the three types3 the rectangular ,greek1 rounding up into ,roman1 as if lifted over a head passing under1 and the ,gothic1 shaped like a flame4 ,those may be the signs of the material1 the intellectual1 and the spiritual4 ,yes1 ,i must follow that out4 ,the light was too dim to show how ,miss ,pembroke's cheeks reddened as she said1 ,the feasts in the church carry out this musical idea1 and have their octaves2 and for the ,supreme ,being1 there is trinity4 ,was it fair or wise to catch him so8 ,she doubted1 and awaited his next remark in some agitation4 ,miss ,pembroke1 ,i respect your opinions and your beliefs1 he said1 with a dignified emphasis which might be meant to reassure or to reprove her4 ,in either case1 it was impossible for her to pursue the subject4 ,feeling slightly embarrassed1 she caught at the first subject that presented itself4 ,you have done a great deal for music in ,crichton1 ,mr4 ,schninger1 she said4 ,you have taught our musicians1 and improved the public taste immensely4 ,our people are musically inclined2 and ,i hope the time may come when we shall have great artists among us who will do something besides present the works of others4 ,i do not profess to be a critic1 or learned in the art2 but it seems to me that it is not yet exhausted1 and that in the way of musical declamation there is much to be done4 ,i have often thought that words do not belong with the highest kinds of music that we have at present1 with the one exception of that wonderful ,miserere1 which one hears in perfection only in ,rome4 ,i would like to have a chant or recitative style for sublime and beautiful thoughts1 so that the words should be more prominent than the tune1 yet be delivered as one might fancy they would be delivered in heaven4 ,that is the kind of music ,i wish to have grow up here4 ,it would suit us better than the other4 ,it is more rapid and impetuous4 ,mr4 ,schninger half uttered a doubtful yes6 ,but art needs a warm atmosphere and an ardent people1 he added2 and the kind of music you describe1 which is in form like improvisation1 is a failure if without enthusiasm in the singer and the listener4 ,ornate music may be sung by an almost soulless performer so as to produce an impression of meaning something1 because the notes tell all2 but declamatory music is a dead body1 into which a singer must breathe a soul4 ,so much the better1 she replied4 ,give the notes that tell all to the instrument4 ,but when the text has great meaning1 let a human voice interpret it1 without help of florid ornamentation4 ,but you1 an artist1 are content to breathe this cold atmosphere6 ,i am at once contented and discontented4 ,his voice softened4 ,for ,i behold at last what ,i want1 yet do not possess it4 ,he stopped1 as if for some sign or question2 but ,honora did not utter a word4 ,his voice1 far more than what he said1 startled and silenced her4 ,he turned gently toward her4 ,would it be possible1 ,miss ,pembroke1 that ,i should find favor in your eyes8 ,you are1 then1 a ,catholic8 she said quietly4 ,it was not necessary for her to say any more2 yet he would not yield without a struggle1 vain as it was4 ,you exaggerate the difference between us1 he said earnestly1 coming nearer4 ,it is one of form rather than meaning4 ,if ,i choose to walk by the pure1 white light1 and you prefer the prismatic colors1 still both are but different conditions of the same light1 and what ,i adore is the source of all that you adore4 ,your ,christ quoted as the greatest of all the ,commandments the very one which is greatest to me4 ,you would have perfect freedom with me4 ,honora1 and a greater love than words can tell4 ,mr4 ,schninger1 she exclaimed1 can you for one instant believe that ,i would be the wife of a man who scorns as an impostor him whom ,i adore as a ,god8 ,i could not scorn where you adore1 he replied4 ,the mistake is not yours1 and the imposture is not his4 ,i find him good1 and noble1 and sweet1 and lovely almost beyond human loveliness4 ,do you forget that he also was a ,jew8 ,all that you see in the ,son1 and the saint1 and the apostle ,i see in ,god4 ,these beings you honor are but scattered rays of the great ,luminary4 ,we are not so different as we appear4 ,you believe in the ,god who created1 and loved1 and preserved1 she said2 but you do not believe in the ,god who loved even unto death4 ,my ,god has suffered for me4 ,the difference is infinite4 ,it cannot be set aside4 ,the memories that pierce my heart leave you unmoved4 ,the ,shepherd who went in search of his lost sheep you know nothing of4 ,the despised and rejected ,one weeping over ,jerusalem you care nothing for4 ,that humility1 so astounding and so touching1 of a ,god making himself small enough for me to possess2 what is it to you8 ,nothing but a stumbling-block4 ,is your ,god a ,father in heaven8 ,mr4 ,schninger was standing now1 and his earnestness was fully equal to ,honora's4 ,my ,god is a father1 and more than a father1 he said2 and he is pitiful to his children1 even while he afflicts them4 ,i see in him the beneficent ,provider1 who every day for his children works miracles greater far than those recorded in the ,new ,testament4 ,he renews the seasons1 the light4 ,every day is a creation4 ,he gives us the fruits of the earth4 ,he lavishes beauty everywhere to please us4 ,he sees men unmindful of the laws which he wrote on the tables of their hearts1 and yet he pities and spares them4 ,oh6 ,i am talking to the wind6 ,it is indeed useless for us to talk on this subject1 ,mr4 ,schninger1 ,honora said firmly4 ,he stood a moment leaning against the side of the window where she sat1 and looking down at her face1 that showed pale even in that dim light4 ,you reject me only because ,i am a ,jew8 he asked4 ,pardon me6 for she had made a slight movement of displeasure4 ,do not forget that ,i love you4 ,is that no claim on your kindness8 ,i do not feel any unkindness for you2 but since you are not a ,christian1 ,i cannot tell how ,i would feel if you were one4 ,the reply sounded cold4 ,mr4 ,schninger bowed1 with an immediate resumption of ceremony4 ,i have1 then1 only to ask your pardon for having intruded a disagreeable subject on you1 he said4 ,good-evening6 ,she watched him going out1 and saw that at the gate he was joined by ,f4 ,chevreuse1 who was just returning home from a sick-call4 ,oh6 what will ,f4 ,chevreuse say to me8 she murmured4 ,what would dear ,mother ,chevreuse have said to me8 ,it is all my fault6 ,i had too much confidence in my own wisdom6 ,they were right3 there should be no intimacy with unbelievers4 ,and so you hate creeds8 ,f4 ,chevreuse was saying1 in reply to an exclamation of ,mr4 ,schninger's4 ,and what of your own1 pray8 ,the ,jew drew away1 with a slightly impatient gesture1 when the priest made a motion to take his arm4 ,he had no desire to advance a step toward that barrier against which he had just bruised himself4 ,the warning1 ,thus far shalt thou go1 and no farther1 was too fresh in his memory4 ,my creed1 he answered1 is not one of those inexorable ones that life dashes men against1 as the sea dashes them on the rocks4 ,it does not preach charity and practise hate4 ,it does not set up barriers between man and man1 and treat nine-tenths of the world as heathen4 ,it does not profess the most sublime reliance on ,god1 and then practise the most subtle worldly wisdom4 ,it is not even the old ,jewish belief in its formality4 ,that was as the roots of a plant of which true ,judaism is the blossom4 ,we cling to the old name1 and some cling to the old belief1 merely because it has been hated and persecuted4 ,if my forefathers rejected and crucified him whom you call the ,christ1 your church has excluded and crucified my people till they have bled at every pore4 ,they have been mocked1 and beaten1 and spit upon2 and yet you say that the dying prayer of your ,model was1 ',father1 forgive them1 for they know not what they do4' ,however it may be with individuals in your church--and ,i have found them noble and charitable--as a sect1 ,their life laughs through1 and spits at their creed4 ,if they had practised the charity they professed1 there would not now be an old-creed ,jew in the world4 ,f4 ,chevreuse saw how vain it would be to combat the man in his present mood1 and he strongly suspected what trouble lay at the bottom of it4 ,had he been less truly charitable1 he might have persuaded himself that it was his duty to make a counter attack or a convincing argument--a mistake sometimes made by people who like to think that they are zealously indignant because ,god's truth is assailed1 when1 in reality1 there may be a good deal of personal feeling because some one has spoken lightly of their belief4 ,f4 ,chevreuse made neither this mistake nor that other of throwing away argument on an excited man4 ,the end he sought was the glory of ,god in the conversion of souls2 and if1 to accomplish that1 it had been necessary for him to stand1 like his divine ,master1 opening not his lips1 while truth was reviled1 he would have done it4 ,i am a better ,jew than you are1 then1 he said gently1 and put his arm in ,mr4 ,schninger's1 who1 in the surprise at this unexpected tone1 did not shrink from him4 ,i am proud of that ancient people of ,god4 ,in the morning of humanity1 it was the pillar of cloud which was to give place to the pillar of fire at the gloaming of the race4 ,to me1 all the glorious points in their history are literally true4 ,moses wears his two beams of light2 the bush burns without being consumed2 at the stroke of a rod1 water gushes from the rock1 or is piled up in a wall--it is literally true1 not a figure4 ,but the sacrifice was above all4 ,those poor exiles from ,eden were deprived of present happiness2 but they were full of knowledge1 and comforted by hope4 ,they were but just from the hand of the ,creator1 and were more perfect in mind and body than any since4 ,they had spoken face to face with ,god4 ,he condemned them for their sin1 but promised them a ,redeemer1 and gave them the sacrifice as a sign4 ,i have always thought that there was something very touching in the sacrifice which ,cain and ,abel offered up4 ,they were commemorating the sin of their own parents4 ,then1 see how wonderfully that idea of an offended ,god demanding a propitiatory sacrifice clung to the human mind6 ,the universality of the belief would prove its truth1 if there were no other proof4 ,how it must have been branded on the souls of ,adam and ,eve to last so6 ,the race grew1 and broke into fragments that scattered far and wide4 ,for centuries they never met1 and they lost all memory of each other4 ,their habits and their languages changed2 the faces of some grew dark2 there was scarcely a sign of brotherhood between them4 ,if they met1 they were as strange to each other as the inhabitants of different planets4 ,some adored one ,god1 some believed in many4 ,in spiritual matters1 there was only one point which they held in common4 ,you have1 perhaps1 seen the little ,agnus ,dei that ,catholics wear--a bit of wax with a lamb stamped on it4 ,well1 sir1 every soul that ,god sent into the world had the sacrificial idea stamped on it1 like that lamb on the wax4 ,the devil blurred this image1 of course1 till men fell into all sorts of errors1 and even sacrificed each other2 but he could never efface it4 ,the hand of ,god graves deeply1 and the inscription wears out the hand that rubs it4 ,but the ,jews1 my sublime spiritual ancestors1 kept the truth4 ,they adored the one ,god1 ,jehovah2 and by their sacrifice they were perpetually reminding him of the ,redeemer he had promised them4 ,it is true1 they became corrupted1 and rejected him when he came2 but ,i do not forget that he was a ,jew1 that his first followers were ,jews1 and that his ,immaculate ,mother was a ,jewess4 ,i tell you1 ,i glory in the history of that people4 ,it is you who throw contempt on them1 not ,i4 ,catholicism proves and honors ,judaism4 ,if all were false1 we might then be deluded2 but the ,jews would be the deluders4 ,we only complain of them because they call themselves liars4 ,judaism1 past and present1 would fall with ,catholicism1 and fall underneath4 ,all the truth held by the reformed ,jews is a weak reflection of the light cast by the ,catholic ,church back on old ,judaism4 ,to deny the authority of the church is as though the moon should proclaim herself the source of day1 and try to extinguish the sun4 ,if it were possible for the attempt to succeed1 the result would be an utter spiritual darkness1 followed by barbarism4 ,christ is the light of the world2 and all the light there was in the world before his coming was like the morning light before the sun touches the horizon4 ,the patriarchs and the prophets were the planets and the moon of the spiritual system2 they saw him afar off1 and told of him4 ,strange inconsistency6 ,men usually laugh at prophecies till they are fulfilled1 then pay them a retrospective homage2 but in this1 they bow to the prophecy till the instant of its fulfilment1 then reject and scorn both together4 ,if you believed in ,christ1 all your altars would blaze up again1 making a spiral circle of fire from the creation to the redemption4 ,he rounds the circle4 ',i am the beginning and the end1' he says4 ,whether he perceived or acknowledged any truth in what he heard1 or not1 it certainly had the effect of making ,mr4 ,schninger ashamed of his ill-temper4 ,i have to apologize1 sir1 he said1 for having made a personal attack instead of using argument1 and for having acted like a whipped school-boy4 ,my only excuse is that ,i was smarting under punishment4 ,i am usually just enough to judge a principle by itself1 not by its upholders4 ,they had now reached the step of the priest's house1 and paused there1 ,mr4 ,schninger declining mutely a mute invitation to enter4 ,that is a point--that relating to persons--which we will discuss some other time1 when we both feel more like it1 ,f4 ,chevreuse said4 ,but1 my friend1 he added1 with impassioned earnestness1 let the faults of individuals1 and communities1 and nations go4 ,they are irrelevant4 ,let ,god be true1 though all men may be false4 ,ecce ,agnus ,dei6 ,if a haughty conqueror should demand your submission1 ,i could understand why you would feel like rebelling4 ,but here there is nothing but love to resist4 ,here there is only infinite sweetness and humility4 ,did he ever persecute you8 ,did he ever revile you8 ,he wept over you4 ',o ,jerusalem1 ,jerusalem6' ,standing on his own threshold1 the priest suddenly put his arm around the ,jew's shoulder4 ,love him1 then hate whom you can4 ,love him1 and do what you will1 he said4 ,i don't ask you to listen to the church1 to listen to me1 to listen to any one1 but only to behold the ,lamb of ,god4 ,look at him1 study him1 listen to him4 ,o my ,god6 that ,i had the tongue of an angel6 ,i love you6 ,i am longing for your conversion1 but ,i cannot say a word4 ,good-night6 ,may ,god bless you and speak to you6 ,the ,jew was alone1 overpowered by the sudden and tender passion of that appeal1 feeling still the pressure of that more than brotherly embrace4 ,if his mind had recognized any truth1 he did not at the moment perceive or think of it1 so moved was his heart at the vision of love that had been opened to him4 ,if divine love was added to the human1 he did not inquire2 he only knew that the priest was sincere1 and was at that moment on his knees praying for him4 ,he would have liked to go in and beg his blessing1 not1 perhaps1 as that of a priest1 but as that of an incomparably good and loving man4 ,he checked the impulse1 though it led him so far as to extend his hand to open the door4 ,ah6 if we did but yield to generous and affectionate impulses as we yield to bad ones1 how much happier the world would be6 ,how often they are checked by distrust of others or of ourselves1 or by the petty fear of being unconventional1 when1 if followed1 they might warm a little this cold human atmosphere1 in which we stand so frozen that one might almost expect our fingers to rattle like icicles when we shake hands4 ,but though ,mr4 ,schninger did not go in1 neither did he turn carelessly away4 ,we wonder if any of our readers will understand how much affection was expressed in what he did4 ,it was a trifling act1 apparently4 ,he laid his right hand1 palm forward1 against the door1 and let it press the panel a moment4 ,from some it might not mean much1 but this man never gave his hand lightly1 nor used it lightly2 and it was one of those hands which seem to contain in themselves the whole person4 ,it was a hand with a heart in it2 and while it rested there1 his face wore an expression more tender than a smile1 as if he gave both a benediction and a caress to all within those walls for the sake of one who dwelt there4 ,then he turned away1 and walked slowly down the street4 ,mr4 ,schninger was essentially and sufficiently manly4 ,if the long pursuit of money had been dry and distasteful to him1 he had made no complaint of the necessity1 even to himself4 ,that which must be done he attempted and carried out as best he might1 feeling1 it may be1 a certain pleasure in exercising his will2 perceiving1 also1 a goal ahead where such sordid strife would end4 ,it may be that even in the fascinating and delightful exercise of his art1 there had still been a sense of something lacking2 for the artist is1 above all things1 human1 and this man was alone2 but he made no sentimental moan4 ,the want1 if it had a voice1 was never listened to4 ,it was only now1 in the moment of a sharp and bitter pain that had cleft his heart1 and a soothing sweetness that had fallen on the wound like an unguent1 that he realized how utterly without sympathy his life had been1 and how all that had made it tolerable had been a looking forward to something better4 ,he was like one who1 wandering long in a frozen desert1 sees unexpectedly the warm1 red hearth-light shining toward his feet4 ,it was not his home-light1 but another's2 yet it touched him so that his heart woke up with a cry1 and demanded something in the present1 and could no longer be satisfied with a vague expectation4 ,he was angry with himself that he had not refrained from speaking to ,miss ,pembroke1 or that1 having spoken1 he had not been more persistent4 ,he would not believe that he could give so much and receive no return2 and it seemed to him certain that by waiting he could at least have succeeded so far as to render it impossible for her to refuse him without a regret too great for concealment4 ,that was all he now thought attainable1 and1 in comparison to what he had1 it appeared to him happiness4 ,that is a cruelty without which no love can exist2 it demands the power to make its object unhappy in parting1 if it is denied the privilege of making it happy in union4 ,i was a fool6 he muttered1 tossing the hair back from his burning face and head4 ,i took my refusal as promptly as though ,i had asked for a flower4 ,a woman who is ready with her confession of love at the first word of asking must have expected and prepared herself for the proposal4 ,even a profound affection may be a little hidden from her till after it is asked for1 though visible to others4 ,besides1 she sometimes draws back from timidity1 or to see if a man is really in earnest4 ,that proposal which he foresees and intends takes her by surprise1 and1 even when willing to advance1 her instinct is to retreat at first4 ,how inconsistent we are to expect and require that shrinking modesty in a woman1 and then complain of her for it6 ,he wandered on through street after street1 glancing at the lighted windows of many a city home4 ,in some houses1 the curtains had been pleasantly left up1 and he could see the charming tableau of a family gathered about the evening lamp4 ,they read or sewed1 raising their faces now and then to smile at each other2 they conversed1 or they rested1 leaning back in their chairs4 ,coming to a secluded little cottage in a quiet street1 he leaned on the garden fence1 and looked into the sitting-room4 ,he was acquainted with the people there2 they met him pleasantly in public1 but it had never occurred to them1 apparently1 to invite him to their home4 ,all his friends1 indeed1 were of that public kind4 ,the room was lighted by a shaded lamp that made a bright circle on the table under it4 ,a man sat at one side sketching what a nearer view would have shown to be a ,holy ,family4 ,now and then he lifted his head and gazed at the group opposite him1 the models of his ,mother and ,child2 and the expression of his fine1 spiritual face showed how his soul strove to fan that visible spark of human affection into a flaming vision of divine love4 ,the woman sat weaving bright wools into some fleecy shape1 her slight fingers flying as the work progressed under them4 ,her eyes were downcast1 and a faint smile shone on her happy face4 ,one foot kept in gentle motion a cradle1 wherein a babe slept1 its rosy little hands curled up under its chin1 like closed flowers4 ,now and then the mother bent above the sleeper1 seemed to hover over it1 like a bird over its nest1 when the drapery her artist-husband had arranged on her hair would drop forward and hide her profile from him4 ,once1 when he wanted an outline1 he stretched his arm1 drew her face round by the chin1 and seemed playfully to chide her excessive baby-worship4 ,but it seemed that the soft1 blue fold had hidden something more than a mere loving gaze2 for a tear slipped from the brown lashes as they appeared4 ,she clasped the chiding hand in hers1 and uttered a few words4 ,how well the looker-on outside could guess what sad thought had called up that tear6 ,she had feared that her happiness was too great to last4 ,the husband's answer was1 evidently1 cheerful and reassuring2 and soon the work and the drawing went on1 and the smiles were restored4 ,recollecting himself1 ,mr4 ,schninger continued his walk4 ,what had he to do with such scenes8 ,he was as shut out from all intimate friendships as though he had been invisible to those about him4 ,if he should be ill1 the doctor and the hired nurse would take care of him2 if he should die1 strangers would bury him1 without pity and without grief2 and his possessions in ,crichton1 such little belongings as friends cherish when those they love are gone1 would be tossed about and prized only at their money value4 ,never had he felt more despondent4 ,the momentary pleasure derived from the friendship of ,f4 ,chevreuse faded away like sunlight from rocks1 leaving only hard and sombre facts behind4 ,there never could be a real friendship between him and the priest4 ,an insurmountable obstacle separated them4 ,this solitary walk brought to his mind one night1 months past1 when he had walked the streets of ,crichton1 as solitary and wretched as now1 from evening till daybreak4 ,i will not think of it6 he muttered1 and cast the recollection aside4 ,o my ,god6 who shall pray for me1 who cannot pray for myself8 ,a sound of singing caught his ear4 ,he was passing a ,protestant church1 where they were holding an evening meeting1 and they were singing a plain chant1 with only a thread of accompaniment4 ,it sounded tuneful and earnest1 and he stepped into the vestibule to listen4 ,they sang3 ,hear1 ,father1 hear our prayer6 ,wandering unknown in the land of the stranger1 ,be with all trav'lers in sickness or danger1 ,guard thou their path1 guide their feet from the snare4 ,hear1 ,father1 hear our prayer6 ,some one was praying for him without being aware of it6 ,there was in the world a charity which stretched out beyond the familiar1 and touched the unknown sufferer4 ,as he was leaving the vestibule1 he noticed two men1 one standing at either side1 on the steps without the door4 ,rather annoyed at being found in such a place1 he passed them hastily1 and went on4 ,when he thought himself free from them1 his memory went back to that prayerful strain3 ,guard thou their steps1 guide their feet from the snare4 ,yes1 they were praying for him1 these strangers1 who had seemed so alien4 ,presently he became aware that he was not free from the persons who had been observing him at the church door4 ,the steps of two men were following him4 ,he quickened his pace1 and they also quickened theirs4 ,he went into a side street1 and perceived that they were still on his track4 ,there was no escape4 ,his feet had not been guided from the snare4 ,a chilly sensation passed over him1 which might be either anger or fear4 ,he paused one instant1 then turned and faced his pursuers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the next morning1 after ,mass1 ,honora ,pembroke went in to see ,f4 ,chevreuse1 waiting in the church till she thought he had taken his breakfast4 ,i did not see you at communion this morning1 he said1 after greeting her pleasantly4 ,why was that1 young woman8 ,they were in the sitting-room that had belonged to ,mother ,chevreuse4 ,her son now occupied these rooms1 and all the little tokens of a woman's presence had disappeared4 ,no work-basket1 with shining needles and thimble1 glittered in the sunlight2 no shawl nor scarf lay over any chair-back2 no flower nor leaf adorned the place4 ,all the grace had gone4 ,honora perceived1 by the momentary clouding of the priest's face1 that he understood the glance she had cast about the room and the involuntary sigh that had followed it1 and she hastily recalled her thoughts4 ,i am an unfortunate sister of ,proserpine1 she said4 ,some one sent me a pomegranate yesterday as a rarity2 and this morning1 while ,i was dressing1 and thinking of my communion too1 ,i ate two or three of the seeds4 ,you are a careless girl6 ,f4 ,chevreuse exclaimed1 with that pretence of playful scolding which shows so much real kindness4 ,but1 fortunately1 your banishment is not so long as that of your ,greek sister was4 ,i was not thinking without distraction1 ,honora continued4 ,there was something else on my mind1 or ,i should have remembered my fast4 ,on the whole1 ,i am rather glad that ,i could not go to communion this morning1 for ,i was not so quiet as ,i ought to be4 ,i have come to tell you about it4 ,a faint blush flitted over her face4 ,she looked up for the encouraging nod and ,yes6 which were not wanting1 and then told half her story in a sentence3 ,mr4 ,schninger told me last night that he thinks a great deal of me4 ,f4 ,chevreuse nodded again1 and did not look quite so much astonished as she had expected him to be4 ,the other and most troublesome part of the story followed immediately1 breathed out with a kind of terror3 ,and after ,i had refused him1 and he had left the room1 and walked away with you1 ,i felt pained1 not for him1 but for myself4 ,i almost wanted to call him back2 though1 if he had come1 ,i should have been sorry4 ,i do not understand it4 ,she looked like one who expects a severe sentence1 and scarcely drew breath till the answer came4 ,the priest spoke quite carelessly3 ,oh6 it is natural that we should feel a kind of regret in refusing an offering meant to be good1 though it may not be good to us4 ,you need not accuse yourself of that4 ,of course1 you are not going to marry a ,jew1 nor to wish to marry one4 ,that is out of the question4 ,and there is no need of searching too scrupulously into those vague and complicated emotions which are for ever troubling the human heart4 ,it will only confuse the mind and sully the conscience4 ,they are like mists that float over the sky4 ,keep your eyes steadily fixed on the ,day-star1 and do not fear an occasional waft of scud4 ,as long as the star shines1 all is well4 ,when you no longer see it1 then is the time to fear4 ,honora looked relieved1 but not altogether satisfied4 ,but must there not have been some fault in me1 when #a could feel even the slightest regret in rejecting one who has rejected ,god8 she asked4 ,i have but to repeat what ,i have said1 was the answer4 ,you need not disturb yourself about the matter4 ,dismiss it from your mind1 except so far as it is necessary for you to think in order to conduct yourself properly toward him in future4 ,i take for granted that your intercourse must be a little more reserved than it has been4 ,oh6 yes1 she exclaimed4 ,i would rather not see him any more4 ,and there was my fault1 father4 ,i have been very presumptuous4 ,both ,mrs4 ,gerald and dear ,mother ,chevreuse were dissatisfied to have me associate with him4 ,i could see that1 though they said nothing4 ,but ,i fancied that ,i was more liberal than they1 and that ,i could decide perfectly well for myself4 ,i had almost a mind to be displeased with them for wishing to keep him at a distance1 as if they were uncharitable4 ,now ,i am punished1 and ,i know that ,i deserve it4 ,oh6 well1 the priest said gently1 his face growing thoughtful and sad at the allusion to his mother4 ,we all make mistakes2 and to persons who wish to be generous1 but have not much experience1 prudence seems a very cold virtue1 sometimes almost a vice4 ,but believe me1 my child1 it is possible for really kind and generous feelings to lead to results far worse than even an excess of prudence might have caused4 ,don't distress yourself6 ,only have a care of going too far in either way4 ,their talk was here interrupted by a ring of the door-bell so unusually loud as to betoken an excited visitor4 ,a sick-call1 said ,f4 ,chevreuse4 ,they heard ,jane open the door2 then a light step ran through the entry1 and1 without any ceremony of knocking1 ,miss ,lily ,carthusen burst into the room4 ,o ,f4 ,chevreuse6 she cried1 ,mr4 ,schninger is in jail4 ,the priest looked at her without comprehending1 and also without speaking4 ,when sudden and terrible news have come upon us once1 casting us to the earth1 as though by a thunder-stroke1 any startling address awakens in us ever after something of the same terror and distress4 ,jane had followed ,miss ,carthusen to the sitting-room door1 and1 the moment she heard her announcement1 broke out into exclamations3 ,i knew it6 ,i have known it all the time6 ,o poor ,mother ,chevreuse6 ,f4 ,chevreuse stood up1 as if to take freer breath1 and his face grew crimson4 ,in what way does this arrest concern me particularly1 ,miss ,carthusen8 he asked1 striving to speak calmly4 ,f4 ,chevreuse1 cannot you guess8 she returned4 ,many others have suspected1 if you have not4 ,i believed it almost from the first4 ,i do not believe it6 he exclaimed1 and began to pace the room4 ,i will not believe it6 ,it is impossible6 ,and then1 whether believing or not in this accusation1 he felt anew the whole force of that terrible blow4 ,o mother1 mother6 he cried1 and burst into tears4 ,i suspected him on account of the shawl1 ,miss ,carthusen went on4 ,his has not been seen in the house since that day2 and4444 ,f4 ,chevreuse was leaning up against the wall1 with his face hidden in his arm2 but he recovered his self-possession immediately1 and put a stop to these revelations4 ,say no more6 ,there was a certain severity both in his voice and gesture4 ,i do not wish to hear any surmises nor particulars4 ,i should suppose that some person in authority ought to bring me this information4 ,but ,i thank you for taking the trouble2 and perhaps you will be so kind as to stop at ,mr4 ,macon's door on your way home1 and ask him to come to me4 ,he cannot have gone out yet4 ,i would like to see him at once4 ,the young lady had no choice4 ,she was obliged to go4 ,mr4 ,macon was1 in fact1 already on his way to the house2 and soon the story received authoritative confirmation4 ,he did not seem to be at all surprised1 sir1 said the officer who had made the arrest4 ,he is a very cool sort of man on the outside2 though ,i would not have liked to go after him alone4 ,did he say anything8 demanded the priest4 ,not a word6 ,did not he ask to see me8 ,no1 sir6 ,the face of ,f4 ,chevreuse darkened with perplexity and disappointment4 ,after what had occurred between them the night before1 if the man had trusted him then1 and if he were innocent1 surely he would have sent for him at once4 ,when ,i have said that ,i love him1 he thought1 how could he suffer me to rest a moment in ignorance of what had happened1 or to wait for his assurance8 ,or does his very silence prove his trust in me and confidence in his own acquittal8 ,well1 even if it does1 ,i prefer a confidence that speaks4 ,he looked the officer steadily in the face4 ,sir1 he said with emphasis1 ,i wish every one to understand that ,i believe this accusation to be a mistake1 and that ,i regret it exceedingly4 ,i shall go to see ,mr4 ,schninger1 if ,i am permitted1 and say the same to him4 ,and now1 gentlemen1 if there is nothing more necessary to be said1 will you spare me the saying anything unnecessary on the subject8 ,jane had been trying to talk to ,miss ,pembroke1 who put her back gently1 without answering a word2 and as soon as their visitors had withdrawn1 she approached ,f4 ,chevreuse1 and attempted to finish the story which ,miss ,carthusen had begun4 ,but he stopped her even more peremptorily than he had done the other4 ,that young lady is not a ,catholic1 he said1 but you are4 ,do not forget charity4 ,you have no right to hold any person guilty till his guilt is proved1 and even then you should not rejoice over his condemnation4 ,i forbid your saying any more on this subject to me or any other person1 except when you are questioned in court4 ,i am displeased at the spirit you have shown4 ,jane withdrew1 convicted1 and1 perhaps1 a little indignant4 ,then ,f4 ,chevreuse looked at ,honora ,pembroke4 ,she had sat perfectly pale and silent through it all4 ,can you go home without assistance1 child8 he asked4 ,she understood his wish to be alone1 and rose with an effort4 ,i am not faint2 ,i am horrified1 she said4 ,it is a monstrous injustice4 ,i wish you would come to us by-and-by4 ,she looked at him imploringly4 ,i will go to ,mrs4 ,gerald's directly after having seen him1 he promised4 ,when he was alone1 ,f4 ,chevreuse locked the door1 and began to pace the room1 tears running down his cheeks4 ,o my sweet mother6 he said1 so it's all to be dragged up again1 and your dear name associated with all that is cruel and wicked in crime6 ,he opened a closet1 and took down a little faded plaid shawl that his mother had used for years to throw over her shoulders in the house when the air was chilly4 ,it hung on the nail where she had left it2 and while he held it at arm's length1 and looked at it1 her form seemed to rise up before him4 ,he saw the wide1 motherly shoulders1 the roll of thick1 gray hair1 the face faintly smiling and radiantly loving4 ,and then he could see nothing2 for the tears gushed forth so passionately as to wash away both vision and reality4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,sleep4 ,,from ,,the ,,italian4 ,o sleep6 ,o missing first-born of the night6 ,child of the silent-footed shadow1 thou ,who comfortest the sick1 and makest light ,of ills1 bringing forgetfulness of woe2 ,succor the broken spirit that faints for sight ,of thee2 these limbs1 that travail hath brought low1 ,refresh4 ,come1 sleep1 and on my temples light1 ,and make thy dark wings meet above my brow4 ,where is sweet silence which the day forsakes8 ,and the shy dreams that follow in thy train1 ,the silly flock that scatters at a touch8 ,alas6 in vain ,i summon thee3 in vain ,flatter the chilly dark4 ,o thorny couch6 ,o heavy watches till the slow dawn breaks6 ,,spiritualism4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,before considering the merits of the third hypothesis for accounting for the phenomena of spiritualism1 ,i propose to draw out at some length the church theory of magic and formal diabolic interference4 ,magic1 in the sense of a systematized use of and intercourse with the spiritual world by other means than authorized prayer and ritual1 has been an idea familiar to all races and to all times4 ,its hostile or consciously diabolical character has depended upon the vividness with which it has appreciated the nature of ,god and his sanction of the religion which it is confronting1 and upon its consequent inability to regard itself as an appendix to1 rather than a contradiction of1 religion4 ,hence1 it has been peculiarly virulent when it has had to manuvre in the face of the precise enunciations of ,catholicism1 as was the case in medival ,christendom2 whilst1 on the other hand1 in a system of tolerant eclecticism like that of pagan ,rome or modern ,america1 it has naturally adopted a milder form4 ,the accounts given of the origin of magic in pagan and rabbinical tradition are almost identical1 and read much like a rude allegory of ,christian theology4 ,in the first1 the fair and proud ,lamia1 beloved of ,zeus1 in revenge for being herself ousted and her children slain by ,hera1 takes general vengeance upon the subjects of ,zeus4 ,in4 the second1 ,lilith1 ,adam's first wife1 is ever seeking to destroy the children of her successful rival1 ,eve4 ,according to the more common ,catholic teaching1 sundry of the angels1 ,god's first creation1 destined to be the first partners of his bliss1 fell for resisting ,god's designs in behalf of his second creation1 man1 whose nature he was to espouse in the ,incarnation2 whence the devil's hatred of the children of men4 ,the fathers#id considered that the rebel angels first taught men magic in the evil days before the ,flood1 and that the seeds of the black art were carried on into the new world by ,cham4 ,his grandson1 ,mesraim1 or ,zoroaster1 was said to have used it extensively to give life and reality to the false worship which was his legacy to his children1 the ,egyptians1 ,babylonians1 and ,persians4 ,the worship of the hosts of heaven--the sun1 moon1 and stars--would seem to have been the earliest form of false worship1 and all mythological research tends to show that this is1 in fact1 the core even of those cults which at first sight would seem most unlike it4 ,the ,persians were fire-worshippers1 but fire was stolen from heaven2 and one of the miracles recorded of ,zoroaster was his drawing magic sparks from the stars4 ,the name given him by his disciples was the ,living ,star4 ,the host of deities with which the ,greek and ,roman world was peopled1 many of whom would at first sight suggest a purely terrestrial origin1 for the most part group themselves round central figures1 which1 on examination1 prove to be earthly reflections of astral influences--of the sun or moon gods and their supposed satellites4 ,according to the fathers1 magic was the very life and soul of idolatry1 and pagan worship was regarded as a union of conventional deception and diabolic energy1 the one or other element predominating according to circumstances4 ,thus diablerie lay beneath such orderly institutions as1 for instance1 the national cultus of ancient ,rome1 like the volcanic fires of ,vesuvius under the rich vineyards which they have in part created and for a while sustain4 ,but whilst it is to a great extent true that paganism was substantially little better than an organized diablerie1 and the devil1 as the strong man in the ,gospel1 was keeping his house in comparative peace1 still the very elements of man's nature1 despite his fall1 did in various ways protest against the enemy and impede his action4 ,the idea of a supreme ,god could not be wholly withdrawn from the minds and hearts of men1 and many true prayers1 despite the demon's elaborate machinery to intercept them1 pierced the heavens4 ,nay1 the very forms themselves of idolatry would often suggest thoughts and acts of worship which no evil influence could control2 for the world had been given to men1 and not to the demon4 ,even the senses1 for all they were so many inlets of temptation1 did1 by bringing men under the wholesome influence of external nature1 and by their equable excitation of his mental powers1 tend1 in fact1 to break the fascinating grasp which the fiend would hold upon his imagination4 ,the material world at once spoke to him of ,god1 and housed him from the pitiless storm of spiritual influence with which he was assailed4 ,common sense was not without its power of natural exorcism1 and true affection often grew and flowered where the devil only thought to have nurtured lust4 ,in the cults which express the religious sentiments of the more civilized nations1 we meet with much that is humane and noble1 whilst1 at the same time1 we are often shocked by manifestations of a very different character--rites in which the fire of the pit seems to have found a direct vent4 ,on the whole1 in pre-,christian1 as compared with ,christian1 times1 the devil reigned4 ,when the apostle would warn the faithful of the foes with whom they would have to contend1 he says3 ,our warfare is not against flesh and blood--i4e4 these are1 under the circumstances1 hardly worth considering--but against principalities and powers2 against the rulers of the world of this darkness2 against spiritual wickedness in high places4 ,it was by the direct onslaught of the early church upon the citadel of paganism--her forcing the devil1 by the intolerable brightness of her presence1 to show himself in his true colors--and by thus enlisting on her side all the more honest elements of human nature1 that she gained the victory1 and the devil was fairly outlawed4 ,in the expressive language of the ,theodosian ,codex 7ix4 tit4 xvi471 sorcerers are denounced as aliens of nature1 7peregrini natur74 ,still1 for all this1 the war was by no means over1 and its character remained substantially what it had always been4 ,the devil did not lose his power of working marvels1 but1 as in the case of ,pharaoh's magicians1 he was outdone and baffled4 ,i think there will be little difficulty in showing that the teaching of the church on the subject of the devil's power was in the earliest times substantially what it was in the middle ages and what it is now4 ,the contrary has been maintained by ,janus1 and we must do him the justice to acknowledge that even reputable writers like ,maffei and ,cant have gone some lengths in the same direction4 ,as ,janus is still quoted as an authority in this country1 it will not be amiss to combine his refutation with the illustration of my subject4 ,janus maintains in so many words that in the ,christian ,church it was long looked upon as a wicked and unchristian error1 as something heretical1 to attribute supernatural powers and effects to the aid of demons2 that for many centuries 444 the popular notions about diabolical agency1 nocturnal meetings with demons1 enchantments and witchcrafts1 were viewed and treated as a folly inconsistent with ,christian belief2 that this doctrine continued until gradually ousted by the threefold authority of the popes1 ,aquinas1 and the powerful ,dominican ,order4#ie ,now1 ,i of course admit that the action taken by the authorities of the church in regard to particular phenomena of witchcraft has varied extremely with circumstances2 but she has always held that the devil has the power1 which he is sometimes allowed to exercise1 either en rapport with human agents or independently of them1 of working marvels which transcend the natural power of the particular nature in conjunction with which they are wrought1 though not transcending the sphere of universal nature2 and that these are done by rapid1 imperceptible combinations of other natural powers4 ,when theologians disputed as to whether the devil could do this or that particular marvel--for example1 transport imprisoned witches through their prison-walls to the ,sabbath--the dispute did not turn on the reality or non-reality of magic1 but upon whether the marvel in question did or did not transcend the sphere of universal nature4 ,on the other hand1 theologians have always maintained that in a certain sense witchcraft is an absurdity1 no craft at all1 an ars nugatoria1 as ,s4 ,thomas calls it1 since it is founded upon no fixed principles1 but depends for its issues on the free will of one who has been a deceiver from the beginning4 ,the scholastics made a great point of insisting upon the essentially unscientific character of witchcraft1 since the devil had taken advantage of the extraordinary thirst for learning which prevailed in the middle ages to present himself in the light of a guide to new realms of science4 ,janus relies for the justification of his statement upon a document long known as a chapter of the ,council of ,ancyra1 but generally acknowledged to be the utterance of some ,i,xth century ,frank council4 ,i subjoin it at length1 together with the kindred questions from the ,penitentiary of ,burchard4 ,over and above their controversial value1 they have an antiquarian interest which ,i hope not to neglect3 ,neither must this be passed over1 that certain wicked women1 turning back after ,satan1 and seduced by the illusions and phantasms of demons1 believe and profess that they ride by night with ,diana1 goddess of the pagans1 or with ,herodias and a countless multitude of women1 upon certain beasts1 and silently1 and in the dead of night1 traverse many lands1 obeying her commands as their mistress1 and were1 on certain nights1 summoned to do her service4 ,and would that these only had perished in their faithlessness6 for an innumerable multitude1 deceived by this false opinion1 believe these things to be true1 and1 so believing1 deviate from the true faith1 and relapse into the errors of paganism1 in believing that aught divine and godlike can be besides ,god4 ,wherefore1 priests in the churches under their charge should preach to the people with all earnestness1 so that they may understand that these things are1 in all respects1 false1 and that such phantasms are injected into the minds of the faithful1 not by the spirit of ,god1 but by the evil spirit4 ,verily1 ,satan himself1 who transfigures himself into an angel of light1 after seizing upon the mind of some silly woman1 and subjugating her to himself by infidelity1 thereupon transforms himself into the forms and semblances of various persons1 and in dreams deceiving the mind which he holds in captivity1 and showing it anon pleasant things1 anon sad1 anon known1 anon unknown1 leads it everywhere from the road2 and whilst the spirit alone undergoes this1 the unfaithful mind thinks that this is taking place1 not in the soul1 but in the body8 ,but who1 in dreams and visions of the night1 is not carried out of himself1 and does not see many things in his sleep which he had never seen awake8 yet who is so silly and stupid as to think that all these things which take place in the spirit only1 occur also in the body8 seeing that ,ezechiel the prophet saw the visions of the ,lord in the spirit1 and not in the body1 and the ,apostle ,john saw the mystery of the ,apocalypse in the spirit1 not in the body4 ',at once1' he saith1 ',i was in the spirit'2 and ,paul dared not say that he had been taken out of the body4 ,wherefore1 all must be told that whosoever believes these things and the like loses the faith1 and he who hath not the right faith in the ,lord is not the ,lord's1 but his in whom he believes--that is1 the devil's2 for of our ,lord it is written1 ',by him all things were made4' ,whoever1 then1 believes that it can happen that a creature should be changed into a better or a worse1 or be transformed into another sort or species save by the ,creator who made all things1 and through whom all things were made1 of a surety is an infidel1 and worse than a pagan4 ,the following are passages from what ,burchard transcribes as an ancient ,roman ,penitentiary1 and are specimens of a practical application of the preceding chapter3 ,hast thou ever believed or taken part in the perfidious credence that enchanters and those that call themselves storm-senders can1 by the enchantment of demons1 excite storms or alter men's minds8 ,if thou hast believed or taken part1 thou shalt do penance for one year on the lawful ,ferias4 ,hast thou believed or taken part in the credence that there be women who1 by certain charms or incantations1 can change men's minds1 that is to say1 from hatred to love1 or from love to hatred1 or can injure or abstract men's goods by their charms8 ,if thou hast believed or been partaker1 one year1 etc4 ,hast thou believed that there be women who can do this1 according to the saying of certain women beguiled by the devil1 who maintain that they must of necessity and of precept so do--that is to say1 must ride upon certain beasts1 with a great multitude of fiends transformed into the semblance of women1 which the foolish call ,holda1 and have been bound in fellowship with them8 ,if thou hast been partaker in that belief1 one year1 etc4 ,the following points have to be considered in estimating the controversial value of this chapter as used by ,janus3 #ast4 ,how far do its enunciations necessarily represent the theology of the universal church8 #b;d4 ,do the beliefs which the chapter condemns1 or do they not1 involve something more than the attribution of supernatural powers and effects to the aid of demons8 ,as to the first1 this chapter is no utterance of a council representing the church universal2 for1 even supposing it really to belong to the ,council of ,ancyra1 this was not a general council4 ,but1 as ,janus admits1 the chapter is first quoted without any title by the ,benedictine1 ,regino1 ,abbot of ,prumium1 in the diocese of ,treves1 who wrote about #ijf4 ,it was first called a canon of ,ancyra by ,burchard1 another ,benedictine 7#ajbj71 who extracted it from ,regino's collection1 and inadvertently headed it with the title belonging to another passage4 ,there is no trace to be found of it in the early ,,mss4 of either the ,greek or ,latin acts of the ,council of ,ancyra4 ,it is not to be met with in any collection of canons previous to the ,x,ith century4 ,baluze was no doubt right in suggesting that it was part of some old ,frank capitulary as yet undiscovered4 ,janus#if says that ,regino compiled the chapter in question from passages in the pseudo-,augustinian writing1 ,de ,spiritu et ,anima--a sufficiently remarkable statement1 if we consider that ,regino wrote early in the ,xth century1 and that the ,de ,spiritu et ,anima1 which contains passages from ,s4 ,bernard and ,hugo of ,s4 ,victor1 was certainly not composed before the ,x,i,ith century4#ig ,but1 it may be urged1 on the strength of the passages from ,burchard's ,roman ,penitentiary1 the ,roman ,church had given its sanction to this chapter1 and had embodied it in its practice1 even before ,burchard had assigned it its imposing title4 ,to this ,i reply that the brothers ,ballerini#ih produce an ,x,ith century ,,ms4 of a ,roman ,penitentiary 7,vatican ,codex1 #chcj7 identical with ,burchard's1 save that it is without certain passages1 and among them this very interrogatory on magic4 ,the ,ballerini remark that the expression1 were-wolf1 which occurs in a passage of the interrogatory which ,i have not quoted1 evidently marks it as belonging to some local ,german council4 ,i may add that the expression1 ,holda1 indubitably indicates the same nationality2 ,holda1 or ,holle1 being the wandering moon-goddess of the ,teutons4 ,as to the second point1 the beliefs condemned clearly involve something more than the attribution of supernatural power to the devil--viz41 the acknowledgment that there is something divine and godlike beside the one ,god2 whence it follows that the fiend can exercise his power independently of ,god2 can force the wills of men to his service by necessity and precept2 and can change one thing into another wholly different4 ,now1 all these points have been persistently condemned by the church of all ages4 ,that this is the one admissible interpretation of the chapter will become more and more evident as we examine the teaching of previous and contemporaneous theology4 ,if it be urged that1 anyhow1 this chapter represents a more civilized legislation1 one more consonant in its wise leniency with the sentiments of to-day1 than that which prevailed in the last half of the middle ages1 and1 indeed1 for some centuries longer1 ,i must remind my readers that ,i have been engaged in refuting a specific allegation of ,janus1 to the effect that the theology of the church had undergone a substantial change on the subject of witchcraft4 ,i admit1 of course1 fully that the system which prevailed for some centuries in church and state was calculated by its extravagant severity to provoke the evil it was intended to repress4 ,this has been often admitted by ,catholic writers4 ,cardinal de ,cusa1 in the first half of the ,x,vth century1 when legate a latere in the ,german ,empire1 used these weighty words3 ,where men believe that these witchcrafts do produce their effect1 there are found many witches2 neither can they be exterminated by fire and sword2 for the more diligently this sort of persecution is waged1 so much the stronger grows the delusion2 for the persecution argues that the devil is feared more than ,god1 and that1 in the midst of the wicked1 he can work evil2 and so the devil is feared and propitiated1 and thus gains his end2 and though1 according to human law and divine sanction1 they deserve to be utterly extirpated1 yet we must act cautiously and with great prudence1 lest worse come of it4#ii ,he goes on to say that he himself examined two witches1 and found them to be half mad4 ,he shut them up1 and made them do penance4 ,the name of the ,westphalian ,jesuit1 ,f4 ,spee 7,a4,d4 #afca71 is identified with the relaxation of the penalties against witches1 as completely as that of ,wilberforce with the abolition of slavery1 or that of ,howard with the reformation of prisons2 although he was unable to accept the rationalist thesis1 ,it is impossible for one person to influence another1 except through sensible mediums2 and the devil is an absurdity4 ,the rationalist text is1 no doubt1 the sovereignest remedy on earth for cruelty to witches2 but in the same sense is the tenet1 ,all worship is absurd1 the most effectual bar to idolatry2 and there are other less costly remedies4 ,whatever may be said on the score of prudence1 it cannot be denied that such witches as deliberately produced fatal mischief by acting upon the excited imaginations of their victims were justly put to death1 and that the formal transference of allegiance from ,christ to the devil was formal high treason against the constitution of ,christendom4 ,abuses of justice had no doubt crept into local practice1 such as that of putting the possessed person--that is to say1 the devil within him--into the witness-box1 in order to discover the witch4 ,this arose from the delusion that the devil might1 by certain formulas1 be bound over to speak the truth4 ,it is vehemently denounced by all the standard writers on the subject--i4e4 ,delrio and ,carena4 ,pegna 7,de ,cffic4 ,inquis41 pars ii4 tit4 xii4 #bf and #bg7 points out that the ,roman inquisition1 contrary to the practice elsewhere1 has always refused to submit a witch to the question on the evidence of a companion1 or to accept the testimony of one witch as to another's presence at the ,sabbath1 because of the great likelihood of delusion4 ,indeed1 ,rome seems to have been always comparatively just and moderate in her practice1 and often singularly lenient4 ,it was such specimens of provincial ecclesiasticism as the ,spanish inquisition1 in which the secular interest had the lion's share1 that went furthest in active persecution2 and these1 again1 in their cruel persecution of witches1 as the learned editor of ,hudibras1 ,dr4 ,zachary ,grey1 confesses1 the sectaries of ,england and ,scotland much exceeded4#ajj ,perhaps this was owing to their still further separation from the centre of ,christendom4 ,the arguments against execution for witchcraft of ,spee and ,de ,cusa come pretty much to this3 #ast4 ,the imaginations of these unhappy people are in such a condition that you cannot make out how much is reality1 how much delusion1 nor1 again1 how far they are free agents4 #b;d4 ,the whole subject is one on which people's imaginations are so excitable1 and imagination has so large a share in the productions of witchcraft1 that fire-and-sword persecution breeds more mischief than it destroys4 ,if ever a belief in the substantial reality of spiritualism becomes established as of old1 and--as will inevitably happen--spiritualism is used1 not merely for amusement1 but for mischief1 the champions of civilization may be glad to avail themselves of these almost forgotten ,catholic arguments against persecution4 ,this so-called chapter of ,ancyra is so interesting an exhibition of the blending of classical and medival diablerie that ,i shall make no apology for interposing a detailed examination of its mythology4 ,it will subserve my argument against ,janus1 by bringing out the idolatrous1 and so far unreal1 element of magic as that which naturally presented itself to the early church as the object of its denunciations4 ,diana 7,dia ,jana7 was one of the deities of ancient ,latium2 although a ,latin federal temple was erected to her by ,servius ,tullius on the ,aventine ,hill1 she never took any very high rank amongst the divinities of ,rome1 but remained the special patron of slaves and rustics--that is to say1 the immediate cultivators of the soil4#aja ,livy and ,strabo tell us that this goddess was identical with the ,ephesian ,artemis--an acquaintance with whose cult the ,latins might have obtained through the ,phocean colony at ,marseilles4 ,dr4 ,dllinger describes the ,ephesian goddess as a kind of pantheistic deity1 with more of an ,asiatic than an ,hellenic character4 ,she was most analogous to ,cybele as physical mother and parent of all4 ,s4 ,jerome 7,prom4 ad ,ephes47 says that the ,ephesians worshipped ,diana1 not the huntress who carries the bow and is high-girt1 but that many-breasted one1 which the ,greeks call 4 ,the cultus of ,diana in ,italy1 though substantially of a benignant character1 seems to have been early qualified by the sterner rites of ,thrace1 where bloody flagellations had been accepted as a compromise for human sacrifice4 ,aricia1 one of the oldest towns in ,latium1 boasted that its image of the goddess had been brought from ,tauris4 ,originally1 ,dr4 ,dllinger reminds us1 neither the ,roman ,diana nor the ,grecian ,artemis were connected in any way with the moon4 ,as the ancient ,latin sun-god ,janus' sister1 ,diana was the female divinity of the sun4 schylus is generally said to be the first author who speaks of ,artemis as the moon-goddess2 whereas ,hecate was an original goddess of the moon and of the night4 ,hence1 when she came to be identified with ,artemis1 and through her with ,diana1 by an amalgamation of rites1 ,diana became undisputed goddess of the moon and of the mysterious realms of the night1 the resort of ghosts and fays4 ,hecate was a ,titan1 the only one who retained power under the ,zeus dynasty2 hence her name1 ,titanis1 or ,titania1 with which ,shakespeare has familiarized us4 ,statius 7,thebaid1 lib4 i47 applies this epithet to the moon3 ,titanis late mundo subvecta silenti ,rorifera gelidum tenuaverat ara biga4 ,virgil doubtless gives this title to the stars as to the moon's supposed satellites 7neid1 lib4 vi473 ,lucentemque globum lun ,titaniaque astra4 ,in ,lucian we have frequent mention of ,hecate and her dogs2 in a fragment of ,s4 ,maximus of ,turin the same aerial dogs are referred to1 and ,s4 ,hippolytus speaks of ,diana and her dogs appearing in the magician's cauldron4 ,the amalgamated worship of ,hecate and ,diana1 the queen of ghosts and the goddess of fertility1 presents precisely those apparently incongruous elements which strike us in fairy mythology1 where fairies1 and ghosts1 and witches combine so oddly in the web of medival folk-lore4 ,it was very long before the pagan element to which the chapter witnesses--the ,manicheism which holds that there is something divine and godlike beside the one ,god--had ceased to hold a prominent place in the fancy of persons professedly ,christian4 ,s4 ,maximus of ,turin1 in the fifth century1 thus warns the ,christian farmers of ,north ,italy of their responsibility in the idolatry of their servants3 ,my brother1 when you know that your farm-servant sacrifices1 and you do not prevent his immolation1 you sin4 ,though you give him not the wherewithal1 yet leave is granted him4 ,though he do not sin by your orders1 yet your will co-operates in the fault4 ,whilst you say nothing1 you are pleased at what your servant has done1 and perhaps would have been angry if he had not done it4 ,your subordinate sins1 not only on his own score1 when he sacrifices1 but on his master's who forbids him not1 who1 if he had forbidden him1 would certainly have been without sin4 ,grievous indeed is the mischief of idolatry2 it defiles those who practise it2 it defiles the neighborhood2 it defiles the lookers-on2 it pierces through to those who supply1 who know1 who keep silent4 ,when the servant sacrifices1 the master is defiled4 ,he cannot escape pollution when partaking of bread which a sacrilegious laborer has reared1 blood-stained fields have produced1 a black barn has garnered4 ,all is defiled1 with the devil in house1 field1 and laborers4 ,no part is free from the crime which steeps the whole4 ,enter his hut1 you will find withered sods1 dead cinders--meet sacrifice for the demon1 where a dead deity is entreated with dead offerings6 ,go on into the field1 and you will find altars of wood1 images of stone--a fitting ministration1 where senseless gods are served on rotting altars6 ,when you have looked a little further1 and found your servant tipsy and bleeding1 you ought to know that he is1 as they call it1 a dianatic1 or a soothsayer4 ,in the ,v,ith century1 ,s4 ,csarius of ,arles1 in an almost contemporary ,life1 is said to have cast out a devil1 which the rustics call a diana4#ajb ,in the ,x,i,ith1 ,x,i,i,ith1 ,x,i,vth1 and ,x,vth centuries1 this idolatrous cultus was not extinct4 ,montfaucon quotes part of a decree1 in which ,auger of ,montfaucon1 an ancestor of his own1 ,bishop of ,conserans1 in the ,south of ,france1 at the close of the ,x,i,i,ith century1 found it necessary to denounce dianaticism3 ,let no woman profess that she rides by night with ,diana1 goddess of the pagans1 or with ,herodias1 or ,bensozia1 and raise a route of women to the rank of deities2 for this is a diabolical illusion4#ajc ,in the ,bollandist ,life of ,s4 ,james of ,bevagna in ,umbria1 who died in #acja1 we are told that the saint distinguished himself by rebuking those women who go to the chase with ,diana2 and in #acag1 ,john ,,xxii41 in his bull addressed to the ,bishop of ,frejus1 denounces those who wickedly intermeddle with divinations and soothsayings1 sometimes using ,dianas4 ,in the ,x,vth century1 ,cardinal de ,cusa speaks of examining two women who had made vows to a certain ,diana who had appeared to them1 and they called her in ,italian ,richella1 saying she was ,fortune4#ajd ,john of ,salisbury1 ,bishop of ,chartres in #aacf1 talks of this ,sabbath company in language which is a curious medley of classical and medival phraseology4 ,he speaks of the delusion of those who assert that a certain night-bird 7nocticulam1 or1 according to the generally received emendation1 nocte lucam1 the night-shiner1 a synonyme for ,hecate71 or ,herodias1 or the lady president of the night1 solemnize banquets1 exercise offices of diverse kinds2 and now1 according to their deserts1 some are dragged to punishment1 others gloriously exalted4#aje ,william of ,auvergne1 ,bishop of ,paris in #abbd1 tells us a good deal about this queen of the ladies of the night4 ,they call her1 he says1 ,satia 7a satietate71 and the ,lady ,abundia1 from the abundance she is said to bestow upon the houses which she frequents4 ,he goes on to say that these ladies are seen to eat and drink1 yet in the morning the things are as they were4 ,the pots and jars1 however1 must be left open1 or they will go off in a huff4 ,to guard against such visitations1 ,alvernus thinks1 it was prescribed in the ,levitical law that vessels should be covered1 or accounted unclean4 ,he speaks of the old women amongst whom this delusion abides2 but it is evidently the cultus he regards as a delusion1 and the belief that there are spiritual beings independent both of ,god and ,satan1 not the belief that these are real diabolical phenomena4#ajf ,even in classic times1 it would seem that ,diana and her crew fulfilled in some measure the office of household fairies3 ,exagitant et lar et turba ,diania fures2#ajg and in another passage of the same poet we find what seems to be an early indication of the connection between witches and the feline race4 ,when worsted by the first onslaught of the ,titans1 the gods thus chose their hiding-places3 ,fele soror ,phbi1 nive ,saturnia vacca1 ,pisce ,venus latult1 ,cyllenius ibidis alvo4#ajh ,but to return to the ladies of the night4 ,alvernus says1 ,they sometimes enter stables with wax tapers1 the drippings of which appear on the hairs and necks of the horses1 whilst their manes are carefully plaited4 ,may we not exclaim with ,mercutio1 ,this is that very ,mab ,that plaits the manes of horses in the night1 ,and bakes the elf locks in foul1 sluttish hairs8 ,alvernus' expression is guttatos crines1 wax-clotted hairs4 ,shakespeare's ,mab seems to have played the same trick upon human beings4 ,the ,lady ,abundia is distinctly identified with ,diana's crew1 nay1 herself represents that goddess1 in a most curious passage from an early ,,ms4 of the ,roman de la ,rose1 which was a composition of this same thirteenth century3 ,et les cinq sens ainssi deoivent ,par les fantosmes qu'ils recoivent ,dont maintes gens par leur folies ,quident estre par nuit estries ,errans avecque dame ,habonde ,et dient que par tout le monde ,le tiers enfant de nascion ,sont de cette condition2 ,qu'ils vont trois fois en la semaine ,si on destine les mainne1 ,et par tous les ostiex se boutent ,ne clos ne barres ne redoutent ,ains' sen entrent par les fendaces ,par charnieres et par crevaces ,et se partent des cors les ames1 ,et vont avec les bonnes dames ,par lieux forains et par maisons4#aji ,bensozia1 or ,bezezia1 as she is called in the ,glossarium ,novum from some ,,mss4 statutes of ,s4 ,florus1 has been a great puzzle to antiquarians4 ,montfaucon is inclined to identify her with the domina noctis1 or ,abundia4 ,the ,glossarium ,novum suggests desperately that it may be a name for ,herodias' daughter4 ,mr4 ,baring-,gould1 following ,grimm1 has unwittingly furnished1 ,i think1 the true solution4 ,he thus comments upon a remark of ,tacitus in his ,germania--a part of the ,suevi sacrifice to ,isis3 ,this ,isis has been identified by ,grimm with a goddess ,ziza1 who was worshipped by the inhabitants of the parts about ,augsburg4 ,kuchlen1 an ,augsburg poet of the ,x,i,vth century1 sings3 ',they built a great temple therein ,to the honor of ,zize1 the heathen goddess4' ,this ,ziza1 ,mr4 ,gould suggests1 is no other than ,holda1 or ,holle1 the wandering moon-goddess of the ,teutons1 in other parts called ,gde1 under which name she resembled ,artemis as the heavenly huntress accompanied by her maidens2 in ,austria and ,bavaria1 ,berchta1 or ,bertha 7the shining72 in ,suabia and ,thuringia1 ,hrsel1 or ,ursel2 in other places1 the night-bird1 ,tutsel4 ,bezezia would there be ,bena ,ziza--the good ,ziza4 ,alvernus' ,satia is1 in all probability1 an attempt to ,latinize the sound1 as ,abundia the sense2 and so the three names are reducible to one4 ,although the suggestion of the ,glossarium ,novum is inadmissible1 ,i cannot but feel that its attempt to introduce ,herodias' daughter into the ,sabbath crew is reasonable enough4 ,i should myself be tempted to think that ,herodias should be understood as ,herodias ,junior4 ,not only is there a propriety in this1 considering the daughter's antecedents1 but it is clear that fancy was early busy with her name2 witness the weird story told by the ,greek historian1 ,nicephorus1 of her setting to dancing on the ice in her mother's sight1 and persisting therein until she gradually broke through1 and finished by dancing her head off against the sharp edge4 ,on the other hand1 this is1 of course1 in the teeth of what must be accepted as the authentic account given by ,josephus1 who calls her ,salome1 and allots her two husbands and three children4 ,moreover1 ,cesare ,cant is able to produce a myth accounting for the mother's presence1 though he omits all reference to his authority1 which ,i have vainly attempted to discover4 ,it is at least ben trovato3 ,credevasi pure che ,erodiade ottenuto il teschio del ,battista volle bacciarlo1 ma quello si ritrasse e soffio1 di che ella fu spinta in aria1 e ancora si va tutte le notte4#aaj ,there is nothing surprising in meeting with ,jewish features in the rites of medival magic1 since ,jews were notoriously the leading magicians1 both in ,christian and ,moorish states2 as1 indeed1 they had been before the ,christian era1 wherever they had been known throughout the pagan world4 ,the term ,sabbath1 as applied to the magic gathering1 naturally suggests itself2 but ,i think it is not really any direct outcome of ,jewish influence4 ,the word1 before its use in diablerie1 had come to be a general expression for a feast in the ,spanish ,peninsula1 and had thence no doubt found its way into ,france and ,germany4 ,the ,glossarium ,novum gives an extract from the will of ,sancho of ,portugal 7,a4,d4 #abfi73 ,item ad unum ,sabbatum faciendum mando duas libras4 ,the idea of ,diana1 ,herodias1 and ,bezezia as a magic trinity1 or1 rather1 as a triform manifestation of one deity1 ,latin1 ,jewish1 and barbarian1 was no unnatural outcome of a mixed race such as peopled ,gaul and ,north ,italy in the first centuries of the ,christian era1 and to such an idea the common image of the triple ,hecate1 ,tergeminamque ,hecaten tria ,virginis ora ,dian1 easily lent itself4 ,dr4 ,dllinger says3 ,hecate was represented with three bodies or with three heads1 as the goddess of the star of night1 energizing in three spheres of action--in heaven1 and earth1 and sea--and at the same time in allusion to the three phases of the moon4#aaa ,as ,ben ,jonson's witch sings3 ,and thou three-formed star that on these nights ,art only powerful1 to whose triple name ,thus we incline once1 twice1 and thrice the same4#aab ,the extraordinary way in which polytheism has sought by an amalgamation of rites1 and so of properties and personalities1 to regain that unity of worship of which it is the formal negation1 is a great distraction to antiquarians1 who would fain distinguish precisely the various cults of paganism4 ,almost all the female deities occasionally interchange offices4 ,diana is especially a central figure1 in which they all meet4 ,venus1 ,juno1 ,minerva1 ordinarily representative of such opposite functions1 are1 under certain aspects1 identified with ,diana4 ,of ,isis ,dr4 ,dllinger says3 ,she often stepped into the place of ,demeter1 ,persephone1 ,artemis1 and ,hecate1 and became dispensatrix of food1 mistress of the lower world and of the sea1 and goddess of navigation4 ,in some inscriptions she is pantheistically called 'the one who is all4'#aac ,fables1 ,sir ,francis ,palgrave says1 truly enough1 have radiated from a common centre1 and their universal consent does not prove their subsequent reaction upon each other1 but their common derivation from a common origin4#aad ,none the less1 however1 the subsequent reaction is in many cases most real and important2 itself testifying1 doubtless1 to a common origin1 but at the same time productive of results of a distinctly conglomerate character4 ,often1 too1 properties which belonged to the original parent cultus1 and which have been lost1 or have fallen into abeyance in a derivative1 have been restored to this last by amalgamation with another cult4 ,for instance1 the ,ephesian ,artemis1 the parent1 as is generally supposed1 of the ,latian ,diana1 was always associated with the practice of magic4 ,her garments were covered with mystic sentences1 which obtained the name of ,ephesian ,letters1 and which were supposed to be potent charms4 ,the deciphering and application of these sentences was a regular art in ,ephesus2 hence the magic books which the ,ephesians burned in such numbers under the influence of ,s4 ,paul's preaching4 ,on the other hand1 the ,latian ,diana seems to have derived the most part of her magic properties from her amalgamation with ,hecate4 ,evidence is not wanting to show that the medival magical cultus owes its conglomerate character to something more than the accidental mingling of races1 or the spontaneous action of polytheism which ,i have noticed4 ,the ,gnostic heretics1 and especially the disciples of ,basilides1 have left numerous records of their teaching and practice in the shape of engraved gems called abraxi1 which have been discovered in great numbers throughout ,north ,italy1 ,gaul1 and ,spain4 ,if we look through the pages devoted to the illustration of these extraordinary relics in ,montfaucon1 we shall find almost all the peculiar emblems of medival magic1 such as cocks and serpents1 abracadabra1 the triple ,hecate1 etc4 ,but beyond this there is conspicuous the medley1 so characteristic of medival magic1 of sacred and profane1 ,christian and pagan1 divine and diabolical2 the names of ,god and of our ,lord mixed with those of ,latin and ,egyptian deities1 ,old ,testament prophets and local genii1 piety and lewdness1 grace and brutishness--loathsomely incongruous1 one should fancy1 even to unchristian eyes1 as some royal banquet which harpies have defiled with blood and ordure4 ,basilides himself 7,a4,d4 #abe7 seems hardly to have been responsible for these indecencies4 ,he was an eclectic of the ,hebrew-,alexandrian school1 and1 if we are to believe ,neander1 meant to teach a not unrefined monotheism by means of a vocabulary of symbols gathered from all quarters4 ,but he had prepared a powerful machinery for evil1 of which his unscrupulous disciples were not slow to avail themselves4 ,the diabolical guild spread with extraordinary rapidity1 and struck deep root on all sides4 ,s4 ,irenus writes against it and the kindred sect of the ,valentinians in the ,i,id century1 and ,s4 ,jerome in the ,vth century testifies to its influence in ,gaul and ,spain4 ,these ,gnostics seem to have gradually identified themselves with another and even darker sect of the same family--the ,ophites1 or worshippers of the serpent2 witness the vast number of serpent gems amongst the abraxi4 ,with these ,ophites1 as with the ,cainites1 who closely resemble them1 the demiurge1 creator1 or world-god1 is not merely subordinate1 but imperfect and evil1 and hostile to the everlasting wisdom symbolized by the serpent4 ,the malignant creator1 jealous of his creature1 throws about him the net of the law1 restraining him from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil2 and from out of this net1 the eternal wisdom1 by the serpent as its intermediary and symbol1 delivers him4 ,and so it is that1 in this perverse system1 man's fall becomes his triumph1 and the devil his redeemer4 ,this principle was only carried out by the ,cainites when they upheld ,cain and ,judas as the representatives of the higher wisdom and examples of heroic resistance to the tyranny of the demiurge4 ,it must be admitted that it would be quite in keeping with their usual manner if they are responsible for the deification of ,herodias4 ,of the ,ophites1 ,origen reports that they admitted none to their assemblies who did not curse ,christ4#aae ,this systematic1 detailed perversion of ,christianity is so perfectly in accord with what we are told of the medival ,sabbath1 where ,christ was renounced and the ,blessed ,trinity reviled as a three-headed ,cerberus1 that1 loath as are such historians as ,neander and ,gieseler to entertain anything so bizarre as devil-worship1 they hardly know what else to call it4 ,amongst many special indications of a connection between ,gnosticism and medival diablerie1 ,i would remark the following3 ,alvernus speaks of the magic book in use in his day1 entitled ,circulus ,major1 wherein are instructions how to form the greater circle for the evocation of demons2 also of a greater and lesser circle1 and of other figures called ,mandal and ,aliandet1 wherein convene the four kings of the ,east1 ,west1 ,north1 and ,south1 with other demons beside4#aaf ,now1 ,origen speaks of the greater and lesser circles as rites of the ,ophites4 ,it is true that in ,origen's description we do not hear of four kings1 but of seven1 who are styled the seven princes1 lords of the seven gates#aag of the seven heavens2 but the number does not seem to be marked with any great precision2 for ,origen 7cap4 #ca7 reduced them to six1 and it is the worship of the six angels that ,s4 ,boniface is said to have abolished in ,germany in the ,v,i,i,ith century4#aah ,again1 ,alvernus admitted that his circles contained other demons besides the four kings4 ,the four kings are identified as a ,gnostic subdivision of the seven spirits by ,feuerardentius1#aai who says that1 according to the ,rabbins1 ,zamael was one of the four kings of evil spirits1 and reigned in the ,east1 and also one of the seven planetary spirits1 and presided over ,mars4 ,he was the accuser of the ,jews1 as ,michael was the defender4 ,the ,jews are said to pray in their synagogues1 ,remember not1 ,o ,lord1 the accusation of ,zamael1 but remember the defence of ,michael4 ,michael is another of the seven planetary spirits1 ruling1 according to some1 in ,mercury1 according to others1 in the sun1 and wielding the east wind4 ,the ,ophites1 with their instinct for desecration1 blended ,michael and ,zamael into one1 calling them the ,serpens projectibilis1 with two names4#abj ,of ,adalbert1 the heretical worshipper of the six angels1 who was discomfited by ,s4 ,boniface1 we are told that he pretended to hold intercourse with ,s4 ,michael4 ,it would seem that something very much like the ancient rites for evoking the four kings is still in use in ,africa4 ,alvernus' account is3 ,the master smites the ground in front of him1 toward the eastern quarter1 with outstretched sword1 and saith these words3 ',let the great king of the ,east come forth'2 and so on with the others4 ,in the description of a modern incantation in ,algiers1 related in ,experiences with ,home1 p4 #aeh1 we are told1 ,loud thrusts and blows were heard on the ground1 and several forms became visible1 apparently issuing from the earth4 ,we can hardly avoid the conclusion that medival magic is a ,gnostic tradition1 and so additional light is thrown upon the vehement language in which the chapter denounces as heretical1 and more than heretical--as something worse than paganism--every feature of a system which apparently aimed at nothing less than a pantheistic identification of good and evil through the deification of the devil4 ,i shall now proceed to show that antecedently to1 and contemporaneously with1 the legislation of the chapter1 there existed in the church a belief in the power of ,satan and in the reality of magic differing not at all from that which prevailed in the middle ages4 ,it is easy to make1 as ,maffei has done1 a catena of fathers who speak in contempt of magic1 some going so far as to call it a nullity4 ,the great fact that impressed the early ,christians with regard to magic was that everywhere it was shrinking back before ,christianity2 that simple children1 armed with the cross1 were more than a match for the masters of devilish lore4 ,they were full of that triumphant disenchantment and purification of nature so gloriously expressed in the concluding stanzas of ,milton's ,nativity ode4 ,but men do not celebrate a triumph over nothing1 neither can nothing be brought to naught4 ,the question is1 ,did the fathers think it heretical to attribute superhuman effects to the aid of demons8 ,it will be to the purpose to collect a few examples of the way in which they talked of two of the earliest and most generally accepted relations of magic--the account of ,simon ,magus' magic powers and ,peter-stinted flight1 and the legend of ,cyprian and ,jovita4 ,it is altogether beside the point to insist that one or both of these relations are mere legends2 the question is1 what the fathers thought it consistent with the ,christian faith to believe4 ,i shall confine myself to passages which unmistakably exclude the hypothesis of mere jugglery4 ,of ,simon ,magus1 ,justin ,martyr 7,a4,d4 #acc1 ,apol41 i4 #bf7 says that he did mighty acts of magic by virtue of the art of the devils acting in him4 ,s4 ,hippolytus 7,a4,d4 #bbj1 ,refut41 bk4 vi47 says that he did his sorceries partly according to the art of ,thrasymedes1 in the manner we have described above1 and partly also by the assistance of demons perpetrating his villany1 attempted to deify himself4 ,this testimony as to the reality of the diabolical intervention is the more remarkable1 as ,hippolytus was a most keen exploder of the tricks of pagan magicians1 amongst whom was ,thrasymedes1 and gives1 in the work from which ,i quote1 detailed accounts of how they produced their effects by powders and reflectors1 so that people saw ,diana and her hounds1 and all manner of things1 in the magic cauldron4 ,arnobius 7,a4,d4 #cjc1 ,advers4 ,gentes1 lib4 ii47 says1 ,the ,romans had seen the chariot of ,simon ,magus and his fiery horses blown abroad by the mouth of ,peter1 and utterly to vanish at the name of ,christ4 ,s4 ,cyril of ,jerusalem 7,a4,d4 #cej1 ,cat4 vi4 ,illum473 ,after ,simon had promised that he would rise up aloft into the heavens1 and was borne up in a demon chariot and carried through the air1 the servants of ,god1 throwing themselves on their knees1 and manifesting that agreement of which ,jesus spake--',if two of you be of accord concerning whatsoever thing you shall ask1 it shall be granted'--by the javelin of their concord let fly at the magician brought him headlong to the ground4 ,s4 ,maximus of ,turin 7,serm4 in ,fest4 ,s4 ,petri73 ,when that ,simon said he was ,christ1 and declared that as a son he would fly up on high to his father1 and straightway1 lifted up by his magic arts1 began to fly1 then ,peter on his knees besought the ,lord1 and by his holy prayers overcame the magic levity4 ,the story of ,cyprian and ,jovita records the repeated but fruitless attempts of the heathen magician1 ,cyprian1 to overcome the chastity of the ,christian virgin1 ,jovita1 by means of a lascivious demon1 whom he employs as his agent1 and how ,cyprian is finally converted4 ,s4 ,gregory ,nazianzen 7,orat4 #bd7 does not hesitate to speak thus3 ,he 7,cyprian7 tried all the more1 and employed as his procurer no ancient hag of the sort fit for such things1 but one of the body-loving1 pleasure-loving demons2 since the envious and apostate spirits are keen for such service1 seeking many partners in their fall4 ,and the wage of such procuration was offerings and libations1 and the appropriation of the fumes of blood2 for such reward must be bestowed upon those that are thus gracious4 ,as to ,s4 ,augustine1 even ,janus admits that this father does furnish an awkward passage 7,de ,civ4 ,dei1 xv4 #bc7 about the commerce of demons with women1 which the ,dominican theologians seized on2 but the saint used it in mere blind credulity1 and1 though he never exactly retracted it1 did retract a similar statement 7,retract41 ii4 #cj74aba ,unfortunately for ,janus1 no two statements could be more dissimilar4 ,the statement which ,s4 ,augustine retracts is one limiting the devil's power2 the statement which he does not retract is one in which it is precisely ,janus' complaint that he exaggerates it4 ,in matter of fact1 ,s4 ,augustine is the great storehouse from which the scholastics have obtained almost all they have to say on diablerie4 ,s4 ,augustine1 in his treatise1 ,de ,trinitate 7lib4 iii4 cap4 #h71 having distinguished the creator of the invisible seeds1 the first elements of things1 latent everywhere throughout the frame of nature1 as the ,creator1 whereas all other authors are but producers1 thus speaks 7cap4 #i73 ,what they 7the evil spirits7 can do by virtue of their nature1 but cannot do through the prohibition of ,god1 and what they are not suffered to do by the condition of their nature1 is past man's finding out1 except through the gift of ,god1 which the apostle commemorates1 saying1 ',to another the discernment of spirits4' ,we know that man can walk1 though walk he cannot unless he be permitted2 so those angels can do certain things if allowed by more powerful angels at ,god's command1 and cannot do certain other things1 even if these allow them1 because he suffers it not from whom their nature hath its native bounds1 who1 through his angels1 very often prevents them doing such things as he allows them to be able to do4 ,de ,civ4 ,dei1 lib4 xxi4 cap4 #f3 ,demons are allured to dwell with men by means of creatures which not they1 but ,god1 has gifted with sweetness diverse after their kind2 not as brutes are attracted by food1 but as spirits by signs which are congruous to each one's pleasure--by various kinds of stones1 herbs1 trees1 animals1 charms1 and rites4 ,but in order that they should be so allured by men1 they first seduce them with astutest cunning1 either by breathing into their hearts a secret poison1 or even by appearing in the deceitful guise of friendship1 and make a few their scholars and the teachers of many4 ,neither would it be possible to learn1 unless they first taught it1 by what name they are invited1 by what compelled2 whence magic arts and their adepts have taken rise4444 ,and their works are exceedingly numerous1 which1 the more marvellous we acknowledge them to be1 the more cautiously we must avoid4 ,s4 ,isidore 7,etym41 lib4 viii4 cap4 #i7 says of magicians3 ,these trouble the elements1 disturb men's minds1 and1 without any poison-draught1 by the mere force of their charm1 destroy life4 ,venerable ,bede1 in the ,v,i,ith century 7in ,luc41 lib4 iii4 cap4 #h71 says of the commerce of incubi and succubi1 which ,janus tells us was an invention of the ,dominicans1 that it is a matter as really true as it looks like a lie1 and is notoriously attested by numbers4 ,he tells us that a priest of a neighboring parish related to him that he had to exorcise a woman so beset1 and to heal the ulcers which the devil had left upon her4 ,these were all cured by blest salt1 except the largest1 which was not healed until the priest was told what to do by his patient4 ,if1 said she1 you mix the oil consecrated for the sick with the same medicine 7i4e4 the salt71 and so anoint me1 ,i shall be at once restored to health2 for ,i whilom saw in the spirit1 in a certain far-off city1 a girl affected with the same calamity cured in this way by the priest4 ,he did as she suggested1 and at once the ulcer consented to receive the remedy1 which it had before rejected4 ,hincmar 7,de ,divort4 ,loth4 et ,tetb41 p4 #fed7 says that certain women a ,dusiis in specie virorum quorum amore ardebant concubitum pertulisse inventa sunt2 and the context shows that he is not merely quoting ,s4 ,augustine1 but bearing his own testimony2 for he speaks of their exorcism4 ,he proceeds to give an account of various kinds of witchery1 with an unmistakable conviction of their reality1 and clinches them with the wonderful story from the ,life of ,s4 ,basil1 by the pseudo-,amphilochius1 in his time newly translated out of the ,greek4 ,it is the same story which ,southey has turned to such good account in his ,all for ,love2 and certainly few medival legends surpass it in the realism of its diablerie4 ,a young man obtains for his wife a girl1 who is on the eve of taking the veil1 by means of a charm got at the price of a compact written in his blood1 surrendering his soul to the evil one4 ,when the young man repents1 and the devil insists on his bargain1 ,s4 ,basil discomfits the fiend before the whole congregation1 and wrings from him the fatal writing4 ,now1 ,hincmar was the leading prelate in the ,gallic ,church in the ,i,xth century--that is to say1 in the very church and the very century in which was almost certainly composed the chapter in which ,janus supposes that all belief in witchcraft was condemned as heresy4 ,ivo of ,chartres1 in the ,x,ith century1 one of the very authors whom1 because they transcribe the chapter1 ,janus appeals to as representatives of what he regards as the ancient tradition1 speaks thus on the interpretation of ,genesis vi4 #b3 ,it is more likely that just men1 under the appellation of angels or sons of ,god1 sinned with women1 than that angels1 who are without flesh1 could have condescended to that sin2 although of certain demons who maltreat women many persons relate so many things that a determination one way or the other is not easy4#abb ,when we come to the great scholastics of the ,x,i,i,ith century1 we find that where they have varied in aught from the teaching of their predecessors on the subject of magic1 it was1 on the whole1 in the direction of moderation1 or what would be called nowadays rationalism4 ,for instance1 in considering the question of diabolical intercourse with women1 a belief in which1 as we have seen1 they had inherited from a line of theologians1 they gave an explanation which1 whatever may be said of it1 at least repudiated the idea of an actual mixture of carnal and spiritual natures4 ,again1 they were very careful to guard against the notion that there is anything that can be called with propriety an art-magic--i4e4 that there is any other than an arbitrary connection between the charms used and the results obtained--which is more than can be said of some of their predecessors4 ,janus 7p4 #beh71 with the operose mendacity which is his characteristic1 pretends that the authority of the popes1 ,aquinas1 and the powerful ,dominican ,order established the reality of the ,sabbath rides2 that in the ,x,i,vth and ,x,vth centuries you might be condemned as a heretic in ,spain for affirming1 and in ,italy for denying1 the reality of the ,sabbath rides2 that some ,franciscan theologians in the ,x,vth century1 amongst others ,alfonso de ,spina1 in his ,fortalitium ,fidei1 maintained the ancient doctrine asserting belief in the reality of witchcraft to be a folly and a heresy2 that ,spina thought that the inquisitors had witches burned simply on account of that belief4 ,tot verba tot mendacia6 ,the question of the reality or non-reality of the ,sabbath rides has always been an open question4 ,s4 ,thomas says nothing about them one way or the other4 ,it is much more probable than not that he regarded those rides as fantastic1 in accordance with the teaching of his masters1 ,albertus ,magnus#abc and ,alexander ,hales4#abd ,that he never committed himself to the opposite view is pretty well assured by the fact that the great representative of the powerful ,dominican ,order in the ,x,vth century1 ,cardinal ,turrecremata1 is an advocate of the view which makes the rides fantastic4 ,we may add that his eminence got on very comfortably during his long residence in ,italy1 without being molested for his ,spanish heresy4 ,as to ,alfonso ,spina1 he1 indeed1 asserts the fantastic character of the ,sabbath flights2 but so little is he a disbeliever in diablerie that1 not contented with maintaining its reality 7,fortal41 f4 #adf1 p4 #a1 col4 #a71abe he contributes a rather grotesque instance of it from his own experience 7f4 #aea1 p4 #a1 col4 #b74 ,he nowhere says that inquisitors had witches burned simply on account of their belief in the reality of the ,sabbath4 ,he recounts the burning of certain witches in ,dauphiny and ,gascony1 who did hold their ,sabbath meetings to be real1 which view1 as attributing a certain divine power to the devil1 ,spina thought could not be persisted in without heresy4 7,see fol4 #aeb1 p4 #b1 col4 #a47 ,but they were burned because they were witches who had done real homage to the devil1 although sundry of its circumstances might be imaginary4 ,the following passages may be accepted as examples of the doctrine on spiritualism of the principal scholastics of the ,x,i,i,ith century4 ,s4 ,thomas1 ,sum4 i4 qu4 #aaj1 lays down that ,god only can work a miracle properly so called--i4e4 a work beyond the order of the whole of created nature2 but since not every virtue of created nature is known to us1 therefore1 when anything takes place by a created virtue unknown to us1 it is a miracle in respect to us2 and so1 when the devils do something by their natural power1 it is called a miracle1 quoad nos2 and in this way magicians work miracles by means of devils4 7,in #d ,dist4 vii4 qu4 #c47 ,the devils1 by their own power1 cannot induce upon matter any form1 whether accidental or substantial1 nor reduce it to act1 without the instrumentality of its proper natural agent4444 ,the devils can bring to bear activities upon particular passivities1 so that the effect shall follow from natural causes indeed1 but beside the accustomed course of nature1 on account of the variety and vehemence of the active virtue of the active forces combined1 and the aptitude of the subjects2#abf and so effects which are outside the sphere of all natural active virtues they cannot really produce--as raise the dead or the like--but only in appearance4 ,de ,malo1 qu4 xvi4 art4 #i3 ,the devils can do what they do1 #ast1 ,because they know better than men the virtue of natural agents4 #b;d4 ,because they can combine them with greater rapidity4 #c;d4 ,because the natural agents which they use as instruments can attain to greater effects by the power and craft of the devils than by the power and craft of men4 ,alexander ,hales1 ,sum41 pars #b1 qu4 #db1 art4 #c1 says that nothing1 however wonderful1 is a miracle which takes place in accordance with the natural or seminal order1 but every miracle holds of the causal ratio 7creative cause7 only1 7,l4,c4 qu4 #dc74 ,he admits that these marvels of the seminal order are miracles secundum modum faciendi--a term equivalent to ,s4 ,thomas' quoad nos4 ,albertus ,magnus1 ,op41 tom4 xviii4 tract viii4 qu4 #c1 art4 #a1 points out that the miracles of ,pharao's magicians are called lies1 not because they are unreal 7falsa in se71 but because the devils have always the intention of deceiving in those works which they are allowed to do4 ,to sum up1 the doctrine of the scholastics on the subject of the devil's power comes to this3 ,the devil is a great artist1 who can present incomparable shows to the senses and the imagination1 and a supreme chemist1 who can combine natural agents indefinitely1 and can elicit in a twinkling the virtual contents of each combination2 but he can create1 and1 strictly speaking1 originate1 nothing external to himself4 ,they knew that1 in mercy to mankind1 ,almighty ,god was ever restraining the devil in the exercise of this power2 but they conceived that the power itself continued unaltered4 ,it was generally admitted that the devil could not raise a dead man to life1 or restore a sense1 as the sight1 when really destroyed4 ,but such acts were regarded by the scholastics as precisely instances of the creation or origination of such a mode as could not be the outcome of any mere combination of natural agents1 and which1 therefore1 must require the fiat of the ,creator4 ,at the same time1 it must be admitted that they often found it difficult to distinguish in fact between the operation of the limits of the devil's finite nature and the result of the habitual reservation of ,almighty ,god4 ,and here it may not unnaturally be objected that the large allowance ,i have made to natural powers1 and to the devil's power of manipulating them1 tends to lessen the effect of the argument from miracles4 ,no doubt it tends to reduce a considerable number of miracles from the category of logical proof to that of rhetorical argument4 ,where the miracle is supposed wholly above nature1 it is a proof that ,god is with those who work it2 but where it is not beyond the sphere of universal nature1 it can1 for the most part1 only offer a greater or less persuasion dependent upon circumstances4 ,however1 such natural miracles1 so to call them1 approximate more or less closely to logical cogency in proportion as they manifest themselves as the victors in a war of miracles2 for it cannot be supposed that in such a war ,god should allow himself to be worsted1 or that ,satan should be divided against himself4 ,when ,god first presented himself as a wonder-worker before human witnesses1 it was as developing and modifying in a supernatural manner the powers of nature--nay1 of local1 ,egyptian nature--and outdoing and discomfiting the magicians who did in like manner4 ,a recent ,catholic commentator1 ,dr4 ,smith1 in his very learned work1 ,the ,book of ,moses1 points out in detail the analogy which most of the plagues present with the annual phenomena of the country4#abg ,of the prelude to the plagues1 the conversion of the rod of ,moses into a serpent1 he says3 ,even at the present day1 the descendants1 or at least representatives1 of the ,psylli 444 can change the asp into a rod stiff and rigid1 and at pleasure restore it to flexibility and life by seizing the tail and rolling it between their hands4 ,in his treatment of the first plague1 he gives the following account of the annual phenomenon3 ,for some time before the rise1 the ,nile assumes a green color2 it then becomes putrid and unfit to drink4 ,gradually1 about the #beth ,june1 a change comes on2 the green color and putrid odor disappear2 the water becomes clear again1 then takes a yellow tinge1 which passes into an ochreous red2 until for ninety days before the inundation gains its greatest height1 it is popularly called the red water4 ',on the first appearance of the change1' says an eye-witness1 'the broad1 turbid tide certainly has a striking resemblance to a river of blood4'#abh 444 ,at the moment foretold by ,moses1 the miraculous rod is lifted up and waved over the stream2 instantaneously the red attains all its intensity of color2 the fish1 which in ordinary years live on through the gradual habituation to a different state1 now perish in numbers from the very suddenness of the change2 and the putrid odor1 which usually exhales from it before the rise1 comes back again in consequence of this mortality4 ,the blood-red hue is not confined to the spot where ,pharao and his magicians stood4 ,it spreads at once into the various channels into which the river divides itself1 into the canals which are carried through the land for irrigation1 into the lakes and ponds which served as reservoirs1 into all the collections of ,nile-water1 and the very vessels of stone and wood which were commonly used both in town and country for private cisterns4 ,the consequence is that at the very time the water begins to sweeten1 it becomes again undrinkable2 the ,egyptians loathe the water1 a draught of which is esteemed one of the greatest luxuries they can enjoy2 and1 as the inhabitants still do when anything prevents them from drinking of the river1 'they digged round about the river for water1 for they could not drink of the water of the river4' ,of the plague of frogs1 the same author remarks3 ,such a nuisance was not unknown in some other countries1 and there are instances of the inhabitants being in consequence driven from their settlements1 as ,athenus remarks of the ,ponians and ,dardanians1 ,diodorus of the ,antariats of ,illyria1 and ,pliny of some ,gaulish nation4 ,but in ,egypt they are not unfrequently equivalent to a plague4 ,indeed1 ,hasselquist believes that every year that would be the result1 were it not for the species of stork1 called ardea ibis1 which in the month of ,september comes down in large flocks to feed upon the small frogs then beginning to swarm over the country4 ,as regards the third plague1 that of the ciniphs1 or ,egyptian mosquito1 ,dr4 ,smith thinks that the magicians could not produce them1 because at that time of the year they were not yet out of the egg4 ,this1 as we have seen1 is not the doctrine of the scholastics1 and is hardly consistent with the idea that the magicians were anything more than conjurers4 ,i would suggest that the mosquitoes had to do something more than show themselves and crawl in order to vindicate their reality as plagues4 ,doubtless the magicians and their familiars hatched the eggs2 and there the effete creatures were1 with knock-knees1 and flaccid trunks1 and languid appetites2 but they were as though they were not when the orthodox mosquitoes sounded their horns for the banquet1 and put in their stings with all and more than all their native vigor4 ,well might the magicians exclaim in anguish1 ,this is the finger of ,god4#abi ,abbot ,rupert1 a writer of the ,x,i,ith century1 gives precisely the same rationale of the magicians' failure1 whilst maintaining that their successes were of the nature of phantasmagoria4 ,of the remaining plagues1 the fourth1 that of flies1 was too like the third for the magicians to hope for success2 and when at the sixth plague they seem again to take heart1 behold1 they cannot stand before ,moses for the boils that are upon them4 ,the dreadful sequel1 closing in darkness and death1 would seem to have simply swept them away in its tide of horror4 ,so far1 then1 from there being any reason for shrinking from the idea of a miraculous competition1 in which the spirit of man1 the demon1 and ,almighty ,god enter the lists together1 we ought rather to rejoice at the recurrence of the very conditions which ,god is wont to choose for the scene of his most triumphant manifestations4 ,i have thus drawn out the ,catholic idea of diablerie1 because ,i believe that one of the causes most active in spiritualism--a cause necessary to the evolution of a great number of its phenomena--is the devil4 ,in matter of fact1 to this cause these phenomena have been for ages universally attributed4 ,it may1 then1 fairly claim to be the hypothesis in possession4 ,in the concluding chapter1 ,i hope to consider the amendment which spiritualists1 as a rule1 suggest--viz41 that the spirits whom they admit with us to be the causes of the phenomena are not devils1 enemies of ,god and man1 but the souls of the departed in varying stages of perfection4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,footnotes3 #id ,cotelerius in lib4 iv4 ,recogn4 ,s4 ,clementis1 p4 #deb4 #ie ,eng4 trans41 p4 #bej4 #if ,p4 #bej1 note4 #ig ,preface to ,edit4 ,benedict4 ,s4 ,augustin4 #ih ,de ,antiq4 ,collect4 ,can1 pars iv4 cap4 #ab4 #ii ,vita ,cardinal de ,cusa4 ,by ,hartzheim1 ,s4,j4 ,pars ii4 cap4 #h4 #ajj ,note to canto iii4 #aja ,see ,dllinger's ,gentile and ,jew 7,darnell's translation71 vol4 ii4 p4 #di4 #ajb ,act4 ,sanct4 ,aug41 #bg4 #ajc ,l',antiq4 ,expliq41 lib4 iii4 #ajd ,vita1 ,hartzheim1 l4 i4 #aje ,polycrat41 l4 ii4 p4 #ac4 #ajf ,de ,univ41 p4 #idh4 #ajg ,ovid1 ,fasti1 lib4 v4 line #ada4 #ajh ,metam4 v4 fab4 #g4 #aji ,ducange1 sup4 7,diana74 #aaj ,storia ,univ41 lib4 xv4 cap4 #ae4 #aaa ,vol4 i4 p4 #aja4 #aab ,masque of ,queens4 #aac ,vol4 ii4 p4 #agg4 #aad ,quart4 ,rev41 vol4 xxii4 p4 #cgj4 #aae ,cont4 ,cels41 lib4 vi4 c4 #bh4 #aaf ,de ,univ41 tom4 i4 p4 #ajcg4 #aag ,cont4 ,cels41 lib4 vi4 c4 #ch4 #aah ,life1 by ,mrs4 ,hope1 p4 #ahf4 #aai ,iren41 ,ed4 ,ben4 ,var4 ,annot41 p4 #bcj4 #abj ,iren41 cap4 xxx4 p4 #aaa4 #aba ,p4 #beb4 #abb ,decret41 pars xi4 cap4 #aje4 #abc ,tom4 xviii4 tract4 viii4 qu4 #cj1 art4 #b1 memb4 #b4 #abd ,pars ii4 qu4 #aff1 memb4 #f4 #abe ,edit4 ,nuremberg1 #adhe4 #abf ,cf4 ,scotus ,oxon1 lib4 ii4 dist4 #ah4 #abg ,vol4 i4 p4 #cbj et seq4 #abh ,osburn1 ,israel in ,egypt4 #abi ,in ,exod4 viii4 ,,the ,,farm ,,of ,,muiceron4 ,,by ,,marie ,,rheil4 ,,from ,,the ,,revue ,,du ,,monde ,,catholique4 ,v4 ,those who are fond of singular events in this world had here a chance to be satisfied2 for1 certainly1 this affair surpassed anything in the ordinary run4 ,pierrette quickly recovered1 and nursed her little one without fatigue4 ,far from becoming even the least pale or thin1 it was remarked1 even by the envious--and there are always some of the tribe around the happy--that she was rejuvenated1 fresh as a cherry1 and the baby in her arms made her resemble the good ,s4 ,anne1 mother of our ,blessed ,lady1 whose chapel was near our parish church4 ,besides1 the great esteem felt for the ,ragauds1 their charity1 honesty1 and well-known piety1 caused it to be acknowledged--and it was true--that this new blessing1 the choicest and most unexpected they could have desired1 was the recompense of the ,lord ,god on account of little ,jean-,louis4 ,m4 le ,cur said it to whoever would listen to him2 and1 as we have seen he was fond of repeating proverbs1 he did not fail to add3 ,if there is one truth that each and every one of us can prove if he wishes1 it is 'that a good action is never lost4' ,now1 if this is always true in regard to men1 judge if we should believe it when the good ,god1 all-powerful1 is our creditor6 ,m4 le ,marquis de ,val-,saint was the first and most sincere in rejoicing at the happiness of his good farmers4 ,mademoiselle1 his daughter1 asked to be godmother1 and had made under her own eyes1 by her maids1 a complete outfit of fine ,holland linen1 of which all the little garments were scalloped1 embroidered1 and trimmed with lace2 such as are only displayed in the shop-windows of the city4 ,m4 le ,marquis naturally stood godfather with mademoiselle1 and1 not to be behind her in presents1 ordered that1 on the day of the baptism1 there should be feasting and village-dances on the lawn before the chteau4 ,it was a day to be remembered in the neighborhood4 ,as for the eating1 singing1 and laughter1 you can well think nothing was wanting2 they spoke of it for months afterwards4 ,only one person wore a rather long face1 and that was our cur2 not that he was ever the enemy of pleasure and enjoyment1 but that1 contrary to his advice1 ,m4 le ,marquis had three casks of old wine1 reserved for his own table1 tapped2 and the consequence was that1 out of two hundred persons present1 men1 women1 and children1 not one1 towards twilight1 was able to walk straight on his legs4 ,apart from that1 everything passed off splendidly2 and1 to conclude1 ,i will tell you that they had awaited the complete recovery of ,mother ,pierrette1 so that she might be present at the celebration with her little girl in her arms2 which1 to my mind1 was the prettiest part of the show4 ,the little ,ragaudine had three beautiful names--,nicole-,eveline1 after ,m4 le ,marquis and mademoiselle1 her god-parents2 and ,jeanne1 in honor of our great ,s4 ,john the ,baptist1 on whose feast she had the good fortune to be born4 ,one fact1 which would have touched devout hearts if they had known it1 was that little ,jean-,louis had also come into the world on ,s4 ,john's day1 four years before4 ,m4 le ,cur1 who had it from poor ,catharine1 but who could not breathe a word of it1 was nevertheless so inspired by the thought that he made at the baptism a speech which drew all the handkerchiefs out of the pockets2 and if ,i have one regret1 it is that ,i cannot give a full report of his touching words4 ,but ,i was not born at that time1 and my father1 from his great age1 had forgotten them when he related this story to me4 ,if you fancy that this event affected in the least degree the condition of ,jean-,louis1 you are vastly mistaken4 ,true1 there was no longer thought of his inheriting ,muiceron2 but the tenderness and care of his good parents were the same afterwards as before4 ,pierrette would have thought it a sin to have acted otherwise2 for she was always the first to say3 ,it was the boy's guardian angel that obtained for me my little girl from the good ,god4 ,ragaud thought the same as his wife1 but was a little more anxious than she about the temporal prospects of the boy4 ,it was evident that1 between the fear of injuring his daughter1 and the dread of leaving ,jeannet in want1 his good heart did not know which side to turn4 ,finally1 in his embarrassment1 he determined to consult ,m4 le ,cur2 and the good pastor1 who had always an answer ready1 solved the difficulty in fifteen minutes' conversation4 ,according to his advice1 it would suffice to place aside every year a small sum1 drawn from the harvest of such and such a field1 and never to touch either capital or interest4 ,in that way1 before twenty years1 ,master ,jean-,louis would find himself1 without any injury to the little girl1 master of a nice little treasure1 and capable1 in his turn1 of being a land-owner4 ,this affair settled1 ,ragaud returned home perfectly satisfied1 and told the whole story to ,pierrette1 who highly approved of the step4 ,thus1 instead of one child at ,muiceron1 there were two1 and that was all the difference4 ,the little things grew up calling themselves brother and sister1 there being nothing to make them doubt but that it was really so4 ,never were quarrelling or bad words heard between them4 ,ragaud often repeated to ,jeannet that1 as he was the eldest1 he should live patiently and amicably with his young sister2 and ,jeannet1 from his gentle heart and natural sweetness of disposition1 easily put the counsel in practice4 ,it is commonly said that girls are more forward than boys1 as much in body as in mind2 and another proof of the truth of this remark was evident as the ,ragaud children grew up4 ,at six years old1 the little girl was so bright1 so cunning1 so bold1 and had such a strong constitution1 you would have thought her the twin-sister of ,jean-,louis2 but with all that1 there was no resemblance1 either in face or disposition1 even though they say that1 by living together1 people often grow to look alike4 ,jeanne ,ragaud had very light hair1 was joyous and petulant1 a little quick-tempered and rough in her actions1 like her father2 ,jean had a thoughtful look1 and although he was always ready to play1 his tastes were rather quiet4 ,they both loved to lead the sheep to pasture in the field near ,la ,range2 but when it was the turn of the little boy1 you would have said the sheep took care of themselves1 so quiet was it around them2 and the reason of this was1 that the shepherd was stretched in the wood1 in the shade of an old willow-tree1 face to the sky1 watching the clouds pass over his head4 ,very different was it when ,jeannette1 armed with a switch1 left the farm1 driving the flock before her in the noisiest style2 she drove off the dog1 ran faster than he after the sheep which tried to get away from her2 and if she ever sat down1 it was only because she was forced to do so from want of breath4 ,as for the clouds1 little did she care for all that ,jean pretended to see in them--the beautiful and moving things that kept him lying on the grass for entire hours1 silently gazing with fixed eyes on the blue sky above him4 ,she obstinately declared that a cloudy sky pleased her more than one entirely blue1 because generally clouds brought rain2 and nothing1 according to her taste1 was more delightful than a good soaking1 which obliged the shepherdess and sheep to return together at full gallop to the house1 running and paddling through the pools of muddy water4 ,this divergence of character grew more and more perceptible every day1 and led ,pierrette to exclaim3 ,come next ,s4 ,martin's day1 and if this continues1 my little chickens1 ,i will have you change clothes2 for1 in truth1 ,i begin to see that ,i was mistaken1 and that ,jeannette is the boy1 and ,louisieau the little girl4 ,these words did not fall on the ear of a deaf person2 for1 after that1 ,la ,ragaudine became bolder and more resolute than ever4 ,she domineered over father and mother1 who were weak enough to be amused by it2 and as for ,jean-,louis1 when he ventured to offer a little friendly advice1 she replied proudly1 with her chin in the air3 ,hold your tongue2 mother said ,i was the boy4 ,thereupon good ,jeannet was terribly confused1 and could not find words to reply4 ,soon the time came when they must think of school4 ,in those days1 there were no parish schools taught by the ,sisters and ,christian ,brothers1 as now4 ,our good cur1 through pure zeal1 had taken charge of the boys' education1 and ,germaine did the same for the girls4 ,thus the ,ragaud children did not have to accustom themselves to new faces in this little change of their everyday life4 ,but old ,germaine could not say as much2 for until then1 having only taught the village girls1 who were very obedient1 even though a little stupid1 she thought the devil himself possessed the school the day that ,jeannette put foot in it4 ,what tricks and drolleries this little witch of eight years invented to distract the others would be difficult to enumerate4 ,threats1 scolding1 shameful punishments1 had no effect4 ,at the end of a fortnight1 she had received all the bad marks of the class1 and the fool's cap appeared to be her ordinary head-dress1 so that the greatest wonder was if she by chance was seen without it4 ,jean-,louis1 in the adjoining room1 accomplished wonders4 ,in less than four months1 he learned to read and write2 as for his catechism1 he knew it so well he could explain it like a priest4 ,never did he go to sleep without knowing his lessons for the next day2 so that ,m4 le ,cur held him in high favor1 and taught him many things that are found in books1 but which are not generally known in the country4 ,thus it turned out that all the praises and dainties fell to the lot of ,jeannet as a reward for his good conduct4 ,every ,thursday he returned to the farm1 holding up with both hands the front of his blouse1 filled with fruit and candies of ,germaine's manufacture4 ,jeannette kept close to his side1 not at all displeased at having nothing--you can well imagine why4 ,the cunning monkey knew that hardly would they have turned on their heels1 before ,jean-,louis would open his blouse1 and say1 ,here1 little pet1 choose4 ,so that1 without giving herself the least trouble1 that imp of a ,jeannette feasted at will on the choicest morsels4 ,our cur was not long duped2 without scolding ,jean-,louis1 who by acting in that manner only proved his good heart1 he warned ,germaine that she must try some other means of correcting the headstrong ,jeannette1 who could not be allowed to grow up with such perverse habits4 ,germaine1 very much hurt1 replied that she had used every punishment unsuccessfully1 except whipping1 which she had never dared4 ,well1 said the cur1 the next time she misbehaves1 whip her1 ,germaine4 ,i authorize you to do it4 ,they had not to wait long4 ,one very rainy day1 ,jeannette managed to arrive the last at school1 and seeing all the children's wooden shoes and leather leggings ranged outside of the door1 she gathered up the greater part of them in her skirt1 and ran off to the well1 that she might throw them to the bottom1 running the risk of tumbling in herself at the same time4 ,germaine1 who was still light-footed1 and feared something wrong was contemplated1 spied her through the window1 rushed after her1 and caught her just in time to prevent the act4 ,this is the way1 cried she1 holding the young one tightly by the arm--this is the way you1 wicked good-for-nothing child1 employ your time1 instead of learning your lessons6 ,for the first time1 ,jeannette1 in spite of her daring spirit1 was so overcome she could not say a word in defence4 ,she saw quickly that she would be well punished1 and returned to the class very downcast4 ,germaine commenced by making her pupil kneel in the middle of the room1 and then1 seating herself in her straw arm-chair1 with a severe and troubled look1 related the whole affair1 taking care to make it appear in its worst light4 ,now1 added she1 looking around at her little audience1 who showed a just indignation1 if ,i ask you1 my children1 what punishment ,jeanne ,ragaud deserves for having attempted to enjoy herself in such a malicious and shameful manner1 you will doubtless answer that ,i should expel her from the class2 but do you think that would be a great sorrow for a girl so careless of her duties8 ,no1 no1 ,i say that would only please her2 and therefore1 ,jeanne ,ragaud1 you will immediately receive a severe chastisement1 but which1 nevertheless1 is not equal to your great fault4 ,thereupon ,germaine readjusted her spectacles1 drew from the bottom of her big work-bag a leather whip with several thongs1 and ,jeannette1 more dead than alive with anger and shame1 received in full view the well-deserved punishment4 ,she neither cried1 nor wept1 nor made any protestation1 not even an attempt to defend herself2 but she did not ask pardon either1 and sat straight up on her bench1 whiter than ,mother ,germaine's cap4 ,it was the only day they had ever seen her quiet and good4 ,towards evening1 ,jeannet1 as usual1 took his post where he could meet her1 that they might return home together2 but great was his surprise to see the little thing advance with measured steps1 instead of running and bounding according to her custom4 ,what astonished him still further was that she neither spoke nor laughed4 ,her little face was all changed2 but whether from grief or anger he could not discover4 ,it ended by making him feel very anxious1 as he feared she was ill4 ,what is the matter8 he asked gently4 ,surely1 ,jeannette1 something troubles you2 for this is the first time in my life ,i have ever seen you sad4 ,the child turned away her head1 and pretended to look at the trees4 ,you will not answer me1 continued ,jean-,louis2 and yet ,i only question you from pure love1 not from curiosity4 ,when one is troubled1 it is a relief to speak to a friend4 ,am ,i not strong enough to defend you by tongue and arm1 in case you need it8 ,nothing is the matter1 replied ,jeannette4 ,what do you fancy ails me8 ,let us hurry1 it is growing late2 the crows are beginning to flutter around the steeple4 ,i am not thinking now about the crows1 nor you either1 ,jeannette1 said he1 taking in his own her little1 trembling hand2 and as for going faster1 that is not possible2 we are already walking at such a rate we can scarcely breathe4 ,jeanne stopped short1 and quickly drew away her hand4 ,then1 don't go any further1 cried she in a rebellious tone4 ,come1 now1 be good2 we can't think of stopping here4 ,why do you speak to me so roughly8 ,don't you know that ,i am your friend and your brother8 ,when you will know what has happened1 replied she impatiently1 well--then--then-- ,then ,i will console you as well as ,i can1 my ,jeannette4 ,oh6 yes1 but you can't do it1 ,jean-,louis2 in my trouble nobody can console me4 ,let us see1 said he4 ,there is nothing to see1 she cried4 ,i won't tell you anything4 ,then it will be difficult1 he replied sadly4 ,jeannette1 if ,i were unhappy1 ,i would not make such a fuss about telling you4 ,they continued on in silence4 ,when they reached the top of the hill in the meadow of ,fauch1 from which could be seen the buildings of ,muiceron1 ,jeannette suddenly stopped1 and all the anger heaped up in her little heart melted into sobs4 ,what will mother say when she sees you return with red eyes8 said good ,jeannet1 terribly distressed4 ,i beg of you1 my darling1 speak to me2 you would never cry like this for nothing4 ,o ,jean-,louis6 ,i am so unhappy1 she cried1 throwing herself in his arms2 and if they make me go back to school1 ,i will certainly die4 ,now1 stop2 don't cry any more4 ,you shall not go back1 said he1 kissing her2 for none of us wish to see you die4 ,jeannette this time did not need urging1 but frankly related all her wrongs and the affair of the whip4 ,jean-,louis for the moment was so furious he would willingly have beaten ,germaine2 but after a little reflection1 he thought that after all the correction was not altogether unjust4 ,he spoke wisely to the little thing1 and succeeded in calming her in a measure2 but he could not make her change her mind about returning to school4 ,on this point it was as difficult to make an impression as on a stone wall4 ,what will we do8 said he4 ,for you see1 ,jeannette1 father has already received so many complaints about you he will most assuredly not consent to let you remain idle at the farm4 ,to-morrow we will leave without saying a word4 ,do what ,i tell you2 say your prayers well to-night2 and as1 after all1 you were a good deal in fault1 the best thing will be to ask ,germaine's pardon1 which she will willingly grant4 ,i would rather run off into the woods1 cried the rebellious child4 ,i would rather be eaten up by the wolves4 ,no1 no1 that is foolish1 said he1 they would hunt for you1 and the woods around ,val-,saint are not so big but what they could find you2 and then everybody would know your fault1 and father would be so angry4 ,very well1 said she resolutely4 ,i will go see my godmother4 ,that can easily be done1 replied ,jeannet2 and it is a very good idea4 ,dry up your tears now2 to-morrow morning we will go together and see mademoiselle2 she will know what to do4 ,this agreement made1 ,jeanne's great sorrow was quickly dissipated4 ,she recovered her good humor1 her lively manner1 and was as full of fun and frolic as ever4 ,the grief of children is like the clouds in the sky--a mere nothing causes them1 a nothing scatters them2 and the sun appears more beautiful than ever after a shower4 ,jean and ,jeannette reached the house1 running together hand in hand4 ,neither ,ragaud nor ,pierrette suspected anything2 and nevertheless1 that night1 without any one even dreaming of it1 the whim of a little eight-year-old witch led to many new events which changed the life of our good friends1 as you will see in the end4 ,,vi4 ,it is time that ,i should tell you about the chteau of our village1 and of its worthy lord1 ,m4 le ,marquis de ,val-,saint4 ,the chteau was an imposing edifice1 so high and wide1 with such thick walls1 and so well surrounded with deep ditches filled with running water1 that my father truly said such a building had nothing to fear from either time or man4 ,before the great ,revolution1 our lords lived in great style4 ,i have heard it said that one of them1 who was a great warrior1 could lead into the field more than a thousand soldiers1 all of them his tenants1 armed and equipped at his own expense4 ,what makes me believe this was not false is the fact that there still remains in front of the chteau a great lawn1 flanked on each side by buildings of such length they must surely have been used for barracks4 ,but as to that1 he that chooses may believe2 ,i cannot positively affirm it1 and1 besides1 it has very little bearing on the story of ,jean-,louis4 ,as was to have been expected1 our lords were driven away at the time when the masters had to fly1 that their valets could take their places4 ,thank ,god6 this fine condition of things did not last long4 ,at the end of a few years1 the legitimate owner of the chteau of ,val-,saint1 who was a little child at the time the family left ,france1 was put in possession of his property4 ,he afterwards married1 and had an only daughter1 the godmother of ,jeannette4 ,never was there seen a happier family or better ,christians2 from father to son1 they were models4 ,m4 le ,marquis always remembered the time when he was in poverty and exile1 obliged to earn his bread as a simple workman4 ,it made him kind and compassionate to the poor1 and1 consequently1 he was adored by all around him2 and ,i have heard that ,madame la ,marquise even surpassed him in excellence and charity4 ,frequently in the winter she was seen visiting the cottages1 followed by her servants carrying bundles of wood and bowls of soup1 which she loved to distribute herself to the most needy4 ,contrary to many great ladies1 who flock to the city for amusement and gaiety in the winter1 she made her husband promise that they would remain at ,val-,saint during the entire year2 for1 said she1 in summer nearly every one has what is necessary2 but in winter there is much suffering among the poor1 and if we are not at home to succor and relieve the indigent1 who will replace us8 ,you will agree with me that she spoke as a true ,christian2 and you will also allow that if all our fine ladies thought and acted in like manner1 they would gain in the benedictions of the poor what they might lose in pleasure1 and it would certainly be for the best4 ,between ourselves1 ,m4 le ,marquis did not give in very willingly to this proposition2 it was not that the dear man was fond of foolish dissipation2 but after passing through so much trouble1 and having the happiness to see his true king once more on the ,french throne1 he could not resist the temptation of going to ,paris occasionally to salute him1 and was very desirous that madame should appear at court4 ,she always excused herself on account of her delicate health2 and this reason1 alas6 was only too true4 ,besides1 she was quick-witted1 like all women1 and1 without saying anything1 saw that a new revolution was not far off4 ,m4 le ,marquis1 on the contrary1 boldly maintained that1 as his dear masters had only returned by a miracle1 they would not be off very soon again4 #ahcj proved that our good lady was right4 ,after that1 there was no further talk about going to ,paris2 but it was very sad at the chteau4 ,m4 le ,marquis became gloomy and half sick from grief1 and madame1 who had not been well for a long time1 felt that the blow would kill her2 in fact1 she died shortly afterwards1 leaving a little daughter1 ten years old1 and poor monsieur1 very lonely in his fine chteau4 ,as he feared ,god1 he knew that a brave ,christian should not sink under trials4 ,by degrees he appeared resigned to his fate1 and resumed his ordinary occupations4 ,besides the care of his large estate1 he hunted1 fished1 and visited his good neighbors4 ,he gave large sums for the restoration of our church and several chapels in the neighborhood4 ,all this1 and his great watchfulness over the peasants who were his tenants1 made his time pass usefully4 ,the evenings were rather wearisome4 ,our cur noticed it1 and frequently visited the chteau towards dusk1 so that he could entertain him with the little news of the district1 and read the public journals to him4 ,they discussed politics4 ,when ,i say discussed1 it is only a way of speaking1 as the cur and his lord always were of the same opinion2 but they could regret the past together1 and build up new hopes for the future2 and in that manner bedtime came before they knew it4 ,little mademoiselle was brought up very seriously1 without companions of her own age1 or any amusements suitable to her rank4 ,she was under the care of an old governess1 named ,dame ,berthe1 who was tall and severe in appearance1 very well educated1 but so soft-hearted in regard to her pupil she always said amen to all her caprices1 only regretting she could not guess them beforehand4 ,m4 le ,marquis exercised no control over his daughter2 his great confidence in ,dame ,berthe made him refer everything to her4 ,all that he asked of mademoiselle was that she should always look well and happy2 and in these two respects he had every reason to thank the good ,god4 ,as for the rest1 he used to say it would take a very skilful person to find anything to reprimand in such a sweet1 good girl2 and there he was right4 ,all the petting in the world could not spoil such a lovely nature1 and every year she became more attractive4 ,you may tell me there was nothing very wonderful in that1 since she had all she desired4 ,i will answer that1 on the contrary1 many in her place would have become for that very reason wicked and disagreeable4 ,but mademoiselle inherited from her departed mother1 besides a gentle and sweet face1 a soul still more gentle and sweet4 ,she would not have hurt a fly2 her temper was so equal it resembled the tranquil water of a lake2 she knew that she was a rich heiress1 and remained simple in her manners1 never haughty to others1 always ready to be of service1 and succeeded wonderfully in calming monsieur1 her father1 who1 notwithstanding his goodness1 was liable sometimes to be carried away with anger4 ,finally1 ,i can say1 without extravagance1 that this last daughter of our dear lord's had1 by the grace of ,god1 all the virtues of her race united in her4 ,nevertheless1 as nothing on earth is absolutely perfect1 ,i must add that she had two defects--one of body2 for when she was approaching her fifteenth year1 having grown too fast1 it was very evident that her spine was becoming curved2 and notwithstanding the greatest medical skill was employed1 she became fearfully crooked4 ,m4 le ,marquis was greatly afflicted2 but as for her1 she quickly made her decision4 ,no one will want me1 she said sweetly2 and so1 dear father1 ,i will always remain with you4 ,this idea consoled her perfectly4 ,being lively and gay1 she laughed about her deformity so pleasantly that the people of the chteau ended by thinking it not the slightest misfortune1 quite as an accident of the very least importance2 and1 far from no one seeking her hand1 the suitors came in procession to ask the honor of alliance with her4 ,she was too keen not to see that her great wealth was the principal cause of their eagerness1 and consequently refused all offers of marriage firmly and decidedly2 and on that point the whole world could not make her change her mind4 ,her second defect was of the heart2 her great good-nature made her weak1 as she never knew how to refuse when any one wept before her2 neither could she deny herself anything where her innocent whims and caprices were in question4 ,it was certainly a fault2 for having in her own hands wealth1 power1 and no superior to control her1 you can imagine that her kindness of heart would make her liable to fall frequently in the pathway of life1 and drag others after her4 ,now we will again take up the story of the little ,ragaudins at the time when we left them4 ,you will remember that the foolish little ,jeannette was resolved not to return to school1 from shame of the whipping she had received that day1 and was determined to go with the willing ,jean-,louis1 and complain to her godmother4 ,they left the farm the following morning at the usual hour1 passed right by the priest's house1 and slowly ascended the slope before the chteau4 ,mademoiselle had just come in from ,mass1 and was sitting in the parlor of the grand tower that overlooked the whole country4 ,dame ,berthe was preparing her breakfast2 for although there were in the anteroom four or five big valets1 who passed their time in gossiping for want of work1 she thought no one but herself was capable of pouring the chocolate into the large silver cup1 and presenting it to her dear mistress4 ,mademoiselle1 as it happened1 felt a little bored that morning1 and gently reproached ,dame ,berthe for not having found something to amuse her4 ,if ,i were not eighteen years old1 said she1 throwing herself in her big arm-chair1 ,i would willingly play with my doll4 ,you have done well1 my poor ,berthe2 ,i feel like a little girl1 and mourn for my playthings4 ,what can you invent to-day8 ,father went away last evening4 ,i am too tired to walk2 tell me a story4444 ,dame ,berthe thought a moment2 but in regard to stories1 she scarcely knew any but those she had told and retold a hundred times4 ,mercy knows1 that was not astonishing2 two persons who are always together1 know the same things1 and have never anything new to tell each other4 ,mademoiselle looked at her governess laughingly1 and took an innocent delight in witnessing her embarrassment4 ,it was just at this moment that the ,ragaud children emerged from the chestnut grove before the chteau1 and advanced straight to the bridge that led to the grand entrance4 ,mademoiselle1 who was rather near-sighted1 scarcely distinguished the little things2 but she heard the wooden shoes1 which went click-clack on the stone bridge1 and requested ,dame ,berthe to see who it could be4 ,it is little ,jeanne of ,muiceron1 and her brother1 ,jean-,louis1 who have doubtless come to make you a visit1 she replied2 for they are in their ,sunday clothes4 ,here the good lady was mistaken2 for ,pierrette held the holiday clothes under lock and key1 and would not let them be worn on a week-day without explanation4 ,mademoiselle rose up joyfully2 she dearly loved her god-daughter and all the ,ragaud family1 and1 more than that1 in her frame of mind1 it was an amusement that came like a gift from heaven4 ,make them come in1 poor little things1 said she2 and ,i beg of you1 ,berthe1 to run to the kitchen1 and order cakes and hot milk1 as ,i wish them to breakfast with me4 ,jean-,louis was the first to enter the parlor4 ,jeannette kept behind him1 much less assured than you would have imagined4 ,until now she had scarcely ever seen her mistress1 except on ,sunday1 when coming out from ,high ,mass4 ,twice a year1 on ,new ,year's day and the anniversary of ,jeannette's baptism1 all the farm came in great ceremony to present their respects to monsieur and mademoiselle4 ,besides this1 the visits to the chteau were very rare2 and to come alone1 of their own free will1 and clandestinely1 was something entirely out of the usual run4 ,jeannette began to understand all this1 and felt more like crying than talking4 ,happily1 mademoiselle took the thing quite naturally1 and asked no questions4 ,she kissed and caressed her god-daughter1 seated her on her lap1 and petted her so much that for the first half-hour the little thing had only permission to open her mouth that the bonbons could be put in4 ,she thus had time to regain confidence1 and ,jean-,louis1 who feared to hear her scolded1 recovered his spirits4 ,notwithstanding all this1 both were slightly overcome when mademoiselle1 after breakfast1 suddenly asked them if they had not some favor to ask1 promising to grant any request on account of the trouble they had taken in coming to visit her4 ,this was the critical moment4 ,jeannet became red with embarrassment1 and the little girl appeared stupefied4 ,dame ,berthe gave her a slight tap on the cheek1 to encourage her not to be ashamed before such a good godmother2 but that did not untie her tongue4 ,speak now1 said ,jeannet1 pushing her with his elbow4 ,speak yourself1 she replied in a whisper4 ,i don't know what to say4 ,what is it that is so difficult to obtain8 asked mademoiselle4 ,is it something beyond my power8 ,oh6 no1 no1 said ,jean-,louis4 ,if mademoiselle wished1 she has only to say a word4444 ,i will say it1 my child2 but still1 ,i must know what it is about4 ,very well1 mademoiselle1 this is it--,jeanette does not wish to return to school4 ,she must be very learned1 then1 replied mademoiselle1 smiling4 ,come here1 ,jeanne2 read me a page out of this big book4 ,only think of the blank amazement and terror of ,jeannette at that moment6 ,she did not know ,a from ,b1 and found herself caught like a mouse in a trap4 ,one last resource was left--it was to burst into tears4 ,this was quickly done1 and she was heard sobbing behind her godmother's arm-chair1 where she had hidden herself at the first mention of reading4 ,mademoiselle1 already very much moved1 profited by this incident1 and asked an explanation of the whole affair1 which ,jeannet related1 trying his best to excuse the little thing4 ,mademoiselle was very much amused at the recital1 and was weak enough1 instead of scolding ,jeannette1 to praise her for her spirit4 ,she replaced her on her lap1 wiped her tears1 and1 without further reflection1 decided the case in her favor4 ,but1 said she1 ,i do not wish my god-daughter to be as ignorant as a dairy-maid4 ,isn't that true1 ,jeanne8 ,you will not make me blush for you8 ,i don't want you to go any longer to ,germaine's school1 but it is on condition that you be a good girl1 and learn to read and write4 ,i will teach you myself2 how will you like that8 ,o godmother6 cried the little one1 enchanted4 ,very well1 replied mademoiselle2 then it is all arranged4 ,jean-,louis will return to ,muiceron to tell your parents1 and in future ,i will take care of you and teach you4 ,and it was thus that the good young lady1 without understanding the consequence of her act1 in an instant changed the destiny of ,jeanne ,ragaud4 ,dame ,berthe dared not object1 although she saw at a glance there was much to blame in this decision4 ,indeed1 where the goat is tied1 there he should browse1 said our cur4 ,jeanne1 the child of peasants1 should have remained a peasant1 instead of becoming the plaything of a marquise4 ,but mademoiselle's intention was not bad2 and1 for the time being1 to have taken away her distraction would have been cruel1 and ,dame ,berthe1 although very wise1 had not the courage to do it4 ,,vii4 ,in the village1 every one had his own idea on the subject4 ,the ,ragauds were happy1 and rather proud2 ,m4 le ,cur shrugged his shoulders1 keeping his remarks for a later period2 ,germaine was silent2 ,jean-,louis willingly sacrificed the company of his little sister for what he thought her greater good2 and1 for the rest of the people1 some said it was foolish1 others that the ,ragauds were always lucky4 ,jeannette was puffed up with joy and pride4 ,it is justice to say that in a little while she became another child2 her mind was so well occupied she lost all her wilfulness1 devoted herself to her studies1 and was no longer disobedient and rebellious4 ,m4 le ,marquis1 enchanted to see his daughter so happy in her new duties1 cheerfully approved of the measure1 and declared the chteau was a different place after this humming-bird's warbling was heard in the house4 ,as long as the summer lasted1 the thing went on without great inconvenience1 as the little one often went home to sleep1 and thus did not entirely lose sight of her first destiny2 but with the bad weather1 mademoiselle feared she might take cold by being so much exposed1 and sent word to the ,ragauds that she would keep her all the time4 ,henceforward ,jeannette was treated like a daughter of the chteau4 ,she had her own little room1 well warmed1 and a servant to obey her orders2 her hair was braided in tresses that hung below her waist1 which soon made her discover that she had the longest and thickest hair of any child in the village4 ,her costume was also changed4 ,she had fine merino dresses1 prunella shoes with rosettes1 and the calico apron1 with big pockets1 was replaced by a little silk affair1 which only served to look coquettish4 ,in the morning she read with her godmother1 or embroidered at her side2 after dinner she drove out in an open carriage1 and on ,sundays assisted at ,mass and ,vespers1 kneeling in the place reserved for the chteau1 whilst her parents remained at the lower end of the nave1 admiring her from a distance4 ,in the village were some sensible people1 who openly condemned the whole proceeding2 especially ,jacques ,michou1 formerly a comrade in the same regiment with ,ragaud1 and his great friend1 who one day1 in virtue of his long friendship1 ventured a remonstrance on the subject4 ,you see1 said he to ,ragaud1 the preferences of great ladies never last long4 ,suppose mademoiselle marries1 or takes another caprice1 what will become of ,jeanne1 with the habits of a nobleman's daughter8 ,she will not be able to wear wooden shoes or dress in serge2 and her stomach will reject the pork1 and cabbage1 and rye bread4 ,as for her mind1 it will be pretty difficult ever to make her feel like a peasant again4 ,believe what ,i say1 ,ragaud1 take your daughter home2 later she will thank you1 when her reason shall have been matured4 ,it was certainly wise counsel2 but ,ragaud had two reasons1 sufficiently good in his opinion1 to prevent his accepting such advice4 ,in the first place1 he thought it a great honor to see his daughter the friend and companion of ,m4 le ,marquis4 ,this came from the heart on one side1 as he was devoted body and soul to the good masters who had made his fortune2 but ,i would not swear1 on the other side1 that it was not mingled with a good deal of pride4 ,old ,ragaud was easily puffed up with vanity1 and sometimes at the wrong time1 as will be seen in the sequel4 ,the second reason was1 he had long been persuaded that mademoiselle led too secluded a life4 ,so many crowns1 and so few amusements1 he often said4 ,poor1 dear soul6 it must be hard for her4 ,therefore1 he regarded as a fortunate stroke her love for ,jeannette2 and if it would have drawn down the lightning from heaven on the roof of ,muiceron1 he could not1 as much from conscience as from pity1 have deprived mademoiselle of the daily pleasure that gave the busy-bodies so much to talk about4 ,and then1 it must be acknowledged that even among our most intelligent farmers there prevails a pernicious mania1 which pushes them to elevate their children above themselves4 ,they thus act contrary to the designs of ,god1 who lets the seed fall where the tree should grow2 and against themselves1 as they are often1 in the end1 humiliated by what should have been their glory4 ,but what can you expect8 ,a man is a man4 ,you cannot pour more water in a pitcher than it will hold1 and in a head more truth than it can understand4 ,ragaud was ill at ease when he perceived mademoiselle's splendid white horses draw up before the church door4 ,only fancy that before the eyes of the entire parish those fine horses were used as much for ,jeannette as for the daughter of ,m4 le ,marquis6 ,it was precisely on a ,sunday1 a little before ,high ,mass1 that our friend1 ,jacques ,michou1 had offered his good advice2 the moment was unpropitious1 and ,ragaud thus replied to his old comrade3 ,friend ,jacques1 ,i thank you for your words1 as they are said with good intention2 but ,i nevertheless believe that ,i have not arrived at my age without knowing how to manage my own affairs2 which ,i say without wishing to offend you4 ,as for dressing in serge1 my daughter1 being my only child1 will have enough money to buy silk dresses if she should desire them2 and that will not diminish her wealth4 ,as for the pork1 do you think it never appears on the tables of the nobility8 ,who knows to the contrary better than ,i8 ,twice a year ,m4 le ,marquis has a supply from ,pierrette4 ,thus1 my daughter will not lose at the chteau the taste of the meals at the farm4 ,if we speak of rye bread1 which is certainly the ordinary country food1 we have ours half mixed with flour1 that makes the bread as fine as the best made in the city4 ,i can tell you that mademoiselle will not refuse it to ,jeannette1 as she often eats it herself2 in proof of which she frequently sends to ,muiceron for some1 without inquiring whether the flour is fresh or stale4 ,so you may rest quiet1 and let each one act as he pleases4 ,and so1 you see1 without being impolite1 a man can be made to feel his advice is despised4 ,we will now1 if you please1 leave ,jeannette to parade her fine dresses in the chteau1 like the linnets that sing and hop in the sun1 never caring for sportsmen or nets1 and return to ,muiceron and ,jean-,louis4 ,i think the dear fellow thought pretty much as ,jacques ,michou in relation to the little one2 but it was in the secret of his heart1 and1 as his friends appeared happy1 he asked nothing more4 ,his character as a child1 so gentle and devoted1 did not change as he grew up4 ,different from ,jeannette1 who became a young lady without learning much1 he remained a peasant1 but advanced in knowledge like a schoolmaster4 ,his love of books did not interfere with his rustic labors4 ,after one year in class1 ,m4 le ,cur was obliged to teach him alone1 as he knew too much to go with the others4 ,but as ,ragaud could not do without an assistant on the farm1 and disliked to take a stranger1 ,jeannet returned to ,muiceron1 contented himself with one lesson on ,sunday1 and studied by himself the rest of the week4 ,after his first communion1 which1 at his own request1 was made rather late1 but with perfect comprehension and a heart filled with love1 he became still better4 ,he was at that time a fine boy of thirteen1 larger than usual for his age1 with a handsome face1 brunette complexion1 and beautiful1 large1 dark eyes4 ,m4 le ,marquis remarked his distinguished air1 which meant that he did not resemble the other young village boys4 ,the truth was1 ,jeannet1 who always had lived a peasant1 had the manner and bearing of a gentleman dressed from caprice in a blouse2 and yet ,i can assure you it was neither vanity nor pretension that gave him that appearance4 ,who would imagine that about this time he nearly committed a fault from excessive love of study8 ,and nevertheless1 it so happened in a way which you will soon understand4 ,one day1 ,m4 le ,cur1 wishing to know how far this good child's mind could follow his1 amused himself by explaining to him the ,latin of his ,breviary4 ,jean-,louis caught at this novelty like a fish at a bait4 ,he became passionately fond of the language1 and1 as he had no time during the day1 gave up the greater part of the night to its study4 ,now1 the young need good1 sound sleep2 above all1 when wearied with working in the fields4 ,ragaud soon understood it2 ,i do not know how4 ,he was very angry1 and was not altogether wrong2 for1 besides the fact that ,jeannet lost flesh every day1 he was afraid of fire1 as his room was next to the grain-loft4 ,ragaud scolded ,jean-,louis2 ,m4 le ,cur also came in for his share of reprimand2 and for the first time these three persons1 who had always agreed so perfectly1 were very unhappy on each other's account4 ,if you wish to wear the cassock1 said ,ragaud to his son1 say it4 ,although it will be a great sacrifice for me to lose your company and assistance1 ,i will not prevent you from following your vocation4 ,but if not1 ,i beg of you to give up all this reading and writing1 which keeps you up so late4 ,i think that to tend the cows and till the earth1 the village language is enough4 ,you will know one day that for you1 more than for others even1 the work of the hands is more useful than that of the mind4 ,thereupon he turned his back1 and ,jeannet1 who was going to ask his pardon1 and assure him of his submission1 could not reply4 ,as he was very quick under his quiet manner1 he pondered all the rest of the day upon his father's last phrase4 ,what did it mean8 ,what was he to know one day8 ,what harm was there in becoming learned1 as he would eventually be rich8 ,the poor boy suspected nothing2 and yet from that moment a secret and profound sadness entered into his heart4 ,he bundled up his books1 and took them back to ,m4 le ,cur with many thanks4 ,our cur admired his obedience1 and ,jeannet profited by the opportunity to confide his grief to his dear friend4 ,the good pastor reflected a moment4 ,it was1 in truth1 a great pain1 and one which he did not expect so soon1 to be obliged to confide to this child the secret of his birth2 but sooner or later he must know it1 and whether to-day or to-morrow mattered little4 ,my son1 said he1 you are good and reasonable2 ,i hope your conduct will never change4 ,sit down there near me1 and listen4 ,he related to him what we already know4 ,he did it with gentle and holy words1 fitted to pour balm into the wound that he was forced to make4 ,he endeavored especially to show forth the mercy of ,god and the generosity of the ,ragauds4 ,poor ,jeannet little expected such a blow2 he became pale as death and for an instant appeared overwhelmed with astonishment and grief4 ,his head was in a whirl2 he rose1 threw himself on his knees1 weeping and clasping his hands4 ,our cur let this first burst of grief exhaust itself2 and then1 with kind remonstrance1 finished by proving that1 after all1 grateful joy was more seasonable than this great affliction4 ,how many in his place had been abandoned1 without parents1 without support1 without instruction1 condemned to want and suffering1 and doubtless lost both for this world and paradise8 ,instead of such a fate1 the good ,god had warmed the little bird without a nest1 had preserved him from evil1 had provided for his wants2 and now to-day1 thanks to all his blessings1 he was1 more than any other1 fitted to become a man worthy to rank with those around him4 ,it is true6 it is true6 cried ,jean-,louis4 ,but how can ,i reappear at the farm8 ,alas6 ,i left it thinking myself the son of the house1 and ,i will re-enter it a foundling6 ,there you do not speak wisely1 ,jeannet1 said our cur2 you will re-enter ,muiceron such as you left it1 with the only difference that you are now obliged to be still more obedient1 more industrious1 and more devoted to your parents than ever in the past4 ,it is not by having learned the truth that your position is changed2 on the contrary1 by not knowing it1 you ran the risk of injuring it4 ,when you believed yourself the son of the house1 you naturally thought it allowable to follow your inclinations1 and act as you wished4 ,now you must feel that is no longer possible4 ',an honest heart must pay its debts4' ,i know your heart2 as for the debt1 you see now how important it is4 ,your life will not suffice to pay it1 but you can greatly lessen it by taking upon yourself the interests of your benefactors2 by relieving ,ragaud1 who is growing old1 of the heaviest work in the fields2 by caring for good ,mother ,pierrette1 who is a true soul of the good ,god2 and even by continuing to consider ,jeannette as your sister2 which gives you the right to offer her good advice4 ,for remember what ,i tell you3 ',the distaff is known by the wood'2 which means that it needs a strong ash-stick to support a roll of hemp1 whilst a mahogany wand is only suitable for silk4 ,hence1 ,i warn you that ,jeanne ,ragaud1 after being accustomed to display herself in the marquis' carriages1 will one fine day fancy herself a silken distaff1 and we will have to untwist the thread4 ,jeanne will one day know ,i am not related to her1 said ,jean-,louis1 weeping4 ,what then can ,i say to her8 ,why will she know it8 ,it would be useless to tell her4 ,and besides1 the little thing's heart is not spoiled2 she will remember that you are the friend of her childhood and her elder4 ,father ,ragaud1 replied ,jeannet1 told me this morning1 if ,i wished to wear the cassock1 he would not hinder me4 ,well1 then8 ,well1 then1 ,m4 le ,cur1 if ,i am ever sufficiently learned1 can ,i not aspire to that great favor8 ,before our present conversation would you have thought of it1 ,jeannet8 ,i believe not1 replied he frankly1 lowering his head4 ,then1 my boy1 give up the idea4 ,to wear the cassock is1 as you say1 a great favor2 who knows it better than ,i1 who1 after wearing it forty years1 acknowledge my unworthiness8 ,but you must not start on a road without knowing where it leads2 and the cassock1 taken through vexation or disappointment1 carries its wearer direct to the path in which he walks with his back to heaven4 ,you can save your soul by remaining on the farm1 which ,i would not answer for if you followed a vocation formed in half an hour4 ,yes1 ,i will remain a farm-laborer1 said ,jeannet2 that is my fate for all time4 ,you are vain1 ,god pardon me6 cried ,m4 le ,cur4 ,i never before noticed this monstrous fault in you1 which has caused the loss of so many of the best souls4 ,farm-laborer6 that means a tiller of the fields and shepherd4 ,my son1 it is one of the noblest positions in the world2 it was the calling of ,abraham1 of ,jacob1 of the great patriarchs of the ,bible1 that ,i wished you to imitate2 and they were not minor personages4 ,if ,i were not a priest1 ,i would wish to be a laborer2 at least1 ,i would gather with my own hand the wheat that ,i had planted1 instead of receiving it as the gift of a master1 often a capricious and bad ,christian4 ,yes1 yes1 my ,jean1 take care not to be more fastidious than the good ,god1 who took his dear ,david1 from minding sheep1 to be the ancestor of our ,saviour4 ,and then1 ,i will ask you1 how would your destiny be elevated if you were really the legitimate child of the ,ragauds4 ,would you desire to be greater than your father8 ,and what is he8 ,jeannet was convinced by all these good reasons1 uttered in rather a firm tone1 but which did not indicate displeasure4 ,he threw himself into the cur's arms1 and acknowledged his fault with a contrite and penitent heart4 ,his excellent good sense showed him that1 in reality1 it was only vanity that had made him speak thus4 ,he promised to return to ,muiceron1 to preserve his secret1 and to be the model of field laborers4 ,our cur gave him his blessing1 and watched him1 as he returned to the farm1 with much emotion4 ,ah6 if poor ,catharine had known how to sacrifice her self-love as her child had just done1 how different would have been his fate6 ,but1 sighed the good pastor1 there will always be frogs who will burst with the ambition of becoming oxen2 and if the ox1 who thought the frog foolish1 had known the elephant1 undoubtedly he would have acted in the same manner4 ,poor human nature6 poor beasts6 ,the true ,christian is the only wise man6 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,the ,,evangelical ,,alliance4 ,we meet1 said the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,adams1 in his address of welcome to the members of the ,evangelical ,alliance in ,new ,york1 to manifest and express our ,christian unity4 ,divers are the names which we bear1 both as to countries and churches--,german1 ,french1 ,swiss1 ,dutch1 ,english1 ,scotch1 ,irish2 ,lutheran1 ,reformed1 ,anglican1 ,presbyterian1 ,episcopal1 ,methodist1 ,baptist1 ,independent--but we desire and intend to show that1 amid all this variety of form and circumstances1 there is a real unity of faith and life2 believing1 according to the familiar expression of our common ,christian creed1 in the ',holy ,catholic ,church and the communion of saints4' ,dr4 ,adams only gave expression to a thought which was uppermost in the minds of nearly all those five or six hundred gentlemen who assembled in this city from the four quarters of the globe in the early part of ,october1 and filled the newspapers with hymns and speeches1 and professions of love1 and little disputes and quarrels4 ,we are living1 continued ,dr4 ,adams1 in times when1 all over the world1 there is a manifest longing for more of visible unity4 ,so the first business of the conference1 after the preliminary survey of the condition of ,protestantism in the midst of the ,catholic populations of ,europe--the review and inspection1 so to speak1 of the army in the field--was to devote a whole day to the discussion of ,christian unity1 in the hope of persuading themselves and the rest of mankind that these warring sects were really one body of ,christian believers1 and this theological battle1 in which they pass fifty-one weeks of the year1 was nothing else than the communion of saints4 ,indeed1 a day was not too long for such a task4 ,anglicans and ,baptists1 followers of ,john ,wesley and disciples of ,calvin1 the clergy of ,calvary and the preachers of the ,greene ,street meeting-house1 deans of the ,english ,establishment and dissenters who hate prelacy as an invention of the devil--they were all here together1 trying to agree upon something1 and to reconcile the fact of their ,alliance with the fundamental doctrine confessed by ,dr4 ,hodge1 of ,princeton1 as the motto of the conference as well as the excuse for its existence1 that ,the ,church of ,christ is one4 ,we say it was no easy matter to reconcile the fact of the ,alliance with the confession of this truth4 ,an alliance supposes independent forces1 acting together for a special and temporary purpose1 but preserving distinct organizations1 and acknowledging different commanders4 ,there can be no alliance between the members of the one body in ,christ1 any more than there can be an alliance between the right and left eyes1 or the foot and the great toe4 ,every one of the speakers was painfully conscious of this false position4 ,there is no more common reproach against ,christians1 said ,dr4 ,hodge1 than that they are so much divided in their belief4 ,there is some truth in this2 but1 my hearers1 we are one in faith4 ,we confess we do not fully comprehend the distinction4 ,matters of faith1 according to ,dr4 ,hodge's definition1 seem to be those great truths which all members of the ,evangelical ,alliance hold in common2 and matters of belief or opinion are everything else4 ,the existence of ,god1 the ,trinity1 the ,incarnation1 the resurrection of the dead1 the punishment of hell1 the rewards of heaven1 and a few other doctrines1 more or less--these are the ,evangelical articles of faith4 ,but on what authority does ,dr4 ,hodge restrict his creed to these few points8 ,every sect represented in the ,alliance has a more or less extensive formulary of belief1 resting upon supposed divine revelation1 and including a good many other tenets besides the half-dozen or so held up by ,dr4 ,hodge4 ,all depend upon precisely the same sanction4 ,all are supposed to be drawn from the same source4 ,the ,baptist has just the same ground for insisting upon immersion that he has for believing in the resurrection4 ,the ,calvinistic doctrine of total depravity has the same basis as the ,calvinistic belief in a divine ,saviour4 ,the ,anglican theory of an inspired but occasionally corrupt and lying church is just as well supported as the ,anglican's faith in the ,trinity4 ,what right have the members of the ,alliance to decide that this dogma is a matter of faith1 and that other is only a matter of opinion8 ,all the contradictory doctrines1 they tell us1 are found in the ,bible4 ,who has the right to decide which are binding upon the conscience1 and which are open to individual choice2 which are certain1 and which are only probable8 ,oh6 these reverend gentlemen will tell us1 the essential points of faith are those upon which we all agree4 ,very well4 ,whom do you mean by we8 ,what right have you to restrict the company of the faithful to your eight or nine sects8 ,you are not a majority of the ,christians in the world4 ,you are even a small minority of those who believe in the very points which you make the test of evangelical ,christianity4 ,there are more than two hundred millions of ,christians who believe1 just as you do1 in ,god1 in the ,incarnation1 in the resurrection1 and in heaven and hell2 but you do not pretend to be one body with them4 ,if all who accept what you style the points of faith are fellow-members with you1 why do you not include ,catholics8 ,and1 besides1 if you are to arrive at unity by a process of elimination--throwing out one dogma after another until you reach a condition of theological indifferentism where a certain number of sects can meet without quarrelling--why should you stop at one point rather than another8 ,there is no logical reason why you should not eliminate the doctrine of eternal punishment1 and take in the ,universalists2 or the ,trinity1 and take in the ,unitarians2 or ,christian marriage1 and take in the ,latter ,day ,saints2 or the whole ,bible1 and take in evolutionists1 and pure theists1 and the prophets and followers of free religion4 ,once begin to make arbitrary discriminations between faith and belief1 as you now do1 calling everything upon which your various denominations agree a matter of ascertained truth1 and everything upon which they differ a subject of individual opinion1 and it becomes impossible to say why your common creed should not be narrowed down to a single dogma--for example1 to the omnipotence of ,god1 or the existence of matter1 or the atomic theory1 or the nebular hypothesis4 ,then1 at least1 you would be consistent1 and your ,alliance would be a much more powerful body than it seems to be at present4 ,this difficulty seems to have been passed over by the ,conference in ,new ,york2 but the fact of denominational differences could not be forgotten4 ,it stared the meeting in the face at every turn4 ,it got into nearly all the speeches4 ,it appeared in almost every prayer4 ,one after another1 the preachers and essayists were moved to apologize for it and explain it4 ,dr4 ,hodge laid down the rule1 with great applause from his uneasy listeners1 that any organization formed for the worship of ,christ was a church1 and every church must be recognized by every other2 that churches differed so radically about the great truths of religion was no more to be wondered at1 and no more to be regretted1 than that men and women should be organized into different towns1 and states1 and nations2 and1 as a consequence1 he held that the sacraments of one church were just as good as the sacraments of another1 and the orders of one just as good as the orders of another4 ,in fact1 said he1 no church can make a minister any more than it can make a ,christian4 ,this remark was also received with applause1 in which it is to be hoped that the ,church of ,england delegates and the ,episcopalians cordially joined4 ,there were three bishops of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church in the ,conference2 and after the centuries of war which their denomination has waged for the validity of ,anglican orders and the unbroken apostolic succession1 it must have been an inexpressible comfort to them to be told by the ,alliance that they were no more bishops than ,henry ,ward ,beecher1 and ,octavius ,b4 ,frothingham1 and the ,rev4 ,phbe ,hanaford4 ,they took it meekly1 however1 and did not even mind being told that their church could not make a bishop or any other minister4 ,the ,dean of ,canterbury was there1 as the representative of the ,primate of all ,england1 and he took the rather singular position1 for a churchman1 that denominational differences are rather an advantage than otherwise4 ,god's works in nature1 he said1 are marked by variety4 ,all creation1 from inanimate objects up to man1 is characterized by diversity4 ,so it is also1 he continues1 with religions4 ,the parallel1 of course1 supposes that the religions are imperfect and natural works1 which we hardly expected an ,anglican dean to admit4 ,an imperfect religion is one that is partly true and partly false2 that is to say1 it is a system of human devising1 and not a revelation from ,god4 ,and ,dean ,smith confesses that all the churches embraced in the ,alliance are natural rather than supernatural works when he accounts for their diversities by the limitations of human reason4 ,the gift of instinct1 he tells us1 is perfect1 and produces uniformity2 but reason is full of diversity4 ,it is tentative4 ,it tries and fails1 and tries again1 and improves its methods1 and succeeds partially1 and so advances indefinitely onward1 and1 it may be1 at times falls back1 but never becomes perfect4 ,all this means1 if it means anything1 that the cardinal points of agreement between the so-called ,evangelical sects1 or their faith1 as ,dr4 ,hodge terms it1 are the only points of any creed which are not subject to constant change4 ,the dogma which is professed to-day may be repudiated to-morrow1 and taken up again next week4 ,the creed for which ,cranmer went to the stake may be denounced as heresy by the ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 and preached as moderately true by the ,archbishop of ,york4 ,in fine1 ,anglicans get their faith in ,god and the resurrection by instinct1 and the rest of the ,thirty-nine ,articles by reason2 and the result1 of course1 is that the proportion of truth there may be in religion is regulated entirely by the intellectual capacity of the believer4 ,salvation1 according to this view1 is largely the result of a school education4 ,moreover1 says the dean1 if we knew just what to believe1 we should not take much interest in religion4 ,truth and the ,bible are nowhere valued1 except where there is discussion1 and debate1 and controversy about them4 ,it adds wonderful zest to a dogma to have to dig for it2 and faith1 like the biceps muscle1 is developed by violent contention4 ,but if this is so1 what does the world want of ,evangelical ,alliances8 ,if religious truth is only struck out in the heat of religious wranglings1 like sparks from the contact of flint and steel1 the more fighting the better4 ,the ,church of ,england must have found out pretty much everything worth knowing in the persecuting days of ,edward and ,elizabeth1 and forgotten more than half of it in the subsequent years of peace2 while the era of brotherly love1 towards which the ,alliance looks with longing eyes1 will be a period of religious indifference or of almost universal negation4 ,dean ,smith is logical in one thing4 ,if our state1 he says1 is not one of attainment1 but one of progress2 if1 at the most1 we are feelers and seekers after ,god1 why1 then1 of course1 we must look upon all denominations with equal favor4 ,one is just as good as another where none has any faith4 ,but what1 then1 becomes of the ,anglican idea of a visible church and an apostolic succession8 ,where is that depository of divine truth to which churchmen comfort themselves by referring8 ,what is the meaning of that prayer in the litany of the ,anglican and ,episcopal service1 ,from heresy and schism good ,lord deliver us8 ,dr4 ,hodge1 indeed1 believes that no church can make a minister2 but the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church is very positive and particular about its orders1 and is entirely satisfied that it can make bishops1 priests1 and deacons2 that nobody else among ,protestants can make them2 and that they are necessary to the legitimate administration of sacraments and the well-being of ,christian society4 ,pray1 how are these contradictions to be settled8 ,there was a charming illustration of unity one ,sunday during the sessions of the ,conference1 when six clergymen1 representing five or six different denominations1 joined in a celebration of the ,lord's ,supper at the ,madison ,square ,presbyterian ,church2 and a very pretty row there was about it afterwards4 ,the service was held in the afternoon1 and the company of celebrants included the ,dean of ,canterbury 7,anglican71 the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,adams 7,presbyterian71 the ,rev4 ,matteo ,prochet1 of ,genoa 7,waldensian71 ,narayan ,sheshadri1 the ,bombay convert1 who has been ordained1 we believe1 according to the rite of the ,free ,church of ,scotland1 ,bp4 ,schweinitz 7,moravian71 and ,dr4 ,angus1 of ,london 7,baptist74 ,so far as we can understand the ceremony1 no particular liturgy or custom was followed1 but the representative of each sect threw in a little of his own religion4 ,dr4 ,adams opened the exercises with a prologue4 ,the dean followed with an apology1 and then read the ,apostles' ,creed and a collect from the ,book of ,common ,prayer4 ,dr4 ,angus gave thanks for the bread1 his prayer serving1 apparently1 instead of a consecration4 ,then the bread was handed around by the lay deacons of the church4 ,bp4 ,schweinitz was called on to give thanks for the cup1 which was afterward passed to the congregation4 ,after some further address1 the dean dismissed the assemblage with a benediction4 ,we can understand how the various dissenting ministers might reasonably take part in such a ceremony2 but the spectacle of a dignitary of the ,church of ,england in such a situation would be incomprehensible1 had not long experience taught us that all manner of amazing and inconsistent things are to be looked for in the ,anglican ,church as matters of course4 ,no sooner had the story of this joint-communion service appeared in the newspapers than the bubble of ,christian unity burst with a tremendous report4 ,an ex-bishop of the ,anglican ,establishment1 the ,right ,rev4 ,dr4 ,tozer1 of ,central ,africa1 who happened to be in ,new ,york1 addressed a letter of remonstrance to the ,protestant ,episcopal bishop of this diocese4 ,he was shocked at the dean's breach of ecclesiastical order1 and terrified at the consequences which might follow his rash and insubordinate conduct4 ,if one service is just as good as another1 why naturally1 says ,bp4 ,tozer1 people will run after the attractive worship of the ,church of ,rome2 and the promise held out by the ,episcopal ,church in this land1 of becoming a haven of rest to men who are tossed to and fro by the multiplicity of contending creeds and systems1 is nothing else than a mistake and a delusion4 ,dr4 ,tozer's letter found its way into the newspapers2 and then a bitter controversy broke out among the ,episcopalians1 bishops1 priests1 and laymen berating one another in the secular press1 and striving in vain to determine whether their church was a church or not4 ,only one thing seems to have been finally settled by the quarrel1 and that was1 that on two of the most important of religious questions--one relating to the very foundation of the visible church organization1 the other to the most solemn of religious rites--the ,anglican denomination has no fixed belief at all4 ,that very dignified and exclusive body1 which sets so much store by the apostolical succession1 and has strained history and reason for so many years to establish the validity of its own orders1 has practically treated ordination as a thing of no consequence whatever4 ,it has admitted ,presbyterian preachers to its benefices1 and recognized the validity of priestly functions performed by men to whom it denies the priestly character2 and the best explanation its defenders can give of such inconsequent conduct is that the intrusion of unordained persons into ,english livings was one of the irregularities of the ,reformation period4 7,see letter of ,theologicus to the ,new ,york ,tribune of ,oct4 #bj1 #ahgc47 ,with regard to the ,lord's ,supper1 the position of the ,anglican and ,protestant ,episcopal ,churches is still more curious4 ,all the members of those two organizations believe it to be a sacrament of peculiar1 if not awful1 sacredness4 ,the majority probably hold that the body and blood of our ,lord1 in some mysterious and indefinite way1 are communicated to the devout receiver of the consecrated bread and wine1 if they are not literally present with the visible elements2 and some ,high ,churchmen actually believe in the real presence4 ,yet1 in the face of all this1 we find the ,episcopal ,church admitting that the proper celebration of the ,lord's ,supper does not require the intervention of a regularly ordained minister4 ,any kind of a service will do1 and any kind of a celebrant1 even a layman4 ,it is a great mistake to suppose1 as some ,episcopalians did1 that there was anything novel or unbecoming in the ,dean of ,canterbury's participation with heretics in the performance of a mutilated and nondescript service4 ,the ,dean of ,westminster 7,dr4 ,stanley7 did a similar thing at the meeting of the ,evangelical ,alliance in ,berlin in #ahei1 and an overzealous churchman who complained of it to the ,archbishop of ,canterbury was rebuked for his pains4 ,dr4 ,muhlenberg1 one of the leading ,protestant ,episcopal clergymen of this city1 expressed the only logical ,protestant view of the joint communion question in an address before the ,alliance on the last day of its meeting4 ,the ,lord's ,supper1 according to ,dr4 ,muhlenberg1 is the highest social act of religion1 and the custom of restricting its celebration1 each denomination to itself1 is in the highest degree objectionable4 ,as a matter of convenience1 it is better1 as an ordinary rule1 that communicants should have their own church homes1 so to call them1 where1 under their own pastors1 and amid their families and friends1 they feel it a good and pleasant thing so to participate in the sacred feast4 ,they have an indisposition to go for it beyond these companies of immediate brethren4 ,nor is this unsocial1 if it be merely a preference for their own associations1 for the sacramental modes and customs to which they1 like their fathers before them1 have been accustomed2 but when they do it on religious grounds1 when they make it a matter of conscience1 when they would forego the communion altogether rather than partake of it outside of their own societies1 then it is that unsocialness1 to call it by its mildest name1 which it is hard to reconcile with aught of hearty realization of membership in the one body of ,christ4 ,dr4 ,muhlenberg's position is so peculiar that we have given his statement of it in his own language1 lest we may be accused of misrepresenting him4 ,it never occurred to us to complain of heresy and schism on the ground that they are so unsociable1 and we never supposed that the most liberal of ,protestant sects defended denominationalism on the plea of custom and education4 ,the manner of taking communion1 according to ,dr4 ,muhlenberg1 seems to be as much the result of habit as anything else--like the manner of dining or chewing tobacco4 ,an ,episcopalian has no better reason for kneeling reverently at the chancel-rail1 and consuming the consecrated bread and wine1 rather than sitting at ease in his pew while unconsecrated food and drink are passed to him by lay deacons1 than the reason that he was brought up to that fashion1 and feels more comfortable in the society of his own friends and neighbors4 ,this being the case1 it follows1 of course1 that the bread and wine are just as good without consecration as with it2 just as much the body and blood of ,christ in the bakery and the wine-shop as on the altar2 and the most rigorous ,anglican will be entirely justified in communicating according to any rite that he fancies4 ,indeed1 ,dr4 ,muhlenberg declares that the various sacramental rites and ceremonies are all more or less agreeable to ,scripture1 but not essential4 ,the sacrament is just as good without any of them4 ,our ,lord commanded us to celebrate the holy communion in remembrance of him4 ,well1 then1 let us go and do it1 each in his own way1 each after his own idea of what it means1 each admitting that every other way is good1 and perfectly indifferent to the tremendous question whether the elements are the body and blood of the ,saviour or only common bread and wine4 ,nay1 there is no need of an officiating ministry4 ,the ,christian eucharist is only the antitype of the ,jewish ,passover2 and as an officiating ministry was not required for the ancient priestly dispensation1 surely none can be demanded for the antitype under the unpriestly dispensation of the ,gospel4 ,that simplifies the administration very much2 but it occurs to us that a sincere ,episcopalian1 of less liberal views than ,dr4 ,muhlenberg1 might be embarrassed by the joint communions which he so strongly recommends4 ,we can imagine such a man going into ,dr4 ,adams's church1 while the ,dean of ,canterbury1 and the ,presbyterian and ,baptist1 and other ministers1 stood grouped together before the pulpit1 and asking what the ceremony meant4 ,a deacon answers1 ,oh6 it is nothing but the communion service2 you had better join us4 ,but what is your communion service8 ,is it the participation of the body and blood of ,christ8 ,not at all2 it is merely the highest social act of religion4 ,have the bread and wine been consecrated8 ,oh6 yes--that is to say1 no2 well1 you see1 these gentlemen don't all think alike about it4 ,one says it is the sacrament of the body and blood of ,christ1 and another says it is nothing but a rite of hospitality2 and we let every man choose for himself4 ,but has there been no blessing of the elements8 ,no prayer over them8 ,yes2 a plenty of prayers4 ,and what was the intention of the celebrant8 ,the intention1 of course1 regulates the quality of the act4 ,oh6 there were five or six intentions2 for there were five or six celebrants1 and no two of them meant the same thing4 ,here the inquirer1 if he had any sense1 would probably conclude that the ceremony was nothing but a sacrilegious travesty on the holy communion1 and would retire deeply scandalized2 and remembering1 first1 that the ,thirty-nine ,articles of his creed forbid any man to take upon him the office of ministering the sacraments before he be lawfully called and sent to execute the same1 and1 secondly1 that the preface to the ordination service of the ,episcopal ,church declares that no man shall be suffered to execute any of the functions of a minister in ,christ's church except he be duly ordained by a bishop1 he will doubtless be not a little puzzled to account for the presence of a dignitary like the ,dean of ,canterbury in such a motley assemblage4 ,the protests against joint communion are not confined1 however1 to the ,episcopal denomination4 ,the ,baptists are likewise exercised in mind about it4 ,they refuse to recognize the validity of infant baptism1 or to admit to the ,lord's ,supper those who have not been duly baptized2 and hence1 with the great majority of ,christians they do not feel at liberty to communicate4 ,the ,baptist clergyman from ,london who participated in the performance at ,dr4 ,adams's church has exposed himself to violent criticism from his own brethren1 and1 like ,dean ,smith1 is accused of forgetting ecclesiastical discipline and theological orthodoxy under the impulse of a moment of gushing enthusiasm4 ,what a charming illustration of ,christian unity this joint-communion service has afforded6 ,the more closely we look into the ,alliance1 the more preposterous appear its attempts to jumble up conflicting doctrines1 mingle contradictions1 and confuse intelligence4 ,if it is right for different sects to communicate together1 it must be right for them to perform all other religious services together1 and doctrine and ritual become alike insignificant4 ,hence1 we are not surprised to find among the papers presented to the ,conference an essay on the ,interchange of ,pulpits1 in which the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,conrad1 of ,philadelphia1 argues that it is a ,christian duty for ,episcopal congregations sometimes to listen to the sermons of ,baptist preachers1 and for ,baptists to invite the ministrations of a ,presbyterian1 and so on--hands across1 down the middle and up again2 orthodox to-day1 heretic next week4 ,is it necessary to believe anything8 ,is there any such thing as faith8 ,is there any reality in religions which have no dogmas1 and which look upon truth and falsehood1 worship and blasphemy1 as perfectly indifferent8 ,surely this is reducing ,protestantism to absurdity4 ,you gentlemen have adopted the principle of individual infallibility1 first1 to declare that the church of ,god is the mother of falsehood1 and then to accuse each other of error and deceit2 and after multiplying your subdivisions till there is danger of universal ruin and dissension1 you come together and declare that there is no such thing as religious certitude2 no choice between one sect and another2 no difference between ,god's messengers and the lying prophets of ,baal4 ,your plan of composing controversies is to obliterate the distinction between good and evil2 and if we can believe ,mr4 ,conrad1 the plan of the apostles was the same4 ,they founded independent congregations1 and gave them such lax notions of faith that1 as ,mr4 ,conrad remarks1 the primitive church was inoculated with error4 ,nevertheless1 the apostles and their first disciples went about freely from church to church1 exchanging pulpits1 so to speak2 and we do not read that the denomination to which ,peter belonged had any objection to an occasional sermon from ,paul1 or that the ,beloved ,disciple was not welcomed as a good ,christian minister when he visited the sect established by ,s4 ,luke4 ,in those blessed days there was1 we believe1 a true interchange of pulpits4 ,but ,mr4 ,conrad neglects to explain the warning which ,s4 ,paul gave to the ,christians at ,rome3 ,now ,i beseech you1 brethren1 to mark them who cause dissensions and offences contrary to the doctrine which you have learned2 and to avoid them4 ,for they that are such serve not ,christ our ,lord1 but their own belly3 and by pleasing speeches1 and good words1 seduce the hearts of the innocent4#acj ,what have the ,episcopalians1 with their fiction of a hierarchy1 to say of this plan of undenominational preaching8 ,how are we to reconcile the presence of a ,presbyterian parson in one of their pulpits with the rule1 already quoted1 which forbids the exercise of ministerial functions by one who has not received ,episcopal ordination8 ,and what would a ,baptist say to a service conducted in one of their churches by a ,methodist who had been sprinkled in infancy1 and therefore1 according to the ,baptist view1 not baptized at all8 ,the plain truth of the whole matter is that there is no such thing as ,christian unity in any of these periodical performances of the ,evangelical ,alliance4 ,the sects are not drawing closer together4 ,denominational differences are not disappearing4 ,the quarrelling is as angry and as noisy as ever4 ,but ,protestantism has taken alarm4 ,it is confronted by two dangerous enemies1 which are growing stronger and stronger every day1 and it is anxious to keep the peace for a little while in its own family1 that it may the better look after its defence4 ,one of these dangers is the philosophical infidelity which ,protestantism itself has bred4 ,the other is the ,catholic faith1 against which ,protestantism is a rebellion4 ,an address1 prepared by the late ,merle d',aubign for the conference which was to have been held three years ago1 was presented at the meeting in ,new ,york4 ,the historian of the ,reformation tells his brethren some plain and unwelcome truths about their condition4 ,the despotic and arrogant pretensions of ,rome1 he says1 have reached in our days their highest pitch1 and we are consequently more than ever called upon to contend against that power which dares to usurp the divine attributes4 ,but that is not all4 ,while superstition has increased1 unbelief has done so still more4444 ,materialism and atheism have in many minds taken the place of the true ,god4 ,science1 which was ,christian in the finest intellects of former days1 in those to whom we owe the greatest discoveries1 has become atheistic among men who now talk the loudest4444 ,eminent literary men continually put forward in their writings what is called positivism1 rejecting everything that goes beyond the limit of the senses1 and disdaining all that is supernatural4444 ,unbelief has reached even the ministry of the word4 ,pastors belonging to ,protestant churches in ,france1 ,switzerland1 ,germany1 and other ,continental countries1 not only reject the fundamental doctrines of the faith1 but also deny the resurrection of ,jesus ,christ1 and see in him nothing more than a man who1 according to many among them1 was even subject to errors and faults4 ,a ,synod of the ,reformed ,church in ,holland has lately decreed that1 when a minister baptizes1 he need not do it in the name of the ,father1 and of the ,son1 and of the ,holy ,ghost4444 ,at an important assembly held lately in ,german ,switzerland1 at which were present many men of position1 both in the church and state1 the basis of the new religion was laid down3 ',no doctrines' was the watchword on that occasion2 'no new doctrines1 whatever they may be1 in place of the old2 liberty alone4' ,which means liberty to overthrow everything2 and too truly some of those ministers believe neither in a personal ,god nor in the immortality of the soul4 ,nor was ,merle d',aubign alone in his bitter judgment of ,european ,protestantism4 ,the same feeling is more or less clearly manifest in the essays of various foreign delegates4 ,mr4 ,prochet1 the ,waldensian minister from ,genoa1 in presenting a sketch of the religious condition of ,italy1 laid great stress upon the close union1 brotherly feeling1 and unflagging energy of the priesthood4 ,the clergy1 said he1 with few exceptions1 have gathered themselves more closely around the ,holy ,see1 determined to stand or fall with it4 ,father ,hyacinthe lectured in ,rome2 but the clergy left him alone1 or his few adherents were such that nothing of any importance could be done by them4 ,among the laity there is a large proportion of devout adherents of the church4 ,there is a great multitude which does not practise any religion1 and takes more interest in politics than in faith2 but this party has not renounced its allegiance to the church1 and believes in ,rome as far as it believes in anything4 ,atheists are not numerous1 but their influence is constantly increasing4 ,protestants are the fewest and the weakest of all4 ,there are congregations of foreign ,protestants1 but their influence is of very little value4 ,the ,waldensians have a theological school at ,florence2 but we are puzzled to know what they can teach1 for it is open to students of every denomination2 they are never asked to leave their religion to join another4 ,altogether1 the ,protestants of ,italy1 mere handful as they are1 are divided into ten different denominations4 ,the ,rev4 ,m4 ,cohen ,stuart1 of ,rotterdam1 gave a somewhat similar sketch of the situation in ,holland4 ,nowhere1 he said1 has the ,pope more pious devotees and more zealous adherents than in the land which gave ,england ,william of ,orange and sheltered the ,pilgrim ,fathers4 ,if the church is not increasing there in numbers1 it is daily adding to its power and influence4 ,there is no rent of heresy in the solid mass of that medival building save the remarkable schism of the so-called ,jansenists2 444 but this sect1 with its few thousands of adherents1 is far more interesting from its history than important from actual influence4 ,protestantism1 on the other hand1 shows little but dissension1 with a strong tendency towards scepticism4 ,there is a tide of neology1 a flood of unbelief1 which no dikes or moles can keep back4444 ,a great many1 a sadly increasing number1 are more or less forsaking the ,gospel and becoming estranged from ,christian truth4 ,materialism and irreligion are slaying their tens of thousands in the ranks of so-called ,christians4 ,mr4 ,stuart draws a fearful picture of the disputes of the different ,protestant theological schools1 and continues3 ,it is evident1 indeed1 that the utter confusion into which the ,reformed ,church of ,holland has fallen cannot last very long1 lest it should lead to a total disorganization and overthrow of the whole4444 ,nothing for this moment is left but to bear1 though not without earnest protest1 a state of things too abnormal and too absurd to last4 ,of ,switzerland1 again1 we have almost precisely the same story4 ,the ,rev4 ,eugene ,reichel1 of ,montmireil1 complained of the activity of the ,catholic ,church in his little republic1 and the great increase of infidelity among ,protestants4 ,a deplorable unbelief has led captive the masses of the people4 ,they have left their churches to engulf themselves in the vortex of business and worldly pleasure4444 ,on every side infidelity is become rampant1 and much more aggressive than in former years4 ,better organized than once1 and finding an efficient support both in the indifference of the people and the countenance afforded by government1 this insidious foe1 closing up its ranks1 is not slow to assail the truth4 ,of ,spain ,mr4 ,fliedner gave a vague and not over-brilliant account1 and of ,greece ,mr4 ,kalopathakes could only say that ,protestants had a very hard time of it there1 and that there were very few of them4 ,american missionaries have been sustained in ,greece for forty years1 and yet there is only one meeting-house in the kingdom4 ,mr4 ,decoppet1 of ,paris1 declares that the ,protestant population of ,france is still but a feeble minority1 which holds its own1 but does not sensibly increase1 while the church is evidently gaining every day in influence2 and1 moreover1 ,protestantism is torn by internal discords1 and weakened by rationalistic tendencies1 which give its enemies a plausible pretext for their assertion that ,protestantism leads necessarily to negation1 and that it is on the high-road to dissolution4 ,in ,denmark1 according to ,dr4 ,kalkar1 of ,copenhagen1 ,catholicism has made rapid and extraordinary progress4 ,in ,protestant ,sweden1 unbelief has spread among the people1 especially among the educated classes1 and the moral condition of the people is tolerably low4 ,upon the discussion of the various methods proposed in the conference to combat the enemies of ,protestantism we do not know that we need linger4 ,infidel philosophy engaged most of the attention of the ,german and ,american delegates2 but how could ,protestantism do battle with its own offspring8 ,the debate on the ,darwinian theory was empty--nay1 it was almost childish4 ,the essays on the same subject were timid and inconsequential4 ,and strange to say1 when the day for demolishing the ,pope of ,rome came around1 the fiery1 aggressive spirit which animated the ,alliance in former days was wanting4 ,there were rumors of dissatisfaction among the brethren at the time-honored attitude of the ,evangelical ,alliance towards the ,scarlet ,woman of ,babylon2 and it was thought that while atheism was so rife1 and faith so weak1 and ,protestantism dying1 so to speak1 of inanition1 it was unwise to quarrel with any kind of ,christianity which seemed able to arrest the downward progress4 ,those who judged thus instinctively felt1 what they would be slow to acknowledge1 that between the ,catholic ,church and no faith at all there is not a middle position4 ,the whole ,conference teaches the same truth4 ,protestantism drifts away into the darkness and the storm1 but the ,rock of ,peter stands immovable1 the same yesterday1 and to-day1 and for all time4 ,upon this rock will ,i build my church1 and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it4 ,,footnotes3 #acj ,romans xvi4 #ag1 #ah4 ,,catholic ,,literature ,,in ,,england ,,since ,,the ,,reformation4 ,,concluded4 ,after the death of ,alexander ,pope1 in #agdd1 it was a long time before ,english ,catholic literature could boast of any living name4 ,prelates1 indeed1 and priests there were1 whose admirable writings circulated among their co-religionists1 but few who were known to the public generally as successful aspirants for literary fame4 ,yet the devotional and controversial writings of the time--the works1 for example1 of ,bps4 ,hay1 ,challoner1 and ,milner--took no mean part in the cultivation of the intellect and taste4 ,the influence of classical authors from without was discoverable in their style1 and they kept pace in general with the enlarged experience of the age4 ,there is no philosophy so deep as ,catholic philosophy2 none so comprehensive1 affecting1 and complete4 ,it embraces all other philosophies so far as they are sound2 and far from being at variance with any branch of human science1 it incorporates all knowledge into itself as parts of a system of universal truth4 ,it is the philosophy of life and of society2 the philosophy of the soul1 her joys and sorrows1 her aspirations and ends4 ,it solves all the questions which vex the inquiring spirit1 so far as it is possible for them to be solved under our present conditions of being4 ,catholic philosophy1 under this point of view1 is set forth in the most touching manner by ,bp4 ,challoner in his ,meditations for ,every ,day in the ,year4 ,apart from the edifying character of these reflections1 it is impossible to read them attentively without allowing them distinct literary merit4 ,while they evince a tenderness and pathos that are sure to win on the reader's heart1 they exhibit also much art in composition4 ,the sentences are well balanced and musical2 the subject is always exposed methodically2 and the appeals1 however addressed to the feelings1 are controlled by strict reasoning4 ,take1 again1 ,bp4 ,milner's ,end of ,controversy--a series of letters addressed to the ,protestant ,bishop of ,st4 ,david's4 ,it is a complete armory4 ,if ,dr4 ,challoner's ,meditations was fitted to implant the divine philosophy of ,catholicism deeply in the breast1 ,dr4 ,milner's ,end of ,controversy was no less calculated to arm the sincere ,catholic with every needful weapon of defence against the assailants of his creed4 ,if luminous arrangement1 clear reasoning1 and profound learning constitute claims to literary merit1 that book possesses it in no ordinary degree4 ,edition after edition has been published1 and it has been produced in so cheap a form as to be accessible to readers in the humblest circumstances4 ,though the face of controversy between ,catholics and ,protestants has much changed of late years in ,england1 firstly by the ,anglo-,catholic or ,tractarian movement1 and1 secondly1 by the wide spread of infidel opinions under the form of positivism1 yet the old arguments in support of ,catholicism remain unchanged1 and there are few cases of heavy resistance which ,dr4 ,milner's letters will not meet even now4 ,ingenious additions and variations have been made by subsequent controversialists to supply passing needs1 but1 after all1 these grand old field-pieces1 when brought fairly into line1 will be found equal to the task of demolishing any bench of ,protestant bishops and any assembly of ,presbyterian elders4 ,the ,lives of the ,saints1 by the ,rev4 ,alban ,butler1 appeared for the first time in #aged1 ten years after ,pope's death4 ,the venerable author was ,principal of the ,english ,college at ,st4 ,omer1 then the principal seminary for ,english ecclesiastics4 ,the wide celebrity of the work1 and the fact of its having been made a reference-book in every good ,catholic library1 render it needless to dwell on its excellences4 ,suffice it to say that it exhibits a profound acquaintance with the subjects of which it treats1 and preserves a wise medium between credulity and disbelief4 ,the copious notes1 containing accounts of the writings of sainted fathers and doctors1 are invaluable to literary men2 and the ,lives in general shows that the author's knowledge and research extended far beyond the bounds of theology1 hagiology1 and church history4 ,his nephew1 ,charles ,butler--himself a well-known literary character--published an ,account of the ,life and ,writings of the ,rev4 ,alban ,butler1 in which he gives1 as nearly as possible1 a list of the principal works and sources from which the author of the ,lives of the ,saints derived his information4 ,he then goes on to say that literary topics were frequently the subject of his uncle's familiar conversation1 and quotes from memory many of his criticisms on ,herodotus1 whose style he greatly admired1 ,cicero1 ,julius ,csar1 the works of ,plato1 and the modern ,latin poems of ,wallius1 together with the relative merits of the sermons of ,bossuet and ,bourdaloue4 ,charles ,butler always took a laudable pride in dwelling on his uncle's merits1 and in making them better known to the public4 ,to his editorship is owing the publication of the ,notes of ,alban ,butler's travels during the years #agdd-df4 ,he informs us in a short preface that in many places they were little more than mere jottings1 and not intended for publication2 that their meaning1 also1 was frequently difficult to decipher4 ,by his care and diligence1 however1 they were brought into a readable form2 and the volume1 published in ,edinburgh in #ahjc1 and now rarely to be met with1 is valuable as showing the highest degree of knowledge of ,italian ecclesiastical affairs then attainable by a cultivated and inquiring traveller4 ,seldom has a book of travels had more facts condensed into it4 ,it is a monument of close observation2 and at a time when handbooks were very few and very imperfect1 it must have been a precious vade mecum in the hands of ,catholic travellers1 and particularly ecclesiastics4 ,the writer seems1 in every spot he visited1 to have gathered up all that could be collected respecting it either from books or individuals4 ,the amount of statistics is enormous1 and the attention to details truly laudable4 ,had these ,travels been written for the public1 and graced with the flowing style and the free and copious reflections which abound in the ,lives of the ,saints1 they would have been read frequently to this day1 and have ranked high among compositions of a similar kind4 ,the writings of ,charles ,butler are of no mean value1 in consequence of his having directed his attention to ,english ,catholic history at a time when scarcely any other writers thought it worth their while to obtain accurate information on the subject1 and still less to record it for the benefit of others4 ,charles ,butler made it his business to preserve everything of importance which he could collect respecting the political and religious condition of his co-religionists in ,england since the time of the ,reformation2 and all subsequent historians have1 in such matters1 been greatly indebted to his ,historical ,memoirs and ,reminiscences4 ,his style1 it is true1 is very sketchy1 and his matter reads like notes and memoranda2 but the intrinsic value of what he places on record atones in some measure for this defect4 ,in his opinions he inclined rather to the liberal school of thought1 and this fact brought him into serious collision with ,bp4 ,milner on the subject of the veto and other matters then in debate4 ,there can1 however1 be no doubt of his sincere attachment to the ,catholic religion1 while his love of literature and all that concerns mental progress is no less apparent in his works4 ,acquainted as he was with most of the distinguished men of the day1 he had ample opportunities of observing their peculiar gifts and habits4 ,the remarks which he makes in his ,reminiscences on the parliamentary eloquence of ,chatham1 ,north1 ,fox1 ,pitt1 and their compeers1 whom he had seen and heard1 have this merit1 that they were derived from no second-hand sources4 ,his ,hor ,biblic1 ,germanic ,empire1 ,hor ,juridic1 his numerous biographies1 his ,historical ,memoirs of the ,church of ,france and of ,english1 ,irish1 and ,scottish ,catholics1 were not merely up to the standard of his time1 but often beyond it1 in consequence of the peculiarity of the materials that he brought together4 ,while he was familiar with a wide range of literature1 ,english1 foreign1 and ancient1 he was also conversant with algebra1 music and other fine arts4 ,the motto he adopted for his ,reminiscences from ,d',aguesseau shows his love of study3 ,le changement de l'tude est toujours un dlassement pour moi--,a change of study is always a relaxation for me4 ,if he is sometimes formal and verging on priggishness--as when he styles himself all through two volumes the ,reminiscent--the fashion of his day1 which was far more stilted than we should approve1 must be his excuse4 ,if we had enjoyed the pleasure of his acquaintance1 we should1 no doubt1 have pronounced him a gentleman of the old school4 ,the ,rev4 ,joseph ,berington was another ,catholic of the last century who has embalmed his memory in a useful work4 ,charles ,butler wrote of his ,literary ,history of the ,middle ,ages3 ,it presents the best account in print of that important subject4 ,the ,biographie ,universelle1 that ,pantheon of genius1 contains a very imperfect but interesting monument to his memory4 ,he was a contemporary of ,charles ,butler1 and a link in the chain of ,english ,catholic authors since the great overthrow of religion4 ,between the years #aggf and #aghf1 he published several controversial works directed against infidelity and ,protestantism4 ,he then published the ,history of ,abelard and ,heloise1 with the genuine letters of those around whom ,pope's poem had thrown much romantic interest4 ,it soon reached a second edition1 and was followed by a ,history of ,henry ,,ii4 and his ,two ,sons1 vindicating the character of ,s4 ,thomas ,becket4 ,but it was not till #ahad that he published the work on which his reputation mainly rests1 ,the ,literary ,history of the ,middle ,ages4 ,by that time his experience had matured1 and he had collected a large body of materials from numberless sources4 ,his work1 when it appeared1 was the best compendium to be found2 but since that period the researches of ,maitland1 ,kenelm ,digby1 and many others have thrown open to our view more clearly the fair fields and wealthy mines of medival lore4 ,this volume served as a stimulus to the inquiries of other students1 and it was thought worthy of republication so late as #ahdf4 ,what we admire in it is the taste of the writer and his genuine love of the subject on which he treats4 ,he does not write like a dry bibliographer1 but in a genial way--like one whose learning has not eaten out his individual human heart4 ,but the merit of ,berington and ,charles ,butler fades into insignificance when compared with that of ,lingard4 ,before his time1 ,english history was almost unknown4 ,the ,catholic side of a number of questions had never been fairly presented1 and the true sources of history had either not been discovered1 or were very scantily resorted to4 ,it was ,dr4 ,lingard who first made the public sensible of the value of documents brought to light by the ,record ,commission2 the ,close and ,patent ,rolls extant in the ,tower2 the ,parliamentary writs2 the papers and instruments of the ,state ,paper ,office2 the despatches of ,de la ,mothe ,fnelon1 the ,french ambassador in ,london in the reign of ,elizabeth2 the letters and speeches of ,oliver ,cromwell2 and the archives of the ,ministre des ,affaires ,etrangres in ,france4 ,accustomed as we now are to see history written by the lights of such incontestable evidence1 we often wonder how our forefathers could have accepted with complacency the jejune records founded in too many cases on tradition and fancy4 ,to ,dr4 ,lingard and ,miss ,strickland is principally due the praise of having introduced a more respectable and reliable method4 ,historians generally train themselves unconsciously for their larger works by the composition of some smaller ones4 ,it was thus with ,lingard1 who published1 in #ahjf1 his ,antiquities of the ,anglo-,saxon ,church1 and lived to watch over its success1 and improve it in numerous editions1 during a period of forty-five years4 ,he availed himself gladly of the labors of other workers in the historic field1 and saw1 with singular pleasure1 the laws1 charters1 poems1 homilies1 and letters of our ,anglo-,saxon ancestors collected and published4 ,but no work on the ,anglo-,saxon portion of ,english history is more valuable and interesting than his own4 ,he causes the church of that epoch to live before us with its laws1 polity1 doctrines1 sacraments1 services1 discipline1 and literature4 ,he consults the original authorities1 and1 putting aside wearisome controversies on points of detail1 confines himself to facts well ascertained4 ,it was during his residence at ,pontop and ,crook ,hall1 and before removing to ,ushaw--in a neighborhood where ,weremouth and ,jarrow recalled the memory of ,bede1 and where ,tynemouth1 ,hexham1 ,lindisfarne1 and many other spots spoke eloquently of the past--that ,lingard used1 in his spare moments1 to compile the several papers on the religion1 laws1 and literature of the ,anglo-,saxons1 of which his work is composed4 ,seated by the evening fireside1 he would read them to his companions1 and their interest in his theme1 and surprise at the extent of his learning1 increased with every reading4 ,when1 at length1 the series reached its close1 his friends earnestly requested him to publish them as a connected history2 and thus the foundation of his future reputation and usefulness was laid4 ,if amateur authors would more frequently try their strength in this way1 without rushing unadvisedly into print1 they would be spared much disappointment and expense1 and the standard of current literature would be raised4 ,the publication of ,the ,anglo-,saxon ,church naturally led to ,lingard's being solicited to extend his history to a later period4 ,why should not he1 who was evidently so competent1 trace the fortunes of the church through the ,norman1 ,plantagenet1 ,lancastrian1 and ,yorkist periods8 ,nay1 what reason was there why he should not give the world a ,catholic version of the history of the ,reformation1 so commonly and flagrantly misrepresented8 ,how many old ,catholic families would be delighted to peruse a faithful record of events in which their ancestors were concerned6 ,might not he throw a halo round many illustrious ,catholic names1 and tear up by the roots many ,protestant historic falsehoods8 ,had not several of the ,stuart kings shown a bias1 and more than a bias1 towards the ancient religion8 ,and who could exhibit the different phases in the career and character of those kings so well as he8 ,if ,queen ,mary had been unduly reviled1 and ,queen ,elizabeth extravagantly praised1 on whom could the task of rectifying these mistakes be devolved so safely as on ,lingard8 ,such questions stirred his activity and laudable ambition2 for he was not unconscious of his ability to write the history of his country4 ,at first1 indeed1 he modestly shrank from so serious an undertaking1 and contemplated only an abridgment for the use of schools2 but a secluded mission like that of ,hornby1 to which he had retired1 is highly favorable to the composition of important works4 ,the ,abridgment was revised when he had buried ,henry ,,vii41 and1 after being rewritten1 was thrown aside4 ,the scaffolding was thrown down1 but the house stood4 ,when ,lingard visited ,rome in #ahag1 he was1 in the first instance1 discouraged by the reception he met with4 ,it was intimated to him by a member of the ,sacred ,college that ,dr4 ,milner had already sufficiently exposed and refuted the calumnies contained in ,hume1 and that further researches for the purposes of ,english history were unnecessary or of slight importance4 ,every writer of eminence has met with similar rebuffs4 ,lingard was mortified1 but not deterred from the object he had in view4 ,before he left ,rome1 the archives of the ,vatican had been opened to him without reserve1 his admission to the libraries was facilitated1 and transcripts of such unpublished documents as he might require were promised him4 ,unfortunately1 the privilege of consulting the ,vatican treasures was of little use1 seeing that the ,french ,revolution had thrown the codices into much confusion4 ,in the early part of #ahai the three volumes of the ,history of ,england1 extending to the death of ,henry ,,vii41 were published1 having been purchased by ,mawman1 the publisher1 for a thousand guineas2 and other volumes followed at irregular intervals1 till1 in #ahcj1 the whole history down to the ,revolution of #afhh had appeared4 ,for the first and second editions the author received altogether #d1acc--;an extraordinary amount1 considering the unpopularity of ,catholics at the time of its appearance1 and the small number of ,english ,catholic readers4 ,but its fame extended beyond the ,english shores2 translations in ,french and ,german were published2 and an ,italian translation was printed1 by the ,pope's desire1 at the press of the ,propaganda4 ,his ,holiness subscribed for #bjj copies of this translation2 and ,cardinal ,cristaldi1 the ,trsorire ,gnrale1 for a yet larger number4 ,it was reproduced in ,america1 and in ,paris by ,galignani1 and read at ,rome with enthusiastic delight4 ,pius ,,vii41 in ,august1 #ahba1 conferred on the author the triple academical laurel1 creating him at the same time doctor of divinity and of canon and civil law4 ,leo ,,xii4 invited him to take up his residence in ,rome2 but from this ,lingard excused himself by saying that it was necessary he should examine original papers which could be found in ,england only4 ,on his departure1 the same pontiff presented him with the gold medal which is usually reserved for cardinals and princes1 and he is said to have designed for him the dignity of the cardinalate4 ,as time went on1 ,lingard's knowledge of ,english history widened and deepened4 ,he availed himself eagerly of the new sources of information which this century has opened so abundantly1 and1 by the constant revision of his work1 he rendered it increasingly valuable4 ,it would be difficult to overstate its merits1 one of the highest of which is its impartiality and fearless statement of what the writer knew to be true4 ,he avoided all appearance of controversy1 and often refuted ,hume without appearing to do so4 ,his great aim was to write a history which ,protestants would read1 and in this he succeeded4 ,in #ahbe1 the ,president of the ,english ,college at ,rome1 ,dr4 ,gradwell1 wrote to him1 saying3 ,your ,history is much spoken of here as one of the great causes which have wrought such a change in public sentiment in ,england on ,catholic matters4 ,dr4 ,wiseman1 writing to ,lingard in ,july1 #ahce1 said3 ,all the professors at ,munich desired me1 again and again1 to assure you of the high esteem they entertain for you1 and the high position your work is allowed1 through all ,germany1 among historical productions4 ,prof4 ,phillips1 formerly professor of history at ,baden1 now at ,munich1 requested me to inform you that he owes his conversion 7which made immense sensation1 on account of his well-known talents7 chiefly to your ,history1 which he undertook to review4 ,a few weeks only before ,cardinal ,wiseman's death1 he thus expressed his sense of ,dr4 ,lingard's merits1 both as an author and a man3 ,be assured of my affectionate gratitude to you for much kindness in my early youth1 and still more for the great1 important1 and noble services which you have rendered to religion through life1 and which have so much contributed to overthrow error1 and give a solid historical basis to all subsequent controversy with ,protestantism4 ,in mentioning those writers who have helped to construct an ,english ,catholic literature1 it would be impossible to omit the name of ,thomas ,moore4 ,though an ,irishman by birth1 the ,english1 among whom he chiefly resided1 are accustomed to reckon him among their own2 and though1 unhappily1 he ceased1 at an early period of life1 to observe regularly the duties of his religion1 he never ceased altogether to frequent the services of the ,catholic ,church2 and in his writings he maintained to the last the truth of ,catholicism1 and the immense superiority of its system over all modern forms and sections of ,christianity4 ,his ,travels of an ,irish ,gentleman in search of a ,religion is no less forcible in argument than humorous in style2 and numberless passages in his diaries and poems prove that ,catholicism retained its hold over his heart as well as his understanding1 though it did not always influence duly his practice as a member of the church4 ,probably his passion for society1 and his fondness for the great1 were in some measure the causes of his conforming outwardly to ,protestant observances1 and allowing his children to be educated in the doctrines and usages of the ,church of ,england4 ,certain it is that his own affections were never weaned from the faith of his parents2 and one of his most intimate friends1 ,lord ,russell1 who was also his biographer1 assures us that1 when in ,london1 it was his custom to frequent the ,catholic chapel in ,wardour ,street4 ,we cannot in this place discuss as fully as it deserves the question of ,moore's personal ,catholicity4 ,suffice it to refer to a passage in his ,diary1 under the date ,november #b to #i1 #ahcd1 and to the following1 dated ,april #i1 #ahcc3 ,in one of my conversations with ,lord ,john 7,russell71 we talked about my forthcoming book1 and ,i explained to him the nature of it1 adding that ,i had not the least doubt in my own mind of the truth of the case ,i undertook to prove in it--namely1 that ,popery is in all respects the old1 original ,christianity1 and ,protestantism a departure from it4 ,such was the lesson which the ,travels of an ,irish ,gentleman in search of a ,religion was intended to teach2 nor could anything less than a deep sympathy for the faith of the people of ,ireland have inspired ,moore with such touching lamentations over their wrongs and sufferings4 ,the frame of his mind was essentially religious2 and those who have been wont to think of him as a dissolute devotee of fashion will feel surprised to discover in the authentic records of his life a fond and faithful husband1 an affectionate son1 a loving parent1 and1 as far as his feelings were regarded1 a devout ,christian4 ,his ,sacred ,songs were not efforts of the imagination merely2 they expressed the genuine emotions of his inmost heart2 and how beautifully1 and in numbers how inimitably melodious6 ,there is a disposition among some critics to disparage ,moore's poetry1 and to treat him merely as a love-sick rhymer2 but his fame is proof against such pitiful assailants2 and his poems will awaken echoes in the human heart when their artificial and obscure poetizings shall 444 bind a book1 or line a box1 ,or serve to curl a maiden's locks4 ,there cannot be a doubt that his writings contributed largely to the success of the movement in favor of ,catholic emancipation1 and that his ,irish ,melodies in particular conspired with the speeches and addresses of ,o',connell to kindle in the breasts of ,irishmen and ,irishwomen the determination to set their country free4 ,the enthusiasm1 even to tears1 which they excited on the lake1 in the grove1 in the music-hall and the banqueting-room1 when sung to the soft notes of the piano or harp1 burst forth sooner or later in action1 and produced results by which senates were moved and populations stirred4 ,the power which poetry has over men's hearts and actions is a test of its merits that rises far above the technicalities of a pedantic school2 and ,moore's lyrics are not found wanting when tried by this standard4 ,they are truly magnetic4 ,they have fired many a soldier on the field of battle1 and excited many an orator at the hustings2 they have comforted many a solitary mourner1 and smoothed many a touch of sickness and pain4 ,we have1 of course1 no apology to offer for some of those in which he celebrates earthly love2 though it must be admitted he has not been unmindful of that higher1 that divine love1 which alone can crown earthly affections with true happiness4 ,no one has sung more sweetly than ,moore the truths that ,god is the life and light of all this wondrous world2 that he dries the mourner's tear2 that the world is all a fleeting show2 that there is nothing bright but the soul may see in it some feature of ,deity1 and nothing dark but ,god's love may be traced therein4 ,what hymn-book contains a spiritual lesson more true and beautiful than this8 ,as morning1 when her early breeze ,breaks up the surface of the seas1 ,that in their furrows1 dark with night1 ,her hands may sow the seeds of light1 ,thy grace can send its breathings o'er ,the spirit1 dark and lost before1 ,and1 freshening all its depths1 prepare ,for truth divine to enter there6 ,but it is in ,moore's national poems that we must look for the principal gauge of his influence on public opinion4 ,their effect in ,england was no less magical than in ,ireland4 ,wherever they were sung or read1 they turned enemies into advocates2 and mammas little dreamed that political treatises were entering their homes in the shape of rolls of music4 ,by adapting modern words to ancient airs1 they appealed to listeners by the twofold charm of antiquity and novelty4 ,they surpassed the plaintive sweetness of ,carolan1 being addressed to more refined audiences than had ever gathered round ,erin's minstrels of old4 ,during one-and-twenty years1 from #ahjg to #ahbh1 the ,irish ,melodies transmitted the light of song through the variegating prism of harmony2 and the cruel acts against minstrels in the reigns of ,henry ,,viii4 and ,elizabeth were atoned for by the rapturous welcome given in ,england under the last two of the ,georges to the most tuneful expressions of patriotism that ever broke from lip and lyre since the days of the sweet ,psalmist of ,israel4 ,they laid bare the bleeding heart-strings of the ,irish cotter1 exile1 and emigrant2 they pleaded for the redress of his wrongs1 centuries old2 they invoked a ,nemesis on his oppressor2 they enlisted on his side the suffrages of the noble1 the tender-hearted1 and the brave4 ,they coupled ,ireland with ,poland in the minds of all lovers of political justice2 and they even suggested analogies between the ,irish and the persecuted and outcast people of ,israel4 ,that they promoted indirectly1 and still promote1 the cause of ,catholicism is certain2 for the sequences of mental associations are governed by rules as fixed as those which attend the sequences of natural products4 ,under the symbol of lovers1 which all can understand1 they frequently set forth the relation between the ,irishman and his country1 including his religion4 ,to the true ,irishman1 indeed1 of that period1 the ideas of his native land and his father's faith were inseparable1 and he would have thought that which was disloyal to either to have been treason against both4 ,moore's ,catholic education--the never-forgotten lessons of ,catholic parents1 whom he fondly loved--constituted a large element in the power and charm of his ever-varied and incomparable ,melodies4 ,the practical importance of journalism as a branch of literature cannot be too highly rated2 for1 though in itself it seldom reaches the highest literary excellence1 it brings it down to the level of ordinary understandings1 and retails to the public what in the wholesale they would not buy4 ,in the beginning of #ahdj1 the ,catholic field in ,england was sufficiently extended1 and its prospects were so promising that a weekly organ of greater ability and wider scope than any which then existed was imperatively required4 ,no one appeared better able to conduct such a journal successfully than ,frederic ,lucas4 ,born of ,quaker parents1 and educated at the ,london ,university1 he had1 at an early age1 been distinguished for his ardent pursuit of literature in preference to art1 science1 or mathematics4 ,skilful as a debater1 and insatiable in his historical researches1 he was attracted to the subject of religion by its controversial and historic side4 ,the works of ,bentham1 and the stirring events of the revolutionary period of #ahcj1 drew him deep into politics1 while the poetry of ,byron1 ,shelley1 and ,wordsworth strewed his pathway with shells and flowers1 and colored every object around him with rainbow hues4 ,called to the bar in #ahce1 he became intimately acquainted with ,thomas ,carlyle1 personally and as an author4 ,the writings of this eminent historian and philosopher had for him a special charm1 to which the peculiarity of their style was no drawback4 ,he took great interest in the lectures on ,heroes and ,hero ,worship when they were first delivered2 and it was from his accurate notes that a full report of ,lecture ,no4 #a was published in the ,tablet4 ,though the tendency of ,carlyle's works is towards anything but ,catholicism1 they had1 strange to say1 an indirect tendency that way in ,lucas' case4 ,they called up many sympathies in favor of the middle ages1 and pointed to increase of faith as the grand remedy for human ills4 ,there was about this time a great stirring of the public mind on religious subjects1 and ,lucas1 reflecting deeply on the chaotic state of ,christendom and the ever-multiplying forms of schism1 became attracted to views set forth with great ability by ,oxford divines1 tending to revive medival practices and produce a tranquil reliance on ancient ecclesiastical authority4 ,but he felt no inclination to stop at the half-way house4 ,to exchange ,quakerism for ,anglicanism would1 he thought1 be a loss rather than a gain2 for the doctrines of the ,society of ,friends could1 at least1 be stated definitely1 whereas those of the ,church of ,england were matter of ceaseless debate between three parties--,high ,church1 ,low ,church1 and ,broad ,church4 ,he therefore broke through every barrier1 and ruptured many ties of friendship1 interest1 and old association4 ,his ,reasons for becoming a ,roman ,catholic was a pamphlet remarkable for the poetic exuberance of its style1 and still more from the fact of its being addressed to ,friends1 and its defending ,catholicism from a ,friend's point of view4 ,a few articles published in the ,dublin ,review established ,lucas' literary reputation among his co-religionists1 and he was soon invited to edit a new ,catholic weekly journal1 which he named the ,tablet4 ,the first number appeared on the #afth of ,may1 #ahdj1 and during fifteen years ,lucas continued to direct the undertaking1 and to take a leading part in its composition4 ,some of the literary and miscellaneous papers were1 in the early days of the publication1 contributed by non-,catholics2 but it was then1 and has ever since been1 regarded as an exponent of ,catholicism--not1 indeed1 absolutely authoritative1 but in the highest degree weighty1 and semi-official4 ,it can scarcely be necessary to speak of the ability which this journal displayed in ,lucas' hands4 ,one anecdote will suffice to prove the intellectual readiness and aptitude of the editor4 ,an article which appeared in the ,dublin ,review in #ahdi1 on the ,campaigns of the ,duke of ,marlborough1 at once attracted the notice of ,sir ,william ,napier1 the historian of the ,peninsular ,war4 ,competent judge as he was1 he supposed the article to be written by a soldier1 and could not conceive that any other than a military man could exhibit so much familiarity with the manuvres of armies and the tactics of generals4 ,when he learned that it was a civilian who thus described and commented on the battles of ,blenheim1 ,ramillies1 ,oudenarde1 and ,malplaquet1 he hastened to make his acquaintance1 and offered him every species of encouragement4 ,but if ,english ,catholics were fortunate in having a really literary man at the head of their most popular journal1 they were still more so in possessing an archbishop who was a connoisseur in art1 skilled in science1 and profound in ancient and modern lore4 ,there were few subjects with which ,cardinal ,wiseman was not conversant2 and when weary of business and serious study1 he would often refresh his own mind and entertain his friends by discussing topics altogether outside the ordinary grave circle of a prelate's discourse4 ,he could talk of pancakes and posy-rings1 of ,cymbeline and ,peter ,bell1 as fluently as of general councils and the ,acts of the ,martyrs4 ,his ,essays1 reprinted from the ,dublin ,review1 his ,connection between ,science and ,revelation1 his ,fabiola1 a ,tale of the ,catacombs1 and his ,lives of the ,last ,four ,popes1 abundantly establish his literary reputation1 and are equally creditable to his research1 observation1 and inventive faculty4 ,the story of ,fabiola was composed1 as he tells us1 at all sorts of times and places1 early and late2 in scraps and fragments of time1 when the body was too fatigued or the mind too worn-out for heavier occupation2 in the roadside inn1 in the halt of travel1 in strange houses1 in every variety of situation and circumstance1 sometimes trying ones4 ,in the midst of his episcopal labors1 he found time for the delivery of numerous lectures on secular subjects1 which attracted public attention to many curious points in literature1 art1 and science4 ,in the present age1 when every field of knowledge and experiment is crowded with eager students1 and when a disposition is seen everywhere to subordinate all discoveries and researches to high1 if not always correct1 views of religion1 it seems to be of the utmost importance that ,catholics in general should1 as far as they are able1 copy the example of ,cardinal ,wiseman in cultivating the happy and hallowed alliance of truth divinely revealed and truth humanly ascertained1 feeling sure that1 however the two may seem here and there to clash one with another1 the discrepancy between them is only apparent1 and will vanish on closer investigation4 ,dr4 ,newman has adopted a perfectly unique mode of enriching the ,catholic literature of his country4 ,he is now1 in his advanced age1 republishing all his works from the commencement of his author-life4 ,many of these appeared while he was still a clergyman of the ,church of ,england2 but to these he appends qualifying or explanatory notes1 thus laying before his readers both his first and second thoughts4 ,this often gives him an opportunity of rebutting his former errors1 and1 by a brush of arms1 laying low many a favorite ,anglican defence4 ,the series serves1 also1 to fill up various parts of his biography which had been sketched only in the ,apologia pro ,vita ,sua4 ,it is1 therefore1 welcome to the reading public in general1 to whom his earlier life has never lost its interest in consequence of his conversion4 ,the avidity with which his works are read by non-,catholics is no small proof of their merit intellectually considered4 ,indeed1 to use the words of one writing in a hostile spirit in the ,pall ,mall ,gazette of ,sept4 #bc1 #ahgb3 ,the extreme beauty of his language1 the rarity of his utterances1 his delicate yet forcible way of dealing with opposition when obliged to do so--all these things have invested his image with a kind of halo1 to which1 for our parts1 we scarcely remember a parallel4 ,nothing could prove more conclusively the esteem in which he is held by the ,english public than the reception given to his ,apologia4 ,though this publication was polemical1 though ,dr4 ,newman's adversary was a ,protestant clergyman and professor in the ,university of ,cambridge1 the verdict given by the leading journals and reviews of the day was emphatically on the side of the ,priest of the ,oratory--the convert from ,anglicanism6 ,mr4 ,kingsley was universally condemned as having advanced what he could not substantiate2 and the beautifully nave account which the assailed gave of his own life1 opinions1 literary and ministerial career1 was welcomed and hailed with praise1 admiration1 and delight4 ,the ,spectator 7than which no review in ,england stands higher7 styled the ,apologia3 ,an interior view of one of the greatest minds and greatest natures ever completely subjected to the influence of reactionary thought2 and it added3 ,mr4 ,kingsley has grievously wronged a man utterly unintelligible to him1 but as incapable of falsehood or of the advocacy of falsehood as the sincerest ,protestant4 ,the ,union ,review1 a ,high ,church organ1 said of the same work3 ,since the ,confessions of ,s4 ,augustine were given to the world1 we doubt if any autobiography has appeared of such thrilling interest as the present4 ,the ,saturday ,review was scarcely less emphatic4 ,few books1 it said1 have been published1 in the memory of this generation1 full of so varied an interest as ,dr4 ,newman's ,apologia4 ,to these extracts we must add one more from a writer in the ,times3 ,so far as one can judge from the opinions of the press1 it is universally acknowledged that ,dr4 ,newman has displayed through his whole life1 and never more so than at the time he was most bitterly assailed1 the most transparent idea of an honorable and high-minded gentleman4 ,it is not so much to the theological as to the literary character of ,dr4 ,newman's works that we wish to call attention4 ,as a writer of sermons1 he has never been surpassed4 ,old as the ,christian religion is1 he never failed in preaching to present some portion of it in a new light4 ,the ,scriptures of the ,old ,testament in his hands acquire new meaning and import2 and the subtlety of his thought is only equalled by the limpid clearness of his style4 ,to those who remember him only as he appeared in the pulpit of ,s4 ,mary the ,virgin's1 ,oxford1 his image is that of a seer piercing the depths of nature and redemption1 and enunciating1 under the influence of a divine afflatus1 truths full of awe and tenderness1 but often too vast for the comprehension of his hearers4 ,the test of any work of art is this--that it will bear the closest inspection4 ,the fine gold of ,dr4 ,newman's sermon-writing becomes more evident when his discourses are molten down in the crucible of severe criticism4 ,they have nothing to fear from dissection2 rather they court the anatomist's knife4 ,their beauty does not lie on the surface merely1 though that surface is passing fair2 they have that interior charm and sweetness1 that plaintive and mysterious tenderness1 which belongs to the notes of a ,stradivarius violin when played by a master-hand4 ,they suggest more than they say2 they are replete with thoughts that often lie too deep for tears1 and make us feel that we are greater than we know4 ,they win upon our hearts like a living voice1 and make us love the writer1 whom we have perhaps never seen4 ,eloquent would be a poor and vulgar adjective to apply to them4 ,they are more than eloquent2 they are poetry1 religion1 and philosophy combined in prose1 which is prose only because it is not in rhythm4 ,largely as ,dr4 ,newman is gifted with the imaginative faculty1 he has not acquired1 nor1 indeed1 deserved to acquire1 the same honors as a poet as by his prose writings4 ,his verses entitled ,lead1 kindly ,light1 are faultlessly beautiful1 and some parts of ,gerontius are very fine2 but in his poetry in general there is a want of color and detail4 ,his mind has not been turned sufficiently to the minuter qualities and phases of natural objects to make a consummate poet4 ,he is too abstract1 chill1 and classical for the luxurious requirements of modern verse4 ,but when1 in his prose1 he launches into matter highly poetical in its nature1 as in ,callista1 when he describes the ravages of the locusts1 or in his ,sermons1 when he dwells on the assumption of ,our ,lady's body into heaven1 his language is equally copious and brilliant1 reaching the highest form of speech without any sacrifice of simplicity1 point1 or color4 ,whatever ,dr4 ,newman writes1 be it sermon1 history1 or fiction1 it has the air of an essay4 ,it is a charming disquisition--the outpouring of the thoughts of a great and original mind on some point which deeply interests him1 and the connection of which with other matters of high import he sees more clearly than other men4 ,but he is not discursive2 he does not straggle about from one subject to another1 but keeps closely to that which is in hand4 ,hence1 to cursory readers he often seems to be forgetting some truths1 because he dwells so fully and forcibly on others4 ,it is their minds which are at fault1 not his4 ,all parts of a large system of ,christian philosophy are present to his view at all times2 and for this very reason he can afford to spend himself on each in detail and labor upward from the particular to the universal4 ,in this respect he resembles ,plato1 while in others he has been compared1 not unjustly1 to ,s4 ,augustine3 ,whene'er ,i con the thoughtful page ,my youth so dearly prized1 ,i say1 ,this foremost of his age ,is ,plato's self baptized6 ,but kindling1 weeping1 as ,i read1 ,and wondering at his pen1 ,i cry1 ,this ,newman is indeed ,augustine come again4 ,the sweet1 sublime ',athenian ,bee' ,and ,hippo's seer1 who ran ,through every range of thought1 ,i see ,combined in this new man4 ,when ,thomas ,moore was visiting ,sir ,walter ,scott at ,abbotsford1 nearly fifty years ago1 they both agreed that much of the poetry then appearing in periodicals1 and passing comparatively unnoticed1 would1 not many years before1 have made the reputation of the writers4 ,if they were alive now1 with how much stronger emphasis would they make a similar remark6 ,magazine poetry in ,england now is as superior to that of #ahbe as that of #ahbe surpassed that of #agge4 ,there are not a few poets at this moment1 whose names are scarcely known1 who would1 at an earlier period of ,english literature1 have been crowned with laurel by general consent4 ,the great poets of this century have raised the standard of poetry1 and verse nowadays is what ,scott and ,wordsworth1 ,byron and ,moore1 ,shelley and ,tennyson1 have made it4 ,mr4 ,aubrey de ,vere1 in the time of ,daniel1 ,carew1 ,drummond1 and ,drayton1 would have been a star of the first magnitude2 whereas he is now1 partly on account of his ,catholic principles1 observed and admired by the public far less than he deserves4 ,born of a ,protestant family1 and educated in the ,protestant religion1 he has in ripe years chosen the better part1 and embraced the faith of the large majority of his countrymen4 ,he has thrown himself into the views of ,irish ,catholics on political subjects1 and has1 without disloyalty to the existing government1 reproduced in modern verse the passionate sentiments of ,irish chieftains1 captives1 exiles1 emigrants1 and serfs of the soil in days long past4 ,residing1 however1 chiefly in ,england1 and representing1 as he does1 the later colonists of ,ireland1 we may venture to class him among ,english authors1 or1 at least1 to consider his poems as a contribution to ,english ,catholic literature4 ,occasional obscurity and faulty rhymes are1 in his case1 redeemed by poetry's prime excellence--originality of thought and expression4 ,lines pregnant with truth and beauty are constantly recurring1 and the deeply religious feeling which pervades all has the great advantage of not being expressed in hackneyed and conventional language4 ,the ,may ,carols is a perfect conservatory of lovely images clustering round the central figure of immaculate ,mary4 ,the #bast carol1 on ,the ,maryless ,nations1 is perhaps better known in the ,united ,states than in ,england1 for it is said that this prophet is less honored in his own country than in ,america2 yet it may fairly be quoted here as a very favorable specimen of ,mr4 ,aubrey de ,vere's reflective verse3 ,as children when1 with heavy tread1 ,men sad of face1 unseen before1 ,have borne away their mother dead1 ,so stand the nations thine no more4 ,from room to room those children roam1 ,heart-stricken by the unwonted black3 ,their house no longer seems their home2 ,they search1 yet know not what they lack4 ,years pass3 self-will and passion strike ,their roots more deeply day by day2 ,old servants weep2 and 'how unlike' ,is all the tender neighbors say4 ,and yet at moments1 like a dream1 ,a mother's image o'er them flits2 ,like hers1 their eyes a moment beam1 ,the voice grows soft1 the brow unknits4 ,such1 ,mary1 are the realms once thine ,that know no more thy golden reign4 ,hold forth from heaven thy ,babe divine6 ,oh6 make thine orphans thine again4 ,there is another ,may ,carol which has always struck us as particularly beautiful1 because so highly figurative4 ,metaphor and music make up the soul of poetry4 ,it is an apostrophe to the south wind1 and is headed by the motto1 ,adolescentul amaverunt te nimis1 a text from the ,canticles1 which sufficiently explains the mysticism of the lines3 ,behold6 the wintry rains are past1 ,the airs of midnight hurt no more2 ,the young maids love thee4 ,come at last3 ,thou lingerest at the garden door4 ',blow over all the garden2 blow1 ,thou wind that breathest of the ,south1 ,through all the alleys winding low1 ,with dewy wing and honeyed mouth4 ',but wheresoe'er thou wanderest1 shape ,thy music ever to one ,name2 ,thou1 too1 clear stream1 to cave and cape ,be sure to whisper of the same4 ',by every isle and bower of musk ,thy crystal clasps as on its curls2 ,we charge thee1 breathe it to the dusk1 ,we charge thee1 grave it in thy pearls4' ,the stream obeyed4 ,that ,name he bore ,far out above the moonlit tide4 ,the breeze obeyed2 he breathed it o'er ,the unforgetting pines1 and died4 ,this is the very algebra of language1 and all the terms employed are raised1 as it were1 to their highest powers4 ,such verse could proceed only from one of ,the visionary apprehensive souls ,whose finer insight no dim sense controls4 ,there is another poem by ,mr4 ,aubrey de ,vere1 which deserves to be quoted for its ingenuity2 nor can we1 in reading it1 but be reminded of what was said of ,euripides1 and might1 with equal truth1 be said of him3 ,in all his pieces there is the sweet human voice1 the fluttering human heart4 ,the ,irish race in these verses is compared to a great religious order1 of which ,england is the foundress3 ,there is an order by a ,northern sea1 ,far in the west1 of rule and life more strict ,than that which ,basil reared in ,galilee1 ,in ,egypt ,paul1 in ,umbria ,benedict4 ,discalced it walks2 a stony land of tombs1 ,a strange ,petra of late days1 it treads4 ,within its courts no high-tossed censer fumes2 ,the night-rain beats its cells1 the wind its beds4 ,before its eyes no brass-bound1 blazoned tome ,reflects the splendor of a lamp high hung2 ,knowledge is banished from her earliest home ,like wealth3 it whispers psalms that once it sung4 ,it is not bound by the vow celibate1 ,lest1 through its ceasing1 anguish too might cease2 ,in sorrow it brings forth1 and death and fate ,watch at life's gate1 and tithe the unripe increase4 ,it wears not the ,franciscan's sheltering gown1 ,the cord that binds it is the stranger's chain3 ,scarce seen for scorn1 in fields of old renown ,it breaks the clod2 another reaps the grain4 ,year after year it fasts2 each third or fourth ,so fasts that common fasts to it are feast2 ,then of its brethren many in the earth ,are laid unrequiem'd like the mountain beast4 ,where are its cloisters8 ,where the felon sleeps6 ,where its novitiate8 ,where the last wolf died6 ,from sea to sea its vigil long it keeps-- ,stern ,foundress6 is its rule not mortified8 ,thou that hast laid so many an order waste1 ,a nation is thine order6 ,it was thine ,wide as a realm that order's seed to cast1 ,and undispensed sustain its discipline6 ,the ,catholic press in ,england1 which at the commencement of this century was smitten with barrenness1 now teems with ceaseless productions4 ,few of them1 however1 except those we have mentioned1 are destined to form part of standard literature4 ,even ,miss ,adelaide ,anne ,procter's verses are not as widely appreciated as they deserve to be1 though1 during her lifetime1 they obtained for her the reputation of being one of the most tuneful moralists that ever sung or breathed4 ,mrs4 ,william ,pitt ,byrne has earned well of the public by the lively manner in which she has described so many ,catholic countries1 and the diligence with which she has collected her materials4 ,her works on ,belgium1 ,france--,paris in particular--,spain1 and ,hungary have supplied amusement and instruction to a large number of subscribers to circulating libraries1 and have thus accomplished a great part of the purpose for which they were written4 ,f4 ,faber's numerous volumes are too well known to need much comment on this occasion4 ,they are intensely devotional1 full of fervid eloquence1 and rich with the coloring of a poetic mind4 ,many of his ,hymns are popular1 and will long remain so1 because they are simple1 forcible1 and direct4 ,lady ,georgina ,fullerton has succeeded as a religious novelist1 and has been the first as an ,english ,catholic to occupy the ground which is now especially hers4 ,kenelm ,digby's ,ages of ,faith1 ,compitum1 and other works have a special charm for those who love choice quotations and pictures of medival piety2 ,mr4 ,t4 ,w4 ,allies has ably and valiantly defended the ,papal supremacy2 ,mr4 ,john ,wallis has rendered ,heyne's ,songs in graceful ,english lyrics2 ,mr4 ,charles ,waterton's ,wanderings are deservedly prized by naturalists2 ,mr4 ,richard ,simpson's ,life of ,campion displays much historical research2 ,f4 ,morris has depicted admirably the sufferings of ,catholic martyrs and confessors under the ,reforming sovereigns2 the ,life of the ,marquis of ,pombal1 by the ,conde da ,carnota 7an ,english work71 though too favorable to the ,portuguese prime minister1 is highly valuable so far as it is documentary2 and the papers read before the ,academia of the ,catholic ,religion1 and published in two volumes1 supply in themselves a test of the literary proficiency of many distinguished members of the church in ,england at the present time4 ,the following works also deserve to be mentioned as valuable additions to the stock of ,english ,catholic literature3 ,the ,evidence for the ,papacy1 by the ,hon4 ,colin ,lindsay2 ,the ,life of ,cardinal ,howard1 by ,f4 ,palmer2 ,buckley's ,life and ,writings of the ,rev4 ,father ,o',leary2 ,christian ,schools and ,scholars1 by the author of ,the ,knights of ,s4 ,john2 ,dr4 ,husenbeth's ,life of ,bishop ,milner2 ,mr4 ,maguire's ,rome1 its ,ruler and its ,institutions2 and ,dr4 ,rock's ,hierurgia4 ,among ,catholic poets1 we ought not to forget ,mr4 ,coventry ,patmore1 whose playful1 pleasing1 and thoughtful octosyllabics--,the ,angel of the ,house and ,faithful for ,ever--found many admirers ten or twelve years ago4 ,there is in these fluent productions a simplicity which at first sight strikes one as namby-pamby1 but which1 on further consideration1 is seen to be a light veil of serious thought and genuine emotion4 ,there are minds which can never appreciate poetry of the highest order2 who admire it only because they are taught that they ought to do so1 but cannot love it1 even though it be stamped with the approval of ages4 ,none ever loved because he ought is true in reference to more subjects than one2 and it is well that second-rate poetry should be written and preserved for second-rate appreciations4 ,mr4 ,coventry ,patmore's works fulfil a purpose1 and are therefore not to be despised1 though they will never obtain a large reward4 ,it is to be hoped and expected that1 as time goes on1 ,catholic literature in ,england will enlarge its borders without declining in orthodoxy4 ,colleges and universities yet to be founded will encourage learning in all its branches1 and prove to the world by new examples that science and religion mutually support each other4 ,the more firmly the children of the church are rooted in the faith1 the more strength will their intellect acquire1 and the more freedom will they be able to indulge with safety4 ,the literary spirit1 animated and guided by the true religion1 will ever find new fields of useful speculation and research2 and the rebuke of ignorance1 so often cast on members of the church1 will fall pointless when they are able to meet non-,catholic historians and professors on their own ground1 and to rob them frequently of a crown in the arena of literary combat4 ,,the ,,song ,,of ,,roland4 ,among the epic romances of the middle ages1 the first place must be given to the ,song of ,roland4 ,it deserves this1 not only on account of its antiquity1 but also for the importance of the hero1 and for the triumphant loss1 as ,montaigne would have called it1 which it immortalizes4 ,it is a chanson de geste1 supposed to have been composed by ,turold or ,throulde1 a troubadour who lived during the first thirty years of the ,x,ith century1 though the only place where he is mentioned is the line with which the ,bodleian ,,ms4 of the ,chanson de ,roland terminates4 ,this poem is a curious example of the work of popular imagination upon actual events1 and shows1 with remarkable unity and originality1 the power of this species of transformation4 ,the historical narrative1 as related by ,eginhard1 son-in-law of ,charlemagne1 recounts a grievous and unavenged disaster--the complete destruction of the rear-guard of the ,french army1 which1 after a succession of victories1 was returning from ,spain1 and1 being surprised by mountaineers in the gorges of ,roncevaux1 left no living witnesses4 ,but ,charlemagne's nephew1 ,roland1 with all his peers1 were among the slain2 it was needful1 therefore1 to do honor to his fall1 and wash away the affront against the arms of the always victorious king4 ,grief and admiration combined to accomplish the task1 and we have before us the legend1 which not only perpetuates the memory of the catastrophe1 but which makes of a death-dirge a hymn of victory4 ,the most ancient manuscript of this poem extant is1 without doubt1 the copy in the ,bodleian library at ,oxford1 which is supposed to be of the ,x,i,ith century4 ,among other considerations1 the brevity of this manuscript as compared with others is a proof of its greater antiquity4 ,it has not more than four thousand lines1 whereas others have six1 and even eight1 thousand4 ,but whether even this is the primitive version1 without alteration or addition1 we have not the means of knowing4 ,that which1 in the first place1 distinguishes the ,chanson de ,roland from all other productions of the medival poets anterior to ,dante is its unity of composition2 but there are also other noticeable differences4 ,the first is in the subject itself1 which is matter of actual history1 as we have seen from the testimony of ,eginhard1 who adds1 ,this reverse poisoned in the heart of ,charles the joy of all the victories which he had gained in ,spain4 ,it was not a simple skirmish1 but the utter defeat of a valuable portion of his army--the only defeat he had known during the thirty-eight years of his reign4 ,it is easy to understand how profound would be the impression produced by the catastrophe1 which1 moreover1 was indelibly deepened1 when1 half a century later1 the army of one of the sons of ,charlemagne1 by a fatal coincidence1 was cut to pieces in this same defile4 ,the imagination of the people was not long in merging these two disasters into one1 and in gradually changing nearly all the accessory circumstances of the first event4 ,but it matters little that ,charles is invested with the imperial purple more than twenty years before the time2 that he is represented as a white-bearded patriarch1 when1 actually1 he could not have been more than thirty-five years of age2 that his relationship to the hero of ,roncevaux is more than doubtful2 that the ,gascon mountaineers are transformed into ,saracens2 and that1 instead of their chief1 ,lopez1 ,duke of ,gascony1 of whom the charter of ,charles the ,bald speaks as a wolf in name and in nature1 we have two personages--,king ,marsilion and the traitor ,ganelon4 ,all these transformations1 which are easy to be accounted for1 alter in nothing the basis of the poem1 which is historic truth1 while legendary truth has become its surface and superstructure4 ,another point to be remarked is that in the ,chanson de ,roland the subject is national4 ,in other compositions of the period1 the heroes are ,normans1 ,provenals1 ,gascons1 and so forth1 animated by a patriotism either as circumscribed as their own domain1 or as wide as the world which they traversed in search of adventures4 ,in the poems recounting their acts and deeds1 the name of ,france1 when it happens to be mentioned1 has merely a geographical sense1 being used as simply designating the province of which ,paris was the capital--,la ,france1 ,la douce ,france1 so often invoked in the ,lay of ,roland2 and the glow of true and loving patriotism which warms this poem would alone distinguish it from every other chanson de geste that has been written4 ,the figure of ,charlemagne next demands our attention4 ,by a strange contradiction the ,carlovingian poems1 so called because they glorify the companions of the great emperor and the deeds performed by them during his reign1 are1 with scarcely any exception1 nothing more than so many satires upon ,charlemagne himself1 who is represented either as a mute and doting imbecile1 or else as a capricious despot2 all the wisdom and courage of the time being monopolized by the great barons4 ,the reason is not far to seek4 ,at the epoch when these poems were written or improved1 royalty in ,france was struggling to recover the power of which the great crown vassals had possessed themselves at its expense1 and the feudal league defended its acquisitions not by force of arms alone4 ,one of the most effectual means at that period of acting upon the popular mind was by the influence of minstrelsy--that is to say1 by poesy and song2 and the troubadours and jongleurs of the time willingly gave their services to promote the interests of their more immediate protectors and patrons4 ,under the name of ,charlemagne1 it is1 in fact1 ,louis le ,gros or ,louis le ,jeune whom they attack1 glorifying his epoch1 but depreciating himself1 as in ,les ,quatre ,fils d',aymon and similar sarcastic romances4 ,turold is almost alone in showing us the king la barbe grifaigne1 with the authority and grandeur befitting so great a monarch1 and as one who rises above his peers more by his dignity than by his lofty stature4 ,the knights by whom he is surrounded are noble and valiant1 but he surpasses them all4 ,in this homage rendered to the personal glory of ,charlemagne1 and in this sentiment of nationality1 which is a remnant of the old monarchical unity1 of which1 in the ,x,i,i,ith century1 the remembrance had long been extinguished1 but which1 towards the close of the ,x,ith1 still existed1 we have two characteristics which stamp the date of this poem more unmistakably than could be done by any peculiarities of orthography or versification4 ,it is marked by two other specialties3 the absence of gallantry or amorous allusions1 and the austerity of the religious sentiment4 ,scarcely a line here and there lets us know that ,roland has a lady-love4 ,it is his own affair1 with which the public has nothing to do4 ,in the whole poem two women only appear1 and these only in slightly sketched outline4 ,one is ,queen ,bramimonde1 who appears for an instant1 as she unfastens her bracelets1 and lets their priceless jewels sparkle temptingly before the eyes of ,ganelon2 while later on we are again given a passing glimpse of her1 first as captive1 and then as ,christian4 ,in the other1 la belle ,aude1 the affianced bride of ,roland1 we have a momentary vision of beauty and faithful devotion even to death4 ,she appears but to die of love and grief too deep for words4 ,a few centuries later1 could any ,french poet have been able to resign so excellent an opportunity for pouring forth a flood of sentimental verses8 ,even the poets of the ,x,i,i,ith and ,x,i,vth centuries have lengthened out this tempting subject in endless variations4 ,as we pass on to the last consideration1 we meet with other contrasts between the forefathers and their posterity4 ,religion1 in the time of ,wace and of ,chrestien of ,troyes1 was still powerful and honored4 ,their heroes1 even the most worldly and pugnacious1 are exact in saying their prayers1 kneeling devoutly1 and confiding their souls to the care of the ,blessed ,virgin2 still1 in times of great solemnity or extremity1 in the midst of danger1 or face to face with death1 we do not find the calm and serene fervor1 the submission as well as faith1 which fill the heart of ,roland and his companions4 ,with regard to another point3 if the ,lay of ,roland1 or1 rather1 if the popular tradition which gave it birth1 makes ,saracens instead of ,gascons appear at ,roncevaux1 it is not pure fiction4 ,after the death of ,charlemagne1 the ,saracens had so often quitted their province of ,castile to make inroads upon ,aquitaine1 and ,western ,europe had them in such terror1 that the fear of present misfortune had soon effaced the remembrance of the old combats of ,christian against ,christian on the ,spanish frontier4 ,a fixed belief had grown that every enemy ambushed in the ,pyrenees could not at any period have been other than an army of mis-believers2 and to this may be added the idea1 which was germinating1 that a day would come when1 in defence of ,europe and of the faith1 it would be necessary to destroy the vulture in its nest by carrying the sword into the country of ,mahomet4 ,it was not only that the slaughter of ,roncevaux cried out for vengeance2 the ,holy ,war was in the spirit of the times1 and naturally passed into the poems4 ,these1 without preaching a crusade1 prepared the way a century beforehand1 and the idea1 dimly shadowed1 it is true1 but actually present1 is expressed in the last five or six lines of the poem1 which is1 moreover1 especially noticeable as being one which immortalizes defeat and death4 ,it is the glorification of courage1 in misfortune and in success1 vain as to this world1 but of eternal value for the next1 where the glory of the warrior pales before the glory of the martyr4 ,and this thought leads us to our last consideration1 namely1 the meaning of the vowels ,a ,o ,i1 with which every stanza terminates4 ,from the moment that ,roland had died fighting against the ,mussulmans1 he became a saint1 whose name must forthwith be inscribed in the popular martyrology4 ,it was1 therefore1 only fitting to consecrate to him a poem after the model of the hymns of the church1 so many of which1 as well as the ,latin poem on ,s4 ,mildred1 are terminated by the vowels e u o u a e--the modulation of sculorum amen4 ,this is the opinion of the learned ,abb ,henry1 although neither he nor any of the other writers whom we have consulted mention their suppositions as to the exact meaning of the vowels ,a ,o ,i4 ,the ,song of ,roland is mentioned in numberless romances1 was imitated in almost every language of ,western ,europe1 and appears to have been made use of as a war-song by the ,french armies before it had developed itself to the proportions in which it has reached us4 ,there is no reasonable doubt that it was parts of this poem that were sung by ,taillefer on the advance of the ,normans at the ,battle of ,hastings1 and not the ,song of ,rollo1 their first duke1 as several modern authors have supposed4 ,we quote the words of ,robert ,wace3 ,taillefer1 qui moult bien cantait1 ,sur un cheval qui tost allait1 ,devant as 7eux7 s'en alait cantant ,de ,carlemanne et de ,rollant1 ,et d',olivier et des vassaus ,qui moururent ,raincevaus4#aca ,although we are not about to give a translation of the whole poem of four thousand lines1 we will present the reader with an abridgment containing not only the thread of the narrative1 but also all the principal parts of the poem1 without change or abbreviation2 commencing with the first stanza in the original ,french1 as a specimen of the rest3 ,,la ,,chanson ,,de ,,roland4 ,i4 ,carles li reis1 nostre emperre magne1 ,set ans tuz pleins ad ested en ,espaigne1 ,tresqu'en la mer cunquist la tere altaigne1 ,ni ad kastel ki devant lui remaigne1 ,mur ne citet n'i est remes fraindre ,fors ,sarraguce1 k'i est en une muntaigne4 ,li reis ,marsilie la tient1 ki ,deu n'enaimet2 ,mahummet sert e ,apollin recleimet ,ne s'poet guarder que mals ne li ateignet1 ,,aoi4#acb ,,abridged ,,translation ,,of ,,the ,,song ,,of ,,roland4 ,charles the king1 our great emperor1 has been for seven full years in ,spain1 where he has conquered the mountainous land even to the sea4 ,not a castle which has held out before him1 not a town which he has not forced to open its gates2 ,saragossa on the height of its mountain alone excepted4 ,king ,marsilion holds it1 who loves not ,god1 serves ,mahomet1 and invokes ,apollo767 ,nor can he hinder that evil shall befal him4 ,king ,marsilion is reclining in his orchard1 on a marble terrace1 in the shade of the trees1 and surrounded by more than twenty thousand men4 ,he takes counsel of his dukes and of his counts how to escape death or an affront2 his army not being strong enough to give battle4 ,he asks1 ,what shall be done8 ,no one answers4 ,one only1 the subtle ,blancandrin1 then ventures to speak4 ,feign submission1 he says2 send chariots1 laden with gold1 to this proud emperor4 ,promise that1 if he will return to ,france1 you will there join him in his chapel at ,aix on the great feast of ,s4 ,michael2 that there you will become his vassal1 and receive his ,christian law4 ,does he demand hostages1 we will give them4 ,we will send our sons4 ,at the risk of his life ,i will send mine4 ,when the ,french shall have returned to their homes far away1 the day will arrive1 the term will pass by2 ,charles will have no word from us1 no news of us4 ,should the cruel one cut off the heads of our hostages1 better is it that they should lose their heads than we our fair ,spain4 ,and the pagans answered1 ,he is in the right4 ,king ,marsilion has broken up his council4 ,he commands that six beautiful white mules be brought1 with saddles of silver and bridles of gold4 ,to ,blancandrin and nine others who are faithful to him he says3 ,present yourselves before ,charles1 carrying olive branches in your hands in token of peace and submission4 ,if by your skill you compass my deliverance from him1 what gold1 what silver1 what lands will ,i not bestow upon you6 ,the messengers mount their mules1 and set forth upon their journey4 ,the scene changes4 ,we are at ,cordova4 ,there it is that ,charles holds his court4 ,he also is in an orchard4 ,at his side are ,roland1 ,oliver1 ,geoffrey of ,anjou1 and many others1 sons of sweet ,france2 fifteen thousand are there4 ,seated upon silken stuffs1 they pass their time in playing2 the oldest and wisest exercise themselves in the game of chess1 the young knights in fencing4 ,the emperor is seated in a chair of gold1 in the shade of a pine-tree and an eglantine4 ,his beard has the brightness of snow1 his figure is tall and nobly formed1 and his countenance majestic4 ,any man seeking him has no need to be told which is he4 ,the pagan messengers1 alighting from their mules1 humbly salute the emperor4 ,blancandrin then addresses him1 showing the rich treasures which his master sends him1 and saying3 ,are you not weary of remaining in this land8 ,should you return to ,france1 the king1 our lord1 promises to follow you thither4 ,thereupon the emperor raises his hands towards ,god2 then1 bending down his head1 he begins to reflect4 ,this was his wont1 never hasting to speak4 ,presently raising himself1 he says to the messengers1 ,you have spoken well2 but your king is our great enemy4 ,what shall be a pledge to me for the fulfilment of your words8 ,hostages1 replies the ,saracen4 ,you shall have ten1 fifteen1 or even twenty1 and among them my own son4 ,what more noble hostage could be given8 ,when you shall have returned to your royal palace1 on the great feast of ,s4 ,michael my master will follow you thither4 ,there1 in those baths which ,god has made for you1 he desires to become a ,christian4 ,and ,charles made answer1 ,he may1 then1 yet be saved6 ,the day was bright1 the sun shining in full splendor4 ,charles caused a large tent to be prepared in the orchard for the ten messengers4 ,there they passed the night4 ,the emperor rises betimes4 ,he hears ,mass and ,matins1 and thence going forth1 under the shadow of a tall pine-tree prepares to take counsel with his barons2 for without them he will do nothing4 ,soon they are all before him3 the duke ,oger1 the archbishop ,turpin1 ,roland1 the brave ,oliver1 and ,ganelon1 the one who would betray them all4 ,the council opens4 ,charles repeats to his barons the words of ,blancandrin4 ,will ,marsilion come to ,aix1 he asks4 ,will he there make himself a ,christian8 ,will he be my vassal8 ,i know not what to deem of his words4 ,and the ,french reply1 ,beware of him4 ,roland rises1 saying3 ,trust not ,marsilion4 ,seven years have we been in ,spain1 and during all that time naught have you had from him but treachery4 ,fifteen thousand of his pagans have already been to you1 bringing olive branches and the same words as to-day4 ,your counsellors advised you to allow a truce4 ,what did ,marsilion8 ,did he not behead two of your counts1 ,basan and his brother ,basil8 ,continue the war4 ,continue it as you have begun it3 lead your army to ,saragossa1 besiege the city1 and avenge those whom the felon has caused to perish4 ,while listening to him1 the emperor's countenance darkens4 ,he strokes his beard1 and answers nothing4 ,all the ,french keep silence4 ,ganelon alone rises1 and1 advancing to the emperor with a haughty air1 thus addresses him3 ,heed not the headstrong6 ,heed not me nor any other1 but your own advantage4 ,when ,marsilion declares to you with joined hands that he desires to be your liege-man1 to hold ,spain from your hand1 to receive your sacred law1 are there those who dare to counsel you to reject his offers8 ,such have scant regard to the sort of death they are to die4 ,it is a counsel of pride which ought not to prevail4 ,let us leave fools to themselves1 and hold to the wise4 ,after ,ganelon rises the duke ,naymes4 ,in the whole court there is no braver warrior4 ,he says to ,charles3 ,you have heard ,count ,ganelon4 ,weigh well his words4 ,marsilion is conquered2 you have razed his castles1 overthrown his ramparts2 his towns are in ashes1 his soldiers scattered abroad4 ,when he gives himself up to your mercy1 offering you hostages1 wholly to overwhelm him would be a sin4 ,there ought to be an end to this terrible war4 ,and the ,french said1 ,the duke has well spoken4 ,lords barons1 resumes ,charlemagne1 whom1 then1 shall we send to ,saragossa to ,king ,marsilion8 ,by your favor1 ,i will go1 answers ,naymes4 ,give me1 therefore1 the gauntlet and the staff4 ,no1 says the emperor4 ,no1 by my beard6 ,a sage like you go so far away8 ,you will in nowise go4 ,sit down again4 444 ,well1 my lords barons1 whom1 then1 shall we send8 ,send me1 says ,roland4 ,you6 cries ,oliver4 ,your courage is too fiery4 ,you would not fail to get yourself into some difficulty4 ,if the king permits it1 ,i can very well go4 ,neither you nor he1 answers the emperor2 both of you hold your peace4 ,in that place not one of my twelve peers shall set his foot6 ,at these words1 every one keeps silence4 ,however1 ,turpin rises from his seat--,turpin1 ,archbishop of ,rheims4 ,he1 in turn1 asks for the glove and staff2 but ,charles commands him to sit down1 and not say another word4 ,then addressing himself once more to his barons1 he says1 ,free knights1 will you not1 then1 tell me who shall carry my message to ,marsilion8 ,and ,roland answers3 ,let it be my father-in-law1 ,ganelon4 ,and the ,french agreed1 saying3 ,he is the man you want2 for a more skilful one you could not find4 ,ganelon at these words falls into a horrible anguish4 ,he lets slip from his shoulders his great mantle of marten2 his figure is imposing1 and shows well under his coat of silk4 ,his eye sparkles with anger4 ,fool6 he says to ,roland1 whence this madness8 ,if ,god permits me to return1 the gratitude ,i owe thee shall end but with thy life6 ,i heed not your threatenings1 answers ,roland4 ,pride takes away your reason4 ,a wise messenger is needed4 ,if the emperor gives me leave1 ,i set out in your stead4 ,nay1 replies ,ganelon1 ,i go4 ,charles commands me1 and ,i must obey him2 but ,i would fain delay my departure for a little season1 were it but to calm my anger4 ,whereupon ,roland began to laugh4 ,ganelon perceived it1 and his fury was redoubled1 insomuch that he was well-nigh out of his senses4 ,he darted words of wrath at his son-in-law1 and then1 turning towards the emperor1 said3 ,behold me ready to do your bidding4 ,i see well that ,i must go to ,saragossa2 and he who goes thither returns not4 ,sire1 forget not that ,i am the husband of your sister4 ,of her ,i have a son1 the most beautiful that could be seen4 ,baldwin will one day be brave4 ,i leave to him my fiefs and my domains4 ,watch over him1 for never shall ,i see him more6 ,and ,charles made answer3 ,you have too tender a heart4 ,when ,i command it1 you must go4 ,draw near1 ,ganelon2 receive the staff and gauntlet4 ,you have heard that our ,franks have chosen you4 ,no1 sire1 but it is ,roland's work2 therefore1 ,i hate him--him and his dear ,oliver1 and the twelve peers likewise1 who love him so well6 ,i defy them all before your eyes6 ,the emperor silences him1 and commands him to depart4 ,ganelon approaches to take the gauntlet from the hand of ,charlemagne1 but it falls to the ground4 ,heavens6 cry the ,french2 what may this forebode8 ,my lords1 says ,ganelon1 you will know by the tidings4 ,he then turns to the emperor for his dismissal1 saying1 ,since ,i must go1 wherefore delay8 ,charles with his right hand makes him a sign of pardon1 and places in his hands a letter and the staff4 ,ganelon1 retiring1 equips himself in preparation to depart1 fastening on his heels his beautiful gold spurs2 and with his good sword ,murgleis at his side1 he mounts his horse ,tachebrun1 while his uncle ,guinemer holds his stirrup4 ,the knights of his house entreat him with tears to let them accompany him4 ,god forbid6 he answers4 ,better that ,i alone should perish than cause the death of so many brave knights4 ,go home to sweet ,france4 ,salute on my behalf my wife1 and ,pinabel1 my friend and comrade2 likewise1 ,baldwin1 my son4 ,aid him1 serve him1 and hold him for your lord4 ,having said thus1 he departed on his way4 ,he had not ridden far before he came up with the ,saracen messengers2 ,blancandrin1 in order to wait for him1 having slackened his pace4 ,then began between them cautious words4 ,it is ,blancandrin who speaks first3 ,what a marvellous man is this ,charles6 ,he has conquered ,apulia1 ,calabria1 passed the sea1 and acquired at ,st4 ,peter's the tribute of the ,english2 but what comes he to seek in our land of ,spain8 ,and ,ganelon makes answer3 ,thus his courage wills it4 ,never will any man hold out before him6 ,the ,french1 replies the other1 are an exceedingly brave people2 but these dukes and counts who give council to overturn and desolate everything do great wrong to their lord4 ,of such ,i know but one1 says ,ganelon2 it is ,roland1 and he shall repent him yet4 ,thereupon he relates that on a certain day1 before ,carcassone1 the emperor being seated in a shady meadow1 his nephew came to him1 clad in his cuirass1 and holding in his hand a rosy apple1 which he presented to his uncle1 saying3 ,behold1 fair sire1 of all the kings in the world ,i offer you the crowns6 ,this mad pride will end in his ruin1 seeing that every day he exposes himself to death4 ,welcome will be the stroke that shall slay him6 ,what peace would then be ours6 ,but1 said ,blancandrin1 this ,roland1 who is so cruel--this ,roland1 who would have every king at his mercy1 and take possession of their dominions--by whose aid will he accomplish his design8 ,by the aid of the ,french1 answered ,ganelon4 ,they so greatly love him that never will they suffer any fault to be laid at his door4 ,all of them1 even to the emperor1 march but at his will4 ,he is a man to conquer the world from hence to the far ,east4 ,by dint of talking as they rode along1 they made a compact to work the death of ,roland4 ,by dint of riding1 they arrived at ,saragossa1 and under a yew-tree they got down4 ,king ,marsilion is in the midst of his ,saracens4 ,they keep a gloomy silence1 anxious to learn what news the messengers may bring4 ,you are saved6 exclaims ,blancandrin1 advancing to the feet of ,marsilion1 and holding ,ganelon by the hand--saved by ,mahomet and ,apollo1 whose holy laws we observe4 ,charles has answered nothing2 but he sends this noble baron1 by whose mouth you shall learn whether you will have peace or war4 ,let him speak1 said the king4 ,ganelon1 after considering a moment1 thus begins3 ,may you be saved by the ,god whom we are all bound to adore6 ,the will of the puissant ,charlemagne is this3 you shall receive the ,christian law2 the half of ,spain will be given you in fief4 ,if you refuse to accept these terms1 you shall be taken and bound1 led to ,aix1 and condemned to a shameful death4 ,at this discourse the king grows pale1 and trembles with fury4 ,his golden javelin quivers in his hand2 he is about to cast it at ,ganelon1 but is held back4 ,ganelon grasps his sword1 drawing it two fingers' length out of the scabbard1 and saying1 ,my beautiful sword6 while you gleam at my side1 none shall tell our emperor that ,i fell alone in this strange land2 with the blood of the best you shall first pay for me4 ,the ,saracens cry out3 ,let us hinder the combat4 ,at their entreaties1 ,marsilion1 calming himself1 resumed his seat4 ,what evil possesses you8 said his uncle1 the caliph1 that you would strike this ,frenchman when you ought to hear him8 ,and ,ganelon1 meanwhile1 composed his countenance1 but kept his right hand still on the hilt of his sword4 ,the beholders said to themselves1 ,truly1 he is a noble baron6 ,gradually he draws nearer to the king1 and resumes his discourse3 ,you are in the wrong to be angry4 ,our king bestows upon you the half of ,spain2 the other half being for his nephew ,roland1 an insolent companion ,i admit2 but if you do not agree to this1 you will be besieged in ,saragossa1 taken1 bound1 judged1 and beheaded4 ,thus says the emperor himself in his message to you4 ,so saying1 he places the letter in the pagan's hands4 ,marsilion1 in a fresh access of rage1 breaks the seal1 and rapidly glances over the contents4 ,charles talks to me of his resentment6 ,he calls to mind this ,basan1 this ,basil1 whose heads flew off at my bidding6 ,to save my life1 ,i am to send him my uncle1 the caliph2 otherwise he listens to no terms6 ,upon this the king's son exclaims3 ,deliver ,ganelon to me1 that ,i may do justice upon him4 ,ganelon hears him1 and brandishes his sword1 setting his back against a pine4 ,the scene suddenly changes4 ,the king has descended into his garden2 he is calm1 and walks with his son and heir1 ,jurfalen1 in the midst of his vassals4 ,he sends for ,ganelon1 who is brought to him by ,blancandrin4 ,fair ,sire ,ganelon1 says the king1 it may be that ,i received you somewhat hastily1 and made as if ,i would have stricken you just now4 ,to make amends for this mistake1 ,i present you with these sable furs4 ,their value is more than five hundred pounds of gold4 ,before to-morrow1 still more costly ones shall also be yours4 ,sire1 it is impossible that ,i should refuse1 and may it please ,heaven to recompense you6 ,marsilion continues3 ,hold it for certain1 ,sir ,count1 that it is my desire to be your friend4 ,i would speak with you of ,charlemagne4 ,he is very old1 it appears to me4 ,i give him at least two hundred years2 how worn out1 therefore1 he needs must be6 ,he has spent his strength in so many lands1 when will he be weary of warfare8 ,never1 said ,ganelon1 so long as his nephew lives4 ,roland has not his equal in bravery from hence to the far ,east4 ,he is a most valiant man1 and so1 likewise1 is ,oliver1 his companion1 and these twelve peers1 so dear to the emperor1 who march at the head of twenty thousand knights4 ,can you expect that ,charles should know fear8 ,he is more powerful than any man here below6 ,fair sire1 replies ,marsilion1 ,i1 also1 have my army1 than which a finer cannot be found4 ,i have four hundred thousand knights wherewith to give battle to ,charles and his ,french4 ,trust it not at all1 the other answers2 it will cost you dear1 as well as your men4 ,lay aside this rash boldness1 and try a little management instead4 ,give the emperor riches so great that our ,french will be dazzled by them1 and give him twenty hostages4 ,he will then return into the sweet land of ,france1 leaving the rear-guard to follow1 in which1 ,i trust1 may be ,count ,roland and the valiant ,oliver4 ,only listen to my counsel1 and1 believe me1 they are dead4 ,show me1 fair sire 7and may ,heaven bless you for it671 how ,i may slay ,roland4 ,i am well able to tell you4 ,when once the emperor shall be in the great defiles of ,cisaire1 he will be at a great distance from his rear-guard4 ,he will have placed in it his beloved nephew and ,oliver1 in whom he so greatly confides1 and with them will be twenty thousand ,french4 ,send1 then1 a hundred thousand of your pagans4 ,i do not in any wise promise that in a first conflict1 murderous as it will be to those of ,france1 there will not also be great slaughter of your men2 but a second engagement will follow1 and1 no matter in which1 ,roland will there remain4 ,you will have done a deed of exceeding bravery1 and through all the rest of your life you will have no more war4 ,what could ,charles do without ,roland8 ,would he not have lost the right arm of his body8 ,what would become of his wonderful army8 ,he would never assemble it more4 ,he would lose his taste for warfare1 and the great empire would be restored to peace4 ,scarcely has he done speaking1 when ,marsilion throws his arms round his neck1 and embraces him2 then offers1 without more delay1 to swear to him that he will betray ,roland4 ,be it so1 if so it please you1 answers ,ganelon2 and upon the relics of his sword he swears the treason1 and completes his crime4 ,marsilion1 on his part1 causes to be brought1 on an ivory throne1 the book of his law1 even the book of ,mahomet1 and swears upon it that1 if he can find ,roland in the rear-guard1 he will not cease fighting until he has slain him4 ,thereupon ,valdabron1 a ,saracen1 who was formerly the king's guardian1 draws near1 and1 presenting his sword1 the best in the world1 to ,ganelon1 says3 ,i give you this for friendship's sake2 only help us to get rid of ,roland1 the baron4 ,with all my heart4 ,and they embrace4 ,another1 ,climorin1 brings him his helmet3 ,i never saw its like4 ,take it1 to aid us against ,roland1 the marquis4 ,most willingly1 says ,ganelon2 and they also embrace4 ,comes at last the queen1 ,bramimonde4 ,she says to the count1 ,sire1 ,i love you well1 seeing that you are very dear to my lord and to all his subjects4 ,take these bracelets to your wife4 ,see what gold1 what amethysts and jacinths6 ,your emperor has none like these2 they are worth all the treasures of ,rome6 ,and ,ganelon takes the jewels4 ,marsilion then summons ,mauduit1 his treasurer4 ,are the gifts prepared for ,charlemagne8 ,sire1 they are in readiness4 ,seven hundred camels laden with gold and silver1 and twenty hostages of the noblest under heaven4 ,then1 with his hand on ,ganelon's shoulder1 the king says to him3 ,you speak fair and fine2 but1 by this law which you hold to be the best1 beware of changing purpose towards us4 ,after this1 he promises that every year he will send him1 as rent1 ten mules laden with gold of ,arabia2 he gives him the keys of ,saragossa to be carried to ,charlemagne4 ,but1 above all1 see that ,roland be in the rear-guard1 that we may surprise him1 and give him mortal combat4 ,ganelon replies1 ,it seems to me that ,i have already tarried here too long4 ,and he mounts his steed and departs4 ,at daybreak he reaches the emperor's quarters4 ,sire1 says he1 ,i bring you the keys of ,saragossa1 twenty hostages1 and great treasure2 let them be guarded well4 ,it is ,marsilion who sends them4 ,as to the caliph1 marvel not because he does not come4 ,with my own eyes ,i saw him embark on the sea with three hundred thousand armed men2 they were all weary of the rule of ,marsilion1 and were going forth to dwell in the midst of ,christians2 but at four leagues from the coast a furious tempest overwhelmed them1 so that all were drowned4 ,if the caliph had been living1 ,i would have brought him hither4 ,believe me1 sire1 before a month is over1 ,marsilion will have joined you in ,france2 he will receive the ,christian law1 and will1 as your vassal1 do you homage for the kingdom of ,spain4 ,then ,god be praised6 said ,charles4 ,you have well delivered your message1 and it shall profit you well4 ,the clarions sound4 ,charles proclaims the war at an end4 ,the soldiers raise the camp2 they load the sumpter horses2 the army is in motion1 and on its way towards the sweet land of ,france4 ,nevertheless1 the day closes2 the night is dark4 ,charlemagne sleeps4 ,in a dream he sees himself in the great defiles of ,cisaire1 with his lance of ash-wood in his hand4 ,ganelon seizes hold of it1 shaking it so violently that it flies in pieces1 and the splinters are scattered in the air4 ,,to ,,be ,,concluded ,,next ,,month4 ,,footnotes3 #aca ,taillefer1 who excellently sang1 ,mounted upon a charger swift1 ,before them went forth singing ,of ,charlemagne and ,roland1 ,of ,oliver and of the vassals ,who died at ,roncevaux4 #acb ,the ancient ,,ms4 of ,versailles1 now in the possession of ,m4 ,bourdillon1 begins1 ,challes li rois la barbe grifaigne ,sis ans toz plens a este en ,espaigne1 etc41 the thirteen lines of the stanza all ending with the same rhyme4 ,,laus ,,perennis4#acc ,in the early days of emigration1 before the industry of the ,old ,world had cut down the forests and muddied the streams of the ,new1 a young man sat at noontide by the banks of a river1 an insignificant tributary of one of those mighty veins that intersect the continent from ,canada to ,florida4 ,his face was a study4 ,he had the features of the ,north1 with thick1 fair hair and glittering blue eyes1 but his form was slighter1 though not less sinewy1 than a ,saxon's4 ,nerves of steel and a will of iron1 generosity and self-sacrifice1 the bravery of an ,indian and the fidelity of a dog--such was the tale revealed by his exterior4 ,his history was simple4 ,he was the son of a petty farmer in ,normandy1 and the foster-brother of the ,baron de ,villeneuve4 ,he had been brought up with the young baron1 an only child1 and had been his companion in his studies as well as his sports4 ,every one noticed how refined his manner was1 how noble his bearing2 and yet his village friends never had reason to complain of any superciliousness in his deportment towards them4 ,his mother1 feeling that his superiority would be wasted if he remained in the groove in which it seemed his natural destiny to travel1 earnestly wished for a different career for her favorite1 and urged him to enter the priesthood4 ,this he was too conscientious to do1 feeling no call to so high an office2 and his foster-brother1 in his turn1 warmly recommended the army4 ,napoleon was then in the full blaze of his military glory1 and merit might win the metaphorical spurs of what remained as the substitute of knighthood1 without the weary delays of official routine4 ,but the young ,norman was insensible to military glory4 ,there was no fair damsel1 with high cap and ancestral gold necklace1 with spinning-wheel and a dowry of snowy1 homespun linen1 who had made his heart beat one second faster than it had in childhood4 ,if his foster-brother had had a sister1 ,robert ,maillard would have been the very man to have loved her as the knights of old loved the lady of their dreams1 hoping for no reward save a knot of ribbon and a pitying glance of faint approval4 ,he had read of such love1 and of fairies1 elves1 and witches1 of impossible quests1 and of princely donations2 but he felt that the world had changed1 and that these things could never be again4 ,strong and brave as he was1 he began life with a secret hopelessness1 knowing that it could never give him the only things he longed for4 ,one day1 in the midst of his irresolution as to what work he should undertake1 knowing all work to be but a passe-temps until eternity gave him the life he coveted1 an old sea captain made his appearance in the inland village1 and electrified the inhabitants by tales of discovery and adventure1 of which curious proofs were not wanting in the shape of carved idols two inches long1 mineral lumps of diminutive size1 a string of wampum1 etc41 etc41 and1 above all1 a tame monkey4 ,robert listened to the ancient mariner with delight1 and1 never having seen the ocean1 was suddenly fired by a wild wish to try his fortune across the ,atlantic4 ,here was a land as wild as the ,armorican forests in the old tales of chivalry and legends of monasticism--a virgin land of practical freedom1 where new empires might be carved by the strong and willing hand1 and new mines of knowledge laid open by the daring intellect4 ,it was not money that the simple ,norman thought of2 it was excitement1 adventure1 vague possibilities1 limitless solitudes where hermits and hunters might live and dream4 ,to leave ,normandy was not exile to him2 to leave all those he loved was not separation2 but do not think he was heartless4 ,he only lived in a shadow-world of high1 heroic deeds1 and the commonplaces of bucolic life palled upon him4 ,instinct bade him seek something beyond home1 with its petty interests2 and never slow to execute his resolutions1 once they were formed1 he bargained with the old sailor to take him to ,america as soon as he recrossed the ocean4 ,from his father he received his portion of the scanty inheritance due to him1 and left home as the prodigal--so said his weeping mother4 ,his foster-brother loaded him with weapons of all kinds1 and forced upon him clothes enough to last a lifetime in a country where fashion seldom changed4 ,the first sight of the ocean was a poem to ,robert4 ,he thought of the galleys of the ,crusaders1 as they sailed to the ,land of ,promise2 of ,columbus and his unbelieving crew on their perilous way to the land of faith4 ,the glorious western sunsets awoke a new feeling in the heart of the adventurer2 he felt that this new ,ultima ,thule was the land of the poet as well as of the warrior1 and that its majesty1 its serene massiveness1 should be1 not the prey of murderous passion1 but the field of a new-born art4 ,here was a land whose history1 if it had any1 had been blotted out1 but whose immortal beauty was a picture of the lost ,eden--the true home of enthusiasm1 the virgin parchment on which to write a new hymn to the ,god whom its beauty revealed almost in a new light4 ,such were not the thoughts of most pilgrims to the ,new ,world2 if they had been1 people would have said that the millennium had come4 ,a ,sir ,galahad walks the earth but once in a century1 and he has no compeers4 ,such was our ,robert4 ,why does the world call those men dreamers whose ideal is the only true reality1 while the life of the world around them is one long nightmare8 ,robert's life1 after he had landed in one of the old sea-coast cities1 was a checkered one4 ,he fled from the civilization that had stifled him at home1 and which he saw with dismay roughly reproduced in the communities of the sea-board2 he found few men whose talk did not jar upon him2 even in the wilderness1 when he came to a log-cabin1 he heard the oaths of low city haunts2 in pastoral settlements1 he found no pastoral innocence2 and even among the friendly ,indians they asked him for spirits1 when he would have spoken of ,god4 ,discouraged and oppressed1 he persisted in setting his face ever westward1 till at last he came to a river1 as it seemed to him2 a brook1 as it would figure on the map4 ,he wondered if man had ever been here before1 but smiled to himself the moment after1 knowing that the red man1 the natural possessor of this princely inheritance1 must have often breathed his prayer to the ,great ,spirit by the banks of this stream4 ,he began to think how useless the discovery of this new continent had been1 since hitherto the country had been but a new field for the white man's sins1 a new theatre for the red man's sorrows4 ,he fell to thinking of his own far-off ancestors1 roaming morass and forest1 like these sturdy men of bronze1 hunting the deer1 and wolf1 and bear1 like them1 painting their bodies like them1 worshipping bloody gods of war1 rearing children indefatigable on sea and land--,scandinavian vikings1 fair1 and ruddy1 and golden-haired1 each man a chief in stature1 and their chiefs giants4 ,how like the race that still lorded it over these new realms6 ,but ,god's messengers had come among the ,norsemen and daunted their fierceness1 turned their vices into virtues1 and leavened1 with a true and manly1 a ,christian1 civilization1 their hardy1 freedom-loving tribes4 ,robert knew of the many efforts of the missionaries among the ,indians2 but he knew1 also1 that it was the evildoing of the whites that made these efforts so fruitless4 ,it seemed as if wherever the human race set foot it must disturb ,god's working2 and in sudden disgust at his kind1 he vowed never willingly to enter again any community of whites4 ,commerce was imposition1 respectability was hypocrisy1 civilization was cruelty4 ,god and my dreams alone remain1 he cried2 with them ,i will walk1 and forget that any other building exists save a church2 that there is any language save prayer2 any human beings save ,god's worthy ministers6 ,before long1 the scent of the pines and cedars lulled him to sleep1 and1 happy in his isolation1 he did not resist the drowsiness that1 by the banks of ,norman streamlets1 had often preceded the sweetest moments of his life4 ,soon the pines began to sing in the strong wind that rocked them1 and the song shaped itself into a hymn of praise1 the words seeming to echo the form of ,david's psalm3 ,then shall all the trees of the wood rejoice before the face of the ,lord1 for he cometh4444 ,praise him1 ye strong winds that fulfil his word2 444 fruitful trees and all cedars4 ,a voice came out of the rocks1 as if wafted over miles of space1 and1 mingling with the song of the pines1 chanted with it1 ,the treasure-house of the ,lord is in the stones of the earth2 from my bosom flow the rivers of life-giving waters2 and gently the sound of tinkling rivulets was added to the deep song of praise4 ,it seemed as if all creation1 bent upon doing the task respectively allotted to each of its parts1 had met in conclave round that obscure ,western river1 before the tribunal of a sleeping mortal4 ,as the shadows grew darker1 the howl of wild beasts was heard1 inexplicably free from the impression of terror1 and strangely fitting in with the hymn of inanimate nature4 ,at twilight1 a concert of sweet scents rose from the earth1 and vaporous clouds bore up the prayer of the fruitful soil1 a gentle sound1 as of crystal bells1 accompanying the sacrifice4 ,let your prayer arise before me as an evening offering1 came faintly from somewhere1 and the cry of myriads of insects rose to greet the echo4 ,nothing seemed discordant4 ,robert1 as it were1 heard the world-pulse beat1 and yet was neither appalled nor astonished2 it was the same voice1 whose whispers he knew1 which was speaking to him now1 only it spoke aloud4 ,a moaning sound1 muffled and sad1 but grave as the voice of a teacher1 now rose above the others1 and the sleeper knew that it was that of the ocean3 ,the floods have lifted up their waves with the voices of many waters4 ,wonderful are the surges of the sea2 wonderful is the ,lord on high4 ,robert thought how true and how grand was this remorseless servant of the ,almighty will4 ,it does its work though fleets brave its decrees1 and science peers into its secrets like a child feebly grasping a two-edged sword4 ,it obeys ,god1 and its work1 not its voice1 is its hymn of praise4 ,but there is another mighty angel at work in the heavens1 and the trumpet-tones of his voice ring in the thunder behind those fast-coming clouds4 ,tawny gold and ashen gray1 like the shroud of a fallen world1 those clouds sweep up on the horizon2 blades of light rend them for a moment1 and a livid radiance darts into every crevice of the forest2 the song of the pines is hushed1 and the hymn of the storm peals out3 ,holy and terrible is thy name4444 ,fire shall go forth before thee2 444 thy lightnings shine upon the world2 444 for thou art fearfully magnified6 ,a cathedral of ice seems to grow suddenly out of the pine forest2 the trees are turned to crystal pinnacles1 a world of untrodden snow lies all around1 and within the silence of the grave4 ,rose-colored lights play on the fairy turrets1 and turn the ice-pillars to amber and topaz4 ,more sublime than any dream of medival enchantment1 ,robert gazes spellbound on this crowning marvel1 and1 though no articulate words strike his ear1 he is conscious of a life permeating this realm of silence2 of a link with all other creatures of ,god1 which1 if it spoke1 would utter the words that well spontaneously from his own heart3 ,thy knowledge is become too wonderful for me4444 ,whither shall ,i go from thy spirit1 and whither shall ,i flee from thy face8 ,but he is no idle gazer1 treating the world as a show2 he is a disciple--the ,dante of ,nature1 led by her to the song-halls of her everlasting concert1 taught by her that all things have a voice to glorify ,god and a mission to execute for him4 ,he may not stay in the heart of the pole1 for other lessons are all around him1 and the time to learn them is so short--never more than a hundred years1 seldom even the third of that time6 ,the silent world melts from sight1 and the earth seems to recede2 the blue vault of heaven is nearer2 a rushing sound1 so awful that his humanity shudders at it1 yet so beautiful that it deadens the remembrance of the gentle sounds of the pine-trees1 the crystal flower-bells1 the wind1 and even the rolling of the sea1 wraps his being into itself1 and holds him in its mighty spell4 ,worlds of light flash by him2 of their size he knows naught1 of their qualities less2 but their radiance seems to him the face of ,god1 which no man can look upon and live1 while their voice is as that of a thousand cataracts1 each ringing forth a separate and harmonious note4 ,the heavens declare the glory of ,god1 and the firmament proclaimeth the works of his hands4 ,did these words come out of the sound1 or were they in his own heart1 and did the sound draw them into itself1 as the great ocean would draw back to its bosom some lonely fragment of its realm1 stranded for a moment by the last wave that kissed the shore8 ,robert could not tell4 ,he scarcely breathed4 ,he would fain have kept this vision for ever2 he trembled at the idea of leaving a world after which his own would look like a hive of bees1 and whose sounds were so potent that all the sounds of earth1 massed together in one1 would barely seem a whisper in comparison4 ,but his pilgrimage was not a reward1 not even a trial2 it was only an apprenticeship4 ,hardly a transition1 save the coming of dawn and a consciousness of some void1 and again ,robert gazed upon familiar scenes of earth4 ,the sun's forerunner was flushing the sky1 and a wall of living water stood before him4 ,he watched intently2 no sound came to his ears4 ,yet he could see the coronal of rainbow-tinted foam rising at the feet of the cataract1 and felt as if this must be the very passage through which ,god's people of old had come dry-shod in the bed of the sea4 ,as he stood below1 breathlessly waiting1 the crown of the waterfall quivered with a new light1 and the sun a crimson disk1 rose slowly into sight4 ,it seemed as though a bleeding ,host were lifted up to heaven in a chalice of living jewels4 ,a murmur began to rise from the clouds of spray2 it grew louder and stronger1 and ,robert knew that the voice of the cataract had reached his ears at last4 ,it was but a faint echo of that ineffable hymn of the spheres which rang yet in his memory1 but it was none the less the sublimest sound he had heard on earth4 ,vaguely came to his understanding a fragment of its meaning3 ,glory to the ,power whose breath has built us into a wall1 and whose breath could hurl us like a flood over the corn-fields of man4 ,when ,adam disobeyed ,god in ,eden1 this cataract was already thousands of years old1 and for ages had done ,god's bidding1 calm as eternity1 regular as the course of the planets4 ,robert pondered on this sublime obedience of all strong things to the law of the ,creator1 while man1 the weakest of creation1 thought it a shame to follow any will but his own4 ,but even as he stood thinking1 the earth seemed to tremble beneath him1 and he sank gently into its heaving bosom4 ,a darkness that bred more awe than terror encompassed him1 and he felt that he was in the presence of one of ,god's most dreaded ministers4 ,strange thunders echoed around him1 and a bewildered consciousness of some mysterious agency being about him came to his wondering spirit4 ,out of the darkness grew a twilight1 in which objects began to be distinguishable2 precious ore glistened on the face of the rocks2 metals and jewels1 heaped in confusion1 met his eye2 silver daggers hung within reach of his hand1 like bosses from a ,gothic roof2 columns of sparkling minerals shot up like enchanted trees by his side2 while the plashing of fountains1 the rushing of lava-rivers1 and the dull1 perpetual thunder of ascending flames reached his ear--a dusky kingdom1 awful in the force it suggested1 but hushed and chained by a power greater still2 a silent kingdom1 the workshop of nature1 where our dreamer feared but to tread1 lest a volcano might be set in motion on the earth1 or an earthquake overwhelm a score of cities4 ,but not before hearing the credo of this mighty world could he leave its regions2 it smote upon him from out the roar of a furnace1 whence a stream of blinding light ran slowly into a rocky channel4 ,molten iron flowed at his feet1 and a voice sang in his ear3 ,the earth is the ,lord's2 the compass of the world1 and all that dwell therein4 ,like hammer-blows came the dread words2 no spirit in living shape was near1 yet a living presence seemed to glow in each fiery stream or glittering rock3 the guidance of a will that1 millions of ages ago1 spoke one creative word1 was enough to lead the revolutions and point the unerring road of this grim realm till time should be no more4 ,slowly the walls of darkness dissolved1 and the hard floor of metals turned to a fine white powder1 soft yet firm2 trees grew up1 but they were white as with hoar-frost2 and a marvellous vegetation sprang into being1 the mosses swaying to and fro1 the flowers moving from rock to rock1 the fields of greenest grass swaying as if with animal life4 ,jewels hung from the fairy rocks1 but they closed a strong grip on the finger that touched them2 pearls lay scattered on the sandy floor1 and back and forth fled swift creatures all lace and film1 like animated cobwebs4 ,robert felt1 by instinct1 that as he had visited the bowels of the earth1 so now he was roaming the garden of the ocean4 ,in reverent wonder he paused1 looking upward as if to the sky2 and in the liquid firmament wandering stars of fitful radiance shone out upon him4 ,they came now singly1 now in strings like the milky way1 or again in fields1 as if a flag had been studded with glow-worms4 ,as he could not tell why in the heart of volcanic fires he had been neither stifled nor consumed1 so now he knew not why he was not drowned2 but with the water veiling everything around1 dripping in the coral caves1 beating against the rocks1 stirring the living petals of millions of sea-flowers1 he stood upright1 waiting for the voice that must swell the everlasting song4 ,it rose at first1 as though muffled by the water1 grew stronger and clearer1 till1 in a tone of triumph1 it gave forth its glad pan3 ,bless the ,lord1 all ye seas and floods2 444 all that move in the waters2 444 ye dragons of the deep4 ,is man1 then1 the only rebel in creation1 ,robert thought sadly1 the only ungrateful one1 who thinks it a loss of time to sing the praises of ,god8 ,and an answer seemed to knock at his heart1 saying3 ,work is prayer1 work is song4 ,again the sea-walls broke1 the jewel-flowers disappeared1 and a change came over the dreamer4 ,snowy mountains2 fleecy peaks1 purple-shadowed where the sunset light caught their sides2 level horizons of gold1 suggesting far lands of miraculous radiance2 banks of crimson by dun oceans1 seeming the grave of a thousand worlds2 a solitude oppressive and sublime2 a silence which not even the riving asunder of the gray mountain or dissolving of the tawny shore into the ocean of blue can break--such was the new scene on which ,robert gazed4 ,entranced with its beauty1 he told himself that this was lovelier than even the ice-cathedral amid the soundless world of snow2 and here would he fain build him a home1 and wander out his pilgrimage2 for this is the threshold of heaven4 ,now the sun came from behind the translucent masses1 and left streaks of opal and amethyst where his footprints had pressed the fleecy snow2 and the dreamer started as the device of this world of amazing beauty and absolute obedience flashed into his eyes from out the great1 golden heart of the sun4 ,here there was no voice1 as elsewhere2 but the words were burned into ,robert's mind as he gazed at the mighty orb3 ,he has set his tabernacle in the sun2 hereafter ye shall see the ,son of man sitting at the right hand of the power of ,god1 and coming in the clouds of heaven4 ,no sooner had the dreamer gathered this new verse of the world-song into his memory1 than the mountains and plains1 the valleys and the sea1 began to dissolve in mist4 ,he stretched out his hands imploringly1 as if to stay the wondrous vision in its flight2 but he struck at empty air1 and sank gently towards the earth4 ,an echo from afar wafted him an answer1 which seemed a promise that the cloud-land would receive him once more at some distant day1 but the words were rather a command than an encouragement3 ,work is prayer1 work is song4 ,and now a scene broke upon his sight1 which made him think he was back among the apple-orchards and smiling farms of ,normandy--a fair and tranquil scene3 wide meadows1 with flocks of kine grazing1 fields of corn ripe for the sickle1 and orchards1 round which girls and boys were frolicking in holiday costume4 ,beyond that was a village of white huts and a church all of wood1 its porch hung with evergreens1 and a wedding-party grouped beneath2 and through the landscape the same river on whose banks ,robert thought he had fallen asleep once years ago1 when it flowed through the heart of the primeval forest4 ,higher up in the distance were still the old pine-woods2 but there was much timber felled1 and great rafts were paddled down the stream1 laden with the wealth of the forest4 ,robert knew that civilization had come to this spot with a cross in its hand instead of a sword1 and baptismal dews instead of fire-water4 ,he saw the bronzed1 athletic men of the ,new ,world working like brothers side by side with the stalwart1 golden-haired pilgrims from the ,old2 and he looked around to see who had thus brought about that which his former experience had sadly told him was an impossibility4 ,just then there rose a chant from the village church3 ,sing to the ,lord a new song4 ,offer up the sacrifice of justice and hope in the ,lord1 444 who showeth us good things4444 ,by the fruit of their corn1 and wine1 and oil are they multiplied2 while from the fields where the red man and the white toiled together rose an answering chorus3 ,behold how good and pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity4 ,then from the church came a long file of dark-robed men1 with cowls of ancient make1 like those that the ,norman boy had seen carved on the monuments of the abbots in his own land--nay1 his own village 7for ,villeneuve had once belonged to the ,benedictines7--and they marched in slow procession to a spot of ground a mile beyond the gathering of white huts4 ,here a large area was marked out in the shape of a cross1 the outline being drawn in wreaths of gaily-colored autumn leaves4 ,many ,indians stood round the enclosure1 and one old chief kept in his hands a quantity of wampum belts4 ,opposite him was a man of athletic build1 nearly seventy years old1 in whom ,robert thought he saw a great likeness to himself as he might become in a happy and prosperous old age4 ,the chief of the dark-robed men lifted up his voice1 and addressed this figure3 ,robert ,maillard--and the dreamer started to hear his own name--this day you end a noble work2 you crown a life worthy to be held in remembrance for ever4 ,you came to this spot a wanderer without an aim1 at war with man1 almost despairing of ,god4 ,you stand here1 after half a century has gone over your head1 the father of your people1 the benefactor of two races1 the founder1 so to speak1 of a new kingdom4 ,you crown the sacrifice of a lifetime used in ,god's service by a free gift of your choicest possession to his everlasting majesty4 ,to all ages will a school of holy discipline and of sacred song plead for you at the throne of ,god1 and the laus perennis of holy lives shall represent the ceaseless hymn of inanimate creation to its ,lord4 ,then the old man turned to the ,indian chief1 and called him4 ,my brother1 he said1 ,i have only given to ,god what you gave me2 without a fair title to your land1 ,i durst not have offered it to the ,god whose eldest child on this side of the sea is the red man2 and half the blessing which this reverend minister of our ,lord has promised me falls to your share4 ,my pale-faced brother speaks words of justice and of wisdom1 answered the chief2 his ,god shall be my ,god1 and his people my people1 because his faith has taught him truth and honesty towards his red brother4 ,the black-robe hath spoken well1 and ,great ,eagle is glad to hear him praise the friend of his people1 and he who hath taught the ,indian maidens to sing the song of the stars and the clouds4 ,so saying1 he laid at the priest's feet a wampum belt2 and as each ceremony of the laying of a first stone was completed1 he laid down another1 as if ratifying the compact after the manner of his people4 ,the dreamer stood apart in silent wonder2 the dark-robed choir intoned the psalm ,lauda ,jerusalem3 ,praise the ,lord1 ,o ,jerusalem6 ,praise thy ,god1 ,o ,sion6 ,for he hath strengthened the bars of thy gates2 he hath blessed thy children within thee4 ,he hath made peace within thy borders1 and filleth thee with the fatness of corn4 ,at last the procession turned back towards the white church1 and all the people1 ,indians as well as white men1 joined its ranks4 ,robert followed last of all1 and an echo to the song of joy and praise rose from his enlightened heart1 whispering3 ,work is prayer1 work is song4 ,he looked around2 he knew the spot well2 a little higher up the stream was the place where he had rested at noontide1 before his eyes were opened to the true mission allotted him in life4 ,he knew that this was the warning1 which1 if he neglected it1 would make of him no longer an innocent dreamer1 but a useless vagabond1 a rebellious creature of ,god4 ,if poetry and beauty1 truth and honesty1 were things of the past1 it was at least the duty of every ,christian to do what he could to make them once more things of the present4 ,no man who owed allegiance to the great ,maker of all things could go idly through life1 a vain mourner over an impossible ideal2 he must bear his share of work1 and do his utmost to build up anew the spiritual temple of truth4 ,and he1 above all1 who had been led through the secret treasure-houses of nature1 and had listened to the ceaseless hymn of praise which the creatures of ,god sang as they followed the immutable laws set down for them by their ,lord--he1 above all1 dared not stand still nor refuse the tribute of his voice4 ,he would not be an alien among his brethren1 the children of ,god4 ,with these thoughts1 he slowly followed the crowd as it filled the little church1 and broke out again into strains of solemn gladness1 singing3 ,now dost thou dismiss thy servant in peace1 ,o ,lord1 according to thy word2 for my eyes have seen thy salvation4 ,the song grew fainter1 and the multitude seemed to dissolve before his eyes1 as ,robert1 standing up1 gazed around him4 ,everywhere the primeval forest hemmed him in2 the river flowed at his feet1 clogged with mossy boulders1 and fringed with delicate fern2 the squirrels rattled in the trees with a sound like castanets2 and the silvery disk of the moon was just visible over the tree-tops4 ,the young wanderer knew that he had slept for many hours2 but he awoke a new being4 ,reverently he gazed upon the silent landscape1 to which a fellowship beyond the expression of human tongues now bound him2 and1 as he repeated slowly the prayers that he had said at his mother's knee in the old ,norman homestead1 he felt that at last his life's work had been pointed out to him4 ,he had read the pages of a book more wonderful than the romances of troubadours1 the tales of the ,minnesingers1 and even the chronicles of olden abbeys2 he had heard how the world was bound by a chain of song1 never ceasing1 never wearying2 and henceforth his frail human life must not mar this awe-inspiring harmony2 his heart must throb with the world's heart1 his voice sing in unison with the great voice of creation4 ,night passed1 and he scarcely slept2 morning came1 and found him still in his holy rapture4 ,before long1 an ,indian approached him--a tall and stately son of the forest1 one still uncorrupted by the thinly veiled heathenism of the white children of the sun4 ,he had never seen a white man1 though he had often heard of them4 ,robert knew a little of some of the ,indian tongues1 but not that of the new-comer4 ,what with signs and a few words akin to those which the ,indian spoke1 they gradually made friends2 but the red man still gazed upon ,robert with an awe not unmixed with terror4 ,he handled his weapons and his garments1 touched reverentially his fair and tangled locks1 and at intervals drew long breaths of astonishment and admiration4 ,he then led him to the assembly of his tribe1 and ,robert soon learnt enough of their language to be able to speak fluently with them4 ,he told them how he came there1 and spoke to them of the true ,god2 and1 though at first they listened quietly1 they soon grew grave4 ,they had heard of the cruelty and treachery of white men1 who all professed to believe in this true ,god1 and they dared not trust to this teaching4 ,then ,robert had a happy inspiration4 ,he told them of his dream1 and they brightened up at once2 this was language such as they loved to hear2 these were parables such as they instinctively understood4 ,he told them of his life in ,normandy1 of his journey across the great salt water1 of his longings after a beautiful land of brotherly love1 such as had been shown to him in his dream4 ,he asked them to help him in his work for ,god4 ,we cannot dwell longer on the details of the story of this settlement in the wilderness1 but some things must be briefly touched upon4 ,in due time1 the ,indian tribe gave ,robert a grant of many miles of land1 and he1 in return1 promised them protection1 justice1 equality1 and peace4 ,one priest at first1 then gradually others1 came to preach the ,gospel2 and the path of truth was exceptionally smooth in this strange oasis4 ,robert called his settlement by a name which few at first could understand--,perpetual ,praise4 ,parts of the forest were cleared2 a thriving lumber trade was established2 cottages sprang up2 many emigrants from fair ,normandy flocked in1 yet settlers of other lands were all welcomed as brothers2 a civilization that was rather that of the monastery than of the factory sprang up1 and ,indians and whites worshipped ,god side by side in joy and peace4 ,as years went by1 ,robert took an ,indian wife1 and loved her as faithfully as though she had been the princess of some chivalric romance3 he had found his ideal at last4 ,sometimes--it was impossible that it should be otherwise--there would be a ripple of adversity over the smooth waters of this pastoral life2 crime might throw a shadow on the settlement2 but peace was promptly restored1 and ,robert became known as the justest and most merciful judge for hundreds of miles around4 ,he was the arbiter and referee of every feud1 the father of his colony1 the terror of evil-doers4 ,over his house-door--a wide1 open-armed porch where his ,indian sons1 with locks of bronze1 played the games of infant ,samsons at his feet--was carved in crimson letters this brave motto3 ,work is prayer1 work is song4 ,as his years advanced1 he grew more thoughtful yet4 ,one idea remained unrealized2 and now that the settlement had had a life almost as long as the third of a century1 he felt that it was time to begin the new and crowning work4 ,he negotiated with the ,benedictine abbeys of ,france1 and held out hopes to them of the free gift of at least five hundred acres of land for the foundation of a priory of their order1 together with a school of missionaries for the ,indians1 and for the revival of sacred chant--a study ,robert had greatly at heart4 ,he received very favorable answers and1 before he died1 he saw the wish of his heart in a fair way to be accomplished4 ,the day of the arrival of the first ,benedictine monks was a festival throughout the settlement4 ,indian and ,european decorations vied with each other2 beads1 feathers1 flags1 lanterns of painted birch-bark1 flowers strewn on the paths1 wreaths hung from tree to tree1 all represented but poorly the heartfelt enthusiasm of the people4 ,in a few months1 the old chant of the church in the early ages echoed through the woods and corn-fields of the ,new ,world2 the ,divine ,office was sung in the intervals of agricultural labor2 seven times a day did the bells utter their summons to prayer1 yet the fields and flocks thrived none the less for this continuous intercession4 ,the boys of red and white race mingled their locks of black and gold1 poring over the books of church psalmody2 the maidens and matrons joined in from their seats in the body of the church4 ,the wilderness became populous1 great artists came to sketch the stately figures of the monks and the innocent faces of the choristers as they moved from choir to ploughed field1 from school to pasture2 curious folks came to visit the little spot of land where a great experiment had been tried and had not failed2 musicians came to seek rest for their minds and inspiration for their art2 poets came to describe the new ,arcadia1 and holy men to praise ,god in the temple where such great graces had been conferred4 ,robert ,maillard began to fear that such publicity would endanger the very perfection which was the theme of admiration1 and with redoubled fervor did he pray for his beloved work4 ,as last came a day when he knew that his earthly task was over2 like a patriarch among his people1 he gathered the heads of the little community around him1 and blessed them1 exhorting them to persevere in the happy and innocent life of ,perpetual ,praise4 ,his wife knelt at his feet1 his sons stood around him1 and one of them led by the hand a young child1 whose eyes were ,indian eyes1 but whose skin was nearly as fair as that of her grandfather4 ,the ,benedictine monks stood around ,robert's bedside1 chanting the ,divine ,office2 but suddenly the dying man raised his hands to heaven1 and1 mingling his voice with the song of ,compline1 called out clearly and joyously1 as if in answer to some interior voice3 ,i come1 ,o ,lord6 ,work has been prayer2 be it now song4 ,,footnotes3 #acc ,it was the custom in many of the monasteries of the ,v,ith and ,v,i,ith centuries1 especially those of the rule of ,s4 ,columba1 for the monks to be divided into choirs1 alternately officiating in the church1 and by means of which the divine praises were uninterruptedly sung during the whole twenty-four hours4 ,the ,perpetual ,adoration is the only similar institution in our day1 and the small number of communities accounts for the discontinuance of the custom4 ,,english ,,sketches4 ,,ii4 ,,ruins ,,of ,,an ,,old ,,abbey4 ,in the year of grace #aaba1 ,henry ,i4 was reigning in ,england4 ,on the sudden death of his brother1 ,william ,rufus1 he had seized the crown1 which devolved by right on the next elder brother1 ,robert of ,normandy1 ,robert being just then absent in the ,holy ,land1 where1 by military exploits of high renown and sweet courtesy of manner1 he was winning the hearts of his soldiers and of ,christendom4 ,hearing how things were going in ,england1 he set sail in haste for ,normandy2 and there calling a fleet together1 he steered towards ,dover1 where the usurper1 apprised of his arrival1 stood with an army drawn up upon the shore awaiting him4 ,for three days and nights the brothers stood at bay1 like two tigers ready to fly at one another's throats1 but neither daring to strike the first blow in their fratricidal war4 ,presently we see gliding high up along the cliffs a venerable figure1 clad in priestly garb1 and bearing an olive branch in his hand4 ,his name is ,anselm4 ,he has been roughly handled by ,rufus1 and has little kindness to expect from his successor4 ,but ,anselm heeds not his own interest or his life2 he goes boldly forward1 and with outstretched hand entreats the brothers to desist from their bloody intent1 to exchange the kiss of peace1 and settle their quarrel as became men and ,christians4 ,they hearkened to the voice of the saintly primate4 ,this was his first service to ,henry1 and it was quickly followed by others so numerous and so important that the scholarly king1 moved partly by gratitude1 and partly by a desire to atone for certain of his own and his predecessor's misdemeanors towards the church1 resolved1 in #aaba1 to build a monastery which should be one of the glories of his reign1 and bear witness to the end of time to his devout allegiance to the faith4 ,with this view he built the ,benedictine ,abbey of ,reading4 ,it was on so royal a scale1 both of magnitude and architectural splendor1 that even now1 in their utter dilapidation1 the fragments of the cyclopean ruins give us no inadequate idea of what it must have been in the days of its strength and glory4 ,the gigantic skeleton walls1 as they stand out gaunt and ragged against the sky1 resemble rather rocks than the remains of the work of puny human hands4 ,the style was in the massive and lofty ,norman ,gothic of the period1 as may be seen from the few bold arches that have withstood alike the ravages of time1 the artillery of ,cromwell1 and modern depredations4 ,the abbey was one of the wealthiest in the kingdom1 and the mitred abbot was counted among the notable authorities of the land4 ,he not only took rank with the highest nobles1 but he enjoyed1 likewise1 many of the supreme prerogatives of royalty2 he was privileged to coin money1 and to confer the honor of knighthood4 ,he exercised hospitality to kings and princes1 and that right royally4 ,king ,henry1 the founder1 was a frequent guest at the monastery with his court1 who were entertained there for weeks at a time with regal magnificence4 ,the king was extremely fond of the abbey and the monks1 and made it his custom to spend ,holy ,week there every year4 ,after performing his ,paschal duties in company with his family and his court1 and passing the solemn week in fasting and prayer1 he celebrated the joyful ,easter dawn with a festive merriment1 in which all the town was invited to join4 ,bonfires blazed on every surrounding hill1 ale ran in the gutters1 the poor were clad and fed1 and all within reach of the royal bounty felt the joy of the ,paschal alleluia4 ,queen ,adeliza shared her husband's partiality for this lordly monastic retreat1 and at various festivals through the year repaired to it1 sometimes with her son1 sometimes only with her women-in-waiting4 ,when ,henry died of overindulgence in his favorite dish of lampreys1 at ,rouen1 he directed that his heart should remain there1 but that his body should rest under the roof of his beloved ,benedictine abbey4 ,after his demise1 it still continued to be a royal residence1 and was often frequented by ,henry ,,ii41 who held a parliament there for the first time in #aahd--;an example which was followed repeatedly in the course of the succeeding reigns2 the calm of the cloister offering a fitter atmosphere for grave deliberation to the law-makers than the hall of ,westminster1 disturbed as it was by courtly intrigues and political agitations4 ,in #adeb1 ,parliament was adjourned to ,reading ,abbey from ,westminster1 on account of the sudden outbreak of the plague1 and later1 in #adff1 for the same reason4 ,it was the scene of other meetings not devoid of historical importance4 ,here the ,patriarch of ,jerusalem1 ,heraclius1 visited ,henry ,,ii41 and presented him with the keys of the ,holy ,sepulchre and the royal banners of the city1 in hopes of luring him to undertake another crusade for the deliverance of the holy places4 ,henry ,,iii4 passed more of his time at ,reading ,abbey than at any of his own palaces2 here he convoked assemblies of the nobles1 and received brother princes and ,european guests of distinction4 ,it was in the west hall of the monastery that ,edward ,,iv4 received his fair young queen1 ,elizabeth ,widville4 ,in this same hall ,longchamp1 ,bishop of ,ely1 who had the regency in the absence of ,richard ,cur de ,lion in ,palestine1 was put upon his trial4 ,two other ecclesiastical councils were held here in the reign of ,john4 ,when ,richard ,,ii41 through the intervention of ,john of ,gaunt1 was reconciled to his nobles1 he chose ,reading ,abbey as the ground of meeting4 ,so it continued1 up to the reign of ,henry ,,viii41 the resort of kings1 and nobles1 and prelates1 until that ruthless despoiler passed an act for the suppression of monasteries1 and converted the sacred precincts into a palace for his own sole use4 ,the monks were scattered1 and their brave and loyal abbot1 ,hugh ,farringdon1 having dared to denounce the iniquitous edict and defy the king1 was sentenced to be hanged1 drawn1 and quartered4 ,with him closes the line of the ,benedictine abbots4 ,it is curious to see ,henry ,,viii41 after thus uprooting the church in his dominions1 plundering her treasure1 and persecuting her in every way1 leaving a large sum of money in his will for ,masses to be said for the deliverance of his soul4 ,he had made it high treason to hold the doctrine of purgatory1 or to pray for the dead2 and the act of saying ,mass was punishable with death4 ,he had overturned altars and banished priests2 yet1 when he came to die himself1 he turned1 in abject and cowardly fear1 towards the church that he had so outraged1 and besought her help in his extremity4 ,speaking of this act of ,henry's1 which throws such a sinister light on his fanatical hatred to ,catholicism1 and his violent enforcement of the reformed religion1 as it was styled1 ,hume1 whose statements are as accurate as his views are false1 remarks navely that it is a proof of the tenacity of superstition on the human mind1 and says that it was one amongst so many of the strange contrarieties of his conduct and temper1 that he who had destroyed those foundations made by his ancestors for the deliverance of their souls1 should when it came to be the hour of death take care to be on the safer side of the question himself4 ,at the time of the dissolution1 the revenues in money of this royal abbey did not exceed the small sum of #fge a year4 ,its wealth consisted not in accumulated riches1 but in lands1 and fisheries1 and flocks1 and herds4 ,many ,english sovereigns had bequeathed their dust to the consecrated shelter of ,reading ,abbey2 amongst others1 the ,empress ,matilda1 wife of ,henry ,i41 and mother of ,henry ,,ii41 had been interred in its vaults4 ,their ashes found no mercy at the hands of the infuriated fanatics1 who seemed bent on erasing from the face of the country every vestige of its ancient faith4 ,the majestic pile1 which had witnessed so many royal marriages1 and echoed to the dirges of so many sovereigns1 fell before the cannon of ,cromwell1 planted on ,caversham hill4 ,the beautiful church of ,s4 ,thomas ,becket1 where the unfortunate ,charles ,i41 with a little band of his trusty cavaliers1 had halted and knelt in prayer for protection against the mad soldiery before whom they fled1 fared no better than the rest4 ,the walls that still exist bear traces at every point of this savage act of vandalism4 ,what the fury of the ,roundheads left unfinished the more recent vandals have completed4 ,the ruins have been plundered of every vestige of stone-facing2 and those immense blocks that gave the old pile1 even in its decay1 such an air of imperishable strength and grandeur were1 at great cost of labor and money1 torn away and carried to ,windsor1 to serve in building the ,poor ,knights' ,hospital4 ,some were condemned to the more ignoble use of erecting a bridge over the ,wargrave ,road4 ,it is difficult to go beyond mere speculation in fixing the spots illustrated by so many memorable associations in the history of the old abbey4 ,there can be no mistake1 however1 about the ,chapter ,hall1 where the parliaments were held1 and where kings and prelates feasted4 ,there is a tradition that after the battle of ,newbury1 ,charles ,i4 and all his troops were daily fed for a considerable time in the refectory of the monks1 one wall alone of which is now standing1 but which quite justifies the supposition of this wholesale hospitality when we see the area formerly occupied by the apartment4 ,the site of the church is also discernible1 but the relative positions of the altars1 transepts1 and nave are but dimly suggested by the broken bases of the four enormous pillars that supported the towering dome4 ,the present beautiful little ,catholic church1 with its adjoining presbytery1 is built entirely from the ruins1 so cruelly dismantled by successive goths4 ,but all their efforts have failed to obliterate the royal aspect of the wreck1 or to rob it of its air of immortality4 ,the walls are built of sharp1 small flint1 imbedded in mortar that has now become as hard as iron--a circumstance which we may hope will put an end to any further devastation1 as the tools of the workmen break like glass in the effort to penetrate it and dislodge the flint4 ,a fact that added to ,reading ,abbey a higher kind of interest than any earthly privilege can convey was that it possessed the hand of ,s4 ,james the ,apostle--a relic which had been brought from ,germany to ,france by the ,empress ,matilda1 and given by her to her father1 ,henry ,i41 who presented it to the ,benedictine monks encased in a rich shrine of gold1 where devout worshippers came from great distances to venerate it4 ,when the dissolution of monastic orders was decreed1 the sacred relics which each community possessed were secreted in secure places1 and often defended from outrage at the peril and sacrifice of life2 but no mention is anywhere to be found of similar precautions being employed in the case of the famous ,benedictine treasure4 ,the ,roundheads desecrated the tombs of the kings1 and threw to the winds the bones of the monks who slept in the vaults around them2 but we find no trace of insult offered to the hand of ,s4 ,james1 nor is any notice taken of it in the local chronicles of ,reading from this time forth4 ,there was a vague rumor of its having been conveyed to a convent in ,spain2 but no evidence of the slightest description supports this notion4 ,about seventy years ago1 some workmen1 employed in breaking down a portion of the walls1 came upon a small wooden box containing a human hand2 it was bought as a curiosity for a mere trifle by a physician of the town1 and after a while1 we know not how or wherefore1 it found its way to the ,museum of the ,polytechnic1 where it remained until that institution was broken up2 then the hand was transferred to the ,athenum1 in ,friar ,street4 ,meantime1 the circumstance of the discovery had travelled far beyond ,berks1 and some devout persons1 believing this could be none other than the lost relic of ,s4 ,james1 offered considerable sums for it2 but1 for some reason that we can neither discover nor surmise1 these offers were declined1 and the hand remained amongst other nick-nacks to which some interest1 historical or otherwise1 was attached4 ,finally1 the vicissitudes of fortune carried it to a shop-window1 where it was long to be seen under a glass case so insecurely guarded that any expert thief might easily have purloined it4 ,a ,scotch ,catholic gentleman saw it here1 and offered fifty pounds for it4 ,it was sold to him for this sum1 and he placed it in the care of ,canon ,b----1 the dean of the church which is built on the original resting-place of the real relic1 and dedicated to ,s4 ,james4 ,it was with the understanding1 however1 that he would claim the hand as soon as he had a suitable place for it in his own house4 ,canon ,b----himself was strongly inclined to disbelieve in the genuineness of the relic4 ,in the first place1 the box in which it was found bore no sign or symbol of its being a reliquary1 and there was no mark or seal attached to the contents indicating their character2 then1 again1 the hand was small and the fingers tapering1 much more like the hand of a woman than of a rude-limbed fisherman like the ,apostle of ,spain4 ,there was one way of ascertaining with certainty that it was not the real hand1 and this was by learning whether the body of ,s4 ,james1 which is preserved in the ,cathedral of ,compostela1 wanted one hand4 ,if the two were there1 there was an end of the controversy1 and it would be clearly proved that the hand found at ,reading ,abbey had been1 at some unknown date1 returned to its place4 ,if one hand was missing1 and if that corresponded to the one in his possession1 it was at least a strong argument on the side of its genuineness1 which other steps should be thenceforth taken to prove4 ,at the canon's request1 ,dr4 ,grant1 the late saintly ,bishop of ,southwark1 wrote to the ,archbishop of ,compostela1 asking him to allow the shrine to be opened and the necessary inspection of the relics made2 but the archbishop replied that he could on no pretext1 however laudable1 consent to such an act1 which1 in his eyes1 appeared like a desecration of their venerated patron4 ,the question fell back1 therefore1 into impenetrable doubt as before4 ,the hand remained at ,reading1 until at last the purchaser arrived and claimed it4 ,he was persuaded that it was the real hand of ,s4 ,james1 and as such claimed to have it in his possession and under his roof4 ,canon ,b---- gave it up at once2 but it was remarked by a pious ,catholic at the time that if it was the real relic1 the act of purchasing it for private possession1 and removing it from a church dedicated to the apostle to whom it was supposed to belong1 to a private house1 could bring no blessing on those connected with it4 ,these warnings were laughed at as superstitious by the owner of the relic2 but they were strangely and fearfully fulfilled before long4 ,he and three clerical friends were one day seized at dinner with agonizing pains1 and1 after a few hours' suffering1 expired4 ,one of the dishes had1 by some unaccountable accident1 been poisoned by the cook1 who had employed some venomous root in mistake for horse-radish4 ,we do not attach for a moment any supernatural significance to the incident1 but merely give it as a strange coincidence4 ,after this violent and sudden death of its owner1 the hand passed into the possession of a relative1 to whom he bequeathed it4 ,perhaps this short record of its recent history may meet the eye of some one who may be induced to search out the missing limb1 and clear away the mystery that still hangs over the supposed relic of the apostle who warned us so solemnly against the iniquity of idle words4 ,who knows8 ,perhaps we may yet live to see a ,benedictine monastery rise on the site of the ancient one where his hand was so devoutly venerated2 monks1 wearing the dark cowl of the inspired author of the ,regula ,monachorum1 may again tread the hallowed ground of the old abbey1 where in bygone days their fathers lived grand and awful lives under the serene and solemn shadow of their mighty cloisters1 adjusting the strife of nations and of kings1 teaching ,christendom1 feeding the poor1 and taking the kingdom of heaven by violence amidst long vigils1 and fasting1 and humiliation1 and the heroic practice of ,christian sanctity2 the old stones may yet echo to the chant of psalms as in the days of our forefathers1 and the song of praise resound again in the desert--the same words1 with other voices2 for ,god changes not1 neither does his church2 for1 like her ,founder1 she is immutable1 the same yesterday1 to-day1 and for ever4 ,,the ,,court ,,of ,,france ,,in #ahcj4acd ,,by ,m4 ,,mennechet4 ,,from ,,paris1 ,,ou ,,le ,,livre ,,des ,,cent-,,et-,,un4 ,you think1 my dear friend and editor1 that the place occupied by the ,tuileries in the panorama of ,paris is so prominent a one that you desire to include a variety of accounts of it in the rich gallery of description you are now giving to the world1 and you ask me1 unskilful artist though ,i am1 to draw you a faithful picture of its interior as ,i once knew it4 ,you say that1 having for fifteen years inhabited this palace1 ,i must necessarily be well acquainted with all the details of it1 and you wish me to take upon myself the office of introducing your numerous readers1 and of giving them a nearer view of the chief personages of this royal domain4 ,i may1 you add1 imagine myself once more at my bureau1 distributing to curiosity or to attachment tickets of admission for some fte or ceremony1 and that this will perhaps prove1 for the time being1 a pleasant illusion for me4 ,dreams like these1 however1 would possess no attraction for me4 ,i have been too near a spectator of the court for it to have any illusions for my mind4 ,in this respect1 ,i may compare myself to an actor at the theatre1 over-familiar with the scenes of the green-room4 ,i need realities now to awaken my interest2 and since the course of events has plunged me again into my original obscurity1 ,i can no longer abandon myself to reveries of pride or of ambition4 ,nor had ,i risen so high that there was any danger that my fall would distract my reason or shake my philosophy4 ,i had reached only that elevation which gives to objects their due proportions4 ,i was neither too near nor too far1 neither too high nor too low1 not to be able to see and to judge calmly2 and it is in my former observatory that ,i am now about to replace myself1 in order to comply1 as far as it may lie in my power1 with your request4 ,perhaps ,i ought to fear that it may be said of me1 ,he served the exiled family for fifteen years2 he was indebted to them for his maintenance and that of others connected with him2 he is biassed by feelings of gratitude2 we cannot but distrust what he is about to tell us4 ,god forbid that the reproach of fidelity and gratitude should ever offend me3 these are virtues too rare for any one who is conscious in his own heart of possessing them to be ashamed of the fact4 ,if1 therefore1 ,i should be accused of flattery1 ,i shall not feel much grieved at the charge2 for at least ,i shall have flattered only the unfortunate4 ,had not the sanguinary events of ,july shattered at one blow the crown of ,charlemagne1 the sceptre of ,s4 ,louis1 and the sword of ,henri ,,iv42 did the family of ,charles ,x4 now reign at the ,tuileries1 ,i might be silent1 lest my encomiums should be deemed interested2 or were ,i to take up my pen1 it would only be to demonstrate that the liberal ideas of the youth of the present day were even then admitted to the court2 there was no exclusion1 excepting for revolutionary principles4 ,here might be a fine opportunity for me to enter upon a chapter of politics4 ,i might prove to the partisans of the sovereignty of the people that they alone invoke the divine right1 since the voice of the people passes for the voice of ,god--,vox populi1 vox ,dei2 or1 on the other hand1 that their adversaries do well to range themselves on the side of hereditary right1 which is a principle of order and security1 as well for governments as for families--a right sacred and inviolable1 and which has existed unquestioned from the days of ,adam until the present time4 ,but ,i should find myself quite out of my sphere in the domain of politics1 having always withheld myself from its complications4 ,i therefore give your readers notice that ,i shall not introduce them into the great cabinet in which the councils of the ministers were held4 ,i was not admitted there myself2 and as ,i never listened at the doors1 it would be impossible for me to relate anything that took place4 ,all ,i know is that under the last ministry they used three sheets of paper too much1 since the latter kindled so deplorable a conflagration4 ,the exterior aspect of the ,tuileries is doubtless well known to my readers1 at least from description1 or through pictures or engravings4 ,but those who have never had the opportunity of penetrating further ,i now invite to follow me into the interior1 while ,i endeavor to bring before them some of the ftes and ceremonies of the court of ,charles ,x4 ,unless you are in full dress1 let us not enter by the great staircase4 ,there we should find a man1 who is called a ,suisse1 although he is a ,frenchman1 who would tell you that etiquette does not permit you to enter the palace of the king wearing boots4 ,you might exclaim against etiquette1 forgetting1 however1 that1 at least1 it imposes upon vanity the obligation of enriching labor4 ,the staircase by which ,i shall introduce you is free from such restrictions4 ,you will find the steps much worn4 ,they lead to the treasury of charities--a treasury quite the opposite of the cask of the ,danades2 for although it be constantly drawn from1 it is never empty4 ,let us ascend another flight1 and cross the black gallery1 where1 on the right and left sides1 are lodged1 in narrow and inconvenient rooms1 the great lord and the valet de chambre1 the matre d'hotel and the physician1 the aide-de-camp and the chaplain1 the gentleman and the plebeian4 ,here all ranks1 all grades1 all dignities1 are confounded4 ,when we shall repair to the final judgment1 ,i suppose we shall all pass through a black gallery1 in which1 like that of the ,tuileries1 will be mingled all social ranks4 ,we will now descend a flight1 and enter the apartment of the first gentleman of the chamber1 one of the great officers of the household4 ,let us request of him tickets of admission to the ceremony of the ,supper2 and1 when we shall have obtained them from his habitual complaisance1 let us hope that there may not have been1 the night before1 between him1 the captain of the guards1 and the grand-master of ceremonies1 any dispute regarding the rights1 privileges1 and attributes of their respective offices4 ,in that case it is by no means certain that the life-guardsman would permit us to enter1 the password being frequently regulated by some petty revenge of the chief4 ,this time1 however1 all is harmonious2 the life-guardsman has made no objection1 the usher has taken our tickets1 and the valet de chambre has indicated our places behind the ladies4 ,what an interesting tableau is presented by this religious solemnity6 ,the chapel of the chteau being too small for the occasion1 the gallery of ,diana has been arranged for the ceremony4 ,i see you smile as you raise your eyes to gaze upon the rich paintings which decorate the ceiling of this gallery4 ,cupid and ,psyche1 ,diana and ,endymion1 ,hercules and ,omphale--all these gods and goddesses of paganism appear1 little in keeping with the scene of a ,christian celebration4 ,but lower your eyes2 look at this simple altar1 at this pulpit1 from which the minister of ,god will shortly speak1 and you will no longer be tempted to smile1 for you will have realized the distance which separates truth from error4 ,at one of the extremities of the gallery is laid an immense table1 on which thirteen dishes of different kinds are thirteen times repeated4 ,each one of them is decorated with fragrant flowers1 which exhale a delicious perfume4 ,along the entire length of the gallery are placed1 right and left1 three rows of benches4 ,on one side are seated the ladies1 whose elegant costumes are1 it is true1 somewhat worldly2 but the books they hold in their hands attest1 at least1 their pious intentions4 ,facing the pews reserved for the royal family1 and on more elevated benches1 are ranged thirteen poor young children1 representing the thirteen apostles2 for1 at the time of the ,supper1 ,judas had not denied his ,master4 ,behind these are placed the musicians of the king1 at their head ,cherubini and ,lesueur1 and directed by ,plantade2 this combination of talent exhibiting a taste and power of execution unrivalled at that period1 and which will still be remembered by many who have had the privilege of listening to them4 ,but suddenly a voice is heard--,the king4 ,all advance1 lean forward1 and endeavor to obtain a view of him4 ,he salutes all with the grace so natural to him2 and respect alone represses the demonstration which his kindness seems to encourage4 ,the divine office begins2 at its conclusion comes the sermon2 and finally1 carrying out the pious custom of the kings of ,france1 he himself washes the feet of the thirteen apostles as a token of ,christian humility4 ,the impious may smile at these touching solemnities of the worship of their forefathers2 had they once assisted at a ceremony like this1 they would smile no more4 ,afterwards1 the officers of the household advance in a procession1 holding in their hands the insignia of their office and bouquets4 ,after them marches the dauphin of ,france1 followed by the high officers4 ,thirteen times in succession they approach the table to seek the bread1 the wine1 the different dishes intended for the representatives of the apostles4 ,they carry them to the king1 who deposits them in baskets at the feet of each child4 ,to these gifts he adds a purse for each1 containing thirteen five-franc pieces4 ,then the ceremony is over1 and the king may say to himself1 ,i have not only fulfilled an act of devotion and humility2 ,i have also made thirteen families happy4 ,having beheld the ,most ,christian ,king stooping from his royal majesty to those whom ,pre ,bridaine called the best friends of ,god1 let us now view him in that ceremony which alone1 until lately1 recalled the ancient traditions of chivalry4 ,here he is not only ,king of ,france2 he is ,grand ,master of the ,order of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,this order1 founded by ,henri ,,iii41 and which all the sovereigns of ,europe were proud and happy to wear2 this order1 which decorated the breast of ,henri ,,iv41 of ,louis ,,xiv41 and of all the great warriors and statesmen of the last two centuries2 this order1 the most glorious recompense1 and the one most coveted by the celebrated personages of the beginning of the present epoch1 is at an end--the late revolution did not choose that it should survive the monarchy4 ,the last ceremony of the ,order of the ,holy ,ghost took place on ,may #cj1 #ahcj1 at ,whitsuntide4 ,the most perfect taste and the greatest luxury were displayed in the hangings which decorated the great vestibule and the stone gallery that lead to the chapel2 the ingenious and varied talents of ,hittorf1 ,lecointe1 and ,ciceri being brought into requisition on this occasion4 ,the chapter of the order was held at eleven o'clock in the grand cabinet4 ,there were assembled1 in their rich costumes of black velvet1 embroidered with gold and faced with green silk1 the knights already received into the number1 wearing crosswise the collar of the order1 and on their cloaks the silver plates--the brilliant insignia of their dignity4 ,the king1 the natural nobility of whose appearance was enhanced by this picturesque costume1 opened the assembled chapter2 then the cortge took up their march to the chapel1 where the knights lately promoted were to be received4 ,they marched in double-file through rows1 on either hand1 of ladies elegantly dressed2 the bystanders gazed eagerly on the knights as they advanced1 and many satirical remarks were made upon the singular junction of the new celebrities with the members of the old aristocracy4 ,there walked together the ,duc la ,tremouille and ,m4 ,lain1 ,m4 ,ravez and the ,duc de ,montmorency4 ,to show how ambition may attain its ends by different paths1 the ,duc de ,dcaze and the ,comte de ,villete1 the ,comte de ,peyronnet and the ,duc de ,dalmatie2 and as if to demonstrate how differently two gentlemen may comprehend the duties of their position1 the ,duc de ,mortemart and the ,vicomte de ,chteaubriand4 ,an especial circumstance added the attraction of curiosity while it lent a more touching interest to this scene2 the king received as ,chevalier of the ,order of the ,holy ,ghost the young ,duc de ,nemours1 in the presence of all his family4 ,all those who were present on this occasion cannot fail to remember the noble and gracious air of the young prince1 and the deep emotion perceptible in the voice of the august old man as he defined the duties of a true knight4 ,one might have supposed him a father1 happy and proud to find in his son a heart in which the seeds of honor and loyalty must necessarily germinate4 ,all the spectators were moved4 ,a mother wept4 ,would that these had been the last tears she was destined to shed6 ,let us now pass from this grave and imposing ceremonial to those animated and joyous ftes which took place every year at ,saint-,cloud on the day of ,s4 ,henri4 ,shall ,i show you the ,trocadere1 filled with games of every description1 shops of all kinds1 in which the most famous actors of the capital1 transformed into foreign merchants1 distributed to all comers songs1 toys1 bonbons1 and flowers1 all for the trifling remuneration of thanks8 ,will you assist with the whole court at that brilliant representation of the heroic drama of ,bissen1 in which ,franconi and his actors1 men and horses1 give proofs of such rare intelligence and address8 ,at the conclusion of this spectacle1 the ,duc de ,bordeaux#ace assembles his little army of children1 and before the eyes of the astonished crowd causes them to manuvre with all the coolness and experience of a veteran captain2 then he leads them to the gymnastic games1 in which he surpasses them all in strength1 daring1 and skill4 ,then1 mingling with the soldiers of a neighboring post1 he plays at quoits with the latter as if with comrades2 but he takes care to lose the game just as he is on the point of winning it1 so as to be generous without the appearance of it4 ,perhaps you might be interested to know that this promising child likewise ardently devotes himself to his studies under the care of his admirable instructors1 ,,mm4 de ,barande and ,colart1 and more especially to the history of his country2 he obstinately refuses to call the ,constable of ,bourbon anything but the bad ,constable1 asserting that he has forfeited his right even to his name1 having borne arms against his sovereign4 ,but whither have my reminiscences carried me8 ,here we are at ,saint-,cloud2 the games of a child have made me forget the pomps of a court1 and1 besides1 ,i was only to speak to you of the ,tuileries4 ,this court was not wanting in brilliancy2 its luxury1 however1 was by no means extreme4 ,these three hundred gentlemen of the chamber1 these equerries1 these officers of ceremony for the household and hunting service1 richly dressed in vestments embroidered in gold1 were tributaries to industry1 and willingly paid the tax of vanity4 ,we too often forget that the bread of the poor is in the hands of the rich1 and that it is better for the former that this bread should be the price of labor than the gift of charity4 ,in order to reconcile ourselves with this luxury1 which many unthinkingly condemned1 let us assist at those jeux du roi1 to which all the social notabilities were invited4 ,a week before the invitations had been issued1 it would be known in all the workshops of ,paris that a reception was to take place at the court1 and more orders would be received than could be executed4 ,tailors1 dressmakers1 embroiderers1 modistes1 hair-dressers1 jewellers1 etc41 all rejoiced2 and the happiness of the invited guest1 who repaired to the fte in a showy equipage1 was shared by the workman who saw him pass4 ,let us hasten to follow the line of those thousand carriages which advance in order towards the ,tuileries some time before the hour indicated by the card of invitation2 for here it is quite different from those balls of society where the fashion is to arrive late in order to produce a sensation2 on the contrary1 every one desires to be among the first to obtain a glance from the king4 ,already crowds are pressing into these vast drawing-rooms1 where innumerable wax candles shed so favorable a light over the beauty of the women and their superb dresses4 ,it is impossible to imagine1 without having seen it1 the magnificent spectacle presented by the throne-room and the ,gallery of ,diana2 on entering these1 the dazzling ensemble could be taken in at a glance1 and each one stops for a moment1 lost in admiration1 to contemplate it4 ,here are assembled the late minister1 thinking how he may seize again the reins of power2 the present minister1 absorbed in the fear of losing them2 and the future minister1 musing over the chances he may possess of obtaining them4 ,all three salute each other1 press each other's hands affectionately3 one might mistake them for friends4 ,here are grouped peers of ,france1 proud of their hereditary rights1 and confident in the stability of them1 calculating how much the son of a lord may be worth1 and by what dowry the daughter of a banker may purchase the title of countess and the entre to the court4 ,here we behold the former senators of ,napoleon1 who have not1 perhaps1 renounced their own ideas and illusions2 see beside them old generals1 who1 from the epoch of the ,republic down to ,charles ,x41 have served all the different governments4 ,the banner has changed1 but what does that matter8 ,military honor has not suffered2 that is to be placed only in courage4 ,these officers1 with their large epaulettes1 appear to cast disdainful glances on the crowd of men in blue coats1 the collars of which1 embroidered in fleur-de-lis1 designate civic functions4 ,the supporters of the ministry are surprised that so many members of the opposition should have been invited2 the latter complain that there are so few of their own party present compared with the number of their adversaries4 ,there is1 however1 for the time being1 neither ,right side1 ,left side1 nor ,centre--all appear harmonious2 and should a vote now be taken1 the urn would be filled with white balls1 so great in those days was the influence of an invitation from the king--almost equal to that of a ministerial dinner at the present time4 ,but to the hum of conversation suddenly succeeds a profound silence2 the king appears1 followed by all the royal family4 ,he circulates slowly through the apartments1 and his kindness of heart suggests to him what to say1 so as to please each one in turn4 ,none are forgotten2 and in addressing himself to the ladies1 he perfectly understands the art of complimenting so as to flatter without embarrassing them4 ,i must not omit1 in my description of these brilliant assemblies1 to speak of the members of the diplomatic corps1 the richness and variety of whose costumes enhanced the magnificence of the scene2 nor can ,i conclude without some mention of the courtiers of ,charles ,x4 ,i know it is a usual thing on the stage1 and perhaps elsewhere1 to depict a gentleman of the court as a low-minded1 grasping1 insolent imbecile4 ,those who view them all in this light resemble the traveller who1 passing rapidly through a town1 and seeing at a window a woman with red hair1 came to the conclusion1 and wrote1 that all the women of the place were red-haired4 ,the gentleman of the court1 such as ,i have usually known him1 since the ,restoration1 is proud of his birth and of his name2 but he knows that he has no more reason to pride himself upon their possession than a singer has to boast of the voice with which nature has gifted him1 or a rich man of the fortune left him by his father4 ,devoted to the king1 he does not consider himself the humble servant of the ministers2 and when his conscience prescribes it1 he places himself in the ranks of the opposition4 ,he is extremely polite1 knowing that this is the surest means of securing the recognition of his social superiority4 ,he does justice to merit1 and admires it frankly and without envy2 but should this merit exist in a man of equal rank with himself1 he would be tempted to dispute it4 ,he is generous1 for he knows that generosity is a great and noble virtue2 and even should it not be a pleasure1 it is a duty1 for him to exercise it4 ,without being learned1 he is not ignorant of any of the sciences1 and he has a tact which enables him to appear a connoisseur in art even when such is not the case2 but he no longer takes upon himself to be the protector of artists2 he is their friend4 ,he understands that the empire of the white plume and of the red heel is at an end1 and that1 in order to be respected1 he must deserve to be so4 ,finally1 his morals are good1 and this is1 perhaps1 the greatest change effected by the revolution4 ,such1 as a general rule1 were the courtiers of my time1 and amongst them were men full of talent1 courage1 and energy1 sincerely devoted to the true interests of the people1 who hated without knowing them2 men of noble and loyal souls1 filled with devotion to their country1 and possessed of that strong1 real1 and passionate eloquence which astonishes1 moves1 and persuades those who are resolved to oppose them2 men1 in short1 who1 finding it impossible to do the good they desire1 and unwilling to participate in the evil which may be done1 retire into private life1 carrying with them the regrets and the admiration of their fellow-citizens4 ,i do not need to name them4 ,the days devoted to jeux du roi were not the only ones on which persons of various stations were invited to the court4 ,the birthday of the king was the fte of the people2 on that day1 every cottage was made happy1 every family was supplied with bread4 ,but as this fte was not celebrated in the year of grace #ahcj1 ,i will speak only of ,new ,year's day1 on which1 according to custom1 all the different state corporations come to renew to their sovereign1 whoever he may be1 their pledges of fidelity and attachment1 to pay their homage and proffer their good wishes4 ,to these uniform speeches1 prescribed by etiquette1 expressive of sentiments more or less real1 and couched in phrases more or less high-sounding1 according to the taste or ability of the orator1 ,charles ,x4 had the faculty of returning answers marked by kindness and good sense1 rendered with a grace and facility of execution which no one has ever thought of disputing4 ,the custom which obliged the king to dine in public on ,new ,year's day was not an unpleasant one to ,charles ,x4 ,he had no reason to fear that he might be compared to those ,oriental monarchs who1 when they have dined well themselves1 think that none of their subjects ought to feel hungry4 ,he knew that the wish of ,henri ,,iv4 had been realized1 and that the chicken in the pot was wanting neither to the industrious artisan nor to the hard-working laborers4 ,if1 however1 these state dinners were not destitute of charm for him1 how much more did he enjoy that family reunion on the jour des rois1 which1 with its simple pleasures1 is an inheritance of past generations6 ,the customs attending this festival1 on which royalty is freed from all cares or regrets1 are of long standing4 ,the ancients1 when they desired to render a feast an especially gay one1 always appointed a king1 who was elected for the time4 ,neither is the use of beans1 as a distinctive mark of power1 a modern idea4 ,the ,greeks employed them in the nomination of their magistrates2 and when ,pythagoras told his disciples to abstain from beans1 he gave them a wise counsel1 of which every one does not comprehend the enigmatical and mysterious meaning4 ,amongst us1 however1 the bean is attended by none of the dangers dreaded by ,pythagoras4 ,how happy is the king of the bean6 ,he has neither courtiers who flatter him nor ministers who betray him2 his subjects are his friends2 he chooses his queen without regard to political considerations2 he eats1 he drinks1 and1 fortunate man1 his reign is but for a moment6 ,the delights of this passing royalty were never more keenly experienced than at the ,tuileries on the #fth of ,january1 #ahcj4 ,all appeared prosperous in the kingdom1 and the descendants of ,henri ,,iv41 assembled at a family dinner1 were united in opinion and in affection4 ,it was a fte day for all1 and especially for the children1 who rejoiced at the unwonted freedom from the restraints of etiquette4 ,around the royal table were seated1 first the august old man1 whose goodness of heart ever shone through the dignity of his character4 ,on one side of him was placed the ,duchess of ,orlans1 the happy mother of a numerous and handsome family2 on the other the dauphiness1 who endeavored to console herself for the want of the same happiness by adopting all the unfortunate--a woman sublime in misfortune1 heroic in danger1 and who1 passing through every stage of affliction1 at length reached that height of virtue before which all human glory must bow4 ,beside her was the ,duc d',orlans1#acf who1 when exiled in foreign lands at the same period with ,charles ,x41 had given proofs of fidelity1 affection1 and devotion2 he had shared the same trials1 and conceived the same hopes4 ,then came the ,duchess de ,berri1 handsome1 happy1 proud of her son1 imparting gaiety and vivacity to all around her1 little dreaming of the future which awaited her1 and certainly very far from imagining that1 ere long1 the poor and afflicted of her asylum at ,poissy would be obliged to petition for the charity of the public4 ,we must not forget to mention1 in this family group1 the dauphin1 ,mlle4 d',orlans1 the ,ducs de ,chartres1 de ,nemours1 d',aumale1 the ,prince de ,joinville1 the two young and pretty ,princesses of ,orlans4 ,the ,duc de ,bourbon is not able to be present2 his infirmities confine him to his chteau of ,saint-,leu1 where he had1 at least1 expected to die in peace4 ,but let us reserve our attention for this child who is about to play so important a part among the guests4 ,by this time1 the first two courses have exhausted the patience of these young hearts1 but respect restrains any expression of this feeling in them4 ,at length1 however1 the wished-for moment has arrived1 and all eyes are turned towards an officer of the table1 who carries on a silver salver1 covered with a napkin1 fifteen cakes1 one of which contains the coveted bean4 ,it falls to the lot of the ,duc d',aumale1 as being the youngest1 to distribute them among the guests1 taking care to keep one for himself4 ,each one makes haste to ascertain his fate1 and exclamations of disappointed ambition are heard on all sides4 ,one child alone blushes and is silent2 not that he is embarrassed by the rank about to devolve upon him1 but he does not wish to mortify his competitors by giving vent to his innocent delight4 ,his new majesty cannot1 however1 long remain incognito1 and the ,duc de ,bordeaux is proclaimed king of the bean by universal acclamation4 ,then1 following the example of their new sovereign1 the children all give way to an extreme of gaiety1 which the king encourages and partakes1 and which the dauphiness does not seek to restrain4 ,soon the choice of the queen is made2 it is the ,duchess of ,orlans1 who willingly lends herself to receive an honor which1 perhaps1 she might not have coveted2 and the dinner is concluded amidst shouts of laughter and cries of ,the king drinks6 ,the queen drinks6 frequently re-echoed4 ,the august personages seated around the royal table are not the only ones who share the cakes of the king4 ,pieces of these cakes are profusely distributed throughout ,france4 ,poets1 authors1 artists1 actors1 artisans1 old and infirm servants of the ,republic and of the ,empire1 destitute widows and orphans partake of the cake of the king and the bounty of ,charles ,x4 on this occasion4 ,but the time has come to rise from table1 and ,charles ,x4 requests a moment of silence1 which he succeeds with difficulty in obtaining4 ,sire1 he says to his grandson1 your reign will be at an end in about five minutes2 has your majesty no orders to give me8 ,yes1 grandpapa4 ,i wish4444 ,you wish6 ,take care2 in ,france the king always says we wish4 ,well1 then1 we wish that our governor would advance us three months of our allowance4 ,what will you do with so much money8 ,grandpapa1 the mother of a brave soldier of your guard has had her cottage burned down1 and this will not be too much to build it up again4444 ,very well4 ,i will undertake it4444 ,no1 grandpapa2 because1 if you do it1 it will not be ,i4 ,and how will you do without money for three months8 ,i shall try to gain some by the good marks ,i get from my teachers1 and for which you always pay me4 ,ah6 you depend upon that8 ,certainly2 for ,i must dress my poor people4 ,i have my poor people1 like you1 like mamma1 like my aunt4444 ,oh6 ,i have made my calculations1 and ,i am quite satisfied4 ,when ,i shall have given ten francs to the poor woman in the ,bois de ,boulogne1 who has a sick child1 ,i shall still have twenty sous left for the prince4 ,at these words ,charles ,x4 tenderly embraced his grandson1 and exclaimed1 ,happy ,france1 if ever he should be king6 ,,footnotes3 #acd ,we translate the following chapter from a work published in ,paris many years ago1 on account of its historical interest1 containing1 as it does1 reminiscences of the youth of ,comte de ,chambord and other characters since become prominent4--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 #ace ,afterwards ,comte de ,chambord4 #acf ,afterwards ,louis ,philippe4 ,,the ,,fur ,,trader4 ,a ,,tale ,,of ,,the ,,northwest4 ,few men are now living who remember ,montreal as it was in the beginning of this century1 when the ,northwest ,fur ,company had reached the summit of its prosperity1 and the ,frobishers1 ,mc,gillivrays1 ,mc,tavishes1 and ,mc,kenzies1 with a host of their associates1 were names to conjure withal2 so potent had they been made by a long and uninterrupted series of successful adventures in the fur trade of the northwestern wilds4 ,the princely hospitality exercised by the partners in their ,montreal homes1 and the fitful deeds of profuse generosity with which they delighted to surprise the people on both sides of the border1 served to spread their fame far and wide1 and to keep their memory green by many a sequestered hearthstone long after the ,northwest ,fur ,company had ceased to exist1 and its members had all passed away4 ,for many years the fireside legends of rural hamlets on the frontier were made up in a great measure from narratives of startling adventures1 hazards1 fatigues1 and privations encountered by the clerks1 agents1 voyageurs1 and coureurs des bois employed by this most energetic and enterprising1 if at the same time most unscrupulous1 corporation4 ,its schemes were devised with masterly skill1 and executed with reckless daring4 ,not content to limit its transactions within the extensive regions allotted to its sway1 it extended them north into territories over which the ,hudson's ,bay ,company had long held control1 and south into a large domain belonging to the ,united ,states1 and occupied to some extent by traders under the protection of our government4 ,these invasions of the rights of others brought the servants of the company into frequent collision with its rivals2 but the men appointed to such posts were selected from a large band of trained and tried veterans in the service1 and the dashing promptitude with which they met or evaded opposition and obstacles seemed like magic to the opposing parties of trappers1 free-traders1 and half-breeds thus encountered1 and gained them the reputation1 among that superstitious class1 of being in league with the father of all evil4 ,these collisions and outbreaks among the disciples of ,mammon1 as well as the pernicious influence gained and exercised by them over the savage tribes with whom they were engaged in traffic1 were the occasion of great grief and anxiety to a widely different class of men1 who had long occupied those territories1 and braved the difficulties1 dangers1 and hardships of those bleak and desolate regions1 on a widely different errand4 ,dauntless sons of ,loyola1 they had steadfastly pursued their vocation1 in journeyings often1 in perils of waters1 in perils of the wilderness1 in labor and painfulness1 in much watching1 in hunger and thirst1 in fastings often1 in cold and nakedness1 proving their allegiance to the ,prince of ,peace and their claim to his apostolic mission1 while proclaiming the ,gospel of salvation to the native children of those boundless deserts4 ,and so it befell that the servants of lucre1 who traversed the same districts1 at later periods1 in pursuance of their vocation1 not unfrequently took advantage of the openings thus prepared1 and pitched their outposts side by side with the humble chapel and lodge of the missionary4 ,then the conflict between good and evil1 between avarice and generosity1 selfishness and benevolence1 which had always agitated the ,old ,world1 was renewed in the wilderness1 and carried on as earnestly as if rival crowns were striving for the mastery4 ,an unequal strife it must always prove1 so long as poor human nature prefers to be the victim of evil rather than the servant of virtue4 ,many years ago--and long before ,catholic missions interested us further than to excite a certain vague admiration for the self-sacrificing zeal with which they were prosecuted--we listened to the following recital from the lips of an old clerk of the ,northwest ,company1 which we repeat as it was told to us1 to set forth some of the difficulties that encompassed the missionaries among the ,indians of the ,northwest1 tending to impede1 if not frustrate1 the object of their efforts4 ,on a fine day in the month of ,september1 #ah--1 a fleet of canoes was sweeping down one of the large rivers which flow through the northwestern portion of our country4 ,they were manned by ,canadian voyageurs1 the plash of whose paddles kept time with the gay chansons1 which were borne in such unison upon their blended voices as to seem1 except for the volume of sound1 the utterance of but one4 ,in the leading vessel of the little squadron1 well enveloped in the folds of a magnificent fur mantle1 to shield from autumnal chills1 which settle early upon those regions1 their commander reclined at his ease4 ,he was a person of imposing presence and stately manners1 whose face1 grave and thoughtful for one from which the flush of youth had scarcely passed1 presented that fine type of manly beauty peculiar to the ,highland ,scotch4 ,he seemed too entirely absorbed in his own thoughts to notice the songs of his light-hearted companions1 the merry chat with which they were interspersed1 or even the sly jokes that1 with the freedom produced by the lawless habits of the wilderness1 were occasionally levelled at himself and1 the confidential clerk who was his inseparable attendant4 ,nor did his reflections seem to be of an agreeable nature2 for at times his dark eye would flash fiercely1 and his brow contract to an ominous frown1 and again his countenance would subside into its habitual and somewhat pensive expression4 ,twilight was closing around them as they approached a trading-post of the ,northwest ,company1 which had been recently opened near a long-established missionary station1 the spire of whose humble chapel was lifted above the numerous huts that formed an ,indian village of considerable extent along the bank of the river4 ,here their commander ordered them to land1 and1 after securing the canoes for the night1 to transfer their cargoes to the storehouse of the company4 ,he directed in person the removal of the most valuable merchandise1 and1 entrusting the remainder to the care of his clerk1 proceeded with haughty strides toward the lodge of the resident missionary4 ,he was met at the entrance by a reverend father in the habit of the ,society of ,jesus1 and saluted with a distant politeness which quite unsettled his accustomed expression of composure and easy indifference4 ,an embarrassing silence followed his admission within the lodge--a silence which the good father seemed in no haste to break--when the gentleman began with a hesitating manner1 as if his proud spirit disdained what he was about to say in opening the conversation3 ,i regret to hear1 reverend father1 that we have been so unhappy as to incur your displeasure in the course of our transactions with the natives2 and ,i frankly confess that this regret is greatly increased by our knowledge of your influence over them1 the exercise of which we would gladly have secured to promote the interests of our trade4 ,it is not a question of my displeasure1 the priest replied sadly4 ,to my ,master you must answer for the crying injustice you have practised towards his children of the wilderness1 and for the sinful courses into which they have been beguiled4 ,you have betrayed his cause with those who trusted you on account of the name of ,christian1 which you so unworthily bear1 and to him you must answer for it4 ,as to my influence1 it would have been easily secured1 if your dealings with these untutored natives had been governed by justice and integrity4 ,but ,i warn you1 that unless you repent the wrongs you have inflicted yourself1 and by the hands of your agents1 upon them1 making such requital as remains within your power1 a fearful retribution awaits you in this world1 and eternal despair in the next4 ',vengeance is mine1 saith the ,lord1 and ,i will repay4' ,pardon me1 good father2 but ,i think you greatly exaggerate the wrongs of which you speak4 ,it is not possible for men of your calling to estimate or understand the scope of vast commercial enterprises and the course of great mercantile operations4 ,your imagination has brooded over the transactions which you so sternly condemn1 until it has given them a false magnitude4 ,they transpired in the ordinary course of business1 and though followed by results which ,i deplore as deeply as yourself1 ,i do not feel disposed to take blame to myself or our company for them4 ,you will not plead 'commercial enterprise' or 'mercantile transactions' before the bar of the great ,judge in excuse for eternal interests which have been sacrificed to your greed for gain2 for confiding and innocent souls that have been betrayed and lost by your fault4 ,through your iniquities and those of your servants in dealing with these children1 once so willing to be taught and to practise the duties of our holy religion1 they have been transformed into demons of revenge2 and1 disregarding our remonstrances1 have committed1 and will continue to commit1 deeds of bloody vengeance at which the world will stand aghast4 ,alas6 the world will never know the provocations that goaded them to madness2 for who will tell the story for the poor ,indian8 ,merciless slaughter and extermination is all they have to look for at the hands of men calling themselves ,christians4 ,good father1 your imagination or ambition1 or both1 have led you astray in these matters1 and hoodwinked your reason4 ,you wish to be the sole power among these people1 and are jealous of intruders who may endanger your sway4 ,your order1 if it has not been greatly belied1 has more than once mistaken worldly ambition for zeal in the service of ,god4 ,one would think1 the priest replied1 smiling and casting his eyes around the comfortless apartment and its meagre furniture--one would think that the scattered sons of a suppressed and persecuted order1 who must toil diligently with their own hands to procure their sustenance1 while they break the bread of life to these poor savages1 might have escaped such accusation1 if any servant of their ,master might2 but ,i thank him that he thus permits our enemies to set the seal of sacred verity upon the bleakest altars of our sacrifice6 ,all this is foreign to the purpose of my visit4 ,i do not wish to dispute the glories of your exalted mission or to interfere with its dominion1 but simply to inquire if we may not in some way propitiate your favor in the interests of our business4 ,i am a man of few words1 more accustomed to command than to entreat1 and go directly towards the object at which ,i aim1 instead of seeking out crooked paths4 ,we will furnish money1 if that will gain your patronage1 to build and decorate temples and houses for your missions in these deserts that shall dazzle the senses of their savage tribes1 and allure their souls to ,christianity2 for a master of the craft needs not to be told how easily they are impressed by external splendor4 ,you would be wise to accept our proposal1 were it only to promote the great ends for which you are striving4 ,sell the flock to the wolf1 for the purpose of building and embellishing the fold6 ,but in what direction do you wish our influence with this people to be exercised8 ,to draw back to us the trade which they withheld at first through dislike of our agents1 and are now preparing to transfer to our rivals1 these newly established ,american companies1 greatly to our disadvantage4 ,we have incurred enormous expense and labor to organize and provide our trading-posts at points accessible to them on the northern rivers1 for their convenience as well as our own1 to prevent the necessity for frequent and tedious journeys to ,montreal2 and it is unjust to deny us the benefit of them1 and transfer it to rival associations4 ,then1 these ,americans have interests opposed to ours in every respect4 ,i should think that you1 who are a ,canadian citizen1 from ,montreal like myself1 would naturally take our part against our ,protestant rivals4 ,as befits my calling1 ,i shall most approve those who deal most justly with my flock1 of whatever name or nation4 ,as to religion1 ,i greatly fear it holds but feeble sway1 by any name1 among those who are fighting the fierce battles of ,mammon6 ,the officers and agents of the new establishments1 like those of the ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 have1 however1 given an example1 which you would do well to follow1 by treating the missionaries and their cause with great respect1 and refraining from defrauding the natives or seducing them into evil practices by the unlimited sale of liquors1 by which they are changed to demons4 ,the persuasions and example of your coureurs des bois have done much to demoralize the ,indians2 but your own conduct has done more1 as your conscience must testify4 ,though you renounced the name of ,catholic when you turned your back upon the obligations it imposes1 your apostasy will not shield you from the consequences of your acts4 ,the gentleman started suddenly to his feet1 as if stung by the words1 his voice trembling with agitation as he said3 ,i see ,i but waste time and words in this parley1 since you are resolved to magnify trifling faults into enormous crimes4 ,but remember1 should these natives persevere in their present savage schemes1 and1 from refusing to trade with us1 proceed in their senseless anger to deeds of blood1 it will be easy to fasten the odium of instigating their crimes upon you and your fraternity1 who have stubbornly refused our proffered friendship4 ,as he gathered his mantle about him to depart1 the priest replied meekly3 ,your threats are vain2 we have planted the grain of mustard-seed in these wilds1 and it will grow and flourish4 ,it matters not whether our hands or those of others shall carry on the work we have begun4 ,our times are in the hands of ,god1 and not of men4 ,as his visitor withdrew1 the reverend father opened his ,breviary1 and1 pacing the apartment with measured steps1 soon forgot the griefs1 annoyances1 and discouragements of his position in the consoling occupation of reading his ,office1 which now entirely absorbed him4 ,while he was thus engaged1 the door was opened quietly1 and a singular-looking stranger entered without hesitation or ceremony1 depositing his rifle at the door4 ,after peering inquisitively around the room1 and casting sundry furtive glances towards the deeply abstracted priest from keen1 gray eyes1 which were deeply set under shaggy eyebrows1 he proceeded to divest himself of a large package of furs and a miscellaneous assortment of traps that had been thrown over his shoulder1 and1 taking the place lately occupied by the lordly commander of the post1 seated himself on one of the rude settles which served as chairs in the simple furniture of the lodge1 with the careless ease of one accustomed to make himself quite at home wherever he might chance to halt4 ,the appearance and dress of this free-and-easy guest were so peculiar as to merit description4 ,he was very tall1 of lean and bony but muscular frame4 ,he wore a hunting-frock1 made from the dressed skin of the antelope1 and confined at the waist by a leathern girdle buckled firmly2 from which depended1 on his right side1 a sheath1 into which a large hunting-knife was thrust1 and on his left a shorter one for another knife of smaller size1 used in skinning the animals taken4 ,by the side of the latter hung a powder-horn and a large leathern pouch for other ammunition4 ,his nether gear was a compromise between civilized and savage attire1 as it served the united purposes of trowsers1 leggings1 and hose1 being laced on one side with thongs of deer's tendons from the knees to his huge feet1 which were encased in stout moccasins made of buffalo-hide4 ,he sat very composedly1 resting his elbows on his knees and his chin on his clasped hands in a musing attitude1 his battered1 sunburnt1 and hardened face wearing an expression curiously compounded of shrewd intelligence1 simplicity1 inquisitiveness1 and good-humor1 over which a slight dash of veneration cast an unwonted gleam of bashful timidity as he threw occasional sidelong glances towards the good father1 who1 when he had finished his ,office and closed the ,breviary1 noticed the presence of his guest for the first time1 and1 approaching to greet him1 asked whom he had the pleasure to address4 ,wa'al1 he replied in a voice cracked1 as it were1 by the northern blasts to which he had long been exposed1 and marked by the sharp nasal twang of his native ,state--wa'al1 ,i'm ,hezekiah ,hulburt1 at your sarvice4 ,i hail from ,conneticut1 and follow trappin' for a livin'4 ,the ,injins call me ,big ,foot1 and they've told me 'bout you and your dewins4 ,though ,i haint no great 'pinion of 'em1 wild or tame1 and don't put much faith in what they say1 ,i conclude1 from all ,i've seen and heard1 that you're a preachin' the ,christian religion among 'em under consid'able many difficulties4 ,an ,injin needs more'n a double load of ,gospil truth to overbalance the evil that's in him1 and then's1 like's not1 the fust you know1 his ,christianity'll kick the beam when opportewnity sarves4 ,i know the critters well2 and here1 a while ago when our ,methodist preachers undertook 'em1 ,i told 'em 'twas no go1 the ,christian religion wouldn't fit an ,injin no how2 and they found t'was so4 ,mebbe you'll come eout better2 and ,i guess likely you will1 for you seem to know better how to go to work with 'em and keep the right side on 'em1 which is everything with ,injins4 ,and then1 you've got more things to 'tract their attention1 and help to 'splain and 'spound ,scripter truths to an ,injin's idees4 ,but this an't what brought me here neow4 ,i come to have a little talk with you 'bout the doins of these here fur companies that are kickin' up such a shine among themselves and the trappers4 ,it's gittin' to be a plaguy risky bizness to trade with any on 'em1 they're so 'tarnal jealous of one another1 and each one's so mad if a fellow trades with any but themselves4 ,nat'rally enough1 ,i take to my own folks1 and would ruther trade with the new company1 bein's they're ,americans and my own flesh and blood1 as a body might say4 ,now1 in this awfully spread-out country1 for one who's only a pilgrim and sojourner1 as 'twere1 like myself1 and who has nothin' but his own broad shoulders to depend on for carrying his marchandise1 it makes a sight of odds whether he can trade it off near by1 or has to foot it across the plains1 and as like's not clean to the big lakes1 'fore he can onshoulder it4 ,i'm a man of peace1 and haint no notion of goin' in for a fight with 'em1 du what they will4 ,but they better look out for them ,injins6 ,these ,nor'westers haint seen the airthquake yet that's to foller that are bizness of the ,big ,feather2 but when it comes1 it'll shake 'em in their shoes for all their big feelin's1 and swaller their proud and scornful leader quicker'n a feller could wink4 ,i wash my hands of the whole consarn1 but ,i've hearn the rumblin' on't1 and it's a-comin' as sure's my name is ,hezekiah1 if suthin' an't done1 an' pretty quick time1 too6 ,revinge is an ,injin's religion2 and be he ,christian or be he pagan1 what's bred in the bone stays long in the flesh4 ,the attention of the reverend father was now thoroughly awakened4 ,he had heard from the ,indians of the friendly ,big ,foot and the frequent assistance he had given to protect them from the dishonesty of the traders4 ,he proceeded at once to draw from the trapper further particulars of an affair1 the rumor of which had reached him and been alluded to by him in his interview with his preceding guest1 but of which he could gain but little information from the natives4 ,the facts communicated were1 that as soon as the new company was formed1 the ,northwest traders had scattered their spies among the ,indians to watch any symptoms of an intention to transfer the trade1 withheld from them on account of their dishonest conduct1 into the hands of their rivals4 ,these scouts had reported a general movement of all those tribes to whom the ,american stations were accessible1 indicating their intention to unite among themselves1 and open a friendly traffic with the new traders4 ,the ,northwesters1 as those connected with the old company were called1 took the alarm at the prospect of seeing a large and very lucrative branch of their business pass to the benefit of rivals1 who were the more formidable from being on their own territory and under the protection of the ,united ,states government4 ,their leader in that department1 who visited the lodge of the missionary1 was a man of unlimited resources2 clever and crafty in scheming1 unscrupulous in executing his devices4 ,he entered without delay upon a systematic course of harassing and perplexing measures to clog the machinery and impede the operations of his competitors4 ,there is reason to believe he found efficient aid in these from former partners and clerks of the ,northwest ,company1 who1 in accordance with the terms of agreement between the two companies at the time the ,american association was organized1 had unfortunately been retained in its service4 ,he also enlisted a motley crew of voyageurs1 coureurs des bois1 half-breeds1 free trappers1 and renegades from civilization1 to carry out his well-concerted plans for embarrassing the enterprises of his rivals by land and water1 and discouraging their officers and agents in every department4 ,all these designs were accomplished with such silent adroitness as not only to baffle detection1 but to avoid awakening any suspicion in the minds of his victims1 who found themselves thwarted and defeated at every point without being able to discover the cause4 ,as part of his general policy1 he dispersed a large body of hirelings among the tribes who had formerly been hostile to those embraced in the newly contemplated alliance 7but whose animosity had been quelled1 and mutual friendly relations between the factions established1 by the diligent exertions of the missionaries71 representing to them that their ancient enemies were about to unite1 under the approbation of the missionaries1 with the ,american companies1 to destroy them and take possession of their hunting-grounds2 that the missionaries had been insincere in their professions and instructions1 aiming only to keep them quiet until measures were perfected for their ruin4 ,these emissaries were also instructed to offer them arms and ammunition1 if they would waylay the different parties on their course to the ,american trading-posts1 and prevent their reaching them2 and the highest price for any peltries thus obtained4 ,the most considerable body of ,indians1 bound for one of these posts with a large amount of valuable furs1 was under command of the great chief1 ,big ,feather4 ,against this band the hostile force was directed4 ,it was surprised1 completely routed1 and the chief1 with many of his followers1 killed4 ,all the goods were conveyed by the victors without delay to the nearest station of the ,northwest ,company4 ,their operations were equally successful in other quarters1 and the trade entirely secured for that season4 ,the free trapper whom the ,indians called ,big ,foot had held himself neutral1 but had noted1 with the keen shrewdness of his race1 the course affairs were taking1 and had traced the disturbing cause to his own satisfaction4 ,he exerted all his influence to pacify the outraged ,indians1 so cruelly betrayed and plundered1 and used his best efforts to convince the victors of the stratagems and falsehoods by which they had been deceived4 ,both parties listened with cool decorum to his arguments1 but would make no reply4 ,this silence was deemed an ill omen by the priest and the hunter4 ,now1 this chief1 ,big ,feather1 had a young daughter1 who was the delight of his heart and the glory of the whole tribe4 ,she was beautiful1 graceful1 and modest2 with a quiet stateliness of manner that distinguished her among the daughters of her people1 and was attributed by them to the power of the ,christian faith1 which she was the first of her nation to profess1 and soon led her father and brother also to receive4 ,she had been so unfortunate as to captivate the unprincipled commander of the ,northwestern trading-posts1 who had used every artifice to gain her young heart1 and1 it was well known1 had long sought an opportunity to get her within his power4 ,on the night of the ambush and attack by which her father lost his life1 the quarters where she was left were also attacked1 some of the women and children cruelly massacred1 but her body and that of her nurse1 or attendant--with whom she was provided1 as daughter of the chief1 according to the custom of the natives--were not to be found among the slain4 ,her people suspected they had been carried captive to the headquarters of the company4 ,the trapper was convinced that her brother1 who escaped from the fatal affray1 and was now chief in the place of his father1 was preparing to make a vigorous effort to recapture her and avenge the death of the old chief4 ,it would need little persuasion to bring all the natives friendly to his tribe to make common cause with him in such a conflict1 and scenes of frightful bloodshed must ensue1 the end of which could hardly be conjectured4 ,the question discussed with painful anxiety between the missionary and the trapper was1 whether anything could be done to prevent this shocking result4 ,to this end1 a ,christian brave of the village was summoned1 and the subject of their conference explained to him4 ,and now1 said the reverend father1 if you know of any plans of this kind1 or of any means by which their execution can be prevented1 it is your duty1 and ,i conjure you1 to reveal them4 ,the voice of our father is good1 replied the ,indian with great respect1 and1 when he speaks for the ,great ,spirit1 his words are strong2 but would he make of his son a babbling woman8 ,who drew the knife8 ,was it the hand of thy children that dug up the hatchet8 ,and shall they talk of peace when the blood of their chief and his men cries to them for vengeance4 ,when the daughter of our nation is seized for the wigwam of him whose words filled the coverts with creeping foes to drink our blood1 shall we give him our ,bird of ,heaven and say 'it is well'8 ,but if she could be recovered without the shedding of blood2 if a council of the ,indians on both sides could be called1 that the truth of this matter might be fully revealed and understood1 would it not be better than useless strife8 ,the traders care not for your race4 ,they care not if you fight until there is no one left of your tribes to tell the tale2 and will you give them that satisfaction8 ,they have set you against each other4 ,they have deceived your brothers with lying words2 and will you crown their lies with success8 ,above all1 shall it be said that we have delivered the message of peace and the commands of the ,great ,spirit to his children of the wilderness in vain8 ,if he loves his children1 why did he not smite their foes8 ,the tongue of the pale-face is long2 its words reach afar4 ,they are sweet as honey1 while his heart is full of poison4 ,his arm is strong1 and the knives in his camp are sharp4 ,his coverts in the wilds are many1 and past finding out4 ,who shall find and bring back our daughter1 if we take not the war-path to the strong house of the pale chief8 ,i'll warrant ye ,i will6 exclaimed the trapper1 unable to remain silent any longer4 ,i haven't wandered through this awfully mixed-up part of ,god's creation1 where the woods and the waters1 the mountains and the valleys1 lay round in a permiscus jumble that'd puzzle a ,philadelphy lawyer1 for these twenty years1 without sarchin' out as many hidin'-places as there's quills on a hedgehog4 ,and to say that ,i've sojourned all that time among ,injins of all sorts1 on the freendliest tarms1 and 'thout a hard word with any on 'em1 drunk or sober1 heathen or ,christian1 to be carcumvented by a pesky ,britisher at last1 is an idee that'd raise a ,yankee's dander if anything would4 ,no1 no6 ,just you jine hands with me1 and he'll find he's no match for ,injins and a ,yankee1 or my name an't ,hezekiah6 ,we'll be too much for the 'tarnal sarpent6 ,and he fell into a series of low chuckles expressive of his foregone persuasion of victory4 ,enough6 said the ,indian gravely4 ,the ear of the young chief shall be filled with the words of our father and the ,big ,foot1 and his voice make reply4 ,and he departed4 ,the missionary requested the trapper to remain with him through the night and until the answer of the young chief should be made known4 ,,to ,,be ,,concluded ,,next ,,month4 ,s4 ,,catharine ,,of ,,ricci4#acg ,the following sketch of a great ,dominican saint is from the pen of a member of the same order who escaped in an extraordinary manner from the massacre of ,paris4 ,we are pleased to learn that a colony from the ,french province so auspiciously restored by ,f4 ,lacordaire is about to be established in ,st4 ,hyacinthe1 ,canada4--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 ,all the mysteries of ,jesus ,christ gleam with the same brightness1 says ,bossuet2 they are stamped with the mark of that divine folly which is the summit of wisdom1 and of which ,s4 ,paul spoke when he confessed that he knew nothing but ,jesus ,christ crucified1 and wished no other glory than his sublime ignominy4 ,now1 this scandal of the cross is especially manifested in the lives of the saints2 for the saints are the most faithful images of ,jesus ,christ crucified4 ,the world does not understand these magnanimous souls1 all of whose desires tend to the things above2 it is offended by this scandal1 and sympathizes only with those lives in which the mysteries of divine love are closely concealed4 ,it does not understand the ,gospel1 and is1 as it were1 blinded by these words of ,jesus ,christ4 ,father1 ,i thank thee that these things have been concealed from the proud1 and revealed to the humble of heart4 ,whenever1 again says ,bossuet1 we attempt to fathom the depths of divine wisdom by our own strength1 we are lost and confounded by our pride2 whereas the humble of heart may enter therein undisturbed4 ,such are the maxims to be kept in view whilst reading the lives of the saints1 and especially the admirable life of ,s4 ,catharine of ,ricci1 wherein ,god pleased to manifest to the world all the riches and all the folly of his love4 ,s4 ,catharine of ,ricci was born at ,florence on the #bc;d of ,april1 #aebb4 ,on the day following1 she was baptized in the church of ,s4 ,john the ,baptist1 and received the name of ,lucretia ,alexandrina ,romola4 ,her father was the head of the family of ,ricci1 one of the most illustrious in ,florence1 and her mother was the last offspring of the noble house of ,ricasoli4 ,from her earliest years ,alexandrina gave evidence of the eminent sanctity to which ,god had predestined her4 ,when only three years old1 she began to devote herself to prayer4 ,she sought solitude and silence1 that she might more freely converse with ,god1 who wished to draw to himself the earliest affections of this chosen soul4 ,when ,god predestines a soul to heroic sanctity1 he generally bestows on her many special graces1 even before the development of free will gives to the creature the full possession of herself4 ,true1 there are many exceptions2 ,god calls to himself some1 who1 having allowed themselves to be deceived by the artful smiles of the world1 bring to the foot of the altar only the shattered fragments of their hearts2 but in general1 he comes before the dawn1 knocks at the door of the heart1 and cries out1 as in the ,canticle3 ,open to me1 my sister1 my spouse2 for my head is covered with dew1 and my locks with the drops of the night4 ,it was at once evident that ,alexandrina was not made for the empty and turbulent pleasures of worldly life4 ,god could not permit so pure a chalice to be profaned2 so sweet a flower could blossom only under the quiet shelter of the cloister4 ,it was in the convent of the ,benedictine nuns of ,s4 ,peter de ,monticelli that the daughter of ,pier ,francesco de ,ricci was initiated into the monastic life4 ,it was a house of education1 and ,alexandrina entered there as a pupil4 ,the religious1 seeing the angelic piety of the child1 doubted not that she would one day take the habit of their order4 ,unfortunately1 the primitive fervor1 charity1 self-abnegation1 and humility ceased to dwell within these cloisters2 and ,alexandrina1 perceiving that she could not there make her permanent abode1 at the age of nine years returned to her father's house4 ,there she continued1 as well as she could1 the customs of the convent1 without objection from her father1 who1 considering them as innocent plays of a puerile piety1 allowed her full liberty to exercise her devotions4 ,but ,alexandrina had higher views4 ,already had she decided1 in her own mind1 to become a religious4 ,one day1 two lay ,sisters of the ,monastery of ,s4 ,vincent de ,prato came to ,pier ,francesco to beg alms4 ,alexandrina was so edified by their piety1 their modesty and recollection1 that she decided at once that the convent of ,prato was the one to which ,god called her4 ,she acquainted her father with her determination2 but he1 unwilling to be separated from a child who was all his joy1 replied by a formal refusal4 ,he knew not that when ,god calls a soul to himself1 even the heart of a father must yield to the irresistible attraction of that love in comparison with which all other affections1 even the most holy1 are incapable of enchaining a soul which listens to the voice of ,jesus ,christ4 ,therefore1 rather than see his daughter wither like a plant kept from its native soil1 he permitted ,alexandrina to receive the veil in the convent of ,prato4 ,she received the habit of ,s4 ,dominic on ,whitmonday1 ,may #ah1 #aece1 having completed her thirteenth year4 ,she took the name of ,catharine1 in memory of her mother1 who had been dead several years4 ,the fervor of the young novice can be easily imagined2 but ,god1 who had destined her to the most sublime revelations1 wished to cast into the depth of her soul the foundation of all solid virtue--humility2 therefore1 he permitted that this precious treasure should not be appreciated by the community during her year of novitiate4 ,the supernatural gifts which had already been bestowed upon her rendered more difficult the obligations of common life4 ,meanwhile1 she was admitted to profession on the #bdth of ,june1 #aecf4 ,from that day the order of ,s4 ,dominic received a new and most pure glory4 ,this glory had been foretold by ,savonarola1 who1 one day pointing to a place in his neighborhood1 said to some religious of ,s4 ,dominic3 ,there a fervent community of pious sisters will be soon established4 ,as soon as the soul of ,catharine1 like an altar prepared for a long sacrifice1 was consecrated by her religious vows1 ,jesus ,christ surrounded her with his sweetest favors1 and illumined her with his most brilliant lights4 ,but lest the sublimity of these revelations might weaken the profound humility of this soul1 ,god permitted that the ,sisters of ,prato1 far from admiring in her the wonders of the divine operations1 understood nothing of these ecstasies1 which they attributed to the most common causes2 and1 in fine1 she was afflicted by two terrible diseases1 which lasted two years1 after which she was miraculously cured by blessed ,jerome ,savonarola4 ,at this time the ,sisters of ,prato began to judge more rightly their holy companion1 and her confessor commanded her to tell him faithfully all that ,god deigned to reveal to her in these intimate communications4 ,it is here begins that wonderful succession of extraordinary favors bestowed on ,s4 ,catharine de ,ricci4 ,her life seemed one continual ecstasy2 her visions participated more and more in the divine light2 her union with ,jesus ,christ1 consecrated by a nuptial love and the stigmata1 became more intimate2 the report of her sanctity spread itself abroad2 the most important personages of ,italy came to ,prato to consult and venerate the humble religious1 whose whole life is an eloquent teaching and living representation of ,jesus ,christ crucified4 ,this part of the saint's life contains facts of too elevated a character to be completely treated of in a synopsis2 it is necessary to read those chapters in which the author has so well treated of the most difficult questions of mystical theology4 ,but it is easier to follow ,s4 ,catharine in the government of her monastery and her salutary influence abroad4 ,she was elected prioress in the first month of the year #aeeb4 ,her immediate duty was to instruct her sisters1 and to inspire them with an appreciation of their sublime vocation4 ,often she called her community to the chapter-room1 and1 addressing to them a doctrine which came from ,god himself1 she taught her spiritual daughters the way they were to follow in order to reach the summit of religious perfection4 ,she has left us an abridgment of her mystical teaching in a letter which she addressed to a religious4 ,at first1 says she1 we must endeavor to be disengaged from every earthly affection1 loving no creature but for ,god's sake2 then1 advancing a degree1 we must love ,god1 not only from self-interest1 but purely for himself and because of his supreme excellence4 ,secondly1 all our thoughts1 words1 and actions should tend towards ,god2 and by our prayers1 exhortations1 and good example1 we should aim only at procuring his glory in ourselves and in others4 ,thirdly1 and lastly1 we should rise still higher in the fulfilment of ,god's will1 to such a degree as to have no longer any desire in regard to the misfortunes or joys which happen to us in this miserable life4 ,but we shall never arrive at this height of perfection unless by a firm and courageous denial of our own will4 ,to acquire such self-abnegation1 it is absolutely necessary to lay the foundation of profound humility1 that1 by a perfect knowledge of our own misery and fragility1 we may ascend to the knowledge of the greatness and goodness of our ,god4 ,it appears that the whole spiritual doctrine of ,s4 ,catharine is contained in these two fundamental points--self-abnegation and humility1 in order to deserve the enjoyment of divine contemplation3 this is the true and the only way to sanctity4 ,although the first duty of a superior is to guide those confided to his care1 he has1 however1 a more painful task--he must govern them2 and it is here that the superior meets the most serious obstacles in the exercise of his charge4 ,it is always difficult to govern others2 for government is the application of laws with firmness1 yet without too much severity4 ,now1 human nature shrinks from submission1 which1 nevertheless1 the superior is obliged to require1 unless he be a prevaricator2 on the other side1 he must often adopt measures of government which can be discerned only by the most consummate prudence and a profound knowledge of the weakness of human nature4 ,in a religious community the difficulty is still greater2 for the law is supported by conscience only1 and it tends to guide those who have accepted it to that ideal perfection in which the soul is no longer attached to the earth4 ,during forty years ,s4 ,catharine governed the convent of ,prato with a prudence1 a sweetness1 and a firmness that made it the perfect type of a religious community4 ,she combated most energetically all abusive exemptions from common life1 and showed herself a faithful guardian of holy observances4 ,but if she was the enemy of relaxation of the rule1 she also censured severely the proud zeal of those souls whose whole perfection consisted in repeating the prayer of the ,pharisee3 ,o ,god1 ,i thank you that ,i am not as the rest of men4 ,i fast twice a week4 ,under the direction of a prioress so holy and so wise1 the ,sisters of ,prato walked with rapid strides in the way of perfection2 and how could it be otherwise1 when they beheld their superioress tender towards them as a mother1 and discharging her offices sometimes even in the raptures produced by the divine revelations8 ,the influence of ,s4 ,catharine was not confined to the monastery of ,prato4 ,god would not permit that this community should be the only witness of such elevated sanctity4 ,the religious of her order--her brethren in ,s4 ,dominic--were the first witnesses of the extraordinary graces which she had received from heaven1 and1 on her side1 ,s4 ,catharine had for them the greatest esteem1 the most lively affection1 regarding them as laborers chosen by ,god to cultivate his choicest vineyard4 ,every time the fathers came to ,prato to exercise the functions of prior1 confessor1 or preacher1 they seemed to her as so many angels descended from heaven1 whose presence alone was sufficient to inspire the sisters with sentiments of respect1 and whose coming was to infuse fresh zeal for a more perfect life4 ,by degrees the influence of ,s4 ,catharine1 and the renown of her sanctity1 were spread throughout ,italy4 ,persons from all parts came to consult her and beg her prayers4 ,joan of ,austria1 ,archduchess of ,tuscany1 was bound to her by a tender friendship2 she went often to the convent of ,prato to confide to the holy prioress all the vexations and sorrows of her life4 ,she profited so well by the counsels of her holy friend that she was no longer called by other name than the good archduchess4 ,as if ,germany envied ,italy the treasure she possessed in the monastery of ,prato1 the ,king of ,bavaria sent his son there to convince himself of that which the renown had spread concerning this servant of ,god1 and to recommend himself and his kingdom to her prayers4 ,the influence of ,s4 ,catharine in the world had been deepest on those whom the author of her life so justly calls her spiritual sons3 ,antonio de ,gondi1 ,philippo ,salviati1 ,giovanni-,batisti de ,servi1 ,lorenzo ,strozzi1 and many others4 ,the first and most celebrated of all was of the illustrious house of ,gondi4 ,a branch of this family established itself in ,france at the commencement of the ,x,v,ith century1 and from it descended the famous ,cardinal de ,retz4 ,the author1 in devoting a short and interesting biography to some of the spiritual sons of ,s4 ,catharine1 shows us what salutary influence she exercised over the chief persons of her country1 and to what degree of eminent sanctity she conducted those souls who sought her direction4 ,faithful to all the suggestions of gratitude1 she did not forget that the great ,apostle of ,tuscany had prophesied the glory of the monastery of ,prato1 and that twice she had been cured by his supernatural intervention2 therefore1 she forwarded in every way devotion to ,savonarola4 ,she charged ,brother ,nicholas ,fabiani to revise the writings of that celebrated ,dominican1 and she addressed herself to ,count ,luis ,capponi to procure a beautiful portrait of ,savonarola4 ,she had for that illustrious character the tenderness of a daughter and the admiration which a great life inspires in a soul capable of comprehending it4 ,the last years of the life of ,s4 ,catharine was a union the most intimate with ,god1 a continual succession of ecstasies2 her body was on earth1 but her soul was in heaven4 ,towards the month of ,january1 she fell sick1 and died on ,friday1 the #b;d of ,february1 in the same year4 ,numerous miracles attested the eminent sanctity of her life4 ,she was beatified by ,pope ,clement ,,xii4 on the #cjth of ,april1 #agcb1 and was canonized by ,benedict ,,xiv4 on the #bjth of ,june1 #agdf4 ,this is an incomplete synopsis of the two volumes published by ,r4 ,p4 ,bayonne4 ,this work1 destined to make known one of the greatest glories of the order1 recommends itself to us by the grandeur of the subject itself1 and unites a solid doctrine to a brilliant style1 and all the charms of a perfect narration4 ,we hope it will soon be translated into ,english1 that the ,american public may become more fully acquainted with a book which takes an honorable place in modern literature4 ,,footnotes3 #acg ,life of ,s4 ,catharine of ,ricci1 ,religious of the ,third ,order of ,s4 ,dominic4 ,by ,r4 ,p4 ,hyacinth ,bayonne1 ,o4,s4,d4 ,,the ,,greatest ,,grief4 ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,,marie ,,jenna4 ,yes1 ,father6 on the altar of the past ,we may lay down a joy1 too sweet to last2 ,see the flowers wither that our pathway strewed1 ,incline our brows beneath the tempest rude1 ,behold the rainbow glory fade away ,that made fair promise for our opening day3 ,and yet1 like that poor stricken plant1 survive1 ,blighted by frost1 half dead and half alive1 ,give to the desert winds our morning dream1 ,and still support our agony supreme6 ,we may behold1 stretched on a bed of pain1 ,the form to which we minister in vain-- ,the last1 the dearest1 the consoling friend-- ,count every moment of his weary end1 ,kiss the pale brow1 and watch each wavering breath2 ,close the cold eyelids1 murmur1 ,this is death6 ,and still once more to life and hope belong4 ,o ,god6 thou knowest through faith the heart grows strong ,but1 ah6 another human soul to love ,so fondly that we tremble as above ,its purity and beauty we incline1 ,then suddenly to mark its depths divine ,shadowed and chilled1 and from our ,paradise ,perceive an icy1 vaporous breath arise1 ,whence blew sweet zephyrs1 odorous with grace6 ,to seek in vain religion's luminous trace ,amid the ashes of her ruined shrine1 ,to pray1 to weep1 to doubt1 to hope1 divine ,all but the truth2 and at the last to dare ,the long1 deep look that tells us our despair1 ,revealing vacancy1 a faith withdrawn ,without a glance towards the retreating dawn1 ,without a cry of grief1 a sigh1 a prayer-- ,o ,god6 that loss is more than we can bear6 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,catholicity ,,and ,,pantheism--,,all ,,truth ,,or ,,no ,,truth4 ,an ,essay by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,de ,concilio1 etc41 etc4 ,new ,york3 ,sadliers4 #ahgd4 ,this essay was first published in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 and we are glad to see it published in a separate volume4 ,it is not a complete treatise1 but only one complete part of a treatise1 the prima prim of a more extensive work1 which we hope the author may be able to write and publish4 ,f4 ,de ,concilio is one of our most learned and acute philosophers and theologians1 a disciple of no modern clique or innovating system1 a vender of no patent contrivance of his own for reconciling contraries1 but a modest yet intrepid advocate and defender of the old time honored scholastic wisdom of ,s4 ,thomas4 ,in its own line1 his essay is superior to anything ever before produced in this country1 and we trust that due attention and a just meed of praise will be awarded to it by the few who will be able to understand it1 in ,europe as well as in ,america4 ,if the author1 who has for a long time struggled to bring his work into the light1 is left in the lurch by everybody1 as the learned ,dr4 ,smith has been in ,england with his splendid unfinished work on the ,pentateuch1 it will be a sad proof of our intellectual degeneracy4 ,we will not make a critical review of ,f4 ,de ,concilio's argument in the present short notice1 but we think a few words in reply to some criticisms which have been made1 and may be repeated1 either publicly or in private1 are almost imperatively called for4 ,the only one of these criticisms really worth any attention relates to the argument from reason for the ,trinity4 ,it has been objected by some very respectable theologians that the rational argument for the ,trinity professes to demonstrate from purely rational principles of natural human intelligence the entire revealed mystery of the ,trinity4 ,we admit frankly that1 if the supposition is correct1 the censure founded on it1 that the author has undertaken something pronounced by ,catholic doctrine impossible and unlawful1 is just and inevitable4 ,we have never1 however1 understood the author in this sense4 ,we understand him to profess to argue in part from premises given by revelation1 and thus merely to explicate a theological doctrine1 and in part to furnish proofs from pure reason1 first1 that the rational objections against the dogma are invalid2 and1 second1 that the dogma as disclosed by revelation taken as a philosophical hypothesis1 and it alone1 satisfactorily solves certain difficult problems respecting the divine nature1 which otherwise would be insoluble4 ,so far as any direct proof of the distinction and proprieties of the three persons in ,god is concerned1 we understand that such proof is put forward as inadequate and only probable1 but by no means either a complete or strictly demonstrative argument4 ,we think1 therefore1 with due submission to higher authority1 that the author escapes the censures of the ,syllabus and the ,vatican ,council1 and attempts no more than has been done by ,bossuet1 ,lacordaire1 and other great thinkers1 who have never been thought to have gone beyond the bounds of allowed liberty4 ,we leave the author1 however1 to defend and advocate his own cause1 if it requires to be further vindicated1 and merely give this statement as an explanation of our own reason for admitting his admirable articles into this magazine without any alteration4 ,another criticism1 which the author himself has sufficiently answered1 imputed to him the doctrine of a necessary creation and of optimism4 ,it is only necessary to read his book carefully to see how unfounded is this imputation4 ,still more futile is an objection1 urged by the author of the criticism just now noticed1 that ,f4 ,de ,concilio's opinion of the precedence of the decree of the incarnation to the decree of the redemption of fallen man is contrary to the opinion of ,s4 ,thomas and the schola generally4 ,be it so6 ,but what then8 ,must we follow the common opinion1 or that which is extrinsically more probable1 if the contrary opinion has a real intrinsic and extrinsic probability8 ,minime gentium6 ,f4 ,de ,concilio but follows ,s4 ,athanasius1 ,suarez1 and other authors whose works have passed the ,roman censorship1 against ,s4 ,thomas2 and he gives good intrinsic reasons for doing so4 ,let any one who wishes to attack him do so by refuting his arguments2 but it is most untheological to find fault with his opinion as any less sound and orthodox than the contrary4 ,let us be rigorous in censuring opinions which are really unsound and untenable1 but let us beware of that carping and unfriendly spirit which has always been the bane of theological discussions1 and which throws out the imputation of unsoundness without a certain and sufficient warrant of authority4 ,we do not concur in all the opinions which are held in the school which ,f4 ,de ,concilio follows1 and which must inevitably come out with greater distinctness in the second part of his essay2 but we shall look forward with pleasure to see him develop and defend them with his usual masterly ability1 and we express our great desire that he should write as much as his pastoral duties will permit on philosophical and theological topics4 ,,the ,,christian ,,trumpet2 or1 ,previsions and ,predictions about ,impending ,general ,calamities1 the ,universal ,triumph of the ,church1 the ,coming of ,antichrist1 the ,last ,judgment1 and the ,end of the ,world4 ,divided into three parts4 ,compiled by ,pellegrino4 ,the testimony of ,jesus is the spirit of prophecy1 ,apoc4 xix4 #aj4 ,boston3 ,patrick ,donahoe4 #ahgc4 ,it is beyond question among learned and devout ,catholics that many saints and pious servants of ,god in all ages have received private revelations in which are contained predictions of events in a near or remote future time to the recipients of this supernatural light4 ,it is1 moreover1 certain that a number of supernatural and miraculous events of a most extraordinary character1 and evidently intended as warnings to the good as well as to the wicked1 and some very credible revelations respecting great judgments and great mercies of ,god which are impending1 have occurred in our own time4 ,it must be1 therefore1 not only interesting1 but useful1 to have authentic and judicious accounts of grave and sacred matters of this kind published and circulated among the faithful4 ,a collection of this sort has been published in ,france by a learned priest1 the ,abb ,curicque1 with the approbation of several bishops1 entitled ,voix ,prophtiques2 and several other critical and judicious writers in ,europe have published books or articles relating to different persons and events of this extraordinary class1 which are truly valuable1 instructive1 and edifying4 ,the end and object of the compiler of the book before us is1 therefore1 one which we must approve1 although we are sorry not to be able to give an unqualified commendation to the manner in which he has executed his task4 ,that he is a very pious and zealous priest is evident at first sight4 ,that he has laid down in general terms the sound theological doctrine about the credibility of private revelations1 and made some very just reflections and timely exhortations about the times in which we live1 and the sentiments we ought to cherish and put in practice in view of the certain approach of the consummation of this world1 is also obvious to any reader of his book4 ,the research and painstaking which he has used in collecting his materials are very great1 and the greatest part of them are undoubtedly derived from respectable and trustworthy sources of information1 and therefore entitled to credit4 ,nevertheless1 as a whole1 the compilation lacks the sobriety1 discretion1 and authority which a book of this kind ought to have1 in order to give it proper credibility and weight with the general class of readers1 who cannot judge for themselves or discriminate properly1 and who need1 therefore1 that evidence should be given them by reference to standard authorities1 and by the guarantee of names which are known to them and sufficient to warrant their belief in the genuineness and credibility of such remarkable documents as those contained in this compilation4 ,an anonymous author1 whose work appears without any ecclesiastical approbation or recommendation of persons known to the ,catholic public1 is entitled to no credit on his own mere assertion4 ,he must cite his authorities and witnesses1 and must exact no assent without giving a sufficient motive4 ,a translation of the work of the ,abb ,curicque would1 in our opinion1 have been much more likely to accomplish the end of the pious author than a compilation like the one he has made4 ,moreover1 there are some things in this book1 and these the very matters which make the most exorbitant demand on the credulity of the reader1 for which no evidence whatever is furnished but the on dit of certain unknown parties4 ,other things are very doubtful2 some are contradictory to one another4 ,the author mixes up with the citations he makes his own favorite view of the course of present and coming events1 especially about the schism and the anti-popes1 whose coming he forebodes2 and a haze of the visionary1 the wondrous1 and the improbable is thus thrown over the whole1 which envelopes even that which is really entitled to credence and pious veneration1 and tends to bring the whole into suspicion and discredit4 ,the hint thrown out that a certain cardinal1 whose name might as well have been given1 since every one will know who is meant1 may become an anti-pope1 is contrary to ,christian charity and prudence2 and1 in general1 we must notice with regret that the author's zeal is sadly lacking in discretion1 and devoid of that delicate tact and discernment1 more necessary in one who handles such difficult and perilous themes than in any other sort of writer or teacher of the people4 ,it is not the fault of the author1 who is a foreigner1 that he has fallen into many inaccuracies of language2 but we think the publisher might have secured a revision of the text by some competent person1 and that it would have been in better taste1 as well as more befitting the reserve and sobriety due to matters which are so very serious1 if he had made a less sensational announcement of the book4 ,it is1 however1 notwithstanding these drawbacks1 certainly a very curious collection of documents and pieces of information which are interesting to know about1 and contains so much that is truly valuable and edifying that we hope it will not only gratify curiosity1 but also do good to a great many of its readers1 by turning their attention to the great subjects which it presents in such vivid colors1 and in a startling proximity to the present and coming events of our own age4 ,in order to assist those of our readers who may wish to have some direction to guide them in perusing this book with discrimination and understanding1 we will specify in part which are the most valuable and trustworthy portions1 which are less so1 and which are altogether without sufficient grounds of probability to entitle them to any regard4 ,first1 there are the prophecies of canonized or beatified saints1 whose authenticity is well established and their interpretation more or less clear4 ,these are the prophecies of ,s4 ,remigius1 ,s4 ,cesarius1 ,s4 ,edward1 ,s4 ,john of the ,cross1 and the ,b4 ,andrew ,bobola1 ,s4,j4 ,in regard to those of ,s4 ,bridget of ,sweden and ,s4 ,francis of ,paul1 they would be entitled to equal respect1 if clearer evidence were furnished of their authenticity than that given by the author--a matter in regard to which we are not able to pronounce any judgment4 ,the prophecy of ,s4 ,malachy is one in respect to which there is great difference of opinion4 ,we give our own for what it is worth1 after some reading on the subject1 in its favor4 ,after these come the prophecies of persons of recognized sanctity1 which have gained credit with judicious and well-informed persons competent to form an enlightened opinion4 ,the most valuable and trustworthy of these are from the ,v4 ,holzhauser1 the ,v4 ,anna ,maria ,taigi1 the ,v4 ,cur of ,ars1 ,f4 ,necktou1 ,s4,j41 ,jane le ,royer1 ,sur de la ,nativit1 and ,mary ,lataste4 ,the prophecies of the ,solitary of ,orval and of the ,nun of ,blois have their warm partisans and opponents1 the ,abb ,curicque being among their defenders4 ,the ,signora ,palma d',orio is a person whose ecstatic state seems to be beyond reasonable doubt1 yet it is difficult to ascertain with certainty what she has really predicted2 so that what is reported from her1 although interesting1 is scarcely to be considered as having evidence enough to be classed among authentic predictions4 ,the revelations made to ,maximin and ,melanie appear to us to belong to a similar category1 as worthy of the greatest respect in themselves if we had an ample guarantee of their genuineness and authenticity1 but as not yet placed in a sufficiently clear light to warrant a prudent assent4 ,the remainder of the contents we pass over without any special remark1 with the exception of those few matters which we have noted above as making an exorbitant demand on the reader's credulity without any evidence to warrant it4 ,one of these points is the story of ,david ,lazzaretti1 another about ,zoe ,tonari1 destined soon to be a second ,joan of ,arc1 and the most censurable of all is what is said about ,antichrist having been born in #ahfj1 and other things connected with the same4 7,pp4 #bfe-bfh47 ,in connection with the wonderful narrative of ,david ,lazzaretti the author has woven a very flimsy texture of conjectures out of the materials furnished by some of the curious documents which he cites for his hypothesis of a schism and two anti-popes to come immediately after the death of ,pius ,,ix4 ,it is with regret that we are compelled to touch on these subjects in such a superficial manner2 they require careful handling4 ,excessive and imprudent credulity in those who have faith and piety is certainly unreasonable1 and may be blamable and hurtful4 ,but the utter incredulity and dogged refusal to admit anything miraculous and supernatural which is exhibited by our modern illuminati is the very ne plus ultra of unreason1 and the acme of wilful1 despicable1 and wicked folly4 ,the most sensible1 as well as the most pious rule is1 to follow the church without reservation in all that she teaches and sanctions1 and in those things concerning which she is silent to follow her saints and doctors1 who are the most enlightened of all men4 ,,spain ,,and ,,charles ,,vii42 or1 ,who is the ,legitimate ,sovereign8 ,by ,general ,kirkpatrick4 ,published under the sanction of the ,carlist ,committee4 ,london3 ,burns1 ,oates ,co4 #ahgc4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,this timely and clearly-written plea for ,don ,carlos places beyond a question his right to the ,spanish throne4 ,the ,bourbons succeeded to the ,spanish throne through the marriage of ,louis ,,xiv4 with the ,infanta of ,spain1 eldest daughter of ,philip ,,iv4 ,her grandson1 ,philip ,v41 became king on the failure of direct issue from his grand-uncle1 ,charles ,,ii41 the son of ,philip ,,iv4 ,the ,salic law1 confirming the succession to the heirs male of the royal house1 was established by ,philip ,v4 and his cortes1 with the consent of all the great powers1 in order to prevent the union of the ,french and ,spanish crowns1 the ,king of ,spain relinquishing all his rights as a ,french prince4 ,this law has never been validly repealed4 ,christina of ,naples1 the queen of ,ferdinand ,,vii41 a most ambitious and unprincipled princess1 had this law violently and illegally set aside in order to make way for her daughter ,isabella to ascend the throne4 ,the base and illegal nature of the intrigues by which ,don ,carlos and his family were exiled from ,spain and deprived of their just rights is fully exposed by ,gen4 ,kirkpatrick4 ,charles ,v41 the brother of ,ferdinand ,,vii41 was succeeded in his claim to the throne by his son1 ,charles ,,vi41 in #ahde1 who1 dying in #ahfa without issue1 was succeeded by his brother1 ,don ,juan1 who abdicated ,october1 #ahfh1 in favor of his son1 the present ,don ,carlos1 who is now twenty-five years of age1 and married to the niece of the ,comte de ,chambord4 ,charles ,v4 would undoubtedly have succeeded in regaining his throne but for the shameful interference of ,louis ,philippe of ,france1 and the ,english crown4 ,the party of ,christina was composed of all the liberals1 communists1 and enemies of the church1 and ,isabella was merely tolerated by the sound and ,catholic majority of the nation from necessity4 ,the clergy1 the ancient nobility1 the peasantry1 and most of the friends of order and religion in all classes1 desire the restoration of ,don ,carlos to the throne1 which belongs to him by the laws of the ,spanish constitution4 ,it is very true that a mere restitution of legitimate monarchy is not a certain guarantee for good government1 and that many of the ,bourbons have been bad rulers4 ,it is1 nevertheless1 the only hope for ,spain2 and the character and principles of ,don ,carlos give reason to hope that1 taught by adversity and trained by experience to value the sound ,catholic traditions of ,spain1 he will prove to be a good sovereign4 ,we wish him1 therefore1 most cordially1 a speedy and complete triumph1 which we believe he is in the way to win4 ,,essays ,,on ,,various ,,subjects4 ,by ,his ,eminence ,cardinal ,wiseman4 ,in ,six ,volumes4 ,vols4 ,v41 ,,vi4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 #ahgc4 ,these two volumes complete the series of the famous cardinal's ,essays4 ,the ,catholic reader is under great obligations to ,mr4 ,o',shea for the reprint of these splendid compositions1 the ,london edition being out of print4 ,it is to be regretted1 however1 that the references adapted to that edition should not have been changed to suit the present issue4 ,having indicated one fault1 we might as well inquire of the publisher why he will use perfumed paper in his books8 ,though not a serious objection1 it is an annoying one to reasonably fastidious readers1 as we happen to know4 ,vol4 ,v4 opens with an article on ,spain1 which takes up more than half the book4 ,it is superfluous to remark that this essay is of peculiar interest at the present hour4 ,next we have a vindication of ,pope ,boniface ,,viii4--a very important subject4 ,then a review of ,montalembert's ,s4 ,elizabeth of ,hungary4 ,the three remaining articles are specimens of the writer's scholarship as an antiquarian4 ,vol4 ,,vi4 contains ten essays4 ,the first treats learnedly of ,s4 ,peter's chair at ,rome4 ,a plate accompanies the article4 ,the fifth administers flagellation to ,charles ,dickens for certain things in his ,american ,notes2 and also to ,mrs4 ,trollope1 for her ,visit to ,italy4 ,then follow four other essays on the subject of ,italy3 ,italian ,guides and ,tourists1 ,religion in ,italy1 ,italian ,gesticulation1 and ,early ,italian ,academies4 ,the volume concludes with ,sense vs4 ,science4 ,we are reminded1 while noticing the completion of this work1 of an article on the ,donatist schism1 ,catholic and ,anglican ,churches 7p4 #aii1 v4 iii471 which caused in no slight degree the doubt which first crossed the mind of ,dr4 ,john ,henry ,newman of the tenableness of the theological theory on which ,anglicanism is based1 and which we cannot1 therefore1 do better than commend to the serious attention of all honest and conscientious ,episcopalians4 ,,bible ,,history1 with ,maps1 ,illustrations1 ,examination ,questions1 ,scriptural ,tables1 and ,glossary4 ,for the use of ,colleges1 ,schools1 ,families1 and ,biblical ,students4 ,by the ,rev4 ,james ,o',leary1 ,d4,d4 ,permissu ,superiorum4 ,john1 ,archbishop of ,new ,york4 ,new ,york3 ,sadliers4 #ahgc4 ,we cordially recommend this excellent and beautifully printed manual to all those for whom the title states it has been prepared by its learned author4 ,it will be a favorite1 especially with young people and children1 whether used as a class or a reading book1 particularly on account of its pictures1 which are generally good1 and many of which are remarkably fine4 ,such a book1 which1 so far as we know1 is much the best of the kind1 must do incalculable good2 and we hope it will be appreciated by parents and teachers1 so as to find its way into every family and school throughout our country and elsewhere1 wherever ,catholics are found who use the ,english language4 ,the author has done well by taking into account those generally received facts and hypotheses of natural science which have a bearing on topics handled1 in their connection with the facts and truths of revelation1 by the sacred writers4 ,his statement1 however1 that the surface of the earth bears on it the marks of perturbations caused by the ,deluge1 and otherwise not capable of scientific explanation1 is not one which geologists would admit1 and we doubt very much its correctness4 ,on page #af the author observes that1 as the divinity of ,christ was doubted before the ,council of ,nice1 so these deutero-canonical books and passages might have been doubted before the decision of the church4 ,the cases are not parallel4 ,the divinity of ,christ was an article of faith before the definition of the ,council of ,nice1 and no good ,catholic could doubt it4 ,but the canonical authority of certain books was not an article of faith before it was defined1 and might have been1 as it indeed was1 doubted by good ,catholics4 ,we think the author would improve his work by inserting a good1 succinct historical account of the events which occurred between the period of the ,books of the ,machabees and that of the ,evangelists4 ,moreover1 we do not like the termination eth in the index1 which is unnecessarily quaint and old-fashioned1 or approve all the rhymes which precede the chapters1 although some of them are not without a quaint poetic vigor1 and most of them are terse and ingenious1 likely1 therefore1 to strike the fancy and stick in the memory of children4 ,it is seldom that we take the trouble to make so many criticisms on a book4 ,this one1 however1 is so good and so very important that we would like to see the author continue to improve it in every new edition1 and therefore offer our suggestions in the most kindly and respectful spirit to the reverend and learned author1 adding to what we have already said in commendation of the ,bible ,history that it is not merely a good school-book1 but a work of really sound and solid scholarship4 ,we are very glad to see that the author has sought and obtained the approbation of the ecclesiastical authority before publishing his work1 and we trust that his good example will be generally followed1 and1 moreover1 that the law of the church will be enforced in every diocese and in all cases1 requiring this approbation for all books treating de rebus sacris4 ,,meditations ,,for ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,clergy1 for every day in the year4 ,on the ,gospels for the ,sundays4 ,from the ,italian of ,mgr4 ,scotti1 ,abp4 of ,thessalonica4 ,revised and edited by the ,oblates of ,s4 ,charles4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,from ,septuagesima ,sunday to the ,fourth ,sunday after ,easter4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgc4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,we have already noticed the first volume of these invaluable ,meditations1 and need not repeat what we then said4 ,the present volume fully sustains the promise of the first1 and makes us look eagerly for the completion of the work4 ,,the ,,illustrated ,,catholic ,,family ,,almanac ,,for ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,for ,,the ,,year ,,of ,,our ,,lord #ahgd4 ,calculated for different ,parallels of ,latitude1 and adapted for use throughout the ,country4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 ,the season does not bring a brighter1 pleasanter1 or more useful and necessary book than this cleverly executed little work4 ,from cover to cover the reader finds something to catch the eye and attract him in every page4 ,for a wonder1 the title is an exact index of the book2 it is illustrated1 and remarkably well illustrated2 it is ,catholic1 and it is a family almanac1 which the children will pore over for hours1 delighted with the pictures of famous ,catholic men1 women1 and places1 and the short but well-written sketches accompanying them2 which their parents will consult in order to find all the information concerning feasts1 fasts1 and the like necessary for the coming year2 which all will read who wish to obtain accurate information on matters relating to the spread and progress of the church1 particularly in the ,united ,states4 ,when this has been said1 there is really nothing more to say1 as far as recommending this almanac to ,catholics goes2 but there is a great deal to be said concerning this present number1 which in many respects is an improvement even on its predecessors4 ,for instance1 in the matter of filling in a page with short but pithy notices of ,catholic works1 in the excellent but necessarily incomplete tables of statistics of the ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states1 and in the fulness of the ,catholic chronology for the past year1 which forms1 as it were1 the headlines of ,catholic history in this country--all this displays enterprise1 and the excellence of the whole speaks tact and care on the part of the editor4 ,glancing at the illustrations1 we find portraits and sketches of ,abp4 ,odin2 ,rt4 ,rev4 ,michael ,o',connor1 first bishop of ,pittsburgh and of ,erie2 ,bishop ,fitzpatrick1 of ,boston2 ,father ,southwell1 ,s4,j41 whose poems and writings are now being collected and given to the public2 ,father ,lacordaire1 ,father ,de ,smet1 and others4 ,here is a head of ,manzoni1 in another place the ,comte de ,montalembert2 here ,john ,banim's well-known face looks out1 and here is genial ,thomas ,d',arcy ,mc,gee smiling at us4 ,in another place is a portrait of ,s4 ,ignatius in armor1 and a sunny picture of his birth-place4 ,miss ,honora ,nagle1 foundress of the ,ursuline ,order in ,ireland1 ,mother ,mary of the ,incarnation1 ,blessed ,margaret ,mary ,alacoque1 ,church of ,our ,lady of ,lourdes1 of ,s4 ,stephen of the ,mount1 ,abbey of ,cluny1 and others1 form subjects for illustrations and sketches1 all careful1 accurate1 and finished4 ,looking again at the ,almanac1 and then considering its price1 the publishers may congratulate themselves on having accomplished that miracle of presenting to a ,catholic public something which is cheap and excellent throughout4 ,,songs ,,from ,,the ,,southern ,,seas1 ,,and ,,other ,,poems4 ,by ,john ,boyle ,o',reilly4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 #ahgc4 ,these ,songs have a rare charm of novelty about them4 ,australia is a land yet unconquered to the muse1 but evidently as fruitful in poetic themes as any of the shores of old romance4 ,our author is peculiarly at home1 perhaps1 in the scenes from which his book is named4 ,yet some of the other poems are of considerable merit2 such as ,a ,wail of ,two ,cities 7,chicago and ,boston71 ,the ,wreck of the ,atlantic1 and ,the ,fishermen of ,wexford4 ,we thank him for his modest volume1 and hope to hear from him again4 ,,recent ,,music ,,and ,,musicians1 as described in the ,diaries and ,correspondence of ,ignaz ,moscheles4 ,edited by his wife1 and adapted from the original ,german by ,a4 ,d4 ,coleridge4 ,new ,york3 ,henry ,holt ,co4 #ahgc4 ,born in #agid1 and living to the advanced age of seventy-six1 this distinguished musician had the opportunity of cultivating an intimate acquaintance1 or of holding more or less correspondence1 with all the composers1 artists1 singers1 and patrons of music who flourished during his long life4 ,reference is made in this exceedingly interesting memoir to the names of over five hundred of these1 furnishing to the reader a vast amount of information concerning musicians and their works in this century4 ,the book is written in an agreeable1 vivacious style1 and is altogether the best of the several memoirs of the kind which have appeared4 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,wandering ,,willie4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahgc4 ,we have been attracted by the beauty and pathos of this simple tale1 and by its high moral tone1 in which it contrasts favorably with many more pretentious works4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,the ,,most ,,rev4 ,m4 ,j4 ,,spalding1 ,d4,d41 ,,archbishop ,,of ,,baltimore4 ,by ,rev4 ,j4 ,l4 ,spalding1 ,s4,t4,l4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgc4 ,we had contemplated an extended notice of this very interesting biography1 but were unable to finish it in time for the present number4 ,we fancy1 however1 that few intelligent ,catholics who are made aware of the subject1 author1 and superior mechanical execution of the volume1 will delay securing possession of a copy4 ,,books ,,received4 ,from ,,burns ,,oates1 ,london 7through ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 ,new ,york73 ,meditations for the ,use of the ,clergy4 ,from the ,italian of ,mgr4 ,scotti4 ,vol4 ii41 #ahgc4 #abmo1 pp4 viii4 #bhj4 ,from ,,weed1 ,,parsons ,,co41 ,albany3 ,fourteenth ,annual ,report of the ,superintendent of ,insurance1 ,fire and ,marine1 pp4 lviii4-#dfc4 ,life and ,casualty1 pp4 lvii4-#bdi4 #hvo1 #ahgc4 ,from ,,scribner1 ,,armstrong ,,co41 ,new ,york3 ,lombard ,street3 ,a ,description of the ,money ,market4 ,by ,walter ,bagehot4 #abmo1 pp4 viii4 #cei4 ,from ,,kelly1 ,,piet ,,co41 ,baltimore3 ,little ,manual of the ,holy ,angels' ,sodality4 #ahgc1 #bdmo1 pp4 #fh4 ,from ,p4 ,o',,shea1 ,new ,york3 ,mrs4 ,herbert and the ,villagers4 ,by the ,comtesse ,e4 ,m4 ,de ,bondenham4 #b vols1 in #a1 #ahmo1 pp4 xii4 #cda1 vii4 #cah4 ,from ,d4 ,j4 ,,sadlier ,,co41 ,new ,york3 ,the ,irish on the ,prairies1 and other ,poems4 ,by ,rev4 ,thos4 ,ambrose ,butler4 #abmo1 pp4 #afa4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xviii41 ,no4 #ajf4--;,,january1 #ahgd4ach ,,the ,,principles ,,of ,,real ,,being4 ,all knowledge which is truly scientific rests on demonstration1 and all demonstration depends on principles or axiomatic truths4 ,but1 besides the principles of demonstration1 there are other principles on which not only the knowledge1 but the very existence of things1 and their origin and constitution1 essentially depend4 ,these latter principles are nowadays less known than the former1 as we may argue from the fact that they are scarcely ever alluded to in modern speculations2 and yet they undoubtedly have the best claim to the attention of philosophical minds1 for it is in such principles that the real germs of all true science are hidden4 ,for this reason1 we have determined to offer our readers a short but accurate summary of the philosophical doctrine on principles2 which1 if presented1 as we shall try to do1 with becoming perspicuity1 will prove to be a kind of popular introduction to metaphysical studies4 ,i4 ,,notion ,,of ,,principle4 ,by the name of principle philosophers designate that whence anything originally proceeds in any manner whatever3 ,id1 unde aliquid quomodocumque procedit4 ,this definition implies that there are many different manners of proceeding1 and consequently many different kinds of principles4 ,and so it is4 ,aristotle1 however1 shows that principles of all kinds can be reduced to three classes2 that is1 to those principles of which a thing consists1 those through which or out of which a thing is made1 and those by which a thing is known3 ,primum1 unde aliquid est1 aut fit1 aut cognoscitur4#aci--;,arist4 ,metaph4 #e4 ,the first class comprises the principles through which a thing is1 viz41 by which the thing is intrinsically constituted4 ,these principles are called constituent or intrinsic principles1 and are always present by their own entity in the thing principiated2 as the matter in the body1 and the soul in the animal4 ,the second class contains the principles through which a thing is made4 ,these principles serve to account for the origin of the thing1 and are called extrinsic principles1 because they are not present by their own entity in the thing principiated4 ,thus1 the motive power of the sun is not1 by its own entity1 in the planets to which it imparts movement1 but in the sun only2 and the medical art is not in the person who has been cured through it1 but in the doctor4 ,there is1 however1 in the planets something proceeding from the motive power of the sun1 and in the person cured something proceeding from the medical art1 as every one will acknowledge4 ,whence it is obvious that the extrinsic principles by their very principiation must leave some mark or vestige of themselves in the thing principiated4 ,the third class consists of those principles through which any conclusion is made known4 ,these principles are general truths1 which are made to serve for the demonstration of some other truth1 and are called principles of science4 ,among the principles of this third class we do not reckon the principles from which the first apprehension and immediate intuition of things proceeds2 to wit1 either the power through which the object makes an impression on the cognoscitive faculty1 or the faculty itself through which the object is apprehended4 ,our reason is that these principles1 thus considered1 do not form a class apart4 ,the power of the object to make its impression on the subject is an extrinsic principle of knowledge1 and ranks with the principles of the second class above mentioned2 whilst the power of the subject to perceive through the intelligible species is an intrinsic principle of knowledge1 as well as the species which it expresses within itself1 and1 therefore1 is to be ranked among the principles of the first class4 ,accordingly1 the third class is exclusively made up of those principles which serve for the scientific demonstration of truth2 and this is what ,aristotle himself insinuates1 at least negatively1 as he gives no instance of principles of this third class but the premises by which any conclusion is made known4 ,before we advance further1 we have to remark that1 in metaphysics1 the first principles of science are assumed1 not as a subject of investigation1 but as the fundamental base of scientific demonstration4 ,thus1 the principles1 ,idem non potest simul esse et non esse1#adj ,non datur effectus sine causa1#ada ,qu sunt eadem uni tertio sunt eadem inter se1#adb and such like1 though usually styled metaphysical principles1 are not the subject of metaphysical investigation1 but are simply presupposed and admitted on the strength of their immediate and incontrovertible evidence4 ,such principles are perfectly known before all metaphysical disquisition1 and need not be traced to other principles4 ,on the other hand1 metaphysics1 which is the science of reality1 deals only with the principles of real beings2 whence it follows that the principles of demonstration1 which1 like the conclusion deduced therefrom1 exist in the intellect alone 7and therefore are beings of reason1 and principiate nothing but other beings of reason71 are not comprised in the object of metaphysical inquiry4 ,hence1 the only principles which metaphysics is bound to investigate are those that belong to the first and second class above mentioned2 that is1 the intrinsic and the extrinsic principles of things3 ,primum unde aliquid est1 and primum unde aliquid fit4#adc ,principles and causes are often confounded1 although it is well known that they are not identical4 ,hence1 our next question is3 ,in what does a cause differ from a principle8 ,it is commonly admitted that all causes are principles1 but not all principles causes2 which evidently implies that a cause is something more than a principle4 ,in fact1 when we use the word cause1 we wish to designate a being in which we know that there is a principle of causation2 whence it is evident that the common notion of cause implies the notion of principle1 and something else besides--that is1 the notion of a subject to which the principle belongs4 ,thus1 we say that the moon causes the tides by its attractive power2 the moon is the cause1 and the attractive power is its principle of causation4 ,in like manner1 we say that an orator causes great popular emotion by his eloquence2 the orator is the cause1 and his eloquence is his principle of causation4 ,from these instances it would be easy to conclude that the difference between a cause and a principle lies in this1 that the cause is a complete being1 whilst the principle is only an appurtenance of the cause4 ,but as we know from theology that there are principles which cannot be thus related to causes1 we cannot consider the above as an adequate and final answer to the question proposed4 ,some of the best modern scholastics account for the difference between cause and principle in the following manner3 ,a principle1 they say1 is conceived to differ from a cause in two things3 first1 in this1 that a cause always precedes its effect by priority of nature1#add whereas a principle does not require such a priority2 secondly1 in this1 that the cause does not communicate its own identical nature to its effect1 whereas the principle can communicate its own identical nature to that which it principiates4#ade ,from these two differences a third one might be gathered1 viz41 that the effect has always a real dependence from#adf its cause1 whilst the thing principiated does not always really depend from its principles4#adg ,these grounds of distinction between principles and causes have been thought of1 with the avowed object of paving the way to explain how the ,eternal ,father can be the principle1 without being the cause1 of his ,eternal ,son1 and how the ,father and the ,son can be the principle1 without being the cause1 of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,but we must observe that there are four genera of causes and of principles3 the efficient1 the material1 the formal1 and the final2 and that the two differences alleged by these writers between principle and cause do not apply to principles and causes of the same genus1 but are applicable only when some principle belonging to one genus is wrongly compared with some cause pertaining to another genus4 ,that there are four genera of causes we will take for granted1 as it is the universal doctrine of philosophers4 ,that there are also four genera of principles corresponding to the four genera of causes is evident2 for every cause must contain within itself the principle of its causality2 and1 in fact1 ,aristotle himself clearly affirms that there are as many causes as principles1 and that all causes are also principles1#adh in the sense which we have already explained4 ,lastly1 that the two aforesaid differences between principle and cause do not apply to principles and causes of the same genus can be easily verified by a glance at each genus4 ,let the reader take notice of the following statements1 and then judge for himself4 ,the efficient cause 7the agent7 and the efficient principle 7its active power7 are both1 by priority of nature1 prior to the thing produced or principiated1 and both have a nature numerically distinct from that of the thing produced or principiated4 ,in the same manner the final cause 7the object willed7 and the finalizing principle 7the known goodness and desirability of the object7 both are1 by priority of nature1 prior to the act caused or principiated1 and both have a nature numerically distinct from that of the act caused or principiated4 ,thus1 also1 the material cause 7actual matter7 and the material principle 7the passiveness of matter7 are both1 by priority of nature1 prior to the thing effected or principiated1 and both identify themselves with the thing effected or principiated4 ,accordingly1 with regard to these three kinds of causation and principiation1 it is quite impossible to admit that the difference between a cause and a principle is to be accounted for by a recourse to the two aforementioned grounds of distinction1 so long as the causes and principles1 which are compared1 belong to one and the same genus4 ,as to the formal cause and the formal principle1 we shall presently see that they are not distinct things2 but1 even if we were disposed to consider them as distinct1 such a distinction could not possibly rest on the two grounds of which we have been speaking2 for the formal cause and the formal principle have no priority of nature#adi with respect to the thing caused or principiated1 and both identify themselves with the same4 ,we are1 therefore1 satisfied that the opinion which we have criticised has no foundation in truth4 ,let us1 then1 resume our previous explanation1 and see how the difficulty above proposed against its completeness can be solved4 ,we have shown that the notion of cause implies the notion of principle1 together with that of a subject to which the principle belongs4 ,we must1 therefore1 admit that a principle differs from a cause of the same genus1 as an incomplete or metaphysical entity differs from a complete or physical being2 or1 in other terms1 that a real cause1 rigorously speaking1 is a complete being1 which gives origin to an effect2 whilst a real principle1 properly speaking1 is only that through which the cause gives origin to its effect4 ,the cause is id quod causat2#aej the principle is id quo causa causat4#aea ,the formal principle1 however1 is an exception to this general doctrine1 as formal principles do not differ from formal causes4 ,the form1 in fact1 not only has within itself something through which it is fit to cause its effect1 but also is itself that very something1 and through itself brings its effect into existence4 ,thus the soul1 which is the form of the body1 through itself1 and not through any of its faculties1 actuates the body and vivifies it4 ,on this account1 then1 any form might be indifferently called either a formal cause or a formal principle4 ,but we must further consider that a form1 as such1 is an incomplete entity1 since no formal act can exist apart from its essential term2#aeb and on this ground we maintain that the name of principle suits it better than the name of cause4 ,and this conclusion will be approved even by those philosophers whose opinion concerning the distinction between cause and principle we have just refuted2 for the two differences which they allege as characteristic of cause in opposition to principle have no room in formal causation or principiation1 since we have seen that the formal act has no priority of nature with respect to its essential term1 and identifies itself with the thing of which it is the act4 ,consequently1 the form1 even in the opinion of said philosophers1 is not a cause1 but a principle4 ,we hope to give a fuller explanation of this point on a later occasion2 but what we have just said suffices to show what we at present intend1 viz41 that the doctrine which considers principles as appurtenances of causes admits of a remarkable exception in the case of formal principles1 and by such an exception is competent to account for the existence of other principles importing real principiation without real causation4 ,now1 this is exactly what the theological doctrine on divine processions requires4 ,the fact1 therefore1 that the procession of one of the divine ,persons from another involves no causation1 but only principiation1 can be accounted for by a simple reference to the nature of formal principiation4 ,the ,eternal ,father is certainly not the efficient1 but the formal1 principle of ,his ,eternal ,son2 and this already suffices to explain how the being of the ,son is not a new being made by the ,father1 but is the very same being of the ,father communicated identically to the ,son4 ,thus1 also1 the ,holy ,ghost not efficiently1 but formally1 proceeds from the ,father and the ,son1 through their conspiration into a simple actuality of love2 and this suffices to explain how the ,holy ,ghost is not made by the ,father and the ,son1 but is the very actuality of the one in the other4 ,to sum up3 ,formal principiation is not causation2 hence1 that which immediately proceeds from a formal principle is not caused by it1 but only principiated2 it is not its effect1 but its connatural term2 it has not a distinct nature1 but the very nature of its formal principle identically communicated2 lastly1 it has no real dependence from its formal principle1 but only real relative opposition2 for real dependence has no place where there is identity of nature4 ,this is eminently true of ,god1 and1 by imitation1 of every primitive contingent being1 which is strictly one in its entity1 and consequently also of all the ultimate elements into which a physical compound can be resolved2 for the ultimate elements of things cannot but be primitive beings4 ,the preceding remarks regard those formal acts which enter in the essential constitution of being as such1 and which are called strictly substantial acts4 ,of accidental forms we have nothing to say in particular1 as it is too evident to need explanation that they are not causes1 but mere principles4 ,it is1 therefore1 to be concluded that the distinction between cause and principle applies only to efficient1 material1 and final causality and principiativity4 ,thus1 as we have said1 the sun is the efficient cause of certain movements1 and its attractive power is the efficient principle of those movements2 the object is the final cause that moves the will1 and the goodness1 through which the object moves the will1 is the finalizing principle of the volition3 the steel is the material cause of the sword1 but the material principle of the sword is the passive potency of the steel1 which allows it to receive the form of a sword or any other form4 ,we must not forget1 however1 that the words cause and principle have been1 and are1 very frequently used without discrimination by philosophical writers1 even of the highest merit4 ,it is by no means uncommon to find1 for instance1 the premises described as the cause of the conclusion1 the rules of the art as the cause of an artificial work1 the exemplar as the cause of that in which it is reproduced or imitated4 ,in these examples1 the word cause stands for principle4 ,the old ,greek theologians even said that ,god the ,father is the cause of his ,eternal ,son2 the word cause being undoubtedly used by them in the sense of principle4 ,we should not be astonished at this4 ,indeed1 while we ourselves persist in giving the name of cause to the formal principle1 we should be the last to be surprised at the ,greek fathers doing the same4 ,and now1 let us come to another part of our subject4 ,philosophers1 when wishing to give a full account of things1 besides principles and causes1 point out metaphysical reasons too4 ,we think it our duty to show in what such reasons consist1 and in what they differ from principles4 ,a reason1 in general1 may be defined as that from which anything immediately results2 and since a formal result is not made1 but simply follows as a consequence from a conspiration of principles1 we can see at once that a reason1 or the formal ground of a given result1 must consist in a conspiration of given principles4 ,there are logical reasons1 which give rise to logical results2 and there are metaphysical reasons1 which give rise to metaphysical results4 ,we will give an example of each4 ,in a syllogism1 the consequence is the result of a conspiration of two propositions1 called premises4 ,the propositions themselves are the principles from which the conclusion is to follow2 but the actual following of the conclusion depends on the actual comparison of the two propositions1 and on the actual perception of the agreement of two extreme terms with a middle one4 ,it is1 in fact1 through the middle term that the two premises conspire into a definite conclusion4 ,hence1 when we are asked the reason why a conclusion follows from two premises1 we point out not only the fact that the two premises are true1 but especially the fact that the extreme terms1 which are to be directly united in the conclusion1 are already both linked1 in the premises1 with the same middle term4 ,for it is evident that the whole strength of a legitimate conclusion lies in the universality of the axiom1 ,qu sunt eadem uni tertio1 sunt eadem inter se4 ,the words1 sunt eadem uni tertio1#aec express the formal reason1 and the words sunt eadem inter se#aed express the formal result4 ,in scholastic language1 the premises would be called the principium formale quod#aee of the conclusion1 and the suitable connection of their terms would be called the principium formale quo1#aef or the ratio formalis#aeg of the conclusion2 whilst the conclusion itself would be called the rationatum4#aeh ,for an example of the metaphysical order1 we will take a known subject1 animal life1 and ascertain its formal reason4 ,every one knows that the soul is a principle of life2 but animal life1 besides the vivifying soul1 requires also an organic body as its other principle4 ,these two principles1 however1 are1 with respect to animal life1 in the same relation as the two premises with respect to their conclusion4 ,for as the conclusion proximately results from the connection of the premises and their bearing on one another1 as we have just explained1 so1 also1 animal life results from the connection of soul and body--that is1 from the actuation of the latter by the former1 and consequently by the completion of the former in the latter4 ,hence1 the formal reason1 or the principium formale quo1 of animal life is the very information of the body by the soul1 while the soul and the body themselves1 taken together1 constitute the principium formale quod4 ,from these two examples1 to which it would be easy to add many more1 it is manifest that what we call formal reason is a conspiration of correlative principles towards a common actual result4 ,all results are relations between terms1 or principles1 communicating with one another1 either through themselves or through something which is common to them4 ,in the first case1 the result1 or relation1 is transcendental1 and is nothing else than the actuality of one principle in the other--of the soul in the body1 for instance4 ,in the second case1 the result1 or relation1 is either predicamental or logical 7according as its principles and its formal reason are real or not71 and is nothing else than the actuality of the terms as correlated4 ,let the reader remark that we have pointed out three kinds of so-called formal principles1 viz41 the form1 or act1 which is a principium formale properly1 and without qualification2 then the principium1 formale quod of a resultation1 consisting of correlated principles conspiring together into a common result2 lastly1 the principium formale quo1 or the proximate reason of the resultation1 consisting in the very conspiration of the correlated principles4 ,in ,english1 the better to distinguish the one from the other1 it would be well to retain the name of formal principle for the first alone2 the second might be called the formal origin1 and the third the formal reason1 of a resultation4 ,thus the name of formal principle would be preserved to its rightful owner1 without danger of mistaking it for a formal reason1 or vice versa4 ,before we conclude1 we beg to add1 though it may appear unnecessary1 that the conditions of causation are not principles4 ,we make this remark because nothing1 perhaps1 is more common in ordinary speech than to confound conditions with principles and causes4 ,it is not uninstructed persons only1 but educated people and men of science too1 that express themselves as if they believed that conditions have their own active part in producing effects4 ,if a weight be suspended by a thread1 the cutting of the thread is popularly said to cause the fall of the weight4 ,he who throws a piece of paper into the fire is said to burn the paper4 ,he who rubs a match is said to light the match4 ,a change of distance between the sun and a planet is said to cause a change of intensity in the central forces4 ,now1 it is scarcely necessary to show that cutting the thread1 throwing the paper1 rubbing the match1 etc41 are only conditions of the falling1 the burning1 the lighting1 etc41 respectively2 and conditions are neither causes nor principles of causation4 ,a condition of causation may be defined to be an accidental relation between principles or causes1 inasmuch as they are concerned in the production of an effect4 ,causes and principles cause and principiate in a different manner1 according to the difference of their mutual relations1 but do not cause or principiate through such relations1 as is evident4 ,a weight suspended by a thread falls when the thread is cut4 ,but he who cuts the thread is not the real cause of the falling4 ,the true cause is1 on the one hand1 the earth by its attractive power1 and1 on the other1 the body itself by its receptive potency4 ,cutting the thread is only to put a condition of the falling4 ,the fall1 in fact1 depends on the condition that the body be free to obey the action of gravity2 and this condition is fulfilled when the thread is cut4 ,in like manner1 he who throws a piece of paper into the fire does not burn it1 but only puts it in the necessary relation with the fire1 that it may be burnt2 and he who rubs the match does not light it1 but only rubs it1 the rubbing being a condition1 not a cause1 of the lighting4 ,in fact1 the lighting of the match is caused by the actions and reactions which take place between the molecules of certain substances on the end of the match2 and such actions and reactions depend on the rubbing only inasmuch as the rubbing alters the relations of distance between molecules1 disturbs their equilibrium1 and places them in a new condition with respect to their acting on one another4 ,of course1 the rubbing is an effect1 and he who does the rubbing is a cause2 but he causes the rubbing only4 ,so1 also1 the change of distance between the sun and a planet is neither the cause nor the principle of a change of intensity in the mutual attraction4 ,the action of celestial bodies follows a law4 ,with such or such relation of distance between them1 they act with such or such intensity2 but distance is evidently not an active principle1 and therefore a change of distance is only the change of a condition of causation4 ,as we have just mentioned the fact that celestial bodies are subject to a law of action1 it might be asked whether law itself be a real principle4 ,we must answer in the negative2 for law is nothing but the necessity for every agent or patient of conforming to its own nature in the exertion of its powers1 and in the subjection of its potency4 ,such a necessity is permanent1 since it arises from the determination of nature itself1 and may be divided into moral1 physical1 and logical1 according as it is viewed in connection with different beings or powers2 but it is certainly neither an active power nor a passive potency1 but only a natural ordination of the same1 and accordingly is not a cause nor a principle1 but an exponent of the constant manner in which causes and principles bring about the various changes we witness throughout the world4 ,these few notions may suffice as an introduction to what we intend to say about the principles of things4 ,we have seen that a principle is less than a cause1 a reason less than a principle1 and a condition less than a reason2 and we have determined as exactly as we could the general character of each of them1 by ascertaining the grounds of their several distinctions4 ,this was our only object in the present article2 and therefore we will stop here1 and reserve particulars for future investigation4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,footnotes3 #ach ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahgd1 by ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #aci ,the principle whence anything exists1 is made1 or is known4 #adj ,the same thing cannot at the same time be and not be4 #ada ,there is no effect without a cause4 #adb ,things which are equal to a third thing are equal to each other4 #adc ,the principle whence anything is1 and the principle whence anything is made4 #add ,philosophers teach that one thing can precede another in three ways1 to wit1 by priority of time1 by priority of nature1 and by priority of reason4 ,a thing existing while another thing is not yet in existence has1 with regard to this latter1 a priority of time4 ,a thing1 on the existence of which the existence of another depends1 has1 with regard to this latter1 a priority of nature4 ,a thing1 the conception of which is needed to form the conception of another1 has1 with regard to this latter1 a priority of reason4 ,the priority of origin1 by which one of the divine ,persons is prior to another1 is a priority of reason1 not of nature1 and implies no real dependence of one ,person from another4 #ade ,see ,liberatore1 ,metaph4 ,gen41 n4 #abe4 #adf ,we advisedly employ the preposition from4 ,there is a vast difference between depending on and depending from4 ,to depend from is properly to be hanging from1 as a lamp from the ceiling2 but nothing forbids the use of the phrase in a metaphorical sense in order to translate the ,latin phrase1 pendere ab1 for which we have no other equivalent4 ,the usual ,english phrase1 to depend on1 corresponds to the ,latin pendere ex4 ,were we to employ it also for pendere ab1 a confusion would arise of the two different meanings4 ,certainly1 the two phrases1 ,homo pendet a ,deo1 and ,exitus pendet ex adjunctis express different kinds of dependence2 and we cannot translate them into ,english in the same manner without setting their differences at naught4 ,we would1 therefore1 say1 that ,man depends from ,god1 and that ,success depends on circumstances4 ,in philosophy1 both prepositions are needed1 and1 if used with proper discrimination1 they will save us the trouble of many useless disputes4 #adg ,a being and its constituent principles may be said to have a certain dependence on one another1 inasmuch as they have such an essential connection with one another that the one cannot be conceived apart from the other4 ,but this so-called dependence means only correlation and mutual exigency2 and therefore does not entail a priority of nature of the one with respect to the other4 ,in a being1 which is strictly one in its entity1 there are three principles3 an act1 its term1 and the actuality of the one in the other4 ,the act has only a priority of origin with respect to its essential term1 and both have only a priority of origin with regard to their formal actuality4 ,they depend on one another in the sense explained1 but not from one another4 ,we shall treat of them in a future article4 #adh ,toties autem caus quoque dicuntur 7qucties principia72 omnes namque caus principia sunt4--,aristotle1 ,metaph4 #e4 #adi ,priority of nature implies in that which is prior an existence independent of that which is posterior2 but a mere formal act has no existence independent of the being of which it is a constituent2 therefore1 the formal act is not prior1 by priority of nature1 to such a being4 #aej ,that which causes4 #aea ,that by which the cause causes4 #aeb ,to say that the human soul can exist apart from the body1 is no objection4 ,our soul is not merely a formal act2 it is a subsistent being--that is1 an act having its own intrinsic term1 and therefore possessing an independent existence2 which cannot be said of other forms4 ,and on this account the soul is the only form which without impropriety might be called a formal cause as well as a formal principle4 #aec ,are equal to a third4 #aed ,are equal to each other4 #aee ,the formal principle which4 #aef ,the formal principle by which or through which4 #aeg ,the formal reason4 #aeh ,the product of reasoning4 ,,the ,,serious ,,vive ,,la ,,bagatelle4 ,bright world6 you may write on my heart what you will1 ,but write it with pencil1 not pen2 ,your hand hath its skill3 but a hand finer still ,what you write soon erases again4 ,to the moment its laugh1 and its smile to the flower6 ,not niggard we give them2 but why8 ,old ,time must devour the year as the hour3 ,remains but ,eternity4 ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,,the ,,farm ,,of ,,muiceron4 ,,by ,,marie ,,rheil4 ,,from ,,the ,,revue ,,du ,,monde ,,catholique4 ,,viii4 ,jean-,louis1 on leaving the cur1 went to pray in the church1 which remained open all day for the consolation of devout souls4 ,in the presence of ,god he reviewed the sad history of his life1 shed many tears1 but soon felt wonderfully strengthened4 ,this fourteen-year-old boy had a more resolute heart than many a man of thirty4 ,what he swore before the altar of ,god and the statue of ,our ,blessed ,lady was the oath of a ,christian1 who knows the value of an engagement made in the face of heaven4 ,it was the contract of his whole life that he then signed1 and it will be seen if he knew how to keep it4 ,his first weakness on learning the secret of his birth had passed2 he determined to be courageous1 humble1 and docile1 should it cost him his heart's blood2 and full of these brave resolutions1 he retook the road to ,muiceron4 ,nevertheless1 he failed in one1 and you as well as ,i will excuse him for it4 ,as he had remained rather long in the village1 ,pierrette1 who had heard him reprimanded1 and had seen him depart with his books under his arm1 became very anxious1 fearing that he had been more hurt than he had shown4 ,she was standing on the threshold of the door1 watching the path by which he would return2 and when she perceived him1 she could not conceal her joy1 for the child's face was bright and animated1 and seemed the mirror of a happy heart4 ,oh6 ,i am so happy to see you1 my ,jeannet1 cried the good woman in a burst of joy4 ,were you alarmed at my absence8 asked ,jean-,louis1 running to her4 ,alarmed8 said she4 ,no 444 that is to say1 yes1 ,i was a little4444 ,your father sometimes conceals his great kindness under rather too quick a manner4 ,a child like you1 who never deserves to be scolded1 will be easily hurt at a severe word2 and ,i thought1 on seeing you go away so quickly1 you were unhappy4 ,but now you are at home again1 are you neither hot1 nor hungry1 nor troubled8 ,where do you come from8 ,what do you think of doing8 ,tell all to your mamma1 who loves you so dearly4 ,these gentle questions pierced the soul of the poor child more than the severest words would have done4 ,gratitude and grief choked him and prevented him from replying1 and made his emotion the greater1 as these two sentiments seldom go together4 ,he looked at his dear mother1 with his great1 black eyes filled with tears1 and could only take her hand and press it to his bosom4 ,thus they entered the house together1 and ,ragaud1 whom they thought in the fields1 but who had returned by the door that opened on the bleaching yard1 was standing before the hearth1 as if awaiting them4 ,you doubtless know1 as you must have many times experienced it1 that when one suddenly sees somebody1 thought to be half a league away1 without wishing it1 he looks rather taken aback1 as we say4 ,you can well believe that ,pierrette and the child so looked1 as they remained dumb as fish1 like poachers hiding from the forest-guard4 ,well1 said the good man in a loud voice1 what is the matter with you both8 ,it seems ,i was not expected4 ,and the supper1 wife8 ,here it is1 ,pierrette hastened to reply2 only move a little to one side1 that ,i may take off the pot4 ,and in the twinkling of an eye1 the excellent green-cabbage soup was smoking on the table2 but ,jeannet1 who stood like one petrified1 did not move4 ,you are not hungry1 then8 asked ,ragaud4 ,what is the matter8 ,you look as if you had been crying4 ,excuse me1 replied ,jeannet4 ,i do not feel like eating this evening4 ,none of that1 answered ,ragaud2 to punish his stomach is the act of a spoiled child4 ,sit down and eat2 be quick about it1 do you hear8 ,jeannet obeyed1 but only to sit down2 eat1 he could not4 ,see here1 said ,ragaud in a joking manner1 looking at him1 you are of the true modern style4 ,formerly1 my boy1 when parents reproved their children1 they did it oftener with the hand than the voice1 and things were not the worse for it4 ,my father used to give us blows with his cudgel without counting them2 in his opinion1 it was a language easily understood1 and which he preferred to reasoning1 as it saved his time4 ,we rubbed our backs1 and it was over2 none of us thought of losing our appetites1 still less of crying4 ,but nowadays children must be handled with gloves2 and even with that they think themselves martyrs4 ,the parents must endure everything without a murmur1 even to see the house catch fire4 ,ha6 ha6--is what ,i say true8 ,oh6 yes1 said ,jean-,louis1 you have always been good and kind to me2 and believe me1 believe me when ,i say that ,i am truly grateful1 that ,i thank you with my whole soul4 ,i was guilty without knowing it2 but ,i am penitent and sorry for having offended you4 ,i have carried back my books1 which1 in reality1 ,i did not need1 and never again will you have to reproach me about them4 ,that is right1 that is right1 said ,ragaud4 ,you are a good child1 ,jeannet1 and now it is ended4 ,what ,i said1 you see1 was to your own interest2 so now eat and be cheerful4 ,i don't like tears1 above all in a boy who will soon be a man2 give me your hand without any bad feeling4 ,no1 no6 embrace him1 said ,pierrette4 ,his heart is full2 isn't it so1 my son8 ,kiss me1 if you wish1 said ,ragaud1 extending his honest1 bearded face4 ,generally ,i don't like these baby-kisses2 but if it is necessary1 in order that you may eat your soup1 make yourself happy1 boy4 ,just at this time it was too much for ,jean-,louis2 nearly fainting1 he fell on his knees by the side of ,ragaud2 he threw his arms around him1 pressed him to his breast1 and kissed him in the tenderest manner1 to the great astonishment of the good farmer1 who could not understand such a wonderful display of affection4 ,good1 good1 said he2 but be easy1 ,jeannet4 ,don't ,i tell you ,i am no longer angry8 ,o my father6 my dear father6 cried the child1 how can ,i ever repay you8 ,and seeing that ,ragaud looked at him in amazement1 he added1 sobbing1 ,father1 mother1 ,i know all4444 ,explain yourself1 said ,ragaud1 beginning to understand what he meant4 ,what do you know1 my child8 ,all he repeated in a tone which expressed everything4 ,there1 cried good ,pierrette1 her heart melting with pity1 ,i understand4 ,i know now what he means4 ,but after fourteen years that the secret has been so well kept1 where has the creature been found wicked enough to make this poor child so unhappy8 ,dear mother1 exclaimed ,jean-,louis1 he who told it to me did it from true kindness of heart2 you must not be displeased with him4 ,it is to him ,i owe my life1 after ,god and you4 ,do not mistake my tears2 they do not come from grief1 but from the gratitude which will last through all eternity4 ,my dear1 dear child1 said ,pierrette1 you have already well repaid us by your tender affection and good conduct4 ,isn't it true1 ,ragaud8 ,yes1 replied he2 and ,i will add1 my boy1 that the ,lord ,god1 through love of whom we received you1 made joy and prosperity enter into the house at the same time with you4 ,thus1 although ,i like the gratitude which comes from a truly filial heart1 in good conscience ,i think we are quits4 ,oh6 never1 never1 cried ,jeannet4 ,at the moment of my death ,i will still thank you4 ,on condition that you die before us1 which is scarcely probable1 said ,ragaud1 smiling4 ,come1 child1 get up1 and let it all be over4 ,since1 from what ,i can make out1 no other than our cur has told you the story1 ,i am happy to think we are all 'big ,john1 as before'--that is to say1 that nothing is changed4 ,you will remain our child1 the elder brother of ,jeannette1 and the prop of my old age4 ,your servant and your slave for ever6 cried ,jean-,louis4 ,bah6 bah6 ,no slave1 ,jeannet2 that is an accursed word to fall from your lips4 ,let it all remain in the cur's library1 which it never should have left4 ,as for me1 ,i am not learned2 but1 to my mind1 a slave is a man changed into a beast of burden4 ,i ask you if ,i have brought you up in that way8 ,no1 my son1 you will serve me--it is my wish--but in working as a free man by my side1 according to your strength4 ,is it well understood8 ,i have no other desire but to please you2 and ,i pray to ,god1 my father1 that ,i may prove it to you every day4 ,i hope so1 my boy4 ,the past1 they say1 is the guarantee of the future2 and never have you caused me serious displeasure4 ,as for the little affair of this morning1 ,i tell you it was nothing4 ,don't regret it2 the only result will be that we will love each other still more4 ,i think so1 too1 said ,pierrette1 if it is possible4 ,o my dear parents6 cried ,jeannet1 kissing them both1 if ever the history of your kindness could be written1 who would believe it true8 ,don't let that trouble you1 said ,ragaud1 laughing heartily1 there is no chance of its being written2 and1 besides1 things do not improve by being known to men1 as evil is more easily believed than good4 ,it is very well1 said ,pierrette1 that mademoiselle kept ,jeannette at the chteau this evening2 she would have been in the way1 dear little thing6 ,as regards that1 replied ,ragaud1 ,i request you1 ,jean-,louis1 never to breathe a word to ,jeannette of what has just been said4 ,do you understand me8 ,i have my own idea about it4 ,i promise you1 my father1 answered ,jeannet4 ,the name of the little girl1 thus pronounced by chance1 led to further conversation about the two children4 ,they remembered the infant plays1 where she was so lively and wilful1 her great romps with the shepherd's dog1 and many other little details1 which recalled the innocent pleasures of her infancy and gave such zest to their tranquil country life4 ,jeannet1 well consoled1 and with lightened heart1 told his parents a crowd of little events1 which he loved to relate in praise of ,jeannette1 and which proved the goodness of her heart and mind1 to the great delight of the ,ragauds4 ,from that to remarking that the little girl had nearly disappeared from the family was but a step1 and which1 in my opinion1 was a leap easily made4 ,in the meantime1 ,ragaud1 who appeared half asleep--,i rather think so as not to talk upon the subject--suddenly awakened1 and ended by acknowledging that if ,jeannet were not at ,muiceron1 the house would be as destitute of children as it was fifteen years before4 ,my dear husband1 said ,pierrette1 it is not to-day that we are to learn that parents must sacrifice everything to the happiness of their children4 ,for their happiness1 yes1 replied ,ragaud2 but it remains to be seen if ,jeannette will always be as happy as she is now4 ,and as he was clear-sighted1 when the momentary vanity had passed1 he related with earnestness the conversation with ,jacques ,michou1 which he had so unwillingly heard at the time4 ,there1 said ,pierrette1 is something which does not please me4 ,if people already commence to talk about our daughter1 it is a sign that we should think about our course in regard to her1 and perhaps change it4 ,think about it we should1 replied ,ragaud2 but to change it is another question4 ,for then we would have to take ,jeannette from mademoiselle2 and as her regard for our little girl is a great honor for us and a great happiness for her1 never will ,i behave in that manner to the daughter of our lords1 seeing that ,i owe them everything4 ,it is very embarrassing1 said ,pierrette1 who spoke rather from the feelings of the heart than of the head4 ,not so very much1 replied ,ragaud4 ,by acting with gentleness and respect1 without causing pain to mademoiselle1 we can1 in the end1 make her wishes accord with ours4 ,oh6 if ,jeannette could return1 cried ,jean-,louis1 what happiness for us all1 dear father6 ,you6 said ,ragaud4 ,you may boast of being very brave in her absence2 but ,i can remember seeing you many and many a time racing together over the meadows2 the girl would torment you to her heart's content1 and you1 like a big simpleton1 never once stumbled so as to humbug her in return4 ,thus you accustomed her to think herself the mistress1 which she did not hesitate to show4 ,she is so sweet1 said ,jeannet1 and so good-natured2 if she had half killed me1 ,i would not have minded it4 ,if you only wished to know ,latin that you might talk such nonsense1 replied ,ragaud1 you did very well to give up the study4 ,you1 too1 added he1 turning towards ,pierrette1 forgetting he should be the first to accuse himself--you1 too1 have so completely spoiled ,jeannette1 ,i will be obliged to undertake the difficult task of repairing your work4 ,but patience2 to-morrow ,i will take the shovel and the spade4 ,i will do it4 ,what are you going to do8 asked ,pierrette1 alarmed4 ,i am going to see1 said ,ragaud1 if my daughter is of the good and true blood of her father4 ,i will ask mademoiselle to give her to me for the octave of ,s4 ,martin2 and during that time ,i will make her resume her peasant-life as though she should never quit it again4 ,if she becomes sullen and cross1 ,i won't say what ,i will do2 but if1 as ,i believe1 she will appear happy and contented1 we will know that the chteau does not injure her1 and then we will sleep in peace4 ,how do you like that8 ,oh6 that is a capital idea ,i never would have dreamt of1 said ,pierrette1 clasping her hands in admiration4 ,ragaud appeared pleased at being thought so brilliant2 he resettled himself in his big linen collar1 drank a glass of good cider1 and knelt down to say the ,our ,father and ,hail ,mary1 which he always did before retiring4 ,jeannet made no remark2 he had too much sense to think that this little trial would be sufficient and satisfy every one2 but he would see ,jeannette for a whole week1 and he decided to amuse her in such a way that she would not regret her life at the chteau4 ,ragaud's plans were fully carried out4 ,mademoiselle willingly gave up ,jeannette1 thinking by that means she would have still stronger claims for keeping her afterwards2 and the little one1 led by her father1 returned to ,muiceron the eve of ,s4 ,martin's day1 which is1 among us1 the feast of the vine-dressers4 ,if you are anxious to know how she behaved1 ,i will inform you that the very next day1 and without any one having to tell her1 she tumbled over the things in the chest to find her woollen skirts and coarse linen apron4 ,she had grown so much1 she was obliged to rip and remake for a full hour before she could put them on1 which caused much talk and laughter that rang through the house4 ,her wooden shoes1 which had remained in a corner during the past fifteen months1 were likewise too small2 and as that could not be remedied by the needle and thread1 it was a real difficulty2 but ,jeannette1 who had not lost her habit of having an answer for everything1 declared she would wear ,pierrette's4 ,you can imagine the amusement this caused2 and1 in fact1 at her first step she stumbled1 and nearly fell down4 ,thereupon ,jeannet darted off like an arrow1 and brought a new pair from the harness-maker at ,ordonniers4 ,jeannette was equally well pleased with the eating1 sleeping1 and all the old habits of her country life4 ,never had she appeared happier1 more active1 and better disposed to assist her mother in her household labors4 ,it could be well imagined that1 having heard of the gossiping about her1 she wished to prove by every means the good people were wrong2 and ,ragaud had only one wish1 which was that the busy-bodies of the village could look through the key-hole and see her at work4 ,this was scarcely possible2 but he could1 at least1 satisfy ,jacques ,michou1 the first grumbler1 whom he had so well repulsed1 as you may remember4 ,for that purpose1 without mentioning the return of ,jeannette to the farm1 with a frank and simple air1 he asked his old comrade to come and break bread with him on ,s4 ,martin's day4 ,m4 le ,cur was also invited1 and on the morning of the feast ,ragaud gave ,pierrette her lesson3 ,understand well this day ,i wish you to be quiet4 ,you can tell the child all that must be done1 not only for the cooking1 but for the table and the serving of it4 ,i don't wish to have the shame of seeing the children seated at table1 whilst the mother is going around the hearth1 skirts pinned up1 doing the servant's work2 which is not proper4 ,it is very well to be a good woman1 always ready to sacrifice herself2 but it is also well every one should know there is but one mistress of ,muiceron4 ,jeannette is too little1 ,pierrette gently objected2 she could not reach up to the stove1 and ,i am afraid the dishes will be too heavy for her arms to carry1 little darling6 ,you will make ,marion1 the dairy-maid1 aid her in the heavy work1 said ,ragaud4 ,i don't ask impossibilities1 and ,i would be the first to fear if our little girl ran the risk of burning herself4 ,what ,i wish is that she1 and not you1 should have all the trouble4 ,pierrette yielded to this good argument1 although a little afraid that ,jeannette would have too much trouble4 ,as for the little girl1 she was very proud to give orders to ,marion1 and commenced immediately to play her part of mistress of the farm4 ,then could be seen how bright she was4 ,she came and went1 passing from the barn-yard to the wood-house1 from the wood-house to the linen-chests2 bravely looking on when they bled the chickens and cut up the meat2 selecting the beautiful1 white table-cloths2 superintending1 polishing the glasses1 dusting1 flying about like a will-o'-the-wisp4 ,big ,marion trotted after her on her heels1 scarcely able to follow her1 stifled half with heat and half with laughter at the sight of such an active young mistress4 ,who would have thought1 on seeing her thus occupied1 that the very evening before she had been seated at the right of mademoiselle in her beautiful carriage1 driving around the country8 ,it was really wonderful to see her so quick at everything1 young as she was2 and you would have been as much surprised as the ,ragauds1 who gazed at her in astonished admiration--parental vanity easily forgiven in this case--and asked each other where ,jeannette could have learned so much that even housekeepers of thirty hardly knew4 ,the truth was1 she had never learned anything from anybody or anywhere2 but she was precocious in every respect4 ,it was enough for her to hear or see a thing once always to remember it2 so she had only to think an instant to put in practice what she had observed4 ,add to this she was as sly as a fox1 and ardently loved to give satisfaction1 and you will easily understand there was nothing very astonishing in her performance4 ,about twilight1 ,jacques ,michou made his appearance1 accompanied by the cur1 whom he had overtaken on the road4 ,jeannette came forward to meet them1 and made a low reverence in true peasant style1 totally unlike the bows made in ,m4 le ,marquis' salon4 ,it was a great surprise for these honest souls1 who had been conversing along the way about the blindness of ,ragaud in regard to his daughter1 and they were both too frank not to show their satisfaction4 ,so you have come back1 my child8 said the cur1 patting her kindly on the head4 ,to wait upon you1 ,m4 le ,cur1 she sweetly replied4 ,and your beautiful dresses8 asked ,jacques ,michou4 ,they are hanging up in the wardrobe1 said ,jeannette1 laughing4 ,indeed6 ,and do you like to have them there as much as on your back1 my little girl8 ,why not8 she replied4 ,i am happy here with my father1 my mother1 and ,jeannet4 ,it is your best place1 said the cur4 ,i am delighted1 ,mme4 ,ragaud1 to see your daughter at home4 ,is it for some time8 ,if mademoiselle does not reclaim her1 said ,pierrette1 blushing1 for she never would speak falsely1 it will be for ever4 ,well1 ,i hope it will be so1 said he4 ,and you1 ,jeannette1 do you desire it also8 ,i am always happy with my dear parents1 replied the little one2 but mademoiselle is so kind and good1 ,i am always happy with her also4 ,if my mother sends me to the chteau1 ,i will go2 and if she commands me to return1 ,i will come back4 ,they could not help being pleased with this speech of the good1 obedient little girl1 and they took their places at table without any further questions or raillery4 ,jeannette1 during the supper1 rose more than twenty times to see that all was right2 and ,ragaud1 you can well imagine1 did not fail to inform his guests that everything had been prepared under his daughter's eye4 ,it was strictly true1 as they clearly saw2 and1 consequently1 the compliments were freely bestowed4 ,nevertheless1 when the dessert was brought on1 ,ragaud could not resist saying to ,michou1 with a significant look1 as he held up his glass3 ,well1 my old fellow1 will you now give me credit for knowing how to bring up my children8 ,jacques nodded his head1 and1 holding up his glass1 replied1 ,i will come to see you eight years from now1 comrade1 and then ,i will answer your question4 ,very good1 said ,ragaud4 ,m4 le ,cur1 you will be witness4 ,i promise to give a cow to ,jacques ,michou1 if1 at that time1 ,jeannette is not the best housekeeper in the country4 ,i take the bet1 replied ,jacques1 laughing2 and ,i add that ,i hope to lose it as surely as the good ,god has no master4 ,come1 come1 said the cur gravely1 it is not worth such an oath4 ,between good men1 my friends1 it is enough to say yes or no4 ,i consent to be witness1 and ,i also say ,i hope that ,jacques will lose the bet4 ,they stopped as they saw ,jeannette1 who returned to the table1 crimson with pleasure4 ,behind her came big ,marion1 carrying1 with great care1 a large dish1 upon which stood1 erect on his claws1 a beautiful pheasant that seemed ready to crow4 ,as it was at the end of the meal1 every one looked at it with amazement1 especially ,pierrette1 who had not been let into the secret4 ,it was a surprise invented by ,jeannette1 who clapped her hands and laughed heartily1 and then wished them to guess what it was4 ,after she had thoroughly enjoyed their astonishment1 she rapidly took out the feathers1 and then they saw it was a delicious pudding1 stuffed with plums1 which she had manufactured1 with ,marion and ,jeannet's assistance1 after the style of ,m4 le ,marquis' cook4 ,pierrette1 it must be acknowledged1 wept tears of admiration2 for this was a wonder that surpassed her imagination4 ,this magnificent performance increased ,ragaud's good humor2 and ,i verily believe1 but for the presence of ,m4 le ,cur1 he would have emptied more than one bottle in honor of ,jeannette and the pheasant4 ,but our good pastor1 without being the least in the world opposed to innocent enjoyment1 did not like the gaiety which comes from drinking1 as we already know4 ,consequently1 they soon rose from the entertainment1 and wished each other a cordial good-night4 ,the little pet was so worn out with her extraordinary efforts1 she soon after fell asleep in her chair1 and they had to carry her off to bed4 ,she was thoroughly tired1 and ,pierrette observed it was not surprising1 after such a day's work1 which1 perhaps1 she herself could not have stood4 ,,ix4 ,that night something occurred which appeared of small importance at the time1 but that had great results1 which many persons never understood1 and that ,i will reveal to you at the proper time and place4 ,for many years it was a great mystery2 and ,i remember1 when ,i was young1 my honest and pious father was conversing in a whisper one evening1 in the dim twilight1 with an old friend1 and ,i hid myself under a chair to find out what he was saying2 but not one word of the secret could ,i make out4 ,nevertheless1 one fearful expression ,i remembered for a long while4 ,when my father was tired with talking1 he dismissed his chum1 saying3 ,now we will stop2 and be silent as the grave4 ,you know you might lose your head6 ,and at these terrible words1 the friend replied by placing the finger of his left hand on his lips1 and with his right pulled down his cap over his ears1 as if to make sure that his head was still safe on his shoulders4 ,it was really a gesture which froze one with terror2 and as for me1 ,i shook so ,i thought ,i would overturn the chair which served me for a hiding-place4 ,and now1 ,i beg of you not to be as curious as ,i was1 for you would gain nothing by it4 ,i am only going to tell you what happened the night after the dinner on ,s4 ,martin's day4 ,no matter how late it might be1 ,ragaud1 excellent manager as he was1 never went to bed without having carefully made the tour of all his buildings with a dark lantern4 ,he remained seated by the fire1 while ,pierrette carried off the little girl to bed1 and ,jean-,louis retired to his room4 ,when all was still1 he rose and went out softly to commence his round4 ,it was a beautiful night1 rather dark1 but mild for ,november4 ,ragaud walked through his little orchard1 from whence could be seen the stables and barns1 behind which rose the tall fir-trees1 unruffled by a breath of wind4 ,he passed into the barn-yard1 silent likewise2 chickens1 geese1 ducks1 and turkeys slept soundly1 heads under their wings1 on the perches appropriated to them by ,pierrette4 ,all was quiet and in good order1 and ,ragaud1 content with himself and the world1 prepared to re-enter1 when1 accidentally raising his head1 he saw in the distance something so astonishing he remained as though nailed to the spot1 and nearly dropped his lantern in the excitement of the moment4 ,the chteau of ,val-,saint1 which could be seen from a certain point in the garden1 like a great1 black mass in the horizon1 appeared as though lighted up with sparks of fire4 ,a light would be seen first at one window1 then at another1 and then disappear as quickly as it came4 ,good ,ragaud could not believe his eyes4 ,surely something extraordinary was taking place at the chteau2 for ,m4 le ,marquis and mademoiselle1 with all due respect1 went to bed with the chickens1 and the servants were not allowed to remain up4 ,what the devil is the matter with me to-night8 thought ,ragaud4 ,am ,i dreaming on my feet1 or must ,i fancy the two or three glasses of white wine more than usual at dessert have turned my brain8 ,not a bit of it2 he saw perfectly clear4 ,the light danced about the windows1 as though to mock him1 and finally went out entirely4 ,but now comes the crowning mystery4 ,a great1 blue star appeared on the summit of the high tower1 and rose upward until it was hidden by a cloud4 ,at the same instant1 ,ragaud felt two heavy hands resting on his shoulders and something breathe heavily on his neck4 ,indeed1 only put yourself in his place4 ,there was something to fear2 and so the brave fellow1 who in his youth had fought in our great battles1 was all over goose-flesh4 ,but it was only momentary2 for1 quickly turning1 he saw that he had on his back the soft paws of his dog ,pataud1 who1 making the rounds at his side1 took this means of caressing him4 ,down1 ,pataud1 old fellow6 said he gently2 it is not daybreak4 ,go lie down6 ,be quick6 ,be off to your kennel6 ,do you hear me8 ,pataud heard very well1 but obedience was not to his taste that night4 ,he wagged his tail1 and appeared in splendid humor2 one would think he suspected something was going on at the chteau4 ,so you think there is something in the wind up there1 do you8 asked ,ragaud1 snapping his fingers in the air4 ,will you come with me1 and see what it is all about8 ,at these words1 he started as though to leave the garden1 and ,pataud this time seemed to consent4 ,this comes from having an animal well brought up1 thought ,ragaud4 ,if you could speak1 my cunning old fellow1 doubtless you would tell me what ,i wish to know2 but as that can't be expected1 ,i must remain very anxious until the morning4 ,he re-entered the house after this reflection1 having obliged ,pataud to remain quiet by giving him a friendly kick over the threshold of the kennel4 ,to sleep was difficult2 he had the faithful heart of an old servant1 who could not repose when he feared evil was impending over his masters4 ,he remembered that ten years before1 on a similar night in ,november1 lights appeared in every window the whole length of the faade of the chteau1 and on the next day1 alas6 it was known they had been lighted during the agony of our beloved mistress1 ,mme4 la ,marquise de ,val-,saint4 ,was it not enough to make him apprehend some misfortune for his dear lord8 ,poor mademoiselle's health was not very robust1 and she frequently said1 in such a mournful tone1 that the country air was not good for her4 ,to-morrow1 said ,ragaud to himself1 ,i will take back ,jeannette the first thing in the morning2 if mademoiselle is sick1 it will do her good to see her again2 and perhaps ,i would have done better if ,i had let her remain4 ,who knows but the dear soul was so fondly attached to the child1 she has become ill in consequence8 ,you must know ,ragaud listened to the voice of his conscience as a devotee hears a sermon2 and once persuaded that it was his duty to take back to mademoiselle her favorite plaything1 twenty-five notaries could not have shaken his decision4 ,consequently1 at the first break of day1 he took from the chest his ,sunday clothes1 and was in holiday trim when ,pierrette came down to go out and milk the cows4 ,you can well imagine her astonishment4 ,wife1 said ,ragaud1 go and make ,jeannette get up quickly1 and tell her to put on her chteau dress4 ,is it possible the child will leave us so soon8 replied ,pierrette1 deeply grieved4 ,i wish it1 said the good man1 for reasons1 ,pierrette1 that you will know later4 ,she obeyed without answering4 ,jean-,louis1 meanwhile1 entered the room4 ,light the fire1 boy1 said ,ragaud1 and warm us up something4 ,i must go to the chteau with your sister1 and ,i will not take her out in the cold1 fasting4 ,father1 said ,jean-,louis1 while rapidly breaking up the fagots1 did you see a bright light last night around the big tower of the chteau8 ,did you8 asked ,ragaud4 ,i saw something like a rocket go up from the chteau1 the boy replied4 ,yes1 ,i saw it also1 answered ,ragaud2 and ,pataud did1 too4 ,what do you think it could have been1 ,jeannet8 ,i think1 said ,jean-,louis1 they illuminated the chteau and fired off rockets in honor of ,s4 ,martin4 ,very probable1 child2 that is a good idea1 said ,ragaud laughing4 ,perhaps1 after all1 it is the whole secret2 but1 any how1 ,i would rather go and find out4 ,shall ,i go with you1 father8 asked ,jeannet4 ,no1 stay and help your mother2 if ,i want you1 ,i will tell you4 ,it is enough that ,i must carry off the little girl4 ,jeannette all this time was dressing as fast as possible1 without asking why or wherefore4 ,she yawned and rubbed her eyes1 not having had her full sleep2 but ,i think the idea of returning to her godmother was not very disagreeable4 ,however1 she was sufficiently wide awake to swallow down a big bowl of sweetened milk2 after which1 ,pierrette wrapped her up in a warm shawl1 and kissed her good-by with a full heart4 ,all this had taken two hours2 and ,ragaud not wishing to hurry her1 the village clock struck eight when they reached the door of the chteau4 ,the first person they saw1 contrary to the usual custom1 was ,master ,jean ,riponin1 who was ,m4 le ,marquis' man of business4 ,from his imposing manner and the great fuss he was making--ordering every one here and there with a voice as rough as the captain of a fire-brigade--it was difficult to fancy there was any one above him in the chteau2 ,ragaud1 sharp fellow that he was1 took it in at a glance1 and1 instead of approaching the steward1 as he had always done1 without ceremony and a good shake of the hand1 he remained at a slight distance1 and touched his hat4 ,it is you1 ,master ,ragaud8 said ,jean ,riponin with a patronizing air4 ,wait a moment2 ,i will speak to you after ,i have given my orders to these stupid things4 ,don't disturb yourself1 replied ,ragaud4 ,i have not come on business to-day2 ,i only wish to see mademoiselle4 ,it is ,i who have received full power from ,m4 le ,marquis at his departure1 replied ,riponin1 a little provoked4 ,mademoiselle is not up yet2 and1 if she were1 be assured1 ,ragaud1 she would send you back to me4 ,so let me know what you want without further delay1 as ,i am in a hurry4 ,did you not say ,m4 le ,marquis had left8 asked the farmer1 as much from interest as to cut short the puffed-up superintendent4 ,yes1 this morning before the day-dawn1 said he2 and it seems it was something very hurried1 for he had only time to hand me all the keys of the house1 except those of his desk and safe1 which were forgotten in his great haste4 ,but he must have already perceived it1 and ,i expect to receive those two keys by express4 ,indeed1 thought ,ragaud1 it will be time enough to see them when they come--that is to say1 if they will ever come4 ,for he knew ,master ,riponin was not a man who regarded the marquis' crowns as relics once that he saw the heap4 ,fortunately1 ,m4 le ,marquis was of the same opinion2 therefore1 he kept ,riponin in his service on account of many other good qualities that he possessed2 but as for the desk and safe1 he never saw anything but the key-holes4 ,while ,riponin and ,ragaud were conversing1 mademoiselle1 who had just risen1 drew aside her curtains to see what caused such a noise in the court2 and the cunning little ,jeannette1 as soon as she perceived her godmother1 kissed her hand to her4 ,in less than a minute1 ,dame ,berthe appeared at the door4 ,m4 ,ragaud1 said she1 ,i am sent by mademoiselle to beg that you will go to her immediately2 and you1 ,jeannette1 run and kiss your godmother4 ,m4 ,riponin1 ,i wish you good-morning1 said ,ragaud1 carelessly turning his back on the steward4 ,the steward watched him enter the chteau with anything but a pleased expression2 but he dared not show his displeasure before ,dame ,berthe1 whom he knew was not friendly to him4 ,dear mademoiselle's eyes filled with tears when she saw her darling pet4 ,the little one was tender-hearted1 and was deeply moved by this proof of affection4 ,ragaud1 likewise1 showed great emotion1 and ,dame ,berthe said it would have been a cruel shame to have longer deprived the chteau of its chief delight4 ,ragaud1 said mademoiselle1 my dear ,ragaud1 if you had not come to-day1 ,i was going myself to bring back ,jeannette4 ,you see1 ,i am so unhappy4 ,i did not think you loved the child so much1 replied ,ragaud2 it is a great honor for ,jeannette and for us all1 dear mademoiselle1 and ,i desire nothing so much as to contribute to your happiness4 ,only think1 said mademoiselle1 sighing1 ,i am always alone2 and now that my father has left home1 444 and perhaps for such a long time6 ,will ,m4 le ,marquis go far8444 ,excuse my curiosity1 said ,ragaud2 but you know1 mademoiselle1 ,i only ask the question from the great interest ,i feel in your dear family4 ,mademoiselle was about to reply2 but ,dame ,berthe stopped her short by glancing at ,jeannette1 who was listening with profound attention4 ,i will take her with me1 said she in a low tone to her governess1 and then tell everything to ,ragaud2 our family never keeps a secret from this old servant4 ,when mademoiselle had withdrawn1 under the pretext of showing some new article of the toilet to ,jeannette1 ,dame ,berthe carefully closed the door1 and approached ,ragaud4 ,can ,i rely on your devotion8 she asked in such a solemn manner ,ragaud could only bow his head in assent4 ,and even on your life8 continued ,dame ,berthe with a still more serious air4 ,if ,i must give it in exchange for that of my master1 yes1 certainly1 replied the faithful old fellow without any hesitation4 ,very well4 ,sit down1 ,ragaud2 you are going to learn a secret--the greatest secret a ,christian can keep4 ,ragaud sat down1 rather astonished1 his heart beating in spite of himself4 ,however1 strictly speaking1 the words of ,dame ,berthe appeared a little exaggerated1 and he felt so without being able to account for it1 except from his own good sense4 ,master ,ragaud1 said the governess1 who was a devoted reader of newspapers1 and had learned to talk in their style1 great events are preparing1 and1 before long1 the face of the world will be changed4 ,ah6 said ,ragaud4 ,excuse me1 my good lady1 but the face of the world1 444 ,i don't know what that means4 ,when ,i speak of the world1 resumed ,dame ,berthe1 ,i mean ,france--,france--,ragaud1 our country4 ,now ,i understand better2 yes1 ,i know that ,france is our country4 ,well1 then1 what is going to be changed in ,france8 ,everything1 said she1 rising in a frantic manner4 ,france1 my good ,ragaud1 is tired of the odious yoke that has weighed her down for ten years4 ,my oxen are also sometimes tired of the yoke1 said ,ragaud dryly2 but that does not pay them while the whip is around4 ,yes1 but a nation can't be whipped like a beast of burden1 replied ,dame ,berthe4 ,come1 ,ragaud1 ,i see you do not understand what ,i am aiming at4 ,no1 not at all1 said he4 ,i am not learned1 my good lady2 sometimes ,i hear such expressions as you use when ,m4 le ,cur reads aloud from some public journal2 but1 between ourselves1 it always puts me to sleep4 ,you see1 the useful things in the newspapers1 for a farmer1 are the price of grain and the announcement of the fairs2 the rest is all twaddle for me4 ,so it appears1 answered ,dame ,berthe1 a little hurt4 ,i am now going to talk in a way that you can understand4 ,well1 then1 ,ragaud1 ,m4 le ,marquis left home last night4 ,where do you think he has gone8 ,it is not my custom to inquire into the private affairs of my masters1 replied ,ragaud4 ,by chance ,i walked through my garden late last night1 and ,i saw the chteau lighted up4 ,i was afraid mademoiselle was ill2 so this morning ,i brought back ,jeannette to amuse her4 ,in the court1 ,m4 ,riponin told me of the departure of ,m4 le ,marquis2 and now ,i do not wish to hear anything further1 unless you judge it necessary4 ,it will certainly be useful1 said ,dame ,berthe1 who was longing to tell all she knew1 you will agree with me1 ,m4 ,ragaud1 when you know that ,m4 le ,marquis was called off by a letter1 which assured him that they were only waiting for him4444 ,to change the face of the world1 said ,ragaud with dry humor4 ,precisely1 replied ,berthe seriously4 ,it appears that the insurrection has broken out near ,angers1 where there are thousands of armed men4 ,monsieur1 who fought with the ,chouans in his youth1 will be appointed general1 and they will advance to the capture of ,paris1 where nothing is suspected4 ,the usurper will be driven out1 ,m4 ,ragaud1 and our dear young legitimate prince will ascend the throne4 ,won't it be magnificent8 ,dear ,eveline will go to court4 ,poor child6 she has been so long tired of the country4 ,hum6 said ,ragaud1 not the least bit excited4 ,are they very sure of all that8 ,sure8 ,how can it be doubted1 when the friend of ,m4 le ,marquis in that province declares1 do you understand--declares positively--that it only needs a spark to set fire to the powder8 ,to the powder6 cried ,ragaud1 this time very much frightened4 ,are they dreaming of blowing up the magazine at ,angers8 ,that would be a terrible misfortune1 my dear lady4 ,be easy1 replied ,dame ,berthe1 shrugging her shoulders4 ,i always forget that you don't read the papers4 ',setting fire to the powder' means to kindle the insurrection1 to inflame the minds and hearts of the people2 and it is expected that1 at the first word1 the country will rise as one man4 ,they are going to fight8 said ,ragaud4 ,battles are not gay1 and the poor fare badly in time of war4 ,fight8 ,oh6 you are blind1 my dear ,m4 ,ragaud1 replied ,dame ,berthe1 laughing with the most charming simplicity4 ,do you expect a few little regiments to withstand millions of men8 ,before a week1 the insurgents will be counted by millions4 ,and now1 if you wish to know the real truth1 444 well1 444 the army itself is with us4 ,ah6 indeed1 said ,ragaud4 ,this is great news4 ,do you think those gentlemen would be so silly as to commence the work without being assured of this support8 replied the governess1 clasping her hands4 ,my ,god6 ,ragaud1 for whom do you take ,m4 le ,marquis and his friends8 ,for brave men1 most assuredly1 said the farmer1 unable to repress a smile2 and since all is so well arranged1 ,dame ,berthe1 allow me1 with all due respect1 to ask you two questions4 ,in the first place1 when will the marriage come off8 ,in the second1 what does my dear master wish me to do under the circumstances8 ,when will the marriage take place8 ,you mean1 when will the king enter ,paris8 ,just so1 my good lady4 ,i don't think this great event could possibly take place before a month1 or three weeks at soonest4 ,although this revolution1 inspired by ,god1 must1 ,i am fully convinced1 spread like lightning1 time flies rapidly2 and then1 we must always think of unforeseen accidents4 ,doubtless1 doubtless2 it is always more prudent1 said ,ragaud4 ,as for what ,m4 le ,marquis expects of you1 my good ,ragaud1 it is very easy4 ,it would be shameful1 you know1 when all ,france is rising in arms for her true sovereign1 to see ,val-,saint and the neighborhood sleeping in carelessness and indolence4 ,you are1 then1 designated--you1 ,jacques ,michou1 who for forty years has been the head-keeper of the estate1 ,master ,perdreau1 the notary of the family1 and some other old servants--you are expected to prepare the people for the change about to take place1 and make them cry ',long live the ,king6' throughout the commune4 ,and if they won't do it8 asked ,ragaud innocently2 for1 in truth1 that is to be well considered4 ,they will do it2 they will all do it1 cried ,dame ,berthe4 ,france is burning with the desire of uttering this cry of love and gratitude1 she added1 remembering that she had just read this expression in her morning paper4 ,so much the better1 said ,ragaud2 and it only remains to thank you for your confidence1 my dear lady1 and ,i will do my best to fulfil the wishes of ,m4 le ,marquis4 ,the entrance of mademoiselle1 who thought there had been time enough for the secret to be told and retold1 cut short the conversation1 as she brought ,jeannette with her4 ,ragaud bowed politely to the ladies of the chteau1 kissed his daughter1 told her to be good and obedient1 and closed the door behind him1 his head full of all he had just heard4 ,dame ,berthe overtook him at the head of the staircase4 ,ragaud1 said she1 you told me you were up late last night4 ,did you not see1 about midnight1 a blue light go up from the summit of the tower8 ,yes1 replied ,ragaud1 and ,i was dumb with astonishment2 ,i do not conceal it4 ,it was the given signal to warn several chteaux of the neighborhood of the departure of ,m4 le ,marquis4 ,watch all these nights1 for we expect a messenger1 who will come to announce the triumph of the holy cause1 and then a second light will go up at the same hour4 ,this one will be red1 and1 when you see it1 you will instantly march1 with the armed bands you will have assembled1 to join the grand army4 ,all right1 said ,ragaud2 we will do our best4 ,and he descended the staircase slowly1 without appearing the least excited4 ,eveline1 said ,dame ,berthe1 pressing mademoiselle to her breast1 thank ,god1 my dear child4 ,i have had the happiness of completely winning over good ,ragaud to the holy cause4 ,he is even more ardent than myself1 and as well disposed as we could wish4 ,before long1 we will see ,val-,saint and ,ordonniers rise and march to victory under the command of this brave peasant4 ,jacques ,cathelineau and ,m4 ,stofflet should be of the same stamp4 ,what ,i admire in ,ragaud is that cold determination1 which would make one fancy he was not enthusiastic2 but ,i am not deceived by appearances4 ,perhaps1 said mademoiselle1 all will be over in time for us to go and finish the winter in ,paris4 ,i have no doubt of it1 replied ,dame ,berthe2 and thus1 my dear child1 as ,i have thought the dressmakers might be half crazy with the quantity of court-dresses that would be ordered1 ,i have already decided what your costume is to be on the entrance of the king into ,paris2 for ,i expect the daughter of the commander-in-chief to be the first to salute her sovereign2 and ,i will immediately commence to embroider the satin train1 so as to be ready4 ,how good you are6 ,you think of everything6 said mademoiselle1 very much overcome4 ,i wish ,i was there now6444 ,oh6 cried ,dame ,berthe1 only be patient4 ,after leaving the chteau1 ,ragaud1 with his hands in his pockets1 went off in search of his old comrade1 ,jacques ,michou1 that he might consult with him over ,dame ,berthe's revelations4 ,jacques lived alone--being a widower and childless--in a little house close to the edge of the woods that bordered ,la ,range4 ,he had no one about him but a niece of his late wife1 whom he fed and clothed2 in return for which1 she cooked for him and cleaned his hunting-gun4 ,the girl was little trouble to him2 she was idiotic and half dumb1 and1 among other little eccentricities1 liked to sleep with the sheep4 ,so1 in the summer she camped out on the meadow with the flock1 and in winter slept in the sheepfold1 which certainly had the advantage of keeping her very warm1 but could have had no other charm4 ,from this habit she had acquired the name of ,barbette throughout the country2 and it was not badly given1 as with us a great many shepherd-dogs are called ,barbets1 on account of the race2 and since the poor girl shared their office1 she had at least a claim to the name if she so pleased4 ,jacques ,michou1 on his side1 had his particular fancies4 ,first of all was the idea 7which he would only give up with his life7 that1 in virtue of his badge and his gun1 he was the head-keeper of ,m4 le ,marquis de ,val-,saint4 ,now1 we must acknowledge it was mere show1 there was nothing in it2 for our good lord never wished to displease any one1 not even the poachers4 ,he said there was always some good in those men2 and as in everything he pursued one aim--which was1 as you know1 to enrol one day or other all our boys in a regiment for the benefit of the king--he preferred to be kind to these bold and cunning rascals1 who were not easily hoodwinked4 ,after a while1 ,jacques ,michou became weary of carrying the delinquents before ,m4 le ,marquis only to see them graciously dismissed1 so it ended by his letting them alone2 and at the end of a few years1 his principal occupation was to carefully keep to the right of the estate in making his rounds when he knew the poachers were at work on the left4 ,however1 he took pride in letting them know that each and every one could be caught at any moment he wished2 he knew every path in the woods as well as the bottom of his sauce-pan1 and all the thieves as though they belonged to his family4 ,when he met the rascals1 he threatened them with loud voice and gesture1 and swore tremendous oaths that made heaven and earth tremble4 ,but1 he would shout1 what can ,i do8 ,robbers and vagabonds that you are1 if ,m4 le ,marquis allows himself to be plundered1 the servant must obey the master's orders2 but for that1 you would see6 ,and the end of the story was--nothing was seen4 ,you can understand very well that the brave old fellow1 having only the title of keeper1 and nothing to show for it but the fine silver badge1 engraved with the arms of the family of ,val-,saint1 which he wore on the shoulder-strap of his game-bag1 clung all the closer to the empty honor1 and allowed no joking on the subject4 ,when ,ragaud entered his friend's house1 he found him carving playthings out of cocoanut-shells--something which he did wonderfully well--and in a few words related what had taken place at the chteau4 ,we will find ourselves floundering in the mire1 said ,ragaud4 ,as for me1 ,i am ready to promise before the good ,god that ,i will give my life to fulfil the commands of our dear master2 but it remains to be seen if many around here are of my opinion4 ,many8 exclaimed ,jacques1 shrugging his shoulders4 ,bah6 ,i am very sure you will not find one out of a dozen6 ,if it is true1 replied ,ragaud1 with hesitation2 ,i wonder if it is really true about the insurrection in ,anjou8 ,nonsense1 said ,jacques ,michou4 ,that poor ,m4 le ,marquis is crazy on one point1 which takes him out of the country every five or six years for change of air1 and that is good for his health2 for every man needs hope to keep him well4 ,that is the truth of the business4 ,do you think1 then1 we had better not attempt to fulfil his orders8 asked ,ragaud4 ,as for that1 a good master must always be obeyed1 old fellow2 we can say a few words here and there quietly4 ,you will find the people as stupid as owls1 and they will understand you as well as though you spoke ,prussian4 ,we shall have done our duty4 ,as to monsieur1 he will return before long1 a little cross for the moment1 but not at all discouraged--take my word for it4 ,it is a great pity1 said ,ragaud1 that a man of such great good sense couldn't listen to reason6 ,why so8 replied ,jacques4 ,a great lord like him is bound in honor to be devoted1 body and soul1 to his king2 for you see1 ,ragaud1 the king who is not on the throne is the real one--no doubt about that4 ,but often one tumbles over in running too fast2 and since it appears not to be the will of the good ,god that things should return to the old style1 it would have been much better not to have sent off letters1 gone off at night1 and fired off signals4 ,it is just as if they had played the flute4 ,men stop a moment1 listen1 and then1 the music ended1 each one returns to his plough4 ,you speak capitally1 said ,ragaud2 it is just what ,i think also2 so ,i will do as you say--neither more nor less4 ,but we will agree on one point1 old fellow1 which is1 to have an eye on the chteau1 so that we can defend the doors if the women are threatened4 ,bah6 bah6 ,no fear about that1 said ,michou1 shaking him by the hand4 ,i will give my life for all that belong to the house of ,val-,saint1 comrade4 ,i would as willingly fire a pistol in defence of monsieur1 mademoiselle1 and the old fool of a governess1 as for the hares and rabbits on the estate4 ,but for these it would be powder thrown away1 as monsieur1 we must believe1 only likes butcher's meat1 and prefers to leave his game for those devils of thieves6 ,thereupon the worthy old souls refreshed themselves with a jug of cider1 and conversed together for some time longer1 principally repeating the same ideas on the same subject1 which was the one we have just related--something which often happens to wiser men than they1 and1 therefore1 ,i consider it useless to tell you any more of their honest gossip4 ,they separated about mid-day1 and ,i will inform you what was the result of the great insurrection4 ,at ,angers1 as with us1 it was as ,michou had predicted4 ,m4 le ,marquis returned from his trip rather fatigued and thoroughly disgusted with ,france1 which he called a ruined country4 ,mademoiselle wept for a week that she could not go to ,paris4 ,dame ,berthe commenced ,novenas to the ,blessed ,queen ,jeanne1 in order that the next enterprise1 which would not be long delayed1 might succeed better than the last2 and the result of all was that ,jeannette remained more than ever at the chteau1 as she was the greatest consolation to her dear godmother4 ,x4 ,i think we will do well1 at this period of our story1 to pass over several years1 during which time nothing of great importance occurred4 ,in the country1 days succeed each other in undisturbed tranquillity1 unmarked by many great events4 ,according as the spring is rainy or dry1 the villagers commence the season by making predictions about the summer1 which1 twenty times out of twenty-two1 are never fulfilled4 ,it must be acknowledged that we peasants seem afraid to appear too well pleased with the good ,god2 and1 though it is a great fault1 unfortunately it is not rare4 ,men grumble and swear1 first at the sun1 and then at the wind1 for burning and parching their fields2 and when the rain commences1 there is another cause for displeasure2 and most of all1 at the end of summer1 when1 after these doleful repinings1 the harvests have been plentiful1 far from thanking the ,lord ,god1 who1 instead of punishing them1 has sent blessings1 they instantly commence to worry about the approaching vintage4 ,and so ,s4 ,sylvester's day finds them with well-stacked barns and cellars filled with barrels of wine1 but not to make them wiser the year after from such experience1 which should teach them faith in divine ,providence4 ,whence ,i conclude that men are only incorrigible1 gabbling children1 and that the good ,god must have great patience and mercy to tolerate them4 ,much more could be said on this subject2 but1 not being a priest1 ,i prefer to leave off moralizing1 and return to our friends4 ,therefore1 we will1 if you please1 resume our narrative about seven years from where we left off1 at which time ,jeannette ,ragaud had nearly completed her sixteenth year and ,jean-,louis his twentieth4 ,weeks and months1 rapidly passing1 had brought them from childhood to youth without their knowing it1 and they had each followed their inclinations1 as might easily have been foreseen4 ,jeannette1 well educated1 coquettish1 and extremely pretty1 was the most charming little blonde in the province4 ,she scarcely ever came to ,muiceron1 except on ,sundays and festivals1 between ,mass and ,vespers2 and if you ask me how this could have happened1 so contrary1 as you know1 to the wishes of father and mother ,ragaud1 ,i will reply that ,i know nothing1 unless there is a special wind which blows sometimes over men's desires1 and prevents their ripening into facts4 ,to be convinced of this truth needs only a little unreserved frankness4 ,see1 now1 you who listen to me1 you may be more learned than a schoolmaster1 and more malicious than a hump-back--that ,i will not dispute2 but if you will swear to me that everything in this life has happened as you desired1 without change or contradiction1 ,i will not hesitate to think you1 but for the charity which should reign among ,christians1 the greatest liar in your parish4 ,if any one spoke to ,ragaud about the dangerous road in which he had placed his daughter1 and that there was no longer chance to retrace his steps1 he did not show displeasure or excuse himself1 as heretofore4 ,his serious and rather sorrowful air1 joined to a very convenient little cough1 showed more than by words that he did not know how to reply1 and the poor man was truly sensible of his weakness and error2 but what could he do8 ,something always happened to prevent him from carrying out his intention of taking ,jeannette from the chteau4 ,sometimes mademoiselle was sick2 sometimes it was a festival of the church that needed a reinforcement of skilled embroiderers to make vestments and flowers for the altars2 another day ,dame ,berthe had gone off for a month's vacation4 ,in winter the pretext was that ,jeannette's health would be endangered if she resumed her peasant life1 as she could not bear the exposure2 and when that was over1 the summer days were so long1 mademoiselle would have died of ennui without her darling ,jeannette2 and all this mademoiselle explained with such a gentle1 winning air1 old ,ragaud never could refuse her2 so that at last he was so accustomed to ask and be refused each time that he went for ,jeannette1 he finally abandoned the attempt2 and seeing that his visits to the chteau were mere matters of form1 he submitted with good grace1 by making none at all1 at least with that intention4 ,as for good ,pierrette1 she remained quiet2 but accustomed to submit1 and filled besides with admiration for the great good sense of her husband1 she told all her troubles to the good ,god1 and awaited1 without complaint1 the time when he would decree a change4 ,but yet ,i must say things were not so bad as you might fancy4 ,life at the chteau had not spoiled ,jeannette's heart4 ,she was rather light-hearted1 and the vanity of fine clothes had more effect on her than that of position2 but as for her parents1 she adored them1 and overwhelmed them with embraces and kisses on her visits to the farm1 which gave her undisguised pleasure4 ,our cur1 who watched her closely1 and who never liked to see country girls quit the stable for the drawing-room1 was forced to acknowledge that the affair had not turned out so badly as he apprehended2 and although he did not hesitate to scold mademoiselle for spoiling ,jeannette--which he had the right to do1 as he had known her from her birth1 and had also baptized her--it was easy to see1 by his fond1 paternal air1 that he loved the child as much as at the time when ,germaine whipped her4 ,i will also tell you that this good pastor was beginning to feel the weight of years4 ,he lost strength daily1 and1 like all holy men1 his character softened as he drew nearer to the good ,god4 ,besides1 fearing that soon he would be unable to visit his beloved flock1 he thought rightly it was better not to be too severe1 as it might wean them from him4 ,for1 said he1 if it is true that flies are not caught by vinegar1 it is still more evident that men are never won by scolding and threats4 ,it was a sound argument1 and1 consequently1 who was more venerated than the cur of ,val-,saint8 ,i will give only one proof4 ,his parishioners1 seeing that walking fatigued him1 consulted among themselves at a fair1 and resolved to buy him a steady animal1 with a sheep-skin saddle and leather reins1 embroidered in red1 according to the country fashion4 ,it so happened that just at that moment a pedlar1 owning a good mule1 wished to barter it for a draught-horse1 put up for sale by a farmer from ,charbonnire4 ,the bargain was made after a short parley1 and our good friends returned home joyfully1 and1 without saying a word1 tied their present to the tree before the priest's house4 ,it was too good an act to be kept silent2 the next day the cur and all the parish knew it4 ,i need not ask who was deeply moved4 ,the following ,sunday our dear cur thanked his flock with words that repaid them a hundred-fold2 and really1 if you know anything about country people1 you must say1 without meaning any wrong by it1 they are not accustomed to be generous2 therefore1 a little praise was fully their due4 ,as for the mule1 it was a famous beast4 ,she was black1 and sniffed the air at such a rate1 she always seemed eager to start off at full gallop2 but1 fortunately for our dear old cur1 it was only a little coquetry she still practised in remembrance of her youthful days1 and never went further4 ,after making six or seven paces1 she became calmer1 dropped her head1 and trotted along as quietly as a lady taking up a collection in the church4 ,otherwise she was gentle and easily managed1 except at the sight of water1 into which she never could be induced to put her foot4 ,but who has not his faults8 as the beadle of ,val-,saint was accustomed to say to his wife1 when she scolded him for returning home rather the worse for having raised his elbow too often4 ,in speaking a little here and there about each and every one1 don't think that ,i have forgotten ,jean-,louis2 on the contrary1 ,i have kept the dear boy as the choicest morsel4 ,you must not expect me to relate in detail all his acts and gestures4 ,in the first place1 he spoke little1 and what he said was so kind and gentle that1 if he was forced to deal with the noisiest brawler in the neighborhood1 he soon conquered him by his mildness4 ,one reason of this was that1 having learned so young the painful circumstances of his birth1 and being proud by nature1 he controlled himself before people1 in order not to provoke any insolence4 ,i must also add that the greater part of our young men get into trouble over their wine2 and for ,jeannet there was nothing to fear in that respect4 ,why1 you can easily guess3 because he knew nothing of the tavern1 but the entrance and the sign--just what could be seen in passing along the street4 ,the good fellows1 his companions1 loved him dearly2 the wicked were forced to respect him1 and feared him also1 as ,jeannet had grown up tall1 and had arms strong enough to stop a mad bull2 and as for work1 no one could compete with him4 ,only one thing on earth he feared1 and that was to commit a sin4 ,and do you know1 that those who have only this fear can overcome1 with a sign1 a raging madman8 ,it daily happens1 as much in the city1 among the black coats1 as in the village1 among the blouses4 ,try it1 and you will be convinced1 and then you will acknowledge ,i speak the truth4 ,the ,ragauds1 as they watched this pearl of a boy grow up1 learned to love him more than many parents do their legitimate sons4 ,he was worth five hired men1 and ,ragaud1 with his strict sense of justice1 had calculated the value to the last cent1 and for the past ten years had placed to his credit in the savings-bank1 every #ast of ,january1 one thousand francs1 upon which the interest was accruing4 ,jean-,louis knew nothing of the secret1 and never did he dream his labor was worth remuneration4 ,the boy's mind and heart were so thoroughly at ease that1 knowing he had not a cent1 and nothing to expect on the death of his parents1 as they had a daughter1 he never troubled himself about the present or the future1 believing firmly that the good ,god1 who had given him a family1 would provide for his daily wants2 for this second blessing was nothing1 in his eyes1 in comparison with the first4 ,pierrette was careful that her ,benjamin's pocket was never empty4 ,at ,easter and on ,s4 ,john's day she always gave him a five-franc piece2 and even this was often too much1 as ,jeannet's clothes and linen were always kept in perfect order by his devoted mother1 and1 consequently1 as he never indulged in dissipation1 and seldom joined in the village games1 he did not know how to spend it4 ,he would have liked sometimes to treat himself to a book when the pedlar--the same who had sold the mule to the farmers for ,m4 le ,cur--came around1 and ,ragaud1 sure now of his good conduct1 would certainly not have objected2 but one day1 after having searched over the package1 he bought for thirty sous what he thought was a good and entertaining work1 as it bore the seal placed by the government on all publications peddled through the country2 but1 to his horror1 he found it filled with villanous sentiments4 ,this saddened and disgusted him for several days2 these thirty sous laid heavy on his mind1 not from the avaricious thought that he had thrown his money to the wind1 but from the idea that he had wronged the poor2 for thirty sous was the exact price of a six-pound loaf of bread of the best quality4 ,between ourselves1 ,i verily believe he accused himself of it in confession1 as what ,i ever heard of the good boy makes me think it most likely he would do so4 ,perhaps you would like to know if ,jean-,louis had grown up handsome or ugly4 ,well1 he was ugly1 at least according to common opinion2 we villagers admire red faces and those who look well fed1 and dress showily4 ,jeannet's face was long and pale2 his features delicate2 teeth white and beautiful1 in a large mouth that seldom smiled2 and his deep1 dark eyes were brilliant as stars2 and when those eyes looked in displeasure at any one1 they were fearful4 ,besides1 ,jean-,louis1 who was tall1 appeared so thin you would have thought him a young gray-beard1 ready to break in two at the first breath of wind4 ,with us1 thin people who have not a pound of flesh on their bones are not admired1 and it is quite an insult to be called thin4 ,i think that is all nonsense1 for vigor does not come from fat1 but from good health1 flesh strengthened by exercise and good habits2 and as ,jeannet was acknowledged to be the strongest boy in the neighborhood1 he was only called thin from jealousy1 as he certainly could thank ,god for being a sound young man1 as strong as the foundation of a barn4 ,the only amusement he allowed himself was sometimes1 on great festivals1 to assist at the pigeon-shooting which ,m4 le ,marquis had established on the lawn before the chteau4 ,it was a difficult game1 which demanded good sight1 coolness1 and1 above all1 great strength of wrist4 ,jeannet1 on two successive years1 carried off the prize2 the first was a silver goblet1 the second a beautiful knife1 fork1 and spoon of the same metal4 ,on these occasions his pale face became red with pleasure2 do you think it was from vanity8 ,not at all4 ,if his heart beat quickly1 it was at the thought of the splendid presents he would make his good mother ,pierrette2 and1 in reality1 he made her promise she would never drink a drop or eat a mouthful but out of the goblet or with the knife and fork4 ,we must say1 in spite of the crowns heaped up at ,muiceron1 the earthen pipe and tin cups were alone used4 ,at first ,pierrette was ill at ease with her silver service1 but she nevertheless accustomed herself to the use of it1 so as to please ,jeannet2 and at last1 to make her feel more comfortable1 ,ragaud1 on his next trip to the city1 bought himself a similar set1 very fine1 for eighty-four francs1 which he constantly said was rather dear2 but at heart he thought it very suitable1 as it was not proper for his wife to eat with silver and he with tin2 and to ,jeannet's mind1 who regretted that he had not drawn four prizes instead of two1 so as to delight both his dear parents1 a brighter idea had never entered his good father's head4 ,if ,i relate all these little anecdotes at length1 it is to show you ,jeannet's good heart2 and without speaking ill of little ,jeannette1 who had also her fine points1 ,i think her brother surpassed her in delicate attention to their parents1 which ,i attribute to the difference in their education4 ,believe me1 it is always better to let a cabbage remain a cabbage1 and never attempt to graft a melon upon it4 ,you will make nothing worth eating2 for the good ,god1 who created the cabbage on one side1 and the melon on the other1 likes each to remain in its place1 without which you will have a hybrid vegetable1 which will not really be of either species4 ,pierrette1 like a true woman1 knowing ,jeannet's excellence1 often thought he could make some woman very happy1 and that it was her duty to speak to him of marriage1 since he was twenty years old1 and they knew he would never have to enter the army1 even though he should draw the fatal number4 ,one evening1 when she was spinning beside the hearth1 with ,jean-,louis near her1 making a net for catching birds1 she commenced to speak of the happiness of her married life1 the blessings she had received from heaven1 and her perfect contentment on all points4 ,jean-,louis listened with pleasure1 and acknowledged that a happy marriage was something to be envied1 but1 according to his custom1 never thinking of himself1 he did not dream of wishing this fine destiny might one day be his4 ,and you1 my ,jean1 would you not like to marry8 ,jean-,louis dropped his shuttle1 and looked at ,pierrette with astonishment4 ,what an idea6 said he4 ,i have never even thought of it1 dear mother4 ,it is nevertheless very simple1 my son4 ,ragaud was your age when he married me1 and1 when his parents asked him the same question1 he thought it right1 and instantly replied1 yes6 ,doubtless he knew you1 and even loved you2 then ,i could easily understand it4 ,that is true1 replied ,pierrette1 slightly blushing2 for a year before1 the dear man had cast glances at me on ,sundays at ,high ,mass2 at least1 he told me so after we were engaged4 ,why don't you do likewise8 ,for that1 ,i should be obliged to think of some of the girls around us1 and ,i have never troubled myself about them yet4 ,that is queer1 said ,pierrette innocently4 ,you are not like other men2 for without showing particular attention1 it is allowable to look at the girls around when one wishes to be established4 ,bah6 said ,jeannet2 but ,i don't care about anything of the kind4 ,when ,i am in the village on ,sunday1 ,i have something else to think about4 ,about what1 dear boy8 ,well1 then1 ,i think that we will all be quiet at ,muiceron until evening1 and ,i hasten to return1 so as to sit down near you1 as ,i am now1 and laugh and talk to amuse you2 and ,i don't wish any other pleasure4 ,besides1 it is the only time in the week when we can see ,jeannette2 and1 to speak the truth1 dear mother1 ,i would not give that up for all the marriages in the world4 ,all very well1 replied ,pierrette2 but without giving up those pleasures1 you can take a wife4 ,oh6 said ,jeannet1 ,i see that you are tired of me1 or else you would not speak thus4 ,what do you say8 replied ,pierrette1 kissing him on the forehead4 ,it is not right to speak so1 and surely you do not mean it4 ,on the contrary1 whether you marry or remain single1 ,i never wish you to leave me4 ,there is room enough for another woman1 and even for children4 ,what ,i proposed1 my ,jean1 was for your happiness1 and nothing else4 ,well1 then1 dear mother1 let me remain as ,i am2 ,i never can be happier than now4 ,but when we come to die1 it will be so sad to leave you alone6 ,jeannet started up1 and leaned against the mantel4 ,a clap of thunder at the time would not have astonished him more than such a speech4 ,he to be left alone in the world1 no longer to have his father and mother beside him6 ,and nevertheless it was something to be anticipated2 but his life flowed on so smoothly and happily1 the thought of such a misfortune had never before struck terror to his heart4 ,he remained silent a moment1 looking fixedly at the bright wood fire that burned upon the hearth2 and suddenly1 as it often happens when some remark has penetrated the very soul1 he saw1 as in a picture1 his dear good mother ,pierrette and father ,ragaud stretched on their biers1 and laid in the cold ground1 in the dread repose of death that never awakens4 ,but1 no6 it was not possible2 and yet it happens any day1 sometimes for one1 sometimes for another4 ,muiceron1 where they all lived in tranquil happiness1 was truly a paradise on earth1 but most assuredly not the celestial paradise where immortality alone exists4 ,for the first time since the memorable day when he had suffered so cruelly on learning the secret of his birth1 ,jeannet felt his poor heart ache with a similar grief4 ,pierrette1 who thought it perfectly natural to have opened his eyes to such a desirable event1 continued her spinning4 ,seeing ,jean-,louis in deep thought1 and receiving no answer1 she simply fancied her argument had been conclusive1 and that he felt the necessity of establishing himself1 and so was debating in his own mind the relative attractions of the girls in the neighborhood4 ,besides1 ,jeannet's back was to her1 and she did not see the change in his face4 ,think a little1 said she1 pursuing her idea2 there is no greater pleasure for parents who feel themselves growing old than to see their children well married4 ,then they can die in peace1 thinking that1 after they are gone1 nothing will be changed2 only1 instead of the old people1 young ones will take their place1 the work will go on1 all hearts will be happy1 and kind prayers and fond recollections will follow them to the tomb4 ,oh6 cried ,jean-,louis1 covering his face with his hands1 if you say another word1 ,i will die6 ,what6 said ,pierrette1 die--of what8 ,are you ill8 ,jeannet1 in spite of his twenty years1 burst into tears like a little child2 he clasped ,pierrette in his arms1 fondly embraced her1 and said in a tone melting with tenderness3 ,my mother1 my dear1 dear mother1 ,i shall never marry--never1 do you hear8 ,and ,i beg of you never to mention the subject again4 ,i have but one heart1 and that ,i have given you undivided2 nothing remains for another4 ,when you speak of marriage1 it makes us think of death and the grave2 and that is beyond my strength--,i cannot speak of it4 ,if the good ,god calls you before me1 my dearest mother1 it will not be long before ,i rejoin you2 and thus it will be better for me to die single than to leave a family after me4 ,and now1 as ,i do not wish to marry1 and you only desire my happiness1 do not urge me further4 ,your heart is too gentle for a man1 said ,pierrette1 feeling the tears of her dear child on her brow2 you make me happy1 even while opposing me1 and ,i see that ,i have made you unhappy without wishing it4 ,be consoled1 my ,jeannet2 we will never speak of it again4 ,if you change your mind1 you will tell me4 ,meanwhile1 we will live as before4 ,don't be worried2 it will be a long time yet before we leave you4 ,i am in good health1 and your father also2 and so ,muiceron will not change masters soon4 ,no1 no1 thank ,god6 cried ,jean-,louis2 the ,blessed ,virgin will watch over us4 ,we have not lived together for twenty years now to separate1 my darling mother6 ,truth to say1 this was not very sound argument1 for1 whether twenty years together1 or thirty1 or forty1 friends must separate1 all the same1 at the appointed hour2 but ,jeannet spoke with his heart torn with sorrow1 and ,pierrette was perfectly willing to acknowledge1 in her turn1 that she really desired things should happen as he wished4 ,from that time the question of marriage was put in her pocket1 and never taken out again4 ,god and his holy angels looked down with delight upon this innocent household1 full of tenderness and kindness1 and did not allow evil to overshadow it4 ,however1 the child ,jeannette deserved to be cured of her little sins of vanity1 and you will see the means taken by the ,heavenly ,father to make her a ,christian according to his will4 ,,xi4 ,about this time came a year which is still remembered1 although a good long time has since elapsed4 ,swarms of locusts devoured the young wheat before it ripened1 while the field-mice1 moles1 and other villanous pests1 gnawed and destroyed it at the roots4 ,corn especially suffered in this unlucky season2 not a plant escaped4 ,before it had grown ten feet in height1 it was blighted1 and then withered and died4 ,it would take too long to enumerate all the difficulties that overwhelmed the peasants4 ,hailstorms beat down the meadows at haymaking time2 splendid cows died of the pest2 sheep were suddenly attacked and perished2 and as for the horses1 decimated by the glanders1 which became epidemic1 and was very dangerous1 as it often passed from animals to men1 it would be impossible to count the victims4 ,this year1 at least1 those who had begun the season by prophesying evil had their predictions fully accomplished2 but1 thank ,god6 such an unfortunate season rarely happens4 ,the poor people were fearfully discouraged2 and1 in sooth1 it was not strange that men dreaded the future1 in face of such a present4 ,nevertheless1 greater activity was never seen in the fields4 ,to save the little that remained1 each one did his best1 even down to the little children1 in reaping1 gathering the harvest1 piling the carts1 in spite of the locusts1 the hail1 and the devil1 who was said to have a great deal to do with the affair1 and which ,i am very much inclined to believe4 ,the people even worked until late in the night4 ,it was a devouring fever1 which made every one half crazy1 and it was a miracle that no one died of it2 for1 in our province1 we are accustomed to work slowly1 without hurry or excitement1 and it is commonly believed everything happens when and how it is decreed1 but none the worse on that account2 but ,i wish to prove that they could hurry up when occasion required4 ,our friend1 ,jean-,louis1 did wonders in these sad circumstances4 ,he seemed to be everywhere at once--in the fields1 the stables1 at the head of the reapers1 at the barn when the carts were unloaded2 encouraging some1 urging on others1 in a friendly way2 hurrying up the cattle2 when necessary1 giving a helping hand to the veterinary surgeon2 and1 withal1 gentle and kind to everybody4 ,you think that1 with order1 energy1 and intelligence1 work will always be rewarded with success4 ,he who first said1 ,help yourself1 and ,heaven will aid you1 did not speak falsely4 ,god does not work miracles for those who fold their arms in idleness1 but he always gives to humble and persevering labor such abundant reward that1 for many centuries1 no matter what may be the suffering1 the truth of the ,holy ,scriptures has always been verified1 that never has any one seen the just man die of hunger1 or his seed begging their bread4 ,in virtue of this rule1 it came to pass that1 at ,muiceron1 the harvest of hay1 as well as of wheat1 rye1 and corn1 was far better than could have been expected by the most sanguine4 ,the unfortunate ones1 who lost nearly all their crops1 said that ,ragaud had dealt in witchcraft to protect himself from the prevailing bad luck4 ,this nonsense made every one laugh1 but did not stop their envy and jealousy2 and so unjust do men become1 when their hearts are envenomed by rage and disappointment1 that some of the worst--the laziest1 undoubtedly--went so far as to declare openly1 in the village inn1 that it would be for the good of the public if some of the splendid hay-stacks at ,muiceron were burned1 as the contrast was too great between the well-kept farm and the ruined fields around4 ,fortunately1 our friend1 ,jacques ,michou1 was drinking in a corner while this delightful conversation took place2 he rose from his seat1 and1 placing his hand on the shoulder of him who had been the loudest in threats1 declared he would instantly complain of him to the police2 and that1 merely for speaking in such a manner1 he could be sent to prison for a month4 ,no further grumbling was heard after this speech1 and it can be easily understood no wicked attempt was made4 ,so true is it that a little courage will easily defeat the most wicked plans2 for vice is very cowardly in its nature4 ,while all the country around ,val-,saint1 ,ordonniers1 and many other neighborhoods1 were thus afflicted1 ,m4 le ,marquis had been busy with some of his grand affairs1 of which we have already heard1 and started on a journey for some unknown place4 ,he returned this time a little happier than usual1 as it was near the beginning of #ahdg2 and it is not necessary to remind you that it preceded #ahdh4 ,at this time even the stupidest felt that a revolution was approaching1 and our good lord and all his friends were doubly certain of the impending storm4 ,he was therefore excusable in having neglected the care of his large estate1 so as to devote himself to that which was the first desire of his heart4 ,but he who should have watched over his interests in his absence1 the superintendent ,riponin1 he it was that was every way blamable2 for1 whether intentionally1 that he might continue his orgies in the midst of disorder1 or through idleness and negligence1 he had allowed the place to fall into a fearful state of ruin4 ,nothing was to be seen but fields devastated by the ruin1 or grain rotting as it stood2 the animals that died had not been replaced2 and even the vegetable garden of the chteau presented a most lamentable picture of disorder and neglect4 ,ragaud and ,michou1 had seen all this2 but they were too insignificant to dare say a word1 and too proud1 besides1 to venture a remonstrance1 which certainly would not have been received4 ,m4 le ,marquis1 on his return1 was anything but agreeably surprised4 ,he summoned ,riponin before him1 and reprimanded him in a manner which he long remembered4 ,our master was goodness itself1 but he could not be unreasonably imposed upon2 his old noble blood would fire up1 and he could show men that for more than five hundred years his ancestors1 as well as he1 had been accustomed to command and obey only the laws of the ,lord ,god4 ,riponin was a coward2 he trembled and asked pardon1 promised to do better1 and gave a hundred poor excuses4 ,m4 le ,marquis would not receive any such explanation2 he ordered ,riponin out of his presence1 and seasoned the command with several big military words1 which ,i will not repeat4 ,it was a sign that he was terribly angry4 ,thus the unfaithful steward was obliged to retire without further reply2 and1 between ourselves1 it was the best he could do4 ,thereupon ,m4 le ,marquis1 still in a fury1 sent off for ,ragaud1 who came in great haste1 easily divining what had happened4 ,ragaud1 said the master1 you are no better than the rest4 ,i will lose forty thousand francs on my crops2 and if you had seen to it1 this would not have happened4 ,forty thousand francs6 quietly replied ,ragaud4 ,i beg your pardon1 ,m4 le ,marquis2 but you mean sixty thousand francs1 and that1 ,i think1 is the lowest calculation4 ,m4 le ,marquis was naturally cheerful2 this unexpected answer made him smile1 instead of increasing his anger4 ,he looked at his old servant1 whom he highly esteemed1 and1 folding his arms1 said3 ,is that your opinion8 ,come1 now1 let us say fifty thousand2 ,i think that is enough4 ,no1 no1 sixty1 replied ,ragaud4 ,i will not take off a crown2 but there is yet time to save half4 ,is that so8 ,what can ,i give you1 if you do that much8 ,nothing1 ,m4 le ,marquis1 but permission to be master here for a week1 and the honor of serving you4 ,old fool6 said the marquis4 ,and your own work1 what will become of it8 ,it is all finished1 replied the good farmer2 don't be uneasy1 my dear master1 only give me1 as ,i said before1 full power4 ,be off1 then4 ,i know your devotion1 and ,i have full confidence in you2 but you will not object to my making a present to your children8 ,presents6 said ,ragaud1 much moved4 ,what else have you done for the past twenty years1 ,m4 le ,marquis8 ,is it not the least you can do to let me be of some use to you for once in my life8 ,i owe everything to you1 down to the roof that shelters me1 my wife1 and the children4 ,presents6 ,no1 no1 if you do not wish to pain me4 ,proud and obstinate man that you are1 said the marquis1 smiling1 have everything your own way4 ,i am not so proud as you2 you offer to save me thirty thousand francs1 and ,i don't make such a fuss about accepting it4 ,isn't that a present8 ,it is thirty thousand francs that ,i will prevent you from losing1 said the obstinate ,ragaud4 ,yes1 as though one would say grape-juice was not the juice of the grape1 replied the marquis1 who was highly amused at the replies of his old servant4 ,well1 if ,i ask you to drink a glass of old ,bordeaux with me1 will you take that as the offer of a present you must refuse8 ,certainly not1 said ,ragaud1 but it is too great an honor for me to drink with my lord4 ,m4 le ,marquis made them bring refreshments on a silver waiter1 and kept ,ragaud in close conversation for a full hour1 knowing well that this friendly manner of treating him was the greatest reward he could give the good1 honest soul1 to whom ,god had given sentiments far above his condition4 ,afterwards1 he dismissed him with such a warm shake of the hand that ,ragaud was nearly overcome and could scarcely restrain his tears4 ,well1 said he1 returning to ,muiceron1 where he found ,jean-,louis occupied with arranging the wood-pile1 what do you think we are going to do1 my boy1 after having worked like ten men to get in our crops and fill the barns8 ,i was thinking about that1 replied ,jeannet2 and1 meanwhile1 ,i have put the fagots in order1 so that mother can easily get at them1 when ,i am not at hand1 to make the fire4 ,you have never thought to take a little rest8 asked ,ragaud1 who knew well beforehand what would be the reply4 ,why1 yes1 said ,jean-,louis1 an hour's rest now and then is very pleasant2 but after that1 my dear father1 he continued1 laughing1 ,i like to stretch my legs4 ,well1 then1 let us imagine nothing was done at ,muiceron1 and that1 at this very moment1 we should be obliged to begin2 what would you say8 ,all right2 and ,i would instantly begin the work4 ,i hope you don't doubt me8 he replied1 with his usual air of quiet resolution4 ,no1 ,i do not doubt you1 my good boy1 resumed ,ragaud2 and to prove my confidence in your courage and good-will1 ,i have to-day promised to undertake an enterprise which1 in honor1 we are bound to accomplish4 ,and he related to him what we already know4 ,hum6 said ,jean-,louis1 after having listened attentively2 it will be pretty hard work1 but with the help of ,god nothing is impossible4 ,that is just what ,i think1 replied ,ragaud2 but for that1 ,i would not have undertaken such a task4 ,now1 ,jeannet1 we must begin to put the place in order to-morrow at the latest4 ,that will be time enough1 father1 and we will do our best1 said ,jean-,louis4 ,the subject was dropped for the rest of the evening4 ,ragaud did not trouble his head about the means his son would employ2 and ,jeannet1 without being otherwise sure of himself1 remained tranquil1 like all those who ask the assistance of divine ,providence in the management of their affairs4 ,nevertheless1 it was a difficult task1 not only on account of the severe manual labor1 but also from the certainty of incurring the deadly hatred of ,riponin1 who was a very wicked man4 ,the thought of it somewhat disquieted ,ragaud1 and ,jean-,louis from the first understood the full danger2 but what could be done8 ,duty before everything4 ,the next morning ,jean-,louis was up before sunrise4 ,during the night1 he thought over his plan1 like the general of an army2 he remembered having read somewhere that a troop can do nothing1 unless conducted by able chiefs4 ,he would need one hundred hands1 and1 for one all alone1 that would be a great many4 ,his first care was to knock at the window of a fine young man of his own age1 who1 from infancy1 had been his most intimate friend4 ,he was called ,pierre ,luguet1 and lived in the hamlet of ,luchonires1 which is a small cluster of twelve or fifteen houses a little lower down than ,ordonniers1 but on the other side of ,la ,range4 ,by good fortune1 the stream at this place is so choked up with a big heap of gravel and old stumps of willow-trees1 which serve as stepping-stones across the water1 that any one who is light-footed can cross as easily as on a narrow bridge4 ,this name of ,luguet1 ,i suppose1 strikes your ear oddly4 ,he was really the nephew of poor ,catharine1 and thus first cousin of ,jean-,louis1 who undoubtedly knew it1 as you can imagine4 ,perhaps it was the reason these two young men were so much attached4 ,they say the voice of blood cannot be smothered2 and although it is not always true1 in this case it was very evident that1 whether for that reason or simply from similarity of character and pursuits1 good conduct and age1 ,pierre ,luguet was the only one of the neighborhood whom ,jeannet ever sought1 and that ,pierre was never happier than when he could detain ,jean-,louis for several hours in conversation or some innocent amusement4 ,jean-,louis went straight to the house of his friend1 who1 recognizing his voice behind the shutter1 quickly opened it and let him in4 ,he lived in a little room in front of the farm-buildings1 and1 consequently1 the noise did not awaken his parents4 ,jeannet entered by the window1 and1 without losing any time1 explained his plans to ,pierre1 while he rapidly dressed4 ,you1 said he1 must be my lieutenant4 ,we must get together one hundred young men1 each one resolved to do his part4 ,m4 le ,marquis will not begrudge the crowns2 we will promise them good wages1 and they must work all night1 if necessary2 and1 to encourage every one1 we will keep a roaring fire in ,michou's house1 so that ,barbette will always have the soup warm and a tun of cider ready for tapping4 ,in this manner the laborers will be contented1 and not obliged to return home twice a-day for their meals4 ,as for you1 ,pierre1 be assured that ,m4 le ,marquis will reward you most generously for your work2 and1 besides1 you will be doing a good action1 for it is a great sin to see the estate of the master worse cared for than that of his servants4 ,i am not thinking about the price1 said ,pierre ,luguet1 putting on his blouse4 ,i ask no more than you will have4 ,that is good2 we will see about it1 replied ,jeannet1 laughing in his sleeve2 for he knew well that he was going to work for the honor of it1 and he did not wish to make ,pierre go by the same rule1 knowing that he supported his old parents4 ,they decided upon the places where they would expect to find the best men1 and separated1 one to the left1 the other to the right1 promising to meet again at twelve o'clock4 ,there was really great rejoicing when the young men of ,val-,saint and ,ordonniers learned that they were required to work for ,m4 le ,marquis under the lead of the two best men of the neighborhood4 ,they had nothing to fear from brutality and injustice1 as in the time of ,riponin2 and the news of his disgrace put all the brave fellows in the best humor4 ,riponin was cordially detested1 and for double the pay not one would have volunteered to serve under him1 or have undertaken such a disagreeable and bungled affair2 but with ,jeannet it was another thing1 and although he warned them beforehand that he would allow neither idleness nor bad language1 and that they must work long and steadily1 they followed him1 singing as joyously as though they were going to a wedding4 ,before noon1 the two bands met on the edge of the wood1 where dwelt our old friend1 the game-keeper4 ,pierre ,luguet1 after leaving home1 had taken care to pass by1 so as to forewarn him4 ,jacques ,michou threw up his cap at the news2 he also despised ,riponin1 and1 more than any other1 he had good reason for hating him4 ,he therefore laid his plans1 and borrowed from the chteau a huge kettle1 such as is used during the vintage for pressing the grapes1 which he put up1 for their service1 in his little barn4 ,everything was ready at the appointed hour1 and ,i can assure you the delightful surprise was fully appreciated by our young friends4 ,the two leaders had taken the precaution to tell each one of the boys to bring half a loaf of bread1 a piece of goat's cheese1 and a slice of pork2 so the soup was doubly welcome1 as it was not expected1 and the cider still more so1 as they had counted only on the river-water4 ,this good beginning put them in splendid humor2 and when1 after being fully refreshed1 they marched up to the chteau to pay their respects to ,m4 le ,marquis before beginning their work1 one would have said1 from the noise and singing1 that it was a band of conscripts who had drawn the lucky number4 ,they instantly put their shoulders to the plough4 ,jeannet wisely made them commence with the worst fields1 so that1 when the first excitement was over1 and they would be rather fatigued1 they could find that they had not eaten the white bread first4 ,thus1 having been well selected1 well fed1 well paid1 and1 above all1 well led1 our boys did wonders1 not only that afternoon1 but on the following days4 ,the weather1 however1 was decidedly against them2 rain drenched the laborers1 and strong winds prevented them from building up the hay-stacks2 but their ardor was so great that nothing discouraged them2 and often1 when ,jeannet1 moved by sympathy1 put it to vote whether they should continue or not1 he saw with pleasure that not one man deserted his post4 ,at the end of a week1 half the work was so well under way it could easily be seen that1 in spite of the bad season and worse management1 ,m4 le ,marquis would not lose all his crops this time1 but that1 on the contrary1 his barns would make a very good show1 if not in quality1 at least in quantity4 ,the worthy gentleman came several times himself to visit the laborers and distribute extra pay4 ,on these occasions it was admirable to see the modesty of ,jean-,louis1 who always managed to disappear1 leaving to ,pierre ,luguet the honor of showing the progress of the work to ,m4 le ,marquis2 and as workmen are generally just when they are not found fault with1 brow-beaten1 or ill-treated1 they rendered to ,jean-,louis greater honor and respect the more he concealed himself from their applause4 ,in short1 everything went on well to the end without interruption4 ,the given fortnight was not over when the last cart-load1 ornamented on top with a huge bouquet of flowers and sheaves of wheat tied with ribbons1 was conducted in triumph1 accompanied with songs of joy1 under the windows of mademoiselle1 who appeared on the balcony1 with ,jeannette ,ragaud on her right and ,dame ,berthe on the left4 ,m4 le ,marquis was in the court of honor1 enchanted with the success of the measure2 and ,ragaud and ,michou could not remain quiet1 but clapped their hands1 and cried ,bravo6 to the brave young men4 ,jean-,louis tried to escape this time also1 but was not allowed4 ,his friends raised him in their arms1 and placed him on top of the cart with his good comrade1 ,pierre ,luguet2 and thus they made their appearance1 both standing alongside of the bouquet1 ,jeannet crimson with shame and vexation1 whilst ,pierre sang loud enough to crack his throat4 ,you can imagine that this cart1 upon which had been heaped the last gleanings of the harvest1 was piled up immensely high1 so that the top was on a level with the first floor of the chteau1 and mademoiselle could thus converse at her ease with the young men4 ,she spoke most graciously to ,jean-,louis1 and congratulated him with words so complimentary that the poor fellow wished himself under the grain1 rather than on top4 ,what embarrassed him still further was to see his sister ,jeannette playing the part of great lady as much as her mistress4 ,with his usual good sense1 he considered it out of place1 and would have been much better pleased if she had appeared ill at ease in her false position2 but1 far from that1 she leaned over the balcony1 laughing and talking like a vain little parrot1 and even rallied ,jean-,louis on his subdued manner4 ,he did not wish to spoil the affair by looking severe and discontented1 but he was grieved at heart1 and hastened to put an end to the scene4 ,mademoiselle1 at the close of her complimentary remarks1 presented each of the two friends with a little box of the same size1 wrapped in beautiful paper1 and tied with pink ribbon4 ,they are filled with bonbons1 said she in her sweet1 gentle voice2 and you will not refuse to eat them in remembrance of me8 ,then she made them a most friendly bow1 which they returned with great respect1 and the big cart was driven off to the barn to be unloaded4 ,bon-bons6 said ,pierre to ,jeannet1 taking out his box after they had descended from their high post of honor4 ,what do you think1 ,jean-,louis8 ,it seems to me this plaything is too heavy only to contain candies4 ,at any rate1 replied ,jean-,louis1 they can't do us any harm1 as the boxes are not very large4 ,they quickly untied the pretty pink ribbon1 and found in ,pierre's box fifteen bright twenty-franc pieces1 while ,jeannet's contained a beautiful gold watch1 with a chain of equal value4 ,to add to the general happiness1 the sky1 which until then had been cloudy as though threatening rain1 suddenly cleared1 and the sun went down in the full splendor of ,august1 and shed a brilliant light over the bare fields1 as ,jean-,louis was carried in triumph by his comrades1 who cried out that surely he controlled the weather1 as the very winds seemed to obey him2 and1 strange as it may appear1 the season continued so fine that never was there a more delightful autumn than after the unfortunate spring and summer4 ,if ,i dared express my opinion1 ,i would tell you that1 without calling it miraculous1 the good ,god scarcely ever fails to send joy after sorrow1 peace after war1 heat after cold1 as much to the visible things of the earth as to the secret ones of the heart4 ,it is1 therefore1 well not to throw the handle too quickly after the axe2 and1 to prove this1 ,i will tell you a short and true story1 which ,i just happen to remember4 ,it relates to ,michel ,levrot1 of the commune of ,saint-,ouaire1 who1 against everybody's advice1 married a woman from near ,bichrieux4 ,she was a bad ,christian and totally unworthy of the good little man1 who was rather too gentle and weak in character4 ,for a year they got along so-so1 without any great disturbance2 but gradually the wicked creature grew to despise her poor husband1 for no other reason but that he was too good for her1 and let her have her own way completely4 ,she wasted money at fairs1 bought more fine clothes and silver jewelry than she knew what to do with1 kept up a row in the house from morning until night1 and ended by being nearly always drunk2 all which made ,michel ,levrot so unhappy that one sad day in a moment of despair1 without stopping to think of his eternal salvation1 he threw himself headlong into the river ,coussiau1 which1 fortunately1 was not so deep as ,la ,range1 although nearly as wide4 ,as he was out of his head1 and acted without thinking1 his good angel most assuredly took care of him2 for1 if he had been drowned1 he certainly would have lost his soul2 but1 although he did not know how to swim1 he floated on his back1 and the current carried him to the bank of the stream1 where he was picked up1 half-dead and in a swoon1 by some of the neighbors1 who rubbed and warmed him1 and managed to bring him back to life4 ,those who had saved him were good1 pious men1 who spoke to him in such a ,christian manner1 they made him feel ashamed of his cowardice and want of confidence in the ,heavenly ,father2 so he promised to go and see our cur1 who lifted him upon his beast--that is to say1 made peace enter his soul2 after which he explained to him that1 having no children1 he had the right to leave this wicked and perverse woman1 who deserved a severe lesson1 and not return home until she should be converted or dead4 ,he left that part of the country1 entirely cured of his desire to kill himself1 and made the tour of ,france1 honestly earning his bread by working at his trade1 which was that of an upholsterer4 ,from time to time the neighbors sent him news of his abominable wife1 who led such a scandalous life it was easy to predict she would not make old bones2 for1 if strong drink and vice soon kill the most robust men1 they are still more fatal to women4 ,after a few years1 he received the welcome intelligence that his house was rid of its baneful mistress4 ,he then returned to ,saint-,ouaire1 and was charitable enough to give fifty francs for ,masses for the unfortunate soul4 ,some time after1 he married the daughter of ,pierre ,rufin1 a good worker and housekeeper1 who1 besides other excellent qualities1 never drank anything stronger than honey and water that she took for a weak stomach1 which she had from childhood4 ,they lived most happily1 and had a family of five handsome children4 ,i knew him when he was very old1 and he always loved to relate this story of his youth1 never failing to return thanks to the good ,god1 who had saved him from drowning4 ,for1 said he1 my dear children1 if ,i had been drowned that day from want of a little patience1 ,i should have lost my soul1 besides the good wife you see here and all my present happiness4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,ordinandus4 ,the goal--and yet my heart is low1 ,when rather should it brim with glee6 ,they tell me this is ever so4 ,ah6 well1 ,i cling to one ,i know3 ,sweet ,virgin1 keep thou me4 ,o thou for whom ,i venture all-- ,the fragile bark1 the treacherous sea 7,i needs must serve my ,lady's call1 ,her captive knight1 her helpless thrall7-- ,my pilot1 keep thou me4 ,from tyranny of idle fears1 ,and subtle frauds to make me flee-- ,distorting unto eyes and ears ,the burden of the coming years-- ,my mercy1 keep thou me4 ,from shirking the accepted cross ,for all the galling yet to be2 ,from seeing gold in what is dross1 ,and seeking gain in what is loss1 ,my wisdom1 keep thou me4 ,from lures too strong for flesh and blood-- ,with show of ripe philosophy1 ,that points the fallen1 who had stood1 ,contented with the lesser good-- ,my victory1 keep thou me4 ,o ,lady dear1 in weal1 in woe1 ,till ,heaven reveal thy ,son and thee1 ,thy true love's mantle round me throw2 ,and tenderly1 calmly1 sweetly so1 ,my glory1 keep thou me4 ,,november1 #ahgj4 ,,one ,,chapter ,,from ,,hester ,,hallam',s ,,life4 ,ah6 ,hester1 ,hester1 keep back your tears4 ,be the brave little wife and woman now4 ,have faith1 hope1 and courage2 the year will soon speed by1 and1 lo6 here shall ,i find you again6 ,god grant it6 ,and good-by1 my wife1 my children--my all and only treasures4 ,they are engraven on my memory--these last words of ,henry ,hallam1 my husband1 my beloved4 ,they were spoken hopefully1 cheerfully1 though ,i knew they were intended to cover the sorrow of a heart that ached1 even as did mine1 at our final parting4 ,henry ,hallam was to go to ,south ,america as chief engineer of a proposed road from some inland city to the ,pacific4 ,after a marriage of eight years1 this was our first separation4 ,i never did consent to it4 ,better poverty and the humblest life together than that mountains and seas should divide us1 ,i argued4 ,but ,henry was proud1 as he was tender and loving2 he could not bear to see his wife1 delicately reared1 doing menial service2 nor his little girls deprived of waxen dolls1 because they would usurp the ragged dollar that must go for bread4 ,our situation had fallen from bad to worse2 an expensive lawsuit had been decided against us1 to liquidate the cost of which an out-,west piece of land1 that was to have been our children's fortune1 had to be sold at a sacrifice2 and when all was paid1 except our scanty furniture1 we had but three hundred dollars in the world4 ,we lived in a rented house in the beautiful suburbs of ,brooklyn2 three months' rent would consume our all4 ,meantime1 upon what should we live1 and wherewithal should we be clothed8 ,this was a serious question1 which vexed my husband for many days4 ,he suddenly answered it by accepting with alacrity this lucrative position in ,south ,america4 ,my only living relative in all ,america was one sister1 widowed and childless4 ,she came from the ,west to abide with me during my husband's absence4 ,she1 too1 had comparative poverty for her dowry1 her only income arising from the interest of less than a thousand dollars4 ,no thought of poverty haunted us1 however2 heretofore all our wants had been supplied1 and we had lived almost luxuriously1 counting upon the fortune which had been for six years dwindling to less and less in courts of law4 ,it was with no dread of poverty1 ,i repeat1 that ,i saw my husband take his departure4 ,i thought only how the light had gone from our house1 and joy from existence4 ,i am distressed whenever ,i read of the ever-recurring matrimonial quarrels and divorces which appear now the order of the day4 ,i could have lived with ,henry ,hallam through the countless eternal years1 and--,god forgive me6--desired no other heaven4 ,we had no particular creed or faith4 ,the ,hallams had been ,methodists2 the ,griffeths1 my father's family over in ,wales1 had been members of the ,church of ,england4 ,henry and ,i1 reading here and there indifferently1 had become somewhat inclined to ,swedenborg's theories4 ,we read ,dr4 ,bushnell and his colleagues with some faith and more interest4 ,but we fashioned the great hereafter--the heaven we all talk of and dream so much of--after our own ideals4 ,those may have been in the right1 thought we1 from whom ,shelley and many another poetical dreamer imbibed the idea that the ,godhead was but the universal spirit pervading and animating nature2 that man was immortal1 and was to arise from the dead1 clothed in purity and beauty1 and was to wander endlessly in some limitless1 enchanting paradise1 where should be all things lovely to charm the eye1 all sounds to entrance the ear1 all spirits gentle1 and wise1 and good for communion of intellect and heart4 ,in this heaven stood no stately throne upon which sat a ,god of justice1 receiving one unto life1 banishing another unto everlasting perdition4 ,it was the same here as upon earth2 the beauty1 bloom1 fragrance1 and glory were permeated with an essence subtle1 invisible1 intangible1 but present1 the life and source of all--and this was ,god6 ,the ancients had a heaven and a hell1 which ,christianity had adopted2 but we lived in the ,x,i,xth century1 and we need not pin our faith to such notions borrowed from the heathen4 ,were youth and health on earth immortal1 we would prefer never to pass through the iron gate of death and the pearly gate of life2 since1 however1 all must yield to the inexorable fiat1 and all men must die1 we would make a virtue of necessity1 and be willing to go to that sensual heaven1 which wore all the beauty of earth1 with naught of its thorns and blight4 ,ah6 we1 ,henry and ,i1 were still in the glow of youth and hope2 life seemed a beautiful vista1 and the end far off6 ,of the great beyond we but carelessly dreamed--as carelessly as if our feet were never there to stand1 nor our souls to tremble upon its awful brink4 ,with ,henry gone1 ,i was like a child bereft of its mother4 ,i wept and would not be comforted4 ,i counted the hours of every day2 they seemed so inconsiderable1 deducted from the almost nine thousand which the three hundred and sixty-five days yielded4 ,i see now how foolish1 weak1 and wicked ,i was6 ,i was seized with a slow fever1 which lasted me through the summer4 ,in my weakness and wakefulness ,i saw visions and dreamed dreams which haunted me constantly4 ,i began to fancy that ,i was to die4 ,i would have been satisfied to have fallen in a sleep that should have known no waking until the dread year was over4 ,early in ,september ,i heard from my room an unusual bustle in the house--the feet of men1 and the unwonted sound of boxes or trunks laid heavily upon the floor4 ,but why need ,i go into details8 ,henry ,hallam had died of yellow fever1 and his trunks had been sent home6 ,in my despair1 one thought overpowered me4 ,i had made myself wretched counting over the hours until ,henry should return4 ,now he would never1 never come back1 no matter how many hours2 ,i might count for an eternity1 and he would not come at the end4 ,oh6 could he but some time come1 even in the distant years1 when his step was feeble and his hair was gray1 how patient ,i would be1 how hopeful1 cheerful1 in the waiting for that certain time6 ,why had ,i not been happy when ,i knew that he still lived2 when the fond hope was mine that1 after a few months1 ,i should again behold him8 ,we never know--alas6 we never know6 ,with my beloved gone1 ,i fancied myself sunk in the lowest depth of desolation4 ,more than two years elapsed4 ,my sister struggled bravely to keep a roof above our heads and the wolf of hunger from our door4 ,notwithstanding her closest economy1 untiring industry1 and fertile ingenuity1 her small principal had become reduced one-half4 ,her zeal and energy were a reproach to me1 and ,i had already commenced heroic endeavors to imitate and assist her4 ,we might still have done well1 educated my two little girls1 and taken comfort in each other1 now that my hopeless grief had become partially assuaged1 and ,i had begun to take an interest in the management of our affairs4 ,a fresh grief1 however1 was in store for me4 ,maria1 my sister1 upon whom alone ,i had come to depend1 was stricken with an incurable disease1 and1 after lingering through months of pain1 which often amounted to torture1 died1 and was buried4 ,i was not allowed to remain in my stupor of grief after ,i had beheld the cruel grave close over my only sister4 ,the fact that but a trifle remained after all expenses had been paid aroused me to most painful apprehensions for the fate of my children4 ,but for them ,i fully believe ,i should have adopted the advice of his friends to ,job1 the patient--curse ,god1 and die6 ,the dear little children1 however1 who had no friends but their unhappy mother1 and who clung to me as if they had in me all that was sufficient and all the world1 were an incentive to further endurance and fresh exertion4 ,in a moment of discouragement and gloom ,i wrote an unaccustomed letter of six pages to a lady who had been my friend while sojourning in the ,west4 ,i had spent a year with my husband in a growing village upon the banks of the ,mississippi where this lady resided4 ,she had a delightful home in the midst of charming grounds1 an indulgent1 devoted husband1 three lovely children1 with wealth enough to command the desirable and good things of this world4 ,we had corresponded for a time1 but since my great affliction ,i had written no letters4 ,without delay came ,mrs4 ,bell's reply4 ,in my selfish grief ,i had not thought that upon others also might be falling showers of the self-same woe4 ,the thought of ,mrs4 ,bell1 with her happy surroundings1 had formed a pleasant picture1 comforting to dwell upon4 ,ah6 how my eyes filled and my heart throbbed as ,i read her letter6 ,the beautiful home1 with its pictures1 books1 its nameless household gods1 was in ashes2 the husband1 really the handsomest1 most elegant gentleman ,i have ever met1 full of health1 vigor1 and cheerfulness1 a year after the fatal fire had died suddenly1 leaving his large property in an involved and unavailable condition2 and my friend was living in a small cottage amidst the ashes and blackened trunks of trees--which stood like weird spectres about her former home4 ,the letter1 half read1 fell from my nerveless grasp1 and ,i clasped tightly my trembling hands1 bowing down upon them my throbbing head1 murmuring3 ,doth all of beauty fade to blight1 and all of joy to gloom8 ,are all human loves so vain and transient8 ,are all hopes and dreams fleeting and unsubstantial as the goodly shadow of a summer cloud8 ,is it true of all beneath the sun1 'ashes to ashes1 dust to dust'8 ,gathering courage to finish the letter1 another surprise awaited me4 ,my friend had become a ,roman ,catholic4 ,after giving brief details of her conversion1 she thus addressed me3 ,at this moment ,i feel more sorrow for you than for myself4 ,my dearest earthly loves and hopes lie1 like yours1 in ashes4 ,but out of my desolation hath sprung the green branches of heavenly peace4 ,i weep not unavailing tears at the loss of what so charmed my heart as to separate my soul from ,god4 ,arise out of the ashes watered with your tears4 ,go to the nearest ,catholic priest2 ask him for books1 counsel1 and prayer that shall lead you upward and onward toward the kingdom of rest4 ,make the effort1 ,i entreat you1 in the name of ,god4 ,if you find no peace to your soul1 what will you have lost8 ,if you find comfort and rest1 will not all have been gained8 ,had ,i learned1 in the midst of my happiness1 that ,miriam ,bell had become a ,catholic1 ,i might have wondered1 thought strange of it1 but set it down as one of the unaccountable things1 and not puzzled my brain by studying into it4 ,but now it was different4 ,her afflictions1 so similar to my own1 brought her very near to me in sympathy4 ,i would have as soon thought of myself becoming deluded by the snares of ,popery as my friend1 ,mrs4 ,bell4 ,yea1 sooner2 she was more matter-of-fact1 calm1 philosophical1 more highly educated1 with a mind more thoroughly disciplined1 and naturally more inquiring and comprehensive than my own4 ,and she had heartily embraced this religious faith which1 without ever having bestowed much thought upon1 ,i had naturally regarded as one of superstitions and lies4 ,the sun went down1 the twilight fell4 ,charlotte and ,cora helped themselves to a slice of bread1 and lay down to rest4 ,the sewing-machine had for hours been idle1 and the unfinished white shirt1 suspended by the needle1 looked like a ghost in the gathering gloom2 and still ,i held my hands and deeply thought1 or walked the floor with stilly tread4 ,and so ,miriam ,bell had found a balm for her sorrow1 a light amid her darkness4 ,how8 ,by becoming a ,catholic4 ,and what was it to become a ,catholic8 ,to believe impossibilities1 and to worship idols2 to behold1 in a tiny wafer of human manufacture1 the body and blood1 soul and divinity1 of an incarnate ,god8 ,does ,miriam ,bell believe this8 ,if she can believe it with all her heart and soul1 then might she well be comforted6 ,to fall upon one's knees before the relics of a saint1 and beg his prayers1 as if he could see and hear8 ,to implore the ,blessed ,virgin to succor and defend1 as if she were not a creature1 but omnipotent and divine8 ,to reverence the priest as a being immaculate1 an angel with hidden wings walking upon earth1 unto whose feet you must kneel1 and unveil1 as unto ,god1 all the thoughts and interests of your heart8 ,i pondered over this last suggestion4 ,standing in the white moonlight that silvered a space of the floor1 ,i lifted up both weary heart and waiting hands1 and1 with eyes toward the unknown and infinite1 ,i cried3 ,unto ,god would ,i pour forth the sins and sorrows of my soul2 but ,i am all unworthy4 ,he whom ,i have disregarded and failed to acknowledge is shut out from my vision and approach4 ,between him and me is the thick wall of my offences4 ,oh6 if1 in his infinite mercy1 he could send forth one little less than an angel--who should have something of the human1 that he might compassionate and pity2 of the divine1 that he might comprehend1 guide1 and assist--to that one ,i might yield in reverence4 ,all the sins1 and follies1 and rebellions of my life should be poured into his ear2 perhaps1 oh6 perhaps the hand of such an one might lift me into the light1 if light there be indeed for soul so dyed as mine4 ,how this fancied being1 uniting the human and angelic1 became gradually1 and by slow degrees1 associated in my mind with the ,catholic priest1 ,i know not4 ,certain only ,i am that1 after a few days of mental struggle1 of resolve and counter-resolution1 ,i complied with my friend's entreaty1 and1 accompanied by my little girls1 sought the nearest priest4 ,i took this step not with faith1 nor yet altogether with doubt4 ,i went1 not willingly1 but as if irresistibly impelled4 ,i was like one shipwrecked--floating in maddened waters1 threatened death below1 an angry sky above1 and darkness everywhere4 ,a friend in whom ,i trusted had pointed out to me a life-preserver4 ,stretch forth thy hand1 hold it fast2 it will save thee1 she had said4 ,it is but a straw1 ,i murmured1 clutching at it1 drowning4 ,the priest entered the parlor a few moments after our admission by a domestic4 ,i scanned him narrowly as he walked straight up to us1 rubbing one hand against the other1 slightly elevating his shoulders4 ,he was a middle-aged man1 whose benevolent countenance wore the reflection of a happy1 cheerful soul at peace with ,god and man4 ,my first thought on viewing him was of the woman who wished but to touch the hem of our ,saviour's garment2 and1 when he uttered his first salutation3 ,and what can ,i do for you1 my child8 ,i said involuntarily3 ,oh6 that ,i may be made whole4 ,ah6 you would go to confession4 ,go into the church1 and pray before the altar2 ,i will be there presently4 ,and he turned to leave the room4 ,i did not speak nor move4 ,at the door he said3 ,you are a stranger in the city8 ,no--yes--that is1 ,i have lived here several years1 but ,i have no friends2 ,i am indeed a stranger4 ,you understand and attend to your religious duties8 ,i have no religious duties2 ,i have no particular religion4 ,i am beginning to think myself a heathen4 ,and have you not been brought up a ,catholic8 he questioned in surprise1 returning to where ,i still sat4 ,the furthest from it4 ,if you have time to listen1 ,i will tell you what has brought me to you4 ,and ,i went on to tell him of the advice of my friend1 received in the depth of my afflictions and despair4 ,if my conversion to the ,catholic faith1 entire1 absolute1 blessed1 thanks be to ,god6 was not instantaneous2 if1 being blind1 ,i received not sight1 being deaf1 ,i received not hearing1 in a moment1 in the twinkling of an eye1 as did those whom ,christ himself touched and healed1 still do ,i believe it to have been the work of ,almighty ,god1 and marvellous unto my own eyes4 ,if ,god commissioned ,miriam ,bell1 instead of his own holy angel1 to direct me to the priest of his own anointing1 ,i believe myself no less to have been sent to pious ,f4 ,corrigan than was ,paul sent to ,annanias1 or ,cornelius to ,simon4 ,from regrets and lamentations1 from dulness and despair1 my heart bowed low unto ,god in rejoicing and thanksgiving4 ,aside from this1 the ,catholic religion and the history of the church became to me an attractive1 fascinating study4 ,i seemed philosophizing with sages1 praying with religious1 meditating with saints4 ,the whole world seemed newly peopled1 unnumbered voices joining in that grand chant that the church for almost nineteen centuries hath sung3 ,glory be unto ,god1 and on earth peace to men of good-will4 ,f4 ,corrigan had sent a young priest to a new town in the interior1 made by the opening up of new railroads4 ,here ,f4 ,mc,devitt had built a small church1 and1 in his report to his superior1 spoke of having need of a teacher for a parish school4 ,f4 ,corrigan offered me the situation1 and in one week ,i was at ,dillon's ,station4 ,on the first day of our arrival1 ,f4 ,mc,devitt asked my eldest little girl her name4 ,charlotte ,griffeth ,hallam1 she replied promptly4 ,charlotte ,griffeth8 he repeated2 then turning to me3 ,and for whom was she named8 ,for my mother1 ,i replied4 ,and is your mother living8 ,she died in my infancy4 ,she must have been the person advertised4 ,and taking a slip of paper from his memorandum-book1 handed it me4 ,it was an advertisement for ,charlotte ,griffeth or her heirs in ,america1 to whom an estate in ,wales had descended1 valued at one hundred thousand pounds6 ,and what interest had this possessed for ,f4 ,mc,devitt8 ,his brother had a short time previously married a ,miss ,griffeth1 and it was to send in a letter to his brother that he had extracted from the paper this brief paragraph4 ,was not this too much8 ,i closed my eyes to keep back the tears1 and pressed my hand against my side1 to still the tumultuous throbbings of my heart4 ,god6 my ,god6 so long time from me hidden1 giving me now the true faith1 and then this unexpected fortune6 ,what should ,i do with it8 ,a few months before1 ,i would have purchased a splendid house1 perfect in all its appointments4 ,i would have gathered about me all that would have pleased the taste and gratified the senses4 ,now was it thrown in my way as a temptation8 ,before the sun had set upon this wondrous change of fortune1 my decision was formed4 ,i would go on in the way ,i had intended4 ,it had evidently been ,god's way chosen for me1 and ,i would follow in it4 ,i would go into a temporary cabin1 and teach the children of the ,irish laborers4 ,the fortune should be divided into three shares4 ,my children should have two2 the third1 which was mine1 should go to build a home for widows and orphans4 ,and ,i8 ,every morning1 with my troop of little girls and boys1 ,i go to the holy sacrifice of the ,mass1 where adoration is perpetually blended with thanksgiving--the latter one of the deepest emotions of my heart4 ,i never expected to be so content and happy in this world4 ,through thee ,i have found1 ,o ,god6 that thou art the fountain of all good1 the height of life1 and the depth of wisdom4 ,unto thee do ,i lift up mine eyes2 in thee1 ,o my ,god6 ,father of mercies1 do ,i put my trust4 ,bless and sanctify my soul with heavenly benediction1 that it may be made thy holy habitation and the seat of thy eternal glory2 and let nothing be found in the temple of thy divinity that may offend the eyes of thy majesty6 ,,an ,,english ,,christmas ,,story4 ,i4 ,the winter wind is howling over the bleak moor1 and ,christmas is ushered in with a sore famine that has already made many a hearth desolate4 ,the stout-hearted folk of ,yorkshire have borne it well up to this1 but the recurrence of the especial festival of good cheer makes their lot seem harder in ,december than it did two months before4 ,on these ,northern moors are scattered many ,catholics1 whose family traditions point to unknown martyrs as their ancestors1 and whose honest pride in their forefathers is as strong as that of the descendants of the cavalier families4 ,but though there may be famine and wretchedness on the moor1 there is a worse squalor in the town4 ,there no helping hand comes from the ,hall1 bearing relief and consolation2 the hovels and tall1 crazy tenements are full to the brim of unknown human misery2 and1 for the poor1 ,christmas this year means little less than starvation4 ,those were not the days of subscription-lists1 benefit societies1 soup-kitchens1 and clothing-clubs2 spiritual and temporal relief were both scarcer than they are now1 and the wars of the previous twenty years had made people button their pockets tight and repeat the axiom that charity begins at home4 ,through the manufacturing town of ,weston1 on a chill ,christmas eve in the early part of this century1 walked a thoughtful1 almost middle-aged man1 wrapped in a rich furred cloak1 and preceded by a youth bearing a lantern4 ,he had first left the town-hall1 where he had assisted at a political meeting1 and heard a few pompous speeches hung upon the scantiest may-pole of facts4 ,while these worthies had been declaiming1 thought he1 how many poor men1 out of employment1 uncared for by their pastors1 must have been murmuring or swearing at their ill-luck and the apathy of their superiors6 ,how many might be driven to crime or suicide by their wretched circumstances6 ,he had heard that the ,dissenters helped their poor rather more effectually than the church people did2 and1 luckily1 in a manufacturing population there were always plenty of ,dissenters6 ,the ,catholics1 too1 about whose emancipation there had been so much said lately in the ,whig meetings1 were generally a charitable set1 and there were more of them in the ,north than anywhere else in the kingdom2 but they were mostly country people1 and the great houses had enough to do to support their own village poor4 ,could not something be done on a generous scale by the talkative municipality of the town8 ,should he suggest something to that effect8 ,but he was only a visitor and traveller1 and had but little interest with the magnates of ,weston4 ,general knowledge there was none at that time2 and it mattered nothing to the local authorities here that he had travelled in the ,east1 was a professor of ancient history in a ,french university1 and corresponded with half the savants of ,europe4 ,to the insular mind of a trading community1 he was a mere nameless atom of humanity1 whose doings only concerned ,weston as far as the paying of his reckoning at the inn1 and his consumption of the most costly items that the scarcity of the times rendered a fair source of profit to the landlord4 ,as he was sunk in these half-derisive thoughts1 he was suddenly accosted by a man1 whose figure1 as far as the light of the lantern revealed it1 was the very reverse of a highwayman4 ,he had a pistol1 however1 and held it threateningly to the gentleman's heart4 ,in a hollow1 unsteady voice he quickly asked3 ,sir1 hand me your money2 you know what ,i can do1 if you refuse1 and ,i see you are unarmed4 ,the man's manner contrasted strangely with his present occupation4 ,he was no experienced robber1 that was evident2 and his eyes rolled from side to side like those of a hunted animal4 ,our friend1 who called himself ,prof4 ,john ,stamyn1 very quietly replied3 ,my good friend1 you have come to the wrong man4 ,you will have no great booty from me4 ,i have only three guineas about me1 which are not worth a scuffle2 so much good may you do with them4 ,but you are in a bad way4 ,the man did not answer or recriminate4 ,hanging his head and lowering his pistol 7an useless weapon enough1 since the trigger was broken off and the barrel was cracked71 he took the money offered him1 and moved quickly away4 ,mr4 ,stamyn stood looking thoughtfully after him1 then he said to the youth3 ,mind1 ,james1 and watch that man carefully1 that he may not be aware of you2 but be careful to see him housed1 and bring me word of everything4 ,and shaking his head1 as if in pity1 he walked back alone to his hotel4 ,meanwhile1 the boy1 proud of his mission1 cautiously started on his pursuit of the seeming robber4 ,many a time he had to darken his lantern with his cloak1 or flatten himself against doors1 as the man he pursued turned round1 glancing fearfully behind1 and then1 mending his pace1 hurried on again with unsteady footsteps4 ,once he paused before a large1 brightly lighted shop4 ,loaves and cakes of all shapes were piled in the window2 but behind the counter sat two resolute-looking men1 whose expression1 as they gazed on the hungry face outside1 was certainly the reverse of encouraging4 ,the poor wayfarer turned away with a sigh1 and dived down a side street4 ,squalid little booths alternated with equally squalid dwelling-houses along the sides of the alley1 and grim1 fierce1 animal faces gathered in evil-looking clusters round the doors4 ,the poor wretch hastened on2 apparently none knew him1 as the boy1 who followed him1 noticed that no one paid any attention to him4 ,at last he stopped at a baker's shop--a dirty place1 very different from the respectable one he had looked into so wistfully before4 ,the boy waited at a convenient distance1 and1 by skilfully shading his lantern1 remained there unperceived4 ,there was no light1 save what came from the shop--a dull flare at best4 ,after a few minutes1 the man came out1 carrying a large brown loaf of the cheapest kind that was then sold in ,weston4 ,he now entered another street1 and turned various corners1 so that it was like threading a labyrinth to follow him4 ,the youth then saw him disappear in the door-way of a tall1 dilapidated house4 ,the door was open1 and hung awry from one rusty hinge2 a nauseous smell greeted the nostrils1 and shrill1 disagreeable voices were heard in some up-stairs roost4 ,the man began to scale the rickety steps1 one or two of which were missing here and there1 and made a break-neck gap for the undoing of careless climbers4 ,each landing-place seemed more disreputable than the last1 until the fourth was reached4 ,it required a good deal of ingenuity in ,mr4 ,stamyn's messenger to creep unperceived up these dangerous ladders1 never startling the man he followed1 and1 above all1 never helping himself along by the tell-tale light1 whose radiance might have betrayed him4 ,at last the poor robber entered a room1 bare of any apology for furniture1 and unlighted1 save by the frosty rays of the moon4 ,the wind whistled through it1 crevices in the wall there were plenty1 and not one pane of glass in the grimy window was whole4 ,the boy crouched outside1 and listened4 ,a crevice allowed him to see a woman and four children coiled up in a heap1 trying to keep each other warm4 ,the man threw the loaf on the floor1 and a sort of gurgle rose to welcome him4 ,bursting into tears1 he cried1 in a voice half-defiant1 half-choked with grief3 ,there1 eat your fill2 that's the dearest loaf ,i ever bought4 ,i have robbed a gentleman of three guineas2 so let us husband them well1 and let me have no more teasings2 for sooner or later these doings must bring me to the gallows1 and all to satisfy your clamors6 ,here the wife mingled her lamentations with his1 and the hungry children set up a howl of sympathy1 all the while eying the loaf impatiently4 ,the poor woman1 whimpering faintly1 broke off four large portions1 and distributed them among the starving little ones1 reserving smaller pieces for herself and her wretched husband1 who was leaning despairingly on the window-sill4 ,when hunger was a little appeased1 the group sat together as before1 trying to keep each other warm by the contact of their frozen limbs1 and drawing over their feet the few rags of clothing they possessed4 ,at last the man broke out into sobs3 ,god forgive me6 wife1 this cannot go on4 ,this money weighs like lead in my pocket4 ,dear1 said the woman timidly1 ,i heard a priest say once that a starving man might take a loaf out of a baker's shop to stay his hunger1 and do no sin4 ,ay1 said the man gloomily1 if the baker would let him take it4 ,but he would have put me in jail if ,i'd done it4 ,i'd as lief go to jail as not1 if it wasn't for you here2 but ,i thought that would not do1 and ,i know a gentleman is less likely to make a fuss1 and ,jim's pistol did the business2 but hang me if ,i'll do it again1 if we do have to starve for it4 ,the listener outside took up his lantern4 ,so the man's a ,catholic1 he wondered4 ,i heard master say the ,catholics helped each other2 anyhow1 ,i'll go home1 and report about what ,i've seen4 ,cautiously he got down the dangerous stairs1 and looked well about him1 that he might know the landmarks of the region again4 ,he reached the inn about an hour after ,mr4 ,stamyn1 who was sitting in his room1 waiting anxiously for him4 ,he told his tale1 not forgetting to make much of his own dexterity in following the poor robber4 ,his master listened attentively1 then gave orders to the boy to call him at six the next morning1 when he would follow him to the man's dwelling4 ,the morning was clear1 frosty1 and bright4 ,the dawn was just breaking1 and1 if the town could look peaceful at any time1 it did then4 ,on the way1 or1 rather1 in the immediate neighborhood of the poor man's abode1 ,mr4 ,stamyn stopped to inquire what the man was who lived in such a chamber with a wife and four children4 ,he was told that he was a shoemaker1 a very good kind of a man1 very industrious1 and a neat workman2 but being burdened with a family1 and the times being so bad1 he had fallen out of work1 and had a hard struggle to live4 ,the two then climbed the stairs1 ,which were hardly safer in the morning's uncertain light than they had seemed in the dark the night before1 and stopped before the shoemaker's door4 ,they knocked1 and the crazy door was opened by the unfortunate man himself4 ,he no sooner perceived who his visitor was1 than he dreaded to learn the motive of the visit1 which must surely be the speedy punishment of last night's robbery4 ,he threw himself at the feet of ,mr4 ,stamyn1 saying in a broken voice3 ,o sir6 indeed it was the first time1 as it will be the last1 that ever ,i touch what does not belong to me2 but ,i was drove to it by my poor children here4 ,two days had they been without bread1 sir1 and they cried that pitiful ,i couldn't stand it no longer4 ,i was ashamed to beg1 sir1 and folk mostly say no to a story as looks so like a ready-made one4 ,surely1 sir1 you won't go to punish me1 444 and these poor things dependin' on me8 ,i swear ,i'll die sooner than do such a thing again4 ,it was against the grain ,i did it1 sir2 indeed it was4 ,mr4 ,stamyn had taken up the youngest child in his arms1 and was hushing its cries4 ,no1 my poor fellow1 it was not to reproach or punish you ,i came4 ,i have not the least intention of doing you any harm4 ,you have a good character among your neighbors2 but you must expect to be quickly cut short in such freedoms as you took with me4 ,hold your hand2 here's thirty guineas for you to buy leather4 ,live close1 and set your children a commendable example2 and to put you further out of temptation with such unbecoming doings1 as you are a neat workman 7they tell me7 and ,i am not particularly hurried1 make for me and this boy two pairs of shoes each1 which he shall call upon you for4 ,the poor man1 dumfounded and almost in tears1 stood before his benefactor1 gazing at him and at the shining coins in his own open hand4 ,the wife cried softly to herself1 and the children1 growing accustomed to the stranger1 began swarming about his legs4 ,mr4 ,stamyn's servant then laid down a good-sized basket1 and took off the lid4 ,the children rushed to this new attraction1 and began diving into the recesses of the basket with their poor1 skinny little hands4 ,the woman went up to ,mr4 ,stamyn3 ,oh6 sir1 we'll bless you to our dying day4 ,and never fear2 my husband is a good workman1 and he will work night and day with a will to make you the finest pair of shoes that ever was4444 ,and1 oh6 sir1 the children shall pray for you1 that ,god may reward what you've done for a poor1 starving family4 ,no2 my husband1 he never stole before in his life1 sir4 ,here the husband1 recovering his powers of speech1 joined in1 and rained blessings on his kind patron1 who left the miserable place in a far more cheerful frame of mind than he had enjoyed at the great meeting last night4 ,just before he left ,weston1 the shoes were brought to him by the wife and her eldest child1 who loaded him again with the most grateful blessings1 and promised to pray that1 if he were not a ,catholic1 still ,god would grant him grace to save his soul4 ,mr4 ,stamyn smiled sadly1 and bade his new friends good-by1 having learnt their name1 and promised in return never to forget it1 should he happen to be in ,weston again4 ,christmas had been a happy season with him this year2 and though1 by his present to the poor shoemaker1 he had curtailed his own pleasure-jaunt1 he felt that1 after all1 he had chosen the better part4444 ,,ii4 ,it was ,christmas once more4 ,forty years had come and gone1 and prosperity reigned in the ,north of ,england4 ,a famine worse than that early one had swept over the land--a famine of work and cotton--but even the traces of that dire misfortune had gone now1 and mills and factories were as busy as they could be4 ,in the neighboring county of ,cumberland1 in a retired little town1 agricultural and pacific1 stood a pretty1 old-fashioned house1 half-mansion1 half-cottage4 ,one side1 with its dignified portal of granite1 faced the street2 but its garden1 with bow-windows and porches jutting out among the flowers1 almost leaned on the mountain4 ,the family room looked into the snow-covered garden2 the deep windows were embowered in ivy1 bearing a fringe of tiny icicles1 while inside wreaths of holly hung festooned over the dark curtains4 ,over the large and very high mantel-piece1 where a fox's brush and head mingled with the branching antlers of the red deer1 there hung a framed device1 illuminated in medival letters3 ,peace on earth to men of good will2 above the door was a large bunch of mistletoe4 ,the window was partly open1 the huge fire warming the room quite enough to allow of this2 on the sill was scattered a feast of bread-crumbs steeped in milk1 at which two or three robins were pecking industriously4 ,this was the mayor's house4 ,he was an old man of seventy-five1 universally respected for his incorruptible honesty and his steady1 reliable character4 ,he had been born in the town1 but had left it while yet a baby in arms1 had then returned a grown man and father of a family1 gone into trade1 become a successful business man1 and seven years ago retired honorably into private life4 ,of his sons1 one was a mill-owner near ,manchester1 one had succeeded to his father's local business and factory1 and one1 his youngest1 had died at sea1 leaving a little girl1 his only child1 to the care of its grandparents4 ,the old man's only daughter was a nun in a ,carmelite convent in the ,south of ,france4 ,no one but the mayor1 his wife1 and grandchild lived in this cosey house1 and a very happy household it was4 ,the girl had been partly brought up abroad1 and had acquired many graceful foreign traits as a set-off to her ,english complexion and somewhat hoidenish manners4 ,she was the apple of their eye to the old couple1 who let her rule them and the house like a young empress4 ,the mayor was nothing but a great baby in her hands1 and people knew that the surest way to his heart or his purse was through that saucy little beauty1 ,philippa ,mason4 ,strangers passing through the town used to marvel how it was that a ,catholic had been elected mayor2 but they were assailed by such a torrent of eulogies on the best1 most generous1 most public-spirited1 most conscientious of our citizens that they were glad to take all for granted1 and applaud the choice of the freemen of ,carthwaite without further explanation4 ,one other inmate of the mayor's house will be found worthy of notice--old ,armstrong1 or ,uncle ,jim1 as he was mostly called4 ,verging upon sixty1 he was still tall1 slight1 and erect in stature2 his manners had some degree of refinement1 and he was wont at times to hint mysteriously at his former connection with the gentlefolk of the land4 ,everybody liked him and laughed at him4 ,he was the most good-humored and the most unlucky of mortals4 ,he spoke loftily of the fortune he lost in his youth through cards and wine2 and every one knew that when ,mr4 ,mason1 twenty years before1 had kindly set him up in a small business of his own1 he had not waited six months before he owned himself a bankrupt4 ,not a stain was on his character1 but everything he touched seemed doomed4 ,money oozed through his fingers like water1 while there was no visible cause for it2 and the poorer he became1 the merrier he was4 ,at last1 he had taken refuge with ,mr4 ,mason1 and become a part of his establishment4 ,no one knew or inquired about his origin2 people were glad enough to let the character of his patron vouch for the respectability of the harmless1 amusing1 kind-hearted old oddity4 ,as these four sat in the study 7for so ,philippa would have her favorite room called71 they discussed their plans for the ensuing festival week4 ,uncle ,jim has been invaluable1 said the girl2 he has been my head-carpenter for the stage in the school1 and has made such a grotto for the crib1 and1 above all1 he has carved two wonderful alms-dishes for the collection to-morrow morning4 ,thank ,god6 the church is to be opened to-morrow1 wife1 said the mayor1 seeking his wife's hand4 ,i may not live to see another ,christmas nor hear another midnight ,mass4 ,in our young days1 we little thought we should see such things--when priests would ride forty miles to a dying bed1 booted and spurred1 with pistols to fight the highwaymen4 ,why1 even in town1 it was as much as we could do to get to our duty at ,easter every year4 ,grandpapa1 said ,philippa1 by next summer the spire will be finished1 and we can have the banner of the cross floating there1 as of old the city standard used to fly over the cathedrals4 ,child1 answered ,mr4 ,mason1 by next summer your bridal train may set the bells of the church a-ringing2 and if ,i live to see that1 ,i'll ask no more of ,heaven4 ,nobody knows where to look for the bridegroom yet1 said ,philippa saucily4 ,hush6 put in the grandmother4 ,on the day when ,god gave his own ,son to the world1 and gave to your grandfather and me such a great blessing--years ago--no one must speak lightly of the gifts he may yet please to send or no4 ,after a pause1 ,uncle ,jim said hesitatingly3 ,the good ,lord certainly feeds the sparrows1 as the ,bible says1 and ,i suppose that's why ,miss ,mason1 she must feed the robins1 just to follow the path we're told to2 but it seems to me1 if ,i'd waited for ,him to feed me one day that ,i well remember1 ,i'd have gone hungrier than you ever did1 master1 in the days of your trouble4 ,philippa looked up with an expectant smile2 she always anticipated fun when the old man adopted the mock-serious tone4 ,yes1 continued the narrator1 pleased to have at least the encouragement of an indulgent silence extended to him2 and ,i was prancing in the best blue broadcloth and the most shining buttons you ever saw1 and had on beautiful new boots that ,i never paid for 444 ,you rascal6 softly said the mayor4 ,and a hat with such a curly brim1 continued ,jim imperturbably4 ,well1 it was in the summer1 the only time ,i really was hungry--,i don't mean the summer1 but that that occasion was the only one when ,i was nigh starving--and ,i and two friends1 who had helped me to empty my purse1 were at ,bath4 ,none of us had any money left2 in fact1 they never had of their own1 but were of those whose tongue is their fortune2 but hungry we all were1 and must have something to eat4 ',i have it6' ,i cried1 for ,i was not a bad hand at imagination1 ',follow me to the ,white ,hart2' and on the way ,i explained my plan4 ,you will hear later what it was4 ,now1 you will say1 ,mr4 ,mayor1 that ,i had better have laid myself down by a haystack1 and slept there on an empty stomach2 and indeed1 after a good supper1 such as we had to-night1 it would be easy enough for me to say so2 but just then it wasn't likely to be my opinion4 ,so we walked into the hotel1 as bold as kings1 and ordered a private room and dinner for three--,french soups and oyster patties1 fish and game1 and foreign sauces and ale1 just as ,i knew it should be1 and ,madeira and champagne1 of course4 ,when we had done 7and1 in the intervals when the waiter had gone for the next course1 we pocketed as much as our pockets would stand of anything that was solid71 we called for the bill1 and the waiter brought it1 as pompous as you will1 on a silver salver4 ,i put my hand in my pocket1 whereupon one of my friends1 he says3 ',come1 come1 ,i'll stand this2 it was ,i who proposed it and chose the wines4' ,and he puts his hand in his pocket4 ',bless me6' cries the other4 ',gentlemen1 ,i protest2 it was ,i who ordered the dinner1 and ,i request1 as a favor1 you let me pay2 the cost is but a trifle4 ,and he put his hand in his pocket4 ,the waiter stood grinning and smirking1 and thinking this great fun4 ',an idea strikes me1' ,i then said4 ',waiter1 we'll blindfold you and shut the door1 and whoever you catch first will settle the bill4' ,at this my friends clapped their hands1 and the waiter1 as proud as a peacock at the condescension of such fine young gentlemen1 gives us a napkin to tie over his eyes1 and lets us spin him round two or three times1 that he may begin fair4 ',now6' ,i cried1 and he began feeling about1 afraid to upset the table2 but he knew the room well1 and went first to a closet beside the further door4 ,while he made a noise opening it and feeling inside1 ,i slid to another door1 and gently pushed it ajar4 ,in a twinkling we were all three walking leisurely out of the ,white ,hart1 looking like independent gentlemen1 who did the host the great honor of approving of his cook6 ,that afternoon1 we drew lots which should sell his fine suit to pay travelling expenses1 and it fell on me2 so good-by to my gay plumage1 says ,i1 and never dropt a tear1 but got the money and played valet to the other two till we got to ,london1 where ,i made them pay me what they owed through a lucky stroke at cards4 ,and then we parted company1 nothing loath on my side4 ,so that is how ,i read the saying1 ',the ,lord helps them as helps themselves4' ,every one smiled at the privileged old man1 though ,philippa held up a warning forefinger and whispered3 ,grandpapa told me once that you were not half so bad as you make yourself out to be4 ,why did you not put on ladies' clothes1 and go and beg for a dinner8 ,they could not have said no to a pretty face1 and it would have been better than stealing4 ,hark at that6 said ,uncle ,jim aloud4 ,you women are born to fool us4 ,if ,i had my life to begin again1 ,i should take advantage of that suggestion4 ,the truth was1 high society ruined me2 and here ,i am1 a destitute waif without a home4 ,it is the first chapter of the ,prodigal ,son2 but ,i shall never get into the second4 ,he looked with comical gravity at ,mr4 ,mason1 whose glance of affectionate amusement perfectly satisfied him in return2 and then the old man1 drawing ,philippa towards him1 said gently to her3 ,on your next birthday1 as you know1 child1 you will become entitled to all my fortune1 and with this present will enter1 too1 into great responsibilities4 ,now1 to give you an idea of what wealth is1 what it can do1 and how grave a trust it is1 ,i will tell you a story too1 but more humbly than good ,uncle ,jim1 because my fault was more reckless1 and because ,god has been more merciful to me in making it bring forth real good4 ,your father and your uncles were all little things then1 and do not remember it1 except very dimly2 and since that ,christmas1 forty years ago1 ,i have never repeated the tale4 ,and in simple1 forcible language the ,mayor of ,carthwaite told his grandchild the story of the distress in ,weston in the year #ah--1 the famine and the wretchedness1 the temptations of starving men1 and finally the incident in which ,mr4 ,stamyn and the poor shoemaker had figured side by side forty years ago4 ,and your grandmother and ,i have prayed for that good man every night without ever missing1 added the old man1 and taught your father to do so2 you yourself1 child1 have prayed for the kind friend1 whose conversion to the true faith was our greatest wish4 ,but his name and what his kindness was ,i never told a soul till now4 ,philippa was silent4 ,uncle ,jim hid his face1 and sobbed4 ,the old couple clasped hands by the fireside1 and looked into each other's faces1 as they remembered the bare attic where they had shivered and starved1 and been nearly driven to become criminals by the sheer force of hunger4 ,nearly two generations had passed1 and they were still together1 thanking ,god that he had put it into the heart of man to relieve his fellow-man that night1 when a life of crime and disgrace had so nearly begun to drag them down to the level of a jail-bird4 ,philippa crept up to them softly1 and kissed them both4 ,i understand your life and your charities so much better now1 she said2 and when ,i have the same responsibility thrust upon me1 believe me1 ,i will do as you have done4 ,the bells began to chime1 and the party bestirred themselves to go over to the chapel1 where the midnight ,mass was to be said for the last time4 ,to-morrow the church was to be opened1 and dedicated to ,our ,lady and ,s4 ,crispin1 and the chapel was to become a school4 ,uncle ,jim was ,philippa's special escort1 for the old couple would never separate4 ,did you know that story8 she whispered to him as they crossed the silent streets4 ,ay1 but he told me never to speak of it till he gave me leave4 ,he did not tell you who the lad was that spied upon him that night2 it was poor ,uncle ,jim4 ,philippa looked aghast4 ,yes1 he went on1 and ,i left ,mr4 ,stamyn some years after1 and tried to live as a gentleman on my earnings2 but1 as ,i told you in jest1 a heap of rascals helped me to empty my purse1 and it was soon drained of all4 ,i remembered your grandfather1 had taken a fancy to him in ,weston1 went back1 and found him4 ,he took me in1 and was very good to me1 useless as ,i was4 ,i was always a shiftless fellow1 and never could keep what money ,i got4 ,so he thought it better just to keep me at home1 and ,i tried to be useful1 and could be1 too1 when there was no question of money2 and so it has been for nigh a score of years4 ,here we are at the chapel4 ,that's one thing ,i never saw--your religion2 but then1 ,mr4 ,mason is the best man ,i ever saw1 and he's a ,catholic4 ,anyways1 there's no other religion ,i like better4 ,and ,uncle ,jim went in and decorously assisted at the service1 just as if it was quite familiar to him and he liked it4 ,i suspect he did1 as far as he understood it4 ,what the ,masons believed could not be very far wrong4 ,the next morning there was a grand ceremony at the new church1 and an unlimited amount of beef and pudding distributed by tickets among the poorer inhabitants of ,carthwaite4 ,after service1 a carriage drove up to ,mr4 ,mason's door4 ,a very old gentleman1 followed by a much younger one1 stepped out1 and inquired for the mayor4 ,they were shown into the study1 where all the ,masons--cousins1 uncles1 etc4--had now assembled4 ,the servant announced ,mr4 ,stamyn4 ,uncle ,jim1 recovering the instincts of his youth1 suddenly stood up respectfully before his former master1 who1 however1 did not seem to have the slightest recollection of him4 ,mr4 ,stamyn went up to ,mrs4 ,mason4 ,my dear friends1 he said1 you both told me not to forget your name2 it was five years ago that ,i returned to ,weston1 and ,i did not fail to make inquiries1 but hardly hoping that ,i should find you4 ,they told me you had left1 and ,i was lucky enough to find a clue to your subsequent career4 ,i need not say how happy ,i am to redeem my promise to visit you again2 ,i should certainly have been so1 had ,i found you still in smoky old ,weston1 but here doubly4 ,every one1 especially ,philippa1 was struck by the old-time courtesy1 precise1 formal1 yet most cordial1 with which ,mr4 ,stamyn spoke2 his young companion glanced admiringly at the girl1 instinctively distinguishing her from the more buxom damsels assembled round the family hearth--her cousins of ,manchester and ,carthwaite4 ,mr4 ,mason asked his friend and patron to stay with them1 and sit at his board as the chief ,christmas guest2 he gladly complied1 and said laughingly that he had expected to be asked4 ,it was not until after the family meal that ,uncle ,jim revealed himself to his former master4 ,his awkward self-consciousness and hurried glances had amused ,mr4 ,stamyn in secret all the time1 though his own perfectly controlled manner had given no sign of surprise or amusement2 but when ,jim1 mysteriously bending over ,mr4 ,stamyn's chair1 feelingly asked what had become of the boy ,james1 the old gentleman's eyes began to twinkle with premonitory signal-fire4 ,he left me a few years after our ,weston adventure1 and1 ,i very much fear1 went to the devil6 was the answer4 ,no1 sir2 ,mr4 ,stamyn1 said ,jim1 shaking with excitement1 he went to ,mason4 ,james1 said his master seriously1 you could not possibly have done better2 ,i congratulate you4 ,uncle ,jim looked triumphantly at ,philippa1 who was talking to the young man1 ,mr4 ,stamyn's companion4 ,by her next birthday she was married to him--he was ,mr4 ,stamyn's great-nephew and heir--but the two old men did not live to see another ,christmas4 ,mrs4 ,mason and ,uncle ,jim remain yet1 and tell the story to the rising generation4 ,,the ,,song ,,of ,,roland4 ,,concluded4 ,the night flies away1 and the white dawn appears4 ,charles1 the majestic emperor1 mounts his charger1 and casts his eye over the army4 ,my lords barons1 he says1 behold these dark defiles1 these narrow gorges4 ,to whom do you counsel me to give the command of the rear-guard8 ,to whom8 replies ,ganelon4 ,to whom but to my son-in-law ,roland8 ,is he not a baron of great valor8 ,at these words the emperor looks at him1 saying1 ,you are a very devil6 ,what deadly rage has entered into you8 ,roland approaches2 he has heard the words of ,ganelon4 ,sire father-in-law1 he says1 what thanks do ,i not owe you for having asked for me the command of the rear-guard6 ,our emperor1 be assured1 shall lose nothing2 neither steed nor palfrey1 cart-horse nor sumpter-mule1 shall be taken1 or our swords shall make more than the price4 ,i believe it well1 rejoins ,ganelon4 ,ah6 son of an accursed race6 cries ,roland1 who can no longer contain his anger1 thou thoughtest that the glove would fall from my hands as it did from thine4 ,then1 turning to the emperor1 he prays him to give into his hand the bow which he grasps with his own4 ,the emperor's countenance darkens2 he hesitates to place his nephew in the rear-guard4 ,but the ,duke de ,naymes says to him1 ,give the bow to ,count ,roland2 the rear-guard belongs to him of right1 since none other could conduct it so well as he4 ,and the emperor gives ,roland the bow1 saying1 ,my fair nephew1 know you what ,i desire8 ,i would leave with you the half of my army4 ,take it1 ,i pray you2 it shall be for your safety4 ,nay1 cries ,roland1 ,i will have no such thing4 ,god forbid that ,i should belie my race6 ,leave me twenty thousand valiant ,frenchmen1 and set out with all the rest4 ,pass at ease through the defiles1 and1 while ,i am alive1 fear no man in the world4 ,roland mounts his charger4 ,he is joined by his faithful ,oliver1 then ,grer1 then ,berenger1 and the aged ,ansis1 ,grard of ,roussillon1 and the ,duke ,gaifier4 ,i1 too1 will be there1 says the ,archbishop ,turpin1 for ,i ought in duty to follow my chief4 ,and ,i also1 says ,count ,gauthier4 ,roland is my liege-lord1 and ,i must not fail him4 ,the vanguard begins its march4 ,how lofty are these peaks6 ,what sombre valleys6 ,how black the rocks2 the defiles how profound6 ,the ,french1 in these dark gorges1 seem oppressed with sadness4 ,the sound of their footsteps may be heard full fifteen leagues away4 ,when they draw near to their mother-country1 within sight of the land of ,gascony1 they call to mind their fiefs and their possessions1 their tender children and their noble wives4 ,the tears start into their eyes--those of ,charles most of all2 for his heart is heavy at the thought that he has left ,roland among the mountains of ,spain4 ,he hides his face with his mantle4 ,what ails you1 sire8 asks the ,duke ,naymes1 riding by his side4 ,is there any need to ask8 he answers4 ,in the grief that ,i am in1 how can ,i refrain from groaning8 ,france will be undone by ,ganelon4 ,in a dream this night an angel has made this known to me4 ,he broke my lance in my hands--he who caused me to give the rear-guard to ,roland1 leaving him in this ungentle land4 ,heavens6 were ,i to lose ,roland1 ,i should never see his like again6 ,charles wept2 and a hundred thousand ,frenchmen1 touched by his tears1 shuddered as they thought upon ,roland4 ,ganelon1 the felon1 has sold him for gold and silver1 and shining stuffs2 for horses1 and camels1 and lions4 ,king ,marsilion has sent for all the barons of ,spain3 dukes1 counts1 and viscounts1 emirs and sons of the senators4 ,he assembles four thousand of them in three days4 ,the drums beat in ,saragossa2 the image of ,mahomet is set on its highest tower2 and there is no pagan who does not feel himself inflamed at the sight4 ,then1 behold1 all the ,saracens set forth1 riding at double speed into the depths of these long valleys4 ,by dint of haste1 they have come in sight of the gonfalons of ,france and of the rear-guard of the twelve brave peers4 ,by evening they lie in ambush in a wood of fir-trees on the sides of the rocks4 ,four hundred thousand men are hidden there1 awaiting the return of the sun4 ,o heavens6 what woe6 for the ,french knew naught of this4 ,the day appears4 ,now it is the question in the ,saracen army who shall strike the first blow4 ,the nephew of ,marsilion caracoles before his uncle4 ,fair my lord the king1 he says1 with a joyful countenance1 in severe and numerous combats ,i have served you so greatly that ,i ask as a reward the honor of conquering ,roland4 ,twenty others follow in turn to boast before ,marsilion4 ,one says3 ,at ,roncevaux ,i am going to play the man4 ,if ,i find ,roland1 all is over with him4 ,what shame and sorrow for the ,french6 ,their emperor is so old that he is imbecile4 ,he will not pass another day without weeping4 ,never fear1 says another4 ,mahomet is stronger than ,s4 ,peter6 ,i will meet ,roland at ,roncevaux2 he cannot escape death4 ,look at my sword2 ,i will measure it against his ,durandal1 and you will then soon hear which is the longest4 ,come1 sire1 says a third1 come and see all these ,frenchmen slain4 ,we will take ,charlemagne1 and make a present of him to you1 and will give you the lands of the rest4 ,before a year is over1 we shall have fixed ourselves in the town of ,st4 ,denis4 ,while they thus excite each other to the combat1 they contrive1 behind the fir-wood1 to put on their ,saracen coats of mail1 lace on their ,saragossa helmets1 gird on their swords of ,viennese steel1 seize their shields and their ,valencian lances1 surmounted by white1 blue1 and scarlet gonfalons4 ,they mount neither mules nor palfreys1 but strong steeds1 and ride in close ranks4 ,the sun shines2 the gold of their vestments sparkles and gleams2 a thousand clarions begin to sound4 ,the ,french listen4 ,sire companion1 says ,oliver1 we may soon have battle with the ,saracens4 ,god grant it6 replies ,roland4 ,let us think of our king4 ,we ought to know how to suffer for our lord1 bear heat and cold1 let our skin be slashed1 and risk our heads4 ,let every one be ready to strike hard blows4 ,we must take heed to what sort of songs may be sung of us4 ,you have the right1 ,christians1 and the pagans the wrong4 ,never shall bad example be given you by me4 ,oliver climbs a tall pine-tree1 looks to the right in the wooded valley1 and beholds the ,saracen horde approaching4 ,comrade1 he cries to ,roland1 what a din and tumult is there on the ,spanish side6 ,heavens6 how many white halberds and gleaming helmets6 ,what a rough meeting for our ,french6 ,ganelon knew it--the felon6 the traitor6 ,peace1 ,oliver1 answers ,roland4 ,he is my father-in-law2 speak not of him4 ,oliver dismounts4 ,lords barons1 he says1 ,i have seen even now so great a multitude of these pagans that no man here below has ever beheld the like4 ,we shall have a battle such as there has never been before4 ,ask ,god for courage6 ,and the ,french reply3 ,woe to him that flees6 ,to die for you1 not one of us all will be found wanting4 ,roland1 my comrade1 says the prudent ,oliver1 these pagans are a multitude1 and we are very few4 ,heed me1 and sound your horn2 the emperor will hear1 and will lead back the army4 ,do you take me for a madman8 answers ,roland4 ,would you have me lose my honor in sweet ,france8 ,let ,durandal do its work--strike its heavy blows1 and steep itself in blood to the haft2 all these pagans are as good as dead1 ,i warrant you6 ,roland1 my comrade1 sound your olifant1 that the emperor may hear and come to your aid4 ,heaven keep me from such cowardice6 ,count upon ,durandal2 you will see how it will slay the pagans4 ,roland1 my comrade1 sound your olifant1 that the emperor may hear it and return4 ,please ,god1 then1 no6 replies ,roland once more4 ,no man here below shall ever say ,i sounded my horn because of the pagans4 ,never shall like reproach be brought against my race6 ,what reproach8 ,what would you have people say8 ,these ,saracens cover the valleys1 the mountain1 the high-lands1 and the plains4 ,i have just beheld it1 this innumerable host2 and we are but a feeble company4 ,my courage grows at the thought1 says ,roland4 ,neither ,god nor his angels will suffer it that by me our ,france shall lose her renown4 ,sire comrade1 and my friend1 speak no more to me thus4 ,we will stand our ground4 ,for us will be the blows2 our emperor wills it4 ,among the soldiers he has confided to us there is not a single coward2 he knows it4 ,our emperor loves us because we strike well4 ,strike1 then1 thou with thy lance1 and ,i with my good sword ,durandal--,charles' gift to me4 ,if ,i die1 he who gets it shall be able to say1 this was a brave man's sword6 ,at this moment1 the ,archbishop ,turpin put spurs to his horse1 gained an eminence1 and1 calling the ,french around him1 said to them1 ,lords barons1 our emperor has left us here1 and for him we ought to die well4 ,remember that you are ,christians4 ,the battle draws on2 you see it4 ,the ,saracens are there4 ,call to mind your sins2 cry ,god's mercy4 ,i will absolve you for the health of your souls4 ,if you die1 you will all be martyrs1 and will find good place in the heights of ,paradise6 ,the ,french dismount from their horses1 and kneel on the ground1 while the archbishop blesses them on the part of ,god1 and for their penance bids them strike hard blows4 ,absolved and rid of their sins1 they rise and remount their horses4 ,roland1 in his shining armor1 is beautiful to behold1 mounted on his good charger1 ,vaillantif4 ,the golden reins ring in his hand1 and on the top of his lance1 which he holds with its point to heaven1 floats a white gonfalon4 ,the brave knight advances with a clear and serene countenance1 followed by his companion1 and then by all these noble ,french1 whose courage he makes strong4 ,he casts his lofty glance upon the ,saracens1 and1 gently turning his head to those about him1 says1 ,march1 my lords barons1 without haste4 ,these pagans are hastening to their destruction4 ,while he speaks1 the two armies approach1 and are about to accost each other4 ,no more words1 cries ,oliver4 ,you have not deigned to sound your olifant4 ,there is nothing to expect from the emperor2 nothing for which to reproach him4 ,the brave one1 he knows not a word of that which is befalling us2 the fault is none of his4 ,now1 my lords barons1 hold firm1 and for the love of ,god1 ,i pray you1 let us not fear blows2 let us know how to give and take4 ,above all1 let us not forget the cry of ,charlemagne4 ,whereupon the ,french all shouted1 ,montjoie6 ,whoso had heard them would never all his life lose the remembrance of that shout4 ,then they advance--heavens6 with what boldness4 ,to be brief1 the horsemen have charged4 ,what better could they do8 ,the pagans do not draw back2 the mle begins4 ,they provoke each other by word and gesture4 ,the nephew of ,marsilion1 with insult in his mouth1 flies upon ,roland4 ,roland with one stroke of his lance lays him dead at his feet4 ,the king's brother1 ,falsaron1 desires to revenge his nephew's death2 but ,oliver forestalls him by planting his lance in his body4 ,a certain ,corsablix1 one of these barbarian kings1 vomits forth slanders and bravadoes4 ,abp4 ,turpin hearing him1 bears down upon him in full force1 and with his lance stretches him dead upon the ground4 ,each time that a ,saracen falls the ,french cry1 ,montjoie6--the shout of ,charlemagne4 ,defiances and combats succeed each other fast on every side2 everywhere the ,french are the conquerors2 there is not a pagan who is not overthrown4 ,roland advances1 thrusting with his lance as long as there remains a fragment of its wood in his hand4 ,but at the fifteenth stroke the lance breaks2 then he draws his good sword ,durandal1 which carves and slices the ,saracens right valiantly1 so that the dead lie heaped around him4 ,blood flows in torrents around the spot1 and over his horse and his arms4 ,he perceives in the mle his faithful ,oliver breaking with the but-end of his lance the skull of the pagan ,fauseron4 ,comrade1 cries ,roland1 what do you8 ,of what use is a stick in such a fight8 ,iron and steel are what you need4 ,where is your ,hauteclaire--your sword hafted with crystal and gold8 ,i cannot draw it1 said the other4 ,i have to strike the blows so thick and fast1 they give me too much to do4 ,nevertheless1 with knightly skill he snatches it from its scabbard1 and holds it up to ,roland1 the next moment striking with it a pagan1 who falls dead1 and cutting also through his gold-enamelled saddle and his horse to the chine4 ,i hold you for my brother1 cries ,roland4 ,such are the blows which our emperor loves so much4 ,and on all sides they cry1 ,montjoie6 ,how the fight rages6 ,what blows fall on every side6 ,how many broken lances covered with blood6 ,how many gonfalons torn to shreds6 ,and1 ah6 how many brave ,frenchmen there lose their youth6 ,never more will they see again their mothers1 their wives1 or their friends in ,france1 who wait for them beyond the mountains6 ,during this time1 ,charles groans and laments3 to what purpose8 ,can he succor them by weeping8 ,woe worth the day that ,ganelon did him the sorry service of journeying to ,saragossa6 ,the traitor will pay the penalty2 the scaffold awaits him4 ,but death1 meanwhile1 spares not our ,french4 ,the ,saracens fall by thousands1 and so1 also1 do our own2 they fall1 and of the best6 ,in ,france1 at this very hour1 arise tremendous storms4 ,the winds are unchained1 the thunder roars1 the lightning glares2 hail and rain fall in torrents1 and the earth trembles4 ,from ,s4 ,michael of ,paris to ,sens1 from ,besanon to the port of ,wissant1 not a place of shelter whose walls do not crack4 ,at mid-day there is a black darkness1 lit up only by the fire of the lightnings2 there is not a man who does not tremble2 and some say that1 with the end of the century1 the end of the world is coming4 ,they are mistaken2 it is the great mourning for the death of ,roland4 ,marsilion1 who until then had kept himself apart1 has beheld from afar the slaughter of his men2 he commands the horns and clarions to sound1 and puts in motion the main body of his army4 ,when the ,french behold on every side fresh floods of the enemy let loose upon them1 they look to see where is ,roland1 where is ,oliver1 where are the twelve peers8 ,every one would seek shelter behind them4 ,the archbishop encourages them all4 ,for ,god's sake1 barons1 fly not6 ,better a thousand times die fighting6 ,all is over with us4 ,when this day closes1 not one of us will be left in this world2 but paradise1 ,i promise you1 is yours4 ,at these words their ardor rekindles1 and again they raise the cry1 ,montjoie6 ,but1 see there ,climorin1 the ,saracen who at ,marsilion's palace embraced ,ganelon and gave him his sword4 ,he is mounted on a horse more swift than the swallow1 and has even now driven his lance into the body of ,anglier de ,bordeaux4 ,this is the first ,frenchman of mark that has fallen in the mle1 and quickly has ,oliver avenged him2 with one blow of his ,hauteclaire the ,saracen is struck down1 and the demons bear away his ugly soul4 ,then this other pagan1 ,valdabron1 strikes to the heart the noble ,duke ,sanche1 who falls dead from the saddle4 ,what grief for ,roland6 ,he rushes on ,valdabron1 dealing him a blow which cleaves his skull1 in sight of the terrified pagans4 ,in his turn1 ,abp4 ,turpin rolls in the dust the ,african ,mancuidant1 who has just slain ,ansis4 ,roland overthrows and kills the son of the ,king of ,cappadocia2 but what mischief has not this pagan done us before he died8 ,grin and ,grer1 his comrade1 ,berenger1 ,austore1 and ,guy de ,saint ,antoine1 all died by his hand4 ,how thin our ranks are growing6 ,the battle is stormy and terrible4 ,never saw you such heaps of dead1 so many wounds1 and so much blood flowing in streams on the green grass4 ,our men strike desperate blows4 ,four times they sustain the shock1 but at the fifth they fall1 saving sixty only1 whom may ,god spare6 for dearly they will sell their lives4 ,when ,roland sees this disaster1 ,dear comrade1 he says to ,oliver1 how many brave hearts lying on the ground6 ,what grievous loss for our sweet ,france6 ,charles1 our emperor1 why are you not here8 ,oliver1 my brother1 what shall be done1 and how shall we give him of our tidings8 ,there is no means1 answers ,oliver2 it is better to die than shamefully to flee4 ,i will sound my olifant1 says ,roland4 ,charles will hear it in the depths of the defiles1 and1 be assured1 he will return4 ,ah6 but what shame6 ,and of your race1 my friend1 do you then think no more8 ,when ,i spoke of this anon1 nothing would you do1 nor will you now1 at least not by my counsel4 ,your arms are bleeding2 you have not now the strength to sound it well4 ,sooth1 but what hard blows ,i have been giving6 ,nevertheless1 we have to do with too strong a force4 ,i will blow my olifant1 and ,charles will hear4 ,nay1 then1 by no means shall you do this thing1 and by my beard ,i swear it4 ,should ,i ever see again my noble sister1 my dear ,aude1 never shall you be in her arms6 ,wherefore this anger8 ,roland asks4 ,comrade1 the other answers1 you have lost us6 ,rashness is not courage4 ,these ,french are dead through your imprudence4 ,had you believed me1 the emperor would have been here1 the battle would be gained1 and we should have taken ,marsilion1 alive or dead4 ,roland1 your prowess has cost us this mishap4 ,charles1 our great ,charles1 we never shall serve more4 ,the ,archbishop ,turpin hears the two friends1 and runs to them1 exclaiming1 ,for ,god's sake1 let alone your quarrels6 ,true1 there is no longer time for you to sound your horn2 but it is good1 notwithstanding1 that the emperor should return4 ,charles will avenge us1 and these pagans shall not return into their ,spain4 ,our ,french will find us here1 dead and cut to pieces1 but they will put us into coffins1 and with tears and mourning carry us to be laid in the burial-grounds of our monasteries2 at least1 we shall not be devoured by dogs1 or wolves1 or wild boars4 ,it is well spoken1 answers ,roland2 and forthwith he puts the olifant to his lips1 and blows with all the strength of his lungs4 ,the sound penetrates and prolongs itself in the depths of these far-reaching valleys4 ,thirty long leagues away the echo is repeating itself still6 ,charles hears it2 the army hears it also4 ,they are giving battle to our people1 cries the emperor4 ,never does ,roland sound his olifant but in the heart of a battle4 ,a battle1 indeed6 says ,ganelon4 ,in another mouth one would have called it a lie6 ,know you not ,roland8 ,for a single hare he goes horning a whole day4 ,come1 let us march on4 ,why should we delay8 ,the lands of our ,france are still far away4 ,but ,roland continues to blow his olifant4 ,he makes such great efforts that the blood leaps from his mouth and from the veins of his forehead4 ,this horn has a long breath1 says the emperor2 and the ,duke de ,naymes replies1 ,it is a brave man who blows it2 there is battle around him4 ,by my faith1 he who has betrayed him so well seeks to deceive you likewise4 ,believe me2 march to the succor of your noble nephew4 ,do you not hear him8 ,roland is at bay4 ,the emperor gives the signal4 ,before setting out1 he causes ,ganelon to be seized1 abandoning the traitor to his scullions4 ,hair by hair they pull out his moustache and beard1 striking him with stick and fist1 and passing a chain round his neck1 as they would round that of a bear1 and then1 for the extreme of ignominy1 setting him on a beast of burden4 ,on a signal from the emperor1 all the ,french have turned their horses' heads1 and throw themselves eagerly back into the dark defiles and by the rapid streams4 ,charles rides on in haste4 ,there is not one who1 as he runs1 does not sigh and say to his neighbor1 ,if we could only find ,roland1 and at least see him before he dies6 ,how many blows have we not struck together6 ,alas6 to what purpose are these vain efforts6 ,they are too far off1 and cannot reach him in time4 ,yet ,roland glances anxiously around him4 ,on the heights1 in the plain1 he sees nothing but ,frenchmen slain4 ,the noble knight weeps and prays for them4 ,lords barons1 may ,god have you in his grace1 and may he open to your souls the gate of his paradise1 making them lie down upon its holy flowers6 ,better warriors than you ,i have never seen2 you have served us so long1 you have conquered for us so many lands6 ,o land of ,france6 my so sweet country1 behold1 thou art widowed of many brave hearts6 ,barons of ,france1 you died by my fault4 ,i have not been able to save you or guard you2 may ,god be your helper--,god1 who is always true6 ,if the sword slay me not1 yet shall ,i die of grief4 ,oliver1 my brother1 let us return to the fight4 ,roland appears again in the mle4 ,as the stag before the hounds1 so do the pagans flee before ,roland4 ,behold1 however1 ,marsilion1 coming forth as a warrior1 and overthrowing on his way ,grard de ,roussillon and other brave ,frenchmen4 ,perdition be your portion1 cries ,roland1 for thus striking down my comrades6 ,and with one back-stroke of ,durandal he cuts off his hand1 seizing at the same time the fair hair of ,jurfalen1 the king's son4 ,at this sight the ,saracens cry out1 ,save us1 ,mahomet6 ,avenge us of these accursed ones3 they will never give way4 ,let us flee6 let us flee6 ,so saying1 a hundred thousand of them took flight1 nor is there fear that they will ever return4 ,but what avails it that ,marsilion has fled8 ,his uncle1 ,marganice1 remains in the field with his black-visaged ,ethiopians4 ,he steals behind ,oliver1 and strikes him a mortal blow in the middle of the back4 ,there is one1 he cries1 whose destruction avenges us for all we have lost6 ,oliver1 stricken to death1 raises his arm1 lets fall ,hauteclaire on the head of ,marganice1 makes the diamonds sparkling on it fly around in shivers1 and splits his head down to the teeth4 ,accursed pagan1 he says1 neither to thy wife nor to any lady of thy land shalt thou boast that thou hast slain me6 ,then he calls ,roland to his aid4 ,roland sees ,oliver livid and colorless1 with the blood streaming down4 ,at this sight he feels himself fainting1 and swoons upon his horse4 ,oliver perceives it not2 he has lost so much blood that his eyes fail2 he sees neither things far-off nor near4 ,his arm1 which goes on wishing to strike1 raises ,hauteclaire1 and it is on the helmet of ,roland that the blow falls1 cutting it through down to the nasal1 but without touching his head4 ,at this blow1 ,roland looks at him1 and asks gently1 ,my comrade1 did you purpose to do this8 ,it is ,i1 ,roland1 your dearest friend4 ,i know not that you have defied me4 ,and ,oliver answers1 ,i hear you2 it is your voice1 but ,i see you not at all4 ,if ,i have struck you1 pardon me1 my friend6 ,you have done me no hurt1 my brother1 answers ,roland1 and ,i forgive you here and before ,god4 ,at these words they bend towards one another1 and are separated during this tender adieu6 ,roland cannot tear himself away from the body of his friend1 stretched lifeless on the earth2 he contemplates him1 weeps over him1 and aloud reminds him of so many days passed together in perfect friendship4 ,oliver being dead1 what a burden to him is life6 ,during this time1 without his having perceived it1 all our ,french had perished1 excepting only the archbishop and ,gauthier4 ,wounded1 but still standing1 they call to ,roland4 ,he hears and joins them4 ,the pagans cry out1 ,these are terrible men2 let us take heed not to leave one of them alive4 ,and from all sides they throw themselves upon them4 ,gauthier falls2 ,turpin has his helmet cloven1 his hauberk torn1 four wounds in his body1 and his horse killed under him4 ,roland1 thinking of the emperor1 again seizes his olifant1 but he can only draw from it a feeble and plaintive note4 ,charles hears it notwithstanding4 ,woe betide us6 he cries4 ,roland1 my dear nephew1 we come too late6 ,i know it by the sound of his horn4 ,march6 ,sound clarions6 ,and all the clarions of the host sounded together4 ,the noise reached the ears of the pagans4 ,alas6 they say to each other1 it is ,charles returning6 ,it is the great emperor4 ,o fatal day for us6 ,all our chiefs are in the dust4 ,if ,roland lives1 the war will begin again1 and our ,spain is lost to us4 ,never will he be vanquished by any man of flesh and blood4 ,let us not go near1 but from afar off cast at him our darts4 ,thereupon they withdraw1 and rain upon him1 from a distance1 darts and arrows1 lances and spears4 ,roland's shield is pierced1 his hauberk broken and unfastened2 his body is untouched1 but ,vaillantif1 wounded in twenty places1 falls dead beneath his master4 ,this blow given1 all the pagans flee at full speed further into ,spain4 ,roland1 without horse1 is unable to follow the fugitives4 ,he goes to the succor of the archbishop1 unlaces his helmet1 binds up his gaping wounds1 presses him to his heart1 and gently lays him on the grass4 ,then he says to him softly1 ,shall we leave without prayers our companions who lie dead around us1 and whom we loved so well8 ,i will fetch their bodies1 and bring them before you4 ,go1 answers the archbishop1 we are masters of the field2 go1 and return again4 ,roland leaves him1 and advances alone into the field of carnage1 seeking on the mountain1 seeking in the valley4 ,he finds them--his brave comrades and the ,duke ,sanche1 the aged ,ansis1 and ,grard1 and ,berenger4 ,one by one he brings them1 laying them at the knees of the priest1 who weeps while he blesses them4 ,but when it comes to the turn of ,oliver2 when ,roland would carry the body of this dear comrade1 closely pressed against his heart1 his face grows pale1 his strength forsakes him1 and he falls fainting on the ground4 ,the archbishop at this sight feels himself seized with a deathlike grief4 ,there is1 in this valley of ,roncevaux1 a running stream2 if only he could give some water to ,roland6 ,he seizes the olifant1 and tries1 with slow steps1 to drag himself tremblingly along4 ,but he is too feeble to advance4 ,his strength fails1 and he falls1 with his face to the earth1 in the pangs of death4 ,roland revives1 and sees the prostrate warrior4 ,with his eyes raised to heaven1 and with joined hands1 he makes his confession to ,god1 and prays him to open to the good soldier of ,charlemagne the gate of his paradise4 ,then he approaches the bleeding body of the holy prelate1 raises his beautiful white hands1 and lays them crosswise on his breast1 bidding him a tender adieu4 ,but ,roland in his turn now feels that the hand of death is upon him4 ,he prays to ,god for his peers1 supplicating him to call them to himself1 and invokes the holy angel ,gabriel4 ,taking in one hand the olifant1 and ,durandal in the other1 he climbs an eminence looking towards ,spain1 and there1 in the green corn1 underneath a tree1 he lets himself sink upon the ground4 ,near at hand1 behind a marble rock1 a ,saracen1 lying in the midst of the corpses1 his face stained with blood1 the better to counterfeit death1 was watching him4 ,he sees him fall1 and1 suddenly springing up1 he runs to him1 trying out1 ,conquered6 the nephew of ,charles6 ,his sword is mine2 ,i will carry it to ,arabia6 ,he tries to draw it1 but ,roland has felt something1 opens his eyes1 and says1 ,you are not one of our people1 it seems to me2 and with a blow of his olifant lays him dead at his feet4 ,miscreant1 he says1 thou art very bold--some would say very mad--thus to lay hands on me4 ,however1 ,i have split my olifant2 the gold and precious stones are shaken from it by the blow4 ,little by little ,roland finds that his sight is failing him4 ,he raises himself on his feet1 trying to support himself as best he may2 but his countenance is colorless and livid4 ,on a rock hard by he strikes ten blows with ,durandal4 ,he would fain break it1 his valiant sword4 ,what grief and mourning would it not be to leave it to the pagans6 ,may this shame be spared to ,france6 ,but the steel cuts into the rock1 and does not break4 ,roland strikes anew upon a rock of sardonyx4 ,not the least flaw in the steel6 ,he strikes again4 ,the rock flies in pieces1 but the steel resists4 ,ah6 he cries1 ,holy ,mary help me6 ,my ,durandal1 thou who didst so brightly gleam in this resplendent sun2 thou1 so beautiful and sacred1 who wast given to me by ,charles at the command of ,god himself2 thou by whom ,i have conquered ,brittany and ,normandy1 ,maine and ,poitou1 ,aquitaine and ,romagna1 ,flanders1 ,bavaria1 ,germany1 ,poland1 ,constantinople1 ,saxony1 ,iceland1 and ,england1 long hast thou been in the hands of a valiant man2 shalt thou fall now into a coward's power8 ,ah6 sacred ,durandal1 in thy golden guard how many precious relics are enshrined6--a tooth of ,s4 ,peter1 the blood of ,s4 ,basil1 some hair of ,s4 ,denis1 a portion of ,our ,lady's robe--and shall ever any pagan possess thee8 ,a brave man and a ,christian has alone the right to use thee4 ,even as he utters these words1 death is stealing over him1 until it reaches his heart4 ,he stretches himself at length upon the green grass1 laying under him his sword and his dear olifant2 then1 turning his face towards the ,saracens1 that ,charles and his men should say1 on finding him thus1 that he died victorious1 he smites on his breast1 and cries to ,god for mercy4 ,the memory of many things then comes back to him--the memory of so many brave fights2 of his sweet country2 of the people of his lineage2 of ,charles1 his lord1 who nourished him2 and then his thoughts turn also to himself3 ,my ,god1 our true ,father1 who never canst deceive1 who didst bring ,lazarus back from the dead1 and ,daniel from the teeth of the lions1 save my soul6 ,snatch it from the peril of the sins which ,i have committed during my life6 ,and so saying1 with his head supported on his arm1 with his right hand he reaches out his gauntlet towards ,god4 ,s4 ,gabriel takes it1 and ,god sends his angel cherubim and ,s4 ,michael1 called du ,pril4 ,by them and by ,gabriel the soul of the count is borne into paradise4 ,charlemagne has returned into this valley of ,roncevaux4 ,not a rood1 not an inch of earth1 which is not covered by a corpse4 ,with a loud voice ,charles calls the name of his nephew2 he calls the archbishop1 and ,grin1 and ,berenger1 and the ,duke ,sanche1 and ,anglier1 and all his peers4 ,to what purpose8 ,there are none to answer4 ,wherefore was ,i not in this fight8 he cries1 tearing his long beard and fainting with grief2 and the whole army laments with him4 ,these weep for their sons1 those for their brothers1 their nephews1 their friends1 their lords4 ,in the midst of all this mourning1 the ,duke ,naymes1 a sagacious man1 approaches the emperor4 ,look in front1 he says4 ,see these dusty roads4 ,it is the pagan horde in flight4 ,to horse6 ,we must be avenged6 ,charles1 before setting forth1 commands four barons and a thousand knights to guard the field of battle4 ,leave the dead there as they are1 he says4 ,keep away the wild beasts1 and let no man touch them1 neither squires nor varlets1 until the hour1 please ,god1 of our return4 ,then he bade them sound the charge1 and pursued the ,saracens4 ,the sun is low in the heavens2 the night is near1 and the pagans are on the point of escaping in the evening shadows2 but an angel descends from heaven4 ,march1 he says to ,charles4 ,continue marching2 the light shall not fail you4 ,and the sun stays in the sky4 ,the pagans flee1 but the ,french overtake and slay them4 ,in the swift-flowing ,ebro the fugitives are drowned4 ,charles dismounts from his charger1 and prostrates himself1 giving thanks to ,god4 ,when he rises1 the sun is set4 ,it is too late to return to ,roncevaux2 the army is exhausted with fatigue4 ,charles1 with a mourning heart1 weeps for ,roland and his companions until he sinks to sleep4 ,all his warriors sleep also1 lying on the ground2 and even the horses cannot remain standing4 ,those which want to feed graze as they lie upon the fresh grass4 ,in the night1 ,charles1 guarded by his holy angel1 who watches by his side1 sees the future in a vision2 he sees the rude combat in which shortly he will need to engage4 ,during this time1 ,marsilion1 exhausted1 mutilated1 has managed to reach ,saragossa4 ,the queen utters a cry at the sight of her husband1 cursing the evil gods who have betrayed him4 ,one hope alone remains4 ,the old ,baligant1 ,emir of ,babylon1 will not leave them without succor4 ,he will come to avenge them4 ,long ago ,marsilion sent letters to him2 but ,babylon is very far away1 and the delay is great4 ,the emir1 on receiving the letters1 sends for the governors of his forty kingdoms2 he causes galleys to be equipped and assembled in his port of ,alexandria1 and1 when the month of ,may arrives1 on the first day of summer he launches them into the sea4 ,this fleet of the enemy is immense2 and how obedient to the sail1 to the oar1 to the helm6 ,at the top of these masts and lofty yards how many fires are lighted6 ,the waves glitter afar off in the darkness of the night1 and1 as they draw near the shores of ,spain1 the whole of the coast is illuminated by them4 ,the news soon flies to ,saragossa4 ,marsilion1 in his distress1 resigns himself to do homage for ,spain to the ,emir ,baligant4 ,with his left hand1 which alone remains to him1 he presents his glove1 saying1 ,prince ,emir1 ,i place all my possessions in your hands2 defend them1 and1 avenge me4 ,the emir receives his glove1 and engages to bring him the head of the old ,charles2 then he throws himself on his horse1 as he cries out to the ,saracens1 ,come1 let us march2 or the ,french will escape us4 ,at daybreak ,charles sets out for ,roncevaux4 ,as they draw near1 he says to those about him1 ,slacken your pace somewhat1 my lords2 ,i would go on before alone to seek my nephew4 ,i remember that1 on a certain festival at ,aix1 he said that1 should it be his hap to die in a foreign land1 his body would be found in front of his men and of his peers1 with his face turned towards the land of the enemy1 in token that he died a conqueror--brave heart6 ,so saying1 he advances alone1 and mounts the hill4 ,he recognizes on three blocks of rock the strokes of ,durandal1 and on the grass hard by the body of his nephew4 ,friend ,roland1 he cries out in extreme anguish1 as he raises the corpse with his own hands1-friend ,roland1 may ,god place thy soul among the flowers of his paradise1 in the midst of his glorious saints6 ,alas6 what hast thou come to do in ,spain6 ,not a day will there be henceforth in which ,i shall not weep for thee4 ,relations still ,i have1 but yet not one like thee6 ,roland1 my friend1 ,i return to ,france2 and when ,i shall be in my palace at ,laon1 people will come to me from every quarter1 saying1 ,where is the captain8 ,and ,i shall make answer1 ,he is dead in ,spain6 ,my nephew is dead1 by whom ,i gained so many lands4 ,and now1 who shall command my armies8 ,who shall sustain my empire8 ,france1 my sweet country1 they who have caused his death have destroyed thee6 ,when he had thus given free course to his grief1 his barons requested that the last duties should be performed for their companions4 ,they collect the dead1 and burn sweet perfumes around them2 then are they blessed and incensed1 and buried with great pomp1 excepting ,roland1 ,oliver1 and ,abp4 ,turpin1 whose bodies are laid apart to be carried into ,france4 ,they were preparing for departure when in the distance appeared the ,saracen vanguard4 ,the emperor tears himself away from his grief1 turns his fiery glance upon his people1 and cries aloud with his strong and clear voice1 ,barons and ,frenchmen1 to horse and to arms6 ,the army is forthwith put in readiness for the combat4 ,charles disposes the order of battle4 ,he forms ten cohorts1 giving to each a brave and skilful chief1 and placing himself at the head4 ,by his side ,geoffrey of ,anjou bears the oriflamme1 and ,guinenant the olifant4 ,charles alights and prostrates himself1 with an ardent prayer1 before ,god1 then mounts his horse1 seizes his spear and shield1 and with a serene countenance throws himself forward4 ,the clarions sound1 but above the clarions there rings the clear note of the olifant4 ,the soldiers weep as they hear it1 thinking upon ,roland4 ,the emir1 on his part1 has passed his soldiers in review4 ,he also disposes his army in cohorts1 of which there are thirty1 as powerful as they are brave2 then calling on ,mahomet1 and displaying his standard1 he rushes with mad pride to meet the ,french4 ,terrible is the shock4 ,on both sides the blood flows in streams4 ,the fight and slaughter continue without ceasing until the day closes1 and then1 in the twilight1 ,charles and the emir encounter each other4 ,they fight so fiercely that soon the girths of their horses break1 the saddles turn round1 and both find themselves on the ground4 ,full of rage1 they draw their swords1 and the deadly combat begins anew between them4 ,charles is well-nigh spent4 ,stunned by a blow which has cloven his helmet1 he staggers1 and is on the point of falling2 but he hears passing by his ear the holy voice of the angel ,gabriel1 who cries out to him1 ,great king1 what doest thou8 ,at this voice1 his vigor returns1 and the emir falls beneath the sword of ,france4 ,the pagan host flees2 our ,french pursue them into ,saragossa2 the town is taken1 and ,king ,marsilion dies of despair4 ,the conquerors make war against the false gods1 and with great blows of their battle-axes break the idols in pieces4 ,they baptize more than a hundred thousand ,saracens1 and those who resist they hang or burn1 except the ,queen ,bramimonde1 who is to be taken as a captive into ,france1 ,charles desiring to convert her by gentle means4 ,vengeance is satisfied4 ,they put a garrison into the town1 and return to ,france4 ,in passing through ,bordeaux1 ,charles places upon the altar of ,s4 ,severin his nephew's olifant2 there pilgrims may see it even to this day4 ,then in great barks they traverse the ,gironde1 and in ,s4 ,romain-de-,blaye they bury the noble ,roland1 the faithful ,oliver1 and the brave archbishop4 ,charles will not again halt on his way1 nor take any repose1 until he reaches his great city of ,aix4 ,behold him arrived thither4 ,he sends messengers through all his kingdoms and provinces1 commanding the presence of the peers of his court of justice to take proceedings against ,ganelon4 ,on entering his palace1 he sees coming to him the young and gentle lady1 the fair ,aude4 ,where1 she asks1 is ,roland--,roland the ,captain1 who promised to take me for his wife8 ,charles1 upon hearing these words1 feels his deadly grief awaken1 and weeps burning tears4 ,my sister and dear friend1 he of whom you speak is now no more6 ,i will give you in his place a spouse worthy of you--,louis1 my son1 who will inherit all my kingdoms2 more ,i cannot say4 ,these are strange words1 she answers2 ,god forbid1 and the angels and saints likewise1 that1 ,roland being dead1 ,aude should live6 ,so saying1 she grew pale1 and1 falling at the feet of ,charlemagne1 she died4 ,god show to her his mercy6 ,the emperor will not believe but that she has fainted3 he takes her hands1 lifts her up2 but alas1 her head falls down upon her shoulder2 her death is only too true4 ,four countesses are commanded to watch by her all the night1 and to cause her to be nobly buried in a convent of nuns4 ,while they are weeping for the fair ,aude1 and ,charlemagne renders to her the last honors1 ,ganelon1 beaten with rods and laden with chains1 awaits his sentence4 ,the peers are assembled4 ,ganelon appears before them1 and defends himself with subtlety4 ,i am avenged1 he says1 but ,i have betrayed no one4 ,the judges look at each other1 and are inclined to be lenient4 ,sire1 they say to the emperor1 let him live2 he is a good nobleman4 ,his death will not restore to you ,roland1 your nephew1 whom we shall never see more4 ,and ,charles exclaims3 ,you all betray me6 ,upon this1 one of them1 ,thierry1 brother to ,geoffrey of ,anjou1 says to the emperor3 ,sire1 be not disquieted2 ,i condemn ,ganelon4 ,i say that he is a perjurer and a traitor1 and ,i condemn him to death4 ,if he has any kin who dares to say that ,i lie1 ,i have this sword wherewith to answer him4 ,forthwith ,pinabel1 the friend of ,ganelon1 brave1 alert1 vigorous1 accepts the challenge4 ,at the gates of ,aix1 in the meadow1 the two champions1 well-confessed1 well-absolved and blessed1 their ,mass heard1 and their swords drawn1 prepare themselves for the combat4 ,god only knows how it will end4 ,pinabel is vanquished1 and all the barons bow before the decision of ,god4 ,all say to the emperor1 ,he ought to die4 ,ganelon dies the death of a traitor--he is quartered4 ,then the emperor assembles his bishops4 ,in my house1 he says to them1 a noble captive has learnt so much by sermons and examples that she desires to believe in ,god4 ,let her be baptized2 it is the ,queen of ,spain4 ,they baptize her1 therefore1 under the name of ,julienne4 ,she has become a ,christian from the depths of her heart4 ,the day departs2 night covers the earth4 ,the emperor sleeps in his vaulted chamber4 ,the angel known to ,charles1 ,s4 ,gabriel1 descends to his bedside1 and says to him on the part of ,god3 ,to the city which the pagans are besieging1 ,charles1 it is needful that thou march4 ,the ,christians cry aloud for thee4 ,god6 cries the king1 how painful is my life4 ,and1 weeping1 he tears his long white beard4 ,here ends the song which ,turoldus has sung4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we will conclude1 as we began1 with the words of the original1 giving the last stanza of the poem 7ccxcvi7 ,quant l'emperre ad faite sa justise1 ,e esclargie est sue grant ire1 ,en ,bramidonie 7,bramimonde7 ad chrestientet mise1 ,passet li jurz1 la nuit est ascrie1 ,culcez s'est li rei en sa cambre voltice4 ,seint ,gabriel de part ,deu li vint dire1 ',carles1 semun les oz de tun empire1 ,par force iras en tere de ,bire2 ,reis ,vivien si sucuras en ,imphe ,a la citet que paien unt asize1 ,li chrestien te recleiment e crient4' ,li emperre n'i volsist aler mie3 ',deus6' dist li reis1 'si penuse est ma vie6 ,pluret des oilz1 sa barbe blanche tiret4' --,ci falt la geste que ,turoldus declinet4 ,a ,o ,i4 ,,venite1 ,,adoremus4#aei ,god an infant--born to-day6 ,born to live1 to die for me6 ,bow1 my soul3 adoring say1 ,lord1 ,i live1 ,i die1 for thee4 ,humble then1 but fearless1 rise3 ,seek the manger where he lies4 ,tread with awe the solemn ground2 ,though a stable1 mean and rude1 ,wondering angels all around ,throng the seeming solitude3 ,swelling anthems1 as on high1 ,hail a second ,trinity4#afj ',neath the cavern's#afa dim-lit shade ,meekly sleeps a tender form3 ,god on bed of straw is laid6 ,breaths of cattle keep him warm6 ,king of glory1 can it be ,thou art thus for love of me8 ,hail1 my ,jesus1 ,lord of might-- ,here in tiny1 helpless hand ,thy creation's infinite ,holding like a grain of sand6 ,hail1 my ,jesus--all my own3 ,mine as if but mine alone6 ,hail1 my ,lady1 full of grace6 ,maiden-,mother1 hail to thee6 ,poring on the radiant face1 ,thine a voiceless ecstasy2 ,yet1 sweet ,mother1 let me dare ,join the homage of thy prayer4 ,mother of ,god1 ,o wondrous name6 ,bending seraphs own thee ,queen4 ,mother of ,god1 yet still the same ,mary thou hast ever been3 ,still so lowly1 though so great2 ,mortal1 yet immaculate6 ,joseph1 hail--of gentlest power6 ,shadow of the ,father#afb thou4 ,thine to shield in danger's hour ,whom thy presence comforts now4 ,mary trusts to thee her child2 ,he his ,mother undefiled4 ,jesus1 ,mary1 ,joseph1 hail6 ,saddest year its ,christmas brings4 ,comes the faith that cannot fail1 ,with the shepherds and the kings3 ,gold1 and myrrh1 and incense sweet ,come to worship at your feet4 ,,footnotes3 #aei ,this is a second edition of a lyric that appeared in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world four years ago4 ,the alterations are so considerable as to make it a new poem4 #afj ,jesus1 ,mary1 and ,joseph are called ,the ,earthly ,trinity4 #afa ,it was a cavern used for a stable4 #afb ,see ,faber's ,bethlehem4 ,,the ,,fur ,,trader4 ,a ,,tale ,,of ,,the ,,northwest4 ,,concluded4 ,the next morning1 at a very early hour1 it was apparent that an assemblage of ,indians at the council lodge had been summoned1 to consider the proposal of the missionary4 ,his hopes were encouraged when he noted that many of the old men and earliest converts were mingling with the fierce warriors and young men of the vicinity1 on their way to the place of meeting4 ,after some time1 a delegation1 with the brave who had borne the message of the priest to his chief at their head1 proceeded with measured and stately steps from the council lodge to that of the missionary1 where they were received with the silent and ceremonious solemnity so dear to ,indians4 ,the result of the debate1 which they communicated1 was1 that their foes should be requested to meet them--under guaranty of the missionary for their good faith1 and the assurance that the injured party would meet them unarmed1 if they also would leave their arms behind--that the proposed council should be solemnly held4 ,should its decision be for peace1 all should join in the pursuit and recapture of the maiden2 if otherwise1 time should be allowed for the foe to regain their camps before her people should take the war-path4 ,the trapper departed immediately to proclaim these decisions in the nearest camps of the hostile party1 and to secure their general diffusion among those tribes4 ,the missionary soon set out to notify the residents of other missions1 after seeing that the young chief had despatched runners to summon a full attendance of his own people and friends4 ,there is wonderful despatch in the simple machinery set in motion by the aborigines of our country upon such occasions1 executing their purpose with a speed which proves their ignorance of the wise circumlocution offices of civilization4 ,immediate preparations were set on foot at the appointed rendezvous for entertaining a multitude4 ,large parties were sent out in quest of game4 ,the women of the vicinity assembled to prepare the meats1 the camash1 the wappato1 and the bitter root1 for a great feast4 ,during the three days succeeding the transactions related above1 multitudes were to be seen gathering from all quarters1 and taking their course to the village where they were to meet1 in profound silence1 and with the grave composure befitting an assembly before which the tremendous issues of life and death were to be discussed4 ,the trapper came with a large party of the fiercest warriors whom the wiles of the ,northwester had deceived4 ,several priests from scattered missions1 more or less remote1 with their converted ,indians1 arrived4 ,numerous savages of both sides advanced in parties by themselves1 caring for nothing but blood and plunder should war be the word1 or feasting and revelry should it be peace4 ,french creoles1 half-breeds1 ,canadian voyageurs1 coureurs des bois1 and free trappers1 completed the list of this wild and miscellaneous assemblage4 ,arrangements were made with great precision for the opening of the council4 ,when the council lodge was in readiness1 notice for the assembling of the various delegates was proclaimed from its roof by an ,indian crier4 ,the missionaries passed in first1 followed by the chiefs1 and seated themselves on a semicircular platform slightly elevated from the earthen floor at the further end of the lodge1 the priests sitting in the centre1 between the two parties1 as umpires4 ,then the elders1 the delegates1 and the warriors took their seats upon the floor along each side of the lodge4 ,the oldest chief of the injured confederates arose1 and proceeded with calm dignity to explain the relations which the two parties1 although ancient enemies even unto blood1 had maintained with each other since they had been mutually moved by the message of peace1 delivered by the holy ,black ,gowns1 to bury the hatchet and live1 as ,christian brethren should1 in peace and amity4 ,he showed how faithfully those of his side1 on their part1 had kept the compact1 depicting in vivid colors their grief and horror at the perfidy of their brothers1 and the cruel slaughter of their innocent and unsuspecting friends4 ,when he described the ambush1 the sudden attack1 the death of the old chief1 and the murder of his followers2 the plunder of their goods1 the massacre of the women and children1 and the capture of the cherished daughter of her race1 it was fearful to see among the warriors the kindling passion for revenge flashing from fiery eyes which glared like those of the tiger thirsting for blood1 though their manner remained otherwise cool1 collected1 and subdued4 ,at the close of this harangue1 he called upon his brother1#afc the oldest chief of the opposite party1 to reply1 and state what he could in justification of their conduct4 ,with the same lofty composure1 the respondent recapitulated and confirmed all that had been stated as to the former enmity and the friendly relations promoted and established between them by the labors and influence of the ,black ,gowns4 ,he then set forth in glowing language the dismay with which his people and their allies had heard that these their pretended friends were joining among themselves and with the new ,american companies--under the sanction of the missionaries--for their destruction and the possession of their hunting-grounds4 ,that their good friends of the ,northwest ,company had warned them of their impending ruin1 and furnished arms and ammunition1 that they might avert the calamity by making the first attack themselves4 ,that this was their sole motive for the act1 and in self-defence1 for self-preservation1 they were ready to pursue the war-path as long as a man was left of their tribes to fight4 ,but as to the massacre at the encampment1 and abduction of the maiden1 he indignantly denied for himself1 his people1 and their allies1 all knowledge of any such place1 or aid in its fulfilment1 or of the instruments by which it had been executed4 ,convictions of the crafty fabrications by which the ,northwest ,company1 through its wily commander1 had beguiled them1 fastened gradually upon the minds of both parties1 as their history was thus opened4 ,the missionaries now proceeded to re-establish peace1 in which they were so successful that the calumet was duly passed from one to another through the whole assembly4 ,before the close of the council the terms of a new alliance were fully settled1 and all parties pledged to fidelity in maintaining it1 and diligence in seeking the lost maiden4 ,muttered threats were breathed against the ,northwest ,company1 and especially its false commander1 and a determination to take his life vehemently expressed4 ,the missionaries reproved these threats so sternly that they were accused of befriending him1 and the trapper was again obliged to exert all his influence in quelling the rising distrust4 ,meanwhile1 preparations for a grand banquet1 after the most approved and bountiful mode of savage magnificence1 had been going on1 and the village was redolent of savory odors from every variety of meat and vegetables in process of cooking according to the ,indian fashions4 ,the great assemblage regaled themselves plentifully1 but with staid decorum4 ,the mirth1 the dancing1 and the songs1 customary upon such occasions1 were omitted1 out of respect for the memory of the departed chief and the sorrows of his son4 ,at the close of the feast1 the ,rosary was recited by the missionaries and their converts2 after which the parties who were to set out in quest of the maiden were duly organized and equipped with arms and ammunition1 procured for the purpose from the nearest ,american station4 ,these were so dispersed as to surround by a long circuit the principal trading post of the ,northwest ,company--at which the commander made his headquarters--and draw towards it by narrowing circles1 to intercept any party which might be sent to convey the object of their search to some other place should news of their expedition reach the post before their arrival4 ,a runner accompanied each party to notify the next of any important incident touching the interests of their expedition4 ,as they were patiently and gradually converging toward their destination1 one detachment met a party of traders from the ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 who informed them that the ,northwester whom they sought was absent4 ,he had failed to meet them1 as he had agreed1 to arrange terms of requital with them for plunder committed upon their territory by his agents2 and had departed a day or two before1 with a fleet of canoes and a large party of voyageurs1 down the river to an ,american station which was commanded by a former partner in his company1 with whom he was on terms of suspicious intimacy1 considering their rival interests4 ,there were a number of women in the canoes1 supposed to be the wives of the voyageurs4 ,this intelligence changed the course of the expedition4 ,the several bands were notified1 and united as speedily as possible1 to make their way to the station indicated4 ,when they reached its vicinity1 they found a great carousal was on foot there4 ,the boisterous mirth and revelry that prevailed made it easy to reconnoitre without detection4 ,they soon discovered the quarters where the women were assembled4 ,it was a large tent or camp1 guarded from intruders by a detachment of voyageurs and their wives4 ,the ,connecticut trapper sauntered carelessly up to one of the sentinels1 and began playing off some rough jokes of the wilderness upon him1 in the mingled jargon of ,indian dialects and ,canadian patois used among that class4 ,he found the fellow sulky and silent2 not too well pleased with the duty assigned him1 and impatient to join the revellers4 ,he very kindly offered--bein' a man of sobriety and havin' no hankerin' for such doin's--to relieve the watcher1 and take his place for a time4 ,as he was a ,yankee1 who1 as the ,canadian stranger supposed1 might belong to the station1 he did not hesitate to accept the offer4 ,from this tent1 on the west side1 a patch of very high grass extended to a dense clump of bushes at some distance4 ,after the new guardian had surveyed the premises for some time1 with his habitual air of careless indifference1 he caught a glimpse through the door1 over which a buffalo robe had been hung to close it1 of the woman who attended the daughter of the chief4 ,all doubt of the maiden's presence vanished before that vision4 ,but how to give notice that friends were near8 ,pacing slowly back and forth close beside the tent1 he uttered distinctly1 in a low voice1 the sacred name given the maiden in baptism1 and known to none here but her attendant--,josephine6 and was delighted to receive a quick reply1 ,s4 ,joseph6 ,he continued pacing1 and humming carelessly1 in her native dialect1 a short of chant1 as if for his own amusement1 the words of which conveyed a distinct idea of the grass and the bushes west of the tent1 and a hint that she could creep through the one unobserved1 and find friends concealed in the covert of the other4 ,another sentinel accosted him1 in derision1 as a merry singer1 when he complained of this tedious business of watching the women1 and wished the fellow he had relieved would finish his frolic1 and come back4 ,he will be in no haste to do that1 his companion replied4 ,gabriel is a sad gossip1 and too fond of the drinking-cup to quit it without compulsion4 ,our trapper1 favoring the impression this man also had received that he belonged to the station1 said he must be released to meet an engagement at this hour1 or break the rules of the post2 when ,gabriel's daughter was called to go and summon her father4 ,an interval elapsed which seemed an age to the trapper1 whose wonted coolness almost forsook him before the truant appeared1 highly elated with liquor1 and loth to resume his irksome duty4 ,the relieved sentinel vanished to meet his engagement1 the result of which was that the ground in the high grass was speedily filled on both sides with armed and prostrate ,indians1 listening for the rustle which would betray the presence of their coveted prize4 ,nor did they wait long2 and1 when the maiden with her attendant crept stealthily by them1 she was informed that a swift-footed pony was concealed in the covert of the bushes for her use4 ,her friends soon had the satisfaction of seeing them mounted1 and flying1 with the speed of the wind1 in the direction of their distant home2 for the trapper had found a moment in which to direct her as to the course she was to take1 and the maiden was no stranger to the use of the noble animal1 in the management of which her people are trained from their infancy4 ,scarcely were they out of sight over the vast plain before their escape was discovered4 ,a wild sortie of the revellers ensued4 ,the commander1 with the friend whom he was visiting1 and his favorite clerk1 who was always with him1 mounted on swift horses1 started in pursuit of the fugitive1 while his followers engaged in a bloody combat with her friends4 ,the ,northwester was the first to descry her in the distance1 and his horse was gaining rapidly upon her frantic flight1 when she suddenly changed her course toward the river1 which here rushed through a gorge bounded by a precipice on each side4 ,putting his horse to its utmost speed1 and shouting his entreaties that she would refrain from fulfilling the intention he too clearly divined1 he plunged madly on1 reaching the bank only in time to see the pony struggling in the wild waters2 but the maiden had disappeared from his sight for ever6 ,while he was still lamenting1 with frenzied exclamations1 his own folly1 and the dire calamity in which it had resulted1 a pursuing party of her friends arrived4 ,it was terrific to mark the fierce flash of eyes that fixed their blazing regard upon him from all sides1 as his savage foes encircled him6 ,he seemed too completely lost in the tumult of his own grief1 disappointment1 and passion to heed their approach1 or the imminent peril in which he stood1 as one after another of the band drew up his rifle and prepared to fire upon him at a word from their leader1 when the tall form of the trapper stalked into the circle1 and his ringing voice gave the command that was instinctively obeyed4 ,down with your rifles1 ye bloody-minded sarpints--suiting a gesture to the word1 that was understood in a twinkling4 ,then1 addressing them in their own tongue3 ,are the red men wolves1 that they would drink the blood of the pale chief without hearing what he has to say8 ,how will they answer to the holy ,black ,gown for the deed1 or how will they face the pestilence and famine which will surely follow every life-drop that flows from the veins of the great medicine-man of the palefaces8 he added1 appealing to the faith of the converted ,indians1 and to the superstitions of the unconverted1 and whispering a brief sentence in the ear of the young chief1 who had been maddened at the loss of his sister1 but was subdued by the presence and words of the trapper4 ,then resuming his own language1 he said to himself as if musing--indulging a habit formed during his long and lonely wanderings--,i'm willin' to own the chap has many ways that a man of peace and justice like myself can't approve by any manner of means1 for they don't square with my notions of what's right4 ,but it may be more the misfortune of the critter than his fault1 seein' he comes of them ,britishers1 whose blood1 ,i conclude1 carries its pesky pizin down from father to son to the third and fourth generation1 as the holy commandments say both good and evil is carried4 ,but there's two sides to every story1 and ,i an't agoin' to stand by and see the life of a feller-critter taken1 if he is a son of ,satan1 without hearin' both4 ,them ,injins an't sich angils of innocence either as to have the right to cast the first stone at the wicked4 ,i'm not a prejudiced man1 ,i hope1 but 'cordin' to my notion there an't a truer thing in natur 'cept the ,holy ,bible--which ,i take to be the truest of all--than that they're a tarnal pack1 take 'em by and large1 and 'ud ruther drink blood than water any day1 every mother's son on' em1 savin' and exceptin' always--as lawyer ,smith used to say--the ,flat-heads and the ,pendorays1 who're 'bout the likeliest folks ,i've met this side of the univarsal world1 and have as nat'ral a twist towards ,gospil light as the sunflower has to the sun4 ,but all this is neither here nor there--he said1 rousing himself from his soliloquy1 which the natives had heard to a close with quiet gravity1 being accustomed to his manner2 and1 striding up to the ,northwester1 who remained sitting motionless on his horse1 with his back to his pursuers and his eyes fixed upon the rushing flood1 as if so petrified by the shocking event he had witnessed as to have eyes or ears for nothing else--,are you crazy1 or a fool8 exclaimed the trapper in a low voice as he approached--to sit here as unconsarned as if you was in a lady's parlor1 with a hundred rifles raised to draw your heart's blood1 and your long account with etarnity all unsettled6 ,what on airth is the critter thinkin' of6 ,speak quick6 or ,i wouldn't give the glim of a lightnin'-bug for all they'll leave of the vital spark in your carkiss in less'n the twinklin' of its wings2 they'll put daylight in its place1 and your scalp'll be danglin' from the belt of the young chief in less time than it takes to speak the words--a sight ,i should greatly mislike1 bein' a man of peace1 though no great admirator of your race1 any more'n ,i be of the ,injuns4 ,suddenly assuming the careless manner natural to him1 and turning towards the maddened throng with the scornful indifference which seldom forsook him1 and was the best weapon he could have opposed to the fury of his savage foes at this critical juncture1 the young man related in a few words what had happened4 ,with a sneer of contempt1 the ,indian appointed to speak for the band replied3 ,did the ,great ,spirit give his bird wings that she might fly from the white chief to the home where his falsehood has sent her father8 or is she a fish that she may cleave the waters of that flood and escape from him8 ,no1 no1 our daughter lives6 ,when the white chief says she went over the rock1 his words are to deceive2 and when he bewails the fate of the maiden1 he is making a false face4 ,he sent the horse over the rock to blind the eyes of her people4 ,he has a long arm and a strong voice1 and can call his braves from every covert4 ,he knows where he has hidden our daughter4 ,but we will follow him even unto the homes of the palefaces1 and lie in wait until more moons are counted than the hairs on his scalp would number1 to drink his blood at last4 ,our feet will be swift to pursue and our knives to find his heart1 even to the piercing of stone walls6 ,lord give us patience with their ,injin nonsense6 the trapper ejaculated4 ,then1 speaking in their language3 ,will my red brethren waste time in idle words like prattling women8 ,the white chief will go with us to the lodge of the holy ,black ,gown1 whose words are truth1 and whose counsels are wise and just4 ,that's as true's you're alive1 ,hezekiah1 he proceeded1 resuming his own tongue2 and1 as if moved by an irresistible impulse--,talk about your ,methodist preachers1 your ,presbyterers1 your ,baptists1 and all sorts1 who deny that these missionaries hold to ,gospel truth6 ,but let 'em obsarve how they follow out ,gospel rules by layin' aside all critter comforts1 forsakin' father and mother1 brother and sister1 housen and lands1 and1 comin' into these howlin' deserts1 without scrip or staff1 wives or children1 labor with their own hands for a livin'1 sharin' and puttin' up with all the poverty and hardships of the shiftless critters they come to teach--whose souls1 ,i make no dispute1 are of as much value for the next world1 and in the sight of their ,maker1 as if they belonged to thoroughgoin'1 giniwine ,yankees--though their works don't amount to much in this1 even in the line of their callin' in furs and sich1 at which a ,connecticut trapper 'ill beat 'em all hollow any day4 ,then1 suddenly recollecting himself1 he again addressed his wild companions3 ,the ,big ,foot will pledge his own life to his red brothers1 against that of the white chief1 that he prove not false in this matter2 and they will let the ,black ,gown say what his children shall do4 ,after some consultation the proposal was accepted1 and without any great delay they all departed in the direction of the mission4 ,when the missionary had examined the matter after their arrival1 he became convinced that the life of the young commander would be in danger while he remained within reach of his exasperated foes1 and would hardly be safe in his ,montreal home from their revengeful pursuit4 ,he therefore advised him to leave without delay4 ,the advice was scornfully rejected at first1 but soon perceiving that it would be folly to provoke a fate which flight only could evade1 he joined a party who were leaving for ,lake ,superior1 to proceed thence by the usual route to ,montreal1 and was seen no more in those ,northwestern regions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,many years had elapsed since these events took place4 ,a dark and rainy night had succeeded a tempestuous autumnal day1 and settled down like a wet mantle over ,montreal1 wrapping the city in its chilling folds4 ,the street-lamps with which it was dimly lighted in the early evenings of yore--when oil furnished an obscure foreshadowing of this era of gas1 that served only to make darkness visible--had gone out one by one1 leaving the narrow streets1 with their high stone houses overhanging on either side1 in utter gloom4 ,the twinkling of a lantern borne by an invisible pilgrim might be seen--like the transient dancing gleam of a will-o'-the-wisp--revealing occasional glimpses of a tall form by his side clad in the habit of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,they were threading the narrow course of old ,st4 ,paul ,street1 which they followed until they reached a road that turned and ascended a rising ground to the west1 in the direction of a district where there had formerly been a beaver meadow of considerable extent1 through which flowed a sluggish brook1 but which was rapidly assuming the features now presented by that part of the city lying in the neighborhood of ,beaver ,hall ,block4 ,into this road they turned1 and1 passing the district mentioned1 took a path to the left1 which led them to the base of the hill on the summit of which the city water-works and reservoir are now situated4 ,in those days the ascent was by no means easy1 and the aged father had to pause frequently to take breath during the course of it4 ,having reached the height1 and rested for a brief space1 they turned again to the left into spacious1 neglected grounds1 surrounding a very large stone mansion which stood unfinished on the side of the mountain1 as entirely isolated on that lonely height as if in the midst of vast solitudes1 instead of the suburb of a populous and thriving city4 ,so chilling1 gloomy1 and repulsive were all the features of the lofty edifice and its bleak environs1 which had been an open common for many years1 that even the reverend father1 long accustomed to encounter such varied forms of desolation as the missionary in savage regions must continually meet1 recoiled unconsciously as he passed the dismal portal1 which no door had ever closed1 into the damp atmosphere within4 ,here the mouldy walls appeared to give shelter only to a multitude of owls and bats1 whose wings flapped indignantly at the unwonted gleam of light in their dark dominion1 and equally rare intrusion of a guest upon the silence of their retreat4 ,the man with the lantern passed on in advance1 followed slowly and cautiously by his venerable companion1 over a narrow platform constructed by laying planks on the timber of the framework1 until they came to a remote corner of the building1 in which a small room had been awkwardly prepared1 and arranged in a manner to render it barely habitable4 ,a more comfortless abode could hardly be imagined4 ,before the door of this rude apartment they paused1 the guide inserted a key in the huge lock1 the bolt of which yielded slowly as if fearing to betray its trust1 the door creaked harshly on its rusty hinges and gave admittance to the reverend guest4 ,guided by the faint glimmer of a taper--standing on a rough block beside a bed on which the form of a man tossing in restless agony was dimly visible1 the priest approached the sufferer1 addressing some soothing words to him4 ,ah1 reverend father6 is it you8 he faintly gasped4 ,it was kind of you to come through the storm this dismal night1 and1 after your long journey1 to seek the lost sheep so utterly unworthy of your care6 ,i am near the close of a misspent and wasted life6 ,will the worthless wreck offered at the eleventh hour in penitence and tears be accepted8 ,o father6 how true were the words you uttered when reproving my sinful course3 ',unless you repent the wrongs you have inflicted1 making such requital as remains within your power1 a fearful retribution awaits you in this world1 and eternal despair in the next4' ,the first part has been fulfilled--wife1 children1 family1 and friends have fallen from me one by one1 and for long years the victim of his own folly and iniquity has lingered on desolate and alone--haunted by visions of retribution and despair4 ,but ,i have tried to be contrite1 and to offer such contrition as ,i could gain1 in anguish and tears at the foot of my ,redeemer's cross4 ,may ,i not hope it will be accepted8 ,how ,i have longed1 reverend father1 for your return to ,montreal6 ,the first emotion of joy my heart has known for years was imparted when ,i heard from my attendant that you had at length arrived--just in time to hear my last confession and console my dying hour1 if there is indeed comfort for such a sinner4 ,the blood of that ,indian chief--singled first of all from his followers for death by my command 7because he set his authority against my designs7--and that of his innocent daughter and her nurse1 who perished by my means1 have set a burning seal upon my guilty soul2 while the phantom of my injured wife1 taken from me while ,i was pursuing my unhallowed passion1 joins with theirs to reproach and haunt me4 ,i am lost1 lost in the horrors of remorse for the triple murder1 added to an endless list of misdeeds6 ,peace1 my son6 the reverend father said tenderly and firmly--though your sins are as scarlet1 their guilt has not surpassed the bounds of ,infinite mercy6 ,nor has it reached so far as you suppose4 ,the ,indian maiden lives4 ,a holy nun in an ,american convent1 she has never ceased her supplications for the salvation of your soul1 and for the pardon of her own weakness and disobedience to her father1 in yielding her young heart's affections to your importunities before she learned1 as she did on the voyage down the river1 that you were already married1 and sought only to make her your dishonored dupe4 ,she urged her horse over the precipice according to instructions from the trapper1 who told her to fly with all speed in that direction1 and at what point to turn to the river1 if pursued and in danger of being overtaken4 ,he also warned her to make no resistance to the current1 only to avoid being drawn into whirlpools1 but to let it carry her through the gorge to a place where the waters spread into a small lake1 on the shore of which1 near the foot of the gorge1 she would find a singular cave opening toward the water1 and easily seen1 where she must secrete herself until he should bring her brother to her4 ,in all this she succeeded by the skill in swimming which seems to be part of an ,indian's nature4 ,when the trapper and her brother sought the hiding-place--with but faint hope indeed of finding her--so great was her dread of your power and of her own weakness1 that she entreated them to keep the fact of her escape concealed1 and arrange for her departure with a company of traders belonging to the ,american stations1 who were intending to leave with their wives and pass the winter in a distant city of the ,united ,states4 ,they therefore left her1 first providing means by which her servant could obtain their food2 and after the return of the party to me1 those arrangements were made4 ,upon her arrival in that city1 and delivery of a letter from me to the superior of a convent there1 she was received into the house1 and soon after entered upon her novitiate as one of its members4 ,and now1 my son1 he continued1 it only remains for you to prepare for the solemnities of the approaching hour1 with deep humility and contrition4 ,i am sent by my ,divine ,master to call1 'not the just1 but sinners to repentance4' ,the holy man remained with his dying penitent through the night1 and1 while the morning bells of the city were proclaiming the story of our salvation on the wings of the ,angelus1 the spirit1 so long perturbed with agonizing throes of remorse1 but at length reconciled and refreshed by the healing dews of divine grace1 passed to the tribunal before which it had so dreaded to appear1 trusting solely in the merits of that ,redeemer born of a ,virgin for us1 and who was now to be its ,judge4 ,he was the first and last occupant of the gloomy mansion that had been designed for the abode of almost regal magnificence4 ,the phantoms of horror with which his distorted imagination had filled the vacant spaces within those extensive walls1 and even the surrounding premises1 led him to confine himself entirely to his room4 ,and thus he lived for years1 a prisoner in that dimly lighted and cheerless apartment1 attended only by the faithful servant who provided his food1 and haunted by dark remembrances of the past4 ,the shadows of those visions still linger around the empty walls1 and pervade the silent precincts1 nourishing a firm belief in the minds of many that they are peopled by unearthly forms1 and investing them with a mysterious influence that keeps all intruders at a distance4 ,the ,canadian driver1 as he conveys the stranger in his cab or cariole to different points of interest about the city1 pauses a moment on the height opposite the frowning mansion1 and points it out--standing in dismal grandeur among the brambles of its neglected grounds--with the half-whispered explanation1 ,yonder is the ,haunted ,house of ,montreal4 ,we questioned the narrator as to the fate of the ,big ,foot1 and learned that he made profession of the ,catholic faith soon after the departure of the ,northwester for ,montreal2 and from that time until his death1 a few years later1 attached himself to the service of the missionary whom he so venerated4 ,and the confidential clerk of the fur trader8 we inquired4 ,rising to his feet1 and drawing his tall form to its full height1 our narrator replied1 with a proud self-assertion of which none but a ,scotch ,highlander is fully capable1 and which no pen can describe--,i am myself that clerk4 ,his grandfather was chief of the clan to which my family belonged4 ,when his father came to ,canada1 mine came with him4 ,i was but little younger than this oldest son1 and we were brought up together4 ,when he was sent to the ,northwest1 ,i was permitted to go with him1 and never left him until the grave closed its inexorable door between us4 ,he turned away to hide his emotion1 and left us pondering upon the strange things that happen in this world of ours6 ,,footnotes3 #afc ,indians always address their equals as brothers4 ,,archbishop ,,spalding4#afd ,the late ,archbishop of ,baltimore was an admirable type of a class of ,catholics1 hitherto containing but a small number of individuals1 though not without considerable influence and importance in the history of the ,american ,church4 ,those of our faith who have risen to the highest distinction in this country1 either in the sacred ministry or in literature1 have rarely been what we may call indigenous ,catholics4 ,by birth or by race they have either not been ,catholics or not been ,americans4 ,immigration and conquest are still the main dependence of the young church of the ,united ,states4 ,what sort of fruit its own will be1 when it comes into full bearing1 the world has hardly had a chance to judge4 ,abp4 ,spalding may be taken1 however1 as a specimen4 ,his ancestors for several generations were ,american1 and1 so far as the record goes1 they were never anything but ,catholics4 ,they came from ,england to ,america in the early days of the ,maryland colony1 and were possibly among the two hundred families brought over by ,lord ,baltimore in #afcd4 ,they lived for nearly a century and a half in ,st4 ,mary's ,county1 and thence ,benedict ,spalding1 the grandfather of the ,archbishop1 moved to ,kentucky in #agij4 ,benedict was the leader of a little colony of ,catholics who left their native state to seek their fortunes together in the wilds of what was then the far ,west4 ,they settled in the valley of the ,rolling ,fork ,river1 in ,central ,kentucky1 not far from ,bardstown1 where another offshoot from the ,maryland church had established itself a few years before4 ,there ,martin ,john ,spalding was born1 ,may #bc1 #ahaj4 ,kentucky1 says his biographer1 was in that day covered with dense forests and tangled woods4 ,there was scarcely a place in its whole territory that might be dignified with the name of village1 and the only roads were the almost untrodden paths of the forest1 on either side of which lines of blazed trees showed the traveller the route from point to point4 ,the forests were filled with a luxuriant undergrowth1 thickly interspersed with cane and briers1 which the intertwining wild pea-vine wove into an almost impenetrable network2 so that1 in certain parts1 the only way of getting from place to place was to follow the paths worn by the migrating buffalo and other wild beasts4 ,the ,indian still hunted on the ',dark and ,bloody ,ground1' or prowled about the new settlements1 ready to attack them whenever an opportunity was offered4 ,it has been stated on good authority that1 from #aghc to #agij1 fifteen hundred persons were killed or made captive by the ,indians in ,kentucky1 or in migrating thither4 ,in #agid1 the ,indians appeared on the ,rolling ,fork1 and killed a ,catholic by the name of ,buckman4 ,this produced a panic in the little settlement1 which caused many ,catholics to move for a time to ,bardstown1 where the population was more dense4 ,but ,benedict ,spalding remained at home1 and the ,indians disappeared without committing further outrage4 ,the early emigrants to ,kentucky had to endure all the hardships incident to pioneer life4 ,even the ordinary comforts were not to be had in the wilderness in which they had taken up their abode1 and they not unfrequently suffered the want of the most indispensable necessaries4 ,to obtain salt1 they had to go to the ,licks1 travelling often many miles through a country infested by savages4 ,they dwelt in rudely constructed log-cabins1 the windows of which were without glass1 whilst the floors were of dirt1 or1 in the better sort of dwellings1 of rough hewn boards4 ,after the clothing which they had brought from ,virginia and ,maryland became unfit for use1 the men1 for the most part1 wore buckskin and the women homespun gowns4 ,the furniture of the cabins was of an equally simple kind4 ,stools did the office of chairs1 the tables were made of rough boards1 whilst wooden vessels served instead of plates and chinaware4 ,a tin cup was an article of luxury4 ,the chase supplied abundance of food4 ,all kinds of game abounded1 and1 when the hunter had his rifle and a goodly supply of ammunition1 he was rich as a prince4 ,this was the school in which was trained the ,kentucky rifleman1 whose aim on the battle-field was certain death4 ,the game was plainly dressed and served up on wooden platters1 and1 with cornbread and hominy1 it made a feast which the keen appetite of honest labor and free-heartedness thought good enough for kings4 ,martin was sent to a school kept by a ,mr4 ,merrywether in a log-cabin near the ,rolling ,fork1 and soon distinguished himself by his proficiency in mathematics4 ,he learned the whole multiplication table in a single day when he was eight years old4 ,at the age of eleven1 he entered ,s4 ,mary's ,college1 near ,lebanon1 ,kentucky1 being one of the first students enrolled in that institution2 and by the time he was fourteen1 he was acting as teacher of mathematics1 and was famous throughout the country as the boy-professor4 ,from ,s4 ,mary's he went1 at the age of sixteen1 to the theological seminary at ,bardstown1 then under the personal direction of ,bp4 ,flaget and his coadjutor1 ,bp4 ,david4 ,francis ,patrick ,kenrick was one of the professors in this home of learning and piety1 and soon became ,mr4 ,spalding's intimate friend4 ,f4 ,reynolds1 afterwards ,bishop of ,charleston1 was there1 and the ,rev4 ,george ,elder1 founder of ,s4 ,joseph's ,college1 was another of the little company4 ,mr4 ,spalding remained at ,bardstown four years1 dividing his time1 according to the system pursued in several of our ,american seminaries1 between the study of theology and the instruction of boys in the college which formed a part of the institution4 ,he paid no more attention to his favorite science of mathematics1 and never developed the extraordinary powers in that branch of learning of which he had given such evidences in boyhood2 but his aptitude for theology was so marked1 and his personal character so amiable1 that ,bp4 ,flaget determined to send him to ,rome to complete his studies at the ,propaganda4 ,it was a long and rather difficult journey in those days4 ,he set out in ,april1 #ahcj1 and did not reach ,rome until ,august4 ,on the way1 he visited ,washington and ,baltimore1 and made the acquaintance of some notable persons1 of whom he makes interesting mention in his letters of travel4 ,he seems to have been strongly impressed by the ,rev4 ,john ,hughes1 afterward ,archbishop of ,new ,york1 whom he met in ,baltimore2 and he writes with patriotic ardor of the venerable ,charles ,carroll1 of ,carrollton1 whose good-will and benediction it was his fortune to receive on the eve of departure from his native land4 ,our young ,kentuckian1 as might have been supposed from his ancestry and education1 was an enthusiastic lover of his country4 ,i am sure1 he wrote some time afterwards from ,rome1 that my attachment to the institutions of my country has been increased by my absence from it4 ,nothing could exceed the warmth of his enthusiasm for the sacred city and all its religious associations2 but he never forgot his home1 and1 like most of his countrymen who have been educated under the shadow of the ,vatican1 he came back as ardent an ,american as he went away4 ,after completing his studies with brilliant success1 and sustaining a public defence of two hundred and fifty-six propositions in theology1 church history1 and canon law against the most formidable adversaries ,rome could send to the encounter 7a highly interesting description of which intellectual tilt is given by ,bp4 ,england71 he returned to ,kentucky with the title of doctor1 and was made pastor of the ,cathedral at ,bardstown and professor of philosophy in the seminary4 ,his keen appreciation of the peculiar needs of the ,american ,church is illustrated by the zeal with which he immediately entered into the scheme of his associates in the seminary for the establishment of a ,catholic periodical4 ,the ,s4 ,joseph's ,college ,minerva1 to which he became the principal contributor1 was a monthly magazine1 which lived for about a year1 and was then succeeded1 in #ahce1 by the weekly ,catholic ,advocate1 of which ,dr4 ,spalding was chief editor1 with ,fathers ,elder1 ,deluynes1 and ,clark for his assistants4 ,with ,americans1 ,dr4 ,spalding used to say1 newspaper reading is a passion which amounts to a national characteristic4 ,in the ,propaganda the ,american students were proverbial for their eagerness to get hold of journals1 whether religious or secular4 ,now1 he argued1 this craving must be satisfied4 ,if we do not furnish our people with wholesome food1 they will devour that which is noxious4 ,he believed the ,american people to be frank1 honest1 and open to conviction4 ,their dislike or hatred of the church he ascribed to misapprehension or ignorance of her history and teachings4 ,hence he believed that if the truth were placed before them plainly1 simply1 and fearlessly1 it could not fail to make a favorable impression upon them4 ,he therefore thought that to the ,catholic press in the ,united ,states had been given a providential mission of the greatest importance4 ,americans have not time1 or will not take the trouble1 as a general thing1 to read heavy books of controversy4 ,comparatively few ,protestants ever enter our churches1 and1 even when there1 everything seems strange1 and the sermon intended for ,catholics most frequently fails to tell upon those who have not faith4 ,and yet we must reach the non-,catholic mind4 ',the charity of ,christ urges us4' ,apathy means want of faith1 want of hope1 want of love4 ,besides1 the church must act intellectually as well as morally4 ,if it is her duty to wrestle ever with the corrupt tendencies of the human heart1 to point to heaven when men seek to see only this earth1 to utter the indignant protest of the outraged soul when they would fain believe themselves only animals1 it is not less a part of her divine mission to combat the intellectual errors of the world4 ,we observe in the history of the church that periods of intellectual activity are almost invariably characterized by moral earnestness and religious zeal4 ,on the other hand1 when ignorance invades even the sanctuary1 and priests forget to love knowledge1 the blood of ,christ flows sluggishly through the veins of his spouse1 and to the eyes of men she seems to lose something of her divine comeliness4 ,indeed1 there is an essential connection between the thoughts of a people and their actions1 especially in an age like ours2 and1 if we suffer a sectarian and infidel press to control the intellect of the country1 our words will fall dead and meaningless upon the hearts of our countrymen4 ,the ,catholic press of ,america was then in its infancy1 yet ,catholic controversies were assuming a great importance4 ,the ,hughes and ,breckinridge discussion was raging in ,philadelphia4 ,protestantism1 alarmed apparently at the rapid progress of the ,american ,church1 was everywhere assuming an attitude of aggression1 and the country was on the eve of one of those periodical outbursts of anti-,catholic bigotry which seem fated to disturb every now and then the course of national politics4 ,dr4 ,spalding was fully sensible of the wants of the day4 ,he wrote frequently to the ,propaganda of the condition of the ,american ,catholic press and his efforts to extend its influence and direct its attacks4 ,his pen was incessantly busy4 ,though he was personally one of the most amiable and peaceful of men1 he allowed no assault upon the faith to pass unnoticed2 and his life for some years was almost an incessant battle4 ,the ,advocate1 the ,united ,states ,catholic ,magazine1 the ,catholic ,cabinet1 the ,metropolitan1 were all enriched by his contributions4 ,he was one of the editors of the ,metropolitan for several years1 and1 after the death of the ,advocate1 he founded the ,louisville ,guardian1 for which he continued to write until it was suspended in consequence of the troubles of the civil war4 ,dr4 ,spalding well knew that1 next to a newspaper1 his countrymen loved a speech4 ,he resolved that this passion also should be turned to the advantage of the church4 ,bp4 ,flaget had removed his cathedral from ,bardstown to ,louisville1 and ,dr4 ,spalding1 being called thither as vicar-general in #ahdd1 began a series of popular evening lectures with the co-operation of the ,rev4 ,john ,mc,gill1 afterward ,bishop of ,richmond4 ,so great was the interest aroused by these discourses1 and so great the crowd of ,protestants who flocked to hear them1 that the ,presbyterian1 ,baptist1 and ,methodist preachers of the city united in a ,protestant ,league1 to counteract the influence of the priests by a series of lectures on the abominations of ,popery4 ,the result1 of course1 was exactly the reverse of what they expected4 ,the weekly throng at the cathedral became greater than ever4 ,the lectures assumed a more distinctly controversial character4 ,the ,catholics were roused to greater ambition4 ,for three years ,dr4 ,spalding continued his lectures every ,sunday evening during the winter months1 composing thus the essays which he afterwards revised and published under the title of ,evidences of ,catholicity4 ,in a very short time he was recognized as one of the foremost ,catholic apologists of the day1 holding very nearly the same position which ,bp4 ,england had occupied before him1 and in which the late ,abp4 ,hughes was so highly distinguished in ,philadelphia and during the earlier part of his career in ,new ,york4 ,dr4 ,spalding1 however1 was less of a polemic than either of those great men4 ,his comprehension of the popular wants amounted almost to an instinct1 and he felt that the objections to the church which were then commonest rested rather upon historical and political than doctrinal prejudices1 and that the great work of the ,catholic apologist was to dispel the ignorance of ,protestants respecting the faith of the middle ages1 the alliance of church and state1 the influence of the ,papacy upon civilization1 and the harmony between ,catholicity and republicanism4 ,an ,american1 he knew his countrymen1 and admired them2 a ,catholic1 he loved his religion1 and was convinced of its truth4 ,that1 in his person1 between faith and patriotism there was no conflict1 was manifest4 ,he loved his country all the more because he was a ,catholic1 and he was all the sincerer ,catholic because no mere human authority was brought to influence the free offering of his soul to ,god's service4 ,he accepted with cheerful courage the position in which ,god had placed his church in this young republic1 and he asked for her1 not privilege or protection1 but justice1 common rights under the common law2 and such was his confidence in ,god1 and in the truth of his cause1 that he had no doubt as to the final issue of the struggle of religion1 free and untrammelled1 with the prejudices of a people who1 however erroneous and mistaken their views might be1 were still fair-minded and generous4 ,admiring much in the past1 he still did not think that all was lost because that past was gone4 ,let the old1 he thought1 the feeble1 the impotent complain2 those to whom ,god gives youth and strength must act2 and the church is ever young and ever strong4 ,god is infinite strength1 and of this attribute1 as of his others1 his spouse participates4 ,if the latest word of philosophy1 both in metaphysics and natural science1 is force2 if the old theory of inertia has been dropped1 since the power of analysis has shown that everywhere there is action1 motion1 force1 let it be so4 ,the church1 too1 is strength4 ,she has a force and an energy of her own4 ,daughter of heaven1 she has brought on earth some of that divine efficacy by which all things were made4 ,christ is the strength of ,god1 and from his cross he poured into the heart of his spouse1 together with his life-blood1 his godlike power4444 ,without entering into the complex and delicate question of the proper relations of the church and state1 he accepted the actual position of the church in this country with thankfulness and without mental reservation4 ,in this matter1 he neither blamed the past nor sought to dictate to the future1 but put his hand to the work which ,god had placed before him4 ,he saw all that was to be done1 and1 without stopping to reflect how little he could do1 he began at once to do what he could4 ,taking a moderate1 and possibly a just1 estimate of his own ability1 he considered that his mission as a writer and public teacher demanded that he should be useful and practical rather than original or profound4 ,hence he neither wrote nor spoke for posterity1 but for the generation in which he lived4 ,his first aim was to remove the prejudices which false history and a perverted literature had created in the minds of his countrymen4 ,the influence of the church on society1 on civilization1 and on civil liberty was wholly misunderstood2 her services in the cause of learning1 of art1 and of commerce were ignored2 her undying love for the poor and the oppressed were forgotten4 ,during the ,know-,nothing excitement1 which culminated after his elevation to the episcopate 7he had been consecrated coadjutor to the ,bishop of ,louisville in #ahdh1 and succeeded to the see in #ahej71 ,bp4 ,spalding's course was remarkable alike for prudence1 charity1 and courage4 ,he used all his influence during the riots in ,louisville to restrain the pardonable anger of the ,catholic population2 and it is the testimony of one who knew him intimately that during those trying days1 when ,catholics were murdered or driven from the city1 and houses were burned1 and the mob was threatening to destroy the cathedral1 he manifested a more than usual peace of mind4 ,he spent the greater part of his moments of leisure in the sanctuary in prayer1 and seemed through communion with ,god to grow unconscious of the trouble which men were seeking to bring upon the church1 and which he could not but feel most keenly4 ,his only great share in the published controversies of the period was a discussion with the late ,prof4 ,morse as to the authenticity of an anti-,catholic phrase attributed to ,lafayette--a dispute which attracted a great deal of notice while it lasted1 although1 of course1 the subject was not of permanent interest4 ,this1 we say1 was his only direct share in the polemical literature of that day2 but his collection of ,miscellanea1 which appeared in #ahee1 answered all the purposes of a formal discussion without assuming a controversial tone4 ,the essays and reviews comprised in this book were written1 says the biographer1 in a free1 off-hand1 straight-forward style1 peculiarly suited to the ,american taste4 ,they covered the whole ground of what was then the ,catholic controversy in the ,united ,states1 and1 by facts resting upon unexceptionable testimony1 by arguments which appeal at once to the good sense and fair-mindedness of the reader1 and by the whole spirit and temper in which they are written1 furnish a defence of the church1 as against the attacks of her accusers1 the strength of which could not be easily broken4 ,bp4 ,spalding had none of the ambition of a scholar or a man of letters4 ,he cared nothing for literary reputation4 ,he set no store by the graces of a polished style4 ,he wrote for present effect1 and not for future fame2 and if his essays could be read and discussed while they were wet from the press1 he had no particular desire that they should hold a place on the library shelves of posterity4 ,whatever he wrote had an occasional--we might almost say an evanescent--appearance1 because his sole impulse in writing was some immediate want of the ,american church4 ,his pen was powerful1 because it was always employed on timely themes1 and he had a wonderfully happy art of suiting his style to the tastes and capacities of his readers4 ,with all his scholarship and culture1 he spent no great pains upon learned research1 simply because he knew that1 under the circumstances in which he was placed1 such pains would be wasted4 ,his books1 however1 will long survive the generation for which they were written2 and his ,history of the ,protestant ,reformation especially1 though it is ostensibly nothing more than a caustic review of ,d',aubign and other ,protestant writers1 is universally esteemed as one of the most valuable works in ,american ,catholic literature4 ,if ,dr4 ,spalding's single-hearted devotion to the church was conspicuous in his literary labors1 it was still more remarkable in the other incidents of his busy career4 ,the story of his life is one long record of untiring effort to advance the glory of the church and extend her conquests4 ,the question of education always engrossed a great deal of his care4 ,soon after his consecration1 he went to ,europe to obtain the services of some teaching brotherhood1 and succeeded in securing a community of ,xaverians2 and in the pastoral address which1 as promoter of the ,first ,provincial ,council of ,cincinnati1 he was deputed to write to the clergy and laity of the province 7#ahee71 he spoke with great earnestness of the need of parochial schools2 and time after time he returned to the subject1 denouncing the system of godless education1 and urging the faithful to fresh exertions and more generous expenditure for the religious instruction of their children4 ,one result of his opposition to the common-school system was a vigorous controversy with ,george ,d4 ,prentice1 of the ,louisville ,journal1 in the course of which the bishop reviewed not only the ,catholic position on the school question1 but the whole dispute as to the bearing of ,catholic principles upon the social and political conditions of the country4 ,the foundation of the ,american ,college at ,louvain was almost entirely his work4 ,the ,american ,college at ,rome found in him a firm and active friend4 ,in the ,second ,plenary ,council of ,baltimore he proposed the establishment of a ,catholic university in this country2 and we certainly can never forget the affectionate interest which he manifested in the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 aiding it by his advice1 his encouragement1 and his earnest recommendation to the bishops and pastors of the country1 and writing the first tract which appeared from its press4 ,after what we have said of his devotion to the church1 and the enthusiasm with which he bent every energy to her service1 it can hardly be necessary to explain with what dispositions he took his place in the ,vatican ,council4 ,strangely enough1 however1 his relations with that venerable assemblage have been somewhat misunderstood1 and his biographer has been at commendable pains to remove all mistake and obscurity4 ,archbishop ,spalding had always believed in the infallibility of the ,pope4 ,this belief was a tradition with the ,maryland ,catholics1 fostered and rendered stronger by the ,jesuit fathers1 who for so many years were their only religious teachers4 ,his fathers had taken this faith with them to ,kentucky4 ,it was the doctrine which he had received from ,flaget and ,david4 ,neither the ,catholics of ,maryland nor their descendants in ,kentucky were tainted with even a tinge of ,gallicanism4 ,indeed1 it may be affirmed that1 as far as we have a tradition in this country1 it is thoroughly orthodox4 ,it is the special pride of the ,american ,church that it has not only been faithful to the ,vicar of ,christ1 but has ever had for him the tenderest devotion4 ',thank ,god1' wrote ,archbishop ,spalding to ,cardinal ,cullen in #ahff1 just after the close of the ,second ,plenary ,council of ,baltimore--'thank ,god1 we are ,roman to the heart4' ,the confession of faith of both the ,plenary ,councils of ,baltimore is as full and complete on this point as it was then possible to make it4 ,when1 after the convocation of the ,vatican ,council1 the question1 whether or not it would be opportune to define the infallibility of the ,pope1 first began to be discussed1 ,archbishop ,spalding inclined to the opinion that a formal definition would be unnecessary and possibly inexpedient4 ,he thought that ,gallicanism was dead1 and that ,catholics everywhere believed in the infallibility of the ,holy ,see4 ,hence1 he argued1 there could be no necessity for a formal definition4 ,he believed1 too1 that much time would be consumed in conciliary debate1 in case the question of fixing the precise limits of ,papal infallibility should be submitted to the fathers4 ,these considerations led him to think that the most proper way of proclaiming the dogma of ,papal infallibility would be to condemn all errors opposed to it2 and this was his opinion when he went to the council4 ,it was1 however1 merely an opinion1 formed1 as he himself felt1 without a perfect knowledge of all the circumstances in the case1 and one which1 upon fuller information1 he might see cause to change4 ,he was not a partisan4 ,he had in him none of the stuff out of which partisans are made4 ,he was simply a ,catholic bishop1 who had never belonged to a party either in the church or out of it4 ,on the #bgth of ,march1 #ahfi1 eight months before the assembling of the council1 he wrote as follows to a distinguished theologian who was at that time in ,rome3 ',i believe firmly the infallibility of the ,pope1 but incline to think its formal definition unnecessary and perhaps inexpedient1 not only for the reasons which you allege1 but also on account of the difficulty of fixing the precise limits of doctrinal decisions4 ,where they are formal1 as in the case of the ,immaculate ,conception1 there is no difficulty4 ,but are all the declarations of encyclicals1 allocutions1 and similar documents to be received as doctrinal definitions8 ,and what about the decisions of congregations1 confirmed by the ,pope8' ,and again1 in ,august1 he wrote3 ',while maintaining the high ,roman ground of orthodoxy1 ,i caution much prudence in framing constitutions4' ,in both these letters1 ,archbishop ,spalding seems to take for granted that a definition will be made2 and he simply indicates his preference for an implicit rather than a formal definition4 ,in ,august1 #ahfi1 two months before leaving for the council1 he wrote to ,cardinal ,barnabo1 giving his views on various subjects which he supposed would be brought before the fathers4 ,one of these he designates as ',the ,infallibility of the ,sovereign ,pontiff teaching ex cathedra4' ',i have not1' he says1 'the least doubt of this infallibility1 and there are very few bishops who do doubt of it4 ,the only question which may1 perhaps1 arise will relate to the utility1 advisability1 and necessity of making an explicit definition in the council4 ,it will have to be considered whether a definition of this kind would not be likely to excite controversies now slumbering and almost extinct2 whether an implicit definition--an amplification of that of the ,council of ,florence--which would define the dogma without using the word1 would not be more opportune and of greater service to the cause of the church4 ',should the fathers deem it expedient to make a formal definition1 its limits should be accurately marked1 and1 in the accompanying doctrinal exposition1 statement should be made whether and how far1 in the intention of the fathers1 this infallibility should be extended to pontifical letters1 allocutions1 encyclicals1 bulls1 and other documents of this nature4' ,this letter affords sufficient evidence that ,archbishop ,spalding had all along contemplated the contingency of an explicit definition1 and that he did not look upon it with any alarm4 ,in fact1 he held that a definition1 either implicit or explicit1 was necessary4 ,if he did not1 in the beginning1 advocate a formal definition1 he was still less in favor of abstaining from the unmistakable affirmation of the faith of the church on this point4 ,he expressed his views more fully in a postulatum drawn up after his arrival in ,rome--a document asserting the infallibility of the ,pope in the most unmistakable manner1 but suggesting an implicit and indirect instead of an explicit and direct definition1 because such a course would be likely to command the approval of almost all the fathers1 and would be confirmed by their quasi-unanimous suffrage4 ,soon after this memorial was drawn up1 ,abp4 ,spalding was made a member of the committee of twelve cardinals and fourteen prelates appointed by the ,holy ,father to consider all postulata before they were brought before the council1 and he consequently refrained through delicacy from pressing the consideration of his own scheme2 but it was energetically discussed in various quarters1 and ,abp4 ,spalding came to be looked upon as a leader of the so-called third party1 which was supposed to hold a position between the opportunists and the non-opportunists in the council4 ,meanwhile1 it became evident to the archbishop that1 to quote his own language1 but two courses lay before the fathers--either to place themselves openly on the side of the ,pope1 or on that of the opposition2 and he wrote a letter to ,bp4 ,dupanloup1 repudiating the false construction which had been placed upon his postulatum1 and the false inferences drawn from it1 and declaring himself emphatically in favor of the plainest possible definition of the doctrine4 ,when the history of the ,vatican ,council comes to be written1 says an ,english author1 not many names will be written with more honor than that of the wise and prudent ,archbishop of ,baltimore2 nor will any extra-conciliary document be recorded in future generations with deeper satisfaction or warmer gratitude than the letter in which ,mgr4 ,spalding vindicated himself and his colleagues from all complicity with ,gallican doctrines and intrigues4 ,in a pastoral address to his flock1 written immediately after the definition1 the archbishop made a very clear statement of the doctrine1 and pointed out some of its consequences4 ,he answered the objection that it was in conflict with civil and political liberty1 which he believed could flourish only under the shadow of the altar and the cross1 and he reminded his people that the same theories of government upon which the ,american republic is founded were taught by the ,catholic schoolmen three hundred years before ,washington was born4 ,we have not attempted1 in this brief survey of the character of the late ,archbishop of ,baltimore1 to sketch the incidents of his episcopate--and1 indeed1 they were very few--or even to enumerate the most important works which occupied his busy brain4 ,our purpose has rather been to select from the valuable pages before us a few indications of those peculiar qualities of mind which made him pre-eminently a representative of the young and vigorous ,american ,church1 so strong in the faith1 so ardent in attachment to the ,holy ,see1 so reverent of ,catholic tradition1 and withal so quick to adapt itself to the special wants of a free and growing country4 ,we would gladly have paused for a little while over the attractive story of ,bp4 ,spalding's early pastoral peregrinations through the primitive settlements of ,kentucky1 his charity1 his gentleness1 his love for children1 the touching scenes when he visited the orphan asylums1 in which he took such a tender interest1 or the beautiful picture of the great preacher and prelate sitting humbly in the school-room with the little ones about his knees4 ,all this would draw us too far away from our proper subject2 but we must allow ourselves one extract from the few scattered passages in which the biographer has told us of his private life3 ,i shall never forget the pleasant journeys which1 when quite a small boy1 ,i had the happiness to make with him4 ,his merry laugh1 that might have been that of a child who had never known a sorrow or a care1 the simple and nave way he had of listening to the prattle of children1 the whole expression of the countenance showing a soul at rest and happy in the work which he was doing1 are still present to my mind1 like the remembrance of flowers and sunshine4 ,and ,i remember1 too1 with what warmth1 and reverence1 and love he was received everywhere1 and how his presence was never connected in my mind with anything morose or severe4 ,eyes that seemed to have looked for his coming grew brighter when he had come2 and when he was gone1 it was like the ceasing of sweet music which one would wish to hear always1 but which1 even when hushed1 keeps playing on in the soul1 attuning it to gentler moods and higher thoughts4 ,he was full of human sympathies and human ways4 ,the purple of the bishop never hid the man2 nor did he1 because he belonged to the supernatural order1 cease to be natural4 ,there was1 indeed1 a certain elegance and refinement about him which no one could fail to perceive1 the true breeding of a gentleman2 but withal he was as plain as the simplest ,kentucky farmer4 ,he rarely talked about learned things2 and when he did1 he did not talk in a learned way4 ,he possessed naturally remarkable powers of adaptation1 which enabled him to feel perfectly at ease in circumstances and companies the most dissimilar4 ,there was not a poor negro in his whole diocese with whom he was not willing to talk about anything that could be of advantage to him4 ,i remember particularly how kindly he used to speak to the old servants of his father1 who had known him as a child4 ,he had a special sympathy with this whole race1 and ,i have known him1 whilst ,archbishop of ,baltimore1 to take the trouble to write a long letter to an old negro in ,kentucky who had consulted him concerning his own little affairs4 ,he frequently wrote to children ten or twelve years old1 from whom he had received letters4 ,in company where there were children1 he never failed to devote himself to their amusement1 even to the forgetfulness of the claims of more important persons4 ,when at home1 he usually passed the forenoon in writing1 or in receiving those who called to see him on matters of business4 ,after dinner1 he spent some time in conversation1 which he always enjoyed1 then withdrew to his room to say vespers1 with matins and lauds for the following day4 ,in summer1 he kept up an old ,roman habit of taking a short repose in the afternoon4 ,he would then walk out1 calling in here and there to visit some school or convent1 or to spend a few moments with some ,catholic family4 ,on the street1 he would stop to greet1 with a few pleasant words1 almost every acquaintance he chanced to meet4 ,frequently he would remain to tea at the house of a friend1 after which he returned to his room to write or read until the hour for retiring for the night arrived4 ,the rule in his house was1 that every one should be in at ten o'clock1 when the door was locked4 ,apart from this regulation1 he never interfered with the tastes or hours of the priests of his household4 ,in the cathedral1 he had his own confessional1 and1 when at home1 he was generally found there on ,saturday afternoon2 and it was his custom to preach at the late ,mass on ,sunday4 ,the ,rev4 ,f4 ,spalding1 to whom the task of writing this biography was committed by the archbishop's literary executor1 had the advantage of a somewhat intimate knowledge of his distinguished uncle1 and of free access to manuscript sources of information4 ,he has done his work ably and conscientiously1 with an accurate judgment of the salient points in the story1 and no slight skill in the arrangement of his abundant materials4 ,his style is simple and unaffected1 and his whole book1 from the first chapter to the last1 is thoroughly readable2 while1 as a contribution to the ecclesiastical history of the ,united ,states1 its value is of course very considerable4 ,as a biography of an able and successful prelate1 whose career was most honorable and useful--of a man who was virtuous and holy from his childhood to his grave1 and who has left a bright example of loyalty to ,god and the holy faith of ,christ in a corrupt age--it is of greater value than any similar work which has hitherto been published in this country4 ,this great and holy prelate is worthy to be classed among those noble and illustrious rulers of the church in past ages and the present whose history is an ornament to ecclesiastical annals4 ,apart from his career as a bishop in the administration of the important churches committed to his care1 his share in the successful issue of the first session of the ,vatican ,council and in that most auspicious event1 the definition of the infallibility of the ,pope1 entitles him to the perpetual remembrance1 not only of the ,american ,church1 on which he reflected so much lustre1 but of the ,catholics of the world4 ,the history of his pure and holy life1 so highly marked by devotion1 integrity1 fidelity1 and singleness of high purpose1 and closing with a death so beautiful1 ought to produce1 as we hope it will1 a powerful and stimulating effect upon the studious ,catholic youth of our country4 ,it is a great good fortune to a man whose life is worth writing to find an affectionate1 just1 and skilful biographer4 ,in this respect ,abp4 ,spalding has been more fortunate than those other great ornaments of the ,american hierarchy1 ,england and ,kenrick2 though we hope the lack may yet be supplied in the case of these two prelates4 ,we have all along expected that this biography would become very soon one of the most popular1 widely circulated1 and useful books which has ever issued from the ,american ,catholic press2 and we feel confident that our expectation will not be unfulfilled4 ,,footnotes3 #afd ,the ,life of the ,most ,rev4 ,m4 ,j4 ,spalding1 ,d4,d41 ,archbishop of ,baltimore4 ,by ,j4 ,l4 ,spalding1 ,s4,t4,l4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #hvo1 p4 #dfh4 ,,travels ,,with ,a ,,valetudinarian4 ,i4 ,the summer solstice again1 and the metropolis an oven6 ,why should ,i remain in it and be baked8 ,there was just one reason that detained me3 ,i could not make up my mind to what point of the compass to peregrinate4 ,on my return from last year's ramble1 ,i had determined to join an ,alpine club on my next holiday1 and wander in search of the grand in mountainous districts4 ,it only wants lungs and muscle1 ,i thought1 and ,i considered myself equal to the undertaking4 ,the smaller the quantity of luggage the better1 was my next reflection4 ,but ,i was completely put out of conceit of ,alpine climbing on visiting my friend ,mount4 ,i saw ,mount six weeks ago1 and all my calculations of enjoyment were upset4 ,mount was already in training for his journey1 as if for a boat-race2 he was eating1 drinking1 taking exercise1 gymnastic and pedestrian1 and sleeping just so many hours1 to a minute1 on the most approved system4 ,then1 he had such a collection of what he termed indispensable companions for his travels--such optical instruments1 theodolites1 grappling-irons and sharp-pointed staves1 that ,i was persuaded that his peace of mind would be endangered in looking after them1 to say nothing of wanting a dromedary to carry them4 ,i1 who never make pleasure a toil1 wished my friend an agreeable time of it1 and respectfully declined participating4 ,i am fully aware that ,i shall be told by-and-by that ,i have missed a great deal2 and ,i am equally sure that ,i shall uncomplainingly submit to my loss2 but if ever ,i ascend mountains in quest of the sublime1 rather than prepare so laboriously1 ,i will charter a balloon4 ,i was still negativing suggestions that thronged upon me from many estimable friends1 and was still far from determining my particular destination1 when ,i stumbled on an agreeable1 middle-aged bachelor acquaintance1 ,mr4 ,stowell4 ,i am rejoiced to see you looking so well1 ,i began4 ,appearances are deceptive1 my dear ,lovejoy1 he replied4 ,but ,i am better1 thank you4 ,ah6 what a blessing is health4 ,it is1 indeed4 ,and yet how men squander it away2 yes1 ,mr4 ,lovejoy1 squander it just as they do money2 and of the two it is the more precious6 ,it should be an object of unceasing care--to be husbanded with wise frugality4 ,well1 it is1 sir1 as you instituted the comparison1 to be treated like money in certain respects4 ,there is an old saying that1 if we look to the pence1 the pounds will take care of themselves2 and in like manner1 if a few simple regulations patent to every one are attended to1 health is to be attained by the bulk of mankind4 ,there1 sir1 excuse me1 you are wrong4 ,i have made the subject my study1 and my conclusion is that the matter is much more complex than the care of pence4 ,consider its conditions4 ,and the worthy gentleman told them off on his fingers very deliberately4 ,there is1 said he1 proper nourishment1 temperance1 exercise1 repose1 suitable raiment1 salubrious locality1 cleanliness1 ventilation4 ,and where is the man who is mindful of the harmonious working of all these agencies2 for the neglect of one of them is mostly fatal to the rest8 ,then1 there are such a number of complications in the constitution of health1 ,i think we must withdraw the charge of squandering2 for the mass of men could never be hemmed in by a series of sanitary rules only partially understood and only partially practicable1 though they might be like children throwing away treasures without a knowledge of their value4 ,squandering implies1 to my mind1 wilful waste4 ,no1 sir2 ,i maintain that squander is the right word1 and ,i accept your meaning of it4 ,i say it is every man's duty to study health1 and1 if he does1 he will find the complications ,i have spoken of exceedingly easy of comprehension4 ,but1 sir1 men will not learn2 they will put themselves to no trouble at all2 and they squander their days away1 because they heed not the value of them4 ,their daily conviction makes them conscious of that value1 but they stifle it--yes1 sir1 they squander6 ,i will not argue the question further4 ,i perceive you have given it more attention than ,i have4 ,i own it1 and ,i am proud of it4 ,and now1 if you will add a favor to the concession you have just made1 you will join me1 be my compagnon de voyage out of this furnace1 which1 we shall both agree1 is only suited to the constitution of a salamander4 ,you flatter me by your invitation2 but ,i have not settled in my mind what direction to take4 ,leave that to me1 sir4 ,if you will gratify me by giving me the pleasure of your company1 ,i would propose to change about from place to place--now inland scenery1 then seaside1 different parts of the coast1 a last view of the country rich in autumnal tints1 and then home before ,boreas is too rough for us4 ,that will do admirably4 ,you speak like one who had well considered his plans4 ,i have1 sir2 it all comes under the study of health4 ,really1 you will make a convert of me4 ,all in good time4 ,we will get off first2 let us start to-morrow1 if not too soon for you4 ,with all my heart4 ,i love promptitude in action4 ,but by land or water8 ,and whither8 ,we will take the ,great ,slaughterton ,railroad1 in the first instance4 ,that's imperative6 ,my dear sir1 there was a fearful accident on that line only yesterday--a hundred and sixteen persons killed1 besides loss of limbs1 dislocations1 contusions innumerable6 ,the very thing for us6 ,a nine days' wonder6 ,that line will be particularly careful for a whole week to come while the public eye is on it4 ,we shall be quite safe1 sir2 but the earlier1 the better4 ,to-morrow1 then8 ,assent was given1 and ,i was booked for the ,great ,slaughterton4 ,i was a little startled at my friend's precipitation1 which seemed at variance with his usual deliberation2 but he had given a reason for expedition on the route he had selected1 and1 on accompanying him home1 ,i found that his preparations had been made4 ,he showed me all the latest contrivances for comfortable travelling1 in a variety of valises1 portmanteaus1 leather bags1 satchels1 baths1 and a mahogany box which reminded me of a liquor case or cabinet of choice revolvers4 ,you see ,i am all but ready1 he said4 ,indeed you are1 ,i replied4 ,but ,i shall overtake you1 though ,i have not begun to pack2 for ,i travel in a more primitive style4 ,i leave behind me all ,i can do without1 and trust to civilization to supply wants that may come upon me4 ,a purse and the least possible encumbrances are what ,i look to4 ,you are not1 ,i suppose1 going to burden yourself with that mahogany case1 though ,i perceive it is labelled4 ,my life-preserver1 sir6 ,oh6 ,i thought it might be a strong box for your valuables1 and ,i was about to suggest your entrusting it to your bankers4 ,we are not1 however1 going into any dangerous quarters where firearms4444 ,no dangers1 sir1 while ,i have the honor to be your guide6 ,it is my medicine-chest--an indispensable part of my equipment6 ,ha6 ,you cannot trust country apothecaries2 and you1 of course1 understand something of physic4 ,a person at my time of life1 sir1 is usually said to be a fool or a physician4 ,not that ,i despise the faculty--we may have to call in their aid before we return4 ,i hope not1 ,mr4 ,stowell2 and present appearances are not in their favor1 ,i am happy to say4 ,you have not1 ,i see1 made health a study4 ,you have the advantage of me there1 ,i rejoined1 as speedily as ,i could relieve myself of the sentiment1 fearing another dissertation2 and the occurrence of the topic impressed my mind with some alarm that our difference of mental organism might compromise our good-fellowship before we came to the end of our journey4 ,dwelling for a moment on this idea1 ,i thought ,i would venture to insinuate terms of concord2 so ,i followed up my hasty remark by a suggestion of mutual forbearance while we were birds of passage4 ,it may not be thought out of place1 ,i said1 if ,i take this early opportunity of pointing out that our minds do not work in the same groove2 and that we may find it necessary to give and take1 as the saying is1 while we shall be together4 ,for my part1 ,i may claim a little indulgence for some hobby of my own1 possibly2 and ,i trust you will bear in mind how completely ,i give in to you on all that appertains to the laws of health4 ,mr4 ,stowell fidgetted about in his chair1 and seemed scarcely to take in the scope of my observation4 ,all ,i would recommend1 ,i added1 is that we should endeavor to 'play fair'--in our intellectual conflicts1 ,i mean4 ,let ',put yourself in his ,place' be a lesson to each of us1 and ,i have no doubt that nothing will occur to ruffle our temper or lessen our enjoyment4 ,temper1 sir6 replied my friend4 ,i am glad you spoke of it4 ,you will only find me too much of a lamb4 ,i detest bickerings and disagreements4 ,no1 sir1 you will have an easy time of it with me4 ,a little humoring of some whim of mine might be judicious1 not to say friendly2 but1 beyond that1 you will not find anywhere a less quarrelsome and more conciliatory being than ,benjamin ,stowell4 ,then there is every prospect1 ,i rejoice to say for both our sakes1 of a lasting understanding between us4 ,as firm and durable as adamant6 exclaimed ,mr4 ,stowell energetically1 emphasizing the remark by a smart blow on the arm of his chair4 ,,ii4 ,we started on the ,great ,slaughterton ,railroad next day1 and it duly consigned us to our destination--a romantically situated town on a fine table-land4 ,the main street in the town1 at its extremity1 commanded an extensive view of a beautiful country1 which promised us some refreshing breezes as they swept over the expansive plains1 and many shady retreats from the fiery sun under the umbrageous arms of lofty trees that relieved the prospect from monotony4 ,we took lodgings1 ,mr4 ,stowell undertaking to suit our tastes and pockets in this important matter1 and claiming from the landlord several extra indulgences without additional cost1 on the score of infirm health4 ,our journey had been very enjoyable1 and it had sharpened our appetites2 for the prospect of a repast after a good bath in a capacious washstand1 which seemed to cool the atmosphere of each of our bed-chambers1 put us both in good humor4 ,everything was well arranged1 and1 in an incredibly short space of time1 we sat down to an excellent table tempting us with its burnished silver and its covering of whitest damask4 ,we both1 as it seemed to me1 did justice to our meal1 and ,i was a little surprised1 therefore1 when my friend exclaimed3 ,very provoking1 is it not8 ,travelling has a most peculiar effect on me3 it creates the semblance of an appetite2 but the moment ,i sit down to eat1 ,i have no relish for anything4 ,then have ,i made all this havoc8 ,i inquired1 with something1 perhaps1 of a dubious air1 pointing to the reduced state of the viands4 ,i don't wish to be rude1 sir1 but ,i have been envying your enjoyment4 ,i was sharp-set1 ,i confess2 and ,i must have been too busy to observe your inactivity1 ,i replied1 feeling sure that ,mr4 ,stowell's incisors had been no more idle than my own1 and wondering what they would go through when their owner gave them their allotted amount of work on a more favorable occasion4 ,always a small eater1 sir6 remarked my friend1 speaking of himself in a tone of regret4 ,little and often1 perhaps8 ,i asked4 ,not at all1 sir2 loss of appetite is one of my troubles4 ,weak digestion6 ,if you should be afflicted in that way1 ,i possess an excellent specific1 and ,i have with me one or two valuable treatises on the stomachic functions4 ,but have they not failed in your own case8 ,they have lost some of their efficacy1 ,i allow2 but they had a marvellous effect at first4 ,i take it1 all remedies wear themselves out1 so that we need continual change4 ,of diet8 ,of regimen1 sir6 ,you will find it so1 if you will make health your study4 ,i won't dispute your conclusions1 but ,i am in the habit of leaving matters to nature1 and she has served me hitherto excellently well4 ,very true2 but she wants renovating perpetually4 ,it is fatal to rely upon her unassisted efforts4 ,the artificial life we lead is too much for her4 ,cooks have done for nature1 and doctors are called in to restore her powers4 ,but you would not physic a man in health merely because he lives1 as is contended1 artificially8 ,certainly1 most certainly6 ,prevention is better than cure4 ,i prefer to wait until a cure is needed4 ,contrary to all sound system when prevention is possible6 ,your theory will make the fortune of the doctors4 ,a noble profession6 ,mr4 ,stowell now suggested a walk1 which had my advocacy1 and we sallied out4 ,we will allow ourselves exactly one hour1 said my friend1 taking out his watch4 ,i go on system1 as you will see4 ,now1 which way is the wind8 ,westerly4 ,ay1 that will do6 ,a very fine evening6 ,we shall be able to proceed down the chief thoroughfare1 and go a little distance on the high-road beyond4 ,no1 sir1 we shall have the wind in our teeth6 ,it is too balmy to hurt us6 ,i am not sure of that4 ,i never face the wind if ,i can help it4 ,i have known numberless evils result from a little want of attention to such an apparently insignificant point4 ,accordingly1 we took a northerly direction1 and we were rewarded with a sight of some beautiful scenery on that side of the town1 so that the caprices of my friend caused me no disappointment4 ,we returned to our lodgings after a most delightful stroll of an hour and a quarter4 ,mr4 ,stowell looked at his watch with a dissatisfied air4 ,i must be aware of you1 he said1 a second time2 you have beguiled me into a transgression4 ,i am not angry1 sir1 not angry1 but ,i shall feel the effect of it4 ,pray1 what have ,i done8 ,sir1 you have talked me into at least fifteen minutes' excess beyond my regular exercise4 ,i shall suffer for it4 ,do not blame me4 ,say1 rather1 that the freshness and novelty of the scenery have led us astray4 ,you are not tired8 ,not at all4 ,but ,i ought to be6 ,then ,i will prophesy that you will not come to harm4 ,were you not to give in to me in all matters appertaining to health8 ,don't contradict me again1 ,i beg4 ,i know my own constitution so thoroughly4 ,i shall not be able to sleep without an opiate6 ,i am sorry to hear that2 but let me suggest your first trying the effect of the change of air8 ,really1 sir1 you are ignorantly striving to undermine the study of my life4 ,don't suppose for an instant that any scenery would keep me on my legs five minutes past my time1 or that air has anything to do with provoking sleep4 ,in primitive times1 such might have been the case1 and it may be so even now with juveniles2 but too much artificiality surrounds adults4 ,i shall be obliged to have recourse to my chest1 and ,i shall give you a treat when ,i open it for inspection4 ,it is a multum in parvo6 ,make your mind quite easy that1 come what will1 ,i have almost every remedy1 not merely within call1 but within reach4 ,there's consolation for you6 ,i bowed my acknowledgment1 which ,i could not find words1 ,i own1 to express4 ,presently my friend proposed that we should have half an hour's reading2 and1 on his asking me if ,i had any skill in elocution1 ,i replied that1 having some taste for it1 ,i should be happy to read aloud to him1 if it would afford him any pleasure4 ,well1 you won't be offended1 he said1 if ,i ask you to stop1 should ,i not like your style8 ,certainly not--the moment ,i fatigue you1 ,i replied4 ,and on no account exceed half an hour4 ,never mind breaking off in a fine passage--we can have that another time2 but ,i could not endure a book more than thirty minutes1 not even a newspaper1 which1 for diversity of contents1 perhaps is the best kind of reading4 ,i accepted the conditions1 and1 finding a volume of ,montaigne's ,essays on a shelf1 ,i took it down1 and raised the question whether the old ,gascon would be to my companion's taste4 ,he replied in the affirmative1 and declared his conviction that the art of essay-writing was lost1 and that no essayist was comparable to ,montaigne4 ,so lively an author he could hear1 he continued1 with a good deal of enthusiasm1 for the allotted time1 with the greatest pleasure and without a yawn4 ,fortunate in the selection of my author1 ,i opened the volume without looking for any particular subject--for we both agreed that it was impossible to alight on a dull place--and commenced reading4 ,capital6 exclaimed my friend1 in less than five minutes4 ,capital6 ,what a marvellous digestion that man must have had6 ,you can see it in the clearness of his ideas6 ,let's see1 he was before ,galen1 wasn't he8 ,go on1 don't let me interrupt you2 we will settle these points afterwards4 ,don't forget what just occurred to me about his digestion--it's important4 ,you may not think so1 ha6 ha6 but ,i know4 ,don't stop4 ,and he composed himself as if for attentive listening1 with his head thrown back in his chair1 and his arms folded across his broad chest4 ,i had paused during this slight interruption1 but1 at the bidding of my companion1 resumed our essay4 ,mr4 ,stowell seemed deep in thought as ,i occasionally caught sight of him1 but1 becoming more and more interested in my author1 ,i glanced at him less frequently4 ,mr4 ,stowell's watch lay on the table before me1 probably with a view of confining the lecture within the stipulated limits4 ,my eye noted the hour as ,i progressed4 ,i had been reading exactly twenty minutes--two-thirds of my prescribed time4 ,i proceeded a few minutes longer1 forgetful of everything but the book1 which was enchaining my attention4 ,a hoarse noise came from my friend's chair on the opposite side of the table4 ,i was too busy to look up1 and the noise grew louder and thicker4 ,was it possible8 ,was that the heavy breathing of my friend1 yielding to the influence of the air and our lively ,gascon8 ,another volume1 not of print1 but of sound1 and it was an unmistakable snore6 ,i raised my eyes1 and there was my friend fast asleep4 ,i read on until my time was up1 lest the cessation of my voice should disturb his slumbers4 ,when my half-hour had fairly expired1 ,i satisfied myself that neither the stoppage of any accustomed sound nor the raising of an uncommon one had any effect on the sleeper1 so securely was he locked in the arms of ,morpheus4 ,,iii4 ,for the next two hours ,i read to myself1 but there was no change in the attitude of my friend1 unless he had become more musical in the double bass of his nasal intonations4 ,a reflection crossed my mind4 ,was ,i not in a dilemma8 ,mr4 ,stowell had fallen to sleep without his opiate6 ,he would be very testy at finding his theory at fault1 and an ignoramus like myself right6 ,it was dangerous to awake him2 and1 if ,i allowed him to sleep on1 he would be angry when he awoke to discover that he was not in bed4 ,twelve o'clock struck4 ,i continued reading4 ,one o'clock struck1 two1 three--no change6 ,four o'clock6 ,montaigne had deeply interested me1 but at last ,i was tired and inclined to rest4 ,should ,i retire8 ,was my freedom of action gone8 ,i did not wish to be thought inconsiderate1 but was ,i shackled by the companionship of a middle-aged bore8 ,again ,i took refuge in my book4 ,five o'clock--broad daylight again6 ,seven hours' sleep for ,mr4 ,stowell1 and not a wink for me6 ,i could put up with it no longer4 ,i called to him by name1 shouted1 whistled1 walked about1 treading heavily on the floor4 ,to no purpose4 ,i opened the window1 and let in the streaming sun and the refreshing morning breeze4 ,an extra snort from ,mr4 ,stowell1 nothing more6 ,at length ,i repaired to my chamber1 which adjoined our sitting apartment4 ,i had just undressed1 when my friend was evidently on his legs4 ,what a bore6 ,i overheard him exclaim4 ,i told him not to read more than half an hour1 and he must have prosed on till dawn4 ,i must be rid of him6 ,thank heaven6 was on my lips1 when he slammed the door of his chamber with great violence4 ,here is a recompense1 ,i thought1 for obliging a friend4 ,we were late at breakfast4 ,i was taking my seat at the breakfast-table1 when ,mr4 ,stowell savagely accosted me4 ,i am a lamb in temper1 but ,i can't stand this1 ,mr4 ,lovejoy6 ,i will thank you to read to yourself another evening4 ,a pretty thing to keep me up1 and then leave me exposed to the chill dews6 ,i restrained myself as a man does with right on his side4 ,i read at your request1 ,i calmly replied1 and not a moment longer than you desired4 ,i remained up with you until five1 not liking to disturb you4 ,it is ,i1 sir1 who have reason to complain4 ,i don't care4 ,i won't have it4 ,if there is one thing ,i detest1 it is being up all night6 ,young men can do without sleep2 my constitution requires full seven-- ,hours' sleep1 and1 to my positive knowledge1 it had it2 while ,i have not had three4 ,a dog sleep1 sir--an unnatural sleep1 sir--no sleep at all1 sir4 ,i shall feel the want of rest for days to come4 ,ha6 ,i know why it was3 you thought to deprive me of my opiate6 ,but ,i understand my constitution4 ,i will have my opiate in spite of you4 ,you compel me to have recourse to my chest4 ,i should but for you have made up my morning's prescription overnight4 ,it must be taken fasting4 ,patiently ,i listened to this tirade1 and did not condescend to answer4 ,mr4 ,stowell brought out his medicine-chest1 and busied himself for some time in weighing and pounding4 ,at length he gulped down some kind of mixture4 ,i occupied myself meanwhile with the morning paper4 ,the mixture or its preparation had one good effect--it restored my friend's good humor4 ,there1 ,i will not be angry2 ,i never am2 ,i cannot be4 ,i wish you would let me recommend you a dose4 ,i will mix it directly2 ,i will1 indeed4 ,it will do you a wonderful amount of good4 ,the offer ,i politely declined4 ,i see1 he continued1 you have lost your temper4 ,now1 what can ,i do to recover it8 ,his eye then caught a programme of a morning concert on the table4 ,the very thing6 he added4 ,this very day6 ,we'll go6 ,let me persuade you4 ',music hath charms1 etc4' ,say yes1 and oblige me4 ,not wishing to appear churlish1 ,i assented1 simply pointing out that the thermometer would range high in a concert-room4 ,my objection was overruled1 and we both sat down to breakfast4 ,i was glad to see my friend enjoy his meal with what ,i thought a decided relish1 for he had been very actively employed2 and ,i was on the point of asking whether his mixture had not produced an excellent appetite1 when he amused me by saying3 ,positively1 ,i never can take a breakfast6 ,everything very tempting1 though4 ,but then1 want of sleep6 ,ah6 ,i can't get over that4 ,by this time1 ,i knew better than to contradict my friend1 and ,i suffered his remarks1 therefore1 to pass unchallenged4 ,in due time1 we went to the concert4 ,several songs by distinguished artists were sung1 the chief burden of them being the pleasures of summer1 bright1 sunny days1 golden dawns1 and glorious eves4 ,these appropriate subjects and the heat of the room made me sigh for some shady retreat under a leafy canopy1 such as had charmed my eye during our saunter of the previous evening4 ,the concert came to an end4 ,do you know1 said my friend1 when we found ourselves in the open air1 ,i don't much care for music8 ,not on a hot day1 perhaps1 ,i replied4 ,no1 sir1 it is not that2 but ,i have turned the occasion to some profit4 ,i am glad of it4 ,yes1 sir2 ,i shall write an article for the ,medico-,chirurgical ,observer4 ,i am convinced that vocalization injures the larynx4 ,i can prove it4 ,the demonstration became quite painful at last1 but ,i sat it out4 ,then we may bless our stars that we are not singers8 ,we may1 indeed6 ,a fatal gift4 ,i will wait to see you in type1 ,i remarked1 in the expectation of closing a discussion which began to appal me4 ,on our return1 we encountered a strange-looking individual habited in a very long coat1 and wearing a hat with a brim of extraordinary breadth4 ,mr4 ,stowell let this oddity pass1 then stopped and looked after him4 ,a youth approached us as we tarried4 ,mr4 ,stowell beckoned to him4 ,pray1 who is that gentleman8 he asked the boy4 ,dr4 ,brambleton1 if he be a doctor1 said the boy4 ,thank you1 said my friend to his informant2 then1 turning to me1 he added1 ,a most remarkable man1 ,i am sure6 ,an empiric1 ,i suggested4 ,i saw his gout specifics1 and a column of his testimonials in to-day's paper4 ,i laughed slightly1 then exclaimed1 ,only one more infallible cure for gout6 ,mr4 ,stowell looked very grave1 and the boy1 who lingered to hear our remarks1 ran off1 cackling a good imitation of quack1 quack as he went along4 ,that's all prejudice1 said ,stowell4 ,he1 ,dr4 ,b41 may be a benefactor of his race4 ,i say he may be2 but ,i am certain of this--,i felt some singular twinges in my big toe while we were on the ,great ,slaughterton1 and ,i have not been entirely free from them since4 ,you are not a gouty subject8 ,i can't say what ,i may come to4 ,i should very much like some talk with ,dr4 ,brambleton4 ,nonsense1 my dear sir4 ,i am only curious to hear what he would say4 ,i could tell in a minute whether he was a pretender4 ,mr4 ,stowell now labored under an itching desire to call in ,dr4 ,brambleton1 and ,i continued to combat his folly1 as ,i conceived it4 ,nothing else for the remainder of the day was talked about except various human ailments1 their propagation1 and the means of their eradication4 ,it was impossible to turn the conversation into any other channel4 ,i was so worn out at last that my replies became shorter and less courteous4 ,i grew dogmatic in my turn1 and backed my objections with more force as ,i plunged into topics out of my depth4 ,mr4 ,stowell was now frantic1 and abused my ignorance4 ,i retorted by ridiculing his credulity4 ,we got so personal in our remarks that it was a relief when bedtime came2 and we retired to our respective chambers in no very pleasant mood4 ,that night1 a thunder-storm broke over the town4 ,the storm was succeeded by a sudden fall in the temperature1 and the air became as cold as it is sometimes in the early spring4 ,a sharp easterly wind was blowing when ,i arose the following morning4 ,before ,i left my chamber1 ,i heard ,mr4 ,stowell in altercation with our landlord4 ,i told you ,i was in infirm health1 said ,stowell4 ,you did1 sir1 replied the landlord4 ,then1 how could you put me in a room with an easterly aspect8 ,why did you not choose the other room8 ,because some people know how to take care of themselves4 ,at this ,i opened my door1 and rushed into our sitting-room4 ,mr4 ,stowell1 ,i exclaimed1 ,i am not accustomed to have ungenerous reflections cast upon me4 ,the choice was your own2 but you have before expressed a wish to be rid of me1 and ,i reciprocate the sentiment4 ,my room is at your service2 ,i shall not inflict my society on you any longer1 and ,i shall seek more genial companionship than ,i have found in a confirmed valetudinarian4 ,without waiting for an answer1 ,i hurried out of the house1 breakfasted at a hotel1 conned the newspaper1 and proceeded to the railroad depot1 partly for a walk1 and partly to make sure of the time of arrival of the up train4 ,i did not return to my lodgings until just in time to take away my luggage4 ,in the sitting-room1 ,i found ,mr4 ,stowell and ,dr4 ,brambleton4 ,mr4 ,stowell was sitting on a chair1 with his bare feet on what ,i took to be an electric battery1 but which resembled a coal-scuttle4 ,he held a wire in his hands1 and on his head he wore a cap encircled1 as ,i supposed1 with magnets4 ,good-day1 ,i said1 in a conciliating tone1 as ,i was on the wing1 and my fancy was tickled at the ridiculous appearance of my friend4 ,don't think any more of it1 replied ,mr4 ,stowell4 ,my temper emanated from gout6 ,my first attack1 ,i assure you4 ,a most decided case6 chimed in ,dr4 ,brambleton4 ,but he bears it like a ,job4 ,a speedy recovery6 ,i answered4 ,you are in good hands1 ,i hope8 ,excellent1 said ,mr4 ,stowell4 ,i have the fullest confidence4 ,he knows where he is1 sir1 put in the doctor slyly4 ,but ,i will stake my reputation on a cure4 ,and wishing the patient and doctor a final adieu1 ,i departed1 rejoicing in my deliverance from both quacks and quacked4 ,i should distinguish myself in ,alpine climbing while under the stimulus imparted by freedom regained2 but experience will make me wary of a travelling companion until ,i have tested his congeniality of disposition4 ,,the ,,child ,,restored4 ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,,marie ,,jenna4 ,so long had wept this mother1 so implored1 ,so pressed against her heart the head adored1 ,the livid forehead of her dying child1 ,that to the frozen breast the marble brow1 ,as by a miracle1 returned the glow ,of life and light2 and1 with a fervent joy1 ,she thanked the ,god who gave her back her boy2 ,but from that hour the infant never smiled6 ,three months had passed since then1 and still the gloom ,that seemed to linger from his unfilled tomb ,remained unbroken2 one might almost think ,that1 when the spirit trembled on the brink ,of death1 some pitying angel made a change ,to soothe maternal grief4 ,so sad and strange ,was the young1 drooping head1 the silent mood1 ,his mother dared not1 in her gratitude1 ,missing his joyous laugh1 his happy voice ,and glance1 even in embracing him1 rejoice4 ,from open casements song and laughter ring1 ,from turrets high the chimes their carols fling4 ,listen1 my ,louis4 ',tis the happy day ,when the ,new ,year bids little children play ,with their new gifts1 all merry for his sake6 ,what playthings will my little ,louis take8 ,wilt have this snow-white sheep1 with silken string1 ,that thou canst lead to pasture in the spring8 ,not this8 ,well1 then1 these paints1 these brushes1 made ,to color paper flowers that will not fade8 ,or1 see6 this gay1 rebounding woollen ball1 ,that falls and springs from earth1 again to fall8 ,thou dost not love to play8 ,thou canst not run8 ,what shall ,i give thee1 then1 my cherished son8 ,tell me thy secret in one little word2 ,thy mother fails to guess thy baby need4 ,say1 wilt thou have this pretty1 gilded sword ,to make thee a great captain8 ,no1 indeed6 ,then this thatched cottage1 with its drooping eaves1 ,this open book1 with all its pictured leaves8 ,no6 still the little1 mournful1 waving hand4 ,would that thy mother had a fairy wand ,to bear thee something that would make thee smile6 ,might not these singing birds thy thoughts beguile1 ,these blooming flowers8 ,whisper me1 tell me1 love1 ,while ,i embrace thee--,i who love thee so-- ,louis1 what wantest thou8 ,my darling1 say6 ,he murmured--,only wings to flee away4 ,,madame ,,de ,,sta,l4 ,anne ,louise ,germaine ,necker1 ,baronne de ,holstein-,stal1 the most remarkable female writer of our century1 was born at ,paris on the #bb;d ,april1 #agff4 ,at that time her father was very far removed from the high position he was one day to occupy1 being simply a clerk in ,thelluson's bank4 ,mme4 ,necker herself undertook the education of her daughter--a task for which she was singularly unfitted1 being cold and stern by nature1 and a pedant to boot4 ,m4 ,necker was much more loved by his child1 and he understood her disposition better4 ,he liked to draw her out and make her talk1 and for that purpose he used playfully to tease her3 she invariably met him with that mixture of gaiety and tenderness which characterized their intercourse4 ,deeply grateful for his affection1 ,anne put the utmost good-will in the execution of his slightest wish4 ,when only ten years old1 she was so struck by the admiration he showed for ,gibbon the historian1 that the idea occurred to her to marry him1 and thereby secure to her father the constant presence of one whose conversation he so much appreciated4 ,undismayed by ,gibbon's repulsive ugliness1 the child actually made the proposal to him herself4 ,what makes the comical incident more curious is the fact that her mother had been1 when little more than a child1 ,gibbon's first love4 ,it was said of ,anne ,necker that she had always been young1 and yet had never been a child4 ,her favorite pastime was fashioning doll kings and queens1 and making them act tragedies of which she improvised the various parts4 ,this innocent amusement was at last forbidden by her ,calvinistic mother1 but ,anne used to hide herself and carry on her dramatic little games in secret4 ,in her mother's salon1 ,anne early made the acquaintance of some of the clever men of the day--amongst others1 ,grimm1 ,marmontel1 and the ,abb ,raynal4 ,at the age of nineteen her intellectual faculties had become developed in the highest degree1 but so much to the detriment of her health as to cause the greatest alarm to her parents4 ,the famous ,dr4 ,tronchin was called in1 and ordered the young invalid to be taken to the country1 where the mind should lie fallow1 and the time hitherto devoted to study be spent in the open air4 ,no prescription could have been more unwelcome to ,mme4 ,necker1 for it involved a relaxation1 or rather a complete abandonment1 of the severe rgime she had adopted for her daughter4 ,as it turned out1 this was the best thing that could have happened4 ,instead of hardening into a learned prodigy1 ,anne's moral nature was allowed to put forth its full luxuriance4 ,her father came constantly to ,st4 ,ouen1 and in the charms of his daughter's society he sought rest from the cares of the ministry4 ,in this pleasant retreat he and ,anne learned1 if possible1 to love each other better4 ,m4 ,necker was not1 however1 a foolishly fond parent2 his tenderness never obscured his judgment2 and ,anne declared herself that his eye1 so far from being blinded by affection1 was quicker to detect her faults than her merits4 ,he unmasked all affectation in me1 she writes2 from living with him1 ,i came to believe that people could see clearly into my heart4 ,anne made her entre into society at an early age1 and immediately assumed there the position her talents merited4 ,as the daughter of a powerful minister1 and a future heiress1 it was supposed she would marry at once1 but it was not so4 ,mlle4 ,necker attained the in those days comparatively mature age of twenty before she gave her hand to the ,baron de ,stal-,holstein1 ambassador from the court of ,sweden4 ,immediately after her marriage1 the ,baronne de ,stal was presented at court4 ,on this occasion she acquired a character for eccentricity by omitting one of the innumerable court courtesies2 but what stamped her irrevocably as an oddity was that1 going a few days later to visit the ,duchesse de ,polignac1 the young baroness walked into the room without her head-dress--she had dropped it in the carriage4 ,those who were inclined to laugh at her1 however1 soon desisted1 seeing that she was herself the first to relate her misdemeanors1 and to laugh at them4 ,but a great event was at hand which was to turn the current of ,mme4 de ,stal's thoughts into other channels3 the ,french ,revolution broke out4 ,the daughter of the minister who was the immediate cause of that volcanic eruption was not likely to remain a cool spectator of the national upheaving4 ,misled by her own enthusiasm for the laws and constitution of ,england1 and still more by the ephemeral homage paid to ,necker1 who had made his cause triumphant in the king's cabinet1 ,mme4 de ,stal honestly believed that the dawn of true political liberty was at hand2 but this short-lived chimera was changed to horror when she realized the true motives1 the aim and object1 of the demagogues4 ,the arrest of ,louis ,,xvi4 and the queen at ,varennes filled her with regret1 the sincerity of which it is impossible to doubt when we read her account of this event in the ,considrations sur la ,rvolution ,franaise4 ,her knowledge of the men who were the prime motors of these momentous changes enabled her to foresee the terrible catastrophe of the #ajth of ,august4 ,with great courage and clear-sightedness1 ,mme4 de ,stal drew up a plan of escape for the royal captives4 ,m4 ,bertrand de ,moleville1 one of the king's ministers1 gives the details of this scheme1 which its author forwarded with a letter to ,m4 de ,montmorin1 one of his colleagues in the ministry4 ,her idea was to convey the royal family to the coast of ,normandy1 whence they were to sail for ,england4 ,whether the plan was practicable or not1 was never tested2 ,m4 de ,montmorin knew too well that it was utterly useless to place it before the king4 ,the murder of the king and queen filled the heart of ,mme4 de ,stal with indignation and dismay4 ,such was the effect that this crime had upon her1 that for a long time she was quite broken-hearted1 all her faculties were absorbed and1 as it were1 paralyzed by the deeds of blood that were being perpetrated around her4 ,when at last she roused herself to resume her pen1 it was on behalf of the unfortunate ,marie-,antoinette2 she addressed to the monsters who then ruled ,france an article entitled ,dfense de la ,reine4 ,we can easily imagine what consummate skill and prudence were necessary at such a moment in dealing with the tigers she was striving to disarm4 ,but not even at this crisis would ,mme4 de ,stal descend to flattery2 her talent and her spirit were alike above such arts4 ,while scorning to propitiate them by insulting the queen1 or using any of those invectives against royalty then in vogue1 she tried to merge the sovereign in the woman1 the mother1 and the devoted and courageous wife4 ,strong and deep reverence1 joined to a delicate and ingenuous pity1 breathe throughout this noble appeal4 ,if ,mme4 de ,stal had written nothing else1 this article alone would have sufficed to ensure her fame4 ,shortly after the fall of ,robespierre1 she published two pamphlets1 one entitled ,reflections on ,peace at ,home1 the other ,reflections on ,peace1 addressed to ,pitt and to the ,french4 ,this latter work received a tribute of praise from ,fox in the ,house of ,commons4 ,mme4 de ,stal took a deep interest in the government formed under the new constitution of #agie1 but in her desire to become acquainted with the men who were likely to be chosen members of it1 she formed intimacies with some who were unworthy of her2 even her literary reputation suffered from these so-called friendships4 ,the public rarely discriminates wisely between the character of an author and that of his or her surroundings4 ,just at this time ,mme4 de ,stal became the centre of a circle of politicians1 who used to meet at the ,htel de ,salm under the title of the ,constitutional ,club3 this society had been formed to counterbalance the doctrines of the ,clichy ,club1 which were ultra-revolutionary4 ,benjamin ,constant was one of the principal speakers at the ,constitutional4 ,thibaudeau1 in his memoirs1 lately published1 declares that ,mme4 de ,stal secretly favored the ,directory1 and even attributes to her influence the reappearance on the political stage of one who had long forfeited the position he formerly held there4 ,m4 de ,talleyrand1 says ,thibaudeau1 had just returned from the ,united ,states without any money1 when1 through the influence of a woman famous for her wit and her spirit of intrigue1 he was introduced into the intimacy of ,barras4 ,but enthusiastic as this famous woman was for glory and talent1 she was far too shrewd to be deceived by the fine talk of the young conqueror1 who came with the spoils of ,egypt in his knapsack to dictate to ,france1 promising to replace the ignoble ,directory by a splendid and solid government4 ,her knowledge of human nature enabled her to foresee with certainty what the result would be when the despot was raised to power2 it would be war to the knife against liberty in every shape and form1 and against all its supporters4 ,one of ,bonaparte's panegyrists has attempted by a base and monstrous calumny to exonerate his petty persecution of a woman by attributing to her a woman's vindictive spite as the motive of her resistance to him and his policy4 ,this worthy servant of his master declares1 on the word of the latter1 that ,mme4 de ,stal was in love with ,bonaparte1 and that his coldness to the femme savante was the real motive of her opposition4 ,the story is as worthy of the husband of the loving and divorced ,josephine as it is unworthy of ,mme4 de ,stal4 ,her real crime in his eyes was her unyielding integrity of principle1 and the preternatural insight of her genius1 which made it impossible for him to dupe her4 ,he verified all her previsions to the full4 ,no sooner had he seized the reins of power than he used it to paralyze liberty in every form2 most1 above all1 when it was handled by talent4 ,mme4 de ,stal was imprudent enough to boast of her prophetic instinct on this score to ,joseph ,bonaparte1 who was her friend1 but who was also the brother of the ,first ,consul4 ,he entreated her to be more guarded in her words1 and soon after warned her that the conversations of her salon found their echo in the ,tuileries4 ,when she laughed at his friendly information1 he tried to convince her by a more powerful argument4 ,necker had deposited two millions in the royal treasury1 and this sum should be restored to his daughter if she would so far condescend to recognize the ,first ,consul as to ask him for it4 ,mme4 de ,stal replied that she would never sue where she had a right to exact1 and instead of conciliating the great man1 she urged ,benjamin ,constant to pronounce immediately his famous speech denouncing the covert tyranny of the ,first ,consul1 which so roused the wrath of the latter against him and her that from this time forth ,mme4 de ,stal was to know no peace4 ,the daring act sealed her doom4 ,friends1 terrified at her boldness and its consequences1 deserted her salon4 ,fouch1 the minister of police1 summoned her to his presence1 and informed her in his master's name what she already knew1 that no one might brave his anger with impunity4 ,a few days after this official interview she went to a fte given by ,gen4 ,berthier1 having accepted the invitation in hopes that some violent outburst from ,bonaparte would give her the opportunity of taking a woman's vengeance1 and sharpening her wit on him4 ,she actually tells us that she rehearsed an imaginary scene between them1 and wrote down her own answers1 polishing them off till they were sharp as steel4 ,it was time and wit wasted1 however2 ,bonaparte only accosted her with some vulgar platitude that afforded no opening for pert reprisals4 ,not long after this disappointment she met the enemy again1 this time by chance1 and fortune served her better4 ,mme4 de ,stal was discussing some political question with great animation when the ,first ,consul came up to the group of admiring listeners1 and said brusquely3 ,madame1 ,i hate women who talk politics4 ,so do ,i1 ,general1 replied his adversary1 looking him coolly in the face2 but in a country where men persecute them and cut their heads off1 it is well to know why4 ,on another occasion1 when he accosted her in a gracious mood1 she made bold to ask him what woman in ,france he was proudest of4 ,the woman who has most children1 was the coarse rejoinder4 ,mme4 de ,stal made frequent journeys to ,coppet1 her father's residence4 ,this was another crime in the eyes of the ,first ,consul1 as ,necker was supposed to have been helped by his talented daughter in his work1 ,politics and ,finance--a book which ,bonaparte resented furiously as an attack on his own policy and system of finance4 ,on ,mme4 de ,stal's return to ,paris after the appearance of the work1 she was warned that her personal liberty was in danger4 ,regnault de ,saint-,jean d',angly1 who was her friend though in ,napoleon's service1 got her safe out of ,paris1 and secured her the hospitality of a relative of his in the country1 where1 she tells us1 she used often to sit at her window of a night watching for the arrival of the gendarmes to seize her4 ,she soon left this kindly shelter for the home of her friend ,mme4 ,rcamier1 at ,saint ,brice4 ,in the security of this quiet retreat the fugitive fancied herself forgotten by ,napoleon1 and decided to settle down at a small country-house about ten leagues from ,paris4 ,scarcely had she done so when the happy illusion was dispelled4 ,a commandant of gendarmerie presented himself at her door with an order signed by the ,first ,consul1 bidding her withdraw forty leagues from the capital within twenty-four hours4 ,joseph ,bonaparte and ,general ,tunat had interceded for her1 but in vain4 ,mme4 de ,stal1 exasperated1 refused the privilege of remaining in ,france on such conditions1 and decided to seek refuge in ,germany1 where she could confront the courtesy of the ancient dynasty with the impertinence of the new one that was striving to crush ,france4 ,her first resting-place was ,weimar1 the ,german ,athens of that day4 ,here she learned ,german under such professors as ,goethe1 ,schiller1 and ,wieland4 ,in #ahjd1 she visited ,berlin1 where she met with the kindest reception from the king and queen2 but her stay there was short2 she was summoned hence to her father's death-bed1 and arrived too late to embrace him4 ,this was a fearful blow2 she strove to assuage her grief by collecting his ,,mss41 with a view to publishing them1 but her health1 shaken by so many vicissitudes1 gave way1 and she was obliged to seek change and rest in ,italy4 ,the sight of ,rome and of ,naples awoke a new life within her1 and restored to her the power of writing1 which for a time she had lost4 ,but nothing could long console her for her absence from her own beloved country4 ,the longing to see ,france at last so far subdued her proud spirit that she determined to avail herself of the privilege of approaching within forty leagues of ,paris2 she returned accordingly1 and settled at ,rouen4 ,this was indeed a violation of the permitted limits1 but ,fouch shut his eyes to it1 and the exile remained undisturbed at the residence of her friend ,m4 de ,castellane1 where she finished ,corinne1 and corrected the proof-sheets4 ,the work appeared in #ahjg1 and awoke a very trumpet-blast of applause all over ,europe4 ,but fame was a crime in one who had incurred the tyrant's displeasure1 and the author received a peremptory order to quit ,france4 ,broken-hearted and despairing1 she returned to ,coppet1 where she was accompanied by a few faithful friends1 who braved all to share her solitude4 ,here she continued to occupy herself with her great work1 ,germany4 ,feeling1 however1 that a more perfect knowledge of the country was necessary before completing it1 she resolved to spend the winter of #ahjg at ,vienna4 ,she met with a flattering reception there from the ,prince de ,ligne1 the ,princesse ,lubomirska1 and most of the distinguished personages of the court1 and returned in the spring to ,coppet4 ,as soon as her book on ,germany was ready for the press1 ,mme4 de ,stal set out for ,france1 and placed herself at the distance prescribed--forty leagues4 ,she took up her abode at the old castle of ,chaumont1 formerly the residence of the ,cardinal d',amboise1 ,diana of ,poitiers1 and ,catherine de' ,medicis4 ,while passing a few days with her dear and valiant friend1 ,m4 de ,montmorency1 the persecuted author received the terrible tidings that #aj1jjj copies of her new work just issued had been seized by the minister1 although she had taken the precaution of submitting the proofs for approval to the censorship4 ,this tyrannical measure was followed by an order to leave ,france within three days4 ,she begged for a short delay1 hoping1 by means of a ,german passport1 to land in ,england2 but to this request the ,duc de ,rovigo sent a positive refusal4 ,mme4 de ,stal revenged herself later by placing the duke's letter in her second edition of ,germany4 ,from ,foss she fled to ,coppet4 ,here she found that the prefect of ,geneva had received orders to destroy any proofs or copies of her work that he could discover4 ,at the same time1 he hinted to ,mme4 de ,stal that she might soften the tyrant by seizing the opportunity to write an ode on the new-born ,king of ,rome4 ,my best wish for his infant majesty1 she replied1 is1 that he may have a good nurse4 ,this impertinence came to ,napoleon's ears1 and ,mme4 de ,stal expiated it by a prohibition to move two leagues from ,coppet4 ,her friends were finally included in her disgrace4 ,m4 ,schlegel1 her son's tutor1 was ordered to resign his position in her family1 and ,m4 de ,montmorency was exiled for daring to give her the protection of his presence in return for the courageous hospitality he had received from her during the ,terror4 ,mme4 ,rcamier was similarly punished for her boldness in befriending the woman who defied ,bonaparte4 ,hunted to earth while she remained on ,french soil1 ,mme4 de ,stal felt that nothing remained to her but to seek peace and security in flight4 ,but whither should she fly8 ,bonaparte's spies were spread like a network over the ,continent4 ,they would vie with each other in setting traps for her4 ,russia alone offered some chance of rest2 so1 one bright spring morning1 ,mme4 de ,stal went out for a drive1 and1 instead of returning home1 posted on through ,switzerland and the ,tyrol to ,vienna4 ,she quickly discovered that it was not possible for her to tarry here2 the tyrant's tools were on her track4 ,march6 march6 was still the cry of fate2 and1 like the ,wandering ,jew1 she sallied forth once more on her wanderings4 ,moscow seemed like a promised land where she might rest awhile2 but1 scarcely had she drawn breath amidst the unmelted snows of the northern city1 when the hunter was down upon her4 ,the ,grande ,arme was advancing rapidly on the ,russian capital4 ,march6 march6 ,and again the fugitive was on the road1 flying to ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,here at last came a respite4 ,the emperor and empress received her like a dethroned sovereign2 the nobility followed suit1 partly out of admiration for the gifted exile1 partly in hatred to her foe1 who was theirs also4 ,she was entertained at public banquets1 and became the lion of the hour4 ,at one of these magnificent ftes given in her honor1 the toast1 ,success to the ,russian arms against ,france6 was proposed4 ,mme4 de ,stal seized her glass1 and1 with a sudden inspiration of patriotism1 cried out3 ,no1 not against ,france6 against her oppressor6 ,the amendment was adopted with applause4 ,but ,st4 ,petersburg was no safe retreat for the baroness while the ,french legions were at ,moscow4 ,she was advised by friends to fly1 and1 once more folding her tent1 she carried it to ,stockholm4 ,here she was allowed to recruit her wearied limbs and more wearied spirit for some months4 ,she employed the interval of quiet in writing the recollections called ,ten ,years in ,exile4 ,on leaving ,sweden she set sail for ,england1 with a view to publishing her famous ,allemagne--the work which had been the immediate cause of her recent persecutions1 having exasperated ,bonaparte beyond all powers of endurance4 ,it was not until the fall of her enemy that ,mme4 de ,stal ventured to return to ,france4 ,her joy1 however1 at this twofold event was of short duration4 ,the despot who knew no mercy to the weak was not to be bound by the chains of honor4 ,he broke his plighted word1 fled from ,elba1 and landed one morning on the shores of ,france4 ,it was the signal for ,mme4 de ,stal to fly from them4 ,filled with patriotic grief and personal dismay1 she started immediately for ,coppet4 ,she had barely arrived there when a letter followed her with the unexpected order to return to ,paris1 where the emperor considered her presence would be useful in establishing constitutional ideas4 ,but she1 whom threats and exile had not daunted1 was not to be beguiled by flattery4 ,tell your master1 she replied to the writer of the singular invitation1--tell your master that since he has got on for twelve years without me or the constitution1 he can do without us a little longer1 and that at this moment he hates one about as much as the other4 ,what wonder if the health of this intrepid woman gave way1 in spite of her indomitable spirit1 under this long spell of mental and physical fatigue1 and ceaseless vexation and disappointment4 ,her declining years were consumed in intense suffering1 borne with the utmost courage and resignation4 ,she returned finally to ,france after the ,restoration1 and was treated with every mark of esteem by ,louis ,,xviii4 ,he delighted in her conversation1 and gave her a more substantial proof of good-will by restoring to her the two millions that her father had deposited in the treasury before his fall4 ,this act of justice bound her by ties of enduring gratitude to the king and his dynasty4 ,but she was not spared long to enjoy the honors that now surrounded her4 ,sorrow1 and the despondency consequent on great bodily exhaustion1 had tempted ,mme4 de ,stal into the deadly habit of using opium1 and when once contracted she had not strength to relinquish it1 even after the cause that made the stimulant a necessity of existence to her had disappeared4 ,her friends used every argument and every stratagem to cure her1 but in vain4 ,she fell into a state of lethargy1 or rather into a succession of lethargic slumbers1 broken by sudden gleams of her old brightness4 ,her patience was very touching1 and many evidences are preserved to show that she drew it from her unshaken faith in ,christianity1 however imperfect the form in which she had been reared1 and to which she was outwardly attached4 ,once1 on awaking from her slumbrous state1 she exclaimed to those who surrounded her bed3 ,it seems to me that ,i know now what the passage from life to death is2 and ,i feel how ,god in his mercy softens it to us4 ,she expired on the #adth of ,july1 #ahag1 the anniversary of the very day on which her father's false theories and blind self-confidence had put the match to the powder and kindled that terrific conflagration which enveloped ,france in flames4 ,her remains were deposited at ,coppet1 in the tomb she had raised to the memory of the great financier4 ,those who were present at the reading of her will1 heard for the first time of her marriage with ,m4 de ,rocca4 ,in that document she bade her children proclaim the fact1 as also the birth of a boy by this union4 ,a relative and intimate friend of ,mme4 de ,stal's gives us an account of her first meeting with her second husband3 ,a young man of good birth excited much interest at ,geneva by the stories current about his bravery1 and by the contrast between his age and his fragile appearance and shattered health2 the result of wounds received in ,spain1 where he had served in a ,french hussar regiment4 ,a few words of sympathy addressed to him by ,mme4 de ,stal produced a most wonderful effect2 his head and heart took fire4 ',i will love her so well1' he vowed1 'that she will end by marrying me6' and he was right4 ,their affection for each other was of the deepest and tenderest kind4 ,she lived in perpetual fear of losing him1 owing to his delicate health2 and yet it was he who survived her1 but only a year2 he died at ,hyres1 more from grief than from his infirmities1 in his thirty-first year4 ,we have said nothing of the person of this singularly gifted woman4 ,she was1 to quote the words of a contemporary1 graceful in all her movements2 her face1 without being handsome1 attracted your attention1 and then fixed it2 a sort of intellectual beauty radiated from her countenance1 which seemed the reflex of her soul4 ,genius was visible in her eyes1 which were of a rare splendor2 her glance had a fire and strength that resembled the flash of the lightning1 and was the forerunner of the thunder-roll of her language2 her large and well-proportioned figure gave a kind of energy and weight to her discourse4 ,to this was added a certain dramatic effect4 ,though free from all exaggeration in her dress1 she studied what was picturesque more than what was the fashion4 ,her arms and hands were beautiful1 and singularly white4 ,this picture is an attractive one1 and paints ,mme4 de ,stal in very different colors from those generally used by her portrayers4 ,it is only natural that a woman who had all her life been before the world1 should be variously judged by various people4 ,a celebrated writer of her own day1 who knew the author of ,corinne both as an author and a woman1 said that she would not be impartially judged until a century had gone by4 ,napoleon raised her to a pedestal of martyrdom by his unmanly and cruel persecution1 and the clat of her genius hid her individual faults and errors in a haze of glory4 ,she was hated by the flatterers who fawned on the tyrant because she dared to defy him4 ,some considered her a cold1 masculine woman1 who had none of the charm of womanhood about her2 while others1 dazzled by her talent1 idealized her as a sort of demigod4 ,distance enables us to estimate her more justly4 ,she was a woman of unrivalled energy of character1 of incomparably brilliant parts1 and endowed with a heart equal in tenderness to the power of her genius4 ,her written style gives but a faint idea of the lustre of her conversation4 ,she was1 perhaps1 quite unparalleled in this last sphere4 ,the play of wit1 logic1 and grace never flagged for an instant1 but kept her hearers spellbound as long as her voice was heard4 ,once1 at a soire at ,mme4 ,rcamier's1 she got into a discussion with the ,archbishop of ,sens1 as to whether it was an advantage or a misfortune for a nation to be in debt2 the archbishop took the latter view of the question1 and they kept up the ball for two hours1 until the excitement among the guests became so great that they stood upon chairs in the adjoining salon to enjoy the brilliancy of the intellectual combat4 ,she was1 as her death attests1 a devout believer in ,christianity4 ,on one occasion1 after listening to some metaphysicians crossing lances over their pet theories1 she remarked3 ,the ,lord's prayer says more to me than all that4 ,from the repetition of this divine prayer during her long nights of sleeplessness she drew patience and resignation4 ,by birth and education a ,protestant1 she never allowed her lofty mind to be prejudiced against ,catholics1 and often spoke with enthusiasm of the heroic courage of the martyred priests and bishops of the memorable #b;d of ,september1 #agib4 ,the ,imitation of ,christ was her constant companion and solace during her long illness4 ,this woman of genius was a devoted mother4 ,her literary pursuits did not interfere with her maternal duties3 she superintended the education of her children herself1 and often impressed upon them that1 if they fell away from the path of honor and duty it would be not alone an irreparable sorrow1 but a remorse to her1 as she would accuse herself of being the cause of it4 ,she was not happy in her first marriage1 which was purely one of arrangement4 ,there was no sympathy of taste or ideas between her and the ,baron de ,stal2 her separation from him was nevertheless a deep source of pain to her1 and she never would have consented to it but for the ruinous state into which his imprudence and extravagance had thrown her financial affairs1 and which must have led to the utter ruin of his family if they had been left longer in his hands4 ,when his increasing years and illness demanded the consolation of her companionship1 she returned to her husband with affectionate alacrity1 and devoted herself to him until his death4 ,the multiplicity of ,mme4 de ,stal's writings earned for her the sobriquet of the female ,voltaire4 ,she began to write when most girls of her age are still in pinafores2 her early works are like the flights of a young eagle1 betraying the fearless temerity of conscious power1 combined with the inexperience of youth--she plunges into depths1 and soars to heights of metaphysics and philosophy with all the audacity of untaught genius4 ,the ,influence of the ,passions on the ,happiness of ,nations and ,individuals is one of the most striking of those juvenile feats1 and was quickly followed by others in the same field4 ,her novels are undoubtedly the first of her claims on enduring fame4 ,delphine is supposed to be ,mme4 de ,stal as she was1 and ,corinne as she wished to be4 ,they are both masterpieces of the romantic school prevalent in that day1 and they both inaugurated a new reign in fiction4 ,the closing years of the author's agitated life were devoted to the compilation of the volumes entitled ,considerations on the ,french ,revolution--a work of great magnitude1 and which was intended to embrace the full exposition and justification of her father's policy and life1 and a philosophical analysis of the theories of all known forms of government1 as well as an elaborate history of the causes and effects of the ,revolutionary crisis4 ,the plan was colossal in scope1 and almost infinite in the variety of subjects it included2 but death did not wait for her to finish it4 ,amongst her earliest literary productions we must not refuse a passing mention to her dramatic efforts4 ,she was not twenty when ,sophie and ,jane ,grey earned for her a place amongst the most mature and brilliant writers of the period4 ,there is no doubt1 if she had had leisure to pursue this vein1 ,mme4 de ,stal would have enriched the ,french language with some remarkable comedies and tragedies4 ,her works were collected after her death by the ,baron de ,stal1 her son1 and form a series of eighteen large volumes4 ,the interest of the subject has led us into a somewhat lengthy sketch of the life of this distinguished lady4 ,french annals furnish a study1 almost unique1 of women who were models of all womanly virtues1 and yet by their brilliancy1 wit1 and conversance with public affairs were fitted to be the advisers of rulers and statesmen4 ,we are very far from wishing to see the sex drawn out of their proper sphere1 but when by natural and acquired talents they evince a vocation for affairs of state1 we think that governments may wisely accept their counsel1 and that their services are worthy of permanent record4 ,,father ,,sebastian ,,rale1 ,s4,j4 ,the rivalries of the ,french and ,english for dominion in the northwestern corner of our republic have deeply impressed themselves upon the pages of our history4 ,the element of religious controversy was not the least of the exciting causes which made that frontier the scene of angry strife4 ,the ,french carried the ,catholic faith wherever they erected the arms of their kings1 and the natives flocked with ardor and conviction around the standard of the cross4 ,whatever may have been the merits of the respective parties in the contest for dominion1 it is now the settled voice of history that the ,catholic missionaries were actuated by motives far above all earthly considerations1 and that their cause was that of no earthly king1 but was the sacred cause of the ,king of ,heaven4 ,sebastian ,rale was born of a good family in ,franche-,comt1 in the year #afeh4 ,at an early age he entered the ,society of ,jesus4 ,after passing through the novitiate1 he was engaged in teaching at the ,college of ,nismes4 ,to fine natural abilities he added great industry1 and thus became an accomplished scholar4 ,a foreign mission was the object of his holy aspirations2 and1 after his ordination1 he received directions from his superior to embark for ,canada4 ,he sailed from ,rochelle on the #bc;d of ,july1 #afhi1 and1 after a voyage without accidents1 arrived at ,quebec on the #acth of ,october following4 ,as his destination was the mission among the ,abnakis1 the ,men-of-the-,east1 he employed his time at ,quebec in studying their language4 ,it was not long1 however1 before he was sent on the mission to ,st4 ,francis1 an ,abnaki village1 containing about two hundred inhabitants1 most of whom were ,catholics4 ,among these1 the gentlest of the ,indian tribes in the ,north1 his first essays at his favorite vocation were made by this illustrious missionary4 ,he had commenced the study of the ,abnaki dialect at ,quebec2 surrounded1 as he now was1 by the ,abnakis themselves1 he prosecuted that study with great industry4 ,while acquiring their language1 he was also engaged in writing his ,abnaki catechism and dictionary4 ,every day he spent some time in their wigwams1 in order to catch from the lips of the ,indians the idioms of their language2 and he often subjected himself to their merry laugh by uttering some sentence for the proposed catechism in his broken ,abnaki1 which1 as they rendered in the pure idiom1 the patient student copied in his book4 ,after two years' labor at ,st4 ,francis1 he was selected by the superior to succeed the missionary of the ,illinois1 who had recently died1 because that mission required a father who had already acquired some one of the ,algonquin dialects4 ,before setting out for his ,illinois missions1 he spent three months at ,quebec1 studying the ,algonquin language4 ,on the #acth of ,august1 #afia1 he launched his little bark canoe1 for his long and arduous voyage to the ,west4 ,slowly they moved onward2 he and his companions landed night after night to build their fire and erect their tent1 which consisted of their little canoe turned up1 as their only shelter from the storms4 ,after those long days of labor and fasting1 their slender meals were made upon a vegetable1 called by the ,french tripe de roche4#afe ,his companions were so exhausted on reaching ,michilimackinac that he was obliged to stop and winter there4 ,well may the historian remark of these expeditions of the ,catholic missionaries to the ,west that all must feel that their fearless devotedness1 their severe labors1 their meek but heroic self-sacrifice1 have thrown a peculiar charm over the early history of a region in which the restless spirit of ,american enterprise is going forth to such majestic results4#aff ,f4 ,rale wintered at ,michilimackinac with the two missionaries stationed there1 one of them having the care of the ,hurons1 and the other of the ,ottawas4 ,here1 with the aid of ,f4 ,chaumonot's grammar1 he learned sufficient of the ,huron tongue--the key to most of those spoken in ,canada--to assist the ,huron missionary4 ,scarcely had the spring opened1 when ,f4 ,rale was urging his canoe along the western coast of ,lake ,michigan4 ,he passed by the villages of the ,mascoutens1 ,sacs1 ,outagamis or ,winnebagoes1 ,foxes1 and others1 till he came to the bottom of the lake4 ,having reached the ,illinois partly by river and partly by portage1 he launched his canoe on that river1 and glided down its stream one hundred and fifty miles1 till he came to the great town of the ,illinois ,indians4 ,this town contained about two thousand five hundred families1 and the rest of the nation were scattered through eleven other villages4 ,f4 ,rale was welcomed to their country by the greatest of ,illinois feasts1 the ,feast of the ,chiefs1 at which the appetite was penanced by feeding on dogs1 which were esteemed the greatest of delicacies among the ,indians1 and of which a large number had been served up on this occasion in honor of their distinguished guest4 ,to every two persons an entire dish was allotted4 ,the father manifests no great relish for the food he received1 but he expresses the greatest admiration and astonishment at the powerful eloquence and wild beauty of the oration with which he was regaled on this occasion4 ,f4 ,rale devoted himself with zeal to the care of his new flock4 ,his principal difficulty consisted in overcoming in them the practice of polygamy4 ,there would have been1 he writes1 less difficulty in converting the ,illinois did the ,prayer permit polygamy among them4 ,they acknowledged that the ,prayer was good1 and were delighted to have their wives and children instructed2 but when we spoke on the subject to the braves1 we found how hard it was to fix their natural fickleness1 and induce them to take but one wife1 and her for life4 ,again1 the father writes3 ,when the hour arrives for morning and evening prayers1 all repair to the chapel4 ,not one1 even the great medicine-men--that is to say1 our worst enemies--but sends his children to be instructed1 and1 if possible1 baptized4 ,the good missionary had the consolation of baptizing numbers of sick infants before death carried them off1 and there were among the adults many devout ,christians1 to whom the faith was dearer than their lives4 ,after two years thus spent among the ,illinois1 his superior recalled ,f4 ,rale for other duties about the year #afie4 ,during the return to ,quebec1 he instructed fully in the faith1 and baptized1 a young ,indian girl1 whose edifying death afterwards this zealous father esteemed an ample consolation and recompense for all the trials and hardships of his life4 ,on arriving at ,quebec1 he was assigned to the mission in the heart of the ,abnaki country1 which ,f4 ,bigot had re-established4 ,but this field1 which ,f4 ,rale now entered as a minister of the gospel of peace1 had become1 during his absence1 the scene of war4 ,while he had been laboring on the distant banks of the ,illinois1 the ,abnakis had sustained injuries from their ,english neighbors which provoked them to take up the hatchet in defence and retaliation4 ,maj4 ,waldron1 of ,dover1 had1 in #afge1 seized four hundred ,indians of their tribe1 and sold them into slavery in the ,west ,indies4 ,though deeply incensed at this revolting crime1 the ,indians remained quiet till #afhh1 when1 upon a breach of the peace of #afgh on the part of the ,english1 they could no longer restrain their fury4 ,the war-cry was sounded through the land1 bands of infuriated and injured braves rushed upon the ,english frontier1 ,dover was taken1 and ,waldron himself fell a captive into their hands1 and suffered a death most shocking1 it is true1 but one which all must admit he had deserved as many times over1 if that were possible1 as there had been victims of his rapacious inhumanity4 ,pemaquid was next taken1 and destruction was visited upon the entire line of frontier settlements4 ,the colonists now proposed a peace1 but the ,indians had already suffered too much from the violation of treaties4 ,they exclaimed3 ,nor we1 nor our children1 nor our children's children will ever make a peace or truce with a nation that kills us in their halls4 ,but the ,abnakis1 unsupported in the war by the ,french1 were finally constrained to accept the offer of peace--a peace as deceptive as former ones had proved4 ,the following year the great and brave chief ,taxus went to ,pemaquid1 with some others1 to propose an exchange of prisoners3 admitted into the fort for this purpose1 they were treacherously fired upon1 two of them were killed1 and ,taxus killed two of the garrison in cutting his way through to make his escape4 ,this being the condition of the country at the time that ,f4 ,rale was sent there by his superior as missionary to the ,catholic ,abnakis1 it may be easily judged how far that state of things is justly attributable to what ,mather calls the charms of the ,french friar4 ,from what has already been related1 it is quite certain that there existed sufficient causes for war on the part of the ,indians without any influence from ,f4 ,rale1 had he been there to exert it4 ,so far from instigating or countenancing acts of cruelty or blood on the part of his flock1 his office and his labors were those of peace and charity4 ,his mission was to announce the glad tidings of the ,gospel3 ,glory to ,god on high1 and peace on earth to men of good-will4 ,and we have authority1 not prejudiced in favor of his cause1 for the assertion that he was not faithless to his sacred duty4 ,thus ,gov4 ,lincoln says3 ,his followers were not only the bravest1 but the most sparing1 of the fierce race to which they belonged2 and though spoil and havoc were their element1 they could sometimes be generous and forbearing4 ,but when the old man expired by the side of the altar he had reared1 the barbarism he had only in a measure controlled1 broke loose with a ferocity not softened by the dogmas he had taught4#afg ,the village of ,narrantsouac1 on the ,kennebec1 still called ,indian ,old ,point1 became the residence of ,f4 ,rale4 ,here he found1 on his arrival1 a little church and a flock of converted ,indians remarkable for their devotion and sincerity4 ,they entertained a profound attachment to the ,prayer1 and great veneration for him who was its minister4 ,besides this1 they soon learned to love and esteem ,f4 ,rale as their best friend2 he was their arbitrator in all disputes1 their physician in sickness1 and their consoler in all their distresses4 ,religion was the reigning sentiment in this truly ,christian community1 and the little chapel1 erected by the hands of the neophytes1 became at once the object of their love and the scene of their unalloyed devotion4 ,as game was scarce1 the ,abnakis bestowed much care and labor in the cultivation of their fields4 ,after planting the seed in the spring1 they sallied forth on fishing parties to the sea-shore1 accompanied by ,f4 ,rale4 ,in these expeditions1 a rustic altar1 covered with an ornamental cloth1 was carried along1 and the chapel-tent was pitched every evening for prayer1 and struck in the morning after ,mass4 ,on reaching the sea-shore a large bark cabin was erected for the church1 and the wigwams of the ,indians were arranged around it4 ,thus arose1 as by the magic power of religion1 a beautiful village on the distant sea-shore1 with its chapel1 priest1 and flock1 and there were heard the pious chant and fervent prayer1 there the mysteries of the faith were taught to docile hearers1 there devout confessions heard1 and there the bread of life distributed4 ,the priest was truly the father of the faithful4 ,he was also their companion and sympathetic friend4 ,hunger1 thirst1 and fatigue he bore with them1 and their sorrows1 as their joys1 were common4 ,yet in this rude and simple mode of life the faithful ,jesuit conformed himself to the strictest rules of his order4 ,his hours of rising and retiring1 his ,office1 meditations1 and all his spiritual exercises were as regular as those of his brethren in the colleges of ,europe4 ,in order to avoid interruptions while saying his ,office or performing his other devotions1 he would refrain from all conversation1 except in cases of necessity1 from evening prayers till after ,mass4 ,his annual retreat was observed at the beginning of ,lent with the same scrupulous exactness4 ,the pension which he was allowed by the ,french government he distributed among the more needy of his spiritual children4 ,in #afig1 ,f4 ,rale heard1 with solicitude for his flock1 that a strange and unconverted tribe--the ,amalingans--were coming to settle near to ,narrantsouac4 ,he feared for the faith and morals of his neophytes when exposed to the tricks of the medicine-men and the seductive games and dances of such superstitious neighbors4 ,he was engaged in the confessional all the evening before ,corpus ,christi and during the morning of the festival till near noon4 ,in the meantime1 deputies from the newly arrived ,amalingans came1 bearing presents1 according to the ,indian custom1 for the relatives of some ,abnakis recently destroyed by the ,english4 ,towards noon the procession of the blessed sacrament began to move with a degree of magnificence that astonished those natives of the wilderness4 ,struck as were the ,amalingan deputies with the solemnity1 the earnestness1 and the majesty of the scene1 they listened with conviction to the fervent and eloquent words of the father1 who seized upon so favorable an occasion to acquaint them with the existence and attributes of the ,deity1 whose worship they then beheld4 ,how sublime and beautiful must have been the appeal which the zealous missionary made to those astonished warriors6 ,the deputies were convinced1 but they could not accept the prayer before laying the words of the ,black ,gown before the assembled sachems of their tribe1 who were expected to arrive in the autumn4 ,during the summer1 the father sent them a message1 reminding them of his words and their promise4 ,in due time the answer was returned1 that they desired to embrace the ,prayer1 and they invited the ,black ,gown chief to come among them1 and bring the wampum of the faith4 ,it happened that ,narrantsouac was then deserted by its inhabitants1 who were on one of their excursions2 and ,f4 ,rale set out in his canoe for the village of the ,amalingans1 who received him with every honor1 and welcomed him with a salute of musketry4 ,soon a cross was raised in the centre of the village and a bark chapel was erected4 ,the missionary visited the cabins and instructed the catechumens4 ,after ,mass every day1 three public instructions were given2 between these they received private instructions in their cabins4 ,four chiefs and two matrons were first baptized2 then followed two bands of twenty each1 and finally the entire tribe publicly received the ,prayer and were baptized4 ,a public assembly was then held1 and the missionary received the simple but touching tokens of their gratitude and love1 and then he returned in his canoe to ,narrantsouac1 while the ,christian ,amalingans departed for the sea-shore4 ,f4 ,rale found no difficulty afterwards in uniting in one nation the two tribes that were now members of the one fold of ,christ4 ,in #afih1 ,f4 ,rale1 by the aid of means and skilful labor sent from ,quebec1 succeeded in erecting a neat but simple chapel at his village of ,narrantsouac1 or ,norridgewock4 ,in this their new chapel the ,abnaki ,christians assembled to unite with the universal church in the solemn rites of the ,catholic worship4 ,it was there in their own native wilderness that those ,men-of-the-,east were contented to worship ,god in security and peace4 ,but1 strange as it may appear1 the ,new ,england settlers1 themselves professing ,christianity1 saw with jealousy and dislike a ,christian temple erected by the ,abnakis for ,christian worship1 while all the heathen tribes of ,new ,england were left free and uncared for in their horrid superstitions and brutal sacrifices4 ,this feeling on their part appears the more extraordinary1 since at that time ,acadia had been restored to ,france by the treaty of ,ryswick1 in #afig2 that the ,catholic faith had been professed by the ,abnakis for half a century2 and the ,jesuit missionaries had been their pastors during all that period4 ,the interval of peace now enjoyed seems not to have resulted in strengthening the friendship nor in conciliating the good-will and confidence of the ,indians4 ,fresh aggressions were from time to time committed upon them by their white neighbors4 ,but a blow was struck at their chosen and beloved pastors which exhibits the true sentiments entertained on the one side and the grievances endured on the other4 ,on the #aeth of ,june1 #agjj1 a law was passed1 which recited3 ,whereas1 divers ,jesuit priests and ,popish missionaries1 by their subtile insinuations1 industriously labor to debauch1 seduce1 and withdraw the ,indians from their due obedience unto his majesty1 and to excite and stir them up to sedition1 rebellion1 and open hostility against his majesty's government1 and then proceeded to enact1 in reference to the same priests and missionaries1 that they shall depart from and out of the same province on or before the #ajth day of ,september1 #agjj4 ,in case any one of them should be found in the province after that time1 it was provided that he shall be deemed and accounted an incendiary and disturber of the public peace and safety1 and an enemy to the ,christian religion1 and shall be adjudged to suffer perpetual imprisonment4 ,and if any person1 being so sentenced and actually imprisoned1 shall break prison and actually escape1 and be afterwards retaken1 he shall be punished with death4#afh ,gov4 ,bellamont1 by his influence1 secured in ,new ,york also the passage of a law for hanging every ,popish priest that came voluntarily into the province1 which was occasioned by the great number of ,french ,jesuits who were continually practising upon our ,indians4#afi ,upon the accession of ,gov4 ,dudley to office1 in #afib1 he solicited a conference with the ,abnakis1 and accordingly a conference was held on an island in ,casco ,bay4 ,the object of the governor was to secure the neutrality of the ,indians1 in case the ,french and ,english went to war4 ,penhallow and such as follow him contend that the governor succeeded in his purpose1 and secured a promise from the ,indians not to join their allies1 the ,french1 in case of war4 ,but treaties had been imposed upon those unlettered warriors which they never understood1 and1 consequently1 never entered into4 ,besides1 ,f4 ,rale1 who had the advantage over ,penhallow of having been present at the conference1 gives quite a different statement of the affair4 ,f4 ,rale1 at the request of the ,indians1 accompanied them to the conference4 ,thus1 he relates himself1 ,i found myself where neither ,i nor the governor wished me to be4 ,the governor and the missionary exchanged the usual civilities1 and then the former1 stepping back among his people1 made his propositions to the ,indians in an address1 which he concluded with an offer to supply their wants1 take their furs1 and supply them with merchandise in return at a moderate price4 ,an ,english minister accompanied the governor1 whose presence could have had no other object in view than a tender of his services to the ,abnakis in lieu of those of ,f4 ,rale2 but the latter supposes that his own presence disconcerted that portion of the plan4 ,when the ,indians retired to consult together1 ,gov4 ,dudley approached ,f4 ,rale1 and said3 ,i beg you1 sir1 not to induce your ,indians to make war upon us4 ,no1 sir1 my religion and my sacred calling require me to give them only counsels of peace1 was the prompt and appropriate reply4 ,the ,indians soon returned and gave the following answer through their orator3 ,great chief1 you have told us not to unite with the ,frenchman if you declare war against him4 ,know that the ,frenchman is my brother2 we have but the same ,prayer1 we dwell in the same cabin--he at one fire1 ,i at the other4 ,if ,i see you enter towards the fire where my brother1 the ,frenchman1 is seated1 ,i watch you from my mat at the other4 ,if ,i see a tomahawk in your hand1 ,i say1 ,what will the ,englishman do with that hatchet8 and ,i would rise to see4 ,if he raise it to strike my brother1 ,i grasp mine1 and rush upon him4 ,could ,i sit still and see my brother struck8 ,no6 no6 ,i love my brother1 the ,frenchman1 too well not to defend him4 ,i therefore tell thee1 great chief1 do no harm to my brother1 and ,i will do none to thee4 ,remain quiet on thy mat2 ,i will remain so on mine4 ,thus1 says ,f4 ,rale1 the conference ended4 ,peace was soon interrupted4 ,war broke out between ,england and ,france in #agjc1 and involved their respective colonies on this continent in the contest4 ,the ,abnakis of ,maine joined their ,french allies1 and both sides felt the ravages of war to a fearful degree4 ,the ,indians1 who had long been impatient under the encroaching policy of their white neighbors1 carried on the war with destructive fury4 ,casco was taken1 the ,new ,england villages1 forts1 and farms were pillaged1 and six hundred of the inhabitants led away captives4 ,as a minister of peace and mercy1 ,f4 ,rale endeavored to subdue the wild passions of his injured and infuriated ,indians1 as has been seen above by the testimony of ,gov4 ,lincoln2 but the people of ,new ,england visited upon him all the blame for the calamities which their own wrong policy had occasioned4 ,among the hostile movements of the ,english during the war was an expedition against ,norridgewock1 the residence of ,f4 ,rale4 ,in the winter of #agje1 when the snow lay four feet deep1 and the country looked like a frozen field1 ,col4 ,hilton led an expedition of two hundred and seventy men against ,norridgewock4 ,the village1 all deserted as it was by its inhabitants1 was easily taken4 ,the intended victim1 however1 was not there2 for the missionary was absent with the tribe1 as it was his habit to accompany them to the sea-shore4 ,but the cabins and the chapel were there2 the torch was applied1 and soon one blaze enveloped the church and the village4 ,when the missionary returned1 he shuddered at the sacrilege he saw1 and wept over the calamities of his people4 ,a bark chapel soon rose from the ashes of the church which had been destroyed1 and in it he dispensed the consolations of religion to his flock for several years4 ,during this year1 ,f4 ,rale had the misfortune to sustain a fall of such violence as to break his right thigh and left leg1 and in this condition he was compelled to make the painful journey to ,quebec for surgical aid4 ,the fractured parts were so imperfectly cemented together that he had to submit to the severe operation of having his leg broken again and reset4 ,during his sufferings1 not a groan escaped him2 and the surgeon who attended him has expressed his wonder at such an exhibition of ,christian patience and love of suffering4 ,as soon as his wounds permitted him to return1 he was again at his post in his little sanctuary in the wilderness1 where1 amid personal dangers the most appalling1 he continued calmly and without fear the discharge of his sacred duties4 ,in the meantime1 the ,english were determined to get rid of him1 and the ,general ,court of ,massachusetts1 in ,november1 #agbj1 passed a resolution for that purpose4 ,john ,leighton1 ,sheriff of ,york1 was commissioned to arrest him4 ,if not found1 he was to demand him of the ,indians2 upon their refusal1 the ,indians themselves were to be taken and carried to ,boston4 ,every effort was made to induce the ,indians to betray their pastor into the hands of his enemies1 or at least to send him away from the country4 ,they made many attempts to seize him by force or take him by surprise1 and an offer of #a1jjj was made for his head4 ,such was their horror of ,jesuit sorcery6 ,i should be too happy1 says the object of their hatred1 were ,i to become their victim1 or did ,god deem me worthy to be loaded with chains1 and shed my blood for the salvation of my dear ,indians4 ,this was said in no spirit of bravado or vain display2 for the sequel will show how firmly1 yet how meekly1 he laid down his life for his altar and his flock4 ,in the midst of the wars that desolated the country1 it was his mild spirit and humane counsels that served to moderate the natural ferocity of the ,indian character4 ,instead of urging the infliction of cruelty upon those who had so long sought his life1 he endeavored to secure for his enemies every mildness consistent with the laws of war4 ,i exhorted them1 says ,f4 ,rale1 to maintain the same interest in their religion as if they were at home2 to observe carefully the laws of war2 to practise no cruelty2 to kill no one except in the heat of battle2 and to treat the prisoners humanely4 ,his solicitude for peace during the period of which we have been speaking1 at the very moment that his enemies accused him as an instigator of mischief1 and his kind sentiments towards them1 may be seen from the following letter addressed to the authorities at ,boston3 ,,narrantsoak1 ,nov4 #ah1 #agab4 ,,sir3 ,the ,governor-,general of ,canada advises me by a letter1 which reached here some days ago1 that the last royal vessel1 arrived at ,quebec ,sept4 #cj1 announces that peace is not yet concluded between the two crowns of ,france and ,england2 that1 however1 it was much talked of4 ,such are his words4 ,other letters1 which ,i have received1 inform me that the ,intendant1 just come out in that vessel1 says that when on the point of embarking at ,rochelle1 a letter was received from ,m4 de ,tallard1 assuring them that peace was made1 and would be published in the latter part of ,october4 ,now1 this cannot be known in ,canada1 but you may know it at ,boston1 where vessels come at all seasons4 ,if you know anything1 ,i beseech you to let me know1 that ,i may send instantly to ,quebec1 over the ice1 to inform the ,governor-,general1 so that he may prevent the ,indians from any act of hostility4 ,i am1 sir1 perfectly your very humble and obedient servant1 ,,seb4 ,,rale1 ,s4,j4#agj ,at length the tidings of the peace of ,utrecht1 #cjth ,march1 #agac1 arrived1 and restored quiet to ,new ,france and ,new ,england4 ,gov4 ,dudley called the ,indians together in conference at ,portsmouth in ,july1 #agac1 and announced to them that peace had been made1 and proposed to them3 ,if you are willing1 you and we will live in peace4 ,he then informed them that the ,french had ceded ,placentia and ,port ,royal to the ,english4 ,the ,indians1 through their orator1 replied that they had taken up the hatchet because their allies1 the ,french1 had taken it up1 and they were willing now to cast it away1 since the ,french had laid it down1 and to live in peace4 ,then the orator added3 ,but you say that the ,frenchman has given you ,placentia and ,port ,royal1 which is in my neighborhood1 with all the land adjacent4 ,he may give you what he pleases4 ,as for me1 ,i have my land1 which the ,great ,spirit has given me to live upon4 ,while there shall be one child of my nation upon it1 he will fight to keep it4 ,penhallow gives a somewhat different account of this conference2 but that of ,f4 ,rale is more in keeping with the previous history of the ,indians1 and more consonant with their character4 ,if they acknowledged themselves subjects of ,great ,britain1 they knew no better in this than in previous similar instances what they were doing1 for they understood not the language attributed to them4 ,it may be judged how welcome peace must have been to ,f4 ,rale from the alacrity with which he availed himself of it to attend to the religious interests of his people4 ,to rebuild his church was the first object of his solicitude4 ,as ,boston was so much nearer than ,quebec1 the chiefs sent deputies to the former place1 in order to procure workmen for rebuilding the church1 for whose services they offered to pay liberally4 ,the governor gave them a most friendly reception1 and1 to their astonishment1 offered to rebuild their church at his own expense1 since the ,french governor had abandoned them4 ,their astonishment1 however1 was soon changed into indignation when they heard the condition annexed to this apparently generous offer1 which was that they should dismiss their own pastor1 and receive in his place an ,english minister4 ,when you first came here1 replied the indignant deputies by their orator1 you saw me a long time before the ,french governors1 but neither your predecessors nor your ministers ever spoke to me of ,prayer or of the ,great ,spirit4 ,they saw my furs1 my beaver and moose skins1 and of these alone they thought2 these alone they sought1 and so eagerly that ,i have not been able to supply them enough4 ,when ,i had much1 they were my friends2 but only then4 ,one day my canoe missed the route2 ,i lost my way1 and wandered a long time at random1 until at last ,i landed near ,quebec1 in a great village of the ,algonquins1#aga where the ,black ,gowns were teaching4 ,scarcely had ,i arrived1 when one of them came to see me4 ,i was loaded with furs1 but the ,black ,gown of ,france disdained to look at them4 ,he spoke to me of the ,great ,spirit1 of heaven1 of hell1 of the ,prayer1 which is the only way to reach heaven4 ,i heard him with joy1 and was so pleased with his words that ,i remained in the village to hear him4 ,at last the ,prayer pleased me1 and ,i asked to be instructed4 ,i solicited baptism1 and received it4 ,then ,i returned to the lodges of my tribe1 and related all that had happened4 ,all envied my happiness1 and wished to partake of it4 ,they1 too1 went to the ,black ,gown to be baptized4 ,thus have the ,french acted4 ,had you spoken to me of the ,prayer as soon as we met1 ,i should now be so unhappy as to pray like you2 for ,i could not have told whether your ,prayer was good or bad4 ,now ,i hold to the ,prayer of the ,french2 ,i agree to it2 ,i shall be faithful to it1 even until the earth is burnt and destroyed4 ,keep your men1 your gold1 and your minister4 ,i will go to my ,french father4 ,the required aid was obtained from the ,french governor2 workmen were sent from ,quebec1 and the church was built soon after the peace4 ,it possesses a beauty1 says the missionary1 which would cause it to be admired even in ,europe1 and nothing has been spared to adorn it4 ,subsequently two little chapels were erected1 about three hundred paces from the chapel1 by workmen obtained probably from ,boston2 and these chapels are probably what ,hutchinson in #agbd alludes to as having been built a few years before by carpenters from ,new ,england4 ,one of them was dedicated to the ,blessed ,virgin1 the other to their guardian angel4 ,there1 in his new church and chapels1 with the aid of rich vestments and sacred vessels given by some of his friends1 and with the seraphic music of forty innocent ,indian boys1 all dressed in cassocks and surplices1 ,f4 ,rale conducted the solemn offices of the church in the wilderness with a splendor and beauty not unworthy of more favored lands4 ,the processions on ,corpus ,christi were quite unique and beautiful4 ,on these occasions the church and chapels were ornamented with the trinkets and fine work of the squaws1 and burning tapers made by the ,indians from the wax berries growing on their own native shores1 and were thronged with ardent and sincere worshippers--the simple children of the forest gathering around the ,holy of ,holies1 and presenting a scene in which angels themselves might love to mingle4 ,the following account of ,f4 ,rale's daily life cannot but prove interesting3 ,he rose at four1 and1 after meditation1 said ,mass at daybreak1 which all the ,indians heard1 and during it chanted their prayers aloud2 at its close he generally1 on week-days1 made a short exhortation1 to inspire them with good thoughts1 then dismissing them to the labors of the day4 ,he then began to catechise the children and the young2 the aged1 too1 were there1 all answering with the docility of children4 ,then1 after a slight meal1 he sat in his chamber to despatch the various matters laid before him--their plans1 their troubles1 domestic disquiets1 or intended marriages--in a word1 to direct them all4 ,towards noon he would go to work in his garden1 and then split his wood to cook his little mess of hominy2 for this may be said to have been his only food4 ,wine he never tasted1 even when among the ,french4 ,after this frugal repast1 he visited the sick1 and went to particular cabins to give instruction where it was more needed2 and if a public council or feast was to take place1 he must be present2 for they never proceeded to the one without first hearing his advice1 nor to the other without his blessing on the food1 which was ready to be placed on the bark plates1 which each one brought1 and with which he immediately retired to his cabin4 ,the evening was left him to say his ,breviary and give some time to prayer and reading2 but this was so often intrenched upon that at last he made it a rule never to speak from before evening prayer till after ,mass on the following day1 unless he was called to a sick-bed4#agb ,in the course of a few years1 the free spirit of the ,indians began to grow impatient under the encroachments of the whites4 ,not only their hunting-grounds1 but even their fields for cultivation1 were circumscribed4 ,a conference with ,gov4 ,shute was held at ,georgetown in ,august1 #agag1 but it was evident that redress for the ,indians formed no part of the governor's designs4 ,he refused to treat with them otherwise than as subjects2 he would not acknowledge their natural liberty nor their hereditary title to their hunting-grounds2 nor would he fix a boundary beyond which the encroachments of the white men should not extend4 ,they were told1 however1 that the ,english wished them to become of one religion with themselves2 an ,english ,bible was given to them1 and the governor told them that the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,baxter1 who accompanied him1 would become their teacher and pastor4 ,thus it seems that the governor with one hand presented them a ,bible1 and with the other grasped their lands4 ,when a letter from ,f4 ,rale1 pleading in behalf of his children1 was handed to the governor1 he treated it with great contempt4 ,he let them know1 says ,hutchinson1 that he highly resented the insolence of the ,jesuit4#agc ,another mock treaty was now entered into by the aid of interpreters4 ,f4 ,rale always protested against it as fraudulent1 and announced to the ,new ,englanders that the ,norridgewocks did not recognize it4 ,he never ceased his paternal efforts in behalf of his ,indians1 and repeatedly addressed letters to the governor and other leading men of ,new ,england1 demanding justice for them4#agd ,having tried every means of gaining over the ,indians to their cause in vain1 the ,new ,englanders next attacked them in the point which seemed to attach them more than any other to the ,french2 this was their religion4 ,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,baxter1 a minister of ability and education1 as well as of an ardent zeal against ,popery1 undertook to evangelize the ,abnakis4 ,thus1 says ,bancroft1 ,calvin and ,loyola met in the woods of ,maine4 ,the ,protestant minister established at ,georgetown a school1 which was supported by the government1 and1 by means of every attraction and inducement which he could present to them1 endeavored first to gain the children4 ,but their hearts had already been too deeply impressed with religion by the ,catholic missionaries to receive the ,prayer from any person other than the ,black ,gown4 ,he then endeavored1 but with the same result1 to gain his point by addresses and harangues to the parents1 the chiefs1 and braves of the tribe4 ,he next assailed the religion of the ,indians4 ,he put various questions concerning their faith1 and1 as they answered1 he turned into ridicule the sacraments1 purgatory1 the invocation of saints1 beads1 ,masses1 images1 and the other parts of the ,catholic creed and ritual4#age ,f4 ,rale saw at once that he must meet the danger thus threatened to the faith of his flock4 ,he addressed a respectful letter to ,mr4 ,baxter1 covering an essay of one hundred pages1 in which he undertook to defend and prove1 by ,scripture1 by tradition1 and by theological arguments1 those tenets and practices of the ,catholic ,church which the minister had endeavored to ridicule4 ,in the letter enclosing the essay he remarked that the ,indians knew how to believe1 but not how to dispute1 and the missionary felt it to be his duty to take up the controversy in behalf of his neophytes4 ,mr4 ,baxter's reply treated ,f4 ,rale's arguments as puerile and ridiculous4 ,finding1 however1 that his mission was a fruitless one1 ,mr4 ,baxter returned to ,boston4 ,the correspondence did not cease here2 but1 after ,mr4 ,baxter's return to ,boston1 the letters turned upon the purity of their ,latinity1 rather than the theology of the respective controversialists4 ,f4 ,rale remained at his post1 the faithful guardian of his flock4 ,the grievances of which the ,indians had been long complaining still remained unredressed4 ,in #agai another conference was held1 but with no better result than the previous one at ,georgetown4 ,fresh causes of resentment were added4 ,some ,indians entered an ,english house to trade1 when suddenly they found themselves surrounded by a force ten times stronger than their own4 ,when about to cut their way through1 their arms were arrested by a request on the part of the ,english for a parley1 and they were told that the ,english only wished to invite some of their number to visit the governor at ,boston4 ,four chiefs consented to go1 and1 when they arrived1 they were detained as hostages1 to secure the payment of a large ransom demanded by the ,english for damages sustained by them from depredations committed by the tribe4 ,the prisoners appealed to their countrymen for relief1 and the ransom was accordingly paid2 but even then the ,english refused to release them4 ,a conference was invited by the governor1 but this was done merely to prevent an immediate rupture4 ,at the designated time1 ,july1 #agba1 the chiefs1 accompanied by ,f4 ,rale2 ,la ,chasse1 the superior of the missions2 ,croisel1 and the young ,castine1 repaired to ,georgetown1 but the governor did not meet them there4 ,la ,chasse then drew up a letter in ,indian1 ,french1 and ,english1 setting forth the claims of the ,indians1 and sent it to ,gov4 ,shute4 ,no notice was ever taken of it4 ,in ,december1 #agba1 the ,english seized the young ,castine1 son of the ,baron de ,castine by an ,indian wife1 and a great favorite with the ,abnakis4 ,the ungenerous and unjust arrest of this young man1 says ,dr4 ,francis1 incensed to the highest degree the countrymen of his mother1 among whom he had always lived4 ,still1 the ,indians refrained from retaliation4 ,another act of aggression soon followed2 a detachment of two hundred and thirty men1 towards the end of #agba1 or early in #agbb1 were sent to seize the ,catholic missionary4 ,as this party entered the ,kennebec1 two young braves1 hunting near the shore1 saw them1 and1 after following them for some distance unobserved1 struck into the woods and gave the alarm at ,norridgewock1 which was then nearly deserted4 ,scarcely had ,f4 ,rale time to consume the consecrated host on the altar to save it from sacrilege1 and secure the sacred vessels4 ,he fled precipitately to the woods1 impeded as he was by the painful condition of the wounds received in the severe fall he had received as related above4 ,the ,english arrived in the evening1 and1 having waited till morning1 pursued him to the woods4 ,they carefully scoured every place1 and at one time came within eight steps of their intended victim1 and yet passed away without seeing him1 though only half concealed behind a small tree4 ,the pursuers then returned disappointed to ,norridgewock1 where they pillaged the house of ,god and the missionary's residence1 and then retired1 carrying away with them everything belonging to ,f4 ,rale--his desk1 papers1 inkstand1 and the ,abnaki ,dictionary1 which he had commenced at ,st4 ,francis in #afia4 ,he suffered the extremes of hunger while thus in the woods1 flying from the pursuit of his enemies2 yet his courage and resolution remained firm and cheerful4 ,so great were the dangers that threatened him at every moment that his affectionate neophytes1 and even his superior1 advised him to retire for the present to ,quebec4 ,he always answered3 ,god has committed this flock to my care1 and ,i will share its lot1 being too happy1 if permitted1 to sacrifice my life for it4 ,in a letter to his nephew he asks3 ,what will become of the flock1 if it be deprived of its shepherd8 ,i do not in the least fear the threats of those who hate me without cause4 ',i count not my life dear unto myself1 so that ,i may finish my course with joy1' and the ministry ,i have received of the ,lord ,jesus4 ,while thus the object of deadly pursuit on the part of the ,english colonists1 ,f4 ,rale enjoyed the purest consolation in the love and affection of his devoted flock4 ,on one occasion1 while he was accompanying them on a hunting party1 they suddenly perceived that he was missing1 and the report was started that the ,english had broken into his cabin and carried him off4 ,their grief was only equalled by their fury1 and at once the braves began to prepare for an effort to rescue their pastor at the hazard of their lives4 ,two of their number1 however1 afterwards went to his cabin1 and there they found him1 writing the life of a saint in their own language4 ,transported with joy1 they exclaimed3 ,we were told that the ,english had carried you off1 and our warriors were going to attack the fort1 where we thought they had doubtlessly imprisoned you6 ,you see1 my children1 replied the father1 that your fears were unfounded2 but your affectionate care of me fills my heart with joy2 it shows you love the ,prayer4 ,but as some of the warriors were starting1 he added3 ,set out1 immediately after ,mass1 to overtake the others1 and undeceive them4 ,on another occasion he was with them at a great distance from home1 when the alarm was given that the ,english were within a few hours' march of the encampment4 ,all insisted on his flying back to the village4 ,at daybreak he started with two ,indians as his escort4 ,the journey was long1 the provisions were out1 and the father had for his only food a species of wood1 which he softened by boiling4 ,in crossing a lake1 which had begun to thaw1 he narrowly escaped being drowned himself in his effort to assist another4 ,saved from this danger1 he was not the less exposed to death from cold4 ,on the following day they crossed the river on broken pieces of ice1 and were soon at the village4 ,he was welcomed back by a sumptuous feast1 consisting of corn and bear's meat2 and when he expressed his astonishment and thanks for such a banquet1 the ,indians replied3 ,what1 father6 you have been fasting for two days2 can we do less8 ,oh6 would to ,god we could always regale you so6 ,but while he was thus feasting1 his children elsewhere were mourning over his supposed death4 ,his deserted cabin on the shore led some1 who knew nothing of his flight1 to believe that he had been killed4 ,one of these erected a stake on the banks of a river1 and to it attached a piece of paper-birch bark1 on which he had drawn with charcoal a picture of some ,english surrounding ,f4 ,rale1 and one was represented cutting off the ,black ,gown's head4 ,when the main body of the ,indians came that way1 and saw the pictorial writing1 its meaning sank deep into their hearts1 and they were overwhelmed with grief4 ,they tore out the long scalp-locks from their heads1 and then sat on the ground around the stake1 where they remained motionless and without uttering a word till the next day4 ,such was their mode of manifesting the most intense grief4 ,but what must have been their joy1 when1 on returning to the village1 they saw their beloved father reciting his ,office on the banks of the river6 ,it would appear1 from a letter in the ,massachusetts ,historical ,collections1 attributed to ,f4 ,rale1 that he accompanied the expedition that destroyed ,berwick4 ,it is quite evident1 from what has been related of the determination of the ,english to destroy him1 and of the repeated efforts they made to accomplish that deadly purpose1 that ,f4 ,rale would not have been safe at ,norridgewock or anywhere apart from the main body of his people4 ,it is not likely that his devoted children1 who saw his danger1 and were solicitous for his safety1 would permit him to remain behind1 exposed to the constant attempts of his enemies upon his life4 ,his presence in the expedition against ,berwick was enough1 with his enemies1 to confirm their charge that he led them on to war against the ,english4 ,the truth is1 their own pursuit of him rendered his presence there justifiable1 as necessary for his own safety1 if it were not justifiable on the ground that he was their chaplain in war as in peace1 and that his presence among them was more necessary for the religious consolation of the dying1 as well as for moderating1 by the counsels we have already seen him giving them1 the usual cruelties of war4 ,it does not become his accusers1 however1 to dwell upon this charge1 who themselves have boasted of the warlike feats of the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,fry1 who scalped and killed his ,indian in ,lovell's expedition1 and was killed fighting in the thickest of the engagement4 ,it has already been seen how the ,indians were1 by repeated injuries1 driven at last to take up the hatchet4 ,when once at war1 they prosecuted it with terrible energy and destructive fury4 ,and though their humanity on several occasions contrasted with the cruelty of their civilized antagonists1 the young settlements of ,new ,england suffered much at their hands during this contest4 ,in the summer of #agbd1 hostilities on the part of the ,indians had begun to moderate1 and peace was already spoken of between the respective parties4 ,but this did not restrain the fury of the ,english4 ,on the #bc;d of ,august an expedition of little over two hundred1 consisting of ,english and their ,mohawk allies1 rushed suddenly from the thickets upon the unconscious village of ,norridgewock4 ,the first notice the ,indians received was the rattling of the volleys of their assailants among their bark cabins4 ,consternation seized upon the inhabitants2 the women and children fled1 but the few braves who were then at the village rushed to arms to defend their altar and their homes4 ,the struggle was indeed a desperate one4 ,f4 ,rale1 when he perceived the cause of the excitement in the village1 knew that himself was the chief object of the enemy's pursuit4 ,hoping1 too1 to draw off the fury of the assailants from his neophytes upon himself1 he went forth4 ,no sooner had he reached the ,mission ,cross1 where the fight was raging1 than a shout of exultation arose from two hundred hostile voices1 and1 though a non-combatant1 a discharge of musketry was immediately levelled at his venerable form4 ,pierced with balls1 he fell lifeless at the foot of the cross4 ,seven principal chiefs lay dead around their saintly pastor and devoted father4 ,the battle was now over1 but the victory seemed too easy for the victors2 they approached to wreak further vengeance upon the lifeless form of ,f4 ,rale4 ,they hacked and mutilated the corpse1 split open the head1 broke the legs1 and otherwise brutally disfigured it4 ,then proceeding to the house of ,god1 the assailants rifled the altar1 desecrated the sacred vessels and the adorable ,host1 and then committed the church to the devouring flames4 ,after the ,english had retired1 some of the orphaned flock of ,norridgewock returned to their desolated home2 they first sought for the body of their good father1 and1 having found it1 they piously interred it beneath the spot where the altar stood4 ,after reading the incidents of the life of ,f4 ,rale1 the reader would be astonished to peruse the accounts given by ,new ,england writers4 ,but the latter bear on their face the evidence that they were the result1 not of candid investigation1 but of the bitterest partisan prejudice4 ,there may be some explanation of their tone1 though no voucher for their accuracy1 in the fact that ,penhallow derived his accounts from interpreters1 who were known not to be faithful4 ,charlevoix and ,de la ,chasse knew ,f4 ,rale personally1 and they give us the strongest assurances of his innocence1 his sanctity1 and his many heroic virtues4 ,m4 de ,bellemont1 ,superior of the ,sulpician ,seminary at ,montreal1 entertained so exalted an opinion of his merits that he did not hesitate to apply to him the words of ,s4 ,augustine3 ,injuriam facit martyri1 qui orat pro eo4 ,the accounts hostile to ,f4 ,rale have been derived chiefly from ,penhallow1 who was actuated by the strongest party feeling4 ,a single specimen from his pen will show how he felt towards the person1 as well as the religion1 of ,f4 ,rale2 it contains a repetition of the old calumny about the merit of destroying heretics1 which no educated person would in our day repeat3 ,we scalped twenty-six besides ,m4 ,rale1 the ,jesuit1 a most bloody incendiary1 and instrumental to most of the mischiefs done us by preaching up the doctrine of meriting salvation by the destruction of heretics4 ,he even made the offices of devotion serve as incentives to their ferocity1 and kept a flag on which was depicted a cross surrounded by bows and arrows1 which he used to hoist on a pole at the door of his church when he gave them absolution previous to their engaging in any warlike enterprise4 ,now1 the flag that awakened so much horror in the breast of the ,new ,england chronicler was a simple ,indian ,sunday-school banner1 than which nothing could have been more innocent4 ,f4 ,rale1 artist as well as priest1 had decorated his ,indian church with pious paintings executed by himself1 to excite the piety and zeal of his neophytes4 ,amongst other similar representations1 suitable for pleasing the simple tastes of the natives1 was the flag in question1 ornamented with the cross and the arrow1 emblems of the faith and of the country4 ,a glance would have convinced any passer-by that it was the banner of an ,indian church1 and no sensible person in our day could object to see such an one used by the ,indians of ,florida1 ,oregon1 or other hostile ,indian country within our territory or bordering on our frontier4 ,dr4 ,francis1 who in his life of ,rale follows by preference the ,new ,england accounts1 sums up his estimate of our missionary's character as follows3 ,but whatever abatements from indiscriminate praise his faults or frailties may require1 ,i cannot review his history without receiving a deep impression that he was a pious1 devoted1 and extraordinary man4 ,here was a scholar1 nurtured amid ,european learning1 and accustomed to the refinements of one of the most intellectual nations of the ,old ,world1 who banished himself from the pleasures of home and from the attractions of his native land1 and passed thirty-five years of his life in the forests of an unbroken wilderness1 on a distant shore1 amidst the squalid rudeness of savage life1 and with no companions during those long years but the wild men of the woods4 ,with them he lived as a friend1 as a benefactor1 as a brother2 sharing their coarse fare1 their disgusting modes of life1 their perils1 their exposures under the stern inclemency of a hard climate2 always holding his life cheap in the toil of duty1 and at last yielding himself a victim to dangers which he disdained to escape4 ,and all this that he might gather these rude men1 as he believed1 into the fold of the church2 that he might bring them to what he sincerely held to be the truth of ,god and the light of heaven4 ,mr4 ,bancroft thus describes the life and character of the subject of this memoir3 ,at ,norridgewock1 on the banks of the ,kennebec1 the venerable ,sebastian ,rale1 for more than a quarter of a century the companion and instructor of savages1 had gathered a flourishing village round a church1 which1 rising in the desert1 made some pretensions to magnificence4 ,severely ascetic--using no wine1 and little food except pounded maize1 a rigorous observer of the days of ,lent--he built his own cabin1 tilled his own garden1 drew for himself wood and water1 prepared his own hominy1 and1 distributing all that he received1 gave an example of religious poverty4 ,and yet he was laborious in garnishing up his forest sanctuary1 believing the faith of the savage must be quickened by striking appeals to the senses4 ,himself a painter1 he adorned the humble walls of his church with pictures4 ,there he gave instruction almost daily4 ,following his pupils to their wigwams1 he tempered the spirit of devotion with familiar conversation and innocent gaiety1 winning the mastery over their souls by his powers of persuasion4 ,he had trained a little band of forty young savages1 arrayed in cassock and surplice1 to assist in the service and chant the hymns of the church2 and their public processions attracted a great concourse of red men4 ,two chapels were built near the village1 one dedicated to the ,virgin and adorned with her statue in relief1 another to the guardian angel2 and before them the hunter muttered his prayer on his way to the river or the woods4 ,when the tribe descended to the seaside in the season of wild fowl1 they were followed by ,rale2 and on some islet a little chapel of bark was quickly consecrated4 ,the scene so peaceful1 so happy1 so beautiful1 in the days of ,f4 ,rale1 that it has been appropriately called one of nature's sweet retirements1 is described by the poet ,whittier after the rude hand of war had blasted its beauty and destroyed its altar and its priest1 as it appeared to some ,indian warriors who revisited the field after the battle1 in the following lines3 ,no wigwam smoke is curling there1 ,the very earth is scorched and bare2 ,and they pause and listen to catch a sound ,of breathing life1 but there comes not one1 ,save the fox's bark and the rabbit's bound2 ,and here and there on the blackened ground ,white bones are glistening in the sun4 ,and where the house of prayer arose1 ,and the holy hymn at daylight's close1 ,and the aged priest stood up to bless ,the children of the wilderness1 ,there is naught but ashes sodden and dank1 ,and the birchen boats of the ,norridgewock1 ,tethered to tree1 and stump1 and rock1 ,rotting along the river-bank6 ,,footnotes3 #afe ,indian name ,kanghssanak2 botanical1 ,umbilicaria ,muhlenbergii4 #aff ,francis' ,life of ,rale1 in ,sparks4 #afg ,maine ,hist4 ,soc4 ,collections1 v4 i4 p4 #cci1 and ,shea4 #afh ,francis' ,life of ,father ,rale4 #afi ,smith's ,history of ,new ,york4 #agj ,mass4 ,hist4 ,soc4 ,collections1 v4 viii4 p4 #beh4 #aga ,sillery4 #agb ,shea4 #agc ,francis's ,life of ,rale4 #agd ,chalmers4 #age ,francis's ,life of ,rale4 ,,from ,,egypt ,,to ,,chanaan4 ,my ,god1 while journeying to ,chanaan's land1 ,for peace ,i do not pray2 ,nor seek beneath thy sheltering sweetness1 ,lord1 ,to rest each circling day4 ,i cry to thee for strength to struggle on1 ,but do not ask that smooth the way may be2 ,sufficient for thy servant 'tis to know ,that earth's bleak desert ends at last with thee4 ,when heavenly sweetness floods my heart1 dear ,lord1 ,i magnify thy name2 ,when desolations weigh my spirit down1 ,i bless thee still the same4 ,keep me1 ,o ,god6 ,i cry with streaming eyes1 ,from love of earth and creatures ever free3 ,far sweeter are than ,eden's fairest blooms ,the blood-stained blossoms of ,gethsemani4 ,i do not ask of thee that loving friends ,should wander by my side1 ,or that my hand should feel an angel's touch1 ,a guardian and a guide4 ,but1 ,israel's ,god1 do thou go on before1 ,an ever-present beacon in the way2 ,a fiery pillar in dark sorrow's night1 ,a cloudy column in my prosperous day4 ,i do not ask1 ,o ,master dear6 to lean ,my head upon thy breast2 ,nor seek within thy circling arms to find ,an ever-present rest4 ,i beg from thee that crown of prickly thorn ,that once thy sacred forehead rudely tore2 ,and ,i will press those crimsoned brambles close ,to my poor heart1 and ask from thee no more4 ,but when1 at length1 my scorched and weary feet ,shall reach their journey's end1 ,and ,i have gained the longed-for promised land ,where milk and honey blend2 ,then give me rest1 and food1 and drink1 dear ,lord2 ,for then another pilgrim will have past1 ,as thou didst1 o'er the wastes of barren sand ,from ,egypt into ,chanaan1 safe at last4 ,,the ,,year ,,of ,,our ,,lord #ahgc4 ,will a new year ever dawn8 is the question that must present itself in some shape or form to the one who glances at the records of the years as they go by4 ,eighteen hundred and seventy-three of them have passed since that song was heard at midnight on the mountains of ,judea1 ,glory in the highest1 and on earth peace2 yet to-day the chant is as new and strange as it then was4 ,there is no pagan ,rome1 but there is a ,christian ,germany2 the dead ashes of the divine ,emperor ,tiberius were long ago blown about the world1 but the divine ,emperor ,william lives2 there is no ,herod1 but there is an ,emanuel1 whose name is as characteristic of the man as the word ,eumenides of what it was intended to represent4 ,who shall say that there are no ,pilates still1 who would fain wash their minds of conviction and their hands of the blood of ,christ with a little water8 ,are none living who cast lots for his seamless garment8 ,every person1 everything existing at the birth and death of ,christ1 has its living counterpart to-day2 which is to say that human nature is still human nature2 that the last chapter of the world's history has not yet been written2 and that1 beautiful and sublime as parts of it may be1 the trail of the serpent is over it all4 ,the year now closing is bigger with portent than event1 as far1 at least1 as events touch humanity at large4 ,a glance at the principal states of the world1 east as well as west1 though with a drowsier movement in the ,orient1 will bring before the eye many of the same symptoms throughout2 more or less of transition1 of rapid and often violent national change1 which naturally shows itself among peoples of a thousand creeds in the relation of the governed to the governing1 of the individual to the state4 ,on this subject there are two extremes--personal absolutism1 on the one hand1 and communism1 on the other4 ,both are equally disastrous to humanity1 both are opposed to the law of ,christ2 hence the believer in the law of ,christ1 the individual who founds and builds his life and that of his family on the law of ,christ--the ,christian1 the ,catholic--is equally objectionable to both1 and alike an object of hatred to ,prussian imperialism and ,french liberalism4 ,we are living in dangerous times2 the world seems at the crisis of a fever4 ,god in his mercy grant that it pass safely1 and that the patient awake from the long delirium to its senses and the road to recovery1 however slow and toilsome6 ,in ,american history the year of our ,lord #ahgc will probably be known as1 thus far at least1 pre-eminently the year of scandals4 ,early in this year1 the ,congress of the ,united ,states1 as if in emulation of the example set by some of our state legislatures and municipal corporations1 did1 in the now famous ,crdit ,mobilier transaction1 furnish a chapter apart in the annals of political malfeasance and corruption4 ,it shocked and shook the confidence of the nation4 ,the out-going ,vice-,president escaped impeachment by a vote so narrow as to imply a conviction of his guilt2 his successor entered with the shadow of the same offence on his character4 ,the rank-and-file were worthy of their leaders4 ,men stared blankly in each other's faces1 and asked whether such a thing as honor existed in political life4 ,the result showed itself in general apathy at the elections1 while the tide1 such as it was1 turned again to the opposite party4 ,corruption1 fraud1 embezzlement--embezzlement1 corruption1 fraud6 ,such are the chief headlines which the future historian will find in the national annals during this year of grace4 ,the same story is as true of private individuals as of our public and representative men4 ,the fashionable crimes of the year--always after murder and suicide1 of course--have been embezzlement and defalcation on the part of gentlemanly and well-educated bank and insurance officers4 ,a batch of ,american citizens gave us a world-wide celebrity by their long trial1 ending in conviction and severe punishment1 for astounding forgeries on the ,bank of ,england2 so that it is doubtful1 as matters stand1 which epithet would convey the severest imputation on character--,as honest as a cashier1 or ,as honest as a member of ,congress4 ,the early spring was signalized by1 perhaps1 one of the last efforts of the ,indians against the whites4 ,a small band of ,modocs1 under the leadership of their chieftain1 ,captain ,jack1 who seemed to have had serious causes of complaint1 after considerable negotiation1 resolved to die in harness rather than wait for what1 to them1 was a lingering death on a narrow reservation4 ,they commenced operations by treacherously murdering ,gen4 ,canby1 a brave officer1 and a peace commissioner1 during a peace parley4 ,retiring to their caves1 which afforded them an admirable shelter1 they for a long time maintained a successful resistance to the ,united ,states forces despatched to destroy them1 inflicting severe loss on the troops4 ,so successful was ,captain ,jack's battle that at one time it was feared the other tribes would rise and join him4 ,run to earth at last1 he surrendered with one or two companions who remained faithful4 ,after due trial1 they were taken and hanged4 ,a poor issue for a ,christian government6 ,troubles loomed in ,louisiana4 ,faction contended with faction for the government at a sacrifice of many lives4 ,when blood once flows in civil strife1 it is hard to tell where or when it will stop4 ,as civil war threatened1 and as ,congress was not sitting1 ,president ,grant was compelled to resort to the expedient of ordering in the ,united ,states troops1 not only to preserve the peace1 but to sustain one of the parties in power4 ,the country looked with a natural jealousy on this1 at the time1 apparently necessary movement2 for if all civil quarrels are to be decided by federal bayonets1 centralization and consequent personal government must sooner or later ensue4 ,at the same time1 it is impossible to allow local contests to be fought out vi et armis4 ,if the states cannot conduct their internal affairs in a civil fashion and in the spirit of the constitution1 there is apparently no medium between centralization and disruption4 ,the ,south was making rapid strides towards commercial recovery2 the cotton crop for the year was excellent1 as1 indeed1 were the crops generally2 but the recent financial disasters have crippled trade as well as commerce4 ,people will neither buy nor sell4 ,stock lies idle in the market2 large business firms close or suspend1 and the farmers cannot forward their products2 so that the country is faced by a long winter with nothing to do1 aggravated by a bad business season1 for which the strikers of the preceding year have themselves partially to blame2 and all ostensibly because one large banking firm suspended payment6 ,the only remedy for everything is a restoration of confidence among all2 but that is the precise thing that is slow to come4 ,the money market has been in the hands of commercial gamblers and tricksters so long that1 with our paper money1 which in itself is demoralizing1 commercial gambling seems to be the acknowledged and legitimate line of business4 ,honest men cannot contend with a world of rogues4 ,american credit has suffered terribly4 ,if in political affairs it be true1 as ,prince ,bismarck assured the world no later than last ,march1 that confidence is a tender plant1 which1 once destroyed1 comes never more1 it is doubly true in matters affecting a man's pocket4 ,there is something ominous as well as startling in this sudden collapse of all business1 all commercial transactions1 in a young1 wealthy1 powerful country such as this1 in consequence of the failure of one or two men4 ,it could not be unless the roots of the evil that wrought their failure had taken wide and deep hold of the national heart4 ,there are dangers more immediate and more fatal than ,csars or centralization threatening our republic4 ,there is something like a rotting away of the national virtue1 purity1 and honor which in themselves constitute the life of a nation4 ,when we find dishonesty accepted as a fact1 or a state of affairs rather1 against which it is hopeless to contend2 when we find money accepted as the lever which ,archimedes sought in vain1 and that money itself based on nothing--paper--taken on trust1 which does not exist1 we have arrived at a state very nearly approaching to national decay1 and it is high time to look to our salvation4 ,this can be brought about only by an adherence to the doctrines of ,christianity1 an education of our children in the laws of ,christianity1 so as to save at least the coming generation4 ,only one thought will save a nation from dishonesty3 the consciousness that a dishonest action is a sin and a crime against ,almighty ,god4 ,when that doctrine is taught and enforced in our public schools1 and impressed indelibly on the plastic mind of innocence1 the generation will grow up honest1 true1 and manly4 ,while perfectly aware that reasoning of this kind will scarcely be appreciated on the street1 nay1 would not even be understood1 that is no reason why prominence should not be given it by those who have the future of their country at heart4 ,the generation that grows up without a ,christian education will not know the meaning of such words as private or commercial morality4 ,the history of the year in ,europe is told in a sentence written long before ,rome was founded3 ,the kings of the earth stood up1 and the princes met together1 against the ,lord and against his ,christ4 ,in ,germany1 the work of the construction and consolidation of the new empire is advancing bravely4 ,the new ,german ,empire is founded on a military code strengthened by penal statutes1 executed with all the promptness1 vigor1 and rigor of military law4 ,the great feature of the year has been the passing of the ecclesiastical bills1 into the particulars of which question it is unnecessary to enter now1 as it has already been dealt with at length in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4#agf ,the present aspect of affairs may be summed up in a sentence3 ,to be a ,catholic is to be a criminal in the eyes of the state4 ,every ,catholic society of men1 and women even1 living in community together1 have been expelled from ,prussian territory within the year1 for the simple reason that they were ,catholics4 ,as an excuse in the eyes of this keen1 honest1 liberal world of the ,x,i,xth century for such an outrage on human liberty1 the government which boasts as its head ,prince ,bismarck1 whose very name has become a byword for sagacity and foresight1 contents itself with no better reason than that these quiet men and women1 whose lives are passed out of the world1 are a danger to the nation that conquered ,austria and ,france2 and the keen1 honest1 liberal world finds that reasoning sufficient4 ,to be logical1 the government should expel all the #h1jjj1jjj ,catholics in ,prussia1 or the #ad1jjj1jjj in the ,empire1 who are left behind2 for there is not one shade of difference in the ,catholicity of the societies expelled and that of the vast body remaining4 ,but as it would be a difficult undertaking bodily to expel #ad1jjj1jjj of human beings from an empire1 and as it would be a costly proceeding in the end1 the half a dozen or more men who legislate for this vast empire of #dj1jjj1jjj do the best they can under the circumstances1 and strain their ingenuity to devise means for purging ,catholicity out of the souls of this vast body1 as though the religion of ,jesus ,christ were a fatal disease and a poison4 ,consequently1 the first thing to do was to change the ,prussian constitution1 which guaranteed religious freedom independent of state control4 ,by an alteration in ,articles ,,xv4 and ,,xviii41 religion was brought under complete subjection to the state3 ,prince ,bismarck being compelled to pack the ,upper ,house with his creatures in order to secure a majority for the measure4 ,it passed1 and its result1 as far as the ,catholic ,church is concerned1 is easily told4 ,catholic bishops1 the successors of the apostles1 may no longer exercise apostolic jurisdiction without permission from a ,protestant government4 ,a ,catholic bishop may not excommunicate a rebellious ,catholic without permission from a ,protestant government1 under the severest penalties4 ,a ,catholic bishop must1 under pain of the severest penalties1 acknowledge a schismatic as a priest2 retain him in his parish1 pay him a salary1 and allow him to say ,mass and preach false doctrine to his ,catholic congregation4 ,a ,catholic bishop may not1 under the severest penalties1 ordain a ,catholic priest1 unless the candidate for holy orders receive the approval of ,protestant government officials4 ,catholic seminaries1 where students for the ,catholic priesthood are trained1 must accept the supervision of a ,protestant official and the programme of education prescribed by a ,protestant government1 which has declared war against their religion4 ,if the bishop does not accept these conditions1 the seminary is closed4 ,catholic candidates for holy orders cannot be exempted from military service2 the term of military service embraces a period of twelve years4 ,catholic candidates for orders may not be admitted to holy orders before passing three years at a state university under the lectures of ,protestant or infidel professors4 ,on their entrance to the university they must matriculate to the satisfaction of those professors1 and on leaving it they must pass a rigorous examination1 also to the satisfaction of those professors4 ,a ,catholic bishop may not appoint to or remove a ,catholic priest from any parish without the permission of the ,protestant government4 ,if he does so1 the marriages celebrated by such a priest are not recognized by law1 and the children are consequently illegitimate in the eyes of the law6 ,this too under a government which recognizes and encourages by every means in its power civil marriages1 without the form of any religious ceremony whatsoever4 ,surely this is an ,evangelical power6 ,such1 in brief1 is a sketch of what these ecclesiastical bills mean4 ,the sketch1 hasty and incomplete as it is1 requires no comment4 ,a running comment is kept up every day1 as readers may see for themselves1 by cable despatches announcing penalties inflicted upon this bishop and that for refusing to obey laws that not only the ,gospel of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ and the apostolic writings forbid him1 under pain of losing his soul1 to obey1 but against which the heart of any man with an ounce of freedom and honesty in his nature must revolt as from a foul offence4 ,but the cable tells not a tithe of the story4 ,every penalty of the law in all the cases mentioned above has been and is being rigorously1 nay bitterly1 enforced2 and a milder mode of treatment is scarcely to be looked for from the recent return of ,prince ,bismarck to the ,prussian premiership1 with full control this time over the cabinet4 ,it is difficult1 in these days and in this country of all others1 to write or speak with calmness of this cool assumption of absolute power over soul and body--the souls and bodies of #dj1jjj1jjj of human beings whom ,god created--by one or two men1 and of its hypocritical justification by appeals to the ,deity himself4#agg ,it is still more difficult to speak or write with calmness of the undisguised or ill disguised approval which such barbarous enactments have evoked in free ,america in the columns of ,protestant religious or quasi-religious journals4 ,is religious freedom one thing here and another thing in ,germany8 ,or is this country indeed1 as some allege1 ripe for absolutism8 ,the spirit that would wipe out the church of ,christ if it could1 that stifles every breath of religious freedom1 naturally and as a matter of course laughs at such a thing as pretensions to political freedom in any sense4 ,consequently1 it was no surprise to see1 in the face of the protest of the majority1 the civil as well as foreign polity of the states that compose this ,german ,empire1 scarce yet two years old1 transferred to the bureau that sits at ,berlin4 ,these states were free three years ago1 governing themselves by their own laws4 ,they must now be ruled internally as well as externally by the laws of the empire1 that is to say1 by ,prussia2 for the imperial chancellor is the ,prussian premier1 with full control over the cabinet4 ,in a word1 ,germany is to be ,prussianized4 ,prince ,bismarck is no lover of half-measures4 ,already it was decreed1 in spite of opposition1 that the ,prussian military code should serve for the whole empire4 ,the bill for the organization of the imperial army retains the main features of the former organization4 ,the term of military service is fixed at twelve years1 and1 as already seen1 not even the orders which indelibly stamp a man as the consecrated priest of ,god1 can save him from becoming a man of war4 ,now1 this one item of itself is sufficient to condemn this government in the eyes of humanity4 ,what is the meaning of the words1 twelve years of military service8 ,prussian military service is no playing at soldiers1 be it remembered1 like our militia here or in ,england4 ,the average life of a man in these days probably does not much exceed thirty-six years4 ,yet in this new ,german empire the men who go to compose its #dj1jjj1jjj of human souls are compelled to devote one-third--the best twelve years of their lives--to what8 ,to serve in the armies of a tyrannical despot1 who styles himself ,william1 by the grace of ,god--to spend those best twelve years of their lives in learning the most expeditious method of killing their fellow-,christians6 ,and that is what the glorious ,german ,empire means4 ,what wonder that ,germans should already fly in such numbers from this glorious and consolidated empire as to cause the same government that forbids freedom of religion to prohibit freedom of emigration8 ,as all the world has seen1 the ,german government is compelled to throw every obstacle in the way of its subjects to prevent their flying to this country4 ,does that betoken soundness1 and a government grateful to the people8 ,in the face of that one fact1 it is needless to call to mind the riots that have continued at intervals throughout the year in various parts of the country1 and the cruelty with which they were put down4 ,what wonder that1 even in the face of a military power1 the ,catholic party1 persecuted as it is1 should have gained1 on ,protestant concession1 a small but decided increase on the vote of last year8 ,what wonder that the liberty of the press should be attacked1 and the journals that dared to publish the ,papal ,allocution confiscated8 ,it has been alleged all along that ,catholics have been the foes of the unity of ,germany4 ,the allegation is utterly false4 ,it is alleged by the ,prussian government that they conspire against the empire1 from the bishops down4 ,give us the proofs1 say the ,catholics2 lay your finger on the words or the acts of conspiracy4 ,the government refuses to take up the open1 manly challenge4 ,it knew that its charge was false4 ,but had it1 by any chance1 been true1 who shall say that a government that enforces such barbarous laws as those above given1 which is compelled to resort to force in order to keep its subjects in the country1 which compels every man to devote the best part of his life to preparation for war1 whose revenues go only to swell vast armaments and fortify frontiers1 which denies not only all religious but all political freedom--practically one and the same thing--is not a curse rather than a blessing to mankind8 ,the ,german ,empire1 as it stands to-day1 is nothing else than a rampant1 military ,prussian despotism--a danger not only to its sister nations in ,europe1 but to the world4 ,in ,italy the story is much the same2 and the wonder is the sufferance1 in these days of vaunted enlightenment and freedom1 of the utter violation and disregard on the part of governments of every human right1 even to the seizure of private property4 ,the bill for the appropriation by the state of church property passed through the ,italian parliament4 ,these fine words1 appropriation1 parliament1 debates1 in this house and in that1 seem to throw dust in the eyes of men who1 when their own property is touched1 are particularly keen-sighted1 though the appropriation go not beyond a single dollar4 ,this high-sounding measure simply means that the ,italian parliament has forcibly taken possession of three millions' worth and upwards of property to which1 in the face of earth and heaven1 it had not one jot1 one tittle1 one shade of claim in any form4 ,three years ago1 the present ,italian parliament--,italian by courtesy--was not known in ,rome4 ,the ,pope was as much a sovereign as ,victor ,emanuel4 ,the withdrawal of the ,french troops left the ,sovereign ,pontiff defenceless1 and let in the ,king of ,sardinia4 ,unprovoked and uninvited1 he took violent possession of the slender remnant of the ,papal ,states left to the ,pope1 and proclaimed himself ,king of ,italy--the ,pope still remaining on the soil which his predecessors owned and governed before the race of ,victor ,emanuel existed4 ,under the ,papal rule1 certain religious corporations--the religious orders and societies--rented1 purchased1 or owned certain property4 ,the property belonged to those corporations as surely and as sacredly as property can belong to any man or body of men4 ,of course1 when this ,italian government laid its sacrilegious hand on the domain of the ,vicar of ,jesus ,christ1 it was scarcely to be expected that1 with the example of ,henry ,,viii4 of ,england and1 more recently1 of ,william of ,prussia before its eyes1 it would stop short at the property of religious corporations4 ,consequently1 we hear of a bill for the appropriation of this private property by the state4 ,it is debated1 and1 after the usual objections to what is already a foregone conclusion1 the property is seized by the state1 and the owners turned adrift over the world4 ,when men1 and by no means admirable men1 calling themselves governments1 play thus fast and loose with every vested right1 ,catholics are told1 because they are so bold as to defend their own1 that they are and1 cannot be other than disloyal to that nowadays obscure thing1 a state6 ,the ,vicar of ,jesus ,christ lifts up his voice1 and1 after his many warnings1 pronounces the solemn sentence of major excommunication on all who have had hand1 act1 or part in these sacrilegious transactions1 which the science of jurisprudence itself condemns utterly--and free men1 with sound ideas on the rights of property1 whatever may be their opinion on the rights of religion1 find in his utterances insolence or ravings4 ,treasures of art1 libraries that are historical relics1 relics of the sainted dead1 all that the monasteries and convents held1 flood the ,italian market1 and are bought up for a song2 while the property itself is up at auction to the highest bidder4 ,and what has this government done for the country8 ,has it1 in a manner1 justified its seizure by improving the condition of the people8 ,it only needs to read any of the ,roman correspondents of the ,english or ,american press to know that never did brigandage exist in a more flourishing condition in ,italy than since the entry of ,victor ,emanuel into ,rome4 ,many ,protestant correspondents1 be it remembered1 intimate plainly enough that the authorities wink at the brigands4 ,capture1 of course1 is made once in a while2 but so occasionally as only to serve pour encourager les autres4 ,but1 after all1 there is no barometer like a man's pocket2 and the rise and fall of taxation is a very safe indicator of the state of the political mart4 ,on this point a little comparison will be found instructive4 ,the ,new ,york ,herald1 in the spring of this year1 in an article entitled ,the ,debts of the ,state--,important ,questions for ,taxpayers1 mentions1 as the revelation of a startling fact1 that the aggregate debt of the several counties1 cities1 towns1 and villages of the ,state of ,new ,york1 for which the taxpayers are responsible1 exceeds two hundred and fourteen million dollars4 ,this is more than ten and a half per cent4 upon the assessed valuation of all property in the ,state4444 ,if to this total debt of the subdivisions of the ,state be added that of the ,state itself1 444 we have as the entire corporate debt of the ,state #bci1fhe1ijb--;almost twelve per cent4 of the whole assessment of property4 ,this is a heavy encumbrance upon every man's and every woman's estate4 ,it has grown out of a long course of reckless abuse of power1 too lightly confided to legislative and the various representative bodies which control the ,state in its several divisions4 ,lavish extravagance has been too often authorized in expenditures for the public account1 by men who carefully guard their private interests and credit1 and it is no secret that many of the burdens imposed upon the taxpayers have enriched those who made the appropriations4 ,how are these onerous obligations to be met8 ,or are they to be paid at all8 ,it is doubtful whether many of the taxpayers in ,new ,york ,state will feel inclined to call in question the strictures here involved4 ,at all events1 the ex-,tammany chieftain has recently been consigned to the penitentiary4 ,turn we now to the taxation in ,rome since the commencement of the ,emanuel rgime4 ,a ,herald correspondent1 who was despatched to describe the death of our ,holy ,father1 and the election of his successor1 and1 finding his time heavy on his hands--as the ,pope1 in the face of an outraged world1 refused to die before his ,master called him--collected and sent back the following little items3 ,comparative ,table of ,taxes on an ,annual ,income of #gj1jjj ,lire 7,francs7 paid in #ahfi to the ,pontifical ,government1 and in #ahgc to the ,italian ,government4 ,,taxes ,,paid ,,to ,,the ,,pontifical ,,government4 ,francs4 ,per ,cent4 ,state taxes on property in ,rome1 #dfg4bj ,state taxes on property in the country1 #bdh4ge ------ ,total1 #gae4ie or #a4jbbgi ,communal taxes on property in ,rome1 #hfd4ie ,communal taxes on property in the country1 #fac4gj -------- ,total1 #a1dgh4fe or #b4aabcf ,total of all taxes paid under the ,pontifical ,government1 #b1aid4fj or #c4aceae ,,taxes ,,paid ,,to ,,the ,,italian ,,government4 ,state taxes on property in ,rome1 #f1bej ,state taxes on property in the country1 #idj ----- ,total1 #g1aij or #aj4fbheg ,communal taxes on property in ,rome1 #d1fej ,communal taxes on property in the country1 #fea ----- ,total1 #e1cja or #g4egbhf ,income taxes on #ei1dig francs #g1hed or #aa4bb ,mortmain taxes on total of #gj1jjj francs1 #b1hjj or #d4jj ,mortmain on buildings which give no rent1 but are taxed1 #a1ejj or #b4adbhf ----- ----- ,total of all taxes paid under the ,italian ,government1 #bd1fde or #ce4efdbi ,,summary4 ,increase of ,taxes ,pontifical ,italian under ,government4 ,government4 ,italian ,gov't4 ,per ,cent4 ,per ,cent4 ,per ,cent4 ,state tax--real estate1 #a4jb #aj4fc #i4fa ,communal and provincial taxes #b4aa #g4eg #e4df ,income tax1 -- #aa4bb #aa4bb ,mortmain1 -- #d4jj #d4jj ,mortmain on buildings not paying rent1 -- #b4ad #b4ad ---- ---- ---- ,total1 #c4ac #ce4ef #cb4dc ,this schedule refers only to clerical property4 ,this is an increase of #cb percent41 or1 not including the extra tax on mortmain property1 #bh per cent41 within1 at the time of writing1 about two years4#agh ,would the taxpayers of ,new ,york1 who are presumably more wealthy than those of ,rome1 consider such an increase of taxation as that in two or three years a startling fact8 ,and what is there to show for it8 ,absolutely nothing4 ,all sorts of fine schemes for improvement of the city and such like are in existence--upon paper2 unfortunately1 they remain there4 ,there is a grand new opera-house to be built1 however4 ,that is something4 ,and then those royal visits to ,austria and ,germany must have cost something4 ,and ,victor ,emanuel himself and his worthy son ,humbert lead rather expensive lives4 ,in the account of ,new ,year's ,day at ,rome1 a twelve-month since1 we find the president of the chamber requesting his majesty to take more care of his health4 ,and his majesty in response acknowledges the necessity of so doing1 while he assured the president that arrangements existed which would ensure that the unity and liberty of ,italy would in no case be endangered4 ,and here the ,roman correspondent of the ,london ,times1 who1 like most special correspondents of that journal1 hates the ,pope and the ,papacy with a solid ,saxon hatred that not even what is passing under his own eyes can remove1 furnishes us with a little further information on the same point3 ,the rigorous exaction of the taxes1 referred to in former letters1 has been a great element of discontent1 especially in the south1 which has suffered in many respects from the formation of the ,italian kingdom4 ,the only chance of rescuing the country ,what country8--,the exchequer of ,victor ,emanuel4 from its severe financial difficulties and probably from bankruptcy1 was in such an exaction1 but it has not the less pressed very cruelly on many needy classes4 ,and it must be owned that1 instead of seeking to soothe the sufferings of the taxpayers1 ,signor ,sella has rather increased them by his cynical mode of treatment4 ,people think it bad enough to be mulcted until they have scarcely enough left to live upon1 and are not in a mood to be made game of also--and much more in the same strain4#agi ,of the banishment of the religious orders and societies from ,italy1 which recently came into effect1 the same only can be said as of the ,german expulsion4 ,our ,holy ,father1 in receiving the generals of the various religious orders on ,january #b1 said in reply to their address3 ,it is the third time during my life that religious orders have been suppressed4 ,these corporations have always been the support of the church1 and it is a dispensation of ,god that they should from time to time undergo such vicissitudes4 ,this is a secret of ,providence which ,i may not unravel1 but ,i strive to see whether an angel may not be coming to aid the church4 ,i do not say that ,i desire the destroying angel who visited the host of ,sennacherib in order to save the chosen people of ,god4 ,no1 ,i have not that thought4 ,i wish for an angel who might convert all hearts4 ,we are in exile2 we must come before ,god with the powerful arm of prayer1 in order to obtain1 if not what we wish1 at least some assuagement of our misfortunes4 ,at the beginning of summer the world was excited by a rumor of the ,pope's sickness unto death1 and it was curious to observe the effect of the rumor upon the non-,catholic world4 ,pius ,,ix4 has already seen more than the years of ,peter4 ,he has sustained in his own person the trials of ,peter4 ,but whatever the end may be which ,jesus ,christ has reserved for the close of the glorious career of his true ,vicar1 ,pius ,,ix4 will leave this world1 his soul borne up on the prayers and blessings of two hundred million hearts1 while his name will for ever shine resplendent on the glittering scroll of the successors of ,peter4 ,on his return from ,versailles1 ,m4 ,thiers was greeted at the railway station by a crowd which was awaiting him there with loud cries of ,vive ,m4 ,thiers6 ,vive le ,prsident6 ,so runs a despatch from ,paris on ,new ,year's ,day1 #ahgc4 ,how oddly it reads now6 ,le ,prsident est mort3 ,vive le ,prsident6 ,m4 ,thiers is politically as dead as he that was laid in his quiet grave at ,chiselhurst in the first month of the year4 ,it almost requires a strained effort of the mind to recall the fact that a short year ago ,m4 ,thiers was the master of the situation in ,france1 receiving deputations and congratulations on ,new ,year's1 and talking of his presidential visit to the ,vienna exhibition4 ,a quiet but significant little despatch of the same date may partly explain the rapid collapse of ,m4 ,thiers3 ,many persons of political distinction left their names at the residence of the ,orleans princes4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world for last ,january1 in its review of the year #ahgb1 said on the ,french question3 ,but ,thiers cannot last1 and what is to follow8 ,the country would not bear the rule of the man of ,sedan4444 ,the speech of the ,duc d',audiffret-,pasquier1 on the army contracts1 killed ,napoleonism for the nonce4 ,we can only hope for the best in ,france from some other and nobler sprout of former dynasties2 we cannot foresee it4 ,it is needless to tell here the story of how ,m4 ,thiers was overthrown1 or to comment on it1 beyond the timeworn illustration that as a rule it is a radical mistake for any one man to set himself up as a necessity for a nation2 yet such a mistake is the commonest indulged in by rulers 7in esse or in posse1 as may be74 ,in the midst of intense excitement in that most excitable of capitals1 ,paris1 ,marshal ,mac,mahon was summoned by the majority of the ,assembly to succeed ,m4 ,thiers4 ,he placed himself as an impersonal instrument in the hands of the government1 promising by the aid of ,god and the army to guarantee peace4 ,he chose a conservative government4 ,order has been kept4 ,the last farthing of the indemnity to ,germany has been paid1 and the last ,german soldier has quitted ,france4 ,a volume might be written on those few words--the indemnity has been paid3 the last ,german soldier has quitted ,france4 ,there is nothing but silent wonder for this marvellous feat1 which in its way casts into the shade even the ,german conquest of ,france4 ,a nation whose armies were one after the other shattered in a few months1 an empire destroyed1 an emperor led into captivity2 its great fortresses beaten down1 its capital besieged and taken twice over1 first by the foe1 after by its own soldiers from the hands of its suicidal children2 two provinces1 rich and fair1 with their cities and peoples1 amounting to a million and a half1 taken away2 its raw levies scattered into mist at a ruinous waste of life and money2 its government overthrown and the entire national system overturned1 so that men turned this way and that1 and nowhere found a ruler4 ,men1 money1 provinces1 cities1 emperor1 empire1 rulers--all gone2 commerce destroyed1 the heart of the nation sore with resentment and stricken with sorrow3 and all this crowded into a few months6 ,yet within less than three years this fickle1 false1 degenerate ,french nation--for such was the general character attributed to it after the late war--has restored its armies1 has maintained peace1 although even yet it can scarcely be said to have a permanent government1 has set its commerce again afloat1 and has rid itself of the foe at a cost that1 when proposed1 the whole world deemed fabulous4 ,one cannot help wondering now whether ,prince ,bismarck was prescient enough to foresee that ,france could afford to pay the fabulous sum for which he stipulated--more than a billion dollars4 ,the figures are easily written down on paper1 the words slip glibly from the lips1 yet they signify a sum of money whose immensity1 and the power that it contains for good or for evil1 it is well-nigh impossible for the mind of man to conceive4 ,when first bruited1 the whole world looked aghast and refused to consider the idea that ,prince ,bismarck1 especially after what the nation had suffered1 could stipulate for the payment of so vast a sum--one that simply implied national bankruptcy4 ,the world misjudged ,prince ,bismarck1 and possibly he misjudged the power and vitality of the nation that lay quivering under his iron heel1 or he might have demanded more4 ,yet here two years afterwards the almost impossible sum is told out to the last farthing1 and the ,germans are over the border again1 with their gripe still on two ,french provinces1 hastening fast to fortify and defend them from attack4 ,with what ,france has accomplished in these short months before our eyes1 how irresistibly the thought comes to one--would it not have been wiser1 truer patriotism1 a loftier statesmanship1 to have left those two provinces to ,france1 and not hold them up for ever before her eyes as the fairest prize pitilessly wrung from her in her hour of anguish8 ,has not ,prince ,bismarck1 or the ,emperor1 or ,von ,moltke1 or whomsoever's doing it was1 left the germ of future wars as a legacy to be fought by those yet unborn1 when they shall be rotting in their graves8 ,a month or two ago1 and the crown that once belonged to his race seemed to offer itself to the grasp of the ,count of ,chambord4 ,our readers know the story too well to repeat it here4 ,all that need be said is1 he refused it4 ,henri ,cinq is very unlike ,henri ,quatre1 the founder of his race4 ,that ,protestant gentleman deemed a throne worth a ,mass2 his ,catholic descendant deems a throne insufficient to compensate him for a broken word or a wavering in principle4 ,it is a lesson to kings2 and if there be such a thing as royalty in these days--royalty as men once knew1 or thought they knew1 it--surely it belongs to the man who could quietly turn aside from a crown within his reach when he could not wear1 as the brightest jewels therein1 truth and honor untarnished4 ,verily ,henri ,cinq is the most royal of the ,bourbons1 and the line of crowned heads is redeemed in the person of their crown-less descendant4 ,vive la ,france6 ,vive ,henri ,cinq6 ,the crown which all felt to be virtually offered to him being refused1 the conservative government1 with ,mac,mahon at its head1 still remains in office1 and a provisional government is voted for seven years4 ,it is doubtful whether it will live that time4 ,france is still open to eruption4 ,yet the present government deserves well of the country4 ,it has shown itself wise1 calm1 and moderate4 ,the debt was paid off1 and the nation scarcely seemed to recognize the fact4 ,how that vast sum of money was collected so rapidly and transferred to ,berlin1 where it came from1 and how it was brought together at so short a notice1 without any one apparently feeling the worse for it1 is1 and will probably remain1 one of the mysteries of finance4 ,it is as impossible this year as it was last to forecast the ,french horoscope4 ,the nation has accomplished wonders1 and shown itself capable of everything save choosing a government which could satisfy the whole body4 ,probably such a government is impossible4 ,republicanism1 in our sense of the word1 is as far off from ,france as ever4 ,sooner or later some man will again possess himself of the power in ,france1 unless1 as is still not improbable1 the nation invite the ,count of ,chambord4 ,the ,duc d',aumale has won golden opinions from all sorts of men1 and continues to win them4 ,he is conducting the trial of ,marshal ,bazaine with great keenness and discretion4 ,the man of ,sedan went to sleep at last as the year opened4 ,he is reported to have died a ,christian death1 though the evidence of adequate reparation for his past crimes is wanting4 ,whatever he may have been1 he left many close personal friends behind him4 ,he did more than this3 he left a party1 or the germ of one1 in that fatal legacy of the ,napoleonic idea1 to his young son1 who1 if his life be spared1 will probably guard it well1 and follow closely in the footsteps of his father1 if he have the chance to do so1 which ,god forefend6 ,his ,english education will not harm him2 and he has seen too much of ,france and imperialism to relinquish an empire which1 unless ,god give him grace to learn a better wisdom than that which his father bequeathed1 he cannot fail to consider his by right4 ,for the present he is harmless enough personally2 but if ,france continues in its unsettled state1 and if the son inherit any of the power and scheming of the race1 he is as likely as any other to be the coming man4 ,we trust1 however1 that neither of these conditions will be verified4 ,the death of the ,emperor ,napoleon undoubtedly lightened ,france4 ,this is not the time to examine his actions or his policy4 ,he is now part1 and a very large part1 of history2 and history will paint him as it has painted better and greater men--in light and shade4 ,the pilgrimages to the various ,french shrines were a feature of the year1 drawing the eyes of the world to ,france1 and the blessing of heaven on ,france4 ,millions of pilgrims of all classes1 ages1 and cast of politics visited ,la ,salette1 ,paray-le-,monial1 ,our ,lady of ,lourdes1 and a multitude of other shrines4 ,the whole world looked on with wonder4 ,there was abundance of ridicule among a class of writers from whose pens commendation would be an insult4 ,one pilgrimage went from ,protestant ,england under the leadership of the ,duke of ,norfolk1 hereditary ,earl ,marshal of ,england4 ,the leading secular newspapers1 as a rule1 gave very fair and respectful accounts4 ,if it were not invidious to select from many1 the letters of the correspondents of the ,london ,times in ,england1 and of the ,new ,york ,herald in this country--particularly the latter--were admirable in tone1 spirit1 and style4 ,pilgrimages were prohibited in ,italy and ,germany1 on the ground that they were political assemblages4 ,they seem rather likely to increase than to diminish in the coming year1 and undoubtedly they have imparted a fresh impetus to faith1 and returned a solemn answer to the men of the time1 the philosophers of the age1 who find it so easy to disbelieve in ,god4 #ahgc will be memorable in ,spanish annals4 ,the heart sickens and shrinks from going over the dismal record4 ,it is almost startling to read of the king receiving deputations on ,new ,year's1 and that king ,amadeus4 ,his abdication can scarcely have caused surprise to persons who had the slightest inkling of the real state of affairs in ,spain4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 in its review of last year1 although matters smiled on ,amadeus at the time1 said3 ,we do not expect to find ,amadeus' name at the head of the ,spanish government this day twelve-month4 ,it said also1 ,a good regent1 not ,montpensier1 might bring about the restoration of ,don ,alfonso2 but where is such a regent8 ,don ,carlos possesses the greatest amount of genuine loyalty to his name and cause1 and he would be the winning man1 could he only manage his rising in a more efficient manner4 ,how far those predictions have been verified by events our readers may satisfy themselves4 ,they required1 indeed1 no very keen insight to make4 ,previous to the abdication of ,amadeus1 the ,carlist insurrection1 under the leadership of ,prince ,alfonso1 the brother of ,don ,carlos1 ,saballs1 and a number of other chieftains of greater or less note1 again broke forth with renewed vigor4 ,after his abdication1 the government was all at sea2 and from that time to the present date there has been nothing but a succession of changes of government1 one as incapable as another1 until the country no longer presents the appearance of a nation4 ,don ,carlos appeared at the head of his forces early in the year4 ,frequent reports of ,carlist annihilation have kept the telegraph wires busily employed ever since2 yet1 singular to relate1 ,don ,carlos at present is actual king in the north of ,spain4 ,the forces sent against him have been defeated in every important engagement1 and he only needs artillery to advance into the heart of the country4 ,how it will go with him during the coming winter1 which is rigorous in the north1 remains to be seen4 ,insurrections broke out in various parts of the country1 resulting1 in some places1 in scenes of horror and inhumanity1 compared with which the horrors of the ,commune in ,paris were humane4 ,men seemed possessed by fiends1 and the ,spanish idea of a federal republic took the form of every petty town its own absolute sovereign4 ,there was serious danger more than once of such insignificant governments embroiling themselves with foreign powers4 ,part of the fleet revolted1 and is still in revolt4 ,part of the army endeavored to do so more than once4 ,they cannot but despise wild theorists of the ,castelar type1 who would heal a bleeding nation with windy speeches4 ,the future looks dark for ,spain2 and its only hope now lies in ,don ,carlos gaining the throne as speedily as he may4 ,the country is overwhelmed with financial dangers1 and it will take a cycle of peace and sound government to atone for the untold evils of these few years of excess4 ,as matters now stand1 victory sits on the helm of ,don ,carlos1 and the coming year will probably find him ,king of ,spain4 ,we hope and believe that he will prove himself worthy of the vast sacrifices which have been made in his favor1 and show as a wise1 temperate1 and truly ,catholic sovereign over a noble race run mad with riot4 ,as for a ,spanish republic1 ,alcoy and ,cartagena indicate what that means4 ,in this connection it would seem that we should take some notice of the case of the ,virginius2 but1 at the time of sending this to press 7,nov4 #bi71 the question is too incomplete and unsettled to enable us to announce the final solution1 which will have become a fact when these lines are read4 ,to pronounce our own judgment on the merits of the case1 in the brief and superficial manner to which our limits would restrict us1 we are unwilling4 ,we merely say one thing1 which is obvious on the face of things1 that there was no sufficient reason to justify the hurried and summary massacre of the prisoners captured on the ,virginius4 ,filibustering we detest as a crime4 ,nevertheless1 ,cuba has been frightfully misgoverned4 ,the reconciliation of ,cuba to ,spanish rule is impossible4 ,if it can be rightfully made a free state1 or annexed to the ,united ,states1 we think it will be a benefit to the ,cubans to be set free from ,spanish rule4 ,the great feature of the ,english year has been the educational question--a question that at present is agitating the world1 and is debated alike throughout all ,europe1 in our own country1 in the states of ,south ,america1 in ,india even1 and in ,australia4 ,it is summed up in this3 ,shall education be ,christian or not8 ,if ,christian1 it tends to make the coming race bad citizens1 inasmuch as it teaches children that there is a ,god1 whose laws even governments must obey4 ,there are side issues1 but that constitutes the main point1 however governments may seek to disguise the fact4 ,if unchristian1 the children learn that they are only graduating to become capable citizens of the state1 and that that is their highest duty4 ,this is paganism1 and to this doctrine of education ,christians cannot consent4 ,mr4 ,gladstone1 finding his party shaking1 once more strove to consolidate and make it a unit on an ,irish question4 ,he took up the ,irish educational grievance--and undoubtedly a sore grievance it is--and tried to construct a university which should be equally acceptable to all creeds and no creeds4 ,as might have been expected1 it proved acceptable to none4 ,mr4 ,gladstone's model university was to exclude chairs of theology1 philosophy1 and history4 ,the very proposal is sufficient to show how impossible it was for ,catholics to support such a measure4 ,the ,irish vote very rightly turned the scale against him1 and ,mr4 ,disraeli was credited with a victory4 ,after a threatened dissolution1 the ,gladstone government resumed1 and the conservative gains have gone on steadily increasing1 so that it is not at all improbable that ,mr4 ,disraeli will find himself and the conservative party in power after the next general elections4 ,the ,british government paid to the ,united ,states the amount of the ,geneva award--#c1ejj1jjj4 ,a war is being waged against the ,ashantees1 successfully so far4 ,the ,australian colonies are advancing in wealth and independence4 ,from ,bengal1 at the close of the year1 comes a dread rumor of famine that seems to be only too well founded4 ,there was an increase in the price of coal1 resulting1 apparently1 from a report of its scarcity4 ,in the early part of the year1 a strike of the miners and iron-workers of ,south ,wales1 by which #fj1jjj men were thrown out of employment1 extended over two months4 ,it was finally settled by mutual concessions on the part of masters and men4 ,it evinced the growing power of trades-unions2 but1 at the same time1 a few figures1 furnished by the correspondent of the ,london ,times1 give sad evidence of what a losing game strikes really are when they can possibly be avoided4 ,the correspondent writes from ,merthyr1 ,february #i1 while the strike was still in progress3 ,a few figures1 showing the cost of the present struggle1 are instructive4 ,to-day the strikers enter upon the seventh week of its duration4 ,not a stroke of work has been done by over #fj1jjj persons since the #bhth ,december last4 ,in giving that figure1 the number is under-estimated rather than exaggerated4 ,the average weekly earnings of this industrial host was #fj1jjj1 while at the monthly pays or settlements it would not be going beyond the truth to say the payment exceeded the ordinary weekly draws by from #ej to #fj per cent4 ,in the six weeks of idleness1 therefore1 the workmen have lost1 in round figures1 #djj1jjj4 ,the withdrawal of this vast sum from the circulation of the district has created such a dearth of money as no tradesman has ever experienced before4 ,the strike payment of the ,miners' ,union has amounted at the utmost to only #ae1jjj--;a miserable pittance compared with the sum which would have been distributed through the various channels of trade had the works continued in operation4 ,the past almost unprecedentedly dull business year in ,new ,york was owing1 in great measure1 to the strikes in the busiest season of #ahgb4 ,in ,ireland1 and among the ,irish in ,england and ,scotland1 the agitation for home rule has spread with a vigor that promises success4 ,recently the ,irish prelates have given in their adherence to the programme1 and thus sanctioned the movement by the voice of the church4 ,a cable message informs us that ,mr4 ,disraeli has seized upon this fact to warn the world generally1 and ,mr4 ,disraeli's proverbially slow-witted party particularly1 that the contest between the ,catholic ,church and the world is rapidly coming to a head1 and will probably soon be fought out by ordeal of battle4 ,mr4 ,disraeli inherits a keen scent for what is likely to take in the market1 whether of politics or a more vulgar kind of commodity4 ,he is at a loss for a party-cry1 and has happily seized upon one that of all others is likely to commend itself to the ,british bucolic intellect4 ,in the meantime1 the ,irish at home may remember that in all their struggles1 while they very wisely look to themselves to right themselves1 they may count on fast friends1 chiefly of their own race1 scattered through every ,english-speaking people1 whose voices1 at least1 will be lifted up in their favor4 ,let them continue to show such clean calendars as in the past year's assizes--in itself a very strong proof for the right1 since it involves the power of self-government--and self-government cannot tarry much longer4 ,the solemn consecration of the whole country to the ,sacred ,heart1 and of ,armagh ,cathedral1 are two events that will live in ,irish history4 ,the general wonder evoked by the revolt of an ,irish priest against his bishop furnished a striking testimony to the unity of the church4 ,russia has advanced a step farther into ,asia and closer upon the ,british possessions4 ,khiva was captured1 after a show of resistance by the forces of the khan4 ,the collision between these two powers in the ,east is not far distant4 ,russia has not yet forgotten ,sebastopol2 and ,england showed a restive spirit at the advance of its great rival into the ,east that at one time threatened to burst forth into open opposition to the expedition4 ,the contest is only delayed for a time4 ,russia internally is not as calm as it might be4 ,we hear from time to time of the eruptions of strange secret societies4 ,undoubtedly socialism is at work2 and in these days1 not despotism1 but rational freedom1 is the only bulwark against its advance4 ,the year opened with the illness of the czarowitz4 ,he recovered sufficiently to absent himself from ,st4 ,petersburg just before the kaiser entered to greet the czar4 ,the love of the czarowitz for the ,prussians is too well known not to give a significance to his hurried departure on the arrival of their emperor in his father's capital4 ,austria opened a universal exposition at ,vienna with a financial panic4 ,the country has under consideration the legislation of the period--a bill for the regulation of the affairs of church and state4 ,austria is not too strong as it stands2 it will gain little if it join in the universal attack upon the church of ,christ and his ,vicar4 ,switzerland has essayed the rle of ,bismarck admirably4 ,it has turned everybody in and everybody out1 and church and chapel topsy-turvy1 in right royal fashion4 ,all the ecclesiastical laws of ,prussia have been introduced there1 with the addition that the curs were elective4 ,of course1 ,catholics could not vote for the election of their curs2 consequently1 they did not appear at the polls in this matter4 ,but there are ,catholics enough in ,switzerland1 and ,italy also1 to make themselves felt at the polls in other matters1 and it seems that the chief remedy for their evils rests in their own hands4 ,in ,germany1 as was seen1 the ,catholics have gained a decisive increase on their vote of last year1 however small2 and1 to judge of the future by the past1 those ,german delegates will fight the battle of ,god and freedom nobly4 ,in ,england ,catholics are active at the polls1 and1 small a minority as they are1 their vote tells4 ,turning now to the ,east1 every year seems to bring it nearer to the ,west1 and possibly to the fulfilment of the promise that ,f4 ,thebaud brings out so strongly in his powerful work on ,the ,irish ,race--to the time when the sons of ,japheth shall take possession of the tents of ,sem4 ,during the past year1 the ,emperor of ,china made a concession unprecedented in ,chinese history1 and doubtless many an old political head shakes over the headlong rate at which the ,chinese constitution is being driven to destruction4 ,the ,brother of the ,sun--we believe that is the relationship--has allowed foreign potentates to present themselves at court after the fashion of the outer barbarians4 ,this1 however1 is really an important concession1 inasmuch as when the representatives of civilized governments have access directly to the person of the emperor1 ,european and ,american subjects resident in ,china stand a better chance of having the many annoyances and grievances put in their way redressed2 and the moral effect of the imperial concession on the narrow-minded ,chinese nation cannot fail to be of benefit4 ,japan seems earnest in its endeavor to become ,europeanized as rapidly as possible4 ,but it was as near1 or nearer1 centuries ago1 when ,s4 ,francis ,xavier confuted the ,bonzes4 ,the narrowness and selfishness of ,european traders alone prevented the nation from becoming ,christian1 probably1 at that time4 ,much depends1 therefore1 on the representatives of foreign governments4 ,if they are wise and large-hearted ,christian men1 they may prove apostles to this nation1 which seems to possess so many admirable elements2 but if1 as so often seems the case1 they are only second-hand agents of ,bible societies and narrow-minded bigots1 we may as well resign all hope of ,japan4 ,some outrage is sure to recur sooner or later with lamentable results4 ,certainly1 as a rule1 our own foreign diplomats are not a class of men who reflect too much credit on the ,american nation4 ,they appear to have been chosen blindly or at hap-hazard1 in return for some electioneering service4 ,such is not the spirit that should move the government of a nation like ours1 or any nation1 to select representative men4 ,they should be truly representative men of this great people1 large and liberal-minded1 with no bias whatever1 but an eye single as that of justice4 ,persia has also opened her gates and let forth her king to see the world4 ,what impression the civilized world made on ,nasr-ed-,deen#ahj would be something worth knowing4 ,he traversed ,europe4 ,he went to ,russia1 and the czar showed him armies2 he visited ,berlin1 and the kaiser showed him other armies2 he went to ,austria--armies again2 ,england--armies1 a navy this time1 and a lord mayor2 ,france--more armies2 ,italy--armies still2 and the king of kings went back again to ,persia to open his kingdom to civilized governments4 ,belgium showed him the inside of a ,christian temple for the first time1 as he assured the ,papal ,nuncio1 when expressing his regret at not being able to visit the ,sovereign ,pontiff4 ,can we wonder that the shah was soon weary of his journey8 ,civilization could show him no grander sight than millions of men drawn up in battle array and all the paraphernalia of war4 ,it exhausted itself in that--armies and nothing more4 ,yes1 there was something more--ballets4 ,the shah seems to have pawned his kingdom for a period of twenty years to ,baron ,reuter1 who is to do what he pleases with it in the interim in the construction of railways1 canals1 and other means of internal development1 he paying the monarch #bj1jjj annually and a tithe of the income resulting from the improvements4 ,it seems a hazardous undertaking in such a country2 but the man who undertook it doubtless counted the costs beforehand4 ,the mission of ,sir ,bartle ,frere from the ,british government to the interior of ,africa1 with a view to the putting a stop to the barbarities of the slave-trade1 promises1 in connection with the expedition under ,sir ,samuel ,baker1 to open up a road to ,european intercourse with the natives of the interior4 ,some ,german scientists in ,berlin also set on foot during the past year an association for the promotion of the exploration of ,africa4 ,in the states of ,south ,america the same strife that we have witnessed in ,europe is being waged1 which1 under the name of church and state1 really means the absolutism of the state4 ,the members of the ,society of ,jesus and of other societies and orders have been expelled from ,mexico and several other states4 ,mexico has decreed civil marriage1 as has also ,brazil1 whose ,masonic premier and cabinet are entering on a persecution of the bishops for excommunicating members of secret societies4 ,during the year1 the city of ,san ,salvador was utterly destroyed by an earthquake4 ,the political order in these ,south ,american states corresponds very closely with their natural order4 ,they exist in a chronic state of revolution and eruption4 ,in the natural order there have been furious storms1 fraught with disaster to life and property2 although lives lost in this manner have been insignificant in number compared with loss resulting from wrecks owing mainly to neglect1 as in the case of the ,northfleet and the ,atlantic1 and several railroad disasters on a large scale4 ,boston was again visited by fire1 but escaped with a loss less severe than before4 ,the flooding of the ,po once more brought disaster upon ,italy1 as did our own annual freshets upon us in the spring4 ,with the exception of the threatened famine in ,bengal1 the seasons have been propitious1 and the want which threatens the ,united ,states particularly during the coming year is due mainly to financial panics and strikes4 ,within the past year1 ,berlin1 ,vienna1 and ,new ,york have known panics1 all seemingly resulting from the same immediate cause--the failure of one or two great houses2 while the markets of the world have been threatened in consequence4 ,failures of one or two great houses could not possibly affect in so terrible a manner all kinds of business were it not that there was something radically wrong at the bottom--an evil leaven that has spread to the whole commercial mass4 ,it would probably be a puzzle1 even to a financier1 to lay before the world the secrets of these periodical panics1 resulting in ruin to so many outside of the comparative few immediately concerned4 ,it looks as though1 in this money-getting age1 and among our own money-getting people particularly--on which subject the ,holy ,father this year addressed to us a special warning--the mass of men were animated by the principle1 ,get money at all costs2 never mind the means4 ,even the greatest houses live on a system of puff4 ,in private life the man who lives beyond his means must sooner or later come to grief1 and face ruin or roguery4 ,in business the same rule must hold good4 ,vast establishments are conducted on a system vitally unsound4 ,probably there exists scarcely a house to-day that1 if called on at any one moment to pay all its outstanding debts1 could do so4 ,but when the majority of houses are conducted on principles that on a limited capital base a business involving an outlay of perhaps twenty times its amount1 we must be prepared for these periodical disasters4 ,the evil is that this essentially dishonest system has become the only recognized style of conducting business in these days2 so that commerce has come to be a game of speculation1 where the cleverest and most daring rogue generally wins--a game fostered by the excessive issue of paper money4 ,among events that attracted some attention during the year was the still lingering trial of the ,tichborne claimant1 which was not thrown into the shade by the trial of ,marshal ,bazaine4 ,there have been meetings of the internationalists and other societies4 ,new ,york was entertained or bored1 as may be1 for a week1 by a meeting of ,protestant gentlemen1 mostly clericals1 of all shades of belief1 who called themselves an ,evangelical ,alliance4 ,they were not quite agreed as to the particular object of their meeting1 from which nothing resulted4 ,several ,catholic nations and numerous dioceses have been solemnly dedicated to the ,sacred ,heart of ,our ,lord ,jesus ,christ during the past year1 the province of ,new ,york among the number1 on the feast of the ,immaculate ,conception1 ,december #h4 ,dr4 ,corrigan was consecrated ,bishop of ,newark1 and ,f4 ,gross of ,savannah4 ,the last point has come3 the mention of the dead4 ,the ,emperor ,napoleon was the first of note to go2 his empire went with him1 for from first to last it was essentially a personal government4 ,as his will1 drawn up in his still palmy days1 said1 ,power is a heavy burden4 ,he forced himself upon a nation of #cj1jjj1jjj of human souls2 he voluntarily assumed the responsibility of the absolute guidance of that mighty multitude4 ,he never had a fixed principle to guide him4 ,he never dared honestly say1 ,this is right1 ,this is wrong4 ,the power which he voluntarily assumed and kept to himself so long--one solitary man the ruler of #cj1jjj1jjj--;ended in disaster for that mighty multitude and himself4 ,this death dwarfs all the others4 ,nevertheless1 many a man was laid in his grave last year whose name will live after him4 ,the church has lost ,mgr4 ,losanna1 ,bishop of ,biela1 the oldest ,italian bishop2 ,f4 de ,smet1 the apostolic missionary among the ,indians2 and here1 in ,new ,york1 ,vicar-,general ,starrs4 ,literature has suffered in ,manzoni1 whose death the ,italians rightly viewed as a national calamity4 ,edward ,bulwer1 ,lord ,lytton1 a man of many and great gifts1 has at last gone to tell what could he do with them4 ,history will not soon find again an ,amede ,thierry4 ,col4 ,james ,f4 ,meline1 a frequent and very able contributor to ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 is a loss to ,american ,catholic literature4 ,the ,anglican ,bishop of ,winchester1 a gifted orator1 but a churchman of no very fixed opinions1 was killed by a fall from his horse4 ,on the same day died ,lord ,westbury1 a man of a singularly acute and powerful intellect1 who has left his mark on ,english legislation4 ,our ,chief-,justice ,chase is gone1 and it will be difficult to find his equal4 ,rattazzi1 the ,italian minister1 is gone to his place4 ,john ,stuart ,mill1 who could not well be dismissed in a sentence1 is dead4 ,he was a singular mixture of philosophical acumen and practical stupidity4 ,art has lost ,landseer2 science1 ,maury and ,liebig1 the chemist2 while medicine laments ,nelaton4 ,the ,american1 ,french1 and ,english stage mourns respectively ,forrest and ,macready1 the once rival tragedians1 and ,lafont1 a prince of comedians4 ,royalty has lost the ,empress ,dowager of ,austria1 a very holy woman2 the ,empress ,dowager of ,brazil2 the ,king of ,saxony1 a scholar and a ,christian1 and the ,duke of ,brunswick1 who was famed for anything but holiness4 ,general ,paez1 who once was famous1 is dead4 ,the death of ,captain ,hall adds another to the list of brave1 adventurous spirits who so far have wasted their lives in the endeavor to discover the ,north ,pole4 ,his death involved the failure of the ,polaris expedition1 which was fitted out by the ,american government4 ,the story of the rescue of the ,polaris crew belongs to the romance of history4 ,bernstorff and ,olozaga1 the ambassadors respectively of ,germany and ,spain1 have dropped from diplomatic circles into that circle where the finest diplomacy cannot cover the slightest delinquency4 ,there is little to add4 ,another year has happily passed over our heads without a serious war1 but the future threatens to make ample and speedy atonement for this lamentable deficiency4 ,last year ,,the ,,catholic ,,world closed its review by saying that ,europe was arming4 ,this year it may say ,europe is armed4 ,prussia1 ,russia1 ,france1 ,austria1 ,italy--what are they8 ,nations of warriors4 ,had the ,persian king asked the meaning of these armed nations1 he would probably have been answered1 with a grim jocularity1 that civilized powers found such the only method of keeping the peace and preserving that imaginary thing--equilibrium4 ,the ,russian expedition into and capture of ,khiva1 the defeat of the ,dutch by the ,atchinese in the ,island of ,sumatra1 the ,english war with ,ashantee1 make the three ruptures of international peace during the year4 ,england seems particularly choice in her selection of foes3 ,abyssinia1 the ,looshai tribes1 and now--,ashantee4 ,she is jealous of her turbulent neighbors1 and must vindicate her ancient prestige4 ,the main events which have moved the world during the past year have now been touched upon hastily and crudely enough1 but sufficiently1 it may be hoped1 to give the reader some idea of the mainsprings which move this busy world1 of which we form a part1 and in which each one is set to play a part and render an account of it4 ,what was said at the beginning may be more readily appreciated now1 or denied--that the year of our ,lord #ahgc is bigger with portent than event1 and a portent that bodes ill1 as far as human eye can see1 for the church of ,christ1 built upon ,peter4 ,mr4 ,disraeli's party-cry may contain more truth than the crier1 wise man though he be1 dreamed3 there is such an intense1 bitter1 determined1 and general hostility1 on the part of the kings and the princes of the world1 against the ,lord and against his ,christ2 the opposition is fast becoming so intolerant and absolutely unbearable to ,catholics2 while protest and opposition in words alone seem vain and idle when addressed to ears that are deaf4 ,in the meanwhile1 ,catholics must not budge an inch4 ,they are not only fighting for their religion1 but for human freedom4 ,to yield the smallest point of principle is to be false to their conscience4 ,the more persistent is the non-,catholic world in false theories of human rights and human wrongs1 the more persistent must they be in adhering1 at any sacrifice1 to what they know to be right1 and what was right when modern nations were unborn4 ,catholics must remember that all are fighting the same battle1 and all are bound to take a hand in the struggle4 ,what the ,pope fights for1 that all ,catholics fight for--from the bishop to the priest1 from the priest to the one whose voice is heard in the halls of legislation1 to the editor in his office1 to the merchant in his counting-house1 to the very beggar in the street4 ,there is no difference1 no line to be drawn4 ,we must be one1 and1 if right must win1 then victory is ours4 ,for1 for what do we contend8 ,to be ,christian2 to be free to obey the church which our ,lord ,jesus ,christ founded4 ,allegiance to a foreign power8 ,what folly6 ,allegiance to ,pius ,,ix4 is allegiance to ,jesus ,christ4 ,nothing more1 nothing less4 ,are ,catholics not ,americans1 or ,germans1 or ,irishmen1 or ,englishmen1 for being ,catholics8 ,how1 when1 where1 was it ever shown that they were not8 ,why1 when ,protestantism was not known1 were ,catholics not nationalists--when ,christendom was one8 ,a new year is opening before us--a year of trial1 not so much in this country1 but to the universal church4 ,where freedom is left to ,catholics1 as in this country1 they must never cease1 by prayer1 by the pen1 by the voice1 by every means that the occasion calls forth1 to help their persecuted brethren2 not looking to this government or to that to help them1 but basing their cause on their natural rights4 ,there is not a civil1 religious1 or political right anywhere existing on this earth1 belonging to non-,catholics1 which does not also belong to ,catholics4 ,they must get that idea fast in their minds1 and fight on that which is a lawful and just issue4 ,no ,protestant can claim a right which does not belong equally to a ,catholic4 ,no ,protestant1 be he individual or government1 can say to a ,catholic3 ,you must not believe this doctrine or that2 you must not take the ,pope for an infallible guide in religion1 but yourself2 you must not educate your children in your religion1 and so on4 ,this is the language1 open or secret1 of the day which is addressed to ,catholics4 ,it must be met with no hesitation1 but with the response3 ,our freedom is your freedom2 our rights are your rights2 our interest is your interest2 nay1 after all1 our ,god is your ,god4 ,let us fight our battles of opinion civilly4 ,but when you issue paper constitutions every day1 and tell us that we must obey such and such an iniquitous law--a law revolting to our conscience1 our reason1 and every aspiration of freedom--we throw your paper constitution to the winds1 and refuse to obey it4 ,it is necessary to obey ,god rather than man6 ,we conclude by wishing to all our readers a happy ,new ,year1 to our ,holy ,father a speedy triumph1 and to ourselves the pleasure of recording1 at the end of #ahgd1 the history of the confusion and rout of the enemies of the church4 ,of events accidentally omitted in the preceding record of the year1 were the ravages of the yellow fever in the ,south1 particularly at ,memphis and ,shreveport1 where many ,catholic priests and religious sacrificed their lives in the service of the sick4 ,to the list of disasters at sea resulting from carelessness must be added the recent wreck of the ,ville du ,havre1 with a loss of upwards of #bjj lives4 ,the festival of the ,catholic ,union at ,boston also deserved mention1 as it evoked a demonstration of ,catholic strength and ,catholic feeling that was an honest source of pride4 ,among names omitted in the death-roll were those of ,dr4 ,h4 ,s4 ,hewit1 a noble man who sacrificed much for his country and his faith2 ,hiram ,powers1 the sculptor2 ,laura ,keene1 the actress1 an estimable woman and a good ,catholic2 ,sir ,henry ,holland1 ,henry ,w4 ,wilberforce1 brother of the ,anglican bishop1 and for a long time editor of the ,london ,weekly ,register 7,catholic72 ,general ,hardee1 and a name once very famous1 ,abdel-,kader4 ,a new ,atlantic cable was this year laid by the ,great ,eastern between ,valentia and ,heart's ,content1 ,n4 ,f4 ,,footnotes3 #agf ,church and ,state in ,germany1 ,catholic ,world1 ,july1 #ahgb4 #agg ,see the response of the ,german ,emperor to the ,pope1 in the correspondence recently published4 #agh ,the ,new ,york ,tablet1 ,july #ai1 #ahgc--;,a ,truly ,liberal ,government4 #agi ,the ,london ,times1 ,january1 #ahgc4 #ahj ,possibly the spelling of the name is incorrect2 but there is such a variety to choose from that the correct form is a nice question4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,the ,,ark ,,of ,,the ,,people4 ,by ,plato ,punchinello4 ,translated from the ,french by a ,friend of ,christian ,civilization4 ,philadelphia3 ,p4 ,f4 ,cunningham4 #ahgc4 ,a very timely book1 whose publication is very welcome4 ,it is one of a class very numerous at present in ,france1 which we hope to see becoming common in our own country4 ,that is to say1 it treats of the horrible consequences in the social order flowing from the prevalent infidel1 heretical1 anti-,catholic theories1 maxims1 errors1 and illusions of the age1 vamped up by sophists and charlatans1 and palmed off upon their dupes and victims as philosophy1 science1 advanced ideas1 principles of progress and improvement in civilization4 ,it treats also of ,catholic principles as the principles of true social and political order and well-being4 ,it is lively and brilliant1 and we recommend it most earnestly as a book most useful and entertaining1 specially fitted to counteract the false notions which are but too current even among ,catholics4 ,,lascine4 ,by an ,oxford ,man4 ,new ,york3 ,appletons4 #ahgc4 ,,seven ,,stories4 ,by ,lady ,georgiana ,fullerton4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgc4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,,marie ,,and ,,paul4 ,by ,our ,little ,woman4 ,same publishers4 ,,the ,,baron ,,of ,,hertz4 ,a ,tale of the ,anabaptists4 ,from the ,french of ,albert ,de ,labadye4 ,new ,york3 ,o',shea4 #ahgc4 ,,gordon ,,lodge4 ,by ,miss ,m4 ,agnes ,white4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly ,piet4 #ahgc4 ,here is quite a supply of works of fiction by ,catholic writers to help while away the dreary winter months4 ,lascine is a story whose incidents are taken from the experience of an ,oxford convert4 ,a number of very good stories of this kind have appeared since the great movement began2 and the movement itself1 besides its serious importance1 is certainly very fertile in romantic incidents1 and furnishes abundant stuff for a skilful novelist4 ,lascine is a book which can be read with great interest1 and is by no means lacking in cleverness4 ,its principal fault is an excess of sentimentality4 ,we think it promises a great deal for the future success of its young author4 ,anything written by ,lady ,georgiana ,fullerton must of course be excellent4 ,the first and last of these stories are particularly good1 and the last one ought to be read by all our young people1 especially young ladies who aspire to become literary stars4 ,marie and ,paul is a very pretty and pathetic tale4 ,the ,baron of ,hertz has a great deal of historical instruction about the crimes and horrors of the ,german ,reformation1 couched in the form of a stirring and most tragic story4 ,miss ,white's dbut is very creditable to her4 ,she has originality of conception and power of delineation and description4 ,there are certain inaccuracies in respect to the ,english titles of nobility1 and some other minor faults of style which indicate the need of a more careful attention to details and a more accurate revision4 ,as a whole1 the story is a very successful effort4 ,,the ,,real ,,presence4 ,by ,rev4 ,p4 ,tissot1 ,s4,j4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 #ahgc4 ,an excellent little book1 solid1 simple1 and pious1 good alike for old and young4 ,the doctrinal gravity of the treatise is relieved in an agreeable and edifying manner by some interesting narrations of miraculous events relating to the ,blessed ,eucharist4 ,f4 ,tissot has chosen these incidents with great judgment1 selecting those which are both extremely wonderful and at the same time very well authenticated1 and taking care to give the proof as well as the history4 ,there cannot be anything more stupid or more provoking than the ignorant1 supercilious1 and flippant manner in which the writers for the secular and soi-disant religious press1 sneer at these ,catholic miracles1 without pretending to reason about the evidence on which the truth rests4 ,there are some who think it the best policy to keep silent about them2 but it is our opinion that we ought to bring them constantly before the face and eyes of the unbelieving world1 although the light which flashes from them may be disagreeable to many who do not wish to be disturbed in their fatal slumber4 ,,saxe ,,holm',s ,,stories4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner4 #ahgd4 ,a most peculiar school of fiction1 which we may call the transcendental1 has grown up among the ,new ,englanders and their semblables within our own remembrance4 ,some of its productions are of fine quality1 and it oscillates in morality between the two extremes of ,catholicity and pantheism4 ,nevertheless1 as a dear friend1 who lived and died a ,unitarian minister1 once remarked to us1 the prevailing tendency of this entire transcendental movement is a very circuitous return to the religion of our ,catholic forefathers4 ,the stories of this volume1 written1 we conjecture1 by a lady1 are a sample of the kind of literature referred to4 ,the first story1 ,draxy ,miller1 is a chef d'uvre4 ,it may seem odd that we should perceive a ,catholic undertone in a story the heroine of which1 after marrying a minister in a wild country hamlet of ,new ,hampshire1 takes charge of the preaching for a year after her husband's death4 ,female preaching1 and the whole set of strong-minded female notions1 we abominate1 of course4 ,but ,draxy ,miller's last epoch of life1 as the passing umbra of her husband1 is so described that the repulsive aspect of the pastoral office in petticoats is hidden4 ,and as an ideal character ,draxy is exquisite4 ,reuben ,miller's ,daughter wins the heart of the reader1 as she did the hearts of the old captain1 the stage-driver1 the elder1 and the elder's parishioners4 ,the ,one-,legged ,dancers is capital also1 and the other stories are written with skill and effect4 ,there is rather too strong an infusion of transcendental notions about love1 yet the moral tone is much higher than is usually found in novels1 and the author appears to recognize the stringent obligation of wedlock4 ,we rank this volume of stories decidedly in the first class4 ,in the advertisements at the end of the volume we perceive the announcement of a translation of ,jules ,verne's ,de la ,terre la ,lune1 together with another similar book1 describing a journey to the centre of the earth4 ,the first of these extraordinary jeux d'esprit has given us so much pleasure in the original1 overflowing1 as it is1 with humor1 poetry1 and scientific knowledge1 that we call the attention of our readers1 in a spirit of purely disinterested philanthropy1 to the fact that they can get this book and its fellow in ,english4 ,they will help very materially the effort to pass a merry ,christmas4 ,,the ,,arena ,,and ,,the ,,throne4 ,by ,l4 ,t4 ,townsend1 ,d4,d41 author of ,credo1 etc4 ,boston3 ,lee ,shepard4 #ahgc4 ,the principal object of this book is one in which we heartily sympathize1 being the refutation of the ordinary shallow arguments which some persons consider as conclusive in favor of what is known as the plurality of worlds and the maintenance of the dignity of man as a worthy possessor of the universe of ,god4 ,the material universe is insignificant compared with a single soul4 ,we need not take so much pains to try to utilize it4 ,the convenience of one man would be a sufficient reason for its existence4 ,the physical arguments1 drawn from actual observation1 in favor of the uninhabitability of the worlds with which we have become in any degree acquainted1 are well put4 ,,rhoda ,,thornton',s ,,girlhood4 ,by ,mary ,e4 ,pratt4 ,boston3 ,lee ,shepard4 #ahgc4 ,a pretty1 simple story of ,new ,england life2 a good book for a school prize4 ,the usual hearty country pleasures--husking and quilting parties1 ,thanksgiving1 etc41 are well and truly described2 a healthy tone runs through the story1 which is a natural and probable one4 ,the little heroine1 ,rhoda1 a thoughtful1 womanly child1 begins her life in an alms-house1 and then spends a few years on an old-fashioned farm4 ,she turns out to be the great-granddaughter of a lost member of an old family1 whose heirs and representatives she and her brother become4 ,the incidents are not violently improbable1 and the disintegration naturally arising in such a family through imprudent marriages and removals to distant and unreclaimed territories very adequately accounts for the mystery4 ,the style is free and simple2 studied ornament or any silly rhetorical flourish is avoided4 ,,rituale ,,romanum ,,pauli ,v4 ,,pontificis ,,maximi ,,jussu ,,editum ,,et ,a ,,benedicto ,,xiv4 ,,auctum ,,et ,,castigatum3 ,,cui ,,novissima ,,accedit ,,benedictionum ,,et ,,instructionum ,,appendix4 ,baltimori3 ,excudebat ,joannes ,murphy4 #ahgc4 #abmo1 pp4 #edf4 ,this is the first entire edition of the ,rituale published in this country1 and we take pleasure in commending it as one very creditable to the publisher4 ,the type is large1 the paper white and clear1 and very excellent register is observed in printing the rubrics4 ,if there is any suggestion we would offer1 it is that the next edition be printed on thinner paper1 so that the volume may be reduced to a more portable size without any diminution in legibility4 ,the imprimatur of the archbishop of ,baltimore obviates any necessity for comment on the text4 ,,the ,,acts ,,of ,,the ,,early ,,martyrs4 ,by ,j4 ,a4 ,m4 ,fastr1 ,s4,j4 ,third series4 ,philadelphia3 ,p4 ,cunningham ,son4 #ahgc4 ,the first and second series of this valuable and suggestive work have received due notice in these pages at the time of their publication4 ,we have before us now the third series1 chiefly treating of the martyrs of the ,i,vth century1 under the tenth general persecution--that of ,diocletian4 ,the contents are most interesting1 the more so as some of the saints here mentioned are less known than those whose acts filled the first two volumes4 ,the great and foremost reason why we rejoice to see the sufferings and constancy of the early martyrs brought before the remembrance of our people is that these sufferings have some analogy with the present condition of the church in many lands4 ,although the physical tortures of early days are out of fashion1 the moral persecution is not less ingeniously spread over the whole life of a ,catholic than it was in former times4 ,the same kind of constancy is required to conquer the latter as was needed by the martyrs to overcome bodily pain4 ,in those early times social ostracism1 exile from honorable professions1 and confiscation of property1 were as frequently as now the guerdon of him who embraced the unpopular religion1 as we see in the case of ,s4 ,tarachus and his companions4 ,in every instance the bribe held out by ,satan to the confessors of the faith was the favor of the emperor1 the honors and emoluments of the magistracy1 great riches1 and high position1 as we see specially in the case of ,s4 ,clement of ,ancyra4 ,his is the most wonderful life recounted in this little book4 ,eighteen years of incessant martyrdom2 the most heroic constancy and patience2 the most singular and miraculous ,providence watching over him2 the powers of persuasion which converted his jailers1 his executioners1 and thousands of pagans in the various places where he was tortured and confined2 the manner in which it pleased ,god to make him whole no less than six times after the devil had done his best to render his body unrecognizable--all contribute to make of his life a tissue of a more wonderful and awful romance than any imaginary tale of medival marvel4 ,to ,s4 ,blasius of ,sebaste we would also call attention1 as having forestalled ,s4 ,francis of ,assisi in his god-given power over the lower creation4 ,in the story of ,s4 ,polyeuctus the reader will recognize the foundation of ,corneille's sublime ,christian drama of ,polyeucte1 written at the instance of ,mme4 de ,maintenon4 ,the style of this book is flowing and correct2 simple1 as befits the subject1 which cannot be raised higher by any flight of human fancy or adornment of human fashion2 is accessible to the understanding of the unlearned1 and cannot fail involuntarily to touch the hearts of all4 ,is it not a strange thought to dwell upon1 that1 among all the conversions wrought on the spot by the supernatural courage of the martyrs1 there should be hardly one instance on record of it having converted their judge8 ,the sudden judgment executed on some governors and prtors is indeed mentioned in a few cases4 ,are we to suppose that they were really beyond persuasion1 being possessed by a devil who had complete control over their faculties8 ,it is a very awful thing whereon to meditate1 but these stories of our forerunners in the good fight certainly strongly suggest the idea4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,announcement4--,we shall begin in our next number the publication of a new story by ,mrs4 ,craven1 author of ,a ,sister's ,story1 ,fleurange1 etc4 ,the work will be issued simultaneously with its appearance in ,le ,correspondant1 the translation being made from the original ,,ms4 with the special sanction of the author from whom the exclusive right of publication in this country has been purchased4 ,the continuation of ,grapes and ,thorns1 which has been delayed by the departure of the author on an ,european tour1 will be resumed in the ,february number4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xviii41 ,no4 #ajg4--;,,february1 #ahgd4aha ,,the ,,principles ,,of ,,real ,,being4 ,,ii4 ,,extrinsic ,,principles ,,of ,,being4 ,as in chemistry1 so also in metaphysics1 the labor and difficulty attending the analysis of complex things is proportional to the degree of their complexity4 ,hence in the search after the principles of real being1 which we are about to make1 we judge it expedient1 for the greater convenience and satisfaction of our philosophical readers1 to start from the principles of the most simple among the subjects of metaphysical analysis--that is1 from the principles of primitive beings4 ,by primitive being we mean a being not made up of other beings1 but strictly one in its entity--unum per se in ratione entis--and therefore having nothing of which it can be deprived without ceasing to be altogether4 ,it is to be observed that a primitive being may be conceived to exist either contingently or through the necessity of its own nature4 ,of course1 a being which exists through the necessity of its own nature is perfectly independent of all extrinsic things1 as it contains in its own nature the adequate reason of its being1 and therefore admits of no extrinsic principles of any kind4 ,but a being which exists contingently is a being which has not within itself the adequate reason of its existence2 whence it follows that its existence cannot be accounted for but by recourse to some extrinsic principle or principles4 ,as the knowledge of extrinsic principles is calculated to throw much light also on the intrinsic constitution of primitive contingent beings1 let us make such principles the subject of our first investigation4 ,we affirm that the extrinsic principles of every primitive contingent being are three2 for to the question1 ,whence any such being proceeds1 three different answers can be given1 and three only4 ,first1 we can assign the reason why1 or the end for the sake of which1 a being has been made to exist4 ,secondly1 we can point out the agency through which a being has been made to exist4 ,thirdly1 and lastly1 we can mention the term out of which a being has been brought into existence4 ,these three principles virtually contain the whole theory of creation4 ,if we were now writing for unbelievers1 we would be obliged to commence by establishing some preliminary truths1 such as ,god's existence1 the contingency of the world1 and the philosophical impossibility of accounting for its origin without recourse to the dogma of creation4 ,but as our habitual readers are presumed to be sufficiently instructed about these fundamental truths1 we think we may here dispense with a direct demonstration of the same1 and avoid a digression which would lead us too far from the subject now under examination4 ,as1 however1 this article may possibly fall into the hands of some dupe of modern infidelity1 we propose to make a few incidental remarks on their usual objections1 and to lay down1 before we conclude1 some of the arguments by which unbelievers can be convinced of the absolute truth of what we now assume as the ground of our explanations4 ,we assume1 then1 that there is a ,creator1 a ,god1 a being infinitely intelligent and infinitely powerful1 eternal1 and independent4 ,such a being1 as infinitely perfect1 is infinitely happy1 and experiences no need whatever of anything outside of himself4 ,he therefore does not create anything1 unless he freely wills2 nor wills he anything1 unless it is for some good which he freely intends2 for nothing but good can be the object of volition4 ,now1 the only good which ,god in his infinite wisdom can freely intend is the exterior manifestation of his divine perfections4 ,it is1 therefore1 for this end that creatures were brought into existence4 ,our first answer to the question above proposed points out this final principle of creation--that is1 the manifestation of ,god's perfections in such a degree and manner as he himself was pleased freely to determine4 ,to attain this end1 it is obvious that ,god was obliged to bestow upon his creatures such a degree of reality as would enable them to show in themselves and in their finite perfections a finite image1 and1 so to say1 a reflex of the perfections of their ,creator4 ,hence the final principle1 on which the existence of contingent beings originally depends1 comprises not only the manifestation of ,god's perfections in a determinate degree1 but also1 and more immediately1 the bestowal of a proportionate degree of entity upon creatures1 that they may carry on such a manifestation according to the design of their ,creator4 ,thus the ultimate end of creation is indeed ,god's glory1 or the manifestation of his perfections2 but the proximate end of creation1 and that which is immediately obtained in the very act of creation1 is the existence of the created things with that degree of reality and with those endowments which make them fit instruments for the aforesaid manifestation4 ,accordingly1 when asked whence a primitive contingent being proceeds1 our first answer must be that it proceeds from ,god's design of showing his existence and infinite perfection by communicating contingent existence and finite perfections outside of himself4 ,let us here take notice that modern thought ignores final principles altogether1 and pretends that arguments from design have no value in science4 ,in this pretension we unmistakably recognize the materialistic propensities and the lack of philosophical reasoning by which our age is afflicted4 ,when our modern sages will prove that creation does not proceed from a will1 or that a will can act without an object1 then they will be entitled to the honor of a serious refutation4 ,as it is1 their negative position is sufficiently refuted by a simple appeal to common sense4 ,to those who1 without denying final causes1 maintain that we cannot ascertain them1 nor make them an object of science1 we reply that1 although we do not know all the particular ends which each creature may be destined to fulfil1 we nevertheless know perfectly well the general end of creation4 ,now1 nothing more is needed for establishing the reality of the first extrinsic principle on which the existence of every contingent being depends4 ,our second answer points out the efficient principle of creation--that is1 ,god's omnipotent power4 ,rationalists and materialists have tried to do away with this most necessary principle4 ,besides the old pagan assumption of self-existent matter1 which many of them adopted in order to supersede the necessity of a creator1 they have tried to popularize other inventions of more recent thinkers1 who for the ,god of the ,bible have substituted what they style the ,absolute1 and pretend that what we call contingent beings are mere apparitions of the ,absolute--that is1 the ,absolute manifesting itself4 ,without stopping here to refute such a strange theory1 we shall content ourselves with observing that what is altogether absolute is intrinsically unmodifiable--a truth which needs no demonstration1 as it immediately results from the comparison of the two terms2 whence it follows that1 if the ,absolute wishes to manifest itself1 it cannot do so by assuming any new form1 but only by means of something extraneous to its own nature1 and consequently through the instrumentality of some being produced by it1 perfectly distinct from it1 and which may admit of such modifications as we witness everywhere around us1 and as we know to be irreconcilable with the nature of the ,absolute4 ,this suffices to show that no apparition or manifestation of the ,absolute can be conceived without implying an exertion of efficient power4#ahb ,we say1 then1 in our second answer1 that it is through divine omnipotence that contingent beings were actually brought into existence by such a communication of reality as was proportionate to the design of their ,creator4 ,in other terms1 ,god's omnipotent power is the efficient principle of all primitive contingent being4 ,our third answer points out the terminus ex quo of creation--that is1 the term out of which every contingent being is primarily educed4 ,such a term is mere nothingness2 for whatever primarily begins to exist must come out of absolute non-existence4 ,it is against this that our modern pseudo-philosophers most loudly protest1 as they stoutly proclaim that nothing comes out of nothing--ex nihilo nihil fit4 ,we may well smile at their useless protestation2 for the fact is that nothing is ever brought into existence but from its contrary--that is1 from its non-existence4 ,it would be vain to object that1 to build a house or a ship1 materials are needed4 ,of course they are needed1 but a house is a compound1 not a primitive1 being2 and to build a house is not to produce the house1 but only to effect the artistic arrangement of its materials4 ,now1 undoubtedly1 before the house is built1 such an arrangement has no existence4 ,the only thing1 therefore1 that the builder efficiently produces springs out of non-existence4 ,we fully admit that a physical compound cannot be made up without materials--viz41 without pre-existent components--but1 to be sure1 the first components do not themselves depend on other components1 because the first components are primitive beings1 and1 as such1 cannot be made of any pre-existing material4 ,yet they must have been made1 since they exist and are contingent2 and1 if made of no pre-existing material1 certainly brought out of nothing4 ,but as our readers need none of our arguments to be convinced of a truth of which they are already in possession1 we will set aside all further discussion on this subject1 and conclude1 from the preceding remarks1 that when we are asked whence a contingent being originally comes1 our last answer must be that it comes out of nothing as the term of its eduction4 ,nothingness1 in this case1 holds the place of the material principle1 which is wanting4 ,it is clear1 then1 that all primitive contingent beings can1 and must1 be traced to three extrinsic principles4 ,this doctrine contains nothing difficult1 far-fetched1 or mysterious1 and its great simplicity proves that metaphysics1 after all1 may be less frightfully abstruse than some people are apt to believe4 ,this same doctrine is also the universal doctrine of all philosophers who did not lose themselves in the dreams of visionary systems4 ,it is true that they do not always mention1 as formally as we do1 the final object of creation as a distinct principle2 but they do not deny it4 ,in treating of the origin of things1 they usually consider the final and the efficient principle of creation as a single adequate principle1 on the ground that finality and efficiency1 viewed absolutely as they are in ,god1 are but one and the same thing4 ,they also omit very frequently the mention of the term out of which things are educed1 not because they do not acknowledge it1 but because they know that it has no positive causality4 ,nevertheless1 a little reflection will show that such a course is not the best calculated to give a distinct idea of the principiation of things2 on the contrary1 the very nature of the metaphysical process demands that each of the three extrinsic principles be kept in view very distinctly and explicitly4 ,we admit1 of course1 that the final and the efficient principle of creation1 viewed absolutely as they are in ,god1 are really and entitatively the same thing2 but we consider that the intention1 or volition of the end1 has its connection with created beings1 not on account of its absolute entity1 which is necessary1 but on account of its extrinsic termination1 which is contingent2 for1 evidently1 no act can be conceived as the principle of a being1 except inasmuch as it is connected with the same being4 ,accordingly1 ,god's volition is the principle of things1 not inasmuch as it is an absolute act1 entitatively necessary1 but inasmuch as it is an act having a contingent termination4 ,on the other hand1 ,god's infinite power must indeed be conceived as connoting an infinity of beings that can be created1 but is not conceivable as connoting determinate beings that will be created1 unless something be found that connects it especially with the same determinate beings4 ,now1 what is it that connects ,god's omnipotence with any determinate being which is to be created but his volition of a contingent determinate object--that is1 his volition as having a contingent termination8 ,omnipotence1 therefore1 acquires a special connection with a determinate contingent being only on account of the extrinsic termination of divine volition2 and thus divine omnipotence and divine volition have1 under this consideration1 a kind of relative opposition1 on account of which the one that induces the special connection is to be distinguished from the other that acquires it4 ,moreover1 in the investigation of first principles we must continue our analysis as far as we can--that is1 until we reach the ultimate terms into which the subject of our investigation can be resolved4 ,now1 it is evident that omnipotence1 as freely connected with the production of a determinate being1 is not the ultimate term of analysis2 for we can go further1 and assign the reason of that free connection--viz41 the actual volition of an end4 ,hence the final and the efficient principle of creation1 though not really distinct in ,god1 afford a real ground for two distinct concepts1 and are to be considered as two distinct extrinsic principles with respect to all created things4 ,the third extrinsic principle--that is1 the term out of which contingent beings are originally educed--is very frequently overlooked as irrelevant1 because it has no reality4 ,we are of opinion that it should be kept in view by all means1 and prominently too1 for many reasons which will be hereafter explained1 and especially for the easier refutation of pantheism4 ,such a term has1 indeed1 no reality2 but it is not necessary that all the extrinsic principles of being should be realities4 ,common sense teaches1 on the contrary1 that when a thing is to be first brought into existence1 it is necessary that it should pass from its non-being into being2 whence it is manifest that its non-being is the proper term out of which it has to be educed4 ,now1 the non-being of a thing is its nothingness2 and1 therefore1 its nothingness is the proper term out of which it must be educed4 ,for the same reason1 the schoolmen uniformly taught with ,aristotle that privation also was to be ranked among the principles of things1 although privations are not positive beings2#ahc and therefore the nothingness of the term from which creatures are educed is no objection to its being placed among the extrinsic principles of contingent beings4 ,as1 however1 that which is looked upon as a principle is always conceived to connote the thing principiated1 and1 on the other hand1 absolute nothingness has no such connotation 7for connotation is virtual relativity1 and cannot spring from nothing71 it follows that nothingness1 when conceived as a term out of which a being is educed1 is to be looked upon1 not as an absolute negation of being1 but as a negation out of which divine omnipotence1 by the production of an act1 brings the creature into being4 ,in other terms1 nothingness is to be considered1 under ,god's hand1 as a negative potency of something real1 which can be actuated2 and1 with regard to any individual reality1 as the potency of that individual reality4 ,when viewed in this manner1 nothingness assumes a relative aspect1 in opposition to that reality of which it is the potency1 and thus becomes apt to connote that same reality1 in the same way as silence connotes talk1 darkness light1 absence presence1 informity form4 ,hence we took care to say that a thing is brought into being out of its non-being2 because1 as the fool only by divesting himself of his foolishness can grow wise1 so a reality which is to come out of nothing--say1 a point of matter--cannot be educed out of the non-being of an angel or of any other thing1 but only out of its own non-being4 ,consequently1 non-being1 or nothingness1 as the term out of which a point of matter is to be educed1 means nothing but the potency of that real point2 and thus nothingness1 under the hand of the ,omnipotent1 acquires1 in regard to that which is educed out of it1 that relativity which is sufficient to make it a principle1 according to the nature and manner of its principiation4 ,some may ask why1 among the extrinsic principles of things1 we did not mention ,god's archetypal ideas2 for it seems that1 when we are asked whence a contingent being primarily proceeds1 we might answer by pointing out ,god's ideas as the patterns to which creatures must conform1 and by saying that things primarily proceed from the divine ideas as from their archetypal principle2 and if this answer--which is by no means absurd--be admitted1 the extrinsic principles of contingent beings will be four1 and not three4 ,but it is to be observed that ,god's ideas precede all decrees concerning creation1 and are the archetypes not only of all the things that are created1 but of all the things also which will never be created2 and1 therefore1 ,god's ideas have1 of themselves1 no connection with the existence of contingent beings1 but only with their intelligibility4 ,hence we may argue in the following manner3 ,the extrinsic principiation of a contingent being cannot be traced back to any special principle prior to that which is the first reason of their creation4 ,but ,god's ideas are prior to ,god's volition1 which is the first reason of creation2 therefore1 the principiation of contingent beings cannot be traced back to divine ideas as a special extrinsic principle4 ,nevertheless1 since ,god cannot intend to create anything but according to his own idea of it1 we must own that the divine ideas share in the causality of things1 inasmuch as such ideas are implied in the volition of producing the objects they represent2 and though1 of themselves1 they are not a distinct and special principle of creation1 yet1 as included in the ,creator's volition1 they make up the whole plan of creation1 and thus they have a bearing on the nature1 number1 and order of all created things4 ,such is the doctrine which we find in ,s4 ,thomas' ,theological ,summa1 where he explains how ,god's ideas are the cause of things4 ,god's ideas1 says he1 are to all created things what the artist's ideas are to the works of art4 ,the artist's ideas are the cause of a work of art1 inasmuch as the artist acts through his understanding2 hence the form or idea which is in his understanding must be the principle of his operation1 in the same manner as heat is the principle of the heating4 ,but it must be remarked that a natural form is a principle of operation1 not inasmuch as it is the permanent form of the thing to which it gives existence1 but inasmuch as it has a leaning towards an effect4 ,and in a similar manner the form which is in the understanding is a principle of action1 not inasmuch as it is in the understanding simply1 but inasmuch as it acquires1 through the will1 a leaning towards an effect2 for an intellectual form is not more connected with the existence than with the non-existence of the thing of which it is the form 7since one and the same is the science of contraries72 and1 therefore1 such a form cannot produce a determinate effect1 unless it be brought into connection with one of the two contraries2 which is done by the will4 ,now1 ,god1 as we know1 causes all things through his understanding1 for his understanding is his being2 and1 therefore1 his science1 as united with his will1 must be the cause of all things4#ahd ,it might be here objected that if1 for the reason just alleged1 archetypal ideas are not to be considered a distinct principle of creation1 then neither can omnipotence be considered as a distinct principle2 for as archetypal ideas do not principiate anything unless through free volition1 so1 also1 omnipotence principiates nothing but in consequence of the same volition2 and1 therefore1 if archetypal ideas on this account are not a distinct principle of things1 on the same account omnipotence cannot be taken as a distinct principle4 ,to this we answer that the assumed parity has no legs to stand on4 ,that archetypal ideas are not a distinct principle of creation was proved above1 not simply by arguing that they cannot principiate anything independently of free volition1 but by showing that it is not from them1 but from the volition alone1 that the real principiation of things begins4 ,now1 this proof applies to ideas1 but not to omnipotence4 ,in fact1 ideas1 even in ,god1 must be conceived as having a certain priority with respect to volitions2 for it is true1 even in ,god1 that nothing is willed which is not foreknown--nihil est volitum1 quin prcognitum4 ,if1 therefore1 ,god's ideas were a distinct principle of creation1 there would be something in ,god1 prior to his will1 which would entail the existence of created beings2 which is impossible to admit so long as we maintain that ,god's will must remain free in its extrinsic operations4 ,we cannot1 therefore1 admit1 without absurdity1 that the archetypal ideas constitute a distinct principle of things4 ,but1 as to divine omnipotence1 no such absurdity is to be feared2 for ,god's omnipotence has no priority with respect to ,god's will2 and thus the above argument cannot be used to prove that omnipotence is not a distinct principle of creation4 ,we conclude that the extrinsic principles1 to which the first origin of contingent beings is to be traced1 are not fewer1 and not more1 than three4 ,our ,catholic readers will be satisfied1 we hope1 that this conclusion has been fairly established on what they know to be secure foundations4 ,infidels1 of course1 will object2 for they will think that the whole of our discussion has been based on hypothetical grounds4 ,in fact1 we have supposed that there are primitive beings1 that they are contingent1 that they need a creator1 and that the creator must be an infinite being1 a god4 ,if a ,comtist or a materialist happens to read the preceding pages1 he will surely say that we have built nothing but a cob-house4 ,but we do not care much what may be objected by such a class of frivolous and unreasonable philosophers4 ,we know that their favorite theories have been a hundred times exploded1 and their futile objections a hundred times answered4 ,when a foe is defeated1 what is the use of prolonging the contest8 ,and when noonday light is dazzling the world1 what need is there of lighting candles8 ,let them1 therefore1 only open their eyes1 if they really want light4 ,there is no scarcity of good philosophical works1 which1 if consulted by them in a spirit of candor1 will afford them all the light that a man can reasonably desire for the full attainment of truth4 ,yet the solidity of the ground on which we have taken our stand may be established in a very few words4 ,that there are contingent beings is quite certain2 for nothing which necessarily exists is liable to change or modification4 ,but all that surrounds us in this world is liable to change and modification2 therefore1 nothing that surrounds us in this world necessarily exists4 ,accordingly1 all that we see in this world exists contingently4 ,that contingent beings are either primitive or made up of primitive beings is1 again1 a well-known fact2 for all being which is not primitive is a compound1 and can be traced to its first physical components--that is1 to the first elements of its composition4 ,but the first elements of composition cannot possibly be made up of other elements1 and accordingly must be primitive beings4 ,therefore1 primitive beings exist everywhere1 at least 7if nowhere else7 in all the compounds of which they are the first physical components4 ,that every primitive contingent being must have had its origin from without is a plain truth2 for that which has no origin from without must have the adequate reason of its existence from within2 and1 therefore1 it carries in its essence the necessity of its existence4 ,but evidently contingent and changeable beings do not carry within their essence the necessity of their existence2 therefore1 contingent beings must have had their origin from without4 ,that every such being must have come out of nothing is not less evident2 for a primitive being cannot possibly come out of pre-existent beings as its material principles4 ,it must1 therefore1 be produced either out of ,god's substance or out of nothing4 ,but not out of ,god's substance1 for divine substance is not susceptible of contingent forms2 therefore1 out of nothing--that is1 by creation properly4 ,lastly1 that the ,creator is an eternal1 infinite being can be easily proved1 independently of many other arguments1 by the following general theorem1 to which modern philosophers are invited to pay close attention4 ,the theorem is this3 ,all efficient cause is infinitely more perfect1 and of an infinitely better nature1 than any of its effects4 ,if this proposition be true1 it immediately follows that the ,creator of the universe is infinitely more perfect than the whole universe1 and has a nature infinitely better1 nobler1 and higher than that of any contingent being1 and therefore is a necessary and independent being1 the supreme being--,god4 ,let us1 then1 demonstrate our theorem4 ,it is a known and incontrovertible truth that every efficient cause eminently contains in itself 7that is1 possesses in an eminent degree7 all the perfection which it can efficiently communicate to any number of effects2 and it can be proved1 moreover1 that the efficiency of a cause is never exhausted1 and not even weakened1 by its exertions1 however long continued and indefinitely multiplied4 ,the earth1 after having for centuries exerted its attractive power and caused the fall of innumerable bodies1 has preserved to this day the same power whole and undiminished1 and is still acting1 with its primitive energy1 on any number of bodies1 just as it did at the time of its creation4 ,our soul is not exhausted or weakened by its operations2 but1 after having made any number of judgments1 reasonings1 or any other mental actions1 still retains the whole energy and perfection of its faculties without waste1 effeteness1 or decay4 ,a molecule of oxygen1 after having for ages1 either free in the air or confined in water or in other compounds1 produced such a number of effects as bewilders and beats all power of imagination1 retains yet its efficient causality as entire and unimpaired as if it were of quite recent creation4 ,these facts show that the efficient cause suffers no loss whatever by the exertion of its power1 and therefore is fully equal to the production of an endless multitude of effects4 ,some may say that this conclusion cannot be universal1 as we see that natural forces are very often exhausted by exertion4 ,we answer that1 when natural forces are said to be exhausted1 the efficient powers from which those forces result remain as intact and as active as before4 ,we say1 indeed1 that a man or a horse is exhausted by fatigue2 that our brain1 after hours of mental work1 needs rest to recover its lost energy1 and many other such things2 but1 in all such cases1 what we call exhaustion is not a diminution of efficient power in the agents from the concurrence of which the natural forces result1 but either the actual disappearance 7by respiration1 perspiration1 etc47 of a number of those agents1 or a perturbance of the arrangements and conditions necessary for their united conspiration towards the production of a determinate effect4 ,natural force1 in the sense of the objection1 is a combination of agents and of efficient powers1 which produce their effect by many concurrent actions giving a different resultant under different conditions2 and as any given effect proximately depends on the resultant of such actions1 the same powers1 though unaltered in themselves1 must1 under different conditions1 give rise to different effects4 ,take a car and four horses4 ,if the horses act all in the same direction1 the car will move easily enough2 but if two of the horses act in one direction1 and two in the other1 the result will be very different4 ,yet the powers applied to the car are in both cases the same4 ,again1 take an army of fifty thousand men facing the enemy4 ,if the men are well arranged so as to present a good line of battle1 the action of the army will be strong2 but if the men are disorderly scattered1 the action will be weak1 though the men are the same and their powers and exertions undiminished4 ,now1 all bodies and all complex causes are in the same case2 which is evident from the fact that with all of them a favorable change of conditions1 all other things remaining the same1 is always attended by an increase of the effect4 ,therefore1 the so-called exhaustion of natural forces is not a diminution of the efficient powers of which they are the result1 but a state of things in which the same active powers are exerted in a different manner1 or have to perform a different work1 according to the different conditions to which they are actually subjected4 ,we therefore repeat that efficient causes suffer no loss whatever by the exertion of their efficient powers1 and that consequently they are fully equal to the production of an infinite multitude of effects2 and since every efficient cause1 as we have premised1 must contain within itself1 in an eminent manner1 the whole perfection which it can communicate to its effects1 we are forced to conclude that the nature of every efficient cause infinitely transcends in perfection the nature of its effects4 ,the theorem could be further confirmed by considering that all the acts produced by efficient causes of the natural order1 either spiritual or material1 are mere accidents1 whereas the causes themselves are substances2 and it is manifest that the nature of substance infinitely transcends the nature of accident4 ,it might be confirmed1 again1 by another very simple consideration4 ,the efficient cause does not communicate any portion of itself to its effect4#ahe ,in fact1 efficient causation is production2 and production is not a transfusion1 translocation1 or emanation of a pre-existing thing1 but the origination of a new entity which had no previous formal existence4 ,it follows that the efficient cause1 while producing an effect1 retains its entire entity1 and therefore is never exhausted4 ,thus a syllogism is not a portion of the mind that makes it2 and the making of it leaves intact the substance and the faculty from which it proceeds4 ,thus1 also1 the actual momentum of a falling body is not a portion of the terrestrial power by which it is produced2 the power remains whole and undiminished in the substance of the earth1 as already remarked1 always ready to produce any number of changes1 and always unchanged in itself4 ,this is the reason why every efficient cause infinitely transcends the nature of its effects4 ,our theorem is1 then1 demonstrated both by facts and by intrinsic reasons4 ,we are confident that all honest philosophers1 no matter how much their intellectual vision may have been distorted by false doctrines1 will see their way to the right conclusion1 and confess the absolute necessity of an independent1 self-existent1 infinite ,creator1 from whom all beauty1 goodness1 and perfection proceed1 and to whom all creatures--philosophers not excepted--owe allegiance1 honor1 and glory4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,footnotes3 #aha ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahgd1 by ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #ahb ,this argument could be employed against all other forms of pantheism2 but we must abstain at present from the discussion of particular systems1 as we cannot deal fairly with them within the narrow compass of a single article4 ,as for self-existent matter1 we need only say that nothing which can receive new determinations is self-existent2 and since matter receives new determinations1 therefore matter is not self-existent4 ,hence the conception of eternal and uncreated matter cannot be styled a philosophical opinion1 but only a dream of unreflecting or uneducated minds4 #ahc ,the ,aristotelic meaning of the word privation will be easily understood from the following example3 ,if a cylindrical piece of wax be made to assume a spherical form1 the sphericity will be educed1 as the schools say1 from the cylindrical wax1 not inasmuch as it is cylindrical1 but inasmuch as it is non-spherical4 ,such a non-sphericity is a privation1 which is more than a negation1 as it implies not only the absence of sphericity1 but also the presence of its contrary--that is1 of the cylindrical form4 ,privation is usually defined carentia form in subjecto apto4 ,it is a principle per accidens4 #ahd ,we give the original text3 ,sic enim scientia ,dei se habet ad omnes res creatas1 sicut scientia artificis se habet ad artificiata4 ,scientia autem artificis est causa artificiatorum1 eo quod artifex operatur per suum intellectum4 ,unde oportet quod forma intellectus sit principium operationis1 sicut calor est principium calefactionis4 ,sed considerandum est1 quod forma naturalis1 in quantum est forma manens in eo cui dat esse1 non nominat principium actionis1 sed secundum quod habet inclinationem ad effectum4 ,et similiter forma intelligibilis non nominat principium actionis secundum quod est tantum in intelligente1 nisi adjungatur ei inclinatio ad effectum1 qu est per voluntatem4 ,quum enim forma intelligibilis ad opposita se habeat 7quum eadem sit scientia oppositorum7 non produceret determinatum effectum1 nisi determinaretur ad unum per appetitum1 ut dicitur in #i4 ,metaph4 ,manifestum est autem quod ,deus per intellectum suum causat res1 quum suum esse sit suum intelligere2 unde necesse est quod sua scientia sit causa rerum secundum quod habet voluntatem conjunctam 7p4 #a1 q4 #ad1 a4 #h74 #ahe ,parents1 however1 communicate a portion of their substance to their offspring4 ,the reason is that parents are not only the efficient1 but also the material1 cause of their offspring4 ,as material causes1 they supply the matter of which the ftus will be formed2 but1 as efficient causes1 they only put the conditions required by nature for the organization of this matter4 ,the position of such conditions is an accidental action as well as the subsequent organization4 ,therefore1 parents1 as efficient causes1 produce nothing but accidental acts4 ,the matter of which the ftus is formed is1 of course1 all pre-existing4 ,,dante',s ,,purgatorio4 ,,canto ,,twelfth4 ,paired1 like two oxen treading under yoke1 ,that burdened soul and ,i as far had gone ,as the loved ,tutor let4 ,but when he spoke ,these words3 ,now leave him6 ,we must travel on1 ,for here 'tis good with spread of sail and stroke ,of oar1 to push his boat as each best may2 ,i made myself1 as walking needs1 erect1 ,but only in body2 just it is to say ,my thoughts were bowed1 my spirit was deject4 ,still ,i was moving1 and with willing feet ,followed my ,master2 both began to show ,how light we were1 when thus he said3 ',tis meet ,that1 walking here1 thou bend thine eyes below1 ,so to observe1 and make the moments fleet1 ,over what kind of bed thy footsteps go4 ,even as1 that so their memory may survive1 ,our earthly tombs1 above the buried1 bear ,the graven form of what they were alive2 ,whence oft one weeps afresh the image there1 ,pricked by remembrance1--which doth only give ,to souls compassionate a sting of pain-- ,so ,i saw figured o'er1 but with more skill ,in the resemblance1 all the narrow plain ,which formed our pathway1 jutting from the hill4 ,him#ahf there ,i marked1 on one side1 noblest made ,of all ,god's creatures1 stricken down from heaven ,like lightning6 ,opposite1 there was displayed ,briareus1 cast from where he late had striven1 ,smit by celestial thunderbolts1 and laid ,heavy on earth and in the frost of death4 ,i saw ,thymbrus1 ,pallas too1 and ,mars1 ,still armed1 around their sire1 with bated breath ,viewing the giants1 their torn limbs and scars6 ,nimrod ,i saw1 at foot of his great tower1 ,as if bewildered1 gazing on the tribes ,that showed with him such haughtiness of power ,in ,shinar's plain1 as ,genesis describes4 ,o ,niobe6 with what eyes1 full of woe1 ,mid thy slain children1 upon each hand seven1 ,i saw thee carved upon the road6 ,and1 ,o ,saul6 in ,gilboa1 that no more from heaven ,felt rain or dew1 how dead on thine own sword ,didst thou appear6 ,thee1 mad ,arachne1 there ,i saw1 half spider6 fumbling the deplored ,shreds of that work which wrought for thee despair ,o ,rehoboam6 there no more in threat ,stands thy fierce figure2 smit with fear he flies1 ,whirled in a chariot1 none pursuing yet3 ,showed also that hard pavement to mine eyes ,how young ,alcmon made his mother sell ,with life the luckless ornament she wore ,how1 in the temple1 on ,sennacherib fell ,the sons1 and left his corpse there on the floor4 ,the cruel carnage and the wreck it showed ,which ,tomyris made1 when she to ,cyrus cried3 ,blood thou didst thirst for6 now ,i give thee blood2 ,and showed th' ,assyrians flying far and wide ,in utter rout1 with ,holofernes dead1 ,and all the slaughter that befell beside1 ,and the grim carcase by the bloody bed4 ,troy next ,i saw1 an ashy1 caverned waste3 ,o ,ilion6 how vile the work showed thee ,which there is graven1--how utterly abased6 ,what master of pencil or of stile#ahg was he ,who so those traits and figures could have traced ,that subtlest wit had been amazed thereby8 ,alive the living seemed1 and dead the dead6 ,who saw the truth no better saw than ,i1 ,while bowed ,i went1 all underneath my tread4 ,now swell with pride1 and on with lofty stalk1 ,children of ,eve6 nor bend your visage aught ,so to behold the sinful way ye walk4 ,more of the mountain than my busied thought ,had been aware of we had rounded now1 ,and much more of his course the sun had spent2 ,when he1 who still went first with watchful brow1 ,exclaimed3 ,look up6--to accomplish our ascent ,time no more suffers to proceed so slow4 ,see yonder angel hastening on his way ,to come towards us6 and from her service1 lo6 ,the sixth returning handmaid of the day4 ,give to thy mien the grace of reverence1 then1 ,that he may joy to marshal us above4 ,think thus3 this day will never dawn again4 ,i had so often felt his words reprove ,my slowness1 warning me to lose no time1 ,that on this point ,i read his dark words right4 ,with sparkling face1 as glows at rosy prime ,the tremulous morning star1 and robed in white1 ,that being of beauty moved towards us1 and said1 ,opening his arms and then his pinions wide1 ,come1 here the steps are6--easy to the tread ,and close at hand3 now upward ye may glide4 ,but very few obey this ,angel's call3 ,o human race6 born high on wings to soar1 ,why at a little breath do ye so fall8 ,he brought us where the rock a pass revealed ,hewn out1 his pinions on my forehead beat ,and with his promise my safe-going sealed4 ,as1 to the right1 in climbing to the seat ,of the fair church#ahh that looketh lordly down ,over the bridge that bears the name this day ,of ,rubaconte1 on the well-ruled town1#ahi ,the sharp ascent is broken by a way ,of stairs constructed in the old time1 ere ,fraud was in measure and in ledger found2 ,thus the steep bank is graduated there ,which falls abruptly from the other round3 ,on either side the tall rock grazes though4 ,as we turned thitherward1 were voices heard1 ,beati pauperes spiritu6 singing so ,as might not be exprest by any word4 ,ah6 these approaches--how unlike to ,hell's6 ,with chant of anthems one makes entrance here2 ,down there with agony's ferocious yells4 ,now1 as we climb1 the sacred stairs appear ,more easy than the plain had seemed before3 ,wherefore ,i thus began3 ,o ,master6 say1 ,what heavy load is tak'n from me8 ,no more ,i feel that weariness upon my way4 ,when every ,p1 upon thy temples traced1 ,almost obliterate now1 he answered me1 ,shall be1 like this one1 totally erased1 ,so by right will thy feet shall vanquished be1 ,that they not only no fatigue shall know1 ,but ev'n with pleasure shall be forward sped4 ,then did ,i like as men do when they go ,unweeting what they carry on their head1 ,till signs from some one their suspicion waking1 ,the assistant hand its own assurance tries1 ,and seeks and findeth1 such discovery making ,as may not be afforded by the eyes4 ,spreading my right-hand fingers1 ,i could find ,six#aij letters only of the seven which he ,who bore the keys had on my forehead signed3 ,observing which1 my ,master smiled on me4 ,,footnotes3 #ahf ,lucifer4 #ahg ,stile here means a sculptor's tool1 and not a writer's style4 #ahh ,this is the well-known church of ,s4 ,miniato1 which every boy who has been to ,florence must well remember4 #ahi ,florence1 in irony4 #aij ,the ,angel1 sitting at the gate of ,purgatory1 had described 7as the readers of the ,ninth ,canto may remember1 v4 #aab7 the letter ,p seven times with the point of his sword on the forehead of ,dante1 in sign of the seven deadly sins1--,peccata--one of which1 and ,dante's worst1 the sin of pride1 now vanishes from his soul as the letter fades from his forehead4 ,,the ,,epiphany4 ,let us1 then1 also follow the ,magi2 let us separate ourselves from our barbarian customs1 and make our distance therefrom great1 that we may see ,christ1 since they too1 had they not been far from their own country1 would have missed seeing him4 ,let us depart from the things of earth4 ,for so the wise men1 while they were in ,persia1 saw but the star2 but after they had departed from ,persia1 they beheld the ,sun of ,righteousness4 ,or rather1 they would not have seen so much as the star1 unless they had readily risen up from thence4 ,let us1 then1 also rise up2 though all men be troubled1 let us run to the house of the young ,child2 though kings1 though nations1 though tyrants1 interrupt this our path1 let not our desire pass away2 for so shall we thoroughly repel all the dangers that beset us2 since these too1 except they had seen the young ,child1 would not have escaped their danger from the king4 ,before seeing the young ,child1 fears and dangers and troubles pressed upon them from every side2 but after the adoration1 it is calm and security2 and no longer a star1 but an angel1 receives them1 having become priests from the act of adoration2 for we see that they offered gifts also4 ,do thou1 therefore1 likewise leave the ,jewish people1 the troubled city1 the blood-thirsty tyrant1 the pomps of the world1 and hasten to ,bethlehem1 where is the house of the ,spiritual ,bread2#aia for though thou be a shepherd1 and come hither1 thou wilt behold the young ,child in an inn2 though thou be a king1 and approach not here1 thy purple robe will profit thee nothing2 though thou be one of the wise men1 this will be no hindrance to thee2 only let thy coming be to honor and adore1 not to spurn1 the ,son of ,god2 only do this with trembling and with joy1 for it is possible for both of these to concur in one4 ,but take heed that thou be not like ,herod1 and say1 ,that ,i may come and worship him1 and1 when thou art come1 be minded to slay him4 ,for him do they resemble who partake of the mysteries unworthily2 it being said that such an one shall be guilty of the ,body and ,blood of the ,lord4 ,yes2 for they have in themselves the tyrant who is grieved at ,christ's ,kingdom--him that is more wicked than ,herod of old--even ,mammon4 ,for he would fain have the dominion1 and sends them that are his own to worship in appearance1 but slaying while they worship4 ,let us fear1 then1 lest at any time1 while we have the appearance of suppliants and worshippers1 we should indeed show forth the contrary4--,s4 ,john ,chrysostom4 ,,footnotes3 #aia ,bethlehem signifies in ,hebrew the house of bread4 ,,grapes ,,and ,,thorns4 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,yorke4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,summer ,,friends4 ,f4 ,chevreuse did not allow himself a long indulgence in his own sorrows4 ,before half an hour had elapsed1 he was stepping through the portal of the city jail1 all private grief set aside and lost sight of in the errand that had brought him4 ,sensitive as he was1 the gloom and dampness inseparable from a prison would have chilled him1 but that pity for him who was suffering from them so unjustly1 as he believed1 startled his heart into intenser action1 and sent an antagonistic glow through his frame1 as though by force of love alone he would have warmed the stones and chased away those depressing shadows4 ,a few swift steps along the stone corridor brought him to the cell assigned to ,mr4 ,schninger4 ,looking with eagerness1 yet shrinkingly too1 through the grating1 while the jailer unlocked the door1 he saw the prisoner standing there with folded arms and head erect1 regarding him coldly and without the faintest sign of recognition4 ,the place was not so dim but he must have seen perfectly who his visitor was2 yet a man of stone could not have stood more unmoved4 ,the jailer was not long unlocking the door1 yet1 brief as the time was1 it sufficed to work a change in the priest4 ,it was with him as with the fountain which tosses its warm waters into a chilly atmosphere3 the spray retains its form1 but not its temperature4 ,i am shocked at this1 ,mr4 ,schninger6 he exclaimed1 hastening into the cell4 ,i will do anything to relieve you6 ,only tell me what to do4 ,the words1 the gesture1 the emphasis1 all were as he had meant2 but a something in the whole manner1 which tells when the heart outleaps the word and the gesture1 was lost4 ,it was possible to think the cordiality of his address affected4 ,mr4 ,schninger bowed lowly1 without unfolding his arms or softening the expression of his face4 ,i thank you for your offers of service1 he said2 but they are unnecessary4 ,i have employed counsel1 and what the law can do for me will be done4 ,meantime1 it is not for you and me to clasp hands4 ,his look conveyed not only pride1 but disdain4 ,he seemed less the accused than the accuser4 ,whose hand1 then1 will you clasp8 the priest exclaimed1 impatient at what seemed to him an unreasonable scruple4 ,you are a stranger here1 and can be sure of no one4 ,i am the very person whose good-will will be most valuable to you4 ,it was only the embarrassment resulting from an unexpected rebuff which could have made ,f4 ,chevreuse appeal to the motive of self-interest4 ,to tell a proud and bitter1 perhaps a guilty1 man that he stands in his own light1 is only to make him blacken yet more his immovable shadow4 ,but as a man sometimes relaxes the severity of his manner at the same time that he increases the firmness of his resolution1 ,mr4 ,schninger unbent so far as to offer his visitor a seat4 ,please excuse the roughness1 he said1 indicating a rude bench4 ,the furniture is not of my choosing4 ,and seated himself on the bed1 there being no other place4 ,f4 ,chevreuse remained standing4 ,the mocking courtesy was more chilling than coldness4 ,i followed an impulse of kindness in coming to you1 he said1 looking down to hide how much he was hurt4 ,i did not stop to ask myself what was conventional1 or wise1 or politic4 ,my heart prompted me to fly to the rescue1 and ,i took no other counsel4 ,there was no reply4 ,mr4 ,schninger's eyes were fixed with an intent and searching gaze on the priest1 and a faint color began to creep up over his cold face4 ,as ,f4 ,chevreuse raised his eyes and met that gaze1 the faint color deepened to a sudden red2 for the priest's glance was dimmed by tears of wounded feeling he had striven to hide4 ,you distrust me6 he said reproachfully2 and ,i do not deserve it4 ,i would serve you1 if ,i could4 ,i would be your friend1 if you would let me4 ,it was ,mr4 ,schninger's turn to drop his eyes4 ,to look in that face unmoved was impossible4 ,the reproach1 the pain1 the tenderness of it had shot like an arrow through his heart1 steeled as it was4 ,but his habit of self-control was proof against surprise4 ,after the blush had left his face1 there was no sign visible of the struggle that was going on within4 ,he seemed to be merely considering a question4 ,after a moment1 he looked up4 ,you seem to think me innocent of this charge8 he remarked calmly4 ,f4 ,chevreuse was silent with astonishment4 ,you probably do think so1 ,mr4 ,schninger went on1 in the same tone4 ,but whatever your opinion may be1 you do not know4 ,crimes are committed from various motives and under various circumstances4 ,some are almost accidental4 ,neither is crime committed by the low and rude alone1 nor by the bad alone4 ,there is nothing in the character or circumstances of any man which would render it impossible that he should ever be guilty of a crime4 ,i repeat1 then1 that you cannot be sure of my innocence2 and1 till it is proved1 there can be no intercourse between us4 ,i am willing to give you credit for a charitable impulse2 but ,i do not want charity4 ,i want justice6 ,his eyes flashed out1 and his face began to redden again4 ,mr4 ,schninger had not become cool by spending a night in jail4 ,f4 ,chevreuse did not stir1 though he was in fact dismissed4 ,mr4 ,schninger1 seeing that his visitor did not sit1 rose1 and stood waiting to bow him out4 ,i cannot go away and leave you so1 in such a place6 the priest exclaimed after a moment1 during which he seemed to have made an inner effort to go4 ,it is monstrous6 ,cannot you see that it is so8 ,why1 last night we were like friends2 and ,i insist that there is no reason why we should not be friends to-day4 ,what6 ,even if ,i should be guilty8 asked the prisoner in a low voice4 ,f4 ,chevreuse made a gesture of impatience1 and was about to utter a still more impatient protest1 when he met a look so cold1 yet so thrilling with a significance he could not interpret1 that he drew back involuntarily4 ,the ,jew's face darkened4 ,your convictions are1 apparently1 not so deep as you had supposed1 sir1 he said freezingly4 ,i am afraid you would find yourself disappointed as to the extent of confidence you would be able to repose in me4 ,the sober second thought is best4 ,our paths are separate4 ,for the first time something like anger showed momentarily in the priest's face1 and gave a certain sternness to the first words he spoke2 but it was over in an instant4 ,you are quite right1 sir6 he said4 ,it is impossible for me to go with you1 unless ,i am met with entire frankness and confidence4 ,if you choose that our paths shall be separate1 ,i will not force myself on you2 but we need not be antagonistic4 ,farewell6 ,he turned and groped in the door-way for the passage-step1 his own shadow being added to those which already wrapped the place in an obscurity almost like night4 ,he saw the jailer in the long corridor before him1 waiting to lock the door1 and he had just found where to set his foot1 when he felt a warm touch on his hand that still held by the stone door-way inside the cell4 ,the touch was slight1 but it was a caress1 either a kiss or the quick pressure of a soft palm4 ,he had hardly time to be fully aware of it before he stood in the corridor1 and the jailer was locking the door behind him4 ,he stopped1 and looked through the grating1 but could not see the prisoner4 ,only a narrow line of black1 like the sleeve of a coat1 seemed to show that ,mr4 ,schninger had thrown himself on to his bed4 ,the priest put his face close to the bars1 and whispered1 ,god bless you6 ,the line of black moved quickly with a start1 but there was no reply4 ,pale and dispirited1 ,f4 ,chevreuse left the prison1 and took his way slowly to ,mrs4 ,gerald's4 ,he would rather not have gone then1 but he had promised4 ,he wondered a little within himself1 indeed1 why he felt such reluctance to see persons who had always been faithful and sympathizing friends to him1 and why he would rather1 were the choice left to him1 have gone to ,mrs4 ,ferrier1 or1 still better1 to ,annette4 ,as soon as the true reason occurred to him1 he put it aside1 and refused to think on the subject4 ,mrs4 ,gerald was evidently on the watch for him2 for as soon as he approached the house1 she came to the door to meet him4 ,the color was wavering in her face1 her blue eyes were suffused with tears1 and looked the sympathy her lips did not speak4 ,but the sympathy was all for him--for the terrible wound torn open again1 for the new wound added1 perhaps1 of a misplaced confidence4 ,no look seemed to glance past him and inquire for the one he had left behind4 ,honora sat by a fire in the sitting-room1 leaning close to the blaze1 with a shawl drawn about her shoulders1 and seemed to shiver even then4 ,there was a frosty paleness in her face as she rose to meet their visitor1 as though the blood had all flowed back to her heart1 and stopped there1 and the hand she gave him was cold4 ,but an eager1 questioning glance slipped from her eyes1 swift and shrinking1 that went beyond him and asked for news of the prisoner4 ,well1 said ,f4 ,chevreuse1 glancing from one to the other1 there is nothing to tell4 ,honora sank into her chair again1 and waited mutely1 looking into the fire4 ,nothing of any consequence1 that is1 he continued1 folding his hands together on the back of a chair1 and looking down at them4 ,i went to the jail2 but ,mr4 ,schninger has so quixotic a sense of propriety that he will not allow me to do anything for him4 ,it was in vain for me to urge the matter2 he absolutely sent me away4 ,he was quite right in that1 ,mrs4 ,gerald remarked coldly4 ,honora's eyes were again eagerly searching the priest's face1 but ,mrs4 ,gerald was in turn looking away from him4 ,and why was he right1 madam8 demanded ,f4 ,chevreuse4 ,she did not look up to answer1 and her expression was of that stubborn reserve which some good people assume when they cannot say anything friendly1 and are determined not to be uncharitable4 ,i may be wrong1 she said1 carefully choosing her words1 but it does not seem to me that you are the person of whom he should take advice now4 ,pardon me1 ,f4 ,chevreuse6 ,i do not mean to criticise you nor dictate to you1 of course4 ,but ,i am glad that you are to have nothing to do with this4 ,you should be spared the pain4 ,he was too sore-hearted to argue the point2 and he knew1 moreover1 that argument would be thrown away4 ,he was well aware that the most of his friends thought his generosity sometimes exaggerated1 and were more likely to check than to encourage him4 ,when he went out of the beaten track1 he had never found sympathy anywhere but with the one whose loss he felt more and more every day1 unless it might be with ,annette ,ferrier and her mother4 ,it seems that ,i am not to have anything to do with it1 he said2 though ,i fail to see why ,i should not4 ,let that pass1 however4 ,i pity the poor fellow from my heart1 though his detention will be a short one1 since the trial1 they tell me1 is to come on immediately4 ,it is a miserable condition1 being shut up in that place1 and loaded with such an outrageous accusation4 ,i do not wonder it made him bitter and distrustful of me4 ,mrs4 ,gerald lifted her eyes quickly1 and gave ,f4 ,chevreuse a glance that recalled to his mind that look from which he had shrunk in the prison4 ,he could not understand it1 but it made him shiver4 ,not that it expressed any suspicion or accusation2 it seemed only to ask searchingly if there were no suspicion in his own mind4 ,well1 good-by6 he said hastily4 ,let us all beware of uncharitableness in thought1 word1 and deed4 ,when he had reached the street-door he heard ,miss ,pembroke's step following him4 ,you have really nothing to tell me8 she asked1 trembling as she held her shawl about her4 ,recollect that ,i and this man have spoken together as friends4 ,am ,i still to believe in him8 ,oh6 fie1 ,honora ,pembroke6 the priest exclaimed sorrowfully4 ,is that the kind of friendship you give1 that you doubt a person at the first wild charge made against him8 ,it is not so much that ,i doubt1 father1 she said faintly4 ,but nothing so terrible has ever come near me before1 and it is confounding4 ,i want to be reassured4 ,cast all doubt out of your mind1 then1 he said emphatically4 ,and if you should send some little message to ,mr4 ,schninger by a proper messenger1 saying that you hope he will soon be delivered from his trouble1 it would be a kind and ,christian act4 ,she drew back a little1 and made no reply4 ,you are not willing to do it8 he asked4 ,i would rather not1 father1 she answered deprecatingly4 ,i really hope and pray that he may soon be delivered1 and ,i am willing he should know it--he must be sure of it1 if he gives the subject a thought--but ,i would not like to send him a message4 ,there will be men to go and speak kindly to him2 he has many friends4 ,if ,lawrence were here1 he would go4 ,i would not like to take any step in the matter4 ,f4 ,chevreuse sighed4 ,you must be guided by your own feeling and sense of right in this1 he said4 ,i did not mean to advise1 but only to suggest4 ,he knew1 as he went away1 that she lingered in the door1 looking after him in painful uncertainty1 and he almost expected to hear himself called back and begged to be her messenger4 ,but no call came2 and he went away from his second visit1 as from the first1 chilled and disappointed4 ,for one moment the thought which he had thrust aside on coming started out again1 and made itself felt4 ,it seemed to him1 in that brief glance at it1 that there is nothing on earth which can be more cruel than a strict and scrupulous respectability4 ,then instantly he began to make excuses1 and to find reasons why people1 women especially1 should be less demonstrative than he might have wished4 ,what6 you will not recognize me8 said a voice at his elbow4 ,it was a voice to arrest attention--deep1 musical1 and penetrating2 and the speaker was not one to be passed with only a glance4 ,he was of medium height1 broad-shouldered1 and had an exceedingly handsome face1 with brilliant blue eyes1 and wavy1 dark hair just beginning to be threaded with white4 ,this was ,f4 ,o',donovan1 whose parish1 a small one1 lay two miles1 or more1 from that of ,f4 ,chevreuse4 ,besides these two1 there was no other priest resident within a radius of forty miles4 ,brother6 exclaimed ,f4 ,chevreuse1 and grasped the hand the other extended to him1 and for a moment seemed to be on the point of yielding to an emotion natural to one who1 having long borne without human help his own burdens and the burdens of others1 sees at length a friend on whom he can lean in turn1 and to whom he can venture to confess his human weakness4 ,i thought you were at home1 swathed in flannels1 he added1 recovering himself4 ,f4 ,o',donovan shrugged his shoulders4 ,he had been a good deal in ,france1 and had1 moreover1 as all graceful and vivacious persons have1 a natural inclination to use a good deal of gesture4 ,rheumatism1 my friend1 is not invincible4 ,yesterday ,i was helpless2 this morning at seven o'clock ,i was helpless4 ,at ten minutes past seven ,i heard news which made me wish to see you2 and here ,i am--sound1 too4 ,it was only to say1 ,get thee behind me1 ,satan6 and ,i could walk as well as you4 ,from which ,i conclude that my rheumatism1 if it had existence outside my own imagination1 was ,satan in disguise4 ,f4 ,chevreuse pressed the arm he had taken1 and they walked on together a little way in silence4 ,the news his brother priest had heard need not be spoken of4 ,his silent sympathy and companionship were enough4 ,has it ever occurred to you that the saints must have been considered in their day rather disreputable people8 the elder priest asked presently4 ,leaving violent persecution out of the question1 what a raising of eyebrows1 and shrugging of shoulders1 and how many indulgent smiles1 and looks of mild surprise1 and cold surprise1 and gentle dismay1 and polite disapprobation1 and all that they must have occasioned6 ,by which ,i understand1 remarked the other1 that somebody has refused to fly in the face of society at your request4 ,taken with the usual allowance required by your interpretations of me1 that is true1 ,f4 ,chevreuse admitted4 ,his friend smiled4 ,there was always this little pretence of feud between them1 and each admired the other heartily1 though the ,frenchman was unconventional to a fault1 and the ,irishman scrupulously polished4 ,a fastidious taste and a cautious self-control1 learned in a large and varied experience of life1 stood in constant ward over ,f4 ,o',donovan's warm heart and high spirit4 ,f4 ,chevreuse1 in his trustful ardor1 was constantly bruising himself on the rocks2 his friend looked out for and steered clear of them1 yet not with a selfish nor ungenerous caution4 ,brother ,chevreuse1 he said in a voice to which he could impart an almost irresistible persuasiveness1 you are older and wiser than ,i am1 and ,i only remind you of what you know when ,i say that conventionality is not to be reprobated4 ,it is on the side of law and order4 ,it is the friend of propriety and decency4 ,it is the rule1 to which1 indeed1 exceptions are allowed1 but not too readily4 ,you speak of the saints as though they were all persons who have lived before the world peculiar and exceptional lives4 ,of course1 even while ,i speak1 you remember that the church does not pretend to have canonized all her holy children1 and that she has appointed a day to commemorate those who have won the heavenly crown without drawing upon themselves the attention of mankind4 ,i do not believe that any breath of slander or of injurious criticism ever touched ,our ,blessed ,lady4 ,she used every care to preserve herself from them4 ,why should not women be as careful now1 even at the risk of seeming to be selfishly cautious8 ,is the high reputation which they have labored to acquire to be lightly perilled1 even for an apparently good end8 ,besides1 in performing that one good act1 they may1 by drawing criticism on themselves1 have lost the power to perform another effectually4 ,you defend an accused person1 never having done so before1 and you may save him4 ,do it a second time1 and people will say1 ',oh6 he is always defending criminals'2 and your power is gone4 ,it is hard to see a person wrongly accused1 and not protest against the wrong1 ,f4 ,chevreuse said gravely4 ,it is more than hard1 it is wicked1 the other replied with earnestness4 ,but first be sure that the person is innocent2 and then1 having ascertained that1 try to recollect1 my dear friend1 that you alone are not to right all the wrongs of earth4 ,some must be endured1 some must be rectified by others than you4 ,and1 after all1 ,i am inclined to believe that1 as a rule1 no innocent person falls into serious difficulty without having been faulty in some way1 as regards prudence1 at least4 ,now1 how is such a person to learn wisdom by experience1 if there is always somebody at his elbow to save him from the consequences of his own act4 ,it is not pleasant to be obliged to check a generous impulse in ourselves or in others2 and it is not pleasant1 when we are in trouble1 to be left to fight our way out of it alone4 ,but if we are always performing works of supererogation1 we may unfit ourselves for performing duties4 ,and as to finding our track1 unassisted1 through difficult ways1 and learning by sharp experience how to avoid them1 it develops our inward resources1 and is good for us1 though bitter4 ,the last words were delivered with an incisive emphasis so delicate as to be observable only in one who seldom spoke with emphasis1 and it touched the listener deeply4 ,f4 ,o',donovan never complained1 and he had never made any special revelations to his friend2 but one who knew his life could not doubt that he had learned to take his very sleep in armor4 ,he had risen from poverty and obscurity1 as the sparks rise2 had borne the jealousy of those whom he left behind1 and of those he had eclipsed in his higher estate2 had been obliged to control in himself a haughty spirit and a tender heart2 yet had never made a misstep of any consequence1 nor given his most jealous detractor an angry word to remember4 ,his place was in a metropolitan church2 but1 at his own request1 he had been sent for a time to a quiet country parish1 that he might have leisure to complete a literary work for which city life and the demands of a host of admirers were too distracting4 ,he had followed ,f4 ,chevreuse from his own house to the prison1 and from the prison to ,mrs4 ,gerald's1 and he understood perfectly what he would wish to do and where he had been disappointed4 ,honora had1 indeed1 told him1 half weeping1 of the request she had refused1 and had proposed to make him the bearer of her retraction4 ,to think ,i should have set up my sense of right against his6 she exclaimed4 ,to think that ,i should have refused him anything6 ,and yet1 though she was sincere in her regret1 she was greatly relieved when ,f4 ,o',donovan declined to carry her message1 assuring her that ,f4 ,chevreuse would doubtless1 on second thought1 approve of her refusal4 ,to have sent a direct message to a man who stood before the world charged with a horrible crime1 and1 perhaps1 to have received a message in return from him--to have placed herself thus in communication with one of the most darkly accused inmates of that jail which she had passed frequently during her whole life without ever dreaming of crossing the threshold1 even for a work of mercy--the very possibility plunged ,miss ,pembroke into confusion and distress4 ,the regions of crime were as far removed from her experience as the regions that lie outside of human life2 and1 of herself1 she would as soon have thought of following any one to purgatory as to prison4 ,that scrupulous correctness and propriety which we admire in these fair women1 whose whole lives are passed in the delicately screened cloisters of the world1 shows sometimes a reverse not so admirable4 ,they are seldom the friends in need2 and when a fearless heroism is wanted1 they do not come forward4 ,they draw back instinctively those garments they have been at pains to preserve so white from contact with the blood-stained1 dusty ,one who goes staggering by with the thorns on his head and the cross on his shoulders4 ,a look of pity and horror may follow him from the safe place where they stand2 but it is not they who pierce their way through the rabble1 with ,veronica1 to take the imprint of his misery on to their stainlessness1 nor they who weep around his tomb through dews and darkness1 careless of the world in their unspeakable sorrow1 and floating above the world in the unspeakable ecstasy to which that sorrow gives place4 ,no1 the charity of the human angel is limited4 ,only the angels of ,god1 and those generous souls whose anguish of pity for the suffering is a constantly purifying fire1 can go down into the darker paths of life and receive no stain4 ,i am glad ,f4 ,o',donovan came1 ,mrs4 ,gerald remarked when their second visitor left them4 ,i feel better for being reassured by him4 ,of course1 we all know that we cannot throw ourselves away for everybody1 as dear ,f4 ,chevreuse's impulse is2 yet he is so good1 so much better than any one else1 one feels almost guilty in not following him every step he wishes4 ,his utter unselfishness and generosity are very disturbing to one sometimes2 for we must think of ourselves4 ,it is well for the world that there are those who see no such necessity1 ,miss ,pembroke replied briefly4 ,her companion said nothing more for a moment4 ,she had been conscious that ,honora was not satisfied1 but had preferred to take no notice of it1 and to quiet her without seeming aware that she needed quieting4 ,poor ,mr4 ,schninger6 she said presently4 ,i pity him with all my heart4 ,it is1 of course1 impossible to believe that this arrest is anything but a mistake which will soon be corrected4 ,still1 the affair must be very painful to him4 ,how indignant ,lawrence will be6 ,i wish he might hear nothing of it till he comes home1 for ,i really think he would come sooner if he knew what has happened4 ,he thought a good deal of ,mr4 ,schninger4 ,yes1 it must soon be corrected1 repeated ,honora1 passing over the rest4 ,i cannot imagine on what grounds the arrest was made2 but some are ready to believe of a stranger what they would never listen to if said of one they knew4 ,one might parody that proverb about the absent1 and say that the foreigner is always wrong4 ,only imagine what it must be1 ,mrs4 ,gerald--,honora's brown eyes dilated with a sort of terror1--imagine what it must be to find one's self in trouble and disgrace alone in a foreign land4 ,no person has any special interest in the stranger2 no one knows him well enough to defend him2 his reputation is a bubble that the first breath may break2 and if he is wrong1 no one understands what excuses may be made for him4 ,fancy ,lawrence alone in some ,european country1 and arrested for a great crime4 ,mrs4 ,gerald had listened at first with sympathy2 but at the name of ,lawrence her face changed4 ,my dear ,honora1 she said with decision1 ,i cannot possibly imagine my son1 no matter how far away1 nor how friendless he might be--,i cannot imagine him being arrested on a charge of robbery and murder6 ,it is too great a flight of fancy1 and too unjust4 ,but that does not prevent my pitying ,mr4 ,schninger4 ,mrs4 ,gerald would not have shown such asperity1 probably1 had her son never given people anything to forgive in him4 ,tremblingly alive to his faults1 she gladly seized on any charge which it was possible to cast indignantly aside4 ,honora perceived too well her feelings and the mistake that she herself had made to be in the least annoyed at the reply4 ,it may be that she understood better than ever before what might be the pain of one whose affections are engaged by an object which has not her entire approval4 ,not that she loved ,mr4 ,schninger1 or for a moment fancied that she did2 it was only that he had come near enough to excite her imagination on the subject of love4 ,fortunately1 she said1 after a thoughtful pause1 the people of ,crichton are liberal4 ,it was such an opinion as might have been expected from her character and experience4 ,life had shown her but little of those deeper causes which underlie so much of the apparent inconsistency of mankind4 ,she had not learned to distinguish between that firm liberality which is founded on principle1 and is but another name for justice1 and its unstable namesake1 which floats on the surface of a soul that has no convictions4 ,the former can be relied on2 the latter may at any time give place to a violent bigotry4 ,it has an immense vanity beneath1 and fiercely resents on others its own mistakes4 ,the gradations of the change might have been precisely calculated beforehand4 ,at first1 an astonishment which was unanimous2 followed1 after the natural pause1 by individual voices in various tones1 the loud ones harmless1 the whispering ones poisonous4 ,crichton was a city where there could be but one sensation at a time4 ,whatever of moment happened there1 everybody knew it and everybody talked about it4 ,the loud voices grew lower1 the whispers increased4 ,we have heard orchestra music like that1 where1 after the first crash and pause1 the instruments start their several ways1 and one scarcely hears the whisper of violins that runs through the heavy brass1 till presently that whisper becomes an audible hiss1 then a sharp cry1 and finally its shrieks overtop trumpet and organ4 ,people could not imagine on what grounds ,mr4 ,schninger had been accused1 but considered it a matter of course that there must have been some proof against him2 and they immediately set themselves to recollecting everything they had observed in him1 to magnifying every peculiarity and perverting every circumstance connected with his life4 ,some had always said that strangers whom nobody knew anything about were received altogether too readily in ,crichton4 ,it was only necessary that a man should be good-looking1 or clever1 or have a romantic appearance1 or be enveloped in a mystery1 for him to be made the hero of the hour4 ,and here the men bethought themselves1 like true sons of ,adam1 to lay the blame on the women4 ,another class1 made up of both ,catholics and ,protestants1 reminded the public that they had from the first protested against ,christians mingling in friendly intercourse with ,jews4 ,it was a treason against their ,lord to do so1 these ,christians said1 and he had shown his displeasure by allowing this wolf1 whom they had admitted into the fold1 to destroy one of the chosen ones4 ,others there were1 microscopic critics1 who had always found something peculiarly sinister in certain expressions of the ,jew's face1 and who recollected perfectly having shivered with fear when they had encountered these peculiar glances4 ,the sound grew up and gathered1 and at the end of a fortnight public opinion in ,crichton had half condemned the man without having heard a word of testimony against him4 ,doubtless his own scornful silence had not predisposed any one in his favor2 and1 besides1 he was reported to have spoken slightingly of an institution which it is not safe to attack4 ,rumor accused him of having said that a jury hinder more than they help the cause of justice2 and that if public sentiment is not high enough to educate and elect a proper judge1 it is folly to call in from the street to his aid twelve men who are probably still more incompetent1 and certainly less responsible4 ,the judges may have been not ill-pleased at this2 but few others heard the story without indignation4 ,the newspapers also soon became either cold or unfriendly2 for though they had all expressed the most courteous surprise and regret at his arrest1 he had not allowed one of their reporters so much as a glimpse of him4 ,one after another the friendly voices grew faint or fell into silence1 till only three or four were left4 ,f4 ,chevreuse had written ,mr4 ,schninger a line1 ,whenever you want me1 ,i shall be ready to come1 and had refrained from all other approach4 ,but he did not cease to insist on his belief in the prisoner's innocence4 ,mrs4 ,ferrier1 also1 was loud and warm in her championship4 ,she visited ,mr4 ,schninger in prison1 and stood at the grate1 the jailer by her side1 with tears running down her cheeks1 while she poured forth her incoherent but most sincere indignation and grief2 and she scraped the skin from her fat hand pushing it through the bars to take that of the prisoner4 ,she also made arrangements for a larger and lighter cell to be given him1 and had begun to furnish it most luxuriously1 when he found out what she was doing1 and absolutely refused to move4 ,my dear ,mrs4 ,ferrier1 he said1 it is not the bare stones and the hard bench that makes the place intolerable2 and ,i will not consent to any change4 ,i should be no more at ease locked up in a palace4 ,let me remain as ,i am while ,i stay here4 ,but look at that bed6 she cried2 and the diamond glittering on the indignant finger she pointed through the bars was outshone by the tear that welled up and hung on her eyelashes4 ,the idea of a man like you sleeping on that sack of straw with a gray blanket over it6 ,it's a sin and a shame6 ,but1 my friend1 it is good enough for a criminal1 he answered1 with something like a faint smile on his face4 ,a criminal6 ,and we hope the reader will pardon the next two words uttered by this dear1 good soul in the heat of her generous trust and pity4 ,she said1 ,shut up6 ,i know what nonsense you talked to ,f4 ,chevreuse1 she went on2 but ,i won't listen to it4 ,you ought to be ashamed of yourself for driving that man away4 ,you can't serve me so4 ,i shall come here1 and ,i shall take up for you2 and--now1 ,mr4 ,schninger1 don't be silly1 but let me fix up that other room for you4 ,the sun shines into it all the afternoon2 and ,i've got a nice carpet on the floor1 and two arm-chairs1 and some wax candles1 and a red curtain to draw over the grating1 and ,i'll make it as comfortable as if my own son was going to be in it4 ,do give your consent1 now6 ,still he was inflexible1 though he softened his refusal with every expression of gratitude4 ,there are reasons why it would be very painful and embarrassing for me to consent1 he said2 and since your wish is to give me pleasure1 ,i am sure you will not urge this when ,i tell you that ,i should be more uncomfortable there than here4 ,your kindness does me good2 but ,i cannot receive your bounty4 ,mrs4 ,ferrier was not to be so thwarted1 however4 ,she had to relinquish her project of furnishing a room for him1 but she made amends to herself by supplying his table extravagantly4 ,it was in vain for him to protest4 ,the waiter gravely assured him that the dishes were sent in from the prison kitchen2 the jailer as gravely added that his wife overlooked that part of the establishment1 and he knew nothing about it2 and ,mrs4 ,ferrier1 when the prisoner questioned her1 declared1 with an air of the utmost innocence1 that she did not send in his food1 and did not know what he had4 ,the truth was that she had ordered the keeper of a restaurant near by to send ,mr4 ,schninger the best that he could supply2 and she flattered herself that the waiter could with truth obey her order to say that the dishes came from the jail kitchen4 ,you're not obliged to tell him that they come in at one door of the kitchen and out at another1 she said4 ,flowers lined the cell1 fruit arrived there in profusion1 and illustrated papers and books1 the text of which betrayed the simple taste that had selected them1 piled the one table and filled the window-ledges--all sent anonymously4 ,mr4 ,schninger found himself obliged to capitulate to this persistent and most transparent incognita4 ,in a few weeks another friend1 quite as decided1 though less demonstrative1 was added4 ,lawrence ,gerald1 returning with his wife to ,crichton1 went immediately to see ,mr4 ,schninger and offer any service in his power to render him4 ,it is folly to waste breath in abusing the detectives or whoever has made this miserable blunder1 he said calmly4 ,of course1 nobody is safe from suspicion4 ,i'm rather surprised they hadn't hit upon me1 for ,i was hard up at that time4 ,the point is1 however1 can ,i do anything for you8 ,you will be out of this soon1 of course2 but1 in the meantime1 ,i should be very glad if ,i can serve you in any way4 ,mr4 ,schninger assured his visitor that he needed no services2 but his manner of declining the assistance offered him was far more natural and cheerful than it had been when ,f4 ,chevreuse or ,mrs4 ,ferrier came4 ,lawrence ,gerald's friendship was1 indeed1 of more value to him in this matter than theirs could have been2 for as ,lawrence was a man of the world1 and not too likely to have much faith in any one1 men of the world would respect his opinion1 white they might laugh at the championship of a woman and look upon the ideal charity of a priest as a feeling which they could not be expected to sympathize with nor be influenced by4 ,this friendly act of ,lawrence's greatly pleased his mother-in-law2 and1 since ,annette looked quite contented and happy1 she was still more disposed to be complacent toward the young man4 ,i wouldn't have believed he thought so much of ,annette1 she said confidentially to ,f4 ,chevreuse4 ,but he follows her about like her shadow4 ,it's all the time1 ',ask ,annette1' or1 ',what does ,annette say8' or1 ',how will ,annette like it8' and he will hardly go down-town unless she goes with him4 ,i only hope it may last1 sighed the mother1 fearful of being too sanguine4 ,it was quite true that ,lawrence ,gerald showed far more affection for his wife after than he ever had before their marriage1 and ,mrs4 ,ferrier scarcely exaggerated in saying that he followed her about like her shadow4 ,he perceived more and more every day how strong and reliable she was1 and how full of resources for every emergency4 ,besides1 he had a cause for gratitude toward her of which her mother was not aware4 ,during that time when they had been alone1 undisturbed by discordant interruptions1 undisturbed also by any excessive happiness in each other's society1 she had perceived that something more than indifference to herself preyed upon his spirits1 and had at length succeeded in drawing from him a confession of his difficulties4 ,he owned that the story her mother had heard of his debts was true1 and that he had been able to silence his persecutors only for a short time4 ,on the very day of his marriage one of them had demanded payment1 and a second letter had followed him to their bridal retreat4 ,my dear ,lawrence1 why did you not tell me at once8 his wife interrupted as soon as she caught the purport of his stammering explanation4 ,it was not treating me with confidence2 and surely ,i deserve your confidence4 ,it isn't pleasant for a man to own that he has been a fool1 and a liar besides1 he replied bitterly4 ,you know ,i denied it to your mother4 ,i couldn't very well tell her that it was none of her business1 though ,i wanted to4 ,it isn't pleasant for any one to own that he has failed to live quite up to his own idea of what is right1 she said quickly4 ,i often blush at the recollection of some mistake or folly in my life4 ,but where one understands you1 ,lawrence1 and is bound to you for life1 for better or for worse1 you should not be too reserved4 ,all that ,i have is yours4 ,my first wish is to spare you pain1 and ,i could have no greater pleasure than to have you confide in me4 ,do not be afraid of hearing any lectures or of seeing me assume the right to criticise you4 ,i only ask to help you when ,i can4 ,this had been said with a haste that gave him no time to interpose or reply2 and before the last words were well spoken she had left his side1 and was opening a little writing-desk in another part of the room4 ,her husband leaned on the window-ledge and looked out1 appearing to regard intently the mist that hung over the unseen cataract before him1 and to listen to the soft thunder of its fall2 but the color of his face1 burning with a mortification inseparable from such an avowal as he had made1 and the faint lines of a frown that seemed to be graven between his brows1 showed that his mind was far from being occupied with the beauties of nature4 ,the only thought ,niagara suggested to him at that moment escaped his lips in a whisper as he leaned out into the air3 ,if my foot had but slipped a little further to-day6 ,annette came back and leaned out beside him4 ,how soft and sunny the air is for ,september6 she said4 ,it is more like ,june4 ,he felt her small hand slip under his arm1 and push a roll of paper into his breast-pocket while she spoke4 ,do you not think1 husband1 she went on1 that we might like to go to ,montreal instead of ,south8 ,it would be pleasanter to go to ,washington during the season4 ,and that was all that was said about the matter1 except that1 the day after their return to ,crichton1 ,lawrence told his wife that the debt was paid4 ,oh6 yes1 she said lightly1 as if such a debt were quite a matter of course4 ,i'm glad that is off your mind4 ,and would have changed the subject4 ,but he1 looking at her very gravely1 knew well that the lightness was assumed to spare him1 and that the affair was only less painful to her than to himself4 ,they were in their own sitting-room1 and ,annette was filling a vase with late flowers that she had just brought in from the garden1 while he sat near the table by which she stood4 ,he stretched his hand and drew her to him1 holding her slender fingers that held a cluster of heart's-ease she had just taken from the basket4 ,let me speak of it once more1 ,ninon1 he said4 ,you did not exact any promise from me1 dear2 but ,i have one to make you4 ,if my word or my will are good for anything1 ,i will never again play a game for pleasure even1 still less for money4 ,i have no temptation to now2 and if ,i had1 the recollection of what play has cost me would be enough to save me from yielding4 ,his face and voice said more than the words1 and the regret1 the shame1 and the gratitude they expressed were almost more than she could bear4 ,it hurt her cruelly to see him whom she had exalted as an idol so humbled and sorrowful before her4 ,he looked weary2 she had thought that for some time2 and though the outlines of his beautiful face were too delicate to show readily a loss of flesh1 she could see that he had grown perceptibly thinner4 ,i was sure of you1 without needing any promise1 she said1 and tried to smile on him1 but with tremulous lips4 ,and now1 do not let it trouble your mind any longer4 ,i'm going to give you a charm4 ,she smiled brightly this time1 for he had kissed her hand4 ,with this magical flower ,i bar all unrest from you1 and assure you peace for the future4 ,she fastened the cluster of heart's-ease in his button-hole1 then returned to her flowers4 ,her husband could not but remember the time when a tender word or act of his would bring the blush to her face and set her in a tremor of delight4 ,he would sometimes have been a little more demonstrative and affectionate1 if the effect had not been so annoyingly great on her4 ,but now1 without the slightest appearance of coldness or anger1 in simple unconsciousness1 it seemed1 of having changed her manner1 she was altogether changed4 ,she received him kindly1 there was no sign of an estranged heart1 but she only received2 she did not invite1 nor follow1 nor linger about him4 ,quite naturally and calmly she attended to whatever employment she might have in hand when he was present2 and though she undeniably liked to have him near her1 it was possible for her to forget his presence for a moment4 ,looking at her now1 as she began quietly arranging her flowers again1 the thought glimmered dimly in his mind that ,honora ,pembroke herself could not have behaved with a sweeter or more dignified tranquillity4 ,but the moment of this consciousness was brief4 ,honora's image had too long been enthroned by him as queen in all things womanly to be disturbed by this slight figure with her glow-worm lamp4 ,still1 the development of his wife's character made its impression on him2 and1 half needing her1 and half curious about her1 he felt himself constantly attracted to her society4 ,they passed a good deal of time alone together1 sometimes walking or driving in the pleasant autumn days1 sometimes shut up in their own room1 where ,annette read1 sang to1 and otherwise amused her husband4 ,he was going into business2 but the two or three months of necessary preparation and delay were to him very much leisure time1 and hung rather heavily on his hands4 ,i shall be glad to get to work1 he said to her4 ,idleness is tolerable only in a pleasant atmosphere2 and the atmosphere of ,crichton is anything but pleasant now4 ,sometimes ,i've half a mind to run away till this ridiculous trial is over and people can talk of something else4 ,the same thought has occurred to me1 his wife replied4 ,i am growing nervous and low-spirited with these horrible images constantly before my mind4 ,i have begged mamma not to mention the subject again at the table1 nor anywhere else without necessity4 ,some people--,i don't mean mamma1 of course--but some people seem to enjoy tragedies1 and to be quite angry if one doesn't put the most terrible construction on every circumstance4 ,i have no patience with them4 ,she looked1 indeed1 quite pale and irritated4 ,like all persons of a lively imagination1 she was nearly as much affected by the description of a scene as she would have been on witnessing it2 and the frequent repetitions and amplifications with which others of duller natures had found it necessary to revive their own impressions had been both painful and annoying to her4 ,besides1 she had a source of disquiet which she confided to no one1 not even to ,f4 ,chevreuse1 since she never alluded to his mother's death when in conversation with him4 ,while wondering1 in spite of herself1 what proof sufficient to justify an indictment could have been found against ,mr4 ,schninger1 she had recollected the shawl he left in her garden the night ,mother ,chevreuse was killed4 ,it did not seem an important circumstance2 yet it constantly recurred to her in connection with other points not so trivial4 ,she did not for a moment believe him guilty2 but her imagination1 seizing on this one fact1 held it up suggestively1 so that it cast on her mind various and troublesome shadows that were out of all proportion to itself4 ,why had he appeared startled when she mentioned the shawl to him8 ,and could it be possible he was sincere in saying that he came for it in the morning1 when she had plainly seen some one remove it at night8 ,she combated these disagreeable thoughts with all her strength1 and sought to atone to ,mr4 ,schninger for the wrong she believed they did him by entering heartily into all her mother's plans for his comfort2 but she could not banish them so entirely but they tormented her into wishing to fly to some place where she might at least hope to forget the whole subject4 ,if every one were like ,mrs4 ,gerald and ,honora1 she said to her mother1 how much smoother and deeper life would be6 ,i am sure they think of dear ,mother ,chevreuse very often1 and always with bleeding hearts2 yet they never speak of her1 except1 in a pleasant way1 to recall some saying or some kind act of hers2 and one would not know1 from what they say1 that she had not been assumed bodily into heaven1 or1 at least1 died tranquilly and beautifully of old age4 ,i have no sympathy1 mamma1 with these noisy people who come here wringing their hands and uttering maledictions on ,mr4 ,schninger4 ,mrs4 ,ferrier felt a little touched at that part of the speech which referred to the wringing of hands1 for that was her most frequent manner of expressing distress of mind1 and she was not sure that her daughter did not mean to give her an indirect reproof or warning4 ,her reply1 therefore1 was a dissenting one2 and the comparison she used1 though not elegant1 was somewhat strong4 ,it's all the same difference as there is between a wild horse and a horse that's broke1 she said4 ,and you can't deny that the creature loses half its spirit before it bears the bit and the rein4 ,and so ,i believe that your fine1 quiet people kill some of the life out of their grief when they teach it to be so polite1 and that they forget the friend they have lost while they are thinking how they shall behave themselves and cry in a genteel manner4 ,when ,i die1 ,annette1 may the ,lord give me just such mourners as ,mother ,chevreuse has in those poor people6 ,oh6 don't1 mamma6 the daughter said coaxingly2 for ,mrs4 ,ferrier had ended by bursting into tears4 ,i didn't mean to vex you1 only ,i am nervous and distressed by all this excitement4 ,there6 don't cry any more1 and ,i will own that you are at least half right4 ,not but that they do provoke me when they talk about ,mr4 ,schninger1 ,mrs4 ,ferrier admitted1 wiping her eyes4 ,but then1 the poor things6 it's a relief to their sorrow to be mad with somebody about it4 ,it was undeniable that whatever relief could be found in lamentation for their dear lost friend1 and in invoking retribution on her destroyer1 very few hesitated to avail themselves of4 ,besides what the law could do1 it needed all the influence that ,f4 ,chevreuse had1 both with his own flock and with non-,catholics1 to prevent the people who were constantly gathering outside the jail from throwing missiles into ,mr4 ,schninger's cell4 ,how strong is accusation6 he exclaimed4 ,people appear to think that man condemned already1 though he is sure to be triumphantly acquitted4 ,it is astonishing how entirely a grave charge1 no matter how unproved1 removes those we have loved and respected beyond the pale of our sympathy4 ,it is as though we had never heard of innocence being accused1 and believed it impossible that we could ever be calumniated ourselves4 ,he was speaking to ,mr4 ,sales1 the editor of ,the ,aurora1 who received his remarks rather uneasily4 ,the ,aurora had of late been interesting itself very much in the history of the ,jews1 both ancient and modern1 the items it scattered through its columns with apparent carelessness not being always calculated to inspire the reader with an increased affection for that ancient race2 and ,fleur de ,lis had every week1 from her corner on the first page1 bewailed in facile and dolorous lines the sorrows and sufferings of that ,mother and ,son to whom1 in the prose of everyday life1 she was far from conspicuous for devotion4 ,i have observed1 sir1 ,mr4 ,sales said1 feeling obliged to say something1 that people who have the reputation of being the most correct and irreproachable are often the most unmerciful toward wrong-doers4 ,it gives one an unpleasant impression of religion4 ,not justly1 the priest replied4 ,what you say of some good people is quite true--they are moral skeletons since1 after all1 good principles are only the vertebr of a character4 ,but there are many charitable ,christians in the world4 ,i find fault with their imaginations chiefly2 they cannot fancy themselves accused without being guilty4 ,and thus1 in the midst of an increasing excitement1 ,mr4 ,schninger's trial came on4 ,,spiritualism4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,the spiritualists who protest against the attribution of spiritualistic phenomena to the devil may be divided into two classes3 #ast1 ,those who believe there is no such being as the devil2 #b;d1 ,those who1 believing him to exist1 think it unreasonable to attribute such phenomena as those under consideration to such a being4 ,to these first ,i can but admit that there is no demonstrating the devil2 but1 on the other hand1 ,i would remind them that1 in denying his existence1 they are opposing themselves1 #ast1 to the religious instinct of the great mass of mankind1 who are persuaded that life is a warfare1 that there is an enemy4 #b;d1 ,to the unwavering1 explicit tradition of the ,christian church4 ,it is impossible to read the ,gospels and the other records of the early church without having the idea of a battle1 and an enemy against whom it is waged1 brought prominently before you4 ,our ,lord came to break the power of ,satan1 and to take away the armor in which he trusted2 and the church was instituted for his detailed discomfiture4 ,every soul that is saved is regarded as a spoil snatched from the hand of the enemy2 every one who is cast out of the church is delivered over to ,satan4 ,some of the earliest words of the church's ritual are words of defiance and adjuration of the enemy upon whom it was her mission to trample4 ,her exorcisms1 for instance1 in the baptism service testify to a consciousness of the devil's presence which is simply startling in its realism4 ,he is never forgotten from the moment when1 gently breathing on the child's face1 she charges the unclean spirit to give place to the ,holy ,ghost1 to the moment when he is cast out headlong1 followed by the renunciations of his rescued victim4 ,the extreme antiquity of these exorcisms is sufficiently vindicated by the poetic paraphrase of ,prudentius in the ,i,vth century3 ,intonat antistes ,domini3 fuge callide serpens ,mancipium ,christi1 fur corruptissime vexas ,desine1 ,christus adest humani corporis ultor ,non licet ut spolium rapias cui ,christus inhsit ,pulsus abi ventose liquor ,christus jubet1 exi4#aib ,moreover1 though the devil is expelled in baptism1 the church never lets her children lose sight of him4 ,she is ever warning them in the words of ,s4 ,augustine3 ,take care1 afflicted mortals1 take care that the evil one defile not ever this house of the body2 that1 introduced by the senses1 he debauch not the soul's sanctity1 nor cloud the intellectual light4 ,this evil thing winds through all the inlets of the senses1 moulds itself in forms1 blends with colors1 weds with sounds1 lurks in anger and guileful speech1 clothes itself in scents1 transfuses itself in savors1 and by a flood of troublous movement obscures the mind with evil desires1 and fills with vapor the channels of the understanding1 through which the soul's ray might shed the light of reason4#aic ,voltaire was quite in the right when he set down a priest who would fain compromise with infidelity by throwing up the devil1 in this wise3 ,belief in the devil is an essential point of ,christianity3 no ,satan1 no ,saviour4 ,those who1 admitting the devil to exist1 deny that spiritualistic phenomena are diabolical1 urge various pleas which ,i purpose to examine in detail4 ,they insist upon1 #ast1 the innocent and friendly character of the phenomena4 #b;d1 ,the difficulty of believing that the devil would be allowed to take so great a liberty with respectable persons without some sort of understanding on their parts4 #c;d1 ,the fact that spiritualism is a great and most efficient exponent of the immortality of the soul and the existence of ,god in a materialistic generation4 ,now1 as regards the first plea1 ,i simply deny the fact of the innocence4 ,i submit that pantheism and the non-existence of eternal punishment are immoral doctrines1 the spread of which is calculated to make the world worse2 and that these are pre-eminently the doctrines of spiritualism1 taught always indirectly1 and standing out more and more clearly in proportion as the pious twaddle in which they are incorporated for the sake of weak brethren is laid aside1 and the spiritualistic element can give itself free way4 ,demoralizing1 also1 is the distaste which spiritualism creates for all religion1 inasmuch as religion lives by faith4 ,an example of this is given in ,experiences with ,d4 ,d4 ,home1 p4 #fj4 ,the party of spiritualists had been conversing1 as they imagined1 with the spirit of the child of one of them1 lately dead1 the body1 in its coffin1 being in the room in which they were sitting4 ,after the burial1 we are told1 ,on our way home1 every one remarked that the burial-service1 which is1 in general1 so impressive1 had that day1 while in church1 sounded strangely flat and unprofitable4 ,mrs4 ,cox asked how it was that the clergyman had not used the words1 'dust to dust1 ashes to ashes1 earth to earth4' ,we assured her that he had2 but she declared she had not heard them1 although standing as near to him as any of us4 ,in other respects spiritualism is by no means innocent4 ,it is impossible to set aside the strong testimony1 not merely of medical men1 who might be supposed prejudiced1 but of so many who have either practised spiritualism themselves1 or had spiritualist friends1 as to the gradual exhaustion of the vital powers which it produces when persevered in to any extent4 ,and1 again1 it is by far the most efficacious destructive of the barriers of propriety1 particularly between the sexes4 ,no one can read much even of the most respectable sances without feeling that the worthy persons who take part in them1 whilst securing1 may be1 the perfect propriety of the particular sance in which they are engaged1 are lending the cloak of their respectability to an institution especially marked out for the dissemination of corruption4 ,my contention is that the devil has in spiritualism the prospect of an excellent harvest of evil1 of which he has received a very sufficient earnest4 ,with regard to the gentle behavior1 which is supposed to be inconsistent with the character of one who is spoken of as a roaring lion1 ,i would observe that this gentleness on the part of the spirits is by no means invariable2 see the violent scene 7,experiences1 p4 #aed7 in which ,home is tormented and screams2 or1 again1 where the company is struck by the disagreeable and fearful glowing of his eyes 7,rep41 p4 #bjh74 ,however1 it must be confessed that the general character of the manifestations is gentleness itself2 but of this sort of gentleness there are plenty of examples in accounts of medival magic1 when spirits have persevered for a considerable time in gentle1 not to say pious1 behavior1 and1 indeed1 only came out as devils when worried by the church4 ,the following is taken from the ,gloria ,posthuma ,s4 ,ignatii4#aid ,a little girl of nine1 the daughter of an artilleryman at ,malta1 was made quite a pet of by spirits1 who were always bringing her little presents of jewelry and fruit1 at one time giving her fresh figs in ,january4 ,she was frightened just at first2 but they talked so charmingly of their being creatures of the good ,god as well as she1 and seemed to know so much about the inside of churches1 that the child could not but think well of them4 ,they did her a wonderful number of kind services of various sorts4 ,for a long time the child's parents1 who never saw the spirits1 but only the effects they produced1 acquiesced1 and seemed to think it rather a good joke4 ,there was only one thing that troubled them1 and which ultimately made them call in the priest1 and this was that the spirits1 who showed themselves amiably enough disposed towards the family in general1 had an exceptional spite against one little boy4 ,they never saw him come into the room without showing disgust and saying all sorts of unpleasant things about him to their little protge4 ,there was nothing peculiar about the boy1 except that he served ,mass every morning4 ,when the priest was sent for1 and the house exorcised1 the amiable spirits1 as is invariably the case under these circumstances1 lost their temper1 and went off in ugly shapes1 vomiting fire2 in fact1 to borrow the spiritualist expression1 showing themselves very unformed spirits indeed4 ,with this account we may compare ,mr4 ,fusedale's extraordinary letter 7,rep41 p4 #bee71 in which he says that the spirits habitually play with his children and amuse them by showing them pretty scenes in a polished globe4 ,he tells us that he has himself seen one of these scenes--a ship hemmed in by ice in an ,arctic sea--and that he has often witnessed his little boy shoved across the room in a chair1 his legs being too short to reach the ground1 and no human agency near4 ,the two accounts are not unlike1 except that in the second story the materials for playing out the last scene are wanting4 ,as regards the second plea1 no doubt there is something odd1 at first sight1 in so many respectable persons having got into such intimate relations with the devil without knowing anything about it2 and though there are not wanting individual instances in the history of diablerie1 ,i must confess that ,i have met with nothing of the sort on so large a scale4 ,but then1 we must remember that there never has been a time when respectables as a body were so irreligious1 and it is religion that is the great obstacle to such unconscious intercourse with ,satan4 ,no ,christian who knows anything of the way in which the ancient world was exorcised need be surprised at the devil's being able considerably to enlarge his sphere1 as the church has been compelled to narrow hers4 ,at first1 indeed1 it seemed as if this was not to be the case4 ,the philosophy of the last century boasted1 with some plausibility1 that it had done what the church1 with all her exorcisms1 had never succeeded in doing--that it had swept away ,satan altogether1 along with his great adversary4 ,church and devil had gone down together2 and for a time people persuaded themselves that the devil1 anyhow1 had gone4 ,in the solemn obsequies of the whole caste of superstition1 as the world fondly thought it1 the devil was carried out first1 dead1 hopelessly dead1 free-thinking priests1 such as ,voltaire rebuked1 bearing up the pall4 ,though many a mocking requiescat has been chanted over his grave1 like that of the church1 it has proved to be a cenotaph2 and now that he appears again1 we can hardly wonder if he finds himself more at home than ever since ,christianity came into the world4 ,satan has ever been1 as the schoolmen called him1 ,god's ape 7simius ,dei71 reproducing in the mysteries of the ,sabbath the rites1 and even the organization1 of the church2 but now1 after the world's reiterated rejection of ,christ1 it would seem that the enemy has been permitted to carry the parody a step further4 ,not only wherever two or three are gathered together in his name is he in their midst1 but1 good shepherd-wise1 he is allowed to seek the sheep that had been lost4 ,uninvited he seeks them in the unromantic circle of ,x,i,xth-century life1 entrenched as this is amongst elements the least promising1 one should think1 for mysticism of any sort4 ,in bright1 cheerful1 modern rooms1 amongst the rustle of innocent commonplaces1 he finds his opportunity and his profit1 and gently and genially weans his victims from what fragments of dogmatic religion they may still retain to the liberty of his children4 ,at least1 there is nothing unnatural in this view4 ,the third plea is1 in the spiritualist's mind1 irresistible1 and it has had1 doubtless1 considerable influence in preventing various religious persons from condemning spiritualism4 ,the great evil of the day is materialism2 now1 then1 it is asked1 is it conceivable that the devil should appear as the advocate of the two great spiritual doctrines of the immortality of the soul and the existence of ,god2 nay1 should actually convert numbers to a belief in these doctrines8 ,i answer1 #ast1 that when the devil first came forward as the champion of human liberty1 he certainly did preach both the immortality of the soul and the existence of ,god4 ,ye shall not die4 ,ye shall be as gods4 ,true1 he was denying in one breath the death of the body and the death of the soul2 but this is quite in the fashion of spiritualism1 which invariably denounces any use of the word death4 #b;d1 ,that the doctrine of the immortality of the soul loses all disciplinary force when converted into that of endless1 inevitable progression4 ,the possibility of a miserable finality has been accepted by the noblest philosophers as a necessary phase in that melody of a future life which1 to use the expression of ,socrates 7,phdo1 cap4 #fc71 it is so necessary for each man to sing to himself4 ,there are some1 he had said 7cap4 #fb71 whom a befitting fate casts into ,tartarus1 whence they never come out4 ,and in the last book of the ,republic1 where human life is described as going on in an indefinite series of metempsychosis1 we are shown1 as the generations sweep round1 a pit into which the very bad fall out of the circle1 never to join it again4 ,nor is the doctrine of the existence of ,god when converted into pantheism of more avail4 ,a deity who is the mere terminus ad quem of necessary evolution can neither be feared as judge nor worshipped as ,god4 ,long experience has taught the evil one that man cannot do without religious sentiment2 so he aims at getting its circulation into his own hands by coming forward boldly as the advocate of its cardinal points4 ,he is determined to risk no more disappointing losses1 by striving to feed men on the dry husks of materialism1 which are insufficient to support life1 and are sure1 sooner or later1 to provoke nausea and repulsion4 ,as to those who have been really converted from scepticism by the spirits1 nay1 have been landed1 as has sometimes been the case1 in the bosom of the ,catholic ,church1 ,i can only say1 ,blessed be ,god6 who has ever exercised seignorial rights upon the devil's fishing4 ,so much for the spiritualist amendment4 ,i shall now proceed to consider the positive arguments and evidence tending to show that spiritualism is diabolic4 #ast4 ,i notice its shrinking and disgust for all active ,catholicism which extends to the use of fragments of ,catholic truth in the hands of zealous sectarians4 ,this antipathy1 ,i contend1 is invariable2 but ,i must guard against being misunderstood4 ,i admit that the spirits have indulged from time to time in a considerable amount of ,catholic1 or1 ,i should rather say ,ritualist1 talk4 ,several instances may be found in ,mr4 ,home's sances in which holy-water and crucifixes are spoken of with a certain amount of unction4 ,i admit1 too1 that though sometimes the spirits are discomfited by the mere presence of a religious object--a medal1 relic1 etc4--this is by no means ordinarily the case4 ,it is quite possible for religious objects to be so presented as in no way to embarrass the spirits1 who have been sometimes permitted to carry them about with apparent tenderness1 even as ,satan was allowed to carry our ,lord and set him on a pinnacle of the temple4 ,a sword requires to be handled with a certain amount of vigor and intention if it is to avail as a weapon4 ,if holy objects are brought out simply as so many ,catholic testimonials and orders of merit for the spirits1 ,i know nothing in the nature of things or in the promises of ,god to prevent the devil wearing them in his button-hole4 ,on the other hand1 a man uncertain of the spirits' character1 but with an honest and lively intention of rejecting them so far as they are ,god's enemies1 fugite partes advers1 if he adjures them in his name1 will either reduce them to silence and impotence1 or extort the confession that they are devils4 ,it would be easy to produce numbers of instances of the extraordinarily hostile sensitiveness of the spirits in regard to the use in their presence of ,catholic prayers1 medals1 relics1 etc4 ,in fact1 in order to avoid being a non-conductor1 if not an obstructive1 a certain undogmatic attitude of mind is required4 ,we need not1 indeed1 reject ,christ1 but we must be prepared to look for another beside him1 if not in his place4 ,mr4 ,home 7,rep41 p4 #ahh7 says that1 for the medium's success1 the only thing necessary is that the people about should be harmonious4 ,he explains that the 'harmonious' feeling is simply that which you get on going into a room and finding all the people present such as you feel at home with at once4444 ,scepticism is not a hindrance2 an unsympathetic person is4 ,i have no doubt that this account is perfectly accurate so far as it goes4 ,a ,christian's hatred of what he suspects to be the devil1 and ,professor ,tyndall's contemptuous disgust for what he considers a piece of cheating1 are both no doubt natural impediments to spiritualistic manifestations2 although1 in the former case1 it may well be that it is something more4 ,the following scene from ,prudentius 7,apoth41 #dfj-ejb7 illustrates what ,i have said as to ,christian rite and formulary availing against sorcery1 not as a charm1 but as a weapon of faith4 ,it must be remembered that ,julian had been baptized1 but his baptism had no effect in breaking the magic rites4 ,we venture thus to render it3 ,to give great ,hecat her glut of blood1 ,whole troops of cows and lowing heifers stood ,about her altar1 every frontlet crowned ,with shadowy cypress twisted round and round4 ,and now the priestly butcher drives his brand ,into the victims1 and with bloody hand ,gropes keenly in the entrails chilling fast1 ,to count each fluttering life-pulse to the last4 ,when suddenly he cries1 dead-white with fear1 ',alas6 great prince1 some greater god is here ,than may suffice these foaming bowls of milk1 ,the blood of victims1 flowers1 and twisted silk4 ,yon summoned shades are scattering in dismay1 ,and scared ,persephon glides fast away1 ,with torch averted and with trailing scourge1 ,thessalian charms are powerless to urge ,the troubled gods to face the hostile thing4 ,in vain our spells and mystic muttering2 ,the flame has withered in yon censer's core1 ,the blinking embers shrink in ashes hoar4 ,the server with the plate can scarcely stand1 ,the rich balm dripping from his trembling hand4 ,the flamen feels his laurel chaplet go1 ,the victim leaps1 and shuns the fatal blow4 ,assuredly some ,christian youth has dared ,to enter here1 and1 as their wont1 has scared ,the assembled gods1 and of their rites despoiled4 ,avaunt6 avaunt6 thou that art washed and oiled6 ,that so anew fair ,proserpine may rise4' ,he shrieked1 and swooning fell1 as though his eyes ,had seen ,christ angry and in act to slay4 ,in a like fear the prince now thrusts away ,his royal crown1 and gazes all about2 ,for the fond youth had dared his spells to flout ,by bearing on his brow the ,christian sign4 ,lo6 one1 dragged forward from the brilliant line ,of royal pages1 flaxen-haired and bright1 ,resigns his arms1 and owns that they are right3 ,that he is ,christian1 that his forehead bears ,the wondrous sign that every witchcraft scares4 ,the startled monarch1 leaping from his seat1 ,upsets the pontiff in his swift retreat1 ,and flees the chapel1 while the rest atone ,their impious deed1 seeing their master gone1 ,and bowing low their heads in awe and shame1 ,in faltering accents call on ,jesu's name4 ,the fathers have the completest confidence in the efficacy of ,christian weapons in ,christian hands1 and even1 when used honestly1 in hands not yet ,christian1 to defeat sorcery4 ,tertullian 7,apol41 c4 #bc7 throws out this bold challenge3 ,let any one1 known to have a devil1 come before your tribunal4 ,that spirit1 if bidden speak by a ,christian1 shall as truly confess himself a devil as he has elsewhere falsely declared himself a god4 ,or bring forward some one of those who are thought to be divine patients1 who1 sniffing up the altar's deity1 conceive of the steam1 violent retchers with panting utterance2 the heavenly ,virgin herself1 the promiser of rain1 sculapius too2 444 if they do not all confess themselves devils1 not daring to lie to a ,christian1 then and there shed that insolent ,christian's blood4 ,nor is it only the passionate ,tertullian who can speak thus4 ,s4 ,athanasius 7,de ,incarn41 num4 #dh7 is hardly less energetic3 ,let any one come who wishes to test what we have said2 and let him1 in the midst of the manifestations of demons1 and the guiles of oracles1 and the marvels of magic1 use the sign of the cross1 which these mock at1 or merely name ,christ1 he shall soon see how quickly the demons are routed1 the oracles silenced1 the whole magic art and its charms utterly wiped out4 ,the instances of modern spiritualist manifestations being stopped by religious adjuration are very frequent4 ,mr4 ,glover 7,rep41 p4 #bje7 had been asking the spirits about the time of our ,lord's coming2 they had answered glibly enough1 and had pointed out several texts in the ,bible1 when1 apparently on a sudden impulse1 he made a cross in a circle1 and asked1 in the name of the ,father1 ,son1 and ,holy ,ghost1 if the communications were of ,god1 and the answer was ',no4' ,he then asked if they were of the devil1 and the answer was ',yes4' ,mr4 ,chevalier 7,rep41 p4 #bah7 says that1 after having received several communications purporting to come from his recently-lost child1 ,one day the table turned at right angles1 and went into a corner of the room4 ,i asked1 ',are you my child8' but obtained no answer4 ,i then said1 ',are you from ,god8' but the table was silent4 ,i then said1 ',in the name of the ,father1 ,son1 and ,holy ,spirit1 ,i command you to answer2 are you from ,god8' ,one loud rap--a negative--was then given4 ',do you believe1' said ,i1 'that ,christ died to save us from sin8' ,the answer was1 ',no4' ',accursed spirit6' said ,i1 'leave the room4' ,the table then walked across the room1 entered the adjoining one1 and quickened its steps4 ,it was a small1 tripod table4 ,it walked with a sidelong walk4 ,it went to the door1 shook the handle1 and ,i opened it4 ,the table then walked into the passage1 and ,i repeated the adjuration1 receiving the same answer4 ,fully convinced that ,i was dealing with an accursed spirit1 ,i opened the street-door1 and the table was immediately silent2 no movement or rap was heard4 ,i returned alone to the drawing-room1 and asked if there were any spirits present4 ,immediately ,i heard steps1 like those of a little child1 outside the door4 ,i opened it1 and the small table went into the corner as before1 just as my child did when reproved for a fault4 ,these manifestations continued until ,i used the adjuration1 and ,i always found that they changed or ceased when the name of ,god was used4 ,miss ,anna ,blackwell 7,rep41 p4 #bbj7 gives her evidence immediately after ,mr4 ,chevalier's4 ,whilst admitting the fact that the spirits often call themselves devils1 she suggests a twofold explanation3 #ast4 ,that they are coarse1 undeveloped spirits4 #b;d4 ,that they are vexed at the rude treatment they have received4 ,she is speaking of her sister's mediumship3 ,the spirit would use her hand to write what communication had to be made4 ,the spirits wrote what was good and bad4 ,one wanted to sign himself ,satan and ,beelzebub2 but1 continues ,miss ,blackwell1 my sister did not believe in the existence of any such a spirit1 and she said1 ',no2 if you are permitted to come to me1 it is not to tell such outrageous lies4 ,if you persist in trying to impose upon me1 you sha'n't write4' ,i have been present at many such little fights4 ,she would resist the spirit1 and1 when she saw the capital ,s of ,satan being written1 would twist her hand4 ,the spirit has then written1 ',i hate you1 because ,i cannot deceive you4' 444 ,we never begin without prayer4 ,we say to the spirits that wish to deceive us1 ',dear spirits1 we are all imperfect2 we will endeavor to benefit you by our lights1 in so far as they are superior to yours4' ,sometimes they would overturn and break the table2 yet they were rendered better by our kindness4 ,we would never dream of addressing one as an 'accursed spirit4' ,from one who was very violent1 and by whom ,i have been myself struck1 we have received progressive messages1 saying1 ',we are going up higher now2 we have1 through your help1 broken the chains of earth1 and we leave you4' ,when my sister found the ,s being written1 or the capital ,b for ,beelzebub1 she would say with kindness1 but firmness1 ',dear spirit1 you must not deceive2 it is not for such tricks1 but for a good end1 that you are permitted to come4' ,it is often said that the education question is the question of the day2 but ,i was hardly prepared to find that it embraced the spirit-world4 ,i know not which to pity most1 those to whom the responsibility has been brought home of having to educate a vast number of imperfect spirits1 who are1 as ,miss ,blackwell admits1 all in a manner devils1 or the wretched spirits who have thus to begin all over again as day-scholars at a dame's school4 ,according to ,miss ,blackwell's theory1 the church is evidently responsible for the existence of the devil4 ,so far as he can be said to exist at all1 he is the church's creation2 for1 instead of doing her best to instruct and humanize the rude but well-meaning spirit ,arab thrown upon her hands1 she has goaded him to desperation by addressing him as ,maledicte damnate4 ,oh6 if she had only called him dear spirit1 with ,miss ,blackwell1 he might ere now have comported himself conformably1 instead of masquerading under such uncomfortable names as ,satan and ,beelzebub and doing a world of mischief4 ,my second argument is the similarity between spiritualism and medival witchcraft4 ,i have already noticed incidentally several points of resemblance1 and would now draw attention to what is1 perhaps1 the most important point of all4 ,of course1 such similarity has no argumentative force if ,miss ,blackwell's theory be admitted4 ,as ,i have before remarked1 one of the most prominent characteristics of medival magic was its being a parody of the church4 ,the principal ceremony of the ,sabbath was a diabolical burlesque of the ,mass1 in which the devil preached1 and the celebrant stood on his head1 and the servers genuflected backwards4 ,now1 amongst modern spiritualists ,i have discovered no such violation of decency2 the parody is not so complete1 and1 on the whole1 it is a decorous one2 but it unmistakably exists1 and is on the increase4 ,it is by no means uncommon to assemble the spirit circle before an altar with crucifix and candles4 ,in ,experiences with ,d4 ,d4 ,home we find that that gentleman has quite a craving in this direction4 ,he baptizes with sand1 he stretches himself in the form of a cross1 imitates the phenomena of ,pentecost1 the rushing wind1 the dove1 the tongues of fire1 and is perpetually anointing his friends with some mysterious substance1 which apparently emanates from his hands4 ,against what has been said on behalf of the devil hypothesis the spiritualist can urge nothing1 except the by no means unwavering testimony of the spirits themselves1 and the spiritualist's own recognition of the identity of his departed friends4 ,as to the spirits' testimony1 it is worth just nothing4 ,evil spirits have always personated the dead1 as philosophers1 fathers1 schoolmen with one accord testify4 ,as to the recognition of friends1 ,i should wish to treat with all due consideration the natural craving of friends to obtain some intelligence of their departed friends2 but1 on the one hand1 minute imitations of manner are certainly not beyond the devil's power2 on the other1 affection is anything but keen-sighted1 and the rapture of a communication at all1 when once the idea is admitted1 is apt to throw all minor details into the shade4 ,was not ,lady ,tichbourne able to trace the features of her drowned boy in the ,claimant's photograph8 ,wherever the spirits have represented persons of known character and ability--men1 for instance1 who have left a gauge of their mental qualities in their writings1 like ,shakespeare or ,bacon--the personation has been invariably a lamentable and most palpable failure4 ,that the spirits of clever men do not at all talk up to the mark is notorious and generally admitted by candid spiritualists4 ,mr4 ,simkiss 7,rep41 p4 #acc7 says1 ,beyond solving the important question1 ',if a man die1 shall he live again8' by the very fact of spirits communicating and proving their identity1 there is to me little that is consistent or reliable in what is revealed through different mediums4 ,mr4 ,varley 7p4 #afh7 endeavors to explain the feebleness of spirit-talk by want of education and development on the part of the mediums by which their communications are conditioned4 ,i do not say that there is not something in this2 but surely the communications of genius would1 under the most adverse circumstances1 take the form rather of broken sense than fluent twaddle4 ,the extreme irritation invariably manifested by the spirits towards anything like suspicion1 particularly if it take the form of trying to subject them to a religious test1 is surely grotesquely unnatural in the case of spirits who have shuffled off the coil of mortality1 with whom life's fitful fever has passed4 ,we have at least some right to expect that persons who in their lifetime had a reasonable amount of dignity and patience should have increased rather than diminished their stock of virtue with their enlarged experience1 unless1 indeed1 they have so lost ,god as to have lost themselves4 ,it is difficult to conceive a justification for the spiritualist who1 believing that he is dealing with spirits1 refuses to entertain the idea that these may be devils1 and makes no attempt to bring them to a test4 ,his best excuse1 perhaps1 would be that the world has to such an extent lost its standard of faith and morals wherewith to test anything4 ,spiritualists may object that some thing1 at least1 of what ,i have urged against them avails as much1 or even more1 against the devil hypothesis4 ,thus1 if the spirit of ,bacon is too nonsensical for ,bacon1 fortiori he is too nonsensical for ,lucifer1 who must needs be the cleverer spirit of the two4 ,upon this ,i observe that the retort shows a complete ignorance of the devil's character and position4 ,the character of a myth1 some one interposes4 ,well1 ,i am not now discussing his existence4 ,even a myth must be in keeping4 ,you have no right to give ,cerberus four heads1 or make him mew instead of bark1 for all he is a myth4 ,i suppose people have been seduced by ,milton's grand conception of the archangel fallen and the splendid melancholy of his solemn rhetoric2 but the devil of theology never says anything wise or fine4 ,he is1 indeed1 understood to retain the natural powers with which he was created2 but he is wholly averse from the ,god whom all wise and fine utterances do1 in their measure1 praise4 ,wherefore all such are in the highest degree repugnant to ,satan4 ,neither are such costly and uncongenial deceits necessary to beguile man4 ,selfinterest and curiosity may be gratified at a cheaper rate4 ,the concessions of spiritualists themselves in reality reduce the difference between us very considerably4 ,i have gained all that ,i care for1 if it be conceded that these spirits may be the spirits of the damned1 who are equivalently devils2 and ,miss ,blackwell admits that these spirits are in a manner devils1 and ,mr4 ,home 7,experiences1 p4 #afg7 says of some of them3 ,i tell you you do not know the danger1 they are so fearfully low--the very lowest and most material of all4 ,you might almost call them 'accursed4' ,they will get a power over you that you cannot break through4 ,the one great difference between us is that consistent spiritualists hold that there is no finality2 that these irrepressible devils--for they are always obtruding themselves amongst the respectable spirit guests--may be reformed4 ,but even so1 would it not be well to consider whether the chances are not in favor of our being ruined before they are restored8 ,once and again it may be that a spirit speaks to them who is from ,god1 even as ,god spake sometimes in the high places of ,baal4#aie ,but ,god is not wont to reward imprudence1 and1 on their own showing1 spiritualists stand convicted of the most extraordinary rashness in thus exposing themselves to the whirlwind of spirit influence without having a spiritual constitution1 so to speak1 or any canons or habits of spiritual life wherewith the influence can be tested4 ,man1 as ,alvernus finely says1 is a being created upon the horizon of two worlds--the world of sense and the world of spirit4 ,but in the sensible world only is he at home1 wherein his material nature is sufficiently developed for him to hold his own2 whereas1 in the spirit-world1 with which he is also in contact1 the ,god of both worlds must be his guide1 or1 horsed upon his excited imagination1 he may easily be lost in the wilderness1 and fall a prey to lawless spirits4 ,nothing can be more striking than the contrast between the sobriety of the ,catholic ,church in her dealings with the spirit-world and the rashness of spiritualists4 ,the church has always recognized as a reality spirit communications of various kinds1 good and bad2 but she has always tested most rigidly the character of the spirits2 and even when these have satisfied every test1 she has only allowed their sanctity to be highly probable2 she has never1 so to speak1 granted them her testamur4 ,they are ever on their trial1 inasmuch as she insists that the lessons they communicate shall be in strict subordination to the rule of faith and morals2 in other words1 to the ordinary duties of life4 ,the church has ever shown herself keenly alive to the dangers of supernatural intercourse4 ,she has been jealously on her guard against overwrought sentimentalism1 vanity1 or any strained or undue development of one part of the patient's moral nature at the expense of the rest4 ,whilst she prizes amongst the choicest of her devotional treasures the private revelations of her saints1 such as those of ,s4 ,bridget1 ,s4 ,gertrude1 ,s4 ,catharine of ,sienna1 and many more1 yet if one consults the great masters of ,christian spiritualism1 if ,i may so speak--such as ,s4 ,john of the ,cross1 for example--who have themselves experienced the favors of which they treat--the ecstasy1 the vision1 and the prophecy--one is more struck than by anything else by the stern common sense of their precautions against deception1 and the sad sobriety of their confession that1 after all1 you can hardly ever be quite sure that you are not the victim of an illusion4 ,that a certain moral discipline is necessary in order not to be deceived1 even when you are dealing with one who has a true spirit of prophecy1 is implied in the words of ,ezechiel1 cap4 xiv43 ,for every man of the house of ,israel1 and every stranger among the proselytes in ,israel1 if he separate himself from me1 and place his idols in his heart1 and set the stumbling-block of his iniquity before his face and come to the prophet to inquire of me by him3 ,i the ,lord will answer him by myself4444 ,and when the prophet shall err and speak a word1 ,i the ,lord have deceived that prophet4444 ,according to the iniquity of him that inquireth1 so shall the iniquity of the prophet be4 ,s4 ,augustine 7,de ,gen4 ad ,lit41 lib4 xii4 c4 #ac1 #ad7 might be warning those spiritualists who place their security in the peacefulness and truthfulness of their communications3 ,the discernment of spirits is very difficult4 ,when the evil spirit plays the peaceful 7quasi tranquillus agit71 and1 having possessed himself of a man's spirit without harassing his body1 says what he is able1 enunciates true doctrine1 and gives useful information1 transfiguring himself into an angel of light1 to the end that1 when persons have trusted him in what is clearly good1 he may afterwards win them to himself4 ,i do not think he can be discerned except by means of that gift of which the apostle saith when speaking of the diverse gifts of ,god3 ',to another discernment of spirits4' ,it is no great thing to discover him when he has gone so far as to do anything against good morals or the rule of faith1 for then he is discovered by many2 but by the aforesaid gift1 in the very beginning1 whilst to many he still appears good1 his badness is found out forthwith4 ,again 7,confess41 lib4 x4 c4 #ce71 he speaks of the danger of seeking supernatural communications3 ,in the religious life itself1 men tempt ,god when they demand signs and marvels1 not for any one's healing1 but simply for the sake of the experience4 ,in this vast wood1 full of snares and dangers1 what have ,i not had to drive away from my heart6 ,what suggestions and machinations does not the enemy bring to bear upon me1 that ,i may ask for a sign6 ,but ,i beseech thee that even as all consent thereto is far from me1 so it may be ever further and further4 ,amort1 ,de ,rev4 ,priv41 p4 #bj1 from ,gravina1 says3 ,it is often easier to establish the certainty of the deceitfulness of an apparition than of its truthfulness1 because bad angels have their own characteristics1 which good angels never imitate2 on the other hand1 the bad often imitate the appearance and manner of the good4 ,amort1 ibid41 p4 #ajd1 from ,s4 ,john of the ,cross1 says3 ,all apparitions1 visions1 revelations1 consolations1 sweetnesses1 sensations1 etc41 which are received by the external senses1 should ever and always be refused by the soul as much as in it lies4444 ,in most cases they are diabolical4444 ,when they are from ,god1 they are sent in order that they may be despised1 and that the soul1 by means of the victory wherewith it overcomes these pleasures of the senses1 divine though they be1 may be led to the things of the understanding4 ,ibid41 p4 #aae3 ,when the words in any supposed revelation take the form of a process of reasoning after the application of the soul in contemplation1 ,god1 the natural reason1 and the devil may all three concur in the same process4 ,no test of the holiness of a manifestation is considered quite satisfactory save that of a continued increase in virtue1 especially in humility1 in degrees corresponding to the increase of the favor2 for the devil will not consent to be a master of virtue4 ,when ,s4 ,teresa had scruples as to the source of her favors1 it was thus her director consoled her4 ,so cautious is ,catholic mysticism2 whilst spiritualists are not afraid to keep a sort of spirit-ordinary1 where ,white spirits and black1 red spirits and gray1 ,mingle1 mingle1 mingle2 those that mingle may4 ,i repeat it1 spiritualists who think they are communicating with spirits1 and take no pains to test their character1 as though the hypothesis of a devil were absurd1 are inexcusably silly4 ,i must now consider some objections in the mouth of persons who1 without pretending that they have found any satisfactory solution of the question in the theories of unconscious cerebration or psychic force1 are nevertheless exceedingly impressed by the strong psychic element in the phenomena of spiritualism--the apparent necessity for the presence of one or more persons of a peculiar nervous organization1 for a certain harmonious mixture1 or rather melodious articulation1 of the company1 in order to produce the desired effect4 ,surely1 they say1 such law1 i4e41 such regular alternation of cause and effect1 as can be discovered is psychic4 ,so far as we can subject the phenomena to ordinary scientific tests1 everything points to their being the product of the psychic force of a certain peculiarly constituted company4 ,this is the tone of ,mr4 ,cox's recent letter to the ,times1 and ,mr4 ,edwin ,arnold's letter in the ,report is quite in the same key4 ,my answer is that ,i admit all that they say4 ,of course1 so much of law as is detected is psychic4 ,there is no other law at work within the sphere of our discovery4 ,the question is whether there are not indications of an influence at work which is irreducible to psychic laws1 whilst using1 in a partially abnormal manner1 psychic force4 ,mr4 ,lewes will urge 7letter1 ,rep41 p4 #bfd73 ,i might propose as an hypothesis that the chair leaped because a kobold tilted it up2 444 but you would not believe in the presence of a kobold1 because his presence would enable you to explain the phenomena4 ,most indubitably ,i should1 if no less an hypothesis would explain the phenomena2 particularly if ,i had otherwise reason to believe in the existence and operation of kobolds4 ,i should hold the likelihood of the hypothesis of his action in the particular case as steadily increasing in proportion as the other hypotheses tended to break down4 ,no guess1 ,mr4 ,lewes insists1 need be rejected1 if it admits of verification2 no guess that cannot be verified is worth a moment's attention4 ,the last part of this trenchant dictum is worth a moment's attention4 ,if it simply mean that it is not worth a scientific man's while to attempt a direct scientific examination of what clearly admits of no such treatment1 ,i can only say that1 however much the scientific man may sometimes need the lesson1 it is neither more nor less than a truism4 ,if it mean that no hypothesis is to be regarded by any one as worth a moment's attention which science can never hope directly to verify1 it is conspicuously untrue4 ,even a terra incognita is not without scientific interest as marking a boundary2 nay1 it may be scientifically proved to contain a place known to exist and proved not to exist in any known lands4 ,of course1 the devil1 or kobold1 if ,mr4 ,lewes prefers it1 cannot be verified in the sense of caught and handed over to scientific men as a specimen of spiritualistic fauna4 ,neither do ,i suppose he can be really detected1 except by the standard of ,catholic truth1 by ,catholic tests1 and ,catholic weapons2 and even then1 in the eyes of unbelievers1 he will be no further identified than as an adverse intelligence in a very bad temper4 ,but surely this is enough1 where men's minds have not been reduced to mere machines for registering rigid scientific results1 to secure the devil hypothesis something more than a moment's attention4 ,what law we detect in spiritualistic phenomena ,i conceive to be the working of the conditions in subordination to which the devil is able to communicate with man4 ,this subordination is probably owing1 in part1 to the nature of things which compels certain things to accost certain other things in one way and not another1 in part to the merciful reservation of ,god4 ,it would seem as if the spirits were1 on the whole1 prevented from being more irreligious than the prevailing tone of the company1 or at least of the most irreligious portion of it4 ,it may very well be that the conditions limiting diabolical intercourse are more complex and imperious1 where the spirit quasi tranquillus agit1 without harassing the body4 ,in medival diablerie1 the demon is often represented as hindered or assisted by instruments of a purely physical character2 thus ,coleridge makes ,christabel lift the enchantress over the threshold4 ,a crowd1 by neutralizing individual resistance1 may present fewer obstacles to the devil--nay1 may supply a medium of its own2 just as frightened cattle huddled-together in a thunder-storm are said1 by the steam-column arising from their tightly compacted bodies1 to furnish a conductor for the lightning4 ,i have indicated in several places of these essays what ,i conceive to be the objects the devil has in view in lending himself to spiritualism4 ,his main object1 ,i can hardly doubt1 is to do with religious sentiment what we are told ,mr4 ,fisk tried to do with the gold currency of ,america--corner it1 get its circulation into his own hands4 ,in the numberless cases where religion is nothing more than sentiment1 he is only too likely to succeed2 second-sight is so much more satisfying to the imagination1 and at the same time so far more modest in its demands upon the will1 than faith4 ,the spread of spiritualism in the last few years is notorious1 and there is every prospect of its continuing4 ,whether it will ever enter upon a new phase of existence1 and become a fact publicly acknowledged by scientific men1 is a question4 ,it has never been so recognized amongst civilized nations4 ,whatever miracles1 divine or diabolical1 were meant to effect1 it was not to overbalance the general sway of purely human power1 of which this world is the appointed stage4 ,as a general rule1 the brilliant series of miracles by which the ,christian martyr has baffled death in the presence of admiring crowds has ended in quiet decapitation at a convenient mile-stone4 ,many a time1 doubtless1 has the ,roman headsman flattered himself that his good straight-down blow effectually upset that fine story made up out of a drugged lion and a fagot of green wood1 which had somehow imposed upon so many stupid people4 ,not1 of course1 that ,i am denying that there have been miracles which imperiously asserted themselves over all obstacles1 like the series which ended in ,pharao's drowning2 but1 as a general rule1 ,god has spoken once and again1 and then prosaic obstinacy has been given its way4 ,on these occasions1 ,god has no doubt submitted himself to a general law which he has made for all direct spiritual interference1 and which he mercifully enforces with especial strictness in the case of the devil4 ,any civilized nation engaged in active pursuits will always be likely to contain1 one should think1 a majority among its scientific men who will be unfitted to experience1 and indisposed to believe in1 and still more to acknowledge1 the phenomena of spiritualism4 ,but it is impossible to say2 the spiritualistic system as developed by ,allan ,kardec 7see ,miss ,blackwell's communication1 ,rep41 p #bhd7 seems to lend itself in a remarkable way to some of the most prominent scientific tendencies of the day4 ,if ever ,darwinists should stand in need of the consolations of religious enthusiasm1 they might find a congenial home in spiritualism4 ,in the vast system of metempsychosis to which ,miss ,blackwell introduces us1 we have all the ,darwinian stages and to spare4 ,first in order comes the primordial fluid1 containing all the elements of derived existence1 the first substantiation of creative thought4 ,there are three orders or modes of substantiality--psychic substance1 and corporeal substance1 and dynamic substance1 or force1 which last is stated to partake of the nature of the two other modes1 and to be the intermediary between them4 7,p4 #cjj7 ,every state of the psychic element determines corresponding vibrations of the dynamic element1 which1 effecting corresponding aggregations of the atoms of the material element1 produce the substance or body which is the material expression of that state4 ,the soul's magnetic envelope1 perisprit1 is at once its first garment and the instrument by which it aggregates to itself the elements of its body4 ,this system embraces a twofold metempsychosis--that of formation and that of reformation4 ,the first is the process by which the impersonal psychic element is gradually prepared for individualization or the attainment of conscious personality by being transfused progressively through the mineral1 vegetable1 and animal worlds--the same process1 but with a different final cause1 it would seem1 as that described by the poet3 ,spiritus intus alit1 totamque infusa per artus1 ,mens agitat molem et magno se corpore miscet4 ,the psychic element is presented1 not as feeding1 but as feeding on successive worlds1 like a silk-worm on mulberry-leaves1 leaving geological strata behind it1 for instance1 as the refuse of its mineral sojourn4 ,souls are first individualized in the fluidic or atmospheric world2 and if they are docile to the instruction of that world1 they never incur the penalty of incarceration in bodies of planetary matter1 and consequently never become men1 but remain in this or that fluidic world until ripe for the highest or sidereal order4 ,on the other hand1 the spirits who are indocile enter upon the second series of metempsychosis1 having brought upon themselves the penalty of exile in a planet corresponding1 in the compactness or comparative fluidity of its material constituents1 to the degree of their culpability4 7,p4 #cji7 ,the moral and intellectual state of the soul decides the corresponding magnetic action of the perisprit1 and thereby decides the nature of the body which is formed by that action4 7#cai7 ,while accomplishing the new series of incorporations in progressively nobler forms1 in higher and higher planets1 the spirit goes back1 at each disaggregation of its material envelope1 into the fluidic sphere of the planet in which its last material embodiment has been accomplished4 7#cbb7 ,the fluidic world being the normal world of souls1 we remain in intimate 7though usually unconscious7 connection with the fluidic sphere of the planet1 while incarnated on its surface4 ,we return to it during sleep1 when1 through the elasticity of the perisprit 7which has been seen by clairvoyants elongated into a sort of luminous cord connecting the soul with the sleeping body71 we are enabled to visit our friends in the other life4 7#cbf7 ,the more extended vision of the fluidic sphere shows 7its inhabitants7 a wide range of human actions and intentions1 and thus enables them to forecast with more or less correctness1 and1 when permitted to do so1 to predict the same with more or less exactness1 according to the flexibility of the medium4 ,s4 ,augustine has a fine passage in his ,de ,divinatione ,dmonum1 cap4 iii41 comparing the keenness and swiftness 7acrimonia senss et celeritas mots7 which the devils possess in virtue of their fluidic state 7aerium corpus7 to the vulture's knowledge1 who1 when the carcase is thrown out1 flies up from an unseen distance2 and to the osprey's1 who1 floating aloft1 is said at that vast height to see the fish swimming beneath the waves1 and fiercely smiting the water with outstretched legs and talons1 to ravish it4 ,i can conceive the attractions of such a system1 combining1 as it does1 the ingenuity and fulness of ,platonism with something of the color and rhythm of modern science4 ,if any concordat is to be made between religious enthusiasm unattached and science1 ,i do not think the chances of spiritualism are to be despised4 ,just at present1 however1 although some scientific men have taken up spiritualism1 there can be no doubt that1 on the whole1 spiritualism and science are at daggers drawn4 ,there is no mistaking the utter loathing expressed in ,professor ,huxley's letter 7,rep41 p4 #bbi71 in which he declines to take any part in the committee's investigation1 on the ground that1 supposing the phenomena to be true1 they do not interest me4 ,he has a perfect right to compare spiritualistic talk to the chatter of old women and curates in a cathedral town2 but his anger has made him quite miss the logical point of the position4 ,the privilege he declines as worthless is the opportunity1 not of listening to such conversation1 but of examining and testing the hitherto ignored faculty2 and this no man can seriously reject as uninteresting4 ,there is no difficulty in understanding the bitterness with which modern science regards spiritualism4 ,it had been for so long carrying everything before it2 it had weighed so many things on earth and in the heavens2 it had reduced so many apparently eccentric phenomena to law2 its discoveries had been so brilliant1 and its still more brilliant projections were so plausible1 that it flattered itself that all idea of the supernatural was fairly relegated to the obscure past or to the obscurer future4 ,the philosophy of the ,x,i,xth century was being fast reduced to a bare statement of the contents of sensation1 and the philosophers of the day were looking for an easy victory over the most respectable of dogmatic traditions1 when1 lo6 full in the calm scientific light1 the singularly grotesque form of spiritualism lifts its head1 and the warrior who had so loudly challenged the king to mortal combat finds himself set upon by the court fool4 ,when earth1 according to the poet's dream1 should be lapped in universal law1 up starts a mass of phenomena not merely inexplicable by any known law1 but1 in popular estimation at least1 incompatible with any hypothesis but that of supernatural agency4 ,it has been the more intolerable that spiritualism had affected an imposing vocabulary of scientific terms1 recommending itself to its audience by an appeal to partially known laws1 such as magnetism and electricity1 whilst really indulging in the most unblushing necromancy4 ,thus the scientific formul have been given somewhat the rle of captives in the triumph of superstition4 ,no wonder scientific men are angry4 ,but whilst they do well to be angry1 ,i think they do by no means well to refuse to investigate the subject because on various accounts it is offensive to them4 ,scientific men frequently complain that spiritualists will not submit their sances to the test of a public examination in broad daylight4 ,now1 this is really not a fair statement of the case4 ,spiritualists say that they have found by experience that a certain class of phenomena require dark or twilight2 but a vast number of independent physical manifestations do take place in broad daylight4 ,on the other hand1 when the scientific investigator insists upon interfering with the constituents of the sance1 the arrangement of the circle1 etc41 the spiritualist answers1 fairly enough1 that1 since under the most favorable conditions the success of the sance cannot be reckoned on1 it would be absurd to allow the abandonment of what experience has shown to be a necessary condition of success4 ,with the phenomena of magic we can experimentalize but little2 neither can we evoke the least of them at our good pleasure4 ,we can but observe them where they present themselves1 gather them into corresponding groups1 and discover among them common features and common laws4 7,perty1 ,mystisch4 ,erscheinungen--,vorrede1 p4 xi47 ,this being understood1 spiritualists invite the representatives of science to make what observations they please in broad daylight1 when1 at least1 they will be able to discount such disturbing conditions as they may not eliminate4 ,it is an onus1 certainly1 for the investigator to have to form a part of what is going on2 but this is no more than the detective undergoes when he plays the accomplice in order to discover the thief4 ,say that spiritualism is a folly1 a disease1 what you will1 it is at least of the highest scientific interest and practical importance that we should understand its conditions and action as thoroughly as possible4 ,if scientific men have no more serious scruple to keep them aloof than the dignity of their order--for1 after all1 this is what ,mr4 ,huxley's excuses come to--the exigencies of the case require that it should be put aside4 ,if the mountain will not come to ,mahomet1 ,mahomet must go to the mountain4 ,nothing is more calculated to bring out the inherent diversities of the human mind than the investigation of spiritualism2 for it not only involves an examination of some of the most difficult problems relating to evidence1 but1 indirectly at least1 an examination of the whole process by which each individual concerned rejects or assimilates his mental pabulum4 ,hence the extraordinary difficulty of conducting such an inquiry without incessant wrangling4 ,the ,committee of the ,dialectical ,society1 to whose ,report ,i have so often referred1 is quite a case in point4 ,its ,report is the record of a schism1 of an irreconcilable clash of opinions4 ,if the committee had waited until these had been reduced to harmony1 the ,report would never have been published4 ,one of the principal members--,dr4 ,edmunds--was1 ,i think1 exceptionally tried4 ,his own opinion was and is that spiritualism is a mixture of trickery and delusion2 but his own dining-room table habitually took sides against him1 and this in the most treacherous manner4 ,it used to wait until he had left the room1 and then1 in the presence of the other investigators1 run around with nobody touching it4 ,you might almost as well meddle with a man's digestion as with his belief4 ,prove that his convictions are groundless1 and he feels as outraged as though you had affixed a register to his waistcoat which showed the world that his favorite dish had disagreed with him4 ,dr4 ,garth ,wilkinson 7,rep41 p4 #bcd7 is by no means singular in his experience that nearly all truth is temperamental to us1 or given in the affections or intuitions1 and that discussion and inquiry do little more than feed the temperament4 ,and what a variety of temperaments will inevitably be found in any committee of investigation--men who1 like ,mr4 ,lewes1 consider the possibility of an hypothesis which cannot be rigidly tested unworthy of consideration1 or like ,mr4 ,grattan ,geary 7,rep41 p4 #ie71 who1 on finding that many eminent men are spiritualists1 is simply impressed by the number of eminent men who are enjoying an unmerited reputation for sanity4 ,after all1 men make more account1 as a general rule1 of one little bit of experience1 the real force of which is incommunicable1 and which1 when put into words for another's benefit1 is often to the last degree trivial1 than of all the arguments in the world4 ,a charming example of this is given by ,dr4 ,h4 ,more in a letter to ,glanville1 published at the beginning of the latter's ,sadducismus ,triumphatus3 ,i remember an old gentleman in the country of my acquaintance1 an excellent justice of the peace1 and a piece of a mathematician2 but what sort of a philosopher he was you may understand from a rhime of his own making1 which he commended to me on my taking horse in his yard1 which rhime is this3 ,an ens is nothing till sense find out1 ,sense ends in nothing1 so naught goes about2 which rhime of his was so rapturous to himself that1 at the reciting of the second verse1 the old man turned himself about upon his toe as nimbly as one may see a dry leaf whisk'd round in the corner of an orchard-walk by some little whirlwind4 ,with this philosopher ,i have had many discourses concerning the immortality of the soul and its distinction4 ,when ,i have run him quite down by reason1 he would laugh and say1 ',that is logick1 ,h41' calling me by my ,christian name4 ,to which ,i replied1 ',this is reason1 ,fr4 ,l4 7for so ,i and some others used to call him71 but it seems you are for the new light and direct inspiration1' which1 ,i confess1 he was as little for as for the other2 but ,i said so only by way of drollery to him in those times4 ,but truth is1 nothing but palpable experience could move him2 and being a bold man1 and fearing nothing1 he told me he had tried all the ceremonies of conjuration he could to raise the devil or a spirit1 and had a most earnest desire to meet with one1 but never could do it4 ,but this he told me3 when he did not so much as think of it1 while his servant was pulling off his boots in the hall1 some invisible hand gave him such a clap on the back that it made all ring again4 ,so1 thought he1 now ,i am invited to the converse of my spirit2 and therefore1 so soon as his boots were off and his shoes on1 out he went into the yard and next field to find out the spirit that had given him this familiar clap on the back1 but found none neither in the yard nor field next to it4 ,but though he did not feel the stroke1 albeit he thought it afterwards 7finding nothing come of it7 a mere delusion1 yet1 not long before his death1 it had more force with him than all the philosophical arguments ,i could use to him1 though ,i could wind him and nonplus as ,i pleased2 but yet all my arguments1 how solid soever1 made no impression upon him4 ,wherefore1 after several reasonings of this nature1 whereby ,i would prove the soul's distinction from the body1 and its immortality1 when nothing of such subtile considerations did any more execution on his mind than some lightning is said to do1 though it melts the sword1 upon the fuzzy consistency of the scabbard1 well1 said ,i1 ,fr4 ,l41 though none of these things move you1 ,i have something still behind1 and what you yourself acknowledged to me1 that may do the business4 ,do you remember that clap on the back when your servant was pulling off your boots in the hall8 ,assure yourself1 said ,i1 ,fr4 ,l41 that goblin will be the first that will bid you welcome into the other world4 ,upon that his countenance changed most sensibly1 and he was more confounded with this rubbing up of his memory than with all the rational and philosophical arguments ,i could produce4 ,whilst admitting that the ,report of the ,dialectical ,society indicates a very considerable initial success1 ,i cannot but feel the undiminished importance of ,w4 ,m4 ,wilkinson's rather caustic warning 7,rep41 p4 #bca73 ,the first thing in such an investigation is to assume nothing1 not even that a committee of the ,dialectical ,society can 'obtain a satisfactory elucidation of the phenomena4' ,no committee has ever done so yet4 ,a committee of professors of ,harvard ,university1 amongst whom was ,agassiz1 after they had made an examination1 did not think proper to publish their report1 though they had published their intention to do so1 and were frequently and publicly asked for it4 ,the ,london ,society has1 at least improved upon the example4 ,i have maintained throughout that neither the hypothesis of trickery nor of delusion can be sustained for a moment as an adequate explanation of the phenomena of spiritualism1 on grounds which may be thus summarized3 #a4 ,many of these phenomena outdo all conjuring4 #b4 ,they take place where the possibility of trickery has been eliminated4 #c4 ,the exhibition of imaginative excitement is1 on the whole1 inconsiderable1 and there is no appreciable proportion between the degrees of excitement and the phenomena4 ,but1 at the same time1 ,i am far from maintaining that there is no trickery amongst the mediums1 and no predisposition in the company tending more or less to disqualify them from detecting it4 ,i am inclined to think that more or less trickery forms part of the stock in trade of most mediums1 but that its share in the production of phenomena is comparatively slight4 ,mr4 ,browning's marvellous conception of ,sludge the ,medium is based1 ,i admit1 upon a real1 existing unscrupulosity on the one side1 and on a real1 existing gullibility on the other2 but these are magnified into colossal and perfectly unreal proportions so far as ,sludge is to be taken as a representative of his class4 ,in many cases a single fraud may fairly be taken to vitiate the whole projection4 ,if in a chemical demonstration1 for instance1 we were to discover the secret substitution1 by the operator1 of an ingredient not in the programme1 we might fairly conclude that the whole thing was a pretence2 that there was nothing in it4 ,but this is not necessarily so in the case of spiritualism2 the lie or trick does not always imply the total absence of other force1 but may be an initial ceremony1 preparing the company by quickening their expectations1 and propitiating the evil influence by an acceptable sacrifice of human honor4 ,it must be confessed that there is something very suggestive of trickery1 and of silly trickery1 in the attempts made from time to time by the spirits to flatter into good-humor the anti-spiritualistic critic of the company2 as when ,professor ,tyndall was dubbed ,poet of ,science1#aif and when ,dr4 ,edmunds' portrait was given in such glowing colors that1 except in the character of a sceptic1 he would have been ashamed to reproduce it 7,report74 ,again1 that something like systematic trickery has sometimes been attempted would seem to be established by the very remarkable evidence of ,mr4 ,w4 ,faulkener ,surgeon 7,rep41 p4 #abe73 ,he said that for years he had been in the habit of supplying magnets for the production of rapping sounds at spiritual sances4444 ,some of these magnets--as1 for instance1 the one he had brought with him--were made for concealment about the person2 while others were constructed with a view to their attachment to various articles of furniture4444 ,he had never himself fitted up a house with these magnets1 and he only knew of one house1 ,mr4 ,addison's1 that is so fitted up4 ,he also stated that he had not supplied any of these magnets for two or three years4 ,as regards the company's predisposition to believe in spiritualism1 ,i admit that a sufficient predisposing reaction against materialism has taken place1 giving room for a man to constitute what ,sludge calls ,your peacock perch1 pet post ,to strut1 and spread the tail1 and squawk upon1 ,just as you thought1 much as you might expect1 ,there be more things in heaven and earth1 ,horatio4 ,nay1 ,i admit that the following fiercely graphic catalogue of the medium's patrons only sins by omission3 #a4 ,fools who are smitten by imaginary antecedent probabilities4 #b4 444 their opposites ,who never did at bottom of their hearts ,believe for a moment--men emasculate1 ,blank of belief1 who played1 as eunuchs use1 ,with superstition safely4 #c4 ,the other picker-up of pearl ,from dung-heaps1 ay1 your literary man1 ,who draws on his kid gloves to play with ,sludge ,daintily and discreetly2 shakes a dust ,of the doctrine1 flavors thence he well knows how ,the narrative or the novel--half believes ,all for the book's sake1 and the public stare1 ,and the cash that's ,god's sole solid in this world4 #d4 ,there's a more hateful kind of foolery-- ,the social sage's ,solomon of saloons ,and philosophic diner-out1 the fribble ,who wants a doctrine for a chopping-block ,to try the edge of his faculty upon2 ,prove how much common sense he'll hack and hew ,in the critical minute 'twixt the soup and fish3 ,these were my patrons4444 ,and far stronger than any such predispositions is the intense and widespread feeling1 so pathetic even in its uncouthest manifestations1 to which ,dr4 ,edmunds refers 7,rep41 p4 #eg73 ,prior to the experience gained in this inquiry1 ,i never realized the vast hold which the supernatural has upon mankind4 ,minds which have broken away from the commonplace lines of faith1 and thrown overboard their belief in revealed religion1 have not cast out the longing after immortality4 ,and ,i may add1 that when all religious assurance of what the soul must needs desire is absent1 the longing for some visible1 palpable witness becomes proportionably intenser4 ,and so just now1 from the very lack of faith1 there is an exceptionally vehement desire that some one should come with unmistakable credentials from beyond the grave1 and make us see1 and feel1 and know what we cannot help longing for2 and it is difficult to say to what extent the wish may not be father to the thought4 ,i admit that all this constitutes an adverse momentum of antecedent probability4 ,but1 after all1 spiritualists1 as a whole1 are not persons who have given any indications that this yearning has so wholly overbalanced their critical faculty as to make them incompetent witnesses4 ,moreover1 we have1 as witnesses to spiritualistic phenomena1 not merely the spiritualists proper1 but persons who1 as regards the predominance of this sentiment1 are their extremest opposites--viz41 the advocates of psychic force4 ,it must be admitted that these persons are either without the yearning for evidence of a future life1 or at least hold it in complete subordination to the critical faculty4 ,it may easily be contended that ,i have been overrating the progress and prospects of spiritualism1 for that the public prints as a rule make fun of it4 ,i may be reminded that ,mr4 ,browning has exposed it1 in the region of poetry1 in his ,sludge the ,medium2 ,professor ,tyndall in that of prose1 in his delicious account of a sance1 in which he discomfits the medium and plays spirits himself1 to the great edification of the company1 who rebuke him solemnly for his want of faith in his own make-believe2 that the keen critics of the ,saturday and the ,pall ,mall invariably treat spiritualism as unmitigated humbug4 ,in reply1 ,i point to the ,report2 to the testimony of an antagonist like ,mr4 ,geary1 as to the number of eminent men who believe in spiritualism2 to the notorious fact that scientific men1 as a whole1 in ,germany and ,america have ceased to regard spiritualism as a mere delusion2 to the recent correspondence in the ,times1 and particularly to the article of ,december #bf1 #ahgb1 wherein the writer1 after reviewing the ,report1 exclaims that it is high time competent hands undertook the unravelling of this gordian knot4 ,it must be fairly and patiently unravelled1 and not cut through4 ,the slash of the ,alexandrian blade has been tried often enough1 and has never sufficed4 ,scientific men forget that1 in the matter of spiritualism1 they must make themselves fools in order that they may become wise4 ,the writer then proceeds to relate how he went off to examine for himself4 ,he tells us that he and his friend enter a room1 the furniture of which consisted of a table and a few cane-bottomed chairs1 which he previously examines2 that in an inner room1 during a dark sance1 in which the medium's hands and feet have been carefully secured1 a chair is lifted up and thrown upon the table2 that afterwards1 in the outer room1 the furniture became quite lively1 and this in broad daylight2 a chair jumped three or four yards across the carpet1 our hat fell to our feet1 and numerous other phenomena occurred2 but the mediums are free1 and he is nervous about them4 ,in another sance1 the same writer1 whilst the medium's hands and feet are in custody1 has various things thrust into his hand1 and once felt distinctly the touch of a large finger and thumb4 ,several times during the sance he takes the opportunity1 freely accorded1 of carefully searching under the table with a lamp4 ,he confesses there was nothing during the whole evening1 except the phenomena themselves1 to suggest imposture4 ,we tried our best to detect it1 but found no trace of it4 ,and then he ends with a slash of the ,alexandrian blade1 after all1 and suggests that still trickery it must be4 ,spiritualism indubitably affords1 and in all probability will continue to afford1 an abundant and legitimate field for the satirist of human folly1 even when its substantial reality has been admitted2 for it is a condescension to a great vulgar want1 and its supplies are detailed1 for the most part1 through the unwashed fingers of very scurvy fellows indeed4 ,neither is there anything in the discipline necessary for the development of a medium1 so far as ,i know1 which makes his refinement as a class probable4 ,educated men are naturally shy of admitting their connection with anything involving so much that is low and disagreeable1 except as a sort of casual ward experience2 just as men are usually shy of its being known that they eat strange meats1 such as rats1 out of siege-time4 ,but once let an heroic rat-eater come forward1 impelled by a sense of public duty1 to tell the world what a noble viand it is neglecting1 when1 lo6 it appears1 from confessions on this side and on that1 that numbers know all about it1 and have been secretly indulging in the rat feast4 ,so it is with spiritualism and its adherents2 it is only now and again that the curtain is lifted up1 and we are enabled to appreciate the hold which it is steadily making good on the public imagination4 ,as to the line taken by the ,pall ,mall and the ,saturday1 the question is whether the critics who write in these periodicals could1 under any circumstances1 adapt their method and style1 ,i will not say to the support1 but to the fair discussion1 of an uncouth1 ill-conditioned1 sensational enthusiasm like spiritualism4 ,as it was the ,crusader's boast that he never touched the unbeliever save with the sword1 so1 it would seem1 some of our critics plume themselves upon never touching enthusiasm but with a sneer4 ,our present school of critics is the result of a reaction from the enthusiastic ,young ,england school of forty years ago1 who were romanticists1 patronizing religious enthusiasm as one of the many forms of romance4 ,we can hardly expect that a school which is inclined to regard all religious sentiment as something essentially weak and finikin2 which can talk of ,joan of ,arc as a crazy servant-girl1#aig should be civil to an exhibition of enthusiasm much weaker1 and vulgar to boot4 ,neither do ,i see how it would be possible to write a trenchant critique of such a nondescript medley1 except by treating it as a form of mania4 ,it admits of no precise scientific treatment1 for it falls under no one category4 ,spiritualism1 to discuss1 not to banter1 would be as uncongenial a subject for the ,pall ,mall or the ,saturday as a case of chronic bronchitis for a brilliant public operator4 ,when the ,jupiter of the latter days is engaged in duly chronicling1 for the edification of the public1 the splendid spiritualistic phenomena with which ,antichrist will dazzle the world1 should the ,pall ,mall and ,saturday still exist1 we should not look for them even then amongst the enthusiastic crowd4 ,though employed in the government interest1 they will surely be allowed to do their old work in their old way1 and we shall find them engaged in the congenial task of mocking the last miracles by which ,enoch and ,elias are gathering in the remnant of the elect4 ,it may be insisted that the one effectual way of repressing spiritualism is to pooh-pooh it4 ,surely it is too late2 you must give its many sober adherents some better reason against trusting their own senses than its making other people laugh4 ,assuredly spiritualism can never be safely despised until its reality has been discounted and its author recognized4 ,,footnotes3 #aib ,apoth4 l4 #dji4 #aic ,lib4 de ,divers4 ,qust41 qu4 #ab4 #aid ,see ,grres1 ,mystik1 tom4 iii4 p4 #cdf1 ,french trans4 #aie ,st4 ,aug41 ,de ,unit4 ,eccles41 c4 #ai4 #aif ,tyndall1 ,scientific ,scraps4 #aig ,this was in the ,spectator1 but surely not of it4 ,,the ,,farm ,,of ,,muiceron4 ,,by ,,marie ,,rheil4 ,,from ,,the ,,revue ,,du ,,monde ,,catholique4 ,,xii4 ,the ,sunday after the last day of the harvest1 ,m4 le ,marquis invited all the boys up to the chteau1 where a magnificent banquet was prepared1 and they were expected to remain until the evening4 ,he ordered a splendid repast1 and music besides2 the principal barn1 which ordinarily was crammed full at this season1 but that1 owing to the bad season1 was comparatively empty1 was decorated for the occasion4 ,our master desired that nothing should be spared to make the fte a great success4 ,all the fine linen of the chteau--and the closets were heaping-full of it--the china1 and silver were put into requisition1 so that there never was given a more superb banquet to great personages than to our delighted villagers4 ,as for the fricasse1 it is remembered to this day2 it was composed1 to commence with1 of a dozen kinds of poultry1 so well disguised under different sauces that one ate chicken in confidence as chicken1 because it was so written on little strips of paper laid beside each plate1 but without being positive that it was not turkey or pigeon2 and every one agreed in acknowledging that such a delicious compound had never passed down country throats1 and that the wines1 if possible1 surpassed the eating2 so that the good fellows commenced to be merry and perfectly happy when the roast appeared4 ,of this roast ,i will say a word before passing to other things1 for ,i fancy you have seldom seen it equalled4 ,with all respect1 imagine a huge hog1 weighing at least a hundred pounds1 roasted whole1 beautifully gilded1 and trimmed with ribbons1 and reposing so quietly on a plank covered with water-cresses you would have thought him asleep4 ,it was really a curious and most appetizing sight1 and sufficiently rare to be remarked2 but see how stupid some people are6 ,on seeing this superb dish1 whose delicious perfume would have brought the dead back to life--that is to say1 if they were hungry--some of the fellows said that ,m4 le ,marquis might have better chosen another roast1 as pork was something they ate all through the year4 ,whereupon ,master ,ruinard1 the head-cook of the chteau1 made a good-natured grimace1 and apostrophized them as a heap of fools1 but without any other sign of displeasure2 and then seizing his big knife1 that he sharpened with a knowing air1 he cut the animal open1 and out tumbled snipe1 woodcock1 rennets1 and partridges1 done to a turn1 and of which each one had his good share4 ,as for the hog1 no one touched it1 which proved two things--first1 that you must not speak too soon2 secondly1 that when a great lord gives an entertainment1 it is always sure to be remarkably fine4 ,at the dessert1 which was abundant in pastry1 ice-cream1 and fresh and dried fruits1 they served a delicate wine1 the color of old straw1 the name of which ,i don't know exactly1 but which was sweet and not at all disagreeable4 ,at this time1 ,m4 le ,marquis1 accompanied by mademoiselle1 ,dame ,berthe1 and ,jeannette1 entered and mingled with the guests1 who rose and bowed low4 ,our good master thanked the young men for the great service they had rendered him2 and as he could not drink with each one1 he touched his glass to that of ,jean-,louis1 saying it was to the health of all the commune4 ,they cried1 ,long live ,m4 le ,marquis6 until the roof shook2 and as their heads were as heated as the boilers at the big yearly wash1 they whispered among themselves that it would be well to carry ,jean-,louis again in triumph1 as much to please the master as to render justice to him who was the cause of all this festivity4 ,now1 our ,jean-,louis was the only one who remained composed after all this eating and drinking4 ,he had eaten with good appetite1 and fully quenched his thirst1 but not one mouthful more than was necessary4 ,he heard all that was said without appearing to listen2 and when others might have felt vain1 he was displeased2 he therefore watched his chance1 slid under the table1 and1 working his way like an eel between the legs of his comrades1 who were too busily occupied to notice him1 in three seconds was out of the door1 running for dear life1 for fear of being caught4 ,he was delighted to breathe the fresh air1 and did not slacken his pace until he had gone a good quarter of a league1 and was near ,muiceron4 ,then he stopped to take breath1 laughing aloud at the good trick he had played4 ,thank goodness6 thought he1 ,i have at last escaped4 ,they can run as fast as they choose now2 there is no chance of catching up with me4 ,what would ,m4 le ,marquis and the family have thought to have seen me hoisted up on the shoulders of those half-tipsy fellows1 and paraded around the court1 like a learned beast on a fair-ground8 ,not knowing that ,i had come to the chteau only to oblige the master1 who had besides given me a valuable watch1 it would have looked as though ,i wished to receive in vain applause what ,i refused in money4 ,none of that1 none of that for me2 there is enough nonsense going on1 without my mixing myself up in it4 ,they can drink and dance until sunrise to-morrow1 if they so please1 it is all the same to me2 and ,i will go home to bed1 after having told all to my dear mother1 who will not fail to approve of my conduct1 and laugh heartily at my escape4 ,as he said this to himself1 he entered the wood1 of which we have already spoken1 that skirts ,la ,range and throws its shade nearly to the fir-trees which surround ,muiceron4 ,it was such a delightful spot1 either by night or day1 that it was difficult to pass through it without feeling a disposition to loiter and meditate1 particularly for such a dreamer as ,jean-,louis4 ,after all1 now that he was safe1 there was nothing to hurry him home for at least half an hour4 ,he therefore put his hands in his pockets1 and strolled along1 resting both mind and body in a dreamy reverie for the benefit of the one1 and walking slowly to the great good of the other4 ,really1 the evening was delicious4 ,the great heat of the day had been succeeded by a fresh breeze1 which1 passing over the orchards around1 brought into the wood the sweet odor of young fruit1 mingled with that of the foliage and bark of the trees1 damp with the ,august sap4 ,the hum of insects was heard1 and not far off the joyous murmur of the stream leaping over the stones4 ,as the ground had been thoroughly soaked for several weeks past1 quantities of wild flowers strewed the soil1 and added to the balmy air a taste of spring1 entirely out of season4 ,you surely must have felt1 at some time or other1 how such nights and such scenes enervate the brain4 ,the will cannot resist the bewitching influence2 insensibly we become dreamers1 and feel a strong desire to converse with the stars4 ,august nights especially are irresistible1 and ,i imagine no one1 unless somebody depraved by wicked deeds and thoughts1 or a born idiot1 can fail to understand and acknowledge the effect4 ,judge if our ,jean-,louis1 with his pure soul and young heart of twenty years1 was happy in the midst of these gifts of the good ,god4 ,he was like a child who hears for the first time the sound of the bagpipes2 and ,i beg you will not sneer at this comparison1 for the reveries of an innocent heart have precisely the same gentle effect on the soul as the grand harmonies that roll through vast cathedrals on the great festivals of the church4 ,doubtless1 that he might better listen to this music1 he seated himself on the moss at the bottom of a birch-tree1 rested his head against the trunk1 and looked up at the leaves1 shaken by the wind1 his feet crossed1 and in the most comfortable position possible1 to dream at his ease4 ,now1 whether he was more fatigued than he imagined1 on account of his week's hard labor1 or whether the unusual feasting at the chteau made him drowsy1 certain it is that he first closed one eye1 then both1 and ended by falling as soundly asleep as though he were in his bed at ,muiceron4 ,it happened that1 during this time1 a storm arose behind the hill of ,chaumier1 to the right of the river that runs through the parish of ,val-,saint and ,ordonniers--something which our sleeper had not foreseen1 although he was very expert in judging of the weather4 ,ordinarily1 the river cuts the thunder-clouds1 so that this side of ,la ,range is seldom injured by storms2 but this time it was not so4 ,at the end of an hour or two that his sleep lasted1 ,jean-,louis was suddenly awakened by a clap of thunder which nearly deafened him2 and in an instant the rain commenced to fall in great drops that came down on his face1 and of which he received the full benefit as he lay stretched out on the grass4 ,he rose at a bound1 and started off on a gallop1 that his best clothes might not be injured4 ,muiceron was not far distant1 and the storm had just commenced2 he therefore hoped to reach the house in time to escape it4 ,not that he thought only of his costume1 like a vain1 effeminate boy1 but because his mother ,pierrette was very careful1 and did not like to see his ,sunday suit spoiled or spotted with the rain4 ,but the storm ran faster than he2 the rain fell as from a great watering-pot in the trees1 lightning glared on all sides at once1 and one would have said that two thunder-clouds were warring against each other1 trying to see which could show the greatest anger4 ,in the midst of this infernal noise1 ,jean-,louis suddenly saw what he thought1 by the flash of lightning1 to be a little brown form trotting before him in the middle of the path4 ,he was not a boy to be alarmed by the raw-head-and-bloody-bones stories with which we frighten children to make them behave1 and which many grown-up men1 with beards on their chin1 half believe to be true2 but1 nevertheless1 the thing appeared quite unusual4 ,he hastened his steps1 and1 as sometimes he could see in the lightning-glare as well as at noonday1 he soon recognized the costume of the women of the country1 or at least the cloak they throw over their clothes when the weather is threatening4 ,oh6 said the kind-hearted ,jeannet1 here is a poor little thing half frightened to death on account of the storm4 ,i must catch up with her1 and offer to take her to the village4 ,for ,jean-,louis1 although he had very little ever to do with girls1 was so kindly disposed he was always ready to be of service to his neighbors1 whether they wore blouses or petticoats4 ,but as he hurried on1 that he might put in practice his charitable thought1 there came a flash of lightning that seemed to set the woods on fire1 and1 immediately after1 a terrible clap of thunder as loud as though the heavens were rent asunder4 ,jeannet involuntarily closed his eyes1 and stopped short1 fastened to the ground like a stake4 ,it was what the savants call--an electric shock4 ,but don't expect me to explain that expression1 for ,i know nothing about it1 and1 besides1 ,i don't worry my head about such things4 ,when our boy opened his eyes1 after one or two seconds1 which appeared to him very long1 his first care was to explore the path1 in order that he might discover the unknown country-girl2 but there was nowhere to be seen a trace of a girl1 a cloak1 or anything that resembled a human being4 ,well1 this is at least singular1 said he very uneasily4 ,has my sight grown dim8 ,no2 ,i would stake my head that ,i saw before me a flesh-and-bone woman4 ,i saw it--that ,i am positive and sure4 ,if she has been hurt by this stroke of lightning1 which must surely have fallen near here1 she must be lying on the ground2 for ,i have never heard that the storm kills people by making them melt like snow under the ,march sun4 ,this sudden disappearance excited him to such a degree that1 without thinking of the rain1 which was pouring down in torrents1 and had drenched his new coat of ,vierzon cloth1 he resolved to enter the copse1 at the risk of losing his way1 and search around until he would discover the lost girl4 ,but before leaving the beaten path1 by a sudden inspiration1 he cried out with a loud voice3 ,if there is any one here who needs assistance1 let her speak4 ,i will bring two strong arms to the rescue4 ,instantly a faint voice1 stifled and weeping1 replied1 ,oh6 for ,s4 ,sylvain's sake1 good people1 have mercy on me6 ,holy ,virgin ,mary6 cried ,jean-,louis1 is not that the voice of my sister ,jeannette8 ,she is the last person for three leagues around ,i would have expected to find in such a plight at this hour of the night4 ,but ,i must be mistaken2 it can't be possible4 ,and with that1 more dead than alive from the violent palpitation of the heart which suddenly seized him1 ,jean-,louis rushed towards a thicket of young chestnut-trees that bordered the path1 and from which seemed to come the weak1 mournful voice that implored pity4 ,he pushed aside the branches with a vigorous hand1 and soon discovered a girl1 in cloak and hood1 crouched upon the ground1 and so doubled up in a heap she could have been mistaken at first sight for a large ant-heap or bundle of old rags left there by some passing beggar4 ,for the love of our ,lord and ,saviour1 tell me who you are1 and don't be afraid of me1 said ,jeannet1 leaning over the poor little thing4 ,she raised her head1 and instantly let it fall again on her knees1 around which her hands were clasped2 but as the lightning continued without ceasing a moment1 the movement sufficed for ,jean-,louis to recognize her4 ,it was really ,jeanne ,ragaud1 but so paralyzed with fear1 so wet and fainting1 she seemed about to breathe her last4 ,her piteous moans were enough to break one's heart4 ,her whole body trembled1 and thus huddled up in the middle of the mud in the dense underbrush1 her situation was so perilous ,i verily believe she would have met her death in that lonely spot1 but for the assistance sent by ,heaven4 ,jeanne1 ,jeanne6 cried ,jean-,louis1 coming close to her1 keep up your courage1 my darling4 ,rouse up1 ,i beg of you4 ,be brave2 you are already chilled through4 ,it is dangerous to remain in the woods in such a storm4 ,but the poor little creature did not move4 ,the fright and cold of the terrible tempest had totally bewildered her4 ,jeannet vainly shook her by the shoulders1 trying to raise her on her feet1 and to unclasp her hands1 which had stiffened around her knees4 ,he could not make her change her position in the least4 ,what could be done8 ,he did not know precisely how long she had wandered in the wood before falling down2 and although he had just heard her speak a moment before1 he feared that she was about to die1 as perhaps she had been struck by lightning4 ,he made the sign of the cross1 and invoked the angels of paradise4 ,immediately he remembered that not far from this grove was a miserable cabin1 used by the wood-cutters1 half tumbling down1 but still sufficiently sound to shelter a ,christian4 ,this thought gave him fresh strength2 and taking the little thing1 doubled up as she was1 in his arms1 he raised her from the ground1 and carried her1 without stopping1 to the wretched hut4 ,well was it that he thought of this retreat1 and1 still better1 that it was not far distant2 for ,jeannette1 although slender and not tall1 was in a dead faint1 and consequently so heavy that ,jeannet was perfectly exhausted when he reached the shelter4 ,by a still greater mercy1 he had his flint in his pocket1 and1 luckily1 it had not been injured by the dampness4 ,he thus was able to strike a light1 after having laid the poor girl on the dry earthen floor4 ,he quickly lighted some handfuls of brush and straw that strewed the ground1 and by their smoky light discovered1 in a corner of the cabin1 a good moss mattress1 which the wood-men used when they came to sleep in the place1 and near by a little board1 upon which laid a packet of auribus--little resin candles very much used in our province4 ,may ,god be praised for helping me6 thought the brave boy1 delighted at having found poor little ,jeannette4 ,it is a poor bed-room in comparison with the fine apartments at the chteau1 but worth a palace when we think of the thicket just now4 ,he unfastened his sister's cloak1 with a thousand respectful precautions1 just as he would have touched the veil that covers the statue of ,our ,lady1 and in the same manner took off her shoes and stockings1 which he found very difficult1 as1 owing to the dampness1 the fine thread stockings clung tightly to the skin4 ,that accomplished1 he built up the fire with all the rubbish he could find1 and1 turning the moss mattress in such a manner that ,jeannette's feet were in front of the fire1 he stretched her gently upon it1 and seated himself beside her1 waiting for her to recover her senses4 ,thus passed half an hour without the little one stirring2 fortunately1 her cloak was very thick1 so that the rest of her clothes were not wet1 and he could thus hope for the best4 ,but it was the first time ,jeannet had ever watched by the side of a fainting girl2 and1 not knowing by experience what to do in such a case1 the time seemed to him very long before she revived4 ,he himself was dripping wet1 and1 although he scarcely gave it a thought1 he shivered as one who might soon have the chills-and-fever4 ,it would be very queer if ,i also should have an inclination to faint2 what then would become of us8 thought ,jean-,louis1 who really began to feel very uncomfortable4 ,as this idea entered his head1 ,jeannette moved her little feet before the fire1 and began to sigh1 and then to yawn1 which was the best sign that there was no danger of dying1 as there is always hope as long as a sick person can yawn4 ,a minute afterwards1 she raised herself1 and looked around with astonished eyes that asked an explanation4 ,well1 said the happy ,jeannet1 how do you feel1 my poor little sister8 ,is it you8 she asked1 still trembling4 ,o ,jeannet6 how frightened ,i was4 ,and as she spoke1 she tried to throw her arms around his neck1 like a child who seeks refuge in his mother's breast4 ,jean-,louis drew back--something which was entirely different from his usual manner of receiving her caresses4 ,are you angry8 said she4 ,i have done nothing wrong1 except to venture out to-night to return home2 but the weather was not bad when ,i started1 and ,i did not dream of such a storm4 ,i angry8 ,why should ,i be8 cried ,jean-,louis1 kissing both her hands4 ,no1 no1 my pet2 on the contrary1 ,i am most happy to see you a little restored4 ,but ,i am thoroughly drenched with the rain2 that is the reason ,i don't wish you to touch me4 ,that is true1 said she2 ,i did not notice it before4 ,what were you doing before this good fire1 instead of drying yourself8 ,i was looking at you1 replied ,jeannet innocently4 ,big goose6 cried the little thing laughing heartily with her usual good humor4 ,hadn't you any more sense than that8 ,and now you are just ready to catch the ague4 ,don't be uneasy1 ,jeannette2 it is not the first time ,i have had a check of perspiration4 ,what ,i hope is that you will not suffer by this adventure1 any more than ,i4 ,but tell me1 why did you run away from the fte at the very moment the dancing was about to commence8 ,i cannot say why1 replied ,jeannette4 ,sometimes we have ideas we must follow1 whether or no4 ,it is as though some one stronger than we were pushing us by the shoulders the way he wished us to go4 ,to speak frankly1 ,i saw you leave hastily1 and ,i instantly became more serious1 and felt less desire to be amused4 ,i said to myself1 ,doubtless ,jeannet1 who is better than ,i1 knows that father and mother are alone waiting for him at ,muiceron1 and he cannot bear the thought of their sitting up for him until late at night4 ,and ,i1 what am ,i doing8 ,am ,i not also a child of the house8 ,jeannet will relate all that happened at the dinner1 and they will ask1 ',and ,jeannette8' ',oh6 yes1 ,jeannette2 does ,jeannette think of anything else but amusing herself and talking nonsense far away from her parents8' ,at these thoughts my heart throbbed so ,i nearly burst into tears2 just then mademoiselle was busy replying to the compliments every one was offering her2 so ,i left the barn1 and went after my cloak1 and1 without further reflection1 started for ,muiceron4 ,you know how afraid ,i am of thunder and lightning2 when ,i saw the storm coming up1 ,i became bewildered1 and don't know which way ,i went1 but ,i suppose it was the wrong one4 ,when ,i regained what ,i thought was the right path1 the storm was still raging1 and ,i would have died of fright1 but for you1 my old fellow4 ,thank ,god you escaped this time6 said ,jean-,louis1 very much touched by the simple recital1 which showed the good heart of the little girl2 but1 nevertheless1 you ran a great risk4 ,now1 ,jeannette1 let us hurry home2 we must quit this place1 as it must be late4 ,i suppose it is1 said she4 ,haven't you your watch to see what time it is8 ,i left it hanging up in my room1 replied ,jeannet4 ,i did not wish to wear it when at dinner in the chteau1 for fear it might look as though ,i wished to display it before those who had none2 and it is well ,i did not take it1 as it would have been ruined by the rain4 ,how can ,i walk barefooted8 asked ,jeannette4 ,i can't put on my wet stockings4 ,and your shoes still less1 replied her brother1 laughing4 ,but if you will let me1 ,jeannette1 ,i can carry you4 ,poor ,jeannet6 ,not at all2 it would be too much for you1 said she4 ,go to ,muiceron1 and bring me my wooden shoes4 ,it is all quiet now outside2 ,i don't hear any noise1 and ,i will not be afraid to remain here alone for a little while4 ,it was really the best and shortest way of getting over the difficulty4 ,jean-,louis opened the door of the cabin1 and saw that the sky was clear and bright2 not this time with the lightning's glare1 but with the soft rays of the moon and beautiful stars of the good ,god4 ,all was quiet and peaceful1 except that great drops fell from the trees1 still wet with the heavy rain1 and that the ruts in the road were filled with water1 that made them look like little rivulets4 ,watch the fire1 ,jeannette1 and be patient ten minutes1 said he2 and in two strides ,i will be there and back again4 ,it took a little longer time than that to return1 as on entering the farm he met ,ragaud1 who was looking to see if the storm had injured the palings around the barn-yard1 and was therefore obliged to stop and in a few words relate the night's adventure4 ,the good man1 while grumbling and scolding at the imprudence of his daughter1 who1 he said1 had no more sense than a child six years old1 felt fearfully anxious1 as was easily shown by the rapid questions he asked ,jean-,louis4 ,to assure himself that nothing was kept behind1 and that the boy1 from kindness of heart1 had not disguised the truth1 he hastily took down his big woollen scarf from the hook1 and hurried off4 ,i will lecture the giddy child well1 said he4 ,go before1 ,jeannet2 ,i will follow you4 ,it is not far1 so hurry4 ,mother will be anxious1 said ,jeannet4 ,let me go alone2 ,i will be back the sooner4 ,your mother has been asleep a long time1 replied ,ragaud1 or else she would have been on our heels before this1 and we would have had to carry her back also4 ,fasten the bolt1 without any noise1 and let us be off4 ,with that they started4 ,ragaud was quick and light for his age1 and they proceeded at a rapid rate1 which soon brought them to their journey's end4 ,jean-,louis carried a bright lantern and a bundle of woollen stockings and wooden shoes he had taken at random out of the chest2 for it was all-important that ,jeannette's feet should be well warmed1 and that she should be in her comfortable bed as soon as possible1 so as to prevent fresh chills4 ,it was nearly midnight when they reached the hut1 which enables us to see what a long time had elapsed since ,jean-,louis' flight from the chteau1 what a good sound sleep he had had in the wood1 and proves that the storm and ,jeannette's swoon were not slight affairs4 ,as soon as they entered--,jeannet the first1 ,ragaud behind him--they saw that the lantern was a wise precaution4 ,the heap of brush-wood was burnt up1 and there was no light1 except from a little pile of red ashes1 as even the resin candle glued to the wall was flickering and falling in big drops1 which announced its speedy death4 ,here we are1 my ,jeanne1 cried ,jean-,louis from the threshold of the door4 ,father is with me1 and we have brought fresh lights4 ,no answer4 ,the child was so weak and faint1 it looked as though she had swooned again4 ,ragaud1 at this sight1 forgot the scolding he intended giving his daughter by way of welcome1 and1 leaning over her1 placed his hand on her forehead1 which was icy cold4 ,she is very ill1 ,i tell you1 murmured the good man4 ,bring the lantern here1 ,jeannet4 ,god have mercy on me1 how pale the poor child is6444 ,jeanne1 ,jeanne1 don't you know us8 ,ah6 yes1 my father1 she whispered1 looking languidly at him4 ,i hear you1 but ,i am so sleepy 444 so sleepy 444 ,i can't talk4 ,but you must wake up1 and leave this place1 said ,ragaud4 ,try and rouse yourself1 my child2 in five minutes we will be at the house4 ,she made the effort1 and tried to stand on her feet2 but for ,jeannet1 who was near and caught her1 she would have fallen down4 ,i am so tired6 she said again1 closing her eyes4 ,shall we carry you on a chair to see the king8 asked ,jean-,louis4 ,perhaps that will be the best way4 ,yes1 yes1 said she1 smiling at this remembrance of her childhood2 that will be fun4 ,undoubtedly you know what is a chair to see the king8 ,it is a child's play1 which generally is done by three persons--two boys and a girl2 the boys clasp hands in such a manner that a good seat is made for the girl1 who thus1 without any fatigue to the bearers1 can be carried as easily as in a carriage4 ,ragaud highly approved of the idea4 ,jeannet1 who thought of everything1 tied the lantern to a piece of cord1 and suspended it to ,jeannette's neck1 who recovered enough strength to laugh2 and thus1 well lighted and very happy1 they started on their return to the farm1 which they soon reached safe and sound4 ,they entered ,muiceron by the kitchen door1 so softly that ,pierrette1 who was sleeping in the big front room1 did not hear the slightest noise4 ,jeannette appeared perfectly restored2 she was gay1 although still pale and shivering2 but she assured them the warmth of the bed would soon make her feel better4 ,so they embraced1 and1 after many good-nights1 retired to their rooms4 ,the next morning ,ragaud told ,pierrette all the events of the preceding night1 but forbade her entering ,jeannette's room1 for fear she might be awakened too soon after her great fatigue2 but at the same time1 unable to restrain his own curiosity1 he took off his wooden shoes1 softly lifted the latch1 walked on tiptoe to the bed1 and peeped between the curtains1 just to see1 for a second1 how the child was resting4 ,alas6 poor ,jeannette was sitting up in bed1 her face on fire1 her eyes wandering in delirium1 her whole body burning with fever4 ,she knew no one4 ,her excitement was so great she beat the air with her bare arms1 while her throat was so choked up the voice was nearly stifled4 ,ragaud thought she was dying2 he uttered a loud cry1 which brought ,pierrette to the bedside1 where the poor mother fell down1 half fainting with grief and fright4 ,in an instant the whole farm was in a tumult4 ,big ,marion set up a blubbering1 crying that the child was dying2 the cow-herds and stable-boys burst into the room1 and1 seeing every one in tears1 began to whine in their turn without exactly knowing why4 ,jean-,louis alone1 when he saw his sister's dreadful condition1 did not shed a tear or make a sound1 but1 darting out of the room like an arrow1 leaped on a horse's bare back1 and galloped off for the doctor1 who lived half a league beyond ,val-,saint1 towards the large town of ,preuilly4 ,by good fortune1 he found him at home1 as it was quite early2 and1 while explaining the pressing case that brought him1 spied the doctor's wagon under the shed1 and quickly harnessed to it the horse which he had ridden1 so that1 in less time than it takes to say it1 doctor1 wagon1 horse1 and ,jean-,louis were on the way to ,muiceron1 and reached there before any one else had thought that1 before such great lamentation1 no matter what was the trouble1 it would have been better to have run promptly for assistance4 ,and here you will excuse me if ,i add1 by way of advice1 that presence of mind1 which is not counted among the virtues1 is one nevertheless1 and not at all to be disdained in the life of this world2 and1 therefore1 ,i beg of you always to keep a good share in reserve1 for ,i do not doubt you may soon find use for it1 if not to-day1 perhaps to-morrow1 and you will always do well to remember what ,i say4 ,,xiii4 ,the doctor1 on seeing the room of the patient filled with people lamenting from useless tenderness of heart1 instead of doing something for her relief1 began by being very angry4 ,he was a good man1 rather rough and coarse in manner1 but skilful in his profession1 and understood perfectly how to manage peasants1 for he had always practised in the country1 and was himself of the upper class of villagers4 ,what is such a lot of noisy1 lazy bawlers doing around a sick girl1 who needs air and quiet8 he cried4 ,get out of here1 the whole of you1 and don't one dare come within ten yards4 ,you1 ,ragaud1 can stay if you choose1 but keep as quiet as you are now1 and don't look as if you were more dead than alive1 with your miserable face a foot long2 you1 ,mme4 ,ragaud1 stop hugging your daughter4 ,let her go2 don't you see you are smothering her8 ,and above all1 don't be dropping your tears on her face2 she don't know you4 ,jean-,louis1 don't stir from here2 you are reasonable and courageous1 and will be useful to me4 ,and now open the window1 and let out this smell of the stables brought by those abominable cow-herds1 who ought to have been driven out with a pitchfork4 ,good4 ,now tell me what has happened to this child4 ,all being thus quieted1 and the room purified by the fresh morning air1 which came freely in through the open window1 a slight change for the better was soon seen in ,jeannette4 ,she let them lay her head on the pillow1 and1 although she was still insensible1 her pretty face1 crimson and swollen with the fever1 looked less excited4 ,the doctor counted her pulse while he listened to the night's adventure1 which was correctly related by ,jean-,louis1 as neither the father nor mother could have put two ideas together at that particular moment4 ,just as ,i thought1 said the doctor2 a violent fever brought on by exposure to the cold1 and wet feet4 ,all the danger is in the head1 and ,i do not deny that it is very great4 ,the child has a cerebral fever2 do you understand8 ,cerebral means of the brain4 ,now the brain is the inside of the head2 so the sickness is there1 under this beautiful blonde hair1 which you must instantly cut off4 ,i hope1 ,mme4 ,ragaud1 you will not hesitate to sacrifice your daughter's hair to save her life8 ,o my ,god6 cried poor ,pierrette1 sobbing4 ,do what you please1 my dear doctor2 if it would be of any use to cut off one of my arms1 ,i would willingly allow it4 ,yes1 my good woman1 but that would not help you much1 and her not at all2 so keep your arms1 we will need them for something else4 ,come1 we must relieve her4 ,jump in the wagon1 ,jeannet1 and go to the chteau1 and tell them to send me some ice1 mustard1 and other things that ,i will write on this slip of paper2 and remember to tell mademoiselle not to be uneasy1 and not to put her foot in this house short of a week4 ,while waiting for the return of ,jean-,louis1 ,mme4 ,ragaud1 draw a bucket of water from the well1 and bring it to me immediately4 ,poor ,pierrette obeyed without saying a word1 which was very beautiful in her2 for hearing it announced that her daughter was ill from cold1 the words ice and well-water confused her terribly4 ,she had already been horrified when commanded to open the window4 ,indeed1 ,dr4 ,aubry was no fool1 as had been well proved for twenty years2 and the best way was to think that he knew what he was about1 no matter how unreasonable his words might sound4 ,jean-,louis performed his errand with his usual promptitude2 he brought back what was needed for the first applications4 ,during his absence1 the doctor had constantly applied bandages1 soaked in very cold water1 to ,jeannette's head2 but that was not effective enough1 and1 as soon as the ice was brought from the chteau1 he prepared to use it4 ,it was the moment to accomplish the sacrifice of ,jeannette's beautiful hair1 which was still dressed as for the previous night's dance4 ,to tell the truth1 the thick1 heavy braids were enough to weigh down the poor sick head4 ,pierrette showed great courage2 she only cared for the relief of her child4 ,as for the doctor1 he thought no more of cutting off this splendid hair than of pulling up a bunch of nettle out of the flower-beds in his garden4 ,ragaud sat as though nailed to his chair1 and seemed neither to hear nor see anything passing around him4 ,you would have pitied the poor old man4 ,but our ,jeannet1 so brave until then1 could not look on indifferently at the murderous play of the scissors around that dear head1 which would so soon be shorn of its crowning beauty4 ,as the doctor cut off a tress and threw it on the floor1 as if it were a noxious weed1 he picked it up and smoothed it with his hand1 as though to repay by caresses the condemnation it had received4 ,thus he soon had all the fair hair in his hands2 and then1 as he thought that soon--too soon1 perhaps--it might be the only living vestige of ,jeannette1 his courage vanished2 he sank on a chair near the window1 hid his face in the mass of hair1 that was still warm1 and sobbed as though his heart would break4444 ,this touched ,dr4 ,aubry1 who was kind-hearted under his rough exterior4 ,he never talked sentiment1 being too much accustomed to tears and lamentations around sick-beds2 but he loved ,jeannet1 and thought him more refined and superior in tone to the surrounding boys4 ,so he approached the poor child1 and1 tapping him on the shoulder1 he said by way of consolation3 ,bah6 you big ninny1 that will improve her hair2 in one year it will be handsomer and thicker than ever1 and you will have enough of this to make a hundred yards of watch-chain4 ,in one year6 cried ,jean-,louis1 who only heard this word of all the fine consolation4 ,then you don't think she will die8 ,what are you talking about8 ,die8 ,a beautiful young girl of seventeen1 who has always been healthy and good1 don't die from having got her feet soaked on a stormy night4 ,be reasonable1 follow my orders1 keep everything around quiet and fresh1 don't fatigue her with words and embraces when she recovers her senses1 and1 with the help of ,god1 ,i will answer for her4 ,oh6 said ,jean-,louis1 throwing his arms around the doctor's neck1 may ,heaven listen to you1 ,m4 ,aubry6 ,these cheering words brought old ,ragaud back to life2 big tears rolled from his dry1 fixed eyes1 and relieved him greatly4 ,pierrette fell on her knees by the bedside2 for1 before thanking the doctor1 it was right to raise her heart to ,god1 who saw further still than he4 ,m4 ,aubry again repeated his orders1 which he always did--oftener six times than once with his village patients2 for it must be acknowledged we are very stupid about nursing1 and1 outside of the common remedies1 which are purgatives1 emetics1 and quinine to break the fever1 all the rest of the medical gibberish appears to us very strange1 and often rather contrary to good sense4 ,that is the reason those who are cured burn a candle to ,s4 ,sylvain4 ,but for his kind protection1 there would be as many deaths as sick people2 and if you find fault with that expression1 ,i will tell you that ,i am very sorry for it1 but that is the way we talk1 and ,i cannot express myself differently or more delicately than ,i was taught4 ,the doctor drove off in his wagon1 to which the farm-horse was still harnessed1 and he had the privilege of keeping it several days1 which was a great convenience to him1 as his own beast was out at pasture4 ,he took care to pass by ,val-,saint1 where he found mademoiselle very anxious and sad about her god-daughter's accident4 ,as soon as she heard it was a serious illness1 she rushed to the bell1 crying that she must have the carriage immediately to go to her darling2 but ,m4 ,aubry1 who had his own way with every one1 caught her by the arm4 ,i beg your pardon1 said he2 but you are not going there at all4 ,why not8 she asked4 ,i cannot stay here without seeing my ,jeanne1 when ,i know she is suffering4 ,you shall not go1 repeated ,m4 ,aubry firmly4 ,it would be dangerous for you2 and ,i am your physician as well as hers4 ,what nonsense6 said mademoiselle1 who1 gentle as she was1 did not like him to oppose her4 ,you will never make me believe a brain fever is contagious4 ,that is yet to be seen1 replied ,m4 ,aubry1 who could lie when necessary as well as any dentist2 and1 if you should get sick1 ,i declare that1 daughter of a marquis as you are1 ,i would not have the time to take care of you4 ,at this moment ,i have more sick people--maimed1 wounded1 and down with fever--than ,i can manage1 and ,i don't want another case2 without counting that your chteau is perched up as high as the devil1 and1 to get up here1 ,i would lose half a day4 ,you horrid man6 said mademoiselle1 who could not help smiling1 for she knew the doctor's way1 and never took offence at what he said4 ,you talk like a car-driver2 but you are perfectly capable of doing as you say1 so ,i dare not risk it4 ,but when can ,i go8 ,we will see about that2 neither to-morrow nor next day1 nor for several days after4 ,i will come and bring news of her4 ,but how will you find time1 with all your patients8 asked mademoiselle1 delighted to catch the doctor in a little falsehood4 ,you give me the change for my money1 said ,m4 ,aubry1 laughing in his turn4 ,i see you are as malicious as ever4 ,well1 then1 to speak frankly1 it is not the contagion that ,i fear1 but your chattering and gabbling1 which never stop4 ,if ,la ,ragaudine recovers1 it will depend upon quiet and repose4 ,not even the buzzing of a fly must be heard in her room for a week2 therefore1 it would be useless for you to go there4 ,but now you can act as you think proper4 ,you should have told me this at first1 said mademoiselle4 ,i will not go2 but promise me you will always tell the truth about her1 and never conceal any danger4 ,my ,god6 no1 said the doctor quietly2 and1 to commence1 since you do not wish me to disguise the truth1 ,i will tell you that1 if ,jeanne ,ragaud does not recover her senses to-night1 she will be dead to-morrow at twelve o'clock4 ,but you are a monster6 cried mademoiselle1 the tears streaming from her eyes4 ,how can you be so hard-hearted as to tell me such news without any preparation8 ,there6 said the doctor1 you are off again4 ,i thought you wished me to tell you the whole truth4 ,my poor ,jeanne6 ,dead to-morrow6 sobbed mademoiselle4 ,one moment--pay attention to what ,i say--if she does not recover her senses to-night2 but she will1 for she was already a little better before ,i left ,muiceron4 ,oh6 ,i wish you would go away6 cried mademoiselle4 ,i hate to hear you talk2 you will set me wild4444 ,come now1 doctor1 speak seriously3 is poor dear ,jeannette really in danger8 ,i tell you yes1 but ,i have great hope4 ,and now ,i am going away2 you are not angry with me1 dear mademoiselle8 ,i will have to forgive you1 said she1 giving him her hand2 but know well that ,i detest you from the bottom of my heart1 and1 when ,i am sick1 ,i will send for another doctor4 ,bah6 ,i bet you won't1 replied ,m4 ,aubry1 perfectly unmoved2 you are so amiable and gentle when the fever comes on6 ,mademoiselle laughed through her tears2 she knew from experience it was not easy to have the last word with ,m4 ,aubry1 and she let him go without further discussion4 ,the good ,god showed that he loved ,muiceron4 ,for three days ,jeannette was very ill1 after which her youth and good constitution overcame the disease4 ,m4 ,aubry declared he would answer with his head for hers1 and soon the dear child recovered strength and color4 ,but this was the moment to be careful2 for convalescence is very uncertain and dangerous1 they say1 in such a case1 and the least imprudence will suffice to cause a relapse4 ,therefore the doctor for ever repeated3 ,attend to what ,i say2 because she is better1 that is no reason to think she is cured4 ,don't let her stir any more than you would let loose a chicken among the fir-trees2 these affections of the brain are terrible if there is a relapse4 ,that word1 affections1 was another that ,pierrette could not manage to understand2 each time he said it she was terribly perplexed1 and looked intently at the doctor1 to see if he could not use a more appropriate one in its place4 ,for1 thought she1 ,i see nothing affectionate in such a wicked fever that nearly brought my daughter to the threshold of the grave4 ,whoever does or speaks ill is always called a great enemy2 and ,i don't think an enemy can ever be affectionate1 or friendly1 or anything else of the sort4 ,and you will acknowledge the argument was not bad for a good countrywoman1 who knew nothing except to read her ,mass-prayers by force of habit4 ,it is not necessary to inform you that all the people around were very much interested in ,jeannette's illness2 and if there is a consolation that softens the bitterness of grief1 it is surely that which is given by friends who offer to share trouble4 ,many of the neighbors were anxious to relieve ,pierrette by taking her place at night2 but you understand that a mother is always mother1 and1 unless she had fallen dead at her daughter's bedside1 she would yield her post to no one4 ,happily1 the great danger which demanded such extreme care did not last long2 and as at the end of a week the fever left ,jeannette1 and she then slept tranquilly the greater part of the night1 ,pierrette consented to lie down1 without undressing1 on a little bed temporarily placed in the sick-room by ,jean-,louis1 and thus was enabled to obtain some rest4 ,but many weeks elapsed before ,jeannette was strong enough to resume her accustomed life2 and as she daily felt herself improving1 the great difficulty was to keep her quiet in bed1 and furnish her amusement1 so that she would not get up too soon1 at the risk of falling ill again2 and here1 again1 ,jean-,louis1 with his devotion and thoughtfulness1 provided a remedy4 ,not far off lived a beautiful young girl1 a year or two older than ,jeannette1 and the friend of her childhood1 named ,solange ,luguet1 the sister of ,pierre2 she was tall1 rather thin and pale1 like ,jean-,louis1 whom she somewhat resembled in features and character4 ,this will not astonish you1 as ,i have already told you they were first-cousins without knowing it2 and1 whether legitimate or illegitimate1 near relatives generally have a certain family resemblance4 ,solange led a retired life1 some said from piety1 others from shyness4 ,she was a skilful seamstress1 and embroidered beautifully2 consequently1 she never wanted work1 and passed her time by her little window1 sewing from morning till night4 ,jean-,louis was very fond of her4 ,he often wished ,jeannette's tastes and habits were as quiet1 and he sometimes held up ,solange to her as a model4 ,but ,jeannette's character was entirely different1 and what seemed to ,solange the perfection of happiness would have been miserably tiresome for her2 nevertheless1 the two girls were great friends1 and were always happy to meet4 ,it was1 therefore1 ,solange ,luguet whom ,jeannet thought of as a means of distracting ,jeannette during her convalescence4 ,he went to her1 and begged that she would come and pass several hours every day with ,jeannette4 ,solange willingly consented1 as she could take her work with her1 and whether she embroidered at home or at ,muiceron was all the same to her2 and1 besides1 she could be useful to her friends1 especially ,jean-,louis1 for whom it was easy to see she felt a great preference4 ,now1 ,solange1 in spite of her reputation for piety and shyness1 was very lively and bright4 ,the first day she came to the farm ,jeannette was quite subdued2 without saying it1 she was afraid her companion would be very serious and frown at the least joke4 ,but it was just the contrary2 ,solange amused her so much with her stories1 and gossip--which was never ill-natured--and songs1 that ,jeannette never let her go until she promised to return next day4 ,this pleasant arrangement suited everybody4 ,ragaud and ,jean-,louis gradually resumed their outdoor work1 and ,pierrette was less tied down4 ,we all know that weariness of mind is the worst of ills1 as it renders one sad1 and sadness makes both body and soul sick3 so this little spoiled ,jeannette1 who laughed and chatted from morning till night1 recovered four times as rapidly1 thanks to ,solange's agreeable company1 and was soon able to sit up an hour or two about noon4 ,who had caused all this happiness8 ,even he who never gave it a second thought1 and to whom it was so perfectly natural to serve others that it seemed a part of his everyday life2 for the excellent ,jeannet spoke so seldom of himself1 neither ,jeanne nor the ,ragauds ever dreamt of thanking him for having brought ,solange1 seeing that they knew nothing1 and simply thought the ,luguet girl came of her own free will1 which certainly she never would have done1 if even the idea had ever entered her head4 ,as soon as mademoiselle received permission1 she hastened to ,jeannette's side4 ,every other day her beautiful carriage was seen coming down the road1 and1 a minute after1 she alighted1 accompanied by ,dame ,berthe1 who always brought a little basket filled with dainties and delicacies fitted to tempt an invalid's stomach4 ,poor mademoiselle found the days very long since ,jeanne had left1 and was very impatient for her complete recovery1 that she might carry her back to the chteau4 ,she did not hesitate to express her desire at each visit before the ,ragauds1 never remarking that neither ever replied to her proposition4 ,the reason was that ,ragaud had received such a severe shock by the narrow escape of his daughter1 he had promised and sworn never again to expose the child to such a fearful risk1 which had so nearly proved fatal4 ,he saw in this terrible sickness a warning from the good ,god2 and1 as he felt it in the bottom of his heart1 he acknowledged in the end that if ,jeanne had not led a life above her position1 nothing like it would have happened4 ,between ourselves1 mademoiselle1 who was much better informed than ,ragaud1 should have even more clearly understood it4 ,still further1 as ,m4 le ,cur1 who you can well imagine came constantly to ,muiceron since the accident1 had been confidentially told by ,ragaud of his good resolutions1 which he highly approved1 and cautiously approached the subject whenever an opportunity offered of conversing with mademoiselle4 ,but none are so deaf as those who will not hear1 said this good pastor2 and even without a scene mischief will come of taking ,jeannette from the chteau4 ,her acquaintance there is too long formed4 ,it did not happen precisely so4 ,jeanne1 without scenes or difficulty with any one1 had been forced to seek refuge under the paternal roof1 and should have remained there until the present time from her own free will and accord2 but when one has strayed ever so little from the right path1 it is not easy to return to it1 even when it has not gone as far as mortal sin2 and you will see this time again that ,i have strong proofs to support what ,i have advanced1 as ,jeanne ,ragaud had to undergo severe and bitter trials before she could entirely give up the half-noble position she had involuntarily filled1 and resume fully the simple peasant life4 ,,xiv4 ,one day1 when mademoiselle was making her accustomed visit1 after she had talked and laughed1 and played dinner-party with the fruits and delicacies she had brought to ,jeannette1 she suddenly exclaimed3 ,you are looking admirably1 my child--as pretty as a picture2 your color is more brilliant than even before you were sick1 and your short hair1 which made me feel so sad the first time ,i saw it1 is more becoming than the way in which you formerly wore it2 but you are very badly dressed4 ,what have you done with all the dresses ,i gave you8 ,they are still at the chteau1 godmother1 replied ,jeannet4 ,i have not needed them for a long time4 ,if you will send me some of them1 ,i will try and look better at your next visit4 ,you are very much thinner1 poor little thing1 so that none of them will fit you2 besides1 it will be a long while yet before you can go out4 ,what you want is a dressing-gown1 and ,i will have one made for you1 if you will promise me to wear it4 ,when you come1 ,i will1 answered ,jeannette1 who knew well such a dress did not suit her position1 and that her parents would not like it4 ,no1 ,i wish you to wear what ,i will send1 and not only when ,i am here1 but every day2 do you understand1 child8 ,i wish it4 ,o godmother6 said ,jeannette1 ,i beg you will not insist upon it2 such a dress is very well at the chteau1 but here ,i cannot dress differently from my mother4 ,i do not wish to transform you into a princess1 replied mademoiselle2 but neither do ,i like to see you dressed1 as you are1 in serge4 ,i have my own reasons for it4 ,jeannette bowed her head1 although at heart she was very much dissatisfied4 ,pretty ,solange1 who was silently working away in her corner by the window1 gave her an encouraging glance1 to keep her firm in her good resolution2 but for ten years ,jeannette had given in to all her godmother's whims and caprices1 and dared not answer4 ,two days afterwards1 a large bandbox1 directed to ,jeannette1 was brought to ,muiceron4 ,she was still in bed1 and was quite curious until it was opened2 and there was the promised dress1 made of beautiful blue cashmere1 so fine and soft it looked like silk4 ,as to how it was made1 ,i really cannot describe it2 but it is enough to know that mademoiselle herself could have worn it without impropriety1 so that it can easily be understood it was not suitable for ,jeanne ,ragaud4 ,isn't it beautiful8 exclaimed ,jeannette1 admiring the dress1 fit for a marchioness4 ,but ,i will never wear it2 do you think ,i should1 ,solange8 ,no1 indeed1 said ,solange4 ,don't do it for the world1 ,jeannette2 it would be very wrong for you to wear it1 and the neighbors would laugh at you4 ,help me to get up1 replied ,jeanne4 ,it will be no harm to try it on once2 it will amuse us4 ,can ,i8 ,yes1 to be sure1 said good ,solange2 ,i should like to see you for once dressed as you were at the chteau4 ,jeannette jumped quickly out of bed1 and ,solange1 to amuse her1 brushed her short hair in such a way that she looked like a little angel2 then she put on some fine white petticoats1 and1 last of all1 the beautiful robe1 which fitted her splendidly4 ,thus dressed1 ,jeannette was one of the prettiest young ladies you can imagine2 and ,i rather think she looked at herself in the mirror with great satisfaction4 ,she sat down in the big arm-chair her godmother had sent her from the chteau as soon as she was convalescent1 and it was easy to see she was not ill at ease in her beautiful present1 but that1 on the contrary1 was infinitely satisfied1 and not at all anxious to take it off4 ,however1 she feared the arrival of her parents1 and did not wish them to see her in such a costume4 ,solange1 from the same thought1 had not resumed her work1 and remained standing before her1 ready to undress her4 ,you see the will was good1 but the devil was upon the watch4 ,at the very moment that ,jeannette1 with a little sigh of regret1 was about to put off her gay trappings and don her peasant dress1 the big white horses of mademoiselle were heard pawing the ground in the yard4 ,it is my godmother6 said ,jeannette1 blushing4 ,well1 ,i am not sorry2 she will see that ,i do honor to her present4 ,mademoiselle entered immediately after1 and1 seeing ,jeannette so pretty and so stylish in her beautiful dress1 kissed her heartily1 and loaded her with praises4 ,you are perfectly lovely1 said she2 and for the penalty1 ,i have prepared a great surprise4 ,there is a handsome gentleman1 who has come with me1 and wishes very much to see you4 ,will you please tell me who it is8 asked ,jeannette4 ,no2 ,i wish to see if you will recognize him4 ,come in1 ,isidore1 cried mademoiselle to some one who was waiting outside the door4 ,the said ,isidore immediately appeared--a tall young man1 well made1 and dressed in the latest ,parisian style4 ,his hair was elaborately curled1 and his cravat1 gloves1 and shoes were so elegant he looked as though he had just been taken out of a bandbox4 ,he made a low bow to ,jeannette1 and paid her a compliment such as we read in books4 ,jeannette1 much amazed1 rose without speaking1 and1 as her astonished look showed she did not recognize him in the least1 mademoiselle laughingly relieved her embarrassment4 ,what6 said she1 you don't remember ,isidore ,perdreau1 the son of ,master ,perdreau1 my father's notary1 and the playmate of your childhood8 ,you must excuse me1 said ,jeanne1 but he is so much changed4 ,in size1 perhaps1 said ,m4 ,isidore1 but not in beauty1 as you most certainly are4 ,he has returned from ,paris1 and will in future live at ,val-,saint4 ,it is very good in him1 said mademoiselle1 for his life will be very different2 but his father wishes to associate him with himself in business4 ,to all true hearts one's native place is dear1 replied ,m4 ,isidore1 placing his hand on his waistcoat4 ,don't you remember the young girl by ,jeannette8 asked mademoiselle4 ,not precisely1 he replied4 ,i am the sister of ,pierre ,luguet1 with whom you used to go hunting for blackbirds4 ,pierre ,luguet8 ,ah6 yes1 little ,pierre2 and where is he now8 ,always in the same place1 replied ,solange1 without stirring4 ,m4 ,isidore did not condescend to continue the conversation with one so little disposed to talk1 and1 turning towards ,jeanne1 lavished upon her some more foolish compliments1 which1 without being exactly to the taste of the child1 were not displeasing to her vanity4 ,it was evident that mademoiselle encouraged ,isidore1 and thought him very charming4 ,it was not because she was wanting in sense or penetration1 but the custom of living alone in her big chteau1 where she rarely saw any one but country people1 and the new distraction of carrying out a plot that she had concocted1 and which you will soon guess1 made her see things dimly2 and whilst ,solange1 simple girl as she was1 saw at the first glance that young ,perdreau had become an insolent1 ridiculous fop1 this high-born young lady1 who had read so many books1 was ready to faint at the least word of that simpleton--for simpleton was the name he well deserved until after-circumstances proved that he was worthy of a still more odious title4 ,dame ,berthe behaved just like her mistress2 but1 as the good creature had scarcely any common sense1 that can very easily be understood4 ,isidore1 since his return three days before1 had never ceased to flatter her and relate long stories about ,paris1 principally his own inventions1 but to which1 nevertheless1 the old governess1 with eyes1 ears1 and mouth wide open1 listened with devoted attention4 ,so1 when ,solange showed such coldness to her old school-fellow1 mademoiselle looked at her with anything but a gentle expression1 and ,dame ,berthe instantly shrugged her shoulders and made big eyes at her4 ,but ,solange remained perfectly indifferent2 in the first place1 because her back was turned to the ladies1 and1 secondly1 because she worked away as though she expected to be paid a franc an hour4 ,meanwhile1 ,pierrette and ,ragaud came back from the pool ,saint-,jean1 where they had commenced to soak the hemp1 and ,jean-,louis soon followed4 ,when they saw such fine company in the room1 they all three stopped1 rather ashamed of their working-clothes1 which was doubtless the reason they did not observe that ,jeannet1 in her elegant costume1 was a great contrast to them4 ,ragaud1 as you already know1 was rather given to vain-glory1 and his vanity was easily tickled4 ,it was the only defect of this good man1 but it must be acknowledged this defect clung to his heart as a tree is tied by its root to the ground2 so that in ,isidore ,perdreau he only saw the favorable side--to wit1 a young man1 brought up in the capital1 very rich and handsome1 who could be received in the best houses1 and who did not disdain to hasten to greet old friends so far beneath him4 ,pierrette1 without further reasoning1 was very sensible of what she likewise considered a great honor4 ,so the excellent couple1 whose honest souls were rather stupefied for the moment1 quite overwhelmed ,perdreau with the warmth of their reception1 and pressed him so earnestly to repeat his visit you would really have thought they were welcoming the return of their own son4 ,mademoiselle was in a gale of delight1 and1 when she re-entered the carriage with her attendants1 the lackeys' faces were in a broad grin at seeing her so gay1 and even the horses made two or three little jumps on starting1 as though they1 too1 participated in the good-humor of their mistress4 ,well1 what did ,i tell you8 asked mademoiselle of ,isidore1 who was seated opposite to her4 ,is she pretty enough1 well-bred enough8 ,and1 in spite of all your ,parisian acquaintances1 do you think she is a woman to be scorned8 ,o mademoiselle6 cried ,perdreau1 she is adorable1 delightful6 ,but you brought her up2 isn't that enough8 ,she will make a lovely bride1 said mademoiselle2 and it will be the happiest day of my life when ,i shall see you both leave the church arm-in-arm4 ,how becoming the wreath of orange-blossoms will be to her6 cried ,dame ,berthe4 ,but will she have me8 asked ,isidore in a hypocritical tone4 ,bah6 be assured she will be most happy1 and her parents immensely honored1 replied mademoiselle2 besides1 ,i have only to say a word1 as you know4 ,you are an angel6 said ,m4 ,perdreau1 as he kissed mademoiselle's hand2 and if ,i had not seen you again before ,jeanne ,ragaud1 my happiness would make me crazy4 ,i can only say that you are the most beautiful and graceful woman in the world1 and she is the second4 ,poor mademoiselle1 who was humpbacked and anything but handsome1 and1 besides1 nearly thirty1 smiled nevertheless at this insolent speech1 so out of place from the mouth of her notary's son2 so true is it that compliments are swallowed as easily as ripe strawberries1 no matter how false they may be1 if the mind is not properly balanced1 and cannot rise above the frivolity and nonsense heard on all sides in this world4 ,while the carriage rolled away to the chteau1 each one at the farm had something to say1 and ,perdreau was there1 also1 the subject of conversation4 ,he is a very pleasant fellow1 said good ,ragaud1 not at all proud1 and much better-looking than when he left home4 ,he must have studied very hard in ,paris1 and his dear1 good father will have a worthy successor4 ,when ,i think1 replied ,pierrette1 how readily he accepted your invitation to supper1 never raising the slightest difficulty1 that proves he has a good heart4 ,we won't know what to say to him1 remarked ,jeannette1 he is so much more learned than we4 ,yes1 but very simple with it all1 said ,pierrette4 ,i will not be the least embarrassed4 ,i am sure he will like to talk over all his boyish tricks and adventures--how he stole apples from ,cotentin's garden1 and how he would keep ,m4 le ,cur waiting when it was his turn to be altar-boy4 ,he was always full of fun1 replied ,ragaud1 and is so still2 but that is no defect4 ,oh6 certainly not1 cried ,jeannette4 ,for what evening have you invited him8 asked ,jean-,louis1 who had not yet expressed an opinion4 ,next ,sunday1 said ,ragaud2 that will not take us from our work1 and we can bring him back with us in the wagon after ,vespers4 ,what a beautiful dress you have on6 said ,jeannet1 looking at his sister4 ,mademoiselle gave it to me1 she replied1 looking down4 ,i put it on to receive her2 but ,i will not wear it again4 ,until ,sunday8 asked ,jean-,louis4 ,certainly1 said ,pierrette1 ,jeannette must be prettily dressed in honor of ,isidore4 ,jean-,louis said nothing2 he walked to the window where ,solange was sitting1 and leaned on the back of her chair1 apparently absorbed in watching her embroider4 ,jeannet1 said ,solange1 without raising her eyes1 what do you think of all this8 ,it makes me sad1 he replied4 ,you have reason to feel so1 said she4 ,that smooth-tongued ,isidore has turned all their heads4 ,mademoiselle is even more carried away than the others2 and1 from the way things are going on1 there will be trouble before long4 ,jean-,louis sighed4 ,as they had spoken in a low tone1 and the ,ragauds were conversing with ,jeannette1 their little conversation had not been remarked4 ,will you go home with us after ,mass next ,sunday8 continued ,solange4 ,pierre will be glad to see you1 and ,michou has promised to dine with us at noon1 and taste our boiled corn4 ,thank you1 said ,jeannet1 ,i will go with pleasure4 ,this was on ,tuesday2 the four following days ,isidore ,perdreau came constantly to ,muiceron1 sometimes with mademoiselle1 sometimes alone1 and was most cordially received by the ,ragauds1 and ,jeannette also1 ,i regret to say4 ,if you are of my opinion1 you will allow that nothing is pleasanter than to listen to a story when there is only question of good people and happy events4 ,it makes our hearts glad1 and we forget for a little while that life is like the clouds in the sky1 streaked with white1 gray1 and black1 and that often the dark clouds overshadow the light2 but as truth must be loved above all1 ,i am very sorry to tell you that for the present ,i have nothing good to relate4 ,you must pardon me1 then1 if ,i am obliged to sadden you by the recital of sinful and criminal acts1 and believe me that1 if it is painful for you to have to listen to them1 it is not less so for me to recount them to you4 ,when mademoiselle once became possessed with the charming idea of marrying her god-daughter to ,isidore1 never was the caprice of a woman without occupation more obstinately pursued and more firmly fastened in the very bottom of her brain4 ,very true1 she only sought the happiness of her beloved ,jeannette1 and thought she had thereby secured it4 ,she incessantly repeated to ,dame ,berthe that it would be the greatest misfortune if ,jeannette should marry a peasant1 that after all the care she had lavished upon her for ten years she could not bear to see her milking the cows1 and hardening her hands by washing and working in the fields4 ,on the other side1 she would not risk the happiness of her pet by marrying her to a man she did not know2 consequently1 she should marry some one in the neighborhood2 and ,isidore was the only person around who united all the requisites desired by mademoiselle1 as the other young men were only of the laboring class4 ,she communicated her idea to ,m4 le ,marquis1 who1 without making any objections1 thought the project might be attempted4 ,he himself went to see ,m4 ,perdreau1 the father1 and announced to him his wishes upon the subject1 and ,isidore was immediately recalled from ,paris4 ,old ,perdreau1 the notary1 passed for one of the most honest men in his profession4 ,for thirty years ,m4 le ,marquis had closed his eyes and left him the entire control of his affairs1 which1 truth to say1 were not very complicated1 as the principal wealth of the chteau consisted of fertile land1 woods1 meadows1 and vineyards1 the revenues of which he received and controlled4 ,more than that--and this was the worst--our master made him the special confidant of his most secret expeditions4 ,thus1 when he left home on one of his mysterious journeys1 where he expected to encounter great dangers1 ,perdreau alone knew exactly the hiding-places of ,m4 le ,marquis1 the plots that were there concocted--in a word1 the great conspiracies that monsieur and his friends thought legitimate in their souls and consciences1 although they could scarcely be called such in my opinion4 ,this was very astonishing1 it must be acknowledged1 as it bound ,m4 le ,marquis hand and foot to his notary4 ,but what could you expect8 ,my late beloved father1 who had been an enthusiastic ,chouan1 contrary to most of the people of his province1 who did not care a fig for all that fuss1 said that perfectly honest souls can never think ill of any one1 and that is the reason they are often duped and vilified without their even dreaming of it4 ,for it is time to let you know that ,master ,perdreau1 the notary of ,val-,saint1 was1 and had been always1 the most cunning rascal1 not only of our neighborhood1 but of the whole country for twenty leagues around1 including all the towns1 little and big4 ,his only idea was to make money1 and for that he would have sold his master1 his conscience--in case he had one--his best friends1 his soul1 and even the sacred vessels of the tabernacle4 ,in the way of hypocrisy1 deep wickedness1 theft1 stinginess1 and falsehood he had nothing to fear from any rival1 saving1 perhaps1 his only son1 ,isidore1 who was rapidly learning to play the knave1 and promised1 with the help of the devil1 to become very soon the true pendant of monsieur1 his father4 ,in order to perfect this shameful education1 ,isidore had finished his studies in ,paris1 and ,master ,perdreau1 ,i need not say1 had chosen a college for him where he would neither learn virtue nor the fear of ,god4 ,for the consolation of good people1 evil-doers seldom profit by their crimes4 ,thus1 at this period of our story1 ,master ,perdreau was on the eve of reaping the fruits of thirty years of criminal conduct1 and it was precisely the opposite of what he had sought all his life that was about to happen to him4 ,holding in his hand the secrets of ,m4 le ,marquis1 he had used them to obtain large sums from the poor deluded man1 under the pretence of advancing his interests2 and with this money1 added to other thefts1 he had first supplied his son with means for continuing his dissipation in ,paris1 and then speculated so often and so well in a place not very ,christian--called1 ,i believe1 the ,exchange--that he had nothing left he could call his own but his little country office and debts enough to drive him crazy4 ,judge1 then1 if he thought himself favored by fortune when ,m4 le ,marquis came and proposed ,jeanne ,ragaud to him for daughter-in-law4 ,never did a drowning man grasp more eagerly at the plank held out to keep him from death4 ,the girl's fortune was well known4 ,muiceron and the adjoining property was worth at least one hundred thousand francs2 and to rightly estimate the money good ,ragaud laid by every year1 one would have to count on his fingers a tolerably long while4 ,further1 ,jeannette was an extremely pretty girl1 brought up as a young lady1 and there was no doubt her godmother would leave her--perhaps might give her at her marriage--a very handsome present4 ,all being thus arranged to the satisfaction of this scoundrel of a notary1 he had only to rub his hands and chuckle at the idea of having fooled everybody during his whole life4 ,i will not sadden you by relating what was the conversation on the subject between father and son on the evening of ,isidore's arrival in the village1 and the means which they proposed to accomplish their ends1 which was to wheedle old ,ragaud into giving up all the property to his daughter1 only reserving for himself a modest annuity4 ,as for the shameful way in which these arrant swindlers held up to ridicule ,m4 le ,marquis1 whom they called old fool1 and mademoiselle1 whom they stigmatized as the yellow dwarf1 on account of her crooked figure1 it would make me sick to relate all they said4 ,however1 in saying that ,perdreau deceived everybody1 ,i have rather exaggerated1 for two men in the village saw through his villany1 and1 thank ,god1 they were two of the most worthy--namely1 ,jacques ,michou1 and our dear1 holy cur4 ,the first1 who1 as you know1 had never been drawn into the promising conspiracies of his good lord1 had always suspected ,perdreau for catching so readily at the alluring bait4 ,he had watched him closely1 and1 to fully unravel his plans1 pretended to become very intimate with ,m4 ,riponin1 the steward1 who was scarcely any better than the notary1 but who owed ,perdreau a grudge for his having duped him in some knavish trick they undertook together4 ,since then1 ,michou1 who knew how to play one against the other1 in order to serve his master1 made one thief steal from the other1 and fully succeeded in his design4 ,as for our cur1 he knew both the good and the bad1 and looked out for a squall4 ,the great misfortune was that mademoiselle was so fully possessed with her idea of the marriage she neglected to consult him and ask his advice4 ,alas6 ,i am bound now to avow that poor little ,jeannette1 whose sin was more of the head than the heart1 allowed herself to be very quickly caught in the net held out to her4 ,never did a giddy1 inconstant little fish make the leap as willingly as she4 ,in a village marriages are soon arranged4 ,the parties are supposed to be well acquainted4 ,at the first proposition1 when the interests agree1 they have only to say yes2 and so it happened no later than the second ,sunday after the arrival of ,isidore ,perdreau4 ,every one assisted to hurry up the affair with lightning speed4 ,jeanne solemnly believed all the nonsense poured into her ear by ,isidore1 thought herself adored by him1 and regarded him as infinitely superior to all other men in style1 manner1 and fine speeches4 ,ragaud and ,pierrette were puffed up with pride2 monsieur and mademoiselle did not conceal their satisfaction2 and the people around1 with the sole exception of ,michou1 who was looked upon as a cross1 peevish old fellow1 hastened to congratulate the fortunate couple4 ,sickness was no longer thought of4 ,jeannette1 happy and triumphant1 rapidly regained her strength4 ,the poor silly child only thought of her new dresses and of the promised visit to ,paris after her marriage1 the delights of which ,isidore dwelt upon in glowing terms1 which would have turned a stronger head than hers4 ,never1 in fact1 did a family rush blindfolded and more willingly into a bottomless abyss4 ,however1 there was one person at ,muiceron whose presence tormented ,m4 ,isidore1 and whom he had hated from the first day4 ,you can guess it was ,jean-,louis4 ,each time that he entered the house and saw that tall figure1 the face pale and serious1 silently seated in a corner1 the only one who did not receive him with joy1 his eyes flashed with anger1 and he would turn his back on him in the most contemptuous manner--something which the ,ragauds would certainly have resented in any one else2 but the poor people were so bewitched they were unjust enough to be angry with ,jean-,louis1 and even to fancy that he was jealous1 whilst he was only very properly grieved at what had happened4 ,his life had become very different4 ,no more friendly talks1 no more watching for him1 no more tender caresses2 not that they had ceased to love him1 but there was no time for these innocent family recreations1 and1 besides1 it would have embarrassed them to make a display of affection before ,m4 ,isidore1 who thought all such country performances beneath him4 ,poor ,jean-,louis1 who for so many years had always entered ,muiceron with joyful heart at the thought of embracing his dear mother1 now came in with sad and troubled brow4 ,pierrette always appeared busy and worried4 ,she would rapidly say good-evening in reply to ,jeannet's gentle salutation whispered in her ear1 and immediately go on with her work2 for there were always sauce-pans to overlook1 or orders to give to ,marion1 who was not the least bewildered of them all4 ,as for ,jeannette1 the cold manner in which ,jean-,louis always treated her intended1 and1 above all1 the wicked insinuations ,isidore made against him1 aroused her displeasure2 and1 if ,pierrette was always absorbed in her household cares1 ,jeannette pained him still more by her frigid manner1 bordering on sullenness4 ,jean-,louis felt all this most keenly4 ,he was not a person who liked to complain or ask explanations2 besides1 what would he have gained by it8 ,he knew too well the reason of their conduct to be obliged to ask why4 ,in a moment he could have changed all by appearing as delighted as the rest2 but that was precisely what he would not do4 ,in truth1 when we see those we love at the point of drowning1 how can we applaud8 ,still worse was it when the family circle of ,muiceron was increased by the presence of old ,perdreau1 who nearly every evening showed his weasel-face at the table1 and drank with great friendliness to the health of the good people whose ruin he was mercilessly plotting4 ,jean-,louis two or three times bore it patiently2 then he felt he could take himself off1 and be missed by no one2 so one fine evening he mustered up courage1 left the farm before supper1 and went off to the house of his friends1 the ,luguets4 ,as usual1 he found the little house quiet1 clean1 and shining with neatness4 ,pierre was reading aloud the life of a saint1 while ,solange1 always employed1 was sewing by the lamp4 ,their old parents and ,jacques ,michou1 seated around the fire1 listened in silence1 and the dog lay snoring on the warm hearth-stones4 ,jeannet on entering motioned with his hand for them not to stir1 and seated himself by ,solange1 who nodded to him4 ,my friends1 said ,jean-,louis when the reading was over1 ,i have come to ask for my supper this evening1 and perhaps ,i may again to-morrow4 ,whenever you please1 my boy1 said ,luguet4 ,things don't please you at ,muiceron1 eh8 asked ,michou4 ,ah6 replied ,jeannet sadly1 perhaps ,i am unjust and wrong2 but ,i cannot bring myself to help in that marriage4 ,what difference does it make to you8 said ,pierre2 when people are possessed1 they will do as they please4 ,you are too sensitive1 ,jean2 after all1 you will not have to marry ,perdreau4 ,i am so sure1 replied ,jeannet1 that poor child will be unhappy4 ,no one forces her6 said ,pierre4 ,she wishes it1 so do the ,ragauds1 so do ,m4 le ,marquis and mademoiselle4 ,all agree2 well1 then1 let them run the risk6 ,be still1 ,pierre1 said ,solange2 you speak as though you had no heart4 ,remember that ,jeannette has been from her infancy like a sister to ,jean-,louis2 would you like to see me marry ,isidore8 ,ah6 cried ,pierre1 ,i would sooner cut his throat2 but you are not like ,jeannette4 ,don't say anything against her1 replied good ,solange with warmth4 ,she is the best girl in the world2 and because her head is rather light and giddy1 that does not prevent her having an excellent heart4 ,i understand ,jean-,louis' feelings1 for1 certainly1 ,isidore ,perdreau's reputation is not very good4 ,but who knows8 ,perhaps1 when he is married and settles down1 he may make ,jeannette a good husband4 ,thank you1 ,solange1 said ,jeannet1 taking her hand1 it is so kind in you to defend her2 it makes me feel happy4 ,if ,i could only show a little friendship for ,isidore1 ,i think ,i would be less miserable2 but ,i cannot conquer myself2 ,i cannot change4444 ,it is not worth while trying to do it1 boy1 said ,michou2 when we see misfortune coming1 and cannot prevent it1 the best we can do is to keep at a distance1 and not meddle4 ,then1 ,m4 ,michou1 you really think trouble will come of it8 asked ,jeannet4 ,yes1 my son1 such overwhelming trouble1 answered the game-keeper1 that until the day ,i see them standing before the mayor and the cur1 ,i shall hope the good ,god will work a miracle to prevent it4 ,the ,ragauds at present are like men who have taken too much brandy--that is to say1 they are as tipsy as a beggar after the vintage4 ,they can neither hear nor understand4 ,but mind what ,i say2 you others who are in your senses4 ,i will tell you what sort of men they are1 that infamous notary and his rascal of a son1 and then you will see whether ,jean-,louis is right or wrong4 ,thereupon he recounted to his astonished friends what we already know1 but went into greater details than ,i have thought necessary4 ,we can only pray to ,god1 said ,solange when he had ended4 ,alas6 poor ,jeannette1 what will become of her8 ,m4 ,michou1 you must warn the ,ragauds4 ,you think that would be easy8 said ,michou4 ,in the first place1 they would not believe me4 ,monsieur and mademoiselle would be indignant4 ,the ,perdreaux are too thorough scoundrels not to have at hand a crowd of proofs and protestations which would make them appear as white as snow4 ,every one is against us1 up to that obstinate ,jeannette1 who is dead in love with ,isidore1 so they say--hare-brained little fool6 ,it is only too true1 said ,jeannet1 much overcome4 ,as for you1 resumed ,michou1 in consequence of your peculiar position1 you can say less than any one else2 but if ,i were in your place1 ,i would not remain an indifferent spectator of such a sad affair4 ,what can ,i do8 said ,jeannet4 ,how can ,i abandon them8 ,come and stay with me a while4 ,i am clearing a part of the wood2 you can overlook the workmen1 and we can manage to keep house with ,barbette1 if you are not very difficult to please about the cooking4 ,oh6 ,i would like it very much1 ,m4 ,michou1 and you will do me a great favor4 ,but ,i must ask my father about it2 will you see him1 and get his consent8 ,to-morrow we will have it all arranged1 replied ,michou4 ,jeannet1 said ,solange1 the wood of ,val-,saint is not very far from here2 when your day's work is over1 you must remember there is always a place at our table for a friend4 ,come1 and we will console you4 ,don't worry yourself too much about all this affair2 often the storm is so terrible we expect every moment to be struck with lightning1 and then the clouds break1 the sky clears1 and1 after all the fright1 nobody is killed4 ,jean-,louis1 notwithstanding his sadness1 could not help smiling at these hopeful words1 spoken by this good and beautiful girl1 so reasonable in all things1 and still always so cheerful4 ,he pressed her hand1 and helped her set the table for supper4 ,michou1 reflecting on these words of ,solange1 wisely remarked that the future being in the hands of ,god1 who always concealed it from us through mercy or to grant us agreeable surprises1 it was unbecoming in us to torment ourselves too much about it4 ,at which speech good ,pierre1 who never liked trouble1 loudly applauded2 and then1 the repast being served1 all sat down to table1 and1 while eating1 conversed on various topics not the least connected with ,muiceron4 ,,xv4 ,according to his promise1 ,michou the next day paid an early visit to the ,ragauds1 accompanied by his old blackened pipe1 which he always kept firmly between his teeth when he feared he might become impatient or angry in conversation4 ,he said that1 without it1 the big words would rush out of his mouth before he had time to prevent them2 but that1 with it1 while he smoked1 shook it1 or relighted it1 he regained his composure1 and gathered time to arrange his ideas4 ,and never was puffer--as he called his pipe--more necessary than on this visit to ,muiceron4 ,seeing his friends on the point of throwing themselves into the enemy's clutches1 and knowing that remonstrance would avail nothing1 he felt that anger and sorrow might carry him to any extremity--in words only1 let it be well understood4 ,he found ,ragaud seated before the door1 shelling gray peas1 while ,pierrette was washing dishes2 for1 since she had commenced to feed the ,perdreaux1 all the crockery was in use1 and they went to bed so late half the work remained for next day4 ,i wish you good-morning1 said ,michou to his friends4 ,i see you are very busy1 but ,i have only come to remain a few moments4 ,come in1 said ,pierrette4 ,no1 ,i prefer to remain outside1 replied ,michou4 ,i like the fresh air4 ,ragaud1 do you feel inclined to do me a favor8 ,what a question6 said the good man4 ,i am always ready for that1 my old friend4 ,thank you1 it is not a very great request4 ,can you spare me ,jean-,louis for a fortnight8 ,i have twenty men at work in the wood of ,montreux1 and no one to oversee them4 ,the young fellow can help me a great deal4 ,very willingly1 said ,ragaud2 the hemp is nearly ready1 and ,i do not want ,jeannet just now4 ,he will take his meals with me1 replied ,michou1 and sleep at my house the nights4 ,he will be obliged to work late2 so you need not be uneasy if he does not return home sometimes4 ,agreed1 said ,ragaud4 ,do you employ the wood-cutters of the neighborhood8 ,deuce take it1 no6 replied ,michou4 ,i hire them right and left1 and truly they are the stupidest asses4 ,the way they talk makes one's hair stand up under his cap4 ,bah6 what do they say8 ,devilish nonsense6 ,why1 they talk of nothing but revolution1 overthrowing everything and everybody1 massacring the nobility1 and theft4 ,i remember how my father1 long ago1 told me about the people before the ,reign of ,terror1 and ,i imagine these men must be something of the same stamp4 ,some of them disappear sometimes2 when they return1 they speak in whispers1 and1 when ,i order them to go to work1 you should see the way they glare at me4 ,it is very well ,i don't know what fear means2 but1 reinforced by ,jeannet1 all will go well4 ,take him right away1 said ,ragaud2 and if he is not enough1 well1 send for me2 ,i will give you a helping hand4 ,you8 replied ,michou1 who commenced to mumble over his pipe4 ,you are too busy in this house with the wedding4 ,oh6 it is not going to be to-morrow1 said ,ragaud2 the day of betrothal is not yet fixed4 ,i leave all that to good ,m4 ,perdreau4 ,he is taking a great deal of trouble2 and ,i am glad he is1 for ,i know precious little about legal matters4 ,so1 then1 you don't bother yourself with anything8--very pretty conduct on your part4 ,what should ,i do8 asked ,ragaud innocently4 ,each one has his part to play4 ,m4 ,perdreau was brought up among books1 and ,i at the plough4 ,when he has the papers ready1 he will tell me where to sign my name4 ,and you will sign it8 ,undoubtedly1 after he has read them to me4 ,all very nice1 said ,michou4 ,if ,i were in your place1 ,i would sign without reading them2 it would be more stupid4444 ,what do you say8 asked ,ragaud4 ,i say1 replied ,jacques1 if you will allow me to offer a word of advice1 you will not only make them read your daughter's marriage contract to you1 but also have it read to others--to ,m4 le ,cur1 for example2 he is learned also--that he is4 ,that would be insulting to ,m4 ,perdreau4 ,not at all4 ,two such learned men would soon understand each other4 ,after all1 you know1 you must do as you think best4 ,good-morning6 ,thank you for ,jean-,louis2 send him to me quickly4 ,i must hurry off to my rascally wood-cutters in the wood of ,montreux4 ,and the game-keeper turned his back without waiting for an answer1 puffing away at his pipe so tremendously his cap was in a cloud of smoke4 ,ragaud continued to shell his peas1 but it was easy to see he felt rather anxious4 ,nevertheless1 when he had ended his work1 he re-entered the house without showing any discomposure4 ,jean-,louis left home that morning to spend a fortnight with ,michou1 depressed in spirits1 but still hoping the best4 ,on passing through ,val-,saint1 he stopped at ,m4 le ,cur's1 who confirmed all that ,michou had said about the ,perdreaux4 ,that dear1 good man was much distressed1 but could not think of any remedy for the evil2 but he promised ,jeannet to say ,mass for the family1 and highly approved of his leaving ,muiceron for a time4 ,meanwhile1 the ,ragauds acted as though they were bewitched4 ,during the first week after the departure of ,jeannet1 his name was scarcely mentioned1 even by ,pierrette4 ,they appeared to have lost all recollection of the services the excellent-hearted boy had rendered his adopted parents4 ,no one thought of him or noticed him when he returned sometimes late at night from his hard day's work2 and1 had it not been for the good ,luguets1 poor ,jean-,louis would have been as isolated in the world as if he had been brought up in a foundling asylum--his first destination4 ,but ,god did not abandon him1 and1 although always very sad1 he did not lose courage4 ,every evening1 whether he returned or not to ,muiceron1 he visited his friends1 and there1 with ,pierre and ,solange1 he recovered his good-humor1 or at least maintained his gentleness and resignation4 ,his friendship for ,solange increased day by day4 ,he suspected nothing1 nor she either2 for although very friendly and intimate1 they only felt toward each other like brother and sister4 ,however1 all was known in the village--better1 perhaps1 than elsewhere--and the gossips commenced to say that the devout ,solange jumped at marriage as quickly as any other girl4 ,several of the girls even commenced to tease her about him2 all of which she received gently1 and smiled without being displeased1 contenting herself with the remark that1 after all1 she might choose worse2 and her work was continued more faithfully than ever4 ,one evening1 when ,pierre and his parents remained rather late at the fair at ,andrieux1 which is three good leagues from ,ordonniers1 and which is only reached by roads very difficult to travel in the bad season1 ,jeannet1 as usual1 went to the ,luguets1 and was surprised to find ,solange all alone4 ,she blushed slightly when she saw him1 not from embarrassment1 however1 but only1 ,i imagine1 because she remembered the reports that were circulating in the village4 ,jeannet took his usual seat1 which was always near hers4 ,the month of ,november was nearly ended1 and that morning ,michou had told ,jean-,louis that ,jeannette's betrothal would take place a little before ,christmas1 and the marriage soon after4 ,the poor fellow was overwhelmed with sorrow2 he poured all his grief into ,solange's ear1 and so great was his confidence in her that he allowed himself to weep in her presence4 ,you have lost your courage and become thoroughly hopeless1 said ,solange gently4 ,i don't like that in a man1 still less in a ,christian4 ,how can ,i help it8 ,am ,i made of stone8 replied ,jeannet1 his head buried in his hands4 ,alas6 alas6 ,solange1 ,i believed your words4 ,i thought that ,god would have mercy on us1 and that this unfortunate marriage would not take place4 ,i don't see that it has yet1 replied ,solange4 ,in the first place1 they only speak of signing the contract a month from now1 and up to then the mill will turn more than once2 and1 after all1 does not ,god know better than we what is good for us1 poor blind things that we are8 ,that is true2 but to see ,jeannette the wife of that man1 without faith or fear of ,god or law2 to see my old father and dear1 good mother reduced to want2 to be obliged to leave the country1 and never see ,muiceron again6 ,for think1 ,solange1 that ,jeannette1 when she signs her marriage contract1 will know that ,i am not her brother6 ,i will not wait to be told that my place is outside of the house4 ,god knows ,i have worked for my parents1 and their tenderness never humiliated me1 but to receive a benefit from ,isidore--no1 never6 cried ,jean-,louis1 raising his eyes that flashed with honest pride4 ,you are right in that1 said ,solange quietly2 but listen a moment1 444 and first sit down there1 she added1 gently placing her hand on his arm4 ,come to your senses4 ,there1 now1 can you yet listen patiently to me8 ,go on1 said ,jean-,louis obediently2 you need not talk long to calm me4 ,well1 resumed ,solange1 resting her elbow on the table in such a manner that her sweet face nearly touched ,jeannet's shoulder1 ,i will repeat again that the story is not yet ended2 but as this good reason is not weighty enough for your excited brain1 ,i beg you will tell me why you think ,jeannette will despise you when she will learn that you are not her brother4 ,but how can you expect it to be otherwise1 my dear friend8 ,is it not against me that ,i seem to be installed in her house for life8 that ,i have had half the hearts of her parents8 ,do you think that ,isidore1 who detests me1 will not tell a thousand falsehoods to prejudice her against me8 ,ah6 ,solange1 ,i have suffered terribly during the last month2 but to see ,jeannette regard me as an intruder2 to have her crush me with her scorn1 and make me feel that ,i am a foundling1 picked up from the gutter--it is beyond all human strength1 and the good ,god will not compel me to endure such agony4 ,i will not expose myself to such a trial4 ,but what can you do8 ,you cannot get work in the country without running the risk of meeting her at every turn4 ,i will manage it1 said ,jean-,louis4 ,france is a kind mother1 ,solange1 and has never refused food to one of her sons1 even though he had no name but the one given in baptism4 ,i know that my dear father intended to procure a substitute for me2 but1 in the present situation1 ,i can no longer accept a cent of ,jeannette's inheritance1 which will one day be ,isidore's4 ,good1 said ,solange4 ,but wait another moment4 ,all this is still in the future1 since you can only be drawn next year2 so put that aside4 ,i will only say that you have spoken like a good-hearted fellow1 for which ,i don't compliment you1 as ,i knew you were that before4 ,but1 to return to what we were speaking of1 why do you think you will be scorned by ,jeannette8 ,come1 now1 tell me all4 ,you love the little thing8 and 444 more than a brother loves a sister8 ,ah6 cried ,jeannet1 hiding his face1 which he felt crimsoning1 like a young girl surprised1 you drag the last secret from my heart4 ,yes1 ,i love her1 ,i love her to madness1 and that adds to the bitterness of my despair4 ,may ,god pardon me6 ,i have already confessed it1 but with my great sorrow is mingled a wicked sentiment4 ,solange6 ,i am jealous2 ,i know it well4 ,what can you expect8 ,i was so before ,i knew it1 and ,i cannot drive it from me4 ,did ,i ever feel that she was not my sister8 ,no1 not once until the day that there was question of her marriage2 and yet1 added he clasping his hands1 ,god1 who hears me1 knows that if she had chosen one worthy of her1 ,i would have had the strength to conquer it for the sake of her happiness4 ,but so many misfortunes have made me what ,i am1 and--what ,i only avow to you--incapable of surmounting my jealousy and dislike4 ,while he spoke thus1 beautiful ,solange smiled1 not like a scornful woman1 who has no pity for feelings to which she is insensible1 but like a mother who is sure of consoling her sick child4 ,her clear1 tranquil eyes rested upon ,jean-,louis1 who gradually raised his1 that he might look at her in his turn2 for everything about this girl of twenty years was so gentle and calm1 and at the same time so good1 one always expected to receive consolation from her4 ,you wish to scold me8 said ,jean-,louis4 ,if so1 do it without fear1 if you think ,i am in fault4 ,not at all1 she replied2 there is nothing wrong in what you have confided to me1 ,jeannet4 ,i pity you with my whole heart1 only ,i scarcely understand you4 ,why so1 ,solange8 ,you are1 however1 very kind1 and certainly have a heart4 ,i hope so1 said she2 but when a creature is loved so dearly1 she should be esteemed in every respect4 ,don't ,i esteem ,jeannette8 ,o ,solange6 why do you say that8 ,but ,i only repeat what you first said1 my child1 she replied in her maternal tone1 which was very sweet in that young mouth4 ,you think her capable of despising you1 and imagine that she will disdain you when she learns the misfortune of your birth2 therefore1 you do not esteem her1 and so1 ,i repeat1 ,i can't understand such great affection4 ,you can reason very coolly about it1 said ,jeannet2 but if your soul were troubled like mine1 you would not see so clearly to the bottom of things4 ,it is precisely because you are so troubled that the good ,god permits this conversation to-night1 she replied4 ,let me tell you now why ,i still hope4 ,jeannette at this moment sins by the head1 but her heart is untouched2 and here is the proof3 the secret you so dread her knowing she has known as well as either of us for more than three months4 ,have you seen any change in her manner8 ,oh6 is it possible8 cried ,jeannet4 ,and who told her8 ,i myself1 answered ,solange4 ,she had heard at the chteau some words dropped by ,dame ,berthe1 which excited her curiosity4 ,after her sickness1 when ,i went to stay with her1 she one day asked an explanation of her doubts2 and as ,i feared1 if she questioned others1 she would not be properly answered1 ,i told her all4 ,you did right2 and what was her reply8 ,she threw herself in my arms1 and thanked me1 said ,solange4 ,for more than an hour she spoke of her great affection for you1 which time had augmented instead of diminishing4 ,she wept for your misfortune1 and thanked ,god that her parents had acted so well1 as by that act they had given her a brother2 and never did ,i see her so gentle1 tender1 and kind4 ,she made me promise ,i would never tell you that she knew your secret2 but the poor child did not then foresee the necessity that compels me to speak to-night on account of your wicked thoughts4 ,dear1 dear ,jeannette6 said ,jean-,louis1 with tears in his eyes4 ,i have heard lately1 continued ,solange1 that she came near sending off ,isidore1 because he presumed1 thinking she knew nothing1 to make some allusion to the subject4 ,she declared that she considered you her brother1 and those who wished to be friends of hers must think the same4 ,say no more1 said ,jeannet4 ,i will love her more than ever4 ,no1 replied she1 it is useless4 ,only don't despair4 ,take courage1 for there is always hope when the heart is good2 and the moment this poor child1 who is now acting without reflection1 will know she should despise ,isidore1 she will dismiss him and drive him away as she would a dangerous animal4 ,but will she ever know it8 said ,jean-,louis4 ,hope in ,god1 replied the pious girl4 ,has he ever yet abandoned you8 ,beg him to make me as confident as you1 said he1 looking at her with admiration4 ,what good you do me6 ,how can ,i repay you1 ,solange1 for such kind words8 ,perhaps1 said she seriously--perhaps1 one day1 ,i may ask you to do me a great service4 ,really6 ,let me know it now4 ,i will be so happy to serve you4 ,yes8 ,well1 then1 ,i will1 replied ,solange1 after a moment's hesitation4 ,you have laid bare your heart to me2 ,i will return your confidence4 ,jean-,louis1 ,i also have a secret love in my soul1 and ,i will die if ,i do not obtain what ,i desire4 ,you6 said ,jeannet1 astonished2 you1 dear ,solange6 ,i always thought you so quiet and so happy in your life4 ,it is true1 said she1 sighing4 ,i look so1 because ,i cannot let people see what they could not understand4 ,but with you1 ,jean-,louis1 it is different2 ,i can tell you everything4 ,i hope1 at least1 said ,jeannet1 smiling1 that he whom you love is worthy of your esteem4 ,oh6 yes1 she replied1 crossing her arms on her breast1 while her pale1 beautiful face crimsoned with fervor--oh6 yes1 for he whom ,i love is the ,lord our ,god4 ,i wish to be a ,sister of ,charity1 ,jeannet1 and until then there will be no happiness on earth for me4 ,jean-,louis for a moment was dumb with surprise at this avowal2 then he knelt before her1 and kissed her hands4 ,i might have suspected it1 said he1 much moved2 you were not made to live the ordinary life of the world4 ,god bless you1 dear ,solange1 and may his holy angels accompany you6 ,but what can ,i do to aid you in your holy wishes8 ,much1 she replied2 you can inform my parents1 and afterwards console them2 reason with ,pierre1 who will be half crazy when he hears of my departure2 and perhaps you can even accompany me to ,paris1 for ,i am afraid to go alone4 ,i have never been away from home1 and ,i would not dare venture on that long journey4 ,but1 dear ,solange1 you will need a great deal of money for that4 ,oh6 said she1 laughing1 do you think me a child8 ,for two years ,i have deprived myself of everything1 and ,i have more than enough4 ,see1 she added1 opening a little box1 which she kept hidden under a plaster statue of the ,blessed ,virgin1 which stood near her bed4 ,count6 ,three hundred francs6 said ,jeannet1 after having counted2 and ten1 and twenty1 and thirty more--three hundred and sixty1 besides the change4 ,there are nearly four hundred francs4 ,there will be when ,i am paid for what ,i am now embroidering1 said she4 ,is that enough8 ,ten times too much1 replied ,jeannet4 ,poor dear ,solange6 what happiness to think that ,i shall see you until the last moment6 ,and afterwards again1 said she gaily2 the white cornets are made to go over the world4 ,we will meet again1 don't fear6 ,it is truly said that example is better than precept4 ,jean-,louis became a man again before that beautiful and pious girl1 so brave and so good4 ,his heart was comforted1 his soul strengthened4 ,he would have blushed now to weep about his sorrows1 when ,solange was about to sacrifice her whole life to the sorrows of others4 ,she commenced to play her part of ,sister of ,charity with him1 and ,god doubtless already blessed her2 for never did balm poured into a wound produce a more instant effect4 ,they finished their little arrangements just as the ,luguets returned home4 ,pierre was rather gay1 as he could not go to the fair without drinking with his friends2 and when a man's ordinary drink is water colored with the skins of grapes1 half a pint is enough to make him feel jolly4 ,therefore1 when he found ,solange and ,jeannet in conversation1 looking rather more serious than usual1 he commenced to look very wise1 whistled1 winking from one to the other1 to let them know he understood what was going on4 ,jean-,louis was seated near the fire1 and pondered over the mutual confidences made that evening4 ,he paid little attention to ,pierre's manuvres2 but ,solange saw them1 and1 while laying the cloth for supper1 begged her brother to explain1 in good ,french what was on his mind4 ,yes1 yes1 my pretty one6 said he1 trying to put his arm around her waist1 something which she did not permit even in him2 we know something about you4 ,nothing very bad1 she replied1 laughing2 here ,i am before you in flesh and blood1 and you see ,i am not at all sick4 ,don't be so sly1 he answered2 this is not the time4 ,we returned from the fair with lots of acquaintances1 and every one told us you were going to be married1 and that your bans would be published next ,sunday4 ,it is rather too soon1 said ,solange quietly2 the consent of the parents will be needed1 and ,i don't know yet whether it will be given4 ,and to whom shall ,i be married8 ,those people who are so well informed should have told you that4 ,thereupon ,pierre1 without answering1 struck ,jean-,louis on the shoulder4 ,look up1 sleepy-head6 cried he in his ear4 ,can you tell me who is going to marry my sister ,solange8 ,who8 ,what8 answered ,jeannet1 like one coming out of a dream4 ,what are you talking about8 ,i say that you and ,solange can keep a secret famously1 said he1 rather spitefully4 ,it is well to keep it secret1 when you are only thinking of marriage1 and ,i don't object to your first arranging it between yourselves2 but now that everybody knows it except us1 it is rather provoking for the family4 ,you are crazy1 said ,jean-,louis4 ,a big baby1 at least1 said ,solange1 shrugging her shoulders4 ,all very well1 said ,pierre2 we know what we know4 ,we say nothing further4 ,when you choose to speak of your affairs1 well1 we will be ready to listen to you4 ,jeannet was about to reply1 but ,luguet and his wife1 who all this while had been in the barn1 giving a look at the cattle1 to see that all was safe for the night1 re-entered the room1 and ,solange motioned to ,jean-,louis not to continue such a useless conversation before her parents4 ,but whether ,pierre was more obstinate than usual that night on account of the wine in his head1 or whether his great friendship for ,jeannet inflamed his desire for the alliance1 certain it is he would not give up his belief in the approaching marriage1 and continued throughout supper to make jokes and clack his wooden shoes underneath the table2 in fact1 he acted like a boy who is sure of his facts and loves to torment people4 ,jean-,louis several times was on the point of telling him to be quiet1 but ,solange1 with her gentle smiles1 always prevented him4 ,you can well perceive this confirmed ,pierre in his belief that they understood each other1 as honest lovers have the right to do2 so that1 if he was a little doubtful on his return from the fair1 he was no longer so at the end of the supper1 and went to bed so firmly persuaded that he would soon have ,jeannet for brother-in-law1 they could easier have cut off his right hand than make him believe to the contrary4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,epigram4 ,,to ,,domitian1 ,,concerning ,s4 ,,john1 ,,commanded ,,to ,,be ,,cast ,,into ,a ,,caldron ,,of ,,burning ,,oil4 ,thou go unpunish'd8 ,that shall never be1 ,since thou hast dar'd to mock the gods and me4 ,burn him in oil6--,the lictor oil prepares3 ,behold the saint anointed unawares6 ,with such elusive virtue was the oil fraught6 ,such aid thy olive-loving ,pallas brought6#aih --,,crashaw4 ,,footnotes3 #aih ,the allusion is to wrestlers anointing themselves to prevent their adversaries grasping them4 ,,nano ,,nagle3 ,,foundress ,,of ,,the ,,presentation ,,order4 ,there is no fact more apparent or more full of significance in the history of the church than the constant acting and reacting upon each other of races and nations in the perpetual struggle between civilization and religion with barbarism and infidelity1 light with darkness4 ,while the faith seems dimmed and its professors the victims of persecution in one land1 in another the torch of learning and piety is slowly but surely kindling into brilliancy1 and the ardor of apostolic zeal is being awakened1 even by the supineness and apostasy of its neighbors4 ,that this should be permitted or ordained by divine ,providence is a mystery to all1 but its effects can easily be perceived by any ordinary student of history4 ,for proof of this mutation and transition we need not go beyond our own day and generation4 ,europe of the ,x,i,xth century presents a spectacle1 if not alarming1 at least discouraging to many who have the cause of ,christianity sincerely at heart4 ,in one country we perceive a direct attack on the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 wholesale spoliation of his temporal possessions1 restriction of his personal liberty1 and a general onslaught on the religious orders--those most efficient agents for the propagation of morality1 charity1 and intelligence--which surround him--and that1 too1 by a prince of ,catholic origin and education1 who claims the right to govern twenty millions of subjects4 ,in another we have a stolid1 sordid imperator1 instigated by a more intellectual but not less arbitrary minister1 not only claiming complete dominion over the lives and property of twice that number1 but assuming also the right to dictate the terms upon which they shall worship their ,maker1 what shall be their faith1 and who may be their teachers and guides in the way of salvation4 ,again1 in such countries as ,austria1 ,france1 ,spain1 and ,belgium1 until very recently considered the bulwarks of ,catholicity on the ,continent1 indifferentism1 communism1 and open infidelity1 if not yet triumphant1 have certainly of late made rapid strides towards power and authority1 and to the human eye seriously threaten the very existence of society1 of all order and all law1 human and divine1 in those distracted nations4 ,and still1 a prospect such as ,europe now presents1 though seemingly gloomy1 is actually full of hope and promise4 ,while the hitherto supine ,catholics of the ,italian peninsula are being aroused into earnestness by the outrages daily perpetrated on the ,holy ,father and the religious orders1 and their co-religionists of ,germany are forming themselves into a solid1 compact1 and energetic array in defence of their rights1 elsewhere the cause of the church is progressing with a rapidity and uniformity that equally astonishes and alarms her enemies4 ,take our own republic1 for example1 with its seven archbishops1 its forty-nine bishops1 thousands of priests1 and millions of earnest and obedient spiritual children1 where a century ago a priest was an object of curiosity to most of the people1 and a ,catholic was generally regarded with less favor than is now shown the ,chinese idolaters4 ,now1 what has wrought this change2 what has scattered broadcast over this vast continent1 and engrafted in the heart of our vigorous young republic the doctrines of the church1 but the persecutions which our co-religionists have endured and are still enduring1 in the ,old ,world8 ,to the irreligious maniacs of the ,french ,revolution1 to the penal code of ,great ,britain1 and now to the mendacity of ,victor ,emanuel and the truculent tyranny of ,bismarck1 are we mainly indebted1 under ,providence1 for the origin1 growth1 and increase of ,catholicity among us4 ,like a subterranean fire1 the spirit of the church can never be repressed4 ,subdued in one place1 it will burst forth in another with redoubled force1 intensified by the very attempts made to confine it4 ,then let us look at ,england--,england which among the nations was the land of the ,reformation2 who not only stoned the prophets1 but whose annals for nearly three centuries are the most anti-,catholic and intolerant to be found in the records of modern history4 ,she1 also1 as in the early ages of her conversion1 felt the effect of continental barbarism and persecution4 ,at the very time when the faith seemed to have been utterly extirpated within her boundaries1 the ,french ,revolution drove to her shores many ,catholics1 lay and clerical1 of gentle birth1 cultivated manners1 and varied accomplishments1 and to those exiles does she owe primarily the revival in her bosom of the religion planted by ,s4 ,augustine4 ,she has now sixteen archbishops and bishops1 sixteen hundred priests1 over one thousand places of worship1 where assemble large congregations1 including many of the most eminent and distinguished of her sons4 ,the ,catholics of ,ireland1 always true to the faith and loyal to the head of the church1 were common sufferers with their co-religionists across the ,channel1 and1 though in a different manner and at an earlier period1 they were equally the gainers with those of ,england1 and from causes almost similar4 ,the property of that cruelly tried people was not only confiscated by the penal laws1 their clergy outlawed1 and their persons subjected to all sorts of pains and penalties1 but they were denied the poor privilege of acquiring the principles of the commonest education4 ,the consequences of such persecution1 continued generation after generation1 were what might have been1 and no doubt was1 expected to be--that the people1 persistently refusing to yield to cajolery or threats in matters of conscience1 within two centuries after the ,reformation had almost universally sunk into abject poverty and secular ignorance4 ,in fact1 had it not been for their traditional knowledge of the great truths of religion1 and the instruction sometimes stealthily given them by some fugitive priest in remote mountains and the fastnesses of the bogs1 they must inevitably have degenerated into something like primitive barbarism4 ,however1 such an anomalous state as this could not last for ever4 ,all ,christendom was about to cry out against it1 and an incident occurred in #agde1 under the administration of the celebrated ,lord ,chesterfield1 which awakened at home general attention to the wretched manner in which four-fifths of the inhabitants of the country were obliged to worship their ,creator4 ,it happened that in that year a small congregation was assembled secretly in an old store1 in an obscure part of ,dublin1 to hear ,mass1 when the floor gave way1 and the entire body was precipitated to the ground below4 ,f4 ,fitzgerald1 the celebrant1 and nine of his parishioners1 were killed1 and several others severely injured4 ,the viceroy1 who1 whatever may have been his other faults1 was certainly less bigoted than his predecessors1 thereupon took the responsibility of allowing the ,catholics1 under certain restrictions1 to open their chapels1 and worship in public4 ,this limited concession was the commencement of a new era in the affairs of the ,irish ,catholics4 ,the number of priests began to increase2 churches1 rude and small of necessity1 sprang up here and there1 generally in secluded localities1 as if afraid to show themselves2 and incipient efforts for the education of the masses of both sexes were soon noticed4 ,in this latter great work of benevolence the most zealous and efficient was the lady whose name heads this article4 ,she seems to have been endowed by ,providence with all the gifts1 mental and moral1 necessary to constitute her the pioneer of that host of noble women who1 since her time to the present1 have devoted themselves to the education and training of the females of ,ireland4 ,born of an ancient and thoroughly ,catholic family of considerable wealth and wide popular influence1 she grew up amid home scenes of comfort1 peace1 and charity1 a devout believer in the sanctity of religion1 and in perfect accord with the instructions of indulgent but watchful parents4 ,the position her father held among his poorer and less fortunate neighbors1 his charity to the needy1 and his protection to the helpless1 afforded her1 even in her extreme youth1 many opportunities of studying the wants of the distressed1 and of sympathizing with their afflictions3 principles which1 then perhaps nourished in her heart unconsciously1 were in after-years destined to grow and fructify into those nobler deeds of charity that have made her memory so cherished and revered4 ,honora1 or1 as her friends and beneficiaries loved to call her1 ,nano ,nagle1 was the daughter of a gentleman named ,garret ,nagle1 of ,ballygriffin1 near ,mallow1 in the county of ,cork1 where she was born ,a4,d4 #agbh4 ,through both parents she was related1 not only to many of the old ,catholic houses1 but to several of the most influential ,protestant families in the ,south2 which is only worthy of remark as furnishing a clew to the fact of her parents' wealth and social standing in times when those of the proscribed religion were not only disqualified from accumulating or holding property in their own right1 but were personally objects of contempt and contumely to the dominant class4 ,it may also1 perhaps1 account for the impunity with which ,mr4 ,nagle1 despite the numerous statutory enactments1 was enabled to send his favorite child to the ,continent to complete an education the rudiments only of which could be obtained in the privacy of her family4 ,accordingly1 at an early age1 ,nano quitted her pleasant and cheerful home by the ,blackwater for the retirement and austerity of a convent on the banks of the ,seine1 in which institution she acquired all the accomplishments and graces then considered befitting a young lady of position4 ,having entered school a mere girl from a remote part of a semi-civilized country1 untutored1 undeveloped1 and1 it is even said1 a little petulant and self-willed1 she now1 at her twenty-first year1 emerged from the shadow of the convent walls into the sunshine of ,parisian life1 an educated1 beautiful1 and self-sustained woman4 ,her family had many friends in the ,french capital1 particularly in the households of the ,irish ,brigade officers and other ,catholic exiles1 and her entrance into the best society was unimpeded1 and was even signalized by rare scenes of festivity and mutual gratification4 ,her native navet and buoyancy of spirits1 tempered with all the well-bred courtesy and dignity of a ,french education under the old rgime1 made her a general favorite2 and though it does not appear that she was in the least spoiled by the admiration and adulation that everywhere awaited her1 there is little doubt that she participated in the fashionable dissipations of the gay capital with all the ardor and impetuosity latent in her disposition4 ,admitted to such scenes1 it is little wonder that for a time she forgot the land of her birth1 its persecutions and tribulations1 its degraded peasantry and timid and degenerate aristocracy4 ,one so young and so capable of appreciating the refinements and elegancies of the most cultured city in ,europe1 might well have been excused if she found it difficult to exchange them for the obscurity and monotony of a remote provincial town4 ,but the spell which at this time bound her was soon to be broken4 ,the still1 small voice of duty and conscience was soon to find a tongue and speak to her soul with the force almost of inspiration4 ,the circumstances of this radical change in her life are thus graphically described in a very valuable book recently published3 ,in the small1 early hours of a spring morning of the year #agej1 a heavy1 lumbering carriage rolled over the uneven pavement of the quartier ,saint ,germain of the ,french capital1 awakening the echoes of the still sleeping city4 ,the beams of the rising sun had not yet struggled over the horizon to light up the spires and towers and lofty housetops1 but the cold1 gray dawn was far advanced4 ,the occupants of the carriage were an ,irish young lady of two-and twenty1 and her chaperon1 a ,french lady1 both fatigued and listlessly reclining in their respective corners4 ,they had lately formed part of a gay and glittering crowd in one of the most fashionable ,parisian salons4 ,as they moved onward1 each communing with her own thoughts1 in all probability reverting to the brilliant scene they had just left1 and anticipating the recurrence of many more such1 the young lady's attention was suddenly attracted by a crowd of poor people standing at the yet unopened door of a parish church4 ,they were work-people1 waiting for admission by the porter1 in order to hear ,mass before they entered on their day's work4 ,the young lady was forcibly struck4 ,she reflected on the hard lot of those children of toil1 their meagre fare1 their wretched dwellings1 their scanty clothing1 their constant struggle to preserve themselves and their families even in this humble position--a struggle in many a case unavailing2 for sickness1 or interruption of employment1 or one of the many other casualties incidental to their state1 might any day sink them still deeper in penury4 ,she reflected seriously on all this2 and then she dwelt on their simple faith1 their humble piety1 their thus 'preventing the day to worship ,god4' ,she contrasted their lives with those of the gay votaries of fashion and pleasure1 of whom she was one4 ,she felt dissatisfied with herself1 and asked her own heart1 ,might she not be more profitably employed8 ,her thoughts next naturally reverted to her native land1 then groaning under the weight of persecution for conscience' sake--its religion proscribed1 its altars overturned1 its sanctuaries desolate1 its children denied1 under grievous penalties1 the blessings of free education4 ,she felt at once that there was a great mission to be fulfilled1 and that1 with ,god's blessing1 she might do something towards its fulfilment4 ,for a long time she dwelt earnestly on what we may now regard as an inspiration from heaven4 ,she frequently commended the matter to ,god1 and took the advice of pious and learned ecclesiastics2 and the result was that great work which has ever been since1 and is in our day1 a source of benediction and happiness to countless thousands of poor families in her native land1 and has made the name of ,nano ,nagle worthy of a high place on the roll of the heroines of charity4#aii ,miss ,nagle then set out for ,ireland1 firmly determined to commence the noble work so suddenly contemplated and so maturely considered2 but on her arrival in ,cork1 she found her friends exceedingly lukewarm1 and the amount of ignorance and destitution in that city so appalling that she shrank from the very magnitude of the difficulties to be overcome1 and began to fear that she had1 in a moment of enthusiasm1 overrated her ability and mistaken her vocation4 ,this was natural4 ,what could a young lady1 scarcely entered on womanhood1 delicately nurtured1 and hitherto accustomed only to the society of the most fastidious--what could such a frail scion of aristocracy do to remove even an infinitesimal part of the incubus of poverty1 ignorance1 and crime1 the result of centuries of misgovernment1 which then weighed so heavily on the people8 ,she therefore resolved to visit the ,french capital again to consult eminent clerical friends1 and to lay before them all her doubts and difficulties4 ,they heard her explanations and arguments with attention1 weighed her objections with proper gravity1 and finally1 having dispelled her doubts and strengthened her self-confidence1 assured her that in their opinion--and it was a unanimous one--,god had evidently called her to be the succor and comfort of her afflicted countrywomen--a decision which subsequent events proved to have been little short of prophetic4 ,thus reassured1 and casting aside once for all the allurements of life1 the rational pleasures which youth1 beauty1 and wealth might reasonably command1 ,miss ,nagle resolved to eschew the things of the world for ever1 and devote herself heart and soul to the self-imposed duties from the performance of which she had lately shrunk1 more from a consciousness of the weakness of her position than from any lack of intention to perform them faithfully4 ,the resolve she so solemnly made then she kept till the day of her death1 thirty years afterwards1 with unflinching fortitude and fidelity4 ,in #aged we find her back in ,cork1 steadily but quietly1 almost secretly1 as the spirit of the times demanded1 initiating her crusade against squalor and ignorance4 ,with what precocious circumspection she commenced her labors is best shown in a letter to a friend1 ,miss ,fitzsimmons1 then in the ,ursuline ,convent at ,paris4 ,the extract is long1 but it will repay perusal1 as it may be considered an exact reflex of the working of her strong1 simple1 but thoroughly earnest mind4 ,she writes under date ,july #ag1 #agfi3 ,when ,i arrived1 ,i kept my design a profound secret1 as ,i knew1 if it were spoken of1 ,i should meet with opposition on every side1 particularly from my own immediate family2 as1 to all appearances1 they would suffer from it4 ,my confessor was the only person ,i told of it2 and as ,i could not appear in the affair1 ,i sent my maid to get a good mistress1 and to take in thirty poor girls4 ,when the little school was settled1 ,i used to steal there in the morning4 ,my brother thought ,i was in the chapel4 ,this passed on very well until1 one day1 a poor man came to him1 to speak to me to take his child into my school2 on which he came in to his wife and me1 laughing at the conceit of a man who was mad and thought ,i was in the situation of a schoolmistress4 ,then ,i owned that ,i had set up a school2 on which he fell into a violent passion1 and said a vast deal on the bad consequences that may follow4 ,his wife is very zealous1 and so is he2 but worldly interests blinded him at first4 ,he was soon reconciled to it4 ,he was not the person ,i most dreaded would be brought into trouble about it2 it was my uncle ,nagle1 who is1 ,i think1 the most disliked by the ,protestants of any ,catholic in the kingdom4 ,i expected a great deal from him4 ,the best part of my fortune ,i have received from him4 ,when he heard it1 he was not at all angry at it2 and in a little time they were so good as to contribute largely to support it4 ,and ,i took in children by degrees1 not to make any noise about it in the beginning4 ,in about nine months ,i had about two hundred children4 ,when the ,catholics saw what service it did1 they begged that1 for the convenience of the children1 ,i would set up schools for children at the other end of the town from where ,i was1 to be under my care and direction2 and they promised to contribute to the support of them4 ,with this request ,i readily complied1 and the same number of children that ,i had were taken in2 and at the death of my uncle1 ,i supported them all at my own expense4 ,i did not intend to take boys1 but my sister-in-law made it a point1 and said she would not allow any of my family to contribute to them unless ,i did so2 on which ,i got a master1 and took in only forty boys4 ,they are in a house by themselves1 and have no communication with the others4 ,this letter1 it will be observed1 was written fifteen years after the first school was founded1 and already there were in active operation1 in various parts of the city1 two schools for boys and five for girls1 all under the supervision of ,miss ,nagle1 and supported from her private purse1 or by a contribution of one shilling per month1 which she was in the habit of collecting from a few of the more wealthy of the citizens4 ,in these nurseries of intelligence and morality--model schools1 in fact--the children of both sexes were taught to read and write1 to say their daily prayers1 learn the catechism1 and1 in the case of the older girls1 to acquire a familiarity with such useful work as befitted their condition4 ,those who were of sufficient age heard ,mass every morning1 went to confession monthly1 and to communion as frequently as their confessor considered advisable4 ,in supervising so many schools1 and constantly instructing hundreds of pupils1 whose moral as well as mental culture had been neglected hitherto most wofully1 this heroic woman's self-imposed labors1 it may well be imagined1 were of the most arduous description1 and we are not surprised to find that her health began to show signs of giving way4 ,in the beginning1 she says1 being obliged to speak for upwards of four hours1 and my chest not being so strong as it had been1 ,i spat blood1 which ,i took care to conceal1 for fear of being prevented from instructing the poor4 ,it has not the least bad effect now4 ,when ,i have done preparing them at each end of the town1 ,i feel like an idler that has nothing to do1 though ,i speak almost as much as when ,i prepare them for their first communion4 ,i find not the least difficulty in it4 ,i explain the catechism as well as ,i can in one school or other every day2 and if every one thought as little of labor as ,i do1 they would have little merit4 ,i often think that my schools will never bring me to heaven1 as ,i only take delight and pleasure in them4 ,you see it has pleased the ,almighty to make me succeed when ,i had everything1 ,i may say1 to fight against4 ,i assure you ,i did not expect a farthing from any mortal towards the support of my schools2 and ,i thought ,i should not have more than fifty or sixty girls until ,i got a fortune2 nor did ,i think ,i should in ,cork4 ,i began in a poor1 humble manner2 and though it has pleased the divine will to give me severe trials in this foundation1 yet it is to show that it is his work1 and has not been effected by human means4 ,i can assure you that my schools are beginning to be of service to a great many parts of the world4 ,this is a place of great trade4 ,they are heard of2 and my views are not for one object alone4 ,the fortune here so delicately alluded to was left her by her uncle ,nagle1 who1 profoundly penetrated with a sense of her discretion and of her devotion to the friendless1 bequeathed her the bulk of his property4 ,it was a very considerable sum1 and was unstintingly devoted by her to further the great objects she had ever in view4 ,as her schools multiplied1 and the attendance on each increased1 with a rapidity that astonished every one1 ,miss ,nagle saw the absolute necessity of calling in other and1 if possible1 organized assistance1 that thus1 by making her system more perfect1 she might perpetuate the good work already so auspiciously begun4 ,she therefore resolved on a bold measure--one that could have entered only the mind of a dauntless spirit1 fortified by implicit faith in the protection of ,providence4 ,she determined1 in fact1 despite the many inhuman and ingenious penal statutes against monastic institutions1 to establish a convent in ,cork4 ,for this purpose1 some time previous to the date of the above letter1 four young ladies1 representing some of the best families in the neighborhood1 were sent to the ,ursuline ,convent of ,s4 ,jacques1 in ,paris1 to enter their novitiate1 while ,miss ,nagle1 with her usual generosity and prudence1 set silently to work to build a suitable house for their reception on their return4 ,that event took place in #agga1 and marks a new era in the history of the church in ,ireland and ,england4 ,the young novices who thus not only abandoned the allurements of the world1 home1 friends1 and future1 to serve ,god1 but braved the terrors of the penal laws and the sneers of the anti-,catholic rabble1 deserve to have their names handed down for the admiration and homage of their sex in every age and clime4 ,they were ,miss ,fitzsimmons1 the special friend and correspondent of the foundress2 ,miss ,nagle1 her relative2 ,miss ,coppinger1 of the ,barryscourt family1 and cousin of ,marian1 ,duchess of ,norfolk2 and ,miss ,kavanagh1 related to the noble house of ,ormonde4 ,they were accompanied by ,mrs4 ,margaret ,kelly1 a professed sister of the ,ursuline ,convent of ,dieppe1 none of the sisters of ,s4 ,jacques being willing to undertake so hazardous an enterprise4 ,they arrived in ,may1 and on the #ahth of ,september following took formal possession of their convent1 and from that day may be dated the reintroduction of the conventual order into the ,united ,kingdom of ,great ,britain and ,ireland4#bjj ,thus in the wise designs of ,god1 while the ,encyclopedists and the secret societies of the ,continent were maturing their plans of attack on the church and her institutions1 when monasteries1 convents1 colleges1 and hospitals from one end of ,europe to the other1 already feeling the premonitory symptoms of that monstrous earthquake of immorality and infidelity which was soon to be felt throughout ,christendom1 were shaking to their very foundations1 in an obscure little city in the ,south of ,ireland were planted the seeds of religion and ,christian instruction which have since grown up and produced such marvellous fruits4 ,the incident becomes even more interesting when we consider that the five ladies who commenced this beneficent work were all educated in that country and city1 which ere long were to furnish the deadliest enemies of ,catholicity4 ,it is not to be supposed that so daring an act as that of the intrepid ,nano could pass unnoticed4 ,though the sisters studied the greatest seclusion1 it was at one time proposed by the local authorities to enforce the laws against them2 but better counsels prevailed1 and the humble community grew rapidly in popularity and usefulness4 ,a few months after its establishment1 a select school1 with twelve young ladies as pupils1 was founded1 and this number was quickly augmented by children from the more wealthy ,catholic families of the adjoining counties4 ,there are now five houses of this order in ,ireland4 ,at first ,miss ,nagle lived in the convent2 but her impatient soul1 her burning love for the children of the lowly1 was not yet satisfied2 for though the good ,ursulines devoted all their available time to the instruction of the poor1 while perfecting in the higher branches of education those destined in turn to become teachers1 she felt that another and a more comprehensive organization was necessary to combat so vast an array of popular error1 ignorance1 and destitution4 ,a society that would devote itself1 as she had so long done1 individually1 exclusively1 and gratuitously to the service of the impoverished and untrained masses was what she desired1 and what she felt called upon to form and direct4 ,with that indomitable energy which ,i ever characterized her1 though enfeebled in health1 reduced in fortune1 and prematurely old from incessant labor1 at the age of forty-four she retired from the companionship of her friends and protgs1 the ,ursulines1 to a house adjacent to the convent1 purchased by herself1 and1 gathering around her some pious women1 formed a society that was to be known as ,of the ,presentation of ,our ,blessed ,lady in the ,temple4 ,the objects of this association were3 ,going through the city1 looking after poor girls2 inducing them to attend school1 and instructing them in their religion2 and1 further1 visiting1 relieving1 and consoling the sick poor in their own homes and in the public hospitals--duties analogous to those now discharged by the ,sisters of ,charity and ,sisters of ,mercy4#bja ,being approved by the bishop of the diocese1 the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,moylan1 it began its pious labors on ,christmas day1 ,a4,d4 #aggg1 by entertaining at dinner fifty poor persons1 the foundress being the presiding genius1 or rather angel1 of the entertainment4 ,she also established1 in connection with the home1 an asylum for aged females4 ,this was the origin of what is now known as the ,presentation ,order1 and was the last and crowning glory of ,nano ,nagle's remarkable career4 ,though of exclusively ,irish origin1 and notwithstanding that the original design of its foundress has been somewhat changed1 and its field of labor circumscribed and partly occupied by other orders or congregations1 the institution founded by her with such limited means and materials has1 with ,god's blessing1 flourished with amazing rapidity1 and has spread its influence1 not only over the native land of the foundress1 but to ,great ,britain1 the lower provinces of ,north ,america1 and even to ,india and ,australia4 ,in ,ireland alone there are at least fifty convents of the order1 with poor schools1 industrial schools1 and asylums for the aged attached4#bjb ,in #agia the society was reorganized and founded into a congregation at the request of the ,bishop of ,cork4 ,the brief of ,pope ,pius ,,vi4 granting the prayer1 directed that the members should observe as near as possible the rules governing the ,ursulines1 taking1 after proper novitiate1 simple vows of chastity1 poverty1 and obedience4 ,sixteen years later the congregation was changed into an order by brief of ,pius ,,vii41 under the title and invocation of the ,presentation of the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary4 ,the rules and constitutions governing the congregation and order were1 at the request of ,his ,holiness1 drawn up by ,dr4 ,moylan1 approved by the archbishops and bishops of ,ireland1 and upon being forwarded to ,rome1 and upon proper examination1 received the ,papal sanction4 ,the six or seven years spent by ,miss ,nagle as head of the ,society of the ,presentation were perhaps the most useful of her life2 for not only did she create and perfect a plan of practical instruction and discriminating charity which has since been of infinite benefit in promoting the cause of religion and industry in other parts of ,ireland2 not only did she inculcate in others who were to survive her1 principles of order1 charity1 and self-denial1 but she organized a system of relief and a scheme of instruction which were of infinite benefit to the deserving poor of ,cork1 and which were afterwards applied with equal advantage by other religious bodies in other cities and towns4 ,none knew so well as she did to whom to give and whom to refuse1 though it may be well imagined that her gentle heart1 when it erred1 leaned in favor of the latter4 ,nor must we suppose that the early years of what might be called her missionary labors were devoted exclusively to the instruction of her little waifs4 ,on the contrary1 much of her time--all1 in fact1 that could be spared from her private devotions and her beloved schools--was devoted to the visitation of the sick and the relief of the starving2 for starvation1 be it remembered1 was even then chronic in the ,south of ,ireland4 ,on her return from ,france1 she at first mingled occasionally in society1 as much to conceal1 perhaps1 her immature plans as in deference to the wishes of her friends2 but gradually she withdrew from all association with those of her own station1 and devoted her entire time to acts of practical charity4 ,even the most inclement winter weather could not deter her from her duty2 and it is said that before daylight she might be noticed wending her way to the little ,north ,cork chapel1 to hear ,mass as the commencement of a long day's labor1 and that far into the night1 in the unlighted streets of ,cork1 a female figure1 closely enwrapped in a cloak and bearing a lantern1 could be seen hurrying to the death-bed of some poor sufferer1 regardless of rain or snow or the cutting night-blast4 ,so familiar had this apparition become to the citizens1 and so well her errands of mercy were known1 that the vilest of both sexes passed her with respect1 and she trod the lanes and alleys of the worst parts of the city with perfect safety4 ,at the sight of that little lantern in the distance1 the drunken brawler1 as he reeled home1 ceased his ribald song or stayed the half-uttered oath2 and the ill-starred wanderer1 the pariah of her sex1 fled to some hiding-place1 or came forth for a few words of gentle admonition1 which fell like healing balm on her wounded1 sinful soul2 for ,nano ,nagle1 in humble imitation of her ,redeemer1 had charity for all1 even for the most degraded of mankind4 ,it is unnecessary to say that1 in all her toils and struggles1 ,miss ,nagle enjoyed the respect and esteem1 and1 when required1 the assistance1 of all the more wealthy and respectable of the citizens of ,cork1 ,protestant as well as ,catholic2 but it was amid her children and in the hovels of the poor that she was best beloved1 because best known4 ,where famine hollowed the cheek and glazed the eye1 she was to be found1 with her brave words of comfort and hope1 and1 better still1 with her well-filled basket and open purse2 where sickness and disease lurked1 and the atmosphere of the miserable dwellings of the fever-stricken was laden with almost certain death1 her place was at the bedside of the dying1 consoling and solacing2 now administering the cooling draught to the poor patient's burning lips2 now1 by prayer and spiritual instruction1 endeavoring to smooth the path to a better world of the soul that was struggling to be free4 ,no danger daunted her1 no sight1 however repulsive1 stayed her persistent charity2 and it is even said that the once brilliant and accomplished favorite of the ,rue ,st4 ,germain did not hesitate1 when she considered herself called upon to do so1 to perform the most menial of domestic offices for her sick or aged pensioners4 ,thirty years of such unremitting labor was more than a constitution of ordinary strength could well bear2 and even ,miss ,nagle1 buoyed up as she was by intense devotion to the poor1 felt that the hand of death was upon her1 and that she was about to receive the eternal reward of her virtues1 her charity1 and her zeal in the service of ,god4 ,early in #aghd her health completely broke down1 and1 thus timely warned1 she prepared1 with ,christian sincerity and humility1 to leave the scenes of her earthly labors1 and pass through those portals which1 for the just1 open to an infinity of happiness4 ,in the house of the society1 and surrounded by its members1 her spirit calmly took its upward flight on the #bfth of ,april1 #aghd4 ,her last advice to her little community was3 ,love one another as you have hitherto done4 ,such1 in brief1 were the life and labors of one whose name even is seldom heard1 and of whose heroic efforts in the cause of religion and education so little mention is made beyond the boundaries of the locality in which she wrought and which she sanctified4 ,judging her by the sacrifices she made1 there may be found many even of our own day equally meritorious2 but considering the age in which she worked1 the dangers and difficulties which constantly beset her path1 the invincible energy with which she surmounted all obstacles1 and the widespread and beneficent character of the results of her thirty years' toil1 we may assuredly place her among the most remarkable and most devoted of the daughters of the church4 ,,footnotes3 #aii ,terra ,incognita2 or1 ,the ,convents of the ,united ,kingdom4 ,by ,john ,nicholas ,murphy4 ,london3 #ahgc4 #bjj ,there are now in ,england and in ,wales alone two hundred and thirty-five convents1 containing about three thousand nuns of various orders and congregations4 ,among these is the ,presentation ,convent in ,manchester1 to which is attached a female orphanage1 a poor school attended by four hundred and seventy-five day and five hundred ,sunday-school scholars4 #bja ,terra ,incognita4 #bjb ,the convents are those of the city of ,cork1 ,south1 opened in #aggg1 in which is also an asylum for aged women2 the city of ,cork1 ,north2 ,bandom1 ,doneraile1 ,youghal1 ,midleton1 ,fermoy1 ,michelstown1 ,limerick1 ,killarney1 ,tralee1 ,dingle1 ,milltown1 ,cahirciveen1 ,millstreet1 ,listowel1 ,castleisland1 ,thurles1 attached to which is an industrial school2 ,cashel1 with an orphanage and an industrial school2 ,fethard1 ,ballingary1 ,waterford1 ,dungarvan1 ,clonmel1 ,carrick-on-,suir2 ,lismore1 ,george's ,hill1 ,dublin2 ,roundtown1 near ,dublin1 ,maynooth1 ,clondalkin1 ,lucan1 ,kilkenny1 ,castlecomer1 ,mountcoin1 ,carlow1 ,maryborough1 ,kildare1 ,bagnalstown1 ,clane1 ,stradbally ,portarlington1 ,mount ,mellick1 ,wexford1 ,enniscorthy1 ,drogheda1 ,rahan1 ,mullingar1 ,granard1 ,tuam1 ,galway1 and ,banmore4 ,,grace ,,seymour',s ,,mission4 ,in a small village of ,new ,england1 elm-shaded and far from the resorts of travellers1 there lived1 a great many years ago1 two people in easy circumstances1 the owners of a lovely cottage--a father and his only daughter4 ,they were well descended1 and fully showed it2 moreover1 the girl's mother had been an ,englishwoman of high birth1 the daughter of a great house which1 in the past1 had also been allied to that of the man she married4 ,edward ,seymour had once been the pastor and the favorite of the village of ,walcot1 an upright1 believing1 uncompromising ,calvinist1 a kind of ,cromwell with all the ambition turned heavenwards1 and all the hardness tempered by a warm1 generous nature4 ,his wife also had been a vigorous believer in the same theology4 ,sprung from a family noted for its ,low ,church views in ,england1 she had been strongly interested in the narrative of the ,american missionary1 in the days when he1 fresh from the university1 and filled with vehement but practical enthusiasm1 had gone to the mother country on a tour of alms-asking and receiving4 ,from interest sprang attraction2 then love1 with its impulsive and whole-hearted logic1 rushed in and pleaded the cause of the disciple with that of the religion1 and suggested forcibly that a fortune thrown at the feet of the minister would eventually find its way to the feet of ,god4 ,sweet argument of the heart6 though in this case an argument misapplied4 ,so it fell out that1 despite warnings and shakings of heads and holding up of hands1 ,elizabeth ,howard and her fortune 7not a princely one1 though7 crossed the seas1 and ,edward ,seymour presented a fair young foreign enthusiast to his congregation as his beloved and hard-won bride1 under the fire of a rude battery of eyes belonging to the startled maidens whose charms had long since 7in their own individual minds1 at least7 been destined for the minister's solace and support4 ,she won her way into the hearts of all1 this young ,english ,calvinist1 full of pure-hearted sincerity1 gentle yet steadfast as ,priscilla1 the ,puritan maiden1 courageous in self-denial that the poor might profit by her privations1 a confidant the most unhappy ever found sympathetic1 and the most guilty1 indulgent4 ,her husband used to say of her that the ,scriptures had never received a more fitting and perfect fulfilment1 a more ideal accomplishment of true womanhood1 as set forth in the many sentences where wise and holy women are depicted1 than ,elizabeth had proved herself to be4 ,in household matters she was no less at home than in those graver concerns of the parish and the soul-life of her husband's spiritual people4 ,a good deal of the old earnestness regarding religious truth remained in the little favored community of ,walcot1 and serious1 intelligent investigation was one of the many sturdy though reverential habits of thought that yet lingered with these world-forgotten villages4 ,to ,seymour himself the place was a paradise2 the work was not such as to overtax his bodily strength to that degree that leaves but little energy for the intellectual requirements of his calling2 neither was the stress upon his imagination so unwholesomely great as it is with too many of his successors1 whose brain1 in order to froth up according to their ,sunday audience's expectations1 must be in a moral ferment for the previous six days of the week4 ,his wife1 no frivolous gossip to whom tea and petty scandal are dear1 no mere drudge from whom household cares have worn away the bloom of poetry and the freshness of early enthusiasm1 was to him a living guide1 a true helpmate1 bearing his burdens and sharing his joys1 a gospel-law written in sweetest1 most natural human characters1 and a most winning1 womanly embodiment of the stern and glorious word ,excelsior4 ,was it a reward for her many virtues1 or a trial for his strong and faithful nature1 that ,god should call her hence1 and close the book abruptly which had been to her husband a living commentary on the divine law8 ,yet it happened so1 but not at the outset of their purified love-career2 for when ,elizabeth ,seymour came to die1 she saw not only her husband near her1 with faith subduing sorrow in his inspired eyes1 but two children1 one a girl of fifteen1 the other a boy of four years1 the only ones she had had1 but upon whom she had lavished the holy mother-love that would have been intense still for each had her children numbered as many as the sons of ,jacob4 ,grace--she had been called so because it was through earnest prayer alone that her mother had survived her birth--was holding her father's hand1 while his other one and her own were clasped in the dying woman's wasted fingers2 and as the little one at her feet pulled unconsciously at her long dress1 she felt her heart throb strangely1 solemnly1 when her mother said3 ,grace1 ,i leave you my place2 be a helpmate to your father1 be a mother to little ,george4 ,bring him up a brave1 ,christian man1 like his father--like my father1 for whom he is named4 ,never let him do wrong1 though the greatest worldly advantages might be the result4 ,remember that1 my child2 offer your life to the ,lord sooner than see your brother offend him4 ,god bless you1 my precious ,grace6 ,the sick woman turned her longing eyes earnestly upon her husband1 and he1 half kneeling1 sank on the floor1 and supported her head on his shoulder4 ,the burden was featherlight1 but the strong man shook and swayed as in mortal weakness1 and his voice was low and broken4 ,grace took the child's hand1 and turned away4 ,those last moments were too sacred even for a daughter's eye to gaze upon2 angels alone listened to the secret heart-speech of those two1 whose lives had been as the two strands of one rope4 ,they had been all in all to each other4 ,the husband's love1 if the greatest1 had not been the less faithful2 but the burden was now for him1 the reward for her4 ,strange dispensation--and yet one that no lover would alter if he could--that the deepest love should be but an earnest of the deepest suffering2 that the higher the heart goes in its sublime learning1 the greater should be its privilege of agony4 ,and yet this thorny path is a very ,via ,triumphalis1 and those who tread it would not give one drop of the royal purple that dyes their weary feet for all the kingly mantles of rare and costly hue that grace the throne of the earthly monarch or strew the path of the earthly victor4 ,edward ,seymour had a double right to this brotherhood of sublimest sorrow2 for in his heart his love had grown so strong that not once1 but many times1 it had held unholy struggles with the higher1 wider ,love1 to whom he had vowed himself from his childhood1 and he had had to wrestle mightily with its strength1 and had only overcome because1 after all1 the enemy he fought was human1 and the weapons he used were of ,god's eternal fashioning4 ,in ,elizabeth's calmer1 more even nature1 love had never risen to that height2 it had flowed a tranquil stream in the channel of duty1 and1 if deep1 had never been turbulent4 ,the trial had never come to her which had threatened shipwreck to her husband2 she had never even known of it1 for it had been the one secret of his frank and pure life4 ,the awful moment came at last2 ,grace and little ,george had come nearer again1 and all three said afterwards that ,jesus was the last sound that passed the dying woman's lips4 ,for a few minutes a trembling stillness reigned2 it was as if those left behind were listening to the feet of the bearer-angels that had come to carry their mate away4 ,could they but have listened at the same time to the wondrous revelation of lightning-like truth that flashed from those angels' solemn eyes1 and transformed the blind belief of the living woman into the exultant faith of the heaven-illumined ,catholic6 ,strange and awful thought6 that those from whose mortal sight the scales have only just been taken by death should1 on the instant1 enter into such communion with the unknown1 unsuspected truth1 and be borne so far deeper in its blessed knowledge than those who spend lives of long and humble search on earth4 ,elizabeth ,seymour knew now where truth had always been1 and yet she must look with spirit-eyes on her loved ones bending over her beautiful1 senseless body1 all unconscious of that truth1 all unknowing of their dark and dangerous pathway4 ,would her agonized prayers ever bring them to her new resting-place8 ,would ,god ever allow them to join her in the other world8 ,and meanwhile1 the minister1 with his dear burden still in his clasped arms1 lifted his head1 and poured forth a prayer into which his very life was breathed1 ending with a passionate flinging of his whole nature into the bosom of the all-knowing1 all-loving ,father--,thy will be done1 not mine6 ,as he lifted the inanimate form gently on the pillows1 closed the eyes1 and pressed a kiss of all but despairing grief upon the white1 warm forehead of the lost one1 his daughter1 letting the child go1 seized his hand1 and pressed it to her bosom1 kissing it passionately1 as if1 from the very instant of her mother's departure1 she was taking possession of the precious trust made over to her on the same spot only a few short moments before4 ,he1 ever mindful of others before himself1 felt his child's signal1 and pressed her hand in return1 leading her gently from the room1 while the old nurse1 his wife's attendant from her early childhood by the sunny brooks and fragrant meadows of ,gloucestershire1 performed the last necessary duties towards the loved remains4 ,day after day the dead lay in a darkened room1 with flower-wreaths framing her simple coffin1 a queen in death as she had been in life1 with a touching court about her of widows and orphans1 of mourners comforted1 of children and old men1 of strong young laborers whose minds she had turned soul-wards1 and whose reverence for her had been little less than that--so misconstrued by those very men--of ,catholics for a patron saint4 ,at night1 when the stream of villagers would cease1 the husband and the daughter watched hand-in-hand by the one they could not think of as really gone from them while her sleeping form lay so near their own resting-place4 ,now and then the minister would say a few words1 half in soliloquy1 half to his companion1 and she1 with her clear1 pitying gray eyes upturned1 would look at him in dumb sympathy1 and a pang would shoot through his heart1 as he read the mother's expression in the daughter's face4 ,they renewed the flowers and rearranged the internal draperies of the coffin2 they spoke in whispers1 as one does in a sick-room1 fearing to wake the happy dreamer whom the first sleep has just come to relieve from a load of burning pain and constant restlessness2 little ,george was even allowed to bring his quiet toys1 and crawl over the floor round the strange bed where he was told his mother was sleeping--at first sight of the coffin1 he had asked gravely1 ,was that a cradle1 and had a new baby come to play with him8--and1 in a word1 the death-veiled chamber seemed more like home than any other part of the cottage4 ,then came the last day1 and the lid was to be fastened over the white-robed1 white-crowned sleeper4 ,grace brought her father a bunch of heliotrope to lay in her mother's hands2 it had been her own and her husband's favorite flower in life2 and just over her heart1 together with a heart-shaped paper1 on which the name ,jesus was illuminated in red and gold1 was placed a triple tress of hair1 and attached to it a scroll with the names of ,edward--,grace--,george4 ,thus something living1 something of her earthly treasures1 went down with her to the tomb2 and on the day of the great awakening1 who shall say that those tokens will not make the wife and mother's heart throb with a deeper joy1 as she rouses herself to meet those whose last pledge of undying love she will find thus laid on her breast8 ,slowly the procession moved to the meeting-house1 and slowly on to the churchyard2 a neighboring minister performed the simple service1 and the three bereaved ones walked immediately behind the coffin4 ,the villagers were more awed by the face of the husband than by the black-palled coffin of the wife2 and some one remarked1 ,it was more as if the minister had been walking between two angels to the judgment-seat of the ,almighty than as if1 a father and a widower1 he was leading his orphan children to a new-made grave4 ,the silent cottage1 buried under its wealth of flowering creepers1 seemed very cold and desolate when the mourners returned2 tea was laid in the cosey library1 the blinds were drawn up1 and the little birds twittered in the veranda2 everything was ordinary and as usual again1 the same it had been just one week ago1 the day before she died2 but it seemed so different6 ,mr4 ,seymour threw himself in an arm-chair by the window1 and took up a paper-knife mechanically2 little ,george had been taken up-stairs1 and the third chair at the tea-table was for the kind clergyman who had come to help his brother in his affliction4 ,grace had taken off her bonnet and shawl1 and was making tea in the tea-pot that1 together with the high1 old-fashioned ,english urn1 had been one of her mother's most cherished wedding-gifts4 ,tears came to her eyes and blinded her1 and her hand shook as she touched the tea-caddy of old ,english oak and wrought iron4 ,still1 with all these homely mementos rendering her sad inauguration of new duties sadder still1 she bravely thought of her trust1 and struggled successfully to be calm1 at least in outward seeming4 ,her father's friend now came in1 and sat down in silence in a low chair opposite ,mr4 ,seymour4 ,grace laid her hand on her father's arm3 ,will you have your tea here by the window1 on the little1 low table8 she said tremulously4 ,no1 my pet1 he answered1 taking her hand1 and stroking it gently2 let us sit down together1 as usual4 ,and he led her to her new place at the head1 as if he wished her to see that he would not shrink from the everyday details of sorrow that each triviality of life would be too certain to throw into relief4 ,they made no pretence of talking beyond the few necessary questions of even the smallest assemblage at tea2 but when ,mr4 ,ashmead1 their guest and the minister of the neighboring parish1 said that he thought he must leave on the morrow early1 both his host and his young1 grave hostess begged he would stay for a few more days1 till next ,sunday even1 if he could4 ,and so the new life began--the life we meant to start with at the beginning of our story1 but which has seemed so to need its introduction1 to be so much more interesting through it1 that we could not help putting in this long1 explanatory prelude4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the long days of winter passed1 and a year was gone since the day that saw ,elizabeth ,seymour's burial4 ,grace was growing tall and womanly1 and had taken her mother's place with as great seriousness as success4 ,she it was who taught her little brother all he was capable of learning at his age2 she who helped the worn-out teacher in the school2 she who copied out her father's sermons1 and looked out his texts and quotations4 ,the father and daughter1 now knit together by a doubly tender tie1 and fully realizing all its happy solemnity1 turned to the welcome occupations of study to fill the many vacant hours their duties allowed them4 ,mr4 ,seymour's library was extensive1 and every month brought from ,boston some valuable and interesting additions4 ,of course1 theology figured mainly among the subjects treated of in these old and new books2 but not alone the theology of his own sect1 for he had the early fathers' magnificent works1 those ,thebaids of literature where the vastness of the seemingly endless desert is only a veil for the innumerable caves of deepest science1 and hidden recesses filled with most beautiful dogmas4 ,the councils1 too1 were not unrepresented on his shelves1 though the earlier ones were to him the best known and the least obnoxious4 ,among them was a dusty little book1 in ancient type1 evidently a very hermit of a book1 whose solitude had not been disturbed since1 by some accident1 it had once made its way there among the miscellaneous collection of a small library purchased nearly twenty years ago4 ,we may have occasion to refer to it again4 ,mr4 ,seymour1 confident of the truth of his own doctrines1 never hesitated to simulate doubts and ask questions1 or propound religious problems for the further mental training of his daughter's inquiring disposition2 but this habit of constant investigation at last produced in her a tumult of the brain which she found she no longer had the power to quell4 ,questions forced themselves upon her1 doubts wrestled for mastery in her mind1 all things began to take strange1 hitherto undreamt-of shapes1 and truths1 elusory yet alluring1 seemed to rise out of axioms which she thought she had long ago laid aside as proved and dangerous errors4 ,she strove to hold on to her once blind and unreasoning acceptance of her father's teaching4 ,she would have welcomed any superstition1 could it only have promised her peace2 but the restless spirit1 once roused in her1 hurried her remorselessly1 till at last1 in sheer despair1 she turned to sweeping and systematic denial of everything she had been taught to look upon as truth4 ,at first she did not speak to her father about these strange experiences2 she clung to the idea that it was physical excitement1 a fever of the brain1 which would subside and let her see her landmarks plainly once more4 ,but the tempest grew wilder and more hopeless2 questions rose up1 and would not be crushed out of existence--faced her and mocked her1 and would not be answered by the catechism formulas she strove to oppose to them2 her life seemed resolving itself into an eternal1 tormenting1 unspoken1 but ever suggested why8 that rose and took the shape of a demon she could not lay nor yet would listen to4 ,importunate voices were all around her1 chasms opened on every side2 and while she taught her little brother1 and wrote out her father's sermons1 it seemed as if a stern and pitiless query sounded within her very heart1 demanding why she abetted the enslaving of other minds to codes of which she herself felt the utter insufficiency4 ,the keenest misery to her was that this mocking voice1 whose every vibration pulled down a stone of her former religious temple1 and sent it echoing in hollow tones of fiendish triumph down the recesses and depths of her torn heart--this voice never suggested one idea upon which she might have seized and made the corner-stone of a new organization of truth4 ,the strange demon that beset her seemed1 to her agonized mind1 the spirit of heartless destruction only1 not even of the most perishable and paltry substitution4 ,hollow1 empty1 heartless1 seemed life to her2 faith gone1 or proved an illusion good only for those whose weak brain could not bear the spiritual loneliness of unbelief2 the world a charnel-house1 in which death-doomed fools quarrelled about precedence in another world1 whose very existence was a myth of their own miserable creation2 life a journey aimless and useless1 and the faiths men carried through it only so many wind-threatened torches they bore for their own deception--was this all1 was this the beginning and the end8 ,blindly her heart cried out1 ,somewhere there must be a ,god1 somewhere there must be happiness6 and the fiend within her brain made answer3 ,there is no ,god save the one the coward imagines2 there is no happiness save that which the fool finds in ignorance4 ,one day1 after many months of this life-wearing struggle1 ,grace spoke of her state to her father2 and strange indeed was the shock to the earnest1 clear-thinking minister4 ,grave and tender1 he tried to handle the wounded child1 but ,grace was not to be soothed into faith2 it was conviction she required4 ,firmly yet patiently she heard him1 and answered3 ,all that ,i have said to myself1 but it is of no avail4 ,he tried to speak to her of her mother--of her belief1 her unwavering hope in ,god1 her sure knowledge of ,jesus1 her feeling of rock-bound security at the moment of her death2 but to all this ,grace answered3 ,i know it all1 but ,i cannot feel it2 tell me something else1 something more4 ,then the father1 roused out of his half-hopeful state as to her difficulties1 and out of his hitherto so sweet reliance upon her kindred strength1 turned to the dogmatic aspect of his faith1 and prayed fervently that the ,lord would open his child's eyes once more1 and draw her in out of the cold desert where her soul wandered1 a shivering stranger4 ,but1 alas6 those apparently clear-cut arguments1 those knife-like dogmas1 so trenchant1 so uncompromising1 those technicalities of crystallized religion1 so satisfying to the old exiles and first settlers of ,new ,england1 fell unheeded on the ear of ,grace1 who1 had she believed them1 would have been as competent a teacher of them as her own father1 as far as her thorough knowledge of their slightest details went4 ,mr4 ,seymour was trying to do ,god's work2 he was trying to create1 to give life to a lifeless organization1 to put a quivering human soul into a shapely but ice-cold form4 ,grace had once said she did not want example nor personal experience1 but clear1 frigid demonstration4 ,she was right as to the seeming want in her soul--the want of absolute1 incontrovertible truth2 she was wrong as to the fire from heaven1 which was her real want--the purely personal gift of faith1 direct from ,god1 which only can descend and strike the waiting soul as a sacrifice1 and enkindle it for ever1 no more to be extinguished by error or by doubt4 ,another year passed1 and things were unchanged4 ,no1 not unchanged1 for ,mr4 ,seymour1 in his great anxiety to bring his daughter back to the old belief in which he and his ever-remembered wife had been so carefully reared1 had explored hitherto sealed books and commentaries in the vain hope that1 since none of the old arguments touched her1 some newly suggested ones might4 ,he did not expect to find anything in these works which would strike him as either proving or disproving his settled belief2 still1 he thought chance might throw into his hands some demonstration that would have the desired effect upon ,grace4 ,she seemed to be inclined to magnify beyond his utmost powers of toleration the absolute independence and free will of man2 she proudly took her stand on human reason1 insisting that if there were a creative ,god1 and if it were really he who had given reason to man1 it followed that this regal gift must be allowed full play in determining the object of faith4 ,his ,calvinism rebelled and retreated to its old entrenchments1 denouncing reason as the natural enemy of faith1 as an inventive principle ever actively evil and godless4 ,but he once read in a work of one of the great reformers these strange and somewhat coarse words3 ,the devil's sole occupation is to get the ,romish priests to measure ,god's will in his works1 with reason4 ,he was staggered4 ,he searched his book-shelves for some work of ,catholic theology4 ,as he was passing his hand along the volumes1 and running his eye down their titles1 the little1 dusty book we have mentioned fell down4 ,he picked it up1 and1 looking at it carelessly1 saw its name1 ,catechism of the ,council of ,trent4 ,curiosity at once made him forget the first motive of his expedition among the books1 and he sat down to examine the newly-found volume4 ,by and by he got interested1 and from page to page his eyes ran eagerly1 now sparkling with defiance1 now widening in astonishment1 and anon his brow contracting with intense earnestness1 as clear dogmas revealed themselves from out the ancient text--dogmas directly opposite to his own1 it is true1 yet at every moment appealing to rational and unbiassed human nature4 ,here man was represented as a grand monument of ,god's glory1 a being worth redemption in the eyes of ,god1 a creature endowed with intellectual gifts to lead him rationally towards faith and virtue1 even as he was provided with feet to carry him to the clear mountain-spring1 and with hands wherewith to till the yielding1 fruitful soil4 ,here he beheld a humanity not degraded to brutishness by the fall1 but redeemable through the very qualities ,god's grace had yet left to it2 here he saw reconciled man's dignity and ,god's majesty2 here1 in a word1 a religion which1 claiming to be divine1 was consequently not afraid to acknowledge and to guide the good tendencies whose very humanness put them beyond the pale of competition with herself4 ,mr4 ,seymour had always been taught to adhere to the ,bible as the one infallible rock of salvation2 he now saw the ,bible merged into a system he had once called idolatrous1 but could not at present stigmatize as such4 ,he determined to read the ,bible from the point of view of the ,council of ,trent1 for pure intellectual curiosity's sake1 he said to himself4 ,alone and almost hiding from his daughter's still hopeless but always eager inquiries1 he began this study1 with what result would be almost useless to mention4 ,the ,council of ,trent had seemed plausible when studied by itself2 but when referred to the book he had always called the rule of faith1 this council was irrefutable4 ,could he have been mistaken all his lifetime8 could it be that ,god had purposely left him in ignorance so long8 ,or was not his belief at least as good as the faith of the ,council of ,trent8 ,but then came his clear philosophical training to the rescue2 for1 it said1 how can contradictory axioms both be true8 ,hitherto he had unhesitatingly held the ,catholic doctrines to be intrinsically1 nay blasphemously untrue1 and it followed that his own1 their direct contradictories1 must be right2 but if1 upon examination1 the reverse was evidently the case1 then his former opinions--for doctrines he could no longer call them--must be radically1 irredeemably false4 ,one day he spoke to ,grace about it1 and was surprised at the calm manner in which she received a communication whose mere rudiments had been such a shock to him4 ,to her mind1 this curious development of her father's researches was a really interesting study1 quite apart from its religious bearing1 and considered principally as a logical passe-temps4 ,but to her father it was a heart-stirring reality1 which he pursued with all the hitherto pent-up passion that his cold creed had forced to run in such narrow channels4 ,once he said to his child3 ,grace1 ,i used to believe the ,bible was the only rule of faith2 but ,i never saw that the ,bible presupposed a church1 a heaven-ordained society to shelter it from the conflicting explanations and interpolations of men2 presupposed1 also1 a willing obedience on the part of the faithful to believe it as it is written1 not a desire to shrink from its plain teachings and explain away its doctrines4 ,how could we1 without a church to interpret it to us1 be sure that we were not following some far-fetched human adaptation of its teaching1 or pandering to some cowardly modification of its code of morals8 ,no2 the ,bible presupposes the church1 and1 without it1 would be more of a dead letter than the ,hebrew is a dead language4 ,grace was silent1 and wondered4 ,her own feelings were as unsettled as ever1 but she tried to live less in her own hopeless struggle than in the noble1 fruitful1 self-forgetting life that was dawning for her father4 ,as his convictions grew deeper and took stronger root1 his anxiety for his child waxed more and more terrible4 ,would the grace of ,god that had come to him through the yellow pages of an old book never touch her with its rod of power8 ,had reason no influence on her logical-seeming mind1 had sentiment no power on her undoubtedly loving heart8 ,she went about her self-imposed duties as usual1 bringing consolation wherever she went1 cheering others with words that were powerless to cheer her own heart1 kind and considerate to the poor1 amiable to all4 ,her father1 smitten with dread as to her bodily as well as spiritual welfare1 asked himself how he could expose her at this moment to the poverty that must result from the only step he knew he ought to take4 ,to leave ,walcot as a convert meant to throw himself and his children--,grace especially--into the most absolute penury4 ,he could endure it1 ,george would hardly feel it1 but his daughter1 brave and affectionate as she was1 could her shattered heart bear up under so unexpected a necessity8 ,so he cheated himself and hesitated yet2 but the evil spirit was to be defeated soon4 ,god could not allow his returning son and no longer blinded servant to wander long in human weakness outside the holy fold4 ,grace was sitting at a reading-desk in her father's library one ,sunday evening in ,june1 the purple sunset streaming in and giving the lilacs a deeper hue1 and the laburnums a more burnished shade1 when a young man swung open the garden gate1 and1 with free and unfettered step1 almost ran up to the house-door4 ,seeing he was a stranger and a gentleman1 ,mr4 ,seymour opened the library window1 and leaned out1 saying in a courteous tone3 ,i am ,mr4 ,seymour1 if you are looking for me4 ,i'll let you in directly4 ,the young man paused with his hand on the door-knocker1 and waited till his host came round4 ,you must excuse my abruptness1 he said pleasantly1 as he handed his card to ,mr4 ,seymour4 ,i am already presuming on a relationship you may choose to ignore4 ,why ignore it8 ,the nephew of my dear wife is as welcome to my house as if he were my own son1 answered ,mr4 ,seymour1 laying the card on the table4 ,come1 he continued1 let us be at home at once4 ,i'll introduce you to my daughter1 your cousin4 ,they went into the library together1 and the father1 turning to ,grace1 said3 ,here is a cousin from over the sea1 child--,george ,charteris4 ,grace had heard her mother talk of her younger sister's marriage to a ,mr4 ,charteris years before she herself was married1 so the name was familiar to her4 ,i wish1 my boy1 said the host1 that ,god had spared your dear aunt to see you here2 but he knows best4 ,and you have come to stay with us a little before you go home again1 ,i hope8 ,have you seen anything yet8 ,i only landed in ,boston yesterday1 answered the young man1 and have had hard work to get here so soon4 ,i came on business1 to tell the truth4 ,really6 ,you see1 letters are very uncertain2 and ,i just felt in the humor1 so ,i came across myself4 ,i have got important papers for you4 ,my uncle1 ,george ,howard1 died five weeks ago at his place in ,gloucestershire1 and1 as he left no children1 the estate goes to the next of kin--your son1 ,george ,seymour4 ,grace and her father looked at each other in solemn1 strange wonderment4 ,my son6 he said slowly1 my son6 ,yes1 the son of the eldest sister4 ,my mother was the younger sister1 you know4 ,and so ,i came over about it2 ,i am supposed to be a lawyer1 but the fact is1 business is not overpowering with us young fellows1 and1 as ,i had enough money to spare1 ,i thought ,i would sooner go myself than pay a man to make a mess of it4 ,you and my father are appointed guardians during the minority of the heir4 ,and they will expect him to go and live in ,england8 said the father thoughtfully4 ,of course2 will there be any difficulty about that8 ,seymour did not reply2 he only glanced at his daughter with an awed expression about his face4 ,she was looking at him intently4 ,young ,charteris noticed how ill she seemed4 ,the rest of the evening passed very sociably1 and1 having shown his young guest his room1 ,seymour returned in his dressing-gown and slippers to the library4 ,grace stole in softly1 still dressed1 and looking anxious4 ,she drew a chair beside him1 and1 taking his hand in her own1 said solemnly3 ,dear father1 it was ordained we should leave this place4 ,was such your idea also1 my child8 her father asked4 ,of course2 and if ,i have not spoken of it before1 my dear father1 it was only because ,i was waiting for you to mention it first4 ,it seemed a reproach6 ,was ,god using this blind instrument to show him more forcibly where his duty lay8 ,i know1 father1 continued ,grace1 what that means for you in the circumstances you newly stand in4 ,it means that you will not be allowed to be guardian to your son1 that you will be denied access to him1 that he will be brought up a ,protestant before your eyes1 and that practically you will be as homeless as the outcast you would have made yourself from this village and this church4 ,but remember1 whatever happens1 ,grace is always with you--will always be1 whether she believes or not1 happy or wretched1 poor or rich1 until it shall be your own pleasure to drive her from your side4 ,although thy ,god may not be my ,god1 yet thy people shall be my people1 and we will stand or fall together6 ,my brave child6 was all the father could answer through his tears4 ,but1 father dearest1 she resumed in a quick1 decided voice1 if ,george is to be brought up as you wish1 the first thing to secure is his being rightly baptized2 and you can do that this very next day4 ,i shall be allowed to see ,george1 and thus my mother's trust will be in my hands yet4 ,o my girl6 it is hard1 you cannot tell how hard4 ,i have lost what you have won1 father4 ,think you the loss of faith a lesser evil than the changing of it8 ,poor child6 poor child6 ,god grant you may see it one day4 ,god grant ,i may1 she answered frankly1 if it be the truth4 ,they spoke far into the night1 and ,seymour determined to announce from the pulpit next ,sunday his unshaken conviction of the truth of the ,catholic faith1 and to take a final leave of his congregation4 ,young ,charteris knew nothing of it4 ,george was baptized the following morning4 ,the week passed by1 and the young ,english cousin was more than ever attracted by the strange1 silent1 preoccupied manner and the serious1 anxious beauty of his girl-companion4 ,a gay young man1 with hardly any surface of religion about him1 he yet had that deep observative faculty which renders some men's perceptions so acute and true in the field of religion4 ,half an unbeliever himself for fashion's sake1 he was yet quick to detect how really far from unbelief the seemingly cold1 doubting girl's heart was2 and he smiled to himself as he shrewdly thought how both ,puritanism and this present phase of feeling would be rudely shaken when brought face to face with the hot-pressed life of wealthy1 bewildering ,london4 ,but something whispered to him that neither father nor daughter would allow the brilliant world to stand between them and their convictions1 whatever those might be4 ,meanwhile1 ,charteris romped with little ,george1 who was wisely kept in ignorance as to his new honors1 and the days sped fast towards the eventful ,sunday which was to have so strange and stormy an ending4 ,the ,saturday previous1 ,mr4 ,seymour sat at the window of his library1 in his favorite arm-chair1 his daughter leaning her head upon his knee1 and holding one of his hands clasped to her bosom4 ,for a long time there was a silence2 then1 like the evening breeze just born among the tree-tops1 a faint whisper of conversation began to stir the quiet of the darkened room4 ,the sun was gone down1 and the crescent moon was rising in white mistiness behind the shrubbery4 ,it was just such a night1 ,grace1 said the minister1 that we sat here with ,ashmead more than two years ago--the day we began our new life without your dear mother2 and now we have turned another leaf already1 and are on the threshold of another new life6 ,yes1 my own darling1 said his child2 but it is not without me that you are going to begin it4 ,in any case1 ,i shall never leave you4 ,and if we are parted from little ,george1 why1 what can we do but cling more and more to each other8 ,have you thought1 ,grace1 that it may be a life of toil that we are going to meet8 asked her father earnestly4 ,father dearest1 would my mother have shrunk from entering it with you8 ,and do you think ,i love you less than she did8 ,my brave girl6 he answered1 with a soft light coming into his dreamy eyes4 ,presently he said3 ,but1 ,grace1 you will have little consolation1 little support1 for my principles are leading me2 but you8 ,my love for you is my guide6 she said fervently4 ,truly1 my child1 you are even as ,ruth1 who clung to ,naomi for very love1 and thereby reaped the reward of faith4 ,god grant you may be led to the same end through my humble instrumentality4 ,there was a pause4 ,the father1 after a few moments' earnest thought1 spoke again4 ,grace1 darling1 he said1 and she started1 as if collecting her runaway thoughts4 ,yes1 she answered1 with a loving look4 ,do not blame me for speaking abruptly1 ,grace1 her father resumed2 for circumstances are such as allow us little spare time for forms of speech4 ,has it ever struck you that you will most likely marry8 ,and have you noticed your cousin's manner towards you8 ,at the first hint of marriage ,grace had lifted her great1 startled eyes to her father's face2 then1 on the second and more personal question1 she looked quickly down1 and a burning blush came like sunset hues over her usually pale cheeks4 ,but she never hesitated nor wavered in her answer1 for the blush was more that of surprise than consciousness4 ,i never thought of my cousin in that way4 ,did you8 ,and ,i have thought vaguely some day ,i might be a good man's wife--a minister's1 most likely2 but now these strange doubts have come to me1 ,i could have no peace in any new relation in life4 ,in conscience1 my father1 ,i could enter upon none4 ,well1 child1 ,i am glad so far4 ,but if your cousin had many opportunities1 depend upon it he would love you4 ,i only say this to caution you4 ,you know your own heart2 you know ,i could approve such a marriage under certain circumstances1 always provided you do not come to the happy truth ,i have reached4 ,now1 you can act as your conscience and your reason impel you2 but it is always better1 ,i think1 to work in the full daylight4 ,i could not marry as ,i am now4 ,besides1 ,i could not leave you4 ,you might have to leave me4 ,father6 cried the girl1 startled4 ,never mind1 he said soothingly1 but not offering to explain himself1 and then went on3 ,supposing a thing to be possible1 still1 in the case that you remained out of the church1 would you let your cousin be your helpmate and your protector8 ,if you wish it1 ,i will think of it1 and question my own heart1 said ,grace2 but the words were measured1 and the tone was cold4 ,her father felt it4 ,grace1 ,i did not wish to hurt you1 child4 ,i cannot tell you all ,i meant1 for ,i hardly discern yet what is ,god's voice within me1 and what the voice of my own earthly enthusiasm1 perhaps even ambition4 ,but1 my own precious daughter1 our hearts will always be one2 and after ,god1 there is no one on earth more dear to me than you are4 ,grace laid her head on her father's knee again4 ,so if your cousin ,charteris should speak to you on the subject of marriage before your views of religion are changed1 you will answer deliberately and calmly1 will you not1 having searched your innermost feelings well8 said the father4 ,i will1 said ,grace firmly4 ,the next day dawned fair and bright2 the very air had a holiday feel about its quiet1 fresh-scented crispness2 the birds sang softly in the vivid-painted trees1 and it seemed as if nature had reserved a very jubilee of delights for the lovely summer afternoon4 ,crowds came soberly to church1 the children glancing longingly at the tempting hedges1 the young people now and then looking into each other's eyes the things they dared not put in words1 and would have spoilt in the saying had they done so2 to some1 older and more spiritually-minded persons1 came1 on the fragrant breeze1 faint suggestions of the fabled millennium1 in which they believed with the grasping faith of disappointed souls2 to all came1 on the wings of this ,sunday morning1 impressions of peace1 of happiness2 perceptions of a life holier and higher than that of the present2 vague stirrings of the soul1 as if some mystery1 both dread and beautiful1 were coming out to meet them from the unusual radiance of this never-to-be-forgotten day4 ,very solemn indeed did the day's brightness seem to the earnest minister2 a new bridal1 far different from the bridal eighteen years before in the very country for which he was now again bound--a bridal of the soul with sorrow and with sacrifice1 a taking up of the crown of thorns and the cross of dereliction4 ,he would walk into the old meeting-house1 a hero among his people2 he would leave it1 an outcast and a leper among his brethren4 ,he would meet his flock a revered pastor1 an acknowledged guide2 he would go out of that pulpit1 his no longer1 an exile1 a suspected impostor1 an accursed and condemned man4 ,and not there only was the sting2 beyond and far above it was the human sense of deep humiliation at having to unsay his teaching1 to renounce the doctrines he had taught for twenty years1 to warn his people of the very faith he had believed in from his cradle4 ,it is no slight thing for a man1 learned and looked up to1 an eager and practical theologian1 to stand before a congregation of intelligent1 sharp-witted hearers1 and say1 ,i was mistaken6 ,for when you feel that every word you speak is changed1 as it falls on their ears1 into a barbed weapon against yourself1 and will be handled by remorseless and unsympathizing fellow-men until twisted into meanings you never dreamed of and deceptions you would scorn1 then it is that the painful1 human side of the great and heroic sacrifice is revealed1 and that our fleshly weakness has to turn perforce in helpless and blind reliance upon ,god4 ,solemn also1 and far sadder1 seemed the glorious beauty of that ,sunday morning to ,grace ,seymour by her open window1 through which came the scent of lilacs and blossoming horse-chestnuts2 her books ranged in melancholy silence on the shelf above the mantel1 the old family ,bible lying solitary and unopened on a little table by itself1 an air of desolateness hanging over the simple1 innocent-looking room1 with its chintz hangings and two or three old prints and faded pictures4 ,some were of sacred subjects1 and these1 unless this were the spectator's fancy1 seemed more forlorn than any others2 ,grace herself thought so sometimes1 as she would give a pathetic survey to the room that had known no change since her childhood1 save when the great change of death had wafted into it some of the old mementos of her ,english mother's youth4 ,on the eve of this last change1 that was almost another death1 the young girl sat with clasped hands on the wide window-sill1 and gazed with sad yet steadfast eyes on the beauty of the breaking day4 ,to her it was indeed a setting forth on a journey without scrip or staff1 without guide or compass4 ,in her love for her father1 she gloried in his grand1 manly act1 though it drove her forth into the desert world2 but though she rejoiced at his stern following of principle1 as at a deed of heroism in itself1 yet what comfort was there for her in the dreary waste of an untried world8 ,to set out on the road to heaven1 leaving the paths of men1 was one thing2 but to leave the known for the unknown1 the real life of human sympathy for a dark1 companionless one among things that were only shadows and mocking figures of mist--what was that8 ,and would human love carry her through8 ,could she follow1 by the glow-worm light of an earthly though hallowed feeling1 the same path in which a fiery pillar preceded her father's soul1 and angels guided his footsteps8 ,but come what might1 she would try2 so she had resolved from the beginning4 ,besides1 was it not she who had1 according to the instinct of her true nature1 decided for her father the step his own conscience had counselled1 but from which his human love still weakly recoiled8 ,and1 therefore1 was she not bound to share his fortunes1 even though love had not impelled her to do so8 ,she could not pray that this day's work might end in good1 she could not pray for strength or guidance2 she could only helplessly gaze upon the familiar home-scene she had watched so often from that window--the spread of orchard and garden and meadow-land beyond1 the golden lights flickering among the shrubs1 and playing with the soft1 changing shadows--all the beauty that had been her soul's book for years1 and was now the only book she could still read and love as of old4 ,a sort of dumb prayer was that wistful gaze1 the hopeless1 half-conscious murmur of paralyzed lips striving to form once more sounds that long ago1 they remember1 used to mean something to the understanding4 ,little ,george at this moment ran across the lawn after a yellow butterfly1 and looked up fearfully at the library-window1 as if expecting to be reproved for such unwonted exercise on the sacred day4 ,grace started and looked at her watch4 ,it was time2 the bells had been ringing some minutes1 and the hour was drawing nigh4 ,she stole down to her father's side1 very solemn and quiet1 and took his hand4 ,he turned and clasped her in his arms4 ,god will bless you yet1 my little one1 he said1 with an earnest look into her brave eyes1 for all you are to me4 ,hand-in-hand they walked the short distance between their cottage and the meeting-house4 ,the great trees stood protectingly round the little church1 shading it like a temple1 with broad shadows flung like curtains before its doors1 as if to supplement the bareness in which human hands had left it4 ,the people were crowding in2 some stepped aside as the minister passed1 making room for him2 others nodded to him1 and were startled at the unwonted look in his far-searching eyes4 ,grace1 on the contrary1 seemed almost defiant1 as if she thought of nothing save the storm which one short hour would bring about her darling's head4 ,the congregation seated themselves with that undertone of quiet rustling peculiar to country audiences4 ,grace sat directly facing her father2 but she had turned herself so that her features were visible to those who sat in the nearest pews behind4 ,edward ,seymour slowly came up the pulpit stairs1 and stood before his people4 ,one long1 sweeping glance he gave them1 then his eyes went upward1 and a light came into them1 as of something more than human4 ,the crowd was thrilled1 and men and women gazed at each other inquiringly4 ,then he began3 ,my friends1 ,i have come to say farewell to you4 ,this is no sermon1 but an explanation which is due to you4 ,i am not going to leave you for the city1 nor for another flock1 nor for the retirement of a college-life4 ,it is not a man who has called me1 it is not the world or my own interests that have bidden me leave you2 it is ,god4 ,truly1 ',god's ways are not our ways1 nor his thoughts our thoughts4' ,if you will bear with me1 ,i will show you how this has been borne in upon me1 and will give you1 what you have a right to hear1 the brief history of the change which is calling me away from you4 ,the interest of his hearers was acutely1 if not painfully1 awakened2 every one waited breathlessly for the novel experiences of one who had always seemed so strong in the belief he taught4 ,some thought he had turned to the ,methodist views1 some suspected him of ,episcopalian leanings2 of the truth1 not one had the slightest inkling1 for1 to their minds1 such a change was more irrational than suicide1 and more awful a judgment than insanity4 ,step by step1 with clear1 sharp-cutting words1 he developed the doubts and fears of his soul2 he dissected his life for the last year1 and showered ,bible texts upon his hearers in his rapid way that would have been impassioned had he let it be2 and when1 one after the other1 he had sapped all the axioms his former teaching had rested on1 and had carried the mind of his audience1 against its will1 out of the sphere of certainty1 he then paused a moment1 and said in a more gentle voice than he had used in his dogmatic course3 ,and now1 my friends1 what remains to be said8 ,this3 to confess my mistake before you all1 to humble myself at the feet of ,god1 whom ,i have so long misunderstood and mistaught1 and to ask your forgiveness for having given you1 in my ignorance1 stones when you asked for bread1 serpents when you cried for food4 ,you know the church which alone teaches all that ,god has now shown me to be true2 you know that it is a church flouted and condemned1 persecuted and poor--none other than the ,holy ,roman ,catholic ,church 7here the stir was like an electric shock among the rapt audience1 and ,grace half rose up in her seat1 and looked defiance from her flashing eyes upon her nearest neighbors71 none other than was founded in the poverty of ,bethlehem1 the ignominy of ,calvary1 the secrecy of the catacombs4 ,i have but few words left to say to you1 my friends4 ,we have walked together for many years1 seeking ,god4 ,i knew not that ,i had not found him2 now ,i know that ,i walked in darkness and in the shadow of death4 ,i pray that each of you1 in ,god's appointed time1 may be led1 like me1 to find him4 ,i thank him that this grace should come with sorrow1 exile1 and poverty in its train4 ,i take up the cross willingly1 and leave home and country1 and a beloved grave1 and a people to whom my soul was knit1 to follow humbly where ,god shall lead me4 ,and now1 once again farewell1 and may ,god bless you1 every one1 and reward you for all that your friendship and your fidelity have ever done for him who was once your pastor4 ,with a grave and simple salutation1 he went down the pulpit stairs1 passed out of the church1 his daughter eagerly joining him and linking her arm in his4 ,her ,english cousin1 who had come in late to the service1 hastened after them1 and frankly expressed his astonishment at the sudden turn of affairs4 ,the people1 who streamed out after them in hurried groups1 as if anxious to get into the air1 that they might talk over this extraordinary event1 eyed them askance as they walked home2 the deacons spoke together in shocked whispers1 and the older men and women quoted texts about wolves in sheeps' clothing4 ,some of the younger church members were scared and disturbed more by the uncompromising arguments than by the tangible result2 while others1 the reckless and the more unregenerate1 boldly said they admired the minister's pluck4 ,george ,charteris dwelt very seriously on the exclusion from the guardianship of his son which this course of ,mr4 ,seymour's would inevitably entail2 but the father only answered sadly3 ,the ,lord did not speak to me of such things2 those affairs are in his hands1 and his secrets are not for us to inquire into4 ,so far as ,i saw my way clear1 ,i have answered the call of ,god4 ,several friends called in the evening to speak to the minister about the incredible announcement he had made that morning2 they found him the same as ever1 patient1 kind1 and courteous1 and his young daughter more beautiful and more attractive than before2 for the determined way in which she supported her father's conduct gave her a touch of the heroine4 ,late that night the two visited the moonlit grave near the little church4 ,great elm-shadows veiled it1 and the night-wind rustled the violet and primrose leaves that bordered it all round4 ,in the summer a cross of heliotrope grew at its head1 but as yet it had been too cold to put the plants out4 ,in his new-found faith1 the husband could now kneel and pray1 and speak to the angel guardian of his lost wife1 and send messages to the soul that knew all he had so lately learnt1 and knew it so much better than he4 ,but the great thing of which he spoke was the future of his children and hers1 praying that they too1 especially ,grace1 should be brought to the same knowledge and saved through the same faith4 ,grace stood like a statue1 her hands clasped and resting on her father's shoulder1 her slight form bending forward as he knelt4 ,when he rose1 she pressed his arm and drew him towards her1 looking up into his tear-veiled eyes with looks of hungry love4 ,it was a rare and a piteous sight to see the strong man weep1 to see the wave-like emotion of this solemn hour bow the head of the deep thinker1 the calm and kingly scholar4 ,it made him more sacred in her sight1 and kindled her rapturous feelings to that degree that she could gladly have died1 that he might be spared one pang more in his future path of thorns4 ,he hardly suspected all that he was to his child2 for great though his love was1 broad1 and deep1 and still1 it was silent as the great ocean that sleeps round the islands of coral1 beneath the changeless radiance of southern constellations4 ,but few outward signs passed between father and daughter1 for his grand1 noble nature was self-contained and grave2 and for that very reason ,grace honored him in her heart1 calling him to herself a hero among men4 ,was it strange that1 by his side1 other men seemed dwarfed1 that their virtues seemed shallow1 and their very vices more contemptible than horrible8 ,was it strange that his intellect1 so far-reaching1 and his practical business abilities1 so clear and straight-forward1 should make other men seem only half men1 with one side of their nature alone monstrously developed1 till it grew to overbalance the other1 and make the whole into a grotesque travesty of humanity1 a moral satyr1 more beast than man1 and more fool than either8 ,i do not say that such ungracious thoughts came to her when she noticed her cousin1 ,george ,charteris2 but something hollow and unreal suggested itself to her1 as she listened to his brilliant1 frivolous talk or his cynical1 off-hand observations4 ,she thought1 if that is what modern fashion breeds in men1 the world of to-day is no better than a smelting-furnace1 obliterating all but the changing current of mingled ore and dross constantly running with aimless speed through its many channels4 ,she looked forward to any contact with it as a trial1 and only stayed herself with the idea that everything noble and pure and dignified was embodied in her father's life1 in which she would always be wrapped up4 ,yet she had promised to think of marriage6 ,the day following this eventful ,sunday the ,seymour family left ,walcot4 ,their cottage1 which was their own property1 was to be let for a year1 as their affairs were still unsettled and their plans quite undecided4 ,from that day ,edward ,seymour again felt that a new journey had begun for him2 and where his soul would be landed he knew not1 nor cared to know1 so ,god was before him and his daughter at his side4 ,,to ,,be ,,concluded ,,next ,,month4 ,,cui ,,bono8 ,pale star1 if star thou be1 that art ,so fain to shine1 though far apart ,from all thy stately peers2 ,thou whom the eye can scarce discern-- ,oh6 who hath set thee there to burn ,among the spheres8 ,thou com'st too late3 the firmament ,is full1 and thou wast never meant ,for yonder gorgeous steep2 ,the night hath counted all her pearls1 ,and1 pillow'd on her casket1 furls ,her wings in sleep4 ,the night needs not thy tardy ray2 ,thou canst not usher in the day1 ,nor make the twilight fair2 ,what sailor turns to thee at sea8 ,what mourner doth look up to thee ,in his despair8 ,mournful or glad1 no eye shall chance ,to light on thee2 no curious glance ,thy motions shall discern2 ,no lonely pilgrim pause to catch ,thy parting ray1 nor lover watch ,for thy return4 ,oh6 leave the world that loves thee not-- ,for who shall mark the vacant spot8 ,oh6 drop into the cloud ,that waits to take thee out of sight1 ,beyond the glare of yonder bright ,and chilly crowd6 ,i may not1 if ,i would1 return ,into the dark1 or cease to burn ,my spark of light divine3 ,for he that in my lamp distils ,the sacred oil1 he surely wills ,that ,i should shine4 ,i fret not at the blaze of spheres1 ,the distant splendor that endears ,the night to men2 but strive-- ,finding strange bliss in perfect calm-- ,to keep with these few drops of balm ,my flame alive4 ,it may be that some vagrant world1 ,or aimless atom1 toss'd and whirl'd ,through windy tracts of space1 ,perceives by me the ,hand that tends ,it ever1 and the goal that ends ,its tedious race4 ,i know not3 me this only care ,concerns1 that ,i for ever bear ,my silver lamp on high1 ,nor lift to ,god a laggard flame1 ,because on earth ,i cannot claim ,a partial eye4 ,,the ,,jansenist ,,schism ,,in ,,holland4 ,,jansenism ,,in ,,the ,,church ,,of ,,utrecht4 ,,from ,,les ,,etudes ,,religieuses4 ,,by ,c4 ,,van ,,aken4 ,i4 ,i shall not undertake to write the history of ,netherland ,jansenism4 ,i have a more special purpose in view2 it is to demonstrate the actual existence of that heresy in the so-called ,church of ,utrecht4 ,to this end1 ,i shall1 after showing what the principles of ,jansenism are1 make it clear that the errors of ,baius1 as developed1 or1 so to say1 amended1 by ,jansenius1 are reproduced by ,quesnel1 and are to be found in the false ,synod of ,pistoia4 ,this assembly1 held in #aghf1 under the authority of ,leopold ,,ii41 ,grand ,duke of ,tuscany1 and presided over by ,scipio ,ricci1 ,bishop of ,pistoia and ,prato1 merits our attention2 for the principal documents ,i shall make use of in this paper concern the official adhesion given by the schismatical clergy of ,holland to the synod4#bjc ,as to the events which are related and admitted by all historians1 ,i shall only refer to them in order to point out their significance1 or to dissipate the obscurity in which the recent promoters of the schism have sought to envelope facts4 ,jansenius had been a great reader of ,s4 ,augustine2 but he brought to the study of this author far more of zeal than of prudence or real knowledge4 ,in some passages he renders the thoughts of the ,doctor of ,grace well enough2 almost everywhere else1 and even in the most important points1 he is grossly in error4 ,an extensive reader he was not2 one author alone absorbed his whole life1 and the more he dwelt upon his author1 the less he understood him4 ,his posthumous work is bad1 impious1 and truly heretical4 ,calvin1 as ,jansenius presents him1 is no longer ,calvin4 ,thus writes ,f4 ,denis ,petau 7author of ,dogmes ,thologiques and ,doctrine des ,temps7 to ,f4 ,bollandus1 ,august #i1 #afda1 shortly after the publication of the celebrated ,augustinus4 ,the ,calvinists of ,holland have taken the same view as ,f4 ,petau2 for them ,jansenius is an ally1 a friend1 whose opinions are less opposed to theirs in substance than in form4 ,did not the ,bishop of ,ypres candidly acknowledge that he almost entirely approved the ,calvinist ,synod of ,dordrecht8 ,the ,abb of ,saint-,cyran1 another patriarch of ,jansenism1 remarked3 ,calvin thought justly1 but expressed himself ill--bene sensit1 male locutus est4 ,however1 there are important differences between the two heresies2 but it would take us too much out of our way to indicate them in detail4 ,these words of the false ,synod of ,pistoia perfectly express the germinal idea of ,jansenism3 ,in these latter days a general obscurity prevails in regard to the most important truths of religion4444 ,it is necessary1 therefore1 to remount to the pure source of the principles which have been obscured by novelties1 in order to establish a uniformity of doctrine which shall be a subject of edification for the faithful1 and gratify the wishes of our most religious prince4444 ,to establish this unity of principles1 the enlightened sovereign suggests to the bishops to take for their rule the doctrine of ,s4 ,augustine against the ,pelagians and the semi-,pelagians1 who1 through their system1 have destroyed the spirit of the ,christian religion1 and preached a new gospel4#bjd ,it must needs follow from this that the authority of the church is not an efficacious remedy against error1 since it was possible for the general belief of the faithful to be obscured for centuries in regard to the most important truths4 ,is this in any wise different from what the reformers of the ,x,v,ith century pretended8 ,did not ,calvin1 especially1 have always in his mouth the name of the great ,bishop of ,hippo8 ,jansenius develops the same thought in his preliminary work1 ,de ,ratione et ,auctoritate4#bje ,baius had prepared the way for him4#bjf ,for the authority of the teaching church1 always youthful and full of life1 as ,s4 ,irenus says1 the ,jansenists substituted ,s4 ,augustine1 who was no longer at hand to protest against the abuse that had been made of his words--words often rugged and obscure4 ,so much for the general ground2 let us now enter into detail4 ,following ,baius1 ,jansenius sets out with this fundamental axiom1 which is1 as it were1 the culminating point whence one takes in his whole system3 ,the complete man is not a compound of body and soul only 7as the ,catholic doctrine declares1 in consonance with sound philosophy72 but a third principle1 the ,holy ,ghost1 the sole source of all wisdom1 of all charity1 is necessary1 in order to complete the rational being1 and to render him worthy of his ,creator and of his natural destiny4#bjg ,without this grace--for so ,jansenius considered it--body and soul constitute only a sensual and animal being1 defenceless against all evil desires1 and incapable of rising to the knowledge and love of good4 ,the immediate consequence of these principles is that ,god could not create man without bestowing upon him the ,holy ,ghost and all the other gifts which faith manifests to us in our first parents4#bjh ,these were1 no doubt1 so many graces1 says ,jansenius2 but these graces were none the less due to human nature1 which without them would have been incomplete4#bji ,the first man was created in a state of perfect innocence1 and could not come forth otherwise from the hand of ,god4 ,the idea of any other state whatever is a chimera which would degrade humanity and openly conflict with the perfections of a sovereign ,providence4 ,faith teaches us that ,adam was established in justice and charity4 ,he therefore loved his ,creator1 and had within himself no perverse inclination4#baj ,thus speak the sectaries of ,pistoia1 faithful interpreters of ,jansenist thought4 ,the church has condemned this conclusion2 she teaches us that ,god could have created man as he is born at present1 without sin1 to be sure1 but still without that perfect innocence which consists in the supernatural and purely gratuitous gifts of charity and integrity4#baa ,however1 sin entered into the world1 and at one blow man lost all the gifts of the ,holy ,ghost3 he had fallen into that abnormal state of incompleteness in which ,god could not have established him in the beginning4 ,he hastened from darkness to darkness1 from error to error1 from sin to sin3 powerless to deliver himself from that love which held him attached to himself4#bab ,but the infected root must 7by a physical necessity1 as ,jansenius says7#bac produce defective and corrupt fruit4 ,he transmits to his children1 therefore1 in the order of generation1 ignorance of good and a vicious inclination to evil4#bad ,this is original sin1 according to the ,jansenists4 ,the ,catholic ,church1 in whose eyes sin is above all a moral disorder1 teaches that ignorance and concupiscence are not sins1 but the consequence of the first transgression1 and the occasion to man in his fallen state of voluntarily committing new sins4 ,jansenius exaggerates from the first the extent of the wound which ignorance caused in us4 ,the fallen man1 according to him1 is no longer possessed of organs for perceiving the truths which concern the higher interests of the soul2 ,god1 the future life1 natural right1 are so many closed books1 which revelation alone can open for us4#bae ,this is a sort of religious scepticism1 often revived since1 and always rejected by sound theology4 ,it is the real source also1 we may be sure1 of the peculiar mysticism which has flourished among the ,jansenists from the beginning4 ,by a natural consequence1 ,jansenius treats reason and science as enemies of faith2 he would have them banished afar from theology4 ,it is not intelligence1 says he1 but memory1 and1 above all1 the heart1 which penetrates revelation4#baf ,is this the same as to say that the adversaries of the ,augustinus have opened the door to modern rationalism1 as ,sainte-,beuve insinuates8 ,by no means4 ,between the two errors lies the truth as proclaimed by the ,scriptures and the fathers1 maintained by the sovereign pontiffs1 and definitely decided in the ,holy ,council of the ,vatican4#bag ,ignorance1 the fruit of sin1 is itself imputed as sin1 say the ,jansenists2 in other words1 we are guilty before ,god of the faults into which ignorance causes us to fall unwittingly and in spite of ourselves4#bah ,this is also the teaching of ,scipio ,ricci's false synod4 ,pelagius1 we are told by it1 could not understand why the ignorance of good which is born with us1 which is necessarily transmitted to us in the order of generation1 and by which man falls into error without wishing to1 and in spite of himself--invitus ac nolens--ought not to excuse sin4#bai ,pelagius1 who denied the fact of the original fall1 would not admit that ignorance1 the consequence of the fall1 was an evil or a weakness1 especially in view of man's supernatural end2 but faith1 equally with good sense1 forbids our maintaining that one can be guilty without willing to be so--invitus ac nolens4 ,the second wound of man in his fallen state is denominated concupiscence4 ,in the system of ,jansenius it is a movement of the soul which leads to the enjoyment of self and of other creatures for some other end than ,god4 ,it is1 therefore1 an affection of the soul contrary to order1 and bad in itself4 ,hence it is that man without grace 7that is1 deprived of grace71 and under the slavery of sin1 since cupidity reigns in his heart1 whatever effort he may make to withdraw himself from its influence1 refers everything to himself1 and by the general influence of the love which dominates him1 spoils and corrupts all his actions4#bbj ,this error of ,jansenius has been stigmatized as it deserves in the bulls directed against ,baius and ,quesnel4#bba ,these writers present the error under forms the most various2 for example1 ,all that man does without grace is sin4 ,all the works of infidels are sins4 ,the sinner1 without grace1 is free only for evil4 ,according to ,catholic doctrine1 man by his fall has become the slave of sin1 and has from himself only sin and falsehood1 in the sense that of himself he is for ever incapable of justifying himself from the stain of original sin and from the sins he has voluntarily committed2 he can do nothing1 absolutely nothing1 towards his supernatural destiny2 his weakness is so great that1 without assistance from on high1 he cannot but fall frequently and grievously1 especially when assailed by powerful temptations4 ,in these truths there are motives enough for humbling our pride1 without needing to go so far as the ,jansenists1 and say that the necessity of our sinning is an absolute and continual necessity4 ,this theory would be less repulsive if1 with the fathers1 the abundance of grace were also proclaimed4 ,christ's redemption1 the latter tell us1 embraces all time2 but his grace is more palpable to us in these days1 and more generally diffused4 ,divine assistance is always at hand1 say they unanimously1 at the moment it is wanted2 so that man can at least call upon ,god for help1 and thus obtain the strength of which he stands in need4 ,jansenius1 on the contrary1 pitilessly restrains the measure of liberating grace4 ,let us hear what the ,synod of ,pistoia has to say on this subject3 ,the ,lord willed that1 before this plenitude of time the time of our ,saviour's appearance upon earth1 mankind should pass through different states4 ,it was his will that man1 abandoned to his own lights1 should learn to distrust his blind reason1 and that his wanderings should thus lead him to desire the assistance of a superior light4 ,this was the state of nature in which man knew not sin1 and suffered himself to be drawn by concupiscence without being aware of it4#bbb ,thus1 then1 there was a long series of centuries in which mankind in general were abandoned to ignorance and cupidity1 and when1 without knowing it1 without wishing it1 they fell from sin to sin4 ,is this not frightful8 ,but what follows is still more cruel3 ,god then gave him a law which brought him to a knowledge of sin4 ,but man1 being ,,powerless to observe it1 became a prevaricator under the law4 ,sin became even more widespread1 either because the law forbidding it heightened the desire for it1 or because prevarication--that is1 contempt of the law--was added to its violation4444 ,the law1 therefore1 was given by ,god1 444 not to heal the wounds of mankind1 but to acquaint him with the malady and with the necessity of a remedy4#bbc ,thus viewed1 the law of ,sinai is an injustice and a subject of derision4 ,finally1 ,the ,son of ,god descended from the bosom of his ,father and brought salvation4#bbd ,now1 at least1 grace1 like a current of life1 will pass into the veins of languishing humanity6 ,alas6 no2 the further we advance the more disheartening becomes the doctrine of ,jansenius4 ,he acknowledges at the outset that progress in the individual follows the same course as in the species4 ,i will explain his thought3 many men1 even under the ,christian law1 have not the gift of faith--they are in the state of nature2 others are enlightened by the rays of divine revelation or by the interior light of grace--they are in a state analogous to that of men under the law4 ,while earthly love reigns in the heart1 the light of grace1 if it be alone1 produces the same effect as the law4444 ,it is necessary1 therefore1 that the ,lord should create in the heart a holy love1 that he should inspire it with a holy delectation1 contrary to the love which reigns there4 ,this holy love1 this holy delectation1 is1 properly speaking1 the grace of ,jesus ,christ2 it is the grace of the ,new ,testament4444 ,dominant love is a holy passion which operates in man1 in regard to ,god1 the same effects which dominant cupidity operates therein in regard to the things of earth4#bbe ,millions of men are thus excluded from all participation in redeeming grace4 ,jansenius says distinctly that the graces indispensable to salvation are not accorded at all times except to the small number of the elect2 all others receive nothing1 or only temporary and insufficient helps1 which serve but to render them more guilty4 ,in this sense1 the ,jansenists refuse to admit that ,christ died for the eternal salvation of all men2 the predestined alone were comprehended in the great contract by which ,jesus1 in dying1 offered his life1 and the ,eternal ,father accepted his stainless oblation as the price of justifying grace4 ,it is in this sense1 also1 that the fifth proposition of ,jansenius has been condemned as heretical3 ,it is a semi-,pelagian error to say that ,christ died or shed his blood for all men in general4#bbf ,hence arose that horrible ,jansenist doctrine of predestination1 borrowed from ,calvin1 in which ,god is made to appear pitiless even in his mercies1 the reprobate as a victim less guilty than unfortunate1 and the elect one as a spoiled child who ought to blush at his immortal crown4#bbg ,i shall return to this latter point hereafter4 ,meanwhile1 let us point out another consequence of the doctrine here laid down4 ,if it be true that man is often abandoned by grace1 and if1 in consequence of his impotence1 he necessarily violates the divine commands1 must we1 then1 believe that ,god orders what is impossible8 ,no doubt of it1 reply the ,jansenists2 ,pelagius first dared to deny this consequence--that the just themselves do often lack necessary grace4#bbh ,this monstrous error is expressed in the first proposition of ,jansenius1 as follows3 ,some of ,god's commandments are impossible to the just in the state of their present strength1 whatever will they may have1 and whatever efforts they may make2 and the grace through which these commandments would become possible to them is wanting4#bbi ,catholics1 with the ,council of ,trent 7session vi4 chap4 xi471 say quite the contrary4 ,it is a doctrine universally held in the church1 and borne out by the unanimous consent of the fathers1 that no one is deprived of the graces indispensable to salvation1 except through his personal fault4 ,theologians also1 for the most part1 teach1 with reason1 that ,god confers the grace of conversion on sinners the most obstinate and hardened4 ,how is it that ,jansenius was unable to perceive one of the clearest points of ,christian revelation--the infinite mercy of ,god towards the sinner8 ,it was the inevitable consequence of his doctrine concerning liberty4#bcj ,in his eyes1 the equilibrium of the human will has been irreparably lost2 man naturally follows the attraction which dominates him4 ,without grace1 our poor will tends irresistibly to the depths of sin2 an evil cupidity dominates it4 ,but let the delectation of divine love take possession of this entirely passive and powerless heart1 and it will be drawn to good by an equal necessity4 ,now1 we see but too well that this holy passion which operates in man1 in regard to ,god1 the same effects which the dominant cupidity operates in regard to the things of earth1 is the privilege of but a small number4 ,one only explanation is possible--all the rest are without grace4 ,be it observed that1 according to the ,jansenists1 every grace is charity1 irresistible1 victorious delectation4 ,the ,augustinus1 it is true1 speaks of certain little graces which do not at once carry the soul to the heights of perfection4 ,such as they are1 they are none the less efficacious2 if their power is not greater1 it is because ,god has not given them more force than they in effect possess4 ,the grace called by the theologians sufficient is held in aversion by the ,jansenists2 it is a grace which has for them the demerit of not being efficacious4#bca ,the three following propositions from ,jansenius on liberty and grace have been pronounced heretical3 ,in order to merit or demerit in the state of fallen nature1 it is not necessary that man should have a liberty opposed to necessity 7as to willing72 it suffices that he should have a liberty opposed to constraint4#bcb ,in the state of fallen nature1 we never resist interior grace4#bcc ,the semi-,pelagians admitted the necessity of an interior and preventing grace for all actions1 even for the beginning of faith2 they were heretics in so far as they assumed that grace to be such that the human will could resist it or obey it4#bcd ,quesnel renewed every one of these errors1#bce and the ,synod of ,pistoia gives ,quesnel's book an unreserved approbation4#bcf ,ricci and his adherents tell us1 with ,jansenius1 that the equilibrium of the human will is lost1 and that this idea of equilibrium is a rock against which the enemies of grace 7that is1 ,catholic theologians7 have dashed themselves4 ,they themselves ignore every grace from ,jesus ,christ1 except that which creates in us a holy love1 a holy delectation4#bcg ,the efficacy of grace1 say they1 does not depend on our will1 but produces it by changing us from not willing to willing1 through its all-powerful force4444 ,far from waiting our consent1 grace creates it in us4#bch ,in the synod's whole body of doctrine1 by means of which it aims to bring back the faith to its primitive purity1 we find not a word in contradiction of the heretical system of ,jansenius2 it everywhere follows1 on the contrary1 the spirit of that system1 but carefully avoids reproducing literally any one of the famous five propositions4 ,but we do find in the acts of the synod that celebrated conclusion which concentrates in itself the poison of the ,jansenist heresy in its full force3 ,there are in man two loves1 which are1 as it were1 the two roots of all our actions--cupidity and charity2 the first is the bad tree1 which can produce only bad fruit1 and the second the good tree1 which alone produces good works4 ,where cupidity dominates1 charity reigns not2 and where charity dominates1 cupidity reigns not4#bci ,as if there were not1 remarks ,pius ,,vi41 lying between culpable love and divine charity1 which conducts us to the kingdom of heaven1 a legitimate human love6#bdj ,when our common humanity is thus debased and disparaged1 a distance is necessarily placed between it and its sole mediator1 ,jesus ,christ1 himself man also1 but evidently incapable of taking upon himself a nature as incomplete as ours4 ,hence1 the disciples of ,jansenius have generally manifested an antipathy to devotions which bring us into intimate relations with the sacred humanity of our ,saviour4 ,the tender and ,christian devotion to the ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus is especially intolerable to them4#bda ,as to the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary1 her title of ,mother of ,god1 so solemnly defined in the ,council of ,ephesus against ,nestorius1 hardly finds favor among them4 ,to the ,jansenists1 ,mary is certainly not the ,immaculate ,one who crushes the head of the infernal serpent4 ,they represent her the most frequently as the ,virgin depicted by ,michael ,angelo1 trembling and almost hiding before the glance of ,christ the judge1 on the last day4#bdb ,her greatness is terrible1 said the ,abb de ,saint-,cyran to ,mre ,anglique4 ,could it be otherwise8 ,could ,jansenist fatalism give more room for confidence than for intercession8 ,may ,i be permitted to add a last word to this already long analysis8 ,it is said that ,jansenism has had the merit of recalling ,catholics to a respect for the sacraments4#bdc ,is this said seriously8 ,luther had made all spiritual life centre in faith2 the sacraments were thus nothing but ceremonies proper to excite this principal sentiment4 ,in place of faith1 ,baius and ,jansenius have substituted charity4 ,redeeming grace1 the divine adoption1 justice1 holiness1 all these they identify with love1 as ,luther identified them with faith4 ,now1 ,i ask1 what is it that renders the sacraments so worthy of veneration8 ,christian tradition replies with one accord3 it is their efficacy2 the sacraments are truly the causes and the instruments of grace and charity2 they are1 as it were1 vases filled with redeeming blood4 ,but the ,jansenists do not so regard them4 ,according to them1 the sacraments do not confer sanctity2 they suppose it4#bdd ,before baptism1 and before penance1 the adult must have dominant charity in his heart2 without this1 his repentance1 and even his prayers1 would be but movements of the dominant cupidity1 and1 consequently1 new sins4 ,it may be thought that ,i exaggerate2 ,i subjoin1 therefore1 passages from the ,synod of ,pistoia1 in which ,quesnel and ,jansenius speak again3 ,when we have unequivocal signs that the love of ,god reigns in a man's heart1 we may with reason judge him worthy of participation with ,jesus ,christ in the reception of the sacraments4 ,this is the rule which should be observed in the tribunal of penance 7in the question of granting absolution74 ,works alone afford a morally certain proof of conversion4 ,when the love of ,god takes possession of the soul1 it becomes active and efficacious4#bde ,again3 ,the first disposition for praying as we ought is a perfect detachment from all created things and a kind of disgust for all earthly consolations4#bdf ,until the sinner has received this grace of the ,holy ,ghost1 he is unworthy of absolution quite as much as of communion4 ,the words of ,saint-,cyran to poor ,sister ,mary ,clare are well known3 ,it is necessary to come1 living1 to penance4 ,this is why ,i have kept you waiting so long4 ,i have left you to live2 for five months you have been living a spiritual life4 ,so far no sacraments4 ,the practice was still worse than the theory1 as we well know4 ,and this is the way in which ,jansenism would recall ,catholics to a respect for the sacraments6 ,it has1 at one blow1 narrowed ,christ's functions and those of the church4#bdg ,,to ,,be ,,concluded ,,next ,,month4 ,,footnotes3 #bjc ,de ,potter1 in his ,life of ,scipio ,ricci1 points out the identity of the ,netherland schismatics with the ,jansenists of ,pistoia4 ,the ,marquis of ,ricci's whole collection of documents was open to him2 but he has not published those which we give further on4 #bjd ,synode de ,pistoie1 translated by ,du ,pac de ,bellegarde1 and approved by the ,schismatics of ,utrecht1 p4 #bci et seq4 ,pistoia1 #aghh4 #bje ,see1 especially1 chapters xii41 xiii41 xvii41 xxi41 xxii41 xxiii4 #bjf ,edition ,gerberon1 pp4 #dhi1 #bdj1 etc4 ,in his first reply to ,philip ,marnix de ,sainte-,aldegonde ,baius thus expresses himself3 ,but because ,holy ,scripture1 which can neither deceive nor be mistaken1 contains within itself truth itself2 and the church is not enlightened except by the truth written in the sacred books1 and1 left to herself1 could easily fall back into her darkness2 therefore1 it is more suitable to say that ,holy ,scripture gives authority and dignity to the church of ,christ1 than the reverse4 ,we know that the project of ,jansenius was first to publish only the ,vindici ,michlis ,baii4 ,the ,augustinus took its source from this4 #bjg ,baius1 ,de ,prima ,hominis ,justitia1 b4 i4 ,jansenius1 ,de ,gratia ,primi ,hominis1 c4 #a2 ,de ,statu ,prim ,natur1 b4 i4 c4 iii4 et seq42 b4 ii4 c4 i4 et seq4 #bjh ,loc4 cit41 ,quesnel in ,,ii4 ,cor4 #e1 etc4 #bji ,jansenius1 ,de ,statu ,pur ,natur1 b4 i4 c4 xx4 #baj ,synode de ,pistoie1 p4 #bdb4 #baa ,bull of ,s4 ,pius ,v4 against ,baius1 prop4 #ba1 #ee1 #gh1 #cd1 #bf4 ,bull of ,clement ,,xi4 against ,quesnel1 prop4 #ce4 ,bull ,auctorem ,fidei against the ,false ,synod of ,pistoia1 ,nos4 #af1 #ag4 #bab ,synode de ,pistoie1 p4 #bdc4 #bac ,de ,statu ,pur4 ,nat41 b4 i4 ,calvin1 ,institut41 b4 ii4 c4 i2 ,luther in ,psalm ,,li4 #bad ,synode de ,pistoie1 p4 #bdd4 #bae ,de ,ratione et ,auctoritate1 c4 iv41 vii41 et seq4 ,baius1 ,de ,prima ,hom4 ,just41 b4 i4 c4 viii42 ,de ,charitate1 c4 v4 #baf ,ibid4 ,for consistent ,jansenists1 science in the natural order1 especially in what appertains to man1 is impossible4 ,when one has only an incomplete being to study1 all of whose harmonies are in disorder1 how can we have any certitude as to the nature of that being8 #bag ,session ,,iii4 ,de ,fide4 #bah ,jansenius1 ,de ,statu ,natur ,laps1 b4 ii4 c4 ii4-vii4 ,quesnel1 in ,rom4 i4 #ai and ,,ii4 ,thessal41 iii4 #ah4 ,prop4 ,condemned1 #dj et seq4 ,prop4 ,condemned by ,alexander ,,viii41 #gth ,december1 #afij4 #bai ,synode de ,pistoie1 p4 #bdf4 #bbj ,ibid4 p4 #bdg4 #bba ,jansenius1 ,de ,statu ,nat4 ,laps41 b4 ii4 c4 vii4 et seq42 b4 iii4 c4 ix4 et seq42 b4 iv4 c4 xviii4 ,quesnel1 in ,luc41 xvi4 #c2 in ,joann41 viii4 #cd1 #cf2 ,prop4 ,condemned1 #ch1 #ci1 #da1 #de1 #df1 #dh1 etc4 ,baius1 ,de ,virtut4 ,impiorum1 c4 vi4 ,prop4 ,condemned1 #af1 #be1 #bg1 #cj1 #ce1 #cf1 #cg1 #dj1 #fa et seq4 #bbb ,synode de ,pistoia1 p4 #bdi et seq4 ,prop4 ,cond41 #ah1 #ai1 #ba4 ,jansenius1 ,de ,gratia ,christi ,salvatoris1 b4 i4 ,quesnel1 in ,hebr41 viii4 #g2 ,galat41 v4 #ah2 ,marc1 xii4 #ai1 etc4 ,prop4 ,cond41 #f1 #g1 #fd1 #fe4 #bbc ,synode de ,pistoie1 loc4 cit4 #bbd ,ibid4 #bbe ,ibid41 p4 #bea1 #bei4 ,prop4 ,cond41 #ba1 #be4 ,baius1 ,de ,charitate1 c4 v4 ,prop4 ,cond41 #af1 #ch1 etc4 ,jansenius1 ,de ,gratia ,christi ,salvat41 b4 v4 ,quesnel1 passim4 ,prop4 ,cond41 #dj1 #dd1 #de-fg4 ,protestation du ,p4 ,quesnel 7#agae1 without any other date71 p4 #aij1 et seq4 #bbf ,jansenius1 ,de ,gratia ,christi ,salvat41 b4 iii4 c4 xx41 xxi4 ,quesnel1 ,prop4 ,cond41 #cb1 #bi4 ,causa ,quesnelliana1 p4 #ahh et seq4 #bbg ,calvin1 ,de4 ,prdestinat41 b4 iii4 v42 ,instit41 b4 ii4 c4 v4 ,jansenius1 ibid41 b4 ix4 #bbh ,jansenius1 ibid41 b4 iii4 c4 vii4 et seq42 ,de ,hresi ,pelag41 b4 iv4 c4 xvi4 ,baius1 ,prop4 ,cond41 #ed4 #bbi ,jansenius1 ,de ,gratia ,christi ,salvat41 b4 iii4 c4 xiii4 #bcj ,baius1 ,de ,libero ,hominis ,arbitrio1 c4 ii4 iv4 et seq4 ,prop4 ,cond41 #ci4 ,jansenius1 ,de ,statu ,nat4 ,laps41 b4 iv4 c4 xxi4 et seq4 ,de ,gratia ,christi ,salvat41 b4 vi4 c4 v4 et seq41 xxiv4 to the end4 ,quesnel in ,luc1 viii4 #bd1 etc4 ,prop4 ,cond41 #aj1 #bb-be1 #ch1 etc4 #bca ,jansenius1 ,de ,gratia ,christi ,salvat41 b4 ii4 and vi4 ,quesnel1 in ,matth41 viii4 #c1 etc42 ,prop4 ,cond41 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ai1 #bj1 etc4 ,protestation du ,p4 ,quesnel1 p4 #ajb et seq4 #bcb ,jansenius1 ,de ,statu ,nat4 ,laps41 b4 iv4 c4 xxi4 et seq41 cited above4 #bcc ,third proposition4 ,see ,de ,gratia ,christi ,salvat41 b4 ii4 and vi4 #bcd ,fourth proposition4 ,see ,de ,hresi ,pelag41 b4 vii41 last chap42 b4 viii4 c4 vi41 viii4 ,de ,gratia ,christi ,salvat41 b4 ii4 c4 xv4 #bce ,see preceding notes and ,causa ,quesnelliana1 p4 #afc-aic4 #bcf ,edit cit41 pp4 #aif and #edg2 ,appendix 7v4 ii471 p4 #cdj et seq4 #bcg ,synode de ,pistoie1 p4 #bdb4 #bch ,ibid41 p4 #beb4 #bci ,synode de ,pistoie1 p4 #beb4 ,prop4 ,cond41 #bc1 #bd1 #be4 ,baius1 ,de ,charitate1 c4 vi4 ,prop4 ,cond41 #ch1 etc4 ,jansenius1 ,de ,gratia ,christi ,salvat41 b4 v4 c4 iii4 ,protestation du ,p4 ,quesnel1 p4 #aij et seq4 ,prop4 ,cond41 #dd1 etc4 #bdj ,bull ,auctorem ,fidei1 ,no4 #bd4 #bda ,synode de ,pistoie1 p4 #eba1 #ebh4 ,prop4 ,cond41 #fa et seq4 #bdb ,rivire1 ,le ,nestorianisme ,renaissant1 #b;d part 7#afic74 ,van der ,schuur 7,utrecht1 #afii71 ,de ,kleyne ,getyden4 ,synode de ,pistoie1 p4 #bei et seq4 ,prop4 ,cond41 #fi42 ,ibid41 appendix1 p4 #aba et seq4 ,baius1 ,prop4 ,cond41 #gc4 ,we know that the ,jansenist bishops of ,holland loudly protested against the proclamation of the dogma of the ,immaculate ,conception4 ,see ,port ,royal1 vol4 i4 p4 #bcc4 #bdc ,port ,royal1 vol4 i4 p4 #ddf2 vol4 ii4 p4 #ahi et seq41 #aed1 etc4 #bdd ,baius1 ,de ,sacramentis in ,genere1 c4 iii4 v4 ,prop4 ,cond41 #cc1 #dc1 #gj1 #aj1 #ab1 #ca et seq41 #eg1 etc4 ,saint-,cyran in ,aurelius follows the principles of ,baius on this point4 #bde ,synode de ,pistoie1 p4 #beg et seq41 #cgf-cig4 ,prop4 ,cond41 #be1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch1 etc4 #bdf ,ibid41 p4 #eaf4 ,see ,quesnel1 ,prop4 ,cond41 #ei et seq4 #bdg ,on this point1 to which ,i can only refer en passant1 see ,linsenmann1 ,michael ,baius und die ,grundlegung des ,jansenismus1 c4 v4 7,tubingen1 #ahfg74 ,,an ,,english ,,maiden',s ,,love4#bdh ,the third ,crusade had commenced4 ,the cry1 ,god wills it1 had gone forth from many a manly breast1 and already ,frederic of ,germany1 ,henry ,,ii4 of ,england1 and ,philip ,augustus of ,france had received the cross from ,william1 ,archbishop of ,tyre4 ,but a more powerful monarch than ,saladin1 against whom their combined strength was to be directed1 struck ,frederic before he reached ,palestine1 and called ,henry ,,ii41 whom domestic difficulties had detained in ,england4 ,death gives not back that which he takes1 and1 for the want of a leader1 the ,german army was broken up4 ,richard1 the brave ,cur de ,lion1 took his royal father's place1 both on the throne and in the ,crusade1 and1 with ,philip of ,france1 started on his glorious mission4 ,among those brave men who gathered around ,england's standard1 joying to be led by so bold a king1 who1 with his lion's heart1 dared every danger of sea1 land1 or fierce and cruel ,moslem1 was one of the oldest and proudest of ,norman blood4 ,his forefather1 who had fought by the side of ,william the ,conqueror1 had distinguished himself by many a daring deed1 and had won from his royal master1 in recognition of his bravery1 an earlship over a fair and smiling province of merrie ,england2 then1 renouncing his ,norman title in behalf of a younger son1 and marrying his eldest to the daughter of a ,saxon knight1 he established his right to the soil of his adopted country4 ,much of his fearless nature seemed to have come down with the blood of ,robert de ,bracy1 who1 at the ripe age of fifty-five1 had found himself unable to resist his monarch's call1 and to whom ,cur de ,lion himself owed much of wise counsel4 ,robert de ,bracy was a man of stern aspect1 but withal so compassionate and forbearing1 that he won the love of every one who came in contact with him4 ,his bravery had already been proved when1 as a young man1 he fought beside ,henry ,,ii1 during the war against ,france2 and1 later1 in that most dreadful invasion of ,ireland--dreadful1 because of the blow it gave to ,irish independence1 and for the gradual sinking of her people1 from that time1 from the eminence in erudition and lore for which they were renowned among the nations1 and which1 be it to their credit said1 they are using every effort to regain4 ,a man perfectly incapable of the least dishonorable action1 he was revered as a knight without stain or reproach4 ,a fervent ,catholic1 his religion was his pride1 and he never was ashamed of kneeling in church beside the poorest beggar1 nor felt insulted because poverty's rags touched his velvet robes4 ,but the good earl's heart received a terrible blow when he heard of the murder of ,thomas ,becket4 ,his faith in his king was shaken1 and nothing but the stern duty of allegiance could have induced ,robert de ,bracy to remain in ,england4 ,so when the ,crusade was preached1 he gladly seized the opportunity to show his love for the crucified ,king--for him whose throne was a cross1 and whose crown was of thorns--and enrolled himself among the ,crusaders4 ,he was joined by his only son and ,sir ,john de ,vere1 who1 like himself1 was of ,norman blood--a brave1 honest man1 of strict integrity1 whose character will be better seen in the unfolding of the story4 ,the earl was deeply attached to the young knight1 and the highest proof he could give of his love was in his willing consent that1 on their return from ,palestine1 ,sir ,john should wed his daughter1 ,agnes de ,bracy1 whose heart was no less pure than her face was lovely4 ,an' we'll make an earl of thee1 my lad6 cried the impetuous ,king ,richard when the betrothal was announced to him4 ,the court of the earl's castle was crowded with armed retainers1 knights1 and esquires1 who formed the retinue of ,de ,bracy and ,de ,vere4 ,even on and beyond the lowered drawbridge might be seen bands of neighing steeds1 their impatience checked ever and anon by their riders1 who awaited the earl to head and lead them to the rendezvous of the ,crusaders4 ,court and castle alike resounded with the clank of steel and tread of armed men1 while buxom waiting-maids and merry lads hastened to and fro in the bustle attendant on such a departure4 ,here and there stood a page giving the finishing polish to his master's sword1 and1 again1 others assisted in the girding on of the armor4 ,every now and then might be heard the wailing of some fond wife or mother1 contrasting somewhat strangely with the jests of those who had no tie to make the parting a sacrifice in the good cause4 ,apart from all this1 in one of the inner rooms of the castle1 were gathered the earl and his family4 ,lady de ,bracy's loving eyes wandered sadly from her honored husband to the manly features of her son1 kneeling by her side1 and back again to the earl1 who was soothing the grief of his youngest child1 ,mary1 just old enough to know that her father was going over land and sea1 and that she might never see him again4 ,in the deep embrasure of one of the windows1 partly concealed by heavy curtains1 stood ,sir ,john and his betrothed4 ,agnes had been weeping1 but being calmed by ,sir ,john1 whose grief partook more of the nature of joy than fear1 since on his return he was to claim her as his bride1 she rested her head quietly against his breast1 both her hands clasped around his neck1 while her uplifted eyes sought to read every expression of his noble face4 ,beloved1 he said in a low tone1 it will not be for long1 please ,god1 though ,i would that thou wert my wife e'en ere ,i go4 ,and1 he added1 continuing his whispered tones1 ,i were no ,christian knight to doubt thy faithfulness4 ,i'll prove thee mine on our return from the holy wars4 ,agnes looked steadily at the face so lovingly bent over her1 and1 unclasping her hands1 she drew from her girdle a scarf1 such as was worn in those days1 and bound it on ,sir ,john's sword-belt4 ,then1 returning her head to its resting-place1 and feeling his arm drawing her tightly to him1 as though by the very motion to thank her1 she said3 ,an' there is thy love's guerdon2 thou shalt wear it in battle1 and1 when thine eyes fall on it1 remember that one is praying for thee in bonnie ,england4 ,any further discourse was prevented by the earl1 who cried3 ,sir ,john1 we have no time to lose2 the men are ready1 the steeds drawn up1 and our presence alone is needed for immediate departure4 ,come1 ,agnes1 my daughter4 ,and as he placed one arm around her1 with the other he drew his wife gently to him4 ,raising his eyes to heaven1 he exclaimed3 ,o ,god6 protect these dear ones while ,i am fighting the good fight in thy name and for thee4 ,and this child1 he added1 as1 tenderly kissing his wife and ,agnes1 he loosened his hold and took ,mary in his arms--this child1 ,mother of ,god1 belongs to thee2 keep her pure1 that thy name1 borne by her1 may be ever spotless6 ,then1 calling the knights1 he hastily quitted the apartment1 not daring to look back4 ,the son tore himself from his mother's farewell embrace1 and quickly followed2 but ,sir ,john still lingered4 ,at last1 summoning his courage1 he strained ,agnes to his breast3 ,farewell1 my beloved6 ,god have thee1 my own1 in his keeping for so long as it seems best to him that we be parted4 ,as the drawbridge was raised behind the retreating soldiers1 ,agnes stood at the loophole of the main turret1 where1 with her mother1 she watched till the men1 horses1 and banners disappeared1 shut from sight by the declivity of a distant hill1 when she sank on her knees1 and prayed fervently for the loved ones who had started on their perilous journey4 ,we have said that ,agnes de ,bracy was lovely2 that word can hardly convey the true nature of her charms4 ,personal beauty she had1 and much3 dark eyes1 a clear complexion1 a perfect mouth1 disclosing perfect teeth1 and breaking into a smile of winning beauty1 together with a graceful form2 a character of womanly sweetness1 and great strength of will4 ,but as ,spenser hath it3 ,of the soule the bodie forme doth take2 ,for soule is forme1 and doth the bodie make4 ,it was the soul in ,agnes de ,bracy1 rich in ,god's sweet grace1 which gave her that wonderful expression2 the pure heart1 without guile1 which caused her eyes to gleam with a look that made ,sir ,john once exclaim1 ,methinks1 ,agnes1 thine eyes would soften the stony heart of the ,mussulman himself1 and e'en make a ,christian of him4 ,nor was ,sir ,john deficient in those qualities which would be apt to win the admiration and love of such as she4 ,like the earl1 he was a most devout ,catholic4 ,with a full1 heartfelt appreciation of his holy faith1 he could not--as many1 alas6 do--put it on and off with holiday attire1 but every word and action proved how thoroughly it was a part of himself1 and how1 without it1 in spite of great natural talents1 he would be--nothing4 ,to follow the ,crusaders on their journey1 every step of which was fraught with danger2 to watch the course of events as they shaped themselves during the march of the two armies1 is not the province of this story4 ,about three years later1 the earl1 with wounds scarcely healed and a heavy heart1 stood before the drawbridge of his castle1 which was being rapidly lowered at the unexpected blast of his bugle4 ,the clanking of the heavy armor was a joyful1 long-looked-for sound to the inmates of the castle1 who had assembled in the court to welcome back the earl and his followers4 ,weary and dust-laden1 they passed under the portal of the gateway1 a sad remnant of their former numbers1 greeting those who stood expectant with joy or fear4 ,suddenly a loud wailing arose1 as many a mother looked in vain for the well-remembered form of her brave lad1 who died fighting the ,saracen2 and the sounds of glad rejoicing were hushed in the presence of the angel of sorrow4 ,the earl and his son made their way rapidly to the same room that had witnessed their farewell1 and there their loved ones awaited them4 ,a thrill of terror passed through ,agnes' frame as she missed the features of ,sir ,john2 and1 seeing a strange look in her father's eyes1 which were fixed so tenderly but sorrowfully on her1 she clasped her hands tightly1 and cried out3 ,my ,god6 my ,god6 thy will1 not mine1 be done2 but1 oh6 if he is dead6 ,agnes1 my child1 my precious child6--and ,robert de ,bracy drew his daughter to him--,god knows my heart is heavy enough with the story ,i have to tell thee1 yet it is not what thou dost expect4 ,sir ,john is living1 strong and well1 but--and his lips quivered with emotion--but he is ,saladin's prisoner2 and ,i fear me greatly that neither gold nor silver will ransom him4 ,saladin's prisoner1 my father8 ,saladin's prisoner8 ,and will nothing ransom him8 ,and bowing her face in her hands1 she wept bitterly4 ,but her violent grief was not of long duration2 her nature was too thoroughly schooled4 ,she checked its first outburst2 and1 trusting to ,him who had always given her help in her troubles1 she breathed a short1 fervent prayer4 ,then1 raising her head1 she turned to the earl1 and in her sweetest voice3 ,forgive me1 my father1 she said1 for that ,i have not been thy daughter1 and1 in my selfish sorrow for what ,god has ordained1 ,i have forgotten to bid thee welcome home4 ,agnes6 ,agnes6 ,and the old earl nearly broke down under the weight of his sorrow--sorrow all the keener for the suffering of his daughter4 ,agnes1 we will not give up all hope4 ,i would have begged of ,saladin on my knees for his ransom1 but it could not have been2 ,i was ordered away1 and no respite granted4 ,give up all hope8 ,no1 indeed1 my father4 ,far from me be such a thought6 ,god will help us1 and my beloved shall be ransomed if it is his will2 for he gave him to me1 and he can take him away4 99 99 99 99 99 ,lo6 ,damascus is rising before us2 not the ,damascus of to-day1 but the quaint1 beautiful ,oriental city of the ,x,i,ith century4 ,the golden crescents of her domed mosques flash in the light of the ,eastern sun4 ,her thoroughfares are crowded with men in their ,turkish garb1 and women veiled after the manner of their nation4 ,her shops are resplendent with jewels1 pearls1 and jacinths2 fragrant with the perfumes of musk1 ambergris1 and aloes-wood2 glittering with rustling silks and heavy brocades1 interwoven with gold1 and scarlet1 and silver4 ,houses1 beautiful in their quaint architecture1 meet the eye at every corner1 together with palaces1 the residences of emir and vizier4 ,but with naught of these have we to do4 ,our story takes us into the heart of the city to the palace of ,saladin1 ,sultan of the ,turks4 ,as we enter1 we behold banners unfurled4 ,shields1 helmets1 every species of armor decorate the main hall1 along whose sides are ivory benches1 where the eunuchs wait their master's orders4 ,a great dome is overhead1 and the sun1 pouring down through its latticed windows1 floods the hall with light1 and causes the steel of the armor and the jewels of the hall to sparkle and flash with brilliancy4 ,at the further end is a heavy curtain of brocade1 richly wrought with various kinds of embroidery in white1 red1 and gold4 ,two tall armed men guard the corners4 ,we will imagine the curtain lifted for us1 and enter4 ,there sits ,saladin on his throne4 ,his followers are around him4 ,rich are the robes which fall from his shoulders1 well befitting the ,sultan of the ,east4 ,if the hall was gorgeous in its beauty1 the room of the throne is no less so4 ,the hangings on the walls are figured with various wild beasts and birds1 worked with silk and gold4 ,the sandal-wood work gives out its own peculiar perfume4 ,in fact1 all betokens a royal presence4 ,and of what sort is ,saladin8 ,great talents in him combine for mastery2 great activity and valor4 ,the severity and rigor1 so inflexible as to make the bravest heart quail with fear before him1 was often replaced by such kindness1 such generosity1 that the poor1 the widowed1 and orphaned did not hesitate to appeal to his mercy4 ,and as he sits before us1 we must draw back and continue our story4 ,an eunuch has presented the bowl and vase1 and1 having performed the ablution1 ,saladin turned slowly round1 gazing steadily at the stern faces before him4 ,by ,allah6 he exclaimed1 as his eyes rested on the one nearest him--by ,allah6 ,i trow1 ,moslem chiefs1 you are brave1 yea1 very brave and very skilful4 ,you have beaten back the ,christians4 ,you have proved yourselves true sons of ,mahomet2 but1 for all that1 ,i know a braver man than you4 ,eunuch6 bid the ,christian slave come forth4 ,at his sultan's orders1 the eunuch made a low bow1 and retired behind one of the hangings4 ,in a few moments he returned1 followed by a guard of men1 and ,sir ,john de ,vere in their centre4 ,as they approached with him1 ,saladin waved them back1 and bade the ,christian only to remain before the throne4 ,then suddenly he made a sign--a sign dreaded alike by vizier and eunuch4 ,it was obeyed1 and a soldier1 stepping forward1 waved a sharp and gleaming scimitar over the head of the captive2 but he did not flinch1 nor move a muscle of his face1 but continued gazing with stern1 unshrinking eye straight forward4 ,the sultan1 as if satisfied with the courage the prisoner evinced1 motioned the soldier back4 ,then he said3 ,john de ,vere1 thy father's land1 thine ancient home1 thou shalt see no more2 but ,i have great need of men like thee4 ,i command thee1 forsake thy ,christian faith2 and1 if thou wilt adore ,mahomet and ,god1 there is no favor thou shalt ask1 by my royal word1 that shall not be granted thee4 ,i will set thee above all men4 ,i alone will be above thee4 ,i will make thee my son4 ,i will give thee palaces1 gold1 and precious gems2 and from all the queenly maidens thou shalt choose one and wed her as thy bride4 ,thou canst not refuse that which my caliphs strive for years to obtain1 and which to thee is given in one day4 ,i bid thee reply4 ,as ,saladin finished1 he sank back on his throne1 and a quiet smile played around his lips as he awaited his captive's answer4 ,sir ,john listened to him calmly and patiently4 ,then having bowed low1 he raised his head erect1 and made the ,christian's mark--the sign of the cross--upon himself4 ,saladin1 he said1 ,sultan of the ,mussulmans1 since thou dost bid me reply1 ,i will first return thanks for all the favors ,i have received at thy hands4 ,from the first day of my captivity till now thou hast loaded me with kindnesses2 for these ,i am grateful1 though gratitude may not seem to be in the answer ,i make thee4 ,know1 then1 ,i1 a ,christian1 cannot renounce my faith4 ,i am a sworn soldier of my ,god--of him who died for me4 ,dost thou think that ,i1 who bear the cross upon my shoulder1 could on that cross bring scorn8 ,thou dost promise me a ,moslem wife4 ,in that far-off land--which ,god grant ,i may see before ,i die6--,i have a love1 whom as my very life ,i love4 ,to her sweet heart ,i will not be false4 ,saladin1 ,i cannot bear a ,moslem name nor wed a ,moslem maiden4 ,ah6 cried the sultan1 thou dost not know woman's heart4 ,perchance she whom thou lovest so fondly is the bride of another2 nor doubt me1 that heart1 fickle and false as any woman's1 which swore such fealty to thee1 belongs now perhaps to thy rival4 ,never yet was woman known to be constant4 ,ah6 ,john de ,vere1 thou hadst better remain with me4 ,as he ceased1 the curtain was raised1 and two by two came those holy men vowed to ransom ,christian captives from the hands of the ,turks4 ,they approached ,saladin's throne1 and1 opening their bags1 they poured out with lavish hand an untold treasure at his feet4 ,then the chief monk said3 ,the bride of ,sir ,john de ,vere1 ,o ,sultan ,saladin6 sends all she hath1 gold and gems1 and bids thee take them1 but to restore to her her betrothed4 ,the other captive knights may go with thee1 replied the sultan2 but as for all these gems and gold1 his lady-love would give them for a dress4 ,sir ,john de ,vere may not go with thee4 ,no wealth can ransom him1 for ,i love him with a more than brother's love1 and hope to win his in return4 ,why1 ,i would give a hundred slaves1 if he would renounce his ,christian faith4 ,so thus to thy lady this answer2 for ,i will prove how ,christian maidens love4 ,tell her that1 before ,i yield my thrall1 she must cut off her own right arm and hand1 and send it hither to ransom ,john de ,vere6 ,saladin1 said the captive1 thy permission for one word to say to these monks before they go4 ,i bid you1 brothers1 he added1 turning to them1 to speak of me as dead4 ,for1 ,o sweet-heart6 my betrothed bride1 well do ,i know that not only arm and hand1 but even life itself1 thou wouldst willingly give for me2 and ,i cannot prove thy death1 that ,i may live4 ,do not tell her the sultan's cruel words4 ,o brothers6 ,i beg you do not6 ,as sole reply1 they gathered up the useless treasure1 and1 returning to their ships1 they sailed for ,england4 ,with mournful hearts they landed on the shore1 and travelled day and night till they reached ,de ,bracy's castle4 ,there they laid down their full bags1 and told ,agnes that for neither gold nor silver could ,sir ,john be ransomed2 but if it was still her heart's wish that he should see his native land again1 the sultan had promised that for one gift her betrothed should go free4 ,and that gift8 said ,agnes4 ,is1 replied the head monk slowly1 thine own right arm and hand1 cut off for his sake4 ,this is the ransom asked4 ,thou canst not prevail on ,saladin to take a meaner thing4 ,every face grew white at these cruel words4 ,they shuddered as they listened to the monk2 only ,agnes preserved her usual calmness4 ,the earl clutched his sword1 and could hardly refrain from vowing death to every man of the ,moslem race4 ,little ,mary cried out1 clasping her sister tightly1 ,sure1 ,agnes1 such a wicked man cannot be found4 ,but quieting the child1 she looked at ,lady de ,bracy4 ,the face of the mother was marked with keen suffering4 ,it was a dreadful moment for the brave spirit of ,agnes2 she knew she must make answer1 and that at once4 ,but how could she tell those1 who suffered so much at the very thought of the deed1 of her resolution8 ,my ,god6 it is hard2 but as we love in thee1 thou must help me to do what is right1 was the prayer which rose from her heart1 as with her lips she framed her answer4 ,my dear ones1 your daughter need not say how much she grieves for your sakes that she must suffer4 ,cruel is the ransom asked2 who could know it better than ,i8 ,but ,god loves us1 and did he not1 because of his love1 give his own beloved ,son8 ,and do we not see every day how churls and nobles give their lives for their king8 ',greater love than this no man hath1 that a man lay down his life for his friends4' ,that1 my father1 we know from the holy ,gospels4 ,wouldst thou have thy daughter shrink duty1 thou1 my lord and father1 who hast bled by ,cur de ,lion's side8 ,she hesitated a moment1 then1 her sweet voice growing clearer and stronger1 she continued3 ,i am ,john de ,vere's betrothed1 and to him ,i owe my fealty1 even though it should cost my life4 ,my lord and father1 what is my life8 ,long years spent in pleading with ,god to end the banishment of my love4 ,and at last he has heard1 at last my prayer has been granted4 ,only it must be proved that my love is pure2 so he sends me pain1 and ,i will take it1 grateful to endure2 for is not the reward great8 99 99 99 99 99 ,once again the holy friars found themselves in the beautiful city of ,damascus4 ,eagerly they threaded their way through its broad but devious thoroughfares till they reached the palace of the sultan4 ,within1 in the room of the throne1 sat ,saladin in royal state4 ,by his side stood ,sir ,john de ,vere4 ,he still retained the badge of slavery1 for he was too true to give up his faith2 but to ,saladin's councils he was often summoned4 ,when any measure to be taken against the ,christians was the theme of debate1 he remained respectfully but firmly silent4 ,against his brothers he could not in conscience speak2 to do so for them he knew would prove more than useless4 ,but yet many were the subjects on which his knowledge and fine sense of justice could be brought to bear2 and ,saladin was not the man to fail in taking advantage of his wise judgment4 ,some such serious business had called around the sultan his advisers1 and1 as usual1 ,sir ,john stood foremost among them4 ,they had all but finished the subject under consideration1 when the folds of the curtain were lifted1 and a herald entered the royal presence4 ,sultan1 our lord1 he said1 the monks appointed to ransom the ,christians stand without4 ,they crave an audience again4 ,let them enter1 was the command given1 and swiftly obeyed4 ,again the curtain was lifted upon the holy men1 and again it fell1 shutting them from the outer hall1 as they stood in the presence of ,saladin4 ,the superior stepped forward3 ,we thank thee1 sultan1 for the favor thou hast accorded us in this audience4 ,but we bid thee learn1 ,o monarch6 a lesson we bring thee--a lesson of how great1 in a nobler faith than thine1 is love's purity and power4 ,a dim foreboding seized ,sir ,john at the monk's words1 and his whole form shook with ill-suppressed emotion1 as he listened to the conclusion3 ,monarch6 what are women to thee8 ,slaves1 toys of an idle hour1 the playthings of passion4 ,what women of thine would do for thee as ,agnes de ,bracy hath done for him who stands beside thee--him whom thou callest thy slave8 ,thy cruel words have been heeded4 ,lo6 the answer4 ,and he laid at ,saladin's feet a casket1 richly wrought in gold and silver4 ,sir ,john looked as one frenzied1 then seizing the casket pressed it to his heart3 ,why did you tell her1 ,o cruel monks8 ,did ,i not ask you to speak of me as dead8 ,o fair arm6 ,o dear1 sweet hand6 that thou shouldst cut it off1 my beloved1 and for my poor sake6 ,saladin stretched out his hand to take the casket2 but ,sir ,john only pressed it the tighter1 and sobbed aloud4 ,at this1 the superior of the monks1 coming forward1 said something in a low voice1 which caused the young knight to lift up his face and look at the brother4 ,then1 turning to the sultan1 he placed the casket reverently before him4 ,saladin took it and opened it2 as he raised the lid1 the perfume of aromatic spices escaped therefrom4 ,lifting the linen1 he looked steadily for a moment1 then large tears were seen to escape from his eyes and roll down his cheeks4 ,all the higher nature of the man seemed to be aroused4 ,calling his nobles around him1 he held the casket silently for their inspection4 ,within it lay embalmed the lily-white right arm and hand of ,agnes de ,bracy4 ,there was no mistaking the delicate form of the arm1 the shape of the tapering fingers4 ,severed from the shoulder of that noble girl1 they lay in all their beauty1 a reproach to the cruelty of the sultan4 ,in that throne-room not one man but was moved to tears4 ,then ,saladin closed the casket1 but1 still keeping a firm hold on it1 he cried out3 ,mahomet and ,god witness for me6 with a deep brother's love ,i love ,john de ,vere1 and ,i thought ,i might retain him by me if ,i asked this ransom4 ,but now ,i would give my kingdom to recall those words4 ,haste1 ,john de ,vere1 haste to thy noble love4 ,o fair arm6 ,o fair hand6 ,true1 brave heart6 ,oh6 that ,i could claim such love as thine6 ,john de ,vere1 tell that noble woman that ,saladin yields his selfish love4 ,take to her gold1 gems2 load the ship with all of wealth and beauty ,i have2 but they would vainly prove ,saladin's grief4 ,she who has proved thee such a noble love will make thee a noble wife1 ,john de ,vere4 ,but thou canst not take with thee this precious casket4 ,among my treasures ,i shall store it away4 ,it will prove to future ages how ,christian maidens keep their troth1 and how pure is their love4 99 99 99 99 99 ,more than this the legend tells us not4 ,but it is said that in a church in ,england may still be seen a statue of the knight and his noble1 one-armed lady4 ,,footnotes3 #bdh ,some years ago1 a poem appeared in an ,english weekly with the same title1 ,an ,english ,maiden's ,love4 ,the author stated that1 when a mere girl1 she read the incident in a very stupid old novel founded upon the same subject1 and which she never could succeed in meeting with again4 ,we have not seen the novel1 but have ventured to borrow the incident1 and offer it to the readers of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world in its present form4 ,,our ,,masters4 ,freedom is the boast of half the civilized world1 and the envy of the other half4 ,it is the embodiment of the desires of our age1 the goal of the individual1 as well as the collective life of nations4 ,it is a treasure jealously guarded or a prize passionately longed for1 the pretext for riot and disorder1 the burden of diplomatic messages1 the ostensible object of all civic government4 ,england records in the words of a national song1 ,britons never will be slaves1 her proud determination to grasp it2 ,america asserts elasticity of personal liberty as the chief attraction of her territory2 everywhere the cry is1 ,we will do as we like1 and accept no dictation from any man4 ,it is a somewhat strange commentary on this fierce vindication of one man's rights that they invariably clash with the rights of all other men1 provided the latter happen to differ in the interpretation of freedom4 ,again1 it is a curious psychological phenomenon that this much-vaunted freedom generally ends in a frantic appeal to the state to force one particular set of principles upon a large majority to whom these principles are repulsive4 ,in some countries freedom means expulsion from a quiet retreat deliberately chosen years ago by men and women in full possession of their senses3 witness the depopulated monasteries and the poor religious thrust out to starve or beg4 ,in others it means the minute supervision of state officials over the educational and religious interest of thousands--a sort of domestic inquisition in perpetual session on moral subjects1 which the individual inquisitors do not pretend even to have studied4 ,in conjunction with this species of freedom we have the ravenous appetite for unbelief of all shades1 for laxity of morals1 for the elasticity of the marriage-tie1 for a pleasant and dignified way of losing our souls1 for decorous but unrestrained indulgence of our passions--in short1 for the manifold attractions of the broad road4 ,this is the serious side of the question--the one to be dwelt upon by preachers and philosophers1 and that which the heedless actors in the world's drama are apt to pass by as a matter of course--a thing taken for granted long ago4 ,but there is another aspect1 more personal and more intimate1 in which this question appears to us4 ,we boast of being free1 and at every turn the commonest circumstances of our daily life belie us4 ,free6 why1 we are tied as fast as we can be to a perpetual pillory2 like the prisoner of ,chillon1 we can just walk round and round our post at the length of our chain1 and wear a groove into the hard stone of our surroundings4 ,free6 with a hundred masters3 the gout1 dyspepsia1 the doctor1 the cook1 society1 the weather4 ,free6 with the newspaper to dictate our ideas and opinions1 to choose1 recommend1 and puff our candidates1 to lay down the law in criminal cases1 to patronize the jury and pass sentence on the prisoner6 ,it would be hard to find a condition in life which is not eminently a bondage1 and a bondage the more galling because the bonds are so insignificant4 ,it is almost equally hard to know where to begin the record of our abject submission to external trammels4 ,you are tired1 and want to sleep an extra hour in the morning4 ,of course1 you think you have only to will this1 and it is done4 ,but you are not allowed to sleep2 the noise in the street increases2 the bells of the cars mingle in determined clangor with the whistle of the steamboat2 an organ-grinder takes up his position under your window1 and serenades you into madness2 the horn of the fish-man is heard on the hill 7,murray ,hill72 presently the fire-alarm sounds1 and the clatter of engines follows close upon it2 while all the time the flies are industriously reconnoitring your face1 walking over your eyelids1 losing themselves in your hair1 and1 despite your half-unconscious protest1 you must own after all that you are awake4 ,then the whole tenor of your mind for the day may depend upon the exact degree of tenderness in the customary beefsteak or on the extra turn given to the crisp buckwheat4 ,so the wire-pulling is done in the kitchen1 and your vaunted independence as a man and a citizen goes down ignominiously before the fiat of the cook4 ,this kind of thing is interminable4 ,you are at the mercy of your tradesmen1 and1 for the sake of peace1 you pay the bills and submit to be cheated with inferior provisions while paying the price of superior ones4 ,the newspaper is not always ready to your hand when you feel inclined to look at the news of the world1 and straightway your mind becomes uneasy1 your temper rises1 and you have again surrendered your freedom4 ,you order your horse1 but find he is lame1 and so you must forego your plans for the day2 you make up your mind to start by the early train to-morrow1 and enjoy a day in the country1 and find1 when you open your window in the morning1 that the rain is pouring with dismal steadiness1 and promises to do so for many hours to come4 ,sometimes your wife keeps you waiting fifteen minutes for dinner1 and1 on sitting down1 you find the soup cold and the entres spoiled2 and it is well known that not even ,job could have stood that6 ,the wind and tide wait for no man2 and so you are hurried out of bed against your will at unseasonable hours of the night or morning1 and packed on board the steamer bound for ,europe while yet half asleep and as sulky as a bear1 your free-will practically gone as much as if you were a bale of goods being shipped and checked for ,liverpool4 ,social customs are no less a hidden tyranny4 ,if you would not appear eccentric1 you must do as others do--wear a dress-coat when you would fain be in your shirt-sleeves1 and a smile when you are dying for an opportunity to yawn4 ,if you are a silent man1 you must nevertheless join in the gossip of your fellow-guests1 and laugh at unmeaning jokes1 for fear people should call you a misanthrope1 and avoid you as a wet blanket to conversation4 ,if you have any decided opinion1 you must keep it to yourself1 and avoid the vacant stare of astonished good-breeding which is the penalty of any energetic statement4 ,it is vulgar to be too demonstrative or to have any settled opinions2 enthusiasm is out of fashion1 and indifference has at least the advantage of never committing you to anything4 ,if a little deviation in manner from the recognized standard is not reprehensible1 then it is voted amusing1 and the self-asserting individual is considered a good butt2 but no one dreams of asking his advice or even crediting him with common sense4 ,all his real qualities are lost sight of1 and he is judged by the mere accident of originality4 ,no one takes the trouble further to investigate his character2 he is odd1 and people either drop him as a bore1 or run after him as a lion4 ,if a man has a hundred invisible masters1 a woman has five hundred4 ,from the cook to the dressmaker1 from the nurse to the baby1 she is surrounded by tyrants4 ,she is at the mercy of the coiffeur1 who comes in an hour behind time1 and tumbles her hair into shape in a violent hurry1 so that she is late at the ball2 she lives with the sword of ,damocles above her head in the shape of the dressmaker1 who will send in a ball-dress so loosely sewn together that it splits in many places before the evening is over2 if she is poor1 she is the slave of desire1 perpetually tantalized by the splendors she cannot reach1 eating her heart out because ,mrs4 ,jones has got a new bonnet so far finer than her own1 or ,mrs4 ,smith's rich uncle gave her a cashmere shawl impossible to outrival2 if she is married1 the regulating of the domestic atmosphere will cost her many an anxious thought1 a curtailed hour of leisure1 an uneasiness regarding a possible storm when ,harry comes home and finds his new hat mangled by the pet puppy2 if she is single1 she will be always scheming for an escort1 and fretting lest she should be overlooked1 and so on through every variety of possible female situations4 ,to this picture there is a companion4 ,see the unhappy bachelor of moderate means1 in a forlorn boarding-house1 pining for the simplest luxuries or the innocent liberty of stretching at full length on a lounge without taking off his working-clothes2 sighing for a variety in the round of his monotonous meals1 and for the possibility--without hazard of starvation--of an occasional morning snooze when the inexorable breakfast-bell calls him to the renewed treadmill of existence4 ,but woe to the man who rashly turns to matrimony1 and surrenders1 without mature deliberation and cogent reasons1 the liberty--such as it is--which still remains to him4 ,his change may be from the frying-pan into the fire1 and the nightly fate of the wretched ,caudle1 of curtain-lecture memory1 may claim him for life4 ,is the rash ,benedict free1 when the irreproachable wife begins to make her hand felt1 and1 together with the immaculate table-linen1 the punctual and succulent meals1 the orderly household1 the never-failing newspaper always at hand at the right moment1 yet silently conveys to him the awful impression that she is heaping coals of fire on his head8 ,a man may be in prison1 and1 if he can pay for them1 may yet enjoy every luxury and attention2 still1 it would be rather stretching the point to say that he was therefore free4 ,so both sexes know how to tighten invisible bonds around each other's claims1 and freedom is practically as meaningless as the apparent life of a still green tree woven round by the graceful and fatal vine4 ,the majority of mankind are quite debarred from any tangible freedom by the lack of means with which to procure it4 ,a poor man cannot1 physically speaking1 be a free agent2 but1 in compensation1 the richer and higher placed a man is1 the more social and moral trammels will he encounter4 ,excess of want and excess of possession often end by producing the same result4 ,the poor man cannot move from his post1 because he has not the money to do so2 the rich man cannot move from it1 because he has too much money to watch over4 ,wealth1 too1 brings its responsibilities2 and a conscientious man1 in whose hands lie the life and comfort of hundreds of his fellow-creatures1 cannot leave his post because his tenants or operatives would suffer through his absence4 ,in fact1 no one1 in a certain sense1 can be free1 except an unprincipled man and an unbeliever4 ,selfishness is the only road to such animal freedom as would content a sensualist4 ,a ,christian1 be he poor or rich1 cannot aspire to this worldly freedom1 because his religion tells him that he is not free to desert those with whom ,god has linked his fortunes4 ,family circumstances fetter one to an incredible degree2 conscience is a perpetual trammel2 and even the exigencies of position are sometimes a legitimate restraint on our actions4 ,many persons of narrow minds1 not particularly influenced by moral forces1 fall a prey to ,mrs4 ,grundy1 and dare not face the opinion and comments of their neighbors4 ,in the most trivial things we are slaves to the verdict of society4 ,who would not rather have danger than ridicule8 ,how many things1 whether lawful or unlawful1 are we not ashamed to do1 because of what people would say1 quite irrespective of the intrinsic right or wrong1 expediency or uselessness1 of the thing itself8 ,it may well be said that it is less a sin in the eyes of the world to break every one of the ,ten ,commandments than to enter a room with your hat on1 or ask a girl to marry you on nothing a year4 ,it would require more pluck to stand up for an unfashionable religion1 or defend an unpopular person in a cultivated assemblage arrayed on the opposite side of the question1 than it would to storm a citadel or rescue a sinking ship4 ,to contravene one-quarter of an article of the impalpable code of society entails downright ostracism2 and the lynch-law administered to social delinquents effectually keeps people in this imaginary groove1 where the invisible penalties of religious codes are unavailing to enforce good morals4 ,how hollow the system is which thus intrenches itself behind such paltry defences we need not say2 but how infinitely more galling and more belittling is this servitude than the yoke of ,god which men fly from6 ,absolute hardships1 real privations1 men will cheerfully undergo1 provided it is with a worldly object2 nobody minds being a slave when the devil is master and the livery is cloth-of-gold4 ,one of the axioms of the day is that marriage should be a profitable speculation4 ,to what lengths do not men and women proceed in order to fulfil this inculcation to the letter8 ,the writer once heard the hunt after wealthy marriages likened to the vicissitudes of ,s4 ,paul on his journeys4 ,the likeness was forcible1 though hardly elegant2 but1 at any rate1 it was earnestly and not irreverently meant4 ,the best of it was that it was so startlingly true1 and that no part of the world1 no system of society1 could escape the allusion4 ,perils by sea and land1 perils by robbers1 perils by false brethren1 watchings and hunger1 cold and nakedness--there was not one detail which did not find its counterpart in the modern race after matrimonial advantages4 ,people undergo for the world more hard penances than would suffice to bridge over purgatory1 did they suffer them for ,god4 ,wolsey1 in his disgrace1 cried out that if he had served his ,god but half so well as he had served his king1 he would not now be reaping a meed of contempt and ingratitude4 ,so with the world2 it despises those who toil for it1 and no one is less respected by it than the very man who has sacrificed principle to win its life-homage4 ,as to the marriage lottery1 there is very little that is not staked for a lucky throw of the dice4 ,health is ruthlessly sacrificed2 delicate girls brave the night air1 the draughts in the corridor1 the sudden change from a fetid heat to intense cold1 the unwholesome meal at abnormal hours1 the loss of actual rest1 all for the questionable pleasure of attending a ball every night in the week1 and being seen everywhere4 ,economy is disregarded1 and reckless outlay on flimsy1 temporary dress indulged in without a murmur2 delicacy and modesty are tacitly put by as unfit considerations in the present1 however useful they may prove in the future2 underhand inquiries as to a young man's habits and associates1 his fortune and his prospects1 are unblushingly made1 quite as a matter of business2 snares and pitfalls are judiciously contrived for the coroneted or gilded victim2 pride of birth1 of which1 at any other time1 the practised diplomatists of the salons are so tenacious1 is pocketed at the approach of some plebeian prize1 and the son or daughter of a self-made man is welcomed with admirably simulated rapture when duly weighted with the parent's hardly-earned money4 ,stranger than all1 this mania of gambling in marriage--for it is nothing less--seizes even persons whom you would naturally suppose would1 by instinct or principle1 be averse to any such transactions2 but though you will find them proof against every other meanness1 the very shadow of this one will unsettle their minds4 ,good people seem impelled to join this race as by an irresistible fatality1 and will actually blind themselves to the repulsiveness of such a course by glossing it over as an outgrowth of a sacred instinct1 parental love1 and solicitude4 ,needy and idle men1 seeking a fortune by marriage with an heiress1 are not a whit better--nay1 a shade more despicable--than mercenary women on the same lookout4 ,but it must be confessed that there is a healthier and nobler side to human nature which is too often obscured by the supposed requirements of our worst tyrant--society4 ,there are women who1 being rich and high-minded1 view this pursuit of themselves with disgust2 and there are men1 equally high-minded1 but poor1 who love these women1 but1 for fear of being classed with interested suitors1 and sometimes for fear of a contemptuous refusal1 never come forward and acknowledge their love4 ,the woman who sees this may love such a man1 but maidenly dignity forbids her making it too plain2 and society thus manages to make two honest hearts wretched for years1 sometimes for life1 and perhaps in the end to efface in them even the belief in true and disinterested affection4 ,and we dare to call ourselves free6 ,business and our material interests are so many burdens and trammels to our liberty4 ,say that we are easy-going and indolent1 fond of sedentary pleasures2 but a long and uncomfortable journey becomes necessary1 and1 under the penalty of material losses1 we are obliged to choose the lesser of the two evils4 ,or reverses swoop down so suddenly upon us that1 having been used to elegant leisure and comparative security1 we are incontinently thrown on our own resources1 and obliged to work1 if we would not starve4 ,even the choice of work is not always open to us1 or we may happen to choose some unremunerative work1 which fate and our hard-hearted neighbor will persist in making useless to us4 ,even with prosperity work itself becomes a tyrant2 and when the lucky worker thinks of enjoying his earnings in peace and retirement1 the restless demon of habit steps in to make his very retirement wretched4 ,he is allowed no peace1 but sighs for the counting-house or the workshop2 and one has heard of such haunted men going about disconsolately beneath the weight of fortune1 until solaced by a miniature feint of the old work--a place where1 far from the satin1 gilding1 and ormolu of the fashionable mansion1 they can plane and turn common chairs and tables1 or sit in a leathern apron1 cobbling their own boots4 ,poor millionaire6 are you free8 ,other men are slaves not so much to their passions as their tastes4 ,such an one undergoes tortures if another's collection of china is better than his own1 or if a rival bids higher than he can afford to do for an old ,italian or ,flemish picture4 ,this man would give himself more trouble to secure an old carved secrtaire of ,english oak or ,indian ebony than he would to promote some work of charity2 another has a hobby about sumptuous bindings1 or rare lace1 or any bric-a-brac of the kind2 inartistic furniture is an eyesore to him1 inharmonious colors upset his equanimity1 and everywhere1 even in church1 any defect of form irritates and repulses him4 ,he is hardly master of his own thoughts1 and is apt to form hidden prejudices2 he lives in the clouds1 and often makes himself disagreeable to those who do not4 ,the tyrannous custom of making funerals and weddings an occasion of useless pomp is perhaps one of the most reprehensible of all4 ,the fashion has insensibly grown till one's perverted sense of what is fitting has almost acknowledged it to be a necessity4 ,so the mourners are disturbed1 their privacy broken in upon1 delicacy outraged in every possible way1 the curiosity of strangers gratified1 an unseemly hubbub substituted for the solemn stillness natural to the presence of death--all in order that the world's fiat may be duly obeyed4 ,people pretend that all this fuss is to honor the memory of the dead4 ,no such thing2 it is to feed the vanity of the living4 ,it must not be said that ,mr4 ,s--- did not provide as good a table1 as handsome any array of carriages1 as great a profusion of flowers1 as richly ornamented a coffin1 for his wife's funeral1 as did ,mr4 ,r---- last year on a similar melancholy occasion1 any more than in the lifetime of the two ladies could it have been suffered to have gone abroad that ,mrs4 ,s----'s rooms were not as uncomfortably crowded for a reception as ,mrs4 ,r----'s1 or her carriage not of the same irreproachable build4 ,the world has undertaken to decide for us1 in the privacy of home as well as beyond its walls1 exactly the degree of outward respect to be shown to the dead4 ,such and such a particular texture1 and crape of such and such a particular width1 is the measure of the widow's1 the daughter's1 or the sister's grief2 less would be indecorous1 more would be eccentric6 ,the milliner tells us in a subdued voice how much jet is allowable1 and how soon the world expects the appearance of a white collar in place of a black one1 just as the world dictates the exact length of a court-train1 and mentions the appropriate number of feathers to be worn in the hair4 ,in ,england1 a widow's cap is de rigueur1 and not to wear it would be to brand one's self with the mark of a flirt and a questionable character4 ,in other countries in ,europe1 it is not in use1 and the character of ,french and ,italian widows is not dependent on an extra frill of white crape4 ,how a poor and proud woman1 unwilling to be behind her neighbors in respect of decorous mourning-robes1 can manage the enormous expense of a thing so perishable and so dear as crape1 in such quantities as to entirely cover a dress1 is a mystery which the peremptory laws of society do not care to enter into and do not pretend to solve4 ,weddings are hardly1 under the iron hand of custom1 what one might reasonably expect them to be--i4e41 family festivities4 ,they are not occasions of personal rejoicing over the happiness of your nearest and dearest--oh6 no1 that is humdrum and slow2 so the wedding-day is turned into a gorgeous manifestation of your worldly wealth--a day of hollow ostentation and often of hidden sadness4 ,the extravagance of your floral decorations1 and the judicious display of the bride's presents1 cost you more thought than the solemn covenant about to be made2 the adjustment of the pearl necklace1 the graceful folds of the bridal veil1 the perfect fit of the white kid glove1 are of far more importance than the vow pronounced so lightly at the altar4 ,it is the reception1 not the sacrament1 that predominates in most minds4 ,instead of a family gathering1 reverently waiting in prayer for the happy consummation of a very solemn and awful contract1 you have a mob of slight and careless acquaintances1 down to the very scourings of your visiting-list1 assembled to stare and gape at the show1 to talk slang and make unseemly jokes1 to criticise your hospitality1 and make bets as to how soon the marriage may be followed by a separation4 ,everybody asks how much money has the bride1 what is the standing of the bridegroom1 what are the settlements1 etc4 ,when they go away1 they do not even thank you for the lavish expense1 whose fruits they1 and they alone1 have enjoyed2 but1 instead of that1 they abuse your champagne and rebuke your extravagance4 ,privacy--a necessary condition of domestic happiness--is impossible on this great day2 prayer is almost out of the question2 reflection is scared away4 ,it might be hoped that the young couple would now be allowed to retire into private life1 after this free exhibition of themselves as the central figures of a puppet-show4 ,but1 no2 fashion pronounces otherwise4 ,a wedding-trip1 though not deemed quite indispensable by the code of society1 is still favorably looked upon1 and1 if possible1 is a still worse thing than the wedding itself4 ,dissipation is the order of the day2 the change of toilets becomes the all-absorbing topic of the bride's thoughts and conversation2 the tour must include the showiest watering-places2 perpetual motion and a full meed of frivolity are ensured1 a kaleidoscope of discreet admirers provided1 little mild triumphs of flirtation enjoyed1 with the added zest of perfect security from embarrassing proposals1 and equal immunity from the new-made husband's wrath1 since he could not thus early begin to lay down the law2 and a most miserable foundation is laid for the after-comfort of home4 ,besides1 what does a wedding-trip imply8 ,that life is a drudgery1 and a respite is necessary before taking up the burden4 ,the home is thus made a vision of imprisonment--scarcely a wise preparation4 ,then the foolish and utterly useless expenditure probably cripples the young couple1 in ordinary cases1 for some time to come4 ,the month's trip has swallowed what would have covered half the year's expenses1 and going home1 instead of holding out a bright prospect1 is connected with dulness1 retrenchment1 and monotony4 ,this is what society and its tyranny have succeeded in making of marriage4 ,are such couples free agents8 ,who is free on this earth8 ,who is not the slave of petty caprices1 even if he escapes the worse servitude of degrading vices8 ,the drunkard1 the sensualist1 the gambler1 are victims of low passions that destroy health and sap vitality1 while they surely lead to a lonely or a violent end2 but with such aberrations we do not propose to deal4 ,but even those who pride themselves on their freedom from any vice or bad habit1 what are they1 often1 but puppets swayed by absurd influences radiating from such sources as the loss of a night's rest1 the delay of a meal1 the failure to reach a certain train8 ,children and pets are well-known tyrants1 not only to the mother or the maiden aunt1 but to the male creation in general and the old generation in particular4 ,the grandfather is ready at all times to be made a hobby-horse1 the grandmother to drudge for king baby4 ,the children's dinner is the event of the day2 ,harry's destructiveness of his first pair and all following pairs of trousers is the burden of the household lament2 little ,cissy's first tooth is a matter of deep interest2 baby ,maggie is allowed to pull mother's hair down just before dinner1 unrebuked--nay1 even encouraged4 ,pet poodles and favorite parrots1 and1 indeed1 all tame companions of mankind1 absorb a wonderful amount of human interest and attention1 and often demand it at unseasonable hours2 compelling idleness1 or at least encouraging loss of time4 ,in fact1 our time and mind are ever occupied with supplementary things1 forced upon us by custom or caprice2 and we secretly but helplessly rebel1 incapable1 we think1 of either resistance to our own follies1 or courage to laugh in the face of ,mrs4 ,grundy4 ,it is impossible to stand absolutely free in the world1 but there is freedom and freedom4 ,of all freedoms1 that of the free-thinker is the narrowest4 ,uncertainty is a grievous spirit1 doubt a bad master2 and the poor free-thinker finds that his mental companion and philosophic guide offers him but slight comfort under misfortune4 ,moral restraints are to him but chaff in the wind1 religious forms mere dust shaken off his shoes2 but what remains8 ,he deems himself king of the world of thought1 but he finds his kingdom turned into a desert2 he acknowledges no ties or duties1 undertakes no responsibility1 works 7if he works7 for himself alone1 and then finds that what he earns he cannot enjoy unshared4 ,temporary human companionship on earth has no charms for him2 for he reflects that annihilation follows death1 and it is therefore useless to make bosom friends of men who will so soon be less than nothing1 and whose only memento will be in the richness of the crops grown over their graves4 ,the mental solitude of the free-thinker is not an agreeable or a soothing one2 much less is it fruitful in high thoughts or heroic actions4 ,if any ask in an earnest spirit1 where are the fewest masters1 and where freest men8--we would answer1 in the cloister4 ,a startling answer to the worldling2 a suggestive one to the thinker4 ,let us examine it1 and see whether it can be substantiated4 ,religious are the men supposed to be the most subjected to authority in the world--those whose duty it is to have not only no will of their own1 but even no individual thought1 no opinion of any kind4 ,even so1 in a sense2 and on that account1 not despite it1 but because of it1 are they the freest men on earth4 ,the secular clergy are comparatively free1 because they have one object only2 that is1 one ,master4 ,priests are not burdened with family and household cares1 scarcely with social necessities2 but none the less are they sometimes vexed by circumstances which they cannot control1 and are made to pay the tithe of that slavery which any contact with the world1 even for the world's good1 and by men who are not of the world1 necessarily entails4 ,religious even of active orders are still freer1 because they are less of the world2 but the man who stands before ,god in silent contemplation1 as the eagle pauses before the sun and looks into its depths1 is the freest of all4 ,a purely contemplative order1 whose mission1 higher yet than that of the captains of ,israel1 is that of ,moses praying with uplifted arms for the triumph of the people of ,god--such is the home of the highest and truest freedom4 ,the ascetic has found the secret that philosophers seek for in vain1 that attitude of godlike calm in the midst of all transient storms of life4 ,the supremest exercise of freedom is to surrender that freedom itself1 with full confidence that the person into whose hands it is surrendered is the representative of a higher power4 ,a king would not be free were he prevented from abdicating his kingship2 the religious vow is the abdication of a kingdom greater than is constituted by so many thousands of square miles4 ,this renunciation once made1 no earthly event can be of the slightest interest to the disenthralled man4 ,no care for his body1 no solicitude for his reputation1 remains2 he has disrobed himself of his earthly belongings1 and let slip every vestige of the garments of worldliness4 ,a spirit--practically almost disembodied--he looks above for inspiration1 comfort1 guidance1 knowledge4 ,the miseries of earth1 if poured into his ear by some despairing fellow-mortal1 gain from him the divine pity of an angel rather than the passionate sympathy of a man2 he is raised above the wants of nature1 the wrangles of society1 even the perplexities of the intellect4 ,taught no longer by men or by books1 he speaks face to face with ,god in his long prayers and meditations1 and no human interest ever distracts his mind from this exalted colloquy4 ,insensible to the influences of time1 place1 and circumstance1 he is still as free as air when hunted from his retreat by men to whom his whole life is an enigma2 the oracle speaks to him in the midst of a crowd1 and he no more hears the murmur of those around him than if he were at sea1 a thousand miles from land2 a palace1 a prison1 or a scaffold are all reproductions of his cell1 for the same all-filling ,presence surrounds him1 blinding him to all else4 ,his indifference is so galling to his enemies1 his freedom so mysterious and so provoking1 that they would rather put him to death than witness the unutterable calm they can neither disturb nor emulate2 but that death is only the one more step needed for his perfect bliss--the one veil to be yet lifted between the ascetic philosopher and the freedom that taught him his philosophy4 ,serene land of passionless perfection1 which men call the monastic life6 ,how many1 even among religious1 scale thy furthermost heights8 ,yet it is a consolation to mankind to know that there is1 even on earth1 a sanctuary where human nature1 be it only represented by ever so few1 can reach to that ideal state of perfect communion with ,god and perfect contempt of all trammels which alone should be dignified with the name of philosophy4 ,a ,,looker-,,back4 ,for as he forward mov'd his footing old ,so backward still was turn'd his wrinkled face4--,faerie ,queene4 ,there are some people in the world who1 like the sad mourners that come up through ,dante's hollow vale with heads reversed1 have not the power to see before them4 ,their eyes are always peering into the past1 they go groping in the dim twilight of bygone days2 they wander off the highway of ordinary life1 till they lose their place in its sphere2 they have no knowledge but legendary lore1 no wisdom but that of past generations4 ,and when1 by some accident1 they cross the current of the present age1 they grasp at the very first relic of the past as a link with the receding shore4 ,it was such a one that found himself adrift on the high tide at ,charing ,cross--which ,dr4 ,johnson so loved2 and1 amazed and confused by the incessant1 tumultuous flow of a life in which he had no part1 took refuge in the thousand sanctuaries of the past to be found in ,london4 ,belonging by a peculiar grace1 as one born out of due time1 to the ancient church--for ever ancient1 for ever new6--he turned particularly to those old ,catholic foundations around which cluster so many associations1 at once religious1 historical1 and poetic4 ,having read of them from childhood1 and learned to connect them with the past glory of the church1 and familiar with all the romantic and legendary lore concerning them1 when he found himself in their midst his heart and soul and imagination were at once aflame4 ,it was then to such places as ,westminster ,abbey1 ,christ's ,hospital1 the ,charter-,house1 and the ,temple that his heart instinctively turned on his arrival in ,london4 ,not that he actually visited them first4 ,the ,divine ,presence1 alas6 no longer dwells in them incarnate2 and it was of course1 as became one with pilgrim-staff and scallop-shell1 to the foot of the ,tabernacle he hastened1 the first time he issued from his lodgings1 to offer up his prayer of thanksgiving to ,jsus-,hostie for a safe voyage across the ,atlantic4 ,but at his very threshold he could see a spot associated with many terrible memories1 marked by a stone3 ,here stood ,tyburn ,gate4 ,here the last prior of the ,charter-,house was executed1 and ,robert ,southwell1 the ,jesuit poet of ,queen ,elizabeth's time1 whose last words were expressive of his attachment to the ,society of ,jesus and his happiness to suffer martyrdom4 ,many others1 too1 of religious and historic memory1 ascended here from earth to heaven4 ,close beside the spot is the ,marble ,arch of ,hyde ,park4 ,beyond ,hyde ,park all is a desert6 said our pilgrim with ,sir ,fopling ,flutter1 glad to be diverted from memories too sad for one's first impressions of a foreign city4 ,two serene-looking ,little ,sisters of the ,poor1 providentially crossing the path1 directed him to the ,french chapel--a modest sanctuary1 but where such men as ,lacordaire1 ,de ,ravignan1 and other distinguished ,french pulpit-orators have been heard4 ,the way thither was through ,portman ,square1 once the property of the ,knights of ,s4 ,john of ,jerusalem4 ,here the celebrated ,mrs4 ,montague once lived4 ,in one corner of the square stands apart--in a large yard1 a square old-fashioned brick house with an immense portico in front1 and a two-story bow window at the end--one of those houses that we at once feel have a history4 ,this is ,montague ,house1 where ,mrs4 ,montague used to give an annual dinner to the ,london chimney-sweeps1 that they might enjoy one happy day in the year--a house frequented by the literary celebrities of the time--where ,miss ,burney was welcomed1 and ,ursa ,major grew tame4 ,a short distance from the ,french chapel is the ,spanish church1 dedicated to ,s4 ,james1 with its ,s4 ,mary's aisle lighted from above1 giving a fine chiaro-oscuro effect to the edifice4 ,it was pleasant to find an altar to the glorious ,patron of ,spain in a city where he was once so venerated1 and whose name has been given to one of its social extremes4 ,the devotion of the ,english to ,s4 ,jago di ,compostella was extraordinary in the ,middle ,ages4 ,so general was it1 that the ,constable of the ,tower1 in the time of ,edward ,,ii41 used to receive a custom of two-pence from each pilgrim to ,spain going or returning by the ,thames4 ,rymer mentions #iaf licenses to visitors to that shrine in the year #adbh1 and #b1dfj in #adcd4 ,and here1 in this modern ,english church1 is a statue of the saint1 with the scallop-shell on his cape1 first assumed by pilgrims to ,compostella as a token that they had extended their penitential wanderings to that sainted shore4 ,english ,catholics of the olden time seemed to have had a special love for pilgrimages1 and we hail a renewed taste for such a devotion as a revival of the spirit of the past4 ,it was the good fortune of our modern pilgrim to hear the ,archbishop of ,westminster preach a few days after in the ,spanish church on the state of the soul after death--a preacher that harmonizes at once with the past and the present--full of sympathy with the present1 full of the spirit of the past4 ,a ,s4 ,jerome from his cave1 a ,s4 ,anthony from the desert6 is the first thought1 and his wonderfully solemn style of preaching is in harmony with his ascetic appearance4 ,nothing could be more impressive and affecting4 ,neither did our wanderer forget the ivy-clad oratory at ,kensington1 still perfumed with holy memories of ,f4 ,faber4 ,he felt the need of thanking him here for the thousand precious words he had spoken to his soul through his beautiful hymns and invaluable works on the inner life2 soothing it in sorrow1 and arming it against the transitory evils of life4 ,such evils follow every one1 even the pilgrim1 and it was good to repeat here ,faber's lines3 ,these surface troubles come and go ,like rufflings of the sea2 ,the deeper depth is out of reach ,to all1 my ,god1 but thee6 ,what a round of sweet devotions in this church1 with the taper-lighted oratory of ,mary ,most ,pure6 ,oh6 how near to heaven one gets there6--the beautiful shrine-like chapel of ,s4 ,philip ,neri1 and the solemn ,calvary where1 between the two thieves1 the ,divine ,image is outstretched on the huge cross1 embalming the wood-- ,image meet ,of ,one uplifted high to turn ,and draw to him all hearts in bondage sweet4 ,many pious hearts seem drawn here to meditate on the ,passion1 and1 one after another1 go up to kiss the blood-stained cross4 ,oh6 how many ways the church has of leading the soul to ,god6 ,guido declared he had two hundred ways of making the eyes look up to heaven4 ,the church has many more with its multiplied popular devotions1 each peculiarly adapted to some cast of soul4 ,it would be heaven enough below to have a cell somewhere near this sweet school of ,s4 ,philip's sons and the beautiful altars they have set up4 ,while thus gratifying the devotional instincts of his heart1 some religious monument of bygone ages was constantly falling in our pilgrim's way4 ,how could he pass ,s4 ,pancras-in-the-,fields without falling into prayer1 as ,windham in his diary tells us ,dr4 ,johnson did1 recalling the ,catholic martyrs burnt here at the stake in ,queen ,elizabeth's time8 ,the bell of ,s4 ,pancras--,o funeral note of woe6--was the last to ring for ,mass in ,england at the time of the so-called ,reformation4 ,a wonder it did not break in twain as it sounded that last elevation of the ,host6 ,has it ever uttered one joyful note since that sad morn1 when the altars were stripped1 the lights one by one put sorrowfully out1 and the ,divine ,presence faded away8 ,no1 no2 it has the saddest tone of any bell in ,london1 at least to the ,catholic ear4 ,as it was here he was laid away1 it is no wonder that faithful ,catholics1 down to the present century1 were in the habit of coming to ,s4 ,pancras at early morning hour to seek some trace of their buried ,lord4 ,perhaps he sometimes appeared to such devout souls1 as of old to his ,mother and ,magdalen4 ,it is certain that1 at least1 he spoke to their hearts as they lingered here to pray--pray that he might rise again6 ,and here they wished to rest after death1 till they were again allowed to have a cemetery apart4 ,this was the burial-place of the ,howards and ,cliffords1 and others of high lineage1 both foreign and native4 ,one old friend lies here1 ,john ,walker--well known from his ,dictionary1 once extensively used in ,america1 a convert to the ,catholic ,church1 and a friend of ,dr4 ,milner's1 who calls him the ,guido d',arezzo of elocution1 who discovered the scale of speaking sounds by which reading and delivery have been reduced to a system4 ,s4 ,pancras was once a popular saint4 ,the boy-martyr of ,rome1 whose blood was shed in the cause of truth1 was regarded in the middle ages as the avenger of false oaths4 ,the kings of ,france used to confirm treaties in his name4 ,the ,english1 with their natural abhorrence of lying1 so honored him as to give his name to one of the oldest churches in ,london4 ,cardinal ,wiseman has popularized his memory in these days through ,fabiola4 ,again1 what a flood of recollections comes over the pilgrim in passing through ,temple ,bar1 or going across ,london ,bridge1 first built by the pious brothers of ,s4 ,mary's ,monastery in #iid4 ,the old bishops and monks were truly the pontifices of the middle ages--not only as builders of ,the invisible bridge ,that leads from earth to heaven1 but good substantial arches of stone over stream and flood4 ,the ,pont ,royal over the ,seine was built by a ,dominican4 ,so was the ,carraja at ,florence4 ,the old bridges of ,spain were mostly due to the clergy4 ,bridge-building was esteemed a good work in those times1 and prayers were offered for those engaged in it4 ,at the bidding of the beads1 the faithful were thus invited3 ,masters and frendes1 ye shall praye for all them that bridges and streets make and amend1 that ,god grant us part of their good deeds1 and them of ours4 ,london ,bridge was rebuilt of stone nearly two centuries later4 ,peter of ,s4 ,mary's1 ,colechurch1 began it4 ,henry ,,ii4 gave towards it the tax on wool1 which led to the saying that ,london ,bridge was built on wool-packs4 ,peter did not live to complete it4 ,that was done by ,isenbert1 master of the schools at ,xainctes--a builder of bridges in his own country4 ,he finished ,london ,bridge in #abhj4 ,near the middle of it was a ,gothic chapel1 dedicated to ,s4 ,thomas ,becket1 and under the wool-packs--that is to say1 in the crypt--a tomb was hollowed out of a pier of the bridge for ,peter of ,colechurch4 ,when this pier was removed in #ahcb1 his remains were found where they had lain nearly six hundred years4 ,on the ,gate-house of ,london ,bridge was hung the head of ,sir ,william ,wallace4 ,bishop ,fisher's 7of ,rochester7 was hung here the very day his cardinal's hat arrived at ,dover2 and two weeks after1 that of his friend1 ,sir ,thomas ,more4 ,here1 too1 were suspended the heads of ,f4 ,garnet1 of the ,society of ,jesus1 and scores of ,catholic priests in ,queen ,elizabeth's time4 ,yes1 ,london is full of ,catholic memories4 ,bridewell1 ,bedlam1 ,mincing ,lane1 ,tooley ,st41 and many more are names of ,catholic origin1 now corrupted1 the derivation of which it is pleasant to recall as they meet the eye4 ,one strolls through ,paternoster ,row1 and ,ave ,maria ,lane1 and by ,amen ,corner1 out of love for their very names1 reminding us of the ,catholic processions around ,old ,s4 ,paul's4 ,shall it be confessed8--profaner thoughts here mingle with such memories4 ,passing through ,paternoster ,row1 one naturally looks up1 expecting to see the splendid ,mrs4 ,bungay come forth to take her drive with a look of defiance at the chaise-less ,mrs4 ,bacon at the opposite window6 ,not far from here is ,christ's ,hospital1 so familiar to us all through ,lamb1 ,coleridge1 and ,leigh ,hunt4 ,it is at once recognized by the bust of ,edward ,,vi4 over the entrance4 ,it is pleasant to be allowed to wander through the arcades and quadrangles at one's pleasure1 with no guide to disturb the delightful memories evoked by such a place4 ,going into a quadrangle1 surrounded by a kind of cloister hung with memorial tablets1 the first thing noticed is a marble slab on the wall to the right1 inscribed3 ,in memory of the ,rev4 ,james ,boyer1 who for many years was head grammar-master of this ,hospital4 ,he died ,july #bh1 #ahad1 aged seventy-nine years4 ,one could not help pausing to read and copy this tribute to so old an acquaintance4 ,to be sure1 ,j4 ,b4 had a heavy hand1 which was rather too familiar with a rod of fearful omen1 but he ground out some fine scholars1 and has been immortalized by the great geniuses that expanded under his tuition4 ,i can see ,master ,boyer now1 as ,charles ,lamb describes him1 calling upon the boys with a sardonic grin to see how neat and fresh his rod looked6--see him in his passy1 or passionate wig1 make a precipitate entry into the school-room from his inner den1 and1 with his knotty fist doubled up1 and a turbulent eye1 single out some unhappy boy1 roaring3 ,od's my life1 sirrah6 ,i have a mind to whip you2 and then1 with a sudden retracting impulse1 return to his lair1 and1 after a lapse of some moments1 drive out headlong again with the context which the poor boy almost hoped was forgotten3 ,and ,i will1 too6--treating the trembling culprit to a sandwich of alternate lash and paragraph till his rabidus furor was assuaged4 ,lamb1 in his delightful essay1 ,recollections of ,christ's ,hospital1 dwells on some of his fellow-pupils whose memory one cannot help recalling while lingering under these arches4 ,and chief among them1 ,samuel ,taylor ,coleridge1 logician1 metaphysician1 bard--who in these cloisters unfolded in deep and sweet intonations the mysteries of ,jamblichus or ,plotinus1 or recited ,homer in his ,greek1 or ,pindar1 while the walls of the old ,grey ,friars re-echoed to the accents of the inspired charity boy4 ,he tells us1 too1 of ,thomas ,fanshawe ,middleton1 a scholar and a gentleman in his teens1 but said afterwards to have borne his mitre rather high as the first ,protestant bishop of ,calcutta1 though a more humble and apostolic bearing might not have been exactly fitted to impress the minds of those ,anglo-,asiatic diocesans with reverence for home institutions and the church which such fathers watered4 ,there is a monument to the memory of ,bishop ,middleton at ,s4 ,paul's1 where he is represented1 in his robes of office1 in the act of confirming two ,east ,indians1 but the hand raised over their heads has all the fingers broken off but one4 ,let us hope what apostolic authority he possessed was centred in that digit6 ,above all1 at ,christ's ,hospital one recalls the gentle ,elia himself4 ,perhaps in yonder dim corner he furtively ate the griskin brought from the paternal kitchen by his aunt4 ,i remember the good old relative1 he says 7in whom love forbade pride71 squatting down upon some odd stone in a by-nook of the cloisters1 disclosing the viands 7of higher regale than those cates which the ravens ministered to the ,tishbite71 and the contending passions of ,l4 at the unfolding4 ,there was love for the bringer1 shame for the thing brought and the manner of its bringing4 ,under these pillared arches1 so shadowy to-day with the heavy ,london fog1 ,richardson perhaps conceived his first dramatic scenes1 and ,leigh ,hunt began to weave the delicious fancies that have since charmed us all4 ,yonder was the dormitory the young ass was smuggled into1 which waxed fat1 and proclaimed his good fortune to the world below1 setting concealment any longer at defiance4 ,while thus musing1 an instalment of the eight hundred boys at the ,hospital came out to their sports in their quaint costume of black breeches1 long yellow stockings to the knees1 and a dark-blue gown down to the heels1 garnished with bright buttons bearing the likeness of ,edward ,,vi41 and confined by a leather belt4 ,white bands at the neck give them a clerical look by no means at variance with so monastic a place4 ,they had innocent1 open faces1 such as we find in our monastic schools1 reminding one of ,pope ,gregory's well-known exclamation3 ,non ,angli sed angeli4 ,they tucked up their skirts and betook themselves most heartily to their sports4 ,it was queer to see their long yellow-stockinged legs flying across the quadrangle4 ,they have caps1 it is said1 about the size of a saucer1 which they dislike so much that they prefer going bare-headed1 but they did not mind the fog1 now almost amounting to rain4 ,children1 we all know1 are1 as ,lamb says1 proof against weather1 ingratitude1 meat under-done1 and every weapon of fate4 ,one of them stopped to pump some water for the visitor to offer as a libation to the memory of ,charles ,lamb4 ,pierian spring6 scornfully shouted ,master ,boyer to a young writer of a classical turn3 the cloister pump1 you mean6 ,the school-room visited bore marks that would have done credit to a ,yankee jack-knife1 and revived pleasant reminiscences of youthful achievements in a ,new ,england school-house4 ,the chapel1 too1 with its mural tablets1 and flag tombstones1 and painted window1 of ,christ blessing little children1 is interesting4 ,at the right of the chancel is a remnant of old monastic charity4 ,an inscription in yellow letters on a claret-colored ground announces that the bread here given weekly to the poor of the parish of ,s4 ,leonard's is from a bequest of ,sir ,john ,trott and other benefactors1 and on the other side in equally glaring characters3 ,praise be to thee1 ,o ,lord ,god1 for this thy gift unto the poor6 ,there is rather a more amusing inscription of a similar nature at ,s4 ,giles'1 ,cripplegate1 opposite the monument to ,milton3 ,this ,bvsbie1 willing to reeleve the poore with fire and withe breade1 ,did give that howse whearein he dyed then called ye ,queene's heade1 ,fovr fvlle loades of ye best charcoales he wovld have brovght each yeare1 ,and fortie dosen of wheaten breade for poore howseholders heare3 ,to see these thinges distribvted this ,bvsby pvt in trvst ,the ,vicar and ,chvrch wardenes thinking them to be ,,ivst3 ,god grant that poore howseholders here may thankfvll be for svch1 ,so ,god will move the mindes of moe to doe for them as mvch3 ,and let this good example move svch men as ,god hath blest ,to doe the like before they goe with ,bvsby to there rest3 ,within this chappell ,bvsbie's bones in dvst a while mvst stay1 ,till ,he that made them rayse them vp to live with ,christ for aye4 ,the said ,busby is represented above this curious inscription1 in bold relief1 as a be-ruffed man of jovial type1 holding a bottle in one hand1 and a death's-head in the other1 so that one does not know whether to laugh or cry4 ,it would be more reasonable to cry over the grave of that dreadful prevaricator ,fox1 called the ,martyrologist1 said to be buried in the same church1 only one does not know where to weep1 as the precise spot is not known4 ,so one has to be satisfied with sighing before a huge stone set up to his memory at the end of the church1 and thinking with ,lessing that if the world is to be held together by lies1 the old ones which are already current are as good as the new4 ,what a pity ,fox had not belonged to ,s4 ,pancras' parish6 ,however1 that saint seems to have kept an eye on him1 and avenged the cause of truth4 ,we do not suppose there are many now who are credulous enough to accept ,fox as reliable authority concerning the history of those sad times4 ,and if we stop to look at his tablet here1 it is with something of the same feeling that we turn down ,fetter ,lane to see where ,praise ,god ,barebones and his brother ,damned ,barebones lived1 and wonder how any one house could hold them both4 ,but to return to ,christ's ,hospital4 ,it must not be supposed that1 meanwhile1 it has been forgotten that this institution was originally a ,catholic foundation4 ,it was the first thought at entering1 nor could the pleasant associations of later years prevent a regret that so monastic a building is no longer peopled by the old ,grey ,friars4 ,keats' lines recurred to memory3 ,mute is the matin bell whose early call ,warned the ,grey fathers from their humble beds2 ,nor midnight taper gleams along the wall1 ,or round the sculptured saint its radiance sheds6 ,it was on the second of ,february1 #abbd1 during the pontificate of ,honorius ,,iii4 and the reign of ,king ,henry ,,iii41 ,s4 ,francis of ,assisi being still alive1 that a small band of ,franciscan friars landed at ,dover4 ,there were four priests and five lay-brothers4 ,five of this number stopped at ,canterbury to found a house1 and the remainder came on to ,london4 ,the simplicity of their manners and mode of life made them popular at once1 and they speedily acquired the means of building a house and church4 ,among other benefactors1 ,john ,ewin1 or ,iwin1 a citizen of ,london1 gave them an estate1 as he says in the deed of conveyance1 for the health of my soul1 in pure and perpetual alms1 and became a lay-brother in the house1 leaving behind him1 when he died1 a holy memory as a strict and devout observer of the rule4 ,a large church adapted to their wants was completed in the year #acbg1 and dedicated to the honor of ,god and our alone ,saviour ,jesus ,christ4 ,it was three hundred feet long1 eighty-nine feet broad1 and seventy-four feet high4 ,queen ,margaret gave two thousand marks towards it1 and the first stone was laid in her name4 ,john of ,brittany1 ,earl of ,richmond1 and his niece1 the ,countess of ,pembroke1 gave the hangings1 vestments1 and sacred vessels4 ,isabella1 the mother of ,edward ,,iii41 and ,philippa1 his queen1 also gave money for its completion4 ,the thirty-six windows were the gifts of various charitable persons4 ,the western window1 being destroyed in a gale1 was restored by ,edward ,,iii41 for the repose of the soul of his mother1 who had just been buried before the choir4 ,in #achj1 ,margaret1 ,countess of ,norfolk1 erected new stalls in the choir1 at a cost of three hundred and fifty marks4 ,many nobles were buried here--four queens1 four duchesses1 four countesses1 one duke1 two earls1 eight barons1 thirty-five knights--in all1 six hundred and sixty-three persons of quality4 ,among them was ,margaret1 the second wife of ,edward ,i41 and granddaughter of ,s4 ,louis1 ,king of ,france4 ,she was buried before the high altar4 ,in the choir lay ,isabella1 wife of ,edward ,,ii4-- ,she-wolf of ,france with unrelenting fangs1 ,who tore the bowels of her mangled mate-- beneath a monument of alabaster1 with the heart of her murdered husband on her breast6 ,near her lay her daughter ,joanna1 wife of ,edward ,bruce of ,scotland4 ,here too was buried ,lady ,venitia ,digby1 so celebrated for her beauty1 the wife of ,sir ,kenelm ,digby1 who erected over her a monument of black marble4 ,in the middle ages the great ones of the world1 at the approach of death1 the all-leveller1 feeling the nothingness of earthly grandeur and riches1 often sought to be buried among ,christ's poor ones1 and not unfrequently in their habit1 not thinking in ,franciscan weeds to pass disguised1 but as an act of faith in the evangelical counsels1 and a recognition of the importance of being clothed with ,christ's righteousness4 ,it was a public confession that the vain garments they had worn in the world had been as poisonous to them as the tunic ,hercules put on4 ,dante laid down to die in the cowl and mantle of a ,franciscan4 ,cervantes was buried in the same habit4 ,louis of ,orleans1 who was murdered by the ,duke of ,burgundy1 was buried among the ,celestin monks in the habit of their order4 ,anne of ,brittany1 twice ,queen of ,france1 wore the scapular of the ,carmelites1 and wished it to be sent with her heart in a golden box to her beloved ,bretons4 ,the ,grey ,friars' church was destroyed at the great fire1 and the monastery greatly injured4 ,there are still some portions of it remaining1 however1 which are at once recognized4 ,some of the books of the old monastic library are still preserved--a library founded by ,sir ,richard ,whittington1 thrice ,lord ,mayor of ,london1 the hero of the nursery rhyme1 to whom the ,bowbells sounded so auspiciously4 ,he laid the foundation of this library in #adba1 and gave four hundred pounds towards furnishing it4 ,the remainder of the books were given1 or collected by one of the friars4 ,it seems that1 after all1 ,edward ,,vi4 was not the founder of the modern institution of ,christ's ,hospital4 ,he merely gave it its name1 and added to the endowment4 ,when the monastery was suppressed by his father1 it was given to the municipality of ,london1 and the city authorities conceived the idea of converting it into a refuge for poor children4 ,it was chiefly endowed by the citizens themselves1 though aided by grants from ,henry ,,viii4 and ,edward ,,vi4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,s4 ,,alphonsus ,,liguori4 ,by a ,member of the ,order of ,mercy4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 #ahgc4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,the ,,same4 ,by the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,j4 ,mullock1 ,d4,d41 ,bishop of ,newfoundland4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,j4 ,kenedy4 #ahgc4 ,s4 ,alphonsus has never found a perfectly competent biographer1 and perhaps never will4 ,f4 ,tannoja has written full and minute memoirs1 containing all the facts and events of his life1 but he wrote under the fear of the ,neapolitan censorship1 and could not speak openly of the miserable infidel ,tanucci and the other ,jansenists and infidels1 or faithless ,catholics1 of the wretched period in which the saint lived1 and the corrupt court with which he had to contend4 ,moreover1 ,tannoja had not a sufficiently elevated and comprehensive mind to be able to appreciate and describe the life and times of ,s4 ,alphonsus in their higher and broader relations4 ,the ,oratorian translation of his life is a most wretched and shabby affair in respect to style and accuracy4 ,the religious lady who has prepared the first of the lives placed at the head of this notice has therefore done a very great service to the ,catholic public by compiling a careful and readable biography from the other earlier works of the kind1 and adding some interesting particulars concerning the history of the modern ,redemptorists4 ,bishop ,mullock's life of the saint is quite brief and compendious1 but of the best quality so far as it goes4 ,the publisher has made a great blunder in omitting the title of ,doctor of the ,universal ,church1 which has been given to ,s4 ,alphonsus since ,dr4 ,mullock's life was first published1 on the title-page4 ,archbishop ,manning1 who has given1 though in brief form1 the best appreciation of the character and work of the great doctor which we have seen1 truly says that ,s4 ,ignatius1 ,s4 ,charles1 and ,s4 ,alphonsus are the three great modern leaders of the church in her warfare4 ,as one of this great trio1 ,s4 ,alphonsus deserves to be universally known and honored among the faithful1 and we rejoice in the publication of the biography compiled by the accomplished ,sister of ,mercy as the best we have in ,english1 wishing it a wide circulation1 as a means of promoting devotion to the latest of the doctors and one of the greatest of the saints4 ,,lives ,,of ,,the ,,irish ,,saints4 ,vol4 ,i41 ,no4 #a4 ,by ,rev4 ,john ,o',hanlon4 ,dublin3 ,duffy ,co4 ,it is not often that we have the privilege of noticing such a work as this--the labor of a lifetime1 the history of a whole nation's sanctity4 ,since ,alban ,butler1 no such hagiographer as ,f4 ,o',hanlon has appeared1 nor has any work on hagiology so full of interest and importance been given to the world4 ,up to this time the saints of ,ireland1 with few exceptions1 were hidden saints2 of the three or four thousand souls who have shed upon her the light of their sanctity1 and earned for her the glorious title of the ,island of ,saints1 the world knew scarcely anything4 ,it was in vain that the ancient annalists compiled voluminous records for the benefit of posterity2 those that escaped the hands of the spoiler were left unexamined1 and the learned of the nation seemed to have forgotten that their country had a holy and heroic past1 whose history it was their sacred duty to look into and perpetuate4 ,no attention was given to traditions of bygone days2 no light was thrown upon them2 they were fast becoming dim and obscure1 and what was1 in reality1 fact1 the rising generation was beginning to regard as fable4 ,this neglect1 so ruinous1 and even criminal1 might have gone on till it became irreparable1 had not this learned and devoted priest undertaken the great task of redeeming the past of ,erin's sanctity from the oblivion into which it was rapidly sinking4 ,how carefully he prepared himself1 and how well qualified he is to perform this labor of patriotism and love1 the first number of his work gives ample proof4 ,his acquaintance with ,irish lore1 his erudition and research1 his fine style1 all combine to make him the fittest person that could have engaged in so great a work4 ,were we disposed to find fault with him at all1 we should say he is rather critical2 at least1 we fancy we perceive in him a tendency to conform to the critical spirit of the age1 which perhaps is prudent1 after all1 and may enhance the historical value of the work1 though it will mar somewhat1 we think1 the poetic beauty it ought to possess4 ,no literary effort has yet been attempted that appeals so strongly to the national and religious sentiments of the ,irish people2 and none should receive so large a share of their interest and support4 ,f4 ,o',hanlon's ,lives of the ,irish ,saints1 when completed1 will be a noble monument to ,erin's faith and ,erin's glory1 to which his countrymen in every land should feel proud to contribute2 the appreciation that he meets with may encourage others to enter the comparatively unexplored mine of ,irish history1 and bring to light the treasures it contains4 ,we learn that ,f4 ,o',hanlon1 who is a citizen of the ,united ,states1 has copyrighted the work here1 and it is to be hoped will make arrangements for its reissue in this country4 ,meanwhile1 intending subscribers may address the author directly1 or order the book through ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 ,new ,york4 ,it will be published serially1 and the ,american price is fifty cents per number4 ,,jesuits ,,in ,,conflict2 ,,or1 ,,historic ,,facts illustrative of the ,labors and ,sufferings of the ,english ,mission and ,province of the ,society of ,jesus in the ,times of ,queen ,elizabeth and her ,successors4 ,by a ,member of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgc4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,another publication throwing light on the period of the ,elizabethan persecution of ,catholics1 and more especially on the part borne by the ,jesuits themselves in this heroic struggle4 ,so many books have appeared lately on this subject that we may almost say that a new branch of ,catholic literature has been opened in the ,english language4 ,the getting up of this book is worthy of the subject1 and we rejoice that it is so2 for1 to take a simile from a passage in this very volume1 we may say with truth of the outward appearance of a book in these times what the holy lay-brother1 ,thomas ,pounde1 considered his rich dress in prison to be3 ,a means of inspiring ,catholics with greater courage1 and conciliating authority 7p4 #db74 ,the history of the three confessors of the faith1 ,thomas ,pounde1 ,george ,gilbert1 and ,f4 ,darbyshire1 is very interesting4 ,in the two former we have examples of lay sanctity and constancy1 as distinguished from that of priests1 though both saints were in heart members of the ,society of ,jesus1 to which one was affiliated by extraordinary dispensation of the ordinary novitiate1 and the other received the habit and pronounced his vows in articulo mortis4 ,thomas ,pounde1 of ,belmont1 a man of old family and high connections1 had all the burning zeal of a convert whose soul had narrowly escaped the everlasting infamy of the life of a court minion4 ,not only his fearlessness and constancy1 but his high intellectual attainments1 claim our attention4 ,thirty years of perpetual imprisonment had not enfeebled his mind1 and his one desire was a public disputation with his adversaries1 nay1 with ,beza and all the doctors of ,geneva1 if it pleased his foes to reinforce themselves with such noted aid4 ,in a lengthy paper1 written in #aehj to show that the ,bible alone is not the true rule of faith1 he brings forward the same reasons which we hear so much about in our day1 and after specially dwelling on the many articles of universally held ,christian faith that are not directly and plainly traceable to ,scripture1 he says pointedly3 ,do not these blind guides1 think you1 lead a trim daunce towards infidelitie8 ,he could not have spoken otherwise had he meant his apology for the ,x,i,xth instead of the ,x,v,ith century4 ,george ,gilbert1 also of a good ,english family1 was one of those rich men who1 in truth1 make themselves the stewards of the ,lord4 ,with him originated the useful and ingenious ,catholic ,association1 in which young men of the world bound themselves to become the temporal guides1 helpers1 couriers1 furnishers of the priests who labored spiritually for the conversion of ,england4 ,the companion of ,f4 ,parsons1 as ,pounde had been of ,f4 ,campion1 he1 too1 was a convert not only from courtly vanities1 but from actual ,calvinism4 ,ardently desiring martyrdom1 he nevertheless embraced obediently and lovingly the cross of a sluggish death in bed2 but at least the pain of exile had been added to imprisonment1 for he was banished from his native land1 and died at ,rome in #aehc4 ,his whole substance was offered to the service of ,god1 and what little remained at his death he left to the ,society for the spiritual needs of his country4 ,it was not till he lay upon his death-bed that he pronounced his vows4 ,f4 ,darbyshire was as learned as he was zealous4 ,while in ,france preparing for his perilous ,english mission1 he refused the honors of the pulpit and the professorial chair1 and confined himself to giving catechetical instruction2 but ,god so rewarded his humility that grave scholars and theologians would flock to hear him1 and make notes of the wonderful learning he displayed1 while they admired the eloquence he could not hide4 ,he and his friend1 ,f4 ,henry ,tichborne1 might well congratulate themselves1 later on1 on the holy efficacy of persecution1 which had caused the confluence of the rares and bestes wittes of our nation to the seminaries1 and of the happy increase in the number of fervent inmates of the foreign seminaries ,they descant1 too1 on the unwise policy of persecution1 and the fact that no religion was ever permanently established by the sword4 ,the faith might have been reft of one of its greatest glories in ,england had not a short-sighted fanaticism resorted to violent means to uproot it4 ,f4 ,darbyshire died in exile in ,france in #afjd1 in the very same place1 ,pont--,mousson1 where he had so signally distinguished himself for learning and for modesty in the beginning of his apostolate4 ,this book is written in simple1 ,saxon style4 ,the author trusts rather to facts than to rhetoric1 just as of old the acts of the martyrs were chronicled without much comment1 whether descriptive or panegyrical4 ,the volume bears ,first ,series on its title-page1 as a promise that it is but the prelude to other biographies as interesting4 ,let us hope that the promise will be speedily fulfilled4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,the ,,blessed ,,john ,,berchmans4 ,by ,francis ,goldie1 ,s4,j4 7,f4 ,coleridge's ,quarterly ,series1 ,vol4 ,,vii47 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgc4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,at last we have in ,english a biography of this angelic imitator of ,s4 ,aloysius1 as charming as himself4 ,the other lives we have seen are edifying but tedious4 ,this one is equally edifying1 but as fascinating as a romance1 and published in an attractive style4 ,it is specially adapted for the reading of young people4 ,,lectures ,,upon ,,the ,,devotion ,,to ,,the ,,most ,,sacred ,,heart ,,of ,,jesus ,,christ4 ,by the ,very ,rev4 ,t4 ,s4 ,preston1 ,v4,g4 ,new ,york3 ,robert ,coddington4 #ahgd4 ,we cannot do more than call attention to the publication of this work1 just issued as we go to press4 ,it embraces stenographic reports of four extempore lectures by the pastor of ,st4 ,ann's1 ,new ,york1 upon a subject of special interest at this time4 ,in an appendix is given the pastoral of the archbishop and bishops1 announcing the consecration of all the dioceses of this province to the ,most ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus2 together with a ,novena1 from the ,french of ,l4 ,j4 ,hallez4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xviii41 ,no4 #ajh4--,,march1 #ahgd4bdi ,,john ,,stuart ,,mill4#bej ,in #agfd1 ,hume met1 at the house of ,baron d',holbach1 a party of the most celebrated ,frenchmen of that day2 and the ,scotchman took occasion to introduce a discussion concerning the existence of an atheist1 in the strict sense of the word2 for his own part1 he said1 he had never chanced to meet with one4 ,you have been unfortunate1 replied ,holbach2 but at the present moment you are sitting at table with seventeen of them4 ,whether or not the leading men among the positivists and cosmists of ,england to-day are prepared to be as frank as the ,baron d',holbach1 we shall not venture to say2 at all events1 ,john ,stuart ,mill1 to whom they all looked up with the reverence of disciples for the master1 has taken care that the world should not remain in doubt concerning his opinions on this subject1 which1 of all others1 is of the deepest interest to man4 ,among those who in this century have labored most earnestly to propagate an atheistic philosophy1 based on the assumption that the human mind is incapable of knowing aught beyond relations1 he certainly holds a place of distinction1 and1 as a representative of what is called scientific atheism1 the history of his opinions is worthy of serious attention4 ,it was known some time before his death that he had written an autobiography2 and when it was announced that his step-daughter1 ,miss ,taylor1 whom he had made his literary executrix1 was about to publish the work1 the attention of at least those who take interest in the profounder controversies of the age was awakened4 ,as an autobiography1 the book has but little merit2 though this should not be insisted on1 since success in writing of this kind is extremely rare4 ,if it is almost as difficult in any case to write a life well as to spend it well1 when one attempts to become the historian of his own life1 there is every probability that he will either be ridiculous or uninteresting4 ,mill1 too1 it must be conceded1 had but poor material at his command4 ,his life was uneventful1 uninviting even1 in its surroundings2 and when the patchwork of his philosophical opinions is taken away1 there is little left in it that is not wholly commonplace4 ,he was born in ,london1 in #ahjf1 and was the eldest son of ,james ,mill1 who was a charity student of divinity at the ,university of ,edinburgh1 but1 becoming disgusted with the doctrines of ,presbyterianism1 gave up all idea of studying for the ministry1 and in a short while renounced ,christian faith1 and became an avowed atheist1 though his atheism was negative2 his belief in what is called the relativity of knowledge not justifying him in affirming positively that there is no ,god1 but only in holding that the human mind can never know whether there be a ,god or not4 ,he1 however1 did not stop here1 but1 scandalized by the suffering which is everywhere in the world1 forgot his own principles1 and maintained that it is absurd to suppose that such a world is the work of an infinitely perfect being1 and was rather inclined to accept the ,manichean theory of a good and evil principle1 struggling against each other for the government of the universe4 ,but of ,god1 as revealed in ,christ1 he had a hatred as satanical as that of ,voltaire4 ,i have a hundred times heard him say1 writes his son1 that all ages and nations have represented their gods as wicked1 in a constantly increasing progression2 that mankind have gone on1 adding trait after trait1 till they reached the most perfect conception of wickedness which the human mind can devise1 and have called this ,god1 and prostrated themselves before it4 ,this ne plus ultra of wickedness he considered to be embodied in what is commonly presented to mankind as the creed of ,christianity4#bea ,in other words--for ,mill can mean nothing less--he held that the character of ,christ1 as portrayed in the ,gospel1 is the highest possible conception of all that is depraved and repulsive2 that ,christ1 instead of being incarnate ,god1 is the essence of wickedness clothed in bodily form2 that1 compared with him1 or at least with the ,god whom he called his father1 ,moloch1 ,astarte1 ,jupiter1 ,venus1 ,mars1 and ,bacchus are pure divinities2 and from the manner in which the son narrates these opinions of his father1 he evidently desires that we should infer that they are also his own4 ,the elder ,mill1 who seems to have been a natural pedagogue1 took the education of his son exclusively into his own hands1 and was most careful not to allow him to acquire any impressions contrary to his own sentiments respecting religion4 ,instead of teaching him to believe that ,god created the heavens and the earth1 he taught him to believe that we can know nothing whatever of the manner in which the world came into existence1 and that the question1 ,who made you8 is one which cannot be answered1 since we possess no authentic information on the subject4 ,to show1 however1 his father's conviction of the logical connection between ,protestantism and infidelity1 he records that he taught him to take the strongest interest in the ,reformation1 as the great and decisive contest against priestly tyranny for liberty of thought4 ,i am thus1 he adds1 one of the very few examples in this country of one who has not thrown off religious belief1 but never had it2 ,i grew up in a negative state with regard to it4#beb ,how he could grow up in a negative condition with regard to religion is not easily understood when we consider that his father instilled into his mind from his earliest years the doctrine that the very essence of religion is evil1 since it is1 and ever has been1 worship paid to the demon1 the highest possible conception of wickedness2 though he was at the same time careful to impress upon him the duty of concealing his belief on this subject2 and this lesson of parental prudence was1 as the younger ,mill himself informs us1 attended with some moral disadvantages4#bec ,these moral disadvantages1 in his own opinion at least1 were without positive influence upon his character1 since through the whole book there runs the tacit assumption of his own perfect goodness4 ,i am an atheist1 he seems to say1 and yet ,i am a saint2 and he is evidently persuaded that his own life is sufficient proof that the notion that unbelief is generally connected with bad qualities either of mind or heart is merely a vulgar prejudice4 ,the world would be astonished1 he informs us1 if it knew how great a proportion of its brightest ornaments1 of those most distinguished even in popular estimation for wisdom and virtue1 are complete sceptics in religion4444 ,but the best of them 7unbelievers71 as no one who has had opportunities of really knowing them will hesitate to affirm1 are more genuinely religious1 in the best sense of the word religion1 than those who exclusively arrogate to themselves the title4#bed ,this is probably not more extravagant than the assertion that the ,god of ,christianity is the embodiment of all that is fiendish and wicked4 ,we cannot1 however1 pass so lightly over this portion of ,mill's book1 or dismiss without further examination the assumption that the best are they who refuse to believe in ,god1 and hold that man is merely an animal4 ,the real controversy of the age1 as thoughtful men have long since recognized1 is not between the church and the sects4 ,protestantism1 from the beginning1 by asserting the supremacy of human reason1 denied the sovereignty of ,god1 and in its postulates1 at least1 was atheistic4 ,hence ,catholic theologians have never had any difficulty in showing that rebellion against the authority of the church is revolt against that of ,christ1 which is apostasy from ,god4 ,to this argument there is really no reply1 and the difficulties which ,protestants have sought to raise against the church are based upon a sophism which underlies all non-,catholic thought4 ,the pseudo-reformers objected that the church could not be of ,christ1 because in it there was evil2 many of its members were sinful2 as the deists hold that the ,bible is not the word of ,god1 because of the many seeming incongruities and imperfections which are everywhere found in it2 as the atheists teach that the universe cannot be the work of an all-wise and omnipotent ,being1 since it is filled with suffering and death2 and that love cannot be creation's final law1 since nature1 red in tooth and claw with ravin1 shrieks against this creed4 ,if the imperfections and abuses in the practical workings of the church are arguments against its divine institution and authority1 then undoubtedly the measureless ill which is in the world is reason for doubting whether a ,being infinitely good is its author4 ,hence the traditional objections of ,protestants to the church are1 in the ultimate analysis1 reducible to the atheistic sophism1 which1 because there is evil in the creature1 seeks to conclude that the creator cannot be wholly good2 not perceiving that it would be as reasonable to demand that the circle should be square as to ask that the finite should be without defect4 ,the church is1 both logically and historically1 the only defensible ,christianity2 as ,jean ,jacques ,rousseau long ago admitted in the well-known words3 ,prove to me that in matters of religion ,i must accept authority1 and ,i will become a ,catholic to-morrow4 ,there is no controversy to-day between the church and ,protestantism which is worthy of serious attention4 ,all that is important has been said on this subject1 and ,protestants themselves begin to understand that it is far wiser for them to try to hold on to the shreds of ,christian belief which still remain to them than to waste their strength in attacks on the church1 which1 as they are coming to recognize1 is after all the strongest bulwark of faith in the soul and in ,god4 ,the ground of debate to-day is back of heterodoxy and orthodoxy2 it lies around the central fact in all religion--,god himself4 ,the scientific theories of the present time1 if they do not deny the existence of ,god1 are at least based upon hypotheses which ignore him and his action in the world2 and the few attempts which have been made to construct what may be called a philosophy of science all proceed upon the assumption that1 whether there be a ,god or not1 science cannot recognize his existence4 ,the faith which the elder ,mill taught his son--that of the manner in which the world came into existence nothing can be known--is that which most scientists accept4 ,the desire to organize society upon an atheistic basis is also very manifest and very general4 ,reorganiser1 sans ,dieu ni roi ,par le culte systematique de l',humanit4 ,the idealistic philosophy of ,germany1 invariably terminating in pantheism1 is another proof of the atheistic tendency of modern thought4 ,mill1 in his ,autobiography1 has of course made no attempt to prove that there is no ,god4 ,on the contrary1 as we have already stated1 he has admitted that this proposition cannot be proved2 but he believes there is no ,god1 fails to perceive any evidence of design in the universe1 and1 from a morbid sense of the evil which abounds1 feels justified in concluding that the cosmos is not the work of an infinitely good and omnipotent ,being4 ,dr4 ,newman1 in his ,apologia1 a work of the same character as the ,autobiography of ,mill1 but which will be read with delight when ,mill and his book will have been forgotten1 has seen this difficulty1 and given expression to it in his own inimitable manner4 ,to consider the world1 he writes1 in its length and breadth1 its various history1 the many races of man1 their starts1 their fortunes1 their mutual alienation1 their conflicts2 and then their ways1 habits1 governments1 forms of worship2 their enterprises1 their aimless courses1 their random achievements and acquirements1 the impotent conclusion of long-standing facts2 the tokens1 so faint and broken1 of a superintending design2 the blind evolution of what turn out to be great powers or truths2 the progress of things1 as if from unreasoning elements1 not toward final causes2 the greatness and littleness of man1 his far-reaching aims1 his short duration1 the curtain hung over his futurity1 the disappointments of life1 the defeat of good1 the success of evil1 physical pain1 mental anguish1 the prevalence and intensity of sin1 the pervading idolatries1 the corruptions1 the dreary1 hopeless irreligion1 that condition of the whole race so fearfully yet exactly described in the apostle's words1 'having no hope1 and without ,god in the world'--all this is a vision to dizzy and appall1 and inflicts upon the mind the sense of a profound mystery which is absolutely beyond human solution4#bee ,but1 as ,dr4 ,newman expresses it1 ten thousand difficulties do not make one doubt4 ,difficulty and doubt are incommensurate4 ,when we have sufficient reasons for accepting two seemingly contradictory propositions1 the fact that we are unable to reconcile them should not be a motive for rejecting them4 ,the human race has accepted1 in all time1 the existence of ,god with an assent as real as that with which it has believed in the substance that underlies the phenomenon4 ,to a countless number of minds1 the difficulty to which ,mill has given such emphasis has presented itself with a force not less than that with which it struck him4 ,millions have approached the mystery of evil1 and have asked themselves ,are ,god and nature1 then1 at strife1 ,that nature lends such evil dreams8 ,but they have not weakly refused to believe in ,god because they could not comprehend his works4 ,they saw the evil2 but the deepest instincts of the soul--the longing for immortal life1 the craving for the unattainable1 the thirst for a knowledge never given1 the sense of the emptiness of what seems most real2 the mother-ideas of human reason--those of being1 of cause1 of the absolute1 the infinite1 the eternal1 the sense of the all-beautiful1 the all-perfect--made them fall ,upon the great world's altar-stairs ,that slope through darkness up to ,god1 and stretch hands of faith1 and trust the larger hope4 ,we do not propose to offer any arguments to prove that ,god is1 or to show that his existence is reconcilable with the evil in the world1 since ,mill has not attempted to establish the contradictory of this2 but we wish merely to state that his apprehension of the difficulties which surround this question is not keener than that of thousands of others who have seen no connection between apprehending these difficulties and doubting the doctrines to which they are attached4 ,whilst admitting that science can never prove that there is no ,god1 ,mill evidently intended his ,autobiography to be an argument against the usefulness of belief in ,god for moral and social purposes2 which1 he tells us1 of all the parts of the discussion concerning religion1 is the most important in this age1 in which real belief in any religious doctrine is feeble and precarious1 but the opinion of its necessity for moral and social purposes almost universal2 and when those who reject revelation very generally take refuge in an optimistic deism--a worship of the order of nature and the supposed course of ,providence--at least as full of contradictions and perverting to the moral sentiments as any of the forms of ,christianity1 if only it is as fully realized4#bef ,confessing the inability of the scientists to prove that there is no ,god1 he thinks that they should devote their efforts to the attempt to show that belief in ,god is not beneficial either to the individual or to society4 ,we shall1 therefore1 turn to the question of morality1 which is enrooted in metaphysics1 out of which it grows1 and to which it is indebted both for its meaning and its strength4 ,can the atheistic philosophy give to morality a solid basis8 ,to deny the existence of an infinitely perfect ,being is to affirm that there is no absolute goodness1 no moral law1 eternal1 immutable1 and necessary1 no act that in itself is either good or bad1 no certain and fixed standard of right and wrong4 ,hence atheistic philosophy can give to morality no other foundation than that of pleasure or utility3 ,atque ipsa utilitas justi prope mater et aequi1 ,nec natura potest justo secernere iniquum4 ,and1 in fact1 this has been the doctrine1 we may say1 of all those who have denied the existence of ,god4 ,epicurus1 ,lucretius1 ,hobbes1 ,helvetius1 ,volney1 and the whole ,voltairean tribe in ,france1 have all substantially taken this view of the question of morality2 and ,mill's opinion on the subject did not1 except in form1 differ from theirs4 ,his father was the friend of ,bentham1 an advocate of the utilitarian theory of morality1 which he applied to civil and criminal law2 and young ,mill became an enthusiastic disciple of the ,benthamic philosophy4 ,the principle of utility1 he writes1 understood as ,bentham understood it1 and applied in the manner in which he applied it through these three volumes1 fell exactly into its place as the keystone which held together the detached and fragmentary component parts of my knowledge and beliefs4 ,it gave unity to my conceptions of things4 ,i now had opinions1 a creed1 a doctrine1 a philosophy2 in one among the best senses of the word1 a religion2 the inculcation and diffusion of which could be made the principal outward purpose of a life4#beg ,bentham sought to save the ethics of utility by generalizing the principle of self-interest into that of the greatest happiness2 and it was this greatest-happiness principle that gave ,mill what he calls a religion4 ,though less grovelling than the theory of self-interest1 yet1 equally with it1 it deprives morality of a solid foundation1 substitutes force for right1 and consecrates all tyranny4 ,if there be no ,god1 and interest is the sole criterion of what is good1 in the name of what am ,i commanded to sacrifice my particular interest to general interest8 ,if interest is the law1 then my own interest is the first and highest4 ,if happiness be the supreme end of life1 and there be no life beyond this life1 in order to ask of me the sacrifice of my happiness1 it must be called for in the name of some other principle than happiness itself4 ,and if the thoughts of men are widened with the process of the suns1 ,what is that to him that reaps not harvest of his youthful joys1 ,tho' the deep heart of existence beat for ever like a boy's8 ,besides being false1 this greatest-happiness principle is impossible in practice4 ,who can tell what is for the greatest good of the greatest number8 ,it is very difficult1 often impossible1 when we consider only our individual interest1 to decide what actions will be most conducive to our happiness1 in the utilitarian sense of the word4 ,how1 then1 are we to decide when the interests of a whole people1 of humanity1 and for all future time1 are to be consulted8 ,would any atheist of the school of ,mill1 who is not wholly fanatical1 dare affirm that the greatest number would be happier1 even in a low and animal sense1 without faith in ,god and a future life8 ,and yet1 according to his own theory1 unless he is certain of this when he attempts to destroy the religious belief of his fellow-beings1 his act is immoral4 ,was it not in the name of1 and in strict accordance with1 the principles of this theory that ,comte planned what ,mill calls the completest system of spiritual and temporal despotism which ever yet emanated from a human brain1 unless1 possibly1 that of ,ignatius ,loyola--a system by which the yoke of general opinion1 wielded by an organized body of spiritual teachers and rulers1 would be made supreme over every action1 and1 as far as is in human possibility1 every thought of every member of the community1 as well in the things which regard only himself as in those which concern the interests of others8#beh ,there is yet another vice in this system4 ,if the good is the greatest interest of the greatest number1 then there are only public and social ethics1 and personal morality does not exist4 ,our duties are towards others1 and we have no duties towards ourselves4 ,thus the very source of moral life is dried up4 ,let us come to considerations less general and more immediately connected with ,mill's life4 ,of his father's opinions on this subject he says3 ,in his views of life1 he partook of the character of the ,stoic1 the ,epicurean1 and the ,cynic1 not in the modern but the ancient sense of the word4 ,in his personal qualities the ,stoic predominated4 ,his standard of morals was ,epicurean1 inasmuch as it was utilitarian1 taking as the exclusive test of right and wrong the tendency of actions to produce pleasure or pain4 ,but he had 7and this was the ,cynic element7 scarcely any belief in pleasure1 at least in his later years1 of which alone1 on this point1 ,i can speak confidently4444 ,he thought human life a poor thing at best after the freshness of youth and of unsatisfied curiosity had gone by4444 ,he would sometimes say that if life were made what it might be by good government and good education1 it would be worth having2 but he never spoke with anything like enthusiasm even of that possibility4#bei ,this certainly is a gloomy1 not to say hopeless1 view of life1 and one which1 in spite of ,mill's attempt to produce a contrary impression1 pervades the whole book4 ,the thoughtful reader cannot help feeling that ,mill's state of mind was very like that described by the apostle3 having no hope1 and without ,god in the world4 ,a deep and settled dissatisfaction with all he saw around him1 the feeling that all was wrong--society1 religion1 government1 the family1 human life1 the philosophic opinions of the whole world except himself1 together with an undercurrent of despair1 which made him doubt whether they would ever be right1 gave a coloring of melancholy to his character which he is unable to hide4 ,life was no boon1 and not even the faintest ray of light pierced the black gloom of the grave4 ,of his father he writes3 ,in ethics1 his moral feelings were energetic and rigid on all points which he deemed important to human well-being1 while he was supremely indifferent in opinion 7though his indifference did not show itself in personal conduct7 to all those doctrines of the common morality which he thought had no foundation but in asceticism and priest-craft4 ,he looked forward1 for example1 to a considerable increase of freedom in the relations between the sexes1 though without pretending to define exactly what would be1 or ought to be1 the precise conditions of that freedom4#bfj ,here we have an instance of the truth of the inference which we have already drawn from the principles of the utilitarian ethics--that they take no account of personal purity of character1 and teach that man's duties are towards others1 and not towards himself4 ,there is a still more striking example of this in ,mill's ,autobiography4 ,he early in life made the acquaintance of a married lady1 for whom he conceived a very strong affection4 ,he spent a good deal of his time with her1 and says3 ,i was greatly indebted to the strength of character which enabled her to disregard the false interpretations liable to be put on the frequency of my visits to her while living generally apart from ,mr4 ,taylor1 and on our occasionally travelling together2 though their relation at that time1 he tells us1 was only that of strong affection and confidential intimacy4 ,the reason which he assigns for this is certainly most curious3 ,for though1 he says1 we did not consider the ordinances of society binding on a subject so entirely personal1 we did feel bound that our conduct should be such as in no degree to bring discredit on her husband1 nor therefore on herself4#bfa ,in other words1 ,mill recognizes no obligation of personal purity1 even in the married1 but holds that unchastity is wrong only when it brings discredit on others2 though he was unfaithful even to this loose ethical code1 since1 according to his own account1 his conduct was such as to be liable to misinterpretation1 and1 therefore1 such as might bring disgrace upon the husband of the woman with whom he was associating4 ,his hatred of marriage and of the restraints which it imposes is seen in several parts of the work before us4 ,of the ,saint-,simonians he says3 ,i honored them most of all for what they have been most cried down for--the boldness and freedom from prejudice with which they treated the subject of the family1 the most important of any1 and needing more fundamental alterations than remain to be made in any other great social institution1 but on which scarcely any reformer has the courage to touch4 ,in proclaiming the perfect equality of men and women1 and an entirely new order of things in regard to their relations with one another1 the ,saint-,simonians1 in common with ,owen and ,fourier1 have entitled themselves to the grateful remembrance of future generations4#bfb ,a man who puts himself forward as the advocate of free-love should not1 one would think1 insist especially on the moralities1 or give himself prominence as a proof that belief in ,god is not useful either to the individual or to society4 ,mill's social ethics are of the same character4 ,he is a socialist of the most radical type1 and considers the great problem of the future to be how to unite the greatest individual liberty of action with a common ownership in the raw material of the globe1 and an equal participation of all in the benefits of combined labor2 though the uncultivated herd who now compose the laboring masses1 as well as the mental and moral condition of the immense majority of their employers1 convince him that this social transformation is not now either possible or desirable4 ,still1 his ethics lead him to hope that private property will be abolished1 and that the whole earth will be converted into a kind of industrial school1 in which every man1 woman1 and child will be required to do certain work1 and receive in remuneration whatever the controllers of the general capital may see fit to give them4 ,thus1 in the name of the greatest good of the greatest number1 personal purity1 the family1 private property1 society1 are all to be no more1 and the human race is to be managed somewhat like a model stock-farm1 in which everything1 from breeding down to the minutest details of food and exercise1 is to be under the control of a supervisory committee4 ,as we have already seen1 ,mill1 after reading ,bentham1 got what he called a religion3 he had an object in life--to be a reformer of the world4 ,this did very well for a time2 but in the autumn of #ahbf1 whilst1 as he expresses it1 he was in a dull state of nerves1 he awakened as from a dream4 ,he put the question to himself3 ',suppose that all your objects in life were realized2 that all the changes in institutions and opinions to which you are looking forward could be effected at this very instant2 would this be a great joy and happiness to you8' ,and an irrepressible self-consciousness distinctly answered1 ',no6' ,at this my heart sank within me2 the whole foundation on which my life was constructed fell down4444 ,i seemed to have nothing left to live for4 ,at first ,i hoped that the cloud would pass away of itself2 but it did not4444 ,i carried it with me into all companies1 into all occupations4 ,hardly anything had power to cause me even a few minutes' oblivion of it4444 ,the lines in ,coleridge's ',dejection'--,i was not then acquainted with them--exactly describe my case3 ',a grief without a pang1 void1 dark1 and drear1 ,a drowsy1 stifled1 unimpassioned grief1 ,which finds no natural outlet or relief ,in word1 or sigh1 or tear4'#bfc ,he now felt that his father had committed a blunder in the education which he had given him2 that the habit of analysis has a tendency to wear away the feelings and dry up the fountains of pleasurable emotions2 that it is a perpetual worm at the root both of the passions and of the virtues2 and1 above all1 fearfully undermines all desires and all pleasures which are the effects of association4 ,my education1 ,i thought1 had failed to create these feelings in sufficient strength to resist the dissolving influence of analysis1 while the whole course of my intellectual cultivation had made precocious and premature analysis the inveterate habit of my mind4 ,i was thus1 as ,i said to myself1 left stranded at the commencement of my voyage1 with a well-equipped ship and a rudder1 but no sail2 without any real desire for the ends which ,i had been so carefully fitted out to work for2 no delight in virtue or the general good1 but also just as little in anything else4444 ,i frequently asked myself if ,i could1 or if ,i was bound to1 go on living1 when life must be passed in this manner4 ,i generally answered to myself that ,i did not think ,i could possibly bear it beyond a year4#bfd ,this sad state of mind was the protest of the soul against the skeleton of intellectual formulas into which it had been cramped4 ,a man is not going to live or die for conclusions1 opinions1 calculations1 analytical nothings4 ,man is not and cannot be made to be a mere reasoning machine1 a contrivance to grind out syllogisms4 ,he is a seeing1 feeling1 contemplating1 believing1 acting animal4 ,we cannot construct a philosophy of life upon abstract conclusions of the analytical faculty2 life is action and for action1 and1 if we insist on analyzing and proving everything1 we shall never come to action4 ,humanity is a mere fiction of the mind1 and can be nothing1 whilst ,god1 to most men at least1 is a living reality1 to be believed in1 hoped in1 loved4 ,were it possible for us to accept the doctrines of ,stuart ,mill1 we should feel the same interest in his humanitarian projects that we do in ,mr4 ,bergh's society for the prevention of cruelty to animals4 ,we pity the poor brutes1 but we butcher them and eat them all the same4 ,if there is nothing but nature and nature's laws1 it is perfectly right that the few should live for the many1 and that thousands should sweat and groan to fill the belly of one animal who is finer and stronger than those he feeds upon4 ,neither the law of gravity1 nor that of the conservation of forces1 nor that which impels bodies along the line of least resistance1 nor that which causes the fittest--which means the strongest--to survive1 can impose upon us a moral obligation not to do what we have the strength to do4 ,these infidels talk of the intellectual cowardice of those who believe4 ,let them first be frank1 and tell us1 without circumlocution or concealment1 that there is nothing but force2 that whatever is1 must be2 and that nothing is either right or wrong4 ,if we are permitted to swallow oysters whole1 to butcher oxen and imprison monkeys in mere wantonness2 and if these are our forefathers1 why may not the strong and intelligent members of the human race put the weak and ignorant to any use they may see fit2 or why may we not imitate the more natural savage who roasts or boils his man as his civilized brother would a pig8 ,it is easy to make a show of despising the argument implied in this question2 but1 admitting the atheistic evolutionary hypothesis1 it cannot be answered4 ,cannibals hold that it is for the greatest happiness of the greatest number that their enemies should be eaten2 and1 after all1 what is happiness1 in the utilitarian and animal sense1 but an affair of taste1 to a great extent even of imagination8 ,have not slave-owners in all times held that it was for the greatest good of the greatest number that slavery should continue to exist8 ,or has the greatest-happiness principle had anything to do with the abolition of slavery among the ,christian nations or elsewhere8 ,men appealed in the name of right1 of justice1 of the inborn dignity of the human soul1 of ,god-given liberty1 and the conscience of the nations was awakened4 ,they gave no thought to the idle theories of brains1 from which the heart and soul had been strained1 about a greatest-happiness principle4 ,what have atheists ever done but talk1 and mock1 and criticise1 and seek their own ease whilst discoursing on the general good8 ,mill takes the greatest care to record1 in more than one place1 that he and his father occasionally wrote articles for the ,westminster ,review without receiving pay for them2 thinking it1 evidently1 worthy of remark that an atheist should even write except for money4 ,here we may note a vice inherent in atheism1 which proves at once its untruth and its impotence4 ,it leaves man without enthusiasm1 without hope1 without love1 to fall back upon himself1 a wilted1 shrunken thing1 to mix with matter1 or to vanish in lifeless1 logical formalism4 ,it has no heroes1 no saints1 no martyrs1 no confessors4 ,its advocates either abandon themselves to lust and the senses1 or1 making a divinity of their own imagined superiority1 worship the ghost they have conjured up1 whilst looking down upon the rest of mankind as a vulgar herd still intellectually walking on four feet4 ,mill makes no effort to conceal his contempt for the mass of mankind2 and contempt does not inspire love1 which alone renders man helpful to man4 ,the gloom which settled around the life of ,john ,stuart ,mill1 when he once fully realized that1 holding the intellectual opinions which he held1 nothing was worth living for1 and that he was consequently left without a motive or an object in life1 never really left him4 ,he tells us1 indeed1 that the cloud gradually drew off1 and that1 though he had several relapses which lasted many months1 he was never as miserable as he had been2 but it is quite evident1 from the whole tone of this ,autobiography1 that his disappointed soul1 like the wounded dove1 drew the wings that were intended to lift it to ,god close to itself1 and1 hopeless1 sank into philosophical despair4 ,happiness he considered the sole end of life2 and yet he says that the enjoyments of life1 which alone make it worth having1 when made its principal object1 pall upon us and sicken the heart4 ,ask yourself whether you are happy1 and you cease to be so4 ,the only chance is to treat1 not happiness1 but some end external to it1 as the purpose of life4 ,in other words1 in ,mill's philosophy1 the end of life is happiness1 which can be possessed only by those who persuade themselves that this is not the end of life4 ,the doctrine of philosophical necessity1 during the later returns of his despondency1 weighed upon him like an incubus3 ,i felt as if ,i was scientifically proved to be the helpless slave of antecedent circumstances2 as if my character and that of all others had been formed for us by agencies beyond our control1 and was wholly out of our own power4 ,i often said to myself1 ,what a relief it would be if ,i could disbelieve the doctrine of the formation of character by circumstances6#bfe ,he tries to escape from the fatal web in which his soul hung helpless2 but sophisms and quibbles of the brain cannot minister to a mind diseased or pluck sorrow from the heart4 ,but the saddest part of ,mill's ,autobiography is the portion devoted to the woman whose friendship he called the honor and chief blessing of his existence4 ,the picture which he has drawn of his childhood is at once painful and ludicrous4 ,he does not even incidentally allude to a single fact which would lead one to suppose that he had a mother or had ever known a mother's love4 ,the father1 as described by the son1 was cold1 fanatical1 morose1 almost inhuman1 acting as though he thought children are born merely for the purpose of being crammed with ,greek roots and logical formulas4 ,john ,stuart was put at ,greek vocables when only three years old4 ,his father demanded of him not only the utmost that he could do1 but much that it was utterly impossible that he should do4 ,he was guilty1 for instance1 of the incredible folly of making him read the ,dialogues of ,plato when only seven years old4 ,he never knew anything of the freshness or joyousness of childhood1 or what it is to be boy eternal4 ,he grew up without the companionship of children1 blighted and dwarfed by the abiding presence of the narrow and unnatural man who nipped the flower of his life in the bud1 and repressed within him all the sentiments and aspirations which are the spontaneous and healthful product of youth4 ,he was not taught to delight in sunshine and flowers1 and music and song2 but even in his boyish rambles there strode ever by his side the analytical machine1 dissecting1 destroying1 marring ,god's work with his lifeless1 hopeless theories4 ,the effect of this training was1 as we have already seen1 that when the boy became a man1 he found himself like a ship on the ocean without sail or compass1 and there gathered around his life the settled gloom of despair1 which his philosophical opinions tended only to deepen4 ,without a mother's love1 without a father whom it was possible to love1 without friends of his own age1 without ,god1 dejected1 despondent1 hopeless1 he met the wife of a friend of his father1 who1 from the manner in which she controlled her first and second husbands1 must have been a clever woman1 and he became an idolater1 giving to her the adoration which his father had taught him to withhold from ,god4 ,that there is no exaggeration in this statement every one who will take the trouble to read the seventh chapter of ,mill's ,autobiography will be ready to confess4 ,he married this woman in #ahea1 when he was forty-five and she but two years younger1 and seven years later her death occurred4 ,mill wishes the world to believe that this woman was the prodigy of the ,x,i,xth century1 surpassing in intellectual vigor and moral strength all men and all other women2 that to her he owed all that is best in his own writings2 and that he is but the interpreter of the wonderful thoughts of this incomparable woman1 whom others have deemed merely a commonplace woman's rights woman4 ,thus prepared1 he writes1 it will easily be believed that when ,i came into close intellectual communion with a person of the most eminent faculties1 whose genius1 as it grew and unfolded itself in thought1 struck out truths far in advance of me1 but in which ,i could not1 as ,i had done in those others1 detect any mixture of error1 the greatest part of my mental growth consisted in the assimilation of those truths2 and the most valuable part of my intellectual work was in building the bridges and clearing the paths which connected them with my general system of thought4#bff ,mill seems to have been incapable of a healthful sentiment of any kind4 ,the same quality in his stunted and warped moral nature which caused him to have a false and exaggerated sense of the evil that is in the world1 leading him to atheism1 made him a blind and superstitious worshipper of the imaginary endowments of his wife4 ,but one must read the book itself to realize how far he carried this idolatry4 ,when she dies1 he again sinks into the gloom which his superstition had seemed to cause him partially to forget2 and if he continues to work1 it is only with the feeble strength derived from thoughts of her and communion with her memory4 ,her death was a calamity which took from him all hope1 and he found some slight alleviation only in the mode of life which best enabled him to feel her still near him4 ,she died at ,avignon1 and he bought a cottage as close as possible to the place where she was buried2 and there he settled down in helpless misery1 feeling that all that remained to him in the world was a memory4 ,her memory1 he writes1 is to me a religion1 and her approbation the standard by which1 summing up1 as it does1 all worthiness1 ,i endeavor to regulate my life4#bfg ,he did not believe in ,god1 in the soul1 in a life beyond life2 he had scarcely any faith in the practical efforts of the age to improve the condition of the masses1 upon whom he looked as the common herd2 his own countrymen especially he despised as selfish and narrow above all other men1 grovelling in their instincts1 and low in the objects which they aim at2 happiness he held to be the sole end of existence2 and at the close of his life1 an old man1 in a foreign land1 in immedicable misery1 he stood beside a grave1 and sought with feeble fingers to clutch the shadow of a dream1 which he called his religion2 and so he died4 ,we have never read a sadder book1 nor one which to our mind contains stronger proof that the soul longs with an infinite craving for ,god1 and1 not finding him1 will worship anything--a woman1 a stone1 a memory4 ,,footnotes3 #bdi ,entered according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahgd1 by ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #bej ,autobiography4 ,by ,john ,stuart ,mill4 ,new ,york3 ,holt ,co4 #ahgc4 #bea ,p4 #da4 #beb ,p4 #dc4 #bec ,p4 #dd4 #bed ,p4 #df4 #bee ,apologia1 p4 #bfh4 #bef ,p4 #gj4 #beg ,p4 #fg4 #beh ,p4 #bac4 #bei ,p4 #dh4 #bfj ,p4 #ajg4 #bfa ,p4 #bcj4 #bfb ,p4 #afg4 #bfc ,p4 #acd4 #bfd ,p4 #adj4 #bfe ,p4 #afi4 #bff ,p4 #bdc4 #bfg ,p4 #bea4 ,,the ,,farm ,,of ,,muiceron4 ,,by ,,marie ,,rheil4 ,,from ,,the ,,revue ,,du ,,monde ,,catholique4 ,,xvi4 ,however1 our good friends at ,muiceron had not become1 believe me1 so entirely perverted by vanity as to lose all remembrance of the past4 ,they could not have lived twenty years with a boy as perfect in conduct and affection as ,jean-,louis without missing him as the days rolled on4 ,i acknowledge1 nevertheless1 that the first week passed so quickly in the midst of the flurry and fuss of the marriage contract and presents--bought on credit--that the absence of the good child was scarcely felt2 but1 towards the end of the second week1 one evening ,pierrette asked ,ragaud if the time had not nearly expired that ,jean-,louis had been lent to ,michou for the clearing of the forest of ,montreux2 for1 said she1 ,i cannot live any longer without him1 he was of so much use to me1 and the house is so empty without him4 ,i gave him for a fortnight1 replied ,ragaud1 and ,i would not disoblige ,michou by reclaiming him before2 but ,i think we will see him next week1 and then ,i hope he will be over his little miff4 ,what miff8 asked ,pierrette4 ,bless me6 wife1 you are a little too simple if you have not noticed long before this how sullen the boy has become4 ,he never says much1 replied ,pierrette1 and we have all been so very busy lately1 it has made him more silent even than usual4 ,that is precisely it1 said ,ragaud4 ,you have petted him so much1 he fancied everything was his2 and when he saw us so occupied with ,jeannette's marriage1 he took it in dudgeon1 and became offended4 ,that would be very wrong in him1 replied ,la ,ragaude1 and ,i don't believe ,jeannet capable of such wicked sentiments4 ,jealousy is not one of his faults2 on the contrary1 he always thinks of others before himself4 ,that may be1 that may be1 but you cannot judge of wine1 no matter how old you may know it to be1 before tasting2 and1 in the same way1 you cannot answer for any quality of the heart until it has been tried4 ,so it was very easy for ,jeannet not to be jealous when there was no subject for jealousy2 but1 if you were not always blind and deaf to his defects1 you would acknowledge that from the day that ,isidore put his foot in this house he has changed as much as milk turned into curds4 ,that may all be1 said ,pierrette1 who could not answer her husband's objections4 ,that may all be so easily that it is positively so1 replied ,ragaud1 and ,jeannet will not re-enter this house until ,i have spoken very plainly to him1 and made him promise to treat ,isidore as a brother4 ,that is just what ,i think1 replied good ,pierrette1 who loved peace above all things1 and you always speak wisely4 ,jeannette1 for her part1 had a little secret annoyance that she carefully concealed1 but which made her more irritable and less docile than usual1 greatly to the astonishment of ,pierrette1 who thought her to be at the summit of happiness4 ,after being rather sullen with ,jeannet1 because he did not appear delighted with her marriage1 and1 above all1 with her intended1 she was now displeased to see ,isidore parading before every one--and to her the first--his great satisfaction at the departure of ,jean-,louis4 ,he even seemed to seek every occasion to speak injuriously of him before her parents1 and allowed no one to praise him in his presence4 ,the child was not very patient1 we already know1 and1 as ,solange truly said1 her head alone was dazzled2 her heart was not spoiled enough to make her lose her good sense4 ,still further1 she began to feel very uneasy on a subject which she wished to understand clearly before finally engaging herself--it was that of religion4 ,she had felt the ground around ,perdreau1 and1 although he was as hypocritical as the devil1 he had attempted several very disagreeable jokes about the church and her ceremonies which1 ,i must say1 provoked ,jeannette to such a degree1 she openly showed her displeasure4 ,thereupon ,isidore1 seeing that he had gone too far1 and that he must be more careful or he would lose her dowry1 tried to play the part of a saint in his niche2 but it was a comedy in which he was not well skilled from want of practice1 and ,jeannette1 more and more worried and unhappy1 commenced to regret that the good and wise ,jeannet was no longer at her side to aid her with his advice1 of which she had never before felt such urgent need4 ,so she1 in her turn1 hazarded the same request as ,pierrette1 and asked her father when they might expect the return of ,jean-,louis4 ,ragaud made her nearly the same reply as he had done to his wife1 without mentioning his ideas in relation to ,jeannet's supposed jealousy2 and ,jeannette patiently awaited him4 ,but the fortnight went by without any sign of the boy1 and it could be easily perceived that ,jeannette was becoming nervous--a kind of sickness little known in the country even by name1 but which mademoiselle's example had taught ,jeannette to attempt whenever things did not go on exactly as she wished4 ,however1 affairs went on precisely as those rascally ,perdreaux desired4 ,the marriage-contract was prepared1 and1 after an immense scrawl of big words1 which ,ragaud did not understand1 it concluded by making the good man abandon all his personal and landed property to his daughter1 only reserving for himself a moderate annuity4 ,ragaud was ashamed to avow that all this waste paper was entirely above his comprehension4 ,he tried to look very wise1 but proved by his questions that he was caught in a trap2 for1 after the reading of the knavish document1 which stripped him of everything1 he innocently asked if he would retain the right to manage ,muiceron1 and live there as master during his life4 ,undoubtedly1 replied the notary2 your children would be unnatural to let it be otherwise4 ,i have done all for the best1 for ,i suppose you do not wish to oblige my son to marry under the dotal law8 ,what is the dotal law8 said ,ragaud4 ,it is the greatest disgrace that can be imposed on a man1 gravely replied the notary4 ,oh6 ,i beg pardon1 ,m4 ,perdreau2 and so in your paper there is no question of that8 ,certainly not1 said the notary4 ,i have drawn up the papers for the good father and honorable man that you are4 ,then it is all right1 and ,i have nothing more to do but to thank you1 said the honest farmer4 ,we could both sign it this evening1 said the head rascal4 ,there is no hurry1 said ,ragaud2 we will do that when all the family are present1 before my wife and the children4 ,i wish ,jeannet to sign it also4 ,sign8 ,your ,jean-,louis can't sign it1 said the notary1 as he has no name2 the law1 ,m4 ,ragaud1 does not recognize illegitimate children4 ,really6 ,that is cruel for the boy1 monsieur2 at least1 ,i would like him to hear the paper read4 ,for what reason8 ,to please him1 that is all2 he has been like a child to us for twenty years1 and has never deserved to be driven from the family4 ,as you please2 ,i think it useless4 ,in business1 you see1 there is no such thing as sentiment2 however1 if you prefer it4444 ,i certainly do prefer it1 replied ,ragaud firmly4 ,i have been a just man all my life1 monsieur1 and ,i do not wish now to act unjustly toward a child who has always served me so faithfully4 ,the notary did not reply1 but his ugly weasel-face showed such bitter displeasure that ,ragaud1 already dissatisfied with the conversation1 suddenly remembered ,jacques ,michou's remarks1 and promised himself to keep his eyes open4 ,fortunately1 the good ,god gives to honest men a sense of distrust which is easily sharpened4 ,the peasant1 in particular1 is never entirely at ease when spoken to in more difficult language than two and two make four4 ,now1 ,ragaud1 on account of his vanity1 did not wish to acknowledge before others that he understood nothing of all the fine writing on the stamped paper1 but he avowed it to himself1 and1 putting on a perfectly innocent air1 he said to ,perdreau3 ,will you have the kindness to let me have the papers for a few days8 ,i would like to read them over again when ,i have time4 ,very willingly1 replied the notary1 well convinced--and there he was right--that good ,ragaud could not decipher the handwriting1 and that it would be all ,greek to him4 ,i was even going to propose it to you4 ,take them1 ,m4 ,ragaud1 and read them at your leisure2 but ,i need not tell you that it must remain a secret between us until the day the contract is signed4 ,i understand1 replied ,ragaud4 ,i know how to be discreet1 monsieur1 and ,i am not more desirous than you that my daughter's affairs should be known all over the neighborhood4 ,he did not speak falsely in promising it2 for to a ,christian the word of a priest is sacred1 and he only intended to let the cur read the contract under the seal of confession4 ,the next day it so happened that ,m4 ,perdreau went to the city1 where he expected to pass two days1 to plan an affair still worse than the rest1 which you will know in due time4 ,ragaud1 thus having the field clear1 hurried off to ,val-,saint1 with the papers carefully folded under his blouse4 ,that morning ,jeannette was not in good humor4 ,three weeks had gone by without any news of ,jeannet1 who did not even return to sleep at ,muiceron4 ,she received her loving ,isidore like a spoiled child1 shrugged her shoulders when he told her she was charmingly pretty1 and ended by telling him he must find out something about ,jean-,louis1 and bring him back to her as quickly as possible1 or else she would not believe he loved her4 ,isidore1 who had every defect--above all1 the silly vanity to think that he was fully capable of turning the heads of all the girls1 which is1 in itself1 a proof of presumptuous folly--pretended at first to take it as a joke1 imagining that ,jeannette wished to provoke his jealousy4 ,but seeing her serious and resolute1 he replied in an angry tone that such a commission was not to his taste4 ,in that case1 she replied1 it is not to mine to talk to you to-day4 ,then ,i will take my leave1 said he1 touching his hat4 ,she did not detain him1 and contented herself with smiling1 which he thought another little coquettish trick4 ,you are like all women1 said he slowly1 who do not mind sacrificing their hearts for a whim4 ,what do you call a whim8 replied ,jeannette4 ,is the desire to see my brother again a whim8 ,very well1 then1 ,i declare to you that ,i will regard nothing decided as to our marriage until ,jean-,louis has returned home4 ,do you think1 my little beauty1 said he1 turning red with anger1 that ,i will let you call that vagabond of a foundling brother after you become my wife8 ,we will see1 replied she2 but1 meanwhile1 ,i do not intend to change1 and neither will ,i allow ,jeannet to be insulted in my presence2 it is not the first time ,i have told you so1 ,m4 ,isidore4 ,and so you are capable of becoming seriously angry with me1 who adores you1 on account of your pretended brother8 ,if you are unreasonable and unjust1 said she resolutely1 ,i will no longer love you4 ,you scarcely love me now1 said he sullenly4 ,i did not believe that the day would ever come when you could think so little of me4 ,i have always thought1 she replied1 that husband and wife should agree upon all points4 ,ever since ,i can remember1 ,i have always had a respect and friendship for ,jean-,louis1 and never has he behaved otherwise than well in this house1 where he is looked upon as a son4 ,i don't know why my marriage should change my feelings in regard to him2 and that is a question ,i confess we had better settle at once before going any further4 ,very well1 said ,m4 ,isidore1 speaking like one who had suddenly decided upon some plan4 ,i am very sorry to be obliged to pain you1 but ,i will not bother myself about this bast--about this ,jean-,louis1 and that because it is time you should know the truth about him2 he is far from being worthy of your esteem1 my dear ,jeanne4 ,oh6 indeed6 said she4 ,here is something very new2 and the proof1 if you please8 ,you insist upon knowing it8 ,absolutely and quickly1 replied ,jeannette1 who began to grow impatient4 ,you will certainly be grieved1 and there is reason for it1 said ,isidore in a sad tone4 ,know1 then1 that this ,jean-,louis1 whom you fancy dying with grief because he no longer sees you1 is all the while enjoying himself immensely4 ,how can he amuse himself8 asked ,jeannette4 ,you are telling stories4 ,jeannet is in the wood of ,montreux1 where he has too much to do1 in clearing out the forest1 to think of anything else2 besides1 he is not naturally very gay1 poor boy6 ,poor boy6 ,don't pity him so much2 he would laugh if he heard you4 ,clearing the wood of ,montreux--he8 ,it is a mere pretence to hide his game2 he wishes to be more at ease to court ,solange ,luguet4 ,m4 ,isidore1 cried ,jeannette1 starting up1 pale with anger1 keep on speaking ill of ,jean-,louis--he is a man1 and can defend himself2 but to speak thus of my cousin ,solange is a cowardly falsehood6 ,how pretty you look6 said ,isidore insolently4 ,anger is so becoming to you1 ,i would always like to see you so1 if it were not so painful to me to excite you thus4 ,no1 ,jeanne1 ,i do not lie4 ,m4 ,jean-,louis1 who owes his life to your parents1 and whom you call brother1 at this very instant ridicules the whole household4 ,he is going to marry ,solange1 and ,i don't believe he will even inform you of it4 ,who told you so8 asked ,jeannette1 amazed4 ,people will gossip so4 ,i had it from ,pierre ,luguet4 ,it is true it is common talk1 but ,i would not have believed it1 if ,solange's own brother had not said it4 ,can you swear it to me8 said she4 ,i can swear to it positively4 ,ask ,pierre2 you see ,i am not afraid of being proved a liar4 ,i believe you1 said ,jeanne1 who sought in vain to keep back the tears that filled her eyes4 ,never1 ,i confess1 would ,i have believed that of ,jean-,louis4 ,you understand now why ,i did not care to start in search of that gentleman4 ,i am indignant at his conduct2 it is frightful ingratitude4 ,to think that he had here a father1 a mother1 a sister1 and that he abandons all to go off and be secretly married6 ,is it not proof in itself that he renounces and despises you8 ,oh6 it is very wrong1 very wrong6 said ,jeannette1 much excited4 ,you were right--,i can no longer call him brother4 ,i hope not2 it would be affection very badly bestowed1 and which would make you the laughing-stock of the village4 ,are you still angry with me1 my dear ,jeanne8 ,pardon me1 said she1 extending her hand2 you see1 ,i have had good reason for sorrow4 ,and then she burst into tears1 no longer able to restrain them1 but without exactly knowing the cause of so real a pain4 ,isidore did not expect to succeed so well4 ,this time he had not lied2 he really believed ,jeannet would be married1 as that giddy-brained ,pierre had announced the fact to him4 ,and yet he did not like to see ,jeanne weep for such a little thing4 ,it made him think that the affection of these two children1 who had lived together as brother and sister for so many years1 was much stronger than he had believed1 and he was more determined than ever to put a stop to it after he was married1 and even before1 if he could4 ,he left ,muiceron very much dissatisfied4 ,jeannette was sad2 she let him go off without scarcely noticing him4 ,when she was alone1 the wish to seek some consolation led her to go after her mother1 to see if she had heard the news1 and to talk with her about it4 ,but1 behold6 just as she left the room she ran against some one1 and who should it be but ,jean-,louis1 who had come after some changes of clothes to carry off to the wood1 and who1 knowing that she was with her intended1 did not wish to disturb her4 ,at the sight of her brother all the readiness of her character came back and took the place of her vexation4 ,she assumed an air so haughty that ,jeannet1 all ready to embrace her1 stepped back1 dumb with astonishment4 ,you there8 said ,jeannette1 with a frown on her brow4 ,you there8 ,why do you speak so to me8 asked he1 astonished4 ,you must not forget1 continued ,jeanne1 who proudly raised her head as she spoke1 that ,i am engaged to ,isidore ,perdreau4 ,yes1 ,i know it1 said ,jean-,louis4 ,consequently1 she replied1 it is no longer possible for me to treat you as formerly4 ,you know why8 ,i know it1 answered he1 lowering his head4 ,it is no longer proper1 said she1 for us to behave as brother and sister1 since we are not so really4 ,that is true1 said ,jeannet1 his heart aching with mortal agony4 ,that is all ,i have to say1 added ,jeannette in a still haughtier tone2 and now1 ,jean-,louis1 ,i wish you much joy and happiness--this ,i say in remembrance of our friendship6 ,are you bidding me farewell8 asked he4 ,i will see you later--and--and your wife also2 but you understand8 ,my wife8 said ,jeannet4 ,enough1 replied ,jeanne2 ,i do not wish to know your secrets4 ,it is useless for you to seek my father and my mother4 ,and with that she rapidly crossed the room1 and hurried off2 for1 between ourselves1 this great anger was not very real1 and the longer she looked at the pale1 beautiful face of her brother1 whom she had not seen for such a long time1 the more she felt like throwing her arms around his neck1 instead of ill-treating him4 ,but her words had been too cruel2 they had entered the soul of ,jean-,louis like so many sword-thrusts4 ,it was all ended for him4 ,proud as he was1 and always overwhelmed with the secret grief of his birth1 to have it recalled to him by so dear a mouth was deadly suffering4 ,he remained an instant as though his senses had left him1 not knowing what to do or to think2 then all at once his reason returned4 ,he had just been driven out1 and1 after all1 they had the right to do it4 ,he made the sign of the cross on his heart1 and left the house1 with the intention of never returning4 ,he went back to ,michou1 and passed the evening with him at the ,luguets'4 ,he said nothing of what had happened to any one4 ,dear1 good ,solange noticed that he was sadder than usual1 but that was not astonishing2 she knew he had been that day to ,muiceron1 and she very truly thought he had possibly heard things which could not contribute to lighten his heart and make him gay4 ,it is now time to tell you that old ,perdreau was one of the leaders of a band of ruffians who assembled in a lonely field every week in our city of ,issoudun1 where1 after taking the most frightful oaths1 they plotted1 murder1 arson1 and the robbery of the chteaux and churches4 ,it was what is called a secret society1 and was known by the name of la ,martine2 and some weeks afterwards1 when the ,revolution of #ahdh broke out1 which caused such havoc among us1 there was a well-known man1 so ,i have been told1 who bore the same name1 and who placed himself at the head of the insurgents1 believing them1 in good faith1 to be the most honest men in the world4 ,this man1 who was as good as any one you could find1 and even a passable ,christian1 my father assured me1 bit his thumbs until the blood came when he saw himself despised and his counsel disregarded4 ,but it was too late2 the evil was done4 ,undoubtedly you know much more about it than ,i1 and so ,i scarcely dare venture to say any more on the subject4 ,you must only know that the cursed notary had used all the money of ,m4 le ,marquis to pay the rabble of la ,martine1 with the understanding that1 when they pillaged the chteau1 he should have half the estate1 including the dwelling-house4 ,as for ,isidore1 he was fully up to the business1 and worked at it assiduously1 as much at ,paris as elsewhere4 ,the men who worked in the wood of ,montreux belonged to the gang2 he knew them all by name1 and kept them all near ,val-,saint1 so as to be ready for the contemplated insurrection4 ,but in case the thing should not succeed1 or would be delayed1 he did not think it beneath him to provide himself with a pear to satisfy his thirst1 and that was his marriage4 ,our good ,ragaud returned from his interview with ,m4 le ,cur rather depressed in spirits4 ,the contract1 as read by the holy man1 did not appear to him as captivating as when explained by the notary4 ,he had learned still further1 from a few words discreetly uttered1 that it would be well not to place implicit faith in ,master ,perdreau1 and believe him the personification of honor1 as until then he had innocently imagined4 ,what now could be done to arrange1 or rather disarrange1 affairs so far advanced8 ,the poor man was devoured with care and anxiety4 ,he dared not speak to his daughter1 whom he thought to reduce to desperation at the mere mention of the word rupture2 and then to withdraw from the contract now would lower him tremendously in the eyes of the world around4 ,no longer able to see clearly1 ,ragaud kept quiet1 locked the documents safely in his chest1 and waited--which1 in many circumstances1 is the wisest policy4 ,a long week passed2 then came the festivals of ,christmas and ,new ,year4 ,old ,perdreau was half dead with impatience1 but nevertheless dared not say a word1 or even appear too anxious4 ,what bothered him1 besides1 was that the rascally gang in the wood of ,montreux were constantly receiving messages from their infernal society to hurry up affairs1 and1 therefore1 they threatened to commence the dance before the violins were ready1 which would have spoiled all the plans4 ,pushed to extremity1 he determined1 one fine day1 to send his son secretly to allay the storm by speaking to his worthy companions in roguery4 ,isidore1 who feared nothing and no one1 ridiculed his father's anxiety4 ,he promised to quiet them that very night1 and about eleven o'clock1 in spite of the bad weather--for it was snowing1 and the wind was very high--he left for ,val-,saint4 ,the place they were clearing was quite far from ,m4 ,michou's little house1 where ,jean-,louis slept1 together with the game-keeper4 ,the men1 as is customary among wood-cutters1 had constructed a large retreat formed of the trunks of trees1 cemented with mud and moss4 ,it was towards this spot that young ,perdreau directed his steps2 and never did a stormier night fall upon an uglier traveller4 ,,xvii4 ,it is not difficult to conjecture that ,jeannet1 in spite of his heart-troubles and sorrows1 had not been--sharp as he was--blind to the character of the men who worked under his orders in the wood of ,montreux4 ,in the first place1 ,michou warned him from the beginning to be watchful1 and not to allow the slightest infringement of discipline or drunkenness among men1 who were unknown and of decidedly doubtful appearance4 ,one warning sufficed2 he observed for himself1 and caught at random more than one stray expression which he chanced to overhear4 ,and then1 what could be expected from men who seemed to be without family or friends1 who never frequented the church1 and shunned the places where the honest people of the commune were accustomed to assemble8 ,certainly1 our good ,jean-,louis was not wanting in penetration1 and old ,michou1 who prided himself upon seeing very far into everything1 was as distrustful as he2 consequently1 they agreed that every night one or the other should take a turn around the retreat of the wood-cutters1 and see what was going on in this nest of mischievous rascals4 ,to do this1 ,jeannet had skilfully managed to make an opening in the angle opposite to that where the men had established their fireplace1 so that1 the room being well lighted inside1 everything could be clearly seen outside4 ,usually1 and for many nights1 all was quiet and orderly2 the greater part of the band of la ,martine1 tired out with the day's labors1 slept soundly all the evening1 stretched pell-mell upon heaps of dried leaves strewed over the floor of their bivouac4 ,only a few remained drinking by the hearth2 so that the watchers1 after a glance around1 went off to sleep in their turn4 ,on the night of which ,i speak1 ,michou should have made the round1 but ,jean-,louis1 who since the scene at ,muiceron had been miserably unhappy1 and could not sleep1 asked leave to fulfil the extra duty4 ,it is very stormy1 said he to his old comrade4 ,remain at home1 ,m4 ,jacques2 ,i will go to ,montreux in your place4 ,be off1 then1 said the keeper1 without waiting to be asked twice1 you are young and not rheumatic2 and ,i will smoke my pipe while waiting for you4 ,jeannet threw over his shoulders a heavy brown wrapper1 and was off in a flash4 ,when he reached the retreat1 he was surprised to see light shining through the two or three little windows under the roof1 and a big column of smoke coming out of the chimney4 ,just at this moment ,isidore entered from his side2 he made them open the door1 by means of a signal well known among men of that stamp2 they received him with much honor1 and rekindled the fire1 which was burning rather low4 ,jeannet looked through the opening2 judge of his astonishment when he recognized ,jeannette's intended1 and saw the cordial welcome extended to him by the men1 who grasped him by the hand1 and made room for him among them4 ,he was dumfounded1 almost fancied himself in a dream1 but1 at the same time1 shook with anger1 shame1 and sorrow4 ,but this was only the beginning of his surprise4 ,if the inside could easily be seen1 the conversation was as plainly heard through the wooden walls1 lined with moss2 and what he heard froze the blood in his veins4 ,isidore first spoke1 and made an eloquent discourse1 which was several times interrupted by the bravos of his audience2 in which speech he showed precisely what he was--a pagan1 an agrarian1 a complete villain1 without either faith or justice4 ,he encouraged his friends1 the ruffianly crew before him1 to proceed to arson and pillage--to murder1 if necessary--for the one purpose1 said he1 of gaining the triumph of the holy cause4 ,this word holy1 which he did not scruple to repeat1 sounded so horribly in his blasphemous mouth that poor ,jean-,louis shuddered while listening to him2 not from fear1 but from the furious desire to avenge the name of holy1 which he had dared to pollute with his tongue4 ,o my ,god6 thought he2 that the husband of ,jeannette6 ,and is it on account of such a vagabond that ,i have been treated so harshly8 ,poor1 poor ,jeanne6 ,after ,isidore had finished his frightful speech1 his companions began to curse and swear all at once4 ,glasses of brandy were passed around1 and their heads1 already heated by wicked passions1 became still more excited2 so that they began to dispute among themselves as to whom should belong this and that piece of the estate of ,val-,saint4 ,this one wanted the fields1 another the wood1 a third such or such a farm1 and so on with the rest1 until ,isidore1 commanding silence1 reminded them1 with threats and oaths1 that the chteau should belong to his father1 and that whoever failed to comply with his promise would be answerable to him personally4 ,come1 come1 said one of the men1 we will see a little about that2 he is going rather too far4 ,is it because he is going to marry a devotee--eh1 ,isidore8 ,perdreau turned livid with anger at being thus addressed--not that he respected ,jeannette or her principles1 but because he was as proud as a peacock2 and as he held every one around him in sovereign contempt1 he did not recognize their right to meddle in his private affairs4 ,i will marry whom ,i please1 said he haughtily2 and the first one that finds fault has only to speak4 ,bah6 bah6 ,isidore1 don't be angry1 said an old wood-cutter1 who went by the name of ,blackbeard1 on account of his savage look4 ,what they say is only for your good2 we have heard tell of your marriage1 and it alarms us4 ,the truth is that if the thing is true1 you will be tied for ever to that ,ragaud1 who belongs to the sacristy clique4 ,ha6 ha6 replied ,isidore1 somewhat pacified2 the moment you talk sense1 ,i am willing to answer4 ,tell me1 then1 what would you do if a chestful of gold came under your hand8 ,what nonsense even to ask such a question6 ,why1 ,i would pick it up1 of course4 ,that is just what ,i am doing1 replied ,isidore1 laughing2 and as for the piety and all that stuff1 ,i don't bother myself4 ,when ,i will have the principal1 ,i am capable of regulating the rest4 ,do it1 and joy be with you1 said ,blackbeard2 we understand each other4 ,so no one will be allowed to interfere with ,isidore2 he is worthy of our esteem6 ,the rascals applauded1 and recommenced their shameful jokes and infernal proposals4 ,isidore1 once more master of the assembly1 spoke at greater length1 and ended by exacting an oath that no one should move in the cause until a given signal from ,paris4 ,they all swore as he wished1 and1 as the night was far advanced1 honest ,perdreau took leave of his good friends1 fearing that daylight might surprise him before he could regain his house4 ,jean-,louis needed all the strength mercifully granted by the good ,god in such a trying moment to listen until the end to all these horrors4 ,the blood boiled in his veins2 he felt neither the snow1 nor the biting north wind1 and more than once his indignation was so great1 he stepped forward and clenched his fist1 as though he would throw himself in the midst of those demons1 without reflecting that a solid wall separated them from him4 ,happily1 he restrained himself2 for courage is not imprudence1 and1 if he had failed in coolness1 he would have lost all the results of the important discovery he had just made4 ,he went back to ,michou's cabin1 whom he found awaiting his return1 according to his promise1 and who had commenced to feel very anxious about his long absence4 ,m4 ,jacques1 said he1 on entering1 ,i came very near not returning4444 ,and in a few words he recounted all he had heard and seen4 ,michou said not a word4 ,he relighted his pipe1 and paced the floor1 plunged in thought4 ,i knew the ,perdreaux were famous scamps1 said he at last1 but not quite so bad as that6 ,oh6 cried ,jeannet1 if my death could have saved ,jeannette from that rascal1 ,i would have broken in the door and fallen in the midst of them without hesitation4 ,a very stupid thing you would have done1 then1 replied ,michou2 they would have killed you1 and to-morrow announced that you had fallen from a tree4 ,that would have been a lucky thing for ,perdreau4 ,god watched over me1 replied ,jean-,louis4 ,and now1 what shall we do8 ,that little ,ragaud1 said ,michou1 deserves it all for her frivolity and vanity2 and1 as a punishment1 we should let her go to the end of the rope with her ,isidore4 ,never1 never6 cried ,jean-,louis4 ,you are not speaking seriously8 ,the daughter of your old brother-in-arms8 ,ha6 replied the old fellow1 my old brother-in-arms6 ,ten years ago ,i predicted what would be the end of his nonsense4 ,this is not the time to wish it now1 replied ,jeannet4 ,let us save them1 ,m4 ,michou2 ,i can do nothing without you4 ,why not8 ,you have a tongue like me2 more than that1 you saw and heard all2 go to-morrow to ,muiceron4 ,impossible1 said ,jeannet1 much embarrassed4 ,impossible8 ,there is something behind that6 ,but was it not you yourself who made me promise not to return to my parents8 ,most certainly1 my child2 but the case is urgent1 it seems to me1 and they should know in time1 so as to change their minds before it is too late4 ,i will lose my self-control if ,i meet ,isidore face to face4 ,jeannet1 said ,michou1 you have a good heart4 ,i know all1 my boy2 they drove you from ,muiceron4 ,marion heard that little magpie of a ,jeannette dismiss you1 and she related the story to me1 weeping all the while1 good fat girl that she is4 ,i wished to see how far your generosity would carry you4 ,evil be to them who treated you in that manner2 they deserve what has happened4 ,no1 said ,jean-,louis1 they are blinded1 that is all2 and now ,i have forgotten those words1 said without reflection4 ,m4 ,jacques1 ,i beg of you help me to save ,jeannette4 ,you will have a fine reward1 eh8 ,oh6 what is it to me8 ,after all1 can ,i1 for a few cruel words1 lose the memory of twenty years of tenderness and kindness8 ,if you do not have your place in heaven1 said the keeper1 raising his shoulders and voice at the same time1 to conceal his emotion1 which was very visible1 ,i think our cur himself cannot answer for his4 ,come1 let us see what we can do to save this hare-brained ,jeannette4 ,in the first place1 to-morrow1 at the latest1 ,i intend that ,m4 le ,marquis' place shall be cleared of those rascals that encumber it4 ,the thing is easy2 ,i will tell them that1 owing to the bad weather1 we will postpone the clearing of the forest until spring1 as the work advances too slowly1 and give them two weeks' pay 444 no1 ,i won't2 one week is enough4 ,and then you--you must write2 do you hear8 ,write4 ,writing remains1 and scenes and conflicts are avoided2 you will therefore write six lines1 carefully worded1 to ,perdreau4 ,you will tell him you were at the meeting in the wood that night4 ,how8 ,that is none of his business--it is enough that you were there2 then you will add3 ',i give you three days to disappear1 after which ,i will warn the police4' ,and for the explanation at ,muiceron1 ,i will see to it4 ,jean-,louis saw at once the good sense of this arrangement1 and obeyed immediately4 ,in reality1 it was the only means of bringing things to the best possible conclusion4 ,the next day ,michou went to the wood1 as usual4 ,he found the men at their work1 as though nothing had happened1 and taking aside old ,blackbeard1 who appeared to have some control over his companions1 he told him very quietly of his intention4 ,now1 you will have no difficulty in seeing that for men who reckoned upon dividing a domain worth five hundred thousand crowns in a few days1 to be free from work and receive a week's pay was a clear and enticing advantage4 ,michou was applauded2 and1 but that it went against the grain1 he would have had the happiness of shaking hands with the whole crew4 ,but as he was not very desirous of that pleasure with such a set1 he was entirely rewarded for his pains by seeing them file past him arm-in-arm1 and watched them as they went down the road1 singing at the top of their lungs4 ,that same morning ,jean-,louis' letter left for its destination1 and in the evening the letter-carrier deposited it at the notary's house4 ,it has been remarked that villains are not brave4 ,the good ,god1 who protects honest men because they scarcely think of defending themselves1 has put cowardice in the hearts of their enemies1 and it serves as a rampart always raised before virtue1 which prevents the wicked blows of vice from piercing it to death4 ,do not be astonished at that beautiful phrase2 ,i acknowledge ,i am not capable of inventing it2 but1 in order that ,i might repeat it to you1 ,i carefully copied it from a big book1 full of wise sayings1 formerly lent to me by the ,dean of ,aubiers4 ,if the lightning had fallen upon the notary's house1 it would not have produced a greater shock than ,jeannet's simple letter4 ,the ,perdreaux1 as they were better educated than the mass of the poor people1 whom the ringleaders of the revolution use for their own purpose1 did not doubt but there would be great trouble and an overthrow of thrones1 but were not the less sure of the universal division of property1 which they looked forward to with such eagerness4 ,but the safest and strongest plank of salvation for them was the marriage of ,isidore1 and it was most important that it should take place now1 or else the prison-doors would soon be opened4 ,old ,perdreau was annihilated4 ,for thirty years he had had the boldness to calumniate his neighbors on every occasion2 he was on the eve1 if he could1 of causing the ruin1 and perhaps the death1 of our good lord by delivering up his property and betraying his secrets2 but before this paper1 which contained only a few lines without threats or anger1 written by a foundling1 he turned livid and trembled with fright1 and his ugly face1 ordinarily so bold1 was covered with a cold sweat4 ,isidore also was as pale as he2 from time to time he read ,jean-,louis' letter1 crushed it in his hand1 trampled it under foot1 swore by the holy name of the ,lord1 and struck the tables and chairs with his clenched fist4 ,but that did not help the matter4 ,the father and son dared not speak to each other4 ,at last ,isidore took the paper up again2 and as if that scare-crow1 by disappearing1 could mend affairs1 he tore it into a thousand pieces4 ,we are lost1 lost6 repeated old ,perdreau1 clutching his gray hair with both his hands4 ,that remains to be seen6 cried ,isidore4 ,father1 instead of sinking into such despair1 you had better think of some plan4 ,it was by your order ,i went to ,montreux4 ,i knew there was no need of such hurry4 ,what could ,i do8 asked the unhappy old man1 ready to humiliate himself before his son4 ,we were menaced on all sides4 ,it was only you who saw all that1 replied ,isidore harshly2 ,i always listened to you too much4 ,we can deny it all1 ventured ,perdreau4 ,that is easy to say4 ,but ,i am not sure of our men1 if they should be questioned4 ,that cursed foundling will be believed before all of us4 ,lost6 lost6 repeated the notary1 in the last state of despair4 ,we won't give up1 said ,isidore4 ,go to bed1 father2 you are in no condition to talk4 ,i will reflect for both4 ,ah6 think of something1 no matter what2 we must avert the blow1 said old ,perdreau1 as he staggered to his room4 ,avert the blow6 repeated ,isidore2 the devil himself would not succeed--unless--unless4444 ,he paused1 as if some one would listen to his thought4 ,a frightful idea entered his head1 and all that night the notary1 who groaned and shivered with fever in his bed1 heard him walking about1 taking great strides across the floor1 whilst he uttered disconnected words4 ,the next day the servant found her masters in a sad state2 one sick1 almost delirious1 the other asleep1 all dressed1 in a chair1 with a face haggard from the effects of the terrible night that had just passed4 ,but two hours afterwards1 affairs resumed their accustomed train4 ,isidore bathed and changed his clothes1 drank a bowl of hot wine1 in which he poured a good pint of brandy4 ,he swallowed this comforter1 ate a mouthful1 and appeared fresh and well4 ,but an experienced person would easily have seen that his eyes looked like balls of fire under the red lids1 and that every moment he made a singular movement with his shoulders2 you would have thought he shuddered1 but doubtless that was owing to the heavy frost the night before4 ,he went to see ,jeannette1 as usual1 and was wonderfully polite2 the little thing was sad1 but gentle and quiet4 ,she willingly spoke of the marriage1 of the contemplated journey1 and the presents she wished4 ,but yet it was easy to see that each one of the betrothed was playing a part in trying to appear at ease1 and scarcely succeeded4 ,jeannette1 in the midst of a fine phrase1 would stop and look out of the window1 and ,isidore would profit by the opportunity to fall into a reverie1 which certainly was not suitable at such a time4 ,the reason was that the slight friendship that was felt on one side had taken wings and flown away2 whilst on the other that which perhaps might begin threatened to be cut short by circumstances3 but whose fault was it8 ,as you make your bed1 so you must lie1 said our cur1 and ,isidore1 who had stuffed his with thorns1 should not have been surprised if he felt them4 ,no one can describe1 because1 very fortunately1 no one can understand1 the disordered state of this unhappy young man's mind4 ,he had formed a resolution whose result you will soon see2 and on whatever side he looked1 he saw a bottomless abyss open before his eyes4 ,he was afraid--this yet can be said in his favor1 for indifference to crime is the state of finished scoundrels--and he would not now have gone so far1 if1 as we hope1 he had not previously lost his senses4 ,he prolonged his visit to ,muiceron as long as he could4 ,little ,jeannette was tired out and did not attempt to conceal it1 which sufficiently showed how much pleasure she took in the presence of her future husband4 ,she even yawned two or three times1 which any other day he would have resented2 but now it escaped his notice4 ,at nightfall he at last decided to leave1 and then it could be seen1 by his pallor and the manner that he passed his hand across his brow1 that the great deep pit of which ,i spoke caused him a greater vertigo than ever4 ,nevertheless1 he started resolutely on the road for the wood of ,montreux1 and1 when he was near the wood-cutters' retreat1 he looked as if he wished to enter it2 but suddenly he retraced his steps1 and afterwards appeared so absent and buried in his own reflections1 he did not notice that the cabin was empty1 and no work going on inside4 ,one man1 however1 was walking among the huge piles of timber1 half ready for delivery2 it was ,michou4 ,he at once perceived ,isidore1 and followed him with his eyes a long distance2 but it was not necessary to accost him1 and he let him pass on1 with the idea that he was seeking the high-road to ,issoudun1 in obedience to the letter of ,jean-,louis4 ,the hawk is caught1 said he to himself4 ,well1 let him go in peace1 that he may receive his last shot elsewhere4 ,during this time1 ,perdreau directed his steps towards the game-keeper's house4 ,he easily entered1 as the door was only closed by a latch2 ,michou1 in his isolated abode counting more on his gun1 which he always kept loaded at his bedside1 than on the protection of bolts4 ,isidore knew that each night ,jeannet came to eat and sleep in the little house2 but he also knew that he worked until late in the night1 and that there was no risk of meeting him at this early hour4 ,as he expected1 he found the idiot ,barbette alone in the house4 ,the poor girl was preparing the soup ,jean-,louis was accustomed to eat on returning home1 and near her was her dog1 who never left her1 not even at night1 when both went out together to sleep with the sheep4 ,she knew ,isidore1 as she had seen him roaming around the country4 ,except to say good-morning and good-evening1 she scarcely knew how to speak1 and therefore showed neither astonishment nor fear1 as is the case with children deprived of reason1 who are not conscious either of good or evil4 ,isidore sank into a chair without speaking2 ,barbette nodded to him1 and continued stirring her stew-pan4 ,what are you making there8 asked ,perdreau1 after a few moments' silence4 ,the idiot burst out laughing1 as though the question was very funny4 ,soup1 she replied1 still laughing loudly4 ,is it for your uncle8 ,no1 my uncle has dined4 ,who is it for1 then8 ,for the other one4 ,the other one8 ,is it for ,jean-,louis8 ,yes4 ,you are very sure8 ,yes1 yes6 said she1 laughing louder than ever4 ,very good1 muttered ,isidore between his teeth4 ,he suddenly arose1 and gave the dog a furious kick4 ,barbette uttered a shrill scream4 ,her dog was her only friend2 she threw herself between ,isidore and the poor beast1 which she clasped in her arms4 ,during this movement1 which was very quick1 the wretched ,perdreau sprang towards the stove1 threw into the soup a paper of white powder1 which he had kept hidden in his hand1 and disappeared in a second1 like one who feels his clothes catching fire4 ,soon all was again quiet and silent4 ,little ,barbette understood nothing1 except that the wicked man who had beaten her dog without any cause had left1 and that she could return to her cooking4 ,she recommenced stirring her soup1 laughing softly to herself1 but taking care1 however1 that her dog was close to her side4 ,michou entered about a quarter of an hour later4 ,he was fatigued with his day's work1 and thought no more of ,isidore1 whom he believed far away4 ,besides1 if he had given him a thought1 the idea would never have entered his head to question ,barbette1 who was not in a condition to render an account of anybody or anything4 ,the game-keeper had his bed and ,jeannet's also 7straw mattresses1 laid on trestles7 placed in a recess at the end of the room1 so that1 upon retiring1 they could draw the curtains1 and be as private as though in another room4 ,he undressed quietly1 and stretched himself upon the bed to take his much-needed rest1 knowing well that ,jean-,louis often came in late1 but made so little noise he was never disturbed4 ,a long time passed4 ,michou was sleeping soundly1 when he heard ,barbette call him4 ,what do you want8 he asked1 raising himself up in his bed4 ,uncle1 said the poor idiot1 ,jean-,louis has not returned4 ,well1 what of that8 ,i am hungry1 she replied1 for she never ate supper until her work was finished4 ,eat1 said ,michou4 ,what is there to prevent you8 ,can ,i eat ,jean-,louis' soup8 she asked4 ,faith1 thought the game-keeper1 he must have supped with the ,luguets4 ,yes1 said he aloud1 eat1 and be off to bed4 ,barbette did not wait to be told twice4 ,she emptied the soup into a bowl1 swallowed half of it with a good appetite1 and gave the rest to her dog4 ,then she went out1 fastening the latch as well as she could1 and ,michou turned over in his bed1 where he was soon asleep again1 and nothing else happened to disturb him1 as ,jeannet that night did not return home4 ,,xviii4 ,the night was terribly cold1 and the following morning the sky was dark and heavy from the snow that fell unceasingly2 so that our superb wood of ,val-,saint1 so delightful in summer1 looked horrible and desolate enough to make one think of death and the grave1 all around was so still and quiet in its white winding-sheet4 ,michou1 who had nothing to do after he sent off the workmen1 rose later than usual1 and was rather astonished to see ,jeannet's bed still vacant4 ,it was the first time the dear boy had slept away from home without giving warning4 ,he knew him too well to think that it was from want of attention3 what could have happened8 ,he thought again of ,perdreau1 whom he had seen roving around the premises the night before2 and for the first time in his life the game-keeper felt a thrill of terror4 ,the good-for-nothing is capable of anything1 thought he2 he may have watched for ,jean-,louis in some out-of-the-way place to harm him4 ,but after this reflection1 he reassured himself by thinking of ,jean-,louis' extraordinary strength and great height1 which surpassed ,isidore's by at least a head4 ,that puppy has no more nerve than a chicken1 said he4 ,jeannet could knock him down with one blow2 and as for drawing a pistol1 he would be afraid of the noise4 ,however1 good ,jacques hurried with his dressing1 so that he might go to the ,luguets'1 to inquire after ,jean-,louis4 ,while doing so1 he looked at his big silver watch1 which hung on a nail by his bedside1 and saw with astonishment that it was nine o'clock4 ,this is something strange6 said he2 it is the first time in ten years ,i have slept so late4 ,he went to the door1 but1 as he put out his head1 he was driven back by a whirlwind of snow which struck him in the face1 and at the same time a man presented himself upon the threshold4 ,m4 ,michou1 said the new-comer1 who was no other than the letter-carrier of the commune1 it is unfortunate you have some correspondent in this awful weather4 ,that is true6 ,you are not very lucky1 replied the game-keeper2 for this is the first letter you have brought me in two years4 ,it was from ,jean-,louis1 and contained but a few words3 ,m4 ,,jacques3 ,do not be uneasy about me4 ,i am in good health1 but ,i will not return before three days1 as ,i am going to ,paris on important business4 ,your ever-faithful ,,jean-,,louis4 ,what the devil can that child have to do in ,paris8 thought ,michou4 ,never mind1 this letter is a great relief2 ,i would rather know he was off there than here4 ,he gave the carrier a warm drink1 and conversed with him some time before the hearth1 upon which burned a good armful of vine-branches4 ,then1 when he had taken his departure1 the thought of ,barbette suddenly entered his head4 ,what is she doing8 said he4 ,the poor child has forgotten my breakfast2 ,i suppose she has also slept late4 ,he opened the door2 the snow was not falling quite so thick and fast1 and the sky appeared less sombre4 ,he left the house1 and went to the sheepfold1 to see what had become of his idiotic niece4 ,alas6 ,if you have listened to me until now1 you can well guess what had taken place in that gloomy night6 ,and yet1 upon entering the enclosure1 nothing at first foreboded the misfortune which was about to startle the good game-keeper4 ,the sheep bleated and tumbled pell-mell1 climbing on one another's backs1 browsing contentedly upon the hay scattered here and there2 but down at the end of the sheepfold1 in a little corner1 poor ,barbette was extended1 stark dead and already cold1 the mouth half-opened and the face rigid from its terrible struggle4 ,close to her1 with his head laid across her feet1 her dog also slept1 never more to be awakened4 ,it was evident the innocent child had suffered fearfully4 ,her poor body seemed longer by three inches than before1 as though the limbs had been stretched in her dreadful death-struggle4 ,her little1 shrivelled hands still clutched bunches of wool that she must have torn from the sheep in her agony4 ,with all that1 she looked tranquil and at peace1 as if an angel of the good ,god had come at the supreme moment to bear away her soul1 exempt from sin4 ,michou fell on his knees beside the little dead body4 ,he tried to raise her1 but she was so stiff he had to move her like a wooden statue4 ,certainly1 many hours must have elapsed since her death2 the dog1 also1 was frozen to the touch1 and as hard as stone4 ,there was no doubt these two creatures1 so attached to each other during life1 had met together a violent death4 ,nothing more remained to be done but to make the necessary declarations and hold the inquest usual in such cases4 ,the good man bent over the agonized face of the child a few minutes2 one or two tears fell upon his gray beard1 and1 while wiping them off with his coat-sleeve1 he recited a ,pater and a ,de ,profundis2 then he brought several planks and bundles of straw1 which he placed around the poor corpse1 so that the sheep should not injure it while playing around4 ,he left the dog lying on the feet of his mistress1 ,barbette2 and mere creature1 without soul1 as the good ,god had made him1 he deserved this respect1 having died faithful as he had lived4 ,jacques ,michou left the sheepfold1 his otter-skin cap in his hand1 and on the threshold turned again and made another sign of the cross4 ,his old heart was heavy with pain from the shock2 but he did not dream for an instant of what we know1 and at that you must not be too much astonished4 ,the good man was perfectly honest1 and could not at first conjecture that a great crime had caused this extraordinary death4 ,he rather imagined that ,barbette1 who had been given to wandering around like all innocents1 had gathered some poisonous weed1 or drank by mistake from a vessel in which remedies were prepared for the sheep when afflicted with the mange1 which are always composed of a decoction of tobacco or other noxious preparation2 which cures1 if applied externally1 but is certain death when taken internally1 if the directions are not followed4 ,thus plunged in sad and bitter meditation1 he arrived1 almost before he knew it1 at the village of ,val-,saint1 and thought to continue still further1 to warn ,dr4 ,aubry4 ,he will be able to tell me1 thought he2 with his learning he can say what killed the poor child4 ,just then he raised his head1 and saw that he was before the notary's house1 and recognized the doctor's horse and wagon before the door4 ,this is lucky6 thought he4 ,i will find out all the sooner4 ,he entered without having to knock1 probably because ,m4 ,aubry1 who was always absent-minded1 had neglected to close the door1 ordinarily shut tight2 so that the game-keeper found himself standing in the middle of ,perdreau's dining-room before any one had given notice of his entrance4 ,isidore was there1 so wan1 and haggard1 and wild-looking1 you would have doubted1 at the first glance1 whether it was himself or his shadow4 ,there was nothing terrifying in ,michou's aspect2 he appeared sad and quiet1 and only wished to meet the doctor1 that he might relate his lamentable story4 ,but criminals see in every one and everywhere justice and vengeance ready to fall upon them4 ,isidore no sooner recognized the honest game-keeper1 than he uttered a cry of terror1 and endeavored to escape4 ,that movement1 the terrified face1 and1 still further1 we must believe1 the inspiration of the good ,god1 made ,michou divine1 in the twinkling of an eye1 what he had not even suspected the moment before4 ,you will understand me if you will only recall some remembrances of the past2 for surely you must once or twice in your life have experienced the same effect4 ,an event takes place--no one knows which way to turn2 all is dark2 suddenly a light breaks forth1 shedding its brilliant rays on all around1 and in an instant everything is clear to the mind3 is it not so8 ,to explain how this great secret fire is lighted ,i cannot1 but to affirm that it happens daily you must acknowledge with me1 no matter how poor your memory may be4 ,the presence of ,perdreau the evening before in the neighborhood of the wood of ,montreux1 his sombre and agitated look at the time1 the preceding letter of ,jean-,louis1 finally1 that soup1 destined for another than ,barbette1 and eaten by her--all this passed in a second before the eyes of the game-keeper1 like so many actors playing in the same piece4 ,as the truth1 in all its horror1 flashed before him1 his face became terrible1 and ,isidore1 whose eyes1 starting from his head with terror1 glared fixedly upon him1 saw this time1 without mistake1 his judge and the avenger of his crime4 ,the two men looked at each other a moment4 ,isidore advanced a step1 in the vague hope of reaching the door4 ,michou stepped back1 his arms crossed1 and barred his passage4 ,let me go out1 at last gasped ,isidore between his closed teeth4 ,wretch6 said the game-keeper in a deep voice1 whom did you come to poison at my house last night8 ,michou1 you are crazy6 replied ,isidore2 let me out1 or ,i will call4 ,call as loudly as you please1 answered ,michou1 standing straight and firm with his back against the door2 call ,dr4 ,aubry1 who must be somewhere about4 ,you will tell him that ,i have come in search of him to prove the death of ,barbette1 whom you killed1 cowardly villain that you are6 ,barbette6 ,what do you mean8 ,you are drunk1 ,michou1 stammered ,isidore1 becoming each moment more and more livid4 ,neither drunk nor crazy1 you know well1 accursed wretch1 replied ,jacques4 ,your insults do not harm me4 ,ha6 you were not very skilful in your crime1 but you were also mistaken4 ,jean-,louis is safe and sound2 you only killed a child deprived of reason1 and you will finish on a scaffold2 for if ,i were allowed to kill you with my own hand1 ,i would not1 so as not to stain the hand of an honest man4 ,michou1 said ,isidore1 his teeth chattering with fear1 have mercy on me2 ,i will explain myself later4 ,i am sick4444 ,my father is dying4444 ,you are not cruel4444 ,let me go out4 ,ha6 ha6 you are a coward4444 ,faith1 ,i am glad of it2 it takes from me the slightest compassion for you4 ,traitor6 scoundrel6 you were not so much afraid yesterday1 when you thought of killing a brave1 defenceless boy4 ,to-day it is not repentance that makes you tremble1 but the justice of men1 who will not spare you4 ,you feel them on your heels2 you are not deceived4 ,i have you2 try to stir4 ,and he seized him by the arm with so vigorous a hand1 the wretch felt his bones crack4 ,you hurt me2 let me go6 yelled ,isidore1 writhing under that iron hand4 ,shut up6 ,avow your crime2 did you come1 yes or no1 to poison ,jean-,louis8 ,he had provoked me4 ,i was wild1 ,i was mad--let me go4444 ,you avow it1 then2 what poison was it8 ,i don't know2 ,i know nothing further4444 ,michou1 in the name of ,god1 let me go4444 ,do you dare pronounce the name of ,god8 cried ,michou1 grasping him still more firmly4 ,do you believe1 then1 in him1 whom you have blasphemed since you were able to speak8 ,you don't know what poison you used8 ,after all1 it matters little2 ,m4 ,aubry will know--yes1 he and the judge also4 ,the case is clear1 and1 if ,i could drag you myself before the police1 ,i would only leave hold of you at the door of the prison4 ,isidore1 prostrated and speechless from pain--for ,michou1 whose strength was trebled1 crushed his arm with redoubled force--fell to the ground in the most miserable state that can be imagined4 ,there1 said ,michou1 pushing him aside with his foot1 if ,i did not still respect the mark of your baptism1 ,i would wish to see you die there like a dog4 ,ah6 you can weep now6 ,see to what your life of debauchery and idleness has brought you2 but you are not capable of understanding my words4 ,listen2 it is not you that ,i pity1 but the remembrance of an honest girl1 who1 to the eyes of the neighborhood1 was your betrothed1 the unfortunate creature6 ,in the name of ,jeanne ,ragaud1 ,i will save you from the scaffold that you deserve2 but on one condition4444 ,speak1 speak6 ,i will do whatever you wish1 cried the wretch1 raising himself upon his knees4 ,i promise you1 ,michou2 but save me6 ,miserable coward6 said the game-keeper with disgust1 your prayers and your tears cause me as much horror as your crimes4 ,you have not even the courage to play the part of a murderer6 ,but what ,i have said ,i will do4 ,get up1 if you have still strength to stand on your legs4 ,mark what ,i say4 ,you must disappear4 ,i give you1 not three days1 like ,jean-,louis1 but two hours1 in which ,i will go and remove the body of your victim1 and warn the police4 ,in two hours ,i will have declared on oath that ,barbette was poisoned by you1 and the proofs will not be wanting4 ,do what you please--hide yourself in a hole or fly4 ,in two hours1 ,i repeat1 the police will be on your track1 and1 if the devil wishes to save you1 that is his affair4 ,thanks1 said ,isidore1 rising4 ,your thanks is another insult1 said ,michou4 ,he opened the door himself1 and pushed the wretch outside with such a tremendous blow of his fist that he stumbled and fell across the threshold4 ,owing to the bad weather1 the village street was deserted4 ,michou saw ,isidore disappear with the quickness of a deer4 ,he closed the door again1 and sat down1 resting his head upon his hands1 to gather together his ideas4 ,my ,god1 said the excellent man1 raising his eyes to heaven with the honest look of a ,christian1 perhaps ,i have done wrong1 but thou art powerful enough to repair the effect of my too great mercy1 and ,i have saved from a disgrace that could not be remedied thy servants1 the poor ,ragauds4 ,all this had not taken much time1 and ,michou was meditating upon the events of that terrible night1 when he felt some one strike him on the shoulder2 it was ,m4 ,aubry4 ,it is you1 ,m4 ,jacques8 said the doctor4 ,what are you doing here1 old fellow8 ,i was waiting for you1 monsieur1 replied he quietly1 for he had entirely recovered his self-possession4 ,is any one sick here8 ,eh8 said the doctor4 ,it is the old man1 who was seized with a fever yesterday1 and is now delirious4 ,his brain is affected4 ,it is an attack which ,i anticipated2 ,i don't think he will recover4 ,so much the better6 said ,michou4 ,what do you say8 ,so much the better8 ,it can be easily seen he is not in your good graces4 ,faith6 ,i must say1 if ,i were not his physician1 ,i would think the same4 ,i don't generally believe all the gossip floating around2 we can take a little on credit1 and leave the rest2 but1 in my opinion1 ,m4 le ,marquis did not place his confidence within the pale of the church when he gave it to that old ape2 he may yet have to repent of it4 ,well1 and you--what can ,i do for you8 ,come with me to the wood of ,montreux1 said the game-keeper1 and ,i will tell you on the way4 ,is the case urgent8 ,between ourselves1 ,michou1 if your patient is not in danger ,i would like to put it off until to-morrow4 ,my carriage is open1 and ,cocotte is not rough-shod4 ,it is beastly weather to go through the forest4 ,alas6 monsieur1 replied ,jacques1 the patient who requires you can wait until the last judgment1 for she is dead4 ,but ,i must carry you off all the same1 as this death does not seem natural to me1 and ,i wish your opinion4 ,let us be off1 said ,m4 ,aubry1 without hesitating2 you can tell me the whole story as we go along4 ,which ,jacques ,michou did1 whilst ,cocotte1 with her head down1 trotted along1 not very well pleased to receive the snow full in her face4 ,the poor beast excepted1 neither of the travellers in the wagon felt the horrible weather4 ,the doctor1 while listening to the game-keeper1 looked serious and severe1 which was not at all his usual custom4 ,michou had nothing to hide4 ,he related every detail of the mournful story1 without omitting any fact or thought necessary to enlighten ,m4 ,aubry4 ,when he came to speak of his terrible explanation with ,isidore and the wretch's crime1 the doctor swore a round oath1 which marked his disapproval1 and ,cocotte received such a famous cut with the whip1 she started off on a furious gallop4 ,i did not think you were1 at your age1 such a snivelling1 sentimental baby as that1 said he in a rage4 ,what were you dreaming about8 ,to have had your hand on the villain1 and then to let him go6 ,you deserve to be locked up in his place6 ,monsieur1 replied ,michou1 what ,i did ,i would do again4 ,have you thought that it would also have been a frightful trial for the ,ragauds8 ,would they not all have been called upon to testify8 ,and think for a moment what a disgrace it would have been for that unfortunate young girl1 who was on the eve of marrying the scoundrel4 ,no1 no1 ,m4 ,aubry1 in the bottom of your soul you cannot blame me4 ,believe that the good ,god will bring it all right2 but such a scandal in our province1 an execution1 perhaps1 in the square of ,val-,saint--what shame1 what misery6 ,jeanne ,ragaud and her family owe you a fine taper1 replied the doctor1 a little softened4 ,there is some truth in what you say2 but1 for all that1 ,i would have been better pleased to have seen that dangerous animal caged6 ,be easy1 replied ,michou2 he will never hurt any one else unless himself4 ,without wishing to excuse him1 ,i am inclined to believe he was out of his mind--pushed to extremity by the great danger in which ,jeannet's discovery had placed him4 ,when a man is accustomed to crime1 monsieur1 he bears the consequences more boldly4 ,i saw ,isidore ,perdreau so completely demoralized1 his crime was written on his brow1 where ,i read it at the first glance1 and which any one else could have done as easily in my place4 ,so be convinced1 neither ,god nor man can blame me for letting him go1 and ,i certainly do not regret it4 ,all very well1 said the doctor2 but that would not prevent me from acting very differently if ,i should catch him this evening4 ,nor ,i either1 replied ,michou2 for if he should fall under my hand this evening1 ,i would see clearly that the good ,god did not wish him to be saved1 at least in this world4 ,as he finished speaking1 they stopped before the sheepfold1 and the doctor1 together with ,michou1 entered1 their heads uncovered4 ,all was as ,michou had left it1 only that the cold and the hours which had elapsed had rendered the little body still stiffer than at the moment of discovery4 ,the effects of the poison began to appear1 as great black spots were visible on the face of the dead girl1 which gave her such a suffering and pitiful look1 the tears fell from their eyes4 ,m4 ,aubry had not to examine very much to be convinced that the poor idiot had been poisoned by taking a dose of arsenic capable of killing three men4 ,as this poison is infallible against rats1 nearly all the country people obtain permission to keep a small quantity on hand2 and nothing had been easier than for ,isidore to take a little from his father's own kitchen1 where the servant complained of the ravages of the mice among the cheeses and other provisions4 ,thus1 step by step1 everything was terribly brought to light1 and yet with much simplicity1 as is always the case with events incontestably true2 therefore1 it was easy for ,m4 ,aubry to prepare his statements1 affirmations1 and declarations according to his conscience1 in the report which he read before the official authorities4 ,one very sad thing1 but which they scarcely thought of at the moment1 was to give a rather more decent bed than the straw of the sheepfold to the poor innocent victim4 ,but this they could not do1 as they were obliged to let her lie as she was until the arrival of the district attorney1 the sheriff1 and the chief of police4 ,michou would willingly have watched by her side1 but this was not possible either4 ,m4 ,aubry aided him to construct a solid barrier of planks2 then they covered the body with a blanket2 and on the breast the game-keeper placed1 with profound respect1 a cross made of branches4 ,this devout duty accomplished1 ,jacques ,michou locked the sheepfold1 put the key in his pocket1 and left with the doctor to warn the authorities4 ,you can imagine that in all this coming and going much more time had elapsed than the two hours accorded to the fugitive4 ,michou1 who desired it from the bottom of his heart1 for the good reasons we already know1 and which he did not regret1 was not sorry at the delay4 ,m4 ,aubry1 on the contrary1 growled and stormed1 whipped ,cocotte with the full strength of his arm1 and tried to hurry up affairs with the greatest diligence4 ,but impossibilities cannot be performed1 and1 with all his efforts1 the usual formalities in these sad circumstances were not fulfilled until late in the afternoon4 ,then the news spread from mouth to mouth as rapidly as the waves of our river during an inundation4 ,the curious assembled in the public square1 where the servants of ,m4 le ,marquis1 who never were bothered with too much work1 were the first to appear4 ,they talked1 they gesticulated1 said heaps of foolish things1 mixed with some words of common sense4 ,our master learned from public rumor that young ,perdreau was suspected1 and that he had disappeared4 ,it can be easily understood that he was indignant at such a calumny1 and generously offered to guarantee his innocence4 ,mademoiselle wept1 ,dame ,berthe imitated her1 and these two excellent ladies wished immediately to rush off to ,jeannette1 to console her in this great trial4 ,but poor mademoiselle had to be content with her benevolent wishes1 for neither coachman nor footman1 nor even a simple groom1 could be found2 all had run off to the wood of ,montreux in search of news4 ,as they were obliged to pass ,muiceron to reach the wood1 you may well imagine that more than one of the hurried crowd lagged behind to talk to the ,ragauds1 and thus they1 in their turn1 heard of the terrible affair4 ,the consternation was unparalleled1 for there1 as at the chteau1 no one would believe the wicked rumors afloat concerning ,isidore4 ,jeannette1 who cared but little for her intended husband1 and had desired to be freed from her engagement1 was indignant as soon as she thought he was in trouble1 and defended him warmly1 which made people believe she loved him devotedly4 ,the truth was1 this little creature's soul was generous and high-strung1 and1 like all such natures1 she defended him1 whom she willingly would have sent off the night before1 only because she thought he was unfortunate4 ,but days passed1 and each one brought new and overwhelming proofs of the truth4 ,the police searched the neighborhood in vain1 and soon all hope of seeing ,isidore reappear 7which would have pleaded in his justification7 faded from the eyes of those who wished to defend him4 ,m4 le ,marquis1 after having conversed with ,m4 ,aubry1 ,michou1 and the judicial authorities1 was overcome with grief1 and acknowledged that he could not conscientiously mix himself up with the affair4 ,as for old ,perdreau1 he never recovered his consciousness1 and died shortly after4 ,they placed the seals on his house1 where1 later1 they discovered the documents and correspondence which revealed his wicked life2 and now you can judge if there was anything to gossip about in a commune as peaceable and tranquil as ours4 ,in the memory of man there had never been such a terrible event1 and nothing will ever happen again approaching to it1 ,i devoutly wish4 ,mademoiselle1 who was not very well1 was seriously injured by all this trouble2 and as ,m4 le ,marquis loved her dearly1 and1 besides1 heard the rumbling of the revolution in the capital which he had so long ardently desired1 packed up1 and was soon off1 bag and baggage1 for ,paris1 where he hoped to distract poor mademoiselle1 and drive off mournful recollections4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,the ,,little ,,chapel4 ,it stands within a narrow1 quiet street1 ,and well-worn steps ascend at either side1 ,where1 all day long till twilight1 pious feet ,softly and silently forsake the tide ,of feverish life1 to rest a little space ,within its calm1 and gaze upon his face4 ,the dead ,christ1 lying on his ,mother's breast1 ,may not uplift those lifeless1 closed eyes3 ,o helplessness divine6 ,o sweet behest6 ,rigid and white beneath the cross he lies1 ,that here1 before this holy altar-stone1 ,our miserable pride be overthrown4 ,the dull1 gray walls with simple ,stations hung1 ,the staind windows1 blending liquid rays ,of red and gold in lucent amber1 flung ,across the chancel like a hymn of praise ,from spirit-voices flowing--all of these ,make endless peace and wondrous harmonies4 ,and when at evening hour the solemn strain ,of some quaint ,tantum ,ergo1 strange and sweet1 ,tunes the full soul to perfect chords again1 ,and from the beaten pathway weary feet ,turn heavenward once more1 unchained and free1 ,it is a dear and blessed place to be4 ,slowly the heavy waves of incense rise1 ,parting amid the arches overhead4 ,start1 fervent tears of peace from burning eyes6 ,mount1 happy prayers6 ,despair1 lie prone and dead6 ,open1 ye perfumed clouds1 and give them room1 ,while ,benedicite pierces the gloom4 ,it is a quiet spot--the busy feet ,of toil and turmoil pause before its gates1 ,and turn aside1 with reverent steps1 to greet ,the ,holy ,one of ,ages--him who waits1 ,with patient hands outstretched1 to love and bless ,the lowliest soul that craves his tenderness4 ,,philosophical ,,terminology4 ,,iii4 ,,to ,,the ,,editor ,,of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world3 ,in my last letter1 while criticising an incorrect definition of the word act1 ,i made the remark that the gravity of bodies is not a power1 as some unphilosophical scientists imagine4#bfh ,when writing these words1 ,i had to confine myself to a mere statement of the scientific error2 but it occurs to me that in an age in which most of the so-called men of science are so little acquainted with philosophy as to mistake effects for causes1 and yet so proud of their achievements as to aspire to the leadership of the public mind1 some precautions must be taken1 lest our philosophical terminology be infected with such improprieties as are now too leniently tolerated in the language of science4 ,it is the abuse of one word that does the greatest mischief in the department of physics4 ,this word is force4 ,its frequent misapplication tends to confound and falsify the whole doctrine of physical causation4 ,it is therefore of great importance1 even in a scientific point of view1 to determine within what limits the use of such a word should be restricted in accordance with the laws of philosophical terminology4 ,such is the main object of my present communication4 ,the theory of physical causation deals with natural causes1 powers1 actions1 forces1 movements1 and the results of movements4 ,when these terms are properly defined1 all relations between agents and patients1 between causes and effects1 and consequent phenomena1 can be easily expressed with philosophical precision2 but when the causes1 the powers1 the actions1 and the movements themselves are all confounded under one common name of force1 as it is now the fashion in the scientific world to do1 no one need be surprised if such a course ends in philosophical inconsistencies4 ,to show what great proportions this evil has taken1 innumerable passages of modern writers might be adduced4 ,but1 not to perplex the reader with conflicting quotations from different sources1 ,i will give only a few extracts from one of the best representatives of modern science4 ,i have before me the ,correlation of ,physical ,forces1 by ,mr4 ,grove4 ,it is a well-known little work1 much esteemed by physicists1 and one which certainly transcends the average merit of many modern productions of the same kind4 ,now1 what is ,mr4 ,grove's notion of cause1 of force1 of power1 as compared with one another and with the phenomena of nature8 ,the following passages will show4 ,he says3 ,in each particular case1 where we speak of cause1 we habitually refer to some antecedent power or force2 we never see motion or any change in matter take effect1 without regarding it as produced by some previous change 7p4 #ac74 ,here force1 power1 and cause are taken as equivalent2 moreover1 motion1 or a change in matter1 is considered as produced by a previous change2 which implies that a previous change or movement is the efficient cause of a subsequent change or movement4 ,hence1 according to such a terminology1 movement1 force1 power1 and cause should be accepted as synonymous4 ,but philosophy cannot admit of such a wholesale confusion4 ,a force1 says he1 cannot originate otherwise than by devolution from some pre-existing force or forces4444 ,the term 'force1' although used in very different senses by different authors1 in its limited sense may be defined as that which produces or resists motion4444 ,i use the term 'force' as meaning that active principle inseparable from matter1 which is supposed to induce its various changes 7p4 #af74 ,here force is again confounded with power and with cause1 inasmuch as active principles are powers1 and that which produces or resists motion is a cause4 ,we are told at the same time that the active principle is not a primordial and essential constituent of material substances1 but an accidental result of devolution from other active principles residing in other substances4 ,philosophy cannot admit of such a phraseology2 for1 as the active principle of a substance is a constituent of its nature1 if the active principle of any substance were thus communicated to it by accidental devolution1 such a substance would have no definite nature of its own1 and would be nothing2 and1 in spite of this1 it would also be capable of becoming anything1 according as its active principle might originate from different pre-existing forces4 ,now1 we know that the first elements of any given substance have a definite nature1 and a definite active principle independently of devolution from other substances2 and that1 according to the results of a constant and universal experience1 they are not liable to exchange their nature for anything else1 but keep it permanently and unalterably amidst all the vicissitudes brought about by the interference of surrounding bodies4 ,it is1 therefore1 plain that the active principle inseparable from matter cannot originate in devolution from other pre-existing forces4 ,but let us proceed4 ,the position which ,i seek to establish in this essay1 says ,mr4 ,grove1 is1 that the various affections of matter which constitute the main object of experimental physics--viz41 heat1 light1 electricity1 magnetism1 chemical affinity1 and motion--are all correlative1 or have a reciprocal dependence2 that neither1 taken abstractedly1 can be said to be the essential cause of the others1 but that either may produce1 or be convertible into1 any of the others 7p4 #ae74 ,every one1 of course1 will admit that heat1 light1 electricity1 etc41 are correlative4 ,i also admit that they are not essential causes of one another2 but the fact is that they are no causes at all2 since heat1 light1 electricity1 etc41 are only modes of motion and affections of matter1 as the author acknowledges1 and are therefore to be considered as mere phenomena or effects1 of which the one can be the condition1 but not the cause1 of the other4 ,i know that the popular language admits of such expressions as heat causes dilatation1 light causes an impression on the retina1 chemical affinity causes combination1 movement causes a change of place4 ,but these and other similar expressions1 though used by scientific writers1 and even by philosophers1 are by no means philosophically correct4 ,we shall see presently that substances alone have efficient powers1 and therefore no mode of being and no affection of matter can display efficient causality4 ,hence light1 heat1 electricity1 and the rest1 are neither efficient causes nor efficient powers2 and1 inasmuch as they are affections of matter1 they cannot even be called forces in a philosophical1 but only in a technical1 sense1 as we shall explain hereafter4 ,as to the mutual convertibility of these various affections of matter into one another1 ,i would observe that1 although the expression may be correctly understood1 yet1 as interpreted by ,mr4 ,grove and by other physicists1 it cannot be admitted4 ,what do we mean when we say that progressive motion1 for instance1 is converted into heat8 ,we mean that in proportion as the progressive movement of a body is resisted and extinguished1 a correspondent amount of heat1 or of molecular calorific vibrations1 is produced by mutual actions and reactions4 ,in this sense the conversion of one mode of being into another is perfectly admissible1 no less indeed than the passage from a state of rest to one of movement4 ,but ,mr4 ,grove does not understand it so4 ,he thinks that the progressive movement of a body is never extinguished1 but only transformed by subdivision into molecular calorific vibrations2 and1 therefore1 that the same accidental entity which was to be found in the progressive movement is still to be found identically1 though subdivided1 in the calorific motion4 ,let us hear him3 ,it is very generally believed that1 if the visible and palpable motion of one body be arrested by impact on another body1 the motion ceases1 and the force which produced it is annihilated4 ,now1 the view which ,i venture to submit is that force cannot be annihilated1 but is merely subdivided or altered in direction or character 7p4 #bd74 ,motion will directly produce heat and electricity1 and electricity1 being produced by it1 will produce magnetism 7p4 #cd74 ,lastly1 motion may be again reproduced by the forces which have emanated from motion 7p4 #cf74 ,such is ,mr4 ,grove's theory of the convertibility of forces4 ,it is nothing but a wrong interpretation of the old theory of the conservation of vis viva by the modern conception of potential energy1 which admits forces stored up in bodies1 and ready to show themselves in the form of velocity1 heat1 light1 or any other kind of movement4 ,this notion and others of a like tendency constitute the marrow of the new physical theories1 and are the pride of our men of science4 ,let us hope that a time will come when these able men will see the vanity of such fashionable doctrines1 and blush for their adoption of them in their scientific generalizations4 ,the conservation of vis viva is1 within certain limits1 that is with regard to ponderable bodies impinging on one another1#bfi an established fact2 but its interpretation as given by advanced physicists is a huge blunder4 ,it is very generally believed1 says ,mr4 ,grove1 that if the visible motion of one body be arrested by impact on another body1 the motion ceases4 ,of course1 it is believed2 and1 what is more1 it is demonstrably true1 whatever ,mr4 ,grove may say to the contrary4 ,yet it is not true1 nor is it very generally believed1 that the force which produces it 7the motion7 is annihilated4 ,when the movement of a body is arrested1 its velocity is extinguished2 but that velocity was not the force which produced the movement4 ,when a stone falls to the ground1 its movement is produced1 not by its velocity1 but by the action of the earth on it4 ,velocity is only the formal principle of movement1 and is itself included in movement as a constituent1 not as an efficient power4 ,to say that velocity produces movement is1 therefore1 to confound formal with efficient causation1 and to admit that movement produces itself4 ,this is one of the conclusions for which ,i hope1 as ,i said1 physicists will blush hereafter4 ,but the force1 we are told1 is not annihilated1 but merely subdivided or altered in direction or character4 ,this cannot be4 ,the word force here means a quantity of movement1 which is nothing but the product of the velocity into the mass of the body4 ,now1 the velocity of a body is not subdivided when the movement is arrested1 but is really extinguished4 ,i say extinguished1 not annihilated2 because annihilation1 as well as creation1 regards substances1 not accidents4 ,velocity is an accident2 it is therefore neither created nor annihilated1 but originates in a determination produced by an agent1 and ends by exhaustion or neutralization under the influence of an antagonistic agency4 ,i say1 then1 that the movement of the body1 though not annihilated1 is extinguished and not subdivided4 ,it is impossible to conceive of divisions where there is nothing divisible4 ,on the other hand1 nothing is divisible which has no extension and no material parts4 ,now1 where are the material parts or the extension of velocity8 ,velocity in each primitive particle of a body is a simple actuality1 which can increase or decrease by degrees of intensity1 but cannot be taken to pieces in order to be apportioned among the other particles of the body1 and therefore the pretended subdivision of velocities is a mere absurdity4 ,nor does it matter that force can be altered in direction or character4 ,we must not forget that force is here a sum of velocities1 and accordingly cannot change direction or character unless such velocities are intrinsically changed4 ,but they cannot be changed with regard to either character or direction without some new degree of velocity being produced or extinguished by some efficient cause4 ,for the character of velocity is to actuate the extension of the movement in proportion to its own intensity4 ,this1 and no other1 is its character2 and1 therefore1 velocity cannot be altered in character without its intensity being increased or diminished by action4 ,and the same is to be said of the change of direction1 which cannot be conceived without action4 ,now1 if action can modify motion1 and diminish to any extent its velocity1 it remains for our scientists to explain how a certain action cannot stifle movement and velocity altogether4 ,they will say that the indestructibility of force is the only hypothesis consistent with the theory of the conservation of vis viva1 and consequently that the two must stand or fall together4 ,but the truth is that the conservation of vis viva needs no such hypothesis1 since it depends on a quite different principle1 viz41 on the equality of action and reaction4 ,when two billiard-balls impinge on one another1 they act and react4 ,their molecules urge one another 7by their mutual actions of course1 not by their velocity71 and become compressed4 ,all the work they do up to the maximum of compression is styled action4 ,but reaction soon follows2 for1 as compression brings the neighboring molecules into an unnatural position where they cannot settle in relative equilibrium1 the molecular exertions tend now to restore within the bodies the original molecular distances2 which work of restoration is properly called reaction4#bgj ,and since reaction must undo what the preceding action had done1 hence the amount of the reaction must equal the amount of the action1 and thus no energy is lost2 for the same quantity of movement is produced in one ball as is extinguished in the other4 ,i do not wish to enlarge on this topic1 which is of a physical rather than metaphysical nature4 ,i only repeat that the mistake of our physicists lies in supposing that the quantity of movement which is lost by one body still exists in nature1 and passes identically into another body2 whilst the fact is that the quantity of movement lost by the first body is altogether extinguished1 and the quantity acquired by the second body is a new production altogether4 ,to send an accidental mode1 such as velocity1 travelling about from one substance to another without support1 as an independent and self-sufficient being1 may be a bright device of modern progress2 but when the time comes for repenting of other scientific blunders1 this bright delusion will1 ,i am sure1 be reckoned among the most grievous philosophical sins that science will have to regret and to atone for in sackcloth and ashes4 ,these remarks go far to show that the terminology of our modern scientists concerning physical causation is philosophically incorrect4 ,i have more to say on this same subject2 but to make things plainer ,i wish to give beforehand what ,i consider to be the true distinction between cause1 power1 action1 and force1 as implied in the causation of natural phenomena4 ,to do this in the most simple and intelligible manner1 ,i lay down the following propositions3 ,i4 ,it is a principle philosophically certain that the substance of all natural things has been created by ,god for his extrinsic glory--that is1 for the manifestation of his power and other perfections4 ,accordingly1 every created substance has received a natural aptitude and fitness to manifest in some manner and in some degree the power and perfection of its ,creator4 ,,ii4 ,therefore1 every creature naturally1 per se1 not accidentally1 but by the very fact of its creation1 is destined to act2 for manifestation is action1 and consequently possesses permanently and intrinsically such an active power as is proportionate to the kind and degree of the intended manifestation4 ,in other terms1 every created substance is destined to be the efficient cause of determined effects4 ,,iii4 ,the power of created substances is finite1 and its exertion is subject to definite laws4 ,all finite power1 according as it is exerted under more or less favorable conditions1 gives rise to effects of greater or less intensity4 ,hence different effects may proceed from one and the same cause1 and equal effects from different causes1 acting under different conditions4 ,,iv4 ,the exertion of power is called action1 and its intensity1 in the material world1 depends on the distance of the agent from the patient4 ,v4 ,the amount of the exertion1 or the quantity of the action1 is measured by its true effect1 which is the only true exponent or representative of the degree of the exertion2 for1 all matter being equally indifferent to receive motion1 the amount of its passion must always agree with the amount of the action received2 and thus the one is the natural and necessary measure of the other4 ,,vi4 ,the amount of the exertion1 as measured by the effect it is able to produce1 is what in the scientific language can be styled force properly4 ,,vii4 ,the amount of the effect1 as measuring the amount of the exertion from which it arises1 or by which it is neutralized1 is again called force1 but improperly1 and only in a technical sense1 as it is in fact a mere measure of force4 ,these propositions are so logically connected with one another that1 the first of them being admitted1 all the others must follow4 ,i might1 therefore1 dispense with all discussion with regard to them2 yet1 to help the scientific reader to form a philosophical notion of forces1 ,i will endeavor to throw some additional light on my sixth and seventh propositions4 ,and1 first1 ,i observe that since forces can only be measured by their effects1 the mathematical expression of a force always exhibits the quantity of the effect which such a force is competent to cause2 and as such an effect is a certain quantity of movement1 hence forces are mathematically expressed in terms of movement4 ,so long as physicists preserved their old philosophical traditions1 a distinction was kept up between force and movement4 ,a quantity of movement was indeed called a force1 inasmuch as it was the true measure of the action from which it had originated1 or by which it could be destroyed2 but such a force was not confounded with the action itself4 ,the action was called vis motrix1 a motive force1 whilst the quantity of movement was called vis simply1 and was not considered as having any efficient causality4 ,thus before ,dr4 ,mayer's invention of potential energies1 the word force was used with proper discrimination3 #ast1 as a quantity of action actually producing movement2 #b;d1 as a quantity of action actually opposed by a resistance sufficient to prevent the production of movement2 #c;d1 as a quantity of movement and a measure of action4 ,a quantity of action followed by movement was called a dynamical force1 and was measured by the quantity of movement imparted in the unit of time4 ,its mathematical expression in rational mechanics was1 and is still1 a differential coefficient of the second order representing the product of the mass acted on into the velocity which the action1 if continued for a unit of time1 would communicate to it4 ,as instances of dynamical force1 we may mention the action of the sun on the planets1 of the planets on their satellites1 of the earth on a pendulum1 on a drop of rain1 etc4 ,a quantity of action not followed by movement was called a statical force1 and was measured by the quantity of movement into which it would develop1 if no obstacle existed4 ,its mathematical expression in rational mechanics is a differential coefficient of the first order representing the product of the mass1 whose movement is neutralized into its virtual velocity4 ,by virtual velocity we mean the velocity which the mass would acquire in a unit of time1 if all resistance to the movement were suddenly suppressed4 ,as instances of statical force1 we may mention the action of a weight on the string from which it hangs1 or on the table on which it lies4 ,a quantity of movement1 or the dynamical effect of all the actions to which a body has been subjected for any length of time1 was called a kinetic force4 ,as kinetic forces cannot be destroyed except by actions producing equal and opposite quantities of movement1 hence every kinetic force can be taken as a measure1 not only of the amount of action from which it has resulted1 but also of the amount of action by which it can be checked4 ,the mathematical expression of a kinetic force is the product of the moving mass into its actual velocity4 ,as instances of this force1 we may mention the momentum of a cannon-ball1 of a hammer1 of wind1 falling water1 etc4 ,to obviate the many abuses which this notion of kinetic force has engendered1 and to cut the ground from under the feet of those blundering theorists who reduce all forces to movement1 it is important to remark that kinetic force could be defined as that quantity of action which a moving body can exercise against an obstacle until its velocity is exhausted4 ,this definition would change nothing in the mathematical expression of kinetic forces2 for the quantity of the action which a moving body can exercise against the obstacle is exactly equal to the quantity of movement1 or momentum1 by which the body is animated4 ,the only change would be in the terminology1 which1 instead of technical1 would become philosophical4 ,as instances of kinetic force thus defined1 we might mention the quantity of action of a cannon-ball1 of the hammer on the anvil1 of the wind on the sails1 etc4 ,the division of forces into dynamical1 statical1 and kinetic has been long recognized by all competent judges as very good and satisfactory4 ,but our men of progress1 in the innocent belief that1 before they appeared on the scene1 everything in this world was darkness1 have changed all that4 ,all forces are now stated to consist in nothing but mass animated by velocity4 ,dynamical forces are rejected1 it would seem1 because they imply what modern science cannot1 or will not1 understand--i4e4 real production 7they call it creation7 of movement4 ,on the other hand1 statical forces are not masses animated by velocity1 and thus are set aside because they originate no real movement4 ,such is the consistency of our progressional friends4 ,yet so long as all effect will need a cause1 there can be no doubt that statical forces must be real forces4 ,two weights balancing one another at the ends of a lever certainly act on one another1 as every one must admit who observes the change produced by taking away one of the two4 ,a weight which actually prevents another weight from falling surely exerts a positive influence on it1 and therefore displays power and brings forth an amount of action4 ,so also1 when a weight is at rest on a table1 gravity does not remain dormant with regard to it1 but urges it toward the table with unyielding tenacity4 ,hence the table must continually react in order to keep the body at rest4 ,it is evident1 therefore1 that the weight1 while at rest on the table1 exerts its powers and is engaged in real action2 for nothing but real action can awaken real reaction4 ,again1 when we try to raise a weight1 we feel that we must overcome a real resistance2 and when we support a weight1 we feel its action upon our limbs4 ,hence pressure is a real force1 though it be not mass animated by velocity2 and the same is evidently to be said of traction1 torsion1 flexion1 etc4 ,it is1 therefore1 impossible to ignore statical forces4 ,that dynamical forces are likewise indispensable in science ,i think it would be quite superfluous to prove4 ,rational mechanics is wholly based upon them1 and no phenomenon in nature can be explained without them4 ,if modern science finds it difficult to understand the production of local movement1 let her consider that1 after all1 it would be less damaging to her reputation to confess her philosophical ignorance than to deny what all mankind hold and know to be a fact4 ,from this short discussion we may safely conclude1 with the old physicists1 that there are in nature dynamical and statical as well as kinetic forces1 and that the word force should be uniformly used in philosophy as expressing a quantity of action measured by the quantity of its effect1 or by something equivalent4 ,but we have not yet done with our advanced theorists4 ,it is curious that1 after having reduced all forces to mass animated by velocity1 they have not hesitated to introduce into science a force which is neither mass animated by velocity nor a common statical force1 but something quite different1 to which they gave the name of potential energy4 ,the first to imagine this spurious force was1 if ,i am not mistaken1 the ,german ,dr4 ,mayer1 one of the great leaders of modern thought1 who1 considering that a body raised from the floor would1 if abandoned to itself1 fall down and acquire a momentum calculated to do an amount of work1 conceived the raising of the body as equivalent to a communication of latent energy destined to become visible at any time in the shape of movement as soon as the body is left to itself4 ,such an energy1 as still unevolved1 was called potential energy4 ,if we define 'energy' to mean the power of doing work1 says a well-known ,english professor1 a stone shot upwards with great velocity may be said to have in it a great deal of actual energy1 because it has the power of overcoming up to a great height the obstacle interposed by gravity to its ascent1 just as a man of great energy has the power of overcoming obstacles4 ,but this stone1 as it continues to mount upwards1 will do so with a gradually decreasing velocity1 until at the summit of its flight all the actual energy with which it started will have been spent in raising it against the force of gravity to this elevated position4 ,it is now moving with no velocity--just1 in fact1 beginning to turn--and we may suppose it to be caught and lodged upon the top of a house4 ,here1 then1 it remains at rest1 without the slightest tendency to motion of any kind1 and we are led to ask1 ,what has become of the energy with which it began its flight8 ,has this energy disappeared from the universe without leaving behind it any equivalent8 ,is it lost for ever1 and utterly wasted8444 ,doubtless the stone is at rest on the top of the house1 and hence possesses no energy of motion2 but it nevertheless possesses energy of another kind in virtue of its position2 for we can at any time cause it to drop down upon a pile1 and thus drive it into the ground1 or make use of its downward momentum to grind corn1 or to turn a wheel1 or in a variety of useful ways4 ,it thus appears that when a stone which has been projected upwards has been caught at the summit of its flight and lodged on the top of a house1 the energy of actual motion with which it started has been changed into another form of energy1 which we denominate energy of position1 or potential energy1 and that1 by allowing the stone again to fall1 we may change this energy of position once more into actual energy1 so that the stone will reach the ground with a velocity1 and hence with an energy1 equal precisely to that with which it was originally projected upwards4#bga ,such is the theory4 ,it is scarcely necessary to say that the whole of it is a delusion4 ,first1 the velocity imparted to the stone is not a working power1 but only a condition for doing work1 as ,i shall presently show2 and1 therefore1 it cannot be styled energy4 ,secondly1 when the stone is caught at the summit of its ascent1 and 7according to the strange phrase of the author7 is moving with no velocity1 it possesses nothing more than it possessed when lying on the ground4 ,its elevated position is only a new local relation1 which confers no power1 either actual or potential4 ,it is indeed possible to let the stone drop down2 but then its fall will be due to the action of the earth1 and consequently to extrinsic causation1 not to anything possessed by the stone on account of its elevated position4 ,thirdly1 the words potential energy cannot be coupled with one another without absurdity2 for energy1 according to all1 means power to act1 whilst potential means liability to be acted on4 ,hence potential energy would mean either a power to act which is ready to be acted on1 or a power which is to be acquired by the body through its being acted on4 ,the first alternative confounds act with passive potency1 and action with passion2 the second assumes that the velocity to be acquired by the body is a real working power1 which it is not4 ,fourthly1 it is against reason to admit that the energy of actual motion is changed into another form of energy4 ,for where is the causality of the change8 ,the only causality concerned with the modification of the upward movement of the stone is the action of gravity2 and this1 being directly antagonistic to the ascensional velocity1 tends to destroy1 not to transform1 it4 ,fifthly1 a stone created originally on the brink of a precipice would be ready to fall into it1 although it has never been thrown up2 on the contrary1 a stone thrown up to such a height as to reach the limits of the moon's effectual attraction would never come down again1 notwithstanding the enormous amount of pretended actual energy expended in the mighty ascent4 ,hence the upward flight has nothing whatever to do with any so-called potential energy4 ,it is1 therefore1 a gross delusion to hold that by allowing the stone again to fall1 we may change the potential energy into actual energy1 it being evident that the actual velocity of the falling stone is not a result of transformation1 but the product of continuous action4 ,we cannot1 then1 adopt the phrase potential energy in metaphysics4 ,the phrase means nothing2 for there is nothing in nature which can be designated by such a name4 ,energy is synonymous with power2 and power cannot be in a potential state4 ,to be in potency to receive any amount of velocity is not energy1 but passivity4 ,on the other hand1 the power of doing work is not a mere force1 as assumed by the modern theory1 but is something much higher and better4 ,forces are only variable quantities of action2 the power1 on the contrary1 in one and the same body is always the same1 and yet is competent to do more or less work1 according as it is exerted under more or less favorable conditions4 ,the stone that is hurled against a pane of glass exerts1 in breaking it1 the very same power which it exerted before being hurled2 only the conditions of the exertion are quite different1 inasmuch as its velocity brings it against the glass at such a rate that1 before its movement can be checked by the action of the glass1 the stone has time to outrun it1 dashing it to pieces4 ,yet it is by its action1 not by its velocity1 that it does such a work4 ,of course1 its action is proportional to its velocity1 and its work is proportional to the square of its velocity2 and thus the velocity serves to measure both the work and the action1 but it does not follow that the velocity is the active power4 ,velocity is an accidental mode of being2 and nothing accidental is active4 ,this important philosophical truth can be easily established as follows3 ,in all things the principle of being is the principle of operation1 as philosophers agree2 whence the axioms1 ,by what a thing is1 by that it acts1 and ,everything has active power inasmuch as it has being4 ,now1 all substance has its being independently of accidents2 therefore1 all substance has its active power independently of accidents4 ,on the other hand1 accidents give to the substance a mode of being1 and nothing more2 therefore1 they also determine its mode of acting1 and nothing more4 ,but as to be in this or that state presupposes being1 so also to have a power ready to act in this or that manner presupposes power4 ,hence no accident gives active power to the substance of which it is the accident2 or1 in other terms1 accidents are nothing more than conditions determining the mode of application of the active powers that pre-exist in the substance4 ,again1 all natural accidents#bgb are reducible to three classes2 as some of them are accidental acts produced by some agent and passively received in some subject1 others are intrinsic modes of being resulting from the reception of such accidental acts1 and1 lastly1 a great many are mere relativities or relative modes4 ,now1 that relativities can act no one has ever pretended to assert4 ,that intrinsic modes of being can act1 is implicitly assumed by all who consider velocity as an active power2 for velocity is an intrinsic mode of being4 ,yet if we ask them whether the existence of things is competent to act1 they will certainly answer no2 and they will be right4 ,but1 ,i say1 if existence cannot act1 still less can a mere mode of existing act4 ,for a mode of existing is a reality incomparably less than existence itself4 ,accordingly1 since they concede that not the existence1 but the thing existing1 is a principle of action1 they must also fortiori concede that the thing modified1 and not its mode1 is a principle of action4 ,finally1 with regard to the accidental act1 it is evident that its reception in the substance cannot impart to it any new activity1 since its formal effect simply consists in a new mode of being1 which1 as we have just seen1 is not active4 ,it is clear1 then1 that no natural accident has active power4 ,omitting other reasons drawn from theoretical considerations1 and which might be usefully developed in special metaphysics1 ,i will only add an posteriori proof1 which physicists will probably find more congenial to their habit of thought4 ,it consists in the fact that bodies act on one another without being animated by velocity1 or without their velocity having any share in the production of the effect4 ,thus a book at rest on a table acts on the table2 and a liquid1 or a gas1 at rest in a jar acts on the jar4 ,on the other hand1 the earth1 though not at rest1 attracts bodies1 not by its diurnal rotation or by its annual revolution1 but by a power dependent only on its mass2 and the same is to be said of the sun and the planets4 ,this shows that the power from which the motive action of bodies proceeds is not their velocity2 whence it follows that velocity is only an affection of bodies1 and has no bearing upon the active powers of the same1 but only on the mode of their application4 ,now1 since all the accidents which have been supposed to involve active power can be resolved into kinds of movement1 it must be owned that such accidents have no real activity2 for all kinds of movements consist of velocity1 and velocity does not act4 ,hence1 whatever scientists may say to the contrary1 heat1 light1 electricity1 etc41 are not efficient powers1 but modes of movement1 on which the mode of acting of bodies depends4 ,when heat was thought to be a subtle imponderable substance1 philosophers could consistently call it an efficient power2 but since it is now decided that heat is only a mode of motion1 how can we still attribute to it what is the exclusive property of substances8 ,if heat is only a mode of motion1 a bar of iron1 when hot1 has no greater powers than when cold2 it has only a greater movement4 ,so also1 if light is only a mode of motion1 luminiferous ther has no greater power when undulating in the open air than when at rest in a dark room4 ,in the same manner air1 when perfectly still1 has the same powers as when actually propagating any variety of sounds4 ,when1 therefore1 physicists speak to us of such movements as powers1 let us not be imposed upon by their phraseology1 if we wish to be consistent in our reasonings1 and avoid useless and troublesome disputes4 ,yet it was to be expected that our physicists in their technical language would confound heat1 light1 and other modes of movement with forces and powers4 ,the correlation between such movements and the actions of the bodies subjected to them is1 in fact1 such as to allow of the former being taken for measure of the latter4 ,thus a given amount of mechanical action may give rise to a definite amount of heat1 and vice versa2 hence the one can be technically considered as the equivalent of the other1 inasmuch as the one is the measure of the other4 ,but does it follow that action and heat belong to the same category8 ,certainly not4 ,it is not the action itself1 but its mechanical effect1 that should be taken as the true equivalent of the heat generated4 ,and when we are told that heat is expended in generating mechanical movement1 we must not fancy that calorific movement causes another kind of movement1 as the phrase seems to imply1 but only that1 while the calorific movement is diminished by a given cause1 the same cause generates the mechanical movement4 ,we should always bear in mind that the language of modern science1 though correctly expressing the correspondence of effects to effects1 is very far from expressing as correctly the relation of effects to causes4 ,physicists should learn to distinguish between efficient causes and conditions determining the mode of their causation4 ,heat is one of such conditions1 and to call it a force is to endow it with efficient causality2 for the term force always conveys the idea of causation4 ,they should either cease to describe heat as a force1 or1 if this cannot be done1 explain more explicitly than they do the technical restrictions modifying the philosophical meaning of the word4 ,we can hardly expect that they will follow our advice2 but1 at any rate1 it is to be hoped that philosophers at least will take care to follow it1 and guard against the corruption of their own terminology4 ,besides heat1 light1 electricity1 and magnetism1 there are many other modes of being technically called forces4 ,centrifugal force is one of them2 for1 in fact1 centrifugal force1 in spite of the name1 is nothing more than that quantity of movement which is extinguished by centripetal action in the unit of time4 ,the force of inertia--vis inerti--is another technical or conventional force4 ,for it is plain that inertia cannot act2 and thus it is impossible to conceive any true force of inertia4 ,but1 technically1 vis inerti means the quantity of the effort by which a body1 when enduring violence from without1 resists compression1 traction1 or any other alteration of its molecular structure4 ,this effort proceeds1 not from inertia1 but from the active powers residing in the molecules of the body2 and yet it has received the name of vis inerti1 because it develops itself in the lapse of time during which the body1 inasmuch as inert--i4e4 incapable of leaving its place before the whole mass has acquired a common velocity--is still loth to start1 and thus compelled to struggle against the invading body4 ,philosophers1 by keeping in sight this definition of vis inerti1 will be able to solve many sophisms of modern scientific writers4 ,again1 the weight of a body is called a force1 and is represented by the product of the mass of the body into a velocity which it has not1 but which it would acquire through the action of gravity in a second of time1 if it were free to fall4 ,if the mass be called ,m1 and the velocity which it would acquire g1 the product ,mg will represent the weight of the body4 ,now1 when the body is at rest on a table1 the pressure exercised by it on the table is said to be ,mg4 ,does this mean that the weight of the body acts on the table8 ,not at all2 for the body does not act by its weight1 which is not an active power4 ,the truth is that the table by its resistance prevents the body from acquiring the momentum ,mg2 and since this resistance of the table must be equal to the pressure exercised on it by the body1 hence the pressure itself is also equal to ,mg2 and thus a true force--a quantity of pressure--is technically identified with the weight of the pressing body4 ,this identification tends to give a false idea of the nature of the fact1 and therefore should be carefully avoided in philosophy4 ,modern physicists have laughed at a philosopher of the old school 7,arriaga71 who1 as late as #afci1 was troubled to know how1 when several flat weights lie upon one another on a board1 any but the lowest should exert pressure on the board4 ,it would have been more prudent on their part to ask themselves whether the question was one which the modern school could answer at all4 ,if we ask how two equal weights can exert equal pressures on the board from unequal distances1 what can they answer8 ,if they wish to be consistent with their notions1 they can only answer that the actions are transmitted from one weight to another till they meet the board4 ,now1 this is a great philosophical blunder2 for actions are accidents1 and therefore cannot travel from one subject to another4 ,neither action nor active power are ever transmitted2 not even movement is properly transmitted1 but only propagated by a series of successive exertions from molecule to molecule4 ,were we to admit in philosophy any such transmission1 we would soon be entangled in innumerable contradictions4 ,mechanical work also is often styled a force1 though it is nothing but the process by which a force is exhausted4 ,the notion of work is very simple4 ,a body moving through space against a continuous resistance is said to do work4 ,work is therefore so much the greater according as a greater mass measures a greater space under a greater resistance2 and thus the work which a given body can perform may be represented by the product of three factors1 viz41 the mass1 the mean resistance1 and the space measured4 ,this is the philosophical and analytical expression of work2 and mathematicians show that this expression in all cases 7viz41 whether the resistance be constant or variable7 is equal to half the product of the mass into the square of its initial velocity4 ,now the question comes3 ,is work a force8 ,it is not difficult to anticipate the answer4 ,since the adoption of the so-called living forces1 or vires viv1 of ,leibnitz1 physicists have called vis viva the sum of the works of two conflicting bodies2 and consequently the work done by either of the two was said to be one-half of the vis viva4 ,but1 with all the respect due to the memory of ,leibnitz1 ,i would say that neither the work nor the so-called vis viva is a force in the philosophical sense of the word4 ,when a mass1 ,m1 animated by a velocity1 ,v1 encounters a resistance and begins its work1 its momentum is ,,mv4 ,this momentum1 while the work is being done1 is gradually reduced till it is finally destroyed by the resistance4 ,the resistance is1 therefore1 equal to the momentum ,,mv4 ,but the resistance1 according to the law of impact1 is always equal to the exertion of the impinging body4 ,and therefore the amount of the exertion of the impinging body is also equal to ,,mv2 that is to say1 the force by which the work is done is an ordinary dynamical force represented by the usual dynamical momentum1 and not by the amount of the work done4#bgc ,and here ,i must close this rather long excursion into the field of mechanics4 ,but ,i cannot conclude without calling the reader's attention to the reckless tendency of the phraseology which ,i have above criticised4 ,it seems as if the object of a class of scientific writers in these late years has been to banish from science all secondary causes1 no doubt as a preliminary step 7in the intention of the most advanced among them7 for the banishment of the ,first ,cause itself4 ,the words cause1 power1 force1 and others of the same kind1 have indeed been maintained1 as they could not be easily dispensed with2 but they receive a new interpretation3 they have become kinds of motion1 and have been identified with the phenomena--that is1 with the effects themselves4 ,thus movement is now everything2 its boasted indestructibility makes it independent of all secondary causes2 and we are told that the existence of essential causes can no longer be proved by the phenomena1 and that science has the right to reject them as metaphysical dreams4 ,let us hear ,mr4 ,grove again3 ,though the term 7force7 has a potential meaning1 to depart from which would render language unintelligible1 we must guard against supposing that we know essentially more of the phenomena by saying that they are produced by something1 which something is only a word derived from the constancy and similarity of the phenomena we seek to explain by it 7p4 #ah74 ,and again3 ,the most generally received view of causation--that of ,hume--refers to invariable antecedence--i4e4 we call that a cause which invariably precedes1 that an effect which invariably succeeds 7p4 #aj74 ,and again3 ,it seems questionable not only whether cause and effect are convertible terms with antecedence and sequence1 but whether1 in fact1 cause does precede effect4444 ,the attraction which causes iron to approach the magnet is simultaneous with1 and ever accompanies1 the movement of the iron 7p4 #ac74 ,yet he adds3 ,habit and the identification of thoughts with phenomena so compel the use of recognized terms that we cannot avoid the use of the word 'cause1' even in the sense to which objection is taken2 and if we struck it out of our vocabulary1 our language1 in speaking of successive changes1 would be unintelligible to the present generation 7ib47 ,and lastly3 ,in all phenomena1 the more closely they are investigated1 the more are we convinced that1 humanly speaking1 neither matter nor force can be created or annihilated1 and that an essential cause is unattainable4 ,causation is the will1 creation the act1 of ,god 7p4 #bah74 ,it is not ,mr4 ,grove alone that entertains such views2 ,i might quote other ,english authors1 and many ,german1 ,italian1 ,french1 and ,american writers whose opinions are even more extravagant4 ,but a theory which pretends to ignore efficient causality1 no matter how loudly trumpeted by scientific periodicals1 no matter how pompously dressed in scientific books1 no matter how constantly inculcated from professorial chairs1 in the long run is sure to fail4 ,it bears in itself and in its very phraseology its own condemnation4 ,it is vain to pretend to explain away its inconsistencies by alleging that the habits of the present generation compel the use of recognized terms2 the simple truth is that the abettors of modern thought reap in their inconsistencies the reward of their vanity4 ,mankind will never consign created causality to the region of dreams1 and we would remind our scientific friends who have not received a thorough philosophical training of the old adage1 ,let the cobbler stick to his last4 ,a ,,friend ,,of ,,philosophy4 ,,footnotes3 #bfh ,,catholic ,,world1 ,november1 #ahgc1 page #ahg4 #bfi ,this limitation is necessity4 ,a stone thrown up vertically soon loses its vis viva without compensation4 ,the case is one in which there is no impact4 ,an imponderable body1 as luminiferous ther1 if it forms1 as it is most probable1 an unresisting medium1 acquires vis viva without interfering with the vis viva of the celestial bodies4 #bgj ,physicists sometimes give the name of action and reaction to the opposite efforts of two conflicting bodies4 ,but1 properly speaking1 the two efforts are two actions2 the reaction only begins at the end of compression1 and takes place mostly within each body separately4 #bga ,balfour ,stewart1 ,lessons in ,elementary ,physics1 ,p4 #aja4 #bgb ,i say natural accidents4 ,the species of bread and of wine in the ,holy ,eucharist are supernatural accidents1 and have no less active power than the substances themselves4 ,the reason is that they imply in their constitution the act and the activity of the substance--actum et vim substanti--as ,s4 ,thomas teaches1 and all that which belongs to matter--omne illud quod ad materiam pertinet4 ,see the ,summa ,theol41 p4 #c1 q4 #gg1 a4 #e4 #bgc ,in the ,new ,american ,cyclopdia1 edited in #ahfc 7v4 ,mechanics71 after the statement that to overcome all the inertia of a body moving with a certain velocity1 or to impress on it at rest such a velocity1 the same whole quantity of action must in either case be exerted and expended upon the body1 we are given to understand that this quantity is equal to half the product of the mass of the body into the square of the given velocity4 ,from what we have just shown1 it is evident that this conclusion is false4 ,,late ,,home4 ,mother1 ,i come6 ,long have thine arms1 outspread ,in mercy and maternal majesty1 ,been waiting to receive me4 ,long have ,i ,heard thy low1 summoning voice in wistful dread3 ,a truant child1 who yearned1 yet feared1 to tread ,the threshold of its home1 while still on high ,blazed the broad sun within the noonday sky2 ,but1 when the shadows of the evening came1 ,and darkness fell1 was fain to seek the flame ,of its own hearthstone and its mother dear1 ,and meet her greeting1 loving1 if severe1 ,her frown1 which could not hide the secret tear1 ,her gaze compassionate1 though sad and stern1 ,her fond forgiveness of that late return4 ,,grapes ,,and ,,thorns4 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,yorke4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,the ,,verdict4 ,the arrest was made in ,september2 in ,november the trial came on4 ,it would have been earlier1 but that witnesses were to be summoned from ,england4 ,it was understood in ,crichton that everything was very soon to be in readiness1 and that the trial would be a short one2 one side announcing confidently a speedy acquittal1 the other intimating1 by a grave but equally confident silence1 their belief in a speedy conviction4 ,dear ,mother ,chevreuse6 sighed ,honora ,pembroke1 who trembled with terror and apprehension as the day drew near1 how far from your heart is all this bitterness6 ,how far from your wish it would have been to see a man hunted like a beast of prey1 even if he had done you a wrong6 ,how far from your peace is all this excitement6 ,far1 indeed1 would such an inquisition1 however necessary to the ends of justice and the good of society1 have been from that sweet and overflowing heart1 where love1 when it could not make the wandering steps seem to be searching for the right path1 uprose like a flood1 and washed out those traces of error from remembrance4 ,far enough1 too1 was all this trouble from the changing form that had once held so much goodness4 ,one might guess how ,nature had taken back to her motherly bosom the clay she had lent for mortal uses1 and was slowly fitting it1 by her wondrous alchemy1 for immortality2 purifying the dross from it1 brightening the fine gold4 ,while this tumult went on overhead1 the crumbling dust of that temple whose ruin had brought such sorrow and disaster was slowly and sweetly going on its several paths to perfection2 stealing into violets1 into roses1 into humble grass-blades1 into mists that gathered again in drops to refresh its own blossoms and foliage6 ,who can say what countless shapes of constantly aspiring loveliness the dust of the saint may assume before uniting once more and for ever to form that glorified body which is to hold1 without imprisoning1 the beatified spirit1 and transmit without stain the sunshine of the ,divine ,presence8 ,yes2 far enough from such a progress was the feverish trouble resulting from this sudden and violent dissolution4 ,friends went to cover anew with flowers and green that grave over which the snows of coming winter had let fall a pure and shining mantle2 but the tears they shed were bitter1 and their flowers withered in the frost4 ,voices of those she loved recalled her virtues1 and repeated her wise and tender sayings2 but they1 like all the world1 found it easier to admire than to imitate4 ,at humble firesides1 where families gathered at night1 shivering half with cold and half with fear1 they blessed and mourned the hand that had helped them and the voice that had sympathized with and encouraged2 but their blessing was so encumbered with human selfishness that it cast the shadow of a malediction4 ,pure indeed must be that love in whose footprints hatred never lurks6 ,on the day the trial began ,f4 ,chevreuse lost courage4 ,more fatigued by constant physical labor than he would own1 he was still more exhausted in mind4 ,a devouring anxiety had taken possession of him4 ,if he was less sure of ,mr4 ,schninger's innocence than he had been1 no one knew it4 ,probably he entertained no doubt on that subject4 ,but he was certainly less confident that the accused would be able to free himself entirely from suspicion4 ,he could no longer be ignorant of the fact that there was a very damaging array of testimony against him4 ,i must be allowed to be childish for once1 if it is childishness1 he said4 ,i cannot perform my duties till this is over4 ,if a priest is needed1 go to ,f4 ,o',donovan4 ,don't let any one come near me but ,mr4 ,macon4 ,above all things1 don't let any woman in4 ,we pardon this last request of ,f4 ,chevreuse1 for he was not in the habit of speaking slightingly of women2 and it must be owned that few of them have the gift of silence or of ceasing to speak when they have no more to say4 ,mr4 ,macon was precisely the friend he needed in these circumstances--quick-sighted1 clear-headed1 prompt1 and taciturn4 ,he was1 moreover1 a man of influence1 and could obtain information in advance of most persons4 ,make yourself quite easy1 ,f4 ,chevreuse1 he said4 ,you shall know everything of consequence within ten minutes after it has happened in the court-room4 ,the gentleman had in his pocket a package of small envelopes1 all directed plainly to ,f4 ,chevreuse1 and each one containing a slip of paper4 ,when he seated himself in the court-room1 a boy stood beside him ready to run with his messages4 ,in the priest's house1 ,f4 ,chevreuse had shut himself into his mother's room4 ,a bright fire burned on the hearth1 the sun shone in through the eastern window1 and at the other side could be seen a window of the church with the cipher of the ,immaculate ,mother1 white and gold-colored1 in the arch of it1 sparkling as if it had just been traced there by ,our ,lady herself4 ,all was still1 the length of the house being between him and the street1 so that only a faint hum of life reached his ears4 ,it is hard to believe that misfortune is to come again1 he muttered1 glancing at the quiet brightness of the scene4 ,and ,i will not believe it4 ,i will not think of it4 ,in the name of ,god1 all vain and evil thoughts begone6 ,he drew a table near the fire1 placed several books on it1 and1 seating himself1 began in earnest to translate a book which he had been fitfully at work upon in the brief pauses of nearer duties4 ,it was a relief to him to look thus into the mind of another1 and escape a while from his own4 ,i am fortunate in having this to do1 he thought1 looking at the bright side of the situation4 ,the habit of concentrating his thoughts on the subject in hand did much for him2 and when ,mr4 ,macon's first message arrived1 it found him bending with interest over the written page whereon he had rendered well a happy thought4 ,that is better than the original1 he said to himself4 ,the ,english is a large1 loose-jointed language1 sprawling slightly1 but it is a sprawling ,titan4 ,it is rich and strong4 ,for such a work as this1 the ,french is a trifle too natty and crisp4 ,come in6 ,the door opened1 and his messenger stood there4 ,instantly all rushed across the priest's mind again4 ,he stretched his hand for the note the boy offered him1 and tore it hastily open4 ,it was short3 ,nothing but preliminaries so far4 ,the court sits again at two o'clock4 ,f4 ,chevreuse glanced at the clock1 and saw that it was already noon4 ,two hours had passed like ten minutes while his mind was thus abstracted4 ,were there many people about the court-house8 he asked4 ,the boy had been instructed to give his notes without saying anything1 and to speak only when spoken to2 but he had not been told how much to say when he was spoken to4 ,the temptation to relate what he had seen was irresistible4 ,oh6 yes1 father1 he said1 his eyes glistening with excitement4 ,there was such a crowd that ,i could hardly get out4 ,i had to hold up the letter1 and say it was for you4 ,then they made way4 ,f4 ,chevreuse dropped his eyes1 and his face grew more troubled4 ,mr4 ,schninger was not in court8 he asked4 ,no1 sir6 ,the boy hesitated1 and had evidently something more to say4 ,well8 said the priest4 ,somebody threw a crucifix in at his cell-window to-day1 and he broke it up and threw it out again1 the messenger said eagerly4 ,the priest's face blushed an angry red4 ,have they no more reverence for the crucifix than to use it as a means of insult1 and expose it in turn to be insulted8 he exclaimed4 ,was it done by a ,catholic8 ,do you know who did it8 ,f4 ,chevreuse was putting on his overcoat and searching for his hat1 to the great terror of the indiscreet tale-bearer4 ,i don't know who did it1 he stammered4 ,i guess it was some boys4 ,but that was this morning2 and now the police drive everybody away from that side of the jail4 ,i am sure they won't do such a thing again1 father4 ,the priest perceived the boy's distress in spite of his own preoccupation4 ,never mind1 ,johnny1 he said kindly1 and tried to smile as he laid his hand on that young head4 ,you did no harm in telling me2 ,i ought to know if such things happen4 ,come1 ,i am going out1 and our roads are the same for a little way4 ,you are going to dinner8 ,well1 thank your father for me1 and say that ,i shall go only to the jail1 and directly home again4 ,and what has he gone to the jail for8 ,mr4 ,macon inquired in surprise when he received this message from his son4 ,the boy answered truthfully enough1 but with a somewhat guilty conscience1 that he did not know1 and sat down to his dinner1 which he was unable to eat4 ,his round cheeks were burning like live coals with excitement1 and his heart was trembling with the thought that it was he who had sent the priest on that errand4 ,you must learn to bear excitement better1 my son1 the mother said4 ,it will never do for you to be in court every day1 if it is going to make you lose your appetite4 ,thus admonished1 ,johnny called back his courage4 ,oh6 ,i'm not excited at all1 mother1 he said1 with a fine air of carelessness4 ,it is only that ,i am not hungry4 ,why1 all the men in the court-house1 except the judge1 were more excited than ,i was2 weren't they1 father8 ,the father and mother exchanged a glance and smile4 ,they were rather pleased with the self-confidence of this doughty young lad of theirs4 ,meantime1 ,f4 ,chevreuse had reached the jail1 and learned that the story he had heard was quite true4 ,some boys1 encouraged1 it was thought1 by their elders1 had flung a crucifix into the ,jew's cell-window1 which was not far from the ground1 and it had been tossed out to them1 broken in two4 ,the prisoner had complained that missiles were being thrown in1 when the police had received instructions to keep the place clear4 ,i have not allowed any visitors in the corridor for several days1 the jailer said4 ,people crowded here by scores4 ,but you1 of course1 can always go in4 ,they are just carrying in the dinner4 ,i am not sure that ,i wish to speak to him1 the priest said with hesitation1 but after a moment followed into the corridor4 ,the waiter set the tin dishes containing food into the different cells1 through a hole in the door1 and retired4 ,the jailer stood near the outer door4 ,f4 ,chevreuse approached ,mr4 ,schninger's cell1 not with the eager confidence of his first visit1 but with an apprehension which he could not overcome4 ,other footsteps prevented his own from being heard1 and he stood at the grating1 unseen and unsuspected by the inmate of the cell4 ,mr4 ,schninger sat on the side of his bed1 his face partly turned from the door1 looking steadfastly out through the window4 ,a silent snow had begun to fall1 tossed hither and thither by the wind4 ,the jail was near the ,immaculate ,conception1 ,f4 ,chevreuse's new church1 and the stone ,christ that crowned the summit of the church was directly opposite the window of the cell4 ,it stood there above the roof of the building1 with the sky for a background1 its arms outstretched1 and now1 in the storm1 seemed to be the centre toward which all the anger of the elements was directed4 ,the myriad flakes1 tumbling grayly down1 like flocks of rebel angels being cast out of heaven1 buffeted the compassionate face as they passed1 and1 after falling1 seemed to rise again for one more blow4 ,they rushed from east1 west1 north1 and south1 to cast their trivial insult at that sublime and immortal patience4 ,a small bird1 weary-winged1 nestled into the outstretched hand1 and the wind1 twirling the snow into a lash1 whipped it out1 and sent it fluttering to the ground4 ,nothing was visible through the window but that solitary form in mid-air stretching out its arms through the storm4 ,on that ,mr4 ,schninger's gaze was immovably set1 and his face seemed more pale and cold than the stone itself4 ,his hands were folded on his knees1 the rising of the chest as he breathed was scarcely perceptible1 and not a muscle of the closely-shut mouth stirred4 ,his large1 clear eyes1 and the eyelids that trembled now and then1 alone relieved the almost painful fixedness of his position4 ,whether1 absorbed in his own affairs1 the direction his eyes took was merely accidental1 or whether the statue itself had drawn and held that earnest regard1 was not easy to decide4 ,but a ,catholic1 ever ready to believe that images1 whose sole purpose is1 for him1 to recall the mind to heavenly contemplations1 will suggest holy thoughts even to unbelievers1 must also necessarily hope that no eyes will for a moment rest on them in entire unconsciousness4 ,f4 ,chevreuse1 after one glance1 drew noiselessly back4 ,mr4 ,schninger's strong and resolute calmness1 which hid1 he knew not what1 of inner tumult or repose1 disconcerted him4 ,besides1 he had not forgotten that those white hands1 so gently folded now1 had within a few hours broken in pieces the symbol of man's salvation1 and flung them from him in scorn4 ,he would offer no explanations nor assurances to one who seemed so little in need of them4 ,sighing heavily1 he turned away1 and sought refuge again in his own home4 ,yet a faint gleam of light had penetrated his sombre mood from this visit1 and1 when he had closed the door of his room1 he stepped hastily to the window looking toward the church1 and glanced up at the statue above him4 ,it had been wrought in ,italy1 and brought to ,america in the good ship ,cometa1 and had on the voyage come near being thrown overboard to lighten the ship during a storm4 ,bales and barrels of merchandise had gone by the board1 costly oils had floated on the waves1 costly wines had perfumed them1 but the heaviest thing in all the freight1 the stone ,christ1 had been left undisturbed in spite of the sailors4 ,the captain was a rough man1 and cared little for any form of religion2 but somewhere within his large1 rude nature was hidden1 like a chapel in a rock1 a little nook still bright and fresh with his youth and his mother's teachings4 ,if ,jesus ,christ did really walk on the sea without sinking1 then he can keep this image of himself from sinking1 and us with it1 he said4 ,i'll put it to the test4 ,if the ship goes down1 ,i'll never believe in any of those old stories again4 ,and he held to his resolution through a terrific storm1 in spite of a crew on the brink of mutiny1 and finally sailed into port with the sacred image1 which had1 he believed1 miraculously preserved them4 ,and ever after1 as they sailed1 a little image of ,christ sailed with them1 fixed in the bows2 and at night1 during storms at sea1 the sailors1 albeit no ,catholics1 would bow their heads in passing it1 and mutter a word of prayer for aid2 and one old sailor1 to whom for thirty years the land had been strange and the sea a home1 used to tell how1 on one terrible night of that long storm when the stone ,christ had been their sole freight left1 the crew1 lashed to mast and spar1 and looking every moment for destruction1 had seen a white form glide forth from the hold1 and1 standing in the bows1 stretch out its hands over the waves1 which1 with the gale1 sank away to silence before them1 leaving only the gentle breeze that had wafted them on their way home4 ,i leave him to you1 ,o shadow of my ,lord6 the priest said4 ,speak to him6 call him so that he cannot resist you6 ,he then returned to his work1 somewhat relieved4 ,no trial is insupportable to him who has faith1 he thought4 ,and may be all this trouble has come upon him in order that he might lift his eyes and behold that ,christ whom he has denied standing with arms outstretched to receive him4 ,but notwithstanding this faint comfort1 the second message did not find ,f4 ,chevreuse so absorbed as the first had4 ,he could with difficulty command his thoughts1 and was constantly lifting his head to listen for an approaching step1 or starting at a fancied knock at the door4 ,near the close of the afternoon the boy came1 when the light was so dim that the note could be read only by taking it to the window4 ,they have opened the case a long way off1 ,mr4 ,macon wrote4 ,they have proved that ,mr4 ,schninger has a lawsuit in ,england which involves a large fortune4 ,it costs him every dollar he can raise1 his opponents being an established family of wealth and influence1 who have for years been in possession of the property he claims4 ,they have proved that during the year ending last ,april his lawyers received from him fifteen hundred dollars in quarterly payments1 and that in ,april they wrote that1 without larger advances of money1 it would be impossible for them to carry on the claim4 ,in ,may1 then1 he sent them five hundred dollars1 in ,june five hundred more1 and on the first of ,september a thousand dollars4 ,that closes the business for this afternoon4 ,and what is the impression made8 ,f4 ,chevreuse asked ,mr4 ,macon1 when that gentleman called on him in the evening4 ,the impression1 or rather the conviction1 is that ,mr4 ,schninger was in a condition to make a man desperate in his wish for money4 ,an immense fortune might be secured by expending a few thousands then1 and would certainly be lost if he had not the few thousands4 ,they brought in a crowd of small tattlers to show that about the time he received this letter1 and after1 he was in great distress and agitation of mind2 that he lost his appetite1 and was heard walking to and fro in his chamber at night4 ,furthermore1 it is evident that the money was obtained in some way after the first of ,may1 though it was not all sent at that time4 ,people naturally ask where the money came from1 since he was not known to have any in bank1 and was supposed to have sent before all he earned above what was necessary for him to live on4 ,poor fellow6 said ,f4 ,chevreuse pityingly4 ,what a trouble there was all the time under that calm exterior6 ,for ,i never saw him otherwise than calm4 ,why1 people might comment on my walking my room at night4 ,i frequently walk so when ,i am thinking1 and always when ,i say my beads4 ,i do not imagine that ,mr4 ,schninger was saying his beads1 ,mr4 ,macon said rather dryly4 ,he was undoubtedly in trouble4 ,he certainly had always an air of calmness1 but to my mind it was not an air of contentment4 ,he gave me the impression of a person who has some secret locked up in his mind4 ,this affair of the contested inheritance explains it4 ,poor fellow6 ,f4 ,chevreuse said again1 and leaned back in his chair4 ,he has got to have all his private affairs dragged up for discussion1 and his looks and actions commented on by the curious4 ,that is the worst of such a trial4 ,a man fancies that he has been living a quiet1 private life1 and he finds that he has all the time been in a glass case with everybody watching him4 ,the simplest things are distorted1 and a mountain is built up out of nothing1 and that without any wrong intention either1 but simply by the curiosity and misconceptions of people4 ,mr4 ,macon said nothing4 ,he respected the priest's charity1 but1 for himself1 he reserved his decision till the judge should have pronounced4 ,he was not enthusiastic for ,mr4 ,schninger1 nor prejudiced against him2 he simply waited to see what would be proved1 and had no doubt that the truth would triumph4 ,on the second day the trial progressed rapidly1 approaching a vital point4 ,mr4 ,schninger had not slept the night before the death of ,mother ,chevreuse1 but had been heard walking and moving about his room till morning4 ,miss ,carthusen1 whose chamber was next his1 gave this piece of information1 and added that the next morning the prisoner looked very pale1 and scarcely tasted his breakfast4 ,she spoke with evident reluctance1 and subjoined an explanation which had not been asked4 ,i noticed and remembered it1 because ,i had heard of his suit in ,england1 and was afraid it might be going against him4 ,she glanced nervously at the prisoner1 and met a look wherein a softer ray seemed to penetrate the searching coldness4 ,perhaps he was touched to learn that one for whom he had cared so little had1 without his suspecting it1 sympathized with him1 and been kindly observant of his ways4 ,on being questioned1 she said that ,mr4 ,schninger had not come home the next night4 ,they had expected him1 because he usually told them when he was to be absent2 but did not think very strange of it1 as he was due early the next day at the town of ,madison1 where he went every week to give lessons1 and where he sometimes went overnight4 ,the last she saw of him that night was at ,mrs4 ,ferrier's4 ,they had a rehearsal there1 and he had excused himself early1 saying that he had an engagement1 and left alone before any of the company4 ,being further questioned1 she admitted having seen that he took with him from his boarding-house the shawl that he habitually wore on chilly evenings4 ,a shawl was shown her1 and she was asked if she recognized it4 ,it was not easy to recognize any one among all the gray shawls there were in the world1 she replied rather flippantly1 but ,mr4 ,schninger's was like that2 she should think it might be his4 ,as she went out1 the witness passed quite near the prisoner1 and looked at him imploringly2 but he took no notice of her4 ,she paused an instant1 then1 bursting into tears1 hurried out through the crowd1 clinging to the arm of her adopted father4 ,lily ,carthusen found herself far more deeply involved than she had intended4 ,in a moment of pique and jealousy she had entertained and encouraged this accusation1 and even insinuated that she could tell some things if she would2 but it was one thing to suspect privately1 and make peevish boasts which attracted to her the attention she so dearly loved1 and quite another to face the terrible reality where a man was being tried for his life and she swearing against him4 ,yet even while grieving over her haste1 and repenting it after a fashion1 her anger rose again at the remembrance of that cold glance which had averted itself from her when all in the court-room could have seen that she mutely begged his pardon for what she had been obliged to say4 ,i hope this will teach you to guard your tongue a little1 her father said in deep vexation1 as he extricated her from the throng4 ,it's about the last place for a lady to come to4 ,and1 moreover1 ,i hope it will cure you of concerning yourself about the pale looks and bad appetite of young men who do not trouble themselves about you4 ,oh6 yes1 papa1 says ,miss ,lily2 since ,i've had a bad time1 be sure you add a scolding to it4 ,it's the way with you men4 ,mr4 ,carthusen wisely kept silence4 ,he had learned before this that the young woman who called him father had a remarkable talent for retort4 ,where1 then1 did ,mr4 ,schninger spend the night the priest's house was entered8 ,not in ,madison2 for he had driven himself there early in the morning4 ,he had waked a stable-keeper at four o'clock in the morning to give him a horse and buggy to drive to ,madison4 ,the man had wondered at the prisoner taking so early a start1 even if he had to begin his lessons at eight o'clock1 and had thought that something was the matter with him4 ,he looked pale2 and several times1 while harnessing the horse1 the witness had glanced up and seen him shivering1 as if with cold1 though it was a beautiful ,may morning4 ,mr4 ,schninger had seated himself on a bench near the stable-door while waiting1 and leaned his arms on his knees1 looking down1 and had not uttered a word before driving away1 except to say that he would be back at seven o'clock in the evening4 ,he looked like a man who had been up all night4 ,being questioned1 the witness testified that the prisoner wore at the time he saw him in the morning a large gray shawl1 such as gentlemen wear2 and1 on still further questioning1 he said that he had observed there was a little piece torn out of one corner4 ,he had noticed and remembered this1 because the shawl hung over the wheel when ,mr4 ,schninger started1 and he had stopped him to tuck it up4 ,his first passing thought had been that it was a pity to injure a new shawl2 his second1 on seeing the torn corner1 that1 after all1 the shawl was not a new one4 ,he would not1 perhaps1 have remembered such trivial circumstances but for what he heard immediately after4 ,some one came in and told him of ,mother ,chevreuse's death4 ,it occurred to him that ,mr4 ,schninger must have heard of it already1 and that it was that news which had made him so sober and silent4 ,he recollected1 too1 having heard that ,f4 ,chevreuse and the ,jew were quite great friends1 but that the priest's mother did not like they should have any intercourse4 ,he had observed1 too1 that ,mr4 ,schninger's boots were muddy1 and wondered at it a little1 as the roads were not bad1 and as the prisoner had always been nice in his dress4 ,when ,mr4 ,macon visited ,f4 ,chevreuse the evening of the second day1 he found the priest looking quite haggard4 ,you have written me the bad1 and the worst of the bad1 he exclaimed the moment the door was shut on them4 ,there must be something to counterbalance all this nonsense6 ,on the contrary1 there is something to add1 ,mr4 ,macon replied4 ,johnny couldn't get through the crowd at the last4 ,they would not make way for him4 ,well8 the priest asked sharply4 ,they had seated themselves before the fire1 and the red light of it shone up into one face turned sideways1 and full of shrinking inquiry as it looked into the other face1 whose downcast eyes seemed to shun being so read4 ,mr4 ,schninger was somewhere wandering about the city all that night1 ,mr4 ,macon said4 ,he was seen and recognized by two or three persons1 all of whom noticed something odd in his manner4 ,he was seen in the lane back of the house here as late as eleven o'clock1 and appeared to be going toward the river1 but came back to the street on finding himself observed4 ,he was not at his boarding-house nor at any of the hotels that night4 ,moreover1 the measure taken of the tracks near your house corresponds with the size of the boots he wore4 ,i don't want to hear any more6 exclaimed ,f4 ,chevreuse passionately1 and hid his face in his hands4 ,his companion glanced quickly at him1 then looked into the fire1 and remained silent4 ,after a moment1 the priest lifted his face4 ,you don't mean to say that the case is going against him8 he asked in a low voice that expressed both fear and incredulity4 ,it looks a little like that now1 was the quiet reply4 ,but we do not know what to-morrow may bring forth4 ,i believe ,jane was called to-day8 ,f4 ,chevreuse remarked after a moment4 ,the other nodded his head4 ,i hope she behaved well8 he added painfully4 ,another nod4 ,yes2 as well as one could expect her to4 ,the ,ferriers1 too1 and ,lawrence8 ,yes2 but their testimony was not of any great consequence4 ,the testimony of the ,ferrier family was1 however1 entirely favorable to the prisoner1 and they had mentioned him with such respect and kindness as to visibly affect him1 and to create a sort of diversion in his favor4 ,the wealth and style of the party1 the manner in which they took possession1 as it were1 of the court-room1 with several gentlemen clearing the path before them1 made an impression4 ,when they went out1 the prisoner looked at them with a faint smile as they passed4 ,annette smiled in return1 and ,lawrence bowed with scrupulous respect and friendliness2 but ,mrs4 ,ferrier1 rustling in voluminous silks1 down which her rich sables slipped loosely1 leaned over the bar1 and1 in the face of the whole court and crowd of spectators1 shook hands with ,mr4 ,schninger1 and1 in a voice audible to the whole company1 made with him an appointment which hovered strangely between the tragical and the absurd4 ,come to my house the minute you are out of this terrible place1 she said4 ,don't go anywhere else4 ,then she flounced out1 wiping her eyes1 and tossing her head disdainfully at the judge1 the lawyers1 and the crowd1 whom she held to be1 severally and collectively1 to blame for these unjust and impertinent proceedings4 ,you know1 mamma1 ,annette said1 the judge has to listen to everybody1 and it isn't his fault if people are accused4 ,and ,mr4 ,wilson is obliged to make out his case1 if he can1 and to ask a great many questions4 ,some things that seem to us trivial may have a good deal of importance in a case like this4 ,you must remember that a law-court is quite different from a drawing-room1 where people cannot be too inquisitive without being checked4 ,i shall take care that none of them come to my drawing-room again1 retorted the mother with spirit4 ,to think of that ,mr4 ,wilson1 who has been at my house to dinner1 telling me to try to remember something that he knew ,i had forgotten or didn't want to tell6 ,you may depend upon it1 ,annette1 that man has a spite against poor ,mr4 ,schninger4 ,it is as plain as day that he is raking up all he can against him4 ,i shouldn't be surprised if the scamp were to hire men to tell lies about him4 ,he looks capable of it4 ,and then1 to question me about what ,mr4 ,schninger had over his shoulder when he came to my house1 and what time it was when he went away1 and to show me that trumpery old gray shawl--if that is the majesty of the law1 ,i don't want to see any more majesty4 ,the object--and a most ridiculous and slanderous object it is1 too--is to find out if ,mr4 ,schninger1 as fine a gentleman as ever lived1 broke into a priest's house1 and murdered a lady and a saint1 and stole a little package of dirty one-dollar bills4 ,that's what they pretend to want to find out2 and why don't they find it out in the proper way8 ,it needn't take 'em long1 ,i should think4 ,but no6 they must poke their noses into people's private affairs1 asking every kind of impudent question1 and making you say things twice1 and then asking if you are sure1 and then telling you that it's no matter what your opinion is about things2 as if ,i hadn't a right to an opinion6 ,they want to make money1 and dawdle out a case as long as they can--that's what they want4 ,and as for the curiosity of women1 it's nothing6 ,it takes a man to cross-question4 ,o mamma1 mamma6 sighed ,annette1 with smiling indulgence4 ,oh6 yes2 it's always ',o mama6' exclaimed ,mrs4 ,ferrier excitedly4 ,but ,i have common sense1 for all that4 ,and if ,i'd had the slightest idea how they were going to act1 ,i would have thought out a good story before ,i came1 and stuck to it through thick and thin4 ,why1 mamma6 cried the daughter in dismay1 you were sworn to tell the truth1 the whole truth1 and nothing but the truth4 ,if you had said anything else1 you would have committed perjury4 ,mrs4 ,ferrier looked at her daughter in astonishment not unmingled with alarm4 ,i didn't swear any such thing1 she said1 the tide of her eloquence somewhat checked4 ,why1 yes1 mamma1 we all took the oath4 ,when we held up our hands and kissed the book1 that was the time4 ,i never uttered a word1 averred the mother with decision4 ,but the clerk said the words for us1 mamma1 and we held up our hands to denote1 ,i suppose1 that we acceded to all he said4 ,i heard him mumble over something1 ,i didn't know what it was1 said the lady slightingly4 ,and so somebody else swears for you1 like sponsors at a baby's baptism6 ,well1 if he does the swearing1 then the perjury is his4 ,good gracious1 mamma6 cried ,annette1 ,i hope you haven't been telling any lies6 ,mrs4 ,ferrier looked at her daughter in dignified reproof4 ,no1 ,annette2 ,i'm not in the habit of telling lies1 and ,i haven't told any to-day4 ,and ,i hope ,i haven't told any truths about that poor struggling creature1 who is1 for all the world1 like a sheep among wolves4 ,i could never bear to see even a wolf hunted1 much less a man4 ,the three were driving home1 ,lawrence seated opposite the ladies4 ,while ,mrs4 ,ferrier was talking1 he leaned forward1 with his arms on his knees1 and softly smoothed the fur border of her velvet mantle4 ,he had those little caressing ways when any one pleased him4 ,a faint smile now and then touched his lips at some simple or energetic expression of hers1 but his face was so averted that she did not see it1 and it would appear that her simplicity did not displease1 though it might amuse him a little4 ,presently he relinquished the mantle border1 and began1 with delicate approach1 to touch the wrist lets1 stroking the dark fur softly1 and pushing his finger-tips into it2 and at length1 when her attention1 fluttering abstractedly toward him now and then1 had become fixed on him1 and she held herself still1 and looked1 with a half-surprised smile of pleasure1 to see what sweet and childish thing he was doing1 he took her two plump and well-gloved hands in his1 and looked up at his wife4 ,there's no danger of her telling anything but the truth1 ,annette1 he said4 ,she is too good and honest for anything else4 ,and he actually bent his handsome head1 and kissed ,mrs4 ,ferrier's hands1 first one then the other6 ,there was a momentary silence4 ,annette1 startled by this unexpected delight1 could only look at her husband with tearful1 shining eyes4 ,i tell you1 ,annette1 she doesn't make half as many mistakes as--as ,i do1 for instance4 ,he dropped his face1 relinquished the hands he had kissed1 and began again to play with the border of ,mrs4 ,ferrier's cloak1 leaving the two women to their talk4 ,but we have left ,f4 ,chevreuse and ,mr4 ,macon4 ,that hateful shawl1 who raked that out8 the priest asked after a while1 questioning in spite of himself4 ,the whole turns upon that1 ,mr4 ,macon said1 rousing himself from the brown-study into which he had fallen4 ,it seems that ,miss ,carthusen went up to the convent to make the acquaintance of the ,sisters1 and1 while there1 saw a shawl thrown over a lounge in the parlor4 ,she examined it while waiting for the ,sisters to come in1 and found the corner torn4 ,she mentioned the fact to that ,renford1 who is an amateur detective4 ,the fellow's great ambition is to become a second ,vidocq2 he immediately offered to undertake the case1 with the provision that1 if he should succeed in finding the criminal1 he should be regularly employed as a detective4 ,where did the ,sisters get the shawl8 demanded ,f4 ,chevreuse4 ,have they got to be dragged in8 ,it would seem that everybody is to be dragged in1 ,mr4 ,macon said4 ,my wife got the shawl1 she doesn't know where1 when she was collecting for the convent4 ,that is1 they say that she brought it2 though she cannot recollect any person giving her such an article1 nor recollect even having seen it among the packages4 ,but her carriage was piled full that day1 and she had called1 perhaps1 at twenty houses2 so it would not be strange if she should forget4 ,so those poor nuns have had to go into court6 said ,f4 ,chevreuse1 much distressed by the news4 ,which one went8 ,oh6 it wasn't a ,sister2 it was ,anita1 said ,mr4 ,macon4 ,my wife went with the child1 and stood by her all the time4 ,it was ,anita who took all the things from the carriage while my wife was talking with ,sister ,cecilia in the garden2 and the girl counted and examined every package4 ,she must have been terrified to death1 that poor little lamb6 exclaimed ,f4 ,chevreuse1 rising to walk about the room4 ,i think ,i should have been there with her4 ,i would have gone if ,i had known4 ,you keep too much from me1 ,mr4 ,macon4 ,i known that you and others do this from kindness2 but you must remember that it isn't for me to be cowardly and shrink like a baby4 ,i'm not sure but ,i should feel better to be in the midst of it all than to be shut up here suffering the torments of suspense4 ,you had a great deal better have nothing to do with it1 his friend said decidedly4 ,you are not needed4 ,f4 ,o',donovan was in court with ,anita and my wife1 and there was a body-guard of ,catholics all about to make room for them going and coming4 ,it was hard for the poor child2 but what she felt most was not being in a crowd1 and obliged to speak in public2 she did not appear to think of that2 but the thought that what she must say might bring trouble on any one almost overpowered her4 ,she excited a great deal of sympathy4 ,while she spoke1 you could have heard a pin drop in the room4 ,after all1 ,f4 ,chevreuse said1 catching at a consolation1 it won't hurt any of them to see one of ,god's snow-drops2 and she is no more tender than many a martyr of the church has been4 ,mr4 ,macon's brief story did not give any idea of the sensation produced in court by the appearance of this child1 who was as strange to such a scene as if she had been1 indeed1 a wild flower brought from some profound forest solitude4 ,her beauty1 the dazzling paleness of her face1 from which the large eyes looked full of anguish and fear1 the flower-like drooping of her form as she leaned on ,mrs4 ,macon's supporting arm--all startled the most hardened spectator into sympathy4 ,careless and callous as they might have been1 feeding on excitement as a drunkard takes his draught1 ever stronger and stronger as his taste becomes deadened1 each one seemed to realize for a moment how terrible a thing it is to see a human life at stake1 and to have influence to destroy or to save it4 ,if she had been a relative or personal friend to the accused1 the impression would have been less deep2 but the fact that she would have shown the same painful solicitude for any one of them may have stirred in their consciences some sense of their own heartlessness4 ,they made way for her1 and listened in breathless silence to hear what she would say4 ,her very distress lent a silvery clearness to her voice1 usually so low and soft1 and every word was heard as plainly as the notes of a small bird chirping when its nest is attacked4 ,all ,i know1 your honor1 is this3 ,mrs4 ,macon drove about ,crichton to ask for things for the convent2 and ,mother ,ignatia let me go out to bring in the parcels she brought1 because it pleased me4 ,i always set down on a slip of paper a list of the articles1 and the day of the month she brought them1 and some of the ,sisters helped me1 and looked on4 ,but this time no one but me did anything1 for it was the day after ,mother ,chevreuse was killed1 and everybody was in great trouble4 ,mrs4 ,macon said1 when she came1 that she had spent the night before at ,madison with her sister there1 and started early in her phaeton to beg for us1 and had heard nothing of the news till she reached ,crichton late in the afternoon4 ,then she drove straight to us2 and1 when she got out of the phaeton1 she ran to ,sister ,cecilia1 and they threw themselves into each other's arms1 and began to cry4 ,we were all crying1 but ,i went to take the parcels out of the phaeton1 because ,i wanted to do something4 ,and ,i made a list of them1 because ,i always had1 and ,i carried them up-stairs4 ,and ,i knew just how everything looked1 because ,i tried to think of my work and not of ,mother ,chevreuse4 ,and ,i do know surely that the gray shawl which was laid over our lounge was brought that day4 ,i saw the piece torn out of the corner1 and1 when they arranged it for a cover1 they turned the torn corner behind4 ,that is all1 your honor1 except that ,miss ,carthusen came to the convent one day1 and1 when ,i went into the parlor1 she was examining the shawl1 and she said she did it because there was one like it missing out of their house4 ,and ,i hope1 said this simple creature1 rising1 in her earnestness1 from ,mrs4 ,macon's arm1 and leaning imploringly toward the judge--,i hope that what ,i have said will not hurt anybody nor be used against anybody4 ,and ,i ask ,mr4 ,schninger to forgive me if what ,i have said displeases him2 for1 if it should do him harm1 ,i shall be unhappy about it as long as ,i live4 ,no one said a word as the girl was led1 trembling and half fainting1 out of the court-room4 ,the prisoner regarded her with astonishment while she spoke1 and when she turned toward him her pitiful face1 and made her appeal for forgiveness1 he bowed1 and a slight involuntary motion of his hands looked as if he would fain have supported her drooping form4 ,never had he seen so simple and so impassioned a creature4 ,an angel taking its first flight out of the white peacefulness of heaven1 and looking for the first time on the miseries of earth1 could scarcely have shown a more shrinking and terrified pity than had been displayed by this young girl1 drawn from her peaceful convent home to the arena where crime and justice struggle for the mastery4 ,and yet that pure and tender child had given him a terrible blow4 ,perhaps he felt that her testimony was important1 simple as the story she told seemed to be2 for his face grew deathly pale1 and for the first time during the trial he lost that air of scornful security which he had sustained so far4 ,averting his face slightly1 he seemed to be studying out some problem1 and1 as he thought1 the faint lines between his brows grew deeper1 and those sitting near him could see the veins in his temples swelling and throbbing with the stress of some sudden emotion4 ,the next morning ,f4 ,chevreuse went out to make sick-calls after his ,mass was over1 and returned quite convinced that his friends had been right in advising him to remain in-doors4 ,everybody he met gazed at him1 as if trying to read in his face what thought or feeling he might be striving to hide2 people turned to look after him2 and groups of excited talkers became silent as he approached1 only to resume their conversation with increased vehemence when he had passed4 ,he had been obliged to check the wordy sympathy of some and the angry denunciations of others1 who thought to please him by wishing ill to ,mr4 ,schninger2 and more than once his heart had been wrung by some loud lament over his lost mother4 ,you were right1 he said to ,f4 ,o',donovan when he went in4 ,i will not go out again unless there is need of it4 ,then ,i give you as a task this forenoon to translate ten pages of that book1 his brother priest replied4 ,it is needed1 and should be ready for the early spring sales4 ,f4 ,chevreuse laid aside his wrappings with alacrity1 glad to have a task assigned him4 ,but ,i would like to go into the church a minute1 he said1 making this request with the humility of a child4 ,not to pray1 he added quickly1 as if afraid of receiving too much credit for piety2 ,i want to go into the gable1 and look down to the court-house4 ,he stopped for permission1 and his face was so worn and troubled that his friend checked the slight smile that unconscious display of obedience had provoked4 ,go1 by all means1 but do not stay long1 he said4 ,the day is very cold4 ,and1 besides1 it will do no good to watch there4 ,what he called the gable was a long1 low attic running the whole length of the church1 and lighted by a small gable window at each end4 ,a steep stairway led up to a chamber over the altar2 but from that the ascent was made by long ladders1 very seldom used4 ,the window over the altar gave a fine view of all the eastern and northern part of the city1 and looked directly into the square in front of the court-house4 ,f4 ,chevreuse toiled wearily up1 feeling himself grown old1 and stood in the long1 dusky room4 ,the floor was covered with wood-shavings left by the builders1 and spiders had hung their webs in thick festoons from beam to beam4 ,one side of the southern window1 at the further end of the church1 was gleaming brightly1 where the sun had begun to come in1 and the rafters near it glowed as if kindling with fire2 but the north window1 that felt scarce a touch of sunshine in the winter-time1 was covered deeply with frost1 piled layer on layer through the cold night4 ,he put his face to the frame1 and breathed on it till the glittering coldness melted1 and a drop of water ran down1 then another1 and presently there was a clear spot in the glass4 ,he wiped this dry with his handkerchief2 then1 covering his mouth and nose1 that his breath might not freeze over the improvised loophole into the outer world1 he leaned closer and looked out4 ,for the large panorama of the city1 spread out under a clear winter sky1 and shot through by the two sparkling rivers1 he cared not4 ,only one spot attracted his attention1 and that was the court-house and the square in front of it4 ,looking there1 he drew back1 winked to clear his eyes1 which had1 perhaps1 been dazzled by the sharp and tangled lights and shadows of the place2 then looked again4 ,the square should have been white with half-trodden snow1 and dotted by passers here and there2 instead of that1 it was entirely black4 ,but the blackness was not of the soil nor pavement2 it was the swaying blackness of a crowd4 ,they thronged the streets1 pressing toward the square1 and stood on the steps of the court-house1 struggling to enter4 ,even at that distance he could see that policemen were forcing them back4 ,f4 ,chevreuse turned hastily away from the window1 and descended to the church1 heartsick at the sight4 ,he threw himself one moment before the altar1 then went into the house4 ,as he entered1 ,jane1 who was on the lookout1 hid herself in her room till he had passed through the kitchen4 ,since the trial began1 they had not met4 ,she felt sure that he did not approve entirely of her conduct1 and he allowed her to be invisible without asking any questions4 ,f4 ,o',donovan looked at him anxiously as he re-entered the sitting-room2 and1 when he went and leaned on the mantel-piece1 hiding his face in his hands1 approached and touched him kindly on the shoulder4 ,it isn't your way1 ,raphael1 to break down so1 he said in that sweet voice of his1 still sweeter with pity and tenderness4 ,that name1 the name of his boyhood1 when he and ,o',donovan were at school together2 when he was so overflowing with happiness that he could never be still1 but had to be for ever at work or at play2 when he knew no more of care than what the getting of his lessons involved1 no more of sin than the little faults he recounted at his confessor's knees and forgot the next moment1 and no more of sorrow than the changing of one beloved professor for another who speedily became as dear4 ,o',donovan1 the beautiful boy1 the youngest at school1 had been his pride and idol in those days4 ,he turned to him now1 and1 in the old way the ,english boys used to mock at him for1 kissed his friend and school-fellow on both cheeks2 at which the ,irishman laughed a little and blushed a good deal4 ,you're not much changed from the boy you were1 said ,f4 ,chevreuse4 ,you had always a way of seeming to coax1 while you were really commanding4 ,well1 you're almost always right4 ,how the wind whistles6 ,it was a cutting north wind that broke multitudinously against the church1 and seemed to splinter there into separate sharp voices4 ,they went up from the narrow passage between the church and the house1 they rang from the chimneys1 and sighed and whimpered about the feet of the stone ,christ1 as if some wounded creature1 invisible to man1 had crawled there to seek for pity4 ,what a day6 repeated ,f4 ,chevreuse1 looking out4 ,december is certainly an ugly month1 and ,january is a worse one4 ,february would be worst of all1 but that it is so near spring you can snap your fingers in its face4 ,he seated himself at the table1 drew the books towards him1 and glanced round at the fire1 as if to assure himself that there was something shining in his vicinity1 then took up a pen1 and laid it down again1 shivering1 not because he was cold1 but because he knew there was so much cold about4 ,f4 ,o',donovan1 seated near the window1 with his finger between the leaves of his ,breviary1 to keep the place1 had observed his every movement4 ,he dropped the book on his knee1 and spoke in a gentle1 dreamy way that was the very essence of soothing4 ,yes1 this is now for a while one of the cold spots on the earth2 but we have only to climb a little1 in spirit or in memory1 to have a different idea of ,december and everything else4 ,how many years ago to-day is it that you and ,i saw oranges ripening in the sun in ,december1 and roses blooming1 and people pushing back their cloaks for the heat8 ,it is an anniversary1 for ,i have some little reason to remember the date4 ,we were in ,rome4 ,i had been shivering in a bare1 sunless room at the ,propaganda1 when ,i looked up and caught a glimpse through the window of a bit of miraculous blue sky over the roof of ,san ,andrea's4 ,it was four o'clock in the afternoon1 and time for a walk4 ,i called you1 and we started on a little exploring expedition2 for we had neither of us seen much of ,rome at that time4 ,we muffled ourselves well1 and went out into the ,piazza di ,spagna4 ,i recollect you saying1 as we came to those great stairs1 that they must have been modelled by some one who had ,jacob's dream-ladder in his mind4 ,you said1 too1 that one reason why ,rome is so much more beautiful than any other city is not because it is more artistic1 but more natural4 ,each part grew for itself1 instead of being cramped by some dominating idea that spoilt all in trying to direct all4 ,you were delighted with the perfectly cool way in which a whole street would go up-stairs or down-stairs4 ,well1 there was the whole side of a piazza going up-stairs4 ,we went up1 past the group of models1 you know1 who stand there to be stared at2 the bearded old man who stands for ,s4 ,peter or ,moses1 the brigand and the brigand's wife1 and the little brown gypsies4 ,the calendar said it was ,december2 yet in the piazza below the air said it was ,april4 ,when we paused at the first landing1 and began to wish we had left our cloaks at home1 it was ,may1 and up in front of the ,trinita de' ,monti it was mid-,june4 ,the fruit-sellers left their large baskets of oranges in the sun while they sat in the shade and waited for customers2 there were baskets of flowers1 with heaps of half-open roses on the stone rail of the balustrade1 and streams of rich verdure flowed wide or trickled brightly between the gray sweeps of stone4 ,in the east was that unimaginable blue that can only be compared to a gem2 in the west1 a dazzle of unclouded sunshine2 and between the two1 ,rome floated in a silvery mist4 ,you leaned on the balustrade1 and--wretch that you were6--your first thought was a pagan one4 ,you said that the goddess of beauty had sunk into the midst of the city1 and left her drapery of cloud clinging all about it1 and that1 when she should withdraw1 there would be a vision in the sky1 but ,rome would be nothing but ashes4 ,that was the best image that ,raphael ,chevreuse could find1 with the city before him all a-bubble with the domes of ,christian churches4 ,you may recollect that ,i gave you a very pretty lecture on the subject4 ,then you pointed out to me a pillar of smoke wreathing slowly up into the sky1 showing between the bold front of the ,pincian ,hill and the twin cupolas in the ,piazza del ,popolo1 with the distant forest and mountain for a background1 and you said that we were nothing but cloud-people living in a cloud1 and that the only realities were ,moses and the ,israelites out there offering up sacrifice in the wilds between ,egypt and ,chanaan4 ,well1 ,december being too hot for us then1 we walked off toward ,santa ,maria ,maggiore4 ,do you remember the great orange-tree1 as large as an apple-tree1 that showed over the convent walls1 and how thickly the golden oranges were set among its green foliage2 and the symbol over the convent door of two lions trying to get at a bird that was safe in the top of a palm-tree2#bgd and the vane that you said could have been thought of nowhere but in ,italy--a rod with a cross at the top and a bird's wing swinging round as the wind changed8 ,and when we walked on among the ruins1 what superstitious young man gathered dandelions1 because gold-colored flowers always brought him some happy chance1 he said2 and then1 in the next breath1 looking at those mountains before us1 swimming1 it seemed1 in a sea of rosy-purple vapors1 broke out with a psalm1 ,montes exultaverunt ut arietes2 et colles1 sicut agni ovium8 ,you declared vehemently that the mountains were dancing1 and ,i had to hold you to keep you from dancing too4 ,a pretty sight it would have been to see a young ,christian priest twirling pirouettes among the ruins of the temple of ,minerva6 ,doubtless1 while we are in the midst of the snows and frost of a northern morning1 the sun is just going down over that same warm and glowing scene4 ,and1 doubtless1 too1 said ,f4 ,o',donovan slowly1 coming to the point he had started to reach1 outside this pain and confusion there is peace and happiness waiting to come in and give us our soul's summer in this world even4 ,the storms are short1 but the peace is long1 and for ever waiting overhead4 ,but life is not long1 concluded ,f4 ,chevreuse1 and it behooves me to be about my work4 ,he drew the books toward him1 and began to work in earnest4 ,he had been comforted in one regard that morning3 he would not himself be called into court1 the only points on which he could give evidence being better known to others4 ,jane and ,andrew had both seen the condition of his little study1 with its bolted window and locked-up desk1 after he left the house that fatal night1 and both ,f4 ,o',donovan and ,mr4 ,macon saw it in the morning before he came home4 ,the other point1 relating to the sort of bank-bills he had lost1 was of no consequence1 as the bankers could not say what sort of money ,mr4 ,schninger had paid them4 ,every disposition was shown to spare him unnecessary pain1 and they even strained a point for that purpose4 ,he was not needed1 indeed1 and the case was being brought rapidly to a conclusion1 as his first despatch showed him4 ,old ,mr4 ,grey1 from the pond farm1 with his granddaughter1 have been brought in1 ,mr4 ,macon wrote1 and by their help the story has been made to assume form4 ,mr4 ,schninger returned to ,crichton that day past their place4 ,he got into a rough road and broke his harness somewhere1 and went to their house to borrow a rope to mend it4 ,he had a shawl on his arm when he went up to the door4 ,while the young girl was gone for the rope1 he folded the shawl1 and put it into my wife's phaeton among the other packages4 ,my wife was then with old ,mrs4 ,grey in the house4 ,mr4 ,grey was at work in the garden1 and saw what was done4 ,the girl also saw the shawl on his arm when he came1 but did not notice it afterward4 ,it is likely to go hard with him4 ,f4 ,chevreuse had a very red face when he looked over this note4 ,but he handed it to ,f4 ,o',donovan without a word1 and resumed his writing again4 ,if he knew well what he was writing is doubtful4 ,that color did not leave his face1 and now and then he pressed his hand to his forehead1 as if confused4 ,mr4 ,schninger has roused himself at last1 the next note said4 ,he seems for the first time to comprehend that he is in danger4 ,he looks like a lion4 ,i hope he may prove to have some of a lion's strength1 for his chances are small4 ,f4 ,chevreuse handed the paper to his brother priest1 who had been out and come in again1 and watched his face while he read it4 ,will you tell me frankly your opinion of this8 he said then4 ,f4 ,o',donovan dropped his eyes1 having1 evidently1 no mind to be frank on the subject4 ,i cannot have a settled opinion on a question of which ,i have heard but one side1 he said4 ,i have been in court this morning1 and talked with some people there1 and the chances at present seem for a conviction4 ,but we cannot tell the strength of the defence as yet4 ,in spite of his reserve1 there was no mistaking his belief in the prisoner's guilt4 ,f4 ,chevreuse shut his book decisively4 ,since ,i am not needed here1 ,i may as well go and see the bishop1 he said4 ,i was to have gone this week to settle important business with him1 but he excused me on the supposition that ,i would not be allowed to leave ,crichton4 ,can you take care of my people a few days longer8 ,a week longer1 if you wish4 ,four days will be enough--two to go and come1 two there4 ,you will know where to telegraph for me1 if ,i should be wanted4 ,i will go straight to the bishop's house1 and stay there4 ,how glad ,i am that you did not say 'episcopal residence'6 remarked his companion4 ,f4 ,chevreuse was already making his preparations for the journey4 ,he glanced up rather imperiously from the valise he was packing4 ,why should ,i say it8 he demanded4 ,never used such an expression in my life4 ,and this reminds me that you have been criticising me before to-day1 calling me superstitious1 and ,i don't know what else4 ,in one little corner of my mind ,i have been thinking the matter over ever since1 and have arrived at these conclusions3 superstition1 being nothing but erratic faith1 should be treated with great tenderness2 and1 besides1 you will recollect that ,i was at that time reading the pagan classics2 furthermore1 ,rome herself was not born in the faith1 but is a converted pagan1 and she stands there1 a ,christian ,juno1 with all ,olympus kneeling about her feet2 and well so1 for any form is good that is capable of holding a ,christian soul4 ,still further1 ,i have concluded that young ,o',donovan1 whose hair still looks1 across the room1 quite black1 should show a becoming reverence for ,chevreuse1 who has long since ceased to count his white hairs and begun to count his black ones4 ,i said an elder soldier1 not a better4 ,did ,i say better8 ,good-by4 ,god bless you6 ,and he was off1 glad of the noise and speed of the cars1 of the changing faces and scenes1 of anything that would help to ease his mind by a momentary distraction4 ,yet1 in spite of every effort1 the thought haunted him of ,mr4 ,schninger rousing himself to do battle for his life4 ,call up whatever image he would to entertain his mind1 that one intruded4 ,he pictured to himself the first dawn of apprehension in the prisoner's face rapidly intensifying to a flash of angry terror1 the reddening or the whitening color1 the gathering storm of the brows4 ,he tried to guess what he would do and say1 by what grand effort he would at last fling off in scorn the accusation which he had not believed could cling to him--if he should be able to fling it off4 ,that doubt was like a thorn1 and he hastily called to mind something to banish it4 ,he remembered what ,f4 ,o',donovan had been saying of ,rome1 and tried to recollect something of that old picture-book part of his life1 to see again in fancy its shady streets and sunny piazzas1 to enter in spirit some dim church starred around with lamps1 and lined with precious marbles2 but when he had laboriously fashioned the scene1 a hand was outstretched to put it aside like a painted curtain1 and again he saw the ,jewish gladiator1 alive and alert1 fighting desperately for his life4 ,you can see that ,i have run away to escape disagreeable scenes and talk1 were his first words on reaching his destination4 ,and now to business4 ,it was quite understood1 then1 that no one was to tell him anything relating to the trial1 nor mention the subject to him2 so that when1 on the evening of the third day1 he started for home1 he knew no more of the progress or result of it than he had known on leaving ,crichton4 ,there were but few passengers that evening1 and ,f4 ,chevreuse established himself in a corner of the car1 put his ticket in his hat-band1 that he might not be disturbed by the conductor1 leaned back and shut his eyes1 that he might not be talked to by any one else1 and took out his beads to exorcise troublesome thoughts and invoke holy ones4 ,it was a saying of his that the beads1 when rightly used1 had always one end fastened to the girdle of ,mary1 and were a flowery chain by which she led the soul directly to the throne of ,god4 ,they proved so to him in this case1 and one after another the ,joyful ,mysteries were budding and blossoming under his touch1 when presently he found himself somewhat disturbed by the voices of two men who were talking behind him4 ,at first the sound reached him through the long vista of that heavenly abstraction2 but soon the distance lessened1 and then a single word brought him down with a shock4 ,he fought hard at last1 one said1 but it was of no use4 ,everything was against him4 ,it needed not another word to tell the priest who and what were meant2 but other words were spoken4 ,his defence was a mere mass of sentimentality1 the speaker went on4 ,he owns to having walked the streets the whole night of the murder1 but he says that it was from distress of mind4 ,he had to decide before the next day whether he would abandon all hope of the fortune for which he was contending1 and lose with it all that he had expended1 or else throw into the chasm the few hundreds he had retained that an accident might not find him penniless4 ,he declared that the state of his mind was such that he could not sleep1 nor keep still1 nor stay in the house4 ,now1 that part of the story would not have been so bad if he had not been seen near the priest's house1 hanging about there1 and going away when he was observed1 and if he had not declared that1 when he went away from ,crichton in the morning1 he had not heard of the murder4 ,the tracks were not a strong point1 for ,newcome makes everybody's boots just alike1 and there are a good many men in ,crichton who have as neat a foot as ,schninger4 ,but the rest of the defence was nonsense4 ,the shawl was what convicted him4 ,it was his shawl2 he owned it2 and the fragment found in ,mme4 ,chevreuse's hand just fitted the torn corner1 thread for thread4 ,i could see that he was confounded when that came up4 ,he says he left the shawl in ,mrs4 ,ferrier's garden in the evening1 and went for it early in the morning before anybody was up1 and that he found it just where he had left it4 ,he owned1 too1 that he put it slyly into ,mrs4 ,macon's carriage4 ,he said he knew her and what she was collecting for2 had heard all about it at ,madison4 ,when he left his broken harness--which1 by the way1 was not broken1 it appears1 but only unclasped somewhere--and went to ,mr4 ,grey's1 he took his shawl over his arm absent-mindedly1 and found it a nuisance while he was going through the woods4 ,seeing ,mrs4 ,macon's carriage there full of parcels1 some gray blankets among them1 it occurred to him to add his shawl to the pile without putting any one to the trouble of thanking him4 ,he said that he believed those nuns to be very good women1 and that he felt a respect for them for the sake of ,f4 ,chevreuse1 who had been very polite to him4 ,fancy a ,jew taking off his shawl to give it to a nun1 and that to please a priest6 ,the story is too ridiculous1 you see4 ,oh6 it is clear4 ,there never was a clearer case of circumstantial evidence4 ,no one could have a doubt4 ,but the verdict is too hard4 ,you think it should not have been murder in the first degree8 another voice asked4 ,it should not1 was the emphatic reply4 ,it is almost an outrage to make it so4 ,but people became ferocious the moment it was clear that he was guilty1 and ,i believe they would gladly have taken him out and hanged him to the first tree4 ,the fact undoubtedly is that he was pressed for money1 and meant to help himself to the priest's4 ,mme4 ,chevreuse heard him1 and started to alarm the house1 and ,i think he gave her an unlucky push4 ,but nothing of that sort would content the prosecution nor the people4 ,they must have it that at the very best he killed her wilfully when he found that she had recognized him4 ,the female servant testified that there was a candle overturned in the priest's room1 which must have gone out in falling4 ,madame's first thought would naturally be to light a candle4 ,still1 that is not sure4 ,that same servant wished to show that the prisoner had a spite against the priest's mother1 and the ,carthusen girl had the same story2 but if people had been calm1 their gossip would have made no impression4 ,schninger's lawyer tried to prove that madame's death resulted from the fall2 but there was a bad bruise4444 ,f4 ,chevreuse gasped for breath4 ,for ,god's sake1 stop6 he cried out1 half turning toward the speaker1 then sinking instantly into his seat again4 ,a perfect silence followed4 ,the priest was struggling with his feelings1 and regretting not having withdrawn before his self-control gave way1 and the gentlemen behind him were recovering the shock of learning who their neighbor was1 and feeling their way to a solution of the difficulty4 ,one of them had an inspiration4 ,let's go and have a cigar1 he said2 and ,f4 ,chevreuse was left to himself4 ,but his solitude was full of terrible images1 and in that few minutes all his relations with the ,jew had been changed4 ,he would not have said to himself that he believed the man guilty1 and he would have said that1 guilty or innocent1 he wished him no harm2 but what his imagination had utterly refused to do in connecting ,mr4 ,schninger with his mother's tragical fate the plain talk of this stranger had accomplished4 ,he could no longer separate the two2 and the sight of the ,jew1 or the sound of his name even1 would1 in future1 call up associations intolerable to him4 ,you know all1 then8 was ,f4 ,o',donovan's greeting when they met4 ,the face of ,f4 ,chevreuse showed1 indeed1 that he had no questions1 or few1 to ask4 ,the law has decided1 he said1 and1 for the present at least1 ,i cannot question its decision4 ,they know better than ,i how to arrive at the truth4 ,at the same time1 ,i never will say of a man that he is guilty till he has himself told me that he is1 or till ,i have the evidence of my own senses4 ,and now1 what have you to tell me about my people8 ,is it well with them8 ,it is well1 was the echo4 ,the people had1 indeed1 settled into their usual quiet mode of life again with surprising readiness1 as often happens to those who1 giving themselves entirely up to an excitement1 exhaust its force the sooner4 ,the conviction and sentence of ,mr4 ,schninger had not only given them a satisfying sense of justice vindicated1 but had impressed them with awe4 ,the suddenness of his fall1 when they had leisure to contemplate its accomplishment1 was startling4 ,but a few weeks before1 he had walked their streets with a step as proud as the proudest1 and there was not one among them1 whatever his prejudices1 who was not pleased to receive his salutation2 in a few months longer--months of misery and disgrace--he would be called on to suffer the extreme penalty of the law4 ,some of them remembered1 too1 when all was over1 the defence the prisoner had made1 if defence it could be called1 when he was permitted to speak for himself4 ,they were bitter words1 full of fierce and haughty defiance and denunciation and at the time their sole effect had been to provoke still further against him the popular rage2 but1 for some reason1 there was a thrilling pathos in the recollection of them1 perhaps because they had been uttered in vain1 and because they showed with what horror he contemplated his impending doom4 ,you seek my destruction because ,i am a ,jew1 not because ,i am a criminal1 he exclaimed2 and you condemn me without proof4 ,but do not flatter yourselves that ,i shall perish so4 ,do not believe that ,i shall fall a victim to your insane and presumptuous bigotry4 ,it may triumph for a time1 but the triumph will be short4 ,not a very pleasant sort of address to be listened to by a judge who had tried to be impartial1 and meant to be honest1 nor to a jury who were fully convinced of the speaker's guilt1 and who had moreover1 as juries are likely to have1 a more than judicial sense of their own dignity4 ,yet1 for all that1 there was not one of them who would have liked to face again those flashing eyes and that white hand pointing like a flame where his words should fall4 ,they were rather afraid of the man1 and looked with equal uneasiness toward the execution of his sentence and the possibility of rescue or escape1 or of revenge even1 which he had seemed to threaten4 ,for the present1 however1 the prison was strong and well guarded1 and the convict1 being in solitary confinement1 had no means of communicating with any friends he might have outside4 ,he was still in ,crichton1 the state prison being near the city jail2 and still1 if he chose1 he could look out from his grated window and see the ,christ in air stretching out arms of loving invitation to him4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,footnotes3 #bgd ,the beasts of prey have triumphed1 and the birds have been driven away4 ,,the ,,religious ,,policy ,,of ,,the ,,second ,,empire4 ,the following is the translation of a remarkable memoir presented to ,napoleon ,,iii4 by one of his ,ministers of ,public ,worship4 ,its authenticity is guaranteed under oath by ,leon ,pags1 and the date of its presentation seems to be about the year #ahfj4 ,it furnishes the key to the religious events of the second period of the reign of ,napoleon ,,iii41 and shows how a government calling itself ,catholic plotted against1 and was gradually destroying the liberty of1 the church4 ,the perfidy and falsehoods contained in the document speak for themselves4 ,the programme detailed in the second part of the same was only too faithfully carried out1 not only to the ruin of the emperor1 but to that of ,france also4 ,it began to be put in practice in the year #ahfj1 and was persevered in until the day when all power was taken from the hands of its authors and abettors4 ,the key-note to the whole insidious production is contained in the opening sentence--viz41 that no matter what is done by the ,catholic ,church1 it must be for the sake of obtaining influence over souls1 not for their spiritual and eternal welfare1 but for mere temporal and selfish ends--for worldly power4 ,to the ,catholic reader this one remark will be sufficient to place him on his guard4 ,we copy from the ,revue du ,monde ,catholique4--,translator4 ,i4 ,the essential tendency of ,roman ,catholicism has been1 is1 and always will be1 the spirit of secular domination1 the inevitable result of transforming a man1 the ,pope1 into the infallible and absolute vicar of ,jesus ,christ on earth4 ,if1 before the ,revolution of '#hi1 the clergy were ,gallican--that is to say1 national--it was because it had sufficiently attained that end of temporal rule4 ,it was the first order of the state2 it possessed great wealth2 it had its own organization1 and enjoyed considerable privileges2 its religion was the exclusively dominant one4 ,what else could it ask1 unless it wished to displace royalty itself8 ,the clergy then was much more ,french and royalist than ,roman1 solely because it had such enormous interests at stake in the soil and in the constitution of the kingdom4 ,again1 if we study carefully the so-called maxims and liberties of the ,gallican ,church1 we quickly recognize that between the kings and the clergy these liberties constituted a sort of commutative contract entered into almost wholly at the expense of the ,papacy4 ,the bishops1 generously treated by royalty1 in return consented to sacrifice to royalty many of the ,roman pretensions1 which1 however1 were consequences of the spiritual supremacy2 and1 with more reason1 they allowed the sovereign to settle all matters of purely political independence4 ,in the ,gallican ,church1 the king rejected ,papal infallibility1 because it necessarily implied his temporal supremacy2 and the bishops to whom the doctrine would perhaps in any other country have been acceptable1 rejected it likewise because it would have disturbed their privileges and their possessions1 which they owed to royalty4 ,it ought to be added that all this was according to the ancient traditions of the land1 which had rendered better service to the church than any other1 and which never desired any foreign interference in its own affairs4 ,but certainly both the ,french clergy and bishops would have gone back to the pope and to ultramontane ideas1 unless their independence1 peaceful and magnificent1 had been assured them4 ,after the ,revolution of '#hi1 the clergy1 deprived of its possessions1 its privileges1 its constitution1 reduced to the condition of salaried functionaries1 feeling its utter dependence on the state1 felt the necessity of creating for itself a new influence by detaching itself from administrations over-neutral in its regard4 ,for a short time it saluted ,napoleon ,i4 as the restorer of the altar2 then it submitted to his powerful hand2 but it hastened to desert him when conquered1 calling him the persecutor of ,pius ,,vii4 ,it came to the support of the ,restoration1 because of the recollections of the past1 and1 above all1 because it hoped therefrom the re-establishment of many immunities which the ,restoration did not dare1 in opposition to public opinion1 to concede to it4 ,this is the reason that1 under the ,restoration1 it came to pass that the clergy was more occupied in caring for itself than for royalty1 so much so that it is from this epoch that the first efforts of return to ultramontanism date their origin4 ,no excuse can be offered for ,louis ,,xviii4 and for ,charles ,x4 for having allowed the ,concordat of #ahja and the organic articles to remain in force1 and for not having given to the church an indemnity1 as they did to the exiles4 ,under ,louis ,philippe1 the clergy was not deluded2 it understood very well that a parliamentary and democratic government would never permit it to work for the re-establishment of its power4 ,consequently1 and under the pretext that the church1 accepting all de facto governments1 ought not to mix in the risks and responsibilities of politics1 the clergy proclaimed its absolute neutrality1 which was but another name for a complete separation4 ,hence nothing is easier of comprehension that it quickly gave up all ,gallican ideas1 to rally to the support of ultramontane doctrines4 ,isolated1 without influence1 without wealth1 cramped in its sphere of activity1 it had no interest in upholding the independence of the state against the ,holy ,see1 whilst everything invited it to defend once more the famous thesis of the ,catholic ,church1 directing kings and peoples1 and giving to the clergy the influence of a class superior to all others4 ,the anti-,gallican demonstration1 aided by the politicians of legitimacy and of the ,catholic party1 who had adopted as their watchword free education1 began to develop itself rapidly in the episcopate1 amongst the inferior clergy in the seminaries and religious orders1 and even in the halls of the two chambers4 ,everything was prepared for the solemn return to ,rome1 when the ,revolution of #ahdh burst forth4 ,the religious party as well as the legitimists1 its auxiliary1 at first accepted that revolution because it destroyed the upstart1 usurping1 and ,voltairian party4 ,it afterwards strove with energy to form a coalition of all the elements of public order1 so as to escape from the power of the demagogues2 it was this same motive which influenced its votes in favor of the president2 it thus struck a blow at the democratic and social republic4 ,but when it believed that ,napoleon ,,iii41 who had become successively dictator and emperor1 would consent to play the part of another ,charlemagne1 ,episcopus ad extra1 it became devoted to him and enthusiastic4 ,but the emperor had no such thought2 he only wished to attach the clergy firmly to the ,empire by honorable laws ensuring its safety and liberty4 ,by so doing he supplied one of the greatest social needs1 without1 however1 departing from a wise public policy2 but he had no intention of handing the state over to the church4 ,the clergy1 on its part1 easily imagined what he desired4 ,hence we see in #aheb 7and this must not be passed over7 more earnestness and greater sympathy in that portion of the episcopate which was notoriously ultramontane4 ,it was that portion which had been the best initiated by ,rome into its projects of encroachment1 which carried them out with the greatest zeal1 and which consequently sought to conciliate the good-will of the sovereign and to engage him to pursue a course of liberal toleration4 ,thus it came to pass that it immediately insinuated how exceedingly becoming it would be to enter into what was called a compact between the church and state--viz41 the negotiation of a treaty which was to replace the organic articles4 ,now1 as has been said at the beginning of this memoir1 ,roman ,catholicism aiming necessarily at temporal rule1 the moment seemed so much the more favorable to advance in that undertaking1 as the government seemed to give its consent so easily thereunto4 ,the law of free education already existed4 ,the emperor appeared unwilling to make use of the prohibitions of the organic law regulating public worship and of the law concerning religious congregations of men2 consequently1 provincial councils were quickly organized and congregations were multiplied4 ,the design of gaining possession almost entirely of primary education was avowed by bringing the influence of the curs to bear on the various municipal offices1 and1 by forcing the ,christian ,brothers to refuse to receive from their rich pupils any compensation whatever for attending their schools1 which had been built and were supported by the municipality3 in this way the ,brothers received from the state a compensation of #c1jjj1jjj1 at the expense of the lay schools4 ,the famous decree of #aheb was then proposed to the emperor1 but without explaining its import4 ,this destroyed the ancient and wise legislation of the council of state1 and allowed the almost unlimited extension of authorizations to establish congregations of women4 ,in spite of the lively opposition of the majority of the bishops and of the secular clergy1 the ,roman liturgy was then inaugurated and presented to the emperor as a simple matter of material unity in ,catholic worship2 care was taken not to avow that this was a deadly blow against the customs and constitution of the ,gallican ,church1 the triumph of ,romanism in ,france1 and a tax of more than six millions on the manufactures and municipalities of the ,empire4 ,all this was necessary in order to obtain a brief from the ,pope in #aheh obliging the clergy to recite in its liturgy the prayer ,domine salvum1 which had been excluded from the ,roman ,breviary4 ,whilst1 on the one hand1 the clergy sought to gain possession of the people through the medium of primary education1 which was solicited for the religious congregations by all the charitable confraternities 7of ,s4 ,vincent of ,paul1 of ,s4 ,francis ,regis1 of ,s4 ,francis ,xavier1 etc41 etc471 through a multitude of foundations of religious charity1 on the other it strove also to enlist in its favor the children of the higher and middle classes of society through the numerous and immense educational institutions of a superior character1 founded either by the bishops or by the religious orders of ,jesuits1 ,carmelites1 ,marists1 ,dominicans1 etc4 ,thus the law of #ahej1 hostile to all state education1 brought forth its fruits4 ,as to the education of girls1 it was and it is almost exclusively in the hands of religious1 from the country infant schools and protectories up to the most splendid educational establishments of ,paris2 on this point it is impossible for the lay element to contend with the religious element1 which1 either really or apparently1 will always present far better guarantees to families for morality and self-devotion4 ,but the point worthy of consideration here is that this convent education1 directed by the inspiration and opinions of the clergy1 is not at all in sympathy either with the existing government or with public opinion4 ,this is the reason why the episcopate and ,rome have always resisted any inspection on the part of the state into their institutions1 except a purely nominal one1 alleging that these religious congregations could submit only to ecclesiastical inspection4 ,in the regulations made in #aheb too much was yielded on that point4 ,it can be affirmed with truth to-day that there is no class of society which is not to a greater or less degree entangled in the meshes so admirably laid by the congregations and associations called benevolent or charitable4 ,they gain entrance even into the army1 under the pretext of giving gratuitous instruction and spiritual conferences2 they gather together working-men of every condition2 they establish a kind of freemasonry1 and of equality amongst citizens of every rank2 through their trusty friends and adherents they are represented in all the branches of the government2 they have possession of the child and of the man in his prime of life1 of the poor and of the rich2 they are everywhere4 ,this enormous fact becomes a most convincing proof1 if we consider the exact meaning of the name of these congregations1 associations1 and works of every kind1 and of the end each of them proposes to obtain4 ,it is almost certain that1 directly or indirectly1 the ,catholic idea permeates them all2 and as the direction of that ,catholic idea belongs more than ever to ,rome1 the conclusion is natural that all these means of action so skilfully organized form a kind of secret government1 the helm of which is in the hand of the ,roman cardinals1 prefects of the congregations4 ,the present religious agitation proves the truth of this assertion4 ,the society of ,s4 ,vincent of ,paul has thought and acted exactly in the same way as the convents1 seminaries1 and religious orders2 from one end of the scale to the other there is but one opinion1 and the pamphlet of ,m4 de ,segur can be found in the salon of the nuncio as well as in the workshop--yes1 even on the bench of the lowest primary school4 ,but it was not enough to have thus securely encircled lay society with so many arms employed for the benefit of the religious element4 ,it was necessary to be certain that these arms would always be used conformably to the end in view--viz41 the ,roman ,catholic supremacy4 ,the bishops and secular clergy might perhaps grow restless under this ultramontane domination2 they might perhaps1 although desiring the development of religion and of their own personal condition1 either moderate a too quick movement towards1 or1 for the sake of their own independence1 even oppose themselves to the absorption meditated at ,rome4 ,therefore1 the effort was made1 especially since the beginning of #aheb1 to crush out even a show of resistance from the bishops and secular clergy2 and the ,univers1 the avowed organ of the ,holy ,see1 whilst praising the emperor and attacking violently the parliamentary or liberal ,catholic party 7de ,falloux1 de ,montalembert1 ,lacordaire1 etc471 undertook to establish a system of ecclesiastical compression1 which in the end triumphed4 ,m4 ,veuillot became the lay pope of the ,french2 with as much audacity as talent1 he set forth the doctrines of the spiritual and temporal supremacy of the ,holy ,see2 he thundered against the schism of the ,gallican ,church1 and against any compact which bound the priest to the state4 ,and at the same time the ,papal nuncios in ,france surrounded the bishops with an almost intolerable servitude4 ,near each of them they had devoted ecclesiastics1 who spied into and denounced their actions4 ,any bishop suspected of favoring independence or resistance was the object of those thousands of cunning tricks which ,rome has under its command because of the powers it can either grant or refuse to the episcopate4 ,any priest of some eminence who did not go over to the ultramontane party was made the object of threats and calumnies1 which1 it was said1 would break his episcopal cross4 ,things came to such a point that a ,minister of ,public ,worship1 frightened at the bold and dogmatic tone in which a nuncio pronounced his veto on the episcopal nominees1 was forced to make an energetic declaration concerning the rights of the emperor1 and to tell that nuncio to bear it in mind4 ,at the same time1 also1 ,rome endeavored to render the episcopate subservient to itself by interfering in the administration of dioceses by granting the inferior clergy the right of addressing the prefects of the apostolic congregations on all matters which concerned conscience1 liturgy1 or dispensations4 ,so that the bishops1 humiliated1 and with their jurisdiction lessened1 had no other resource left them to recover their authority than to show themselves ultramontanes1 and so gain the good graces of the ,holy ,see4 ,provincial councils1 wherein zealous men domineered1 only served to consummate that ruin of our ancient church and of all opinions which still bound the ,french clergy to their native land4 ,more yet was wanted4 ,the better to secure the dependence of the episcopate1 the gradual substitution of the regular for the secular clergy was dreamt of4 ,this was the reason why monasteries of religious congregations were multiplied1 under the pretext that there was need of auxiliary priests to help the curs and their assistants4 ,they built churches1 took possession of the pulpits and confessionals1 directed the different confraternities2 they thus set aside and banished the parochial clergy4 ,in a few years1 things going on in this manner1 what would hinder the ,pope from saying to the bishops3 ,you have no further need of seminaries to recruit your clergy2 look at the numerous religious houses1 from which you can take your curs and assistants4 ,and then what would happen8 ,the clergy of ,france would no longer possess any national character whatsoever4 ,it would be exclusively a ,roman army1 under the command of the generals of each congregation4 ,episcopal authority would be completely annihilated1 and the church in ,france would be under the absolute command of the ,pope4 ,in that case1 only the most violent struggles--a veritable civil war--could alone save the concordat and the independence of the state6 ,nay1 even now the ,pope1 abusing the liberty granted1 affects to look on ,france as a province of his ,catholic empire4 ,he freely promulgates the acts and laws of his personal administration1 and rules here1 just as directly as he would at ,ancona or ,perugia1 the affairs of the episcopate and of the church according to the famous ultramontane formula3 ,the clergy of ,france is first ,catholic1 then ,french4 ,nothing better proves the exactness of these views than the study of the causes and the progress of the existing religious agitation about the ,italian question4 ,the greater part of the episcopate cared but little for internal demonstrations2 the ,pope brought the energetic appeal of two encyclical letters to bear upon them4 ,each bishop was harassed1 forced1 menaced in the name of his ,catholic conscience1 in the name of his obligation of obedience to the ,pontiff4 ,three months were required to wring from each and all the wished-for pastoral letter4 ,and what do the leaders of the ultramontane party say to-day8 ,the ,french ,church has spoken1 cries the ,bishop of ,poitiers2 she is unanimous4 ,yes1 by dint of the most violent siege4 ,it began by bending the episcopate under the imposed doctrine of the infallible superiority of the ,pope4 ,that subjection was accomplished by all the stratagems of the administrative power of ,rome over spiritual matters and diocesan affairs2 and when1 in consequence1 it was certain that there would be no resistance on any question whatsoever1 even were it the political question of the ,romagna1 they boast that the free opinion of the ,catholic world has been given2 they place the ,pope under the protection of the universal church1 which is judged to have spoken and acted freely4 ,this is a strange use of power and of trickery6 ,to recapitulate4 ,rome1 as it never goes out of the path leading to its end1 has wished and wishes to create its own supremacy in ,france1 which has been so long prevented by royalty allied to the ,french clergy4 ,it has found a clergy not attached to the soil and to the state by great interests of wealth and influence4 ,profiting by the situation1 it has wished to reduce the clergy into bondage after a precise fashion by the intrusion of all of the doctrines of the ultramontane church1 and1 to obtain its end1 has employed all the powers of polemics1 of spiritual administration1 and of the regular clergy4 ,the clergy conquered1 it has marched on to possess itself of all classes of society through the medium of educational institutions1 of confraternities and congregations of every kind1 and has established an organization as vast as it is formidable4 ,henceforth ,rome rules the clergy and the ,church of ,france1 and1 through the clergy and the church1 it means to rule the country4 ,,ii4 ,such is a true picture of the religious situation4 ,however1 if the ,french clergy seem unwilling to oppose any further external resistance to the doctrines1 plots1 and encroachments of ,rome1 it must not be forgotten that very many of its members in conscience are far from approving what they call the excesses of ultramontanism1 because they fear for their own safety and for that of the true religion4 ,a great part of the episcopate realizes the fact that the effort is being made to reduce them to the condition of simple vicars apostolic1 whose jurisdiction could be recalled1 and to suppress the proprium jus episcopm4 ,they foresee that the nation will never go back on the civil and political progress made in order to place itself under any theocracy whatsoever4 ,consequently1 they are not convinced of the strength of the proposed ultramontane arrangement1 which may be set forth in these terms3 ,be no longer a ,french episcopate2 acknowledge your absolute dependence on the ,pope2 and1 in recompense1 we will have all together the religious government of ,france4 ,such a plan would expose religion to many and inevitable conflicts1 in which it would be either swallowed up by worldly views1 or would be gravely compromised4 ,as a rule1 we may also add that the clergy has no idea of separating itself from the emperor1 who is the highest guarantee of social order1 and whose religious loyalty it well knows4 ,finally1 to sum up all1 it clearly sees that it must live and die in the bosom of ,france1 where it was born2 and that1 if it does not enjoy the advantages it did in times past1 it yet receives from the state whatever constitutes its sphere of activity1 its security1 and its existence4 ,for the national clergy to quarrel angrily and irrevocably with the emperor and with the nation is a thing easier said than done1 the more so as it hates the religious orders1 and has no other support whatsoever for its own independence except the laws and good-will of the government4 ,it sees only too well what would become of it if the government1 judging it irrevocably hostile1 should all at once suppress all sympathy towards it1 should cut off from it all sources of liberality and of toleration1 and should brand it before the country as alien to the national feelings and blindly obedient to ultramontane passions4 ,here is the key-note to the disagreements which now exist amongst the clergy4 ,the dispute and the declaration of #afhb are buried in the past4 ,the controversy is not a theological one at all4 ,it is exclusively one of our own day1 exclusively political1 exclusively social2 and1 if the ultra-montanists of to-day are the same as those of past times1 the present ,gallicans are by no means like those of the time of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,we must live either in our own age or the life of the middle ages2 we must be either ,french or ,roman4 ,such is the true state of the question4 ,under such circumstances1 what is to be done8 ,must we1 by abruptly changing our whole system of government1 expel the religious congregations of men1 modify the law concerning education1 apply all the organic articles1 and reach such a point that the law1 fully carried out1 will look very much like persecution8 ,no2 for then the sincerity of the sovereign might be called into question on account of his passing so quickly from a generous and affectionate protection to all the rigors of prohibition2 it would inflict a deep wound on the entire clergy and on a vast multitude of honorable ,catholics2 it would give rise to the suspicion that1 in spite of all to the contrary1 a return was being made to ,voltairian prejudices2 and perhaps it would necessitate a defence against an anti-religious reaction which would consider all its excesses justifiable4 ,the measures to be taken ought not to surpass the limits of the abuses to be suppressed1 and to be carried out in behalf of the respect due to the supreme power1 for the welfare of public tranquillity and of religion well understood4 ,besides1 it is well known that public opinion acts as a kind of police over the faults of the clergy4 ,as often as the clergy departs from its true sphere of action and strives to encroach upon the powers and independence of society1 it creates a circle of resistance and opposition which subdues it4 ,to-day men are frightened at what they think are the outbursts of revolutionary passion1 but which in reality are only the energetic manifestation of public opinion rebelling against the wishes of those in favor of theocracy4 ,preserve the uprightness of the religious sentiment of the nation2 use no violence2 borrow from our public law what is necessary to put a stop to insupportable encroachments2 in this way separate the course of religion as sincerely practiced from the arrogance and calculations of the ,roman propaganda--such1 ,i think1 is a course of action well adapted to the necessities of the hour1 and will obtain the approbation of the country4 ,taking these general notions for a basis1 perhaps the following measures would be most opportune3 #ast4 ,except in cases of local necessity1 which is to be well proven1 to tolerate no other new establishment of religious communities of men1 whether it be a question of conventual houses1 churches1 chapels1 even under the pretext that they are to act as auxiliaries in the sacred ministry1 or whether it be a question of institutions for public instruction and works of public charity4 ,the hospitality so generously granted by the emperor to communities of men1 although prohibited by law1 will1 in this way1 remain inviolate4 ,you are numerous enough1 and ,france has not been given to you to drain2 this is a sensible answer1 which cannot incur the reproach of exclusion4 ,besides1 why will not those who force themselves into the religious communities enter and recruit the ranks of the secular clergy1 the parochial clergy8 ,where is the necessity of increasing the regular clergy which belongs to the ,roman government8 ,there are at present in ,france #fh associations or congregations of men1 #ai only of which are authorized as teaching and charitable communities4 ,they have under their charge #c1jhh institutions or schools1 they number #ad1cjd religious and have #cei1iec pupils4 #b;d4 ,henceforth exercise the greatest severity in granting permission for the establishment of congregations of women1 only granting the same when the actual undeniable necessity of public charity or primary education requires it2 demand certain proofs that they have sufficient resources for their support2 do not easily grant permission for the conversion of local communities into communities subject to a superioress-general1 which inundate ,france with their annexed establishments4 ,true it is that de facto congregations cannot be stopped2 but1 as they are not recognized by law1 they know that every one of their members remains subject to the common law2 and the de facto congregation1 which collectively has no civil existence1 can therefore neither receive gifts nor legacies1 neither can it act as a corporation4 ,at present there are in ,france #bcf communities of woman subject to superioresses-general1 which have1 besides the #bcf principal foundations1 #b1jff secondary or annexed establishments2 and about #gjj congregations or communities under local superioresses 7each of these last forms a distinct establishment1 governed by its own superioress1 and independent of the establishments of the same religious order established elsewhere72 to which we must add about #bej religious associations of women not yet recognized1 but existing de facto4 #c;d4 ,as to what concerns the authorized communities of men or women1 let the council of state exercise the greatest severity in the matter of gifts1 legacies1 and charitable donations it permits them to receive4 ,here we must consider not only the condition and protests of families demanding a reduction of such donations1 but we must also examine into the necessities of the community so rewarded4 ,there is no reason why we should procure for them the means of a useless or abusive extension1 by authorizing them to receive what is necessary to defray expenses they ought never to have incurred4 ,communities once established will remain what they are1 if the fruitful source of liberality which they provoke and seek for be wanting to stimulate the natural tendency of these communities to extend themselves indefinitely4 ,the spirit of rivalry which exists amongst them1 the lust of propagation and of power1 all drive them on towards an incessant development4 ,once entered on this path1 they must have money1 and they put their wits to work to find out and appeal for help1 for donations1 and for alms4 ,if the regulations concerning such gifts and legacies were more severe1 if the principle were established that such liberality1 which is only an encouragement to the extension of expenses and of establishments1 would no longer be tolerated1 an abrupt stop would be put to the excess of which we to-day complain4 ,it must be confessed that these congregations1 authorized or non-authorized1 have always the means of evading the law and of receiving gifts secretly4 ,this cannot be prevented when the affair is conducted cunningly1 and the congregations are not without skilful counsellors or numerous adherents ready to aid them in everything4 ,but even in this case1 the amount of these evasions or of manual gifts which deprive families of the livelihood obtained for them by their author is easily appreciable4 ,whence1 for example1 have the immense resources of the religious orders1 vowed to poverty1 proceeded1 which they must have consecrated to their numerous and vast establishments8 ,the real estate of the ,jesuits surpasses twenty millions4 ,how did they buy or build them8 ,certainly from private donations4 ,now1 this being a fact1 does it not follow that there is an obligation on the state not to tolerate any new establishments1 which would necessitate new appeals to private charity1 and the certainty that by such a prohibition it would act wisely8 #dth4 ,maintain1 as far as possible1 without destroying the liberty of choice in the municipal councils1 lay primary education4 ,if1 through the intelligence and firmness of the prefects1 a stop be not put to the incessant plottings of the clergy1 forcing the townships to entrust their schools to the ,christian ,brothers1 there will be soon no lay teachers1 except in such poverty-stricken localities as the brothers disdain to take4 ,here we must remark that an effort is being made to multiply congregations of so called ,little ,brothers1 who install themselves in isolated country places1 whilst the ,christian ,brothers can only form an establishment in which three brothers will be in the same school4 ,townships not having resources and population sufficient to receive the ,christian ,brothers will then be attended to by these ,little ,brothers1 called after ,lamennais1 ,s4 ,viator1 ,tinchebray1 etc41 and so it will come to pass that lay teachers will be entirely suppressed4 ,as these teachers to-day1 modest and useful public officers1 are devoted to the emperor1 and render notable service in the rural districts1 considering that universal suffrage is the law of the land1 we would be very much weakened if all primary instruction passed into the hands of congregations which depend more on ,rome than on ,france4 ,nay1 more1 it would be wise henceforth not to recognize as places of public utility any congregation of men for primary education4 ,there are at present in ,france #di1fci lay schools for boys and girls1 attended by #b1daj1eag children2 and #ad1fjb conventual schools1 attended by #a1cdb1efd4 ,moreover1 we must remark that in the academies of young girls directed by congregations1 in the free primary schools entrusted to them1 as well as in the secondary schools wherein their influence reigns1 we meet histories compiled to glorify monarchies of divine right1 to exalt religious supremacy1 to lower indirectly the civil and political principles acquired since #aghi4 ,truly these establishments1 so numerous1 are1 to a greater or less degree1 real branches of the legitimist and ,catholic party4 ,on the contrary1 it is in our imperial lyceums1 in our municipal colleges1 in our lay schools1 that we find a more robust and popular instruction given1 which fosters the national sentiments in the hearts of the children4 ,where is it that you hear the cry cordially given1 ,vive l',empereur8 ,certainly not in the congregational establishments4 #eth4 ,uphold with energy state education1 because it is the true national education2 place its institutions1 by a sufficient budget1 in a condition to enlarge their capacity1 to perfect their staff and their means of instruction--this is the key to the events of the future4 ,the ,catholic legitimist party understood this only too well in demanding under ,louis ,philippe1 with so much ardor1 liberty of education1 monopolized by the university1 and in #ahej1 under the presidency1 in having the law on public instruction passed4 ,later1 under the dictatorship1 it had the hardihood to dream of the total abolition of state education1 in order to hand it over to the clergy and to the congregations2 but the emperor1 fully instructed on the intent of such a measure1 refused his consent4 ,but it remains a fact1 however1 that1 thanks to the law of #ahej1 granting to every ,french citizen liberty to teach1 the ,catholic legitimist party has been enabled to perpetuate in the young generations that division of castes and of ideas which would have disappeared under the system of a united university education4 ,it has been enabled1 through the pupils brought up in congregational houses1 to give continued existence to its own social and political doctrines4 ,this is a great evil1 no doubt2 but1 great as it is1 it is impossible to think of suppressing the law which guarantees the liberty of the family4 ,that would necessitate an immense struggle1 a bloody one1 and one contrary to justice4 ,there remains1 then1 but this one escape1 as equitable as it is prudent2 everything concurs in it3 let us strengthen and favor state education1 which fits one for any career in life1 which is the most solid and most patriotic1 whilst1 at the same time1 let it be made religious1 moral1 and paternal4 #fth4 ,as far as it can be done without forcing things too far1 let us put in execution the organic regulations1 which place salutary checks on the encroachments of the ,papal power over the clergy and the state2 in other words1 let us tolerate no new attack against our civil legislation and our political constitution1 whether in writings or in the pulpit4 ,place the office of the nuncio in ,france under the same regulations as any other embassador of a friendly power1 and do not allow him to correspond at all1 in the ,pope's name1 with the ,french bishops1 nor allow him to perform any act of jurisdiction1 nor allow him to have the least say in the choice of bishops4 ,with a firm hand prevent any act of the court of ,rome from either being received1 published1 or distributed in ,france without the authorization of the government4 ,choose resolutely the bishops from pious and honorable ecclesiastics1 but such as are known for their sincere attachment to the emperor1 and to the institutions of ,france4 ,suppress all religious journals1 the need of which no one dreamt of before the invasion and agitations of the ultramontane party4 ,the clergy has its discipline1 its bishops1 its priests1 its pulpits1 its mandates1 its pastoral letters1 and a complete government4 ,there is no necessity at all of adding the polemics of the press to the ordinary means of publicity for this ecclesiastical government4 ,besides1 the whole of that press has always been the instrument for spreading the doctrines and designs of the ,roman theocracy1 or parliamentary ,catholicism4 ,to-day it supplies the most energetic nutriment towards a religious agitation4 ,suppress this focus of excitement1 which is spreading into every presbytery1 and the clergy will remain quiet4 ,the ,univers has upset the heads of all the younger clergy by preaching religious supremacy1 and the harm done by it will not be effaced for many a long year4 ,to impose the protection of the church on the state2 to sap all civil and political liberties2 to undermine all lay institutions2 to attack incessantly every ,european alliance1 except that with ,austria and the ,catholic states1 thus to introduce1 above everything else1 and everywhere1 the influence1 the ideas1 and the power of ,rome--such is the work of religious journals supported by the legitimist party4 ,encourage1 finally1 the public study of the ancient ,french liberties1 and profess everywhere and with spirit the conservative principles of the independence of the state alongside of that of the ,papacy4 #gth4 ,moreover1 persevere in a course of loyal protection for the true interests of religion and of deference towards the clergy4 ,nothing would be wiser1 and1 at the same time1 nothing more just1 than to increase the honor paid to the inferior clergy1 who in almost the whole of ,france experience the direst privations4 ,in this way they would be attached to the government4 ,if the episcopate1 through weakness or any other motive1 abandoned the emperor1 he would be compelled to conciliate the inferior clergy1 who ask nothing better than to have a little more ecclesiastical independence1 and who sometimes suffer from episcopal despotism4 ,at all events1 it is of great importance that the religious part of the nation be amazed at the noise occasioned by these ,roman quarrels1 or remain indifferent concerning them1 seeing the national worship always tranquil1 protected1 and honored4 ,for this reason it is very useful that the grants of the budget be increased towards the construction and repairing of churches1 presbyteries1 and diocesan buildings4 #hth4 ,finally1 perhaps it would be opportune for the government to turn its attention to those large lay associations1 such as those of ,s4 ,vincent of ,paul1 of ,s4 ,francis ,xavier1 etc41 which1 by their administration and the nature of their works1 are really in the hands of the clergy and of the legitimist party4 ,the conferences of ,s4 ,vincent of ,paul to-day are more than nine hundred in number2 they penetrate every rank of society1 and even into the lyceums and colleges1 where they affiliate even the children under the title of aspirants4 ,they are connected to a principal conference in each department of the country2 they are governed by a general council of that society1 which has presented to the ,holy ,father at ,rome a report on the general condition of the ,french conferences4 ,it is a formidable association1 which1 as it has at its disposal so many members and such resources1 forms1 as it were1 a secret and complete government4 ,our laws do not at all admit the independent organization of such associations4 ,recognizing the charitable and ,christian end of the ,society of ,s4 ,vincent of ,paul1 the benefits which undoubtedly are to be attributed to it1 the excellent spirit of many of its members1 it is impossible not to perceive the intentions of the men who have the privilege and inspiration of its government2 it is impossible1 also1 not to grow uneasy at the existence of so vast and so skilful an organization1 through which thousands of citizens can receive such or such an impulse1 or such or such a word of command4 ,disinterested benevolence can easily pass to such a society of propagandists2 and charitable societies1 in order to exist and to do good1 have no need of going beyond their own district1 nor of affecting a spirit of affiliation and of a cemented union1 which up to the present time has only existed in secret revolutionary societies4 ,is it not to be feared that they will in some sort replace the ancient ,catholic associations of the ,restoration1 which were then named ,jesuits in short-tailed coats1 or the ,congregation8 ,there can be no doubt at all that there is no one who now enters these societies solely for love of charity or to satisfy his taste for religious exercises2 they are so numerous1 so well filled up from all ranks of society1 that a powerful1 compact interest is thereby established which offers inducements for the welfare of families and for any career in life4 ,the ,society of ,s4 ,vincent of ,paul1 which1 as we have seen1 initiates the children in our lyceums and colleges1 has entered into the polytechnic school and into every branch of the civil administration4 ,it is developing in the army1 in the magistracy1 at the bar2 everywhere1 in fine1 it manifests its secret influence1 and unites all its members by the bonds of mutual support4 ,to be a member of the ,society of ,s4 ,vincent of ,paul to-day is not merely to make an act of religious adhesion2 it is to enter into a secret world1 strongly organized1 acting on all sides upon the opinions and the affairs of society2 it is to gain active and influential protectors1 and to secure for one's self all the avenues leading to success in the different chances or walks of life4 ,the democrats would have desired to establish a republican unity of interests4 ,the clerics and ultramontanes1 allied to the legitimists1 have established the mutual support of the ,s4 ,vincent of ,paul ,society4 ,what an immense lever this could become in hostile hands to move political ideas6 ,yes1 we must repeat1 the power of these associations is such that men enter them for purely temporal motives4 ,they influence the determinations of families more than one dreams of2 and it is a very strange spectacle to see a considerable number of our civil officers enrolled under their banners1 whilst their children1 avoiding the state institutions1 receive their instruction from the ,jesuits1 the ,carmelites1 the ,marists1 the ,dominicans4 ,this memoir has been composed in a spirit of pure frankness and truth4 ,we have wished to dissemble nothing4 ,yet if the matters treated of in this memoir be serious1 we know full well that they do not constitute a fatal danger for the country4 ,we can face them coolly4 ,the material and moral power of the government of the emperor is immense4 ,the majority in ,france cares very little for clerical pretensions1 and will never bow before the theocratical doctrines of ,rome nor before the intrigues and lamentations of the coalesced political parties4 ,the country has too much trust in the national interests1 and too great faith in the principles of modern society1 not to crush1 by the very manifestation of its opinions1 all this laborious restoration of men and of the theories of the past4 ,but as these are elements of agitation and disorder1 it is the duty of a provident government to watch attentively4 ,prudence begets safety4 ,,grace ,,seymour',s ,,mission4 ,,concluded4 ,september was painting the leaves in the wooded valleys of ,gloucestershire1 and the fields were just bared of their golden crowns4 ,a noble mansion1 where generations of ,howards had reigned1 was waiting for its little lord to come from beyond the seas4 ,in old days1 the ,howards had been among the truest and bravest of the champions of the old faith2 even now their head branches had not thrown off their allegiance to the church1 but the glory of the martyr had paled before the renown of the statesman and the fame of the soldier1 in the eyes of at least this offshoot of the great ,catholic house4 ,since the reign of ,james ,i41 these ,gloucestershire squires had been the main stay of the ,low-,church party1 and the family tradition had remained the same to the days of ,elizabeth ,howard1 little ,george's mother4 ,one bright day a rather awkward travelling-carriage drove up to the oaken door of ,howard ,hall1 and ,george ,charteris1 with his little cousin1 dashed up the steps4 ,grace and her father followed2 they were but visitors1 with no authority and no influence4 ,only one day did they remain there1 the young lawyer escorting them back to ,london2 the child was left to the care of the elder ,charteris and his family4 ,the young man had not let time pass without making good use of it1 and he had already been once refused by the beautiful girl1 whose influence over him seemed so strange and unaccountable to himself4 ,her father had said he was well satisfied at his child's conduct1 as she was not one to speak hastily and then repent her words2 but ,george ,charteris did not give up all hope4 ,grace and ,mr4 ,seymour lived very quietly1 even poorly2 the guardian of their little ,george allowed them a scanty sum out of the estate1 on his own responsibility1 and on the condition that it should be subject to the child's good pleasure when he should have attained his majority4 ,mr4 ,seymour had serious thoughts of going abroad to study for the priesthood1 and ,grace's peculiar religious state had suffered no alteration since her departure from ,america4 ,among the new convert's self-imposed tasks of charity was a weekly visit to one poor family1 whose drunken son was their shame and endless burden4 ,dependent upon him for a precarious living1 his old parents1 both crippled by an accident on a farm where years ago they had been employed1 lodged in a miserable den1 which1 through a large-heartedness that is oftener seen among the poor than the rich1 they had shared with two sickly orphan children1 the only ones left of a family of seven1 carried off with father and mother by the small-pox4 ,whatever the drunken man brought home was shared with these desolate little ones2 whatever was given in charity was brought to feed them and keep in them the little life they had ever had4 ,four more helpless beings perhaps hardly existed1 and all dependent upon one whose conscience was dead1 and whose animal nature hideously survived the paralyzation of his soul's organism4 ,mr4 ,seymour and his daughter came upon them by the merest chance1 and ever after remained to them the firmest friends1 the most gentle benefactors1 they had ever dared to dream of4 ,but the zealous convert was anxious to do a greater good than the mere corporal works of mercy implied by his visits to these forlorn creatures4 ,in moments when his demon was not on him1 the unhappy son of these poor people sometimes listened to ,mr4 ,seymour's earnest appeals to his buried conscience4 ,with good results for a few hours the poor family had at first to be satisfied2 then1 as they hoped their infatuated son would gradually reward the efforts of his kind adviser1 he would suddenly grow more brutish than before1 and more irreclaimable4 ,his companions would jeer at the gentleman missioner1 in those days when gentlemen were the worst preachers because the worst violators of temperance2 and the old people would sometimes tremblingly speak to their benefactor of danger and of trouble to come1 if he persisted too openly in his religious and moral advice4 ,but the zeal that burnt within ,edward ,seymour was no faint light to be extinguished by the first tainted breath of danger-fraught opposition2 bravely he spoke and advised and remonstrated1 waiting only for a few preliminaries to be arranged1 in order to leave for a quiet scene1 where in prayer and study he was to prepare himself for tasks as dangerous and as thankless as were his present occupations4 ,meanwhile1 his daughter1 the domestic angel of his silent1 shrine-like home1 thought and read and pondered deeply1 her love for her one companion in life bringing to her heart a longing desire to be at unity with him1 to be a sister and a sharer in his faith1 and1 above all1 a partaker in his sacrifice4 ,for she could not bear to see him suffer in earthly comforts1 and not feel that she1 too1 bore a part of his burden2 she longed to believe as he did1 if only to suffer as he did2 for as long as she stood aloof from his inner life1 she felt1 after all1 but as one who should watch sympathizingly on the shore while another human being was battling with the crested1 storm-tossed waves beyond4 ,once or twice1 with her father1 ,grace had gone to a quiet service in a lowly house1 where a priest made a temporary chapel whenever he could spend a few days in town4 ,his coming was a joy to a faithful knot of friends1 and before his impromptu altar many ranks and stations in life were represented1 from the brilliant owner of lordly estates to the poor ,irish artisan and the old women who reigned1 then as now1 over the ,london apple-stalls4 ,among the silent1 earnest worshippers of this tabernacle in the desert was one whose thoughts had been singularly attracted towards ,grace4 ,he saw her sit by her father's side1 grave and attentive1 a sad1 wistful look on her pale face1 never joining in the simple devotions which evidently were so familiar to her companion1 but often fixing her hopeless1 passionate gaze upon his faith-illumined features4 ,sometimes ,grace would suddenly feel1 like to the rush of a falling star through the purple sky of night1 a glimmering perception of at least a possibility of truth existing in this persecuted religion4 ,perhaps the very persecution roused her pity and her sympathy1 and held within itself a fascination uneasily resisted by a noble mind4 ,had the faith of her father been presented to her under its gorgeous exterior of uncurtailed ritual and acknowledged supremacy1 her heart might have turned away from the glittering triumph2 but now1 were the followers of this condemned ,catholic faith not exiles and wanderers1 threatened with prisons and fines1 hunted down by prejudice and malignity1 oppressed with the worst oppression--social and political ostracism8 ,how could her heart help going out towards them1 and crying blindly in the darkness that it felt for them and pitied their woes and admired their self-sacrifice8 ,the day we have alluded to was one of those on which such awakenings were stirring in her soul1 and the fight between the world and ,god was beginning for the holding of this stray prize1 whose purchase had been made1 centuries ago1 upon the cross of ,calvary4 ,the good priest1 who knew of her state through his conversations with her father1 took care to infuse a little wholesome and clearly-defined doctrine into the short discourse he gave after ,mass4 ,it was not without its effect1 and ,grace's eager1 thoughtful air did not escape the notice of her silent observer1 who was not long in persuading the pastor to make him acquainted with ,mr4 ,seymour and his daughter4 ,he was a young1 tall1 athletic man1 a thorough ,saxon1 with blue eyes that were truth itself1 and a lion-like form that seemed the very embodiment of unconquerable endurance and indomitable bravery4 ,one thought instinctively1 on looking at him1 of the word standard-bearer1 as if that1 and that alone1 were a description meet for him1 moral and physical in one2 the only adequate word wherewith to blazon forth his glorious perfection of man and child combined4 ,as reverent towards ,god1 as loyal towards women1 as though he were of those who always see the ,father's face1 he was as uncompromising1 as frank1 as firm towards the world of daily shoals in whose treacherous midst he lived as if temptation were a mythic fear1 and the possibility of sin a sealed book to his heart4 ,the child of persecution1 the royal offspring of danger that could not appall and repression that could not crush1 ,edmund ,oakhurst was like the mountain-bred hunter who1 reared amid the sterile crags of unscalable ,alps and sea-girt coasts1 leaps from rock to rock1 regardless of chasm and torrent1 and angry tides rolling over the stone where a moment ago his venturesome but ever-sure foot had lightly rested4 ,the eagles might scream round his head1 the sea roar at his feet1 the sky darken and the frail bark toss1 he cared little1 for a brave heart and a bold hand1 with ,god for a guide--are they not equal to resisting the world's treacherous assaults8 ,such is a slight sketch of the young man who now stood before ,grace1 bashful yet bold1 and looked up into her eyes with such wondering questions mutely brightening his own4 ,her father was pleased with the stranger1 and together they soon fell into a conversation on the position of the faith in ,america1 and of the contrast between its present state and that of triumphant supremacy it had enjoyed in that hemisphere when ,spain was the queen of nations4 ,the young man went home with ,mr4 ,seymour1 and it was evening ere they parted4 ,grace was silently entranced4 ,the faith that had such children as that1 and could draw to itself such an one as her father1 must it not have some unsuspected vitality which could be none other than truth8 ,often and often their new friend came again1 and each time he came the young girl felt a solemn enthusiasm for all things great and noble distil from his every word and glance1 and wrap her round in a bewildered dream1 the voice of which seemed to sing for ever in her ears1 ,go and do thou likewise4 ,lights broke in upon her from unexpected places2 books she had laid down in hopeless reverence1 deploring that to her their spiritual beauty was incomprehensible1 yet sure that their beauty of language must be the veil of the hidden shrine1 she now took up again1 and1 reading1 began to understand4 ,her father1 whose labors among the poor ,edmund ,oakhurst now joined1 was too silently happy to notice1 save by gentle1 unobtrusive aid1 the renovating work going on in his child's soul1 and seemed to brighten under this new and blessed influence4 ,soon his daughter spoke openly to him1 and1 not many months after the quiet meeting at the chapel1 she was under instruction4 ,he delayed his already formed plans1 to be at her side at this moment1 and1 together as ever1 the two prayed and read and studied1 till life seemed to ,grace too full and happy for earth4 ,george ,charteris had ceased visiting his relations much1 especially after having once or twice met ,edmund ,oakhurst4 ,the contact with his accustomed circle of by no means very intellectual or very sensitive friends had soon worn off the interest his better nature had once taken in the thoughtful1 earnest life of the convert and his daughter4 ,he1 however1 very good-naturedly continued to write to them1 giving accounts of little ,george's health and general goings-on4 ,one night ,edward ,seymour and his young friend sat alone by the dying fire1 while the cold drizzle without veiled the window1 and the damp seemed to soak in through every chink and cranny in the poorly furnished room4 ,both men wore their great-coats1 but they hardly seemed to notice the cold4 ,it is nearly eighteen months now since we came1 said ,mr4 ,seymour1 and ,i am not off to ,france yet4 ,however1 in less than a month that last step will be taken1 and ,i shall be at peace4 ,and the favor ,i have asked you will be mine--so you assure me1 hesitatingly answered ,oakhurst4 ,i only bid you try yourself1 and see if ,i am not right1 said his friend4 ,nothing would make me happier2 and as to her1 ,i have already told you that she believes it was through your influence that ,god made the truth plain to her4 ,but if she should think that ,i take her at a disadvantage2 or if she should marry me because1 being unprotected1 she would be grateful for a home--or rather1 a husband1 for the home is hers--or1 worse than all1 suppose she thought ,i was so poor as to need the little she has to give8 ,my dear boy1 these are groundless fears4 ,she thinks of nothing but of ,god and of his leadings in these matters2 she never has looked at things from her childhood up with the world's eyes1 and ,i think the mere idea of the possibility of a man's marrying for money would be to her absolutely monstrous and ridiculous4 ,remember how quiet and lonely her life at home always was1 and say if she could be so worldly-wise8 ,it is true4 ,after all1 ,i wrong her2 it is unworthy of me to dream of such things2 only ,i feel so utterly beneath her in mind and soul1 so simple in the deep things she hides in her heart1 so unlearned in the marvellous paths through which she has been led4 ,my son1 said ,seymour gravely1 do not wrong yourself4 ,i never dreamed that ,i was worthy of her mother1 but ,i knew that1 all unworthy as ,i was1 ,god had chosen me for her guardian2 so it is now with you1 for she is her mother over again4 ,but whenever was a treasure given to the worthy only8 ,think you ,mary was worthy of being the mother of ,jesus1 or ,joseph of being the spouse of ,mary8 ,are any of us worthy of being sons of ,god and heirs of heaven8 ,above all1 am ,i worthy to be a priest of the ,most ,high8 ,but the question lies not there2 it lies in ,god's will1 ,god's decrees1 ,god's call to us1 his children4 ,is the slave worthy to bear the priceless crown1 whose gems flash in his dark hands1 in some eastern procession8 ,but the king has deputed him to bear it1 and his obedience stands for worthiness4 ,mr4 ,seymour1 said the young man earnestly1 you are right1 and1 if it be my blessed lot to be your child's guardian1 ,god will give me grace to find favor in her sight first1 and never betray her trust in me for ever after4 ,i will ask her4 ,he did ask her a few days later1 in simple1 manly phrase1 and she answered him in silence4 ,her heart was too full for speech1 and he loved her too well to dispute her first1 though unspoken1 behest4 ,but after a few moments1 she knelt down1 and hand-in-hand they prayed1 without telling each other why and for what1 and yet each seemed to know4 ,in the evening of the same day ,mr4 ,seymour and his friend were to go to the cottage of a poor family1 where sometimes a little1 informal meeting used to take place--a forerunner of the crowded temperance gatherings our more fortunate age can boast4 ,once more the father and daughter stood close together1 waiting for ,edmund ,oakhurst4 ,the pale moon looked in at the narrow casement1 the street was slippery with recent rain1 and the wind was damp and cold4 ,within burned one low candle on the table before the fireplace1 where the coals were blackening into ashes1 and every now and then throwing out a tongue of dim1 red flame1 only to make the black emptiness more noticeable4 ,i will have the fire all right when you come back1 darling1 said ,grace1 and some hot wine and water ready for you4 ,mind you keep that cloak well about you4 ,o my love6 ,i cannot bear to think we have so few days before us still6 ,almost a few weeks1 ,grace1 said her father cheerfully4 ,it seems to me as if they were days1 reiterated the girl2 but ,i know it is right4 ,my mother would say so1 if she could speak to us from her home in the spirit-land4 ,kiss me1 my father1 my own6 ,there was almost a despairing wail under that quick exclamation4 ,seymour felt strangely moved1 but1 unwilling to weaken his child's fortitude1 he kissed her and soothed her in the most cheerful way he could1 yet tenderly keeping her hands clasped in his4 ,edmund ,oakhurst was not long1 and the two men were soon ready to start4 ,grace took the candle1 and led the way down the dark stairs4 ,she motioned her lover to go out first1 and then1 detaining her father1 said in a voice broken by uncontrollable emotion3 ,my own precious father1 bless me before you go4 ,he caught her in his arms1 and laid one hand on her head1 murmuring1 ,god bless you for ever1 my child1 as your father does now4 ,don't give way1 my love1 my little treasure1 and think of me while ,i am gone4 ,we will have a nice evening together when we come home1 my pet4 ,and he gave her a fervent1 solemn kiss1 and pressed her hands to his heart4 ,in silence she let him go1 but a passionate prayer burst from her lips as soon as he had crossed the threshold4 ,she shaded the flickering light with one hand1 while she stepped forth and strained her eyes after him as far as sight could follow4 ,when he disappeared behind a corner1 a sob broke from her1 and she turned wearily to go up the stairs4 ,a cloud scudded across the face of the moon1 and the shrill laugh of a woman sounded clear and cutting down the street4 ,grace went back to the little room1 where the fire was sullenly going to sleep1 waking up now and then in a fretful1 spectre-like glare and a weird rustle1 then leaving utter darkness behind once more4 ,the girl shuddered2 she knew not what ailed her4 ,thoughts came in upon her1 maddening her1 and she paced up and down the small enclosure with rapid1 unsteady steps4 ,she had never felt like this before2 when her mother lay dying1 she had stepped lightly and softly1 her mind clear1 her loving heart calm1 though crushed4 ,what meant this fever1 this horror of something vague1 this dread that made her heart beat as the wind creaked the wooden stairs and shook the ill-fitting casement8 ,a crucifix hung on the wall1 a ,bible lay on the table2 to both she looked for comfort and peace1 but the one seemed alive with ruddy blood-stains1 and the other opened at these words3 ,i said1 ,in the midst of my days ,i shall go to the gates of hell2 ,i sought for the residue of my years4444 ,i hoped till morning2 as a lion so hath he broken all my bones3 from morning even to night thou wilt make an end of me4#bge ,grace closed the book with pale cheeks and scared expression1 and flung herself on her knees before the burnt-out fire4 ,she sank to the ground1 and a kind of mist seemed to dull her senses2 yet it was not sleep4 ,a child awoke in the room overhead1 and began its wailing1 peevish cry2 otherwise the stillness was intense4 ,the moon climbed the sky so that its light went beyond the range of the low window2 the radiance came1 however1 wan and misty1 up from the street4 ,the clock in the passage ticked1 and ,grace found herself unconsciously counting its pulses2 and when she tried to break off1 a spell seemed upon her that compelled her to count on4 ,again she paced the room1 and then1 as if impatient of this unaccountable restlessness1 she began to make things ready for her father's return4 ,this occupied her some time1 and she lingered over the homely task as if in it lay a talisman to shield her against this nameless fear1 this importunate1 impalpable horror1 that seemed to her almost a presence4 ,she said aloud1 to cheat her own belief1 ,i must be ill2 this is fever2 but her mind was pitilessly alive1 and refused this interpretation4 ,she sat down to read2 philosophy would surely drive away the unholy phantom4 ,but the pages grew dim before her eyes1 and1 though unclosed1 those eyes saw nothing of what was before them4 ,twenty times she rose up to look at the passage clock2 the time lagged1 she thought1 as if it dreaded to become the present4 ,the fire burnt brightly again1 and hot wine and water were ready on the table4 ,a few flowers that stood in a common cup on the mantel-piece she took down and laid gracefully in a shallow saucer1 placing it on the table1 in green and scarlet contrast with the white1 transparent flagon1 and the quaint old silver ewer4 ,then she thought1 as if forcing her mind to leave her unnamed dread behind1 of the many vicissitudes this piece of ,howard plate had seen2 of the drinking bouts of old at which it had figured in the days of the reckless cavaliers2 of the medival honors it might have won at jousts and tournaments2 for its date was carved on a small shield up-born by a griffin and a monk1 and went far back into the ,x,vth century4 ,but this speculation was disturbed by sounds of horrid revel in the street1 and ,grace shiveringly met the old horror face to face again4 ,something half human seemed to brood over the place2 the room seemed tenanted1 and1 though brave1 the girl was thoroughly unnerved4 ,she opened the door1 the clock ticked1 and she saw it was growing late4 ,from the impatience of two hours ago she rushed back into a shrinking dread of the lateness of the time1 now it had come4 ,her father was still away--why8 ,had he not looked forward to a quiet evening after his work of charity was done1 and would he not have hurried home1 that she might not have to wait long after the usual hour8 ,the shadowy terror that all the time had obstinately kept his form as a sort of centre round which it could turn and play in fantastic dreams and ever-changing pictures1 crept nearer to her heart now1 and strangled it with a more certain fear1 a more defined vision4 ,then a cold wind seemed to blow all round her1 and she looked up4 ,it was only the open door into the passage that was swinging on its grating hinges1 and letting in a rush of air from the outside4 ,yes2 but whence was the cold air that wrung the frail door8 ,was not that a sound on the stairs8 ,her first impulse was to rush out1 and meet her father2 her second1 a scarcely shaped wish to prolong the yet doubtful present4 ,irresolutely she stood and listened2 there were voices on the stairs--whispers4 ,then a slow tread came lingeringly up1 and through the half-open door she saw ,edmund ,oakhurst4 ,she knew it all now4 ,had he rushed up with maddening speed1 as if human feet were not swift enough for his errand1 she might have hoped4 ,as it was1 she saw it all2 and when he spoke1 she only answered3 ,yes4 ,he stood silent then1 and1 taking her hand1 waited for her to ask him where she must follow him4 ,she passed her other hand over her forehead1 and then pointed to the table1 with a sort of pathetic smile that wrung her lover's heart4 ,he was to have had a nice evening1 he said1 she murmured in a dreary tone4 ,oakhurst hardly knew whether or no to answer4 ,come1 show me1 she said again1 taking her shawl1 and wrapping it round her1 and then1 taking the crucifix from the wall1 she kissed it and passed it to ,edmund4 ,my only father now1 she whispered to herself4 ,they went down the old stairs in silence1 the frightened landlady standing at the door1 trembling like an aspen-leaf4 ,tell me1 said ,grace when they were in the street1 how was it8 ,did he fall8 ,yes1 he fell1 answered he1 hesitating2 she saw it4 ,you can tell me all1 she said dreamily2 he was getting short-sighted2 from study1 you know4 ,did he stumble8 ,or was it something struck him8 ,yes1 he was coming out of the house--standing near the door--it did not hurt him much1 and he was insensible4 ,and was it all over at once8 ,before we could get him to the hospital4 ,was there a doctor8 ,one came1 and accompanied him to the hospital4 ,but he said nothing could be done4 ,did he speak8 ,not once2 but he opened his eyes and looked around1 as if seeking something4 ,i said ',grace1' and then a light came to his eyes1 but otherwise there was no recognition4 ,i hardly think he knew me4 ,i had his blessing before he left me1 thank ,god6 ,silence fell upon them1 and ,grace sobbed softly now and then4 ,she thought of the grave under the elms1 and of the meeting of those two--those to whom she owed her being--and then of her own lonely heart left behind to drag out its weary vigil4 ,her self-possession was returning1 and when she reached the hospital1 it was no wailing1 unconscious maniac whom they led to the couch of the calm sleeper1 but a grave1 silent woman1 wrapped in the majesty of sorrow1 armed with the shield of peace4 ,she stood a few moments steadfastly by the bed1 then dropped on her knees1 and kissed the white1 still hand4 ,a gash had scarred the high1 broad forehead1 but its horror had been obliterated as much as possible1 and she felt no shrinking4 ,her long1 piercing gaze had made her more strangely calm2 a half-smile came to her lips as she thought of the shuddering girl who had stood in formless terror1 trembling at every shadow1 a few hours since2 she could hardly believe that it was herself1 so much had the reality of awful grief sobered in her the wild instincts of dimly perceived danger4 ,the blow had come1 and with it the grace2 the balm had been poured in almost by the same hand that had dealt the wound1 and the burden laid upon her had found more than strength enough whereon to rest and weigh4 ,crushed she might be1 but had not the same silent teacher she gazed upon now been as crushed as she by a widely different yet kindred loss1 and had not his soul risen again from under the flail with ten times more sweetness in its fragrance1 and more strength in its tempered fibre8 ,she turned and whispered to ,edmund4 ,he inclined his head1 and1 speaking authoritatively1 said to the bystanders that the body must be1 at ,miss ,seymour's wish1 carried to her lodgings4 ,she then left1 and he accompanied her home1 promising to return with her father's corpse4 ,in a short time muffled steps and hushed voices were heard1 and the strong man was borne again to the home he had left so cheerfully only a few hours before4 ,edmund and ,grace were alone4 ,all night through they watched1 and a few candles burned round the sleeping form4 ,towards the gray of the morning1 when common sounds began to be heard again1 and the city woke up once more to its never-intermitted round of strange1 wicked1 checkered life1 the girl1 rising and kissing the brow of her dead father1 turned to ,edmund with a sad look of inquiry4 ,edmund1 she said slowly1 you never told me what struck him4 ,an iron bar1 he answered1 with a frightened1 startled look4 ,she gazed full in his eyes4 ,i do not believe1 she said calmly1 with sad reproach trembling in her voice1 that you have told me untruly1 for that you could not do2 but1 through kindness and compassion1 ,i know that you have not told me all4 ,what more is there to tell8 he stammered4 ,you know1 she answered2 for ,god's sake1 tell me6 ,he looked at her with strange meaning4 ,you do not know what you are asking1 ,grace4 ,i had hoped1 if ,i had had my way1 to keep from you much that would cause you unnecessary sorrow2 and you could have left town1 and even the country1 so as to more completely take from you all association with this terrible grief4 ,but you seem to pierce every veil1 and ,i am not practised at concealing4 ,but1 ,o ,grace6 it will break your heart6 ,it well-nigh breaks my own to think of it6 ,i know there is something very dreadful in the background1 she said2 but ,i have prayed all night for strength to bear it1 and ,i wish to know it now4 ,do not hide one thing from me1 as you hope for heaven1 ,edmund4 ,he paused1 and then1 thinking that it would be best to get the shock over at once1 said1 intently watching her the while3 ,grace1 your father was called of ,god to be a priest4 ,but ,god made him a martyr first2 for such a murder is1 in truth1 a martyrdom4 ,she quivered from head to foot1 but1 recovering herself1 she said3 ,i had suspected something like that4 ,how1 ,grace8 ,i thought ,i heard some whispered words that were hushed as soon as ,i went in to that awful place where he lay1 and ,i had seen you flush1 and blanch1 and hesitate when ,i questioned you4 ,it was ,god's will4 ,tell me everything4 ,but who--and her voice broke here--who could have been so lost as to hate him8 ,you know1 when we left you1 hurriedly began the young man1 we went straight to that meeting4 ,some were there who are as good as cured1 and some others came from curiosity1 or brought by their friends4 ,a few were not sober4 ,your father said some prayers1 as usual4 ,then he spoke to the men1 as you know he can speak1 very simply1 very earnestly4 ,there was a disturbance at the door4 ,while he was speaking1 half a dozen men1 furious with drink1 and roaring and swearing like demons1 tried to get in4 ,a few opposed them1 and in the struggle the rickety door came down1 and the long1 old-fashioned iron hinge came loose from the rotten wood4 ,one of the men took it up--it was ,drake1 the son of those poor old cripples4 ,another1 who was of our men inside1 wrenched it from him1 and your father came down near the door to try and quiet the men4 ,those of the better sort grouped round him1 fearing violence from the men in the front4 ,i was close to him4 ,i saw a man stoop1 and the next minute ,drake passed something to a comrade of his1 who stole behind us1 while he himself made a rush at me4 ,i was still grappling with him1 when there was a cry4 ,the men sprang apart1 and ,i heard your father say1 ',o ,god6' just as he fell4 ,i flung ,drake to the ground with such force that he was stunned1 and his head sounded dead on the stone floor4 ,the men on our side had already caught the murderer1 with the long iron hinge in his hand4 ,it had struck your father on the back of the head1 near the ear1 and the scar on the forehead was made by falling forward4 ,the police did not come till it was all over1 and then they marched off ,drake and the other man--,eldridge is his name1 so ,i was told afterwards4 ,i heard ,drake say1 with a horrible oath1 that it was lucky for your father he had escaped so long2 and the murderer grinned as he heard this remark4 ,they seemed sober enough the minute it was over4 ,drake recovered very soon4 ,the other men seemed stupid with horror4 ,grace1 was it not a martyrdom8 ,edmund1 she answered solemnly1 it was the noblest death he could die1 the only one befitting him4 ,die for the good of others6 die for the spread of holiness1 for the honor of principle6 die that ,god might be better known and better served6--it was what he lived for2 it was what he would have chosen to die for1 had he had the choice4 ,o my father6 half my soul has gone with him1 and my life shall be one eager longing to be made worthy to follow him4 ,edmund1 is it not grand1 is it not heroic8 ,has he not a glorious crown wherewith to meet my mother in heaven8 ,edmund could not help wondering at the quaint suggestions1 which1 to his less imaginative nature1 seemed even extravagant2 but when was enthusiasm ever less than extravagant1 and when was it more meet than in this case of a glorious1 ,god-ordained death8 ,after a pause1 ,grace resumed3 ,if ,i had known this sooner1 ,i should have gone to ,drake's parents4 ,i shall go now4 ,you watch while ,i am away4 ,and before ,edmund could speak1 she was gone4 ,they were sitting over the embers of a mere apology for a fire1 these two forsaken cripples1 with the little1 starveling children cuddled together like frightened rabbits at their feet4 ,when the door opened1 and ,grace appeared1 pale and worn1 they shivered1 and leaned one upon the other1 as if they would gladly have fled from her1 had they been able4 ,they were dumb1 and seemed to have no instinct but fear within their bosoms4 ,the children stared with great round eyes1 and crept further away4 ,grace went up1 and knelt down before the old couple1 taking the woman's fingers in her own1 and saying softly3 ,you are not afraid of me8 ,did you think ,i was angry8 ,i have come to tell you ,i am not1 and he would not be1 could he speak to you4 ,won't you say something to me8 ,the old woman said something1 but her teeth chattered so it was unintelligible4 ,the old man gave a feeble1 idiotic laugh1 and1 for the moment1 ,grace was startled4 ,but she soon saw that horror had turned his brain1 and that he was now beyond the possibility of suffering4 ,his wife seemed verging on the same state4 ,grace took out some money1 and put it into the poor old crone's hand4 ,you shall live on here1 just as usual1 she said4 ,i will help you2 never mind4 ,take care of your husband1 and remember ,i am not angry with you4 ,the old woman mumbled something under her breath1 but appeared quite stupefied yet4 ,god bless you6 said ,grace sadly1 turning from this unsatisfactory couple1 and going gently up to the children4 ,can you tell me where ,eldridge lived8 she said4 ,and if he has a family8 ,the children1 also1 seemed deaf and dumb for a time2 but at last the promise of a silver piece drew forth from the recesses of their memory the address of ,eldridge's wife4 ,it was not far off4 ,grace left the hovel1 and took her way down courts and by-streets till she reached the house where the murderer's wife lived4 ,up many stairs1 and through many passages1 inquiring her way1 ,grace went1 and at last knocked at the right door4 ,only a sound of sobbing was heard within4 ,she said to herself1 ,this is no hardened woman2 and at once her resolve was formed4 ,she gently opened the door2 a woman sat by the dingy window1 her head buried in her hands1 and bent down to her knees4 ,she rocked herself to and fro1 and moaned at regular intervals4 ,a child lay in a cradle near her1 but she did not heed it4 ,the bed stood at one end of the room1 tossed and untidy2 the poor little utensils of the wretched home were flung about in disorder1 and some dark stains on the deal table gave out a strong1 sickening odor4 ,grace went up to the woman1 and touched her on the shoulder4 ,the woman looked up4 ,her face was wild and sad1 the hair strayed over the cheeks and forehead1 matted with tears1 and the expression was awful in its utter despair4 ,grace said3 ,you are very unhappy2 ,i am come to comfort you1 if you will let me4 ,who are you8 said the woman vacantly4 ,a friend to all who are in trouble1 answered ,grace1 with a sob in her voice2 and ,i thought1 if ,i came to you1 it might relieve you4 ,the woman seemed to try and gather her faculties together4 ,i do not remember you4 ,the visiting ladies is not like you4 ,but you will let me visit you8 ,perhaps ,i can do you more good than they can4 ,no1 no2 you are very kind1 lady1 but 'tan't no use4 ,i know what your trouble is1 but there is comfort even for that sorrow4 ,he may repent2 have you any influence over him8 ,she shook her head4 ,grace pointed to the cradle4 ,and has that no influence upon him8 ,to-day1 when he is sober1 it may have4 ,take the baby1 and go and see him4 ,if you do him good1 it will make you happier2 if not1 you will have done your duty4 ,duty6 flashed out the miserable woman4 ,what have ,i ever done but my duty1 and to him as used me more as a beast than a woman8 ,hush6 hush6 ,god may touch him yet4 ,do not despair6 ,not despair6 ,lady1 it's easy for you as is a lady to say sech things6 ,god be merciful to me1 ,i'm driven mad with despair6 ,will you tell me what it is that troubles your poor heart8 said ,grace1 who saw that the unhappy woman must speak out or die4 ,won't ,i8 was the answer1 fearfully prompt4 ,i married that man three years ago down in ,devonshire1 and ,i a farmer's daughter1 with a home as never knowed the want of anything4 ,and he fooled me with his handsome face and talk of ,lunnon1 and his fine trade there4 ,trade1 indeed6 ,it was the devil's trade1 if any6 ,and because ,i listened and liked him1 my father he swore he'd disown me4 ,i ran away1 and we was married at the nearest church4 ,first night1 he came home drunk4 ,he never left off being drunk1 and often ,i thought ,i'd leave him2 but father1 he wouldn't have taken me back1 and ,i didn't want for to be called names6 ,here in ,lunnon we lived sometimes here1 sometimes there1 worse than this often1 and he always drunk4 ,he had heaps of money now and then4 ,i know1 lady1 where it come from2 but he never gave me any1 and ,i don't know as ,i could have touched it if he had4 ,but for days he left me1 and ,i had to beg or starve2 he would not have cared if ,i'd done worse4 ,then come home drunk1 and swear because there was nothing to eat4 ,he beat me and kicked me1 and1 when he come home1 wouldn't let me sleep at night4 ,other men came1 too1 and spoke about bad things in whispers2 but ,i heard4 ,they would drink here till they all slept heavy on the floor1 and the brandy spilt over their clothes4 ,then baby was born1 and ,i felt as if ,i could kill it first2 for why bring it up to be like its father8 ,three days after it came1 my husband struck me terrible1 and ,i nearly died4 ,he gave brandy to the child1 and ,i in a faint4 ,baby was like to die1 and ,i were glad of it4 ,and so it went on--baby better1 but me worse1 and drink1 drink1 till he sometimes went tearing mad1 swore he saw devils1 and called for more drink and more4 ,a few months ago1 ,drake came--a man my husband knew--and he and the other laughed and said 'some one' shouldn't trouble them long4 ,they had money1 in gold1 last time ,i saw ,drake4 ,that was four days back4 ,then my husband1 he came home drunk still1 and every night it was the same1 till last night1 when he did not come home at all1 but left me not one half-penny1 for he had drunk the last in that brandy he spilt on the table4 ,the woman paused and shuddered4 ,my ,god1 my ,god6 she moaned1 that ,i should come to this1 with my father's home1 so peaceful-like1 and me not daring to go back4 ,well1 the last ,i heard of that man were when1 at twelve o'clock last night1 a neighbor rushed in and says to me1 says she1 ',mrs4 ,eldridge1 your old man's been and done it6' ,and as ,i looked at her1 stupid-like1 she says1 ',he's killed that preaching gentleman as used to try and get all our men to leave off spirits4' ,and ,i fell back on the bed1 and knowed nothing for hours4 ,grace had listened throughout the pitiful story with calm1 patient interest2 she now said soothingly3 ,come1 ,mrs4 ,eldridge1 it is a fearful blow1 but ,god tempers the wind to the shorn lamb1 does he not8 ,tell me1 you have not tasted anything since yesterday2 is it not so8 ,you must be faint1 and1 if we would bear up against sorrow1 we must not lose our health4 ,i have brought you money1 but ,i think it is better ,i should send for some things for you1 as you will hardly care to go out and be seen just now4 ,indeed and indeed it's true1 sobbed the poor creature2 but you are a world too good1 miss4 ,i will read to you while you are waiting2 it will soothe you1 said ,grace1 as she went to the door1 and called a girl from one of the multitudinous cavities of this warren-like house4 ,she gave her money and instructions1 and turned back into the room4 ,the child in the cradle awoke4 ,grace took it up4 ,the mother shuddered1 saying3 ,better it should die1 lady1 than live to be like its father4 ,the girl looked curiously down at the infant's poor1 pinched face1 and then answered3 ,let ,god settle that2 it is not for you or ,i to question his doings towards children4 ,i remember my little brother when he was like this4 ,ah6 miss1 no doubt he had a different father4 ,grace turned pale1 and did not answer4 ,the woman was silent1 but seemed merged in her own grief again4 ,then1 with the child on her lap1 the young girl began to read out of a ,catholic ,bible she had in her pocket4 ,she thought ,mrs4 ,eldridge would never know the difference1 and she preferred her father's gift to herself to all the ,bibles she had had during his pastorship4 ,the poor woman seemed entranced4 ,when ,grace paused1 she said3 ,them visiting ladies never does that1 but they brings tracts and groceries4 ,but how peaceful-like that do sound jest like our parson's daughter as used to read to mother at home4 ,how old are you1 ,mrs4 ,eldridge8 asked ,grace4 ,going twenty-four1 miss4 ,but1 ah6 ,i was a different woman when ,i got married4 ,if you had a-seen me then1 lady1 you would not believe it was me4 ,and1 in truth1 the poor1 wasted face looked old1 and hungry1 and thin1 as if the spirit had aged so that it grew jealous of the once comely mask without1 and withered it remorselessly with watching1 and weepings1 and sharp care4 ,the little messenger came back to the door1 bearing with her creature comforts1 whose taste had long been unknown to the drunkard's wife4 ,then ,grace rose to leave her1 saying1 ,you shall not want1 my poor friend2 and whenever you wish to see your husband1 ,i will try and manage it for you4 ,if there is any possibility of saving him1 it shall be done4 ,while there is life1 there is hope--of the soul as well as of the body4 ,he might repent and be a help and an example to you4 ,and then1 no doubt1 his wicked companions tempted him much1 and the sin was perhaps not all his own4 ,so look to ,god1 and try and bear up1 and ,i will come again4 ,she left the house with a pure joy at her heart1 praying to ,god that he would keep her for ever in the path on which she had entered1 and feeling that1 in her weak measure1 she had been permitted to bring herself a little nearer to the ideal of her dead father's life4 ,she had laid upon his tomb a garland worthy of him1 she had said words his spirit would have approved1 and done a deed such as he himself would have bidden her do4 ,back again to the dark1 silent chamber of the dead she went1 and found her watchful lover there2 but she did not tell him that she had sought out the murderer's wife4 ,that day came various torturing details1 but she allowed ,oakhurst to spare her much of their sorrow1 and throughout the legal proceedings she never had to appear4 ,the murder caused some stir1 as the victim was an ,american citizen and the father of the young heir of the ,howards4 ,george ,charteris visited his cousin1 and offered her his services in every way1 professional or friendly1 that she might choose4 ,she was touched by his ready sympathy1 but wisely refused his professional assistance4 ,you see1 ,george1 she said1 it would seem ungenerous to have one so nearly related to him to plead against his murderer2 besides1 ,i would rather save the unhappy man from his due punishment1 if it can be done4 ,what1 ,cousin ,grace6 he echoed1 unable to understand her4 ,it seems strange to you1 ,i know2 but ,i have not lived with my father all my life without knowing well how full of ,christian charity he always was when any personal injury was done to him1 and ,i am following his will1 no less than the ,christian precepts1 when ,i say ,i would spare his unhappy murderer as much as lays in my power4 ,my dear child1 this is perfect quixotism4 ,a fellow who should have been hung long ago6 ,i know you think differently2 it is natural you should4 ,you judge things by another standard1 and from another point of view4 ,looked at in the light of the ,gospel1 things are very different1 dear cousin4 ,do not let us speak about it4 ,if it is romance to you2 it is life and truth to me4 ,for ,george's sake6 ,think what it will be when he learns it by-and-by6 ,you will not tell him now8 she asked in sudden alarm1 clasping her hands4 ,oh6 do not1 do not6 ,my mother gave me that boy to watch over and guard from sin with my very life1 but ,god has willed that his angel should be alone to watch him2 yet ,i must ask you1 if you have any influence1 do not breed thoughts of wicked revenge in his mind--oh6 do not1 for1 if you do1 not only he will suffer1 but it will fall back upon you all as a curse4 ,god has made this to happen in his childhood1 as if on purpose to hide it from him2 do not1 for pity's sake1 run counter to the evident decrees of ,providence4 ,reluctantly ,george ,charteris promised his cousin he would exert his influence to keep the father's murder a secret from the child4 ,and so passed the terrible weeks of waiting1 ,grace ministering almost daily help to the wretched murderer's wife1 and ,edmund seeking to soothe her whom he loved so tenderly and so reverently4 ,a priest was found to give a quiet blessing to the unconscious form they both had loved so well1 and then the dark earth hid the body away1 and sowed one more seed for the mystic coming harvest1 which shall clothe the valley of judgment with such marvellous blossoming beauty4 ,when the final conviction of the prisoner and his sentence of capital punishment were made known1 ,grace was the first to break the news to the wretched wife1 and the only one to soothe these dire tidings with suggestions of hope and mercy4 ,the poor woman still refused to visit her husband1 and it was more the shame of his crime1 and the ignominy of his approaching death1 than any spark of feeling left within her bosom for the man who had wooed and won her1 that tortured her heart and bowed her head4 ,grace tried repeatedly to soften her1 to melt the terrible callousness which was alive only to the earthly aspect of her grief2 but for many weeks she tried in vain4 ,the wild1 horror-struck eyes of the unfortunate creature would fasten themselves upon her as she spoke--burning orbs1 with unspeakable defiance in them1 as if1 from this day forth1 the felon's wife felt herself to be a hunted creature1 with the brand of her husband's sin undeservedly scathing her future life and that of her unconscious child4 ,when ,grace hinted of a possible pardon1 the poor thing stared with a frightened expression that only seemed to say3 ,and ,i must be his slave again1 as if the thought of her own bondage were the only thing on earth that could move her4 ,but at last1 being appealed to in the name of her own self-respect1 she seemed to have a dawning sense that her present course was hardly the one to elevate her once again into the sphere of tranquil content whence her husband's degradation had1 three short years ago1 so fatally withdrawn her4 ,the dikes of her soul burst suddenly1 and the flood of sweet memories of past days1 and of the happy hours spent in the old farm-house1 of the flood of womanliness and pity1 of the sensibility of the mother1 of the forbearance of the ,christian1 broke over her in saving waves1 each teaching the same lesson in their infinite variety of tenderest human voices4 ,she rose1 took her child in her arms1 and followed her young protectress nearly as far as the prison4 ,grace would go no further1 but agreed to wait till the interview with the condemned man was over4 ,the woman came out weeping and softened4 ,her husband was at least not obdurate1 and expressed sincere regret for what he had been led to do4 ,he bade his wife implore of the unknown lady who had so generously befriended them to accept the blessing he was not worthy to give1 but which nevertheless was the last and only tribute a dying man could offer4 ,grace shuddered as this message was conveyed to her through tears and sobs1 but her companion was too greatly busied with her own griefs to notice it4 ,one evening1 as ,edmund ,oakhurst sat1 with his promised wife1 in the room the presence of the dead had hallowed to their simple1 trusting hearts1 he was astonished at her unusual agitation1 and at the remark she quietly made as the expression of it4 ,edmund1 ,i am going to get a reprieve for ,eldridge1 and that may lead to a commutation of sentence4 ,he is very penitent1 ,i hear1 and1 for his wife's sake1 ,i should wish it4 ,but1 ,grace1 replied her lover1 with characteristic common sense1 if he is penitent and well-prepared1 it would be safer even for his own soul's sake that he should suffer the full penalty of the law4 ,we are no judges of that1 ,edmund1 she answered1 her bright eyes turning1 with suppressed enthusiasm1 towards the open window1 all bathed in wintry sunlight4 ,god1 ,i think1 must mean otherwise for him1 or else he would never have put this idea in my mind4 ,i have thought of it ever since he lay there 7pointing to the centre of the room1 where the dear dead had rested71 and his spirit seemed to whisper it constantly to my heart1 as if it were some message of ,god's mercy1 of which he vouchsafed to make us the bearers to the rulers of earth4 ,grace1 ,i thought your training would have led you a different way4 ,i thought you would be the first to see ,god's hand in the established law4 ,darling1 this is sentimentalism4 ,you can forgive the wretched man1 and pray for him1 and help the forsaken ones he leaves behind1 without hindering the law in its operations4 ,you will have fulfilled the ,christian duty of forgiveness1 without interfering with another sphere of equally binding duty on the community4 ,i think you might be right in an ordinary case1 ,edmund1 but ,god seems to put this beyond common rules1 to me4 ,is that not pride1 ,grace8 ,i trust not1 she replied1 gently but firmly2 it is a call1 a command from ,god1 just as my father's conversion1 and my still more unexpected one1 were calls from on high--direct calls that took our hearts by storm4 ,grace1 dear1 ,i cannot help thinking it presumptuous in you to dream of these things2 you make them miracles almost6 ,surely not1 ,edmund4 ,supposing a king were to send for his servant1 and give him some important order to transmit1 which1 in the ordinary course of things1 should have been conveyed through his prime minister2 do you think the servant would be justified in feeling proud1 or the person who received the order in feeling hurt1 at the unusual way in which the king had been pleased to act8 ,grace6 exclaimed ,edmund1 you talk just as your father used6 ,he always made me feel that he was right4 ,i will not attempt to influence you any longer2 ,i will leave the matter in the hands of ,god1 and pray that you may be guided by him4 ,if ,i were you1 ,i would speak with a priest1 though6 ,i have1 dearest1 answered ,grace1 looking less rapt1 and perhaps mingling with her high thoughts a little unconscious human spice of innocent triumph4 ,oh6 said her lover1 and1 smiling1 he relapsed into silence4 ,after incredible efforts and unflagging energy had been spent upon the task1 ,grace succeeded in getting her father's murderer first reprieved1 then re-sentenced to transportation for life4 ,the shock of this news1 the utter stupor of gratitude into which he was thrown1 even though the name of his benefactress still remained a mystery to him1 wrought a miracle in his nature1 and sobered him for life4 ,faith came to the help of solemn thankfulness1 and the husband and wife secretly became ,catholics before leaving ,england4 ,grace1 for some inexplicable reason1 positively refused to see ,eldridge1 even at his wife's most earnest request4 ,the fact was that she had once been face to face with him1 in days when neither dreamed of the strange relations they were fated to bear to each other1 and she feared1 in her humility1 lest he recognize her now4 ,but ,edmund1 fully aware as he was of how matters stood1 resolved that1 without wounding his betrothed's sweet lowliness1 he would yet reveal to the recipients of her charity the inestimable sacrifice she had made of her natural feelings for the sake of the new commandment of love and forgiveness taught by ,christ's ,gospel4 ,so while the four stood in a group just before the departure of the convict-ship--,grace far apart with the mother1 and her back turned to the convict--he slipped into the hand of the murderer a folded paper1 saying something under his breath of its being of some little pecuniary use to them in their new home1 and adding with a half-smile3 ,she knows nothing of it1 but her name is written inside4 ,do not open it till you are on board4 ,grace1 meanwhile1 was comforting the mother1 whose little boy was in her arms for the last time1 as ,grace had wished to have it brought up under her own care4 ,i have a little brother1 you know1 she said1 and1 while ,i cannot fulfil my mother's trust with regard to him1 ,i will lavish all my care on your child1 and1 please ,god1 in a few years1 when your husband earns his freedom1 you shall see the boy again in my country1 where nothing but good will ever be known of any of you4 ,so the ship sailed1 and the convict's hand clasped the paper nervously4 ,the mother was holding out her arms to her little boy1 who struggled and cried in ,grace's embrace4 ,the man1 standing on the deck1 touched his wife's shoulder1 and passed the paper to her4 ,had any one been close enough1 he might have seen the swarthy cheek pale to a sickly hue1 then flush as suddenly again4 ,those on shore only saw his face swiftly hidden in his hands1 and his whole frame rock violently4 ,simultaneously the woman dropped on the deck1 and ,grace thought she must have fainted with the grief of leaving her child behind4 ,indeed1 she was too much occupied with the little one to notice the ship minutely4 ,the poor babe wailed and then struggled by turns1 and it was no easy work to keep it quiet till the small party could find a coach to take them home4 ,edmund took care to look unconcerned and innocent1 and1 thanks to his betrothed's sweet unsuspiciousness of disposition1 as also to the circumstances we have mentioned1 his secret was kept until a passionately grateful letter from the poor convict reached her in her own home across the ocean4 ,edmund was her husband by that time1 and she could not find it in her heart not to forgive him6 ,but we are slightly anticipating4 ,a few days after the departure of the convict-ship1 ,george ,charteris called on his cousin1 to report to her about certain arrangements which he had volunteered to take on his own hands4 ,he had now completed them1 and had found a responsible and aged companion for ,grace on her homeward voyage4 ,the old lady was going out to some relations settled in ,virginia1 and was delighted to find a young girl of refinement and of good family to bear her company on her somewhat tedious journey4 ,edmund had begged ,grace ,seymour to consent to be married before they left ,england2 but the girl had some unaccountable longing for her own land1 which1 though he smiled at as childish1 he nevertheless was too chivalrous to combat4 ,he was to follow speedily1 with ,george ,charteris as groomsman1 and an older friend1 a priest bound for some of the ,indian missions4 ,so the ocean was crossed once more1 and in her own home1 the beautiful marriage-gift she brought her husband1 ,grace ,seymour was married4 ,mr4 ,ashmead1 whom1 with characteristic courtesy1 she would not exclude from her quiet1 unattended wedding1 told her solemnly1 as he walked by her side to her mother's grave under the thick-shaded elms1 that he had had a secret once1 which he wished to tell her now4 ,in grave wonderment she turned her eyes upon him4 ,my child1 he said sadly1 but with no shame flushing his clear cheek1 ,i once dreamt to have you for my own1 and ,i waited from the moment ,i saw you first1 standing here1 bending down to look into the unfilled grave1 till ,i saw your mind unfolding and blossoming1 as in a cloistered garden1 all alone2 but when ,i knew that your faith was disturbed1 my heart bled for you and for myself1 for ,i saw that ,i had no spell wherewith to give you back what you had lost4 ,and since the day your father left us1 the dream faded as a thing that ,god had ordained not to be4 ,so now1 though our faiths are widely different1 and though the memory of those times is very dear to me still1 ,i can take your hand in all a father's freedom1 and give you and your husband a father's blessing4 ,let us be friends for ever1 ,grace1 will you8 ,she had listened to him with a bright blush and attentive expression2 she now took his hand1 and said earnestly3 ,yes1 ,mr4 ,ashmead2 ,god bless you6 ,the years sped on4 ,edmund ,oakhurst soon owned estates that would have thrice bought the old homestead of his wife's early days2 his fields were the fullest1 his experiments the most successful1 his men the best cared for1 his profits the largest1 his prosperity the most steady1 in the whole country around4 ,people left off calling him the ,britisher1 and spoke respectfully of him as the ,squire2 even his religion was favorably regarded in consideration of his position and his well-known generosity4 ,children like himself rose up around him1 and the convict's child seemed only like the elder brother of the rest4 ,things gradually changed1 and ,catholic schools and colleges made their appearance in the land4 ,oakhurst thought it more prudent to send his sons and his so-called nephew to ,american centres of ,catholic education1 rather than to the more advanced universities of ,france2 but he reserved for home-teaching the nameless refinement he wished to stamp on his children4 ,his wife was the worthy successor of her mother1 whose sweet presence had once been so dear to the villagers of ,walcot2 only her silent influence was now directed to that end which1 after death1 had become that of her mother too4 ,when1 fifteen years later1 the man who had left ,england a convict landed in ,america an emigrant1 he found his oldest boy studying for the priesthood1 and fast and enthusiastically outstripping his companion and rival in theological learning1 ,oakhurst's own second son4 ,again another change and another joy had been added to ,grace's life1 when her brother1 on attaining his majority1 came over with his uncle1 ,george ,charteris1 now a tolerably well-behaved married man1 and paid her a long visit within the walls of the old home1 untouched and unchanged from what he recollected1 save by accumulation of mosses1 and a denser growth of creepers round the gables and the porch4 ,they have all gone to their rest now1 these friends with whom we have been treading the past--all1 save the sons of ,grace and ,edmund1 and their only daughter1 who afterwards married ,george ,howard's son and heir4 ,the old name that had been alternately the watchword of ,catholicism and ,low-,churchism in ,gloucestershire veered round again in their persons to its first allegiance1 and contributed unwavering steadfastness to the sum of heroic courage shown forth by that army whose chiefs in ,england are called ,newman1 and ,manning1 and that modern ,s4 ,bernardine of ,sienna1 ,frederick ,faber4 ,walcot1 too1 though of ,puritan breeding1 knows the sound of ,catholic bells now1 and the priest's house is the unchanged old ,seymour cottage1 while the pastor himself is the ,english convict's child4 ,edmund ,seymour's sacrifice had sown the first grain of which ,grace ,oakhurst's children reaped a hundred-fold4 ,,footnotes3 #bge ,isaias xxxviii4 #aj1 #ac4 ,,the ,,principles ,,of ,,real ,,being4 ,,iii4 ,,intrinsic ,,principles ,,of ,,primitive ,,beings4 ,we have shown in a preceding article#bgf that every primitive being proceeds from three extrinsic principles--the final1 the efficient1 and1 if we may so call it1 the eductional or pro-material principle2 that is1 the term out of which the being is educed1 which term1 as we there remarked1 holds the place of the material principle still wanting4 ,we are now ready to prove that every primitive being has also three intrinsic principles1 not more1 and not fewer--a truth the knowledge of which is of the utmost importance in philosophy1 as it enables the student to point out without hesitation everything that may enter into the constitution of primitive beings1 with the gratifying certainty that1 when he has once reached the said three principles1 his analysis is perfect1 and can go no further4 ,but as our proposition is altogether universal1 its demonstration will need the employment of arguments drawn from the most abstract of all philosophical notions2 and our readers must bear with us if we fill a portion of the following pages with dry1 though not abstruse1 reasonings4 ,the determination of the first constituents of things needs precision1 not ornament1 as it is nothing more than the drawing of the outlines by which the whole building of metaphysics is to be encompassed4 ,our first proof is based on the following consideration4 ,of every existing being two things are cognizable3 the first1 that it is1 the second1 what it is4 ,in other terms1 all complete being is knowable both as to its existence and as to its nature or essence4 ,but while the existence of any given being is simply affirmed as a fact1 the essence is understood as an object4 ,now1 nothing can be understood which does not present itself to the intellect under the form of an intelligible ratio2 for to understand is to see a relation of things1 as intelligere is nothing but inter-legere1#bgg to read between--a phrase which clearly implies two definite terms1 between which a definite relation is apprehended4 ,accordingly1 nothing is intelligible1 except inasmuch as it implies two correlatives2 and1 therefore1 since every essence is intelligible1 every essence implies two principles conspiring through mutual relativity into an intelligible ratio4 ,these two principles of a primitive essence are themselves intelligible only as correlated2 for the constituents of a primitive essence are not other essences1 as is evident2 and therefore cannot have a separate and independent intelligibility4 ,they are therefore absolutely simple and unanalyzable1 and of such a relative character that they cannot exist1 or even be conceived1 separated from one another4 ,the same is true of existence also1 which has no separate intelligibility1 as it is utterly simple and unanalyzable1 and cannot be conceived or affirmed1 except with reference to the essence to which it may belong4 ,it follows1 then1 that every primitive being can be resolved into three simple principles1 of which two constitute its real essence1 whilst the third--viz41 existence--completes the same essence into real being4 ,such is our first proof4 ,a little reflection will now suffice to determine the general nature of the two essential principles just mentioned1 and to obtain at the same time a second proof of our proposition4 ,existence is the actuality of essence4 ,now1 actuality can spring only from actuation2 and actuation necessarily implies an act1 which actuates1 and a term1 which is actuated4 ,therefore the two constituents of any primitive essence must be a real act whose intrinsic character is to actuate its term1 and a real term whose intrinsic character is to be actuated by its act2 whilst the actuality of the essence follows as a simple result from the mutual conspiration of these essential principles4 ,accordingly1 every primitive being involves in its constitution three principles--viz41 an act1 its term1 and the actuality of the one in the other4 ,this last is called the complement of the essence4 ,readers accustomed to intellectual speculations will need no additional evidence to be satisfied of the cogency of the two preceding proofs4 ,but those who are less familiar with philosophy may yet want some tangible illustration of our reasonings before they fully realize the nature of the three principles and of their relations4 ,we hope the following will do4 ,physicists show that if a material point moves for a time1 t1 with a uniform velocity1 v1 through a space1 s1 the relation of the three quantities will be expressed by the equation-- s _/ v t ,it is plain that the three quantities1 s1 v1 t1 are the three intrinsic principles of movement4 ,in fact1 the velocity1 v1 is the act1 or the form1 of movement2 whence the epithet of uniform applied to all movement of constant velocity2 the amount1 s1 of space measured is the term actuated by the said velocity2 the time1 t1 is the duration of the movement1 that is1 its actuality2 for as movement is essentially successive1 its actuality also is successive1 and constitutes a length of time4 ,here1 then1 we have most distinctly the three principles of movement4 ,let us remark that the first member of the equation is the ratio of the term to its act1 and therefore represents the essence of movement2 whilst the second member exhibits the duration of its existence4 ,the sign of equality between the two members does not mean that the essence of movement is the same thing as the existence of movement1 but only that both have the same quantitative value4 ,for it should be remarked that1 although a ratio is usually defined as the quotient of a quantity divided by another of the same kind1 nevertheless the quotient is not exactly the ratio1 but its result or value2 and is not the equivalent of the ratio in quality1 but in quantity only4 ,in pure mathematics1 which are exclusively concerned with quantities1 the distinction between the ratio and its value may not be important2 but when a ratio is viewed in its metaphysical aspect1 the distinction is of great consequence4 ,for a metaphysical ratio is not looked upon as the ratio of two quantities1 of which the one is the measure of the other1 but as the ratio of two realities1 of which the one actuates the other1 and which1 though belonging to the same kind of being1 are1 however1 of a relatively opposite character1 as is evident from the very example we are considering4 ,the space1 s1 and the velocity1 v1 are1 in fact1 conceived as quantities of the same kind1 only because velocity is mathematically expressed in terms of the space measured through it in a unit of time2 yet velocity is certainly not space1 but is that by which matter is compelled to move through space2 so that while the extent of the space measured in a unit of time corresponds to the velocity with which it is measured1 velocity itself has no extension1 but intensity only4 ,hence the ratio of space to velocity1 metaphysically considered1 is a ratio of extension to intensity1 or of potency to act1 as we shall presently explain4 ,the third proof of our proposition is very simple4 ,the intrinsic principles of being must correspond to its extrinsic principles1 each to each respectively4 ,for were any of the extrinsic principles not represented in the principiated being by something real proceeding from it1 and corresponding to it1 such an extrinsic principle evidently would principiate nothing1 and would be no principle at all4 ,now1 we have seen that the extrinsic principles of primitive being are three4 ,it is evident1 therefore1 that its intrinsic principles likewise must be three4 ,the extrinsic principles1 as before stated1 are ,god's volition of bringing something into existence1 the term of its eduction1 and the creative power exerted in its production4 ,hence it follows that every thing created must contain within itself an act as the product of the ,creator's action1 a term as an expression of the term of its eduction1 and an actuality as the accomplishment and fulfilment of the volition of bringing it into existence4 ,we may here remark that the act of the created being is produced by ,god as its efficient cause1 proceeds from ,god's omnipotence as its efficient principle1 and is produced through action as the proximate reason of its causation and principiation4 ,the term of the created being1 on the contrary1 comes out of mere nothingness1 acquires its reality through the mere position of an act1 is not made1 but actuated1 and therefore has no efficient cause1 but only a formal principle1 the reality of which is the sole reason why the term is called real1 and the disappearance of which would leave nothing behind4 ,as a spherical form1 by the necessity of its own nature1 gives existence to a geometric centre1 without need of an efficient cause1 so does the essential act to its essential term4 ,let the spherical form be annihilated1 and the centre will be gone2 let the essential act vanish1 and the essential term will have vanished together with it4 ,finally1 the actuality of the created being proceeds from the act and the term as making up its formal source1 or the principium formale quod2 while the formal reason1 or the principium formale quo1 of its proceeding is the actuation of the latter by the former1 and the completion of the former in the latter2 for to actuate a term is to give it actuality1 and to be actuated is to become actual2 and therefore the result of such an actuation is the actuality of the act in its term1 and of the term in its act1 or the complete actuality of the created essence and of the created being4 ,thus the whole being1 by its act1 its term1 and its complement1 points out adequately and with the utmost distinction the three extrinsic principles whence it proceeds4#bgh ,the fourth proof is as follows3 ,every created being possesses an intrinsic natural activity and an intrinsic natural passivity4 ,it possesses activity2 for every creature must have an intrinsic natural aptitude to reveal1 in one way or another1 the perfections of its ,creator1 as such is the end of all creation2 but to reveal is to act2 and1 therefore1 every creature possesses its intrinsic aptitude and determination to act--that is1 activity4 ,it also possesses passivity2 for all contingent beings are changeable1 and therefore capable of receiving new intrinsic determinations2 and such an intrinsic capability is what we call passivity1 or potentiality4 ,the consequence is1 that every creature possesses something by reason of which it is active1 and something on account of which it is passive2 which amounts to saying that every creature possesses its intrinsic principle of activity1 or1 as it is styled1 its act1 and its intrinsic principle of passivity1 or1 as we call it1 its potency or its potential term4 ,hence the well-known fundamental axioms of metaphysics3 ,every agent acts by reason of its act1 and ,every patient suffers on account of its potency4#bgi ,now1 since the same being that can act can also be acted on1 it is evident that that by reason of which it can act1 and that on account of which it can be acted on1 are the principles of one and the same actual essence1 and therefore conspire into one formal actuality1 which completes the essence into being4 ,accordingly1 in all creatures1 or primitive complete beings1 we must admit act and potency as the constituents1 and actuality as the formal complement1 of their essence4 ,these four proofs more than suffice to show that all primitive complete beings consist of act1 term1 and complement as their intrinsic principles4 ,but1 as ,i am satisfied that on the right understanding of such principles the soundness of all our metaphysical reasonings finally depends1 ,i think it necessary1 before we proceed further1 to make a few considerations on their exact notion1 character1 and attributions4 ,the term of a primitive being owes its reality to its act4 ,before its first actuation1 it had no being at all2 it was only capable of acquiring it1 and therefore was1 according to the language of the schools1 a reality in mere potency2 since everything that has no being1 but can be actuated into being1 has received the name of pure potency4#bhj ,now1 pure potency1 though it is nothing real1 is infinite and inexhaustible2 not that nothingness can have any such intrinsic attribute1 but simply because no limit can be assigned to the possible eduction of beings out of nothing through the exercise of ,god's infinite and inexhaustible power4 ,and it must be added that such a potency is thus infinite not only with regard to the substances that can be created out of nothing1 but also with regard to the accidents which can be produced in those substances1 and with regard to the modes resulting from the reception of such accidents4 ,this being admitted1 it is evident that1 when the term of a created being acquires its first reality1 a pure potency is actuated by an act2 but is not actuated to the full amount of its actuality1 which is infinite and inexhaustible4 ,indeed1 no act gives to its potency the plenitude of all being2 but every act gives that being only which corresponds to its own specific nature4 ,and therefore the term of a primitive being1 though actuated in its first actuation as much as is needed to make it the real term of a determinate essence1 remains always capable of further and further actuation2 in other words1 such a term is still1 and always will be1 entirely potential in regard to all other acts compatible with the nature of the first by which it is actuated4 ,hence we come to the conclusion that every created being1 for the very reason of its having been educed out of nothing1 retains potency1 as the stamp of its origin1 in its essential constitution4 ,all creatures1 then1 are essentially potential1 and therefore imperfect2 as potency means perfectibility4 ,god alone is free from potency1 as he is the only being that did not come out of nothing4 ,a second conclusion is that the essential term of a created being may be considered under two aspects--viz41 as to the reality it borrows from its act1 and as to the potentiality it inherits from its previous nothingness4 ,hence such a term must be called a real potency2 the word real expressing the fact of its actuation1 and the word potency expressing its ulterior actuability4 ,reality and potentiality constitute passivity4 ,it is not unusual to confound substance with the term actuated by a substantial act4 ,of course1 the term cannot be thus actuated without the substance becoming actual2 but1 though this is true as a matter of fact1 it does not follow that substance can be confounded with its intrinsic term4 ,sphericity actuates a centre2 and yet the centre thus actuated is not a sphere1 but only the intrinsic term of sphericity4 ,in like manner the act actuates its potency2 but this potency is not the substance itself2 it is only one of its constituents4 ,the potential term1 such as it is found in material substance1 is called the matter4 ,hence all that plays the part of potency in any being whatever is called its material constituent1 although such a being may not contain matter properly so called4 ,thus we say1 for instance1 that the genus is the material part of an essential definition1 because the genus is potential respecting some specific difference1 by which it may be further determined4 ,in such cases the word material stands for that which receives any determination1 whether it receives it in fact or in thought only4 ,in ,english1 the words material and immaterial are sometimes used in the sense of important and unimportant4 ,this meaning may be perfectly justifiable1 but is not adopted in philosophy4 ,with regard to the act by which the essential term of a being is first actuated1 it is necessary fully to realize the fact that this act is neither ,god's creative power nor ,god's creative action1 but something quite different4 ,it is true that all actions are measured or valued by their effects1 that is1 by the acts in which they end2 thus we measure the amount of motive action by the quantity of movement#bha produced4 ,nevertheless1 it is quite evident that the production of a thing1 and the thing produced1 cannot be confounded with one another4 ,and1 since action is nothing but the production of an act1 the action and the act produced cannot be confounded with one another1 even though they are represented by one and the same word4 ,thus the action of a painter is not the painting 7substantive71 although such an action is also called painting 7participle74 ,again1 the momentum of a falling drop of rain is not the action of the earth1 although it is directly from it4 ,and in the same manner the act produced by the ,creator is not his creative action1 though it is directly from it4 ,still less can we confound the act produced with the power by which it is produced2 for though every effect is virtually contained in its efficient power1 we know that it is not contained formally2 otherwise the painting should pre-exist within the painter1 and the momentum of the falling drop within the earth4 ,as1 then1 the momentum of the falling drop has no formal existence in the earth1 but only in the drop itself while it is falling1 so also the act which proceeds from ,god has no formal existence in ,god1 but only in the term actuated4 ,to say that a created act is ,god's creative action or creative power1 is no less a blunder than to say that a circle described on a blackboard is the power or the action of describing it4 ,the act which actuates its essential term1 in the case of material substance1 is called the form4 ,hence all that plays the part of an act in any being whatever is called its formal constituent4 ,thus we say that the specific difference is the formal part of the essential definition1 because the difference is conceived as actuating the genus into species4 ,in such cases the word formal stands for that which gives any determination1 whether it gives it in fact or in thought only4 ,finally1 the actuality of the created being corresponds1 as we have already explained in the preceding article1 to the finality of creation1 inasmuch as it perfects the essence into being4 ,this actuality has received different names1 according to the different light in which it can be viewed and the different connotations of which it affords the ground4 ,it is called the complement of the essence1 its formal existence1 its formal unity1 its individuality4 ,it is called complement of the essence1 inasmuch as it satisfies all its requirements1 and completes it into actual being2 its formal existence1 inasmuch as it is the formal result of active and passive actuation2 its formal unity1 inasmuch as it arises from two principles conspiring into unity of essence1 and therefore of existence also2 its individuality1 inasmuch as it is the unity of a concrete being2 for individuality is nothing but that on account of which a thing is formally one in its concrete being4 ,some philosophers of the ,scotistic school hold that individuality and formal unity are different things4 ,they say that formal unity is not individual1 but universal2 because it does not include in its conception the individuative notes4 ,they accordingly teach that the universal is to be found to exist formally in the individual2 whence they have been surnamed ,formalists1 or ,ultra-realists4#bhb ,but it is not true that the formal unity does not include in itself the individuative notes4 ,in fact1 all existing essence contains in its own principles the adequate reason of its individuation1 and therefore it cannot1 by the real conspiration of its principles1 be formally one without being individual also4 ,accordingly1 formal unity1 though universal in our conception1 is individual in the thing itself4 ,it is evident that the actuality resulting from the act giving1 and the term receiving1 existence1 exhibits itself as existence given and received--that is1 as complete real existence4 ,on the other hand1 all real result has a real opposition to the formal principles of its resultation2 for all that really proceeds has a real relative opposition to that from which it proceeds4 ,a real relative opposition is therefore to be admitted between the real essence and its formal existence2 and consequently essence and existence must be considered as really distinct4 ,not that the essence of a real being does not imply its existence2 but because in the essential act and the essential term existence is contained only radically or virtually1 not formally1 in the same manner as the conclusion is virtually contained in the premises from which it follows1 or as equality is contained in the quantities from whose adequation it results4 ,hence1 as in the logical order the formal conclusion is distinct from the premises in which it is virtually implied1 so also in the real order is the formal existence of any being to be distinguished from the real principles of the essence in which it is virtually implied4 ,as1 however1 the act and the term1 notwithstanding their real relative opposition and distinction1 identify themselves really1 though inadequately1 with the essence of the actual being1 so also the actuality of the being1 though having a real relative opposition to the act and the term from which it results1 identifies itself really1 yet inadequately1 with the complete being of which it is the actuality4#bhc ,whence we conclude that every primitive being1 though strictly one in its physical entity1 consists of three metaphysical constituents really distinct from one another on account of their real relative opposition4 ,we must here notice that the last of these three constituents--actuality--is scarcely ever mentioned by the scholastic philosophers4 ,they1 in fact1 consider all natural beings as constituted of act and potency only4 ,it may have appeared to them that by simply stating the fact of the concurrence of act and potency into one actual essence1 the fact of the unity and actuality of that essence would be sufficiently pointed out4 ,they may have had another reason also for omitting the mention of our third principle2 for in speculative questions it is the essence of things1 and not their existence1 that comes under consideration2 and essence1 as such1 involves two principles only--viz41 the act and the term1 as we have stated above4 ,it is obvious1 then1 that in their analysis of the quiddity of beings1 they had no need of mentioning our third principle4 ,a third reason may have been that the act and the potency1 or the form and the matter1 in the opinion of those philosophers1 were two things separable1 as the ,aristotelic theory of substantial generations implied2 whereas the actuality of the being was not considered as a third thing separable from either the form or the matter1 and therefore was not thought worthy of a separate mention4 ,but1 the reality of this third principle being universally admitted1 there can be no doubt about the convenience1 and even the necessity1 of giving it a distinct and prominent place in the constitution of any complete being4 ,this has been already shown in the preceding pages2 but1 for the benefit of those who have never paid special attention to the subject1 we will give a summary of the principal reasons why in metaphysical treatises the actuality of being should be methodically granted as distinct a place among the intrinsic principles of things as is allotted to the essential act and its term4 ,first1 then1 all being that has existence in nature is something complete1 not only materially--that is1 by having its term--but also formally1 by having its own complete constitution or actuality4 ,the difference between material and formal completion will be easily understood by an example4 ,the sculptor carves the marble and makes a statue4 ,the marble is the material term1 and the figure resulting in the marble is the formal term1 of his work4 ,hence the work of carving is materially complete in the marble and formally complete in the figure1#bhd which is the actuality of the statue as such4 ,and it is evident that1 in speaking of a statue1 such a figure is as worth mentioning as the marble and the carving4 ,and therefore1 as in the analysis of being we give a prominent place to the term which completes the act1 we should do the same with regard to the actuality1 which completes the essence4 ,a writer in the ,dublin ,review1 who has cleverly treated this subject1 makes the following remark3 ,the constituents actus and terminus1 or forma and materia1 are recognized in the schools4 ,the third constituent is not expressly mentioned there4 ,but you hear of essentia and esse2 and esse is the complementum4 ,i have a fancy that the much-canvassed distinction between the and the of ,aristotle is really this1 that is the actus1 and the complementum4#bhe ,this remark is very judicious2 for it is as certain that the complete being consists of essence and existence as it is certain that the essence consists of act and term2 and1 moreover1 there is no less a distinction between the essence and its existence than between the act and its term4 ,hence the same reasons that led metaphysicians to give a conspicuous place to the act and its term in the analysis of the essence1 show that a similar place should also be given to essence and its actuality in the analysis of the being4 ,in the second place1 the formal complement of being is the only ground on which many different and opposite things can be predicated of one and the same being2 as1 for instance1 activity and passivity1 action and passion1 to be1 to be one1 to be good1 etc4 ,it is1 therefore1 important not to leave in the shade that principle1 without which no unity of being can be conceived4 ,thirdly1 an explicit knowledge and mention of such a complement is indispensable1 in a great number of cases1 when we have to explain how accidental modes not received in a substance can intrinsically belong to that substance--a thing which will never be radically explained without an explicit reference to the formal complement of the being in which those modes are to be found4 ,fourthly1 in the intellectual as well as in the sensitive nature the appetitive faculty cannot be accounted for1 nor distinguished from the cognoscitive1 unless we have recourse to this same formal complement1 which constitutes the affectibility of the same natures--a truth which we must here simply state1 as its demonstration belongs to special metaphysics4 ,fifthly1 it is unwise to expose the reader to the danger of confounding things having a metaphysical opposition to one another2 for instance1 the uniting with the union accomplished1 the constituting with the complete constitution1 the actuation with the actuality4 ,but if the actuality is kept out of view when we give the principles of beings1 such confusion will be almost unavoidable4 ,i believe that it is owing to the omission of this third principle that even great philosophers have not unfrequently mistaken attitudes for acts1 and actualities for forms4 ,sixthly1 after we have analyzed a primitive complete being1 and found it to consist of three intrinsic principles1 it is nothing but reasonable to keep them all equally in sight1 and to make them all serve in their turn for the simplification of metaphysical investigations2 especially as the distinct recollection of the act1 of its term1 and of the actuality of both will also draw the student's attention to the corresponding extrinsic principles--viz41 to the creative power from which that act proceeds1 to the nothingness out of which that term was educed1 and to the last end for which that actuality obtained a place in the real order of things4 ,lastly1 by the consideration that these three intrinsic and relatively opposite principles constitute one primitive complete being1 it becomes possible to account philosophically for the known fact that every creature bears in itself1 in vestigio at least1 as ,s4 ,thomas puts it1 a more or less imperfect image of ,god's unity and trinity--a topic on which much might be said1 were this the place for discussing the analogy between beings of different orders4 ,a few corollaries4 ,from the resolution of complete beings into their intrinsic principles1 and from the different character of these principles and of their principiation1 a number of useful corollaries can be drawn1 among which the following deserve a special attention3 #a4 ,it is a great mistake1 and one which leads straight to pantheism1 to assert1 as ,gioberti did1 that creatures are not beings1 but only existences4 ,for if creatures have their own actual essence1 they are not mere existences1 but complete beings2 and1 if they have no essence1 they cannot exist2 as all existence is the actuality of some essence4 ,hence to assert that creatures are not beings1 but only existences1 amounts to saying that creatures have no essence1 and that their existence is the existence of nothing--that is1 non-existence4 ,moreover1 mere existence is a simple actuality1 and does not exhibit an intelligible ratio2 hence1 if creatures were mere existences1 they would be intrinsically unintelligible1 not only to us1 as ,gioberti pretends1 but to ,god himself1 who certainly does not understand what is intrinsically unintelligible4 ,there is no need of insisting on such an unavoidable conclusion4 ,that the same assertion leads straight to pantheism is likewise evident4 ,in fact1 the absurdity of admitting existences which would be existences of nothing could not be escaped but by trying to pin them on the substance of ,god himself1 and by saying1 with the pantheist1 that all such existences are nothing but divers actualities1 or attitudes1 or forms assumed by the divine substance4 ,thus1 to escape one absurdity1 we would fall into another4 #b4 ,inasmuch as the actuality of a given essence makes a given thing formally complete1 one1 and perfect according to its entitative degree1 it is to such an actuality that everything owes that it is formally good1 and that it answers to the finality of its creation4 ,such a goodness implies two things3 the first1 that every creature is good in its absolute being1 for it is in such a being that ,god's design is fulfilled of communicating his goodness outside of himself2 the other1 that every creature is good in its relative being also--that is1 in its intrinsic aptitude and determination to manifest ,god's perfections in a manner and degree proportionate to the kind and degree of its entity4 ,accordingly1 every created being is good not only as it is a thing1 but also as it is a principle of action4 ,in the first capacity it fulfils the immediate end of its creation1 and in the second it fulfils by its action the ultimate end for the sake of which it has been made to exist4 #c4 ,hence we further infer1 that the essence of every created being is its nature also4 ,for nature is a principle of motion1 according to ,aristotle1 whether motion is taken as the action proceeding from that nature itself1 or as the reception of an action proceeding from an extrinsic agent4 ,now1 we have seen that all creatures are manifestative of ,god's perfections1 and therefore that they have in themselves an act which is a principle of action2 on the other hand1 we have also seen that every creature has its potential term1 and therefore passivity1 or receptivity of new determinations4 ,accordingly1 every created being1 by the very nature of its essential constituents1 is a complete principle of motion4 ,essence and nature are1 therefore1 the same thing in reality1 though they are distinguished from one another in our conception4 ,s4 ,thomas considers that these three words1 nature1 essence1 and quiddity1 apply to one and the same thing viewed under three distinct aspects2 the word nature meaning the essence of the thing as connoting operation1 since there is no natural being without active power2 whereas the word quiddity means the same essence viewed as an object of definition2 and the word essence is used to express the fact that in it and through it a thing has its own being4#bhf ,whence it follows that a complete being is no sooner endowed with existence than with activity1 and is no sooner a being than an individual nature4 ,and therefore a complete being and a concrete nature are really one and the same thing4 ,malebranche's theory1 denying that creatures have any true causality1 is therefore utterly untenable1 as it cannot be reconciled with the first principles of metaphysics4 #d4 ,the entity of the active power contained in the nature of any being cannot be anything else than its essential act2 that is1 the very act produced by ,god in its creation4 ,in fact1 we have just seen that in all creatures the essence and the nature are the same reality1 and that the constituents of the nature are nothing but the constituents of the essence4 ,accordingly1 the nature of every creature consists of an essential act and an essential term2 the one being its principle of activity1 as the other is its principle of passivity4 ,the form1 says ,s4 ,thomas1 is that by which the agent acts1 and ,by what a thing is1 by that it acts1 and ,the principle of being is the principle of acting1 and ,every agent acts inasmuch as it is in act4 ,these axioms are accepted by all real philosophers4 ,hence the active principle of any complete being1 and its essential act1 are the same thing in reality1 though they are distinguished from one another in our conception1 in the same manner as are nature and essence2 for the essential act connotes the intrinsic term of the essence1 to which the act is essentially terminated1 whilst the active principle connotes any extrinsic term to which the action proceeding from the same act is1 or can be1 accidentally terminated4 ,this is what ,s4 ,thomas means when he says that a natural form is a principle of operation1 not inasmuch as it is the permanent form of the thing to which it gives existence1 but inasmuch as it has a leaning towards an effect4#bhg ,such a leaning 7inclinatio7 should be taken to mean a natural ordination or determination to act4 ,philosophers agitate the question1 whether created substances act by themselves immediately1 or by the aid of accidents4 ,the ,scotistic school holds the first opinion1 whilst the ,thomistic supports the second4 ,for reasons which it would take too long to develop in this place1 we are inclined to believe that natural accidents are not active1 and that their bearing on the action of substance is not of an efficient1 but of a formal1 character2 by which we mean that accidents have no play in the production of effects1 except inasmuch as their presence or absence entails a different formal determination of the conditions in which the agent is to exert its power4 ,it is true1 indeed1 that created substances never act independently of accidental conditions2 but it is true1 at the same time1 that they always act by themselves without the aid of accidents1 inasmuch as the active power they exert is so exclusively owned by them that it cannot even partially reside in any of their accidents4 ,as the active principle is really nothing else than the act by which the agent is1 so also the passive principle is really nothing else than the essential term by which that act is completed4 ,here again the same reality presents itself under two distinct aspects2 for the phrase essential term connotes the essential act by which the term is essentially actuated1 whilst the phrase passive principle connotes any accidental act by which the same term is liable to be accidentally actuated4 #e4 ,since a being possessing its three intrinsic principles is so fully and adequately constituted as to require nothing additional to exist1 it is obvious that such a being contains in its perfect constitution the sufficient reason of its aptitude to exist non in alio et non per aliud1 but in se et per se2 that is1 in itself and by itself4 ,now1 to exist in itself is to be a substance1 and to exist by itself is to be what philosophers call suppositum--i4e41 a thing having separate subsistence2 and1 therefore1 such a being1 if simply left to itself1 will be both a substance and a suppositum4 ,in fact1 the essential act of a created being1 though always needing positive conservation on account of its contingency1 needs no termination to1 or sustentation from1 a subject1 as it already holds under itself its own intrinsic term1 by which it is sufficiently terminated and sustained4 ,and in the same manner1 the essence of a complete being needs no union with any extraneous nature to be made completely subsistent1 as it is already sufficiently complete on account of its formal actuality and individuality4 ,thus it is manifest that nothing positive is to be added to a complete being in order to make it a substance and a suppositum2 it suffices to leave it alone without further sustentation and without further completion4 ,by the first of these two negations1 the being will exist non in alio1 but in itself2 and by the second it will subsist non per aliud1 but by itself4 ,hence it is that the first negation is called the mode of substance1 and the second the mode of the suppositum4 #f4 ,to be1 to be true1 to be one1 to be good1 to be a thing or a being1 are convertible expressions so far as their real objective meaning is concerned1 and are distinct only on account of their different connotations4 ,a thing is called a being1 inasmuch as it has existence4 ,it is called true1 inasmuch as its act suits its term1 and vice versa4 ,for the objective truth of things--i4e41 their metaphysical truth--is nothing but their intelligibility2 and the whole intelligibility of a being consists in the agreement of an essential act with its essential term2 that is1 in this3 that the one adequately satisfies the wants of the other1 and thus constitutes with it one perfect intelligible ratio or essence4 ,hence the termination of the proper act to the proper term makes a thing objectively true2 just as the application of the proper predicate to the proper subject makes true a proposition4 ,this objective or metaphysical truth is perfectly independent of our knowledge of it2 it has1 however1 the reason of its being in ,god's intellect1 in which the archetypes of all that is intelligible are contained1 and to which the whole ideal order is to be traced as to its original source4 ,a thing is called one on account of the formal unity of its essence and of its existence4 ,it is called good1 objectively and metaphysically1 inasmuch as it is materially and formally complete in the manner above described1 and consequently perfect1 so as to require no further intrinsic endowment to exist4 ,the objective goodness of any being arises from its truth2 for it is the mutual fitness of the essential act and of the essential term that accounts for their mutual agreement in unity of existence2 whence it follows that the being will naturally exist in itself1 and subsist by itself1 without any further addition1 as though finding rest in its own reality4 ,but1 that in which anything finds rest is its own good2 and therefore everything that exists in itself completely is good to itself1 while its act and its term1 as the intrinsic factors of such a goodness1 are good also1 but only of an initial and relative goodness--viz41 so far as the one is good to the other4 ,lastly1 the word thing expresses the whole being as it is in its concrete essence--that is1 the whole reality implied in its three intrinsic principles4 ,thing in ,latin is res2 and res1 as well as ratio1 are connected with the verb reor 7to judge7 in the same manner as pax 7peace7 and pactio 7compact7 are connected with the verb paciscor 7to make a compact72 and accordingly1 as peace implies the compact1 of which it is the result1 and by which its conditions are duly determined1 so also res implies the ratio1 of which it is the concrete result1 and by which it is confined between the bounds of a determinate quiddity4 ,whether the ,english words thing1 thought1 and to think bear to one another the same relation as the ,latin res1 ratio1 and reor1 we are not ready to decide4 #g4 ,the verb to be has not exactly the same meaning1 when applied to a complete being1 as when applied to its constituent principles4 ,of the complete being we say that it is simply and completely4 ,of the essential act we also say that it is1 but not absolutely nor completely1 because it has no existence apart from its term2 existence being the result of the position of the one in the other4 ,of the essential term we should not say precisely that it is1 but rather that it has being4 ,this adjective predication is here employed1 because the being of the term is wholly due to its act1 without which the term would be nothing1 as we have already shown2 and therefore the term is not a being1 but only has the being borrowed from its act1 just as the geometric centre has no being but that which it receives from the circumference4 ,of the complement we do not say that it is1 or that it exists1 because the complement is the formal existence1 not of itself1 but of the being of which it is the complement1 and therefore must be predicated of the existent being1 not of itself4 ,thus we cannot correctly say that loquacity talks1 nor that velocity runs3 and for the same reason we should not say that existence exists2 for as it is the woman that talks by her loquacity1 and the horse that runs with its velocity1 so it is the complete being that exists by its own existence4 ,nevertheless1 the verb to be1 when used in a logical sense to express the existence of an agreement between a predicate and a subject1 or any other mental relation between objects of thought1 applies equally to all things conceived1 whatever their degree of reality2 because1 inasmuch as such things are actually known1 they are all equally actual in our intellectual faculty4 ,and now1 with regard to the essence itself of a complete being1 the question arises whether it should be held to be1 or to have being1 in the sense of the distinction already made4 ,s4 ,thomas seems to hold that the essence of creatures cannot be said to be1 but only to have being2 for he teaches that in creatures the essence is to its existence as a potency is to an act4 ,if this doctrine were to be applied to possible essences only1 we might admit it without discussion2 but the holy doctor seems to apply it to the actual essence also2 for to be1 says he1 is the most perfect of all realities1 because it performs the parts of an act with regard to them all2 as no thing has actuality but according as it is2 and therefore to be is the actuality of all things1 even of the forms themselves2 and for this reason existence is not compared to any existing thing as a recipient to that which is received1 but rather as that which is received to its recipient4 ,for when ,i mention the existence of a man1 or of a horse1 or of anything else1 existence stands for something formal and received1 and not for that to which it belongs4#bhh ,it is clear1 however1 that the actuality of anything is not an act really received in the essence of the thing as in a potency4 ,for1 according to ,s4 ,thomas himself1 nothing is educed from potency into act1 except through an act which is not originated by that potency2 and therefore no potency contains in itself the formal reason of its actuation1 but all potency is actuated by an act originated by an extrinsic agent4 ,now1 such is not the case with real essences2 for every real essence contains in itself all that is required to give rise to its actuality1 as we have proved2 and consequently1 as soon as the essential act actuates the essential term1 the actuality of the essence springs forth by spontaneous resultation1 as the consequence from the premises1 with no need of an extrinsic agent producing a new act4 ,granting1 then1 that existence is something formal1 as ,s4 ,thomas truly says1 yet it does not follow that it is an act received2 it is only a resulting actuality4 ,and therefore the real essence is not the potency of existence1 but its formal reason4 ,existence is the complement of real essence1 and presupposes it2 and consequently gives it nothing but the real denomination of existent--and1 perhaps1 this is all that ,s4 ,thomas intended to teach1 though his words seem to imply a great deal more4 ,for1 on the one hand1 he very often employs the word potentia1 not in the sense of passive potency1 but in that of virtuality2 and1 on the other1 he frequently gives the name of forms to those formalities from which things receive their proper denomination1 and considers them as received in the things to which they give such a denomination4 ,but in such cases their reception is of course only logical1 not real1 and accordingly the thing denominated by them is only a logical1 not a real1 potency1 as it already possesses the reality of that by which it receives its special denomination4 ,thus we say that in man rationality is to animality as act is to potency2 but this is true in a logical sense only1 because man's animality implies in its constitution a rational soul1 and therefore is already in possession of rationality4 ,to conclude3 the essence of all actual beings is to be said to be or to exist rather than to have being or to have existence2 and in the same manner the essence of a possible being is to be called a potency of existing rather than of receiving existence1 so far1 at least1 as it is considered in connection with its intrinsic principles4 ,the reader1 if not accustomed to metaphysical investigations1 will think that we1 in this last question1 have only amused ourselves with splitting hairs2 to correct such a judgment1 he has only to ask himself whether between being rich and holding borrowed riches the difference be important or trivial4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,footnotes3 #bgf ,,catholic ,,world1 ,feb41 #ahgd1 page #egh4 #bgg ,s4 ,thomas says intus-legere1 to read within1 which amounts to the same4 #bgh ,this third proof and the following apply to created beings only2 but creatures1 as we hope to explain later1 inasmuch as they are beings1 are so many imperfect likenesses of their ,creator1 and unmistakably show that he himself is an infinite ,act actuating 7out of himself1 not out of nothing7 an infinite ,term1 and possessing an infinite ,actuality4 ,and accordingly1 what we have said of the intrinsic constitution of a created being must be true1 in an eminent manner1 of the ,creator also4 #bgi ,omne agens agit in quantum est in actu2 et omne patiens patitur in quantum est in potentia4--,s4 ,thomas1 passim4 #bhj ,pure potency is quod potest esse et non est1 according to ,s4 ,thomas1 ,opusc4 ,de ,princ4 ,natur4 #bha ,we say movement1 not motion1 though we know that these two words are considered as synonymous4 ,motion corresponds to the ,latin motio1 whilst movement corresponds to the ,latin motus4 ,motio means the motive action--that is1 motion properly--both as proceeding actively from the agent1 and as passively received in the patient2 motus1 on the contrary1 signifies the result of the motio given and received2 and this result is movement4 ,as in philosophy we have to distinguish between action and its result1 we must keep up a distinction between the words also4 ,very probably movement and motion would never have been accepted as synonymous1 had the verb to move exclusively retained its original active signification2 but1 as people imagined that movement was a kind of action1 they thought it right to say not only that the horse moves the cart1 but also that the cart moves1 instead of saying that it is moved4 ,even ,newton has been so misled by the popular use of this verb as to write more than once corpus movet1 instead of corpus movetur4 ,it was but natural that movement1 too1 should be transformed into motion4 ,are we too late to restore to these two words their distinct meanings8 #bhb ,see ,kleutgen1 ,the ,old ,philosophy1 diss4 #b1 c4 #d4 #bhc ,we cannot here explain the different kinds of identity2 but we hope we shall take up this matter in one of our future articles4 #bhd ,the same distinction may be very properly expressed by saying that the carving is materially terminated to the marble1 and formally to the statue4 #bhe ,dublin ,review1 ,january1 #ahgc1 pp4 #gj1 #ga4 #bhf ,nomen natur videtur significare essentiam rei secundum quod habet ordinem vel ordinationem ad propriam operationem rei2 quum nulla res propria destituatur operatione4 ,quidditatis vero nomen sumitur ex hoc quod per definitionem significatur4 ,sed essentia dicitur secundum quod per eam et in ea res habet esse4--,s4 ,thomas1 ,de ,ente et ,essentia1 c4 #a4 #bhg ,summa ,theol41 p4 #a1 q4 #ad1 a4 #h4 #bhh ,esse est perfectissimum omnium2 comparatur enim ad omnia ut actus2 nihil enim habet actualitatem nisi in quantum est2 unde ipsum esse est actualitas omnium rerum1 et etiam ipsarum formarum2 unde non comparatur ad alia sicut recipiens ad receptum1 sed magis sicut receptum ad recipiens4 ,quum enim dico esse hominis1 vel equi1 vel cujuscumque alterius1 ipsum esse consideratur ut formale et receptum1 non autem ut illud cui competit esse4--,summa ,theol41 p4 #a1 q4 #d1 a4 #a4 ,,the ,,jansenist ,,schism ,,in ,,holland4 ,,jansenism ,,in ,,the ,,church ,,of ,,utrecht4 ,,from ,,les ,,etudes ,,religieuses4 ,,by ,c4 ,,van ,,aken4 ,,concluded4 ,,ii4 ,such was the system of ,jansenius1 at least as to its main points2 its five famous propositions forming the most important conclusions of the system4 ,if they are not all to be found1 in so many words1 in the ,augustinus--which neither pope nor theologian has ever pretended they are--they are the soul of the book1 in the words of ,bossuet4 ,this soul1 this breath of error1 is revived in ,quesnel and in the false ,synod of ,pistoia4 ,now1 are the proofs called for of its existence in the pretended church of ,utrecht8 ,then we have only to let the hierarchy intruded in ,holland speak for itself through its letter addressed to ,scipio ,ricci4 ,so far as ,i know1 this letter has never before been published4 ,we give it as faithfully transcribed from the original in the archives at ,florence3#bhi ,,monseigneur3 ,we have just read with astonishment a bull of ,pope ,pius ,,vi41 in which the ,synod of ,pistoia1 held by you in #aghf1 is condemned1 and your episcopal administration calumniated1 upon grounds which are incomprehensible4 ,conduct such as this in regard to a bishop and an ecclesiastical assembly of the highest repute in the church1 and the spirit of partisanship which characterizes the bull generally1 have certainly not been imitated from the great ,doctor of ,grace1 ,s4 ,augustine1 whom the latter seems intended to honor1 since it is dated on his feast4 ,your synod1 monseigneur1 was for years1 as the public well knew1 under examination by ,roman censors2 and it is evident that they would not have occupied themselves with it for so long a time#bij if1 instead of laboriously seeking for pretexts to condemn it1 they had sought in it for that truth which is everywhere displayed in it with clearness1 dignity1 and unction4 ,we need not1 therefore1 have expected a confirmation of this synod as the result of such an examination4 ,we are no longer in the days when the popes used the authority of their see only for edification1 and not for destruction4 ,your synod1 monseigneur1 reveals nothing which is unworthy of the full approbation of the head of the church1 and which would not have been cordially received by the popes of former times4 ,but ,god permits that those of later times should be swayed by prejudices and by the dominating influence of a court which1 although foreign and even contrary to the divine institution of the ,holy ,see1 pretends1 nevertheless1 to identify itself with the chair of ,s4 ,peter1 and has consequently taken upon itself to dictate the bulls of the popes conformably to its own interests--interests often greatly opposed to those of the church and of the ,holy ,see4#bia ,it finds that these human interests have not been made much of by the ,synod of ,pistoia1 which kept in view only the good of souls and the disinterested exercise of the functions of the pastorate4 ,it could not1 therefore1 approve this synod1 since its decrees preach the new covenant1 of which we are ministers1 in the spirit and not in the letter4 ,the ancient one1 in which the spirit was sacrificed to the letter1 and in which ,god was honored by the lips1 while the heart was far from him1 is the only one in accord with the political maxims and views of a court entirely devoted to the clat of the pontifical throne1 and to the externals of religion4 ,the fathers of the synod1 most reasonably convinced that the true and only object of the ministry established by ,jesus ,christ is to give to ,god adorers in spirit and truth1 have endeavored1 so far as these evil times permitted1 to bring back ,christian worship to its primitive purity and simplicity4 ,but this could not be suffered by a court which applies itself exclusively to fostering abuses in ecclesiastical discipline and in the administration of the sacraments1 and to all the new devotions and superstitions#bib which give a false idea of ,christian piety1 and cause the faithful to forget the true spirit of ,christianity2 not reforming1 as it ought1 this ,judaical worship1 but making its profit of it1 and taking it under its protection1 on all occasions4 ,in the synod you held1 monseigneur1 there were useful reforms proposed1 and even commenced4 ,still greater ones were desired4 ,if the wise regulations made in it were put in practice and everywhere adopted1 as they deserve to be2 if its wishes were attended to1 true piety would flourish again1 the church would possess good ministers1 their labors would produce abundant fruits1 the observance of the canons would restore the salutary discipline of the early days1 the hierarchical order would enjoy all its rights1 its head1 the ,holy ,see1 would be listened to and respected1 but the ,roman court would become nothing4 ,it is this1 monseigneur1 which excites its resentment against you and your synod4 ,it is the court alone which has produced this extraordinary bull1 which is an injury to the chair of ,s4 ,peter1 more even than to the ,synod of ,pistoia1 and the ,pope has been dishonored by causing him to adopt it4 ,it was already sufficiently a scandal that ,rome alone gave no sign of approving this synod1 while it was receiving praises everywhere else2 that she alone seemed to take no interest in the good results of which it was susceptible1 and appeared even aggrieved and offended at that which gave joy to all true children of the church4#bic ,but this was not enough for the jealous and vindictive policy of the ,roman court4 ,it wished to brand1 by a public and solemn censure1 the acts of the ,synod of ,pistoia2 and although it must have been infinitely painful to the censors to find no matter for condemnation1 yet1 by condemning1 at whatever detriment to itself1 that which all the world approved1 it has capped the climax of scandal--scandali mensuram implevit4 ,injustice vainly attempts a disguise3 it often betrays itself by the clumsy precautions it takes to disguise itself4 ,this1 monseigneur1 is what we see in the bull of ,august #bh1 in which ,god permitted that its compilers should1 against all prudence1 depart from their ordinary method of making qualifications in globo1 so convenient1 and even so necessary1 where there is question of condemning good books4 ,by applying to each of the propositions censured by them particular qualifications1 they have thought to give to their censure an appearance of greater rectitude and equity1 and by this very means they have rendered evident to all the spirit of deception and bad faith which characterizes them4 ,in fact1 monseigneur1 if the use of this kind of censure be even just and equitable in itself1 it would be impossible to abuse it more grossly than they have done in the matter of your synod4 ,every one knows that1 when propositions are bad and condemnable1 they are so in themselves and in the sense they express4 ,it is1 then1 in themselves and in reference to this sense that they should be condemned4#bid ,this1 however1 is not what has been done in regard to the greater number of the propositions drawn from the ,synod of ,pistoia4 ,they are not condemned in themselves nor in their proper sense1 but relatively to the imaginary sense attributed to them4 ,the truths they express are passed over1 in order to condemn the errors they do not express2 and while it would be against all evidence to attribute to them an erroneous sense1 to which the words are repugnant1 they are nevertheless condemned conditionally--that is to say1 by virtue of a gratuitous and often absurd supposition that this erroneous or in some wise reprehensible sense may be conveyed therein4 ,they dare not condemn ,jesus ,christ1 or1 what is the same thing1 the truth in its own name2 but they give him the name and the dress of ,barabbas1 in order to have the right of sending him to punishment as a malefactor--,et cum iniquis reputatus est4 ,we have just said1 monseigneur1 that the bull violated grossly in your regard good faith and justice by this indirect and captious manner in which it condemns the greater number of the propositions drawn from your synod4 ,but there are others1 in the censure of which the interests of the faith and of the teachings of the church are equally disregarded4 ,they do not hesitate to sacrifice these to the pernicious opinions of obnoxious theological schools1 the defence of which is taken up against your decrees1 under the pretext that the ,holy ,see tolerates them under the name of ,molinism--a ,pelagian doctrine#bie rejected by all tradition4 ,thus error1 or rather a number of most dangerous errors1 is put on a level with truth2 and the hand of ,pius ,,vi4 is made use of to replace beside the ark that idol of ,dagon so often overturned to its base by the censures of the church and the writings of her doctors4 ,what idea have they1 then1 of the teachings of the church1 and of the rights of bishops and their co-laborers in reference to this doctrine8 ,because ,paul ,v4 did not choose to do in regard to the doctrine of ,molina that which his successors did in regard to the doctrine of ,s4 ,augustine in their bulls against ,jansenius and ,quesnel2#bif because they have not published1 with condemnation1 the system of equilibrium1 of gratia sufficiens1 of the state of pure nature1 of the scientia media1 of limbo1 etc42 and have allowed to be taught the sufficiency of attrition without the love of ,god1 and the ignorant devotion to the ,sacred ,heart to be practised1 shall pastors no longer be permitted to oppose to these novelties the principles and the language of ,scripture and tradition8 ,and shall they no longer warn the faithful of the snares spread for their faith and piety1 because those who spread them have not yet been declared heretics by the ,sovereign ,pontiffs8 ,they have not contented themselves1 monseigneur1 with making a crime of your private sentiments1 however irreproachable1 but have quarrelled with you for having1 in your synod1 adhered to a doctrine so authoritative1 so precious in all churches and all states1 as that contained in the four articles of the assembly of the clergy of ,france in #afhb4 ,they have so poor an opinion of the present clergy and of the ,gallican ,church itself as to imagine that this clergy would feel offended at the praises you give to the celebrated declaration of that assembly1 and to take the insertion you have made of it in the acts of the ,synod of ,pistoia as an injury4 ,but if the synod does an injury to the ,french clergy by adopting its maxims1 what does the ,pope's bull do1 which rejects and condemns them8 ,you may be sure1 monseigneur1 that a bull like this--a censure as manifestly unjust at bottom as singular and indecent in form--is not likely to shake or diminish in the least either our attachment for you or our esteem and admiration for the acts of your synod1 in the doctrine of which our clergy recognize their own1 through the chapter of ,utrecht1 whose act of adhesion was sent to you in ,november1 #aghi1big shortly after the ,french publication of the synod4 ,the efforts which are now being made to cry down its results1 and to render them abortive1 are so much more a motive for our confirming this adhesion1 and of renewing to you the expression of our interest in your cause1 afflicted1 as we are1 to the bottom of our heart1 that our ,holy ,father1 ,pope ,pius ,,vi41 who ought to show us the example of like sentiments1 shows himself in his bull entirely opposed to them4 ,we sympathize with you1 monseigneur1 no less in the personal offence that has been offered you than in the annoyances which cannot fail to arise to you as well as to the faithful clergy of your ancient diocese4 ,but ,god1 who has enabled you long to foresee these things1 and who has already prepared you for them by preliminary trials1 will give you grace to bear all this with continued courage and confidence in his protection and assistance4 ,considering the affair in itself1 nothing can be weaker than the attack that has been made upon you by this bull1 which is more likely1 in view of its whole contents1 to justify your doctrine than to render it an object of suspicion4 ,but if we pay attention to the fact that it is the very purity of this doctrine1 and your enlightened zeal for the house of ,god1 that have drawn upon you this unjust treatment2 that it is the testimony you render fearlessly and without disguise to the most important truths1 so combated in our days1 of dogma1 of morals1 and of discipline in the church1 which renders the ,synod of ,pistoia odious to the enemies of these truths1 nothing can be grander nor more worthy of a bishop than the cause you will have to defend4 ,consequently1 nothing can impel us more to invoke upon you1 monseigneur1 by our prayers1 and upon all those whom divine ,providence will associate with you in the same defence1 the lights and graces of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,ask them also for us1 who long preceded you in the same career of tribulations and trials1 and whose cause has not been separated from yours1 since it has been attempted to injure your synod by comparing it1 in the new bull1 to our council--a comparison most just and natural1 and which cannot but do honor to both4 ,we are1 with respect and tender attachment in our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 monseigneur1 your most humble and obedient servants1 ,,gaulth4 ,,mich41 ,archbishop of ,utrecht4 ,,adrien ,,jean1 ,bishop of ,harlem4 ,,nicholas1 ,bishop of ,deventer4#bih ,,utrecht1 ,october #cast1 ,all-,saints' ,eve4 ,this letter renders evidence against the clergy of ,utrecht that may justly be called crushing1 and would be sufficient in itself to close the debate4 ,it sheds light1 also1 on the whole history of the schismatical church of the ,united ,provinces4 ,now1 to complete the demonstration entered upon1 let us retrace our steps1 and make research into the origin and the peculiar character of the ,jansenism of ,holland4 ,,iii4 ,in the beginning of the ,x,v,i,ith century the ,university of ,louvain was in a most flourishing condition2 the purity of doctrine that prevailed there1 its attachment to the ,holy ,see1 and the example of loyal and perfect submission it had recently given before the world by repudiating the errors of ,baius1 gained for it the respect and good wishes of all ,christendom4 ,some of its professors1 however1 had not entirely renounced ,baianism2 and unhappily1 in their case1 distinguished talents were joined with uncommon activity4 ,the most eminent of these men was ,jacques ,janson1 who was the professor and1 as it were1 the father of ,jansenius4 ,he made the third of the party of whom the future ,bishop of ,ypres and the ,abb de ,saint-,cyran were the other two4 ,louvain then became the centre of a set of ideas of which the doctrines of ,baius formed the basis1 and which were ripened and developed by ,jansenius during nearly thirty years1 to be finally brought forth in his famous ,augustinus4 ,it was also at the school of ,jacques ,janson that ,philip ,rovenius and several eminent individuals among his clergy received their theological training2 they therefore drank of ,jansenism at its very source4 ,the ,augustinus was issued in #afdj from the press of ,jacques ,zegers1 of ,louvain4 ,immediately1 ,philip ,rovenius1 ,archbishop of ,philippi1 in partibus infidelium1 and ,vicar ,apostolic of the ,united ,provinces2 ,jean ,wachtelaer1 his vicar-general2 ,baudoin ,catz1 afterwards the successor of ,jacques de la ,torre2 ,leonard ,marius1 professor in the ,college ,hollandais at ,cologne1 and several besides1 gave a public and entire approval to the book of ,jansenius1 coupled with the most flattering praises4 ,there was at once in ,belgium1 as well as in ,holland1 and on the part of many virtuous and well-meaning priests1 an infatuation1 an enthusiasm1 exhibited for the ,augustinus1 of which the reception given almost in our day to the first volume of the ,essai sur l',indifference will give only a faint idea4 ,but ,holland distinguished herself in this concert of praises2 ,s4 ,augustine himself1 people said1 had spoken by the mouth of ,jansenius2 ,jean ,wachtelaer averred that the ,netherland priests were never wearied with reading and meditating this incomparable work2 ,rovenius went further1 and formed a league with the ,canon of ,furnes1 a nephew of ,jansenius1 and several other partisans of the new doctrines1 to prevent the ,council of ,brabant from putting in execution the first measures taken by the ,holy ,see against the ,augustinus4 ,these were the circumstances that preceded the bull ,in eminenti1 published at ,rome on the #aith of ,june1 #afdc1 in which the famous work was proscribed as containing propositions previously condemned2#bii we are thus made aware of the sentiments of the clergy1 and the spirit in which the young ,levites of the ,united ,provinces were formed4 ,rovenius submitted to the pontifical definition2 in his book on the ,christian ,republic1#cjj printed at ,anvers1 in #afdh1 he even renders solemn homage to the infallibility of the ,vicar of ,christ4 ,this important doctrine was then1 as always1 held in honor at the ,university of ,louvain4 ,rovenius had learned it there1 and to this powerful preservative he owed the honor and fidelity that attended his last days4 ,the clergy of ,holland seemed at first to imitate the humble obedience of its chief2 but it soon became evident that this submission was neither as general nor as perfect as was desirable4 ,left to its ancient traditions of respect for the ,holy ,see1 the ,church of ,holland would perhaps have escaped shipwreck2 but it shortly received as vicar apostolic a man of whom ,sainte-,beuve has truly said that he was the great auxiliary of ,port ,royal in ,holland4#cja ,jean ,neercassel1 priest of the ,oratory1 had had a share in the government of the mission since the year #afeb4 ,consecrated ,bishop of ,castoria1 in partibus1 in #affb1 he shortly after became1 by the death of ,baudoin ,catz 7#affc71 the sole vicar apostolic in the ,united ,provinces1 and continued so to be for the long period of twenty-three years4 ,the illustrious ,archbishop of ,malines1 who knew1 by a painful but glorious experience1 how greatly firmness and devotion on the part of a chief pastor were needed in those sad times1 said3 ,i shall always commiserate those bishops who are even on terms with a single one of these innovators4#cjb ,neercassel invited these innovators all to ,holland1 and made it a place of refuge for them4 ,arnauld1 du ,vaucel1 ,gerberon1 ,quesnel1 and a multitude of apostate monks and fugitive priests1 all in revolt against the decisions of the church1 cast themselves upon the poor mission as upon a prey provided for them4 ,from ,arnauld's correspondence1 and the papers found on ,gerberon1 ,quesnel1 and others1 we see that the direction of the most important affairs of the vicariate apostolic then passed into the hands of the patriarchs of ,jansenism4 ,in this school1 the clergy of the ,netherlands learned the wretched distinction between right and fact 7le droit et le fait74 ,as this distinction tion forms one of the bases of the resistance offered by that clergy to the definitions of the ,holy ,see1 it would be proper to give a brief explanation of it4 ,the five famous propositions having been referred to the tribunal of the ,sovereign ,pontiff by eighty-five ,french bishops1 the so-called disciples of ,s4 ,augustine sent a deputation to ,rome to defend the sense of ,jansenius4 ,they prepared1 on this occasion1 the celebrated ,ecrit trois ,colonnes1 in order1 said they1 to show fully the state of the controversy1 and to furnish the ,pope with the means of knowing exactly upon what he had to give judgment4 ,for each proposition there is distinguished1 #ast1 the sense of ,luther or of ,calvin1 which is condemned2 #b;d1 the natural sense1 prout a nobis defenditur1 the sense of ,jansenius--in a word1 that said to be the sense of the church and of ,s4 ,augustine2#cjc #c;d1 and last1 the ,pelagian or semi-,pelagian1 which is rejected like the first4 ,at this time1 then1 the party acknowledged1 in an official and authentic document1 that it defended the five propositions in the sense of ,jansenius1 and that this sense was the only natural and legitimate one4 ,the whole question was to know if this sense were heretical or not4 ,it was upon this point that the ,pope's decision was invoked both by the bishops and by the partisans of ,jansenius4 ,the decision was given the #cast of ,may1 #afec1 in the bull ,cum occasione1 which condemned the five famous propositions4 ,the church evidently aimed a blow at the spirit of the book1 which alone conveyed the error4 ,the ,jansenists understood it as every one else did at the time1 and were confounded by it4 ,but in their farewell audience1 the deputies of the party asked the ,pope if he had been understood to condemn the opinion in regard to efficacious grace by itself--the doctrine of ,s4 ,augustine4 ,certainly not1 replied the ,holy ,father4 ,the whole of ,jansenism was embraced in this equivocal question2 for the ,jansenists reasoned thus3 the ,augustinus contains nothing but the pure doctrine of ,s4 ,augustine2 we can therefore submit to the bull without rejecting the sense of ,jansenius4 ,to prevent and eliminate in advance every pretext for disobedience1 ,pope ,alexander ,,vii41 in #affe1 ordered1 in a new bull1 that the condemnation of the five propositions in the sense of ,jansenius should be subscribed to2 he directed at the same time1 according to the ancient usage of the church1 that the signature should be attached to a formula in these words3 ,i1----1 submit to the ,apostolic ,constitution of ,pope ,innocent ,x41 dated the #cjth of ,may1 #afec1 and to that of the ,sovereign ,pontiff ,alexander ,,vii41 dated the #afth of ,october1 #affe2 ,i condemn and reject heartily and in all sincerity the five propositions taken from the ,augustinus of ,cornelius ,jansenius in the same manner as they are condemned by the said constitutions2 ,i condemn them in the sense of that author2 thus ,i swear4 ,may ,god help me and this holy ,gospel6 ,then it began to be said in the camp of ,jansenius3 ,the pope and the bishops may well decide if the propositions are heretical2 it is a question of right4 ,crance au droit6 ,but are the propositions taken from the ,augustinus1 and do they convey its sense8 ,that is a question of fact1 in regard to which the church might be mistaken4 ,nevertheless1 respect au fait6 ,after this1 it was signed1 excluding 7en exceptant7 the sense of ,jansenius4 ,the more determined refused their signature2 after the time of ,pierre ,codde1 the successor of ,neercassel1 this was the general rule4 ,no one1 in my opinion1 has more fully set forth the state of this question than the author of the ,provincial ,letters1 whose genius demonstrates conclusively the absurdity of this celebrated distinction4#cjd ,he thus expresses himself in a passage wherein he maintains his opinion against ,arnauld1 ,nicole1 and others3 ,the whole dispute is in ascertaining if there be a fact and a right disconnected from one another1 or if there be only a right2 that is1 if the sense of ,jansenius 444 does nothing but indicate the right4 ,the ,pope and the bishops are on one side1 and they claim that it is a point of right and of faith to say that the five propositions are heretical in the sense of ,jansenius2 and ,alexander ,,vii4 declares in his constitution that1 to be in the true faith1 we must say that the words1 'sense of ,jansenius1' express only the heretical sense of the propositions1 and that thus it is a fact which carries with it a right1 and makes an essential part of the profession of faith2 as if we should say3 ,the sense of ,calvin on the ,eucharist is heretical1 which is certainly a point of faith4#cje ,nothing could be better said4 ,but what is the conclusion8 ,it is this1 and ,sainte-,beuve himself says the same in other words3#cjf the church must be denied all infallibility on the question of right2 we must allege that she can be mistaken even as to the true and natural sense of her own decrees1 if we would maintain that she could err as to the fact in ,jansenius4 ,in a word1 we must either completely break with the church1 or condemn the sense of ,jansenius4 ,m4 ,rville seems to know very little of the question of fact as regards ,jansenius4 ,one might say that1 to form his opinion on this point1 he had consulted only a report of the ,jansenist ,bishop of ,utrecht1 which contains an account of the latter's interview in #ahbh with the ,papal nuncio1 ,mgr4 ,capaccini4 ,in this1 the representative of the ,holy ,see is made to use absurd and ridiculous language2 the author of ,port ,royal1 who was not any too well versed in theology1 had a better knowledge of the question than this nuncio4 ,how could ,m4 ,rville regard this as a serious relation8 ,has a witness who could neither understand the ,catholic theologians nor ,pascal himself the right to be believed on his word when he reports1 word for word1 a long conversation with his opponent1 a kind of diplomatic passage-at-arms1 wherein it was greatly to his interest to make the best figure for himself8 ,and1 besides1 what guarantee of exactitude have we in a relation published for the first time twenty-three years after the interview1 and six after the death of ,cardinal ,capaccini1 the only person able to rectify the assertions of his interlocutor8#cjg ,that a ,protestant or a free-thinker should encourage the ,friends of ,holland in resisting the ,holy ,see1 that he should even go so far as to do honor to that resistance1 ,i can conceive2 but that he should share in the inveterate obstinacy of the ,jansenists concerning fact and right defies logic and common sense4 ,m4 ,rville seems likewise to confound the bull ,unigenitus with that of ,alexander ,,vii4 concerning the formulary4 ,this leads us to speak of the second point on which the opposition of the clergy of ,utrecht to the ,holy ,see is founded4 ,the ,jansenist discussions on le fait and le droit were still proceeding1 when the patriarch of the sect1 the ex-,oratorian1 ,pasquier ,quesnel1 threw off the mask1 and in his ,rflexions ,morales renewed the principal dogmas of ,baius and ,jansenius4#cjh ,pope ,clement ,,xi4 ordered the book to be examined2 he proceeded in this affair1 says ,dllinger1 with perfect prudence and deliberation4 ,the ,jesuits had been charged with being bitterly opposed to the ,rflexions2 he chose examiners from religious orders whose teachings had the least affinity with those of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,he himself presided at twenty-three sessions of the examiners1 and the discussion lasted for nearly two whole years4#cji ,finally1 on the #hth of ,september1 #agac1 the bull ,unigenitus appeared1 condemning one hundred and one propositions taken from ,quesnel's book4 ,among them are some which at first sight appeared inoffensive2 but they cunningly convey ,jansenist error1 and intimately coalesce with the system2 in others1 expressions are skilfully worded to infect the reader with prejudices against the teachings or the general discipline of the church2 many clearly announce the dogmas of ,jansenius4#caj ,here1 seeing that the one hundred and one propositions were found word for word in the condemned book1 the distinction of right and of fact 7du droit et du fait7 was impossible4 ,quesnel1 on hearing of the decree condemning it1 exclaimed3 ,the ,pope has proscribed one hundred and one truths6 ,the whole party echoed this exclamation1 and our ,netherland sectaries followed the impulse given by the patriarch of ,jansenism4 ,this1 then1 in two words1 is the attitude of ,jansenism in ,holland3 it refuses to condemn the sense of ,jansenius by signature to the formulary of ,alexander ,,vii42 it refuses adherence to the bull ,unigenitus4 ,all the efforts made by the ,holy ,see to bring back the ,jansenists of ,utrecht to ,catholic unity have failed1 from a persistence in this double refusal4 ,among these efforts at reconciliation1 there is one which deserves special mention4 ,in #ahbf1 ,mgr4 ,nazalli1 ,papal nuncio1 opened a conference with the ,holland ,jansenists4 ,he announced to them that ,rome exacted of them nothing more than an adhesion pure and simple to the constitutions of ,innocent ,x41 ,alexander ,,vii41 and ,clement ,,xi41 and he proposed for their signature the formula previously referred to1 with the following addition3 ,i moreover submit1 without distinction1 reticence1 or explanation1 to the constitution of ,clement ,,xi41 dated ,september #h1 #agac1 and beginning with the word ,unigenitus2 ,i accept it purely and simply1 and thus ,i swear4 ,may ,god help me and this holy ,gospel6#caa ,the bull ,unigenitus was1 even under the ,gallican point of view1 obligatory on all ,catholics1 since it had been accepted by the entire episcopate with that moral unanimity of which so much was said about the time of the last council4 ,however1 the schismatic archbishop and bishops of ,holland declined the overtures of the ,sovereign ,pontiff4 ,their reply is a true model of ,jansenist style2 every member of a phrase hides a restriction or an equivocation3 ,we replied frankly 7honntement7 that none of the bishops or clergy would hesitate to recognize with sincerity1 by means of an unequivocal declaration in general#cab terms1 all that the ,holy ,see might exact on their part1 and that they would have no difficulty in declaring1 for example1 that they agree1 and that they even swear1 if needs be1 to accept1 without any exception whatever1 all the articles of the ,holy ,catholic faith3 not to maintain nor to teach1 now or hereafter1 any opinions but those which have been established1 determined1 and published at all times by our holy mother1 the church1 conformably to ,scripture1 tradition1 the acts of cumenical councils1 and1 lastly1 to that of ,trent2 that1 besides1 they especially reprehend1 reject1 and condemn the five propositions which the ,holy ,see has condemned1 and which are pretended to be found in the book of ,jansenius1 known as the ,augustinus4 ,all the rest is in this spirit4 ,but what follows was quite unforeseen3 ,we therefore leave it to the decision of the world whether a declaration so frank and so sincere 444 does not offer incontestable proof of entire submission to the ,holy ,see2 and whether the general terms in which it is conceived do not embrace all the specialties of which acknowledgment can reasonably be expected from us1 but into the details of which we are not permitted to enter by citing bulls which we cannot in conscience accept--bulls which have not been recognized by the government1 and which we are therefore not permitted to mention without incurring grave penalties4444 ,it is1 in fact1 sufficiently well known that the said constitutions 7of ,innocent ,x41 ,alexander ,,vii41 and ,clement ,,xi47 are not only not adopted nor obligatory in several countries1 but that they cannot be adopted or enforced in a country where they have never received the placet of the government1 and where their acceptance as such is interdicted under threat of severe punishments4 ,in the northern countries1 to the jurisdiction of which the clergy of ,utrecht belonged1 such acceptance was strictly forbidden by the edicts of the #bdth ,february and #beth ,may1 #agjc1 the #adth ,december1 #agjh1 and of the #bjth and #bast ,september1 #agcj--;edicts in which the principle was established that it belongs to the sovereign alone to permit the publication and execution of such bulls1 and that without his visa or placet neither is permitted4#cac ,can one imagine baser or more servile language8 ,in presence of a heterodox power1 the pretended successors of ,s4 ,boniface1 of the martyrs and victims of ,calvinist persecution1 dare to take sides with power1 and to concede to it a right to dominate over faith and ecclesiastical discipline6 ,at that very time ,william ,i4 was oppressing his ,catholic subjects1 and endeavoring to deprive the bishops of the right of bringing up in their seminaries young aspirants to the priesthood4 ,need it be added that no law in vigor in #ahbf interdicted the acceptance pure and simple of the ,apostolical ,constitutions of ,alexander ,,vii4 and ,clement ,,xi48 ,the ,revolution had overridden ancient laws1 and not a single ,catholic was molested on account of his adhesion to the decrees of the ,holy ,see4 ,but the worship of the state as ,god makes progress in proportion as respect for the church is banished4 ,for a bishop especially independence is impossible2 when he refuses to walk in the royal way of submission to the ,vicar of ,christ1 he becomes1 by a just punishment1 the plaything of a party or the slave of the secular power4 ,and this is the church which the neo-,protestants declare is calumniated when the accusation of ,jansenism is brought against it2 the church which1 infected with this poison at the very sources whence it poured itself abroad on the world1 has always kept its arms open to receive the followers of ,jansenius2 which has always shown its readiness to sign formularies like those of ,quesnel and ,ricci1 and has obstinately rejected the profession of ,catholic faith2 this1 in fine1 is the church which precipitated itself into schism in order to remain faithful to the errors of ,jansenius1 and of ,saint-,cyran1 and of ,quesnel6 ,,footnotes3 #bhi ,ricci ,collection1 vol4 xcvii41 ,no4 #bbf4 ,i have done nothing but add explanatory notes and underline the more important passages4 #bij ,when the popes hasten to condemn an error1 they are accused of acting precipitately or from the influence of some passion2 when they take their time1 they are still found fault with4 #bia ,this distinction between the court of ,rome and the ,holy ,see1 when there is question of solemn acts of pontifical authority1 is highly ridiculous4 ,the so-called ,old ,catholics of ,germany have never committed the error of imitating the ,jansenists in this4 #bib ,evidently an allusion to the decrees of the synod concerning the devotion to the ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus1 the cultus and invocation of the saints1 etc4 #bic ,aside from the ,jansenists of ,holland1 who always took good care to be on good terms with their ,calvinist government1 we find none in communion with ,ricci except a small number of worshippers of power in ,tuscany1 ,austria1 ,portugal1 and ,spain4 ,as to the ,french constitutionals1 their approbation was a just chastisement for the ,jansenists4 ,de ,potter1 after stating that ,ricci received on all sides the most flattering adhesions1 cites as authorities only the schismatics of ,utrecht and ,prof4 ,le ,bret1 of ,tbingen4 #bid ,from the time of ,arnauld1 the ,jansenists1 in order to maintain their doctrine intact in the sense of ,jansenius1 the spirit of 7 l'me de7 his book1 pretend to interdict the church from the condemnation of errors according to their sense in a system and in a book--that is to say1 in an assemblage of propositions--as if the grammatical construction alone of every phrase completely determined the sense conveyed4 ,in this time especially1 when there is question of delicate matter treated by men who are constantly crying out1 ,truth1 truth6 but who ever have equivocations on their lips1 no one1 not even ,sainte-,beuve1 the titled panegyrist of ,port ,royal1 has dared to exculpate the ,jansenists for their indirect and tortuous course since #afec4 #bie ,this is a characteristic complaint in the camp of ,jansenius4 ,between the ,molinism which the church tolerates and the ,jansenism she rejects there are other opinions tolerated1 especially the ,catholic doctrine professed by the ,thomists and ,augustinians in common with the disciples of ,molina4 #bif ,after this declaration1 if ,dllinger still pretends that his friends in ,holland are not ,jansenists1 he ought to maintain that neither ,quesnel nor ,jansenius ever were4 ,o science ,allemande6 #big ,we find also in the ,ricci archives 7vol4 xci4 part #aa1 ,no4 #acf7 the letter accompanying this act of adhesion4 ,it bears the signature of ,gabriel du ,pac de ,bellegarde1 ancien comte et chanoine de l'glise primatiale de ,lyon4 ,it begins thus3 ,monseigneur the ,archbishop of ,utrecht1 messeigneur's his suffragans1 and the messieurs of the ,metropolitan ,chapter of ,utrecht1 have given me1 monseigneur1 the honorable and agreeable commission of addressing to you the act of adhesion to your holy synod of #aghf4 #bih ,gautier ,michel van ,nieuwenhuizen1 ,adrien ,jean ,brckman1 ,nicholas ,nelleman4 #bii ,the bull is dated ,march #f1 #afda--that is to say1 #afdb1 the year beginning ,march #be--;and was received in the ,low ,countries in #afdc4 ,the last signature of the clergy of ,utrecht in favor of the ,augustinus is dated ,feb4 #aj1 #afdb4 #cjj ,reipublic ,christian1 libri duo1 p4 #ajb et seq4 #cja ,port ,royal1 vol iv4 p4 #bj1 in note4 #cjb ,archives of ,malines1 ,,ms4 volume entitled ,monumenta originalia et authentica de ,jansenismo1 ,no4 #cb4 ,the more ,i study facts by the light of these and several other documents preserved in the same archives1 the more ,i am persuaded that historians have greatly overlooked the credit due to ,humbert de ,precipiano1 while exalting that of his successor1 the ,cardinal of ,alsace4 ,humbert de ,precipiano inflicted terrible blows upon ,jansenism in the ,low ,countries2 he died just as the triumph for which he had prepared the way began4 #cjc ,they added3 ,we are prepared to prove by ,scripture1 the councils1 the testimony of the fathers1 and especially by the authority of ,s4 ,augustine1 that the doctrine set forth in this second column is the true doctrine of the church4 ,this promise was not carried out until after the condemnation of ,quesnel's ,rflexions ,morales2 the monstrous book of the ,hexaples is the principal effort the ,jansenists have attempted with this view4 #cjd ,in the ,provinciales1 xvii4 and xviii41 ,pascal himself defended the distinction between faith and right4 7,see ,maynard1 ,les ,provinciales47 #cje uvres1 ed4 ,bossutel biblioth4 ,mazarine1 ,t41 #baii4 #cjf ,port ,royal1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ib and further4 #cjg ,the ,french account of this interview was communicated1 it is said1 by the archbishop himself to ,dr4 ,tregelles1 who translated it into ,english1 and inserted it in the ,journal of ,sacred ,literature1 ,no4 #ac1 #ahea4 ,neale reproduces it in his history4 ,a ,dutch translation was published at ,utrecht in #ahea--;,jaarbocken van ,wetensch4 ,theol41 p4 #gdi1 etc4 ,capaccini died ,june #ai1 #ahde1 only a few months after his elevation to the cardinalate4 #cjh ,see above1 our general analysis of the ,jansenist system4 #cji ,an author1 unfortunately too well known1 but who had before him all the original documents of this celebrated case1 states in his ,breve ,istoria delle ,variazioni del ,giansenismo 7see also ,analecta ,juris ,pontificii1 #dth series1 vol4 ii4 p4 #b1 col4 #abea7 that the ,pope consulted with all the cardinals of the ,holy ,office1 one after the other2 that he himself took note of all the votes1 which are still preserved4 ,the opinions of the ,pontiff alone1 he observes1 fill more than six large folio volumes4 #caj ,handbuch1 ii4 #b1 p4 #hbg4 ,cours1 manuscript of #ahee4 #caa ,declaration addressed by the ,archbishop of ,utrecht and his suffragans to the ,catholic world in #ahbf4 ,this document is written in ,latin2 parallel with it is a ,french translation1 from which this is taken4 #cab ,this word is italicized in the ,declaration4 #cac ,declaration1 pp4 #ag1 #ai1 #ba4 ,a ,,looker-,,back4 ,for as he forward mov'd his footing old ,so backward still was turn'd his wrinkled face4--,faerie ,queene4 ,,ii4 ,leaving ,christ's ,hospital1 and rambling on1 one soon comes to a church partly covered with ivy1 in a yard filled with shrubbery and autumn flowers4 ,it is ,s4 ,sepulchre's1 the burial-place of ,captain ,john ,smith1 the ,virginia pioneer4 ,it is almost a sacred duty to pay a passing tribute to his memory1 notwithstanding a lifelong grudge against him for not rounding off his romantic career by wedding the dusky ,pocahontas4 ,the clock of this church has the sad distinction of regulating the hanging of criminals at ,newgate4 ,the tower has four pinnacles1 each one bearing a vane with its own notions as to rectitude1 which has given rise to the saying that unreasonable people are as hard to reconcile as the vanes of ,s4 ,sepulchre's tower1 which never looked all four upon one point of the heavens4 ,in old times1 the bell of this church was tolled as criminals passed to ,tyburn1 and the bell-man cried3 ,all good people1 pray heartily unto ,god for these poor sinners1 who are now going to their death2 for which he received the sum of one pound1 six shillings1 and eight pence4 ,a hand-bell was likewise rung for them to stop for a nosegay of flowers4 ,it must have been a great consolation to them6 ,and yet who knows but such silent messengers of ,god might not have spoken to many a heart inaccessible to human tongue8 ,in the ,x,v,i,ith century a legacy of fifty pounds was left to ,s4 ,sepulchre's on condition that1 before execution-day1 some one should go to ,newgate in the dead of night1 and give twelve solemn tolls with a hand-bell by way of calling attention to the following appeal3 ,all you that in the condemned hole do lie1 ,prepare you1 for to-morrow you must die3 ,watch1 all1 and pray1 the hour is drawing near ,that you before the ,almighty must appear3 ,examine well yourselves1 in time repent1 ,that you may not t' eternal flames be sent2 ,and when ,s4 ,sepulchre's bell to-morrow tolls1 ,the ,lord have mercy on your souls6 ,past twelve o'clock6 ,plucking an ivy-leaf from the wall of ,s4 ,sepulchre's1 our pilgrim kept on his way4 ,west ,smithfield at the corner of a street brought our friend ,fox and his martyrs to mind1 and he turned down towards the square where ,john ,rogers met his fate4 ,a tablet of ,scotch granite fastened to the wall of ,s4 ,bartholomew's ,hospital marks the spot4 ,this tablet is protected by a grating1 the upright rods of which terminate in gilded flames of most portentous brightness4 ,he did not see any such tablet around ,london recording the numberless ,catholic martyrs of ,henry ,,viii4 and ,queen ,elizabeth's time4 ,no dispassionate reader of history can regard the church as responsible for the sufferings of the so-called ,marian ,martyrs4 ,but let us thank ,god that such severe penalties are now obsolete in ,catholic and ,protestant lands alike6 ,smithfield was the ordinary place of execution before ,tyburn was used4 ,the patriot ,wallace was executed here on ,s4 ,bartholomew's eve1 #acje4 ,shakespeare makes ,henry ,v4 say3 ,the witch in ,smithfield shall be burned to ashes4 ,in ,henry ,,viii4's time1 poisoners were here boiled to death1 as the old chronicles of the ,grey ,friars testify4 ,here is one quotation3 ,the x day of ,march was a mayde boyllyd in ,smythfelde for poysing of divers persons4 ,evelyn records as late as #afeb3 ,passing by ,smithfield1 ,i saw a miserable creature burning1 who had poisoned her husband4 ,but there are pleasanter memories connected with ,smithfield1 or ,smoothfield1 as it was originally called4 ,it was once a famous tilting-ground4 ,froissart tells us how in #acic certain lords of ,scotland came into ,england to get worship by force of arms in ,smithfield4 ,here ,edward ,,iii4 celebrated the victories of ,cressy and ,poitiers by jousts and feats of arms2 and ,richard ,,ii41 at the time of his marriage1 ordered here a tournament of three days4 ,passing through ,smithfield market1 one soon comes to the ,charter ,house 7a corruption of the ,french word ,chartreuse71 the old monastery of the ,carthusians4 ,the arched gateway is the original entrance into the realm of silence of those old monks4 ,over it two lions grotesquely carved support an en-tablature4 ,the lion is typical of solitude and the wilderness1 and is often found represented beside the hermits of the desert4 ,a porter leads the way at once to the chapel by a passage paved with tombstones and hung with memorial tablets4 ,one familiar name on the wall makes the heart leap1 though a modern name3 ,,gulielmus ,,makepeace ,,thackeray1 ,,carthusiani ,,carthusiano4 ,h4 ,m4 ,p4 ,c4 ,natus1 ,,mdcccxi4 ,obiit1 ,,mdccclxiii4 ,alumnus1 ,,mdcccxxii-,,mdcccxxvi4 ,beside this white marble slab is one precisely like it in memory of ,john ,leech4 ,the ,elizabethan chapel is solemn and interesting with its dark oaken pews1 its arched roof1 on the keystones of which are carved the ,charter ,house arms1 and the monumental tombs here and there4 ,a bright coal-fire in an open grate gives it a comfortable1 homelike aspect that must be grateful to the aged pensioners4 ,and there are hassocks of straw for them all to kneel upon4 ,over one of the doors is an arch of modern stained glass1 but with colors of unusual richness1 or seemed so1 coming in from the neutral tints of a dense fog4 ,there is ,magdalen with her golden hair1 and the other ,maries1 with beautiful faces and purple1 red1 and amber robes4 ,at the north of the chancel is the tomb of ,thomas ,sutton1 the founder of the ,charter ,house ,hospital1 in the style of ,james ,i4's reign4 ,he lies1 cut in marble1 on a marble tomb1 with ruff and long gown1 and hands folded palm to palm as peacefully as if they never itched to acquire riches4 ,two men in armor support an inscription attesting his beneficence4 ,some persons of a qualifying turn do say that he was1 like many others who are very charitable with their money when they see the impossibility of keeping it any longer in their grasp1 guilty of what has been called the good old gentlemanly vice of avarice1 and was the original of ,volpone the ,fox4 ,however that may be1 the many who are sheltered here have reason to roar as loudly as they can1 and as we are told they do1 on the #abth of ,december1 with cracked voices and half-palsied tongues1 the chorus of the ,carthusian melody3 ,then blessed be the memory ,of good old ,thomas ,sutton1 ,who gave us lodging--learning1 ,and he gave us beef and mutton4 ,catholics1 however1 cannot forget that when young he took part in the ,italian wars1 and was present at the sacking of ,rome4 ,at a later period he commanded a battery as a volunteer at the siege of ,edinburgh1 when that city held out for poor ,queen ,mary4 ,and he aided in the expedition against the ,spanish ,armada by fitting out a ship named ,sutton for himself1 which captured a ,spanish vessel worth twenty thousand pounds4 ,when he came to ,london to reside1 it was reported that his purse was fuller than ,queen ,elizabeth's exchequer1 and in time he became the banker of ,london1 and had the freedom of the city4 ,on the #abth of ,december there is a great festival here in honor of the ,fundator1 and before it is over the pensioners and school-boys assemble in the chapel1 which is lighted1 as ,thackeray tells1 so the founder's tomb1 with its grotesque carvings1 monsters1 and heraldries1 darkles and shines with the most wonderful shadows and lights4 ,at the south end of the chapel is a fine statue of ,lord ,ellenborough by ,chantrey1 in a sitting posture1 robed as chief-justice4 ,he was buried here at his own request1 having been educated in the ,charter ,house1 and one of its governors4 ,as at ,christ's ,hospital1 the visitor is allowed to wander alone through cloisters and quadrangles1 as hushed and peaceful as when occupied by the ,carthusians themselves4 ,the pensioners 7the school has been removed7 seem to lead a kind of friar-life here1 and in their seclusion ought to taste something of the peace of the cloister4 ,they only lack the consecration of religion4 ,one of them in cloak and cap came up1 bowing with remarkable flexion of body considering his years1 and politely offered to show the way with quite an air of proprietorship4 ,his manner was gentlemanly1 and he looked as if he might be some disabled invalide from the campaign of vanity4 ,in these days1 when old people are apt to be regarded as unduly persistent about living1 it is delightful to feel there are places of refuge for them like this1 which confer a kind of dignity on fallen fortunes and declining life which is always a certain going down in the world4 ,we wonder if there is any service in the ,english ritual when these old gentlemen take shelter here4 ,there surely ought to be4 ,some ,vade in pace ought to follow them under these arches1 dying away little by little with the hours and fragrance of life1 and leaving behind silence and repose of soul4 ,there is a touching custom here of giving the bell at night a number of strokes corresponding to the number of pensioners2 and when one of them dies1 his decease is notified by one stroke less than on the preceding evening4 ,it was at the evening hour1 as the chapel-bell began to toll1 that ,col4 ,newcome lifted up his head1 said ,adsum with a smile1 and died4 ,a bell like this must always have a knell-like solemnity of tone4 ,it is a kind of curfew-bell1 reminding the brothers that the evening of life has come1 and its fires must be put out before lying down to rest4 ,we can fancy them counting the strokes one by one every night1 to learn if some light is for ever extinguished4 ,the thought often occurs how we old people will find heaven--whether a place all youth1 and freshness1 and beauty4 ,are there to be no shades and gradations in ,paradise1 no stars differing from one another in glory1 or faces in sweetness and serenity8 ,are the very angels that are to minister to us there all so full of grace and loveliness1 and perfection of form1 and crowned with everlasting youth8 ,will there not be some comforting ones1 shabby and tender1 whose radiance does not dazzle nor bewilder2 whose faces are worn perhaps1 while their stars shine with a gentle1 tremulous light more soothing to our earth-bound hearts than the glorious radiance of brighter spirits8 ,who that is old and sorrow-stricken1 or belongs to the poor and unloved ones of this world1 does not feel the need of some such spirits to greet him there--need of some shadowy1 sequestered spot where the brightness and love of that ineffable region will be tempered for us who have had but little cheer on earth1 at least till our unaccustomed souls are fitted for loftier heights8 ,many such--perhaps too human--dreams of heaven flitted across the mind while sitting on a bench beside some old graves in a yard at the ,charter ,house that gloomy afternoon4 ,weary with climbing old staircases1 going through old passages and old halls1 where one only breathed the atmosphere of old times1 perhaps the soul had become infected by the gloom of the place4 ,borders of dull chrysanthemums grew along the gravelled walks--apparently a favorite flower in ,england1 for they are to be found everywhere4 ,a few trees with blighted leaves1 instead of bright autumn foliage as in ,america1 stood around with nothing in the world to do but look well1 any more than ,voltaire's trees1 but1 like many poor mortals1 did not succeed very well4 ,they looked weary of the struggle1 and had a certain bowed1 resigned look that was pathetic4 ,how could anything look fresh and vigorous in that field of death8 ,one cannot imagine the place peopled with boys full of life and fun1 as it used to be4 ,the land on which the ,charter ,house stands was a graveyard at the time of the great plague1 five hundred years ago1 being consecrated to that purpose by ,bishop ,stratford1 of ,london1 in #acdh4 ,distressed that so many of his flock should be buried out of consecrated ground during the prevalence of the plague1 he bought three acres of land called ,no ,man's ,land for a burial-ground1 and erected a chapel thereon1 where ,masses could be said for the repose of the dead4 ,the place became known as ,pardon ,churchyard and ,chapel4 ,we read of an early instance of lynching on ,no ,man's ,land previous to this time4 ,a wealthy merchant1 one ,anthony of ,spain1 so exasperated the public by an excessive duty on wine that a mob dragged him barefoot to this spot1 and here beheaded him1 in ,november1 #acbf--;doubtless on just such a dismal1 foggy day as this1 supremely adapted to give one desperate views1 and aggravate the natural ferocity of the human animal4 ,the plague continuing to increase1 the churchyard was enlarged through the charity of ,sir ,walter ,manny1 of knightly fame1 who purchased a piece of land adjoining4 ,an old ballad says3 ,thou1 ,walter ,manny1 ,cambray's lord1 ,the bravest man those times record1 ,didst pity take on the wand'ring ghosts ,of thy departed friends1 ,didst consecrate to the ,lord of ,hosts ,thy substance for religious ends4 ,the next ,bishop of ,london1 ,michael de ,northburg1 when he died1 in #acfa1 bequeathed two thousand pounds1 with all his leases1 rents1 and tenements1 towards the foundation of a ,carthusian monastery at ,pardon ,churchyard1 together with an enamelled vessel of silver for the ,host1 another for holy water1 a silver bell1 and all his theological works4 ,sir ,walter ,manny1 desirous of co-operating in this work1 petitioned for a royal license to build a monastery here1 to be called ,the ,house of the ,salutation of the ,mother of ,god1 and gave to it the land he had bought for a graveyard1 consisting of thirteen acres and one rod4 ,sir ,walter's charter was witnessed by the ,earl of ,pembroke1 ,edward ,mortimer1 ,earl of ,march1 and others4 ,the monastery was completed in #acgj1 and was the fourth of the ,carthusian ,order in ,england4 ,the ,london ,charter ,house was furthermore endowed by several other persons4 ,two hundred and sixty marks were bestowed in perpetual frank-almoign to build a cell for a monk who should offer daily suffrages for the souls of ,thomas ,aubrey and ,felicia his wife1 as well as all the faithful departed4 ,richard ,clyderhowe1 in #adah1 gave up1 from reverence to ,god and the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary1 and for the health of his own soul and that of his wife ,alicia1 who was buried in the church of the convent1 a lease of land he held in ,rochester1 that these religious might1 in their orisons1 remember him1 his soul1 the soul of his wife1 the souls of his relations1 children1 and all his benefactors1 and devoutly recommend them to ,god4 ,it is pleasant to find the ,charter ,house interchanging charitable offices with its neighbor1 the priory of ,s4 ,john of ,jerusalem4 ,they exchange lands1 and the prior of the ,charter ,house offers a trental of ,masses that the soul of ,brother ,william ,hulles1 ,prior of the ,hospital of ,s4 ,john of ,jerusalem1 might the sooner be conveyed1 with ,god's providence1 into ,abraham's bosom4 ,in the ,x,vth century the ,charter ,house became1 for the space of four years1 the residence of ,sir ,thomas ,more1 who here gave himself up to devotion and prayer without taking upon himself any vow4 ,this monastery flourished about three centuries with a constant reputation for strict observance of the rules of the order and for holiness of life4 ,it was during the time of ,prior ,john ,houghton1 in #aecd1 that it was visited by the royal commissioners appointed by ,henry ,,viii4 to inspect all the monasteries of the kingdom1 and draw up an account of their rules1 customs1 and revenues4 ,most of the monks refused to subscribe to the king's supremacy1 and the prior and procurator were committed to the ,tower4 ,they afterwards yielded to advice which they respected1 but1 suspected of disaffection1 were summoned to renew the oath1 and the prior was arraigned for speaking too freely of the king's proceedings1 and1 with two other ,carthusians1 was condemned to be hung1 drawn1 and quartered at ,tyburn for refusing to acknowledge the king head of the church in ,england4 ,as they were leaving the ,tower to be executed1 they were perceived by ,sir ,thomas ,more1 imprisoned there for the same reason1 who said to his favorite daughter1 as if envying them3 ,lo1 dost thou not see1 ,meg1 that these blessed fathers be now as cheerfully going to their deaths as bridegrooms to their marriage8 ,this was not long before his own martyrdom4 ,there is at the ,south ,kensington ,museum a painting of ,sir ,thomas and his daughter1 depicting this very scene4 ,he stands looking down through the grated window4 ,margaret1 tall and stately1 with her father's left hand in hers1 has her deep violet eyes raised steadfastly to heaven with the most appealing expression2 her whole face calm and holy1 but inexpressibly sad4 ,the heads of these monks were suspended over ,london ,bridge--a bridge built1 too1 by religious--and ,prior ,houghton's mangled body was hung up over the gate of the ,charter ,house4 ,the next month three more monks of this house were executed for a like reason1 and the remainder were called upon three times in one year to take the oath of supremacy--a proof that they were regarded as specially loyal to the pope4 ,of the ten who had subscribed two years before1 nine now refused1 and were committed to prison at ,newgate1 where they were chained in a filthy dungeon and starved to death4 ,their end was announced to ,cromwell as by the hand of ,god4 ,their keeper1 ,bedyll1 gave him a list of these poor martyrs1 adding3 ,there be one hole4 ,this whole one survived an imprisonment of four years1 only to be executed at last4 ,all this did not take place without some supernatural manifestations to fortify the poor monks4 ,it is recorded that unearthly lights were seen in their church1 and1 at the burial of one of their number1 all the lamps of the church were miraculously lighted1 and one of the deceased brethren appeared to the monk who had nursed him in his last illness1 saying that the angells of pease did lamment and murn wowt measur1 and that my lord of ,rochester and o ,father 7,houghton7 were next unto angells in hevyn4 ,the remainder of the ,english ,carthusians went to ,bruges1 where they remained till the accession of ,mary1 who1 at the suggestion of ,philip1 it is said1 invited them back1 and gave them the old ,carthusian monastery at ,shene1 near ,richmond4 ,they were exiled again in ,elizabeth's reign1 and returned to ,belgium4 ,the south wall of the present chapel formed part of the old church in which were buried ,sir ,walter ,manny1 and ,margaret his wife1 and many other knights and dames4 ,prior ,houghton's remains are supposed to be buried somewhere within the wall now marked by a cross and a huge ,i4 ,h4 ,it is recorded of him that he was so meek and humble that if any one addressed him as my lord1 or with any unusual deference1 he immediately rebuked him1 saying3 ,it is not lawful for poor ,carthusian monks to make broad their phylacteries1 or to be called rabbi by their fellow-men4 ,the ,charter ,house was given to ,john ,bridges1 yeoman1 and ,thomas ,hale1 groom1 as a reward for the safe keeping of the king's tents and pavilions which had been deposited here1 but it afterwards passed through several hands4 ,while owned by ,lord ,north1 ,queen ,elizabeth spent four days here1 which so diminished his lordship's resources that he was obliged to live in retirement the rest of his life4 ,james ,i4 also passed a few days here when it was in possession of ,lord ,thomas ,howard1 in order to show his respect for a family that had aided and suffered for his mother4 ,while here1 he knighted more than eighty gentlemen--let us hope less awkwardly than he knighted ,sir ,richard ,monopilies1 of ,castle ,collop6 ,the ,charter ,house was finally purchased by ,thomas ,sutton1 the founder of the hospital4 ,it is delightful to step from the noise and bustle of the streets into these secluded courts with grass-plots to refresh the eye1 lime-trees to give shade1 here a fountain in the midst of a garden1 and there some old tombs1 perhaps of the monks2 on this wall some holy symbol left here ages ago1 but not in vain1 for it still speaks to the heart2 and scattered around are seats for the pensioners to enjoy the sun and air4 ,the kitchen fireplace is capacious enough to roast fifteen surloins4 ,what extensive means are always used to provide for the body which perisheth6 ,if at least equal provision were made1 as in the times of the old monks1 to supply the needs of the soul6 ,does that get its three meals a day1 and now and then a lunch or some refreshing draught8 ,are there none who labor day after day to supply the soul's hunger1 as multitudes do to satisfy the cravings of the body8 ,yes1 thank ,god6 there is still an army of such spiritual people in the cloister and in the world1 who only live to feed their higher natures4 ,if they care for the body1 it is merely enough to enable it to serve the soul4 ,the world may call them drones1 but they are necessary in order to preserve the moral balance of the world1 as an offset to the materiality of the day4 ,yes1 the hermit1 the contemplative1 contributes in his degree to sustain the world1 and this is why the suppression of such a class is an irreparable loss to society4 ,a ,,block ,,of ,,gold4 ,france paid the ,prussian indemnity like a proud debtor2 it seemingly did not cost her any trouble to do so4 ,few nations could do as ,france has done within the past two years2 none have ever excelled her in cancelling a monetary obligation4 ,one hears such remarks occasionally2 they were quite common a few months past4 ,but what was the ,french indemnity8 ,five milliards of francs--that is1 five thousand millions of francs1 or one thousand millions of dollars in gold6 ,to think of the sum is to make one feel covetous of a chip of the block2 to see the whole sum in one block of gold is almost enough to make one cry out with ,timon-- 444 ,thou valiant ,mars6 ,thou ever young1 fresh1 lov'd1 and delicate wooer4 ,ce que c'est que cinq milliards en or monnaye6 ,well1 we did not exactly know what five milliards of francs in gold or copper were4 ,the cool ,february evening in the year of grace #ahgc1 we were accosted in front of ,no4--,boulevard ,st4 ,denis by the above question4 ,at the same time a polite ,french boy hands us a handbill1 which told us that un bloc d'or1 eight metres long1 five metres high1 and three and two-third metres deep1 could be seen for fifty centimes--ten cents4 ,this cube of one hundred and fifty metres contained one hundred thousand rouleaux of fifty thousand francs each2 each one of the rolls--rouleaux--contained two thousand five hundred pieces of twenty francs1 and the whole two hundred and fifty million 7#bej1jjj1jjj7 pieces4 ,we paid the admission fee1 and were ushered into the room where the gilded cube stood4 ,a stout lady sat near the door knitting2 the master of ceremonies was young and thin4 ,we were the only visitor at #h ,p4,m4 on the evening of ,february1 #ahgc4 ,we surveyed the cube1 and admired the ingenuity displayed in its make-up2 but it occurred to us at the time that1 as a speculation1 it was a failure4 ,people1 ,i thought1 who have to pay a large debt don't care about being told the length1 breadth1 and height of their indebtedness2 that it would be1 perhaps1 a success at ,berlin4 ,we thanked the thin master of ceremonies for his attention1 respectfully bowed to the stout woman plying her knitting-needles2 and walked along the boulevard with our back to the ,pont ,st4 ,denis1 asking ourselves what we could or would do with one or five milliards of dollars4 ,the other day we saw an old copy of the ,new ,orleans ,propagateur ,catholique4 ,it contained an article on the five milliards1 which it credits to the ,christian ,brothers--,les ,frres des ,ecoles ,chrtiennes4 ,it recalled our ten-cent investment of last ,february1 and is so interesting1 especially to all who are mathematically inclined1 that we translate it4 ,in bank-notes of one thousand francs1 the weight of each note being estimated at two grams1#cad the five milliards in paper would weigh ten thousand kilograms2#cae in gold1 one million six hundred and twelve thousand nine hundred2 in silver1 twenty-five millions2 in copper1 five hundred millions4 ,it would take one hundred men to carry the five milliards in bank-notes of one thousand francs each1 allowing one hundred kilograms to each man2 sixteen thousand one hundred and twenty-nine1 in gold2 two hundred and fifty thousand1 in silver2 five million1 in copper4 ,it would take a man to count the five milliards1 at the rate of ten hours per day1 and counting every minute sixty notes of one thousand francs--fifty pieces of twenty francs1 sixty pieces of one franc1 sixty pieces of five centimes--to count the notes1 four months and nineteen days2 the gold1 nineteen years and ten days2 the silver1 three hundred and eighty years1 six months1 and eight days2 the copper1 seven thousand six hundred and ten years1 four months1 and seven days4 ,to remove this great sum of money in bank-bills one wagon would suffice1 it being capable of bearing ten thousand kilograms2 in gold1 one hundred and sixty-one and one-third wagons2 in silver1 two thousand five hundred2 in copper1 fifty thousand4 ,allowing ten metres#caf to each wagon1 those carrying the gold would extend sixteen hundred and ten metres2 the silver1 twenty-five thousand metres2 the copper1 five hundred thousand metres4 ,placing the notes of one thousand francs one upon another1 and giving each one a space of one tenth of a millimetre1#cag they would ascend to a height of five hundred metres4 ,the diameter of the five-franc piece being equal to thirty-seven millimetres1 the five milliards placed in the same direction1 side to side1 would form a chain thirty-seven millions of metres in length--almost the circumference of the earth1 which is forty millions4 ,with one-franc pieces placed as the preceding1 they would encircle the globe twice and seven-eighths2 with fifty centimes--ten-cent pieces--four times and one-half2 with sous--cents--sixty-two times and one-half6 ,the ,franco-,prussian war did not commence till ,july1 #ahgj4 ,inside of three years the greatest of modern battles have been lost and won1 and the heaviest fine ever laid upon a nation paid1 and without interfering with the commercial classes or any important interest or branch of business in the fair land4 ,great in science1 in war1 in religion1 she has given the world a proof of her magnificent resources1 and that her children are still proud of la belle ,france1 and filled with the sacr amour de la patrie4 ,,footnotes3 #cad ,nearly equal to fifteen and one-half grains ,troy4 #cae ,equal to two pounds three ounces and #d4fe drams4 #caf ,the metre is equal to #ci4cg inches4 #cag ,the thousandth part of a metre4 ,,vigil4 ,mournful night is dark around me1 ,hushed the world's conflicting din2 ,all is still1 and all is tranquil1 ,but this restless heart within6 ,wakeful still ,i press my pillow1 ,watch the stars that float above1 ,think of ,one1 for me who suffered-- ,think1 and weep for grief and love6 ,flow1 ye tears6 though in your streaming ,oft yon stars of his grow dim2 ,sweet the tender grief he wakens1 ,blest the tears that flow for him6 ,r4 ,s4 ,w4 ,,lent1 #ahgd4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,louise ,,lateau ,,of ,,bois ,d',,haine3 ,,her ,,life1 ,,her ,,ecstasies1 ,,and ,,her ,,stigmata4 ,a ,medical ,study4 ,by ,dr4 ,f4 ,lefebvre1 ,professor of ,general ,pathology and ,therapeutics in the ,catholic ,university of ,louvain1 ,honorary ,physician to the ,lunatic ,establishment in that town1 ,titular ,member of the ,royal ,academy of ,medicine of ,belgium4 ,edited by ,j4 ,spencer ,northcote1 ,d4,d4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgc4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,we enjoy very much the chagrin and discomfiture of sceptical physicians1 scientists1 and other materialists1 both learned and vulgar1 in view of the great number of preternatural facts1 both divine and diabolical1 which have been thrust upon their unwilling sight during this present half-century4 ,heaven and hell appear to rival each other in startling the shallow self-complacency and incredulity of the hard-headed set who have filled the world with their boastful pretence to have overcome the superstitions of ages by their experiments and inductions4 ,they have tried hard to ignore all the supernatural or preternatural facts and phenomena of the mystic order which have multiplied around them and challenged their investigation4 ,but this proves to be a signal failure4 ,especially when men who belong to their own professional fraternity1 whose learning and ability in their own class of sciences are undoubted1 exhibit the results of careful study and investigation by means of experiment and induction from observed facts1 as proving1 on their own principles1 the folly of their stubborn unbelief1 do they cut a very sorry figure by persisting in ignoring and giving the transeat to that which will not be ignored or passed over4 ,the puerile banalities in vogue1 such as manifest imposture1 unscientific absurdity1 something which no intelligent person can believe1 merely show to what straits the individuals are reduced who are forced to use them4 ,they are like allusions to the color of an opponent's hair1 or the shape of his nose1 or the behavior of his relatives4 ,the effort at some kind of scientific explanation of the strange phenomena of spiritism1 or the wonders of the divine mystical order which the former class of manifestations ape1 which is occasionally attempted1 fares no better4 ,it breaks down at a certain point4 ,up to that point there is a common ground of physiology1 psychology1 and the higher spiritual science2 and many things which appear to be beyond natural power or law may be explained and accounted for without supposing preternatural causes4 ,but1 ill-defined and uncertain as the boundary line may be1 there is one1 and one cannot pass it very far without being aware of the fact4 ,we do not complain of scientists for being critical and difficult in respect to facts and evidence4 ,we do not1 in reference to the present case1 inculpate their refusal to believe on motives of pure faith4 ,the charge against them is that they are recreant to their own avowed method of investigation by experiment1 observation1 and induction4 ,no one can prove this so conclusively1 or rout them so completely on their own ground1 as one of themselves1 who is conversant with physics1 and at the same time has some logic1 philosophy1 and sound theology in his head2 in a word1 is1 what they are not1 a completely educated man4 ,the volume before us is a specimen of what we are speaking of4 ,we need not enlarge on the case of ,louise ,lateau1 of which we have spoken before1 and which is generally known4 ,sufficient to say that the book before us is a treatise on her remarkable ecstasies and stigmata by a physician1 and written after the method of medical science1 which establishes beyond a doubt their miraculous cause and origin4 ,,the ,,holy ,,mass3 ,the ,sacrifice for the ,living and the ,dead4 ,by ,michael ,mller1 ,priest of the ,congregation of the ,most ,holy ,redeemer4 ,new ,york and ,cincinnati3 ,f4 ,pustet4 #ahgd4 ,this is a work written in the true spirit of ,s4 ,alphonsus4 ,it is not a reprint of the work entitled ,the ,holy ,eucharist our ,greatest ,treasure1 by the same author1 but an entirely new treatise4 ,its theology is sound and solid1 its spirit most devout1 and its style simple and popular4 ,it is surprising that so hard-working a priest as ,f4 ,mller has been able to write so many excellent and edifying books1 in a language1 too1 which is to him a foreign tongue4 ,every pious ,catholic who reads this book will be charmed with it1 and will find it most instructive and profitable4 ,we are happy to be able to give it our unqualified commendation1 and to recommend it in the most earnest manner to all the faithful1 as well as to ,protestants who are seeking for the truth4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,the ,,ven4 ,,anna ,,maria ,,taigi4 ,edited by ,edward ,healy ,thompson1 ,m4,a4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates2 ,new ,york3 ,f4 ,pustet4 #ahgd4 ,mr4 ,thompson's biographies are of the first class in every respect4 ,this one has a special interest on account of the relation which the life and prophecies of the venerable ,roman matron sustain to recent and pending events of the greatest moment in human history4 ,it is unfortunate that a most meagre and imperfect life of ,anna ,maria ,taigi1 which contains serious misstatements1 afterwards discovered and regretted by the author1 ,mgr4 ,leuquet1 has been already translated and circulated in this country4 ,that life states that its subject fell into a grievous sin against her marriage vows1 and remained without confession for a considerable time afterwards4 ,this is proved to be false1 and the fact is fully established that ,anna ,maria was pious and irreproachable throughout her whole life1 and especially so during her whole career as a wife and the mother of a large family4 ,apart from her supernatural gifts1 the sanctity and virtue displayed by this wonderful and admirable matron1 in a laborious and humble sphere1 present a most beautiful picture and a most engaging example to woman in the married state4 ,the extraordinary graces granted to ,anna ,maria ,taigi1 her supernatural knowledge1 and her remarkable predictions1 have made her name famous throughout the world4 ,this part of his subject ,mr4 ,thompson has treated fully and judiciously4 ,the exact fulfilment of the predictions she is known to have made of events already passed1 especially those relating to ,pius ,,ix41 who was elevated to the pontifical throne nine years after her death1 has awakened a most intense curiosity respecting some others attributed to her regarding the present time and the approaching future4 ,these are under the hands of the commission engaged with the process of her beatification1 and have not been officially published4 ,those which are certainly known are inserted in the ,life1 and others1 which are probably genuine1 are added in the appendix4 ,the appendix closes with the following very apposite remarks1 extracted from an extremely able and interesting article on modern current prophecies which appeared some time ago in the ,civilt ,cattolica3 ,it cannot be denied that the agreement of so many and various presages in divining events the expectation of which is in the hearts of the greater number of ,catholics1 possesses a persuasive force1 and is a kind of seal of high probability1 if not certainty4 ,wise ,christians are unanimous in admitting that the church is a prey to a diabolical and universal persecution hitherto unexampled2 wherefore ,god must come to her aid with succors proportioned to the need1 that is extraordinary4 ,we find ourselves in this extreme case3 that the salvation of society1 no less than of the church1 requires an unaccustomed intervention of ,omnipotent power4 ,if this be so1 how should we not believe that come it will8 ,,pleadings ,,of ,,the ,,sacred ,,heart ,,of ,,jesus4 ,from the ,french1 with ,introduction by a ,catholic ,priest4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgd4 ,this little work bears the imprimatur of ,cardinal ,cullen4 ,the introduction states the devotion to the ,sacred ,heart succinctly4 ,the work itself consists of a reading for every day in the month4 ,each reading contains an instruction followed by a reflection and a practice1 together with a suitable example4 ,everything is excellent4 ,we most warmly recommend the book to all who have or wish to acquire true devotion to the ,sacred ,heart4 ,,lenten ,,sermons4 ,by ,paul ,segneri1 of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgd4 ,the present volume seems to us to contain a better selection of sermons than the one published two years ago4 ,those on ,avoiding the ,occasions of ,sin1 on ,gaining a ,brother1 on ,the ,love of ,god in ,afflicting us1 on ,the ,cure of ,disquieting ,thoughts about ,predestination1 and ,encouragement to the ,greatest ,sinners to become the ,greatest ,saints1 are perhaps especially remarkable4 ,a translation necessarily labors under some disadvantages1 but we think that the work has really been well done in the present case1 and that small blemishes and misconceptions of the author's meaning are not more frequent than must always be expected when a work is rendered from one language into another4 ,the ,english style of the book is good4 ,all those who have the first volume will1 we think1 desire to supply themselves with the second2 and those who get the second will no doubt send for the first also4 ,another volume1 to complete the set1 will1 we believe1 be prepared4 ,,the ,,dove ,,of ,,the ,,tabernacle2 or1 ,the ,love of ,jesus in the ,most ,holy ,eucharist4 ,by ,rev4 ,t4 ,h4 ,kinane1 ,c4,c41 ,templemore4 ,with a ,preface by ,his ,grace the ,most ,rev4 ,dr4 ,leahy1 ,archbishop of ,cashel4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,m4 ,haverty4 #ahgd4 ,though several very good manuals of devotion to the ,blessed ,sacrament have lately appeared1 this little book will not be a superfluity4 ,it seems to us the most practical of them all1 and the best calculated to induce the faithful to frequently hear ,mass and worthily receive ,holy ,communion4 ,in these latter days of the world and of the church1 the sacraments are more than ever the special channels of ,god's grace1 and every word tending to increase devotion to the ,most ,holy ,eucharist is peculiarly valuable4 ,,memorial ,,of ,,thomas ,,ewing ,,of ,,ohio4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society4 #ahgc4 ,without being a formal biography1 this book presents us with the leading and many of the minor incidents in the life of an eminent statesman and jurist covering a period of over fourscore years4 ,the scope of the work embraces an autobiography1 a brief biography by the ,hon4 ,henry ,stanbery1 and a judicious collocation of original letters and selections from current journals1 thus enabling the reader to trace with little difficulty the various stages of a remarkable career1 and form an estimate of an equally remarkable character4 ,the value of the volume is enhanced by some delicate sketches1 original and selected1 prepared by the daughter of the subject1 and editor of the ,memorial1 ,mrs4 ,ellen ,ewing ,sherman1 wife of ,gen4 ,w4 ,t4 ,sherman4 ,the life of ,thomas ,ewing furnishes a very interesting study to the rising youth of our country1 showing1 as it does1 how great difficulties may be overcome by industry and perseverance1 how purity of character and a noble ambition win enduring fame1 and1 above all1 how one who was singularly free from the corruptions of worldly prosperity1 and undebased by the temptations of power1 found at last the grace and strength which the sacraments of the church impart4 ,the child of an industrious frontiersman1 whose first lessons were conned by the light of a pine knot1 and whose primary education was paid for by his labor as a salt-boiler in ,virginia1 ,mr4 ,ewing rose to the first rank at the ,american bar1 was twice elected ,united ,states senator1 and made a member of two successive ,cabinets4 ,without wealth or friends1 but with what to him was better1 brains1 industry1 and an unstained reputation1 he ascended to some of the highest positions in the land1 and left them with ever-increasing honor4 ,as a lawyer1 he stood at the head of his profession before half his life was spent2 in the ,senate1 he was the compeer of ,webster ,calhoun1 ,clay1 and ,benton2 as ,secretary of the ,treasury under ,harrison1 and of the ,interior under ,taylor1 his foresight1 honesty1 and executive ability were freely and fully acknowledged by his associates4 ,but great as was his life--if genius and goodness constitute greatness--he was even greater in his death4 ,for nearly forty years he had been contemplating the possibility of becoming a ,catholic2 for1 though entertaining a profound respect for ,christians of all denominations1 he could not satisfy his acute and logical mind with the teachings of any of the sects4 ,it was1 however1 only a week before his death that the grace of communion was vouchsafed him1 and then1 at his own request1 he was admitted into the church1 and shortly before his death received the last sacraments from the hands of the ,most ,rev4 ,archbishop ,purcell1 of ,cincinnati4 ,his long years of conscientious study and examination1 his sincere prayers and unostentatious charity1 were at length rewarded1 and he was made a child of the church to which his beloved wife 7long since deceased7 belonged1 and of which his children are faithful members4 ,in these days of doubt and official dishonesty1 few better examples could be held before the coming statesmen of the country4 ,we cannot close this notice without calling attention to the very elegant manner in which the ,memorial has been brought out4 ,the paper is superior1 the type large and distinct1 the illustrations excellent1 and the binding in rare good taste4 ,,the ,,works ,,of ,s4 ,,augustine4 ,vol4 ,,ix4 ,on ,christian ,doctrine1 ,the ,enchiridion1 etc4 ,vol4 ,x4 ,lectures on ,s4 ,john1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,edinburgh3 ,t4 ,t4 ,clark4 #ahgc4 7,new ,york3 ,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society47 ,we have expressed our opinion so fully of the value of the previous translations in this series1 that we only deem it necessary to say that the high reputation already achieved is well sustained by the present issues4 ,,books ,,and ,,pamphlets ,,received4 ,from ,,dick ,,fitzgerald1 ,new ,york3 ,the ,only ,complete ,ready ,reckoner4 #ahmo1 pp4 #bac4 ,from ,p4 ,o',,shea1 ,new ,york3 ,the ,pride of ,lexington4 ,by ,william ,seton4 #abmo1 pp4 #cfe4 ,from ,,kelly1 ,,piet ,,co41 ,baltimore3 ,in ,six ,months4 ,by ,mary ,m4 ,meline4 #ahmo1 pp4 #bii4 ,from ,,burns ,,oates1 ,london 7,sold by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society1 ,new ,york73 ,true to ,trust4 #abmo1 pp4 #cdd4 ,from ,,scribner1 ,,armstrong ,,co41 ,new ,york3 ,my ,kalula4 ,by ,henry ,m4 ,stanley4 #abmo1 pp4 xiv4-#dcb4 ,from ,,the ,,society3 ,proceedings of the ,fifth ,annual ,session of the ,american ,philological ,society1 held at ,easton1 ,pa41 ,july1 #ahgc4 #hvo1 paper1 pp4 #cd4 ,from ,,the ,,secretary ,,of ,,the ,,interior3 ,annual ,report of the ,operations of the ,department for the year #ahgc4 #hvo1 paper1 pp4 #cf4 ,from ,j4 ,r4 ,,daly ,,co41 ,st4 ,louis3 ,response of the ,hon4 ,john ,manvers to a ,resolution of the ,national ,labor ,council2 also1 ,an ,address by the ,hon4 ,r4 ,f4 ,wingate on ,american ,finance4 #hvo1 paper1 pp4 #cb4 ,from ,p4 ,f4 ,,cunningham ,,son1 ,philadelphia3 ,a ,sermon by the ,v4 ,rev4 ,james ,o',connor1 ,d4,d41 preached at the ,month's ,mind for the ,v4 ,rev4 ,edward ,mc,mahon1 ,nov4 #ab1 #ahgc4 #hvo1 paper1 pp4 #ae4 ,from ,t41 ,new ,york3 ,truth4 #abmo1 paper1 pp4 #df4 ,from ,,the ,,author3 ,speech of ,alderman ,samuel ,b4 ,h4 ,vance in ,relation to the ,nomination of ,police ,justices for the ,city of ,new ,york4 #hvo1 paper1 pp4 #ba4 ,from ,,hurd ,,houghton1 ,new ,york3 ,csarism4 ,by ,burleigh1 of the ,boston ,journal4 #hvo1 paper1 pp4 #cf4 ,from ,,masters1 ,,lee ,,stone1 ,syracuse3 ,college of ,fine ,arts of the ,syracuse ,university4 #hvo1 paper1 pp4 #aa4 ,,transcriber',s ,,notes ,p4 #bhh sentence ends abruptly with no continuation on following page4 ,see https3_/_/archive4org_/stream_/catholicw orld#ahpauluoftpage_/#bhf_/mode_/#aup4 ,silently corrected simple spelling1 grammar1 and typographical errors4 ,retained anachronistic and non-standard spellings as printed4 ,enclosed italics font in underscores4