,transcrib] ,notes ,text emphasis display$ z ,italics & ,bold4 ,:ole & fractional p>ts display$ z #ai-d_/ab4 ,,! ,,int]national ,,sci5tific ,,s]ies ,,volume ,,lxi ,,! ,,int]national ,,sci5tific ,,s]ies4 ------------------- ,ea* book complete 9 ,"o ,volume1 #abmo1 & b\nd 9 ,clo?4 ------------------- #a4 ,,=ms ,,( ,,wat]3 ,a ,famili> ,exposition ( ! ,orig9 & ,ph5om5a ( ,glaci]s4 ,by ,j4 ,tyndall1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,) #be ,illu/rations4 #a4ej4 #b4 ,,physics ,,& ,,politics2 ,or1 ,?\ghts on ! ,application ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,selection & ,inh]itance to ,political ,society4 ,by ,walt] ,bagehot4 #a4ej4 #c4 ,,foods4 ,by ,edw>d ,smi?1 ,m4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,b41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 #a4ge4 #d4 ,,m9d ,,& ,,body3 ,! ,!ories ( _! ,relation4 ,by ,alex&] ,ba91 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,) #d ,illu/rations4 #a4ej4 #e4 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,sociology4 ,by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 #a4ej4 #f4 ,,! ,,new ,,*emi/ry4 ,by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,p4 ,cooke1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,) #ca ,illu/rations4 #b4jj4 #g4 ,,on ,,! ,,cons]vation ,,( ,,en]gy4 ,by ,balf\r ,/ew>t1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,) #ad ,illu/rations4 #a4ej4 #h4 ,,animal ,,locomotion2 or1 ,walk+1 ,swimm+1 & ,fly+4 ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,pettigrew1 ,m4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 etc4 ,) #acj ,illu/rations4 #a4ge4 #i4 ,,responsibility ,,9 ,,m5tal ,,disease4 ,by ,h5ry ,maudsley1 ,m4,d4 #a4ej4 #aj4 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,law4 ,by ,pr(essor ,%eldon ,amos4 #a4ge4 #aa4 ,,animal ,,me*anism3 ,a ,treatise on ,t]re/rial & ,arial ,locomotion1 ,by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,j4 ,m>ey4 ,) #aag ,illu/rations4 #a #ge4 #ab4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,conflict ,,betwe5 ,,religion ,,& ,,sci5ce4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,drap]1 ,m4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d4 #a4ge4 #ac4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,desc5t ,,& ,,d>w9ism4 ,by ,pr(essor ,osc> ,s*midt 7,/rasburg ,univ]sity74 ,) #bf ,illu/rations4 #a4ej4 #ad4 ,,! ,,*emical ,,effects ,,( ,,light ,,& ,,photography4 ,by ,dr4 ,h]mann ,vogel 7,polyte*nic ,academy ( ,b]l974 ,translation ?or\ghly revis$4 ,) #ajj ,illu/rations4 #b4jj4 #ae4 ,,fungi3 ,_! ,nature1 ,influ5ces1 ,uses1 etc4 ,by ,m4 ,c4 ,cooke1 ,m4 ,a41 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,m4 ,j4 ,b]keley1 ,m4 ,a41 ,f4,l4 ,s4 ,) #aji ,illu/rations4 #a4ej4 #af4 ,,! ,,life ,,& ,,gr[? ,,( ,,language4 ,by ,pr(essor ,william ,dwight ,:itney1 ( ,yale ,college4 #a4ej4 #ag4 ,,money ,,& ,,! ,,me*anism ,,( ,,ex*ange4 ,by ,w4 ,/anley ,jevons1 ,m4 ,a41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 #a4ge4 #ah4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,light1 ) a ,g5]al ,acc\nt ( ,physical ,optics4 ,by ,dr4 ,eug5e ,lommel4 ,) #ahh ,illu/rations & a ,table ( ,spectra 9 ,*romo-li?ography4 #b4jj4 #ai4 ,,animal ,,p>asites ,,& ,,messmates4 ,by ,monsieur ,van ,b5$54 ,) #hc ,illu/rations4 #a4ej4 #bj4 ,,f]m5tation4 ,by ,pr(essor ,s*tz5b]g]4 ,) #bh ,illu/rations4 #a4ej4 #ba4 ,,! ,,five ,,s5ses ,,( ,,man4 ,by ,pr(essor ,b]n/e94 ,) #ia ,illu/rations4 #a4ge4 #bb4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,s\nd ,,9 ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,music4 ,by ,pr(essor ,pietro ,blas]na4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 #a4ej4 #bc4 ,,/udies ,,9 ,,spectrum ,,analysis4 ,by ,j4 ,norman ,locky]1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,) #f ,photographic ,illu/rations ( ,spectra1 & num]\s ,engrav+s on ,wood4 #b4ej4 #bd4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,/eam-,,eng9e4 ,by ,pr(essor ,r4 ,h4 ,?ur/on4 ,) #afc ,illu/rations4 #b4ej4 #be4 ,,education ,,z ,a ,,sci5ce4 ,by ,alex&] ,ba91 ,,ll4,d4 #a4ge4 #bf4 ,,/ud5ts' ,,text-,,book ,,( ,,color2 ,or1 ,mod]n ,*romatics4 ,) ,applications to ,art & ,indu/ry4 ,by ,pr(essor ,ogd5 ,n4 ,rood1 ,columbia ,college4 ,new edition4 ,) #acj ,illu/rations4 #b4jj4 #bg4 ,,! ,,human ,,species4 ,by ,pr(essor ,a4 de ,quatrefages1 ,membre de l',in/itut4 #b4jj4 #bh4 ,,! ,,crayfi%3 ,an ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,zology4 ,by ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,) #hb ,illu/rations4 #a4ge4 #bi4 ,,! ,,atomic ,,!ory4 ,by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,wurtz4 ,translat$ by ,e4 ,clem9%aw1 ,f4 ,c4 ,s4 #a4ej4 #cj4 ,,animal ,,life ,,z ,,affect$ ,,by ,,! ,,natural ,,conditions ,,( ,,exi/5ce4 ,by ,k>l ,semp]4 ,) #b ,maps & #ajf ,woodcuts4 #b4jj4 #ca4 ,,sight3 ,an ,exposition ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,monocul> & ,b9ocul> ,vision4 ,by ,joseph ,le ,conte1 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,) #acb ,illu/rations4 #a4ej4 #cb4 ,,g5]al ,,physiology ,,( ,,muscles ,,& ,,n]ves4 ,by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,ros5?al4 ,) #ge ,illu/rations4 #a4ej4 #cc4 ,,illusions3 ,a ,psy*ological ,/udy4 ,by ,james ,sully4 #a4ej4 #cd4 ,,! ,,sun4 ,by ,c4 ,a4 ,"y1 ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy 9 ! ,college ( ,new ,j]sey4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 #b4jj4 #ce4 ,,volcanoes3 ,:at !y ,are & :at !y ,tea*4 ,by ,john ,w4 ,judd1 ,f4,r4 ,s41 ,pr(essor ( ,geology 9 ! ,royal ,s*ool ( ,m9es4 ,) #if ,illu/rations4 #b4jj4 #cf4 ,,suicide3 ,an ,essay 9 ,comp>ative ,moral ,/ati/ics4 ,by ,h5ry ,morselli1 ,m4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,psy*ological ,m$ic9e1 ,royal ,univ]sity1 ,tur94 #a4ge4 #cg4 ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,vegetable ,,m\ld1 ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,worms4 ,) ,obs]vations on _! ,habits4 ,by ,*>les ,d>w91 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #a4ej4 #ch4 ,,! ,,concepts ,,& ,,!ories ,,( ,,mod]n ,,physics4 ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,/allo4 #a4ge4 #ci4 ,,! ,,bra9 ,,& ,,its ,,functions4 ,by ,j4 ,luys4 #a4ej4 #dj4 ,,my? ,,& ,,sci5ce4 ,by ,tito ,vignoli4 #a4ej4 #da4 ,,diseases ,,( ,,memory3 ,an ,essay 9 ! ,positive ,psy*ology4 ,by ,?4 ,ribot1 au?or ( ,h]$ity4 #a4ej4 #db4 ,,ants1 ,,bees1 ,,& ,,wasps4 ,a ,record ( ,obs]vations ( ! ,habits ( ! ,social ,hym5opt]a4 ,by ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 ,b>t41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 ,d4 ,c4 ,l41 ,,ll4 ,d41 etc4 #b4jj4 #dc4 ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,politics4 ,by ,%eldon ,amos4 #a4ge4 #dd4 ,,animal ,,intellig5ce4 ,by ,george ,j4 ,romanes4 #a4ge4 #de4 ,,man ,,be=e ,,metals4 ,by ,n4 ,joly1 ,correspond5t ( ! ,in/itute4 ,) #adh ,illu/rations4 #a4ge4 #df4 ,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,spee* ,,& ,,_! ,,application ,,9 ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,articulate ,,s\nds4 ,by ,g4 ,h4 von ,mey]1 ,pr(essor 9 ,ord9>y ( ,anatomy at ! ,univ]sity ( ,zuri*4 ,) #dg ,woodcuts4 #a4ge4 #dg4 ,,fallacies3 ,a ,view ( ,logic f ! ,practical ,side4 ,by ,alfr$ ,sidgwick1 ,b4,a41 ,oxon4 #a4ge4 #dh4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,cultivat$ ,,plants4 ,by ,alphonse de ,c&olle4 #b4jj4 #di4 ,,jelly-,,fi%1 ,,/>-,,fi%1 ,,& ,,sea-,,ur*9s4 ,be+ a ,rese>* on ,primitive ,n]v\s ,sy/ems4 ,by ,george ,j4 ,romanes4 #a4ge4 #ej4 ,,! ,,common ,,s5se ,,( ,,! ,,exact ,,sci5ces4 ,by ! late ,william ,k+don ,clif=d4 #a4ej4 #ea4 ,,physical ,,expression3 ,its ,modes & ,pr9ciples4 ,by ,francis ,w>n]1 ,m4,d41 ,assi/ant ,physician1 & ,lectur] on ,botany to ! ,london ,hospital1 etc4 ,) #ea ,illu/rations4 #a4ge4 #eb4 ,,an?ropoid ,,apes4 ,by ,rob]t ,h>tmann1 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,) #fc ,illu/rations4 #a4ge4 #ec4 ,,! ,,mammalia ,,9 ,,_! ,,relation ,,to ,,primeval ,,times4 ,by ,osc> ,s*midt4 #a4ej4 #ed4 ,,comp>ative ,,lit]ature4 ,by ,hut*eson ,macaulay ,posnett1 ,m4 ,a41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,f4 ,l4 ,s41 ,b>ri/]-at-,law2 ,pr(essor ( ,classics & ,engli% ,lit]ature1 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,auckl&1 ,new ,zeal&2 au?or ( ,! ,hi/orical ,me?od1 etc4 #a4ge4 #ee4 ,,e>?quakes ,,& ,,o!r ,,e>? ,,movem5ts4 ,by ,john ,milne1 ,pr(essor ( ,m9+ & ,geology 9 ! ,imp]ial ,college ( ,eng9e]+1 ,tokio1 ,japan4 ,) #ch ,figures4 #a4ge4 #ef4 ,,microbes1 ,,f]m5ts1 ,,& ,,m\lds4 ,by ,e4 ,l4 ,tr\ess>t4 ,) #ajg ,illu/rations4 #a4ej4 #eg4 ,,! ,,geographical ,,& ,,geological ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,animals4 ,by ,angelo ,heilpr94 #b4jj4 #eh4 ,,wea!r4 ,a ,popul> ,exposition ( ! ,nature ( ,wea!r ,*anges f ,day to ,day4 ,by ,hon4 ,ralph ,ab]cromby4 #a4ge4 #ei4 ,,animal ,,magnetism4 ,by ,alfr$ ,b9et & ,*>les ,fr1 ,assi/ant ,physician at ! ,salptrire4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,plants ,,9 ,,geological ,,"t4 7,adapt$ f ,w>d47 ,,! ,,int]national ,,sci5tific ,,s]ies ,,! ,,geological ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,plants ,,by ,,sir ,j4 ,,william ,,dawson ,c4 ,m4 ,g41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 c4 ,,) ,,illu/rations ,,new ,,york ,,appleton ,,& ,,company #ahhh ,copyright1 #ahhh1 ,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company4 ,,preface4 ,! object ( ?is "w is to give1 9 a connect$ =m1 a summ>y ( ! developm5t ( ! vegetable k+dom 9 geological "t4 ,to ! geologi/ & botani/ ! subject is "o ( importance ) ref]5ce to _! special pursuits1 & "o on :i* x has n be5 easy to f9d any conv5i5t manual ( in=mation4 ,x is hop$ t its treatm5t 9 ! pres5t volume w also be f\nd suffici5tly simple & popul> to be attractive to ! g5]al read]4 ,9 a "w ( s limit$ dim5sions1 detail$ descriptions _c be giv51 except occasionally by way ( illu/ration2 b ref]5ces to au?orities w be made 9 foot-notes1 & c]ta9 details1 :i* may be useful to collectors & /ud5ts1 w be plac$ 9 notes app5d$ to ! *apt]s1 s z n to encumb] ! text4 ,! illu/rations ( ?is "w are = ! mo/ "p orig9al2 b "s ( !m h previ\sly appe>$ 9 special pap]s ( ! au?or4 ,j4 ,w4 ,d4 ,febru>y1 #ahhh4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,*apt] ,i4 ,prelim9>y ,ideas ( ,geological ,*ronology & ( ! ,classification ( ,plants #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,vegetation ( ! ,laur5tian & ,e>ly ,paleozoic--,que/ions z to ,alg #h ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,erian or ,devonian ,=e/s--,orig9 ( ,petroleum--,! ,age ( ,acrog5s & ,gymnosp]ms #de ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,c>bonif]\s ,flora--,culm9ation ( ! ,acrog5s--,=mation ( ,coal #aaj ,,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,flora ( ! ,e>ly ,mesozoic--,reign ( ,p9es & ,cycads #age ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,reign ( ,angiosp]ms 9 ! ,lat] ,cretace\s & ,e>ly ,t]ti>y or ,ka9ozoic #aia ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,plants f ! ,t]ti>y to ! ,mod]n ,p]iod #bai ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,g5]al ,laws ( ,orig9 & ,migrations ( ,plants--,relations ( ,rec5t & ,fossil ,floras #bcg ,,app5dix4 ,i4 ,comp>ative ,view ( ,paleozoic ,floras #bgc ,,ii4 ,he]'s ,late/ ,/atem5ts on ! ,gre5l& ,flora #bha ,,iii4 ,m9]alisation ( ,fossil ,plants #bhd ,,iv4 ,g5]al ,works on ,palobotany #bhf ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,page ,table ( ,*ronology ( ,plants 7,frontispiece47 ,protannul>ia ,h>knessii #ba ,nematophyton ,logani 7?ree ,figures7 #bb1 #bc ,trail ( ,k+-,crab #bh ,trail ( ,c>bonif]\s ,cru/acean #bh ,rusi*nites #bi ,palophycus #cj ,a/ropoli?on #ca ,c>bonif]\s ,rill-m>k #cc ,ca/ ( ,%r9kage ,cracks #cd ,cone-9-cone #cf ,bu?otrephis #cg ,silurian ,vegetation #dj ,erian ,plants #di ,protosalv9ia #ed ,ptilophyton 7two ,figures7 #fb1 #fc ,psilophyton 7two ,figures7 #fd1 #ff ,sph5ophyllum #fe ,lepidod5dron #ff ,v>i\s ,f]ns #gb1 #gc ,ar*opt]is #gd ,caulopt]is #ge ,megalopt]is #gf ,calamites #gg ,a/]ophyllites #gh ,dadoxylon #gi ,cordaites #ha ,erian ,fruits #hb ,foliage f ! ,coal-=mation #aaa ,sigill>i 7five ,figures7 #aab-aad ,/igm>i 7two ,figures7 #aae ,vegetable ,tissues #aag ,coals & ,erect ,trees 7two ,figures7 #aah1 #aai ,lepidod5dron #abj ,lepidophloios #aba ,a/]ophyllites1 c4 #abb ,calamites 7five ,figures7 #abc-abe ,f]ns ( ! ,coal-=mation 7six ,figures7 #abf-abi ,noegg]a?ia disp> #acj ,cordaites #aca ,fruits ( ,cordaites1 c4 #acb ,conif]s ( ! ,coal-=mation 7f\r ,species7 #ace ,trigonoc>pum #acf ,/]nb]gia #acg ,wal*ia imbricatula #ach ,foliage ( ! ,jurassic ,p]iod #agg ,podozamites #agh ,salisburia #ahj ,sequoia #aha ,populus primva #aia ,/]calia & ,laurophyllum #aid ,vegetation ( ! ,cretace\s ,p]iod #aie ,platanus #aih ,protophyllum #aii ,magnolia #bjj ,liriod5dron 7two ,figures7 #bja ,bras5ia #bjg ,gaylussaccia res9osa #bbh ,populus balsamif]a #bbi ,fucus #bcj ,,! ,,geological ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,plants4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,prelim9>y ,,ideas ,,( ,,geological ,,*ronology ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,classification ,,( ,,plants4 ,! k ( fossil plants & ( ! hi/ory ( ! vegetable k+dom has1 until rec5tly1 be5 s fragm5t>y t x seem$ hopeless to attempt a detail$ treatm5t ( ! subject ( ?is little book4 ,our /ores ( k h1 h[ev]1 be5 rapidly accumulat+ 9 rec5t ye>s1 & we h n[ arriv$ at a /age :5 e new discov]y s]ves to r5d] useful & intelligible a va/ numb] ( facts previ\sly fragm5t>y & ( unc]ta9 import4 ,! writ] ( ?is "w1 born 9 a di/rict ri* 9 fossil plants1 began to collect & "w at ^! z a boy1 9 connection ) botanical & geological pursuits4 ,he has ?us be5 engag$ 9 ! /udy ( fossil plants = ne>ly half a c5tury1 &1 :ile he has publi%$ mu* on ! subject1 has endeav\r$ c>efully to keep )9 ! sph]e ( asc]ta9$ facts1 & has made x a specialty to collect1 z f> z possible1 :at has be5 publi%$ by o!rs4 ,he has also enjoy$ opportunities ( correspond5ce or p]sonal int]c\rse ) mo/ ( ! m em95t work]s 9 ! subject4 ,n[1 9 ! ev5+ ( 8 days1 he ?9ks x "r to endeav\r to place be=e ! _w a summ>y ( facts & ( 8 own matur$ conclusions--feel+1 h[ev]1 t no?+ c be f9al 9 ?is matt]2 & t he c only hope to sket* ! pres5t aspect ( ! subject1 & to po9t ! way to new developm5ts1 :i* mu/ g on long aft] he %all h pass$ away4 ,! subject is "o :i* has ! disadvantage ( presuppos+ "s k ( ! geological hi/ory ( ! e>?1 & ( ! classification & /ructures ( mod]n plants2 & 9 ord] t all :o may please to read ! foll[+ pages may be plac$1 z ne>ly z possible1 on ! same level1 ?is introductory *apt] w be devot$ to a %ort /atem5t ( ! g5]al facts ( geological *ronology1 & ( ! natural divisions ( ! vegetable k+dom 9 _! relations to t *ronology4 ,! cru/ ( ! e>?1 z we some:at mode/ly t]m t portion ( its out] %ell :i* is op5 to our obs]vation1 consi/s ( _m b$s ( rock sup]impos$ on ea* o!r1 & :i* mu/ h be5 deposit$ successively1 beg9n+ ) ! l[e/4 ,?is is prov$ by ! /ructure ( ! b$s !mselves1 by ! m>k+s on _! surfaces1 & by ! rema9s ( animals & plants :i* !y conta92 all ^! appe>ances indicat+ t ea* successive b$ mu/ h be5 ! surface be=e x 0 cov]$ by ! next4 ,z ^! b$s ( rock 7 mo/ly =m$ "u wat]1 & ( mat]ial d]iv$ f ! wa/e ( l&1 !y are n univ]sal1 b occur 9 ^? places :]e !re 7 ext5sive areas ( wat] receiv+ detritus f ! l&4 ,fur!r1 z ! di/9ction ( l& & wat] arises prim>ily f ! %r9kage ( ! mass ( ! e>?1 & f ! consequ5t collapse ( ! cru/ 9 "s places & ridg+ ( x up 9 o!rs1 x foll[s t !re h1 f ! e>lie/ geological p]iods1 be5 deep ocean-bas9s1 ridges ( elevat$ l&1 & broad plateaus int]v5+ betwe5 ! ridges1 & :i* 7 at "s times "u wat]1 & at o!r times l&1 ) _m int]m$iate phases4 ,! settlem5t & crumpl+ ( ! cru/ 7 n cont9u\s1 b took place at int]vals2 & ea* su* settlem5t produc$ n only a ridg+ up along c]ta9 l9es1 b also an em]g5ce ( ! pla9s or plateaus4 ,?us at all times !re h be5 ridges ( fold$ rock con/itut+ m\nta9-ranges1 flat expansions ( cont95tal plateau1 sometimes dry & sometimes subm]g$1 & deep ocean-bas9s1 nev] except 9 "s ( _! %all[] portions elevat$ into l&4 ,by ! /udy ( ! successive b$s1 m especially ( ^? deposit$ 9 ! times ( cont95tal subm]g5ce1 we obta9 a table ( geological *ronology :i* expresses ! sev]al /ages ( ! =mation ( ! e>?'s cru/1 f t e>ly "t :5 a solid %ell fir/ =m$ on our nasc5t planet to ! pres5t day4 ,by collect+ ! fossil rema9s emb$d$ 9 ! sev]al lay]s & plac+ ^! 9 *ronological ord]1 we obta9 9 l mann] hi/ories ( animal & plant life p>allel to ! physical *anges indicat$ by ! b$s !mselves4 ,! facts z to ! sequ5ce we obta9 f ! /udy ( exposures 9 cliffs1 cutt+s1 qu>ries1 & m9es2 & by correlat+ ^! local sections 9 a great numb] ( places1 we obta9 our g5]al table ( succession2 ?\gh x is to be obs]v$ t 9 "s s+le exposures or s]ies ( exposures1 l ^? 9 ! great canons ( ,colorado1 or on ! coa/s ( ,great ,brita91 we c (t5 9 "o locality see ne>ly ! :ole sequ5ce ( b$s4 ,let u obs]ve "h also t1 ?\gh we c trace ^! s]ies ( deposits ov] ! :ole ( ! surfaces ( ! cont95ts1 yet if ! s]ies c\ld be se5 9 "o spot1 say 9 "o %aft sunk ?r\gh ! :ole ?ickness ( ! e>?'s cru/1 ?is w\ld be suffici5t = our purpose1 s f> z ! hi/ory ( life is conc]n$4 ,! evid5ce is simil> to t obta9$ by ,s*liemann on ! site ( ,troy1 :]e1 9 digg+ ?r\gh successive lay]s ( dbris1 he f\nd ! objects deposit$ by successive occupants ( ! site1 f ! "t ( ! ,roman ,empire back to ! e>lie/ tribes1 ^: fl9t weapons & ! a%es ( _! fires re/ on ! orig9al surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,let u n[ tabulate ! :ole geological succession ) ! hi/ory ( animals & plants associat$ ) x3 ,,animals4 ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,=mations4 ,,plants4 ,age ( ,man & ,mammalia4 ,ka9ozoic4 ,mod]n1 ,plei/oc5e1 ,angiosp]ms & ,plioc5e1 ,palms dom9ant4 ,mioc5e1 ,eoc5e4 ,age ( ,reptiles4 ,mesozoic4 ,cretace\s1 ,cycads & ,p9es ,jurassic1 dom9ant4 ,triassic4 ,age ( ,amphibians & ,fi%es4 ,age ( ,inv]tebrates4 ,palozoic4 ,p]mian1 ,acrog5s & ,c>bonif]\s1 ,gymnosp]ms ,erian1 dom9ant4 ,silurian1 ,ordovician1 ,cambrian1 ,huronian 7,upp]74 ,age ( ,protozoa4 ,eozoic4 ,huronian 7,l[]71 ,protog5s & ,alg4 ,upp] ,laur5tian1 ,middle ,laur5tian1 ,l[] ,laur5tian4 ,x w be obs]v$1 s9ce only ! late/ ( ! sy/ems ( =mations 9 ?is table belongs to ! p]iod ( human hi/ory1 t ! :ole lapse ( "t embrac$ 9 ! table mu/ be enorm\s4 ,if we suppose ! mod]n p]iod to h cont9u$ = say t5 ?\s& ye>s1 & ea* ( ! o!rs to h be5 equal to x1 we %all require two hundr$ ?\s& ye>s = ! :ole4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 reason to believe1 f ! great ?ickness ( ! =mations & ! sl[ness ( ! deposition ( _m ( !m 9 ! old] sy/ems1 t !y mu/ h requir$ va/ly great] "t4 ,tak+ ^! crit]ia into acc\nt1 x has be5 e/imat$ t ! "t-ratios = ! fir/ ?ree great ages may be z "o = ! ,ka9ozoic to ?ree = ! ,mesozoic & twelve = ! ,palozoic1 ) z mu* = ! ,eozoic z = ! ,palozoic4 ,?is is ,dana's e/imate4 ,ano!r1 by ,hull & ,h\ghton1 gives ! foll[+ ratios3 ,azoic1 #cdc p] c5t42 ,palozoic1 #dbe p] c5t42 ,mesozoic & ,ka9ozoic1 #bcb p] c5t4 ,x is fur!r held t ! mod]n p]iod is mu* %ort] ?an ! o!r p]iods ( ! ,ka9ozoic1 s t our geological table may h to be measur$ by millions ( ye>s in/ead ( ?\s&s4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 atta* any c]ta9 & def9ite value 9 ye>s to geological "t1 b mu/ cont5t ourselves ) ! g5]al /atem5t t x has be5 va/ly long 9 comp>ison to t cov]$ by human hi/ory4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ?is great duration ( geological "t1 & ! fact t x probably ext5ds f a p]iod :5 ! e>? 0 int5sely heat$1 its cru/ ?91 & its cont95ts z yet un=m$1 x w be evid5t t ! conditions ( life 9 ! e>li] geologic p]iods may h be5 v diff]5t f ^? :i* obta9$ lat]4 ,:5 we fur!r take into acc\nt ! vicissitudes ( l& & wat] :i* h occurr$1 we %all see t su* *anges mu/ h produc$ v great diff]5ces ( climate4 ,! w>m equatorial wat]s h 9 all p]iods1 z sup]ficial oceanic curr5ts1 be5 ma9 ag5ts 9 ! diffusion ( heat ov] ! surface ( ! e>?1 & _! di/ribution to nor? & s\? mu/ h be5 det]m9$ ma9ly by ! ext5t & direction ( l&1 ?\gh x may also h be5 modifi$ by ! *anges 9 ! a/ronomical relations & p]iod ( ! e>?1 & ! =m ( its orbit4,a ,we "k by ! evid5ce ( fossil plants t *anges ( ?is k9d h occurr$ s great z1 on ! "o h&1 to p]mit ! plants ( w>m temp]ate regions to exi/ )9 ! ,arctic ,circle2 &1 on ! o!r1 to drive ^! plants into ! tropics & to replace !m by ,arctic =ms4 ,x is evid5t also t 9 ^? p]iods :5 ! cont95tal areas 7 l>gely subm]g$1 !re might be an excessive am\nt ( moi/ure 9 ! atmosph]e1 greatly modify+ ! climate1 9 s f> z plants are conc]n$4 ,a ,croll1 ,climate & ,"t4 ,let u n[ consid] ! hi/ory ( ! vegetable k+dom z indicat$ 9 ! few notes 9 ! "r-h& column ( ! table4 ,! mo/ g5]al subdivision ( plants is into ! two great s]ies ( ,cryptogams1 or ^? :i* h no manife/ fl[]s1 & produce m9ute spores in/ead ( se$s2 & ,phnogams1 or ^? :i* possess fl[]s & produce se$s conta9+ an embryo ( ! future plant4 ,! ,cryptogams may be subdivid$ into ! foll[+ ?ree gr\ps3 #a4 ,?allog5s1 cellul> plants n di/9ctly di/+ui%able into /em & leaf4 ,^! are ! ,fungi1 ! ,li*5s1 & ! ,alg1 or sea-we$s4 #b4 ,anog5s1 hav+ /em & foliage1 b :olly cellul>4 ,^! are ! ,mosses & ,liv]worts4 #c4 ,acrog5s1 :i* h long tubul> fibres z well z cells 9 _! composition1 & ?us h ! capacity ( atta9+ a m consid]able magnitude4 ,^! are ! ,f]ns 7,filices71 ! ,m>e's-tails 7,equisetace71 & ! ,club-mosses 7,lycopodiace71 & a curi\s little gr\p ( aquatic plants call$ ,rhizoc>ps 7,rhizoc>pe74 ,! ,phnogams are all vascul>1 b !y diff] mu* 9 ! simplicity or complexity ( _! fl[]s or se$s4 ,on ?is gr\nd !y admit ( a tw(old division3 #a4 ,gymnosp]ms1 or ^? :i* be> nak$ se$s n enclos$ 9 fruits4 ,!y are ! ,p9es & _! allies1 & ! ,cycads4 #b4 ,angiosp]ms1 :i* produce true fruits enclos+ ! se$s4 ,9 ?is gr\p !re are two well-m>k$ subdivisions diff]+ 9 ! /ructure ( ! se$ & /em4 ,!y are ! ,endog5s1 or inside gr[]s1 ) se$s hav+ "o se$-leaf only1 z ! grasses & ! palms2 & ! ,exog5s1 hav+ outside-gr[+ woody /ems1 & se$s ) two se$-leaves4 ,mo/ ( ! ord9>y =e/-trees ( temp]ate climates belong to ?is gr\p4 ,on ref]r+ to ! geological table1 x w be se5 t !re is a c]ta9 r\gh correspond5ce betwe5 ! ord] ( rank ( plants & ! ord] ( _! appe>ance 9 "t4 ,! olde/ plants t we c]ta9ly "k are ,alg1 & ) ^! !re are plants app>5tly ) ! /ructures ( ,?allophytes b ! habit ( trees1 & :i*1 = want ( a bett] "n1 ,i may call ,protog5s4 ,plants ak9 to ! ,rhizoc>ps also appe> v e>ly4 ,next 9 ord] we f9d =e/s 9 :i* gigantic ,f]ns & ,lycopods & ,m>e's-tails pr$om9ate1 & are associat$ ) p9es4 ,succe$+ ^! we h a reign ( ,gymnosp]ms1 & 9 ! lat] =mations we f9d ! high] ,phnogams dom9ant4 ,?us !re is an advance 9 elevation & complexity along ) ! advance 9 geological "t1 b connect$ ) ! rem>kable fact t 9 e>li] times l[ gr\ps atta9 to an elevation unexampl$ 9 lat] times1 :5 _! places are occupi$ ) plants ( high] type4 ,x is ?is hi/orical developm5t t we h to trace 9 ! foll[+ pages1 & x w be ! mo/ simple & at ! same "t ! mo/ in/ructive me?od to consid] x 9 ! ord] ( "t4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,vegetation ,,( ,,! ,,laur5tian ,,& ,,e>ly ,,pal,,ozoic--,,que/ions ,,z ,,to ,,alg4 ,olde/ ( all ! =mations kn[n to geologi/s1 & repres5t+ p]haps ! e>lie/ rocks produc$ aft] our e>? _h ceas$ to be a molt5 mass1 are ! h>d1 cry/all9e1 & mu*-contort$ rocks nam$ by ! late ,sir ,w4 ,e4 ,logan ,laur5tian1 & :i* are l>gely develop$ 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica & ,europe1 & 9 _m o!r regions4 ,s num]\s & ext5sive1 inde$1 are ! exposures ( ^! rocks1 t we h good reason to believe t !y und]lie all ! o!r =mations ( our cont95ts1 & are ev5 _w-wide 9 _! di/ribution4 ,9 ! l[] "p ( ?is great sy/em ( rocks :i*1 9 "s places at lea/1 is ?irty ?\s& feet 9 ?ickness1 we f9d no traces ( ! exi/5ce ( any liv+ ?+ on ! e>?4 ,b1 9 ! middle portion ( ! ,laur5tian1 rocks are f\nd :i* indicate t !re 7 already l& & wat]1 & t ! wat]s & possibly ! l& 7 already t5ant$ by liv+ be+s4 ,! great b$s ( lime/one :i* exi/ 9 ?is "p ( ! sy/em furni% "o indication ( ?is4 ,9 ! lat] geological =mations ! lime/ones are mo/ly organic--t is1 !y consi/ ( accumulat$ rema9s ( %ells1 corals1 & o!r h>d p>ts ( m>9e animals1 :i* are compos$ ( calcium c>bonate1 :i* ! animals obta9 directly f _! food1 & indirectly f ! calc>e\s matt] dissolv$ 9 ! sea-wat]4 ,9 l mann] great b$s ( iron-ore exi/ 9 ! ,laur5tian2 b 9 lat] =mations ! det]m9+ cause ( ! accumulation ( su* b$s is ! p>tial deoxidation & solution ( ! p]oxide ( iron by ! ag5cy ( organic matt]4 ,besides ?is1 c]ta9 =ms kn[n z ,eozoon ,canad5se h be5 recognis$ 9 ! ,laur5tian lime/ones1 :i* indicate ! pres5ce at lea/ ( "o ( ! l[] types ( m>9e animals4 ,:]e animal life is1 we may fairly inf] ! exi/5ce ( vegetable life z well1 s9ce ! plant is ! only produc] ( food = ! animal4 ,b we are n left m]ely to ?is inf]5ce4 ,great quantities ( c>bon or *>coal 9 ! =m ( ! sub/ance kn[n z graphite or plumbago exi/ 9 ! ,laur5tian4 ,n[1 9 m rec5t =mations we h deposits ( coal & bitum9\s matt]1 & we "k t ^! h aris5 f ! accumulation & sl[ putrefaction ( masses ( vegetable matt]4 ,fur!r1 9 places :]e igne\s action has affect$ ! b$s1 we f9d t ord9>y coal has be5 *ang$ into an?racite & graphite1 t bitum9\s %ales h be5 conv]t$ into graphitic %ales1 & t cracks fill$ ) s(t bitum9\s matt] h ultimately become *ang$ into ve9s ( graphite4 ,:51 !re=e1 we f9d 9 ! ,laur5tian ?ick b$s ( graphite & b$s ( lime/one *>g$ ) deta*$ gra9s & cry/als ( ?is sub/ance1 & graphitic gneisses & s*i/s & ve9s ( graphite trav]s+ ! b$s1 we recognise ! same ph5om5a t are app>5t 9 lat] =mations conta9+ vegetable dbris4 ,! c>bon ?us occurr+ 9 ! ,laur5tian is n to be reg>d$ z exceptional or r>e1 b is widely di/ribut$ & ( l>ge am\nt4 ,9 ,canada m especially ! deposits are v consid]able4 ,! graphite ( ! ,laur5tian ( ,canada occurs bo? 9 b$s & 9 ve9s1 & 9 su* a mann] z to %[ t its orig9 & deposition are contemporane\s ) ^? ( ! conta9+ rock4 ,sir ,william ,logan /ates,b t ! deposits ( plumbago g5]ally occur 9 ! lime/ones or 9 _! imm$iate vic9ity1 & granul> v>ieties ( ! rock (t5 conta9 l>ge cry/all9e plates ( plumbago4 ,at o!r times ?is m9]al is s f9ely dissem9at$ z to give a blui%-grey col\r to ! lime/one1 & ! di/ribution ( b&s ?us col\r$ seems to m>k ! /ratification ( ! rock4 ,he fur!r /ates3 ,! plumbago is n conf9$ to ! lime/ones2 l>ge cry/all9e scales ( x are occasionally dissem9at$ 9 pyrox5e rock1 & sometimes 9 qu>tzite & 9 feldspa?ic rocks1 or ev5 9 magnetic oxide ( iron4 ,9 addition to ^! b$d$ =ms1 !re are also true ve9s 9 :i* graphite occurs associat$ ) calcite1 qu>tz1 or?oclase1 or pyrox5e1 & ei!r 9 dissem9at$ scales1 9 deta*$ masses1 or 9 b&s or lay]s sep>at$ f ea* o!r & f ! wall-rock by feldsp>1 pyrox5e1 & qu>tz4 ,dr4 ,hunt also m5tions ! occurr5ce ( f9ely granul> v>ieties1 & ( t peculi>ly wav$ & corrugat$ v>iety simulat+ fossil wood1 ?\gh really a m]e =m ( lam9at$ /ructure1 :i* also occurs at ,w>r5sburg1 ,new ,york1 & at ! ,m>9ski m9e 9 ,sib]ia4 ,_m ( ! ve9s are n true fissures1 b r con/itute a network ( %r9kage cracks or segregation ve9s trav]s+ 9 c\ntless numb]s ! conta9+ rock1 & mo/ irregul> 9 _! dim5sions1 s t !y (t5 resemble /r+s ( nodul> masses4 ,x is mo/ probable t ! graphite ( ! ve9s 0 orig9ally introduc$ z a liquid or pla/ic hydroc>bon2 b 9 :atev] way introduc$1 ! "* ( ! ve9s indicates t 9 ! case ( ! great] numb] ( !m ! c>bonace\s mat]ial mu/ h be5 d]iv$ f ! b$d$ rocks trav]s$ by ^! ve9s1 to :i* x be>s ! same relation ) ! ve9s ( bitum5 f\nd 9 ! bitum9\s %ales ( ! ,c>bonif]\s & ,silurian rocks4 ,nor c !re be any d\bt t ! graphite f\nd 9 ! b$s has be5 deposit$ along ) ! calc>e\s matt] or muddy & s&y s$im5t ( :i* ^! b$s 7 orig9ally compos$4,c ,b ,geology ( ,canada1 #ahfc4 ,c ,pap] by ! au?or on ,laur5tian ,graphite1 ,j\rnal ( ,london ,geological ,society1 #ahgf4 ,! quantity ( graphite 9 ! ,l[] ,laur5tian s]ies is enorm\s4 ,"s ye>s ago1 9 ! t[n%ip ( ,buck+ham1 on ! ,ottawa ,riv]1 ,i exam9$ a b& ( lime/one believ$ to be a cont9uation ( t describ$ by ,sir ,w4 ,e4 ,logan z ! ,gre5 ,lake lime/one4 ,x 0 e/imat$ to am\nt1 ) "s ?9 int]/ratifi$ b&s ( gneiss1 to a ?ickness ( six hundr$ feet or m1 & 0 f\nd to be fill$ ) dissem9at$ cry/als ( graphite & ve9s ( ! m9]al to su* an ext5t z to con/itute 9 "s places "o-f\r? ( ! :ole2 &1 mak+ e all[ance = ! poor] portions1 ?is b& _c conta9 9 all a less v]tical ?ickness ( pure graphite ?an f tw5ty to ?irty feet4 ,9 ! adjo9+ t[n%ip ( ,lo*ab] ,sir ,w4 ,e4 ,logan notices a b& f tw5ty-five to ?irty feet ?ick1 reticulat$ ) graphite ve9s to su* an ext5t z to be m9$ ) pr(it = ! m9]al4 ,at ano!r place 9 ! same di/rict a b$ ( graphite f t5 to twelve feet ?ick1 & yield+ #bj p] c5t1 ( ! pure mat]ial1 is work$4 ,z x appe>s 9 ! excavation made by ! qu>rym51 x resembl$ a b$ ( coal2 & a block f ?is b$1 ab\t f\r feet ?ick1 0 a prom95t object 9 ! ,canadian dep>tm5t ( ! ,colonial ,exhibition ( #ahhf4 ,:5 x is consid]$ t graphite occurs 9 simil> abundance at sev]al o!r horizons1 9 b$s ( lime/one :i* h be5 asc]ta9$ by ,sir ,w4 ,e4 ,logan to h an aggregate ?ickness ( ?irty-five hundr$ feet1 x is sc>cely an exagg]ation to ma9ta9 t ! quantity ( c>bon 9 ! ,laur5tian is equal to t 9 simil> areas ( ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em4 ,x is also to be obs]v$ t an imm5se area 9 ,canada appe>s to be occupi$ by ^! graphitic & ,eozoon lime/ones1 & t ri* graphitic deposits exi/ 9 ! cont9uation ( ?is sy/em 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 :ile 9 rocks believ$ to be ( ?is age ne> ,/4 ,john1 ,new ,brunswick1 !re is a v ?ick b$ ( graphitic lime/one1 & associat$ ) x ?ree regul> b$s ( graphite1 hav+ an aggregate ?ickness ( ab\t five feet4,d ,d ,mat!w 9 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 vol4 xxi41 p4 #dbc4 ,acadian ,geology1 p4 #ffb4 ,x may fairly be assum$ t 9 ! pres5t _w1 & 9 ^? geological p]iods ) ^: organic rema9s we are m famili> ?an ) ^? ( ! ,laur5tian1 !re is no o!r s\rce ( unoxidiz$ c>bon 9 rocks ?an t furni%$ by organic matt]1 & t ?is has obta9$ its c>bon 9 all cases1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 f ! deoxidation ( c>bonic acid by liv+ plants4 ,no o!r s\rce ( c>bon c1 ,i believe1 be imag9$ 9 ! ,laur5tian p]iod4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 suppose ei!r t ! graphitic matt] ( ! ,laur5tian has be5 accumulat$ 9 b$s l ^? ( coal1 or t x has consi/$ ( diffus$ bitum9\s matt] simil> to t 9 m mod]n bitum9\s %ales & bitum9\s & oil-be>+ lime/ones4 ,! b$s ( graphite ne> ,/4 ,john1 "s ( ^? 9 ! gneiss at ,ticond]oga 9 ,new ,york1 & at ,lo*ab] & ,buck+ham1 & else:]e 9 ,canada1 are s pure & regul> t "o might fairly comp>e !m ) ! graphitic coal ( ,rhode ,isl&4 ,^! in/ances1 h[ev]1 are exceptional1 & ! great] "p ( ! dissem9at$ & ve9 graphite might r be lik5$ 9 its mode ( occurr5ce to ! bitum9\s matt] 9 bitum9\s %ales & lime/ones4 ,we may comp>e ! dissem9at$ graphite to t :i* we f9d 9 ^? di/ricts ( ,canada 9 :i* ,silurian & ,devonian bitum9\s %ales & lime/ones h be5 metamorphos$ & conv]t$ into graphitic rocks n v dissimil> to ^? 9 ! less alt]$ portions ( ! ,laur5tian4,e ,9 l mann] x seems probable t ! num]\s reticulat+ ve9s ( graphite may h be5 =m$ by ! segregation ( bitum9\s matt] into fissures & planes ( lea/ resi/ance1 9 ! mann] 9 :i* su* ve9s occur 9 mod]n bitum9\s lime/ones & %ales4 ,su* bitum9\s ve9s occur 9 ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s lime/one & %ale ( ,dor*e/] & ,hillsbor\gh1 ,new ,brunswick1 ) an arrangem5t v simil> to t ( ! ve9s ( graphite2 & 9 ! ,quebec rocks ( ,po9t ,levi1 ve9s atta9+ to a ?ickness ( m ?an a foot1 are fill$ ) a coaly matt] hav+ a transv]se column> /ructure1 & reg>d$ by ,logan & ,hunt z an alt]$ bitum54 ,^! palozoic analogies w\ld lead u to inf] t ! l>g] "p ( ! ,laur5tian graphite falls "u ! second class ( deposits above m5tion$1 & t1 if ( vegetable orig91 ! organic matt] mu/ h be5 ?or\ghly dis9tegrat$ & bitum9is$ be=e x 0 *ang$ into graphite4 ,?is w\ld also give a probability t ! vegetation impli$ 0 aquatic1 or at lea/ t x 0 accumulat$ "u wat]4 ,e ,granby1 ,melb\rne1 ,owl's ,head1 c41 ,geology ( ,canada1 #ahfc1 p4 #eii4 ,dr4 ,hunt has1 h[ev]1 obs]v$ an indication ( t]re/rial vegetation1 or at lea/ ( subarial decay1 9 ! great b$s ( ,laur5tian iron-ore4 ,^!1 if =m$ 9 ! same mann] z m mod]n deposits ( ?is k9d1 w\ld imply ! r$uc+ & solv5t action ( sub/ances produc$ 9 ! decay ( plants4 ,9 ?is case su* great ore-b$s z t ( ,hull1 on ! ,ottawa1 sev5ty feet ?ick1 or t ne> ,newbor\gh1 two hundr$ feet ?ick1,f mu/ repres5t a correspond+ quantity ( vegetable matt] :i* has totally disappe>$4 ,x may be add$ t simil> dem&s on vegetable matt] z a deoxidis+ ag5t are made by ! b$s & ve9s ( metallic sulphides ( ! ,laur5tian1 ?\gh "s ( ! latt] are no d\bt ( lat] date ?an ! ,laur5tian rocks !mselves4 ,f ,geology ( ,canada1 #ahfc4 ,x w\ld be v desirable to confirm su* conclusions z ^? above d$uc$ by ! evid5ce ( actual microscopic /ructure4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t :51 9 m mod]n s$im5ts1 ,alg h be5 conv]t$ into bitum9\s matt]1 we _c ord9>ily obta9 any /ructural evid5ce ( ! orig9 ( su* bitum51 & 9 ! graphitic slates & lime/ones d]iv$ f ! metamorphosis ( su* rocks no organic /ructure rema9s4 ,x is true t1 9 c]ta9 bitum9\s %ales & lime/ones ( ! ,silurian sy/em1 %r$s ( organic tissue c sometimes be detect$1 & 9 "s cases1 z 9 ! ,l[] ,silurian lime/one ( ! ,la ,clo*e ,m\nta9s 9 ,canada1 ! pores ( bra*iopod\s %ells & ! cells ( corals h be5 p5etrat$ by black bitum9\s matt]1 =m+ :at may be reg>d$ z natural injections1 sometimes ( mu* beauty4 ,9 correspond5ce ) ?is1 :ile 9 "s ,laur5tian graphitic rocks1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! compact graphite ( ,cl>5don1 ! c>bon pres5ts a curdl$ appe>ance due to segregation1 & precisely simil> to t ( ! bitum5 9 m mod]n bitum9\s rocks1 ,i c detect 9 ! graphitic lime/ones occasional fibr\s /ructures :i* may be rema9s ( plants1 & 9 "s specim5s v]micul> l9es1 :i* ,i believe to be tubes ( ,eozoon p5etrat$ by matt] once bitum9\s1 b n[ 9 ! /ate ( graphite4 ,:5 palozoic l&-plants h be5 conv]t$ into graphite1 !y sometimes p]fectly reta9 _! /ructure4 ,m9]al *>coal1 ) /ructure1 exi/s 9 ! graphitic coal ( ,rhode ,isl&4 ,! fronds ( f]ns1 ) _! m9ute/ ve9s p]fect1 are pres]v$ 9 ! ,devonian %ales ( ,/4 ,john1 9 ! /ate ( graphite2 & 9 ! same =mation !re are trunks ( ,conif]s 7,dadoxylon ,ouangondianum7 9 :i* ! mat]ial ( ! cell-walls has be5 conv]t$ into graphite1 :ile _! cavities h be5 fill$ ) calc>e\s sp> & qu>tz1 ! f9e/ /ructures be+ pres]v$ q z well z 9 comp>atively unalt]$ specim5s f ! coal-=mation4,g ,no /ructures s p]fect h z yet be5 detect$ 9 ! ,laur5tian1 ?\gh 9 ! l>ge/ ( ! ?ree graphitic b$s at ,/4 ,john !re appe> to be fibr\s /ructures1 :i* ,i believe may indicate ! exi/5ce ( l&-plants4 ,?is graphite is compos$ ( contort$ & slick5sid$ lam91 mu* l ^? ( "s bitum9\s %ales & co>se coals2 & 9 ^! are occasional small pyrit\s masses :i* %[ holl[ c>bonace\s fibres1 9 "s cases pres5t+ obscure indications ( lat]al pores4 ,i reg>d ^! indications1 h[ev]1 z unc]ta92 & x is n z yet fully asc]ta9$ t ^! b$s at ,/4 ,john are on ! same geological horizon ) ! ,l[] ,laur5tian ( ,canada1 ?\gh !y c]ta9ly und]lie ! ,primordial s]ies ( ! ,acadian gr\p1 & are sep>at$ f x by b$s hav+ ! "* ( ! ,huronian4 ,g ,acadian ,geology1 p4 #ece4 ,9 calc9$ specim5s ! /ructures rema9 9 ! graphite aft] decalcification by an acid4 ,!re is ?us no absolute impossibility t di/9ct organic tissues may be f\nd 9 ! ,laur5tian graphite1 if =m$ f l&-plants1 m especially if any plants exi/$ at t "t hav+ true woody or vascul> tissues2 b x _c ) c]ta9ty be affirm$ t su* tissues h be5 f\nd4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! ,laur5tian p]iod ! vegetation ( ! l& may h consi/$ :olly ( cellul> plants1 z1 = example1 mosses & li*5s2 & if s1 !re w\ld be comp>atively little hope ( ! di/9ct pres]vation ( _! =ms or tissues1 or ( our be+ able to di/+ui% ! rema9s ( l&-plants f ^? ( ,alg4 ,we may sum up ^! facts & consid]ations 9 ! foll[+ /atem5ts3 ,fir/1 t some:at obscure traces ( organic /ructure c be detect$ 9 ! ,laur5tian graphite2 secondly1 t ! g5]al arrangem5t & microscopic /ructure ( ! sub/ance corresponds ) t ( ! c>bonace\s & bitum9\s matt]s 9 m>9e =mations ( m mod]n date2 ?irdly1 t if ! ,laur5tian graphite has be5 d]iv$ f vegetable matt]1 x has only und]gone a metamorphosis simil> 9 k9d to t :i* organic matt] 9 metamorphos$ s$im5ts ( lat] age has exp]i5c$2 f\r?ly1 t ! association ( ! graphitic matt] ) organic lime/one1 b$s ( iron-ore1 & metallic sulphides greatly /r5g!ns ! probability ( its vegetable orig92 fif?ly1 t :5 we consid] ! imm5se ?ickness & ext5t ( ! ,eozoonal & graphitic lime/ones & iron-ore deposits ( ! ,laur5tian1 if we admit ! organic orig9 ( ! lime/one & graphite1 we mu/ be prep>$ to believe t ! life ( t e>ly p]iod1 ?\gh x may h exi/$ "u l[ =ms1 0 mo/ copi\sly develop$1 & t x equall$1 p]haps surpass$1 9 its results1 9 ! way ( geological accumulation1 t ( any subsequ5t p]iod4 ,_m ye>s ago1 at ! meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association 9 ,albany1 ! writ] 0 c>ry+ into ! room ( ! ,geological ,section a mass ( fossil wood f ! ,devonian ( ,gasp1 :5 he met ! late ,pr(essor ,agassiz1 & rem>k$ t ! specim5 0 ! rema9s ( a ,devonian tree contemporane\s ) 8 fi%es ( t age4 ,h[ ,i wi% ,i c\ld sit "u its %ade6 0 ! smil+ reply ( ! great zologi/2 & :5 we ?9k ( ! great accumulations ( ,laur5tian c>bon1 & t we are entirely ignorant ( ! =ms & /ructures ( ! vegetation :i* produc$ x1 we c sc>cely suppress a feel+ ( disappo9tm5t4 ,"s ?+s1 h[ev]1 we c safely inf] f ! facts t are kn[n1 & ^! x may be well to m5tion4 ,! climate & atmosph]e ( ! ,laur5tian may h be5 well adapt$ = ! su/5ance ( vegetable life4 ,we c sc>cely d\bt t ! int]nal heat ( ! e>? /ill w>m$ ! wat]s ( ! sea1 & ^! w>m wat]s mu/ h diffus$ great quantities ( mi/s & vap\rs ov] ! l&1 giv+ a moi/ & equable if n a v cle> atmosph]e4 ,! va/ quantities ( c>bon dioxide aft]w>ds seal$ up 9 lime/ones & c>bonace\s b$s mu/ also h /ill float$ 9 ! atmosph]e & mu/ h suppli$ abundance ( ! c>bon1 :i* con/itutes ! l>ge/ +r$i5t 9 vegetable tissues4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! :ole _w mu/ h resembl$ a damp1 w>m gre5h\se1 & plants lov+ su* an atmosph]e c\ld h gr[n luxuriantly4 ,9 ^! circum/ances ! l[] =ms ( aquatic vegetation & ^? t love damp1 w>m air & wet soil w\ld h be5 at home4 ,if we ask m p>ticul>ly :at k9ds ( plants might be expect$ to be introduc$ 9 su* circum/ances1 we may obta9 "s in=mation f ! vegetation ( ! succe$+ ,palozoic age1 :5 su* conditions /ill cont9u$ to a modifi$ ext5t4 ,9 ?is p]iod ! club-mosses1 f]ns1 & m>e's-tails engross$ ! _w & grew to sizes & atta9$ degrees ( complexity ( /ructure n kn[n 9 mod]n times4 ,9 ! previ\s ,laur5tian age some?+ simil> may h happ5$ to ,alg1 to ,fungi1 to ,li*5s1 to ,liv]worts1 & ,mosses4 ,! ,alg may h atta9$ to gigantic dim5sions1 & may h ev5 asc5d$ out ( ! wat] 9 "s ( _! =ms4 ,^! comp>atively simple cellul> & tubul> /ructures1 n[ degrad$ to ! humble position ( flat li*5s or s(t or corky fungi1 or sl5d] cellul> mosses1 may h be5 s /r5g!n$ & modifi$ z to con/itute =e/-trees4 ,?is w\ld be q 9 h>mony ) :at is obs]v$ 9 ! developm5t ( o!r plants 9 primitive geological times2 & a little lat] 9 ?is hi/ory we %all see t !re is evid5ce 9 ! flora ( ! ,silurian ( a survival ( su* =ms4 ,x may be t no geologi/ or botani/ w ev] be able to realise ^! dreams ( ! pa/4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is q possible t "s =tunate *ance may h some:]e pres]v$ specim5s ( ,laur5tian plants %[+ _! /ructure4 ,9 any case we h "h pres5t$ to u ! /range & />tl+ fact t ! rem>kable arrangem5t ( protoplasmic matt] & *lorophyll1 :i* enables ! vegetable cell to p]=m1 ) ! aid ( sol> light1 ! miracle ( decompos+ c>bon dioxide & wat]1 & =m+ ) !m woody & corky tissues1 _h already be5 introduc$ ^u ! e>?4 ,x has be5 well said t no am\nt ( /udy ( inorganic nature w\ld ev] h enabl$ any "o to anticipate ! possibility ( ! con/ruction ( an app>atus hav+ ! *emical p[]s ( ! liv+ vegetable cell4 ,yet ?is mo/ m>vell\s /ructure seems to h be5 introduc$ 9 ! full pl5itude ( its p[]s 9 ! ,laur5tian age4 ,:e!r ?is e>ly ,laur5tian vegetation 0 ! means ( su/a9+ any animal life o!r ?an m>9e ,protozoa1 we d n "k4 ,x may h exi/$ = its own sake alone1 or m]ely z a purifi] ( ! atmosph]e1 9 prep>ation = ! future introduction ( l&-animals4 ,! fact t !re h exi/$1 ev5 9 mod]n times1 oceanic isl&s ri* 9 vegetation1 yet unt5ant$ by ! high] =ms ( animal life1 prep>es u to believe t su* conditions may h be5 g5]al or univ]sal 9 ! primeval times we are "h consid]+4 ,if we ask to :at ext5t ! c>bon extract$ f ! atmosph]e & /or$ up 9 ! e>? has be51 or is likely to be1 useful to man1 ! answ] mu/ be t x is n 9 a /ate to enable x to be us$ z m9]al fuel4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 important uses 9 ! arts1 ?\gh at pres5t ! supply seems r 9 excess ( ! dem&1 & x may well be t !re are uses ( graphite /ill undiscov]$1 & to :i* x w yet be appli$4 ,f9ally1 x is des]v+ ( notice t1 if ,laur5tian graphite indicates vegetable life1 x indicates ?is 9 va/ pr(usion4 ,t incalculable quantities ( vegetable matt] h be5 oxidis$ & h disappe>$ we may believe on ! evid5ce ( ! va/ b$s ( iron-ore2 &1 9 reg>d to t pres]v$ z graphite1 x is c]ta9 t e in* ( t m9]al mu/ indicate _m feet ( crude vegetable matt]4 ,x is rem>kable t1 9 asc5d+ f ! ,laur5tian1 we d n at fir/ appe> to advance 9 evid5ces ( plant-life4 ,! ,huronian age1 :i* succe$$ ! ,laur5tian1 seems to h be5 a di/urb$ & unquiet "t1 &1 except 9 c]ta9 b&s ( iron-ore & "s d>k slates col\r$ ) c>bonace\s matt]1 we f9d 9 x no evid5ce ( vegetation4 ,9 ! ,cambrian a great subsid5ce ( our cont95ts began1 :i* w5t on1 ?\gh ) local int]missions & rev]sals1 all ?r\gh ! ,siluro-,cambrian or ,ordovician "t4 ,^! times 71 = ?is reason1 rem>kable = ! great abundance & increase ( m>9e animals r ?an ( l&-plants4 ,/ill1 !re are "s traces ( l& vegetation1 & we may sket* fir/ ! facts ( ?is k9d :i* are kn[n1 & !n adv]t to "s po9ts relat+ to ! e>li] ,alg1 or sea-we$s4 ,an em95t ,sw$i% geologi/1 ,l9n>sson1 has describ$1 "u ! "n ( ,eophyton1 c]ta9 impressions on old ,cambrian rocks 9 ,sw$51 & :i* c]ta9ly pres5t v plant-l =ms4 ,!y want1 h[ev]1 any trace ( c>bonace\s matt]1 & seem r to be grooves or m>ks cut 9 clay by ! limbs or tails ( "s aquatic animal1 & aft]w>ds fill$ up & pres]v$ by succe$+ deposits4 ,aft] exam9+ l>ge s]ies ( ^! specim5s f ,sw$51 & f rocks ( simil> age 9 ,canada1 ,i confess t ,i h no fai? 9 _! vegetable nature4 ,! olde/ plants kn[n to me1 & likely to h be5 ( high] grade ?an ,alg1 are specim5s k9dly pres5t$ to me by ,dr4 ,alleyne ,ni*olson1 ( ,ab]de51 & :i* he _h nam$ ,bu?otrephis ,h>knessii,h & ,b4 radiata4 ,!y are f ! ,skiddaw rocks ( ,cumb]l&4 ,on exam9+ ^! specim5s1 & o!rs subsequ5tly collect$ 9 ! same locality by ,dr4 ,gr4 ,m4 ,dawson1 :ile conv9c$ by _! =m & c>bonace\s "* t !y are really plants1 ,i am incl9$ to ref] !m n to ,alg1 b probably to ,rhizoc>ps4 ,!y consi/ ( sl5d] bran*+ /ems1 ) :orls ( elongate & po9t$ leaves1 resembl+ ! g5us ,annul>ia ( ! coal =mation4 ,i am incl9$ to believe t bo? ( ,ni*olson's species are p>ts ( "o plant1 & = ?is ,i h propos$ ! g5]ic "n ,protannul>ia 7,fig4 #a74 ,some:at high] 9 ! ,siluro-,cambrian1 9 ! ,c9c9nati gr\p ( ,am]ica1 ,lesqu]eux has f\nd "s m9ute radiat$ leaves1 ref]r$ by him to ! g5us ,sph5ophyllum1,i :i* is also alli$ to ,rhizoc>ps4 ,/ill m rem>kable is ! discov]y 9 ! same b$s ( a /em ) rhombic areoles or leaf-bases1 to :i* ! "n ,proto/igma has be5 giv54,j ,if a plant1 ?is may h be5 alli$ to ! club-mosses4 ,?is seems to be all t we at pres5t "k ( l&-vegetation 9 ! ,siluro-,cambrian4 ,s f> z ! rema9s g1 !y indicate ! pres5ce ( ! families ( ,rhizoc>ps & ( ,lycopods4 ,h ,geological ,magaz9e1 #ahfi4 ,i ,see figure 9 next *apt]4 ,j ,proto/igma sigill>ioides1 ,lesqu]eux4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,protannul>ia ,h>knessii 7,ni*olson71 a probable ,rhizoc>p ( ! ,ordovician p]iod4 ,if we asc5d into ! ,upp] ,silurian1 or ,silurian prop]1 ! evid5ces ( l& vegetation some:at increase4 ,9 #ahei ,i describ$1 9 ,! ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,london1 a rem>kable tree f ! ,l[] ,erian ( ,gasp1 "u ! "n ,prototaxites1 b = :i* ,i n[ pref] ! "n ,nematophyton4 ,:5 9 ,london1 9 #ahgj1 ,i obta9$ p]mission to exam9e c]ta9 specim5s ( spore-cases or se$s f ! ,upp] ,ludl[ 7,silurian7 =mation ( ,engl&1 & :i* _h be5 describ$ by ,sir ,joseph ,hook] "u ! "n ,pa*y!ca4 ,9 ! same slabs ) ^! ,i f\nd fragm5ts ( fossil wood id5tical ) ^? ( ! ,gasp plant4 ,/ill lat] ,i recognis$ simil> fragm5ts associat$ also ) ,pa*y!ca 9 ! ,silurian ( ,cape ,bon ,ami1 ,new ,brunswick4 ,la/ly1 ,dr4 ,hicks has discov]$ simil> wood1 & also simil> fruits1 9 ! ,d5bigh%ire grits1 at ! base ( ! ,silurian4,k ,k ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 ,augu/1 #ahha4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,nematophyton ,logani 7magnifi$74 ,v]tical section4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,nematophyton ,logani 7magnifi$74 ,horizontal section1 %[+ "p ( "o ( ! radial spaces1 ) tubes pass+ into x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,nematophyton ,logani 7magnifi$74 ,re/oration4,l ,l ,figs4 #b1 #c1 & #d are drawn f nature by ,pr(4 ,p5hall[1 ( ,mc,gill ,college4 ,f comp>ison ( ?is s+ul> wood1 ! /ructure ( :i* is repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #b1 #c1 #d1 ) ! dbris ( fossil tax9e woods1 m9]alis$ aft] long mac]ation 9 wat]1 ,i 0 incl9$ to reg>d ,prototaxites1 or1 z ,i h m rec5tly nam$ x1 ,nematophyton1 z a primeval gymnosp]m alli$ to ^? trees :i* ,ung] _h describ$ f ! ,erian ( ,?ur+ia1 "u ! "n ,aporoxylon4,m ,lat] examples ( m lax tissues f bran*es or "y /ems1 & ! elaborate exam9ations k9dly und]tak5 = me by ,pr(essor ,p5hall[ & ref]r$ to 9 a note to ?is *apt]1 h induc$ me to modify ?is view1 & to hold t ! tissues ( ^! s+ul> trees1 :i* seem to h exi/$ f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,silurian age & to h f9ally disappe>$ 9 ! e>ly ,erian1 are altoge!r di/9ct f any =m ( vegetation hi!rto kn[n1 & are possibly survivors ( t prototypal flora to :i* ,i h already ref]r$4 ,!y are trees ( l>ge size1 ) a coaly b>k & l>ge spread+ roots1 hav+ ! surface ( ! /em smoo? or irregul>ly ribb$1 b ) a nodose or jo9t$ appe>ance4 ,int]nally1 !y %[ a tissue ( long1 cyl9drical tubes1 trav]s$ by a complex network ( horizontal tubes ?9n] wall$ & ( small] size4 ,! tubes are arrang$ 9 conc5tric zones1 :i*1 if annual r+s1 w\ld 9 "s specim5s indicate an age ( "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,!re are also radiat+ spaces1 :i* ,i 0 at fir/ dispos$ to reg>d z true m$ull>y rays1 or :i* at lea/ indicate a radiat+ arrangem5t ( ! tissue4 ,!y n[ seem to be spaces ext5d+ f ! c5tre t[>ds ! circumf]5ce ( ! /em1 & to h conta9$ bundles ( tubes ga!r$ f ! g5]al tissue & ext5d+ outw>d p]haps to organs or app5dages on ! surface4 ,c>ru!rs has sugge/$ a resemblance to ,alg1 & has ev5 propos$ to *ange ! "n to ,nematophycus1 or ?read-sea-we$2 b ! resemblance is by no means cle>1 & x w\ld be q z reasonable to comp>e ! tissue to t ( "s ,fungi or ,li*5s1 or ev5 to suppose t a plant compos$ ( cyl9drical tubes has be5 p5etrat$ by ! mycelium or spawn ( a dry-rot fungus4 ,b ! tissues are too con/ant & too manife/ly connect$ ) ea* o!r to ju/ify ?is la/ supposition4 ,t ! plant grew on l& ,i _c d\bt1 f its mode ( occurr5ce2 t x 0 ( durable & resi/+ "* is %[n by its /ate ( pres]vation2 & ! /ructure ( ! se$s call$ ,pa*y!ca1 ) _! con/ant association ) ^! trees1 give c\nt5ance to ! belief t !y are ! fruit ( ,nematophyton4 ,( ! foliage or fronds ( ^! /range plants we un=tunately "k no?+4 ,!y seem1 h[ev]1 to realise ! idea ( arboreal plants hav+ /ructures ak9 to ^? ( ?allophytes1 b ) se$s s l>ge & complex t !y c sc>cely be reg>d$ z m]e spores4 ,!y %\ld p]haps con/itute a sep>ate class or ord] to :i* ! "n ,nematod5dre may be giv51 & ( :i* ,nematophyton w con/itute "o g5us & ,aporoxylon ( ,ung] ano!r4,n ,m ,palontologie des ,?ur+] ,waldes1 #ahef4 ,n ,see report by ! au?or on ,erian ,flora ( ,canada1 #ahga & #ahhb1 = full description ( ^! fossils4 ,ano!r "q arises z to ! possible relation ( ^! plants to o!r trees kn[n by _! ext]nal =ms4 ,! ,proto/igma ( ,lesqu]eux has already be5 ref]r$ to1 & ,claypole has describ$ a tree f ! ,cl9ton gr\p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) l>ge ovate leaf-bases1 to :i* he has giv5 ! "n ,glyptod5dron4,o ,if ! m>k+s on ^! plants are really leaf-bases1 !y c sc>cely h be5 connect$ ) ,nematophyton1 because t tree %[s no su* surface-m>k+s1 ?\gh1 z we h se51 x _h bundles ( tubes pass+ diagonally to ! surface4 ,^! plants 7 m probably trees ) an axis ( b>r$ vessels & ?ick1 cellul> b>k1 l ! ,lepidod5dron ( lat] p]iods1 to be notic$ 9 ! sequel4 ,dr4 ,hicks has also describ$ f ! same s]ies ( b$s :i* af=d$ ! fragm5ts ( ,nematophyton c]ta9 c>bonis$ di*otom\s /ems1 :i* he has nam$ ,b]wynia4 ,x is j possible t ^! plants may h belong$ to ! ,nematod5dre4 ,! ?ick & d5se coaly matt] :i* !y %[ resembles ! b>k ( ^! trees1 ! longitud9al /riation 9 "s ( !m may repres5t ! fibr\s /ructure1 & ! lat]al projections :i* h be5 comp>$ to leaves or leaf-bases may correspond ) ! sup]ficial em95ces ( ,nematophyton1 & ! spirally arrang$ punctures :i* x %[s on its surface4 ,9 ?is case ,i %\ld be dispos$ to reg>d ! suppos$ /igm>ia-l roots z really /ems1 & ! suppos$ rootlets z %ort1 sp9e-l rudim5t>y leaves4 ,all su* comp>isons mu/1 h[ev]1 9 ! mean "t be reg>d$ z conjectural4 ,we seem1 h[ev]1 to h "h a type ( tree v dissimil> to any ev5 ( ! lat] ,palozoic age1 :i* exi/$ ?r\gh\t ! ,silurian1 & probably fur!r back1 :i* ceas$ to exi/ e>ly 9 ! ,erian age1 & be=e ! appe>ance ( ! ord9>y conif]\s & lepidod5droid trees4 ,may x n h be5 a survivor ( an old arboreal flora ext5d+ back ev5 to ! ,laur5tian itself8 ,o ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 #ahgh4 ,multitudes ( m>k+s occurr+ on ! surfaces ( ! old] rocks h be5 ref]r$ to ! ,alg or sea-we$s1 & inde$ ?is gr\p has be5 a sort ( refuge = ! de/itute to :i* palontologi/s h be5 accu/om$ to ref] any anomal\s or inexplicable =m :i*1 :ile probably organic1 c\ld n be def9itely ref]r$ to ! animal k+dom4 ,!re c be no "q t "s ( ^! are truly m>9e plants2 & t plants ( ?is k9d occur 9 =mations old] ?an ^? 9 :i* we fir/ f9d l&-plants1 & t !y h cont9u$ to inhabit ! sea d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,x is also true t ! olde/ ( ^! ,alg closely resemble 9 =m plants ( ?is k9d /ill exi/+2 &1 s9ce _! simple cellul> /ructures & s(t tissues are sc>cely ev] pres]v$1 _! g5]al =ms are all t we c "k1 s t _! exact resemblance to or diff]5ce f mod]n types c r>ely be det]m9$4 ,= ! same reasons x has prov$ difficult cle>ly to di/+ui% !m f m]e inorganic m>k+s or ! traces ( animals1 & ! greate/ div]g5ce ( op9ion has occurr$ 9 rec5t times on ^! subjects1 z any "o c readily und]/& :o consults ! volum9\s & well-illu/rat$ memoirs ( ,na?or/1 ,williamson1 ,saporta1 & ,delgado4 ,! au?or ( ?is "w has giv5 mu* att5tion to ^! rema9s1 & has n be5 dispos$ to claim = ! vegetable k+dom s _m ( !m z "s ( 8 contempor>ies4,p ,! consid]ations :i* seem mo/ important 9 mak+ su* di/9ctions are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,! pres5ce or abs5ce ( c>bonace\s matt]4 ,true ,alg n infrequ5tly pres5t at lea/ a ?9 film ( c>bon repres5t+ _! organic matt]1 & ?is is ! m likely to occur 9 _! case1 z organic matt]s buri$ 9 m>9e deposits & n expos$ to atmosph]ic oxidation are v likely to be pres]v$4 #b4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( organic matt]1 ! /a9+ ( ! conta9+ rock1 ! disappe>ance or deoxidation ( its f]rug9\s col\r+ matt]1 or ! pres5ce ( iron pyrite may indicate ! removal ( organic matt] by decay4 #c4 ,:5 organic matt] & indications ( x are altoge!r abs5t1 & =m alone rema9s1 we h to di/+ui% f ,alg1 trails & burr[s simil> to ^? ( aquatic animals1 ca/s ( %r9kage-cracks1 wat]-m>ks1 & rill-m>ks widely diffus$ ov] ! surfaces ( b$s4 #d4 ,m>k+s depress$ on ! upp] surfaces ( b$s1 & fill$ ) ! mat]ial ( ! succe$+ lay]1 are usually m]e impressions4 ,! cases ( possible exceptions to ?is are v r>e4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re are n infrequ5tly =ms 9 relief on ! surfaces ( rocks :i* are n ,alg1 b may be %all[ burr[s ar*$ upw>d on top1 or ca/+s ( worms ?r[n up ^u ! surface4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 !y may h be5 left by d5udation ( ! surr\nd+ mat]ial1 j z footpr9ts on dry sn[ rema9 9 relief aft] ! surr\nd+ loose mat]ial has be5 drift$ away by ! w9d2 ! portion consolidat$ by pressure be+ bett] able to resi/ ! d5ud+ ag5cy4 ,p ,impressions & ,footpr9ts ( ,aquatic ,animals1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 #ahgc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--,trail ( a mod]n k+-crab1 to illu/rate imitations ( plants sometimes nam$ ,bilobites4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--,trail ( ,c>bonif]\s cru/acean 7,rusi*nites ,acadicus71 ,nova ,scotia1 to illu/rate suppos$ ,alg4 ,! footpr9ts f ! ,potsdam s&/one 9 ,canada1 = :i* ! "n ,proti*nites 0 propos$ by ,ow51 & :i* 7 by him ref]r$ to cru/aceans probably resembl+ ,limulus1 7 %[n by ! writ]1 9 #ahfb1,q to correspond precisely ) ^? ( ! ,am]ican ,limulus 7,polyphemus ,occid5talis7 7,fig4 #e74 ,i prov$ by exp]im5t ) ! mod]n animal t ! recurr+ s]ies ( gr\ps ( m>k+s 7 produc$ by ! toes ( ! l>ge po/]ior ?oracic feet1 ! irregul> scrat*es se5 9 ,proti*nites l9eatus by ! ord9>y feet1 & ! c5tral furr[ by ! tail4 ,x 0 also %[n t :5 ! ,limulus uses its swimm+-feet x produces impressions ( ! "* ( ^? nam$ ,climacti*nites1 f ! same b$s :i* af=d ,proti*nites4 ,! pr9cipal diff]5ce betwe5 ,proti*nites & _! mod]n repres5tatives is t ! latt] h two lat]al furr[s produc$ by ! sides ( ! c>apace1 :i* are want+ 9 ! =m]4 ,q ,canadian ,naturali/1 vol4 vii4 ,i subsequ5tly appli$ ! same explanation to sev]al o!r anci5t =ms n[ kn[n "u ! g5]al "n ,bilobites 7,figs4 #f & #g74,r ,r ,! "n ,bilobites 0 orig9ally propos$ by ,de ,kay = a bivalve %ell 7,conoc>dium74 ,its application to suppos$ ,alg 0 an error1 b ?is is ( ! less consequ5ce1 z ^! are n true plants b only animal trails4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--,rusophycus 7,rusi*nites7 ,gr5vill5sis1 an animal burr[ ( ! ,siluro-,cambrian1 probably ( a cru/acean1 a1 ,track connect$ ) x4 ,! tub]culat$ impressions kn[n z ,phymatod]ma & ,caul]pites may1 z ,zeill] has %[n1 be made by ! burr[+ ( ! mole-cricket1 & f9e examples occurr+ 9 ! ,cl9ton =mation ( ,canada are probably ! "w ( ,cru/acea4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t "s ( ! lat] =ms ref]r$ to ^! g5]a are really ,alg relat$ to ,caul]pa1 or ev5 bran*es ( ,conif]s ( ! g5us ,bra*yphyllum4 ,n]eites & ,planulites are tracks & burr[s ( worms1 ) or )\t m>ks ( set1 & "s ( ! m>k+s ref]r$ to ,palo*orda1 ,palophycus1 & ,scoli?us h _! places "h4 ,_m examples highly illu/rative ( ! mann] ( =mation ( ! impressions are af=d$ by ,canadian rocks 7,fig4 #h74 ,bran*+ =ms ref]r$ to ,licrophycus ( ,bill+s1 & "s ( ^? ref]r$ to ,bu?otrephis1 ,hall1 z well z radiat+ m>k+s ref]able to ,scotoli?us1 ,gyrophyllites1 & ,a/]ophycus1 are expla9$ by ! bran*+ burr[s ( worms illu/rat$ by ,na?or/ & ! au?or4 ,a/ropoli?on1 a s+ul> radiat+ m>k+ ( ! ,canadian ,cambrian1,s seems to be some?+ organic1 b ( :at nature is unc]ta9 7,fig4 #i74 ,s ,supplem5t to ,acadian ,geology4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--,palophycus ,bev]ly5sis 7,bill+s71 a suppos$ ,cambrian ,fucoid1 b probably an animal trail4 ,rhabdi*nites & ,eophyton belong to impressions explicable by ! trails ( drift+ sea-we$s1 ! tail-m>k+s ( ,cru/acea1 & ! ruts pl\gh$ by bivalve mollusks1 & occurr+ 9 ! ,silurian1 ,erian1 & ,c>bonif]\s rocks4,t ,among ^! are ! s+ul> bilobate =ms describ$ z ,rusophycus by ,hall1 & :i* are probably burr[s or re/+-places ( cru/aceans4 ,! tracks ( su* animals1 :5 walk+1 are ! jo9t$ impressions kn[n z ,ar?rophycus & ,crusiana4 ,i h %[n by ! mode ( occurr5ce ( ^!1 & ,na?or/ has confirm$ ?is conclusion by elaborate exp]im5ts on liv+ animals1 t ^! =ms are really trails impress$ on s(t s$im5ts by animals & mo/ly by cru/aceans4 ,t ,canadian ,naturali/1 #ahfd4 ,i agree ) ,dr4 ,williamson,u 9 believ+ t all or ne>ly all ! =ms ref]r$ to ,crosso*orda ( ,s*imp] are really animal impressions alli$ to ,n]eites1 & due ei!r to worms or1 z ,na?or/ has %[n to be possible1 to small cru/aceans4 ,_m impressions ( ?is k9d occur 9 ! ,silurian b$s ( ! ,cl9ton s]ies 9 ,canada & ,new ,york1 & are und\bt$ly m]e m>k+s4 ,u ,tracks f ,yor$ale ,rocks1 ,man*e/] ,lit]>y & ,philosophical ,society1 #ahhe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--;,a/ropoli?on ,h9dii1 an organism ( ! ,l[] ,cambrian ( ,nova ,scotia1 possibly vegetable4 ,x is wor?y ( note t ^! m>k+s /rik+ly resemble ! s-call$ ,eophyton1 describ$ by ,torell f ! ,primordial ( ,sw$51 & by ,bill+s f t ( ,newf\ndl&2 & :i* also occur abundantly 9 ! ,primordial ( ,new ,brunswick4 ,aft] exam9+ a s]ies ( ^! m>k+s f ,sw$5 %[n to me by ,mr4 ,c>ru!rs 9 ,london1 & also specim5s f ,newf\ndl& & a l>ge numb] 9 situ at ,/4 ,john1 ,i am conv9c$ t !y _c be plants1 b mu/ be m>k+s ( ! nature ( ,rhabdi*nites4 ,?is conclusion is bas$ on ! abs5ce ( c>bonace\s matt]1 ! intimate union ( ! m>k+s ) ! surface ( ! /one1 _! indef9ite =ms1 _! want ( nodes or app5dages1 & _! m>k+s be+ always ( su* a nature z c\ld be produc$ by scrat*es ( a %>p in/rum5t4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 fi%es are yet unkn[n 9 b$s ( ?is age1 !y may possibly be ref]r$ to ! feet or sp9\s tails ( swimm+ cru/aceans4 ,salt] has already sugge/$ ?is orig9 = "s scrat*es ( some:at diff]5t =m f\nd 9 ! ,primordial ( ,great ,brita94 ,he suppos$ !m to h be5 ! "w ( species ( ,hym5oc>is4 ,^! m>ks may1 h[ev]1 indicate ! exi/5ce ( "s free-swimm+ animals ( ! ,primordial seas z yet unkn[n to u4 ,?ree o!r sugge/ions m]it consid]ation 9 ?is connection4 ,"o is t ,alg & also l&-plants1 drift+ ) tides or curr5ts1 (t5 make ! mo/ rem>kable & fanta/ic trails4 ,a m>k+ ( ?is k9d has be5 obs]v$ by ,dr4 ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson to be produc$ by a drift$ ,lam9>ia1 & 9 complexity x resembl$ ! extraord9>y nigmi*nus multi=mis ( ,hit*cock f ! ,connecticut s&/ones4 ,mu* m simple m>k+s ( ?is k9d w\ld suffice to give species ( ,eophyton4 ,ano!r is furni%$ by a fact /at$ to ! au?or by ,pr(4 ,morse1 namely1 t ,l+ul1 :5 dislodg$ f _! burr[s1 trail !mselves ov] ! bottom l worms1 by means ( _! cirri4 ,colonies ( ^! creatures1 s abundant 9 ! ,primordial1 may1 :5 oblig$ to remove1 h cov]$ ! surfaces ( b$s ( mud ) v]micul> m>k+s4 ,! ?ird is t ! ,rhabdi*nite-m>k+s resemble "s ( ! grooves 9 ,silurian rocks :i* h be5 ref]r$ to trails ( ,ga/]opods1 z1 = in/ance1 ^? f ! ,cl9ton gr\p1 describ$ by ,hall4 ,ano!r k9d ( m>k+s n ev5 organic1 b altoge!r dep5d+ on physical causes1 are ! beautiful bran*+ rill-m>ks produc$ by ! ooz+ ( wat] out ( mud & s&-banks left by ! tide1 & :i* sometimes cov] great surfaces ) ! mo/ elaborate trac]y1 on ! mod]n tidal %ores z well z 9 "s ( ! mo/ anci5t rocks4 ,d5drophycus,v ( ,lesqu]eux seems to be an example ( rill-m>k1 z well z ,ari/ophycus1 ,cloephycus1 & ,zygopliycus1 ( ,mill] & ,dy]1 f ! ,l[] ,silurian4 ,v ,coal ,flora ( ,p5nsylvania1 vol4 iii41 ,plate #hh4 ,rill-m>ks occur 9 v old rocks1,w b are p]haps mo/ beautifully pres]v$ 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s %ales & argillace\s s&/ones1 & ev5 m elaborately on ! mod]n mud-banks ( ! ,bay ( ,fundy4,x ,"s ( ^! simulate f]ns & fronds ( ,lam9>i1 & o!rs resemble roots1 fucoids alli$ to ,bu?otrephis1 or ! radiat+ worm-burr[s already ref]r$ to 7,fig4 #aj74 ,w ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 vol4 xii41 p4 #bea4 ,x ,acadian ,geology1 #b;d ed41 p4 #bf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--;,c>bonif]\s rill-m>k 7,nova ,scotia71 r$uc$1 to illu/rate pret5d$ ,alg4 ,%r9kage-cracks are also abundant 9 "s ( ! ,c>bonif]\s b$s1 & are sometimes accompani$ ) impressions ( ra9-drops4 ,:5 f9ely reticulat$ !y might be mi/ak5 = ! v5ation ( leaves1 &1 :5 complicat$ ) little rill-m>ks tribut>y to _! sides1 !y precisely resemble ! ,dictyolites ( ,hall f ! ,m$9a s&/one 7,fig4 #aa74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--;,ca/ ( %r9kage cracks 7,c>bonif]\s1 ,nova ,scotia71 illu/rat+ pret5d$ ,alg4 ,an entirely diff]5t k9d ( %r9kage-crack is t :i* occurs 9 c]ta9 c>bonis$ & flatt5$ plants1 & :i* sometimes communicates to !m a m>vell\s resemblance to ! nett$ "u surface ( an exog5\s leaf4 ,flatt5$ /ems ( plants & lay]s ( cortical matt]1 :5 c>bonis$1 %r9k 9 su* a mann] z to produce m9ute reticulat$ cracks4 ,^! become fill$ ) m9]al matt] be=e ! coaly sub/ance has be5 completely consolidat$4 ,a fur!r compression occurs1 caus+ ! coaly sub/ance to collapse1 leav+ ! little ve9s ( h>d] m9]al matt] project+4 ,^! impress _! =m ^u ! clay or %ale above & bel[1 & ?us :5 ! mass is brok5 op5 we h a c>bonace\s film or ?9 lay] cov]$ ) a network ( rais$ l9es1 & correspond+ m9ute depress$ l9es on ! %ale 9 contact ) x4 ,! reticulations are g5]ally irregul>1 b sometimes !y v closely resemble ! ve9s ( a reticulately ve9$ leaf4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s specim5s 9 my possession 0 collect$ by ,mr4 ,eld] 9 ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s ( ,horton ,bluff4 ,! little ve9s :i* =m ! project+ network are 9 ?is case :ite calcite2 b at ! surface _! project+ edges are black5$ ) a c>bonace\s film4 ,slick5sid$ bodies1 resembl+ ! fossil fruits describ$ by ,ge9itz z ,gulielmites1 & ! objects believ$ by ,flem+ & ,c>ru!rs,y to be ca/s ( cavities fill$ ) fluid1 ab\nd 9 ! %ales ( ! ,c>bonif]\s & ,devonian4 ,!y are1 no d\bt1 9 mo/ cases ! results ( ! pressure & consolidation ( ! clay ar\nd small solid bodies1 :e!r organic1 fragm5t>y1 or concretion>y4 ,!y are1 9 %ort1 local slick5sides precisely simil> to ^? f\nd s pl5tifully 9 ! coal "u-clays1 & :i*1 z ,i h else:]e,z %[n1 result$ f ! int]nal giv+ way & slipp+ ( ! mass z ! roots ( ,/igm>ia decay$ )9 x4 ,mo/ collectors ( fossil plants 9 ! old] =mations mu/1 ,i presume1 be famili> ) appe>ances ( ?is k9d 9 connection ) small /ems1 petioles1 fragm5ts ( wood1 & c>polites4 ,i h 9 my collection petioles ( f]ns & fruits ( ! g5us ,trigonoc>pum p>tially slick5sid$ 9 ?is way1 & :i* if :olly cov]$ by ?is k9d ( m>k+ c\ld sc>cely h be5 recognis$4 ,i h figur$ bodies ( ?is k9d 9 my report on ! ,devonian & ,upp] ,silurian plants ( ,canada1 believ+ !m1 ow+ to _! c>bonace\s cov]+1 to be probably slick5sid$ fruits1 ?\gh ( unc]ta9 nature4 ,9 e case ,i ?9k ^! bodies mu/ h _h a solid nucleus ( "s sort1 z ! sev]e pressure impli$ 9 slick5sid+ is q incompatible ) a m]e fluid-cavity1 ev5 suppos+ ?is to h exi/$4 ,y ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 ,june1 #ahga4 ,z ,ibid41 vol4 x41 p4 #ad4 ,pr(4 ,m>% has well expla9$ ano!r phase ( ! influ5ce ( h>d bodies 9 produc+ p>tial slick5sides1 9 8 pap] on ,/ylolites1 read be=e ! ,am]ican ,association 9 #ahfg1 & ! application ( ! comb9$ =ces ( concretion>y action & slick5sid+ to ! production ( ! cone-9-cone concretions1 :i* occur 9 ! coal-=mation & z l[ z ! ,primordial4 ,i h figur$ a v p]fect & beautiful =m ( ?is k9d f ! coal-=mation ( ,nova ,scotia1 :i* is describ$ 9 ,acadian ,geology,,aa 7,fig4 #ab74 ,i h ref]r$ to ^! facts "h because !y are relatively m important 9 t old] p]iod1 :i* may be nam$ ! age ( ,alg1 & because _! settlem5t n[ w enable u to disp5se ) discussions ( ?is k9d fur!r on4 ,! able memoirs ( ,na?or/ & ,williamson %\ld be /udi$ by ^? :o desire fur!r in=mation4 ,,aa ,app5dix1 p4 #fgf1 edition ( #ahgh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,cone-9-cone concretion 7,c>bonif]\s1 ,nova ,scotia71 illu/rat+ pret5d$ ,alg4 ,b x may be ask$1 ,are !re no real examples ( fossil ,alg8 ,i believe !re are _m su*1 b ! difficulty is to di/+ui% !m4 ,conf9+ ourselves to ! old] rocks1 ! foll[+ may be not$3 ,! g5us ,bu?otrephis ( ,hall1 :i* is *>act]is$ z hav+ /ems1 sub-cyl9dric or compress$1 ) num]\s bran*es1 :i* are div>icat+ & sometimes leaf-l1 conta9s "s true ,alg4 ,hall's ,b4 gracilis1 f ! ,siluro-,cambrian1 is "o ( ^!4 ,simil> plants1 ref]r$ to ! same species1 occur 9 ! ,cl9ton & ,niag>a =mations1 & a beautiful species1 collect$ by ,col4 ,grant1 ( ,hamilton1 & n[ 9 ! ,mc,gill ,college collection1 repres5ts a broad] & m frondose type ( di/9ctly c>bonace\s "*4 ,x may be describ$ z foll[s3 ,bu?otrephis ,grantii1 ,s4 ,n4 7,fig4 #ac74--,/ems & fronds smoo? & slightly /riate longitud9ally1 ) curv$ & int]rupt$ /ri4 ,/em ?ick1 bifurcat+1 ! divisions t]m9at+ 9 irregul>ly p9nate fronds1 app>5tly truncate at ! extremities4 ,! quantity ( c>bonace\s matt] pres5t w\ld indicate ?ick1 ?\gh p]haps flatt5$1 /ems & d5se fle%y fronds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--;,bu?otrephis ,grantii1 a g5u9e ,alga f ! ,silurian1 ,canada4 ,! species ,bu?otrephis subnodosa & ,b4 flexuosa1 f ! ,utica %ale1 are also c]ta9ly plants1 ?\gh x is possible1 if _! /ructures & fruit 7 kn[n1 "s ( ^! might be ref]r$ to diff]5t g5]a4 ,all ( ^! plants h ei!r c>bonace\s matt] or produce organic /a9s on ! matrix4 ,! organism ) div]g+ w$ge-%ap$ fronds1 describ$ by ,hall z ,sph5o?allus angu/ifolius1 is also a plant4 ,f9e specim5s1 9 ! collection ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada1 %[ di/9ct evid5ce ( ! organic "* ( ! w$ge-%ap$ fronds4 ,x is f ! ,utica %ale1 & else:]e 9 ! ,siluro-,cambrian4 ,x is j possible1 z sugge/$ by ,hall1 t ?is plant may be ( high] rank ?an ! ,alg4 ,! g5us ,palophycus ( ,hall includes a great v>iety ( unc]ta9 objects1 ( :i* only a few are probably true ,alg4 ,i h specim5s ( fragm5ts simil> to 8 ,p4 virgatus1 :i* %[ di/9ct c>bonace\s films1 & o!rs f ! ,quebec gr\p1 :i* seem to be cyl9drical tubes n[ flatt5$1 & :i* h conta9$ sp9dle-%ap$ sporangia ( l>ge size4 ,tortu\s & curv$ flatt5$ /ems1 or fronds1 f ! ,upp] ,silurian lime/one ( ,gasp1 also %[ organic matt]4 ,respect+ ! =ms ref]r$ to ,licrophycus by ,bill+s1 conta9+ /ems or semi-cyl9drical m>k+s spr++ f a common base1 ,i h be5 9 great d\bt4 ,i h n se5 any specim5s conta9+ unequivocal organic matt]1 & am incl9$ to ?9k t mo/ ( !m1 if n ! :ole1 are ca/s ( worm-burr[s1 ) trails radiat+ f !m4 ,?\gh ,i h conf9$ myself 9 ?is notice to plants1 or suppos$ plants1 ( ! ,l[] ,palozoic1 x may be well to m5tion ! rem>kable ,cauda-,galli fucoids1 ref]r$ by ,hall to ! g5us ,spirophyton1 & :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ! olde/ ,erian b$s4 ,! specim5s :i* ,i h se5 f ,new ,york1 f ,gasp1 & f ,brazil1 leave no d\bt 9 my m9d t ^! 7 really m>9e plants1 & t ! =m ( a spiral frond1 assign$ to !m by ,hall1 is p]fectly correct4 ,!y mu/ h be5 v abundant & v graceful plants ( ! e>ly ,erian1 imm$iately aft] ! close ( ! ,silurian p]iod4 ,we come n[ to notice c]ta9 organisms ref]r$ to ,alg1 & :i* are ei!r ( animal orig91 or are ( high] grade ?an ! sea-we$s4 ,we h already discuss$ ! que/ions relat+ to ,prototaxites4 ,drepanophycus1 ( ,goepp]t1,,ab ,i suspect1 is only a badly pres]v$ bran* or /em ( ! ,erian l&-plant kn[n z ,ar?ro/igma4 ,9 l mann]1 ,halis]ites ,de*5ianus1,,ac ( ,goepp]t1 is evid5tly ! l&-plant kn[n z ,psilophyton4 ,sphrococcites d5tatus & ,s4 s]ra--! ,fucoides d5tatus & s]ra ( ,brongni>t1 f ,quebec--are graptolites ( two species q common !re4,,ad ,dictyophyton & ,uphant5ia1 z describ$ by ,hall & ! au?or1 are n[ kn[n to be sponges4 ,!y h become ,dictyospongi4 ,! curi\s & v anci5t2 fossils ref]r$ by ,=bes to ! g5us ,oldhamia are p]haps /ill subject to d\bt1 b are usually reg>d$ z ,zophytes1 ?\gh x is q possible !y may be plants4 ,?\gh ,i h n se5 ! specim5s1 ,i h no d\bt :atev] t ! plants1 or ! great] "p ( !m1 f ! ,silurian ( ,bohemia1 describ$ by ,/ur z ,alg & ,*>ace1,,ae are really l&-plants1 "s ( !m ( ! g5us ,psilophyton4 ,i may say 9 ?is connection t specim5s ( flatt5$ ,psilophyton & ,ar?ro/igma1 9 ! ,upp] ,silurian & ,erian ( ,gasp1 w\ld probably h be5 ref]r$ to ,alg1 b = ! fact t 9 "s ( !m ! axis ( b>r$ vessels is pres]v$4 ,,ab ,fossile ,flora1 #aheb1 p4 #ib1 ,table xli4 ,,ac ,ibid41 p4 #hh1 ,table ii4 ,,ad ,brongni>t1 ,vegeteaux ,fossiles1 ,plate vi41 ,figs4 #g to #ab4 ,,ae ,proce$+s ( ! ,vi5na ,academy1 #ahha4 ,ho/9ella1 ( ?is au?or1 is almo/ c]ta9ly ,psilophyton1 & 8 ,b>r&iana seems to include ,ar?ro/igma1 & p]haps leafy bran*es ( ,b]wynia4 ,^! curi\s plants %\ld be re-exam9$4 ,x is n surpris+ t great difficulties h occurr$ 9 ! det]m9ation ( fossil ,alg4 ,en\gh1 h[ev]1 rema9s c]ta9 to prove t ! old ,cambrian & ,silurian seas 7 t5ant$ ) sea-we$s n v dissimil> f ^? ( ! pres5t "t4 ,x is fur!r probable t "s ( ! graphitic1 c>bonace\s1 & bitum9\s %ales & lime/ones ( ! ,silurian owe _! c>bonace\s matt]s to ! decomposition ( ,alg1 ?\gh possibly "s ( x may h be5 d]iv$ f ,graptolites & o!r corne\s ,zophytes4 ,9 any case1 su* microscopic exam9ations ( ^! %ales z ,i h made1 h n produc$ any evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( plants ( high] grade1 :ile ^? ( ! ,erian & ,c>bonif]\s p]iods1 simil> to ! nak$ eye1 ab\nd 9 su* evid5ce4 ,x is also to be obs]v$ t1 on ! surfaces ( b$s ( s&/one 9 ! ,upp] ,cambrian1 c>bonace\s dbris1 :i* seems to be ! rema9s ( ei!r aquatic or l& plants1 is locally n infrequ5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,silurian vegetation re/or$4 ,protannul>ia1 ,b]wynia1 ,nematophyton1 ,sph5ophyllum1 ,ar?ro/igma1 ,psilophyton4 ,ref]r+ to ! l& vegetation ( ! old] rocks1 x is difficult to picture its nature & appe>ance4 ,we may imag9e ! %all[ wat]s fill$ ) aquatic or amphibi\s ,rhizoc>pean plants1 va/ mead[s or brakes ( ! delicate ,psilophyton & ! />ry ,protannul>ia & "s tall trees1 p]haps look+ l gigantic club-mosses1 or possibly ) broad1 flabby leaves1 mo/ly cellul> 9 texture1 & resembl+ ,alg transf]r$ to ! air4 ,imag9ation c1 h[ev]1 sc>cely realise ?is /range & grotesque vegetation1 :i*1 ?\gh possibly copi\s & luxuriant1 mu/ h be5 simple & monoton\s 9 aspect1 &1 ?\gh x mu/ h produc$ spores & se$s & ev5 fruits1 ^! 7 probably all ( ! types se5 9 ! mod]n acrog5s & gymnosp]ms4 ,9 g>m5ts gre51 indi/9ct 9 ! twilight1 ,!y /& l ,druids ( old1 ) voices sad & prophetic4 ,prophetic !y truly 71 z we %all f9d1 ( ! m v>i$ =e/s ( succe$+ times1 & !y may also help u to realise ! aspect ( t /ill old] vegetation1 :i* is fossilis$ 9 ! ,laur5tian graphite2 ?\gh x is n impossible t ?is la/ may h be5 ( high] & m v>i$ types1 & t ! ,cambrian & ,silurian may h be5 times ( depression 9 ! vegetable _w1 z !y c]ta9ly 7 9 ! subm]g5ce ( mu* ( ! l&4 ,^! primeval woods s]v$ at lea/ to clo! ! nak$ness ( ! new-born l&1 & !y may h %elt]$ & n\ri%$ =ms ( l&-life /ill unkn[n to u1 z we f9d z yet only a few insects & scorpions 9 ! ,silurian4 ,!y possibly also s]v$ to ab/ract f ! atmosph]e "s portion ( its sup]abundant c>bonic acid h>mful to animal life1 & !y /or$ up supplies ( graphite1 ( petroleum1 & ( illum9at+ gas1 useful to man at ! pres5t day4 ,we may write ( !m & draw _! =ms )1 ! c>bon :i* !y !mselves suppli$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note ,,to ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,exam9ation ( ,prototaxites 7,nematophyton71 by ,pr(4 ,p5hall[1 ( ,mc,gill ,univ]sity4 ,pr(4 ,p5hall[1 hav+ k9dly cons5t$ to re-exam9e my specim5s1 has furni%$ me ) elaborate notes ( 8 facts & conclusions1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is a summ>y1 b :i* x is hop$ w be publi%$ 9 full3 #a4 ,conc5tric ,lay]s4--,! inn] face ( ea* ( ^! is compos$ ( relatively l>ge tubes1 hav+ diamet]s f #acf to #cdf micro-millimetres4 ,! out] face has tubes rang+ f #ach to #bgf mm4 ,! av]age diamet] 9 ! l[] surface approa*es to #cd1 t 9 ! out] to #ach4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no abrupt t]m9ation to ! surface ( ! lay]s1 ?\gh 9 "s specim5s !y sep>ate easily1 ) %9+ surfaces4 #b4 ,m9ute ,/ructure4--,9 longitud9al sections ! pr9cipal "p ( ! /ructure consi/s ( longitud9al tubes ( indet]m9ate l5g?1 & r\nd 9 cross-section4 ,!y are approximately p>allel1 b 9 "s cases may be se5 to b5d s9u\sly1 & are n 9 direct contact4 ,f9] myceloid tubes1 #ecc mm4 9 diamet]1 trav]se ! /ructure 9 all directions1 & are believ$ to bran* (f f ! l>g] tubes4 ,9 a small specim5 suppos$ to be a bran* or small /em1 & 9 :i* ! v]tical tubes are some:at di/ant f "o ano!r1 ?is horizontal sy/em is v l>gely develop$2 b is less manife/ 9 ! old] /ems4 ,! tubes !mselves %[ no /ructure4 ,! ray-l op5+s 9 ! sub/ance ( ! tissue are evid5tly orig9al p>ts ( ! /ructure1 b n ( ! nature ( m$ull>y rays4 ,!y are radiat+ spaces runn+ outw>d 9 an int]rupt$ mann] or s tortu\sly t !y appe> to be int]rupt$ 9 _! c\rse f ! c5tre t[>ds ! surface4 ,!y %[ tubes turn+ into !m1 bran*+ into !m1 & approximately horizontal1 b tortu\s4 ,on ! ext]nal surface ( "s specim5s ^! radial spaces are repres5t$ by m9ute pits irregul>ly or spirally arrang$4 ,! transv]se swell+s ( ! /em %[ no diff]5ce ( /ructure1 except t ! tubes or cells may be a little m tortu\s1 & a transv]se film ( coaly matt] ext5ds f ! out] coaly envelope inw>dly4 ,?is may p]haps be caus$ by "s accid5t ( pres]vation4 ,! out] coaly lay] %[s tubes simil> to ^? ( ! /em4,,af ,! horizontal or oblique flexures ( ! l>ge tubes seem to be ma9ly 9 ! vic9ity ( ! radial op5+s1 & x is 9 ent]+ ^! t !y h be5 se5 to bran*4 ,,af ,x is possible t ^! tubes may be m]ely "p ( ! /em atta*$ to ! b>k1 :i* seems to me to indicate ! same d5se cellul> /ructure se5 9 ! b>k ( ,lepidod5dra1 etc4 ,! conclusions arriv$ at by ,pr(4 ,p5hall[ are z foll[s3 #a4 ,! plant 0 n truly exog5\s1 & ! appe>ance ( r+s is indep5d5t ( ! causes :i* det]m9e ! lay]s ( gr[? 9 exog5\s plants4 #b4 ,! plant 0 possess$ ( no true b>k4 ,:atev] cortical lay] 0 pres5t 0 9 all probability a modification ( ! g5]al /ructure1,,ag ,,ag ,on ^! po9ts ,i w\ld res]ve ! consid]ations3 #a4 ,t !re mu/ h be5 "s relation betwe5 ! mode ( gr[? ( ^! great /ems & _! conc5tric r+s2 &1 #b4 ,t ! evid5ce ( a b>k is z /rong z 9 ! case ( any ,palozoic tree 9 :i* ! b>k is1 z usual1 c>bonis$4 #c4 ,an intimate relation exi/s betwe5 ! l>ge tubul> cells & ! myceloid filam5ts1 ! latt] be+ a sy/em ( small bran*es f ! =m]2 ! bran*+ be+ det]m9$ *iefly 9 c]ta9 special op5+s :i* simulate m$ull>y rays4 #d4 ,! specim5s exam9$ exhibit no evid5ce ( special decay1 & ! /ructure ?r\gh\t is ( a normal "*4 #e4 ,! prim>y /ructure consi/s ( l>ge tubul> cells )\t app>5t t]m9ations1 & devoid ( /ructural m>k+s1 ) :i* is associat$ a second>y /ructure ( myceloid filam5ts aris+ f ! =m]4 #f4 ,! /ructure ( ,nematophyton z a :ole is unique2 at lea/ !re is no plant ( mod]n type ) :i* x is comp>able4 ,nev]!less1 ! loose "* ( ! entire /ructure2 ! int]m9able cells2 _! int]lac+2 &1 f9ally1 _! bran*+ into a second>y s]ies ( small] filam5ts1 po9t ) consid]able =ce to ! true relation%ip ( ! /em z be+ ) ,alg or o!r ,?allophytes r ?an ) ,grymnosp]ms4 ,a m rec5t exam9ation ( a lam9at$ res9\s sub/ance f\nd associat$ ) ! plant %[s t x is :olly amorph\s1 &1 z indicat$ by di/9ct l9es ( fl[1 t x mu/ h be5 9 a pla/ic /ate at a =m] p]iod4 ,! only evid5ce ( /ructure 0 f\nd 9 c]ta9 well-def9$ mycelia1 :i* may h be5 d]iv$ f associat$ vegetable matt] ^u :i* !y 7 gr[+1 & ov] :i* ! pla/ic matrix fl[$4 ,i h only to add to ?is description t :5 we consid] t ,nematophyton ,logani 0 a l>ge tree1 sometimes atta9+ a diamet] ( m ?an two feet1 & a /ature ( at lea/ tw5ty be=e bran*+2 t x _h great roots1 & gave (f l>ge bran*es2 t x 0 an arial plant1 probably fl\ri%+ 9 ! same swampy flats ) ,psilophyton1 ,ar?ro/igma1 & ,leptophleum2 t ! peculi> bodies kn[n z ,pa*y!ca 7 n unlikely its fruit--we h evid5ce t !re 71 9 ! e>ly ,palozoic p]iod1 plants sc>cely dreamt ( by mod]n botany4 ,only :5 ! app5dages ( ^! plants are m fully kn[n c we hope to und]/& !m4 ,9 ! mean "t1 ,i may /ate t !re 7 probably diff]5t species ( ^! trees1 indicat$ m p>ticul>ly by ! /ems ,i h describ$ z ,nematoxylon & ,celluloxylon,,ah ,!re 71 ,i ?9k1 "s indications t ! plants describ$ by ,c>ru!rs z ,b]wynia1 may also be f\nd to h be5 g5]ically ! same4 ,! res9\s matt] m5tion$ by ,pr(4 ,p5hall[ is f\nd 9 great abundance 9 ! b$s conta9+ ,nematophyton1 & mu/1 ,i ?9k1 h be5 an exudation f its b>k4 ,,ah ,j\rnal ,geol4 ,society ( ,london1 #ahfc1 #ahha4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,erian ,,( ,,devonian ,,=e/s--,,orig9 ,,( ,,petroleum--,,! ,,age ,,( ,,acrog5s ,,& ,,gymnosp]ms4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] we 7 occupi$ ) ! comp>atively few & obscure rema9s ( plants entomb$ 9 ! olde/ geological =mations4 ,we n[ asc5d to a high] plane1 t ( ! ,erian or ,devonian p]iod1 9 :i*1 = ! fir/ "t1 we f9d v>i$ & widely di/ribut$ =e/s4 ,! gr[? ( k ) respect to ?is flora has be5 some:at rapid1 & x may be int]e/+ to note its pr9cipal /ages1 z an enc\ragem5t to ! hope t we may yet le>n some?+ m satisfactory respect+ ! old] floras we h j discuss$4 ,9 ,goepp]t's memoir on ! flora ( ! ,silurian1 ,devonian1 & ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s rocks1 publi%$ 9 #ahfj1;,,ai he enum]ates tw5ty species z ,silurian1 b ^! are all admitt$ to be ,alg1 & sev]al ( !m are rema9s :i* may be fairly claim$ by ! zoologi/s z zoophytes1 or trails ( worms & mollusks4 ,9 ! ,l[] ,devonian he kn[s b six species1 five ( :i* are ,alg1 & ! rema9+ "o a ,sigill>ia1 b ?is is ( v d\btful nature4 ,9 ! ,middle ,devonian he gives b "o species1 a l&-plant ( ! g5us ,lepidod5dron4 ,9 ! ,upp] ,devonian ! numb] rises to fifty-sev51 ( :i* all b sev5 are t]re/rial plants1 repres5t+ a l>ge numb] ( ! g5]a occurr+ 9 ! succe$+ ,c>bonif]\s sy/em4 ,,ai ,j5a1 #ahfj4 ,goepp]t does n include 9 8 enum]ation ! plants f ! ,devonian ( ,gasp1 describ$ by ! au?or 9 #ahei1;,,aj hav+ se5 only an ab/ract ( ! pap] at ! "t ( writ+ 8 memoir1 nor does he appe> to h any k ( ! plants ( ?is age describ$ by ,lesqu]eux 9 ,rog]'s ,p5nsylvania4 ,^! might h add$ t5 or twelve species to 8 li/1 "s ( !m probably f ! ,l[] ,devonian4 ,x is fur!r to be obs]v$ t a few additional species _h also be5 recognis$ by ,pea* 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,scotl&4 ,,aj ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,london1 also ,canadian ,naturali/4 ,b f #ahfj to ! pres5t "t a ri* h>ve/ ( specim5s has be5 ga!r$ f ! ,gasp s&/ones1 f ! %ales ( s\!rn ,new ,brunswick1 f ! s&/ones ( ,p]ry 9 ,ma9e1 & f ! wide-spread ,erian areas ( ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania1 & ,ohio4 ,ne>ly all ^! specim5s h pass$ ?r\gh my h&s1 & ,i am n[ able to catalogue ab\t a hundr$ species1 repres5t+ m ?an ?irty g5]a1 & includ+ all ! great types ( vascul> ,cryptogams1 ! ,gymnosp]ms1 & ev5 "o 7/ill d\btful7 ,angiosp]m4 ,_m new =ms h also be5 describ$ f ! ,devonian ( ,scotl& & ( ! ,cont95t ( ,europe4 ,be=e describ+ ^! plants 9 detail1 we may ref] to ,nor? ,am]ica = illu/ration ( ! physical conditions ( ! "t4 ,9 a physical po9t ( view ! nor!rn hemisph]e pres5t$ a great *ange 9 ! ,erian p]iod4 ,!re 7 va/ fold+s ( ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 & great emissions ( volcanic rock on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 :ile at "o "t ! :ole int]ior area ( ! cont95t1 z f> nor? z ! ,great ,lakes1 0 occupi$ by a va/ inl& sea1 /udd$ ) coral isl&s1 ! long ,appala*ian ridge _h begun to assume1 along ) ! old ,laur5tian l&1 some?+ ( ! =m ( our pres5t cont95t1 & on ! m>g9s ( ?is ,appala*ian belt !re 7 wide1 swampy flats & %all[-wat] areas1 :i*1 "u ! mild climate t seems to h *>act]is$ ?is p]iod1 7 admirably suit$ to n\ri% a luxuriant vegetation4 ,"u ?is mild climate1 also1 x w\ld seem t new =ms ( plants 7 fir/ introduc$ 9 ! f> nor?1 :]e ! long cont9uance ( summ] sunlight1 along ) great w>m ?1 seems to h aid$ 9 _! introduction & e>ly ext5sion1 & !nce made _! way to ! s\?w>d1 a process :i*1 z ,gray & o!rs h %[n1 has also occurr$ 9 lat] geological times4 ,! ,am]ica ( ?is ,erian age consi/$ dur+ ! great] "p ( ! p]iod ( a m or less ext5sive belt ( l& 9 ! nor? ) two long tongues desc5d+ f x1 "o along ! ,appala*ian l9e 9 ! ea/1 ! o!r 9 ! region we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,on ! seaw>d sides ( ^! !re 7 l[ l&s cov]$ ) vegetation1 :ile on ! inl& side ! great int]ior sea1 ) its v]dant & wood$ isl&s1 realis$1 ?\gh probably ) %all[] wat]1 ! conditions ( ! mod]n ar*ipelagoes ( ! ,pacific4 ,europe pres5t$ conditions some:at simil>1 hav+ 9 ! e>li] & middle portions ( ! p]iod great sea areas ) insul> pat*es ( l&1 & lat] wide tracts ( %all[ & 9 "p enclos$ wat] areas1 sw>m+ ) fi%es1 & hav+ an abundant vegetation on _! %ores4 ,^! 7 ! conditions ( ! ,eifel & ,devon%ire lime/ones1 & ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,scotl&1 & ! ,kiltorcan b$s ( ,irel&4 ,9 ,europe also1 z 9 ,am]ica1 !re 7 9 ! ,erian age great ejections ( igne\s rock4 ,on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic !re 7 some:at v>i$ & *ang+ conditions ( l& & wat]1 & a mild & equable climate1 p]mitt+ ! exi/5ce ( a ri* vegetation 9 high nor!rn latitudes4 ,( ?is latt] fact a rem>kable example is af=d$ by ! b$s hold+ plants ( ?is age 9 ,spitzb]g5 & ,be> ,isl&1 9 its vic9ity4 ,"h !re seem to be two s]ies ( plant-be>+ /rata1 "o ) ! vegetation ( ! ,upp] ,erian1 ! o!r ) t ( ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s1 ?\gh bo? h be5 unit$ by ,he] "u 8 s-call$ ,ursa ,/age 9 :i* he has gr\p$ ! *>act]i/ic plants ( two di/9ct p]iods4 ,?is has rec5tly be5 fully e/abli%$ by ! rese>*es ( ,na?or/1 ?\gh ! au?or _h already sugge/$ x z ! probable explanation ( ! /range union ( species 9 ! ,ursa gr\p ( ,he]4 ,9 /udy+ ! vegetation ( ?is rem>kable p]iod1 we mu/ take m]ely "s ( ! m important =ms z examples1 s9ce x w\ld be impossible to notice all ! species1 & "s ( !m may be bett] treat$ 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s1 :]e !y h _! headqu>t]s4 7,fig4 #ae47 ,i may fir/ ref] to a family :i* seems to h culm9at$ 9 ! ,erian age1 & ev] s9ce to h occupi$ a less important place4 ,x is t ( ! curi\s aquatic plants kn[n z ,rhizoc>ps1,,ak & ref]r$ to 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,,ak ,or1 z !y h rec5tly be5 nam$ by "s botani/s1 ,het]ospor\s ,filices1 ?\gh !y are c]ta9ly n f]ns 9 any ord9>y s5se ( t t]m4 ,my att5tion 0 fir/ direct$ to ^! organisms by ! late ,sir ,w4 ,e4 ,logan 9 #ahfi4 ,he _h obta9$ f ! ,upp] ,erian %ale ( ,kettle ,po9t1 ,lake ,huron1 specim5s fill$ ) m9ute circul> discs1 to :i* he ref]r$1 9 8 report ( #ahfc1 z microscopic orbicul> bodies4 ,recognis+ !m to be macrospores1 or spore-cases1 ,i introduc$ !m into ! report on ! ,erian flora1 :i* ,i 0 !n prep>+1 & :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #ahga1 "u ! "n ,sporangites ,huron5sis4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,vegetation ( ! ,devonian p]iod1 re/or$4 ,calamites1 ,psilophyton1 ,leptophleum1 ,lepidod5dron1 ,cordaites1 ,sigill>ia1 ,dadoxylon1 ,a/]ophyllites1 ,platyphyllum4 ,9 #ahga1 hav+ occasion to write a communication to ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce on ! "q !n rais$ z to ! %>e ( spores & spore-cases 9 ! accumulation ( coal1 a "q to be discuss$ 9 a subsequ5t *apt]1 ^! curi\s little bodies 7 aga9 review$1 & 7 describ$ 9 sub/ance z foll[s3 ,! olde/ b$ ( spore-cases kn[n to me is t at ,kettle ,po9t1 ,lake ,huron4 ,x is a b$ ( br[n bitum9\s %ale1 burn+ ) mu* flame1 & "u a l5s is se5 to be /udd$ ) flatt5$ disc-l bodies1 sc>cely m ?an a hundr$? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 :i* "u ! microscope are f\nd to be spore-cases 7or macrospores7 slightly papillate ext]nally 7or m prop]ly m>k$ ) d>k pores71 & sometimes %[+ a po9t ( atta*m5t on "o side & a slit m or less elongat$ & gap+ on ! o!r4 ,:5 slices ( ! rock are made1 its sub/ance is se5 to be fill$ ) ^! bodies1 :i*1 view$ z transp>5t objects1 appe> yell[ l amb]1 & %[ little /ructure1 except t ! walls c be di/+ui%$ f ! int]nal cavity1 :i* may sometimes be se5 to enclose pat*es ( granul> matt]4 ,9 ! %ale conta9+ !m are also va/ numb]s ( r\nd$1 transluc5t granules1 :i* may be escap$ spores 7microspores74 ,! b$ conta9+ ^! spores at ,kettle ,po9t 0 /at$1 9 ! reports ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada1 to be twelve or f\rte5 feet 9 ?ickness1 & besides ^! specim5s x conta9$ fossil plants ref]able to ! species ,calamites inornatus & ,lepidod5dron primvum1 & ,i n unnaturally suppos$ t ! ,sporangites might be ! fruit ( ! latt] plant4 ,i also notic$ _! resemblance to ! spore-cases ( ,l4 corrugatum ( ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s 7a ,lepidod5dron alli$ to ,l4 primvum71 & to ^? f ,brazil describ$ by ,c>ru!rs "u ! "n ,flem+ites1 z well z to ^? describ$ by ,huxley f c]ta9 ,engli% coals1 & to ^? ( ! ,tasmanite or :ite coal ( ,au/ralia4 ,! b$ at ,kettle ,po9t is %[n to be m>9e by its hold+ ! sea-we$ kn[n z ,spirophyton1 & %ells ( ,l+ula4 ,! subject did n aga9 come "u my notice till #ahhb1 :5 ,pr(4 ,orton1 ( ,columbus1 ,ohio1 s5t me "s specim5s f ! ,erian %ales ( t ,/ate1 :i* on comp>ison seem$ undi/+ui%able f ,sporangites ,huron5sis4,,al ,pr(4 ,orton read an int]e/+ pap] on ^! bodies1 at ! meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association 9 ,montreal1 9 :i* 7 "s new & /rik+ facts4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ! occurr5ce ( su* bodies ?r\gh\t ! black %ales ( ,ohio1 ext5d+ f ! ,huron ,riv]1 on ! %ore ( ,lake ,brie1 to ! m\? ( ! ,scioto1 9 ! ,ohio ,valley1 ) an ext5t v>y+ f t5 to tw5ty miles 9 bread?1 & e/imat$ to be ?ree hundr$ & fifty feet 9 ?ickness4 ,i h s9ce be5 in=m$ by my fri5d ,mr4 ,?omas1 ( ,*icago1 t its ?ickness1 9 "s places at lea/1 mu/ be ?ree times t am\nt4 ,ab\t ! same "t4 ,pr(4 ,williams1 ( ,cornell1 & ,pr(4 ,cl>ke1 ( ,nor?ampton1 ann\nc$ simil> discov]ies 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 s t x w\ld appe> t b$s ( va/ area & ( great ?ickness are replete ) ^! little vegetable discs1 usually conv]t$ into a highly bitum9\s1 amb]-l sub/ance1 giv+ a m or less inflammable "* to ! conta9+ rock4 ,,al ,^! %ales h be5 describ$1 z to _! *emical & geological relations1 by ,dr4 ,t4 ,/]ry ,hunt1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 #ahfc1 & by ,dr4 ,newb]ry1 9 ! ,reports ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,ohio1 vol4 i41 #ahfc1 & vol4 iii41 #ahgh4 ,ano!r fact insi/$ on by ,pr(4 ,orton 0 ! abs5ce ( ,lepidod5droid cones1 & ! occurr5ce ( filam5t\s vegetable matt]1 to :i* ! ,sporangites seem$ to be 9 "s cases atta*$ 9 gr\ps4 ,pr(4 ,orton also notic$ ! abs5ce ( ! trigonal =m1 :i* belongs to ! spores ( _m ,lepidod5dra1 ?\gh ?is is n a con/ant "*4 ,9 ! discussion on ,pr(4 ,orton's pap]1 ,i admitt$ t ! facts detail$ by him %ook my previ\s belief ( ! lycopodiace\s "* ( ^! bodies1 & induc$ me to suspect1 ) ,pr(4 ,orton1 t !y might h belong$ to "s gr\p ( aquatic plants l[] ?an ! ,lycopods4 ,s9ce ! publication ( my pap] on ,rhizoc>ps 9 ! ,palozoic p]iod above ref]r$ to1 ,i h receiv$ two pap]s f ,mr4 ,edw>d ,we!r$1 ,f4 ,g4 ,s41 9 "o ( :i* he describes spores ( plants f\nd 9 ! l[] lime/one %ales ( ! ,=e/ ( ,dean1 & 9 ! o!r discusses m g5]ally ! /ructure & orig9 ( ,c>bonif]\s coal-b$s4,,am ,9 bo? pap]s he ref]s to ! occurr5ce 9 ^! coals & %ales ( organisms ess5tially simil> to ! ,erian spores4 ,,am ,cotteswold ,naturali/s' ,field ,club1 #ahhd2 ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,microscopical ,society1 #ahhe4 ,9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,*icago ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 ,janu>y1 #ahhd1 ,dr4 ,johnson & ,mr4 ,?omas1 9 _! pap] on ! ,microscopic ,organisms ( ! ,b\ld] ,clay ( ,*icago & ,vic9ity1 notice ,sporangites ,huron5sis z among ^! organisms1 & h discov]$ !m also 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ! precipitate f ,*icago city wat]-supply4 ,!y ref] !m to ! decomposition ( ! ,erian %ales1 ( :i* b\ld]s fill$ ) ^! organisms are ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! ,*icago clays4 ,! ,sporangites & _! accompanim5ts 9 ! b\ld] clay are notic$ 9 a pap] by ,dr4 ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson1 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,*icago ,academy1 ,june1 #ahhe4 ,pr(4 ,cl>ke has also describ$1 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce = ,april1 #ahhe1 ! =ms already allud$ to1 & :i* he f9ds to consi/ ( macrospores enclos$ 9 sporoc>ps4 ,he comp>es ^! ) my ,sporangites ,huron5sis & ,protosalv9ia bilobata1 b ,i ?9k x is likely t "o ( !m at lea/ is a di/9ct species4 ,i may add t 9 ! ,geological ,magaz9e = #ahge1 ,mr4 ,newton1 ,f4 ,g4 ,s41 ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,engl&1 publi%$ a description ( ! ,tasmanite & ,au/ralian :ite coal1 9 :i* he %[s t ! organisms 9 ^! deposits are simil> to my ,sporangites ,huron5sis1 & to ! macrospores previ\sly describ$ by ,pr(4 ,huxley1 f ! ,bett]-b$ coal4 ,mr4 ,newton does n seem to h be5 aw>e ( my previ\s description ( ,sporangites1 & proposes ! "n ,tasmanites punctatus = ! ,au/ralian =m4 ,"h we h ! rem>kable fact t ! wa/e macrospores1 or l>g] spores ( a species ( ,cryptogam\s plant1 occur disp]s$ 9 c\ntless millions ( tons ?r\gh ! %ales ( ! ,erian 9 ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,no c]ta9 clue seem$ to be af=d$ by all ^! obs]vations z to ! precise aff9ities ( ^! widely di/ribut$ bodies2 b ?is 0 furni%$ %ortly aft] f an unexpect$ qu>t]4 ,9 ,m>*1 #ahhc1 ,mr4 ,orville ,d]by1 ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,brazil1 s5t me specim5s f\nd 9 ! ,erian ( t c\ntry1 :i* seem$ to ?r[ a new light on ! :ole subject4 ,^! ,i describ$ & po9t$ out _! connection ) ,sporangites at ! meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association at ,m9neapolis1 9 #ahhc1 & subsequ5tly publi%$ my notes respect+ !m 9 its proce$+s1 & 9 ! ,canadian ,record ( ,sci5ce4 ,mr4 ,d]by's specim5s conta9$ ! curi\s spiral sea-we$ kn[n z ,spirophyton1 & also m9ute r\nd$ ,sporangites l ^? obta9$ 9 ! ,erian ( ,ohio1 & ( :i* specim5s _h be5 s5t to me "s ye>s be=e by ! late ,pr(4 ,h>tt4 ,b !y diff]$ 9 %[+ ! rem>kable fact t ^! r\nd$ bodies are enclos$ 9 consid]able numb]s 9 sph]ical & oval sacs1 ! walls ( :i* are compos$ ( a tissue ( hexagonal cells1 & :i* resemble 9 e respect ! involucres or spore-sacs ( ! little gr\p ( mod]n acrog5s kn[n z ,rhizoc>ps1 & liv+ 9 %all[ wat]4 ,m especially !y resemble ! sporoc>ps ( ! g5us ,salv9ia4 ,?is fact op5$ up an entirely new field ( inve/igation1 & ,i at once proce$$ to comp>e ! specim5s ) ! fructification ( mod]n ,rhizoc>ps1 & f\nd t sub/antially ^! multitud9\s spores emb$d$ 9 ! ,erie %ales may be reg>d$ z p]fectly analog\s to ! l>g] spores ( ! mod]n ,salv9ia natans ( ,europe1 z may be se5 by ! repres5tation ( !m 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--,sporangites 7,protosalv9ia74 ,a1 ,sporangites ,brazili5sis1 natural size1 ,,ax1 ,same1 magnifi$1 ,b1 ,sp4 biloba1 natural size1 ,c1 ,deta*$ macrospores4 ,d1 ,spore-cases ( ,salv9ia natans4 ,,dx1 ,same1 magnifi$4 ,e1 ,%ale ) sporangites1 v]tical section1 highly magnifi$4 ,! typical macrospores f ! ,erian %ales are p]fectly circul> 9 outl9e1 & 9 ! flatt5$ /ate appe> z discs ) r\nd$ edges1 _! ord9>y diamet] be+ f "o sev5ty-fif? to "o "o-hundr$? ( an in*1 ?\gh !y v>y consid]ably 9 size4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ,i d n reg>d z an ess5tial "*4 ,! edges1 z se5 9 pr(ile1 are smoo?1 b ! flat surface (t5 pres5ts m9ute d>k spots1 :i* at fir/ ,i mi/ook = papill1 b n[ agree ) ,mr4 ,?omas 9 recognis+ !m z m9ute pores trav]s+ ! wall ( ! disc1 & simil> to ^? :i* ,mr4 ,newton has describ$ 9 ,tasmanite1 & :i* ,mr4 ,we!r$ has also recognis$ 9 ! simil> spores ( ! ,=e/ ( ,dean %ales4 ,! walls also sometimes %[ fa9t indications ( conc5tric lam9ation1 z if !y _h be5 ?ick5$ by successive deposits4 ,z se5 by transmitt$ light1 & ei!r 9 front or 9 pr(ile1 ! discs are ( a ri* amb] col\r1 transluc5t & /ructureless1 except ! pores above ref]r$ to4 ,! walls are some:at ?ick1 or f "o-t5? to "o-tw5tie? ! diamet] ( ! disc 9 ?ickness4 ,!y nev] exhibit ! triradiate m>k+ se5 9 spores ( ,lycopods1 nor any def9ite po9t ( atta*m5t1 ?\gh !y sometimes %[ a m9ute elongat$ spot :i* may be ( ?is nature1 & !y are occasionally se5 to h op5$ by slits on ! edge or front1 :]e !re w\ld seem to h be5 a natural l9e ( dehisc5ce4 ,! int]ior is usually q vacant or /ructureless1 b 9 "s cases !re are curv$ int]nal m>k+s :i* may indicate a %runk5 l9+ membrane1 or ! rema9s ( a pro?allus or embryo4 ,occasionally a f9e granul> sub/ance appe>s 9 ! int]ior1 possibly rema9s ( microspores4 ,! discs are usually deta*$ & de/itute ( any envelope1 b fragm5ts ( floccul5t cellul> matt] are associat$ ) !m1 & 9 "o specim5 f ! cornif]\s lime/one ( ,ohio1 9 ,mr4 ,?omas's collection1 ,i h f\nd a gr\p ( eight or m discs p>tly enclos$ 9 a cellul> sac-l membrane ( simil> "* to t enclos+ ! ,brazilian specim5s already ref]r$ to4 ,! *>act]s ( all ! specim5s are ess5tially simil>1 & !re is a rem>kable abs5ce ( o!r organisms 9 ! %ale4 ,9 "o in/ance only1 ,i h obs]v$ a some:at small] r\nd body ) a d>k c5tre or nucleus1 & a wide transluc5t m>g91 m>k$ by a slight granulation4 ,ev5 ?is1 h[ev]1 may indicate no?+ m ?an a diff]5t /ate ( pres]vation4 ,x is prop] to obs]ve "h t ! wall or enclos+ sac ( ^! macrospores mu/ h be5 ( v d5se consi/5cy1 & n[ appe>s z a highly bitum9\s sub/ance1 9 ?is agree+ ) t ( ! spores ( ,lycopods1 &1 l !m1 hav+ be5 :5 rec5t ( a highly c>bonace\s & hydrog5\s quality1 v combu/ible & readily admitt+ ( *ange into bitum9\s matt]4 ,9 ! pap] already ref]r$ to1 on spore-cases 9 coals1 ,i h notic$ t ! relative composition ( lycopodium & cellulose is z foll[s3 ,cellulose1 ,c#bd;,h#bj,o#bj4 ,lycopodium1 ,c#db;,h#ai-d_/ab,,no#e-f_/aj4 ,?us1 su* spores are admirably suit$ = ! production ( highly c>bonace\s or bitum9\s coals1 etc4 ,no?+ is m rem>kable 9 connection ) ^! bodies ?an _! uni=mity ( /ructure & =m ov] s great areas & ?r\gh\t s great ?ickness ( rock1 & ! abs5ce ( any o!r k9d ( spore-case4 ,?is is m especially notewor?y 9 contra/ ) ! co>se coals & bitum9\s %ales ( ! ,c>bonif]\s1 :i* usually conta9 a great v>iety ( spores & sporangia1 indicat+ ! pres5ce ( _m species ( acrog5\s plants1 :ile ! ,erian %ales1 on ! contr>y1 indicate ! almo/ exclusive pr$om9ance ( "o =m4 ,?is contra/ is well se5 9 ! ,b$=d %ales ov]ly+ ^! b$s1 & ,i believe ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s4,,an ,specim5s ( ^! h be5 k9dly communicat$ to me by ,pr(4 ,orton1 & h be5 prep>$ by ,mr4 ,?omas4 ,9 ^! we see ! famili> ,c>bonif]\s spores ) triradiate m>k+s call$ ,triletes by ,re9s*1 & :i* are simil> to ^? ( ,lycopodiace\s plants4 ,/ill m abundant are ^? sp9\s & hook$ spores or sporangia1 to :i* ! names ,sporoc>pon1 ,zygosporites1 & ,traqu>ia h be5 giv51 & "s ( :i* ,williamson has %[n to be spores ( ,lycopodiace\s plants4,,ao ,,an ,accord+ to ,newb]ry1 l[] "p ( ,wav]ly gr\p4 ,,ao ,traqu>ia is to be di/+ui%$ f ! calc>e\s bodies f\nd 9 ! cornif]\s lime/one ( ,kelly's ,isl&1 :i* ,i h describ$ 9 ! ,canadian ,naturali/ z ,saccam9a ,eriana1 & believe to be ,=am9if]al te/s4 ,!y h s9ce be5 describ$ by ,ulri* "u a diff]5t "n 7,moell]9a3 contribution to ,am]ican ,palontology1 #ahhf74 ,see ,dr4 ,williamson's pap]s 9 ,transactions ( ,royal ,society ( ,london4 ,! true ,sporangites1 on ! contr>y1 are r\nd & smoo?1 ) ?ick bitum9\s walls1 :i* are punctur$ ) m9ute transv]se pores4 ,9 ^! respects1 z already /at$1 !y closely resemble ! bodies f\nd 9 ! ,au/ralian :ite coal & ,tasmanite4 ,! precise geological age ( ?is la/ mat]ial is n kn[n ) c]ta9ty1 b x is believ$ to be ,palozoic4 ,) ref]5ce to ! mode ( occurr5ce ( ^! bodies1 we may note fir/ _! great abundance & wide di/ribution4 ,! horizontal range ( ! b$ at ,kettle ,po9t is n c]ta9ly kn[n1 b x is m]ely a nor!rn outli] ( ! great belt ( ,erian %ales ref]r$ to by ,pr(4 ,orton1 & :i* ext5ds1 ) a bread? ( t5 to tw5ty miles1 & ( great ?ickness1 across ! ,/ate ( ,ohio1 = ne>ly two hundr$ miles4 ,?is ,ohio black %ale1 :i* lies at ! top ( ! ,erian or ! base ( ! ,c>bonif]\s1 ?\gh probably ma9ly ( ,erian age1 appe>s to ab\nd ?r\gh\t 9 ^! organisms1 & 9 "s b$s to be replete ) !m4 ,9 l mann]1 9 ,brazil1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,d]by1 ^! organisms are di/ribut$ ov] a wide area & ?r\gh\t a great ?ickness ( %ale hold+ ,spirophyton1 & app>5tly belong+ to ! ,upp] ,erian4 ,! recurr5ce ( simil> =ms 9 ! ,tasmanite & :ite coal ( ,tasmania & ,au/ralia is ano!r important fact ( di/ribution4 ,to ?is we may add ! appe>ance ( ^! macrospores 9 coals & %ales ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 ?\gh !re 9 association ) o!r =ms4 ,x is also to be obs]v$ t ! ,erian %ales1 & ! ,=e/ ( ,dean b$s describ$ by ,we!r$1 are m>9e1 z %[n by _! conta9$ fossils2 &1 ?\gh ,i h no c]ta9 in=mation z to ! ,tasmanite & ,au/ralian :ite coal1 !y w\ld seem1 f ! description ( ,milligan1 to occur 9 di/9ctly aque\s1 possibly e/u>9e1 deposits4 ,we!r$ has %[n t ! discs describ$ by ,huxley & ,newton 9 ! ,bett]-b$ coal occur 9 ! e>?y or fragm5t>y lay]s1 z di/+ui%$ f ! pure coal4 ,^? occurr+ 9 cannel coal are 9 ! same case1 s t ! g5]al mode ( occurr5ce implies wat]-driftage1 s9ce1 9 ! case ( bodies s l>ge & d5se1 w9d-driftage to great di/ances w\ld be impossible4 ,^! facts1 tak5 9 connection ) ! diff]5ces betwe5 ^! macrospores & ^? ( any kn[n l&-plant ( ! ,palozoic1 w\ld lead to ! inf]5ce t !y belong$ to aquatic plants1 & ^! va/ly abundant 9 ! wat]s ( ! ,erian & ,c>bonif]\s p]iods4 ,x is /ill fur!r to be obs]v$ t !y are n1 9 ! ,erian b$s1 accompani$ ) any rema9s ( woody or scal>i=m tissues1 su* z might be expect$ 9 connection ) ! dbris ( t]re/rial acrog5s1 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 we f9d !m enclos$ 9 cellul> sporoc>ps1 ?\gh 9 ! majority ( cases ^! h be5 remov$ by dehisc5ce or decay4 ,^! consid]ations1 ,i ?9k1 all po9t to ! probability :i* ,i h sugge/$ 9 my pap]s on ?is subject ref]r$ to above1 t we h 9 ^! objects ! organs ( fructification ( plants belong+ to ! ord] ,rhizoc>pe1 or ak9 to x4 ,! comp>isons :i* ,i h in/itut$ ) ! sporoc>ps & macrospores ( ^! plants confirm ?is sugge/ion4 ,( ! mod]n species :i* ,i h _h an opportunity to exam9e1 ,salv9ia natans ( ,europe p]haps pres5ts ! close/ resemblance4 ,9 ?is plant gr\ps ( r\nd cellul> sporoc>ps appe> at ! bases ( ! float+ fronds4 ,!y are ab\t a l9e 9 diamet] :5 mature1 & are ( two k9ds1 "o conta9+ macrospores1 ! o!r microspores or an!ridia4 ,! fir/1 :5 mature1 hold a numb] ( closely pack$ globul> or oval sporangia ( loose cellul> tissue1 atta*$ to a c5tral plac5ta4 ,ea* ( ^! sporangia conta9s a s+le macrospore1 p]fectly globul> & smoo?1 ) a d5se out] membrane 7exhibit+ traces ( lam9ation1 & %[+ )9 an irregul>ly vacuolat$ or cellul> /ructure1 probably a pro?allus74 ,i _c detect 9 x ! peculi> pores :i* appe> 9 ! fossil specim5s4 ,ea* macrospore is ab\t "o-sev5tie? ( an in* 9 diamet] :5 mature4 ,! sporoc>ps ( ! microspores conta9 a va/ly great] numb] ( m9ute sporangia1 ab\t "o two-hundr$?s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,^! conta9 disc-l an!ridia1 or microspores ( v m9ute size4 ,! discs f ,kettle ,po9t & f ! ,ohio black %ale1 & f ! %ale b\ld]s ( ! ,*icago clays1 are simil> to ! macrospores ( ,salv9ia1 except t !y h a ?ick] wall & are a little less 9 diamet]1 be+ ab\t "o-eightie? ( an in*4 ,! ,brazilian sporoc>ps are consid]ably l>g] ?an ^? ( ! mod]n ,salv9ia1 & ! macrospores approa* 9 size to ^? ( ! mod]n species1 be+ "o sev5ty-fif? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,!y also seem1 l ! mod]n species1 to h ?9n] walls ?an ^? f ,canada1 ,ohio1 & ,*icago4 ,no di/9ct indication has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! fossil species ( ! inn] ,sporangium ( ,salv9ia4 ,possibly x 0 altoge!r abs5t1 b m probably x is n pres]v$ z a di/9ct /ructure4 ,) ref]5ce to ! microspores ( ,salv9ia1 x is to be obs]v$ t ! sporoc>ps1 & ! conta9$ spores or an!ridia1 are v delicate & de/itute ( ! d5se out] wall ( ! macrospores4 ,h5ce su* p>ts are little likely to h be5 pres]v$ 9 a fossil /ate2 & 9 ! ,erian %ales1 if pres5t1 !y probably appe> m]ely z floccul5t c>bonace\s matt] n di/9ctly m>k$1 or z m9ute granules n well def9$1 ( :i* !re are great quantities 9 "s ( ! %ales4 ,! vegetation app]ta9+ to ! ,sporangites has n be5 di/9ctly recognis$4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 f\nd 9 "o ( ! ,brazilian specim5s two sporoc>ps atta*$ to :at seems a fragm5t ( a cellul> frond1 & num]\s specim5s ( ! suppos$ ,alg1 nam$ ,spirophyton1 are f\nd 9 ! %ales1 b !re is no evid5ce ( any connection ( ?is plant ) ! ,protosalv9ia4 ,mod]n ,rhizoc>ps pres5t consid]able diff]5ces z to _! vegetative p>ts4 ,"s1 l ,pilul>ia1 h simple l9e> leaves2 o!rs1 l ,m>silea1 h leaves 9 :orls1 & cuneate 9 =m2 :ile o!rs1 l ,azolla & ,salv9ia1 h frondose leaves1 m or less p9nate 9 _! arrangem5t4 ,if we inquire z to fossils repres5t+ ^! =ms ( vegetation1 we %all f9d t "s ( ! plants to be notic$ 9 ! imm$iate sequel may h be5 ne>ly alli$ to ! ,rhizoc>ps4 ,9 ! mean "t ,i may /ate t ,i h propos$ ! g5]ic "n ,protosalv9ia = ^! curi\s macrospores & _! cov]+s1 & h describ$ 9 ! pap] 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,*icago ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 already quot$1 five species :i* may be ref]r$ to ?is g5us4 ,^! facts lead to inquiries z to ! orig9 ( ! bitum9\s matt] :i* naturally escapes f ! rocks ( ! e>? z petroleum & inflammable gas1 or :i* may be obta9$ f c]ta9 %ales 9 ^! =ms by di/illation4 ,^! products are comp\nds ( c>bon & hydrog51 & may be procur$ f rec5t vegetable sub/ances by de/ructive di/illation4 ,"s vegetable matt]s1 also1 are mu* ri*] 9 c>bon & hydrog5 ?an o!rs1 & x is a rem>kable fact t ! spores ( c]ta9 cryptogam\s plants are ( ?is k9d1 z we see 9 ! inflammable "* ( ! dry spores ( ,lycopodium2 & we "k t ! sl[ putrefaction ( su* mat]ial und]gr\nd effects *emical *anges by :i* bitum9\s matt] c be produc$4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no?+ unreasonable 9 ! supposition advanc$ by ,pr(4 ,orton1 t ! spores s abundantly conta9$ 9 ! ,ohio black %ales are important or pr9cipal s\rces ( ! bitum9\s matt] :i* !y conta94 ,microscopic sections ( ?is %ale %[ t mu* ( its mat]ial consi/s ( ! ri* bitum9\s matt] ( ^! spores 7,fig4 #af74 ,at ! same "t1 :ile we may trace ! bitum5 ( ^! %ales1 & ( "s b$s ( coal1 to ?is cause1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t !re are o!r k9ds ( bitum9\s rocks :i* %[ no su* /ructures1 & may h d]iv$ _! combu/ible mat]ial f o!r k9ds ( vegetable matt]1 :e!r ( m>9e or ( l& plants4 ,we %all bett] und]/& ?is :5 we h consid]$ ! orig9 ( coal4 ,! macrospores above ref]r$ to may h belong$ to humble aquatic plants mantl+ ! surfaces ( wat] or gr[+ up f ! bottom1 & pres5t+ little arial vegetation4 ,b !re are o!r ,erian plants1 z already m5tion$1 :i*1 :ile ( high] /ructure1 may be ( ,rhizoc>pean aff9ities4 ,"o ( ^! is ! beautiful plant ) :orls ( w$ge-%ap$ leaves1 to :i* ! "n ,sph5ophyllum 7see ,fig4 #bj7 has be5 giv54 ,plants ref]r$ to ?is g5us h be5 describ$ by ,lesqu]eux f ! upp] "p ( ! ,siluro-,cambrian1,,ap & a beautiful little species occurs 9 ! ,erian %ales ( ,/4 ,john1 ,new ,brunswick4,,aq ,! g5us is also cont9u$1 & is /ill m abundant1 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s4 ,_m ye>s ago ,i obs]v$1 9 a beautiful specim5 collect$ by ,sir ,w4 ,e4 ,logan1 9 ,new ,brunswick1 t ! /em ( ?is plant _h an axis ( reticulat$ & scal>i=m vessels1 & an out] b>k4,,ar ,r5ault & ,williamson h m rec5tly obta9$ m p]fect specim5s1 & ! =m] has figur$ a rem>kably complex triangul> axis1 conta9+ punctate & b>r$ vessels1 & l>g] punctate vessels fill+ 9 its angles4 ,outside ( ?is !re is a cellul> inn] b>k1 & ?is is surr\nd$ by a ?ick fibr\s envelope4 ,t a /ructure s complex %\ld belong to a plant s humble 9 its aff9ities is "o ( ! /range anomalies pres5t$ by ! old _w1 & ( :i* we %all f9d _m simil> in/ances4 ,! fruit ( ,sph5ophyllum 0 borne 9 spikes1 ) little :orls ( bracts or rudim5t>y leaves be>+ r\nd sporoc>ps4 ,,ap ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce4 ,,aq ,dawson1 ,report on ,devonian ,plants1 #ahgj4 ,,ar ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 #ahfe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,ptilophyton plumosum 7,l[] ,c>bonif]\s1 ,nova ,scotia74 ,natural size & magnifi$4 ,a second type ( plant1 :i* may h be5 ,rhizoc>pean 9 its aff9ities1 is t to :i* ,i h giv5 ! "n ,ptilophyton4,,z ,x consi/s ( beautiful fea!ry fronds1 app>5tly be>+ on p>ts ( ! ma9 /em or petiole small r\nd$ sporoc>ps4 ,!y are f\nd abundantly 9 ! ,middle ,erian ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 & also occur 9 ,scotl&1 :ile "o species appe>s to occur 9 ,nova ,scotia1 z high z ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s 7,figs4 #ag1 #ah74 ,,z ,plumal9a ( ,hall4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--,ptilophyton ,?omsoni 7,scotl&71 a1 ,impression ( plant 9 v]nation1 b1 ,bran*es conjecturally re/or$1 c1 ,bran*es ( ,lycopodites ,mill]i1 on same slab4 ,^! organisms h be5 v>i\sly ref]r$ to ,lycopods1 to ,alg1 or to ,zophytes1 b an ext5d$ comp>ison ( ,am]ican & ,scotti% specim5s has l$ me to ! belief t !y 7 aquatic plants1 m likely to h be5 alli$ to ,rhizoc>ps ?an to any o!r gr\p4 ,"s evid5ce ( ?is w be giv5 9 a note app5d$ to ?is *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--,psilophyton pr9ceps1 re/or$ 7,l[] ,erian1 ,gasp74 a1 ,fruit1 natural size4 b1 /em1 natural size1 c1 ,scal>i=m tissue ( ! axis1 highly magnifi$4 ,9 ! re/oration1 "o side is repres5t$ 9 v]nation & ! o!r 9 fruit4 ,ano!r g5us1 :i* ,i h nam$ ,psilophyton,,at 7,figs4 #ai1 #ba71 may be reg>d$ z a connect+ l9k betwe5 ! ,rhizoc>ps & ! ,lycopods4 ,x is s nam$ f its resemblance1 9 "s respects1 to ! curi\s p>asitic ,lycopods plac$ 9 ! mod]n g5us ,psilotum4 ,sev]al species h be5 describ$1 & !y are em95tly *>act]i/ic ( ! ,l[] ,erian1 9 :i* !y 7 fir/ discov]$ 9 ,gasp4 ,! typical species1 ,psilophyton pr9ceps1 :i* fills _m b$s ( %ale & s&/one 9 ,gasp ,bay & ! head ( ! neighb\r+ ,bay des ,*aleurs ) its sl5d] /ems & creep+1 cord-l rhizomes1 may be ?us describ$3 ,,at ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 vols1 xv41 xviii41 & xix41 ,report on ,devonian ,plants ( ,canada1 #ahga4 ,/ems bran*+ di*otom\sly1 & cov]$ ) int]rupt$ ridges4 ,leaves rudim5t>y1 or %ort1 rigid1 & po9t$2 9 b>r5 /ems1 num]\s & spirally arrang$2 9 f]tile /ems & bran*lets1 sp>sely scatt]$ or abs5t2 9 decorticat$ specim5s1 repres5t$ by a m9ute punctate sc>s4 ,"y bran*es circ9ate2 rhizomata cyl9drical1 cov]$ ) hairs or ram5ta1 & hav+ circul> areoles irregul>ly dispos$1 giv+ orig9 to sl5d] cyl9drical rootlets4 ,int]nal /ructure--an axis ( scal>i=m vessels1 surr\nd$ by a cyl9d] ( p>5*ymat\s cells1 & by an out] cyl9d] ( elongat$ woody cells4 ,fructification consi/+ ( nak$ oval spore-cases1 borne usually 9 pairs on sl5d]1 curv$ p$icels1 ei!r lat]al or t]m9al4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--,sph5ophyllum antiquum 7,erian1 ,new ,brunswick74 ,see pp4 #fa1 #fg4 ,?is species 0 fully describ$ by me 9 ! pap]s ref]r$ to above1 f specim5s obta9$ f ! ri* exposures at ,gasp ,bay1 & :i* enabl$ me to illu/rate its p>ts m fully1 p]haps1 ?an ^? ( any o!r species ( s great antiquity4 ,9 ! specim5s ,i _h obta9$ ,i 0 able to recognise ! =ms ( ! rhizomata1 /ems1 bran*es1 & rudim5t>y leaves1 & also ! int]nal /ructure ( ! /ems & rhizomata1 & to illu/rate ! rem>kable resemblance ( ! =ms & /ructures to ^? ( ! mod]n ,psilotum4 ,! fructification 01 h[ev]1 altoge!r peculi>1 consi/+ ( n>r[ly ovate sporangia1 borne usually 9 pairs1 on curv$ & app>5tly rigid petioles4 ,"u ! microscope ^! sporangia %[ indications ( cellul> /ructure1 & appe> to h be5 membran\s 9 "*4 ,9 "s specim5s dehisc5ce appe>s to h tak5 place by a slit 9 "o side1 &1 clay hav+ ent]$ into ! int]ior1 bo? walls ( ! spore-case c be se54 ,9 o!r in/ances1 be+ flatt5$1 !y might be mi/ak5 = scales4 ,no spores c\ld be obs]v$ 9 any ( ! specim5s1 ?\gh 9 "s ! surface 0 m>k$ by slight1 r\nd$ prom95ces1 possibly ! impressions ( ! spores )94 ,?is peculi> & v simple /yle ( spore-case is also *>act]i/ic ( o!r species1 & gives to ,psilophyton a v di/9ct g5]ic "*4 ,^! nak$ spore-cases may be comp>$ to ^? ( su* lycopodiace\s plants z ,psilotum1 9 :i* ! scales are rudim5t>y4 ,!y also be> "s resemblance1 ?\gh on a mu* l>g] scale1 to ! spore-cases ( "s ,erian f]ns 7,ar*opt]is71 to be m5tion$ 9 ! sequel4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 !y seem mo/ ne>ly relat$ to ! sporoc>ps ( ! ,rhizoc>pe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--,lepidod5dron & ,psilophyton 7,erian1 ,new ,brunswick74 ,a1 ,lepidod5dron ,gaspianum4 ,b1 ,c1 ,psilophyton elegans4 ,ar?ro/igma1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! same b$s ) ,psilophyton1 0 a plant ( m robu/ gr[?1 ) bett]-develop$1 n>r[1 & po9t$ leaves1 borne 9 a v]ticillate or spiral mann]1 & be>+ at ! ends ( its bran*es spikes ( nak$ sporoc>ps1 app>5tly simil> to ^? ( ,psilophyton b m r\nd$ 9 =m4 ,! two g5]a mu/ h be5 ne>ly relat$1 & ! sl5d] bran*lets ( ,ar?ro/igma are1 unless well pres]v$1 sc>cely di/+ui%able f ! /ems ( ,psilophyton4,,au ,,au ,reports ( ! au?or on ,devonian ,plants1 ,geological ,survey ( ,canada1 :i* see = details z to ,erian ,flora ( nor!a/]n ,am]ica4 ,if1 n[1 we comp>e ! vegetation ( ^! & simil> anci5t plants ) t ( mod]n ,rhizoc>ps1 we %all f9d t ! latt] /ill pres5t1 ?\gh 9 a depaup]at$ & dim9i%$ =m1 "s ( ! *>act]i/ics ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,"s1 l ,pilul>ia1 h simple l9e> leaves2 o!rs1 l ,m>silea1 h leaves 9 v]ticils & cuneate 9 =m2 :ile o!rs1 l ,azolla & ,salv9ia1 h frondose leaves1 m or less p9nate 9 _! arrangem5t4 ,! fir/ type pres5ts little t is *>act]i/ic1 b !re are 9 ! ,erian s&/ones & %ales great quantities ( filam5t\s & l9e> objects :i* x has be5 impossible to ref] to any g5us1 & :i* might h belong$ to plants ( ! type ( ,pilul>ia4 ,x is q possible1 also1 t su* plants z ,psilophyton glabrum & ,cordaites angu/ifolia1 ( :i* ! fructification is q unkn[n1 may h be5 alli$ to ,rhizoc>ps4 ,) reg>d to ! v]ticillate type1 we are at once rem9d$ ( ,sph5ophyllum 7,fig4 #bj71 :i* _m palobotani/s h ref]r$ to ! ,m>siliac1 ?\gh1 l o!r ,palozoic ,acrog5s1 x pres5ts complexities n se5 9 its mod]n repres5tatives4 ,s4 primvum ( ,lesqu]eux is f\nd 9 ! ,hudson ,riv] gr\p1 & my ,s4 antiquum 9 ! ,middle ,erian4 ,besides ^!1 !re are 9 ! ,silurian & ,erian b$s plants ) v]ticillate leaves :i* h be5 plac$ ) ! ,annul>i1 b :i* may h diff]$ f !m 9 fructification4 ,annul>ia laxa1 ( ! ,erian1 & ,protannul>ia ,h>knessii1 ( ! ,siluro-,cambrian1 may be giv5 z examples1 & mu/ h be5 aquatic plants1 probably alli$ to ,rhizoc>ps4 ,x is des]v+ ( notice1 also1 t ! two be/-kn[n species ( ,psilophyton 7,p4 pr9ceps & ,p4 robu/ius71 :ile alli$ to ,lycopods by ! /ructure ( ! /em & su* rudim5t>y foliage z !y possess1 are also alli$1 by ! =m ( _! fructification1 to ! ,rhizoc>ps1 & n to f]ns1 z "s palobotani/s h incorrectly suppos$4 ,a simil> rem>k applies to ,ar?ro/igma2 & ! beautiful p9nately leav$ ,ptilophyton may be tak5 to repres5t t type ( foliage z se5 9 mod]n ,rhizoc>ps1 :ile ! alli$ =ms ( ! ,c>bonif]\s :i* ,lesqu]eux has nam$ ,tro*ophyllum1 seem to h _h sporoc>ps atta*$ to ! /em 9 ! mann] ( ,azolla4 ,! :ole ( ?is evid5ce1 ,i ?9k1 goes to %[ t 9 ! ,erian p]iod !re 7 va/ quantities ( aquatic plants1 alli$ to ! mod]n ,rhizoc>ps1 & t ! s-call$ ,sporangites ref]r$ to 9 ?is pap] 7 probably ! drift$ sporoc>ps & macrospores ( "s ( ^! plants1 or ( plants alli$ to !m 9 /ructure & habit1 ( :i* ! vegetative organs h p]i%$4 ,i h %[n t 9 ! ,erian p]iod !re 7 va/ swampy flats cov]$ ) ,psilophyton1 & 9 simil> subm]g$ tracts ne> to ! sea ! ,protosalv9ia may h fill$ ! wat]s & h giv5 (f ! va/ multitudes ( macrospores :i*1 drift$ by curr5ts1 h settl$ 9 ! mud ( ! black %ales4 ,we h ?us a rem>kable example ( a gr\p ( plants r$uc$ 9 mod]n times to a few insignificant =ms1 b :i* play$ a great role 9 ! anci5t ,palozoic _w4 ,leav+ ! ,rhizoc>ps1 we may n[ turn to c]ta9 o!r families ( ,erian plants4 ,! fir/ to attract our att5tion 9 ?is age w\ld naturally be ! ,lycopods1 ! club-mosses or gr\nd-p9es1 :i* 9 ,canada & ! ,ea/]n ,/ates c>pet ! gr\nd 9 _m p>ts ( our woods1 & are s available = ! w9t] decoration ( our h\ses & public build+s4 ,if we fancy "o ( ^! humble b graceful plants enl>g$ to ! dim5sions ( a tree1 we %all h an idea ( a ,lepidod5dron1 or ( any ( its allies 7,figs4 #ae1 #ba74 ,^! l>ge lycopodiace\s trees1 :i* 9 diff]5t specific & g5]ic =ms 7 probably dom9ant 9 ! ,erian woods1 resembl$ 9 g5]al ^? ( mod]n times 9 _! fruit & foliage1 except t _! cones 7 l>ge1 & probably 9 mo/ cases ) two k9ds ( spores1 & _! leaves 7 also (t5 v long1 ?us be>+ a due proportion to ! trees :i* !y clo!d4 ,_! ?ick /ems requir$1 h[ev]1 m /r5g? ?an is necess>y 9 _! dim9utive successors1 & to meet ?is want "s rem>kable /ructures 7 introduc$ simil> to ^? n[ f\nd only 9 ! /ems ( plants ( high] rank4 ,! cells & vessels ( all plants consi/ ( ?9 walls ( woody matt]1 enclos+ ! sap & o!r cont5ts ( ^! sacs & tubes1 & :5 /r5g? is requir$ x is obta9$ by l9+ _! int]ior ) successive coats ( ! h>de/ =m ( woody matt]1 usually kn[n z lign94 ,b :ile ! walls rema9 ?91 !y af=d free passage to ! sap to n\ri% e "p4 ,if ?ick5$ all ov]1 !y w\ld become imp]vi\s to sap1 & !re=e unsuit$ to "o ( _! mo/ important functions4 ,^! two ends ( /r5g? & p]meability are secur$ by p>tial l9+s ( lign91 leav+ portions ( ! orig9al wall uncov]$4 ,b ?is may be done 9 a great v>iety ( ways4 ,! mo/ anci5t ( ^! contrivances1 & "o /ill cont9u$ 9 ! _w ( plants1 is t ( ! b>r$ or scal>i=m vessel4 ,?is may be ei!r squ>e or hexagonal1 s z to admit ( be+ pack$ )\t leav+ vacancies4 ,x is /r5g!n$ by a ?ick b> ( ligne\s matt] up ea* angle1 & ^! are connect$ by cross-b>s s z to =m a framework resembl+ sev]al ladd]s fa/5$ toge!r4 ,h5ce ! "n scal>i=m1 or ladd]-l4 ,n[1 9 a mod]n ,lycopod !re is a c5tral axis ( su* b>r$ vessels associat$ ) simpl] fibres or elongat$ cells4 ,ev5 9 ,sph5ophyllum & ,psilophyton1 already ref]r$ to z alli$ to ,rhizoc>ps1,,av !re is su* a c5tral axis1 & 9 ! =m] rigidity is giv5 to ?is by ! vascul> & woody elem5ts be+ arrang$ 9 ! =m ( a ?ree-sid$ prism or ?ree-ray$ />4 ,b su* arrangem5ts w\ld n suffice = a tree1 & h5ce 9 ! arboreal ,lycopods ( ! ,erian age a m complex /ructure is introduc$4 ,! b>r$ vessels 7 exp&$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance into a holl[ cyl9d] fill$ 9 ) pi? or cellul> tissue1 & ! out] r9d 0 /r5g!n$ ) greatly ?ick5$ cells4 ,b ev5 ?is 0 n suffici5t1 & 9 ! old] /ems w$ge-%ap$ bundles ( b>r$ tissue 7 run out f ! int]ior1 =m+ an ext]nal woody cyl9d]1 & inside ( ! r9d 7 plac$ bundles ( t\gh ba/ fibres4 ,?us1 a /em 0 con/ruct$ hav+ pi?1 wood1 & b>k1 & capable ( additions to ! ext]ior ( ! woody w$ges by a true exog5\s gr[?4 ,! plan is1 9 %ort1 ! same ) t ( ! /ems ( ! exog5\s trees ( mod]n times1 except t ! tissues employ$ are less complicat$4 ,! /ructures ( ^! rem>kable trees1 & ! mann] 9 :i* !y anticipate ^? ( ! true exog5s ( mod]n times1 h be5 admirably illu/rat$ by ,dr4 ,williamson1 ( ,man*e/]4 ,8 pap]s1 x is true1 ref] to ^! plants z exi/+ 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s age1 b !re is e reason to believe t !y 7 ( ! same "* 9 ! ,erian4 ,! plan is ! same ) t n[ se5 9 ! /ems ( exog5\s phnogams1 & :i* has long ceas$ to be us$ 9 ^? ( ! ,lycopods4 ,9 ?is way1 h[ev]1 l>ge & graceful lycopodiace\s trees 7 con/ruct$ 9 ! ,erian p]iod1 & con/itut$ ! /aple ( its =e/s4 ,,av ,fir/ notic$ by ! au?or1 ,j\rnal ( ,geological ,society1 #ahfe2 b m completely by ,r5ault1 ,comptes ,r5dus1 #ahgj4 ,! roots ( ^! trees 7 equally rem>kable ) _! /ems1 & s dissimil> to any n[ exi/+ t botani/s 7 long dispos$ to reg>d !m z indep5d5t plants r ?an roots4 ,!y 7 simil> 9 g5]al /ructure to ! /ems to :i* !y belong$1 b are rem>kable = bran*+ 9 a v regul> mann] by bifurcation l ! /ems above1 & = ! fact t _! long1 cyl9drical rootlets 7 arrang$ 9 a spiral mann] & di/9ctly articulat$ to ! root aft] ! mann] ( leaves r ?an ( rootlets1 & fitt+ !m = gr[+ 9 homog5e\s mud or vegetable muck4 ,!y are ! s-call$ ,/igm>ia roots1 :i*1 ?\gh f\nd 9 ! ,erian & belong+ to its lycopodiace\s plants1 atta9$ to f> great] importance 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 :]e we %all meet ) !m aga94 ,!re 7 diff]5t types ( lycopodiace\s plants 9 ! ,erian4 ,9 addition to humble ,lycopods l ^? ( our mod]n woods & great ,lepidod5dra1 :i* 7 exagg]at$ ,lycopods1 !re 7 ?ick-/emm$ & less graceful species ) broad rhombic sc>s 7,leptophleum71 & o!rs ) ! leaf-sc>s 9 v]tical r[s 7,sigill>ia71 & o!rs1 aga91 ) r\nd$ leaf-sc>s1 look+ l ! m>ks on ,/igm>ia1 & belong+ to ! g5us ,cyclo/igma4 ,?us "s v>iety 0 giv5 to ! arboreal club-mosses ( ^! e>ly =e/s4 7,see ,fig4 #ae47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--;,erian f]ns 7,new ,brunswick71 ,a1 ,aneimites obtusa4 ,c1 ,neuropt]is polymorpha4 ,f1 ,sph5opt]is pilosa4 ,n1 ,hym5ophyllites subfurcatus4 ,ano!r gr\p ( plants :i* atta9$ to great developm5t 9 ! ,erian age is t ( ! ,f]ns or ,brack5s4 ,! olde/ ( ^! yet kn[n are f\nd 9 ! ,middle ,erian4 ,! ,eopt]is ( ,saporta1 f ! ,silurian1 at "o "t suppos$ to c>ry ?is type mu* fur!r back1 has un=tunately be5 f\nd to be a m]e imitative =m1 consi/+ ( films ( pyrites ( leaf-l %apes1 & produc$ by cry/allisation4 ,9 ! ,middle ,erian1 h[ev]1 m especially 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 _m species h be5 f\nd 7,figs4 #bb to #bd74;,,aw ,i h myself record$ m ?an ?irty species f ! ,middle ,erian ( ,canada1 & ^! belong to sev]al ( ! g5]a f\nd 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s1 ?\gh "s are peculi> to ! ,erian4 ,( ! latt]1 ! be/ kn[n are p]haps ^? ( ! g5us ,ar*opt]is 7,fig4 #bd71 s abundant 9 ! plant-b$s ( ,kiltorcan 9 ,irel&1 z well z 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,9 ?is g5us ! fronds are l>ge & luxuriant1 ) broad obovate p9nules decurr5t1 on ! leaf-/alk1 & ) simple sac-l spore-cases borne on modifi$ p9n4 ,ano!r v beautiful f]n f\nd ) ,ar*opt]is is t :i* ,i h nam$ ,platyphyllum1 & :i* grew on a creep+ /em or p>asitically on /ems ( o!r plants1 & _h m>g9al fructification4,,ax ,ano!r v rem>kable f]n1 :i* "s botani/s h suppos$ may belong to a high] gr\p ?an ! f]ns1 is ,megalopt]is 7,fig4 #bf74 ,,aw ,= descriptions ( ^! f]ns1 see reports cit$ above4 ,,ax ,reports on ,fossil ,plants ( ! ,devonian & ,upp] ,silurian ( ,canada1 #ahga1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--;,erian f]ns 7,new ,brunswick71 ,b1 ,cyclopt]is valida1 & p9nule enl>g$1 ,d1 ,sph5opt]is m>g9ata1 & portion enl>g$4 ,e1 ,sph5opt]is ,h>ttii4 ,g1 ,hym5ophyllites curtilobus4 ,h1 ,hym5ophyllites ,g]sdorffii1 & portion enl>g$4 ,i1 ,ale?opt]is discrepans1 ,k1 ,pecopt]is s]rulata1 ,l1 ,pecopt]is preciosa4 ,m1 ,ale?opt]is ,p]leyi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--;,ar*opt]is ,jacksoni1 ,dawson 7,ma9e74 ,an ,upp] ,erian f]n1 a1 b1 ,p9nules %[+ v5ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--;,an ,erian tree-f]n4 ,caulopt]is ,lockwoodi1 ,dawson1 r$uc$4 7,f a specim5 f ,gilboa1 ,new ,york47 ,"s ( ! ,erian f]ns atta9$ to ! dim5sions ( tree-f]ns4 ,l>ge /ems ( ^!1 :i* mu/ h float$ out f> f l&1 h be5 f\nd by ,newb]ry 9 ! m>9e lime/one ( ,ohio 7,caulopt]is antiqua & ,c4 p]egr9a1 ,newb]ry71,,ay & ,pr(4 ,hall has f\nd 9 ! ,upp] ,devonian ( ,gilboa1 ,new ,york1 ! rema9s ( a =e/ ( tree-f]ns /&+ 9 situ ) _! great masses ( arial roots atta*$ to ! soil 9 :i* !y grew 7,caulopt]is ,lockwoodi1 ,dn474,,az ,,ay ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 #ahga4 ,,az ,ibid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--,megalopt]is ,dawsoni1 ,h>tt 7,erian1 ,new ,brunswick71 a1 ,fragm5t ( p9na4 b1 ,po9t ( p9nule1 c1 ,v5ation1 7,! midrib is n accurately giv5 9 ?is figure47 ,^! arial roots introduce u to a new contrivance = /r5g!n+ ! /ems ( plants by s5d+ out into ! soil multitudes ( cord-l cyl9drical roots f v>i\s heights on ! /em1 & :i* =m a s]ies ( /ays l ! cordage ( a %ip4 ,?is me?od ( support /ill cont9ues 9 ! mod]n tree-f]ns ( ! tropics & ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,9 "o k9d ( tree-f]n /em f ! ,erian ( ,new ,york1 !re is also a special arrangem5t = support1 consi/+ ( a s]ies ( peculi>ly arrang$ radiat+ plates ( scal>i=m vessels1 n exactly l ^? ( an exog5\s /em1 b do+ duty = x 7,a/]opt]is7,,ba ,simil> plants h be5 describ$ f ! ,erian ( ,falk5b]g1 9 ,g]many1 & ( ,saalfeld1 9 ,?ur+ia1 by ,goepp]t & ,ung]1 & are ref]r$ to f]ns by ! =m]1 b treat$ z d\btful by ! latt]1,,bb ,?is peculi> type ( tree-f]n is app>5tly a precursor ( ! m exog5\s type ( ,het]angium1 rec5tly describ$ & ref]r$ to f]ns by ,williamson4 ,"h1 aga91 we h a me*anical contrivance n[ re/rict$ to high] plants appropriat$ by ^! old cryptogams4 ,,ba ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 ,london1 #ahha4 ,,bb ,sph5opt]is ,refracta1 ,goepp]t2 ,flora des ,ueb]gangsgebirges4 ,cladoxylon ,mirabile1 ,ung]2 ,palontologie des ,?ur+] ,waldes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--;,calamites radiatus 7,erian1 ,new ,brunswick74 ,! hi/ory ( ! f]ns 9 geological "t is rem>kably diff]5t f t ( ! ,lycopods2 = :ile ! latt] h long ago desc5d$ f _! pri/9e em95ce to a v humble place 9 nature1 ! =m] /ill1 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e at lea/1 reta9 _! arboreal dim5sions & anci5t dom9ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--;,a/]ophyllites 7,erian1 ,new ,brunswick71 ,a1 ,a/]ophyllites latifolia4 ,b1 ,d41 apex ( /em 787 fruit1 ,c1 ,c#a1 ,a4 scutig]a4 ,d1 ,a4 latifolia1 l>g] :orl ( leaves4 ,d#a1 ,leaf4 ,! family ( ! ,equisetace1 or m>e's-tails1 0 also repres5t$ by l>ge species ( ,calamites & by ,a/]ophyllites 9 ! ,erian2 b1 z its headqu>t]s are 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s1 we may def] its consid]ation till ! next *apt]4 7,figs4 #bg1 #bh47 ,pass+ ov] ^! = ! pres5t1 we f9d t ! fl[]+ plants are repres5t$ 9 ! ,erian =e/s by at lea/ two types ( ,gymnosp]ms1 t ( ,tax9e or yews1 & an ext9ct family1 t ( ! ,cordaites 7,figs4 #cj1 #ca74 ,! yew-trees are closely alli$ to ! p9es & spruces1 & are (t5 includ$ ) !m 9 ! family ( ,conif]4 ,!y diff]1 h[ev]1 9 ! habit ( produc+ b]ries or drupe-l fruits in/ead ( cones1 & !re is "s reason to believe t ?is 0 ! habit ( ! ,erian trees ( ?is gr\p1 ?\gh _! wood 9 "s in/ances resembles r t ( ! ,arauc>ia1 or ,norfolk ,isl& p9e1 ?an t ( ! mod]n yews4 ,^! trees are *iefly kn[n to u by _! m9]alis$ trunks1 :i* are (t5 f\nd l drift-wood on mod]n s&-banks emb$d$ 9 ! ,erian s&/ones or lime/ones4 ,x (t5 %[s its /ructure 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann] 9 specim5s p5etrat$ by calcite or silica1 or by pyrite1 & 9 :i* ! orig9al woody matt] has be5 resolv$ into an?racite or ev5 into graphite4 ,^! trees h true woody tissues pres5t+ t beautiful arrangem5t ( pores or ?9 p>ts enclos$ 9 cup-l discs1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! conif]\s trees1 & :i* is a great improvem5t on ! b>r$ tissue already ref]r$ to1 af=d+ a f> m /rong1 t\gh1 & durable wood1 su* z we h 9 our mod]n p9es & yews 7,fig4 #bi74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4--;,dadoxylon ,ouangondianum1 an ,erian conif]1 ,a1 ,fragm5t %[+ ,/]nb]g pi? & wood2 a1 m$ull>y %ea?2 b1 pi?2 c1 wood2 d1 section ( pi?1 ,b1 ,wood-cell2 a1 hexagonal areole2 b1 pore1 c1 ,longitud9al section ( wood1 %[+1 a1 areolation1 & b1 m$ull>y rays1 ,d1 ,transv]se section1 %[+1 a1 wood-cells1 & b1 limit ( lay] ( gr[?1 7,b1 ,c1 ,d1 highly magnifi$47 ,^! primitive p9es make _! appe>ance 9 ! ,middle ,erian1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,am]ica1 z well z 9 ,scotl& & ,g]many1 & !y are repres5t$ by wood indicat+ ! pres5ce ( sev]al species4 ,i h myself indicat$ & describ$ five species f ! ,erian ( ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,f ! fact t ^! trees are repres5t$ by drift$ trunks emb$d$ 9 s&/ones & m>9e lime/ones1 we may1 p]haps1 inf] t !y grew on ! ris+ gr\nds ( ! ,erian l&1 & t _! trunks 7 c>ri$ by riv]-floods into ! sea4 ,no in/ance has yet c]ta9ly occurr$ ( ! discov]y ( _! foliage or fruit1 ?\gh !re are "s fan-%ap$ leaves usually reg>d$ z f]ns :i* may h belong$ to su* trees4 ,^! 9 t case w\ld h resembl$ ! mod]n ,g+ko ( ,*9a1 & "s ( ! fruits ref]r$ to ! g5us ,c>dioc>pum may h be5 produc$ by !m4 ,v>i\s names h be5 giv5 to ^! trees4 ,i h pref]r$ t giv5 by ,ung]1 ,dadoxylon1 z be+ m non-committal z to aff9ities ?an ! o!rs4,,bc ,_m ( ^! trees _h v long int]nal pi?-cyl9d]s1 ) curi\s transv]se tubul1 & :i*1 :5 pres]v$ sep>ately1 h be5 nam$ ,/]nb]gia4 ,,bc ,arauc>ites1 ,goepp]t2 ,arauc>ioxylon1 ,kraus4 ,alli$ to ^! trees1 & p]haps int]m$iate betwe5 !m & ! ,cycads1 7 ^? kn[n z ,cordaites 7,fig4 #cj71 :i* _h trunks resembl+ ^? ( ,dadoxylon1 b ) /ill l>g] ,/]nb]gia pi?s & an int]nal axis ( scal>i=m vessels1 surr\nd$ by a comp>atively ?9 woody cyl9d]4 ,"s ( !m h leaves ov] a foot 9 l5g?1 rem9d+ "o ( ! leaves ( broad-leav$ grasses or iridace\s plants4 ,yet _! fl[]s & fruit seem to h be5 m ne>ly alli$ to ! yews ?an to any o!r plants 7,fig4 #ca74 ,_! /ems 7 less woody & _! pi?s l>g] ?an 9 ! true p9es1 & "s ( ! l>g]-leav$ species mu/ h _h ?ick1 /iff bran*es4 ,!y are reg>d$ z con/itut+ a sep>ate family1 int]m$iate betwe5 p9es & cycads1 &1 beg9n+ 9 ! ,middle ,devonian1 !y t]m9ate 9 ! ,p]mian1 :]e1 h[ev]1 "s ( ! mo/ gigantic species occur4 ,9 s f> z ! =m & /ructure ( ! leaves1 /ems1 & fruit are conc]n$1 !re is m>vell\sly little diff]5ce betwe5 ! species f\nd 9 ! ,erian & ! ,p]mian4 ,!y culm9at$1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 & ! coal-fields ( s\!rn ,france h prov$ s f> ! ri*e/ 9 _! rema9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4--;,cordaites ,robbii 7,erian1 ,new ,brunswick71 a1 ,gr\p ( "y leaves4 b1 ,po9t ( leaf1 c1 ,base ( leaf1 d4 ,v5ation1 magnifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4--;,erian fruits1 c41 "s gymnosp]m\s1 & probably ( ,cordaites & ,tax9e trees 7,/4 ,john1 ,new ,brunswick71 ,a1 ,c>dioc>pum cornutum4 ,b1 ,c>dioc>pum acutum4 ,c1 ,c>dioc>pum ,crampii4 ,d1 ,c>dioc>pum ,baileyi4 ,e1 ,trigonoc>pum racemosum4 ,e#a1 ,e#b1 ,fruits enl>g$1 ,f1 ,an?oli!s ,devonicus4 ,g1 ,annul>ia acum9ata1 ,h1 ,a/]ophyllites acicul>is4 ,h#b1 ,fruit ( ! same1 ,k1 ,c>dioc>pum 78 "y ( ,a471 ,l1 ,p9nul>ia dispalans 7probably a root74 ,la/ly1 a s+le specim51 collect$ by ,pr(4 ,james ,hall1 ( ,albany1 at ,eighte5-mile ,creek1 ,lake ,erie1 has ! /ructure ( an ord9>y angiosp]m\s exog51 & has be5 describ$ by me z ,syr+oxylon mirabile4,,bd ,?is unique example is suffici5t to e/abli% ! fact ( ! exi/5ce ( su* plants at ?is e>ly date1 unless "s accid5t may h c>ri$ a specim5 f a lat] =mation to be mix$ ) ,erian fossils4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ! non-occurr5ce ( any simil> wood 9 all ! =mations betwe5 ! ,upp] ,erian & ! ,middle ,cretace\s sugge/s v grave d\bt z to ! au!nticity ( ! specim54 ,i record ! fact1 wait+ fur!r discov]ies to confirm x4 ,( ! "* ( ! specim5 :i* ,i h describ$ ,i ent]ta9 no d\bt4 ,,bd ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 vol4 xviii4 ,we %all be bett] able to realise ! significance & relations ( ?is anci5t flora :5 we h /udi$ t ( ! succe$+ ,c>bonif]\s4 ,we may m]ely rem>k "h on ! fact t1 9 ^! =e/s ( ! ,devonian & 9 ! m>%es on _! m>g9s1 we f9d a wond]ful expansion ( ! n[ mode/ gr\ps ( ,rhizoc>ps & ,lycopods1 & t ! flora z a :ole belongs to ! highe/ gr\p ( ,cryptogams & ! l[e/ ( ,phnogams1 s t x has ab\t x a rem>kable aspect ( m$iocrity4 ,fur!r1 :ile !re is evid5ce ( "s v>iety ( /ation1 !re is also evid5ce ( mu* equality ( climate1 & ( a condition ( ?+s m resembl+ t ( ! insul> climates ( ! temp]ate portions ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e ?an t ( ,nor? ,am]ica or ,europe at pres5t4 ,! only animal inhabitants ( ^! ,devonian woods1 s f> z kn[n1 7 a few species ( insects1 discov]$ by ,h>tt 9 ,new ,brunswick1 & describ$ by ,dr4 ,scudd]4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 we n[ "k t scorpions z well z insects exi/$ 9 ! ,silurian1 x is probable t ^! also occurr$ 9 ! ,erian1 ?\gh _! rema9s h n yet be5 discov]$4 ,all ! kn[n insects ( ! ,erian woods are allies ( ! %ad-flies & gras%opp]s 7,neuropt]a & ,or?opt]a71 or int]m$iate betwe5 ! two4 ,x is probable t ! l>v ( mo/ ( !m liv$ 9 wat] & f$ ^u ! abundant vegetable matt] !re1 or on ! num]\s m9ute cru/aceans & worms4 ,!re 7 no l& v]tebrates1 s f> z kn[n1 b !re 7 fi%es 7,dipt]us1 etc471 alli$ to ! mod]n ,b>ramunda or ,c]atodus ( ,au/ralia1 & ) tee? suit$ = gr9d+ vegetable food4 ,x is also possible t "s ( ! small] plate-cov]$ fi%es 7,placoganoids1 l ,pt]i*?ys7 might h f$ on vegetable matt]1 &1 9 any case1 if !y f$ on l[] animals1 ! latt] mu/ h subsi/$ on plants4 ,i m5tion ^! facts to %[ t ! sup]abundant vegetation ( ?is age1 :e!r aquatic or t]re/rial1 0 n :olly useless to animals4 ,x is q likely1 also1 t we h yet mu* to le>n ( ! animal life ( ! ,erian swamps & woods4 ,,notes ,,to ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,i4--,classification ( ,sporangites4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 v unsatisfactory to give names to m]e fragm5ts ( plants1 yet x seems v desirable to h "s means ( arrang+ !m4 ,) respect to ! organisms describ$ above1 :i* 7 orig9ally call$ by me ,sporangites1 "u ! supposition t !y 7 ,sporangia r ?an spores1 ?is "n has s f> be5 v9dicat$ by ! discov]y ( ! spore-cases belong+ to !m1 s t ,i ?9k x may /ill be reta9$ z a provisional "n2 b ,i w\ld designate ! :ole z ,protosalv9i1 mean+ !reby plants ) rhizoc>pean aff9ities1 ?\gh possibly :5 bett] und]/ood belong+ to diff]5t g5]a4 ,we may "u ^! names speak ( _! deta*$ discs z macrospores & ( _! cellul> envelopes z sporoc>ps4 ,! foll[+ may be recogniz$ z di/9ct =ms3 #a4 ,protosalv9ia ,huron5sis1 ,dawson1 ,syn41 ,sporangites ,huron5sis1 ,report on ,erian ,flora ( ,canada1 #ahga4--,macrospores1 9 ! =m ( discs or globes1 smoo? & ?ick-wall$1 ! walls p5etrat$ by m9ute radiat+ pores4 ,diamet] ab\t "o "o-hundr$? ( an in*1 or a little m1 ,:5 9 situ sev]al macrospores are conta9$ 9 a ?9 cellul> sporoc>p1 probably globul> 9 =m4 ,f ! ,upp] ,erian1 & p]haps ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s %ales ( ,kettle ,po9t1 ,lake ,huron1 ( v>i\s places 9 ! ,/ate ( ,ohio1 & 9 ! %ale b\ld]s ( ! b\ld] clay ( ,*icago & vic9ity4 ,fir/ collect$ at ,kettle ,po9t by ,sir ,w4 ,e4 ,logan1 & 9 ,ohio by ,pr(4 ,edw>d ,orton1 & at ,*icago by ,dr4 ,h4 ,a4 ,johnson & ,mr4 ,b4 ,w4 ,?omas1 also 9 ,new ,york by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,m4 ,cl>ke4 ,! macrospores collect$ by ,mr4 ,?omas f ! ,*icago clays & %ales con=m closely to ^? ( ,kettle ,po9t1 & probably belong to ! same species4 ,"s ( !m are ?ick] 9 ! out] wall1 & %[ ! pores mu* m di/9ctly4 ,^! h be5 call$ by ,mr4 ,?omas ,s4 ,*icago5sis1 & may be reg>d$ z a v>ietal =m4 ,specim5s isolat$ f ! %ale & m\nt$ dry1 %[ :at seems to h be5 ! hilum or sc> ( atta*m5t bett] ?an ^? 9 balsam4 ,sections ( ! ,kettle ,po9t %ale %[1 9 addition to ! macrospores1 wid] & ?9n] %r$s ( vegetable matt]1 :i* ,i am incl9$ to suppose to be rema9s ( ! sporoc>ps4 #b4 ,protosalv9ia 7,sporangites7 ,brazili5sis1 ,dawson1 ,canadian ,record ( ,sci5ce1 #ahhc4--,macrospores1 r\nd1 smoo?1 a little long] ?an ^? ( ! la/ species1 or ab\t "o sev5ty-fif? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 enclos$ 9 r\nd1 oval1 or slightly r5i=m sporoc>ps1 ea* conta9+ f f\r to tw5ty-f\r macrospores4 ,longe/ diamet] ( sporoc>ps ?ree to six millimetres4 ,/ructure ( wall ( sporoc>ps hexagonal cellul>4 ,"s sporoc>ps %[ no macrospores1 & may possibly conta9 microspores4 ,! specim5s are f ! ,erian ( ,brazil4 ,discov]$ by ,mr4 ,orville ,d]by4 ,! =mation1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,d]by1 consi/s ( black %ales bel[1 ab\t ?ree hundr$ feet ?ick1 & conta9+ ! fucoid kn[n z ,spirophyton1 & probably decompos$ vegetable matt]4 ,above ?is is *ocolate & r$di% %ale1 9 :i* ! well-pres]v$ specim5s ( ,protosalv9ia occur4 ,^! b$s are v widely di/ribut$1 & ab\nd 9 ,protosalv9ia & ,spirophyton4 #c4 ,protosalv9ia 7,sporangites7 bilobata1 ,dawson1 ,canadian ,record ( ,sci5ce1 #ahhc4--,sporoc>ps1 oval or r5i=m1 ?ree to six millimetres 9 diamet]1 ea* %[+ two r\nd$ prom95ces at ! ends1 ) a depression 9 ! middle1 & sometimes a rais$ neck or i/hmus at "o side connect+ ! prom95ces4 ,/ructure ( sporoc>p cellul>4 ,"s ( ! specim5s indicate t ea* prom95ce or tub]cle conta9$ sev]al macrospores4 ,at fir/ sight x w\ld be easy to mi/ake ^! bodies = valves ( ,beyri*ia4 ,f\nd 9 ! same =mations ) ! la/ species1 ?\gh1 9 s f> z ! specim5s indicate1 n precisely 9 ! same b$s4 ,collect$ by ,mr4 ,d]by4 #d4 ,protosalv9ia ,cl>kei1 ,dawson1 ,p4 bilobata1 ,cl>ke1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce4--,macrospores two-?irds to "o millimetre 9 diamet]4 ,"o1 two1 or ?ree conta9$ 9 ea* sporoc>p1 :i* is cellul>4 ,! macrospores h v ?ick walls ) radiat+ tortu\s tubes4 ,unless ?is /ructure is a result ( m9]al cry/allisation1 ^! macrospores mu/ h _h v ?ick walls & mu/ h resembl$ 9 /ructure ! ?ick5$ cells ( /one fruits & ( ! core ( ! pe>1 or ! te/s ( ! ,silurian & ,erian se$s kn[n z ,pa*y!ca1 ?\gh on a small] scale4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t bodies simil> to ^! occur 9 ! ,boghead e>?y bitum51 & h be5 describ$ by ,cr$n]4 ,i h f\nd simil> bodies 9 ! s-call$ ,/ell> coal ( ! coal di/rict ( ,pict\1 ,nova ,scotia1 "s lay]s ( :i* are fill$ ) !m4 ,!y occur 9 gr\ps or pat*es1 :i* seem to be enclos$ 9 a smoo? & ?9 membrane or sporoc>p4 ,x is q likely t ^! bodies are g5]ically di/9ct f ,protosalv9ia4 #e4 ,protosalv9ia punctata1 ,newton1 ,geological ,magaz9e1 ,new ,s]ies1 ,decemb] #b;d1 vol4 ii4--,mr4 ,newton has nam$ ! discs f\nd 9 ! :ite coal & ,tasmanite1 ,tasmanites1 ! species be+ ,tasmanites punctatus1 b z my "n ,sporangites _h priority1 ,i d n ?9k x necess>y to adopt ?is t]m1 ?\gh !re c be little d\bt t ^! organisms are ( simil> "*4 ,! same rem>k may be made ) ref]5ce to ! bodies describ$ by ,huxley & ,newton z occurr+ 9 ! ,bett]-b$ coal4 ,9 ,)am's ,int]nal ,/ructure ( ,fossil ,vegetables1 #ahcc1 ,plate ,,xi1 are figures ( ,lanca%ire cannel :i* %[s ,sporangites ( ! type ( ^? 9 ! ,erian %ales4 ,quekett1 9 8 ,report on ! ,torbane ,hill ,m9]al1 #ahed1 has v well figur$ simil> /ructures f ! ,me!l coal & ! ,lesmahag[ cannel coal4 ,^! are ! e>lie/ publications on ! subject kn[n to me2 & ,quekett1 ?\gh n und]/&+ ! nature ( ! bodies he obs]v$1 holds t !y are a usual +r$i5t 9 cannel coals4 ,,ii4--,! ,nature & ,aff9ities ( ,ptilophyton4 7,lycopodites ,vanuxemii ( ,report on ,devonian & ,upp] ,silurian ,plants1 ,"p ,i41 page #ce1 ,l4 plumula ( ,report on ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s ,plants1 page #bd1 ,plate ,i41 ,figs4 #g1 #h1 #i47 ,9 ! reports above ref]r$ to1 ^! rem>kable p9nate1 frond-l objects 7 ref]r$ to ! g5us ,lycopodites1 z _h be5 done by ,goepp]t 9 8 description ( ! ,european species ,lycopodites p5n=mis1 :i* is v ne> to ! ,am]ican ,erian =m4 ,s9ce #ahga1 h[ev]1 !re h be5 _m new specim5s obta9$1 & v v>i\s op9ions express$ z to _! aff9ities4 ,:ile ,hall has nam$ "s ( !m ,plumal9a1 & has reg>d$ !m z animal /ructures1 alli$ to hydroids1 ,lesqu]eux has describ$ "s ( ! ,c>bonif]\s =ms "u ! g5]ic "n ,tro*ophyllum1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 m appropriate to plants ) v]ticillate leaves :i* are includ$ 9 ?is g5us4 ,be=e ,i _h se5 ! publications ( ,hall & ,lesqu]eux on ! subject1 ,i _h 9 a pap] on ,scotti% ,devonian ,plants,,be sep>at$ ?is gr\p f ! g5us ,lycopodites1 & =m$ = x ! g5us ,ptilophyton1 9 allusion to ! fea!r-l aspect ( ! species4 ,my reasons = ?is1 & my pres5t in=mation z to ! nature ( ^! plants1 may be /at$ z foll[s3 ,s*imp]1 9 8 ,palontologie ,vegetale 7possibly f inatt5tion to ! descriptions or want ( access to specim5s71 d\bts ! lycopodiace\s "* ( species ( ,lycopodites describ$ 9 my publi%$ pap]s on plants ( ! ,devonian ( ,am]ica & 9 my ,report ( #ahga4 ,( ^!1 ,l4 ,ri*>dsoni & ,l4 ,mat!wi are und\bt$ly v ne> to ! mod]n g5us ,lycopodium4 ,l4 ,vanuxemii is1 ,i admit1 m problematical2 b ,s*imp] c\ld sc>cely h suppos$ x to be a f]n or a fucoid alli$ to ,caul]pa _h he obs]v$ t bo? 9 my species & ! alli$ ,l4 p5n=mis ( ,goepp]t1 :i* he does n appe> to notice1 ! p9nules are articulat$ ^u ! /em1 & leave sc>s :]e !y h fall5 (f4 ,:5 9 ,belfa/ 9 #ahgj1 my att5tion 0 aga9 direct$ to ! aff9ities ( ^! plants by f9d+ 9 ,pr(4 ,?omson's collection a specim5 f ,cai?ness1 :i* %[s a plant app>5tly ( ?is k9d1 ) ! same long n>r[ p9na8 or leaflets1 atta*$1 h[ev]1 to ?ick] /ems1 & roll$ up 9 a circ9ate mann]4 ,x seems to be a plant 9 v]nation1 & ! p>ts are too mu* cr[d$ & press$ toge!r to admit ( be+ accurately figur$ or describ$2 b ,i ?9k ,i c sc>cely be deceiv$ z to its true nature4 ,! circ9ate arrangem5t 9 ?is case w\ld fav\r a relation%ip to f]ns2 b "s lycopodiace\s plants also roll !mselves 9 ?is way1 & s d ! bran*es ( ! plants ( ! g5us ,psilophyton4 7,fig4 #ag1 supra47 ,,be ,canadian ,naturali/1 #ahgh4 ,! specim5 consi/s ( a %ort1 erect /em1 on :i* are plac$ some:at /\t alt]nate bran*es1 ext5d+ obliquely outw>d & !n curv+ inw>d 9 a circ9ate mann]4 ,! l[] ones appe> to produce on _! inn] sides %ort lat]al bran*lets1 & ^u ^!1 & also ^u ! curv$ extremities ( ! bran*es1 are long1 n>r[1 l9e> leaves plac$ 9 a cr[d$ mann]4 ,! specim5 is ?us n a spike ( fructification1 b a "y /em or bran* 9 v]nation1 & :i* :5 unroll$ w\ld be ( ! =m ( ^? peculi> p9nate ,lycopodites ( :i* ,l4 ,vanuxemii ( ! ,am]ican ,devonian & ,l4 p5n=mis ( ! ,european ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s are ! types1 & x %[s1 :at might h be5 anticipat$ f o!r specim5s1 t !y 7 l[1 tuft$ plants1 circ9ate 9 v]nation4 ,! %ort /em ( ?is plant is simply furr[$1 & be>s no resemblance to a deta*$ bran* ( ,lycopodites ,mill]i :i* lies at "r angles to x on ! same slab4 ,z to ! aff9ities ( ! s+ul> type ( plants to :i* ?is specim5 belongs1 ,i may quote f my ,report on ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s ,plants ( ,canada1 9 :i* ,i h describ$ an alli$ species1 ,l4 plumula3 ,! botanical relations ( ^! plants mu/ rema9 subject to d\bt1 until ei!r _! int]nal /ructure or _! fructification c be discov]$4 ,9 ! mean "t ,i foll[ ,goepp]t 9 plac+ !m 9 :at we mu/ reg>d z ! provisional g5us ,lycopodites4 ,on ! "o h&1 !y are n unlike ! sl5d] twigs ( ,taxodium & simil> ,conif]s1 & ! highly c>bonace\s "* ( ! /ems gives "s col\r to ! supposition t !y may h be5 woody plants4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y might1 s f> z =m is conc]n$1 be plac$ ) ,alg ( ! type ( ,brongni>t's ,*ondrites obtusus1 or ! mod]n ,caul]pa plum>ia4 ,aga91 9 a plant ( ?is type f ! ,devonian ( ,cai?ness to :i* ,i h ref]r$ 9 a =m] memoir1 ! v]nation seems to h be5 circ9ate1 & ,s*imp] has conjectur$ t ^! plants may be f]ns1 :i* seems also to h be5 ! view ( ,%um>d4 ,on ! :ole1 ^! plants are alli$ to ,lycopods r ?an to f]ns2 & z !y con/itute a small b di/9ct gr\p1 kn[n only1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 9 ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s & ,erian or ,devonian1 !y des]ve a g5]ic "n1 & ,i propos$ = !m 9 my ,pap] on ,scotti% ,devonian ,plants1 #ahgh1 t ( ,ptilophyton1 a "n suffici5tly di/9ct 9 s\nd f ,psilophyton1 & express+ v well _! peculi> fea!r-l habit ( gr[?4 ,! g5us 0 def9$ z foll[s3 ,bran*+ plants1 ! bran*es be>+ long1 sl5d] leaves 9 two or m ranks1 giv+ !m a fea!r$ appe>ance2 v]nation circ9ate4 ,fruit unkn[n1 b analogy w\ld indicate t x 0 borne on ! bases ( ! leaves or on modifi$ bran*es ) %ort] leaves4 ,! ,scotti% specim5 above ref]r$ to 0 nam$ ,pt4 ,?omsoni1 & 0 *>act]is$ by its d5sely tuft$ =m & ?ick bran*es4 ,! o!r species kn[n are3 ,pt4 p5n=mis1 ,goepp]t1 ,l4 ,c>bonif]\s2 ,pt4 ,vanuxemii1 ,dawson1 ,devonian2 ,pt4 plumula1 ,dawson1 ,l4 ,c>bonif]\s4 ,%um>d's ,filicites gracilis1 f ! ,devonian ( ,ohio1 & ,/ur's ,p9ites antec$5s1 f ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s ( ,silesia1 may possibly belong to ! same g5us4 ,! ,scotti% specim5 ref]r$ to is app>5tly ! fir/ appe>ance ( ?is =m 9 ! ,devonian ( ,europe4 ,i h at a /ill lat] date _h opportunities ( /udy+ consid]able s]ies ( ^! plants collect$ by ,pr(4 ,williams1 ( ,cornell ,univ]sity1 & prep>$ a note 9 ref]5ce to !m = ! ,am]ican ,association1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 only an ab/ract has be5 publi%$4 ,i h also be5 fav\r$ by ,pr(4 ,lesqu]eux & ,mr4 ,lacoe1 ( ,pitt/on1 ) ! opportunity ( /udy+ ! specim5s ref]r$ to ,tro*ophyllum4 ,pr(4 ,williams's specim5s occur 9 a d>k %ale associat$ ) rema9s ( l&-plants ( ! g5]a ,psilophyton4 ,rhodea1 c41 & also m>9e %ells1 ( :i* a small species ( ,rhyn*onella is (t5 atta*$ to ! /ems ( ! ,ptilophyton4 ,?us ^! organisms h evid5tly be5 deposit$ 9 m>9e b$s1 b 9 association ) l&-plants4 ,! /udy ( ! specim5s collect$ by ,pr(4 ,williams develops ! foll[+ facts3 7#a7 ,! plants are n cont9u\s fronds1 b sl5d] /ems or petioles1 ) n>r[1 l9e> leaflets atta*$ 9 a p9nate mann]4 7#b7 ,! p9nules are s articulat$ t !y break (f1 leav+ delicate transv]se sc>s1 & ! l[] p>ts ( ! /ems are (t5 ?us d5ud$ ( p9n = ! l5g? ( "o or m in*es4 7#c7 ,! /ems curve 9 su* a mann] z to indicate a circ9ate v]nation4 7#d7 ,9 a few in/ances ! fronds 7 obs]v$ to divide di*otom\sly t[>d ! top2 b ?is is r>e4 7#e7 ,!re are no indications ( cells 9 ! p9nules2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is no appe>ance ( fructification unless ! m9ute granules :i* r\gh5 "s ( ! /]ns are ( ?is nature4 7#f7 ,! /ems seem to h be5 lax & flexu\s1 & 9 "s in/ances !y seem to h gr[n on ! petioles ( f]ns pres]v$ ) !m 9 ! same b$s4 7#g7 ,! frequ5cy ( ! atta*m5t ( small bra*iopods to ! specim5s ( ,ptilophyton w\ld seem to indicate t ! plant /ood erect 9 ! wat]4 7#h7 ,"s ( ! specim5s %[ s mu* c>bonace\s matt] z to indicate t ! p9nules 7 ( consid]able consi/5cy4 ,all ^! *>act]s are ^? r ( an aquatic plant ?an ( an animal organism or ( a l&-plant4 ,! specim5s communicat$ by ,pr(4 ,lesqu]eux & ,mr4 ,lacoe are f ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s1 & evid5tly repres5t a diff]5t species ) simil> sl5d] pitt$ /ems1 (t5 p>tially d5ud$ ( p9nules bel[2 b ! p9nules are mu* broad] & m di/ant4 ,!y are atta*$ by v n>r[ bases1 & app>5tly t5d to lie on a plane1 ?\gh !y may possibly h be5 spirally arrang$4 ,on ! same slabs are r\nd$ sporangia or macrospores l ^? ( ,lepidod5dron1 b !re is no evid5ce t ^! belong$ to ,tro*ophyllum4 ,on ! /ems ( ?is plant1 h[ev]1 !re are small1 r\nd$ bodies app>5tly tak+ ! places ( "s ( ! p9nules4 ,^! may possibly be spore-cases2 b !y may be m]ely imp]fectly develop$ p9nules4 ,/ill ! fact t simil> small granules appe> on ! /ems ( ! ,devonian species1 fav\rs ! idea t !y may be organs ( fructification4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ discov]y1 h[ev]1 :i* results f ! /udy ( ,mr4 ,lacoe's specim5s1 is t ! p9nules 7 cyl9drical & holl[1 & probably s]v$ to float ! plant4 ,?is w\ld acc\nt = _m ( ! peculi>ities 9 ! appe>ance & mode ( occurr5ce ( ! ,devonian ,ptilophyton1 :i* are readily expla9$ if x is suppos$ to be an aquatic plant1 atta*+ itself to ! /ems ( subm]g$ vegetable rema9s & /&+ erect 9 ! wat] by virtue ( its holl[ leaves4 ,x may well1 h[ev]1 h be5 a plant ( high] organisation ?an ! ,alg1 ?\gh no d\bt cryptogam\s4 ,! species ( ,ptilophyton w ?us con/itute a peculi> gr\p ( aquatic plants1 belong+ to ! ,devonian & ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s p]iods1 & p]haps alli$ to ,lycopods & ,pillworts 9 _! organisation & fruit1 b specially di/+ui%$ by _! l9e> leaves s]v+ z floats & arrang$ p9nately on sl5d] /ems4 ,! only species yet f\nd )9 ! limits ( ,canada is ,pt4 plumula1 f\nd by ,dr4 ,honeyman 9 ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s ( ,nova ,scotia2 b z ,pt4 ,vanuxemii ab\nds 9 ! ,erian ( ,new ,york1 x w no d\bt be f\nd 9 ,canada also4 ,,iii4--,tree-,f]ns ( ! ,erian ,p]iod4 ,z ! fact ( ! occurr5ce ( true tree-f]ns 9 rocks s old z ! ,middle ,erian or ,devonian has be5 d\bt$ 9 "s qu>t]s1 ! foll[+ summ>y is giv5 f descriptions publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,london 7#ahga & #ahha71 :]e figures ( ! species w be f\nd3 ,( ! num]\s f]ns n[ kn[n 9 ! ,middle & ,upp] ,devonian ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 a great numb] are small & delicate species1 :i* 7 probably h]bace\s2 b !re are o!r species :i* may h be5 tree-f]ns4 ,little def9ite in=mation1 h[ev]1 has1 until rec5tly1 be5 obta9$ ) reg>d to _! habit ( gr[?4 ,! only species kn[n to me 9 ! ,devonian ( ,europe is ! ,caulopt]is ,pea*ii ( ,salt]1 figur$ 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society = #aheh4 ,! orig9al specim5 ( ?is ,i _h an opportunity ( see+ 9 ,london1 ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,e!ridge1 & h no d\bt t x is ! /em ( a small arboresc5t f]n1 alli$ to ! g5us ,caulopt]is1 ( ! coal =mation4 ,9 my pap] on ! ,devonian ( ,ea/]n ,am]ica 7,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 #ahfb71 ,i m5tion$ a plant f\nd by ,mr4 ,ri*>dson at ,p]ry1 z possibly a species ( ,megaphyton1 us+ t t]m to d5ote ^? /ems ( tree-f]ns :i* h ! leaf-sc>s 9 two v]tical s]ies2 b ! specim5 0 obscure1 & ,i h n yet obta9$ any o!r4 ,m rec5tly1 9 #ahfi1 ,pr(4 ,hall plac$ 9 my h&s an int]e/+ collection f ,gilboa1 ,new ,york1 & ,madison ,c\nty1 ,new ,york1 includ+ two trunks surr\nd$ by arial roots1 :i* ,i h describ$ z ,ps>onius textilis & ,p4 ,erianus1 9 my ,revision ( ! ,devonian ,flora1 read be=e ! ,royal ,society4,,bf ,9 ! same collection 7 two v l>ge petioles1 ,rha*iopt]is gigantea & ,r4 palmata1 :i* ,i h sugge/$ may h belong$ to tree-f]ns4 ,,bf ,ab/ract 9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society1 ,may1 #ahgj2 also ,report on ,erian ,plants ( ,canada1 #ahga4 ,my det]m9ation ( ! species ( ,ps>onius1 above m5tion$1 has rec5tly be5 completely confirm$ by ! discov]y on ! "p ( ,mr4 ,lockwood1 ( ,gilboa1 ( ! upp] "p ( "o ( ^! /ems1 ) its leaf-sc>s pres]v$ & petioles atta*$1 & also by "s rem>kable specim5s obta9$ by ,pr(4 ,newb]ry1 ( ,new ,york1 f ! ,cornif]\s lime/one ( ,ohio1 :i* indicate ! exi/5ce !re ( ?ree species ( tree-f]ns1 "o ( !m ) arial roots simil> to ^? ( ! ,gilboa specim5s4 ,! :ole ( ^! specim5s ,dr4 ,newb]ry has k9dly all[$ me to exam9e1 & has p]mitt$ me to describe ! ,gilboa specim51 z connect$ ) ^? :i* ,i =m]ly /udi$ 9 ,pr(4 ,hall's collections4 ,! specim5s f ,ohio he has himself nam$1 b all[s me to notice !m "h by way ( comp>ison ) ! o!rs4 ,i %all add "s notes on specim5s f\nd ) ! ,gilboa f]ns4 ,x may be fur!r obs]v$ t ! ,gilboa specim5s are f a b$ conta9+ erect /umps ( tree-f]ns1 9 ! ,*emung gr\p ( ! ,upp] ,devonian1 :ile ^? f ,ohio are f a m>9e lime/one1 belong+ to ! l[] "p ( ! ,middle ,devonian4 #a4 ,caulopt]is ,lockwoodi1 ,dawson4--,trunk f two to ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 rugose longitud9ally4 ,leaf-sc>s broad1 r\nd$ above1 & radiat+ly rugose1 ) an irregul> sc> bel[1 arrang$ spirally 9 ab\t five ranks2 vascul> bundles n di/9ctly pres]v$4 ,petioles sl5d]1 mu* exp&$ at ! base1 divid+ at fir/ 9 a p9nate mann]1 & aft]w>ds di*otom\sly4 ,ultimate p9n ) rema9s ( num]\s1 app>5tly n>r[ p9nules4 ,?is /em is probably ! upp] "p ( "o or o!r ( ! species ( ,ps>onius f\nd 9 ! same b$ 7,p4 ,erianus1 ,dawson1 & ,p4 textilis1 ,dawson74,,bg ,x appe>s to h be5 an erect /em emb$d$ 9 situ 9 s&/one1 & pres]v$ z a ca/4 ,! /em is small1 be+ only two in*es1 or a little m1 9 diamet]4 ,x is co>sely wr9kl$ longitud9ally1 & cov]$ ) l>ge leaf-sc>s1 ea* an in* 9 diamet]1 ( a horse%oe-%ape4 ,! petioles1 five ( :i* rema91 sep>ate f ^! sc>s ) a di/9ct articulation1 except at "o po9t ne> ! base1 :]e probably a bundle or bundles ( vessels pass$ into ! petiole4 ,!y reta9 _! =m at ! atta*m5t to ! /em1 b a little di/ance f x !y are flatt5$4 ,!y are inflat$ at ! base1 & some:at rapidly dim9i% 9 size4 ,! leaf-sc>s v>y 9 =m1 & are n v di/9ct1 b !y appe> to pres5t a semicircul> r[ ( pits above1 l>ge/ 9 ! middle4 ,f ^! !re proce$ d[nw>d a s]ies ( irregul> furr[s1 conv]g+ to a second & m obscure semicircle ( pits1 )9 or bel[ :i* is ! irregul> sc> or break above ref]r$ to4 ,! attitude & =m ( ! petioles w be se5 f ,fig4 #bd1 supra4 ,,bg ,memoir on ,devonian ,flora1 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society1 ,may1 #ahgj4 ,! petioles are brok5 (f )9 a few in*es ( ! /em2 b o!r fragm5ts f\nd 9 ! same b$s appe> to %[ _! cont9uation1 & "s rema9s ( _! foliage4 ,"o specim5 %[s a s]ies ( processes at ! sides1 :i* seem to be ! rema9s ( small p9n1 or possibly ( sp9es on ! m>g9 ( ! petiole4 ,o!r fragm5ts %[ ! division ( ! frond1 at fir/ 9 a p9nate mann]1 & subsequ5tly by bifurcation2 & "s fragm5ts %[ rema9s ( p9nules1 possibly ( f]tile p9nules4 ,^! are v indi/9ct1 b w\ld seem to %[ t ! plant approa*$1 9 ! =m ( its fronds & ! arrangem5t ( its fructification1 to ! ,cyclopt]ids ( ! sub-g5us ,aneimites1 "o ( :i* 7,aneimites ,acadica71 f ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s ( ,nova ,scotia1 ,i h else:]e describ$ z probably a tree-f]n1,,bh ,! fronds 7 evid5tly diff]5t f ^? ( ,ar*opt]is,,bi a g5us *>act]i/ic ( ! same b$s1 b ( v diff]5t habit ( gr[?4 ,?is accords ) ! fact t !re is 9 ,pr(4 ,hall's collection a mass ( fronds ( ,cyclopt]is 7,ar*opt]is7 ,jacksoni1 s arrang$ z to make x probable t ! plant 0 an h]bace\s f]n1 produc+ tufts ( fronds on %ort /ems 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,! obscurity ( ! leaf-sc>s may r5d] x d\btful :e!r ! plant above describ$ %\ld be plac$ 9 ! g5us ,caulopt]is or 9 ,/emmatopt]is2 b x appe>s mo/ ne>ly alli$ to ! =m]4 ,! g5us is at pres5t1 ( c\rse1 a provisional "o2 b ,i h ?\ght x only ju/ice to ! dilig5t lab\rs ( ,mr4 ,lockwood to "n ?is curi\s & int]e/+ fossil ,caulopt]is ,lockwoodi4 ,,bh ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 #ahfj4 ,,bi ,! g5us to :i* ! well-kn[n ,cyclopt]is 7,adiantites7 ,hib]nicus ( ! ,devonian ( ,irel& belongs4 ,i h else:]e rem>k$ on ! fact t trunks1 & petioles1 & p9nules ( f]ns are curi\sly dissociat$ 9 ! ,devonian b$s--an effect ( wat]-sort+1 *>act]i/ic ( a p]iod 9 :i* ! conditions ( deposition 7 s v>i$4 ,ano!r example ( ?is is1 t 9 ! s&/ones ( ,gasp ,bay1 :i* h n z yet af=d$ any example ( fronds ( f]ns1 !re are compress$ trunks1 :i* ,mr4 ,lockwood's specim5s all[ me at lea/ to conjecture may h belong$ to tree-f]ns1 al?\gh none ( !m are suffici5tly p]fect = description4 ,mr4 ,lockwood's collection includes specim5s ( ,ps>onius textilis2 & 9 addition to ^! !re are rema9s ( erect /ems some:at diff]5t 9 "*1 yet possibly belong+ to ! high] p>ts ( ! same species ( tree-f]n4 ,"o ( ^! is a /em cru%$ 9 su* a mann] t x does n exhibit its =m ) any di/9ctness1 b surr\nd$ by smoo?1 cyl9drical roots1 radiat+ f x 9 bundles1 proce$+ at fir/ horizontally1 & !n curv+ d[nw>d1 & sometimes t]m9at+ 9 r\nd$ ends4 ,!y resemble 9 =m & size ! arial roots ( ,ps>onius ,erianus2 & ,i believe !m to be simil> roots f a high] "p ( ! /em1 & "s ( !m "y & n prolong$ suffici5tly f> to rea* ! gr\nd4 ,?is specim5 w\ld ?us repres5t ! /em ( ,p4 ,erianus at a high] level ?an ^? previ\sly f\nd4 ,we c ?us 9 imag9ation re/ore ! trunk & cr[n ( ?is once graceful tree-f]n1 ?\gh we h n ! detail ( its fronds4 ,mr4 ,lockwood's collections also conta9 a specim5 ( ! l>ge f]n-petiole :i* ,i h nam$ ,rha*iopt]is punctata4 ,my orig9al specim5 0 obta9$ by ,pr(4 ,hall f ! same horizon 9 ,new ,york4 ,t ( ,mr4 ,lockwood is ( l>g] size1 b reta9s no rema9s ( ! frond4 ,x mu/ h belong$ to a species q di/9ct f ,caulopt]is ,lockwoodi1 b :i* may1 l x1 h be5 a tree-f]n4 #b4 ,caulopt]is antiqua1 ,newb]ry4--,?is is a flatt5$ /em1 on a slab ( lime/one1 conta9+ ,bra*iopods1 ,trilobites1 c41 ( ! ,cornif]\s lime/one4 ,x is ab\t eighte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 & ?ree & a half in*es 9 av]age bread?4 ,! expos$ side %[s ab\t tw5ty-two l>ge leaf-sc>s arrang$ spirally4 ,ea* leaf1 :]e brok5 (f1 has left a r\gh fracture2 & above ?is is a semicircul> impression ( ! petiole aga9/ ! /em1 :i*1 z well z ! surface ( ! bases ( ! petioles1 is longitud9ally /riat$ or tub]culat$4 ,! /ructures are n pres]v$1 b m]ely ! out] epid]mis1 z a coaly film4 ,! /em altoge!r mu* resembles ,caulopt]is ,pea*ii1 b is ( l>g] size4 ,x diff]s f ,c4 ,lockwoodi 9 ! m elongat$ leaf-bases1 & 9 ! leaves be+ m remotely plac$2 b x is evid5tly ( ! same g5]al "* ) t species4 #c4 ,caulopt]is 7,protopt]is7 p]egr9a1 ,newb]ry4--,?is is a mu* m int]e/+ species ?an ! la/1 z belong+ to a g5]ic or subg5]ic =m n hi!rto recognis$ bel[ ! ,c>bonif]\s1 & hav+ its m9ute /ructure 9 "p pres]v$4 ,! specim5s are1 l ! la/1 on slabs ( m>9e lime/one ( ! ,cornif]\s =mation1 & flatt5$4 ,"o repres5ts an upp] portion ( ! /em ) leaf-sc>s & rema9s ( petioles2 ano!r a l[] portion1 ) arial roots4 ,! upp] "p is ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 & ab\t a foot 9 l5g?1 & %[s ?irty leaf-sc>s :i* are ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* wide1 & r less 9 dep?4 ,! upp] "p pres5ts a di/9ct r\nd$ & sometimes d\ble m>g9al l9e1 sometimes ) a slight depression 9 ! middle4 ,! l[] "p is irregul>1 & :5 mo/ p]fect %[s sev5 sl5d] vascul> bundles1 pass+ obliquely d[nw>d into ! /em4 ,! m p]fect leaf-bases h ! /ructure pres]v$1 & %[ a delicate1 ?9-wall$1 oval p>5*yma1 :ile ! vascul> bundles %[ scal>i=m vessels ) %ort b>s 9 sev]al r[s1 9 ! mann] ( _m mod]n f]ns4 ,"s ( ! sc>s %[ traces ( ! hippocrepian m>k *>act]i/ic ( ,protopt]is2 & ! arrangem5t ( ! vascul> bundles at ! base ( ! sc>s is ! same z 9 t g5us1 z are also ! g5]al =m & arrangem5t ( ! sc>s4 ,on c>eful exam9ation1 ! species is inde$ v ne> to ! typical ,p4 ,/]nb]gii1 z figur$ by ,corda & ,s*imp]4,,bj ,,bj ,corda1 ,beitrge1 ,pl4 #dh1 copi$ by ,s*imp]1 ,pl4 #eb4 ,! g5us ,protopt]is ( ,/]nb]g1 ?\gh ! orig9al species 7,p4 punctata7 appe>s z a ,lepidod5dron 9 8 e>li] plate 7,plate #d71 & z a ,sigill>ia 7,s4 punctata7 9 ,brongni>t's great "w1 is a true tree-f]n2 & ! /ructure ( "o species 7,p4 ,cottai7 has be5 beautifully figur$ by ,corda4 ,! species hi!rto describ$ are f ! ,c>bonif]\s & ,p]mian4 ,! second specim5 ( ?is species repres5ts a l[] "p ( ! /em4 ,x is ?irte5 in*es long & ab\t f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 & is cov]$ ) a mass ( flatt5$ arial roots ly+ p>allel to ea* o!r1 9 ! mann] ( ! ,ps>onites ( ! coal-=mation & ( ,p4 ,erianus ( ! ,upp] ,erian or ,devonian4 #d4 ,a/]opt]is noveborac5sis1 g54 & sp4 n4--,! g5us ,a/]opt]is is e/abli%$ = /ems ( f]ns hav+ ! axial portion compos$ ( v]tical radiat+ plates ( scal>i=m tissue emb$d$ 9 p>5*yma1 & hav+ ! out] cyl9d] compos$ ( elongat$ cells trav]s$ by leaf-bundles ( ! type ( ^? ( ,zygopt]is4 ,! only species kn[n to me is repres5t$ by a /em #be c5timetres 9 diamet]1 slightly wr9kl$ & pitt$ ext]nally1 p]haps by traces ( arial roots :i* h p]i%$4 ,! transv]se section %[s 9 ! c5tre f\r v]tical plates ( scal>i=m or imp]fectly reticulat$ tissue1 plac$ at "r angles to ea* o!r1 & unit$ 9 ! middle ( ! /em4 ,at a %ort di/ance f ! c5tre1 ea* ( ^! plates divides into two or ?ree1 s z to =m an axis ( f t5 to twelve radiat+ plates1 ) rema9s ( cellul> tissue fill+ ! angul> int]spaces4 ,! greate/ diamet] ( ?is axis is ab\t #ae c5timetre4 ,ext]ior to ! axis ! /em consi/s ( elongat$ cells1 ) some:at ?ick walls1 & m d5se t[>d ! circumf]5ce4 ,! walls ( ^! cells pres5t a curi\s reticulat$ appe>ance1 app>5tly caus$ by ! crack+ ( ! ligne\s l9+ 9 consequ5ce ( contraction 9 ! process ( c>bonization4 ,emb$d$ 9 ?is out] cyl9d] are ab\t twelve vascul> bundles1 ea* ) a dumb-bell-%ap$ gr\p ( scal>i=m vessels enclos$ 9 a %ea? ( ?ick-wall$ fibres4 ,ea* bundle is opposite to "o ( ! rays ( ! c5tral axis4 ,! specim5 %[s ab\t two in*es ( ! l5g? ( ! /em1 & is some:at b5t1 app>5tly by pressure1 at "o end4 ,?is /em is evid5tly t ( a small tree-f]n ( a type1 s f> z kn[n to me1 n be=e describ$1,,bk & con/itut+ a v complex & symmetrical =m ( ! gr\p ( ,palozoic f]ns alli$ to ! g5us ,zygopt]is ( ,s*imp]4 ,! c5tral axis alone has a curi\s resemblance to ! peculi> /em describ$ by ,ung] 7,devonian ,flora ( ,?ur+ia7 "u ! "n ( ,cladoxylon mirabile2 & x is j possible t ?is latt] /em may be ! axis ( "s alli$ plant4 ,! l>ge arial roots ( "s mod]n tree-f]ns ( ! g5us ,angiopt]is h1 h[ev]1 an analog\s radiat+ /ructure4 ,,bk ,pr(4 ,williamson1 to :om ,i h s5t a trac+ ( ! /ructure1 agrees ) me t x is new4 ,! specim5 is f ! collection ( ,b]l9 ,h4 ,wright1 ,esq41 ( ,p5n ,yan1 ,new ,york1 & 0 f\nd 9 ! ,portage gr\p 7,upp] ,erian7 ( ,milo1 ,new ,york1 :]e x 0 associat$ ) l>ge petioles ( f]ns & trunks ( ,lepidod5dra1 probably ,l4 ,*emung5se & ,l4 primvum4 ,! occurr5ce ( ?is & o!r /ems ( tree-f]ns 9 m>9e b$s has rec5tly be5 illu/rat$ by ! obs]vation ( ,pr(4 ,a4 ,agassiz t consid]able quantities ( vegetable matt] c be dr$g$ f great dep?s 9 ! sea on ! leew>d side ( ! ,c>ibbean ,isl&s4 ,! occurr5ce ( ^! trunks fur!r connects itself ) ! great abundance ( l>ge petioles 7,rha*iopt]is7 9 ! same b$s1 :ile ! r>ity ( well-pres]v$ fronds is expla9$ by ! co>s5ess ( ! b$s1 & also by ! probably long mac]ation ( ! plant-rema9s 9 ! sea-wat]4 ,9 connection ) ?is ,i may ref] to ! rem>kable facts rec5tly /at$ by ,williamson,,bl respect+ ! /ems kn[n z ,het]angium & ,lyg9od5dron4 ,x w\ld seem t ^!1 :ile hav+ /rong exog5\s peculi>ities1 are really /ems ( tree-f]ns1 ?us plac+ ?is family 9 ! same position ( advancem5t ) ! ,lycopods & ,equisetace ( ! ,coal p]iod4 ,,bl ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society1 ,janu>y #f1 #ahhg4 ,,iv4--,on ,erian ,trees ( ! ,g5us ,dadoxylon1 ,ung]4 7,arauc>ites ( ,goepp]t1 ,arauc>ioxylon ( ,kraus47 ,l>ge woody trunks1 c>bonis$ or silicifi$1 & %[+ wood-cells ) hexagonal areoles hav+ oval pores inscrib$ 9 !m1 occur abundantly 9 "s b$s ( ! ,middle ,erian ( ,am]ica1 & con/itute ! mo/ common k9d ( fossil wood all ! way to ! ,trias4 ,!y h 9 ! old] =mations1 g5]ally1 sev]al r[s ( pores on ea* fibre1 & m$ull>y rays compos$ ( two or m s]ies ( cells1 b become m simple 9 ^! respects 9 ! ,p]mian & ,triassic s]ies4 ,! names ,arauc>ites & ,arauc>ioxylon are p]haps objectionable1 inasmu* z !y suppose aff9ities to ,arauc>ia :i* may n exi/4 ,ung]'s "n1 :i* is non-committal1 is !re=e1 ,i ?9k1 to be pref]r$4 ,9 my ,acadian ,geology1 & 9 my ,report on ! ,geology ( ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,isl&1 ,i h giv5 reasons = believ+ t ! foliage ( "s at lea/ ( ^! trees 0 t kn[n z ,wal*ia1 & t !y may h borne nutlets 9 ! mann] ( ,tax9e trees 7,trigonoc>pum1 c74 ,gr& d',eury has rec5tly sugge/$ t "s ( !m may h belong$ to ,cordaites1 or to plants includ$ 9 t some:at v>i$ & probably artificial gr\p4 ,! e>lie/ discov]y ( trees ( ?is k9d 9 ! ,erian ( ,am]ica 0 t ( ,mat!w & ,h>tt1 :o f\nd l>ge trunks1 :i* ,i aft]w>ds describ$ z ,dadoxylon ,ouangondianum1 9 ! ,erian s&/one ( ,/4 ,john1 ,new ,brunswick1 h5ce nam$ by ^? geologi/s ! ,dadoxylon s&/one4 ,a little lat]1 simil> wood 0 f\nd by ,pr(4 ,hall & ,pr(4 ,newb]ry 9 ! ,hamilton gr\p ( ,new ,york & ,ohio1 & ! alli$ wood ( ! g5us ,ormoxylon 0 obta9$ by ,pr(4 ,hall 9 ! ,portage gr\p ( ! =m] ,/ate4 ,^! woods prov$ to be specifically di/9ct f t ( ,/4 ,john1 & 7 nam$ by me ,d4 ,halli1 ,d4 ,newb]ryi1 & ,ormoxylon ,erianum4 ,! ?ree species ( ,dadoxylon agre$ 9 hav+ composite m$ull>y rays1 & w\ld ?us belong to ! gr\p ,paloxylon ( ,brongni>t4 ,9 ! case ( ,ormoxylon ?is "* c\ld n be v di/9ctly asc]ta9$1 b ! m$ull>y rays appe>$ to be simple4 ,i am indebt$ to ,pr(4 ,j4 ,m4 ,cl>ke1 ( ,amh]/ ,college1 ,massa*usetts1 = "s well-pres]v$ specim5s ( ano!r species f ! ,g5esee %ale ( ,can&aigua1 ,new ,york4 ,!y %[ small /e9s or bran*es1 ) a cellul> pi? surr\nd$ ) wood ( conif]\s type1 %[+ two to ?ree r[s ( slit-=m$1 bord]$ pores 9 hexagonal bord]s4 ,! m$ull>y %ea? consi/s ( pseudo-scal>i=m & reticulat$ fibres2 b ! mo/ rem>kable feature ( ?is wood is ! /ructure ( ! m$ull>y rays1 :i* are v frequ5t1 b %ort & simple1 sometimes hav+ z few z f\r cells sup]impos$4 ,?is is a "* n be=e obs]v$ 9 conif]\s trees ( s great age1 & allies ?is ,middle ,erian =m ) "s ,c>bonif]\s woods :i* h be5 suppos$ to belong to ,cordaites or ,sigill>ia4 ,9 any case ?is /ructure is new1 & ,i h nam$ ! species ,dadoxylon ,cl>kii1 aft] its discov]]4 ,! specim5s occur1 accord+ to ,pr(4 ,cl>ke1 9 a calc>e\s lay] :i* is fill$ ) ! m9ute %ells ( ,/yliola fissurella ( ,hall1 believ$ to be a ,pt]opod2 & conta9+ also %ells ( ,goniatites & ,gyroc]as4 ,! /ems f\nd are only a few in*es 9 diamet]1 b may be bran*es ( l>g] trees4 ,x ?us appe>s t we already "k five species ( ,conif]\s trees ( ! g5us ,dadoxylon 9 ! ,middle ,erian ( ,am]ica1 an int]e/+ confirmation ( ! facts o!rwise kn[n z to ! great ri*ness & v>iety ( ?is anci5t flora4 ,! late ,pr(4 ,goepp]t in=m$ me t he _h recognis$ simil> wood 9 ! ,devonian ( ,g]many1 & !re c be no d\bt t ! fossil wood discov]$ by ,hugh ,mill] 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,scotl&1 & describ$ by ,salt] & ,mc,nab1 is ( simil> "*1 & probably belongs to ! g5us ,dadoxylon4 ,?us ?is type ( ,conif]\s tree seems to h be5 z well e/abli%$ & diff]5tiat$ into species 9 ! ,middle ,devonian z 9 ! succe$+ ,c>bonif]\s4 ,i may "h ref] to ! fact t ! l[] limit ( ! trees ( ?is gr\p co9cides1 9 ,am]ica1 ) ! upp] limit ( ^? problematical trees :i* 9 ! previ\s *apt] ,i h nam$ ,protog5s 7,nematophyton1 ,celluloxlyon1,,bm ,nematoxylon,,bn71 ?\gh ,aporoxylon ( ,ung] ext5ds1 9 ,?ur+ia1 up to ! ,upp] ,devonian 7,cyprid9a s*i/s74 ,,bm ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 ,may1 #ahha4 ,,bn ,ibid41 vol4 xix1 #ahfc4 ,v4--,scotti% ,devonian ,plants ( ,hugh ,mill] & o!rs4 7,ed9burgh ,geological ,society1 #ahgg47 ,previ\sly to ! appe>ance ( my descriptions ( ,devonian plants f ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,hugh ,mill] _h describ$ =ms f ! ,devonian ( ,scotl&1 simil> to ^? = :i* ,i propos$ ! g5]ic "n ,psilophyton2 & ,i ref]r$ to ^! 9 ?is connection 9 my e>lie/ description ( t g5us4,,bo ,he _h also recognis$ :at seem$ to be plants alli$ to ,lycopods & ,conif]s4 ,mr4 ,pea* & ,mr4 ,duncan _h made additional discov]ies ( ?is k9d1 & ,sir ,j4 ,hook] & ,mr4 ,salt] _h describ$ "s ( ^! rema9s4 ,m rec5tly ,messrs4 ,pea*1 ,c>ru!rs1 & ,mc,nab h work$ 9 ?is field1 & /ill lat],,bp ,messrs4 ,jack & ,e!ridge h summ$ up ! facts & h add$ "s t are new4 ,,bo ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 ,london1 #ahei4 ,,bp ,ibid41 #ahgg4 ,! fir/ po9t to :i* ,i %all ref]1 & :i* w lead to ! o!r matt]s to be discuss$1 is ! relation ( ! *>act]i/ic ,lepidod5dron ( ! ,devonian ( ea/]n ,am]ica1 ,l4 ,gaspianum1 to ,l4 no?um ( ,ung] & ( ,salt]4 ,at ! "t :5 ,i describ$ ?is species ,i _h n access to ,scotti% specim5s ( ,lepidod5dron f ! ,devonian1 b ^! _h be5 well figur$ & describ$ by ,salt]1 & _h be5 id5tifi$ ) ,l4 no?um ( ,ung]1 a species evid5tly di/9ct f m9e1 z 0 also t figur$ & describ$ by ,salt]1 :e!r id5tical or n ) ,ung]'s species4 ,9 #ahgj ,i _h = ! fir/ "t an opportunity to /udy ,scotti% specim5s 9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,pea*2 & on ! evid5ce ?us af=d$ ,i /at$ confid5tly t ^! specim5s repres5t$ a species di/9ct f ,l4 ,gaspianum1 p]haps ev5 g5]ically s4,,bq ,x diff]s f ,l4 ,gaspianum 9 its habit ( gr[? by develop+ small lat]al bran*es in/ead ( bifurcat+1 & 9 its foliage by ! abs5ce or obsolete "* ( ! leaf-bases & ! closely plac$ & some:at appress$ leaves4 ,if an appe>ance ( swell+ at ! end ( a lat]al bran* 9 "o specim5 indicates a /robile ( fructification1 !n its fruit 0 n dissimil> f t ( ! ,canadian species 9 its position & g5]al =m1 ?\gh x may h diff]$ 9 details4 ,on ^! gr\nds ,i decl9$ to id5tify ! ,scotti% species ) ,l4 ,gaspianum4 ,! ,lepidod5dron f ! ,devonian ( ,belgium describ$ & figur$ by ,crep91,,br has a bett] claim to su* id5tification1 & w\ld seem to prove t ?is species exi/$ 9 ,europe z well z 9 ,am]ica4 ,i also saw 9 ,mr4 ,pea*'s collection 9 #ahgj "s fragm5ts :i* seem$ to me di/9ct f ,salt]'s species1 & possibly belong+ to ,l4 ,gaspianum4,,bs ,,bq ,report on ,devonian ,plants ( ,canada1 #ahga4 ,,br ,obs]vations sur quelques ,plantes ,fossiles des dpts ,devoni5s4 ,,bs ,proce$+s ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,london1 ,m>*1 #ahga4 ,9 ! e>lie/ description ( ,psilophyton ,i recognis$ its probable g5]ic aff9ity ) ,mill]'s di*otom\s plants1 ) ,salt]'s rootlets1 & ) ,goepp]t's ,halis]ites ,de*5ianus1 & /at$ t ,i _h little d\bt t mat]ials exi/ 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,scotl& = ! recon/ruction ( at lea/ "o species ( ?is g5us4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ,mill]'s plants _h be5 ref]r$ to conif]\s roots1 & to fucoids1 & ,goepp]t's ,halis]ites 0 a "n applicable only to fucoids1 & s9ce ! /ructure & fruit ( my plants plac$ !m ne> to ,lycopods1 ,i 0 "u ! necessity ( giv+ !m a special g5]ic "n1 nor c\ld ,i ) c]ta9ty affirm _! specific id5tity ) any ,european species4 ,! comp>ison ( ! ,scotti% specim5s ) woody rootlets1 ?\gh incorrect1 is 9 "o respect cr$itable to ! acum5 ( ,salt]1 z 9 almo/ any /ate ( pres]vation an exp]i5c$ eye c readily p]ceive t bran*lets ( ,psilophyton mu/ h be5 woody r ?an h]bace\s1 & _! appe>ance is q diff]5t f t ( any true ,alg4 ,! type ( ,psilophyton is my ,p4 pr9ceps1 ( :i* ! :ole ( ! p>ts & /ructures are well kn[n1 ! entire plant be+ furni%$ 9 abundance & 9 situ 9 ! ri* plant-b$s ( ,gasp4 ,a second species1 ,p4 robu/ius1 has also af=d$ well-*>act]is$ fructification4 ,p4 elegans1 ^: fruit appe>s z oval scales1 no d\bt bore sac-l spore-cases resembl+ ^? ( ! o!r species1 b 9 a diff]5t position1 & p]fectly flatt5$ 9 ! specim5s procur$4 ,! only o!r ,canadian species1 ,p4 glabrum1 be+ some:at diff]5t 9 appe>ance f ! o!rs1 & n hav+ af=d$ any fructification1 mu/ be reg>d$ z unc]ta94 ,! g5]ic *>act]s ( ! fir/ ?ree species may be /at$ z foll[s3 ,/ems di*otom\s1 ) rudim5t>y subulate leaves1 sometimes obsolete 9 t]m9al bran*lets & f]tile bran*es2 & 9 decorticat$ specim5s repres5t$ only by puncti=m sc>s4 ,"y bran*es circ9ate4 ,rhizomata cyl9drical1 ) circul> root-areoles4 ,int]nal /ructure ( /em1 an axis ( scal>i=m vessels enclos$ 9 a %ea? ( imp]fect woody tissue & cov]$ ) a cellul> b>k m d5se ext]nally4 ,fruit1 nak$ sac-l spore-cases1 9 pairs or clu/]s1 t]m9al or lat]al4 ,! ,scotti% specim5s con=m to ^! *>act]s 9 s f> z !y are kn[n1 b n hav+ z yet af=d$ fruit or int]nal /ructure1 !y _c be specifically det]m9$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,m complete specim5s %\ld be c>efully se>*$ =1 & w no d\bt be f\nd4 ,9 ,belgium1 ,m4 ,crep9 has describ$ a new species f ! ,upp] ,devonian ( ,condroz "u ! "n ,p4 ,condrusianum 7#ahge74 ,x wants1 h[ev]1 "s ( ! m important *>act]s ( ! g5us1 & diff]s 9 hav+ a p9nate ramification1 giv+ x ! aspect ( a f]n4 ,9 a lat] pap] 7#ahgf7 ! au?or consid]s ?is species di/9ct f ,psilophyton1 & proposes = x a new g5]ic "n ,rhacophyton4 ,! *>act]s giv5 by ,mr4 ,c>ru!rs1 9 8 pap] ( #ahgc1 = ! species ,p4 ,de*5ianum1 are v few & g5]al3 ,l[] bran*es %ort & frequ5tly bran*+1 giv+ ! plant an oblong circumscription4 ,yet ev5 ^! *>act]s d n apply1 s f> z kn[n1 to ,mill]'s fucoids or ,salt]'s rootlets or ,goepp]t's ,halis]ites4 ,!y m]ely express ! peculi> mode ( bran*+ already ref]r$ to 9 ,salt]'s ,lepidod5dron no?um4 ,! id5tification ( ! =m] plants ) ! ,lepidod5dron & ,lycopodites1 inde$1 re/s only on m]e juxtaposition ( fragm5ts1 & on ! slight resemblance ( ! decorticat$ ends ( ! bran*es ( ! latt] plants to ,psilophyton4 ,x is contradict$ by ! obtuse ends ( ! bran*es ( ! ,lepidod5dron & ,lycopodites1 & by ! app>5tly /robilace\s t]m9ation ( "s ( !m4 ,salt]'s description ( 8 ,lepidod5dron no?um is q def9ite1 & accords ) specim5s plac$ 9 my h&s by ,mr4 ,pea*3 ,/ems half an in* broad1 tap]+ little1 bran*es %ort2 set on at an acute angle1 blunt at _! t]m9ations4 ,leaves 9 sev5 to t5 r[s1 v %ort1 n a l9e long1 & r spread+ ?an closely imbricate4 ,^! *>act]s1 h[ev]1 9 s f> z !y g1 are r ^? ( ! g5us ,lycopodites ?an ( ,lepidod5dron1 f :i* ?is plant diff]s 9 want+ any di/9ct leaf-bases1 & 9 its %ort1 cr[d$ leaves4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t !y apply also to ,salt]'s ,lycopodites ,mill]i1 & t ! diff]5ce ( ! foliage ( t species may be a result m]ely ( diff]5t /ate ( pres]vation4 ,= ^! reasons ,i am dispos$ to place ^! two suppos$ species toge!r1 & to reta9 = ! species ! "n ,lycopodites ,mill]i4 ,x may be *>act]is$ by ! description above giv51 ) m]ely ! modification t ! leaves are sometimes ne>ly "o-?ird ( an in* long & secund 7,fig4 #ag1 supra1 l[] figure74 ,decorticat$ bran*es ( ! above species may no d\bt be mi/ak5 = ,psilophyton1 b are nev]!less q di/9ct f x1 & ! sl5d] bran*+ di*otom\s /ems1 ) t]m9ations :i*1 z ,mill] graphically /ates1 are l ! t5drils ( a pea1 are too *>act]i/ic to be easily mi/ak51 ev5 :5 nei!r fruit nor leaves appe>4 ,) ref]5ce to fructification1 ! =m ( ,l4 ,mill]i r5d]s x c]ta9 t x mu/ h borne /robiles at ! ends ( its bran*lets1 or "s sub/itute = ^!1 & n nak$ spore-cases l ^? ( ,psilophyton4 ,! rem>kable fragm5t communicat$ by ,sir ,philip ,eg]ton to ,mr4 ,c>ru!rs1,,bt belongs to a ?ird gr\p1 & has1 ,i ?9k1 be5 q misund]/ood4 ,i am enabl$ to make ?is /atem5t ) "s confid5ce1 f ! fact t ! rev]se or c\nt]p>t ( ,sir ,philip's specim5 0 9 ! collection ( ,sir ,wyville ,?omson1 & 0 plac$ by him 9 my h&s 9 #ahgj4 ,x 0 notic$ 9 my pap] on ,new ,devonian ,plants1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,london1 & ref]r$ to my g5us ,ptilophyton1 z /at$ above "u ,section ,,ii41 page #hf et seq4 ,,bt ,j\rnal ( ,botany1 #ahgc4 ,mr4 ,salt] describ$1 9 #aheg1;,,bu fragm5ts ( fossil wood f ! ,scotti% ,devonian1 hav+ ! /ructure ( ,dadoxylon1 ?\gh v imp]fectly pres]v$2 & ,pr(4 ,mc,nab has propos$,,bv ! g5]ic "n ,palopitys = ano!r specim5 ( conif]\s wood collect$ by ,hugh ,mill]1 & ref]r$ to by him 9 ! ,te/imony ( ! ,rocks4 ,f ,pr(4 ,mc,nab's description1 ,i %\ld inf] t ?is wood may1 aft] all1 be g5]ically id5tical ) ! woods usually ref]r$ to ,dadoxylon ( ,ung] 7,arauc>ioxylon ( ,kraus74 ,! description1 h[ev]1 does n m5tion ! numb] & disposition ( ! r[s ( pores1 nor ! /ructure ( ! m$ull>y rays1 & ,i h n be5 able to obta9 access to ! specim5s !mselves4 ,i h describ$ five species ( ,dadoxylon f ! ,middle & ,upp] ,erian ( ,am]ica1 all q di/9ct f ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s species4 ,!re is also "o species ( an alli$ g5us1 ,ormoxylon4 ,all ^! h be5 c>efully figur$1 & x is mu* to be desir$ t ! ,scotti% specim5s %\ld be re-exam9$ & comp>$ ) !m4 ,,bu ,j\rnal ( ! ,london ,geological ,society4 ,,bv ,transactions ( ! ,ed9burgh ,botanical ,society1 #ahgj4 ,messrs4 ,jack & ,e!ridge h giv5 an excell5t summ>y ( our pres5t k ( ! ,devonian flora ( ,scotl&1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,london ,geological ,society 7#ahgg74 ,f ?is x w\ld appe> t species ref]able to ! g5]a ,calamities1 ,lepidod5dron1 ,lycopodites1 ,psilophyton1 ,ar?ro/igma1 ,ar*opt]is1 ,caulopt]is1 ,palopitys1 ,arauc>ioxylon1 & ,/igm>ia h be5 recognis$4 ,! plants describ$ by ^! g5tlem5 f ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,call5d]1 ,i %\ld suppose1 f _! figures & descriptions1 to belong to ! g5us ,ar?ro/igma1 r ?an to ,psilophyton4 ,i d n atta* any importance to ! sugge/ions ref]r$ to by !m1 t ! app>5t leaves may be leaf-bases4 ,long leaf-bases1 l ^? *>act]i/ic ( ,lepid(loyos1 d n occur 9 ^! humbl] plants ( ! ,devonian4 ,! /ems ) delicate horizontal processes to :i* !y ref] may belong to ,ptilophyton or to ,p9nul>ia4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i ne$ sc>cely say t ,i d n %>e 9 ! d\bts express$ by "s ,briti% palontologi/s z to ! di/9ctness ( ! ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s floras4 ,9 ea/]n ,am]ica1 :]e ^! =mations are mutually uncon=mable1 !re is1 ( c\rse1 less room = d\bt ?an 9 ,irel& & 9 we/]n ,am]ica1 :]e !y are /ratigraphically cont9u\s4 ,/ill1 9 pass+ f ! "o to ! o!r1 ! species are = ! mo/ "p diff]5t1 & new g5]ic =ms are met )1 &1 z ,i h else:]e %[n1 ! physical conditions ( ! two p]iods 7 ess5tially diff]5t4,,bw ,,bw ,reports on ,devonian ,plants & ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s ,plants ( ,canada4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to be obs]v$ t s9ce--z ,/ur & o!rs h %[n--,calamities radiatus1 & o!r =ms di/9ctively ,devonian 9 ,am]ica1 occur 9 ,europe 9 ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s1 x is n unlikely t ! ,devonian flora1 l t ( ! ,t]ti>y1 appe>$ e>li] 9 ,am]ica4 ,x is also probable1 z ,i h %[n 9 ! ,reports already ref]r$ to1 t x appe>$ e>li] 9 ! ,arctic ?an 9 ! temp]ate zone4 ,h5ce an ,arctic or ,am]ican flora1 really ,devonian1 may readily be mi/ak5 = ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s by a botani/ bas+ 8 calculations on ! fossils ( temp]ate ,europe4 ,ev5 9 ,am]ica itself1 x w\ld appe>1 f rec5t discov]ies 9 ,virg9ia & ,ohio1 t c]ta9 ,devonian =ms l+]$ long] 9 ^? regions ?an f>!r to ! nor!a/2,,bx & x w\ld n be surpris+ if simil> plants occurr$ 9 lat] b$s 9 ,devon%ire or 9 ! s\? ( ,europe ?an 9 ,scotl&4 ,/ill1 ^! facts1 prop]ly und]/ood1 d n invalidate ! evid5ce ( fossil plants z to geological age1 ?\gh errors aris+ f ! neglect ( !m are /ill curr5t4 ,,bx ,&rews1 ,palontology ( ,ohio1 vol4 ii42 ,meek1 ,fossil ,plants f ,we/]n ,virg9ia1 ,philosophical ,society1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahge4 ,,vi4--,geological ,relations ( "s ,plant-be>+ ,b$s ( ,ea/]n ,canada4 7,report on ,erian ,plants1 #ahga47 ,! ,gasp s&/ones h be5 fully describ$ by ,sir ,w4 ,e4 ,logan1 9 8 ,report on ! ,geology ( ,canada1 #ahfc4 ,he !re assigns to !m a ?ickness ( sev5 ?\s& & ?irty-six feet1 & %[s t !y re/ con=mably on ! ,upp] ,silurian lime/ones ( ! ,l[] ,held]b]g gr\p 7,ludl[71 & are 9 _! turn ov]laid uncon=mably by ! conglom]ates :i* =m ! base ( ! ,c>bonif]\s rocks ( ,new ,brunswick4 ,i %all add "h m]ely a few rem>ks on po9ts 9 _! physical "* connect$ ) ! occurr5ce ( plants 9 !m4 ,prototaxites 7,nematophyton7 ,logani & o!r *>act]i/ic ,l[] ,erian plants occur 9 ! base ( ! s&/ones at ,little ,gasp4 ,?is fact1 along ) ! occurr5ce1 z /at$ 9 my pap] ( #ahfc1 ( rhizomes ( ,psilophyton pres]v+ _! scal>i=m /ructure1 9 ! upp] "p ( ! m>9e ,upp] ,silurian lime/ones1,,by proves ! flora ( ! ,devonian rocks to h _h its beg9n+ at lea/ 9 ! previ\s geological p]iod1 & to *>act]ise ! l[] z well z ! upp] b$s ( ! ,devonian s]ies4 ,9 ?is connection ,i may /ate t1 f _! m>9e fossils1 z well z _! /ratigraphical arrangem5t1 ,sir ,w4 ,e4 ,logan & ,mr4 ,bill+s reg>d ! l[] portions ( ! ,gasp s&/ones z ! equival5ts ( ! ,oriskany s&/one ( ,new ,york4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! great ?ickness ( ?is =mation1 ! abs5ce ( ,l[] ,devonian fossils f its upp] "p1 & ! resemblance ( ! upp] b$s to ^? ( ! new] memb]s ( ! ,devonian else:]e1 r5d] x probable t ! ,gasp s&/ones1 ?\gh defici5t 9 ! calc>e\s memb]s ( ! sy/em1 se5 f>!r to ! we/w>d1 repres5t ! :ole ( ! ,devonian p]iod4 ,,by ,! m>9e fossils ( ^! b$s h be5 det]m9$ by ,mr4 ,bill+s4 ,!y are ,upp] ,silurian1 ) an int]mixture ( ,l[] ,devonian 9 ! upp] "p4 ,fragm5ts ( ,nematophyton occur 9 b$s ( ! same age 9 ! ,bay des ,*aleurs1 at ,cape ,bon ,ami4 ,! ,gasp s&/ones1 z _! "n imports1 are pr$om9antly ar5ace\s1 & (t5 co>sely s1 ! s&/ones be+ frequ5tly compos$ ( l>ge gra9s & /udd$ ) qu>tz-pebbles4 ,grey & buff are preval5t col\rs1 b r$ b$s also occur1 m especially 9 ! upp] portion4 ,!re are also int]/ratifi$ %aly b$s1 sometimes occurr+ 9 gr\ps ( consid]able ?ickness1 & associat$ ) f9e-gra9$ & lam9at$ argillace\s s&/one1 ! :ole hav+ 9 _m places ! li?ological aspect ( ! coal-measures4 ,at "o place1 ne> ! middle ( ! s]ies1 !re is a b$ ( coal f "o in* to ?ree in*es 9 ?ickness1 associat$ ) highly bitum9\s %ales ab\nd+ 9 rema9s ( plants1 & also conta9+ fragm5ts ( cru/aceans & fi%es 7,pt]ygotus1 ,ct5acan?us 8 c74 ,! b$s connect$ ) ?is coal are grey s&/ones & grey & d>k %ales1 mu* resembl+ ^? ( ! ord9>y coal =mation4 ,! coal is %9+ & lam9at$1 & bo? its ro( & floor consi/ ( lam9at$ bitum9\s %ale ) fragm5ts ( ,psilophyton4 ,x has no true "u-clay1 & has be51 ,i believe1 a peaty mass ( rhizomes ( ,psilophyton4 ,x occurs ne> ,t> ,po9t1 on ! s\? side ( ,gasp ,bay1 a place s nam$ f ! occurr5ce ( a ?ick dyke ( trap hold+ petroleum 9 its cavities4 ,! coal is ( consid]able horizontal ext5t1 z 9 its l9e ( /rike a simil> b$ has be5 discov]$ on ! ,d\glas ,riv]1 ab\t f\r miles di/ant4 ,x has n be5 recognis$ on ! nor? side ( ! bay1 ?\gh we f9d !re b$s1 probably on v ne>ly ! same horizon1 hold+ ,psilophyton 9 situ4 ,z an illu/ration ( "o ( ! gr\ps ( %aly b$s1 & ( ! occurr5ce ( roots ( ,psilophyton1 ,i may give ! foll[+ sectional li/ ( b$s se5 ne> ,wat]+ ,brook1 on ! nor? %ore ( ! bay4 ,! ord] is desc5d+3 ,,ft4 ,,94 #a4 ,grey s&/ones & r$di% pebbly s&/one ( great ?ickness #b4 ,bright-r$ %ale #h #j #c4 ,grey %ales ) /ems ( ,psilophyton1 v abundant b badly pres]v$ #j #e #d4 ,grey incoh]5t clay1 slick5sid$1 & ) _m rhizomes & roots ( ,psilophyton #j #c #e4 ,h>d grey clay or %ale1 ) fragm5ts & roots ( ,psilophyton #d #j #f4 ,r$ %ale #h #j #g4 ,grey & r$di% crumbl+ s&/one ,gr\ps ( b$s simil> to ! above1 b frequ5tly mu* m ri* 9 fossils1 occur 9 _m p>ts ( ! section1 & evid5tly include fossil soils ( ! nature ( "u-clays1 on :i* little else appe>s to h gr[n ?an a d5se h]bage ( ,psilophyton1 along ) plants ( ! g5us ,ar?ro/igma4 ,9 addition to ^! %aly gr\ps1 !re are num]\s examples ( b$s ( %ale ( small ?ickness includ$ 9 co>se s&/ones1 & ^! b$s (t5 occur 9 deta*$ fragm5ts1 z if ! remnants ( m cont9u\s lay]s p>tially remov$ by curr5ts ( wat]4 ,x is des]v+ ( notice t ne>ly all ^! pat*es ( %ale are int]lac$ ) roots or /ems ( ,psilophyton1 :i* sometimes project beyond _! limits into ! s&/one1 z if ! vegetable fibres _h pres]v$ ! clay f removal4 ,9 %ort1 ^! l9es ( pat*es ( %ale seem to be remnants ( soils on :i* ,psilophyton has fl\ri%$ abundantly1 & :i* h be5 p>tially swept away by ! curr5ts :i* deposit$ ! s&4 ,"s ( ! small] pat*es may ev5 be fragm5ts ( t\gh swamp soils int]wov5 ) roots1 drift$ by ! ag5cy ( ! waves or possibly by ice2 su* masses are (t5 mov$ 9 ?is way on ! bord]s ( mod]n swamps on ! sea-coa/4 ,! only rema9+ po9t connect$ ) local geology to :i* ,i %all allude is ! admirable facilities af=d$ by ! ,gasp coa/ bo? = asc]ta9+ ! true geological relations ( ! b$s1 & = /udy+ ! ,devonian plants1 z di/9ctly expos$ on l>ge surfaces ( rock4 ,on ! coa/ ( ! riv] ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 at ,cape ,rozi] & its vic9ity1 ! ,l[] ,silurian rocks ( ! ,quebec gr\p are well expos$1 & are ov]laid uncon=mably by ! massive ,upp] ,silurian lime/ones ( ,cape ,gasp1 :i* rise into cliffs six hundr$ feet 9 height1 & c be se5 fill$ ) _! *>act]i/ic fossils on bo? sides ( ! cape4 ,re/+ ^u ^!1 & dipp+ at high angles t[>d ,gasp ,bay1 are ! ,devonian s&/ones1 :i* are expos$ 9 rugg$ cliffs slightly oblique to _! l9e ( /rike1 along a coa/-l9e ( t5 miles 9 l5g?1 to ! head ( ! bay4 ,on ! opposite side ( ! bay !y reappe>2 &1 ?r[n into slight undulations by ?ree anticl9al curves1 occupy a l9e ( coa/ fifte5 miles 9 l5g?4 ,! p]fect mann] 9 :i* ! plant-be>+ b$s are expos$ 9 ^! f9e natural sections may s]ve to acc\nt = ! complet5ess ) :i* ! =ms & habits ( gr[? ( ! m abundant species c be describ$4 ,9 ! ,bay des ,*aleurs1 simil> rocks exi/ ) "s local v>iations4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,campbellton are calc>e\s & magnesian breccia or agglom]ate1 h>d %ales1 conglom]ates & s&/ones ( ,l[] ,devonian age4 ,! agglom]ate & l[] %ales conta9 abundant rema9s ( fi%es ( ! g5]a ,cephalaspis1 ,cocco/eus1 ,ct5acan?us1 & ,homacan?us1 & also fragm5ts ( ,pt]ygotus4 ,! %ales & s&/ones ab\nd 9 rema9s ( ,psilophyton1 ) :i* are ,nematophyton1 ,ar?ro/igma1 & ,leptophleum ( ! same species f\nd 9 ! ,l[] ,devonian ( ,gasp ,bay4 ,^! b$s ne> ,campbellton dip to ! nor?w>d1 & ! ,re/ig\*e ,riv] "h occupies a syncl9al1 = on ! opposite side1 at ,bordeaux ,qu>ry1 !re are ?ick b$s ( grey s&/one dipp+ to ! s\?w>d1 & conta9+ l>ge silicifi$ trunks ( ,prototaxites1 9 addition to ,psilophyton4 ,^! b$s are all und\bt$ly ,l[] ,erian1 b f>!r to ! ea/w>d1 on ! nor? side ( ! riv]1 !re are new] & ov]ly+ /rata4 ,^! are be/ se5 at ,scaum5ac ,bay1 opposite ,dalh\sie1 betwe5 ,cape ,florissant & ,magua*a ,po9t1 :]e !y consi/ ( lam9at$ & f9e-gra9$ s&/one1 ) %ales ( grey col\rs1 b hold+ "s r$di% b$s at top1 & ov]laid uncon=mably by a great ?ickness ( ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s r$ conglom]ate & s&/one4 ,9 ^! b$s num]\s fossil fi%es h be5 f\nd1 among :i* ,mr4 ,:iteaves recognises species ( ,pt]i*?ys1 ,glyptolepis1 ,*eirolepis1 c4 ,) ^! are f\nd some:at pl5tifully f\r species ( fossil f]ns1 all ( ,upp] ,erian types1 ( :i* "o is peculi> to ?is locality2 b ! o!rs are f\nd 9 ! ,upp] ,erian ( ,p]ry1 9 ,ma9e1 or 9 ! ,cat skill gr\p ( ,new ,york4 ,9 ord] t di/9ct notions may be convey$ z to ! geological horizons ( ! species1 ,i may /ate t ! typical ,devonian or ,erian s]ies ( ,canada & ,new ,york may be divid$ 9 desc5d+ ord] into--#a4 ,! ,*emung gr\p1 includ+ ! ,*emung & ,portage s&/ones & %ales4 #b4 ,! ,hamilton gr\p1 includ+ ! ,g5esee1 ,hamilton1 & ,m>cellus %ales4 #c4 ,! ,cornif]\s lime/one & its associat$ b$s4 #d ,! ,oriskany s&/one4 ,z ! ,cornif]\s lime/one1 :i* is ! equival5t ( ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s lime/one 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 is m>9e1 & af=ds sc>cely any plants1 we may1 z is usually done = l purposes 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s1 gr\p x ) ! ,oriskany "u ! "n ,l[] ,erian4 ,! ,hamilton rocks w !n be ,middle ,erian1 & ! ,*emung gr\p ,upp] ,erian4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 ! s]ies may be co-ord9at$ ) ! rocks ( ,gasp1 ,new ,brunswick1 & ,ma9e1 z 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,new ,york ,gasp ,s\!rn ,coa/ ,subdivisions4 & & ,bay des ,new ( ,we/]n ,canada4 ,*aleurs4 ,brunswick4 ,ma9e4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,upp] ,*emung ,upp] ,mispec ,gr\p4 ,p]ry ,devonian or ,gr\p4 ,s&/ones4 ,%ale1 ,s&/ones4 ,erian4 ,long ,cove1 c4 ,s&/one1 ,scaum9ac & ,b$s4 ,conglom]ate4 ,middle ,hamilton ,middle ,little ,r4 ,devonian or ,gr\p4 ,s&/ones4 ,gr\p ,erian4 ,bois ,brul1 7includ+ ,cape ,oiseau1 ,cordaite c4 ,%ales & ,dadoxylon ,s&/one74 ,l[] ,cornif]\s ,l[] ,l[] ,devonian or & ,s&/ones4 ,conglom]ates1 ,erian4 ,oriskany ,gasp ,bas91 c4 gr\ps4 ,little ,gasp1 c4 ,campbellton ,b$s4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,x may be prop]1 be=e clos+ ?is note1 to /ate ! reasons :i* h induc$ me to sugge/ 9 ! foll[+ pages ! use ( ! t]m ,erian1 z equival5t to ,devonian1 = ! great sy/em ( =mations int]v5+ betwe5 ! ,upp] ,silurian & ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s 9 ,am]ica4 ,i h be5 induc$ to adopt ?is c\rse by ! foll[+ consid]ations3 #a4 ,! great area ( undi/urb$ & unalt]$ rocks ( ?is age1 includ+ a ?ickness 9 "s places ( eighte5 ?\s& feet1 & ext5d+ f ea/ to we/ ?r\gh ! ,nor!rn ,/ates ( ! ,union & we/]n ,canada = ne>ly sev5 hundr$ miles1 :ile x spreads f nor? to s\? f ! nor!rn "p ( ,mi*igan f> into ! ,middle ,/ates1 is und\bt$ly ! mo/ important ,devonian area n[ kn[n to geologi/s4 #b4 ,?is area has be5 tak5 by all ,am]ican geologi/s z _! typical ,devonian region4 ,x is ri* 9 fossils1 & ^! h be5 ?or\ghly /udi$ & admirably illu/rat$ by ! ,new ,york & ,canadian ,surveys4 #c4 ,! rocks ( ?is area surr\nd ! bas9 ( ,lake ,erie1 & 7 nam$1 9 ! orig9al reports ( ! ,new ,york ,survey1 ! ,erie ,division #d4 ,great difficulties h be5 exp]i5c$ 9 ! classification ( ! ,european ,devonian1 & ! unc]ta9ties ?us aris+ h t5d$ to ?r[ d\bt on ! results obta9$ 9 ,am]ica 9 circum/ances 9 :i* su* difficulties d n occur4 ,^! reasons are1 ,i ?9k1 suffici5t to w>rant me 9 hold+ ! great ,erie ,division ( ! ,new ,york geologi/s z ! typical repres5tative ( ! rocks deposit$ betwe5 ! close ( ! ,upp] ,silurian & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 & to use ! t]m ,erian z ! designation ( ?is great s]ies ( deposits z develop$ 9 ,am]ica1 9 s f> at lea/ z _! flora is conc]n$4 ,9 do+ s1 ,i d n wi% to introduce a new "n m]ely = ! sake ( novelty2 b ,i hope to keep be=e ! m9ds ( geologi/s ! caution t !y %\ld n measure ! ,erian =mations ( ,am]ica1 or ! fossils :i* !y conta91 by ! comp>atively depaup]at$ repres5tatives ( ?is portion ( ! geological scale 9 ! ,devonian ( we/]n ,europe4 ,,vii4--,on ! ,relations ( ! s-call$ ,ursa ,/age ( ,be> ,isl& ) ! ,palozoic ,flora ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! foll[+ note is a v]batim copy ( t publi%$ by me 9 #ahgc1 & ! accuracy ( :i* has n[ be5 v9dicat$ by ! rec5t obs]vations ( ,na?or/3 ,! plants catalogu$ by ,dr4 ,he]1 & *>act]is+ :at he calls ! ,ursa ,/age1 are 9 "p repres5tatives ( ^? ( ! ,am]ican flora :i* ,i h describ$ z ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s ,coal-,measures 7,subc>bonif]\s ( ,dana71 & ^: *>act]i/ic species1 z develop$ 9 ,nova ,scotia1 ,i notic$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society 9 #aheh 7vol4 xv474 ,dr4 ,he]'s li/1 h[ev]1 includes "s ,upp] ,devonian =ms2 & ,i w\ld sugge/ t ei!r ! plants ( two di/9ct b$s1 "o ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s & ! o!r ,upp] ,devonian1 h be5 ne> to or 9 contact ) ea* o!r & h be5 int]mix$1 or else t 9 ?is high nor!rn latitude1 9 :i* 7= reasons /at$ 9 my ,report on ! ,devonian ,flora,,bz7 ,i believe ! ,devonian plants to h orig9at$1 !re 0 an actual int]mixture ( ! two floras4 ,9 ,am]ica1 at ! base ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ( ,ohio1 a transition ( ?is k9d seems to occur2 b else:]e 9 nor!a/]n ,am]ica ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s plants are usually unmix$ ) ! ,devonian4 ,,bz ,geological ,survey ( ,canada1 #ahga4 ,dr4 ,he]1 h[ev]1 proce$s to id5tify ^! plants ) ^? ( ! ,am]ican ,*emung1 & ev5 ) ^? ( ! ,middle ,devonian ( ,new ,brunswick1 z describ$ by me--a conclusion f :i* ,i mu/ altoge!r diss5t1 inasmu* z ! latt] belong to b$s :i* 7 di/urb$ & p>tially metamorphos$ be=e ! deposition ( ! l[e/ ,c>bonif]\s or ,subc>bonif]\s b$s4 ,dr4 ,he]'s error seems to h aris5 f want ( acqua9tance ) ! ri* flora ( ! ,middle ,devonian1 :i*1 :ile diff]+ 9 species1 has mu* resemblance 9 its g5]al facies1 & especially 9 its ri*ness 9 f]ns1 to t ( ! coal-=mation4 ,to geologi/s acqua9t$ ) ! /ratigraphy & ! accompany+ animal fossils1 ,dr4 ,he]'s conclusions w ( c\rse appe> unt5able2 b !y may reg>d !m z invalidat+ ! evid5ce ( fossil plants2 & = ?is reason x is1 ,i ?9k1 desirable to give publicity to ! above /atem5ts4 ,i consid] ! ,briti% equival5t ( ! l[] coal-measures ( ea/]n ,am]ica to be ! l[] lime/one %ales1 ! ,twe$ian gr\p ( ,mr4 ,tate 7#aheh71 b :i* h sometimes be5 call$ ! ,calcif]\s ,s&/one 7a "n preoccupi$ = a ,cambrian gr\p 9 ,am]ica74 ,?is gr\p does n con/itute b$s ( passage to ! ,devonian1 m especially 9 ea/]n ,am]ica1 :]e ! l[] coal-=mation re/s uncon=mably on ! ,devonian1 & is broadly di/+ui%$ by its fossils4 ,! above notes w\ld n h be5 ext5d$ to s great l5g?1 b = ! importance ( ! ,erian flora z ! precursor ( t ( ! ,c>bonif]\s1 & ! small am\nt ( att5tion hi!rto giv5 to x by geologi/s & botani/s4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,c>bonif]\s ,,flora--,,culm9ation ,,( ,,! ,,acrog5s--,,=mation ,,( ,,coal4 ,asc5d+ f ! ,erian to ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em1 s call$ because x conta9s ! greate/ deposits ( an?racite & bitum9\s coal1 we are /ill )9 ! limits ( ! ,palozoic p]iod4 ,we are /ill )9 ! reign ( ! gigantic club-mosses1 cordaites1 & tax9e p9es4 ,at ! close ( ! ,erian !re _h be5 ov] ! :ole nor!rn hemisph]e great *anges ( level1 accompani$ by active volcanic ph5om5a1 & "u ^! influ5ces ! l& flora seems to h mu* dim9i%$4 ,at l5g? all ! old ,erian species _h become ext9ct1 & _! place 0 suppli$ by a meagre gr\p ( lycopods1 f]ns1 & p9es ( diff]5t species f ^? ( ! prec$+ ,erian4 ,?is is ! flora ( ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s s]ies1 ! ,twe$ian ( ,engl&1 ! ,horton s]ies ( ,nova ,scotia1 ! l[] coal-measures ( ,virg9ia1 ! culm ( ,g]many4 ,b ! l& aga9 subsid$1 & ! p]iod ( ! m>9e lime/one ( ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s 0 introduc$4 ,9 ?is ! old] flora disappe>$1 & :5 ! l& em]g$ we f9d x cov]$ ) ! ri* flora ( ! coal-=mation prop]1 9 :i* ! great tribes ( ! lycopods & cordaites atta9$ _! maxima1 & ! f]ns 7 cont9u$ z be=e1 ?\gh "u new g5]ic & specific =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4--;,foliage f ! coal-=mation1 a1 ,ale?opt]is lon*itica1 f]n 7,moose ,riv]74 b1 ,sph5ophyllum ,s*lo!imii 7,piet\74 c1 ,lepidod5dron b9]ve 7,sydney71 d1 ,a/]ophyllites foliosa 787 7,sydney74 e1 ,cordaites 7,jogg9s74 f1 ,neuropt]is r>9]vis1 f]n 7,sydney74 g1 ,odontopt]is subcuneata1 f]n 7,sydney74 ,!re is some?+ v /rik+ 9 ?is succession ( a new plant _w )\t any mat]ial advance4 ,x is l pass+ 9 ! mod]n _w f "o di/rict to ano!r1 9 :i* we see ! same =ms ( life1 only repres5t$ by di/9ct ?\gh alli$ species4 ,?us1 :5 ! voyag] crosses ! ,atlantic f ,europe to ,am]ica1 he meets ) p9es1 oaks1 bir*es1 popl>s1 & bee*es ( ! same g5]a ) ^? he _h left beh9d2 b ! species are di/9ct4 ,x is some?+ l ?is t meets u 9 our asc5t into ! ,c>bonif]\s _w ( plants4 ,yet we "k t ?is is a succession 9 "t1 t all our old ,erian fri5ds are dead & buri$ long ago1 & t ^! are new =ms lately introduc$ 7,fig4 #cb74 ,convey+ ourselves1 !n1 9 imag9ation =w>d to ! "t :5 our greate/ accumulations ( coal 7 =m$1 & fancy+ t we are introduc$ to ! ,am]ican or ,european cont95t ( t p]iod1 we f9d ourselves 9 a new & /range _w4 ,9 ! ,devonian age1 & ev5 9 ! succe$+ ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s1 !re 0 9 ! int]ior ( ,am]ica a wide inl& sea1 ) =e/ belts cl++ to its sides or clo?+ its isl&s4 ,b 9 ! coal p]iod ?is inl& sea _h giv5 place to va/ swampy flats1 & :i*1 in/ead ( ! oil-be>+ %ales ( ! ,erian1 7 de/9$ to produce ^? imm5se & wide-spread accumulations ( vegetable matt] :i* con/itute our pres5t b$s ( bitum9\s & an?racite coal4 ,! atmosph]e ( ^! great swamps is moi/ & w>m4 ,_! vegetation is mo/ exub]ant1 b ( =ms unfamili> to mod]n eyes1 & !y sw>m ) insects1 millip$es1 & scorpions1 & ) batra*ian reptiles l>ge & small1 among :i* we look 9 va9 = repres5tatives ( ! birds & bea/s ( ! pres5t day4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4--,sigill>i1 re/or$4 ,a1 ,sigill>ia ,br[nii4 ,b1 ,sigill>ia elegans4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4--,sigill>ia ,lorwayana1 ,dawson4 a1 ,zones ( fruit-sc>s4 b1 ,leaf-sc> enl>g$1 c1 ,fruit-sc> enl>g$4 ,see app5d$ note4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4--,/em ( ,sigill>ia ,br[nii4 r$uc$4 ,natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4--,two ribs ( ,sigill>ia ,br[nii4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4--,portion ( l[] "p ( /em ( ,s4 ,br[nii4 ,natural size4 ,prom95t among ! m gigantic trees ( ^! swampy =e/s are ^? kn[n to u z ,sigill>i 7,fig4 #cc74 ,!y h tall1 pill>-l trunks1 (t5 sev]al feet 9 diamet]1 ribb$ l flut$ columns1 b 9 ! rev]se way1 & spread+ at ! top into a few ?ick bran*es1 :i* are clo!d ) long1 grass-l leaves4 ,!y resemble 9 "s respects ! ,lepidod5dra ( ! ,erian age1 b are m massive1 ) ribb$ in/ead ( scaly trunks1 & long] leaves4 ,if we approa* "o ( !m m closely1 we are /ruck ) ! regul> ribs ( its trunk1 dott$ ) r[s ( sc>s ( fall5 leaves1 f :i* x receives its "n ,sigill>ia1 or seal-tree 7,figs4 #cd-cg74 ,if we cut into its /em1 we f9d t1 in/ead ( ! ?9 b>k & firm wood ) :i* we are famili> 9 our mod]n trees1 x has a h>d ext]nal r9d1 !n a great ?ickness ( cellul> matt] ) rope-l b&s ( fibres1 con/itut+ an inn] b>k1 :ile 9 ! c5tre is a firm1 woody axis ( comp>atively small diamet]1 & some:at int]m$iate 9 its /ructures betwe5 t ( ! ,lepidod5dra & ^? ( ! cycads & ! tax9e conif]s4 ,?us a great /em1 five feet 9 diamet]1 may consi/ pr9cipally ( cellul> & ba/ fibres ) v little true woody matt]4 ,! roots ( ?is tree are p]haps its mo/ s+ul> feature4 ,!y usually />t f ! /em 9 f\r ma9 bran*es1 !n regul>ly bifurcate sev]al times1 & !n run out into great cyl9drical cables1 runn+ = a long di/ance1 & evid5tly int5d$ to an*or ! plant firmly 9 a s(t & oozy soil4 ,!y 7 furni%$ ) long1 cyl9drical rootlets plac$ regul>ly 9 a spiral mann]1 & s articulat$ t :5 !y dropp$ (f !y left regul> r\nd$ sc>s4 ,!y are1 9 %ort1 ! ,/igm>i1 :i* we h already met ) 9 ! ,erian 7,figs4 #ch1 #ci74 ,9 ,fig4 #cc ,i h endeav\r$ to re/ore ^! /range trees4 ,x is n wond]ful t su* plants h caus$ mu* botanical controv]sy4 ,x 0 long be=e botani/s c\ld be conv9c$ t _! roots are prop]ly roots at all1 & n /ems ( "s aquatic plant4 ,!n ! /ructure ( _! /ems is mo/ puzzl+1 & _! fruit is an enigma1 = :ile "s h f\nd connect$ ) !m cones suppos$ to resemble ^? ( lycopods1 o!rs attribute to !m fruits l ^? ( yew-trees4 ,= ye>s ,i h be5 myself ga!r+ mat]ials f ! ri* coal-=mation deposits ( ,nova ,scotia 9 aid ( ! solution ( ^! que/ions1 & 9 ! mean "t ,dr4 ,williamson1 ( ,man*e/]1 & ,r5ault & o!r botani/s 9 ,france1 h be5 amass+ & /udy+ /ores ( specim5s1 & x is /ill unc]ta9 :o may f9ally be ! =tunate discov]] to set all controv]sies at re/4 ,my pres5t belief is1 t ! true solution consi/s 9 ! fact t !re are _m k9ds ( ,sigill>i4 ,:ile 9 ! mod]n =e/s ( ,am]ica & ,europe ! species ( any ( our ord9>y trees1 z oaks1 bir*es1 or maples1 may almo/ be c\nt$ on "o's f+]s1 ,s*imp] 9 8 vegetable palontology enum]ates ab\t eighty species ( ,c>bonif]\s ,sigill>i2 & :ile on ! "o h& _m ( ^! are s imp]fectly kn[n t !y may be reg>d$ z unc]ta91 on ! o!r h& _m species mu/ yet rema9 to be discov]$4,,ca ,n[1 9 s va/ a numb] ( species !re mu/ be a great range ( organisation1 &1 inde$1 x has already be5 attempt$ to subdivide !m into sev]al g5]ic gr\ps4 ,! pres5t /ate ( ! "q appe>s to me to be ?is1 t 9 ^! ,sigill>i we h a gr\p divisible into sev]al =ms1 "s ( :i* w ev5tually be class$ ) ! ,lepidod5dra z lycopods1 :ile o!rs w be f\nd to be nak$-se$$ phnogams1 alli$ to ! p9es & cycads1 & to a rem>kable gr\p ( trees kn[n z ,cordaites1 :i* we mu/ %ortly notice4 ,,ca ,9 a rec5t memoir 7,b]l91 #ahhg7 ,/ur has rais$ ! numb] ( species 9 "o subdivision ( ! ,sigill>i 7! ,favul>i7 to =ty-sev56 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4--,/igm>ia root1 se5 f above1 %[+ its regul> divisions4 ,f ,acadian ,geology4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4--,portion ( b>k ( ,/igm>ia1 %[+ sc>s ( atta*m5t ( rootlets4 ,be=e consid]+ o!r =ms ( ,c>bonif]\s vegetation1 let u glance at ! accumulation ( coal1 & ! ag5cy ( ! =e/s ( ,sigill>i !re94 ,let u imag9e1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 su* trees z ^? repres5t$ 9 ! figures1 gr[+ ?ickly toge!r ov] va/ swampy flats1 ) quantities ( und]gr[? ( f]ns & o!r plants b5ea? _! %ade1 & accumulat+ f age to age 9 a moi/ soil & climate a va/ ?ickness ( vegetable m\ld & trunks ( trees1 & spores & spore-cases1 & we h ! conditions necess>y = ! gr[? ( coal4 ,_m ye>s ago x 0 obs]v$ by ,sir ,william ,logan t 9 ! coal-field ( ,s\? ,wales x 0 ! rule ) r>e exceptions t1 "u e b$ ( coal1 !re is a b$ ( clay fill$ ) roots ( ! ,/igm>ia1 already ref]r$ to z ! root ( ,sigill>ia4 ,?is discov]y has s9ce be5 ext5d$ to all ! coal-fields ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 & x is a p]fectly conclusive fact z reg>ds ! orig9 ( coal4 ,ea* ( ^! "u-clays1 z !y are call$1 mu/1 9 fact1 h be5 a soil on :i* grew1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ,sigill>i & o!r trees hav+ /igm>ia-roots4 ,?us1 ! gr[? ( a =e/ ( ,sigill>i 0 ! fir/ /ep t[>d ! accumulation ( a b$ ( coal4 ,m ?an ?is1 9 "s ( ! co>s] & m impure coals1 :]e !re has be5 suffici5t e>?y matt] to sep>ate & pres]ve impressions ( vegetable =ms1 we c see t ! mass ( ! coal is made up ( flatt5$ ,sigill>i1 mix$ ) vegetable dbris ( all k9ds1 includ+ sometimes va/ quantities ( lepidod5droid spores1 & ! microscopic /udy ( ! coal gives simil> results 7,fig4 #dj74 ,fur!r1 on ! surfaces ( _m coals1 & p5etrat+ ! %ales or s&/ones :i* =m _! ro(s1 we f9d erect /umps ( sigill>ia & o!r trees1 %[+ t ! accumulation ( ! coal t]m9at$ z x _h begun1 by a =e/-gr[?4 ,i introduce "h a section ( a few ( ! num]\s b$s ( coal expos$ 9 ! cliffs ( ! ,s\? ,jogg9s1 9 ,nova ,scotia1 9 illu/ration ( ^! facts4 ,we c ?us see h[ 9 ! sl[ly subsid+ areas ( ! coal-swamps successive b$s ( coal 7 accumulat$1 alt]nat+ ) b$s ( s&/one & %ale 7,figs4 #da1 #db74 ,= o!r details ( ?is k9d ,i mu/ ref] to pap]s m5tion$ 9 ! sequel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4--,vegetable tissues f coal4 a1 ,sigill>ia & ,cordaites4 ,calamod5dron4 ,return+ to ! m special subject ( ?is "w1 ,i may rem>k t ! lepidod5droid trees & ! f]ns1 bo? ! arboresc5t & h]bace\s k9ds1 are ev5 m ri*ly repres5t$ 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s ?an 9 ! prec$+ ,erian1 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 cont5t myself ) m]ely introduc+ a few repres5tatives ( "s ( ! m common k9ds1 9 an app5d$ note1 & "h give a figure ( a well-kn[n ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s lepidod5dron1 ) its v>i\s =ms ( leaf-bases1 & its foliage & fruit 7,fig4 #dc71 & a simil> illu/ration ( an alli$ g5]ic =m1 t kn[n z ,lepidophloios,,cb 7,fig4 #dd74 ,,cb ,= full descriptions ( ^!1 see ,acadian ,geology4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4--;,b$s associat$ ) ! ma9 coal 7,s4 ,jogg9s1 ,nova ,scotia74 #a1 ,%ale & s&/one--plants ) ,spirorbis atta*$2 ra9-m>ks 7874 7#b1 ,s&/one & %ale1 eight feet--erect ,calamites2 #c1 ,gray s&/one1 sev5 feet2 #d1 ,gray %ale1 f\r feet--an erect conif]\s 787 tree1 root$ on ! %ale1 passes up ?r\gh fifte5 feet ( ! s&/ones & %ale47 #e1 ,gray s&/one1 f\r feet4 #f1 ,gray %ale1 six in*es--pro/rate & erect trees1 ) rootlets1 leaves1 ,naiadites1 & ,spirorbis on ! plants4 #g1 ,ma9 coal-seam1 five feet ( coal 9 two seams4 #h1 ,und]clay1 ) rootlets4 ,ano!r gr\p :i* claims our att5tion is t ( ! ,calamites4 ,^! are tall1 cyl9drical1 bran*less /ems1 ) :orls ( bran*lets1 be>+ ne$le-l leaves & spread+ 9 /ools f ! base1 s z to =m d5se ?ickets1 l ,s\!rn cane-brakes 7,fig4 #df74 ,!y be>1 9 habit ( gr[? & fructification1 a close relation to our mod]n equisetums1 or m>e's-tails1 b1 z 9 o!r cases we h met )1 are ( gigantic size & comp>atively complex /ructure4 ,_! /ems1 9 cross-section1 %[ radiat+ bundles ( fibres1 l ^? ( exog5\s woods1 yet ! :ole plan ( /ructure pres5ts "s curi\s resemblances to ! /ems ( _! humble successors1 ! mod]n m>e's-tails4 ,x w\ld seem1 f ! mann] 9 :i* d5se brakes ( ^! ,calamites h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! coal-=mation ( ,nova ,scotia1 t !y spread ov] l[ & occasionally inundat$ flats1 & =m$ fr+es on ! seaw>d sides ( ! great ,sigill>ia =e/s4 ,9 ?is way !y no d\bt contribut$ to prev5t ! invasion ( ! areas ( coal accumulation by ! muddy wat]s ( inundations1 & ?us1 ?\gh !y may n h furni%$ mu* ( ! mat]ial ( coal1 !y no d\bt contribut$ to its purity4 ,_m beautiful plants ( ! g5]a ,a/]ophyllites & ,annul>ia are suppos$ to h be5 alli$ to ! ,calamites1 or to h connect$ !m ) ! ,rhizoc>ps4 ,! /ems & fruit ( ^! plants h /rong po9ts ( resemblance to ^? ( ,sph5ophyllum1 & ! leaves are broad1 & n n>r[ & angul> l ^? ( ! true ,calamites 7,fig4 #de74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4--;,erect ,sigill>ia1 /&+ on a coal-seam 7,s4 ,jogg9s1 ,nova ,scotia74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4--,lepidod5dron corrugatum1 ,dawson1 a tree *>act]i/ic ( ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s1 ,a1 ,re/oration4 ,b1 ,leaf1 natural size1 ,c1 ,cone & bran*1 ,d1 ,bran* & leaves1 ,e4 ,v>i\s =ms ( leaf-areoles4 ,f1 ,sporangium1 ,i1 ,l1 ,m1 ,b>k1 ) leaf-sc>s1 ,n1 ,b>k1 ) leaf-sc>s ( old /em1 ,o1 ,decorticat$ /em 7,knorria74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4--,lepidophloios ,acadianus1 ,dawson1 a lepidod5droid tree ( ! coal-=mation1 ,a1 ,re/oration4 ,b1 ,portion ( b>k 7two ?irds natural size71 ,c1 ,ligne\s surface ( ! same1 ,f1 ,cone 7two ?irds natural size74 ,g1 ,leaf 7natural1 size71 ,k1 ,portion ( woody cyl9d]1 %[+ out] & inn] s]ies ( vessels magnifi$1 ,l1 ,scal>i=m vessels 7highly magnifi$71 ,m1 ,v>i\s =ms ( leaf-sc>s & leaf-bases 7natural size74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4--;,a/]ophyllites1 ,sph5ophyllum1 & ,annul>ia4 ,a1 ,a/]ophyllites tr9]ne4 ,a#a1 ,leaf enl>g$1 ,b1 ,annul>ia sph5ophylloides4 ,b#a1 ,leaf enl>g$1 ,c1 ,sph5ophyllum erosum4 ,c#a1 ,leaflet enl>g$4 ,c#b1 ,scal>i=m vessel ( ,sph5ophyllum4 ,d1 ,p9nul>ia ramosissima1 probably a root4 ,no "o has done m ?an my fri5d ,dr4 ,williamson1 ( ,man*e/]1 to illu/rate ! /ructure ( ,calamites1 & he has %[n t ^! plants1 l o!r cryptogams ( ! ,c>bonif]\s1 _h mo/ly /ems ) regul> fibr\s w$ges1 l ^? ( exog5s4 ,! /ructure ( ! /em is1 inde$1 s complex1 & diff]s s mu* 9 diff]5t /ages ( gr[?1 & diff]5t /ates ( pres]vation1 t we are 9 dang] ( fall+ into ! greate/ confusion 9 classify+ ^! plants4 ,sometimes :at we call a ,calamite is a m]e ca/ ( its pi? %[+ longitud9al /ri & con/rictions at ! nodes4 ,sometimes we h ! =m ( ! out] surface ( ! woody cyl9d]1 %[+ longitud9al ribs1 nodes1 & m>ks ( ! emission ( ! bran*lets4 ,sometimes we h ! out] surface ( ! plant cov]$ ) a smoo? b>k %[+ flat ribs1 or almo/ smoo?1 & hav+ at ! nodes regul> articulations ) ! bases ( ! v]ticillate bran*lets1 or on ! l[] "p ( ! /em ! m>ks ( ! atta*m5t ( ! roots4 ,! ,calamites grew 9 d5se clumps1 budd+ (f f "o ano!r1 sometimes at diff]5t levels1 z ! mud or s& accumulat$ ab\t _! /ems1 & 9 "s species !re 7 creep+ rhizomata or root-/ocks 7,figs4 #df to #di74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4--;,calamites4 ,a1 ,c4 ,suckovii4 ,b1 ,c4 ,ci/ii4 7,f ,acadian ,geology47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4--;,erect ,calamites1 ) roots atta*$ 7,nova ,scotia74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4--,node ( ,c4 ,ci/ii1 ) long leaves 7,nova ,scotia74 ,b all ,calamites 7 n alike 9 /ructure4 ,9 a rec5t pap],,cc ,dr4 ,williamson describes ?ree di/9ct /ructural types4 ,:at he reg>ds z typical ,calamites has 9 its woody zone w$ges ( b>r$ vessels1 ) ?ick b&s ( cellul> tissue sep>at+ !m4 ,a second type1 :i* he ref]s to ,calamopitus1 has woody bundles compos$ ( reticulat$ or multipor\s fibres1 ) _! por\s sides p>allel to ! m$ull>y rays1 :i* are bett] develop$ ?an 9 ! previ\s =m4 ,! int]v5+ cellul> masses are compos$ ( elongat$ cells4 ,?is is a decid$ advance 9 /ructure1 & is ( ! type ( ^? =ms hav+ ! mo/ woody & l>ge/ /ems1 :i* ,brongni>t nam$ ,calamod5dron 7,fig4 #ej74 ,a ?ird =m1 to :i* ,dr4 ,williamson seems to pref] to assign ?is la/ "n1 has ! tissue ( ! woody w$ges b>r$1 z 9 ! fir/1 b ! m$ull>y rays are bett] develop$ ?an 9 ! second4 ,9 ?is ?ird =m ! int]m$iate tissue1 or prim>y m$ull>y rays1 is truly fibr\s1 & ) second>y m$ull>y rays trav]s+ x4 ,my own obs]vations lead me to inf] t !re 0 a f\r? type ( calamitean /em1 less end[$ ) woody matt]1 & hav+ a l>g] fi/ul\s or cellul> cavity ?an any ( ^? describ$ by ,dr4 ,williamson4 ,,cc ,memoirs ( ! ,philosophical ,society1 ,man*e/]1 #ahhf-'hg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4--;,erect ,calamites 7,c4 ,suckovii71 %[+ ! mode ( gr[? ( new /ems 7b71 & diff]5t =ms ( ! ribs 7a1 c74 7,pict\1 ,nova ,scotia47 ,half natural size4 ,!re is e reason to believe t all ^! v>i\s & complicat$ /ems belong$ to high] & nobl] types ( m>e's-tails ?an ^? ( ! mod]n _w1 & t _! fructification 0 equisetace\s & ( ! =m kn[n z ,calamo/a*ys4 ,we h already se5 t noble tree-f]ns exi/$ 9 ! ,erian p]iod1 & ^! 7 cont9u$1 & _! numb] & v>iety greatly ext5d$1 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s4 ,9 reg>d to ! /ructure ( _! /ems1 & ! me?od ( support+ ^! by arial roots1 ! tree-f]ns ( all ages h be5 ne>ly alike1 & ! =m & /ructure ( ! leaves1 except 9 "s comp>atively r>e & exceptional types1 has also be5 mu* ! same4 ,any ord9>y obs]v] exam9+ a collection ( coal-=mation f]ns recognises at once _! k9%ip to ! famili> brack5s ( our own "t4 ,_! fructification is1 un=tunately1 r>ely pres]v$1 s t we are n able1 9 ! case ( _m species1 to speak confid5tly ( _! aff9ities ) mod]n =ms2 b ! k ( ?is subject has be5 con/antly ext5d+1 & a suffici5t am\nt ( in=mation has be5 obta9$ to enable u to say some?+ z to _! probable relation%ips4 7,figs4 #ea to #ee47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4--,/ems ( ,calamod5dron & tissues magnifi$ 7,nova ,scotia71 a1 b1 ,ca/s ( axis 9 s&/one1 ) woody envelope 7r$uc$74 c1 d1 ,woody tissue 7highly magnifi$74 ,! families into :i* mod]n f]ns are divid$ are1 x mu/ be confess$1 some:at artificial1 & 9 ! case ( fossil f]ns1 9 :i* ! fructification is = ! mo/ "p want+1 x is /ill m s1 dep5d+ 9 great "p on ! =m & v5ation ( ! divisions ( ! fronds4 ,( ab\t eight families into :i* mod]n f]ns are divid$1 sev5 are f\nd 9 a fossil /ate1 & ( ^!1 f\r at lea/1 ! ,cya?ace1 ! ,ophioglosse1 ! ,hym5ophyllace1 & ! ,m>attiace1 g back to ! coal-=mation4,,cd ,,cd ,mr4 ,r4 ,kid/on has rec5tly describ$ v int]e/+ =ms ( f]n fructification f ! coal-=mation ( ,great ,brita91 & mu* has be5 done by ,european palobotani/s1 & also by ,lesqu]eux & ,fonta9e 9 ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4--;,gr\p ( coal-=mation f]ns1 ,a1 ,odontopt]is subcuneata 7,bunbury71 ,b1 ,neuropt]is cordata 7,brongni>t74 ,c1 ,ale?opt]is lon*itica 7,brongni>t74 ,d1 ,dictyopt]is obliqua 7,bunbury74 ,e1 ,phyllopt]is antiqua 7,dawson71 magnifi$2 ,e#a1 ,natural size1 ,f1 ,neuropt]is cyclopt]oides 7,dawson74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4--;,ale?opt]is gr&is 7,dawson74 ,middle coal-=mation ( ,nova ,scotia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4--;,cyclopt]is 7,aneimites7 ,acadica 7,dawson71 a tree-f]n ( ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s4 a1 ,p9nules4 b1 ,fragm5t ( petiole4 c1 ,rema9s ( f]tile p9nules4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4--,sph5opt]is latior1 ,dawson4 ,coal-=mation1 a1 ,p9nule magnifi$1 ) traces ( fructification4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4--;,fructification ( ,palozoic f]ns1 a1 ,!c ( ,ar*opt]is 7,erian74 b1 ,!ca ( ,s5ft5b]gia 7,c>bonif]\s74 c1 ,!c ( ,a/]o!ca 7,c>bonif]\s74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4--,tree-f]ns ( ! ,c>bonif]\s4 ,a1 ,megaphyton magnificum1 ,dawson1 re/or$4 ,b1 ,leaf-sc> ( ! same1 two ?irds natural size4 ,b#a1 ,r[ ( leaf-sc>s1 r$uc$4 ,c1 ,palopt]is ,h>ttii1 sc>s half natural size4 ,d1 ,acadica1 sc>s half natural size4 ,"s ( ^! f]ns h ! m complex k9d ( spore-case1 ) a jo9t$1 ela/ic r+4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ^? =ms :i* h a simple spore-case1 ei!r nett$ or membran\s1 & )\t annulus1 are mo/ common 9 ! ,devonian & l[e/ ,c>bonif]\s4 ,"s ( ! =ms 9 ^! old rocks are some:at difficult to place 9 ! sy/em4 ,( ^!1 ! species ( ,ar*opt]is1 ( ! ,upp] & ,middle ,erian1 are em95t z examples4 ,?is type1 h[ev]1 sc>cely ext5ds z high z ! coal-=mation4,,ce ,"s ( ! tree-f]ns ( ! ,c>bonif]\s pres5t v rem>kable features4 ,"o ( ^!1 ( ! g5us ,megaphyton1 seems to h two r[s ( great leaves1 "o at ea* side ( ! /em1 :i* 0 probably su/a9$ by l>ge bundles ( arial roots 7,fig4 #ef74 ,,ce ,! pretty little f]ns ( ! g5us ,botry*ium 7moonwort71 s common 9 ,am]ican & ,european woods1 seem to be _! ne>e/ mod]n allies4 ,9 ! ,c>bonif]\s1 z 9 ! ,erian1 !re are leaves :i* h be5 ref]r$ to f]ns1 b are subject to d\bt1 z possibly belong+ to broad-leav$ tax9e trees alli$ to ! g+ko-tree ( ,*9a4 ,"o ( ^!1 repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #eg1 has be5 f\nd 9 ! coal-=mation ( ,nova ,scotia1 & ref]r$ to ! d\btful g5us ,noegg]a?ia4 ,fonta9e has propos$ = simil> leaves f\nd 9 ,virg9ia ! new g5]ic "n ,saportea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4--,noegg]a?ia disb> 7half natural size74 ,f]ns1 z might be inf]r$ f _! great age1 are at ! pres5t "t disp]s$ ov] ! :ole _w2 b _! headqu>t]s1 & ! regions to :i* tree-f]ns are conf9$1 are ! m moi/ climates ( ! tropics & ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,! coal-swamps ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e seem to h excell$ ev5 ^! fav\r$ regions ( ! pres5t _w z a p>adise = f]ns4 ,i h already /at$ t ! ,c>bonif]\s con/itutes ! headqu>t]s ( ! ,cordaites 7,fig4 #eh71 ( :i* a l>ge numb] ( species h be5 describ$1 bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,we sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 f9d _! /ems %[+ /ructure4 ,9 ?is case we h a l>ge cellul> pi?1 (t5 divid$ by horizontal p>titions into flat *amb]s1 & con/itut+ ! objects :i*1 :5 deta*$1 are call$ ,/]nb]gi 7,fig4 #fb74 ,^! ,/]nb]gia pi?s1 h[ev]1 occur 9 true conif]s z well1 z !y d 9 ! mod]n _w 9 "s trees1 l our common butt]nut1 ( high] type2 & ,i %[$ _m ye>s ago t ! ,/]nb]gia type may be detect$ 9 ! "y twigs ( ! balsam-fir 7,abies balsamif]a74 ,! pi? 0 surr\nd$ by a r+ ( scal>i=m or b>r$ tissue1 (t5 ( consid]able ?ickness1 & 9 "y /ems s important z to h sugge/$ lycopodiace\s aff9ities4 ,b z ! /em grew 9 size1 a regul> r+ ( woody w$ges1 ) tissue hav+ r\nd$ or hexagonal pores or discs1 l ^? ( p9es1 0 develop$4 ,outside ?is 0 a b>k1 (t5 app>5tly ( "s ?ickness4 ,?is /ructure 9 _m important po9ts resembles t ( cycads1 & also approa*es to ! /ructure ( ,sigill>ia1 :ile 9 its m highly develop$ =ms x approximates to t ( ! conif]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4--;,cordaites 7,dorycordaites71 ,gr& d',eury1 r$uc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4--;,fruits ( ,cordaites & ,tax9e ,conif]s 7coal-=mation4 ,nova ,scotia47 ,a1 ,an?oli!s squamosus 7two ?irds74 ,b1 ,a4 rhabdoc>pi4 7two ?irds74 ,b#a1 ,c>pel re/or$4 ,c1 ,a4 sp9osus 7natural size74 ,d1 ,trigonoc>pum int]m$ium4 ,e1 ,t4 ,noegg]a?ii4 ,f1 ,t4 avellanum4 ,g1 ,rhabdoc>pus insignis1 r$uc$4 ,h1 ,an?oli!s pygmu4 ,i1 ,c>dioc>pum fluitans4 ,k1 ,c>dioc>pum bisectum4 ,l1 ,sporangites papillata1 lycopodiace\s macrospores 7natural size & magnifi$74 ,on ! /ems s con/ruct$ 7 plac$ long & (t5 broad _m-n]v$ leaves1 ) r[s ( /omata or brea?+-pores1 & atta*$ by some:at broad bases to ! /em & bran*es4 ,! fruit consi/$ ( racemes1 or clu/]s ( nutlets1 :i* seem to h be5 provid$ ) broad lat]al w+s = flotation 9 ! air1 or 9 "s cases ) a pulpy envelope1 :i* flatt5s into a film4 ,!re seem to h be5 /ructures ( bo? ^! k9ds1 ?\gh 9 ! /ate ( pres]vation ( ^! curi\s se$s x is extremely difficult to di/+ui% !m4 ,9 ! fir/ case !y mu/ h be5 int5d$ = dissem9ation by ! w9d1 l ! se$s ( spruces4 ,9 ! latt] case !y may h be5 dissem9at$ l ! fruits ( tax9e trees by ! ag5cy ( animals1 ?\gh :at ^! 7 x w\ld be difficult to guess4 ,^! trees _h v great reproductive p[]1 s9ce !y produc$ num]\s se$s1 n s+ly or a few toge!r1 z 9 mod]n yews1 b 9 long spikes or catk9s be>+ _m se$s 7,fig4 #ei74 ,x is to be obs]v$ t ! ,cordaites1 or ! ,cordait91 z !y h be5 call$1 z a family1,,cf con/itute ano!r ( ^? int]m$iate gr\ps ) :i* we h already become famili>4 ,on ! "o h& !y approa* closely to ! broad]-leav$ yews l ,g+ko1 ,phyllocladus1 & ,podoc>pus1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 !y h aff9ities ) ,cycadace1 & ev5 ) ,sigill>i4 ,!y 7 beautiful & symmetrical trees1 add+ some?+ to ! v>iety ( ! r monoton\s ,palozoic =e/s4 ,!y contribut$ also some:at to ! accumulation ( coal4 ,i h f\nd t "s ?9 b$s are almo/ entirely compos$ ( _! leaves1 & ! tissues ( _! wood are n infrequ5t 9 ! m9]al *>coal ( ! l>g] coal-seams4 ,!re is no evid5ce t _! roots 7 ( ! /igm>oid type1 ?\gh !y evid5tly grew 9 ! same swampy flats ) ! ,sigill>i & ,calamites4 ,,cf ,engl]2 ,cordaites ( ,r5ault4 ,x may1 p]haps1 be well to say "h t ,i believe !re 0 a consid]ably wide range ( organisation 9 ! ,cordait9 z well z 9 ! ,calamites & ,sigill>i1 & t x w ev5tually be f\nd t !re 7 ?ree l9es ( connection betwe5 ! high] cryptogams & ! phnogams1 "o lead+ f ! lycopods by ! ,sigill>i1 ano!r lead+ by ! ,cordaites1 & ! ?ird lead+ f ! ,equisetums by ! ,calamites4 ,/ill fur!r back ! *>act]s aft]w>d sep>at$ 9 ! club-mosses1 m>e's-tails1 & f]ns1 7 unit$ 9 ! ,rhizoc>ps1 or1 z "s n[1 b ,i ?9k some:at unreasonably1 pref] to call !m1 ! het]ospor\s ,filic94 ,9 ! m mod]n _w1 all ! connect+ l9ks h become ext9ct & ! phnogams /& widely sep>at$ f ! high] cryptogams4 ,i d n make ^! rem>ks 9 a ,d>w9ian s5se1 b m]ely to /ate :at appe> to be ! l9es ( natural aff9ity & ! l9ks want+ to give unity to ! sy/em ( nature4 ,( all ! trees ( ! mod]n _w1 none are p]haps s widely di/ribut$ z ! p9es & _! allies4 ,on m\nta9-tops & )9 ! ,arctic zone1 ! la/ trees t c /ruggle aga9/ ! unfav\rable conditions ( exi/5ce are ! spruces & firs1 & 9 ! w>m & moi/ isl&s ( ! tropics !y seem equally at home ) ! tree-f]ns & ! palms4 ,we h already se5 t !y are a v anci5t family1 & 9 ! s&/ones ( ! coal-=mation _! great trunks are frequ5tly f\nd1 infiltrat$ ) calc>e\s or silici\s matt]1 & /ill reta9+ _! /ructure 9 ! greate/ p]fection 7,fig4 #fj74 ,s f> z we "k1 ! foliage ( "s ( !m :i* con/itutes ! g5]a ,wal*ia & ,arauc>ites ( "s au?ors 7,figs4 #fj1 #fc7 0 n dissimil> f t ( mod]n yews & spruces1 ?\gh !re is reason to believe t "s o!rs _h broad1 f]n-l leaves l ^? ( ! g+ko4 ,none ( !m1 s f> z yet c]ta9ly kn[n1 7 cone-be>+ trees1 _! fruit hav+ probably be5 simil> to t ( ! yews 7,fig4 #fa74 ,! m9ute /ructures ( _! /ems are ne>] to ^? ( ! conif]s ( ! isl&s ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e ?an to t ( ^? 9 our nor!rn climes--a correlation1 no d\bt1 to ! equable climate ( ! p]iod4 ,!re is n mu* evid5ce t !y grew ) ! ,sigill>i 9 ! true coal-swamps1 ?\gh "s specim5s h be5 f\nd 9 ?is association4 ,x is m likely t !y 7 9 ! ma9 inl& & upl& trees1 & t 9 consequ5ce !y are mo/ly kn[n to u by drift$ trunks borne by riv] inundations into ! seas & e/u>ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4--;,conif]\s wood & foliage 7,c>bonif]\s74 ,a1 ,arauc>ites gracilis1 r$uc$1 b1 ,dadoxylon ,acadianum 7radial71 #ij diams42 ,b#a 7tang5tial71 #ij diams2 ,b#b1 cell %[+ areolation1 #bej diams4 ,c1 ,dadoxylon mat]i>ium 7radial71 #ij diams42 ,c#a 7tang5tial71 #ij diams4 ,c#b1 cell %[+ areolation1 #bej diams4 ,d1 ,dadoxylon antiquius 7radial71 #ij diams42 ,d#a 7tang5tial71 #ij diams42 ,d#b1 cell %[+ areolation1 #bej diams4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4--,trigonoc>pum ,hook]i1 ,dawson f ! coal-measures ( ,cape ,breton4 ,probably ! fruit ( a ,tax9e tree4 ,a1 ,brok5 specim5 magnifi$ twice natural size1 ,b1 ,section magnifi$3 a1 ! te/a2 b1 ! tegm52 c1 ! nucleus2 d1 ! embryo1 c1 ,portion ( ! surface ( ! inn] coat m highly magnifi$4 ,a rem>kable fact 9 connection ) !m1 & %[+ also ! mann] 9 :i* ! mo/ durable vegetable /ructures may p]i% by decay1 is t1 l ! ,cordaites1 !y _h l>ge pi?s ) transv]se p>titions1 a /ructure :i*1 z ,i h already m5tion$1 appe>s on a m9ute scale 9 ! twigs ( ! fir-tree1 & t sometimes ca/s ( ^! pi?s 9 s&/one appe> 9 a sep>ate =m1 con/itut+ :at h be5 nam$ ,/]nb]gi or ,artisi4 ,z ,r5ault well rem>ks ) ref]5ce to ,cordaites1 ! exi/5ce ( ?is *amb]$ =m ( pi? implies rapid elongation ( ! /em1 s t ! ,cordaites & conif]s ( ! coal-=mation 7 probably quickly gr[+ trees 7,fig4 #fb74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4--,/]nb]gia pi? ( ,dadoxylon4 ,a1 ,specim5 7natural size71 %[+ rema9s ( wood at a1 a4 ,b1 ,junction ( wood & pi?1 magnifi$4 ,c1 ,cells ( ! wood ( d41 a1 a2 b1 m$ull>y ray2 c1 areolation4 ,! same g5]al /atem5ts may be made z to ! coal-vegetation z 9 relation to t ( ! ,erian4 ,9 ! coal p]iod we h f\nd none ( ! high] exog5s1 & !re are only obscure & unc]ta9 indications ( ! pres5ce ( endog5s1 :i* we may res]ve = a future *apt]2 b gymnosp]ms ab\nd & are highly *>act]i/ic4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h no mosses or li*5s1 & v few ,alg1 b a great numb] ( f]ns & ,lycopodiace or club-mosses 7,fig4 #fc74 ,?us1 ! coal-=mation p]iod is botanically a meet+-place ( ! l[] phnogams & ! high] cryptogams1 & pres5ts _m =ms :i*1 :5 imp]fectly kn[n1 h puzzl$ botani/s 9 reg>d to _! position 9 "o or o!r s]ies4 ,9 ! pres5t _w1 ! flora mo/ ak9 to t ( ! coal p]iod is t ( w>m1 temp]ate regions 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,x is n prop]ly a tropical flora1 nor is x ! flora ( a cold region1 b r indicative ( a moi/ & equable climate4 ,/ill1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t we may (t5 be mi/ak5 9 reason+ z to ! temp]ature requir$ by ext9ct species ( plants1 diff]+ f ^? n[ 9 exi/5ce4 ,fur!r1 we mu/ n assume t ! climatal conditions ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e 7 9 ! coal p]iod at all simil> to ^? :i* n[ prevail4 ,z ,sir ,*>les ,lyell has %[n1 a less am\nt ( l& 9 ! high] latitudes w\ld greatly modify climates1 & !re is e reason to believe t 9 ! coal p]iod !re 0 less l& ?an n[4 ,fur!r1 x has be5 %[n by ,tyndall t a v small additional am\nt ( c>bonic acid 9 ! atmosph]e w\ld1 by ob/ruct+ ! radiation ( heat f ! e>?1 produce almo/ ! effect ( a glass ro( or cons]vatory1 ext5d+ ov] ! :ole _w4 ,aga91 !re is mu* 9 ! /ructure ( ! leaves ( ! coal-plants1 z well z 9 ! va/ am\nt ( c>bon :i* !y accumulat$ 9 ! =m ( coal1 & ! *>act]i/ics ( ! animal life ( ! p]iod1 to indicate1 on indep5d5t gr\nds1 t ! c>bonif]\s atmosph]e diff]$ f t ( ! pres5t _w 9 ?is way1 or 9 ! pres5ce ( m c>bonic acid--a sub/ance n[ exi/+ 9 ! v m9ute proportion ( "o ?\s&? ( ! :ole--a quantity adapt$ to ! pres5t requirem5ts ( vegetable & animal life1 b probably n to ^? ( ! coal p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4--,wal*ia imbricatula1 ,s4 ,n41 ,p]mian1 ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,isl&4 ,?us1 if we inquire z to any analog\s di/ribution ( plants 9 ! mod]n _w1 we f9d ?is only 9 ! w>m] insul> climates ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 :]e f]ns1 lycopods1 & p9es appe> "u =ms some:at ak9 to ^? ( ! ,c>bonif]\s1 b mix$ ) o!r types1 "s ( :i* are mod]n1 o!rs alli$ to ^? ( ! next succe$+ geological ages ( ! ,mesozoic & ,t]ti>y2 & "u ^! p]iods x w be m conv5i5t to make comp>isons4 ,! read]s ( rec5t ,engli% popul> works on geology w h obs]v$ ! /atem5t reit]at$ t a l>ge proportion ( ! mat]ial ( ! great b$s ( bitum9\s coal is compos$ ( ! spore-cases ( lycopodiace\s plants--a /atem5t q contr>y to t result+ f my microscopical exam9ations ( ! coal ( m ?an eighty coal-b$s 9 ,nova ,scotia & ,cape ,breton1 z /at$ 9 ,acadian ,geology 7page #dfc71 & m fully 9 my memoir ( #aheh on ! ,/ructures 9 ,coal1,,cg & t ( #ahff1 on ! ,conditions ( ,accumulation ( ,coal4,,* ,! reason ( ?is mi/ake is1 t an em95t ,engli% naturali/1 happ5+ to f9d 9 c]ta9 specim5s ( ,engli% coal a great quantity ( rema9s ( spores & spore-cases1 ?\gh ev5 9 8 specim5s !y con/itute only a small portion ( ! mass1 & be+ app>5tly unacqua9t$ ) :at o!rs _h done 9 ?is field1 wrote a popul> article = ! ,contempor>y ,review1 9 :i* he ext5d$ an isolat$ & exceptional fact to all coals1 & plac$ ?is suppos$ orig9 ( coal 9 a light s brilliant & attractive t he has be5 foll[$ by _m rec5t writ]s4 ,! fact is1 z /at$ 9 ,acadian ,geology1 t trunks ( ,sigill>i & simil> trees con/itute a great "p ( ! d5s] portion ( ! coal1 & t ! cortical tissues ( ^! r ?an ! wood rema9 z coal4 ,b cortical or epid]mal tissues 9 g5]al1 :e!r ^? ( spore-cases or o!r p>ts ( plants1 are ^? :i* f _! resi/ance to wat]-soakage & to decay1 & f _! highly c>bonace\s "*1 are be/ suit$ to ! production ( coal4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 spore-cases1 ?\gh (t5 abundantly pres5t1 con/itute only an inf9itesimal "p ( ! matt] ( ! great coal-b$s4 ,9 an article 9 ,! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 :i* appe>$ %ortly aft] t above ref]r$ to1 ,i endeav\r$ to correct ?is error1 ?\gh app>5tly )\t effect 9 s f> z ! majority ( ,briti% geological writ]s are conc]n$4 ,f ?is article ,i h tak5 ) little *ange ! foll[+ passages1 z x is ( importance 9 !oretical geology t su* mi/akes1 involv+ z !y d ! :ole !ory ( coal accumulation1 %\ld n cont9ue to pass curr5t4 ,! e>ly "p ( ! pap] is occupi$ ) facts z to ! occurr5ce ( spores & spore-cases z p>tial +r$i5ts 9 coal4 ,its conclusions are z foll[s3 ,x is n improbable t sporangites1 or bodies resembl+ !m1 may be f\nd 9 mo/ coals2 b x is mo/ likely t _! occurr5ce is accid5tal r ?an ess5tial to coal accumulation1 & t !y are m likely to h be5 abundant 9 %ales & cannel coals1 deposit$ 9 ponds or 9 %all[ wat]s 9 ! vic9ity ( lycopodiace\s =e/s1 ?an 9 ! swampy or peaty deposits :i* con/itute ! ord9>y coals4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ! conspicu\s appe>ance :i* ^! bodies1 & also ! /rips & fragm5ts ( epid]mal tissue1 :i* resemble !m 9 texture1 pres5t 9 slices ( coal1 may incl9e an obs]v]1 n hav+ l>ge exp]i5ce 9 ! exam9ation ( coals1 to ov]rate _! importance2 & ?is ,i ?9k has be5 done by mo/ microscopi/s1 especially ^? :o h conf9$ _! att5tion to slices prep>$ by ! lapid>y4 ,"o mu/ also be> 9 m9d ! dang] aris+ f mi/ak+ concretion>y accumulations ( bitum9\s matt] = sporangia4 ,9 sections ( ! bitum9\s %ales accompany+ ! ,devonian coal above m5tion$1 !re are _m r\nd$ yell[ spots1 :i* on exam9ation prove to be ! spaces 9 ! epid]mis ( ,psilophyton ?r\gh :i* ! vessels pass+ to ! leaves 7 emitt$4 ,to ^! consid]ations ,i w\ld add ! foll[+1 cond5s$ f ! pap] above ref]r$ to 7p4 #aci71 9 :i* ! :ole "q ( ! orig9 ( coal is fully discuss$3,,ci ,,cg ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 vol4 xv4 ,,* ,ibid41 vol4 xxii4 ,,ci ,see also ,acadian ,geology1 #b;d ed41 pp4 #ach1 #dfa1 #dic4 #a4 ,! m9]al *>coal or '"m coal' is obvi\sly woody tissue & fibres ( b>k1 ! /ructure ( ! v>ieties ( :i*1 & ! plants to :i* x probably belongs1 ,i h discuss$ 9 ! pap] above m5tion$4 #b4 ,! co>s] lay]s ( coal %[ "u ! microscope a confus$ mass ( fragm5ts ( vegetable matt] belong+ to v>i\s descriptions ( plants1 & includ+1 b n usually 9 l>ge quantities1 sporangites4 #c4 ,! m brilliant lay]s ( ! coal are se51 :5 sep>at$ by ?9 lam9 ( clay1 to h on _! surfaces ! m>k+s ( ,sigill>i & o!r trees1 ( :i* !y evid5tly repres5t flatt5$ specim5s1 or r ! b>k ( su* specim5s4 ,"u ! microscope1 :5 _! /ructures are pres]v$1 ^! lay]s %[ cortical tissues m abundantly ?an any o!rs4 #d4 ,"s ?9 lay]s ( coal consi/ ma9ly ( flatt5$ lay]s ( leaves ( ,cordaites or ,py*nophyllum4 #e4 ,! ,/igm>ia "u-clays & ! /umps ( ,sigill>ia 9 ! coal-ro(s equally te/ify to ! accumulation ( coal by ! gr[? ( successive =e/s1 m especially ( ,sigill>i4 ,!re is1 on ! o!r h&1 no necess>y connection ( sporangite-b$s ) ,/igm>ian soils4 ,su* b$s are m likely to be accumulat$ 9 wat]1 & consequ5tly to con/itute bitum9\s %ales & cannels4 #f4 ,lepidod5dron & its allies1 to :i* ! spore-cases 9 "q appe> to belong1 are evid5tly mu* less important to coal accumulation ?an ,sigill>ia1 :i* _c be affirm$ to h produc$ spore-cases simil> to ^? 9 "q1 ev5 ?\gh ! obs]vation ( ,gold5b]g z to _! fruit c be reli$ on2 ! accuracy ( :i*1 h[ev]1 ,i am incl9$ to d\bt4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 :ile giv+ due cr$it to ^? :o h advocat$ ! spore-!ory ( coal1 = direct+ att5tion to ?is curi\s & no d\bt important con/itu5t ( m9]al fuel1 & admitt+ t ,i may possibly h giv5 too little att5tion to x1 ,i mu/ ma9ta9 t sporangite-b$s are exceptional among coals1 & t cortical & woody matt]s are ! mo/ abundant +r$i5ts 9 all ! ord9>y k9ds2 & to ?is ,i _c ?9k t ! coals ( ,engl& con/itute an exception4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 9 conclusion1 t ! spore-cases ( plants1 9 _! inde/ructibility & ri*ly c>bonace\s "*1 only p>take ( qualities common to mo/ sub]\s & epid]mal matt]s1 z ,i h expla9$ 9 ! publications already ref]r$ to4 ,su* epid]mal & cortical sub/ances are extremely ri* 9 c>bon & hydrog51 9 ?is resembl+ bitum9\s coal4 ,!y are also v little liable to decay1 & !y resi/ m ?an o!r vegetable matt]s aque\s infiltration--prop]ties :i* h caus$ !m to rema9 un*ang$1 & to cont9ue free f m9]al additions m ?an o!r vegetable tissues4 ,^! qualities are well se5 9 ! b>k ( our ,am]ican :ite bir*4 ,x is no wond] t mat]ials ( ?is k9d %\ld con/itute consid]able portions ( su* vegetable accumulations z ! b$s ( coal1 & t :5 pres5t 9 l>ge proportion !y %\ld af=d ri*ly bitum9\s b$s4 ,all ?is agrees ) ! fact1 app>5t on exam9ation ( ! common coal1 t ! great] numb] ( its pure/ lay]s consi/ ( ! flatt5$ b>k ( ,sigill>i & simil> trees1 j z any s+le flatt5$ trunk emb$d$ 9 %ale becomes a lay] ( pure coal4 ,x also agrees ) ! fact t o!r lay]s ( coal1 & also ! cannels & e>?y bitum5s1 appe> "u ! microscope to consi/ ( f9ely comm9ut$ p>ticles1 pr9cipally ( epid]mal tissues1 n only f ! fruits & spore-cases ( plants1 b also f _! leaves & /ems4 ,^! consid]ations impress u1 j z mu* z ! abundance ( spore-cases1 ) ! imm5se am\nt ( ! vegetable matt] :i* has p]i%$ dur+ ! accumulation ( coal1 9 comp>ison ) t :i* has be5 pres]v$4 ,i am indebt$ to ,dr4 ,t4 ,/]ry ,hunt = ! foll[+ v valuable in=mation1 :i* at once places 9 a cle> & precise light ! *emical relations ( epid]mal tissue & spores ) coal4 ,dr4 ,hunt says3 ,! out] b>k ( ! cork-tree1 & ! cuticle ( _m if n all o!r plants1 consi/s ( a highly c>bonace\s matt]1 to :i* ! "n ( sub]9 has be5 giv54 ,! spores ( ,lycopodium also approa* to ?is sub/ance 9 composition1 z w be se5 by ! foll[+1 "o ( two analyses by ,duconi1,,cj along ) :i* ,i give ! !oretical composition ( pure cellulose or woody fibre1 accord+ to ,pay5 & ,mits*]li*1 & an analysis ( ! sub]9 ( cork1 f ,qu]cus sub]1 f :i* ! a% & #be p] c5t ( cellulose h be5 d$uct$4,,ck ,,cj ,liebig & ,kopp1 ,jahresbu*1 #ahdg-'dh4 ,,ck ,gmel91 ,h&book1 xv41 #ade4 ---------------------------------------- ,cellulose4 ,cork4 ,lycopodium4 ---------------------------------------- ,c>bon #dddd #fegc #fdhj ,hydrog5 #fag #hcc #hgc ,nitrog5 4444 #aej #fah ,oxyg5 #dici #bddd #bjbi ------------------------------- ,total #ajjjj #ajjjj #ajjjj ---------------------------------------- ,?is diff]5ce is n less /rik+ :5 we r$uce ! above c5tesimal analyses to correspond ) ! =mula ( cellulose1 ,c#bd;,h#bj,o#bj1 & repres5t cork & ,lycopodium z conta9+ tw5ty-f\r equival5ts ( c>bon4 ,= comp>ison ,i give ! composition ( specim5s ( peat1 br[n coal1 lignite1 & bitum9\s coal3,,cl ,,cl ,canadian ,naturali/1 vi41 #bec4 ,cellulose ,c#bd;,h#bj,o#bj ,cork ,c#bd;,h#ah-b_/aj,o#f-g_/aj ,lycopodium ,c#bd;,h#ai-d_/aj,,no#e-f_/aj ,peat 7,vaux7 ,c#bd;,h#ad-d_/aj,o#aj ,br[n coal 7,s*r!r7 ,c#bd;,h#ad-c_/aj,o#aj-f_/aj ,lignite 7,vaux7 ,c#bd;,h#aa-c_/aj,o#f-d_/aj ,bitum9\s coal 7,regnault7 ,c#bd;,h#aj,o#c-c_/aj ,x w be se5 f ?is comp>ison t1 9 ultimate composition1 cork & ,lycopodium are ne>] to lignite ?an to woody fibre1 & may be conv]t$ into coal ) f> less loss ( c>bon & hydrog5 ?an ! latt]4 ,!y 9 fact approa* clos] 9 composition to res9s & fats ?an to wood1 &1 moreov]1 l ^? sub/ances repel wat]1 ) :i* !y are n easily moi/5$1 & ?us are able to resi/ ^? atmosph]ic influ5ces :i* effect ! decay ( woody tissue4 ,i w\ld add to ?is only "o fur!r consid]ation4 ,! nitrog5 pres5t 9 ! ,lycopodium spores1 no d\bt1 belongs to ! protoplasm conta9$ 9 !m1 a sub/ance :i* w\ld soon p]i% by decay2 & subtract+ ?is1 ! cell-walls ( ! spores & ! walls ( ! spore-cases w\ld be mo/ suitable mat]ial = ! production ( bitum9\s coal4 ,b ?is suitabl5ess !y %>e ) ! epid]mal tissue ( ! scales ( /robiles1 & ( ! /ems & leaves ( f]ns & lycopods1 &1 above all1 ) ! ?ick1 corky envelope ( ! /ems ( ,sigill>i & simil> trees1 :i*1 z ,i h else:]e %[n1,,cm f its condition 9 ! pro/rate & erect trunks conta9$ 9 ! b$s associat$ ) coal1 mu/ h be5 highly c>bonace\s & extremely endur+ & imp]meable to wat]4 ,9 %ort1 if1 in/ead ( spore-cases1 we read epid]mal tissues 9 g5]al1 includ+ spore-cases1 all t has be5 affirm$ reg>d+ ! latt] w be /rictly & lit]ally true1 & 9 accordance ) ! *emical composition1 microscopical *>act]s1 & mode ( occurr5ce ( coal4 ,x w also be 9 accordance ) ! foll[+ /atem5t1 f my pap] on ! ,/ructures 9 ,coal1 publi%$ 9 #ahei3 ,,cm ,vegetable ,/ructures 9 ,coal1 ,j\rnal ( ,geological ,society1 xv41 #fbf4 ,conditions ( ,accumulation ( ,coal1 ibid41 xxii41 #ie4 ,acadian ,geology1 #aig1 #dfd4 ,a s+le trunk ( ,sigill>ia 9 an erect =e/ pres5ts an epitome ( a coal-seam4 ,its roots repres5t ! ,/igm>ia "u-clay2 its b>k ! compact coal2 its woody axis ! m9]al *>coal2 its fall5 leaves 7& fruits71 ) rema9s ( h]bace\s plants gr[+ 9 its %ade1 mix$ ) a little e>?y matt]1 ! lay]s ( co>se coal4 ,! condition ( ! durable out] b>k ( erect trees concurs ) ! *emical !ory ( coal1 9 %[+ ! especial suitabl5ess ( ?is k9d ( tissue = ! production ( ! pur] compact coals4 ,x is also probable t ! comp>ative imp]meability ( ! b>k to m9]al infiltration is ( importance 9 ?is respect1 enabl+ ?is mat]ial to rema9 unaffect$ by causes :i* h fill$ ^? lay]s1 consi/+ ( h]bace\s mat]ials & decay$ wood1 ) pyrites & o!r m9]al sub/ances4 ,we ne$ n g f> 9 se>* ( ! uses ( ! coal vegetation1 :5 4we consid] ! fact t ! greate/ civilis$ nations are dep5d5t on x = _! fuel4 ,)\t ! coal ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod & ! iron-ore :i* is "o ( ! second>y consequ5ces ( coal accumulation1 j z bog-ores ( iron occur 9 ! subsoils ( mod]n peats1 x w\ld h be5 impossible ei!r to su/a9 great nations 9 com=t 9 ! cold] climates ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e or to c>ry on our arts & manufactures4 ,! coal-=mation yields to ,great ,brita9 alone ab\t "o hundr$ & sixty million tons ( coal annually1 & ! m9]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates extract ma9ly f ! same =mation ne>ly a hundr$ million tons1 :ile ! ,briti% colonies & dep5d5cies produce ab\t five million tons2 & x is a rem>kable fact t x is to ! ,engli% race t ! greate/ supply ( ?is buri$ p[] & heat & light has be5 giv54 ,! great =e/s ( ! coal p]iod1 :ile purify+ ! atmosph]e ( its excess ( un:olesome c>bonic acid1 7 /or+ up ! light & heat ( ,palozoic summ]s 9 a =m 9 :i* !y c\ld be recov]$ 9 our human age1 s t1 indep5d5tly ( _! uses to ! animals :i* 7 _! contempor>ies1 !y are indisp5sable to ! exi/5ce ( civilis$ man4 ,nor c we hope soon to be able to disp5se ) ! s]vices ( ?is accumulat$ /ore ( fuel4 ,! =e/s ( to-day are altoge!r insuffici5t = ! supply ( our wants1 & ?\gh we are beg9n+ to apply wat]-p[] to ! production ( electricity1 & ?\gh "s promis+ plans h be5 devis$ = ! utilisation ( ! direct heat & light ( ! sun1 we are /ill q z dep5d5t z any ( our pr$ecessors on :at has be5 done = u 9 ! ,palozoic age4 ,9 ! previ\s pages ,i h said little respect+ ! physical geography ( ! ,c>bonif]\s age2 b1 z may be inf]r$ f ! vegetation1 ?is 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e pres5t$ a great] expanse ( swampy flats little elevat$ above ! sea ?an we f9d 9 any o!r p]iod4 ,z to ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 less is kn[n1 b ! conditions ( vegetation w\ld seem to h be5 ess5tially ! same4 ,tak+ ! s\!rn hemisph]e z a :ole1 ,i h n se5 any evid5ce ( a ,l[] ,devonian or ,upp] ,silurian flora2 b 9 ,s\? ,africa & ,au/ralia !re are rema9s ( ,upp] ,devonian or ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s plants4 ,^! 7 succe$$ by a rem>kable ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s or ,p]mian gr\p1 :i* spread itself all ov] ,india1 ,au/ralia1 & ,s\? ,africa1,,cn & conta9s "s =ms 7,v]tebr>ia1 ,phyllo!ca1 ,glossopt]is1 c4 7 n f\nd 9 rocks ( simil> age 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 s t1 if ! age ( ^! b$s has be5 correctly det]m9$1 ! s\!rn hemisph]e 0 9 advance 9 relation to "s g5]a ( plants4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is to be expect$ :5 we consid] t ! ,triassic & ,jurassic flora ( ! nor? conta9s or consi/s ( intrud]s f m s\!rn sites4 ,^! b$s are succe$$ 9 ,india by o!rs hold+ cycads1 c41 ( ,upp] ,jurassic or ,l[] ,cretace\s types 7,rajmahal & ,jabalpur gr\ps74 ,,cn ,wyley1 ,j\rnal ,geol4 ,society1 vol4 xxiii41 p4 #agb2 ,da9tree1 ibid41 vol4 xxviii42 also ,cl>ke & ,mc,coy4 ,blan=d has %[n t !re is a v great simil>ity 9 ?is s]ies all ov] ! ,au/ralian & ,indian region4,,co ,h>tt & ,d>by h 9 l mann] di/+ui%$ ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s =ms 9 ,brazil ak9 to ^? ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,?us ! s\!rn hemisph]e w\ld seem to h kept pace ) ! nor!rn1 & accord+ to ,blan=d !re is evid5ce !re ( cold conditions 9 ! ,p]mian1 sep>at+ ! ,palozoic flora f t ( ! ,mesozoic1 9 ! same mann] t ,ramsay has suppos$ a simil> p]iod ( cold to h done nor? ( ! equator4 ,?is w\ld imply a v great *ange ( climate1 s9ce we h evid5ce ( ! ext5sion ( ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s flora at lea/ z f> nor? z ,spitzb]g54 ,! upp] coal-=mation we _c1 h[ev]1 trace ne>ly s f> nor?2 s t a gradual refrig]ation may h be5 go+ on be=e ! ,p]mian4 ,?us 9 bo? hemisph]es !re 0 a g5]al simil>ity 9 ! lat] ,palozoic flora1 & p]haps simil> conditions lead+ to its ext9ction & to its replacem5t by t to be describ$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,,co ,j\rnal ,geol4 ,society1 vol4 xxxi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,notes ,,to ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,i4 ,*>act]s & ,classification ( ,palozoic ,plants4 ,9 ! space available 9 ?is "w x w\ld be impossible to ent] fully into ! classification ( ,palozoic plants2 b x may be well to notice "s important po9ts = ! guidance ( ^? :o may desire to collect specim5s2 m especially z mu* unc]ta9ty exi/s z to aff9ities & v contradictory /atem5ts are made4 ,! /atem5ts bel[ may be reg>d$ z ! results ( actual obs]vation & ( ! /udy ( specim5s 9 situ 9 ! rocks1 z well z 9 ! cab9et & "u ! microscope4 ,gymnosp]me4 ,family ,conif]2 ,g5us ,dadoxylon1 ,endli*]2 ,arauc>ites1 ,goepp]t2 ,arauc>ioxylon1 ,kraus4 ,! trunks ( ?is g5us occur f ! ,middle ,devonian to ! ,p]mian inclusive1 z drift-logs calcifi$1 silicifi$1 or pyritis$4 ,! only foliage associat$ ) !m is ( ! type ( ,wal*ia & ,arauc>ites--viz41 sl5d] bran*es ) num]\s small spiral acicul> leaves4 ,two ( ! coal-=mation species1 ,d4 mat]i>um & ano!r1 _h foliage ( ?is type4 ,t ( ! o!rs is unkn[n4 ,!y are all di/9ct f ! wood ( ,cordaites1 = :i* see "u t g5us4 ,! foll[+ are ,nor? ,am]ican species3 ,trunks4 ,dadoxylon ,ouangondianum1 ,dn4 ,m4 ,erian ,report1 #ahga4;,,cp ,d4 ,halli1 ,dn4 ,d4 ,newb]ryi1 ,dn4 ,d4 ,cl>kii1 ,dn4 7,cordoxylon 87 ,report1 #ahhb4 ,d4 ,acadianum1 ,dn4 ,coal-=mation ,acadian ,geology4 & mill/one grit4 ,d4 ,mat]i>um1 ,dn4 ,d4 & ,p]mo- ,c>b4 ,d4 7,paloxylon7 antiquius1 ,dn4 ,l4 ,c>bonif]\s4 ,d4 annulatum1 ,dn4 ,coal-=mation4 ,ormoxylon ,erianum1 ,dn4 ,erian ,report1 #ahga4 ,foliage4 ,arauc>ites gracilis1 ,dn4 ,n4 ,coal-=mation & ,p]mian4 ,report on ,wal*ia robu/a1 ,dn4 ,p]mian4 ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,w4 imbricatula1 ,dn4 ,isl&4 ,,cp ,geological ,survey ( ,canada3 ,fossil ,plants ( ,erian & ,upp] ,silurian ,=mations1 by ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson4 ,all ( ! above c be v\*$ = z good species bas$ ^u microscopic exam9ation ( a v l>ge numb] ( trunks f diff]5t p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! ?ree ,erian species ( ,dadoxylon & ,d4 antiquius f ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s h two or m r[s ( cells 9 ! m$ull>y rays4 ,! la/ nam$ has sev]al r[s1 & is a true ,paloxylon alli$ to ,d4 ,)ami ( ,great ,brita94 ,d4 mat]i>ium is specially *>act]i/ic ( ! upp] coal-=mation & ,p]mian1 & to x mu/ belong "o or bo? ( ! species ( foliage indicat$ above4 ,d4 ,cl>kii has v %ort1 simple m$ull>y rays ( only a few cells sup]impos$1 & has an inn] cyl9d] ( scal>i=m vessels1 approa*+ 9 ^! po9ts to ,cordaites4 ,ormoxylon has a v peculi> articulat$ pi? & simple m$ull>y rays4 ,)am 9 #ahcc describ$ sev]al ,c>bonif]\s species ( p9e-wood1 "u ! g5]ic "n ,p9ites1 sep>at+ "u ! "n ,pitus species :i* appe>$ to h ! discs on ! cell-walls sep>ate & 9 transv]se l9es4 ,)am's "n 0 *ang$ by ,goepp]t to ,arauc>ites1 to indicate ! simil>ity ( ^! woods to ,arauc>ia1 ,p9ites be+ res]v$ = trees m closely alli$ to ! ord9>y p9es4 ,endli*]1 re/rict+ ,arauc>ites to foliage1 etc41 ( ,arauc>ia-l trees1 gave ! "n ,dadoxylon to ! wood2 & ?is1 ?r\gh ,ung]'s ,g5]a & ,species1 has ga9$ some:at g5]al acceptance4 ,endli*] also gave ! "n ,pissad5dron to ! species :i* ,)am _h call$ ,pitus2 b ,brongni>t propos$ ! "n ,paloxylon to include all ! species ) ?ick & complex m$ull>y rays1 :atev] ! arrangem5t ( ! discs4 ,9 ,s*imp]'s new "w ,kraus sub/itutes ,arauc>ioxylon = ,endli*]'s ,dadoxylon1 & includes "u ,pissad5dron all ! species plac$ by ,brongni>t 9 ,paloxylon4 ,to und]/& all ?is confusion1 x may be obs]v$ t ! *>act]s available 9 ! det]m9ation ( ,palozoic conif]\s wood are *iefly ! =m & arrangem5t ( ! wood-cells1 ! "* ( ! bord]$ pores or discs ( _! walls1 & ! =m & composition ( ! m$ull>y rays4 ,! "* on :i* ,)am sep>at$ 8 g5us ,pitus f ,p9ites is1 z ,i h asc]ta9$ by exam9ation ( slices ( "o ( 8 orig9al specim5s k9dly pres5t$ to me by ,mr4 ,s&]son1 ( ,ed9burgh1 dep5d5t on /ate ( pres]vation1 ! imp]fectly pres]v$ discs or areolations ( ! walls ( ! fibre pres5t+ ! appe>ance ( sep>ate & di/9ct circles1 :ile 9 o!r p>ts ( ! same specim5s ^! discs are se5 to be contigu\s & to assume hexagonal =ms1 s t 9 ?is respect !y d n really diff] f ! ord9>y species ( ,dadoxylon4 ,! true "* = subdivid+ ^? species :i* are especially *>act]i/ic ( ! ,c>bonif]\s1 is ! composite /ructure ( ! m$ull>y rays1 :i* are ?ick & compos$ ( sev]al radial piles ( cells plac$ side by side4 ,?is 0 ! "* employ$ by ,brongni>t 9 sep>at+ ! g5us ,paloxylon1 ?\gh he might ) conv5i5ce h reta9$ ,)am's "n1 m]ely transf]r+ to ! g5us ! species ( ,)am's ,p9ites :i* h complex m$ull>y rays4 ,! ,erian rocks pres5t ! greate/ v>iety ( types1 & ,paloxylon is especially *>act]i/ic ( ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s1 :ile species ( ,dadoxylon ) two r[s ( bord]$ pores & simple m$ull>y rays are especially pl5tiful 9 ! upp] coal-=mation & ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s4 ,! foll[+ table w cle>ly %[ ! di/9ctive *>act]s & relations ( ! g5]a 9 "q1 z held by ! sev]al au?ors above ref]r$ to3 ,wood ( ,palozoic ,conif]s4 ,woody ,m$ull>y rays ,g5]ic ,geological fibres4 & pi?4 names4 age4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,no discs4 ,"o or two s]ies ,aporoxylon1 ,devonian ( cells4 ,ung]4 7,erian74 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,complex1 or ( two ,pitus1 or m s]ies ( ,)am4 ,middle & or m s]ies ( ,paloxylon1 ,l[] cells4 ,brongni>t4 ,c>bonif]\s ,pi? ,/]nb]gian4 ,pissad5dron1 & ,devonian4 ,endli*]4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,discs 9 "o ,simple1 or ( "o ,arauc>ites1 s]ies r[ ( cells4 ,goepp]t ,upp] contigu\s1 ,pi? ,/]nb]gian4 ,dadoxylon1 ,c>bonif]\s or 9 ,endli*]4 & ,p]mian4 sev]al ,arauc>ioxylon1 s]ies ,s*imp]4 spirally ---------------------------------------- ---------------- arrang$4 ,pi? 9 sph]ical ,ormoxylon1,,cq ,dn4 ,devonian4 *amb]s4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,m$ull>y %ea? ,devonian4 scal>i=m4 ,dadoxylon ,m$ull>y rays 7,cordoxylon71,,cr frequ5t1 simple1 ,dn4 %ort4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,cq ,type ,o4 ,erianum1 ,dn41 ,report on ,canadian ,plants1 #ahga4 ,,cr ,type ,d4 ,cl>kii1 ,dn41 ,report on ,canadian ,plants1 #ahhb4 ,?is may be wood ( ,cordaites1 to :i* x approa*es v closely4 ,family ,cordaites1 ,g5us ,cordaites1 ,brongni>t4 ,trunks m>k$ by transv]se sc>s ( atta*m5t ( bases ( leaves2 leaves broad1 ) _m p>allel ve9s1 & atta*$ by a broad base2 pi/illate & /am9ate catk9s ( ! nature ( ,an?oli!s4 ,fruit w+$ or pulpy1 ( ! k9d kn[n z ,c>dioc>pum4 ,/em ) a ,/]nb]gia pi?1 usually l>ge1 surr\nd$ by a r+ ( pseudo-scal>i=m vessels1 & ) a cyl9d] usually n>r[1 ( woody w$ges1 ) bord]$ pores 9 "o or m s]ies1 & ) simple m$ull>y rays4 ,f specim5s k9dly pres5t$ to me by ,pr(4 ,r5ault1 ,i h be5 able to asc]ta9 t ! /ems ( "s at lea/ ( ^! plants 7,eucordaites7 are di/9ct 9 /ructure f all ! species ( ,dadoxylon1 above m5tion$1 except ,d4 ,cl>kii1 ( ! ,erian4 ,!y may be reg>d$ z int]m$iate betwe5 ^? ( conif]s & cycads1 :i* is inde$ ! probable position ( ^! rem>kable plants4 ,gr& d',eury has divid$ ! ,cordaites into sub-g5]a1 z foll[s3 #a4 ,eucordaites4--,leaves spatulate1 obovate1 elliptical1 or lanceolate1 sessile1 entire1 ) r\nd$ apices & ( lea!ry consi/5cy4 ,! leaves are f tw5ty to n9ety c5timetres 9 l5g?4 ,! n]ves are ei!r equally or unequally /rong4 #b4 ,dorycordaites4--,leaves lanceolate1 ) %>p po9ts2 n]ves num]\s1 f9e1 & equal 9 /r5g?4 ,! leaves atta9 a l5g? ( f =ty to fifty c5timetres4 #c4 ,poacordaites4--,leaves n>r[1 l9e>1 entire1 blunt at ! po9t1 ) n]ves ne>ly equally /rong4 ,! leaves are z mu* z =ty c5timetres 9 l5g?4 ,to ^! ,r5ault & ,zeill] h add$ a f\r? gr\p1 ,scutocordaites4 ,g5us ,/]nb]gia4 ,?is is m]ely a provisional g5us int5d$ to receive ca/s ( ! pi? cyl9d]s ( v>i\s fossil trees4 ,_! special peculi>ity is t1 z 9 ! mod]n ,cecropia peltata1 & "s species ( ,ficus1 ! pi? consi/s ( transv]se d5se p>titions :i*1 on ! elongation ( ! int]nodes1 become sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 s z to produce a *amb]$ pi? cavity1 ! ca/ ( :i* %[s transv]se furr[s4 ,! "y twigs ( ! mod]n ,abies balsamif]a pres5t a simil> /ructure on a m9ute scale4 ,i h asc]ta9$ & describ$ su* pi?-cyl9d]s 9 l>ge /ems ( ,dadoxylon ,ouangondianum1 & ,d4 mat]i>ium4 ,!y occur also 9 ! /ems ( ,cordaites & probably ( ,sigill>i4 ,i h discuss$ ^! curi\s fossils at l5g? 9 ,acadian ,geology & 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,london1 #ahfj4 ,! foll[+ summ>y is f ! la/-m5tion$ pap]3 a4 ,z ,pr(4 ,williamson & ! writ] h %[n1 _m ( ! ,/]nb]gia pi?s belong to conif]\s trees ( ! g5us ,dadoxylon4 b4 ,a few specim5s pres5t multipor\s tissue1 ( ! type ( ,dictyoxylon1 a plant ( unkn[n aff9ities1 & :i*1 accord+ to ,williamson1 has a ,/]nb]gia pi?4 c4 ,o!r examples %[ a true scal>i=m tissue1 comp>able ) t ( ,lepidod5dron or ,sigill>ia1 b ( f9] texture4 ,corda has %[n t plants ( ! type ( ! =m] g5us 78 ,lomatophloios7 _h ,/]nb]gia pi?s4 ,"s plants ( ?is gr\p are by ext]nal *>act]s loosely reckon$ by botani/s z ribless ,sigill>i 7,cla?r>ia72 b ,i believe t !y are n relat$ ev5 ord9ally to t g5us4 d4 ,_m ,c>bonif]\s ,/]nb]gi %[ /ructures id5tical ) ^? describ$ above z occurr+ 9 ,cordaites1 & also 9 "s ( ! trees ord9>ily reckon$ z ,sigill>i4 ,g5us ,c>dioc>pum4 ,i h f\nd at lea/ eight species ( ^! fruits 9 ! ,erian & ,c>bonif]\s ( ,new ,brunswick & ,nova ,scotia1 all ( :i* are evid5tly fruits ( gymnosp]m\s trees4 ,!y agree 9 hav+ a d5se coaly nucleus ( appreciable ?ickness1 ev5 9 ! flatt5$ specim5s1 & surr\nd$ by a ?9 & ve9less w+ or m>g94 ,!y h ?us precisely ! appe>ance ( sam>as ( _m exi/+ =e/-trees1 "s ( :i* !y also resemble 9 ! outl9e ( ! m>g91 except t ! w+s ( sam>as are usually ve9y4 ,! "* ( ! nucleus1 & ! occasional appe>ance 9 x ( m>ks possibly repres5t+ cotyl$ons or embryos1 =bids ! supposition t !y are spore-cases4 ,!y mu/ h be5 fruits ( phnogams4 ,:e!r !y 7 w+$ fruits or se$s1 or fruits ) a pulpy envelope l ^? ( cycads & "s conif]s1 may be consid]$ less c]ta94 ,! n infrequ5t di/ortion ( ! m>g9 is an argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! latt] view1 ?\gh ?is may also be suppos$ to h occurr$ 9 sam>as p>tially decay$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _! be+ always app>5tly flatt5$ 9 "o plane1 & ! nucleus be+ seldom1 if ev]1 f\nd d5ud$ ( its m>g91 are argum5ts 9 fav\r ( _! hav+ be5 w+$ nutlets or se$s4 ,until rec5tly ,i _h reg>d$ ! latt] view z m probable1 & s /at$ ! matt] 9 ! second edition ( ,acadian ,geology4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 lately arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! ,c>dioc>pa ( ! type ( ,c4 cornutum 7 gymnosp]m\s se$s1 hav+ two cotyl$ons emb$d$ 9 an album5 & cov]$ ) a /rong membran\s or woody tegm5 surr\nd$ by a fle%y out] coat1 & t ! not* at ! apex repres5ts ! =am5 or micropyle ( ! ovule4 ,! /ructure 0 inde$ v simil> to t ( ! se$s ( ,taxus & ( ,salisburia4 ,) respect to "s ( ! o!r species1 h[ev]1 especially ^? ) v broad m>g9s1 x /ill appe>s likely t !y 7 w+$4 ,! ,c>dioc>pa 7 borne 9 racemes or gr\ps1 & x seems c]ta9 t "s ( !m at lea/ are ! se$s ( ,cordaites4 ,! association ( "s ( !m & ( ^? ( ! next g5us ) ,sigill>i is s con/ant t ,i _c d\bt t "s ( !m belong to plants ( t g5us1 or possibly to tax9e conif]s4 ,! great numb] ( di/9ct species ( ^! se$s1 z comp>$ ) t ( kn[n trees :i* c\ld h produc$ !m1 is v rem>kable4 ,g5us ,trigonoc>pum4 ,^! are l>ge angl$ nuts conta9$ 9 a ?ick envelope1 & %[+ int]nal /ructures resembl+ ^? ( ! se$s ( mod]n ,tax9e4 ,!re are num]\s species1 z well z alli$ se$s ref]r$ to ! provisional g5]a ,rhabdoc>pus & ,c>poli!s4 ,9 ,trigonoc>pum ,hook]i ,i h describ$ ! int]nal /ructure ( "o ( ^? se$s1 & _m f9e examples f ! coal-field ( ,/4 ,eti5ne1 9 ,france1 h be5 describ$ by ,brongni>t1 s t _! int]nal /ructure is v well kn[n4 ,g5us ,an?oli!s4 ,?is is also a provisional g5us1 to include spikes ( floral organs1 "s ( :i* are kn[n to h belong$ to ,cordaites1 o!rs probably to ,sigill>i4 ,( ,unc]ta9 ,aff9ities4 ,family ,sigill>iace4 ,"u ?is "n palobotani/s h includ$ a great numb] ( trees ( ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em1 all ( :i* are *>act]is$ by broad leaf-se>s1 ) ?ree vascul> sc>s1 & usually arrang$ 9 v]tical r[s1 & by elongat$ ?ree-n]v$ leaves1 & roots ( ! /igm>ia type--t is1 ) r\nd$ pits1 m>k+ ! atta*m5t ( rootlets spirally arrang$4 ,^! trees1 h[ev]1 collect$ 9 ! g5us ,sigill>ia by arbitr>y *>act]s1 :i* pass into ^? ( ! ,lepidod5droid trees1 h be5 involv$ 9 almo/ inextricable confusion1 to dis5tangle :i* x w be necess>y to consid]3 #a4 ,! ext]nal *>act]s ( ,sigill>i1 & trees conf\nd$ ) !m4 #b4 ,subdivision ( ,sigill>i by ext]nal m>k+s4 #c4 ,! microscopic "* ( _! /ems4 #d4 ,:at is kn[n ( _! foliage & fruit4 #a4 ,*>act]s ( ,sigill>oid & ,lepidod5droid ,trunks4 ,x may be premis$ t ! modes ( det]m9ation 9 fossil botany are necess>ily diff]5t f ^? employ$ 9 rec5t botany4 ,! palobotani/ mu/ h rec\rse to *>act]s d]iv$ f ! leaves1 ! sc>s left by _! fall1 & ! int]nal /ructures ( ! /em4 ,^! p>ts1 held 9 little e/eem by botani/s 9 describ+ mod]n plants1 & mu* neglect$ by !m1 mu/ hold ! fir/ place 9 ! reg>d ( ! fossil botani/1 :]eas ! fructification1 seldom pres]v$1 & g5]ally obscure1 is ( comp>atively little s]vice4 ,x is to be rem>k$ also t 9 su* g5]alis$ plants z ^? ( ! ,palozoic1 rem>kable r = ! developm5t ( ! vegetative ?an ( ! reproductive organs1 ! =m] rise 9 importance z comp>$ ) _! value 9 ! /udy ( mod]n plants4 ,9 ,sigill>i1 ,lepidod5dra1 c41 ! foll[+ surfaces ( ! /em may be pres5t$ to our inspection3 #a4 ,! out] surface ( ! epid]mis )\t its leaves1 b ) ! leaf-bases & leaf-sc>s m or less p]fectly pres]v$4 ,on ?is surface we may recognise3 7#a7 ,cellul> swell+s or projections ( ! b>k to :i* ! leaves are atta*$4 ,^! may be call$ leaf-bases1 & !y are sometimes v prom95t4 7#b7 ,! actual m>k ( ! atta*m5t ( ! leaf situat$ 9 ! mo/ prom95t "p ( ! leaf-base4 ,?is is ! leaf-sc>4 7#c7 ,9 ! leaf-sc> :5 well pres]v$ we c see "o or m m9ute punctures or prom95ces :i* are ! po9ts :]e ! vascul> bundles pass+ to ! leaf f\nd exit4 ,^! are ! vascul> sc>s4 ,:5 ! leaves are atta*$1 ! leaf-sc>s & vascul> sc>s _c be se51 b ! leaf-bases c be made out4 ,h5ce x is important1 if possible1 to secure specim5s ) & )\t ! leaves4 ,9 flatt5$ specim5s ! leaf-bases are (t5 di/ort$ by pressure & m>k$ ) furr[s :i* mu/ n be mi/ak5 = true /ructural *>act]s4 ,! leaf-bases1 :i* are 9 relief on ! out] surface ( ! /em1 ( c\rse appe> z depressions on ! m\ld 9 ! conta9+ rock1 9 :i* ! m>k+s (t5 appe> mu* m di/9ctly ?an on ! plant itself4 #b4 ,! out] surface ( ! epid]mis may h be5 remov$ or may be de/roy$ by ! co>s5ess ( ! conta9+ rock4 ,9 ?is case ! leaf-bases are usually pres]v$ on ! surface ( ! out] or corky b>k1 b ! leaf-sc>s & vascul> sc>s h disappe>$4 ,?is gives t condition ( ,lepidod5droid trees to :i* ! "n ,knorria has be5 appli$4 ,:5 plants are 9 ?is /ate c>eful inspection may sometimes discov] traces ( ! leaf-sc>s on portions ( ! /em1 & ?us enable ! ,knorria to be connect$ ) ! species to :i* x belongs4 #c4 ,! out] or corky b>k may be remov$1 expos+ ! surface ( ! inn] or fibr\s & cellul> b>k1 :i* 9 ! plants 9 "q is usually ( great ?ickness4 ,9 ?is case nei!r ! leaf-bases nor ! sc>s are se51 b punctures or little furr[s or ridges appe> :]e ! vascul> bundles ent]$ ! inn] b>k4 ,specim5s 9 ?is /ate are usually said to be decorticat$1 ?\gh only ! out] b>k is remov$4 ,x is (t5 difficult to det]m9e plants 9 ?is condition1 unless "s portion ( ! /em c be f\nd /ill reta9+ ! b>k2 b :5 c>e is tak5 9 collect+1 x w n infrequ5tly be f\nd t ! true out] surface c be recov]$ f ! conta9+ rock1 especially if a coaly lay] repres5t+ ! out] b>k int]v5es betwe5 ?is & ! inn] impression4 ,specim5s ( ?is k9d1 tak5 alone1 h be5 ref]r$ to ! g5]a ,knorria1 ,bo?rod5dron1 & ,halonia4 #d4 ,9 "s cases1 ?\gh n frequ5tly1 ! out] surface ( ! ligne\s cyl9d] is pres]v$4 ,x almo/ inv>iably pres5ts a regul>ly /riat$ or irregul>ly wr9kl$ appe>ance1 dep5d+ ^u ! v]tical woody w$ges1 or ! positions ( ! m$ull>y rays or vascul> bundles4 ,specim5s ( ?is k9d con/itut$ "s ( ! ,endog5ites ( ! old] botani/s1 & ! g5us ,s*izod5dron ( ,ei*wald appe>s to include "s ( !m4 ,_m ( !m h also be5 incorrectly ref]r$ to ,calamites4 #e4 ,9 "s cases ! ca/ ( ! m$ull>y cyl9d] or pi? may alone be pres]v$4 ,?is may be ne>ly smoo* or slightly m>k$ by v]tical /ri1 b m usually pres5ts a transv]se /riation1 & n infrequ5tly ! transv]se con/rictions & septa *>act]i/ic ( ! g5us ,/]nb]gia4 ,loose ,/]nb]gi af=d little means ( connect+ !m ) ! species to :i* !y belong1 except by ! microscopic exam9ation ( ! %r$s ( ! ligne\s cyl9d] :i* (t5 cl+ to !m4,,cs ,,cs ,see my pap]1 ,j\rnal ( ,geological ,society1 vol4 xxvii4 ,^! facts be+ premis$1 ! foll[+ g5]al /atem5ts may be made respect+ "s ( ! m common ,palozoic g5]a1 ref]r+1 h[ev]1 pr9cipally to ! p]fect m>k+s z se5 on ! epid]mis3 ,sigill>ia4--,leaf-bases hexagonal or elongat$1 or conflu5t on a v]tical ridge4 ,leaf-sc>s hexagonal or %ield-%ap$4 ,vascul> sc>s ?ree1 ! two lat]al l>g] ?an ! c5tral4 ,?is la/ "* is con/ant1 dep5d+ on ! fact t ! leaves ( ,sigill>ia h two or m vascul> bundles4 ,all s-call$ ,sigill>i hav+ ! c5tral vascul> sc> l>ge/1 or only "o vascul> bundle1 %\ld be reject$ f ?is g5us4 ,9 "y bran*es ( bran*+ ,sigill>i ! leaf-sc>s sometimes appe> to be spiral1 b 9 ! old] /ems !y =m v]tical r[s2 int]rupt$1 h[ev]1 by transv]se r[s or b&s ( fruit-sc>s1 ea* ) a s+le l>ge c5tral vascul> sc>1 & :i* h borne ! organs ( fructification4 ,ar?rocaulis ( ,mc,coy is f\nd$ on ?is peculi>ity4 ,syr+od5dron4--,diff]s f ,sigill>ia 9 ! leaf-sc>s1 :i* are circul> & ) a s+le vascul> bundle4 ,x is a matt] ( d\bt :e!r ^! plants 7 ( high] rank ?an ,sigill>ia t5d+ t[>d ! p9es1 or ( l[] rank t5d+ t[>d ,cyclo/igma4 ,_! leaf-bases =m v]tical ridges4 ,lepidod5dron4--,leaf-bases rhombic1 oval1 or lanceolate1 mod]ately prom95t4 ,leaf-sc>s rhombic or sometimes %ield-%ap$ or he>t-%ap$1 9 ! middle or upp] "p ( ! leaf-base4 ,vascul> sc>s ?ree--! middle "o always l>ge/ & correspond+ to ! s+le n]ve ( ! leaf2 ! lat]al ones sometimes obsolete4 ,9 old] /ems ?ree modes ( gr[? are obs]v$4 ,9 "s species ! expansion ( ! b>k oblit]ates ! leaf-bases & causes ! leaf-sc>s to appe> sep>at$ by wide spaces ( m or less wr9kl$ b>k1 :i* at l5g? becomes longitud9ally furr[$ & simulates ! ribb$ "* ( ,sigill>ia4 ,9 o!rs ! leaf-bases gr[ 9 size z ! trunk exp&s1 s t ev5 9 l>ge trunks !y are contigu\s ?\gh mu* l>g] ?an ^? on ! bran*es4 ,9 o!rs ! out] b>k1 h>d5+ at an e>ly age1 is incapable ( ei!r ( ! above *anges1 & m]ely becomes cleft into deep furr[s 9 ! old trunks4 ,lepidophloios4--,leaf-bases transv]se & prom95t--(t5 v mu* s4 ,leaf-sc>s transv]sely rhombic or oval ) ?ree vascul> sc>s1 ! c5tral l>ge/4 ,leaves v long & "o-n]v$4 ,l>ge /robiles or bran*lets borne 9 two ranks or spirally on ! sides ( ! /em1 & leav+ l>ge1 r\nd sc>s 7cone-sc>s71 (t5 ) radiat+ impressions ( ! basal r[ ( scales4 ,species ) long or droop+ leaf-bases h be5 includ$ 9 ,lepidophloios & ,lomatophloios1 ,species ) %ort leaf-bases & cone-sc>s 9 two r[s h be5 call$ ,ulod5dron1 & "s ( !m h be5 includ$ 9 ,sigill>ia 7sub-g5us ,cla?r>ia74 ,decorticat$ /ems are ,bo?rod5dron & ,halonia4 ,"s ( ! species approa* ne> to ! la/ g5us1 especially to ! ,lepidod5dra ) rhombic leaf-bases l ,l4 tetragonum4 ,cyclo/igma4--,leaf-bases undevelop$4 ,leaf-sc>s circul> or horse%oe-%ap$1 small1 ) a c5tral vascul> sc>4 ,9 old trunks ( ,cyclo/igma ! leaf-sc>s become widely sep>at$1 & sometimes appe> 9 v]tical r[s4 ,"y bran*es ( ,lepidod5dron sometimes h ! leaf-sc>s simil> to ^? ( ,cyclo/igma4 ,leptophleum4--,leaf-bases flat1 rhombic2 leaf-sc>s obsolete2 vascul> sc> s+le1 c5tral4 ,! la/ two g5]a are *>act]i/ically ,devonian4 ,9 contradi/9ction f ! trees above m5tion$1 ! foll[+ g5]al /atem5ts may be made respect+ o!r gr\ps3 ,9 conif]s ! leaf-bases are usually elongat$ v]tically1 (t5 scaly 9 appe>ance1 & ) ! leaf-sc> t]m9al & r\nd1 oval1 or rhombic1 & ) a s+le well-m>k$ vascul> sc>4 ,9 ,calamites1 ,calamod5dron1 & ,a/]ophyllites ! sc>s ( ! bran*lets or leaves are circul> or oval1 ) only a s+le vascul> sc>1 & situat$ 9 v]ticils at ! top ( well-m>k$ nodes ( ! /em4 ,9 tree-f]ns ! leaf-bases are l>ge & usually )\t a di/9ct articulat+ surface4 ,! vascul> bundles are num]\s4 ,protopt]is has r\nd$ leaf-sc>s ) a l>ge horse%oe-%ap$ bundle ( vessels above & small bundles bel[4 ,caulopt]is has l>ge elliptic or oval leaf-sc>s ) vascul> sc>s dispos$ conc5trically4 ,palopt]is1,,ct ( ,ge9itz1 has ! leaf-sc>s transv]sely oval & ! vascul> bundles conflu5t 9 a transv]se b& ) an app5dage or outly+ bundle bel[4 ,/emmatopt]is has leaf-sc>s simil> to ^? ( ,caulopt]is1 b ! vascul> bundles unit$ into a horse%oe-%ap$ b&4 ,,ct ,?is "n1 preoccupi$ by ,ge9itz1 has be5 inadv]t5tly misappli$ to ! ,devonian f]ns ( ! g5us ,ar*opt]is4 #b4 ,subdivision ( ,sigill>i 9 ,accordance ) _! ,m>k+s4 ,! foll[+ gr\ps may be def9$ 9 ?is way2 b1 be+ bas$ on "o "* only1 !y are ( c\rse 9 all probability f> f natural3 #a4 ,sigill>ia1 ,brongni>t4 ,type1 ,sigill>ia r5i=mis1 ,brongni>t1 or ,s4 ,br\nii1 ,dawson4--,/em ) broad ribs1 usually mu* broad] ?an ! usually oval or elliptical tripunctate areoles1 b disappe>+ at base1 ow+ to expansion ( ! /em4 ,leaves n>r[1 long1 ?ree-n]v$4 #b4 ,rhytidolepis1 ,/]nb]g4 ,type1 ,s4 scutellata1 ,brongni>t4--,ribs n>r[1 & (t5 transv]sely /riate4 ,areoles l>ge1 hexagonal or %ield-%ap$1 tripunctate4 ,leaves z 9 la/ gr\p4 ,k+s ( r\nd$ sc>s on ! /ems & bran*es m>k atta*m5t ( fruit4 ,x is possible t "s ( ! small] /ems ( ?is gr\p may be bran*es ( trees ( gr\p fir/4 #c4 ,syr+od5dron1 ,/]nb]g4 ,type1 ,s4 organum1 ,l4 & ,h41 ,s4 oculata1 ,brongni>t4--,/ems ribb$2 areoles small & r\nd1 & app>5tly ) a s+le sc>1 or ?ree closely approximat$4 ,^! are r>e1 & liable to be conf\nd$ ) decorticat$ examples ( o!r gr\ps2 b ,i h "s specim5s :i* unque/ionably repres5t ! ext]nal surface4 #d4 ,favul>ia1 ,/]nb]g4 ,type1 ,sigill>ia elegans ( ,brongni>t4--,leaf-bases hexagonal1 or 9 "y bran*es elliptical1 9 v]tical r[s1 b )\t di/9ct ribs1 except 9 old or decorticat$ /ems4 ,fruit borne 9 v]ticils on ! bran*es be>+ transv]se r[s ( r\nd$ sc>s4 ,leaves some:at broad & longitud9ally /riate4 #e4 ,leiod]ma1 ,gold5b]g4 ,type1 ,s4 ,sydn5sis1 ,dawson4--,ribs obsolete4 ,cortical & ligne\s surfaces /riate4 ,vascul> sc>s d\ble1 elongate longitud9ally1 & alike on cortical & inn] surfaces4 ,areoles 9 r[s & di/9ct2 /igm>ia-roots /riate1 ) small & di/9ct areoles4 #f4 ,cla?r>ia1 ,brongni>t4 ,type1 ,s4 ,m5>di1 ,brongni>t4--,areoles hexagonal1 n 9 di/9ct r[s1 b hav+ a spiral appe>ance4 ,"s ( ! plants usually ref]r$ to ?is gr\p are probably bran*es ( ,favul>ia4 ,o!rs are evid5tly fragm5ts ( plants ( ! g5us ,lepidophloios4 #c4 ,int]nal ,/ructures ( ,sigill>ia-,/ems4 ,i long ago po9t$ out1 on ! evid5ce ( ! ext]nal m>k+s & mode ( gr[?1 t ! /ems ( ,sigill>i mu/ h be5 exog5\s1 & ?is conclusion has n[ be5 fully confirm$ by ! microscopic rese>*es ( ,williamson1 n only 9 ! case ( ,sigill>i1 b ( ,lepidod5dra & ,calamod5dra z well4 ,conf9+ myself to my own obs]vations1 ?ree types ( ,sigill>i are kn[n to me by _! int]nal /ructures1 ?\gh ,i _c c]ta9ly correlate all ( ^! ) ! ext]nal m>k+s ref]r$ to above4 #a4 ,diploxylon1 9 :i* ! /em consi/s ( a small int]nal axis surr\nd$ by a v ?ick inn] b>k & a d5se out] cortex4 ,a f9e example f ! ,s\? ,jogg9s is ?us describ$3,,cu ,,cu ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,london1 ,novemb]1 #ahgg4 ,! axis ( ! /em is ab\t six c5timetres 9 its greate/ diamet]1 & consi/s ( a c5tral pi?-cyl9d] & two conc5tric coats ( scal>i=m tissue4 ,! pi?-cyl9d] is replac$ by s&/one1 & is ab\t "o c5timetre 9 diamet]4 ,! inn] cyl9d] ( scal>i=m tissue is p]fectly cont9u\s1 n radiat$1 & ab\t "o millimetre 9 ?ickness4 ,its vessels are some:at cru%$1 b h be5 ( l>ge diamet]4 ,its out] surface1 :i* readily sep>ates f t ( ! out] cyl9d]1 is /riat$ longitud9ally4 ,! out] cyl9d]1 :i* con/itutes by mu* ! l>ge/ "p ( ! :ole1 is also compos$ ( scal>i=m tissue2 b ?is is radially arrang$1 ) ! individual cells quadrangul> 9 cross-section4 ,! cross-b>s are simil> on all ! sides & usually simple & /raight1 b sometimes bran*+ or slightly reticulat$4 ,! wall int]v5+ betwe5 ! b>s has extremely delicate longitud9al wav+ l9es ( ligne\s l9+1 9 ! mann] fir/ describ$ by ,williamson z occurr+ 9 ! scal>i=m tissue ( c]ta9 ,lepidod5dra4 ,a few small radiat+ spaces1 p>tially occupi$ ) pyrites1 obscurely repres5t ! m$ull>y rays1 :i* mu/ h be5 v feebly develop$4 ,! radiat+ bundles pass+ to ! leaves run ne>ly horizontally2 b _! /ructure is v imp]fectly pres]v$4 ,! /em be+ old & probably long depriv$ ( its leaves1 !y may h be5 p>tially disorganis$ be=e x 0 fossilis$4 ,! out] surface ( ! axis is /riat$ longitud9ally1 & 9 "s places m>k$ ) impressions ( tortu\s fibres1 app>5tly ^? ( ! inn] b>k4 ,9 ! cross-section1 :]e wea!r$1 x %[s conc5tric r+s2 b "u ! microscope ^! appe> r z b&s ( compress$ tissue ?an z prop] l9es ( gr[?4 ,!y are ab\t tw5ty 9 numb]4 ,?is tree has an erect1 ribb$ trunk1 twelve feet 9 height & fifte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 swell+ to ab\t two feet at ! base4 #b4 ,favul>ia ,type4--,?is has be5 well describ$ by ,brongni>t & by ,r5ault1,,cv & diff]s f ! above *iefly 9 ! fact t ! out] exog5\s woody zone is compos$ ( reticulat$ in/ead ( scal>i=m tissue1 & ! inn] zone is ( ! peculi> =m :i* ,i h *>act]is$ z pseudo-scal>i=m4 ,,cv ,botanique ,fossile1 ,p>is1 #ahha4 #c4 ,sigill>ia ,prop]4--,?is ,i h illu/rat$ 9 my pap] 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society = ,may1 #ahga1 & x appe>s to repres5t ! highe/ & mo/ p]fect type ( ! l>g] ribb$ ,sigill>ia4 ,?is /ructure ,i h describ$ z foll[s1 bas+ my description on a v f9e axis f\nd 9 an erect /em1 & on ! fragm5ts ( ! woody axis f\nd 9 ! bases ( o!r erect /ems3 a4 ,a d5se cellul> out] b>k1 usually 9 ! /ate ( compact coal--b :5 its /ructure is pres]v$1 %[+ a tissue ( ?ick5$ p>5*ymat\s cells4 b4 ,a v ?ick inn] b>k1 :i* has usually 9 great "p p]i%$1 or be5 conv]t$ into coal1 b :i*1 9 old trunks1 conta9$ a l>ge quantity ( pros5*ymat\s tissue1 v t\gh & ( great durability4 ,?is ba/-tissue is comp>able ) t ( ! inn] b>k ( mod]n conif]s1 & con/itutes mu* ( ! m9]al *>coal ( ! coal-seams4 c4 ,an out] ligne\s cyl9d]1 compos$ ( wood-cells1 ei!r ) a s+le r[ ( l>ge bord]$ pores1,,cw 9 ! mann] ( p9es & cycads1 or ) two1 ?ree1 or f\r r[s ( su* pores sometimes inscrib$ 9 hexagonal areoles 9 ! mann] ( ,dadoxylon4 ,?is woody cyl9d] is trav]s$ by m$ull>y rays1 :i* are %ort1 & compos$ ( few r[s ( cells sup]impos$4 ,x is also trav]s$ by oblique radiat+ bundles ( pseudo-scal>i=m tissue proce$+ to ! leaves4 ,9 "s ,sigill>i ?is out] cyl9d] 0 itself 9 "p compos$ ( pseudo-scal>i=m tissue1 z 9 ,brongni>t's specim5 ( ,s4 elegans2 & 9 o!rs its place may h be5 tak5 by multipor\s tissue1 z 9 a case above ref]r$ to2 b ,i h no reason to believe t ei!r ( ^! v>iations occurr$ 9 ! typical ribb$ species n[ 9 "q4 ,! woody fibres ( ! out] cyl9d] may be di/+ui%$ mo/ readily f ^? ( conif]s1 z already m5tion$1 by ! ?9ness ( _! walls1 & ! m irregul> di/ribution ( ! pores4 ,additional *>act]s are furni%$ by ! m$ull>y rays & ! radiat+ bundles ( scal>i=m tissue :5 ^! c be obs]v$4 ,,cw ,^! are ! same ) ! wood-cells else:]e call$ discig]\s tissue1 & to :i* ,i h appli$ ! t]ms unipor\s & multipor\s4 ,! m>k+s on ! walls are caus$ by an unl9$ portion ( ! cell-wall plac$ 9 a disk or depression1 & ?is (t5 surr\nd$ by an hexagonal rim ( ?ick5$ wall2 b 9 all cases ^! /ructures are less pron\nc$ ?an 9 ,dadoxylon1 & less regul> 9 ! walls ( ! same cell1 z well z 9 diff]5t lay]s ( ! tissues ( ! axis4 d4 ,an inn] cyl9d] ( pseudo-scal>i=m tissue4 ,i h adopt$ ! t]m pseudo-scal>i=m = ?is tissue1 f ! conviction t x is n homolog\s ) ! scal>i=m ducts ( f]ns & o!r acrog5s1 b t x is m]ely a modification ( ! discig]\s wood-cells1 ) pores elongat$ transv]sely1 & sometimes sep>at$ by ?ick5$ b>s1 correspond+ to ! hexagonal areolation ( ! ord9>y wood-cells4 ,a simil> tissue exi/s 9 cycads1 & is a sub/itute = ! spiral vessels exi/+ 9 ord9>y exog5s4 e4 ,a l>ge m$ulla1 or pi?1 consi/+ ( a holl[ cyl9d] ( cellul> tissue1 f :i* proce$ num]\s ?9 diaphragms t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! /em4 ,^! /ructures ( ! highe/ type ( ,sigill>ia are on ! "o h& sc>cely advanc$ beyond ^? ( ,calamopitus1 z describ$ by ,williamson1 & on ! o!r approa* to ^? ( ,cordaites1 z se5 9 specim5s pres5t$ to me by ,r5ault4 ,f9ally1 z to ! fruit ( ,sigill>i1 ,i h no new facts to (f]4 ,! /robiles or spikes associat$ ) ^! trees h be5 v>i\sly describ$ z gymnosp]m\s 7,r5ault7 or cryptogam\s 7,grold5b]g & ,williamson74 #a h nev] se5 !m 9 place4 ,two consid]ations1 h[ev]1 h always weigh$ ) me 9 ref]5ce to ?is subject4 ,"o is ! con/ant abundance ( ,trigonoc>pa & ,c>dioc>pa 9 ! soil ( ! ,sigili>ia =e/s1 z ,i h /udi$ ?is at ! ,s\? ,jogg9s4 ,! o!r is t ! r+s ( fruit-sc>s on ! bran*es ( ,sigili>ia are homolog\s ) leaf-sc>s1 n ) bran*es1 & !re=e %\ld h borne s+le c>pels & n cones or spikes ( infloresc5ce4 ,^! are m]ely sugge/ions1 b ,i h no d\bt !y w be v9dicat$ by future discov]ies1 :i* w1 ,i h no d\bt1 %[ t 9 ! family ,sigill>iace we h really two families1 "o possibly ( gymnosp]m\s rank1 or at lea/ approa*+ to ?is1 ! o!r alli$ to ! ,lepidod5dra4 ,cryptogamia4 7,acrog5es47 ,family ,lepidod5dre2 ,g5us ,lepidod5dron1 ,/]nb]g4 ,^! are arboreal ,lycopods hav+ l9e> "o-n]v$ leaves1 /ems bran*+ di*otom\sly1 & ) ovate or rhombic leaf-bases be>+ rhombic leaf-sc>s1 (t5 v prom95t4 ,! fruit is 9 scaly /robiles1 t]m9al or lat]al1 & !re are usually1 if n always1 macrospores & microspores 9 ea* /robile4 ,! "y bran*es & /ems h a c5tral pi?1 a cyl9d] ( scal>i=m tubes s5d+ out asc5d+ bundles to ! leaves ?r\gh a ?ick cellul> & fibr\s inn] b>k1 & ext]nally a d5se cortex conflu5t ) or consi/+ ( ! leaf-bases4 ,old] /ems h a second or out] lay] ( scal>i=m fibres 9 w$ges ) m$ull>y rays1 & /r5g!n+ ! /em by a true exog5\s gr[?1 mu* z 9 ! ,diploxylon type ( ,sigili>ia4 ,! developm5t ( ?is exog5\s cyl9d] is diff]5t 9 am\nt & rate 9 diff]5t species4,,cx ,?is diff]5t developm5t ( ! exog5\s axis is accompani$ ) appropriate ext]nal appe>ances 9 ! /ems1 & ! *anges :i* take place 9 _! m>k+s4 ,^! are ( ?ree k9ds4 ,9 "s species ! areoles1 at fir/ close toge!r1 become1 9 ! process ( ! expansion ( ! /em1 sep>at$ by int]v5+ spaces ( b>k 9 a p]fectly regul> mann]2 s t 9 old /ems1 :ile widely sep>at$1 !y /ill reta9 _! arrangem5t1 :ile 9 "y /ems !y are q close to "o ano!r4 ,?is is ! case 9 ,l4 corrugatum4 ,9 o!r species ! leaf-sc>s or bases increase 9 size 9 ! old /ems1 /ill reta9+ _! =ms & _! contiguity to ea* o!r4 ,?is is ! case 9 ,l4 undulatum1 & g5]ally 9 ^? ,lepidod5dra :i* h l>ge leaf-bases4 ,9 ^! species ! cont9u$ vitality ( ! b>k is %[n by ! occasional production ( lat]al /robiles on l>ge bran*es1 9 ! mann] ( ! mod]n r$ p9e ( ,am]ica4 ,9 o!r species ! areoles nei!r increase 9 size nor become regul>ly sep>at$ by gr[? ( ! int]v5+ b>k2 b 9 old /ems ! b>k splits into deep furr[s1 betwe5 :i* may be se5 portions ( b>k /ill reta9+ ! areoles 9 _! orig9al dim5sions & arrangem5t4 ,?is is ! case ) ,l4 ,picto5se4 ,?is crack+ ( ! b>k no d\bt occurs 9 v old trunks ( ! fir/ two types1 b n at all to ! same ext5t4 ,,cx ,see ,memoirs ( ,dr4 ,williamson1 9 ,philosophical ,transactions1 = ample details4 ,z a type ( ,lepidod5dron1 ,i may describe "o ( ! olde/ ,c>bonif]\s species *>act]i/ic ( ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s 9 ,am]ica1 & correspond+ to ,l4 ,vel!imianum ( ,europe4 ,lepidod5dron ,corrugatum1 ,dawson4--7,see ,fig4 #dc1 supra47 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,geological ,society1 vol4 xv42 ,acadian ,geology1 page #dea4 ,habit ( ,gr[?4--,some:at sl5d]1 ) long bran*es & long1 sl5d] leaves hav+ a t5d5cy to become horizontal or droop+4 ,m>k+s ( ,/em4--,leaf-bases dispos$ 9 qu9cunx or spirally1 elongate1 ovate1 acute at bo? ends1 b m acute & slightly oblique at ! l[] end2 mo/ prom95t 9 ! upp] ?ird1 & ) a slight v]tical ridge4 ,leaf-sc>s small1 r\nd$1 & %[+ only a s+le puncti=m vascul> sc>4 ,! leaf-sc> on ! out] surface is 9 ! upp] ?ird ( ! base2 b ! obliquity ( ! vascul> bundle causes x to be ne>ly c5tral on ! inside ( ! epid]mis4 ,9 "y succul5t %oots ! leaf-sc>s are contigu\s & r\nd z 9 ,cyclo/igma1 )\t di/9ct leaf-bases4 ,9 ?is /ate x closely resembles ,l4 ,olivi]i1 ,ei*wald4,,cy ,,cy ,le?a ,rossica1 ,plate ,y1 ,figs4 #ab1 #ac4 ,9 ! ord9>y "y bran*es ! leaf-sc>s are contigu\s1 & closely resemble ^? ( ,l4 elegans1 ,brongt4 7,fig4 #dc ,c74 ,z ! bran*es increase 9 diamet] ! leaf-sc>s slightly enl>ge & sometimes assume a v]ticillate appe>ance 7,fig4 #dc ,d74 ,z !y /ill fur!r enl>ge !y become sep>at$ by gradually increas+ spaces ( b>k1 m>k$ ) _m wav+ /ri or wr9kles 7,fig4 #dc ,i1 ,n74 ,at ! base ( old /ems ! b>k assumes a g5]ally wr9kl$ appe>ance )\t di/9ct sc>s4 ,knorria or ,decorticat$ ,/ates4--,( ^! !re is a great v>iety1 dep5d+ on ! /ate ( pres]vation1 & ! p>ticul> longitud9al ridges4 ,fig4 #dc ,d %[s a =m 9 :i* ! vascul> bundles appe> z cyl9drical truncate projections4 ,o!r =ms %[ ! leaf-bases prom95t1 or h an appe>ance ( longitud9al ribb+ produc$ by ! expansion ( ! b>k4 ,/ructure ( ,/em4--,?is is n p]fectly pres]v$ 9 any ( my specim5s1 b "o flatt5$ specim5 %[s a c5tral m$ulla ) a n>r[ r+ ( scal>i=m vessels surr\nd+ x1 & con/itut+ ! woody axis4 ,! /ructure is ?us simil> to t ( ,l4 ,h>c\rtii1 :i* ,i reg>d z probably ! same ) ! closely alli$ ,european species ,l4 ,vel!imianum4 ,leaves4--,^! are n>r[1 "o-n]v$1 curv+ some:at rapidly outw>d 7,figs4 #dc1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d74 ,!y v>y f "o to two in*es 9 l5g?4 ,roots4--,i h n se5 ^! actually atta*$1 b !y occur v abundantly 9 ! "u-clays ( "s erect =e/s ( ^! plants at ,horton ,bluff1 & are ( ! "* ( ,/igm>i 7,figs4 #cj1 #ca74 ,9 "s ( ! "u-clays ! long1 flatt5$ rootlets are excessively abundant1 & %[ ! m>k ( a c5tral vascul> bundle4 ,fructification4--,cones t]m9al1 %ort1 ) _m small1 acute imbricate scales4 ,spore-cases globul>1 smoo? 7,fig4 #dc ,c74 ,on ! surface ( "s %ales & s&/ones at ,horton !re are innum]able r\nd spore-cases ( ?is tree ab\t ! size ( mu/>d-se$ 7,fig4 #dc ,f74 ,l>ge slabs are sometimes cov]$ ) ^!1 & ?9 lay]s ( %ale are fill$ ) flatt5$ specim5s4 ,?is is ! *>act]i/ic species ( ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s coal-measures1 occurr+ 9 great pr(usion at ,horton ,bluff & its vic9ity1 also at ,sneid's ,mills ne> ,w9dsor1 ,noel & ,five-,mile ,riv]1 at ,norton ,creek & else:]e 9 ,new ,brunswick 7,mat!w's collection71 & at ,antigoni% 7,honeyman's collection74 ,i h receiv$ f ! l[e/ ,c>bonif]\s b$s ( ,ohio specim5s ( ?is species4,,cz ,accord+ to ,rog]s & ,lesqu]eux simil> =ms occur 9 ! ,vesp]t9e ( ,p5nsylvania & 9 ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s ( ,ill9ois4 ,l4 ,vel!imianum ( we/]n ,europe & ,l4 gl9canum ( ,russia are closely alli$ ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s species4,,da ,,cz ,j\rnal ( ,geological ,society1 ,novemb]1 #ahfb1 p4 #cac4 ,,da ,= comp>isons ( ^! see ,report on ,plants ( ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s ( ,canada1 p4 #ba4 ,a v diff]5t type is furni%$ by a new species f ! middle coal-=mation ( ,clifton1 ,new ,brunswick4 ,lepidod5dron ,clifton5se1 ,dawson4--,habit ( ,gr[?4--,robu/1 ) ?ick bran*es1 & leaves sev]al in*es 9 l5g?4 ,t]m9al bran*es becom+ sl5d]1 ) %ort] leaves4 ,m>k+s ( ,/em4--,leaf-bases long oval1 po9t$ at ends1 enl>g+ ) gr[? ( /em4 ,leaf-sc>s c5tral1 rhombic1 transv]se4 ,leaves4--,"o-n]v$1 acutely po9t$1 f f\r in*es 9 l5g? on ! l>g] bran*es to "o in* or less on ! bran*lets4 ,fructification4--,cones l>ge1 cyl9drical or long oval1 ) l>ge scales ( trigonal =m1 & n elongat$ b ly+ close to ! surface4 ,borne on lat]al1 sl5d] bran*lets1 ) %ort leaves4 ,g5us ,lepidophloios1 ,/]nb]g2 ,ulod5dron1 ,l4 & ,h42 ,lomatophloios1 ,corda4 ,lepidophloios4--,"u ?is g5]ic "n1 e/abli%$ by ,/]nb]g1 ,i include ^? lycopodiace\s trees ( ! coal-measures :i* h ?ick bran*es1 transv]sely elongat$ leaf-sc>s1 ea* ) ?ree vascul> po9ts & plac$ on elevat$ or scale-l protub]ances1 long "o-n]v$ leaves1 & l>ge lat]al /robiles 9 v]tical r[s or spirally dispos$4 ,_! /ructure resembles t ( ,lepidod5dron1 consi/+ ( a ,/]nb]gia pi?1 a sl5d] axis ( l>ge scal>i=m vessels1 giv+ (f f its surface bundles ( small] vessels to ! leaves1 a v ?ick cellul> b>k1 & a ?9 d5se out] b>k1 hav+ "s elongat$ cells or ba/-tissue on its inn] side4 ,9 ^! trees ! exog5\s out] cyl9d] is less develop$ ?an 9 ! ,lepidod5dra1 & is sometimes want+ 9 /ems or bran*es ( "s ?ickness4 ,reg>d+ ,l4 l>ic9um ( ,/]nb]g z ! type ( ! g5us1 & tak+ 9 connection ) ?is ! species describ$ by ,gold5b]g1 & my own obs]vations on num]\s specim5s f\nd 9 ,nova ,scotia1 #a h no d\bt t ,lomatophloios crassicaulis ( ,corda1 & o!r species ( t g5us describ$ by ,gold5b]g1 ,ulod5dron & ,bo?rod5dron ( ,l9dley1 ,lepidod5dron ornatissimum ( ,brongni>t1 & ,halonia punctata ( ,ge9itz1 all belong to ?is g5us1 & diff] f ea* o!r only 9 conditions ( gr[? & pres]vation4 ,sev]al ( ! species ( ,lepido/robus & ,lepidophyllum also belong to ,lepidophloios4 ,! species ( ,lepidophloios are readily di/+ui%$ f ,lepidod5dron by ! =m ( ! areoles1 & by ! r\nd sc>s on ! /em1 :i* usually m>k ! ins]tion ( ! l>ge /robiles1 ?\gh 9 b>r5 /ems !y may also h produc$ bran*es2 /ill1 ! fact ( my f9d+ ! /robiles 9 situ 9 "o in/ance1 ! accurate resemblance :i* ! sc>s be> to ^? left by ! cones ( ! r$ p9e :5 borne on ?ick bran*es1 & ! actual impressions ( ! radiat+ scales 9 "s specim5s1 leave no d\bt 9 my m9d t !y are usually ! m>ks ( cones2 & ! great size ( ! cones ( ,lepidophloios accords ) ?is conclusion4 ,! species ( ,lepidophloios are num]\s1 & individuals are q abundant 9 ! coal =mation1 especially t[>d its upp] "p4 ,_! flatt5$ b>k is frequ5t 9 ! coal-b$s & _! ro(s1 af=d+ a ?9 lay] ( pure coal1 :i* sometimes %[s ! peculi> lam9at$ or scaly "* ( ! b>k :5 o!r *>act]s are almo/ entirely oblit]at$4 ,! leaves also are ne>ly z abundant z ^? ( ,sigill>ia 9 ! coal-%ales4 ,!y c readily be di/+ui%$ by _! /rong1 angul> midrib4 ,! m>k+s ( ,lepidophloios may easily be mi/ak5 = ^? ( ! ,cla?r>ia type ( ,sigill>ia4 ,:5 ! /em only is se51 !y c be di/+ui%$ by ! l5g? ( ! leaf-bases 9 ,lepidophloios1 & by ! dom9ant c5tral vascul> sc>2 also by ! "o-n]v$ & ribb$ leaves4 ,:]e ! l>ge1 r\nd m>ks ( ! cones are pres5t1 ^! are an infallible guide1 nev] be+ pres5t 9 ,sigill>ia4 ,z ! cones grew on ! upp] sides ( ! bran*es1 ! impression ( ! l[] side (t5 %[s no cone-sc>s1 or only two lat]al r[s1 :]eas on ! upp] side ( ! same bran* !y appe> spirally arrang$4 ,i may describe z an example-- ,lepidophloios ,acadianus1 ,dawson4 ,leaf-bases broadly rhombic1 or 9 old /ems regul>ly rhombic1 prom95t1 asc5d+1 t]m9at$ by v broad rhombic sc>s hav+ a c5tral po9t & two lat]al obscure po9ts4 ,out] b>k lam9at$ or scaly4 ,surface ( inn] b>k ) s+le po9ts or depressions4 ,leaves long1 l9e>1 ) a /rong keel on "o side1 five in*es or m 9 l5g?4 ,cone-sc>s sp>sely scatt]$ on ?ick bran*es1 ei!r 9 two r[s or spirally1 bo? modes be+ sometimes se5 on ! same bran*4 ,scal>i=m axis sc>cely an in* 9 diamet] 9 a /em five in*es ?ick4 ,fruit1 an ovate /robile ) num]\s acute scales cov]+ small globul> spore-cases4 ,?is species is closely alli$ to ,ulod5dron majus & ,lepidophloios l>ic9us1 & pres5ts num]\s v>ieties ( m>k+4 ,coal-=mation1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,family ,calamite2 ,g5us ,calamites1 ,suck[4 ,! plants ( ?is g5us are unque/ionably alli$ to ! mod]n ,equisetace1 b excel ^! s mu* 9 v>iety ( =m & /ructure1 & are s caprici\s 9 _! /ates ( pres]vation1 & s liable to be mi/ak5 = p>ts ( plants g5]ically diff]5t1 t !y h giv5 rise to mu* controv]sy4 ,! foll[+ consid]ations w enable u to arrive at "s c]ta9ty4 ,! g5us ,calamites 0 orig9ally f\nd$ 9 ! longitud9ally ribb$ & jo9t$ /ems s frequ5t 9 ! coal-=mation1 & ( :i* ! common ,c4 ,suckovii is a typical =m4 ,! mo/ p]fect ( ^! /ems repres5t ! out] surface imm$iately )9 ! epid]mis1 9 :i* case transv]se l9es or con/rictions m>k ! nodes1 & at ! nodes !re are r\nd$ spots1 sometimes indicat+ radial processes ( ! pi?1 fir/ describ$ by ,williamson2 9 o!r cases1 ! atta*m5t ( bran*lets1 or 9 "s specim5s bo?4 ,b "s specim5s %[ ! out] surface ( ! epid]mis1 9 :i* case ! transv]se nodal l9es are usually invisible1 ?\gh ! sc>s ( bran*lets may appe>4 ,9 /ill o!r examples ! :ole ( ! out] tissues h p]i%$1 & ! s-call$ ,calamite is a ca/ ( ! int]ior ( ! /em1 %[+ m]ely longitud9al ribb+ & transv]se nodal con/rictions4 ,9 /udy+ ^! plants 9 situ 9 ! erect ,calamite brakes ( ! coal-=mation ( ,nova ,scotia1 "o soon becomes famili> ) ^! appe>ances1 b !y are evid5tly unkn[n to ! majority ( palobotani/s1 ?\gh describ$ 9 detail m ?an tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,:5 ! out] surface is pres]v$ x is sometimes se5 to be> v]ticils ( long ne$le-l leaves 7,c4 ,ci/ii71 or ( bran*lets ) second>y :orls ( simil> leaves 7,c4 ,suckovii & ,c4 undulatus74 ,no ,calamite kn[n to me be>s broad "o-n]v$ leaves l ^? ( ,a/]ophyllites & ,annul>ia1 ?\gh ! l>g] /ems ( ^! plants h be5 describ$ z ,calamites1 & ! t]m ,calamocladus has be5 us$ to include bo? gr\ps4 ,! base ( ! ,calamite /em usually t]m9ates 9 a blunt po9t1 & may be atta*$ to a rhizome1 or sev]al /ems may bud out f ea* o!r 9 a gr\p or /ool4 ,! roots are long & cyl9drical1 sometimes bran*+4 ,! fruit consi/s ( spikes ( spore-cases1 borne 9 :orls & subt5d$ by l9e> floral leaves4 ,to ^! /robiles ! "n ,calamo/a*ys has be5 giv54 ,williamson has %[n t ! /em ( ,calamites consi/s ( a c5tral pi? or cavity ( l>ge size surr\nd$ by a cyl9d] consi/+ ( alt]nate w$ges ( woody & cellul> matt]1 ) v]tical canals at ! inn] sides ( ! w$ges1 & sl5d] m$ull>y rays4 ,! ?ick cellul> w$ges int]v5+ betwe5 ! woody w$ges he calls prim>y m$ull>y rays2 ! small] m$ull>y rays 9 ! w$ges1 second>y m$ull>y rays4 ,!re is ?us a highly complex exog5\s /em bas$ on ! same pr9ciple ) ! /em ( a common ,equisetum1 b ) mu* great] /r5g? & complexity4 ,williamson has also %[n t !re are diff]5t sub-types ( ^! /ems4 ,m especially he ref]s to ! ?ree foll[+3 7a7 ,calamites prop]1 :i* has ! woody w$ges ( scal>i=m or b>r$ tissue ) ?9 m$ull>y rays1 & ! ?ick prim>y m$ull>y rays are cellul>4 7b7 ,calamopitus has reticulat$ or multipor\s tissue 9 ! woody w$ges ) m$ull>y rays1 & ! prim>y m$ull>y w$ges are compos$ ( elongat$ cells4 7c7 ,calamod5dron has ! woody w$ges ( b>r$ tissue z 9 a1 ) m$ull>y rays1 b has ! int]v5+ m$ull>y w$ges ( an elongat$ tissue approa*+ to woody fibre1 & also ) m$ull>y rays4 ,to ^! ,i w\ld add a f\r? type1 :i* ,i h describ$1 f ! coal-=mation ( ,nova ,scotia4,,db ,,db ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 #ahga4 7d7 ,eucalamod5dron diff]s f ,calamod5dron 9 hav+ true bord]$ pores or pseudo-scal>i=m slit-por$ tissue1 & corresponds to ! highe/ type ( calamitean /em4 ,i w\ld also add t "u a & b !re are "s species 9 :i* ! woody cyl9d] is v ?9 9 comp>ison to ! size ( ! /em4 ,9 c & d ! woody cyl9d] is ?ick & massive1 & ! /ems are (t5 l>ge & nodose4 ,z an example ( an ord9>y ,calamite 9 :i* ! ext]nal surface & foliage are pres]v$1 ,i may quote ! foll[+ f my report on ! ,flora ( ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s & ,mill/one ,grit1 #ahgc3 ,calamites ,undulatus1 ,brongni>t4--,?is species is /at$ by ,brongni>t to be di/+ui%$ f ! ,c4 ,suckovii1 ! *>act]i/ic ,calamite ( ! middle coal-=mation1 by its undulat$ ribs m>k$ ) peculi> cellul> reticulation4 ,he sugge/s t x may be m]ely a v>iety ( ,c4 ,suckovii1 an op9ion 9 :i* ,s*imp] co9cides2 b s9ce ,i h receiv$ l>ge additional collections f ,mr4 ,eld]1 conta9+ n only ! /ems & bran*es1 b also ! leaves & rhizomes1 ,i am con/ra9$ to reg>d x z a di/9ct ?\gh closely alli$ species4 ,! rhizomata are sl5d]1 be+ f "o to two in*es 9 diamet]1 & p]fectly flatt5$4 ,!y are beautifully cov]$ ) a cellul> reticulation on ! ?9 b>k1 & %[ occasional r\nd areoles m>k+ ! po9ts ( exit ( ! rootlets4 ,i h long be5 famili> ) irregul> flatt5$ /ems ?us reticulate1 b h only rec5tly be5 able to connect !m ) ?is species ( ,calamite4 ,! ma9 /ems pres5t a v ?9 c>bonace\s b>k reticulat$ l ! rhizomes4 ,!y h flat1 broad ribs sep>at$ by deep & n>r[ furr[s1 & undulat$ 9 a rem>kable mann] ev5 :5 ! /ems are flatt5$4 ,?is undulation is1 h[ev]1 p]haps an indication ( v]tical pressure :ile ! plant 0 liv+1 z x seems to h _h an unusually ?9 & feeble cortical lay]1 & ! undulations are app>5tly be/ develop$ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! /em4 ,at ! nodes ! ribs are (t5 n>r[$ & ga!r$ toge!r1 especially 9 ! vic9ity ( ! r\nd$ radiat+ m>ks :i* appe> to indicate ! po9ts ( ins]tion ( ! bran*es4 ,at ! top ( ea* rib we h ! usual r\nd$ areole1 probably m>k+ ! ins]tion ( a prim>y bran*let4 ,! bran*es h sl5d] ribs & di/ant nodes1 f :i* spr+ second>y bran*let s 9 :orls1 ^! be>+ 9 turn small :orls ( acicul> leaflets mu* curv$ upw>d1 & :i* are app>5tly r\nd 9 cross section & delicately /riate4 ,!y are mu* %ort] ?an ! leaves ( ,calamites ,suckovii1 & are less d5se & less curv$ ?an ^? ( ,c4 nodosus1 :i* ,i believe to be ! two mo/ closely alli$ species4 ,lesqu]eux notices ?is species z *>act]i/ic ( ! l[] "p ( ! ,c>bonif]\s 9 ,arkansas4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,i reg>d ! /riat$ & ribb$ /ems n z int]nal axes1 b z repres5t+ ! out] surface ( ! plants4 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly ! case ) ! pres5t species & ) ,c4 ,suckovii & ,c4 nodosus4 ,o!r species1 & especially ^? :i* belong$ to ,calamod5dron1 no d\bt _h a smoo? or irregul>ly wr9kl$ ext]nal b>k2 b ?is gives no good gr\nd = ! mann] 9 :i* "s writ]s on ?is subject conf\nd ,calamites ) ,calamod5dra1 & bo? ) ,a/]ophyllites & ,sph5ophyllum4 ,) ?is no "o :o has /udi$ ^! plants1 root$ 9 _! native soils1 & ) _! app5dages /ill atta*$1 c = a mom5t sympa?ise4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ geological /udies ( ! writ] 0 a b$ ( ^! erect ,calamites1 :i* he %[$ to ,sir ,c4 ,lyell 9 #ahdd1 & describ$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,geological ,society 9 #ahea1 illu/rat+ ! habit ( gr[? z actually se5 well expos$ 9 a s&/one cliff4 ,abundant opportunities ( v]ify+ ! conclusions =m$ at t "t h s9ce occurr$1 ! results ( :i* h be5 summ$ up 9 ! figures 9 ,acadian ,geology1 :i*1 ?\gh !y h be5 treat$ by "s botani/s z m]ely re/orations1 are 9 reality repres5tations ( facts actually obs]v$4 ,on ^! subjects1 )\t ent]+ into details1 & ref]r+ = ^! to ! elaborate discussions ( ,s*imp]1 ,williamson1 & ,mc,nab1 & to my pap] on ! subject1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 vol4 xxvii1 p4 #ed1 ,i may rem>k3 #a4 ,t ! arial /ems ( ord9>y ,calamites _h a ?9 cortical lay]1 ) lacun & fibr\s bundles & multipor\s vessels--! :ole n diff]+ mu* f ! /ructure ( mod]n ,equiseta4 #b4 ,c]ta9 arboresc5t =ms1 p]haps alli$ to ! true ,calamites1 z well z possibly ! old und]gr\nd /ems ( ord9>y species,,dc assum$ a ?ick-wall$ "* 9 :i* ! tissues resembl$ ! w$ges ( an exog51 & abundance ( pseudo-scal>i=m fibres 7 develop$1 :ile ! ribb+ ( ! ext]nal surface became obsolete or 0 replac$ by a m]e irregul> wr9kl+4 ,,dc ,williamson1 ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,mc,nab1 9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,ed9burgh ,botanical ,society4 #c4 ,suffici5t discrim9ation has n be5 ex]cis$ 9 sep>at+ ca/s ( ! int]nal cavities ( ,calamites & ,calamod5dron f ^? repres5t+ o!r surfaces & ! prop] ext]nal surface4 #d4 ,!re is no excuse = attribut+ to ,calamites ! foliage ( ,annul>ia1 ,a/]ophyllites1 & ,sph5ophyllum1 s9ce ^! leaves h n be5 f\nd atta*$ to true ,calamite /ems1 & s9ce ! /ructure ( ! /ems ( ,a/]ophyllites z describ$ by ,williamson1 & t ( ,sph5ophyllum z describ$ by ! writ]1,,dd are ess5tially diff]5t f ^? ( ,calamites4 ,,dd ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 #ahff4 #e4 ,z ! species above describ$ indicates1 good ext]nal *>act]s c be f\nd = e/abli%+ species ( ?is g5us1 & ^! species are ( value z m>ks ( geological age4 ,g5us ,ar*ocalamites1 ,/]nb]g4 ,?is g5us has be5 e/abli%$ to include c]ta9 ,calamites ( ! ,devonian & ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s1 9 :i* ! furr[s on ! /em d n alt]nate at ! nodes or jo9ts1 & ! leaves 9 "o species at lea/ bifurcate4 ,c4 radiatus1 ,brongni>t1 is ! typical species4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica x occurs 9 ! ,erian1 probably z l[ z ! ,middle ,erian4 ,9 ,europe x has s f> be5 recognis$ 9 ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s only4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 se5 /ems f alleg$ ,devonian b$s 9 ,devon%ire :i* may h belong$ to ?is species4 ,family ,a/]ophyllite2 ,g5us ,a/]ophyllites1 ,brongni>t4 ,/ems ribb$ & jo9t$ l ! ,calamites1 b ) inflat$ nodes & a /\t int]nal woody cyl9d]1 :i* has be5 describ$ by ,williamson4 ,f ! jo9ts proce$$ :orls ( leaves or ( bran*lets1 be>+ leaves :i* diff]$ f ^? ( ,calamites 9 _! hav+ a di/9ct middle rib or ve94 ,! fructification consi/$ ( long sl5d] cones or spikes1 hav+ :orls ( scales be>+ ! spore-cases4 ,"s au?ors speak ( ,a/]ophyllites z only bran*es & leaves ( ,calamites2 b ?\gh at fir/ sight ! resemblance is great1 a close inspection %[s t ! leaves ( ,a/]ophyllites h a true midrib1 :i* is want+ 9 ,calamites4 ,g5us ,annul>ia4--,x is p]haps que/ionable :e!r ^! plants %\ld be sep>at$ f ,a/]ophyllites1 ,! di/9ction is t !y produce bran*es 9 pairs1 & t _! :orls ( leaves are "o-sid$ & usually broad] ?an ^? ( ,a/]ophyllites1 & unit$ into a r+ at _! ins]tion on ! /em4 ,"o little species1 ,a4 sph5ophylloides1 is v widely di/ribut$4 ,p9nul>ia--a provisional g5us---includes sl5d] roots or /ems bran*+ 9 a p9nate mann]1 & some:at irregul>ly4 ,!y are v abundant 9 ! coal %ales1 & 7 probably n indep5d5t plants1 b aquatic roots belong+ to "s ( ! plants la/ m5tion$4 ,! probability ( ?is is f>!r increas$ by _! resemblance 9 m9iature to ! roots ( ,calamites4 ,!y are always flatt5$1 b seem orig9ally to h be5 r\nd1 ) a sl5d] ?read-l axis ( scal>i=m vessels1 enclos$ 9 a s(t1 smoo?1 cellul> b>k4 ,family ,rhizoc>pe2 ,g5us ,sph5ophyllum4 ,leaves 9 :orls1 w$ge-%ap$1 ) =k+ ve9s4 ,fructification on spikes1 ) v]ticils ( sporoc>ps4 ,^! plants are by "s reg>d$ z alli$ to ! ,calamite & ,a/]ophyllite1 by o!rs z a high grade ( ,rhizoc>ps ( ! type ( ,m>silia4 ,! /em _h a />-%ap$ c5tral bundle ( scal>i=m or reticulato-scal>i=m vessels4 ,g5us ,sporangites4 7,sporoc>pon1 ,williamson47 ,"u ?is "n we may provisionally include ^? r\nd$ sph]ical bodies f\nd 9 ! coal & its accompany+ b$s1 & also 9 ! ,erian1 :i* may be reg>d$ z ,macrospores or ,sporoc>ps ( ,protosalv9ia1 or o!r ,rhizoc>pean plants ak9 to ^? describ$ above 9 ,*apt] ,,iii1 :i* see = description4 ,g5us ,protosalv9ia4--,"u ?is we include sporoc>ps alli$ to ^? ( ,salv9ia1 z describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,family ,filices4 ,"u ?is head ,i %all m]ely ref] to a few gr\ps ( special int]e/1 & to ! provisional arrangem5t adopt$ = ! fronds ( f]ns :5 de/itute ( fructification4 ,! ext]nal appe>ances ( trunks ( tree-f]ns h be5 already ref]r$ to4 ,) respect to tree f]ns1 ! olde/ kn[n examples are ^? f ! ,middle ,devonian ( ,new ,york & ,ohio1 :i* ,i h describ$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 #ahga & #ahha4 ,z ^! are ( "s int]e/1 ,i h reproduc$ _! descriptions 9 a note app5d$ to ,*apt] ,,iii1 :i* see4 ,! o!r =ms mo/ frequ5tly occurr+ 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s are ,caulopt]is1 ,palopt]is1 & ,megaphyton,,de ,/ems %[+ m]ely masses ( arial roots are kn[n by ! "n ,ps>onius4 ,,de ,see my ,acadian ,geology1 also bel[4 ,) ref]5ce to ! classification ( ,palozoic f]ns1 ?is has hi!rto be5 q arbitr>y1 be+ bas$ on m]e =m & v5ation ( fronds1 b mu* advance has rec5tly be5 made 9 ! k ( _! fructification1 w>rant+ a m def9ite attempt at classification4 ,! foll[+ are provisional g5]a usually adopt$3 #a4 ,cyclopt]is1 ,brongni>t4--,leaflets m or less r\nd$ or w$ge-%ap$1 )\t midrib1 ! n]ves spread+ f ! po9t ( atta*m5t4 ,?is gr\p includes a great v>iety ( fronds evid5tly ( diff]5t g5]a1 7 _! fructification kn[n2 & "s ( !m probably portions ( fronds1 ! o!r p>ts ( :i* may be 9 ! next g5us4 #b4 ,neuropt]is1 ,brongni>t4--,fronds p9nate1 & ) ! leaflets n>r[$ at ! base2 midrib (t5 n di/9ct1 & disappe>+ t[>d ! apex4 ,n]vures equal1 & ris+ at an acute angle4 ,f]ns ( ?is type are among ! mo/ abundant 9 ! coal-=mation4 #c4 ,odontopt]is1 ,brongni>t4--,9 ^! ! frond is p9nate1 & ! leaflets are atta*$ by _! :ole base1 ) ! n]ves ei!r proce$+ :olly f ! base1 or 9 "p f an indi/9ct midrib1 :i* soon divides into n]vures4 #d4 ,dictyopt]is1 ,gutbi]4--,?is is a beautiful /yle ( f]n1 ) leaflets resembl+ ^? ( ,neuropt]is1 b ! ve9s arrang$ 9 a network ( oval spaces4 ,only a few species are kn[n 9 ! coal-=mation4 #e4 ,lon*opt]is1 ,brongni>t4--,f]ns ) nett$ ve9s l ! above1 b ) a di/9ct midrib1 & ! leaflets atta*$ by ! :ole base4 ,( ?is1 also1 we c boa/ b few species4 #f4 ,sph5opt]is1 ,brongni>t4--,^! are elegant f]ns1 v num]\s 9 species1 & mo/ difficult to discrim9ate4 ,_! mo/ di/9ctive *>act]s are leaflets n>r[$ at ! base1 (t5 lob$1 & ) n]vures divid+ 9 a p9nate mann] f ! base4 #g4 ,phyllopt]is1 ,brongni>t4--,^! are p9nate1 ) long lanceolate p9nules1 hav+ a /rong & well-def9$ midrib1 & n]ves proce$+ f x v obliquely1 & divid+ z !y proce$ t[>d ! m>g94 ,! f]ns ( ?is g5us are = ! mo/ "p f\nd 9 =mations m rec5t ?an ! ,c>bonif]\s2 b ,i h ref]r$ to x1 ) "s d\bt1 "o ( our species4 #h4 ,ale?opt]is1 ,brongni>t4--,?is g5us includes _m ( ! mo/ common coal-=mation f]ns1 especially ! ubiquit\s ,a4 lon*itica1 :i* seems to h be5 ! common brake ( ! coal-=mation1 correspond+ to ,pt]is aquil9a 9 mod]n ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,^! are brake-l f]ns1 p9nate1 ) leaflets (t5 long & n>r[1 decurr5t on ! petiole1 adh]5t by _! :ole base1 & unit$ at base to ea* o!r4 ,! midrib is cont9u\s to ! po9t1 & ! n]vures run (f f x ne>ly at "r angles4 ,9 "s ( ^! f]ns ! fructification is kn[n to h be5 m>g9al1 z 9 ,pt]is4 #i4 ,pecopt]is1 ,brongni>t4--,?is g5us is int]m$iate betwe5 ! la/ & ,neuropt]is4 ,! leaflets are atta*$ by ! :ole base1 b n usually atta*$ to ea* o!r2 ! midrib1 ?\gh sl5d]1 atta9s to ! summit2 ! n]vures are giv5 (f less obliquely ?an 9 ,neuropt]is4 ,?is g5us includes a l>ge numb] ( our mo/ common fossil f]ns4 #aj4 ,be9]tia1 ,goepp]t4--,a g5us e/abli%$ by ,goepp]t = a curi\s ,pecopt]is-l f]n1 ) flexu\s bran*+ oblique n]vures becom+ p>allel to ! edge ( ! frond4 #aa4 ,hym5ophyllites1 ,goepp]t4--,^! are f]ns simil> to ,sph5opt]is1 b divid$ at ! m>g9 into "o-n]v$ lobes1 9 ! mann] ( ! mod]n g5us ,hym5ophyllum4 #ab4 ,palopt]is1 ,ge9itz4--,?is is a g5us =m$ to include c]ta9 trunks ( tree-f]ns ) oval transv]se sc>s ( leaves4 #ac4 ,caulopt]is1 ,l9dley & ,hutton4--,is ano!r g5us ( fossil trunks ( tree-f]ns1 b ) elongate sc>s ( leaves4 #ad4 ,ps>onius1 ,cotta4--,includes o!r trunks ( tree-f]ns ) alt]nate sc>s or ?ick scales1 & ord9>ily ) _m arial roots gr\p$ r\nd !m1 z 9 "s mod]n tree-f]ns4 #ae4 ,megaphyton1 ,artis4--,includes trunks ( tree-f]ns :i* bore _! fronds1 :i* 7 ( great size1 9 two r[s1 "o on ea* side ( ! /em4 ,^! 7 v peculi> trees1 less l mod]n f]ns ?an any ( ! o!rs4 ,my reasons = reg>d+ !m z f]ns are /at$ 9 ! foll[+ extract f a rec5t pap]3 ,_! ?ick /ems1 m>k$ ) l9e> sc>s & hav+ two r[s ( l>ge depress$ areoles on ! sides1 sugge/ no aff9ities to any kn[n plants4 ,!y are usually rank$ ) ,lepidod5dron & ,ulod5dron1 b sometimes1 & probably ) great] reason1 are reg>d$ z alli$ to tree-f]ns4 ,at ! ,jogg9s a v f9e species 7,m4 magnificum7 has be5 f\nd1 & at ,sydney a small] species 7,m4 humile72 b bo? are r>e & n well pres]v$4 ,if ! l>ge sc>s bore cones & ! small] bore leaves1 !n1 z ,brongni>t rem>ks1 ! plant w\ld mu* resemble ,lepidophloios1 9 :i* ! cone-sc>s are ?us sometimes di/i*\s4 ,b ! sc>s are n r\nd & m>k$ ) radiat+ scales z 9 ,lepidophloios2 !y are r5i=m or oval1 & resemble ^? ( tree-f]ns1 = :i* reason !y may be reg>d$ z m probably leaf-sc>s2 & 9 t case ! small] l9e> sc>s w\ld indicate ram5ta1 or small arial roots4 ,fur!r1 ! plant describ$ by ,corda z ,zippea di/i*a is evid5tly a ,megaphyton1 & ! /ructure ( t species is pla9ly t ( a tree-f]n ( some:at peculi> type4 ,on ^! gr\nds ,i incl9e to ! op9ion ( ,ge9itz t ^! curi\s trees 7 alli$ to f]ns1 & bore two r[s ( l>ge fronds1 ! trunks be+ cov]$ ) co>se hairs or small arial roots4 ,at "o "t ,i 0 dispos$ to suspect t !y may h crept along ! gr\nd2 b a specim5 f ,sydney %[s ! leaf-/alks proce$+ f ! /em at an angle s acute t ! /em mu/1 ,i ?9k1 h be5 erect4 ,f ! appe>ance ( ! sc>s x is probable t only a pair ( fronds 7 borne at "o "t at ! top ( ! /em2 &1 if ^! 7 broad & spread+1 x w\ld be a v graceful plant4 ,to :at ext5t plants ( ?is type contribut$ to ! accumulation ( coal ,i h no means ( asc]ta9+1 _! tissues 9 ! /ate ( coal n be+ di/+ui%able f ^? ( f]ns & ,lycopodiace4 #af4 ,= descriptions ( ! g5us ,ar*opt]is & o!r ,erian f]ns1 see ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,flora ,,( ,,! ,,e>ly ,,mesozoic4 ,great physical *anges occurr$ at ! close ( ! ,c>bonif]\s age4 ,! ?ick b$s ( s$im5t t _h be5 accumulat+ 9 long l9es along ! primitive cont95ts _h weigh$ d[n ! e>?'s cru/4 ,sl[ subsid5ce _h be5 proce$+ f ?is cause 9 ! coal-=mation p]iod1 & at its close va/ wr9kl+s occurr$1 only surpass$ by ^? ( ! old ,laur5tian "t4 ,h5ce 9 ! ,appala*ian region ( ,am]ica we h ! ,c>bonif]\s b$s ?r[n into abrupt folds1 _! %ales conv]t$ into h>d slates1 _! s&/ones into qu>tzite & _! coals into an?racite1 & all ?is be=e ! deposition ( ! ,triassic ,r$ ,s&/ones :i* con/itute ! e>lie/ deposit ( ! great succe$+ ,mesozoic p]iod4 ,9 l mann] ! coal-fields ( ,wales & else:]e 9 we/]n ,europe h suff]$ simil> treatm5t1 & app>5tly at ! same "t4 ,?is fold+ is1 h[ev]1 on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic limit$ to a b& on ! m>g9 ( ! cont95ts1 & to c]ta9 int]ior l9es ( pressure1 :ile 9 ! middle1 z 9 ,ohio & ,ill9ois 9 ,am]ica1 & 9 ! great int]ior pla9s ( ,europe1 ! coal-b$s are undi/urb$ & unalt]$4 ,9 connection ) ?is we h an entire *ange 9 ! physical "* ( ! deposits1 a great elevation ( ! bord]s ( ! cont95ts1 & probably a consid]able deep5+ ( ! seas1 lead+ to ! e/abli%m5t ( g5]al geographical conditions :i* /ill rema91 ?\gh !y h be5 tempor>ily modifi$ by subsequ5t subsid5ces & re-elevations4 ,along ) ?is a great *ange 0 9 progress 9 vegetable & animal life4 ,! flora & fauna ( ! ,palozoic gradually die out 9 ! ,p]mian & are replac$ 9 ! succe$+ ,trias by ^? ( ! ,mesozoic "t4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,p]mian1 h[ev]1 ! rema9s ( ! coal-=mation flora cont9ue to exi/1 & "s =ms1 z ! ,calamites1 ev5 seem to ga9 9 importance1 z d also c]ta9 types ( conif]\s trees4 ,! ,triassic1 z well z ! ,p]mian1 0 m>k$ by physical di/urbances1 m especially by great volcanic eruptions dis*>g+ va/ b$s & dykes ( lava & lay]s ( volcanic a% & agglom]ate4 ,?is 0 ! case m especially along ! m>g9s ( ! ,atlantic1 & probably also on ^? ( ! ,pacific4 ,! volcanic %eets & dykes associat$ ) ! ,r$ ,s&/ones ( ,nova ,scotia1 ,connecticut1 & ,new ,j]sey are evid5ces ( ?is4 ,at ! close ( ! ,p]mian & beg9n+ ( ! ,trias1 9 ! mid/ ( ?is transition "t ( physical di/urbance1 appe> ! great reptilian =ms *>act]i/ic ( ! age ( reptiles1 & ! e>lie/ precursors ( ! mammals1 & at ?is "t ! old ,c>bonif]\s =ms ( plants f9ally pass away1 to be replac$ by a flora sc>cely m advanc$1 ?\gh diff]5t1 & consi/+ ( p9es1 cycads1 & f]ns1 ) gigantic equiseta1 :i* are ! successors ( ! g5us ,calamites1 a g5us :i* /ill survives 9 ! e>ly ,trias4 ,( ^! gr\ps ! conif]s1 ! f]ns1 & ! equiseta are already famili> to u1 &1 9 s f> z !y are conc]n$1 a botani/ :o _h /udi$ ! flora ( ! ,c>bonif]\s w\ld h f\nd himself at home 9 ! succe$+ p]iod4 ,! cycads are a new introduction4 ,! :ole1 h[ev]1 come )9 ! limits ( ! cryptogams & ! gymnosp]ms1 s t "h we h no advance4,,df ,,df ,fonta9e's ,e>ly ,mesozoic ,flora ( ,virg9ia gives a v good summ>y ( ?is flora 9 ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4--;,jurassic vegetation4 ,cycads & p9es4 7,aft] ,saporta47 ,z we asc5d1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,mesozoic1 we f9d new & high] types4 ,ev5 )9 ! ,jurassic epo*1 ! next 9 succession to ! ,trias1 !re are cle> indications ( ! pres5ce ( ! endog5s1 9 species alli$ to ! screw-p9es & grasses2 & ! palms appe> a little lat]1 :ile a few exog5\s trees h left _! rema9s 9 ! ,l[] ,cretace\s1 & 9 ! ,middle & ,upp] ,cretace\s ^! high] plants come 9 abundantly & 9 g5]ic =ms /ill extant1 s t ! dawn ( ! mod]n flora belongs to ! ,middle & ,upp] ,cretace\s4 ,x w ?us be conv5i5t to conf9e ourselves 9 ?is *apt] to ! flora ( ! e>li] ,mesozoic4 ,pass+ ov] = ! pres5t ! cryptogam\s plants already famili> 9 old] deposits1 we may notice ! new features ( gymnosp]m\s & phnogam\s life1 z !y pres5t !mselves 9 ?is e>li] "p ( ! great reptilian age1 & z !y ext5d$ !mselves ) rem>kable uni=mity 9 ?is p]iod ov] all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,= x is a rem>kable fact t1 if we place toge!r 9 our collections fossil plants ( ?is p]iod f ,au/ralia1 ,india1 ,*9a1 ,sib]ia1 ,europe1 or ev5 f ,gre5l&1 we f9d wond]fully little diff]5ce 9 _! aspect4 ,?is uni=mity we h already se5 prevail$ 9 ! ,palozoic flora2 & x is p]haps equally m>k$ 9 t ( ! ,mesozoic4 ,/ill we mu/ be> 9 m9d t "s ( ! plants ( ^! p]iods1 z ! f]ns & p9es1 = example1 are /ill _w-wide 9 _! di/ribution2 b ?is does n apply to o!rs1 m especially ! cycads 7,fig4 #fe74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4--,podozamites lanceolatus1 ,/]nb4 ,l4 ,cretace\s4 ,! cycads con/itute a s+ul> & exceptional type 9 ! mod]n _w1 & are limit$ at pres5t to ! w>m] climates1 ?\gh v g5]ally di/ribut$ 9 ^!1 z !y occur 9 ,africa1 ,india1 ,japan1 ,au/ralia1 ,mexico1 ,florida1 & ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,9 ! ,mesozoic age1 h[ev]1 !y 7 _w-wide 9 _! di/ribution1 & are f\nd z f> nor? z ,gre5l&1 ?\gh mo/ ( ! species f\nd 9 ! ,cretace\s ( t c\ntry are ( small size_/ & may h be5 ( l[ gr[?1 s t !y may h be5 protect$ by ! sn[s ( w9t]4 ,! cycads h usually simple or unbran*+ /ems1 p9nate leaves borne 9 a cr[n at top1 & fruits :i*1 ?\gh some:at v>i\s 9 /ructure & arrangem5t1 are all ( ! simpl] =m ( gymnosp]m\s type4 ,! /ems are exog5\s 9 /ructure1 b ) sl5d] wood & ?ick b>k1 & b>r$ tissue1 or prop]ly z tissue int]m$iate betwe5 ?is & ! disc-be>+ fibres ( ! p9es4 ,?\gh ! cycads h a consid]able range ( organisation & ( fructification1 & ?\gh "s po9ts 9 ref]5ce to ! latt] might assign !m a high] place1 on ! :ole !y seem to occupy a l[] position ?an ! conif]s or ! cordaite ( ! ,c>bonif]\s4 ,9 ! ,c>bonif]\s "s ( ! f]n-l leaves assign$ to ! g5us ,noegg]a?ia h be5 %[n by ,/ur & ,weiss to h be5 gymnosp]ms1 probably alli$ to cycads1 ( :i* !y may be reg>d$ at lea/ z precursors4 ,?us ! cycadean type does n really con/itute an advance 9 grade ( organisation 9 ! ,mesozoic1 any fur!r ?an t1 9 ! p]iod n[ 9 "q1 x becomes mu* m develop$ 9 numb] & v>iety ( =ms4 ,b ! conif]s w\ld seem to h _h prec$5ce ( x = a long "t 9 ! ,palozoic1 & x replaces 9 ! ,mesozoic ! ,cordaites1 :i* 9 _m respects excell$ x 9 complexity4 ,! great] "p ( ! cycads ( ! ,mesozoic age w\ld seem to h _h %ort /ems & to h con/itut$ ! und]gr[? ( woods 9 :i* conif]s atta9$ to great] height4 ,an int]e/+ case ( ?is is ! celebrat$ dirt-b$ ( ! qu>ries ( ! ,isle ( ,portl&1 long ago describ$ by ,dean ,buckl&4 ,9 ?is fossil soil trunks ( p9es1 :i* mu/ h atta9$ to great height1 are int]sp]s$ ) ! %ort1 ?ick /ems ( cycads1 ( ! g5us nam$ ,cycadoidea by ,buckl&1 & :i* f _! appe>ance are call$ fossil birds' ne/s by ! qu>rym54 ,"s1 h[ev]1 mu/ h atta9$ a consid]able height s z to resemble palms4 ,! cycads1 ) _! simple1 ?ick trunks1 usually m>k$ ) rhombic sc>s1 & be>+ broad spread+ cr[ns ( l>ge1 elegantly =m$ p9nate leaves1 mu/ h =m$ a prom95t "p ( ! vegetation ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e dur+ ! :ole ( ! ,mesozoic p]iod4 ,a botani/1 _h !re be5 su* a p]son at ! "t1 w\ld h f\nd ?is to be ! case ev]y:]e f ! equator to ,spitzb]g51 & probably 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e z well1 & ?is ?r\gh\t all ! long p]iods f ! ,e>ly ,trias to ! ,middle ,cretace\s4 ,9 a pap] publi%$ 9 ! ,l9nan ,transactions = #ahfh1 ,dr4 ,c>ru!rs enum]ates tw5ty species ( ,briti% ,mesozoic cycads1 & ! numb] might n[ be consid]ably increas$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4--,salisburia 7,g+ko7 ,sibirica1 ,he]4 ,l4 ,cretace\s1 ,sib]ia & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! p9es pres5t "s features ( int]e/4 ,we h already se5 _! connection ) ! broad-leav$ ,cordaites1 & 9 ! ,p]mian !re are "s additional types ( broad-leav$ conif]4 ,9 ! ,mesozoic we h great numb]s ( beautiful trees1 ) ^? elegant fan-%ap$ leaves *>act]i/ic ( b "o liv+ species1 ! ,salisburia1 or g+ko-tree ( ,*9a4 ,x is curi\s t ?is tree1 ?\gh n[ limit$ to ea/]n ,asia1 w gr[1 ?\gh x r>ely fruits1 9 mo/ p>ts ( temp]ate ,europe1 & 9 ,am]ica z f> nor? z ,montreal1 & t 9 ! ,mesozoic p]iod x occupi$ all ^! regions1 & ev5 ,sib]ia & ,gre5l&1 & ) _m & div]sifi$ species 7,fig4 #ff74 ,salisburia belongs to ! yews1 b an equally curi\s fact applies to ! cypresses4 ,! g5us ,sequoia1 limit$ at pres5t to two species1 bo? ,cali=nian1 & "o ( !m ! s-call$ big tree1 celebrat$ = ! gigantic size to :i* x atta9s1 is repres5t$ by species f\nd z f> back at lea/ z ! ,l[] ,cretace\s1 & 9 e "p ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e4,,dg ,x seems to h ?riv5 9 all ^! regions ?r\gh\t ! ,mesozoic & e>ly ,ka9ozoic1 & !n to h disappe>$1 leav+ only a small remnant to repres5t x 9 mod]n days4 ,a numb] ( species h be5 describ$ f ! ,mesozoic & ,t]ti>y1 all ( !m closely relat$ to ^? n[ exi/+ 7,fig4 #fg74 ,,dg ,9 ! ,eoc5e ( ,au/ralia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4--,sequoia ,smi?iana1 ,he]4 ,l4 ,cretace\s4 ,! foll[+ notice ( ^! trees is = ! mo/ "p translat$1 ) "s modifications & abridgm5t1 f a pap] read by ! late ,pr(4 ,he] be=e ! ,botanical ,section ( ! ,swiss ,natural ,hi/ory ,society3 ,! "n itself des]ves consid]ation4 ,x is t ( an ,indian ( ! ,*]okee tribe1 ,sequo ,yah1 :o inv5t$ an alphabet )\t any aid f ! outside _w ( culture1 & taught x to 8 tribe by writ+ x ^u leaves4 ,?is came into g5]al use among ! ,*]okees1 be=e ! :ite man _h any k ( x2 & aft]w>d1 9 #ahbh1 a p]iodical 0 publi%$ 9 ?is "* by ! mission>ies4 ,sequo ,yah 0 bani%$ f 8 home 9 ,alabama1 ) ! re/ ( 8 tribe1 & settl$ 9 ,new ,mexico1 :]e he di$ 9 #ahdc4 ,:5 ,endli*] 0 prep>+ 8 synopsis ( ! conif]s1 9 #ahdf1 & _h e/abli%$ a numb] ( new g5]a1 ,dr4 ,jacbon ,ts*udi1 !n liv+ ) ,endli*]1 br\ght be=e 8 notice ?is rem>kable man1 & ask$ him to d$icate ?is r$-wood$ tree to ! memory ( a lit]>y g5ius s conspicu\s among ! r$ m5 ( ,am]ica4 ,endli*] cons5t$ to d s1 & only endeavor$ to make ! "n pron\nceable by *ang+ two ( its lett]s4 ,endli*] f\nd$ ! g5us on ! r$wood ( ! ,am]icans1 ,taxodium semp]vir5s ( ,lamb2 & nam$ ! species ,sequoia semp]vir5s4 ,^! trees =m l>ge =e/s 9 ,cali=nia1 :i* ext5d along ! coa/ z f> z ,oregon4 ,trees are !re met ) ( #cjj feet 9 height & #bj feet 9 diamet]4 ,! se$s h be5 br\ght to ,europe a numb] ( ye>s ago1 & we already see 9 upp] ,italy & ar\nd ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 & 9 ,engl&1 high trees2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !y h n prov$ successful ar\nd ,zuri*4 ,9 #aheb1 a second species ( ,sequoia 0 discov]$ 9 ,cali=nia1 :i*1 "u ! "n ( big tree1 soon atta9$ a consid]able celebrity4 ,l9dley describ$ x1 9 #ahec1 z ,well+tonia gigantea2 &1 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 ,decaisne & ,torrey prov$ t x belong$ to ,sequoia1 & t x accord+ly %\ld be call$ ,sequoia gigantea4 ,:ile ! ,sequoia semp]vir5s1 9 spite ( ! de/ructiv5ess ( ! ,am]ican lumb]m51 /ill =ms l>ge =e/s along ! coa/1 ! ,sequoia gigantea is conf9$ to ! isolat$ clumps :i* are met ) inl& at a height ( #e1jjj to #g1jjj feet above sea-level1 & are mu* s\ght aft] by t\ri/s z "o ( ! wond]s ( ! c\ntry4 ,reports came to ,europe conc]n+ ! l>ge/ ( !m :i* 7 q fabul\s1 b we h receiv$ accurate acc\nts ( !m f ,pr(4 ,:itney4 ,! talle/ tree measur$ by him has a height ( #cbe feet1 & 9 ! case ( "o ( ! trees ! numb] ( ! r+s ( gr[? indicat$ an age ( ab\t #a1cjj ye>s4 ,x _h a gir? ( #ej to #fj feet4 ,we "k only two liv+ species ( ,sequoia1 bo? ( :i* are conf9$ to ,cali=nia4 ,! "o 7,s4 semp]vir5s7 is clo!d ) erect leaves1 arrang$ 9 two r[s1 v mu* l our yew-tree1 & be>s small1 r\nd cones2 ! o!r 7,s4 gigantea7 has small] leaves1 set closely aga9/ ! bran*es1 giv+ ! tree m ! appe>ance ( ! cypress4 ,! cones are egg-%ap$1 & mu* l>g]4 ,^! two types are !re=e %>ply def9$4 ,bo? ( ^! trees h an int]e/+ hi/ory4 ,if we g back into ! ,t]ti>y1 ?is same g5us meets u ) a long array ( species4 ,two ( ^! species correspond to ^? liv+ at pres5t3 ! ,s4 ,langsdorfii to ! ,s4 semp]vir5s1 & ! ,s4 ,c\ttsi to ! ,s4 gigantea4,,dh ,b1 :ile ! liv+ species are conf9$ to ,cali=nia1 9 ! ,t]ti>y !y are spread ov] sev]al qu>t]s ( ! globe4 ,,dh ,s4 ,c\ttsi has leaves l ,s4 gigantea1 & cones l ^? ( #h4 semp]vir5s4 ,let u fir/ consid] ! ,sequoia ,langsdorfii4 ,?is 0 fir/ discov]$ 9 ! lignite ( ,wett]au1 & 0 describ$ z ,taxites langsdorfii4 ,he] f\nd x 9 ! upp] ,rhone di/rict1 & !re lay beside ! twigs ! rema9s ( a cone1 :i* %[$ t ! ,taxites ,langsdorfii ( ,brongni>t belong$ to ! ,cali=nian g5us ,sequoia e/abli%$ by ,endli*]4 ,he aft]w>d f\nd mu* bett] pres]v$ cones1 toge!r ) se$s1 along ) ! plants ( ea/ ,gre5l&1 :i* fully confirm$ ! det]m9ation4 ,at ,atanek]dluk 9 ,gre5l& 7ab\t #gj nor? latitude7 ?is tree is v common4 ,! leaves1 & also ! fl[]s & num]\s cones1 leave no d\bt t x /&s v ne> to ! mod]n r$wood4 ,x diff]s f x1 h[ev]1 9 hav+ a mu* l>g] numb] ( scales 9 ! cone4 ,! tree is also f\nd 9 ,spitzb]g5 at ne>ly #gh nor? latitude1 :]e ,nord5skild has collect$1 at ,cape ,lyell1 wond]fully pres]v$ bran*es4 ,f ?is high latitude ! species c be foll[$ d[n ?r\gh ! :ole ( ,europe z f> z ! middle ( ,italy 7at ,s5egaglia1 ,gulf ( ,spezia74 ,9 ,asia1 also11 we c foll[ x to ! /eppes ( ,kirghis51 to ,possiet1 & to ! coa/ ( ! ,sea ( ,japan1 & across to ,alaska & ,sitka4 ,x is recogniz$ by ,mr4 ,/>kie ,g>dn] z "o ( ! species f\nd 9 ! ,eoc5e ( ,mull 9 ! ,hebrides4,,di ,x is ?us kn[n 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,am]ica1 f #dc to #gh nor? latitude1 :ile its mo/ ne>ly relat$ liv+ species1 p]haps ev5 desc5d$ f x1 is n[ conf9$ to ,cali=nia4 ,,di ,x is ,f>eites ,campbelli ( ,=bes4 ,) ?is ,s4 ,langsdorfii1 ?ree o!r ,t]ti>y species are ne>ly relat$ 7,s4 brevifolia1 ,hr41 ,s4 di/i*a1 ,hr41 & ,s4 ,nord5skildi1 ,hr474 ,^! h be5 met ) 9 ,gre5l& & ,spitzb]g51 & "o ( !m has lately be5 f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?ree o!r species1 9 addition to ^!1 h be5 describ$ by ,lesqu]eux1 :i* appe> to belong to ! gr\p ( ! ,s4 ,langsdorfii1 viz41 ,s4 longifolia1 ,lesq41 ,s4 angu/ifolia1 & ,s4 acum9ata1 ,lesq4 ,sev]al species also occur 9 ! ,cretace\s & ,eoc5e ( ,canada4 ,^! species ?us answ] to ! liv+ ,sequoia semp]vir5s2 b we c also po9t to ,t]ti>y repres5tatives ( ! ,s4 gigantea4 ,_! leases are /iff & %>p-po9t$1 are ?9ly set r\nd ! bran*es1 & lie =w>d 9 ! same way3 ! egg-%ap$ cones are 9 "s cases simil>4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 9 ! e>ly ,t]ti>y six species1 :i* fill up ! gap betwe5 ,s4 semp]vir5s & ,s4 gigantea4 ,!y are ! ,s4 ,c\ttsi1 ,s4 aff9is1 ,lesq41 ,s4 imbricata1 ,hr41 ,s4 sibirica1 ,hr41 ,s4 ,he]ii1 ,lesq41 & ,s4 bi=mis1 ,lesq4 ,( ^!1 ,s4 ,c\ttsi1 ,hr41 is ! mo/ common & mo/ important species4 ,x has %ort leaves1 ly+ along ! bran*1 l ,s4 gigantea1 & small1 r\nd cones1 l ,s4 ,langsdorfii & semp]vir5s4 ,bovey ,tracey 9 ,devon%ire has af=d$ spl5did specim5s ( cones1 se$s1 & twigs1 :i* h be5 describ$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,m lately1 ,c\nt ,saporta has describ$ specim5s ( cones & twigs f ,armissan4 ,specim5s ( ?is species h also be5 f\nd 9 ! old] ,t]ti>y ( ,gre5l&1 s t x mu/ h _h a wide range4 ,x is v l to ! ,am]ican ,s4 aff9is1 ,lesq4 ,9 ! ,t]ti>y !re h be5 already f\nd f\rte5 well-m>k$ species1 :i* ?us include repres5tatives ( ! two liv+ types1 ,s4 semp]vir5s & ,s4 gigantea4 ,we c foll[ ?is g5us /ill fur!r back4 ,if we g back to ! ,cretace\s age1 we f9d t5 species1 ( :i* five occur 9 ! ,urgon ( ! ,l[] ,cretace\s1 two 9 ! ,middle1 & ?ree 9 ! ,upp] ,cretace\s4 ,among ^!1 ! ,l[] ,cretace\s exhibits ! two types ( ! ,sequoia semp]vir5s & ,s4 gigantea4 ,to ! =m] ! ,s4 ,smi?iana answ]s1 & to ! latt]1 ! ,rei*5ba*ii1 ,ge94 ,! ,s4 ,smi?iana /&s inde$ uncommonly ne> ! ,s4 ,langsdorfii1 bo? 9 ! appe>ance ( ! leaves on ! twigs & 9 ! %ape ( ! cones4 ,^! are1 h[ev]1 small]1 & ! leaves d n become n>r[] t[>d ! base4 ,! ,s4 pect9a1 ,hr41 ( ! ,upp] ,cretace\s1 has its leaves arrang$ 9 two r[s1 & pres5ts a simil> appe>ance4 ,! ,s4 ,rei*5ba*ii is a type m di/9ct f ^? n[ liv+ & ^? 9 ! ,t]ti>y4 ,x has inde$ /iff1 po9t$ leaves1 ly+ =w>d1 b !y are arcuate1 & ! cones are small]4 ,?is tree has be5 kn[n = a long "t1 & x s]ves 9 ! ,cretace\s z a guid+ />1 :i* we c foll[ f ! ,urgonian ( ! ,l[] ,cretace\s up to ! ,c5omanian4 ,x is kn[n 9 ,france1 ,belgium1 ,bohemia1 ,saxony1 ,gre5l&1 & ,spitzb]g5 7also 9 ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates74 ,x has be5 plac$ 9 ano!r g5us--,ge9itzia--b we c recognise1 by ! help ( ! cones1 t x belongs to ,sequoia4 ,bel[ ?is1 !re is f\nd 9 ,gre5l& a ne>ly relat$ species1 ! ,s4 ambigua1 ,hr41 ( :i* ! leaves are %ort] & broad]1 & ! cones r\nd & some:at small]4 ,! connect+ l9k betwe5 ,s4 ,smi?iana & ,rei*5ba*ii is =m$ by ,s4 subulata1 ,hr41 & ,s4 rigida1 ,hr41 & ?ree species 7,s4 gracilis1 ,hr41 ,s4 fa/igiata & ,s4 ,g>dn]iana1 ,c>r471 ) leaves ly+ closely along ! bran*1 & :i* come v ne> to ! ,t]ti>y species ,s4 ,c\ttsi4 ,we h !re=e 9 ! ,cretace\s q an array ( species1 :i* fill up ! gap betwe5 ! ,s4 semp]vir5s & gigantea1 & %[ u t ! g5us ,sequoia _h already atta9$ a great developm5t 9 ! ,cretace\s4 ,?is 0 /ill great] 9 ! ,t]ti>y1 9 :i* x also rea*$ its maximum ( geographical di/ribution4 ,into ! pres5t _w ! two extremes ( ! g5us h alone cont9u$2 ! num]\s species =m+ its ma9 body h fall5 out 9 ! ,t]ti>y4 ,if we look /ill fur!r back1 we f9d 9 ! ,jura a great numb] ( conif]s1 &1 among !m1 we meet 9 ! g5us ,p9us ) a type :i* is highly develop$1 & :i* /ill survives2 b = ,sequoia we h till n[ look$ 9 va91 s t = ! pres5t we c n place ! rise ( ! g5us l[] ?an ! ,urgonian ( ! ,cretace\s1 h[ev] rem>kable we may ?9k x t 9 t p]iod x %\ld h develop$ into s _m species2 & x is /ill m surpris+ t two species already make _! appe>ance :i* approa* s ne> to ! liv+ ,sequoia semp]vir5s & ,s4 gigantea4 ,altoge!r1 we h become acqua9t$1 up to ! pres5t "t1 ) tw5ty-six species ( ,sequoia4 ,f\rte5 ( ^! species are f\nd 9 ! ,arctic zone1 & h be5 describ$ & figur$ 9 ! ,fossil ,flora ( ! ,arctic ,regions4 ,sequoia has be5 recognis$ by ,ett+%aus5 ev5 9 ,au/ralia1 b !re 9 ! ,eoc5e4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ rem>kable record 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( vegetation4 ,! ,sequoias are ! giants ( ! conif]s1 ! gr&e/ repres5tatives ( ! family1 & ! fact t1 aft] spread+ ov] ! :ole nor!rn hemisph]e & atta9+ to m ?an tw5ty specific =ms1 _! decay+ remnant %\ld n[ be conf9$ to "o limit$ region 9 we/]n ,am]ica & to two species con/itutes a sad mem5to ( dep>t$ greatness4,,dj ,! small remnant ( ,s4 gigantea /ill1 h[ev]1 t[]s above all competitors1 z em95tly ! big trees 2 b1 _h !y & ! alli$ species fail$ to escape ! ,t]ti>y cont95tal subm]g5ces & ! disa/]s ( ! glacial p]iod1 ?is gr& g5us w\ld h be5 to u an ext9ct type4 ,9 l mann] ! survival ( ! s+le g+ko ( ea/]n ,asia alone enables u to und]/& t great s]ies ( tax9e trees ) f]n-l leaves ( :i* x is ! sole repres5tative4 ,,dj ,! writ] has %[n t mu* ( ! mat]ial ( ! great lignite b$s ( ! ,canadian ,nor?we/ consi/s ( wood ( ,sequoia ( bo? ! mod]n types4 ,besides ^! peculi> & n[ r>e =ms1 we h 9 ! ,mesozoic _m o!rs relat$ closely to exi/+ yews1 cypresses1 p9es1 & spruces1 s t ! conif]s 7 probably 9 great] abundance & v>iety ?an !y are at ?is day4 ,9 ?is p]iod1 also1 we f9d ! e>lie/ repres5tatives ( ! endog5\s plants4 ,x is true t "s plants f\nd 9 ! coal-=mation h be5 d\btfully ref]r$ to ^!1 b ! e>lie/ c]ta9 examples w\ld seem to be "s bamboo-l & screw-p9e-l plants occurr+ 9 ! ,jurassic rocks4 ,"s ( ^! are1 x is true1 d\btful =ms1 b ( o!rs !re seems to be no "q4 ,! mod]n ,p&anus or screw-p9e ( ! tropical regions1 :i* is n a p9e1 h[ev]1 b a humble relation ( ! palms1 is a /iffly bran*+ tree1 ( a c&elabra-l =m1 & ) tufts ( long leaves on its bran*es1 & nuts or great h>d b]ries = fruit1 borne sometimes 9 l>ge masses1 & s protect$ z to admit ( _! drift+ un9jur$ on ! sea4 ,! /ems are support$ by masses ( arial roots l ^? :i* /r5g!n ! /ems ( tree-f]ns4 ,^! /ructures & habits ( gr[? fit ! ,p&anus = its especial habitat on ! %ores ( tropical isl&s1 to :i* its masses ( nuts are drift$ by ! w9ds & curr5ts1 & on ^: %ores x c e/abli% itself by ! aid ( its arial roots4 ,"s plants ref]r$ to ! cycads h prov$ v]itable botanical puzzles4 ,"o ( ^!1 ! ,williamsonia gigas ( ! ,engli% olite1 orig9ally discov]$ by my fri5d ,dr4 ,williamson1 & nam$ by him ,zamia gigas1 a v tall & beautiful species1 f\nd 9 rocks ( ?is age 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe1 has be5 claim$ by ,saporta = ! ,endog5s1 z a plant alli$ to ,p&anus4 ,"s o!r botani/s h suppos$ ! fl[]s & fruits to be p>asites on o!r plants1 l ! mod]n ,rafflesia ( ,sumatra1 b x is possible t aft] all x may prove to h be5 an ab]rant cycad4 ,! tree-palms are n f\nd e>li] ?an ! ,middle ,cretace\s1 :]e we %all notice !m 9 ! next *apt]4 ,9 l mann]1 ?\gh a few ,angiosp]ms occur 9 rocks believ$ to be ,l[] or ,l[] ,middle ,cretace\s 9 ,gre5l& & ! nor?we/ t]ritory ( ,canada1 & 9 ,virg9ia1 ^! are m]ely precursors ( ^? ( ! ,upp] ,cretace\s1 & are n suffici5t to r$eem ! e>li] ,cretace\s f be+ a p]iod ( p9es & cycads4 ,on ! :ole1 ?is e>ly ,mesozoic flora1 s f> z kn[n to u1 has a monoton\s & mean appe>ance4 ,x no d\bt =m$ va/ =e/s ( tall p9es1 p]haps resembl+ ! giant ,sequoias ( ,cali=nia2 b !y mu/ = ! mo/ "p h be5 d>k & dismal woods1 probably t5ant$ by few =ms ( life1 = ! great reptiles ( ?is age mu/ h pref]r$ ! op5 & sunny coa/s1 & _m ( !m dwelt 9 ! wat]s4 ,/ill we mu/ n be too sure ( ?is4 ,! b]ries & nuts ( ! num]\s yews & cycads 7 capable ( af=d+ mu* food4 ,we "k t 9 ?is age !re 7 _m great h]bivor\s reptiles1 l ,iguanodon & ,hadrosaurus1 "s ( !m fitt$ by _! /ructure to fe$ ^u ! leaves & fruits ( trees4 ,!re 7 also sev]al k9ds ( small h]bivor\s mammals1 & mu* insect life1 & x is likely t few ( ! inhabitants ( ! ,mesozoic woods h be5 pres]v$ z fossils4 ,we may yet h mu* to le>n ( ! inhabitants ( ^! =e/s ( f]ns1 cycads1 & p9es4 ,we mu/ n =get 9 ?is connection t 9 ! pres5t day !re are l>ge isl&s1 l ,new ,zeal&1 de/itute ( mammalia1 & hav+ a flora comp>able ) t ( ! ,mesozoic 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 ?\gh m v>i$4 ,we h also ! rem>kable example ( ,au/ralia1 ) a mu* ri*] flora ?an t ( ! e>ly ,mesozoic1 yet inhabit$ only by non-plac5tal mammals1 l ^? ( ! ,mesozoic4 ,! pr9cipal legacy t ! ,mesozoic woods h h&$ d[n to our "t is 9 "s b$s ( coal1 locally important1 b ( f> less ext5t ?an ^? ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod4 ,/ill1 9 ,am]ica1 ! ,ri*mond coal-field 9 ,virg9ia is ( ?is age1 & s are ! an?racite b$s ( ! ,que5 ,*>lotte ,isl&s1 on ! we/ coa/ ( ,canada1 & ! coal ( ,brora 9 ,su!rl&%ire4 ,valuable b$s ( coal1 probably ( ?is age1 also exi/ 9 ,*9a1 ,india1 & ,s\? ,africa2 & jet1 :i* is s ext5sively us$ = ornam5t1 is pr9cipally d]iv$ f ! c>bonis$ rema9s ( ! old ,mesozoic p9es4 ,9 ! next *apt] we h to /udy a revolution 9 vegetable life mo/ /rik+ & unique1 9 ! adv5t ( ! =e/-trees ( /rictly mod]n types4 ,,note ,,to ,,*apt] ,v4 ,i app5d to ?is *apt] a table %[+ ! plant-be>+ s]ies ( ! ,cretace\s & ,l>amie ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 f a pap] 9 ,trans4 ,r4 ,s4 ,c1 #ahhe1 :i* see = fur!r details3 7,9 ,desc5d+ ,ord]47 ,p]iods4 ,floras & sub-floras4 ,ref]5ces4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,transition ,upp] ,l>amie or ,porcup9e ,platanus b$s ( ,s\ris ,eoc5e to ,hill4 ,=t ,union ,riv] & ,calg>y4 ,report ,cretace\s4 gr\p1 ,u4 ,s4 t]ritory4 ( ,geol4 ,survey ( ,canada = #ahgi1 & ,memoir ( #ahhe4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,middle ,l>amie or ,will[ ,creek b$s4 ,lemna & ,pi/ia b$s ( ,l[] ,l>amie or ,/4 bad l&s ( #di? p>allel1 ,m>y ,riv]4 ,r$ ,de] ,riv]1 c41 ) ,upp] lignites4 ,report #di? ,cretace\s ,p>allel & ,memoir ( #ahhe4 7,danian & ,s5onian74 ,fox ,hill s]ies ,m>9e4 ,=t ,pi]re s]ies ,m>9e4 ,sequoia & ,bras5ia b$s ,belly ,riv] ( ,s4 ,saskat*ewan1 ,belly ,riv]1 c4 ) lignites4 ,memoir ( #ahhe4 ,coal measures ( ,nanaimo1 ,memoir ( #ahhc4 ,_m ,b4,c41 probably "h4 dicotyl$ons1 palms1 c4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,middle ,dunvegan s]ies ( ,peace ,cretace\s ,riv]4 ,dakota gr\p1 ,memoir ( #ahhc4 ,_m 7,turonian & ,u4 ,s4 ,amboy clays1 dicotyl$ons1 cycads1 c4 ,c5omanian74 ,u4 ,s4 ,mill ,creek b$s ( ,rocky ,dicotyl$on\s leaves1 ,m\nta9s4 simil> to ,dakota gr\p ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,memoir ( #ahhe4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,l[] ,suskwa ,riv] b$s & ,cretace\s ,que5 ,*>lotte ,isl& ,cycads1 p9es1 a few 7,neocomian4 coal s]ies4 ,int]m$iate dicotyl$ons4 ,report ,geol4 c74 b$s ( ,rocky ,survey4 ,memoir ( #ahhe4 ,m\nta9s4 ,potomac s]ies ( ,virg9ia4 ,kootanie s]ies ( ,rocky ,cycads1 p9es1 & f]ns4 ,m\nta9s4 ,memoir ( #ahhe4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,reign ,,( ,,angiosp]ms ,,9 ,,! ,,lat] ,,cretace\s ,,& ,,ka9ozoic4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4--,populus primva1 ,he]4 ,cretace\s1 ( ,gre5l&4 ,"o ( ! olde/ kn[n ,angiosp]ms4 ,x is a rem>kable fact 9 geological *ronology t ! culm9ation ( ! vegetable k+dom ant$ates t ( ! animal4 ,! plac5tal mammals1 ! highe/ gr\p ( ! animal k+dom1 are n kn[n till ! beg9n+ ( ! ,eoc5e ,t]ti>y4 ,! dicotyl$on\s ,angiosp]ms1 :i* correspond to !m 9 ! vegetable k+dom1 occur f> e>li]--9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,upp] ,cretace\s or close ( ! ,l[] ,cretace\s4 ,! reign ( cycads & p9es holds ?r\gh\t ! ,l[] ,cretace\s1 b at ! close ( t age !re is a sudd5 incom+ ( ! high] plants1 & a proportionate decrease1 m especially ( ! cycads4 ,i h already ref]r$ to ! angiosp]m\s wood suppos$ to be ,devonian1 b ,i fe> to re/ any conclusion on ?is isolat$ fact4 ,beyond ?is1 ! e>lie/ indications ( plants ( ?is class h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,l[] ,cretace\s4 ,_m ye>s ago ,he] describ$ & figur$ ! leaves ( a popl> 7,populus primva7 f ! suppos$ ,l[] ,cretace\s ( ,kom1 9 ,gre5l& 7,fig4 #fh74 ,two species1 a ,/]culia & a ,laurus or ,salix1 occur among fossils describ$ by me 9 ! upp] "p ( ! ,kootanie s]ies ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & ,fonta9e has rec5tly f\nd 9 ! ,potomac gr\p ( ,virg9ia--believ$ to be ( ,neocomian age--sev]al angiosp]m\s species 7,sassafras1 ,m5isp]mites1 ,sap9dus1 ,aralia1 ,populus1 c47 mix$ ) a ri* flora ( cycads & p9es4 ,^! are ! e>ly =]unn]s ( ! mod]n angiosp]m\s flora2 b s f> z kn[n !y d n occur bel[ ! ,cretace\s1 & 9 its l[] portions only v r>ely4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we asc5d into ! ,upp] ,cretace\s1 :e!r ( ,europe or ,am]ica1 !re is a rem>kable incom+ ( ! high] plants1 "u g5]ic =ms simil> to ^? n[ exi/+4 ,?is is1 9 tru?1 ! adv5t ( ! mod]n flora ( ! temp]ate regions ( ! e>?4 ,a v int]e/+ tabul> view ( its e>ly di/ribution is giv5 by ,w>d1 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce = #ahhd1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is a synopsis1 ) slight em5dations4 ,i may add t ! new discov]ies made s9ce #ahhd w\ld probably t5d to increase ! proportionate numb] ( dicotyl$ons 9 ! new] gr\ps4 ,dicotyl$on\s ,trees 9 ! ,cretace\s4 ,upp] ,s5onian #agi species4 7,fox ,hill gr\p ( ,am]ica47 ,l[] ,s5onian #ha species4 ,upp] :ite *alk ( ,europe2 ,=t ,pi]re gr\p ( ,am]ica2 coal-measures ( ,nanaimo8 ,turonian #bj species4 ,l[] :ite *alk2 ,new ,j]sey m>ls2 ,belly ,r4 gr\p4 ,c5omanian4 #ceg species4 7,*alk-m>l1 gre5s&1 & ,gault1 ,niobr>a & ,dakota gr\ps ( ,am]ica72 ,dunvegan gr\p ( ,canada2 ,amboy clays ( ,new ,j]sey4 ,neocomian #bj species4,,dk 7,l[] gre5s& & ,speeton clay1 ,weald5 & ,ha/+s s&s1 ,kootanie & ,que5 ,*>lotte gr\ps ( ,canada47 ,,dk ,includ+ an e/imate ( ,fonta9e's undescrib$ species4 ,?us we h a great & sudd5 insw>m+ ( ! high] plants ( mod]n types at ! close ( ! ,l[] ,cretace\s4 ,9 relation to ?is1 ,saporta1 "o ( ! mo/ en?usia/ic ( evolutioni/s1 is /ruck by ?is ph5om5on ( ! sudd5 appe>ance ( s _m =ms1 & "s ( !m ! mo/ highly diff]5tiat$ ( dicotyl$on\s plants4 ,! e>ly /ages ( _! evolution may1 he ?9ks1 h be5 obscure & z yet unobs]v$1 or !y may h tak5 place 9 "s sep>ate region1 or "m c\ntry z yet undiscov]$1 or !y may h be5 produc$ by a rapid & unusual multiplication ( fl[]-haunt+ insects6 ,or x is ev5 conceivable t ! app>5tly sudd5 elevation ( plants may h be5 due to causes /ill unkn[n4 ,?is la/ seems1 inde$1 ! only c]ta9 inf]5ce 9 ! case1 s9ce1 z ,saporta proce$s to say 9 conclusion3 ,:atev] hypo!sis "o may pref]1 ! fact ( ! rapid multiplication ( dicotyl$ons1 & ( _! simultane\s appe>ance 9 a great numb] ( places 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,c5omanian epo*1 _c be disput$4,,dl ,,dl ,monde des ,plantes1 p4 #aig4 ,! leaves describ$ by ,he]1 f ! ,middle ,cretace\s ( ,gre5l&1 are ^? ( a popl> 7,p4 primva74 ,^? :i* ,i h describ$ f a correspond+ horizon 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s are a ,/]culites 7,s4 vetu/ula71 probably alli$ to ! mall[s1 & an elongat$ leaf1 ,laurophyllum 7,l4 crass9]ve7 7,fig4 #fi71 :i* may1 h[ev]1 h belong$ to a will[ r ?an a laurel4 ,^! are c]ta9ly old] ?an ! ,dakota gr\p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! correspond+ =mations 9 ,canada4 ,on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,am]ican cont95t1 9 ,virg9ia1 ! ,potomac s]ies is suppos$ to be ( ,l[] ,cretace\s age1 & "h ,fonta9e1 z already /at$1 has f\nd an abundant flora ( cycads1 conif]s1 & f]ns1 ) a few angiosp]m\s leaves1 :i* h n yet be5 describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4--,/]calia & ,laurophyllum or ,salix1 ! olde/ ,angiosp]ms ,kn[n 9 ! ,cretace\s ( ,canada4 ,9 ! ,canadian ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 a few hundr$s ( feet above ! b$s hold+ ! be=em5tion$ species1 are ! %ales ( ! ,mill ,creek s]ies1 ri* 9 _m species ( dicotyl$on\s leaves1 & correspond+ 9 age ) ! ,dakota gr\p1 ^: fossils h be5 s well describ$1 fir/ by ,he] & ,capell9i1 & aft]w>d by ,lesqu]eux4 ,we may take ?is ,dakota gr\p & ! quad]-s& /one ( ,g]many z types ( ! plant-be>+ ,c5omanian1 & may notice ! =ms occurr+ 9 !m4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we recognise "h ! successors ( our old fri5ds1 ! f]ns & ! p9es1 ! latt] repres5t$ by su* g5]a z ,taxites1 ,sequoia1 ,glypto/robus1 ,g+ko1 & ev5 ,p9us itself4 ,we also h a few cycads1 b n s dom9ant z 9 ! previ\s ages4 ,! fan-palms are well repres5t$1 bo? 9 ,am]ica & 9 ! correspond+ s]ies 9 ,europe1 especially by ! g5us ,sabal1 :i* is ! *>act]i/ic ,am]ican type ( fan-palm1 & !re is "o g5us :i* ,saporta reg>ds z int]m$iate betwe5 ! fan-palms & ! p9nately leav$ species4 ,!re are also _m fragm5ts ( /ems & leaves ( c>ices & grasses1 s t ^! plants1 n[ s important to ! n\ri%m5t ( man & 8 companion animals1 7 already repres5t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4--,vegetation ( ,lat] ,cretace\s4 ,exog5s & palms4 7,aft] ,saporta47 ,b ! great feature ( ! "t 0 its dicotyl$on\s =e/s1 & ,i h only to enum]ate ! g5]a suppos$ to be repres5t$ 9 ord] to %[ ! ri*ness ( ! "t 9 plants ( ?is type4 ,x may be necess>y to expla9 "h t ! g5]ic names us$ are mo/ly bas$ on leaves1 & consequ5tly _c be held z be+ absolutely c]ta91 s9ce we "k t at pres5t "o g5us may h consid]able v>iety 9 its leaves1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 t plants ( diff]5t g5]a may be v mu* alike 9 _! foliage4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 und\bt$ly a lik5ess 9 plan or type ( /ructure 9 leaves ( closely alli$ plants1 &1 !re=e1 if judici\sly /udi$1 !y c be det]m9$ ) at lea/ approximate c]ta9ty4,,dm ,m especially we c atta9 to mu* c]ta9ty :5 ! fruits z well z ! leaves are f\nd1 & :5 we c obta9 specim5s ( ! wood1 %[+ its /ructure4 ,su* corroboration is n want+1 ?\gh un=tunately ! leaves ( trees are g5]ally f\nd drift$ away f ! o!r organs once connect$ ) !m4 ,9 my own exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 ,i h (t5 f\nd det]m9ations ( ! leaves ( trees confirm$ by ! discov]y ( _! fruits or ( ! /ructure ( _! /ems4 ,?us1 9 ! ri* cretace\s plant-b$s ( ! ,dunvegan s]ies we h bee*-nuts associat$ 9 ! same b$s ) leaves ref]r$ to ,fagus4 ,9 ! ,l>amie b$s ,i det]m9$ _m ye>s ago nuts ( ! ,trapa or wat]-*e/nut1 & subsequ5tly ,lesqu]eux f\nd1 9 b$s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 leaves :i* he ref]r$ to ! same g5us4 ,lat]1 ,i f\nd 9 collections made on ! ,r$ ,de] ,riv] ( ,canada my fruits & ,lesqu]eux's leaves on ! same slab4 ,! pres5ce ( trees ( ! g5]a ,c>ya & ,juglans 9 ! same =mation 0 inf]r$ f _! leaves1 & specim5s h s9ce be5 obta9$ ( silicifi$ wood1 ) ! microscopic /ructure ( ! mod]n butt]nut4 ,/ill we are will+ to admit t det]m9ations f leaves alone are liable to d\bt4 ,,dm ,great all[ance has to be made = ! v>iability ( leaves ( ! same species4 ,! mod]n hazel 7,c4 ro/rata7 is a case 9 po9t4 ,its leaves1 f diff]5t p>ts ( ! same plant1 are s dissimil> 9 =m & size t !y might readily be reg>d$ z ( diff]5t species4 ,9 ! matt] ( names ( fossil leaves1 ,i sympa?ise v /rongly ) ,dr4 ,na?or/1 ( ,/ockholm1 9 8 objection to ! use ( mod]n g5]ic names = m]e leaves1 & w\ld be q cont5t to adopt "s non-committal t]m9ation1 z t ( phyllum or ites sugge/$ by him4 ,i feel1 h[ev]1 t almo/ z mu* is tak5 = grant$ if a plant is call$ ,corylophyllum or ,corylites1 z if call$ ,corylus4 ,9 ei!r case a judgm5t is express$ z to its aff9ities1 :i* if wrong "u ! "o t]m is wrong "u ! o!r2 & aft] s mu* has be5 done by s _m em95t botani/s1 x seems inexp$i5t to *ange ! :ole nom5clature = s small & que/ionable an advantage4 ,i wi% x1 h[ev]1 to be di/9ctly und]/ood t plants catalogu$ on ! evid5ce ( leaves alone are = ! mo/ "p ref]r$ to c]ta9 g5]a on gr\nds necess>ily imp]fect1 & _! names are !re=e subject to correction1 z new facts may be obta9$4 ,! m notewor?y mod]n g5]a includ$ 9 ! ,dakota flora1 z catalogu$ by ,lesqu]eux1 are ! foll[+3 ,liquidamb>1 ! sweet-gum1 is repres5t$ bo? 9 ,am]ica & ,europe1 ! leaves resembl+ ^? ( ! mod]n species1 b ) entire edges1 :i* seems to be a common peculi>ity ( ,cretace\s foliage4,,dn ,populus 7popl>71 z already /at$1 appe>s v e>ly 9 ,gre5l&1 & cont9ues ) increas+ numb] ( species ?r\gh\t ! ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y4 ,salix 7will[7 appe>s only a little lat] & cont9ues4 ,( ! family ,cupulif] we h ,fagus 7bee*71 ,qu]cus 7oak71 & ,ca/anea 7*e/nut71 :i* appe> toge!r 9 ! ,dakota gr\p & its equival5ts4 ,fruits ( "s ( ! species are kn[n1 & also wood %[+ /ructure4 ,betula 7bir*7 is repres5t$ by a few species1 & specim5s ( its peculi> b>k are also common4 ,alnus 7ald]7 appe>s 9 "o species at lea/4 ,! g5us ,plat anus 7,fig4 #ga71 t ( ! plane-trees1 repres5t$ at pres5t by "o ,european & "o ,am]ican species1 has sev]al species 9 ! ,cretace\s1 ?\gh ! plane-trees seem to culm9ate 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! succe$+ ,eoc5e1 :]e !re are sev]al species ) imm5se leaves4 ,! l>ge leaves1 kn[n z ,cr$n]ia1 f\nd 9 ! ,c5omanian ( ,europe1 & ^? call$ ,protophyllum 7,fig4 #gb7 9 ,am]ica1 appe> to be ne>] to ! plane-trees ?an to any o!rs1 ?\gh repres5t+ an ext9ct type4 ,! laurels are repres5t$ 9 ?is age1 & ! ,am]ican g5us ,sassafras1 :i* has n[ only "o species1 has n "o m]ely b sev]al species 9 ! ,cretace\s4 ,diospyros1 ! p]simmon-tree1 0 also a ,cretace\s g5us4 ,,dn ,) ref]5ce to ?is1 some?+ may be le>n$ f ! leaves ( mod]n trees4 ,9 ^!1 "y %oots h leaves (t5 less too!d & s]rat$ ?an ^? ( ! adult tree4 ,a rem>kable in/ance is ! ,populus gr&id5tatus ( ,am]ica1 ! "y %oots ( :i* h entire leaves1 q unlike except 9 v5ation ^? ( ! p>5t tree1 & hav+ an aspect v simil> to t ( ! ,cretace\s popl>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4--,platanus nobilis1 ,newb]ry1 v>iety basilobata4 ,l>amie4 ,mu* r$uc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4--,protophyllum boreale1 ,dawson1 r$uc$4 ,upp] ,cretace\s1 ,canada4 ,! s+le species ( ! beautiful ,liriod5dron1 or tulip-tree1 is a remnant ( a g5us :i* _h sev]al ,cretace\s species 7,figs4 #gd1 #ge74 ,! magnolias1 /ill well repres5t$ 9 ! ,am]ican flora1 7 equally pl5tiful 9 ! ,cretace\s 7,fig4 #gc74 ,! walnut family 7 well repres5t$ by species ( ,juglans 7butt]nut7 & ,c>ya1 or hickory4 ,9 all1 no less ?an =ty-eight g5]a are pres5t belong+ to at lea/ tw5ty-five families1 runn+ ?r\gh ! :ole range ( ! dicotyl$on\s exog5s4 ,?is is a rem>kable result1 indicat+ a sudd5 pr(usion ( =ms ( ^! plants ( a v /rik+ "*4 ,x is fur!r to be obs]v$ t "s ( ! g5]a h _m species 9 ! ,cretace\s & dw9dle t[>d ! mod]n4 ,9 o!rs ! rev]se is ! case--!y h exp&$ 9 mod]n times4 ,9 a numb] !re seems to h be5 little *ange4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4--,magnolia magnifica1 ,dawson1 r$uc$4 ,upp] ,cretace\s1 ,canada4 ,dr4 ,newb]ry has giv51 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,torrey ,botanical ,club an int]e/+ rsum ( ! hi/ory ( ! beautiful ,liriod5dron1 or tulip-tree1 :i* may be tak5 z an example ( a g5us :i* has gone d[n 9 importance 9 ! c\rse ( its geological hi/ory4 ,! g5us ,liriod5dron1 z all botani/s "k1 is repres5t$ 9 ! pres5t flora by a s+le species1 '! tulip-tree' :i* is conf9$ to ea/]n ,am]ica1 b gr[s ov] all ! area ly+ betwe5 ! ,lakes & ! ,gulf1 ! ,mississippi & ! ,atlantic4 ,x is a magnific5t tree1 on ! :ole1 ! f9e/ 9 our =e/s4 ,its cyl9drical trunk1 sometimes t5 feet 9 diamet]1 c>ries x beyond all its associates 9 size1 :ile ! beauty ( its glossy1 lyre-%ap$ leaves & tulip-l fl[]s is only surpass$ by ! fl[]s & foliage ( its fir/ c\s91 ,magnolia gr&iflora4 ,t a plant s spl5did %\ld /& q alone 9 ! vegetation ( ! pres5t day excit$ ! wond] ( ! e>li] botani/s1 b ! sassafras1 ! sweet-gum1 & ! great ,sequoias ( ! f> ,we/ af=d simil> examples ( isolation1 & ! latt] are /ill m /rik+ illu/rations ( solit>y gr&eur4 7,figs4 #gd & #ge47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4--,liriod5dron ,meekii1 ,he]4 7,aft] ,lesqu]eux47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4--,liriod5dron primvum1 ,newb]ry4 7,aft] ,newb]ry47 ,?ree species ( ,liriod5dron are indicat$ by leaves f\nd 9 ! ,amboy clays--,middle ,cretace\s--( ,new ,j]sey1 & o!rs h be5 obta9$ f ! ,dakota gr\p 9 ! ,we/1 & f ! ,upp] ,cretace\s /rata ( ,gre5l&4 ,?\gh diff]+ consid]ably among !mselves 9 size & =m1 all ^! h ! deep s9us ( ! upp] extremity s *>act]i/ic ( ! g5us1 & ! n]vation is also ess5tially ! same4 ,h5ce1 we mu/ conclude t ! g5us ,liriod5dron1 n[ repres5t$ by a s+le species1 0 9 ! ,cretace\s age mu* m l>gely develop$1 hav+ _m species1 & ^? scatt]$ ?r\gh\t _m l&s4 ,9 ! ,t]ti>y age ! g5us cont9u$ to exi/1 b ! species seem to h be5 r$uc$ to "o1 :i* is h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f t n[ liv+4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,europe leaves ( ! tulip-tree h be5 f\nd1 & x ext5d$ z f> s\? z ,italy4 ,its pres5ce !re 0 fir/ made kn[n by ,ung]1 9 8 ',synopsis1' page #bcb1 & 9 8 ',g5]a et ,species1' page #ddc1 :]e he describes x "u ! "n ( ,liriod5dron procacc9ii4 ,! g5us has also be5 notic$ 9 ,europe by ,massalongo1 ,he]1 & ,ett+%aus51 & ?ree species h be5 di/+ui%$4 ,all ^! are1 h[ev]1 s mu* l ! liv+ species t !y %\ld probably be unit$ ) x4 ,we "h h a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! wide di/ribution ( a species :i* has reta9$ its *>act]s bo? ( fruit & leaf q un*ang$ ?r\gh long migrations & an enorm\s lapse ( "t4 ,9 ,europe ! tulip-tree1 l _m ( its ,am]ican associates1 seems to h be5 de/roy$ by ! cold ( ! ,ice p]iod1 ! ,m$it]ranean cutt+ (f its retreat1 b 9 ,am]ica x migrat$ s\?w>d ov] ! s\!rn ext5sion ( ! cont95t & return$ nor?w>d aga9 ) ! amelioration ( ! climate4 ,leaves ( ,liriod5dron h be5 recognis$ 9 ! ,cretace\s ( ,gre5l&1 ?\gh x is n[ a tree ( ! w>m temp]ate region1 & ,lesqu]eux describes sev]al species f ! ,dakota gr\p4 ,b ! g5us has n yet be5 recognis$ 9 ! ,l>amie or 9 ! ,upp] ,cretace\s ( ,briti% ,columbia4 ,9 ! pap] above quot$1 ,newb]ry describes ?ree new species f ! ,amboy clays1 "o ( :i* he consid]s id5tical ) a ,gre5l& =m ref]r$ by ,he] to ,l4 ,meekii ( ! ,dakota gr\p4 ,?us1 if all ,lesqu]eux's species are to be accept$1 ! g5us beg9s 9 ! ,middle ,cretace\s ) at lea/ n9e ,am]ican species4 ,9 ,new ,j]sey ! ,amboy clays are ref]r$ to ! same age ) ! ,dakota b$s ( ! ,we/4 ,9 ^! ,dr4 ,newb]ry has f\nd a ri* flora1 includ+ _m angiosp]ms4 ,! foll[+ is cond5s$ f a prelim9>y notice 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,torrey ,botanical ,club3,,d ,,d ,m>*1 #ahhf4 ,! flora ( ! ,amboy clays is closely relat$ to t ( ! ,dakota gr\p--mo/ ( ! g5]a & "s ( ! species be+ id5tical--s t we may conclude !y 7 ne>ly contemporane\s1 ?\gh ! abs5ce 9 ,new ,j]sey ( ! ,=t ,b5ton & ,niobr>a gr\ps ( ! upp] ,miss\ri & ! app>5t syn*ronism ( ! ,new ,j]sey m>ls & ! ,pi]re gr\p indicate t ! ,dakota is a little ! old]4 ,at lea/ "o-?ird ( ! species ( ! ,amboy clays seem to be id5tical ) leaves f\nd 9 ! ,upp] ,cretace\s clays ( ,gre5l& & ,aa*5 7,aix la ,*apelle71 :i* n only indicates a *ronological p>allelism1 b %[s a rem>kable & unexpect$ simil>ity 9 ! vegetation ( ^! widely sep>at$ c\ntries 9 ! middle & la/ half ( ! ,cretace\s age4 ,! botanical "* ( ! flora ( ! ,amboy clays w be se5 f ! foll[+ brief synopsis3 ,alg4--,a small & delicate =m1 alli$ to ,*ondrites4 ,f]ns4--,twelve species1 g5]ally simil> & 9 "p id5tical ) ^? describ$ by ,he] f ! ,cretace\s b$s ( ,gre5l&1 & ref]r$ to ! g5]a ,dicksonia1 ,glei*5ia1 & ,aspidium4 ,cycads4--,two species1 probably id5tical ) ! =ms f ,gre5l& describ$ by ,he] "u ! names ( ,podozamites m>g9atus & ,p4 t5u9]vis4 ,conif]s4--,f\rte5 species1 belong+ to ! g5]a ,moriconia1 ,bra*yphyllum1 ,cunn+hamites1 ,p9us1 ,sequoia1 & o!rs ref]r$ by ,he] to ,junip]us1 ,liboc$rus1 ,fr5elopsis1 ,?uya1 & ,damm>a4 ,( ^!1 ! mo/ abundant & mo/ int]e/+ are ,moriconia cyclotoxon--! mo/ beautiful ( conif]s--& ,cunn+hamites elegans1 bo? ( :i* occur 9 ! ,cretace\s clays ( ,aa*51 ,prussia1 & ,patoot1 ,gre5l&4 ,! ,bra*yphyllum 0 a l>ge & /rong species1 ) imbricat$ cones1 eight in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! angiosp]ms =m ab\t sev5ty species1 :i* include ?ree ( ,magnolia1 f\r ( ,liriod5dron1 ?ree or f\r ( ,salix1 ?ree ( ,cela/rophyllum 7( :i* "o is id5tical ) a ,gre5l& species71 "o ,cela/rus 7also f\nd 9 ,gre5l&71 f\r or five ,aralias1 two ,sassafras1 "o ,c9namomum1 "o ,h$]a2 ) leaves t are app>5tly id5tical ) ^? describ$ by ,he] z belong+ to ,&rom$a1 ,cissites1 ,cornus1 ,dewalquea1 ,diospyros1 ,eucalyptus1 ,ficus1 ,ilex1 ,juglans1 ,laurus1 ,m5isp]mites1 ,myrica1 ,myrs9e1 ,prunus1 ,rhamnus1 & o!rs n yet det]m9$4 ,"s ( ! ,aralias _h palmately-lob$ leaves1 ne>ly a foot 9 diamet]1 & two ( ! tulip-trees 7,liriod5dron7 _h leaves q z l>ge z ^? ( ! liv+ species4 ,"o ( ^! _h deeply lob$ leaves1 l ^? ( ! :ite oak4 ,( ! o!r1 ! leaves resembl$ ^? ( ! rec5t tulip-tree1 b 7 l>g]4 ,bo? _h ! peculi> em>g9ation & ! n]vation ( ,liriod5dron4 ,among ! mo/ int]e/+ plants ( ! collection are f9e species ( ,bauh9ia & ,hym5a4 ,( ^!1 ! fir/ is repres5t$ by a l>ge numb] ( leaves1 "s ( :i* are six or sev5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,!y are deeply bilob$1 & h ! peculi> & *>act]i/ic =m & n]vation ( ! leaves ( ?is g5us4 ,bauh9ia is a legum9\s g5us alli$ to ,c]cis1 & n[ inhabits tropical & w>m temp]ate climates 9 bo? hemisph]es4 ,only "o species occurs 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,bauh9ia lun>ioides1 ,gray1 f\nd by ,dr4 ,bigel[ on ! ,rio ,gr&e4 ,hym5a is ano!r ( ! legum9os1 & inhabits tropical ,am]ica4 ,a species ( ?is g5us has be5 f\nd 9 ! ,upp] ,cretace\s ( ,france1 b q diff]5t f ! "o be=e u1 9 :i* ! leaves are mu* l>g]1 & ! leaflets are unit$ 9 a common petiole1 :i* is w+$2 ?is is a modification n f\nd 9 ! liv+ species1 & "o :i* br+s x ne>] to ,bauh9ia4 ,b ! mo/ surpris+ discov]y yet made is t ( a numb] ( q l>ge helian?oid fl[]s1 :i* ,i h call$ ,palan?us4 ,^! are ?ree to f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 & exhibit a scaly involucre1 enclos+ :at mu* resembles a fle%y receptacle ) a*5ia4 ,f ! bord] ( ?is radiate a numb] ( ray florets1 "o to two in*es 9 l5g?1 :i* are p]si/5t & mu/ h be5 sc>i\s1 l ^? ( ,heli*rysum4 ,?\gh ^! fl[]s s mu* resemble ^? ( ! composit1 we are n yet w>rant$ 9 ass]t+ t su* is c]ta9ly _! "*4 ,9 ! ,jurassic rocks ( ,europe & ,india "s fl[]s n v unlike ^! h be5 f\nd1 :i* h be5 nam$ ,williamsonia1 & ref]r$ to cycads by ,c>ru!rs4 ,a simil> fossil has be5 f\nd 9 ! ,cretace\s rocks ( ,gre5l&1 & nam$ by ,he] ,williamsonia cretacea1 b he que/ions ! ref]5ce ( ! g5us to ! ,cycade1 & agrees ) ,na?or/ 9 consid]+ all ! species ( ,williamsonia z p>asitic fl[]s1 alli$ to ,brugmansia or ,rafflesia4 ,! ,m>quis ( ,saporta reg>ds !m z monocotyl$ons1 simil> to ,p&anus4 ,m specim5s ( ! fl[]s n[ exhibit$ w p]haps prove--:at we c n[ only reg>d z probable--t ! ,composit1 l ! ,legum9os1 ,magnoliace1 ,cela/race1 & o!r highly organis$ plants1 =m$ "p ( ! ,cretace\s flora4 ,no composite fl[]s h be=e be5 f\nd 9 ! fossil /ate1 &1 z ^! are among ! mo/ complex & specialis$ =ms ( floresc5ce1 x has be5 suppos$ t !y belong$ only to ! rec5t epo*1 :]e !y 7 ! result ( a long s]ies ( =mative *anges4 ,! above pres5ts "s int]e/+ new types n h]et(ore f\nd 9 ! ,middle ,cretace\s4 ,m especially ! occurr5ce ( l>ge fl[]s ( ! composite type pres5ts a />tl+ illu/ration ( ! e>ly appe>ance ( a v elevat$ & complex =m4 ,great int]e/ also atta*es to ^! ,amboy b$s1 z s]v+1 ) ^? ( ,aix & ,gre5l&1 to %[ t ! m>g9s ( ! ,atlantic 7 occupi$ ) a flora simil> to t occurr+ at ! same "t 9 ! int]ior plateau ( ,nor? ,am]ica & on ! ,pacific slope4 ,! b$s at ,aix-la-,*apelle are1 h[ev]1 probably some:at new] ?an ! ,dakota or ,amboy b$s1 & correspond m ne>ly 9 age ) ^? ( ! ,cretace\s coal-field ( ,vanc\v] ,isl&1 :]e !re is a v ri* ,upp] ,cretace\s flora1 :i* ,i h notic$ 9 detail 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,canada4,,dp ,9 ^! ,upp] ,cretace\s b$s !re are fan-palms z f> nor? at lea/ z ! latitude ( #di1 indicat+ a v mild climate at ?is p]iod4 ,?is inf]5ce is corroborat$ by ! ,upp] ,cretace\s flora ( ,atan & ,patoot 9 ,gre5l&1 z describ$ by ,he]4 ,,dp ,vol4 ii41 #ahhd4 ,! dicotyl$on\s plants above ref]r$ to are trees & %rubs4 ,( ! h]bace\s exog5s ( ! p]iod we "k less4 ,obvi\sly _! leaves are less likely to f9d _! way into aque\s deposits ?an ! leaves ( trees4 ,!y are1 besides1 m p]i%able1 & 9 d5sely wood$ c\ntries !re are comp>atively few h]bace\s plants4 ,i h exam9$ ! b$s ( mud deposit$ at ! m\? ( a woodl& /reamlet1 & h f\nd !m /or$ ) ! fall5 leaves ( trees1 b x 0 9 va9 to se>* = ! leaves ( h]bace\s plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4--;,bras5ia antiqua4 ,upp] ,cretace\s1 ,s\? ,saskat*ewan ,riv]4 ,natural size1 a1 b1 ,diagrams ( v5ation1 slightly enl>g$4 ,! climate ( ,nor? ,am]ica & ,europe1 repres5t$ by ! ,c5omanian vegetation1 is n tropical b w>m temp]ate2 b ! flora 0 m uni=m ?an at pres5t1 indicat+ a v equable climate & ! possibility ( temp]ate g5]a exi/+ )9 ! ,arctic circle1 & x w\ld seem to h become w>m] t[>d ! close ( ! p]iod4 ,! flora ( ! ,c5omanian is sep>at$ 9 mo/ c\ntries f t ( ! ,s5onian1 or upp]mo/ ,cretace\s1 by a m>9e =mation hold+ few plants4 ,?is dep5ds on great movem5ts ( elevation & depression1 to :i* we mu/ ref] 9 ! sequel4 ,9 a few regions1 h[ev]1 z 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,peace ,riv] 9 ,canada1 !re are plant-be>+ b$s :i* s]ve to bridge ov] ! int]val betwe5 ! ,e>ly ,c5omanian & ! lat] ,cretace\s4,,dq ,,dq ,see pap] by ! au?or 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,canada1 #ahhb4 ,to ?is int]val also w\ld seem to belong ! ,belly ,riv] s]ies ( we/]n ,canada1 :i* conta9s important b$s ( ,coal1 b is ,closely associat$ ) ! m>9e ,=t ,pi]re s]ies4 ,a v curi\s h]bace\s plant ( ?is gr\p1 :i* ,i h nam$ ,bras5ia antiqua1 occurs 9 ! b$s associat$ ) "o ( ! coals4 ,x is a close ally ( ! mod]n ,b4 peltata1 an aquatic plant :i* occurs 9 ,briti% ,columbia & 9 ea/]n ,am]ica1 & is also said to be f\nd 9 ,japan1 ,au/ralia1 & ,india1 a wid? ( di/ribution appropriate to s old a type 7,fig4 #gf74 ,9 s f> z vegetable life is conc]n$1 ! transition f ! ,upp] ,cretace\s to ! ,t]ti>y or ,ka9ozoic is easy1 ?\gh 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 & m especially 9 we/]n ,europe1 !re is a great gap 9 ! deposits betwe5 ! upp] ,*alk & ! l[e/ ,eoc5e4 ,) ref]5ce to fossil plants1 ,s*imp] recognises 9 ! ,ka9ozoic1 beg9n+ ) ! olde/1 five =mations--,paloc5e1 ,eoc5e1 ,oligoc5e1 ,mioc5e1 & ,plioc5e4 ,?r\gh\t ^! a flora1 simil> to t ( ! ,cretace\s on ! "o h& & ! mod]n on ! o!r1 ?\gh ) important local peculi>ities1 ext5ds4 ,!re is evid5ce1 h[ev]1 ( a gradual refrig]ation1 s t 9 ! ,plioc5e ! climates ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e 7 n m>k$ly diff]5t f _! pres5t "*4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance an important error 0 committ$ by palobotani/s1 9 ref]r+ to ! ,mioc5e _m deposits really belong+ to ! ,eoc5e4 ,?is arose f ! e>ly /udy ( ! ri* plant-be>+ ,mioc5e b$s ( ,switz]l&1 & f ! simil>ity ( ! flora all ! way f ! ,middle ,cretace\s to ! lat] ,t]ti>y4 ,! diff]5ces are n[ be+ work$ out1 & we owe to ,mr4 ,/>kie ,g>dn] ! cr$it ( po9t+ ^! out 9 ,engl&1 & to ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada t ( collect+ ! mat]ial = exhibit+ !m 9 ! m nor!rn "p ( ,am]ica4 ,9 ! great int]ior pla9 ( ,am]ica !re re/s on ! ,cretace\s a s]ies ( clays & s&/ones ) b$s ( lignite1 "s ( !m eighte5 feet 9 ?ickness4 ,?is 0 =m]ly kn[n z ! lignitic or lignite ,t]ti>y1 b m rec5tly z ! ,l>amie s]ies4 ,^! b$s 7 deposit$ 9 fre% or bracki% wat]1 9 an int]nal sea or gr\p ( lakes & swamps1 :5 ! cont95t 0 l[] ?an at pres5t4 ,!y h be5 /udi$ bo? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates,,dr & ,canada2 &1 ?\gh _! flora 0 orig9ally ref]r$ by mi/ake to ! ,mioc5e1 x is n[ kn[n to be ,eoc5e or ,paloc5e1 or ev5 9 "p a transition gr\p betwe5 ! latt] & ! ,cretace\s4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks1 tak5 *iefly f rec5t pap]s by ! au?or1,,ds w s]ve to illu/rate ?is3 ,,dr ,see m especially ! elaborate & valuable reports by ,lesqu]eux & ,newb]ry1 & a rec5t memoir by ,w>d on ,types ( ! ,l>amie ,flora1 ,bullet9s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 #ahhg4 ,,ds ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,canada1 #ahhf-'hg4 ,on ! geological map ( ,canada ! ,l>amie s]ies1 =m]ly kn[n z ! lignitic or lignite ,t]ti>y1 occurs1 ) ! exception ( a few outli]s1 9 two l>ge areas we/ ( ! #ajj? m]idian1 & sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a tract ( old] ,cretace\s rocks1 ov] :i* ! ,l>amie b$s may h ext5d$1 be=e ! lat] d5udation ( ! region4 ,! mo/ ea/]n ( ^! areas1 t ( ! ,s\ris ,riv] & ,wood ,m\nta91 ext5ds = "s di/ance along ! ,unit$ ,/ates b\nd>y1 betwe5 ! #ajb;d & #aji? m]idians1 & rea*es nor?w>d to ab\t ?irty miles s\? ( ! elb[ ( ! ,s\? ,saskat*ewan ,riv]1 :i* is on ! p>allel ( #ea nor?4 ,9 ?is area ! l[e/ b$s ( ! ,l>amie are se5 to re/ on ^? ( ! ,fox ,hill gr\p ( ! ,upp] ,cretace\s1 & at "o po9t on ! we/ !y are ov]laid by b$s ( ,mioc5e ,t]ti>y age1 obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,mc,connell1 ( ! ,geological ,survey1 9 ! ,cypress ,hills1 & ref]r$ by ,cope1 on ! evid5ce ( mammalian rema9s1 to ! ,:ite ,riv] division ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates geologi/s1 :i* is reg>d$ by !m z ,l[] ,mioc5e4,,dt ,! age ( ! ,l>amie b$s is ?us /ratigraphically det]m9$ to be betwe5 ! ,fox ,hill ,cretace\s & ! ,l[] ,mioc5e4 ,!y are also und\bt$ly cont9u\s ) ! ,=t ,union gr\p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates geologi/s on ! o!r side ( ! int]national b\nd>y1 & !y conta9 simil> fossil plants4 ,!y are divisible into two gr\ps--a l[]1 mo/ly argillace\s1 & to :i* ! "n ( ,bad ,l&s b$s may be giv51 f ! bad l&s ( ,wood ,m\nta91 :]e !y are well expos$1 & an upp]1 p>tly ar5ace\s memb]1 :i* may be nam$ ! ,s\ris ,riv] or ,porcup9e ,creek division4 ,9 ! l[] division are f\nd reptilian rema9s ( ,upp] ,cretace\s type1 ) "s fi% rema9s m ne>ly ak9 to ^? ( ! ,eoc5e4,,du ,nei!r division has z yet af=d$ mammalian rema9s4 ,,dt ,report ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada1 #ahhe4 ,,du ,cope1 9 ,dr4 ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson's ,report on ! #di? ,p>allel4 ,! we/]n area is ( /ill l>g] dim5sions1 & ext5ds along ! ea/]n base ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s f ! ,unit$ ,/ates b\nd>y to ab\t ! #ee? p>allel ( latitude1 & /ret*es ea/w>d to ! #aaa? m]idian4 ,9 ?is area1 & m especially 9 its s\!rn "p1 ! (fic]s ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada h recognis$ ?ree divisions1 z foll[s3 7#a7 ,! ,l[] ,l>amie or ,/4 ,m>y ,riv] s]ies1 correspond+ 9 its "* & fossils to ! ,l[] or ,bad ,l&s division ( ! o!r area4 7#b7 ,a middle division1 ! ,will[ ,creek b$s1 consi/+ ( clays1 mo/ly r$di%1 & n recognis$ 9 ! o!r area4 7#c7 ,! ,upp] ,l>amie or ,porcup9e ,hills division1 correspond+ 9 fossils1 & to "s ext5t 9 m9]al "*1 to ! ,s\ris ,riv] b$s ( ! ea/]n area4 ,! fossil plants collect$ by ,dr4 ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson 9 ! ea/]n area 7 notic$ by ! au?or 9 an app5dix to ,dr4 ,dawson's report on ! #di? p>allel1 9 #ahge1 & a collection subsequ5tly made by ,dr4 ,selwyn 0 describ$ 9 ! ,report ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada = #ahgi-'hj4 ,^? ( ! we/]n area1 & especially collections made by myself ne> ,calg>y 9 #ahhc1 & by (fic]s ( ! ,geological ,survey 9 #ahhd1 h be5 describ$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,canada vols4 iii4 & iv4 ,9 /udy+ ^! fossil plants1 ,i h f\nd t !re is a close correspond5ce betwe5 ^? ( ! ,l[] & ,upp] ,l>amie 9 ! two areas above ref]r$ to respectively1 & t ! flora ( ! ,l[] ,l>amie is some:at di/9ct f t ( ! ,upp]1 ! =m] be+ especially ri* 9 c]ta9 aquatic plants1 & ! latt] mu* m copi\s on ! :ole1 & mu* m ri* 9 rema9s ( =e/-trees4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 possibly an effect r ( local conditions ?an ( any consid]able *ange 9 ! flora1 s9ce "s ,upp] ,l>amie =ms recur z l[ z ! ,belly ,riv] s]ies ( ! ,cretace\s1 :i* is believ$ on /ratigraphical gr\nds to be consid]ably old] ?an ! ,l[] ,l>amie4 ,) ref]5ce to ! correlation ( ^! b$s ) ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 "s difficulty has aris5 f ! t5d5cy ( palobotani/s to ref] ! plants ( ! ,upp] ,l>amie to ! ,mioc5e age1 al?\gh 9 ! reports ( ,mr4 ,cl>5ce ,k+1 ! late director ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 ^! b$s are class$1 on ! evid5ce ( /ratigraphy & animal fossils1 z ,upp] ,cretace\s4 ,m rec5tly1 h[ev]1 & p>tly p]haps 9 consequ5ce ( ! views ma9ta9$ by ! writ] s9ce #ahge1 "s *ange ( op9ion has occurr$1 & ,dr4 ,newb]ry & ,mr4 ,lesqu]eux seem n[ incl9$ to admit t :at 9 ,canada we recognise z ,upp] ,l>amie is really ,eoc5e1 & ! ,l[] ,l>amie ei!r ,cretace\s or a transition gr\p betwe5 ?is & ! ,eoc5e4 ,9 a rec5t pap] ,,dv ,dr4 ,newb]ry gives a comp>ative table1 9 :i* he correlates ! ,l[] ,l>amie ) ! ,upp] ,cretace\s ( ,vanc\v] ,isl& & ! ,faxoe & ,mae/ri*t b$s ( ,europe1 :ile he reg>ds ! ,upp] ,l>amie z equival5t to ,european ,eoc5e4 ,except 9 s f> z ! equival5ce ( ! ,l[] ,l>amie & ,vanc\v] ,isl& b$s is conc]n$1 ?is corresponds v ne>ly ) ! conclusions ( ! writ] 9 a pap] publi%$ la/ ye>,,dw--namely1 t we mu/ ei!r reg>d ! ,l>amie z a transition ,cretaceo-,eoc5e gr\p1 or mu/ in/itute our l9e ( sep>ation 9 ! ,will[ ,creek or ,middle ,l>amie division1 :i* has1 h[ev]1 z yet af=d$ no fossil plants4 ,i d\bt1 h[ev]1 ! equival5ce ( ! ,vanc\v] b$s & ! ,l[] ,l>amie1 except p]haps 9 s f> z ! upp] memb] ( ! =m] is conc]n$4 ,i h also to obs]ve t 9 ! late/ report ( ,mr4 ,lesqu]eux he /ill seems to reta9 9 ! ,mioc5e c]ta9 =mations 9 ! ,we/1 :i* f _! fossil plants ,i %\ld be incl9$ to reg>d z ,eoc5e4,,dx ,,dv ,newb]ry1 ,transactions ( ! ,new ,=k ,academy1 ,febru>y1 #ahhf4 ,,dw ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,canada1 vol4 ii4 ,,dx ,:ile ^! %eets 7 go+ ?r\gh ! press ,i receiv$ a v valuable report ( ,mr4 ,le/] ,f4 ,w>d ^u ! ,l>amie ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i h m]ely _h "t to glance at ?is report1 b c see t ! views ( ! au?or agree closely ) ^? above express$4 ,two f]ns occurr+ 9 ^! b$s are rem>kable z evid5ce ( ! p]si/5ce ( species1 & ( ! peculi>ities ( _! anci5t & mod]n di/ribution4 ,onoclea s5sibilis1 ! v common s5sitive f]n ( ea/]n ,am]ica1 is extremely abundant 9 ! ,l>amie b$s ov] a great area 9 ! ,we/4 ,mr4 ,/>kie ,g>dn] & ,dr4 ,newb]ry h also %[n t x is id5tical ) ! ,filicites ,hebridicus ( ,=bes1 f ! e>ly ,eoc5e b$s ( ! ,isl& ( ,mull1 9 ,scotl&4 ,?us we h a species once common to ,europe & ,am]ica1 b n[ re/rict$ to ! latt]1 & :i* has cont9u$ to exi/ ov] all ! va/ ages betwe5 ! ,cretace\s & ! pres5t day4 ,9 ! ,l>amie b$s ,i h f\nd associat$ ) ?is species ano!r & m delicate f]n1 ! mod]n ,davallia 7,/5loma7 t5uifolia1 b ?is1 unlike its companion1 no long] occurs 9 ,am]ica1 b is f\nd 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,asia4 ,?is is a curi\s illu/ration ( ! fact t frail & delicate plants may be m anci5t ?an ! m\nta9s or pla9s on :i* !y live4 ,!re are also "s v int]e/+ & curi\s facts 9 connection ) ! conif]s ( ! ,l>amie4 ,"o ( ! mo/ common ( ^! is a ,?uja or arbor vit 7! s-call$ c$> ( ,canada74 ,! ,l>amie species has be5 nam$ ,t4 int]rupta by ,newb]ry1 b x approa*es v closely 9 its foliage to ,t4 occid5talis1 ( ea/]n ,canada1 :ile its fruit resembles t ( ! we/]n species1 ,t4 gigantea4 ,/ill m rem>kable are ! ,sequoias to :i* we h already ref]r$1 b :i* 9 ! ,l>amie age seem to h be5 spread ov] ne>ly all ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! fossil species are ( two types1 repres5t+ respectively ! mod]n ,s4 gigantea & ,s4 semp]vir5s1 & _! wood1 z well z t ( ,?uja1 is f\nd 9 great abundance 9 ! lignites1 & also 9 ! =m ( silicifi$ trunks1 & corresponds ) t ( ! rec5t species4 ,! ,l>amie conta9s also conif]s ( ! g5]a ,glypto/robus1 ,taxodium1 & ,taxus2 & ! g5us ,salisburia or g+ko--s *>act]i/ic ( ! ,jurassic & ,cretace\s--is /ill repres5t$ 9 ,am]ica z well z 9 ,europe 9 ! e>ly ,eoc5e4 ,we h no palms 9 ! ,canadian or ,scotti% ,paloc5e1 ?\gh ,i believe !y are f\nd fur!r s\?4 ,! dicotyl$on\s trees are ri*ly repres5t$4 ,p]haps ! mo/ conspicu\s 7 ?ree species ( ,platanus1 ! leaves ( :i* sometimes fill ! s&/ones1 & "o ( :i*1 ,p4 nobilis1 ,newb]ry1 sometimes atta9s ! gigantic size ( a foot or m 9 diamet] ( its blade4 ,! hazels are repres5t$ by a l>ge-leav$ species1 ,c4 ,macqu>rii1 & by leaves n di/+ui%able f ^? ( ! mod]n ,am]ican species1 ,c4 ,am]icana & ,c4 ro/rata4 ,!re are also *e/nuts & oaks4 ,b ! popl>s & will[s are specially abundant1 be+ repres5t$ by no less ?an six species1 & x w\ld seem t all ! mod]n types ( popl>1 z indicat$ by ! =ms & v5ation ( ! leaves1 exi/$ already 9 ! ,l>amie1 & mo/ ( !m ev5 9 ! ,upp] ,cretace\s4 ,sassafras is repres5t$ by two species1 & ! beautiful gr\p ( ,viburnum11 to :i* ! mod]n tree-cranb]ry belongs1 has sev]al f9e species1 ( "s ( :i* bo? leaves & b]ries h be5 f\nd4 ,! hickories & butt]nuts are also pres5t1 ! horse-*e/nut1 ! ,catalpa & ,sap9dus1 & "s curi\s leaves :i* seem to indicate ! pres5ce ( ! mod]n g5us ,symphoroc>pus1 ! sn[-b]ry tribe4 ,! above may suffice to give an idea ( ! flora ( ! old] ,eoc5e 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ,i may ref] = details to ! works ( ,newb]ry1 ,lesqu]eux1 & ,w>d1 already cit$4 ,i mu/ n[ add t ! s-call$ ,mioc5e ( ,atanek]dluk1 ,gre5l&1 is really ( ! same age1 z also ! ,mioc5e ( ,mull1 9 ,scotl&1 ( ,antrim1 9 ,irel&1 & ( ,bovey ,tracey1 9 ! s\? ( ,engl&1 & ! ,gel9d51 or ,he]sian b$s1 ( ,belgium1 describ$ by ,saporta4 ,9 comp>+ ! ,am]ican specim5s ) ! descriptions giv5 by ,g>dn] ( ! leaf-b$s at ,ardt[n1 9 ,mull1 we f9d1 z already /at$1 ,onoclea s5sibilis1 common to bo?4 ,! species ( ,sequoia1 ,g+ko1 ,taxus1 & ,glypto/robus are also id5tical or closely alli$1 & s are _m ( ! dicotyl$on\s leaves4 ,= example1 ,platanoides ,hebridicus is v ne> to ,p4 nobilis1 & ,corylus ,macqu>rii is common to bo? =mations1 z well z ,populus ,arctica & ,p4 ,ri*>dsoni4 ,i may add t ev] s9ce #ahge-'gf1 :5 ,i fir/ /udi$ ! ,l>amie plants1 ,i h ma9ta9$ _! id5tity ) ^? ( ! ,=t ,union gr\p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ( ! s-call$ ,mioc5e ( ,mc,kenzie ,riv] & ,gre5l&1 & t ! :ole are ,paleoc5e2 & ?is conclusion has n[ be5 confirm$ by ! rese>*es ( ,g>dn] 9 ,engl&1 & by ! discov]y ( true ,l[] ,mioc5e b$s 9 ! ,canadian nor?we/1 ov]ly+ ! ,l>amie or lignite s]ies4 ,9 a bullet9 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey 7#ahhf71 ,dr4 ,:ite has e/abli%$ 9 ! ,we/ ! cont9u\s /ratigraphical succession ( ! ,l>amie & ! ,wahsat* ,eoc5e1 ?us plac+ ! ,l>amie con=mably bel[ ! ,l[] ,eoc5e ( t region4 ,cope has also describ$ z ! ,pu]ta gr\p a s]ies ( b$s hold+ v]tebrate fossils1 & =m+ a transition f ! ,l>amie to ! ,wahsat*4 ,:ite also te/ifies t a numb] ( fre%-wat] mollusks are common to ! ,wahsat* & ! ,l>amie4 ,?is f9ally settles ! position ( ! ,l>amie s f> z ! ,unit$ ,/ates geologi/s are conc]n$1 & %[s t ! flora is to be reg>d$ z ,eoc5e if n ,upp] ,cretace\s1 9 h>mony ) :at has be5 all along ma9ta9$ 9 ,canada4 ,an important rsum ( ! flora has j be5 issu$ by ,w>d 9 ! bullet9s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey 7#ahhg74 ,be=e leav+ ?is "p ( ! subject1 ,i w\ld deprecate ! rem>k1 :i* ,i see occasionally made1 t fossil plants are ( little value 9 det]m9+ geological horizons 9 ! ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y4 ,i admit t 9 ^! p]iods "s all[ance mu/ be made = local diff]5ces ( /ation1 & also t !re is a g5]ic sam5ess 9 ! flora ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 f ! ,c5omanian to ! mod]n1 yet ^! local diff]5ces & g5]al simil>ity are n ( a nature to invalidate inf]5ces z to age4 ,no d\bt1 s long z palobotani/s seem$ oblig$1 9 def]5ce to au?ority1 & to ! results ( inve/igations limit$ to a few ,european localities1 to gr\p toge!r1 )\t di/9ction1 all ! floras ( ! lat] ,cretace\s & e>li] ,t]ti>y1 irrespective ( /ratigraphical consid]ations1 ! subject lo/ its geological importance4 ,b1 :5 a good s]ies has be5 obta9$ 9 any "o region ( "s ext5t1 ! case becomes diff]5t4 ,?\gh !re is /ill mu* imp]fection 9 our k ( ! ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y floras ( ,canada1 ,i ?9k ! "w already done is suffici5t to enable any compet5t obs]v] to di/+ui% by _! fossil plants ! ,l[]1 ,middle1 & ,upp] ,cretace\s1 & ! latt] f ! ,t]ti>y2 &1 ) ! aid ( ! "w already done by ,lesqu]eux & ,newb]ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to ref] approximately to its true geological position any gr\p ( plants f b$s ( unkn[n age 9 ! ,we/4 ,an important consequ5ce aris+ f ! above /atem5ts is t ! p]iod ( w>m climate :i* enabl$ a temp]ate flora to exi/ 9 ,gre5l& 0 t ( ! lat] ,cretace\s & e>ly ,eoc5e r ?an1 z usually /at$1 ! ,mioc5e4 ,x is also a "q admitt+ ( discussion :e!r ! ,eoc5e flora ( latitudes s diff]5t z ^? ( ,gre5l&1 ,mack5zie ,riv]1 nor?we/ ,canada1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 7 /rictly contemporane\s1 or successive )9 a long geological p]iod 9 :i* climatal *anges 7 gradually proce$+4 ,! latt] /atem5t mu/ apply at lea/ to ! beg9n+ & close ( ! p]iod2 b ! plants !mselves h some?+ to say 9 fav\r ( contemporaneity4 ,! flora ( ! ,l>amie is n a tropical b a temp]ate flora1 %[+ no d\bt t a mu* m equable climate prevail$ 9 ! m nor!rn p>ts ( ,am]ica ?an at pres5t4 ,b ?is equability ( climate implies ! possibility ( a great geographical range on ! "p ( plants4 ,?us x is q possible & inde$ highly probable t 9 ! ,l>amie age a some:at uni=m flora ext5d$ f ! ,arctic seas ?r\gh ! great c5tral plateau ( ,am]ica f> to ! s\?1 & 9 l mann] along ! we/]n coa/ ( ,europe4 ,x is also to be obs]v$ t1 z ,g>dn] po9ts out1 !re are "s diff]5ces indicat+ a div]sity ( climate betwe5 ,gre5l& & ,engl&1 & ev5 betwe5 ,scotl& & ,irel& & ! s\? ( ,engl&1 & we h simil> diff]5ces1 ?\gh n /rongly-m>k$1 betwe5 ! ,l>amie ( nor!rn ,canada & t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:5 all our b$s ( ?is age f ! ,arctic sea to ! #di? p>allel h be5 ransack$ = plants1 & :5 ! palobotani/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all h succe$$ 9 unravell+ ! confusion :i* n[ exi/s betwe5 _! ,l>amie & ! ,middle ,t]ti>y1 ! geologi/ ( ! future w be able to re/ore ) mu* c]ta9ty ! di/ribution ( ! va/ =e/s :i* 9 ! e>ly ,eoc5e cov]$ ! n[ b>e pla9s ( int]ior ,am]ica4 ,fur!r1 s9ce ! break :i* 9 we/]n ,europe sep>ates ! flora ( ! ,cretace\s f t ( ! ,eoc5e does n exi/ 9 ,am]ica1 x w !n be possible to trace ! succession f ! ,mesozoic flora ( ! ,trias & ( ! ,que5 ,*>lotte ,isl&s & ,kootanie s]ies ( ! ,l[] ,cretace\s up to ! close ( ! ,eoc5e2 & to det]m9e1 = ,am]ica at lea/1 ! mann] & conditions "u :i* ! angiosp]m\s flora ( ! lat] ,cretace\s succe$$ to ! p9es & cycads :i* *>act]is$ ! beg9n+ ( ! ,cretace\s p]iod4 ,9 s f> z ,europe is conc]n$1 ?is may be m difficult1 s9ce ! want ( cont9uity ( l& f nor? to s\? seems !re to h be5 fatal to ! cont9uance ( "s plants dur+ *anges ( climate1 & !re 7 also app>5tly 9 ! ,ka9ozoic p]iod invasions at c]ta9 times ( species f ! s\? & ea/1 :i* did n occur to ! same ext5t 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 rec5t reports on ! ,t]ti>y floras ( ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal&1,,dy ,ett+%aus5 holds t ! flora ( ! ,t]ti>y1 z a :ole1 0 ( a g5]alis$ "*2 =ms n[ conf9$ to ! s\!rn & nor!rn hemisph]es respectively be+ !n common to bo?4 ,x w\ld ?us seem t ! pres5t geographical div]sities mu/ h l>gely aris5 f ! great *anges 9 climate & di/ribution ( l& & wat] 9 ! lat] ,t]ti>y4 ,,dy ,geological ,magaz9e1 ,augu/1 #ahhg4 ,! l5g? ( our discussion ( ! e>ly angiosp]m\s flora does n p]mit u to trace x 9 detail ?r\gh ! ,mioc5e & ,plioc5e1 b we may notice ! connection ?r\gh ^! 9 ! next *apt]1 & may ref] to ! magnific5t publications ( ,he] & ,lesqu]eux on ! ,t]ti>y floras ( ,europe & ,am]ica respectively4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,plants ,,f ,,! ,,t]ti>y ,,to ,,! ,,mod]n ,,p]iod4 ,x may be well to beg9 ?is *apt] ) a sket* ( ! g5]al physical & geological conditions ( ! p]iod :i* 0 *>act]is$ by ! adv5t & culm9ation ( ! dicotyl$on\s trees4 ,9 ! ,jurassic & e>lie/ ,cretace\s p]iods ! preval5ce1 ov] ! :ole ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e & = a long "t1 ( a monoton\s assemblage ( gymnosp]m\s & acrog5\s plants1 implies a uni=m & mild climate1 & facility = int]communication 9 ! nor?4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! ,jurassic & beg9n+ ( ! ,cretace\s1 ! l& ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e 0 assum+ great] dim5sions1 & ! climate probably becom+ a little less uni=m4 ,be=e ! close ( ! ,l[] ,cretace\s p]iod ! dicotyl$on\s flora seems to h be5 introduc$1 "u geographical conditions :i* p]mitt$ a w>m temp]ate climate to ext5d z f> nor? z ,gre5l&4 ,9 ! ,c5omanian or ,middle ,cretace\s age we f9d ! nor!rn hemisph]e t5ant$ ) dicotyl$on\s trees closely alli$ to ^? ( mod]n times1 ?\gh /ill indicat+ a climate mu* w>m] ?an t :i* at pres5t prevails4 ,9 ?is age1 ext5sive b gradual subm]g5ce ( l& is indicat$ by ! preval5ce ( *alk & m>9e lime/ones ov] ! surface ( bo? cont95ts2 b a circumpol> belt seems to h be5 ma9ta9$1 protect+ ! ,atlantic & ,pacific bas9s f float+ ice1 & p]mitt+ a temp]ate flora ( great ri*ness to prevail f> to ! nor?1 & especially along ! s\!rn m>g9s & ext5sions ( ! circumpol> l&4 ,^! seem to h be5 ! physical conditions :i* t]m9at$ ! exi/5ce ( ! old ,mesozoic flora & introduc$ t ( ! ,middle ,cretace\s4 ,z "t advanc$ ! quantity ( l& gradually increas$1 & ! ext5sion ( new pla9s along ! old] ridges ( l& 0 co9cid5t ) ! deposition ( ! great ,l>amie s]ies1 & ) ! orig9ation ( its peculi> flora1 :i* indicates a mild climate & consid]able v>iety ( /ation 9 m\nta91 pla91 & swamp1 z well z 9 great %eets ( %all[ & we$y fre% wat]4 ,9 ! ,eoc5e & ,mioc5e p]iods1 ! cont95ts gradually assum$ _! pres5t =m1 & ! vegetation became /ill m mod]n 9 aspect4 ,9 t p]iod ( ! ,eoc5e1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! great nummulitic lime/ones 7 deposit$1 a subm]g5ce ( l& occurr$ on ! ea/]n cont95t :i* mu/ h assimilat$ its physical conditions to ^? ( ! ,middle ,cretace\s4 ,?is great *ange1 affect+ mat]ially ! flora ( ,europe1 0 n equally great 9 ,am]ica1 :i* also by ! nor? & s\? ext5sion ( its m\nta9-*a9s p]mitt$ movem5ts ( migration n possible 9 ! ,old ,_w4 ,f ! ,eoc5e d[nw>d1 ! rema9s ( l&-animals & plants are f\nd *iefly 9 lake-bas9s occupy+ ! exi/+ depressions ( ! l&1 ?\gh m ext5sive ?an ^? n[ rema9+4 ,x mu/ also be borne 9 m9d t ! great fold+s & fractures ( ! cru/ ( ! e>? :i* occurr$ at ! close ( ! ,eoc5e1 & to :i* ! f9al elevation ( su* ranges z ! ,alps & ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s belongs1 p]man5tly modifi$ & m\ld$ ! =ms ( ! cont95ts4 ,^! /atem5ts raise1 h[ev]1 que/ions z to ! precise equival5ce 9 "t ( simil> floras f\nd 9 diff]5t latitudes4 ,h[ev] equable ! climate1 !re mu/ h be5 "s appreciable diff]5ce 9 proce$+ f nor? to s\?4 ,if1 !re=e1 z seems 9 e way probable1 ! new species ( plants orig9at$ on ! ,arctic l& & spread !mselves s\?w>d1 ?is latt] process w\ld occur mo/ naturally 9 times ( gradual refrig]ation or ( ! access ( a m extreme climate--t is1 9 times ( ! elevation ( l& 9 ! temp]ate latitudes1 or1 conv]sely1 ( local depression ( l& 9 ! ,arctic1 lead+ to invasions ( nor!rn ice4 ,h5ce1 ! times ( ! preval5ce ( p>ticul> types ( plants 9 ! f> nor? w\ld prec$e ^? ( _! ext5sion to ! s\?1 & a flora f\nd fossil 9 ,gre5l& might be suppos$ to be some:at old] ?an a simil> flora :5 f\nd f>!r s\?4 ,x w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 t ! "t requir$ = ! ext5sion ( a new flora to its extreme geographical limit is s small1 9 comp>ison ) ! duration ( an entire geological p]iod1 t1 practically1 ?is diff]5ce is ( little mom5t1 or at lea/ does n am\nt to ant$at+ ! ,arctic flora ( a p>ticul> type by a :ole p]iod1 b only by a fraction ( su* p]iod4 ,x does n appe> t1 dur+ ! :ole ( ! ,cretace\s & ,eoc5e p]iods1 !re is any evid5ce ( su* refrig]ation z s]i\sly to int]f]e ) ! flora1 b p]haps ! times ( mo/ consid]able w>m? are ^? ( ! ,dunvegan gr\p 9 ! ,middle ,cretace\s1 & ^? ( ! lat] ,l>amie & olde/ ,eoc5e4 ,x w\ld appe> t no cause = ! mild temp]ature ( ! ,cretace\s ne$s to be invok$1 o!r ?an ^? mutations ( l& & wat] :i* ! geological deposits !mselves indicate4 ,a condition1 = example1 ( ! ,atlantic bas9 9 :i* ! high l& ( ,gre5l& %\ld be r$uc$ 9 elevation1 & at ! same "t ! nor!rn inlets ( ! ,atlantic clos$ aga9/ ! invasion ( ,arctic ice1 w\ld at once re/ore climatic conditions all[+ ( ! gr[? ( a temp]ate flora 9 ,gre5l&4 ,z ,dr4 ,br[n has %[n1,,dz & z ,i h else:]e argu$1 ! abs5ce ( light 9 ! ,arctic w9t] is no disadvantage1 s9ce1 dur+ ! w9t]1 ! gr[? ( decidu\s trees is 9 any case susp5d$2 :ile ! con/ant cont9uance ( light 9 ! summ] is1 on ! contr>y1 a v great /imulus & advantage4 ,,dz ,florula ,discoana4 ,x is a rem>kable ph5om5on 9 ! hi/ory ( g5]a ( plants 9 ! lat] ,mesozoic & ,t]ti>y1 t ! old] g5]a appe> at once 9 a great numb] ( specific types1 :i* become r$uc$ z well z limit$ 9 range d[n to ! mod]n4 ,?is is1 no d\bt1 connect$ ) ! great] diff]5tiation ( local conditions 9 ! mod]n2 b x indicates also a law ( rapid multiplication ( species 9 ! e>ly life ( g5]a4 ,! di/ribution ( ! species ( ,salisburia1 ,sequoia1 ,platanus1 ,sassafras1 ,liriod5dron1 ,magnolia1 & _m o!r g5]a1 af=ds rem>kable pro(s ( ?is4 ,gray1 ,saporta1 ,he]1 ,newb]ry1 ,lesqu]eux1 & ,/>kie ,g>dn] h all ably discuss$ ^! po9ts2 b ! cont9ual increase ( our k ( ! sev]al floras1 & ! removal ( error z to ! dates ( _! appe>ance1 mu/ greatly conduce to cle>] & m def9ite ideas4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! prevail+ op9ion t ! ,mioc5e 0 ! p]iod ( ! greate/ ext5sion ( w>m? & ( a temp]ate flora into ! ,arctic1 mu/ be ab&on$ 9 fav\r ( ! lat] ,cretace\s & ,eoc5e2 &1 if ,i mi/ake n1 ?is w be f\nd to accord bett] ) ! evid5ce ( g5]al geology & ( animal fossils4 ,9 ^! v>i\s revolutions ( ! lat] ,cretace\s & ,ka9ozoic p]iods1 ,am]ica1 z ,dr4 ,gray has well po9t$ out1 has _h ! advantage ( a cont9u\s /ret* ( high l& f nor? to s\?1 af=d+ a m sure refuge to plants 9 times ( subm]g5ce1 & means ( escape to ! s\? 9 times ( refrig]ation4 ,h5ce1 ! great] cont9uity ( ,am]ican vegetation & ! survival ( g5]a l ,sequoia & ,liriod5dron1 :i* h p]i%$ 9 ! ,old ,_w4 ,/ill1 !re are "s exceptions to ?is1 = ! g+ko-tree is a case ( survival 9 ,asia ( a type once pl5tiful 9 ,am]ica1 b n[ ext9ct !re4 ,ea/]n ,asia has _h1 h[ev]1 "s consid]able %>e ( ! same advantage possess$ by ,am]ica1 ) ! addition1 ref]r$ to by ,gray1 ( a bett] & m insul> climate4 ,b our survey ( ^! physical conditions c n be consid]$ complete till we %all h consid]$ ! great ,glacial age ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,x is c]ta9 t ?r\gh\t ! lat] ,mioc5e & ,plioc5e ! area ( l& 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e 0 increas+1 & ! l>ge & v>i$ cont95ts 7 t5ant$ by ! noble/ vegetation & ! gr&e/ =ms ( mammalian life t ! e>? has ev] witness$4 ,z ! ,plioc5e drew to a close1 a gradual dim9ution ( w>m? came on1 & m especially a less equable climate1 & ?is 0 accompani$ ) a subsid5ce ( ! l& 9 ! temp]ate regions & ) *anges ( ! w>m ocean-curr5ts4 ,?us gradually ! summ]s became cool] & ! w9t]s long] & m sev]e1 ! hill-tops became cov]$ ) p]man5t sn[s1 glaci]s pl\gh$ _! way d[nw>d into ! pla9s1 & masses & fields ( float+ ice cool$ ! seas4 ,9 ^! circum/ances ! ri*] & m delicate =ms ( vegetation mu/ h be5 *ill$ to dea? or oblig$ to remove f>!r s\?1 & 9 _m ext5sive regions1 hemm$ 9 by ! advance ( ! sea on ! "o h& & l&-ice on ! o!r1 !y mu/ h altoge!r p]i%$4 ,yet ev5 9 ?is "t vegetation 0 n altoge!r ext9ct4 ,along ! ,gulf ( ,mexico 9 ,am]ica1 & 9 ! ,m$it]ranean bas9 9 ,europe1 !re 7 /ill "s rema9s ( a mod]ate climate & c]ta9 boreal & arctic =ms mov+ s\?w>d cont9u$ to exi/ "h & !re 9 some:at high latitudes1 j z simil> plants n[ ?rive 9 ,gr9nell ,l& )9 sight ( ! sn[s ( ! ,gre5l& m\nta9s4 ,a rem>kable summ>y ( "s ( ^! facts z !y relate to ,engl& 0 giv5 by an em95t ,engli% botani/1 ,mr4 ,c>ru!rs1 9 8 address z ,presid5t ( ! ,biological ,section ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,birm+ham 9 #ahhf4 ,at ,crom]1 on ! coa/ ( ,norfolk1 ! celebrat$ =e/-b$ ( new] ,plioc5e age1 & conta9+ ! rema9s ( a copi\s mammalian fauna1 holds also rema9s ( plants 9 a /ate admitt+ ( det]m9ation4 ,^! h be5 collect$ by ,mr4 ,reid1 ( ! ,geological ,survey1 & 7 report$ on by ,c>ru!rs1 :o /ates t !y repres5t a some:at cold] temp]ature ?an t ( ! pres5t day4 ,i quote ! foll[+ details f ! address4 ,) ref]5ce to ! plants ( ! =e/-b$ or new] ,plioc5e he rem>ks z foll[s3 ,only "o species 7,trapa natans1 ,willd47 has disappe>$ f our isl&s4 ,its fruits1 :i* ,mr4 ,reid f\nd abundantly 9 "o locality1 agree ) ^? ( ! plants f\nd until rec5tly 9 ! lakes ( ,sw$54 ,f\r species 7,prunus speciosa1 ,l41 ,,oenan! ,ti*5alii1 ,sm41 ,potamogeton pt]ophyllus1 ,s*41 & ,p9us abies1 ,l47 are f\nd at pres5t only 9 ,europe1 & a fif? 7,potamogeton tri*oides1 ,*am47 ext5ds also to ,nor? ,am]ica2 two species 7,peuc$anum palu/re1 ,mo5*1 & ,p9us sylve/ris1 ,l47 are f\nd also 9 ,sib]ia1 :ile six m 7,sanguisorba (fic9alis1 ,l41 ,rubus fruticosus1 ,l41 #e ,cornus sangu9ea1 ,l41 ,euphorbia amygdaloides1 ,l41 ,qu]cus robur1 ,l41 & ,potamogeton crispus1 ,l47 ext5d into we/]n ,asia1 & two 7,fagus sylvatica1 ,l41 & ,alnus glut9osa1 ,l47 are includ$ 9 ! ,japanese flora4 ,sev5 species1 :ile f\nd ) ! o!rs1 ent] also into ! ,m$it]ranean flora1 ext5d+ to ,nor? ,africa3 ^! are ,?alictrum m9us1 ,l41 ,?alictrum flavum1 ,l41 ,ranunculus rep5s1 ,l41 ,/ell>ia aquatica1 ,scop41 ,corylus avellana1 ,l41 ,yanni*ellia palu/ris1 ,l41 & ,cladium m>iscus1 ,br4 ,) a simil> di/ribution 9 ! ,old ,_w1 eight species 7,bid5s trip>tita1 ,l41 ,myosotis cspitosa1 ,s*ultz1 ,suda m>itima1 ,dum41 ,c]atophyllum dem]sum11 ,l41 ,sp>ganium ramosum1 ,huds41 ,potamogeton pect9atus1 ,l41 ,c>ex paludosa1 ,good41 & ,osmunda regalis1 ,l47 are f\nd also 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,( ! rema9d]1 t5 species 7,nuph> luteum1 ,sm41 ,m5yan!s trifoliata1 ,l41 ,/a*ys palu/ris1 ,l41 ,rumex m>itimus1 ,l41 ,rumex acetosella1 ,l41 ,betula alba1 ,l41 ,scirpus pauciflorus1 ,lightf41 ,taxus baccata1 ,l41 & ,isoetes lacu/ris1 ,l47 ext5d r\nd ! nor? temp]ate zone1 :ile ?ree 7,lycopus europu1 ,l41 ,alisma plantago1 ,l41 & ,phragmites communis1 ,trim71 hav+ ! same di/ribution 9 ! nor?1 are f\nd also 9 ,au/ralia1 & "o 7,hippuris vulg>is1 ,l47 9 ! s\? ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! li/ is complet$ by ,ranunculus aquatilis1 ,l41 di/ribut$ ov] all ! temp]ate regions ( ! globe1 & ,scirpus lacu/ris1 ,l41 :i* is f\nd 9 _m tropical regions z well4 ,he rem>ks t ^! plants1 :ile includ+ species n[ v widely scatt]$1 pres5t no appreciable *ange ( *>act]s4 ,above ?is b$ are glacial clays1 :i* hold o!r species indicat+ an extremely cold climate4 ,!y are few 9 numb]1 only ,salix pol>is1 a ?or\ghly arctic species1 & its ally1 ,s4 c9]ea1 ,l41 & a moss1 ,hypnum turgesc5s1 ,s*imp41 no long] f\nd 9 ,brita91 b an ,alp9e & arctic species4 ,?is b$ belongs to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,glacial p]iod1 ! deposits ( :i* h z yet af=d$ no plants 9 ,engl&4 ,b plants occur 9 po/-glacial & upp]-glacial b$s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,engl&1 to :i* ,c>ru!rs ?us ref]s3 ,! p]iod ( great cold1 dur+ :i* arctic ice ext5d$ f> into temp]ate regions1 0 n favorable to vegetable life4 ,b 9 "s localities we h /ratifi$ clays ) plant-rema9s lat] ?an ! ,glacial epo*1 yet indicat+ t ! great cold _h n !n entirely disappe>$4 ,9 ! lacu/r9e b$s at ,hold]ness is f\nd a small bir* 7,betula nana1 ,l471 n[ limit$ 9 ,great ,brita9 to "s ( ! m\nta9s ( ,scotl&1 b f\nd 9 ! arctic regions ( ! ,old & ,new ,_w & on ,alp9e di/ricts 9 ,europe1 & ) x ,prunus padus1 ,l41 ,qu]cus robur1 ,l41 ,corylus avellana1 ,l41 ,alnus glut9osa1 ,l41 & ,p9us sylve/ris1 ,l4 ,9 ! :ite clay-b$s at ,bovey ,tracey ( ! same age !re occur ! leaves ( ,arcto/aphylos uva-ursi1 ,l41 ?ree species ( will[1 viz41 ,salix c9]ea1 ,l41 ,s4 myrtilloides1 ,l41 & ,s4 pol>is1 ,wahl41 & 9 addition to our ,alp9e ,betula nana1 ,l41 ! m famili> ,b4 alba1 ,l4 ,two ( ^! plants h be5 lo/ to our flora f ! *ange ( climate t has tak5 place1 viz41 ,salix myrtilloides1 ,l41 & ,s4 pol>is1 ,wahl42 & ,betula nana1 ,l41 has retreat$ to ! m\nta9s ( ,scotl&4 ,?ree o!rs 7,dryas octopetala1 ,l41 ,arcto/aphylos uva-ursi1 ,l41 & ,salix h]bacea1 ,l47 h )drawn to ! m\nta9s ( nor!rn ,engl&1 ,wales1 & ,scotl&1 :ile ! rema9d] are /ill f\nd scatt]$ ov] ! c\ntry4 ,not)/&+ ! div]se physical conditions to :i* ^! plants h be5 subject$1 ! rema9s pres]v$ 9 ^! b$s pres5t no *>act]s by :i* !y c be di/+ui%$ f ! liv+ repres5tatives ( ! species4 ,"o ( ! in/ances ref]r$ to is v /rik+4 ,at ,bovey ,tracey ! arctic b$s re/ directly on ^? hold+ ! ri*1 w>m temp]ate flora ( ! ,eoc5e2 s t "h we h ! evid5ce ( fossil plants to %[ ! *ange f ! climate ( ! ,eoc5e to t ( arctic l&s1 & ! mod]n vegetation to indicate ! return ( a w>m temp]ature4 ,9 ,canada1 9 ! ,plei/oc5e b$s kn[n z ! ,l$a clays1 int]v5+ betwe5 ! l[] b\ld] clay & ! ,saxicava s&1 :i* also holds b\ld]s1 !re are b$s hold+ fossil plants1 9 "s places int]mix$ ) sea-%ells & bones ( m>9e fi%es1 %[+ t !y 7 drift$ into ! sea at a "t ( subm]g5ce4 ,^! rema9s are boreal r ?an arctic 9 "*1 & ) ! rema9s ( drift-wood (t5 f\nd 9 ! b\ld] deposits s]ve to indicate t !re 7 at all times oases ( h>dy life 9 ! glacial des]ts1 j z we f9d ^! 9 pol> l&s at ! pres5t day4 ,i cond5se f a pap] on ^! plants,,ea ! foll[+ facts1 ) a few additional notes3 ,,ea ,canadian ,naturali/1 #ahff4 ,! importance ( all in=mation be>+ on ! temp]ature ( ! ,po/-plioc5e p]iod inve/s ) mu* int]e/ ! /udy ( ! l&-plants pres]v$ 9 deposits ( ?is age4 ,un=tunately1 ^! are few 9 numb]1 & (t5 n well pres]v$4 ,9 ,canada1 ?\gh fragm5ts ( ! woody p>ts ( plants occasionally occur 9 ! m>9e clays & s&s1 !re is only "o locality :i* has af=d$ any consid]able quantity ( rema9s ( _! m p]i%able p>ts4 ,?is is ! well-kn[n deposit ( ,l$a clay at ,gre5's ,creek1 on ! ,ottawa1 celebrat$ = ! p]fection 9 :i* ! skeletons ( ! capel9 & o!r fi%es are pres]v$ 9 ! calc>e\s nodules imb$d$ 9 ! clay4 ,9 simil> nodules1 conta9$ app>5tly 9 a lay] some:at l[] ?an t hold+ ! i*?yolites1 rema9s ( l&-plants are some:at abundant1 &1 f _! association ) %ells ( ,l$a glacialis1 seem to h be5 wa%$ d[n f ! l& into deep wat]4 ,! circum/ances w\ld seem to h be5 n dissimil> f ^? at pres5t exi/+ 9 ! nor!a/ arm ( ,gasp ,bas91 :]e ,i h dr$g$ f mud n[ be+ deposit$ 9 deep wat]1 liv+ specim5s ( ,l$a limatula1 mix$ ) rema9s ( l&-plants4 ,! foll[+ are ! species ( plants recognis$ 9 ^! nodules3 #a4 ,dros]a rotundifolia1 ,l9n4 ,9 a calc>e\s nodule f ,gre5's ,creek1 ! leaf only pres]v$4 ,?is plant is common 9 bogs 9 ,canada1 ,nova ,scotia1 & ,newf\ndl&1 & !nce1 accord+ to ,hook]1 to ! ,arctic circle4 ,x is also ,european4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4--;,gaylussaccia res9osa4 ,plei/oc5e1 ,canada4 #b4 ,ac] spicatum1 ,lamx4 7,ac] montanum1 ,aiton47 ,leaf 9 a nodule f ,gre5's ,creek4 ,f\nd 9 ,nova ,scotia & ,canada1 also at ,lake ,w9nipeg1 accord+ to ,ri*>dson4 #c4 ,pot5tilla ,canad5sis1 ,l9n4 ,9 nodules f ,gre5's ,creek2 leaves only pres]v$4 ,i h _h "s difficulty 9 det]m9+ ^!1 b believe !y mu/ be ref]r$ to ! species above nam$1 or to ,p4 simplex1 ,mi*x41 suppos$ by ,hook] & ,gray to be a v>iety4 ,x occurs 9 ,canada & ,new ,engl&1 b ,i h no in=mation z to its range nor?w>d4 #d4 ,gaylussaccia res9osa1 ,torrey & ,gray4 ,leaf 9 nodule at ,gre5's ,creek4 ,abundant 9 ,new ,engl& & 9 ,canada1 also on ,lake ,huron & ! ,saskat*ewan1 accord+ to ,ri*>dson 7,fig4 #gg74 #e4 ,populus balsamif]a1 ,l9n4 ,leaves & bran*es 9 nodules at ,gre5's ,creek4 ,?is is by mu* ! mo/ common species1 & its leaves are ( small size1 z if f trees gr[+ 9 cold & expos$ situations4 ,! species is ,nor? ,am]ican & ,asiatic1 & ab\nds 9 ,new ,engl& & ,canada4 ,x ext5ds to ! ,arctic circle1 & is abundant on ! %ores ( ! ,great ,slave ,lake & on ! ,mc,kenzie ,riv]1 & accord+ to ,ri*>dson con/itutes mu* ( ! drift timb] ( ! ,arctic coa/ 7,fig4 #gh74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4--,populus balsamif]a4 ,plei/oc5e1 ,canada4 #f4 ,?uja occid5talism ,l9n4 ,trunks & bran*es 9 ! ,l$a clay at ,montreal4 ,?is tree occurs 9 ,new ,engl& & ,canada1 & ext5ds nor?w>d into ! ,hudson ,bay t]ritories4 ,x is a nor!rn ?\gh n arctic species 9 its geographical range4 ,accord+ to ,lyell x occurs associat$ ) ! bones ( ,ma/odon 9 ,new ,j]sey4 ,f ! great durability ( its wood1 x is "o ( ! trees mo/ likely to be pres]v$ 9 aque\s deposits4 #g4 ,potamogeton p]foliatus1 ,l9n4 ,leaves & se$s 9 nodules at ,gre5's ,creek4 ,inhabits /reams ( ! ,nor!rn ,/ates & ,canada1 & accord+ to ,ri*>dson ext5ds to ,great ,slave ,lake4 #h4 ,potamogeton pusillus4 ,quantities ( fragm5ts :i* ,i ref] to ?is species occur 9 nodules at ,gre5's ,creek4 ,!y may possibly belong to a v>iety ( ,p4 hybridus :i*1 toge!r ) ,p4 natans1 n[ gr[s 9 ! riv] ,ottawa1 :]e x fl[s ov] ! b$s conta9+ ^! fossils4 #i4 ,c>ice & ,gram9e4 ,fragm5ts 9 nodules f ,gre5's ,creek appe> to belong to plants ( ^! gr\ps1 b ,i _c v5ture to det]m9e _! species4 #aj4 ,equisetum scirpoides1 ,mi*x4 ,fragm5ts 9 nodules1 ,gre5's ,creek4 ,?is is a widely di/ribut$ species1 occurr+ 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates & ,canada4 #aa4 ,font9alis4 ,9 nodules at ,gre5's ,creek !re occur1 some:at pl5tifully1 bran*es ( a moss app>5tly ( ! g5us ,font9alis4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4--;,frond ( ,fucus4 ,plei/oc5e1 ,canada4 #ab4 ,alg4 ,) ! plants above m5tion$1 bo? at ,gre5's ,creek & at ,montreal1 !re occur rema9s ( sea-we$s 7,fig4 #gi74 ,!y seem to belong to ! g5]a ,fucus & ,ulva1 b ,i _c det]m9e ! species4 ,a ?ick /em 9 "o ( ! nodules w\ld seem to indicate a l>ge ,lam9>ia4 ,) ! above !re are f\nd at ,gre5's ,creek a numb] ( fragm5ts ( leaves1 /ems1 & fruits1 :i* ,i h n be5 able to ref] to _! species1 pr9cipally on acc\nt ( _! defective /ate ( pres]vation4 ,none ( ! plants above m5tion$ is prop]ly arctic 9 its di/ribution1 & ! assemblage may be *>act]is$ z a selection f ! pres5t ,canadian flora ( "s ( ! m h>dy species hav+ ! mo/ nor!rn range4 ,gre5's ,creek is 9 ! c5tral "p ( ,canada1 ne> to ! p>allel ( #df1 & an accid5tal selection f its pres5t flora1 ?\gh x might conta9 ! same species f\nd 9 ! nodules1 w\ld c]ta9ly include ) ^!1 or in/ead ( "s ( !m1 m s\!rn =ms4 ,m especially ! balsam popl>1 ?\gh t tree occurs pl5tifully on ! ,ottawa1 w\ld n be s pr$om9ant4 ,b su* an assemblage ( drift-plants might be furni%$ by any ,am]ican /ream fl[+ 9 ! latitude ( #ej to #ee nor?4 ,if a /ream fl[+ to ! nor?1 x might deposit ^! plants 9 /ill m nor!rn latitudes1 z ! ,mc,kenzie ,riv] does n[4 ,if fl[+ to ! s\?1 x might deposit !m to ! s\? ( #ej4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,ottawa1 ! plants c\ld n h be5 d]iv$ f a m s\!rn locality1 nor probably f "o v f> to ! nor?4 ,we may !re=e safely assume t ! refrig]ation indicat$ by ^! plants w\ld place ! region bord]+ ! ,ottawa 9 ne>ly ! same position ) t ( ! s\? coa/ ( ,labrador front+ on ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce at pres5t4 ,! abs5ce ( all ! m arctic species occurr+ 9 ,labrador %\ld p]haps induce u to inf] a some:at mild] climate ?an ?is4 ,! mod]ate am\nt ( refrig]ation ?us requir$ w\ld 9 my op9ion accord v well ) ! probable conditions ( climate d$ucible f ! circum/ances 9 :i* ! fossil plants 9 "q occur4 ,at ! "t :5 !y 7 deposit$ ! sea fl[$ up ! ,ottawa valley to a height ( #bjj to #djj feet above its pres5t level1 & ! valley ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce 0 a wide arm ( ! sea1 op5 to ! arctic curr5t4 ,"u ^! conditions ! imm5se quantities ( drift-ice f ! nor?w>d1 & ! removal ( ! great heat+ surface n[ pres5t$ by ! l[ l&s ( ,canada & ,new ,engl&1 mu/ h giv5 = ! ,ottawa coa/ ( t p]iod a summ] temp]ature v simil> to t at pres5t exp]i5c$ on ! ,labrador coa/1 & ) ?is conclusion ! m>9e rema9s ( ! ,l$a clay1 z well z ! few l& molluscs ^: %ells h be5 f\nd 9 ! b$s conta9+ ! plants1 & :i* are species /ill occurr+ 9 ,canada1 p]fectly co9cide4 ,! climate ( t portion ( ,canada above wat] at ! "t :5 ^! plants 7 imb$d$ may safely be assum$ to h be5 cold] 9 summ] ?an at pres5t1 to an ext5t equal to ab\t #e ( latitude1 & ?is refrig]ation may be assum$ to correspond ) ! requirem5ts ( ! actual geographical *anges impli$4 ,9 o!r words1 if ,canada 0 subm]g$ until ! ,ottawa valley 0 conv]t$ into an e/u>y inhabit$ by species ( ,l$a1 & frequ5t$ by capel91 ! dim9ution ( ! summ] heat consequ5t on su* depression w\ld be precisely suitable to ! plants occurr+ 9 ^! deposits1 )\t assum+ any o!r cause ( *ange ( climate4 ,i h arrang$ else:]e ! ,po/-plioc5e deposits ( ! c5tral "p ( ,canada1 z consi/+ (1 9 asc5d+ ord]3 7#a7 ,! b\ld] clay2 7#b7 a deep-wat] deposit1 ! ,l$a clay2 & 7#c7 a %all[-wat] deposit1 ! ,saxicava s&4 ,b1 al?\gh ,i h plac$ ! b\ld] clay 9 ! l[e/ position1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t ,i d n reg>d ?is z a cont9u\s lay] ( equal age 9 all places4 ,on ! contr>y1 ?\gh locally1 z at ,montreal1 "u ! ,l$a clay1 x is 9 o!r places & at o!r levels contemporane\s ) or new] ?an t deposit1 :i* itself also locally conta9s b\ld]s4 ,at ,gre5's ,creek ! plant-be>+ nodules occur 9 ! l[] "p ( ! ,l$a clay1 :i* conta9s a few b\ld]s1 & is app>5tly 9 places ov]laid by l>ge b\ld]s1 :ile no di/9ct b\ld] clay und]lies x4 ,! circum/ances :i* accumulat$ ! ?ick b$ ( b\ld] clay ne> ,montreal 7 probably abs5t 9 ! ,ottawa valley4 ,9 any case we mu/ reg>d ! deposits ( ,gre5's ,creek z coeval ) ! ,l$a clay ( ,montreal1 & ) ! p]iod ( ! greate/ abundance ( ,l$a glacialis1 ! mo/ exclusively arctic %ell ( ^! deposits4 ,9 o!r words1 ,i reg>d ! plants above m5tion$ z probably belong+ to ! p]iod ( greate/ refrig]ation ( :i* we h any evid5ce1 ( c\rse n includ+ t my?ical p]iod ( univ]sal incasem5t 9 ice1 ( :i*1 z ,i h else:]e endeav\r$ to %[1 9 s f> z ,canada is conc]n$1 !re is no evid5ce :atev]4,,eb ,,eb ,notes on ,po/-,plioc5e ( ,canada1 ,canadian ,naturali/1 #ahgb4 ,! facts above /at$ 9 ref]5ce to ,po/-plioc5e plants concur1 ) all ! o!r evid5ce ,i h be5 able to obta91 9 ! conclusion t ! refrig]ation ( ,canada 9 ! ,po/-plioc5e p]iod consi/$ ( a dim9ution ( ! summ] heat1 & 0 ( no great] am\nt ?an t fairly attributable to ! great depression ( ! l& & ! diff]5t di/ribution ( ! ice-be>+ arctic curr5t4 ,9 connection ) ! plants above notic$1 x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t at ,gre5's ,creek1 at ,pak5ham ,mills1 at ,montreal1 & at ,cl>5ceville on ,lake ,*ampla91 species ( ,canadian ,pulmonata h be5 f\nd 9 deposits ( ! same age ) ^? conta9+ ! plants4 ,! species :i* h be5 notic$ belong to ! g5]a ,lymnea & ,planorbis4 ,! ,glacial age 01 =tunately1 n ( v long duration1 ?\gh its l5g? has be5 mu* exagg]at$ by c]ta9 s*ools ( geologi/s1,,ec ,x pass$ away1 & a return+ cosmic spr+ gladd5$ ! e>?1 & 0 u%]$ 9 by a "t ( great ra9fall & consequ5t d5udation & deposit1 :i* has be5 /yl$ ! ,pluvial ,p]iod ,! rema9s ( ! ,plioc5e =e/s !n return$--) some:at dim9i%$ numb]s ( species--f ! s\? & aga9 occupi$ ! l&1 ?\gh !y h n be5 able1 9 _! decimat$ condition1 to re/ore ! exub]ance ( ! flora ( ! e>li] ,t]ti>y4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 z we %all see 9 ! next *apt]1 x is ! floras orig9at+ )9 ! pol> circle & com+ d[n f ! nor? t are ri* & copi\s4 ,^? t1 aft] p]iods ( cold or subm]g5ce1 return f ! s\?1 are comp>atively poor4 ,h5ce ! mod]n flora is f> inf]ior to t ( ! ,middle ,ka9ozoic4 ,9 ,am]ica1 h[ev]1 & 9 ea/]n ,asia1 = reasons already /at$1 ! return 0 m abundant ?an 9 ,europe4 ,,ec ,?is ,i h long ma9ta9$ on gr\nds connect$ ) ,plei/oc5e fossils1 am\nt ( d5udation & deposit1 c41 & ,i am glad to see t ,pre/wi*1 ! be/ ,engli% au?ority on su* subjects1 has rec5tly ann\nc$ simil> conclusions1 bas$ on indep5d5t reasons4 ,simultane\sly ) ! return ( ! old temp]ate flora1 ! arctic plants t _h ov]spread ! l& retreat$ to m\nta9-tops1 n[ b>$ ( ice & sn[1 & back to ! pol> l&s :5ce !y came2 & s x happ5s t1 on ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s1 ! ,alps1 & ! ,himalayas1 we h insul> pat*es ( ! same gr\ps ( plants t exi/ ar\nd ! pole4 ,^! *anges ne$ n h requir$ a v long "t1 = ! multiplication & migration ( plants are v rapid1 especially :5 aid$ by ! ag5cy ( migratory animals4 ,_m p>ts ( ! l& mu/1 inde$1 h be5 /ock$ ) plants f v>i\s s\rces1 & by ag5cies--z t ( ! sea--:i* might at fir/ sight seem adv]se to _! di/ribution4 ,! ,briti% ,isl&s1 = example1 h no indig5\s plants4 ,_! flora consi/s ma9ly ( ,g]manic plants1 :i* mu/ h migrat$ to ,brita9 9 t v late p]iod ( ! ,po/-glacial :5 ! space n[ occupi$ by ! ,nor? ,sea 0 mo/ly dry l&4 ,o!r portions ( x are ,sc&9avian plants1 p]haps survivors ( ! ,glacial age1 or c>ri$ by migratory birds2 & /ill ano!r elem5t consi/s ( ,spani% plants1 br\ght nor? by spr+ migrants1 & e/abli%+ !mselves 9 w>m & %elt]$ spots1 j z ! arctic plants d on ! bleak hill-tops4 ,! ,b]mudas1 altoge!r rec5t isl&s1 h "o hundr$ & fifty species ( native plants1 all ( :i* are ,we/ ,indian & ,am]ican1 & mu/ h be5 introduc$ by ! sea-curr5ts or by migratory birds4 ,& s ! e>? became fitt$ = ! resid5ce ( mod]n man4 ,yet x is n s good or ,ed5ic a _w z x once 01 or z x may yet become1 7 ano!r revolution to re/ore a mild climate to ! arctic regions1 & to s5d d[n a new sw>m ( migratory species to r5ew ! face ( ! e>? & re/ore x to its pri/9e f]tility ( vegetable life4 ,?us closes ?is long hi/ory ( ! succession ( plants1 rea*+ f ! f> back ,laur5tian to ! pres5t day4 ,x has1 no d\bt1 _m breaks1 & mu* rema9s to be discov]$4 ,yet x may lead u to "s positive conclusions reg>d+ ! laws ( ! introduction ( plants4 ,"o ( ^!1 & p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable ( all1 is t c]ta9 pr9ciples 7 settl$ v f> back1 & h rema9$ ev] s9ce4 ,we h se5 t 9 ! e>lie/ geological p]iods all t p]ta9s to ! /ructure1 p[]s1 & laws ( ! vegetable cell 0 already fix$ & settl$4 ,:5 we consid] h[ mu* ?is implies ( me*anical /ructure & *emical & vital prop]ty1 ! pr(\nd significance ( ?is /atem5t becomes app>5t4 ,! relations 9 ^! respects betwe5 ! liv+ cell & ! soil1 ! atmosph]e & ! sun%9e1 7 app>5tly z p]fect 9 ! e>ly ,palozoic z 9 any subsequ5t "t4 ,! same may be said ( ! /ructures ( ! leaf & ( ! /em4 ,9 su* old =ms z ,nematophyton ^! 71 x is true1 peculi> & rudim5t>y1 b 9 ! ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s ! /ructure ( leaves & /ems embodi$ all ! p>ts & pr9ciples t we f9d at pres5t4 ,9 reg>d to fructification !re has be5 m progress1 =1 s f> z we "k1 ! highe/ & mo/ complex =ms ( fl[]y1 fruits1 & se$s belong to ! m rec5t p]iods1 & simpl] =ms 7 at lea/ dom9ant 9 ! old] times4 ,yet ev5 9 ?is respect ! great lead+ laws & /ructures ( bisexual reproduction 7 p]fect$ 9 ! e>ly ,palozoic1 & ! improvem5ts introduc$ 9 ! gymnosp]m & ! angiosp]m ( lat] p]iods h consi/$ ma9ly 9 additions ( accessory p>ts1 & 9 modifications & ref9em5ts suit$ to ! wants ( ! high] & m complex types4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,g5]al ,,laws ,,( ,,orig9 ,,& ,,migrations ,,( ,,plants4--,,relations ,,( ,,rec5t ,,& ,,fossil ,,floras4 ,! orig9ation ( ! successive floras :i* h occupi$ ! nor!rn hemisph]e 9 geological "t1 n1 z "o might at fir/ sight suppose1 9 ! sunny climes ( ! s\?1 b "u ! arctic skies1 is a fact long kn[n or suspect$4 ,x is prov$ by ! occurr5ce ( fossil plants 9 ,gre5l&1 9 ,spitzb]g51 & 9 ,gr9nell ,l&1 "u circum/ances :i* %[ t ^! 7 _! primal homes4 ,! fact bri/les ) physical difficulties1 yet is f]tile ( ! mo/ int]e/+ !oretical d$uctions1 to rea* :i* we may well be cont5t to wade ?r\gh "s intricate que/ions4 ,?\gh n at all a new fact1 its full significance seems only rec5tly to h dawn$ on ! m9ds ( geologi/s1 & )9 ! la/ few ye>s x has produc$ a numb] ( memoirs & addresses to le>n$ societies1 besides _m less =mal notices4,,ed ,,ed ,saporta1 ,anci5ne ,vgtation ,polaire2 ,hook]1 ,presid5tial ,address to ,royal ,society1 #ahgh2 ,?i/leton ,dy]1 ,lecture on ,plant ,di/ribution2 ,mr4 ,/>kie ,g>dn]1 ,lett]s 9 ',nature1' #ahgh1 c4 ,! basis ( mo/ ( ^! bro*ures is to be f\nd 9 ,he]'s ,flora ,fossilis ,arctica4 ,! e>lie/ sugge/ion on ! subject kn[n to ! writ] is t ( ,pr(4 ,asa ,gray1 9 #ahfg1 ) ref]5ce to ! probable nor!rn s\rce ( ! relat$ floras ( ,nor? ,am]ica & ea/]n ,asia4 ,) ! aid ( ! new facts disclos$ by ,he] & ,lesqu]eux1 ,gray return$ to ! subject 9 #ahgb1 & m fully develop$ ?is conclusion ) ref]5ce to ! ,t]ti>y floras1,,ee & he has rec5tly /ill fur!r discuss$ ^! que/ions 9 an able lecture on ,=e/ ,geography & ,ar*ology4,,ef ,9 ?is he puts ! case s well & t]sely t we may quote ! foll[+ s5t5ces z a text = :at foll[s3 ,,ee ,address to ,am]ican ,association4 ,,ef ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 xvi41 #ahah4 ,i c only say1 at l>ge1 t ! same species 7( ,t]ti>y fossil plants7 h be5 f\nd all r\nd ! _w2 t ! ri*e/ & mo/ ext5sive f9ds are 9 ,gre5l&2 t !y comprise mo/ ( ! sorts :i* ,i h spok5 (1 z ,am]ican trees :i* once liv$ 9 ,europe--magnolias1 sassafras1 hickories1 gum-trees1 our id5tical s\!rn cypress 7= all we c see ( diff]5ce71 & especially ,sequoias1 n only ! two :i* obvi\sly answ] to ! two big-trees n[ peculi> to ,cali=nia1 b sev]al o!rs2 t !y equally comprise trees n[ peculi> to ,japan & ,*9a1 ?ree k9ds ( g+ko-trees1 = in/ance1 "o ( !m n evid5tly di/+ui%able f ! ,japan species :i* alone survives2 t we h evid5ce1 n m]ely ( p9es & maples1 popl>s1 bir*es1 l9d5s1 & :atev] else *>act]ise ! temp]ate zone =e/s ( our era1 b also ( p>ticul> species ( ^!1 s l ^? ( our own "t & c\ntry t we may fairly reckon !m z ! ance/ors ( sev]al ( ours4 ,long g5ealogies always deal m or less 9 conjecture2 b we appe> to be )9 ! limits ( sci5tific inf]5ce :5 we ann\nce t our exi/+ temp]ate trees came f ! nor?1 & )9 ! b\nds ( nigh probability :5 we claim n a few ( !m z ! orig9als ( pres5t species4 ,rema9s ( ! same plants h be5 f\nd fossil 9 our temp]ate region z well z 9 ,europe4 ,betwe5 #ahfj & #ahgj ! writ] 0 engag$ 9 work+ out all t c\ld be le>n$ ( ! ,devonian plants ( ea/]n ,am]ica1 ! olde/ kn[n flora ( any ri*ness1 & :i* consi/s almo/ exclusively ( gigantic1 & to u grotesque1 repres5tatives ( ! club-mosses1 f]ns1 & m>es'-tails1 ) "s trees alli$ to ! cycads & p9es4 ,9 ?is pursuit ne>ly all ! m important localities 7 visit$1 & access 0 _h to ! l>ge collections ( ,pr(4 ,hall & ,pr(4 ,newb]ry1 9 ,new ,york & ,ohio1 & to ^? made 9 ! rem>kable plant-be>+ b$s ( ,new ,brunswick by ,messrs4 ,mat!w & ,h>tt4 ,9 ! progress ( ^! rese>*es1 :i* develop$ an unexpect$ly ri* assemblage ( species1 ! nor!rn orig9 ( ?is old flora seem$ to be e/abli%$ by its e>li] culm9ation 9 ! nor!a/1 9 connection ) ! gr[? ( ! ,am]ican l& to ! s\?w>d1 :i* took place aft] ! great ,upp] ,silurian subsid5ce1 by elevations beg9n+ 9 ! nor? :ile ^? portions ( ! cont95t to ! s\?we/ /ill rema9$ "u ! sea4 ,! same result 0 indicat$ by ! p]si/5ce 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s ( ! s\? & we/ ( old ,erian =ms1 l ,megalopt]is4 ,:51 9 #ahgj1 ! lab\rs ( ^? t5 ye>s 7 br\ght be=e ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 9 ! ,bak]ian lecture ( t ye>1 & 9 a memoir illu/rat+ no less ?an "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five species ( plants old] ?an ! great ,c>bonif]\s sy/em1 ^! d$uctions 7 /at$ 9 connection ) ! conclusions ( ,hall1 ,logan1 & ,dana1 z to ! di/ribution ( s$im5t along ! nor!a/ side ( ! ,am]ican cont95t1 & ! anticipation 0 haz>d$ t ! olde/ ,palozoic floras w\ld be discov]$ to ! nor? ( ,newf\ndl&4 ,m5tion 0 also made ( ! app>5t e>li] & m copi\s bir? ( ! ,devonian flora 9 ,am]ica ?an 9 ,europe1 a fact :i* is itself connect$ ) ! great] nor?w>d ext5sion ( ?is cont95t4 ,! memoir conta9+ ^! results 0 n publi%$ by ! ,royal ,society1 b its publication 0 secur$ 9 a less complete =m 9 ! reports ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada4 ,! "p ( ! memoir relat+ to ,canadian fossil plants1 ) a portion ( ! !oretical d$uctions1 0 publi%$ 9 a report issu$ 9 #ahga4;,,eg ,9 ?is report ! foll[+ language 0 us$3 ,,eg ,fossil ,plants ( ! ,devonian & ,upp] ,silurian ,=mations ( ,canada1 pp4 #ib1 tw5ty plates1 ,montreal1 #ahga4 ,9 ea/]n ,am]ica1 f ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod onw>d1 ! c5tre ( plant di/ribution has be5 ! ,appala*ian *a94 ,f ?is ! plants & s$im5ts ext5d$ we/w>d 9 times ( elevation1 & to ?is !y rec$$ 9 times ( depression4 ,b ?is c5tre 0 nonexi/5t be=e ! ,devonian p]iod1 & ! c5tre = ?is mu/ h be5 to ! nor!a/1 :5ce ! great mass ( old] ,appala*ian s$im5t 0 d]iv$4 ,9 ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod !re 0 also an ea/w>d di/ribution f ! ,appala*ians1 & l9ks ( connection 9 ! ,atlantic b$ betwe5 ! floras ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,9 ! ,devonian su* connection c h be5 only f> to ! nor!a/4 ,x is !re=e 9 ,newf\ndl&1 ,labrador1 & ,gre5l& t we are to look = ! olde/ ,am]ican flora1 & 9 l mann] on ! bord] ( ! old ,sc&9avian nucleus = t ( ,europe4 ,aga91 x mu/ h be5 ! wide ext5sion ( ! sea ( ! cornif]\s lime/one t gave ! la/ bl[ to ! rema9+ flora ( ! ,l[] ,devonian2 & ! re-elevation 9 ! middle ( t epo* br\ght 9 ! ,appala*ian ridges z a new c5tre1 & e/abli%$ a connection ) ,europe :i* introduc$ ! ,upp] ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s floras4 ,la/ly1 f ! comp>ative ri*ness ( ! lat] ,erian,,eh flora 9 ea/]n ,am]ica1 especially 9 ! ,/4 ,john b$s1 x might be a fair inf]5ce t ! nor!a/]n end ( ! ,appala*ian ridge 0 ! orig9al bir?place or c5tre ( creation ( :at we may call ! lat] ,palozoic flora1 or ( a l>ge "p ( t flora4 ,,eh ,see pages #ajg & #ajh4 ,:5 my pap] 0 writt5 ,i _h n se5 ! acc\nt publi%$ by ! able ,swiss palobotani/ ,he]1 ( ! rem>kable ,devonian flora ( ,be> ,isl&1 ne> ,spitzb]g54,,ei ,f want ( acqua9tance ) ! old] floras ( ,am]ica & we/]n ,europe1 ,he] fell into ! un=tunate error ( reg>d+ ! :ole ( ,be> ,isl& plants z ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s1 a mi/ake :i* 8 great au?ority has t5d$ to p]petuate1 & :i* has ev5 l$ to ! /ill grav] error ( "s ,european geologi/s1 :o d n hesitate to reg>d z ,c>bonif]\s ! fossil plants ( ! ,am]ican deposits f ! ,hamilton to ! ,*emung gr\ps inclusive1 ?\gh ^! belong to =mations und]ly+ ! olde/ ,c>bonif]\s1 & *>act]is$ by animal rema9s ( unque/ion$ ,devonian age4 ,9 #ahgb ,i address$ a note to ! ,geological ,society ( ,london on ! subject ( ! s-call$ ,ursa /age ( ,he]1 %[+ t1 ?\gh x conta9$ "s =ms n kn[n at s e>ly a date 9 temp]ate ,europe1 x 0 cle>ly1 9 "p at lea/1 ,devonian :5 te/$ by ,nor? ,am]ican /&>ds2 b t 9 ?is high latitude1 9 :i*1 = reasons /at$ 9 ! report above ref]r$ to1 ,i believ$ ! ,devonian plants to h orig9at$1 !re might be an int]mixture ( ! two floras4 ,b su* a mix$ gr\p %\ld 9 t latitude be ref]r$ to a l[] horizon ?an if f\nd 9 temp]ate regions4 ,dr4 ,na?or/1 z already /at$1 has rec5tly obta9$ new facts :i* g to %[ t plants ( two di/9ct horizons may h be5 int]mix$ 9 ! collections submitt$ to ,he]4 ,,ei ,transactions ( ! ,sw$i% ,academy #ahga2 ,j\rnal ( ! ,london ,geological ,society1 vol4 xxviii4 ,betwe5 #ahgj & #ahgc my att5tion 0 turn$ to ! two sub-floras int]m$iate betwe5 ^? ( ! ,devonian & ! coal-=mation1 ! floras ( ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s 7,subc>bonif]\s ( "s ,am]ican geologi/s7 & ! ,mill/one ,grit1 & 9 a report ^u ^!,,ej simil> d$uctions 7 express$4 ,x 0 /at$ t 9 ,newf\ndl& ! coal-b$s seem to belong to ! ,mill/one ,grit s]ies1 & z we proce$ s\?w>d !y belong to progressively new] portions ( ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em4 ,! same fact is obs]v$ 9 ! coal-b$s ( ,scotl&1 z comp>$ ) ^? ( ,engl&1 & x indicates t ! coal-=mation flora1 l t ( ! ,devonian1 spread itself f ! nor?1 & ?is accords ) ! some:at ext5sive occurr5ce ( ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s rocks & fossils 9 ! ,p>ry ,isl&s & else:]e 9 ! arctic regions4 ,,ej ,fossil ,plants ( ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s & ,mill/one ,grit ,=mations ( ,canada1 pp4 #dg1 t5 plates1 ,montreal1 #ahgc4 ,pass+ ov] ! comp>atively poor flora ( ! e>li] ,mesozoic1 consi/+ l>gely ( cycads1 p9es1 & f]ns1 & z yet little kn[n 9 ! arctic1 & :i* may h orig9at$ 9 ! s\?1 ?\gh repres5t$1 accord+ to ,he]1 by ! suppos$ ,jurassic flora ( ,sib]ia1 we f9d1 especially at ,kom & ,atan 9 ,gre5l&1 an int]e/+ occurr5ce ( ^? e>lie/ precursors ( ! truly mod]n =ms ( plants :i* appe> 9 ! ,cretace\s1 ! p]iod ( ! ,engli% *alk & ( ! ,new ,j]sey gre5s&s4 ,!re are two plant-gr\ps ( ?is age 9 ,gre5l&2 "o1 t ( ,kom1 consi/s almo/ entirely ( f]ns1 cycads1 & p9es1 & is ( decid$ly ,mesozoic aspect4 ,?is is call$ ,l[] ,cretace\s4 ,! o!r1 t ( ,atan1 holds rema9s ( _m mod]n temp]ate g5]a1 z ,populus1 ,myrica1 ,ficus1 ,sassafras1 & ,magnolia4 ,?is is reg>d$ z ,upp] ,cretace\s4 ,re/+ ^u ^! ,upp] ,cretace\s b$s1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( any o!r =mation1,,ek are b$s ri* 9 plants ( mu* m mod]n appe>ance1 & ref]r$ by ,he] to ! ,mioc5e p]iod1 a ref]5ce1 z we h se51 n w>rant$ by comp>ison ) ! ,t]ti>y plants ( ,europe or ( ,am]ica4 ,/ill f>!r nor? ?is s-call$ ,mioc5e assemblage ( plants appe>s 9 ,spitzb]g5 & ,gr9nell ,l&2 b !re1 ow+ to ! pr$om9ance ( trees alli$ to ! spruces1 x has a decid$ly m boreal "* ?an 9 ,gre5l&1 z might be anticipat$ f its ne>] approa* to ! pole4,,el ,,ek ,nord5skild1 ,exp$ition to ,gre5l&1 ,geological ,magaz9e1 #ahgb4 ,,el ,yet ev5 "h ! bald cypress 7,taxodium di/i*um71 or a tree ne>ly alli$ to x1 is f\nd1 ?\gh ?is species is n[ limit$ to ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,field5 & ,de ,ranee1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 #ahgh4 ,if n[ we turn to ! ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y floras ( we/]n ,am]ica1 z describ$ by ,lesqu]eux1 ,newb]ry1 & o!rs1 we f9d 9 ! l[e/ ,cretace\s rocks !re kn[n--^? ( ! ,dakota gr\p--:i* may be 9 ! l[] "p ( ! ,middle ,cretace\s1 a s]ies ( plants,,em ess5tially simil> to ^? ( ! s-call$ ,upp] ,cretace\s ( ,gre5l&4 ,!y occur 9 b$s indicat+ l& & fre%-wat] conditions z preval5t at ! "t ov] great areas ( ! int]ior ( ,am]ica4 ,b ov]ly+ ?is plant-be>+ =mation we h an oceanic lime/one 7! ,niobr>a71 correspond+ 9 _m respects to ! ,european *alk1 & ext5d+ f> nor? into ! ,briti% t]ritory1,,en indicat+ t ! l& ( ! ,l[] ,cretace\s 0 replac$ by a va/ ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 fill$ ) w>m wat] f ! equatorial curr5ts1 & n invad$ by cold wat]s f ! nor?4 ,?is is succe$$ by ?ick ,upp] ,cretace\s deposits ( clay & s&/one1 ) m>9e rema9s1 ?\gh v sp>sely di/ribut$2 & ^! %[ t fur!r subsid5ce or d5udation 9 ! nor? _h op5$ a way = ! arctic curr5ts1 kill+ out ! w>m-wat] animals ( ! ,niobr>a gr\p1 & rill+ up ! ,m$it]ranean ( t p]iod4 ,( ! flora ( ^! ,upp] ,cretace\s p]iods1 :i* mu/ h be5 v long1 we "k some?+ 9 ! int]ior regions1 f ! discov]y ( a some:at ri* flora 9 ! ,dunvegan b$s ( ! ,peace ,riv] di/rict1 on ! nor!rn %ore ( ! great ,cretace\s ,m$it]ranean2,,eo & on ! coa/ ( ,briti% ,columbia we h ! rem>kable ,cretace\s coal-field ( ,vanc\v] ,isl&1 :i* holds ! rema9s ( plants ( mod]n g5]a1 &1 inde$1 ( almo/ z mod]n aspect z ^? ( ! s-call$ ,mioc5e ( ,gre5l&4 ,!y indicate1 h[ev]1 a w>m] climate z !n preval5t on ! ,pacific coa/1 & 9 ?is respect correspond ) a peculi> transition flora1 int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,cretace\s & ,eoc5e or e>lie/ ,t]ti>y ( ! int]ior regions1 & :i* is describ$ by ,lesqu]eux z ! ,l[] ,lignitic4 ,,em ,lesqu]eux1 ,report on ,cretace\s ,flora4 ,,en ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson1 ,report on ,=ty-n9? ,p>allel4 ,,eo ,reports ( ,dr4 ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson1 ,geological ,survey ( ,canada4 ,also1 ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,canada1 vol4 i4 ,imm$iately above ^! ,upp] ,cretace\s b$s we h ! great ,lignite ,t]ti>y ( ! ,we/--! ,l>amie gr\p ( rec5t ,am]ican reports--ab\nd+ 9 fossil plants1 at "o "t reg>d$ z ,mioc5e1 b n[ kn[n to be ,l[] ,eoc5e1 ?\gh f>!r s\? ext5d+ upw>d t[>d ! ,mioc5e age4,,ep ,^! b$s1 ) _! *>act]i/ic plants1 h be5 trac$ into ! ,briti% t]ritory nor? ( ! =ty-n9? p>allel1 & x has be5 %[n t _! fossils are id5tical ) ^? ( ! ,mc,kenzie ,riv] valley1 describ$ by ,he] z ,mioc5e1 & probably also ) ^? ( ,alaska1 ref]r$ to ! same age4,,eq ,n[ ?is truly ,eoc5e flora ( ! temp]ate & nor!rn p>ts ( ,am]ica has s _m species 9 common ) t call$ ,mioc5e 9 ,gre5l& t its id5tity c sc>cely be d\bt$4 ,^! facts h l$ to scepticism z to ! ,mioc5e age ( ! upp] plant-be>+ b$s ( ,gre5l&1 & m especially ,mr4 ,j4 ,/>kie ,g>dn] has ably argu$1 f comp>ison ) ! ,eoc5e flora ( ,engl& & o!r consid]ations1 t !y are really ( t e>li] date4,,er ,,ep ,lesqu]eux's ,t]ti>y ,flora2 ,:ite on ! ,l>amie ,gr\p2 ,/ev5son1 ,geological ,relations ( ,lignitic ,gr\ps1 ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 ,june1 #ahge2 ,dawson1 ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,canada1 vol4 iv42 ,w>d1 ,bullet9 ( ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4 ,,eq ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson1 ,report on ! ,geology ( ! ,=ty-n9? ,p>allel1 :]e full details on ^! po9ts may be f\nd4 ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,canada1 vol4 iv4 ,,er ,nature1 ,decemb] #ab1 #ahgh4 ,9 look+ at ?is "q1 we may fairly assume t no climate1 h[ev] equable1 c\ld p]mit ! vegetation ( ! neighb\rhood ( ,disco 9 ,gre5l& to be exactly id5tical ) t ( ,colorado & ,miss\ri1 at a "t :5 little diff]5ce ( level exi/$ 9 ! two regions4 ,ei!r ! s\!rn flora migrat$ nor? 9 consequ5ce ( a great] amelioration ( climate1 or ! nor!rn flora mov$ s\?w>d z ! climate became cold]4 ,! same argum5t1 z ,g>dn] has ably %[n1 applies to ! simil>ity ( ! ,t]ti>y plants ( temp]ate ,europe to ^? ( ,gre5l&4 ,if ,gre5l& requir$ a temp]ature ( ab\t #ej1 z ,he] calculates1 to ma9ta9 its ,eoc5e flora1 ! temp]ature ( ,engl& & t ( ! ,s\?we/]n ,/ates mu/ h be5 high]1 ?\gh probably m equable1 ?an at pres5t4 ,we _c c]ta9ly affirm any?+ respect+ ! migrations ( ^! floras1 b !re are "s probabilities :i* des]ve att5tion4 ,! f]ns & cycads ( ! s-call$ ,l[] ,cretace\s ( ,gre5l& are no?+ b a cont9uation ( ! previ\s ,jurassic flora4 ,n[ ?is 0 e/abli%$ at an equally e>ly date 9 ! ,que5 ,*>lotte ,isl&s1,,es & /ill e>li] 9 ,virg9ia1,,et ,! presumption is1 !re=e1 t x came f ! s\?4 ,x has1 inde$1 ! facies ( a s\!rn hemisph]e & insul> flora1 & probably spread itself nor?w>d z f> z ,gre5l&1 at a "t :5 our nor!rn cont95ts 7 gr\ps ( isl&s1 & :5 ! ocean curr5ts 7 c>ry+ w>m wat] f> t[>d ! arctic regions4 ,! flora :i* succe$s ?is 9 ! sections at ,atan has no special aff9ities ) ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 & is ( a m temp]ate & cont95tal "*4,,eu ,x is n necess>ily ,upp] ,cretace\s1 s9ce x is simil> to t ( ! ,dakota gr\p f>!r s\?1 & ?is is at lea/ ,middle ,cretace\s4 ,?is flora mu/ h orig9at$ ei!r some:]e 9 temp]ate ,am]ica or )9 ! ,arctic circle1 & x mu/ h replac$ ! old] "o by virtue ( increas+ coolness & cont95tal "* ( climate4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 h be5 connect$ ) t elevation ( ! l& :i* took place at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,cretace\s4 ,dur+ ?is elevation x spread ov] all we/]n ,am]ica at "o "t or ano!r1 &1 z ! l& aga9 subsid$ "u ! sea ( ! ,niobr>a *alk1 x assum$ an aspect m suit$ to a w>m climate1 b /ill held its place on su* isl&s z rema9$ above wat] along ! ,pacific coa/ & 9 ! nor?1 & x cont9u$ to exi/ on ^! isl&s till ! cold] seas ( ! ,upp] ,cretace\s _h aga9 giv5 place to ! w>m pla9s & l&-lock$ bracki% seas or fre%-wat] lakes ( ! ,l>amie p]iod 7,eoc5e74 ,?us ! true ,upp] ,cretace\s m>ks a cool p]iod int]v5+ betwe5 ! s-call$ ,upp] ,cretace\s 7really ,middle ,cretace\s7 & ! s-call$ ,mioc5e 7really ,l[] ,eoc5e7 floras ( ,gre5l&4 ,,es ,reports ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada4 ,,et ,fonta9e has well describ$ ! ,mesozoic flora ( ,virg9ia1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,janu>y1 #ahgi1 & ,report on ,e>ly ,mesozoic ,floras4 ,,eu ,9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,tasmania1 #ahhg1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,m4 ,john/on1 ,f4 ,l4 ,s41 /ates t 9 ! ,mioc5e b$s ( ,tasmania trees ( ,european g5]a ab\nd4 ,! ,mesozoic flora ( t isl& is ( ! usual conif]o-cycadean type4 ,ett+%aus5 makes a simil> /atem5t 9 ! ,geological ,magaz9e respect+ ! ,t]ti>y flora ( ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal&1 /at+ t1 l ! ,t]ti>y floras ( ,europe1 !y h a mix$ "*1 be+ p>tly ( types n[ belong+ to ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,?is latt] e/abli%$ itself 9 ,gre5l&1 & probably all ar\nd ! ,arctic circle1 9 ! w>m p]iod ( ! e>lie/ ,eoc5e1 &1 z ! climate ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e became gradually r$uc$ f t "t till ! end ( ! ,plioc5e1 x m>*$ on ov] bo? cont95ts to ! s\?w>d1 *as$ beh9d by ! mod]n arctic flora1 & ev5tually by ! fro/ & sn[ ( ! ,glacial age4 ,?is hi/ory may admit ( correction 9 details2 b1 s f> z pres5t k ext5ds1 x is 9 ! ma9 n f> f ! tru?4 ,p]haps ! fir/ great "q :i* x raises is t z to ! causes ( ! alt]nations ( w>m & cold climates 9 ! nor?1 app>5tly dem&$ by ! vicissitudes ( ! vegetable k+dom4 ,"h we may set aside ! idea t 9 =m] times plants 7 suit$ to endure great] cold ?an at pres5t4 ,x is true t "s ( ! fossil ,gre5l& plants are ( unkn[n g5]a1 & _m are species new to u2 b we are on ! :ole safe 9 affirm+ t !y mu/ h requir$ conditions simil> to ^? necess>y to _! mod]n repres5tatives1 except )9 su* limits z we n[ f9d to hold 9 simil> cases among exi/+ plants4 ,/ill we "k t at ! pres5t "t _m species f\nd 9 ! equable climate ( ,engl& w n live 9 ,canada1 ?\gh species to all appe>ance simil> 9 /ructure are native "h4 ,!re is also "s reason to suppose t species :5 new may h great] h>d9ess & adaptability ?an :5 9 old age & v]g+ t[>d ext9ction4 ,9 any case ^! facts c acc\nt = b a small "p ( ! ph5om5a1 :i* require to be expla9$ by physical *anges affect+ ! e>? z a :ole1 or at lea/ ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,_m !oretical views h be5 sugge/$ on ?is subject1 & p]haps ! mo/ practical way ( dispos+ ( ^! w be fir/ to set aside a numb] :i* are ei!r preclud$ by ! kn[n facts1 incapable ( produc+ ! effects1 or altoge!r unc]ta9 z to _! possible occurr5ce4 #a4 ,9 ?is class we may place ! !ory t ! poles ( ! e>? h *ang$ _! position4 ,indep5d5tly ( a/ronomical objections1 !re is good geological evid5ce t ! poles ( ! e>? mu/ h be5 ne>ly 9 _! pres5t places f ! dawn ( life until n[4 ,f ! ,laur5tian upw>d1 ^? organic lime/ones :i* m>k ! areas :]e w>m & %all[ equatorial wat] 0 spread+ ov] subm]g$ cont95ts are s dispos$ z to prove ! p]man5ce ( ! poles4 ,9 l mann] all ! great fold+s ( ! cru/ ( ! e>? h foll[$ l9es :i* are p>ts ( great circles tang5t to ! exi/+ pol> circles4 ,s1 also1 f ! ,cambrian age ! great drift ( s$im5t f ! nor? has foll[$ ! l9e ( ! exi/+ ,arctic curr5ts f ! nor!a/ to ! s\?we/1 ?r[+ itself1 = example1 along ! l9e ( ! ,appala*ian uplifts 9 ea/]n ,am]ica1 & aga9/ ! ridge ( ! ,cordill]as 9 ! we/4 #b4 ,"s ( ! above consid]ations1 along ) a/ronomical evid5ce1 prev5t u f assum+ any consid]able *ange 9 ! obliquity ( ! axis ( ! e>? dur+ geological "t4 #c4 ,t ! e>? & ! sun h dim9i%$ 9 heat dur+ geological "t seems probable2 b physical & geological facts alike r5d] x c]ta9 t ?is influ5ce c\ld h produc$ no appreciable effect1 ev5 9 ! times ( ! e>lie/ floras1 & c]ta9ly n 9 ! case ( ,t]ti>y vegetation4 #d4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ! e>? may h at diff]5t times trav]s$ m or less heat$ zones ( space1 giv+ alt]nations ( w>m & cold temp]ature4 ,no su* diff]5ces 9 space are1 h[ev]1 kn[n1 nor does !re seem any good gr\nd = imag9+ _! exi/5ce4 #e4 ,! heat ( ! sun is kn[n to be v>iable1 & ! elev5 ye>s' p]iod ( sun-spots has rec5tly attract$ mu* att5tion z produc+ appreciable effects on ! seasons4 ,!re may possibly be long] cycles ( sol> en]gy1 or ! sun may be liable1 l "s v>iable />s1 to p>oxysms ( increas$ en]gy4 ,su* *anges are possible1 & may fairly be tak5 into ! acc\nt1 provid$ t we fail to f9d kn[n causes suffici5t to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a4 ,( well-kn[n causes !re seem to be b ?ree4 ,^! are3 ,fir/1 t urg$ by ,lyell--viz41 ! v>y+ di/ribution ( l& & wat] along ) t ( m>9e curr5ts2 secondly1 ! v>y+ ecc5tricity ( ! e>?'s orbit1 along ) ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 & ! effects ( ?is on oceanic circulation1 z illu/rat$ by ,croll2 ?irdly1 ! diff]5t conditions ( ! e>?'s atmosph]e ) ref]5ce to radiation1 z argu$ by ,tyndall & ,hunt4 ,z ^! causes are all f\nd$ on kn[n facts1 & n exclusive ( ea* o!r1 we may consid] !m toge!r4 ,i %all take ! ,lyellian !ory fir/1 reg>d+ x z ! mo/ important1 & ! be/ support$ by geological facts4 ,we "k t ! pres5t di/ribution ( l& & wat] greatly influ5ces climate1 m especially by affect+ t ( ! ocean curr5ts & ( ! w9ds1 & by ! diff]5t action ( l& z comp>$ ) wat] 9 ! reception & radiation ( heat4 ,! pres5t di/ribution ( l& gives a l>ge pr$om9ance to ! arctic & sub-arctic regions1 z comp>$ ) ! equatorial & ) ! ant>ctic2 & we might readily imag9e o!r di/ributions t w\ld give v diff]5t results4 ,b ?is is n an imag9>y case4 ,we "k t1 :ile ! =ms & positions ( ! great cont95ts h be5 fix$ f a v e>ly date1 !y h exp]i5c$ _m great subm]g5ces & re-elevations1 & t ^! h occurr$ 9 some:at regul> sequ5ce1 z evid5c$ by ! cyclical alt]nations ( organic lime/ones & e>?y s$im5ts 9 successive geological =mations4 ,an example be>+ on our pres5t subject may s]ve to illu/rate ?is4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! ,upp] ,silurian p]iod 7! ,l[] ,held]b]g age71 va/ areas ( ! ,am]ican cont95t,,ev 7 cov]$ ) an ocean 9 :i* 7 deposit$ organic lime/ones ^: fossils %[ t ?is great int]ior sea 0 p]vad$ by equatorial wat]s br++ food & w>m?1 :ile ! incipi5t ranges ( ! ,appala*ians on ! ea/1 & ! ,cordill]as on ! we/1 & ! ,laur5tian axis on ! nor?1 f5c$ (f f x ! cold] arctic wat]s4 ,h[ diff]5t mu/ ! climate ( ,am]ica & ( ! region nor? ( x h be5 9 ^! circum/ances f t :i* prevails at pres5t1 or f t :i* prevail$ 9 c]ta9 o!r p]iods1 :5 x 0 op5 to ! incursions ( ! arctic ice-lad5 curr5ts1 be>+ loads ( f9e s$im5t6,,ew ,x 0 9 ^! circum/ances1 & 9 ! simil> circum/ances 9 :i* ! great ,cornif]\s lime/one ( ! ,devonian 0 deposit$--a lime/one %[+ 9 its ri* coral fauna ev5 w>m] wat]s ?an ^? ( ! ,l[] ,held]b]g--t ! ,devonian flora took its orig9 9 ! nor? & advanc$ s\?w>d ov] new l&s 9 process ( em]g5ce f ! sea4 ,! some:at simil> condition evid5c$ by ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s lime/one prec$$ ! adv5t ( ! great & ri* flora ( ! coal-=mation4 ,,ev ,see a memoir & map by ,pr(4 ,hall1 ,reports ( ! ,reg5ts ( ,new ,york1 #ahgd-'ge4 ,,ew ,x seems c]ta9 t ! faun ( ! old lime/ones1 l ! ,tr5ton1 ,niag>a1 ,l[] ,held]b]g1 & ,cornif]\s1 belong to w>m & %elt]$ sea areas1 & t ^? ri* 9 graptolites & trilobites1 enclos$ 9 muddy s$im5ts1 belong to ! cold] arctic wat]s4 ,su* arctic faun are ^? ( ! ,quebec gr\p & ( ! ,utica %ale1 & to "s ext5t t ( ! ,hamilton gr\p4 ,lyell's !ory on ?is subject has1 ,i ?9k1 9 "s rec5t publications1 be5 some:at misappreh5d$4 ,x is true t he /at$ hypo!tically two contra/$ conditions ( di/ribution1 9 "o ( :i* all ! l& 0 equatorial1 9 ano!r all pol>2 b he did n suppose t ^! conditions _h actually occurr$2 & ev5 9 8 e>li] editions1 be=e ! rec5t discov]ies & discussions z to ocean curr5ts1 he 0 always c>eful to atta* due value to ^! 9 connection ) subsid5ces & elevations4,,ex ,9 8 lat] editions he introduc$ m full ref]5ces to curr5t action1 & also /at$ ,croll's !ory1 b /ill ma9ta9$ ! validity ( 8 orig9al conclusions4 ,,ex ,see ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 edition ( #ahdj1 *apt] vii4 ,! suffici5cy ( ?is ,lyellian !ory to acc\nt = ! facts1 9 s f> z plants are conc]n$1 may1 ,i ?9k1 be inf]r$ f ! c\rse ( ! iso!rmal l9es at pres5t4 ,! s\? end ( ,gre5l& is on ! latitude ( ,*ri/iania 9 ,norway on ! "o h&1 & ( ,=t ,li>d 9 ! ,peace ,riv] region on ! o!r2 & :ile ,gre5l& is clad 9 ice & sn[1 :eat & o!r gra9s1 & ! ord9>y trees ( temp]ate climates1 gr[ at ! latt] places1,,ey ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t only exceptionally unfav\rable circum/ances prev5t ! ,gre5l& area f /ill possess+ a temp]ate flora1 & ^! unfav\rable circum/ances possibly tell ev5 on ! localities ) :i* we h comp>$ x4 ,fur!r1 ! m\? ( ! ,mc,kenzie ,riv] is 9 ! same latitude ) ,disco1 ne> :i* are "s ( ! mo/ celebrat$ localities ( fossil ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y plants4 ,yet ! m\? ( ! ,mc,kenzie ,riv] enjoys a mu* m fav\rable climate & has a mu* m abundant flora ?an ,disco4 ,if nor? ,gre5l& 7 subm]g$1 & l[ l& rea*+ to ! s\? t]m9at$ at ,disco1 & if f any cause ei!r ! cold curr5ts ( ,baff9's ,bay 7 arre/$1 or additional w>m wat] ?r[n into ! ,nor? ,atlantic by ! ,gulf ,/ream1 !re is no?+ to prev5t a mean temp]ature ( #de ,fahr4 f prevail+ at ,disco2 & ! e/imate ord9>ily =m$ ( ! requirem5ts ( its ext9ct floras is #ej1;,,ez :i* is probably above r ?an bel[ ! actual temp]ature requir$4 ,,ey ,see ,mac\n's ,report1 ,geological ,survey ( ,canada1 & ,ri*>dson's ,boat ,voyage4 ,,ez ,he]4 ,see1 also1 pap]s by ,pr(4 ,haughton & by ,g>dn] 9 ,nature = #ahgh4 ,s9ce1 !n1 geological facts assure u ( mutations ( ! cont95ts mu* great] ?an ^? app>5tly requir$ to acc\nt = ! *anges ( climate impli$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! anci5t arctic floras1 x does n seem absolutely necess>y to invoke any o!rs4,,fa ,if1 h[ev]1 !re are o!r true causes :i* might ei!r aid or c\nt]act ^? above ref]r$ to1 x may be well to consid] !m4 ,,fa ,sir ,william ,?omson1 ,transactions ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,glasg[1 ,febru>y #bb1 #ahgh4 ,mr4 ,croll has1 9 8 valuable "w ,climate & ,"t & 9 v>i\s memoirs1 br\ght =w>d an +5i\s a/ronomical !ory to acc\nt = *anges ( climate4 ,?is !ory1 z /at$ by himself 9 a rec5t pap]1,,fb is t :5 ! ecc5tricity ( ! e>?'s orbit is at a high value1 & ! nor!rn w9t] sol/ice is 9 p]ihelion1 ag5cies are br\ght into op]ation :i* make ! s\!a/ trade-w9ds /rong] ?an ! nor!a/1 & compel !m to bl[ ov] ^u ! nor!rn hemisph]e z f> z ! ,tropic ( ,canc]4 ,! result is t all ! great equatorial curr5ts ( ! ocean are impell$ into ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 :i* ?us1 9 consequ5ce ( ! imm5se accumulation ( w>m wat]1 has its temp]ature rais$1 s t ice & sn[ mu/ to a great ext5t disappe> f ! arctic regions4 ,9 ! preval5ce ( ! conv]se conditions1 ! arctic zone becomes clad 9 ice1 & ! s\!rn has its temp]ature rais$4 ,,fb ,cataclysmic ,!ories ( ,geological ,climate1 ,geological ,magaz9e1 ,may1 #ahgh4 ,at ! same "t1 accord+ to ,croll's calculations1 ! accumulation ( ice on ei!r pole w\ld t5d1 by %ift+ ! e>?'s c5tre ( gravity1 to raise ! level ( ! ocean & subm]ge ! l& on ! cold] hemisph]e4 ,?us a subm]g5ce ( l& w\ld co9cide ) a cold condition1 & em]g5ce ) increas+ w>m?4 ,facts already ref]r$ to1 h[ev]1 %[ t ?is has n always be5 ! case1 b t 9 _m cases subm]g5ce 0 accompani$ ) ! influx ( w>m equatorial wat]s & a rais$ temp]ature1 ?is app>5tly dep5d+ on ! "q ( local di/ribution ( l& & wat]2 & ?is 9 its turn be+ regulat$ n always by m]e %ift+ ( ! c5tre ( gravity1 b by fold+s occasion$ by contraction1 by equatorial subsid5ces result+ f ! ret>dation ( ! e>?'s rotation1 & by ! excess ( mat]ial ab/ract$ by ice & fro/ f ! arctic regions1 & drift$ s\?w>d along ! l9es ( arctic curr5ts4 ,?is drift+ mu/ 9 all geological times h greatly exce$$1 z x c]ta9ly does at pres5t1 ! d5udation caus$ by atmosph]ic action at ! equator1 & mu/ h t5d$ to increase ! disposition to equatorial collapse occasion$ by ret>dation ( rotation4,,fc ,,fc ,croll1 9 ,climate & ,"t1 & 9 a note read be=e ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahgf1 takes an opposite view2 b ?is is cle>ly contr>y to ! facts ( s$im5tation1 :i* %[ a /eady movem5t ( dbris t[>d ! s\? & s\?we/4 ,:ile su* consid]ations z ^? above ref]r$ to t5d to r$uce ! practical importance ( ,mr4 ,croll's !ory41 on ! o!r h& !y t5d to remove "o ( ! greate/ objections aga9/ x--namely1 t f\nd$ on ! necessity ( suppos+ t glacial p]iods recur ) a/ronomical regul>ity 9 geological "t4 ,!y _c d s if dep5d5t on o!r causes inh]5t 9 ! e>? itself1 & produc+ important movem5ts ( its cru/4 ,! ?ird great cause ( w>m] climates 9 ! pa/ is ! l>g] proportion ( c>bon dioxide1 or c>bonic-acid gas1 9 ! atmosph]e 9 e>ly geological times1 z prov$ by ! imm5se am\nt ( c>bon n[ seal$ up 9 lime/one & coal1 & :i* mu/ at "o "t h be5 9 ! air4 ,x has be5 %[n t a v small additional quantity ( ?is sub/ance w\ld s ob/ruct radiation ( heat f ! e>? z to act almo/ l a glass ro(4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! quantity ( c>bonic acid1 great at fir/1 0 sl[ly & regul>ly remov$1 ev5 if1 z sugge/$ by ,hunt1 small additional supplies 7 gradually add$ f space1 ?is cause c\ld h affect$ only ! v olde/ floras4 ,b x is kn[n t "s comets & meteorites conta9 c>bonace\s matt]1 & ?is all[s u to suppose t accessions ( c>bon may h be5 communicat$ at irregul> int]vals4 ,if s1 !re may h be5 cycles ( great] & less abundance ( ?is sub/ance1 & an atmosph]e ri* 9 c>bon dioxide might at "o & ! same "t af=d w>m? & abundance ( food to plants4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! causes ( anci5t vicissitudes ( climate are some:at complex1 & :5 two or m ( !m happ5$ to co9cide v extreme *anges might result1 hav+ mo/ important be>+s on ! di/ribution ( plants4 ,?is may help u to deal ) ! peculi>ities ( ! great ,glacial age1 :i* may h be5 r5d]$ exceptionally sev]e by ! comb9ation ( sev]al ( ! causes ( refrig]ation4 ,we mu/ n suppose1 h[ev]1 t ! views ( ^? extreme glaciali/s :o suppose cont95tal ice-caps rea*+ half way to ! equator are borne out by facts4 ,9 tru?1 ! ice accumulat+ r\nd ! pole mu/ h be5 surr\nd$ by wat]1 & !re mu/ h be5 tree-clad isl&s 9 ! mid/ ( ! icy seas1 ev5 9 ! "t ( greate/ refrig]ation4 ,?is is prov$ by ! fact t1 9 ! ,l$a clay ( ea/]n ,canada1 :i* belongs to ! "t ( greate/ subm]g5ce1 & ^: fossil %ells %[ sea-wat] almo/ at ! freez+-po9t1 !re are leaves ( popl>s & o!r plants :i* mu/ h be5 drift$ f neighb\r+ %ores4 ,simil> rema9s occur 9 clays ( l orig9 9 ! bas9 ( ! great lakes & 9 ! ,we/4 ,^! h be5 call$ int]glacial1 b !re is no evid5ce to prove t !y are n truly glacial4 ,?us1 :ile we ne$ n suppose t plants exi/$ )9 ! ,arctic circle 9 ! ,glacial age1 we h evid5ce t ^? ( ! cold temp]ate & sub-arctic zones cont9u$ to exi/ pretty f> nor?4 ,at ! same "t ! w>m temp]ate flora w\ld be driv5 to ! s\?1 except :]e su/a9$ 9 insul> spots w>m$ by ! equatorial curr5ts4 ,x w\ld return nor?w>d on ! re-elevation ( ! l& & ! r5ewal ( w>m?4 ,if1 h[ev]1 our mod]n flora is ?us "o t has return$ f ! s\?1 ?is w\ld acc\nt = its pov]ty 9 species z comp>$ ) ^? ( ! e>ly ,t]ti>y4 ,gr\ps ( plants desc5d+ f ! nor? h be5 ri* & v>i$4 ,return+ f ! s\? !y are l ! %att]$ rema9s ( a beat5 army4 ,?is1 at lea/1 has be5 ! case ) su* retreat+ floras z ^? ( ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s1 ! ,p]mian1 & ! ,jurassic1 & possibly t ( ! ,l[] ,eoc5e ( ,europe4 ,! "q ( ! supply ( light to an arctic flora is mu* less difficult ?an "s h imag9$4 ,! long summ] day is 9 ?is respect a good sub/itute = a long] season ( gr[?1 :ile a copi\s cov]+ ( w9t] sn[ n only protects ev]gre5 plants f ^? sudd5 alt]nations ( temp]ature :i* are m de/ructive ?an int5se fro/1 & prev5ts ! fro/ f p5etrat+ to _! roots1 b1 by ! ammonia :i* x absorbs1 pres]ves _! gre5ness4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,br[n1 ! ,dani% ladies ( ,disco long ago solv$ ?is problem4,,fd ,he in=ms u t !y cultivate 9 _! h\ses mo/ ( our g>d5 fl[]s--z roses1 fu*sias1 & g]aniums--%[+ t x is m]ely w>m? & n light t is requir$ to enable a sub-tropical flora to ?rive 9 ,gre5l&4 ,ev5 9 ,canada1 :i* has a flora ri*] 9 "s respects ?an t ( temp]ate ,europe1 gr[? is effectually arre/$ by cold = ne>ly six mon?s1 & ?\gh !re is ample sunlight !re is no vegetation4 ,x is1 inde$1 n impossible t 9 ! plans ( ! ,creator ! cont9u\s summ] sun ( ! arctic regions may h be5 made ! means = ! introduction1 or at lea/ = ! rapid gr[? & multiplication1 ( new & m v>i$ types ( plants4 ,,fd ,florula ,discoana1 ,botanical ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 #ahfh4 ,mu*1 ( c\rse1 rema9s to be kn[n ( ! hi/ory ( ! old floras1 ^: =tunes ,i h endeav\r$ to sket*1 & :i* seem to h be5 driv5 l %uttle-cocks f nor? to s\?1 & f s\? to nor?1 especially on ! ,am]ican cont95t1 ^: m]idional ext5sion seems to h giv5 a field specially suit$ = su* op]ations4 ,?is great /ret* ( ! we/]n cont95t1 f nor? to s\?1 is also connect$ ) ! int]e/+ fact t1 :5 new floras are ent]+ f ! arctic regions1 !y appe> e>li] 9 ,am]ica ?an 9 ,europe1 & t 9 times :5 old floras are retreat+ f ! s\? old g5]a & species l+] long] 9 ,am]ica4 ,?us1 9 ! ,devonian & ,cretace\s new =ms ( ^? p]iods appe> 9 ,am]ica long be=e !y are recogniz$ 9 ,europe1 & 9 ! mod]n epo* =ms t w\ld be reg>d$ 9 ,europe z ,mioc5e /ill exi/4 ,mu* confusion 9 reason+ z to ! geological ages ( ! fossil floras has aris5 f want ( att5tion to ?is circum/ance4 ,:at we h le>n$ respect+ ?is wond]ful hi/ory has s]v$ /rangely to *ange "s ( our preconceiv$ ideas4 ,we mu/ n[ be prep>$ to admit t an ,ed5 c be plant$ ev5 9 ,spitzb]g51 t !re are possibilities 9 ?is old e>? ( ours :i* its pres5t condition does n reveal to u2 t ! pres5t /ate ( ! _w is by no means ! be/ possible 9 relation to climate & vegetation2 t !re h be5 & might be aga9 conditions :i* c\ld conv]t ! ice-clad arctic regions into bloom+ p>adises1 & :i* at ! same "t w\ld mod]ate ! f]v5t heat ( ! tropics4 ,we are accu/om$ to say t no?+ is impossible ) ,god2 b h[ little h we kn[n ( ! gigantic possibilities :i* lie hidd5 "u "s ( ! mo/ common ( 8 natural laws6 ,^! facts h naturally be5 made ! occasion ( speculations z to ! spontane\s developm5t ( plants by processes ( v>ietal d]ivation4 ,x w\ld1 f ?is po9t ( view1 be a nice "q to calculate h[ _m revolutions ( climate w\ld suffice to evolve ! fir/ l&-plant2 :at are ! *ances t su* plant w\ld be s dealt ) by physical *anges z to be pres]v$ & nurs$ into a meagre flora l t ( ! ,upp] ,silurian or ! ,jurassic2 h[ _m transportations to ,gre5l& w\ld suffice to promote su* meagre flora into ! ri* & abundant =e/s ( ! ,upp] ,cretace\s1 & to p ! e>? ) ! exub]ant vegetation ( ! e>ly ,t]ti>y4 ,su* problems we may nev] be able to solve4 ,probably !y admit ( no solution1 unless we invoke ! action ( an ,almighty m9d1 op]at+ ?r\gh long ages1 & correlat+ ) b\ndless p[] & wisdom all ! en]gies inh]5t 9 inorganic & organic nature4 ,ev5 !n we %all p]haps be able to compreh5d only ! means by :i*1 aft] specific types h be5 creat$1 !y may1 by ! culture ( _! ,mak]1 be sport$ into new v>ieties or subspecies1 & ?us fitt$ to exi/ "u diff]5t conditions or to occupy high] places 9 ! economy ( nature4 ,be=e v5tur+ on su* extreme speculations z "s n[ curr5t on que/ions ( ?is k9d1 we w\ld require to "k ! successive ext9ct floras z p]fectly z ^? ( ! mod]n _w1 & to be able to asc]ta9 to :at ext5t ea* species c *ange ei!r spontane\sly or "u ! influ5ce ( /ruggle = exi/5ce or expansion "u fav\rable conditions1 & "u arctic semi-annual days & nights1 or ! %ort] days ( ! tropics4 ,su* k1 if ev] acquir$1 x may take ages ( inve/igation to accumulate4 ,z to ! orig9 & mode ( introduction ( successive floras1 ,i am1 = ! reasons above /at$1 n dispos$ to dogmatise1 or to adopt z f9al any exi/+ !ory ( ! developm5t ( ! vegetable k+dom4 ,/ill1 "s laws regulat+ ! progress ( vegetable life may be recognis$1 & ,i propose to /ate ^! 9 connection ) ! ,palozoic floras1 to :i* my own /udies h *iefly relat$4 ,fossil plants are almo/ prov]bially unc]ta9 ) ref]5ce to _! accurate det]m9ation1 & h be5 reg>d$ z ( comp>atively little utility 9 ! decision ( g5]al que/ions ( palontology4 ,?is results pr9cipally f ! fragm5t>y condition 9 :i* !y h be5 /udi$1 & f ! fact t fragm5ts ( animal /ructures are m def9ite & in/ructive ?an correspond+ portions ( plants4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t our k ( fossil plants becomes accurate 9 proportion to ! ext5t to :i* we c c>ry ! /udy ( specim5s 9 ! b$s 9 :i* !y are pres]v$1 s z to exam9e m p]fect examples ?an ^? usually to be f\nd 9 museums4 ,:5 /ructures are tak5 into ! acc\nt1 z well z ext]nal =ms1 we c also dep5d m confid5tly on our results4 ,fur!r1 ! abundance ( specim5s to be obta9$ 9 p>ticul> b$s (t5 goes f> to make up = _! individual imp]fection4 ,! writ] ( ^! pages has be5 enabl$ to avail himself v fully ( ^! advantages2 & on ?is acc\nt1 if on no o!r1 feels entitl$ to speak ) "s au?ority on !oretical que/ions4 ,x is an additional enc\ragem5t to pursue ! subject1 t1 :5 we c obta9 def9ite in=mation z to ! successive floras ( any region1 we !reby le>n mu* z to climate & vicissitudes 9 reg>d to ! ext5t ( l& & wat]2 & t1 ) ref]5ce to su* po9ts1 ! evid5ce ( fossil plants1 :5 prop]ly /udi$1 is1 f ! close relation ( plants to ^? /ations & climates1 ev5 m valuable ?an t ( animal fossils4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 t 9 pursu+ su* inquiries we %\ld h "s def9ite views z to ! nature & p]man5ce ( specific =ms1 :e!r ) ref]5ce to a s+le geological p]iod or to successive p]iods2 & ,i may be excus$ = /at+ "h "s g5]al pr9ciples1 :i* ,i ?9k important = our guidance4 #a4 ,botani/s proce$ on ! assumption1 v9dicat$ by exp]i5ce1 t1 )9 ! p]iod ( human obs]vation1 species h n mat]ially v>i$ or pass$ into ea* o!r4 ,we may make1 = practical purposes1 ! same assumption ) reg>d to any giv5 geological p]iod1 & may hold t = ea* su* p]iod !re are specific types :i*1 = ! "t at lea/1 are inv>iable4 #b4 ,:5 we inquire :at con/itutes a good species = any giv5 p]iod1 we h reason to believe t _m names 9 our li/s repres5t m]ely v>ietal =ms or errone\s det]m9ations4 ,?is is ! case ev5 9 ! mod]n flora2 & 9 fossil floras1 ?r\gh ! pov]ty ( specim5s1 _! fragm5t>y condition1 & v>i\s /ates ( pres]vation1 x is /ill m likely to occur4 ,e revision ( any gr\p ( fossils detects num]\s synonyms1 & ( ^! _m are incapable ( detection )\t ! comp>ison ( l>ge suites ( specim5s4 #c4 ,we may select f ! flora ( any geological p]iod c]ta9 =ms1 :i* ,i %all call specific types1 :i* may = su* p]iod be reg>d$ z un*ang+4 ,hav+ settl$ su* types1 we may comp>e !m ) simil> =ms 9 o!r p]iods1 & su* comp>isons w n be vitiat$ by ! unc]ta9ty :i* arises f ! comp>ison ( s-call$ species :i* may1 9 _m cases1 be m]e v>ietal =ms1 z di/+ui%$ f specific types4 ,our types may be f\nd$ on m]e fragm5ts1 provid$ t ^! are ( su* a nature z to prove t !y belong to di/9ct =ms :i* _c pass into ea* o!r1 at lea/ )9 ! limits ( "o geological p]iod4 #d4 ,:5 we comp>e ! specific types ( "o p]iod ) ^? ( ano!r imm$iately prec$5t or subsequ5t1 we %all f9d t "s cont9ue un*ang$ ?r\gh long int]vals ( geological "t1 t o!rs are repres5t$ by alli$ =ms reg>d$ ei!r z v>ietal or specific1 & z d]iv$ or o!rwise1 accord+ to ! view :i* we may ent]ta9 z to ! p]man5ce ( species4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we also f9d new types n rationally d$ucible on any !ory ( d]ivation f ^? kn[n 9 o!r p]iods4 ,fur!r1 9 comp>+ ! types ( a poor p]iod ) ^? ( "o ri* 9 species1 we may acc\nt = ! appe>ance ( new types 9 ! latt] by ! defici5cy ( in=mation z to ! =m]2 :]e _m new types appe> 9 ! poor] p]iod ?is conclusion seems less probable4 ,= example1 new types appe>+ 9 poor =mations1 l ! ,l[] ,erian & ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s1 h great] significance ?an if !y appe>$ 9 ! ,middle ,erian or 9 ! ,coal ,measures4 #e4 ,:5 specific types disappe> )\t any kn[n successors1 "u circum/ances 9 :i* x seems unlikely t we %\ld h fail$ to discov] _! cont9uance1 we may fairly assume t !y h become ext9ct1 at lea/ locally2 & :]e ! field ( obs]vation is v ext5sive1 z 9 ! great coal-fields ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 we may e/eem su* ext9ction z practically g5]al1 at lea/ = ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,:5 _m specific types become ext9ct toge!r1 or 9 close succession1 we may suppose t su* ext9ction result$ f physical *anges2 b :]e s+le types disappe>1 "u circum/ances 9 :i* o!rs ( simil> habit cont9ue1 we may n unreasonably conjecture t1 z ,pictet has argu$ 9 ! case ( animals1 su* types may h be5 9 _! own nature limit$ 9 duration1 & may h di$ out )\t any ext]nal cause4 #f4 ,) reg>d to ! introduction ( specific types we h n z yet a suffici5t am\nt ( in=mation4 ,ev5 if we freely admit t ord9>y specific =ms1 z well z m]e v>ieties1 may result f d]ivation1 ?is by no means excludes ! idea ( primitive specific types orig9at+ 9 "s o!r way4 ,j z ! *emi/1 aft] analys+ all comp\nds & asc]ta9+ all allotropic =ms1 arrives at l5g? at c]ta9 elem5ts n mutually transmutable or d]ivable1 s ! botani/ & zologi/ mu/ expect soon] or lat] to arrive at elem5t>y specific types1 :i*1 if to be acc\nt$ = at all1 mu/ be expla9$ on "s pr9ciple di/9ct f t ( d]ivation4 ,! position ( _m mod]n biologi/s1 9 pres5ce ( ?is "q1 may be logically ! same ) t ( ! anci5t al*emi/s ) ref]5ce to ! *emical elem5ts1 ?\gh ! fallacy 9 ! case ( fossils may be ( m difficult detection4 ,our bus9ess at pres5t1 9 ! prosecution ( palobotany1 is to discov]1 if possible1 :at are elem5t>y or orig9al types1 &1 hav+ f\nd ^!1 to enquire z to ! law ( _! creation4 #g4 ,9 prosecut+ su* que/ions geographical relations mu/ be c>efully consid]$4 ,:5 ! floras ( two successive p]iods h exi/$ 9 ! same region1 & "u circum/ances t r5d] x probable t plants h cont9u$ to gr[ on ! same or adjo9+ areas ?r\gh\t ^! p]iods1 ! comp>ison becomes direct1 & ?is is ! case ) ! ,erian & ,c>bonif]\s floras 9 nor!a/]n ,am]ica4 ,b1 :5 ! areas ( ! two =mations are widely sep>at$ 9 space z well z 9 "t1 any resemblances ( facies t we may obs]ve may h no connection :atev] ) an unbrok5 cont9uity ( specific types4 ,i desire1 h[ev]1 "u ?is head1 to affirm my conviction t1 ) ref]5ce to ! ,erian & ,c>bonif]\s floras ( ,nor? ,am]ica & ( ,europe1 ! doctr9e ( homotaxis1 z di/9ct f actual contemporaneity1 has no place4 ,! succession ( =mations 9 ! ,palozoic p]iod evid5ces a simil> s]ies ( physical ph5om5a on ! gr&e/ scale ?r\gh\t ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,! succession ( m>9e animals implies ! cont9uity ( ! sea-bottoms on :i* !y liv$4 ,! headqu>t]s ( ! ,erian flora 9 ,am]ica & ,europe mu/ h be5 9 connect$ or adjo9+ areas 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic4 ,! simil>ity ( ! ,c>bonif]\s flora on ! two sides ( ! ,atlantic1 & ! great numb] ( id5tical species1 proves a /ill clos] connection 9 t p]iod4 ,^! co9cid5ces are too ext5sive & too frequ5tly repeat$ to be ! result ( any accid5t ( simil> sequ5ce at diff]5t times1 & ?is m especially z !y ext5d to ! m m9ute diff]5ces 9 ! features ( ea* p]iod1 z1 = in/ance1 ! floras ( ! ,l[] & ,upp] ,devonian1 & ( ! ,l[]1 ,middle1 & ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s4 #h4 ,ano!r geographical "q is t :i* relates to c5tres ( disp]sion4 ,9 times ( sl[ subsid5ce ( ext5sive areas1 ! plants inhabit+ su* areas mu/ be n>r[$ 9 _! range & (t5 sep>at$ f "o ano!r 9 deta*$ spots1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 important climatal *anges mu/ also occur4 ,on ! re-em]g5ce ( ! l& su* ( ^! species z rema9$ w\ld aga9 ext5d !mselves ov] _! =m] areas ( di/ribution1 9 s f> z ! new climatal & o!r conditions w\ld p]mit4 ,we w\ld naturally suppose t ! fir/ ( ! above processes w\ld t5d to ! elim9ation ( v>ieties1 ! second1 to _! increase2 b1 on ! o!r ,i h&1 ! break+ up ( a cont95tal flora into t ( di/9ct islets1 & ! cr[d+ toge!r ( _m =ms1 might be a process f]tile 9 ! production ( "s v>ieties if fatal to o!rs4 ,fur!r1 x is possible t ^! *anges ( subsid5ce may h "s connection ) ! introduction1 z well z ) ! ext9ction1 ev5 ( specific types4 ,x is c]ta91 at lea/1 9 ! case ( l&-plants1 t su* types come 9 mo/ pl5tifully imm$iately aft] elevation1 ?\gh !y are mo/ abundantly pres]v$ 9 p]iods ( sl[ subsid5ce4 ,i d n mean1 h[ev]1 t ?is connection is "o ( cause & effect2 !re are1 inde$1 indications t x is n s4 ,"o ( ^! is1 t 9 "s cases ! enl>gem5t ( ! area ( ! l& seems to be z injuri\s to t]re/rial species z its dim9ution4 #i4 ,ano!r po9t on :i* ,i h already insi/$1 & :i* has be5 f\nd to apply to ! ,t]ti>y z well z to ! ,palozoic floras1 is ! appe>ance ( new types )9 ! arctic & boreal areas1 & _! migration s\?w>d4 ,p]iods 9 :i* ! exi/5ce ( nor!rn l& co9cid$ ) a g5]al w>m temp]ature ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e seem to h be5 ^? mo/ fav\rable to ! introduction ( new =ms ( l&-plants4 ,h5ce1 !re has be5 ?r\gh\t geological "t a g5]al movem5t ( new floras f ! ,palarctic & ,ne>ctic regions to ! s\?w>d4 ,apply+ ! above consid]ations to ! ,erian & ,c>bonif]\s floras ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 we obta9 "s data :i* may guide u 9 arriv+ at g5]al conclusions4 ,! ,erian flora is comp>atively poor1 & its types are 9 ! ma9 simil> to ^? ( ! ,c>bonif]\s4 ,( ^! types a few only reappe> 9 ! middle coal-=mation "u id5tical =ms2 a great numb] appe> "u alli$ =ms2 "s altoge!r disappe>4 ,! ,erian flora ( ,new ,brunswick & ,ma9e occurs side by side ) ! ,c>bonif]\s ( ! same region2 s does ! ,erian ( ,new ,york & ,p5nsylvania ) ! ,c>bonif]\s ( ^? ,/ates4 ,?us we h data = ! comp>ison ( successive floras 9 ! same region4 ,9 ! ,canadian region we h1 inde$1 9 direct sequ5ce1 ! floras ( ! ,upp] ,silurian1 ! ,l[]1 ,middle1 & ,upp] ,erian1 & ! ,l[]1 ,middle1 & ,upp] ,c>bonif]\s1 all m or less di/9ct f ea* o!r1 & af=d+ an admirable s]ies = comp>ison 9 a region ^: geographical features are v broadly m>k$4 ,all ^! floras are compos$ 9 great "p ( simil> types1 & probably d n indicate v dissimil> g5]al physical conditions1 b !y are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by ! great subsid5ces ( ! ,cornif]\s lime/one & ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s lime/one1 & by ! local b int5se subt]ranean action :i* has alt]$ & di/urb$ ! ,erian b$s t[>d ! close ( t p]iod4 ,/ill1 ^! *anges 7 n univ]sal4 ,! ,cornif]\s lime/one is abs5t 9 ,gasp1 & probably 9 ,new ,brunswick1 :]e1 consequ5tly1 ! ,erian flora c\ld cont9ue undi/urb$ dur+ t long p]iod4 ,! ,c>bonif]\s lime/one is abs5t f ! slopes ( ! ,appala*ians 9 ,p5nsylvania1 :]e a retreat may h be5 af=d$ to ! ,upp] ,erian & ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s floras4 ,! di/urbances at ! close ( ! ,erian 7 limit$ to ^? ea/]n regions :]e ! great lime/one-produc+ subsid5ces 7 unfelt1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 are abs5t 9 ,ohio1 :]e ! subsid5ces & m>9e conditions 7 almo/ at a maximum4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ^! peculi>ities ( ! area 9 "q1 we may n[ gr\p 9 a tabul> =m ! di/9ct specific types recognis$ 9 ! ,erian sy/em1 indicat+1 at ! same "t1 ^? :i* are repres5t$ by id5tical species 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s1 ^? repres5t$ by simil> species ( ! same g5]al type1 & ^? n repres5t$ at all4 ,= example1 ,calamites cann=mis ext5ds z a species into ! ,c>bonif]\s2 ,a/]ophyllites latifolia does n s ext5d1 b is repres5t$ by closely alli$ species ( ! same type2 ,nematophyton disappe>s altoge!r be=e we rea* ! ,c>bonif]\s4 ,table ( ,erian & ,c>bonif]\s ,specific ,types4 ,erian types4 ,repres5t$ 9 ,by id5tical ,by relat$ ,c>bonif]\s-- types4 =ms4 #a4 ,syr+oxylon mirabile 8 #b4 ,nematoxylon #c4 ,nematophyton #d4 ,aporoxylon #e4 ,ormoxylon #f4 ,dadoxylon 99 #g4 ,sigill>ia ,vanuxemii 99 #h4 ,s4 palpebra 99 #i4 ,didymophyllum #aj4 ,calamod5dron 99 #aa4 ,calamites transitionis 99 #ab4 ,c4 cann=mis 99 #ac4 ,a/]ophyllites scutig]a 99 #ad4 ,a4 latifolia #ae4 ,annul>ia laxa #af4 ,sph5ophyllum antiquum 99 #ag4 ,cyclo/igma #ah4 ,ar?ro/igma #ai4 ,lepidod5dron ,gaspianum 99 #bj4 ,l4 corrugatum 99 #ba4 ,lycopodites ,mat!wi 99 #bb4 ,l4 ,ri*>dsoni #bc4 ,ptilophyton ,vanuxemii #bd4 ,lepidophloios antiquus 99 #be4 ,psilophyton pr9ceps #bf4 ,p4 robu/ius #bg4 ,cordaites ,robbii 99 #bh4 ,c4 angu/ifolia #bi4 ,ar*opt]is ,jacksoni #cj4 ,aneimites obtusa 99 #ca4 ,platyphyllum ,br[nii #cb4 ,cyclopt]is v>ia 99 #cc4 ,c4 obtusa #cd4 ,neuropt]is polymorpha 99 #ce4 ,n4 s]rulata 99 #cf4 ,n4 retorquata 99 #cg4 ,n4 resecta #ch4 ,megalopt]is ,dawsoni4 #ci4 ,sph5opt]is ,ho5+hausi 99 #dj4 ,s4 ,h>ttii 99 #da4 ,hym5ophyllites curtilobus #db4 ,h4 obtusilobus 99 #dc4 ,ale?opt]is discrepans 99 #dd4 ,pecopt]is s]rulata 99 #de4 ,p4 preciosa #df4 ,tri*omanites 99 #dg4 ,callipt]is 99 #dh4 ,c>dioc>pum 99 #di4 ,c4 ,crampii #ej4 ,an?oli!s 99 #ea4 ,trigonoc>pum 99 ,( ! above =ms1 fifty-"o 9 all1 f\nd 9 ! ,erian ( ea/]n ,am]ica1 all1 except ! la/ f\r1 are c]ta9ly di/9ct specific types4 ,( ^! only f\r reappe> 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s "u id5tical species1 b no less ?an tw5ty-six reappe> "u repres5tative or alli$ =ms1 "s at lea/ ( :i* a d]ivationi/ might claim z modifi$ desc5dants4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ne>ly "o half ( ! ,devonian types are unkn[n 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s1 :ile !re rema9 a v l>ge numb] ( ,c>bonif]\s types n acc\nt$ = by any?+ kn[n 9 ! ,devonian4 ,fur!r1 a v poor flora1 includ+ only two or ?ree types1 is ! pr$ecessor ( ! ,erian flora 9 ! ,upp] ,silurian1 & ! flora aga9 becomes poor 9 ! ,upp] ,devonian & ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s4 ,e new species discov]$ mu/ m or less modify ! above /atem5ts1 & ! :ole ,erian flora ( ,am]ica1 z well z ! ,c>bonif]\s1 requires a ?or\gh comp>ison ) t ( ,europe be=e g5]al conclusions c be safely drawn4 ,9 ! mean "t ,i may indicate ! direction 9 :i* ! facts seem to po9t by ! foll[+ g5]al /atem5ts3 #a4 ,"s ( ! =ms reckon$ z specific 9 ! ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s may be really d]ivative races4 ,!re are indications t su* races may h orig9at$ 9 "o or m ( ! foll[+ ways3 7#a7 ,by a natural t5d5cy 9 syn!tic types to become specialis$ 9 ! direction ( "o or o!r ( _! con/itu5t elem5ts4 ,9 ?is way su* plants z ,ar?ro/igma & ,psilophyton may h assum$ new v>ietal =ms4 7#b7 ,by embryonic ret>dation or accel]ation1,,fe :]eby c]ta9 species may h _h _! maturity advanc$ or po/pon$1 ?us giv+ !m v>i\s grades ( p]fection 9 reproduction & complexity ( /ructure4 ,! fact t s _m ,erian & ,c>bonif]\s plants seem to be on ! conf9es ( ! gr\ps ( ,acrog5s & ,gymnosp]ms may be suppos$ fav\rable to su* ex*anges4 7#c7 ,! contraction & break+ up ( floras1 z occurr$ 9 ! ,middle ,erian & ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s1 may h be5 em95tly fav\rable to ! production ( su* v>ietal =ms z w\ld result f :at has be5 call$ ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 7#d7 ,! elevation ( a great expanse ( new l& at ! close ( ! ,middle ,erian & ! beg9n+ ( ! coal p]iod w\ld1 by p]mitt+ ! ext5sion ( species ov] wide areas & f]tile soils1 & by remov+ ! pressure previ\sly exi/+1 be em95tly fav\rable to ! production ( new1 & especially ( improv$1 v>ieties4 ,,fe ,9 ! mann] illu/rat$ by ,hyatt & ,cope4 #b4 ,:atev] importance we may atta* to ! above suppos$ causes ( *ange1 we /ill require to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( our specific types4 ,?is may =ev] elude our obs]vation1 b we may at lea/ hope to asc]ta9 ! ext]nal conditions fav\rable to _! production4 ,9 ord] to atta9 ev5 to ?is x w be necess>y to inquire critically1 ) ref]5ce to e ackn[l$g$ species1 :at its claims to di/9ctness are1 s t we may be enabl$ to di/+ui% specific types f m]e v>ieties4 ,hav+ atta9$ to "s c]ta9ty 9 ?is1 we may be prep>$ to inquire :e!r ! conditions fav\rable to ! appe>ance ( new v>ieties 7 also ^? fav\rable to ! creation ( new types1 or ! rev]se--:e!r ^! conditions 7 ^? ( compression or expansion1 or to :at ext5t ! appe>ance ( new types may be indep5d5t ( any ext]nal conditions1 o!r ?an ^? absolutely necess>y = _! exi/5ce4 ,i am n )\t hope t ! fur!r /udy ( fossil plants may enable u ?us to approa* to a compreh5sion ( ! laws ( ! creation1 z di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( species4 #c4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k we h no good gr\nd ei!r to limit ! numb] ( specific types beyond :at a fair /udy ( our mat]ial may w>rant1 or to inf] t su* primitive types mu/ necess>ily h be5 ( l[ grade1 or t progress 9 v>ietal =ms has always be5 upw>d4 ,! occurr5ce ( su* an advanc$ & specialis$ type z t ( ,dadoxylon 9 ! ,middle ,devonian %\ld gu>d u aga9/ ^! errors4 ,! creative process may h be5 applicable to ! highe/ z well z to ! l[e/ =ms1 & subsequ5t deviations mu/ h includ$ degradation z well z elevation4 ,i c conceive no?+ m unreasonable ?an ! /atem5t sometimes made t x is illogical or ev5 absurd to suppose t highly organis$ be+s c\ld h be5 produc$ except by d]ivation f previ\sly exi/+ organisms4 ,?is is begg+ ! :ole "q at issue1 depriv+ sci5ce ( a noble dep>tm5t ( inquiry on :i* x has z yet b>ely ent]$1 & anticipat+ by unw>rant$ ass]tions conclusions :i* may p]haps sudd5ly dawn ^u u ?r\gh ! inspiration ( "s great intellect1 or may = g5]ations to come baffle ! unit$ ex]tions ( all ! e>ne/ promot]s ( natural sci5ce4 ,our pres5t attitude %\ld n be t ( dogmati/s1 b t ( pati5t work]s cont5t to lab\r = a h>ve/ ( gr& g5]alisations :i* may n come till we h pass$ away1 b :i*1 if we are e>ne/ & true to ,nature & its ,creator1 may rew>d ev5 "s ( u4 ,)9 ! human p]iod great *anges ( di/ribution ( plants h occurr$1 *iefly ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( man himself1 & we h _h ample evid5ce t plants are able to e/abli% !mselves & prosp] 9 climates & conditions to :i* unaid$ !y c\ld n h transport$ !mselves1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( ,european we$s naturalis$ 9 ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal&4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no reason to believe t any specific *ange has occurr$ to any plant )9 ! ,plei/oc5e or mod]n p]iod4 ,9 a rec5t address1 deliv]$ to ! biological section ( ! ,briti% ,association1 ,mr4 ,c>ru!rs has discuss$ ?is "q1 & has %[n t ! e>lie/ vegetable specim5s describ$ by ,dr4 ,s*we9fur? f ! ,egyptian tombs pres5t no appe>ance ( *ange4 ,?is fact appe>s also 9 ! leaves & o!r organs ( plants pres]v$ 9 ! nodules 9 ! ,plei/oc5e clays ( ! ,ottawa1 & 9 specim5s ( simil> age f\nd 9 v>i\s places 9 ,brita9 & ! cont95t ( ,europe4,,ff ,,ff ,proce$+s ,briti% ,association1 #ahhf1 ,plei/oc5e ,plants ( ,canada1 ,canadian ,naturali/1 #ahff4 ,! difficulties att5d+ ! ord9>y !ories ( evolution z appli$ to plants h be5 well set =? by ! same able botani/ 9 8 ,presid5tial ,address to ! ,geological ,association 9 #ahgg1 a pap] :i* des]ves c>eful /udy4 ,"o ( 8 illu/rations is t anci5t will[1 ,salix pol>is1 ref]r$ to 9 a previ\s *apt]1 :i* n[ lives 9 ! arctic regions1 & is f\nd fossil 9 ! ,plei/oc5e b$s at ,crom] & at ,bovey ,tracey4 ,he notes ! fact t ! g5us ,salix is a v v>iable "o1 includ+ #ai subg5]ic gr\ps & #afj species1 ) no less ?an #bbb v>ieties & #gj hybrids4 ,salix pol>is belongs to a subg5]ic gr\p conta9+ #bi species1 :i* are arrang$ 9 f\r sections1 t to :i* ,s4 pol>is belongs conta9+ six species4 ,n[ x is easy to con/ruct a !oretical phylog5y ( ! d]ivation ( ! will[s f a suppos$ ance/ral s\rce1 b :5 we take our little ,s4 pol>is we f9d t ?is "o twig ( our ance/ral tree takes u back )\t *ange to ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,! six species w\ld take u /ill f>!r1 & ! sections1 sub-g5]a1 & g5us at ! same rate w\ld require an incalculable am\nt ( pa/ "t4 ,he concludes ! inquiry 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,b :5 we h rea*$ ! bran* repres5t+ ! g5]ic =m we h made b little progress 9 ! phylog5esis ( ,salix4 ,) ,populus ?is g5us =ms a small ord]1 ,salic9e1 ,! two g5]a are closely alli$1 yet sep>at$ by well-m>k$ *>act]s2 x is n1 h[ev]1 difficult to conceive ( bo? hav+ sprung f a g5]alis$ =m4 ,b !re is no record ( su* a =m4 ,! two g5]a appe> toge!r among ! e>lie/ kn[n dicotyl$ons1 ! will[s be+ repres5t$ by six & ! popl>s by n9e species4 ,! ord9al =m1 if x ev] exi/$1 mu/ necess>ily be mu* old] ?an ! p]iod ( ! ,upp] ,cretace\s rocks1 t is1 ?an ! p]iod to :i* ! e>lie/ kn[n dicotyl$ons belong4 ,! ,salic9e are relat$ to five o!r natural ord]s1 9 all ( :i* ! apetal\s fl[]s are arrang$ 9 catk9s4 ,^! diff]5t ?\gh alli$ ord]s mu/ be l$ up by small modifications to a g5]alis$ am5tif]\s type1 & !reaft] ! v>i\s gr\ps ( apetal\s plants by innum]able elim9ations ( diff]5tiat+ *>act]s until ! primitive =m ( ! apetal\s plant is rea*$4 ,beyond ?is ! uncurb$ imag9ation w h m active "w 9 bridg+ ov] ! gap betwe5 ,angiosp]ms & ,gymnosp]ms1 9 f9d+ ! int]m$iate =ms t l$ up to ! vascul> cryptogams1 & on ?r\gh ! cellul> plants to ! primordial g]m4 ,e /ep 9 ?is phylog5etic tree mu/ be imag9$4 ,! e>lie/ dicotyl$on takes u n a /ep f>!r back 9 ! phylog5etic hi/ory ( ,salix ?an t suppli$ by exi/+ vegetation4 ,all beyond ! te/imony ( our liv+ will[s is pure imag9ation1 unsupport$ by a s+le fact4 ,s t "h1 also1 ! evid5ce is aga9/ evolution1 & !re is none 9 fav\r ( x4 ,x is easy to see t simil> difficulties beset e attempt to trace ! developm5t ( plants on ! pr9ciple ( sl[ & gradual evolution1 & we are driv5 back on ! !ory ( p]iods ( rapid orig91 z we h already se5 sugge/$ by ,saporta 9 ! case ( ! ,cretace\s dicotyl$ons4 ,su* abrupt & pl5tiful introduction ( species ov] l>ge areas at ! same "t1 by :atev] cause effect$--& we are at pres5t q ignorant ( any second>y causes--becomes 9 effect some?+ n unlike ! old & famili> idea ( creation4 ,sci5ce mu/ inde$ always be baffl$ by que/ions ( ultimate orig91 &1 h[ev] f> x may be able to trace ! *a9 ( second>y causation & developm5t1 mu/ at l5g? f9d itself 9 ! pres5ce ( ! great ,creative ,m9d1 :o is be=e all ?+s & 9 :om all ?+s consi/4 ,,app5dix4 ,i4--,,comp>ative ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,successive ,,pal,,ozoic ,,floras ,,( ,,nor!a/]n ,,am]ica ,,& ,,great ,,brita94 ,9 ea/]n ,canada !re is a v complete s]ies ( fossil plants1 ext5d+ f ! ,silurian to ! ,p]mian1 & int]m$iate 9 its species betwe5 ! floras ( int]ior ,am]ica & ( ,europe4 ,i may use ?is succession1 ma9ly work$ out by myself1,,fg to summ>ise ! v>i\s ,palozoic floras & sub-floras1 9 ord] to give a cond5s$ view ( ?is portion ( ! hi/ory ( ! vegetable k+dom1 & to direct att5tion to ! important fact1 too (t5 ov]look$1 t !re is a def9ite succession ( fossil plants z well z ( animals1 & t ?is is important z a means ( det]m9+ geological horizons4 ,a ,briti% li/ = comp>ison has be5 k9dly prep>$ = me by ,mr4 ,r4 ,kid/on1 ,f4 ,gr4 ,s4 ,= li/s ref]r+ to ! we/]n & s\!rn portions ( ,am]ica1 ,i may ref] to ! reports ( ,lesqu]eux & ,fonta9e & ,:ite4,,fh ,,fg ,acadian ,geology1 ,reports on ,fossil ,plants ( ,canada1 ,geological ,survey ( ,canada4 ,,fh ,geological ,surveys ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,ohio1 & ,ill9ois4 ,9 ?is connection ,i am rem9d$1 by an excell5t little pap] ( ,m4 ,zeill]1,,fi on ,c>bonif]\s plants f ! region ( ! ,zambesi1 9 ,africa1 t ! flora :i* 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod ext5d$ ov] ! temp]ate portions ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e & f> into ! arctic1 also pass$ across ! equator & prevail$ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,( elev5 species br\ght f ! ,zambesi by ,m4 ,lapi]re & exam9$ by ,m4 ,zeill]1 all 7 id5tical ) ,european species ( ! upp] coal-=mation1 & ! same fact has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! coal flora ( ! ,cape ,colony4,,fj ,^! facts be> te/imony to ! rem>kable uni=mity ( climate & vegetation 9 ! coal p]iod1 & ,i p]fectly agree ) ,zeill] t !y %[1 :5 tak5 9 connection ) o!r p>allelisms 9 fossils1 an actual contemporane\sness ( ! coal flora ov] ! :ole _w4 ,,fi ,p>is1 #ahhc4 ,,fj ,grey1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 vol4 xxvii4 #a4 ,c>bonif]\s ,flora4 7#a7 ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s ,sub-,flora3 ,?is occurs 9 ! upp] memb] ( ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em ( ,nova ,scotia & ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,isl&1 orig9ally nam$ by ! writ] ! ,new] ,coal-=mation1 & m rec5tly ! ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s1 & ! upp] b$s ( :i* may n improbably be contemporane\s ) ! ,l[] ,p]mian or ,l[] ,dyas ( ,europe4 ,9 ?is =mation !re is a pr$om9ance ( r$ s&/ones & %ales1 & x conta9s no productive b$s ( coal4 ,its fossil plants are = ! mo/ "p ( species f\nd 9 ! ,middle or ,productive ,coal-=mation1 b are less num]\s1 & !re are a few new =ms ak9 to ^? ( ! ,european ,p]mian4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic species ( ! upp] portion ( ! =mation1 :i* has ! mo/ decid$ly ,p]mian aspect1 are ! foll[+3 ,dadoxylon mat]i>ium1 ,dawson4 99 ,wal*ia 7,arauc>ites7 robu/a1 ,dn4 99 ,w4 7,a47 gracilis1 ,dn4 99 ,w4 imbricatula1 ,dn4 ,calamites ,suckovii1 ,brongt4 ,c4 ,ci/ii1 ,brongt4 99 ,c4 gigas1 ,brongt4 ,neuropt]is r>9]vis1 ,bunbury4 ,ale?opt]is n]vosa1 ,brongt4 ,pecopt]is arboresc5s1 ,brongt4 99 ,p4 rigida1 ,dn4 ,p4 oreopt]oides1 ,brongt4 99 ,cordaites simplex1 ,dn4 ,( ^! species1 ^? m>k$ ) an a/]isk h n yet be5 f\nd 9 ! middle or l[] memb]s ( ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em4 ,!y w be f\nd describ$1 & sev]al ( !m figur$1 9 my ,report on ! ,geology ( ,pr9ce ,edw>d ,isl&4,,fk ,! o!rs are common & widely diffus$ ,c>bonif]\s species1 "s ( :i* h ext5d$ to ! ,p]mian p]iod 9 ,europe z well4 ,f ! upp] b$s1 *>act]is$ by ^! & a few o!r species1 !re is a gradual passage d[nw>d into ! productive coal-measures1 & a gradually increas+ numb] ( true coal-=mation species4 ,,fk #ahga4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k "h t ! association 9 ! ,p]mo-,c>bonif]\s ( num]\s trunks ( ,dadoxylon ) ! bran*es ( ,wal*ia & ) fruits ( ! "* ( ,trigonoc>pa1 seems to %[ t ^! 7 p>ts ( "o & ! same plant4 ,?is =mation repres5ts ! ,upp] ,b>r5 ,measures ( ,we/ ,virg9ia1 :i* are well describ$ by ,fonta9e & ,:ite1,,fl & ! reasons :i* ^! au?ors adduce = consid]+ ! latt] equival5t to ! ,european ,p]mian w apply to ! m nor!rn & ea/]n deposits z well1 ?\gh ^! h af=d$ few] species ( plants1 & are app>5tly less fully develop$4 ,,fl ,report on ! ,p]mian ,flora ( ,we/]n ,virg9ia & ,s\? ,p5nsylvania1 #ahhj4 7#b7 ,coal-=mation ,sub-,flora3 ,! ,middle or ,productive ,coal-=mation1 conta9+ all ! b$s ( coal :i* are m9$ 9 ,nova ,scotia & ,cape ,breton1 is ! headqu>t]s ( ! ,c>bonif]\s flora4 ,f ?is =mation ,i h catalogu$,,fm "o hundr$ & ?irty-five species ( plants2 b1 z sev]al ( ^! are f\nd$ on imp]fect specim5s1 ! numb] ( actual species may be e/imat$ at "o hundr$ & tw5ty4 ,( ^! m ?an "o half are species common to ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,no less ?an n9ete5 species are ,sigill>i1 & ab\t ! same numb] are ,lepidod5dra4 ,ab\t fifty are f]ns & ?irte5 are ,calamites1 ,a/]ophyllites1 & ,sph5ophylla4 ,! great abundance & numb] ( species ( ,sigill>i1 ,lepidod5dra1 & f]ns are *>act]i/ic ( ?is sub-flora2 & among ! f]ns c]ta9 species ( ,neuropt]is1 ,pecopt]is1 ,ale?opt]is1 & ,sph5opt]is greatly prepond]ate4 ,,fm ,acadian ,geology1 & ,report on ,flora ( ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s1 #ahgc4 ,^! b$s are ! equival5ts ( ! ,middle ,coal-measures1 or ,productive ,coal-measures ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,ohio1 c41 & ( ! coal-=mation prop] ( v>i\s ,european c\ntries4 ,v _m ( ! species are common to ,nova ,scotia & ,p5nsylvania2 b 9 proce$+ we/w>d ! numb] ( id5tical species seems to dim9i%4 7#c7 ,! ,mill/one ,grit ,sub-,flora3 ,9 ?is =mation ! abundance ( plants & ! numb] ( species are greatly dim9i%$4,,fn ,trunks ( conif]\s trees ( ! species ,dadoxylon ,acadianum1 hav+ wide wood-cells ) ?ree or m s]ies ( discs & complex m$ull>y rays1 become *>act]i/ic4 ,calamites undulatum is abundant & seems to replace ,c4 ,suckovii1 ?\gh ,c4 cann=mis & ,c4 ci/ii cont9ue4 ,sigill>i become v r>e1 & ! species ( ,lepidod5dron are few1 & mo/ly ^? ) l>ge leaf-bases4 ,lepidophloios /ill cont9ues1 & ,cordaites ab\nds 9 "s b$s4 ,! f]ns are greatly r$uc$1 ?\gh a few *>act]i/ic coal-=mation species occur1 & ! g5us ,c>diopt]is appe>s4 ,b$s ( coal are r>e 9 ?is =mation2 b :]e !y occur !re is 9 connection ) !m a rem>kable anticipation ( ! ri* coal-=mation flora1 :i* w\ld ?us seem to h exi/$ locally 9 ! ,mill/one ,grit p]iod1 b to h f\nd itself limit$ by g5]ally unfavorable conditions4 ,9 ,am]ica1 z 9 ,europe1 x is 9 ! nor? t ?is e>li] developm5t ( ! coal-flora occurs1 :ile 9 ! s\? !re is a l+]+ ( old =ms 9 ! new] b$s4 ,9 ,newf\ndl& & ,cape ,breton1 = in/ance1 z well z 9 ,scotl&1 productive coal-b$s & a great] v>iety ( species ( plants occur 9 ?is =mation4 ,,fn ,report on ,fossil ,plants ( ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s & ,mill/one ,grit ( ,canada1 #ahgc4 ,! foll[+ w\ld appe> to be ! equival5ts ( ?is =mation1 9 flora & geological position3 #a4 ,! ,s]al ,conglom]ate ( ,rog]s 9 ,p5nsylvania1 c4 #b4 ,! ,l[] ,coal-=mation ,conglom]ate & ,*e/] gr\ps ( ,ill9ois 7,wor!n74 #c4 ,! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s ,s&/one ( ,k5tucky1 ,alabama1 & ,virg9ia4 #d4 ,! ,mill/one ,grit & ,yor$ale rocks ( nor!rn ,engl&1 & ! ,culmif]\s ( ,devon%ire4 #e4 ,! ,moor rock & ,l[] ,coal-measures ( ,scotl&4 #f4 ,flag/ones & ,l[] ,%ales ( ! s\? ( ,irel&1 & ,mill/one ,grit ( ! nor? ( ,irel&4 #g4 ,! ,jng/e ,grauwacke ( ! ,h>tz1 ,saxony1 & ,silesia4 7#d7 ,! ,c>bonif]\s ,lime/one ,s]ies3 ,?is af=ds few fossil plants 9 ea/]n ,am]ica1 & 9 s f> z kn[n !y are simil> to ^? ( ! next gr\p4 ,9 ,scotl& x is ri*] 9 plants1 b1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,kid/on1 ^! are l>gely simil> to ^? ( ! und]ly+ b$s1 ?\gh ) "s species :i* ext5d upw>d into ! ,mill/one ,grit4 ,9 ,scotl& ! alga nam$ ,spirophyton & ,ar*ocalamites radiatus--:i* 9 ,am]ica are ,erian--appe> 9 ?is =mation4 7#e7 ,! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s ,sub-,flora3 ,?is gr\p ( plants is be/ se5 9 ! %ales ( ! ,horton s]ies1 "u ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s m>9e lime/ones4 ,x is small & peculi>4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic species are ! foll[+3 ,dadoxylon 7,paloxylon7 antiquius1 ,dn4--,a species ) l>ge m$ull>y rays ( ?ree or m s]ies ( cells4 ,lepidod5dron corrugatum1 ,dn4--,a species closely alli$ to ,l4 ,vel!imianum ( ,europe1 & :i* is its ,am]ican repres5tative4 ,?is is p]haps ! mo/ *>act]i/ic plant ( ! =mation4 ,x is v abundant1 & pres5ts v protean appe>ances1 9 its old /ems1 bran*es1 twigs1 & ,knorria =ms4 ,x _h well-*>act]is$ /igm>ia roots1 & con/itutes ! olde/ erect =e/ kn[n 9 ,nova ,scotia4 ,lepidod5dron tetragonum1 ,/]nb]g4 ,l4 obovatum1 ,/]nb4 ,l4 aculeatum1 ,/]nb4 ,l4 di*otomum1 ,/]nb4 ,! f\r species la/ m5tion$ are comp>atively r>e1 & ! specim5s are usually too imp]fect to r5d] _! id5tification c]ta91 b ,lepidod5dra are especially *>act]i/ic trees ( ?is horizon4 ,cyclopt]is 7,aneimites7 ,acadica1 ,dn4--,a v *>act]i/ic f]n1 alli$ 9 ! =m ( its fronds to ,c4 t5uifolia ( ,goepp]t1 to ,c4 nana ( ,ei*wald1 & to ,adiantites antiquus ( ,/ur4 ,its fructification1 h[ev]1 is ne>] to t ( ,aneimia ?an to t ( ,adiantum4 ,f]ns ( ! g5]a ,c>diopt]is & ,hym5ophyllites also occur1 ?\gh r>ely4 ,ptilophyton plumula1 ,dn4--,?is is ! late/ appe>ance ( ?is ,erian g5us1 :i* also occurs 9 ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s ( ,europe & ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,cordaites borassifolia1 ,brongt4 ,on ! :ole1 ?is small flora is m>k$ly di/9ct f t ( ! ,mill/one ,grit & true coal-=mation1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by ! great l5g? ( "t requir$ = ! deposition ( ! m>9e lime/ones & _! associat$ b$s1 9 :i* no l&-plants h be5 f\nd2 nor is ?is gap fill$ up by ! conglom]ates & co>se ar5ace\s b$s :i*1 z ,i h expla9$ 9 ,acadian ,geology1 9 "s localities take ! place ( ! lime/ones1 z !y d also 9 ! ,appala*ian region f>!r s\?4 ,! palobotanical & /ratigraphical equival5ts ( ?is s]ies abroad w\ld seem to be ! foll[+3 #a4 ,! ,vesp]t9e gr\p ( ,rog]s 9 ,p5nsylvania4 #b4 ,! ,k9d]hook gr\p ( ,wor!n 9 ,ill9ois4 #c4 ,! ,m>%all gr\p ( ,w9*ell 9 ,mi*igan4 #d4 ,! ,wav]ley s&/one 79 "p7 ( ,ohio4 #e4 ,! ,l[] or ,false ,coal-measures ( ,virg9ia4 #f4 ,! ,calcif]\s s&/ones ( ,mc,laren1 or ,twe$ian gr\p ( ,tate 9 ,scotl&4 #g4 ,! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s slate & ,coomhala grits ( ,jukes 9 ,irel&4 #h4 ,! ,culm & ,culm ,grauwacke ( ,g]many4 #i4 ,! ,graywacke or ,l[] ,coal-measures ( ! ,vosges1 z describ$ by ,s*imp]4 #aj4 ,! ,old] ,coal-=mation ( ! ,ural1 z describ$ by ,ei*wald4 #aa4 ,! s-call$ ,ursa ,/age ( ,he] includes ?is1 b he has unit$ x ) ,devonian b$s1 s t ! "n _c be us$ except = ! local developm5t ( ^! b$s at ,be> ,isl&1 ,spitsb]g54 ,! ,c>bonif]\s plants ( arctic ,am]ica1 ,melville ,isl&1 c41 z well z ^? ( ,spitzb]g51 appe> all to be ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s4,,fo ,,fo ,notes on ,geological ,map ( ! ,nor!rn ,portion ( ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada1 by ,dr4 ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson1 #ahhg4 ,all ( ! above gr\ps ( rocks are *>act]is$ by ! preval5ce ( ,lepidod5dra ( ! type ( ,l4 corrugatum1 ,l4 ,vel!imianum1 & ,l4 ,gl9canum2 p9es ( ! sub-g5us ,pitus ( ,)am1 ,paloxylon ( ,brongni>t1 & peculi> f]ns ( ! g5]a ,cyclopt]is1 ,c>diopt]is1 ,triphyllopt]is1 & ,sph5opt]is4 ,9 all ! regions above ref]r$ to !y =m ! natural base ( ! great ,c>bonif]\s sy/em4 ,9 ,virg9ia1 accord+ to ,fonta9e & ,:ite1 types1 su* z ,ar*opt]is1 :i* 9 ! nor? are ,upp] ,erian1 occur 9 ?is gr\p4 ,unless !re h be5 "s errors 9 fix+ ! l[] limit ( ! ,vesp]t9e1 ?is w\ld indicate a long] cont9uance ( old =ms 9 ! s\?4 #b4 ,erian ,flora4 7#a7 ,upp] ,erian ,sub-,flora3 ,?is corresponds to ! ,catskill & ,*emung ( ! ,new ,york s]ies1 & to ! ,upp] ,devonian ( ,europe4 ,! flora ( ?is =mation1 :i* consi/s mo/ly ( s&/ones1 is n ri*4 ,its mo/ di/9ctive species on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic seem to be ! f]ns ( ! g5us ,ar*opt]is1 along ) species ref]r$ to ! g5us ,cyclopt]is1 b :i*1 9 s f> z _! b>r5 fronds are conc]n$1 = ! mo/ "p resemble ,ar*opt]is4 ,! *>act]i/ic ,am]ican species are ,ar*opt]is ,jacksoni1 ,a4 ,rog]si1 & ,a4 ,gaspi5sis4 ,cyclopt]is obtusa & ,c4 7,platyphyllum7 ,br[nii are also v *>act]i/ic species4 ,9 ,europe1 ,ar*opt]is ,hib]nica is a preval5t species4 ,leptophleum rhombicum & fragm5ts ( ,psilophyton are also f\nd 9 ! ,upp] ,erian4 ,!re is evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( va/ numb]s ( ,rhizoc>ps 9 ?is p]iod1 9 ! deposits ( spore-cases 7,sporangites ,huron5sis7 9 ! %ales ( ,kettle ,po9t1 ,lake ,huron2 & 9 deposits ( simil> "* 9 ,ohio & else:]e 9 ! ,we/4 ,! ,upp] ,erian flora is ?us v di/9ct f t ( ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s1 & ! uncon=mable relation ( ! b$s 9 ! ,nor!a/ may p]haps indicate a consid]able lapse ( "t4 ,/ill1 ev5 9 localities :]e !re appe>s to be a transition f ! ,c>bonif]\s into ! ,devonian1 z 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates & 9 ,irel&1 ! *>act]i/ic flora ( ea* =mation may be di/+ui%$1 ?\gh1 z already /at$1 !re is app>5tly "s mixture 9 ! ,s\?4 7#b7 ,middle ,erian ,sub-,flora3 ,bo? 9 ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates t "p ( ! great ,erian sy/em :i* may be reg>d$ z its middle division1 ! ,hamilton & ,m>cellus %ales ( ,new ,york1 ! ,cordaites %ales ( ,/4 ,john1 ,new ,brunswick1 & ! middle %ales & s&/ones ( ! ,gasp s]ies1 pres5ts conditions m fav\rable to ! abundant gr[? ( l&-plants ?an ei!r ! upp] or l[] memb]4 ,9 ! ,/4 ,john b$s1 9 p>ticul>1 !re is a ri* f]n flora1 comp>able ) t ( ! coal-=mation1 & num]\s /ipes ( f]ns & trunks ( tree-f]ns h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,hamilton & ,cornif]\s s]ies 9 ! ,we/1 z well z trunks ( ,dadoxylon4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 di/+ui%$ by a preval5ce ( small & delicate species1 & by su* =ms z ,hym5ophyllites & ! small] ,sph5opt]ids1 & also by "s peculi> f]ns1 z ,ar*opt]is & ,megalopt]is4 ,9 addition to f]ns1 x has small ,lepidod5dra1 ( :i* ,l4 ,gaspianum is ! *ief4 ,calamite occur1 ,ar*ocalamites radiatus be+ ! dom9ant species4 ,?is plant1 :i* 9 ,europe appe>s to rea* up into ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s1 is s f> /rictly ,erian 9 nor!a/ ,am]ica4 ,sigill>i sc>cely appe>1 b ,cordaites is abundant1 & ! e>lie/ kn[n species ( ,dadoxylon appe>1 :ile ! ,psilophyton1 s *>act]i/ic ( ! ,l[] ,erian1 /ill cont9ues1 & ! rem>kable aquatic plants ( ! g5us ,ptilophyton are locally abundant4 7#c7 ,l[] ,erian ,sub-,flora3 ,?is belongs to ! ,l[] ,devonian s&/ones & %ales1 & is be/ se5 9 t =mation at ,gasp & ! ,bay des ,*aleurs4 ,x is equival5t to ! ,oriskany s&/one1 s f> z its animal fossils & m9]al "* are conc]n$4 ,x is *>act]is$ by ! abs5ce ( true f]ns1 ,calamites & ,sigill>i1 & by ! pres5ce ( su* =ms z ,psilophyton1 ,ar?ro/igma1 ,leptophleum1 & ,nematophyton4 ,lepidod5dron ,gaspianum & ,leptophleum already occur1 ?\gh n ne>ly s abundant z ,psilophyton4 ,! ,l[] ,erian plants h an antique & g5]alis$ aspect :i* w\ld lead u to inf] t !y are ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! l&-flora1 or p]haps 9 "p belong to ! close ( an e>li] flora /ill 9 great "p unkn[n & few indications ( l&-plants h be5 f\nd e>li]4 ,at ,campbellton & ,scaum5ac ,bay1 on ! ,bay des ,*aleurs1 fossil fi%es ( g5]a *>act]i/ic ( ! ,l[] & ,upp] ,devonian horizons respectively1 occur 9 association ) fossil plants ( ^! horizons1 & h be5 describ$ by ,mr4 ,:iteaves4,,fp ,,fp ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,canada4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t1 z ,fonta9e & ,:ite h obs]v$1 c]ta9 =ms :i* are ,erian 9 ! nor!a/ are f\nd 9 ! ,l[] memb]s ( ! ,c>bonif]\s 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 indicat+ ! s\?w>d m>* ( species 9 ^! p]iods4 #c4 ,! ,silurian ,flora & /ill ,e>li] ,indications ( ,plants4 ,9 ! upp] b$s ( ! ,silurian1 ^? ( ! ,held]b]g s]ies1 we /ill f9d ,psilophyton & ,nematophyton2 b bel[ ^! we "k no l&-plants 9 ,canada4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,lesqu]eux & ,claypole h describ$ rema9s :i* may indicate ! exi/5ce ( lycopodiace\s & annul>ian types z f> back z ! beg9n+ ( ! ,upp] ,silurian1 or ev5 z l[ z ! ,hudson ,riv] gr\p1 & ,hicks has f\nd ,nematophyton & ,psilophyton 9 b$s ab\t z old 9 ,wales1 along ) ! unc]ta9 /ems nam$ ,b]wynia4 ,9 ! ,l[] ,silurian ! ,protannul>ia ( ! ,skiddaw s]ies 9 ,engl& may repres5t a l&-plant1 b ?is is unc]ta91 & no simil> species has be5 f\nd 9 ,canada4 ,! ,cambrian rocks are s f> b>r5 ( l&-plants2 ! s-call$ ,eophyton be+ evid5tly no?+ b m>k+s1 probably produc$ by cru/aceans & o!r aquatic animals4 ,9 ! /ill old] ,laur5tian ! abundant b$s ( graphite probably indicate ! exi/5ce ( plants1 b :e!r aquatic or t]re/rial x is impossible to decide at pres5t4 ,x w\ld ?us appe> t our c]ta9 k ( l&-vegetation beg9s ) ! ,upp] ,silurian or ! ,silurio-,cambrian1 & t its e>lie/ =ms 7 ,acrog5s alli$ to ,lycopods1 & prototypal trees1 =]unn]s ( ! ,acrog5s or ! gymnosp]ms4 ,9 ! ,l[] ,devonian little advance is made4 ,9 ! ,middle ,devonian ?is meagre flora _h be5 replac$ by "o rivall+ t ( ! ,c>bonif]\s1 & includ+ p9es1 tree-f]ns1 & arboreal =ms ( ,lycopods & ( equisetace\s plants1 z well z num]\s h]bace\s plants4 ,at ! close ( ! ,erian ! flora aga9 became meagre1 & cont9u$ s 9 ! ,l[] ,c>bonif]\s4 ,x aga9 became ri* & v>i$ 9 ! ,middle ,c>bonif]\s1 to decay 9 ! succe$+ ,p]mian4 ,,ii4--,,he]',s ,,late/ ,,results ,,9 ,,! ,,gre5l& ,,flora4 ,a v valuable report ( ,pr(4 ,/e5/rup1 publi%$ 9 ,cop5hag5 9 #ahhc1 ! ye> 9 :i* ,he] di$1 conta9s ! results ( 8 la/ "w on ! ,gre5l& plants1 & is s important t a summ>y ( its cont5ts w be int]e/+ to all /ud5ts ( fossil botany or ( ! vicissitudes ( climate :i* ! e>? has und]gone4,,fq ,,fq ,m$delels] om ,gronl&1 ,hefte ,v41 ,cop5hag51 #ahhc4 ,! plant-be>+ b$s ( ,gre5l& are z foll[s1 9 asc5d+ ord]3 #a4 ,cretace\s4 #a4 ,! ,kom s]ies1 ( black %ales re/+ on ! ,laur5tian gneiss4 ,^! b$s are f\nd at v>i\s o!r localities1 b ! "n above giv5 is t by :i* !y are g5]ally kn[n4 ,_! flora is limit$ to f]ns1 cycads1 conif]s1 & a few endog5s1 ) only ,populus primva to repres5t ! dicotyl$ons4 ,^! b$s are reg>d$ z ,l[] ,cretace\s 7,urgonian71 b ! animal fossils w\ld seem to give !m a r high] position4 ,!y may be reg>d$ z equival5t to ! ,kootanie & ,que5 ,*>lotte b$s 9 ,canada1 & ! ,potomac s]ies 9 ,virg9ia4 #b4 ,! ,atan s]ies4 ,^! also are black %ales ) d>k-col\r$ s&/ones4 ,!y are be/ expos$ at ,up]navik & ,waigat4 ,"h dicotyl$on\s leaves ab\nd1 am\nt+ to n9ety species1 or m ?an half ! :ole numb] ( species f\nd4 ,! fossil plants resemble ^? ( ! ,dakota s]ies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,dunvegan s]ies ( ,canada1 & ! animal fossils indicate ! horizon ( ! ,=t ,pi]re or its l[] "p4 ,!y may be reg>d$ z repres5t+ ! l[] "p ( ! ,upp] ,cretace\s4 ,! g5]a ,populus1 ,myrica1 ,qu]cus1 ,ficus1 ,platanus1 ,sassafras1 ,laurus1 ,magnolia1 & ,liriod5dron are among ^? repres5t$ 9 ^! b$s1 & ! peculi> g5]a ,maccl9tockia & ,cr$n]ia are *>act]i/ic4 ,! g5us ,p9us is repres5t$ by five species1 ,sequoia by five1 & ,salisburia by two1 ) ?ree ( ! alli$ g5us ,bai]a4 ,!re are _m f]ns & cycads4 #c4 ,! ,patoot s]ies4 ,^! are yell[ & r$ %ales1 :i* seem to owe _! col\r to ! spontane\s combu/ion ( pyrit\s lignite1 9 ! mann] obs]v$ on ! ,s\? ,saskat*ewan & ! ,mack5zie riv]s4 ,_! age is probably ab\t t ( ! ,fox-,hill gr\p or ,s5onian1 & ! ,upp] ,cretace\s ( ,vanc\v] ,isl&1 & !y af=d a l>ge proportion ( dicotyl$on\s leaves4 ,! g5]a ( dicotyl$ons are n dissimil> f ^? ( ,atan1 b we n[ recognise ,betula & ,alnus1 ,comptonia1 ,plan]a1 ,sapotacites1 ,frax9us1 ,viburnum1 ,cornus1 ,ac]1 ,cela/rus1 ,paliurus1 ,ceano?us1 ,zizyphus1 & ,cratgus z new g5]a ( mod]n aspect4 ,on ! :ole !re h be5 f\nd 9 all ^! b$s #cce species1 belong+ to #fj families1 ( :i* #cf are dicotyl$on\s1 & repres5t all ! lead+ types ( arboresc5t dicotyl$ons ( ! temp]ate latitudes4 ,! flora is a w>m temp]ate "o1 ) "s rem>kable mixtures ( sub-tropical =ms1 among :i* p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable are ,kaidoc>pum ref]r$ to ! ,p&ane1 & su* exog5s z ,ficus & ,c9namomum4 #b4 ,t]ti>y4 #d4 ,! ,un>tok s]ies4 ,?is is believ$ to be ,eoc5e4 ,x consi/s ( s&/one1 :i* appe>s on ! %ores ( ,disco ,isl&1 & possibly at "s o!r places on ! coa/4 ,! b$s re/ directly & app>5tly con=mably on ! ,upp] ,cretace\s1 & h af=d$ only elev5 species ( plants4 ,magnolia is repres5t$ by two species1 ,laurus by two1 ,platanus by two1 & "o ( ^! said to be id5tical ) a species f\nd by ,lesqu]eux 9 ! ,l>amie1,,fr ,viburnum1 ,juglans1 ,qu]cus1 ea* by "o species2 ! ubiquit\s ,sequoias by ,s4 ,langsdorfii4 ,?is is pretty cle>ly a ,l[] ,l>amie flora4 ,,fr ,viburnum m>g9atum ( ,lesqu]eux4 #e4 ,! ,atanek]dluk s]ies1 consi/+ ( %aly b$s1 ) lime/one int]calat$ betwe5 great %eets ( basalt1 mu* l ! ,eoc5e ( ,antrim & ! ,hebrides4 ,^! b$s h yield$ #ahg species1 pr9cipally 9 b&s & concretions ( sid]ite1 & (t5 9 a good /ate ( pres]vation4 ,!y are ref]r$ to ! ,l[] ,mioc5e1 b1 z expla9$ 9 ! text1 ! flora is m ne>ly ak9 to t ( ! ,eoc5e ( ,europe & ! ,l>amie ( ,am]ica4 ,! animal fossils are *iefly fre%-wat] %ells4 ,onoclea s5sibilis1 sev]al conif]s1 z ,taxites ,olriki1 ,taxodium di/i*um1 ,glypto/robus ,europu1 & ,sequoia ,langsdorfii1 & #db ( ! dicotyl$ons are recognis$ z f\nd also 9 ,am]ican localities4 ,( ^!1 a l>ge proportion ( ! m common species occur 9 ! ,l>amie ( ! ,mack5zie ,riv] & else:]e 9 nor?we/ ,canada1 & 9 ! we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is q likely also t sev]al species reg>d$ z di/9ct may prove to be id5tical4 ,x w\ld seem t ?r\gh\t ! :ole ?ickness ( ^! ,t]ti>y b$s ! flora is simil>1 s t x is probable x belongs altoge!r to ! ,eoc5e r ?an to ! ,mioc5e4 ,no indication has be5 obs]v$ ( any p]iod ( cold int]v5+ betwe5 ! ,l[] ,cretace\s & ! top ( ! ,t]ti>y deposits1 s t1 9 all ! va/ p]iod :i* ^! =mations repres5t1 ! climate ( ,gre5l& w\ld seem to h be5 temp]ate4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 z is ! case f>!r s\?1 evid5ce ( a gradual dim9ution ( temp]ature4 ,9 ! ,l[] ,cretace\s ! probable mean annual temp]ature 9 latitude #ga nor? is /at$ z #ba to #bb c5tigrade1 :ile 9 ! e>ly ,t]ti>y x is e/imat$ at #ab c5tigrade4 ,su* temp]atures1 rang+ f #ga to #ec ( ,fahr5heit1 repres5t a m>vell\sly w>m climate = s high a latitude4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 h[ev]1 ! evid5ce ( w>m climates 9 ! arctic regions1 9 ! ,palozoic z well z 9 ! ,mesozoic & e>ly ,t]ti>y1 %\ld p]haps lead u to conclude t1 relatively to ! :ole ( geological "t1 ! pres5t arctic climate is unusually sev]e1 & t a temp]ate climate 9 ! arctic regions has ?r\gh\t geological "t be5 ! rule r ?an ! exception4 ,,iii4--,,m9]alisation ,,( ,,fossil ,,plants4 ,! /ate ( pres]vation ( fossil plants has be5 ref]r$ to incid5tally 9 sev]al places 9 ! text2 b ! foll[+ m def9ite /atem5ts may be ( s]vice to ! read]4 ,i4 ,organic rema9s imb$d$ 9 aque\s deposits may occur 9 an un*ang$ condition1 or only m or less alt]$ by decay4 ,?is is (t5 ! case ) su* endur+ sub/ances z b>k & wood1 & ev5 ) leaves1 :i* appe> z ?9 c>bonace\s films :5 ! lay]s conta9+ !m are split op54 ,9 ! m rec5t deposits su* rema9s occur little modifi$1 or p]haps only slightly *ang$ by p>tial decay ( _! m p]i%able p>ts4 ,9 ! old] =mations1 h[ev]1 !y are usually f\nd 9 a m or less alt]$ condition1 9 :i* _! orig9al sub/ance has be5 :olly or 9 "p *ang$ into coaly1 or bitum9\s1 or an?racitic or graphitic matt]1 s t leaves are sometimes repres5t$ by /a9s ( graphite1 z if drawn on /one ) a lead-p5cil4 ,yet ev5 9 ?is case "s portion ( ! orig9al sub/ance rema9s1 & )\t any introduction ( =eign mat]ial4 ,,ii4 ,on ! o!r h&1 su* rema9s are (t5 m9]alis$ by ! fill+ ( _! pores or ! replacem5t ( _! tissues ) m9]al matt]1 s t !y become h>d & /ony1 & sometimes reta9 little or no?+ ( _! orig9al sub/ance4 ,! m important ( ^! *anges1 9 s f> z !y affect fossil plants1 may be arrang$ "u ! foll[+ heads3 7a7 ,infiltration ( m9]al matt] :i* has p5etrat$ ! pores ( ! fossil 9 a /ate ( solution4 ,?us ! pores ( fossil wood are (t5 fill$ ) calcite1 qu>tz1 oxide ( iron1 or sulphide ( iron1 :ile ! woody walls ( ! cells & vessels rema9 9 a c>bonis$ /ate1 or conv]t$ into coaly matt]4 ,:5 wood is pres]v$ 9 ?is way x has a h>d & /ony aspect2 b we c sometimes dissolve away ! m9]al matt]1 & re/ore ! vegetable tissue to a condition resembl+ t be=e m9]alisation4 ,?is is especially ! case :5 calcite is ! m9]alis+ sub/ance4 ,we sometimes f9d1 on microscopic exam9ation1 t ev5 cavities s small z ^? ( vegetable cells & vessels h be5 fill$ ) successive coats ( diff]5t k9ds ( m9]al matt]4 7b7 ,organic matt]s may be entirely replac$ by m9]al sub/ances4 ,9 ?is case ! cavities & pores h be5 fir/ fill$1 & !n--! walls or solid p>ts be+ remov$ by decay or solution--m9]al matt]1 ei!r simil> to t fill+ ! cavities1 or diff]+ 9 col\r or composition1 has be5 introduc$4 ,silicifi$ wood (t5 occurs 9 ?is condition4 ,9 ! case ( silicifi$ wood1 x sometimes happ5s t ! cavities ( ! fib]s h be5 fill$ ) silica1 & ! wood has be5 aft]w>d remov$ by decay1 leav+ ! ca/s ( ! tubul> fib]s z a loose filam5t\s sub/ance4 ,"s ( ! ,t]ti>y conif]\s woods ( ,cali=nia are 9 ?is /ate1 & look l asbe/us1 ?\gh !y %[ ! m9ute m>k+s ( ! tissue "u ! microscope4 ,9 ! case ( silicifi$ or agatiz$ woods1 x w\ld seem t ! production ( c>bon dioxide f ! decay+ wood has caus$ ! deposition ( silica 9 its place1 f alkal9e solutions ( t sub/ance1 & ?us ! c>bon has be5 replac$1 atom by atom1 by silicon1 until ! :ole mass has be5 silicifi$1 yet reta9+ p]fectly its /ructure4 7c7 ,! cavities left by fossils :i* h decay$ may be fill$ ) clay1 s&1 or o!r =eign matt]1 & ?is1 becom+ subsequ5tly h>d5$ into /one1 may con/itute a ca/ ( ! fossils4 ,trunks ( trees1 roots1 c41 are (t5 pres]v$ 9 ?is way1 appe>+ z /ony ca/s1 (t5 ) ! out] b>k ( ! plant =m+ a c>bonace\s coat+ on _! surfaces4 ,9 connection ) ?is /ate may be m5tion$ t 9 :i*1 ! wood hav+ decay$1 an entire trunk has be5 flatt5$ s z to appe> m]ely z a compress$ film ( b>k1 yet reta9+ its m>k+s2 & t 9 :i* ! :ole ( ! vegetable matt] hav+ be5 remov$1 a m]e impression ( ! =m rema9s4 ,fossils pres]v$ 9 ei!r ( ! modes1 7a7 or 7b71 usually %[ m or less ( _! m9ute /ructures "u ! microscope4 ,^! may be obs]v$3--7#a7 ,by break+ (f small spl9t]s or flakes & exam9+ !m1 ei!r z opaque or z transp>5t objects4 7#b7 ,by treat+ ! mat]ial ) acids1 s z to dissolve out ! m9]al matt]s1 or portions ( !m4 ,?is me?od is especially applicable to fossil woods m9]alis$ ) calcite or pyrite4 7#c7 ,by gr9d+ ?9 sections4 ,^! are fir/ poli%$ on "o face on a co>se /one or em]y hone1 & !n on a f9e hone1 !n atta*$ by ! poli%$ face to glass slips ) a transp>5t cem5t or ,canada balsam1 & gr\nd on ! opposite face until !y become s ?9 z to be transluc5t4 ,9 mo/ cities !re are lapid>ies :o prep>e slices ( ?is k9d2 b ! amateur c readily acquire ! art by a little practice1 & ! necess>y appliances c be obta9$ ?r\gh deal]s 9 m9]als or 9 microscopic mat]ials4 ,v conv5i5t cutt+ & poli%+ ma*9es1 "s ( !m q small & portable1 are n[ made = ! use ( amateurs4 ,9 ! case ( exog5\s woods1 ?ree sections are necess>y to exhibit ! :ole ( ! /ructures4 ,"o ( ^! %\ld be transv]se & two longitud9al1 ! latt] 9 radial & tang5tial planes4 ,,iv4--,,g5]al ,,works ,,on ,,pal,,obotany4 ,9 ! text frequ5t ref]5ce has be5 made to special memoirs & reports on ! fossil plants ( p>ticul> regions or =mations4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s g5]al books1 useful to /ud5ts1 :i* may be m5tion$ "h4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important is ,s*imp]'s ,trait de ,palontologie ,vgtale4 ,v useful in=mation is also conta9$ 9 ,r5ault's ,c\rs de ,botanique ,fossile1 & 9 ,balf\r's ,introduction to ,palontological ,botany1 & ,ni*olson's ,palontology4 ,ung]'s ,g5]a et ,species1 ,brongni>t's ,hi/oire des ,vgtaux ,fossiles1 & ,l9dley & ,button's ,fossil ,flora1 are old] ?\gh v valuable works4 ,williamson's ,memoirs1 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 h greatly advanc$ our k ( ! /ructures ( ,palozoic plants4 ,la/ly1 ! ,palophytology ( ,s*5k1 n[ 9 c\rse ( publication 9 ,g]man & ,fr5*1 9 connection ) ,zittel's ,palontology1 is an important addition to manuals ( ! subject4 ,,index4 ,ac]1 #bbh4 ,acrog5s1 #f4 ,agassiz1 ,pr(41 #af4 ,alaska1 ,flora (1 #bde4 ,alg1 real & spuri\s1 #bf1 #bcj4 ,amboy clays1 ,flora (1 #bjc4 ,am]ica1 ,cretace\s (1 #aij4 ,angiosp]ms1 #f4 ,annul>ia1 #abb4 ,anog5s1 #f4 ,an?oli!s1 #acb4 ,aporoxylon1 #be4 ,arauc>ioxylon1 #adh4 ,arauc>ites1 #acd4 ,ar*ocalamites1 #agj4 ,ar*opt]is1 #gg1 #he4 ,arctic orig9 ( plants1 #bba1 #bch4 ,ar?rophycus1 #cj4 ,ar?ro/igma1 #fg4 ,a/]ophyllites1 #gh1 #abb1 #agj4 ,a/]opt]is1 #gg1 #he4 ,a/ropoli?on1 #cj4 ,atan1 ,plants (1 #bdb1 #bha4 ,atanek]dluk1 ,plants (1 #bhc4 ,au/ralia1 ,palozoic flora (1 #adg4 ,t]ti>y flora (1 #bag4 ,bauh9ia1 #bjd4 ,be> ,isl&1 #bda4 ,betula1 #aih4 ,bilobites1 #bh4 ,bovey ,tracey1 ,plants (1 #bbf4 ,bras5ia1 #bjg4 ,buckl&1 ,dr41 #agi4 ,bu?otrephis1 #cg4 ,calamites1 #gg1 #abc1 #aff4 ,calamod5dron1 #abe4 ,cambrian flora1 #bj4 ,canada1 ,erian (1 #ajc4 ,c>bonif]\s (1 #aaj4 ,l>amie (1 #bji4 ,plei/oc5e (1 #bbg4 ,c>bon 9 ,laur5tian1 #i4 ,c>bonif]\s flora1 #aaj4 ,c>bonif]\s1 ,climate (1 #ach4 ( ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e1 #adg4 ,c>dioc>pum1 #hb1 #aec4 ,c>ru!rs1 ,mr41 #bd1 #ih1 #ahj4 ,on modifications ( mod]n plants1 #bbe1 #bfi4 ,c>ya1 #aif4 ,cauda-galli fucoid1 #aje4 ,caul]pites1 #bi4 ,caulopt]is1 #ge1 #id4 ,cl>ke1 ,pr(41 #ea4 ,climate1 ,causes (1 #bdg4 ,climate & plants1 #baf1 #bbj1 #bcb4 ( ,c>bonif]\s1 #ach4 ( ,cretace\s & ,eoc5e1 #baf4 ( ,devonian1 #dg4 ( ,e>ly ,mesozoic1 #agh4 ,climate & plants ( ,laur5tian1 #ag4 ( ,plei/oc5e1 #bbg1 #bcj4 ( ,plioc5e1 #bbc4 ,coal1 orig9 (1 #aag1 #aci4 ,comp>ison ( floras1 #bgb4 ,composite1 #bff4 ,cone-9-cone1 #cf4 ,conif]1 ,erian1 #gh1 #if4 ,c>bonif]\s1 #acd1 #adh4 ,mesozoic1 etc41 #aha4 ,cope1 ,mr41 #bae4 ,cordaites1 #gh1 #acj1 #aea4 ,corylus1 #bac4 ,crep91 ,m41 #ii4 ,cretace\s1 ,flora (1 #aij4 ,climate (1 #baf4 ,croll on climate1 #beb4 ,crom]1 ,plants (1 #bbd4 ,cycads1 ,mesozoic1 #agh4 ,cyclo/igma1 #aeg4 ,dadoxylon1 #if1 #acd1 #adh4 ,dawson1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,m41 #eb1 #baj4 ,delgado1 ,pr(41 #bf4 ,d5drophycus1 #cc4 ,d]by1 ,orville1 #ec4 ,devonian flora1 #de4 ,devonian or ,erian1 #ajg1 #bgi4 ,climate (1 #dg4 ,dicotyl$ons1 ,cretace\s1 #aib4 ,table (1 #aib4 ,dictyolites1 #cc4 ,dictyospongia1 #ci4 ,disco1 ,exotic plants at1 #bef4 ,flora (1 #bde1 #bhb4 ,drepanophycus1 #ci4 ,dros]a1 #bbh4 ,dunvegan b$s1 #bdd4 ,eoc5e1 ,flora (1 #bjh1 #bad4 ,climate (1 #baf4 ,eophyton1 #ca4 ,eopt]is1 #gb4 ,eozoon ( ,laur5tian1 #i4 ,equisetum1 #agf1 #bcj4 ,erian flora1 #de1 #bgi4 ,climate (1 #dg4 ,erian or ,devonian1 #ajg4 ,ett+%aus51 ,dr41 #ahg1 #bae4 ,exog5s1 ,cretace\s1 #aib4 ,t]ti>y1 #bac1 #bbd4 ,fagus1 #aif1 #aig4 ,f]ns1 ,erian1 #gb4 ,c>bonif]\s1 #abf1 #aga4 ,fructification (1 #abh4 ,/ems (1 #ij1 #abi4 ,t]ti>y1 #bab4 ,filices1 #gb1 #abf1 #aga4 ,flora ( ,cambrian1 #bf4 ( ,c>bonif]\s1 #aaj1 #bgd4 ( ,cretace\s1 #aij4 ( ,e>ly ,mesozoic1 #age4 ( ,erian1 #de1 #bgi4 ( ,jurassic1 #agg1 #ahf4 ( ,l>amie1 #bji4 ( ,laur5tian1 #h4 ( ,mioc5e1 #bbj1 #bbc4 ( ,mod]n1 #bai4 ( ,p]mian1 #bgd4 ( ,plei/oc5e1 #bbc1 #bbg4 ( ,t]ti>y1 #aia1 #bjh1 #bad1 #bai4 ,fonta9e1 ,pr(41 #acj1 #agf4 ,font9alis1 #bcj4 ,=t ,union b$s1 #baj4 ,fucoids1 #bg4 ,g>dn]1 ,mr4 ,/>kie1 #bab4 ,ge9itz1 ,dr41 #agd4 ,geological =mations1 ,table (1 #d4 ,glossopt]is1 #adg4 ,glyptod5dron1 #be4 ,glypto/robus1 #aid4 ,goepp]t1 ,dr41 #ii4 ,grant1 ,col41 #cf4 ,graphite f plants1 #h4 ,gray1 ,dr41 ,orig9 ( floras1 #bbc1 #bcg4 ,gre5l&1 ,climate (1 #baf4 ,fossil flora (1 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