,,school ,,reading ,,by ,,grades ,,fifth ,,year ,,by ,,james ,,baldwin ,illustration ,,new ,,york ,,cincinnati ,,chicago ,,american ,,book ,,company ,,copyright1 #ahig1 ,,by ,,american ,,book ,,company4 ,,sch4 ,,read4 ,,fifth ,,year4 ,w4 ,p4 #bi ,,preface4 ,the pupil who has read the earlier numbers of this series is now prepared to study with some degree of care the peculiarities of style which distinguish the different selections in the present volume4 ,hence1 while due attention must be given to the study of words merely as words1--that is to spelling1 defining1 and pronouncing1--considerable time should be occupied in observing and discussing the literary contents1 the author's manner of narrating a story1 of describing an action or an appearance1 of portraying emotion1 of producing an impression upon the mind of the reader or the hearer4 ,the pupils should be encouraged to seek for and point out the particular passages or expressions in each selection which are distinguished for their beauty1 their truth1 or their peculiar adaptability to the purpose in view4 ,the habit should be cultivated of looking for and enjoying the admirable qualities of any literary production1 and particularly of such productions as are by common consent recognized as classical4 ,the lessons in this volume have been selected and arranged with a view towards several ends3 to interest the young reader2 to cultivate a taste for the best style of literature as regards both thought and expression2 to point the way to an acquaintance with good books2 to appeal to the pupil's sense of duty1 and strengthen his desire to do right2 to arouse patriotic feelings and a just pride in the achievements of our countrymen2 and incidentally to add somewhat to the learner's knowledge of history and science and art4 ,the illustrations will prove to be valuable adjuncts to the text4 ,spelling1 defining1 and punctuation should continue to receive special attention4 ,difficult words and idiomatic expressions should be carefully studied with the aid of the dictionary and of the ,word ,list at the end of this volume4 ,persistent and systematic practice in the pronunciation of these words and of other difficult combinations of sounds will aid in training the pupils' voices to habits of careful articulation and correct enunciation4 ,while literary biography can be of but little1 if any1 value in cultivating literary taste1 it is desirable that pupils should acquire some knowledge of the writers whose productions are placed before them for study4 ,to assist in the acquisition of this knowledge1 and also to serve for ready reference1 a few ,biographical ,notes are inserted towards the end of the volume4 ,the brief suggestions given on page #f should be read and commented upon at the beginning1 and frequently referred to and practically applied in the lessons which follow4 ,,contents4 ,,adapted ,,from ,,page ,something about ,books ,john ,ruskin #g ,old ,chiron's ,school ,charles ,kingsley #ab ,the ,dog of ,montargis ,old ,legend #ai ,the ,old ,oaken ,bucket ,samuel ,woodworth #bi ,the ,village ,blacksmith ,henry ,w4 ,longfellow #cj ,the ,choice of ,hercules #cd ,christmas at the ,cratchits' ,charles ,dickens #cg ,on the ,mountain ,st4 ,matthew #de ,betsey ,hull's ,wedding ,nathaniel ,hawthorne #dh ,ulysses and the ,cyclops ,homer's 8,odyssey0 #ed ,the ,brook ,alfred ,tennyson #fg ,the ,lady of ,shalott ,alfred ,tennyson #gj ,lessons from ,nature's ,book ,sir ,archibald ,geikie #gi ,the ,goodman of ,ballengiech ,sir ,walter ,scott #hg ,bugle ,song ,alfred ,tennyson #ib ,some ,experiences at ,sea ,richard ,henry ,dana1 ,jr4 #ic ,the ,king and the ,rebel ,charles ,e4 ,a4 ,gayarr #ig ,daniel ,boone ,george ,bancroft #ajj ,fulton's ,first ,steamboat ,robert ,fulton #ajh ,the ,planting of the ,apple ,tree ,william ,cullen ,bryant #aaa ,the ,corn ,song ,john ,g4 ,whittier #aad ,hunting the ,walrus #aag ,the ,destruction of ,pompeii4 ,i4 ,history ,charles ,kingsley #abd ,,ii4 ,romance ,sir ,e4 ,bulwer ,lytton #acj ,the ,stranger on the ,sill ,thomas ,buchanan ,read #adj ,our ,country4 ,i4 ,what is ,our ,country8 ,thomas ,grimke #adb ,,ii4 ,liberty and ,union ,daniel ,webster #adc ,,iii4 ,the ,policy of ,peace ,john ,c4 ,calhoun #add ,a ,legend of ,sleepy ,hollow ,washington ,irving #adf ,the ,mariner's ,dream ,william ,dimond #aff ,the ,sands o' ,dee ,charles ,kingsley #afi ,the ,invention of ,printing #agj ,the ,wanderer ,eugene ,field #ahc ,lead ,thou ,me on ,john ,henry ,newman #ahd ,the ,american ,indian ,charles ,sprague #ahe ,the ,passing of ,king ,arthur ,sir ,thomas ,malory #ahg ,,biographical ,,notes #aic ,,word ,,list #aif ,,proper ,,names ,,pronounced #bjh ,acknowledgments are due to ,messrs4 ,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 publishers of the works of ,eugene ,field1 for permission to use the poem entitled 8,the ,wanderer02 to ,messrs4 ,houghton1 ,mifflin ,co41 publishers of the works of ,h4 ,w4 ,longfellow and ,j4 ,g4 ,whittier1 for the use of 8,the ,village ,blacksmith0 and 8,the ,corn ,song02 and to ,the ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,company1 publishers of the poems of ,t4 ,buchanan ,read1 for the piece entitled 8,the ,stranger on the ,sill40 ,,to ,,the ,,learner4 ,a famous writer has said that the habit of reading is one's pass to the greatest1 the purest1 the most perfect pleasures that have been prepared for human beings4 8,but10 he continued1 8you cannot acquire this habit in your old age2 you cannot acquire it in middle age2 you must do it now1 when you are young4 ,you must learn to read1 and to like reading now1 or you cannot do so when you are old40 ,now1 no one can derive very great pleasure or very great profit from reading unless he is able to read well4 ,the boy or girl who stumbles over every hard word1 or who is at a loss to know the meaning of this or that expression1 is not likely to find much enjoyment in books4 ,to read well to one's self1 one must be able to read aloud in such a manner as to interest and delight those who listen to him3 and this is the chief reason why we have so many reading books at school1 and why your teachers are so careful that you should acquire the ability to enunciate every sound distinctly1 pronounce every word properly1 and read every sentence readily and with a clear understanding of its meaning4 ,is the reading exercise a task to you8 ,try to make it a pleasure4 ,ask yourself3 ,what is there in this lesson that teaches me something which ,i did not know before8 ,what is there in this lesson that is beautiful1 or grand1 or inspiring8 ,has the writer said anything in a manner that is particularly pleasing--in a manner that perhaps no one else would have thought to say it8 ,what particular thought or saying1 in this lesson1 is so good and true that it is worth learning by heart and remembering always4 ,does the selection as a whole teach anything that will tend to make me wiser1 or better1 or stronger than before8 ,or is it merely a source of temporary amusement to be soon forgotten and as though it had never been8 ,or does it1 like fine music or a noble picture1 not only give present pleasure1 but enlarge my capacity for enjoyment and enable me to discover and appreciate beautiful things in literature and art and nature which ,i would otherwise never have known8 ,when you have asked yourself all these questions about any selection1 and have studied it carefully to find answers to them1 you will be prepared to read it aloud to your teacher and your classmates2 and you will be surprised to notice how much better you have read it than would have been the case had you attempted it merely as a task or as an exercise in the pronouncing of words4 ,it is by thus always seeking to discover things instructive and beautiful and enjoyable in books1 that one acquires that right habit of reading which has been spoken of as the pass to the greatest1 the purest1 the most perfect of pleasures4 ,,school ,,reading4 ,,fifth ,,year4 ,,something ,,about ,,books4 ,illustration3 ,john ,ruskin4 ,a beautiful book1 and one profitable to those who read it carefully1 is 8,sesame and ,lilies0 by ,john ,ruskin4 ,it is beautiful because of the pleasant language and choice words in which it is written2 for1 of all our later writers1 no one is the master of a style more pure and more delightful in its simplicity than ,mr4 ,ruskin's4 ,it is profitable because of the lessons which it teaches2 for it was written 8to show somewhat the use and preciousness of good books1 and to awaken in the minds of young people some thought of the purposes of the life into which they are entering1 and the nature of the world they have to conquer40 ,the following pertinent words concerning the choice of books have been taken mainly from its pages3 99 99 99 99 99 ,all books may be divided into two classes1--books of the hour1 and books of all time4 ,yet it is not merely the bad book that does not last1 and the good one that does4 ,there are good books for the hour and good ones for all time2 bad books for the hour and bad ones for all time4 ,the good book of the hour1--,i do not speak of the bad ones1--is simply the useful or pleasant talk of some person printed for you4 ,very useful often1 telling you what you need to know2 very pleasant often1 as a sensible friend's present talk would be4 ,these bright accounts of travels1 good-humored and witty discussions of questions1 lively or pathetic story-telling in the form of novel3 all these are books of the hour and are the peculiar possession of the present age4 ,we ought to be entirely thankful for them1 and entirely ashamed of ourselves if we make no good use of them4 ,but we make the worst possible use1 if we allow them to usurp the place of true books2 for1 strictly speaking1 they are not books at all1 but merely letters or newspapers in good print4 ,our friend's letter may be delightful1 or necessary1 to-day2 whether worth keeping or not1 is to be considered4 ,the newspaper may be entirely proper at breakfast time1 but it is not reading for all day4 ,so1 though bound up in a volume1 the long letter which gives you so pleasant an account of the inns and roads and weather last year at such a place1 or which tells you some amusing story1 or relates such and such circumstances of interest1 may not be1 in the real sense of the word1 a book at all1 nor1 in the real sense1 to be read4 ,a book is not a talked thing1 but a written thing4 ,the book of talk is printed only because its author can not speak to thousands of people at once2 if he could1 he would--the volume is mere multiplication of the voice4 ,you can not talk to your friend in ,india2 if you could1 you would2 you write instead2 that is merely a way of carrying the voice4 ,but a book is written1 not to multiply the voice merely1 not to carry it merely1 but to preserve it4 ,the author has something to say which he perceives to be true and useful1 or helpfully beautiful4 ,so far as he knows1 no one has yet said it2 so far as he knows1 no one can say it4 ,he is bound to say it1 clearly and in a melodious manner if he may2 clearly1 at all events4 ,in the sum of his life he finds this to be the thing1 or group of things1 manifest to him2 this the piece of true knowledge1 or sight1 which his share of sunshine and earth has allowed him to seize4 ,he would set it down forever2 carve it on a rock1 if he could1 saying1 8,this is the best of me2 for the rest1 ,i ate and drank and slept1 loved and hated1 like another2 my life was as the vapor1 and is not2 but this ,i saw and knew2 this1 if anything of mine1 is worth your memory40 ,that is his writing2 that is a book4 ,now books of this kind have been written in all ages by their greatest men--by great leaders1 great statesmen1 great thinkers4 ,these are all at your choice2 and life is short4 ,you have heard as much before2 yet have you measured and mapped out this short life and its possibilities8 ,do you know1 if you read this1 that you can not read that--that what you lose to-day you can not gain to-morrow8 ,will you go and gossip with the housemaid1 or the stableboy1 when you may talk with queens and kings8 ,do you ask to be the companion of nobles8 ,make yourself noble1 and you shall be4 ,do you long for the conversation of the wise8 ,learn to understand it1 and you shall hear it4 ,very ready we are to say of a book1 8,how good this is--that is just what ,i think60 ,but the right feeling is1 8,how strange that is6 ,i never thought of that before1 and yet ,i see it is true2 or if ,i do not now1 ,i hope ,i shall1 some day40 ,but whether you feel thus or not1 at least be sure that you go to the author to get at his meaning1 not to find yours4 ,and be sure also1 if the author is worth anything1 that you will not get at his meaning all at once2 nay1 that at his whole meaning you may not for a long time arrive in any wise4 ,not that he does not say what he means1 and in strong words too2 but he can not say it all1 and1 what is more strange1 will not1 but in a hidden way in order that he may be sure you want it4 ,when1 therefore1 you come to a good book1 you must ask yourself1 8,am ,i ready to work as an ,australian miner would8 ,are my pickaxes in good order1 and am ,i in good trim myself1 my sleeves well up to the elbow1 and my breath good1 and my temper80 ,for your pickaxes are your own care1 wit1 and learning2 your smelting furnace is your own thoughtful soul4 ,do not hope to get at any good author's meaning without these tools and that fire2 often you will need sharpest1 finest carving1 and the most careful melting1 before you can gather one grain of the precious gold4 ,i can not1 of course1 tell you what to choose for your library1 for every several mind needs different books2 but there are some books which we all need1 and which if you read as much as you ought1 you will not need to have your shelves enlarged to right and left for purposes of study4 ,if you want to understand any subject whatever1 read the best book upon it you can hear of4 ,a common book will often give you amusement1 but it is only a noble book that will give you dear friends4 ,avoid that class of literature which has a knowing tone2 it is the most poisonous of all4 ,every good book1 or piece of book1 is full of admiration and awe2 and it always leads you to reverence or love something with your whole heart4 ,,old ,,chiron',s ,,school4 son was king of ,iolcus by the sea2 but for all that1 he was an unhappy man4 ,for he had a stepbrother named ,pelias1 a fierce and lawless man who was the doer of many a fearful deed1 and about whom many dark and sad tales were told4 ,and at last ,pelias drove out son1 his stepbrother1 and took the kingdom for himself1 and ruled over the rich town of ,iolcus by the sea4 ,and son1 when he was driven out1 went sadly away from the town1 leading his little son by the hand2 and he said to himself1 8,i must hide the child in the mountains1 or ,pelias will surely kill him1 because he is the heir40 ,so he went up from the sea across the valley1 through the vineyards and the olive groves1 and across a foaming torrent toward ,pelion1 the ancient mountain1 whose brows are white with snow4 ,he went up and up into the mountain1 over marsh and crag1 and down1 till the boy was tired and foot-sore1 and son had to bear him in his arms1 till he came to the mouth of a lonely cave at the foot of a mighty cliff4 ,above the cliff the snow wreaths hung1 dripping and cracking in the sun2 but at its foot1 around the cave's mouth1 grew all fair flowers and herbs1 as if in a garden arranged in order1 each sort by itself4 ,there they grew gayly in the sunshine1 and in the spray of the torrent from above2 while from the cave came a sound of music1 and a man's voice singing to the harp4 ,then son put down the lad1 and whispered3 8,fear not1 but go in1 and whomsoever you shall find1 lay your hands upon his knees1 and say1 #8,in the name of the ,father of gods and men1 ,i am your guest from this day forth4'0 ,then the lad went in without trembling1 for he too was a hero's son2 but when he was within1 he stopped in wonder1 to listen to that magic song4 ,and there he saw the singer lying upon bearskins and fragrant boughs2 ,chiron1 the ancient ,centaur1 the wisest of all beings beneath the sky4 ,down to the waist he was a man2 but below he was a noble horse2 his white hair rolled down over his broad shoulders1 and his white beard over his broad brown chest2 and his eyes were wise and mild1 and his forehead like a mountain wall4 ,and in his hands he held a harp of gold1 and struck it with a golden key2 and as he struck he sang till his eyes glittered1 and filled all the cave with light4 ,and he sang of the birth of ,time1 and of the heavens and the dancing stars2 and of the ocean1 and the ether1 and the fire1 and the shaping of the wondrous earth4 ,and he sang of the treasures of the hills1 and the hidden jewels of the mine1 and the veins of fire and metal1 and the virtues of all healing herbs2 and of the speech of birds1 and of prophecy1 and of hidden things to come4 ,then he sang of health1 and strength1 and manhood1 and a valiant heart2 and of music and hunting1 and wrestling1 and all the games which heroes love2 and of travel1 and wars1 and sieges1 and a noble death in fight12 and then he sang of peace and plenty1 and of equal justice in the land2 and as he sang1 the boy listened wide-eyed1 and forgot his errand in the song4 ,and at last ,chiron was silent1 and called the lad with a soft voice4 ,and the lad ran trembling to him1 and would have laid his hands upon his knees2 but ,chiron smiled1 and said1 8,call hither your father son2 for ,i know you and all that has befallen you40 ,then son came in sadly1 and ,chiron asked him1 8,why came you not yourself to me1 son80 ,and son said3 8,i thought1 ,chiron will pity the lad if he sees him come alone2 and ,i wished to try whether he was fearless1 and dare venture like a hero's son4 ,but now ,i entreat you1 let the boy be your guest till better times1 and train him among the sons of the heroes that he may become like them1 strong and brave40 ,and ,chiron answered3 8,go back in peace and bend before the storm like a prudent man4 ,this boy shall not leave me till he has become a glory to you and to your house40 ,and son wept over his son and went away2 but the boy did not weep1 so full was his fancy of that strange cave1 and the ,centaur1 and his song1 and the playfellows whom he was to see4 ,then ,chiron put the lyre into his hands1 and taught him how to play it1 till the sun sank low behind the cliff1 and a shout was heard outside4 ,and then in came the sons of the heroes1--neas1 and ,hercules1 and ,peleus1 and many another mighty name4 ,and great ,chiron leaped up joyfully1 and his hoofs made the cave resound1 as they shouted1 8,come out1 ,father ,chiron2 come out and see our game40 ,and one cried1 8,i have killed two deer10 and another1 8,i took a wild cat among the crags40 ,and ,hercules dragged a wild goat after him by its horns2 and ,cneus carried a bear cub under each arm1 and laughed when they scratched and bit2 for neither tooth nor steel could wound him4 ,and ,chiron praised them all1 each according to his deserts4 ,illustration3 ,and then in came the sons of the heroes4 ,only one walked apart and silent1 sculapius1 the too wise child1 with his bosom full of herbs and flowers1 and round his wrist a spotted snake2 he came with downcast eyes to ,chiron1 and whispered how he had watched the snake cast his old skin1 and grow young again before his eyes1 and how he had gone down into a village in the vale1 and cured a dying man with a herb which he had seen a sick goat eat4 ,and ,chiron smiled and said3 8,to each there has been given his own gift1 and each is worthy in his place4 ,but to this child there has been given an honor beyond all honors1--to cure while others kill40 ,then some of the lads brought in wood1 and split it1 and lighted a blazing fire2 and others skinned the deer and quartered them1 and set them to roast before the fire2 and while the venison was cooking they bathed in the snow torrent1 and washed away the dust and sweat4 ,and then all ate till they could eat no more--for they had tasted nothing since the dawn--and drank of the clear spring water1 for wine is not fit for growing lads4 ,and when the remnants were put away1 they all lay down upon the skins and leaves about the fire1 and each took the lyre in turn1 and sang and played with all his heart4 ,and after a while they all went out to a plot of grass at the cave's mouth1 and there they boxed1 and ran1 and wrestled1 and laughed till the stones fell from the cliffs4 ,then ,chiron took his lyre1 and all the lads joined hands2 and as he played1 they danced to his measure1 in and out1 and round and round4 ,there they danced hand in hand1 till the night fell over land and sea1 while the black glen shone with their broad white limbs1 and the gleam of their golden hair4 ,and the lad danced with them1 delighted1 and then slept a wholesome sleep1 upon fragrant leaves of bay1 and myrtle1 and marjoram1 and flowers of thyme2 and rose at the dawn1 and bathed in the torrent1 and became a schoolfellow to the heroes' sons4 ,and in course of time he forgot ,iolcus1 and son his father1 and all his former life4 ,but he grew strong1 and brave1 and cunning1 upon the rocky heights of ,pelion1 in the keen1 hungry1 mountain air4 ,and he learned to wrestle1 and to box1 and to hunt1 and to play upon the harp2 and1 next1 he learned to ride1 for old ,chiron often allowed him to mount upon his back2 and he learned the virtues of all herbs1 and how to cure all wounds2 and ,chiron called him ,jason the healer1 and that is his name until this day4 --,from 8,the ,heroes2 or ,greek ,fairy ,tales10 by ,charles ,kingsley4 ,,the ,,dog ,,of ,,montargis4 ,i4 ,in the old castle of ,montargis in ,france1 there was once a stone mantelpiece of workmanship so rare that it was talked about by the whole country4 ,and yet it was not altogether its beauty that caused people to speak of it and remember it4 ,it was famous rather on account of the strange scene that was carved upon it4 ,to those who asked about its meaning1 the old custodian of the castle would sometimes tell the following story4 ,it happened more than five hundred years ago1 when this castle was new and strong1 and people lived and thought in very different sort from what they do now4 ,among the young men of that time there was none more noble than ,aubrey de ,montdidier1 the nephew of the ,count of ,montargis2 and among all the knights who had favor at the royal court1 there was none more brave than the young ,sieur de ,narsac1 captain of the king's men at arms4 ,now these two men were devoted friends1 and whenever their other duties allowed them1 they were sure to be in each other's company4 ,indeed1 it was a rare thing to see either of them walking the streets of ,paris alone4 8,i will meet you at the tournament to-morrow10 said ,aubrey gayly1 one evening1 as he was parting from his friend4 8,yes1 at the tournament to-morrow10 said ,de ,narsac2 8and be sure that you come early40 ,the tournament was to be a grand affair4 ,a gentleman from ,provence was to run a tilt with a famous ,burgundian knight4 ,both men were noted for their horsemanship and their skill with the lance4 ,all ,paris would be out to see them4 ,when the time came1 ,de ,narsac was at the place appointed4 ,but ,aubrey failed to appear4 ,what could it mean8 ,it was not at all like ,aubrey to forget his promise2 it was seldom that he allowed anything to keep him away from the tournament4 8,have you seen my friend ,aubrey to-day80 ,de ,narsac asked this question a hundred times4 ,everybody gave the same answer1 and wondered what had happened4 ,the day passed and another day came1 and still there was no news from ,aubrey4 ,de ,narsac had called at his friend's lodgings1 but could learn nothing4 ,the young man had not been seen since the morning before the tournament4 ,three days passed1 and still not a word4 ,de ,narsac was greatly troubled4 ,he knew now that some accident must have happened to ,aubrey4 ,but what could it have been8 ,early in the morning of the fourth day he was aroused by a strange noise at his door4 ,he dressed himself in haste and opened it4 ,a dog was crouching there4 ,it was a greyhound1 so poor that its ribs stuck out1 so weak that it could hardly stand4 ,de ,narsac knew the animal without looking at the collar on its neck4 ,it was ,dragon1 his friend ,aubrey's greyhound1--the dog who went with him whenever he walked out1 the dog who was never seen save in its master's company4 ,the poor creature tried to stand4 ,his legs trembled from weakness2 he swayed from side to side4 ,he wagged his tail feebly1 and tried to put his nose in ,de ,narsac's hand4 ,de ,narsac saw at once that he was half starved2 that he had not had food for a long time4 ,he led the dog into his room and fed him some warm milk4 ,he bathed the poor fellow's nose and bloodshot eyes with cold water4 8,tell me where is your master10 he said4 ,then he set before him a full meal that would have tempted any dog4 ,the greyhound ate heartily1 and seemed to be much stronger4 ,he licked ,de ,narsac's hands4 ,he fondled his feet4 ,then he ran to the door and tried to make signs to his friend to follow him4 ,he whined pitifully4 ,de ,narsac understood4 8,you want to lead me to your master1 ,i see40 ,he put on his hat and went out with the dog4 ,through the narrow lanes and crooked streets of the old city1 ,dragon led the way4 ,at each corner he would stop and look back to make sure that ,de ,narsac was following4 ,he went over the long bridge--the only one that spanned the river in those days4 ,then he trotted out through the gate of ,st4 ,martin and into the open country beyond the walls4 ,in a little while the dog left the main road and took a bypath that led into the forest of ,bondy4 ,de ,narsac kept his hand on his sword now1 for they were on dangerous ground4 ,the forest was a great resort for robbers and lawless men1 and more than one wild and wicked deed had been enacted there4 ,but ,dragon did not go far into the woods4 ,he stopped suddenly near a dense thicket of briers and tangled vines4 ,he whined as though in great distress4 ,then he took hold of the sleeve of ,de ,narsac's coat1 and led him round to the other side of the thicket4 ,there under a low-spreading oak the grass had been trampled down2 there were signs1 too1 of freshly turned-up earth4 ,with moans of distress the dog stretched himself upon the ground1 and with pleading eyes looked up into ,de ,narsac's face4 8,ah1 my poor fellow60 said ,de ,narsac1 8you have led me here to show me your master's grave40 ,and with that he turned and hurried back to the city2 but the dog would not stir from his place4 ,that afternoon a company of men1 led by ,de ,narsac1 rode out to the forest4 ,they found in the ground beneath the oak what they had expected--the murdered body of young ,aubrey de ,montdidier4 8,who could have done this foul deed80 they asked of one another2 and then they wept1 for they all loved ,aubrey4 ,they made a litter of green branches1 and laid the body upon it4 ,then1 the dog following them1 they carried it back to the city and buried it in the king's cemetery4 ,and all ,paris mourned the untimely end of the brave young knight4 ,,ii4 ,after this1 the greyhound went to live with the young ,sieur de ,narsac4 ,he followed the knight wherever he went4 ,he slept in his room and ate from his hand4 ,he seemed to be as much devoted to his new master as he had been to the old4 ,one morning they went out for a stroll through the city4 ,the streets were crowded2 for it was a holiday and all the fine people of ,paris were enjoying the sunlight and the fresh air4 ,dragon1 as usual1 kept close to the heels of his master4 ,de ,narsac walked down one street and up another1 meeting many of his friends1 and now and then stopping to talk a little while4 ,suddenly1 as they were passing a corner1 the dog leaped forward and planted himself in front of his master4 ,he growled fiercely2 he crouched as though ready for a spring2 his eyes were fixed upon some one in the crowd4 ,illustration3 ,the dog planted himself in front of his master4 ,then1 before ,de ,narsac could speak1 he leaped forward upon a young man whom he had singled out4 ,the man threw up his arm to save his throat2 but the quickness of the attack and the weight of the dog caused him to fall to the ground4 ,there is no telling what might have followed had not those who were with him beaten the dog with their canes1 and driven him away4 ,de ,narsac knew the man4 ,his name was ,richard ,macaire1 and he belonged to the king's bodyguard4 ,never before had the greyhound been known to show anger towards any person4 8,what do you mean by such conduct80 asked his master as they walked homeward4 ,dragon's only answer was a low growl2 but it was the best that he could give4 ,the affair had put a thought into ,de ,narsac's mind which he could not dismiss4 ,within less than a week the thing happened again4 ,this time ,macaire was walking in the public garden4 ,de ,narsac and the dog were some distance away4 ,but as soon as ,dragon saw the man1 he rushed at him4 ,it was all that the bystanders could do to keep him from throttling ,macaire4 ,de ,narsac hurried up and called him away2 but the dog's anger was fearful to see4 ,it was well known in ,paris that ,macaire and young ,aubrey had not been friends4 ,it was remembered that they had had more than one quarrel4 ,and now the people began to talk about the dog's strange actions1 and some went so far as to put this and that together4 ,at last the matter reached the ears of the king4 ,he sent for ,de ,narsac and had a long talk with him4 8,come back to-morrow and bring the dog with you10 he said4 8,we must find out more about this strange affair40 ,the next day ,de ,narsac1 with ,dragon at his heels1 was admitted into the king's audience room4 ,the king was seated in his great chair1 and many knights and men at arms were standing around him4 ,hardly had ,de ,narsac stepped inside when the dog leaped quickly forward4 ,he had seen ,macaire1 and had singled him out from among all the rest4 ,he sprang upon him4 ,he would have torn him in pieces if no one had interfered4 ,there was now only one way to explain the matter4 8,this greyhound10 said ,de ,narsac1 8is here to denounce the ,chevalier ,macaire as the slayer of his master1 young ,aubrey de ,montdidier4 ,he demands that justice be done1 and that the murderer be punished for his crime40 ,the ,chevalier ,macaire was pale and trembling4 ,he stammered a denial of his guilt1 and declared that the dog was a dangerous beast1 and ought to be put out of the way4 8,shall a soldier in the service of the king be accused by a dog80 he cried4 8,shall he be condemned on such testimony as this8 ,i1 too1 demand justice40 8,let the judgment of ,god decide60 cried the knights who were present4 ,and so the king declared that there should be a trial by the judgment of ,god4 ,for in those rude times it was a very common thing to determine guilt or innocence in this way--that is1 by a combat between the accuser and the accused4 ,in such cases it was believed that ,god would always aid the cause of the innocent and bring about the defeat of the guilty4 ,the combat was to take place that very afternoon in the great common by the riverside4 ,the king's herald made a public announcement of it1 naming the dog as the accuser and the ,chevalier ,macaire as the accused4 ,a great crowd of people assembled to see this strange trial by the judgment of ,god4 ,the king and his officers were there to make sure that no injustice was done to either the man or the dog4 ,the man was allowed to defend himself with a short stick2 the dog was given a barrel into which he might run if too closely pressed4 ,at a signal the combat began4 ,macaire stood upon his guard while the dog darted swiftly around him1 dodging the blows that were aimed at him1 and trying to get at his enemy's throat4 ,the man seemed to have lost all his courage4 ,his breath came short and quick4 ,he was trembling from head to foot4 ,suddenly the dog leaped upon him and threw him to the ground4 ,in his great terror he cried to the king for mercy1 and acknowledged his guilt4 8,it is the judgment of ,god60 cried the king4 ,the officers rushed in and dragged the dog away before he could harm the guilty man2 and ,macaire was hurried off to the punishment which his crimes deserved4 ,and this is the scene that was carved on the old mantelpiece in the castle of ,montargis--this strange trial by the judgment of ,god4 ,is it not fitting that a dog so faithful1 devoted1 and brave should have his memory thus preserved in stone8 ,he is remembered also in story and song4 ,in ,france ballads have been written about him2 and his strange history has been dramatized in both ,french and ,english4 ,illustration ,illustration ,,the ,,old ,,oaken ,,bucket4 ,how dear to my heart are the scenes of my childhood1 ,when fond recollection presents them to view6 ,the orchard1 the meadow1 the deep1 tangled wildwood1 ,and every loved spot that my infancy knew4 ,the wide-spreading pond1 and the mill that stood by it2 ,the bridge and the rock where the cataract fell2 ,the cot of my father1 the dairy house nigh it1 ,and e'en the rude bucket which hung in the well-- ,the old oaken bucket1 the iron-bound bucket1 ,the moss-covered bucket which hung in the well4 ,that moss-covered bucket ,i hail as a treasure2 ,for often at noon1 when returned from the field1 ,i found it the source of an exquisite pleasure1 ,the purest and sweetest that nature can yield4 ,how ardent ,i seized it1 with hands that were glowing1 ,and quick to the white-pebbled bottom it fell2 ,then soon with the emblem of truth overflowing1 ,and dripping with coolness it rose from the well-- ,the old oaken bucket1 the iron-bound bucket1 ,the moss-covered bucket arose from the well4 ,how sweet from the green mossy brim to receive it1 ,as poised on the curb1 it inclined to my lips6 ,not a full blushing goblet could tempt me to leave it1 ,though filled with the nectar that ,jupiter sips4 ,and now1 far removed from thy loved situation1 ,the tear of regret will oftentimes swell1 ,as fancy returns to my father's plantation1 ,and sighs for the bucket which hangs in the well-- ,the old oaken bucket1 the iron-bound bucket1 ,the moss-covered bucket which hangs in the well4 --,samuel ,woodworth4 ,,the ,,village ,,blacksmith4 ,under a spreading chestnut tree ,the village smithy stands2 ,the smith a mighty man is he1 ,with large and sinewy hands2 ,and the muscles of his brawny arms ,are strong as iron bands4 ,his hair is crisp and black and long2 ,his face is like the tan2 ,his brow is wet with honest sweat1 ,he earns whate'er he can1 ,and looks the whole world in the face1 ,for he owes not any man4 ,week in1 week out1 from morn till night1 ,you can hear his bellows blow2 ,you can hear him swing his heavy sledge ,with measured beat and slow1 ,like a sexton ringing the village bell1 ,when the evening sun is low4 ,and children coming home from school ,look in at the open door2 ,they love to see the flaming forge1 ,and hear the bellows roar1 ,and catch the burning sparks that fly ,like chaff from a threshing floor4 ,he goes on ,sunday to the church1 ,and sits among his boys2 ,he hears the parson pray and preach2 ,he hears his daughter's voice ,singing in the village choir1 ,and it makes his heart rejoice4 ,it sounds to him like her mother's voice1 ,singing in ,paradise6 ,he needs must think of her once more1 ,how in the grave she lies2 ,and with his hard1 rough hand he wipes ,a tear out of his eyes4 ,toiling1 rejoicing1 sorrowing1 ,onward through life he goes2 ,each morning sees some task begun1 ,each evening sees its close2 ,something attempted1 something done1 ,has earned a night's repose4 ,thanks1 thanks to thee1 my worthy friend1 ,for the lesson thou hast taught6 ,thus at the flaming forge of life ,our fortunes must be wrought2 ,thus on its sounding anvil shaped ,each burning deed and thought4 --,henry ,w4 ,longfellow4 ,so nigh is grandeur to our dust ,so near is ,god to man1 ,when ,duty whispers low1 8,thou must10 ,the youth replies1 8,i can40 --,ralph ,waldo ,emerson4 ,illustration3 ,the ,village ,blacksmith4 ,from the ,painting by ,sir ,edwin ,landseer ,engraved by ,henry ,w4 ,peckwell4 ,,the ,,choice ,,of ,,hercules4 ,one morning when ,hercules was a fair-faced lad of twelve years1 he was sent out to do an errand which he disliked very much4 ,as he walked slowly along the road1 his heart was full of bitter thoughts2 and he murmured because others no better than himself were living in ease and pleasure1 while for him there was little but labor and pain4 ,thinking upon these things1 he came after a while to a place where two roads met2 and he stopped1 not quite certain which one to take4 ,the road on his right was hilly and rough1 and there was no beauty in it or about it2 but he saw that it led straight toward the blue mountains in the far distance4 ,the road on his left was broad and smooth1 with shade trees on either side1 where sang thousands of beautiful birds2 and it went winding in and out1 through groves and green meadows1 where bloomed countless flowers2 but it ended in fog and mist long before reaching the wonderful mountains of blue4 ,while the lad stood in doubt as to which way he should go1 he saw two ladies coming toward him1 each by a different road4 ,the one who came down the flowery way reached him first1 and ,hercules saw that she was beautiful as a summer day4 ,her cheeks were red1 her eyes sparkled1 her voice was like the music of morning4 8,o noble youth10 she said1 8this is the road which you should choose4 ,it will lead you into pleasant ways where there is neither toil1 nor hard study1 nor drudgery of any kind4 ,your ears shall always be delighted with sweet sounds1 and your eyes with things beautiful and gay2 and you need do nothing but play and enjoy the hours as they pass40 ,by this time the other fair woman had drawn near1 and she now spoke to the lad4 8,if you take my road10 said she1 8you will find that it is rocky and rough1 and that it climbs many a hill and descends into many a valley and quagmire4 ,the views which you will sometimes get from the hilltops are grand and glorious1 while the deep valleys are dark and the uphill ways are toilsome2 but the road leads to the blue mountains of endless fame1 of which you can see faint glimpses1 far away4 ,they can not be reached without labor2 for1 in fact1 there is nothing worth having that must not be won through toil4 ,if you would have fruits and flowers1 you must plant and care for them2 if you would gain the love of your fellow-men1 you must love them and suffer for them2 if you would be a man1 you must make yourself strong by the doing of manly deeds40 ,then the boy saw that this lady1 although her face seemed at first very plain1 was as beautiful as the dawn1 or as the flowery fields after a summer rain4 8,what is your name80 he asked4 ,illustration3 8,if you would be a man1 you must make yourself strong40 8,some call me ,labor10 she answered1 8but others know me as ,truth40 8,and what is your name80 he asked1 turning to the first lady4 8,some call me ,pleasure10 said she with a smile2 8but ,i choose to be known as the ,joyous ,one40 8,and what can you promise me at the end if ,i go with you80 8,i promise nothing at the end4 ,what ,i give1 ,i give at the beginning40 8,labor10 said ,hercules1 8,i will follow your road4 ,i want to be strong and manly and worthy of the love of my fellows4 ,and whether ,i shall ever reach the blue mountains or not1 ,i want to have the reward of knowing that my journey has not been without some worthy aim40 ,,christmas ,,at ,,the ,,cratchits'4 ,then up rose ,mrs4 ,cratchit1 dressed out but poorly in a twice-turned gown1 but brave in ribbons1 which are cheap and make a goodly show for sixpence2 and she laid the cloth1 assisted by ,belinda ,cratchit1 second of her daughters1 also brave in ribbons2 while ,master ,cratchit plunged a fork into the saucepan of potatoes1 and getting the corner of his monstrous shirt collar 7,bob's private property1 conferred upon his son and heir in honor of the day7 into his mouth1 rejoiced to find himself so gallantly attired1 and yearned to show his linen in the fashionable ,parks4 ,and now two smaller ,cratchits1 boy and girl1 came tearing in1 screaming that outside the baker's they had smelt the goose1 and known it for their own2 and basking in luxurious thoughts of sage and onion1 these young ,cratchits danced about the table and exalted ,master ,peter ,cratchit to the skies1 while he 7not proud1 although his collar nearly choked him7 blew the fire1 until the slow potatoes bubbling up knocked loudly at the saucepan lid to be let out and peeled4 8,what has ever got your precious father then80 said ,mrs4 ,cratchit4 8,and your brother1 ,tiny ,tim6 ,and ,martha wasn't as late last ,christmas ,day1 by half an hour60 8,here's ,martha1 mother60 said a girl1 appearing as she spoke4 8,here's ,martha1 mother60 cried the two young ,cratchits4 8,hurrah6 ,there's such a goose1 ,martha60 8,why1 bless your heart alive1 my dear1 how late you are60 said ,mrs4 ,cratchit1 kissing her a dozen times1 and taking off her shawl and bonnet for her with officious zeal4 8,we'd a deal of work to finish up last night10 replied the girl1 8and had to clear away this morning1 mother60 8,well6 never mind so long as you are come10 said ,mrs4 ,cratchit4 8,sit ye down before the fire1 my dear1 and have a warm1 ,lord bless ye60 8,no1 no6 ,there's father coming10 cried the two ,illustration3 ,bob ,cratchit and ,tiny ,tim4 ,from the ,painting by ,f4 ,barnard4 ,engraved by ,robert ,varley4 young ,cratchits1 who were everywhere at once4 8,hide1 ,martha1 hide60 ,so ,martha hid herself1 and in came little ,bob1 the father1 with at least three feet of comforter exclusive of the fringe hanging down before him2 and his threadbare clothes darned up and brushed1 to look seasonable2 and ,tiny ,tim upon his shoulder4 ,alas for ,tiny ,tim1 he bore a little crutch1 and had his limbs supported by an iron frame6 8,why1 where's our ,martha80 cried ,bob ,cratchit1 looking round4 8,not coming10 said ,mrs4 ,cratchit4 8,not coming60 said ,bob1 with a sudden declension in his high spirits2 for he had been ,tim's blood horse all the way from church1 and had come home rampant4 8,not coming upon ,christmas ,day60 ,martha did not like to see him disappointed1 if it were only in joke2 so she came out prematurely from behind the closet door1 and ran into his arms1 while the two young ,cratchits hustled ,tiny ,tim1 and bore him off into the washhouse that he might hear the pudding singing in the copper4 8,and how did little ,tim behave80 asked ,mrs4 ,cratchit1 when she had rallied ,bob on his credulity1 and ,bob had hugged his daughter to his heart's content4 8,as good as gold10 said ,bob1 8and better4 ,somehow he gets thoughtful1 sitting by himself so much1 and thinks the strangest things you ever heard4 ,he told me1 coming home1 that he hoped the people saw him in the church1 because he was a cripple1 and it might be pleasant to them to remember upon ,christmas ,day1 who made lame beggars walk and blind men see40 ,bob's voice was tremulous when he told them this1 and trembled more when he said that ,tiny ,tim was growing strong and hearty4 ,his active little crutch was heard upon the floor1 and back came ,tiny ,tim before another word was spoken1 escorted by his brother and sister to his stool beside the fire2 and while ,bob1 turning up his cuffs1--as if1 poor fellow1 they were capable of being made more shabby1--compounded some hot mixture in a jug with gin and lemons1 and stirred it round and round and put it on the hob to simmer2 ,master ,peter and the two ubiquitous young ,cratchits went to fetch the goose1 with which they soon returned in high procession4 ,such a bustle ensued that you might have thought a goose the rarest of all birds2 a feathered phenomenon1 to which a black swan was a matter of course--and in truth it was something very like it in that house4 ,mrs4 ,cratchit made the gravy 7ready beforehand in a little saucepan7 hissing hot2 ,master ,peter mashed the potatoes with incredible vigor2 ,miss ,belinda sweetened up the apple sauce2 ,martha dusted the hot plates2 ,bob took ,tiny ,tim beside him in a tiny corner at the table2 the two young ,cratchits set chairs for everybody1 not forgetting themselves1 and mounting guard upon their posts1 crammed spoons into their mouths1 lest they should shriek for goose before their turn came to be helped4 ,at last the dishes were set on1 and grace was said4 ,it was succeeded by a breathless pause1 as ,mrs4 ,cratchit1 looking slowly all along the carving knife1 prepared to plunge it in the breast2 but when she did1 and when the long-expected gush of stuffing issued forth1 one murmur of delight arose all round the board1 and even ,tiny ,tim1 excited by the two young ,cratchits1 beat on the table with the handle of his knife1 and feebly cried ,hurrah6 ,there never was such a goose4 ,bob said he didn't believe there ever was such a goose cooked4 ,its tenderness and flavor1 size and cheapness1 were the themes of universal admiration4 ,eked out by apple sauce and mashed potatoes1 it was a sufficient dinner for the whole family2 indeed1 as ,mrs4 ,cratchit said with great delight 7surveying one small atom of a bone upon the dish71 they hadn't ate it all at last6 ,yet every one had had enough1 and the youngest ,cratchits1 in particular1 were steeped in sage and onion to the eyebrows6 ,but now the plates being changed by ,miss ,belinda1 ,mrs4 ,cratchit left the room alone--too nervous to bear witnesses--to take the pudding up and bring it in4 ,suppose it should not be done enough6 ,suppose it should break in turning out6 ,suppose somebody should have got over the wall of the backyard and stolen it1 while they were merry with the goose--a supposition at which the two young ,cratchits became livid4 ,all sorts of horrors were supposed4 ,hallo6 ,a great deal of steam6 ,the pudding was out of the copper4 ,a smell like a washing day6 ,that was the cloth4 ,a smell like an eating house and a pastry cook's next door to each other1 with a laundress's next door to that6 ,that was the pudding6 ,in half a minute ,mrs4 ,cratchit entered--flushed1 but smiling proudly--with the pudding like a speckled cannon ball1 so hard and firm1 smoking hot1 and bedight with ,christmas holly stuck into the top4 ,oh1 a wonderful pudding6 ,bob ,cratchit said1 and calmly too1 that he regarded it as the greatest success achieved by ,mrs4 ,cratchit since their marriage4 ,mrs4 ,cratchit said that now the weight was off her mind1 she would confess she had her doubts about the quantity of flour4 ,everybody had something to say about it1 but nobody said or thought it was at all a small pudding for a large family4 ,it would have been flat heresy to do so4 ,any ,cratchit would have blushed to hint at such a thing4 ,at last the dinner was all done1 the cloth was cleared1 the hearth swept1 and the fire made up4 ,the compound in the jug being tasted1 and considered perfect1 apples and oranges were put upon the table1 and a shovel full of chestnuts on the fire4 ,then all the ,cratchit family drew round the hearth1 in what ,bob ,cratchit called a circle1 meaning half a one2 and at ,bob ,cratchit's elbow stood the family display of glass1--two tumblers and a custard cup without a handle4 ,these held the hot stuff from the jug1 however1 as well as golden goblets would have done2 and ,bob served it out with beaming looks1 while the chestnuts on the fire sputtered and cracked noisily4 ,then ,bob proposed3 8,a ,merry ,christmas to us all1 my dears4 ,god bless us60 ,which all the family rechoed4 8,god bless us every one60 said ,tiny ,tim1 the last of all4 ,he sat very close to his father's side1 upon his little stool4 ,bob held his withered little hand in his1 as if he loved the child1 and wished to keep him by his side1 and dreaded that he might be taken from him4 --,from 8,a ,christmas ,carol0 by ,charles ,dickens4 ,,on ,,the ,,mountain4 ,and seeing the multitudes1 he went up into a mountain3 and when he was set1 his disciples came unto him2 and he opened his mouth and taught them1 saying3 ,blessed are the poor in spirit2 for theirs is the kingdom of heaven4 ,blessed are they that mourn2 for they shall be comforted4 ,blessed are the meek2 for they shall inherit the earth4 ,blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after righteousness2 for they shall be filled4 ,blessed are the merciful2 for they shall obtain mercy4 ,blessed are the pure in heart2 for they shall see ,god4 ,blessed are the peacemakers2 for they shall be called the children of ,god4 ,blessed are they which are persecuted for righteousness' sake2 for theirs is the kingdom of heaven4 ,blessed are ye when men shall revile you1 and persecute you1 and shall say all manner of evil against you falsely1 for my sake4 ,rejoice and be exceeding glad2 for great is your reward in heaven4 ,ye have heard that it hath been said by them of old time1 ,thou shalt not forswear thyself1 but shalt perform unto the ,lord thine oaths3 but ,i say unto you1 ,swear not at all2 neither by heaven2 for it is ,god's throne3 nor by the earth2 for it is his foot-stool3 neither by ,jerusalem2 for it is the city of the great ,king4 ,neither shalt thou swear by thy head1 because thou canst not make one hair white or black4 ,but let your communication be1 ,yea1 yea2 ,nay1 nay3 for whatsoever is more than these cometh of evil4 ,ye have heard that it hath been said1 ,an eye for an eye1 and a tooth for a tooth3 but ,i say unto you1 ,that ye resist not evil2 but whosoever shall smite thee on thy right cheek1 turn to him the other also4 ,and if any man will sue thee at law1 and take away thy coat1 let him have thy cloak also4 ,and whosoever shall compel thee to go a mile1 go with him twain4 ,give to him that asketh thee1 and from him that would borrow of thee turn not thou away4 ,ye have heard that it hath been said1 ,thou shalt love thy neighbor and hate thine enemy4 ,but ,i say unto you1 ,love your enemies1 bless them that curse you1 do good to them that hate you1 and pray for them which despitefully use you1 and persecute you2 that ye may be the children of your ,father which is in heaven3 for he maketh his sun to rise on the evil and on the good1 and sendeth rain on the just and on the unjust4 ,for if ye love them that love you1 what reward have ye8 ,do not even the publicans the same8 ,and if ye salute your brethren only1 what do ye more than others8 ,do not even the publicans so8 ,be ye1 therefore1 perfect1 even as your ,father which is in heaven is perfect4444 ,ask1 and it shall be given you2 seek1 and ye shall find2 knock1 and it shall be opened unto you2 for every one that asketh1 receiveth2 and he that seeketh1 findeth2 and to him that knocketh1 it shall be opened4 ,or what man is there of you1 whom if his son ask bread1 will he give him a stone8 ,or if he ask a fish1 will he give him a serpent8 ,if ye then1 being evil know how to give good gifts unto your children1 how much more shall your ,father which is in heaven give good things to them that ask him8 ,therefore all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you1 do ye even so to them4 ,whosoever heareth these sayings of mine1 and doeth them1 ,i will liken him unto a wise man1 which built his house upon a rock3 and the rain descended1 and the floods came1 and the winds blew1 and beat upon that house2 and it fell not2 for it was founded upon a rock4 ,and every one that heareth these sayings of mine1 and doeth them not1 shall be likened unto a foolish man1 which built his house upon the sand3 and the rain descended1 and the floods came1 and the winds blew1 and beat upon that house2 and it fell3 and great was the fall of it4 --,from the ,gospel according to ,st4 ,matthew4 ,,betsey ,,hull',s ,,wedding4 ,in the early days of ,new ,england all the money that was used was brought from ,europe4 ,coins of gold and silver from ,england were the most plentiful2 but now and then one might see a doubloon1 or some piece of smaller value1 that had been made in ,spain or ,portugal4 ,as for paper money1 or bank bills1 nobody had ever heard of them4 ,money was so scarce that people were often obliged to barter instead of buying and selling4 ,that is1 if a lady wanted a yard of dress goods1 she would perhaps exchange a basket of fruit or some vegetables for it2 if a farmer wanted a pair of shoes1 he might give the skin of an ox for it2 if he needed nails1 he might buy them with potatoes4 ,in many places there was not money enough of any kind to pay the salaries of the ministers2 and so1 instead of gold or silver1 they were obliged to take fish and corn and wood and anything else that the people could spare4 ,as the people became more numerous1 and there was more trade among them1 the want of money caused much inconvenience4 ,at last1 the ,general ,court of the colony passed a law providing for the coinage of small pieces of silver--shillings1 sixpences1 and threepences4 ,they also appointed ,captain ,john ,hull to be mint-master for the colony1 and gave him the exclusive right to make this money4 ,it was agreed that for every twenty shillings coined by him1 he was to keep one shilling to pay him for his work4 ,and now1 all the old silver in the colony was hunted up and carried to ,captain ,hull's mint4 ,battered silver cans and tankards1 silver buckles1 broken spoons1 old sword hilts1 and many other such curious old articles were doubtless thrown into the melting pot together4 ,but by far the greater part of the silver consisted of bullion from the mines of ,south ,america1 which the ,english buccaneers had taken from the ,spaniards and brought to ,massachusetts4 ,all this old and new silver was melted down and coined2 and the result was an immense amount of bright shillings1 sixpences1 and threepences4 ,each had the date1 #afeb1 on one side1 and the figure of a pine tree on the other2 hence1 the shillings were called pine-tree shillings4 ,illustration3 ,pine-tree ,shilling4 ,when the members of the ,general ,court saw what an immense number of coins had been made1 and remembered that one shilling in every twenty was to go into the pockets of ,captain ,john ,hull1 they began to think that the mint-master was having the best of the bargain4 ,they offered him a large amount1 if he would but give up his claim to that twentieth shilling4 ,but the ,captain declared that he was well satisfied to let things stand as they were4 ,and so he might be1 for in a few years his money bags and his strong box were all overflowing with pine-tree shillings4 ,now1 the rich mint-master had a daughter whose name ,i do not know1 but whom ,i will call ,betsey4 ,this daughter was a fine1 hearty damsel1 by no means so slender as many young ladies of our own days4 ,she had been fed on pumpkin pies1 doughnuts1 ,indian puddings1 and other ,puritan dainties1 and so had grown up to be as round and plump as any lass in the colony4 ,with this round1 rosy ,miss ,betsey1 a worthy young man1 ,samuel ,sewell by name1 fell in love2 and as he was diligent in business1 and a member of the church1 the mint-master did not object to his taking her as his wife4 8,oh1 yes1 you may have her10 he said in his rough way2 8but you will find her a heavy enough burden40 ,on the wedding day we may suppose that honest ,john ,hull dressed himself in a plum-colored coat1 all the buttons of which were made of pine-tree shillings4 ,the buttons of his waistcoat were sixpences1 and the knees of his small clothes were buttoned with silver threepences4 ,thus attired1 he sat with dignity in the huge armchair which had been brought from old ,england expressly for his comfort4 ,on the other side of the room sat ,miss ,betsey4 ,she was blushing with all her might1 and looked like a full-blown peony or a great red apple4 ,there1 too1 was the bridegroom1 dressed in a fine purple coat and gold-laced waistcoat4 ,his hair was cropped close to his head1 because ,governor ,endicott had forbidden any man to wear it below the ears4 ,but he was a very personable young man2 and so thought the bridesmaids and ,miss ,betsey herself4 ,when the marriage ceremony was over1 ,captain ,hull whispered a word to two of his men servants1 who immediately went out1 and soon returned lugging in a large pair of scales4 ,they were such a pair as wholesale merchants use for weighing bulky commodities2 and quite a bulky commodity was now to be weighed in them4 8,daughter ,betsey10 said the mint-master1 8get into one side of these scales40 ,miss ,betsey--or ,mrs4 ,sewell1 as we must now call her--did as she was bid1 like a dutiful child1 without any question of why and wherefore4 ,but what her father could mean1 unless to make her husband pay for her by the pound 7in which case she would have been a dear bargain71 she had not the least idea4 8,now10 said honest ,john ,hull to the servants1 8bring that box hither40 ,the box to which the mint-master pointed was a huge1 square1 iron-bound1 oaken chest2 it was big enough1 my children1 for three or four of you to play at hide and seek in4 ,the servants tugged with might and main1 but could not lift this enormous receptacle1 and were finally obliged to drag it across the floor4 ,captain ,hull then took a key from his girdle1 unlocked the chest1 and lifted its ponderous lid4 ,behold6 it was full to the brim of bright pine-tree shillings fresh from the mint2 and ,samuel ,sewell began to think that his father-in-law had got possession of all the money in the ,massachusetts treasury4 ,but it was only the mint-master's honest share of the coinage4 ,then the servants1 at ,captain ,hull's command1 heaped double handfuls of shillings into one side of the scales1 while ,betsey remained in the other4 ,jingle1 jingle went the shillings1 as handful after handful was thrown in1 till1 plump and ponderous as she was1 they fairly weighed the young lady from the floor4 8,there1 son ,sewell60 cried the honest mint-master1 8take these shillings for my daughter's portion4 ,it is not every wife that is worth her weight in silver40 --,adapted from 8,grandfather's ,chair0 by ,nathaniel ,hawthorne4 ,illustration3 ,a ,puritan ,wedding ,procession4 ,from the ,painting by ,c4 ,g4 ,turner4 ,engraved by ,angelo ,negri4 ,,ulysses ,,and ,,the ,,cyclops4 ,among all the great poems that have ever been written none are grander or more famous than the 8,iliad0 and the 8,odyssey10 of the old ,greek poet ,homer4 ,they were composed and recited nearly three thousand years ago1 and yet nothing that has been written in later times has so charmed and delighted mankind4 ,in the 8,iliad0 the poet tells how the ,greeks made war upon ,troy1 and how they did brave deeds around the walls of that famed city1 and faltered not till they had won the stubborn fight4 ,in the 8,odyssey0 he tells how the ,greek hero ,ulysses or ,odysseus1 when the war was ended1 set sail for his distant home in ,ithaca2 how he was driven from his course by the wind and waves2 and how he was carried against his will through unknown seas and to strange1 mysterious shores where no man had been before4 ,illustration3 ,homer4 ,one of the most famous passages in the 8,odyssey0 is that in which ,ulysses relates the story of his meeting with the one-eyed giant1 ,polyphemus4 ,he tells it in this manner3 ,when we had come to the land1 we saw a cave not far from the sea4 ,it was a lofty cave roofed over with laurels1 and in it large herds of sheep and goats were used to rest4 ,about it a high outer court was built with stones set deep in the ground1 and with tall pines and oaks crowned with green leaves4 ,in it was wont to sleep a man of monstrous size who shepherded his flocks alone and had no dealings with others1 but dwelt apart in lawlessness of mind4 ,indeed1 he was a monstrous thing1 most strangely shaped2 and he was unlike any man that lives by bread1 but more like the wooded top of some towering hill that stands out apart and alone from others4 ,then ,i bade the rest of my well-loved company stay close by the ship and guard it2 but ,i chose out twelve of my bravest men and sallied forth4 ,we bore with us a bag of corn and a great skin filled with dark sweet wine2 for in my lordly heart ,i had a foreboding that we should meet a man1 a strange1 strong man who had little reason and cared nothing for the right4 ,soon we came to the cave1 but he was not within2 he was shepherding his fat flocks in the pastures4 ,so we went into the cave and looked around4 ,there we saw many folds filled with lambs and kids4 ,each kind was penned by itself2 in one fold were the spring lambs1 in one were the summer lambs1 and in one were the younglings of the flock4 ,on one side of the cave were baskets well laden with cheeses2 and the milk pails and the bowls and the well-wrought vessels into which he milked were filled with whey4 ,illustration3 ,he came back driving his flocks4 ,then my men begged me to take the cheeses and return1 and afterwards to make haste and drive off the kids and lambs to the swift ship and sail without delay over the salt waves4 ,far better would it have been had ,i done as they wished2 but ,i bade them wait and see the giant himself1 for perhaps he would give me gifts as a stranger's due4 ,then we kindled a fire and made a burnt-offering2 and we ate some of the cheeses1 and sat waiting for him till he came back driving his flocks4 ,in his arms he carried a huge load of dry wood to be used in cooking supper4 ,this he threw down with a great noise inside the cave1 and we in fear hid ourselves in the dark corners behind the rocks4 ,as for the giant1 he drove into the wide cavern all those of his flock that he was wont to milk2 but the males1 both of the sheep and of the goats1 he left outside in the high-walled yard4 ,then he lifted a huge door stone and set it in the mouth of the cave2 it was a stone so weighty that two-and-twenty good1 four-wheeled wagons could scarce have borne it off the ground4 ,then he sat down and milked the ewes and the bleating goats1 each in its turn1 and beneath each ewe he placed her young4 ,after that he curdled half of the white milk and stored it in wicker baskets2 and the other half he let stand in pails that he might have it for his supper4 ,now1 when he had done all his work busily1 he kindled the fire1 and as its light shone into all parts of the cave1 he saw us4 8,strangers1 who are you80 he cried4 8,whence sail you over the wet ways8 ,are you on some trading voyage1 or do you rove as sea robbers over the briny deep80 ,such were his words1 and so monstrous was he and so deep was his voice that our hearts were broken within us for terror4 ,but1 for all that1 ,i stood up and answered him1 saying3 8,lo1 we are ,greeks1 driven by all manner of winds over the great gulf of the sea4 ,we seek our homes1 but have lost our way and know not where we go4 ,now we have landed on this shore1 and we come to thy knees1 thinking perhaps that thou wilt give us a stranger's gift1 or make any present1 as is the due of strangers4 ,think upon thy duty to the gods2 for we are thy suppliants4 ,have regard to ,jupiter1 the god of the sojourner and the friend of the stranger40 ,this ,i said1 and then the giant answered me out of his pitiless heart3 8,thou art indeed a foolish fellow and a stranger in this land1 to think of bidding me fear the gods4 ,we ,cyclops care nothing for ,jupiter1 nor for any other of the gods2 for we are better men than they4 ,the fear of them will never cause me to spare either thee or thy company1 unless ,i choose to do so40 ,then the giant sprang up and caught two of my companions1 and dashed them to the ground so hard that they died before my eyes2 and the earth was wet with their blood4 ,then he cut them into pieces1 and made ready his evening meal4 ,so he ate1 as a lion of the mountains2 and we wept and raised our hands to ,jupiter1 and knew not what to do4 ,and after the ,cyclops had filled himself1 he lay down among his sheep4 ,then ,i considered in my great heart whether ,i should not draw my sharp sword1 and stab him in the breast4 ,but upon second thought1 ,i held back4 ,for ,i knew that we would not be able to roll away with our hands the heavy stone which the giant had set against the door1 and we would then have perished in the cave4 ,so1 all night long1 we crouched trembling in the darkness1 and waited the coming of the day4 ,now1 when the rosy-fingered ,dawn shone forth1 the ,cyclops arose and kindled the fire4 ,then he is milked his goodly flock1 and beneath each ewe he set her lamb4 ,when he had done all his work busily1 he seized two others of my men1 and made ready his morning meal4 ,and after the meal1 he moved away the great door stone1 and drove his fat flocks forth from the cave2 and when the last sheep had gone out1 he set the stone in its place again1 as one might set the lid of a quiver4 ,then1 with a loud whoop1 he turned his flocks toward the hills2 but ,i was left shut up in the cave1 and thinking what we should do to avenge ourselves4 ,and at last this plan seemed to me the best4 ,not far from the sheepfold there lay a great club of the ,cyclops1 a club of olive wood1 yet green1 which he had cut to carry with him when it should be fully seasoned4 ,now when we looked at this stick1 it seemed to us as large as the mast of a black ship of twenty oars1 a wide merchant vessel that sails the vast sea4 ,i stood by it1 and cut off from it a piece some six feet in length1 and set it by my men1 and bade them trim it down and make it smooth2 and while they did this1 ,i stood by and sharpened it to a point4 ,then ,i took it and hardened it in the bright fire2 and after that1 ,i laid it away and hid it4 ,and ,i bade my men cast lots to determine which of them should help me1 when the time came1 to lift the sharp and heavy stick and turn it about in the ,cyclops' eye4 ,and the lots fell upon those whom ,i would have chosen1 and ,i appointed myself to be the fifth among them4 ,,ii4 ,in the evening the ,cyclops came home1 bringing his well-fleeced flocks2 and soon he drove the beasts1 each and all1 into the cave1 and left not one outside in the high-walled yard4 ,then he lifted the huge door stone1 and set it in the mouth of the cave2 and after that he milked the ewes and the bleating goats1 all in order1 and beneath each ewe he placed her young4 ,now when he had done all his work busily1 he seized two others of my men1 and made ready his supper4 ,then ,i stood before the ,cyclops and spoke to him1 holding in my hands a bowl of dark wine3 8,cyclops1 take this wine and drink it after thy feast1 that thou mayest know what kind of wine it was that our good ship carried4 ,for1 indeed1 ,i was bringing it to thee as a drink offering1 if haply thou wouldst pity us and send us on our way home2 but thy mad rage seems to have no bounds40 ,so ,i spoke1 and he took the cup and drank the wine2 and so great was his delight that he asked me for yet a second draught4 8,kindly give me more1 and tell me thy name1 so that ,i may give thee a stranger's gift and make thee glad40 ,thus he spoke1 and again ,i handed him the dark wine4 ,three times did ,i hand it to him1 and three times did he drink it to the dregs4 ,but when the wine began to confuse his wits1 then ,i spoke to him with soft words3 8,o ,cyclops1 thou didst ask for my renowned name1 and now ,i will tell it to thee2 but do thou grant me a stranger's gift1 as thou hast promised4 ,my name is ,no-man2 my father and my mother and all my companions call me ,no-man40 ,thus ,i spoke1 and he answered me out of his pitiless heart3 8,i will eat thee1 ,no-man1 after ,i have eaten all thy fellows3 that shall be thy gift40 ,then he sank down upon the ground with his face upturned2 and there he lay with his great neck bent round2 and sleep1 that conquers all men1 overcame him4 ,then ,i thrust that stake under the burning coals until the sharpened end of it grew hot2 and ,i spoke words of comfort to my men lest they should hang back with fear4 ,but when the bar of olive wood began to glow and was about to catch fire1 even then ,i came nigh and drew it from the coals1 and my men stood around me1 and some god filled our hearts with courage4 ,the men seized the bar of olive wood and thrust it into the ,cyclops' eye1 while ,i from my place aloft turned it around4 ,as when a man bores a ship's beam with a drill while his fellows below spin it with a strap1 which they hold at either end1 and the auger runs round continually3 even so did we seize the fiery-pointed brand and whirl it round in his eye4 ,and the flames singed his eyelids and brows all about1 as the ball of the eye was burned away4 ,and the ,cyclops raised a great and terrible cry that made the rocks around us ring1 and we fled away in fear1 while he plucked the brand from his bleeding eye4 ,then1 maddened with pain1 he cast the bar from him1 and called with a loud voice to the ,cyclopes1 his neighbors1 who dwelt near him in the caves along the cliffs4 ,and they heard his cry1 and flocked together from every side1 and standing outside1 at the door of the cave1 asked him what was the matter3 8,what troubles thee1 ,polyphemus1 that thou criest thus in the night1 and wilt not let us sleep80 ,the strong ,cyclops whom they thus called ,polyphemus1 answered them from the cave3 8,my friends1 ,no-man is killing me by guile1 and not by force60 ,and they spoke winged words to him3 8,if no man is mistreating thee in thy lonely cave1 then it must be some sickness1 sent by ,jupiter1 that is giving thee pain4 ,pray to thy father1 great ,neptune1 and perhaps he will cure thee40 ,and when they had said this they went away2 and my heart within me laughed to see how my name and cunning counsel had deceived them4 ,but the ,cyclops1 groaning with pain1 groped with his hands1 and lifted the stone from the door of the cave4 ,then he sat in the doorway1 with arms outstretched1 to lay hold of any one that might try to go out with the sheep2 for he thought that ,i would be thus foolish4 ,but ,i began to think of all kinds of plans by which we might escape2 and this was the plan which seemed to me the best3 ,the rams of the flock were thick-fleeced1 beautiful1 and large2 and their wool was dark as the violet4 ,these ,i quietly lashed together with the strong withes which the ,cyclops had laid in heaps to sleep upon4 ,i tied them together in threes3 the middle one of the three was to carry a man2 but the sheep on either side went only as a shield to keep him from discovery4 ,thus1 every three sheep carried their man4 ,as for me1 ,i laid hold of a young ram1 the best and strongest of all the flock2 and ,i clung beneath him1 face upward1 grasping the wondrous fleece4 ,as soon as the early ,dawn shone forth1 the rams of the flock hastened out to the pasture1 but the ewes bleated about the pens and waited to be milked4 ,as the rams passed through the doorway1 their master1 sore stricken with pain1 felt along their backs1 and guessed not in his folly that my men were bound beneath their wooly breasts4 ,last of all1 came the young ram cumbered with his heavy fleece1 and the weight of me and my cunning4 ,the strong ,cyclops laid his hands on him and spoke to him3 8,dear ram10 he said1 8pray tell me why you are the last of all to go forth from the cave4 ,you are not wont to lag behind4 ,hitherto you have always been the first to pluck the tender blossoms of the pasture1 and you have been the first to go back to the fold at evening4 ,but now you are the very last4 ,can it be that you are sorrowing for your master's eye which a wicked man blinded when he had overcome me with wine8 8,ah1 if you could feel as ,i--if you could speak and tell me where he is hiding to shun my wrath--then ,i would smite him1 and my heart would be lightened of the sorrows that he has brought upon me40 ,then he sent the ram from him2 and when we had gone a little way from the cave ,i loosed myself from under the ram1 and then set my fellows free4 ,swiftly we drove the flock before us1 and often is turned to look about1 till at last we came to the ship4 ,our companions greeted us with glad hearts1--us who had fled from death2 and they were about to bemoan the others with tears when ,i forbade4 ,i told them to make haste and take on board the well-fleeced sheep1 and then sail away from that unfriendly shore4 ,so they did as they were bidden1 and when all was ready1 they sat upon the benches1 each man in his place1 and smote the gray sea water with their oars4 ,illustration3 ,ship in the ,time of ,homer4 ,but when we had not gone so far but that a man's shout could be heard1 ,i called to the ,cyclops and taunted him3 8,cyclops1 you will not eat us by main might in your hollow cave6 ,your evil deeds1 ,o cruel monster1 were sure to find you out2 for you shamelessly ate the guests that were within your gates1 and now ,jupiter and the other gods have requited you as you deserved40 ,thus ,i spoke1 and so great became his anger that he broke off the peak of a great hill and threw it at us1 and it fell in front of the dark-prowed ship4 ,and the sea rose in waves from the fall of the rock1 and drove the ship quickly back to the shore4 ,then ,i caught up a long pole in my hands1 and thrust the ship from off the land2 and with a motion of the head1 ,i bade them dash in with their oars1 so that we might escape from our evil plight4 ,so they bent to their oars and rowed on4 99 99 99 99 99 ,such is the story which ,ulysses told of his adventure with the giant ,cyclops4 ,many and strange were the other adventures through which he passed before he reached his distant home2 and all are related in that wonderful poem1 the 8,odyssey40 ,this poem has been often translated into the ,english language4 ,some of the translations are in the form of poetry1 and of these the best are the versions by ,george ,chapman1 by ,alexander ,pope1 and by our ,american poet ,william ,cullen ,bryant4 ,the best prose translation is that by ,butcher and ,lang--and this ,i have followed quite closely in the story which you have just read4 ,,the ,,brook4 ,i come from haunts of coot and hern3 ,i make a sudden sally1 ,and sparkle out among the fern1 ,to bicker down the valley2 ,by thirty hills ,i hurry down1 ,or slip between the ridges1 ,by twenty thorps1 a little town1 ,and half a hundred bridges4 ,illustration3 ,alfred ,tennyson4 ,till last by ,philip's farm ,i flow ,to join the brimming river2 ,for men may come and men may go1 ,but ,i go on forever4 ,i chatter over stony ways ,in little sharps and trebles4 ,i bubble into eddying bays1 ,i babble on the pebbles2 ,with many a curve my banks ,i fret ,by many a field and fallow1 ,and many a fairy foreland set ,with willow-weed and mallow2 ,i chatter1 chatter1 as ,i flow ,to join the brimming river2 ,for men may come1 and men may go1 ,but ,i go on forever4 ,i wind about1 and in and out1 ,with here a blossom sailing1 ,and here and there a lusty trout1 ,and here and there a grayling1 ,and here and there a foamy flake1 ,upon me as ,i travel1 ,with many a silvery waterbreak ,above the golden gravel1 ,and draw them all along1 and flow ,to join the brimming river2 ,for men may come1 and men may go1 ,but ,i go on forever4 ,i steal by lawns and grassy plots1 ,i slide by hazel covers2 ,i move the sweet forget-me-nots ,that grow for happy lovers2 ,illustration ,i slip1 ,i slide1 ,i gloom1 ,i glance1 ,among my skimming swallows2 ,i make the netted sunbeam dance ,against my sandy shallows2 ,i murmur under moon and stars ,in brambly wildernesses2 ,i linger by my shingly bars1 ,i loiter round my cresses2 ,and out again ,i curve and flow ,to join the brimming river2 ,for men may come1 and men may go1 ,but ,i go on forever4 --,alfred ,tennyson4 ,,the ,,lady ,,of ,,shalott4 ,,part ,i4 ,on either side the river lie ,long fields of barley and of rye1 ,that clothe the wold and meet the sky3 ,and through the fields the road runs by ,to many-towered ,camelot2 ,and up and down the people go1 ,gazing where the lilies blow ,round an island there below1 ,the island of ,shalott4 ,willows whiten1 aspens quiver1 ,little breezes dusk and shiver ,through the wave that runs forever ,by the island in the river ,flowing down to ,camelot2 ,four gray walls1 and four gray towers1 ,overlook a space of flowers1 ,and the silent isle imbowers ,the ,lady of ,shalott4 ,by the margin1 willow-veiled1 ,slide the heavy barges1 trailed ,by slow horses2 and unhailed ,the shallop flitteth silken-sailed1 ,skimming down to ,camelot3 ,but who hath seen her wave her hand8 ,or at the casement seen her stand8 ,or is she known in all the land1 ,the ,lady of ,shalott8 ,only reapers1 reaping early ,in among the bearded barley1 ,hear a song that echoes cheerly ,from the river winding clearly1 ,down to towered ,camelot3 ,and by the moon the reaper weary1 ,piling sheaves in uplands airy1 ,listening1 whispers1 8#8,tis the fairy ,lady of ,shalott40 ,,part ,,ii4 ,there she weaves by night and day ,a magic web with colors gay4 ,she has heard a whisper say1 ,a curse is on her if she stay ,to look down to ,camelot4 ,she knows not what the curse may be1 ,and so she weaveth steadily1 ,and little other care hath she1 ,the ,lady of ,shalott4 ,and moving through a mirror clear1 ,that hangs before her all the year1 ,shadows of the world appear4 ,there she sees the highway near ,winding down to ,camelot3 ,there the river eddy whirls1 ,and there the surly village churls1 ,and the red cloaks of market girls ,pass onward from ,shalott4 ,sometimes a troop of damsels glad1 ,an abbot on an ambling pad1 ,sometimes a curly shepherd lad ,or long-haired page in crimson clad1 ,goes by to towered ,camelot2 ,and sometimes through the mirror blue1 ,the knights come riding two and two3-- ,she hath no loyal knight and true1 ,the ,lady of ,shalott4 ,but in her web she still delights ,to weave the mirrored magic sights1 ,for often through the silent nights ,a funeral1 with plumes and lights1 ,and music1 went to ,camelot2 ,or1 when the moon was overhead1 ,came two young lovers lately wed4 8,i am half-sick of shadows10 said ,the ,lady of ,shalott4 ,,part ,,iii4 ,a bowshot from her bower eaves1 ,he rode between the barley sheaves1 ,the sun came dazzling through the leaves1 ,and flamed upon the brazen greaves ,of bold ,sir ,lancelot4 ,a red-cross knight forever kneeled ,to a lady in his shield ,that sparkled on the yellow field1 ,beside remote ,shalott4 ,the gemmy bridle glittered free1 ,like to some branch of stars we see ,hung in the golden ,galaxy4 ,the bridle bells rang merrily ,as he rode down to ,camelot3 ,and from his blazoned baldric slung ,a mighty silver bugle hung1 ,and as he rode his armor rung1 ,beside remote ,shalott4 ,all in the blue unclouded weather ,thick-jewelled shone the saddle leather1 ,the helmet and the helmet feather ,burned like one burning flame together1 ,as he rode down to ,camelot4 ,as often through the purple night1 ,below the starry clusters bright1 ,some bearded meteor1 trailing light1 ,moves over still ,shalott4 ,his broad clear brow in sunlight glowed2 ,on burnished hooves his war horse trode2 ,from underneath his helmet flowed ,his coal-black curls as on he rode1 ,as he rode down to ,camelot4 ,from the bank and from the river ,he flashed into the crystal mirror2 8,tirra lirra10 by the river ,sang ,sir ,lancelot4 ,she left the web1 she left the loom1 ,she made three paces through the room1 ,she saw the water lily bloom1 ,she saw the helmet and the plume1 ,she looked down to ,camelot4 ,out flew the web and floated wide2 ,the mirror cracked from side to side2 8,the curse is come upon me10 cried ,the ,lady of ,shalott4 ,,part ,,iv4 ,in the stormy east wind straining1 ,the pale yellow woods were waning1 ,the broad stream in his banks complaining1 ,heavily the low sky raining ,over towered ,camelot2 ,down she came and found a boat ,beneath a willow left afloat1 ,and round about the prow she wrote1 ,the ,lady of ,shalott4 ,and down the river's dim expanse-- ,like some bold seer in a trance1 ,seeing all his own mischance-- ,with a glassy countenance ,did she look to ,camelot4 ,and at the closing of the day ,she loosed the chain1 and down she lay2 ,the broad stream bore her far away1 ,the ,lady of ,shalott4 ,lying1 robed in snowy white ,that loosely flew to left and right-- ,the leaves upon her falling light-- ,through the noises of the night ,she floated down to ,camelot3 ,and as the boat-head wound along ,the willowy hills and fields among1 ,they heard her singing her last song1 ,the ,lady of ,shalott4 ,heard a carol1 mournful1 holy1 ,chanted loudly1 chanted lowly1 ,till her blood was frozen slowly1 ,and her eyes were darkened wholly1 ,turned to towered ,camelot2 ,for ere she reached upon the tide ,the first house by the waterside1 ,singing in her song she died1 ,the ,lady of ,shalott4 ,under tower and balcony1 ,by garden wall and gallery1 ,a gleaming shape she floated by1 ,a corse between the houses high1 ,silent into ,camelot4 ,out upon the wharfs they came1 ,knight and burgher1 lord and dame1 ,and round the prow they read her name1 ,the ,lady of ,shalott4 ,who is this8 and what is here8 ,and in the lighted palace near ,died the sound of royal cheer2 ,and they crossed themselves for fear1 ,all the knights at ,camelot2 ,but ,lancelot mused a little space2 ,he said1 8,she has a lovely face2 ,god in his mercy lend her grace1 ,the ,lady of ,shalott40 ,this poem1 by ,alfred ,tennyson1 was written in #ahcb4 ,considered as a picture1 or as a series of pictures1 its beauty is unsurpassed4 ,the story which is here so briefly told is founded upon a touching legend connected with the romance of ,king ,arthur and his ,knights of the ,round ,table4 ,tennyson afterwards 7in #ahei7 expanded it into the ,idyll called 8,elaine10 wherein he followed more closely the original narrative as related by ,sir ,thomas ,malory4 ,sir ,lancelot was the strongest and bravest of the ,knights of the ,round ,table1 and for love of him ,elaine1 8the fair maid of ,astolat10 pined away and died4 ,but before her death she called her brother1 and having dictated a letter which he was to write1 she spoke thus3 8#8,while my body is whole1 let this letter be put into my right hand1 and my hand bound fast with the letter until ,i be cold1 and let me be put in a fair bed with all my richest clothes that ,i have about me1 and so let my bed and all my rich clothes be laid with me in a chariot to the next place whereas the ,thames is1 and there let me be put in a barge1 and but one man with me1 such as ye trust to steer me thither1 and that my barge be covered with black samite over and over4'444 ,so when she was dead1 the corpse and the bed and all was led the next way unto the ,thames1 and there all were put in a barge on the ,thames1 and so the man steered the barge to ,westminster1 and there he rowed a great while to and fro1 or any man espied40#a ,at length the ,king and his ,knights1 coming down to the water side1 and seeing the boat and the fair maid of ,astolat1 they uplifted the hapless body of ,elaine1 and bore it to the hall4 #a ,malory's 8,king ,arthur10 ,book ,,xviii4 ,illustration3 ,elaine4 ,from the ,painting by ,t4 ,e4 ,rosenthal4 ,engraved by ,henry ,wolf4 7,see note1 p4 #gg47 ,,lessons ,,from ,,nature',s ,,book4 ,let us suppose that it is summer time1 that you are in the country1 and that you have fixed upon a certain day for a holiday ramble4 ,some of you are going to gather wild flowers1 some to collect pebbles1 and some without any very definite aim beyond the love of the holiday and of any sport or adventure which it may bring with it4 ,soon after sunrise on the eventful day you are awake1 and great is your delight to find the sky clear1 and the sun shining warmly4 ,it is arranged1 however1 that you do not start until after breakfast time1 and meanwhile you busy yourselves in getting ready all the baskets and sticks and other gear of which you are to make use during the day4 ,but the brightness of the morning begins to get dimmed4 ,the few clouds which were to be seen at first have grown large1 and seem evidently gathering together for a storm4 ,and sure enough1 ere breakfast is well over1 the first ominous big drops are seen falling4 ,you cling to the hope that it is only a shower which will soon be over1 and you go on with the preparations for the journey notwithstanding4 ,but the rain shows no symptom of soon ceasing4 ,the big drops come down thicker and faster4 ,little pools of water begin to form in the hollows of the road1 and the window panes are now streaming with rain4 ,with sad hearts you have to give up all hope of holding your excursion to-day4 ,it is no doubt very tantalizing to be disappointed in this way when the promised pleasure was on the very point of becoming yours4 ,but let us see if we can not derive some compensation even from the bad weather4 ,late in the afternoon the sky clears a little1 and the rain ceases4 ,you are glad to get outside again1 and so we all sally forth for a walk4 ,streams of muddy water are still coursing along the sloping roadway4 ,if you will let me be your guide1 ,i would advise that we should take our walk by the neighboring river4 ,we wend our way by wet paths and green lanes1 where every hedgerow is still dripping with moisture1 until we gain the bridge1 and see the river right beneath us4 ,what a change this one day's heavy rain has made6 ,yesterday you could almost count the stones in the channel1 so small and clear was the current4 ,but look at it now6 ,the water fills the channel from bank to bank1 and rolls along swiftly4 ,we can watch it for a little from the bridge4 ,as it rushes past1 innumerable leaves and twigs are seen floating on its surface4 ,now and then a larger branch1 or even a whole tree trunk1 comes down1 tossing and rolling about on the flood4 ,sheaves of straw or hay1 planks of wood1 pieces of wooden fence1 sometimes a poor duck1 unable to struggle against the current1 roll past us and show how the river has risen above its banks and done damage to the farms higher up its course4 ,we linger for a while on the bridge1 watching this unceasing tumultuous rush of water and the constant variety of objects which it carries down the channel4 ,you think it was perhaps almost worth while to lose your holiday for the sake of seeing so grand a sight as this angry and swollen river1 roaring and rushing with its full burden of dark water4 ,now1 while the scene is still fresh before you1 ask yourselves a few simple questions about it1 and you will find perhaps additional reasons for not regretting the failure of the promised excursion4 ,in the first place1 where does all this added mass of water in the river come from8 ,you say it was the rain that brought it4 ,well1 but how should it find its way into this broad channel8 ,why does not the rain run off the ground without making any river at all8 ,but1 in the second place1 where does the rain come from8 ,in the early morning the sky was bright1 then clouds appeared1 and then came the rain1 and you answer that it was the clouds which supplied the rain4 ,but the clouds must have derived the water from some source4 ,how is it that clouds gather rain1 and let it descend upon the earth8 ,in the third place1 what is it which causes the river to rush on in one direction more than another8 ,when the water was low1 and you could1 perhaps1 almost step across the channel on the stones and gravel1 the current1 small though it might be1 was still quite perceptible4 ,you saw that the water was moving along the channel always from the same quarter4 ,and now when the channel is filled with this rolling torrent of dark water1 you see that the direction of the current is still the same4 ,can you tell why this should be8 ,again1 yesterday the water was clear1 to-day it is dark and discolored4 ,take a little of this dirty-looking water home with you1 and let it stand all night in a glass4 ,to-morrow morning you will find that it is clear1 and that a fine layer of mud has sunk to the bottom4 ,it is mud1 therefore1 which discolors the swollen river4 ,but where did this mud come from8 ,plainly1 it must have something to do with the heavy rain and the flooded state of the stream4 ,well1 this river1 whether in shallow or in flood1 is always moving onward in one direction1 and the mud which it bears along is carried toward the same point to which the river itself is hastening4 ,while we sit on the bridge watching the foaming water as it eddies and whirls past us1 the question comes home to us--what becomes of all this vast quantity of water and mud8 ,remember1 now1 that our river is only one of many hundreds which flow across this country1 and that there are thousands more in other countries where the same thing may be seen which we have been watching to-day4 ,they are all flooded when heavy rains come2 they all flow downwards2 and all of them carry more or less mud along with them4 ,as we walk homewards again1 it will be well to put together some of the chief features of this day's experience4 ,we have seen that sometimes the sky is clear and blue1 with the sun shining brightly and warmly in it2 that sometimes clouds come across the sky1 and that1 when they gather thickly1 rain is apt to fall4 ,we have seen that a river flows1 that it is swollen by heavy rain1 and that when swollen it is apt to be muddy4 ,in this way we have learned that there is a close connection between the sky above us and the earth under our feet4 ,in the morning1 it seemed but a little thing that clouds should be seen gathering overhead2 and yet1 ere evening fell1 these clouds led by degrees to the flooding of the river1 the sweeping down of trees and fences and farm produce2 and it might even be to the destruction of bridges1 the inundation of fields and villages and towns1 and a large destruction of human life and property4 ,but perhaps you live in a large town and have no opportunity of seeing such country sights as ,i have been describing1 and in that case you may naturally enough imagine that these things cannot have much interest for you4 ,you may learn a great deal1 however1 about rain and streams even in the streets of a town4 ,catch a little of the rain in a plate1 and you will find it to be so much clear water4 ,but look at it as it courses along the gutters4 ,you see how muddy it is4 ,it has swept away the loose dust worn by wheels and feet from the stones of the street1 and carried it into the gutters4 ,each gutter thus becomes like the flooded river4 ,you can watch1 too1 how chips of straw1 corks1 bits of wood1 and other loose objects lying in the street are borne away1 very much as the trunks of trees are carried by the river4 ,even in a town1 therefore1 you can see how changes in the sky lead to changes on the earth4 ,if you think for a little1 you will recall many other illustrations of the way in which the common things of everyday life are connected together4 ,as far back as you can remember1 you have been familiar with such things as sunshine1 clouds1 wind1 rain1 rivers1 frost1 and snow1 and they have grown so commonplace that you never think of considering about them4 ,you cannot imagine them1 perhaps1 as in any way different from what they are2 they seem1 indeed1 so natural and so necessary that you may even be surprised when any one asks you to give a reason for them4 ,but if you had lived all your lives in a country where no rain ever fell1 and if you were to be brought to such a country as this1 and were to see such a storm of rain as you have been watching to-day1 would it not be very strange to you1 and would you not naturally enough begin to ask the meaning of it8 ,or suppose that a boy from some very warm part of the world were to visit this country in winter1 and see for the first time snow falling1 and the rivers solidly frozen over1 would you be surprised if he showed great astonishment8 ,if he asked you to tell him what snow is1 and why the ground is so hard1 and the air so cold1 why the streams no longer flow1 but have become crusted with ice--could you answer his questions8 ,and yet these questions relate to very common1 everyday things4 ,if you think about them1 you will learn1 perhaps1 that the answers are not quite so easily found as you had imagined4 ,do not suppose that because a thing is common1 it can have no interest for you4 ,there is really nothing so common as not to deserve your attention4 ,i would fain have you not to be content with what is said in books1 whether small or great1 but rather to get into the habit of using your own eyes and seeing for yourselves what takes place in this wonderful world of ours4 ,all round you there is abundant material for this most delightful inquiry4 ,no excursion you ever made in pursuit of mere enjoyment and adventure by river1 heath1 or hill1 could give you more hearty pleasure than a ramble1 with eyes and ears alike open to note the lessons to be learned from every day and from every landscape4 ,remember that besides the printed books which you use at home1 or at school1 there is the great book of ,nature1 wherein each of us1 young and old1 may read1 and go on reading all through life without exhausting even a small part of what it has to teach us4 ,it is this book--about ,air1 ,earth1 and ,sea--that ,i would have you look into4 ,do not be content with merely noticing that such and such events take place4 ,for instance1 to return to our walk to the flooded river3 do not let a fact such as a storm or a flood pass without trying to find out something about it4 ,get into the habit of asking ,nature questions4 ,never rest until you get at the reasons for what you notice going on around you4 --,sir ,archibald ,geikie4 ,,the ,,goodman ,,of ,,ballengiech4 ,perhaps few books of ,scottish history have been more generally read than the 8,tales of a ,grandfather10 written seventy years ago by ,sir ,walter ,scott for the amusement of his little grandson4 ,these 8,tales0 are supposed to be taken from the old ,scotch chronicles1 and they relate1 with many touches of romance1 the stirring and most graphic incidents in the early history of ,scotland4 ,they embrace the stories of ,william ,wallace1 the patriot chief1 and of brave ,king ,robert ,bruce1 and of many another hero of ,scotch history4 ,the following account of ,king ,james ,v41 who was the father of ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 is taken from these 8,tales40 99 99 99 99 99 ,james the ,fifth had a custom of going about the country disguised as a private person1 in order to hear complaints that might not otherwise reach his ears1 and perhaps also to enjoy amusement which he could not have partaken of in his character as ,king of ,scotland4 ,when ,james traveled in disguise he used a name which was known only to some of his nobles and attendants4 ,he was called the ,goodman 7the tenant1 that is7 of ,ballengiech4#b ,ballengiech is a steep pass which leads down behind the castle of ,stirling4 ,once upon a time1 when the court was feasting in ,stirling1 the king sent for some venison from the neighboring hills4 ,the deer were killed and put on horses' backs to be transported to ,stirling4 #b ,pronounced bllen gk4 ,unluckily they had to pass the castle gates of ,arnpryor1 belonging to a chief of the ,buchanans1 who chanced to have a considerable number of guests with him4 ,it was late1 and the company was rather short of victuals1 though they had more than enough of liquor4 ,the chief1 seeing so much fat venison passing his very door1 seized on it2 and to the expostulations of the keepers1 who told him it belonged to ,king ,james1 he answered insolently that if ,james was king in ,scotland1 he1 ,buchanan1 was king in ,kippen1 that being the name of the district in which the castle of ,arnpryor lay4 ,on hearing what had happened1 the king got on horseback and rode instantly from ,stirling to ,buchanan's house1 where he found a strong1 fierce-looking ,highlander1 with an ax on his shoulder1 standing sentinel at the door4 ,this grim warder refused the king admittance1 saying that the laird was at dinner and would not be disturbed4 8,yet go up to the company1 my good friend10 said the king1 8and tell him that the ,goodman of ,ballengiech is come to feast with the ,king of ,kippen40 ,the porter went grumbling into the house and told his master that there was a fellow with a red beard at the gate1 who called himself the ,goodman of ,ballengiech1 and said he was come to dine with the ,king of ,kippen4 ,as soon as ,buchanan heard these words1 he knew that the king was come in person1 and hastened down to kneel at ,james's feet and ask forgiveness for his insolent behavior4 ,but the king1 who only meant to give him a fright1 forgave him freely1 and going into the castle1 feasted on his own venison which the chief had taken from his men4 ,buchanan of ,arnpryor was ever afterwards called the ,king of ,kippen4 ,upon another occasion1 ,king ,james1 being alone and in disguise1 fell into a quarrel with some gypsies1 or other vagrants1 and was assaulted by four or five of them4 ,this chanced to be very near the bridge of ,cramond2 so the king got on the bridge1 which1 as it was high and narrow1 enabled him to defend himself with his sword against the number of persons by whom he was attacked4 ,there was a poor farmer threshing corn in a barn near by1 who came out on hearing the noise of the scuffle1 and1 seeing one man defending himself against numbers1 gallantly took the king's part with his flail1 to such good purpose that the gypsies were obliged to fly4 ,the farmer then took the king into the barn1 brought him a towel and water to wash the blood from his face and hands1 and finally walked with him a little way toward ,edinburgh1 in case he should be again attacked4 ,on the way1 the king asked his companion what and who he was4 ,the man answered that his name was ,john ,howieson1 and that he was a bondsman on the farm of ,braehead1 near ,cramond1 which belonged to the ,king of ,scotland4 ,james then asked him if there was any wish in the world which he would particularly wish to have gratified2 and honest ,john confessed he should think himself the happiest man in ,scotland were he but proprietor of the farm on which he wrought as a laborer4 ,he then asked the king in turn who he was1 and ,james replied1 as usual1 that he was the ,goodman of ,ballengiech1 a poor man who had a small appointment about the palace2 but he added that1 if ,john ,howieson would come to see him on the next ,sunday1 he would endeavor to repay his manful assistance1 and1 at least1 give him the pleasure of seeing the royal apartments4 ,john put on his best clothes1 as you may suppose1 and1 appearing at a postern gate of the palace1 inquired for the ,goodman of ,ballengiech4 ,the king had given orders that he should be admitted2 and ,john found his friend1 the goodman1 in the same disguise which he had formerly worn4 ,the king conducted ,john ,howieson from one apartment of the palace to another1 and was amused with his wonder and his remarks4 ,at length ,james asked his visitor if he would like to see the king2 to which ,john replied that nothing would delight him so much1 if he could do so without giving offense4 ,the ,goodman of ,ballengiech1 of course1 undertook that the king would not be angry4 8,but10 said ,john1 8how am ,i to know his grace from the nobles who will be all about him80--8,easily10 replied his companion2 8all the others will be uncovered--the king alone will wear his hat or bonnet40 ,so speaking1 ,king ,james introduced the countryman into a great hall1 which was filled with the nobility and officers of the crown4 ,john was a little frightened1 and drew close to his attendant1 but was still unable to distinguish the king4 8,i told you that you should know him by his wearing his hat10 said the conductor4 8,then10 said ,john1 after he had again looked around the room1 8it must be either you or me1 for all but us two are bareheaded40 ,the king laughed at ,john's fancy2 and1 that the good yeoman might have occasion for mirth also1 he made him a present of the farm of ,braehead1 which he had wished so much to possess4 ,,bugle ,,song4 ,the splendor falls on castle walls ,and snowy summits old in story3 ,the long light shakes across the lakes1 ,and the wild cataract leaps in glory4 ,blow1 bugle1 blow1 set the wild echoes flying1 ,blow1 bugle2 answer1 echoes1 dying1 dying1 dying4 ,oh hark6 oh hear6 how thin and clear1 ,and thinner1 clearer1 further going6 ,oh sweet and far1 from cliff and scar1 ,the horns of ,elfland faintly blowing6 ,blow1 let us hear the purple glens replying3 ,blow1 bugle2 answer1 echoes1 dying1 dying1 dying4 ,oh love1 they die in yon rich sky1 ,they faint on hill or field or river3 ,our echoes roll from soul to soul1 ,and grow for ever and for ever4 ,blow1 bugle1 blow1 set the wild echoes flying1 ,and answer1 echoes1 answer1 dying1 dying1 dying4 --,alfred ,tennyson4 ,,some ,,experiences ,,at ,,sea4 ,,the ,,first ,,days ,,out4 ,in #ahcd1 ,richard ,henry ,dana1 ,jr41 then a young man of nineteen1 made a voyage to ,california1 which was at that time almost an unknown region4 ,he went as a common sailor 8before the mast02 and on his return he wrote a narrative of his experience1 depicting in its true colors the real life of the sailor at sea4 ,this narrative was published in a volume entitled 8,two ,years before the ,mast10 and is still regarded as one of the most interesting stories of its kind4 ,the following is ,mr4 ,dana's account of some of his first experiences at sea3-- 8,with all my imperfections on my head10 ,i joined the crew4 ,we hauled out into the stream1 and came to anchor for the night4 ,the next morning was ,saturday2 and1 a breeze having sprung up from the southward1 we took a pilot on board1 hove up our anchor1 and began beating down the bay4 ,illustration3 ,a ,full-rigged ,ship4 ,i took leave of those of my friends who came to see me off1 and had barely opportunity to take a last look at the city and well-known objects1 as no time is allowed on board ship for sentiment4 ,as we drew down into the lower harbor1 we found the wind ahead in the bay1 and were obliged to come to anchor in the roads4 ,we remained there through the day and a part of the night4 ,about midnight the wind became fair2 and having called the captain1 ,i was ordered to call all hands4 ,how ,i accomplished this ,i do not know2 but ,i am quite sure that ,i did not give the true1 hoarse1 boatswain call of 8,a-a-ll ha-a-a-nds6 up anchor1 a-ho-oy60 ,in a short time every one was in motion1 the sails loosed1 the yards braced1 and we began to heave up the anchor1 which was our last hold upon ,yankee-land4 ,i could take but little part in these preparations4 ,my little knowledge of a vessel was all at fault4 ,unintelligible orders were so rapidly given1 and so immediately executed1 there was such a hurrying about1 such an intermingling of strange cries and stranger actions1 that ,i was completely bewildered4 ,there is not so helpless and pitiable an object in the world as a landsman beginning a sailor's life4 ,the first day we passed at sea was the ,sabbath4 ,as we were just from port1 and there was a great deal to be done on board1 we were kept at work all day4 ,at night the watches were set1 and everything put into sea order4 ,i had now a fine time for reflection4 ,i felt for the first time the perfect silence of the sea4 ,the officer was walking the quarter-deck1 where ,i had no right to go4 ,one or two men were talking on the forecastle1 whom ,i had little inclination to join2 so that ,i was left open to the full impression of everything about me4 ,however much ,i was affected by the beauty of the sea1 the bright stars1 and the clouds driven swiftly over them1 ,i could not but remember that ,i was separating myself from all the social and intellectual enjoyments of life4 ,yet1 strange as it may seem1 ,i did then and afterwards take pleasure in these reflections1 hoping by them to prevent my becoming insensible to the value of what ,i was leaving4 ,but all my dreams were soon put to flight by an order from the officer to trim the yards1 as the wind was getting ahead4 ,i could plainly see1 by the looks the sailors occasionally cast to windward1 and by the dark clouds that were fast coming up1 that we had bad weather to prepare for1 and had heard the captain say that he expected to be in the ,gulf ,stream by twelve o'clock4 ,in a few minutes 8eight bells0 was struck1 the watch called1 and we went below4 ,i now began to feel the first discomforts of a sailor's life4 ,the steerage in which ,i lived was filled with coils of rigging1 spare sails1 old junk1 and ship stores1 which had not been stowed away4 ,moreover1 there had been no berths built for us to sleep in1 and we were not allowed to drive nails to hang our clothes upon4 ,the sea1 too1 had risen1 the vessel was rolling heavily1 and everything was pitched about in grand confusion4 ,i shortly heard the raindrops falling on deck1 thick and fast4 ,the watch had evidently their hands full of work1 for ,i could hear the loud and repeated orders of the mate1 the trampling of feet1 the creaking of blocks1 and all the indications of a coming storm4 ,when ,i got upon deck1 a new scene and a new experience were before me4 ,the little brig was close-hauled upon the wind1 and lying over1 as it then seemed to me1 nearly upon her beam ends4 ,the heavy head sea was beating against her bows with the noise and force almost of a sledge hammer1 and flying over the deck1 drenching us completely through4 ,the topsail halyards had been let go1 and the great sails were filling out and backing against the masts with a noise like thunder4 ,the wind was whistling through the rigging1 loose ropes flying about2 loud1 and to me unintelligible1 orders were constantly given1 and rapidly executed2 and the sailors were 8singing out0 at the ropes in their hoarse and peculiar strains4 ,in addition to all this1 ,i had not got my 8sea legs on10 was dreadfully sick1 with hardly strength enough to hold on to anything2 and it was pitch dark4 ,this was my state when ,i was ordered aloft1 for the first time1 to reef topsails4 ,how ,i got along ,i cannot now remember4 ,i 8laid out0 on the yards1 and held on with all my strength4 ,i could not have been of much service1 for ,i remember having been sick several times before ,i left the topsail yard4 ,soon1 however1 all was snug aloft1 and we were again allowed to go below4 ,,the ,,king ,,and ,,the ,,rebel4 ,in ,spain there once lived two men each of whom claimed to be the rightful king4 ,i do not remember their names1 the time was so long ago1 but to make the story easier to tell1 let us call one ,alfonso and the other ,john4 ,of course ,john declared that ,alfonso was a traitor1 and ,alfonso said that ,john was a rebel and must be put down4 ,at last1 in a great battle1 ,john overthrew his rival and made himself master of the country4 ,but one strong town which ,alfonso had intrusted to a knight called ,aguilar still held out1 and although ,john besieged it with all his army1 he could not take it4 8,you have done enough for honor10 said ,king ,john one day to the knight4 8,come1 open the gates of the town to my army1 and ,i promise that you shall not suffer40 8,if you had read the history of our country10 answered ,aguilar1 8you would have learned that no man of my family ever surrenders40 8,then ,i will starve you where you are60 8,starve the eagle if you can10 said the knight4 8,i will put you and your town to the sword40 8,try it10 was the reply1 and the siege went on4 ,one morning1 as the rising sun was beginning to gild with its rays the highest towers of the city1 a trumpet sounded in the camp of the enemy4 ,it was the signal for a parley4 ,the old knight soon appeared on the wall and looked down on the king4 8,surrender10 said ,king ,john again4 8,my rival ,alfonso is dead1 and our dispute is ended40 8,sir10 said the knight1 8,i believe that you speak the truth1 but ,i must see my dead master40 8,go1 then1 to ,seville1 where his body lies10 said the king4 8,you have my word that no harm shall befall you40 ,the knight came out with banners flying and an escort of a few half-starved warriors4 ,as he rode slowly along1 the soldiers who knew of his courage and his many brave deeds1 greeted him with loud shouts and gazed after him until the red plume above his helmet disappeared in the distance4 ,as soon as he reached ,seville1 he went straight to the great church where he was told the body of his master was still lying in its open coffin4 ,gazing awhile with tearful eyes at the pale face which met his look1 he thus spoke to the dead ,alfonso3 8,sir1 ,i promised never to surrender to any one but yourself the keys of the town which you intrusted to my care4 ,here they are4 ,i have kept my promise40 ,with that1 he laid the keys on the breast of his master1 and then1 mounting his steed1 he galloped back to his post4 8,well10 said the king1 8are you satisfied1 and are you willing to give up80 8,yes1 sir10 he answered4 8,but where are the keys of the town80 8,i have delivered them to my master1 ,king ,alfonso1 and of him you may get them4 ,now ,i ride on1 and we shall meet no more40 8,not so10 said the king4 8,you shall hold the town for me and be its governor in my name40 ,the followers of the king murmured1 and complained at his thus rewarding a rebel4 8,he is no longer a rebel10 said ,king ,john2 8such men when won1 become the best of subjects40 --,charles ,e4 ,a4 ,gayarr4 ,,daniel ,,boone4 ,i4 ,the settlement of the wilderness beyond the ,alleghany ,mountains was promoted by native pioneers4 ,in his peaceful habitation on the banks of the ,yadkin ,river in ,north ,carolina1 ,daniel ,boone1 the illustrious hunter1 had heard ,finley1 a trader1 describe a tract of land1 west of ,virginia1 as the richest in ,north ,america1 or in the world4 ,in ,may1 #agfi1 leaving his wife and offspring1 having ,finley as his pilot1 and four others as companions1 the young man1 of about three and twenty1 wandered forth through the wilderness of ,america 8in quest of the country of ,kentucky10 known to the savages as 8the dark and bloody ground40 ,after a long and fatiguing journey through mountain ranges1 the party found themselves in ,june on the ,red ,river1 a tributary of the ,kentucky1 and from the top of an eminence surveyed with delight the beautiful plain that stretched to the northwest4 ,here they built their shelter and began to reconnoiter the country1 and to hunt4 ,illustration3 ,daniel ,boone4 ,all the kinds of wild beasts that were natural to ,america--the stately elk1 the timid deer1 the antlered stag1 the wild-cat1 the bear1 the panther1 and the wolf--couched among the canes1 or roamed over the rich grasses1 which even beneath the thickest shade sprung luxuriantly out of the generous soil4 ,the buffaloes cropped fearlessly the herbage1 or browsed on the leaves of the reed1 and were more frequent than cattle in the settlements of ,carolina4 ,sometimes there were hundreds in a drove1 and round the salt licks their numbers were amazing4 ,the summer in which1 for the first time1 a party of white men enjoyed the brilliancy of nature near and in the valley of the ,elkhorn passed away in the occupations of exploring parties and the chase4 ,but1 one by one1 ,boone's companions dropped off1 till he was left alone with ,john ,stewart4 ,they jointly found unceasing delight in the wonders of the forest1 till1 one evening near the ,kentucky ,river1 they were taken prisoners by a band of ,indians1 wanderers like themselves4 ,they escaped1 and were joined by ,boone's brother2 so that when ,stewart was soon after killed by savages1 ,boone still had his brother to share with him the dangers and the attractions of the wilderness1 the building and occupying of the first cottage in ,kentucky4 ,in the spring of #aggj that brother returned to the settlements for horses and supplies of ammunition1 leaving the renowned hunter 8by himself1 without bread1 or salt1 or even a horse or dog40 ,the idea of a beloved wife anxious for his safety1 tinged his thoughts with sadness2 but otherwise the cheerful1 meditative man1 careless of wealth1 knowing the use of the rifle1 not the plow1 of a strong robust frame1 in the vigorous health of early manhood1 ignorant of books1 but versed in the forest and in forest life1 ever fond of tracking the deer on foot1 away from men1 yet in his disposition humane1 generous1 and gentle1 was happy in the uninterrupted succession of sylvan pleasures4 ,he held unconscious intercourse with beauty old as creation4 ,one calm summer's evening1 as he climbed a commanding ridge1 and looked upon the remote1 venerable mountains and the nearer ample plains1 and caught a glimpse in the distance of the ,ohio1 which bounded the land of his affections with majestic grandeur1 his heart exulted in the region he had discovered4 ,all things were still4 ,not a breeze so much as shook a leaf4 ,he kindled a fire near a fountain of sweet water1 and feasted on the loin of a buck4 ,he was no more alone than a bee among flowers1 but communed familiarly with the whole universe of life4 ,nature was his intimate1 and she responded to his intelligence4 ,for him the rocks and the fountains1 the leaf and the blade of grass1 had life2 the cooling air laden with the wild perfume came to him as a friend2 the dewy morning wrapped him in its embrace2 the trees stood up gloriously round about him as so many myriads of companions4 ,all forms wore the character of desire or peril4 ,but how could he be afraid8 ,triumphing over danger1 he knew no fear4 ,the perpetual howling of the wolves by night round his cottage or his bivouac in the brake was his diversion2 and by day he had joy in surveying the various species of animals that surrounded him4 ,he loved the solitude better than the towered city or the hum of business4 ,near the end of #aggj1 his faithful brother came back to meet him at the old camp4 ,shortly after they proceeded together to the ,cumberland ,river1 giving names to the different waters2 and he then returned to his wife and children1 fixed in his purpose1 at the risk of life and fortune1 to bring them as soon as possible to live in ,kentucky1 which he esteemed a second ,paradise4 ,,ii4 ,in ,march1 #agge1 ,daniel ,boone1 with a body of enterprising companions1 proceeded to mark out a path up ,powell's valley1 and through the mountains and canebrakes beyond4 ,on the twenty-fifth of the month they were waylaid by ,indians1 who killed two men and wounded another very severely4 ,two days later the savages killed and scalped two more4 8,now10 wrote ,daniel ,boone1 8is the time to keep the country while we are in it4 ,if we give way now1 it will ever be the case10 and he pressed forward to the ,kentucky ,river4 ,there1 on the first day of ,april1 at the distance of about sixty yards from its west bank1 near the mouth of ,otter ,creek1 he began a stockade fort1 which took the name of ,boonesboro4 ,at that place1 while the congress at ,philadelphia was groping irresolutely in the dark1 seventeen men assembled as representatives of the four 8towns0 that then formed the seed of the state4 ,among these children of nature was ,daniel ,boone1 the pioneer of the party4 ,his colleague1 ,richard ,calloway1 was one of the founders of ,kentucky1 and one of its early martyrs4 ,the town of ,st4 ,asaph sent ,john ,floyd1 a surveyor1 who emigrated from southwestern ,virginia2 an able writer1 respected for his culture and dignity of manner2 of innate good breeding2 ready to defend the weak2 heedless of his own life if he could recover women and children who had been made captive by the savages2 destined to do good service1 and survive the dangers of western life till ,american independence should be fought for and won4 ,from the settlement at ,boiling ,spring came ,james ,harrod1 the same who1 in #aggd1 had led a party of forty-one to ,harrodsburg1 and during the summer of that year had built the first log-cabin in ,kentucky2 a tall1 erect1 and resolute backwoodsman2 unlettered but not ignorant2 intrepid yet gentle2 never weary of kind offices to those around him2 a skillful hunter1 for whom the rifle had a companionship1 and the wilderness a charm4 ,these and their associates1 the fathers of ,kentucky1 seventeen in all1 met on the #bc;d of ,may1 beneath the great elm tree of ,boonesboro1 outside of the fort1 on the thick sward of the fragrant white clover4 ,the convention having been organized1 prayers were read by a minister of the ,church of ,england4 ,a speech was then delivered to the convention in behalf of the proprietary purchases of the land from the ,cherokees4 ,to it a committee1 of which ,calloway was the head1 made reply4 8,deeply impressed10 they said1 8with a sense of the importance of the trust our constituents have reposed in us1 we will attempt the task with vigor1 not doubting but unanimity will insure us success4 ,that we have a right1 as a political body1 without giving umbrage to ,great ,britain1 or any of the colonies1 to frame rules for the government of our little society1 cannot be doubted by any sensible or unbiased mind40 ,so reasoned the fathers of ,kentucky4 ,in their legislation1 it was their chief care to copy after the happy pattern of the ,english laws4 ,their colony they called ,transylvania4 ,for defense against the savages1 they organized a militia2 they discountenanced profane swearing and ,sabbath breaking2 they took thought for preventing the waste of game1 and improving the breed of horses2 and by solemn agreement they established as the basis of their constitution the annual choice of delegates2 taxes to be raised by the convention alone2 perfect religious freedom and general toleration4 ,thus a little band of hunters put themselves at the head of the countless hosts of civilization in establishing the great principle of intellectual freedom4 ,long as the shadows of the western mountain shall move round with the sun1 long as the rivers that gush from those mountains shall flow toward the sea1 long as seedtime and harvest shall return1 that rule shall remain the law of the ,west4 ,the state of ,kentucky honors the memory of the plain1 simple hearted man1 who is best known as its pioneer4 ,he was kindly in his nature1 and never wronged a human being1 not even an ,indian1 nor1 indeed1 animal life of any kind4 8,i with others have fought ,indians10 he would say2 8but ,i do not know that ,i ever killed one4 ,if ,i did1 it was in battle1 and ,i never knew it40 ,in woodcraft he was acknowledged to be the first among men4 ,this led him to love solitude1 and to hover on the frontier1 with no abiding place1 accompanied by the wife of his youth1 who was the companion of his long life and travel4 ,when1 at last1 death put them both to rest1 ,kentucky reclaimed their bones from their graves far up the ,missouri2 and now they lie buried on the hill above the cliffs of the ,kentucky ,river1 overlooking the lovely valley of the capital of that commonwealth4 ,around them are emblems of wilderness life2 the turf of the blue grass lies lightly above them2 and they are laid with their faces turned upward and westward1 and their feet toward the setting sun4 99 99 99 99 99 ,such is the account which ,george ,bancroft1 the first of ,american historians1 gives of ,daniel ,boone1 the pioneer of ,kentucky1 and of the founding of the commonwealth of which ,boone was the earliest and most distinguished promoter4 ,few other works have contributed so much to the dignity and distinction of our literature as has ,bancroft's 8,history of the ,united ,states10 from which this extract has been taken4 ,illustration3 ,george ,bancroft4 ,,fulton',s ,,first ,,steamboat4 ,it is common to speak of ,robert ,fulton as the inventor of the steamboat4 ,other persons before him1 however1 had experimented with machinery for propelling vessels by steam4 ,they had met with but little success or encouragement1 and it was left for ,fulton to demonstrate the practical value of steam as a means of propulsion and to show the superiority of steamboats to vessels depending solely upon the wind for motive power4 ,robert ,fulton was born in ,pennsylvania in #agfe4 ,he began his experiments with steam in #agic1 and his first successful steamboat1 the 8,clermont10 was launched on the ,hudson in #ahjg4 ,the trip from ,new ,york to ,albany occupied thirty-two hours1 the rate of speed being about five miles an hour4 ,mr4 ,fulton himself has left us the following account of the trial of his boat3-- ,illustration3 ,robert ,fulton4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when ,i was building my first steamboat1 the project was viewed by the public at ,new ,york either with indifference or contempt1 as a visionary scheme4 ,my friends indeed were civil1 but they were shy4 ,they listened with patience to my explanations1 but with a settled cast of incredulity on their countenances4 ,i felt the full force of the lamentation of the poet-- 8,truths would you teach1 to save a sinking land8 ,all shun1 none aid you1 and few understand40 ,as ,i had occasion to pass daily to and from the building yard while my boat was in progress1 ,i often loitered1 unknown1 near the idle groups of strangers gathering in little circles1 and heard various inquiries as to the object of this new vehicle4 ,the language was uniformly that of scorn1 sneer1 or ridicule4 ,the loud laugh rose at my expense1 the dry jest1 the wise calculations of losses and expenditure2 the dull but endless repetition of 8the ,fulton folly60 ,never did an encouraging remark1 a bright hope1 or a warm wish cross my path4 ,at length the day arrived when the experiment was to be made4 ,to me it was a most trying and interesting occasion4 ,i wanted my friends to go on board and witness the first successful trip4 ,many of them did me the favor to attend1 as a matter of personal respect2 but it was manifest they did it with reluctance1 fearing to be partakers of my mortification and not of my triumph4 ,the moment approached in which the word was to be given for the vessel to move4 ,my friends were in groups on the deck4 ,there was anxiety mixed with fear among them4 ,i read in their looks nothing but disaster1 and almost repented of my efforts4 ,the signal was given1 and the boat moved on a short distance1 and then stopped and became immovable4 ,to the silence of the preceding moment now succeeded murmurs of discontent and agitation1 and whispers and shrugs4 ,i could hear distinctly repeated1 8,i told you so--it is a foolish scheme4 ,i wish we were well out of it40 ,i elevated myself on a platform1 and addressed the assembly4 ,i stated that ,i knew not what was the matter2 but if they would indulge me for half an hour1 ,i would either go on or abandon the voyage for that time4 ,illustration3 ,the 8,clermont40 ,this short respite was conceded without objection4 ,i went below and examined the machinery1 and discovered that the cause was a slight defect in a part of the work4 ,this was soon remedied2 the boat was put again in motion2 she continued to move on4 ,all were still incredulous2 none seemed willing to trust the evidence of their own senses4 ,we left the fair city of ,new ,york2 we passed through the romantic and ever-varying scenery of the ,highlands2 we descried the clustering houses of ,albany2 we reached its shores2 yet even then imagination superseded the force of fact4 ,it was doubted if it could be done again4 ,,the ,,planting ,,of ,,the ,,apple ,,tree4 ,illustration3 ,william ,cullen ,bryant4 ,come1 let us plant the apple tree6 ,cleave the tough greensward with the spade2 ,wide let its hollow bed be made2 ,there gently lay the roots1 and there ,sift the dark mold with kindly care1 ,and press it o'er them tenderly1 ,as round the sleeping infant's feet ,we softly fold the cradle sheet2 ,so plant we the apple tree4 ,what plant we in this apple tree8 ,buds1 which the breath of summer days ,shall lengthen into leafy sprays2 ,boughs1 where the thrush with crimson breast ,shall haunt and sing and hide her nest4 ,we plant upon the sunny lea ,a shadow for the noontide hour1 ,a shelter from the summer shower1 ,when we plant the apple tree4 ,what plant we in this apple tree8 ,sweets for a hundred flowery springs ,to load the ,may wind's restless wings1 ,when from the orchard row he pours ,its fragrance through our open doors4 ,a world of blossoms for the bee1 ,flowers for the sick girl's silent room1 ,for the glad infant sprigs of bloom ,we plant with the apple tree4 ,what plant we in this apple tree8 ,fruits that shall swell in sunny ,june1 ,and redden in the ,august noon1 ,and drop when gentle airs come by ,that fan the blue ,september sky1 ,while children1 wild with noisy glee1 ,shall scent their fragrance as they pass ,and search for them the tufted grass ,at the foot of the apple tree4 ,and when above this apple tree ,the winter stars are quivering bright1 ,and winds go howling through the night1 ,girls whose young eyes o'erflow with mirth ,shall peel its fruit by cottage hearth2 ,and guests in prouder homes shall see1 ,heaped with the orange and the grape1 ,as fair as they in tint and shape1 ,the fruit of the apple tree4 ,the fruitage of this apple tree ,winds and our flag of stripe and star ,shall bear to coasts that lie afar1 ,where men shall wonder at the view ,and ask in what fair groves they grew2 ,and they who roam beyond the sea ,shall think of childhood's careless day ,and long hours passed in summer play ,in the shade of the apple tree4 ,but time shall waste this apple tree4 ,oh6 when its aged branches throw ,their shadows on the world below1 ,shall fraud and force and iron will ,oppress the weak and helpless still8 ,what shall the task of mercy be ,amid the toils1 the strifes1 the tears ,of those who live when length of years ,is wasting this apple tree8 8,who planted this old apple tree80 ,the children of that distant day ,thus to some aged man shall say2 ,and1 gazing on its mossy stem1 ,the gray-haired man shall answer them3 8,a poet of the land was he1 ,born in the rude but good old times2 ',tis said he made some quaint old rhymes ,on planting the apple tree40 --,william ,cullen ,bryant4 ,,the ,,corn ,,song4 ,illustration3 ,john ,g4 ,whittier4 ,heap high the farmer's wintry hoard6 ,heap high the golden corn6 ,no richer gift has ,autumn poured ,from out her lavish horn6 ,let other lands1 exulting1 glean ,the apple from the pine1 ,the orange from its glossy green1 ,the cluster from the vine2 ,we better love the hardy gift ,our rugged vales bestow1 ,to cheer us when the storm shall drift ,our harvest fields with snow4 ,through vales of grass and meads of flowers ,our plows their furrows made1 ,while on the hills the sun and showers ,of changeful ,april played4 ,we dropped the seed o'er hill and plain ,beneath the sun of ,may1 ,and frightened from our sprouting grain ,the robber crows away4 ,all through the long1 bright days of ,june ,its leaves grew green and fair1 ,and waved in hot1 midsummer's noon ,its soft and yellow hair4 ,and now with autumn's moonlit eves1 ,its harvest time has come1 ,we pluck away the frosted leaves1 ,and bear the treasure home4 ,there1 when the snows about us drift1 ,and winter winds are cold1 ,fair hands the broken grain shall sift1 ,and knead its meal of gold4 ,let vapid idlers loll in silk ,around their costly board2 ,give us the bowl of samp and milk ,by homespun beauty poured6 ,where'er the wide old kitchen hearth ,sends up its smoky curls1 ,who will not thank the kindly earth1 ,and bless our farmer girls6 ,then shame on all the proud and vain1 ,whose folly laughs to scorn ,the blessing of our hardy grain1 ,our wealth of golden corn6 ,let earth withhold her goodly root1 ,let mildew blight the rye1 ,give to the worm the orchard's fruit1 ,the wheatfield to the fly4 ,but let the good old crop adorn ,the hills our fathers trod2 ,still let us1 for his golden corn1 ,send up our thanks to ,god4 --,john ,g4 ,whittier4 ,,hunting ,,the ,,walrus4 ,the walrus is one of the largest animals still extant1 and although the element of personal danger is not so great in hunting it as in hunting some beasts of lesser bulk1 yet the conditions under which the sport is pursued1 as well as the nature of the sport itself1 are such as will probably tempt one who has once tried this form of sport to return to it4 ,illustration3 ,walruses at ,home4 ,an average-sized four-year-old walrus will measure ten feet in length and about the same in girth4 ,the weight is1 of course1 difficult to determine2 but it is probably about #cjjj pounds1 of which #cej pounds may be reckoned as blubber1 and #cjj pounds as hide4 ,the blubber1 to be utilized1 is mixed with that of the seals which may be obtained1 and the oil1 which is extracted by heat and pressure1 sold as 8seal oil02 the hide1 which is from an inch to an inch and a half in thickness1 and makes a soft1 spongy leather1 is exported principally to ,russia and ,germany1 where it is used for making harness and other heavy leather goods4 ,the walrus is a carnivorous animal1 feeding mostly upon shellfish and worms1 and is therefore generally found in the shallow waters along a coast line1 diving for its food on banks which lie at a depth of from two to twenty fathoms below the surface4 ,deeper than that the walrus does not care to go2 in fact1 it generally feeds in about fifteen fathoms4 ,the tusks are principally used to plow up the bottom in search of food1 but are also employed as weapons1 and in climbing upon the ice4 ,they are composed of hard white ivory1 set for about six inches of their length in a hard bony mass1 about six inches in diameter1 which forms the front of the head2 the breathing passage runs through this mass1 and terminates in two 8blow holes0 between the roots of the tusks4 ,the tusk itself is solid1 except that portion which is imbedded in the bone1 and this is filled with a cellular structure containing a whitish oil4 ,a walrus killed in the water immediately sinks2 even if mortally wounded1 it will in nine cases out of ten escape1 and sink to the bottom4 ,when on the ice1 these animals always lie close to the water1 and it is therefore necessary to kill them instantly1 or they will reach the water and be lost before the boat can arrive within harpooning distance4 ,this can only be done by shooting them in such a way as to penetrate the brain1 which is no easy matter4 ,the brain lies in what appears to be the neck2 that which one would naturally suppose to be the head being nothing but the heavy jaw bones1 and mass of bone in which the tusks are set4 ,what becomes of the walrus in winter it is hard to say2 but ,i have heard them blowing in an open pool of water among the ice on the north coast of ,spitzbergen in the month of ,december4 ,in the spring1 however1 when the ice begins to break up1 they collect in herds on their feeding grounds around the coasts1 where they may be found diving for shellfish1 or basking and sleeping1 singly or in 8heaps0 of two or three1 often five or six1 together4 ,they seem to prefer to lie on small cakes of flat bay ice2 a single walrus will often take his siesta on a cake only just large enough to float him1 and it is among such ice1 therefore1 rather than among rough old pack and glacier blocks1 that they should be sought1 although ,i have seen them lying on heavy old water-worn ice1 four and five feet above the water4 ,in this case1 however1 they had no choice4 ,the boats of the walrus hunters are strongly yet lightly built4 ,they are bow-shaped at both ends2 the stem and stern posts are made thick and strong in order to resist the blows of the ice1 and the bow sheathed with zinc plates to prevent excessive chafing4 ,it is most important that they should be easy and quick in turning1 and this quality is obtained by depressing the keel in the middle4 ,they are painted red inside and white outside1 so that they may not be conspicuous amongst ice1 but the hunters stultify this idea to some extent by dressing themselves in dark colors4 ,the harpoon1 the point and edges of which are ground and whetted to a razor-like sharpness1 is a simple but very effective weapon4 ,when thrust into a walrus or seal1 a large outer barb 8takes up0 a loop of the tough hide1 whilst a small inner fishhook barb prevents it from becoming disengaged1 so that when once properly harpooned1 it is seldom1 if ever1 that an animal escapes through the harpoon 8drawing40 ,the harpoon line consists of sixteen fathoms of two-inch tarred rope1 very carefully made of the finest hemp1 8soft laid02 each line is neatly coiled in a separate box placed beneath the forward thwart4 ,a boat's crew consists of four or five men1 and the quickness with which they can turn their boat is greatly accelerated by their method of rowing and steering4 ,each man rows with a pair of oars1 which he can handle much better than one long one when amongst ice4 ,the harpooner1 who commands the boat's crew1 rows from the bow thwart1 near the weapons and telescope1 which he alone uses4 ,it is he who searches for game1 and decides on the method of attack when it is found4 8,no4 #b10 generally the strongest man in the boat1 is called the 8line man02 it is his duty to tend the line when a walrus is struck1 and to assist the harpooner4 ,in such a boat1 then1 one lovely ,september morning1 we are rowing easily back to the sloop1 which is lying off ,bird ,bay1 a small indentation in the east face of the northernmost point of ,spitzbergen4 ,the harpooner is balancing himself1 one foot on the forward locker1 and one on the thwart1 examining through a telescope something which appears to be a lump of dirty ice1 about half a mile away4 ,suddenly he closes his glass and seizes the oars4 8,there he is60 he says1 and without another word the boat is headed for the black mass4 ,now we are within a couple of hundred yards1 and each man crouches in the bottom of the boat1 the harpooner still in the bow1 his eyes intently fixed upon the walrus4 ,suddenly the walrus raises his head1 and we are motionless4 ,it is intensely still1 and the scraping of a piece of ice along the boat seems like the roar of a railway train passing overhead on some bridge4 ,down goes the head1 and we glide forward again4 ,the walrus is uneasy2 again and again he raises his head and looks round with a quick motion1 but we have the sun right at our back1 and he never notices us4 ,at last we are within a few feet1 and with a shout of 8,wake up1 old boy60 which breaks the stillness like a shot1 the harpooner is on his feet1 his weapon clasped in both hands above his head4 ,as the walrus plunges into the sea1 the iron is buried in his side1 and1 with a quick twist to prevent the head from slipping out of the same slit that it has cut in the thick hide1 the handle is withdrawn and thrown into the boat4 ,bumping and scraping amongst the floating ice1 we are towed along for about five minutes1 and then stop as the wounded walrus comes to the surface to breathe4 ,in the old days the lance would finish the business1 but now it is the rifle4 ,he is facing the boat2 ,i sight for one of his eyes1 and let him have both barrels1 without much effect apparently1 for away we rush for two or three minutes more1 when he is up again1 still facing the boat4 ,he seems to care no more for the solid 8,express0 bullets than if they were peas2 but he is slow this time1 and1 as he turns to dive1 exposes the fatal spot at the back of the head1 and dies4 ,few men are likely ever to forget the first occasion on which they found themselves amongst a herd of walrus in the water4 ,scores of fierce-looking heads--for the long tusks1 small bloodshot eyes1 and moustache on the upper lip 7every bristle of which is as thick as a crow quill7 give the walrus an expression of ferocity--gaze1 perhaps in unbroken silence1 from all sides upon the boat1 ,see6 the sun glints along a hundred wet backs1 and they are gone4 ,away you row at racing speed to where experience tells you they will rise again4 8,here they are6 ,take that old one with long tusks first60 ,a couple of quick thrusts1 right and left1 and away you go again1 fast to two old fellows that will want a good deal of attention before you can cut their tusks out4 ,indeed1 unless one has served his apprenticeship1 he had better not meddle with the harpoon at all4 ,the old skippers and harpooners can spin many a yarn of lost crews and boats gone under the ice through a fatal moment's delay in cutting free from the diving walrus4 --,from 8,big ,game ,shooting40 ,,the ,,destruction ,,of ,,pompeii4 ,i4 ,,history4 ,volcanoes can never be trusted4 ,no one knows when one will break out1 or what it will do2 and those who live close to them--as the city of ,naples is close to ,mount ,vesuvius--must not be astonished if they are blown up or swallowed1 as that great and beautiful city of ,naples may be without a warning1 any day4 ,for what happened to that same ,mount ,vesuvius about eighteen hundred years ago in the old ,roman times8 ,for ages and ages it had been lying quiet1 like any other hill4 ,beautiful cities were built at its foot--cities filled with people who were as handsome and as comfortable and1 ,i am afraid1 as wicked as any people ever were on earth4 ,fair gardens1 vineyards1 and olive yards covered the mountain slopes4 ,it was held to be one of the ,paradises of the world4 ,as for the mountain's being a volcano1 who ever thought of that8 ,to be sure1 the top of it was a great round crater1 or cup1 a mile or more across1 and a few hundred yards deep4 ,but that was all overgrown with bushes and wild vines full of deer and other wild animals4 ,what sign of fire was there in that8 ,to be sure1 also1 there was an ugly place below1 by the seashore1 where smoke and brimstone came out of the ground2 and a lake called ,avernus1 over which poisonous gases hung4 ,but what of that8 ,it had never harmed any one1 and how could it harm them8 ,so they all lived on1 merrily and happily enough1 till the year ,a4,d4 #gi4 ,at that time there was stationed in the ,bay of ,naples a ,roman admiral1 called ,pliny1 who was also a very studious and learned man1 and author of a famous old book on natural history4 ,he was staying on shore with his sister2 and as he sat in his study1 she called him out to see a strange cloud which had been hanging for some time over the top of ,mount ,vesuvius4 ,it was in shape just like a pine tree2 not1 of course1 like the pines which grow in this country1 but like an ,italian stone pine1 with a long straight stem and a flat parasol-shaped top4 ,sometimes it was blackish1 sometimes spotted2 and the good ,admiral ,pliny1 who was always curious about natural science1 ordered his rowboat and went away across the bay to see what it could be4 ,earthquake shocks had been very common for the last few days1 but ,i do not suppose that ,pliny thought that the earthquakes and the cloud had anything to do with each other4 ,however1 he soon found out that they had2 and to his cost4 ,when he was near the opposite shore1 some of the sailors met him and begged him to turn back4 ,cinders and pumice stones were falling down from the sky1 and flames were breaking out of the mountain above4 ,but ,pliny would go on3 he said that if people were in danger it was his duty to help them2 and that he must see this strange cloud1 and note down the different shapes into which it changed4 ,but the hot ashes fell faster and faster2 the sea ebbed out suddenly1 and almost left them on the beach2 and ,pliny turned away towards a place called ,stabi1 to the house of an old friend who was just going to escape in a boat4 ,brave ,pliny told him not to be afraid2 ordered his bath like a true ,roman gentleman1 and then went in to dinner with a cheerful face4 ,flames came down from the mountain1 nearer and nearer as the night drew on2 but ,pliny persuaded his friend that they were only fires in some villages from which the peasants had fled2 and then went to bed and slept soundly4 ,however1 in the middle of the night1 they found the courtyard being fast filled with cinders1 and if they had not awakened the ,admiral in time1 he would never have been able to get out of the house4 ,the earthquake shocks grew stronger and fiercer1 till the house was ready to fall2 and ,pliny and his ,illustration3 ,from a ,photograph4 ,engraved by ,e4 ,heinemann ,mount ,vesuvius during an ,eruption4 friend1 and the sailors and the slaves1 all fled into the open fields1 having pillows over their heads to prevent their being beaten down4 ,by this time1 day had come1 but not the dawn3 for it was still pitch dark4 ,they went down to their boats upon the shore2 but the sea raged so horribly that there was no getting on board of them4 ,then ,pliny grew tired and made his men spread a sail for him that he might lie down upon it4 ,but there came down upon them a rush of flames and a strong smell of sulphur1 and all ran for their lives4 ,some of the slaves tried to help the ,admiral2 but he sank down again1 overpowered by the brimstone fumes1 and so was left behind4 ,when they came back again1 there he lay dead2 but with his clothes in order1 and his face as quiet as if he had been only sleeping4 ,and that was the end of a brave and learned man1 a martyr to duty and to the love of science4 ,but what was going on in the meantime8 ,under clouds of ashes1 cinders1 mud1 lava1 three of those happy cities--,herculaneum1 ,pompeii1 ,stabi--were buried at once4 ,they were buried just as the people had fled from them1 leaving the furniture and the earthenware1 often even jewels and gold behind1 and here and there a human being who had not had time to escape from the dreadful rain of ashes and dust4 ,the ruins of ,herculaneum and ,pompeii have been dug into since1 and partly uncovered2 and the paintings1 especially in ,pompeii1 are found upon the walls still fresh1 preserved from the air by the ashes which have covered them in4 ,at ,naples there is a famous museum containing the curiosities which have been dug out of the ruined cities2 and one can walk along the streets in ,pompeii and see the wheel tracks in the pavement along which carts and chariots rolled two thousand years ago4 ,and what had become of ,vesuvius1 the treacherous mountain8 ,half1 or more than half1 of the side of the old crater had been blown away2 and what was left1 which is now called the ,monte ,somma1 stands in a half circle round the new cone and the new crater which is burning at this very day4 ,true1 after that eruption which killed ,pliny1 ,vesuvius fell asleep again1 and did not awake for one hundred and thirty-four years1 and then again for two hundred and sixty-nine years2 but it has been growing more and more restless as the ages have passed on1 and now hardly a year passes without its sending out smoke and stones from its crater1 and streams of lava from its sides4 --,from 8,madam ,how and ,lady ,why10 by ,charles ,kingsley4 ,,ii4 ,,romance4 ,illustration3 ,sir ,edward ,bulwer ,lytton4 ,the most popular historical romance in the ,english language is 8,the ,last ,days of ,pompeii10 by ,sir ,edward ,bulwer ,lytton4 ,it was first published in #ahcd1 and is a narrative depicting life and manners during the last years of the doomed city4 ,the description of the grand catastrophe is a subject which called forth all the brilliant powers of the author4 ,as a piece of word-painting it has seldom been surpassed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the cloud which had scattered so deep a murkiness over the day had now settled into a solid and impenetrable mass4 ,but in proportion as the blackness gathered1 did the lightnings around ,vesuvius increase in their vivid and scorching glare4 ,nor was their horrible beauty confined to the usual hues of fire2 no rainbow ever rivaled their varying and prodigal dyes4 ,now brightly blue as the most azure depths of a southern sky1--now of a livid and snake-like green1 darting restlessly to and fro as the folds of an enormous serpent1--now of a lurid and intolerable crimson1 gushing forth through the columns of smoke1 far and wide1 and lighting up the whole city from arch to arch--then suddenly dying into a sickly paleness1 like the ghost of their own life6 ,in the pauses of the showers you heard the rumbling of the earth beneath1 and the groaning waves of the tortured sea2 or1 lower still1 and audible but to the watch of intensest fear1 the grinding and hissing murmur of the escaping gases through the chasms of the distant mountain4 ,sometimes the cloud appeared to break from its solid mass1 and1 by the lightning to assume quaint and vast mimicries of human or of monster shapes1 striding across the gloom1 hurtling one upon the other1 and vanishing swiftly into the abyss of shade2 so that1 to the eyes and fancies of the affrighted wanderers1 the vapors seemed like the bodily forms of gigantic foes--the agents of terror and of death4 ,the ashes in many places were already knee-deep2 and the boiling showers which came from the steaming breath of the volcano forced their way into the houses1 bearing with them a strong and suffocating vapor4 ,in some places1 immense fragments of rock1 hurled upon the house roofs1 bore down along the streets masses of confused ruin1 yet more and more1 with every hour1 obstructed the way2 and as the day advanced1 the motion of the earth was more sensibly felt--the footing seemed to slide and ,illustration3 ,from the ,painting by ,j4 ,coomans4 ,engraved by ,e4 ,heinemann4 ,interior of a ,house in ,pompeii4 creep--nor could chariot or litter be kept steady even on the most level ground4 ,sometimes the huger stones1 striking against each other as they fell1 broke into countless fragments1 emitting sparks of fire1 which caught whatever was combustible within their reach2 and along the plains beyond the city the darkness was now terribly relieved1 for several houses and even vineyards had been set on flames2 and at various intervals the fires rose sullenly and fiercely against the solid gloom4 ,to add to this partial relief of the darkness1 the citizens had1 here and there1 in the more public places1 such as the porticoes of temples and the entrances to the forum1 endeavored to place rows of torches2 but these rarely continued long2 the showers and the winds extinguished them1 and the sudden darkness into which their sudden birth was converted had something in it doubly terrible and doubly impressing on the impotence of human hopes1 the lesson of despair4 ,frequently1 by the momentary light of these torches1 parties of fugitives encountered each other1 some hurrying towards the sea1 others flying from the sea back to the land4 ,the whole elements of civilization were broken up4 ,ever and anon1 by the flickering lights1 you saw the thief hastening by the most solemn authorities of the law1 laden with the produce of his sudden gains4 ,if1 in the darkness1 wife was separated from husband1 or parent from child1 vain was the hope of reunion4 ,each hurried blindly and confusedly on4 ,nothing in all the various and complicated machinery of social life was left save the primal law of self-preservation4 ,through this awful scene did ,glaucus wade his way1 accompanied by ,ione and the blind girl4 ,suddenly1 a rush of hundreds1 in their path to the sea1 swept by them4 ,nydia was torn from the side of ,glaucus1 who with ,ione was borne rapidly onward2 and when the crowd 7whose forms they saw not1 so thick was the gloom7 were gone1 ,nydia was still separated from their side4 ,glaucus shouted her name4 ,no answer came4 ,they retraced their steps1--in vain3 they could not discover her1--it was evident she had been swept along some other direction by the human current4 ,their friend1 their preserver was lost6 ,and hitherto ,nydia had been their guide4 ,her blindness rendered the scene familiar to her alone4 ,accustomed1 through a perpetual night1 to thread the windings of the city1 she had led them unerringly towards the seashore1 by which they had resolved to hazard an escape4 ,now1 which way could they wend8 ,all was rayless to them--a maze without a clue4 ,wearied1 despondent1 bewildered1 they1 however1 passed along1 the ashes falling upon their heads1 the fragmentary stones dashing up in sparkles before their feet4 ,advancing1 as men grope for escape in a dungeon1 they continued their uncertain way4 ,at the moments when the volcanic lightnings lingered over the streets1 they were enabled1 by that awful light1 to steer and guide their progress3 yet1 little did the view it presented to them cheer or encourage their path4 ,in parts where the ashes lay dry and unmixed with the boiling torrents1 cast upward from the mountain at capricious intervals1 the surface of the earth presented a leprous and ghastly white4 ,in other places1 cinder and rock lay matted in heaps4 ,the groans of the dying were broken by wild shrieks of women's terror--now near1 now distant--which1 when heard in the utter darkness1 were rendered doubly appalling by the sense of helplessness and the uncertainty of the perils around2 and clear and distinct through all were the mighty and various noises from the ,fatal ,mountain2 its rushing winds2 its whirling torrents2 and1 from time to time1 the burst and roar of some more fiery and fierce explosion4 ,suddenly the place became lighted with an intense and lurid glow4 ,bright and gigantic through the darkness1 which closed around it like the walls of hell1 the mountain shone--a pile of fire4 ,its summit seemed riven in two2 or rather1 above its surface there seemed to rise two monster shapes1 each confronting each1 as ,demons contending for a ,world4 ,these were of one deep blood-red hue of fire1 which lighted up the whole atmosphere far and wide2 but below1 the nether part of the mountain was still dark and shrouded1 save in three places1 adown which flowed1 serpentine and irregular1 rivers of the molten lava4 ,darkly red through the profound gloom of their banks1 they flowed slowly on1 as towards the devoted city4 ,over the broadest there seemed to spring a cragged and stupendous arch1 from which1 as from the jaws of hell1 gushed the sources of the stupendous ,phlegethon4 ,and through the stilled air was heard the rattling of the fragments of rock1 hurling one upon another as they were borne down the fiery cataracts--darkening1 for one instant1 the spot where they fell1 and suffused the next in the burnished hues of the flood along which they floated4 ,glaucus turned in awe1 caught ,ione in his arms1 and fled along the street1 that was now intensely luminous4 ,but suddenly a duller shade fell over the air4 ,instinctively he turned to the mountain1 and behold6 one of the two gigantic crests1 into which the summit had been divided1 rocked and wavered to and fro2 and then1 with a sound1 the mightiness of which no language can describe1 it fell from its burning base1 and rushed1 an avalanche of fire1 down the sides of the mountain4 ,at the same instant gushed forth a volume of blackest smoke--rolling on1 over air1 sea1 and earth4 ,another--and another--and another shower of ashes1 far more profuse than before1 scattered fresh desolation along the streets4 ,darkness once more wrapped them as a veil2 and ,glaucus1 his bold heart at last quelled and despairing1 sank beneath the cover of an arch1 and1 clasping ,ione to his heart1 resigned himself to die4 ,meanwhile ,nydia1 when separated by the throng from ,glaucus and ,ione1 had in vain endeavored to regain them4 ,in vain she raised that plaintive cry so peculiar to the blind2 it was lost amidst a thousand shrieks of more selfish terror4 ,again and again she returned to the spot where they had been divided--to find her companions gone1 to seize every fugitive--to inquire of ,glaucus--to be dashed aside in the impatience of distraction4 ,who in that hour spared one thought to his neighbor8 ,at length it occurred to ,nydia that1 as it had been resolved to seek the seashore for escape1 her most probable chance of rejoining her companions would be to persevere in that direction4 ,guiding her steps1 then1 by the staff which she always carried1 she continued to avoid the masses of ruin which incumbered the path1 and to take the nearest direction to the seaside4 ,she had gone some distance toward the seashore1 when she chanced to hear from one of the fugitives that ,glaucus was resting beneath the arch of the forum4 ,she at once turned her back on the sea1 and retraced her steps to the city4 ,she gained the forum--the arch2 she stooped down--she felt around--she called on the name of ,glaucus4 ,a weak voice answered1 8,who calls on me8 ,is it the voice of the ,shades8 ,lo6 ,i am prepared60 8,arise6 follow me6 ,take my hand6 ,glaucus1 thou shalt be saved60 ,in wonder and sudden hope1 ,glaucus arose1 8,nydia still6 ,ah6 thou1 then1 art safe60 ,the tender joy of his voice pierced the heart of the poor ,thessalian1 and she blessed him for his thought of her4 ,half-leading1 half-carrying ,ione1 ,glaucus followed his guide4 ,after many pauses they gained the sea1 and joined a group1 who1 bolder than the rest1 resolved to hazard any peril rather than continue in such a scene4 ,in darkness they put forth to sea2 but1 as they cleared the land and caught new aspects of the mountain1 its channels of molten fire threw a partial redness over the waves4 ,utterly exhausted and worn out1 ,ione slept on the breast of ,glaucus1 and ,nydia lay at his feet4 ,meanwhile the showers of dust and ashes1 still borne aloft1 fell into the wave1 and scattered their snows over the deck4 ,far and wide1 borne by the winds1 those showers descended upon the remotest climes1 startling even the swarthy ,african1 and whirled along the antique soil of ,syria and ,egypt4 ,and meekly1 softly1 beautifully dawned at last the light over the trembling deep1--the winds were sinking into rest1--the foam died from the glowing azure of that delicious sea4 ,around the east1 their mists caught gradually the rosy hues that heralded the morning4 ,light was about to resume her reign4 ,yet1 still1 dark1 and massive in the distance lay the broken fragments of the destroying cloud1 from which red streaks1 burning more and more dimly1 betrayed the yet rolling fires of the mountain of the 8,scorched ,fields40 ,the white walls and gleaming columns that had adorned the lovely coasts were no more4 ,sullen and dull were the shores so lately crested by the cities of ,herculaneum and ,pompeii4 ,the darlings of the ,deep were snatched from her embrace4 ,century after century shall the mighty ,mother stretch forth her azure arms1 and know them not--moaning round the sepulchers of the ,lost6 ,illustration ,,the ,,stranger ,,on ,,the ,,sill4 ,between broad fields of wheat and corn ,is the lowly home where ,i was born2 ,the peach tree leans against the wall1 ,and the woodbine wanders over all2 ,there is the shaded doorway still1 ,but a stranger's foot has crossed the sill4 ,there is the barn--and1 as of yore1 ,i can smell the hay from the open door1 ,and see the busy swallows throng1 ,and hear the pewee's mournful song2 ,but the stranger comes--oh6 painful proof-- ,his sheaves are piled to the heated roof4 ,there is the orchard--the very trees ,where my childhood knew long hours of ease1 ,and watched the shadowy moments run ,till my life imbibed more shade than sun2 ,the swing from the bough still sweeps the air1 ,but the stranger's children are swinging there4 ,oh1 ye who daily cross the sill1 ,step lightly1 for ,i love it still2 ,and when you crowd the old barn eaves1 ,then think what countless harvest sheaves ,have passed within that scented door ,to gladden eyes that are no more4 ,deal kindly with these orchard trees2 ,and when your children crowd their knees ,their sweetest fruit they shall impart1 ,as if old memories stirred their heart2 ,to youthful sport still leave the swing1 ,and in sweet reverence hold the spring4 ,the barn1 the trees1 the brook1 the birds1 ,the meadows with their lowing herds1 ,the woodbine on the cottage wall-- ,my heart still lingers with them all4 ,ye strangers on my native sill1 ,step lightly1 for ,i love it still4 --,thomas ,buchanan ,mead4 ,,our ,,country4 ,sweet clime of my kindred1 blest land of my birth6 ,the fairest1 the dearest1 the brightest on earth6 ,where'er ,i may roam--howe'er blest ,i may be1 ,my spirit instinctively turns unto thee6 ,i4 ,,what ,,is ,,our ,,country4 ,we cannot honor our country with too deep a reverence2 we cannot love her with an affection too pure and fervent2 we cannot serve her with an energy of purpose or a faithfulness of zeal too steadfast and ardent4 ,and what is our country8 ,it is not the ,east1 with her hills and her valleys1 with her countless sails1 and the rocky ramparts of her shores4 ,it is not the ,north1 with her thousand villages and her harvest home1 with her frontiers of the lakes and the ocean4 ,it is not the ,west1 with her forest sea and her inland isles1 with her luxuriant expanses1 clothed in the verdant corn2 with her beautiful ,ohio and her verdant ,missouri4 ,nor is it yet the ,south1 opulent in the mimic snow of the cotton1 in the rich plantations of the rustling cane1 and in the golden robes of the rice field4 ,what are these but the sister families of one greater1 better1 holier family1 ,,our ,,country8 --,thomas ,grimke4 ,,ii4 ,,liberty ,,and ,,union4 ,i profess1 sir1 in my career hitherto1 to have kept steadily in view the prosperity and the honor of the whole country1 and the preservation of the ,federal ,union4 ,i have not allowed myself to look beyond the ,union1 to see what might lie hidden in the dark recess behind2 ,i have not coolly weighed the chances of preserving liberty1 when the bonds that unite us together shall be broken asunder2 ,i have not accustomed myself to hang over the precipice of disunion1 to see whether1 with my short sight1 ,i can fathom the depths of the abyss below2 nor could ,i regard him as a safe counselor in the affairs of this government1 whose thoughts should be mainly bent on considering1 not how the ,union should be preserved1 but how tolerable might be the condition of the people when it shall be broken up and destroyed4 ,while the ,union lasts we have high1 exciting1 gratifying prospects spread out before us1 for us and our children4 ,beyond that1 ,i seek not to penetrate the veil4 ,god grant that in my day1 at least1 that curtain may not rise6 ,god grant that on my vision never may be opened what lies behind6 ,when my eyes shall be turned to behold1 for the last time1 the sun in heaven1 may ,i not see him shining on the broken and dishonored fragments of a once glorious ,union2 on ,states dissevered1 discordant1 belligerent2 on a land rent with civil feuds1 or drenched1 it may be1 in fraternal blood4 ,let their last feeble and lingering glance rather behold the gorgeous ensign of the ,republic1 now known and honored throughout the earth1 still full high advanced1 its arms and trophies streaming in their original luster1 not a stripe erased or polluted1 nor a single star obscured2 bearing for its motto no such miserable interrogatory as1 8,what is all this worth80 nor those other words of delusion and folly1 8,liberty first1 and ,union afterwards02 but everywhere spread all over in characters of living light1 blazing on all its ample folds as they float over the sea1 and over the land1 and in every wind under the whole heavens1 that other sentiment1 dear to every true ,american heart1 8,liberty and ,union1 now and forever1 one and inseparable40 --,daniel ,webster4 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,policy ,,of ,,peace4 ,a peaceful intercourse with the nations of the earth points to that inspiring day which philosophers have hoped for1 which poets have seen in their bright dreams of fancy1 and which prophets have beheld in holy vision--when men shall learn war no more4 ,who can contemplate a state of the world like this and not feel his heart exult at the prospect8 ,i am against war1 because peace--peace is1 above everything else1 our policy4 ,our great mission as a people is to occupy this vast dominion--to level the forests and let in upon their solitudes the light of day2 to clear the swamps and make them ready for the plow and the sickle2 to spread over hill and dale the echoes of human labor and human happiness2 to fill the land with cities and towns2 to unite its most distant points by turnpikes and railroads2 to scoop out canals and open rivers that may serve as highways for trade4 ,if we can preserve peace1 who shall set bounds to our prosperity or our success8 ,with one foot planted on the ,atlantic and the other on the ,pacific1 we occupy a position between the two old continents of the world--a position which necessarily secures to us the commerce and the influence of both4 ,if we abide by the counsels of common sense1 if we succeed in preserving our liberties1 we shall in the end exhibit a spectacle such as the world never saw4 ,i know that this one great mission is encompassed with many difficulties2 but such is the energy of our political system1 and such is its expansive capability1 that it may be made to govern the widest space4 ,if by war we become great1 we cannot be free2 if we will be both great and free1 our policy is peace4 --,john ,c4 ,calhoun4 ,a ,,legend ,,of ,,sleepy ,,hollow4 ,illustration3 ,washington ,irving4 8,the ,sketch ,book0 is a collection of short tales1 sketches1 and essays1 written by ,washington ,irving1 and published in #ahbj4 ,most of the sketches are descriptive of ,english manners and scenery1 but the popularity of the book in this country is chiefly due to two well-known stories of ,american life1 8,rip ,van ,winkle0 and 8,a ,legend of ,sleepy ,hollow40 ,the scenes of both stories are located in the valley of the ,hudson ,river1 not far from ,new ,york4 ,they are most picturesquely told1 and rank high among the best productions of their kind in ,american literature4 ,here is the 8,legend of ,sleepy ,hollow10 which we have abridged in order to adapt it to the readers of this volume3-- ,i4 ,,the ,,schoolmaster4 ,in a remote period of ,american history1 there lived in ,sleepy ,hollow a worthy man whose name was ,ichabod ,crane4 ,he sojourned1 or1 as he expressed it1 8tarried0 in that quiet little valley for the purpose of instructing the children of the vicinity4 ,he was a native of ,connecticut4 ,he was tall1 but very lank1 with narrow shoulders1 long arms and legs1 hands that dangled a mile out of his sleeves1 and feet that might have served as shovels4 ,his head was small1 with huge ears1 large glassy eyes1 and a long snipe nose4 ,to see him striding along the crest of a hill on a windy day1 with his ill-fitting clothes fluttering about him1 one might have mistaken him for some scarecrow escaped from a cornfield4 ,his schoolhouse was a low building of one large room1 rudely built of logs4 ,it stood in a rather lonely but pleasant place1 just at the foot of a woody hill1 with a brook running close by1 and a birch tree growing near one end of it4 ,from this place of learning the low murmur of children's voices1 conning over their lessons1 might be heard on a drowsy summer day like the hum of a beehive4 ,now and then this was interrupted by the stern voice of the master1 or perhaps by the appalling sound of a birch twig1 as some loiterer was urged along the flowery path of knowledge4 ,when school hours were over1 the teacher forgot that he was the master1 and was even the companion and playmate of the older boys2 and on holiday afternoons1 he liked to go home with some of the smaller ones who happened to have pretty sisters1 or mothers noted for their skill in cooking4 ,indeed1 it was a wise thing for him to keep on good terms with his pupils4 ,he earned so little by teaching school1 that he would scarcely have had enough to eat1 had he not1 according to country custom1 boarded at the houses of the children whom he instructed4 ,with these he lived1 by turns1 a week at a time1 thus going the rounds of the neighborhood1 with all his worldly goods tied up in a cotton handkerchief4 ,he had many ways of making himself both useful and agreeable4 ,he helped the farmers in the lighter labors of their farms1 raked the hay at harvest time1 is mended the fences1 took the horses to water1 drove the cows from pasture1 and cut wood for the winter fire4 ,he found favor in the eyes of the mothers by petting the children1 particularly the youngest2 and he would often sit with a child on one knee1 and rock a cradle with his foot for whole hours together4 ,illustration3 ,ichabod ,crane4 ,he was a man of some importance among the women of the neighborhood1 being looked upon as a kind of idle1 gentlemanlike personage of finer tastes and better manners than the rough young men who had been brought up in the country4 ,he was always welcome at the tea table of a farmhouse2 and his presence was almost sure to bring out an extra dish of cakes or sweetmeats1 or the parade of a silver teapot4 ,he was happy1 too1 in the smiles of all the young ladies4 ,he would walk with them in the churchyard1 between services on ,sundays2 gathering grapes for them from the wild vines that overrun the surrounding trees2 or sauntering with a whole bevy of them along the banks of the adjacent mill pond2 while the bashful country youngsters hung sheepishly back and hated him for his fine manners4 ,another of his sources of pleasure was to pass long winter evenings with the wives of the ,dutch farmers1 as they sat spinning by the fire with a long row of apples roasting and sputtering along the hearth4 ,he listened to their wondrous tales of ghosts and goblins1 and haunted fields1 and haunted brooks1 and haunted bridges1 and haunted houses1 and particularly of the headless horseman1 or 8,galloping ,hessian of the ,hollow10 as they sometimes called him4 ,and then he would entertain them with stories of witchcraft1 and would frighten them with woeful speculations about comets and shooting stars1 and by telling them that the world did really turn round1 and that they were half the time topsy-turvy4 ,there was pleasure in all this while snugly cuddling in the chimney corner of a room that was lighted by the ruddy glow from a crackling wood fire1 and where no ghost dared show its face2 but it was a pleasure dearly bought by the terrors which would beset him during his walk homewards4 ,how fearful were the shapes and shadows that fell across his way in the dim and ghastly glare of a snowy night6 ,how often was he appalled by some shrub covered with snow1 which1 like a sheeted specter1 beset his very path6 ,how often did he shrink with curdling awe at the sound of his own steps on the frosty crust beneath his feet1 and dread to look over his shoulder lest he should behold some uncouth being tramping close behind him6 and how often was he thrown into complete dismay by some rushing blast1 howling among the trees1 in the idea that it was the ,galloping ,hessian on one of his nightly scourings6 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,invitation4 ,on a fine autumnal afternoon1 ,ichabod1 in pensive mood1 sat enthroned on the lofty stool from whence he watched the doings of his little school4 ,in his hand he held a ferule1 that scepter of despotic power2 the birch of justice reposed on three nails behind the stool1 a constant terror to evil doers2 while on the desk were sundry contraband articles taken from idle urchins1 such as half-eaten apples1 popguns1 whirligigs1 and fly cages4 ,his scholars were all busily intent upon their books1 or slyly whispering behind them with one eye kept upon the master1 and a kind of buzzing stillness reigned throughout the schoolroom4 ,this stillness was suddenly interrupted by the appearance of a negro1 in tow-cloth jacket and trowsers1 who1 mounted on the back of a ragged1 wild1 half-broken colt1 came clattering up to the schoolhouse door4 ,he brought an invitation to ,ichabod to attend a merrymaking1 or 8quilting frolic10 to be held that evening at the house of ,mynheer ,van ,tassel2 and having delivered his message1 he dashed over the brook1 and was seen scampering away up the hollow1 full of the importance and hurry of his mission4 ,all was now bustle and hubbub in the late quiet schoolroom4 ,the scholars were hurried through their lessons4 ,those who were nimble skipped over half without being noticed2 and those who were slow were hurried along by a smart application of the rod4 ,then books were flung aside without being put away on the shelves2 inkstands were overturned1 benches thrown down2 and the whole school was turned loose an hour before the usual time1 the children yelping and racketing about the green1 in joy at their early freedom4 ,the gallant ,ichabod now spent at least an extra half hour at his toilet1 brushing and furbishing his best and only suit of rusty black1 and arranging his looks by a bit of broken looking-glass that hung up in the schoolhouse4 ,that he might make his appearance at the party in the true style of a cavalier1 he borrowed a horse from the farmer with whom he was boarding1 and1 thus gallantly mounted1 rode forth1 like a knight-errant in quest of adventures4 ,the animal he bestrode was a broken-down plow horse1 that had outlived almost everything but his viciousness4 ,he was gaunt and shagged1 with a slender neck1 and a head like a hammer4 ,his mane and tail were tangled and knotted with burs4 ,one eye had lost its pupil1 and was glaring and spectral1 but the other still gleamed with genuine wickedness4 ,he must have had plenty of fire and mettle in his day1 if we may judge from his name1 which was ,gunpowder4 ,ichabod was a rider suited for such a steed4 ,he rode with short stirrups1 which brought his knees nearly up to the pommel of the saddle2 his elbows stuck out like a grasshopper's2 and as the horse jogged on1 the motion of his arms was not unlike the flapping of a pair of wings4 ,a small wool hat rested on the top of his nose1 for so his scanty strip of forehead might be called2 and the skirts of his black coat fluttered out almost to the horse's tail4 ,such was the appearance of ,ichabod and his steed as they shambled along the highway2 and it was altogether such an apparition as is seldom to be met with in broad daylight4 ,it was1 as ,i have said1 a fine autumnal day4 ,the sky was clear and serene4 ,the forests had put on their sober brown and yellow1 while some trees of the tenderer kind had been nipped by the frost into brilliant dyes of orange1 purple1 and scarlet4 ,streaming files of wild ducks began to make their appearance high in the air4 ,the bark of the squirrel might be heard from the groves of beech and hickory1 and the pensive whistle of the quail at intervals from the neighboring stubblefields4 ,illustration3 ,ichabod and ,gunpowder4 ,the small birds fluttered1 chirping and frolicking from bush to bush1 and tree to tree1 gay and happy because of the plenty and variety around them4 ,there were the twittering blackbirds1 flying in sable clouds2 and the golden-winged woodpecker1 with his crimson crest and splendid plumage2 and the cedar bird1 with its red-tipped wings and yellow-tipped tail2 and the blue jay1 in his gay1 light-blue coat and white underclothes1 screaming and chattering1 nodding and bowing1 and pretending to be on good terms with every songster of the grove4 ,as ,ichabod jogged slowly on his way1 his eye ranged with delight over the treasures of jolly autumn1 ,on all sides he beheld vast store of apples1--some still hanging on the trees1 some gathered into baskets and barrels for the market1 others heaped up in rich piles for the cider press4 ,farther on he beheld great fields of ,indian corn1 with its golden ears peeping from their leafy coverts1 and holding out the promise of cakes and hasty pudding4 ,there1 too1 were multitudes of yellow pumpkins turning up their yellow sides to the sun1 and giving ample prospects of the most luxurious of pies4 ,and anon he passed the fragrant buckwheat fields1 breathing the odor of the beehive2 and as he beheld them1 he dreamed of dainty slapjacks1 well buttered1 and garnished with honey1 by the delicate little dimpled hand of ,katrina1 the daughter of ,mynheer ,van ,tassel4 ,thus feeding his mind with many sweet thoughts and 8sugared suppositions10 he journeyed along the sides of a range of hills which look out upon some of the goodliest scenes of the mighty ,hudson4 ,the sun gradually wheeled his broad disk down into the west4 ,a few amber clouds floated in the sky1 without a breath of air to move them4 ,the horizon was of a fine1 golden tint1 changing gradually into a pure apple-green1 and from that into the deep-blue of the midheaven4 ,a slanting ray lingered on the woody crests of the precipices that overhung some parts of the river1 giving greater depth to the dark gray and purple of their rocky sides4 ,,iii4 ,,the 8,,quilting ,,frolic40 ,it was toward evening when ,ichabod arrived at the castle of the ,herr ,van ,tassel4 ,he found it thronged with the pride and flower of the adjacent country1--old farmers1 in homespun coats and breeches1 blue stockings1 huge shoes1 and magnificent pewter buckles2 their brisk little dames1 in close-crimped caps1 long-waisted gowns1 homespun petticoats1 with scissors and pincushions1 and gay calico pockets hanging on the outside2 buxom lasses1 almost as antiquated as their mothers1 excepting where a straw hat1 a fine ribbon1 or perhaps a white frock1 showed signs of city innovations2 the sons1 in short1 square-skirted coats with rows of huge brass buttons1 and their hair generally queued in the fashion of the times1 especially if an eel-skin could be had for that purpose1 it being esteemed as a potent nourisher and strengthener of the hair4 ,what a world of charms burst upon the gaze of my hero1 as he entered the state parlor of ,van ,tassel's mansion--the ample charms of a ,dutch country tea table1 in the sumptuous time of autumn6 ,such heaped-up platters of cakes1 of various and indescribable kinds1 known only to experienced ,dutch housewives6 ,there was the doughty doughnut1 and the crisp1 crumbling cruller2 sweet cakes and short cakes1 ginger cakes and honey cakes1 and the whole family of cakes2 and then there were apple pies1 and peach pies1 and pumpkin pies2 and slices of ham and smoked beef2 and dishes of preserved plums1 and peaches1 and pears1 and quinces2 not to mention broiled shad and roasted chickens1 together with bowls of milk and cream2 all mingled1 higgledy-piggledy1--with the motherly teapot sending up its clouds of vapor from the midst6 ,i want breath and time to describe this banquet as ,i ought1 and am too eager to get on with my story4 ,happily1 ,ichabod ,crane was not in so great a hurry1 but did ample justice to every dainty4 ,and now1 supper being ended1 the sound of music from the common room summoned to the dance4 ,the musician was an old1 gray-headed negro1 who had been the itinerant orchestra of the neighborhood for more than half a century4 ,his instrument was as old and battered as himself4 ,the greater part of the time he scraped away on two or three strings1 moving his head with every movement of the bow1 and stamping his foot whenever a fresh couple were to start4 ,ichabod prided himself on his dancing4 ,not a limb1 not a fiber about him was idle4 ,how could the flogger of urchins be otherwise than animated and joyous8 ,and pretty ,katrina ,van ,tassel1 the lady of his heart1 was his partner in the dance1 smiling graciously in reply to all his gallant remarks4 ,when the dance was over1 ,ichabod joined a circle of the older folks1 who1 with ,mynheer ,van ,tassel1 sat smoking at one end of the piazza1 and told stories of the war and wild and wonderful legends of ghosts and other supernatural beings4 ,some mention was made of a woman in white that haunted the dark glen at ,raven ,rock1 and was often heard to shriek on wintry nights before a storm1 having perished there in the snow4 ,the chief part of the stories1 however1 turned upon the favorite specter of ,sleepy ,hollow1 the headless horseman1 who had been heard several times of late1 patrolling the country4 ,one man told how he had once met the horseman returning from a foray into ,sleepy ,hollow1 and was obliged to get up behind him2 how they galloped over bush and brake1 over hill and swamp1 until they reached the bridge by the church1 when the horseman suddenly turned into a skeleton1 threw him into the brook1 and sprang away over the treetops with a clap of thunder4 ,a wild1 roystering young man1 who was called ,brom ,bones1 declared that the headless horseman was1 after all1 no rider compared with himself4 ,he said that returning one night from the neighboring village of ,sing ,sing1 he had been overtaken by this midnight trooper2 that he had offered to race with him for a bowl of punch1 and would have won it1 too1 but just as they came to the church bridge1 the specter bolted and vanished in a flash of fire4 ,illustration3 ,katrina ,van ,tassel4 ,the party now gradually broke up4 ,the old farmers gathered together their families in their wagons1 and were heard for some time rattling along the hollow roads1 and over the distant hills4 ,some of the damsels mounted on pillions behind their favorite swains2 and their light-hearted laughter1 mingling with the clatter of hoofs1 echoed along the silent woodlands1 growing fainter and fainter till they gradually died away1 and the late scene of noise and frolic was all silent and deserted4 ,ichabod alone lingered behind1 to have a parting word with the pretty ,katrina4 ,what he said to her1 and what was her reply1 ,i do not know4 ,something1 however1 must have gone wrong2 for he sallied forth1 after no great length of time1 with an air quite desolate and chopfallen4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,headless ,,horseman4 ,it was the very witching time of night that ,ichabod pursued his travel homewards4 ,in the dead hush of midnight he could hear the barking of a dog on the opposite shore of the ,hudson1 but it was so vague and faint as only to give an idea of the distance between them4 ,no signs of life occurred near1 but now and then the chirp of a cricket1 or perhaps the guttural twang of a bullfrog from a neighboring marsh1 as if sleeping uncomfortably1 and turning suddenly in his bed4 ,all the stories that ,ichabod had heard about ghosts and goblins1 now came crowding into his mind4 ,the night grew darker and darker4 ,the stars seemed to sink deeper in the sky1 and driving clouds occasionally hid them from his sight4 ,he had never felt so lonely and dismal4 ,he was1 moreover1 approaching the very place where many of the scenes of the ghost stories had been laid4 ,in the center of the road stood an enormous tulip tree1 which towered like a giant above all the other trees of the neighborhood1 and formed a kind of landmark4 ,its limbs were gnarled and fantastic1 large as the trunks of ordinary trees1 twisting down almost to the ground1 and rising again into the air4 ,as ,ichabod approached this tree1 he began to whistle4 ,he thought his whistle was answered3 it was but a blast sweeping sharply through the dry branches4 ,coming a little nearer1 he thought he saw something white hanging in the midst of the tree4 ,he paused1 and ceased whistling1 but1 on looking more narrowly1 perceived that it was a place where the tree had been struck by lightning1 and the white wood laid bare4 ,suddenly he heard a groan4 ,his teeth chattered1 and his knees smote against the saddle4 ,it was but the rubbing of one huge bough upon another1 as they were swayed about by the breeze4 ,he passed the tree in safety1 but new perils lay before him4 ,about two hundred yards from the tree a small brook crossed the road1 and ran into a marshy and thickly wooded glen4 ,a few rough logs laid side by side served for a bridge over this stream4 ,to pass this bridge was the severest trial2 for it was here that the unfortunate ,andr had been captured1 and under covert of the thicket of chestnuts and vines by the side of the road1 had the sturdy yeomen1 who surprised him1 lain concealed4 ,the stream has ever since been considered a haunted stream1 and fearful are the feelings of the schoolboy who has to pass it alone after dark4 ,as ,ichabod approached the stream his heart began to thump4 ,he gave his horse half a score of kicks in the ribs1 and tried to dash briskly across the bridge2 but instead of starting forward1 the perverse old animal made a lateral movement1 and ran broadside against the fence4 ,ichabod jerked the rein on the other side1 and kicked lustily with the contrary foot4 ,it was all in vain4 ,his steed started1 it is true1 but it was only to plunge to the opposite side of the road into a thicket of brambles4 ,the schoolmaster now bestowed both whip and heel upon the ribs of old ,gunpowder1 who dashed forward but came to a stand just by the bridge with a suddenness that had nearly sent his rider sprawling over his head4 ,just at this moment a plashy tramp by the side of the bridge caught the sensitive ear of ,ichabod4 ,in the dark shadow of the trees1 he beheld something huge1 black1 and towering4 ,it stirred not1 but seemed gathered up in the gloom1 like some gigantic monster ready to spring upon the traveler4 ,the hair of the affrighted pedagogue rose upon his head with terror4 ,what was to be done8 ,summoning up a show of courage1 he called out in stammering accents1 8,who are you80 ,he received no reply4 ,he repeated his demand in a still more agitated voice4 ,still there was no answer4 ,once more he cudgeled the sides of ,gunpowder1 and1 shutting his eyes1 broke forth into a psalm tune4 ,just then the shadowy object of alarm put itself in motion1 and1 with a scramble and a bound1 stood at once in the middle of the road4 ,though the night was dark and dismal1 yet the form of the unknown might now in some degree be ascertained4 ,he appeared to be a horseman of large dimensions1 and mounted on a horse of powerful frame4 ,he made no offer of molestation or sociability1 but kept aloof on one side of the road1 jogging along on the blind side of old ,gunpowder1 who had now got over his fright and waywardness4 ,ichabod1 who had no relish for this strange midnight companion1 and bethought himself of the adventure of ,brom ,bones and the headless horseman1 now quickened his steed1 in hopes of leaving him behind4 ,the stranger1 however1 quickened his horse to an equal pace4 ,ichabod drew up1 and fell into a walk1 thinking to lag behind2 the other did the same4 ,his heart began to sink within him4 ,there was something in the moody and dogged silence of his companion that was mysterious and appalling4 ,it was soon fearfully accounted for4 ,on mounting a rising ground1 which brought the figure of his fellow-traveler in relief against the sky1 ,ichabod was horror-struck on perceiving that he was headless2 but his horror was still more increased on observing that the head1 which should have rested on his shoulders1 was carried before him on the pommel of his saddle4 ,his terror rose to desperation4 ,he rained a shower of kicks and blows upon ,gunpowder1 hoping1 by a sudden movement1 to give his companion the slip2 but the specter started full jump with him4 ,away then they dashed1 through thick and thin2 stones flying1 and sparks flashing1 at every bound4 ,ichabod's flimsy garments fluttered in the air1 as he stretched his long1 lank body away over his horse's head1 in the eagerness of his flight4 ,they had now reached the road which turns off to ,sleepy ,hollow2 but ,gunpowder1 who seemed possessed with a demon1 instead of keeping up it1 made an opposite turn1 and plunged headlong down hill to the left4 ,this road leads through a sandy hollow1 shaded by trees for about a quarter of a mile1 where it crosses the bridge famous in goblin story2 and just beyond swells the green knoll on which stands the whitewashed church4 ,just as he had got halfway through the hollow1 the girths of the saddle gave way1 and ,ichabod felt it slipping from under him4 ,he seized it by the pommel1 and tried to hold it firm1 but in vain4 ,he had just time to save himself by clasping ,gunpowder round the neck1 when the saddle fell to the earth1 and he heard it trampled under foot by his pursuer4 ,for a moment the terror of its owner's wrath passed across his mind1 for it was his ,sunday saddle2 but this was no time for petty fears4 ,he had much ado to keep his seat1 sometimes slipping on one side1 sometimes on another1 and sometimes jolted on the high ridge of his horse's backbone with a violence that was far from pleasant4 ,an opening in the trees now cheered him with the hope that the church bridge was at hand4 8,if ,i can but reach that bridge10 thought ,ichabod1 8,i am safe40 ,just then he heard the black steed panting and blowing close behind him4 ,he even fancied that he felt his hot breath4 ,another kick in the ribs1 and old ,gunpowder sprang upon the bridge2 he thundered over the resounding planks2 he gained the opposite side2 and now ,ichabod cast a look behind to see if his pursuer should vanish in a flash of fire and brimstone4 ,just then he saw the goblin rising in his stirrups1 and in the very act of hurling his head at him4 ,ichabod tried to dodge the horrible missile1 but too late4 ,it encountered his cranium with a tremendous crash4 ,he was tumbled headlong into the dust2 and ,gunpowder1 the black steed1 and the goblin rider1 passed by like a whirlwind4 ,the next morning the old horse was found without his saddle1 and with the bridle under his feet1 soberly cropping the grass at his master's gate4 ,ichabod did not make his appearance at breakfast4 ,dinner hour came1 but no ,ichabod4 ,the boys assembled at the schoolhouse1 and strolled idly about the banks of the brook2 but no schoolmaster4 ,an inquiry was set on foot1 and after much investigation they came upon his traces4 ,in one part of the road by the church was found the saddle trampled in the dirt4 ,the tracks of horses' hoofs deeply dented in the road1 and evidently at furious speed1 were traced to the bridge1 beyond which1 on the bank of a broad part of the brook1 where the water ran deep and black1 was found the hat of the unfortunate ,ichabod1 and close beside it a shattered pumpkin4 ,the brook was searched1 but the body of the schoolmaster was not to be discovered4 ,as ,ichabod was a bachelor1 and in nobody's debt1 nobody troubled his head any more about him4 ,it is true1 an old farmer1 who went down to ,new ,york on a visit several years after1 brought home the intelligence that ,ichabod ,crane was still alive2 that he had left the neighborhood1 partly through fear of the goblin and the farmer whose horse he had ridden1 and partly for other reasons2 that he had changed his quarters to a distant part of the country1 had kept school and studied law at the same time1 had written for the newspapers1 and finally had been made a justice of the ,ten ,pound ,court4 ,brom ,bones1 too1 who1 shortly after the schoolmaster's disappearance1 had married the blooming ,katrina ,van ,tassel1 was observed to look very knowing whenever the story of ,ichabod was related1 and always burst into a hearty laugh at the mention of the pumpkin1 which led some to suppose that he knew more about the matter than he chose to tell4 ,,the ,,mariner',s ,,dream4 ,in slumbers of midnight the sailor boy lay2 ,his hammock swung loose at the sport of the wind2 ,but1 watchworn and weary1 his cares flew away1 ,and visions of happiness danced o'er his mind4 ,he dreamed of his home1 of his dear native bowers1 ,and pleasures that waited on life's merry morn2 ,while ,memory stood sideways1 half covered with flowers1 ,and restored every rose1 but secreted its thorn4 ,then ,fancy her magical pinions spread wide1 ,and bade the young dreamer in ecstasy rise3 ,now far1 far behind him the green waters glide1 ,and the cot of his forefathers blesses his eyes4 ,the jessamine clambers in flower o'er the thatch1 ,and the swallow chirps sweet from her nest in the wall2 ,all trembling with transport1 he raises the latch1 ,and the voices of loved ones reply to his call4 ,a father bends o'er him with looks of delight2 ,his cheek is impearled with a mother's warm tear2 ,and the lips of the boy in a love kiss unite ,with the lips of the maid whom his bosom holds dear4 ,the heart of the sleeper beats high in his breast2 ,joy quickens his pulses--all hardships seem o'er1 ,and a murmur of happiness steals through his rest3 8,o ,god6 thou hast blessed me2 ,i ask for no more40 ,ah6 what is that flame which now bursts on his eye8 ,ah6 what is that sound which now 'larums his ear8 ,tis the lightning's red gleam1 painting death in the sky6 ',tis the crashing of thunders1 the groan of the sphere6 ,he springs from his hammock--he flies to the deck6 ,amazement confronts him with images dire2 ,wild winds and mad waves drive the vessel a wreck2 ,the masts fly in splinters2 the shrouds are on fire6 ,like mountains the billows tremendously swell2 ,in vain the lost wretch calls on ,mercy to save2 ,unseen hands of spirits are ringing his knell1 ,and the death angel flaps his broad wing o'er the wave6 ,o sailor boy1 woe to thy dream of delight6 ,in darkness dissolves the gay frost work of bliss4 ,where now is the picture that ,fancy touched bright-- ,thy parents' fond pressure1 and ,love's honeyed kiss8 ,o sailor boy6 sailor boy6 never again ,shall home1 love1 or kindred thy wishes repay2 ,unblessed1 and unhonored1 down deep in the main ,full many a fathom1 thy frame shall decay4 ,days1 months1 years1 and ages shall circle away1 ,and still the vast waters above thee shall roll2 ,earth loses thy pattern for ever and aye3-- ,o sailor boy6 sailor boy6 peace to thy soul6 --,william ,dimond4 ,,the ,,sands ,o' ,,dee4 8,o ,mary1 go and call the cattle home1 ,and call the cattle home1 ,and call the cattle home1 ,across the sands o' ,dee60 ,the western wind was wild and dank with foam1 ,and all alone went she4 ,the creeping tide came up along the sand1 ,and o'er and o'er the sand1 ,and round and round the sand1 ,as far as eye could see4 ,the rolling mist came down and hid the land-- ,and never home came she4 8,oh1 is it weed1 or fish1 or floating hair-- ,a tress of golden hair1 ,a drownd maiden's hair1 ,above the nets at sea80 ,was never salmon yet that shone so fair ,among the stakes on ,dee4 ,they brought her in across the rolling foam1 ,the cruel crawling foam1 ,the cruel hungry foam1 ,to her grave beside the sea4 ,but still the boatmen hear her call the cattle home1 ,across the sands o' ,dee4 --,charles ,kingsley4 ,,the ,,invention ,,of ,,printing4 ,i4 ,,block ,,books4 ,six hundred years ago every book was written by hand2 for the art of printing was then unknown1 ,if there were pictures1 they were drawn with a pen or painted with a brush4 ,it required a great deal of labor and time to make a book2 and when it was finished1 it was so costly that only a very rich person could afford to own it4 ,there were no bookstores such as we have now1 and books were very few4 ,but in the great schools and large monasteries there were men called scriptores1 or copyists1 whose business it was to make written copies of such works as were in demand4 ,there were other men called illuminators who ornamented the books with beautiful initials and chapter headings1 and sometimes encircled the pages with borders made with ink of different colors4 ,at last some copyist who had several copies to make of the same book thought of a new plan4 ,he carved a copy of each page on a block of wood4 ,if there was a picture1 he carved that too1 much in the same way that wood engravings are made now4 ,when the block was finished1 it was carefully wetted with a thin1 inky substance2 then a sheet of paper was laid upon it and pressed down till an impression of the carved block was printed upon it4 ,each page was treated in the same way1 but the paper could be printed only on one side4 ,when all were finished1 the leaves were stitched together and made into a book4 ,it was not as handsome a book as those written with pen and ink2 but1 after the block had once been engraved1 the copyist could make fifty copies of it in less time than he could make one by hand4 ,books made in this way were called block books4 ,it required much time and a great deal of skill to engrave the blocks2 and so this method of printing never came into very general use4 ,,ii4 ,,laurence ,,coster ,about the beginning of the fifteenth century there lived in the old ,dutch town of ,haarlem a man whose name was ,laurence ,jaonssen4 ,this man was much looked up to by all his neighbors2 for he was honest and wealthy1 and he had been in his younger days the treasurer of the town4 ,he was the sacristan of the ,church of ,st4 ,bavon1 and for that reason he was called ,laurence ,coster1 which means ,laurence the ,sacristan4 ,as he grew old and gray1 he became very quiet in his ways1 and there was nothing that he liked so well as being alone1 with the bright sun above him and the trees and flowers and birds all around him4 ,every afternoon1 as soon as he had dined1 he threw his short black cloak over his shoulders1 took his broad-brimmed hat from its peg1 and with his staff in his hand sauntered out for a walk4 ,sometimes he strolled along the banks of the broad and sluggish river1 picking flowers as he went2 sometimes he rambled through the fields and came home by the great road which led around to the other side of the town4 ,but he liked best to go out to the old forest which lay beyond the flat meadow lands a mile farther away4 ,there the trees grew large and tall1 and afforded a pleasant shelter on warm days from the sun1 and in cooler weather from the keen winds that blow across the meadows from the sea4 ,when tired of walking1 ,laurence ,coster would often sit down on the spreading root of some old beech tree2 and then1 to pass away the time1 he would split off a piece of the bark1 and with his knife would shape it into one of the letters of the alphabet4 ,this was an old habit of his--a habit which he had learned when he was a boy2 and afterwards1 when he was just turning into manhood1 it had been no uncommon thing for him to stroll into the woods and carve upon the trees the name of a young maiden whom he knew4 ,now1 old and gray and solemn1 the habit still remained with him4 ,he liked to sit and cut out alphabets for the amusement of his little grandchildren to whom he carried them4 ,one day1 having shaped the letters with more care than usual1 he wrapped them up in a piece of parchment that he had in his pocket4 8,the children will be delighted with these1 ,i know10 he said4 ,when he reached home and opened the package1 he was surprised to see the imprint of several of the letters very clear and distinct upon the parchment4 ,the sap1 running out of the green bark1 had acted as ink on the face of the letters4 ,this accident set him to thinking4 ,he carved another set of letters with very great care1 and then1 dipping one side in ink1 pressed them on a sheet of parchment4 ,the result was a print1 almost as good as the block pictures and block books which were sold in the shops1 and were the only examples of printing then known4 8,i really believe10 said ,laurence ,coster1 8that with enough of these letters ,i could print a book4 ,it would be better than printing by the block method2 for ,i would not be obliged to cut a separate block for each page1 but could arrange and rearrange the letters in any order that might be required40 ,and so now1 instead of idling his afternoons away1 and instead of cutting letters merely for the children1 he set earnestly to work to improve his invention4 ,he made a kind of ink that was thicker and more gluey than common ink1 and not so likely to spread and leave an ugly blot4 ,he carved a great many letters of various sizes1 and found that with his improved ink he could make clear1 distinct impressions1 and could print entire pages1 with cuts and diagrams and fancy headings4 ,after a while he thought of making the letters of lead instead of wood2 and finally he found that a mixture of lead and tin was better than pure lead1 because it was harder and more durable4 ,and so1 year after year1 ,laurence ,coster toiled at the making of types and the printing of books4 ,soon his books began to attract attention1 and as they were really better and cheaper than the block books1 there was much call for them4 ,some of the good people of ,haarlem were greatly troubled because the old gentleman spent so much of his time at such work4 8,he is bewitched10 said some4 8,he has sold himself to the evil one10 said others4 8,no good thing will ever come out of this business10 said they all4 ,,iii4 ,,john ,,gutenberg4 ,one day when ,laurence ,coster was making his first experiments in printing1 a young traveler1 with a knapsack on his back and a staff in his hand1 came trudging into ,haarlem4 8,my name is ,john ,gutenberg1 and my home is at ,mayence10 he said to the landlord of the inn where he stopped4 8,and pray what may be your business in our good city of ,haarlem80 asked the landlord4 8,i am trying to gain knowledge by seeing the world10 was the answer4 8,i have been to ,rome and ,venice and ,genoa2 ,i have visited ,switzerland and all the great cities in ,germany2 and now ,i am on my way through ,holland to ,france40 8,what is the most wonderful thing that you have seen in your travels80 asked the landlord4 8,there is nothing more wonderful to me than the general ignorance of the people10 said ,gutenberg4 8,they seem to know nothing about the country in which they live2 they know nothing about the peoples of other lands2 and1 what is worse1 they know nothing about the truths of religion4 ,if there were only some way to make books more plentiful1 so that the common people could buy them and learn to read them1 a great deal of this ignorance would be dispelled4 ,ever since ,i was a mere youth at school1 is this thought has been in my mind40 8,well10 said the landlord1 8we have a man here in ,haarlem who makes books2 and1 although ,i know nothing about them myself1 ,i have been told that he makes them by a new method1 and much faster and cheaper than they have ever been made before40 8,who is this man8 ,tell me where ,i can find him60 cried ,gutenberg4 8,his name is ,laurence ,coster1 and he lives in the big house which you see over there close by the market place4 ,you can find him at home at all hours of the day2 for1 since he got into this mad way about printing1 he never walks out40 ,illustration3 ,john ,gutenberg4 ,gutenberg lost no time in making the acquaintance of ,laurence ,coster4 ,the kind old gentleman showed him his types1 and told him all about his plans2 and when he brought out a ,latin ,grammar which he had just finished1 ,gutenberg was filled with wonder and delight4 8,this is what ,i have so long hoped for10 he said4 8,now knowledge will fly on the wings of truth to the uttermost parts of the earth60 ,many different stories have been told about the way in which ,gutenberg set to work to improve the art of printing4 ,one relates that1 after having gained the confidence of ,laurence ,coster1 he stole all his types and tools and carried them to ,mayence1 where he opened a workshop of his own4 ,another story is as follows3 ,after seeing ,laurence ,coster's work1 he was so impatient to be doing something of the kind himself that he left ,haarlem the next morning1 and hurried to ,strasburg4 ,there he shut himself up in a room which he rented1 and set to work to carry out the plans which he had in mind4 ,with a knife and some pieces of wood he made several sets of movable type1 and arranging them in words and sentences1 strung them together upon pieces of wire4 ,in this way he was able to print more rapidly than by ,laurence ,coster's method1 where each letter1 or at most each word1 was printed separately4 ,he soon set up a shop in an old ruined monastery just outside of the town1 and began work as a jeweler4 ,he polished precious stones1 and he dealt in mirrors which he mounted in frames of carved wood4 ,he did this partly to earn a livelihood1 and partly to conceal the greater projects which he had in hand4 ,in a dark secluded corner of the monastery he fitted up another workshop where he could secretly carry on his experiments in printing4 ,there1 behind bolts and bars and a thick oaken door1 he spent all of his spare time with his types4 ,little by little1 ,gutenberg made improvements in his art4 ,he invented methods for making letters of metal that were better than any that ,laurence ,coster had used4 ,he learned how to mix inks of various colors4 ,he made brushes and rollers for inking the types2 8forms0 for keeping the letters together when arranged for printing2 and at last a press for bringing the paper into contact with the inked type4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,two ,,voices4 ,whether awake or asleep1 ,john ,gutenberg's mind was always full of his great invention4 ,one night as he sat looking at a sheet that he had printed on his first press1 he thought that he heard two voices whispering near him4 ,one of the voices was soft and musical and very pleasant to hear2 the other was harsh and gruff and full of discordant tones4 ,the gentle voice spoke first1 8,happy1 happy man60 it said1 8,go on with your great work1 and be not discouraged4 ,in the ages to come1 men of all lands will gain knowledge and become wise by means of your great invention4 ,books will multiply until they are within the reach of all classes of people4 ,every child will learn to read4 ,and to the end of time1 the name of ,john ,gutenberg will be remembered40 ,illustration3 ,drawn by ,arthur ,i4 ,keller4 ,engraved by ,e4 ,heinemann4 ,gutenberg and his ,printing ,press4 ,then the harsh voice spoke3 8,beware6 beware6 and think twice of what you are doing4 ,evil as well as good will come from this invention upon which you have set your heart4 ,instead of being a blessing to mankind1 it will prove to be a curse4 ,pause and consider before you place in the hands of sinful and erring men another instrument of evil40 ,gutenberg's mind was filled with distress4 ,he thought of the fearful power which the art of printing would give to wicked men to corrupt and debase their fellow-men4 ,he leaped to his feet1 he seized his hammer1 and had almost destroyed his types and press when the gentle voice spoke again1 and in accents loud enough to cause him to pause4 8,think a moment10 it said4 8,god's gifts are all good1 and yet which one of them is not abused and sometimes made to serve the purposes of wicked men4 ,what will the art of printing do8 ,it will carry the knowledge of good into all lands2 it will promote virtue2 it will be a new means of giving utterance to the thoughts of the wise and the good40 ,gutenberg threw down his hammer and set to work to repair the mischief that he had done4 ,but scarcely had he put his printing machine in good order when other troubles arose4 ,he was in debt1 and he had difficulties with the town officers4 ,his goods were seized upon2 his types were destroyed2 and he was at last obliged to return penniless to his old home in ,mayence4 ,v4 ,,john ,,fust4 ,in ,mayence1 ,gutenberg had an old friend named ,john ,fust1 who was a goldsmith and very rich4 ,with this man he soon formed a partnership1 and a printing office much better than the one at ,strasburg was set up4 ,several books1 most of them on religious subjects1 were printed and sent out1 and the business was soon in a flourishing condition4 ,but ,gutenberg's troubles were not yet ended4 ,there were a great many people who were opposed to his new way of making books4 ,the copyists who made their living by transcribing books were very bitter against it because it would destroy their business4 ,they formed a league to oppose the printers1 and before long drove ,gutenberg out of ,mayence4 ,after wandering to various places in ,germany1 he at last gained the friendship of ,adolphus1 the ,elector of ,nassau1 who took a great interest in his plans4 ,a press was set up at the court of the ,elector1 and there ,gutenberg worked for several years1 printing volume after volume with his own hands4 ,but his invention did not bring him wealth4 ,when he died at the age of sixty-nine years1 he left no property but a few books which he had printed4 ,his partner1 ,john ,fust1 had been much more fortunate4 ,he had set up another press at ,mayence1 and in spite of the copyists and their friends was printing many books1 and reaping great profits from their sale4 ,one summer he printed some ,bibles and took them to ,paris to sell4 ,they looked very much like the manuscript copies made by the copyists1 for it was to the interest of the printers to pass off their books as manuscripts4 ,people were astonished when ,fust offered to sell his ,bibles at sixty crowns1 while the copyists demanded five hundred4 ,they were still more astonished when he produced them as fast as they were wanted1 and finally lowered the price4 ,the copyists were very bitter against him4 8,he is a magician60 they cried4 8,no one but a magician could do this40 ,and so the officers were sent to arrest him and search his rooms4 ,they found a great many ,bibles and some red ink4 8,there is no doubt about it10 said the officers4 8,this is blood1 and the man is a magician40 ,in order to save himself from being burned as a wizard1 ,fust was obliged to go before the ,parliament of ,paris and tell all about his new method of making books1 and how he used the red ink for embellishing the borders of the pages4 ,it was thus that the art of printing by movable types first became known to the world4 ,,the ,,wanderer4 ,illustration3 ,eugene ,field4 ,upon a mountain height far from the sea ,i found a shell1 ,and to my listening ear the lonely thing ,ever a song of ocean seemed to sing1 ,ever a tale of ocean seemed to tell4 ,how came the shell upon that mountain height8 ,ah1 who can say8 ,whether there dropped by some too careless hand ,or whether there cast when ,ocean left the ,land ,ere the ,eternal had ordained the ,day4 ,strange1 was it not8 ,far from its native deep ,one song it sang1-- ,sang of the awful mysteries of the tide1 ,sang of the misty sea1 profound and wide1-- ,ever with echoes of the ocean rang4 ,and1 as the shell upon the mountain height ,sings of the sea1 ,so do ,i ever1 leagues and leagues away1-- ,so do ,i ever1 wandering where ,i may-- ,sing1 ,o my home6 sing1 ,o my home1 of thee6 --,eugene ,field4 ,,lead ,,thou ,,me ,,on4 ,illustration3 ,cardinal ,newman4 ,lead1 kindly light1 amid the encircling gloom1 ,lead thou me on6 ,the night is dark1 and ,i am far from home1-- ,lead thou me on6 ,keep thou my feet2 ,i do not ask to see ,the distant scene1--one step enough for me4 ,i was not ever thus1 nor prayed that thou ,shouldst lead me on4 ,i loved to choose and see my path1 but now ,lead thou me on6 ,i loved the garish day1 and1 spite of fears1 ,pride ruled my will3 remember not past years4 ,so long thy power hath blessed me1 sure it still ,will lead me on1 ,o'er moor and fen1 o'er crag and torrent1 till ,the night is gone2 ,and with the morn those angel faces smile ,which ,i have loved long since1 and lost a while4 --,john ,henry ,newman4 ,,the ,,american ,,indian4 ,not many generations ago1 where you now sit1 encircled with all that exalts and embellishes civilized life1 the rank thistle nodded in the wind1 and the wild fox dug his hole unscared4 ,here lived and loved another race of beings4 ,beneath the same sun that rolls over your heads1 the ,indian hunter pursued the panting deer2 gazing on the same moon that smiles for you1 the ,indian lover wooed his dusky mate4 ,here the wigwam blaze beamed on the tender and helpless1 the council fire glared on the wise and daring4 ,now they dipped their noble limbs in your sedgy lakes1 and now they paddled the light canoe along your rocky shores4 ,here they warred2 the echoing whoop1 the bloody grapple1 the defying death song1 all were here2 and1 when the tiger strife was over1 here curled the smoke of peace4 ,here1 too1 they worshiped2 and from many a dark bosom went up a pure prayer to the ,great ,spirit4 ,he had not written his laws for them on tables of stone1 but he had traced them on the tables of their hearts4 ,the poor child of nature knew not the ,god of revelation1 but the ,god of the universe he acknowledged in everything around4 ,he beheld him in the star that sank in beauty behind his lonely dwelling2 in the sacred orb that flamed on him from his midday throne2 in the flower that snapped in the morning breeze2 in the lofty pine1 that defied a thousand whirlwinds2 in the timid warbler that never left its native grove2 in the fearless eagle whose untired pinion was wet in clouds2 in the worm that crawled at his foot2 and in his own matchless form1 glowing with a spark of that light1 to whose mysterious ,source he bent1 in humble1 though blind1 adoration4 ,and all this has passed away4 ,across the ocean came a pilgrim bark1 bearing the seeds of life and death4 ,the former were sown for you2 the latter sprang up in the path of the simple native4 ,two hundred years have changed the character of a great continent1 and blotted1 forever1 from its face a whole peculiar people4 ,art has usurped the bowers of nature1 and the anointed children of education have been too powerful for the tribes of the ignorant4 ,here and there1 a stricken few remain2 but how unlike their bold1 untamed1 untamable progenitors6 ,the ,indian of falcon glance and lion bearing1 the theme of the touching ballad1 the hero of the pathetic tale1 is gone6 and his degraded offspring crawl upon the soil where he walked in majesty1 to remind us how miserable is man1 when the foot of the conqueror is on his neck4 ,as a race1 they have withered from the land4 ,their arrows are broken1 their springs are dried up1 their cabins are in the dust4 ,their council fire has long since gone out on the shore1 and their war cry is fast dying to the untrodden west4 ,slowly and sadly they climb the distant mountains4 ,they are shrinking before the mighty tide which is pressing them away2 they must soon hear the roar of the last wave1 which will settle over them forever4 ,ages hence1 the inquisitive white man1 as he stands by some growing city1 will ponder on the structure of their disturbed remains1 and wonder to what manner of person they belonged4 ,they will live only in the songs and chronicles of their exterminators4 ,let these be faithful to their rude virtues as men1 and pay due tribute to their unhappy fate as a people4 --,charles ,sprague4 ,,the ,,passing ,,of ,,king ,,arthur4 ,whether there ever was a real ,king ,arthur1 or whether he lived only in the imagination of story-tellers and song writers1 no one can tell4 ,this much is true1 however1 that the history of his exploits and those of his ,knights of the ,round ,table has existed in poetry and song for now almost a thousand years4 ,long before there were any ,english books worth speaking of1 the story of ,king ,arthur was sung and recited by wandering bards to delighted listeners in the halls and castles of ,old ,england4 ,in the course of time it was written down in poetry and in prose2 it was turned into ,french1 and from the ,french back into ,english again2 other stories were added to it1 and it became the most popular romance ever composed4 ,in #adgj1 a knight whose name was ,sir ,thomas ,malory made a version of it in what was then good ,english prose1 taking it1 as he said1 8out of a certain book of ,french40 ,this version has ever since been the one book to which all who would know the story of ,king ,arthur have turned2 it is the mine from which later writers have derived materials for their works4 ,it is written in a style which1 although old-fashioned and quaint1 is wonderfully simple and beautiful4 ,one of the most touching passages in the story is that which tells how ,king ,arthur1 having fought his last battle1 lay wounded upon the ground2 and how1 being deserted by all the knights except ,sir ,bedivere1 he waited for the coming of fairy messengers to bear him away to the island valley of ,avilion4 ,here is the passage1 not in the exact words of ,sir ,thomas ,malory1 but repeated1 somewhat after his manner1 in words of modern usage4 8,my hour is near at hand10 said the king to ,sir ,bedivere4 8,therefore1 take thou my good sword ,excalibur1 and go with it to yonder water side2 and when thou comest there1 ,i charge thee throw it in that water1 and then come and tell me what thou hast seen40 8,my lord10 said ,sir ,bedivere1 8your bidding shall be done1 and ,i will come quickly and bring you word40 ,so ,sir ,bedivere departed1 and as he went he looked at that noble sword1 and saw that the hilt and guard were covered with precious stones2 and then he said to himself1 8,if ,i throw this rich sword into the water1 no good shall ever come of it1 but only harm and loss40 ,then ,sir ,bedivere hid ,excalibur under a tree4 ,and as soon as he might1 he came again unto the king1 and said he had been at the water side1 and had thrown the sword into the water4 8,what sawest thou there80 said the king4 8,sir1 ,i saw nothing but waves and winds40 8,thou speakest not the truth10 said the king4 8,therefore1 go quickly again and do my bidding2 and as thou art dear to me1 spare not1 but throw the sword in40 ,then ,sir ,bedivere returned again1 and took the sword in his hand4 ,but when he looked at it he thought it a sin and a shame to throw away so noble a sword4 ,and so1 after he had hidden it again1 he came back and told the king that he had been at the water and had done his bidding4 8,what sawest thou there80 said the king4 ,illustration3 ,and there came an arm and a hand above the water4 8,sir10 he said1 8,i saw nothing but the waves lapping on the beach1 and the water rising and falling among the reeds40 8,ah1 traitor untrue10 said ,king ,arthur1 8now thou hast betrayed me twice4 ,who would have thought that thou1 who hast been so near and dear to me and art called a noble knight1 would betray me for the riches of the sword8 ,but now go again quickly1 for ,i am chilled with cold1 and my life is in danger through thy long delay4 ,and if thou dost not do my bidding1 and ,i ever see thee again1 ,i will slay thee with my own hands2 for thou1 for the sake of my rich sword1 would see me dead40 ,then ,sir ,bedivere departed2 and he quickly took the sword and went to the water side4 ,then he wrapped the belt about the hilt1 and threw the sword as far into the water as he could4 ,and there came an arm and a hand above the water1 and caught the sword1 and shook it thrice and brandished it4 ,then the hand1 with the sword1 vanished in the water4 ,so ,sir ,bedivere came again to the king and told him what he had seen4 8,alas10 said the king1 8help me from this place2 for ,i fear that ,i have tarried too long40 ,then ,sir ,bedivere took the king upon his back1 and carried him to the water side4 ,and when they came to the water1 a little barge was seen floating close by the bank2 and in the barge were many fair ladies1 and among them was a queen4 ,all these wept and cried out when they saw ,king ,arthur4 8,now put me into the barge10 said the king2 and this ,sir ,bedivere did1 with tenderness and care4 ,and three of the fair ladies received him with great mourning4 ,then that one who was the queen said3 8,ah1 dear brother1 why have you staid so long8 ,alas1 ,i fear lest this wound on your head has been chilled over much with the cold60 ,then they rowed from the land1 and ,sir ,bedivere watched them4 ,and he cried3 8,ah1 my lord ,arthur6 ,what shall become of me1 now you go away and leave me here alone among my enemies80 8,comfort thyself10 said the king1 8and do the best thou canst1 for ,i can no longer give thee help4 ,for ,i go now into the vale of ,avilion1 to heal me of my grievous wound4 ,if thou never hear more of me1 pray for my soul40 ,but the ladies and the queen wept and cried in a way that was piteous to hear4 ,and when ,sir ,bedivere lost sight of the barge1 he wept bitterly2 and1 weeping1 he went into the forest1 where he wandered all that long night4 8,some men yet say10 continues ,sir ,thomas ,malory1 8that ,king ,arthur is not dead1 but taken by the will of our ,lord into another place4 ,and men say that he shall come again and shall win the holy cross4 ,i will not say it shall be so1 but rather ,i will say that in this world he changed his life4 ,but many men say that there is written upon his tomb a verse in ,latin1 which when turned into ,english1 is this3 #8,here lieth ,arthur1 that was and is to be ,king4'0 ,,biographical ,,notes4 ,george ,bancroft3 ,an ,american historian4 ,born at ,worcester1 ,massachusetts1 #ahjj2 died1 #ahia4 ,wrote 8,history of the ,united ,states from the ,discovery of the ,continent0 7#aj vols474 ,daniel ,boone3 ,the pioneer of ,kentucky4 ,born in ,pennsylvania1 #agce2 died in ,missouri1 #ahbj4 ,william ,cullen ,bryant3 ,an eminent ,american poet4 ,born in ,massachusetts1 #agid2 died1 #ahgh4 ,wrote 8,thanatopsis0 and many other short poems4 ,was one of the editors of the 8,evening ,post0 7,new ,york7 for more than fifty years4 ,john ,c4 ,calhoun3 ,an eminent ,american statesman and orator4 ,born in ,south ,carolina1 #aghb2 died1 #ahej4 ,richard ,henry ,dana1 ,jr43 ,an ,american lawyer and author4 ,born at ,cambridge1 ,massachusetts1 #ahae2 died1 #ahfh4 ,charles ,dickens3 ,an ,english novelist4 ,born at ,landport1 ,england1 #ahab2 died1 #ahgj4 ,his best novel is generally conceded to be 8,david ,copperfield40 ,william ,dimond3 ,an ,english poet1 remembered only for his 8,mariner's ,dream40 ,died1 about #ahcg4 ,eugene ,field3 ,an ,american author4 ,born in ,st4 ,louis1 #ahej2 died in ,chicago1 #ahie4 ,wrote 8,a ,little ,book of ,western ,verse10 8,a ,little ,book of ,profitable ,tales10 etc4 ,robert ,fulton3 ,an ,american inventor4 ,born in ,lancaster ,county1 ,pennsylvania1 #agfe2 died1 #ahae4 ,charles ,e4 ,a4 ,gayarr3 ,an ,american historian4 ,born in ,louisiana1 #ahje2 died1 #ahie4 ,wrote a 8,history of ,louisiana10 and several other works4 ,sir ,archibald ,geikie3 ,a ,scottish geologist4 ,born in ,edinburgh1 #ahce4 ,has written 8,the ,story of a ,boulder10 8,a ,class ,book of ,physical ,geography10 and many other popular and scientific works on geological subjects4 ,thomas ,grimke3 ,an ,american lawyer and philanthropist4 ,born in ,south ,carolina1 #aghf2 died1 #ahcd4 ,nathaniel ,hawthorne3 ,a distinguished ,american author4 ,born at ,salem1 ,massachusetts1 #ahjd2 died1 #ahfd4 ,wrote 8,the ,scarlet ,letter10 8,the ,marble ,faun10 8,the ,house of the ,seven ,gables10 8,the ,wonder ,book10 8,tanglewood ,tales10 etc4 ,his style has been said to possess 8almost every excellence--elegance1 simplicity1 grace1 clearness1 and force40 ,homer3 ,the reputed author of the two great poems1 the 8,iliad0 and the 8,odyssey40 ,supposed to have been born at ,smyrna1 or ,chios1 about one thousand years before ,christ4 ,the 8,iliad0 has been called 8the beginning of all literature40 ,washington ,irving3 ,an ,american author and humorist4 ,born in ,new ,york1 #aghc2 died1 #ahei4 ,wrote 8,the ,sketch ,book10 8,history of ,new ,york by ,diedrich ,knickerbocker10 8,tales of a ,traveler10 8,the ,alhambra10 8,columbus and his ,companions10 8,mahomet and his ,successors10 and many other works4 ,charles ,kingsley3 ,an ,english clergyman and writer4 ,born in ,devonshire1 #ahai2 died1 #ahge4 ,wrote 8,hypatia10 8,westward ,ho60 8,the ,heroes10 8,the ,water ,babies10 8,alton ,locke1 ,tailor and ,poet10 8,madame ,how and ,lady ,why10 several poems1 and a volume of sermons4 ,sir ,edwin ,landseer3 ,the most famous of modern painters of animals4 ,born in ,london1 #ahjb2 died1 #ahgc4 ,his pictures of dogs and horses have seldom1 if ever1 been surpassed4 ,edward ,george ,bulwer-,lytton1 ,baron ,lytton3 ,a ,british novelist and poet4 ,born in ,norfolk1 ,england1 #ahjc2 died1 #ahgc4 ,wrote 8,the ,last ,days of ,pompeii10 8,the ,caxtons10 8,my ,novel10 and many other novels2 also1 several volumes of poems1 and two dramas1 8,the ,lady of ,lyons0 and 8,richelieu40 ,sir ,thomas ,malory3 ,a ,welsh or ,english ,knight1 remembered for his noble prose epic1 8,morte d',arthur10 which he translated from the ,french4 ,born1 about #adcj4 ,john ,henry ,newman3 ,an eminent ,english theologian4 ,born in ,london1 #ahja2 died1 #ahij4 ,wrote many religious and controversial works1 and a few beautiful hymns4 ,in #ahgi he was made cardinal-deacon in the ,roman ,catholic ,church4 ,john ,ruskin3 ,a distinguished ,english author and art critic4 ,born in ,london1 #ahai2 died1 #aijj4 ,wrote 8,the ,stones of ,venice10 8,sesame and ,lilies10 8,ethics of the ,dust10 8,the ,queen of the ,air10 8,modern ,painters10 and many other works1 chiefly on subjects connected with art4 ,sir ,walter ,scott3 ,a celebrated novelist and poet4 ,born in ,edinburgh1 ,scotland1 #agga2 died1 #ahcb4 ,wrote the 8,waverley ,novels10 8,the ,lay of the ,last ,minstrel10 8,the ,lady of the ,lake10 8,tales of a ,grandfather10 and many other works4 ,charles ,sprague3 ,an ,american poet4 ,born in ,boston1 #agia2 died #ahge4 ,wrote several short poems1 most of which are now forgotten4 ,alfred1 ,lord ,tennyson3 ,poet laureate of ,england4 ,born in ,lincolnshire1 #ahji2 died1 #ahib4 ,wrote 8,idylls of the ,king10 8,in ,memoriam10 8,the ,princess10 and many shorter poems2 also the dramas 8,queen ,mary10 8,harold10 and 8,becket40 ,daniel ,webster3 ,american statesman and orator4 ,born in ,new ,hampshire1 #aghb2 died1 #aheb4 ,his most famous orations are those on ,bunker ,hill1 ,adams and ,jefferson1 and his 8,reply to ,hayne40 ,john ,greenleaf ,whittier3 ,a distinguished ,american poet4 ,born at ,haverhill1 ,massachusetts1 #ahjg2 died1 #ahib4 ,wrote many volumes of poetry1 including 8,in ,war ,time10 8,snow-,bound10 8,mabel ,martin10 8,the ,king's ,missive10 and others4 ,samuel ,woodworth3 ,an ,american journalist and poet4 ,born in ,massachusetts1 #aghe2 died1 #ahdb4 ,he is remembered chiefly for his little poem 8,the ,old ,oaken ,bucket40 ,,word ,,list4 ,,the ,,most ,,difficult ,,words ,,in ,,the ,,preceding ,,lessons ,,pronounced ,,and ,,defined4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,key ,,to ,,the ,,marks ,,of ,,pronunciation4 1 1 1 1 1 long2 1 1 1 1 1 y1 short2 cre1 rm1 sk1 ll2 frn2 frm1 sn2 rde1 fll1 rn2 fd1 bk2 inder2 entle2 chasm2 thin2 them2 ik4 99 99 99 99 99 a bndon4 ,to give up2 relinquish4 bbot4 ,the ruler of an abbey4 a brdged4 ,shortened4 a byss4 ,a bottomless gulf4 ac lerated4 ,quickened2 hastened4 c i dent4 ,a sudden and unexpected event4 a chived4 ,done2 accomplished4 acknowledged 7k nljd74 ,assented to2 owned as a fact4 d mi rtion4 ,wonder and delight4 f fcted4 ,moved2 influenced4 i ttion4 ,emotion2 excitement4 a lf4 ,away from4 a mzement4 ,wonder2 astonishment4 mber4 ,yellowish4 mbling4 ,going at an easy gait4 m mu ntion4 ,articles used in charging firearms4 mple4 ,sufficient4 8,ample prospects0 wide or extended views4 a nn4 8,ever and anon0 frequently2 often4 nti qut ed4 ,old-fashioned4 an tique 7n tk74 ,old2 ancient4 ntlered4 ,having horns like a deer4 p plling4 ,terrible2 fearful4 p prent ly4 ,clearly2 seemingly4 p pa rtion4 ,a wonderful appearance2 a ghost4 p pli ction 7of the rod74 ,the act of laying on4 p pointed4 ,set apart2 named2 established4 p prnte ship4 ,service under legal agreement for the purpose of learning a trade or art4 s er tined4 ,learned2 found out4 spens4 ,poplar trees of a certain kind1 the leaves of which are moved by the slightest breeze4 s sulted4 ,attacked2 set upon with violence4 strn4 ,at the stern or hinder part4 at most at the greatest estimate4 tom4 ,the smallest particle of matter4 udi ble4 ,that can be heard4 udience4 ,an assembly of hearers4 vne4 ,to inflict punishment upon evil doers for an injury to one's self or friends4 bldric4 ,a broad belt worn over one shoulder and under the opposite arm4 br4 ,the legal profession4 8,admitted to the bar0 authorized to practice law in the courts4 bss4 ,foundation2 groundwork4 bsking4 ,lying in a warm place4 by4 8,leaves of bay0 leaves of the laurel tree4 be dght4 ,dressed4 bl ler ent4 ,warlike4 be stwed4 ,placed2 used2 imparted4 be wldered4 ,greatly perplexed4 be wtched4 ,charmed2 entranced4 bcker4 ,to move quickly4 ble wter4 ,water in the hold of a ship4 brch 7of js tice74 ,a tough1 slender twig1 used in school for punishment4 bivouac 7bvwk74 ,an encampment for the night without tents or covering4 blzoned4 ,displayed in bright colors2 published far and wide4 blbber4 ,the fat of whales and other large sea animals1 from which oil is obtained4 blshing gblet4 ,a goblet or glass full of red wine4 boatswain 7bs'n74 ,an officer who has charge of the boats of a ship4 bndsman4 ,a slave4 bower4 ,a lady's private apartment2 a shady recess4 brke4 ,a thicket2 a place overgrown with shrubs4 brmbly4 ,full of briers4 brndished4 ,shook or flourished4 brodsde4 ,a discharge at the same time of all the guns on one side of a ship4 bc c nrs4 ,robbers upon the sea4 bllion4 ,gold or silver in the mass4 brgher4 ,townsman2 villager4 brnished4 ,polished4 brnt ffer ing4 ,something offered and burnt on an altar as an atonement for sin4 bxom4 ,stout and rosy4 cnebrkes4 ,thickets of canes4 ca prious4 ,changeable2 freakish4 cr nvor ous4 ,flesh-eating4 csement4 ,a window sash opening on hinges4 cta rct4 ,a waterfall4 llu lar4 ,containing cells4 chasms 7kzmz74 ,deep openings in the earth4 chpfll en4 ,dejected2 downcast4 chrni cles4 ,historical account of facts arranged in regular order4 chrls4 ,countrymen2 laborers4 r cmfer ene4 ,the distance around4 rcum stan es4 ,facts2 events4 clave4 ,separate2 divide4 clse huled4 ,moving as nearly as possible toward the wind4 cle4 ,a thread2 means of guidance4 coinae4 ,the act of making pieces of money from metal4 cm bsti ble4 ,that can be burned4 cm mdi ties4 ,things bought and sold4 cmmon walth4 ,a state2 the public4 cm mned4 ,talked together4 cm m ni ction4 ,intercourse2 news4 cm pen stion4 ,payment2 reward4 cmpli cat ed4 ,complex2 combined in an intricate manner4 cm pounded4 ,put together2 mixed4 cn ded4 ,gave up2 yielded4 cn ptions4 ,ideas2 notions4 cn frred4 ,gave2 bestowed4 cn frnts4 ,meets face to face4 con spcu ous4 ,plain2 distinct4 con sttu ents4 ,component parts4 cntra band4 ,prohibited2 forbidden4 ct4 ,a bird resembling a duck4 cpy ist4 ,one who copies4 cor rpt4 ,to change from good to bad2 depraved4 counte nane4 ,face2 appearance4 crni um4 ,the skull4 crter4 ,the opening or mouth of a volcano4 cre dli ty4 ,readiness of belief4 crpped4 ,grazed4 8,hair cropped close0 hair cut short4 crouched4 ,stooped low1 as an animal when waiting for prey4 crdled4 ,coagulated2 thickened4 8,curdling awe0 awe that thickens the blood in the veins4 cs tdi an4 ,a keeper2 guardian4 de clnsion4 ,a falling4 8,declension of spirits0 loss of cheerfulness4 dmon strte4 ,to explain2 point out4 de noune4 ,to accuse2 threaten4 de prssing4 ,pressing down2 humbling4 de scred4 ,saw2 beheld4 de serts 7de zrts74 8,according to his deserts0 as he deserves4 de spteful ly4 ,maliciously4 des ptic 7power74 ,the power of a master2 tyranny4 de vlved4 ,passed from one person to another4 da grms4 ,drawings2 plans4 dc tted4 ,said2 declared4 df fsed4 ,spread2 circulated4 dgni ty4 ,loftiness and grace4 dli ent4 ,busy2 earnest4 di mnsions4 ,extent2 measure4 dis crdant4 ,unmusical2 jarring4 dis counte naned4 ,discouraged2 abashed4 dis gused4 ,hidden4 dsk4 ,the face of a heavenly body4 dis svered4 ,separated4 dgged4 ,sullen2 obstinate4 dob ln4 ,a ,spanish coin worth about #ae4jj4 drma tzed4 ,represented in a play4 drdger y4 ,hard1 mean labor4 de4 8,a stranger's due0 that which custom requires to be given to a stranger4 dsk4 8,breezes dusk and shiver0 darken and cause to quiver4 csta sy4 ,extreme delight4 eight-bells4 ,on shipboard1 the striking of a bell eight times at #d1 #h1 and #ab o'clock4 ked4 ,increased4 le ment4 ,one of several parts of something4 em bllish ing4 ,illustrating2 beautifying4 mblem4 ,sign4 mi nene4 ,high place or station4 e mtting4 ,sending out4 en rcled4 ,surrounded4 en countered4 ,met face to face4 nsgn4 ,a banner2 one who carries a banner4 nter pr sing4 ,resolute2 active4 en thrned4 ,put on a throne4 en trat4 ,to beg off4 e rption4 ,a breaking out4 ther4 ,the air2 a light1 volatile liquid4 v er-vry ing4 ,ever-changing4 vi dence4 ,proof4 ex alted 7gz lted74 ,raised on high4 ex ding4 ,more than usual4 ex ssive4 ,overmuch4 ex clsive4 ,shutting out all others4 ex e cted4 ,performed4 ex hausting 7gz sting74 ,using up3 tiring out4 ex pri ments4 ,trials2 tests4 ex prted4 ,carried out4 ex ps tu ltions4 ,remonstrances4 ex prssly4 ,particularly4 exquis ite 7xkw zt74 ,very excellent2 nice4 extant4 ,still existing4 ex ult'ed 7gz lted74 ,rejoiced4 fllow4 ,land left unplowed4 fan tstic4 ,fanciful2 unreal4 fthom4 ,six feet4 fa tigu ing 7fa tging74 ,tiring2 wearying4 fe ri ty4 ,fierceness4 ferule 7frrl74 ,a short stick or ruler4 feuds4 ,quarrels2 disputes4 flmsy4 ,weak2 limp4 fo ry4 ,an attack2 a raid4 forecas tle 7frks'l74 ,the forward part of a ship4 freland4 ,a cape2 headland4 for swer4 ,to declare or deny on oath4 frum4 ,a court2 tribunal4 foul4 ,shameful2 disgraceful4 frgmen t ry4 ,in pieces4 fra trnal4 ,brotherly4 frntir4 ,border land4 frbish ing4 ,scouring3 cleaning4 grish4 ,showy4 grnished4 ,decorated4 gaunt 7gnt74 ,thin2 lean4 mmy4 ,full of gems4 grth4 ,band fastening a saddle on a horse's back4 glacier 7glshr74 ,field of ice4 gley4 ,full of glue2 sticky4 gnarled 7nrld74 ,knotty2 twisted4 gblin4 ,a mischievous spirit2 phantom4 gdman4 ,a tenant4 gssip4 ,to tattle2 talk4 grndeur4 ,vastness2 nobility4 grphic4 ,vivid2 impressive4 gryling4 ,a kind of fish4 graves4 ,armor for the leg below the knee4 grivous4 ,causing sorrow4 gurd4 ,protection4 8,mounting guard0 keeping watch4 gttur al4 ,a sound made in the throat4 hpless4 ,unfortunate4 hply4 ,fortunately4 hr pn4 ,a barbed spear1 used in catching whales and other sea animals4 hunts4 ,places of resort4 having4 ,hoisting2 straining4 hrald ed4 ,proclaimed2 made known4 hre sy4 ,opinion contrary to established belief4 hrn4 ,a wading bird4 hggle dy-pggle dy4 ,topsy-turvy4 hves4 ,feet of horses or cattle4 hrseman ship4 ,the riding of horses4 hve4 ,hoisted2 came to a stop4 hu mne4 ,kind2 gentle4 hsband man4 ,farmer4 hustled 7hsl'd74 ,pushed2 crowded4 il lmi n tors4 ,illustrators2 embellishers4 il lstri ous4 ,noble2 grand4 im bdded4 ,covered over4 im parled4 ,made look as though ornamented with pearls4 im pne tra ble4 ,not to be entered4 im per fctions4 ,shortcomings2 failings4 mpo tence4 ,weakness2 infirmity2 having no power4 im prssion4 ,mark made by pressure4 ni dents4 ,happenings4 in cli ntion4 ,desire4 in clned4 ,leaned toward2 placed against4 in con vnience4 ,disadvantage2 awkwardness4 in crdi ble4 ,not to be believed4 in cre dli ty4 ,showing disbelief4 in crdu lous4 ,unbelieving4 in den ttion4 ,notch2 dent4 in di ctions4 ,signs2 symptoms4 in dffer ene4 ,carelessness2 heedlessness4 in ex prssi ble4 ,not to be described4 nno cene4 ,harmlessness4 in no vtions4 ,things not customary4 in nmer a ble4 ,without number4 in qury4 ,research2 an inquiring4 in spa ra ble4 ,not to be divided4 nso lent ly4 ,rudely4 in sti ttion4 ,something established4 in sure 7-shre74 ,to make sure4 in tel lctu al4 ,belonging to the mind2 mental4 in tlli gene4 ,news4 intnsest4 ,strictest2 extreme in degree4 in ter pted4 ,cut off2 stopped on the way4 in ter fred4 ,meddled2 interposed4 in ter mngling4 ,mixing together4 in un dtion4 ,a flood4 in vntion4 ,discovery2 finding out4 in ves ti gtion4 ,a looking into4 ir rso lute ly4 ,in an undecided manner4 tner ant4 ,wandering2 not settled4 kl4 ,the bottom part of a boat4 knll4 ,a funeral bell4 knght-rrant4 ,a knight who traveled in search of adventures4 knll4 ,a little round hill4 lird4 ,a ,scottish landholder4 lrboard4 ,left-hand side of a ship4 'lrums4 ,abbreviation of alarums alarms4 lter al4 ,sideways4 lunching4 ,setting afloat4 lurel4 ,an evergreen shrub2 a symbol of honor4 lv4 ,melted rock from a volcano4 lague4 ,about three miles2 a treaty of friendship4 lward4 ,the part toward which the wind blows4 l is ltion4 ,lawmaking4 lprous4 ,affected with a disease called leprosy4 lter al ly4 ,word for word4 lcker4 ,a chest on shipboard4 lmi nous4 ,shining2 bright4 lsti ly4 ,vigorously2 with strength4 lsty4 ,stout2 robust4 lx ri ous4 ,dainty2 expensive2 pleasing to the appetite4 lre 7lr74 ,a stringed musical instrument4 ma gician 7-jshun74 ,one skilled in magic4 min4 ,the sea2 the mainland2 principal4 ma jstic4 ,stately2 grand4 mal for mtion4 ,irregular formation4 mllow4 ,a kind of plant4 mni fest4 ,plain2 clear4 mn script4 ,something written by hand4 mdi t tive4 ,thoughtful4 mttle4 ,spirit2 temper4 mi litia 7m lsh74 ,a body of citizen soldiers4 mnt4 ,a place where money is coined4 ms chne4 ,ill luck4 mssle4 ,something thrown4 mis trating4 ,abusing4 mol es ttion4 ,troubling2 annoyance4 md4 ,temper2 humor2 manner4 mr ti fi ction4 ,vexation2 shame4 mtive4 ,moving2 causing to move2 reason4 mrkiness4 ,obscurity2 darkness4 mrtle4 ,a shrubby plant4 mys trious4 ,strange2 unknown2 unaccountable4 nrra tive4 ,story2 tale4 nutic al4 ,belonging to the sea4 nctar4 ,a delicious drink4 nther4 ,lower4 no bli ty4 ,the being noble2 those of high rank4 norish er4 ,one who supports or feeds4 nvel4 ,a fictitious narrative4 ob li gtions4 ,debts owing for a favor or kindness4 ob ser vtion4 ,view2 notice2 comment4 bvi t ed4 ,avoided4 of ficious 7f fshus74 ,meddlesome4 mi nous4 ,foreboding evil4 p por tni ty4 ,chance2 fit time4 pu lent4 ,rich4 ordined4 ,set apart2 appointed4 pd4 ,an easy-paced horse4 pe4 ,a boy employed to attend a person of high rank4 p rde4 ,display2 show4 prchment4 ,skin of a sheep prepared for writing on4 pstry cks4 ,cooks who make pies1 tarts1 etc4 pa thtic4 ,full of tender pity4 pa trlling4 ,traversing2 guarding4 pe cliar4 ,uncommon2 particular4 pda ggue4 ,a schoolmaster4 pnsive4 ,thoughtful4 po ny4 ,a big red flower4 pr pti ble4 ,that can be seen4 pr ptu al4 ,all the time4 pr se cted4 ,punished on account of ones belief2 harassed4 prson a ble4 ,well-formed2 presentable4 prti nent4 ,well adapted to the purpose in view4 per vrse4 ,contrary4 pwee4 ,a small bird4 pewter 7ptr74 ,an alloy of tin and lead4 phe nme non4 ,a remarkable thing or appearance4 pic tur squely4 ,vividly2 in a pleasing manner4 pllion4 ,cushion behind a saddle4 plot4 ,one who steers a vessel2 a guide4 pned4 ,drooped2 languished4 pnions4 ,wings4 pnnacles4 ,lofty points or peaks4 p o nr4 ,one who goes before and prepares the way for others4 pte ous4 ,exciting pity4 pti able4 ,deserving pity4 plshy4 ,watery2 splashy4 poison ous4 ,full of poison4 pol i tician 7-tshan74 ,statesman2 office seeker4 pol lted4 ,made impure4 pommel 7pmmel74 ,knob of a saddle or of a sword4 pnder ous4 ,weighty4 prti coes4 ,covered spaces before buildings4 ps si bli ties4 ,things possible4 pstern4 ,back entrance4 ptent4 ,powerful4 prious ness4 ,great value4 prma ture ly4 ,before the right time4 prmal4 ,first2 original4 prdi gal dyes4 ,brilliant colors4 prjects4 ,plans4 pro mted4 ,assisted2 raised4 pro plling4 ,driving4 prophe cy 7prfe sy74 ,a foretelling4 pro pre ta ry4 ,pertaining to an owner4 prow4 ,fore part of a vessel4 pbli cans4 ,collectors of taxes2 keepers of inns4 pumice 7pms74 ,a light volcanic stone4 prpos es4 ,aims2 intentions4 qugmre4 ,a marsh2 soft1 wet land4 qurter-dck4 ,that part of the upper-deck behind the main-mast4 qurtern4 ,a quarter of a pint2 a fourth part4 queued 7kd74 ,hair put up into a pigtail4 quver4 ,case for carrying arrows4 rcket ing4 ,frolicking2 playing4 rllied4 ,ridiculed pleasantly4 rmpant4 ,leaping2 frolicking4 rned4 ,roved over2 wandered4 re pta cle4 ,place to receive things4 rc ol lction4 ,remembrance4 rc on noiter4 ,to look around4 re flction4 ,consideration2 meditation2 musing2 the return of rays1 sound1 etc41 from a surface4 re lctance4 ,unwillingness4 rmnants4 ,pieces remaining4 re nowned4 ,celebrated2 famous4 re quted4 ,returned evil for evil4 re srt4 ,to go2 a place to which one is in the habit of going4 respite 7rspt74 ,a putting off2 reprieve4 rver ene4 ,to treat with respect and fear4 rven4 ,split apart4 ro mntic4 ,unreal2 picturesque4 roster ing4 ,blustering4 scris tan4 ,sexton2 church officer4 slly4 ,a rushing out2 to go out4 smite4 ,a kind of silk stuff interwoven with gold4 sapphire 7sfr74 ,a blue precious stone4 seasoned4 ,dried and hardened4 s clded4 ,shut up apart from others4 s crted4 ,concealed4 snti ment4 ,thought2 opinion4 shllop4 ,a boat4 shmbled4 ,shuffled along4 shathed4 ,put into a case4 shgly bars4 ,gravelly shallows4 shrouds of a ship4 ,the set of ropes that stay the masts4 si sta4 ,a midday nap4 smmer4 ,to boil gently4 sim pli ty4 ,plainness2 truthfulness4 sinew y4 ,vigorous2 firm4 sit u tion4 ,location2 place4 sxpene4 ,a silver coin worth about #ab cents4 sktches4 ,short essays or stories4 skmming4 ,flying with a gentle motion4 slpjcks4 ,griddle cakes4 slggish4 ,slow2 lazy4 smthy4 ,a blacksmith's shop4 snpe4 ,a small bird having a long1 straight beak4 8,snipe nose0 a nose like a snipe's beak4 s ia bli ty4 ,readiness to converse4 s jorned4 ,remained awhile4 slely4 ,alone2 only4 spcies 7-shz74 ,kind2 variety4 spcter4 ,ghost2 phantom4 spc u ltion4 ,notion2 theory4 sttesmen4 ,men eminent for their political abilities4 steerage4 ,part of a vessel below decks4 stm and strn4 ,the fore part and the hind part of a vessel4 stck de4 ,a strong inclosure2 or wall4 stbble fields4 ,fields from which grain has recently been cut4 stlti fy4 ,to make a fool of4 st pndous4 ,wonderful2 amazing4 suf fsed4 ,overspread4 smptu ous4 ,costly2 luxurious4 sndry4 ,several2 various4 su per ntu ral4 ,miraculous4 sup po stion4 ,something supposed4 sur veying 7-vng74 ,viewing2 mapping out4 swins4 ,young rustics4 swrd4 ,turf2 grassy surface of the land4 swrthy4 ,dusky2 tawny4 symptom4 ,sign2 token4 tkards4 ,large drinking vessels4 tnta lz ing4 ,teasing4 thtch4 ,straw covering the roof of a building4 thmes4 ,topics on which one writes or speaks4 thrps4 ,small villages4 thrttling4 ,choking2 strangling4 thyme 7tm74 ,a garden plant4 tlt4 ,a tournament4 trr lrr4 ,an imitation of a musical sound4 tl er tion4 ,freedom4 tpsail hlyards4 ,ropes for hoisting the topsail on a mast4 tpsy-trvy4 ,upside down4 tourna ment 7trn mnt74 ,a mock fight between horsemen4 tw clth4 ,cloth made of coarse flax4 triled4 ,drawn2 dragged4 trne4 ,an unconscious condition or state of being4 trn scrbing4 ,copying4 trns prt4 ,to carry2 to carry away with joy4 trnsport4 ,conveyance2 rapture4 tracher ous4 ,not to be trusted4 tre mndous4 ,dreadful2 awful4 trmu lous4 ,trembling4 trim the yards4 ,arrange the vessel for sailing4 trper4 ,horseman2 cavalryman4 tu mltu ous4 ,disorderly4 u biqui tous 7 bkw ts74 ,in many places at the same time4 mbrae4 ,resentment4 na nmi ty4 ,agreement4 un based4 ,not prejudiced4 un couth 7n kth74 ,awkward4 n in tlli i ble4 ,can not be understood4 ni vrsal4 ,general4 uni vrse4 ,all created things4 n sr pssed4 ,having no superior4 u surp 7u zrp74 ,to seize by force2 without right4 tter most4 ,greatest2 farthest limit4 til zed4 ,made useful4 vgrants4 ,wanderers2 beggars4 vliant4 ,brave4 vpid4 ,having lost life and spirit4 vni son4 ,flesh of the deer4 vrsion4 ,a translation2 a description from a particular point of view4 v ni ty4 ,neighborhood4 vicious ness 7vshs nss74 ,wickedness4 victuals 7vt'lz74 ,food2 provisions4 vgor ous4 ,strong2 healthy4 vineyards 7vnyrdz74 ,places where grapevines grow4 vrtues4 ,good qualities4 vsion a ry4 ,imaginary4 vl cnoes4 ,burning mountains4 wrder4 ,a guard4 wyward ness4 ,willfulness4 whey 7wh74 ,the watery part of milk1 separated from the curd in cheese making4 wholesome 7hlsm74 ,healthful4 wcker4 ,a twig or withe1 used in making baskets4 wlder ness4 ,a wild tract of country2 desert4 wndlass4 ,machine for raising weights by turning a crank4 wtchcrft4 ,the art of witches4 8,witching time of night0 time favorable for witchery4 wthes4 ,long1 flexible twigs4 wzard4 ,magician2 enchanter4 weful4 ,wretched2 sad4 wld4 ,a wood2 a plain4 wdbne4 ,a climbing plant4 wdcrft4 ,skill in anything connected with the woods4 wrestling 7rslng74 ,struggling4 yrds 7of a ship74 ,the long1 slender pieces which support the sails4 yarned4 ,desired very much4 yeman4 ,a freeholder2 a farmer4 yre4 ,long ago4 ,,proper ,,names ,,pronounced4 neas 7 nas74 son 7son74 sculapius 7s k lp s74 ,andr 7ndra74 ,arnpryor 7rnpr or74 ,aubrey de ,montdidier 7 bra d mt d d74 ,avernus 7a vrnus74 ,avilion 7avlyon74 ,ballengiech 7blen gk74 ,bedivere 7bd vr74 ,bondy 7bnd74 ,braehead 7brhd74 ,buchanan 7bk nan74 ,burgundian 7br gndyan74 ,burgundy 7brgn d74 ,cneus 7sns74 ,camelot 7kme lt74 ,cherokees 7chr o kz74 ,chiron 7kron74 ,coster 7kster74 ,cramond 7krmond74 ,cyclops 7sklps74 ,dana 7dn74 ,dimond 7dmond74 ,dragon 7drgon74 ,edinburgh 7dn br ro74 ,elaine 7 ln74 ,excalibur 7eks kl br74 ,finley 7fnla74 ,floyd 7floid74 ,fust 7fst74 ,genoa 7jno 74 ,glaucus 7glks74 ,grimke 7grmke74 ,gutenberg 7gten brg74 ,haarlem 7hrlem74 ,hercules 7hrk lz74 ,herculaneum 7hrk ln m74 ,holyrood 7hl rd74 ,howieson 7hou sn74 ,ichabod 7k bd74 ,iliad 7l ad74 ,iolcus 7 lks74 ,ione 7o ne74 ,ithaca 7th k74 ,jaonssen 7jansen74 ,jason 7json74 ,jerusalem 7je rsa lem74 ,jupiter 7jp tr74 ,katrina 7kt rn74 ,kentucky 7kn tky74 ,kippen 7kppn74 ,lancelot 7lnse lt74 ,lytton 7lton74 ,macaire 7ma cr74 ,malory 7ml r74 ,mayence 7m ys74 ,missouri 7ms r74 ,monte ,somma 7mnte smm74 ,montargis 7m tr zh74 ,naples 7np'lz74 ,narsac 7nr sk74 ,nassau 7nss74 ,neptune 7nptn74 ,nydia 7nd74 ,odysseus 7 dss74 ,odyssey 7ds sy74 ,paris 7pr s74 ,pelias 7pe las74 ,pelion 7pl n74 ,phlegethon 7flge thn74 ,pliny 7plny74 ,polyphemus 7pl y fms74 ,pompeii 7pm py74 ,portugal 7prtu gal74 ,provence 7pro vs74 ,roman 7rmn74 ,russia 7rsh74 ,saint ,bavon 7snt ba v74 ,shalott 7sha lt74 ,sieur de ,narsac 7syr d nr sk74 ,solon 7sln74 ,spitzbergen 7spts brgen74 ,stabi 7stb 74 ,strasburg 7strzbrg74 ,syria 7sr 74 ,thames 7tmz74 ,thessaly 7thsa l74 ,ulysses 7u lssz74 ,van ,tassel 7vn ts'l74 ,venetian 7ve nshan74 ,venice 7vns74 ,vesuvius 7ve sv s74 ,wallace 7wlas74 ,westminster 7wstmn ster74 ,yadkin 7ydkn74