,,transcrib]',s ,,note3 ,italics h be5 transcrib$ us+ und]scores1 bold ) equal signs1 spac$ text ) plus signs1 small capitals z ,,all ,,capitals1 & text 9 sup]script is prec$$ by a c>at4 ,inconsi/5cies 9 hyph5ation1 punctuation1 spell+ & abbreviations h n be5 correct$4 ,a li/ ( o!r corrections c be f\nd at ! end ( ! docum5t4 ,,bohn',s ,,philosophical ,,libr>y4 ,,two ,,essays ,,by ,,ar?ur ,,s*op5hau]4 ,,london3 ,,george ,,bell ,,& ,,sons ,,portugal ,,/4 ,,l9coln',s ,,inn1 ,w4,c4 ,,cambridge3 ,,deighton1 ,,bell ,,co4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,,bombay3 ,a4 ,h4 ,,:eel] ,,co4 ,,on ,,! ,,f\rfold ,,root ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,suffici5t ,,reason ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,w ,,9 ,,nature4 ,,two ,,essays ,,by ,,ar?ur ,,s*op5hau]4 ,,translat$ ,,by ,,mme4 ,,k>l ,,hillebr&4 ,,revis$ ,,edition4 ,,london ,,george ,,bell ,,& ,,sons #aijg ,,*iswick ,,press3 ,,*>les ,,:itt+ham ,,& ,,co4 ,,tooks ,,c\rt1 ,,*anc]y ,,lane1 ,,london4 ,,translator',s ,,preface4 ,9 v5tur+ to lay ! pres5t translation#a be=e ! public1 ,i am aw>e ( ! great difficulties ( my task1 & inde$ c h>dly hope to d ju/ice to ! ,au?or4 ,9 fact1 _h x n be5 = ! consid]ations ,i am ab\t to /ate1 ,i might probably nev] h publi%$ :at _h orig9ally be5 und]tak5 9 ord] to acquire a cle>] compreh5sion ( ^! essays1 r ?an ) a view to publicity4 #a ,f ! f\r? edition by ,julius ,frau5/dt4 ,f\rfold ,root1 ,leipzig1 #ahge2 ,w 9 ,nature1 ,leipzig1 #ahgh4 ,! two treatises :i* =m ! cont5ts ( ! pres5t volume h s mu* importance = a pr(\nd & correct k ( ,s*op5hau]'s philosophy1 t x may ev5 be d\bt$ :e!r ! translation ( 8 *ief "w1 ,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung1 c contribute mu* t[>ds ! appreciation ( 8 sy/em )\t ! help at lea/ ( ! ,vi]fa*e ,wurzel des ,satzes vom zurei*5d5 ,grunde4 ,s*op5hau] himself repeat$ly & urg5tly insi/s ^u a previ\s ?or\gh k ( ,kant's philosophy1 z ! basis1 & ( 8 own ,f\rfold ,root1 z ! key1 to 8 own sy/em1 ass]t+ t k to be ! indisp5sable condition = a "r compreh5sion ( 8 mean+4 ,s f> z ,i am aw>e1 nei!r ! ,f\rfold ,root nor ! ,w 9 ,nature h z yet f\nd a translator2 !re=e1 consid]+ ! dawn+ int]e/ :i* has begun to make itself felt = ,s*op5hau]'s philosophy 9 ,engl& & 9 ,am]ica1 & ! fact t no m compet5t s*ol> has come =w>d to d ! "w1 x may n seem presumptu\s to suppose t ?is v]sion may be acceptable to ^? :o wi% to acquire a m ?an sup]ficial k ( ?is rem>kable ?9k]1 yet ^: acqua9tance ) ,g]man does n p]mit !m to read 8 works 9 ! orig9al4 ,n[ al?\gh "s portions ( bo? ! ,essays publi%$ 9 ! pres5t volume h ( c\rse become antiquat$1 ow+ to ! subsequ5t developm5t ( ! empirical sci5ces1 :ile o!rs--su* z1 = in/ance1 ,s*op5hau]'s d5unciation ( plagi>ism 9 ! cases ( ,br&is & ,rosas 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,physiology & ,pa?ology#b--;c h no int]e/ = ! read] ( ! pres5t day1 ,i h nev]!less giv5 !m j z he left !m & refra9$ f all suppression or alt]ation4 ,& if1 on ! :ole1 ! ,w 9 ,nature may be less indisp5sable = a "r und]/&+ ( our philosoph]'s views ?an ! ,f\rfold ,root1 be+ m]ely a record ( ! confirmations :i* _h be5 contribut$ dur+ 8 lifetime by ! v>i\s bran*es ( ,natural ,sci5ce to 8 doctr9e1 t ! ?+ 9 itself is ! w1 ! ,second ,essay has nev]!less 9 its own way q z mu* importance z ! ,fir/1 & is1 9 a s5se1 its complem5t4 ,= !y bo? ?r[ light on ,s*op5hau]'s view ( ! ,univ]se 9 its d\ble aspect z ,w & z ,repres5tation1 ea* be+ z x 7 a rsum ( ! exposition ( "o ( ^? aspects4 ,my plea = unit+ !m 9 "o volume1 9 spite ( ! diff]5ce ( _! cont5ts & ! wide lapse ( "t 7sev5te5 ye>s7 :i* lies betwe5 !m1 mu/ be1 t !y complete ea* o!r1 & t _! great weight & intr9sic value seem to po9t !m out z peculi>ly fitt$ to be introduc$ to ! ,engli% ?9k]4 #b ,see ,w 9 ,nature1 pp4 #i-ah ( ! orig9al2 pp4 #bbd-bcd ( ! pres5t translation4 ,9 endeav\r+ to convey ! ,au?or's ?\ghts z he expresses !m1 ,i h necess>ily enc\nt]$ _m & great difficulties4 ,8 mean+1 ?\gh always cle>ly express$1 is n always easy to seize1 ev5 = 8 c\ntrym52 z a =eign]1 !re=e1 ,i may (t5 h fail$ to grasp1 let alone adequately to r5d]1 t mean+4 ,9 ?is case besides1 ! responsibility = any want ( p]spicuity _c be %ift$ by ! translator on to ! ,au?or2 s9ce ! consummate p]fection ( ,s*op5hau]'s prose is univ]sally recognis$1 ev5 by ^? :o reject1 or at lea/ :o d n %>e1 8 views4 ,an em95t ,g]man writ] ( our "t has n hesitat$ to rank him imm$iately aft] ,less+ & ,g! z ! ?ird greate/ ,g]man prose-writ]1 & only q rec5tly a ,g]man pr(essor1 9 a spee* deliv]$ ) ! int5t ( demoli%+ ,s*op5hau]'s philosophy1 0 reluctantly oblig$ to admit t 8 works w\ld rema9 on acc\nt ( _! lit]>y value4 ,g! himself express$ admiration = ! cle>ness ( exposition 9 ,s*op5hau]'s *ief "w & = ! beauty ( 8 /yle4 ,! *ief ob/acle ,i h enc\nt]$ 9 translat+ ^! ,essays1 did n !re=e consi/ 9 ! obscurity ( ! ,au?or's /yle1 nor ev5 9 ! difficulty ( f9d+ appropriate t]ms :]e) to convey 8 mean+2 al?\gh at times c]ta9ly ! want ( complete precision 9 our philosophical t]m9ology made itself ke5ly felt & ! selection 0 (t5 f> f easy3 x lay r 9 ! great diff]5ce 9 ! way ( ?9k+ & ( express+ _! ?\ghts :i* lies betwe5 ! two nations4 ,! regions ( ,g]man & ,engli% ?\ght are inde$ sep>at$ by a gulf1 :i* at fir/ seems impassable1 yet :i* mu/ be bridg$ ov] by "s means or o!r1 if a "r compreh5sion is to be a*iev$4 ,! ,g]man writ] loves to develop syn!tically a s+le ?\ght 9 a long p]iod consi/+ ( v>i\s memb]s2 he proce$s /eadily to unravel ! seem+ly tangl$ ske91 :ile he keeps ! read] ev] on ! al]t1 mak+ him assi/ actively 9 ! process & nev] lett+ him lose sight ( ! ma9 ?read4 ,! ,engli% au?or1 on ! contr>y1 anxi\s be=e all ?+s to avoid confusion & misund]/&+1 & ready = ?is end n only to sacrifice h>mony ( proportion 9 con/ruction1 b to submit to ! necessity ( occasional artificial jo9+1 usually adopts ! analytical me?od4 ,he pref]s to divide ! ?read ( 8 disc\rse into sev]al small] ske9s1 easi] c]ta9ly to h&le & ?us bett] suit+ ! conv5i5ce ( ! ,engli% ?9k]1 to :om long p]iods are try+ & bewild]+1 & :o is n always will+ to wait half a page or m = ! po9t ( a s5t5ce or ! gi/ ( a ?\ght4 ,:]ev] x c\ld be done )\t int]f]+ s]i\sly ) ! _s ( ! orig9al1 ,i h brok5 up ! long] p]iods 9 ^! essays into small] s5t5ces1 9 ord] to facilitate _! compreh5sion4 ,at times h[ev] ,s*op5hau] recapitulates a :ole side ( 8 view ( ! ,univ]se 9 a s+le p]iod ( :at seems intol]able l5g? to ! ,engli% read]3 z1 = in/ance1 ! rsum conta9$ 9 ! ,introduction to 8 ,w 9 ,nature1#c :i* c\ld n be divid$ )\t damage to 8 mean+4 ,"h !re=e x did n seem advisable to sacrifice ! unity & h>mony ( 8 design & to di/urb bo? 8 =m & 8 mean+1 9 ord] to m9i/] to ! read]'s dislike = m5tal ex]tion2 9 keep+ ! p]iod intact ,i h h[ev] endeav\r$ to make x z easy to compreh5d z possible by ! way 9 :i* ! s+le p>ts are pres5t$ to ! eye4 #c ,pp4 #b & #c ( ! orig9al1 & pp4 #baf to #bah ( ! pres5t translation4 ,z reg>ds ! t]ms *os5 to convey ! ,g]man mean+1 ,i c h>dly hope to h succe$$ 9 e case 9 adequately r5d]+ x1 /ill less c ,i expect to h satisfi$ my ,engli% read]s4 ,sev]al words ( frequ5t occurr5ce & ( consid]able importance = ! "r und]/&+ ( ! orig9al1 h be5 us$ at diff]5t times by diff]5t ,engli% philosoph]s 9 s5ses s v>i\s1 t1 until our philosophical t]m9ology has by univ]sal cons5t atta9$ f> great] precision ?an at pres5t1 x mu/ always be difficult = ! writ] or translator to convey to ! read]'s m9d precisely ! same ?\ght t 0 9 8 own4 ,to prev5t unnecess>y confusion h[ev]1 by leav+ too mu* to *ance1 ,i w "h briefly /ate ^? t]ms :i* give mo/ latitude = misappreh5sion1 expla9+ ! s5se 9 :i* ,i employ !m & also ! special mean+ atta*$ to "s ( !m by ,s*op5hau]1 :o (t5 diff]s 9 ?is f o!r writ]s4 ,!y are z foll[s4 7a47 ,ans*auung 7ans*au51 lit]ally 'to behold'7 ,i h r5d]$ diff]5tly1 accord+ to its d\ble mean+ 9 ,g]man4 ,:5 us$ to designate ! m5tal act by :i* an object is p]ceiv$1 z ! cause ( a s5sation receiv$1 x is r5d]$ by p]ception4 ,:5 us$ to lay /ress ^u imm$iate1 z oppos$ to ab/ract repres5tation1 x is r5d]$ by intuition4 ,?is la/ occurs h[ev] m (t5 9 ! adjective =m4 7b47 ,vor/ellung 7vor/ell51 lit]ally 'to place be=e'7 ,i r5d] by repres5tation 9 spite ( its =eign1 unwelcome s\nd to ! ,engli% e>1 z be+ ! t]m :i* ne>e/ approa*es ! ,g]man mean+4 ,! faculty ( repres5tation is def9$ by ,s*op5hau] himself z an exce$+ly complicat$ physiological process 9 ! bra9 ( an animal1 ! result ( :i* is ! consci\sness ( a picture !re4 7c47 ,auffassung 7auffass51 lit]ally 'to cat* up'7 has s _m %ades ( mean+ 9 ,g]man t x has to be translat$ 9 _m diff]5t ways accord+ to ! relation 9 :i* x /&s 9 ! context4 ,x signifies appreh5sion1 compreh5sion1 p]ception1 view+ & grasp+4 7d47 ,wahrnehmung 7wahrnehm51 f wahr1 true1 & nehm51 to take71 is translat$ by appreh5sion or p]ception1 accord+ to ! degree ( consci\sness :i* accompanies x4 ,b ! two words :i* h prov$ mo/ difficult to translate1 h be5 ,v]nehm5 & ,willkhr4 7e47 ,v]nehm5 means1 to di/+ui% by ! s5se ( he>+4 ,?is ^w conveys a %ade ( ?\ght :i* x is almo/ impossible to r5d] 9 ,engli%1 because we h no ^w by :i* to di/+ui%1 f m]e s5su\s he>+1 a sort ( he>+ :i* implies m ?an he>+ & less ?an compreh5sion4 ,! ,fr5* ent5dre comes ne>] to x ?an our he>+1 b implies m compreh5sion ?an v]nehm54 7f47 ,z to ,willkhr 7arbitrium1 lit]ally 'w-*oice'71 aft] a great deal ( consid]ation ,i h *os5 7relative7 free-w z ! ne>e/ approa* to ! ,g]man s5se1 or at any rate1 to t 9 :i* ,s*op5hau] uses x4 ,willkhr means 9 fact :at is commonly und]/ood z free-w2 i4e4 w ) p[] ( *oice1 w det]m9$ by motives & unimp$$ by outw>d ob/acles3 arbitrium z oppos$ to voluntas3 consci\s w z oppos$ to bl9d impulse4 ,?is relative free-w h[ev] is q di/9ct f absolute free-w 7lib]um arbitrium indiff]5ti7 9 a metaphysical s5se1 i4e4 w 9 its self-dep5d5cy4 ,:5 its arbitr>y "* is specially emphasiz$1 we call ,willkhr1 caprice1 b ?is is n ! usual mean+ giv5 to x by ,s*op5hau]4 ,besides ! mean+ ( ^! ,g]man words1 ,i h /ill to def9e ! s5se 9 :i* ,i h us$ ! t]m idea 9 ?is translation2 = ?is ^w has greatly *ang$ its mean+ at diff]5t times & ) diff]5t au?ors1 & is ev5 n[ apt to confuse & mislead4 ,s*op5hau] has himself contribut$ 9 "o way to r5d] its signification less cle>2 s9ce1 9 spite ( 8 decl>ation 9 ! ,f\rfold ,root#d to ! effect1 t he nev] uses ! ^w idea 9 any o!r ?an its orig9al 7,platonic7 s5se1 he has himself employ$ x to translate ,vor/ellung1 9 a specim5 he gives ( a r5d]+ ( a passage 9 ,kant's ,prolegom5a 9 a lett] address$ to ,haywood1 publi%$ 9 ,gw9n]'s ,biography ( ,s*op5hau]4 ,?is he probably did because "s em95t ,engli% & ,fr5* philosoph]s _h tak5 ! ^w 9 ?is s5se1 ?9k+ p]haps t ,kant's mean+ w\ld ?us be m readily und]/ood4 ,z h[ev] he uses ! ^w 'idea' ev]y:]e else exclusively 9 its orig9al 7,platonic7 s5se1 ,i h pref]r$ to avoid ne$less confusion by adh]+ to 8 own decl>ation & def9ition4 ,besides1 _m ,engli% writ]s ( note h prote/$ aga9/ any o!r s5se be+ giv5 to x1 & mod]n ,g]man philosoph]s h m & m return$ to ! orig9al mean+ ( ! t]m4 #d ,see p4 #aac1 #cd ( ! orig9al1 & p4 #acc ( ! pres5t translation4 ,"s read]s may take exception at su* expressions z priority1 motivation1 aseity2 = !y are n1 /rictly speak+1 ,engli% words4 ,^! t]ms h[ev] belong to ,s*op5hau]'s own *>act]i/ic t]m9ology1 & h a di/9ct & cle>ly def9$ mean+2 !re=e !y _h to be reta9$ 9 all cases 9 :i* !y c\ld n be evad$1 9 ord] n to int]f]e ) ! ,au?or's int5tion3 a necessity :i* ! s*ol> w n fail to recognise1 especially :5 ,i plead 9 my def5ce t fidelity & accuracy h be5 my sole aim 9 ?is "w4 ,if moreov] ,c>lyle's words1 ,he :o imports into 8 own c\ntry any true del9eation1 any rationally spok5 ^w on any subject1 has done well1 are true1 ,i may also be absolv$ f c5sure1 if ,i lay be=e ! public ?is v]sion ( "s important utt]ances ( a great ?9k]1 9 ! hope t x may be an assi/ance 91 & an incitem5t to1 a deep] /udy ( all ,s*op5hau]'s works4 ,,! ,,translator4 ,may1 #ahhh4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,on ,,! ,,f\rfold ,,root ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,suffici5t ,,reason4 ,,*ap4 ,,page ,translator's ,preface v ,au?or's ,preface to ! ,second ,edition xvii ,editor's ,preface to ! ,?ird ,edition xx ,editor's ,preface to ! ,f\r? ,edition xxviii ,i4 ,introduction #a ,,ii4 ,g5]al ,survey ( ! mo/ important views hi!rto held conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason #f ,,iii4 ,insuffici5cy ( ! ,old & outl9es ( a ,new ,demon/ration #bh ,,iv4 ,on ! ,fir/ ,class ( ,objects = ! ,subject1 & t =m ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason :i* pr$om9ates 9 x #ca ,v4 ,on ! ,second ,class ( ,objects = ! ,subject & t =m ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason :i* pr$om9ates 9 x #aad ,,vi4 ,on ! ,?ird ,class ( ,objects = ! ,subject & t =m ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason :i* pr$om9ates 9 x #aec ,,vii4 ,on ! ,f\r? ,class ( ,objects = ! ,subject1 & t =m ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason :i* pr$om9ates 9 x #afe ,,viii4 ,g5]al obs]vations & results #agg ,,on ,,! ,,w ,,9 ,,nature4 ,preface to ! ,second ,edition #aic ,editor's ,preface to ! ,?ird ,edition #bac ,editor's ,preface to ! ,f\r? ,edition #bad ,introduction #bae ,physiology & ,pa?ology #bbd ,comp>ative ,anatomy #beb ,physiology ( ,plants #bha ,physical ,a/ronomy #cje ,l+ui/ic #cbb ,animal ,magnetism & ,magic #cbf ,s9ology #cei ,ref]5ce to ,e?ics #cgb ,conclusion #cgh ,,on ,,! ,,f\rfold ,,root ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,suffici5t ,,reason4 ,a ,,philosophical ,,treatise4 1 ' 4 ,,! ,,au?or',s ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition4 ,?is treatise on ,elem5t>y ,philosophy1 :i* fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ye> #ahac1 :5 x procur$ = me ! degree ( doctor1 aft]w>ds became ! sub/ructure = ! :ole ( my sy/em4 ,x _c1 !re=e1 be all[$ to rema9 out ( pr9t1 z has be5 ! case1 )\t my k1 = ! la/ f\r ye>s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to s5d a juv5ile "w l ?is once m into ! _w ) all its faults & blemi%es1 seem$ to me unju/ifiable4 ,= ,i am aw>e t ! "t _c be v f> (f :5 all correction w be impossible2 b ) t "t ! p]iod ( my real influ5ce w comm5ce1 & ?is p]iod1 ,i tru/1 w be a long "o1 = ,i firmly rely ^u ,s5eca's promise3 ,etiamsi omnibus tecum viv5tibus sil5tium livor indix]it2 v5i5t qui s9e (f5sa1 s9e gratia judic5t4#e ,i h done :at ,i c\ld1 !re=e1 to improve ?is "w ( my y\?1 &1 consid]+ ! brevity & unc]ta9ty ( life1 ,i mu/ ev5 reg>d x z an especially =tunate circum/ance1 to h be5 ?us p]mitt$ to correct 9 my sixtie? ye> :at ,i _h writt5 9 my tw5ty-six?4 #e ,s5eca1 ,ep4 #gi4 ,nev]!less1 :ile do+ ?is1 ,i meant to deal l5i5tly ) my y\ng] self1 & to let him disc\rse1 nay1 ev5 speak 8 m9d freely1 :]ev] x 0 possible4 ,b :]ev] he _h advanc$ :at 0 incorrect or sup]flu\s1 or _h ev5 left out ! be/ "p1 ,i h be5 oblig$ to int]rupt ! ?read ( 8 disc\rse4 ,& ?is has happ5$ (t5 en\gh2 s (t51 inde$1 t "s ( my read]s may p]haps ?9k !y he> an old man read+ a "y man's book al\d1 :ile he frequ5tly lets x drop1 9 ord] to indulge 9 digressions ( 8 own on ! same subject4 ,x is easy to see t a "w ?us correct$ aft] s long an int]val1 c\ld nev] acquire ! unity & r\nd$ complet5ess :i* only belong to su* z are writt5 9 "o brea?4 ,s great a diff]5ce w be f\nd ev5 9 /yle & expression1 t no read] ( any tact c ev] be 9 d\bt :e!r x be ! old] or y\ng] man :o is speak+4 ,= ! contra/ is inde$ /rik+ betwe5 ! mild1 unassum+ tone 9 :i* ! y\?--:o is /ill simple en\gh to believe q s]i\sly t = all ^: pursuit is philosophy1 tru?1 & tru? alone1 c h importance1 & !re=e t :oev] promotes tru? is sure ( a welcome f !m--prop\nds 8 argum5ts ) confid5ce1 & ! firm1 b also at times some:at h>% voice ( ! old man1 :o 9 c\rse ( "t has necess>ily discov]$ ! true "* & real aims ( ! noble company ( m]c5>y "t-s]v]s into :i* he has fall54 ,nay1 ! j read] w h>dly f9d fault ) him %\ld he occasionally give free v5t to 8 indignation2 s9ce we see :at comes ( x :5 p :o pr(ess to h tru? = _! sole aim1 are always occupi$ 9 /udy+ ! purposes ( _! p[]ful sup]iors1 & :5 ! e quovis ligno fit ,m]curius is ext5d$ ev5 to ! greate/ philosoph]s1 & a clumsy *>latan1 l ,hegel1 is calmly class$ among !m8 ,v]ily ,g]man ,philosophy /&s be=e u load$ ) contempt1 ! laugh+-/ock ( o!r nations1 expell$ f all hone/ sci5ce--l ! pro/itute :o sells h]self = sordid hire to-day to "o1 to-morr[ to ano!r2 & ! bra9s ( ! pres5t g5]ation ( savants are disorganis$ by ,hegelian nons5se3 incapable ( reflection1 co>se & bewild]$1 !y fall a prey to ! l[ ,mat]ialism :i* has crept out ( ! basilisk's egg4 ,good spe$ to !m4 ,i return to my subject4 ,my read]s w ?us h to get ov] ! diff]5ce ( tone 9 ?is treatise2 = ,i c\ld n d "h :at ,i _h done 9 my *ief "w1 t is1 give ! lat] additions ,i _h made 9 a sep>ate app5dix4 ,besides1 x is ( no consequ5ce t p %\ld "k :at ,i wrote 9 my tw5ty-six? & :at 9 my sixtie? ye>2 ! only matt] ( real importance is1 t ^? :o wi% to f9d _! way ?r\gh ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( all philosophiz+1 to ga9 a firm foot+ & a cle> insight1 %\ld 9 ^! few %eets receive a little volume by :i* !y may le>n some?+ sub/antial1 solid1 & true3 & ?is1 ,i hope1 w be ! case4 ,f ! expansion n[ giv5 to "s portions1 x has ev5 gr[n into a comp5di\s !ory ( ! entire faculty ( kn[+1 & ?is !ory1 by limit+ itself /rictly to ! rese>* ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason1 %[s ! matt] f a new & peculi> side2 b !n x f9ds its completion 9 ! ,fir/ ,book ( ,! ,_w z ,w & ,repres5tation1 toge!r ) ^? *apt]s ( ! ,second ,volume :i* ref] to x1 & also 9 my ,critique ( ,kantian ,philosophy4 ,,ar?ur ,,s*op5hau]4 ,,frankfurt ,,am ,,ma91 ,septemb]1 #ahdg4 ,,editor',s ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,?ird ,,edition4 ,9 ! pres5t volume ,i lay be=e ! public ! ,?ird ,edition ( ! ,f\rfold ,root1 includ+ ! em5dations & additions left by ,s*op5hau] 9 8 own int]leav$ copy4 ,i h already _h occasion else:]e to relate t he left copies ( all 8 works ?us int]leav$1 & t he 0 wont to jot d[n on ^! fly-leaves any corrections & additions he might int5d ins]t+ 9 future editions4 ,s*op5hau] himself prep>$ = ! press all t has be5 add$ 9 ! pres5t edition1 = he has indicat$1 by signs 9 ! orig9al context correspond+ to o!r simil> signs 9 ! ,,ms4 passages1 ! places :]e he wi%$ 8 additions to be ins]t$4 ,all t 0 left = me to d1 0 to give 9 ext5d$ =m a few citations he _h purpos$ add+4 ,no ess5tial corrections & additions1 su* z might modify ! fundam5tal ?\ghts ( ! "w1 w be f\nd 9 ?is new edition1 :i* simply conta9s corrections1 amplifications1 & corroborations1 _m ( !m int]e/+ & important4 ,let me take only a s+le in/ance3 #ba1 on ! ,intellectual ,nature ( ,empirical ,p]ception4 ,z ,s*op5hau] atta*$ great importance to 8 pro( ( ! intellectual nature ( p]ception1 nay1 believ$ he _h made a new discov]y by x1 he also work$ out ) special pr$ilection all t t5d$ to support1 confirm1 & /r5g!n x4 ,?us we f9d him 9 ?is #ba quot+ an int]e/+ fact he _h himself obs]v$ 9 #ahae2 !n ! in/ances ( ,casp> ,haus] & o!rs 7tak5 f ,franz's book1 ,! ,eye1 c4 c472 & aga9 ! case ( ,joseph ,kle9haus1 ! bl9d sculptor2 & f9ally1 ! physiological confirmations he has f\nd 9 ,fl\r5s' ,de la vie et de l'intellig5ce des ,animaux4 ,an obs]vation1 too1 conc]n+ ! value ( ,ari?metic = ! compreh5sion ( physical processes1 :i* is ins]t$ into ?is same p>agraph1 w be f\nd v rem>kable1 & may be p>ticul>ly recomm5d$ to ^? :o are incl9$ to set too high a value on calculation4 ,_m int]e/+ & important additions w be f\nd 9 ! o!r p>agraphs also4 ,"o ?+ ,i c\ld h wi%$ to see left out ( ?is ,?ird ,edition3 8 effusions aga9/ ! pr(essors ( philosophy4 ,9 a conv]sation ) ,s*op5hau] 9 ! ye> #ahdg1 :5 he told me h[ he int5d$ to *a/ise ! pr(essors ( philosophy1#f ,i express$ my diss5t on ?is po9t2 = ev5 9 ! ,second ,edition ^! passages _h int]rupt$ ! measur$ progress ( objective inquiry4 ,at t "t1 h[ev]1 he 0 n to be p]suad$ to /rike !m out2 s !y 7 left to be aga9 includ$ 9 ?is ,?ird ,edition1 :]e ! read] w accord+ly once m f9d !m1 al?\gh times h *ang$ s9ce !n4 #f ,see ,ar?ur ,s*op5hau]4 ,von ihm2 b] ihn4 ,e9 ,wort d] ,v]!idigung1 von ,ern/ ,otto ,l9dn]1 & ,memorabili51 ,briefe und ,na*lass/cke1 von ,julius ,frau5/dt 7,b]l91 #ahfc71 pp4 #afc-afe4 ,^u ano!r po9t1 m ne>ly t\*+ ! real issue1 ,i _h a controv]sy ) ,s*op5hau] 9 ! ye> #aheb4 ,9 argu+ aga9/ ,fi*te's d]ivation ( ! ,non-,ego f ! ,ego 9 8 *ief "w1#g he _h said3-- #g ,s*op5hau]1 ,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung1 second edition1 i41 #cg 7?ird edition1 i41 #ci74 ,j z if ,kant _h nev] exi/$1 ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason /ill rema9s ) ,fi*te :at x 0 ) all ! ,s*oolm51 an t]na v]itas3 t is to say1 j z ! ,gods ( ! anci5ts 7 /ill rul$ ov] by et]nal ,de/9y1 s 0 ! ,god ( ! ,s*oolm5 /ill rul$ ov] by ^! t]na v]itates1 i4e41 by ! metaphysical1 ma!matical1 & metalogical tru?s1 & ev51 accord+ to "s1 by ! validity ( ! moral law4 ,^! v]itates alone 7 uncondition$ by any?+1 & ,god1 z well z ! _w1 exi/$ ?r\gh _! necessity4 ,?us ) ,fi*te ! ,ego1 accord+ to ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason1 is ! reason ( ! _w or ( ! ,non-,ego1 ( ! ,object1 :i* is ! product or result ( ! ,ego itself4 ,he took good c>e1 !re=e1 nei!r to exam9e nor to *eck ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason any f>!r4 ,b if ,i _h to indicate ! p>ticul> =m ( ?is pr9ciple by :i* ,fi*te 0 guid$ 9 mak+ ! ,ego sp9 ! ,non-,ego out ( itself1 z ! spid] its web1 ,i %\ld po9t to ! ,pr9ciple ( ! ,suffici5t ,reason ( ,be+ 9 ,space2 = no?+ b a ref]5ce to ?is pr9ciple gives any sort ( s5se or mean+ to 8 lab\r$ d$uctions ( ! way 9 :i* ! ,ego produces & manufactures ! ,non-,ego out ( itself1 :i* =m ! cont5ts ( ! mo/ s5seless &--simply on ?is acc\nt--mo/ tiresome book ev] writt54 ,! only int]e/ ?is ,fi*teian philosophy has = u at all--o!rwise x w\ld n be wor? m5tion+--lies 9 its be+ ! t>dy appe>ance ( ! real anti!sis to anci5t ,mat]ialism1 :i* 0 ! mo/ consi/5t />t+ f ! ,object1 j z ,fi*te's philosophy 0 ! mo/ consi/5t />t+ f ! ,subject4 ,z ,mat]ialism ov]look$ ! fact1 t ) ! simple/ ,object x =?) posit$ ! ,subject also2 s ,fi*te n only ov]look$ ! fact1 t ) ! ,subject 7:atev] "n he might *oose to give x7 he _h already posit$ ! ,object also1 because no ,subject c be ?\ght )\t x2 he likewise ov]look$ ! fact1 t all d]ivation priori1 nay1 all demon/ration :atsoev]1 re/s ^u a necessity1 & t all necessity itself re/s entirely & exclusively on ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason1 because to be necess>y1 & to result f a giv5 reason1 are conv]tible t]ms2 t ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason is /ill no?+ b ! common =m ( ! ,object z su*3 !re=e t x always presupposes ! ,object & does n1 z valid be=e & indep5d5tly ( x1 fir/ introduce x1 & _c make ! ,object arise 9 con=mity ) its own legislation4 ,?us ?is />t+ f ! ,object & ! above-m5tion$ />t+ f ! ,subject h 9 common1 t bo? presuppose :at !y pret5d to d]ive3 i4e41 ! necess>y correlate ( _! />t+-po9t4 ,?is la/ ass]tion t ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason already presupposes ! ,object1 b does n1 z valid be=e & indep5d5tly ( x1 fir/ introduce x1 & _c make ! ,object arise 9 con=mity ) its own legislation1 seem$ to me s f> to cla% ) ! pro( giv5 by ,s*op5hau] 9 #ba ( ! ,f\rfold ,root1 z1 accord+ to ! latt]1 x is ! function ( ! ,subject's und]/&+ :i* prim>ily creates ! objective _w out ( ! subjective feel+s ( ! s5su\s organs by ! application ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason2 s t all t is ,object1 z su*1 aft] all comes into be+ only 9 con=mity ) ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason1 consequ5tly t ?is pr9ciple _c1 z ,s*op5hau] ass]t$ 9 8 polemic aga9/ ,fi*te1 already presuppose ! ,object4 ,9 #aheb1 !re=e1 ,i wrote z foll[s to ,s*op5hau]3-- ,9 y\r argum5ts aga9/ ,fi*te1 :]e y say t ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason already presupposes ! ,object1 & _c1 z valid be=e & indep5d5tly ( x1 fir/ introduce x1 ! objection occurr$ to me anew1 t 9 y\r ,f\rfold ,root y _h made ! ,object ( p]ception fir/ come into be+ ?r\gh ! application ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason1 & t y y\rself1 !re=e1 d]ive ! ,object f ! ,subject1 z1 = in/ance1 p4 #gc ( ! ,f\rfold ,root 7#bnd edition74 ,h[ !n c y ma9ta9 aga9/ ,fi*te t ! ,object is always pre-suppos$ by ! ,subject8 ,i "k ( no way ( solv+ ?is difficulty b ! foll[+3 ,! ,subject only presupposes 9 ! ,object :at belongs to ! ?+ 9 itself1 :at is inscrutable2 b x creates itself ! repres5tation ( ! ,object1 i4e4 t by :i* ! ?+ 9 itself becomes ph5om5on4 ,= in/ance1 :5 ,i see a tree1 my ,subject assumes ! ?+ 9 itself ( t tree2 :]eas ! repres5tation ( x conv]sely presupposes ! op]ation ( my ,subject1 ! transition f ! effect 79 my eye7 to its cause4 ,to ?is ,s*op5hau] repli$ z foll[s on ! #ab? ( ,july1 #aheb3-- ,y\r answ]s 7to ! objection 9 "q7 are n ! "r ones4 ,"h !re _c yet be a "q ( ! ?+ 9 itself1 & ! di/9ction betwe5 repres5tation & object is inadmissible3 ! _w is repres5tation4 ,! matt] /&s r z foll[s--,fi*te's d]ivation ( ! ,non-,ego f ! ,ego1 is q ab/ract3--,a ,a1 ergo1 ,i ,i1 & s =?4 ,tak5 9 an ab/ract s5se1 ! ,object is at once posit$ ) ! ,subject4 ,= to be ,subject means1 to "k2 & to "k means1 to h repres5tations4 ,object & repres5tation are "o & ! same ?+4 ,9 ! ,f\rfold ,root1 !re=e1 ,i h divid$ all objects or repres5tations into f\r classes1 )9 :i* ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason always reigns1 ?\gh 9 ea* class "u a diff]5t =m2 nev]!less1 ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason always presupposes ! class itself1 & inde$1 prop]ly speak+1 !y co9cide4#h ,n[1 9 reality1 ! exi/5ce ( ! ,subject ( kn[+ is n an ab/ract exi/5ce4 ,! ,subject does n exi/ = itself & indep5d5tly1 z if x _h dropp$ f ! sky2 x appe>s z ! in/rum5t ( "s individual ph5om5on ( ! ,w 7animal1 human be+71 ^: purposes x is de/9$ to s]ve1 & :i* !reby n[ receives a consci\sness1 on ! "o h&1 ( itself1 on ! o!r h&1 ( ev]y?+ else4 ,! "q next arises1 z to h[ or out ( :at elem5ts ! repres5tation ( ! out] _w is br\ght ab\t )9 ?is consci\sness4 ,?is ,i h already answ]$ 9 my ,!ory ( ,col\rs & also 9 my *ief "w1#i b mo/ ?or\ghly & exhau/ively ( all 9 ! ,second ,edition ( ! ,f\rfold ,root1 #ba1 :]e x is %[n1 t all ^? elem5ts are ( subjective orig92 :]e=e att5tion is especially drawn to ! great diff]5ce betwe5 all ?is & ,fi*te's humbug4 ,= ! :ole ( my exposition is b ! full c>ry+ out ( ,kant's ,transc5d5tal ,idealism4#aj #h ,see ,die ,welt a4 ,w4 u4 ,v41 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ag-ba1 & vol4 i4 p4 #ci ( ! second edition4 7,! passages ref]r$ to by ,s*op5hau] 9 ! second edition are 9 ! ?ird edition vol4 ii4 pp4 #ah-ba1 & vol4 i4 p4 #dj74 #i ,die ,welt a4 ,w4 u4 ,v41 vol4 i4 p4 #bb et seqq41 & vol4 ii4 *ap4 ii4 ( ! second edition2 vol4 i4 p4 #bb1 #f1 & vol4 ii4 *ap4 ii4 ( ! ?ird edition4 #aj ,! passage ,i h quot$ above f ,s*op5hau]'s lett] is also to be f\nd among ! lett]s publi%$ 9 my book1 ,ar?ur ,s*op5hau]4 ,von ihm1 b] ihn1 u4 s4 w41 p4 #eda et seqq41 & x results f ?is1 z well z f sev]al o!r lett]s :i* likewise deal ) important & knotty po9ts 9 8 philosophy1 t ?is correspond5ce may p]haps n be q s wor?less & unimportant z _m--among !m ,gw9n]1 9 8 pamphlet1 ,s*op5hau] und se9e ,freunde 7,leipzig1 #ahfc7--repres5t x to be4 ,?is pamphlet ( ,gw9n]'s1 by ! way1 has met ) ! treatm5t x des]ves 9 ! ,preface to ! collection1 ,aus ,ar?ur ,s*op5hau]'s h&s*riftli*5 ,aphorism5 und ,na*lass4 ,abh&lung51 ,anm]kung51 ,fragm5te4 7,leipzig1 #ahfd74 ,i h ?\ght x advisable to give ?is passage ( 8 lett]1 z be+ relevant to ! matt] 9 "q4 ,z to ! division 9 *apt]s & p>agraphs1 x is ! same 9 ?is new edition z 9 ! la/4 ,by comp>+ ea* s+le p>agraph ( ! second ) ! same p>agraph ( ! pres5t edition1 x w be easy to f9d out :at has be5 newly add$4 ,9 conclusion1 h[ev]1 ,i w /ill add a %ort li/ ( ! pr9cipal passages :i* are new4 ,li/ ( ,additions to ! ,?ird ,edition4 #h1 p4 #ac1 ! passages f ,not&um1 c41 to ,ex necessitate1 & p4 #ad1 f ,zun*/ adoptirt d[n to ! end ( ! page 7,engli% v]sion1 p4 #ad1 ,n41 c41 to ,ex nec42 p4 #ae1 f ,fir/ he adopts d[n to ! end ( ! p>agraph1 p4 #af1 e/ causa sui71 9 confirmation ( 8 ass]tion t ,sp9oza _h int]*ang$ & conf\nd$ ! relation betwe5 reason ( k & consequ5t1 ) t betwe5 cause & effect4 #i1 p4 #ag1 f er proklamirt d[n to gewus/ hab5 wird4 7,e4 v41 #i1 p4 #ai1 f ,he proclaims x d[n to by o!rs be=e47 #bj1 p4 #db1 9 speak+ ( reciprocity 7,we*selwirkung71 f ! words ,ja1 wo e9em ,s*reib] d[n to ins ,bod5lose g]a!n sei4 7,e4 v41 #bj1 p4 #de1 f ,nay1 x is precisely d[n to 8 dep?47 #ba1 p4 #fa1 ! words at ! bottom1 und rumli* kon/ruirt1 d[n to p4 #fb1 ,data erhlt1 toge!r ) ! quotation conc]n+ ! bl9d sculptor1 ,j4 ,kle9haus4 7,e4 v41 #ba1 p4 #fg1 ! words & con/ructs 9 ,space d[n to ( ! ,und]/&+17 & ! note4 #ba1 pp4 #fg-fh1 f ,e9 speciell] und int]essant] ,beleg d[n to alb]nes ,zeug dazu4 7,e4 v41 #ba1 p4 #gc1 ,i w "h add d[n to p4 #gd1 foll[$ by twaddle47 #ba1 p4 #gc1 sq41 ! in/ances ( ,casp> ,haus]1 c41 f ,franz1 ,! ,eye1 c41 & ! physiological corroborations f ,fl\r5s1 ,de la vie et de l'intellig5ce1 c4 7,e4 v41 p4 #hj1 & foll[+47 #ba1 p4 #gg1 ! p>5!sis on ! value ( calculation4 7,e4 v41 p4 #hc1 ,all compreh5sion1 c47 #ba1 p4 #hc1 ! words da f]n] ,sub/anz d[n to das ,wirk5 9 concreto4 7,e4 v41 #ba1 p4 #ij1 ,sub/ance & ,matt] d[n to 9 concreto47 #bi1 p4 #aje1 ! words im ,late9is*5 d[n to erkannte4 7,e4 v41 #bi1 p4 #aaf1 f ,9 ,lat9 d[n to ' 47 #cd1 p4 #aaf1 ! words ,ueb]all i/ d[n to ,praxis und ,!orie4 7,e4 v41 #cd1 p4 #abh1 ! words ,reasonable or ,rational d[n to !ory & practice47 #cd1 p4 #aba1 ! v]ses f ,g!'s ,we/-/li*] ,divan4 #cd1 p4 #abe1 ,anm]kung1 ! words ,au* i/ ,brahma d[n to die er/]e1 & p4 #abf1 ! quotation f ,i4 ,j4 ,s*midt's ,=s*ung54 7,e4 v41 #cd1 p4 #ach1 note1 ,brahma is also d[n to fir/ ( ^!47 #cd1 p4 #abg1 ! words f ,ab] d] naive d[n to judaisirt5 g\v]neurs 7,e4 v41 #cd1 p4 #aej1 s5t5ce beg9n+ ,b ! artless d[n to infancy1 & ! ,greek quotation f ,plut>* 9 ! note47 #cd1 p4 #abh1 ! words f ,ganz b]e9/imm5d d[n to b]flssige se9 soll4 7,e4 v41 p4 #aea1 f ,j4 ,f4 ,davis d[n to sup]flu\s47 #de1 p4 #adg1 ! words ,eb5 dah] kommt es d[n to si* erhlt4 7,e4 v41 #de1 p4 #afc1 ,x is j = ?is reason too d[n to _! possession47 #de1 p4 #adi1 ! words ,man su*e ,das1 c41 d[n to geles5 hab54 7,e4 v41 #de1 p4 #afd1 f ,we %\ld d[n to read 9 books47 #di1 p4 #aed1 ! words ,d] bei d5 ,philosopha/]n1 d[n to zu kontrolir5 s9d4 7,e4 v41 #di1 p4 #afi1 f ! words ,! conception ( our1 c41 d[n to by p]ception47 #ej1 p4 #aef1 ! words ,d5n d] ,satz vom ,grunde d[n to nur si* selb/ ni*t4 7,e4 v41 #ej1 p4 #agb1 f ,= ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason1 c41 d[n to ev]y?+ else47 #eb1 p4 #aeh1 ! words ,d] allgeme9e ,s9n des ,satzes vom ,grunde1 d[n to d] ,kosmologis*e ,beweis i/4 7,e4 v41 #eb1 p4 #agc1 f ,! g5]al mean+ d[n to ! ,cosmological ,pro(47 ,,julius ,,frau5/,,dt4 ,,b]l91 ,augu/1 #ahfd4 ,,editor',s ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,f\r? ,,edition4 ,! pres5t ,f\r? ,edition is ( ! same cont5t z ! ,?ird2 !re=e x conta9s ! same corrections & additions :i* ,i _h already ins]t$ 9 ! ,?ird ,edition f ,s*op5hau]'s own int]leav$ copy ( ?is "w4 ,,julius ,,frau5/,,dt4 ,,b]l91 ,septemb]1 #ahgg4 ,,on ,,! ,,f\rfold ,,root ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,suffici5t ,,reason4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introduction4 #a4 ,! ,me?od4 ,! div9e ,plato & ! m>vell\s ,kant unite _! mighty voices 9 recomm5d+ a rule1 to s]ve z ! me?od ( all philosophis+ z well z ( all o!r sci5ce4#aa ,two laws1 !y tell u3 ! law ( homog5eity & ! law ( specification1 %\ld be equally obs]v$1 nei!r to ! disadvantage ( ! o!r4 ,! law ( homog5eity directs u to collect ?+s toge!r into k9ds by obs]v+ _! resemblances & correspond5ces1 to collect k9ds aga9 into species1 species into g5]a1 & s on1 till at la/ we come to ! highe/ all-compreh5sive conception4 ,n[ ?is law1 be+ transc5d5tal1 i4e4 ess5tial to our ,reason1 takes = grant$ t ,nature con=ms ) x3 an assumption :i* is express$ by ! anci5t =mula1 entia prt] necessitatem non esse multiplic&a4 ,z = ! law ( specification1 ,kant expresses x ?us3 entium v>ietates non tem]e esse m9u5das4 ,x requires namely1 t we %\ld cle>ly di/+ui% "o f ano!r ! diff]5t g5]a collect$ "u "o compreh5sive conception2 likewise t we %\ld n conf\nd ! high] & l[] species compris$ 9 ea* g5us2 t we %\ld be c>eful n to ov]leap any1 & nev] to classify inf]ior species1 let alone individuals1 imm$iately "u ! g5]ic conception3 ea* conception be+ susceptible ( subdivision1 & none ev5 com+ d[n to m]e intuition4 ,kant tea*es t bo? laws are transc5d5tal1 fundam5tal pr9ciples ( our ,reason1 :i* po/ulate con=mity ( ?+s ) !m priori2 & ,plato1 :5 he tells u t ^! rules 7 flung d[n f ! seat ( ! gods ) ! ,prome!an fire1 seems to express ! same ?\ght 9 8 own way4 #aa ,platon1 ,phileb4 pp4 #bai-bbc4 ,politic4 #fb1 #fc4 ,phdr4 #cfa-cfc1 ed4 ,bip4 ,kant1 ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft4 ,anhang zur transc5d4 ,dialektik4 ,engli% ,translation by ,f4 ,max ,mll]4 ,app5dix to ! ,transc4 ,dialectic4 pp4 #eea1 & seqq4 #b4 ,application ( ! ,me?od 9 ! pres5t case4 ,9 spite ( ! weight ( su* recomm5dations1 ,i f9d t ! second ( ^! two laws has be5 f> too r>ely appli$ to a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( all k3 ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason4 ,= al?\gh ?is pr9ciple has be5 (t5 & long ago /at$ 9 a g5]al way1 /ill suffici5t di/9ction has n be5 made betwe5 its extremely diff]5t applications1 9 ea* ( :i* x acquires a new mean+2 its orig9 9 v>i\s m5tal faculties ?us becom+ evid5t4 ,if we comp>e ,kant's philosophy ) all prec$+ sy/ems1 we p]ceive t1 precisely 9 ! obs]vation ( our m5tal faculties1 _m p]si/5t errors h be5 caus$ by apply+ ! pr9ciple ( homog5eity1 :ile ! opposite pr9ciple ( specification 0 neglect$2 :]eas ! law ( specification has l$ to ! greate/ & mo/ important results4 ,i !re=e crave p]mission to quote a passage f ,kant1 9 :i* ! application ( ! law ( specification to ! s\rces ( our k is especially recomm5d$2 = x gives c\nt5ance to my pres5t endeav\r3-- ,x is ( ! highe/ importance to isolate v>i\s sorts ( k1 :i* 9 k9d & orig9 are diff]5t f o!rs1 & to take great c>e le/ !y be mix$ up ) ^? o!rs ) :i*1 = practical purposes1 !y are g5]ally unit$4 ,:at is done by ! *emi/ 9 ! analysis ( sub/ances1 & by ! ma!matician 9 pure ma!matics1 is f> m incumb5t on ! philosoph]1 9 ord] to enable him to def9e cle>ly ! "p :i*1 9 ! promiscu\s employm5t ( ! und]/&+1 belongs to a special k9d ( k1 z well z its peculi> value & influ5ce4#ab #ab ,kant1 ,krit4 d4 r4 ,v4 ,me?od5lehre4 ,drittes ,haupt/ck1 p4 #hdb ( ! #a/ edition4 ,engl4 ,tr4 by ,f4 ,m4 ,mll]4 ,ar*itectonic ( ,pure ,reason1 p4 #gbc4 #c4 ,utility ( ?is ,inquiry4 ,%\ld ,i succe$ 9 %[+ t ! pr9ciple :i* =ms ! subject ( ! pres5t inquiry does n issue directly f "o primitive notion ( our intellect1 b r 9 ! fir/ in/ance f v>i\s ones1 x w !n foll[1 t nei!r c ! necessity x br+s ) x1 z a firmly e/abli%$ priori pr9ciple1 be "o & ! same 9 all cases1 b mu/1 on ! contr>y1 be z manifold z ! s\rces ( ! pr9ciple itself4 ,:oev] !re=e bases a conclusion ^u ?is pr9ciple1 incurs ! obligation ( cle>ly specify+ on :i* ( its gr\nds ( necessity he f\nds 8 conclusion & ( designat+ t gr\nd by a special "n1 su* z ,i am ab\t to sugge/4 ,i hope t ?is may be a /ep t[>ds promot+ great] lucidity & precision 9 philosophis+2 = ,i hold ! extreme cle>ness to be atta9$ by an accurate def9ition ( ea* s+le expression to be indisp5sable to u1 z a def5ce bo? aga9/ error & aga9/ int5tional deception1 & also z a means ( secur+ to ourselves ! p]man5t1 unali5able possession ( ea* newly acquir$ notion )9 ! sph]e ( philosophy beyond ! fe> ( los+ x aga9 on acc\nt ( any misund]/&+ or d\ble mean+ :i* might h]eaft] be detect$4 ,! true philosoph] w inde$ always seek aft] light & p]spicuity1 & w endeav\r to resemble a ,swiss lake--:i* ?r\gh its peacefulness is enabl$ to unite great dep? ) great cle>ness1 ! dep? reveal+ itself precisely by ! cle>ness--r ?an a turbid1 impetu\s m\nta9 torr5t4 ,la cl>t e/ la bonne foi des philosophes1 says ,vauv5>gues4 ,pseudo-philosoph]s1 on ! contr>y1 use spee*1 n inde$ to conceal _! ?\ghts1 z ,m4 de ,talleyr& has x1 b r to conceal ! abs5ce ( !m1 & are apt to make _! read]s responsible = ! incompreh5sibility ( _! sy/ems1 :i* really proce$s f _! own confus$ ?9k+4 ,?is expla9s :y 9 c]ta9 writ]s--,s*ell+1 = in/ance--! tone ( in/ruction s (t5 passes into t ( reproa*1 & frequ5tly ! read] is ev5 tak5 to task be=eh& = 8 assum$ inability to und]/&4 #d4 ,importance ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason4 ,its importance is inde$ v great1 s9ce x may truly be call$ ! basis ( all sci5ce4 ,= by sci5ce we und]/& a sy/em ( notions1 i4e4 a totality ( connect$1 z oppos$ to a m]e aggregate ( disconnect$1 notions4 ,b :at is x t b9ds toge!r ! memb]s ( a sy/em1 if n ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason8 ,t :i* di/+ui%es e sci5ce f a m]e aggregate is precisely1 t its notions are d]iv$ "o f ano!r z f _! reason4 ,s x 0 long ago obs]v$ by ,plato3 1 7etiam op9iones v] non multi pretii sunt1 donec quis illas ratioc9atione a causis ducta liget74#ac ,ne>ly e sci5ce1 moreov]1 conta9s notions ( causes f :i* ! effects may be d$uc$1 & likewise o!r notions ( ! necessity ( conclusions f reasons1 z w be se5 dur+ ! c\rse ( ?is inquiry4 ,ari/otle has express$ ?is z foll[s3 1 1 7omnis intellectualis sci5tia1 sive aliquo modo intellectu p>ticipans1 circa causas et pr9cipia e/74#ad ,n[1 z x is ?is v assumption priori t all ?+s mu/ h _! reason1 :i* au?orizes u ev]y:]e to se>* = ! :y1 we may safely call ?is :y ! "m ( all sci5ce4 #ac ,m5o4 p4 #che1 ed ,bip4 ,ev5 true op9ions are n ( mu* value until somebody b9ds !m d[n by pro( ( a cause4 ,translator's addition4 #ad ,ari/ot4 ,metaph4 v4 #a4 ,all k :i* is intellectual or p>takes some:at ( intellect1 deals ) causes & pr9ciples4 ,tr4's add4 #e4 ,! ,pr9ciple itself4 ,we purpose %[+ fur!r on t ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason is an expression common to sev]al priori notions4 ,mean:ile1 x mu/ be /at$ "u "s =mula or o!r4 ,i *oose ,wolf's z be+ ! mo/ compreh5sive3 ,nihil e/ s9e ratione cur potius sit1 quam non sit4 ,no?+ is )\t a reason = its be+4#ae #ae ,"h ! translator gives ,s*op5hau]'s free v]sion ( ,wolf's =mula4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,g5]al ,,survey ,,( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,important ,,views ,,hi!rto ,,held ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,suffici5t ,,reason4 #f4 ,fir/ ,/atem5t ( ! ,pr9ciple & ,di/9ction betwe5 ,two ( its ,mean+s4 ,a m or less accurately def9$1 ab/ract expression = s fundam5tal a pr9ciple ( all k mu/ h be5 f\nd at a v e>ly age2 x w\ld1 !re=e1 be difficult1 & besides ( no great int]e/1 to det]m9e :]e x fir/ appe>$4 ,nei!r ,plato nor ,ari/otle h =mally /at$ x z a lead+ fundam5tal pr9ciple1 al?\gh bo? (t5 speak ( x z a self-evid5t tru?4 ,?us1 ) a navet :i* sav\rs ( ! /ate ( innoc5ce z oppos$ to t ( ! k ( good & ( evil1 :5 comp>$ ) ! critical rese>*es ( our own times1 ,plato says3 1 2#af 7necesse e/1 qucunque fiunt1 p] aliquam causam fi]i3 quomodo enim absque ea fi]5t87 & !n aga93 ' #ag 7quidquid gignitur1 ex aliqua causa necess>io gignitur3 s9e causa enim oriri quidquam1 impossibile e/74 ,at ! end ( 8 book ,de fato1 ,plut>* cites ! foll[+ among ! *ief propositions ( ! ,/oics3 1 1 #ah 7maxime id primum esse videbitur1 nihil fi]i s9e causa1 s$ omnia causis antegressis74 #af ,platon1 ,phileb4 p4 #bdj1 ed ,bip4 ,x is necess>y t all :i* arises1 %\ld arise by "s cause2 = h[ c\ld x arise o!rwise8 ,tr4's add4 #ag ,ibid4 ,timu1 p4 #cjb4 ,all t arises1 arises necess>ily f "s cause2 = x is impossible = any?+ to come into be+ )\t cause4 ,tr4's add4 #ah ,?is especially w\ld seem to be ! fir/ pr9ciple3 t no?+ arises )\t cause1 b ev]y?+ accord+ to prec$+ causes4 ,tr4's add4 ,9 ! ,analyt4 po/4 i4 #b1 ,ari/otle /ates ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason to a c]ta9 degree :5 he says3 1 ' 1 ' 1 1 4 7,scire autem putamus unamquamque rem simplicit]1 quum putamus causam cognosc]e1 propt] quum res e/1 ejusque rei causam esse1 nec posse eam alit] se hab]e47#ai ,9 8 ,metaphysics1 moreov]1 he already divides causes1 or r pr9ciples1 1 into diff]5t k9ds1#bj ( :i* he admits eight2 b ?is division is nei!r pr(\nd nor precise en\gh4 ,he is1 nev]!less1 q "r 9 say+1 1 1 1 1 4#ba 7,omnibus igitur pr9cipiis commune e/1 esse primum1 unde aut e/1 aut fit1 aut cognoscitur47 ,9 ! foll[+ *apt] he di/+ui%es sev]al k9ds ( causes1 al?\gh some:at sup]ficially & confus$ly4 ,9 ! ,analyt4 po/4 ii4 #aa1 he /ates f\r k9ds ( causes 9 a m satisfactory mann]3 1 1 1 4#bb 7,caus autem quatuor sunt3 una qu explicat quid res sit2 alt]a1 quam1 si qudam s9t1 necesse e/ esse2 t]tia1 qu quid primum movit2 qu>ta id1 cujus gratia47 ,n[ ?is is ! orig9 ( ! division ( ! caus univ]sally adopt$ by ! ,s*ola/ic ,philosoph]s1 into caus mat]iales1 =males1 effici5tes et f9ales1 z may be se5 9 ,su>ii disputationes metaphysic#bc--;a real comp5dium ( ,s*ola/icism4 ,ev5 ,hobbes /ill quotes & expla9s ?is division4#bd ,x is also to be f\nd 9 ano!r passage ( ,ari/otle1 ?is "t some:at m cle>ly & fully develop$ 7,metaph4 i4 #c47 & x is aga9 briefly notic$ 9 ! book ,de somno et vigilia1 c4 #b4 ,z = ! vitally important di/9ction betwe5 reason & cause1 h[ev]1 ,ari/otle no d\bt betrays some?+ l a conception ( x 9 ! ,analyt4 po/4 i4 #ac1 :]e he %[s at consid]able l5g? t kn[+ & prov+ t a ?+ exi/s is a v diff]5t ?+ f kn[+ & prov+ :y x exi/s3 :at he repres5ts z ! latt]1 be+ k ( ! cause2 z ! =m]1 k ( ! reason4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he _h q cle>ly recogniz$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 he w\ld nev] h lo/ sight ( x1 b w\ld h adh]$ to x ?r\gh\t 8 writ+s4 ,n[ ?is is n ! case2 = ev5 :5 he endeav\rs to di/+ui% ! v>i\s k9ds ( causes f "o ano!r1 z 9 ! passages ,i h m5tion$ above1 ! ess5tial diff]5ce moot$ 9 ! *apt] j allud$ to1 nev] seems to occur to him aga94 ,besides he uses ! t]m indiscrim9ately = e k9d ( cause1 (t5 inde$ call+ reasons ( k1 & sometimes ev5 ! premisses ( a conclusion1 1 z1 = in/ance1 9 8 ,metaph4 iv4 #ah2 ,rhet4 ii4 #b2 ,de plantis4 p4 #haf 7ed4 ,b]ol471 b m especially ,analyt4 po/4 i4 #b1 :]e he calls ! premisses to a conclusion simply 7causes ( ! conclusion74 ,n[1 us+ ! same ^w to express two closely connect$ conceptions1 is a sure sign t _! diff]5ce has n be5 recognis$1 or at any rate n be5 firmly grasp$2 = a m]e accid5tal homonym\s designation ( two widely diff]+ ?+s is q ano!r matt]4 ,n[h]e1 h[ev]1 does ?is error appe> m conspicu\sly ?an 9 8 def9ition ( ! sophism non caus ut causa1 1 7reason+ f :at is n cause z if x 7 cause71 9 ! book ,de sophi/icis el5*is1 c4 #e4 ,by he "h und]/&s absolutely no?+ b ! argum5t1 ! premisses1 consequ5tly a reason ( k2 = ?is sophism consi/s 9 correctly prov+ ! impossibility ( some?+1 :ile ! pro( has no be>+ :atev] ^u ! proposition 9 dispute1 :i* x is nev]!less suppos$ to refute4 ,"h1 !re=e1 !re is no "q at all ( physical causes4 ,/ill ! use ( ! ^w has _h s mu* weight ) mod]n logicians1 t !y hold to x exclusively 9 _! acc\nts ( ! fallacia extra dictionem1 & expla9 ! fallacia non caus ut causa z designat+ a physical cause1 :i* is n ! case4 ,reim>us1 = in/ance1 does s1 & ,g4 ,e4 ,s*ultze & ,fries--all inde$ ( :om ,i h any k4 ,! fir/ "w 9 :i* ,i f9d a correct def9ition ( ?is sophism1 is ,twe/5's ,logic4 ,moreov]1 9 all o!r sci5tific works & controv]sies ! *>ge ( a fallacia non caus ut causa usually d5otes ! int]polation ( a wrong cause4 #ai ,we ?9k we und]/& a ?+ p]fectly1 :5ev] we ?9k we "k ! cause by :i* ! ?+ is1 t x is really ! cause ( t ?+1 & t ! ?+ _c possibly be o!rwise4 ,tr4's add4 #bj ,lib4 iv4 c4 #a4 #ba ,n[ x is common to all pr9ciples1 t !y are ! fir/ ?+ ?r\gh :i* any?+ is1 or arises1 or is und]/ood4 ,tr4's add4 #bb ,!re are f\r causes3 fir/1 ! ess5ce ( a ?+ itself2 second1 ! s9e qua non ( a ?+2 ?ird1 :at fir/ put a ?+ 9 motion2 f\r?1 to :at purpose or end a ?+ is t5d+4 ,tr4's add4 #bc ,su>ii disputationes metaph4 ,disp4 #ab1 sect4 #b et #c4 #bd ,hobbes1 ,de corpore1 ,p4 ii4 c4 #aj1 #g4 ,sextus ,empiricus pres5ts ano!r =cible in/ance ( ! way 9 :i* ! ,anci5ts 7 wont univ]sally to conf\nd ! logical law ( ! reason ( k ) ! transc5d5tal law ( cause & effect 9 ,nature1 p]si/5tly mi/ak+ "o = ! o!r4 ,9 ! #i? ,book ,adv]sus ,ma!maticos1 t is1 ! ,book ,adv]sus ,physicos1 #bjd1 he und]takes to prove ! law ( causality1 & says3 ,he :o ass]ts t !re is no cause 771 ei!r has no cause 77 = 8 ass]tion1 or has "o4 ,9 ! =m] case !re is n m tru? 9 8 ass]tion ?an 9 its contradiction2 9 ! latt]1 8 ass]tion itself proves ! exi/5ce ( a cause4 ,by ?is we see t ! ,anci5ts _h n yet arriv$ at a cle> di/9ction betwe5 requir+ a reason z ! gr\nd ( a conclusion1 & ask+ = a cause = ! occurr5ce ( a real ev5t4 ,z = ! ,s*ola/ic ,philosoph]s ( lat] times1 ! law ( causality 0 9 _! eyes an axiom above inve/igation3 non inquirimus an causa sit1 quia nihil e/ p] se notius1 says ,su>ez4#be ,at ! same "t !y held fa/ to ! above quot$ ,ari/otelian classification2 b1 z f> z ,i "k at lea/1 !y equally fail$ to arrive at a cle> idea ( ! necess>y di/9ction ( :i* we are "h speak+4 #be ,su>ez1 ,disp4 #ab1 sect4 #a4 #g4 ,desc>tes4 ,= we f9d ev5 ! excell5t ,desc>tes1 :o gave ! fir/ impulse to subjective reflection & !reby became ! fa!r ( mod]n philosophy1 /ill entangl$ 9 confusions = :i* x is difficult to acc\nt2 & we %all soon see to :at s]i\s & deplorable consequ5ces ^! confusions h l$ ) reg>d to ,metaphysics4 ,9 ! ,responsio ad secundas objectiones 9 m$itationes de prima philosophia1 axioma i4 he says3 ,nulla res exi/it1 de qua non possit quri1 qunam sit causa1 cur exi/at4 ,hoc enim de ipso ,deo quri pote/1 non quod indigeat ulla causa ut exi/at1 s$ quia ipsa ejus natur imm5sitas e/ ,,causa1 ,,sive ,,ratio1 propt] quam nulla causa indiget ad exi/5dum4 ,he ought to h said3 ,! imm5sity ( ,god is a logical reason f :i* x foll[s1 t ,god ne$s no cause2 :]eas he conf\nds ! two toge!r & obvi\sly has no cle> consci\sness ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 reason & cause4 ,prop]ly speak+ h[ev]1 x is 8 int5tion :i* m>s 8 insight4 ,= "h1 :]e ! law ( causality dem&s a cause1 he sub/itutes a reason in/ead ( x1 because ! latt]1 unlike ! =m]1 does n imm$iately lead to some?+ beyond x2 & ?us1 by means ( ?is v axiom1 he cle>s ! way to ! ,ontological ,pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 :i* 0 really 8 inv5tion1 = ,anselm _h only indicat$ x 9 a g5]al mann]4 ,imm$iately aft] ^! axioms1 ( :i* ,i h j quot$ ! fir/1 !re comes a =mal1 q s]i\s /atem5t ( ! ,ontological ,pro(1 :i*1 9 fact1 already lies )9 t axiom1 z ! *ick5 does )9 ! egg t has be5 long brood$ ov]4 ,?us1 :ile ev]y?+ else /&s 9 ne$ ( a cause = its exi/5ce1 ! imm5sitas impli$ 9 ! conception ( ! ,deity--:o is introduc$ to u ^u ! ladd] ( ! ,cosmological ,pro(--suffices 9 lieu ( a cause or1 z ! pro( itself expresses x3 9 conceptu entis summe p]fecti exi/5tia necess>ia cont9etur4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! sleight-(-h& trick1 = ! sake ( :i* ! confusion1 famili> ev5 to ,ari/otle1 ( ! two pr9cipal mean+s ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 has be5 us$ directly 9 majorem ,dei gloriam4 ,consid]$ by daylight1 h[ev]1 & )\t prejudice1 ?is fam\s ,ontological ,pro( is really a *>m+ joke4 ,on "s occasion or o!r1 "s "o excogitates a conception1 compos$ out ( all sorts ( pr$icates1 among :i* h[ev] he takes c>e to include ! pr$icate actuality or exi/5ce1 ei!r op5ly /at$ or wrapp$ up = dec5cy's sake 9 "s o!r pr$icate1 su* z p]fectio1 imm5sitas1 or some?+ ( ! k9d4 ,n[1 x is well kn[n1--t1 f a giv5 conception1 ^? pr$icates :i* are ess5tial to x--i4e41 )\t :i* x _c be ?\ght--& likewise ! pr$icates :i* are ess5tial to ^? pr$icates !mselves1 may be extract$ by means ( purely logical analyses1 & consequ5tly h logical tru?3 t is1 !y h _! reason ( k 9 ! giv5 conception4 ,accord+ly ! pr$icate reality or exi/5ce is n[ extract$ f ?is arbitr>ily ?\ght conception1 & an object correspond+ to x is =?) presum$ to h real exi/5ce indep5d5tly ( ! conception4 ,wr' d] ,g$ank' ni*t s v]wns*t ges*eut1 ,man wr' v]su*t ihn h]zli* dumm zu n5n54#bf #bf ,7 n ! ?\ght s curs$ly acute1 ,"o might be tempt$ to decl>e x silly4 ,,s*ill]1 ,wall5/e9-,trilogie4 ,piccolom9i1 ,act ii4 ,sc4 #g4 ,aft] all1 ! simple/ answ] to su* ontological demon/rations is3 ,all dep5ds ^u ! s\rce :5ce y h d]iv$ y\r conception3 if x be tak5 f exp]i5ce1 all well & good1 = 9 ?is case its object exi/s & ne$s no fur!r pro(2 if1 on ! contr>y1 x has be5 hat*$ 9 y\r own s9ciput1 all its pr$icates are ( no avail1 = x is a m]e phantasm4 ,b we =m an unfav\rable prejudice aga9/ ! pret5sions ( a !ology :i* ne$$ to h rec\rse to su* pro(s z ?is 9 ord] to ga9 a foot+ on ! t]ritory ( philosophy1 to :i* x is q =eign1 b on :i* x longs to trespass4 ,b oh6 = ! prophetic wisdom ( ,ari/otle6 ,he _h nev] ev5 he>d ( ! ,ontological ,pro(2 yet z ?\gh he c\ld detect ?is piece ( s*ola/ic juggl]y ?r\gh ! %ades ( com+ d>kness & 7 anxi\s to b> ! road to x1 he c>efully %[s#bg t def9+ a ?+ & prov+ its exi/5ce are two diff]5t matt]s1 sep>ate to all et]nity2 s9ce by ! "o we le>n :at x is t is meant1 & by ! o!r t su* a ?+ exi/s4 ,l an oracle ( ! future1 he pron\nces ! s5t5ce3 ' 3 7,,esse autem nullius rei ess5tia1 e/1 qu&oquidem ens non e/ g5us7 :i* means3 ,exi/5ce nev] c belong to ! ess5ce ( a ?+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we may see h[ great 0 ,h]r von ,s*ell+'s v5]ation = ! ,ontological ,pro( 9 a long note1 p4 #aeb1 ( ! #a/ vol4 ( 8 ,philosophis*e ,s*rift5 ( #ahji4 ,we may ev5 see 9 x some?+ /ill m in/ructive1 i4e41 h[ easily ,g]mans all[ s& to be ?r[n 9 _! eyes by impud5ce & blu/]+ swagg]4 ,b = s ?or\ghly pitiable a creature z ,hegel1 ^: :ole pseudo-philosophy is b a mon/r\s amplification ( ! ,ontological ,pro(1 to h und]tak5 its def5ce aga9/ ,kant1 is inde$ an alliance ( :i* ! ,ontological ,pro( itself might be a%am$1 h[ev] little x may 9 g5]al be giv5 to blu%+4 ,h[ c ,i be expect$ to speak ) def]5ce ( m51 :o h br\ght philosophy into contempt8 #bg ,ari/ot41 ,analyt4 po/4 c4 #g4 #h4 ,sp9oza4 ,al?\gh ,sp9oza's philosophy ma9ly consi/s 9 ! negation ( ! d\ble dualism betwe5 ,god & ! _w & betwe5 s\l & body1 :i* 8 tea*]1 ,desc>tes1 _h set up1 he nev]!less rema9$ true to 8 ma/] 9 conf\nd+ & int]*ang+ ! relation betwe5 reason & consequ5ce ) t betwe5 cause & effect2 he ev5 endeav\r$ to draw f x a /ill great] advantage = 8 own metaphysics ?an ,desc>tes = 81 = he made ?is confusion ! f\ndation ( 8 :ole ,pan!ism4 ,a conception conta9s implicite all its ess5tial pr$icates1 s t !y may be develop$ out ( x explicite by means ( m]e analytical judgm5ts3 ! sum total ( !m be+ its def9ition4 ,?is def9ition !re=e diff]s f ! conception itself m]ely 9 =m & n 9 cont5t2 = x consi/s ( judgm5ts :i* are all conta9$ )9 t conception1 & !re=e h _! reason 9 x1 9 z f> z !y %[ its ess5ce4 ,we may accord+ly look ^u ^! judgm5ts z ! consequ5ces ( t conception1 consid]$ z _! reason4 ,n[ ?is relation betwe5 a conception & ! judgm5ts f\nd$ ^u x & susceptible ( be+ develop$ out ( x by analysis1 is precisely ! relation betwe5 ,sp9oza's s-call$ ,god & ! _w1 or r betwe5 ! "o & only sub/ance & its numb]less accid5ts 7,deus1 sive sub/antia con/ans inf9itis attributis#bh--;,deus1 sive omnia ,dei attributa74 ,x is !re=e ! relation 9 k ( ! reason to its consequ5t2 :]eas true ,!ism 7,sp9oza's ,!ism is m]ely nom9al7 assumes ! relation ( ! cause to its effect1 9 :i* ! cause rema9s diff]5t & sep>ate f ! consequ5ce1 n only 9 ! way 9 :i* we consid] !m1 b really & ess5tially1 !re=e 9 !mselves to all et]nity4 ,= ! ^w ,god1 hone/ly us$1 means a cause su* z ?is ( ! _w1 ) ! addition ( p]sonality4 ,an imp]sonal ,god is1 on ! contr>y1 a contradictio 9 adjecto4 ,n[ z nev]!less1 ev5 9 ! case z /at$ by him1 ,sp9oza desir$ to reta9 ! ^w ,god to express sub/ance1 & explicitly call$ ?is ! cause ( ! _w1 he c\ld f9d no o!r way to d x ?an by completely int]m+l+ ! two relations1 & conf\nd+ ! pr9ciple ( ! reason ( k ) ! pr9ciple ( causality4 ,i call att5tion to ! foll[+ passages 9 corroboration ( ?is /atem5t4 ,not&um1 d>i necess>io unius cujusque rei exi/5tis c]tam aliquam ,,causam1 propt] quam exi/it4 ,et not&um1 hanc causam1 propt] qu>t aliqua res exi/it1 vel deb]e cont9]i 9 ipsa natura et ,,def9itione rei exi/5tis 7nimirum quod ad ipsius naturam p]t9et exi/]e71 vel deb]e ,,extra ipsam d>i4#bi ,9 ! la/ case he means an effici5t cause1 z appe>s f :at foll[s1 :]eas 9 ! fir/ he means a m]e reason ( k2 yet he id5tifies bo?1 & by ?is means prep>es ! way = id5tify+ ,god ) ! _w1 :i* is 8 int5tion4 ,?is is ! artifice ( :i* he always makes use1 & :i* he has le>nt f ,desc>tes4 ,he sub/itutes a cause act+ f )\t1 = a reason ( k ly+ )91 a giv5 conception4 ,ex necessitate div9 natur omnia1 qu sub intellectum inf9itum cad]e possunt1 sequi deb5t4#cj ,at ! same "t he calls ,god ev]y:]e ! cause ( ! _w4 ,quidquid exi/it ,dei pot5tiam1 qu omnium r]um ,,causa e/1 exprimit4#ca--;,deus e/ omnium r]um ,,causa imman5s1 non v]o transi5s4#cb--;,deus non tantam e/ ,,causa ,,effici5s r]um exi/5ti1 s$ etiam ess5ti4#cc--;,ex data quacunque ,,idea aliquis ,,effectus necess>io sequi debat4#cd--;,&3 ,nulla res nisi a causa ext]na pote/ de/rui4#ce--;,demon/r4 ,,def9itio cujuscunque rei1 ipsius ess5tiam 7ess5ce1 nature1 z diff]+ f exi/5tia1 exi/5ce71 affirmat1 s$ non negat2 sive rei ess5tiam ponit1 s$ non tollit4 ,dum itaque ad rem ipsam tantum1 non autem ad causas ext]nas att5dimus1 nihil 9 eadem pot]imus inv5ire1 quod ipsam possit de/ru]e4 ,?is means1 t z no conception c conta9 any?+ :i* contradicts its def9ition1 i4e41 ! sum total ( its pr$icates1 nei!r c an exi/5ce conta9 any?+ :i* might become a cause ( its de/ruction4 ,?is view1 h[ev]1 is br\ght to a climax 9 ! some:at l5g?y second demon/ration ( ! #aa? ,proposition1 9 :i* he conf\nds a cause capable ( de/roy+ or annihilat+ a be+1 ) a contradiction conta9$ 9 its def9ition & !re=e de/roy+ t def9ition4 ,8 ne$ ( conf\nd+ cause ) reason "h becomes s urg5t1 t he c nev] say causa or ratio alone1 b always f9ds x necess>y to put ratio seu causa4 ,accord+ly1 ?is occurs z _m z eight times 9 ! same page1 9 ord] to conceal ! subt]fuge4 ,desc>tes _h done ! same 9 ! above-m5tion$ axiom4 #bh ,sp9oza1 ,e?4 i4 prop4 #aa4 #bi ,sp9oza1 ,e?4 ,p4 #a4 prop4 #h1 s*ol4 #b4 #cj ,ibid4 ,prop4 #af4 #ca ,ibid4 ,prop4 #cf1 demon/r4 #cb ,ibid4 ,prop4 #ah4 #cc ,ibid4 ,prop4 #be4 #cd ,e?4 ,p4 iii4 prop4 #a1 demon/r4 #ce ,ibid4 ,prop4 #d4 ,?us1 prop]ly speak+1 ,sp9oza's ,pan!ism is m]ely ! realisation ( ,desc>tes' ,ontological ,pro(4 ,fir/1 he adopts ,desc>tes' onto!ological proposition1 to :i* we h allud$ above1 ipsa natur ,dei imm5sitas e/ ,,causa ,,sive ,,ratio1 propt] quam nulla causa indiget ad exi/5dum1 always say+ sub/antia in/ead ( ,deus 79 ! beg9n+72 & !n he f9i%es by sub/anti ess5tia necess>io involvit exi/5tiam1 ergo erit sub/antia ,,causa ,,sui4#cf ,!re=e ! v same argum5t :i* ,desc>tes _h us$ to prove ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 is us$ by ,sp9oza to prove ! exi/5ce ( ! _w1--:i* consequ5tly ne$s no ,god4 ,he does ?is /ill m di/9ctly 9 ! #bnd ,s*olium to ! #h? ,proposition3 ,quoniam ad naturam sub/antia p]t9et exi/]e1 debet ejus def9itio necess>iam exi/5tiam involv]e1 et consequ5t] ex sola ejus def9itione debet ipsius exi/5tia concludi4 ,b ?is sub/ance is1 z we "k1 ! _w4 ,! demon/ration to ,proposition #bd says 9 ! same s5se3 ,id1 cujus natura 9 se consid]ata 7i4e41 9 its def9ition7 involvit exi/5tiam1 e/ ,,causa ,,sui4 #cf ,e?4 ,p4 i4 prop4 #g4 ,= :at ,desc>tes _h /at$ 9 an exclusively ideal & subjective s5se1 i4e41 only = u1 = cognitive purposes--9 ?is in/ance = ! sake ( prov+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god--,sp9oza took 9 a real & objective s5se1 z ! actual relation ( ,god to ! _w4 ,accord+ to ,desc>tes1 ! exi/5ce ( ,god is conta9$ 9 ! conception ( ,god1 !re=e x becomes an argum5t = 8 actual be+3 accord+ to ,sp9oza1 ,god is himself conta9$ 9 ! _w4 ,?us :at1 ) ,desc>tes1 0 only reason ( k1 becomes1 ) ,sp9oza1 reason ( fact4 ,if ! =m]1 9 8 ,ontological ,pro(1 taught t ! exi/5tia ( ,god is a consequ5ce ( ! ess5tia ( ,god1 ! latt] turns ?is into causa sui1 & boldly op5s 8 ,e?ics )3 p] causam sui intelligo id1 cujus ess5tia 7conception7 involvit exi/5tiam1 rema9+ deaf to ,ari/otle's w>n+ cry1 ' 6 ,n[1 ?is is ! mo/ palpable confusion ( reason & cause4 ,& if ,neo-,sp9ozans 7,s*ell+ites1 ,hegelians1 c471 ) :om words are wont to pass = ?\ghts1 (t5 indulge 9 pomp\s1 solemn admiration = ?is causa sui1 = my own "p ,i see no?+ b a contradictio 9 adjecto 9 ?is same causa sui1 a be=e t is aft]1 an audaci\s comm& to u1 to sev] arbitr>ily ! et]nal causal *a9--some?+1 9 %ort1 v l ! proce$+ ( t ,au/rian1 :o f9d+ himself unable to rea* high en\gh to fa/5 ! clasp on 8 tightly-/rapp$ %ako1 got ^u a *air4 ,! "r emblem = causa sui is ,b>on ,mn*haus51 s9k+ on horseback into ! wat]1 cl++ by ! legs to 8 horse & pull+ bo? himself & ! animal out by 8 own pigtail1 ) ! motto und]nea?3 ,causa sui4 ,let u f9ally ca/ a look at ! #af? proposition ( ! #a/ book ( ! ,e?ics4 ,"h we f9d ,sp9oza conclud+ f ! proposition1 ex data cujuscunque rei def9itione plures proprietates intellectus concludit1 qu rev]a ex eadem necess>io sequuntur1 t ex necessitate div91 natur 7i4e41 tak5 z a reality71 inf9ita inf9itis modis sequi deb5t3 ?is ,god !re=e unque/ionably /&s 9 ! same relation to ! _w z a conception to its def9ition4 ,! coroll>y1 ,deum omnium r]um esse ,,causam ,,effici5tem1 is nev]!less imm$iately connect$ ) x4 ,x is impossible to c>ry ! confusion betwe5 reason & cause f>!r1 nor c\ld x lead to grav] consequ5ces ?an "h4 ,b ?is %[s ! importance ( ! subject ( ! pres5t treatise4 ,9 endeav\r+ to add a ?ird /ep to ! climax 9 "q1 ,h]r von ,s*ell+ has contribut$ a small aft]piece to ^! errors1 into :i* two mighty intellects ( ! pa/ _h fall5 ow+ to insuffici5t cle>ness 9 ?9k+4 ,if ,desc>tes met ! dem&s ( ! inexorable law ( causality1 :i* r$uc$ 8 ,god to ! la/ /raits1 by sub/itut+ a reason in/ead ( ! cause requir$1 9 ord] ?us to set ! matt] at re/2 & if ,sp9oza made a real cause out ( ?is reason1 i4e41 causa sui1 8 ,god !reby becom+ ! _w itself3 ,s*ell+ n[ made reason & consequ5t sep>ate 9 ,god himself4#cg ,he ?us gave ! ?+ /ill great] consi/5cy by elevat+ x to a real1 sub/antial hypo/asis ( reason & consequ5t1 & introduc+ u to some?+ 9 ,god1 :i* is n himself1 b 8 reason1 z a prim>y reason1 or r reason beyond reason 7abyss74 ,hoc quidem v]e palm>ium e/4--,x is n[ kn[n t ,s*ell+ _h tak5 ! :ole fable f ,jacob ,bhme's ,full acc\nt ( ! t]re/rial & cele/ial my/]y2 b :at appe>s to me to be less well kn[n1 is ! s\rce f :i* ,jacob ,bhme himself _h tak5 x1 & ! real bir?-place ( ?is s-call$ abyss1 :]e=e ,i n[ take ! lib]ty to m5tion x4 ,x is ! 1 i4e4 abyssus1 vorago1 bottomless pit1 reason beyond reason ( ! ,val5t9ians 7a h]etical sect ( ! second c5tury7 :i*1 9 sil5ce--co-ess5tial ) itself--eng5d]$ intellig5ce & ! _w1 z ,ir5u#ch relates 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 1 1 1 4-- 1 1 4 1 1 ' 1 7 7 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 4#ci 7,dicunt enim esse qu5dam 9 sublimitatibus illis1 qu nec oculis c]ni1 nec nom9>i possunt1 p]fectum onem prexi/5tem1 quem et pro>*51 et propatorem1 et ,by?um vocant4 ,eum autem1 quum incompreh5sibilis et invisibilis1 sempit]nus idem1 et +5itus esset1 inf9itis temporum seculis 9 summa quiete ac tranquillitate fuisse4 ,un etiam cum eo ,cogitationem ex/itisse1 quam et ,gratiam et ,sil5tium 7,sig57 nuncupant4 ,hunc porro ,by?um 9 animum1 aliqu&o induxisse1 r]um omnium initium pr(]re1 atque hanc1 quam 9 animum indux]at1 productionem1 9 ,sig5 7sil5tium7 qu un cum eo erat1 non secus atque 9 vulvam demisisse4 ,hanc v]o1 suscepto hoc sem9e1 prgnantem effectam pep]isse ,intellectum1 p>5ti suo p>em et qualem1 atque ita comp>atum1 ut solus pat]n magnitud9is capax esset4 ,atque hunc ,intellectum et ,monog5em et ,patrem et pr9cipum omnium r]um appellant47 #cg ,s*ell+1 ,abh&lung von d] m5s*li*5 ,freiheit4 #ch ,ir5u1 ,contr4 hres4 lib4 i4 c4 #a4 #ci ,= !y say t 9 ^? unse5 heights :i* h no "n !re is a pre-exi/+1 p]fect on2 ?is !y also call =e-rule1 =efa!r & ! dep?4--,!y say1 t be+ incompreh5sible & invisible1 et]nal & unborn1 he has exi/$ dur+ endless ons 9 ! deepe/ calmness & tranquillity2 & t coexi/+ ) him 0 ,?\ght1 :i* !y also call ,grace & ,sil5ce4 ,?is ,dep? once be?\ght him to put =? f himself ! beg9n+ ( all ?+s & to lay t (f%oot--:i* he _h resolv$ to put =?--l a sp]m into ! coexi/+ ,sil5ce1 z x 7 into a womb4 ,n[ ?is ,sil5ce1 be+ ?us impregnat$ & hav+ conceiv$1 gave bir? to ,intellect1 a be+ :i* 0 l & equal to its ,creator1 & alone able to compreh5d ! greatness ( its fa!r4 ,?is ,intellect also !y call ! ,only-begott5 & ! ,beg9n+ ( all ?+s4 ,tr4's add4 ,someh[ or o!r ?is mu/ h come to ,jacob ,bhme's he>+ f ! ,hi/ory ( ,h]esy1 & ,h]r von ,s*ell+ mu/ h receiv$ x f him 9 all fai?4 #i4 ,leibnitz4 ,x 0 ,leibnitz :o fir/ =mally /at$ ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason z a ma9 pr9ciple ( all k & ( all sci5ce4 ,he proclaims x v pomp\sly 9 v>i\s passages ( 8 works1 giv+ himself great airs1 z ?\gh he _h be5 ! fir/ to inv5t x2 yet all he f9ds to say ab\t x is1 t ev]y?+ mu/ h a suffici5t reason = be+ z x is1 & n o!rwise3 & ?is ! _w _h probably f\nd out be=e him4 ,true1 he makes casual allusions to ! di/9ction betwe5 its two *ief significations1 )\t1 h[ev]1 lay+ any p>ticul> /ress ^u x1 or expla9+ x cle>ly any:]e else4 ,! pr9cipal ref]5ce to x is 9 8 ,pr9cipia ,philosophi1 #cb1 & a little m satisfactorily 9 ! ,fr5* v]sion1 entitl$ ,monadologie3 ,en v]tu du pr9cipe de la raison suffisante1 n\s considrons qu'aucun fait ne sauroit se tr\v] vrai ou exi/ant1 aucune nonciation vritable1 sans qu'il y ait une raison suffisante1 p\rquoi il en soit a9si et non pas autrem5t4#dj #dj ,comp>e ) ?is #dd ( 8 ,!odice1 & 8 #e? lett] to ,cl>ke1 #abe4 #aj4 ,wolf4 ,! fir/ writ] :o explicitly sep>at$ ! two *ief significations ( our pr9ciple1 & /at$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m 9 detail1 0 !re=e ,wolf4 ,wolf1 h[ev]1 does n place ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason 9 ,logic1 z is n[ ! cu/om1 b 9 ,ontology4 ,true1 9 #ga he urges ! necessity ( n conf\nd+ ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason ( kn[+ ) t ( cause & effect2 /ill he does n cle>ly det]m9e "h :]e9 ! diff]5ce consi/s4 ,inde$1 he himself mi/akes ! "o = ! o!r2 = he quotes in/ances ( cause & effect 9 confirmation ( ! pr9cipium rationis suffici5tis 9 ?is v *apt]1 de ratione suffici5te1 #gj1 #gd1 #ge1 #gg1 :i*1 _h he really wi%$ to pres]ve t di/9ction1 ought r to h be5 quot$ 9 ! *apt] de causis ( ! same "w4 ,9 said *apt] he aga9 br+s =w>d precisely simil> in/ances1 & once m enunciates ! pr9cipium cognosc5di 7 #hgf71 :i* does n c]ta9ly belong to x1 hav+ be5 already discuss$1 yet :i* s]ves to introduce ! imm$iately foll[+ cle> & def9ite di/9ction betwe5 ?is pr9ciple & ! law ( causality1 #hha-hhd4 ,pr9cipium1 he cont9ues1 dicitur id1 quod 9 se cont9et rationem alt]ius2 & he di/+ui%es ?ree k9ds3 #a4 ,,pr9cipium ,,fi5di 7causa71 :i* he def9es z ratio actualitatis alt]ius1 e4g41 si lapis calescit1 ignis aut radii sol>es sunt rationes1 cur calor lapidi insit4--#b4 ,,pr9cipium ,,ess5di1 :i* he def9es z ratio possibilitatis alt]ius2 9 eodem1 exemplo1 ratio possibilitatis1 cur lapis calorem recip]e possit1 e/ 9 ess5tia seu modo compositionis lapidis4 ,?is la/ conception seems to me inadmissible4 ,if x has any mean+ at all1 possibility means correspond5ce ) ! g5]al conditions ( exp]i5ce kn[n to u priori1 z ,kant has suffici5tly %[n4 ,f ^! conditions we "k1 ) respect to ,wolf's in/ance ( ! /one1 t *anges are possible z effects proce$+ f causes3 we "k1 t is1 t "o /ate c succe$ ano!r1 if ! =m] conta9s ! conditions = ! latt]4 ,9 ?is case we f9d1 z effect1 ! /ate ( be+ w>m 9 ! /one2 z cause1 ! prec$+ /ate ( a limit$ capacity = w>m? 9 ! /one & its contact ) free heat4 ,n[1 ,wolf's nam+ ! fir/ m5tion$ prop]ty ( ?is /ate pr9cipium ess5di1 & ! second1 pr9cipium fi5di1 re/s ^u a delusion caus$ by ! fact t1 s f> z ! /one is conc]n$1 ! conditions are m la/+ & c !re=e wait long] = ! o!rs4 ,t ! /one %\ld be z x is3 t is1 t x %\ld be *emically s con/itut$ z to br+ ) x a p>ticul> degree ( specific heat1 consequ5tly a capacity = heat :i* /&s 9 inv]se proportion to its specific heat2 t besides x %\ld1 on ! o!r h&1 come into contact ) free heat1 is ! consequ5ce ( a :ole *a9 ( antec$5t causes1 all ( !m pr9cipia fi5di2 b x is ! co9cid5ce ( circum/ances on bo? sides :i* prim>ily con/itutes t condition1 ^u :i*1 z cause1 ! becom+ w>m dep5ds1 z effect4 ,all ?is leaves no room = ,wolf's pr9cipium ess5di1 :i* ,i !re=e d n admit1 & conc]n+ :i* ,i h "h ent]$ some:at into detail1 p>tly because ,i mean to use ! ^w myself lat] on 9 a totally diff]5t s5se2 p>tly also1 because ?is explanation contributes to facilitate ! compreh5sion ( ! law ( causality4--#c4 ,wolf1 z we h said1 di/+ui%es a ,,pr9cipium ,,cognosc5di1 & ref]s also "u causa to a causa impulsiva1 sive ratio voluntatem det]m9ans4 #aa4 ,philosoph]s betwe5 ,wolf & ,kant4 ,baumg>t5 repeats ! ,wolfian di/9ctions 9 8 ,metaphysica1 #bj-bd1 & #cjf-cac4 ,reim>us1 9 8 ,v]nunftlehre1#da #ha1 di/+ui%es #a4 ,inw>d reason1 ( :i* 8 explanation agrees ) ,wolf's ratio ess5di1 & might ev5 be applicable to ! ratio cognosc5di1 if he did n transf] to ?+s :at only applies to conceptions2 #b4 ,outw>d reason1 i4e4 causa4-- #abj et seqq41 he rightly def9es ! ratio cognosc5di z a condition ( ! proposition2 b 9 an example1 #abe1 he nev]!less conf\nds x ) cause4 #da ,doctr9e ( ,reason4 ,lamb]t1 9 ! new ,organon1 does n m5tion ,wolf's di/9ctions2 he %[s1 h[ev]1 t he recognizes a diff]5ce betwe5 reason ( k & cause2#db = he says t ,god is ! pr9cipium ess5di ( tru?s1 & t tru?s are ! pr9cipia cognosc5di ( ,god4 #db ,lamb]t1 ,new ,organon1 vol4 i4 #egb4 ,plattn]1 9 8 ,aphorisms1 #hfh1 says3 ,:at is call$ reason & conclusion )9 our k 7pr9cipium cognosc5di1 ratio--rationatum71 is 9 reality cause & effect 7causa effici5s--effectus74 ,e cause is a reason1 e effect a conclusion4 ,he is !re=e ( op9ion t cause & effect1 9 reality1 correspond to ! conceptions reason & consequ5ce 9 our ?\ght2 t ! =m] /& 9 a simil> relation ) respect to ! latt] z sub/ance & accid5t1 = in/ance1 to subject & pr$icate1 or ! quality ( ! object to our s5sation ( t quality1 c4 c4 ,i ?9k x useless to refute ?is op9ion1 = x is easy to see t premisses & conclusion 9 judgm5ts /& 9 an entirely diff]5t relation to "o ano!r f a k ( cause & effect2 al?\gh 9 individual cases ev5 k ( a cause1 z su*1 may be ! reason ( a judgm5t :i* enunciates ! effect4#dc #dc ,comp>e #cf4 ( ?is treatise4 #ab4 ,hume4 ,no "o be=e ?is s]i\s ?9k] _h ev] d\bt$ :at foll[s4 ,fir/1 & be=e all ?+s 9 heav5 & on e>?1 is ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason 9 ! =m ( ! ,law ( ,causality4 ,= x is a v]itas t]na3 i4e4 x is 9 & by itself above ,gods & ,fate2 :]eas ev]y?+ else1 ! und]/&+1 = in/ance1 :i* ?9ks t pr9ciple1 & no less ! :ole _w & :atev] may be its cause--atoms1 motion1 a ,creator1 et ct]a--is :at x is only 9 accordance )1 & by virtue (1 t pr9ciple4 ,hume 0 ! fir/ to :om x occurr$ to inquire :5ce ?is law ( causality d]ives its au?ority1 & to dem& its cr$5tials4 ,ev]yone kn[s ! result at :i* he arrives3 t causality is no?+ beyond ! empirically p]ceiv$ succession ( ?+s & /ates 9 ,"t1 ) :i* habit has made u famili>4 ,! fallacy ( ?is result is felt at once1 nor is x difficult to refute4 ,! m]it lies 9 ! "q itself2 = x became ! impulse & />t+-po9t = ,kant's pr(\nd rese>*es1 & by _! means l$ to an incomp>ably deep] & m ?or\gh view ( ,idealism ?an ! "o :i* _h hi!rto exi/$1 & :i* 0 *iefly ,b]keley's4 ,x l$ to transc5d5tal ,idealism1 f :i* arises ! conviction1 t ! _w is z dep5d5t ^u u1 z a :ole1 z we are dep5d5t ^u x 9 detail4 ,=1 by po9t+ out ! exi/5ce ( ^? transc5d5tal pr9ciples1 z su*1 :i* enable u to det]m9e priori1 i4e4 be=e all exp]i5ce1 c]ta9 po9ts conc]n+ objects & _! possibility1 he prov$ t ^! ?+s c\ld n exi/1 z !y pres5t !mselves to u1 indep5d5tly ( our k4 ,! resemblance betwe5 a _w su* z ?is & a dream1 is obvi\s4 #ac4 ,kant & 8 ,s*ool4 ,kant's *ief passage on ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason is 9 a little "w entitl$ ,on a discov]y1 :i* is to p]mit u to disp5se ) all ,criticism ( ,pure ,reason4#dd ,section ,i41 lit4 ,a4 ,"h he /rongly urges ! di/9ction betwe5 ! logical 7=mal7 pr9ciple ( cognition 'e proposition mu/ h its reason1' & ! transc5d5tal 7mat]ial7 pr9ciple 'e ?+ mu/ h its cause1' 9 8 controv]sy ) ,eb]h>d1 :o _h id5tifi$ !m z "o & ! same4--,i int5d myself to criticize ,kant's pro( ( ! priori & consequ5tly transc5d5tal "* ( ! law ( causality fur!r on 9 a sep>ate p>agraph1 aft] hav+ giv5 ! only true pro(4 #dd ,ueb] e9e ,entdeckung1 na* d] alle ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft entbehrli* gema*t w]d5 soll4 ,) ^! prec$5ts to guide !m1 ! sev]al writ]s on ,logic belong+ to ,kant's s*ool2 ,h(bau]1 ,maass1 ,jakob1 ,kiesewett] & o!rs1 h def9$ pretty accurately ! di/9ction betwe5 reason & cause4 ,kiesewett]1 m especially1 gives x ?us q satisfactorily3#de ,reason ( k is n to be conf\nd$ ) reason ( fact 7cause74 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason belongs to ,logic1 t ( ,causality to ,metaphysics4#df ,! =m] is ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ?\ght2 ! latt] t ( exp]i5ce4 ,cause ref]s to real ?+s1 logical reason has only to d ) repres5tations4 #de ,kiesewett]1 ,logik1 vol4 i4 p4 #af4 #df ,ibid4 p4 #fj4 ,kant's adv]s>ies urge ?is di/9ction /ill m /rongly4 ,g4 ,e4 ,s*ultze#dg compla9s t ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason is conf\nd$ ) t ( ,causality4 ,salomon ,maimon#dh regrets t s mu* %\ld be said ab\t ! suffici5t reason )\t an explanation ( :at is meant by x1 :ile he blames ,kant#di = d]iv+ ! pr9ciple ( causality f ! logical =m ( hypo!tical judgm5ts4 #dg ,g4 ,e4 ,s*ultze1 ,logik1 #ai1 ,anm]kung #a1 und #fc4 #dh ,sal4 ,maimon1 ,logik1 p4 #bj1 #ba4 #di ,ibid4 ,vorr$e1 p4 xxiv4 ,f4 ,h4 ,jacobi#ej says1 t by ! conf\nd+ ( ! two conceptions1 reason & cause1 an illusion is produc$1 :i* has giv5 rise to v>i\s false speculations2 & he po9ts out ! di/9ction betwe5 !m aft] 8 own fa%ion4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 z is usual ) him1 we f9d a good deal m ( self-complac5t phrase-juggl]y ?an ( s]i\s philosophy4 #ej ,jacobi1 ,briefe b] die ,lehre des ,sp9oza1 ,beilage #g1 p4 #dad4 ,h[ ,h]r von ,s*ell+ f9ally di/+ui%es reason f cause1 may be se5 9 8 ,aphorisms introductory to ! ,philosophy ( ,nature1#ea #ahd1 :i* op5 ! fir/ book ( ! fir/ volume ( ,m>cus & ,s*ell+'s ,annals ( ,m$ec9e4 ,"h we are taught t gravity is ! reason & light ! cause ( all ?+s4 ,?is ,i m]ely quote z a curiosity2 = su* r&om talk w\ld n o!rwise des]ve a place among ! op9ions ( s]i\s & hone/ inquir]s4 #ea ,aphorism5 zur ,e9leitung 9 die ,naturphilosophie4 #ad4 ,on ! ,pro(s ( ! ,pr9ciple4 ,we h /ill to record v>i\s fruitless attempts :i* h be5 made to prove ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason1 mo/ly )\t cle>ly def9+ 9 :i* s5se x 0 tak53 ,wolf's1 = in/ance1 9 8 ,ontology1 #gj1 repeat$ by ,baumg>t5 9 8 ,metaphysics1 #bj4 ,x is useless to repeat & refute x "h1 z x obvi\sly re/s on a v]bal quibble4 ,plattn]#eb & ,jakob#ec h tri$ o!r pro(s1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! circle is easily detect$4 ,i purpose deal+ ) ^? ( ,kant fur!r on1 z ,i h already said4 ,s9ce ,i hope1 9 ! c\rse ( ?is treatise1 to po9t out ! diff]5t laws ( our cognitive faculties1 ( :i* ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason is ! common expression1 x w result z a matt] ( c\rse1 t ?is pr9ciple _c be prov$1 & t1 on ! contr>y1 ,ari/otle's rem>k3#ed 4 7rationem eorum qurant1 quorum non e/ ratio3 demon/rationis enim pr9cipium non e/ demon/ratio7 may be appli$ ) equal propriety to all ^! pro(s4 ,= e pro( is a ref]5ce to some?+ already recognis$2 & if we cont9ue requir+ a pro( aga9 = ?is some?+1 :atev] x be1 we at la/ arrive at c]ta9 propositions :i* express ! =ms & laws1 !re=e ! conditions1 ( all ?\ght & ( all k1 9 ! application ( :i* consequ5tly all ?\ght & all k consi/s3 s t c]ta9ty is no?+ b correspond5ce ) ^? conditions1 =ms1 & laws1 !re=e _! own c]ta9ty _c aga9 be asc]ta9$ by means ( o!r propositions4 ,9 ! fif? *apt] ,i mean to discuss ! k9d ( tru? :i* belongs to propositions su* z ^!4 #eb ,plattn]1 ,aphorism51 #hbh4 #ec ,jakob1 ,logik und ,metaphysik1 p4 #ch 7#agid74 #ed ,ari/otle1 ,metaph4 iii4 #f4 ,!y seek a reason = t :i* has no reason2 = ! pr9ciple ( demon/ration is n demon/ration4 ,tr4's add4 ,comp>e ) ?is citation ,analyt4 po/4 i4 #b4 ,to seek a pro( = ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason1 is1 moreov]1 an especially flagrant absurdity1 :i* %[s a want ( reflection4 ,e pro( is a demon/ration ( ! reason = a judgm5t :i* has be5 pron\nc$1 & :i* receives ! pr$icate true 9 virtue precisely ( t demon/ration4 ,?is necessity = a reason is exactly :at ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason expresses4 ,n[ if we require a pro( ( x1 or1 9 o!r words1 a demon/ration ( its reason1 we !reby already assume x to be true1 nay1 we f\nd our dem& precisely ^u t assumption1 & ?us we f9d ourselves involv$ 9 ! circle ( exact+ a pro( ( our "r to exact a pro(4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,insuffici5cy ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,& ,,outl9es ,,( ,a ,,new ,,demon/ration4 #ae4 ,cases :i* are n compris$ among ! old e/abli%$ mean+s ( ! ,pr9ciple4 ,f ! summ>y giv5 9 ! prec$+ *apt] we ga!r1 t two di/9ct applications ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason h be5 recogniz$1 al?\gh v gradually1 v t>dily1 & n )\t frequ5t relapses into error & confusion3 ! "o be+ its application to judgm5ts1 :i*1 to be true1 mu/ h a reason2 ! o!r1 its application to *anges 9 mat]ial objects1 :i* mu/ always h a cause4 ,9 bo? cases we f9d ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason au?oriz+ u to ask :y8 a quality :i* is ess5tial to x4 ,b are all ! cases 9 :i* x au?orizes u to ask :y compris$ 9 ^! two relations8 ,if ,i ask3 ,:y are ! ?ree sides ( ?is triangle equal8 ! answ] is3 ,because ! ?ree angles are s4 ,n[1 is ! equality ( ! angles ! cause ( ! equality ( ! sides8 ,no2 = "h we h to d ) no *ange1 consequ5tly ) no effect :i* mu/ h a cause4--,is x m]ely a logical reason8 ,no2 = ! equality ( ! angle is n only a pro( ( ! equality ( ! sides1 x is n only ! f\ndation ( a judgm5t3 m]e conceptions alone w\ld nev] suffice to expla9 :y ! sides mu/ be equal1 because ! angles are s2 = ! conception ( ! equality ( ! sides is n conta9$ 9 t ( ! equality ( ! angles4 ,"h !re=e we h no connection betwe5 conceptions & judgm5ts1 b betwe5 sides & angles4 ,! equality ( ! angles is n ! direct1 b ! indirect reason1 by :i* we "k ! equality ( ! sides2 = x is ! reason :y a ?+ is su* z x is 79 ?is case1 t ! sides are equal73 ! angles be+ equal1 ! sides mu/ !re=e be equal4 ,"h we h a necess>y connection betwe5 angles & sides1 n a direct1 necess>y connection betwe5 two judgm5ts4--,or aga91 if ,i ask :y infecta facta1 b nev] facta infecta fi]i possunt1 consequ5tly :y ! pa/ is absolutely irrevocable1 ! future inevitable1 ev5 ?is does n admit ( purely logical pro( by means ( m]e ab/ract conceptions1 nor does x belong ei!r to causality1 :i* only rules occurr5ces )9 ,"t1 n ,"t itself4 ,! pres5t h\r hurl$ ! prec$+ "o into ! bottomless pit ( ! pa/1 n ?r\gh causality1 b imm$iately1 ?r\gh its m]e exi/5ce1 :i* exi/5ce 0 nev]!less inevitable4 ,x is impossible to make ?is compreh5sible or ev5 cle>] by means ( m]e conceptions2 we recognise x1 on ! contr>y1 q directly & in/9ctively1 j z we recognize ! diff]5ce betwe5 "r & left & all t dep5ds ^u x3 = in/ance1 t our left glove w n fit our "r h&1 c4 c4 ,n[1 z all ^? cases 9 :i* ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason f9ds its application _c !re=e be r$uc$ to logical reason & consequ5ce & to cause & effect1 ! law ( specification _c h be5 suffici5tly att5d$ to 9 ?is classification4 ,! law ( homog5eity1 h[ev]1 obliges u to assume1 t ^! cases _c diff] to inf9ity1 b t !y may be r$uc$ to c]ta9 species4 ,n[1 be=e attempt+ ?is classification1 x w be necess>y to det]m9e :at is peculi> to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason 9 all cases1 z its special *>act]i/ic2 because ! conception ( ! g5us mu/ always be det]m9$ be=e ! conception ( ! species4 #af4 ,! ,roots ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason4 ,our kn[+ consci\sness1 :i* manife/s itself z out] & inn] ,s5sibility 7or receptivity7 & z ,und]/&+ & ,reason1 subdivides itself into ,subject & ,object & conta9s no?+ else4 ,to be ,object = ! ,subject & to be our repres5tation1 are ! same ?+4 ,all our repres5tations /& t[>ds "o ano!r 9 a regulat$ connection1 :i* may be det]m9$ ,,priori1 & on acc\nt ( :i*1 no?+ exi/+ sep>ately & indep5d5tly1 no?+ s+le or deta*$1 c become an ,object = u4 ,x is ?is connection :i* is express$ by ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason 9 its g5]ality4 ,n[1 al?\gh1 z may be ga!r$ f :at has gone be=e1 ?is connection assumes diff]5t =ms accord+ to ! diff]5t k9ds ( objects1 :i* =ms are diff]5tly express$ by ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason2 /ill ! connection reta9s :at is common to all ^! =ms1 & ?is is express$ 9 a g5]al & ab/ract way by our pr9ciple4 ,! relations ^u :i* x is f\nd$1 & :i* w be m closely indicat$ 9 ?is treatise1 are :at ,i call ! ,root ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason4 ,n[1 on clos] inspection1 accord+ to ! laws ( homog5eity & ( specification1 ^! relations sep>ate into di/9ct species1 :i* diff] widely f ea* o!r4 ,_! numb]1 h[ev]1 may be r$uc$ to f\r1 accord+ to ! f\r classes into :i* ev]y?+ t c become an object = u--t is to say1 all our repres5tations--may be divid$4 ,^! classes w be /at$ & consid]$ 9 ! foll[+ f\r *apt]s4 ,we %all see ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason appe> "u a diff]5t =m 9 ea* ( !m2 b x w also %[ itself "u all z ! same pr9ciple & z d]iv$ f ! said root1 precisely because x admits ( be+ express$ z above4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,on ,,! ,,fir/ ,,class ,,( ,,objects ,,= ,,! ,,subject1 ,,& ,,t ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,suffici5t ,,reason ,,:i* ,,pr$om9ates ,,9 ,,x4 #ag4 ,g5]al ,acc\nt ( ?is ,class ( ,objects4 ,! fir/ class ( objects possible to our repres5tative faculty1 is t ( intuitive1 complete1 empirical repres5tations4 ,!y are intuitive z oppos$ to m]e ?\ghts1 i4e4 ab/ract conceptions2 !y are complete1 inasmu* z1 accord+ to ,kant's di/9ction1 !y n only conta9 ! =mal1 b also ! mat]ial "p ( ph5om5a2 & !y are empirical1 p>tly z proce$+1 n f a m]e connection ( ?\ghts1 b f an excitation ( feel+ 9 our s5sitive organism1 z _! orig91 to :i* !y con/antly ref] = evid5ce z to _! reality3 p>tly also because !y are l9k$ toge!r1 accord+ to ! unit$ laws ( ,space1 ,"t & ,causality1 9 t complex )\t beg9n+ or end :i* =ms our ,empirical ,reality4 ,z1 nev]!less1 accord+ to ! result ( ,kant's tea*+1 ?is ,empirical ,reality does n annul _! ,transc5d5tal ,ideality1 we %all consid] !m "h1 :]e we h only to d ) ! =mal elem5ts ( k1 m]ely z repres5tations4 #ah4 ,outl9e ( a ,transc5d5tal ,analysis ( ,empirical ,reality4 ,! =ms ( ^! repres5tations are ^? ( ! inn] & out] s5se2 namely1 ,"t & ,space4 ,b ^! are only p]ceptible :5 fill$4 ,_! p]ceptibility is ,matt]1 to :i* ,i %all return fur!r on1 & aga9 9 #ba4 ,if ,"t 7 ! only =m ( ^! repres5tations1 !re c\ld be no coexi/5ce1 !re=e no?+ p]man5t & no duration4 ,= ,"t is only p]ceiv$ :5 fill$1 & its c\rse is only p]ceiv$ by ! *anges :i* take place 9 t :i* fills x4 ,! p]man5ce ( an object is !re=e only recogniz$ by contra/ ) ! *anges go+ on 9 o!r objects coexi/5t ) x4 ,b ! repres5tation ( coexi/5ce is impossible 9 ,"t alone2 x dep5ds1 = its completion1 ^u ! repres5tation ( ,space2 because1 9 m]e ,"t1 all ?+s foll[ "o ano!r1 & 9 m]e ,space all ?+s are side by side2 x is accord+ly only by ! comb9ation ( ,"t & ,space t ! repres5tation ( coexi/5ce arises4 ,on ! o!r h&1 7 ,space ! sole =m ( ?is class ( repres5tations1 !re w\ld be no *ange2 = *ange or alt]ation is succession ( /ates1 & succession is only possible 9 ,"t4 ,we may !re=e def9e ,"t z ! possibility ( opposite /ates 9 "o & ! same ?+4 ,?us we see1 t al?\gh inf9ite divisibility & inf9ite ext5sion are common to bo? ,"t & ,space1 ^! two =ms ( empirical repres5tations diff] fundam5tally1 inasmu* z :at is ess5tial to ! "o is )\t any mean+ at all = ! o!r3 juxtaposition hav+ no mean+ 9 ,"t1 succession no mean+ 9 ,space4 ,! empirical repres5tations :i* belong to ! ord]ly complex ( reality1 appe> not)/&+ 9 bo? =ms toge!r2 nay1 ! intimate union ( bo? is ! condition ( reality :i*1 9 a s5se1 gr[s out ( !m1 z a product gr[s out ( its factors4 ,n[ x is ! ,und]/&+ :i*1 by means ( its own peculi> function1 br+s ab\t ?is union & connects ^! het]og5e\s =ms 9 su* a mann]1 t empirical reality--albeit only = t ,und]/&+--arises out ( _! mutual int]p5etration1 & arises z a collective repres5tation1 =m+ a complex1 held toge!r by ! =ms ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 b ^: limits are problematical4 ,ea* s+le repres5tation belong+ to ?is class is a "p ( ?is complex1 ea* "o tak+ its place 9 x accord+ to laws kn[n to u priori2 9 x !re=e c\ntless objects coexi/1 because ,sub/ance1 i4e4 ,matt]1 rema9s p]man5t 9 spite ( ! ceaseless fl[ ( ,"t1 & because its /ates *ange 9 spite ( ! rigid immobility ( ,space4 ,9 ?is complex1 9 %ort1 ! :ole objective1 real _w exi/s = u4 ,! read] :o may be int]e/$ 9 ?is1 w f9d ! pres5t r\gh sket* ( ! analysis ( empirical reality fur!r work$ out 9 #d ( ! fir/ volume ( ,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung1#ee :]e a clos] explanation is giv5 ( ! way 9 :i* ! ,und]/&+ effects ?is union & ?us creates = itself ! empirical _w4 ,he w also f9d a v important help 9 ! table1 ,prdicabilia priori ( ,"t1 ,space1 & ,matt]1 :i* is add$ to ! f\r? *apt] ( ! second volume ( ! same "w1 & :i* ,i recomm5d to 8 att5tion1 z x especially %[s h[ ! contra/s ( ,"t & ,space are equally balanc$ 9 ,matt]1 z _! product1 "u ! =m ( ,causality4 #ee ,vol4 i4 p4 #ab1 & seqq4 ( ! #a/ edition2 p4 #i ( ! #crd edition4 ,we %all n[ proce$ to give a detail$ exposition ( t function ( ! ,und]/&+ :i* is ! basis ( empirical reality2 only we mu/ fir/1 by a few incid5tal explanations1 remove ! m imm$iate objections :i* ! fundam5tal idealism ( ! view ,i h adopt$ might enc\nt]4 #ai4 ,imm$iate ,pres5ce ( ,repres5tations4 ,n[ z1 not)/&+ ?is union ?r\gh ! ,und]/&+ ( ! =ms ( ! inn] & out] s5se 9 repres5t+ ,matt] & ) x a p]man5t out] _w1 all imm$iate k is nev]!less acquir$ by ! ,subject ?r\gh ! inn] s5se alone--! out] s5se be+ aga9 ,object = ! inn]1 :i* 9 its turn p]ceives ! p]ceptions ( ! out]--& z !re=e1 ) respect to ! imm$iate pres5ce ( repres5tations 9 its consci\sness1 ! ,subject rema9s "u ! rule ( ,"t alone1 z ! =m ( ! inn] s5se3#ef x foll[s1 t only "o repres5tation c be pres5t to x 7! ,subject7 at ! same "t1 al?\gh t "o may be v complicat$4 ,:5 we speak ( repres5tations z imm$iately pres5t1 we mean1 t !y are n only kn[n 9 ! union ( ,"t & ,space effect$ by ! ,und]/&+--an intuitive faculty1 z we %all soon see--?r\gh :i* ! collective repres5tation ( empirical reality arises1 b t !y are kn[n 9 m]e ,"t alone1 z repres5tations ( ! inn] s5se1 & j at ! neutral po9t at :i* its two curr5ts sep>ate1 call$ ! pres5t4 ,! necess>y condition m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph = ! imm$iate pres5ce ( a repres5tation ( ?is class1 is its causal action ^u our s5ses & consequ5tly ^u our organism1 :i* itself belongs to ?is class ( objects1 & is !re=e subject to ! causal law :i* pr$om9ates 9 x & :i* we are n[ ab\t to exam9e4 ,n[ z !re=e1 on ! "o h&1 accord+ to ! laws ( ! inn] & out] _w1 ! ,subject _c /op %ort at t "o repres5tation2 b z1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is no coexi/5ce 9 ,"t alone3 t s+le repres5tation mu/ always vani% & be sup]s$$ by o!rs1 9 virtue ( a law :i* we _c det]m9e priori1 b :i* dep5ds ^u circum/ances soon to be m5tion$4 ,x is moreov] a well-kn[n fact1 t ! imag9ation & dreams reproduce ! imm$iate pres5ce ( repres5tations2 ! inve/igation ( t fact1 h[ev]1 belongs to empirical ,psy*ology4 ,n[ z1 not)/&+ ! transitory1 isolat$ nature ( our repres5tations ) respect to _! imm$iate pres5ce 9 our consci\sness1 ! ,subject nev]!less reta9s ! repres5tation ( an all-compreh5sive complex ( reality1 z describ$ above1 by means ( ! function ( ! ,und]/&+2 repres5tations h1 on ! /r5g? ( ?is anti!sis1 be5 view$1 z some?+ q diff]5t :5 consid]$ z belong+ to t complex ?an :5 consid]$ ) ref]5ce to _! imm$iate pres5ce 9 our consci\sness4 ,f ! =m] po9t ( view !y 7 call$ real ?+s2 f ! latt] only1 repres5tations ' 4 ,?is view ( ! matt]1 :i* is ! ord9>y "o1 is kn[n "u ! "n ( ,realism4 ,on ! appe>ance ( mod]n philosophy1 ,idealism oppos$ itself to ?is ,realism & has s9ce be5 /eadily ga9+ gr\nd4 ,malebran*e & ,b]keley 7 its e>lie/ repres5tatives1 & ,kant enhanc$ x to ! p[] ( ,transc5d5tal ,idealism1 by :i* ! co-exi/5ce ( ! ,empirical ,reality ( ?+s ) _! ,transc5d5tal ,ideality becomes conceivable1 & accord+ to :i* ,kant expresses himself z foll[s3#eg ,transc5d5tal ,idealism tea*es t all ph5om5a are repres5tations only1 n ?+s by !mselves4 ,& aga93#eh ,space itself is no?+ b m]e repres5tation1 & :atev] is 9 x mu/ !re=e be conta9$ 9 t repres5tation4 ,!re is no?+ :atev] 9 ,space1 except s f> z x is really repres5t$ 9 x4 ,f9ally he says3#ei ,if we take away ! ?9k+ ,subject1 ! :ole mat]ial _w mu/ vani%2 because x is no?+ b a ph5om5on 9 ! s5sibility ( our own subject & a c]ta9 class ( its repres5tations4 ,9 ,india1 ,idealism is ev5 a doctr9e ( popul> religion1 n only ( ,brahm9ism1 b ( ,buddhism2 9 ,europe alone is x a p>adox1 9 consequ5ce ( ! ess5tially & unavoidably reali/ic pr9ciple ( ,judaism4 ,b ,realism q ov]looks ! fact1 t ! s-call$ exi/5ce ( ^! real ?+s is absolutely no?+ b _! be+ repres5t$ 7e9 ,vorge/ellt-w]d571 or--if x be insi/$1 t only ! imm$iate pres5ce 9 ! consci\sness ( ! ,subject c be call$ be+ repres5t$ ' --x is ev5 only a possibility ( be+ repres5t$ 4 ,! reali/ =gets t ! ,object ceases to be ,object ap>t f its ref]5ce to ! ,subject1 & t if we take away t ref]5ce1 or ?9k x away1 we at once d away ) all objective exi/5ce4 ,leibnitz1 :ile he cle>ly felt ! ,subject to be ! necess>y condition = ! ,object1 0 nev]!less unable to get rid ( ! ?\ght t objects exi/ by !mselves & indep5d5tly ( all ref]5ce :atsoev] to ! ,subject1 i4e4 indep5d5tly ( be+ repres5t$4 ,he !re=e assum$ 9 ! fir/ place a _w ( objects exactly l ! _w ( repres5tations & runn+ p>allel ) x1 hav+ no direct1 b only an outw>d connection ) x by means ( a h>monia pr/abilita2--obvi\sly ! mo/ sup]flu\s ?+ possible1 = x nev] comes )9 p]ception1 & ! precisely simil> _w ( repres5tations :i* does come )9 p]ception1 goes its own way reg>dless ( x4 ,:51 h[ev]1 he want$ to det]m9e m closely ! ess5ce ( ^! ?+s exi/+ objectively 9 !mselves1 he f\nd himself oblig$ to decl>e ! ,objects 9 !mselves to be ,subjects 7monades71 & by do+ s he furni%$ ! mo/ /rik+ pro( ( ! inability ( our consci\sness1 9 z f> z x is m]ely cognitive1 to f9d )9 ! limits ( ! intellect--i4e4 ( ! app>atus by means ( :i* we repres5t ! _w--any?+ beyond ,subject & ,object2 ! repres5t] & ! repres5t$4 ,!re=e1 if we ab/ract f ! objectivity ( an ,object1 or 9 o!r words1 f its be+ repres5t$ 7,vorge/ellt-w]d571 if we annul x 9 its quality z an ,object1 yet /ill wi% to reta9 some?+1 we c meet ) no?+ b ! ,subject4 ,conv]sely1 if we desire to ab/ract f ! subjectivity ( ! ,subject1 yet to h some?+ ov]1 ! contr>y takes place1 & ?is leads to ,mat]ialism4 #ef ,comp>e ,kant1 ,krit4 d4 r4 ,v]n4 ,elem5t>lehre4 ,abs*nitt ii4 ,s*lsse a4 d4 ,begr4 b & c4 #a/ edition1 pp4 #cc & #cd2 #e? edition1 p4 #di4 7,transl4 ,m4 ,mll]1 p4 #bi1 b & c47 #eg ,kant1 ,krit4 d4 r4 ,v4 ,kritik des ,vi]t5 ,p>alogismus d] transc5d5tal5 ,psy*ologie1 p4 #cfi1 #a/ edition4 7,engl4 ,transl4 by ,m4 ,mll]1 p4 #cbj47 #eh ,ibid4 #a/ edition1 pp4 #cgd-cge4 ,note4 7,engl4 ,transl4 p4 #cbe4 ,note47 #ei ,kant1 ,krit4 d4 r4 ,v4 ,betra*tung b] die ,summe1 c41 p4 #chc ( #a/ edition4 7,engl4 ,transl4 p4 #cca47 ,sp9oza1 :o nev] ?or\ghly sift$ ! matt]1 & nev] !re=e acquir$ a cle> notion ( x1 nev]!less q und]/ood ! necess>y correlation betwe5 ,subject & ,object z s ess5tial1 t !y are inconceivable )\t x2 consequ5tly he def9$ x z an id5tity 9 ! ,sub/ance 7:i* alone exi/s7 ( t :i* kn[s1 ) t :i* has ext5sion4 ,,obs]vation4--,) ref]5ce to ! *ief argum5t ( ?is p>agraph1 ,i take ! opportunity to rem>k t if1 9 ! c\rse ( ?is treatise1 = ! sake ( brevity & 9 ord] to be m easily und]/ood1 ,i at any "t use ! t]m real objects1 ,i mean by x no?+ b ! intuitive repres5tations t are unit$ to =m ! complex ( empirical reality1 :i* reality 9 itself always rema9s ideal4 #bj4 ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason ( ,becom+4 ,9 ! ,class ( ,objects = ! ,subject j describ$1 ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason figures z ! ,law ( ,causality1 &1 z su*1 ,i call x ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason ( ,becom+1 pr9cipium rationis suffici5tis fi5di4 ,by x1 all objects pres5t+ !mselves )9 ! entire range ( our repres5tation are l9k$ toge!r1 z f> z ! appe>ance & disappe>ance ( _! /ates is conc]n$1 i4e4 9 ! movem5t ( ! curr5t ( ,"t1 to =m ! complex ( empirical reality4 ,! law ( causality is z foll[s4 ,:5 "o or sev]al real objects pass into any new /ate1 "s o!r /ate mu/ h prec$$ ?is "o1 ^u :i* ! new /ate regul>ly foll[s1 i4e4 z (t5 z t prec$+ "o occurs4 ,?is sort ( foll[+ we call result+2 ! fir/ ( ! /ates be+ nam$ a cause1 ! second an effect4 ,:5 a sub/ance takes fire1 = in/ance1 ?is /ate ( ignition mu/ h be5 prec$$ by a /ate1 #ao1 ( aff9ity to oxyg52 #bo1 ( contact ) oxyg52 #co1 ( a giv5 temp]ature4 ,n[1 z ignition mu/ necess>ily foll[ imm$iately ^u ?is /ate1 & z x has only j tak5 place1 t /ate _c always h be5 !re1 b mu/1 on ! contr>y1 h only j sup]v5$4 ,?is sup]v5+ is call$ a *ange4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt t ! law ( causality /&s 9 exclusive relation to *anges & has to d ) !m alone4 ,e effect1 at ! "t x takes place1 is a *ange &1 precisely by n hav+ occurr$ soon]1 infallibly indicates "s o!r *ange by :i* x has be5 prec$$4 ,t o!r *ange takes ! "n ( cause1 :5 ref]r$ to ! foll[+ "o--( effect1 :5 ref]r$ to a ?ird necess>ily prec$+ *ange4 ,?is is ! *a9 ( causality4 ,x is necess>ily )\t a beg9n+4 ,by x1 ea* sup]v5+ /ate mu/ h result$ f a prec$+ *ange3 9 ! case j m5tion$1 = in/ance1 f ! sub/ance be+ br\ght into contact ) free heat1 f :i* necess>ily result$ ! height5$ temp]ature2 ?is contact aga9 dep5d$ ^u a prec$+ *ange1 = in/ance ! sun's rays fall+ ^u a burn+-glass2 ?is aga9 ^u ! removal ( a cl\d f be=e ! sun2 ?is ^u ! w9d2 ! w9d ^u ! unequal d5sity ( ! atmosph]e2 ?is ^u o!r conditions1 & s =? 9 inf9itum4 ,:5 a /ate conta9s all ! requisite conditions = br++ ab\t a new /ate except+ "o1 ?is "o1 :5 at la/ x arrives1 is1 9 a s5se1 rightly call$ ! cause ' 1 inasmu* z we "h h ! f9al--9 ?is case ! decisive--*ange especially 9 view2 b if we leave out ?is consid]ation1 no s+le condition ( ! causal /ate has any advantage ov] ! re/ ) ref]5ce to ! det]m9ation ( ! causal connection 9 g5]al1 m]ely because x happ5s to be ! la/4 ,?us ! removal ( ! cl\d 9 ! above example1 is 9 s f> ! cause ( ! ignit+1 z x took place lat] ?an ! direction ( ! burn+-glass t[>ds ! object2 b ?is might h tak5 place aft] ! removal ( ! cl\d & ! addition ( oxyg5 might h occurr$ lat] /ill3 9 ?is respect !re=e x is ! accid5tal ord] ( ?+s t det]m9es :i* is ! cause4 ,on clos] inspection1 h[ev]1 we f9d t x is ! entire /ate :i* is ! cause ( ! ensu+ "o1 s t ! *ronological ord] 9 :i* its s+le conditions 7 br\ght ab\t1 is 9 all ess5tial respects indiff]5t4 ,) ref]5ce to a giv5 case !re=e1 ! la/ occurr+ condition ( a /ate may be call$ ! cause ' 1 because x completes ! measure ( ! necess>y conditions1 & its appe>ance ?us becomes ! decisive *ange4 ,= purposes ( g5]al consid]ation1 h[ev]1 x is only ! entire /ate :i*1 by br++ ab\t its successor1 c be reg>d$ z ! cause4 ,! s+le requisites :i*1 add$ toge!r1 complete & con/itute ! cause may be call$ causal elem5ts 7urs*li*e ,mom5te7 or ev5 conditions1 & into ^! accord+ly ! cause may be subdivid$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is q wrong to call ! objects !mselves causes1 in/ead ( ! /ates3 "s w\ld1 = in/ance1 call ! burn+-glass 9 ! above example ! cause ( ! ignition2 :ile o!rs1 aga91 w\ld call ! cl\d ! cause2 o!rs ! sun or ! oxyg51 & s on arbitr>ily & )\t ord]4 ,b x is absurd to call an object ! cause ( ano!r object2 fir/ ( all1 because objects n only conta9 =m & quality1 b ,matt] also1 :i* has nei!r beg9n+ or end2 secondly1 because ! law ( causality ref]s exclusively to *anges1 i4e4 to ! entrance & exit ( /ates 9 ,"t1 :]e9 x regulates t special relation1 9 ref]5ce to :i* ! e>li] /ate is call$ cause1 ! lat] effect1 & ! necess>y connection betwe5 bo?1 ! result+ ( ! "o f ! o!r4 ,i "h ref] ! ?\ghtful read] to ! explanations ,i h giv5 9 my *ief "w4#fj ,= x is ( ! highe/ importance t our conception ( ! true & prop] mean+ ( ! law ( causality & ! sph]e ( its validity %\ld be p]fectly cle> & def9ite3 be=e all ?+s1 t we %\ld recognize1 t ?is law ref]s solely & exclusively to *anges ( mat]ial /ates & to no?+ else :atev]2 consequ5tly1 t x ought n to be br\ght 9 :5 ^! are n 9 "q4 ,! law ( causality is ! regulator ( ! *anges und]gone 9 ,"t by objects ( our out] exp]i5ce2 b ^! objects are all mat]ial4 ,ea* *ange c only be br\ght ab\t by ano!r hav+ prec$$ x1 :i* is det]m9$ by a rule1 & !n ! new *ange takes place z be+ necess>ily induc$ by ! prec$+ "o4 ,?is necessity is ! causal nexus4 #fj ,die ,welt a4 ,w4 u4 ,v4 vol4 ii4 *ap4 #d1 especially p4 #db & seq4 ( ! #bnd edition2 p4 #df seq4 ( ! #crd edition4 ,h[ev] simple !re=e ! law ( causality is1 we nev]!less f9d x express$ q diff]5tly 9 all philosophical manuals1 f ! e>lie/ d[n to ! late/ ages3 namely1 9 a broad]1 m ab/ract1 !re=e less def9ite way4 ,we are1 = in/ance1 in=m$1 n[1 t x is t by :i* some?+ else comes into be+2 n[1 t x is :at produces ano!r ?+ or gives x reality1 c4 c4 ,wolf says3 ,causa e/ pr9cipium1 a quo exi/5tia1 sive actualitas1 entis alt]ius dep5det2 :]eas x is obvi\s t 9 causality we h only to d ) *anges 9 ! =m ( uncreat$1 inde/ructible ,matt]1 & t a spr++ into exi/5ce ( :at did n previ\sly exi/ is an impossibility4 ,want ( cle>ness ( ?\ght may1 no d\bt1 9 mo/ cases h l$ to ^! views ( ! causal relation2 b surely sometimes an arrire-p5se lurks 9 ! backgr\nd--a !ological int5tion coquet+ ) ! ,cosmological ,pro(1 = ^: sake x is ready to falsify ev5 transc5d5tal1 priori tru?s1 ! "m's milk ( human und]/&+4 ,we f9d ! cle>e/ in/ance ( ?is 9 ,?omas ,br[n's book1 ,on ! ,relation ( ,cause & ,effect1 a "w ( #dfj pages1 :i*1 9 #ahce1 _h already rea*$ its f\r? edition1 & has probably s9ce gone ?r\gh sev]al m1 & :i*1 9 spite ( its we>isome1 p$antic1 rambl+ prolixity1 does n h&le ! subject badly4 ,n[ ?is ,engli%man rightly recognises1 t x is inv>iably ) *anges t ! causal law has to d1 & t e effect is accord+ly a *ange4 ,yet1 al?\gh x c h>dly h escap$ him1 he is unwill+ to admit t e cause is likewise a *ange1 & t ! :ole process is !re=e no?+ b ! un9t]rupt$ nexus ( *anges succe$+ "o ano!r 9 ,"t4 ,on ! contr>y1 he p]si/s 9 clumsily call+ ! cause an object or sub/ance1 :i* prec$es ! *ange1 & 9 torm5t+ himself ?r\gh\t 8 t$i\s book ) ?is entirely false expression1 :i* spoils all 8 explanations1 not)/&+ 8 own bett] k & aga9/ 8 consci5ce1 simply 9 ord] t 8 def9ition may on no acc\nt /& 9 ! way ( ! ,cosmological ,pro(1 :i* o!rs might h]eaft] /ate else:]e4--,b :at c a tru? be wor? :i* ne$s devices su* z ^! to prep>e its way8 ,& :at h our own wor?y1 hone/ ,g]man pr(essors ( philosophy be5 do+ 9 behalf ( _! de>ly belov$ ,cosmological ,pro(1 s9ce ,kant dealt x ! dea?-bl[ 9 8 ,critique ( ,pure ,reason8--!y1 :o prize tru? above ev]y?+4 ,!y 71 inde$1 at _! wits' ends1 =--z ^! wor?ies well "k1 ?\gh !y d n say s--causa prima is1 j z well z causa sui1 a contradictio 9 adjecto1 albeit ! =m] expression is m g5]ally us$ ?an ! latt]4 ,x is besides usually pron\nc$ ) a v s]i\s1 n to say solemn1 air2 nay1 _m p1 especially ,engli% ,rev]5ds1 turn up _! eyes 9 a truly edify+ way :5 !y impressively & emphatically m5tion t contradictio 9 adjecto3 '! fir/ cause4' ,!y "k t a fir/ cause is j z inconceivable z ! po9t at :i* ,space ends or ! mom5t :5 ,"t fir/ began4 ,= e cause is a *ange1 :i* necess>ily obliges u to ask = ! prec$+ *ange t br\ght x ab\t1 & s on 9 inf9itum1 9 inf9itum6 ,ev5 a fir/ /ate ( ,matt]1 f :i*1 z x has ceas$ to be1 all foll[+ /ates c\ld h proce$$1 is inconceivable4 ,= if ?is /ate _h 9 itself be5 ! cause ( ! foll[+ ones1 !y mu/ likewise h exi/$ f all et]nity1 & ! actual /ate exi/+ at ! pres5t mom5t c\ld n h only j n[ come into be+4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 t fir/ /ate only began to be causal at "s giv5 p]iod1 some?+ or o!r mu/ h *ang$ x1 = its inactivity to h ceas$2 b !n some?+ mu/ h occurr$1 "s *ange mu/ h tak5 place2 & ?is aga9 obliges u to ask = its cause--i4e4 a *ange :i* prec$$ x2 & "h we are once m on ! causal ladd]1 up :i* we are :ipp$ /ep by /ep1 high] & high]1 9 inf9itum1 9 inf9itum6 7,^! g5tlem5 w surely n h ! face to talk to me ( ,matt] itself aris+ out ( no?+6 ,if s1 !y w f9d coroll>ies at _! s]vice fur!r on47 ,! causal law !re=e is n s accommodat+ z to let itself be us$ l a hir$ cab1 :i* we dismiss :5 we h rea*$ our de/9ation2 r does x resemble ! broom br\ght to life by ! appr5tice-wiz>d 9 ,g!'s poem1#fa :i*1 :5 once set 9 motion1 does n leave (f runn+ & fet*+ wat] until ! old ma/]-wiz>d himself /ops x1 :i* he alone has ! p[] to d4 ,^! g5tlem51 h[ev]1 h no ma/]-wiz>ds among !m4 ,s :at did !y d1 ^! noble1 g5u9e lov]s ( tru?1 ev] on ! al]t1 ( c\rse1 to proclaim ! adv5t ( real m]it to ! _w z soon z x %[s itself 9 _! pr(ession1 :o f> f wi%+ to div]t att5tion f ! works ( ^? :o are really :at !y only seem to be1 by craftily ignor+ & meanly keep+ !m d>k1 are naturally =emo/ to ackn[l$ge _! wor?--aye1 surely1 z surely z folly loves wisdom above ev]y?+8 ,:at did !y d1 ,i say1 to help _! old fri5d1 ! sorely di/ress$ ,cosmological ,pro(1 n[ at its la/ gasp8 ,oh1 !y hit ^u a %rewd device4 ,fri5d1 !y said1 y are 9 sorry plight s9ce y\r fatal enc\nt] ) t /ubborn old man 9 ,knigsb]g1 & inde$ y\r bre?r51 ! ,ontological & ,physico-!ological ,pro(s are 9 no bett] condition4 ,nev] m9d1 y %all n be ab&on$ by u 7t is :at we are paid =1 y "k72 only y mu/ alt] y\r dress & y\r "n--!re is no help = x--= if we call y by y\r "r "n1 ev]yone w take to 8 heels4 ,n[ incognito1 on ! contr>y1 we c take y by ! arm1 & once m lead y into society2 only1 z we h j said1 x mu/ be incognito6 ,t is sure to answ]6 ,fir/ ( all1 y\r argum5t mu/ h5ce=? be call$ ,! ,absolute4 ,?is has a =eign1 dignifi$1 ari/ocratic r+2 & no "o kn[s bett] ?an we d all t c be done ) ,g]mans by assum+ airs ( importance4 ,( c\rse all "k :at ! real mean+ is1 & pique !mselves ^u t k4 ,b y y\rself mu/ come =w>d disguis$1 9 ! =m ( an en?ymeme4 ,be sure & leave beh9d y all ^? prosyllogisms & premisses1 by :i* y us$ to drag u we>ily up ! long climax1 = ev]yone kn[s h[ utt]ly useless !y are4 ,come =w>d ) a bold face & a self-suffici5t1 sup]cili\s air1 l a man ( few words1 & at "o b\nd y w rea* ! goal4 ,exclaim 7& we w *ime 971 ',! ,absolute1 conf\nd x6 t mu/ exi/1 or !re w\ld be no?+ at all6' ,"h1 /rike ! table ) y\r fi/4 ,:5ce does ! ,absolute come8 ',:at a silly "q6 ,did n ,i tell y x 0 ! ,absolute8'--,t w d1 =soo?6 ,t w d6 ,g]mans are accu/om$ to cont5t !mselves ) words in/ead ( ?\ghts4 ,d we n tra9 !m to x f _! cradle8 ,only look at ,hegelianism6 ,:at is x b empty1 holl[1 nause\s twaddle6 ,yet h[ brilliant a c>e] 0 t ( ?is philosophical "t-s]v]6 ,a few m]c5>y individuals _h only to /rike up a laudation ( ?is /uff1 & !y at once f\nd an e*o to _! voices 9 ! empty holl[ ( a ?\s& numskulls--an e*o :i* /ill cont9ues to res\nd1 & to ext5d--& behold6 an ord9>y intellect1 a common impo/or soon became a sublime ?9k]4 ,take he>t1 !re=e6 ,besides1 our fri5d & patron1 we w also second y 9 o!r ways1 = h[1 inde$1 are we to get a liv+ )\t y8 ,s t c>p+ old faultf9d]1 ,kant1 has be5 criticiz+ ,reason1 & clipp+ h] w+s1 has he8 ,well1 !n1 we w inv5t a new sort ( ,reason1 su* z has nev] be5 he>d (--a ,reason t does n ?9k1 b :i* has direct intuition--a ,reason :i* sees ,ideas 7a high-fl[n ^w1 made to my/ify71 sees !m bodily2 or :i* appreh5ds directly t :i* y & o!rs seek to prove2 or1 aga91 a ,reason :i* has =ebod+s ( all ?is--?is la/ = ! b5efit ( ^? :o d n c>e to make l>ge concessions1 b also are satisfi$ ) v little4 ,let u ?us pass (f e>ly inculcat$1 popul> conceptions = direct revelations ( ?is new k9d ( ,reason1 i4e4 = inspirations f above4 ,z = t old-fa%ion$ ,reason1 :i* criticism has criticiz$ away1 let u degrade x1 call x ,und]/&+1 & s5d x ab\t its bus9ess4 ,well1 & :at is to become ( real1 true ,und]/&+8--,:at 9 ! _w h we to d ) real1 true ,und]/&+8--,y smile incr$ul\sly2 b we "k our li/5]s1 & ! h>um1 horum we see on ! /ud5ts' b5*es be=e u4 ,bacon ( ,v]ulam already 9 8 "t said3 ',"y m5 le>n to believe at ,univ]sities4' ,( ?is !y c le>n z mu* z !y wi% f u2 we h a good /ock ( articles ( fai? on h&4 ,%\ld any misgiv+s assail y1 rememb] t we are 9 ,g]many1 :]e :at w\ld h be5 impossible 9 any o!r c\ntry1 has be5 f\nd possible3 :]e a dull-witt$1 ignorant1 pseudo-philosoph]1 ^: ineffably holl[ v]biage disorganizes peoples' bra9s completely & p]man5tly1 a scribbl] ( nons5se--,i am speak+ ( our de>ly belov$ ,hegel--has n only be5 actually proclaim$ a pr(\nd ?9k] ) impunity1 & ev5 )\t incurr+ ridicule1 b is readily accept$ z su*3 yes1 inde$1 = ?is fiction has f\nd cr$5ce = ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 & is believ$ to ?is day6--,once !re=e we h ?is ,absolute ) y\r help1 we are q safe1 9 spite ( ,kant & 8 ,critique4--,we may !n philosophise 9 a l(ty tone1 mak+ ! ,univ]se proce$ f ! ,absolute by means ( ! mo/ het]og5e\s d$uctions1 "o m tiresome ?an ! o!r--?is1 by ! way1 be+ _! only po9t ( resemblance4 ,we c call ! _w ! ,f9ite1 & ! ,absolute ! ,inf9ite--?us giv+ an agreeable v>iety to our nons5se--& talk ( no?+ b ,god1 expla9+ h[1 :y1 :]e=e1 by :at volunt>y or involunt>y process he creat$ or br\ght =? ! _w1 %[+ :e!r he be )9 or )\t x1 & s =?1 z if ,philosophy 7 ,!ology1 & z if x s\ght = enlight5m5t conc]n+ ,god1 n conc]n+ ! ,univ]se6 #fa ,g!1 ,d] ,zaub]lehrl+4 ,! ,cosmological ,pro(1 ) :i* we "h h to d1 & to :i* ! above apo/rophe is address$1 consi/s ?us1 prop]ly speak+1 9 ! ass]tion1 t ! pr9ciple ( ! suffici5t reason ( becom+1 or ! law ( causality1 necess>ily leads to a ?\ght :i* de/roys x & decl>es x to be null & void4 ,= ! causa prima 7absolutum7 c only be rea*$ by proce$+ upw>ds f consequ5ce to reason1 ?r\gh a s]ies prolong$ ad libitum2 b x is impossible to /op %ort at ! causa prima )\t at once annull+ ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason4 ,hav+ ?us briefly & cle>ly %[n ! nullity ( ! ,cosmological ,pro(1 z ,i _h 9 my second *apt] already %[n ! nullity ( ! ,ontological ,pro(1 ! sympa?iz+ read] may p]haps expect me to d ! same ) respect to ! ,physico-!ological ,pro(1 :i* is a great deal m plausible4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ?is belongs by its nature to a diff]5t dep>tm5t ( philosophy1 x w\ld be q out ( place "h4 ,i !re=e ref] him to ,kant's ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 z well z to 8 ,critique ( ! ,faculty ( ,judgm5t1 :]e he treats ?is subject ex pr(esso2 ,i likewise ref] him1 z a complem5t to ,kant's purely negative proc$ure1 to my own positive "o 9 ,! ,w 9 ,nature1#fb a "w :i*1 ?\gh small 9 bulk1 is ri* & weighty 9 cont5t4 ,z = ! indiff]5t read]1 he is free to let ?is & inde$ all my writ+s pass d[n unread to 8 desc5dants4 ,x matt]s n to me2 = ,i am "h1 n = "o g5]ation only1 b = _m4 #fb ,! translation ( :i* foll[s ! ,f\rfold ,root 9 ! pres5t volume4 ,n[1 z ! law ( causality is kn[n to u priori1 & is !re=e a transc5d5tal law1 applicable to e possible exp]i5ce & consequ5tly )\t exception1 z w be %[n 9 #ba2 z moreov] x decides1 t ^u a giv51 def9ite1 relatively fir/ /ate1 a second equally def9ite "o inevitably ensues by rule1 i4e41 always2 ! relation betwe5 cause & effect is a necess>y "o1 s t ! causal law au?orizes u to =m hypo!tical judgm5ts1 & !reby %[s itself to be a =m ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 ^u :i* pr9ciple all judgm5ts mu/ be f\nd$ &1 z w be %[n fur!r on1 all necessity is bas$4 ,?is =m ( our pr9ciple ,i call ! pr9ciple ( ! suffici5t reason ( becom+1 because its application inv>iably pre-supposes a *ange1 ! ent]+ ^u a new /ate3 consequ5tly a becom+4 ,"o ( its ess5tial *>act]i/ics is ?is3 t ! cause always prec$es ! effect 9 ,"t 7comp>e #dg71 & ?is alone gives u ! orig9al crit]ion by :i* to di/+ui% :i* is cause & :i* effect1 ( two /ates l9k$ toge!r by ! causal nexus4 ,conv]sely1 9 "s cases1 ! causal nexus is kn[n to u ?r\gh =m] exp]i5ce2 b ! rapidity ) :i* ! diff]5t /ates foll[ ^u ea* o!r is s great1 t ! ord] 9 :i* ?is happ5s escapes our p]ception4 ,we !n conclude ) complete c]titude f causality to succession3 ?us1 = in/ance1 we inf] t ! ignit+ ( gunp[d] prec$es its explosion4#fc #fc ,"h ,i ref] my read]s to ,die ,welt als ,wills und ,vor/ellung1 vol4 ii4 *ap4 #d1 p4 #da ( ! #bnd edition1 & p4 #de ( ! #crd edition4 ,f ?is ess5tial connection betwe5 causality & succession x foll[s1 t ! conception ( reciprocity1 /rictly speak+1 has no mean+2 = x presumes ! effect to be aga9 ! cause ( its cause3 t is1 t :at foll[s is at ! same "t :at prec$es4 ,9 a ,critique ( ,kantian ,philosophy1 :i* ,i h add$ to my *ief "w1 & to :i* ,i ref] my read]s1#fd ,i h %[n at l5g? t ?is fav\rite conception is inadmissible4 ,x may be rem>k$1 t au?ors usually h rec\rse to x j :5 _! insight is becom+ less cle>1 & ?is acc\nts = ! frequ5cy ( its use4 ,nay1 x is precisely :5 a writ] comes to ! end ( 8 conceptions1 t ! ^w 'reciprocity' pres5ts itself m readily ?an any o!r2 x may1 9 fact1 be look$ ^u z a k9d ( al>m-gun1 d5ot+ t ! au?or has got out ( 8 dep?4 ,x is also wor?y ( rem>k1 t ! ^w ,we*selwirkung1 lit]ally reciprocal action--or1 z we h pref]r$ translat+ x1 reciprocity--is only f\nd 9 ! ,g]man language1 & t !re is no precise equival5t = x 9 daily use 9 any o!r tongue4 #fd ,die ,welt a4 ,w4 u4 ,v4 vol4 i4 pp4 #eag-eba ( ! #bnd edition1 & pp4 #edd-edi ( ! #crd edition4 ,f ! law ( causality spr+ two coroll>ies :i*1 9 virtue ( ?is orig91 are accr$it$ z cognitions priori1 !re=e z unque/ionable & )\t exception4 ,!y are1 ! law ( in]tia & t ( p]man5ce ( sub/ance4 ,! fir/ ( ^! laws av]s1 t e /ate 9 :i* a body c possibly be--consequ5tly t ( repose z well z t ( any k9d ( movem5t--mu/ la/ = ev] )\t *ange1 dim9ution1 or augm5tation1 unless "s cause sup]v5es to alt] or annul x4 ,b ! o!r law1 by :i* ! et]nity ( ,matt] is affirm$1 results f ! fact1 t ! law ( causality is exclusively applicable to /ates ( bodies1 su* z repose1 movem5t1 =m1 & quality1 s9ce x presides ov] _! temporal pass+ 9 or out ( be+2 b t x is by no means applicable to ! exi/5ce ( t :i* endures ^! /ates1 & is call$ ,sub/ance1 9 ord] precisely to express its exemption f all aris+ & p]i%+4 ',sub/ance is p]man5t' means1 t x c nei!r pass into1 nor out ( be+3 s t its quantity exi/+ 9 ! univ]se c nei!r be increas$ nor dim9i%$4 ,t we "k ?is priori1 is prov$ by ! consci\sness ( unassailable c]ta9ty ) :i*1 :5 we see a body disappe>--:e!r x be by conjur+1 by m9ute subdivision1 by combu/ion1 volatilisation1 or inde$ any process :atev]--we all nev]!less firmly assume t its sub/ance1 i4e4 its matt]1 mu/ /ill exi/ some:]e or o!r 9 undim9i%$ quantity1 :atev] may h become ( its =m2 likewise1 :5 we p]ceive a body sudd5ly 9 a place1 :]e x 0 n be=e1 t x mu/ h be5 br\ght !re or =m$ by "s comb9ation ( invisible p>ticles--= in/ance1 by precipitation--b t x1 i4e4 its sub/ance1 _c h !n />t$ into exi/5ce2 = ?is implies a total impossibility & is utt]ly inconceivable4 ,! c]ta9ty ) :i* we assume ?is be=eh& 7 priori71 proce$s f ! fact1 t our ,und]/&+ possesses absolutely no =m "u :i* to conceive ! beg9n+ & end ( ,matt]4 ,=1 z be=e said1 ! law ( causality--! only =m 9 :i* we are able to conceive *anges at all--is solely applicable to /ates ( bodies1 & nev] "u any circum/ances to ! exi/5ce ( t :i* und]goes all *anges3 ,matt]4 ,?is is :y ,i place ! pr9ciple ( ! p]man5ce ( ,matt] among ! coroll>ies ( ! causal law4 ,moreov]1 we _c h acquir$ po/]iori ! conviction t sub/ance is p]man5t1 p>tly because x _c1 9 mo/ in/ances1 be empirically e/abli%$2 p>tly also1 because e empirical k obta9$ exclusively by means ( induction1 has only approximate1 consequ5tly prec>i\s1 nev] uncondition$1 c]ta9ty4 ,! firmness ( our p]suasion z to ?is pr9ciple is !re=e ( a diff]5t k9d & nature f our security ( conviction ) reg>d to ! accuracy ( any empirically discov]$ law ( ,nature1 s9ce x has an entirely diff]5t1 p]fectly un%akable1 nev] vacillat+ firmness4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t ! pr9ciple expresses a transc5d5tal k1 i4e4 "o :i* det]m9es & fixes1 prior to all exp]i5ce1 :at is 9 any way possible )9 ! :ole range ( exp]i5ce2 b1 precisely by ?is1 x r$uces ! _w ( exp]i5ce to a m]e c]ebral ph5om5on4 ,ev5 ! mo/ univ]sal among ! non-transc5d5tal laws ( ,nature & ! "o lea/ liable to exception--! law ( gravitation--is ( empirical orig91 consequ5tly )\t gu>antee z to its absolute univ]sality2 :]e=e x is /ill f "t to "t call$ 9 "q1 & d\bts occasionally arise z to its validity beyond our sol> sy/em2 & a/ronom]s c>efully call att5tion to any indications corroborative ( its d\btfulness ) :i* !y may happ5 to meet1 !reby %[+ t !y reg>d x z m]ely empirical4 ,! "q may ( c\rse be rais$1 :e!r gravitation takes effect betwe5 bodies :i* are sep>at$ by an absolute vacuum1 or :e!r its action )9 a sol> sy/em may n be m$iat$ by "s sort ( e!r1 & may n cease altoge!r betwe5 fix$ />s2 b ^! que/ions only admit ( an empirical solution1 & ?is proves t "h we h n to d ) a k priori4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we admit ) ,kant & ,laplace ! hypo!sis1 z ! mo/ probable "o1 t ea* sol> sy/em has develop$ out ( an orig9al nebula by a gradual process ( cond5sation1 we /ill _c = a mom5t conceive ! possibility ( t orig9al sub/ance hav+ sprung into be+ out ( no?+3 we are =c$ to assume ! ant]ior exi/5ce ( its p>ticles some:]e or o!r1 z well z _! hav+ be5 br\ght toge!r someh[ or o!r1 precisely because ( ! transc5d5tal nature ( ! pr9ciple ( ! p]man5ce ( ,sub/ance4 ,9 my ,critique ( ,kantian ,philosophy1#fe ,i h %[n at l5g?1 t ,sub/ance is b ano!r ^w = ,matt]1 ! conception ( sub/ance n be+ realisable except+ 9 ,matt]1 & !re=e d]iv+ its orig9 f ,matt]1 & ,i h also specially po9t$ out h[ t conception 0 =m$ solely to s]ve a surreptiti\s purpose4 ,l _m o!r equally c]ta9 tru?s1 ?is et]nity ( ,matt] 7call$ ! p]man5ce ( sub/ance7 is =bidd5 fruit = pr(essors ( philosophy2 s !y slip pa/ x ) a ba%ful1 sidelong glance4 #fe ,die ,welt a4 ,w4 u4 ,v4 vol4 i4 p4 #eej ( #bnd1 & #ehj ( #crd edition4 ,by ! endless *a9 ( causes & effects :i* directs all *anges b nev] ext5ds beyond !m1 two exi/+ ?+s rema9 unt\*$1 precisely because ( ! limit$ range ( its action3 on ! "o h&1 ,matt]1 z we h j %[n2 on ! o!r h&1 ! prim>y =ces ( ,nature4 ,! fir/ 7matt]7 rema9s un9flu5c$ by ! causal nexus1 because x is t :i* und]goes all *anges1 or on :i* !y take place2 ! second 7! prim>y =ces71 because x is !y alone by :i* *anges or effects become possible2 = !y alone give causality to causes4 i4e4 ! faculty ( op]at+1 :i* ! causes !re=e hold z m]e vassals a fief4 ,cause & effect are *anges connect$ toge!r to necess>y succession 9 ,"t2 :]eas ! =ces ( ,nature by means ( :i* all causes op]ate1 are exempt f all *ange2 9 ?is s5se !re=e !y are outside ,"t1 b precisely on t acc\nt !y are always & ev]y:]e 9 res]ve1 omnipres5t & inexhau/ible1 ev] ready to manife/ !mselves1 z soon z an opportunity pres5ts itself 9 ! ?read ( causality4 ,a cause1 l its effect1 is inv>iably some?+ individual1 a s+le *ange2 :]eas a =ce ( ,nature is some?+ univ]sal1 un*angeable1 pres5t at all times & 9 all places4 ,! attraction ( a ?read by amb]1 = in/ance1 at ! pres5t mom5t1 is an effect2 its cause is ! prec$+ friction & actual contact ( ! amb] ) ! ?read2 & ! =ce ( ,nature :i* acts 91 & presides ov]1 ! process1 is ,electricity4 ,! explanation ( ?is matt] is to be f\nd 9 my *ief "w1#ff & !re ,i h %[n 9 a long *a9 ( causes & effects h[ ! mo/ het]og5e\s natural =ces successively come into play 9 !m4 ,by ?is explanation ! diff]5ce betwe5 transitory ph5om5a & p]man5t =ms ( op]ation1 becomes exce$+ly cle>2 & z1 moreov]1 a :ole section 7 #bf7 is devot$ to ! "q1 x w be suffici5t "h to give a brief sket* ( x4 ,! rule1 by :i* a =ce ( ,nature manife/s itself 9 ! *a9 ( causes & effects--consequ5tly ! l9k :i* connects x ) !m--is ! law ( ,nature4 ,b ! confusion betwe5 =ces ( ,nature & causes is z frequ5t z x is detrim5tal to cle>ness ( ?\ght4 ,x seems inde$ z ?\gh no "o _h accurately def9$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! conceptions be=e me1 h[ev] great may h be5 ! urg5cy = su* a di/9ction4 ,n only are =ces ( ,nature turn$ into causes by su* expressions z1 ',electricity1 ,gravity1 c41 are ! cause ( s-&-s1' b !y are ev5 (t5 turn$ into effects by ^? :o se>* = a cause = ,electricity1 ,gravity1 c4 c41 :i* is absurd4 ,dim9i%+ ! numb] ( ! =ces ( ,nature1 h[ev]1 by r$uc+ "o to ano!r1 z = in/ance ,magnetism is 9 our days r$uc$ to ,electricity1 is a totally diff]5t ?+4 ,e true1 consequ5tly really prim>y =ce ( ,nature--& e fundam5tal *emical prop]ty belongs to ^! =ces--is ess5tially a qualitas occulta1 i4e4 x does n admit ( physical1 b only ( metaphysical explanation3 9 o!r words1 ( an explanation :i* transc5ds ! _w ( ph5om5a4 ,no "o has c>ri$ ?is confusion1 or r id5tification1 ( causes ) =ces ( ,nature fur!r ?an ,ma9e de ,biran 9 8 ,n\velles considrations des rapports du physique au moral1 = x is ess5tial to 8 philosophy4 ,x is besides rem>kable1 t :5 he speaks ( causes1 he r>ely uses ! ^w cause alone1 b almo/ always speaks ( cause ou =ce1 j z we h se5 ,sp9oza above 7 #h7 write ratio sive causa no less ?an eight times 9 ! same page4 ,bo? writ]s are evid5tly consci\s t !y are id5tify+ two disp>ates1 9 ord] to be able to make use ( ! "o or ! o!r1 accord+ to circum/ances2 = ?is end !y are oblig$ to keep ! id5tification con/antly be=e _! read]s' m9d4-- #ff ,see ,die ,welt a4 ,w4 u4 ,v4 vol4 i4 #bf1 p4 #aec ( ! #bnd1 & p4 #afj ( ! #crd edition4 ,n[ ,causality1 z ! director ( ea* & e *ange1 pres5ts itself 9 ,nature "u ?ree di/9ct =ms3 z causes 9 ! /ricte/ acceptation ( ! ^w1 z /imuli1 & z motives4 ,x is j ^u ?is diff]5ce t ! real1 ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 inorganic bodies1 plants1 & animals is bas$1 & n ^u ext]nal1 anatomical1 let alone *emical1 di/9ctions4 ,a cause1 9 its n>r[e/ s5se1 is t ^u :i* *anges 9 ! inorganic k+dom alone ensue3 ^? *anges1 t is to say1 :i* =m ! !me ( ,me*anics1 ,physics1 & ,*emi/ry4 ,newton's ?ird fundam5tal law1 ,action & reaction are equal to "o ano!r1 applies exclusively to ?is cause1 & enunciates1 t ! /ate :i* prec$es 7! cause7 und]goes a *ange equival5t to t produc$ by x 7! effect74 ,9 ?is =m ( causality alone1 moreov]1 does ! degree ( ! effect always exactly correspond to ! degree ( ! cause1 s z to enable u accurately to calculate ! "o by means ( ! o!r4 ,! second =m ( causality is ! /imulus2 x reigns ov] organic life1 z su*1 i4e4 ov] plant life & ! vegetative1 t is1 ! unconsci\s1 "p ( animal life4 ,?is second =m is *>act]iz$ by ! abs5ce ( ! di/9ctive signs ( ! fir/4 ,9 x accord+ly action & reaction are n equal1 nor does ! int5sity ( ! effect by any means correspond ?r\gh\t all its degrees to ! int5sity ( ! cause2 9 fact1 ! opposite effect may ev5 be produc$ by int5sify+ ! cause4 ,! ?ird =m ( causality is ! motive4 ,"u ?is =m causality rules animal life prop]3 t is1 ! ext]ior1 consci\sly p]=m$ actions ( all animals4 ,! m$ium = motives is k3 an intellect is accord+ly ne$$ = susceptibility to motives4 ,! true *>act]i/ic ( ! animal is !re=e ! faculty ( kn[+1 ( repres5t+ 7,das ,vor/ell574 ,animals1 z su*1 always move t[>ds "s aim & end1 :i* !re=e mu/ h be5 recognis$ by !m3 t is to say1 x mu/ h pres5t$ itself to !m z some?+ diff]5t f !mselves1 yet ( :i* !y are consci\s4 ,!re=e ! prop] def9ition ( ! animal w\ld be3 ',t :i* kn[s2' = no o!r def9ition q hits ! m>k or c ev5 p]haps /& ! te/ ( inve/igation4 ,movem5t induc$ by motives is necess>ily want+ :]e !re is no cognitive faculty1 & movem5t by /imuli alone rema9s1 i4e4 plant life4 ,irritability & s5sibility are !re=e insep>able4 ,/ill motives evid5tly act 9 a diff]5t way f /imuli2 = ! action ( ! =m] may be v brief1 nay1 ne$ only be mom5t>y2 s9ce _! efficacy1 unlike t ( /imuli1 /&s 9 no relation :atev] to ! duration ( t action1 to ! proximity ( ! object1 c4 c4 ,a motive ne$s b to be p]ceiv$ !re=e1 to take effect2 :]eas /imuli always require outw>d1 (t5 ev5 inw>d1 contact & inv>iably a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t4 ,?is %ort sket* ( ! ?ree =ms ( causality w suffice "h4 ,!y are m fully describ$ 9 my ,prize-essay on ,free ,w4#fg ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 /ill rema9s to be urg$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 cause1 /imulus1 & motive1 is obvi\sly only a consequ5ce ( ! v>i\s degrees ( receptivity ( be+s2 ! great] _! receptivity1 ! feebl] may be ! nature ( ! influ5ce3 a /one ne$s an impact1 :ile man obeys a look4 ,nev]!less1 bo? are mov$ by a suffici5t cause1 !re=e ) ! same necessity4 ,= 'motivation'#fh is only causality pass+ ?r\gh k2 ! intellect is ! m$ium ( ! motives1 because x is ! highe/ degree ( receptivity4 ,by ?is1 h[ev]1 ! law ( causality loses no?+ :atev] ( its rig\r & c]ta9ty2 = motives are causes & op]ate ) ! same necessity :i* all causes br+ ) !m4 ,?is necessity is easy to p]ceive 9 animals because ( ! great] simplicity ( _! intellect1 :i* is limit$ to ! p]ception ( :at is pres5t4 ,man's intellect is d\ble3 = n only has he intuitive1 b ab/ract1 k1 :i* la/ is n limit$ to :at is pres5t4 ,man possesses ,reason2 he !re=e has a p[] ( elective decision ) cle> consci\sness3 t is1 he is able to weigh aga9/ "o ano!r motives :i* exclude ea* o!r1 z su*2 9 o!r t]ms1 he c let !m try _! /r5g? on 8 w4 ,! mo/ p[]ful motive !n decides him1 & 8 actions ensue ) j ! same necessity z ! roll+ ( a ball aft] x has be5 /ruck4 ,fre$om ( ,w#fi means 7n pr(essorial twaddle b7 t a giv5 human be+1 9 a giv5 situation1 c act 9 two diff]5t ways4 ,b ! utt] absurdity ( ?is ass]tion is a tru? z c]ta9 & z cle>ly prov$1 z any tru? c be :i* passes ! limits ( pure ma!matics4 ,9 my ,essay on ,free ,w1 to :i* ! ,norwegian ,society aw>d$ ! prize1 ?is tru? is demon/rat$ m cle>ly1 me?odically1 & ?or\ghly ?an has be5 done be=e by anyone else1 & ?is moreov] ) special ref]5ce to ^? facts ( our consci\sness by :i* ignorant p imag9e t absurdity to be confirm$4 ,9 all t is ess5tial h[ev]1 ,hobbes1 ,sp9oza1 ,prie/ley1 ,voltaire1 & ev5 ,kant#gj already taught ! same doctr9e4 ,our pr(essional philosoph]s1 ( c\rse1 d n let ?is int]f]e ) _! hold+ =? on ,free ,w1 z if x 7 an und]/ood ?+ :i* _h nev] be5 que/ion$4 ,b :at d ^! g5tlem5 imag9e ! above-nam$ great m5 to h come into ! _w =1 by ! grace ( ,nature8 ,to enable !m 7! pr(essors7 to e>n _! livelihood by philosophy8--,s9ce ,i _h prov$ ?is tru? 9 my prize-essay m cle>ly ?an _h ev] be5 done be=e1 & s9ce moreov] a ,royal ,society _h sanction$ t pro( by plac+ my essay among its memor&a1 x surely behov$ ^! wor?ies1 consid]+ ! views !y held1 to make a vigor\s attack ^u s p]nici\s a doctr9e1 s dete/able a h]esy1 & ?or\ghly to refute x4 ,nay1 ?is duty 0 all ! m imp]ative z1 9 my o!r essay ,on ! ,f\ndation ( ,morality1#ga ,i _h prov$ ! utt] gr\ndlessness ( ,kant's practical ,reason ) its ,categorical ,imp]ative :i*1 "u ! "n ( ! ,moral ,law1 is /ill us$ by ^! g5tlem5 z ! corn]-/one ( _! own %all[ sy/ems ( morality4 ,i h %[n x to be a futile assumption s cle>ly & irrefutably1 t no "o ) a sp>k ( judgm5t c possibly believe any long] 9 ?is fiction4--,well1 & s !y probably did4--,oh no6 ,!y take good c>e n to v5ture on su* slipp]y gr\nd6 ,_! ability consi/s 9 hold+ _! tongues2 sil5ce is all !y h to oppose to intellig5ce1 e>ne/ness1 & tru?4 ,9 n "o ( ! products ( _! useless scribbl+s t h appe>$ s9ce #ahda1 has ! slighte/ notice be5 tak5 ( my ,e?ics--und\bt$ly ! mo/ important "w on ,moral ,philosophy t has be5 publi%$ = ! la/ sixty ye>s--nay1 _! t]ror ( me & ( my tru? is s great1 t none ( ! lit]>y j\rnals issu$ by ,academies or ,univ]sities has s mu* z m5tion$ ! book4 ,zitto1 zitto1 le/ ! public %\ld p]ceive any?+3 9 ?is consi/s ! :ole ( _! policy4 ,! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation may1 no d\bt1 be at ! bottom ( ^! artful tactics4 ,= w\ld n a philosophy1 ^: sole aim 0 tru?1 & :i* _h no o!r consid]ation 9 view1 be likely to play ! "p ( ! iron pot among ! e>!n ones1 7 x to come 9 contact ) ! petty sy/ems compos$ "u ! influ5ce ( a ?\s& p]sonal consid]ations by p ^: *ief qualification is ! propriety ( _! s5tim5ts8 ,_! wret*$ fe> ( my writ+s is ! fe> ( tru?4 ,nor c x be d5i$1 t precisely ?is v doctr9e ( ! complete necessity ( all acts ( ! w /&s 9 flagrant contradiction ) all ! hypo!ses ( _! fav\rite old-woman's philosophy cut aft] ! patt]n ( ,judaism4 ,/ill1 t sev]ely te/$ tru?1 f> f be+ di/urb$ by all ?is1 z a sure datum & crit]ion1 z a true 1 proves ! futility ( all t old-woman's philosophy & ! urg5t ne$ ( a fundam5tally diff]5t1 incomp>ably deep] view ( ! ,univ]se & ( ,man2--no matt] :e!r t view be compatible ) ! (ficial duties ( a pr(essional philosoph] or n4 #fg ,see ,die beid5 ,grundprobleme d] ,e?ik1 p4 #cj-cd4 #fh ,! ^w motivation1 ?\gh x may appe> objectionable to ! ,engli% read]1 seem$ unavoidable "h1 z be+ ,s*op5hau]'s own t]m1 = :i* !re is no adequate equival5t 9 g5]al use 9 our language4 ,translator's note4 #fi ,"h us$ 9 ! absolute s5se ( lib]um arbitrium indiff]5ti4 ,tr4 #gj ,:atev] conception "o may =m ( fre$om ( ! w1 = metaphysical purposes1 its ph5om5a1 human actions1 are nev]!less det]m9$ by univ]sal laws ( ,nature1 j z well z e o!r occurr5ce 9 ,nature4 ,ide5 zu e9] allgeme95 ,ges*i*te4 ,anfang4 ,i4 ,kant4 ,all ! acts ( a man1 s f> z !y are ph5om5a1 are det]m9$ f 8 empirical "* & f ! o!r concomitant causes1 accord+ to ! ord] ( ,nature2 & if we c\ld inve/igate all ! manife/ations ( 8 w to ! v bottom1 !re w\ld be n a s+le human action :i* we c\ld n pr$ict ) c]ta9ty & recognize f its prec$+ conditions z necess>y4 ,!re is no fre$om !re=e ) ref]5ce to ?is empirical "*1 & yet x is only ) ref]5ce to x t we c consid] man1 :5 we are m]ely obs]v+1 &1 z is ! case 9 an?ropology1 try+ to inve/igate ! motive causes ( 8 actions physiologically4--,kritik4 d4 r4 ,v]n4 p4 #edi ( ! #a/ edition1 & p4 #egg ( ! #e? edition4 7,engl4 ,transl4 by ,m4 ,mll]1 p4 #dgd47 ,x may !re=e be tak5 = grant$1 t if we c\ld see f> en\gh into a man's mode ( ?9k+1 z x manife/s itself 9 8 inn]1 z well z out] actions1 = u to "k e1 ev5 ! fa9te/ motive1 & 9 l mann] all ! o!r causes :i* act ^u ^!1 x w\ld be possible to calculate 8 conduct 9 future ) ! same c]ta9ty z an eclipse ( ! sun or moon4--,kritik d] praktis*5 ,v]nunft ed4 ,ros5kranz1 p4 #bcj & p4 #agg ( ! #d? edition4 #ga ,publi%$ 9 ! same volume ) ! ,prize-,essay on ,free ,w4 ,see ,die beid5 ,grundprobleme d] ,e?ik4 #ba4 priori "* ( ! conception ( ,causality4 ,intellectual ,"* ( ,empirical ,p]ception4 ,,! ,,und]/&+4 ,9 ! pr(essorial philosophy ( our philosophy-pr(essors we are /ill taught to ?is day1 t p]ception ( ! out] _w is a ?+ ( ! s5ses1 & !n !re foll[s a long diss]tation ^u ea* ( ! five s5ses3 :]eas no m5tion :atev] is made ( ! intellectual "* ( p]ception3 t is to say1 ( ! fact1 t x is ma9ly ! "w ( ! ,und]/&+1 :i*1 by means ( its own peculi> =m ( ,causality1 toge!r ) ! =ms ( pure s5sibility1 ,"t & ,space1 :i* are po/ulat$ by ,causality1 prim>ily creates & produces ! objective1 out] _w out ( ! raw mat]ial ( a few s5sations4 ,& yet 9 its pr9cipal features1 ,i _h /at$ ?is matt] 9 ! fir/ edition ( ! pres5t treatise#gb & soon aft] develop$ x m fully 9 my treatise ,on ,vision & ,col\rs 7#ahaf71 ( :i* ,pr(essor ,rosas has %[n 8 appreciation by all[+ x to lead him into plagi>ism4#gc ,b our pr(essors ( philosophy h n ?\ght fit to take ! slighte/ notice ei!r ( ?is1 or inde$ ( any ( ! o!r great & important tru?s :i* x has be5 ! aim & lab\r ( my :ole life to set =?1 9 ord] to secure !m z a la/+ possession to mank9d4 ,x does n suit _! ta/es1 or fit into _! notions2 x leads to no ,!ology1 nor is x ev5 adapt$ to drill /ud5ts = high] ,/ate purposes4 ,9 %ort1 pr(essional philosoph]s d n c>e to le>n f me1 nor d !y ev5 see h[ mu* !y might le>n f me3 t is1 all t _! *ildr5 & _! *ildr5's *ildr5 w le>n f me4 ,!y pref] to sit d[n & sp9 a long metaphysical y>n1 ea* out ( 8 own ?\ghts1 = ! b5efit ( ! public2 & no d\bt1 if f+]s are a suffici5t qualification1 !y h x4 ,h[ "r 0 ,mac*iavelli :5 he said1 z ,hesiod#gd be=e him3 ,!re are ?ree sorts ( heads3 fir/ly1 ^? :i* acquire k ( ?+s & compreh5d !m by !mselves2 secondly1 ^? :i* recognise ! tru? :5 x is %[n !m by o!rs2 & ?irdly1 ^? :i* c d nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r4#ge-- #gb ,anno #ahac1 pp4 #ec-ee4 #gc ,= fur!r details see my ,w 9 ,nature1 p4 #ai ( ! #a/ edition1 & p4 #ad ( ! #crd4 7,p4 #bcj et seqq4 ( ! translation ( ! ,w 9 ,nature1 :i* foll[s ! ,f\rfold ,root 9 ! pres5t volume47 #gd ,hesiod1 1 #bic4 #ge ,mac*iavelli1 ,il pr9cipe1 cap4 #bb4 ,"o mu/ inde$ be =sak5 by all ! gods1 to imag9e t ! out]1 p]ceptible _w1 fill+ ,space 9 its ?ree dim5sions & mov+ on 9 ! inexorable fl[ ( ,"t1 gov]n$ at e /ep by ! laws ( ,causality1 :i* is )\t exception1 & 9 all ?is m]ely obey+ laws we c indicate be=e all exp]i5ce ( !m--t su* a _w z ?is1 we say1 c h a real1 objective exi/5ce outside u1 )\t any ag5cy ( our own1 & t x c !n h f\nd its way into our heads ?r\gh b>e s5sation & ?us h a second exi/5ce )9 u l ! "o outside4 ,= :at a mis]ably poor ?+ is m]e s5sation1 aft] all6 ,ev5 9 ! noble/ ( our organs x is no?+ b a local1 specific feel+1 susceptible ( "s slight v>iation1 /ill 9 itself always subjective &1 z su* !re=e1 incapable ( conta9+ any?+ objective1 any?+ l p]ception4 ,= s5sation is & rema9s a process )9 ! organism & is limit$1 z su*1 to ! region )9 ! sk92 x _c !re=e conta9 any?+ :i* lies beyond t region1 or1 9 o!r words1 any?+ t is outside u4 ,a s5sation may be pleasant or unpleasant--:i* betok5s a relation to ! ,w--b no?+ objective c ev] lie 9 any s5sation4 ,9 ! organs ( ! s5ses1 s5sation is height5$ by ! conflu5ce ( ! n]ve-extremities1 & c easily be excit$ f )\t on acc\nt ( _! ext5sive di/ribution & ! delicacy ( ! envelope :i* encloses !m2 x is besides specially susceptible to p>ticul> influ5ces1 su* z light1 s\nd1 smell2 not)/&+ :i* x is & rema9s m]e s5sation1 l all o!rs )9 our body1 consequ5tly some?+ ess5tially subjective1 ( ^: *anges we only become imm$iately consci\s 9 ! =m ( ! inn] s5se1 ,"t3 t is1 successively4 ,x is only :5 ! ,und]/&+ beg9s to act--a function1 n ( s+le1 delicate n]ve-extremities1 b ( t my/]i\s1 complicat$ /ructure weigh+ f five to t5 p\nds1 call$ ! bra9--only :5 x beg9s to apply its sole =m1 ! causal law1 t a p[]ful trans=mation takes place1 by :i* subjective s5sation becomes objective p]ception4 ,=1 9 virtue ( its own peculi> =m1 !re=e priori1 i4e4 be=e all exp]i5ce 7s9ce !re c\ld h be5 none till !n71 ! ,und]/&+ conceives ! giv5 corporeal s5sation z an effect 7a ^w :i* ! ,und]/&+ alone compreh5ds71 :i* effect1 z su*1 necess>ily implies a cause4 ,simultane\sly x summons to its assi/ance ,space1 ! =m ( ! out] s5se1 ly+ likewise ready 9 ! intellect 7i4e4 ! bra971 9 ord] to remove t cause beyond ! organism2 = x is by ?is t ! ext]nal _w fir/ arises1 ,space alone r5d]+ x possible1 s t pure intuition priori has to supply ! f\ndation = empirical p]ception4 ,9 ?is process1 z ,i %all soon %[ m cle>ly1 ! ,und]/&+ avails itself ( all ! sev]al data1 ev5 ! m9ute/1 :i* are pres5t$ to x by ! giv5 s5sation1 9 ord] to con/ruct ! cause ( x 9 ,space 9 con=mity ) !m4 ,?is intellectual op]ation 7:i* is moreov] explicitly d5i$ bo? by ,s*ell+#gf & by ,fries#gg71 does n h[ev] take place discursively or reflectively1 9 ab/racto1 by means ( conceptions & words2 x is1 on ! contr>y1 an intuitive & q direct process4 ,= by x alone1 !re=e exclusively 9 ! ,und]/&+ & = ! ,und]/&+1 does ! real1 objective1 corporeal _w1 fill+ ,space 9 its ?ree dim5sions1 pres5t itself & fur!r proce$1 accord+ to ! same law ( causality1 to *ange 9 ,"t1 & to move 9 ,space4--,x is !re=e ! ,und]/&+ itself :i* has to create ! objective _w2 = ?is _w _c walk into our bra9 f outside all ready cut & dri$ ?r\gh ! s5ses & ! op5+s ( _! organs4 ,9 fact1 ! s5ses supply no?+ b ! raw mat]ials :i* ! ,und]/&+ at once proce$s to "w up into ! objective view ( a corporeal _w1 subject to regul> laws1 by means ( ! simple =ms we h indicat$3 ,space1 ,"t1 & ,causality4 ,accord+ly our e-day empirical p]ception is an intellectual "o & has a "r to claim ?is pr$icate1 :i* ,g]man pseudo-philosoph]s h giv5 to a pret5d$ intuition ( dream-worlds1 9 :i* _! belov$ ,absolute is suppos$ to p]=m its evolutions4 ,& n[ ,i w proce$ to %[ h[ wide is ! gulf :i* sep>ates s5sation f p]ception1 by po9t+ out h[ raw is ! mat]ial out ( :i* ! beautiful edifice is con/ruct$4 #gf ,s*ell+1 ,philosophis*e ,s*rift5 7#ahji71 vol4 i4 pp4 #bcg & #bch4 #gg ,fries1 ,kritik d] ,v]nunft4 vol4 i4 pp4 #eb-ef & p4 #bij ( ! #a/ edition4 ,objective p]ception makes use1 prop]ly speak+1 ( only two s5ses2 t\* & sight4 ,^! alone supply ! data ^u :i*1 z its basis1 ! ,und]/&+ con/ructs ! objective _w by ! process j describ$4 ,! ?ree o!r s5ses rema9 on ! :ole subjective2 = _! s5sations1 :ile po9t+ to an ext]nal cause1 /ill conta9 no data by :i* its relations 9 ,space c be det]m9$4 ,n[ ,space is ! =m ( all p]ception1 i4e4 ( t appreh5sion1 9 :i* alone objects c1 prop]ly speak+1 pres5t !mselves4 ,!re=e ^? o!r ?ree s5ses c no d\bt s]ve to ann\nce ! pres5ce ( objects we already "k 9 "s o!r way2 b no con/ruction 9 ,space1 consequ5tly no objective p]ception1 c possibly be f\nd$ on _! data4 ,a rose _c be con/ruct$ f its p]fume1 & a bl9d man may he> music all 8 life )\t hav+ ! slighte/ objective repres5tation ei!r ( ! musicians1 or ( ! in/rum5ts1 or ( ! vibrations ( ! air4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! s5se ( he>+ is ( great value z a m$ium = language1 & ?r\gh ?is x is ! s5se ( ,reason4 ,x is also valuable z a m$ium = music1 :i* is ! only way 9 :i* we compreh5d num]ical relations n only 9 ab/racto1 b directly1 9 concreto4 ,a musical s\nd or tone1 h[ev]1 gives no clue to spacial relations1 !re=e x nev] helps to br+ ! nature ( its cause ne>] to u2 we /op %ort at x1 s t x is no datum = ! ,und]/&+ 9 its con/ruction ( ! objective _w4 ,! s5sations ( t\* & sight alone are su* data2 !re=e a bl9d man )\t ei!r h&s or feet1 :ile able to con/ruct ,space = himself priori 9 all its regul>ity1 w\ld nev]!less acquire b a v vague repres5tation ( ! objective _w4 ,yet :at is suppli$ by t\* & sight is n by any means p]ception1 b m]ely ! raw mat]ial = x4 ,= p]ception is s f> f be+ conta9$ 9 ! s5sations ( t\* & sight1 t ^! s5sations h n ev5 ! fa9te/ resemblance to ! qualities ( ! ?+s :i* pres5t !mselves to u ?r\gh !m1 z ,i %all pres5tly %[4 ,only :at really belongs to s5sation mu/ fir/ be cle>ly di/+ui%$ f :at is add$ to x by ! intellect 9 p]ception4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ?is is n easy1 because we are s accu/om$ to pass f ! s5sation at once to its cause1 t ! cause pres5ts itself to u )\t our notic+ ! s5sation ap>t f x1 by :i*1 z x 71 ! premisses are suppli$ to ?is conclusion drawn by ! ,und]/&+4 ,?us t\* & sight h ea* _! own special advantages1 to beg9 )2 !re=e !y assi/ ea* o!r mutually4 ,sight ne$s no contact1 nor ev5 proximity2 its field is unb\nd$ & ext5ds to ! />s4 ,x is moreov] s5sitive to ! mo/ delicate degrees ( light1 %ade1 col\r1 & transp>5cy2 s t x supplies ! ,und]/&+ ) a quantity ( nicely def9$ data1 out ( :i*1 by d9t ( practice1 x becomes able to con/ruct ! %ape1 size1 di/ance1 & nature ( bodies1 & repres5ts !m at once p]ceptibly4 ,on ! o!r h&1 t\* c]ta9ly dep5ds ^u contact2 /ill its data are s v>i$ & s tru/wor?y1 t x is ! mo/ se>*+ ( all ! s5ses4 ,ev5 p]ception by sight may1 9 ! la/ resort1 be ref]r$ to t\*2 nay1 sight may be look$ ^u z an imp]fect t\* ext5d+ to a great di/ance1 :i* uses ! rays ( light z long feel]s2 & x is j because x is limit$ to ^? qualities :i* h light = _! m$ium & is !re=e "o-sid$1 t x is s liable to deception2 :]eas t\* supplies ! data = cognis+ size1 %ape1 h>dness1 s(tness1 r\ghness1 temp]ature1 c4 c41 q imm$iately4 ,9 ?is x is assi/$1 p>tly by ! %ape & mobility ( our arms1 h&s1 & f+]s1 f ^: position 9 feel+ objects ! ,und]/&+ d]ives its data = con/ruct+ bodies 9 ,space1 p>tly by muscul> p[]1 :i* enables x to "k ! weight1 solidity1 t\ghness1 or brittl5ess ( bodies3 all ?is ) ! lea/ possible liability to error4 ,^! data nev]!less d n by any means yet give p]ception1 :i* is always ! "w ( ! ,und]/&+4 ,! s5sation ,i h 9 press+ aga9/ a table ) my h&1 conta9s no repres5tation ( a firm cohesion ( p>ts 9 t object1 nor inde$ any?+ at all l x4 ,x is only :5 my ,und]/&+ passes f t s5sation to its cause1 t ! intellect con/ructs = itself a body hav+ ! prop]ties ( solidity1 imp5etrability1 & h>dness4 ,if 9 ! d>k1 ,i put my h& ^u a flat surface1 or lay hold ( a ball ( ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 ! same p>ts ( my h& feel ! pressure 9 bo? cases2 x is only by ! diff]5t position :i* my h& takes t1 9 ! "o or 9 ! o!r case1 my ,und]/&+ con/ructs ! %ape ( ! body ^: contact is ! cause ( ! s5sation1 = :i* x receives confirmation f ! *anges ( position :i* ,i make4 ,! s5sations 9 ! h& ( a man born bl9d1 on feel+ an object ( cubic %ape1 are q uni=m & ! same on all sides & 9 e direction3 ! edges1 x is true1 press ^u a small] portion ( 8 h&1 /ill no?+ at all l a cube is conta9$ 9 ^! s5sations4 ,8 ,und]/&+1 h[ev]1 draws ! imm$iate & intuitive conclusion f ! resi/ance felt1 t ?is resi/ance mu/ h a cause1 :i* !n pres5ts itself ?r\gh t conclusion z a h>d body2 & ?r\gh ! movem5ts ( 8 arms 9 feel+ ! object1 :ile ! h&'s s5sation rema9s unalt]$1 he con/ructs ! cubic %ape 9 ,space1 :i* is kn[n to him priori4 ,if ! repres5tation ( a cause & ( ,space1 toge!r ) _! laws1 _h n already exi/$ )9 him1 ! image ( a cube c\ld nev] h proce$$ f ^? successive s5sations 9 8 h&4 ,if a rope be drawn ?r\gh 8 h&1 he w con/ruct1 z ! cause ( ! friction he feels & ( its duration1 a long cyl9drical body1 mov+ uni=mly 9 ! same direction 9 t p>ticul> position ( 8 h&4 ,b ! repres5tation ( movem5t1 i4e4 ( *ange ( place 9 ,space by means ( ,"t1 nev] c\ld arise = him out ( ! m]e s5sation 9 8 h&2 = t s5sation c nei!r conta91 nor c x ev] by itself alone produce any su* ?+4 ,x is 8 intellect :i* mu/1 on ! contr>y1 conta9 )9 itself1 be=e all exp]i5ce1 ! intuitions ( ,space1 ,"t1 & toge!r ) !m t ( ! possibility ( movem5t2 & x mu/ also conta9 ! repres5tation ( ,causality1 9 ord] to pass f s5sation--:i* alone is giv5 by exp]i5ce--to a cause ( t s5sation1 & to con/ruct t cause z a body hav+ ?is or t %ape1 mov+ 9 ?is or t direction4 ,= h[ great is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a m]e s5sation 9 my h& & ! repres5tations ( causality1 mat]iality1 & mobility 9 ,space by means ( ,"t6 ,! s5sation 9 my h&1 ev5 if its position & its po9ts ( contact are alt]$1 is a ?+ f> too uni=m & f> too poor 9 data1 to enable me to con/ruct out ( x ! repres5tation ( ,space1 ) its ?ree dim5sions1 & ( ! influ5ces ( bodies "o ^u ano!r1 toge!r ) ! prop]ties ( expansion1 imp5etrability1 cohesion1 %ape1 h>dness1 s(tness1 re/1 & motion3 ! basis1 9 %ort1 ( ! objective _w4 ,?is is1 on ! contr>y1 only possible by ! intellect conta9+ )9 itself1 ant]ior to all exp]i5ce1 ,space1 z ! =m ( p]ception2 ,"t1 z ! =m ( *ange2 & ! law ( ,causality1 z ! regulator ( ! pass+ 9 & out ( *anges4 ,n[ x is precisely ! pre-exi/5ce be=e all exp]i5ce ( all ^! =ms1 :i* con/itutes ! ,intellect4 ,physiologically1 x is a function ( ! bra91 :i* ! bra9 no m le>ns by exp]i5ce ?an ! /oma* to dige/1 or ! liv] to secrete bile4 ,besides1 no o!r explanation c be giv5 ( ! fact1 t _m :o 7 born bl9d1 acquire a suffici5tly complete k ( ! relations ( ,space1 to enable !m to replace _! want ( eyesight by x to a consid]able degree1 & to p]=m a/oni%+ feats4 ,a hundr$ ye>s ago ,saund]son1 = in/ance1 :o 0 bl9d f 8 bir?1 lectur$ on ,optics1 ,ma!matics1 & ,a/ronomy at ,cambridge4#gh ,?is1 too1 is ! only way to expla9 ! exactly opposite case ( ,eva ,lauk1 :o 0 born )\t arms or legs1 yet acquir$ an accurate p]ception ( ! out] _w by means ( sight alone z rapidly z o!r *ildr54#gi ,all ?is !re=e proves t ,"t1 ,space1 & ,causality are n convey$ into u by t\* or by sight1 or inde$ at all f outside1 b t !y h an int]nal1 consequ5tly n empirical1 b intellectual orig94 ,f ?is aga9 foll[s1 t ! p]ception ( ! bodily _w is an ess5tially intellectual process1 a "w ( ! ,und]/&+1 to :i* s5sation m]ely gives ! opportunity & ! data = application 9 individual cases4 #gh ,did]ot1 9 8 ,lettre sur les ,aveugles1 gives a detail$ acc\nt ( ,saund]son4 #gi ,see ,die ,welt a4 ,w4 u4 ,v4 vol4 ii4 *ap4 #d4 ,i %all n[ prove ! same ) reg>d to ! s5se ( sight4 ,"h ! only imm$iate datum is ! s5sation exp]i5c$ by ! ret9a1 :i*1 ?\gh admitt+ ( great v>iety1 may /ill be r$uc$ to ! impression ( light & d>k ) _! int]m$iate gradations & to t ( col\rs prop]4 ,?is s5sation is entirely subjective3 t is to say1 x only exi/s )9 ! organism & "u ! sk94 ,)\t ! ,und]/&+1 inde$1 we %\ld nev] ev5 become consci\s ( ^! gradations1 except+ z ( peculi>1 v>i$ modifications ( ! feel+ 9 our eye1 :i* w\ld be> no resemblance to ! %ape1 situation1 proximity1 or di/ance ( objects outside u4 ,= s5sation1 9 see+1 supplies no?+ m ?an a v>i$ affection ( ! ret9a1 exactly l ! spectacle ( a pa9t]'s palette ) div]s spla%es ( col\r4 ,nor w\ld any?+ m rema9 ov] 9 our consci\sness1 7 we sudd5ly depriv$ ( all our ,und]/&+--let u say by p>alysis ( ! bra9--at a mom5t :5 we 7 contemplat+ a ri* & ext5sive l&scape1 :ile ! s5sation 0 left un*ang$3 = ?is 0 ! raw mat]ial out ( :i* our ,und]/&+ _h j be=e be5 con/ruct+ t p]ception4 ,n[1 t ! ,und]/&+ %\ld ?us be able1 f su* limit$ mat]ial z light1 %ade & col\r1 to produce ! visible _w1 inexhau/ibly ri* 9 all its diff]5t %apes1 by means ( ! simple function ( ref]r+ effects to causes assi/$ by ! intuition ( ,space1 dep5ds be=e all ?+s ^u ! assi/ance giv5 by ! s5sation itself1 :i* consi/s 9 ?is3 fir/1 t ! ret9a1 z a surface1 admits ( a juxtaposition ( impressions2 secondly1 t light always acts 9 /raight l9es1 & t its refraction 9 ! eye itself is rectil9e>2 f9ally1 t ! ret9a possesses ! faculty ( imm$iately feel+ f :i* direction ! light comes t imp+es ^u x1 & ?is c1 p]haps1 only be acc\nt$ = by ! rays ( light p5etrat+ bel[ ! surface ( ! ret9a4 ,b by ?is we ga91 t ! m]e impression at once indicates ! direction ( its cause2 t is1 x po9ts directly to ! position ( ! object f :i* ! light proce$s or is reflect$4 ,! passage to ?is object z a cause no d\bt presupposes ! k ( causal relations1 z well z ( ! laws ( ,space2 b ?is k con/itutes precisely ! furniture ( ! ,intellect1 :i*1 "h also1 has aga9 to create p]ception out ( m]e s5sation4 ,let u n[ exam9e its proc$ure 9 do+ s m closely4 ,! fir/ ?+ x does is to set "r ! impression ( ! object1 :i* is produc$ on ! ret9a upside d[n4 ,t orig9al inv]sion is1 z we "k1 br\ght ab\t 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,z ea* po9t ( ! visible object s5ds =? its rays t[>ds all sides 9 a rectil9e> direction1 ! rays f its upp] extremity cross ^? f its l[] extremity 9 ! n>r[ ap]ture ( ! pupil1 by :i* ! =m] imp+e ^u ! bottom1 ! latt] ^u ! top1 ^? project$ f ! "r side ^u ! left1 & vice v]sa4 ,! refract+ app>atus ( ! eye1 :i* consi/s ( ! humor aqueus1 l5s1 et corpus vitreum1 only s]ves to conc5trate ! rays ( light proce$+ f ! object1 s z to f9d room = !m on ! small space ( ! ret9a4 ,n[1 if see+ consi/$ 9 m]e s5sation1 we %\ld p]ceive ! impression ( ! object turn$ upside d[n1 because we receive x ?us2 b 9 t case we %\ld p]ceive x z some?+ )9 our eye1 = we %\ld /op %ort at ! s5sation4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 ! ,und]/&+ /eps 9 at once ) its causal law1 & z x has receiv$ f s5sation ! datum ( ! direction 9 :i* ! ray imp+$ ^u ! ret9a1 x pursues t direction retrogressively up to ! cause on bo? l9es2 s t ?is "t ! cross+ takes place 9 ! opposite direction1 & ! cause pres5ts itself upright z an ext]nal object 9 ,space1 i4e4 9 ! position 9 :i* x orig9ally s5t =? its rays1 n t 9 :i* !y rea*$ ! ret9a 7see fig4 #a74--,! purely intellectual nature ( ?is process1 to ! exclusion ( all o!r1 m especially ( physiological1 explanations1 may also be confirm$ by ! fact1 t if we put our heads betwe5 our legs1 or lie d[n on a hill head d[nw>ds1 we nev]!less see objects 9 _! "r position1 & n upside d[n2 al?\gh ! portion ( ! ret9a1 :i* is usually met by ! l[] "p ( ! object is !n met by ! upp]3 9 fact1 ev]y?+ is topsy turvy except+ ! ,und]/&+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,! second ?+ :i* ! ,und]/&+ does 9 conv]t+ s5sation into p]ception1 is to make a s+le p]ception out ( a d\ble s5sation2 = ea* eye 9 fact receives its own sep>ate impression f ! object we are look+ at2 ea* ev5 9 a slightly diff]5t direction3 nev]!less t object pres5ts itself z a s+le "o4 ,?is c only take place 9 ! ,und]/&+1 & ! process by :i* x is br\ght ab\t is ! foll[+3 ,our eyes are nev] q p>allel1 except+ :5 we look at a di/ant object1 i4e4 "o :i* is m ?an #bjj feet f u4 ,at o!r times !y are bo? direct$ t[>ds ! object we are view+1 :]eby !y conv]ge1 s z to make ! l9es proce$+ f ea* eye to ! exact po9t ( ! object on :i* x is fix$1 =m an angle1 call$ ! optic angle2 ! l9es !mselves are call$ optic axes4 ,n[1 :5 ! object lies /raight be=e u1 ^! l9es exactly imp+e ^u ! c5tre ( ea* ret9a1 !re=e 9 two po9ts :i* correspond exactly to ea* o!r 9 ea* eye4 ,! ,und]/&+1 ^: only bus9ess x is to look = ! cause ( all ?+s1 at once recognises ! impression z com+ f a s+le outside po9t1 al?\gh "h ! s5sation is d\ble1 & attributes x to "o cause1 :i* !re=e pres5ts itself z a s+le object4 ,= all t is p]ceiv$ by u1 is p]ceiv$ z a cause--t is to say1 z ! cause ( an effect we h exp]i5c$1 consequ5tly 9 ! ,und]/&+4 ,z1 nev]!less1 we take 9 n only a s+le po9t1 b a consid]able surface ( ! object ) bo? eyes1 & yet p]ceive x z a s+le object1 x w be necess>y to pursue ?is explanation /ill fur!r4 ,all ^? p>ts ( ! object :i* lie to "o side ( ! v]tex ( ! optic angle no long] s5d _! rays /raight into ! c5tre1 b to ! side1 ( ! ret9a 9 ea* eye2 9 bo? sides1 h[ev]1 to ! same1 let u say ! left1 side4 ,! po9ts !re=e ^u :i* ^! rays imp+e1 correspond symmetrically to ea* o!r1 z well z ! c5tres--9 o!r words1 !y are homonym\s po9ts4 ,! ,und]/&+ soon le>ns to "k !m1 & accord+ly ext5ds ! above-m5tion$ rule ( its causal p]ception to !m also2 consequ5tly x n only ref]s ^? rays :i* imp+e ^u ! c5tre ( ea* ret9a1 b ^? also :i* imp+e ^u all ! o!r symmetrically correspond+ places 9 bo? ret9as1 to a s+le radiant po9t 9 ! object view$3 t is1 x sees all ^! po9ts likewise z s+le1 & ! entire object also4 ,n[1 x %\ld be well obs]v$1 t 9 ?is process x is n ! out] side ( "o ret9a :i* corresponds to ! out] side ( ! o!r1 & ! inn] to ! inn] ( ea*1 b ! "r side ( "o ret9a :i* corresponds to ! "r side ( ! o!r1 & s =?2 s t ?is symmetrical correspond5ce mu/ n be tak5 9 a physiological1 b 9 a geometrical s5se4 ,num]\s & v cle> illu/rations ( ?is process1 & ( all ! ph5om5a :i* are connect$ ) x1 are to be f\nd 9 ,rob]t ,smi?'s ,optics1 & p>tly also 9 ,k/n]'s ,g]man translation 7#agee74 ,i only give "o 7fig4 #b71 :i*1 prop]ly speak+1 repres5ts a special case1 m5tion$ fur!r on1 b :i* may also s]ve to illu/rate ! :ole1 if we leave ! po9t ,r out ( "q4 ,accord+ to ?is illu/ration1 we inv>iably direct bo? eyes equally t[>ds ! object1 9 ord] t ! symmetrically correspond+ places on bo? ret9as may cat* ! rays project$ f ! same po9ts4 ,n[1 :5 we move our eyes upw>ds & d[nw>ds1 to ! sides1 & 9 all directions1 ! po9t 9 ! object :i* fir/ imp+$ ^u ! c5tral po9t ( ea* ret9a1 /rikes a diff]5t place e "t1 b 9 all cases "o :i*1 9 ea* eye1 corresponds to ! place be>+ ! same "n 9 ! o!r eye4 ,9 exam9+ 7p]lu/r>e7 an object1 we let our eyes glide backw>ds & =w>ds ov] x1 9 ord] to br+ ea* po9t ( x successively into contact ) ! c5tre ( ! ret9a1 :i* sees mo/ di/9ctly3 we feel x all ov] ) our eyes4 ,x is !re=e obvi\s t see+ s+ly ) two eyes is 9 fact ! same process z feel+ a body ) t5 f+]s1 ea* ( :i* receives a diff]5t impression1 ea* moreov] 9 a diff]5t direction3 ! totality ( ^! impressions be+ nev]!less recognis$ by ! ,und]/&+ z proce$+ f "o object1 ^: %ape & size x accord+ly appreh5ds & con/ructs 9 ,space4 ,?is is :y x is possible = a bl9d man to become a sculptor1 z 0 ! case1 = in/ance1 ) ! fam\s ,joseph ,kle9haus1 :o di$ 9 ,tyrol1 #ahec1 hav+ be5 a sculptor f 8 fif? ye>4#hj ,=1 no matt] f :at cause x may h d]iv$ its data1 p]ception is inv>iably an op]ation ( ! ,und]/&+4 #hj ,! ,frank=t ,konv]sationsblatt1 ,july #bb1 #ahec1 gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ?is sculptor3--,! bl9d sculptor1 ,joseph ,kle9haus1 di$ at ,naud]s1 9 ,tyrol1 on ! #aj? in/4 ,hav+ lo/ 8 eyesight ?r\gh small-pox :5 he 0 five ye>s old1 he began to amuse himself ) c>v+ & modell+1 z a pa/ime4 ,prugg gave him "s in/ructions1 & suppli$ him ) models1 & at ! age ( twelve he c>v$ a ,*ri/ 9 life-size4 ,dur+ a %ort /ay 9 ,nissl's work%op at ,fg51 8 progress 0 s rapid1 t1 ?anks to 8 good capacities & tal5ts1 8 fame z ! bl9d sculptor soon spread f> & wide4 ,8 works are num]\s & ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,8 ,*ri/s alone1 ( :i* !re are ab\t f\r hundr$1 be> special witness to 8 pr(ici5cy1 p>ticul>ly if 8 bl9dness is tak5 into consid]ation4 ,he sculptur$ _m o!r objects besides1 &1 b two mon?s ago1 he modell$ a bu/ ( ! ,emp]or ,franz ,joseph ( ,au/ria :i* has be5 s5t to ,vi5na4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,b j z a s+le ball seems to me d\ble1 if ,i t\* x ) my f+]s cross$--s9ce my ,und]/&+1 at once rev]t+ to ! cause & con/ruct+ x accord+ to ! laws ( ,space1 takes = grant$ t ! f+]s are 9 _! normal position & ( c\rse _c d o!rwise ?an attribute two sph]ical surfaces1 :i* come 9 contact ) ! out] sides ( ! fir/ & middle f+]s1 to two diff]5t balls--j s also does an object seem d\ble1 if my eyes1 in/ead ( conv]g+ symmetrically & enclos+ ! optic angle at a s+le po9t ( ! object1 ea* view x at a diff]5t incl9ation--9 o!r words1 if ,i squ9t4 ,= ! rays1 :i* 9 ?is case emanate f "o po9t ( ! object1 no long] imp+e ^u ^? symmetrically correspond+ po9ts 9 bo? ret9as ) :i* my m9d has gr[n famili> by long exp]i5ce1 b ^u o!r1 q diff]5t ones :i*1 9 a symmetrical position ( ! eyes1 c\ld only be affect$ 9 ?is way by diff]5t bodies2 ,i !re=e n[ see two objects1 precisely because p]ception takes place by means (1 & )91 ! ,und]/&+4--,! same ?+ happ5s )\t squ9t+ :51 = in/ance1 ,i look fix$ly at ! fur!/ ( two objects plac$ at unequal di/ances be=e me1 & complete ! optic angle at x2 = !n ! rays emanat+ f ! ne>] object d n imp+e ^u symmetrically correspond+ places 9 bo? ret9as1 :]e=e my ,und]/&+ attributes !m to two objects1 i4e4 ,i see ! ne>] object d\ble 7see fig4 #b1 page #gj74 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ,i complete ! optic angle at ! ne>] object1 by look+ /eadily at x1 ! fur!r object appe>s d\ble4 ,x is easy to te/ ?is by hold+ a p5cil two feet f ! eyes1 & look+ alt]nately at x & at "s o!r m di/ant object beh9d x4 ,b ! f9e/ ?+ ( all is1 t ?is exp]im5t may q well be rev]s$3 s t1 ) two real objects /raight be=e & close to u1 & ) our eyes wide op51 we nev]!less see b "o4 ,?is is ! mo/ /rik+ pro( t p]ception is a "w ( ! ,und]/&+ & by no means conta9$ 9 s5sation4 ,let two c>dbo>d tubes1 ab\t #h in*es long & #a-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]1 be fa/5$ p>allel to "o ano!r1 l ^? ( a b9ocul> telescope1 & fix a %ill+ at ! end ( ea* tube4 ,on apply+ our eyes to ! opposite extremity & look+ ?r\gh ! tubes1 we %all see only "o %ill+ surr\nd$ by "o tube4 ,= 9 ?is case ! eyes be+ =c$ into a completely p>allel position1 ! rays emanat+ f ! co9s imp+e exactly ^u ! c5tres ( ! two ret9as & ^? po9ts :i* imm$iately surr\nd !m1 !re=e ^u places :i* correspond symmetrically to ea* o!r2 consequ5tly ! ,und]/&+1 tak+ = grant$ ! usual conv]g5t position ( ! optic axes :5 objects are ne>1 admits b "o object z ! cause ( ! reflect$ rays4 ,9 o!r words1 we see b "o object2 s direct is ! act ( causal appreh5sion 9 ! ,und]/&+4 ,we h n space en\gh "h to refute "o by "o ! physiological explanations ( s+le vision :i* h be5 attempt$2 b _! fallacy is %[n by ! foll[+ consid]ations3-- #ao4 ,if see+ s+le 7 dep5d5t ^u an organic connection1 ! correspond+ po9ts 9 bo? ret9as1 on :i* ?is ph5om5on is %[n to dep5d1 w\ld correspond organically1 :]eas !y d s 9 a m]ely geometrical s5se1 z has already be5 said4 ,=1 organically speak+1 ! two inn] & two out] corn]s ( ! eyes are ^? :i* correspond1 & s x is ) ! o!r p>ts also2 :]eas = ! purpose ( s+le vision1 x is ! "r side ( ! "r ret9a :i* corresponds to ! "r side ( ! left ret9a1 & s on1 z ! ph5om5a j describ$ irrefutably %[4 ,x is also precisely on acc\nt ( ! intellectual "* ( ! process1 t only ! mo/ intellig5t animals1 su* z ! high] mammalia & birds ( prey--m especially owls--h _! eyes plac$ s z to enable !m to direct bo? optic axes to ! same po9t4 #bo4 ,! hypo!sis ( a conflu5ce or p>tial int]section ( ! optic n]ves be=e ent]+ ! bra91 orig9at$ by ,newton1#ha is false1 simply because x w\ld !n be impossible to see d\ble by squ9t+4 ,vesalius & ,csalp9us besides h already br\ght =w>d anatomical in/ances 9 :i* subjects saw s+le1 al?\gh nei!r fusion nor ev5 contact ( ! optic n]ves _h tak5 place4 ,a f9al argum5t aga9/ ! hypo!sis ( a mix$ impression is suppli$ by ! fact1 t on clos+ our "r eye firmly & look+ at ! sun ) our left1 ! bright image :i* p]si/s = a "t is always 9 ! left1 nev] 9 ! "r1 eye3 & vice v]sa4 #ha ,newton1 ,optics4 ,qu]y #ae4 ,! ?ird process by :i* ! ,und]/&+ conv]ts s5sation into p]ception1 consi/s 9 con/ruct+ bodies out ( ! simple surfaces hi!rto obta9$--t is1 9 add+ ! ?ird dim5sion4 ,?is x does by e/imat+ ! expansion ( bodies 9 ?is ?ird dim5sion 9 ,space--:i* is kn[n to ! ,und]/&+ priori--?r\gh ,causality1 accord+ to ! degree 9 :i* ! eye is affect$ by ! objects1 & to ! gradations ( light & %ade4 ,9 fact1 al?\gh objects fill ,space 9 all ?ree dim5sions1 !y c only produce an impression ^u ! eye ) two2 = ! nature ( t organ is su*1 t our s5sation1 9 see+1 is m]ely planimetrical1 n /]eometrical4 ,all t is /]eometrical 9 our p]ception is add$ by ! ,und]/&+1 :i* has = its sole data ! direction :5ce ! eye receives its impression1 ! limits ( t impression1 & ! v>i\s gradations ( light & d>k3 ^! data directly indicate _! causes1 & enable u to di/+ui% :e!r :at we h be=e u is a disk or a ball4 ,?is m5tal process1 l ! prec$+ ones1 takes place s imm$iately & ) su* rapidity1 t we are consci\s ( no?+ b ! result4 ,x is ?is :i* makes p]spective draw+ s difficult a problem1 t x c only be solv$ by ma!matics & has to be le>nt2 al?\gh all x has to d1 is to repres5t ! s5sation ( see+ z x pres5ts itself to our ,und]/&+ z a datum = ! ?ird process3 t is1 visual s5sation 9 its m]ely planimetrical ext5sion1 to ! two dim5sions ( :i* ext5sion1 toge!r ) ! said data 9 !m1 ! ,und]/&+ =?) adds ! ?ird1 9 contemplat+ a draw+ z well z 9 contemplat+ reality4 ,p]spective draw+ is1 9 fact1 a sort ( writ+ :i* c be read z easily z pr9t$ type1 b :i* few are able to write2 precisely because our intellect1 9 p]ceiv+1 only appreh5ds effects ) a view to con/ruct+ _! causes1 imm$iately los+ sight ( ! =m] z soon z x has discov]$ ! latt]4 ,= in/ance1 we in/antly recognise a *air1 :atev] position x may be 92 :ile draw+ a *air 9 any position belongs to ! art :i* ab/racts f ?is ?ird process ( ! ,und]/&+1 9 ord] to pres5t ! data alone = ! spectator himself to complete4 ,9 its n>r[e/ acceptation1 z we h already se51 ?is is ! art ( draw+ 9 p]spective2 9 a m compreh5sive s5se1 x is ! :ole art ( pa9t+4 ,a pa9t+ pres5ts u ) outl9es drawn accord+ to ! rules ( p]spective2 light] & d>k] places proportion$ to ! effect ( light & %ade2 f9ally pat*es ( col\r+1 :i* are det]m9$ z to quality & int5sity by ! tea*+ ( exp]i5ce4 ,?is ! spectator reads & int]prets by ref]r+ simil> effects to _! accu/om$ causes4 ,! pa9t]'s art consi/s 9 consci\sly reta9+ ! data ( visual s5sation 9 ! arti/'s memory1 z !y are be=e ?is ?ird intellectual process2 :ile we1 :o are n arti/s1 ca/ !m aside )\t reta9+ !m 9 our memory1 z soon z we h made use ( !m = ! purpose describ$ above4 ,we %all become /ill bett] acqua9t$ ) ?is ?ird intellectual process by n[ pass+ on to a f\r?1 :i*1 f its intimate connection ) ! ?ird1 s]ves to elucidate x4 ,?is f\r? op]ation ( ! ,und]/&+ consi/s 9 acquir+ k ( ! di/ance ( objects f u3 x is ?is precisely :i* con/itutes t ?ird dim5sion ( :i* we h be5 speak+4 ,visual s5sation1 z we h said1 gives u ! direction 9 :i* objects lie1 b n _! di/ance f u3 t is1 n _! position4 ,x is = ! ,und]/&+ !re=e to f9d out ?is di/ance2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! di/ance mu/ be inf]r$ f purely causal det]m9ations4 ,n[ ! mo/ important ( ^! is ! visual angle1 :i* objects subt5d2 yet ev5 ?is is q ambigu\s & unable to decide any?+ by itself4 ,x is l a ^w ( d\ble mean+3 ! s5se1 9 :i* x is to be und]/ood1 c only be ga!r$ f its connection ) ! re/4 ,an object subt5d+ ! same visual angle may 9 fact be small & ne>1 or l>ge & f> (f2 & x is only :5 we h previ\sly asc]ta9$ its size1 t ! visual angle enables u to recognise its di/ance3 & conv]sely1 its size1 :5 its di/ance is kn[n to u4 ,l9e> p]spective is bas$ ^u ! fact t ! visual angle dim9i%es z ! di/ance increases1 & its pr9ciples may "h be easily d$uc$4 ,z our sight ranges equally 9 all directions1 we see ev]y?+ 9 reality z f ! int]ior ( a holl[ sph]e1 ( :i* our eye occupies ! c5tre4 ,n[ 9 ! fir/ place1 an inf9ite numb] ( int]sect+ circles pass ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ?is sph]e 9 all directions1 & ! angles measur$ by ! divisions ( ^! circles are ! possible angles ( vision4 ,9 ! second place1 ! sph]e itself modifies its size accord+ to ! l5g? ( radius we give to x2 !re=e we may also imag9e x z consi/+ ( an inf9ity ( conc5tric1 transp>5t sph]es4 ,z all radii div]ge1 ^! conc5tric sph]es augm5t 9 size 9 proportion to _! di/ance f u1 & ! degrees ( _! sectional circles increase correspond+ly3 !re=e ! true size ( ! objects :i* occupy !m likewise increases4 ,?us objects are l>g] or small] accord+ to ! size ( ! sph]es ( :i* !y occupy simil> portions--say #aj--:ile _! visual angle rema9s un*ang$ 9 bo? cases1 leav+ x !re=e undecid$1 :e!r ! #aj occupi$ by a giv5 object belong to a sph]e ( #b miles1 or ( #aj feet diamet]4 ,conv]sely1 if ! size ( ! object has be5 asc]ta9$1 ! numb] ( degrees occupi$ by x w dim9i% 9 proportion to ! di/ance & ! size ( ! sph]e to :i* we ref] x1 & all its outl9es w contract 9 simil> proportion4 ,f ?is ensues ! fundam5tal law ( all p]spective2 =1 z objects & ! int]vals betwe5 !m mu/ necess>ily dim9i% 9 con/ant proportion to _! di/ance f u1 all _! outl9es !reby contract+1 ! result w be1 t ) increas+ di/ance1 :at is above u w desc5d1 :at is bel[ u w asc5d1 & all t lies at our sides w come ne>] toge!r4 ,?is progressive conv]g5ce1 ?is l9e> p]spective1 no d\bt enables u to e/imate di/ances1 s f> z we h be=e u an un9t]rupt$ succession ( visibly connect$ objects2 b we are n able to d ?is by means ( ! visual angle alone1 = "h ! help ( ano!r datum is requir$ by ! ,und]/&+1 to act1 9 a s5se1 z comm5t>y to ! visual angle1 by indicat+ m precisely ! %>e we are to attribute to di/ance 9 t angle4 ,n[ !re are f\r pr9cipal data ( ?is k9d1 :i* ,i am ab\t to specify4 ,?anks to ^! data1 ev5 :]e !re is no l9e> p]spective to guide u1 if a man /&+ at a di/ance ( #bjj feet appe>s to me subt5d+ a visual angle tw5ty-f\r times small] ?an if he 7 only #b feet (f1 ,i c nev]!less 9 mo/ cases e/imate 8 size correctly4 ,all ?is proves once m t p]ception is n only a ?+ ( ! s5ses1 b ( ! intellect also4--,i w "h add ! foll[+ special & int]e/+ fact 9 corroboration ( :at ,i h said ab\t ! basis ( l9e> p]spective z well z ab\t ! intellectual nature ( all p]ception4 ,:5 ,i h look$ /eadily at a col\r$ object ) %>ply def9$ outl9es--say a r$ cross--long en\gh = ! physiological image to =m 9 my eye z a gre5 cross1 ! fur!r ! surface on to :i* ,i project x1 ! l>g] x w appe> to me3 & vice v]sa4 ,= ! image itself occupies an unv>y+ portion ( my ret9a1 i4e4 ! portion orig9ally affect$ by ! r$ cross2 !re=e :5 ref]r$ outw>ds1 or1 9 o!r words1 recognis$ z ! effect ( an ext]nal object1 x =ms an un*ang+ visual angle1 say ( #b4 ,n[ if1 9 ?is case1 :]e all comm5t>y to ! visual angle is want+1 ,i remove x to a di/ant surface1 ) :i* ,i necess>ily id5tify x z belong+ to its effect1 ! cross w occupy #b ( a di/ant & !re=e l>g] sph]e1 & is consequ5tly l>ge4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i project ! image on to a ne>] object1 x w occupy #b ( a small] sph]e1 & is !re=e small4 ,! result+ p]ception is 9 bo? cases completely objective1 q l t ( an ext]nal object2 & z x proce$s f an entirely subjective reason 7f ! image hav+ be5 excit$ 9 q a diff]5t way71 x ?us confirms ! intellectual "* ( all objective p]ception4--,?is ph5om5on 7:i* ,i di/9ctly rememb] to h be5 ! fir/ to notice1 9 #ahae7 =ms ! !me ( an essay by ,sgu91 publi%$ 9 ! ,comptes r5dus ( ! #bnd ,augu/1 #aheh1 :]e x is s]v$ up z a new discov]y1 all sorts ( absurd & di/ort$ explanations ( x be+ giv54 ,messieurs les illu/res confrres let pass no opportunity = heap+ exp]im5t ^u exp]im5t1 ! m complicat$ ! bett]4 ,expri5ce6 is _! wat*word2 yet h[ r>ely d we meet ) any s\nd1 g5u9e reflection ^u ! ph5om5a obs]v$6 ,expri5ce6 expri5ce6 foll[$ by twaddle4 ,to return to ! subsidi>y data :i* act z comm5t>ies to a giv5 visual angle1 we f9d =emo/ among !m ! mutationes oculi int]n1 by means ( :i* ! eye adapts its refractory app>atus to v>i\s di/ances by increas+ & dim9i%+ ! refraction4 ,9 :at ^! modifications consi/1 has n yet be5 cle>ly asc]ta9$4 ,!y h be5 s\ght 9 ! increas$ convexity1 n[ ( ! cornea1 n[ ( ! cry/all9e l5s2 b ! late/ !ory seems to me ! mo/ probable "o1 accord+ to :i* ! l5s is mov$ backw>ds = di/ant vision & =w>ds = ne> vision1 lat]al pressure1 9 ! latt] case1 giv+ x increas$ protub]ance2 s t ! process w\ld exactly resemble ! me*anism ( an op]a-glass4 ,kepl]1 h[ev]1 _h1 9 ! ma91 already express$ ?is !ory1 :i* may be f\nd expla9$ 9 ,a4 ,hueck's pamphlet1 ,die ,bewegung d] ,kry/all9se1 #ahda4 ,if we are n cle>ly consci\s ( ^! inn] modifications ( ! eye1 we h at any rate a c]ta9 feel+ ( !m1 & ( ?is we imm$iately avail ourselves to e/imate di/ances4 ,z h[ev] ^! modifications are n available = ! purposes ( cle> sight beyond ! range ( f ab\t #g in*es to #af feet1 ! ,und]/&+ is only able to apply ?is datum )9 ^? limits4 ,beyond !m1 h[ev]1 ! second datum becomes available3 t is to say1 ! optic angle1 =m$ by ! two optic axes1 :i* we _h occasion to expla9 :5 speak+ ( s+le vision4 ,x is obvi\s t ?is optic angle becomes small]1 ! fur!r ! object is remov$3 & vice v]sa4 ,?is diff]5t direction ( ! eyes1 ) respect to ea* o!r1 does n take place )\t produc+ a slight s5sation1 ( :i* we are nev]!less only 9 s f> consci\s z ! ,und]/&+ makes use ( x1 z a datum1 9 e/imat+ di/ances intuitively4 ,by ?is datum we are n only enabl$ to cognize ! di/ance1 b ! precise position ( ! object view$1 by means ( ! p>allax ( ! eyes1 :i* consi/s 9 ea* eye see+ ! object 9 a slightly diff]5t direction2 s t if we close "o eye1 ! object seems to move4 ,?us x is n easy to snuff a c&le ) "o eye %ut1 because ?is datum is !n want+4 ,b z ! direction ( ! eyes becomes p>allel z soon z ! di/ance ( ! object rea*es or exce$s #bjj feet1 & z ! optic angle consequ5tly !n ceases to exi/1 ?is datum only holds good )9 ! said di/ance4 ,beyond x1 ! ,und]/&+ has rec\rse to atmosph]ic p]spective1 :i* indicates a great] di/ance by means ( ! increas+ dimness ( all col\rs1 ( ! appe>ance ( physical blue 9 front ( all d>k objects 7accord+ to ,g!'s p]fectly correct & true !ory ( col\rs71 & also ( ! gr[+ indi/9ctness ( all outl9es4 ,9 ,italy1 :]e ! atmosph]e is v transp>5t1 ?is datum loses its p[] & is apt to mislead3 ,tivoli1 = in/ance1 seems to be v ne> :5 se5 f ,frascati4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all objects appe> l>g] 9 a mi/1 :i* is an abnormal exagg]ation ( ! datum2 because our ,und]/&+ assumes !m to be fur!r f u4 ,f9ally1 !re rema9s ! e/imation ( di/ance by means ( ! size 7kn[n to u intuitively7 ( int]v5+ objects1 su* z fields1 woods1 riv]s1 c4 c4 ,?is mode ( e/imation is only applicable :]e !re is un9t]rupt$ succession3 9 o!r words1 x c only be appli$ to t]re/rial1 n to cele/ial objects4 ,moreov]1 we h 9 g5]al m practice 9 us+ x horizontally ?an v]tically3 a ball on ! top ( a t[] #bjj feet high appe>s mu* small] to u ?an :5 ly+ on ! gr\nd #bjj feet f u2 because1 9 ! latt] case1 we e/imate ! di/ance m accurately4 ,:5 we see human be+s 9 su* a way1 t :at lies betwe5 !m & ourselves is 9 a great measure hidd5 f our sight1 !y always appe> /rik+ly small4 ,! fact t our ,und]/&+ assumes ev]y?+ x p]ceives 9 a horizontal direction to be f>!r (f1 !re=e l>g]1 ?an :at is se5 9 a v]tical direction1 mu/ p>tly be attribut$ to ?is la/ mode ( e/imat+ di/ances1 inasmu* z x only holds good :5 appli$ horizontally & to t]re/rial objects2 b p>tly also to our e/imation ( di/ances by atmosph]ic p]spective1 :i* is subject to simil> conditions4 ,?is is :y ! moon seems s mu* l>g] on ! horizon ?an at its z5i?1 al?\gh its visual angle accurately measur$--t is1 ! image project$ by x on to ! eye--is n at all l>g] 9 "o case ?an 9 ! o!r2 & ?is also acc\nts = ! flatt5$ appe>ance ( ! vault ( ! sky3 t is to say1 = its appe>+ to h great] horizontal ?an v]tical ext5sion4 ,bo? ph5om5a !re=e are purely intellectual or c]ebral1 n optical4 ,if x be object$1 t ev5 :5 at its z5i?1 ! moon occasionally has a hazy appe>ance )\t seem+ to be l>g]1 we answ]1 t nei!r does x 9 t case appe> r$2 = its haz9ess proce$s f a great] d5sity ( vap\rs1 & is !re=e ( a diff]5t k9d f t :i* proce$s f atmosph]ic p]spective4 ,to ?is may be add$ :at ,i h already said3 t we only apply ?is mode ( e/imat+ di/ances 9 a horizontal1 n 9 a p]p5dicul>1 direction2 besides1 9 ?is case1 o!r correctives come into play4 ,x is relat$ ( ,saussure t1 :5 on ! ,mont ,blanc1 he saw s enorm\s a moon rise1 t1 n recognis+ :at x 01 he fa9t$ ) t]ror4 ,! prop]ties ( ! telescope & magnify+ glass1 on ! o!r h&1 dep5d ^u a sep>ate e/imate accord+ to ! visual angle alone3 i4e41 t ( size by di/ance1 & ( di/ance by size2 because "h ! f\r o!r supplem5t>y means ( e/imat+ di/ances are exclud$4 ,! telescope 9 reality magnifies objects1 :ile x only seems to br+ !m ne>]2 because _! size be+ kn[n to u empirically1 we "h acc\nt = its app>5t increase by a dim9ution ( _! di/ance f u4 ,a h\se se5 ?r\gh a telescope1 = in/ance1 seems to be t5 times ne>]1 n t5 times l>g]1 ?an se5 ) ! nak$ eye4 ,! magnify+ glass1 on ! contr>y1 does n really magnify1 b m]ely enables u to br+ ! object ne>] to our eyes ?an w\ld o!rwise be possible2 s t x only appe>s z l>ge z x w\ld at t di/ance ev5 )\t ! magnify+ glass4 ,9 fact1 we are prev5t$ f see+ objects di/9ctly at less ?an f eight to t5 in*es' di/ance f our eyes1 by ! insuffici5t convexity ( ! ocul> l5s & cornea2 b if we increase ! refraction by sub/itut+ ! convexity ( ! magnify+ glass = t ( ! l5s & cornea1 we !n obta9 a cle> image ( objects ev5 :5 !y are z ne> z half an in* f our eyes4 ,objects ?us se5 9 close proximity to u & 9 ! size correspond+ to t proximity1 are transf]r$ by our ,und]/&+ to ! di/ance at :i* we naturally see di/9ctly1 i4e4 to ab\t eight or t5 in*es f our eyes1 & we !n e/imate _! magnitude accord+ to ?is di/ance & to ! giv5 visual angle4 ,i h ent]$ ?us fully into detail conc]n+ all ! diff]5t processes by :i* see+ is accompli%$1 9 ord] to %[ cle>ly & irrefragably t ! pr$om9ant factor 9 !m is ! ,und]/&+1 :i*1 by conceiv+ ea* *ange z an effect & ref]r+ t effect to its cause1 produces ! c]ebral ph5om5on ( ! objective _w on ! basis ( ! priori fundam5tal intuitions ( ,space & ,"t1 = :i* x receives m]ely a few data f ! s5ses4 ,& moreov] ! ,und]/&+ effects ?is exclusively by means ( its own peculi> =m1 ! law ( ,causality2 !re=e q directly & intuitively1 )\t any assi/ance :atev] f reflection--t is1 f ab/ract k by means ( conceptions & ( language1 :i* are ! mat]ials ( second>y k1 i4e4 ( ?\ght1 !re=e ( ,reason4 ,t ?is k ?r\gh ! ,und]/&+ is indep5d5t ( ,reason's assi/ance1 is %[n ev5 by ! fact1 t :51 at any "t1 ! ,und]/&+ attributes a giv5 effect to a wrong cause1 actually p]ceiv+ t cause1 :]eby illusion arises1 our ,reason1 h[ev] cle>ly x may recognise 9 ab/racto ! true /ate ( ! matt]1 is nev]!less unable to assi/ ! ,und]/&+1 & ! illusion p]si/s undi/urb$ 9 spite ( t bett] k4 ,! above-m5tion$ ph5om5a ( see+ & feel+ d\ble1 :i* result f an abnormal position ( ! organs ( t\* & sight1 are in/ances ( su* illusions2 likewise ! app>5tly increas$ size ( ! ris+ moon2 ! image :i* =ms 9 ! focus ( a concave mirror & exactly resembles a solid body float+ 9 space2 ! pa9t$ relievo :i* we take = real2 ! app>5t motion ( a %ore or bridge on :i* we are /&+1 if a %ip happ5s to pass along or b5ea? x2 ! seem+ proximity ( v l(ty m\nta9s1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( atmosph]ic p]spective1 :i* is ! result ( ! purity ( ! air r\nd _! summits4 ,9 ^! & 9 a multitude ( simil> cases1 our ,und]/&+ takes = grant$ ! exi/5ce ( ! usual cause ) :i* x is conv]sant & =?) p]ceives x1 ?\gh our ,reason has arriv$ at ! tru? by a diff]5t road2 =1 ! k ( ! ,und]/&+ be+ ant]ior to t ( ! ,reason1 ! intellect rema9s inaccessible to ! tea*+ ( ! ,reason1 & ?us ! illusion--t is1 ! deception ( ! ,und]/&+--rema9s immovable2 albeit error--t is1 ! deception ( ! ,reason--is obviat$4--,t :i* is correctly kn[n by ! ,und]/&+ is reality3 t :i* is correctly kn[n by ! ,reason is tru?1 or 9 o!r t]ms1 a judgm5t hav+ a suffici5t reason2 illusion 7t :i* is wrongly p]ceiv$7 we oppose to reality3 error 7t :i* is wrongly ?\ght7 to tru?4 ,! purely =mal "p ( empirical p]ception--t is1 ,space1 ,"t1 & ! law ( ,causality--is conta9$ priori 9 ! intellect2 b ?is is n ! case ) ! application ( ?is =mal "p to empirical data1 :i* has to be acquir$ by ! ,und]/&+ ?r\gh practice & exp]i5ce4 ,!re=e new-born infants1 ?\gh !y no d\bt receive impressions ( light & ( col\r1 /ill d n appreh5d or inde$1 /rictly speak+1 see objects4 ,! fir/ weeks ( _! exi/5ce are r pass$ 9 a k9d ( /upor1 f :i* !y awak5 by degrees :5 _! ,und]/&+ beg9s to apply its function to ! data suppli$ by ! s5ses1 especially ^? ( t\* & ( sight1 :]eby !y gradually ga9 consci\sness ( ! objective _w4 ,?is newly-aris+ consci\sness may be cle>ly recognis$ by ! look ( gr[+ intellig5ce 9 _! eyes & a degree ( int5tion 9 _! movem5ts1 especially 9 ! smile ) :i* !y %[ = ! fir/ "t recognition ( ^? :o take c>e ( !m4 ,!y may ev5 be obs]v$ to make exp]im5ts = a "t ) _! sight & t\*1 9 ord] to complete _! appreh5sion ( objects by diff]5t lights1 9 diff]5t directions & at diff]5t di/ances3 ?us pursu+ a sil5t1 b s]i\s c\rse ( /udy1 till !y h succe$$ 9 ma/]+ all ! intellectual op]ations 9 see+ :i* h be5 describ$4 ,! fact ( ?is s*ool+ c be asc]ta9$ /ill m cle>ly ?r\gh ^? :o1 be+ born bl9d1 h be5 op]at$ ^u late 9 life1 s9ce !y are able to give an acc\nt ( _! impressions4 ,*eseld5's bl9d man#hb 0 n an isolat$ in/ance1 & we f9d 9 all simil> cases ! fact corroborat$1 t ^? :o obta9 _! sight late 9 life1 no d\bt1 see light1 outl9es1 & col\rs1 z soon z ! op]ation is ov]1 b t !y h no objective p]ception ( objects until _! ,und]/&+ has le>nt to apply its causal law to data & to *anges :i* are new to x4 ,on fir/ behold+ 8 room & ! v>i\s objects 9 x1 ,*eseld5's bl9d man did n di/+ui% "o ?+ f ano!r2 he simply receiv$ ! g5]al impression ( a totality all 9 "o piece1 :i* he took = a smoo?1 v>iegat$ surface4 ,x nev] occurr$ to him to recognise a numb] ( deta*$ objects1 ly+ "o beh9d ! o!r at diff]5t di/ances4 ,) bl9d p ( ?is sort1 x is by ! s5se ( t\*1 to :i* objects are already kn[n1 t !y h to be introduc$ to ! s5se ( sight4 ,9 ! beg9n+1 ! pati5t has no appreciation :atev] ( di/ances & tries to lay hold ( ev]y?+4 ,"o1 :5 he fir/ saw 8 own h\se f outside1 c\ld n conceive h[ s small a ?+ c\ld conta9 s _m rooms4 ,ano!r 0 highly delight$ to f9d1 "s weeks aft] ! op]ation1 t ! engrav+s hang+ on ! walls ( 8 room repres5t$ a v>iety ( objects4 ,! ,morg5blatt ( ,octob] #bcrd1 #ahag1 conta9s an acc\nt ( a y\? :o 0 born bl9d1 & obta9$ 8 sight at ! age ( sev5te54 ,he _h to le>n intellig5t p]ception1 = at fir/ sight he did n ev5 recognise objects previ\sly kn[n to him ?r\gh ! s5se ( t\*4 ,e object _h to be introduc$ to ! s5se ( sight by means ( ! s5se ( t\*4 ,z = ! di/ances ( ! objects he saw1 he _h no appreciation :atev] ( !m1 & tri$ to lay hold indiscrim9ately ( ev]y?+1 f> or ne>4--,franz expresses himself z foll[s3#hc-- ,a def9ite idea ( di/ance1 z well z ( =m & size1 is only obta9$ by sight & t\*1 & by reflect+ on ! impressions made on bo? s5ses2 b = ?is purpose we mu/ take into acc\nt ! muscul> motion & volunt>y locomotion ( ! individual4--,casp> ,haus]1 9 a detail$ acc\nt ( 8 own exp]i5ce 9 ?is respect1 /ates1 t ^u 8 fir/ lib]ation f conf9em5t1 :5ev] he look$ ?r\gh ! w9d[ ^u ext]nal objects1 su* z ! /reet1 g>d51 c41 x appe>$ to him z if !re 7 a %utt] q close to 8 eye1 & cov]$ ) confus$ col\rs ( all k9ds1 9 :i* he c\ld recognise or di/+ui% no?+ s+ly4 ,he says f>!r1 t he did n conv9ce himself till aft] "s "t dur+ 8 walks out ( doors1 t :at _h at fir/ appe>$ to him z a %utt] ( v>i\s col\rs1 z well z _m o!r objects1 7 9 reality v diff]5t ?+s2 & t at l5g? ! %utt] disappe>$1 & he saw & recognis$ all ?+s 9 _! j proportions4 ,p]sons born bl9d :o obta9 _! sight by an op]ation 9 lat] ye>s only1 sometimes imag9e t all objects t\* _! eyes1 & lie s ne> to !m t !y are afraid ( /umbl+ aga9/ !m2 sometimes !y leap t[>ds ! moon1 suppos+ t !y c lay hold ( x2 at o!r times !y run aft] ! cl\ds mov+ along ! sky1 9 ord] to cat* !m1 or commit o!r su* extravagancies4 ,s9ce ideas are ga9$ by reflection ^u s5sation1 x is fur!r necess>y 9 all cases1 9 ord] t an accurate idea ( objects may be =m$ f ! s5se ( sight1 t ! p[]s ( ! m9d %\ld be unimpair$1 & undi/urb$ 9 _! ex]cise4 ,a pro( ( ?is is af=d$ 9 ! in/ance relat$ by ,haslam1#hd ( a boy :o _h no defect ( sight1 b 0 weak 9 und]/&+1 & :o 9 8 sev5? ye> 0 unable to e/imate ! di/ances ( objects1 especially z to height2 he w\ld ext5d 8 h& frequ5tly t[>ds a nail on ! ceil+1 or t[>ds ! moon1 to cat* x4 ,x is !re=e ! judgm5t :i* corrects & makes cle> ?is idea1 or p]ception ( visible objects4 #hb ,see ! orig9al report 9 vol4 #ce ( ! ,philosophical ,transactions z to ?is case4 #hc ,franz1 ,! ,eye1 a treatise on pres]v+ ?is organ 9 a heal?y /ate & improv+ ! sight4 ,london1 ,*ur*ill1 #ahci1 pp4 #cd-cf4 #hd ,haslam's ,obs]vations on ,madness & ,melan*oly1 #bnd ed4 p4 #aib4 ,! intellectual nature ( p]ception z ,i h %[n x1 is corroborat$ physiologically by ,fl\r5s#he z foll[s3 ,il faut faire une gr& di/9ction entre les s5s et l'intellig5ce4 ,l'ablation d'un tub]cule dt]m9e la p]te de la s5sation1 du s5s de la vue2 la rt9e devi5t ins5sible1 l'iris devi5t immobile4 ,l'ablation d'un lobe crbral laisse la s5sation1 le s5s1 la s5sibilit de la rt9e1 la mobilit de l'iris2 elle ne dtruit que la p]ception seule4 ,dans un cas1 c'e/ un fait s5sorial2 et1 dans l'autre1 un fait crbral2 dans un cas1 c'e/ la p]te du s5s2 dans l'autre1 c'e/ la p]te de la p]ception4 ,la di/9ction des p]ceptions et des s5sations e/ encore un gr& rsultat2 et x e/ dmontr aux yeux4 ,il y a deux moy5s de faire p]dre la vision p> l'encphale3 #a p> les tub]cules1 c'e/ la p]te du s5s1 de la s5sation2 #b p> les lobes1 c'e/ la p]te de la p]ception1 de l'intellig5ce4 ,la s5sibilit n'e/ donc pas l'intellig5ce2 p5s] n'e/ donc pas s5tir2 et voil t\te une philosophie r5v]se4 ,l'ide n'e/ donc pas la s5sation2 et voil encore une autre preuve du vice radical de cette philosophie4 ,& aga91 p4 #gg1 "u ! head+3 ,sp>ation de la ,s5sibilit et de la ,p]ception3--,il y a une de mes expri5ces qui sp>e nettem5t la s5sibilit de la p]ception4 ,qu& on enlve le c]veau proprem5t dit 7lobes ou hmisphres crbraux7 un animal1 l'animal p]d la vue4 ,mais1 p> rapport a l'il1 ri5 n'e/ *ang3 les objets cont9u5t se pe9dre sur la rt9e2 l'iris re/e contractile1 le n]f optique s5sible1 p>faitem5t s5sible4 ,et cep5dant l'animal ne voit plus2 il n'y a plus vision1 quoique t\t ce qui e/ s5sation subsi/e2 il n'y a plus vision1 p>ce qu'il n'y a plus p]ception4 ,le p]cevoir1 et non le s5tir1 e/ donc le premi] lm5t de l'intellig5ce4 ,la p]ception e/ p>tie de l'intellig5ce1 c> elle se p]d avec l'intellig5ce1 et p> l'ablation du mme organe1 les lobes ou hmisphres crbraux2 et la s5sibilit n'en e/ po9t p>tie1 puisqu'elle subsi/e aprs la p]te de l'intellig5ce et l'ablation des lobes ou hmisphres4 #he ,fl\r5s1 ,de la vie et de l',intellig5ce1 #bnd edition1 ,p>is1 ,g>ni] ,frres1 #aheb1 p4 #di4 ,! foll[+ fam\s v]se ( ! anci5t philosoph] ,epi*>mus1 proves t ! anci5ts 9 g5]al recogniz$ ! intellectual nature ( p]ception3 4 7,m5s videt1 m5s audit2 ct]a surda et cca47#hf ,plut>* 9 quot+ ?is v]se1 adds3#hg 1 1 7quia affectio oculorum et aurium nullum aff]t s5sum1 intellig5tia abs5te74 ,%ortly be=e too he says3 1 ' 4 7,/ratonis physici ex/at ratioc9atio1 qua s9e intellig5tia s5tiri omn9o nihil posse demon/rat47#hh ,aga9 %ortly aft] he says3 1 1 1 1 7qu>e necesse e/1 omnia1 qu s5tiunt1 etiam intellig]e1 siquidem intellig5do demum s5tiamus74#hi ,a second v]se ( ,epi*>mus might be connect$ ) ?is1 :i* is quot$ by ,diog5es ,la]tes 7iii4 #af73 1 ' 1 ' 1 4 #hf ,x is ! m9d t sees & he>s2 all besides is deaf & bl9d4 7,tr4 ,ad47 #hg ,plut>*1 ,de sol]t4 animal4 c4 #c4 ,= ! affection ( our eyes & e>s does n produce any p]ception1 unless x be accompani$ by ?\ght4 7,tr4 ,ad47 #hh ,/raton1 ! physici/1 has prov$ t ')\t ?9k+ x is q impossible to p]ceive4' 7,tr4 ,ad47 #hi ,!re=e x is necess>y t all :o p]ceive %\ld also ?9k1 s9ce we are s con/itut$ z to p]ceive by means ( ?9k+4 7,tr4 ,ad47 7,eumaee1 sapi5tia non uni tantum competit1 s$ qucunque vivunt etiam intellectum hab5t47 ,porphyry likewise endeav\rs to %[ at l5g? t all animals h und]/&+4#ij #ij ,porph4 ,de ab/95tia1 iii4 #ba4 ,n[1 t x %\ld be s1 foll[s necess>ily f ! intellectual "* ( p]ception4 ,all animals1 ev5 d[n to ! v l[e/1 mu/ h ,und]/&+--t is1 k ( ! causal law1 al?\gh !y h x 9 v diff]5t degrees ( delicacy & ( cle>ness2 at any rate !y mu/ h z mu* ( x z is requir$ = p]ception by _! s5ses2 = s5sation )\t ,und]/&+ w\ld be n only a useless1 b a cruel gift ( ,nature4 ,no "o1 :o has himself any intellig5ce1 c d\bt ! exi/5ce ( x 9 ! high] animals4 ,b at times x ev5 becomes und5iably evid5t t _! k ( causality is actually priori1 & t x does n arise f ! habit ( see+ "o ?+ foll[ ^u ano!r4 ,a v "y puppy w n1 = in/ance1 jump (f a table1 because he =esees :at w\ld be ! consequ5ce4 ,n long ago ,i _h "s l>ge curta9s put up at my b$-room w9d[1 :i* rea*$ d[n to ! floor1 & 7 drawn aside f ! c5tre by means ( a /r+4 ,! fir/ morn+ !y 7 op5$ ,i 0 surpris$ to see my dog1 a v intellig5t poodle1 /&+ q p]plex$1 & look+ upw>ds & sidew>ds = ! cause ( ! ph5om5on3 t is1 he 0 seek+ = ! *ange :i* he knew priori mu/ h tak5 place4 ,next day ! same ?+ happ5$ aga94--,b ev5 ! l[e/ animals h p]ception--consequ5tly ,und]/&+--d[n to ! aquatic polypus1 :i* has no di/9ct organs ( s5sation1 yet w&]s f leaf to leaf on its wat]plant1 :ile cl++ to x ) its feel]s1 9 se>* ( m light4 ,nor is !re1 inde$1 any diff]5ce1 beyond t ( degree1 betwe5 ?is l[e/ ,und]/&+ & t ( man1 :i* we h[ev] di/9ctly sep>ate f 8 ,reason4 ,! int]m$iate gradations are occupi$ by ! v>i\s s]ies ( animals1 among :i* ! highe/1 su* z ! monkey1 ! elephant1 ! dog1 a/oni% u (t5 by _! intellig5ce4 ,b 9 e case ! bus9ess ( ! ,und]/&+ is inv>iably to appreh5d directly causal relations3 fir/1 z we h se51 ^? betwe5 our own body & o!r bodies1 :5ce proce$s objective p]ception2 !n ^? betwe5 ^! objectively p]ceiv$ bodies among !mselves1 & "h1 z has be5 %[n 9 #bj1 ! causal relation manife/s itself 9 ?ree =ms--z cause1 z /imulus1 & z motive4 ,all movem5t 9 ! _w takes place accord+ to ^! ?ree =ms ( ! causal relation1 & ?r\gh !m alone does ! intellect compreh5d x4 ,n[1 if1 ( ^! ?ree1 causes1 9 ! n>r[e/ s5se ( ! ^w1 happ5 to be ! object ( inve/igation = ! ,und]/&+1 x w produce ,a/ronomy1 ,me*anics1 ,physics1 ,*emi/ry1 & w inv5t ma*9es = good & = evil2 b 9 all cases a direct1 intuitive appreh5sion ( ! causal connection w 9 ! la/ resort lie at ! bottom ( all its discov]ies4 ,= ! sole =m & function ( ! ,und]/&+ is ?is appreh5sion1 & n by any means ! complicat$ ma*9]y ( ,kant's twelve ,categories1 ! nullity ( :i* ,i h prov$4--7,all compreh5sion is a direct1 consequ5tly intuitive1 appreh5sion ( ! causal connection2 al?\gh ?is has to be r$uc$ at once to ab/ract conceptions 9 ord] to be fix$4 ,to calculate !re=e1 is n to und]/&1 &1 9 itself1 calculation conveys no compreh5sion ( ?+s4 ,calculation deals exclusively ) ab/ract conceptions ( magnitudes1 ^: mutual relations x det]m9es4 ,by x we nev] atta9 ! slighte/ compreh5sion ( a physical process1 = ?is requires intuitive compreh5sion ( space-relations1 by means ( :i* causes take effect4 ,calculations h m]ely practical1 n !oretical1 value4 ,x may ev5 be said t :]e calculation beg9s1 compreh5sion ceases2 = a bra9 occupi$ ) numb]s is1 z long z x calculates1 entirely e/rang$ f ! causal connection 9 physical processes1 be+ engross$ 9 purely ab/ract1 num]ical conceptions4 ,! result1 h[ev]1 only %[s u h[ mu*1 nev] :at4 ,l'expri5ce et le calcul1 ^? wat*words ( ,fr5* physici/s1 are n !re=e by any means adequate = ?or\gh insight47--,if1 aga91 /imuli are ! guides ( ! ,und]/&+1 x w produce ,physiology ( ,plants & ,animals1 ,!rapeutics1 & ,toxicology4 ,f9ally1 if x devotes itself to ! /udy ( motives1 ! ,und]/&+ w use !m1 on ! "o h&1 !oretically1 to guide x 9 produc+ works on ,morality1 ,jurisprud5ce1 ,hi/ory1 ,politics1 & ev5 ,dramatic & ,epic ,poetry2 on ! o!r h&1 practically1 ei!r m]ely to tra9 animals1 or = ! high] purpose ( mak+ human be+s dance to its music1 :5 once x has succe$$ 9 discov]+ :i* p>ticul> wire has to be pull$ 9 ord] to move ea* puppet at its pleasure4 ,n[1 ) ref]5ce to ! function :i* effects ?is1 x is q immat]ial :e!r ! intellect turns gravitation +5i\sly to acc\nt1 & makes x s]ve its purpose by /epp+ 9 j at ! "r "t1 or :e!r x br+s ! collective or ! individual prop5sities ( m5 into play = its own ends4 ,9 its practical application we call ! ,und]/&+ %rewdness or1 :5 us$ to outwit o!rs1 cunn+2 :5 its aims are v insignificant1 x is call$ slyness &1 if comb9$ ) injury to o!rs1 craft9ess4 ,9 its purely !oretical application1 we call x simply ,und]/&+1 ! high] degrees ( :i* are nam$ acum51 sagacity1 disc]nm5t1 p5etration1 :ile its l[] degrees are t]m$ dulness1 /upidity1 sill9ess1 c4 c4 ,^! widely diff]+ degrees ( %>pness are innate1 & _c be acquir$2 al?\gh1 z ,i h already %[n1 ev5 9 ! e>lie/ /ages ( ! application ( ! ,und]/&+1 i4e4 9 empirical p]ception1 practice & k ( ! mat]ial to :i* x is appli$1 are ne$$4 ,e simpleton has ,reason--give him ! premisses1 & he w draw ! conclusion2 :]eas prim>y1 consequ5tly intuitive1 k is suppli$ by ! ,und]/&+3 h]e9 lies ! diff]5ce4 ,! pi? ( e great discov]y1 ( e plan hav+ univ]sal hi/orical importance1 is accord+ly ! product ( a happy mom5t 9 :i*1 by a fav\rable co9cid5ce ( out] & inn] circum/ances1 "s complicat$ causal s]ies1 "s hidd5 causes ( ph5om5a :i* _h be5 se5 ?\s&s ( times be=e1 or "s obscure1 untrodd5 pa?s1 sudd5ly reveal !mselves to ! intellect4-- ,by ! prec$+ explanations ( ! processes 9 see+ & feel+1 ,i h inconte/ably %[n t empirical p]ception is ess5tially ! "w ( ! ,und]/&+1 = :i* ! mat]ial only is suppli$ by ! s5ses 9 s5sation--& a poor mat]ial x is1 on ! :ole2 s t ! ,und]/&+ is1 9 fact1 ! arti/1 :ile ! s5ses are b ! "u-workm5 :o h& x ! mat]ials4 ,b ! process consi/s ?r\gh\t 9 ref]r+ f giv5 effects to _! causes1 :i* by ?is process are enabl$ to pres5t !mselves z objects 9 ,space4 ,! v fact t we presuppose ,causality 9 ?is process1 proves precisely t ?is law mu/ h be5 suppli$ by ! ,und]/&+ itself2 = x c\ld nev] h f\nd its way into ! intellect f outside4 ,x is inde$ ! fir/ condition ( all empirical p]ception2 b ?is aga9 is ! =m 9 :i* all ext]nal exp]i5ce pres5ts itself to u2 h[ !n c ?is law ( ,causality be d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 :5 x is itself ess5tially presuppos$ by exp]i5ce8--,x 0 j because ( ! utt] impossibility ( ?is1 & because ,locke's philosophy _h put an end to all priority1 t ,hume d5i$ ! :ole reality ( ! conception ( ,causality4 ,he _h besides already m5tion$ two false hypo!ses 9 ! sev5? section ( 8 ,inquiry conc]n+ ! ,human ,und]/&+1 :i* rec5tly h aga9 be5 advanc$3 ! "o1 t ! effect ( ! w ^u ! memb]s ( our body2 ! o!r1 t ! resi/ance oppos$ to our pressure by outw>d objects1 is ! orig9 & prototype ( ! conception ( ,causality4 ,hume refutes bo? 9 8 own way & accord+ to 8 own ord] ( ideas4 ,i argue z foll[s4 ,!re is no causal connection :atev] betwe5 acts ( ! w & actions ( ! body2 on ! contr>y1 bo? are imm$iately "o & ! same ?+1 only p]ceiv$ 9 a d\ble aspect--t is1 on ! "o h&1 9 our self-consci\sness1 or inn] s5se1 z acts ( ! w2 on ! o!r1 simultane\sly 9 ext]ior1 spacial bra9-p]ception1 z actions ( ! body4#ia ,! second hypo!sis is false1 fir/ because1 z ,i h already %[n at l5g?1 a m]e s5sation ( t\* does n yet give any objective p]ception :atev]1 let alone ! conception ( ,causality1 :i* nev] c arise f ! feel+ ( an imp$$ muscul> ef=t3 besides imp$im5ts ( ?is k9d (t5 occur )\t any ext]nal cause2 secondly1 because our press+ aga9/ an ext]nal object necess>ily has a motive1 & ?is already presupposes appreh5sion ( t object1 :i* aga9 presupposes k ( ,causality4--,b ! only means ( radically prov+ ! conception ( ,causality to be indep5d5t ( all exp]i5ce 0 by %[+1 z ,i h done1 t ! :ole possibility ( exp]i5ce is condition$ by ! conception ( ,causality4 ,9 #bc ,i int5d to %[ t ,kant's pro(1 prop\nd$ ) a simil> int5t1 is false4 #ia ,comp>e ,die ,welt a4 ,w4 u4 ,v4 #crd edition1 vol4 ii4 p4 #da4 ,! #crd edition ( ,die ,welt a4 ,w4 u4 ,v4 conta9s at ?is place a supplem5t :i* is want+ 9 ! #bnd edition1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ch4--,note by ! ,editor ( ! #crd edition4 ,?is is also ! prop] place = draw+ att5tion to ! fact1 t ,kant ei!r did n cle>ly recognise 9 empirical p]ception ! m$iation ( ! causal law--:i* law is kn[n to u be=e all exp]i5ce--or t he int5tionally evad$ m5tion+ x1 because x did n suit 8 purpose4 ,9 ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 = in/ance1 ! relation betwe5 causality & p]ception is n treat$ 9 ! ,doctr9e ( ,elem5ts1 b 9 ! *apt] on ! ,p>alogisms ( ,pure ,reason1 :]e "o w\ld h>dly expect to f9d x2 moreov] x appe>s 9 8 ,critique ( ! ,f\r? ,p>alogism ( ,transc5d5tal ,psy*ology1 & only 9 ! fir/ edition4#ib ,! v fact t ?is place %\ld h be5 assign$ to x1 %[s t 9 consid]+ ?is relation1 he always _h ! transition f ! ph5om5on to ! ?+ 9 itself exclusively 9 view1 b n ! g5esis ( p]ception itself4 ,"h accord+ly he says t ! exi/5ce ( a real ext]nal object is n giv5 directly 9 p]ception1 b c be add$ to x 9 ?\ght & ?us inf]r$4 ,9 ,kant's eyes1 h[ev]1 he :o does ?is is a ,transc5d5tal ,reali/1 & consequ5tly on a wrong road4 ,= by 8 outw>d object ,kant "h means ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,! ,transc5d5tal ,ideali/1 on ! contr>y1 /ops %ort at ! p]ception ( some?+ empirically real--t is1 ( some?+ exi/+ outside u 9 ,space--)\t ne$+ ! inf]5ce ( a cause to give x reality4 ,= p]ception1 accord+ to ,kant1 is q directly accompli%$ )\t any assi/ance f ! causal nexus1 & consequ5tly f ! ,und]/&+3 he simply id5tifies p]ception ) s5sation4 ,?is we f9d confirm$ 9 ! passage :i* beg9s1 ,) ref]5ce to ! reality ( ext]nal objects1 ,i ne$ z little tru/ to inf]5ce1 c4 c4#ic & aga9 9 ! s5t5ce comm5c+ ) ,n[ we may well admit1 c4 c4#id ,x is q cle> f ^! passages t p]ception ( ext]nal ?+s 9 ,space1 accord+ to ,kant1 prec$es all application ( ! causal law1 !re=e t ! causal law does n belong to p]ception z an elem5t & condition ( x3 = him1 m]e s5sation is id5tical ) p]ception4 ,only 9 z f> z we ask :at may1 9 a transc5d5tal s5se1 exi/ outside ( u3 t is1 :5 we ask = ! ?+ 9 itself1 is ,causality m5tion$ z connect$ ) p]ception4 ,moreov] ,kant admits ! exi/5ce1 nay1 ! m]e possibility1 ( causality only 9 reflection3 t is1 9 ab/ract1 di/9ct k by means ( conceptions2 !re=e he has no suspicion t its application is ant]ior to all reflection1 :i* is nev]!less evid5tly ! case1 especially 9 empirical1 s5su\s p]ception :i*1 z ,i h prov$ irrefragably 9 ! prec$+ analysis1 c\ld nev] take place o!rwise4 ,kant is !re=e oblig$ to leave ! g5esis ( empirical p]ception unexpla9$4 ,) him x is a m]e matt] ( ! s5ses1 giv5 z x 7 9 a miracul\s way3 t is1 x co9cides ) s5sation4 ,i %\ld v mu* l my reflective read]s to ref] to ! passages ,i h indicat$ 9 ,kant's "w1 9 ord] to conv9ce !mselves ( ! f> great] accuracy ( my view ( ! :ole process & connection4 ,kant's extremely errone\s view has held its gr\nd till n[ 9 philosophical lit]ature1 simply because no "o v5tur$ to attack x2 !re=e ,i h f\nd x necess>y to cle> ! way 9 ord] to ?r[ light ^u ! me*anism ( our k4 #ib ,kant1 ,krit4 d4 r4 ,v4 #a/ edition1 p4 #cfg sqq4 7,engli% translation by ,m4 ,mll]1 p4 #cah sqq47 #ic ,kant1 ,krit4 d4 r4 ,v]n4 #a/ edition1 p4 #cga4 7,engli% translation1 by ,m4 ,mll]1 p4 #cbb47 #id ,kant1 ,krit4 d4 r4 ,v]n4 #a/ edition1 p4 #cgb4 7,engli% translation1 p4 #cbc47 ,kant's fundam5tal ideali/ic position loses no?+ :atev]1 nay1 x ev5 ga9s by ?is rectification ( m9e1 9 z f> z1 ) me1 ! necessity ( ! causal law is absorb$ & ext+ui%$ 9 empirical p]ception z its product & _c !re=e be invok$ 9 behalf ( an entirely transc5d5t "q z to ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,on ref]r+ to my !ory above conc]n+ empirical p]ception1 we f9d t its fir/ datum1 s5sation1 is absolutely subjective1 be+ a process )9 ! organism1 because x takes place b5ea? ! sk94 ,locke has completely & exhau/ively prov$1 t ! feel+s ( our s5ses1 ev5 admitt+ !m to be r\s$ by ext]nal causes1 _c h any resemblance :atev] to ! qualities ( ^? causes4 ,sug>1 = in/ance1 be>s no resemblance at all to sweetness1 nor a rose to r$ness4 ,b t !y %\ld ne$ an ext]nal cause at all1 is bas$ ^u a law ^: orig9 lies demon/rably )9 u1 9 our bra92 !re=e ?is necessity is n less subjective ?an ! s5sations !mselves4 ,nay1 ev5 ,"t--t prim>y condition ( e possible *ange1 !re=e also ( ! *ange :i* fir/ p]mits ! application ( ! causal law--& n less ,space--:i* alone r5d]s ! ext]nalisation ( causes possible1 aft] :i* !y pres5t !mselves to u z objects--ev5 ,"t & ,space1 we say1 are subjective =ms ( ! intellect1 z ,kant has conclusively prov$4 ,accord+ly we f9d all ! elem5ts ( empirical p]ception ly+ )9 u1 & no?+ conta9$ 9 !m :i* c give u reliable indications z to any?+ diff]+ absolutely f ourselves1 any?+ 9 itself4--,b ?is is n all4 ,:at we ?9k "u ! conception matt]1 is ! residue :i* rema9s ov] aft] bodies h be5 dive/$ ( _! %ape & ( all _! specific qualities3 a residue1 :i* precisely on t acc\nt mu/ be id5tical 9 all bodies4 ,n[ ^! %apes & qualities :i* h be5 ab/ract$ by u1 are no?+ b ! peculi>1 specially def9$ way 9 :i* ^! bodies act1 :i* con/itutes precisely _! diff]5ce4 ,if !re=e we leave ^! %apes & qualities out ( consid]ation1 !re rema9s no?+ b m]e activity 9 g5]al1 pure action z su*1 ,causality itself1 objectively ?\ght--t is1 ! reflection ( our own ,und]/&+1 ! ext]nalis$ image ( its sole function2 & ,matt] is ?r\gh\t pure ,causality1 its ess5ce is ,action 9 g5]al4#ie ,?is is :y pure ,matt] _c be p]ceiv$1 b c only be ?\ght3 x is a some?+ we add to e reality1 z its basis1 9 ?9k+ x4 ,= pure ,causality1 m]e action1 )\t any def9$ mode ( action1 _c become p]ceptible1 !re=e x _c come )9 any exp]i5ce4--,?us ,matt] is only ! objective correlate to pure ,und]/&+2 = x is ,causality 9 g5]al1 & no?+ else3 j z ! ,und]/&+ itself is direct k ( cause & effect1 & no?+ else4 ,n[ ?is aga9 is precisely :y ! law ( causality is n applicable to ,matt] itself3 t is to say1 ,matt] has nei!r beg9n+ nor end1 b is & rema9s p]man5t4 ,= z1 on ! "o h&1 ,causality is ! indisp5sable condition ( all alt]nation 9 ! accid5ts 7=ms & qualities7 ( ,matt]1 i4e4 ( all passage 9 & out ( be+2 b z1 on ! o!r h&1 ,matt] is pure ,causality itself1 z su*1 objectively view$3 x is unable to ex]cise its own p[] ^u itself1 j z ! eye c see ev]y?+ b itself4 ,sub/ance & ,matt] be+ moreov] id5tical1 we may call ,sub/ance1 action view$ 9 ab/racto3 ,accid5ts1 p>ticul> modes ( action1 action 9 concreto4--,n[ ^! are ! results to :i* true1 i4e4 transc5d5tal1 ,idealism leads4 ,9 my *ief "w ,i h %[n t ! ?+ 9 itself--i4e4 :atev]1 on ! :ole1 exi/s indep5d5tly ( our repres5tation--_c be got at by way ( repres5tation1 b t1 to rea* x1 we mu/ foll[ q a diff]5t pa?1 lead+ ?r\gh ! inside ( ?+s1 :i* lets u into ! citadel1 z x 71 by trea*]y4-- #ie ,comp>e ,die ,welt a4 ,w4 u4 ,v4 #bnd edition2 vol4 i4 sect4 #d1 p4 #i2 & vol4 ii4 pp4 #dh1 #di 7#crd edition1 vol4 i4 p4 #aj2 vol4 ii4 p4 #eb74 ,engli% translation1 vol4 i4 pp4 #i-aj2 vol4 ii4 p4 #bah4 ,b x w\ld be d[nright *ican]y1 no?+ else1 to try & comp>e1 let alone id5tify1 su* an hone/1 deep1 ?or\gh analysis ( empirical p]ception z ! "o ,i h j giv51 :i* proves all ! elem5ts ( p]ception to be subjective1 ) ,fi*te's algebraic equations ( ! ,ego & ! ,non-,ego2 ) 8 sophi/ical pseudo-demon/rations1 :i* 9 ord] to be able to deceive 8 read]s _h to be clo!d 9 ! obscure1 n to say absurd1 language adopt$ by him2 ) 8 explanations ( ! way 9 :i* ! ,ego sp9s ! ,non-,ego out ( itself2 9 %ort1 ) all ! buffoon]y ( sci5tific empt9ess4#if ,besides1 ,i prote/ altoge!r aga9/ any community ) ?is ,fi*te1 z ,kant publicly & emphatically did 9 a notice ad hoc 9 ! ,j5a] ,litt]atur ,zeitung4#ig ,hegelians & simil> ignoramuses may cont9ue to hold =? to _! he>t's cont5t ^u ,kant-,fi*teian philosophy3 !re exi/s a ,kantian philosophy & a ,fi*teian hocus-pocus1--?is is ! true /ate ( ! case1 & w rema9 s1 9 spite ( ^? :o delight 9 extoll+ :at is bad & 9 decry+ :at is good1 & ( ^! ,g]many possesses a l>g] numb] ?an any o!r c\ntry4 #if ,wiss5s*aftsle]e 7lit]ally1 empt9ess ( sci5ce71 a pun ( ,s*op5hau]'s on ! title ( ,fi*te's ,wiss5s*aftslehre 7doctr9e ( sci5ce71 :i* _c be r5d]$ 9 ,engli%4 7,tr4's ,note47 #ig ,kant1 ,erklrung b] ,fi*te's ,wiss5s*aftslehre4 ,see ! ,intellig5zblatt ( ! ,j5a ,lit]>y ,gazette 7#agii71 ,no4 #aji4 #bb4 ,( ! ,imm$iate ,object4 ,?us x is f ! s5sations ( our body t we receive ! data = ! v fir/ application ( ! causal law1 & x is precisely by t application t ! p]ception ( ?is class ( objects arises4 ,!y !re=e h _! ess5ce & exi/5ce solely 9 virtue ( ! intellectual function ?us com+ into play1 & ( its ex]cise4 ,n[1 z f> z x is ! />t+-po9t1 i4e4 ! m$iator1 = our p]ception ( all o!r objects1 ,i h call$ ! bodily organism1 9 ! fir/ edition ( ! pres5t "w1 ! ,imm$iate ,object2 ?is1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be tak5 9 a /rictly lit]al s5se4 ,= al?\gh our bodily s5sations are all appreh5d$ directly1 /ill ?is imm$iate appreh5sion does n yet make our body itself p]ceptible to u z an object2 on ! contr>y1 up to ?is po9t all rema9s subjective1 t is to say1 s5sation4 ,f ?is s5sation c]ta9ly proce$s ! p]ception ( all o!r objects z ! causes ( su* s5sations1 & ^! causes !n pres5t !mselves to u z objects2 b x is n s ) ! body itself1 :i* only supplies s5sations to consci\sness4 ,x is only indirectly t we "k ev5 ?is body objectively1 i4e4 z an object1 by its pres5t+ itself1 l all o!r objects1 z ! recognis$ cause ( a subjectively giv5 effect--& precisely on ?is acc\nt objectively--9 our ,und]/&+1 or bra9 7:i* is ! same74 ,n[ ?is c only take place :5 its own s5ses are act$ ^u by its p>ts3 = in/ance1 :5 ! body is se5 by ! eye1 or felt by ! h&1 c41 ^u :i* data ! bra9 7or und]/&+7 =?) con/ructs x z to %ape & quality 9 space4--,! imm$iate pres5ce 9 our consci\sness ( repres5tations belong+ to ?is class1 dep5ds !re=e ^u ! position assign$ to !m 9 ! causal *a9--by :i* all ?+s are connect$--relatively to ! body 7= ! "t be+7 ( ! ,subject--by :i* 7! ,subject7 all ?+s are kn[n4 #bc4 ,argum5ts aga9/ ,kant's ,pro( ( ! priority ( ! conception ( ,causality4 ,"o ( ! *ief objects ( ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason is to %[ ! univ]sal validity1 = all exp]i5ce1 ( ! causal law1 its priority1 &1 z a necess>y consequ5ce ( ?is1 its re/riction to possible exp]i5ce4 ,nev]!less1 ,i _c ass5t to ! pro( !re giv5 ( ! priority ( ! pr9ciple1 :i* is sub/antially ?is3--,! syn!sis ( ! manifold by ! imag9ation1 :i* is necess>y = all empirical k1 gives succession1 b n yet det]m9ate succession3 t is1 x leaves undet]m9$ :i* ( two /ates p]ceiv$ 0 ! fir/1 n only 9 my imag9ation1 b 9 ! object itself4 ,b def9ite ord] 9 ?is succession--?r\gh :i* alone :at we p]ceive becomes exp]i5ce1 or1 9 o!r words1 au?orizes u to =m objectively valid judgm5ts--is fir/ br\ght into x by ! purely intellectual conception ( cause & effect4 ,?us ! pr9ciple ( causal relation is ! condition :i* r5d]s exp]i5ce possible1 &1 z su*1 x is giv5 u priori4#ih #ih ,kant1 ,krit4 d4 r4 ,v]n4 #a/ edition1 p4 #bja2 #e? edition1 p4 #bdf4 7,engli% translation by ,m4 ,mll]1 p4 #agf47 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 n a lit]al quotation4 7,tr4's note47 ,accord+ to ?is1 ! ord] 9 :i* *anges succe$ ea* o!r 9 real objects becomes kn[n to u z objective only by _! causality4 ,?is ass]tion ,kant repeats & expla9s 9 ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 especially 9 8 ,second ,analogy ( ,exp]i5ce1#ii & aga9 at ! conclusion ( 8 ,?ird ,analogy1 & ,i reque/ e "o :o desires to und]/& :at ,i am n[ ab\t to say1 to read ^! passages4 ,9 !m he affirms ev]y:]e t ! objectivity ( ! succession ( repres5tations--:i* he def9es z _! correspond5ce ) ! succession ( real objects--is only kn[n ?r\gh ! rule by :i* !y foll[ ^u "o ano!r3 t is1 ?r\gh ! law ( causality2 t my m]e appreh5sion consequ5tly leaves ! objective relation betwe5 ph5om5a foll[+ "o ano!r q undet]m9$3 s9ce ,i m]ely appreh5d ! succession ( my own repres5tations1 b ! succession 9 my appreh5sion does n au?orize me to =m any judgm5t :atev] z to ! succession 9 ! object1 unless t judgm5t be bas$ ^u causality2 & s9ce1 besides1 ,i might inv]t ! ord] 9 :i* ^! p]ceptions foll[ ea* o!r 9 my appreh5sion1 !re be+ no?+ :i* det]m9es !m z objective4 ,to illu/rate ?is ass]tion1 ,kant br+s =w>d ! in/ance ( a h\se1 ^: p>ts we may consid] 9 any ord] we l1 f top to bottom1 or f bottom to top2 ! det]m9ation ( succession be+ 9 ?is case purely subjective & n f\nd$ ^u an object1 because x dep5ds ^u our pleasure4 ,9 opposition to ?is in/ance1 he br+s =w>d ! p]ception ( a %ip sail+ d[n a riv]1 :i* we see successively l[] & l[] d[n ! /ream1 :i* p]ception ( ! successively v>y+ positions ( ! %ip _c be *ang$ by ! look]-on4 ,9 ?is latt] case1 !re=e1 he d]ives ! subjective foll[+ 9 8 own appreh5sion f ! objective foll[+ 9 ! ph5om5on1 & on ?is acc\nt he calls x an ev5t4 ,n[ ,i ma9ta91 on ! contr>y1 t !re is no diff]5ce at all betwe5 ^! two cases1 t bo? are ev5ts1 & t our k ( bo? is objective3 t is to say1 x is k ( *anges 9 real objects recogniz$ z su* by ! ,subject4 ,bo? are *anges ( relative position 9 two bodies4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 "o ( ^! bodies is a "p ( ! obs]v]'s own organism1 ! eye1 & ! o!r is ! h\se1 ) respect to ! diff]5t p>ts ( :i* ! eye successively alt]s its position4 ,9 ! second1 x is ! %ip :i* alt]s its position t[>ds ! /ream2 !re=e ! *ange occurs betwe5 two bodies4 ,bo? are ev5ts1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t1 9 ! fir/1 ! *ange has its />t+-po9t 9 ! obs]v]'s own body1 f ^: s5sations und\bt$ly all 8 p]ceptions orig9ally proce$1 b :i* is nev]!less an object among objects1 & 9 consequ5ce obeys ! laws ( ! objective1 mat]ial _w4 ,= ! obs]v]1 z a purely cognis+ individual1 any movem5t ( 8 body is simply an empirically p]ceiv$ fact4 ,x w\ld be j z possible 9 ! second z 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to inv]t ! ord] ( succession 9 ! *ange1 7 x z easy = ! obs]v] to move ! %ip up ! /ream z to alt] ! direction ( 8 own eyes4 ,= ,kant inf]s ! successive p]ception ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! h\se to be nei!r objective nor an ev5t1 because x dep5ds ^u 8 own w4 ,b ! movem5t ( 8 eyes 9 ! direction f ro( to basem5t is "o ev5t1 & 9 ! direction f basem5t to ro( ano!r ev5t1 j z mu* z ! sail+ ( ! %ip4 ,!re is no diff]5ce :atev] "h1 nor is !re any diff]5ce ei!r1 z to _! be+ or n be+ ev5ts1 betwe5 my pass+ a troop ( soldi]s & _! pass+ me4 ,if we fix our eyes on a %ip sail+ close by ! %ore on :i* we are /&+1 x soon seems z if x 7 ! %ip t /ood /ill & ! %ore t mov$4 ,n[1 9 ?is in/ance we are mi/ak51 x is true1 z to ! cause ( ! relative *ange ( position1 s9ce we attribute x to a wrong cause2 ! real succession 9 ! relative positions ( our body t[>ds ! %ip is nev]!less q rightly & objectively recognis$ by u4 ,ev5 ,kant himself w\ld n h believ$ t !re 0 any diff]5ce1 _h he borne 9 m9d t 8 own body 0 an object among objects1 & t ! succession 9 8 empirical p]ceptions dep5d$ ^u ! succession ( ! impressions receiv$ f o!r objects by 8 body1 & 0 !re=e an objective succession3 t is to say1 "o :i* takes place among objects directly 7if n indirectly7 & indep5d5tly ( ! w ( ! ,subject1 & :i* may !re=e be q well recognis$ )\t any causal connection betwe5 ! objects act+ successively on 8 body4 #ii ,ibid4 p4 #ahi ( ! #a/ edition2 m fully1 p4 #bcb ( ! #e? edition4 7,engli% translation by ,m4 ,mll]1 p4 #aff47 ,kant says1 ,"t _c be p]ceiv$2 !re=e no succession ( repres5tations c be empirically p]ceiv$ z objective3 i4e4 c be di/+ui%$ z *anges 9 ph5om5a f ! *anges ( m]e subjective repres5tations4 ,! causal law1 be+ a rule accord+ to :i* /ates foll[ "o ano!r1 is ! only means by :i* ! objectivity ( a *ange c be kn[n4 ,n[1 ! result ( 8 ass]tion w\ld be1 t no succession 9 ,"t c\ld be p]ceiv$ by u z objective1 except+ t ( cause & effect1 & t e o!r succession ( ph5om5a we p]ceive1 w\ld only be det]m9$ s1 & n o!rwise1 by our own w4 ,9 contradiction to all ?is ,i mu/ adduce ! fact1 t x is q possible = ph5om5a to foll[ ^u "o ano!r )\t foll[+ f "o ano!r4 ,nor is ! law ( causality by any means prejudic$ by ?is2 = x rema9s c]ta9 t ea* *ange is ! effect ( ano!r *ange1 ?is be+ firmly e/abli%$ priori2 only ea* *ange n only foll[s ^u ! s+le "o :i* is its cause1 b ^u all ! o!r *anges :i* occur simultane\sly ) t cause1 & ) :i* t cause /&s 9 no causal connection :atev]4 ,x is n p]ceiv$ by me exactly 9 ! regul> ord] ( causal succession1 b 9 q a diff]5t ord]1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 no less objective on t acc\nt1 & :i* diff]s widely f any subjective succession dep5d+ on my caprice1 su* z1 = in/ance1 ! pictures ( my imag9ation4 ,! succession1 9 ,"t1 ( ev5ts :i* /& 9 no causal connection ) ea* o!r is precisely :at we call cont+5cy4#ajj ,j z ,i am leav+ my h\se1 a tile happ5s to fall f ! ro( :i* /rikes me2 n[1 !re is no causal connection :atev] betwe5 my go+ out & ! fall+ ( ! tile2 yet ! ord] ( _! succession--t is1 t my go+ out prec$$ ! fall+ ( ! tile--is objectively det]m9$ 9 my appreh5sion1 n subjectively by my w1 by :i* t ord] w\ld o!rwise h mo/ likely be5 inv]t$4 ,! ord] 9 :i* tones foll[ ea* o!r 9 a musical composition is likewise objectively det]m9$1 n subjectively by me1 ! li/5]2 yet :o w\ld ?9k ( ass]t+ t musical tones foll[ "o ano!r accord+ to ! law ( cause & effect8 ,ev5 ! succession ( day & night is und\bt$ly kn[n to u z an objective "o1 b we z c]ta9ly d n look ^u !m z causes & effects ( "o ano!r2 & z to _! common cause1 ! :ole _w 0 9 error till ,cop]nicus came2 yet ! correct k ( _! succession 0 n 9 ! lea/ di/urb$ by t error4 ,hume's hypo!sis1 by ! way1 also f9ds its refutation ?r\gh ?is2 s9ce ! foll[+ ( day & night ^u ea* o!r--! mo/ anci5t ( all successions & ! "o lea/ liable to exception--has nev] yet misl$ anyone into tak+ !m = cause & effect ( ea* o!r4 #ajj ,9 ,g]man ,zufall1 a ^w d]iv$ f ! ,zusamm5fall5 7fall+ toge!r71 ,zusamm5treff5 7meet+ toge!r71 or co9cid+ ( :at is unconnect$1 j z f 4 7,comp>e ,ari/otle1 ,anal4 po/41 i4 #d47 ,else:]e ,kant ass]ts1 t a repres5tation only %[s reality 7:i*1 ,i conclude1 means t x is di/+ui%$ f a m]e m5tal image7 by our recognis+ its necess>y connection ) o!r repres5tations subject to rule 7! causal law7 & its place 9 a det]m9$ ord] ( ! "t-relations ( our repres5tations4 ,b ( h[ few repres5tations are we able to "k ! place assign$ to !m by ! law ( causality 9 ! *a9 ( causes & effects6 ,yet we are nev] emb>rass$ to di/+ui% objective f subjective repres5tations3 real1 f imag9>y objects4 ,:5 asleep1 we are unable to make ?is di/9ction1 = our bra9 is !n isolat$ f ! p]iph]ical n]v\s sy/em1 & !reby f ext]nal influ5ces4 ,9 our dreams !re=e1 we take imag9>y = real ?+s1 & x is only :5 we awak53 t is1 :5 our n]v\s s5sibility1 & ?r\gh ?is ! out] _w1 once m comes )9 our consci\sness1 t we become aw>e ( our mi/ake2 /ill1 ev5 9 our dreams1 s long z !y la/1 ! causal law holds good1 only an impossible mat]ial is (t5 sub/itut$ = ! usual "o4 ,we might almo/ ?9k t ,kant 0 influ5c$ by ,leibnitz 9 writ+ ! passage we h quot$1 h[ev] mu* he diff]s f him 9 all ! re/ ( 8 philosophy2 especially if we consid] t ,leibnitz expresses precisely simil> views1 :51 = in/ance1 he says3 ,la vrit des *oses s5sibles ne consi/e que dans la liaison des phnomnes1 qui doit avoir sa raison1 et c'e/ ce qui les di/+ue des songes4 ---- ,le vrai ,critrion1 en matire des objets des s5s1 e/ la liaison des phnomnes1 qui g>antit les vrits de fait1 l'eg>d des *oses s5sibles hors de n\s4#aja #aja ,leibnitz1 ,n\veaux ,essais sur l',ent5dem5t1 lib4 iv4 *4 ii4 sect4 #ad4 ,x is cle> t 9 prov+ ! priority & ! necessity ( ! causal law by ! fact t ! objective succession ( *anges is kn[n to u only by means ( t law1 & t1 9 s f>1 causality is a condition = all exp]i5ce1 ,kant fell into a v s+ul> error1 & "o :i* is inde$ s palpable1 t ! only way we c acc\nt = x is1 by suppos+ him to h become s absorb$ 9 ! priori "p ( our k1 t he lo/ sight ( :at w\ld h be5 evid5t to anyone else4 ,! only correct demon/ration ( ! priority ( ! causal law is giv5 by me 9 #ba ( ! pres5t "w4 ,t priority f9ds its confirmation e mom5t 9 ! infallible security ) :i* we expect exp]i5ce to tally ) ! causal law3 t is to say1 9 ! apodeictic c]ta9ty we ascribe to x1 a c]ta9ty :i* diff]s f e o!r f\nd$ on induction--! c]ta9ty1 = in/ance1 ( empirically kn[n laws ( ,nature--9 t we c conceive no exception to ! causal law any:]e )9 ! _w ( exp]i5ce4 ,we c1 = in/ance1 conceive t 9 an exceptional case ! law ( gravitation might cease to act1 b n t ?is c\ld happ5 )\t a cause4 ,kant & ,hume h fall5 into opposite errors 9 _! pro(s4 ,hume ass]ts t all consequ5ce is m]e sequ5ce2 :]eas ,kant affirms t all sequ5ce mu/ necess>ily be consequ5ce4 ,pure ,und]/&+1 x is true1 c only conceive consequ5ce 7causal result71 & is no m able to conceive m]e sequ5ce ?an to conceive ! diff]5ce betwe5 "r & left1 :i*1 l sequ5ce1 is only to be grasp$ by means ( pure ,s5sibility4 ,empirical k ( ! foll[+ ( ev5ts 9 ,"t is1 inde$1 j z possible z empirical k ( juxtaposition ( ?+s 9 ,space 7?is ,kant d5ies else:]e71 b ! way 9 :i* ?+s foll[ ^u "o ano!r 9 g5]al 9 ,"t c no m be expla9$1 ?an ! way 9 :i* "o ?+ foll[s f ano!r 7z ! effect ( a cause73 ! =m] k is giv5 & condition$ by pure ,s5sibility2 ! latt]1 by pure ,und]/&+4 ,b 9 ass]t+ t k ( ! objective succession ( ph5om5a c only be atta9$ by means ( ! causal law1 ,kant commits ! same error ) :i* he reproa*es ,leibnitz3#ajb t ( intellectualis+ ! =ms ( ,s5sibility4--,my view ( succession is ! foll[+ "o4 ,we d]ive our k ( ! b>e possibility ( succession f ! =m ( ,"t1 :i* belongs to pure ,s5sibility4 ,! succession ( real objects1 ^: =m is precisely ,"t1 we "k empirically1 consequ5tly z actual4 ,b x is ?r\gh ! ,und]/&+ alone1 by means ( ,causality1 t we ga9 k ( ! necessity ( a succession ( two /ates3 t is1 ( a *ange2 & ev5 ! fact t we are able to conceive ! necessity ( a succession at all1 proves already t ! causal law is n kn[n to u empirically1 b giv5 u priori4 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason is ! g5]al expression = ! fundam5tal =m ( ! necess>y connection betwe5 all our objects1 i4e4 repres5tations1 :i* lies 9 ! inn]mo/ dep?s ( our cognitive faculty3 x is ! =m common to all repres5tations1 & ! only s\rce ( ! conception ( necessity1 :i* conta9s absolutely no?+ else 9 x & no o!r import1 ?an t ( ! foll[+ ( ! consequ5ce1 :5 its reason has be5 e/abli%$4 ,n[1 ! reason :y ?is pr9ciple det]m9es ! ord] ( succession 9 ,"t 9 ! class ( repres5tations we are n[ inve/igat+1 9 :i* x figures z ! law ( causality1 is1 t ,"t is ! =m ( ^! repres5tations1 !re=e ! necess>y connection appe>s "h z ! rule ( succession4 ,9 o!r =ms ( ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason1 ! necess>y connection x always dem&s w appe> "u q diff]5t =ms f t ( ,"t1 !re=e n z succession2 /ill x always reta9s ! "* ( a necess>y connection1 by :i* ! id5tity ( ! pr9ciple "u all its =ms1 or r ! unity ( ! root ( all ! laws ( :i* t pr9ciple is ! common expression1 reveals itself4 #ajb ,kant1 ,kritik d4 r4 ,v]n4 #a/ edition1 p4 #bge2 #e? edition1 p4 #cca4 7,engli% translation by ,m4 ,mll]1 p4 #bcf47 ,if ,kant's ass]tion 7 correct1 :i* ,i dispute1 our only way ( kn[+ ! reality ( succession w\ld be ?r\gh its necessity2 b ?is w\ld presuppose an ,und]/&+ t embrac$ all ! s]ies ( causes & effects at once1 consequ5tly an omnisci5t ,und]/&+4 ,kant has burd5$ ! ,und]/&+ ) an impossibility1 m]ely 9 ord] to h less ne$ ( ,s5sibility4 ,h[ c we reconcile ,kant's ass]tion t our only means ( kn[+ ! objective reality ( succession is by ! necessity ) :i* effect foll[s cause1 ) 8 o!r ass]tion#ajc t succession 9 ,"t is our only empirical crit]ion = det]m9+ :i* ( two /ates is cause1 & :i* effect4 ,:o does n see ! mo/ obvi\s circle "h8 #ajc ,kant1 ,krit4 d4 r4 ,v]n4 vol4 i4 p4 #bjc ( ! #a/ edition2 p4 #bdi ( ! #e? edition4 7,engli% translation by ,m4 ,mll]1 p4 #agh47 ,if we knew objectiv5ess ( succession ?r\gh ,causality1 we %\ld nev] be able to ?9k x o!rwise ?an z ,causality1 & !n x w\ld be no?+ else ?an ,causality4 ,=1 if x 7 any?+ else1 x w\ld h o!r di/9ctive signs by :i* to be recognis$2 n[ ?is is j :at ,kant d5ies4 ,accord+ly1 if ,kant 7 "r1 we c\ld n say3 ,?is /ate is ! effect ( t "o1 :]e=e x foll[s x2 = foll[+ & be+ an effect1 w\ld be "o & ! same ?+1 & ?is proposition a tautology4 ,besides1 if we d away ) all di/9ction betwe5 foll[+ ^u & foll[+ f1 we once m yield ! po9t to ,hume1 :o decl>$ all consequ5ce to be m]e sequ5ce & !re=e d5i$ t di/9ction likewise4 ,kant's pro( w\ld1 consequ5tly1 be r$uc$ to ?is3 t1 empirically1 we only "k actuality ( succession2 b z besides we recognise necessity ( succession 9 c]ta9 s]ies ( occurr5ces1 & ev5 "k be=e all exp]i5ce t e possible occurr5ce mu/ h a fix$ place 9 "s "o ( ^! s]ies1 ! reality & ! priority ( ! causal law foll[ z a matt] ( c\rse1 ! only correct pro( ( ! latt] be+ ! "o ,i h giv5 9 #ba ( ?is "w4 ,p>allel ) ! ,kantian !ory3 t ! causal nexus alone r5d]s objective succession & our k ( x possible1 !re runs ano!r3 t coexi/5ce & our k ( x are only possible ?r\gh reciprocity4 ,9 ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason !y are pres5t$ "u ! title3 ,?ird ,analogy ( ,exp]i5ce4 ,"h ,kant goes s f> z to say t ! co-exi/5ce ( ph5om5a1 :i* ex]cise no reciprocal action on "o ano!r1 b are sep>at$ by a p]fectly empty space1 c\ld nev] become an object ( possible p]ception#ajd 7:i*1 by ! way1 w\ld be a pro( priori t !re is no empty space betwe5 ! fix$ />s71 & t ! light :i* plays betwe5 our eyes & cele/ial bodies--an expression convey+ surreptiti\sly ! ?\ght1 t ?is />light n only acts ^u our eyes1 b is act$ ^u by !m also--produces an int]community betwe5 u & !m1 & proves ! co-exi/5ce ( ! latt]4 ,n[1 ev5 empirically1 ?is la/ ass]tion is false2 s9ce ! sight ( a fix$ /> by no means proves its coexi/5ce simultane\sly ) its spectator1 b1 at mo/1 its exi/5ce "s ye>s1 nay ev5 "s c5turies be=e4 ,besides1 ?is second ,kantian !ory /&s & falls ) ! fir/1 only x is f> m easily detect$2 & ! nullity ( ! :ole conception ( reciprocity has be5 %[n 9 #bj4 #ajd ,kant1 ,krit4 d4 r4 ,v]n4 pp4 #bab & #bac ( ! #a/ edition4 7,engli% translation1 pp4 #ahe & #ahf47 ,! argum5ts ,i h br\ght =w>d aga9/ ,kant's pro( may be comp>$ ) two previ\s attacks made on x by ,f$]1#aje & by ,g4 ,e4 ,s*ulze4#ajf #aje ,f$]1 ,ueb] ,raum und ,causalitt4 sect4 #bi4 #ajf ,g4 ,e4 ,s*ulze1 ,kritik d] !oretis*5 ,philosophie1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dbb sqq4 ,n )\t consid]able hesitation did ,i ?us v5ture 79 #ahac7 to attack a !ory :i* _h be5 univ]sally receiv$ z a demon/rat$ tru?1 is repeat$ ev5 n[ 9 ! late/ publications1#ajg & =ms a *ief po9t 9 ! doctr9e ( "o = ^: pr(\nd wisdom ,i h ! greate/ rev]5ce & admiration2 "o to :om1 inde$1 ,i owe s mu*1 t 8 _s might truly say to me1 9 ! words ( ,hom]3 ' ' 1 4#ajh #ajg ,= in/ance1 9 ,fries' ,kritik d] ,v]nunft1 vol4 ii4 p4 #he4 #ajh ,i lift$ f ?9e eyes ! d>kness :i* cov]$ !m be=e4 7,tr4's ,ad47 #bd4 ,( ! ,misapplication ( ! ,law ( ,causality4 ,f ! =ego+ exposition x foll[s1 t ! application ( ! causal law to any?+ b *anges 9 ! mat]ial1 empirically giv5 _w1 is an abuse ( x4 ,= in/ance1 x is a misapplication to make use ( x ) ref]5ce to physical =ces1 )\t :i* no *anges c\ld take place2 or to ,matt]1 on :i* !y take place2 or to ! _w1 to :i* we mu/ 9 t case attribute an absolutely objective exi/5ce indep5d5tly ( our intellect2 inde$ 9 _m o!r cases besides4 ,i ref] ! read] to :at ,i h said on ?is subject 9 my *ief "w4#aji ,su* misapplications always arise1 p>tly1 ?r\gh our tak+ ! conception ( cause1 l _m o!r metaphysical & e?ical conceptions1 9 f> too wide a s5se2 p>tly1 ?r\gh our =gett+ t ! causal law is c]ta9ly a presupposition :i* we br+ ) u into ! _w1 by :i* ! p]ception ( ?+s outside u becomes possible2 b t1 j on t acc\nt1 we are n au?oriz$ 9 ext5d+ beyond ! range & indep5d5tly ( our cognitive faculty a pr9ciple1 :i* has its orig9 9 ! equipm5t ( t faculty1 nor 9 assum+ x to hold good z ! ev]la/+ ord] ( ! univ]se & ( all t exi/s4 #aji ,die ,welt a4 ,w4 u4 ,v4 #bnd edition1 vol4 ii4 *4 iv4 p4 #db et seqq42 #crd edition1 vol4 ii4 p4 #df et seqq4 #be4 ,! ,"t 9 :i* a ,*ange takes place4 ,z ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason ( ,becom+ is exclusively applicable to *anges1 we mu/ n omit to m5tion "h1 t ! anci5t philosoph]s _h already rais$ ! "q z to ! "t 9 :i* a *ange takes place1 !re be+ no possibility ( x tak+ place dur+ ! exi/5ce ( ! prec$+ /ate nor aft] ! new "o has sup]v5$4 ,yet1 if we assign a special "t to x betwe5 bo? /ates1 a body w\ld1 dur+ ?is "t1 be nei!r 9 ! fir/ nor 9 ! second /ate3 a dy+ man1 = in/ance1 w\ld be nei!r alive nor dead2 a body nei!r at re/ nor 9 movem5t3 :i* w\ld be absurd4 ,! scruples & sophi/ic subtleties :i* ?is "q has evok$1 may be f\nd collect$ toge!r 9 ,sextus ,empiricus ,adv4 ,ma!m4 lib4 ix4 #bfg-bga1 & ,hypat4 iii4 c4 #ad2 ! subject is likewise dealt ) by ,gellius1 l4 vi4 c4 #ac--,plato#aaj _h dispos$ some:at cavali]ly ( ?is knotty po9t1 by ma9ta9+ t *anges take place sudd5ly & occupy no "t at all2 !y occur1 he says1 9 ! 79 rep5t9o71 :i* he calls an 1 2 a /range1 timeless exi/5ce 7:i* nev]!less comes )9 ,"t74 #aaj ,plato1 ,p>m5ides1 p4 #ach1 ed4 ,bip4 ,x 0 accord+ly res]v$ = ! p]spicacity ( ,ari/otle to cle> up ?is difficult po9t1 :i* he has done pr(\ndly & exhau/ively 9 ! six? ,book ( ,physics1 *ap4 i4-viii4 ,8 pro( t no *ange takes place sudd5ly 79 ,plato's 71 b t ea* occurs only gradually & !re=e occupies a c]ta9 "t1 is bas$ entirely ^u ! pure1 priori intuition ( ,"t & ( ,space2 b x is also v subtle4 ,! pi? ( ?is v l5g?y demon/ration may1 h[ev]1 be r$uc$ to ! foll[+ propositions4 ,:5 we say ( objects t !y limit ea* o!r1 we mean1 t bo? h _! extreme ends 9 common2 !re=e only two ext5d$ ?+s c be cont]m9\s1 nev] two indivisible ones1 = !n !y w\ld be "o--i4e4 only l9es1 b n m]e po9ts1 c be cont]m9\s4 ,he !n transf]s ?is f ,space to ,"t4 ,z !re always rema9s a l9e betwe5 two po9ts1 s !re always rema9s a "t betwe5 two n[s2 ?is is ! "t 9 :i* a *ange takes place--i4e4 :5 "o /ate is 9 ! fir/1 & ano!r 9 ! second1 n[4 ,?is "t1 l e o!r1 is divisible to inf9ity2 consequ5tly1 :atev] is *ang+ passes ?r\gh an inf9ite numb] ( degrees )9 t "t1 ?r\gh :i* ! second /ate gradually gr[s out ( t fir/ "o4--,! process may p]haps be made m intelligible by ! foll[+ explanation4 ,betwe5 two consecutive /ates ! diff]5ce ( :i* is p]ceptible to our s5ses1 !re are always sev]al int]m$iate /ates1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 :i* is n p]ceptible to u2 because1 9 ord] to be s5su\sly p]ceptible1 ! newly aris+ /ate mu/ h rea*$ a c]ta9 degree ( int5sity or ( magnitude3 x is !re=e prec$$ by degrees ( less] int5sity or ext5sion1 9 pass+ ?r\gh :i* x gradually arises4 ,tak5 collectively1 ^! are compris$ "u ! "n ( *ange1 & ! "t occupi$ by !m is call$ ! "t ( *ange4 ,n[1 if we apply ?is to a body be+ propell$1 ! fir/ effect is a c]ta9 vibration ( its inn] p>ts1 :i*1 aft] communicat+ ! impulse to o!r p>ts1 breaks out into ext]nal motion4--,ari/otle inf]s q rightly f ! inf9ite divisibility ( ,"t1 t ev]y?+ :i* fills x1 !re=e e *ange1 i4e4 e passage f "o /ate to ano!r1 mu/ likewise be susceptible ( endless subdivision1 s t all t arises1 does s 9 fact by ! conc\rse ( an inf9ite multitude ( p>ts2 accord+ly its g5esis is always gradual1 nev] sudd54 ,f ^! pr9ciples & ! consequ5t gradual aris+ ( ea* movem5t1 he draws ! weighty inf]5ce 9 ! la/ *apt] ( ?is ,book1 t no?+ indivisible1 no m]e po9t c move4 ,& ) ?is conclusion ,kant's def9ition ( ,matt]1 z t :i* moves 9 ,space1 completely h>monizes4 ,?is law ( ! cont9uity & gradual tak+ place ( all *anges :i* ,ari/otle 0 ?us ! fir/ to lay d[n & prove1 we f9d /at$ ?ree times by ,kant3 9 8 ,diss]tatio de mundi s5sibilis et intelligibilis =ma1 #ad1 9 ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1#aaa & f9ally 9 8 ,metaphysical ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,sci5ce4#aab ,9 all ?ree places 8 exposition is brief1 b also less ?or\gh ?an t ( ,ari/otle2 /ill1 9 ! ma91 bo? entirely agree4 ,we c !re=e h>dly d\bt t1 directly or indirectly1 ,kant mu/ h d]iv$ ^! ideas f ,ari/otle1 ?\gh he does n m5tion him4 ,ari/otle's proposition-- 7! mom5ts ( ! pres5t are n cont9u\s7--we "h f9d express$ z foll[s3 betwe5 two mom5ts !re is always a "t1 to :i* may be object$ t ev5 betwe5 two c5turies !re is none2 because 9 ,"t z 9 ,space1 !re mu/ always be a pure limit4--,?us ,kant1 in/ead ( m5tion+ ,ari/otle1 endeav\rs 9 ! fir/ & e>lie/ ( 8 ?ree /atem5ts to id5tify ! !ory he is advanc+ ) ,leibnitz' lex cont9uitatis4 ,if !y really 7 ! same1 ,leibnitz mu/ h d]iv$ 8 f ,ari/otle4 ,n[ ,leibnitz#aac fir/ /at$ ?is ,loi de la cont9uit 9 a lett] to ,bayle4#aad ,!re1 h[ev]1 he calls x ,pr9cipe de l'ordre gnral1 & gives "u ?is "n a v g5]al1 vague1 *iefly geometrical argum5tation1 hav+ no direct be>+ on ! "t ( *ange1 :i* he does n ev5 m5tion4 #aaa ,kant1 ,krit4 d4 r4 ,v]n4 #a/ edition1 p4 #bjg2 #e? edition1 p4 #bec4 7,engli% translation by ,m4 ,mll]1 p4 #ahb47 #aab ,kant1 ,metaphysis*e ,anfangsgrnde d] ,naturwiss5s*aft4 ,end ( ! ,allgeme9e ,anm]kung zur ,me*anik4 #aac ,accord+ to 8 own ass]tion1 p4 #ahi ( ! ,op]a philos4 ed4 ,erdmann4 #aad ,ibid4 p4 #ajd4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,on ,,! ,,second ,,class ,,( ,,objects ,,= ,,! ,,subject ,,& ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,suffici5t ,,reason ,,:i* ,,pr$om9ates ,,9 ,,x4 #bf4 ,explanation ( ?is ,class ( ,objects4 ,! only ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 ! human race & animals1 :i* f "t immemorial has be5 attribut$ to a special cognitive faculty peculi> to mank9d1 call$ ,reason1 is bas$ ^u ! fact t man owns a class ( repres5tations :i* is n %>$ by any animal4 ,^! are conceptions1 !re=e ab/ract1 z oppos$ to intuitive1 repres5tations1 f :i* !y are nev]!less d]iv$4 ,! imm$iate consequ5ce ( ?is is1 t animals c nei!r speak nor laugh2 b indirectly all ^? v>i\s1 important *>act]i/ics :i* di/+ui% human f animal life are its consequ5ce4 ,=1 ?r\gh ! sup]v5tion ( ab/ract repres5tation1 motivation has n[ *ang$ its "*4 ,al?\gh human actions result ) a necessity no less rigor\s ?an t :i* rules ! actions ( animals1 yet ?r\gh ?is new k9d ( motivation--s f> z "h x consi/s 9 ?\ghts :i* r5d] elective decision 7i4e4 a consci\s conflict ( motives7 possible--action ) a purpose1 ) reflection1 accord+ to plans & pr9ciples1 9 conc]t ) o!rs1 c4 c41 n[ takes ! place ( m]e impulse giv5 by pres5t1 p]ceptible objects2 b by ?is x gives rise to all t r5d]s human life s ri*1 s artificial1 & s t]rible1 t man1 9 ?is ,we/]n ,hemisph]e1 :]e 8 sk9 has become blea*$1 & :]e ! primitive1 true1 pr(\nd religions ( 8 fir/ home c\ld n foll[ him1 n[ no long] recognises animals z 8 bre?r51 & falsely believes !m to diff] fundam5tally f him1 seek+ to confirm ?is illusion by call+ !m brutes1 giv+ degrad+ names to ! vital functions :i* !y h 9 common ) him1 & proclaim+ !m outlaws2 & ?us he h>d5s 8 he>t aga9/ t id5tity ( be+ betwe5 !m & himself1 :i* is nev]!less con/antly obtrud+ itself ^u him4 ,/ill1 z we h said1 ! :ole diff]5ce lies 9 ?is--t1 besides ! intuitive repres5tations exam9$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 :i* are %>$ by animals1 o!r1 ab/ract repres5tations d]iv$ f ^! intuitive ones1 are lodg$ 9 ! human bra91 :i* is *iefly on ?is acc\nt s mu* l>g] ?an t ( animals4 ,repres5tations ( ?is sort h be5 call$ conceptions1#aae because ea* compreh5ds innum]able individual ?+s 91 or r "u1 itself1 & ?us =ms a complex4#aaf ,we may also def9e !m z repres5tations drawn f repres5tations4 ,=1 9 =m+ !m1 ! faculty ( ab/raction decomposes ! complete1 intuitive repres5tations describ$ 9 our la/ *apt] into _! compon5t p>ts1 9 ord] to ?9k ea* ( ^! p>ts sep>ately z ! diff]5t qualities (1 or relations betwe51 ?+s4 ,by ?is process1 h[ev]1 ! repres5tations necess>ily =feit _! p]ceptibility2 j z wat]1 :5 decompos$1 ceases to be fluid & visible4 ,= al?\gh ea* quality ?us isolat$ 7ab/ract$7 c q well be ?\ght by itself1 x does n at all foll[ t x c be p]ceiv$ by itself4 ,we =m conceptions by dropp+ a good deal ( :at is giv5 u 9 p]ception1 9 ord] to be able to ?9k ! re/ by itself4 ,to conceive !re=e1 is to ?9k less ?an we p]ceive4 ,if1 aft] consid]+ div]s objects ( p]ception1 we drop some?+ diff]5t belong+ to ea*1 yet reta9 :at is ! same 9 all1 ! result w be ! g5us ( t species4 ,! g5]ic conception is accord+ly always ! conception ( e species compris$ "u x1 aft] d$uct+ all t does n belong to e species4 ,n[1 z e possible conception may be ?\ght z a g5us1 a conception is always some?+ g5]al1 & z su*1 n p]ceptible4 ,e conception has on ?is acc\nt also its sph]e1 z ! sum-total#aag ( :at may be ?\ght "u x4 ,! high] we asc5d 9 ab/ract ?\ght1 ! m we d$uct1 ! less !re=e rema9s to be ?\ght4 ,! highe/1 i4e4 ! mo/ g5]al conceptions1 are ! emptie/ & poore/1 & at la/ become m]e husks1 su* z1 = in/ance1 be+1 ess5ce1 ?+1 becom+1 c4 c4--,( :at avail1 by ! way1 c philosophical sy/ems be1 :i* are only spun out ( conceptions ( ?is sort & h = _! sub/ance m]e flimsy husks ( ?\ghts l ^!8 ,!y mu/ ( necessity be exce$+ly empty1 poor1 & !re=e also dreadfully tiresome4 #aae ,begriff1 compreh5sive ?\ght1 d]iv$ f begreif51 to compreh5d4 ,tr4 #aaf ,inbegriff1 compreh5sive totality4 ,tr4 #aag ,inbegriff4 ,n[ z repres5tations1 ?us sublimat$ & analys$ to =m ab/ract conceptions1 h1 z we h said1 =feit$ all p]ceptibility1 !y w\ld entirely escape our consci\sness1 & be ( no avail to x = ! ?9k+ processes to :i* !y are de/9$1 7 !y n fix$ & reta9$ 9 our s5ses by arbitr>y signs4 ,^! signs are words4 ,9 z f> z !y con/itute ! cont5ts ( diction>ies & !re=e ( language1 words always designate g5]al repres5tations1 conceptions1 nev] p]ceptible objects2 :]eas a lexicon :i* enum]ates individual ?+s1 only conta9s prop] names1 n words1 & is ei!r a geographical or hi/orical diction>y3 t is to say1 x enum]ates :at is sep>at$ ei!r by ,"t or by ,space2 =1 z my read]s "k1 ,"t & ,space are ! pr9cipium individuationis4 ,x is only because animals are limit$ to intuitive repres5tations & incapable ( any ab/raction--incapable !re=e ( =m+ conceptions--t !y are )\t language1 ev5 :5 !y are able to articulate words2 :]eas !y und]/& prop] names4 ,t x is ?is same defect :i* excludes !m f laught]1 ,i h %[n 9 my !ory ( ! ridicul\s4#aah #aah ,see ,die ,welt a4 ,w4 u4 ,v4 vol4 i4 sect4 #ac1 & vol4 ii4 *4 #h4 ,on analyz+ a long1 cont9u\s spee* made by a man ( no education1 we f9d 9 x an abundance ( logical =ms1 clauses1 turns ( phrase1 di/9ctions1 & subtleties ( all sorts1 correctly express$ by means ( grammatical =ms ) _! inflections & con/ructions1 & ev5 ) a frequ5t use ( ! s]mo obliquus1 ( ! diff]5t moods1 c4 c41 all 9 con=mity ) rule1 :i* a/oni%es u1 & 9 :i* we are =c$ to recognise an ext5sive & p]fectly coh]5t k4 ,/ill ?is k has be5 acquir$ on ! basis ( ! p]ceptible _w1 ! r$uction ( ^: :ole ess5ce to ab/ract conceptions is ! fundam5tal bus9ess ( ! ,reason1 & c only take place by means ( language4 ,9 le>n+ ! use ( language !re=e1 ! :ole me*anism ( ,reason--t is1 all t is ess5tial 9 ,logic--is br\ght to our consci\sness4 ,n[ ?is c evid5tly n take place )\t consid]able m5tal ef=t & fix$ att5tion1 = :i* ! desire to le>n gives *ildr5 ! requisite /r5g?4 ,s long z t desire has be=e x :at is really available & necess>y1 x is vigor\s1 & x only appe>s weak :5 we try to =ce ^u *ildr5 t :i* is n suit$ to _! compreh5sion4 ,?us ev5 a co>sely educat$ *ild1 9 le>n+ all ! turns & subtleties ( language1 z well ?r\gh its own conv]sation z t ( o!rs1 accompli%es ! developm5t ( its ,reason1 & acquires t really concrete ,logic1 :i* consi/s less 9 logical rules ?an 9 ! prop] application ( !m2 j z ! rules ( h>mony are le>nt by p]sons ( musical tal5t simply by play+ ! piano1 )\t read+ music or /udy+ ?or\gh-bass4--,! deaf & dumb alone are exclud$ f ! above-m5tion$ logical tra9+ ?r\gh ! acquirem5t ( spee*2 !re=e !y are almo/ z unreasonable z animals1 :5 !y h n be5 taught to read by ! v artificial means specially adapt$ = _! requirem5ts1 :i* takes ! place ( ! natural s*ool+ ( ,reason4 #bg4 ,! ,utility ( ,conceptions4 ,! fundam5tal ess5ce ( our ,reason or ?9k+ faculty is1 z we h se51 ! p[] ( ab/raction1 or ! faculty ( =m+ conceptions3 x is !re=e ! pres5ce ( ^! 9 our consci\sness :i* produces su* amaz+ results4 ,t x %\ld be able to d ?is1 re/s ma9ly on ! foll[+ gr\nds4 ,x is j because !y conta9 less ?an ! repres5tations f :i* !y are drawn1 t conceptions are easi] to deal ) ?an repres5tations2 !y are1 9 fact1 to ^! almo/ z ! =mula ( high] ari?metic to ! m5tal op]ations :i* give rise to !m & :i* !y repres5t1 or z a log>i?m to its numb]4 ,!y only conta9 j ! "p requir$ ( ! _m repres5tations f :i* !y are drawn2 if in/ead we 7 to try to recall ^? repres5tations !mselves by means ( ! imag9ation1 we %\ld1 z x 71 h to lug ab\t a load ( uness5tial lumb]1 :i* w\ld only emb>rass u2 :]eas1 by ! help ( conceptions1 we are enabl$ to ?9k only ^? p>ts & relations ( all ^! repres5tations :i* are want$ = ea* individual purpose3 s t _! employm5t may be comp>$ to do+ away ) sup]flu\s luggage1 or to work+ ) extracts in/ead ( plants !mselves--) qu99e1 in/ead ( b>k4 ,:at is prop]ly call$ ?9k+1 9 its n>r[e/ s5se1 is ! occupation ( ! intellect ) conceptions3 t is1 ! pres5ce 9 our consci\sness ( ! class ( repres5tations we n[ h be=e u4 ,?is is also :at we call reflection3 a ^w :i*1 by a figure ( spee* borr[$ f ,optics1 expresses at once ! d]ivative & ! second>y "* ( ?is k9d ( k4 ,n[ x is ?is ?9k+1 ?is reflection1 :i* gives man t delib]ation1 :i* is want+ 9 animals4 ,=1 by enabl+ him to ?9k _m ?+s "u "o conception1 b always only ! ess5tial "p 9 ea* ( !m1 x all[s him to drop at 8 pleasure e k9d ( di/9ction1 consequ5tly ev5 ^? ( ,"t & ( ,space1 & ?us he acquires ! p[] ( embrac+ 9 ?\ght1 n only ! pa/ & ! future1 b also :at is abs5t2 :ile animals are 9 e respect /rictly b\nd to ! pres5t4 ,?is delib]ative faculty aga9 is really ! root ( all ^? !oretical & practical a*ievem5ts :i* give man s great a sup]iority ov] animals2 fir/ & =emo/1 ( 8 c>e = ! future :ile tak+ ! pa/ into consid]ation2 !n ( 8 prem$itat$1 sy/ematic1 me?odical proc$ure 9 all und]tak+s1 & !re=e ( ! co-op]ation ( _m p]sons t[>ds a common end1 &1 by ?is1 ( law1 ord]1 ! ,/ate1 c4 c4--,b x is especially 9 ,sci5ce t ! use ( conceptions is important2 = !y are1 prop]ly speak+1 its mat]ials4 ,! aims ( all ! sci5ces may1 inde$1 9 ! la/ resort1 be r$uc$ to k ( ! p>ticul> ?r\gh ! g5]al2 n[ ?is is only possible by means ( ! dictum de omni et nullo1 & ?is1 aga91 is only possible ?r\gh ! exi/5ce ( conceptions4 ,ari/otle !re=e says3 #aai 7absque univ]salibus enim non datur sci5tia74 ,conceptions are precisely ^? univ]salia1 ^: mode ( exi/5ce =m$ ! argum5t ( ! long controv]sy betwe5 ! ,reali/s & ,nom9ali/s 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 #aai ,ari/ot4 ,metaph4 xii4 c4 #i1 ,= )\t univ]sals x is impossible to h k4 7,tr4's ,add47 #bh4 ,repres5tatives ( ,conceptions4 ,! ,faculty ( ,judgm5t4 ,conceptions mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) pictures ( ! imag9ation1 ^! be+ intuitive & complete1 !re=e individual repres5tations1 al?\gh !y are n call$ =? by s5su\s impressions & d n !re=e belong to ! complex ( exp]i5ce4 ,ev5 :5 us$ to repres5t a conception1 a picture ( ! imag9ation 7phantasm7 ought to be di/+ui%$ f a conception4 ,we use phantasms z repres5tatives ( conceptions :5 we try to grasp ! intuitive repres5tation itself t has giv5 rise to ! conception & to make x tally ) t conception1 :i* is 9 all cases impossible2 = !re is no repres5tation1 = in/ance1 ( dog 9 g5]al1 col\r 9 g5]al1 triangle 9 g5]al1 numb] 9 g5]al1 nor is !re any picture ( ! imag9ation :i* corresponds to ^! conceptions4 ,!n we evoke ! phantasm ( "s dog or o!r1 :i*1 z a repres5tation1 mu/ 9 all cases be det]m9$3 t is1 x mu/ h a c]ta9 size1 %ape1 col\r1 c4 c42 ev5 ?\gh ! conception repres5t$ by x has no su* det]m9ations4 ,:5 we use su* repres5tatives ( conceptions h[ev]1 we are always consci\s t !y are n adequate to ! conceptions !y repres5t1 & t !y are full ( arbitr>y det]m9ations4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! fir/ "p ( 8 ,twelf? ,essay on ,human ,und]/&+1 ,hume expresses himself 9 agreem5t ) ?is view1 z also ,r\sseau 9 8 ,disc\rs sur l',orig9e de l',9galit4#abj ,kant's doctr9e1 on ! contr>y1 is a totally diff]5t "o4 ,! matt] is "o :i* introspection & cle> reflection c alone decide4 ,ea* ( u mu/ !re=e exam9e himself z to :e!r he is consci\s 9 8 own conceptions ( a ,monogram ( ,pure ,imag9ation priori2 :e!r1 = in/ance1 :5 he ?9ks dog1 he is consci\s ( some?+ entre *i5 et l\p2 or :e!r1 z ,i h "h expla9$ x1 he is ei!r ?9k+ an ab/ract conception ?r\gh 8 ,reason1 or repres5t+ "s repres5tative ( t conception z a complete picture ?r\gh 8 imag9ation4 #abj ,"p ! ,fir/1 9 ! middle4 ,all ?9k+1 9 a wid] s5se3 t is1 all inn] activity ( ! m9d 9 g5]al1 necessitates ei!r words or pictures ( ! imag9ation3 )\t "o or o!r ( ^! x has no?+ to hold by4 ,!y are n1 h[ev]1 bo? necess>y at ! same "t1 al?\gh !y may co-op]ate to _! mutual support4 ,n[1 ?9k+ 9 a n>r[] s5se--t is1 ab/ract reflection by means ( words--is ei!r purely logical reason+1 9 :i* case x keeps /rictly to its own sph]e2 or x t\*es ^u ! limits ( p]ceptible repres5tations 9 ord] to come to an und]/&+ ) !m1 s z to br+ t :i* is giv5 by exp]i5ce & grasp$ by p]ception into connection ) ab/ract conceptions result+ f cle> reflection1 & ?us to ga9 complete possession ( x4 ,9 ?9k+ !re=e1 we seek ei!r = ! conception or rule to :i* a giv5 p]ception belongs1 or = ! p>ticul> case :i* proves a giv5 conception or rule4 ,9 ?is quality1 ?9k+ is an activity ( ! faculty ( judgm5t1 & inde$ 9 ! fir/ case a reflective1 9 ! second1 a subsum+ activity4 ,! faculty ( judgm5t is accord+ly ! m$iator betwe5 intuitive & ab/ract k1 or betwe5 ! ,und]/&+ & ! ,reason4 ,9 mo/ m5 x has m]ely rudim5t>y1 (t5 ev5 m]ely nom9al exi/5ce2#aba !y are de/9$ to foll[ ! lead ( o!rs1 & x is z well n to conv]se ) !m m ?an is necess>y4 #aba ,let any "o to :om ?is ass]tion may appe> hyp]bolical1 consid] ! fate ( ,g!'s ,!ory ( ,col\rs 7,f>b5lehre71 & %\ld he wond] at my f9d+ a corroboration = x 9 t fate1 he w himself h corroborat$ x a second "t4 ,! true k]nel ( all k is t reflection :i* works ) ! help ( intuitive repres5tations2 = x goes back to ! f\nta9-head1 to ! basis ( all conceptions4 ,!re=e x g5]ates all really orig9al ?\ghts1 all prim>y & fundam5tal views & all inv5tions1 s f> z *ance _h n ! l>ge/ %>e 9 !m4 ,! ,und]/&+ prevails 9 ?is sort ( ?9k+1 :il/ ! ,reason is ! *ief factor 9 purely ab/ract reflection4 ,c]ta9 ?\ghts :i* w&] ab\t = a long "t 9 our heads1 belong to ?is sort ( reflection3 ?\ghts :i* come & g1 n[ clo!d 9 "o k9d ( intuition1 n[ 9 ano!r1 until !y at la/ become cle>1 fix !mselves 9 conceptions & f9d words to express !m4 ,"s1 inde$1 nev] f9d words to express !m1 & ^! are1 un=tunately1 ! be/ ( all3 qu voce meliora sunt1 z ,apuleius says4 ,ari/otle1 h[ev]1 w5t too f> 9 ?9k+ t no reflection is possible )\t pictures ( ! imag9ation4 ,nev]!less1 :at he says on ?is po9t1#abb 7anima s9e phantasmate nunquam intelligit71#abc & 1 7qui contemplatur1 necesse e/1 una cum phantasmate contempletur71#abd & aga91 7fi]i non pote/1 ut s9e phantasmate quidquam intelligatur71#abe--made a /rong impression ^u ! ?9k]s ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies1 :o !re=e frequ5tly & emphatically repeat :at he says4 ,pico della ,mir&ola1#abf = in/ance1 says3 ,necesse e/1 eum1 qui ratioc9atur et intelligit1 phantasmata specul>i2--,melan*?on#abg says3 ,oportet intellig5tem phantasmata specul>i2--& ,jord4 ,brunus#abh says1 dicit ,ari/oteles3 oportet scire vol5tem1 phantasmata specul>i4 ,pomponatius#abi expresses himself 9 ! same s5se4--,on ! :ole1 all t c be affirm$ is1 t e true & prim>y notion1 e g5u9e philosophic !orem ev51 mu/ h "s sort ( intuitive view = its inn]mo/ k]nel or root4 ,?is1 ?\gh some?+ mom5t>y#acj & s+le1 subsequ5tly imp>ts life & _s to ! :ole analysis1 h[ev] exhau/ive x may be1--j z "o drop ( ! "r reag5t suffices to t+e a :ole solution ) ! col\r ( ! precipitate :i* x causes4 ,:5 an analysis has a k]nel ( ?is sort1 x is l a bank note issu$ by a firm :i* has ready money :]e) to back x2 :]eas e o!r analysis proce$+ f m]e comb9ations ( ab/ract conceptions1 resembles a bank note :i* is issu$ by a firm :i* has no?+ b o!r pap] obligations to back x )4 ,all m]e rational talk ?us r5d]s ! result ( giv5 conceptions cle>]1 b does n1 /rictly speak+1 br+ any?+ new to light4 ,x might !re=e be left to ea* individual to d himself1 in/ead ( fill+ :ole volumes e day4 #abb ,ari/ot4 ,de anima1 iii4 c4 c4 #c1 #g1 #h4 #abc ,! m9d nev] ?9ks )\t 7! aid (7 an image4 ,tr4 #abd ,he :o obs]ves any?+ mu/ obs]ve "s image along ) x4 ,tr4 #abe ,de ,memoria1 c4 #a3 ,x is impossible to ?9k )\t 7! aid (7 an image4 #abf ,de imag9atione1 c4 #e4 #abg ,de anima1 p4 #acj4 #abh ,de compositione imag9um1 p4 #aj4 #abi ,de immortalitate1 pp4 #ed et #gj4 #acj ,e9 ,mom5tanes end ,e9heitli*es4 #bi4 ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason ( ,kn[+4 ,b1 ev5 9 a n>r[] s5se1 ?9k+ does n consi/ 9 ! b>e pres5ce ( ab/ract conceptions 9 our consci\sness1 b r 9 connect+ or sep>at+ two or m ( ^! conceptions "u sundry re/rictions & modifications :i* ,logic indicates 9 ! ,!ory ( ,judgm5ts4 ,a relation ( ?is sort betwe5 conceptions di/9ctly ?\ght & express$ we call a judgm5t4 ,n[1 ) ref]5ce to ^! judgm5ts1 ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason "h once m holds good1 yet 9 a widely diff]5t =m f t :i* has be5 expla9$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]2 = "h x appe>s z ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason ( ,kn[+1 pr9cipium rationis suffici5tis cognosc5di4 ,z su*1 x ass]ts t if a judgm5t is to express k ( any k9d1 x mu/ h a suffici5t reason3 9 virtue ( :i* quality x !n receives ! pr$icate true4 ,?us tru? is ! ref]5ce ( a judgm5t to some?+ diff]5t f itself1 call$ its reason or gr\nd1 :i* reason1 z we %all pres5tly see1 itself admits ( a consid]able v>iety ( k9ds4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ?is reason is inv>iably a some?+ ^u :i* ! judgm5t re/s1 ! ,g]man t]m = x1 viz41 ,grund1 is n ill *os54 ,9 ,lat91 & 9 all languages ( ,lat9 orig91 ! ^w by :i* a reason ( k is designat$1 is ! same z t us$ = ! faculty ( ,reason 7ratioc9atio73 bo? are call$ ratio1 la ragione1 la razon1 la raison1 ! reason4 ,f ?is x is evid5t1 t atta9+ k ( ! reasons ( judgm5ts _h be5 recognis$ z ,reason's highe/ function1 its bus9ess ' 4 ,n[1 ^! gr\nds ^u :i* a judgm5t may re/1 may be divid$ into f\r diff]5t k9ds1 & ! tru? obta9$ by t judgm5t w correspond+ly diff]4 ,!y are /at$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraph4 #cj4 ,logical ,tru?4 ,a judgm5t may h = its reason ano!r judgm5t2 9 ?is case x has logical or =mal tru?4 ,:e!r x has mat]ial tru? also1 rema9s an op5 "q & dep5ds on :e!r ! judgm5t on :i* x re/s has mat]ial tru?1 or :e!r ! s]ies ( judgm5ts on :i* x is f\nd$ leads to a judgm5t :i* has mat]ial tru?1 or n4 ,?is f\nd+ ( a judgm5t ^u ano!r judgm5t always orig9ates 9 a comp>ison betwe5 !m :i* takes place ei!r directly1 by m]e conv]sion or contraposition1 or by add+ a ?ird judgm5t1 & !n ! tru? ( ! judgm5t we are f\nd+ becomes evid5t ?r\gh _! mutual relation4 ,?is op]ation is ! complete syllogism4 ,x is br\ght ab\t ei!r by ! opposition or by ! subsumption ( conceptions4 ,z ! syllogism1 :i* is ! f\nd+ ( "o judgm5t ^u ano!r by means ( a ?ird1 nev] has to d ) any?+ b judgm5ts2 & z judgm5ts are only comb9ations ( conceptions1 & conceptions aga9 are ! exclusive object ( our ,reason3 syllogiz+ has be5 rightly call$ ,reason's special function4 ,! :ole syllogi/ic sci5ce1 9 fact1 is no?+ b ! sum-total ( ! rules = apply+ ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason to ! mutual relations ( judgm5ts2 consequ5tly x is ! canon ( logical tru?4 ,judgm5ts1 ^: tru? becomes evid5t ?r\gh ! f\r well-kn[n laws ( ?9k+1 mu/ likewise be reg>d$ z bas$ ^u o!r judgm5ts2 = ^! f\r laws are !mselves precisely judgm5ts1 f :i* foll[s ! tru? ( ^? o!r judgm5ts4 ,= in/ance1 ! judgm5t3 ,a triangle is a space enclos$ )9 ?ree l9es1 has = its la/ reason ! ,pr9ciple ( ,id5tity1 t is to say1 ! ?\ght express$ by t pr9ciple4 ,! judgm5t1 ,no body is )\t ext5sion1 has = its la/ reason ! ,pr9ciple ( ,contradiction4 ,?is aga91 ,e judgm5t is ei!r true or untrue1 has = its la/ reason ! ,pr9ciple ( ! ,exclud$ ,middle2 & f9ally1 ,no "o c admit any?+ to be true )\t kn[+ :y1 has = its la/ reason ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason ( ,kn[+4 ,9 ! g5]al employm5t ( our ,reason1 we d n1 x is true1 be=e admitt+ !m to be true1 r$uce judgm5ts :i* foll[ f ! f\r laws ( ?9k+ to _! la/ reasons1 z premisses2 = mo/ m5 are ev5 ignorant ( ! v exi/5ce ( ^! ab/ract laws4 ,! dep5d5ce ( su* judgm5ts ^u !m1 z _! premisses1 is h[ev] no m dim9i%$ by ?is1 ?an ! dep5d5ce ( ! fir/ judgm5t ^u ! second1 z its premiss1 is dim9i%$ by ! fact1 t x is n at all necess>y = ! pr9ciple1 all bodies incl9e t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 to be pres5t 9 ! consci\sness ( any "o :o says1 ?is body w fall if its support is remov$4 ,t 9 ,logic1 !re=e1 intr9sic tru? %\ld hi!rto h be5 attribut$ to all judgm5ts f\nd$ exclusively on ! f\r laws ( ?9k+3 t is to say1 t ^! judgm5ts %\ld h be5 pron\nc$ directly true1 & t ?is intr9sic logical tru? %\ld h be5 di/+ui%$ f extr9sic logical tru?1 z attribut$ to all judgm5ts :i* h ano!r judgm5t = _! reason1 ,i _c approve4 ,e tru? is ! ref]5ce ( a judgm5t to some?+ outside ( x1 & ! t]m intr9sic tru? is a contradiction4 #ca4 ,empirical ,tru?4 ,a judgm5t may be f\nd$ ^u a repres5tation ( ! fir/ class1 i4e4 a p]ception by means ( ! s5ses1 consequ5tly on exp]i5ce4 ,9 ?is case x has mat]ial tru?1 & moreov]1 if ! judgm5t is f\nd$ imm$iately on exp]i5ce1 ?is tru? is empirical tru?4 ,:5 we say1 ,a judgm5t has mat]ial tru?1 we mean on ! :ole1 t its conceptions are connect$1 sep>at$1 limit$1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! intuitive repres5tations ?r\gh :i* x is inf]r$4 ,to atta9 k ( ?is1 is ! direct function ( ! faculty ( judgm5t1 z ! m$iator betwe5 ! intuitive & ! ab/ract or discursive faculty ( kn[+--9 o!r words1 betwe5 ! ,und]/&+ & ! ,reason4 #cb4 ,transc5d5tal ,tru?4 ,! =ms ( intuitive1 empirical k :i* lie )9 ! ,und]/&+ & pure ,s5sibility may1 z conditions ( all possible exp]i5ce1 be ! gr\nds ( a judgm5t1 :i* is 9 t case syn!tical priori4 ,z nev]!less ?is k9d ( judgm5t has mat]ial tru?1 its tru? is transc5d5tal2 because ! judgm5t is bas$ n only on exp]i5ce1 b on ! conditions ( all possible exp]i5ce ly+ )9 u4 ,= x is det]m9$ precisely by t :i* det]m9es exp]i5ce itself3 namely1 ei!r by ! =ms ( ,space & ( ,"t p]ceiv$ by u priori1 or by ! causal law1 kn[n to u priori4 ,propositions su* z3 two /raight l9es d n include a space2 no?+ happ5s )\t a cause2 matt] c nei!r come into be+ nor p]i%2 #c #g #ba1 are examples ( ?is k9d ( judgm5t4 ,! :ole ( pure ,ma!matics1 & no less my tables ( ! ,prdicabilia priori1#aca z well z mo/ ( ,kant's !orems 9 8 ,metaphysis*e ,anfangsgrnde d] ,naturwiss5s*aft1 may1 prop]ly speak+1 be adduc$ 9 corroboration ( ?is k9d ( tru?4 #aca ,see ,die ,welt a4 ,w4 u4 ,v4 #crd edition1 vol4 ii4 *4 iv4 p4 #ee4 #cc4 ,metalogical ,tru?4 ,la/ly1 a judgm5t may be f\nd$ on ! =mal conditions ( all ?9k+1 :i* are conta9$ 9 ! ,reason2 & 9 ?is case its tru? is ( a k9d :i* seems to me be/ def9$ z metalogical tru?4 ,?is expression has no?+ at all to d ) ! ,metalogicus writt5 by ,johannes ,s>isb]ri5sis 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 = he decl>es 9 8 prologue1 quia ,logic suscepi patroc9ium1 ,metalogicus inscriptus e/ lib]1 & nev] makes use ( ! ^w aga94 ,!re are only f\r metalogically true judgm5ts ( ?is sort1 :i* 7 discov]$ long ago by induction1 & call$ ! laws ( all ?9k+2 al?\gh entire uni=mity ( op9ion z to _! expression & ev5 z to _! numb] has n yet be5 arriv$ at1 :]eas all agree p]fectly z to :at !y are on ! :ole meant to indicate4 ,!y are ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,a subject is equal to ! sum total ( its pr$icates1 or a a4 #b4 ,no pr$icate c be attribut$ & d5i$ to a subject at ! same "t1 or a -a o4 #c4 ,"o ( two opposite1 contradictory pr$icates mu/ belong to e subject4 #d4 ,tru? is ! ref]5ce ( a judgm5t to some?+ outside ( x1 z its suffici5t reason4 ,x is by means ( a k9d ( reflection :i* ,i am incl9$ to call ,reason's self-exam9ation1 t we "k t ^! judgm5ts express ! conditions ( all ?9k+1 & !re=e h ^! conditions = _! reason4 ,=1 by ! fruitlessness ( its endeav\rs to ?9k 9 opposition to ^! laws1 our ,reason ackn[l$ges !m to be ! conditions ( all possible ?9k+3 we !n f9d out1 t x is j z impossible to ?9k 9 opposition to !m1 z x is to move ! memb]s ( our body 9 a contr>y direction to _! jo9ts4 ,if x 7 possible = ! subject to "k itself1 ^! laws w\ld be kn[n to u imm$iately1 & we %\ld n ne$ to try exp]im5ts ) !m on objects1 i4e4 repres5tations4 ,9 ?is respect x is j ! same ) ! reasons ( judgm5ts :i* h transc5d5tal tru?2 = !y d n ei!r come into our consci\sness imm$iately1 b only 9 concreto1 by means ( objects1 i4e4 ( repres5tations4 ,9 endeav\r+1 = in/ance1 to conceive a *ange )\t a prec$+ cause1 or a pass+ into or out ( be+ ( ,matt]1 we become aw>e t x is impossible2 moreov] we recognise ?is impossibility to be an objective "o1 al?\gh its root lies 9 our intellect3 = we c\ld n o!rwise br+ x to consci\sness 9 a subjective way4 ,!re is1 on ! :ole1 a /rong lik5ess & connection betwe5 transc5d5tal & metalogical tru?s1 :i* %[s t !y spr+ f a common root4 ,9 ?is *apt] we see ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason *iefly z metalogical tru?1 :]eas 9 ! la/ x appe>$ z transc5d5tal tru? & 9 ! next "o x w aga9 be se5 z transc5d5tal tru? "u ano!r =m4 ,9 ! pres5t treatise ,i am tak+ special pa9s1 precisely on ?is acc\nt1 to e/abli% ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason z a judgm5t hav+ a f\rfold reason2 by :i* ,i d n mean f\r diff]5t reasons lead+ cont+5tly to ! same judgm5t1 b "o reason pres5t+ itself "u a f\rfold aspect3 & ?is is :at ,i call its ,f\rfold ,root4 ,! o!r ?ree metalogical tru?s s /rongly resemble "o ano!r1 t 9 consid]+ !m "o is almo/ necess>ily induc$ to se>* = _! common expression1 z ,i h done 9 ! ,n9? ,*apt] ( ! ,second ,volume ( my *ief "w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y diff] consid]ably f ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason4 ,if we 7 to seek an analogue = ! ?ree o!r metalogical tru?s among transc5d5tal tru?s1 ! "o ,i %\ld *oose w\ld be ?is3 ,sub/ance1 ,i mean ,matt]1 is p]man5t4 #cd4 ,reason4 ,z ! class ( repres5tations ,i h dealt ) 9 ?is *apt] belongs exclusively to ,man1 & z all t di/+ui%es human life s =cibly f t ( animals & conf]s s great a sup]iority on man1 is1 z we h %[n1 bas$ ^u 8 faculty = ^! repres5tations1 ?is faculty evid5tly & unque/ionably con/itutes t ,reason1 :i* f "t immemorial has be5 reput$ ! pr]ogative ( mank9d4 ,likewise all t has be5 consid]$ by all nations & 9 all times explicitly z ! "w or manife/ation ( ! ,reason1 ( ! 1 1 1 ratio1 la ragione1 la razon1 la raison1 reason1 may evid5tly also be r$uc$ to :at is only possible = ab/ract1 discursive1 reflective1 m$iate k1 condition$ by words1 & n = m]e intuitive1 imm$iate1 s5su\s k1 :i* belongs to animals also4 ,cic]o rightly places ratio et oratio toge!r1#acb & describes !m z qu doc5do1 disc5do1 communic&o1 discept&o1 judic&o1 conciliat int] se hom9es1 c4 c41 &#acc rationem dico1 et1 si placet1 pluribus v]bis1 m5tem1 consilium1 cogitationem1 prud5tiam4 ,&#acd ratio1 qua una pr/amus beluis1 p] quam conjectura valemus1 argum5tamur1 refellimus1 diss]imus1 conficimus aliquid1 concludimus4 ,b1 9 all ages & c\ntries1 philosoph]s h inv>iably express$ !mselves 9 ?is s5se ) respect to ! ,reason1 ev5 to ,kant himself1 :o /ill def9es x z ! faculty = pr9ciples & = inf]5ce2 al?\gh x _c be d5i$ t he fir/ gave rise to ! di/ort$ views :i* foll[$4 ,9 my pr9cipal "w1#ace & also 9 ! ,fundam5tal ,problems ( ,e?ics1 ,i h spok5 at great l5g? ab\t ! agreem5t ( all philosoph]s on ?is po9t1 z well z ab\t ! true nature ( ,reason1 z oppos$ to ! di/ort$ conceptions = :i* we h to ?ank ! pr(essors ( philosophy ( ?is c5tury4 ,i ne$ n !re=e repeat :at has already be5 said !re1 & %all limit myself to ! foll[+ consid]ations4 #acb ,cic]4 ,de ,(fic4 i4 #af4 #acc ,idem1 ,de nat4 deor4 ii4 #g4 #acd ,idem1 ,de ,leg4 i4 #aj4 #ace ,see ,die ,welt a4 ,w4 u4 ,v4 #bnd edition1 vol4 i4 #h1 & also 9 ! ,app5dix1 pp4 #egg-ehe 7#crd edition1 pp4 #faj-fbj71 & aga9 vol4 ii4 *4 vi42 f9ally ,die b4 ,g-,p4 d4 ,e?ik1 pp4 #adh-aed 7#bnd edition1 pp4 #adf-aea74 ,our pr(essors ( philosophy h ?\ght fit to d away ) ! "n :i* _h hi!rto be5 giv5 to t faculty ( ?9k+ & pond]+ by means ( reflection & conceptions1 :i* di/+ui%es man f animals1 :i* necessitates language :ile x qualifies u = its use1 ) :i* all human delib]ation & all human a*ievem5ts hang toge!r1 & :i* _h !re=e always be5 view$ 9 ?is light & und]/ood 9 ?is s5se by all nations & ev5 by all philosoph]s4 ,9 defiance ( all s\nd ta/e & cu/om1 our pr(essors decid$ t ?is faculty %\ld h5ce=? be call$ ,und]/&+ in/ead ( ,reason1 & t all t is d]iv$ f x %\ld be nam$ intellig5t in/ead ( rational1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 _h a /range1 awkw>d r+ ab\t x1 l a discordant tone 9 music4 ,= 9 all ages & c\ntries ! words und]/&+1 intellectus1 acum51 p]spicacia1 sagacitas1 c4 c41 _h be5 us$ to d5ote ! m intuitive faculty describ$ 9 our la/ *apt]2 & its results1 :i* diff] specifically f ^? ( ,reason "h 9 "q1 h always be5 call$ intellig5t1 sagaci\s1 clev]1 c4 c4 ,intellig5t & rational 7 accord+ly always di/+ui%$ "o f ! o!r1 z manife/ations ( two entirely & widely diff]5t m5tal faculties4 ,our pr(essional philosoph]s c\ld n1 h[ev]1 take ?is into acc\nt2 _! policy requir$ ! sacrifice1 & 9 su* cases ! cry is3 ,move on1 tru?2 = we h high]1 well-def9$ aims 9 view6 ,make way = u1 tru?1 9 majorem ,dei gloriam1 z ?\ ha/ long ago le>nt to d6 ,is x ?\ :o give/ fees & p5sions8 ,move on1 tru?1 move on2 betake ?yself to m]it & cr\* 9 ! corn]6 ,! fact 01 !y want$ ,reason's place & "n = a faculty ( _! own creation & fabrication1 or to speak m correctly & hone/ly1 = a completely fictiti\s faculty1 de/9$ to help !m out ( ! /raits to :i* ,kant _h r$uc$ !m2 a faculty = direct1 metaphysical k3 t is to say1 "o :i* transc5ds all possible exp]i5ce1 is able to grasp ! _w ( ?+s 9 !mselves & _! relations1 & is !re=e1 be=e all1 consci\sness ( ,god 7,gottesbewus/se973 t is1 x kn[s ,god ! ,"l imm$iately1 con/rues priori ! way 9 :i* he has creat$ ! ,univ]se1 or1 %\ld ?is s\nd too trivial1 ! way 9 :i* he has produc$ x out ( himself1 or to a c]ta9 degree g5]at$ x by "s m or less necess>y vital process1 or aga9--z ! mo/ conv5i5t proce$+1 h[ev] comical x may appe>--simply dismiss$ x1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( sov]eigns at ! end ( an audi5ce1 & left x to get ^u its legs by itself & walk away :]ev] x lik$4 ,no?+ less ?an ! impud5ce ( a scribbl] ( nons5se l ,hegel1 c\ld1 x is true1 be f\nd to v5ture ^u ?is la/ /ep4 ,yet x is tom-fool]y l ?is :i*1 l>gely amplifi$1 has fill$ hundr$s ( volumes = ! la/ fifty ye>s "u ! "n ( cognitions ( ,reason 7,v]nunft]k5ntnisse71 & =ms ! argum5t ( s _m works call$ philosophical by _! au?ors1 & sci5tific by o!rs--"o w\ld ?9k ironically--?is expression be+ ev5 repeat$ to satiety4 ,reason1 to :i* all ?is wisdom is falsely & audaci\sly imput$1 is pron\nc$ to be a sup]s5su\s faculty1 or a faculty = ideas2 9 %ort1 an oracul> p[] ly+ )9 u1 design$ directly = ,metaphysics4 ,dur+ ! la/ half-c5tury1 h[ev]1 !re has be5 consid]able discrepancy ( op9ion among ! adepts z to ! way 9 :i* all ^! sup]s5su\s wond]s are p]ceiv$4 ,accord+ to ! mo/ audaci\s1 ,reason has a direct intuition ( ! ,absolute1 or ev5 ad libitum ( ! ,inf9ite & ( its evolutions t[>ds ! ,f9ite4 ,o!rs1 some:at less bold1 op9e t its mode ( receiv+ ?is in=mation p>takes r ( audition ?an ( vision2 s9ce x does n exactly see1 b m]ely he>s 7v]nimmt71 :at is go+ on 9 cl\d-cuckoo-l& 771 & !n hone/ly transmits :at x has ?us receiv$ to ! ,und]/&+1 to be work$ up into text-books4 ,accord+ to a pun ( ,jacobi's1 ev5 ! ,g]man "n = ,reason1 ,v]nunft1 is d]iv$ f ?is pret5d$ ,v]nehm52 :]eas x evid5tly comes f t ,v]nehm5 :i* is convey$ by language & condition$ by ,reason1 & by :i* ! di/9ct p]ception ( words & _! mean+ is designat$1 z oppos$ to m]e s5su\s he>+ :i* animals h also4 ,?is mis]able jeu de mots nev]!less cont9ues1 aft] half a c5tury1 to f9d fav\r2 x passes = a s]i\s ?\ght1 nay ev5 = a pro(1 & has be5 repeat$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,! mo/ mode/ among ! adepts aga9 ass]t1 t ,reason nei!r sees nor he>s1 !re=e x receives nei!r a vision nor a report ( all ^! wond]s1 & has a m]e vague ,ahndung1 or misgiv+ ( !m2 b !n !y drop ! d1 by :i* ! ^w 7,ahnung7 acquires a peculi> t\* ( sill9ess1 :i*1 back$ up z x is by ! %eepi% look ( ! apo/le = ! "t be+ ( ?is wisdom1 _c fail to ga9 x entrance4 ,my read]s "k t ,i only admit ! ^w idea 9 its primitive1 t is ,platonic1 s5se1 & t ,i h treat$ ?is po9t at l5g? & exhau/ively 9 ! ,?ird ,book ( my *ief "w4 ,! ,fr5* & ,engli%1 on ! o!r h&1 c]ta9ly atta* a v commonplace1 b q cle> & def9ite mean+ to ! ^w ide1 or idea2 :]eas ! ,g]mans lose _! heads z soon z !y he> ! ^w ,ide52#acf all pres5ce ( m9d ab&ons !m1 & !y feel z if !y 7 ab\t to asc5d 9 a balloon4 ,"h !re=e 0 a field ( action = our adepts 9 intellectual intuition2 s ! mo/ impud5t ( !m1 ! notori\s *>latan ,hegel1 )\t m ado1 call$ 8 !ory ( ! univ]se & ( all ?+s ,die ,idee1 & 9 ?is ( c\rse all ?\ght t !y _h some?+ to lay hold (4 ,/ill1 if we inquire into ! nature ( ^! ideas = :i* ,reason is pron\nc$ to be ! faculty1 )\t lett+ ourselves be put out ( c\nt5ance1 ! explanation usually giv5 is an empty1 high-fl[n1 confus$ v]biage1 9 set p]iods ( su* l5g?1 t if ! read] does n fall asleep be=e he has half read x1 he w f9d himself bewild]$ r ?an enlight5$ at ! end2 nay1 he may ev5 h a suspicion t ^! ideas are v l *imras4 ,mean:ile1 %\ld anyone %[ a desire to "k m ab\t ?is sort ( ideas1 he w h all k9ds ( ?+s s]v$ up to him4 ,n[ x w be ! *ief subjects ( ! !ses ( ,s*ola/icism--,i allude "h to ! repres5tations ( ,god1 ( an immortal ,s\l1 ( a real1 objectively exi/5t ,_w & its laws--:i* ,kant himself has un=tunately call$ ,ideas ( ,reason1 errone\sly & unju/ifiably1 z ,i h %[n 9 my ,critique ( 8 philosophy1 yet m]ely ) a view to prov+ ! utt] impossibility ( demon/rat+ !m & _! want ( all !oretical au?ority4 ,!n aga9 x w be1 z a v>iation1 only ,god1 ,fre$om1 & ,immortality2 at o!r times x w be ! ,absolute1 ^: acqua9tance we h already made 9 #bj1 z ! ,cosmological ,pro(1 =c$ to travel incognito2 or ! ,inf9ite z oppos$ to ! ,f9ite2 =1 on ! :ole1 ! ,g]man read] is dispos$ to cont5t himself ) su* empty talk z ?is1 )\t p]ceiv+ t ! only cle> ?\ght he c get out ( x is1 't :i* has an end' & 't :i* has none4' ',! ,good1 ! ,true1 & ! ,beautiful1' moreov]1 /& high 9 fav\r ) ! s5tim5tal & t5d]-he>t$ z pret5d$ ideas1 ?\gh !y are really only ?ree v wide & ab/ract conceptions1 because !y are extract$ f a multitude ( ?+s & relations2 :]e=e1 l _m o!r su* ab/racta1 !y are exce$+ly empty4 ,z reg>ds _! cont5ts1 ,i h %[n above 7 #bi7 t ,tru? is a quality belong+ exclusively to judgm5ts3 t is1 a logical quality2 & z to ! o!r two ab/racta1 ,i ref] my read]s p>tly to #fe ( ! fir/ volume1 p>tly to ! entire ,?ird ,book ( my *ief "w4 ,if1 nev]!less1 a v solemn & my/]i\s air is assum$ & ! eyebr[s are rais$ up to ! wig :5ev] ^! ?ree meagre ab/racta are m5tion$1 "y p may easily be induc$ to believe t some?+ peculi> & inexpressible lies beh9d !m1 :i* entitles !m to be call$ ideas1 & h>ness$ to ! triumphal c> ( ?is w\ld-be metaphysical ,reason4 #acf ,"h ,s*op5hau] adds1 especially :5 pron\nc$ ,u$h54 ,tr4 ,:5 !re=e we are told1 t we possess a faculty = direct1 mat]ial 7i4e41 n only =mal1 b sub/antial71 sup]s5su\s k1 7t is1 a k :i* transc5ds all possible exp]i5ce71 a faculty specially design$ = metaphysical insight1 & inh]5t 9 u = ?is purpose--,i mu/ take ! lib]ty to call ?is a d[nright lie4 ,= ! slighte/ c&id self-exam9ation w suffice to conv9ce u t absolutely no su* faculty resides )9 u4 ,! result at :i* all hone/1 compet5t1 au?oritative ?9k]s h arriv$ 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 moreov]1 tallies exactly ) my ass]tion4 ,x is z foll[s3 ,all t is innate 9 ! :ole ( our cognitive faculty1 all t is !re=e priori & indep5d5t ( exp]i5ce1 is /rictly limit$ to ! =mal "p ( k3 t is1 to ! consci\sness ( ! peculi> functions ( ! intellect & ( ! only way 9 :i* !y c possibly act2 b 9 ord] to give mat]ial k1 ^! functions "o & all require mat]ial f outside4 ,)9 u !re=e lie ! =ms ( ext]nal1 objective p]ception3 ,"t & ,space1 & !n ! law ( ,causality--z a m]e =m ( ! ,und]/&+ :i* enables x to con/ruct ! objective1 corporeal _w--f9ally1 ! =mal "p ( ab/ract k3 ?is la/ is deposit$ & treat$ ( 9 ,logic1 :i* our =efa!rs !re=e rightly call$ ! ,!ory ( ,reason4 ,b ?is v ,logic tea*es u also1 t ! conceptions :i* con/itute ^? judgm5ts & conclusions to :i* all logical laws ref]1 mu/ look to intuitive k = _! mat]ial & _! cont5t2 j z ! ,und]/&+1 :i* creates ?is intuitive k1 looks to s5sation = ! mat]ial :i* gives cont5t to its priori =ms4 ,?us all t is mat]ial 9 our k3 t is to say1 all t _c be r$uc$ to subjective =m1 to individual mode ( activity1 to functions ( our intellect1--its :ole mat]ial !re=e1--comes f outside2 t is1 9 ! la/ resort1 f ! objective p]ception ( ! corporeal _w1 :i* has its orig9 9 s5sation4 ,n[ x is ?is intuitive &1 s f> z mat]ial cont5t is conc]n$1 empirical k1 :i* ,reason--real ,reason--works up into conceptions1 :i* x fixes s5su\sly by means ( words2 ^! conceptions !n supply ! mat]ials = its endless comb9ations ?r\gh judgm5ts & conclusions1 :i* con/itute ! weft ( our ?\ght-_w4 ,reason !re=e has absolutely no mat]ial1 b m]ely a =mal1 cont5t1 & ?is is ! object-matt] ( ,logic1 :i* consequ5tly conta9s only =ms & rules = ?9k+ op]ations4 ,9 reflect+1 ,reason is absolutely =c$ to take its mat]ial cont5ts f outside1 i4e41 f ! intuitive repres5tations :i* ! ,und]/&+ has creat$4 ,its functions are ex]cis$ on !m1 fir/ ( all1 9 =m+ conceptions1 by dropp+ "s ( ! v>i\s qualities ( ?+s :ile reta9+ o!rs1 :i* are !n connect$ toge!r to a conception4 ,repres5tations1 h[ev]1 =feit _! capacity = be+ intuitively p]ceiv$ by ?is process1 :ile !y become easi] to deal )1 z has already be5 %[n4 ,x is !re=e 9 ?is1 & 9 ?is alone1 t ! effici5cy ( ,reason consi/s2 :]eas x c nev] supply mat]ial cont5t f its own res\rces4--,x has no?+ b =ms3 its nature is fem99e2 x only conceives1 b does n g5]ate4 ,x is n by m]e *ance t ! ,reason is fem99e 9 all ,lat91 z well z ,teutonic1 languages2 :]eas ! ,und]/&+ is inv>iably mascul9e4 ,9 us+ su* expressions z 's\nd ,reason tea*es ?is1' or ',reason %\ld control passion1' we by no means imply t ,reason furni%es mat]ial k out ( its own res\rces2 b r d we po9t to ! results ( rational reflection1 t is1 to logical inf]5ce f pr9ciples :i* ab/ract k has gradually ga!r$ f exp]i5ce & by :i* we obta9 a cle> & compreh5sive view1 n only ( :at is empirically necess>y1 & may !re=e1 ! case occurr+1 be =ese51 b ev5 ( ! reasons & consequ5ces ( our own de$s also4 ,reasonable or rational is ev]y:]e synonym\s ) consi/5t or logical1 & conv]sely2 = ,logic is only ,reason's natural proc$ure itself1 express$ 9 a sy/em ( rules2 !re=e ^! expressions 7rational & logical7 /& 9 ! same relation to "o ano!r z !ory & practice4 ,exactly 9 ?is same s5se too1 :5 we speak ( a reasonable conduct1 we mean by x "o :i* is q consi/5t1 "o !re=e :i* proce$s f g5]al conceptions1 & is n det]m9$ by ! transitory impression ( ! mom5t4 ,by ?is1 h[ev]1 ! morality ( su* conduct is 9 no wise det]m9$3 x may be good or bad indiff]5tly4 ,detail$ explanations ( all ?is are to be f\nd 9 my ,critique ( ,kant's ,philosophy1#acg & also 9 my ,fundam5tal ,problems ( ,e?ics4#ach ,notions d]iv$ f pure ,reason are1 la/ly1 ^? :i* h _! s\rce 9 ! =mal "p1 :e!r intuitive or reflective1 ( our cognitive faculty2 ^?1 consequ5tly1 :i* we are able to br+ to our consci\sness priori1 t is1 )\t ! help ( exp]i5ce4 ,!y are inv>iably bas$ ^u pr9ciples :i* h transc5d5tal or metalogical tru?4 #acg ,die ,welt a4 ,w4 u4 ,v4 #bnd edition1 vol4 i4 p4 #egf et seqq42 #crd edition1 p4 #faj et seq4 #ach ,s*op5hau]1 ,die beid5 ,grundprobleme d] ,e?ik1 p4 #aeb2 #bnd edition1 p4 #adi et seq4 ,a ,reason1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* supplies mat]ial k prim>ily out ( its own res\rces & conveys positive in=mation transc5d+ ! sph]e ( possible exp]i5ce2 a ,reason :i*1 9 ord] to d ?is1 mu/ necess>ily conta9 innate ideas1 is a pure fiction1 inv5t$ by our pr(essional philosoph]s & a product ( ! t]ror ) :i* ,kant's ,critique ( ,pure ,reason has inspir$ !m4 ,i wond] n[1 :e!r ^! g5tlem5 "k a c]ta9 ,locke & :e!r !y h ev] read 8 works8 ,p]haps !y may h done s 9 times long gone by1 cursorily & sup]ficially1 :ile look+ d[n complac5tly on ?is great ?9k] f ! heights ( _! own consci\s sup]iority3 may be1 too1 9 "s inf]ior ,g]man translation2 = ,i d n yet see t ! k ( mod]n languages has increas$ 9 proportion to ! deplorable decrease 9 t ( anci5t ones4 ,h[ c\ld "t besides be f\nd = su* old croak]s z ,locke1 :5 ev5 a real1 ?or\gh k ( ,kant's ,philosophy at pres5t h>dly exi/s except+ 9 a v few1 v old heads8 ,! y\? ( ! g5]ation n[ at its maturity _h ( c\rse to be sp5t 9 ! /udy ( ,hegel's gigantic m9d1 ( ! sublime ,s*lei]ma*]1 & ( ! acute ,h]b>t4 ,alas6 alas6 ! great mis*ief 9 academical h]o-wor%ip ( ?is sort1 & 9 ! glorification ( univ]sity celebrities by wor?y colleagues 9 (fice or hopeful aspirants to x1 is precisely1 t ord9>y intellects--,nature's m]e manufactur$ w>e--are pres5t$ to hone/ cr$ul\s y\?s ( immature judgm5t1 z ma/] m9ds1 exceptions & ornam5ts ( mank9d4 ,! /ud5ts =?) ?r[ all _! en]gies into ! b>r5 /udy ( ! endless1 insipid scribbl+s ( su* m$iocrities1 ?us wa/+ ! %ort1 invaluable p]iod allott$ to !m = high] education1 in/ead ( us+ x to atta9 ! s\nd in=mation !y might h f\nd 9 ! works ( ^? extremely r>e1 g5u9e1 truly exceptional ?9k]s1 nantes 9 gurgite va/o1 :o only rise to ! surface e n[ & !n 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 because ,nature produc$ b "o ( ea* k9d1 & !n de/roy$ ! m\ld4 ,= ?is g5]ation also ^? great m9ds might h _h life1 _h our y\? n be5 *eat$ out ( its %>e 9 _! wisdom by ^! exce$+ly p]nici\s extoll]s ( m$iocrity1 memb]s ( ! va/ league & bro!rhood ( m$iocrities1 :i* is z fl\ri%+ to-day z x ev] 0 & /ill hoi/s its flag z high z x c 9 p]si/5t antagonism to all t is great & g5u9e1 z humiliat+ to its memb]s4 ,?anks to !m1 our age has decl9$ to s l[ an ebb1 t ,kant's ,philosophy1 :i* x took our fa!rs ye>s ( /udy1 ( s]i\s application & ( /r5u\s ef=t to und]/&1 has aga9 become =eign to ! pres5t g5]ation1 :i* /&s be=e x l 1 at times attack+ x co>sely & clumsily--z b>b>ians ?r[ /ones at ! /atue ( "s ,greek god :i* is =eign to !m4 ,n[1 z ?is is ! case1 ,i feel x incumb5t ^u me to advise all *ampions ( a ,reason t p]ceives1 compreh5ds1 & kn[s directly--9 %ort1 t supplies mat]ial k out ( its own res\rces--to read1 z some?+ new to !m1 ! ,fir/ ,book ( ,locke's "w1 :i* has be5 celebrat$ ?r\gh\t ! _w = ! la/ hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 & 9 x especially to p]use #ba-bf ( ! ,?ird ,*apt]1 expressly direct$ aga9/ all innate notions4 ,= al?\gh ,locke goes too f> 9 d5y+ all innate tru?s1 inasmu* z he ext5ds 8 d5ial ev5 to our =mal k--a po9t 9 :i* he has be5 brilliantly rectifi$ by ,kant--he is nev]!less p]fectly & und5iably "r ) ref]5ce to all mat]ial k3 t is1 all k :i* gives sub/ance4 ,i h already said 9 my ,e?ics :at ,i mu/ nev]!less repeat "h1 because1 z ! ,spani% prov]b says1 ,no hay peor sordo que qui5 no qui]e oir 7,none s deaf z ^? :o w n he>73 namely1 t if ,reason 7 a faculty specially design$ = ,metaphysics1 a faculty :i* suppli$ ! mat]ial ( k & c\ld reveal t :i* transc5ds all possible exp]i5ce1 ! same h>mony w\ld necess>ily reign betwe5 m5 on metaphysical & religi\s subjects--= !y are id5tical--z on ma!matical ones1 & ^? :o diff]$ 9 op9ion f ! re/ w\ld simply be look$ ^u z n q "r 9 _! m9d4 ,n[ exactly ! contr>y takes place1 = on no subject are m5 s completely at v>iance ) "o ano!r z ^u ^!4 ,ev] s9ce m5 fir/ began to ?9k1 philosophical sy/ems h oppos$ & combat$ ea* o!r ev]y:]e2 !y are1 9 fact1 (t5 diametrically contr>y to "o ano!r4 ,ev] s9ce m5 fir/ began to believe 7:i* is /ill long]71 religions h f\ght aga9/ "o ano!r ) fire & sword1 ) excommunication & cannons4 ,b 9 times :5 fai? 0 mo/ ard5t1 x 0 n ! lunatic asylum1 b ! ,inquisition1 ) all its p>aph]nalia1 :i* await$ individual h]etics4 ,"h aga91 !re=e1 exp]i5ce flatly & categorically contradicts ! false ass]tion1 t ,reason is a faculty = direct metaphysical k1 or1 to speak m cle>ly1 ( inspiration f above4 ,surely x is high "t t sev]e judgm5t %\ld be pass$ ^u ?is ,reason1 s9ce1 horribile dictu1 s lame1 s palpable a falsehood cont9ues aft] half a c5tury to be hawk$ ab\t all ov] ,g]many1 w&]+ ye> by ye> f ! pr(essors' *air to ! /ud5ts' b5*1 & f b5* to *air1 & has actually f\nd a few simpletons1 ev5 9 ,france1 will+ to believe 9 x1 & c>ry x ab\t 9 t c\ntry also4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ,fr5* bon-s5s w v soon s5d la raison transc5d5tale ab\t its bus9ess4 ,b :]e 0 ?is falsehood orig9ally hat*$8 ,h[ did ! fiction fir/ come into ! _w8 ,i am b\nd to confess t x 0 fir/ orig9at$ by ,kant's ,practical ,reason ) its ,categorical ,imp]ative4 ,= :5 ?is ,practical ,reason _h once be5 admitt$1 no?+ fur!r 0 ne$$ ?an ! addition ( a second1 no less sov]eign ,!oretical ,reason1 z its c\nt]p>t1 or tw9-si/]3 a ,reason :i* proclaims metaphysical tru?s ex tripode4 ,i h describ$ ! brilliant success ( ?is inv5tion 9 my ,fundam5tal ,problems ( ,e?ics#aci to :i* "w ,i ref] my read]4 ,n[1 al?\gh ,i grant t ,kant fir/ gave rise to ?is false assumption1 ,i am1 nev]!less1 b\nd to add1 t ^? :o want to dance are n long 9 f9d+ a pip]4 ,= x is surely z ?\gh a curse lay on mank9d1 caus+ !m1 9 virtue ( a natural aff9ity = all t is corrupt & bad1 to pref] & hold up to admiration ! inf]ior1 n to say d[nright defective1 portions ( ! works ( em95t m9ds1 :ile ! really admirable p>ts are tol]at$ z m]ely accessory4 ,v few 9 our "t "k :]e9 ! peculi> dep? & true gr&eur ( ,kant's philosophy lies2 = 8 works h necess>ily ceas$ to be compreh5d$ s9ce !y h ceas$ to be /udi$4 ,9 fact1 !y are n[ only cursorily read1 = hi/orical purposes1 by ^? :o are "u ! delusion t philosophy has advanc$1 n to say begun1 s9ce ,kant4 ,we soon p]ceive !re=e1 t 9 spite ( all _! talk ab\t ,kantian philosophy1 ^! p really "k no?+ ( x b ! husk1 ! m]e out] envelope1 & t if p]*ance !y may "h or !re h caught up a /ray s5t5ce or br\ght away a r\gh sket* ( x1 !y h nev] p5etrat$ to ! dep?s ( its mean+ & _s4 ,p ( ?is sort h always be5 *iefly attract$1 9 ,kant's ,philosophy1 fir/ ( all by ! ,ant9omies1 on acc\nt ( _! oddity1 b /ill m by 8 ,practical ,reason ) its ,categorical ,imp]ative1 nay ev5 by ! ,moral ,!ory he plac$ on ! top ( x1 ?\gh ) ?is la/ he 0 nev] 9 e>ne/2 = a !oretical dogma :i* has only practical validity1 is v l ! wood5 guns we all[ our *ildr5 to h&le )\t fe> ( dang]3 prop]ly speak+1 x belongs to ! same category z3 ,wa% my sk91 b )\t wett+ x4 ,n[1 z reg>ds ! ,categorical ,imp]ative1 ,kant nev] ass]t$ x z a fact1 b1 on ! contr>y1 prote/s repeat$ly aga9/ ?is be+ done2 he m]ely s]v$ x up z ! result ( an exce$+ly curi\s comb9ation ( ?\ghts1 because he /ood 9 ne$ ( a %eet-an*or = morality4 ,our pr(essors ( philosophy1 h[ev]1 nev] sift$ ! matt] to ! bottom1 s t x seems z if no "o be=e me _h ev] ?or\ghly inve/igat$ x4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 !y made all ha/e to br+ ! ,categorical ,imp]ative into cr$it z a firmly e/abli%$ fact1 call+ x 9 _! purism ! moral law--:i*1 by ! way1 always rem9ds me ( ,brg]'s ,mam'zelle ,l>gle2 inde$1 !y h made out ( x some?+ z massive z ! /one tables ( ,moses1 ^: place x entirely takes1 = !m4 ,n[ 9 my ,essay ^u ! ,fundam5t ( ,morality1 ,i h br\ght ?is same ,practical ,reason ) its ,categorical ,imp]ative "u ! anatomical knife1 & prov$ s cle>ly & conclusively t !y nev] _h any life or tru?1 t ,i %\ld l to see ! man :o c refute me ) reasons1 & s help ! ,categorical ,imp]ative hone/ly on its legs aga94 ,mean:ile1 our pr(essors ( philosophy d n all[ !mselves to be put out ( c\nt5ance by ?is4 ,!y c no m disp5se ) _! moral law ( practical ,reason1 z a conv5i5t deus ex ma*9a on :i* to f\nd _! morality1 ?an ) ,free ,w3 bo? are ess5tial po9ts 9 _! old woman's philosophy4 ,no matt] if ,i h made an end ( bo?1 s9ce1 = !m1 bo? cont9ue to exi/1 l deceas$ sov]eigns :o = political reasons are occasionally all[$ to cont9ue reign+ = a few days aft] _! dea?4 ,^! wor?ies simply pursue _! tactics ( old aga9/ my m]ciless demolition ( ^? two antiquat$ fictions3 sil5ce1 sil5ce2 & s !y glide pa/ noiselessly1 feign+ ignorance1 to make ! public believe t ,i & ! l ( me are n wor? li/5+ to4 ,well1 to be sure1 _! philosophical call+ comes to !m f ! m9i/ry1 :ile m9e only comes f ,nature4 ,true1 we may at la/ p]haps discov] t ^! h]oes act ^u ! same pr9ciple z t ideali/ic bird1 ! o/ri*1 :i* imag9es t by clos+ its eyes x does away ) ! huntsman4 ,ah well6 we mu/ bide our "t2 if ! public c only be br\ght to take up meantime ) ! b>r5 twaddle1 ! unbe>ably tiresome repetitions1 ! arbitr>y con/ructions ( ! ,absolute1 & ! infant-s*ool morality ( ^! g5tlem5--say1 till ,i am dead & !y c trim up my works z !y l--we %all !n see4 ,morg5 habe d5n das ,re*te ,se9e ,freunde wohlges9net1 ,w5n nur heute no* das ,s*le*te ,voll5 ,platz und ,gun/ gew9net4 ,g,,!1 ,we/-,oe/li*] ,divan4 #aci ,s*op5hau]1 ,die beid5 ,grundprobleme d] ,e?ik1 p4 #adh & sqq4 7p4 #adf et seq4 ( #bnd edition47 ,b d ^! g5tlem5 "k :at "t ( day x is8 ,a long pr$ict$ epo* has set 92 ! *ur* is beg9n+ to tott]1 nay x tott]s already to su* a degree1 t x is d\btful :e!r x w ev] be able to recov] its c5tre ( gravity2 = fai? is lo/4 ,! light ( revelation1 l o!r lights1 requires a c]ta9 am\nt ( d>kness z an indisp5sable condition4 ,! numb] ( ^? :o h be5 unfitt$ = belief by a c]ta9 degree & ext5t ( k1 is already v l>ge4 ,( ?is we h evid5t signs 9 ! g5]al diffusion ( t %all[ ,rationalism :i* is %[+ its bulldog face daily m & m ov]tly4 ,x quietly sets to "w to measure ^? pr(\nd my/]ies ( ,*ri/ianity ov] :i* c5turies h brood$ & disput$ ) its drap]'s ell1 & ?9ks itself wondr\s wise )al4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! v qu9tess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! dogma ( ,orig9al ,s91 :i* ^! %all[-bra9$ ,rationali/s h especially s+l$ out = a laugh+-/ock2 precisely because no?+ seems cle>] or m c]ta9 to !m1 ?an t exi/5ce %\ld beg9 = ea* ( u ) our bir?3 no?+ !re=e s impossible z t we c h come into ! _w already burd5$ ) guilt4 ,h[ acute6 ,& j z 9 times ( prevail+ pov]ty & neglect1 wolves beg9 to make _! appe>ance 9 villages2 s does ,mat]ialism1 ev] ly+ 9 wait1 "u ^! circum/ances lift up its head & come to ! front h& 9 h& ) ,be/ialism1 its companion1 :i* "s call ,humanism4 ,our ?ir/ aft] k augm5ts ) our incapacity = belief4 ,!re comes a boil+-po9t 9 ! scale ( all intellectual developm5t1 at :i* all fai?1 all revelation1 & all au?ority evaporate1 & ,man claims ! "r to judge = himself2 ! "r1 n only to be taught1 b to be conv9c$4 ,! lead+-/r+s ( 8 infancy h fall5 (f1 & h5ce=? he dem&s leave to walk alone4 ,yet 8 crav+ = ,metaphysics c no m be ext+ui%$ ?an any physical want4 ,!n x is1 t ! desire = philosophy becomes s]i\s & t mank9d invokes ! spirits ( all ! g5u9e ?9k]s :o h issu$ f its ranks4 ,!n1 too1 empty v]biage & ! impot5t endeav\rs ( emasculat$ intellects no long] suffice2 ! want ( a s]i\s philosophy is felt1 hav+ o!r aims 9 view ?an fees & sal>ies1 & c>+ little !re=e :e!r x meets ! approbation ( cab9et-m9i/]s1 or c\ncillors1 :e!r x s]ves ! purposes ( ?is or t religi\s faction1 or n2 a philosophy :i*1 on ! contr>y1 cle>ly %[s t x has a v diff]5t mission 9 view f t ( procur+ a livelihood = ! poor 9 _s4 ,b ,i return to my argum5t4 ,by means ( an amplification :i* only ne$$ a little audacity1 a !oretical oracle _h be5 add$ to ! practical oracle ) :i* ,kant _h wrongly end[$ ,reason4 ,! cr$it ( ?is inv5tion is no d\bt due to ,f4 ,h4 ,jacobi1 f :om ! pr(essional philosoph]s joyfully & ?ankfully receiv$ ! preci\s gift1 z a means to help !m out ( ! /raits to :i* ,kant _h r$uc$ !m4 ,t cool1 calm1 delib]ate ,reason1 :i* ,kant _h criticiz$ s m]cilessly1 0 h5ce=? degrad$ to ,und]/&+ & kn[n by ?is "n2 :ile ,reason 0 suppos$ to d5ote an entirely imag9>y1 fictiti\s faculty1 admitt+ u1 z x 71 to a little w9d[ ov]look+ ! sup]lun>1 nay1 ! sup]natural _w1 ?r\gh :i* all ^? tru?s are h&$ to u ready cut & dri$1 conc]n+ :i* old-fa%ion$1 hone/1 reflective ,reason _h = ages va9ly argu$ & cont5d$4 ,& x is on su* a m]e product ( ! imag9ation1 su* a completely fictiti\s ,reason z ?is1 t ,g]man %am philosophy has be5 bas$ = ! la/ fifty ye>s2 fir/1 z ! free con/ruction & projection ( ! absolute ,ego & ! emanation f x ( ! non-,ego2 !n1 z ! intellectual intuition ( absolute id5tity or indiff]5ce1 & its evolutions to ,nature2 or aga91 z ! aris+ ( ,god out ( 8 d>k dep?s or bottomless pit#adj la ,jakob ,bhme2 la/ly1 z ! pure1 self-?9k+1 absolute ,idea1 ! sc5e ( ! ballet-dance ( ! self-mov+ conceptions--/ill1 at ! same "t1 always z imm$iate appreh5sion 7,v]nehm57 ( ! ,div9e1 ! sup]s5su\s1 ! ,deity1 v]ity1 beauty & z _m o!r -ties z may be desir$1 or ev5 z a m]e vague pres5tim5t#ada ( all ^! wond]s4--,s ?is is ,reason1 is x8 ,oh no1 x is simply a f>ce1 ( :i* our pr(essors ( philosophy1 :o are sorely p]plex$ by ,kant's s]i\s critiques1 avail !mselves 9 ord] to pass (f ! subjects ( ! e/abli%$ religion ( _! c\ntry someh[ or o!r1 p] fas aut nefas1 = ! results ( philosophy4 #adj ,aus se9em ,grund od] ,ungrund4 #ada ,ahnung )\t ! d4 ,see above1 p4 #acc4 7,tr4's note47 ,= x behoves all pr(essorial philosophy1 be=e all ?+s1 to e/abli% beyond d\bt1 & to give a philosophical basis to1 ! doctr9e1 t !re is a ,god1 ,creator1 & ,rul] ( ! ,univ]se1 a p]sonal1 consequ5tly individual1 ,be+1 end[$ ) ,und]/&+ & ,w1 :o has creat$ ! _w out ( no?+1 & :o rules x ) sublime wisdom1 p[] & goodness4 ,?is obligation1 h[ev]1 places our pr(essors ( philosophy 9 an awkw>d position ) respect to s]i\s philosophy4 ,= ,kant _h appe>$ & ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 0 writt5 m ?an sixty ye>s ago1 ! result be+1 t ( all ! pro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god :i* _h be5 br\ght =w>d dur+ ! ,*ri/ian ages1 & :i* may be r$uc$ to ?ree :i* alone are possible1 none are able to accompli% ! desir$ end4 ,nay1 ! impossibility ( any su* pro(1 & ) x ! impossibility ( all speculative !ology1 is %[n at l5g? priori & n 9 ! empty v]biage or ,hegelian j>gon n[ 9 fa%ion1 :i* may be made to mean any?+ "o likes1 b q s]i\sly & hone/ly1 9 ! good old-fa%ion$ way2 :]e=e1 h[ev] little x may h be5 to ! ta/e ( _m p1 no?+ cog5t c\ld be br\ght =w>d 9 reply to x = ! la/ sixty ye>s1 & ! pro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god h 9 consequ5ce lo/ all cr$it1 & are no long] 9 use4 ,our pr(essors ( philosophy h ev5 begun to look d[n ^u !m & treat !m ) decid$ contempt1 z ridicul\s & sup]flu\s attempts to demon/rate :at 0 self-evid5t4 ,ho6 ho6 :at a pity ?is 0 n f\nd out soon]6 ,h[ mu* tr\ble might h be5 sp>$ 9 se>*+ :ole c5turies = ^! pro(s1 & h[ ne$less x w\ld h be5 = ,kant to br+ ! :ole weight ( 8 ,critique ( ,reason to be> ^u & cru% !m6 ,"s folks1 w no d\bt be rem9d$ by ?is contempt ( ! fox ) ! s\r grapes4 ,b ^? :o wi% to see a slight specim5 ( x w f9d a p>ticul>ly *>act]i/ic "o 9 ,s*ell+'s ,philosophis*e ,s*rift51 vol4 i41 #ahji1 p4 #aeb4 ,n[1 :il/ o!rs 7 consol+ !mselves ) ,kant's ass]tion1 t x is j z impossible to prove ! non-exi/5ce1 z ! exi/5ce1 ( ,god--z if1 =soo?1 ! old wag did n "k t affirmanti incumbit probatio--,jacobi's admirable inv5tion came to ! rescue ( our p]plex$ pr(essors1 & grant$ ,g]man savants ( ?is c5tury a peculi> sort ( ,reason t _h nev] be5 kn[n or he>d ( be=e4 ,yet all ^! artifices 7 q unnecess>y4 ,= ! impossibility ( prov+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god by no means int]f]es ) t exi/5ce1 s9ce x re/s 9 un%akeable security on a mu* firm] basis4 ,x is inde$ a matt] ( revelation1 & ?is is besides all ! m c]ta91 because t revelation 0 exclusively v\*saf$ to a s+le p1 call$1 on ?is acc\nt1 ! *os5 p ( ,god4 ,?is is made evid5t by ! fact1 t ! notion ( ,god1 z p]sonal ,rul] & ,creator ( ! _w1 orda9+ ev]y?+ = ! be/1 is to be f\nd 9 no o!r religion b ! ,jewi%1 & ! two fai?s d]iv$ f x1 :i* might consequ5tly 9 a wid] s5se be call$ ,jewi% sects4 ,we f9d no trace ( su* a notion 9 any o!r religion1 anci5t or mod]n4 ,= surely no "o w\ld dream ( conf\nd+ ?is ,creator ,god ,almighty ) ! ,h9doo ,brahm1 :i* is liv+ 9 me1 9 y1 9 my horse1 9 y\r dog--or ev5 ) ,brahma1 :o is born & dies to make way = o!r ,brahmas1 & to :om moreov] ! production ( ! _w is imput$ z s9 & guilt#adb--lea/ ( all ) beguil$ ,saturn's voluptu\s son1 to :om ,prome!us1 defiant1 prophesies 8 d[nfall4 ,b if we f9ally direct our att5tion t[>ds ! religion :i* numb]s mo/ foll[]s1 & 9 ?is respect may !re=e be said to rank =emo/3 t is1 ,buddhism1 we c no long] %ut our eyes to ! fact t x is z decid$ly & explicitly a!i/ic1 z x is ideali/ic & ascetic2 & ?is moreov] to su* a degree1 t its prie/s express ! greate/ abhorr5ce ( ! doctr9e ( pure ,!ism :5ev] x is br\ght to _! notice4 ,!re=e1 9 a treatise h&$ to a ,ca?olic bi%op by ! ,high ,prie/ ( ! ,buddhi/s at ,ava1#adc ! doctr9e t !re is a ,be+ :o has creat$ ! _w & all ?+s1 & :o alone is wor?y ( wor%ip1 is c\nt$ among ! six damnable h]esies4#add ,?is is entirely corroborat$ by ,i4 ,j4 ,s*midt1 a mo/ excell5t & le>n$ au?ority1 :om ,i consid] z hav+ und\bt$ly ! deepe/ k ( ,buddhism ( any ,european savant1 & :o1 9 8 "w ,^u ! connection betwe5 ,gno/ic doctr9es & ,buddhism1 p4 #i1 says3-- #adb ,if ,brimha be unceas+ly employ$ 9 ! creation ( worlds 444 h[ c tranquillity be obta9$ by inf]ior ord]s ( be+8 ,prabodh ,*&ro ,daya1 translat$ by ,j4 ,taylor1 p4 #bc4--;,brahma is also "p ( ! ,trimurti1 :i* is ! p]sonification ( nature1 z procreation1 pres]vation1 & dea?3 t is1 he repres5ts ! fir/ ( ^!4 #adc ,see ,asiatic ,rese>*es1 vol4 vi4 p4 #bfh1 & ,sang]mano's ,description ( ! ,burmese ,empire1 p4 #ha4 #add ,see ,i4 ,j4 ,s*midt1 ,=s*ung5 im ,gebiete d] lt]5 ,bildungsges*i*te ,mittelasi5s4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahbd1 pp4 #bgf1 & #ahj4 ,9 ! writ+s ( ! ,buddhi/s n a trace is to be f\nd ( any positive indication ( a ,supreme ,be+ z ! pr9ciple ( ,creation4 ,:5ev] ?is subject pres5ts itself consi/5tly 9 ! c\rse ( argum5t1 x seems1 inde$1 to be int5tionally evad$4 ,& aga93 ,! sy/em ( ,buddhism kn[s ( no et]nal1 uncreat$1 "o & only ,be+1 hav+ exi/$ be=e ,"t & creat$ all t is visible & invisible4 ,?is idea is q =eign to ,buddhism1 & n a trace ( x is to be f\nd 9 ,buddhi/ works4 ,& j z little m5tion d we f9d ( ,creation4 ,true1 ! visible ,univ]se is n )\t a beg9n+1 b x arose out ( empty ,space1 accord+ to consi/5t1 immutable1 natural laws4 ,we %\ld h[ev] err1 7 we to assume t any?+--call x ,fate or ,nature--is reg>d$ or rev]$ by ! ,buddhi/s z a div9e pr9ciple2 on ! contr>y1 x is j ?is v developm5t ( empty ,space1 ?is precipitate f x or ?is division into c\ntless p>ts1 ?is ,matt] ?us aris+1 :i* con/itutes ! ,evil ( ,jirt9ts*i1 or ( ! ,univ]se 9 its inn] & out] relations1 out ( :i* sprang ,orts*ilang1 or cont9u\s *ange accord+ to immutable laws1 :i* ! same ,evil _h e/abli%$4 ,!n aga93#ade ,! expression ,creation is =eign to ,buddhism1 :i* only kn[s ,cosmogony2 &1 ,we mu/ compreh5d t no idea ( a creation ( div9e orig9 is compatible ) _! sy/em4 ,i c\ld br+ =w>d a hundr$ corroborative passages l ^!2 b w limit myself to "o m1 :i* ,i quote on acc\nt ( its popul> & (ficial "*4 ,! ?ird volume ( a v in/ructive ,buddhi/ "w1 ,mahavansi1 ,raja-ratnac>i1 & ,raja-,vali1#adf conta9s a translation ( ! int]rogatories to :i* ! ,high ,prie/s ( ! five *ief ,pagodas 7 sep>ately & successively subject$ by ! ,dut* ,gov]nor ( ,ceylon ab\t ! ye> #agff4 ,x is exce$+ly amus+ to see ! contra/ betwe5 ! int]locutors1 :o h ! greate/ difficulty 9 und]/&+ "o ano!r's mean+4 ,9 con=mity ) ! doctr9es ( _! fai?1 ^! prie/s1 :o are p5etrat$ ) love & compassion = all liv+ be+s1 n except+ ev5 ,dut* ,gov]nors1 sp>e no pa9s to satisfy him by _! answ]s4 ,b ! artless1 nave ,a!ism ( ^! prie/s1 ^: piety ext5ds ev5 to practis+ cont95ce1 soon comes into conflict ) ! deep convictions f\nd$ on ,judaism1 imbib$ by ! ,gov]nor 9 8 infancy4 ,?is fai? has become a second nature = him2 he _c 9 ! lea/ und]/& t ^! prie/s are n ,!i/s1 !re=e he con/antly returns to 8 inquiries aft] a ,supreme ,be+1 ask+ !m :o creat$ ! _w1 & s =?4 ,:]eupon !y answ] t !re c be no high] be+ ?an ,buddha ,%akia-,muni1 ! ,victori\s & ! ,p]fect1 :o1 ?\gh a k+'s son by bir?1 volunt>ily liv$ ! life ( a begg>1 & prea*$ to ! end 8 sublime doctr9e1 = ! ,r$emption ( mank9d1 & = our salvation f ! mis]y ( con/ant r5asc5ce4 ,!y hold t ! _w has n be5 made by anyone1#adg t x is self-creat$1 t ,nature spreads x out1 & draws x 9 aga92 b t x is t1 :i* exi/+1 does n exi/3 t x is ! necess>y accompanim5t ( r5asc5ce1 & t r5asc5ce is ! result ( our s9ful conduct1 c4 c4 c4 ,i m5tion su* facts z ^! *iefly on acc\nt ( ! really sc&al\s way 9 :i* ,g]man savants /ill univ]sally p]si/1 ev5 to ! pres5t day1 9 look+ ^u ,religion & ,!ism z id5tical & synonym\s2 :]eas ,religion is1 9 fact1 to ,!ism z ! g5us to ! s+le species1 & ,judaism & ,!ism are alone id5tical4 ,= ?is reason we /igmatize z hea!n all nations :o are nei!r ,jews1 ,*ri/ians1 nor ,mahometans4 ,*ri/ians are ev5 tax$ by ,mahometans & ,jews ) ! impurity ( _! ,!ism1 because ( ! dogma ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,=1 :atev] may be said to ! contr>y1 ,*ri/ianity has ,indian blood 9 its ve9s1 !re=e x con/antly t5ds to free itself f ,judaism4 ,! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason is ! mo/ s]i\s attack t has ev] be5 made ^u ,!ism--& ?is is :y our pr(essors ( philosophy h be5 9 su* a hurry to set ,kant aside2 b _h t "w appe>$ 9 any c\ntry :]e ,buddhism prevail$1 x w\ld simply h be5 reg>d$ z an edify+ treatise int5d$ to refute h]esy m ?or\ghly by a salut>y confirmation ( ! or?odox doctr9e ( ,idealism--t is1 ! doctr9e ( ! m]ely app>5t exi/5ce ( ! _w1 z x pres5ts itself to our s5ses4 ,ev5 ! two o!r religions :i* coexi/ ) ,buddhism 9 ,*9a--^? ( ,taotsee & ( ,confucius--are j z ,a!i/ic z ,buddhism itself2 :]e=e ! mission>ies h nev] be5 able to translate ! fir/ v]se ( ! ,p5tateu* into ,*9ese1 because !re is no ^w 9 ! language = ,god & ,creation4 ,ev5 ! mission>y ,gtzlaff1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,*9ese ,empire1 p4 #ah1 has ! hone/y to say3 ,x is extraord9>y t none ( ! 7,*9ese7 philosoph]s ev] so>$ high en\gh to rea* ! k ( a ,creator & ,"l ( ! ,univ]se1 al?\gh !y possess$ ! ,light ( ,nature 9 full measure4 ,j4 ,f4 ,davis likewise quotes a passage1 :i* is q 9 accordance ) ?is1 f ,milne's ,preface to 8 translation ( ! ,%+-yu1 :]e 9 speak+ ( t "w1 he says t we may see f x t ! b>e ,light ( ,nature1 z x is call$1 ev5 :5 aid$ by all ! light ( ,pagan philosophy1 is totally incapable ( lead+ m5 to ! k & wor%ip ( ! true ,god4 ,all ?is confirms ! fact t revelation is ! sole f\ndation on :i* ,!ism re/s2 inde$1 x mu/ be s1 unless revelation is to be sup]flu\s4 ,?is is a good opportunity = obs]v+ t ! ^w ,a!ism itself implies a surreptiti\s assumption1 s9ce x takes ,!ism = grant$ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,x w\ld be m hone/ to say ,non-,judaism in/ead ( ,a!ism1 & ,non-,jew in/ead ( ,a!i/4 #ade ,i4 ,j4 ,s*midt1 ,lecture deliv]$ 9 ! ,academy at ,/4 ,pet]sburg on ! #ae? ,sept4 #ahcj1 p4 #bf4 #adf ,mahavansi1 ,raja-ratnac>i1 & ,raja-,vali1 f ! ,s+halese1 by ,e4 ,upham4 ,london1 #ahcc4 #adg 1 1 4 7,nei!r a ,god nor a man creat$ ?is _w1 says ,h]aclitus47 ,plut4 ,de anim procreatione1 c4 #e4 ,n[ z1 accord+ to ! above1 ! exi/5ce ( ,god belongs to revelation1 by :i* x is firmly e/abli%$1 x has no ne$ :atev] ( human au!ntication4 ,philosophy1 h[ev]1 is prop]ly speak+ only an idle1 sup]flu\s attempt to let ,reason--t is1 ! human p[] ( ?9k+1 reflect+1 delib]at+--once 9 a :ile1 try its own p[]s unassi/$1 z a *ild is n[ & !n all[$ to run alone on a lawn & try its /r5g? )\t lead+-/r+s1 j to see :at w come ( x4 ,te/s & exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d we call speculation2 & x lies 9 ! nature ( ! matt] t x %\ld1 = once1 leave all au?ority1 human or div9e1 out ( consid]ation1 ignore x1 & g its own way 9 se>* ( ! mo/ sublime1 mo/ important tru?s4 ,n[1 if on ?is basis x %\ld arrive at ! v same results z ^? m5tion$ above1 to :i* ,kant _h come1 speculation has no "r on t acc\nt to ca/ all hone/y & consci5ce =?) aside1 & take to by-ways1 9 ord] someh[ or o!r to get back to ! doma9 ( ,judaism1 z its conditio s9e qua non2 x ought r h5ce=? to seek tru? q hone/ly & simply by any road t may happ5 to lie op5 be=e x1 b nev] to all[ any o!r light ?an t ( ,reason to guide x3 ?us advanc+ calmly & confid5tly1 l "o at "w 9 8 vocation1 )\t conc]n z to :]e t road may lead4 ,if our pr(essors ( philosophy put a diff]5t con/ruction on ! matt]1 & hold t !y _c eat _! bread 9 hon\r1 s long z !y h n re9/all$ ,god ,almighty on 8 ?rone--z if1 =soo?1 he /ood 9 ne$ ( !m--?is already acc\nts = _! n reli%+ my writ+s1 & expla9s :y ,i am n ! man = !m2 = ,i c]ta9ly d n deal 9 ?is sort ( article1 nor h ,i ! newe/ reports to communicate ab\t ! ,almighty e ,leipzig fair-"t1 z !y h4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,on ,,! ,,?ird ,,class ,,( ,,objects ,,= ,,! ,,subject ,,& ,,t ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,suffici5t ,,reason ,,:i* ,,pr$om9ates ,,9 ,,x4 #ce4 ,explanation ( ?is ,class ( ,objects4 ,x is ! =mal "p ( complete repres5tations--t is to say1 ! intuitions giv5 u priori ( ! =ms ( ! out] & inn] s5se1 i4e4 ( ,space & ( ,"t--:i* con/itutes ! ,?ird ,class ( ,objects = our repres5tative faculty4 ,z pure intuitions1 ^! =ms are objects = ! faculty ( repres5tation by !mselves & ap>t f complete repres5tations & f ! det]m9ations ( be+ empty or fill$ :i* ^! repres5tations fir/ add to !m2 s9ce ev5 pure po9ts & pure l9es _c be br\ght to s5su\s p]ception1 b are only priori intuitions1 j z ! inf9ite expansion & ! inf9ite divisibility ( ,space & ( ,"t are exclusively objects ( pure intuition & =eign to empirical p]ception4 ,t :i* di/+ui%es ! ?ird class ( repres5tations1 9 :i* ,space & ,"t are pure intuitions1 f ! fir/ class1 9 :i* !y are s5su\sly 7& moreov] conjo9tly7 p]ceiv$1 is ,matt]1 :i* ,i h !re=e def9$1 on ! "o h&1 z ! p]ceptibility ( ,space & ,"t1 on ! o!r1 z objectifi$ ,causality4 ,! =m ( ,causality1 on ! contr>y1 :i* belongs to ! ,und]/&+1 is n sep>ately & by itself an object = our faculty ( repres5tation1 nor h we consci\sness ( x1 until x is connect$ ) :at is mat]ial 9 our k4 #cf4 ,pr9ciple ( ! ,suffici5t ,reason ( ,be+4 ,space & ,"t are s con/itut$1 t all _! p>ts /& 9 mutual relation1 s t ea* ( !m conditions & is condition$ by ano!r4 ,we call ?is relation 9 ,space1 position2 9 ,"t1 succession4 ,^! relations are peculi> ones1 diff]+ entirely f all o!r possible relations ( our repres5tations2 nei!r ! ,und]/&+ nor ! ,reason are !re=e able to grasp !m by means ( m]e conceptions1 & pure intuition priori alone makes !m intelligible to u2 = x is impossible by m]e conceptions to expla9 cle>ly :at is meant by above & bel[1 "r & left1 beh9d & be=e1 be=e & aft]4 ,kant rightly confirms ?is by ! ass]tion1 t ! di/9ction betwe5 our "r & left glove _c be made intelligible 9 any o!r way ?an by intuition4 ,n[1 ! law by :i* ! divisions ( ,space & ( ,"t det]m9e "o ano!r reciprocally ) ref]5ce to ^! relations 7position & succession7 is :at ,i call ! ,pr9ciple ( ! ,suffici5t ,reason ( ,be+1 pr9cipium rationis suffici5tis ess5di4 ,i h already giv5 an example ( ?is relation 9 #ae1 by :i* ,i h %[n1 ?r\gh ! connection betwe5 ! sides & angles ( a triangle1 t ?is relation is n only q diff]5t f t betwe5 cause & effect1 b also f t betwe5 reason ( k & consequ5t2 :]e=e "h ! condition may be call$ ,reason ( ,be+1 ratio ess5di4 ,! insight into su* a reason ( be+ c1 ( c\rse1 become a reason ( kn[+3 j z ! insight into ! law ( causality & its application to a p>ticul> case is ! reason ( k ( ! effect2 b ?is 9 no way annuls ! complete di/9ction betwe5 ,reason ( ,be+1 ,reason ( ,becom+1 & ,reason ( ,kn[+4 ,x (t5 happ5s1 t :at accord+ to "o =m ( our pr9ciple is consequ5ce1 is1 accord+ to ano!r1 reason4 ,! ris+ ( ! quicksilv] 9 a !rmomet]1 = in/ance1 is ! consequ5ce ( increas$ heat accord+ to ! law ( causality1 :ile accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( ! suffici5t reason ( kn[+ x is ! reason1 ! gr\nd ( k1 ( ! increas$ heat & also ( ! judgm5t by :i* ?is is ass]t$4 #cg4 ,reason ( ,be+ 9 ,space4 ,! position ( ea* division ( ,space t[>ds any o!r1 say ( any giv5 l9e--& ?is is equally applicable to planes1 bodies1 & po9ts--det]m9es also absolutely its totally diff]5t position ) ref]5ce to any o!r possible l9e2 s t ! latt] position /&s to ! =m] 9 ! relation ( ! consequ5t to its reason4 ,z ! position ( ?is giv5 l9e t[>ds any o!r possible l9e likewise det]m9es its position t[>ds all ! o!rs1 & z !re=e ! position ( ! fir/ two l9es is itself det]m9$ by all ! o!rs1 x is immat]ial :i* we consid] z be+ fir/ det]m9$ & det]m9+ ! o!rs1 i4e4 :i* p>ticul> "o we reg>d z ratio & :i* o!rs z rationata4 ,?is is s1 because 9 ,space !re is no succession2 = x is precisely by unit+ ,space & ,"t to =m ! collective repres5tation ( ! complex ( exp]i5ce1 t ! repres5tation ( coexi/5ce arises4 ,?us an analogue to s-call$ reciprocity prevails ev]y:]e 9 ! ,reason ( ,be+ 9 ,space1 z we %all see 9 #dh1 :]e ,i ent] m fully into ! reciprocity ( reasons4 ,n[1 z e l9e is det]m9$ by all ! o!rs j z mu* z x det]m9es !m1 x is arbitr>y to consid] any l9e m]ely z det]m9+ & n z be+ det]m9$1 & ! position ( ea* t[>ds any o!r admits ! "q z to its position ) ref]5ce to "s o!r l9e1 :i* second position necess>ily det]m9es ! fir/ & makes x t :i* x is4 ,x is !re=e j z impossible to f9d an end a p>te ante 9 ! s]ies ( l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( ,reasons ( ,be+ z 9 t ( ,reasons ( ,becom+1 nor c we f9d any a p>te po/ ei!r1 because ( ! inf9ity ( ,space & ( ! l9es possible )9 ,space4 ,all possible relative spaces are figures1 because !y are limit$2 & all ^! figures h _! ,reason ( ,be+ 9 "o ano!r1 because !y are cont]m9\s4 ,! s]ies rationum ess5di 9 ,space !re=e1 l ! s]ies rationum fi5di1 proce$s 9 inf9itum2 & moreov] n only 9 a s+le direction1 l ! latt]1 b 9 all directions4 ,no?+ ( all ?is c be prov$2 = ! tru? ( ^! pr9ciples is transc5d5tal1 !y be+ directly f\nd$ ^u ! intuition ( ,space giv5 u priori4 #ch4 ,reason ( be+ 9 ,"t4 ,ari?metic4 ,e in/ant 9 ,"t is condition$ by ! prec$+ "o4 ,! ,suffici5t ,reason ( ,be+1 z ! law ( consequ5ce1 is s simple "h1 because ,"t has only "o dim5sion1 !re=e x admits ( no multiplicity ( relations4 ,ea* in/ant is condition$ by its pr$ecessor2 we c only rea* x ?r\gh t pr$ecessor3 only s f> z ?is 0 & has elaps$1 does ! pres5t "o exi/4 ,all c\nt+ re/s ^u ?is nexus ( ! divisions ( ,"t1 numb]s only s]v+ to m>k ! s+le /eps 9 ! succession2 ^u x !re=e re/s all ari?metic likewise1 :i* tea*es absolutely no?+ b me?odical abbreviations ( num]ation4 ,ea* numb] pre-supposes its pr$ecessors z ! reasons ( its be+3 we c only rea* ! numb] t5 by pass+ ?r\gh all ! prec$+ numb]s1 & x is only 9 virtue ( ?is insight t ,i "k1 t :]e t5 are1 !re also are eight1 six1 f\r4 #ci4 ,geometry4 ,! :ole sci5ce ( ,geometry likewise re/s ^u ! nexus ( ! position ( ! divisions ( ,space4 ,x w\ld1 accord+ly1 be an insight into t nexus2 only su* an insight be+1 z we h already said1 impossible by means ( m]e conceptions1 or inde$ 9 any o!r way ?an by intuition1 e geometrical proposition w\ld h to be br\ght back to s5su\s intuition1 & ! pro( w\ld simply consi/ 9 mak+ ! p>ticul> nexus 9 "q cle>2 no?+ m c\ld be done4 ,nev]!less we f9d ,geometry treat$ q diff]5tly4 ,euclid's ,twelve ,axioms are alone held to be bas$ ^u m]e intuition1 & ev5 ( ^! only ! ,n9?1 ,elev5?1 & ,twelf? are prop]ly speak+ admitt$ to be f\nd$ ^u diff]5t1 sep>ate intuitions2 :ile ! re/ are suppos$ to be f\nd$ ^u ! k t 9 sci5ce we d n1 z 9 exp]i5ce1 deal ) real ?+s exi/+ = !mselves side by side1 & susceptible ( endless v>iety1 b on ! contr>y ) conceptions1 & 9 ,ma!matics ) normal intuitions1 i4e4 figures & numb]s1 ^: laws are b9d+ = all exp]i5ce1 & :i* !re=e comb9e ! compreh5siv5ess ( ! conception ) ! complete def9it5ess ( ! s+le repres5tation4 ,= al?\gh1 z intuitive repres5tations1 !y are ?r\gh\t det]m9$ ) complete precision--no room be+ left 9 ?is way by any?+ rema9+ undet]m9$--/ill !y are g5]al1 because !y are ! b>e =ms ( all ph5om5a1 &1 z su*1 applicable to all real objects to :i* su* =ms belong4 ,:at ,plato says ( 8 ,ideas w\ld !re=e1 ev5 9 ,geometry1 hold good ( ^! normal intuitions1 j z well z ( conceptions1 i4e4 t two _c be exactly simil>1 = !n !y w\ld be b "o4#adh ,?is w\ld1 ,i say1 be applicable also to normal intuitions 9 ,geometry1 if x 7 n t1 z exclusively spacial objects1 ^! diff] f "o ano!r 9 m]e juxtaposition1 t is1 9 place4 ,plato _h long ago rem>k$ ?is1 z we are told by ,ari/otle3#adi 1 1 1 1 ' 1 7item1 prt] s5sibilia et species1 ma!matica r]um ait m$ia esse1 a s5sibilibus quidem diff]5tia eo1 quod p]petua et immobilia sunt1 a speciebus v]o eo1 quod illorum quidem multa qudam similia sunt1 species v]o ipsa unaquque sola74 ,n[ ! m]e k t su* a diff]5ce ( place does n annul ! re/ ( ! id5tity1 might surely1 x seems to me1 sup]s$e ! o!r n9e axioms1 & w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be bett] suit$ to ! nature ( sci5ce1 ^: aim is k ( ! p>ticul> ?r\gh ! g5]al1 ?an ! /atem5t ( n9e sep>ate axioms all bas$ ^u ! same insight4 ,moreov]1 :at ,ari/otle says3 79 illis qualitas unitas e/7#aej !n becomes applicable to geometrical figures4 #adh ,platonic ideas may1 aft] all1 be describ$ z normal intuitions1 :i* w\ld hold good n only = :at is =mal1 b also = :at is mat]ial 9 complete repres5tations--!re=e z complete repres5tations :i*1 z su*1 w\ld be det]m9$ ?r\gh\t1 :ile compreh5d+ _m ?+s at once1 l conceptions3 t is to say1 z repres5tatives ( conceptions1 b :i* are q adequate to ^? conceptions1 z ,i h expla9$ 9 #bh4 #adi ,ari/ot4 ,metaph4 i4 #f1 ) :i* comp>e x4 #a4 ,fur!r1 says he1 besides ?+s s5sible & ! ideas1 !re are ?+s ma!matical com+ 9 betwe5 ! two1 :i* diff] f ! ?+s s5sible1 inasmu* z !y are et]nal & immovable1 & f ! ideas1 inasmu* z _m ( !m are l ea* o!r2 b ! idea is absolutely & only "o4 7,tr4's ,add47 #aej ,9 ^! x is equality t con/itutes unity4 7,tr4's ,add47 ,b ) ref]5ce to ! normal intuitions 9 ,"t1 i4e4 to numb]s1 ev5 ?is di/9ction ( juxtaposition no long] exi/s4 ,"h1 z ) conceptions1 absolutely no?+ b ! id5titas indisc]nibilium rema9s3 = !re is b "o five & "o sev54 ,& 9 ?is we may p]haps also f9d a reason :y #g #e #ab is a syn!tical proposition priori1 f\nd$ ^u intuition1 z ,kant pr(\ndly discov]$1 & n an id5tical "o1 z x is call$ by ,h]d] 9 8 ,metakritik4 #ab #ab is an id5tical proposition4 ,9 ,geometry1 x is !re=e only 9 deal+ ) axioms t we appeal to intuition4 ,all ! o!r !orems are demon/rat$3 t is to say1 a reason ( kn[+ is giv51 ! tru? ( :i* ev]yone is b\nd to ackn[l$ge4 ,! logical tru? ( ! !orem is ?us %[n1 b n its transc5d5tal tru? 7v4 #cj & #cb71 :i*1 z x lies 9 ! reason ( be+ & n 9 ! reason ( kn[+1 nev] c become evid5t except+ by means ( intuition4 ,?is expla9s :y ?is sort ( geometrical demon/ration1 :ile x no d\bt conveys ! conviction t ! !orem :i* has be5 demon/rat$ is true1 nev]!less gives no insight z to :y t :i* x ass]ts is :at x is4 ,9 o!r words1 we h n f\nd its ,reason ( ,be+2 b ! desire to f9d x is usually !n ?or\ghly r\s$4 ,= pro( by indicat+ ! reason ( k only effects conviction 7convictio71 n k 7cognitio73 !re=e x might p]haps be m correctly call$ el5*us ?an demon/ratio4 ,?is is :y1 9 mo/ cases1 !re=e1 x leaves beh9d x t disagreeable feel+ :i* is giv5 by all want ( insight1 :5 p]ceiv$2 & "h1 ! want ( k :y a ?+ is z x is1 makes itself all ! m ke5ly felt1 because ( ! c]ta9ty j atta9$1 t x is z x is4 ,?is impression is v mu* l ! feel+ we h1 :5 some?+ has be5 conjur$ into or out ( our pocket1 & we _c conceive h[4 ,! reason ( kn[+ :i*1 9 su* demon/rations z ^!1 is giv5 )\t ! reason ( be+1 resembles c]ta9 physical !ories1 :i* pres5t ! ph5om5on )\t be+ able to indicate its cause3 = in/ance1 ,leid5fro/'s exp]im5t1 inasmu* z x succe$s also 9 a plat9a crucible2 :]eas ! reason ( be+ ( a geometrical proposition :i* is discov]$ by intuition1 l e k we acquire1 produces satisfaction4 ,:5 once ! reason ( be+ is f\nd1 we base our conviction ( ! tru? ( ! !orem ^u t reason alone1 & no long] ^u ! reason ( kn[+ giv5 u by ! demon/ration4 ,let u1 = in/ance1 take ! six? proposition ( ! fir/ ,book ( ,euclid3-- ,if two angles ( a triangle are equal1 ! sides also :i* subt5d1 or are opposite to1 ! equal angles %all be equal to "o ano!r4 7,see fig4 #c47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,:i* ,euclid demon/rates z foll[s3-- ,let a b c be a triangle hav+ ! angle a b c equal to ! angle a c b1 !n ! side a c mu/ be equal to ! side a b also4 ,=1 if side a b be n equal to side a c1 "o ( !m is great] ?an ! o!r4 ,let a b be great] ?an a c2 & f b a cut (f b d equal to c a1 & draw d c4 ,!n1 9 ! triangles d b c1 a b c1 because d b is equal to a c1 & b c is common to bo? triangles1 ! two sides d b & b c are equal to ! two sides a c1 a b1 ea* to ea*2 & ! angle d b c is equal to ! angle a c b1 !re=e ! base d c is equal to ! base a b1 & ! triangle d b c is equal to ! triangle a b c1 ! less triangle equal to ! great]1--:i* is absurd4 ,!re=e a b is n unequal to a c1 t is1 a b is equal to a c4 ,n[1 9 ?is demon/ration we h a reason ( kn[+ = ! tru? ( ! proposition4 ,b :o bases 8 conviction ( t geometrical tru? ^u ?is pro(8 ,d we n r base our conviction ^u ! reason ( be+1 :i* we "k intuitively1 & accord+ to :i* 7by a necessity :i* admits ( no fur!r demon/ration1 b only ( evid5ce ?r\gh intuition7 two l9es drawn f bo? extreme ends ( ano!r l9e1 & incl9+ equally t[>ds ea* o!r1 c only meet at a po9t :i* is equally di/ant f bo? extremities2 s9ce ! two aris+ angles are prop]ly b "o1 to :i* ! opposit5ess ( position gives ! appe>ance ( be+ two2 :]e=e !re is no reason :y ! l9es %\ld meet at any po9t ne>] to ! "o end ?an to ! o!r4 ,x is ! k ( ! reason ( be+ :i* %[s u ! necess>y consequ5ce ( ! condition$ f its condition--9 ?is in/ance1 ! lat]al equality f ! angul> equality--t is1 x %[s _! connection2 :]eas ! reason ( kn[+ only %[s _! coexi/5ce4 ,nay1 we might ev5 ma9ta9 t ! usual me?od ( prov+ m]ely conv9ces u ( _! coexi/5ce 9 ! actual figure giv5 u z an example1 b by no means t !y are always coexi/5t2 =1 z ! necess>y connection is n %[n1 ! conviction we acquire ( ?is tru? re/s simply ^u induction1 & is bas$ ^u ! fact1 t we f9d x is s 9 e figure we make4 ,! reason ( be+ is c]ta9ly n z evid5t 9 all cases z x is 9 simple !orems l ?is #f? "o ( ,euclid2 /ill ,i am p]suad$ t x might be br\ght to evid5ce 9 e !orem1 h[ev] complicat$1 & t ! proposition c always be r$uc$ to "s su* simple intuition4 ,besides1 we are all j z consci\s priori ( ! necessity ( su* a reason ( be+ = ea* relation ( ,space1 z we are ( ! necessity ( a cause = ea* *ange4 ,9 complicat$ !orems x w1 ( c\rse1 be v difficult to %[ t reason ( be+2 & ?is is n ! place = difficult geometrical rese>*es4 ,!re=e1 to make my mean+ some:at cle>]1 ,i w n[ try to br+ back to its reason ( be+ a mod]ately complicat$ proposition1 9 :i* nev]!less t reason is n imm$iately evid5t4 ,pass+ ov] ! int]m$iate !orems1 ,i take ! #af?3 ,9 e triangle 9 :i* "o side has be5 produc$1 ! ext]ior angle is great] ?an ei!r ( ! int]ior opposite angles4 ,?is ,euclid demon/rates 9 ! foll[+ mann] 7see fig4 #d73-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,let a b c be a triangle2 & let ! side b c be produc$ to d2 !n ! ext]ior angle a c d %all be great] ?an ei!r ( ! int]ior opposite angles b a c or c b a4 ,bisect ! side a c at e1 & jo9 b e2 produce b e to f1 mak+ e f equal to e b1 & jo9 f c4 ,produce a c to g4 ,because a e is equal to e c1 & b e to e f2 ! two sides a e1 e b1 are equal to ! two sides c e1 e f1 ea* to ea*2 & ! angle a e b is equal to ! angle c e f1 because !y are opposite v]tical angles2 !re=e ! base a b is equal to ! base c f1 & ! triangle a e b is equal to ! triangle c e f1 & ! rema9+ angles ( "o triangle to ! rema9+ angles ( ! o!r1 ea* to ea*1 to :i* ! equal sides are opposite2 !re=e ! angle b a e is equal to ! angle e c f4 ,b ! angle e c d is great] ?an ! angle e c f4 ,!re=e ! angle a c d is great] ?an ! angle a b c4 ,9 ! same mann]1 if ! side b c be bisect$1 & ! side a c be produc$ to g1 x may be demon/rat$ t ! angle b c g1 t is1 ! opposite v]tical angle a c d is great] ?an ! angle a b c4 ,my demon/ration ( ! same proposition w\ld be z foll[s 7see fig4 #e73-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,= ! angle b a c to be ev5 equal to1 let alone great] ?an1 ! angle a c d1 ! l9e b a t[>d c a w\ld h to lie 9 ! same direction z b d 7= ?is is precisely :at is meant by equality ( ! angles71 i4e41 x mu/ be p>allel ) b d2 t is to say1 b a & b d mu/ nev] meet2 b 9 ord] to =m a triangle !y mu/ meet 7reason ( be+71 & mu/ ?us d ! contr>y ( t :i* w\ld be requir$ = ! angle b a c to be ( ! same size z ! angle a c d4 ,= ! angle a b c to be ev5 equal to1 let alone great] ?an1 ! angle a c d1 l9e b a mu/ lie 9 ! same direction t[>ds b d z a c 7= ?is is :at is meant by equality ( ! angles71 i4e41 x mu/ be p>allel ) a c1 t is to say1 b a & a c mu/ nev] meet2 b 9 ord] to =m a triangle b a & a c mu/ meet & mu/ ?us d ! contr>y ( t :i* w\ld be requir$ = ! angle a b c to be ( ! same size z a c d4 ,by all ?is ,i d n mean to sugge/ ! introduction ( a new me?od ( ma!matical demon/ration1 nor ! sub/itution ( my own pro( = t ( ,euclid1 = :i* its :ole nature unfits x1 z well z ! fact t x presupposes ! conception ( p>allel l9es1 :i* 9 ,euclid comes mu* lat]4 ,i m]ely wi%$ to %[ :at ! reason ( be+ is1 & :]e9 lies ! diff]5ce betwe5 x & ! reason ( kn[+1 :i* latt] only effects convictio1 a ?+ t diff]s entirely f insight into ! reason ( be+4 ,! fact t ,geometry only aims at effect+ convictio1 & t ?is1 z ,i h said1 leaves beh9d x a disagreeable impression1 b gives no insight into ! reason ( be+--:i* insight1 l all k1 is satisfactory & pleas+--may p]haps be "o ( ! reasons = ! great dislike :i* _m o!rwise em95t heads h = ma!matics4 ,i _c resi/ aga9 giv+ fig4 #f1 al?\gh x has already be5 pres5t$ else:]e2 because ! m]e sight ( x )\t words conveys t5 times m p]suasion ( ! tru? ( ! ,py?agorean !orem ?an ,euclid's m\se-trap demon/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,^? read]s = :om ?is *apt] may h a special int]e/ w f9d ! subject ( x m fully treat$ 9 my *ief "w1 ,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung1 vol4 i4 #ae2 vol4 ii4 *ap4 #ac4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,on ,,! ,,f\r? ,,class ,,( ,,objects ,,= ,,! ,,subject1 ,,& ,,! ,,=m ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,suffici5t ,,reason ,,:i* ,,pr$om9ates ,,9 ,,x4 #dj4 ,g5]al ,explanation4 ,! la/ ,class ( ,objects = our repres5tative faculty :i* rema9s to be exam9$ is a peculi> b highly important "o4 ,x comprises b "o object = ea* individual3 t is1 ! imm$iate object ( ! inn] s5se1 ! ,subject 9 volition1 :i* is ,object = ! ,kn[+ ,subject2 :]e=e x manife/s itself 9 ,"t alone1 nev] 9 ,space1 & z we %all see1 ev5 9 ,"t "u an important re/riction4 #da4 ,subject ( ,k & ,object4 ,all k presupposes ,subject & ,object4 ,ev5 self-consci\sness 7,selb/bewus/se97 !re=e is n absolutely simple1 b1 l our consci\sness ( all o!r ?+s 7i4e41 ! faculty ( p]ception71 x is subdivid$ into t :i* is kn[n & t :i* kn[s4 ,n[1 t :i* is kn[n manife/s itself absolutely & exclusively z ,w4 ,! ,subject accord+ly kn[s itself exclusively z will+1 b n z kn[+4 ,= ! ego :i* repres5ts1 nev] c itself become repres5tation or ,object1 s9ce x conditions all repres5tations z _! necess>y correlate2 r may ! foll[+ beautiful passage f ! ,sacr$ ,upani%ad be appli$ to x3 ,id vid5dum non e/3 omnia videt2 et id audi5dum non e/3 omnia audit2 sci5dum non e/3 omnia scit3 et intellig5dum1 non e/3 omnia intelligit4 ,prt] id1 vid5s1 et sci5s1 et audi5s1 et intellig5s ens aliud non e/4#aea #aea ,oupnekhat1 vol4 i4 p4 #bjb4 ,!re c !re=e be no k ( kn[+1 because ?is w\ld imply sep>ation ( ! ,subject f kn[+1 :ile x nev]!less knew t kn[+--:i* is impossible4 ,my answ] to ! objection1 ,i n only "k1 b "k also t ,i "k1 w\ld be1 ,y\r kn[+ t y "k only diff]s 9 words f y\r kn[+4 ',i "k t ,i "k' means no?+ m ?an ',i "k1' & ?is aga91 unless x is fur!r det]m9$1 means no?+ m ?an 'ego4' ,if y\r kn[+ & y\r kn[+ t y "k are two diff]5t ?+s1 j try to sep>ate !m1 & fir/ to "k )\t kn[+ t y "k1 !n to "k t y "k )\t ?is k be+ at ! same "t kn[+4 ,no d\bt1 by leav+ all special kn[+ out ( ! "q1 we may at la/ arrive at ! proposition ,i "k--! la/ ab/raction we are able to make2 b ?is proposition is id5tical ) ,objects exi/ = me1 & ?is aga9 is id5tical ) ,i am ,subject1 9 :i* no?+ m is conta9$ ?an 9 ! b>e ^w ,i4 ,n[1 x may /ill be ask$ h[ ! v>i\s cognitive faculties belong+ to ! ,subject1 su* z ,s5sibility1 ,und]/&+1 ,reason1 are kn[n to u1 if we d n "k ! ,subject4 ,x is n ?r\gh our kn[+ hav+ become an ,object = u t ^! faculties are kn[n to u1 = !n !re w\ld n be s _m conflict+ judgm5ts conc]n+ !m2 !y are inf]r$ r1 or m correctly1 !y are g5]al expressions = ! e/abli%$ classes ( repres5tations :i*1 at all times1 h be5 m or less cle>ly di/+ui%$ 9 ^? cognitive faculties4 ,b1 ) ref]5ce to ! necess>y correlate ( ^! repres5tations z _! condition1 i4e41 ! ,subject1 ^! faculties are ab/ract$ f !m 7! repres5tations71 & /& consequ5tly t[>ds ! classes ( repres5tations 9 precisely ! same relation z ! ,subject 9 g5]al t[>ds ! ,object 9 g5]al4 ,n[1 j z ! ,object is at once posit$ ) ! ,subject 7= ! ^w itself w\ld o!rwise h no mean+71 & conv]sely1 z ! ,subject is at once posit$ ) ! ,object--s t be+ ! ,subject means exactly z mu* z hav+ an ,object1 & be+ an ,object means ! same ?+ z be+ kn[n by ! ,subject--s likewise1 :5 an ,object is assum$ z be+ det]m9$ 9 any p>ticul> way1 d we also assume t ! ,subject kn[s precisely 9 t p>ticul> way4 ,s f> !re=e x is immat]ial :e!r we say t ,objects h su* & su* peculi> inh]5t det]m9ations1 or t ! ,subject kn[s 9 su* & su* ways4 ,x is indiff]5t :e!r we say t ,objects are divid$ into su* & su* classes1 or t su* & su* diff]5t cognitive faculties are peculi> to ! ,subject4 ,9 t s+ul> comp\nd ( dep? & sup]ficiality1 ,ari/otle1 are to be f\nd traces ev5 ( insight into ?is tru?1 & inde$ ! critical philosophy lies 9 embryo 9 8 works4 ,he says3#aeb 7anima quammodo e/ univ]sa1 qu sunt74 ,& aga93 1 i4e41 ! und]/&+ is ! =m ( =ms1 1 & s5sibility ! =m ( s5su\s objects4 ,accord+ly1 x is all "o :e!r we say1 s5sibility & und]/&+ are no m2 or1 ! _w is at an end4 ,x comes to ! same ?+ :e!r we say1 ,!re are no conceptions1 or ,reason is gone & animals alone rema94 #aeb ,ari/ot41 ,de anima1 iii4 #h4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se ! intellect is all t exi/s4 7,tr4's ,add47 ,! dispute betwe5 ,realism & ,idealism1 :i* appe>$ = ! la/ "t 9 ! dispute betwe5 ! ,dogmati/s & ,kantians1 or betwe5 ,ontology & ,metaphysics on ! "o h& & ,transc5d5tal /hetic & ,transc5d5tal ,logic on ! o!r1 arose out ( ! misappreh5sion ( ?is relation & 0 bas$ ^u its misappreh5sion ) ref]5ce to ! ,fir/ & ,?ird ,classes ( repres5tations z e/abli%$ by me1 j z ! m$ival dispute betwe5 ,reali/s & ,nom9ali/s re/$ ^u ! misappreh5sion ( ?is relation ) ref]5ce to ! ,second ,class4 #db4 ,! ,subject ( ,volition4 ,accord+ to :at has prec$$1 ! ,subject ( k c nev] be kn[n2 x c nev] become ,object or repres5tation4 ,nev]!less1 z we h n only an out] self-k 79 s5su\s p]ception71 b an inn] "o also2 & z1 on ! o!r h&1 e k1 by its v nature1 presupposes a kn[] & a kn[n1 :at is kn[n )9 u z su*1 is n ! kn[]1 b ! will]1 ! ,subject ( ,volition3 ! ,w4 ,/>t+ f k1 we may ass]t t ,i "k is an analytical1 ,i w1 on ! contr>y1 a syn!tical1 & moreov] an po/]iori proposition1 t is1 x is giv5 by exp]i5ce--9 ?is case by inn] exp]i5ce 7i4e41 9 ,"t alone74 ,9 s f> !re=e ! ,subject ( volition w\ld be an ,object = u4 ,introspection always %[s u to ourselves z will+4 ,9 ?is will+1 h[ev]1 !re are num]\s degrees1 f ! fa9te/ wi% to passion1 & ,i h (t5 %[n#aec t n only all our emotions1 b ev5 all ^? movem5ts ( our inn] man1 :i* are subsum$ "u ! wide conception ( feel+1 are /ates ( ! w4 #aec ,see ,die beid5 ,grundprobleme d] ,e?ik1 p4 #aa1 & 9 sev]al o!r places4 ,n[1 ! id5tity ( ! will+ ) ! kn[+ ,subject1 9 virtue ( :i* ! ^w ,i includes & designates bo?1 is ! nodus#aed ( ! ,univ]se1 & !re=e inexplicable4 ,= we c only compreh5d relations betwe5 ,objects2 b two ,objects nev] c be "o1 except+ z p>ts ( a :ole4 ,"h1 :]e ! ,subject is 9 "q1 ! rules by :i* we "k ,objects are no long] applicable1 & actual id5tity ( ! kn[] ) :at is kn[n z will+--t is1 ( ,subject & ,object--is imm$iately giv54 ,n[1 :oev] has cle>ly realiz$ ! utt] impossibility ( expla9+ ?is id5tity1 w surely concur ) me 9 call+ x ! miracle ' 4 #aed ,weltknot54 ,j z ! ,und]/&+ is ! subjective correlate to our ,fir/ ,class ( repres5tations1 ! ,reason to ! ,second1 & pure ,s5sibility to ! ,?ird1 s d we f9d t ! correlate to ?is ,f\r? ,class is ! inn] s5se1 or ,self-consci\sness 9 g5]al4 #dc4 ,will+4 ,! ,law ( ,motives 7,motivation74 ,x is j because ! will+ ,subject is imm$iately giv5 9 self-consci\sness1 t we are unable fur!r to def9e or to describe :at will+ is2 prop]ly speak+1 x is ! mo/ direct k we h1 nay1 "o ^: imm$iat5ess mu/ f9ally ?r[ light ^u e o!r k1 z be+ v m$iate4 ,at e resolution t we take ourselves1 or t we see o!rs take1 we deem ourselves ju/ifi$ 9 ask+1 :y8 ,t is1 we assume t some?+ mu/ h previ\sly occurr$1 f :i* ?is resolution has result$1 & we call ?is some?+ its reason1 or1 m correctly1 ! motive ( ! action :i* n[ foll[s4 ,)\t su* a reason or motive1 ! action is j z inconceivable = u1 z ! movem5t ( a lifeless body )\t be+ pu%$ or pull$4 ,motives !re=e belong to causes1 & h also be5 already numb]$ & *>act]iz$ among !m 9 #bj1 z ! ?ird =m ( ,causality4 ,b all ,causality is only ! =m ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason 9 ! ,fir/ ,class ( ,objects3 t is1 9 ! corporeal _w giv5 u 9 ext]nal p]ception4 ,!re x =ms ! l9k :i* connects *anges "o ) ano!r1 ! cause be+ t :i*1 com+ f outside1 conditions ea* occurr5ce4 ,! inn] nature ( su* occurr5ces on ! contr>y cont9ues to be a my/]y = u3 = we always rema9 on ! outside4 ,we c]ta9ly see ?is cause necess>ily produce t effect2 b we d n le>n h[ x is actually enabl$ to d s1 or :at is go+ on inside4 ,?us we see me*anical1 physical1 *emical effects1 z well z ^? br\ght ab\t by /imuli1 9 ea* in/ance foll[ f _! respective causes )\t on t acc\nt ev] completely und]/&+ ! process1 ! ess5tial "p ( :i* rema9s a my/]y = u2 s we attribute x to qualities ( bodies1 to =ces ( ,nature1 or to vital en]gy1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are all qualitates occult4 ,nor %\ld we be at all bett] (f z to compreh5sion ( ! movem5ts & actions ( animals & ( human be+s1 :i* w\ld also appe> to u z induc$ 9 "s unacc\ntable way by _! causes 7motives71 7 x n t "h we are grant$ an insight into ! inw>d "p ( ! process2 we "k1 t is1 by our own inw>d exp]i5ce1 t ?is is an act ( ! w call$ =? by ! motive1 :i* consi/s 9 a m]e repres5tation4 ,?us ! effect produc$ by ! motive1 unlike t produc$ by all o!r causes1 is n only kn[n by u f outside1 9 a m]ely indirect way1 b at ! same "t f inside1 q directly1 & !re=e accord+ to its :ole mode ( action4 ,"h we /& z x 7 beh9d ! sc5es1 & le>n ! secret ( ! process by :i* cause produces effect 9 its mo/ inw>d nature2 = "h our k comes to u ?r\gh a totally diff]5t *annel & 9 a totally diff]5t way4 ,f ?is results ! important proposition3 ,! action ( motives 7motivation7 is causality se5 f )94 ,"h accord+ly causality pres5ts itself 9 q a diff]5t way1 9 q a diff]5t m$ium1 & = q ano!r k9d ( k2 !re=e x mu/ n[ be exhibit$ z a special & peculi> =m ( our pr9ciple1 :i* consequ5tly "h pres5ts itself z ! ,pr9ciple ( ! ,suffici5t ,reason ( ,act+1 pr9cipium rationis suffici5tis ag5di1 or1 m briefly1 z ! ,law ( ,motives 7,law ( ,motivation74 ,z a clue to my philosophy 9 g5]al1 ,i "h add1 t ?is ,f\r? ,class ( ,objects = ! ,subject1 t is1 ! "o object conta9$ 9 x1 ! w :i* we appreh5d )9 u1 /&s 9 ! same relation t[>ds ! ,fir/ ,class z ! law ( motives t[>ds ! law ( causality1 z ,i h e/abli%$ x 9 #bj4 ,?is tru? is ! corn]-/one ( my :ole ,metaphysic4 ,z to ! way 9 :i*1 & ! necessity ) :i*1 motives act1 & z to ! dep5d5ce ( _! action ^u empirical1 individual "*1 & ev5 ^u individual capacity = k1 c4 c41 ,i ref] my read]s to my ,prize-essay on ! ,fre$om ( ! ,w1 9 :i* ,i h treat$ all ?is m fully4 #dd4 ,influ5ce ( ! ,w ov] ! ,intellect4 ,x is n ^u causality prop]1 b ^u ! id5tity ( ! kn[+ ) ! will+ ,subject1 z %[n 9 #db1 t ! influ5ce is bas$1 :i* ! w ex]cises ov] ! intellect1 :5 x obliges x to repeat repres5tations t h once be5 pres5t to x1 & 9 g5]al to turn its att5tion 9 ?is or t direction & evoke at pleasure any p>ticul> s]ies ( ?\ghts4 ,& ev5 9 ?is1 ! w is det]m9$ by ! law ( motives1 9 accordance ) :i* x also secretly rules :at is call$ ! association ( ideas1 to :i* ,i h devot$ a sep>ate *apt] 7! #ad?7 9 ! second volume ( my *ief "w4 ,?is association ( ideas is itself no?+ b ! application ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason 9 its f\r =ms to ! subjective tra9 ( ?\ght2 t is1 to ! pres5ce ( repres5tations 9 our consci\sness4 ,b x is ! w ( ! individual t sets ! :ole me*anism 9 motion1 by urg+ ! intellect1 9 accordance ) ! int]e/1 i4e41 ! individual aims1 ( ! p]son1 to recall1 toge!r ) its pres5t repres5tations1 ^? :i* ei!r logically or analogically1 or by proximity 9 ,"t or ,space1 are ne>ly relat$ to !m4 ,! w's activity 9 ?is1 h[ev]1 is s imm$iate1 t 9 mo/ cases we h no cle> consci\sness ( x2 & s rapid1 t we are at times ev5 unconsci\s ( ! occasion :i* has ?us call$ =? a repres5tation4 ,9 su* cases1 x appe>s z if some?+ _h come into our consci\sness q indep5d5tly ( all connection ) any?+ else2 t ?is1 h[ev]1 is impossible1 is precisely ! ,root ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason1 :i* has be5 fully expla9$ 9 ! above-m5tion$ *apt] ( my *ief "w4#aee ,e picture :i* sudd5ly pres5ts itself to our imag9ation1 e judgm5t ev5 t does n foll[ its previ\sly pres5t reason1 mu/ be call$ =? by an act ( volition hav+ a motive2 al?\gh t motive may (t5 escape our p]ception ow+ to its insignificance1 & al?\gh su* acts ( volition are (t5 9 l mann] unp]ceiv$1 because !y take place s easily1 t wi% & fulfilm5t are simultane\s4 #aee ,see ,die ,welt1 a4 ,w4 u4 ,v4 vol4 ii4 *4 xiv4 #de4 ,memory4 ,t peculi> faculty ( ! kn[+ ,subject :i* enables x to obey ! w ! m readily 9 repeat+ repres5tations1 ! (t5] !y h already be5 pres5t to x--9 o!r words1 its capacity = be+ ex]cis$--is :at we call ,memory4 ,i _c agree ) ! cu/om>y view1 by :i* x is look$ ^u z a sort ( /ore-h\se 9 :i* we keep a /ock ( ready-made repres5tations always at our disposal1 only )\t be+ always consci\s ( _! possession4 ,! volunt>y repetition ( repres5tations :i* h once be5 pres5t becomes s easy ?r\gh practice1 t "o l9k 9 a s]ies ( repres5tations no soon] becomes pres5t to u1 ?an we at once evoke all ! re/1 (t5 ev51 z x 71 involunt>ily4 ,if we 7 to look = a metaphor = ?is *>act]i/ic quality ( our repres5tative faculty 7su* z t ( ,plato1 :o comp>$ x ) a s(t mass t receives & reta9s impressions71 ,i ?9k ! be/ w\ld be t ( a piece ( drap]y1 :i*1 aft] hav+ be5 repeat$ly fold$ 9 ! same folds1 at la/ falls into !m1 z x 71 ( its own accord4 ,! body le>ns by practice to obey ! w1 & ! faculty ( repres5t+ does precisely ! same4 ,a remembrance is n by any means1 z ! usual view supposes1 always ! same repres5tation :i* is1 z x 71 fet*$ ov] & ov] aga9 f its /ore-h\se2 a new "o1 on ! contr>y1 arises ea* "t1 only practice makes ?is especially easy4 ,?us x comes to pass t pictures ( our imag9ation1 :i* we fancy we h /[$ away 9 our memory1 become imp]ceptibly modifi$3 a ?+ :i* we realize :5 we see "s famili> object aga9 aft] a long "t1 & f9d t x no long] completely corresponds to ! image we br+ ) u4 ,?is c\ld n be if we reta9$ ready-made repres5tations4 ,x is j = ?is reason too1 t acquir$ k1 if left unex]cis$1 gradually fades f our memory1 precisely because x 0 ! result ( practice com+ f habit & knack2 ?us mo/ s*ol>s1 = in/ance1 =get _! ,greek1 & mo/ arti/s _! ,italian on _! return f ,italy4 ,?is is also :y we f9d s mu* difficulty 9 recall+ to m9d a "n or a l9e ( poetry =m]ly famili> to u1 :5 we h ceas$ to ?9k ( x = sev]al ye>s2 :]eas :5 once we succe$ 9 rememb]+ x1 we h x aga9 at our disposal = "s "t1 because ! practice has be5 r5ew$4 ,ev]yone !re=e :o kn[s sev]al languages1 w d well to make a po9t ( read+ occasionally 9 ea*1 t he may ensure to himself _! possession4 ,?is likewise expla9s :y ! surr\nd+s & ev5ts ( our *ildhood impress !mselves s deeply on our memory2 x is because1 9 *ildhood we h b few1 & ^? *iefly intuitive1 repres5tations3 s t we are induc$ to repeat !m con/antly = ! sake ( occupation4 ,p :o h little capability = orig9al ?\ght d ?is all _! lives 7& moreov] n only ) intuitive repres5tations1 b ) conceptions & words also72 sometimes !re=e !y h rem>kably good memories1 :5 obtus5ess & sluggi%ness ( intellect d n act z imp$im5ts4 ,m5 ( g5ius1 on ! contr>y1 are n always end[$ ) ! be/ ( memories1 z1 = in/ance1 ,r\sseau has told u ( himself4 ,p]haps ?is may be acc\nt$ = by _! great abundance ( new ?\ghts & comb9ations1 :i* leaves !m no "t = frequ5t repetition4 ,/ill1 on ! :ole1 g5ius is seldom f\nd ) a v bad memory2 because "h a great] en]gy & mobility ( ! :ole ?9k+ faculty makes up = ! want ( con/ant practice4 ,nor mu/ we =get t ,mnemosyne 0 ! "m ( ! ,muses4 ,we may accord+ly say1 t our memory /&s "u two cont5d+ influ5ces1 t ( ! en]gy ( ! repres5tative faculty on ! "o h&1 & t ( ! quantity ( repres5tations occupy+ t faculty on ! o!r4 ,! less en]gy !re is 9 ! faculty1 ! few] mu/ be ! repres5tations1 & conv]sely4 ,?is expla9s ! impair$ memory ( habitual novel-read]s1 = x is ) !m z ) m5 ( g5ius3 ! multitude ( repres5tations foll[+ rapidly ^u ea* o!r1 leaves no "t or pati5ce = repetition & practice2 only1 9 novels1 ^! repres5tations are n ! read]s' own1 b o!r p's ?\ghts & comb9ations quickly succe$+ ea* o!r1 & ! read]s !mselves are want+ 9 t :i*1 9 g5ius1 c\nt]balances repetition4 ,! :ole ?+ besides is subject to ! corrective1 t we all h mo/ memory = t :i* int]e/s u1 & lea/ = t :i* does n4 ,great m9ds !re=e are apt to =get 9 an incr$ibly %ort "t ! petty affairs & trifl+ occurr5ces ( daily life & ! commonplace p ) :om !y come 9 contact1 :]eas !y h a wond]ful recollection ( ^? ?+s :i* h importance 9 !mselves & = !m4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 on ! :ole1 easy to und]/& t we %\ld m readily rememb] su* s]ies ( repres5tations z are connect$ toge!r by ! ?read ( "o or m ( ! above-m5tion$ species ( reasons & consequ5ces1 ?an su* z h no connection ) "o ano!r1 b only ) our w accord+ to ! law ( motives2 t is to say1 ^? :i* are arbitr>ily gr\p$4 ,=1 9 ! =m]1 ! fact t we "k ! =mal "p priori1 saves u half ! tr\ble2 & ?is probably gave rise to ,plato's doctr9e1 t all le>n+ is m]e rememb]+4 ,z f> z possible we ought to try & r$uce all t we wi% to incorporate 9 our memory to a p]ceptible image1 ei!r directly1 or z an example1 a m]e simile1 or an analogue1 or inde$ 9 any o!r way2 because intuitive p]ceptions take a f> firm] hold ?an any ab/ract ?\ghts1 let alone m]e words4 ,?is is :y we rememb] ?+s we h ourselves exp]i5c$ s mu* bett] ?an ^? ( :i* we read4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,g5]al ,,obs]vations ,,& ,,results4 #df4 ,! ,sy/ematic ,ord]4 ,! ord] ( succession 9 :i* ,i h /at$ ! v>i\s =ms ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason 9 ?is treatise1 is n sy/ematic2 x has be5 *os5 = ! sake ( great] cle>ness1 9 ord] fir/ to pres5t :at is bett] kn[n & lea/ presupposes ! re/4 ,9 ?is ,i h foll[$ ,ari/otle's rule3 1 1 ' ' 7et doctr9a non a primo1 ac rei pr9cipio aliqu&o in*o&a e/1 s$ unde quis facilius discat74#aef ,b ! sy/ematic ord] 9 :i* ! diff]5t classes ( reasons ought to foll[ "o ano!r is ! foll[+4 ,fir/ ( all %\ld come ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason ( ,be+2 & 9 ?is aga9 fir/ its application to ,"t1 z be+ ! simple s*ema conta9+ only :at is ess5tial 9 all ! o!r =ms ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason1 nay1 z be+ ! prototype ( all f9itude4 ,! ,reason ( ,be+ 9 ,space hav+ next be5 /at$1 ! ,law ( ,causality w\ld !n foll[2 aft] :i* w\ld come ! ,law ( ,motives1 & la/ ( all ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason ( ,kn[+2 = ! o!r classes ( reasons ref] to imm$iate repres5tations1 :]eas ?is la/ class ref]s to repres5tations d]iv$ f o!r repres5tations4 #aef ,ari/ot4 ,metaph4 iv4 #a4 ,sometimes too1 le>n+ mu/ />t1 n f :at is really fir/ & ) ! actual beg9n+ ( ! ?+ conc]n$1 b f :]e x is easie/ to le>n4 ,tr4's add4 ,! tru? express$ above1 t ,"t is ! simple s*ema :i* m]ely conta9s ! ess5tial "p ( all ! =ms ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason1 expla9s ! absolutely p]fect cle>ness & precision ( ,ari?metic1 a po9t 9 :i* no o!r sci5ce c compete ) x4 ,= all sci5ces1 be+ ?r\gh\t comb9ations ( reasons & consequ5ces1 are bas$ ^u ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason4 ,n[1 ! s]ies ( numb]s is ! simple & only s]ies ( reasons & consequ5ces ( ,be+ 9 ,"t2 on acc\nt ( ?is p]fect simplicity--no?+ be+ omitt$1 no indef9ite relations left--?is s]ies leaves no?+ to be desir$ z reg>ds accuracy1 apodeictic c]ta9ty & cle>ness4 ,all ! o!r sci5ces yield prec$5ce 9 ?is respect to ,ari?metic2 ev5 ,geometry3 because s _m relations arise out ( ! ?ree dim5sions ( ,space1 t a compreh5sive synopsis ( !m becomes too difficult1 n only = pure1 b ev5 = empirical intuition2 complicat$ geometrical problems are !re=e only solv$ by calculation2 t is1 ,geometry is quick to resolve itself into ,ari?metic4 ,x is n necess>y to po9t out ! exi/5ce ( sundry elem5ts ( obscurity 9 ! o!r sci5ces4 #dg4 ,relation 9 ,"t betwe5 ,reason & ,consequ5ce4 ,accord+ to ! laws ( causality & ( motivation1 a reason mu/ prec$e its consequ5ce 9 ,"t4 ,t ?is is absolutely ess5tial1 ,i h %[n 9 my *ief "w1 to :i* ,i "h ref] my read]s#aeg 9 ord] to avoid repeat+ myself4 ,!re=e1 if we only be> 9 m9d t x is n "o ?+ :i* is ! cause ( ano!r ?+1 b "o /ate :i* is ! cause ( ano!r /ate1 we %all n all[ ourselves to be misl$ by examples l t giv5 by ,kant1#aeh t ! /ove1 :i* is ! cause ( ! w>m? ( ! room1 is simultane\s ) its effect4 ,! /ate ( ! /ove3 t is1 its be+ w>m] ?an its surr\nd+ m$ium1 mu/ prec$e ! communication ( its surplus caloric to t m$ium2 n[1 z ea* lay] ( air on becom+ w>m makes way = a cool] lay] ru%+ 91 ! fir/ /ate1 ! cause1 & consequ5tly also ! second1 ! effect1 are r5ew$ until at la/ ! temp]ature ( /ove & room become equaliz$4 ,"h !re=e we h no p]man5t cause 7! /ove7 & p]man5t effect 7! w>m? ( ! room7 z simultane\s ?+s1 b a *a9 ( *anges2 t is1 a con/ant r5ew+ ( two /ates1 "o ( :i* is ! effect ( ! o!r4 ,f ?is example1 h[ev]1 x is obvi\s t ev5 ,kant's conception ( ,causality 0 f> f cle>4 #aeg ,see ,die ,welt a4 ,w4 u4 ,v41 vol4 ii4 *4 iv4 p4 #da1 #db ( ! #bnd edition1 & p4 #dd ( ! #crd4 #aeh ,kant1 ,krit4 d4 r4 ,v]n41 #a/ edition1 p4 #bjb2 #e? edition1 p4 #bdh 7,engli% translation by ,m4 ,mll]1 p4 #agg47 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason ( ,kn[+ conveys ) x no relation 9 ,"t1 b m]ely a relation = our ,reason3 "h !re=e1 be=e & aft] h no mean+4 ,9 ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason ( ,be+1 s f> z x is valid 9 ,geometry1 !re is likewise no relation 9 ,"t1 b only a relation 9 ,space1 ( :i* we might say t all ?+s 7 co-exi/5t1 if "h ! words co-exi/5ce & succession _h any mean+4 ,9 ,ari?metic1 on ! contr>y1 ! ,reason ( ,be+ is no?+ else b precisely ! relation ( ,"t itself4 #dh4 ,reciprocity ( ,reasons4 ,hypo!tical judgm5ts may be f\nd$ ^u ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason 9 ea* ( its significations1 z inde$ e hypo!tical judgm5t is ultimately bas$ ^u t pr9ciple1 & "h ! laws ( hypo!tical conclusions always hold good3 t is to say1 x is "r to inf] ! exi/5ce ( ! consequ5ce f ! exi/5ce ( ! reason1 & ! non-exi/5ce ( ! reason f ! non-exi/5ce ( ! consequ5ce2 b x is wrong to inf] ! non-exi/5ce ( ! consequ5ce f ! non-exi/5ce ( ! reason1 & ! exi/5ce ( ! reason f ! exi/5ce ( ! consequ5ce4 ,n[ x is s+ul> t 9 ,geometry we are nev]!less ne>ly always able to inf] ! exi/5ce ( ! reason f ! exi/5ce ( ! consequ5ce1 & ! non-exi/5ce ( ! consequ5ce f ! non-exi/5ce ( ! reason4 ,?is proce$s1 z ,i h %[n 9 #cg1 f ! fact t1 z ea* l9e det]m9es ! position ( ! re/1 x is q indiff]5t :i* we beg9 at3 t is1 :i* we consid] z ! reason1 & :i* z ! consequ5ce4 ,we may easily conv9ce ourselves ( ?is by go+ ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! geometrical !orems4 ,x is only :]e we h to d n only ) figures1 i4e41 ) ! positions ( l9es1 b ) planes indep5d5tly ( figures1 t we f9d x 9 mo/ cases impossible to inf] ! exi/5ce ( ! reason f ! exi/5ce ( ! consequ5ce1 or1 9 o!r words1 to conv]t ! propositions by mak+ ! condition ! condition$4 ,! foll[+ !orem gives an in/ance ( ?is3 ,triangles ^: l5g?s & bases are equal1 include equal areas4 ,?is _c be conv]t$ z foll[s3 ,triangles ^: areas are equal1 h likewise equal bases & l5g?s2 = ! l5g?s may /& 9 inv]se proportion to ! bases4 ,9 #bj x has already be5 %[n1 t ! law ( causality does n admit ( reciprocity1 s9ce ! effect nev] c be ! cause ( its cause2 !re=e ! conception ( reciprocity is1 9 its "r s5se1 inadmissible4 ,reciprocity1 accord+ to ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason ( kn[+1 w\ld only be possible betwe5 equival5t conceptions1 s9ce ! sph]es ( ^! alone cov] ea* o!r mutually4 ,ap>t f ^!1 x only gives rise to a vici\s circle4 #di4 ,necessity4 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason 9 all its =ms is ! sole pr9ciple & ! sole support ( all necessity4 ,= necessity has no o!r true & di/9ct mean+ ?an t ( ! infallibility ( ! consequ5ce :5 ! reason is posit$4 ,accord+ly e necessity is condition$3 absolute1 i4e41 uncondition$1 necessity !re=e is a contradicto 9 adjecto4 ,= to be necess>y c nev] mean any?+ b to result f a giv5 reason4 ,by def9+ x z :at _c n be1 on ! o!r h&1 we give a m]e v]bal def9ition1 & scre5 ourselves beh9d an extremely ab/ract conception to avoid giv+ a def9ition ( ! ?+4 ,b x is n difficult to drive u f ?is refuge by inquir+ h[ ! non-exi/5ce ( any?+ c be possible or ev5 conceivable1 s9ce all exi/5ce is only giv5 empirically4 ,x !n comes out1 t x is only possible s f> z "s reason or o!r is posit$ or pres5t1 f :i* x foll[s4 ,to be necess>y & to foll[ f a giv5 reason1 are ?us conv]tible conceptions1 & may always1 z su*1 be sub/itut$ "o = ! o!r4 ,! conception ( an ,,absolutely necess>y ,be+ :i* f9ds s mu* fav\r ) pseudo-philosoph]s1 conta9s !re=e a contradiction3 x annuls by ! pr$icate absolute 7i4e41 uncondition$ by any?+ else7 ! only det]m9ation :i* makes ! necess>y conceivable4 ,"h aga9 we h an in/ance ( ! improp] use ( ab/ract conceptions to play (f a metaphysical artifice su* z ^? ,i h already po9t$ out 9 ! conceptions immat]ial sub/ance1 cause 9 g5]al1 absolute reason1 c4 c4#aei ,i c nev] insi/ too mu* ^u all ab/ract conceptions be+ *eck$ by p]ception4 #aei ,comp>e ,die ,welt a4 ,w4 u4 ,v41 vol4 i4 p4 #eea et seq4 ( ! #bnd edition 7i4 p4 #ehb et seq4 ( #crd edition7 z to immat]ial sub/ance1 & #eb ( ! pres5t "w z to reason 9 g5]al4 7,editor's note47 ,!re exi/s accord+ly a f\rfold necessity1 9 con=mity ) ! f\r =ms ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason3-- #ao4 ,logical necessity1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason ( kn[+1 9 virtue ( :i*1 :5 once we h admitt$ ! premisses1 we mu/ absolutely admit ! conclusion4 #bo4 ,physical necessity1 accord+ to ! law ( causality1 9 virtue ( :i*1 z soon z ! cause pres5ts itself1 ! effect mu/ infallibly foll[4 #co4 ,ma!matical necessity1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason ( be+1 9 virtue ( :i*1 e relation :i* is /at$ 9 a true geometrical !orem1 is z t !orem affirms x to be1 & e correct calculation rema9s irrefutable4 #do4 ,moral necessity1 9 virtue ( :i*1 e human be+1 e animal ev51 is compell$1 z soon z a motive pres5ts itself1 to d t :i* alone is 9 accordance ) ! inborn & immutable "* ( ! individual4 ,?is action n[ foll[s its cause !re=e z infallibly z e o!r effect1 ?\gh x is less easy "h to pr$ict :at t effect w be ?an 9 o!r cases1 because ( ! difficulty we h 9 fa?om+ & completely kn[+ ! individual empirical "* & its allott$ sph]e ( k1 :i* is inde$ a v diff]5t ?+ f asc]ta9+ ! *emical prop]ties ( a neutral salt & pr$ict+ its reaction4 ,i mu/ repeat ?is aga9 & aga9 on acc\nt ( ! dunces & blockheads :o1 9 defiance ( ! unanim\s au?ority ( s _m great ?9k]s1 /ill p]si/ 9 audaci\sly ma9ta9+ ! contr>y1 = ! b5efit ( _! old woman's philosophy4 ,i am n a pr(essor ( philosophy1 =soo?1 t ,i ne$ b[ to ! folly ( o!rs4 #ej4 ,s]ies ( ,reasons & ,consequ5ces4 ,accord+ to ! law ( causality1 ! condition is itself always condition$1 &1 moreov]1 condition$ 9 ! same way2 !re=e1 !re arises a s]ies 9 inf9itum a p>te ante4 ,x is j ! same ) ! ,reason ( ,be+ 9 ,space3 ea* relative space is a figure2 x has its limits1 by :i* x is connect$ ) ano!r relative space1 & :i* !mselves condition ! figure ( ?is o!r1 & s on ?r\gh\t all dim5sions 9 inf9itum4 ,b :5 we exam9e a s+le figure 9 itself1 ! s]ies ( reasons ( be+ has an end1 because we />t f a giv5 relation1 j z ! s]ies ( causes comes to an end if we /op at pleasure at any p>ticul> cause4 ,9 ,"t1 ! s]ies ( reasons ( be+ has inf9ite ext5sion bo? a p>te ante1 & a p>te po/1 s9ce ea* mom5t is condition$ by a prec$+ "o1 & necess>ily gives rise to ! foll[+4 ,"t has !re=e nei!r beg9n+ nor end4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! s]ies ( reasons ( k--t is1 a s]ies ( judgm5ts1 ea* ( :i* gives logical tru? to ! o!r--always ends some:]e1 i4e41 ei!r 9 an empirical1 a transc5d5tal1 or a metalogical tru?4 ,if ! reason ( ! major to :i* we h be5 l$ is an empirical tru?1 & we /ill cont9ue ask+ :y1 x is no long] a reason ( k t is ask$ =1 b a cause--9 o!r words1 ! s]ies ( reasons ( kn[+ passes ov] into ! s]ies ( reasons ( becom+4 ,b if we d ! contr>y1 t is1 if we all[ ! s]ies ( reasons ( becom+ to pass ov] into ! s]ies ( reasons ( kn[+1 9 ord] to br+ x to an end1 ?is is nev] br\ght ab\t by ! nature ( ! ?+1 b always by a special purpose3 x is !re=e a trick1 & ?is is ! sophism kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,ontological ,pro(4 ,= :5 a cause1 at :i* x seems desirable to /op %ort 9 ord] to make x ! fir/ cause1 has be5 rea*$ by means ( ! ,cosmological ,pro(1 we f9d out t ! law ( causality is n s easily br\ght to a /&/ill1 & /ill p]si/s 9 ask+ :y3 s x is simply set aside & ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason ( kn[+1 :i* f a di/ance resembles x1 is sub/itut$ 9 its /ead2 & ?us a reason ( k is giv5 9 ! place ( ! cause :i* _h be5 ask$ =--a reason ( k d]iv$ f ! conception itself :i* has to be demon/rat$1 ! reality ( :i* is !re=e /ill problematical3 & ?is reason1 z aft] all x is "o1 n[ has to figure z a cause4 ,( c\rse ! conception itself has be5 previ\sly arrang$ = ?is purpose1 & reality slightly cov]$ ) a few husks j = dec5cy's sake has be5 plac$ )9 x1 s z to give ! delightful surprise ( f9d+ x !re--z has be5 %[n 9 ,section #g4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if a *a9 ( judgm5ts ultimately re/s ^u a pr9ciple ( transc5d5tal or ( metalogical tru?1 & we /ill cont9ue to ask :y1 we receive no answ] at all1 because ! "q has no mean+1 i4e41 x does n "k :at k9d ( reason x is ask+ =4 ,= ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason is ! pr9ciple ( all explanation3 to expla9 a ?+ means1 to r$uce its giv5 exi/5ce or connection to "s =m or o!r ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason1 9 accordance ) :i* =m t exi/5ce or connection necess>ily is t :i* x is4 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason itself1 i4e41 ! connection express$ by x 9 any ( its =ms1 _c !re=e be fur!r expla9$2 because !re exi/s no pr9ciple by :i* to expla9 ! s\rce ( all explanation3 j z ! eye is unable to see itself1 ?\gh x sees ev]y?+ else4 ,!re are ( c\rse s]ies ( motives1 s9ce ! resolve to atta9 an end becomes ! motive = ! resolve to use a :ole s]ies ( means2 /ill ?is s]ies inv>iably ends p>te priori 9 a repres5tation belong+ to "o ( our two fir/ classes1 9 :i* lies ! motive :i* orig9ally _h ! p[] to set ?is individual w 9 motion4 ,! fact t x 0 able to d ?is1 is a datum = kn[+ ! empirical "* "h giv51 b x is impossible to answ] ! "q :y t p>ticul> motive acts ^u t p>ticul> "*2 because ! intelligible "* lies outside ,"t & nev] becomes an ,object4 ,!re=e ! s]ies ( motives1 z su*1 f9ds its t]m9ation 9 "s su* f9al motive &1 accord+ to ! nature ( its la/ l9k1 passes into ! s]ies ( causes1 or t ( reasons ( k3 t is to say1 into ! =m]1 :5 t la/ l9k is a real object2 into ! latt]1 :5 x is a m]e conception4 #ea4 ,ea* ,sci5ce has = its ,guid+ ,?read "o ( ! ,=ms ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason 9 pref]5ce to ! o!rs4 ,z ! "q :y always dem&s a suffici5t reason1 & z x is ! connection ( its notions accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason :i* di/+ui%es sci5ce f a m]e aggregate ( notions1 we h call$ t :y ! p>5t ( all sci5ce 7 #d74 ,9 ea* sci5ce1 moreov]1 we f9d "o ( ! =ms ( t pr9ciple pr$om9at+ ov] ! o!rs z its guid+-?read4 ,?us 9 pure ,ma!matics ! reason ( be+ is ! *ief guid+-?read 7al?\gh ! exposition ( ! pro(s proce$s accord+ to ! reason ( kn[+ only72 9 appli$ ,ma!matics ! law ( causality appe>s toge!r ) x1 b 9 ,physics1 ,*emi/ry1 ,geology1 c41 t law entirely pr$om9ates4 ,! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason 9 kn[+ f9ds vigor\s application ?r\gh\t all ! sci5ces1 = 9 all ( !m ! p>ticul> is kn[n ?r\gh ! g5]al2 b 9 ,botany1 ,zoology1 ,m9]alogy1 & o!r classify+ sci5ces1 x is ! *ief guide & pr$om9ates absolutely4 ,! law ( motives 7motivation7 is ! *ief guide 9 ,hi/ory1 ,politics1 ,pragmatic ,psy*ology1 c4 c41 :5 we consid] all motives & maxims1 :atev] !y may be1 z data = expla9+ actions--b :5 we make ^? motives & maxims ! object-matt] ( inve/igation f ! po9t ( view ( _! value & orig91 ! law ( motives becomes ! guide to ,e?ics4 ,9 my *ief "w w be f\nd ! highe/ classification ( ! sci5ces accord+ to ?is pr9ciple4#afj #afj ,die ,welt a4 ,w4 u4 ,v41 vol4 ii4 *4 #ab1 p4 #abf ( ! #bnd edition 7p4 #aci ( ! #crd edition74 #eb4 ,two pr9cipal ,results4 ,i h endeav\r$ 9 ?is treatise to %[ t ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason is a common expression = f\r completely diff]5t relations1 ea* ( :i* is f\nd$ ^u a p>ticul> law giv5 priori 7! pr9ciple ( suffici5t reason be+ a syn!tical priori pr9ciple74 ,n[1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( homog5eity1 we are compell$ to assume t ^! f\r laws1 discov]$ accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( specification1 z !y agree 9 be+ express$ by "o & ! same t]m1 mu/ necess>ily spr+ f "o & ! same orig9al quality ( our :ole cognitive faculty z _! common root1 :i* we %\ld accord+ly h to look ^u z ! inn]mo/ g]m ( all dep5d5ce1 relativ5ess1 in/ability & limitation ( ! objects ( our consci\sness--itself limit$ to ,s5sibility1 ,und]/&+1 ,reason1 ,subject & ,object--or ( t _w1 :i* ! div9e ,plato repeat$ly degrades to ! 1 7ev] aris+ & p]i%+1 b 9 fact nev] exi/+71 ! k ( :i* is m]ely a ' 1 & :i* ,*ri/5dom1 ) a correct in/9ct1 calls temporal1 aft] t =m ( our pr9ciple 7,"t7 :i* ,i h def9$ z its simple/ s*ema & ! prototype ( all limitation4 ,! g5]al mean+ ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason may1 9 ! ma91 be br\ght back to ?is3 t e ?+ exi/+ no matt] :5 or :]e1 exi/s by reason ( some?+ else4 ,n[1 ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason is nev]!less priori 9 all its =ms3 t is1 x has its root 9 our intellect1 !re=e x mu/ n be appli$ to ! totality ( exi/5t ?+s1 ! ,univ]se1 includ+ t intellect 9 :i* x pres5ts itself4 ,= a _w l ?is1 :i* pres5ts itself 9 virtue ( priori =ms1 is j on t acc\nt m]e ph5om5on2 consequ5tly t :i* holds good ) ref]5ce to x z ! result ( ^! =ms1 _c be appli$ to ! _w itself1 i4e4 to ! ?+ 9 itself1 repres5t+ itself 9 t _w4 ,!re=e we _c say1 ! _w & all ?+s 9 x exi/ by reason ( some?+ else2 & ?is proposition is precisely ! ,cosmological ,pro(4 ,if1 by ! pres5t treatise1 ,i h succe$$ 9 d$uc+ ! result j express$1 x seems to me t e speculative philosoph] :o f\nds a conclusion ^u ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason or inde$ talks ( a reason at all1 is b\nd to specify :i* k9d ( reason he means4 ,"o might suppose t :]ev] !re 0 any "q ( a reason1 ?is w\ld be done z a matt] ( c\rse1 & t all confusion w\ld ?us be impossible4 ,only too (t51 h[ev]1 d we /ill f9d ei!r ! t]ms reason & cause conf\nd$ 9 indiscrim9ate use2 or d we he> basis & :at is bas$1 condition & :at is condition$1 pr9cipia & pr9cipiata talk$ ab\t 9 q a g5]al way )\t any ne>] det]m9ation1 p]haps because !re is a secret consci\sness t ^! conceptions are be+ us$ 9 an unau?oriz$ way4 ,?us ev5 ,kant speaks ( ! ?+ 9 itself z ! reason#afa ( ! ph5om5on1 & also ( a gr\nd ( ! possibility ( all ph5om5a1#afb ( an intelligible cause ( ph5om5a1 ( an unkn[n gr\nd ( ! possibility ( ! s5su\s s]ies 9 g5]al1 ( a transc5d5tal object#afc z ! gr\nd ( all ph5om5a & ( ! reason :y our s5sibility %\ld h ?is r ?an all o!r supreme conditions1 & s on 9 sev]al places4 ,n[ all ?is does n seem to me to tally ) ^? weighty1 pr(\nd1 nay immortal words ( 81#afd ! cont+5cy#afe ( ?+s is itself m]e ph5om5on1 & c lead to no o!r ?an ! empirical regressus :i* det]m9es ph5om5a4 #afa ,or gr\nd4 #afb ,kant1 ,krit4 d4 r4 ,v]n41 #a/ edition1 pp4 #efa1 #efb1 #efd2 p4 #eij ( ! #e? edition4 7,pp4 #dhc to #dhf ( ! ,engli% translation by ,m4 ,mll]47 #afc ,ibid4 p4 #edj ( #a/ edition1 & #fda ( #e? edition4 7,p4 #dff ( ,engli% translation47 #afd ,ibid4 p4 #efc ( ! #a/ & #eia ( ! #e? edition4 7,p4 #dhe ( ,engli% translation47 #afe ,empirical cont+5cy is meant1 :i*1 ) ,kant1 signifies z mu* z dep5d5ce ^u o!r ?+s4 ,z to ?is1 ,i ref] my read]s to my c5sure 9 my ,critique ( ,kantian ,philosophy1 p4 #ebd ( ! #bnd1 & p4 #eeb ( ! #crd edition4 ,t s9ce ,kant ! conceptions reason & consequ5ce1 pr9cipium & pr9cipiatum1 c4 c41 h be5 & /ill are us$ 9 a yet m indef9ite & ev5 q transc5d5t s5se1 ev]yone mu/ "k :o is acqua9t$ ) ! m rec5t works on philosophy4 ,! foll[+ is my objection aga9/ ?is promiscu\s employm5t ( ! ^w gr\nd 7reason7 &1 ) x1 ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason 9 g5]al2 x is likewise ! second result1 intimately connect$ ) ! fir/1 :i* ! pres5t treatise gives conc]n+ its subject-matt] prop]4 ,! f\r laws ( our cognitive faculty1 ( :i* ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason is ! common expression1 by _! common "* z well z by ! fact t all ,objects = ! ,subject are divid$ among/ !m1 proclaim !mselves to be posit$ by "o & ! same prim>y quality & inn] peculi>ity ( our kn[+ faculty1 :i* faculty manife/s itself z ,s5sibility1 ,und]/&+1 & ,reason4 ,!re=e1 ev5 if we imag9$ x to be possible = a new ,fif? ,class ( ,objects to come ab\t1 we %\ld 9 t case likewise h to assume t ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason w\ld appe> 9 ?is class also "u a diff]5t =m4 ,not)/&+ all ?is1 we /ill h no "r to talk ( an absolute reason 7gr\nd71 nor does a reason 9 g5]al1 any m ?an a triangle 9 g5]al1 exi/ o!rwise ?an z a conception d]iv$ by means ( discursive reflection1 nor is ?is conception1 z a repres5tation drawn f o!r repres5tations1 any?+ m ?an a means ( ?9k+ sev]al ?+s 9 "o4 ,n[1 j z e triangle mu/ be ei!r acute-angl$1 "r-angl$1 or obtuse-angl$1 & ei!r equilat]al1 isosceles or scal5e1 s also mu/ e reason belong to "o or o!r ( ! f\r possible k9ds ( reasons ,i h po9t$ out4 ,moreov]1 s9ce we h only f\r well-di/+ui%$ ,classes ( ,objects1 e reason mu/ also belong to "o or o!r ( ^! f\r1 & no fur!r ,class be+ possible1 ,reason itself is =c$ to rank x )9 !m2 = z soon z we employ a reason1 we presuppose ! ,f\r ,classes z well z ! faculty ( repres5t+ 7i4e4 ! :ole _w71 & mu/ hold ourselves )9 ^! b\nds1 nev] transc5d+ !m4 ,%\ld o!rs1 h[ev]1 see ?is 9 a diff]5t light & op9e t a reason 9 g5]al is any?+ b a conception1 d]iv$ f ! f\r k9ds ( reasons1 :i* expresses :at !y all h 9 common1 we might revive ! controv]sy ( ! ,reali/s & ,nom9ali/s1 & !n ,i %\ld side ) ! latt]4 ,,on ,,! ,,w ,,9 ,,nature4 ,,an ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,! ,,corroborations ,,receiv$ ,,by ,,! ,,au?or',s ,,philosophy ,,s9ce ,,its ,,fir/ ,,appe>ance ,,f ,,! ,,empirical ,,sci5ces4 ,,by ,,ar?ur ,,s*op5hau]4 ,translat$ f ! ,f\r? ,edition publi%$ by ,,julius ,,frau5/,,dt4 ' 1 ' ' 4 ,,s*4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition4 ,to my great joy ,i h liv$ to revise ev5 ?is little "w1 aft] a lapse ( n9ete5 ye>s1 & t joy is enhanc$ by ! special importance ( ?is treatise = my philosophy4 ,=1 />t+ f ! purely empirical1 f ! obs]vations ( unbiass$ physical inve/igators--!mselves foll[+ ! clue ( _! own special sci5ces--,i "h imm$iately arrive at ! v k]nel ( my ,metaphysic2 ,i e/abli% its po9ts ( contact ) ! physical sci5ces & ?us corroborate my fundam5tal dogma1 9 a s5se1 z ! ari?metician proves a sum3 = by ?is ,i n only confirm x m closely & specially1 b ev5 make x m cle>ly1 easily1 & rightly und]/ood ?an any:]e else4 ,! improvem5ts 9 ?is new edition are conf9$ almo/ entirely to ! ,additions2 = sc>cely any?+ t is wor? m5tion+ 9 ! ,fir/ ,edition has be5 left out1 :ile ,i h ins]t$ _m &1 9 "s cases1 important new passages4 ,b1 ev5 9 a g5]al s5se1 x may be look$ ^u z a good sign1 t a new edition ( ! pres5t treatise %\ld h be5 f\nd necess>y2 s9ce x %[s t !re is an int]e/ 9 s]i\s philosophy & confirms ! fact t ! necessity = real progress 9 ?is direction is n[ m /rongly felt ?an ev]4 ,?is is bas$ ^u two circum/ances4 ,! fir/ is ! unp>allel$ zeal & activity display$ 9 e bran* ( ,natural ,sci5ce :i*1 z ?is pursuit is mo/ly 9 ! h&s ( p :o h le>n$ no?+ else1 ?reat5s to lead to a gross1 /upid ,mat]ialism1 ! m imm$iately (f5sive side ( :i* is less ! moral be/iality ( its ultimate results1 ?an ! incr$ible absurdity ( its fir/ pr9ciples2 = by x ev5 vital =ce is d5i$1 & organic ,nature is degrad$ to a m]e *ance play ( *emical =ces4#aff ,^! knights ( ! crucible & retort %\ld be made to und]/&1 t ! m]e /udy ( ,*emi/ry qualifies a man to become an apo!c>y1 b n a philosoph]4 ,c]ta9 o!r l-m9d$ inve/igators ( ,nature1 too1 mu/ be taught1 t a man may be an accompli%$ zoologi/ & h ! sixty species ( monkeys at 8 f+]s' ends1 yet on ! :ole be an ignoramus to be class$ ) ! vulg>1 if he has le>nt no?+ else1 save p]haps 8 s*ool-cate*ism4 ,b 9 our "t ?is frequ5tly happ5s4 ,m5 set !mselves up = enlight5]s ( mank9d1 :o h /udi$ ,*emi/ry1 or ,physics1 or ,m9]alogy & no?+ else "u ! sun2 to ?is !y add _! only k ( any o!r k9d1 t is to say1 ! little !y may rememb] ( ! doctr9es ( ! s*ool-cate*ism1 & :5 !y f9d t ^! two elem5ts w n h>monize1 !y /raightway turn sc(f]s at religion & soon become %all[ & absurd mat]iali/s4#afg ,!y may p]haps h he>d at college ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,plato & an ,ari/otle1 ( a ,locke1 & especially ( a ,kant2 b z ^! folk nev] h&l$ crucibles & retorts or ev5 /uff$ a monkey1 !y d n e/eem !m wor?y ( fur!r acqua9tance4 ,!y pref] calmly to toss out ( ! w9d[ ! intellectual lab\r ( two ?\s& ye>s & treat ! public to a philosophy concoct$ out ( _! own ri* m5tal res\rces1 on ! basis ( ! cate*ism on ! "o h&1 & on t ( crucibles & retorts or ! catalogue ( monkeys on ! o!r4 ,!y ought to be told 9 pla9 language t !y are ignoramuses1 :o h mu* to le>n be=e !y c be all[$ to h any voice 9 ! matt]4 ,ev]yone1 9 fact1 :o dogmatizes at r&om1 ) ! nave realism ( a *ild on su* argum5ts z ,god1 ! s\l1 ! _w's orig91 atoms1 c4 c4 c41 z if ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason _h be5 writt5 9 ! moon & no copy _h f\nd its way to our planet--is simply "o ( ! vulg>4 ,s5d him into ! s]vants' hall1 :]e 8 wisdom w be/ f9d a m>ket4#afh #aff ,& ?is infatuation has rea*$ su* a po9t1 t p s]i\sly imag9e !mselves to h f\nd ! key to ! my/]y ( ! ess5ce & exi/5ce ( ?is wond]ful & my/]i\s _w 9 wret*$ *emical aff9ities6 ,comp>$ ) ?is illusion ( our physiological *emi/s1 t ( ! al*ymi/s :o s\ght aft] ! philosoph]'s /one1 & only hop$ to f9d out ! secret ( mak+ gold1 0 inde$ a m]e trifle4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 #afg ,aut cate*ismus1 aut mat]ialismus1 is _! wat*word4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 #afh ,!re too he w meet ) p :o fl+ ab\t words ( =eign orig91 :i* !y h caught up )\t und]/&+ !m1 j z readily z he does himself1 :5 he talks ab\t ,idealism )\t kn[+ :at x means1 mo/ly !re=e us+ ! ^w in/ead ( ,spiritualism 7:i* be+ ,realism1 is ! opposite to ,idealism74 ,hundr$s ( examples ( ?is k9d besides o!r quid pro quos are to be f\nd 9 books1 & critical p]iodicals4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 ,! o!r circum/ance :i* calls = a real progress 9 philosophy1 is ! /eady gr[? ( unbelief 9 ! face ( all ! hypocritical dissembl+ & ! outw>d con=mity to ! ,*ur*4 ,?is unbelief necess>ily & unavoidably goes h& 9 h& ) ! gr[+ expansion ( empirical & hi/orical k4 ,x ?reat5s to de/roy n only ! =m1 b ev5 ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity 7a _s :i* has a mu* wid] rea* ?an ,*ri/ianity itself71 & to deliv] up mank9d to moral mat]ialism--a ?+ ev5 m dang]\s ?an ! *emical mat]ialism already m5tion$4 ,& no?+ plays m into ! h&s ( ?is unbelief1 ?an ! ,t>tuffianism de rigueur impud5tly flaunt+ itself ev]y:]e j n[1 ^: clumsy disciples1 fee 9 h&1 hold =? ) su* unction & emphasis1 t _! voices p5etrate ev5 into le>n$1 critical reviews issu$ by ,academies & ,univ]sities1 & into physiological z well z philosophical books1 :]e h[ev]1 be+ q 9 _! wrong place1 !y only damage _! own cause by r\s+ indignation4#afi ,"u su* circum/ances z ^!1 x is gratify+ to see ! public betray an int]e/ 9 philosophy4 #afi ,!y ought ev]y:]e to be %[n t _! belief is n believ$ 94 ,add4 to #crd ed4 ,i h nev]!less "o sad piece ( news to communicate to our pr(essors ( philosophy4 ,_! ,casp> ,haus] 7accord+ to ,dorgu?7 :om !y _h s c>efully secret$1 s securely wall$ up = ne>ly =ty ye>s1 t no s\nd c\ld betray 8 exi/5ce to ! _w--_! ,casp> ,haus]--,i say1 has escap$6 ,he has escap$ & is runn+ ab\t 9 ! _w2--"s ev5 say he is a pr9ce4 ,9 pla9 language1 ! mis=tune !y fe>$ m ?an any?+ has come to pass aft] all4 ,9 spite ( _! hav+ done _! be/ to prev5t x = m ?an a g5]ation by act+ ) unit$ =ce1 ) r>e con/ancy1 secret+ & ignor+ to a degree t is )\t example1 my books are beg9n+ & h5ce=? w cont9ue to be read4 ,legor et leg>3 !re is no help = x4 ,?is is really dreadful & mo/ inopportune2 nay1 x is a positive fatality1 n to say calamity4 ,is ?is ! recomp5se = all _! fai?ful1 snug secrecy2 = hav+ held s firmly & unit$ly toge!r8 ,poor "t-s]v]s6 ,:at becomes ( ,horace's assurance3-- ,e/ et fideli tuta sil5tio ,m]ces1----8 ,= v]ily !y h n be5 defici5t 9 fai?ful retic5ce2 r d !y excel 9 ?is quality :]ev] !y sc5t m]it4 ,&1 aft] all1 x is no d\bt ! clev]e/ artifice2 = :at no "o kn[s1 is z ?\gh x did n exi/4 ,:e!r ! m]ces w rema9 q s tuta1 seems r d\btful--unless we are to take m]ces 9 a bad s5se2 & = ?is ! support ( _m a classical au?ority might c]ta9ly be f\nd4 ,^! g5tlem5 _h se5 q rightly t ! only means to be us$ aga9/ my writ+s1 0 to secrete !m f ! public by ma9ta9+ pr(\nd sil5ce conc]n+ !m1 :ile !y kept up a l\d noise at ! bir? ( e mis%ap5 (fspr+ ( pr(essorial philosophy2 z ! voice ( ! new-born ,zeus 0 dr[n$ 9 days ( yore by ! cla%+ ( ! cymbals ( ! ,corybantes4 ,b ?is exp$i5t is n[ us$ up2 ! secret is out--! public has discov]$ me4 ,! rage ( our pr(essors ( philosophy at ?is is great1 b p[]less2 = _! only effective res\rce1 s long successfully employ$1 be+ exhau/$1 no sn>l+ c avail any long] aga9/ my influ5ce1 & 9 va9 d !y n[ take ?is1 or t1 or ! o!r attitude4 ,!y h c]ta9ly succe$$1 s f> z ! g5]ation :i* 0 prop]ly speak+ contemporane\s ) my philosophy1 w5t to ! grave 9 ignorance ( x4 ,b ?is 0 a m]e po/ponem5t1 & ,"t has kept its ^w1 z x always does4 ,n[ !re are two reasons :y ^! g5tlem5 9 ! philosophical trade--z !y call !mselves ) incr$ible navet--hate my philosophy4 ,! fir/ ( !m is1 t my writ+s spoil ! ta/e ( ! public = tissues ( empty phrases1 = accumulations ( unmean+ words pil$ "o ^u ano!r1 = holl[1 sup]ficial1 bra9-rack+ twaddle1 = ,*ri/ian dogmatics "u ! disguise ( ! mo/ we>isome ,metaphysics1 = sy/ematiz$ ,phili/9ism ( ! flatte/ k9d made to repres5t ,e?ics & ev5 accompani$ by in/ructions = c>d-play+ & danc+--9 %ort1 !y unfit my read]s = ! :ole me?od ( philosophis+ la vieille femme1 :i* has sc>$ s _m = ev] f ! pursuit ( philosophy4 ,! second reason is1 t our g5tlem5 9 ! trade are absolutely b\nd 9 consci5ce n to let my philosophy pass & are !re=e deb>r$ f us+ x = ! b5efit ( ! trade2--& ?is !y ev5 he>tily regret2 = my abundance might h be5 admirably turn$ to acc\nt = ! b5efit ( _! own ne$y pov]ty4 ,b ev5 if x conta9$ ! greate/ ho>ds ( human wisdom ev] une>!d1 my doctr9e c\ld nev] f9d fav\r ) !m ei!r n[ or 9 ! future2 = x is absolutely want+ 9 all ,speculative ,!ology & ,rational ,psy*ology1 & ^!1 j ^!1 are ! v brea? ( life to ^! g5tlem51 ! s9e qua non ( _! exi/5ce4 ,= !y are anxi\s be=e all ?+s 9 heav5 & on e>?1 to hold _! (ficial appo9tm5ts1 & ^! appo9tm5ts dem& be=e all ?+s 9 heav5 & on e>? a ,speculative ,!ology & a ,rational ,psy*ology3 extra hc non datur salus4 ,!ology !re mu/ & %all be1 no matt] :5ce x come2 ,moses & ! ,prophets mu/ be made out to be 9 ! "r3 ?is is ! highe/ pr9ciple 9 philosophy2 & !re mu/ be ,rational ,psy*ology to boot1 z is prop]4 ,n[ !re is no?+ ( ! sort to be f\nd ei!r 9 ,kant's philosophy or 9 m9e4 ,=1 z we all "k1 ! mo/ cog5t !ological argum5tation %iv]s to atoms l a glass ?r[n at a wall1 :5 x is br\ght into contact ) ,kant's ,critique ( all ,speculative ,!ology1 & "u 8 h&s n a %r$ rema9s entire ( ! :ole tissue ( ,rational ,psy*ology6 ,z to myself1 be+ ! bold cont9u] ( ,kant's philosophy1 ,i h entirely done away ) all ,speculative ,!ology & all ,rational ,psy*ology1 z is only consi/5t & hone/4#agj ,on ! o!r h&1 ! task incumb5t ^u ,univ]sity ,philosophy is at bottom ?is3 to set =? ! *ief fundam5tal tru?s belong+ to ! ,cate*ism "u ! veil ( "s v ab/ract1 ab/ruse & difficult1 !re=e pa9fully we>isome =mulas & s5t5ces2 :]e=e1 h[ev] confus$1 intricate1 /range & ecc5tric ! matt] may seem at fir/ sight1 ^! tru?s inv>iably reveal !mselves z its k]nel4 ,?is proce$+ may be useful1 ?\gh to me x is unkn[n4 ,all ,i "k is1 t philosophy1 i4e4 ! se>* aft] tru?--,i mean ! tru? ' 1 by :i* ! mo/ sublime & important disclosures1 m preci\s ?an any?+ else to ! human race1 are und]/ood--w nev] advance a /ep1 nay1 an in*1 by means ( su* manuvr+1 by :i* its c\rse is on ! contr>y imp$$2 !re=e ,i f\nd out long ago t ,univ]sity philosophy is ! enemy ( all g5u9e philosophy4 ,n[1 ?is be+ ! /ate ( ! case1 :5 a really hone/ philosophy arises1 :i* s]i\sly has tru? = its sole aim1 mu/ n ^! g5tlem5 ( ! philosophical trade feel z might /age-knights 9 pa/e-bo>d arm\r1 7 a knight sudd5ly to appe> 9 ! mid/ ( !m clad 9 real arm\r1 :o made ! /age-floor creak "u 8 pond]\s tread8 ,su* philosophy z ?is mu/ !re=e be bad & false & consequ5tly places ^! g5tlem5 ( ! trade "u ! pa9ful obligation ( play+ ! "p ( him :o1 9 ord] to appe> :at he is n1 _c all[ o!rs to pass = :at !y really are4 ,out ( all ?is h[ev] !re unrolls itself ! amus+ spectacle we enjoy1 :5 ^! g5tlem51 n[ t ignor+ has un=tunately come to an end1 aft] =ty ye>s1 at la/ beg9 to measure me by _! own puny /&>d & pass judgm5t ^u me f ! heights ( _! wisdom1 z ?\gh !y 7 amply qualifi$ to d s by _! (fice2 b !y are mo/ amus+ ( all :5 !y assume airs ( sup]iority t[>ds me4 #agj ,= revelation goes = no?+ 9 philosophy2 !re=e a philosoph] mu/ be=e all ?+s be an unbeliev]4 ,add4 to #crd ed44 ,_! abhorr5ce ( ,kant1 ?\gh less op5ly express$1 is sc>cely less great ?an _! hatr$ ( me2 precisely because all speculative ,!ology & all ,rational ,psy*ology--! bread-w9n]s ( ^! g5tlem5--h be5 und]m9$1 n to say irrevocably ru9$1 by him 9 ! eyes ( all s]i\s ?9k]s4 ,:at6 ,n hate him8 him1 :o has made _! trade 9 philosophy s difficult to !m1 t !y h>dly see h[ to pull ?r\gh hon\rably6 ,s ,kant & ,i are accord+ly bo? bad1 & ^! g5tlem5 q ov]look u4 ,= ne>ly =ty ye>s !y h n deign$ to ca/ a glance ^u me1 & n[ !y look d[n condesc5d+ly ^u ,kant f ! heights ( _! wisdom1 smil+ 9 pity at 8 errors4 ,?is policy is bo? v wise & v pr(itable2 s9ce !y are ?us able to hold =? at _! ease volume aft] volume ^u ,god & ! s\l1 z if ^! 7 p]sonalities ) :om !y 7 intimately acqua9t$1 & to disc\rse ^u ! relation 9 :i* ! =m] /&s to ! _w & ! latt] to ! body1 j z if !re _h nev] be5 su* a ?+ z a ,critique ( ,pure ,reason4 ,:5 once ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason is done away )1 all w g on spl5didly6 ,n[ x is = ?is end t !y h be5 endeav\r+ = _m ye>s quietly & gradually to set ,kant aside1 to make him obsolete1 nay1 to turn up _! noses at him1 & "o be+ enc\rag$ by ! o!r 9 ?is1 !y are becom+ bold] e day4#aga ,!y h no opposition to fe> f _! own colleagues1 s9ce !y all h ! same aims & ! same mission & all toge!r =m a num]\s cot]ie1 ! brilliant memb]s ( :i*1 coram populo1 b[ & scrape to ea* o!r on all sides4 ,?us by degrees ?+s h come to su* a po9t1 t ! wret*$e/ compil]s ( manuals h ! presumption to treat ,kant's gr&1 immortal discov]ies z antiquat$ errors1 nay1 calmly to set !m aside ) ! mo/ ludicr\s arrogance & mo/ impud5t dicta ( _! own1 :i* !y nev]!less lay d[n "u ! disguise ( argum5tation1 because !y "k !y may c\nt ^u a cr$ul\s public1 to :om ,kant's writ+s are n kn[n4#agb ,& ?is is :at happ5s to ,kant on ! "p ( writ]s1 ^: total incapacity /rikes u 9 e page1 n to say e l9e1 we read ( _! unmean+1 /upefy+ v]biage6 ,7 ?is to g on mu* long]1 ,kant w\ld pres5t ! spectacle ( ! dead lion be+ kick$ by ! donkey4 ,ev5 9 ,france !re is no lack ( fell[-work]s inspir$ by a simil> or?odoxy1 :o are lab\r+ t[>ds ! same end4 ,a c]ta9 ,m4 ,b>?lemy de ,/4 ,hilaire1 = in/ance1 9 a lecture deliv]$ 9 ! ,acadmie des ,sci5ces ,morales 9 ,april1 #ahej1 has presum$ to criticize ,kant ) an air ( condesc5sion & to use mo/ improp] language 9 speak+ ( him2 luckily h[ev] 9 su* a way1 t no "o c\ld fail to see ! und]ly+ purpose4#agc #aga ,"o always says ! o!r is "r1 s t ! public 9 its simplicity at la/ imag9es !m really to be "r4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 #agb ,"h x is especially ,ern/ ,re9hold's ,sy/em ( ,metaphysics 7#crd edition1 #ahed7 t ,i h 9 my eye4 ,9 my ,p>]ga ,i h expla9$ h[ x comes1 t bra9-p]v]t+ books l ?is g ?r\gh sev]al editions4 ,see ,p>]ga1 vol4 i4 p4 #aga 7#bnd edition1 vol4 i4 p4 #aid74 #agc ,nev]!less1 by ,zeus1 all su* g5tlem51 9 ,france z well z ,g]many1 %\ld be taught t ,philosophy has a diff]5t mission f t ( play+ into ! h&s ( ! cl]gy4 ,we mu/ let !m cle>ly see be=e all ?+s t we h no fai? 9 _! fai?--f ?is foll[s :at we ?9k ( !m4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 ,n[ o!rs among our ,g]man trad]s 9 philosophy aga9 try to get rid ( ! obnoxi\s ,kant 9 a diff]5t way3 in/ead ( attack+ 8 philosophy po9t-blank1 !y r seek to und]m9e ! f\ndations on :i* x is built4 ,^! p h[ev] are s utt]ly =sak5 by all ! gods & by all p[] ( judgm5t1 t !y attack priori tru?s3 t is to say1 tru?s z old z ! human und]/&+1 nay1 :i* con/itute t und]/&+ itself1 & :i* x is !re=e impossible to contradict )\t decl>+ w> aga9/ t und]/&+ also4 ,s great h[ev] is ! c\rage ( ^! g5tlem54 ,i am sorry to say ,i "k ( ?ree1#agd & ,i am afraid !re are a good _m m at "w at ?is und]m9+ process1 :o h ! incr$ible presumption to ma9ta9 ! po/]iori orig9 ( ,space z a consequ5ce1 a m]e relation1 ( ! objects )9 x2 = !y ass]t t ,space & ,"t are ( empirical orig9 & atta*$ to ^? bodies1 s t accord+ to !m ,space fir/ arises ?r\gh our p]ception ( ! juxtaposition ( bodies & ,"t likewise ?r\gh our p]ception ( ! succession ( *anges 7sancta simplicitas6 z if ! words collat]al & successive w\ld h any s5se = u )\t ! antec$5t intuitions ( ,space & ( ,"t to give !m a mean+72 consequ5tly1 t if !re 7 no bodies1 !re w\ld be no ,space1 !re=e if !y disappe>$ ,space also mu/ lapse1 & t if all *anges 7 to /op1 ,"t also w\ld /op4#age #agd 7a7 ,ros5kranz1 ,me9e ,re=m d] ,hegels*5 ,philosophie1 #aheb1 especially p4 #da1 9 a pomp\s1 dictatorial tone3 ,i h explicitly said1 t ,space & ,"t w\ld n exi/ if ,matt] did n exi/4 !r spread out )9 itself fir/ con/itutes real ,space1 & ! movem5t ( ?is !r & consequ5t real g5esis ( ev]y?+ individual & sep>ate1 con/itutes real ,"t4 7b7 ,l4 ,noack1 ,die ,!ologie als ,religionsphilosophie1 #ahec1 pp4 #h1 #i4 7c7 ,v4 ,reu*l9-,meldegg1 ,two reviews ( ,o]/$'s ,gei/ 9 d] ,natur 9 ! ,heidelb]g ,annals1 ,nov4-,dec41 #ahej1 & ,may-,june1 #ahed4 #age ,"t is ! condition ( ! possibility ( succession1 :i* c\ld nei!r take place1 nor be und]/ood by u & express$ 9 words1 )\t ,"t4 ,& ,space is likewise ! condition ( ! possibility ( juxtaposition1 & ,transc5d5tal /hetic is ! pro( t ^! conditions h _! seat 9 ! con/itution ( our head4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 ,& su* /uff z ?is is gravely taught fifty ye>s aft] ,kant's dea?6 ,! aim ( x is1 z we "k1 to und]m9e ,kantian philosophy1 & c]ta9ly if ^! propositions 7 true1 "o /roke w\ld suffice to ov]?r[ x4 ,=tunately h[ev] ^! ass]tions are ( a k9d :i* is met by d]ision r ?an by s]i\s refutation4 ,=1 9 !m1 ! "q is "o ( h]esy1 n s mu* aga9/ ,kantian philosophy1 z aga9/ common s5se2 & !y are n s mu* an attack ^u any p>ticul> philosophical dogma1 z ^u an priori tru? :i*1 z su*1 con/itutes human und]/&+ itself1 & !re=e mu/ be in/antane\sly evid5t to e "o :o is 9 8 s5ses1 j z mu* z t #b #b #d4 ,fet* me a peasant f ! pl\gh2 make ! "q intelligible to him2 & he w tell y1 t ev5 if all ?+s 9 ,heav5 & on ,e>? 7 to vani%1 ,space w\ld nev]!less rema91 & t if all *anges 9 ,heav5 & on ,e>? 7 to cease1 ,"t w\ld nev]!less fl[ on4 ,comp>$ ) ,g]man pseudo-philosoph]s l ^!1 h[ e/imable does a man l ! ,fr5* physici/ ,p\illet appe>1 :o1 ?\gh he nev] tr\bles 8 head ab\t ,metaphysics1 is c>eful to incorporate two long p>agraphs1 "o on l',espace1 ! o!r on le ,temps1 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( 8 well-kn[n ,manual1 on :i* public in/ruction 9 ,france is bas$1 :]e he %[s t if all ,matt] 7 annihilat$1 ,space w\ld /ill rema91 & t ,space is inf9ite2 & t if all *anges ceas$1 ,"t w\ld /ill pursue its c\rse )\t end4 ,n[ "h he does n appeal1 z 9 all o!r cases1 to exp]i5ce1 because 9 ?is case exp]i5ce is n possible2 yet he speaks ) apodeictic c]ta9ty4 ,=1 z a physici/1 pr(ess+ a sci5ce :i* is absolutely imman5t--i4e4 limit$ to ! reality t is empirically giv5--x nev] comes into 8 head to inquire :5ce he kn[s all ?is4 ,x did come into ,kant's head1 & x 0 ?is v problem1 clo!d by him 9 ! sev]e =m ( an inquiry z to ! possibility ( syn!tical priori judgm5ts1 t became ! />t+-po9t & ! corn]-/one ( 8 immortal discov]ies1 or 9 o!r words1 ( ,transc5d5tal ,philosophy :i*1 precisely by answ]+ ?is "q & o!rs relat$ to x1 %[s :at is ! nature ( t empirical reality itself4#agf #agf ,9 ! ,s*olium to ! eigh? ( ! def9itions he has plac$ at ! top ( 8 ,pr9cipia1 ,newton q rightly di/+ui%es absolute1 t is1 empty1 f relative1 or fill$ ,"t1 & likewise absolute f relative ,space4 ,he says1 p4 #aa3 ,tempus1 spatium1 locum1 motum1 ut omnibus notissima1 non def9io4 ,not&um tam5 quod ,,vulgus 7t is1 pr(essors l ^? ,i h be5 m5tion+7 quantitates hasce non alit] quam ex relatione ad s5sibilia concipiat4 ,et inde oriuntur prjudicia qudam1 quibus toll5dis conv5it easdem 9 absolutas et relativas1 v]as et app>5tes1 ma!maticas et vulg>es di/+ui4 ,& aga9 7p4 #ab73 ,i4 ,tempus absolutum1 v]um et ma!maticum1 9 se et natura sua s9e relatione ad ext]num quodvis1 quabilit] fluit1 alioque nom9e dicitur ,duratio3 relativum1 app>5s et vulg>e e/ s5sibilis et ext]na quvis ,durationis p] motum m5sura 7seu accurata seu 9quabilis7 qu vulgus vice v]i temporis utitur2 ut ,hora1 ,dies1 ,m5sis1 ,annus4 ,,ii4 ,spatiam absolutum1 natura sua s9e relatione ad ext]num quodvis1 semp] manet simil>e et immobile3 relativum e/ spatii hujus m5sura seu dim5sio qulibet mobilis1 qu a s5sibus no/ris p] situm suum ad corpora def9itur1 et a vulgo pro spatio immobili usurpatur3 uti dim5sio spatii subt]ranei1 rei vel coele/is def9ita p] situm suum ad t]ram4 ,b ev5 ,newton nev] dreamt ( ask+ h[ we "k ^! two inf9ite entities1 ,space & ,"t2 s9ce1 z he "h impresses on u1 !y d n fall )9 ! range ( ! s5ses2 & h[ we "k !m moreov] s intimately1 t we are able to indicate _! :ole nature & rule d[n to ! m9ute/ detail4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 ,& sev5ty ye>s aft] ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason _h appe>$ & fill$ ! _w ) its fame1 ^! g5tlem5 d>e to s]ve up su* gross absurdities1 :i* 7 done away ) long ago1 & to return to =m] b>b>ism4 ,if ,kant 7 to come back & see all ?is mis*ief1 he w\ld feel l ,moses on return+ f ,m\nt ,s9ai1 :5 he f\nd 8 p wor%ipp+ ! gold5 calf1 & da%$ ! ,tables to pieces 9 8 ang]4 ,b if ,kant 7 to take ?+s z tragically z ,moses1 ,i %\ld console him ) ! words ( ,jesus ,sira*3#agg ,he t telle? a tale to a fool speake? to "o 9 a slumb]2 :5 he ha? told 8 tale1 he w say1 ',:at is ! matt]8' ,= t diamond 9 ,kant's cr[n1 ,transc5d5tal /hetic1 nev] has exi/$ = ^! g5tlem5--x is tacitly set aside1 z non-av5ue4 ,i wond] :at !y ?9k ,nature means by produc+ ! r>e/ ( all h] works1 a great m9d1 "o among s _m hundr$s ( millions1 if ! wor%ipful company ( numskulls are to be able at _! pleasure & by _! m]e c\nt]-ass]tion to annul ! weightie/ doctr9es emanat+ f t m9d1 let alone to treat !m ) disreg>d & d z if !y did n exi/4 #agg ,ecclesia/icus xxii4 #h4 ,b ?is deg5]ate1 b>b>\s /ate ( philosophy :i*1 9 ! pres5t day1 embold5s e tyro to hold =? at r&om ^u subjects t h puzzl$ ! greate/ m9ds1 is precisely a consequ5ce /ill rema9+ ( ! impunity ) :i*--?anks to ! connivance ( our pr(essors ( philosophy--t audaci\s scribbl]1 ,hegel1 has be5 all[$ to flood ! m>ket ) 8 mon/r\s vag>ies & s to pass = ! greate/ ( all philosoph]s = ! la/ ?irty ye>s 9 ,g]many4 ,e "o ( c\rse n[ ?9ks himself entitl$ to s]ve up confid5tly any?+ t may happ5 to come into 8 sp>r['s bra94 ,!re=e1 z ,i h said1 ! g5tlem5 ( ! 'philosophical trade' are anxi\s be=e all ?+s to oblit]ate ,kant's philosophy1 9 ord] to be able to return to ! muddy canal ( ! old dogmatism & to talk at r&om to _! he>t's cont5t ^u ! fav\rite subjects :i* are specially recomm5d$ to !m3 j z if no?+ _h happ5$ & nei!r a ,kant nor a ,critical ,philosophy _h ev] come into ! _w4#agh ,! affect$ v5]ation =1 & laudation (1 ,leibnitz too1 :i* has be5 %[+ itself ev]y:]e = "s ye>s1 proce$ f ! same s\rce4 ,!y l to place him 9 a l9e )1 nay above1 ,kant1 hav+ at times ! assurance to call him ! greate/ ( all ,g]man philosoph]s4 ,n[1 comp>$ ) ,kant1 ,leibnitz is a poor ru%light4 ,kant is a ma/]-m9d1 to :om mank9d is indebt$ = ! discov]y ( nev]-to-be-=gott5 tru?s4 ,"o ( 8 *ief m]its is precisely1 to h deliv]$ u f ,leibnitz & 8 subtleties3 f pre-e/abli%$ h>monies1 monads & id5titas indisc]nibilium4 ,kant has made philosophy s]i\s & ,i am keep+ x s4 ,t ^! g5tlem5 %\ld ?9k diff]5tly is easily expla9$2 = has n ,leibnitz a c5tral ,monad & a ,!odice also1 ) :i* to deck x out8 ,n[ ?is is q to ! ta/e ( my g5tlem5 '( ! philosophical trade4' ,x does n /& 9 ! way ( e>n+ a hone/ livelihood2 x all[s "o to subsi/2 :]eas su* a ?+ z ,kant's ,critique ( all ,speculative ,!ology1 makes "o's hair /& on end4 ,kant is consequ5tly a wrong-head$ man & "o to be set aside4 ,vivat ,leibnitz6 ,vivat ! 'philosophical trade6' ,vivat old woman's philosophy6 ,^! g5tlem5 really imag9e t1 accord+ to ! /&>d ( _! own petty aims1 !y c obscure :at is good1 disp>age :at is great1 & accr$it :at is false4 ,!y may p]haps succe$ 9 do+ s = a "t1 b c]ta9ly n 9 ! long run1 nor ) impunity4 ,not)/&+ all _! ma*9ations & spiteful ignor+ ( me = =ty ye>s1 h n ev5 ,i at la/ made my way8 ,dur+ ^? =ty ye>s h[ev] ,i h le>nt to appreciate ,*am=t's words3 ,en exam9ant la ligue des sots contre les g5s d'esprit1 on croirait voir une conspiration de valets p\r c>t] les matres4 #agh ,= ,kant has disclos$ ! dreadful tru?1 t philosophy mu/ be q a diff]5t ?+ f ,jewi% my?ology4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 ,we d n c>e to h mu* to d ) ^? :om we dislike4 ,"o ( ! consequ5ces ( ?is antipa?y = ,kant1 !re=e1 has be5 an incr$ible ignorance ( 8 doctr9es4 ,i c sc>cely believe my eyes at times1 :5 ,i see c]ta9 pro(s ( ?is ignorance1 & mu/ "h support my ass]tion by a few examples4 ,fir/ let me pres5t a v s+ul> specim51 ?\gh x is n[ "s ye>s old4 ,9 ,pr(essor ,mi*elet's ,an?ropology & ,psy*ology 7p4 #ddd71 he /ates ,kant's ,categorical ,imp]ative 9 ! foll[+ words3 ?\ mu/1 = ?\ can/ 7du soll/1 d5n du kann/74 ,?is _c be a lapsus calami1 = he aga9 /ates x 9 ! same words 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,developm5t ( ,mod]n ,g]man ,philosophy 7p4 #ch71agi publi%$ ?ree ye>s lat]4 ,lett+ alone ! fact t he appe>s to h /udi$ ,kantian philosophy 9 ,s*ill]'s epigrams1 he has ?us turn$ ! ?+ upside d[n1 & express$ exactly ! opposite ( ,kant's argum5t2 evid5tly )\t hav+ ! slighte/ inkl+ ( :at ,kant meant by t po/ulate ( ,fre$om on ! basis ( 8 ,categorical ,imp]ative4 ,none ( ,pr(essor ,mi*elet's colleagues1 to my k1 h po9t$ out ?is mi/ake1 b hanc v5iam damus1 petimusque vicissim4--,ano!r m rec5t in/ance4 ,! above m5tion$ review] ( ,o]/$'s book 7see note #a 7c71 p4 #bjb71 to ^: title ! pres5t treatise un=tunately _h to /& godfa!r1 comes 9 t "w on ! s5t5ce t bodies are spaces fill$ ) =ce 7kraft]fllte ,rume74 ,?is is new to him2 s )\t ! fa9te/ suspicion t he has to d ) a f>-fam$ ,kantian dogma1 & tak+ ?is = a p>adoxical op9ion ( ,o]/$'s1 he attacks x & argues aga9/ x bravely1 p]si/5tly & repeat$ly 9 bo? 8 reviews1 :i* appe>$ at an int]val ( ?ree ye>s f "o ano!r1 us+ argum5ts l ^!3 ,=ce _c fill ,space )\t some?+ sub/antial1 ,matt]2 !n aga9 ?ree ye>s lat]3 ,=ce 9 ,space does n yet con/itute any ?+4 ,= ,=ce to fill ,space1 !re mu/ be ,sub/ance1 ,matt]4 ,a m]e =ce c nev] fill4 ,matt] mu/ be !re = x to fill4--,bravo6 my cobbl] w\ld use j su* argum5ts z ^!4#ahj--,:5 ,i see specim9a eruditionis ( ?is sort1 ,i beg9 to h my misgiv+s :e!r ,i did n d ! man inju/ice by nam+ him among ^? :o endeav\r to und]m9e ,kant2 b 9 ?is1 to be sure1 ,i _h 9 view 8 ass]tions t ,space is b ! relation1 ! juxtaposition ( ?+s1#aha & t ,space is a relation 9 :i* ?+s /&1 a juxtaposition ( ?+s4 ,?is juxtaposition ceases to be a conception z soon z ! conception ( ,matt] ceases4#ahb ,= he might possibly h p5n$ ^! s5t5ces 9 %e] innoc5ce1 s9ce he may h kn[n no m ( ! ,transc5d5tal /hetic ?an ( ! ,metaphysical ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,sci5ce2 ?\gh to be sure1 ?is w\ld be r extraord9>y = a pr(essor ( philosophy4 ,n[-a-days h[ev] we mu/ n be surpris$ at any?+4 ,= all k ( ,critical ,philosophy has di$ out1 9 spite ( its be+ ! late/ true philosophy t has appe>$1 & a doctr9e )al1 t has made a revolution & epo* 9 human k & ?\ght4 ,n[ !re=e1 s9ce x has ov]?r[n all previ\s sy/ems1 & s9ce ! k ( x has di$ out1 philosophis+ no long] proce$s on ! basis ( any ( ! doctr9es prop\nd$ by ! great m9ds ( ! pa/1 b becomes a m]e r&om untutor$ process1 hav+ an ord9>y education & ! cate*ism = its f\ndation4 ,n[ t ,i h />tl$ !m h[ev]1 our pr(essors may p]haps take to /udy+ ,kant's works aga94 ,/ill ,li*t5b]g says3 ,pa/ a c]ta9 age1 ,i ?9k x z impossible to le>n ,kantian ,philosophy z to le>n rope-danc+4 #agi ,ano!r in/ance ( ,mi*elet's ignorance is to be f\nd 9 ,s*op5hau]'s po/hum\s writ+s1 see ,aus ,ar?ur ,s*op5hau]'s h&s*riftli*em ,na*lass1 ,leipzig1 ,a4 ,brockhaus1 #ahfd1 p4 #cbg4 ,editor's note4 #ahj ,! same review] 7,von ,reu*l9-,meldegg7 :5 be exp\nds ! doctr9es ( ! philosoph]s conc]n+ ,god 9 ! ,augu/ numb] ( ! ,heidelb]g ,annals 7#ahee71 p4 #egi1 says3 ,9 ,kant1 ,god is a ?+ 9 itself :i* _c be kn[n4 ,9 8 review ( ,frau5/dt's ,lett]s 9 ! ,heidelb]g ,annals ( ,may & ,june 7#ahee7 he says t !re is no k priori4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 #aha ,c4 #a4 p4 #hii4 #ahb p4 #ijh4 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly n h condesc5d$ to record ! s9s ( ^! s9n]s _h n ! int]e/s ( tru? requir$ t ,i %\ld d s1 9 ord] to %[ ! /ate ( degradation at :i* ,g]man ,philosophy has arriv$ fifty ye>s aft] ,kant's dea? 9 consequ5ce ( ! ma*9ations ( ! g5tlem5 '( ! trade1' & also to %[ :at w\ld result1 if ^! puny m9ds1 :o "k no?+ b _! own ends1 7 to be suff]$ )\t h9drance to *eck ! influ5ce ( ! great g5iuses :o h illum9$ ! _w4 ,i _c look on at ?is 9 sil5ce2 x is r a case to :i* ,g!'s exhortation applies3 ,du ,krftig]1 sei ni*t s /ill1 ,w5n au* si* ,&re s*eu53 ,w] d5 ,teufel ers*reck5 w1 ,d] muss laut s*rei54 ,dr4 ,m>t9 ,lu!r ?\ght s also4 ,hatr$ aga9/ ,kant1 hatr$ aga9/ me1 hatr$ aga9/ tru?1 all h[ev] 9 majorem ,dei gloriam1 is :at inspires ^! wor?ies :o live on philosophy4 ,:o c be s bl9d z n to see t ,univ]sity philosophy is ! enemy ( all true1 s]i\s philosophy1 ^: progress x feels b\nd to )/&8 ,= a philosophy :i* des]ves ! "n1 is pure s]vice ( tru?1 !re=e ! mo/ sublime ( all human endeav\rs2 b1 z su*1 x is n adapt$ = a trade4 ,lea/ ( all c x h its seat 9 ,univ]sities1 :]e a !ological ,faculty pr$om9ates & ?+s are irrevocably decid$ be=eh& ere philosophy comes to !m4 ,) ,s*ola/icism1 f :i* ,univ]sity philosophy desc5ds1 x 0 q a diff]5t ?+4 ,s*ola/icism 0 av[$ly ! ancilla !ologi1 s t "h ! "n correspond$ to ! ?+4 ,our ,univ]sity philosophy ( to-day1 on ! contr>y1 disclaims ! connection1 & pr(esses indep5d5t rese>*2 yet 9 reality x is only ! ancilla disguis$1 & x is int5d$ no less ?an its pr$ecessor to be ! s]vant ( ,!ology4 ,?us g5u9e1 s9c]ely meant philosophy has an adv]s>y "u ! guise ( an ally 9 ,univ]sity philosophy4 ,!re=e ,i said long ago1 t no?+ w\ld be ( great] b5efit to philosophy ?an = x to cease altoge!r to be taught at ,univ]sities2 & if at t "t ,i /ill admitt$ ! propriety ( a brief1 q succ9ct c\rse ( ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy accompany+ ,logic--:i* und\bt$ly ought to be taught at ,univ]sities--,i h s9ce )drawn t ha/y concession 9 consequ5ce ( ! foll[+ disclosure made to u 9 ! ,gtt+is*5 ,gelehrt5 ,anzeig5 ( ! #a/ ,janu>y1 #ahec1 p4 #h1 by ! ,ord9>ius loci 7"o :o writes ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy 9 ?ick volumes73 ,x c\ld n be mi/ak5 t ,kant's doctr9e is ord9>y ,!ism1 & t x has contribut$ little or no?+ t[>ds trans=m+ ! curr5t views on ,god & 8 relation to ! _w4--,if ?is is ! /ate ( ! case1 ,univ]sities are 9 my op9ion no long] ! "r place ev5 = tea*+ ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy4 ,!re designs & int5tions reign p>am\nt4 ,i _h inde$ long ago begun to suspect1 t ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy 0 taught at our ,univ]sities 9 ! same _s & ) ! same granum salis z ,philosophy itself1 & x ne$$ b v little to make my suspicions c]ta9ty4 ,accord+ly x is my wi% to see bo? ,philosophy & its ,hi/ory disappe> f ! lecture-li/1 because ,i desire to rescue !m f ! t5d] m]cies ( our c\rt-c\ncillors4#ahc ,b f> be x f me1 to wi% to see our pr(essors ( philosophy remov$ f _! ?riv+ bus9ess at our ,univ]sities4 ,on ! contr>y1 :at ,i %\ld l w\ld be1 to see !m promot$ ?ree degrees high] 9 dignity & rais$ to ! highe/ faculty1 z pr(essors ( ,!ology4 ,= at ! bottom !y h really be5 ?is = "s "t already1 & h s]v$ q long en\gh z volunte]s4 #ahc ,h(r!4 ,a title ( hon\r (t5 giv5 = lit]>y & sci5tific m]it 9 ,g]many1 & common among ,univ]sity pr(essors4 ,tr4's note4 ,mean:ile my hone/ & k9dly advice to ! "y g5]ation is1 n to wa/e any "t ) ,univ]sity philosophy1 b to /udy ,kant's works & my own in/ead4 ,i promise !m t !re !y w le>n some?+ sub/antial1 t w br+ light & ord] into _! bra9s3 s f> at lea/ z !y may be capable ( receiv+ !m4 ,x is n good to cr[d r\nd a wret*$ f>?+ ru%light :5 brilliant tor*es are close by2 /ill less to run aft] w o' ! wisps4 ,above all1 my tru?-seek+ "y fri5ds1 bew>e ( lett+ our pr(essors tell y :at is conta9$ 9 ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason4 ,read x y\rselves1 & y w f9d 9 x some?+ v diff]5t f :at !y deem x advisable = y to "k4--,9 our "t a great deal too mu* /udy is g5]ally devot$ to ! ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy2 = ?is /udy1 be+ adapt$ by its v nature to sub/itute k = reflection1 is j n[ cultivat$ d[nright ) a view to mak+ philosophy consi/ 9 its own hi/ory4 ,x is n only ( d\btful necessity1 b ev5 ( que/ionable pr(it1 to acquire a sup]ficial half-k ( ! op9ions & sy/ems ( all ! philosoph]s :o h taught = #b1ejj ye>s2 yet :at m does ! mo/ hone/ hi/ory ( philosophy give8 ,a real k ( philosoph]s c only be acquir$ f _! own works1 & n f ! di/ort$ image ( _! doctr9es z x is f\nd 9 ! commonplace head4#ahd ,b x is really urg5t t ord] %\ld be br\ght into our heads by "s sort ( philosophy1 & t we %\ld at ! same "t le>n to look at ! _w ) a really unbiass$ eye4 ,n[ no philosophy is s ne> to u1 bo? z reg>ds "t & language1 z t ( ,kant1 & x is at ! same "t a philosophy1 comp>$ ) :i* all ^? :i* w5t be=e are sup]ficial4 ,on ?is acc\nt x is unhesitat+ly to be pref]r$ to all o!rs4 #ahd ,potius de rebus ipsis judic>e debemus1 quam pro magno hab]e1 de hom9ibus quid quisque s5s]it scire1 says ,/4 ,augu/9e 7,de civ4 ,dei1 l4 #ai1 c4 #c74 ,"u ! pres5t mode ( proce$+1 h[ev]1 ! philosophical lecture-room becomes a sort ( rag-fair = old worn out1 ca/-(f op9ions1 :i* are br\ght !re e six mon?s to be air$ & beat54 ,add4 to #crd ed4 ,b ,i p]ceive t ! news ( ,casp> ,haus]'s escape has already spread among our pr(essors ( philosophy2 = ,i see t "s ( !m h already giv5 v5t to _! feel+s 9 bitt] & v5om\s abuse ( me 9 v>i\s p]iodicals1 mak+ up by falsehoods = _! defici5cy ( wit4#ahe ,nev]!less ,i d n compla9 ( all ?is1 because ,i am rejoic$ at ! cause & amus$ by ! effect ( x1 z illu/rative ( ,g!'s v]se3 ,es w d] ,spitz aus uns]m ,/all ,uns imm]=t begleit53 ,do* se9es ,bell5s laut] ,s*all ,bewei/ nur1 dass wir reit54 ,,ar?ur ,,s*op5hau]4 ,,frankfurt ,,am ,,me91 ,augu/1 #ahed4 #ahe ,i take ?is opportunity urg5tly to reque/ t ! public w n believe unconditionally any acc\nts ( :at ,i am suppos$ to h said1 ev5 :5 !y are giv5 z quotations2 b w fir/ v]ify ! exi/5ce ( ^! quotations 9 my works4 ,9 ?is way _m a falsehood w be detect$1 :i* c h[ev] only be /amp$ z a direct =g]y :5 accompani$ by quotation m>ks 774 ,add4 to #crd ed4 ,,editor',s ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,?ird ,,edition4 ,s*op5hau] has left an int]leav$ copy ( 8 "w ,on ! ,w 9 ,nature1 z well z ( 8 o!r writ+s1 & has ins]t$ 9 x ^? ,corrections & ,additions :i* he int5d$ to use = ! ,?ird ,edition4 ,i h !re=e includ$ !m 9 ?is ,?ird ,edition4 ,! ,corrections *iefly conc]n ! /yle1 "h & !re an expression be+ *ang$1 & a ^w ins]t$ or omitt$4 ,! ,additions1 on ! contr>y1 conc]n ! matt] ( ! book2 !y amplify x m or less consid]ably1 & are tol]ably num]\s4 ,! ,corrections are incorporat$ by ,s*op5hau] ) ! text2 :]eas ! ,additions are designat$ by him z ,notes 7,anm]kung57 to be plac$ at ! foot ( ! pages ) ! words1 add$ to ! ?ird edition4 ,!y w !re=e be f\nd at ! places indicat$ by him = !m1 z foot-notes2 & ?us ! read] w be enabl$ easily to disc]n h[ mu* has be5 add$ 9 ?is edition4 ,z to ! value ( ! pres5t "w1 ,s*op5hau] has express$ himself z foll[s 9 ! ,_w z ,w & ,repres5tation3 ,x w\ld be a great mi/ake to consid] ! =eign deliv]ances ) :i* ,i h connect$ my own exposition !re 79 ! "w ,on ! ,w 9 ,nature7 z ! real sub/ance & argum5t ( t "w :i*1 ?\gh small 9 size1 is weighty 9 import4 ,!y are r a m]e occasion :i* ,i take z my />t+-po9t 9 ord] to exp\nd ! fundam5tal tru? ( my doctr9e m cle>ly !re ?an has be5 done any:]e else1 & to apply x all ! way d[n ev5 to ! empirical k ( ,nature4 ,?is ,i h done mo/ exhau/ively & /r+5tly "u ! head+ ,physical ,a/ronomy1 nor c ,i ev] hope to f9d a m correct or accurate expression = ! k]nel ( my doctr9e ?an ! "o giv5 !re4#ahf #ahf ,die ,welt a4 ,w4 u4 ,v41 vol4 ii41 c4 #ah1 p4 #bac4 ,i h no?+ to add to te/imony ?us giv5 by ,s*op5hau] himself4 ,,julius ,,frau5/,,dt4 ,b]l91 ,m>*1 #ahfg4 ,,editor',s ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,f\r? ,,edition4 ,! pres5t ,f\r? ,edition is an id5tical repr9t ( ! ,?ird3 x !re=e conta9s ! same ,corrections & ,additions :i* ,i _h already ins]t$ 9 ! ,?ird ,edition f ,s*op5hau]'s own manuscript4 ,,julius ,,frau5/,,dt4 ,b]l91 ,septemb]1 #ahgg4 ,,! ,,w ,,9 ,,nature4 ,,introduction4 ,i break sil5ce aft] sev5te5 ye>s1#ahg 9 ord] to po9t out to ! few :o1 9 advance ( ! age1 may h giv5 _! att5tion to my philosophy1 sundry corroborations :i* h be5 contribut$ to x by unbiass$ empirici/s1 unacqua9t$ ) my writ+s1 :o1 9 pursu+ _! own road 9 se>* ( m]ely empirical k1 discov]$ at its extreme end :at my doctr9e has prop\nd$ z ! ,metaphysical 7das ,metaphysis*e71 f :i* ! explanation ( exp]i5ce z a :ole mu/ come4 ,?is circum/ance is ! m enc\rag+1 z x conf]s ^u my sy/em a di/9ction ov] all hi!rto exi/+ ones2 = all ! o!r sy/ems1 ev5 ! late/--t ( ,kant--/ill leave a wide gap betwe5 _! results & exp]i5ce1 & are f> f com+ d[n directly to1 & into contact )1 exp]i5ce4 ,by ?is my ,metaphysic proves itself to be ! only "o hav+ an extreme po9t 9 common ) ! physical sci5ces3 a po9t up to :i* ^! sci5ces come to meet x by _! own pa?s1 s z really to connect !mselves & to h>monize ) x4 ,moreov] ?is is n br\ght ab\t by twi/+ & /ra9+ ! empirical sci5ces 9 ord] to adapt !m to ,metaphysic1 nor by ,metaphysic hav+ be5 secretly ab/ract$ f !m be=eh& & !n1 la ,s*ell+1 f9d+ priori :at x _h le>nt po/]iori4 ,on ! contr>y1 bo? meet at ! same po9t ( _! own accord1 yet )\t collusion4 ,my sy/em !re=e1 f> f so>+ above all reality & all exp]i5ce1 desc5ds to ! firm gr\nd ( actuality1 :]e its lessons are cont9u$ by ! ,physical ,sci5ces4 #ahg ,s _h ,i writt5 9 #ahce1 :5 ! pres5t treatise 0 fir/ compos$1 hav+ publi%$ no?+ s9ce #ahah1 be=e ! close ( :i* ye> ,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung _h appe>$4 ,= a ,lat9 v]sion1 :i* ,i _h add$ to ! ?ird volume ( ,scriptores oph?almologici m9ores1 ed5te ,j4 ,radio1 9 #ahcj1 = ! b5efit ( my =eign read]s1 ( my treatise ,on ,vision & ,col\rs 7publi%$ 9 #ahaf71 c h>dly be said to break ! sil5ce ( t pause4 ,n[ ! extrane\s & empirical corroborations ,i am ab\t to br+ =w>d1 all conc]n ! k]nel & *ief po9t ( my doctr9e1 its ,metaphysic prop]4 ,!y conc]n1 t is1 ! p>adoxical fundam5tal tru?1 t :at ,kant oppos$ z ?+ 9 itself to m]e ph5om5on--call$ m decid$ly by me repres5tation--& :at he held to be absolutely unkn[able1 t ?is ?+ 9 itself1 ?is sub/ratum ( all ph5om5a1 & !re=e ( ! :ole ( ,nature1 is no?+ b :at we "k directly & intimately & f9d )9 ourselves z ! w2#ahh #ahh ,z w be se5 by ! foll[+ detail$ exposition1 ,s*op5hau] atta*es a f> wid] mean+ to ! ^w ?an is usually giv51 & reg>ds ! w1 n m]ely z consci\s volition enlight5$ by ,reason & det]m9$ by motives1 b z ! fundam5tal ess5ce ( all t occurs1 ev5 :]e !re is no *oice4 ,tr4 t accord+ly1 ?is w1 f> f be+ insep>able f1 & ev5 a m]e result (1 k1 diff]s radically & entirely f1 & is q indep5d5t (1 k1 :i* is second>y & ( lat] orig92 & c consequ5tly subsi/ & manife/ itself )\t k3 a ?+ :i* actually takes place ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,nature1 f ! animal k+dom d[nw>ds2 t ?is w1 be+ ! "o & only ?+ 9 itself1 ! sole truly real1 prim>y1 metaphysical ?+ 9 a _w 9 :i* ev]y?+ else is only ph5om5on--i4e4 m]e repres5tation--gives all ?+s1 :atev] !y may be1 ! p[] to exi/ & to act2 t accord+ly1 n only ! volunt>y actions ( animals1 b ! organic me*anism1 nay ev5 ! %ape & quality ( _! liv+ body1 ! vegetation ( plants & f9ally1 ev5 9 inorganic ,nature1 cry/allization1 & 9 g5]al e prim>y =ce :i* manife/s itself 9 physical & *emical ph5om5a1 n except+ ,gravity1--t all ?is1 ,i say1 9 itself1 i4e4 indep5d5tly ( ph5om5on 7:i* only means1 indep5d5tly ( our bra9 & its repres5tations71 is absolutely id5tical ) ! w we f9d )9 u & "k z intimately z we c "k any?+2 t fur!r1 ! individual manife/ations ( ! w are set 9 motion by motives 9 be+s gift$ ) an intellect1 b no less by /imuli 9 ! organic life ( animals & ( plants1 & f9ally 9 all inorganic ,nature1 by causes 9 ! n>r[e/ s5se ( ! ^w--^! di/9ctions apply+ exclusively to ph5om5a2 t1 on ! o!r h&1 k ) its sub/ratum1 ! intellect1 is a m]ely second>y ph5om5on1 diff]+ completely f ! w1 only accompany+ its high] degrees ( objectification & n ess5tial to x2 :i*1 z x dep5ds ^u ! manife/ations ( ! w 9 ! animal organism1 is !re=e physical1 & n1 l ! w1 metaphysical2 t we are nev] able !re=e to inf] abs5ce ( w f abs5ce ( k2 = ! w may be po9t$ out ev5 9 all ph5om5a ( unconsci\s ,nature1 :e!r 9 plants or 9 inorganic bodies2 9 %ort1 t ! w is n condition$ by k1 z has hi!rto be5 univ]sally assum$1 al?\gh k is condition$ by ! w4 ,n[ ?is fundam5tal tru?1 :i* ev5 to-day s\nds s l a p>adox1 is ! "p ( my doctr9e to :i*1 9 all its *ief po9ts1 ! empirical sci5ces--!mselves ev] eag] to /e] cle> ( all ,metaphysic--h contribut$ j z _m confirmations =cibly elicit$ by ! irresi/ible cog5cy ( tru?1 b :i* are mo/ surpris+ on acc\nt ( ! qu>t] :5ce !y proce$2 & al?\gh !y h c]ta9ly come to light s9ce ! publication ( my *ief "w1 x has be5 q indep5d5tly ( x & z ! ye>s w5t on4 ,n[1 t x %\ld be precisely ?is fundam5tal doctr9e ( m9e :i* has ?us met ) confirmation1 is advantage\s 9 two respects4 ,fir/1 because x is ! ma9 ?\ght ^u :i* my sy/em is f\nd$2 secondly1 because x is ! only "p ( my philosophy t admits ( confirmation ?r\gh sci5ces :i* are ali5 to1 & indep5d5t (1 x4 ,= al?\gh ! la/ sev5te5 ye>s1 dur+ :i* ,i h be5 con/antly occupi$ ) ?is subject1 h1 x is true1 br\ght me _m corroborations z to o!r p>ts1 su* z ,e?ics1 /hetics1 ,dianoiology2 /ill ^!1 by _! v nature1 pass at once f ! sph]e ( actuality1 :5ce !y arise1 to t ( philosophy itself3 s !y _c claim to be extrane\s evid5ce1 nor c !y1 z collect$ by me1 h ! same irrefragable1 unequivocal cog5cy z ^? conc]n+ ,metaphysics prop] :i* are giv5 by its correlate ,physics 79 ! wide s5se ( ! ^w :i* ! ,anci5ts gave x74 ,=1 9 pursu+ its own road1 ,physics1 i4e41 ,natural ,sci5ce z a :ole1 mu/ 9 all its bran*es f9ally come to a po9t :]e physical explanation ceases4 ,n[ ?is is precisely ! ,metaphysical1 :i* ,natural ,sci5ce only appreh5ds z ! impassable b>ri] at :i* x /ops %ort & h5ce=? ab&ons its subject to ,metaphysics4 ,kant !re=e 0 q "r 9 say+3 ,x is evid5t1 t ! prim>y s\rces ( ,nature's ag5cy mu/ absolutely belong to ! sph]e ( ,metaphysics4#ahi ,physical sci5ce is wont to designate ?is unkn[n1 inaccessible some?+1 at :i* its inve/igations /op %ort & :i* is tak5 = grant$ 9 all its explanations1 by su* t]ms z physical =ce1 vital =ce1 =mative pr9ciple1 c4 c41 :i* 9 fact mean no m ?an x1 y1 z4 ,n[ if nev]!less1 9 s+le1 propiti\s in/ances1 specially acute & obs]vant inve/igators succe$ 9 ca/+ z x 7 a furtive glance beh9d ! curta9 :i* b\nds (f ! doma9 ( ,natural ,sci5ce1 & are able n only to feel x is a b>ri] b1 9 a s5se1 to obta9 a view ( its nature & ?us to peep into ! metaphysical region beyond2 if moreov]1 hav+ acquir$ ?is privilege1 !y explicitly designate ! limit ?us explor$ d[nright z t :i* is /at$ to be ! true inn] ess5ce & f9al pr9ciple ( all ?+s by a sy/em ( ,metaphysics unkn[n to !m1 :i* takes its reasons f a totally diff]5t sph]e &1 9 e o!r respect1 recognises all ?+s m]ely z ph5om5a1 i4e41 z repres5tation--!n inde$ ! two bodies ( inve/igators mu/ feel l two m9+ eng9e]s driv+ a gall]y1 :o1 hav+ />t$ f two po9ts f> ap>t & work$ = "s "t 9 subt]ranean d>kness1 tru/+ exclusively to compass & _s-level1 sudd5ly to _! great joy cat* ! s\nd ( ea* o!r's hamm]s4 ,= n[ inde$ ^! inve/igators "k1 t ! po9t s long va9ly s\ght = has at la/ be5 rea*$ at :i* ,metaphysics & ,physics meet--!y1 :o 7 z h>d to br+ toge!r z ,heav5 & ,e>?--t a reconciliation has be5 initiat$ & a connection f\nd betwe5 ^! two sci5ces4 ,b ! philosophical sy/em :i* has witness$ ?is triumph receives by x ! /ronge/ & mo/ satisfactory pro( possible ( its own tru? & accuracy4 ,comp>$ ) su* a confirmation z ?is1 :i* may1 9 fact1 be look$ ^u z equival5t to prov+ a sum 9 ari?metic1 ! reg>d or disreg>d ( a giv5 p]iod ( "t loses all importance1 especially :5 we consid] :at has be5 ! subject ( int]e/ mean:ile & f9d x to be--! sort ( philosophy we h be5 treat$ to s9ce ,kant4 ,! eyes ( ! public are gradually op5+ to ! my/ification by :i* x has be5 dup$ = ! la/ =ty ye>s "u ! "n ( philosophy1 & ?is w be m & m ! case4 ,! day ( reckon+ is at h&1 :5 x w see :e!r all ?is endless scribbl+ & quibbl+ s9ce ,kant has br\ght to light a s+le tru? ( any k9d4 ,i may ?us be disp5s$ f ! obligation ( ent]+ "h into subjects s unwor?y2 ! m s1 z ,i c accompli% my purpose m briefly & agreeably by n>rat+ ! foll[+ anecdote4 ,dur+ ! c>nival1 ,dante hav+ lo/ himself 9 a cr[d ( masks1 ! ,duke ( ,m$ici ord]$ him to be s\ght =4 ,^? commission$ to look = him1 be+ d\btful :e!r !y w\ld be able to f9d him1 z he 0 himself mask$1 ! ,duke gave !m a "q to put to e mask !y might meet :o resembl$ ,dante4 ,x 0 ?is3 ,:o kn[s :at is good8 ,aft] receiv+ sev]al fooli% answ]s1 !y f9ally met ) a mask :o repli$3 ,he t kn[s :at is bad1 by :i* ,dante 0 imm$iately recognis$4#aij ,:at is meant by ?is "h is1 t ,i h se5 no reason to be di%e>t5$ on acc\nt ( ! want ( sympa?y ( my contempor>ies1 s9ce ,i _h at ! same "t be=e my eyes ! objects ( _! sympa?y4 ,:at ^? au?ors 71 po/]ity w see by _! works2 :at ! contempor>ies 71 w be se5 by ! reception !y gave to ^? works4 ,my doctr9e lays no claim :atev] to ! "n ,philosophy ( ! pres5t "t :i* 0 disput$ to ! amus+ adepts ( ,hegel's my/ification2 b x c]ta9ly does claim ! title ( ,philosophy ( "t to come3 t is1 ( a "t :5 p w no long] cont5t !mselves ) a m]e j+le ( words )\t mean+1 ) empty phrases & trivial p>allelisms1 b w exact real cont5ts & s]i\s disclosures f philosophy1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 !y w exempt x f ! unju/ & prepo/]\s obligation ( p>aphras+ ! national religion = ! "t be+4 ,= x is an extremely absurd ?+1 says ,kant1#aia to expect to be enlight5$ by ,reason & yet to prescribe to h] be=eh& on :i* side %e mu/ incl9e4--,x is inde$ sad to live 9 an age s deg5]ate1 t x %\ld be necess>y to appeal to ! au?ority ( a great man to atte/ s obvi\s a tru?4 ,b x is absurd to expect m>vels f a philosophy t is *a9$ up1 & p>ticul>ly amus+ to wat* ! solemn gravity ) :i* x sets to "w to accompli% great ?+s1 :5 we all "k be=eh& ! %ort mean+ ( ! long spee*4#aib ,h[ev] ! ke5-sight$ ass]t t "u ! cloak ( philosophy !y c mo/ly detect !ology hold+ =? = ! edification ( /ud5ts ?ir/+ aft] tru?1 & in/ruct+ !m aft] its own fa%ion2--& ?is aga9 rem9ds u =cibly ( a c]ta9 fav\rite sc5e 9 ,fau/4 ,o!rs1 :o ?9k t !y see /ill fur!r into ! matt]1 ma9ta9 t :at is ?us disguis$ is nei!r !ology nor philosophy1 b simply a poor devil :o1 :ile solemnly prote/+ t he has l(ty1 sublime tru? = 8 aim1 is 9 fact only /riv+ to get bread = himself & = 8 future "y family4 ,?is he might no d\bt obta9 by o!r means ) less lab\r & m dignity2 mean:ile h[ev] = ?is price he is ready to d any?+ he is ask$ to d1 ev5 to d$uce priori1 nay1 %\ld x come to ! wor/1 to p]ceive1 ! ',devil & 8 dam1' by intellectual intuition--& "h inde$ ! exce$+ly comical effect is br\ght to a climax by ! contra/ betwe5 ! sublimity ( ! o/5sible1 & ! l[l9ess ( ! real1 aim4 ,x rema9s nev]!less desirable1 t ! pure1 sacr$ prec9cts ( philosophy %\ld be cleans$ ( all su* trad]s1 z 0 ! temple ( ,j]usalem 9 =m] times ( ! buy]s & sell]s4--,bid+ su* bett] times !re=e1 may our philosophical public be/[ its att5tion & int]e/ z x has done hi!rto4 ,may x cont9ue z be=e inv>iably nam+ ,fi*te z an obligato accompanim5t to1 & 9 ! same brea? )1 ,kant--t great m9d1 produc$ b once by ,nature1 :i* has illum9$ its own dep?--z if =soo? !y 7 ( ! same k9d2 & ?is )\t a s+le voice be+ he>d to exclaim 9 prote/ 6 ,may ,hegel's philosophy ( absolute nons5se--?ree-f\r?s ca% & "o-f\r? crazy fancies--cont9ue to pass = unfa?omable wisdom )\t anyone sugge/+ z an appropriate motto = 8 writ+s ,%akespe>e's words3 ,su* /uff z madm5 tongue & bra9 n1 or1 z an emblematical vignette1 ! cuttle-fi% ) its ink-bag1 creat+ a cl\d ( d>kness ar\nd x to prev5t p f see+ :at x is1 ) ! device3 mea calig9e tutus4--,may ea* day br+ u1 z hi!rto1 new sy/ems adapt$ = ,univ]sity purposes1 entirely made up ( words & phrases & 9 a le>n$ j>gon besides1 :i* all[s p to talk :ole days )\t say+ any?+2 & may ^! delights nev] be di/urb$ by ! ,arabian prov]b3 ,i he> ! clapp]+ ( ! mill1 b ,i see no fl\r4--,= all ?is is 9 accordance ) ! age & mu/ h its c\rse4 ,9 all times "s su* ?+ occupies ! contempor>y public m or less noisily2 !n x dies (f s completely1 vani%es s entirely1 )\t leav+ a trace beh9d1 t ! next g5]ation no long] kn[s :at x 04 ,tru? c bide its "t1 = x has a long life be=e x4 ,:atev] is g5u9e & s]i\sly meant1 is always sl[ to make its way & c]ta9ly atta9s its end almo/ miracul\sly2 = on its fir/ appe>ance x z a rule meets ) a cool1 if n ungraci\s1 reception3 & ?is = exactly ! same reason t1 :5 once x is fully recognis$ & has pass$ on to po/]ity1 ! imm5se majority ( m5 take x on cr$it1 9 ord] to avoid compromis+ !mselves1 :]eas ! numb] ( g5u9e appreciators rema9s ne>ly z small z x 0 at fir/4 ,^! few nev]!less suffice to make ! tru? respect$1 = !y are !mselves respect$4 ,& ?us x is pass$ f h& to h& ?r\gh c5turies ov] ! heads ( ! inept multitude3 s h>d is ! exi/5ce ( mank9d's be/ inh]itance6--,on ! o!r h&1 if tru? _h to crave p]mission to be true f su* z h q diff]5t aims at he>t1 its cause might inde$ be giv5 up = lo/2 = !n x might (t5 be dismiss$ ) ! wit*es' wat*-^w3 fair is f\l1 & f\l is fair4 ,luckily h[ev] ?is is n ! case4 ,tru? dep5ds ^u no "o's fav\r or disfav\r1 nor does x ask anyone's leave3 x /&s ^u its own feet1 & has ,"t = its ally2 its p[] is irresi/ible1 its life inde/ructible4 #ahi ,kant1 ,von d] wahr5 ,s*tzung d] leb5dig5 ,krfte1 #ea4 #aij ,baltaz> ,gracian1 ,el ,criticon1 iii4 #ij1 to :om ,i leave ! responsibility = ! ana*ronism4 #aia ,kant1 ,krit4 d4 r4 ,v4 #e? edition1 p4 #gee4 7,engli% translation by ,m4 ,mll]1 p4 #fdj47 #aib ,s*ill]1 d] lang5 ,r$e kurz] ,s9n4 ,tr4 ,,physiology ,,& ,,pa?ology4 ,9 classify+ ! above-m5tion$ empirical corroborations ( my doctr9e accord+ to ! sci5ces f :i* !y come1 :ile ,i take ! graduat$ ord] ( ,nature f ! highe/ to ! l[e/ degree z a guid+-?read to my expositions1 ,i mu/ fir/ m5tion a v /rik+ confirmation lately receiv$ by my *ief dogma 9 ! physiological & pa?ological views ( ,dr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,br&is1 private physician to ! ,k+ ( ,d5m>k1 a vet]an 9 sci5ce1 ^: ,essay on ,vital ,=ce 7#agie7 _h receiv$ ,reil's he>ty comm5dation4 ,9 8 two late/ writ+s3 ,exp]i5ces 9 ! ,application ( ,cold 9 ,disease 7,b]l91 #ahcc71 & ,nosology & ,!rapeutics ( ,ca*exi 7#ahcd71 we f9d him 9 ! mo/ emphatic & /rik+ mann] /at+ ! prim>y s\rce ( all vital functions to be an unconsci\s w1 f :i* he d]ives all processes 9 ! ma*9]y ( ! organism1 9 heal? z well z 9 disease1 & :i* he repres5ts z ! primum mobile ( life4 ,i mu/ support ?is by lit]al quotations f ^! essays1 s9ce few save m$ical read]s are likely to h !m at h&4 ,9 ! fir/ ( !m1 p4 viii41 we f9d3 ,! ess5ce ( e liv+ organism consi/s 9 ! w to ma9ta9 its own exi/5ce z mu* z possible ov] aga9/ ! macrocosm2--p4 x43 ,only "o liv+ entity1 "o w c be 9 an organ at ! same "t2 !re=e if !re is a diseas$ w 9 disagreem5t ) ! re/ ( ! body 9 ! organ ( ! sk91 we may hold x 9 *eck by apply+ cold z long z ! g5]ation ( w>m?1 a normal w1 c be induc$ by x4 ,p4 #a3 ,if we are =c$ to ! conviction t !re mu/ be a det]m9+ pr9ciple--a w1 9 e vital action1 by :i* ! developm5t suit$ to ! :ole organism is occasion$1 & ea* metamorphosis ( ! p>ts condition$1 9 h>mony ) ! :ole individuality1 & likewise t !re is a some?+ capable ( be+ det]m9$ & develop$1 c4 c4--,p4 #aa3 ,) respect to individual life1 ! elem5t :i* det]m9es1 ! organic w1 if x is to re/ satisfi$1 mu/ be able to atta9 :at x wants f t :i* has to be det]m9$4 ,?is occurs ev5 :5 ! vital movem5ts are ov]-excit$1 z 9 inflammation3 some?+ new is =m$1 ! noxi\s elem5t is expell$2 new pla/ic mat]ials are mean:ile convey$ ?r\gh ! art]ies1 m v5\s blood is c>ri$ (f1 until ! process ( inflammation is f9i%$ & ! organic w satisfi$4 ,x is h[ev] possible to excite ?is w to su* a degree1 z to make satisfaction impossible4 ,?is excit+ cause 7or /imulus7 ei!r acts directly ^u ! p>ticul> organ 7poison1 contagion7 or x affects ! :ole life2 & ?is life !n beg9s to make ! mo/ /r5u\s ef=ts to rid itself ( ! noxi\s elem5t or to modify ! disposition ( ! organic w1 & provokes critical vital activity 9 p>ticul> p>ts 7inflammations7 or yields to ! unappeas$ w4--,p4 #ab3 ,! insatiable w acts de/ructively ^u ! organism unless ei!r 7a7 ! :ole life1 9 its ef=ts to atta9 unity 7t5d5cy to adapt means to end71 produces o!r activities requir+ satisfaction 7crises et lyses7 :i* hold t w 9 *eck--call$ decisive 7crises complet7 :5 q successful2 crises incomplet1 :5 only p>tially s--or 7b7 "s o!r /imulus 7m$ic9e7 produces ano!r w :i* represses ! diseas$ "o4 ,if we place ?is 9 "o & ! same category ) ! w ( :i* we h become consci\s ?r\gh our own repres5tations1 & be> 9 m9d t "h !re c be no "q ( m or less di/ant resemblance1 we ga9 ! conviction t we h grasp$ ! fundam5tal conception ( ! "o unlimit$1 !re=e indivisible1 life :i*1 accord+ to its diff]5t manife/ations 9 v>i\s m or less end[$ & ex]cis$ organs1 is j z able to make hair gr[ on ! human body z to comb9e ! mo/ sublime repres5tations4 ,we see t ! mo/ viol5t passion--unsatisfi$ w--may be *eck$ by m or less /rong excitem5t1 c4 c4--,p4 #ah3 ,! det]m9+ elem5t--?is organic w )\t repres5tation1 ?is t5d5cy to pres]ve ! organism z a unity--is induc$ by outw>d temp]ature to modify its activity n[ 9 ! same1 n[ 9 a remot] organ4 ,e manife/ation ( life1 h[ev]1 :e!r 9 heal? or 9 disease1 is a manife/ation ( ! organic w3 ?is w det]m9es vegetation3 9 a heal?y condition1 9 h>mony ) ! unity ( ! :ole2 9 an unheal?y "o 444 x is induc$ n to w 9 h>mony ) t unity 444--,p4 #bc3 ,cold sudd5ly appli$ to ! sk9 suppresses its function 7*ill72 cold dr9ks *eck ! organic w 9 ! dige/ive organs & !reby int5sify t ( ! sk9 & produce p]spiration2 j s ) ! diseas$ organic w3 cold *ecks cutane\s eruptions1 c4 c4--,p4 #cc3 ,fev] is ! complete p>ticipation ( ! :ole vital process 9 a diseas$ w1 i4e4 x is to ! entire vital process :at inflammation is to p>ticul> organs--! ef=t ( our vitality to =m some?+ def9ite1 9 ord] to cont5t ! diseas$ w & remove ! noxi\s elem5t4--,we call ?is process ( =mation crisis or lysis 7turn+-po9t or release74 ,! fir/ p]ception ( ! p]nici\s elem5t :i* causes ! diseas$ w1 affects ! individuality j 9 ! same way z a noxi\s elem5t appreh5d$ by our s5ses1 be=e we h br\ght to cle> repres5tation ! entire relation 9 :i* x /&s to our individuality & ! means ( remov+ x4 ,x creates t]ror & its consequ5ces1 a /&/ill ( ! vital process 9 ! p>5*yma1 especially 9 ! p>ts direct$ t[>ds ! out] _w2 9 ! sk91 & 9 all ! motor muscles belong+ to ! entire individuality 7out] body73 %udd]+1 *ills1 trembl+1 pa9s 9 ! limbs1 c4 c4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is1 t 9 ! latt] case ! noxi\s elem5t1 ei!r at once or gradually1 becomes cle> repres5tation1 because x is comp>$ ) ! individuality by means ( all ! s5ses1 s t its relation to t individuality c be det]m9$1 & ! means ( protection aga9/ x 7disreg>d1 flight1 w>d+ (f1 def5ce1 c47 be br\ght to a consci\s w2 :]eas1 9 ! =m] case1 we rema9 unconsci\s ( t noxi\s elem5t1 & x is life alone 7or ,nature's curative p[]7 :i* is /riv+ to remove ! noxi\s elem5t & !reby to cont5t ! diseas$ w4 ,nor mu/ ?is be tak5 = a simile2 x is1 on ! contr>y1 a true description ( ! manife/ation ( life4--,p4 #eh3 ,we mu/ h[ev] always be> 9 m9d1 t cold acts "h z a p[]ful /imulus to *eck or mod]ate ! diseas$ w & to r\se 9 its place a natural w1 accompani$ by g5]al w>m?4-- ,9 almo/ e page ( ?is book simil> expressions are to be f\nd4 ,9 ! second ( ! ,essays ,i h nam$1 ,br&is no long] comb9es ! explanation by ! w s univ]sally ) ea* sep>ate analysis1 probably 9 consid]ation t ?is explanation is prop]ly speak+1 a metaphysical "o4 ,nev]!less he ma9ta9s x entirely & completely1 giv+ x ev5 all ! m di/9ct & decid$ expression1 :]ev] he /ates x4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 9 #fh et seq4 he speaks ( an unconsci\s w1 :i* _c be sep>at$ f ! consci\s "o1 & is ! primum mobile ( all life1 z well 9 plants z 9 animals2 =1 9 ^!1 x is a desire & av]sion manife/+ itself 9 all ! organs :i* det]m9es all _! vital processes1 secretions1 c4 c4--4 #ga3 ,all convulsions prove t ! manife/ation ( ! w c take place )\t di/9ct p[] ( repres5tation4--4 #gb3 ,ev]y:]e d we meet ) a spontane\s1 uncommunicat$ activity1 n[ det]m9$ by ! sublime/ human free w1 n[ by animal desire & av]sion1 n[ aga9 by simple1 m vegetative requirem5ts2 :i* activity1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 itself1 calls =? sev]al o!r k9ds ( activity 9 ! unity ( ! individual4--,p4 #if3 ,a creative1 spontane\s1 uncommunicat$ activity %[s itself 9 e vital manife/ation4 444--,! ?ird factor 9 ?is individual creation is ! w1 ! individual's life itself4 444--,! n]ves are ! conductors ( ?is individual creation3 by _! means =m & mixture are v>i$ accord+ to desire & av]sion4--,p4 #ig3 ,assimilation ( =eign sub/ance 444 makes ! blood4444 ,x is n an absorption or an exudation ( organic matt]2 444 on ! contr>y1 "h ! sole factor ( ! ph5om5on is 9 all cases ! creative w1 a life :i* _c be br\ght back to any sort ( imp>t$ movem5t4-- 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 ,i wrote ?is 7#ahce7 ,i 0 /ill naf en\gh s]i\sly to believe t ,br&is 0 unacqua9t$ ) my "w1 or ,i %\ld n allude "h to 8 writ+s2 = !y w\ld !n be m]ely a repetition1 application & c>ry+ out ( my own doctr9e on ?is po9t1 n a corroboration ( x4 ,b ,i ?\ght ,i might safely assume t he did n "k me1 because he has n m5tion$ me any:]e & because if he _h kn[n me1 lit]>y hone/y w\ld h made x 8 imp]ative duty n to rema9 sil5t conc]n+ ! man f :om he _h borr[$ 8 *ief fundam5tal ?\ght1 ! m s z he saw t man !n endur+ unm]it$ neglect1 by 8 writ+s be+ g5]ally ignor$--a circum/ance :i* might be con/ru$ z fav\rable to fraud4 ,add to ?is1 t x lay 9 ,br&is' own int]e/ z a writ]1 & w\ld !re=e h %[n sagacity on 8 "p1 to h appeal$ to me z an au?ority4 ,= ! fundam5tal doctr9e prop\nd$ by him is s /rik+ & p>adoxical1 t ev5 8 ,gtt+5 review] is amaz$ & h>dly kn[s :at to ?9k ( x2 yet su* a doctr9e z ?is 0 left )\t f\ndation ei!r ?r\gh pro( or induction1 nor did ,dr4 ,br&is e/abli% its relation to ! :ole ( our k ( ,nature3 he simply ass]t$ x4 ,i imag9$ !re=e t x 0 by ! peculi> gift ( div9ation1 :i* enables em95t physicians to see & d ! "r ?+ 9 cases ( illness1 t he _h be5 l$ to ?is view1 )\t be+ able to give a /rict & me?odical acc\nt ( ! gr\nds ( ?is really metaphysical tru?1 al?\gh he mu/ h se5 h[ greatly x is oppos$ to ! g5]ally receiv$ views4 ,_h he1 ?\ght ,i1 be5 acqua9t$ ) my philosophy1 :i* gives f> great] ext5sion to ?is tru?1 makes x valid = ! :ole ( ,nature & f\nds x bo? by pro( & induction 9 close connection ) ,kant's tea*+1 f :i* x proce$s z a f9al result ( excogitation--h[ gladly mu/ he h avail$ himself ( su* confirmation & support1 r ?an to /& alone by an unhe>d-( ass]tion :i* 0 nev] fur!r c>ri$ out &1 ) him1 nev] w5t beyond b>e ass]tion4 ,su* 7 ! reasons t l$ me to believe myself entitl$ to take = grant$ ,dr4 ,br&is' ignorance ( my book4 ,s9ce !n h[ev] ,i h become bett] acqua9t$ ) ,g]man sci5ti/s & ,cop5hag5 ,academicians1 to :i* body ,dr4 ,br&is belong$1 & h ga9$ ! conviction t he knew me v well inde$4 ,i /at$ my reasons = arriv+ at ?is conviction already 9 #ahdd 9 ! #bnd vol4 ( ,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung1#aic s t1 z ! subject is by no means edify+1 x is ne$less to repeat !m "h2 ,i w m]ely add t ,i h s9ce be5 assur$ on tru/wor?y au?ority t ,dr4 ,br&is n only knew my "w b ev5 possess$ x1 z x 0 f\nd among 8 prop]ty aft] 8 dea?4--,! unm]it$ obscurity to :i* writ]s l myself are long condemn$1 enc\rages su* p to appropriate _! ?\ghts )\t s mu* z nam+ !m4 #aic ,*apt] #bj1 p4 #bfc2 p4 #bie ( ! #crd edition4 ,ano!r m$ical au?ority has c>ri$ ?is ev5 f>!r2 =1 n cont5t ) ! ?\ght alone1 he has appropriat$ to himself ! expression ( x also4 ,i allude to ,pr(essor ,anton ,rosas ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,vi5na1 ^: entire #ejg 9 ! #a/ vol4 ( 8 ,textbook ( ,oph?almology#aid 7#ahcj7 is copi$ ^w = ^w f pp4 #ad-af ( my treatise ,on ,vision & ,col\rs 7#ahaf7 )\t any m5tion :atev] ( me1 or ev5 ! slighte/ h9t t he is us+ ! words ( ano!r4 ,?is suffici5tly acc\nts = ! c>e he has tak5 n to m5tion my treatise among ! li/s ( tw5ty-"o writ+s on ,col\rs & =ty on ! ,physiology ( ! ,eye1 :i* he gives 9 #edb & #efg2 a caution :i* 0 h[ev] all ! m advisable1 z he _h appropriat$ to himself a good deal m out ( t pamphlet )\t m5tion+ me4 ,all t is ref]r$1 = in/ance1 9 #ebf to '!m' 7man71 is only applicable to me4 ,8 entire #ebg is copi$ almo/ lit]ally f my pp4 #ei & #fj4 ,! !ory :i* he introduces )\t fur!r c]emony 9 #ece by ! ^w evid5tly3 t is1 t yell[ is #c_/d & violet #a_/d ( ! eye's activity1 nev] 0 'evid5t' to anyone until ,i made x s2 ev5 to ?is day x is a tru? kn[n to few & ackn[l$g$ by few] /ill1 & mu* is yet want+--= example1 t ,i %\ld be dead & buri$--ere x be possible to call x 'evid5t' )\t fur!r c]emony4 ,! matt] w ev5 h to wait till aft] my dea? to be s]i\sly sift$1 s9ce a close inve/igation might easily br+ to 'evid5ce' ! real diff]5ce betwe5 ,newton's !ory ( col\rs & my own1 :i* is simply t 8 is false1 & m9e true3 a discov]y :i* c\ld n fail to mortify my contempor>ies4 ,:]e=e1 accord+ to anci5t cu/om1 all s]i\s exam9ation into ! "q is wisely po/pon$ = ^! few ye>s4 ,pr(essor ,rosas knew no su* policy z ?is &1 z ! matt] 0 n allud$ to any:]e1 ?\ght himself entitl$1 l ! ,dani% ,academician1 to claim x z lawful prey 7de bonne prise74 ,evid5tly ,nor? & ,s\? ,g]man hone/y _h n yet come to a satisfactory und]/&+4--,moreov] ! :ole cont5ts ( #ech1 #eci & #edj 9 ,pr(essor ,rosas' book are tak5 f my pamphlet1 nay ev5 9 great "p copi$ ^w = ^w f my #ac4 ,/ill once1 :]e he /&s 9 ne$ ( a v\*] = a fact1 he f9ds himself oblig$ to ref] to my treatise3 t is1 9 8 #eca2 & x is mo/ amus+ to see ! way 9 :i* he ev5 br+s 9 ! num]ical fractions us$ by me1 z a result ( my !ory1 to express all col\rs4 ,x _h probably occurr$ to him1 t appropriat+ !m q sans faon might be a delicate matt]1 s he says1 p4 #cjh3 ,if we wi%$ to express 9 numb]s ! fir/-m5tion$ relation 9 :i* col\rs /& to :ite1 assum+ :ite to be #a1 ! foll[+ scale ( proportion might by ! way be adopt$ 7z has already be5 done by ,s*op5hau]73 yell[ #c_/d orange #b_/c r$ #a_/b gre5 #a_/b blue #a_/c violet #a_/d black #j #aid ,rosas1 ,h&bu* d] ,aug5heilkunde 7#ahcj74 ,n[ ,i %\ld l to "k h[ anyone c\ld d ?is by ! way1 )\t hav+ fir/ ?\ght out my :ole col\r-!ory1 to :i* alone ^! numb]s ref]1 & ap>t f :i* !y are m]e ab/ract numb]s )\t mean+2 above all1 h[ anyone c\ld d x :o1 l ,pr(essor ,rosas1 pr(esses to be a foll[] ( ,newton's col\r-!ory1 ) :i* ^! numb]s are 9 direct contradiction8 ,f9ally1 ,i %\ld l to "k h[ x came1 t dur+ ! ?\s&s ( ye>s 9 :i* m5 h ?\ght & writt51 no "o b myself & ,pr(essor ,rosas %\ld ev] h ?\ght ( us+ j ^! p>ticul> fractions to d5ote col\rs8 ,= ! words ,i h quot$ above tell u1 t he w\ld h /at$ ^? fractions precisely z he has done1 ev5 _h ,i n *anc$ to d x 'already' f\rte5 ye>s be=e & ?us ne$lessly anticipat$ 8 /atem5t2 !y also tell u1 t all t is requir$ is 'to wi%1' 9 ord] to d s4 ,n[ x is precisely 9 ^! num]ical fractions t ! secret ( col\rs lies3 by !m alone c we rightly solve ! my/]y ( _! nature & ( _! diff]5ce f "o ano!r4--,i %\ld h[ev] be he>tily glad1 7 plagi>ism ! wor/ k9d ( di%one/y t defil$ ,g]man lit]ature2 !re are o!rs f> m mis*iev\s1 :i* p5etrate m deeply1 & to :i* plagi>ism be>s ! same proportion z pick+ pockets 9 a mild way to capital crime4 ,i allude to t mean1 despicable _s1 ^: load/> is p]sonal int]e/1 :5 x ought to be tru?1 & 9 :i* ! voice ( int5tion makes itself he>d b5ea? ! mask ( insight4 ,d\ble-deal+ & "t-s]v+ are ! ord] ( ! day4 ,t>tuffe com$ies are p]=m$ )\t r\ge2 nay1 ,capu*9 s]mons are prea*$ 9 halls consecrat$ to ,sci5ce2 enlight5m5t1 t once rev]$ ^w1 has become a t]m ( opprobrium2 ! greate/ ?9k]s ( ! pa/ c5tury1 ,voltaire1 ,r\sseau1 ,locke1 ,hume1 are sl&]$--^? h]oes1 ornam5ts & b5efactors ( mank9d1 ^: fame1 diffus$ ?r\gh\t bo? hemisph]es1 c only be increas$1 if by any?+1 by ! fact t :]ev] & :5ev] obscuranti/s %[ !mselves1 x is z _! bitt]e/ enemies--& ) good reason4 ,lit]>y cot]ies & associations are =m$ to deal out praise & blame1 & spuri\s m]it is !n trumpet$ =? & extoll$1 :ile /]l+ m]it is sl&]$ or1 z ,g! says1 secret$1 by means ( an inviolable sil5ce1 9 :i* sort ( inquisitorial c5sure ! ,g]mans h atta9$ great pr(ici5cy4#aie ,! motives & consid]ations h[ev] f :i* all ?is proce$s1 are ( too l[ a nature = me to c>e to enum]ate !m 9 detail4 ,b :at a diff]5ce !re is betwe5 p]iodicals su* z ! ,ed9burgh ,review1 9 :i* g5tlem5 ( indep5d5t means are induc$ to write by a g5u9e int]e/ 9 ! subjects treat$1 & :i* hon\rably upholds its noble motto tak5 f ,publius ,syrus3 ,judex damnnatur cum noc5s absolvitur1 & our mean-spirit$1 dis+5u\s1 ,g]man lit]>y j\rnals1 full ( consid]ations & int5tions1 t are mo/ly compil$ = ! sake ( pay by hir$ editors1 & ought prop]ly to h = _! motto3 ,acc$as socius laudes1 laud]is1 ut abs5s4#aif ,n[1 aft] tw5ty ye>s1 d ,i und]/& :at ,g! said to me at ,b]ka 9 #ahad4 ,z ,i f\nd him read+ ,madame de ,/al's ,de l',allemagne1 ,i rem>k$ 9 c\rse ( conv]sation t %e _h giv5 too exagg]at$ a description ( ,g]man hone/y & "o t might mislead =eign]s4 ,he laugh$ & said3 ,yes1 to be sure1 !y w n secure _! baggage beh9d & w h x cut (f4 ,he !n add$ 9 a grav] tone3 ,b "o has to "k ,g]man lit]ature 9 ord] to realise ! full ext5t ( ,g]man di%one/y4--,all well & good6 ,b ! mo/ revolt+ k9d ( di%one/y 9 ,g]man lit]ature is t ( ! "t-s]v]s1 :o pass !mselves (f = philosoph]s1 :ile 9 reality !y are obscuranti/s4 ,! ^w '"t-s]v+' no m ne$s explanation ?an ! ?+ ne$s a pro(2 = anyone :o _h ! face to d5y x w\ld furni% /rong evid5ce 9 support ( my pres5t argum5t4 ,kant taught1 t man ought to use 8 fell[-man only z an end1 nev] z a means3 he did n ?9k x necess>y to say1 t philosophy ought only to be dealt ) z an end1 nev] z a means4 ,"t-s]v+ may aft] all be excus$ "u e g>b1 ! c[l z well z ! erm9e1 save only ! philosoph]'s cloak 7,tribonion72 = he :o has once assum$ ?is1 has sworn allegiance to tru?1 & f t mom5t e o!r consid]ation1 no matt] ( :at k9d1 becomes base trea*]y4 ,!re=e x 0 t ,socrates did n %un ! hemlock1 nor ,bruno ! /ake1 :ile '= a piece ( bread ^! m5 w transgress4' ,are !y too %ort-sight$ to see po/]ity close at h&1 ) ! hi/ory ( philosophy at its side1 record+ two l9es ( bitt] condemnation ) unfl9*+ h& & iron p5 9 its immortal pages8 ,or has ?is no /+ = !m8--,well to be sure1 if x comes to ! wor/1 'aprs moi le dluge' may be pron\nc$2 b z to 'aprs moi le mpris1' t is a m difficult matt]4 ,!re=e ,i fancy !y w answ] t au/]e judge z foll[s3 ,ah1 de> po/]ity & hi/ory ( philosophy6 y are q wrong to take u 9 e>ne/2 we are n philosoph]s at all1 ,heav5 =bid6 ,no1 we are only pr(essors ( philosophy1 m]e s]vants ( ! /ate1 m]e philosoph]s 9 je/4 ,y might z well drag puppet-knights 9 pa/ebo>d arm\r into a real t\rnam5t4 ,!n ! judge w mo/ likely see h[ matt]s /&1 erase all _! names1 & conf] ^u !m ! b5eficium p]petui sil5tii4 #aie ,g!1 ,tag und ,jahre%efte1 #ahab4 #aif ,?is ,i wrote 9 #ahcf4 ,! ,ed9burgh ,review has s9ce h[ev] greatly det]iorat$1 & is no long] its old self4 ,i h ev5 se5 cl]ical "t-s]v+ 9 its pages1 writt5 d[n to ! level ( ! mob4 ,f ?is digression--to :i* ,i _h be5 l$ away eighte5 ye>s ago1 by ! cant & "t-s]v+ ,i !n witness$1 ?\gh !y 7 n ne>ly z fl\ri%+ !n z !y are n[--,i return to t "p ( my doctr9e :i* ,dr4 ,br&is has confirm$1 ?\gh he did n orig9ate x1 9 ord] to add a few explanations ) :i* ,i %all !n connect "s fur!r corroborations x has s9ce receiv$ f ,physiology4 ,! ?ree assumptions :i* are criticis$ by ,kant 9 8 ,transc5d5tal ,dialectic "u ! names ( ,ideas ( ,reason1 & h 9 consequ5ce s9ce be5 set aside 9 !oretical philosophy1 _h always /ood 9 ! way ( a deep] insight into ,nature1 until t great ?9k] br\ght ab\t a complete trans=mation 9 philosophy4 ,t suppos$ ,idea ( ,reason1 ! s\l3 t metaphysical be+1 9 x ^: absolute s+l5ess kn[+ & will+ 7 knit & bl5d$ toge!r to et]nal1 insep>able unity1 0 an imp$im5t ( ?is sort = ! subject-matt] ( ?is *apt]4 ,z long z x la/$1 no philosophical ,physiology 0 possible3 ! less s1 z its correlate1 real1 purely passive ,matt]1 _h necess>ily also to be assum$ toge!r ) x1 z ! sub/ance ( ! body4#aig ,x 0 ?is ,idea ( ,reason1 ! s\l1 !re=e1 t caus$ ! celebrat$ *emi/ & physiologi/1 ,george ,erne/ ,/ahl1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury to miss ! discov]y ( ! tru? he s ne>ly approa*$ & w\ld h q rea*$1 _h he be5 able to put t :i* is alone metaphysical1 ! b>e w--z yet )\t intellect--9 ! place ( ! anima rationalis4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ?is ,idea ( ,reason h[ev]1 he c\ld n tea* any?+ b t x is ?is simple1 rational s\l :i* builds itself a body1 all ^: inn] organic functions x directs & p]=ms1 yet has no k or consci\sness ( all ?is1 al?\gh k is ! fundam5tal de/9ation &1 z x 71 ! sub/ance1 ( its be+4 ,!re 0 some?+ absurd 9 ?is doctr9e :i* made x utt]ly unt5able4 ,x 0 sup]s$$ by ,hall]'s ,irritability & ,s5sibility1 :i*1 to be sure1 are tak5 9 a purely empirical s5se1 b1 to make up = ?is1 are also two qualitates occult1 at :i* all explanation ceases4 ,! movem5t ( ! he>t & ( ! inte/9es 0 n[ attribut$ to ,irritability4 ,b ! anima rationalis /ill rema9$ 9 undim9i%$ hon\r & dignity z a visitor at ! h\se ( ! body4#aih--,tru? lies at ! bottom ( a well1 said ,democritus2 & ! c5turies ) a sigh1 h repeat$ 8 words4 ,b small wond]1 if x gets a rap on ! knuckles z soon z x tries to come out6 #aig ,z a be+ exi/+ by itself1 a ?+ 9 itself4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 #aih ,9 :i* x is lodg$ 9 ! g>ret4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 ,! fundam5tal tru? ( my doctr9e1 :i* places t doctr9e 9 opposition ) all o!rs t h ev] exi/$1 is ! complete sep>ation betwe5 ! w & ! intellect1 :i* all philosoph]s be=e me _h look$ ^u z insep>able2 or r1 ,i ought to say t !y _h reg>d$ ! w z condition$ by1 nay1 mo/ly ev5 z a m]e function (1 ! intellect1 assum$ by !m to be ! fundam5tal sub/ance ( our spiritual be+4 ,b ?is sep>ation1 ?is analysis into two het]og5e\s elem5ts1 ( ! ego or s\l1 :i* _h s long be5 deem$ an indivisible unity1 is1 = philosophy1 :at ! analysis ( wat] has be5 = *emi/ry1 ?\gh x may take "t to be ackn[l$g$4 ,) me1 t :i* is et]nal & inde/ructible 9 man1 !re=e1 t :i* con/itutes 8 vital pr9ciple1 is n ! s\l1 b--if ,i may use a *emical t]m--its radical3 & ?is is ! w4 ,! s-call$ s\l is already a comp\nd3 x is ! union ( ! w & ! intellect 774 ,?is intellect is ! second>y elem5t1 ! po/]ius ( ! organism &1 z a m]e c]ebral function1 is condition$ by ! organism2 :]eas ! w is :at is prim>y1 ! prius ( ! organism1 :i* is condition$ by x4 ,= ! w is t ?+ 9 itself1 :i* only becomes app>5t z an organic body 9 our repres5tation 7t m]e function ( ! bra973 x is only ?r\gh ! =ms ( k 7or c]ebral function71 t is1 only 9 our repres5tation--n ap>t f t repres5tation1 n imm$iately 9 our self-consci\sness--t our body is giv5 to ea* ( u z a ?+ :i* has ext5sion1 limbs & organs4 ,z ! actions ( our body are only acts ( volition portray+ !mselves 9 repres5tation1 s likewise is _! sub/ratum1 ! %ape ( t body1 9 ! ma9 ! portrait ( ! w3 s t1 9 all ! organic functions ( our body1 ! w is j z mu* ! ag5t z 9 its ext]nal actions4 ,true ,physiology1 at its highe/1 %[s ! spiritual 7! intellectual7 9 man to be ! product ( ! physical 9 him1 & no "o has done ?is s ?or\ghly z ,cabanis2 b true ,metaphysic tea*es u1 t ! physical 9 man is itself m]e product1 or r ph5om5on1 ( a spiritual 7! w72 nay1 t ,matt] itself is condition$ by repres5tation1 9 :i* alone x exi/s4 ,p]ception & reflection w m & m f9d _! explanation ?r\gh ! organism2 b n ! w1 by :i* conv]sely ! organism is expla9$1 z ,i %all %[ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,fir/ ( all !re=e ,i place ! w1 z ?+ 9 itself & q prim>y2 secondly1 its m]e visibility1 its objectification3 i4e4 ! body2 ?irdly1 ! intellect1 z a m]e function ( "o "p ( t body4 ,?is "p is itself ! objectifi$ w to "k 7! w to "k hav+ ent]$ into repres5tation71 s9ce ! w ne$s k to atta9 its own ends4 ,n[ ! entire _w z repres5tation1 toge!r ) ! body itself !re=e1 inasmu* z x is a p]ceptible object1 nay1 ,matt] 9 g5]al z exi/+ only 9 repres5tation1--all ?is1 ,i say1 is aga9 condition$ by t function2 =1 duly consid]$1 we _c possibly conceive an objective _w )\t a ,subject1 9 ^: consci\sness x is pres5t4 ,?us k & matt] 7,subject & ,object7 exi/ only relatively "o = ! o!r & con/itute ph5om5on4 ,! :ole ?+ !re=e1 ow+ to ! radical *ange made by me1 /&s 9 a diff]5t light f t 9 :i* x has hi!rto be5 reg>d$4 ,z soon z x is direct$ outw>dly & acts ^u a recognis$ object1 z soon !re=e z x has pass$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( k1 we all recognise ! w at once to be ! active pr9ciple1 & call x by its "r "n4 ,yet x is no less active 9 ^? inn] processes :i* h prec$$ su* outw>d actions z _! conditions3 9 ^?1 = in/ance1 :i* create & ma9ta9 organic life & its sub/ratum2 & ! circulation ( ! blood1 secretion1 dige/ion1 c4 c41 are its "w likewise4 ,b j because ! w 0 only recognis$ z ! active pr9ciple 9 ^? cases 9 :i* x ab&ons ! individual :5ce x proce$s1 9 ord] to direct itself t[>ds ! out] _w--n[ pres5t+ itself precisely = ?is end1 z p]ception--k has be5 tak5 = its ess5tial condition1 its sole elem5t1 nay1 z ! sub/ance ( :i* x consi/s3 & h]eby 0 p]petrat$ ! greate/ t has ev] be54 ,b be=e all ?+s we mu/ le>n to di/+ui% w ,wille 7voluntas7 f free-w ,willkhr 7arbitrium7#aii & to und]/& t ! =m] c subsi/ )\t ! latt]2 ?is h[ev] presupposes my :ole philosophy4 ,! w is call$ free-w :5 x is illum9$ by k1 !re=e :5 ! causes :i* move x are motives3 t is1 repres5tations4 ,objectively speak+ ?is means3 :5 ! influ5ce f outside :i* causes ! act1 has a bra9 = its m$iator4 ,a motive may be def9$ z an ext]nal /imulus1 ^: action fir/ ( all causes an image to arise 9 ! bra91 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( :i* ! w c>ries out ! effect prop]--an outw>d action ( ! body4 ,n[1 9 ! human species h[ev]1 ! place ( su* an image z ?is may be tak5 by a conception drawn f =m] images ( ?is k9d by dropp+ _! diff]5ces1 :i* conception consequ5tly is no long] p]ceptible1 b m]ely d5ot$ & fix$ by words4 ,z ! action ( motives accord+ly does n dep5d ^u contact1 !y c try _! p[] on ! w aga9/ ea* o!r3 9 o!r words1 !y p]mit a c]ta9 *oice :i*1 9 animals1 is limit$ to ! n>r[ sph]e ( t :i* has p]ceptible exi/5ce = !m2 :]eas1 9 man1 its range comprises ! va/ ext5t ( all t is ?9kable3 t is1 ( 8 conceptions4 ,accord+ly we designate z volunt>y ^? movem5ts :i* are occasion$1 n by causes 9 ! n>r[e/ s5se ( ! ^w1 z 9 inorganic bodies1 nor ev5 by m]e /imuli1 z 9 plants1 b by motives4#bjj ,^! motives h[ev] presuppose an intellect z _! m$iator1 ?r\gh :i* causality "h acts1 )\t prejudice to its entire necessity 9 all o!r respects4 ,physiologically1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 /imulus & motive admits also ( ! foll[+ def9ition4 ,! /imulus provokes imm$iate reaction1 :i* proce$s f ! v "p on :i* ! /imulus has act$2 :]eas ! motive is a /imulus t has to g a r\ndab\t way ?r\gh ! bra91 :]e its action fir/ causes an image to arise1 :i* !n1 b n till !n1 provokes ! consequ5t reaction1 :i* is n[ call$ an act ( volition1 & volunt>y4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 volunt>y & involunt>y movem5t does n !re=e conc]n :at is ess5tial & prim>y--= ?is is 9 bo? cases ! w--b only :at is second>y1 ! r\s+ ( ! w's manife/ation3 x has to d ) ! det]m9ation :e!r causes prop]1 /imuli or motives 7i4e4 causes hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( k7 are ! guidance "u :i* t manife/ation takes place4 ,x is 9 human consci\sness1--diff]+ f t ( animals by n only conta9+ p]ceptible repres5tations b also ab/ract conceptions indep5d5t ( "t-di/9ctions1 :i* act simultane\sly & collat]ally1 :]eby delib]ation1 i4e4 a conflict ( motives1 becomes possible--x is 9 human consci\sness1 ,i say1 t free-w 7arbitrium7 9 its n>r[e/ s5se fir/ makes its appe>ance2 & ?is ,i h call$ elective decision4 ,x nev]!less m]ely consi/s 9 ! /ronge/ motive = a giv5 individual "* ov]com+ ! o!rs & ?us det]m9+ ! act1 j z an impact is ov]come by a /rong] c\nt]-impact1 ! result ?us ensu+ ) precisely ! same necessity z ! movem5t ( a /one t has be5 /ruck4 ,t all great ?9k]s 9 all ages 7 decid$ & at "o on ?is po9t1 is j z c]ta91 z t ! multitude w nev] und]/&1 nev] grasp1 ! important tru?1 t ! "w ( our fre$om mu/ n be s\ght 9 our individual actions b 9 our v exi/5ce & nature itself4 ,9 my prize-essay on ,fre$om ( ! ,w1 ,i h %[n ?is z cle>ly z possible4 ,! lib]um arbitrium indiff]5ti :i* is assum$ to be ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( movem5ts proce$+ f ! w1 is accord+ly q inadmissible3 = x ass]ts t effects are possible )\t causes4 #aii ,by ?is ,s*op5hau] means ! di/9ction betwe5 ! w 9 its wide/ s5se1 reg>d$ z ! fundam5tal ess5ce ( all t happ5s1--ev5 :]e !re is no *oice1 ev5 :]e x is unconsci\s1--& consci\s w1 imply+ delib]ation & *oice1 commonly call$ free-w4 ,we mu/ h[ev] c>efully gu>d aga9/ conf\nd+ ?is relative free-w1 ) absolute free-w 7lib]um arbitrium indiff]5ti71 :i* ,s*op5hau] decl>es to be inadmissible4 ,! s5se 9 :i* ,i h us$ ! expression 'free-w' ?r\gh\t ?is treatise1 is t ( relative fre$om1 i4e4 p[] to *oose betwe5 diff]5t motives1 free ( all outw>d re/ra9t 7,willkhr74 7,tr47 #bjj ,i h %[n ! diff]5ce betwe5 cause 9 its n>r[e/ s5se1 /imulus1 & motive1 at l5g? 9 my ,grund-probleme d] ,e?ik p4 #bi et seq4 ,z soon !re=e z we h got s f> z to di/+ui% w ,wille f free-w ,willkhr1 & to consid] ! latt] z a p>ticul> k9d or p>ticul> ph5om5on ( ! =m]1 we %all f9d no difficulty 9 recognis+ ! w1 ev5 9 unconsci\s processes4 ,?us ! ass]tion1 t all bodily movem5ts1 ev5 ^? :i* are purely vegetative & organic1 proce$ f ! w1 by no means implies t !y are volunt>y4 ,= t w\ld mean t !y 7 occasion$ by motives2 b motives are repres5tations1 & _! seat is ! bra93 only ^? p>ts ( our body :i* communicate ) ! bra9 by means ( ! n]ves1 c be put 9 movem5t by ! bra91 consequ5tly by motives1 & ?is movem5t alone is :at is call$ volunt>y4 ,! movem5t ( ! inn] economy ( ! organism1 on ! contr>y1 is direct$1 z 9 plant-life1 by /imuli2 only z1 on ! "o h&1 ! complex nature ( ! animal organism necessitat$ an out] s5sorium = ! appreh5sion ( ! out] _w & ! w's reaction on t out] _w1 s1 on ! o!r h&1 did x necessitate a c]ebrum abdom9ale1 ! sympa!tic n]v\s sy/em1 9 ord] to direct ! w's reaction ^u inn] /imuli likewise4 ,we may comp>e ! =m] to a ,home ,m9i/ry1 ! latt] to a ,=eign ,(fice2 b ! w rema9s ! omnipres5t ,autocrat4 ,! progress made 9 ,physiology s9ce ,hall] has plac$ beyond d\bt1 t n only ^? actions :i* are consci\sly p]=m$ 7functiones animales71 b ev5 vital processes t take place q unconsci\sly 7functiones vitales et naturales71 are direct$ ?r\gh\t by ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,likewise t _! only diff]5ce1 z f> z our consci\sness ( !m is conc]n$1 consi/s 9 ! =m] be+ direct$ by n]ves proce$+ f ! bra91 ! latt] by n]ves t d n directly communicate ) t *ief c5tre ( ! n]v\s sy/em--ma9ly direct$ t[>ds ! outside--b ) subord9ate1 m9or c5tres1 ) ! n]ve-knots1 ! ganglia & _! net-"w1 :i* preside z x 7 l vice-g]5ts ov] ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 direct+ ^? int]nal processes t foll[ ^u int]nal /imuli1 j z ! bra9 directs ! ext]nal actions t foll[ ^u ext]nal motives1 & ?us receiv+ impressions f inside ^u :i* !y react correspond+ly1 j z ! bra9 receives repres5tations on ! /r5g? ( :i* x =ms resolutions2 only ea* ( ^! m9or c5tres is conf9$ to a n>r[] sph]e ( action4 ,^u ?is re/s ! vita propria ( ea* sy/em1 9 ref]r+ to :i* ,van ,helmont said t ea* organ has1 z x 71 its own ego4 ,x acc\nts also = life cont9u+ 9 p>ts :i* h be5 cut (f ! bodies ( insects1 reptiles1 & o!r inf]ior animals1 ^: bra9 has no m>k$ prepond]ance ov] ! ganglia ( s+le p>ts2 & x likewise expla9s h[ _m reptiles are able to live = weeks1 nay ev5 mon?s1 aft] _! bra9 has be5 remov$4 ,n[1 if our sure/ exp]i5ce tea*es u t ! w1 :i* is kn[n to u 9 mo/ imm$iate consci\sness & 9 a totally diff]5t way f ! out] _w1 is ! real ag5t 9 actions att5d$ by consci\sness & direct$ by ! *ief c5tre ( ! n]v\s sy/em2 h[ c we help admitt+ t ^? o!r actions :i*1 proce$+ f t n]v\s sy/em b obey+ ! direction ( its subord9ate c5tres1 keep ! vital processes con/antly go+1 mu/ also be manife/ations ( ! w8 ,especially z we "k p]fectly well ! cause because ( :i* !y are n1 l ! o!rs1 att5d$ by consci\sness3 we "k1 t is to say1 t all consci\sness resides 9 ! bra9 & !re=e is limit$ to su* p>ts z h n]ves :i* communicate directly ) ! bra92 & we "k also t1 ev5 9 ^!1 consci\sness ceases :5 ^? n]ves are sev]$4 ,by ?is ! diff]5ce betwe5 all t is consci\s & unconsci\s & toge!r ) x ! diff]5ce betwe5 all t is volunt>y & involunt>y 9 ! movem5ts ( ! body is p]fectly expla9$1 & no reason rema9s = assum+ two entirely diff]5t prim>y s\rces ( movem5t3 especially z pr9cipia prt] necessitatem non sunt multiplic&a4 ,all ?is is s obvi\s1 t1 on imp>tial reflection f ?is /&po9t1 x seems almo/ absurd to p]si/ 9 mak+ ! body s]ve two ma/]s by d]iv+ its actions f two radically diff]5t orig9s & !n ascrib+ on ! "o h& ! movem5ts ( our arms & legs1 ( our eyes1 lips1 ?roat1 tongue & lungs1 ( ! facial & abdom9al muscles1 to ! w2 :ile on ! o!r h& ! action ( ! he>t1 ! movem5ts ( ! ve9s1 ! p]i/altic movem5ts ( ! inte/9es1 ! absorption by ! inte/9al villi & gl&s & all ^? movem5ts :i* accompany secretion1 are suppos$ to proce$ f a totally diff]5t1 ev] my/]i\s pr9ciple ( :i* we h no k1 & :i* is designat$ by names su* z vitality1 ar*eus1 spiritus animales1 vital en]gy1 in/9ct1 all ( :i* mean no m ?an x4#bja #bja ,x is especially 9 secretive processes t we _c avoid recognis+ a c]ta9 selection ( ! mat]ials fitt$ = ea* purpose1 consequ5tly a free w 9 ! secretive organs1 :i* mu/ ev5 be assi/$ by a c]ta9 dull s5sation1 & 9 virtue ( :i* ea* secret+ organ only extracts f ! same blood t p>ticul> secretion :i* suits x & no o!rs3 = in/ance1 ! liv] only absorbs bile f ! blood fl[+ ?r\gh x1 s5d+ ! re/ ( ! blood on1 & likewise ! saliv>y gl&s & ! pancreas only secrete saliva1 ! kidneys only ur9e1 c4 c4 ,we may !re=e comp>e ! organs ( secretion to diff]5t k9ds ( cattle graz+ on "o & ! same pa/ure-l&1 ea* ( :i* only br[ses ^u ! "o sort ( h]b :i* suits its own p>ticul> appetite4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 ,x is curi\s & in/ructive to see ! tr\ble t excell5t writ]1 ,treviranus#bjb takes1 to f9d out 9 ! l[] animals1 su* z infusoria & zoophyta1 :i* movem5ts are volunt>y1 & :i* are :at he calls automatic or physical1 i4e4 m]ely vital4 ,he f\nds 8 inquiry ^u ! assumption t he has to d ) two prim>ily diff]5t s\rces ( movem5t2 :]eas 9 tru? !y all proce$ f ! w1 & ! :ole diff]5ce consi/s 9 _! be+ occasion$ by /imuli or by motives1 i4e4 9 _! hav+ a bra9 = _! m$ium or n2 & ! /imulus may aga9 be m]ely int]ior or ext]ior4 ,9 sev]al animals ( a high] ord]--cru/aceans & ev5 fi%es--he f9ds t ! volunt>y & vital movem5ts1 = in/ance locomotion & respiration1 entirely co9cide3 a cle> pro( t _! orig9 & ess5ce are id5tical4 ,he says p4 #ahh3 ,9 ! family ( ! act9ia1 />-fi%es1 sea-ur*9s1 & holo?uri 7e*9od]mata p$ata ,cuv471 x is evid5t t ! movem5t ( ! fluids dep5ds ^u ! w ( ! animals & t x is a means ( locomotion4 ,!n aga9 p4 #bhh3 ,! gullet ( mammals has at its upp] end ! ph>ynx1 :i* exp&s & contracts by means ( muscles resembl+ volunt>y muscles 9 _! =mation1 yet :i* d n obey ! w4 ,"h we see h[ ! limits ( ! movem5ts proce$+ f ! w & ( ^? assum$ to be =eign to x1 m]ge into "o ano!r4 ,ibid41 p4 #bic3 ,?us movem5ts hav+ all ! appe>ance ( be+ volunt>y1 take place 9 ! /oma*s ( rum9ants4 ,!y d n h[ev] always /& 9 connection ) ! rum9at+ process only4 ,ev5 ! simpl] human /oma* & t ( _m animals only all[s free passage to :at is dige/ible ?r\gh its l[] orifice1 & rejects :at is indige/ible by vomit+4 #bjb ,treviranus1 ,die ,ers*e9ung5 und ,gesetze des ,organis*5 ,leb5s1 vol4 i4 pp4 #agh-ahe4 ,!re is moreov] special evid5ce t ! movem5ts induc$ by /imuli 7involunt>y movem5ts7 proce$ f ! w j z well z ^? occasion$ by motives 7volunt>y movem5ts73 = in/ance1 :5 ! same movem5t foll[s n[ ^u a /imulus1 n[ aga9 ^u a motive1 z is ! case :5 ! pupil ( ! eye is contract$4 ,?is movem5t1 :5 caus$ by increas$ light1 foll[s ^u a /imulus2 :]eas1 :5 occasion$ by ! wi% to exam9e a v small object m9utely 9 close proximity1 x foll[s ^u a motive2 because contract+ ! pupil enables u to see ?+s di/9ctly ev5 :5 q ne> to u1 & ?is di/9ctness may be increas$ by our look+ ?r\gh a hole pi]c$ 9 a c>d ) a p92 conv]sely1 ! pupil is dilat$ :5 we look at di/ant objects4 ,surely ! same movem5t ( ! same organ is n likely to proce$ alt]nately f two fundam5tally diff]5t s\rces4--,e4 ,h4 ,web]#bjc relates t he discov]$ 9 himself ! p[] ( dilat+ & contract+ at w ! pupil ( "o ( 8 eyes1 :ile look+ at ! same object1 s z to make t object appe> n[ di/9ct1 n[ indi/9ct1 :ile ! o!r eye rema9$ clos$4--,joh4 ,mll]#bjd also tries to prove t ! w acts ^u ! pupil4 #bjc ,e4 ,h4 ,web]1 ,additam5ta ad ,e4 ,h4 ,web]i tractatum de motu iridis4 ,lipsia1 #ahbc4 #bjd ,joh4 ,mll]1 ,h&bu* d] ,physiologie1 p4 #gfd4 ,! tru? t ! inn]mo/ ma9spr+ ( unconsci\sly p]=m$ vital & vegetative functions is ! w1 we f9d moreov] confirm$ by ! consid]ation1 t ev5 ! movem5t ( a limb recognis$ z volunt>y1 is only ! ultimate result ( a multitude ( prec$+ *anges :i* h tak5 place inside t limb & :i* no m ent] into our consci\sness ?an ^? organic functions4 ,yet ^! *anges are evid5tly t :i* 0 fir/ set 9 motion by ! w1 ! movem5t ( ! limb be+ m]ely _! remote consequ5ce2 nev]!less ?is rema9s s =eign to our consci\sness t physiologi/s try to rea* x by means ( su* hypo!ses z ^!3 t ! s9ews & muscul> fibre are contract$ by a *ange 9 ! cellul> tissue wr\ght by a precipitation ( ! blood-vap\r 9 t tissue to s]um2 b t ?is *ange is br\ght ab\t by ! n]ve's action1 & ?is--by ! w4 ,?us1 ev5 "h1 x is n ! *ange :i* proce$$ orig9ally f ! w :i* comes into consci\sness1 b only its remote result2 & ev5 ?is1 prop]ly speak+1 only ?r\gh ! special p]ception ( ! bra9 9 :i* x pres5ts itself toge!r ) ! :ole organism4 ,n[ by foll[+ ! pa? ( exp]im5tal rese>* & hypo!ses physiologi/s w\ld nev] h arriv$ at ! tru?1 t ! la/ l9k 9 ?is asc5d+ causal s]ies is ! w2 x is kn[n to !m1 on ! contr>y1 9 q a diff]5t way4 ,! solution ( ! enigma comes to !m 9 a :isp] f outside ! inve/igation1 ow+ to ! =tunate circum/ance t ! inve/igator is 9 ?is case at ! same "t himself ! object ( ! inve/igation & by ?is le>ns ! secret ( ! inw>d process1 8 explanation ( :i* w\ld o!rwise1 l t ( e o!r ph5om5on1 be br\ght to a /&/ill by an inscrutable =ce4 ,& conv]sely1 if we /ood 9 ! same inw>d relation t[>ds e natural ph5om5on z t[>ds our own organism1 ! explanation ( e natural ph5om5on1 z well z ( all ! prop]ties ( e body1 w\ld likewise ultimately be r$uc$ to a w manife/+ itself 9 !m4 ,= ! diff]5ce does n reside 9 ! ?+ itself1 b 9 our relation to ! ?+4 ,:]ev] explanation ( ! physical comes to an end1 x is met by ! metaphysical2 & :]ev] ?is la/ is accessible to imm$iate k1 ! result w be1 z "h1 ! w4 ,t ev5 ^? p>ts ( ! body ^: movem5ts d n proce$ f ! bra91 d n foll[ ^u motives1 & are n volunt>y1 are nev]!less rul$ & animat$ by ! w1 is also %[n by _! p>ticipation 9 all unusually viol5t movem5ts ( ! w1 i4e4 emotions & passions4 ,we see1 = in/ance1 ! quick5$ pulse 9 joy or al>m1 ! blu% 9 emb>rassm5t1 ! *eek's pallor 9 t]ror or 9 suppress$ ang]1 ! te>s ( sorr[1 ! difficult brea?+ & increas$ activity ( ! inte/9es 9 t]ror1 wat]+ ( ! m\? at ! sight ( da9ties1 nausea occasion$ by t ( loa?some objects1 /rongly accel]at$ circulation ( ! blood & ev5 alt]$ quality ( bile ?r\gh wra?1 & ( saliva ?r\gh viol5t rage3 ?is la/ ev5 to ! degree1 t an excessively irritat$ dog may communicate hydrophobia by its bite )\t be+ itself affect$ ) rabies1 or ev5 !n contract+ ! disease--& ! same is also ass]t$ ( cats & ( cocks4 ,! organism is fur!r deeply und]m9$ by la/+ grief1 & may be mortally affect$ by fright z well z by sudd5 joy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all ^? inn] processes & *anges :i* only h to d ) ! intellect & d n conc]n ! w1 h[ev] great may be _! importance1 rema9 )\t influ5ce ^u ! ma*9]y ( ! organism1 ) ! "o exception1 t m5tal activity1 prolong$ to excess1 fatigues & gradually exhau/s ! bra9 & f9ally und]m9es ! organism4 ,?is aga9 confirms ! fact t ! intellect is ( a second>y "*1 & m]ely ! organic function ( a s+le "p1 a product ( life2 n ! inn]mo/ k]nel ( our be+1 n ! ?+ 9 itself1 n metaphysical1 incorporeal1 et]nal1 l ! w3 ! w nev] tires1 nev] gr[s old1 nev] le>ns1 nev] improves by practice1 is 9 infancy :at x is 9 old age1 et]nally "o & ! same1 & its "* 9 ea* individual is un*angeable4 ,be+ ess5tial moreov]1 x is likewise immutable1 & !re=e exi/s 9 animals z x does 9 u2 = x does n1 l ! intellect1 dep5d ^u ! p]fection ( ! organization1 b is 9 e ess5tial respect 9 all animals ! same ?+ :i* we "k s intimately4 ,accord+ly animals h all ! feel+s :i* belong to man3 joy1 grief1 fe>1 ang]1 love1 hate1 desire1 envy1 c4 c4 ,! great diff]5ce betwe5 man & ! brute creation consi/s exclusively 9 ! degrees ( p]fection ( ! intellect4 ,?is h[ev] is lead+ u too f> f our subject1 s ,i ref] my read]s to my *ief "w1 vol4 ii4 *ap4 #ai1 sub4 #b4 ,aft] ! cog5t reasons j giv5 9 fav\r ( ! prim>y ag5s 9 ! inw>d ma*9]y ( ! organism be+ ! v same w :i* rules ! outw>d actions ( ! body & only reveals itself z ! w 9 ?is passage ?r\gh consci\sness because "h x ne$s ! m$iation ( outw>dly direct$ k1 we %all n be a/oni%$ to f9d t o!r physiologi/s besides ,br&is _h1 by means ( /rictly empirical rese>*1 also recognis$ ?is tru? m or less cle>ly4 ,meckel1#bje 9 8 ,ar*iv fr die ,physiologie1 arrives q empirically & imp>tially at ! conclusion1 t vegetative exi/5ce 9 animals1 ! fir/ gr[? ( ! embryo1 ! assimilation ( n\ri%m5t & plant-life1 ought prop]ly to be consid]$ z manife/ations ( ! w1 nay1 t ev5 ! incl9ation ( ! magnetic ne$le seems to be some?+ ( ! same k9d4 ,! assumption1 he says1 ( a c]ta9 free w 9 e vital movem5t may p]haps be ju/ifi$4 ,plants appe> to seek light volunt>ily1 c4 c4 ,?is book is dat$ #ahai j aft] ! appe>ance ( my "w2 & z1 to say ! lea/1 x is d\btful :e!r x _h any influ5ce ^u him or :e!r he 0 ev5 aw>e ( its exi/5ce1 ,i class ^! utt]ances among ! indep5d5t empirical confirmations ( my doctr9e4 ,burda* also1#bjf 9 8 great "w on ,physiology1 arrives by a completely empirical road at ! conclusion1 t self-love is a =ce belong+ to all ?+s indiscrim9ately4 ,he po9ts x out1 fir/ 9 animals1 !n 9 plants1 & la/ly 9 inanimate bodies4 ,b :at is self-love aft] all1 if n ! w to pres]ve our exi/5ce1 ! w to live8 ,"u ! head+ ,comp>ative ,anatomy1 ,i %all quote a passage f ! same book1 :i* confirms my view /ill m decid$ly4 ,t ! doctr9e1 :i* tea*es t ! w is ! vital pr9ciple1 has begun to spread ev5 to ! wid] circles ( m$ical sci5ce & to meet ) a fav\rable reception f its y\ng] repres5tatives1 ,i notice ) p>ticul> pleasure 9 ! !ses su/a9$ by ,dr4 ,von ,sigriz on tak+ 8 degree at ,muni* 7,augu/1 #ahce71 :i* comm5ce z foll[s3 #a4 ,sanguis e/ det]m9ans =mam organismi se evolv5tis4 #b4 ,evolutio organica det]m9atur vit int]n actione et voluntate4 #bje ,meckel1 ,a4 f4 d4 ,p4 vol4 #e1 pp4 #aie-aih4 #bjf ,burda*1 ,physiologie1 vol4 i4 #bei1 p4 #chh4 ,la/ly1 a v rem>kable & unexpect$ corroboration ( ?is "p ( my doctr9e has to be m5tion$1 :i* has rec5tly be5 communicat$ f anci5t ,h9doo philosophy by ,colebrook4 ,9 8 exposition ( ! philosophical s*ools ( ! ,h9doos1#bjg he quotes ! foll[+ z ! doctr9e ( ! ,nyaga s*ool3 ,volition1 ,yatna1 ef=t or manife/ation ( ! ,w1 is a self-det]m9ation to act :i* gives satisfaction4 ,desire is its occasion1 p]ception its motive4 ,two k9ds ( p]ceptible ef=t ( ! w are di/+ui%$3 t :i* spr+s f desire :i* seeks ! agreeable1 & t :i* spr+s f av]sion :i* %uns ! repulsive4 ,ano!r species1 :i* escapes s5sation & p]ception1 b is inf]r$ f analogy ( spontane\s acts1 comprises animal functions1 hav+ = a cause ! vital1 unse5 p[]4 ,"h ! words animal functions are evid5tly us$1 n 9 a physiological1 b 9 a popul> s5se3 s t "h organic life is unque/ionably d]iv$ f ! w4 ,we f9d a simil> /atem5t 9 ,colebrook's ,report on ! ,v$as#bjh :]e he says3 ,asu is unconsci\s volition1 :i* occasions an act necess>y to ! support ( life1 z brea?+1 c4 #bjg ,transactions ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,great ,brita91 #ahbd1 p4 #aaj4 #bjh ,asiatic ,rese>*es1 vol4 #h1 p4 #dbf4 ,moreov] my r$uction ( vital en]gy to ! w by no means int]f]es ) ! old division ( its functions into reproductive =ce1 irritability & s5sibility4 ,?is division rema9s a deep view ( _! diff]5ce1 & gives occasion = int]e/+ obs]vations4 ,! faculty ( reproduction1 objectifi$ 9 ! cellul> tissue ( plants1 con/itutes ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( plants & ! vegetative elem5t 9 ,man4 ,:]e we f9d x pr$om9ant to excess 9 human be+s1 we assume !m to be phlegmatic1 dull1 indol5t1 obtuse 7,botians72 ?\gh ?is assumption does n always meet ) confirmation4 ,irritability1 objectifi$ 9 ! muscul> tissue1 con/itutes ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ,animals & ! animal elem5t 9 ,man4 ,:]e x pr$om9ates to excess1 dext]ity1 /r5g?1 brav]y1 t is1 fitness = bodily ex]tion & = w>1 is usually to be f\nd 7,sp>tans74 ,ne>ly all w>m-blood$ animals & ev5 insects f> surpass ,man 9 irritability4 ,x is by irritability t animals are mo/ vividly consci\s ( _! exi/5ce2 :]e=e !y exult 9 manife/+ x4 ,!re is ev5 /ill a trace ( t exultation p]ceptible 9 ,man1 9 danc+4 ,s5sibility1 objectifi$ 9 ! n]ves1 is ,man's *ief *>act]i/ic1 & con/itutes :at is prop]ly human 9 him4 ,9 ?is no animal c 9 ! remote/ degree comp>e ) ,man4 ,:]e x pr$om9ates to excess1 x produces g5ius 7,a!nians74 ,accord+ly a man ( g5ius is 9 a high] degree a man4 ,?is expla9s :y "s m5 ( g5ius h be5 unwill+ to recognise o!r m51 ) _! monoton\s physiognomies & univ]sal /amp ( commonplace m$iocrity1 z human be+s3 = 9 !m !y did n f9d _! equals & naturally came to ! errone\s conclusion t _! own 0 ! normal /&>d4 ,diog5es s\ght = m5 ) a lant]n 9 ?is s5se2--9 t "w ( g5ius1 ! ,kohele? 7,ecclesia/es7 x is said3#bji ,"o man among a ?\s& h ,i f\nd1 b "o woman among all ^? h ,i n f\nd2 & ,gracian 9 8 ,criticon--p]haps ! gr&e/ & mo/ beautiful allegory ev] writt5--says3 ,b :at 0 /range/ ( all1 9 ! :ole c\ntry1 ev5 9 ! mo/ popul\s cities1 !y did n meet ) a s+le man2 on ! contr>y ^! cities 7 inhabit$ by lions1 tig]s1 leop>ds1 wolves1 foxes1 apes1 ox51 asses1 pigs1--n[h]e 0 !re a man6 ,!y only made out aft] a "t t ! few exi/+ human be+s1 9 ord] to hide !mselves & n to witness :at 0 go+ on1 _h retir$ to ^? des]t places :i* ought to h be5 ! dwell+s ( wild bea/s4 ,! same reason inde$ acc\nts = ! peculi> incl9ation ( all m5 ( g5ius = solitude1 to :i* !y are driv5 by _! diff]5ce f ! re/1 & = :i* _! own inn] weal? qualifies !m4 ,=1 ) humanity x is z ) diamonds1 ! extraord9>ily great ones alone are fitt$ to be solitaires1 :ile ^? ( ord9>y size h to be set 9 clu/]s to produce any effect4 #bji ,ecclesia/es1 *4 #g1 v4 #bh4 ,ev5 ! ?ree ,gunas1 or fundam5tal qualities ( ! ,h9doos1 tally ) ! ?ree physiological fundam5tal =ces4 ,tamas-,guna1 obtus5ess1 /upidity1 corresponds to reproductive p[]2 ,rajas-,guna1 passionat5ess1 to irritability2 & ,sattwa-,guna1 wisdom & virtue1 to s5sibility4 ,:5 h[ev] !y add to ?is1 t ,tamas-,guna is ! fate ( animals1 ,rajas-,guna ! fate ( man1 & ,sattwa-,guna t ( ! ,gods1 ?is is to be tak5 9 a my?ological1 r ?an physiological s5se4 ,9 ,*apt] #bj? ( ! #bnd ,vol4 ( my *ief "w entitl$ ,objectification ( ! ,w 9 ! ,animal ,organism1 ,i h likewise treat$ ! argum5t ( ! pres5t *apt]2 !re=e ,i advise my read]s to read x aft] ?is1 z a complem5t to :at is "h giv54#baj #baj ,9 my ,p>]ga1 #id ( ! #bnd vol4 7 #if 9 ! #bnd edition7 belongs also to ! above4 ,i may obs]ve1 t ! passages ,i h quot$ f pp4 #ad & #ae ( my ,essay on ,col\rs1 ref] to ! fir/ edition4 ,,comp>ative ,,anatomy4 ,n[1 f my proposition3 t ! ,w is :at ,kant calls ! ?+ 9 itself#baa or ! ultimate sub/ratum ( e ph5om5on1 ,i _h h[ev] n only d$uc$ t ! w is ! ag5t 9 all inn]1 unconsci\s functions ( ! body1 b also t ! organism itself is no?+ b ! w :i* has ent]$ ! region ( repres5tation1 ! w itself1 p]ceiv$ 9 ! cognitive =m ( ,space4 ,i _h accord+ly said t1 j z ea* s+le mom5t>y act ( will+ pres5ts itself at once directly & infallibly 9 ! out] p]ception ( ! body z "o ( its actions1 s also mu/ ! collective volition ( ea* animal1 ! totality#bab ( its ef=ts1 be fai?fully portray$ 9 its :ole body1 9 ! con/itution ( its organism2 & t ! means suppli$ by its organisation = atta9+ ! aims ( its w mu/ z a :ole exactly correspond to ^? aims--9 %ort1 t ! same relation mu/ exi/ betwe5 ! :ole "* ( its volition & ! %ape & nature ( its body1 z betwe5 ea* s+le act ( its w & ! s+le bodily action :i* c>ries x out4 ,ev5 ?is too has rec5tly be5 recognis$ z a fact1 & accord+ly be5 confirm$ po/]iori1 by ?\ghtful zootomi/s & physiologi/s f _! own po9t ( view & indep5d5tly ( my doctr9e3 _! judgm5ts on ?is po9t make ,nature te/ify ev5 "h to ! tru? ( my !ory4 #baa ,d+ an si*4 #bab ,inbegriff4 ,9 ,p&] & d',alton's admirable illu/rat$ "w#bac we f9d3 ,j z all t is *>act]i/ic 9 ! =mation ( bones spr+s f ! "* ( ! animals1 s does t "*1 on ! o!r h&1 develop out ( _! t5d5cies & desires4 ,^! t5d5cies & desires ( animals1 :i* are s vividly express$ 9 _! :ole organisation & ( :i* t organisation only appe>s to be ! m$ium1 _c be expla9$ by special prim>y =ces1 s9ce we c only d$uce _! inn] reason f ! g5]al life ( ,nature4 ,by ?is la/ turn ! au?or %[s inde$ t he has arriv$ at ! po9t :]e1 l all o!r inve/igators ( ,nature1 he is br\ght to a /&/ill by ! metaphysical2 b he also %[s1 t up to ?is po9t beyond :i* ,nature eludes inve/igation1 t5d5cies & desires 7i4e4 w7 7 ! utmo/ ?+ kn[able4 ,! %orte/ expression = 8 la/ conclusion ab\t animals w\ld be ,z !y w1 s !y are4 #bac ,p&] & d',alton1 ,ueb] die ,skelette d] ,raub?i]e1 #ahbb1 p4 #g4 ,! le>n$ & ?\ghtful ,burda*1#bad :5 treat+ ( ! ultimate reason ( ! g5esis ( ! embryo 9 8 great "w on ,physiology1 be>s witness no less explicitly to ! tru? ( my view4 ,i mu/ n1 un=tunately1 conceal ! fact t 9 a weak mom5t1 misl$ ,heav5 kn[s by :at or h[1 ?is o!rwise excell5t man br+s 9 j "h a few s5t5ces tak5 f t utt]ly wor?less1 tyrannically impos$ pseudo-philosophy1 ab\t '?\ght' be+ :at is prim>y 7x is j :at is la/ & mo/ condition$ ( all7 yet 'no repres5tation' 7t is to say1 a wood5 iron74 ,imm$iately aft] h[ev]1 "u ! return+ influ5ce ( 8 own bett] self1 he proclaims ! real tru? 7p4 #gaj73 ,! bra9 curves itself outw>ds to ! ret9a1 because ! c5tral "p ( ! embryo desires to take 9 ! impressions ( ! activity ( ! _w2 ! muc\s membrane ( ! inte/9al canal develops into ! lung1 because ! organic body desires to ent] into relation ) ! elem5t>y sub/ances ( ! univ]se2 organs ( g5]ation spr+ f ! vascul> sy/em1 because ! individual only lives 9 ! species1 & because ! life :i* has comm5c$ 9 ! individual desires to multiply4 ,?is ass]tion ( ,burda*'s1 :i* s entirely agrees ) my doctr9e1 rem9ds me ( a passage 9 ! anci5t ,mahabh>ata1 :i* x is really difficult n to reg>d z a my?ical v]sion ( ! same tru?4 ,x is 9 ! ?ird ,canto ( ,sundas & ,upasunda 9 ,bopp's ,ards*una's ,reise zu ,indra's ,himmel#bae 7#ahbd72 ,brahma has j creat$ ,tilottama1 ! faire/ ( wom51 :o is walk+ r\nd ! circle ( ! assembl$ gods4 ,%iva conceives s viol5t a long+ to gaze at h] z %e turns successively r\nd ! circle1 t f\r faces arise 9 him accord+ to h] diff]5t positions1 t is1 accord+ to ! f\r c>d9al po9ts4 ,?is may acc\nt = ,%iva be+ repres5t$ ) five heads1 z ,pan% ,mukhti ,%iva4 ,c\ntless eyes arise on e "p ( ,indra's body likewise on ! same occasion4#baf ,9 fact1 e organ mu/ be look$ ^u z ! expression ( a univ]sal manife/ation ( ! w1 i4e4 ( "o made once = all1 ( a fix$ long+1 ( an act ( volition proce$+1 n f ! individual1 b f ! species4 ,e animal =m is a long+ ( ! w to live :i* is r\s$ by circum/ances2 = in/ance1 ! w is seiz$ ) a long+ to live on trees1 to hang on _! bran*es1 to dev\r _! leaves1 )\t cont5tion ) o!r animals & )\t ev] t\*+ ! gr\nd3 ?is long+ pres5ts itself ?r\gh\t endless "t 9 ! =m 7or ,platonic ,idea7 ( ! slo?4 ,x c h>dly walk at all1 be+ only adapt$ = climb+2 helpless on ! gr\nd1 x is agile on trees & looks itself l a moss-clad b\gh 9 ord] to escape ! notice ( its pursu]s4 ,b n[ let u consid] ! matt] f a some:at m me?odical & less poetical po9t ( view4 #bad ,burda*1 ,physiologie1 vol4 #b1 #dgd4 #bae ,bopp1 ,ards*una's ,reise zu ,indra's ,himmel1 neb/ &]5 ,episod5 des ,mahabh>ata 7,ard%una's ,j\rney to ,indra's ,heav5 toge!r ) o!r episodes f ! ,mahabh>ata71 #ahbd4 #baf ,! ,matsya ,p>ana attributes a simil> orig9 to ,brahma's f\r c\nt5ances4 ,x relates t1 hav+ fall5 9 love ) 8 daught] ,sat>upa1 & gaz$ fix$ly at h]1 %e /epp$ aside to avoid 8 eye2 he be+ a%am$1 w\ld n foll[ h] movem5t2 :]eupon a new face arose on him direct$ t[>ds ! side :]e %e 0 &1 on h] once m mov+1 ! same ?+ occurr$1 & 0 repeat$1 until at la/ he _h f\r faces4 7,asiatic ,rese>*es1 vol4 #f1 p4 #dgc47 ,add4 to #crd ed4 ,! manife/ adaptation ( ea* animal = its mode ( life & outw>d means ( subsi/5ce1 ev5 d[n to ! smalle/ detail1 toge!r ) ! exce$+ p]fection ( its organisation1 =m abundant mat]ial = teleological contemplation1 :i* has always be5 a fav\rite occupation ( ! human m9d1 & :i*1 ext5d$ ev5 to inanimate ,nature1 has become ! argum5t ( ! ,physico-!ological ,pro(4 ,! univ]sal fitness = _! ends1 ! obvi\sly int5tional design 9 all ! p>ts ( ! organism ( ! l[] animals )\t exception1 proclaim too di/9ctly = x ev] to h be5 s]i\sly que/ion$1 t "h no =ces ( ,nature act+ by *ance & )\t plan h be5 at "w1 b a w4 ,n[1 t a w %\ld act o!rwise ?an "u ! guidance ( k 0 inconceivable1 accord+ to empirical sci5ce & views4 ,=1 up to my "t1 z has be5 %[n 9 ! la/ *apt]1 w & intellect _h be5 reg>d$ z absolutely insep>able1 nay1 ! w 0 look$ ^u z a m]e op]ation ( ! intellect1 t presumptive basis ( all t is spiritual4 ,accord+ly :]ev] ! w act$1 k mu/ h be5 its guide2 consequ5tly x mu/ h be5 its guide "h also4 ,b ! m$iation ( k1 :i*1 z su*1 is exclusively direct$ t[>ds ! outside1 br+s ) x1 t a w act+ by means ( x1 c only act outw>dly1 t is1 only f "o be+ ^u ano!r4 ,!re=e ! w1 ( :i* unmi/akable traces _h be5 f\nd1 0 n s\ght = :]e ^! 7 discov]$1 b 0 remov$ to ! outside1 & ! animal became ! product ( a w =eign to x1 guid$ by k1 :i* mu/ h be5 v cle> k inde$1 nay1 ! deeply excogitat$ conception ( a purpose2 & ?is purpose mu/ h prec$$ ! animal's exi/5ce1 &1 toge!r ) ! w1 ^: product ! animal is1 h la9 outside t animal4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ! animal w\ld h exi/$ 9 repres5tation be=e exi/+ 9 reality4 ,?is is ! basis ( ! tra9 ( ?\ght on :i* ! ,physico-!ological ,pro( is f\nd$4 ,b ?is pro( is no m]e s*ola/ic sophism1 l ! ,ontological ,pro(3 nor does x conta9 an untir+ natural oppon5t )9 itself1 l ! ,cosmological ,pro(1 9 t v same law ( causality to :i* x owes its exi/5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is1 9 reality1 = ! educat$1 :at ! ,k]aunological ,pro(#bag is = ! vulg>1#bah & its plausibility is s great1 s pot5t1 t ! mo/ em95t & at ! same "t lea/ prejudic$ m9ds h be5 deeply entangl$ 9 x4 ,voltaire1 = in/ance1 :o1 aft] all sorts ( o!r d\bts1 always comes back to x1 sees no possibility ( gett+ ov] x & ev5 places its evid5ce almo/ on a level ) t ( a ma!matical demon/ration4 ,ev5 ,prie/ley too decl>es x to be irrefutable4#bai ,hume's reflection & acum5 alone /ood ! te/1 ev5 9 ?is case2 9 8 ,dialogues on ,natural ,religion1#bbj :i* are s well wor? read+1 ?is true precursor ( ,kant calls att5tion to ! fact1 t !re is no resemblance at all betwe5 ! works ( ,nature & ^? ( an ,art :i* proce$s accord+ to a design4 ,n[ x is precisely :]e he cuts asund] ! n]vus prob&i ( ?is extremely insidi\s pro(1 z well z t ( ! two o!rs--9 8 ,critique ( ,judgm5t & 9 8 ,critique ( ,pure ,reason--t ,kant's m]it %9es mo/ brilliantly4 ,a v brief summ>y ( ?is ,kantian refutation ( ! ,physico-!ological ,pro( may be f\nd 9 my *ief "w4#bba ,kant has e>n$ = himself great m]it by x2 = no?+ /&s s mu* 9 ! way ( a correct insight into ,nature & into ! ess5ce ( ?+s z ?is view1 by :i* !y are look$ ^u z hav+ be5 made accord+ to a preconceiv$ plan4 ,!re=e1 if a ,duke ( ,bridgewat] (f]s a prize ( high value = ! confirmation & p]petuation ( su* fundam5tal errors1 let x be our task1 foll[+ 9 ! foot/eps ( ,hume & ,kant1 to "w undaunt$ly at _! de/ruction1 )\t any o!r rew>d ?an tru?4 ,tru? des]ves respect3 n :at is oppos$ to x4 ,nev]!less "h1 z else:]e1 ,kant has conf9$ himself to negation2 b a negation only takes full effect :5 x has be5 complet$ by a correct affirmation1 ?is alone giv+ entire satisfaction & 9 itself dislodg+ & sup]s$+ error1 accord+ to ! words ( ,sp9oza3 ,sicut lux se ipsa et t5ebras manife/at1 sic v]itas norma sui et falsi e/4 ,fir/ ( all !re=e we say3 ! _w is n made ) ! help ( k1 consequ5tly also n f ! outside1 b f ! inside2 & next we endeav\r to po9t out ! punctum sali5s#bbb ( ! _w-egg4 ,! physico-!ological ?\ght1 t ,nature mu/ h be5 regulat$ & fa%ion$ by an intellect1 h[ev] well x may suit ! untutor$ m9d1 is nev]!less fundam5tally wrong4 ,= ! intellect is only kn[n to u 9 animal nature1 consequ5tly z an absolutely second>y & subord9ate pr9ciple 9 ! _w1 a product ( ! late/ orig92 x c nev] !re=e h be5 ! condition ( ! exi/5ce ( t _w4#bbc ,n[ ! w on ! contr>y1 be+ t :i* fills e ?+ & manife/s itself imm$iately 9 ea*--?us %[+ ea* ?+ to be its ph5om5on--appe>s ev]y:]e z t :i* is prim>y4 ,x is j = ?is reason1 t ! explanation ( all teleological facts is to be f\nd 9 ! w ( ! be+ itself 9 :i* !y are obs]v$4 #bag ,i %\ld l "u ?is "n to add a f\r? to ! ?ree pro(s br\ght =w>d by ,kant1 i4e4 ! pro( a t]rore1 :i* ! anci5t say+ ( ,petronius3 primus 9 orbe ,deos fecit timor1 designates & ( :i* ,hume's incomp>able ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,religion may be consid]$ z ! critique4 ,und]/ood 9 ?is s5se1 ev5 ! !ologi/ ,s*lei]ma*]'s attempt$ pro( might h its tru? f ! feel+ ( dep5d5ce1 ?\gh p]haps n exactly t tru? :i* its orig9ator imag9$ x to h4 #bah ,socrates prop\nd$ x already 9 detail 9 ,x5ophon4 7,mem4 i4 #d47 ,add4 to #crd ed4 #bai ,prie/ley1 ,disqu4 on ,matt] & ,_s1 sect4 #af1 p4 #ahh4 #bbj ,"p #g1 & 9 o!r places4 #bba ,see ,die ,welt als ,w4 u4 ,v4 vol4 i4 p4 #eig4 7,vol4 i4 p4 #fca ( ! #crd ed47 #bbb ,! po9t at :i* ! life-sp>k is k9dl$4 ,tr4 #bbc ,nor c a mundus intelligibilis prec$e a mundus s5sibilis2 s9ce x receives its mat]ial f ! latt] alone4 ,x is n an intellect :i* has br\ght =? ,nature2 x is1 on ! contr>y1 ,nature :i* has br\ght =? ! intellect4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 ,besides1 ! ,physico-!ological ,pro( may be simply invalidat$ by ! empirical obs]vation1 t works produc$ by animal in/9ct1 su* z ! spid]'s web1 ! bee's honeycomb & its cells1 ! :ite ant's con/ructions1 c4 c41 are ?r\gh\t con/itut$ z if !y 7 ! result ( an int5tional conception1 ( a wide-rea*+ provid5ce & ( rational delib]ation2 :]eas !y are evid5tly ! "w ( a bl9d impulse1 i4e4 ( a w n guid$ by k4 ,f ?is x foll[s1 t ! conclusion f su* & su* a nature to su* & su* a mode ( com+ into be+1 has n ! same c]ta9ty z ! conclusion f a consequ5t to its reason1 :i* is 9 all cases a sure "o4 ,i h devot$ ! tw5ty-sev5? *apt] ( ! second volume ( my *ief "w to a detail$ consid]ation ( ! me*anical in/9cts ( animals1 :i* may be us$1 toge!r ) ! prec$+ "o on ,teleology1 to complete ! :ole exam9ation ( ?is subject 9 ! pres5t *apt]4 ,n[1 if we ent] m closely into ! above-m5tion$ fitness ( e animal's organisation = its mode ( life & means ( subsi/5ce1 ! "q t fir/ pres5ts itself is1 :e!r t mode ( life has be5 adapt$ to ! organisation1 or vice v]sa4 ,at fir/ sight1 ! =m] assumption w\ld seem to be ! m correct "o2 s9ce1 9 ,"t1 ! organisation prec$es ! mode ( life1 & ! animal is ?\ght to h adopt$ ! mode ( exi/5ce = :i* its /ructure 0 be/ suit$1 mak+ ! be/ use ( ! organs x f\nd )9 itself3 ?us1 = in/ance1 we ?9k t ! bird flies because x has w+s1 & t ! ox butts because x has horns2 n conv]sely4 ,?is view is %>$ by ,lucretius1 7always an om9\s sign = an op9ion73 ,nil ideo quoniam natum e/ 9 corpore1 ut uti ,possemus2 s$1 quod natum e/1 id procreat usum4#bbd #bbd ,?is is exp&$1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #hbe-hdc4 ,only ?is assumption does n expla9 h[1 collectively1 ! q diff]5t p>ts ( an animal's organism s exactly correspond to its way ( life2 h[ no organ int]f]es ) ano!r1 ea* r assi/+ ! o!rs & none rema9+ unemploy$2 also t no subord9ate organ w\ld be bett] suit$ to ano!r mode ( exi/5ce1 :ile ! life :i* ! animal really leads is det]m9$ by ! pr9cipal organs alone1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ea* "p ( ! animal n only corresponds to e o!r "p1 b also to its mode ( life3 its claws1 = in/ance1 are inv>iably adapt$ = seiz+ ! prey :i* its tee? are suit$ to te> & break1 & its inte/9al canal to dige/3 its limbs are con/ruct$ to convey x :]e t prey is to be f\nd1 & no organ ev] rema9s unemploy$4 ,! ant-be>1 = in/ance1 is n only arm$ ) long claws on its =e-feet1 9 ord] to break into ! ne/s ( ! :ite ant1 b also ) a prolong$ cyl9drical muzzle1 9 ord] to p5etrate into !m1 ) a small m\? & a long1 ?readlike tongue1 cov]$ ) a glut9\s slime1 :i* x ins]ts into ! :ite ants' ne/s & !n )draws cov]$ ) ! insects t adh]e to x3 on ! o!r h& x has no tee?1 because x does n want !m4 ,:o c fail to see t ! ant-be>'s =m /&s 9 ! same relation to ! :ite ants1 z an act ( ! w to its motive8 ,! contradiction betwe5 ! p[]ful =e-feet & long1 /rong1 curv$ claws ( ! ant-be> & its complete lack ( tee?1 is at ! same "t s extraord9>y1 t if ! e>? ev] und]goes a fre% trans=mation1 ! newly aris+ race ( rational be+s w f9d x an insoluble enigma1 if :ite ants are unkn[n to !m4 ,! necks ( birds1 z ( quadrup$s1 are g5]ally z long z _! legs1 to enable !m to rea* d[n to ! gr\nd :]e !y pick up _! food2 b ^? ( aquatic birds are (t5 a good deal long]1 because !y h to fet* up _! n\ri%m5t f "u ! wat] :ile swimm+4#bbe ,moor-f[l h exce$+ly long legs1 to enable !m to wade )\t dr[n+ or wett+ _! bodies1 & a correspond+ly long neck & beak1 ?is la/ be+ m or less /rong1 accord+ to ! ?+s 7reptiles1 fi%es or worms7 :i* h to be cru%$2 & ! inte/9es ( ^! animals are inv>iably adapt$ likewise to ?is end4 ,on ! o!r h&1 moor-f[l are provid$ nei!r ) talons1 l birds ( prey1 nor ) web-feet1 l ducks3 = ! lex p>simoni natur admits ( no sup]flu\s organ4 ,n[1 x is precisely ?is v law1 add$ to ! circum/ance1 t no organ requir$ = its mode ( life is ev] want+ 9 any animal1 & t all1 ev5 ! mo/ het]og5e\s1 h>monize toge!r & are1 z x 71 calculat$ = a q specially det]m9$ way ( life1 = ! elem5t 9 :i* ! prey dwells1 = ! pursuit1 ! ov]com+1 ! cru%+ & dige/+ ( t prey1--all ?is1 we say1 proves1 t ! animal's /ructure has be5 det]m9$ by ! mode ( life by :i* ! animal desir$ to f9d its su/5ance1 & n vice v]sa4 ,x also proves1 t ! result is exactly ! same z if a k ( t mode ( life & ( its outw>d conditions _h prec$$ ! /ructure1 & z if !re=e ea* animal _h *os5 its equipm5t be=e x assum$ a body2 j z a sportsman be=e />t+ *ooses 8 :ole equipm5t1 gun1 p[d]1 %ot1 p\*1 hunt+-knife & dress1 accord+ to ! game he int5ds *as+4 ,! latt] does n take aim at ! wild bo> because he happ5s to h a rifle3 he took ! rifle ) him & n a f[l+-piece1 because he int5d$ to hunt ! wild bo>2 & ! ox does n butt because x happ5s to h horns3 x has horns because x int5ds to butt4 ,n[1 to r5d] ?is pro( complete1 we h ! additional circum/ance1 t 9 _m animals1 dur+ ! "t !y are gr[+1 ! ef=t ( ! w to :i* a limb is de/9$ to m9i/]1 manife/s itself be=e ! exi/5ce ( ! limb itself1 its employm5t ?us anticipat+ its exi/5ce4 ,"y he-goats1 rams1 calves1 = in/ance1 butt ) _! b>e polls be=e !y h any horns2 ! "y bo> tries to gore on ei!r side1 be=e its tusks are fully develop$ :i* w\ld respond to ! int5d$ effect1 :ile on ! o!r h&1 x neglects to use ! small] tee? x already has 9 its m\? & ) :i* x might really bite4 ,?us its mode ( def5d+ itself does n adapt itself to ! exi/+ weapons1 b vice v]sa4 ,?is _h already be5 notic$ by ,gal5us#bbf & by ,lucretius#bbg be=e him4 ,all ^! circum/ances give u complete c]ta9ty1 t ! w does n1 z a supplem5t>y ?+ proce$+ f ! intellect1 employ ^? in/rum5ts :i* x may happ5 to f9d1 or use ! p>ts because j !y & no o!rs *ance to be !re2 b t :at is prim>y & orig9al1 is ! endeav\r to live 9 ?is p>ticul> way1 to cont5d 9 ?is mann]1 an endeav\r :i* manife/s itself n only 9 ! employm5t1 b ev5 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! weapon3 s mu* s inde$1 t ! use ( ! weapon frequ5tly prec$es its exi/5ce1 ?us d5ot+ t x is ! weapon :i* arises out ( ! exi/5ce ( ! endeav\r1 n1 conv]sely1 ! desire to use x out ( ! exi/5ce ( ! weapon4 ,ari/otle express$ ?is long ago1 :5 he said1 ) ref]5ce to insects arm$ ) /+s3#bbh 7quia iram hab5t1 arma hab5t71 & fur!r on1 g5]ally speak+3#bbi ' 1 ' 7,natura enim in/rum5ta ad (ficium1 non (ficium ad in/rum5ta accommodat74 ,f :i* x foll[s1 t ! /ructure ( ea* animal is adapt$ to its w4 #bbe ,i h se5 7,zoopla/4 ,cab4 #ahfj7 a humm+-bird 7colibri7 ) a beak z long z ! :ole bird1 head & tail includ$4 ,?is bird mu/ c]ta9ly h _h to fet* out its food f a consid]able dep?1 7 x only f ! calyx ( a fl[] 7,cuvi]1 ,anat4 ,comp4 vol4 iv4 p4 #cgd72 o!rwise x w\ld n h giv5 itself ! luxury1 or submitt$ to ! encumbrance1 ( su* a beak4 #bbf ,gal5us1 ,de ,usu ,p>tium ,anim41 i4 #a4 #bbg ,lucretius1 v4 pp4 #ajcb-ajci4 #bbh ,ari/ot41 ,de ,"p4 ,animal41 iv4 #f3 ,!y h a weapon because !y h passion4 ,tr4 #bbi ,ibid4 c4 #ab3 ,nature makes ! tools = ! "w1 n ! "w = ! tools4 ,tr4 ,?is tru? =ces itself ^u ?\ghtful zoologi/s & zootomi/s ) su* cog5cy1 t unless _! m9d is at ! same "t purifi$ by a deep] philosophy1 x may lead !m into /range errors4 ,n[ ?is actually happ5$ to a v em95t zoologi/1 ! immortal ,de ,lam>ck1 :o has acquir$ ev]la/+ fame by 8 discov]y ( ! classification ( animals 9 v]tebrata & non-v]tebrata1 s admirable 9 dep? ( view4 ,= he q s]i\sly ma9ta9s & tries to prove#bcj at l5g?1 t ! %ape ( ea* animal species1 ! weapons peculi> to x1 & its organs ( e sort de/9$ = outw>d use1 7 by no means pres5t at ! orig9 ( t species1 b h on ! contr>y come into be+ gradually 9 ! c\rse ( "t & ?r\gh cont9u$ g5]ation1 9 consequ5ce ( ! ex]tions ( ! animal's w1 evok$ by ! nature ( its position & surr\nd+s1 ?r\gh its own repeat$ ef=ts & ! habits to :i* ^! gave rise4 ,aquatic birds & mammalia t swim1 he says1 h only become web-foot$ ?r\gh /ret*+ _! toes asund] 9 swimm+2 moor-f[l acquir$ _! long legs & necks by wad+2 horn$ cattle only gradually acquir$ horns because z !y _h no prop] tee? = combat+1 !y f\ght ) _! heads1 & ?is combative prop5sity 9 c\rse ( "t produc$ horns or antl]s2 ! snail 0 orig9ally1 l o!r mollusca1 )\t feel]s2 b out ( ! desire to feel ! objects ly+ be=e x1 ^! gradually arose2 ! :ole fel9e species acquir$ claws only 9 c\rse ( "t1 f _! desire to te> ! fle% ( _! prey1 & ! moveable cov]+s ( ^? claws1 f ! necessity ( protect+ !m 9 walk+ )\t be+ prev5t$ f us+ !m :5 !y wi%$2 ! giraffe1 9 ! b>r51 grassless ,african des]ts1 be+ r$uc$ = its food to ! leaves ( l(ty trees1 /ret*$ out its neck & =elegs until at la/ x acquir$ its s+ul> %ape1 ) a height 9 front ( tw5ty feet1 & ?us ,de ,lam>ck goes on describ+ a multitude ( animal species z aris+ accord+ to ! same pr9ciple1 9 do+ :i* he ov]looks ! obvi\s objection :i* may be made1 t long be=e ! organs necess>y = its pres]vation c\ld h be5 produc$ by means ( su* endeav\rs z ^! ?r\gh c\ntless g5]ations1 ! :ole species mu/ h di$ out f ! want ( !m4 ,to su* a degree may we be bl9d$ by a hypo!sis :i* has once laid hold ( u6 ,nev]!less 9 ?is in/ance ! hypo!sis arose out ( a v correct & pr(\nd view ( ,nature3 x is an error ( g5ius1 :i* 9 spite ( all ! absurdity x conta9s1 /ill does hon\r to its orig9ator4 ,! true "p ( x belongs to ,de ,lam>ck1 z an inve/igator ( ,nature2 he saw rightly t ! prim>y elem5t :i* has det]m9$ ! animal's organisation1 is ! w ( t animal itself4 ,! false "p mu/ be laid to ! acc\nt ( ! backw>d /ate ( ,metaphysics 9 ,france1 :]e ! views ( ,locke & ( 8 feeble foll[]1 ,condillac1 9 fact /ill hold _! gr\nd & !re=e bodies are held to be ?+s 9 !mselves1 ,"t & ,space qualities ( ?+s 9 !mselves2 & :]e ! great doctr9e ( ! ,ideal nature ( ,space & ( ,"t & ( all t is repres5t$ 9 !m1 :i* has be5 s extremely f]tile 9 its results1 has n yet p5etrat$4 ,de ,lam>ck !re=e c\ld n conceive 8 con/ruction ( liv+ be+s o!rwise ?an 9 ,"t1 ?r\gh succession4 ,errors ( ?is sort1 z well z ! gross1 absurd1 atomic !ory ( ! ,fr5* & ! edify+ physico-!ological consid]ations ( ! ,engli%1 h be5 bani%$ = ev] f ,g]many by ,kant's pr(\nd influ5ce4 ,s salut>y 0 ! effect produc$ by ?is great m9d1 ev5 ^u a nation capable ( subsequ5tly =sak+ him to run aft] *>latanism & empty bomba/4 ,b ! ?\ght c\ld nev] ent] into ,de ,lam>ck's head1 t ! animal's w1 z a ?+ 9 itself1 might lie outside ,"t1 & 9 ?is s5se be prior to ! animal itself4 ,!re=e he assumes ! animal to h fir/ be5 )\t any cle>ly def9$ organs1 b also )\t any cle>ly def9$ t5d5cies1 & to h be5 equipp$ only ) p]ception4 ,?r\gh ?is x le>ns to "k ! circum/ances 9 :i* x has to live & f t k arise its desires1 i4e4 its w1 f :i* aga9 spr+ its organs or def9ite embodim5t2 ?is la/ inde$ ) ! help ( g5]ation & !re=e 9 b\ndless ,"t4 ,if ,de ,lam>ck _h _h ! c\rage to c>ry out 8 !ory fully1 he ought to h assum$ a prim>y animal#bca :i*1 to be consi/5t1 mu/ h orig9ally _h nei!r %ape nor organs1 & !n proce$$ to trans=m itself accord+ to climate & local conditions into myriads ( animal %apes ( all sorts1 f ! gnat to ! elephant4--,b ?is prim>y animal is 9 tru? ! w to live2 z su* h[ev]1 x is metaphysical1 n physical4 ,mo/ c]ta9ly ! %ape & organisation ( ea* animal species has be5 det]m9$ by its own w accord+ to ! circum/ances 9 :i* x wi%$ to live2 n h[ev] z a ?+ physical 9 ,"t1 b on ! contr>y z a ?+ metaphysical outside ,"t4 ,! w did n proce$ f ! intellect1 nor did ! intellect exi/1 toge!r ) ! animal1 be=e ! w made its appe>ance z a m]e accid5t1 a second>y1 or r t]ti>y1 ?+4 ,x is on ! contr>y ! w :i* is ! prius1 ! ?+ 9 itself3 its ph5om5on 7m]e repres5tation 9 ! cognitive intellect & its =ms ( ,space & ,"t7 is ! animal1 fully equipp$ ) all its organs :i* repres5t ! w to live 9 ^? p>ticul> circum/ances4 ,among ^! organs is ! intellect also--k itself--:i*1 l ! re/ ( ^? organs1 is exactly adapt$ to ! mode ( life ( ea* animal2 :]eas1 accord+ to ,de ,lam>ck1 x is ! w :i* arises out ( k4 ,behold ! c\ntless v>ieties ( animal %apes2 h[ entirely is ea* ( !m ! m]e image ( its volition1 ! evid5t expression ( ! /riv+s ( ! w :i* con/itute its "*6 ,_! diff]5ce 9 %ape is only ! portrait ( _! diff]5ce 9 "*4 ,f]oci\s animals1 de/9$ = combat & rap9e1 appe> arm$ ) =midable tee? & claws & /rong muscles2 _! sight is adapt$ = great di/ances1 especially :5 !y h to m>k _! prey f a dizzy height1 z is ! case ) eagles & condors4 ,timid animals1 ^: w x is to seek _! safety 9 flight in/ead ( conte/1 pres5t !mselves ) light1 nimble legs & %>p he>+ 9 lieu ( all weapons2 a circum/ance :i* has ev5 necessitat$ a /rik+ prolongation ( ! out] e> 9 ! mo/ timid ( !m all1 ! h>e4 ,! int]ior corresponds to ! ext]ior3 c>nivor\s animals h %ort inte/9es2 h]bivor\s animals long ones1 suit$ to a protract$ assimilation4 ,vigor\s respiration & rapid circulation ( ! blood1 repres5t$ by appropriate organs1 always accompany great muscul> /r5g? & irritability z _! necess>y conditions1 & n[h]e is contradiction possible4 ,ea* p>ticul> /riv+ ( ! w pres5ts itself 9 a p>ticul> modification ( %ape4 ,! abode ( ! prey !re=e has det]m9$ ! %ape ( its pursu]3 if t prey takes refuge 9 regions difficult ( access1 9 remote hid+ places1 9 night or d>kness1 ! pursu] assumes ! =m be/ suit$ to ^? circum/ances1 & no %ape is reject$ z too grotesque by ! w to live1 9 ord] to atta9 its ends4 ,! cross-bill 7loxia curviro/ra7 pres5ts itself ) ?is abnormal =m ( its organ ( nutrition1 9 ord] to be able to extract ! se$s out ( ! scales ( ! fir-cone4 ,moor-f[ls appe> equipp$ ) extra long legs1 extra long necks & extra long beaks1 9 %ort1 ! /range/ %apes1 9 ord] to seek out reptiles 9 _! m>%es4 ,!n we h ! ant-be> ) its body f\r feet long1 its %ort legs1 its /rong claws1 & its long1 n>r[1 too?less muzzle provid$ ) a ?readlike1 glut9\s tongue = ! purpose ( digg+ out ! :ite ants f _! ne/s4 ,! pelican goes fi%+ ) a huge p\* "u its beak 9 :i* to pack its fi%1 :5 caught4 ,9 ord] to surprise _! prey :ile asleep 9 ! night1 owls fly out provid$ ) enorm\s pupils :i* enable !m to see 9 ! d>k1 & ) v s(t fea!rs to make _! flight noiseless & ?us p]mit !m to fall unaw>es ^u _! sleep+ prey )\t awak5+ x by _! movem5ts4 ,silurus1 gymnotus & torp$o br+ a complete electric app>atus into ! _w ) !m1 9 ord] to /un _! prey be=e !y c rea* x2 & also z a def5ce aga9/ _! own pursu]s4 ,= :]ev] any?+ liv+ brea!d1 !re imm$iately came ano!r to dev\r x1#bcb & e animal is 9 a way design$ & calculat$ ?r\gh\t1 d[n to ! m9ute/ detail1 = ! purpose ( de/roy+ "s o!r animal4 ,i*neumons1 = in/ance1 among insects1 lay _! eggs 9 ! bodies ( c]ta9 cat]pill>s & simil> l>v1 9 :i* !y bore holes ) _! /+s1 9 ord] to ensure n\ri%m5t = _! future brood4 ,n[ ^? k9ds :i* fe$ on l>v t crawl ab\t freely1 h %ort /+s n m ?an ab\t "o-?ird ( an in* long1 :]eas pimpla manife/ator1 :i* fe$s ^u *elo/oma maxillosa1 ^: l>v lie hidd5 9 old trees at great dep? & are n accessible to x1 has a /+ two in*es long2 & ! /+ ( ! i*neumon /robill :i* lays its eggs 9 l>v dwell+ 9 fir-cones1 is ne>ly z long4 ,) ^! /+s !y p5etrate to ! l>va 9 :i* !y bore a hole & deposit "o egg1 ^: product subsequ5tly dev\rs ?is l>va4#bcc ,j z cle>ly does ! w to escape _! enemies manife/ itself 9 ! def5sive equipm5t ( animals t are ! objects ( pursuit4 ,h$gehogs & porcup9es raise up a =e/ ( spe>s2 armadillos1 scaly ant-eat]s & tortoises appe> cas$ f head to foot 9 arm\r :i* is inaccessible to too?1 beak or claw2 & s x is1 on a small] scale1 ) ! :ole class ( cru/acea4 ,o!rs aga9 seek protection by deceiv+ _! pursu]s r ?an by resi/+ !m physically3 ?us ! sepia has provid$ itself ) mat]ials = surr\nd+ itself ) a d>k cl\d on ! approa* ( dang]4 ,! slo? is deceptively l its moss-clad b\gh1 & ! frog its leaf2 & _m insects resemble _! dwell+-places4 ,! negro's l\se is black2#bcd s1 to be sure1 is our flea also2 b ! latt]1 9 provid+ itself ) an extremely p[]ful app>atus = mak+ irregul> jumps to a consid]able di/ance1 tru/$ to ^! = protection4--,we c h[ev] make ! anticipation 9 all ^! arrangem5ts m intelligible to ourselves by ! same anticipation :i* %[s itself 9 ! me*anical in/9cts ( animals4 ,nei!r ! "y spid] nor ! ant-lion "k ! prey = :i* !y lay traps1 :5 !y d x = ! fir/ "t4 ,& x is ! same :5 !y are on ! def5sive4 ,accord+ to ,latreille1 ! insect bombex kills ! p>nope ) its /+1 al?\gh x nei!r eats x nor is attack$ by x1 simply because ! p>nope w lay its eggs 9 ! bombex's ne/1 & by do+ ?is w int]f]e ) ! developm5t ( its eggs2 yet x does n "k ?is4 ,anticipations ( ?is k9d once m confirm ! ideal nature ( ,"t1 :i* inde$ always becomes manife/ z soon z ! w z ?+ 9 itself is 9 "q4 ,n only ) respect to ! po9ts "h m5tion$1 b to _m o!rs besides1 ! me*anical in/9cts & physiological functions ( animals s]ve to expla9 ea* o!r mutually1 because ! w )\t k is ! ag5t 9 bo?4 #bcj ,de ,lam>ck1 ,philosophie ,zoologique1 vol4 i4 c4 #g1 & ,hi/oire ,naturelle des ,animaux sans ,v]tbres1 vol4 i4 ,introd4 pp4 #ahj-bab4 #bca ,ur?i]4 #bcb ,animat$ by ! feel+ ( ?is tru?1 ,rob]t ,ow51 aft] pass+ 9 review ! num]\s & (t5 v l>ge ,au/ralian fossile m>supialia--sometimes z big z ! rh9oc]os--came z e>ly z #ahdb to ! conclusion1 t a l>ge bea/ ( prey mu/ h contemporane\sly exi/$4 ,?is conclusion 0 aft]w>ds confirm$1 = 9 #ahdf he receiv$ "p ( ! fossile skull ( a bea/ ( prey ( ! size ( ! lion1 :i* he nam$ ?ylacoleo1 i4e4 lion ) a p\*1 s9ce x is also a m>supial4 7,see ! ,times ( ! #ai? ( ,may1 #ahff1 :]e !re is an article on ,palontology1 ) an acc\nt ( ,ow5's lecture at ! ,gov]nm5t ,s*ool ( ,m9es47 ,add4 to #crd ed4 #bcc ,kirby & ,sp5ce1 ,introduction to ,entomology1 vol4 i4 p4 #cee4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 #bcd ,blum5ba*1 ,de hum4 g54 v>iet4 nat4 p4 #ej4 ,smm]+1 ,on ! ,negro1 p4 #h4 ,z ! w has equipp$ itself ) e organ & e weapon1 (f5sive z well z def5sive1 s has x likewise provid$ itself 9 e animal %ape ) an intellect1 z a means ( pres]vation = ! individual & ! species4 ,x 0 precisely 9 ?is acc\nt t ! anci5ts call$ ! intellect ! 1 i4e4 ! guide & lead]4 ,accord+ly ! intellect1 be+ exclusively de/9$ to s]ve ! w1 always exactly corresponds to x4 ,bea/s ( prey /ood 9 great] ne$ ( intellect1 & 9 fact h m intellig5ce1 ?an h]bivor\s animals4 ,! elephant c]ta9ly =ms an exception1 & s does ev5 ! horse to a c]ta9 ext5t2 b ! admirable intellig5ce ( ! elephant 0 necess>y on acc\nt ( ! l5g? ( its life 7#bjj ye>s7 & ( ! scant9ess ( its prog5y1 :i* oblig$ x to provide = a long] & sur] pres]vation ( ! individual3 & ?is moreov] 9 c\ntries teem+ ) ! mo/ rapaci\s1 ! /ronge/ & ! nimble/ bea/s ( prey4 ,! horse too has a long] life & a scanti] prog5y ?an ! rum9ants1 & z x has nei!r horns1 tusks1 trunk1 nor inde$ any weapon save p]haps its ho(s1 x ne$$ great] intellig5ce & swiftness 9 ord] to elude pursuit4 ,monkeys ne$$ _! extraord9>y intellig5ce1 p>tly because ( ! l5g? ( _! life1 :i* ev5 9 ! mod]ate-siz$ animal ext5ds to fifty ye>s2 p>tly also because ( _! scanty prog5y1 :i* is limit$ to "o at a "t1 b especially because ( _! h&s1 :i*1 to be prop]ly us$1 requir$ ! direction ( an und]/&+4 ,= monkeys dep5d ^u _! h&s1 n only = _! def5ce by means ( out] weapons su* z /icks & /ones1 b also = _! n\ri%m5t1 ?is la/ necessitat+ a v>iety ( artificial means & a social & artificial sy/em ( rap9e 9 g5]al1 ! pass+ f h& to h& ( /ol5 fruit1 ! plac+ ( s5t9els1 c4 c4 ,add to ?is1 t x is especially 9 _! y\?1 be=e !y h atta9$ _! full muscul> developm5t1 t ?is intellig5ce is mo/ prom95t4 ,9 ! pongo or ourang-outang = in/ance1 ! bra9 plays a f> m important "p & ! und]/&+ is mu* great] dur+ its y\? ?an at its maturity1 :5 ! muscul> p[]s hav+ atta9$ full developm5t1 !y take ! place ( ! proportionately decl9+ intellect4 ,?is holds good ( all sorts ( monkeys1 s t "h !re=e ! intellect acts = a "t vic>i\sly = ! yet undevelop$ muscul> /r5g?4 ,we f9d ?is process discuss$ at l5g? 9 ! ,rsum des ,obs]vations de ,fr4 ,cuvi] sur l'in/9ct et l'intellig5ce des animaux1 p> ,fl\r5s 7#ahda71 f :i* ,i h quot$ ! :ole passage ref]r+ to ?is "q 9 ! second volume ( my *ief "w1 at ! end ( ! ?irty-fir/ *apt]1 & ?is is my only reason = n repeat+ x "h4 ,on ! :ole1 intellig5ce gradually increases f ! rod5ts#bce to ! rum9ants1 f ! rum9ants to ! pa*yd]ms1 & f ^! aga9 to ! bea/s ( prey & f9ally to ! quadrumana1 & anatomy %[s a gradual developm5t ( ! bra9 9 simil> ord] :i* corresponds to ?is result ( ext]nal obs]vation4 7,accord+ to ,fl\r5s & ,fr4 ,cuvi]47#bcf ,among ! reptiles1 s]p5ts are ! mo/ intellig5t1 = !y may ev5 be tra9$2 ?is is s1 because !y are bea/s ( prey & propagate m sl[ly ?an ! re/--especially ! v5om\s ones4 ,& "h also1 z ) ! physical weapons1 we f9d ! w ev]y:]e z ! prius2 its equipm5t1 ! intellect1 z ! po/]ius4 ,bea/s ( prey d n hunt1 nor d foxes ?ieve1 because !y h m intellig5ce2 on ! contr>y1 !y h m intellig5ce1 j z !y h /rong] tee? & claws too1 because !y wi%$ to live by hunt+ & ?iev+4 ,! fox ev5 made up at once = 8 inf]iority 9 muscul> p[] & /r5g? ( tee? by ! extraord9>y subtility ( 8 und]/&+4 ,our !sis is s+ul>ly illu/rat$ by ! case ( ! bird dodo or dronte 7didus ineptus7 on ! isl& ( ,mauritius1 ^: species1 x is well kn[n1 has di$ out1 & :i*1 z its ,lat9 "n d5otes1 0 exce$+ly /upid1 & ?is expla9s its disappe>ance2 s t "h x seems inde$ z if ,nature _h = once gone too f> 9 h] lex p>simoni & !reby 9 a s5se br\ght =? an abortion 9 ! species1 z %e s (t5 does 9 ! individual1 :i* 0 unable to subsi/1 precisely because x 0 an abortion4 ,if1 on ?is occasion1 anyone 7 to raise ! "q z to :e!r ,nature ought n to h provid$ insects ) at lea/ suffici5t intellig5ce to prev5t !m f fly+ into ! flame ( a c&le1 our answ] w\ld be3 mo/ c]ta9ly2 only %e did n "k t m5 w\ld make c&les & light !m1 & natura nihil agit fru/ra4 ,insect intellig5ce is !re=e only insuffici5t :]e ! surr\nd+s are artificial4#bcg #bce ,t ! l[e/ place %\ld be giv5 to ! rod5ts1 seems h[ev] to proce$ f priori r ?an f po/]iori consid]ations3 t is to say1 f ! circum/ance1 t _! bra9 has extremely fa9t or small convolutions2 s t too mu* weight may h be5 giv5 to ?is po9t4 ,9 %eep & calves ! convolutions are num]\s & deep1 yet h[ is x ) _! intellig5ce8 ,! me*anical in/9cts ( ! beav] are aga9 greatly assi/$ by its und]/&+1 & ev5 rabbits %[ rem>kable intellig5ce 7see ,l]oy's beautiful "w3 ,lettres ,philosophiques sur l',intellig5ce des ,animaux1 lettre #c1 p4 #adi74 ,ev5 rats give pro( ( q uncommon intellig5ce1 ( :i* "s rem>kable in/ances may be f\nd 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,no4 #bja1 ,jan4-,m>*1 #aheg1 9 a special article entitl$ ,rats4 #bcf ,! mo/ intellig5t birds are also birds ( prey1 :]e=e _m ( !m1 especially falcons1 are highly susceptible ( tra9+4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 #bcg ,t ! negroes %\ld h become ! special victims ( ! slave-trade1 is evid5tly a consequ5ce ( ! inf]iority ( _! intellig5ce comp>$ ) t ( o!r human races2 ?\gh ?is by no means ju/ifies ! fact4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 ,ev]y:]e inde$ intellig5ce dep5ds 9 ! fir/ in/ance ^u ! c]ebral sy/em1 & ?is /&s 9 a necess>y relation to ! re/ ( ! organism2 !re=e cold-blood$ animals are greatly inf]ior to w>m-blood$ ones1 & inv]tebrate animals to v]tebrata4 ,b ! organism is precisely no?+ b ! w become visible1 to :i*1 z t :i* is absolutely prius1 ev]y?+ con/antly ref]s4 ,! ne$s & aims ( t w give 9 ea* ph5om5on ! rule = ! means to be employ$1 & ^! means mu/ h>monize ) "o ano!r4 ,plants h no self-consci\sness because !y h no p[] ( locomotion2 = ( :at use w\ld self-consci\sness be to !m unless x enabl$ !m to seek :at 0 salut>y & flee :at 0 noxi\s to !m8 ,& conv]sely1 ( :at use c\ld p[] ( locomotion be to !m1 z !y h no self-consci\sness ) :i* to guide x4 ,! insep>able duality ( ,s5sibility & ,irritability does n yet appe> !re=e 9 ! plant2 !y cont9ue slumb]+ 9 ! reproductive =ce :i* is _! fundam5t1 & 9 :i* alone ! w "h objectifies itself4 ,! sun-fl[]1 & e o!r plant1 wills = light2 b z yet _! movem5t t[>ds light is n sep>ate f _! appreh5sion ( x1 & bo? co9cide ) _! gr[?4--,human und]/&+1 :i* is s sup]ior to t ( all o!r be+s1 & is assi/$ by ,reason 7! faculty = non-p]ceptible repres5tations1 i4e4 = conceptions2 reflection1 ?9k+ faculty71 is nev]!less only j proportionate1 p>tly to ,man's requirem5ts1 :i* greatly surpass ^? ( animals & multiply to inf9ity2 p>tly to 8 entire lack ( all natural weapons & cov]+1 & to 8 relatively weak] muscul> /r5g?1 :i* is greatly inf]ior to t ( monkeys ( 8 own size2#bch la/ly also1 to ! sl[ness ) :i* 8 race multiplies & ! l5g? ( 8 *ildhood & life1 :i* dem& secure pres]vation ( ! individual4 ,all ^! great requirem5ts _h to be satisfi$ by means ( intellectual p[]s1 :i*1 = ?is reason1 pr$om9ate 9 him4 ,b we f9d ! intellect second>y & subord9ate ev]y:]e1 & de/9$ exclusively to s]ve ! purposes ( ! w4 ,z a rule too1 x always rema9s true to its de/9y & subs]vi5t to ! w4 ,h[ nev]!less1 x frees itself 9 p>ticul> in/ances f ?is bondage ?r\gh an abnormal prepond]ance ( c]ebral life1 :]eby purely objective cognition becomes possible :i* may be enhanc$ to g5ius1 ,i h %[n at l5g? 9 ! /hetic "p ( my *ief "w4#bci #bch ,z is likewise 8 capacity = escap+ f 8 pursu]s2 = 9 ?is respect all ! f\r-foot$ mammalia surpass him4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 #bci ,see ,?ird ,book ( ! ,w4 a4 ,w4 u4 ,v42 lat] also1 9 my ,p>]ga1 vol4 ii4 #ej-eg & #bjf4 7 #ea-eh1 & #baj ( ! #bnd edition47 ,n[1 aft] all ^! reflections ^u ! precise agreem5t betwe5 ! w & ! organisation ( ea* animal1 if we inspect a well-arrang$ o/eological collection f ?is po9t ( view1 x w c]ta9ly seem to u z if we saw "o & ! same be+ 7,de ,lam>ck's prim>y animal1 or1 m prop]ly1 ! w to live7 *ang+ its %ape accord+ to circum/ances1 & ?us produc+ all ?is multiplicity ( =ms out ( ! same numb] & arrangem5t ( its bones1 by prolong+ & curtail+1 /r5g!n+ & weak5+ !m4 ,?is numb] & arrangem5t ( ! bones1 :i* ,ge(froy de ,/4 ,hilaire#bdj call$ ! anatomical elem5t1 cont9ues1 z he has ?or\ghly %[n1 9 all ess5tial po9ts un*ang$3 x is a con/ant magnitude1 some?+ :i* is absolutely giv5 be=eh&1 irrevocably fix$ by an unfa?omable necessity--an immutability :i* ,i %\ld comp>e ) ! p]man5ce ( matt] 9 all physical & *emical *anges3 b to ?is ,i %all soon return4 ,conjo9tly ) ?is immutability ( ! anatomical elem5t1 we h ! greate/ susceptibility to modification1 ! greate/ pla/icity & flexibility ( ^! same bones ) ref]5ce to size1 %ape & adaptation to diff]5t purposes1 all :i* we see det]m9$ by ! w ) prim>y /r5g? & fre$om accord+ to ! aims prescrib$ to x by ext]nal circum/ances3 x makes out ( ^! mat]ials :atev] its necessity = ! "t be+ requires4 ,if x desires to climb ab\t 9 trees1 x cat*es at ! b\ghs at once ) f\r h&s1 :ile x /ret*es ! ulva & radius to an excessive l5g? & imm$iately prolongs ! os coccygis to a curly tail1 a y>d long1 9 ord] to hang by x to ! b\ghs & sw+ itself f "o bran* to ano!r4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x desires to crawl 9 ! mud z a crocodile1 to swim z a seal1 or to burr[ z a mole1 ^! same arm-bones are %ort5$ till !y are no long] recognisable2 9 ! la/ case ! metac>pus & phalanges are enl>g$ to disproportionately l>ge %ovel-paws1 to ! prejudice ( ! o!r bones4 ,b if x wi%es to fly ?r\gh ! air z a bat1 n only are ! os hum]i1 radius & alnus prolong$ 9 an incr$ible mann]1 b ! usually small & subord9ate c>pus1 metac>pus & phalanges digitorum exp& to an imm5se l5g?1 z 9 ,/4 ,an?ony's vision1 outmeasur+ ! l5g? ( ! animal's body1 9 ord] to spread out ! w+-membrane4 ,if1 9 ord] to br[se ^u ! tops ( v tall ,african trees1 x has1 z a giraffe1 plac$ itself ^u extraord9>ily high =e-legs1 ! same sev5 v]tebr ( ! neck1 :i* nev] v>y z to numb] & :i*1 9 ! mole1 7 contract$ s z to be no long] recognisable1 are n[ prolong$ to su* a degree1 t "h1 z ev]y:]e else1 ! neck acquires ! same l5g? z ! =e-legs1 9 ord] to enable ! head to rea* d[n to dr9k+-wat]4 ,b :]e1 z is ! case :5 x appe>s z ! elephant1 a long neck c\ld n h borne ! weight ( ! enorm\s1 unwieldy head--a weight increas$ moreov] by tusks a y>d long--! neck rema9s %ort1 z an exception1 & a trunk is let d[n z an exp$i5t1 to lift up food & draw wat] f bel[ & also to rea* up to ! tops ( trees4 ,9 accordance ) ^! trans=mations1 we see 9 all ( !m ! skull1 ! receptacle conta9+ ! und]/&+1 at ! same "t proportionately exp&1 develop1 curve itself1 z ! mode ( procur+ n\ri%m5t becomes m or less difficult & requires m or less intellig5ce2 & ! diff]5t degrees ( ! und]/&+ manife/ !mselves cle>ly to ! practis$ eye 9 ! curves ( ! skull4 #bdj ,pr9cipes de ,philosophie ,zoologique1 #ahcj4 ,n[1 9 all ?is1 t anatomical elem5t we h m5tion$ above z fix$ & inv>iable1 c]ta9ly rema9s 9 s f> an enigma1 z x does n come )9 ! teleological explanation1 :i* only beg9s aft] ! assumption ( t elem5t2 s9ce ! int5d$ organ might 9 _m cases h be5 r5d]$ equally suitable = its purpose ev5 ) a diff]5t numb] & disposition ( bones4 ,x is easy to und]/&1 = in/ance1 :y ! human skull %\ld be =m$ out ( eight bones3 t is1 to enable !m to be drawn toge!r by ! fontanels dur+ bir?2 b we d n see :y a *ick5 :i* breaks ?r\gh its egg-%ell %\ld necess>ily h ! same numb] ( skull-bones4 ,we mu/ !re=e assume ?is anatomical elem5t to be bas$1 p>tly on ! unity & id5tity ( ! w to live 9 g5]al1 p>tly on ! circum/ance1 t ! ar*etypal =ms ( animals h proce$$ "o f ! o!r1#bda :]e=e ! fundam5tal type ( ! :ole race 0 pres]v$4 ,x is ?is anatomical elem5t :i* ,ari/otle means by 8 1 & ! mutability ( its %apes accord+ to diff]5t purposes he calls 1#bdb & expla9s by x h[ ! mat]ial = upp] incisors has be5 employ$ = horns 9 horn$ cattle4 ,q rightly3 s9ce ! only rum9ants :i* h no horns1 ! camel & ! musk-ox1 h upp] incisors1 & ^! are want+ 9 all horn$ rum9ants4 #bda ,p>]ga1 vol4 ii4 #ia2 #ic ( ! #bnd edition4 #bdb ,see ,ari/otle1 ,de ,p>tibus ,animalium1 iii4 c4 #b sub f9em3 4 4 4 ,no o!r explanation or assumption enables u ne>ly z well to und]/& ei!r ! complete suitabl5ess to purpose & to ! ext]nal conditions ( exi/5ce ,i h "h %[n 9 ! skeleton1 or ! admirable h>mony & fitness ( int]nal me*anism 9 ! /ructure ( ea* animal1 z ! tru? ,i h else:]e firmly e/abli%$3 t ! body ( an animal is precisely no?+ b ! w itself ( t animal br\ght to c]ebral p]ception z repres5tation--?r\gh ! =ms ( ,space1 ,"t & ,causality--9 o!r words1 ! m]e visibility1 objectivity ( ,w4 ,=1 if ?is is once pre-suppos$1 ev]y?+ 9 & belong+ to t body mu/ conspire t[>ds ! f9al end3 ! life ( ?is animal4 ,no?+ sup]flu\s1 no?+ defici5t1 no?+ inappropriate1 no?+ insuffici5t or incomplete ( its k9d1 c !re=e be f\nd 9 x2 on ! contr>y1 all t is requir$ mu/ be !re1 & j 9 ! proportion ne$$1 nev] m4 ,= "h arti/1 "w & mat]ials are "o & ! same4 ,ea* organism is !re=e a consummate ma/]-piece ( exce$+ p]fection4 ,"h ! w did n fir/ *]i% ! int5tion1 fir/ recognise ! end & !n adapt ! means to x & conqu] ! mat]ial2 its will+ 0 r imm$iately ! aim & imm$iately ! atta9m5t ( t aim2 no =eign appliances ne$+ to be ov]come 7 want$--will+1 do+ & atta9+ 7 "h "o & ! same4 ,?us ! organism pres5ts itself z a miracle :i* admits ( no comp>ison ) any "w ( human artifice wr\ght by ! lamplight ( k4#bdc #bdc ,! appe>ance ( e animal !re=e pres5ts a totality1 a unity1 a p]fection & a rigidly c>ri$ out h>mony 9 all its p>ts :i* is s entirely bas$ ^u a s+le fundam5tal ?\ght1 t ev5 ! /range/ animal %ape seems to ! att5tive obs]v] z if x 7 ! only "r1 nay1 only possible =m ( exi/5ce1 & z if !re c\ld be no o!r ?an j ?is v "o4 ,! expression natural us$ to d5ote t a ?+ is a matt] ( c\rse1 & t x _c be o!rwise1 is 9 its deepe/ f\ndation bas$ ^u ?is4 ,g! himself 0 /ruck by ?is unity :5 contemplat+ :elks & crabs at ,v5ice1 & x caus$ him to exclaim3 ,h[ delightful1 h[ glori\s is a liv+ ?+6 h[ well adapt$ = its condition2 h[ true1 h[ real6 7,life1 vol4 iv4 p4 #bbc74 ,no arti/ !re=e1 :o has n made x 8 bus9ess to /udy su* =ms = ye>s & to p5etrate into _! mean+ & compreh5sion1 c rightly imitate !m4 ,)\t ?is /udy 8 "w w seem z if x 7 pa/$ toge!r3 ! p>ts no d\bt w be !re1 b ! bond :i* unites !m & gives !m cohesion1 ! _s1 ! idea1 :i* is ! objectivity ( ! prim>y act ( ! w pres5t+ itself z ?is or t p>ticul> species1 w be want+4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 ,our admiration = ! consummate p]fection & fitness = _! ends 9 all ! works ( ,nature1 is at ! bottom bas$ ^u our view+ !m 9 ! same light z we d our own works4 ,9 ^!1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! w to d ! "w & ! "w are two diff]5t ?+s2 !n aga9 two o!r ?+s lie betwe5 ^! two3 fir/ly1 ! m$ium ( repres5tation1 :i*1 tak5 by itself1 is =eign to ! w1 ?r\gh :i* ! w mu/ pass be=e x realizes itself "h2 & secondly ! mat]ial =eign to ! w "h at "w1 on :i* a =m =eign to x has to be =c$1 :i* x resi/s1 because ! mat]ial already belongs to ano!r w1 t is to say1 to its own nature1 its =ma sub/antialis1 ! 7,platonic7 idea1 express$ by x3 !re=e ?is mat]ial has fir/ to be ov]come1 & h[ev] deeply ! artificial =m may h p5etrat$1 w always cont9ue inw>dly resi/+4 ,x is q a diff]5t ?+ ) ,nature's works1 :i* are n1 l our own1 indirect1 b on ! contr>y1 direct manife/ations ( ! w4 ,"h ! w acts 9 its primordial nature1 t is1 unconsci\sly4 ,no m$iat+ repres5tation "h sep>ates ! w & ! "w3 !y are "o4 ,& ev5 ! mat]ial is "o ) !m3 = matt] is ! m]e visibility ( ! w4 ,!re=e "h we f9d ,matt] completely p]meat$ by ,=m2 or1 bett] /ill1 !y are ( q ! same orig91 only exi/+ mutually "o = ! o!r2 & 9 s f> !y are "o4 ,t we sep>ate !m 9 works ( ,nature z well z 9 works ( ,art1 is a m]e ab/raction4 ,pure ,matt]1 absolutely )\t ,=m or quality1 :i* we ?9k z ! mat]ial ( a product ( ,nature1 is m]ely an ens rationis & _c ent] into any exp]i5ce3 :]eas ! mat]ial ( a "w ( ,art is empirical ,matt]1 consequ5tly already has a ,=m4 ,! di/9ctive "* ( ,nature's products is ! id5tity ( =m & sub/ance2 t ( products ( ,art ! div]sity ( ^! two4#bdd ,x is because ,matt] is ! m]e visibility ( ,=m 9 ,nature's products1 t1 ev5 empirically1 we see ,=m appe> z a m]e production ( ,matt]1 bur/+ =? f its inside 9 cry/allisation1 9 vegetable & animal g5]atio quivoca1 :i* la/ _c be d\bt$1 at any rate 9 ! epizoa4#bde--;,= ?is reason we may ev5 assume t n[h]e1 ei!r on any planet or satellite1 w ,matt] come to a /ate ( endless repose1 b r t its inh]5t =ces 7i4e4 ! w1 ^: m]e visibility x is7 w always put an end aga9 to ! repose :i* has comm5c$1 always awak+ aga9 f _! sleep1 to resume _! activity z me*anical1 physical1 *emical1 organic =ces2 s9ce at all times !y only wait = ! opportunity to d s4 #bdd ,x is a great tru? :i* ,bruno expresses 7,de ,imm5so et ,innum]abili1 #h1 #aj73 ,ars tractat mat]iam ali5am3 natura mat]iam propriam4 ,ars circa mat]iam e/2 natura int]ior mat]i4 ,he treats ?is subject mu* m fully1 ,della ,causa1 ,dial4 #c1 p4 #beb et seqq4 ,page #bee he decl>es ! =ma sub/antialis to be ! =m ( e product ( ,nature1 :i* is ! same z ! s\l4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 #bde ,?us ! say+ ( ! ,s*oolm5 is v]ifi$3 ,mat]ia appetit =mam4 ,see ,die ,welt a4 ,w4 u4 ,v4 #crd edition1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ceb4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 ,b if we want to und]/& ,nature's proce$+1 we mu/ n try to d x by comp>+ h] works ) our own4 ,! real ess5ce ( e animal =m1 is an act ( ! w outside repres5tation1 consequ5tly outside its =ms ( ,space & ,"t also2 :i* act1 j on t acc\nt1 kn[s nei!r sequ5ce nor juxtaposition1 b has1 on ! contr>y1 ! mo/ indivisible unity4 ,b :5 our c]ebral p]ception compreh5ds t =m1 & /ill m :5 its inside is dissect$ by ! anatomical knife1 !n t :i* orig9ally & 9 itself 0 =eign to k & its laws1 is br\ght "u ! light ( k2 b !n also1 x has to pres5t itself 9 con=mity ) ! laws & =ms ( k4 ,! orig9al unity & indivisibility ( t act ( ! w1 ( t truly metaphysical be+1 !n appe>s divid$ into p>ts ly+ side by side & functions foll[+ "o ^u ano!r1 :i* all nev]!less pres5t !mselves z connect$ toge!r 9 close/ relation%ip "o to ano!r = mutual help & support1 z means & ends "o to ! o!r4 ,! und]/&+1 9 ?us appreh5d+ ^! ?+s1 n[ p]ceives ! orig9al unity re-e/abli%+ itself out ( a multiplicity :i* its own =m ( k _h fir/ br\ght ab\t1 & involunt>ily tak+ = grant$ t its own way ( p]ceiv+ ?is is ! way 9 :i* ?is animal =m comes into be+1 x is n[ /ruck ) admiration = ! pr(\nd wisdom ) :i* ^? p>ts are arrang$1 ^? functions comb9$4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ,kant's great doctr9e1 t ,teleology is br\ght into ,nature by our own und]/&+1 :i* accord+ly wond]s at a miracle ( its own creation4#bdf ,if ,i may use a trivial simile to elucidate s sublime a matt]1 ?is a/oni%m5t v mu* resembles t ( our und]/&+ :5 x discov]s t all multiples ( #i1 :5 _! s+le figures are add$ toge!r1 give z _! product ei!r ! numb] #i or "o ^: s+le figures aga9 make #i2 yet x is t v und]/&+ itself :i* has prep>$ = itself ?is surprise 9 ! decimal sy/em4 ,accord+ to ! ,physico-!ological argum5t1 ! actual exi/5ce ( ! _w has be5 prec$$ by its exi/5ce 9 an intellect3 if ! _w is design$ = an end1 x mu/ h exi/$ z repres5tation be=e x came into be+4 ,n[ ,i say1 on ! contr>y1 9 ,kant's s5se3 if ! _w is to be repres5tation1 x mu/ pres5t itself z design$ = an end2 & ?is only takes place 9 an intellect4 #bdf ,comp>e ,die ,welt a4 ,w4 u4 ,v4 #crd edition1 vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #cge4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 ,x und\bt$ly foll[s f my doctr9e1 t e be+ is its own "w4 ,nature1 :i* is incapable ( falsehood & is z nave z g5ius1 ass]ts ! same ?+ d[nright2 s9ce ea* be+ m]ely k9dles ! sp>k ( life at ano!r exactly simil> be+1 & !n makes itself be=e our eyes1 tak+ ! mat]ials = ?is f outside1 =m & movem5t f its own self3 ?is process we call gr[? & developm5t4 ,?us1 ev5 empirically1 ea* be+ /&s be=e u z its own "w4 ,b ,nature's language is n und]/ood because x is too simple4 ,,physiology ,,( ,,plants4 ,! corroborations ,i am n[ ab\t to br+ =w>d ( ! ph5om5on ( ! w 9 plants1 proce$ *iefly f ,fr5* s\rces1 f a nation ^: t5d5cies are decid$ly empirical & :i* is reluctant to g a /ep beyond :at is imm$iately giv54 ,! in=mant moreov] is ,cuvi]1 ^: rigid adh]5ce to ! purely empirical gave rise to ! fam\s dispute betwe5 him & ,ge(froy de ,/4 ,hilaire4 ,s we mu/ n be a/oni%$ if ! language we meet ) "h is less decid$ ?an 9 ! prec$+ ,g]man corroborations & if we f9d ea* concession made ) cauti\s res]ve4 ,9 8 ,hi/oire des ,progrs des ,sci5ces ,naturelles depuis #aghi jusqu' ce j\r1#bdg ,cuvi] says3 ,plants h c]ta9 app>5tly spontane\s movem5ts1 :i* !y %[ "u c]ta9 circum/ances & :i* at times s closely resemble ^? ( animals1 t a sort ( feel+ & w might almo/ be attribut$ to plants on ?is acc\nt1 especially by ^? :o ?9k !y c p]ceive some?+ ( ! same k9d 9 ! movem5ts ( ! inw>d p>ts ( animals4 ,?us ! tops ( trees always h a v]tical t5d5cy1 except+ :5 !y incl9e t[>ds ! light4 ,_! roots seek out good e>? & moi/ure &1 9 ord] to atta9 ^!1 deviate f ! /raight c\rse4 ,yet ^! diff]5t t5d5cies _c be expla9$ by ! influ5ce ( ext]nal causes1 unless we also assume ! exi/5ce ( an inn] natural disposition1 susceptible ( be+ r\s$1 :i* diff]s f ! m]e me*anical =ce 9 inorganic bodies4444 ,dec&olle made "s rem>kable exp]im5ts t prov$ to him ! exi/5ce ( a sort ( habit 9 plants :i* may be ov]come by artificial light1 b only aft] a c]ta9 "t4 ,plants t _h be5 %ut up 9 a cell> :i* 0 cont9ually lit by lamps1 did n on ?is acc\nt leave (f clos+ 9 ! ev5+ & op5+ aga9 9 ! morn+ = sev]al days4 ,& !re are o!r habits besides :i* plants are able to adopt & to ab&on4 ,fl[]s t habitually close 9 wet wea!r1 f9i% by rema9+ op5 if ! wet wea!r la/s too long4 ,:5 ,m4 ,desfonta9es took a s5sitive plant ) him 9 8 c>riage1 ! jolt+ movem5t at fir/ caus$ x to contract1 b at la/ x exp&$ aga9 z :5 9 complete repose4 ,!re=e ev5 9 ^! cases1 light1 moi/ure1 c41 c41 only act 9 virtue ( an inn] disposition1 :i* may be neutraliz$ or modifi$ by ! cont9uation ( t v activity itself2 & ! vital en]gy ( plants1 l t ( animals1 is subject to fatigue & exhau/ion4 ,! h$ys>um gyrans is s+ul>ly *>act]iz$ by ! movem5ts ( its leaves :i* cont9ue day & night )\t ne$+ any sort ( /imulus4 ,surely1 if any ph5om5on c cause illusion & rem9d u ( ! volunt>y movem5ts ( animals1 x is ?is4 ,br\ssonet1 ,silve/re1 ,cels & ,halle h fully describ$ x1 & h %[n t ! plant's action dep5ds entirely ^u its own heal?y condition4 #bdg ,vol4 i4 p4 #bde4 #ahbf4 ,aga91 9 ! ?ird volume ( ! same "w1 p4 #aff 7#ahbh71 ,cuvi] says3 ,m4 ,dutro*et adds "s physiological consid]ations to :i* 8 own exp]im5ts _h l$ him1 & :i* 9 8 op9ion prove t ! movem5ts ( plants are spontane\s1 i4e4 t !y dep5d ^u an inn] pr9ciple :i* imm$iately receives ! influ5ce ( out] ag5cies4 ,z he is h[ev] reluctant to admit t plants h feel+1 he makes use ( ! ^w 'n]vimotilit4'--,"h ,i mu/ obs]ve1 t :5 we come to exam9e x closely1 :at we ?9k to ourselves 9 ! conception ( spontaneity1 is 9 ! end always ! same ?+ z manife/ation ( w1 ) :i* spontaneity w\ld !re=e be simply synonym\s4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 !m consi/s 9 ! conception ( spontaneity be+ d]iv$ f out] p]ception1 :ile t ( manife/ation ( w is drawn f our own consci\sness4--,i f9d a rem>kable in/ance ( ! impetu\s viol5ce ( ?is spontaneity1 ev5 9 plants1 9 ! foll[+ communication conta9$ 9 ! ,*elt5ham ,exam9]3#bdh ,la/ ,?ursday f\r enorm\s mu%rooms p]=m$ a h]oic feat ( a new k9d1 9 "o ( our mo/ cr[d$ /reets1 by lift+ up a huge block ( /one 9 _! /r5u\s ef=t to make _! way into ! visible _w4 #bdh ,repeat$ 9 ! ,times ( ,june #bnd1 #ahda4 ,9 ! ,mm4 de l',acad4 d4 ,sci5ces de l'anne 7#ahba71 ,cuvi] says#bdi3--;,= c5turies botani/s h be5 se>*+ = ! reason :y 9 a se$ :i* is g]m9at+ ! root inv>iably gr[s d[nw>ds1 :ile ! /alk z inv>iably gr[s upw>ds1 no matt] :at be ! position 9 :i* ! se$ is plac$4 ,m4 ,dutro*et put "s se$s into holes bor$ 9 ! bottom ( a vessel fill$ ) damp m\ld1 :i* he hung up to a beam 9 8 room4 ,n[1 9 ?is case1 ! /em might h be5 expect$ to gr[ d[nw>ds4 ,n at all3 ! roots f\nd _! way to ! air bel[1 & ! /ems 7 prolong$ s z to trav]se ! damp m\ld until !y rea*$ its upp] surface4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,dutro*et1 ! direction 9 :i* plants gr[1 is det]m9$ by an inn] pr9ciple & n at all by ! attraction ( ! bodies t[>ds :i* !y direct !mselves4 ,a mi/letoe se$ t 0 fa/5$ to ! po9t ( a p]fectly moveable ne$le fix$ on a peg1 ) a small plank plac$ ne> x1 0 induc$ to g]m9ate4 ,x soon began to s5d out %oots t[>ds ! plank1 :i* x rea*$ 9 five days )\t hav+ communicat$ ! slighte/ movem5t to ! ne$le4 ,! /ems ( onions & leeks ) _! bulbs1 deposit$ 9 d>k places1 gr[ upw>ds1 al?\gh m sl[ly ?an 9 light ones2 !y gr[ upw>ds ev5 if plac$ 9 wat]3 a fact :i* suffices to prove t nei!r light nor moi/ure det]m9es ! direction ( _! gr[?4--,/ill ,c4 ,h4 ,s*ultz ass]ts#bej t he made se$s g]m9ate 9 a d>k box ) holes bor$ 9 ! bottom1 & succe$$ 9 induc+ ! plants to gr[ upside d[n1 by means ( a mirror fa/5$ to ! box1 :i* reflect$ ! sunlight4 #bdi ,vol4 v4 p4 #aga4 ,p>is1 #ahbf4 #bej ,c4 ,h4 ,s*ultz1 ,sur la ,circulation dans les ,plantes1 a prize-essay1 #ahci4 ,9 ! ,dictionnaire des ,sci5ces ,naturelles 7article ,animal7 we f9d3 ,if1 on ! "o h&1 animals %[ avidity 9 _! se>* aft] n\ri%m5t z well z p[] ( discrim9ation 9 ! selection ( x1 roots ( plants may1 on ! o!r h&1 be obs]v$ to direct !mselves t[>ds ! side :]e ! soil conta9s mo/ n\ri%m5t1 nay1 ev5 to seek out ! smalle/ crevices 9 rocks :i* may conta9 any food4 ,if we twi/ a b\gh s z to make ! upp] surface ( its leaves ! "u "o1 ^! leaves ev5 w twi/ _! /ems 9 ord] to rega9 ! position be/ suit$ = ! ex]cise ( _! functions 7i4e4 s z to h ! smoo? side upp]mo/74 ,is x q c]ta9 t ?is takes place unconsci\sly8 ,f4 ,j4 ,mey5 has devot$ a *apt]1 entitl$ ,( ! movem5ts & s5sations ( plants1 to a full inve/igation ( ! subject n[ be=e u4 ,9 ?is he says#bea3 ,n unfrequ5tly potatoes1 /or$ 9 deep1 d>k cell>s1 may be obs]v$ t[>ds summ] to %oot =? /ems :i* inv>iably gr[ 9 ! direction ( ! *9ks ?r\gh :i* ! light comes into ! cell>1 & to cont9ue ?us gr[+ until !y at la/ rea* ! ap]ture :i* receives ! light directly4 ,9 su* cases potato-/alks h be5 kn[n to rea* a l5g? ( tw5ty feet2 :]eas "u ord9>y circum/ances1 ev5 su* z are mo/ fav\rable to ! gr[? ( ! potato1 ! /alk is seldom long] ?an f ?ree to f\r feet4 ,x is int]e/+ to wat* closely ! c\rse tak5 by a potato-/alk ?us gr[+ 9 d>kness1 9 its endeav\rs to rea* ! light4 ,x tries to d s by ! %orte/ road1 b n be+ firm en\gh to gr[ /raight across ?r\gh ! air )\t support1 x lets itself drop on to ! floor1 & ?us creeps along ! gr\nd till x rea*es ! ne>e/ wall1 up :i* x !n climbs4 ,ev5 ?is botani/ too is l$ by 8 facts to ! foll[+ ass]tion 7p4 #egf73 ,on obs]v+ ! fre$om ( movem5t ( oscillatoria & o!r inf]ior plants1 we may p]haps h no alt]native b to attribute a species ( w to ^! be+s4 #bea ,f4 ,j4 ,mey51 ,neues ,sy/em d] ,pflanz5physiologe 7#ahci71 vol4 iii4 p4 #ehe4 ,creep]s be> di/9ct evid5ce z to manife/ation ( w 9 plants2 =1 :5 !y f9d no support ne> en\gh = _! t5drils to cl+ to1 !y inv>iably direct _! gr[? t[>ds ! %adie/ place1 or ev5 t[>ds a piece ( d>k-col\r$ pap]1 :]ev] x may be plac$2 :]eas !y avoid glass1 on acc\nt ( its glitt]4 ,9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions ( #ahab1 ,?4 ,&rew ,knight relates "s v pleas+ exp]im5ts on ?is subject 7especially ) ampelopsis qu9quefolia17#beb al?\gh he /rives h>d to expla9 ! matt] me*anically1 & w n admit t x is a manife/ation ( w4 ,i appeal to 8 exp]im5ts1 n to ! conclusions he draws f !m4 ,a good te/ might be1 to plant sev]al free creep]s 9 a circle r\nd a tree-trunk & to obs]ve :e!r !y all crept t[>ds ! trunk c5tripetally4 ,on ! #f? ,nov4 #ahdc1 ,dutro*et read a treatise on ?is subject 9 ! ,acad4 de ,sci5ces call$ ,sur les ,m\vem5ts ,rvolutifs spontans *ez les ,vgtaux1 :i*1 not)/&+ its great l5g?1 is well wor? read+1 & is publi%$ among ! ,comptes r5dus des ,sances de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces = ,nov4 #ahdc4 ,! result is1 t 9 pisum sativum 7gre5 pea71 9 bryonia alba 7wild bryony7 & 9 cucumis sativus 7cucumb]7 ! /ems ( ^? leaves :i* be> ! t5drils1 describe a v sl[ circul> movem5t 9 ! air1 ! "t 9 :i* !y complete an ellipsis v>y+ f "o to ?ree h\rs accord+ to temp]ature4 ,by ?is movem5t !y seek at r&om = solid bodies r\nd :i*1 :5 f\nd1 !y tw9e _! t5drils2 ^! !n support ! plant1 x be+ unable to /& by itself )\t help4 ,t is1 !y d ! same ?+ z ! eyeless cat]pill>1 :i* :5 seek+ a leaf describes circles 9 ! air ) ! upp] "p ( its body4 ,dutro*et contributes a good deal ( in=mation too conc]n+ o!r movem5ts 9 plants 9 ?is treatise3 = in/ance1 t /ylidium gram9ifolium 9 ,new ,holl&1 has a column 9 ! middle ( its corolla :i* be>s ! an!rs & /igma & alt]nately folds up & unfolds aga94 ,:at ,treviranus adduces is to ! same effect3#bec ,9 p>nassia palu/ris & 9 ruta graveol5s1 ! /am9a incl9e "o aft] ! o!r1 9 saxifraga tridactylites 9 pairs1 t[>ds ! /igma1 & erect !mselves aga9 9 ! same ord]4--,%ortly be=e h[ev]1 we read 9 ,treviranus ) ref]5ce to ?is subject3 ,( all app>5tly volunt>y movem5ts ( plants1 ! direction ( _! b\ghs & ( ! upp] surface ( _! leaves t[>ds ! light & t[>ds moi/ heat1 & ! tw9+ movem5ts ( creep]s r\nd _! supports1 are ! mo/ univ]sal4 ,9 ?is la/ ph5om5on especially !re is some?+ :i* resembles animal movem5ts4 ,:ile gr[+1 creep]s1 x is true1 if left to !mselves1 describe circles ) _! tips & by ?is means rea* an object ne> at h&4 ,b x is no m]ely me*anical cause t induces !m to adapt _! gr[? to ! =m ( ! object !y h ?us rea*$4 ,! cuscuta does n tw9e r\nd e k9d ( support3 = in/ance1 limbs ( animals1 dead vegetable matt]1 metals & inorganic sub/ances are n us$ = ?is purpose1 b only liv+ plants1 & n ev5 all k9ds--n mosses1 = in/ance--only ^? f :i* x c extract n\ri%m5t by its papill2 & ^! attract x f a consid]able di/ance4#bed ,! foll[+ special obs]vation1 communicat$ to ! ,f>m]'s ,magaz9e1 & reproduc$ by ! ,times 7#ac? ,july #ahdh7 "u ! title ,vegetable ,in/9ct1 is h[ev] /ill m to ! po9t3 ,if a bas9 ( wat] be plac$ )9 six in*es ( a "y pumpk9-/alk1 or ( a /em ( ! l>ge g>d5 pea1 no matt] on :at side1 ! /alk w approa* ! bas9 dur+ ! night & x w be f\nd next morn+ ) "o ( its leaves float+ on ! wat]4 ,?is exp]im5t may be r5ew$ e night till ! plant beg9s to fructify4--,ev5 if its position be *ang$ e day1 a /ick fix$ upright )9 six in*es ( a "y convolvulus is sure to be f\nd by ! plant4 ,if1 aft] hav+ w\nd itself = a c]ta9 di/ance r\nd ! /ick1 x is unw\nd & w\nd r\nd aga9 9 ! opposite direction1 x w return to its orig9al position or lose its life 9 ! endeav\r to d s4 ,nev]!less1 if two su* plants gr[ close to "o ano!r )\t hav+ any /ick ne> en\gh = !m to cl+ to x1 "o ( !m w *ange ! direction ( its w9d+ & !y w tw9e r\nd ea* o!r4 ,duhamel plac$ "s ,italian beans 9 a cyl9d] fill$ ) moi/ e>?2 aft] a little :ile !y began to g]m9ate & naturally s5t _! plumula upw>ds 9 ! direction ( ! light & _! radicula d[nw>ds into ! m\ld4 ,aft] a few days ! cyl9d] 0 turn$ r\nd to ! ext5t ( a qu>t] ( its circumf]5ce & ! same process 0 repeat$ until x _h be5 turn$ completely r\nd4 ,! beans 7 !n remov$ f ! e>?1 :5 x 0 f\nd t bo? plumula & radicula _h twi/$ at ea* turn t _h be5 giv51 9 ord] to adapt !mselves to x1 ! "o endeav\r+ to rise p]p5dicul>ly1 ! o!r to desc5d1 s t !y _h =m$ a complete spiral4 ,yet1 not)/&+ ?is natural t5d5cy to desc5d1 :5 ! soil bel[ is too dry1 roots w gr[ upw>ds 9 ord] to rea* any moi/ sub/ance :i* may be ly+ high] ?an !mselves4 #beb ,^! h be5 translat$ = ! ,biblio?que ,britannique1 ,section des ,sci5ces et ,arts1 vol4 lii4 #bec ,treviranus1 ,die ,ers*e9ung5 und ,gesetze des ,organis*5 ,leb5s 7,ph5om5a & ,laws ( ,organic ,life71 vol4 i4 p4 #agc4 #bed ,br&is1 ,on ,life & ,pol>ity1 #ahcf1 p4 #hh1 says3 ,! roots ( rock-plants seek n\ri%+ m\ld 9 ! mo/ delicate crevices ( rocks4 ,^! roots cl+ to a n\ri%+ bone 9 d5se clu/]s4 ,i saw a root ^: gr[? 0 int]cept$ by ! sole ( an old %oe3 x divid$ itself into z _m fibres z ! %oe-sole _h holes--^? by :i* x _h be5 /it*$ toge!r--b z soon z ^! fibres _h ov]come ! ob/ruction & gr[n ?r\gh ! holes1 !y unit$ aga9 to a common /em4 ,& p4 #hg3 ,if ,spr5gel's obs]vations are confirm$1 ev5 m$iate relations are p]ceiv$ 7by plants7 9 ord] to obta9 ?is end 7fructification73 t is to say1 ! an!rs ( ! nigella b5d d[n 9 ord] to put ! poll5 on ! bees' backs1 & ! pi/ils b5d 9 l mann] to receive x f ! bees4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 ,9 ,froriep's ,memor&a = #ahcc 7,no4 #hcb7 !re is a %ort article ^u ! locomotivity ( plants3 9 poor soil1 :]e good m\ld lies ne> at h&1 _m plants w s5d out a %oot into ! good m\ld2 aft] a "t ! orig9al plant !n )]s1 b ! (f%oot prosp]s & itself becomes ! plant4 ,by means ( ?is process1 a plant has be5 kn[n to climb d[n f a wall4 ,9 ! same p]iodical 7#ahce1 ,no4 #iha7 is to be f\nd a communication f ,pr(essor ,daub5y1 ( ,ox=d 7tak5 f ! ,ed9burgh ,new ,philosophical ,j\rnal1 ,april-,july1 #ahce71 9 :i* he %[s ) c]ta9ty1 by means ( new & v c>eful exp]im5ts1 t roots ( plants h1 at any rate to a c]ta9 degree1 ! p[] to make *oice f ^? sub/ances 9 ! soil :i* pres5t !mselves to _! surface4#bee #bee ,9 ?is connection ,i may m5tion an analysis ( an entirely diff]5t k9d1 giv5 by ! ,fr5* ,academician ,bab9et 9 an article 9 :i* he treats ( ! seasons on ! planets4 ,x is conta9$ 9 ! ,no4 ( ! #ae? ,janu>y1 #ahef1 ( ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 & ,i w give ! *ief sub/ance ( x "h 9 translation4 ,! object ( x is to ref] to its direct cause ! well-kn[n fact1 t c]eals only ?rive 9 temp]ate climates4 ,if gra9 did n necess>ily p]i% 9 w9t]1 if x 7 p]5nial1 x w\ld n be> e>s1 & !re w\ld be no h>ve/4 ,9 ! hott] portions ( ,africa1 ,asia & ,am]ica1 :]e no w9t] kills ! gra91 ^! plants gr[ l grass ) u3 !y multiply by means ( %oots1 rema9 always gre51 & nei!r =m e>s nor run to se$4 ,9 cold climates1 on ! contr>y1 ! organism ( ^! plants seems by "s inconceivable miracle to feel1 z x 7 by anticipation1 ! necessity ( pass+ ?r\gh ! se$-phase 9 ord] to escape dy+ (f 9 ! w9t] season 7,l'organisme de la plante1 p> un inconcevable miracle1 semble prss5tir la ncessit de pass] p> l'tat de gra9e1 p\r ne pas prir compltem5t p5dant la saison rig\reuse74 ,9 a simil> way1 di/ricts :i* h a dr\ghty season1--t is to say a season 9 :i* all plants are p>*$ up ) dr\ght--tropical c\ntries1 = in/ance ,jamaica1 produce gra92 because !re ! plant1 mov$ by ! same organic pres5tim5t 7p> le mme press5tim5t organique71 9 ord] to multiply1 ha/5s to be> se$ at ! approa* ( ! season 9 :i* x w\ld h to dry up4 ,9 ! fact :i* ?is au?or describes z an inconceivable miracle1 we recognise a manife/ation ( ! plant's w 9 increas$ pot5cy1 s9ce "h x appe>s z ! w ( ! species1 & makes prep>ations = ! future 9 a simil> way to animal in/9ct1 )\t be+ guid$ by k ( t future 9 do+ s4 ,"h we see plants 9 w>m] climates disp5s+ ) a complicat$ process to :i* a cold climate alone _h oblig$ !m4 ,9 simil> in/ances animals d precisely ! same ?+1 especially bees4 ,l]oy 9 8 admirable "w ,lettres ,philosophiques sur l',intellig5ce des ,animaux 7#crd lett]1 p4 #bca7 relates1 t "s bees :i* _h be5 tak5 to ,s\? ,am]ica cont9u$ at fir/ to ga!r honey z usual & to build _! cells j z :5 !y 7 at home2 b t :5 !y gradually became aw>e t plants blossom !re all ! ye> r\nd1 !y left (f work+4 ,! animal _w supplies a fact analog\s to ! above m5tion$ *ange 9 ! mode ( multiply+ 9 c]eals4 ,?is is ! abnormal mode ( propagation = :i* ! aphides h long be5 not$4 ,! female aphide1 z is well kn[n1 propagates = #aj-ab g5]ations )\t any pair+ ) ! male1 & by a v>iety ( ! ovovivip>\s process4 ,?is goes on all summ]2 b 9 autumn ! males appe>1 impregnation takes place1 & eggs are laid z w9t] qu>t]s = ! :ole species1 s9ce x is only 9 ?is %ape t x is able to outlive ! w9t]4 7,add4 to #crd ed47 ,f9ally ,i w n omit to obs]ve1 t ev5 s e>ly an au?ority z ,plato#bef _h attribut$ desires1 1 i4e4 w1 to plants4 ,9 my *ief "w1#beg h[ev]1 ,i h ent]$ into ! doctr9es ( ! ,anci5ts on ?is po9t1 & ! *apt] !re :i* treats ( ?is subject may on ! :ole s]ve to complete ! pres5t "o4 #bef ,plat4 ,tim4 p4 #djc4 ,bip4 #beg ,die ,welt a4 ,w4 u4 ,v4 vol4 ii4 *ap4 #bc4 ,! reluctance & res]ve ) :i* we see ! au?ors "h quot$ make up _! m9ds to ackn[l$ge ! w1 :i* nev]!less und\bt$ly manife/s itself 9 plants1 comes f _! be+ /ill hamp]$ by ! old op9ion1 t consci\sness is a requisite & condition ( ! w3 n[ x is evid5t t plants h no consci\sness4 ,! ?\ght nev] ent]$ into ! heads ( ^! naturali/s1 t ! w might be ! prius & !re=e indep5d5t ( ! intellect1 ) :i*1 z ! po/]ius1 consci\sness fir/ makes its appe>ance4 ,z = k or repres5tation1 plants h some?+ m]ely analog\s to x1 a m]e sub/itute = x2 :]eas !y really h ! w itself q directly3 =1 z ! ?+ 9 itself1 x is ! sub/ratum ( _! ph5om5al be+ z well z ( e o!r4 ,tak+ a reali/ic view1 />t+ accord+ly f ! objective1 ! matt] might ev5 be /at$ z foll[s3 ,t :i* lives & moves 9 plant-nature & 9 ! animal organism1 :5 x has gradually enhanc$ itself 9 ! scale ( be+s suffici5tly = ! light ( k to fall directly ^u x1 pres5ts itself 9 ?is newly aris+ consci\sness z w1 & is "h m imm$iately1 consequ5tly bett]1 kn[n ?an any:]e else4 ,?is k !re=e mu/ supply ! key = ! compreh5sion ( all t is l[] 9 ! scale4 ,= 9 ?is k ! ?+ 9 itself is no long] veil$ by any o!r =m ?an t ( ! mo/ imm$iate appreh5sion4 ,x is ?is imm$iate appreh5sion ( "o's own volition :i* has be5 call$ ! inn] s5se4 ,9 itself ! w is )\t appreh5sion1 & rema9s s 9 ! inorganic & vegetable k+doms4 ,j z ! _w w\ld rema9 9 d>kness1 9 spite ( ! sun1 if !re 7 no bodies to reflect its light2 or z ! m]e vibration ( a /r+ c nev] become a s\nd )\t air or ev5 )\t "s sort ( s\nd+-bo>d3 s likewise does ! w fir/ become consci\s ( itself :5 k is add$ to x4 ,k is1 z x 71 ! s\nd+-bo>d ( ! w1 & consci\sness ! tone x produces4 ,?is becom+ consci\s ( itself on ! "p ( ! w1 0 attribut$ to a suppos$ inn] s5se1 because x is ! fir/ & mo/ direct k we h4 ,! v>i\s emotions ( our own w c alone be ! object ( ?is inn] s5se2 = ! process ( repres5tation itself _c ov] aga9 be p]ceiv$1 b1 at ! v utmo/1 only be once m br\ght to consci\sness 9 rational reflection1 t second p[] ( repres5t+3 t is1 9 ab/racto4 ,!re=e also1 simple repres5tation 7intuition7 is to ?9k+ prop]--t is1 to kn[+ by means ( ab/ract conceptions--:at will+ 9 itself is to becom+ aw>e ( t will+1 i4e4 to consci\sness4 ,= ?is reason1 a p]fectly cle> & di/9ct consci\sness1 n only ( our own exi/5ce b also ( ! exi/5ce ( o!rs1 only arises ) ! adv5t ( ,reason 7! faculty = conceptions71 :i* raises ,man z f> above ! brute1 z ! m]ely intuitive faculty ( repres5tation raises ! brute above ! plant4 ,n[ be+s :i*1 l plants1 h no faculty = repres5tation1 are call$ unconsci\s1 & we conceive ?is condition z only slightly diff]+ f non-exi/5ce2 s9ce ! only exi/5ce su* be+s h1 is 9 ! consci\sness ( o!rs1 z ! repres5tation ( ^? o!rs4 ,!y are nev]!less n want+ 9 :at is prim>y 9 exi/5ce1 ! w1 b only 9 :at is second>y2 /ill1 :at is prim>y--& ?is is aft] all ! exi/5ce ( ! ?+ 9 itself--appe>s to u1 )\t t second>y elem5t1 to pass ov] into nullity4 ,we are unable directly & cle>ly to di/+ui% unconsci\s exi/5ce f non-exi/5ce1 al?\gh we h our own exp]i5ce ( x 9 deep sleep4 ,be>+ 9 m9d1 accord+ to ! cont5ts ( ! la/ *apt]1 t ! faculty ( kn[+1 l e o!r organ1 has only aris5 = ! purpose ( self-pres]vation1 & t x !re=e /&s 9 a precise relation1 admitt+ ( c\ntless gradations1 to ! requirem5ts ( ea* animal species2 we %all und]/& t plants1 hav+ s v mu* few] requirem5ts ?an animals1 no long] ne$ any k at all4 ,on ?is acc\nt precisely1 z ,i h (t5 said1 k is ! true *>act]i/ic :i* d5otes ! limits ( animality1 because ( ! movem5t induc$ by motives :i* x conditions4 ,:]e animal life ceases1 !re k prop]1 ) ^: ess5ce our own exp]i5ce has made u famili>1 disappe>s2 & h5ce=? analogy is our only way ( mak+ t :i* m$iates betwe5 ! influ5ce ( ! out] _w & ! movem5ts ( be+s intelligible to u4 ,! w1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* we h recognis$ z be+ ! basis & k]nel ( e exi/+ ?+1 rema9s "o & ! same at all times & 9 all places4 ,n[1 9 ! l[] degree occupi$ by plant-life & by ! vegetative life ( animal organisms1 x is ! /imulus :i* takes ! place ( k z a means ( det]m9+ ! individual manife/ations ( ?is omnipres5t w & z a m$iator betwe5 ! out] _w & ! *anges ( su* a be+2 f9ally1 9 inorganic ,nature1 x is physical ag5cy 9 g5]al2 & :51 z "h1 obs]vation takes place f a high] to a l[] degree1 bo? /imulus & physical ag5cy pres5t !mselves z sub/itutes = k1 !re=e z m]e analogues to x4 ,plants _c prop]ly be said to p]ceive light & ! sun2 yet we see !m s5sitive 9 v>i\s ways to ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( bo?4 ,we see !m incl9e & turn t[>ds ! light2 & ?\gh ?is movem5t no d\bt g5]ally co9cides ) _! gr[?1 j z ! moon's rotation on its axis co9cides ) its movem5t r\nd ! e>?1 x nev]!less exi/s1 z well z t ( ! moon1 & ! direction ( t gr[? is det]m9$ & sy/ematically modifi$ by light1 j z an action is det]m9$ by a motive1 & z ! direction ( ! gr[? ( creep+ & cl++ plants is det]m9$ by ! %ape & position ( ! supports !y may *ance to f9d4 ,?us because plants on ! :ole1 /ill h wants1 ?\gh n su* wants z dem& ! luxury ( a s5sorium & an intellect1 some?+ analog\s has to take ! place ( ^!1 9 ord] to enable ! w to lay hold (1 if n to seek out1 ! satisfactions :i* (f] !mselves to x4 ,n[1 ?is analog\s sub/itute is susceptibility = /imuli1 & ,i w\ld express ! diff]5ce betwe5 k & ?is susceptibility z foll[s3 9 k1 ! motive :i* pres5ts itself z repres5tation & ! act ( volition :i* foll[s f x1 rema9 di/9ctly sep>ate "o f ! o!r1 ?is sep>ation moreov] be+ ! m di/9ct1 ! great] ! p]fection ( ! intellect2--:]eas1 9 m]e susceptibility = /imuli1 ! feel+ ( ! /imulus c no long] be di/+ui%$ f ! volition x occasions1 & !y coalesce4 ,9 inorganic nature f9ally1 ev5 susceptibility = /imuli1 ! analogy ( :i* to k is unmi/akable1 ceases1 b ! div]sity ( reaction ( ea* body ^u div]s k9ds ( action rema9s2 n[1 :5 ! matt] is consid]$1 z we are do+1 9 ! desc5d+ scale1 ?is reaction /ill pres5ts itself1 ev5 "h1 z a sub/itute = k4 ,if a body reacts diff]5tly1 x mu/ h be5 act$ ^u diff]5tly & t action mu/ h r\s$ a diff]5t s5sation 9 x1 :i* ) all its dullness has nev]!less a di/ant analogy to k4 ,?us :5 wat] t is %ut up f9ds an outlet ( :i* x eag]ly avails itself1 ru%+ vehem5tly 9 t direction1 x c]ta9ly does n recognise t outlet any m ?an ! acid p]ceives ! alkali approa*+ x :i* w induce x to ab&on its comb9ation ) a metal1 or ?an ! /rip ( pap] p]ceives ! amb] :i* attracts x aft] be+ rubb$2 yet we _c help admitt+ t :at br+s ab\t su* sudd5 *anges 9 all ^! bodies1 be>s a c]ta9 resemblance to t :i* takes place )9 u1 :5 an unexpect$ motive pres5ts itself4 ,9 =m] times ,i h avail$ myself ( su* consid]ations z ^! 9 ord] to po9t out ! w 9 all ?+s2 ,i n[ employ !m to indicate ! sph]e to :i* k pres5ts itself z belong+1 :5 consid]$1 n z is usual f ! inside1 b reali/ically1 f a /&po9t outside itself1 z if x 7 some?+ =eign3 t is1 :5 we ga9 ! objective po9t ( view = x1 :i* is s extremely important 9 ord] to complete ! subjective "o4#beh ,we f9d t k !n pres5ts itself z ! m$iator ( motives1 i4e4 ( ! action ( causality ^u be+s end[$ ) intellect--9 o!r words1 z t :i* receives ! *anges f outside ^u :i* ^? 9 ! inside mu/ foll[1 z t :i* acts z m$iator betwe5 bo?4 ,n[ ^u ?is n>r[ l9e hov]s ! _w z repres5tation--t is to say1 ! :ole corporeal _w1 /ret*$ out 9 ,space & ,"t1 :i* z su* c nev] exi/ any:]e b 9 ! bra9 any m ?an dreams1 :i*1 z long z !y la/1 exi/ 9 ! same way4 ,:at ! intellect does = animals & = man1 z ! m$iator ( motives1 susceptibility = /imuli does = plants1 & susceptibility = e sort ( cause = inorganic bodies3 & /rictly speak+1 all ?is diff]s m]ely 9 degree4 ,=1 exclusively z a consequ5ce ( ?is susceptibility to outw>d impressions hav+ enhanc$ itself 9 animals proportionately to _! requirem5ts till x has rea*$ ! po9t :]e a n]v\s sy/em & a bra9 become necess>y1 does consci\sness arise z a function ( t bra91 & 9 x ! objective _w1 ^: =ms 7,"t1 ,space1 ,causality7 are ! way 9 :i* t function is p]=m$4 ,!re=e we f9d ! intellect orig9ally laid out entirely ) a view to subjectivity1 de/9$ m]ely to s]ve ! purposes ( ! w1 consequ5tly z some?+ q second>y & subord9ate2 nay1 9 a s5se1 z some?+ :i* appe>s only p] accid5s2 z a condition ( ! action ( m]e motives1 in/ead ( /imuli1 :i* has become necess>y 9 ! high] degree ( animal exi/5ce4 ,! image ( ! _w 9 ,space & ,"t1 :i* ?us arises1 is only ! map#bei on :i* ! motives pres5t !mselves z ends4 ,x also conditions ! spacial & causal connection 9 :i* ! objects p]ceiv$ /& to "o ano!r2 nev]!less x is only ! m$iat+ l9k betwe5 ! motive & ! act ( volition4 ,n[1 to take su* an image z ?is ( ! _w1 aris+ 9 ?is mann]1 accid5tally1 9 ! intellect1 i4e4 9 ! c]ebral function ( animal be+s1 ?r\gh ! means to _! ends be+ repres5t$ & ! pa? ( ^! ephem]a on _! planet be+ ?us illum9$--to take ?is image1 we say1 ?is m]e c]ebral ph5om5on1 = ! true1 ultimate ess5ce ( ?+s 7?+ 9 itself71 to take ! concat5ation ( its p>ts = ! absolute ord] ( ! ,univ]se 7relations betwe5 ?+s 9 !mselves71 & to assume all ?is to exi/ ev5 indep5d5tly ( ! bra91 w\ld inde$ be a leap6 ,"h 9 fact1 an assumption su* z ?is mu/ appe> to u z ! height ( ra%ness & presumption2 yet x is ! f\ndation ^u :i* all ! sy/ems ( pre-,kantian dogmatism h be5 built up2 = x is tacitly pre-suppos$ 9 all _! ,ontology1 ,cosmology & ,!ology1 z well z 9 ! t]n v]itates to :i* !y appeal4 ,b t leap _h always be5 made tacitly & unconsci\sly1 & x is precisely ,kant's immortal a*ievem5t1 to h br\ght x to our consci\sness4 #beh ,comp>e ,die ,welt a4 ,w4 u4 ,v4 vol4 ii4 *ap4 #bb3 ,objective ,view ( ! ,intellect4 #bei ,plan4 ,by our pres5t reali/ic way ( consid]+ ! matt] !re=e1 we unexpect$ly ga9 ! objective /&-po9t = ,kant's great discov]ies2 &1 by ! road ( empirico-physiological contemplation1 we arrive at ! po9t :5ce 8 transc5d5tal-critical view />ts4 ,= ,kant's view takes ! subjective = its /&po9t & consid]s consci\sness z giv54 ,b f consci\sness itself & its law & ord]1 giv5 priori1 t view arrives at ! conclusion1 t all :i* appe>s 9 t consci\sness c be no?+ m ?an m]e ph5om5on4 ,f our reali/ic1 ext]ior /&po9t1 on ! contr>y1 :i* assumes ! objective--all t exi/s 9 ,nature--to be absolutely giv51 we see :at ! intellect is1 z to its aim & orig91 & to :i* class ( ph5om5a x belongs1 & we recognise 7s f> priori7 t x mu/ be limit$ to m]e ph5om5a4 ,we see too1 t :at pres5ts itself 9 ! intellect c at all times only be condition$--*iefly subjectively--t is1 c1 toge!r ) ! ord] ( ! nexus ( its p>ts1 only be a mundus ph5om5on1 :i* is likewise subjectively condition$2 b t x c nev] be a k ( ?+s z !y may be 9 !mselves1 or z !y may be connect$ 9 !mselves4 ,=1 9 ! nexus ( ,nature1 we h f\nd ! faculty ( kn[+ z a condition$ faculty1 ^: ass]tions1 precisely on t acc\nt1 _c claim uncondition$ validity4 ,to anyone :o has /udi$ & und]/ood ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason--to :i* our /&po9t is ess5tially =eign--x mu/ nev]!less /ill appe> z if ,nature _h int5d$ ! intellect = a puzzle-glass to mislead u & 7 play+ at hide-&-seek ) u4 ,b by our reali/ic objective road1 i4e4 by />t+ f ! objective _w z giv51 we h n[ come to ! v same result at :i* ,kant _h arriv$ by ! ideali/ic1 subjective road1 i4e4 by exam9+ ! intellect itself & ! way 9 :i* x con/itutes consci\sness4 ,we n[ see t ! _w z repres5tation hov]s on ! n>r[ l9e betwe5 ! ext]nal cause 7motive7 & ! effect evok$ 7act ( ! w71 9 be+s hav+ k 7animals71 9 :i* be+s = ! fir/ "t !re occurs a di/9ct sep>ation betwe5 motive & volunt>y act4 ,ita res acc5d5t lum9a rebus4 ,x is only :5 x is rea*$ by two q opposite roads1 t ! great result atta9$ by ,kant is di/9ctly se52 & :5 light is ?us ?r[n ^u x f bo? sides1 8 :ole mean+ becomes cle>4 ,our objective /&po9t is reali/ic & !re=e condition$1 s f> z1 9 tak+ = grant$ ! exi/5ce ( be+s 9 ,nature1 x ab/racts f ! fact t _! objective exi/5ce po/ulates an intellect1 :i* conta9s !m z its repres5tation2 b ,kant's subjective & ideali/ic /&po9t is likewise condition$1 inasmu* z he />ts f ! intellig5ce1 :i* itself1 h[ev]1 presupposes ,nature1 9 consequ5ce ( ^: developm5t z f> z animal life t intellig5ce is = ! fir/ "t enabl$ to make its appe>ance4--,keep+ /eadily to ?is reali/ic1 objective /&po9t ( ours1 we may also def9e ,kant's !ory z foll[s3 ,aft] ,locke1 9 ord] to "k ?+s 9 !mselves1 _h ab/ract$ ! %>e ( s5su\s functions--call$ by him second>y qualities--f ?+s z !y appe>1 ,kant ) inf9itely great] dep? d$uct$ f !m ! incomp>ably l>g] %>e ( ! c]ebral function1 :i* includes precisely :at ,locke calls prim>y qualities4 ,b all ,i h done "h has be5 to %[ :y all ?is mu/ necess>ily be z x is1 by indicat+ ! place occupi$ by ! intellect 9 ! nexus ( ,nature1 :5 we />t reali/ically f ! objective z giv51 b1 9 do+ s1 take ! only ?+ ( :i* we are q directly consci\s1 ! w--t true ( ,metaphysics--= our support1 z be+ :at is prim>ily real1 ev]y?+ else be+ m]ely its ph5om5on4 ,:at n[ foll[s s]ves to complete ?is4 ,i h m5tion$ already1 t :]e k takes place1 ! motive :i* appe>s z repres5tation & ! act ( volition result+ f x1 rema9 ! m cle>ly sep>at$ "o f ! o!r1 ! m p]fect ! intellect2 t is1 ! high] we asc5d 9 ! scale ( be+s4 ,?is calls = full] explanation4 ,z long z ! w's activity is r\s$ by /imuli alone1 & no repres5tation z yet takes place--t is1 9 plants--!re is no sep>ation at all betwe5 ! receiv+ ( impressions & ! be+ det]m9$ by !m4 ,9 ! l[e/ ord] ( animal intellig5ce1 su* z we f9d x 9 radi>ia1 acalepha1 acephala1 c41 ! diff]5ce is /ill small2 a feel+ ( hung]1 a wat*fulness r\s$ by ?is1 an appreh5d+ & snapp+ at _! prey1 /ill con/itute ! :ole cont5t ( _! consci\sness2 nev]!less ?is is ! fir/ twilight ( ! dawn+ _w z repres5tation1 ! backgr\nd ( :i*--t is to say1 ev]y?+ except+ ! motive :i* acts ea* "t--/ill rema9s %r\d$ 9 imp5etrable d>kness4 ,"h moreov] ! organs ( ! s5ses are correspond+ly imp]fect & incomplete1 hav+ exce$+ly few data = p]ception to br+ to an und]/&+ yet 9 embryo4 ,nev]!less :]ev] !re is s5sibility1 x is always accompani$ by und]/&+1 i4e4 ) ! faculty = ref]r+ effects exp]i5c$ to ext]nal causes2 )\t ?is1 s5sibility w\ld be sup]flu\s & a m]e s\rce ( aimless suff]+4 ,! high] we asc5d 9 ! scale ( animals1 ! great] numb] & p]fection ( ! s5ses we f9d1 till at la/ we h all five2 ^! are f\nd 9 a small numb] ( inv]tebrate animals1 b !y only become univ]sal 9 ! v]tebrata4 ,! bra9 & its function1 ! und]/&+1 develop proportionately1 & ! object n[ gradually pres5ts itself m & m di/9ctly & completely & ev5 already 9 connection ) o!r objects2 because ! s]vice ( ! w requires appreh5sion ( ! mutual relations ( objects4 ,by ?is ! _w ( repres5tation acquires "s ext5t & backgr\nd4 ,/ill t appreh5sion nev] goes beyond :at is requir$ = ! w's s]vice3 ! appreh5d+ & ! be+ r\s$ to reaction by :at is appreh5d$1 are n cle>ly held asund]3 ! object is only p]ceiv$ 9 z mu* z x is a motive4 ,ev5 ! m sagaci\s animals only see 9 objects :at conc]ns !mselves1 :at has ref]5ce to _! w or1 at ! utmo/1 :at may h ref]5ce to x 9 future3 ( ?is la/ we h an in/ance 9 cats1 :o take pa9s to acquire an accurate k ( localities1 & 9 foxes1 :o endeav\r to f9d hid+-places = _! future prey4 ,b !y are ins5sible t[>ds ev]y?+ else2 no animal has p]haps ev] yet se5 ! />ry sky3 my dog />t$ 9 t]ror :5 = ! fir/ "t he accid5tally caught sight ( ! sun4 ,a fir/ fa9t sign ( a dis9t]e/$ p]ception ( _! surr\nd+s may at times be obs]v$ 9 ! mo/ intellig5t animals1 especially :5 !y h be5 tra9$ by tam+4 ,dogs g s f> z to />e at ?+s2 we may (t5 see !m sit d[n at ! w9d[ & att5tively wat* all t passes4 ,monkeys look ab\t !m at times1 z if try+ to make up _! m9d ab\t _! surr\nd+s4 ,x is 9 ,man t ! sep>ation betwe5 motive & action1 betwe5 repres5tation & w1 fir/ becomes q di/9ct4 ,b ?is does n imm$iately put an end to ! subs]vi5ce ( ! intellect to ! w4 ,ord9>y human be+s aft] all only compreh5d q cle>ly t :i*1 9 "s way or o!r1 ref]s directly or indirectly to _! own selves 7has an int]e/ = !m72 ) respect to ev]y?+ else1 _! und]/&+ cont9ues to be unconqu]ably in]t2 ! re/ !re=e rema9s 9 ! back-gr\nd & does n come into consci\sness "u ! radiant light ( complete di/9ctness4 ,philosophical a/oni%m5t & arti/ic emotion occasion$ by ! contemplation ( ph5om5a1 rema9 et]nally =eign to !m1 :atev] !y may d2 = at ! bottom1 ev]y?+ appe>s to !m to be a matt] ( c\rse4 ,complete lib]ation & sep>ation ( ! intellect f ! w & its bondage is ! pr]ogative ( g5ius1 z ,i h fully %[n 9 ! /hetic "p ( my *ief "w4 ,g5ius is objectivity4 ,! pure objectivity & di/9ctness ) :i* ?+s pres5t !mselves 9 intuitive p]ception--t fundam5tal & mo/ sub/antial s\rce ( k--actually /&s e mom5t 9 inv]se proportion to ! int]e/ :i* ! w has 9 ^? ?+s2 & kn[+ )\t will+ is ! condition1 n to say ! ess5ce1 ( all gifts ( /hetic intellig5ce4 ,:y does an ord9>y arti/ produce s bad a pa9t+ ( yond] l&scape1 not)/&+ all ! pa9s he has tak58 ,because he sees x s4 ,& :y does he see s little beauty 9 x8 ,because 8 intellect has n fre$ itself suffici5tly f 8 w4 ,! degrees ( ?is sep>ation give rise to great intellectual di/9ctions betwe5 m52 = ! m k has fre$ itself f ! w1 ! pur]1 consequ5tly ! m objective & correct1 x is2 j z t fruit is be/1 :i* has no aft]-ta/e ( ! soil on :i* x has gr[n4 ,?is relation1 z important z x is int]e/+1 des]ves surely to be made /ill cle>] by a retrospective view ( ! :ole scale ( be+s1 & by recall+ ! gradual transition f absolute subjectivity to ! highe/ degrees ( objectivity 9 ! intellect4 ,inorganic ,nature namely1 is absolutely subjective1 no trace :atev] ( consci\sness ( an out] _w be+ f\nd 9 x4 ,/ones1 b\ld]s1 ice-blocks1 ev5 :5 !y fall ^u "o ano!r1 or knock or rub aga9/ "o ano!r1 h no consci\sness ( ea* o!r & ( an out] _w4 ,/ill ev5 ^! are susceptible to ext]nal influ5ce1 :i* causes _! position & movem5t to *ange & may !re=e be consid]$ z a fir/ /ep t[>ds consci\sness4 ,n[1 al?\gh plants also h no consci\sness ( ! out] _w1 & al?\gh ! m]e analogue ( a consci\sness :i* exi/s 9 !m mu/1 on ! contr>y1 be conceiv$ z a dull self-enjoym5t2 yet we see t !y all seek light1 & t _m ( !m turn _! fl[]s or leaves daily t[>ds ! sun1 :ile creep]s f9d _! way to supports ) :i* !y are n 9 contact2 & f9ally we see individual k9ds ( plants %[ ev5 a sort ( irritability4 ,unque/ionably !re=e1 !re is a connection & relation betwe5 _! movem5ts & surr\nd+s1 ev5 ^? ) :i* !y are n 9 imm$iate contact2 & ?is connection we mu/ accord+ly recognise z a fa9t analogue to p]ception4 ,) animal life fir/ appe>s decid$ p]ception--t is1 consci\sness ( o!r ?+s1 z oppos$ to t cle> consci\sness ( ourselves to :i* t consci\sness ( o!r ?+s fir/ gives rise4 ,?is con/itutes precisely ! true "* ( animal-nature1 z oppos$ to plant-nature4 ,9 ! l[e/ animals1 consci\sness ( ! out] _w is v limit$ & dim3 ea* increas+ degree ( und]/&+ ext5ds x & makes x cle>]1 & ?is gradual increase ( ! und]/&+ aga9 adapts itself to ! gradually increas+ requirem5ts ( ! animal1 & ?us ! process cont9ues ?r\gh ! :ole long asc5d+ scale ( ! animal s]ies up to ,man1 9 :om consci\sness ( ! out] _w rea*es its acme1 & 9 :om ! _w accord+ly pres5ts itself m di/9ctly & completely ?an 9 any o!r be+4 ,/ill1 ev5 "h1 !re are innum]able degrees 9 ! cle>ness ( consci\sness1 f ! dulle/ blockhead to g5ius4 ,ev5 9 normal heads !re /ill rema9s a consid]able t+e ( subjectivity 9 _! objective p]ception ( ext]nal objects1 k /ill be>+ ?r\gh\t ! "* ( exi/+ m]ely = ! ends ( ! w4 ,! m em95t ! head1 ! less prom95t is ?is "*1 & ! m purely objective does ! repres5tation ( ! out] _w become2 till 9 g5ius f9ally x atta9s completely objectivity1 by :i* ! ,platonic ideas deta* !mselves f ! individual ?+s1 because ! m9d :i* compreh5ds !m enhances itself to ! pure subject ( k4 ,n[1 z p]ception is ! basis ( all k1 all ?9k+ & all insight mu/ be influ5c$ by ?is fundam5tal diff]5ce 9 ! quality ( x1 f :i* arises t complete diff]5ce betwe5 ! ord9>y & ! sup]ior m9d 9 _! :ole way ( view+ ?+s1 :i* may be notic$ on all occasions4 ,f ?is also proce$s ! dull gravity1 ne>ly resembl+ t ( animals1 :i* *>act]izes common-place heads ^: k is acquir$ solely = ! b5efit ( ! w1 z oppos$ to ! con/ant play ( exub]ant intellect :i* bright5s ! consci\sness ( ! sup]ior m9d4 ,! consid]ation ( ! two extremes 9 ! great scale :i* we h "h exhibit$1 seems to h giv5 rise to ! ,g]man hyp]bolical expression ,block 7,klotz71 z appli$ to human be+s1 & to ! ,engli% blockhead4 ,b ano!r diff]5t consequ5ce ( ! cle> sep>ation ( ! w f ! intellect--!re=e ( ! motive f ! action1--:i* fir/ appe>s 9 ! human race1 is ! deceptive illusion ( fre$om 9 our individual actions4 ,:]e1 z 9 inorganic nature1 causes1 or1 z 9 ! vegetable k+dom1 /imuli1 call =? ! effect1 ! causal connection is s simple1 t !re is n ev5 ! slighte/ semblance ( fre$om4 ,b already 9 animal life1 :]e t :i* till !n _h manife/$ itself z cause or z /imulus1 n[ appe>s z a motive--& a new _w1 t ( repres5tation1 consequ5tly pres5ts itself1 & cause & effect lie 9 diff]5t sph]es--! causal connection betwe5 bo?1 & ) x ! necessity1 are less evid5t ?an !y 7 9 plants & 9 inorganic ,nature4 ,nev]!less !y are /ill unmi/akable 9 animals1 ^: m]ely intuitive repres5tation /&s midway betwe5 organic functions induc$ by /imuli & ! delib]ate acts ( ,man4 ,! animal's actions infallibly foll[ z soon z ! p]ceptible motive is pres5t1 unless c\nt]-act$ by "s equally p]ceptible c\nt]-motive or by tra9+2 yet "h repres5tation is already di/9ct f ! act ( volition & comes sep>ately into consci\sness4 ,b 9 ,man--^: repres5tation has enhanc$ itself ev5 to ab/ract conception & :o n[ d]ives motives & c\nt]-motives = 8 actions f a :ole invisible ?\ght-_w :i* he c>ries ab\t ) him 9 8 bra9 & :i* makes him indep5d5t ( pres5ce & ( p]ceptible surr\nd+s--?is connection no long] exi/s at all = obs]vation f outside1 & ev5 = inw>d obs]vation x is only kn[able ?r\gh ab/ract & mature reflection4 ,= ^! ab/ract motives1 :5 obs]v$ f outside1 give an impress ( delib]ation to all 8 movem5ts1 by :i* !y acquire a semblance ( indep5d5ce t manife/ly di/+ui%es !m f ^? ( animals1 yet :i* aft] all only be>s evid5ce to ! fact1 t ,man is actuat$ by a class ( repres5tations 9 :i* animals d n %>e4 ,!n aga91 9 self-consci\sness1 ! act ( volition is kn[n to u 9 ! mo/ imm$iate way1 b ! motive 9 mo/ cases v indirectly1 be+ (t5 ev5 int5tionally veil$1 out ( consid]ation = our self-k4 ,?is process !re=e1 9 co9cid5ce ) ! consci\sness ( t true fre$om :i* belongs to ! w1 z ?+ 9 itself outside ph5om5on1 produces ! deceptive illusion t ev5 ! s+le act ( volition is uncondition$ & free3 t is1 )\t a reason2 :]eas1 :5 ! "* is giv5 & ! motive recognis$1 e act ( volition really foll[s ) ! same /rict necessity z ! *anges ( :i* me*anics tea* u ! laws1 &1 to use ,kant's words1 7 "* & motive exactly kn[n1 might be calculat$ ) precisely ! same c]ta9ty z an eclipse ( ! moon2 or aga91 to place a v het]og5e\s au?ority by ! side ( ,kant1 z ,dante says1 :o is old] ?an ,buridan3-- ,intra duo cibi di/anti e mov5ti ,d'un modo1 prima si morria di fame ,*e lib]' uomo l'un recasse a' d5ti4 ,p>adiso1 iv4 #a4bfj #bfj ,betwe5 two k9ds ( food1 bo? equally ,remote & tempt+1 fir/ a man might die ,( hung]1 ere he "o c\ld freely *use4 7,c>y's ,tr47 ,,physical ,,a/ronomy4 ,no "p ( my doctr9e c\ld ,i h less hop$ to see corroborat$ by empirical sci5ce ?an t1 9 :i* ! fundam5tal tru?1 t ,kant's ?+ 9 itself 7,d+ an si*7 is ! ,w1 is appli$ by me ev5 to inorganic ,nature1 & 9 :i* ,i %[ ! active pr9ciple 9 all fundam5tal =ces ( ,nature to be absolutely id5tical ) :at is kn[n to u )9 ourselves z ! ,w4--,x has !re=e be5 p>ticul>ly gratify+ to me to h f\nd t an em95t empirici/1 yield+ to ! =ce ( tru?1 _h gone s f> z to express ?is p>adox 9 ! exposition ( 8 sci5tific doctr9e4 ,i allude to ,sir ,john ,h]s*el & to 8 ,treatise on ,a/ronomy1 ! fir/ edition ( :i* appe>$ 9 #ahcc1 & a second enl>g$ "o 9 #ahdi1 "u ! title ,outl9es ( ,a/ronomy4 ,h]s*el1--:o1 z an a/ronom]1 0 acqua9t$ ) gravity1 n only 9 ! "o-sid$ & really co>se "p :i* x acts on e>?1 b also 9 ! nobl] "o p]=m$ by x 9 univ]sal ,space1 :]e ! cele/ial bodies play ) ea* o!r1 betray mutual incl9ation1 ex*ange z x 7 amor\s glances1 yet nev] all[ !mselves to come into rude contact1 & ?us cont9ue danc+ _! dignifi$ m9uet to ! music ( ! sph]es1 :ile !y keep at a respectful di/ance f "o ano!r--:5 he comes to ! /atem5t ( ! law ( gravitation 9 ! sev5? *apt]1#bfa expresses himself z foll[s3-- #bfa ,h]s*el1 ,treatise on ,a/ronomy1 *ap4 #g1 #cga ( ! #a/ edition1 #ahcc4 ,all bodies ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 :5 rais$ into ! air & quietly ab&on$1 desc5d to ! e>?'s surface 9 l9es p]p5dicul> to x4 ,!y are !re=e urg$ !reto by a =ce or ef=t1 ! direct or indirect result ( a consci\sness & a w exi/+ some:]e1 ?\gh beyond our p[] to trace1 :i* =ce we t]m gravity4#bfb #bfb ,ev5 ,cop]nicus _h said ! same ?+ long be=e ,equidem exi/imo ,gravitatem non aliud esse quam appet5tiam qu&am naturalem1 p>tibus inditam a div9a provid5tia opificis univ]sorum1 ut 9 unitatem integritatemque suam se conf]ant1 9 =mam ,globi coeuntes4 ,quam affectionem cr$ibile e/ etiam ,soli1 ,lun ct]isque errantium fulgoribus1 inesse1 ut ejus efficacia1 9 ea qua se repraes5tant rotunditate p]maneant2 qu nihilom9us multis modis suos efficiunt circuitus 7,nicol4 ,cop]nici revol4 ,lib4 ,i1 ,cap4 ,,ix4 ,comp>e ,exposition des ,dc\v]tes de ,m4 le ,*evali] ,newton p> ,m4 ,maclaur92 traduit de l',anglois p> ,m4 ,lavirotte1 ,p>is1 #agdi1 p4 #de74 ,h]s*el evid5tly saw1 t if we hesitate to expla9 gravity1 z ,desc>tes did1 by an impulse f outside1 we are absolutely driv5 to admit a w inh]5t 9 bodies1 ,non datur t]tium4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 ,! writ] :o review$ ,h]s*el's book 9 ! ,octob] numb] ( ! ,ed9burgh ,review ( #ahcc1 anxi\s1 z a true ,engli%man1 be=e all ?+s to prev5t ! ,mosaic record#bfc f be+ imp]ill$1 takes great umbrage at ?is passage1 rightly obs]v+ t x _c ref] to ! w ( ,god ,almighty1 :o has call$ ,matt] & all its prop]ties into be+2 he utt]ly refuses to recognise ! validity ( ! proposition itself1 & d5ies t x foll[s consi/5tly f ! prec$+ ^u :i* ,h]s*el wi%es to f\nd x4 ,my op9ion is1 t x und\bt$ly w\ld logically foll[ f t 7because ! cont5ts ( a conception are det]m9$ by its orig971 b t ! antec$5t itself is false4 ,x ass]ts namely1 t ! orig9 ( ! conception ( causality is exp]i5ce1 m especially su* exp]i5ce z we ourselves make 9 act+ by means ( our own ef=ts ^u bodies belong+ to ! out] _w4 ,x is only 9 c\ntries l ,engl&1 :]e ! light ( ,kantian philosophy has n yet begun to dawn1 t ! conception ( causality c be ?\ght ( z orig9at+ 9 exp]i5ce 7pr(essors ( philosophy :o pooh-pooh ,kant's doctr9es & ?9k me b5ea? _! notice be+ left out ( ! "q72 lea/ ( all c x be ?\ght ( by ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) my pro( ( ! priority ( t conception1 :i* diff]s completely f ,kant's pro( & re/s ^u ! fact1 t k ( causality mu/ necess>ily prec$e all p]ception ( ! out] _w itself z its condition2 s9ce p]ception is only br\ght ab\t ?r\gh ! transition--effect$ by ! und]/&+--f ! s5sation 9 ! organ ( s5se to its cause1 :i* cause n[ pres5ts itself z an object 9 ,space1 itself likewise an priori intuition4 ,n[1 z ! p]ception ( objects mu/ be ant]ior to our consci\s action ^u !m1 ! exp]i5ce ( t consci\s action _c be ! orig9 ( ! conception ( causality2 =1 be=e ,i c act ^u ?+s1 !y mu/ fir/ h act$ ^u me z motives4 ,i h ent]$ fully into all t has to d ) ?is 9 my *ief "w1#bfd & 9 ! second edition ( my treatise on ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason1 #ba1bfe :]e ! assumption adopt$ by ,h]s*el f9ds special refutation2 x is !re=e useless to ent] into x once m "h4 ,b x w\ld be ev5 q possible to refute ?is assumption empirically1 s9ce x w\ld necess>ily foll[ f x1 t a man :o came into ! _w )\t arms or legs1 c\ld nev] atta9 any k ( causality or p]ception ( ! out] _w4 ,n[ ,nature has effectually disprov$ ?is by a case1 ( :i* ,i h reproduc$ ! acc\nt f its orig9al s\rce 9 ! above-m5tion$ *apt] ( my *ief "w1 p4 #dj4bff--;,9 ?is ass]tion ( ,h]s*el's !re=e1 we h ano!r in/ance ( a "r conclusion drawn f wrong premisses4 ,n[ ?is always happ5s :5 we h obta9$ imm$iate insight into a tru? by a "r ap]u b are at a loss to f9d out & cle>ly def9e our reasons = kn[+ x1 ow+ to our inability to br+ !m to cle> consci\sness4 ,=1 9 all orig9al insight1 conviction exi/s be=e pro(3 ! pro( be+ inv>iably excogitat$ aft]w>ds4 #bfc ,:i* he has m at he>t ?an all ! wisdom & tru? 9 ! _w4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 #bfd ,see ,die ,welt a4 ,w1 u4 ,v4 vol4 ii4 *4 #d1 pp4 #ch-db 7#crd edition1 pp4 #da-df74 #bfe ,p4 #gd 7#crd edition1 p4 #gi71 p4 #ib ( ! translation 9 ! pres5t volume4 #bff #crd edition1 p4 #dd4 ,! imm$iate manife/ation ( gravity is m evid5t 9 ea* "p ( liquid1 ?an ( solid1 matt]1 ow+ to ! p]fect fre$om ( motion ( ! p>ts among ea* o!r4 ,9 ord] !re=e to p5etrate into ?is ap]u1 :i* is ! true s\rce ( ,h]s*el's ass]tion1 let u look att5tively at a torr5t da%+ headlong ov] rocks & ask ourselves :e!r s det]m9$ an impetus1 s boi/]\s a vehem5ce1 c arise )\t an ex]tion ( /r5g?1 & :e!r an ex]tion ( /r5g? is conceivable )\t w4 ,& s x is precisely 9 e case 9 :i* we become aw>e ( any?+ mov+ spontane\sly1 ( any prim>y1 uncommunicat$ =ce3 we are con/ra9$ to ?9k its inn]mo/ ess5ce z w4--,?is mu* at any rate is c]ta91 t ,h]s*el1 l all ! empirici/s 9 s _m diff]5t bran*es ( sci5ce ^: evid5ce ,i h quot$ above1 _h arriv$ "h at ! limit :]e no?+ m is left beh9d ! ,physical b ! ,metaphysical2 t ?is _h br\ght him to a /&/ill1 & t he1 z well z ! re/ ( !m1 0 unable to f9d any?+ beyond t limit1 b ! w4 ,h]s*el moreov]1 l mo/ ( ^! empirici/s1 is "h /ill hamp]$ by ! op9ion t w is insep>able f consci\sness4 ,z ,i h expatiat$ en\gh above ^u ?is fallacy1 & its correction ?r\gh my doctr9e1 x is ne$less = me to ent] into x "h aga94 ,! attempt has repeat$ly be5 made1 s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 to ascribe vitality to ! inorganic _w4 ,q wrongly3 = liv+ & inorganic are conv]tible conceptions1 & ) dea? ! organic ceases to be organic4 ,b no limit 9 ! :ole ( ,nature is s %>ply drawn z ! l9e :i* sep>ates ! organic f ! inorganic3 t is to say1 ! l9e betwe5 ! region 9 :i* ,=m is ! ess5tial & p]man5t1 ,matt] ! accid5tal & *ang+1--& ! region 9 :i* ?is relation is entirely rev]s$4 ,?is is no vacillat+ b\nd>y l t p]haps betwe5 animals & plants1 betwe5 solid & liquid1 betwe5 gas & /eam3 to endeav\r to de/roy x !re=e1 is int5tionally to br+ confusion into our ideas4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i am ! fir/ :o has ass]t$ t a w mu/ be attribut$ to all t is lifeless & inorganic4 ,=1 ) me1 ! w is n1 z has hi!rto be5 assum$1 an accid5t ( cognition & !re=e ( life3 b life itself is manife/ation ( w4 ,k1 on ! contr>y1 is really an accid5t ( life1 & life ( ,matt]4 ,b ,matt] itself is only ! p]ceptibility ( ! ph5om5a ( ! w4 ,!re=e we are compell$ to recognise volition 9 e ef=t or t5d5cy :i* proce$s f ! nature ( a mat]ial body1 & prop]ly speak+ con/itutes t nature1 or manife/s itself z ph5om5on by means ( t nature2 & !re c consequ5tly be no ,matt] )\t manife/ation ( w4 ,! l[e/ & on t acc\nt mo/ univ]sal manife/ation ( w is gravity1 :]e=e x has be5 call$ a prim>y & ess5tial prop]ty ( ,matt]4 ,! usual view ( ,nature assumes two fundam5tally diff]5t pr9ciples ( motion1 !re=e x supposes t ! movem5t ( a body may h two diff]5t orig9s3 i4e41 t x proce$s ei!r f ! inside1 9 :i* case x is attribut$ to ! w2 or f ! outside1 & !n x is occasion$ by causes4 ,?is pr9ciple is g5]ally tak5 = grant$ z a matt] ( c\rse & only occasionally br\ght explicitly into prom95ce2 nev]!less1 9 ord] to make ! case q c]ta91 ,i w po9t out a few passages f ! e>lie/ to ! late/ au?ors 9 :i* x is specially /at$4 ,9 ,phdrus1#bfg ,plato makes ! di/9ction betwe5 t :i* moves spontane\sly f inside 7s\l7 & t :i* receives movem5t only f outside 7body7-- ' 1 4#bfh--;,ari/otle e/abli%es ! pr9ciple 9 precisely ! same way3 ' 1 ' 7quidquid f]tur a se movetur1 aut ab alio74#bfi ,he returns to ! subject 9 ! next ,book1 *ap4 #d & #e1 & connects x ) "s explanatory details :i* lead him into consid]able p]plexity1 on acc\nt precisely ( ! fallacy ( ! anti!sis4#bgj--;,9 m rec5t times aga9 ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau br+s =w>d ! same anti!sis ) great navet & c&\r 9 8 fam\s ,pr(ession de foi du vicaire ,savoy>d3#bga ,j'ap]ois dans les corps deux sortes de m\vem5t1 savoir3 m\vem5t communiqu et m\vem5t spontan ou volontaire3 dans le premi] la cause motrice e/ trangre au corps m2 et dans le second elle e/ en lui-mme4--,b ev5 9 our "t & 9 ! /ilt$1 puff$-up /yle :i* is peculi> to x1 ,burda* holds =? z foll[s3#bgb ,! cause t det]m9es a movem5t lies ei!r inside or outside ( t :i* moves4 ,matt] is ext]nal exi/5ce2 x has p[]s ( motion1 b x only br+s !m into play "u c]ta9 spacial conditions & ext]nal oppositions3 ! s\l alone is an ev] active & int]nal ?+1 & only ^? bodies :i* h s\ls f9d )9 !mselves inducem5t to move1 & move ( _! own free w1 indep5d5tly ( out] me*anical circum/ances4 #bfg ,plato1 ,phd4 p4 #cai ,bip4 #bfh ,t :i* is mov$ by itself & t :i* is mov$ f outside4 ,tr4 ,& we f9d ! same di/9ction aga9 9 ! #aj? ,book ,de ,legibus1 p4 #he4 ,aft] him ,cic]o repeats x 9 ! two la/ *apt]s ( 8 ,somnium ,scipionis4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 #bfi ,all t is mov$1 is mov$ ei!r by itself or by some?+ else4 ,tr4 ,ari/otle1 ,phys4 vii4 #b4 #bgj ,maclaur91 too1 9 8 acc\nt ( ,newton's discov]ies1 p4 #ajb1 lays d[n ?is pr9ciple z 8 />t+-po9t4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 #bga mile1 iv4 p4 #bg4 ,bip4 #bgb ,burda*1 ,physiologie1 vol4 iv4 p4 #cbc4 ,n[ "h h[ev] ,i mu/ say1 z ,abl>d once did3 si omnes patres sic1 at ego non sic3 =1 9 opposition to ?is pr9ciple1 h[ev] great may be its antiquity & univ]sality1 my doctr9e ma9ta9s1 t !re are n two orig9s ( movem5t diff]+ fundam5tally f "o ano!r2 t movem5t does n proce$ ei!r f inside1 :5 x is ascrib$ to ! w1 or f outside1 :5 x is br\ght ab\t by causes2 b t bo? ?+s are insep>able & take place simultane\sly ) e movem5t made by a body4 ,= movem5t :i* is admitt$ to arise f ! w1 always presupposes a cause also3 ?is cause1 9 be+s t h k1 is a motive2 b )\t x1 ev5 9 ^! be+s1 movem5t is impossible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! movem5t ( a body :i* is admitt$ to h be5 br\ght ab\t by an outw>d cause1 is nev]!less 9 itself a manife/ation ( ! w ( t body :i* has only be5 evok$ by t cause4 ,accord+ly !re is only "o1 uni=m1 univ]sal & exceptionless pr9ciple ( all movem5t1 ^: inn] condition is w & ^: out] occasion is cause1 :i* latt] may also take ! =m ( a /imulus or ( a motive1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! ?+ mov$4 ,all t is kn[n to u ( ?+s 9 a m]ely empirical or po/]iori1 way1 is 9 itself w2 :]eas1 s f> z !y c be det]m9$ priori1 ?+s belong exclusively to repres5tation1 to m]e ph5om5on4 ,natural ph5om5a !re=e become proportionately less easy to compreh5d1 ! m di/9ctly ! w manife/s itself 9 !m1 i4e4 ! high] !y /& on ! scale ( be+s2 :]eas1 !y become m & m compreh5sible ! small] ! am\nt ( _! empirical cont5t1 because !y rema9 m & m )9 ! sph]e ( m]e repres5tation1 ! =ms ( :i*1 kn[n to u priori1 are ! pr9ciple ( compreh5sibility4 ,accord+ly1 x is only s long z we limit ourselves to ?is sph]e--t is to say1 only :5 we h be=e u m]e repres5tation1 m]e =m )\t empirical cont5t--t our compreh5sion is complete & ?or\gh3 t is1 9 ! priori sci5ces1 ,ari?metic1 ,geometry1 ,phoronomy & ,logic4 ,"h ev]y?+ is 9 ! highe/ degree compreh5sible2 our insight is q cle> & satisfactory3 x leaves no?+ to be desir$1 s9ce we are ev5 unable to conceive t any?+ c\ld be o!rwise ?an x is4 ,?is comes f our hav+ "h exclusively to d ) ! =ms ( our own intellect4 ,?us ! m we are able to compreh5d 9 a relation1 ! m x consi/s ( m]e ph5om5on & ! less x has to d ) ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,appli$ ,ma!matics1 ,me*anics1 ,hydraulics1 c4 c41 deal ) ! l[e/ degrees ( objectification ( ! w1 9 :i* ! l>ge/ "p /ill rema9s )9 ! sph]e ( m]e repres5tation2 nev]!less ev5 "h !re is already an empirical elem5t :i* /&s 9 ! way ( entire compreh5sion1 :i* makes ! transp>5cy less complete1 & 9 :i* ! inexplicable %[s itself4 ,= ! same reason1 only few dep>tm5ts ( ,physics & ( ,*emi/ry cont9ue to admit ( a ma!matical treatm5t2 :]eas high] up 9 ! scale ( be+s ?is has to be entirely done away )1 precisely because ( ! prepond]ance ( cont5t ov] =m 9 ^! ph5om5a4 ,?is cont5t is w1 ! po/]iori1 ! ?+ 9 itself1 ! free1 ! causeless4 ,"u ! head+ ,physiology ( ,plants1 ,i h %[n h[--9 be+s t live & h k--motive & act ( w1 repres5tation & volition1 sep>ate & deta* !mselves m & m di/9ctly "o f ! o!r1 ! high] we asc5d 9 ! scale ( be+s4 ,n[1 9 inorganic ,nature also1 ! cause sep>ates itself f ! effect 9 j ! same proportion1 & ! purely empirical--:i* is precisely ph5om5on ( ! w--deta*es itself m & m prom95tly2 b1 j ) ?is1 compreh5sibility dim9i%es4 ,?is po9t m]its full] inve/igation1 & ,i reque/ my read]s to give _! :ole & undivid$ att5tion to :at ,i am ab\t to say1 z x is calculat$ to place ! lead+ ?\ght ( my doctr9e 9 ! /ronge/ possible light1 bo? z to compreh5sibility & cog5cy4 ,b ?is is all ,i c d2 = x is beyond my p[] to induce my contempor>ies to pref] ?\ghts to v]biage2 ,i c only console myself = n be+ ! man ( ! age4 ,on ! l[e/ /ep ( ! scale ( ,nature1 cause & effect are q homog5e\s & q equival5t4 ,"h !re=e we h p]fect compreh5sion ( ! causal connection3 = in/ance1 ! cause ( ! movem5t ( "o ball propell$ by impact1 is ! movem5t ( ano!r1 :i* loses j z mu* movem5t z ! fir/ "o receives4 ,"h causality is 9 ! highe/ degree intelligible4 ,:at not)/&+ /ill rema9s my/]i\s1 is re/rict$ to ! possibility ( ! passage ( movem5t--( a ?+ incorporeal--f "o body to ano!r4 ,! receptivity ( bodies 9 ?is mode is s slight1 t ! effect to be produc$ has to pass ov] completely f its cause4 ,! same holds good ( all purely me*anical influ5ces2 & if !y are n all j z in/antane\sly und]/ood1 x is ei!r because !y are hidd5 f u by accessory circum/ances1 or because we are confus$ by ! complicat$ connection ( _m causes & effects4 ,9 itself1 me*anical causality is ev]y:]e equally1 t is1 9 ! highe/ degree1 compreh5sible2 because cause & effect d n diff] "h z to quality1 & because :]e !y diff] z to quantity1 z 9 ! lev]1 m]e ,space & ,"t relations suffice to make ! ?+ cle>4 ,b z soon z weights come also into play1 a second my/]i\s elem5t sup]v5es1 gravity3 &1 :]e ela/ic bodies are conc]n$1 ela/icity also4--,?+s *ange z soon z we beg9 to asc5d 9 ! scale ( ph5om5a4 ,heat1 consid]$ z cause1 & expansion1 liquefaction1 volatilization or cry/allization1 z effects1 are n homog5e\s2 !re=e _! causal connection is n intelligible4 ,! compreh5sibility ( causality has dim9i%$3 :at a l[] degree ( heat caus$ to liquefy1 a high] degree makes evaporate3 t :i* cry/allizes ) less heat1 melts :5 ! heat is augm5t$4 ,w>m? s(t5s wax & h>d5s clay2 light :it5s wax & black5s *loride ( silv]4 ,&1 to g /ill fur!r1 :5 two salts are se5 to decompose ea* o!r mutually & to =m two new ones1 elective aff9ity pres5ts itself to u z an imp5etrable my/]y1 & ! prop]ties ( ! two new bodies are n a comb9ation ( ! prop]ties ( _! sep>ate elem5ts4 ,nev]!less we are /ill able to foll[ ! process & to indicate ! elem5ts out ( :i* ! new bodies are =m$2 we c ev5 sep>ate :at has be5 unit$ & re/ore ! orig9al quantities4 ,?us noticeable het]og5e\sness & incomm5surability betwe5 cause & effect h "h made _! appe>ance3 causality has become m my/]i\s4 ,& ?is becomes /ill m app>5t :5 we comp>e ! effects ( electricity or ( ! ,voltaic pile ) _! causes1 i4e4 ) ! friction ( glass1 or ! pil+ & oxidation ( ! plates4 ,"h all simil>ity betwe5 cause & effect at once vani%es2 causality becomes %r\d$ 9 a ?ick veil1 :i* m5 l ,davy1 ,f>aday & ,ampre h /r5u\sly endeav\r$ to lift4 ,! only ?+ n[ disc]nible ?r\gh t veil1 are ! laws rul+ its mode ( action1 :i* may be br\ght into a s*ema su* z ,e - ,e1 communication1 di/ribution1 %ock1 ignition1 analysis1 *>g+1 isolation1 dis*>g+1 electric curr5t1 c4 c41 to ?is s*ema we are able to r$uce & ev5 to direct ! effect2 b ( ! process itself we "k no?+3 t rema9s an x4 ,"h !re=e cause & effect are completely het]og5e\s1 _! connection is un9telligible1 & we see bodies %[ great susceptibility to causal influ5ces1 ! nature ( :i* rema9s a secret = u4 ,moreov] 9 proportion z we m\nt high] 9 ! scale1 ! effect seems to conta9 m1 ! cause less4 ,:5 we rea* organic ,nature !re=e1 9 :i* ! ph5om5on ( life pres5ts itself1 ?is is ! case 9 a f> high] degree /ill4 ,if1 z is done 9 ,*9a1 we fill a pit ) decay+ wood1 cov] x ) leaves f ! same tree z ! wood1 & p\r a solution ( sulphur repeat$ly ov] x1 an abundant crop ( edible mu%rooms w spr+ up4 ,a _w ( rapidly mov+ infusoria w arise f a little hay well wat]$4 ,:at a diff]5ce lies "h betwe5 effect & cause6 ,h[ mu* m does ! =m] seem to conta9 ?an ! latt]6 ,:5 we comp>e ! se$1 sometimes c5turies1 nay ev5 ?\s&s ( ye>s old1 ) ! tree1 or ! soil ) ! specifically & /rik+ly diff]5t juices ( innum]able plants--"s heal?y1 "s poison\s1 "s aga9 nutriti\s--:i* spr+ f ! same e>?1 ^u :i* ! same sun %9es & ! same ra9 falls1 all resemblance ceases1 & ) x all compreh5sibility = u4 ,= "h causality already appe>s 9 increas$ pot5cy3 t is1 z /imulus & z susceptibility = /imulus4 ,! s*ema ( cause & effect alone has rema9$2 we "k t ?is is cause1 t effect2 b we "k no?+ :atev] ( ! nature & disposition ( causality4 ,betwe5 cause & effect !re is n only no qualitative resemblance1 b no quantitative relation3 ! relatively great] importance ( ! effect z comp>$ ) its cause increases m & m2 ! effect ( ! /imulus too does n augm5t 9 proportion ) ! enhancem5t ( t /imulus2 9 fact j ! contr>y (t5 takes place4 ,f9ally1 :5 we come to ! sph]e ( be+s :i* h k1 !re is no long] any sort ( resemblance or relation betwe5 ! action p]=m$ & ! object :i*1 z repres5tation1 evokes x4 ,animals1 h[ev]1 z !y are re/rict$ to p]ceptible repres5tations1 /ill ne$ ! pres5ce ( ! object act+ z a motive1 :i* action is !n imm$iate & infallible 7if we leave tra9+1 i4e4 habit en=c$ by fe>1 out ( ! "q74 ,= animals are unable to c>ry ab\t ) !m conceptions t might r5d] !m indep5d5t ( pres5t impressions1 enable !m to reflect1 & qualify !m = delib]ate action4 ,man c d ?is4 ,!re=e :5 at la/ we come to rational be+s1 ! motive is ev5 no long] a pres5t1 p]ceptible1 actually exi/+1 real ?+1 b a m]e conception hav+ its pres5t exi/5ce only 9 ! bra9 ( ! p]son :o acts1 b :i* is extract$ f _m multif>i\s p]ceptions1 f ! exp]i5ce ( =m] ye>s1 or has be5 h&$ d[n 9 words4 ,"h ! sep>ation betwe5 cause & effect is s wide1 ! effect has gr[n s mu* /rong] z comp>$ ) ! cause1 t ! vulg> m9d no long] p]ceives ! exi/5ce ( a cause at all1 & ! acts ( ! w appe> to x to be uncondition$1 causeless3 t is to say1 free4 ,?is is j :y1 :5 we reflect ^u !m f outside1 ! movem5ts ( our own body pres5t !mselves z if !y took place )\t cause1 or to speak m prop]ly1 by a miracle4 ,exp]i5ce & reflection alone tea* u t ^! movem5ts1 l all o!rs1 are only possible z ! effects ( causes1 "h call$ motives1 & t1 on ?is asc5d+ scale1 x is only z to mat]ial reality t ! cause has fail$ to keep pace ) ! effect2 :]eas x has kept pace ) x z to dynamical reality1 en]gy4--,at ?is degree ( ! scale !re=e--! highe/ 9 ,nature--causality has become less intelligible to u ?an ev]4 ,no?+ b ! b>e s*ema1 tak5 9 a q g5]al s5se1 n[ rema9s1 & ! ripe/ reflection is ne$$ to recognise its applicability & ! necessity t s*ema br+s ) x ev]y:]e4 ,9 ! ,grotto ( ,pausilippo1 d>kness cont9ues to augm5t z we advance t[>ds ! int]ior2 b :5 once we h pass$ ! middle1 day-light aga9 appe>s at ! o!r end & %[s u ! way2 s also 9 ?is case3 j at ! po9t :]e ! outw>dly direct$ light ( ! und]/&+ ) its =m ( causality1 gradually yield+ to increas+ d>kness1 _h be5 r$uc$ to a feeble1 flick]+ glimm]1 behold6 we are met by a totally diff]5t light proce$+ f q ano!r qu>t]1 f our own inn] self1 ?r\gh ! *ance circum/ance1 t we1 ! judges1 happ5 "h to be ! v objects t are to be judg$4 ,! gr[+ difficulty ( ! compreh5sion ( ! causal nexus1 at fir/ s cle>1 _h n[ become s great = p]ception & = ! und]/&+--! ag5t 9 x--t1 9 animal actions1 ! v exi/5ce ( t nexus seem$ almo/ d\btful & ^? actions appe>$ to be a sort ( miracle4 ,b1 j at ?is po9t1 ! obs]v] receives f 8 own inn] self ! direct in=mation t ! ag5t 9 !m is ! w--t v w1 :i* he kn[s bett] & m intimately ?an any?+ t ext]nal p]ception c ev] supply4 ,?is k alone mu/ be ! philosoph]'s key to an insight into ! he>t ( all ^? processes 9 unconsci\s ,nature1 conc]n+ :i* causal explanation--al?\gh1 "h1 to be sure1 m satisfactory ?an 9 ! processes la/ consid]$1 & ! cle>]1 ! f>!r ^? processes 7 remov$ f ^!--nev]!less _h /ill left an unkn[n x1 & c\ld nev] q illum9e ! inside ( ! process1 ev5 9 a body propell$ by impact or attract$ by gravity4 ,?is x _h cont9u$ exp&+ till f9ally1 on ! highe/ degrees ( ! scale1 x _h :olly repell$ causal explanation4 ,b !n1 j :5 ! p[] ( causal explanation _h be5 r$uc$ to a m9imum1 t x reveal$ itself z ! w--rem9d+ u ( ,mephi/opheles :51 yield+ to ,fau/'s le>n$ exorcisms1 he /eps =? out ( ! huge gr[n poodle ^: k]nel he 04 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! consid]ations ,i h "h set =? at l5g?1 we c surely h>dly avoid recognis+ ! id5tity ( ?is x1 ev5 on ! l[e/ degrees ( ! scale1 :]e x 0 b fa9tly p]ceptible2 !n high] up1 :]e x ext5d$ its obscurity m & m2 & f9ally on ! highe/ degrees1 :]e x ca/ a %ad[ ^u all ?+s--till1 at ! v top1 x reveals itself to our consci\sness 9 our own ph5om5al be+1 z ! w4 ,! two prim>ily diff]5t s\rces ( our k1 t is to say ! inw>d & ! outw>d s\rce1 h to be connect$ toge!r at ?is po9t by reflection4 ,x is q exclusively out ( ?is connection t our compreh5sion ( ,nature1 & ( our own selves arises2 b !n ! inn] side ( ,nature is disclos$ to our intellect1 :i* by itself alone c nev] rea* fur!r ?an to ! m]e outside2 & ! my/]y :i* philosophy has s long tri$ to solve1 lies op5 be=e u4 ,= !n inde$ we cle>ly see :at ! ,real & ! ,ideal 7! ?+ 9 itself & ! ph5om5on7 prop]ly are2 & ?is settles ! pr9cipal "q :i* has engag$ ! att5tion ( philosoph]s s9ce ,desc>tes3 t is to say1 ! "q z to ! relation betwe5 ^! two1 ^: complete div]sity ,kant _h %[n mo/ ?or\ghly & ) unexampl$ dep?1 yet ^: absolute id5tity 0 imm$iately aft]w>ds proclaim$ by humbugs on ! cr$it ( intellectual intuition4 ,b if we decl9e to avail ourselves ( ?is insight1 :i* is really ! "o /rait gate to tru?1 we c nev] acquire compreh5sion ( ! intr9sic ess5ce ( ,nature1 to :i* absolutely no o!r road leads2 = !n inde$ we fall into an irremovable error4 ,!n1 z ,i h already said1 we ma9ta9 ! view1 t motion has two radically diff]5t prim>y pr9ciples ) a solid p>tition-wall betwe5 !m3 i4e4 movem5t by means ( causes1 & movem5t by means ( ! w4 ,! fir/ ( ^! mu/ !n rema9 = ev] incompreh5sible z to its inn]mo/ ess5ce1 because1 aft] all its explanations1 !re is /ill left t unkn[n x :i* conta9s ! m1 ! high] ! object "u consid]ation /&s 9 ! scale ( be+s2 :ile ! second1 movem5t by ! w1 pres5ts itself z entirely disconnect$ f ! pr9ciple ( causality2 z )\t reason2 z fre$om 9 individual actions3 9 o!r words1 z completely oppos$ to ,nature & utt]ly unexpla9able4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! above-m5tion$ union ( our ext]nal & int]nal k has once be5 accompli%$ at ! po9t :]e bo? meet1 we !n recognise two id5tities 9 spite ( all accid5tal diff]5ces4 ,t is to say1 we recognise ! id5tity ( causality ) itself on e degree ( ! scale ( be+s1 & ! id5tity ( ! x1 :i* at fir/ 0 unkn[n 7i4e4 ( physical =ces & vital ph5om5a71 ) ! w :i* is )9 u4 ,we recognise1 ,i say1 fir/ly ! ess5tial id5tity ( causality "u ! v>i\s =ms x is =c$ to assume on ! diff]5t degrees ( ! scale1 z x may manife/ itself1 n[ z a me*anical1 *emical1 or physical cause1 n[ z a /imulus1 & aga9 z a p]ceptible or an ab/ract motive3 we "k x to be "o & ! same1 n only :5 a propell+ body loses z mu* movem5t z x imp>ts by impact1 b also :5 9 ! combats ( ?\ght aga9/ ?\ght1 ! victori\s "o1 z ! m p[]ful motive1 sets ,man 9 motion1 a motion :i* foll[s ) no less necessity ?an t ( ! ball :i* is /ruck4 ,:]e we ourselves are ! ?+s set 9 motion1 :]e !re=e ! k]nel ( ! process is well & intimately kn[n to u1 in/ead ( all[+ ourselves to be dazzl$ & confus$ by ?is light & !reby los+ sight ( ! causal connection z x lies be=e u ev]y:]e else 9 ! :ole ( ,nature2 in/ead ( %utt+ out ?is insight = ev]1 we n[ apply ! new k we h acquir$ f )9 z a key to ! k ( ?+s outside u1 & !n we recognise ! second id5tity1 t ( our w ) ! hi!rto my/]i\s x t rema9s ov] aft] all causal explanation z an insoluble residue4 ,consequ5tly we !n say3 ev5 9 cases 9 :i* ! effect is br\ght ab\t by ! mo/ palpable cause1 ! my/]i\s x 9 ! process1 ! real inn]mo/ core ( x1 ! true ag5t1 ! 9-itself ( all ph5om5a--:i*1 aft] all1 is only giv5 u z repres5tation & accord+ to ! =ms & laws ( repres5tation--is ess5tially "o & ! same ) :at is kn[n to u imm$iately & intimately z ! w 9 ! actions ( our own body1 :i* body is likewise giv5 u z intuition & repres5tation4--,?is is 7say :at y w7 ! basis ( true philosophy1 & if ! pres5t age does n see ?is1 _m foll[+ ages w4 ,tempo galant' uomo6 7se nessun altro74--,?us1 j z1 on ! "o h&1 ! ess5ce ( causality1 :i* appe>s mo/ cle>ly only on ! l[e/ degree ( ! objectification ( ! w1 is recognis$ by u aga9 at e asc5d+ /ep1 ev5 at ! highe/2 s also1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! ess5ce ( ! w recognis$ by u at e desc5d+ /ep 9 t ladd]1 ev5 at ! l[e/1 al?\gh ?is k is only imm$iately acquir$ at ! v highe/4 ,! old error ass]ts1 t :]e !re is w1 !re is no causality2 & t :]e !re is causality1 !re is no w4 ,b we say3 ev]y:]e :]e !re is causality1 !re is w2 & no w acts )\t causality4 ,! punctum controv]si !re=e1 is1 :e!r w & causality c & mu/ subsi/ toge!r 9 "o & ! same process at ! same "t4 ,:at makes ! k1 t ?is is inde$ ! case1 s difficult1 is ! circum/ance1 t we "k causality & w 9 two fundam5tally diff]5t ways3 causality entirely f outside1 q indirectly1 q ?r\gh ! und]/&+2 w entirely f inside1 q directly2 & t accord+ly ! cle>] ! k ( ! "o 9 ea* giv5 in/ance1 ! less cle> is ! k ( ! o!r4 ,!re=e we recognise ! ess5ce ( ! w lea/ readily1 :]e causality is mo/ intelligible2 &1 :]e ! w is mo/ unmi/akably evid5t1 causality becomes s obscur$1 t ! vulg> m9d c\ld v5ture to d5y its exi/5ce altoge!r4--,n[1 z ,kant has taught u1 causality is no?+ b ! =m ( ! und]/&+ itself1 kn[able priori3 t is1 ! ess5ce ( repres5tation1 z su*1 :i* is "o side ( ! _w2 ! o!r side is w3 :i* is ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,t relative increase & decrease ( cle>ness 9 inv]se proportion ( causality & ( ! w1 t mutual advanc+ & rec$+ ( bo?1 dep5ds consequ5tly ^u ! fact1 t ! m a ?+ is giv5 u z m]e ph5om5on1 i4e4 z repres5tation1 ! m cle>ly does ! priori =m ( repres5tation1 i4e4 causality1 manife/ itself3 ?is is ! case 9 inanimate ,nature2 conv]sely1 ! m imm$iate our k ( ! w1 ! m does ! =m ( repres5tation rec$e into ! backgr\nd3 ?is is ! case ) ourselves4 ,t is3 ! ne>] "o side ( ! _w approa*es to u1 ! m d we lose sight ( ! o!r4 ,,l+ui/ic4 ,all t ,i h to record "u ?is head is an obs]vation ( my own1 made )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 :i* seems hi!rto to h escap$ notice4 ,yet1 t x is wor?y ( consid]ation1 is atte/$ by ,s5eca's utt]ance3#bgc ,mira 9 quibusdam rebus v]borum proprietas e/1 et consuetudo s]monis antiqui qudam efficacissimis notis signat4 ,li*t5b]g too says3 ,if "o ?9ks mu* oneself1 "o f9ds a good deal ( wisdom deposit$ 9 language4 ,x is h>dly likely t we h laid x all !re ourselves1 b r t a great deal ( wisdom really lies !re4 #bgc ,s5eca1 ,epi/4 #ha4 ,9 _m1 p]haps 9 all1 languages1 ! action ev5 ( ^? bodies :i* are )\t intellect1 nay ( inanimate bodies1 is express$ by ! words to w1 s t ! exi/5ce ( a w 9 ^! bodies is ?us tak5 = grant$2 b !y are nev] cr$it$ ) a faculty = kn[+1 repres5t+1 p]ceiv+ or ?9k+3 ,i "k ( no expression :i* conveys ?is4 ,s5eca1 :5 speak+ ( lightn+ %ot d[n f heav51 says3#bgd ,9 81 ignibus accidit1 quod arboribus3 qu>um cacum9a1 si t5]a sunt1 ita deorsum trahi possunt1 ut etiam t]ram att+ant2 s$ quum p]mis]is1 9 locum suum exsili5t4 ,itaque non e/ quod eum spectes cujusque rei habitum1 qui illi non ex voluntate e/4 ,si ignem p]mittis ire quo velit1 clum repetet4 ,9 a m g5]al s5se ,pl9y says3 nec qur5da 9 ulla p>te natur ratio1 s$ voluntas4#bge ,nor d we f9d ,greek less f]tile 9 in/ances4 ,ari/otle1 :5 expla9+ gravity1 says3 1 1 1 7p>va qudam t]r p>s1 si elevata dimittitur1 neque vult man]e74#bgf ,&3 1 1 1 7unumquodque autem tale dic]e oportet1 quale natur su esse vult1 et quod e/2 s$ non id quod viol5ti et prt] naturam e/74#bgg ,( great & m ?an m]ely l+ui/ic importance is :at ,ari/otle says 9 8 ,e?ica magna1#bgh :]e n only animals1 b inanimate be+s 7fire /riv+ upw>ds & e>? d[nw>ds7 are explicitly 9 "q1 & he ass]ts t !y may be oblig$ to d some?+ contr>y to _! nature or _! w3 1 ' 1--& !re=e rightly places ' z a p>aphrase ( 4--,anacreon1 9 8 #bi? ,ode1 1 9 ord]+ ! portrait ( 8 lady-love1 says ( h] hair3 ' 1 1 1 1 7capillorum cirros incomposite jung5s1 s9e utut volunt jac]e74#bgi ,9 ,g]man1 ,brg] says3 h9ab w d] ,ba*1 ni*t h9an 7! brook w g d[nw>ds n upw>ds74 ,9 daily life we con/antly he>3 ! wat] boils1 x w run ov]1--! glass w break1--! ladd] w n /&2--le feu ne veut pas brl]4--la corde1 une fois tordue1 veut t\j\rs se retordre4--,9 ,engli%1 ! v]b 'to w' is ev5 ! auxili>y ( ! future ( all ! o!r v]bs1 ?us express+ ! notion1 t !re lies a w at ! bottom ( e action4 ,9 ,engli% moreov]1 ! endeav\rs ( all inanimate & unconsci\s ?+s1 are expressly designat$ by ! ^w want1 :i* d5otes e sort ( human desire or endeav\r3 ! wat] wants to get out1--! /eam wants to f9d an issue4--,9 ,italian too we h vuol piov]e2 que/' orologio non vuol &>e4--,! conception ( will+ is besides s deeply root$ 9 ?is la/ language1 t x seems to indicate ev]y?+ t is requisite or necess>y3 ci vuol un contrappeso2 ci vuol pazi5za4 #bgd ,ibid4 ,qu/4 nat4 ii4 #bd4 #bge ,pl94 ,hi/4 nat4 #cg1 #ae4 #bgf ,ari/ot4 ,de ,clo4 ii4 c4 #ac1 ,if a small p>ticle ( e>? is lift$ & let loose1 x is c>ri$ away & w n re/4 ,tr4's add4 #bgg ,ibid4 c4 #ad1 ,b ea* ?+ ought to be nam$ z x wills to be & really is accord+ to its nature1 n z x is by =ce & contr>y to its nature4 ,tr4's add4 #bgh ,ari/4 ,e?4 ,mag4 i4 c4 #ad4 #bgi ,let ! freely curl+ locks fall un>rang$ z !y w l4 ,tr4's add4 ,a v /rik+ in/ance ( ?is is to be f\nd ev5 9 ,*9ese--a language :i* diff]s fundam5tally f all ^? belong+ to ! ,sanskrit family--x is 9 ! comm5t>y to ! ,y-,k+1#bhj accurately r5d]$ by ,pet] ,regis z foll[s3 ,yang1 seu mat]ia cle/is1 vult rursus +r$i1 vel 7ut v]bis doctoris ,ts*+-tse ut>7 vult rursus esse 9 sup]iore loco2 scilicet illius natur ratio ita f]t1 seu innata lex4 #bhj ,y-,k+1 ed4 ,j4 ,mohl1 vol4 i4 p4 #cda4 ,! foll[+ passage f ,liebig#bha has decid$ly mu* m ?an a l+ui/ic signification1 = x expresses an intimate feel+ & compreh5sion ( ! way 9 :i* a *emical process takes place4 ,aldehyd arises1 :i* ) ! same avidity z sulphur\s acid1 comb9es directly ) oxyg5 to =m acetic acid4--,& aga93#bhb ,aldehyd1 :i* absorbs oxyg5 f ! air ) great avidity4 ,z ,liebig uses ?is expression twice 9 speak+ ( ! same ph5om5on1 x c h>dly be by *ance1 b r because x 0 ! only adequate expression = ! ?+4#bhc ,t mo/ imm$iate /amp ( our ?\ghts1 language1 %[s u !re=e1 t e inw>d impulse mu/ necess>ily be conceiv$ z volition2 b x by no means ascribes k to ?+s z well4 ,! agreem5t on ?is po9t betwe5 all languages1 p]haps )\t a s+le exception1 proves t "h we h to d ) no m]e figure ( spee*1 b t ! v]bal expression is det]m9$ by a deeply-root$ feel+ ( ! inn] nature ( ?+s4 #bha ,liebig1 ,die ,*emie 9 ihr] ,anw5dung auf ,agrikultur1 p4 #cid4 #bhb ,ibid4 ,die ,*emie 9 ,anw5dung auf ,physiologie4 #bhc ,fr5* *emi/s likewise say3 ,il e/ vid5t que les mtaux ne sont pas t\s galem5t avides d'oxygne4 444 ,la difficult de la rduction devait correspondre ncessairem5t une avidit =t gr&e du mtal p\r l'oxygne4--7,see ,paul de ,rmusat1 ,la ,*imie l',exposition4 ,l',alum9ium1 ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 #ahee1 p4 #fdi74 ,van9us 7,de ,amir&is ,natur ,arcanis1 p4 #agj7 _h said3 ,arg5tum vivum etiam 9 aqua conglobatur1 quemadmodum et 9 plumbi scobe etiam3 at a scobe non refugit 7?is is direct$ aga9/ an op9ion express$ by ,c>danus7 imo ex ea quantum pote/ colligit3 quod nequit 7scil4 collig]e71 ut c5seo1 invitum rel9quit3 natura enim et sua appetit1 et vorat4 ,?is is evid5tly m ?an a =m ( words4 ,he "h q decid$ly attributes a w to quicksilv]4 ,& ?us x w inv>iably be f\nd t :]e1 9 physical & *emical processes1 !re is a ref]5ce to elem5t>y =ces ( ,nature & to ! prim>y qualities ( bodies :i* _c be fur!r d$uc$1 ^! are always express$ by words :i* belong to ! w & its manife/ations4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 ,,animal ,,magnetism ,,& ,,magic4 ,9 #ahah1 :5 my *ief "w fir/ appe>$1 ,animal ,magnetism _h only begun to /ruggle into exi/5ce4 ,b1 z to its explanation--al?\gh1 to be sure1 "s light _h be5 ?r[n ^u ! passive side ( x1 t is1 ^u :at goes on )9 ! pati5t1 by ! contra/ betwe5 ! c]ebral & ! ganglionic sy/ems1 to :i* ,reil _h drawn att5tion1 hav+ be5 tak5 = ! pr9ciple ( explanation--! active side1 ! ag5t prop] by means ( :i* ! magnetis] evokes all ^! ph5om5a1 0 /ill completely %r\d$ 9 d>kness4 ,p grop$ ab\t among all sorts ( mat]ial pr9ciples ( explanation1 su* z ,mesm]'s all-p]meat+ e!r1 or ! exhalations f ! magnetis]'s sk91 assum$ by ,/ieglitz to be ! cause1 c4 c4 ,at ! utmo/ a n]ve-_s _h be5 recognis$ &1 aft] all1 ?is 0 b a ^w = an unkn[n ?+4 ,! tru? _h sc>cely begun to dawn ^u a few p]sons1 :om practice _h m deeply initiat$4 ,b ,i 0 /ill f> f hop+ = any direct corroboration ( my doctr9e f ,magnetism4 ,dies diem docet h[ev]1 & ! great tea*]1 exp]i5ce1 has s9ce br\ght to light an important fact conc]n+ ?is deep-rea*+ ag5t :i*1 proce$+ f ! magnetis]1 produces effects app>5tly s contr>y to ! regul> c\rse ( ,nature t ! long la/+ d\bt z to _! exi/5ce1 ! /iff-neck$ incr$ulity1 ! condemnation ( a ,committee ( :i* ,lavoisi] & ,frankl9 7 memb]s1 9 %ort1 ! :ole opposition t ,magnetism enc\nt]$ bo? 9 its fir/ & second p]iod 7) ! sole exception ( ! co>se1 un9tellig5t condemnation )\t inquiry1 :i* till v lately1 prevail$ 9 ,engl&7 is q excusable4 ,! fact ,i allude to is1 t ?is ag5t is no?+ b ! w ( ! magnetis]4 ,to-day n a d\bt exi/s on ?is po9t1 ,i believe1 among ^? :o comb9e practice ) insight2 !re=e ,i ?9k x sup]flu\s to quote ! num]\s ass]tions ( magnetis]s 9 corroboration ( x4#bhd ,"t has ?us n only v]ifi$ ,puysgur's wat*word & t ( ! old] ,fr5* magnetis]s3 ,veuillez et croyez6 i4e4 ,w ) belief6 b ?is v wat*word has ev5 develop$ into a correct insight ( ! process itself4#bhe ,f ,kies]'s ,tellurismus1 /ill probably ! mo/ ?or\gh & detail$ text book ( ,animal ,magnetism we h1 x cle>ly results1 t no act ( ,magnetism c take effect )\t ! w2 on ! o!r h& ! b>e w1 )\t any outw>d action1 is able to produce e magnetic effect4 ,manipulation seems to be only a means ( fix+1 & s to say incorporat+1 ! w & its direction4 ,9 ?is s5se ,kies] says3 ,inasmu* z ! human h&--be+ ! organ by :i* ,man's outw>d activity is mo/ visibly express$--is ! effici5t organ 9 magnetis+1 manipulation arises4 ,de ,lausanne1 a ,fr5* magnetis]1 pron\nces himself ) /ill great] precision on ?is po9t 9 ! ,f\r? ,book ( 8 ,annales du ,magntisme ,animal 7#ahad-ahaf71 :]e he says3 ,l'action du magntisme dp5d de la seule volont1 il e/ vrai2 mais l'homme ayant une =me extrieure et s5sible1 t\t ce qui e/ son usage1 t\t ce qui doit agir sur lui1 doit ncssairem5t en avoir une1 et p\r que la volont agisse1 il faut qu'elle employe un mode d'action4 ,z1 accord+ to my doctr9e1 ! organism is b ! m]e ph5om5on1 ! visibility1 ! objectivity ( ! w2 nay1 z x is prop]ly speak+ only ! w itself1 view$ z repres5tation 9 ! bra93 s also does ! outw>d act ( manipulation co9cide ) ! inw>d act ( ! w4 ,b :]e magnetic effects are produc$ )\t manipulation1 !y take place z x 7 artificially1 9 a r\ndab\t way1 ! imag9ation tak+ ! place ( ! out] act & ev5 occasionally t ( p]sonal pres5ce3 :]e=e x is mu* m difficult & succe$s less frequ5tly4 ,kies] accord+ly alleges t ! ^w ,sleep6 or ,y mu/6 said al\d1 has a m p[]ful effect ^u a somnambuli/ ?an ! m]e inw>d will+ ( ! magnetis]4--,on ! o!r h& manipulation1 & 9 g5]al outw>d action1 is really an infallible means ( fix+ ! magnetis]'s w & promot+ its activity2 precisely because outw>d acts are q impossible ap>t f all w1 ! body & its organs be+ no?+ b ! visibility ( ! w itself4 ,?is expla9s ! fact1 t magnetis]s at times magnetise )\t any consci\s ef=t ( volition & almo/ )\t ?9k+1 & yet produce ! desir$ effect4 ,on ! :ole1 x is n ! consci\sness ( volition1 reflection ^u x1 t acts magnetically1 b pure volition itself1 z deta*$ z possible f all repres5tation4 ,9 ,kies]'s directions to magnetis]s !re=e1#bhf we f9d all ?9k+ & reflect+ ^u _! respective do+ & suff]+1 all conv]sation betwe5 !m1 =bidd5 bo? to physician & pati5t2 also all outw>d impressions :i* ar\se repres5tations1 ! pres5ce ( /rang]s1 & ev5 daylight4 ,he advises t ev]y?+ %\ld proce$ z unconsci\sly z possible1 z is likewise recomm5d$ 9 *>m-cures4 ,! true reason ( all ?is is1 t "h ! w op]ates 9 its prim>9ess1 z ?+ 9 itself2 & ?is dem&s ! exclusion1 z f> z possible1 ( repres5tation1 z a diff]5t sph]e1 z second>y to ! w4 ,facts to prove t ! real ag5t 9 magnetis+ is ! w & ea* outw>d act only its vehicle1 may be f\nd 9 all ! m rec5t & m tru/wor?y writ+s ^u ,magnetism1 & x w\ld be ne$less prolixity to repeat !m "h4 ,nev]!less ,i w quote "o case1 n z be+ especially /rik+1 b z furni%$ by a rem>kable p]son & hav+ a peculi> int]e/ z 8 te/imony4 ,jean ,paul says 9 a lett]3#bhg ,twice 9 a l>ge company ,i h made ,frau von ,k4 ne>ly g to sleep by m]ely look+ at h] ) a firm w1 no "o else kn[+ any?+ ab\t x1 & be=e t1 ,i _h br\ght on palpitation ( ! he>t & pallor to su* a degree t ,dr4 ,s4 _h to be summon$ to h] assi/ance4#bhh ,n[adays too1 m]ely lay+ & keep+ hold ( ! pati5t's h&s :ile fix+ ! eye /eadily ^u him1 is frequ5tly sub/itut$ ) complete success = ! cu/om>y manipulation2 precisely because ev5 ?is outw>d act is suit$ to fix ! w 9 a det]m9$ direction4 ,b ?is imm$iate p[] :i* ! w c ex]cise ov] o!r p]sons1 is br\ght to light be/ ( all by ! admirable exp]im5ts made1 ev5 9 public1 by ,m4 ,dupotet & 8 pupils 9 ,p>is1 9 :i* a /rang] is guid$ & det]m9$ at pleasure by ! magnetis]'s m]e w1 aid$ by a few ge/ures1 & is ev5 =c$ into ! mo/ extraord9>y contortions4 ,an app>5tly q hone/ly writt5 pamphlet1 entitl$ ,fir/ glance into ! wond]-_w ( ,magnetism1 by ,k>l ,s*oll 7#ahec71 conta9s a brief acc\nt ( ?is4 #bhd ,i only m5tion "o "w :i* has rec5tly appe>$1 ! explicit object ( :i* is to %[ t ! magnetis]'s w is ! real ag5t3 ,qu'e/ ce que le ,magntisme8 p> ,e4 ,gromi]4 7,lyon1 #ahej47 #bhe ,puysgur himself says 9 ! ye> #aghd3 ,lorsque v\s avez magntis le malade1 votre b tait de l'endormir1 et v\s y avez russi p> le seul acte de votre volont2 c'e/ de mme p> un autre acte de volont que v\s le rveillez4 7,puysgur1 ,magnt4 ,anim4 #bme dit4 #ahbj1 ,cat*isme ,magntique1 p4 #aej-aga47 ,add4 to #crd ed4 #bhf ,kies]1 ,tellur4 vol4 i4 p4 #djj1 et seqq4 #bhg ,see ,wahrheit aus ,jean ,paul's ,leb51 vol4 viii4 p4 #abj4 #bhh ,i _h ! good =tune 9 ! ye> #ahed myself to witness "s extraord9>y feats ( ?is k9d1 p]=m$ "h by ,signor ,regazzoni f ,b]gamo1 9 :i* ! imm$iate1 i4e4 magical1 p[] ( 8 w ov] o!r p]sons 0 unmi/akeable1 & ( :i* no "o1 except+ p]haps ^? to :om ,nature has d5i$ all capacity = appreh5d+ pa?ological conditions1 c\ld d\bt ! g5u95ess4 ,!re are nev]!less su* p]sons3 !y ought to become lawy]s1 cl]gym51 m]*ants or soldi]s1 b 9 heav5's "n n doctors2 = ! result w\ld be homicidal1 diagnosis be+ ! pr9cipal ?+ 9 m$ic9e4--,regazzoni 0 able at w to ?r[ ! somnambuli/ :o 0 "u 8 influ5ce into a /ate ( complete catalepsy1 nay1 he c\ld make h] fall d[n backw>ds1 :5 he /ood beh9d h] & %e 0 walk+ be=e him1 by 8 m]e w1 )\t any ge/ures4 ,he c\ld p>alyze h]1 give h] tetanos1 ) ! dilat$ pupils1 ! complete ins5sibility1 & 9 %ort1 all ! unmi/akeable symptoms ( complete catalepsy4 ,he made "o ( ! lady spectators fir/ play ! piano2 !n /&+ fifte5 paces beh9d h]1 he s completely p>alyz$ h] by 8 w & ge/ures1 t %e 0 unable to cont9ue play+4 ,he next plac$ h] aga9/ a column & *>m$ h] to ! spot1 s t %e 0 unable to move 9 spite ( ! /ronge/ ef=ts4--,accord+ to my own obs]vation1 ne>ly all 8 feats are to be expla9$ by 8 isolat+ ! bra9 f ! sp9al m>r[1 ei!r completely1 9 :i* case ! s5sible & motor n]ves become p>alyz$1 & total catalepsy ensues2 or p>tially1 by ! p>alysis only affect+ ! motor n]ves :ile s5sibility rema9s--9 o!r words1 ! head keeps its consci\sness1 :ile ! body is app>5tly lifeless4 ,?is is precisely ! effect ( /ry*n9e3 x p>alyzes ! motor n]ves only1 ev5 to complete tetanos1 :i* induces dea? by asphyxia2 b x leaves ! s5sible n]ves1 & ) !m consci\sness1 intact4 ,regazzoni does ?is same ?+ by ! magic influ5ce ( 8 w4 ,! mom5t at :i* ?is isolation takes place is di/9ctly visible 9 a peculi> trembl+ ( ! pati5t4 ,i recomm5d a small ,fr5* publication entitl$ ,anto9e ,regazzoni de ,b]game ,franc=t sur ,me91 by ,l4 ,a4 ,v4 ,dub\rg 7,frankfurt1 ,nov4 #ahed1 #ca pages 9 #hvo47 on ,regazzoni's feats & ! unmi/akeably g5u9e "* !y be> = ev]yone :o is n entirely devoid ( all s5se = organic ,nature4 ,9 ! ,j\rnal du ,magntisme1 edit4 ,dupotet1 ( ! #ae? ,augu/1 #ahef1 9 criticiz+ a treatise3 ,de la ,catalepsie1 mmoire c\ronn1 #ahef1 9 #dto1 ! review]1 ,mor91 says3 ,la plup>t des c>actres qui di/+u5t la catalepsie1 peuv5t tre obt5us artificiellem5t et sans dang] sur les sujets magntiques1 et c'e/ mme l une des expri5ces les plus ord9aires des sances magntiques4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 ,9 ! ,communications conc]n+ ! somnambuli/1 ,augu/e ,k4 9 ,dresd5 7#ahdc71 we f9d ! tru? 9 "q confirm$ 9 ano!r way by :at ! somnambuli/ h]self says1 p4 #ec3 ,i 0 half asleep & my bro!r wi%$ to play a piece he knew4 ,z ,i did n l x1 ,i reque/$ him n to play x2 nev]!less he tri$ to d s & !n1 by means ( my firm w t he %\ld n1 ,i succe$$ 9 mak+ him unable to rememb] ! piece1 9 spite ( all 8 endeav\rs4--,! ?+ is h[ev] br\ght to a climax :5 ?is imm$iate p[] ( ! w is ext5d$ ev5 to inanimate bodies4 ,h[ev] incr$ible ?is may appe>1 we h nev]!less two acc\nts ( x com+ f entirely diff]5t qu>t]s4 ,9 ! book j m5tion$1#bhi x is relat$ & te/ifi$ by witnesses1 t ,augu/e ,k4 caus$ ! ne$le ( ! compass to deviate at "o "t #g & at ano!r #d1 ?is exp]im5t moreov] be+ repeat$ f\r times4 ,%e did ?is moreov] )\t any use ( h] h&s1 ?r\gh h] m]e w1 by look+ /eadily at x4--,! ,p>isian somnambuli/1 ,prud5ce ,b]n>d1 aga9 9 a public sance 9 ,london1 at :i* ,mr4 ,brew/]1 ! physici/'s son & two o!r g5tlem5 f among ! spectators act$ z jurors1 made ! compass ne$le deviate & foll[ h] movem5ts by simply turn+ h] head r\nd4#bij #bhi ,mit!ilung5 b] die ,somnamble1 ,augu/e ,k41 9 ,dresd54 #ahde1 pp4 #aae1 #aaf1 & #cah4 #bij ,see extract f ! ,engli% p]iodical ,britannia1 9 ,galignani's ,mess5g]1 ( ! #bcrd ,octob]1 #ahea4 ,n[1 if we ?us see ! w--/at$ by me to be ! ?+ 9 itself1 ! only real ?+ 9 all exi/5ce1 ! k]nel ( ,nature--accompli% ?r\gh ! human individual1 9 ,animal ,magnetism & ev5 beyond x1 ?+s :i* _c be expla9$ accord+ to ! causal nexus1 i4e4 9 ! regul> c\rse ( ,nature2 if we f9d x 9 a s5se ev5 annull+ ,nature's laws & actually p]=m+ actio 9 di/ans1 consequ5tly manife/+ a sup]natural1 t is1 metaphysical1 ma/]y ov] ,nature--:at corroboration bett] f\nd$ on fact c\ld ,i desire = my doctr9e8 ,0 n ev5 ,c\nt ,szap>y1 a magnetis] :o c]ta9ly did n "k my philosophy1 l$ by ! results ( 8 own exp]i5ce1 aft] writ+ ! title ( 8 book3 ,a ^w ab\t ,animal ,magnetism1 s\l-bodies & vital ess5ce1#bia to add ! foll[+ rem>kable explanatory words3 or physical pro(s t ! curr5t ( ,animal ,magnetism is ! elem5t1 & ! w ! pr9ciple ( all spiritual & corporeal life8#bib--;,accord+ to ?is1 ,animal ,magnetism pres5ts itself directly z practical ,metaphysic1 :i* 0 ! t]m us$ by ,bacon ( ,v]ulam#bic to def9e ,magic 9 8 classification ( ! sci5ces3 x is empirical or exp]im5tal ,metaphysic4--,fur!r1 because ! w manife/s itself 9 ,animal ,magnetism d[nright z ! ?+ 9 itself1 we see ! pr9cipium individuationis 7,space & ,"t71 :i* belongs to m]e ph5om5on1 at once annull$3 its limits :i* sep>ate individuals f "o ano!r1 are de/roy$2 ,space no long] sep>ates magnetis] & somnambuli/2 community ( ?\ghts & ( motions ( ! w appe>s2 ! /ate ( clairvoyance ov]leaps ! relations belong+ to m]e ph5om5on & condition$ by ,"t & ,space1 su* z proximity & di/ance1 ! pres5t & ! future4 #bia ,szap>y1 ,e9 ,wort b] ,animalis*5 ,magnetismus1 ,seel5krp] & ,leb5sess5z 7#ahdj74 #bib ,od] physis*e ,beweise1 dass d] ,animalis*-magnetis*e ,/rom das ,elem5t1 & d] ,wille das ,pr9cip alles gei/ig5 und ,krp]li*5 ,leb5s sei4 #bic ,bacon1 ,in/aur4 ,magna1 ,l4 ,,iii4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! facts1 not)/&+ _m reasons & prejudices to ! contr>y1 ! op9ion has gradually ga9$ gr\nd1 nay almo/ rais$ itself to c]ta9ty1 t ,animal ,magnetism & its ph5om5a are id5tical ) "p ( ! ,magic ( =m] times1 ( t ill-fam$ occult art1 ( ^: reality n only ! ,*ri/ian ages by :i* x 0 s cruelly p]secut$1 b all1 n except+ ev5 savage1 nations on ! :ole ( ! e>?1 h be5 equally conv9c$ ?r\gh\t all ages4 ,! ,twelve ,tables ( ! ,romans1#bid ! ,books ( ,moses1 & ev5 ,plato's ,elev5? ,book on ,laws1 already made its practice puni%able by dea?1 & ,apuleius' beautiful spee*#bie be=e ! c\rt ( ju/ice1 :5 def5d+ himself aga9/ ! *>ge ( practis+ magic by :i* 8 life 0 m5ac$1 proves h[ s]i\sly ?is matt] 0 tak5 ev5 9 ! mo/ enlight5$ ,roman p]iod1 "u ! ,anton9es2 s9ce he m]ely tries to cle> himself p]sonally f ! *>ge 9 "q1 b by no means conte/s ! possibility ( wit*craft & ev5 ent]s into a ho/ ( absurd details su* z are wont to figure 9 all ! m$ival trials = wit*craft4 ,! eighte5? c5tury makes an exception z reg>ds ?is belief 9 ,magic1 & ?is is ma9ly because ,bal?as> ,beck]1 ,?omasius & "s o!rs1 ) ! good int5tion ( putt+ an end once = all to ! cruel trials = wit*craft1 decl>$ all magic to be impossible4 ,fav\r$ by ! philosophy ( ! age1 ?is op9ion soon ga9$ ! upp] h&1 al?\gh only among ! le>n$ & educat$ classes4 ,! common p h nev] ceas$ to believe 9 wit*craft1 ev5 9 ,engl&2 ?\gh "h ! educat$ classes contrive to unite a degrad+ religi\s bigotry ) ! firm incr$ulity ( a ,sa9t ,?omas 7or ( a ,?omasius7 z to all facts transc5d+ ! laws ( impact & c\nt]-impact1 acids & alkalis1 & refuse to l5d an e> to _! great c\ntryman1 :5 he tells !m t '!re are m ?+s 9 heav5 & e>? ?an are dreamt ( 9 _! philosophy4' ,"o bran* ( ,magic is /ill notori\sly pres]v$ & practis$ among ! l[] ord]s1 be+ tol]at$ on acc\nt ( its b5efic5t purpose4 ,?is is cur+ by *>ms 7sympa!tis*e ,kur51 z !y are call$ 9 ,g]man71 ! reality ( :i* c h>dly be d\bt$4 ,*>m+ away w>ts1 is "o ( ! commone/ =ms ( ?is practice1 & ( ?is ,bacon ( ,v]ulam1 cauti\s & empirical ?\gh he 01 atte/s ! efficacy f p]sonal exp]i5ce4#bif ,! *>m+ away ( erisypelas 9 ! face by a spell1 is ano!r in/ance1 & s (t5 succe$s1 t x is easy to conv9ce oneself ( its exi/5ce4 ,fev] too is (t5 successfully combat$ by spells1 c4 c4#big--,t1 9 all ?is1 ! real ag5ts are n ! mean+less words & c]emonies1 b t x is ! w ( ! op]ator :i* acts1 z 9 ,animal ,magnetism1 ne$s no fur!r explanation aft] :at has be5 said above4 ,= su* z are /ill unacqua9t$ ) *>m-cures1 in/ances may be f\nd 9 ,kies]4#bih--,^! two facts !re=e1 ,animal ,magnetism & ,*>m-cur+1 be> empirical evid5ce to ! possibility ( magical1 z oppos$ to physical1 influ5ce1 :i* possibility _h be5 s p]emptorily reject$ by ! pa/ c5tury2 s9ce x refus$ to recognise z possible any o!r ?an physical influ5ces br\ght ab\t 9 ! way ( ! intelligible nexus ( causality4 #bid ,pl94 hi/4 nat4 ,l4 #cj1 c4 #c4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 #bie ,apuleius1 ,oratio de ,magia1 p4 #ajd4 ,bip4 #bif ,bacon1 ,silva ,silv>um1 #iig4 #big ,9 ! ,times ( ,june ! #ab?1 #ahee1 we f9d1 p4 #aj1 ! foll[+3-- ,a ,horse-*>m]4 ,on ! voyage to ,engl& ! %ip ',simla' exp]i5c$ "s heavy wea!r 9 ! ,bay ( ,biscay1 9 :i* ! horses suff]$ sev]ely1 & "s1 includ+ a *>g] ( ,g5]al ,sc>lett1 became unmanageable4 ,a valuable m>e 0 s v bad1 t a pi/ol 0 got ready to %oot h] & to end h] mis]y2 :5 a ,russian (fic] recomm5d$ a ,cossak prison] to be s5t =1 z he 0 a 'juggl]' & c\ld1 by *>ms1 cure any malady 9 a horse4 ,he 0 s5t =1 & imm$iately said he c\ld cure x at once4 ,he 0 closely wat*$1 b ! only ?+ !y c\ld obs]ve him d 0 to take 8 sa% (f & tie a knot 9 x ?ree sev]al times4 ,h[ev] ! m>e1 9 a few m9utes1 got on h] feet & began to eat he>tily1 & rapidly recov]$4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 #bih ,kies]1 ,ar*iv1 fr d5 ?i]is*5 ,magnetismus1 vol4 v4 heft #c1 p4 #ajf2 vol4 viii4 heft #c1 p4 #ade2 vol4 ix4 heft #b1 p4 #agb2 & vol4 ix4 heft #a1 p4 #abh2 ,dr4 ,mo/'s book likewise3 b] ,sympa!tis*e ,mittel und ,kur51 #ahdb1 may be us$ z an introduction to ?is matt]4 7,& ev5 ,pl9y indicates a numb] ( *>m-cures 9 ! #bh? ,book1 *aps4 #f to #ag4 ,add4 to #crd ed47 ,x is a =tunate circum/ance1 t ! rectification ( ?is view 9 our "t %\ld h come f m$ical sci5ce2 because x ensures u at ! same "t aga9/ ! dang] ( ! p5dulum ( op9ion receiv+ too /rong an impulse 9 ! contr>y direction1 & ?us c>ry+ u back to ! sup]/ition ( rud] ages4 ,besides1 z ,i h said1 ,animal ,magnetism & ,*>m-cur+ only save ! reality ( a "p ( ,magic1 :i* includ$ a good deal m1 a consid]able portion ( :i* mu/1 = ! pres5t at lea/1 rema9 "u ! old s5t5ce ( condemnation or be left 9 unc]ta9ty2 :]eas ano!r portion w at any rate h to be conceiv$ z possible1 ?r\gh its analogy to ,animal ,magnetism4 ,= ,animal ,magnetism & ,*>m-cures are b salut>y influ5ces ex]cis$ = curative purposes1 l ^? record$ 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,magic z practis$ by ! s-call$ 7,spani%7 ,saludadores1#bii :o nev]!less 7 also condemn$ by ! ,*ur*2 :]eas ,magic 0 f> (t5] practis$ ) an evil int5t4 ,nev]!less1 to judge by analogy1 x is m ?an probable1 t ! same inh]5t =ce :i*1 by act+ directly ^u ano!r individuality1 c ex]cise a salut>y influ5ce1 w be at lea/ z p[]ful to ex]cise a prejudicial & p]nici\s "o4 ,if !re=e !re 0 reality 9 any "p ( anci5t ,magic beyond :at may be ref]r$ to ,animal ,magnetism & cur+ by *>ms1 x mu/ assur$ly h be5 9 t :i* is call$ maleficium & fasc9atio1 ! v ?+ t gave rise to mo/ ( ! trials = wit*craft4 ,9 ,mo/'s book1 too1 already m5tion$1#cjj a few facts are relat$ :i* mu/ und\bt$ly be ascrib$ to maleficium2 9 ,kies]1#cja also we f9d in/ances ( diseases :i* _h be5 transmitt$1 especially to dogs1 :o di$ ( !m4 ,9 ,plut>*#cjb we f9d t fasc9atio 0 already kn[n to ,democritus1 :o tri$ to expla9 x z a fact4 ,n[ admitt+ ^! /ories to be true1 !y give u ! key to ! crime ( wit*craft1 ! zeal\s p]secution ( :i* w\ld !re=e n h be5 q )\t reason4 ,= ev5 if 9 mo/ cases x may h be5 f\nd$ ^u error & abuse1 we are /ill n au?oriz$ to look ^u our =efa!rs z hav+ be5 s utt]ly b5ight$1 z to p]secute ) ! utmo/ vig\r & cruelty = s _m ages an absolutely impossible crime4 ,f ?is po9t ( view moreov]1 we c also und]/& t ! common p %\ld /ill ev5 to ! pres5t day p]si/ 9 attribut+ c]ta9 cases ( illness to a maleficium1 & are n to be dissuad$ f ?is conviction4 ,n[ if we are ?us induc$ by ! progress ( ! age to modify ! extreme view adopt$ by ! la/ c5tury conc]n+ ! absolute nullity ( ?is ill-fam$ art--at any rate ) respect to "s "p ( x--/ill n[h]e is caution m necess>y ?an "h1 9 ord] to fi% out f ! *aos ( fraud1 falsehood & absurdity conta9$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,agrippa von ,nette%eim1 ,wi]us1 ,bod9us1 ,delrio1 ,b9dsfeldt1 c4 c41 ! few isolat$ tru?s t may lie 9 !m4 ,=1 frequ5t ?\gh !y may be ?r\gh\t ! _w1 n[h]e h lies & deceit fre] play ?an :]e ,nature's laws are av[$ly set aside1 nay decl>$ invalid4 ,"h !re=e we f9d ! wilde/ fictions1 ! /range/ freaks ( ! imag9ation work$ up into an edifice1 l(ty z ! skies1 on ! n>r[ f\ndation ( ! slight p>ticle ( tru? !re may h be5 9 ,magic1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 ! mo/ sangu9>y atrocities p]petrat$ age aft] age4 ,9 contemplat+ su* ?+s1 ! psy*ological reflection on ! unlimit$ capability ( ! human intellect = accept+ ! mo/ incr$ible absurdities & ! read9ess ( ! human he>t to set its seal to !m by cruelty1 prevails ov] e o!r4 #bii ,delrio4 ,disqu4 ,mag4 ,l4 ,,iii4 ,p4 #b1 q4 #d4 #d1 s4 #g--;& ,bod9us1 ,mag4 ,dmon1 iii4 #b4 #cjj ,see note #b1 p4 #ccd1 especially pp4 #dj1 #da1 & ,nos4 #hi1 #ia1 & #ig ( ,mo/'s book4 #cja ,kies]1 ,ar*iv4 f4 t4 ,m4 ,see ! acc\nt ( ,b5de ,b5s5's illness1 vol4 ix4 to vol4 xii4 #cjb ,plut>*1 ,symposiac qu/ionis1 qu4 v4 #g4 #f4 ,yet ! modification :i* has tak5 place ( late 9 ! views ( ,g]man savants respect+ magic1 is n due exclusively to ,animal ,magnetism4 ,! deep f\ndations ( x _h already be5 laid by ! *ange 9 philosophy wr\ght by ,kant1 :i* makes ,g]man culture diff] fundam5tally f t ( ! re/ ( ,europe1 ) respect to philosophy z well z to o!r bran*es ( k4--,= a man to be able to smile be=eh& at all occult sympa?ies1 let alone magical influ5ces1 he mu/ f9d ! _w v1 nay completely1 intelligible4 ,b ?is is only possible if he looks at x ) ! utt]ly sup]ficial glance :i* puts away f x all suspicion t we human be+s are imm]s$ 9 a sea ( riddles & my/]ies & h no exhau/ive k or und]/&+ ei!r ( ?+s or ( ourselves 9 any direct way4 ,ne>ly all great m5 h be5 ( ! opposite frame ( m9d & !re=e1 :atev] age or nation !y belong$ to1 h always betray$ a slight t+e ( sup]/ition4 ,if our natural mode ( kn[+ 7 "o t h&$ ov] to u ?+s 9 !mselves imm$iately & consequ5tly gave u ! absolutely true relations & connections ( ?+s1 we might !n1 no d\bt1 be ju/ifi$ 9 reject+ priori1 !re=e unconditionally1 all presci5ce ( future ev5ts1 all app>itions ( abs5t1 ( dy+1 let alone ( deceas$ p]sons1 & all magical influ5ce4 ,b if all t we "k is1 z ,kant tea*es1 m]e ph5om5on1 ! =ms & laws ( :i* d n ext5d to ?+s 9 !mselves1 x mu/ be obvi\sly premature to reject all =ekn[l$ge1 all app>itions & all magic2 s9ce t rejection is bas$ ^u laws1 ^: priori "* precisely re/ricts !m to ph5om5a2 :]eas ?+s 9 !mselves1 to :i* ev5 our own inn] self mu/ belong1 rema9 unt\*$ by !m4 ,b x is q possible = ^! v ?+s 9 !mselves to h relations ) u f :i* ! above-m5tion$ occurr5ces may h aris51 conc]n+ :i* accord+ly we h to wait = ! decision po/]iori1 & mu/ n =e/all x4 ,t ! ,engli% & ,fr5* %\ld p]si/ 9 d5y+ priori all su* occurr5ces1 comes at ! bottom f ! influ5ce ( ,locke's philosophy1 "u :i* ^! nations /ill /& z to all ess5tial po9ts1 & by :i* we are taught t1 aft] m]ely subtract+ s5sation1 we "k ?+s 9 !mselves4 ,accord+ to ?is view !re=e1 ! laws ( ! mat]ial _w are held to be ultimate1 & no o!r influ5ce ?an influxus physicus is admitt$4 ,consequ5tly ^! nations believe1 x is true1 9 a physical1 b n 9 a metaphysical1 sci5ce1 & !re=e reject all o!r ?an s-call$ ,natural ,magic3 a t]m :i* conta9s ! same contradictio 9 adjecto z ,sup]natural ,physics1 b is nev]!less con/antly us$ q s]i\sly1 :ile ! latt] 0 us$ b once1 & !n 9 joke1 by ,li*t5b]g4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! common p1 ) _! univ]sal read9ess to give cr$it to sup]natural influ5ces1 express by x 9 _! own way ! conviction1 t all ?+s :i* we p]ceive & compreh5d are m]e ph5om5a1 n ?+s 9 !mselves2 al?\gh1 ) !m1 conviction is only felt4 ,i quote ! foll[+ passage f ,kant's ,grundlegung zur ,metaphysik d] ,sitt51 z a pro( t ?is is n say+ too mu*3 ,!re is an obs]vation requir+ no great subtlety ( reflection1 :i* we may on ! contr>y suppose ! mo/ ord9>y und]/&+ capable ( mak+1 albeit 9 its own way & by an obscure di/9ction ( ! faculty ( judgm5t1 :i* x calls feel+4 ,x is ?is3 t all our involunt>y repres5tations 7su* z ^? ( ! s5ses7 give u no fur!r k ( objects ?an z !y affect u1 :]eby we are left 9 ignorance z to :at ^? objects may be 9 !mselves2 t1 z f> z ?is sort ( repres5tation is conc]n$ !re=e1 we are /ill only able by ?is means to atta9 k ( ph5om5a1 b nev] ( ?+s 9 !mselves1 ev5 by d9t ( ! utmo/ cle>ness & ! mo/ /r5u\s att5tion ! und]/&+ is able to give to ?is po9t4 ,:5 once ?is di/9ction is made1 h[ev]1 x /&s to reason1 t ! exi/5ce ( some?+ else beh9d ^! ph5om5a1 some?+ :i* is n ph5om5on1 i4e4 ! ?+ 9 itself1 has /ill to be admitt$ & assum$4#cjc #cjc ,kant1 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ical ,metaphysic1 #crd edition1 p4 #aje4 ,:5 we read ,d4 ,ti$emann's ,hi/ory ( ,magic1#cjd we are a/oni%$ at ! p]si/5cy ) :i* mank9d h clung to ! ?\ght ( ,magic 9 all places & at all times1 not)/&+ frequ5t failure2 & we come to ! conclusion1 t ?is ?\ght mu/1 to say ! lea/1 be deeply root$ 9 human nature1 if n 9 ?+s 9 g5]al1 & _c be a m]e arbitr>y creation ( ! fancy4 ,al?\gh ,magic is diff]5tly def9$ by ! v>i\s au?ors :o h treat$ ( x1 ! fundam5tal ?\ght :i* pr$om9ates 9 all its def9itions is nev]!less unmi/akeable4 ,= ! op9ion1 t !re mu/ be ano!r q diff]5t way ( produc+ *anges 9 ! _w besides ! regul> "o ?r\gh ! causal nexus betwe5 bodies1 & "o moreov] :i* is n f\nd$ at all ^u t nexus1 has f\nd fav\r 9 all ages & c\ntries4 ,!re=e also ! means belong+ to ?is second way appe>$ absurd1 :5 !y 7 view$ 9 ! same light z ! fir/2 s9ce ! cause appli$ 0 obvi\sly n suit$ to ! effect int5d$ & a causal nexus betwe5 !m 0 impossible4 ,b "h x 0 assum$1 t ap>t f ! out] connection betwe5 ! ph5om5a ( ?is _w on :i* ! nexus physicus is f\nd$1 !re mu/ exi/ ano!r besides1 pass+ ?r\gh ! v ess5ce 9 itself ( all ?+s3 a subt]ranean connection z x 71 by means ( :i* imm$iate action 0 possible f "o po9t ( ! ph5om5on on to e o!r po9t1 ?r\gh a nexus metaphysicus2 #cjd ,d4 ,ti$emann1 ,disputatio de qu/ione1 qu fu]it artum magic>um origo4 ,m>b4 #aghg4 ,a prize-essay writt5 = ! ,gtt+5 ,society4 t accord+ly1 x mu/ be possible to act ^u ?+s f inside1 in/ead ( f outside1 z is usual2 t x mu/ be possible = ph5om5on to act ^u ph5om5on by means ( t be+ 9 itself1 :i* is "o & ! same 9 all ph5om5a2 t1 j z we act causally z natura naturata1 we might probably be able to act also z natura naturans1 & mom5t>ily to enable ! microcosm to play ! "p ( ! macrocosm2 t1 h[ev] firm ! p>tition walls ( individuation & sep>ation might be1 !y might nev]!less occasionally p]mit a communication to take place z x 7 beh9d ! sc5es1 or l a secret game "u ! table2 & t1 j z a neutralisation ( individual isolation takes place 9 somnambuli/ic clairvoyance1 s likewise might a neutralisation ( ! w 9 ! individual be possible4 ,su* a ?\ght z ?is _c h aris5 empirically1 nor c x h be5 confirmation ?r\gh exp]i5ce t has pres]v$ x ?r\gh\t all ages & 9 all c\ntries3 = 9 ! majority ( cases exp]i5ce mu/ result d[nright unfav\rably to x4 ,i op9e !re=e1 t ! orig9 ( ?is ?\ght1 :i* has univ]sally held its gr\nd ) ! :ole ( mank9d &1 9 spite ( s mu* conflict+ exp]i5ce1 9 defiance ( common s5se1 has nev] be5 eradicat$1 mu/ be s\ght at great dep?3 namely 9 ! inw>d feel+ ( ! omnipot5ce ( ! w 9 itself--( t w1 :i* con/itutes at once ! inn] ess5ce ( ,man & ( ! :ole ( ,nature--& 9 ! assumption connect$ ) x t1 someh[ or o!r1 ?is omnipot5ce might possibly = once make itself felt1 ev5 :5 proce$+ f ! individual4 ,p 7 unable to inve/igate & di/+ui% ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! capabilities ( ! w z ?+ 9 itself & ! same w 9 its individual manife/ation2 b !y assum$ )\t fur!r ado1 t "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 ! w might be enabl$ to break ?r\gh ! b>ri]s ( individuation4 ,= ! above-m5tion$ feel+ rebell$ ob/9ately aga9/ ! k =c$ ^u x by exp]i5ce1 t ,d] ,gott d] mir im ,bus5 wohnt1 ,kann tief me9 ,inn]/es erreg51 ,d] b] all5 me95 ,krft5 ?ront1 ,er kann na* ,auss5 ni*ts beweg54 ,accord+ to ! fundam5tal ?\ght j exp\nd$1 we f9d t ! physical m$ium us$ 9 all attempts at magic1 nev] 0 reg>d$ 9 any o!r light ?an 9 t ( a vehicle = a ?+ metaphysical2 o!rwise x c\ld evid5tly /& 9 no relation :atev] to ! effect contemplat$4 ,^! m$ia consi/$ 9 cabali/ic words1 symbolical actions1 trac$ figures1 wax images1 c4 c4 ,we see too t1 accord+ to ! orig9al feel+1 :at ?is vehicle convey$1 0 9 ! la/ resort always an act ( volition t _h be5 connect$ ) x4 ,! v natural inducem5t to d ?is1 0 ! obs]vation1 t e mom5t m5 became aw>e ( a completely unacc\ntable1 t is1 evid5tly metaphysical1 ag5cy ( ! w1 9 ! movem5ts ( _! own bodies4 ,might n ?is ag5cy1 !y ?\ght1 be ext5d$ to o!r bodies also8 ,to f9d out a way to annul ! isolation 9 :i* ! w f9ds itself 9 ea* individual1 & to ext5d ! imm$iate sph]e ( ! w's action beyond ! organism ( ! p]son will+1 0 ! aim ( ,magic4 ,a great deal 0 nev]!less /ill want+ ere ?is fundam5tal ?\ght1 f :i* ,magic seems prop]ly to h sprung1 c\ld pass ov] at once into di/9ct consci\sness & be recognis$ 9 ab/racto1 & ere ,magic c\ld at once und]/& itself4 ,only a few ?\ghtful & le>n$ writ]s ( =m] ages--z ,i mean soon to prove by quotations--express ! di/9ct ?\ght1 t x is 9 ! w itself t ! magic p[] lies1 & t ! /range signs & acts toge!r ) ! s5seless words t accompani$ !m1 :i* pass$ = ! means ( exorcis+ & ! connect+ l9k ) demons1 are 9 fact m]ely vehicles & means = fix+ ! w1 by :i* ! act ( volition1 :i* is to act magically1 ceases to be m]e wi% & becomes de$1 or1 to use ! language ( ,p>acelsus1 receives a corpus1 & ! individual w 9 a s5se di/9ctly proclaims t x is n[ act+ z g5]al w1 z w 9 itself4 ,= 9 e act ( ,magic--*>m-cure or :atev] else x may be--! outw>d action 7! connect+ l9k7 is exactly :at ! passes are 9 magnetis+3 i4e4 n :at is really ess5tial1 b ! m]e vehicle1 t by :i* ! w1 ! only real ag5t1 is direct$ & fix$ 9 ! mat]ial _w & ent]s into reality4 ,z a rule !re=e1 x is indisp5sable4--,f ! re/ ( ! writ]s ( ^? times we ga!r t1 9 con=mity ) t fundam5tal ?\ght ( ,magic1 _! only aim 0 to obta9 absolute1 arbitr>y p[] ov] ,nature4 ,b !y 7 unable to elevate !mselves to ! ?\ght t ?is p[] mu/ be a direct "o2 !y conceiv$ x1 on ! contr>y1 absolutely z an indirect "o4 ,= all religions 9 all c\ntries _h plac$ ,nature "u ! dom9ion ( gods & ( demons4 ,n[1 x 0 ! magician's endeav\r to subject ^! gods & demons to 8 w1 to induce1 nay1 to =ce !m to s]ve him2 & he attribut$ all t he succe$$ 9 a*iev+ to _! ag5cy1 j z ,mesm] attribut$ ! success ( 8 ,magnetism to ! magnetic rods he held 9 8 h&s1 in/ead ( to 8 w :i* 0 ! real ag5t4 ,x 0 9 ?is s5se t all poly!i/ic nations took ! matt]1 & ev5 ,plot9us1#cje b m especially ,iambli*us1 und]/ood ,magic3 t is1 z ,!urgy1 an expression :i* ,porphyry 0 ! fir/ to use4 ,t div9e ari/ocracy1 ,pan!ism1 0 fav\rable to ?is int]pretation1 s9ce x di/ribut$ ! dom9ion ov] ! diff]5t =ces ( ,nature among z _m gods & demons--mo/ly m]e p]sonifications ( natural =ces--& ! magician1 by p]suasion or by =ce1 subject$ n[ "o1 n[ ! o!r ( ^! div9ities to 8 p[] & made !m d 8 bidd+4 ,b 9 a ,div9e ,mon>*y1 :]e all ,nature obeys a s+le rul]1 ! ?\ght ( contract+ a private alliance ) ! ,almighty1 let alone ( ex]cis+ sov]eignty ov] him1 w\ld h be5 too audaci\s4 ,!re=e :]e ,judaism1 ,*ri/ianity or ,islam prevail$1 ! omnipot5ce ( ! "o ,god /ood 9 ! way ( ?is int]pretation ( ,magic3 an omnipot5ce :i* ! magician c\ld n v5ture to attack4 ,he _h no alt]native !re=e1 b to take refuge ) ! ,devil1 & ) ?is rebelli\s _s--p]haps ev5 direct desc5dant ( ,ahriman--to :om "s p[] ov] ,nature 0 /ill attribut$1 he n[ ent]$ into a compact1 by :i* he ensur$ to himself 8 assi/ance4 ,?is 0 necromancy 7! 'black art'74 ,its anti!sis1 ':ite ,magic1' 0 oppos$ to x by ! circum/ance t1 9 x1 ! magician did n make fri5ds ) ! ,devil1 b r solicit$ ! p]mission1 n to say co-op]ation1 ( ! ,almighty himself1 to int]c$e ) ! angels2 (t5] /ill1 he invok$ devils by pron\nc+ ! r>] ,hebrew names & titles ( ! ,"o ,god1 su* z ,adon-,ai1 c4 c41 & compell$ !m to obey him1 )\t promis+ !m any?+ 9 return = _! s]vices1 9 a hell-compulsion#cjf 7,hll5zwang74--,b all ^! m]e int]pretations & outw>d trapp+s ( ! ?+ 7 receiv$ s entirely z its ess5ce & z objective processes1 t writ]s l ,bod9us1 ,delrio1 ,b9dsfeldt1 c41 ^: k ( magic 0 second-h& & n d]iv$ f p]sonal exp]i5ce1 all ass]t ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ,magic to be1 t x does n act ei!r ?r\gh =ces ( ,nature or 9 a natural way1 b ?r\gh ! assi/ance ( ! ,devil4 ,?is view 01 & long rema9$1 curr5t ev]y:]e1 locally modifi$ accord+ to ! religions :i* prevail$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,! laws aga9/ sorc]y & ! trials = wit*craft 7 bas$ ^u x2 likewise1 :]ev] ! possibility ( ,magic 0 conte/$1 ! attacks 7 g5]ally direct$ aga9/ ?is op9ion4 ,an objective view1 su* z ?is1 0 an inevitable consequ5ce ( ! decid$ ,realism :i* prevail$ ?r\gh\t anci5t & m$ival ,europe & :i* ,desc>tes 0 ! fir/ to di/urb4 ,till !n1 ,man _h n le>nt to direct ! light ( speculative ?\ght t[>ds ! my/]i\s dep?s ( 8 own inn] self1 b1 on ! contr>y1 _h s\ght ev]y?+ outside himself4 ,above all ! ?\ght ( mak+ ! w he f\nd )9 him rule ov] ,nature1 0 s bold1 t p w\ld h be5 al>m$ by x3 !re=e x 0 made to rule ov] fictiti\s be+s1 suppos$ by ! prevail+ sup]/ition to h comm& ov] ,nature1 9 ord] ?r\gh !m to obta9 at lea/ indirect ma/]y ov] ,nature4 ,e sort ( god or demon moreov]1 is always a hypo/asis1 by :i* believ]s ( all sects & col\rs br+ to _! own compreh5sion ! ,metaphysical1 t :i* lies beh9d ,nature1 t :i* gives h] exi/5ce & consi/5ce & consequ5tly rules ov] h]4 ,?us1 :5 x is said1 t ,magic acts by ! help ( demons1 ! mean+ :i* lies at ! bottom ( ?is ?\ght /ill is1 t x is an ag5cy :i* is n physically1 b metaphysically ex]cis$3 t x is n a natural1 b a sup]natural1 ag5cy4 ,n[ if1 9 ! small am\nt ( fact :i* speaks 9 fav\r ( ! reality ( ,magic3 t is1 9 ,animal ,magnetism & *>m-cures1 we /ill d n recognise any?+ b an imm$iate action ( ! w :i* "h manife/s its direct p[] outside1 in/ead ( inside1 ! individual2 if moreov]1 z ,i am ab\t to %[ & to sub/antiate by decisive1 unequivocal citations1 ^? :o are m deeply initiat$ into anci5t ,magic1 d]ive all its effects f ! magician's w alone3 ?is is surely /rong empirical evid5ce 9 support ( my doctr9e1 t ! ,metaphysical 9 g5]al1 t :i* alone exi/s ap>t f repres5tation1 ! ?+ 9 itself ( ! univ]se--is no?+ b :at is kn[n to u )9 ourselves z ! w4 #cje ,"h & !re1 ,plot9us betrays a m correct k1 = in/ance1 ,enn4 ii4 lib4 iii4 c4 #g2 ,enn4 iv4 lib4 iii4 c4 #ab1 et lib4 ix4 c4 #c4 #cjf ,delrio1 ,disq4 mag4 ,l4 ii4 qu4 #b4 ,agrippa a ,nette%eym1 ,de ,vanit4 ,sci5t4 c4 #de4 ,n[1 if ! direct p[] :i* may occasionally be ex]cis$ ov] ,nature by ! w1 0 conceiv$ by ^? magicians z a m]ely indirect "o1 acquir$ by ! help ( demons1 ?is /ill c\ld n prev5t its effici5cy :]ev] & :5ev] x may h tak5 place4 ,=1 precisely because1 9 ?+s ( ?is k9d1 ! w acts 9 itself1 9 its prim>9ess1 !re=e ap>t f repres5tation1 its effici5cy _c be fru/rat$ by errone\s conceptions ( ! intellect2 on ! contr>y1 ! di/ance "h is a wide "o betwe5 !ory & practice3 ! errors ( ! =m] d n /& 9 ! way ( ! latt]1 nor does a correct !ory qualify = practice4 ,mesm]1 9 ! beg9n+1 attribut$ 8 ag5cy to ! magnetic rods he held 9 8 h&s & lat] on expla9$ ! wond]s ( ,animal ,magnetism by a mat]iali/ic !ory ( a subtle1 all-p]meat+ fluid2 nev]!less he produc$ wond]fully p[]ful effects4 ,i once myself knew ! proprietor ( an e/ate1 ^: peasants 7 wont by tradition to h _! fev]i% attacks dispell$ by a spell ( _! ma/]'s4 ,n[1 al?\gh he believ$ he _h conv9c$ himself ( ! impossibility ( all su* ?+s1 yet he cont9u$ good-natur$ly to comply ) _! wi% z usual1 & inde$ (t5 succe$$ 9 reliev+ !m4 ,?is success he ascrib$ to 8 peasants' firm belief1 =gett+ t a simil> fai? ought also to br+ success to ! m$ical treatm5t :i* is s (t5 appli$ ) complete inefficacy to believ+ pati5ts4 ,n[1 if ,!urgy & ,demonomagic1 z describ$ above1 7 b ! m]e int]pretation & outw>d trapp+s ( ! ?+1 ! m]e husk1 at :i* ! majority 7 cont5t to /op %ort3 !re 7 nev]!less "s1 :o w5t bel[ ! surface & q recognis$ t ! ag5t 9 influ5ces suppos$ to proce$ f magic1 0 absolutely no?+ b ! w4 ,we mu/ n h[ev] look = su* deep] obs]v]s z ^! among ! disc\nt5anc]s & antagoni/s ( ,magic1 & ! majority ( ! writ]s on ?is subject belong precisely to ^!3 !y d]iv$ _! k exclusively f ,c\rts ( ,ju/ice & f ! exam9ation ( witnesses1 s t !y m]ely describe ! outside ( ! matt]2 &1 if at any "t !y *anc$1 ?r\gh confessions1 to ga9 an insight into ! inn] processes !y took good c>e n to betray t k1 le/1 by do+ s1 !y %\ld contribute to diffuse ! t]rible vice ( sorc]y4 ,to ?is class belong ,bod9us1 ,delrio1 ,b9dsfeldt1 & o!rs4 ,= in=mation z to ! real nature ( ! ?+1 we mu/ on ! contr>y g to philosoph]s & inve/igators ( ,nature1 :o wrote 9 ^? times ( prevail+ sup]/ition4 ,n[1 f :at !y say1 x cle>ly foll[s1 t ! real ag5t 9 ,magic1 j z 9 ,animal ,magnetism1 is no?+ b ! w4 ,"h ,i mu/ quote "s passages 9 support ( ?is ass]tion4#cjg ,!ophra/us ,p>acelsus especially disclos$ p]haps m conc]n+ ! inn] nature ( ,magic ?an any o!r writ]1 & does n ev5 hesitate to give a m9ute description ( ! processes us$ 9 x4#cjh--;,he says3#cji ,to be obs]v$ conc]n+ wax images3 if ,i be> malice 9 my w aga9/ anyone1 t malice mu/ be c>ri$ out by "s m$ium or corpus4 ,?us x is possible = my _s to /ab or w\nd ano!r p]son )\t help f my body 9 us+ a sword1 m]ely by my f]v5t desire4 ,!re=e x is also possible = me to convey my oppon5t's _s into ! image by my w & !n to de=m or p>alyze x at pleasure4--,y mu/ "k1 t ! influ5ce ( ! w is a great po9t 9 m$ic9e4 ,= if a man hate ano!r & begrudge him any?+ good1 x is possible t if he curse him1 t curse may take effect4--,?is occurs also ) animals & m easily ?an ) m52 = ! _s ( man has f> great] p[] ( resi/ance ?an t ( animals4 #cjg ,rog] ,bacon already 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury said3 444 ,quod si ult]ius aliqua anima maligna cogitat f]tit] de infectione alt]ius atque ard5t] desid]et et c]titud9alit] int5dat1 atque vehem5t] consid]et se posse noc]e1 non e/ dubium qu9 natura ob$iet cogitationibus anim4 7,see ,rog]i ,bacon1 ,opus ,majus1 ,lond9i1 #agcc1 p4 #beb47 #cjh ,!ophra/us ,p>acelsus1 ,/rassburg edition 9 two folio vols41 vol4 i1 pp4 #ia1 #cec1 et seqq4 & p4 #ghi2 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cfb1 #dif4 #cji ,vol4 i4 p4 #ai4 ,& p4 #cge3 ,x foll[s f ?is1 t "o image has magic p[] ov] ano!r1 n by virtue ( ! *>act]s or any?+ ( t k9d impress$ on ! virg9 wax2 b ! imag9ation ov]comes its own con/ellation1 s z to become a means = fulfill+ ! w ( its heav51 i4e4 ( its man4 p4 #ccd3 ,all ! imag9+ ( man comes f 8 he>t4 ,! he>t is ! sun ( ! microcosm4 ,& all ! imag9+ ( man passes f ! small sun ( ! microcosm into ! sun ( ! great ,univ]se1 into ! he>t ( ! macrocosm4 ,?us ! imag9atio ( ! microcosm is a se$ :i* becomes mat]ial1 c4 p4 #cfd3 ,x suffices = y to "k :at rigor\s imag9ation does1 :i* is ! beg9n+ ( all magical works4 p4 #ghi3 ,ev5 my ?\ght !re=e is a look+ at a m>k4 ,n[ ,i mu/ n turn my eye ) my h&s 9 ?is or t direction2 b my imag9ation turns x z ,i wi%4 ,& ?is is also to be und]/ood ( walk+3 ,i desire1 ,i propose to myself1 !re=e my body moves1 & ! firm] my ?\ghts1 ! m sure x is t ,i %all run4 ,?us imag9atio alone is an impulse = my runn+4 p4 #hcg3 ,imag9atio us$ aga9/ me may be employ$ ) su* rig\r1 t ,i may be kill$ by ! imag9atio ( ano!r p]son4 ,vol4 ii4 p4 #bgd3 ,imag9ation comes f long+ & desire3 envy1 hatr$1 proce$ f long+1 = !y d n arise unless y long = !m4 ,z soon z y wi%1 ! act ( ! imag9ation foll[s4 ,?is long+ mu/ be quick1 ard5t1 lively1 z t ( a pregnant woman1 c4 c4--,a g5]al curse is commonly v]ifi$4 ,:y8 ,x comes f ! he>t1 & ! se$ lies & is born 9 t com+ f ! he>t4 ,?us p>5ts' curses also come f ! he>t4 ,! curse ( ! poor is likewise imag9atio4 ,! prison]'s curse1 also m]e imag9atio1 comes f ! he>t4444 ,?us too1 :5 "o man wi%es to /ab or p>alyze1 c41 ano!r by means ( 8 imag9atio1 he mu/ fir/ attract ! ?+ & in/rum5t to himself & !n he c impress x 7) 8 wi%73 = :atev] ent]s into x1 may also g out ( x aga9 by ! m$ium ( ?\ght z well z by t ( ! h&s4444 ,9 su* imag9+1 wom5 outdo m5 444 = !y are m ard5t 9 rev5ge4 p4 #bih3 ,magica is a great occult wisdom2 j z ,reason is a great1 op5 folly4444 ,no arm\r avails aga9/ sorc]y1 = x w\nds ! inn] man1 ! vital _s4444 ,"s magicians make an image 9 ! %ape ( a man !y int5d to h>m1 knock a nail into ! sole ( its foot1 & ! man is invisibly /ruck ) lam5ess1 until ! nail is remov$4 p4 #cjg3 ,we ought to "k1 t we may convey ! _s ( any man into an image1 solely by fai? & by our /rong imag9ation4--,no incantation is ne$$1 & ! c]emonies1 draw+ ( circles1 fumigations1 seals1 c4 c4 are m]e humbug to mislead4--,homunculi & images are made1 c4 c4 444 by :i* all ! op]ations1 p[]s & w ( man are c>ri$ out4444 ,! human he>t is inde$ s great a ?+1 t no "o c express x3 z ,god is et]nal & imp]i%able1 s also is ! he>t ( man4 ,if we m5 ?or\ghly recognis$ our he>t1 no?+ w\ld be impossible = u on e>?4444 ,p]fect imag9ation1 com+ f ! />s 7a/ris7 arises f ! he>t4 p4 #eac3 ,imag9atio is confirm$ & r5d]$ p]fect by ! belief t x really takes place3 = e d\bt injures ! effect4 ,fai? mu/ confirm ! imag9ation1 = fai? decides ! w4444 ,b j ! fact t man does n always p]fectly imag9e1 p]fectly believe1 causes acts to be call$ unc]ta91 :i* nev]!less may c]ta9ly & q well exi/4 ,a passage f ,campanella's book1 ,de s5su r]um et magia1 may s]ve to elucidate ?is la/ s5t5ce4 ,efficiunt alii ne homo possi futu]e1 si tantum cr$at3 non enim pote/ fac]e quod non cr$it posse fac]e 7l4 iv4 c4 #ah74 ,agrippa von ,nette%eim#caj speaks 9 ! same s5se4 ,non m9us subjicitur corpus ali5o animo1 quam ali5o corpori2 &3#caa ,quidquid dictat animus =tissime odi5tis habet efficaciam noc5di et de/ru5di2 similit] 9 cet]is1 qu affectat animus =tissimo desid]io4 ,omnia enim qu tunc agit et dictat ex *>act]ibus1 figuris1 v]bis1 ge/ibus et ejusmodi1 omnia sunt adjuvantia appetitum anim et acquirunt mirabiles quasdam virtutes1 tum ab anima laborantis 9 illa hora1 qu&o ipsum appetitus ejusmodi maxime invadit1 tum ab influxa cle/i animum tunc talit] mov5te4#cab--;,ine/ hom9um animis virtus qudam immut&i et lig&i res et hom9es ad id quod desid]at1 et omnes res ob$iunt illi1 qu&o f]tur 9 magnum excessum alicujus passionis1 vel virtutis1 9 tantum1 ut sup]et eos1 quos ligat4 ,radix ejusmodi ligationis ipsa e/ affectio anim vehem5s et ext]m9ata4 #caj ,de occulta philosophia1 lib4 #a1 c4 #ff4 #caa ,ibid4 c4 #fg4 #cab ,de occulta philosophia1 lib4 #a1 cc4 #ff1 #fg et #fh4 ,& likewise ,jul4 ,cs4 ,vann9us1 ,de admir4 natur arcan4 ,l4 iv4 dial4 #e1 #dce3 ,vehem5tem imag9ationem1 cui spiritus et sanguis ob$iunt1 rem m5te conceptam realit] effic]e1 non solum intra1 s$ et extra4#cac #cac ,ibid4 p4 #ddj3 ,addunt ,avic5n dictum3 ,ad validam alicujus imag9ationem cadit camelus4 ,ibid4 p4 #dgh1 speak+ ( *>ms3 fasc9atio ne quis cum muli]e coeat1 he says3 ,equidem 9 ,g]mania complures allocutus sum vulg>i cognom5to ,necromanti/as1 qui +5ue confessi sunt1 se firme satis cr$]e1 m]as fabulas esse op9iones1 qu de dmonibus vulgo circumf]untur1 aliquid tam5 ipsos op]>i1 vel vi h]b>um commov5do phantasiam1 vel vi imag9ationis et fidei vehem5tissim1 quam ipsorum nugacissimis confictis excantationibus adhib5t ign> muli]es1 quibus p]suad5t1 recitatis magna cum devotione aliquibus preculis1 /atim effici fasc9um1 qu>e cr$ul ex intimo cordis effundunt excantationes1 atque ita1 non vi v]borum1 neque c>act]um1 ut ips exi/imant1 s$ spiritibus#cad1 fasc9i inf]5di p]cupidis exsufflatis proximos effasc9ant4 ,h9c fit1 ut ipsi ,necromantici1 9 causa propria1 vel ali5a1 si soli s9t op]>ii1 nihil unquam mirabile pr/it]9t3 c>5t enim fide1 qu cuncta op]atur4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 #cad ,s*op5hau] has add$ to spiritibus 9 p>5!sis 7sc4 vitalibus et animalibus74 ,j s ,joh4 ,bapt4 ,van ,helmont1 :o takes great pa9s to expla9 away z mu* z possible ( ! ,devil's influ5ce1 9 ord] to attribute x to ! w4 ,i quote a few passages f ! volum9\s collection ( 8 works1 ,ortus ,m$ic93 ,recepta injecta4 #ab4 ,quum ho/is natur 7diabolus7 ipsam applicationem compl]e ex se nequeat1 suscitat ideam =tis desid]ii et odii 9 saga1 ut1 mutuatis i/is m5talibus et lib]is m$iis1 transf]at suum velle p] quod quodque affic]e int5dit4#cae ,quorsum imprimis etiam execrationes1 cum idea desid]ii et t]roris1 odiosissimis suis scr(is prscribit4-- #ac4 ,quippe desid]ium i/ud1 ut e/ passio imag9antis1 ita quoque creat ideam1 non quidem inanem1 s$ executivam atque incantam5ti motivam4-- #ai4 pr\t jam demon/ravi1 quod vis incantam5ti potissima p5deat ab idea naturali sag4 #cae ,d] ,teufel hat sie's zw> gelehrt2 ,alle9 d] ,teufel kann's ni*t ma*54--,fau/4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 ,de injectis mat]ialibus4 #ae4 ,saga1 p] ens naturale1 imag9ative =mat ideam lib]am1 naturalem et nocuam4444 ,sag op]antur virtute naturali4444 ,homo etiam dimittit m$ium aliud executivum1 emanativum et m&ativum ad incant&um hom9em2 quod m$ium e/ ,idea =tis desid]ii4 ,e/ nempe desid]io insep>abile f]ri circa optata4 ,de sympa!ticis m$iis4 #b4 ,ide scilicet desid]ii1 p] modum influ5ti>um cle/ium1 jaciuntur 9 proprium objectum1 utcunque localit] remotum4 ,diriguntur nempe a desid]io objectum sibi specificante4 ,de magnetica vuln]um curatione4 #gf4 ,igitur 9 sangu9e e/ qudam pote/as ex/atica1 qu1 si qu&o ard5ti desid]io excita fu]it1 etiam ad abs5s aliquod objectum1 ext]ioris hom9is spiritu d$uc5da sit3 ea autem pote/as 9 ext]iori hom9e latet1 velut 9 pot5tia2 nec ducitur ad actum1 nisi excitetur1 acc5sa imag9atione f]v5ti desid]io1 vel arte aliqua p>i4-- #ih4 ,anima1 prorsum spiritus1 nequaquam posset spiritum vitalem 7corporeum equidem71 multo m9us c>nem et ossa mov]e aut concit>e1 nisi vis illi qupiam naturalis1 magica tam5 et spiritualis1 ex anima 9 spiritum et corpus desc5d]et4 ,c$o1 quo pacto ob$iret spiritus corporeus jussui anim1 nisi jussus spiritum1 et de9ceps corpus mov5do =et8 ,at extemplo contra hanc magicam motricem objicies1 i/am esse intra concretum sibi1 suumque hospitium naturale1 idcirco hanc etsi magam vocitemus1 tantum erit nom9is detorsio et abusus1 siquidem v]a et sup]/itiosa magica non ex anima bas9 desumit2 cum eadem hc nil quidquam valeat1 extra corpus suum mov]e1 alt]>e aut ci]e4 ,respondeo1 vim et magicam illam naturalem anim1 qu extra se agat1 virtute imag9is ,dei1 lat]e jam obscuram 9 hom9e1 velut obdormire 7po/ prv>icationem71 excitationisque indigam3 qu eadem1 utut somnol5ta1 ac velut ebria1 alioqui sit 9 nobis quotidie3 sufficit tam5 ad obeunda munia 9 corpore suo3 dormit itaque sci5tia et pote/as magica1 et solo nutu actrix 9 hom9e4-- #ajb4 ,satan itaque vim magicam hanc excitat 7secus dormi5tem et sci5tia ext]ioris hom9is imp$itam7 9 suis mancipiis1 et ins]vit eadem illis1 ensis vice 9 manu pot5tis1 id e/ sag4 ,nec aliud prorsus ,satan ad homicidium aff]t1 prt] excitationem dict pote/atis somnol5t4-- #ajf4 ,saga 9 /abulo abs5te occidit equum3 virtus qudam naturalis a spiritu sag1 et non a ,satana1 d]ivatur1 qu opprimat vel /rangulet spiritum vitalem equi4-- #aci4 ,spiritus voco magnetismi patronos1 non qui ex clo demittuntur1 multoque m9us de inf]nalibus s]mo e/2 s$ de iis1 qui fiunt 9 ipso hom9e1 sicut ex silice ignis2 ex voluntate hom9is nempe aliquantillum spiritus vitalis influ5tis desumitur1 et id ipsum assumit idealem entitatem1 tanquam =mam ad complem5tum4 ,qua nacta p]fectione1 spiritus m$iam sortem int] corpora et non corpora assumit4 ,mittitur autem eo1 quo voluntas ipsum dirigit2 idealis igitur entitas 444 nullis /r+itur locorum1 temporum aut dim5sionum imp]iis1 ea nec dmon e/1 nec ejus ullus effectus2 s$ spiritualis qudam e/ actio illius1 nobis plane naturalis et v]nacula4-- #afh4 ,+5s my/]ium propal>e hact5us di/uli1 o/5d]e videlicet1 ad manum 9 hom9e sitam esse en]giam1 qua1 solo nutu et phantasia sua1 queat ag]e extra se et imprim]e virtutem aliquam1 influ5tiam de9ceps p]sev]antem1 et ag5tem 9 objectum longissime abs5s4 ,p4 ,pomponatius also says3 ,sic contigit1 tales esse hom9es1 qui habeant ejusmodi vires 9 pot5tia1 et p] vim imag9ativam et desid]ativam cum actu op]antur1 tales virtus exit ad actum1 et afficit sangu9em et spiritum1 qu p] evaporationem petunt ad extra et producunt tales effectus4#caf #caf ,de incantationibus4 ,op]a ,basil4 #aefg1 p4 #dd4 ,jane ,leade1 an ,engli% my/ic vision>y ( ,cromwell's "t & pupil ( ,pordage1 has giv5 u "s v curi\s disclosures ( ?is k9d4 ,%e is l$ to ,magic 9 a v s+ul> way4 ,=1 z ! doctr9e ( _! becom+ "o ) ! ,god ( _! religion is a fundam5tal *>act]i/ic ( all ,my/ics1 s is x ) ,jane ,leade also4 ,n[1 ) h] h[ev]1 ! human w has its %>e 9 ! omnipot5ce ( ! ,div9e w z a consequ5ce ( ! two hav+ become "o1 & accord+ly acquires magic p[]4 ,:at o!r magicians !re=e believe to be due to a compact ) ! ,devil1 %e attributes to h] becom+ "o ) h] ,god4 ,h] ,magic is !re=e 9 ! highe/ s5se ':ite ,magic4' ,besides1 ?is alt]s no?+ z to ! practice & results4 ,%e is res]v$ & my/]i\s1 z p _h to be 9 ^? times2 /ill x is easy to see t ! ?+ is n a m]e !oretical coroll>y1 b t x has sprung f k & exp]i5ce obta9$ 9 ano!r way4 ,x is 9 h] ,revelation ( ,revelations#cag t we f9d ! *ief passage2 b ! foll[+ "o1 :i* is r an abridgm5t ?an a lit]al quotation & is conta9$ 9 ,hor/'s ,zaub]biblio!k1#cah comes f ! same book3 ,magic p[] enables its possessor to rule ov] & to r5ew ! creation--i4e4 ! animal1 vegetable & m9]al k+doms--s t1 7 _m to co-op]ate 9 "o magical p[]1 ,nature might be creat$ anew z a p>adise4444 ,h[ is ?is magic p[] to be acquir$8 ,by r5asc5ce ?r\gh fai?3 t is1 by our w h>moniz+ ) ! div9e w4 ,= fai? subjects ! _w to u1 inasmu* z our own w1 :5 x is 9 h>mony ) ! div9e w1 results1 z ,/4 ,paul tells u1 9 mak+ ev]y?+ submit to & obey u4 ,?us f> ,hor/4--p4 #aca ( ! ,revelation1 c41 ,jane ,leade %[s t x 0 by ! =ce ( 8 w t ,*ri/ work$ miracles1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 he said to ! lep]3 ,i w2 be ?\ clean4 ,sometimes h[ev] he left x to ! w ( ^? :o1 he saw1 believ$ 9 him1 say+ to !m3 ',:at w ye t ,i %all d unto y8' 9 :i* cases no less 0 done = !m ?an !y _h desir$ 9 _! w t ! ,"l %\ld d4 ,^! words ( our ,savi\r's are well des]v+ ( notice1 s9ce ! highe/ ,magia lies 9 ! w1 s f> z x is 9 union ) ! w ( ! ,almighty3 :5 ^! two :eels fit into ea* o!r1 becom+ 9 a s5se "o1 !y are1 c4--,aga91 p4 #acb1 %e says3 ,= :at c\ld resi/ t :i* is unit$ ) ! w ( ,god8 ,! p[] ( su* a w is s great1 t x always a*ieves its end4 ,x is no nak$ w depriv$ ( its clo?+1 or p[]2 on ! contr>y1 x br+s ) x an irresi/ible omnipot5ce1 :i* enables x to uproot1 to plant1 to put to dea? & to br+ to life1 to b9d & to loose1 to heal & to injure1 :i* p[] w be collect$ & conc5trat$ 9 its entirety 9 ! royal1 free-born w4 ,( ?is p[] we %all atta9 k1 :5 we %all h be5 made "o ) ! ,holy ,gho/4 or :5 we %all be unit$ 9 "o _s & be+4--,aga91 p4 #acc3 ,we mu/ qu5* or dr[n altoge!r ! _m multif>i\s wills :i* arise out ( ! mix$ ess5ce ( s\ls1 & !y mu/ lose !mselves 9 ! abysmal dep? f :i* !re w !n arise & pres5t itself ! virg9 w1 :i* 0 nev] ! slave ( any?+ belong+ to deg5]ate man2 on ! contr>y1 x /&s 9 connection ) ! ,almighty ,p[]1 q free & pure1 & w infallibly produce fruits & results q simil> to ^? ( ! div9e w 444 :]efrom ! burn+ oil ( ! ,holy ,gho/ fl[s up 9 ,magic1 z x emits its fi]y sp>ks4 #cag ,g]man translation1 ,am/]dam1 #afie1 pp4 #abf to #aea1 especially ! pages head$ ! p[] ( calm w4 #cah ,hor/1 ,zaub]biblio!k 7,libr>y ( ,magic71 vol4 i4 p4 #cbe4 ,jacob ,bhme too#cai speaks ( ,magic precisely 9 ! s5se "h describ$4 ,among o!r ?+s he says3 ,magic is ! "m ( ! ess5ce ( all be+s3 = x creates itself & is und]/ood 9 desire4444 ,true ,magic is n a be+1 b ! desir+ _s ( ! be+4--,9 f9e3 ,magic is action 9 ! w's _s4 #cai ,j4 ,bhme1 ,erklrung von se*s ,punkt51 "u ,punkt v4 ,9 corroboration1 or at any rate 9 explanation1 ( ! above view ( ! w z ! real ag5t 9 magic1 a curi\s & int]e/+ anecdote1 relat$ by ,campanella1 f ,avic5na1 may "h f9d its place4#cbj ,muli]es qudam condix]unt1 ut ir5t animi gratia 9 virid>ium4 ,una e>um non ivit4 ,cet] collud5tes arangium accep]unt et p]=abant eum /ilis acutis1 dic5tes3 ita p]=amus muli]em talem1 qu nobiscum v5ire detrectavit1 et1 projecto arangio intra fontem1 abi]unt4 ,po/modum muli]em illam dol5tem inv5]unt1 quod se transfigi quasi clavis acutis s5tiret1 ab ea hora1 qua arangium cet]2 p]=>unt3 et cruciata e/ valde donec arangii clavos extrax]unt imprecantes bona et salutem4 #cbj ,campanella1 ,de s5su r]um et magia1 l4 iv4 c4 #ah4 ,krus5/]n#cba gives a v curi\s & m9ute description ( malefic5t sorc]y z practis$1 x is said successfully1 by ! prie/s ( ! savage tribes on ! isl& ( ,nukahiva1 ! proc$ure 9 :i* is exactly simil> to t ( our cures by *>ms4--,?is fact is especially rem>kable on acc\nt ( ! id5tity ( ! ?+1 not)/&+ ! di/ance f all ,european tradition4 ,) x ought to be comp>$ ,b5de ,b5ds5's acc\nt ( a heada*e he caus$ 9 ano!r p]son by sorc]y1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( "s ( t p]son's hair :i* _h be5 cut (f4 ,he concludes ) ! foll[+ words3 ,z f> z ,i c le>n1 :at is call$ wit*craft consi/s simply 9 prep>+ & apply+ noxi\s magnetic *>ms comb9$ ) a malefic5t influ5ce ( ! w3 ?is is ! dete/able league ) ,satan4#cbb #cba ,krus5/]n's words are3 ,a univ]sal belief 9 wit*craft1 :i* is held to be v important by all isl&]s1 seems to me to be connect$ ) _! religion2 = !y ass]t t ! prie/s alone possess magic p[]1 al?\gh "s ( ! common p also1 x is said1 pr(ess to h ! secret1 probably 9 ord] to make !mselves fe>$1 & to exact pres5ts4 ,?is sorc]y1 :i* !y call ,kaha1 consi/s 9 inflict+ a l+]+ dea? ^u ^? to :om !y be> a grudge1 tw5ty days be+ h[ev] fix$ z ! t]m = ?is4 ,!y g to "w z foll[s4 ,:oev] wi%es to practise rev5ge by means ( sorc]y1 seeks to procure ei!r saliva or ur9e or excrem5ts ( 8 enemy 9 "s way or o!r4 ,^! he mixes ) a p[d]1 lays ! comp\nd 9 a bag :i* is wov5 9 a special mann]1 & buries x4 ,! mo/ important secret is 9 ! art ( weav+ ! bag 9 ! "r way & ( prep>+ ! p[d]4 ,z soon z x is buri$1 ! effects %[ !mselves 9 ! p]son :o is ! object ( ?is wit*craft4 ,he sick5s1 becomes daily weak]1 loses at la/ all 8 /r5g?1 & 9 tw5ty days is sure to die4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 he attempts to div]t 8 enemy's rev5ge f himself by (f]+ up a pig1 or mak+ "s o!r valuable pres5t 9 ord] to save 8 life1 he may yet be sav$1 ev5 on ! n9ete5? day1 & no soon] is ! bag unburi$1 ?an ! attacks ( illness cease4 ,he recov]s gradually1 & aft] a few days is q re/or$ to heal?4--,reise um die ,welt4 ,ed4 9 #abmo1 #ahab1 ,"p i41 p4 #bdi et seq4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 #cbb ,kies]1 ,ar*iv fr ?i]is*5 ,magnetismus1 vol4 ix4 s4 i4 9 ! note1 pp4 #abh-acb4 ,! agreem5t ( all ^! writ]s1 n only among !mselves1 b ) ! convictions to :i* ,animal ,magnetism has l$ 9 latt] ye>s1 & f9ally ev5 ) :at might be conclud$ f my speculative doctr9e on ?is po9t1 is surely a mo/ rem>kable ph5om5on4 ,?is mu* is at any rate c]ta91 t at ! bottom ( all ! exp]im5ts1 successful or unsuccessful1 :i* h ev] be5 made 9 ,magic1 !re lies an anticipation ( my ,metaphysic4 ,= 9 !m is express$ ! consci\sness1 t ! causal law only connects ph5om5a1 :ile ! inn] nature ( ?+s rema9s indep5d5t ( x2 & also1 t if any direct influ5ce on ,nature be possible f )91 x c only take place ?r\gh ! w itself4 ,b ev5 if ,magic 7 to be rank$ z practical ,metaphysic1 accord+ to ,bacon's classification1 x is c]ta9 t no o!r !oretical ,metaphysic w\ld /& 9 ! "r relation to x b m9e1 by :i* ! _w is resolv$ into ,w & ,repres5tation4 ,! zeal\s cruelty ) :i* ,magic has always be5 p]secut$ by ! ,*ur* & to :i* ! papal malleus malefic>um be>s t]rible evid5ce1 seems n to h = its sole basis ! crim9al purposes (t5 associat$ ) ! practice ( ,magic or ! "p assum$ to be play$ by ! ,devil1 b r to proce$ p>tly f a vague =ebod+ & fe> le/ ,magic %\ld trace back its orig9al p[] to its true s\rce2 :]eas ! ,*ur* has assign$ to x a place outside ,nature4#cbc ,! dete/ation %[n by ! cauti\s cl]gy ( ,engl& t[>ds ,animal ,magnetism #cbd t5ds to confirm ?is supposition1 & also ! active zeal ) :i* !y oppose table-turn+1 :i* at any rate is h>mless1 yet :i*1 = ! same reason1 has be5 viol5tly assail$ by ! ana!mas ( ! ,fr5*1 & ev5 ( ! ,g]man1 cl]gy4#cbe #cbc ,!y sc5t some?+ ( ! ,nos habitat1 non t>t>a s$ nec sid]a cli3 ,spiritus 9 nobis qui viget1 illa facit4 7,n 9 ! heav5s x lives1 nor yet 9 hell2 ,! _s t does x all1 do? 9 u dwell47 ,comp>e ,johann ,beaumont1 ,hi/oris*-,physiologis*-und ,!ologis*] ,tractat von ,gei/]n1 ,ers*e9ung51 ,hex]ey5 und &]n ,zaub]-,hndeln1 ,halle im ,magdeburgis*51 #agba1 p4 #bha4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 #cbd ,comp>e ,p>]ga1 vol4 i4 p4 #beg 7#bnd ed4 vol4 i4 p4 #bhf74 #cbe ,on ! #d? ( ,augu/1 #ahef1 ! ,roman ,inquisition issu$ a circul> to all ! bi%ops1 9 :i* x call$ ^u !m 9 ! "n ( ! ,*ur* to use _! utmo/ influ5ce aga9/ ! practice ( ,animal ,magnetism4 ,! reasons = ?is are giv5 ) /rik+ want ( lucidity & great vagu5ess1 & ev5 "h & !re are n unmix$ ) falsehood2 & x is easy to see t ! ,*ur* is reluctant to own ! real reason4 ,?is circul> is publi%$ 9 ! ,tur9 ,j\rnal ( ,decemb]1 #ahef1 & aga9 9 ! ,fr5* ,univ]s1 & repr9t$ f ?is 9 ! ,j\rnal des ,dbats ( ,janu>y #crd1 #aheg4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 ,,s9ology4 ,no?+ p]haps po9ts m directly to a high degree ( civilization 9 ,*9a ?an ! almo/ incr$ible d5sity ( its population1 n[ rat$1 accord+ to ,gtzlaff1 at #cfg millions ( inhabitants4#cbf ,= :e!r we comp>e c\ntries or ages1 we f9d on ! :ole t civilization keeps pace ) population4 #cbf ,accord+ to a ,*9ese (ficial ,report on ! c5sus1 pr9t$ 9 ,pek91 & f\nd by ! ,engli% 9 ! ,*9ese ,gov]nor's palace on ent]+ ,canton1 ,*9a _h #cif millions ( inhabitants 9 #aheb1 & all[+ = a con/ant increase1 may n[ h #djj millions4 7,moniteur de la ,flotte1 end ( ,may1 #aheg47 ,! ,reports ( ! ,russian ,cl]ical ,mission 9 ,pek9 give ! returns ( #ahdb z #dad1fhg1jjj4 ,accord+ to ! tables publi%$ by ! ,russian ,embassy at ,pek91 ! population1 9 #ahdi1 am\nt$ to #dae millions4 7,po/-,zeitung1 #aheh47 ,add4 to #crd ed4 ,! p]t9aci\s zeal ) :i* ! ,jesuit mission>ies ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies /rove to inculcate _! own relatively new doctr9es into ! m9ds ( ?is v anci5t nation1 & _! futile endeav\rs to discov] e>ly traces ( _! own fai? 9 t c\ntry1 left !m no "t = a pr(\nd /udy ( ! belief :i* prevails !re4 ,!re=e ,europe has only lately obta9$ "s slight k ( ! religi\s /ate ( ! ,*9ese4 ,we n[ "k1 t is to say1 t 9 ,*9a !re exi/s fir/ ( all a wor%ip ( ,nature1 :i* is univ]sally pr(ess$1 & dates f ! e>lie/ times1 ev51 x is alleg$1 f be=e ! discov]y ( fire1 :]e=e animals 7 sacrific$ raw4 ,! sacrifices (f]$ up publicly at c]ta9 seasons or aft] great ev5ts by ! ,*9ese ,emp]or & ! *ief dignit>ies ( ! ,empire1 belong to ?is wor%ip4 ,^! sacrifices are d$icat$ fir/ & =emo/ to ! blue sky & to ! e>?--to ! blue sky 9 ! w9t] sol/ice1 to ! e>? 9 ! summ] sol/ice--&1 aft] ^!1 to e possible p[] ( ,nature3 ! sea1 m\nta9s1 riv]s1 w9ds1 ?und]1 ra91 fire1 c4 c4 ,a g5ius presides ov] ea* ( ^!1 & ea* g5ius has sev]al temples4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ea* g5ius presid+ ov] e s+le prov9ce1 t[n1 village1 or /reet1 nay ov] family fun]als & ev5 sometimes ov] a m]*ant's w>eh\se1 has also temples2 only1 9 ! two la/ cases !y are de/9$ exclusively = private wor%ip4 ,b public wor%ip is besides (f]$ up to =m] illu/ri\s ,emp]ors1 f\nd]s ( dyna/ies & to h]oes1 i4e4 to all su* z h b5efit$ 7,*9ese7 mank9d by ^w or de$4 ,ev5 ^! h _! temples3 ,confucius alone hav+ no less ?an #a1fej d$icat$ to him4 ,?is !re=e acc\nts = ! great numb] ( small temples f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,empire4 ,) ?is h]o-wor%ip too1 is associat$ ! private wor%ip (f]$ up by e respectable family on ! tombs ( _! ance/ors4--,n[ besides ?is wor%ip ( ,nature & ( h]oes1 :i* is univ]sal1 !re are ?ree o!r prevail+ religi\s doctr9es 9 ,*9a1 m ) a dogmatical int5t4 ,fir/ among ^! is ! doctr9e ( ,taossee1 f\nd$ by ,laotse1 an old] contempor>y ( ,confucius4 ,?is is ! doctr9e ( ,reason1 z ! inn] ord] ( ! ,univ]se or inh]5t pr9ciple ( all ?+s1 ( ! great ,"o1 ! sublime ,gable-,beam 7,taiki7 :i* supports all ! ,raft]s1 yet is above !m 7prop]ly ! all-p]vad+ ,s\l ( ! ,_w7 & ( ,tao1 i4e4 ! ,way1 namely to salvation3 t is1 to r$emption f ! _w & its mis]y4 ,we h an exposition ( ?is doctr9e tak5 f ! f\nta9-head 9 ,/anislas ,juli5's translation 7#ahdb7 ( ,laotse's ,taotek+1 9 :i* we f9d t ! ,tao-doctr9e completely h>monizes ) ,buddhism bo? 9 mean+ & 9 _s4 ,?is sect h[ev] seems to h fall5 v mu* into ! backgr\nd1 & its tea*]s to be n[ look$ d[n ^u4--,secondly1 we f9d ! wisdom ( ,confucius1 :i* has special attractions = ,*9ese savants & /atesm54 ,judg+ f translations1 x is a rambl+1 commonplace1 pr$om9antly political1 moral philosophy1 )\t any metaphysical support1 :i* has some?+ peculi>ly insipid & tiresome ab\t x4--,f9ally1 !re exi/s = ! bulk ( ! nation ,buddha's sublime doctr9e full ( love4 ,! "n1 or r title1 ( ,buddha 9 ,*9a is ,fo or ,fhu1 :il/ 9 ,t>t>y ! ,victori\sly-,p]fect is m frequ5tly call$ by 8 family-"n1 ,%akia-,muni1 & also ,burkhan-,bak%i2 9 ,birma & ,ceylon1 he is g5]ally call$ ,gtama or ,tagtata1 b 8 orig9al "n 0 ,pr9ce ,siddh>ta4#cbg ,?is religion :i*1 on acc\nt ( its intr9sic excell5ce & tru?1 z well z ( ! great numb] ( its foll[]s1 may be consid]$ z rank+ highe/ among all religions on e>?1 prevails ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ,asia1 & accord+ to ! late/ inve/igator1 ,sp5ce ,h>dy1 numb]s #cfi millions ( believ]s3 t is1 f> m ?an any o!r4--,^! ?ree religions1 ! mo/ widely diffus$ ( :i*1 ,buddhism1 subsi/s )\t any protection :atev] f ! ,/ate1 by its own p[] alone--a circum/ance :i* speaks greatly 9 its fav\r--are f> f be+ ho/ile to "o ano!r1 & exi/ quietly side by side1 nay1 h>monize ev5 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 p]haps by reciprocal influ5ce1 s t ! s5t5ce3 ,! ?ree doctr9es are only "o1 has become prov]bial4 ,! ,emp]or1 z su*1 pr(esses all ?ree2 /ill _m ( ! ,emp]ors1 ev5 up to ! mo/ rec5t times1 h be5 especially devot$ to ,buddhism4 ,?is is %[n by _! pr(\nd respect = ! ,dala-,lama1 nay1 ev5 = ! ,te%oo-,lama1 to :om !y unhesitat+ly yield prec$5ce4--,^! ?ree religions are nei!r mono!i/ic nor poly!i/ic1 nor are !y ev5 pan!i/ic--,buddhism1 at any rate1 is n2 s9ce ,buddha did n look ^u a _w sunk 9 s9 & suff]+1 ^: t5ants1 all subject to dea?1 only subsi/ = a %ort "t by dev\r+ ea* o!r1 z a manife/ation ( ,god4 ,moreov] ! ^w ,pan!ism1 prop]ly speak+1 conta9s a contradiction2 = x d5otes a self-de/roy+ conception1 & has !re=e nev] be5 und]/ood o!rwise ?an z a polite t]m ( expression by ^? :o "k :at s]i\sness means4 ,x accord+ly nev] ent]$ into ! heads ( ! clev]1 acute philosoph]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 n to take ,sp9oza = an ,a!i/1 on acc\nt ( 8 hav+ call$ ! _w ,deus2 on ! contr>y1 ?is discov]y 0 res]v$ = ! %am philosoph]s ( our own times1 :o "k no?+ b words3 !y ev5 pique !mselves on ! a*ievem5t & accord+ly talk ab\t ,acomism1 ! wags6 ,b ,i w\ld humbly sugge/ leav+ _! mean+s to words--9 %ort1 call+ ! _w1 ! _w2 & gods gods4 #cbg ,= ! b5efit ( ^? :o wi% to acquire a full] k ( ,buddhism1 ,i "h note d[n ^? works belong+ to its lit]ature1 & writt5 9 ,european languages1 :i* ,i c really recomm5d1 = ,i possess !m & "k !m well2 ! omission ( a few o!rs1 = in/ance ( ,hodgson's & ,a4 ,rmusat's books1 is int5tional4 #a4 ,dsanglun1 or ! ,sage & ! ,fool1 9 ,tibetan & ,g]man1 by ,i4 ,j4 ,s*midt1 ,pet]sburg1 #ahdc1 #b vols4 9 #dto1 conta9s 9 ! preface to vol4 i4 7i4e4 ! ,tibetan volume71 f pp4 xxxi to xxxviii1 a v brief1 b excell5t1 sket* ( ! :ole doctr9e1 admirably calculat$ = a fir/ introduction to ! k ( x3 ! :ole book ev51 z a "p ( ! ,k&%ur 7canonical books71 may be recomm5d$4--#b4 ,9 ! ,memor&a ( ! ,academy ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg are to be f\nd sev]al lectures by ! same excell5t au?or 7,i4 ,j4 ,s*midt71 :i* 7 deliv]$ 9 ,g]man 9 t ,academy 9 #ahbi-ahcb4 ,z !y are ( v great value = ! k ( ?is religion1 x is to be hop$ t !y w be collect$ & publi%$ all toge!r 9 ,g]many4--#c4 ,by ! same writ]3 ,=s*ung5 b] die ,tibet] und ,mongol54 ,pet]sb4 #ahbi1 9 #dto4 7,inve/igations conc]n+ ! ,tibetans & ,mongols74--#d4 ,by ! same writ]3 b] die ,v]w&ts*aft d] gno/is*-!osophis*5 ,lehr5 mit dem ,buddhaismus1 #ahbh4 7,on ! relation betwe5 ! ,gno/ic-,!osophic ,doctr9es & ,buddhism47--#e4 ,by ! same3 ,ges*i*te d] ,o/-,mongol51 ,pet]sb4 #ahbi1 9 #dto4 7,hi/ory ( ! ,ea/]n ,mongols47 ,?is is v in/ructive1 especially ! explanations & app5dix1 :i* give long extracts f writ+s on ,religion1 9 :i* _m passages cle>ly %[ ! deep mean+ & brea! ! g5u9e _s ( ,buddhism4--,add4 to #crd ed4--#f4 ,two treatises by ,s*iefn] 9 ,g]man1 9 ! ,mlanges ,asiatiques tirs du ,bullet9 ,hi/orico-,philol4 de l',acad4 d4 ,/4 ,pt]sburg1 ,tome #a1 #ahea4--g4 ,samuel ,turn]'s j\rney to ! ,c\rt ( ! ,te%oo-,lama 7at ! end71 #ahja4--h4 ,bo*+]1 ,la ,vie asctique *ez les ,ind\s et les ,b\ddhi/es1 ,/rasb\rg1 #ahca4--i4 ,9 ! #g? vol4 ( ! ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 #ahbe1 an extremely beautiful biography ( ,buddha by ,de%aut]ayes4--#aj4 ,b\rn\f1 ,introd1 l',hi/1 d4 ,b\ddhisme1 vol4 i4 9 #dto1 #ahdd4--aa4 ,rgya ,t%] ,rolpa1 traduit du ,tibta91 p> ,f\caux1 #ahdh1 9 #dto4 ,?is is ! ,lalita ,vi/>a1 i4e4 life ( ,buddha1 ! gospel ( ! ,buddhi/s4--#ab4 ,foe ,k\e ,ki1 relation des royaumes ,b\ddhiques1 traduit du ,*9ois p> ,abel ,rmusat1 #ahcf1 9 #dto4--#ac4 ,description du ,tubet1 traduit du ,*9ois en ,russe p> ,bit*\r91 et du ,russe en ,franais p> ,klapro?1 #ahca4--ad4 ,klapro?1 ,fragm5ts ,b\ddhiques1 pr9t$ sep>ately f ! ,n\veau ,j\rnal ,asiatique1 ,m>s1 #ahca4--ae4 ,spiegel1 ,de (ficiis sac]dotum ,buddhicorum1 ,palice et ,lat9e1 #ahda4--af4 ,! same au?or's ,anecdota ,palica1 #ahde4--ag4 ,dhammapadam1 palice edidet et lat9e v]tit ,fausbll1 ,hovni1 #ahee4--;,add4 to #crd ed4--#ah4 ,asiatic ,rese>*es1 vol4 vi4 ,bu*anan1 ,on ! ,religion ( ! ,burmas1 & vol4 xx4 7,calcutta1 #ahci71 ,"p #b1 conta9s ?ree important articles by ,csoma ,krsi1 includ+ ,analyses ( ! ,books ( ! ,k&%ur4--#ai4 ,sang]mano1 ,! ,burmese ,empire1 ,rome1 #ahcc4--bj4 ,turn\r1 ,! ,mahawanzo1 ,ceylon1 #ahcf4--ba4 ,upham1 ,! ,mahavansi1 ,raja ,ratnac>i et ,rajavali1 #c vols4 #ahcc4--bb4 ejusd4 ,doctr9e ( ,buddhism1 #ahci1 fol4--#bc4 ,sp5ce ,h>dy1 ,ea/]n ,mona*ism1 #ahej4--bd4 ejusd4 ,manual ( ,buddhism1 #ahec4 ,! two la/ books1 writt5 aft] a tw5ty ye>s' /ay 9 ,ceylon & f oral in=mation suppli$ by ! prie/s !re1 h giv5 me a deep] insight into ! ess5ce ( ! ,buddhi/ dogma ?an any o!r "w4 ,!y des]ve to be translat$ into ,g]man1 b )\t abridgem5t1 = o!rwise ! be/ "p might be left out4--#be4 ,c4 ,f4 ,kpp51 ,die ,religion des ,buddha1 #aheg1 a complete comp5dium ( ,buddhism1 compil$ n only ) great erudition & s]i\s indu/ry b also ) intellig5ce & insight f all ! o!r works ,i h m5tion$ above & f _m m besides1 :i* conta9s all t is ess5tial on ! subject4--#bf4 ,! ,life ( ,buddha1 f ! ,*9ese ( ,palladji1 9 ! ,ar*iv fr wiss5s*aftli*e ,kunde von ,russl&1 edit$ by ,erman1 vol4 xv4 ,heft #a1 #ahef4--;,add4 to #crd ed4 ,9 _! endeav\rs to acquire k ( ! /ate ( ,religion 9 ,*9a1 ,europeans began z usual1 & z ! ,greeks & ,romans "u simil> circum/ances _h done1 by fir/ se>*+ = po9ts ( contact ) _! own belief4 ,n[ z1 9 _! own way ( ?9k+1 ! conceptions ( ,religion & ( ,!ism 7 almo/ id5tifi$1 or at any rate _h gr[n toge!r s closely1 t !y c\ld only be sep>at$ ) great difficulty2 z moreov]1 till a m accurate k ( ,asia _h rea*$ ,europe1 ! v errone\s op9ion _h be5 dissem9at$--= ! purpose ( argum5t e cons5su g5tium--t all nations on e>? wor%ip a s+le1 or at any rate a highe/1 ,god1 ,creator ( ! ,univ]se3#cbh :5 !y f\nd !mselves 9 a c\ntry :]e temples1 prie/s & mona/]ies ab\nd$1 !y />t$ f ! firm assumption t ,!ism w\ld also be f\nd !re1 ?\gh 9 "s v unusual =m4 ,on see+ ^! expectations disappo9t$ h[ev]1 & on f9d+ t ! v conceptions ( su* ?+s1 let alone ! words to express !m1 7 unkn[n1 x 0 b natural1 consid]+ ! _s 9 :i* _! inquiries 7 made1 t _! fir/ reports ( ^! religions %\ld ref] r to :at !y did n1 ?an to :at !y did1 conta94 ,besides1 = _m reasons1 x c be no easy task = ,european heads to ent] fully into ! s5se ( ^! fai?s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y are br\ght up 9 ,optimism1 :]eas 9 ,asia1 exi/5ce itself is look$ ^u z an evil & ! _w z a sc5e ( mis]y1 :]e x 7 bett] n to f9d oneself4 ,ano!r reason is to be f\nd 9 ! decid$ ,idealism :i* is ess5tial to ,buddhism & to ,h9dooism3 a view only kn[n 9 ,europe z a p>adox h>dly wor? a s]i\s ?\ght1 advanc$ by c]ta9 ecc5tric philosoph]s2 :]eas 9 ,asia x is ev5 embodi$ 9 popul> belief4 ,= 9 ,h9doo/an x prevails univ]sally z ! doctr9e ( ,maja1 & 9 ,?ibet1 ! *ief seat ( ! ,buddhi/ ,*ur*1 x is taught 9 an extremely popul> way1 a religi\s com$y be+ p]=m$ on occasions ( special solemnity1 9 :i* ! ,dala-,lama is repres5t$ argu+ ) ! ,ar*-fi5d4 ,! =m] def5ds ,idealism1 ! latt] ,realism1 & among o!r ?+s ! ,devil says3 ,:at is p]ceiv$ ?r\gh ! five s\rces ( all k 7! s5ses71 is no deception1 & :at y tea* is n true4 ,aft] a long argum5tation ! matt] is decid$ by a ?r[ ( ! dice3 ! ,reali/ 7! ,devil7 loses1 & is dismiss$ amid g5]al je]+4#cbi ,keep+ ?is fundam5tal diff]5ce 9 ! :ole way ( ?9k+ /eadily 9 view1 we %all f9d x n only excusable1 b ev5 natural1 t 9 _! inve/igation ( ! ,asiatic religions ,europeans %\ld at fir/ h /opp$ %ort at ! negative /&-po9t2 ?\gh1 prop]ly speak+1 x has no?+ to d ) ! matt]4 ,we !re=e f9d a great deal ref]r+ to ?is negative /&-po9t :i* 9 no way advances our positive k2 x all h[ev] am\nts to ?is3 t ,mono!ism--an exclusively ,jewi% doctr9e1 to be sure--is ali5 to ,buddhi/s & 9 g5]al to ! ,*9ese4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! ,lettres difiantes#ccj we f9d3 ,! ,buddhi/s1 ^: views on ! migration ( s\ls are univ]sally adopt$1 are accus$ ( ,a!ism4 ,9 ! ,asiatic ,rese>*es 7vol4 vi4 p4 #bee7 we f9d3 ,! religion ( ! ,birmans 7,buddhism7 %[s !m to be a nation f> advanc$ beyond ! b>b>ism ( a wild /ate & greatly influ5c$ by religi\s op9ions1 b :i* nev]!less has no k ( a ,supreme ,be+1 ,creator & ,pres]v] ( ! _w4 ,yet ! sy/em ( morality recomm5d$ 9 _! fables is p]haps z good z any o!r taught by ! religi\s doctr9es :i* prevail among mank9d4--,& aga91 p4 #beh3 ,! foll[]s ( ,gtama 7i4e4 ( ,buddha7 are /rictly speak+ ,a!i/s4--,ibid41 p4 #beh3 ,gtama's sect consid] ! belief 9 a div9e ,be+1 ,creator ( ! _w1 to be highly impi\s4--,ibid41 p4 #bfh1 ,bu*anan relates1 t ,atuli1 ! ,z>ado or ,high-,prie/ ( ! ,buddhi/s at ,ava1 9 an article ^u 8 religion :i* he pres5t$ to a ,ca?olic bi%op1 c\nt$ ! doctr9e1 t !re is a ,be+ :o has creat$ ! _w & all ?+s 9 x & is alone wor?y ( adoration1 among ! six damnable h]esies4 ,sang]mano relates precisely ! same ?+1#cca & closes ! li/ ( ! six grave h]esies ) ! words3 ,! la/ ( ^! impo/ors taught1 t !re is a ,supreme ,be+1 ! ,creator ( ! _w & ( all ?+s 9 x1 & t he alone is wor?y ( adoration4 ,colebrooke too says3#ccb ,! sects ( ,ja9a1 & ,buddha are really a!i/ic1 = !y ackn[l$ge no ,creator ( ! _w1 nor any ,supreme rul+ ,provid5ce4--,i4 ,j4 ,s*midt#ccc likewise says3 ,! sy/em ( ,buddhism kn[s no et]nal1 uncreat$1 s+le1 div9e ,be+1 hav+ exi/$ be=e all ,"t1 :o has creat$ all t is visible & invisible4 ,?is idea is q =eign to ,buddhism & !re is n ! slighte/ trace ( x any:]e 9 ,buddhi/ic books4--,we f9d ! le>n$ s9ologi/ ,morrison too#ccd n less desir\s to discov] traces ( a ,god 9 ! ,*9ese dogmas & ready to put ! mo/ fav\rable con/ruction ^u ev]y?+ :i* seems to po9t 9 t direction2 yet he is f9ally oblig$ to own t no?+ ( ! k9d c be cle>ly discov]$4 ,:]e he expla9s ! words ,?ung & ,ts+1 i4e4 repose & movem5t1 z t on :i* ,*9ese cosmogony is bas$1 he r5ews ?is inquiry & concludes x ) ! words3 ,x is p]haps impossible to acquit ?is sy/em ( ! accusation ( ,a!ism4--,& ev5 rec5tly ,upham#cce says3 ,buddhism pres5ts to u a _w )\t a moral rul]1 guide or creator4 ,! ,g]man s9ologi/ ,neumann too1 says 9 8 treatise#ccf m5tion$ fur!r on3 ,9 ,*9a1 :]e nei!r ,mahometans nor ,*ri/ians f\nd a ,*9ese ^w to express ! !ological conception ( ! ,deity4444 ,! words ,god1 s\l1 _s1 z indep5d5t ( ,matt] & rul+ x arbitr>ily1 are utt]ly unkn[n 9 ! ,*9ese language4444 ,?is range ( ideas has become s completely "o ) ! language itself1 t ! fir/ v]se ( ! book ( ,g5esis _c )\t consid]able circumlocution be translat$ into g5u9e ,*9ese4--,x 0 ?is v ?+ t l$ ,sir ,george ,/aunton to publi% a book 9 #ahdh entitl$3 ,an ,inquiry into ! prop] mode ( r5d]+ ! ^w ,god 9 translat+ ! ,sacr$ ,scriptures into ! ,*9ese language4#ccg #cbh ,?is is equival5t to imput+ to ! ,*9ese ! ?\ght1 t all pr9ces on e>? are tribut>y to _! ,emp]or4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 #cbi ,description du ,tubet1 traduite du ,*9ois en ,russe p> ,bit*\r91 et du ,russe en ,franais p> ,klapro?1 ,p>is1 #ahca1 p4 #fe4 ,also 9 ! ,asiatic ,j\rnal new s]ies1 vol4 i4 p4 #ae4 ,kpp51 ,die ,lamais*e ,hi]>*ie1 p4 #cae4--;,add4 to #crd ed4 #ccj ,lettres difiantes1 dit4 de #ahai1 vol4 viii4 p4 #df4 #cca ,description ( ! ,burman ,empire1 ,rome4 #ahcc4 p4 #ha4 #ccb ,colebrooke1 ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 vol4 i42 ,essay on ! ,philosophy ( ! ,h9doos1 publi%$ also among 8 ,miscellane\s ,essays1 p4 #bcf4 #ccc ,inve/igations conc]n+ ! ,tibetans & ,mongols1 p4 #ahj4 #ccd ,morrison1 ,*9ese ,diction>y1 ,macao1 #ahae1 & foll[+ ye>s1 vol4 i4 p4 #bag4 #cce ,upham1 ,hi/ory & ,doctr9e ( ,buddhism1 ,london1 #ahbi1 p4 #ajb4 #ccf ,neumann1 ,die ,natur-und ,religions-,philosophie d] ,*9es51 na* d5 ,w]k5 des ,tehu-hi1 pp4 #aj1 #aa4 #ccg ,! foll[+ acc\nt giv5 by an ,am]ican sea-capta91 :o _h come to ,japan1 is v amus+ f ! navet ) :i* he assumes t mank9d consi/s exclusively ( ,jews4 ,= ! ,times ( ! #ah? ,octob]1 #ahed1 relates t an ,am]ican %ip1 "u comm& ( ,capta9 ,burr1 _h arriv$ 9 ,j$do ,bay1 & gives 8 acc\nt ( ! fav\rable reception he met ) !re1 at ! end ( :i* we f9d3 ,he likewise ass]ts ! ,japanese to be a nation ( ,a!i/s1 d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( a ,god & select+ z an object ( wor%ip ei!r ! spiritual ,emp]or at ,meaco1 or any o!r ,japanese4 ,he 0 told by ! int]pret]s t =m]ly _! religion 0 simil> to t ( ,*9a1 b t ! belief 9 a supreme ,be+ has latt]ly be5 entirely disc>d$--7?is is a mi/ake7--& he pr(ess$ to be mu* %ock$ at ,deejunoskee 7a slightly ,am]icanis$ ,japanese71 decl>+ 8 belief 9 ! ,deity4 ,add4 to #crd ed4 ,my int5tion 9 giv+ ! above quotations & explanations1 is m]ely to prep>e ! way = ! extremely rem>kable passage1 :i* x is ! object ( ! pres5t *apt] to communicate1 & to r5d] t passage m intelligible to ! read] by fir/ mak+ him realize ! /&po9t f :i* ^! inve/igations 7 made1 & ?us ?r[+ light ^u ! relation betwe5 !m & _! subject4 ,= ,europeans1 :5 inve/igat+ ?is matt] 9 ,*9a 9 ! way & 9 ! _s describ$1 always inquir+ = ! supreme pr9ciple ( all ?+s1 ! p[] t rules ! _w1 c4 c41 _h (t5 be5 ref]r$ to t :i* is designat$ by ! ^w ,ti5 7,engl4 ,t'hen74 ,n[1 ! m usual mean+ ( ?is ^w is ,heav51 z ,morrison also says 9 8 diction>y2 /ill x is a well-kn[n ?+ t ,ti5 is us$ 9 a figurative s5se also1 & !n has a metaphysical signification4 ,9 ! ,lettres difiantes#cch we f9d ! foll[+ explanation3 ,h+-ti5 is ! mat]ial1 visible heav52 ,*9-ti5 ! spiritual & invisible heav54 ,sonn]at too1#cci 9 8 travels 9 ,ea/-,india & ,*9a1 says3 ,:5 ! ,jesuits disput$ ) ! re/ ( ! mission>ies z to ! mean+ ( ! ^w ,ti51 :e!r x 0 ,heav5 or ,god1 ! ,*9ese look$ ^u ^! =eign]s z re/less folk & drove !m away to ,macao4 ,x 0 at any rate ?r\gh ?is ^w t ,europeans c\ld fir/ hope to f9d ! track ( t ,analogy ( ,*9ese ,metaphysic ) _! own fai?1 :i* _h be5 s p]si/5tly s\ght =2 & x 0 d\btless ow+ to inve/igations ( ?is k9d t ! results we f9d communicat$ 9 an ,essay entitl$ ,*9ese ,!ory ( ! ,creation 7 atta9$4#cdj ,z to ,*oo-foo-tze1 call$ also ,*oo-hi1 :o is m5tion$ 9 x1 ,i obs]ve t he liv$ 9 ! twelf? c5tury accord+ to our *ronology1 & t he is ! mo/ celebrat$ ( all ! ,*9ese m5 ( le>n+2 because he has collect$ toge!r all ! wisdom ( 8 pr$ecessors & r$uc$ x to a sy/em4 ,8 "w is 9 our days ! basis ( all ,*9ese in/ruction1 & 8 au?ority ( ! greate/ weight4 ,9 ! passage ,i allude to1 we f9d3 ,! ^w ,te51 w\ld seem to d5ote '! highe/ among ! great' or 'above all :at is great on e>?3' b 9 practice its vagu5ess ( signification is beyond all comp>ison great]1 ?an t ( ! t]m ,heav5 9 ,european languages4444 ,*oo-foo-tze tells u t 'to affirm1 t heav5 has a man 7i4e4 a sapi5t be+7 !re to judge & det]m9e crimes1 %\ld n by any means be said2 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 mu/ x be affirm$1 t !re is no?+ at all to ex]cise a supreme control ov] ^! ?+s4' #cch dition de1 #ahai1 vol4 xi4 p4 #dfa4 #cci ,book iv4 *4 i4 #cdj ,to be f\nd 9 ! ,asiatic ,j\rnal1 vol4 xxii4 anno #ahbf1 pp4 #da & #db4 ,! same au?or be+ ask$ ab\t ! he>t ( heav51 :e!r x 0 intellig5t or n1 answ]$3 x mu/ n be said t ! m9d ( nature is un9tellig5t1 b x does n resemble ! cogitations ( man4444 ,accord+ to "o ( _! au?orities1 ,te5 is call'd rul] or sov]eign 7,*oo71 f ! idea ( ! supreme control1 & ano!r expresses himself ?us3 ,_h heav5 7,te57 no design+ m9d1 !n x mu/ happ51 t ! c[ might br+ =? a horse1 & on ! pea*-tree be produc$ ! blossom ( ! pe>4' ,on ! o!r h& x is said1 t ! m9d ( ,heav5 is d$ucible f :at is ! ,w ( mank9d6 ,! agreem5t betwe5 ?is la/ s5t5ce & my doctr9e is s /rik+ & s a/oni%+1 t if ?is passage _h n be5 pr9t$ full eight ye>s aft] my own "w _h appe>$1 ,i %\ld no d\bt h be5 accus$ ( hav+ tak5 my fundam5tal ?\ght f x4 ,= !re are ?ree well-kn[n modes ( repell+ ! attack ( new ?\ghts3 fir/ly1 by ignor+ !m1 secondly by d5y+ !m1 & la/ly by ass]t+ t !y are n new1 b 7 kn[n long be=e4 ,b ! fact t my fundam5tal ?\ght 0 =m$ q indep5d5tly ( ?is ,*9ese au?ority1 is firmly e/abli%$ by ! reasons ,i h giv52 = ,i may hope to be believ$ :5 ,i affirm1 t ,i am unacqua9t$ ) ! ,*9ese language & consequ5tly unable to d]ive ?\ghts = my own use f orig9al ,*9ese s\rces unkn[n to o!rs4 ,on fur!r inve/igation ,i h elicit$ ! fact1 t ! passage ,i h quot$1 0 mo/ probably1 nay almo/ c]ta9ly1 tak5 f ,morrison's ,*9ese ,diction>y1 :]e x may be f\nd "u ! sign ,ten3 only ,i h no opportunity ( v]ify+ x4#cda--;,9 an article by ,neumann#cdb !re are "s passages :i* h evid5tly a common s\rce ) ^? "h quot$ f ! ,asiatic ,j\rnal4 ,b !y are writt5 ) ! vagu5ess ( expression :i* is s frequ5t 9 ,g]many1 & excludes cle> compreh5sion4 ,besides1 ?is translator ( ,*oo-hi evid5tly did n himself q und]/& ! orig9al2 ?\gh by ?is no blame ne$ be impli$1 :5 we consid] ! enorm\s difficulty ( ! ,*9ese language = ,europeans1 & ! insuffici5cy ( ! means = /udy+ x4 ,mean:ile x does n give u ! enlight5m5t desir$4 ,we mu/ !re=e console ourselves ) ! hope1 t z a fre] int]c\rse ) ,*9a has n[ be5 e/abli%$1 "s ,engli%man may "o day give u m m9ute & ?or\gh in=mation conc]n+ ! above-m5tion$ dogma1 ( :i* we h hi!rto receiv$ su* deplorably imp]fect acc\nts4 #cda ,a note ( ,s*op5hau]'s ref]r+ to ?is says3--,accord+ to lett]s f ,doss 7a fri5d ( ,s4's71 dat$ #bf? ,febru>y & #h? ,june1 #aheg1 ! passages ,i h "h quot$ are to be f\nd 9 ,morrison's ,*9ese ,diction>y1 ,macao1 #ahae1 vol4 i4 p4 #egf1 "u ,ten1 al?\gh 9 a slightly diff]5t ord]1 9 ne>ly ! same words4 ,! important passage at ! end alone diff]s & is z foll[s3 ',heav5 makes ! m9d ( mank9d its m9d3 9 mo/ anci5t discussions respect+ ,heav51 its m9d1 or w1 0 div9$ 7x /&s ?us1 & n d]iv$7 f :at 0 ! w ( mank9d4'--,neumann translat$ ?is passage = ,doss1 indep5d5tly ( ,morrison's r5d]+1 & ! end 03 ',?r\gh ! he>t ( ! p ,heav5 is usually reveal$4' ,editor's ,note4 #cdb ,neumann1 ,die ,natur-und ,religions-,philosophie d] ,*9es51 na* dem ,w]ke des ,ts*u-hi1 an article 9 ,illg5's ,p]iodical = ,hi/orical ,!ology1 vol4 vii4 #ahcg1 f pp4 #fj to #fc4 ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,e?ics4 ,= reasons ,i h /at$ 9 ! beg9n+1 confirmations ( ! re/ ( my doctr9e are exclud$ f my pres5t task4 ,/ill1 9 conclud+1 ,i may p]haps be all[$ to make a g5]al ref]5ce to ,e?ics4 ,f "t immemorial1 all nations h ackn[l$g$ t ! _w has a moral1 z well z a physical1 import4 ,ev]y:]e nev]!less ! matt] 0 only br\ght to an indi/9ct consci\sness1 :i*1 9 seek+ = its adequate expression1 has clo!d itself 9 v>i\s images & my?s4 ,^! are ! diff]5t ,religions4 ,philosoph]s1 on _! side1 h at all times endeav\r$ to atta9 cle> compreh5sion ( ! ?+ &1 not)/&+ _! diff]5ces 9 o!r respects1 all1 except+ ! /rictly mat]iali/ic1 philosophical sy/ems1 agree 9 ?is "o po9t3 t :at is mo/ important1 nay1 alone ess5tial1 9 our :ole exi/5ce1 t on :i* ev]y?+ dep5ds1 ! real mean+1 pivot or po9t 7sit v5ia v]bo7 ( x1 lies 9 ! morality ( human actions4 ,b z to ! s5se ( ?is1 z to ! ways & means1 z to ! possibility ( ! ?+1 !y all aga9 q disagree1 & f9d !mselves be=e an abyss ( obscurity4 ,?us x foll[s1 t x is easy to prea*1 b difficult to f\nd1 morality4 ,x is j because t po9t is det]m9$ by our consci5ce1 t x becomes ! t\*/one ( all sy/ems2 s9ce we dem&1 & rightly dem&1 t ,metaphysic %\ld give support to ,e?ics3 & n[ arises ! difficult problem to %[ t1 contr>y to all exp]i5ce1 ! physical ord] ( ?+s dep5ds ^u a moral "o1 & to f9d out a connection betwe5 ! =ce :i*1 by act+ accord+ to et]nal laws ( ,nature1 gives ! _w /ability1 & ! morality :i* has its seat 9 ! human brea/4 ,?is is !re=e ! rock on :i* ! be/ ?9k]s h f\nd]$4 ,sp9oza occasionally tacks a moral !ory on to 8 ,pan!i/ic ,fatalism by means ( sophisms1 b m (t5 leaves morality t]ribly 9 ! lur*4 ,kant1 :5 !oretical ,reason is exhau/$1 s5ds 8 ,categorical ,imp]ative1 labori\sly work$ out ( m]e conceptions1#cdc on ! /age1 z deus ex ma*9a1 ) an absolute ought4 ,b ! mi/ake he made by x only became q cle> :5 ,fi*te1 :o always took outbidd+ = outdo+1 _h spun x out ) ,*ri/ian ,wolfian prolixity & we>isom5ess to a complete sy/em ( moral fatalism 9 8 ,sy/em ( ,moral ,doctr9e1 & subsequ5tly pres5t$ x m briefly 9 8 la/ pamphlet4#cdd #cdc ,see my prize-essay ,on ! ,fundam5t ( ,morality1 #f4 #cdd ,die ,wiss5s*aftslehre 9 allgeme95 ,umrisse 7,! ,doctr9e ( ,sci5ce 9 a g5]al outl9e71 #ah1 #aj4 ,n[1 f ?is po9t ( view1 a sy/em :i* places ! reality ( all exi/5ce & ! root ( ! :ole ( ,nature 9 ! ,w1 & 9 ?is w places ! root ( ! _w1 mu/ und5iably c>ry ) x1 to say ! lea/1 a /rong prejudice 9 its fav\r4 ,=1 by a direct & simple way1 x rea*es1 nay1 already holds 9 its h& be=e com+ to ,e?ics1 :at o!r sy/ems try to rea* by r\ndab\t1 ev] dubi\s by-pa?s4 ,nor inde$ c any o!r road ev] lead to ?is b ! insight1 t ! active & impulsive =ce 9 ,nature :i* pres5ts ?is p]ceptible _w to our intellect1 is id5tical ) ! w )9 u4 ,! only ,metaphysic :i* really & imm$iately supports ,e?ics1 is t "o :i* is itself prim>ily e?ical & con/itut$ out ( ! mat]ial ( ,e?ics4 ,!re=e ,i _h a f> great] "r to call my ,metaphysic ,e?ics1 ?an ,sp9oza1 ) :om ! ^w s\nds almo/ l irony1 & ^: ,e?ics might be said to be> ! "n l lucus a non luc5do2 s9ce x is only by means ( sophi/ry t he has be5 able to tack 8 morality on to a sy/em1 f :i* x w\ld nev] logically proce$4 ,9 g5]al1 moreov]1 he disav[s x d[nright ) revolt+ assurance4#cde ,on ! :ole1 ,i c confid5tly ass]t1 t !re has nev] yet be5 a philosophical sy/em s entirely cut out ( "o piece1 s completely )\t any jo9s or pat*es1 z m9e4 ,z ,i h said 9 my preface1 x is ! unfold+ ( a s+le ?\ght1 by :i* ! anci5t #cdf is aga9 confirm$4 ,!n we mu/ /ill take into consid]ation "h1 t fre$om & responsibility--^? pill>s on :i* all morality re/s--c c]ta9ly be ass]t$ 9 words )\t ! assumption ( ! aseity#cdg ( ! w2 b t x is absolutely impossible to ?9k !m )\t x4 ,:oev] wi%es to dispute ?is1 mu/ fir/ invalidate ! axiom1 /at$ long ago by ! ,s*oolm53 op]>i sequitur esse 7i4e4 ! acts ( ea* be+ foll[ f ! nature ( t be+71 or we mu/ demon/rate ! fallacy ( ! inf]5ce to be drawn f x3 unde esse1 inde op]>i4 ,responsibility has = its condition fre$om2 b fre$om has = its condition prim>9ess4 ,= ,i w accord+ to :at ,i am2 !re=e ,i mu/ be accord+ to :at ,i w4 ,aseity ( ! w is !re=e ! fir/ condition ( any ,e?ics bas$ on s]i\s ?\ght1 & ,sp9oza is "r :5 he says3 ,ea res lib]a dicetur1 qu ex sola su natur necessitate exi/it1 et a se sola ad ag5dum det]m9atur4#cdh ,dep5d5ce1 z to exi/5ce & nature1 unit$ ) fre$om z to action1 is a contradiction4 ,7 ,prome!us to call ! creatures ( 8 mak+ to acc\nt = _! actions1 !y w\ld be q ju/ifi$ 9 answ]+3 ,we c\ld only act accord+ to our be+3 = actions arise f nature4 ,if our actions 7 bad1 ! fault lay 9 our nature3 ?is is ?9e own "w2 puni% ?yself4#cdi ,& x is j ! same ) ! imp]i%abl5ess ( our true be+ 9 dea?2 = ?is _c be s]i\sly ?\ght )\t ! aseity ( t be+1 & c ev5 h>dly be conceiv$ )\t a fundam5tal sep>ation ( ! w f ! intellect4 ,?is la/ po9t is peculi> to my philosophy2 b ,ari/otle _h already prov$ ! fir/ ?or\ghly1 by %[+ at l5g? h[ t alone c be imp]i%able :i* has n aris51 & t ! two conceptions condition ea* o!r3#cej 1 1 4444 4-- 1 #cea 7hc mutuo se sequuntur1 atque +5]abile e/ incorruptibile1 et incorruptibile +5]abile4444 g5]abile enim et corruptibile mutuo se sequuntur4--si g5]abile e/1 et corruptibile esse necesse e/74 ,all ^? among ! anci5t philosoph]s :o taught an immortality ( ! s\l1 und]/ood x 9 ?is way2 nor did x ent] into ! head ( any ( !m to assign inf9ite p]man5ce to a be+ hav+ aris5 9 any way4 ,we h evid5ce ( ! emb>rassm5t to :i* ! contr>y assumption leads1 9 ! ecclesia/ical controv]sy betwe5 ! advocates ( ,pre-exi/5ce1 ,creation & ,traduction4 #cde ,= in/ance1 ,e?4 iv4 prop4 #cg1 ,s*ol4 #b4 #cdf ,! language ( tru? is simple4 ,tr4's add4 #cdg ,self-exi/5ce2 self-dep5d5ce4 #cdh ,e?4 i4 def4 #g4 ,tr4 #cdi ,comp>e ,p>]ga1 i4 p4 #aae1 et seqq4 7p4 #acc ( #bnd ed474 #cej ,ari/ot4 ,de ,clo1 i4 #ab4 #cea ,^! two g toge!r1 ! uncreat$ is imp]i%able1 & ! imp]i%able is uncreat$4444 ,= ! creat$ & ! p]i%able g toge!r4444 ,if a ?+ is creat$ x is necess>ily p]i%able4 ,tr4 ,! ,optimism moreov] ( all philosophical sy/ems is a po9t closely alli$ to ,e?ics :i* mu/ nev] fail 9 any ( !m1 z 9 duty b\nd3 = ! _w likes to he> t x is comm5dable & excell5t1 & philosoph]s l to please ! _w4 ,) me x is diff]5t3 ,i h se5 :at pleases ! _w1 & !re=e %all n sw]ve a /ep f ! pa? ( tru? 9 ord] to please x4 ,?us 9 ?is po9t also my sy/em v>ies f all ! o!rs & /&s by itself4 ,b :5 all ! o!rs h complet$ _! demon/rations to ! song ( ! be/ ( worlds1 q at ! la/1 at ! backgr\nd ( ! sy/em1 l a t>dy av5g] ( ! mon/]1 l a _s f ! tomb1 l ! /atue 9 ,don ,juan1 !re comes ! "q z to ! orig9 ( evil1 ( ! mon/r\s1 nameless evil1 ( ! awful1 he>tr5d+ mis]y 9 ! _w3--& "h !y are spee*less1 or c only f9d words1 empty1 sonor\s words1 ) :i* to settle ?is heavy reckon+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a sy/em1 9 ^: basis already ! exi/5ce ( evil is int]wov5 ) ! exi/5ce ( ! _w1 ne$ n fe> t app>ition any m ?an a vacc9at$ *ild ne$ fe> ! smallpox4 ,n[ ?is is ! case :5 fre$om is plac$ 9 ! esse in/ead ( 9 ! op]>i & s91 evil & ! _w !n proce$ f t esse4--,moreov] x is fair to let me1 z a s]i\s man1 only speak ( ?+s :i* ,i really "k & only make use ( words to :i* ,i atta* a q def9ite mean+2 s9ce ?is alone c be communicat$ ) security to o!rs1 & ,vauv5>gues is q "r 9 say+3 la cl>t e/ la bonne foi des philosophes4 ,!re=e if ,i use ! words ',w1 ,w to live1' ?is is no m]e ens rationis1 no hypo/asis set up by me1 nor is x a t]m ( vague1 unc]ta9 mean+2 on ! contr>y1 ,i ref] him1 :o asks :at x is1 to 8 own inn] self1 :]e he w f9d x entire1 nay1 9 colossal dim5sions1 z a true ens realissimum4 ,i h accord+ly n expla9$ ! _w out ( ! unkn[n1 b r out ( t :i* is bett] kn[n ?an any?+1 & kn[n to u moreov] 9 q a diff]5t way f all ! re/4 ,z to ! p>adoxical "* f9ally1 ) :i* ! ascetic results ( my ,e?ics h be5 reproa*$1 ^! results _h giv5 umbrage ev5 to ,jean ,paul1 o!rwise s fav\rably dispos$ t[>ds me1 & _h induc$ ,h]r ,rtze also 7n kn[+ t ! only c\rse to be adopt$ aga9/ me 0 sil5ce7 to write a book aga9/ me 9 #ahbj1 ) ! be/ int5tions4 ,!y h s9ce become ! /&+ rock ( (f5ce 9 my philosophy2 b ,i beg my read]s to take into consid]ation1 t x is only 9 ?is nor?-we/]n portion ( ! anci5t cont95t1 & ev5 "h only 9 ,prote/ant c\ntries1 t ! t]m p>adoxical c be appli$ to su* ?+s2 :]eas ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( va/ ,asia--ev]y:]e inde$1 :]e ! dete/able doctr9e ( ,islam has n prevail$ ov] ! anci5t & pr(\nd ,religions ( mank9d by d9t ( fire & sword--!y w\ld r h to fe> ! reproa* ( be+ commonplace4 ,i console myself !re=e ) ! ?\ght t1 :5 ref]r$ to ! ,upani%ads ( ! ,sacr$ ,v$as1 my ,e?ics are q or?odox1#ceb & t ev5 ) primitive1 g5u9e ,*ri/ianity !y /& 9 no contradiction4 ,z to all o!r accusations ( h]esy1 ,i am well arm\r$ & my brea/ is =tifi$ ) triple /eel4 #ceb ,i ref] ^? :o may wi% to be briefly1 yet ?or\ghly1 in=m$ on ?is po9t1 to ! late ,pa/eur ,bo*+]'s "w3 ,la vie contemplative1 asctique et mona/ique *ez les peuples ,b\ddhi/es1 ,/rasb\rg1 #ahca4 ,,conclusion4 ,! und\bt$ly /rik+ confirmations record$ 9 ?is treatise1 :i* h be5 contribut$ to my doctr9e by ! ,empirical ,sci5ces s9ce its fir/ appe>ance1 b indep5d5tly ( x1 w unque/ionably h be5 foll[$ by _m m3 = h[ small is ! portion :i* ! individual c f9d "t1 opportunity & pati5ce to become acqua9t$ )1 ( ! bran* ( lit]ature d$icat$ to ,natural ,sci5ce :i* is s actively cultivat$ 9 all languages6 ,ev5 :at ,i h "h m5tion$ h[ev]1 inspires me ) confid5ce t ! "t = my philosophy is rip5+2 & x is ) he>tfelt joy t ,i see ! ,empirical ,sci5ces gradually come =w>d 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 z witnesses above suspicion1 to te/ify to ! tru? ( a doctr9e1 conc]n+ :i* a politic1 inviolable sil5ce has be5 ma9ta9$ = sev5te5 ye>s by our philosoph]s by pr(ession 7"s ( !m give !mselves ?is *>act]i/ic "n1 nay ev5 t ( philosoph]s by trade72 s t x _h be5 left to ,jean ,paul1 :o 0 ignorant ( _! tactics1 to draw att5tion to x4 ,= x may h appe>$ to !m a delicate matt] to praise x1 &1 on due consid]ation1 !y may h ?\ght x n altoge!r safe to blame x ei!r1 & may h judg$ x unnecess>y besides to %[ ! public1 z belong+ nei!r to ! pr(ession nor to ! trade1 t x is q possible to philosophize v s]i\sly )\t be+ ei!r un9telligible or we>isome4 ,:y compromise !mselves !re=e ) x1 s9ce no "o betrays himself by sil5ce & ! fav\rite secretive me?od 0 ready at h&1 ! approv$ specific aga9/ m]it2 ?is mu* 0 besides soon agre$ ^u3 t1 consid]+ ! circum/ances ( ! times1 my philosophy did n possess ! "r qualifications = be+ taught pr(essionally4 ,n[ ! true1 ultimate aim ( all philosophy1 ) !m1 is to be taught pr(essionally1--s mu* & s truly is x s1 t 7 ,tru? to come d[n />k nak$ f l(ty ,olympus1 b 7 :at %e br\ght ) h] n f\nd to correspond to ! requirem5ts call$ = by ! circum/ances ( ! times1 or to ! purposes ( _! mighty sup]iors1 ^! g5tlem5 ( ! pr(ession & trade w\ld v]ily wa/e no "t ) ! indec5t nymph1 b w\ld ha/5 to b[ h] out aga9 to h] ,olympus1 !n place ?ree f+]s on _! lips & return quietly to _! comp5dia4 ,= assur$ly he :o makes love to ?is nude beauty1 to ?is fasc9at+ syr51 to ?is portionless bride1 w h to =ego ! good =tune ( becom+ a ,gov]nm5t & ,univ]sity pr(essor4 ,he may ev5 congratulate himself if he becomes a g>ret-philosoph]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 8 audi5ce w consi/1 n ( hungry und]graduates anxi\s to turn _! le>n+ to acc\nt1 b r ( ^? r>e1 select ?9k]s1 ?9ly spr9kl$ among ! c\ntless multitude1 :o arise f "t to "t1 almo/ z a freak ( ,nature4 ,& a grateful po/]ity is beckon+ f af>4 ,b !y c h no idea ( ! beauty & lovel9ess ( ,tru?1 ( ! delight !re is 9 pursu+ h] track1 ( ! rapture 9 possess+ h]1 :o c imag9e t anyone :o has once look$ h] 9 ! face c ev] des]t1 d5y1 or di/ort h] = ! sake ( ! v5al approval1 ( ! (fices1 ( ! money or ! titles ( su* p4 ,bett] to gr9d spectacle-glasses l ,sp9oza or draw wat] l ,clean!s4 ,h5ce=? !y may take :atev] c\rse !y l3 ,tru? w n *ange h] nature to accommodate ! trade4 ,s]i\s philosophy has n[ really outgr[n ,univ]sities1 :]e ,sci5ce /&s "u ,/ate-gu>dian%ip4 ,x may h[ev] "s day p]haps come to be c\nt$ among ! occult sci5ces2 :ile ! spuri\s k9d1 t ancilla !ologi 9 ,univ]sities1 t inf]ior c\nt]feit ( ,s*ola/icism1 = :i* ! highe/ crit]ion ( philosophical tru? lies 9 ! c\ntry cate*ism1 w make our ,lecture-halls d\bly re-e*o4--,y1 t way3 we1 ?is way4--#cec #cec ,%akespe>e1 ,love's ,lab\r's ,lo/4 ,,*iswick ,,press3--,c4 ,,:itt+ham ,,& ,,co41 ,,tooks ,,c\rt1 ,,*anc]y ,,lane4 ,,an ,,alphabetical ,,li/ ,,( ,,books ,,conta9$ ,,9 ,,bohn',s ,,libr>ies4 ,detail$ ,catalogue1 arrang$ accord+ to ! v>i\s ,libr>ies1 w be s5t on application4 ,,addison',s ,works4 ,) ! ,notes ( ,bi%op ,hurd1 ,portrait1 & #h ,plates ( ,m$als & ,co9s4 ,edit$ by ,h4 ,g4 ,bohn4 #f vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,s*ylus1 ,! ,dramas (4 ,translat$ into ,engli% ,v]se by ,anna ,swanwick4 #d? ,edition1 revis$4 #es4 ---- ,! ,trag$ies (4 ,translat$ into ,prose by ,t4 ,a4 ,buckley1 ,b4,a4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,all5',s 7,joseph1 ,r4 ,n47 ,battles ( ! ,briti% ,navy4 ,revis$ ,edition1 ) #eg ,/eel ,engrav+s4 #b vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,ammianus ,,m>cell9us4 ,hi/ory ( ,rome dur+ ! ,reigns ( ,con/antius1 ,julian1 ,jovianus1 ,val5t9ian1 & ,val5s4 ,translat$ by ,pr(4 ,c4 ,d4 ,yonge1 ,m4,a4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,&]s5',s ,dani% ,leg5ds & ,fairy ,tales4 ,translat$ by ,c>ol9e ,pea*ey4 ,) #abj ,wood ,engrav+s4 #es4 ,,anton9us 7,m4 ,aurelius71 ,! ,?\ghts (4 ,trans4 lit]ally1 ) ,notes & ,introduction by ,george ,long1 ,m4,a4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,apollonius ,,rhodius4 ',! ,argonautica4' ,translat$ by ,e4 ,p4 ,col]idge1 ,b4,a4 #es4 ,,appian',s ,roman ,hi/ory4 ,translat$ by ,horace ,:ite1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,) ,maps & ,illu/rations4 #b vols4 #fs4 ea*4 ,,apuleius1 ,! ,works (4 ,compris+ ! ,gold5 ,ass1 ,god ( ,socrates1 ,florida1 & ,disc\rse ( ,magic4 #es4 ,,ario/o',s ,orl&o ,furioso4 ,translat$ into ,engli% ,v]se by ,w4 ,s4 ,rose4 ,) ,portrait1 & #bd ,/eel ,engrav+s4 #b vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,ari/ophanes' ,com$ies4 ,translat$ by ,w4 ,j4 ,hickie4 #b vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,ari/otle',s ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics4 ,translat$1 ) ,introduction & ,notes1 by ! ,v5]able ,ar*deacon ,br[ne4 #es4 ---- ,politics & ,economics4 ,translat$ by ,e4 ,wal=d1 ,m4,a41 ) ,introduction by ,dr4 ,gillies4 #es4 ,,ari/otle',s ,metaphysics4 ,translat$ by ! ,rev4 ,john ,h4 ,m',mahon1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ---- ,hi/ory ( ,animals4 ,trans4 by ,ri*>d ,cresswell1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ---- ,organon2 or1 ,logical ,treatises1 & ! ,introduction ( ,porphyry4 ,translat$ by ! ,rev4 ,o4 ,f4 ,ow51 ,m4,a4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ---- ,rhetoric & ,poetics4 ,trans4 by ,t4 ,buckley1 ,b4,a4 #es4 ,,arrian',s ,anabasis ( ,alex&]1 toge!r ) ! ,indica4 ,translat$ by ,e4 ,j4 ,*9nock1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,) ,maps & ,plans4 #es4 ,,a!n,,u4 ,! ,deipnosophi/s2 or1 ! ,banquet ( ! ,le>n$4 ,trans4 by ,pr(4 ,c4 ,d4 ,yonge1 ,m4,a4 #c vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,bacon',s ,moral & ,hi/orical ,works1 includ+ ! ,essays1 ,apoph!gms1 ,wisdom ( ! ,anci5ts1 ,new ,atlantis1 ,h5ry ,,vii41 ,h5ry ,,viii41 ,elizabe?1 ,h5ry ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 ,hi/ory ( ,great ,brita91 ,julius ,cs>1 & ,augu/us ,cs>4 ,edit$ by ,j4 ,devey1 ,m4,a4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,novum ,organum & ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+4 ,edit$ by ,j4 ,devey1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,bass',s ,lexicon to ! ,greek ,te/am5t4 #bs4 ,,bax',s ,manual ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 = ! use ( ,/ud5ts4 ,by ,e4 ,bel=t ,bax4 #es4 ,,beaumont & ,,flet*]1 _! f9e/ ,sc5es1 ,lyrics1 & o!r ,beauties1 select$ f ! :ole ( _! works1 & edit$ by ,leigh ,hunt4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,be*/e9',s ,cage & ,*amb] ,birds1 _! ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,habits1 ,food1 ,diseases1 & ,modes ( ,capture4 ,translat$1 ) consid]able additions on ,/ructure1 ,migration1 & ,economy1 by ,h4 ,g4 ,adams4 ,toge!r ) ,,sweet ,,briti% ,,w>bl]s4 ,) #dc col\r$ ,plates & ,woodcut ,illu/rations4 #es4 ,,b$e',s 7,v5]able7 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory ( ,engl&4 ,toge!r ) ! ,,anglo-,,saxon ,,*ronicle4 ,edit$ by ,j4 ,a4 ,giles1 ,d4,c4,l4 ,) ,map4 #es4 ,,bell 7,sir ,*>les74 ,! ,anatomy & ,philosophy ( ,expression1 z connect$ ) ! ,f9e ,arts4 ,by ,sir ,*>les ,bell1 ,k4,h4 #g? edition1 revis$4 #es4 ,,b]keley 7,george71 ,bi%op ( ,cloyne1 ,! ,works (4 ,edit$ by ,george ,sampson4 ,) ,biographical ,introduction by ! ,"r ,hon4 ,a4 ,j4 ,balf\r1 ,m4,p4 #c vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,bion4 ,see ,,!ocritus4 ,,bj,,rnson',s ,arne & ! ,fi%] ,lassie4 ,translat$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,l[1 ,m4,a4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,blair',s ,*ronological ,tables ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,compreh5d+ ! ,*ronology & ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w1 f ! ,e>lie/ ,times to ! ,russian ,treaty ( ,peace1 ,april #ahef4 ,by ,j4 ,will\ghby ,rosse4 ,d\ble vol4 #ajs4 ---- ,index ( ,dates4 ,compreh5d+ ! pr9cipal ,facts 9 ! ,*ronology & ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w1 alphabetically arrang$2 be+ a complete ,index to ,blair's ,*ronological ,tables4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,rosse4 #b vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,bleek1 ,introduction to ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,by ,fri$ri* ,bleek4 ,edit$ by ,johann ,bleek & ,adolf ,kamphaus54 ,translat$ by ,g4 ,h4 ,v5ables1 "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,rev4 ,canon ,v5ables4 #b vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,boe?ius',s ,consolation ( ,philosophy4 ,k+ ,alfr$'s ,anglo-,saxon ,v]sion (4 ,) a lit]al ,engli% ,translation on opposite pages1 ,notes1 ,introduction1 & ,gloss>y1 by ,rev4 ,s4 ,fox1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,bohn',s ,diction>y ( ,poetical ,quotations4 #d? edition4 #fs4 ,,bohn',s ,h&books ( ,games4 ,new edition4 ,9 #b vols41 ) num]\s ,illu/rations #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,vol4 ,i4--,,table ,,games3--,billi>ds1 ,*ess1 ,draughts1 ,backgammon1 ,dom9oes1 ,solitaire1 ,rev]si1 ,g-,bang1 ,r\ge et ,noir1 ,r\lette1 ,e4,o41 ,haz>d1 ,f>o4 ,vol4 ,,ii4--,,c>d ,,games3--,:i/1 ,solo ,:i/1 ,pok]1 ,piquet1 ,ec>t1 ,eu*re1 ,bzique1 ,cribbage1 ,loo1 ,v+t-et-un1 ,napoleon1 ,newm>ket1 ,pope ,joan1 ,speculation1 c41 c4 ,,bond',s ,a ,h&y ,book ( ,rules & ,tables = v]ify+ ,dates ) ! ,*ri/ian ,era1 c4 ,giv+ an acc\nt ( ! ,*ief ,eras & ,sy/ems us$ by v>i\s ,nations2 ) ! easy ,me?ods = det]m9+ ! ,correspond+ ,dates4 ,by ,j4 ,j4 ,bond4 #es4 ,,bonomi',s ,n9eveh & its ,palaces4 #g ,plates & #bid ,woodcut ,illu/rations4 #es4 ,,boswell',s ,life ( ,johnson1 ) ! ,,t\r ,,9 ,,! ,,hebrides & ,,johnsoniana4 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,napi]1 ,m4,a4 ,) ,frontispiece to ea* vol4 #f vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,br&',s ,popul> ,antiquities ( ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel&4 ,arrang$1 revis$1 & greatly enl>g$1 by ,sir ,h5ry ,ellis1 ,k4,h41 ,f4,r4,s41 c41 c4 #c vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,brem]',s 7,fr$]ika7 ,works4 ,translat$ by ,m>y ,h[itt4 #d vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,bridgwat] ,,treatises4 ,bell 7,sir ,*>les7 on ! ,h&4 ,) num]\s ,woodcuts4 #es4 ,kirby on ! ,hi/ory1 ,habits1 & ,in/9cts ( ,animals4 ,edit$ by ,t4 ,rym] ,jones4 ,) upw>ds ( #ajj ,woodcuts4 #b vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,kidd on ! ,adaptation ( ,ext]nal ,nature to ! ,physical ,condition ( ,man4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,*alm]s on ! ,adaptation ( ,ext]nal ,nature to ! ,moral & ,intellectual ,con/itution ( ,man4 #es4 ,,br9k 7,b4 t57 ,e>ly ,engli% ,lit]ature4 ,by ,b]nh>d t5 ,br9k4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,to ,wyclif4 ,translat$ by ,horace ,m4 ,k5n$y4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,wyclif1 ,*auc]1 ,e>lie/ ,drama ,r5aissance4 ,translat$ by ,w4 ,cl>ke ,rob9son1 ,ph4,d4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,f ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury to ! ,dea? ( ,surrey4 ,edit$ by ,dr4 ,alois ,br&l4 ,trans4 by ,l4 ,dora ,s*mitz4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,five ,lectures on ,%akespe>e4 ,trans4 by ,julia ,frankl94 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,br[ne',s 7,sir ,?omas7 ,works4 ,edit$ by ,simon ,wilk94 #c vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,burke',s ,works4 #h vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,i4--,v9dication ( ,natural ,society--,essay on ! ,sublime & ,beautiful1 & v>i\s ,political ,miscellanies4 ,,ii4--,reflections on ! ,fr5* ,revolution--,lett]s relat+ to ! ,bri/ol ,election--,spee* on ,fox's ,ea/ ,india ,bill1 c4 ,,iii4--,appeal f ! ,new to ! ,old ,:igs--,on ! ,nabob ( ,arcot's ,debts--,! ,ca?olic ,claims1 c4 ,,iv4--,report on ! ,affairs ( ,india1 & ,articles ( ,*>ge aga9/ ,w>r5 ,ha/+s4 ,v4--,conclusion ( ! ,articles ( ,*>ge aga9/ ,w>r5 ,ha/+s--,political ,lett]s on ! ,am]ican ,w>1 on a ,regicide ,peace1 to ! ,empress ( ,russia4 ,,vi4--,miscellane\s ,spee*es--,lett]s & ,fragm5ts--,abridgm5ts ( ,engli% ,hi/ory1 c4 ,) a ,g5]al ,index4 ,,vii4 ,,viii4--,spee*es on ! ,impea*m5t ( ,w>r5 ,ha/+s2 & ,lett]s4 ,) ,index4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ---- ,life4 ,by ,sir ,j4 ,prior4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,burney',s ,evel9a4 ,by ,frances ,burney 7,mme4 ,d',arblay74 ,) an ,introduction & ,notes by ,a4 ,r4 ,ellis4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,cecilia4 ,) an ,introduction & ,notes by ,a4 ,r4 ,ellis4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,burn 7,r47 ,anci5t ,rome & its ,neighb\rhood4 ,an ,illu/rat$ ,h&book to ! ,ru9s 9 ! ,city & ! ,campagna1 = ! use ( ,travell]s4 ,by ,rob]t ,burn1 ,m4,a4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations1 ,maps1 & ,plans4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,burns 7,rob]t71 ,life (4 ,by ,j4 ,g4 ,lockh>t1 ,d4,c4,l4 ,a new & enl>g$ ,edition4 ,revis$ by ,william ,scott ,d\glas4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,burton',s 7,rob]t7 ,anatomy ( ,melan*oly4 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,r4 ,%illeto1 ,m4,a4 ,) ,introduction by ,a4 ,h4 ,bull51 & full ,index4 #c vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,burton 7,sir ,r4 ,f47 ,p]sonal ,n>rative ( a ,pilgrimage to ,al-,mad9ah & ,meccah4 ,by ,capta9 ,sir ,ri*>d ,f4 ,burton1 ,k4,c4,m4,g4 ,) an ,introduction by ,/anley ,lane-,poole1 & all ! orig9al ,illu/rations4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,?is is ! copyright edition1 conta9+ ! au?or's late/ notes4 ,,butl]',s 7,bi%op7 ,analogy ( ,religion1 ,natural & ,reveal$1 to ! ,con/itution & ,c\rse ( ,nature2 toge!r ) two ,diss]tations on ,p]sonal ,id5tity & on ! ,nature ( ,virtue1 & ,fifte5 ,s]mons4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,butl]',s 7,samuel7 ,hudibras4 ,) ,v>iorum ,notes1 a ,biography1 ,portrait1 & #bh ,illu/rations4 #es4 ---- or1 fur!r ,illu/rat$ ) #fj ,outl9e ,portraits4 #b vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,c,,s>4 ,comm5t>ies on ! ,gallic & ,civil ,w>s4 ,translat$ by ,w4 ,a4 ,mc,devitte1 ,b4,a4 #es4 ,,camo5s' ,lusiad2 or1 ! ,discov]y ( ,india4 ,an ,epic ,poem4 ,translat$ by ,w4 ,j4 ,mickle4 #e? ,edition1 revis$ by ,e4 ,r4 ,hodges1 ,m4,c4,p4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,c>afas 7,!7 ( ,maddaloni4 ,naples "u ,spani% ,dom9ion4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man ( ,alfr$ de ,reumont4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,c>lyle',s ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,edit$ by ,j4 ,holl& ,rose1 ,litt4,d4 ,illus4 #c vols4 #es4 ea*4 ---- ,s>tor ,res>tus4 ,) #ge ,illu/rations by ,edmund ,j4 ,sullivan4 #es4 ,,c>p5t]',s 7,dr4 ,w4 ,b47 ,zoology4 ,revis$ ,edition1 by ,w4 ,s4 ,dallas1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,) v num]\s ,woodcuts4 ,vol4 ,i4 #fs4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 out ( pr9t4 ,,c>p5t]',s ,me*anical ,philosophy1 ,a/ronomy & ,horology4 #aha ,woodcuts4 #es4 ---- ,vegetable ,physiology & ,sy/ematic ,botany4 ,revis$ ,edition1 by ,e4 ,lanke/] ,m4,d41 c4 ,) v num]\s ,woodcuts4 #fs4 ---- ,animal ,physiology4 ,revis$ ,edition4 ,) upw>ds ( #cjj ,woodcuts4 #fs4 ,,ca/le 7,e47 ,s*ools & ,ma/]s ( ,f5ce1 f ! ,middle ,ages to ! ,end ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury4 ,by ,eg]ton ,ca/le1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,) a ,complete ,bibliography4 ,illu/rat$ ) #adj ,reproductions ( ,old ,engrav+s & #f ,plates ( ,swords1 %[+ #aad ,examples4 #fs4 ,,catt]mole',s ,ev5+s at ,haddon ,hall4 ,) #bd ,engrav+s on ,/eel f designs by ,catt]mole1 ! ,lett]press by ! ,b>oness de ,c>abella4 #es4 ,,catullus1 ,tibullus1 & ! ,vigil ( ,v5us4 ,a ,lit]al ,prose ,translation4 #es4 ,,cell9i 7,b5v5uto74 ,memoirs (1 writt5 by ,himself4 ,translat$ by ,?omas ,roscoe4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,c]vantes' ,don ,quixote de la ,man*a4 ,motteaux's ,translation revis$4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ---- ,galatea4 ,a ,pa/oral ,romance4 ,translat$ by ,g4 ,w4 ,j4 ,gyll4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,exempl>y ,novels4 ,translat$ by ,walt] ,k4 ,kelly4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,*auc]',s ,poetical ,works4 ,edit$ by ,rob]t ,bell4 ,revis$ ,edition1 ) a ,prelim9>y ,essay by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,w4 ,skeat1 ,m4,a4 #d vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,*ess ,,congress ( #ahfb4 ,a ,collection ( ! ,games play$4 ,edit$ by ,j4 ,lw5?al4 #es4 ,,*evreul on ,col\r4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* by ,*>les ,m>tel4 ,?ird ,edition1 ) ,plates1 #es42 or ) an additional s]ies ( #af ,plates 9 ,col\rs1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,*ill+wor?',s ,religion ( ,prote/ants4 ,a ,safe ,way to ,salvation4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,*9a1 ,pictorial1 ,descriptive1 & ,hi/orical4 ,) ,map & ne>ly #ajj ,illu/rations4 #es4 ,,*ronicles ,,( ,,! ,,crusades4 ,contempor>y ,n>ratives ( ! ,crusade ( ,ri*>d ,cur de ,lion1 by ,ri*>d ( ,devizes & ,ge(frey de ,v9sauf2 & ( ! ,crusade at ,/4 ,l\is1 by ,"l ,john de ,jo9ville4 #es4 ,,cic]o',s ,orations4 ,translat$ by ,pr(4 ,c4 ,d4 ,yonge1 ,m4,a4 #d vols4 #es4 ea*4 ---- ,lett]s4 ,translat$ by ,evelyn ,s4 ,%uckburgh4 #d vols4 #es4 ea*4 ---- ,on ,oratory & ,orators4 ,) ,lett]s to ,qu9tus & ,brutus4 ,translat$ by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,s4 ,watson1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ---- ,on ! ,nature ( ! ,gods1 ,div9ation1 ,fate1 ,laws1 a ,republic1 ,consul%ip4 ,translat$ by ,pr(4 ,c4 ,d4 ,yonge1 ,m4,a41 & ,francis ,b>ham4 #es4 ---- ,academics1 ,de ,f9ibus1 & ,tusculan ,que/ions4 ,by ,pr(4 ,c4 ,d4 ,yonge1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ---- ,(fices2 or1 ,moral ,duties4 ,cato ,major1 an ,essay on ,old ,age2 ,llius1 an ,essay on ,fri5d%ip2 ,scipio's ,dream2 ,p>adoxes2 ,lett] to ,qu9tus on ,magi/rates4 ,translat$ by ,c4 ,r4 ,edmonds4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,cornelius ,,nepos4--,see ,,ju/94 ,,cl>k',s 7,hugh7 ,introduction to ,h]aldry4 #ah? ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$ by ,j4 ,r4 ,plan*1 ,r\ge ,croix4 ,) ne>ly #ajjj ,illu/rations4 #es4 ,or ) ! ,illu/rations ,col\r$1 #aes4 ,,classic ,,tales1 conta9+ ,rasselas1 ,vic> ( ,wakefield1 ,gulliv]'s ,travels1 & ,! ,s5tim5tal ,j\rney4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,col]idge',s 7,s4 ,t47 ,fri5d4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,essays on ,morals1 ,politics1 & ,religion4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,aids to ,reflection1 & ! ,,confessions ,,( ,,an ,,inquir+ ,,_s1 to :i* are add$ ! ,,essays ,,on ,,fai? & ! ,,book ,,( ,,common ,,pray]4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,lectures & ,notes on ,%akespe>e & o!r ,engli% ,poets4 ,edit$ by ,t4 ,a%e4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,biographia ,lit]>ia2 toge!r ) ,two ,lay ,s]mons4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,table-,talk & ,omniana4 ,edit$ by ,t4 ,a%e1 ,b4,a4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,miscellanies1 /hetic & ,lit]>y2 to :i* is add$1 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,life4 ,collect$ & arrang$ by ,t4 ,a%e1 ,b4,a4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,comte',s ,positive ,philosophy4 ,translat$ & cond5s$ by ,h>riet ,m>t9eau4 ,) ,introduction by ,fr$]ic ,h>rison4 #c vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,comte',s ,philosophy ( ! ,sci5ces1 be+ an ,exposition ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ! ,c\rs de ,philosophie ,positive4 ,by ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes4 #es4 ,,cond',s ,hi/ory ( ! ,dom9ion ( ! ,arabs 9 ,spa94 ,translat$ by ,mrs4 ,fo/]4 #c vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,coop]',s ,biographical ,diction>y4 ,conta9+ ,concise ,notices 7upw>ds ( #ae1jjj7 ( ,em95t ,p]sons ( all ,ages & ,c\ntries4 ,by ,?ompson ,coop]1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,) a ,supplem5t1 br++ ! "w d[n to #ahhc4 #b vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,coxe',s ,memoirs ( ! ,duke ( ,m>lbor\gh4 ,) 8 orig9al ,correspond5ce4 ,by ,w4 ,coxe1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,revis$ edition by ,john ,wade4 #c vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,an ,atlas ( ! plans ( ,m>lbor\gh's campaigns1 #dto4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ---- ,hi/ory ( ! ,h\se ( ,au/ria 7#abah-agib74 ,) a ,cont9uation f ! ,accession ( ,francis ,i4 to ! ,revolution ( #ahdh4 #d vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,craik',s 7,g4 ,l47 ,pursuit ( ,k "u ,difficulties4 ,illu/rat$ by ,anecdotes & ,memoirs4 ,revis$ edition1 ) num]\s ,woodcut ,portraits & ,plates4 #es4 ,,cruik%ank',s ,pun* & ,judy4 ,! ,dialogue ( ! ,puppet ,%[2 an ,acc\nt ( its ,orig91 c4 ,) #bd ,illu/rations1 & ,col\r$ ,plates1 design$ & engrav$ by ,g4 ,cruik%ank4 #es4 ,,cunn+ham',s ,lives ( ! ,mo/ ,em95t ,briti% ,pa9t]s4 ,a ,new ,edition1 ) ,notes & ,sixte5 fre% ,lives4 ,by ,mrs4 ,heaton4 #c vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,dante4 ,div9e ,com$y4 ,translat$ by ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,f4 ,c>y1 ,m4,a4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,translat$ into ,engli% ,v]se by ,i4 ,c4 ,wright1 ,m4,a4 #crd ,edition1 revis$4 ,) ,portrait1 & #cd ,illu/rations on ,/eel1 aft] ,flaxman4 ---- ,! ,inf]no4 ,a ,lit]al ,prose ,translation1 ) ! ,text ( ! ,orig9al pr9t$ on ! same page4 ,by ,john ,a4 ,c>lyle1 ,m4,d4 #es4 ---- ,! ,purgatorio4 ,a ,lit]al ,prose ,translation1 ) ! ,text pr9t$ on ! same page4 ,by ,w4 ,s4 ,dugdale4 #es4 ,,de ,,comm9es 7,philip71 ,memoirs (4 ,conta9+ ! ,hi/ories ( ,l\is ,,xi4 & ,*>les ,,viii41 ,k+s ( ,france1 & ,*>les ! ,bold1 ,duke ( ,burgundy4 ,toge!r ) ! ,sc&al\s ,*ronicle1 or ,secret ,hi/ory ( ,l\is ,,xi41 by ,jean de ,troyes4 ,translat$ by ,&rew ,r4 ,scoble4 ,) ,portraits1 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,defoe',s ,novels & ,miscellane\s ,works4 ,) ,prefaces & ,notes1 includ+ ^? attribut$ to ,sir ,w4 ,scott4 #g vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,i4--,capta9 ,s+leton1 & ,colonel ,jack4 ,,ii4--,memoirs ( a ,cavali]1 ,capta9 ,c>leton1 ,dickory ,cronke1 c4 ,,iii4--,moll ,fl&]s1 & ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,devil4 ,,iv4--,roxana1 & ,life ( ,mrs4 ,*ri/ian ,davies4 ,v4--,hi/ory ( ! ,great ,plague ( ,london1 #affe2 ,! ,/orm 7#agjc72 & ! ,true-born ,engli%man4 ,,vi4--,duncan ,campbell1 ,new ,voyage r\nd ! ,_w1 & ,political ,tracts4 ,,vii4--,rob9son ,crusoe4 ,,demm9',s ,hi/ory ( ,arms & ,arm\r1 f ! ,e>lie/ ,p]iod4 ,by ,augu/e ,demm94 ,translat$ by ,c4 ,c4 ,black1 ,m4,a4 ,) ne>ly #bjjj ,illu/rations4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,demo/h5es' ,orations4 ,translat$ by ,c4 ,rann ,k5n$y4 #e vols4 ,vol4 ,i41 #cs4 #f;d42 ,vols4 ,,ii4-,v41 #es4 ea*4 ,,de ,,/a,l',s ,cor9ne or ,italy4 ,by ,madame de ,/al4 ,translat$ by ,emily ,baldw9 & ,paul9a ,driv]4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,devey',s ,logic1 or ! ,sci5ce ( ,inf]5ce4 ,a ,popul> ,manual4 ,by ,j4 ,devey4 #es4 ,,diction>y ( ,lat9 & ,greek ,quotations2 includ+ ,prov]bs1 ,maxims1 ,mottoes1 ,law ,t]ms & ,phrases4 ,) all ! ,quantities m>k$1 & ,engli% ,translations4 ,) ,index ,v]borum 7#fbb pages74 #es4 ,,diction>y ( ,obsolete & ,prov9cial ,engli%4 ,compil$ by ,?omas ,wright1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a41 c4 #b vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,didron',s ,*ri/ian ,iconography3 a ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian ,art 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,translat$ by ,e4 ,j4 ,mill+ton & complet$ by ,m>g>et ,/okes4 ,) #bdj ,illu/rations4 #b vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,diog5es ,,la]tius4 ,lives & ,op9ions ( ! ,anci5t ,philosoph]s4 ,translat$ by ,pr(4 ,c4 ,d4 ,yonge1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,dobree',s ,adv]s>ia4 ,edit$ by ! late ,pr(4 ,wagn]4 #b vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,dodd',s ,epigrammati/s4 ,a ,selection f ! ,epigrammatic ,lit]ature ( ,anci5t1 ,m$ival1 & ,mod]n ,times4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,h5ry ,philip ,dodd1 ,m4,a4 ,ox=d4 #bnd ,edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 #fs4 ,,donaldson',s ,! ,!atre ( ! ,greeks4 ,a ,treatise on ! ,hi/ory & ,exhibition ( ! ,greek ,drama4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations & #c ,plans4 ,by ,john ,william ,donaldson1 ,d4,d4 #es4 ,,drap]',s ,hi/ory ( ! ,intellectual ,developm5t ( ,europe4 ,by ,john ,william ,drap]1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 #b vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,dunlop',s ,hi/ory ( ,fiction4 ,a new ,edition4 ,revis$ by ,h5ry ,wilson4 #b vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,dy] 7,dr4 ,t4 ,h474 ,pompeii3 its ,build+s & ,antiquities4 ,by ,t4 ,h4 ,dy]1 ,,ll4,d4 ,) ne>ly #cjj ,wood ,engrav+s1 a l>ge ,map1 & a ,plan ( ! ,=um4 #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,! ,city ( ,rome3 its ,hi/ory & ,monum5ts4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #es4 ,,dy] 7,t4 ,f4 ,t47 ,briti% ,popul> ,cu/oms4 ,pres5t & ,pa/4 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! v>i\s ,games & ,cu/oms associat$ ) ,diff]5t ,days ( ! ,ye> 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 arrang$ accord+ to ! ,cal5d>4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,f4 ,?iselton ,dy]1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,eb]s' ,egyptian ,pr9cess4 ,an ,hi/orical ,novel4 ,by ,george ,eb]s4 ,translat$ by ,e4 ,s4 ,bu*heim4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,edgewor?',s ,/ories = ,*ildr54 ,) #h ,illu/rations by ,l4 ,spe$4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,elze',s ,william ,%akespe>e4--,see ,,%akespe>e4 ,,em]son',s ,works4 #e vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,i4--,essays & ,repres5tative ,m54 ,,ii4--,engli% ,traits1 ,nature1 & ,conduct ( ,life4 ,,iii4--,society & ,solitude--,lett]s & ,social ,aims--,addresses4 ,,iv4--,miscellane\s ,pieces4 ,v4--,poems4 ,,ennemos]',s ,hi/ory ( ,magic4 ,translat$ by ,william ,h[itt4 #b vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,epictetus1 ,! ,disc\rses (4 ,) ! ,,en*eiridion & ,fragm5ts4 ,translat$ by ,george ,long1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,euripides4 ,a ,new ,lit]al ,translation 9 ,prose4 ,by ,e4 ,p4 ,col]idge1 ,m4,a4 #b vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,eutropius4--,see ,,ju/94 ,,eusebius ,,pamphilus1 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory (4 ,translat$ by ,rev4 ,c4 ,f4 ,cruse1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,evelyn',s ,di>y & ,correspond5ce4 ,edit$ f ! ,orig9al ,,mss4 by ,w4 ,bray1 ,f4,a4,s4 ,) #de engrav+s4 #d vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,fairholt',s ,co/ume 9 ,engl&4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,dress to ! end ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury4 #crd ,edition1 revis$1 by ,visc\nt ,dillon1 ,v4,p4,s4,a4 ,illu/rat$ ) above #gjj ,engrav+s4 #b vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,field+',s ,adv5tures ( ,joseph ,&rews & 8 ,fri5d ,mr4 ,abraham ,adams4 ,) ,cruik%ank's ,illu/rations4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,hi/ory ( ,tom ,jones1 a ,f\ndl+4 ,) ,cruik%ank's ,illu/rations4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ---- ,amelia4 ,) ,cruik%ank's ,illu/rations4 #es4 ,,flaxman',s ,lectures on ,sculpture4 ,by ,john ,flaxman1 ,r4,a4 ,) ,portrait & #ec ,plates4 #fs4 ,,fo/]',s 7,john7 ,life & ,correspond5ce4 ,edit$ by ,j4 ,e4 ,ryl&4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ---- ,critical ,essays4 ,edit$ by ,j4 ,e4 ,ryl&4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ---- ,essays3 on ,decision ( ,"*2 on a ,man's writ+ ,memoirs ( ,himself2 on ! epi!t ,romantic2 on ! av]sion ( ,m5 ( ,ta/e to ,evangelical ,religion4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,essays on ! ,evils ( ,popul> ,ignorance2 to :i* is add$1 a ,disc\rse on ! ,propagation ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,india4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,fo/]',s ,essays on ! ,improvem5t ( ,"t4 ,) ,,notes ,,( ,,s]mons & o!r ,pieces4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,gasp>y',s ,hi/ory ( ,italian ,lit]ature4 ,translat$ by ,h]man ,oelsn]1 ,m4,a41 ,ph4,d4 ,vol4 ,i4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,ge(frey ,,( ,,monm\?1 ,*ronicle (4--,see ,old ,engli% ,*ronicles4 ,,ge/a ,,romanorum1 or ,ent]ta9+ ,moral ,/ories inv5t$ by ! ,monks4 ,translat$ by ! ,rev4 ,*>les ,swan4 ,revis$ ,edition1 by ,wynn>d ,hoop]1 ,b4,a4 #es4 ,,gildas1 ,*ronicles (4--,see ,old ,engli% ,*ronicles4 ,,gibbon',s ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,complete & ,unabridg$1 ) ,v>iorum ,notes4 ,edit$ by an ,engli% ,*ur*man4 ,) #b ,maps & ,portrait4 #g vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,gilb>t',s ,hi/ory1 ,pr9ciples1 & ,practice ( ,bank+4 ,by ! late ,j4 ,w4 ,gilb>t1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,new ,edition1 revis$ by ,a4 ,s4 ,mi*ie4 #b vols4 #ajs4 ,,gil ,,blas1 ,! ,adv5tures (4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* ( ,lesage by ,smollett4 ,) #bd ,engrav+s on ,/eel1 aft] ,smirke1 & #aj ,et*+s by ,george ,cruik%ank4 #fs4 ,,giraldus ,,cambr5sis' ,hi/orical ,works4 ,translat$ by ,?4 ,=e/]1 ,m4,a41 & ,sir ,r4 ,colt ,ho>e4 ,revis$ ,edition1 ,edit$ by ,?omas ,wright1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 #es4 ,,goe!',s ,fau/4 ,"p ,i4 ,g]man ,text ) ,hayw>d's ,prose ,translation & ,notes4 ,revis$ by ,c4 ,a4 ,bu*heim1 ,ph4,d4 #es4 ,,goe!',s ,works4 ,translat$ into ,engli% by v>i\s h&s4 #ad vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,i4 & ,,ii4--,autobiography & ,annals4 ,,iii4--,fau/4 ,two ,p>ts1 complete4 7,swanwick47 ,,iv4--,novels & ,tales4 ,v4--,wilhelm ,mei/]'s ,appr5tice%ip4 ,,vi4--,conv]sations ) ,eck]mann & ,soret4 ,,viii4--,dramatic ,works4 ,,ix4--,wilhelm ,mei/]'s ,travels4 ,x4--,t\r 9 ,italy1 & ,second ,resid5ce 9 ,rome4 ,,xi4--,miscellane\s ,travels4 ,,xii4--,e>ly & ,miscellane\s ,lett]s4 ,,xiv4--,re9eke ,fox1 ,we/-,ea/]n ,divan & ,a*illeid4 ,,goldsmi?',s ,works4 ,a new ,edition1 by ,j4 ,w4 ,m4 ,gibbs4 #e vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,grammont',s ,memoirs ( ! ,c\rt ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,edit$ by ,sir ,walt] ,scott4 ,toge!r ) ! ,,boscobel ,,tracts1 includ+ two n be=e publi%$1 c4 ,new ,edition4 #es4 ,,gray',s ,lett]s4 ,includ+ ! ,correspond5ce ( ,gray & ,mason4 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,d4 ,c4 ,tovey1 ,m4,a4 ,vols4 ,i4 & ,,ii4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,greek ,,an?ology4 ,translat$ by ,george ,burges1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,greek ,,romances ( ,heliodorus1 ,longus1 & ,a*illes ,tatius--viz41 ,! ,adv5tures ( ,!ag5es ,*>iclea2 ,am\rs ( ,daphnis & ,*loe2 & ,loves ( ,clitopho & ,leucippe4 ,translat$ by ,rev4 ,r4 ,smi?1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,gregory',s ,lett]s on ! ,evid5ces1 ,doctr9es1 ,duties ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion4 ,by ,dr4 ,ol9?us ,gregory4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,gre5e1 ,,m>l[e1 & ,,b5 ,,jonson4 ,poems (4 ,edit$ by ,rob]t ,bell4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,grimm',s ,,tales4 ,) ! ,notes ( ! ,orig9al4 ,translat$ by ,mrs4 ,a4 ,hunt4 ,) ,introduction by ,&rew ,lang1 ,m4,a4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ---- ,gamm] ,gre!l2 or1 ,g]man ,fairy ,tales & ,popul> ,/ories4 ,conta9+ #db ,fairy ,tales4 ,trans4 by ,edg> ,taylor4 ,) num]\s ,woodcuts aft] ,george ,cruik%ank & ,ludwig ,grimm4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,grossi',s ,m>co ,visconti4 ,translat$ by ,a4 ,f4 ,d4 ,! ,ballads r5d]$ into ,engli% ,v]se by ,c4 ,m4 ,p4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,guizot',s ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,revolution ( #afdj4 ,f ! ,accession ( ,*>les ,i4 to 8 ,dea?4 ,translat$ by ,william ,hazlitt4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,hi/ory ( ,civilisation1 f ! ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire to ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,translat$ by ,william ,hazlitt4 #c vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,hall',s 7,rev4 ,rob]t7 ,miscellane\s ,works & ,rema9s4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,hampton ,,c\rt3 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,manor & ,palace4 ,by ,erne/ ,law1 ,b4,a4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 #es4 ,,h>dwick',s ,hi/ory ( ! ,articles ( ,religion4 ,by ! late ,c4 ,h>dwick4 ,revis$ by ! ,rev4 ,francis ,proct]1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,hauff',s ,tales4 ,! ,c>avan--,! ,%eik ( ,alex&ria--,! ,inn 9 ! ,spess>t4 ,trans4 f ! ,g]man by ,s4 ,m5del4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,haw?orne',s ,tales4 #d vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,i4--,twice-told ,tales1 & ! ,sn[ ,image4 ,,ii4--,sc>let ,lett]1 & ! ,h\se ) ! ,sev5 ,gables4 ,,iii4--,trans=mation ,! ,m>ble ,faun1 & ,bli!dale ,romance4 ,,iv4--,mosses f an ,old ,manse4 ,,hazlitt',s ,table-talk4 ,essays on ,m5 & ,mann]s4 ,by ,w4 ,hazlitt4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,lectures on ! ,lit]ature ( ! ,age ( ,elizabe? & on ,*>act]s ( ,%akespe>e's ,plays4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,lectures on ! ,engli% ,poets1 & on ! ,engli% ,comic ,writ]s4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,! ,pla9 ,speak]4 ,op9ions on ,books1 ,m51 & ,?+s4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,r\nd ,table4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,sket*es & ,essays4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,! ,_s ( ! ,age2 or1 ,contempor>y ,portraits4 ,edit$ by ,w4 ,c>ew ,hazlitt4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,view ( ! ,engli% ,/age4 ,edit$ by ,w4 ,sp5c] ,jackson4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,heaton',s ,concise ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+4 ,new ,edition1 revis$ by ,cosmo ,monkh\se4 #es4 ,,hegel',s ,lectures on ! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory4 ,translat$ by ,j4 ,sibree1 ,m4,a4 ,,he9e',s ,poems1 ,complete4 ,translat$ by ,edg> ,a4 ,b[r+1 ,c4,b4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,travel-,pictures1 includ+ ! ,t\r 9 ! ,h>z1 ,nord]ney1 & ,book ( ,ideas1 toge!r ) ! ,romantic ,s*ool4 ,translat$ by ,francis ,/orr4 ,a ,new ,edition1 revis$ ?r\gh\t4 ,) ,app5dices & ,maps4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,heliodorus4 ,!ag5es & ,*>iclea4--,see ,,greek ,,romances4 ,,help',s ,life ( ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 ! ,discov]] ( ,am]ica4 ,by ,sir ,ar?ur ,helps1 ,k4,c4,b4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,life ( ,h]n&o ,cortes1 & ! ,conque/ ( ,mexico4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ---- ,life ( ,piz>ro4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,life ( ,las ,casas ! ,apo/le ( ! ,indies4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,h5d]son 7,e47 ,select ,hi/orical ,docum5ts ( ! ,middle ,ages1 includ+ ! mo/ fam\s ,*>t]s relat+ to ,engl&1 ! ,empire1 ! ,*ur*1 c41 f ! #f? to ! #ad? ,c5turies4 ,translat$ f ! ,lat9 & edit$ by ,erne/ ,f4 ,h5d]son1 ,a4,b41 ,a4,m41 ,ph4,d4 #es4 ,,h5frey',s ,guide to ,engli% ,co9s1 f ! ,conque/ to ! pres5t "t4 ,new & revis$ ,edition by ,c4 ,f4 ,ke>y1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 #fs4 ,,h5ry ,,( ,,hunt+don',s ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli%4 ,translat$ by ,t4 ,=e/]1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,h5ry',s 7,mat!w7 ,exposition ( ! ,book ( ! ,psalms4 #es4 ,,h]odotus4 ,translat$ by ! ,rev4 ,h5ry ,c>y1 ,m4,a4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,notes on1 ,orig9al & ,select$ f ! be/ ,comm5tators4 ,by ,d4 ,w4 ,turn]1 ,m4,a4 ,) ,col\r$ ,map4 #es4 ---- ,analysis & ,summ>y (4 ,by ,j4 ,t4 ,:eel]4 #es4 ,,hesiod1 ,,callima*us1 & ,,!ognis4 ,translat$ by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,banks1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,h(fmann',s 7,e4 ,t4 ,w47 ,! ,s]apion ,bre?r54 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man by ,lt4-,col4 ,alex4 ,ew+4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,holbe9',s ,dance ( ,dea? & ,bible ,cuts4 ,upw>ds ( #aej ,subjects1 engrav$ 9 facsimile1 ) ,introduction & ,descriptions by ,francis ,d\ce & ,dr4 ,?omas ,frognall ,dibd54 #es4 ,,hom]',s ,iliad4 ,translat$ into ,engli% ,prose by ,t4 ,a4 ,buckley1 ,b4,a4 #es4 ---- ,odyssey4 ,hymns1 ,epigrams1 & ,battle ( ! ,frogs & ,mice4 ,translat$ into ,engli% ,prose by ,t4 ,a4 ,buckley1 ,b4,a4 #es4 ---- ,see also ,,pope4 ,,hoop]',s 7,g47 ,wat]loo3 ,! ,d[nfall ( ! ,fir/ ,napoleon3 a ,hi/ory ( ! ,campaign ( #ahae4 ,by ,george ,hoop]4 ,) ,maps & ,plans4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,! ,campaign ( ,s$an3 ,! ,d[nfall ( ! ,second ,empire1 ,augu/-,septemb]1 #ahgj4 ,) ,g5]al ,map & ,six ,plans ( ,battle4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,horace4 ,a new lit]al ,prose translation1 by ,a4 ,hamilton ,bryce1 ,,ll4,d4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,hugo',s 7,victor7 ,dramatic ,works4 ,h]nani--,ruy ,blas--,! ,k+'s ,div]sion4 ,translat$ by ,mrs4 ,newton ,crosl& & ,f4 ,l4 ,sl\s4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,poems1 *iefly ,lyrical4 ,translat$ by v>i\s ,writ]s1 n[ fir/ collect$ by ,j4 ,h4 ,l4 ,williams4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,humboldt',s ,cosmos4 ,translat$ by ,e4 ,c4 ,ott1 ,b4 ,h4 ,paul1 & ,w4 ,s4 ,dallas1 ,f4,l4,s4 #e ,vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*1 except+ ,vol4 ,v4 #es4 ,,humboldt',s ,p]sonal ,n>rative ( 8 ,travels to ! ,equ9octial ,regions ( ,am]ica dur+ ! ye>s #agii-ahjd4 ,translat$ by ,t4 ,ross4 #c vols4 #es4 ea*4 ---- ,views ( ,nature4 ,translat$ by ,e4 ,c4 ,ott & ,h4 ,g4 ,bohn4 #es4 ,,humphreys' ,co9 ,collector's ,manual4 ,by ,h4 ,n4 ,humphreys1 ) upw>ds ( #adj ,illu/rations on ,wood & ,/eel4 #b vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,hung>y3 its ,hi/ory & ,revolution1 toge!r ) a copi\s ,memoir ( ,kossu?4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,hut*9son 7,colonel74 ,memoirs ( ! ,life (4 ,by 8 ,wid[1 ,lucy3 toge!r ) h] ,autobiography1 & an ,acc\nt ( ! ,siege ( ,la?om ,h\se4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,hunt',s ,poetry ( ,sci5ce4 ,by ,ri*>d ,hunt4 #crd ,edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 #es4 ,,+ulph',s ,*ronicles ( ! ,abbey ( ,croyl&1 ) ! ,,cont9uation by ,pet] ( ,blois & o!r ,writ]s4 ,translat$ by ,h4 ,t4 ,riley1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,irv+',s 7,wa%+ton7 ,complete ,works4 #ae vols4 ,) ,portraits1 c4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,i4--,salmagundi1 ,knick]bock]'s ,hi/ory ( ,new ,york4 ,,ii4--,! ,sket*-,book1 & ! ,life ( ,oliv] ,goldsmi?4 ,,iii4--,bracebridge ,hall1 ,abbots=d & ,new/ead ,abbey4 ,,iv4--,! ,alhambra1 ,tales ( a ,travell]4 ,v4--,*ronicle ( ! ,conque/ ( ,granada1 ,leg5ds ( ! ,conque/ ( ,spa94 ,,vi4 ,,vii4--,life & ,voyages ( ,columbus1 toge!r ) ! ,voyages ( 8 ,companions4 ,,viii4--,a/oria1 ,a ,t\r on ! ,prairies4 ,,ix4--,life ( ,mahomet1 ,lives ( ! ,successors ( ,mahomet4 ,x4--,adv5tures ( ,capta9 ,bonneville1 ,u4,s4,a41 ,wolf]t's ,roo/4 ,,xi4--,biographies & ,miscellane\s ,pap]s4 ,,xii4-,,xv4--,life ( ,george ,wa%+ton4 #d vols4 ---- ,life & ,lett]s4 ,by 8 ,nephew1 ,pi]re ,e4 ,irv+4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,isocrates1 ,! ,orations (4 ,translat$ by ,j4 ,h4 ,freese1 ,m4,a4 ,vol4 ,i4 #es4 ,,james',s 7,g4 ,p4 ,r47 ,life ( ,ri*>d ,cur de ,lion4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,jameson',s 7,mrs47 ,%akespe>e's ,h]o9es4 ,*>act]i/ics ( ,wom53 ,moral1 ,poetical1 & ,hi/orical4 ,by ,mrs4 ,jameson4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,jesse',s 7,e47 ,anecdotes ( ,dogs4 ,) #dj ,woodcuts & #cd ,/eel ,engrav+s4 #es4 ,,jesse',s 7,j4 ,h47 ,memoirs ( ! ,c\rt ( ,engl& dur+ ! ,reign ( ! ,/u>ts1 includ+ ! ,protectorate4 #c vols4 ,) #db ,portraits4 #es4 ea*4 ---- ,memoirs ( ! ,pret5d]s & _! ,adh]5ts4 ,) #f ,portraits4 #es4 ,,johnson',s ,lives ( ! ,poets4 ,edit$ by ,mrs4 ,alex&] ,napi]1 ) ,introduction by ,pr(essor ,hales4 #c vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,josephus 7,flavius71 ,! ,works (4 ,:i/on's ,translation1 revis$ by ,rev4 ,a4 ,r4 ,%illeto1 ,m4,a4 ,) ,topographical & ,geographical ,notes by ,colonel ,sir ,c4 ,w4 ,wilson1 ,k4,c4,b4 #e vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,joyce',s ,sci5tific ,dialogues4 ,) num]\s ,woodcuts4 #es4 ,,jukes-,,br[ne 7,a4 ,j471 ,! ,build+ ( ! ,briti% ,isles3 a ,/udy 9 ,geographical ,evolution4 ,illu/rat$ by num]\s ,maps & ,woodcuts4 #bnd ,edition1 revis$1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,julian1 ! ,emp]or4 ,conta9+ ,gregory ,nazianz5's ,two ,invectives & ,libanus' ,monody1 ) ,julian's extant ,!osophical ,works4 ,translat$ by ,c4 ,w4 ,k+1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,junius',s ,lett]s4 ,) all ! ,notes ( ,woodfall's ,edition1 & important ,additions4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,ju/9 ,,cornelius ,,nepos1 & ,,eutropius4 ,translat$ by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,s4 ,watson1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,juv5al1 ,,p]sius4 ,,sulpicia & ,,lucilius4 ,translat$ by ,l4 ,evans1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,kant',s ,critique ( ,pure ,reason4 ,translat$ by ,j4 ,m4 ,d4 ,meiklejohn4 #es4 ---- ,prolegom5a & ,metaphysical ,f\ndations ( ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,translat$ by ,e4 ,bel=t ,bax4 #es4 ,,keightley',s 7,?omas7 ,my?ology ( ,anci5t ,greece & ,italy4 #d? ,edition1 revis$ by ,leon>d ,s*mitz1 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,) #ab ,plates f ! ,antique4 #es4 ,,keightley',s ,fairy ,my?ology1 illu/rative ( ! ,romance & ,sup]/ition ( ,v>i\s ,c\ntries4 ,revis$ ,edition1 ) ,frontispiece by ,cruik%ank4 #es4 ,,la ,,fonta9e',s ,fables4 ,translat$ into ,engli% ,v]se by ,elizur ,wright4 ,new ,edition1 ) ,notes by ,j4 ,w4 ,m4 ,gibbs4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,lam>t9e',s ,hi/ory ( ! ,girondi/s4 ,translat$ by ,h4 ,t4 ,ryde4 #c vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ---- ,hi/ory ( ! ,re/oration ( ,mon>*y 9 ,france 7a ,sequel to ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,girondi/s74 #d vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ---- ,hi/ory ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution ( #ahdh4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,lamb',s 7,*>les7 ,essays ( ,elia & ,eliana4 ,complete ,edition4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,specim5s ( ,engli% ,dramatic ,poets ( ! ,"t ( ,elizabe?4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,memorials & ,lett]s ( ,*>les ,lamb4 ,by ,s]jeant ,talf\rd4 ,new ,edition1 revis$1 by ,w4 ,c>ew ,hazlitt4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ---- ,tales f ,%akespe>e4 ,) ,illu/rations by ,byam ,%aw4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,lane',s ,arabian ,nights' ,ent]ta9m5ts4 ,edit$ by ,/anley ,lane-,poole1 ,m4,a41 ,litt4,d4 #d vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,lanzi',s ,hi/ory ( ,pa9t+ 9 ,italy1 f ! ,p]iod ( ! ,revival ( ! ,f9e ,arts to ! ,end ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 ,translat$ by ,?omas ,roscoe4 #c vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,lapp5b]g',s ,hi/ory ( ,engl& "u ! ,anglo-,saxon ,k+s4 ,translat$ by ,b4 ,?orpe1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,new edition1 revis$ by ,e4 ,c4 ,ott4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,lectures ,,on ,,pa9t+1 by ,b>ry1 ,opie1 ,fuseli4 ,edit$ by ,r4 ,wornum4 #es4 ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci',s ,treatise on ,pa9t+4 ,translat$ by ,j4 ,f4 ,rigaud1 ,r4,a41 ,) a ,life ( ,leon>do by ,john ,william ,br[n4 ,) num]\s ,plates4 #es4 ,,lepsius',s ,lett]s f ,egypt1 ,e?iopia1 & ! ,p59sula ( ,s9ai4 ,translat$ by ,l4 & ,j4 ,b4 ,horn]4 ,) ,maps4 #es4 ,,less+',s ,dramatic ,works1 ,complete4 ,edit$ by ,erne/ ,bell1 ,m4,a4 ,) ,memoir ( ,less+ by ,hel5 ,zimm]n4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ---- ,laokoon1 ,dramatic ,notes1 & ! ,repres5tation ( ,dea? by ! ,anci5ts4 ,translat$ by ,e4 ,c4 ,beasley & ,hel5 ,zimm]n4 ,edit$ by ,edw>d ,bell1 ,m4,a4 ,) a ,frontispiece ( ! ,laokoon gr\p4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,lilly',s ,introduction to ,a/rology4 ,) a ,,gramm> ,,( ,,a/rology & ,,tables = ,calculat+ ,nativities1 by ,zadkiel4 #es4 ,,livy',s ,hi/ory ( ,rome4 ,translat$ by ,dr4 ,spillan1 ,c4 ,edmonds1 & o!rs4 #d vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,locke',s ,philosophical ,works4 ,edit$ by ,j4 ,a4 ,/4 ,john4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ---- ,life & ,lett]s3 ,by ,"l ,k+4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,lockh>t 7,j4 ,g47--,see ,,burns4 ,,lodge',s ,portraits ( ,illu/ri\s ,p]sonages ( ,great ,brita91 ) ,biographical & ,hi/orical ,memoirs4 #bdj ,portraits engrav$ on ,/eel1 ) ! respective ,biographies unabridg$4 #h vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,longfell[',s ,prose ,works4 ,) #af full-page ,wood ,engrav+s4 #es4 ,,l\don',s 7,mrs47 ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,revis$ edition1 by ,w4 ,s4 ,dallas1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,) num]\s ,woodcut ,illus4 #es4 ,,l[ndes' ,bibliograph]'s ,manual ( ,engli% ,lit]ature4 ,enl>g$ ,edition4 ,by ,h4 ,g4 ,bohn4 #f vols4 clo?1 #es4 ea*4 ,or #d vols4 half morocco1 #bl4 #bs4 ,,longus4 ,daphnis & ,*loe4--,see ,,greek ,,romances4 ,,lucan',s ,ph>salia4 ,translat$ by ,h4 ,t4 ,riley1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,lucian',s ,dialogues ( ! ,gods1 ( ! ,sea ,gods1 & ( ! ,dead4 ,translat$ by ,h[>d ,williams1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,lucretius4 ,translat$ by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,s4 ,watson1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,lu!r',s ,table-,talk4 ,translat$ & ,edit$ by ,william ,hazlitt4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,autobiography4--,see ,,mi*elet4 ,,ma*iavelli',s ,hi/ory ( ,flor5ce1 toge!r ) ! ,pr9ce1 ,savon>ola1 v>i\s ,hi/orical ,tracts1 & a ,memoir ( ,ma*iavelli4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,mallet',s ,nor!rn ,antiquities1 or an ,hi/orical ,acc\nt ( ! ,mann]s1 ,cu/oms1 ,religions & ,laws1 ,m>itime ,exp$itions & ,discov]ies1 ,language & ,lit]ature1 ( ! ,anci5t ,sc&9avians4 ,translat$ by ,bi%op ,p]cy4 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$ ,edition1 ) a ,translation ( ! ,,prose ,,edda1 by ,j4 ,a4 ,blackwell4 #es4 ,,mantell',s 7,dr47 ,petrifactions & _! ,tea*+s4 ,) num]\s illu/rative ,woodcuts4 #fs4 ---- ,wond]s ( ,geology4 #h? ,edition1 revis$ by ,t4 ,rup]t ,jones1 ,f4,g4,s4 ,) a col\r$ ,geological ,map ( ,engl&1 ,plates1 & upw>ds ( #bjj ,woodcuts4 #b vols4 #gs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,manzoni4 ,! ,betro!d3 be+ a ,translation ( ',i ,promessi ,sposi4' ,by ,aless&ro ,manzoni4 ,) num]\s ,woodcuts4 #es4 ,,m>co ,,polo',s ,travels2 ! ,translation ( ,m>sd5 revis$ by ,t4 ,wright1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 #es4 ,,m>ryat',s 7,capt4 ,r4,n47 ,ma/]man ,ready4 ,) #ic ,woodcuts4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,mission2 or1 ,sc5es 9 ,africa4 ,illu/rat$ by ,gilb]t & ,dalziel4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,pirate & ,?ree ,cutt]s4 ,) #h ,/eel ,engrav+s1 f ,draw+s by ,cl>kson ,/anfield1 ,r4,a4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,private]sman4 #h ,engrav+s on ,/eel4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,settl]s 9 ,canada4 #aj ,engrav+s by ,gilb]t & ,dalziel4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,poor ,jack4 ,) #af ,illu/rations aft] ,cl>kson ,/ansfield1 ,r4,a4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,pet] ,simple4 ,) #h full-page ,illu/rations4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,mid%ipman ,easy4 ,) #h full-page ,illu/rations4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,m>tial',s ,epigrams1 complete4 ,translat$ into ,prose1 ea* accompani$ by "o or m ,v]se ,translations select$ f ! ,works ( ,engli% ,poets1 & o!r s\rces4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,m>t9eau',s 7,h>riet7 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 f #ahjj-ahae4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,hi/ory ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,peace1 ,a4,d4 #ahae-df4 #d vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ---- ,see ,comte's ,positive ,philosophy4 ,,mat!w ,,p>is',s ,engli% ,hi/ory1 f ! ,ye> #abce to #abgc4 ,translat$ by ,rev4 ,j4 ,a4 ,giles1 ,d4,c4,l4 #c vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,mat!w ,,( ,,we/m9/]',s ,fl[]s ( ,hi/ory1 f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,_w to ,a4,d4 #acjg4 ,translat$ by ,c4 ,d4 ,yonge1 ,m4,a4 #b vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,maxwell',s ,victories ( ,well+ton & ! ,briti% ,armies4 ,frontispiece & #e ,portraits4 #es4 ,,m5zel',s ,hi/ory ( ,g]many1 f ! ,e>lie/ ,p]iod to #ahdb4 #c vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,mi*ael ,,angelo ,,& ,,raphael1 _! ,lives & ,works4 ,by ,duppa & ,quatrem]e de ,qu9cy4 ,) ,portraits1 & ,engrav+s on ,/eel4 #es4 ,,mi*elet',s ,lu!r's ,autobiography4 ,trans4 by ,william ,hazlitt4 ,) an ,app5dix 7#aaj pages7 ( ,notes4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,hi/ory ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution f its e>lie/ indications to ! flight ( ! ,k+ 9 #agia4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,mignet',s ,hi/ory ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 f #aghi to #ahad4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,mill 7,j4 ,s474 ,e>ly ,essays by ,john ,/u>t ,mill4 ,collect$ f v>i\s s\rces by ,j4 ,w4 ,m4 ,gibbs4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,mill] 7,pr(essor74 ,hi/ory ,philosophically ,illu/rat$1 f ! ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire to ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 #d vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,milton',s ,prose ,works4 ,edit$ by ,j4 ,a4 ,/4 ,john4 #e vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ---- ,poetical ,works1 ) a ,memoir & ,critical ,rem>ks by ,james ,montgom]y1 an ,index to ,p>adise ,lo/1 ,todd's ,v]bal ,index to all ! ,poems1 & a ,selection ( ,explanatory ,notes by ,h5ry ,g4 ,bohn4 ,illu/rat$ ) #abj ,wood ,engrav+s f ,draw+s by ,w4 ,h>vey4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,mit=d',s 7,miss7 ,our ,village1 ,sket*es ( ,rural ,"* & ,sc5]y4 ,) #b ,engrav+s on ,/eel4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,moli,,re',s ,dramatic ,works4 ,a new ,translation 9 ,engli% ,prose1 by ,c4 ,h4 ,wall4 #c vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,montagu4 ,! ,lett]s & ,works ( ,lady ,m>y ,wortley ,montagu4 ,edit$ by h] great-gr&son1 ,"l ,:>ncliffe's ,edition1 & revis$ by ,w4 ,moy ,?omas4 ,new ,edition1 revis$1 ) #e ,portraits4 #b vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,montaigne',s ,essays4 ,cotton's ,translation1 revis$ by ,w4 ,c4 ,hazlitt4 ,new ,edition4 #c vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,montesquieu',s ,_s ( ,laws4 ,new ,edition1 revis$ & correct$4 ,by ,j4 ,v4 ,prit*>d1 ,a4,m4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,morphy',s ,games ( ,*ess4 ,be+ ! ,mat*es & be/ ,games play$ by ! ,am]ican ,*ampion1 ) ,explanatory & ,analytical ,notes by ,j4 ,lw5?al4 #es4 ,,motley 7,j4 ,l474 ,! ,rise ( ! ,dut* ,republic4 ,a ,hi/ory4 ,by ,john ,lo?rop ,motley4 ,new ,edition1 ) ,biographical ,introduction by ,moncure ,d4 ,conway4 #c vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,mudie',s ,briti% ,birds2 or1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,fea!r$ ,tribes ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s4 ,revis$ by ,w4 ,c4 ,l4 ,m>t94 ,) #eb ,figures ( ,birds & #g ,col\r$ ,plates ( ,eggs4 #b vols4 ,,ne&] 7,dr4 ,a474 ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion & ,*ur*4 ,trans4 f ! ,g]man by ,j4 ,torrey4 #aj vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ---- ,life ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,translat$ by ,j4 ,mc,clintock & ,c4 ,blum5?al4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,hi/ory ( ! ,plant+ & ,tra9+ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* by ! ,apo/les4 ,translat$ by ,j4 ,e4 ,ryl&4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ---- ,memorials ( ,*ri/ian ,life 9 ! ,e>ly & ,middle ,ages2 includ+ ,light 9 ,d>k ,places4 ,trans4 by ,j4 ,e4 ,ryl&4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,nibelung5 ,,li$4 ,! ,lay ( ! ,nibelungs1 metrically translat$ f ! old ,g]man text by ,alice ,horton1 & edit$ by ,edw>d ,bell1 ,m4,a4 ,to :i* is prefix$ ! ,essay on ! ,nibelung5 ,li$ by ,?omas ,c>lyle4 #es4 ,,new ,,te/am5t 7,!7 9 ,greek4 ,griesba*'s ,text1 ) v>i\s ,read+s at ! foot ( ! page1 & ,p>allel ,ref]5ces 9 ! m>g92 also a ,critical ,introduction & ,*ronological ,tables4 ,by an em95t ,s*ol>1 ) a ,greek & ,engli% ,lexicon4 #crd ,edition1 revis$ & correct$4 ,two ,facsimiles ( ,greek ,manuscripts4 #ijj pages4 #es4 ,! ,lexicon may be _h sep>ately1 price #bs4 ,,nicol9i',s ,hi/ory ( ! ,jesuits3 _! ,orig91 ,progress1 ,doctr9es1 & ,designs4 ,) #h ,portraits4 #es4 ,,nor? 7,r47 ,lives ( ! ,"r ,hon4 ,francis ,nor?1 ,b>on ,guild=d1 ! ,hon4 ,sir ,dudley ,nor?1 & ! ,hon4 & ,rev4 ,dr4 ,john ,nor?4 ,by ! ,hon4 ,rog] ,nor?4 ,toge!r ) ! ,autobiography ( ! ,au?or4 ,edit$ by ,augu/us ,jessopp1 ,d4,d4 #c vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,nug5t',s 7,"l7 ,memorials ( ,hampd51 8 ,p>ty & ,times4 ,) a ,memoir ( ! ,au?or1 an ,autograph ,lett]1 & ,portrait4 #es4 ,,old ,,engli% ,,*ronicles1 includ+ ,e!lw]d's ,*ronicle1 ,ass]'s ,life ( ,alfr$1 ,ge(frey ( ,monm\?'s ,briti% ,hi/ory1 ,gildas1 ,n5nius1 & ! spuri\s *ronicle ( ,ri*>d ( ,cir5ce/]4 ,edit$ by ,j4 ,a4 ,giles1 ,d4,c4,l4 #es4 ,,oman 7,j4 ,c47 ,! ,great ,indian ,epics3 ! ,/ories ( ! ,,ramayana & ! ,,mahabh>ata4 ,by ,john ,campbell ,oman1 ,pr9cipal ( ,khalsa ,college1 ,amrits>4 ,) ,notes1 ,app5dices1 & ,illu/rations4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,ord]icus ,,vitalis' ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory ( ,engl& & ,norm&y4 ,translat$ by ,t4 ,=e/]1 ,m4,a4 ,to :i* is add$ ! ,,*ronicle ,,( ,,/4 ,,evr\lt4 #d vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,ovid',s ,works1 complete4 ,lit]ally translat$ into ,prose4 #c vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,pascal',s ,?\ghts4 ,translat$ f ! ,text ( ,m4 ,augu/e ,mol9i] by ,c4 ,kegan ,paul4 #crd ,edition4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,pauli',s 7,dr4 ,r47 ,life ( ,alfr$ ! ,great4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man4 ,to :i* is app5d$ ,alfr$'s ,,anglo-,,saxon ,,v]sion ,,( ,,orosius4 ,) a lit]al ,translation int]pag$1 ,notes1 & an ,,anglo-,,saxon ,,gramm> & ,,gloss>y1 by ,b4 ,?orpe4 #es4 ,,pausanias' ,description ( ,greece4 ,newly translat$ by ,a4 ,r4 ,%illeto1 ,m4,a4 #b vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,pe>son',s ,exposition ( ! ,cre$4 ,edit$ by ,e4 ,wal=d1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,pepys' ,di>y & ,correspond5ce4 ,deciph]$ by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,smi?1 ,m4,a41 f ! orig9al ,%or?& ,,ms4 9 ! ,pepysian ,libr>y4 ,edit$ by ,"l ,braybrooke4 #d vols4 ,) #ca ,engrav+s4 #es4 ea*4 ,,p]cy',s ,reliques ( ,anci5t ,engli% ,poetry4 ,) an ,essay on ,anci5t ,m9/rels & a ,gloss>y4 ,edit$ by ,j4 ,v4 ,prit*>d1 ,a4,m4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,p]sius4--,see ,,juv5al4 ,,petr>*',s ,sonnets1 ,triumphs1 & o!r ,poems4 ,translat$ into ,engli% ,v]se by v>i\s ,h&s4 ,) a ,life ( ! ,poet by ,?omas ,campbell4 ,) ,portrait & #ae ,/eel ,engrav+s4 #es4 ,,philo-,,jud,,u1 ,works (4 ,translat$ by ,pr(4 ,c4 ,d4 ,yonge1 ,m4,a4 #d vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,pick]+',s ,hi/ory ( ! ,races ( ,man1 & _! ,geographical ,di/ribution4 ,) ,,an ,,analytical ,,synopsis ,,( ,,! ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,man by ,dr4 ,hall4 ,) a ,map ( ! ,_w & #ab col\r$ ,plates4 #es4 ,,p9d>4 ,translat$ into ,prose by ,dawson ,w4 ,turn]4 ,to :i* is add$ ! ,metrical ,v]sion by ,abraham ,moore4 #es4 ,,plan*4 ,hi/ory ( ,briti% ,co/ume1 f ! ,e>lie/ ,"t to ! ,close ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury4 ,by ,j4 ,r4 ,plan*1 ,som]set ,h]ald4 ,) upw>ds ( #djj ,illu/rations4 #es4 ,,plato',s ,works4 ,lit]ally translat$1 ) ,introduction & ,notes4 #f vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,i4--,! ,apology ( ,socrates1 ,crito1 ,phd1 ,gorgias1 ,protagoras1 ,phdrus1 ,!tetus1 ,eu?yphron1 ,lysis4 ,translat$ by ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,c>ey4 ,,ii4--,! ,republic1 ,timu1 & ,critias4 ,translat$ by ,h5ry ,davis4 ,,iii4--,m5o1 ,eu?ydemus1 ,! ,sophi/1 ,/atesman1 ,cratylus1 ,p>m5ides1 & ! ,banquet4 ,translat$ by ,g4 ,burges4 ,,iv4--,philebus1 ,*>mides1 ,la*es1 ,m5ex5us1 ,hippias1 ,ion1 ,! ,two ,alcibiades1 ,!ages1 ,rivals1 ,hipp>*us1 ,m9os1 ,clitopho1 ,epi/les4 ,translat$ by ,g4 ,burges4 ,v4--,! ,laws4 ,translat$ by ,g4 ,burges4 ,,vi4--,! ,d\btful ,works4 ,translat$ by ,g4 ,burges4 ---- ,summ>y & ,analysis ( ! ,dialogues4 ,) ,analytical ,index4 ,by ,a4 ,day1 ,,ll4,d4 #es4 ,,plautus',s ,com$ies4 ,translat$ by ,h4 ,t4 ,riley1 ,m4,a4 #b vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,pl9y',s ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,translat$ by ! late ,john ,bo/ock1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 & ,h4 ,t4 ,riley1 ,m4,a4 #f vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,pl9y4 ,! ,lett]s ( ,pl9y ! ,y\ng]4 ,melmo?'s translation1 revis$ by ! ,rev4 ,f4 ,c4 ,t4 ,bosanquet1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,plot9us1 ,select ,works (4 ,translat$ by ,?omas ,taylor4 ,) an ,introduction conta9+ ! sub/ance ( ,porphyry's ,plot9us4 ,edit$ by ,g4 ,r4 ,s4 ,mead1 ,b4,a41 ,m4,r4,a4,s4 #es4 ,,plut>*',s ,lives4 ,translat$ by ,a4 ,/ew>t1 ,m4,a41 & ,george ,long1 ,m4,a4 #d vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ---- ,morals4 ,!osophical ,essays4 ,translat$ by ,c4 ,w4 ,k+1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ---- ,morals4 ,e?ical ,essays4 ,translat$ by ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,r4 ,%illeto1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,poetry ,,( ,,am]ica4 ,selections f ,"o ,hundr$ ,am]ican ,poets1 f #aggf to #ahgf4 ,by ,w4 ,j4 ,l9ton4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,political ,,cyclop,,dia4 ,a ,diction>y ( ,political1 ,con/itutional1 ,/ati/ical1 & ,=5sic ,k2 =m+ a ,"w ( ,ref]5ce on subjects ( ,civil ,adm9i/ration1 ,political ,economy1 ,f9ance1 ,comm]ce1 ,laws1 & ,social ,relations4 #d vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,pope',s ,poetical ,works4 ,edit$1 ) copi\s ,notes1 by ,rob]t ,c>ru!rs4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 #b vols4 #es4 ea*4 ---- ,hom]'s ,iliad4 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,s4 ,watson1 ,m4,a4 ,illu/rat$ by ! entire ,s]ies ( ,flaxman's ,designs4 #es4 ---- ,hom]'s ,odyssey1 ) ! ,battle ( ,frogs & ,mice1 ,hymns1 c41 by o!r translators4 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,s4 ,watson1 ,m4,a4 ,) ! entire ,s]ies ( ,flaxman's ,designs4 #es4 ---- ,life1 includ+ _m ( 8 ,lett]s4 ,by ,rob]t ,c>ru!rs4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 #es4 ,,p\%k9',s ,prose ,tales3 ,! ,capta9's ,daught]--,d\brovsky--,! ,que5 ( ,spades--,an ,amateur ,peasant ,girl--,! ,%ot--,! ,sn[ ,/orm--,! ,po/ma/]--,! ,c(f9 ,mak]--,kirdjali--,! ,egyptian ,nights--,pet] ! ,great's ,negro4 ,translat$ by ,t4 ,keane4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,prescott',s ,conque/ ( ,mexico4 ,copyright edition1 ) ! notes by ,john ,fo/] ,kirk1 & an introduction by ,g4 ,p4 ,w9%ip4 #c vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ---- ,conque/ ( ,p]u4 ,copyright edition1 ) ! notes ( ,john ,fo/] ,kirk4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ---- ,reign ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella4 ,copyright edition1 ) ! notes ( ,john ,fo/] ,kirk4 #c vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,prop]tius4 ,translat$ by ,rev4 ,p4 ,j4 ,f4 ,gantillon1 ,m4,a41 & accompani$ by ,poetical ,v]sions1 f v>i\s s\rces4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,prov]bs1 ,h&book (4 ,conta9+ an entire ,republication ( ,ray's ,collection ( ,engli% ,prov]bs1 ) 8 additions f ,=eign ,languages & a complete ,alphabetical ,index2 9 :i* are introduc$ l>ge additions z well ( ,prov]bs z ( ,say+s1 ,s5t5ces1 ,maxims1 & ,phrases1 collect$ by ,h4 ,g4 ,bohn4 #es4 ,,prov]bs1 ,a ,polyglot ( ,=eign4 ,compris+ ,fr5*1 ,italian1 ,g]man1 ,dut*1 ,spani%1 ,portuguese1 & ,dani%4 ,) ,engli% ,translations a ,g5]al ,index by ,h4 ,g4 ,bohn4 #es4 ,,pott]y ,,& ,,porcela91 & o!r ,objects ( ,v]tu4 ,compris+ an ,illu/rat$ ,catalogue ( ! ,b]nal ,collection ( ,works ( ,art1 ) ! prices at :i* !y 7 sold by auction1 & names ( ! possessors4 ,to :i* are add$1 an ,introductory ,lecture on ,pott]y & ,porcela91 & an ,engrav$ ,li/ ( all ! kn[n ,m>ks & ,monograms4 ,by ,h5ry ,g4 ,bohn4 ,) num]\s ,wood ,engrav+s1 #es42 or ) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,pr\t',s 7,fa!r7 ,reliques4 ,collect$ & arrang$ by ,rev4 ,f4 ,mahony4 ,new issue1 ) #ba ,et*+s by ,d4 ,maclise1 ,r4,a4 ,ne>ly #fjj pages4 #es4 ,,qu9tilian',s ,in/itutes ( ,oratory1 or ,education ( an ,orator4 ,translat$ by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,s4 ,watson1 ,m4,a4 #b vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,rac9e',s 7,jean7 ,dramatic ,works4 ,a metrical ,engli% v]sion4 ,by ,r4 ,bruce ,boswell1 ,m4,a4 ,oxon4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,ranke',s ,hi/ory ( ! ,popes1 _! ,*ur* & ,/ate1 & especially ( _! ,conflicts ) ,prote/antism 9 ! #af? & #ag? c5turies4 ,translat$ by ,e4 ,fo/]4 #c vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ---- ,hi/ory ( ,s]via & ! ,s]vian ,revolution4 ,) an ,acc\nt ( ! ,insurrection 9 ,bosnia4 ,translat$ by ,mrs4 ,k]r4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,recreations 9 ,,%oot+4 ,by ',crav54' ,) #fb ,engrav+s on ,wood aft] ,h>vey1 & #i ,engrav+s on ,/eel1 *iefly aft] ,a4 ,coop]1 ,r4,a4 #es4 ,,r5nie',s ,insect ,ar*itecture4 ,revis$ & enl>g$ by ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,wood1 ,m4,a4 ,) #ahf ,woodcut ,illu/rations4 #es4 ,,reynold',s 7,sir ,j47 ,lit]>y ,works4 ,edit$ by ,h4 ,w4 ,bee*y4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,ric>do on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy & ,taxation4 ,edit$ by ,e4 ,c4 ,k4 ,gonn]1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,ri*t] 7,jean ,paul ,fri$ri*74 ,levana1 a ,treatise on ,education3 toge!r ) ! ,autobiography 7a ,fragm5t71 & a %ort ,prefatory ,memoir4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,fl[]1 ,fruit1 & ,?orn ,pieces1 or ! ,w$d$ ,life1 ,dea?1 & ,m>riage ( ,firmian ,/anislaus ,sieb5kaes1 ,p>i% ,advocate 9 ! ,p>i% ( ,kuhs*napptel4 ,newly translat$ by ,lt4 ,col4 ,alex4 ,ew+4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,rog] ,,de ,,hov$5',s ,annals ( ,engli% ,hi/ory1 compris+ ! ,hi/ory ( ,engl& & ( o!r ,c\ntries ( ,europe f ,a4,d4 #gcb to ,a4,d4 #abja4 ,translat$ by ,h4 ,t4 ,riley1 ,m4,a4 #b vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,rog] ,,( ,,w5dov]',s ,fl[]s ( ,hi/ory1 compris+ ! ,hi/ory ( ,engl& f ! ,desc5t ( ! ,saxons to ,a4,d4 #abce1 =m]ly ascrib$ to ,mat!w ,p>is4 ,translat$ by ,j4 ,a4 ,giles1 ,d4,c4,l4 #b vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,rome 9 ! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury4 ,conta9+ a complete ,acc\nt ( ! ,ru9s ( ! ,anci5t ,city1 ! ,rema9s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & ! ,monum5ts ( ,mod]n ,times4 ,by ,c4 ,a4 ,eaton4 ,) #cd ,/eel ,engrav+s4 #b vols4 #es4 ea*4 ---- ,see ,,burn & ,,dy]4 ,,roscoe',s 7,w47 ,life & ,pontificate ( ,leo ,x4 ,f9al edition1 revis$ by ,?omas ,roscoe4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ---- ,life ( ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 call$ '! ,magnific5t4' ,) 8 poems1 lett]s1 c4 #aj? ,edition1 revis$1 ) ,memoir ( ,roscoe by 8 ,son4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,russia4 ,hi/ory (1 f ! e>lie/ ,p]iod1 compil$ f ! mo/ au!ntic s\rces by ,walt] ,k4 ,kelly4 ,) ,portraits4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,sallu/1 ,,florus1 & ,,velleius ,,pat]culus4 ,translat$ by ,j4 ,s4 ,watson1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,s*ill]',s ,works4 ,translat$ by v>i\s h&s4 #g vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*3-- ,i4--,hi/ory ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,,ii4--,hi/ory ( ! ,revolt 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ! ,trials ( ,c\nts ,egmont & ,horn1 ! ,siege ( ,antw]p1 & ! ,di/urbances 9 ,france prec$+ ! ,reign ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 ,,iii4--,don ,c>los1 ,m>y ,/u>t1 ,maid ( ,orleans1 ,bride ( ,mess9a1 toge!r ) ! ,use ( ! ,*orus 9 ,trag$y 7a %ort ,essay74 ,^! ,dramas are all translat$ 9 metre4 ,,iv4--,robb]s 7) ,s*ill]'s orig9al ,preface71 ,fiesco1 ,love & ,intrigue1 ,demetrius1 ,gho/ ,se]1 ,sport ( ,div9ity4 ,! ,dramas 9 ?is volume are translat$ into ,prose4 ,v4--,poems4 ,,vi4--,essays1 /hetical & ,philosophical4 ,,vii4--,wall5/e9's ,camp1 ,piccolom9i & ,dea? ( ,wall5/e91 ,william ,tell4 ,,s*ill] & ,,goe!4 ,correspond5ce betwe51 f ,a4,d4 #agid-ahje4 ,translat$ by ,l4 ,dora ,s*mitz4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,s*legel',s 7,f47 ,lectures on ! ,philosophy ( ,life & ! ,philosophy ( ,language4 ,translat$ by ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,j4 ,w4 ,morrison1 ,m4,a4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ,lit]ature1 ,anci5t & ,mod]n4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,lectures on ! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory4 ,translat$ by ,j4 ,b4 ,rob]tson4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,s*legel',s ,lectures on ,mod]n ,hi/ory1 toge!r ) ! ,lectures entitl$ ,cs> & ,alex&]1 & ,! ,beg9n+ ( our ,hi/ory4 ,translat$ by ,l4 ,purcell & ,r4 ,h4 ,:itetock4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- /hetic & ,miscellane\s ,works4 ,translat$ by ,e4 ,j4 ,mill+ton4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,s*legel 7,a4 ,w47 ,lectures on ,dramatic ,art & ,lit]ature4 ,translat$ by ,j4 ,black4 ,revis$ ,edition1 by ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,j4 ,w4 ,morrison1 ,m4,a4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,s*op5hau] on ! ,f\rfold ,root ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,suffici5t ,reason1 & ,on ! ,w 9 ,nature4 ,translat$ by ,madame ,hillebr&4 #es4 ---- ,essays4 ,select$ & ,translat$4 ,) a ,biographical ,introduction & ,sket* ( 8 ,philosophy1 by ,e4 ,bel=t ,bax4 #es4 ,,s*\w',s ,e>?1 ,plants1 & ,man4 ,translat$ by ,a4 ,h5frey4 ,) col\r$ ,map ( ! ,geography ( ,plants4 #es4 ,,s*umann 7,rob]t74 ,8 ,life & ,works1 by ,augu/ ,reissmann4 ,translat$ by ,a4 ,l4 ,alg]4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,e>ly ,lett]s4 ,orig9ally publi%$ by 8 ,wife4 ,translat$ by ,may ,h]b]t4 ,) a ,preface by ,sir ,george ,grove1 ,d4,c4,l4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,s5eca on ,b5efits4 ,newly translat$ by ,a4 ,/ew>t1 ,m4,a4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,m9or ,essays & ,on ,clem5cy4 ,translat$ by ,a4 ,/ew>t1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,%akespe>e ,,docum5ts4 ,arrang$ by ,d4 ,h4 ,lamb]t1 ,b4,a4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,%akespe>e',s ,dramatic ,art4 ,! ,hi/ory & ,"* ( ,%akespe>e's ,plays4 ,by ,dr4 ,h]mann ,ulrici4 ,translat$ by ,l4 ,dora ,s*mitz4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,%akespe>e 7,william74 ,a ,lit]>y ,biography by ,k>l ,elze1 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,translat$ by ,l4 ,dora ,s*mitz4 #es4 ,,%>pe 7,s47 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,egypt1 f ! ,e>lie/ ,times till ! ,conque/ by ! ,arabs1 ,a4,d4 #fdj4 ,by ,samuel ,%>pe4 #b ,maps & upw>ds ( #djj ,illu/rative ,woodcuts4 #b vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,%]idan',s ,dramatic ,works1 ,complete4 ,) ,life by ,g4 ,g4 ,s4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,sismondi',s ,hi/ory ( ! ,lit]ature ( ! ,s\? ( ,europe4 ,translat$ by ,?omas ,roscoe4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,smi?',s ,synonyms & ,antonyms1 or ,k9dr$ ,words & _! ,opposites4 ,revis$ ,edition4 #es4 ---- ,synonyms ,discrim9at$4 ,a ,diction>y ( ,synonym\s ,words 9 ! ,engli% ,language1 %[+ ! ,accurate signification ( words ( simil> mean+4 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,p]cy ,smi?1 ,m4,a4 #fs4 ,,smi?',s 7,adam7 ,! ,weal? ( ,nations4 ,edit$ by ,e4 ,bel=t ,bax4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ---- ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts4 ,) a ,memoir ( ! ,au?or by ,dugald ,/ew>t4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,smy?',s 7,pr(essor7 ,lectures on ,mod]n ,hi/ory4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,smy?',s 7,pr(essor7 ,lectures on ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,smi?',s 7,pye7 ,geology & ,scripture4 #bnd ,edition4 #es4 ,,smollett',s ,adv5tures ( ,rod]ick ,r&om4 ,) %ort ,memoir & ,bibliography1 & ,cruik%ank's ,illu/rations4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,smollett',s ,adv5tures ( ,p]egr9e ,pickle4 ,) ,bibliography & ,cruik%ank's ,illu/rations4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ---- ,! ,exp$ition ( ,humphry ,cl9k]4 ,) ,bibliography & ,cruik%ank's ,illu/rations4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,socrates 7surnam$ ,s*ola/icus'74 ,! ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory ( 7,a4,d4 #cje-dde74 ,translat$ f ! ,greek4 #es4 ,,sophocles1 ,! ,trag$ies (4 ,a ,new ,prose ,translation1 ) ,memoir1 ,notes1 c41 by ,e4 ,p4 ,col]idge1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,s\!y',s ,life ( ,nelson4 ,) ,portraits1 ,plans1 & upw>ds ( #ej ,engrav+s on ,/eel & ,wood4 #es4 ---- ,life ( ,wesley1 & ! ,rise & ,progress ( ,me?odism4 #es4 ---- ,rob]t ,s\!y4 ,! ,/ory ( 8 ,life writt5 9 8 ,lett]s4 ,edit$ by ,john ,d5nis4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,sozom5',s ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory4 ,translat$ f ! ,greek4 ,toge!r ) ! ,,ecclesia/ical ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,philo/orgius1 z epitomis$ by ,photius4 ,translat$ by ,rev4 ,e4 ,wal=d1 ,m4,a4 #es4 ,,sp9oza',s ,*ief ,works4 ,translat$1 ) ,introduction1 by ,r4 ,h4 ,m4 ,elwes4 #b vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,/anley',s ,classifi$ ,synopsis ( ! ,pr9cipal ,pa9t]s ( ! ,dut* & ,flemi% ,s*ools4 ,by ,george ,/anley4 #es4 ,,/>l+',s 7,miss7 ,noble ,de$s ( ,wom54 ,) #ad ,/eel ,engrav+s4 #es4 ,,/aunton',s ,*ess-,play]'s ,h&book4 #es4 ---- ,*ess ,praxis4 ,a ,supplem5t to ! ,*ess-play]'s ,h&book4 #es4 ---- ,*ess-play]'s ,companion4 ,compris+ a ,treatise on ,odds1 ,collection ( ,mat* ,games1 & a ,selection ( ,orig9al ,problems4 #es4 ---- ,*ess ,t\rnam5t ( #ahea4 ,) ,introduction & ,notes4 #es4 ,,/ockh>dt',s ,exp]im5tal ,*emi/ry4 ,edit$ by ,c4 ,w4 ,heaton1 ,f4,c4,s4 #es4 ,,/[e 7,mrs4 ,h4 ,b47 ,uncle ,tom's ,cab94 ,illu/rat$4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,/rabo',s ,geography4 ,translat$ by ,w4 ,falcon]1 ,m4,a41 & ,h4 ,c4 ,hamilton4 #c vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,/rickl&',s 7,agnes7 ,lives ( ! ,que5s ( ,engl&1 f ! ,norman ,conque/4 ,revis$ ,edition4 ,) #f ,portraits4 #f vols4 #es4 ea*4 ---- ,life ( ,m>y ,que5 ( ,scots4 #b vols4 #es4 ea*4 ---- ,lives ( ! ,tudor & ,/u>t ,pr9cesses4 ,) ,portraits4 #es4 ,,/u>t & ,,revett',s ,antiquities ( ,a!ns1 & o!r ,monum5ts ( ,greece4 ,) #ga ,plates engrav$ on ,/eel1 & num]\s ,woodcut ,capitals4 #es4 ,,suetonius' ,lives ( ! ,twelve ,cs>s & ,lives ( ! ,gramm>ians4 ,?omson's translation1 revis$ by ,t4 ,=e/]4 #es4 ,,swift',s ,prose ,works4 ,edit$ by ,temple ,scott4 ,) a ,biographical ,introduction by ! ,"r ,hon4 ,w4 ,e4 ,h4 ,lecky1 ,m4,p4 ,) ,portraits & ,facsimiles4 #ab vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,vols4 ,i4-,x4 ready4 ,i4--,a ,tale ( a ,tub1 ,! ,battle ( ! ,books1 & o!r e>ly works4 ,edit$ by ,temple ,scott4 ,) a ,biographical ,introduction by ,w4 ,e4 ,h4 ,lecky4 ,,ii4--,! ,j\rnal to ,/ella4 ,edit$ by ,fr$]ick ,ryl&1 ,m4,a4 ,) #b ,portraits & ,facsimile4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4--,writ+s on ,religion & ! ,*ur*4 ,v4--,hi/orical & ,political ,tracts 7,engli%74 ,,vi4--,! ,drapi]'s ,lett]s4 ,) facsimiles ( ,wood's ,co9age1 c4 ,,vii4--,hi/orical & ,political ,tracts 7,iri%74 ,,viii4--,gulliv]'s ,travels4 ,edit$ by ,g4 ,r4 ,d5nis4 ,) ,portrait & ,maps4 ,,ix4--,contributions to ,p]iodicals4 ,x4--,hi/orical ,writ+s4 ,,xi4--,lit]>y ,essays4 ,9 prep>ation4 ,,xii4--,index & ,bibliography4 ,9 prep>ation4 ,,tacitus4 ,! ,works (4 ,lit]ally translat$4 #b vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,tales ,,( ,,! ,,g5ii4 ,translat$ f ! ,p]sian by ,sir ,*>les ,morell4 ,num]\s ,woodcuts & #ab ,/eel ,engrav+s4 #es4 ,,tasso',s ,j]usalem ,deliv]$4 ,translat$ into ,engli% ,sp5s]ian ,v]se by ,j4 ,h4 ,wiff54 ,) #h ,engrav+s on ,/eel & #bd ,woodcuts by ,?ur/on4 #es4 ,,taylor',s 7,bi%op ,j]emy7 ,holy ,liv+ & ,dy+4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,t5 ,,br9k4--,see ,,br9k4 ,,t]5ce & ,,ph,,drus4 ,lit]ally translat$ by ,h4 ,t4 ,riley1 ,m4,a4 ,to :i* is add$1 ,sm>t's ,metrical ,v]sion ( ,phdrus4 #es4 ,,!ocritus1 ,,bion1 ,,mos*us1 & ,,tyrt,,u4 ,lit]ally translat$ by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,banks1 ,m4,a4 ,to :i* are app5d$ ! ,metrical ,v]sions ( ,*apman4 #es4 ,,!odoret & ,,evagrius4 ,hi/ories ( ! ,*ur* f ,a4,d4 #ccb to ,a4,d4 #dbg2 & f ,a4,d4 #dca to ,a4,d4 #edd4 ,translat$4 #es4 ,,?i]ry',s ,hi/ory ( ! ,conque/ ( ,engl& by ! ,normans4 ,translat$ by ,william ,hazlitt4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,?ucydides4 ,! ,peloponnesian ,w>4 ,lit]ally translat$ by ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,dale4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ---- ,an ,analysis & ,summ>y (4 ,by ,j4 ,t4 ,:eel]4 #es4 ,,?udi*um 7,j4 ,l4 ,w47 ,a ,treatise on ,w9es4 ,illu/rat$4 #es4 ,,ure',s 7,dr4 ,a47 ,cotton ,manufacture ( ,great ,brita94 ,edit$ by ,p4 ,l4 ,simmonds4 #b vols4 #es4 ea*4 ---- ,philosophy ( ,manufactures4 ,edit$ by ,p4 ,l4 ,simmonds4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,vas>i',s ,lives ( ! mo/ ,em95t ,pa9t]s1 ,sculptors1 & ,ar*itects4 ,translat$ by ,mrs4 ,j4 ,fo/]1 ) a ,comm5t>y by ,j4 ,p4 ,ri*t]1 ,ph4,d4 #f vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,virgil4 ,a ,lit]al ,prose ,translation by ,a4 ,hamilton ,bryce1 ,,ll4,d4 ,) ,portrait4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,voltaire',s ,tales4 ,translat$ by ,r4 ,b4 ,boswell4 ,conta9+ ,beb\c1 ,memnon1 ,c&ide1 ,l',+nu1 & o!r ,tales4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,walton',s ,complete ,angl]4 ,edit$ by ,edw>d ,jesse4 ,) ,portrait & #bjc ,engrav+s on ,wood & #bf ,engrav+s on ,/eel4 #es4 ---- ,lives ( ,donne1 ,hook]1 c4 ,new ,edition revis$ by ,a4 ,h4 ,bull51 ) a ,memoir ( ,izaak ,walton by ,wm4 ,d[l+4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 #es4 ,,well+ton1 ,life (4 ,by ',an ,old ,soldi]4' ,f ! mat]ials ( ,maxwell4 ,) ,index & #ah ,/eel ,engrav+s4 #es4 ,,well+ton1 ,victories (4 ,see ,,maxwell4 ,,w]n]',s ,templ>s 9 ,cyprus4 ,translat$ by ,e4 ,a4 ,m4 ,lewis4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,we/ropp 7,h4 ,m47 ,a ,h&book ( ,ar*ology1 ,egyptian1 ,greek1 ,etruscan1 ,roman4 ,illu/rat$4 #es4 ,,:ite',s ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,selborne4 ,) ,notes by ,sir ,william ,j>d9e4 ,edit$ by ,edw>d ,jesse4 ,) #dj ,portraits & col\r$ ,plates4 #es4 ,,:eatley',s ,a ,rational ,illu/ration ( ! ,book ( ,common ,pray]4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,:eel]',s ,not$ ,names ( ,fiction1 ,diction>y (4 #es4 ,,wiesel]',s ,*ronological ,synopsis ( ! ,f\r ,gospels4 ,translat$ by ! ,rev4 ,canon ,v5ables4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,william ( ,,malmesbury',s ,*ronicle ( ! ,k+s ( ,engl&4 ,translat$ by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,%>pe4 ,edit$ by ,j4 ,a4 ,giles1 ,d4,c4,l4 #es4 ,,x5ophon',s ,works4 ,translat$ by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,s4 ,watson1 ,m4,a41 & ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,dale4 ,9 #c vols4 #es4 ea*4 ,,"y 7,ar?ur74 ,travels 9 ,france dur+ ! ye>s #aghg1 #aghh1 & #aghi4 ,edit$ by ,m4 ,be?am ,edw>ds4 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,t\r 9 ,irel&1 ) ,g5]al ,obs]vations on ! /ate ( ! c\ntry dur+ ! ye>s #aggf-gi4 ,edit$ by ,a4 ,w4 ,hutton4 ,) ,complete ,bibliography by ,j4 ,p4 ,&]son1 & ,map4 #b vols4 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,yule-,,tide ,,/ories4 ,a ,collection ( ,sc&9avian & ,nor?-,g]man ,popul> ,tales & ,traditions4 ,edit$ by ,b4 ,?orpe4 #es4 ,,! ,,york ,,libr>y ,a ,,new ,,s]ies ,,( ,,repr9ts ,,on ,,?9 ,,pap]4 ,! volumes are pr9t$ 9 a h&y size 7#f-a_/b #d-a_/d 9471 on ?9 b opaque pap]1 & are simply & attractively b\nd4 ,price1 9 clo?1 #bs4 net2 9 lea!r1 #cs4 net4 ',! ,york ,libr>y is noticeable by reason ( ! wisdom & intellig5ce display$ 9 ! *oice ( unhackney$ classics4444 ,a mo/ attractive s]ies ( repr9ts4444 ,! size & /yle ( ! volumes are exactly :at !y %\ld be4'--,bookman4 ',^! books %\ld f9d _! way to e home t owns any cultivation4'--,notes & ,qu]ies4 ,! foll[+ volumes are n[ ready3 ,,*>lotte ,,bront',s ,,jane ,,eyre4 ,,burney',s ,,evel9a4 ,edit$1 ) an ,introduction & ,notes1 by ,,annie ,,ra9e ,,ellis4 ,,burney',s ,,cecilia4 ,edit$ by ,,annie ,,ra9e ,,ellis4 #b vols4 ,,burton',s ,,anatomy ,,( ,,melan*oly4 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,r4 ,,%illeto1 ,m4,a41 ) ,introduction by ,a4 ,h4 ,,bull54 #c vols4 ,,burton',s 7,,sir ,,ri*>d7 ,,pilgrimage ,,to ,,almad9ah ,,& ,,meccah4 ,) ,introduction by ,,/anley ,,lane-,,poole4 #b vols4 ,,c]vantes' ,,don ,,quixote4 ,,motteux',s ,translation1 revis$4 ,) ,,lockh>t',s ,life & ,notes4 #b vols4 ,,classic ,,tales3 ,,johnson',s ,,rasselas1 ,,goldsmi?',s ,,vic> ,,( ,,wakefield1 ,,/]ne',s ,,s5tim5tal ,,j\rney1 ,,walpole',s ,,ca/le ,,( ,,otranto4 ,) ,introduction by ,c4 ,s4 ,,fe>5side1 ,m4,a4 ,,col]idge',s ,,aids ,,to ,,reflection1 & ! ,confessions ( an ,inquir+ ,_s4 ,,col]idge',s ,,fri5d4 ,a s]ies ( ,essays on ,morals1 ,politics1 & ,religion4 ,,col]idge',s ,,table ,,talk ,,& ,,omniana4 ,arrang$ & ,edit$ by ,t4 ,,a%e1 ,b4,a4 ,,drap]',s ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,intellectual ,,developm5t ,,( ,,europe4 #b vols4 ,,george ,,eliot',s ,,adam ,,b$e4 ,,em]son',s ,,works4 ,a new edition 9 #e volumes1 ) ! ,text edit$ & collat$ by ,,george ,,sampson4 ,,field+',s ,,tom ,,jones4 #b vols4 ,,gaskell',s ,,sylvia',s ,,lov]s4 ,,ge/a ,,romanorum1 or ,ent]ta9+ ,moral ,/ories inv5t$ by ! ,monks4 ,translat$ f ! ,lat9 by ! ,rev4 ,,*>les ,,swan4 ,revis$ edition1 by ,,wynn>d ,,hoop]1 ,m4,a4 ,,goe!',s ,,fau/4 ,translat$ by ,,anna ,,swanwick1 ,,ll4,d4 ,revis$ edition1 ) an ,introduction & ,bibliography by ,,k>l ,,breul1 ,litt4,d41 ,ph4,d4 ,,haw?orne',s ,,trans=mation 7,,! ,,m>ble ,,faun74 ,,irv+',s ,,sket* ,,book4 ,,jameson',s ,,%akespe>e',s ,,h]o9es4 ,*>act]i/ics ( ,wom53 ,moral1 ,poetical1 & ,hi/orical4 ,,lamb',s ,,essays1 ,includ+ ! ,essays ( ,elia1 ,la/ ,essays ( ,elia1 & ,eliana4 ,,m>cus ,,aurelius ,,anton9us1 ,,! ,,?\ghts ,,(4 ,translat$ by ,,george ,,long1 ,m4,a4 ,) an ,essay on ,m>cus ,aurelius by ,,mat!w ,,arnold4 ,,m>ryat',s ,,mr4 ,,mid%ipman ,,easy4 ,) #h ,illu/rations by ,e4 ,t4 ,,:eel]4 ,,m>ryat',s ,,pet] ,,simple4 ,) #h ,illu/rations by ,f4 ,a4 ,,fras]4 ,,montaigne',s ,,essays4 ,cotton's translation4 ,revis$ by ,w4 ,c4 ,,hazlitt4 #c vols4 ,,m',s ,,utopia4 ,) ! ,life ( ,sir ,?omas ,m1 by ,william ,rop]1 & 8 ,lett]s to ,m>g>et ,rop] & o!rs4 ,edit$1 ) ,introduction & ,notes1 by ,,george ,,sampson4 ,9 ! ,press4 ,,motley',s ,,rise ,,( ,,! ,,dut* ,,republic4 ,) a ,biographical ,introduction by ,,moncure ,d4 ,,conway4 #c vols4 ,,pascal',s ,,?\ghts4 ,translat$ f ! ,text ( ,m4 ,,augu/e ,,mol9i] by ,c4 ,,kegan ,,paul4 ,?ird edition4 ,,plut>*',s ,,lives4 ,translat$1 ) ,notes & a ,life by ,,aubrey ,,/ew>t1 ,m4,a41 & ,,george ,,long1 ,m4,a4 #d vols4 ,,swift',s ,,gulliv]',s ,,travels4 ,edit$1 ) ,introduction & ,notes1 by ,g4 ,r4 ,,d5nis1 ) facsimiles ( ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,,swift',s ,,j\rnal ,,to ,,/ella4 ,edit$1 ) ,introduction & ,notes1 by ,f4 ,,ryl&1 ,m4,a4 ,,trollope',s ,,! ,,w>d54 ,) an ,introduction by ,,fr$]ic ,,h>rison4 ,,trollope',s ,,b>*e/] ,,t[]s4 ,,trollope',s ,,dr4 ,,?orne4 ,,trollope',s ,,framley ,,p>sonage4 ,,trollope',s ,,small ,,h\se ,,at ,,all+ton4 #b vols4 ,,trollope',s ,,la/ ,,*ronicle ,,( ,,b>set4 #b vols4 ,,ar?ur ,,"y',s ,,travels ,,9 ,,france1 dur+ ! ye>s #aghg1 #aghh1 & #aghi4 ,edit$ ) ,introduction & ,notes1 by ,m4 ,,be?am ,,edw>ds4 ,o!r ,volumes are 9 ,prep>ation4 ,,bell',s ,,h&books ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,ma/]s ,,9 ,,pa9t+ ,,& ,,sculpture4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,g4 ,c4 ,,williamson1 ,,litt4,d4 ,po/ #hvo4 ,) #dj ,illu/rations & ,photogravure ,frontispiece4 #es4 net ea*4 ,! foll[+ ,volumes h be5 issu$3 ,,botticelli4 ,by ,a4 ,,/reet]4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,brunelles*i4 ,by ,,lead] ,,scott4 ,,correggio4 ,by ,,selwyn ,,br9ton1 ,m4,a4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,c>lo ,,crivelli4 ,by ,g4 ,,mcneil ,,ru%=?1 ,m4,a4 ,,della ,,robbia4 ,by ! ,,m>*esa ,,burlamac*i4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,&rea ,,del ,,s>to4 ,by ,h4 ,,gu9ness4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,donatello4 ,by ,,hope ,,rea4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,g]>d ,,d\4 ,by ,dr4 ,w4 ,,m>t94 ,translat$ by ,cl>a ,bell4 ,,gaud5zio ,,f]r>i4 ,by ,,e!l ,,halsey4 ,,francia4 ,by ,,george ,c4 ,,williamson1 ,litt4,d4 ,,giorgione4 ,by ,,h]b]t ,,cook1 ,m4,a4 ,,giotto4 ,by ,f4 ,,mason ,,p]k9s4 ,,frans ,,hals4 ,by ,,g]ald ,s4 ,,davies1 ,m4,a4 ,,b]n>d9o ,,lu9i4 ,by ,,george ,c4 ,,williamson1 ,litt4,d4 #crd ,edition4 ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci4 ,by ,,edw>d ,,mccurdy1 ,m4,a4 ,,mantegna4 ,by ,,maud ,,cruttwell4 ,,meml9c4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,james ,,weale4 ,,mi*el ,,angelo4 ,by ,"l ,,ronald ,,su!rl& ,,g[]1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,p]ug9o4 ,by ,g4 ,c4 ,,williamson1 ,litt4,d4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,pi]o ,,della ,,francesca4 ,by ,w4 ,g4 ,,wat]s1 ,m4,a4 ,,p9toric*io4 ,by ,,evelyn ,,m>* ,,phillipps4 ,,raphael4 ,by ,h4 ,,/ra*ey4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,rembr&t4 ,by ,,malcolm ,,bell4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,rub5s4 ,by ,,hope ,,rea4 ,,luca ,,signorelli4 ,by ,,maud ,,cruttwell4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,sodoma4 ,by ! ,,contessa ,,lor5zo ,,priuli-,,bon4 ,,t9toretto4 ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,/\ghton ,,holborn1 ,m4,a4 ,,van ,,dyck4 ,by ,,lionel ,,cu/1 ,m4,v4,o41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,velasquez4 ,by ,r4 ,a4 ,m4 ,,/ev5son4 #crd ,edition4 ,,watteau4 ,by ,,edgcumbe ,,/aley1 ,b4,a4 ,,wilkie4 ,by ,"l ,,ronald ,,su!rl& ,,g[]1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,o!rs to foll[4 ,,! ,,*iswick ,,%akespe>e4 ,illu/rat$ by ,,byam ,,%aw ,) ,introductions & ,gloss>ies by ,,john ,,d5nis4 ,pr9t$ at ! ,*iswick ,press1 pott #hvo41 price #as4 #f;d4 net p] volume2 also a *eap] edition1 #as4 net p] volume2 or #bs4 net 9 limp lea!r2 also a few copies1 on ,japanese vellum1 to be sold only 9 sets1 price #es4 net p] volume4 ,n[ ,complete 9 #ci ,volumes4 ,,all',s ,,well ,,t ,,ends ,,well4 ,,antony ,,& ,,cleopatra4 ,,z ,,y ,,l ,,x4 ,,com$y ,,( ,,errors4 ,,coriolanus4 ,,cymbel9e4 ,,hamlet4 ,,julius ,c,,s>4 ,,k+ ,,h5ry ,,iv4 ,"p ,i4 ,,k+ ,,h5ry ,,iv4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,,k+ ,,h5ry ,v4 ,,k+ ,,h5ry ,,vi4 ,"p ,i4 ,,k+ ,,h5ry ,,vi4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,,k+ ,,h5ry ,,vi4 ,"p ,,iii4 ,,k+ ,,h5ry ,,viii4 ,,k+ ,,john4 ,,k+ ,,le>4 ,,k+ ,,ri*>d ,,ii4 ,,k+ ,,ri*>d ,,iii4 ,,love',s ,,lab\r',s ,,lo/4 ,,macbe?4 ,,measure ,,= ,,measure4 ,,m]*ant ,,( ,,v5ice4 ,,m]ry ,,wives ,,( ,,w9dsor4 ,,midsumm]-,,night',s ,,dream4 ,,mu* ,,ado ,,ab\t ,,no?+4 ,,o!llo4 ,,p]icles4 ,,romeo ,,& ,,juliet4 ,,! ,,tam+ ,,( ,,! ,,%rew4 ,,! ,,tempe/4 ,,timon ,,( ,,a!ns4 ,,titus ,,&ronicus4 ,,troilus ,,& ,,cressida4 ,,twelf? ,,night4 ,,two ,,g5tlem5 ,,( ,,v]ona4 ,,w9t]',s ,,tale4 ,,poems4 ,,sonnets4 ',a fasc9at+ little edition4'--,notes & ,qu]ies4 ',a *eap1 v comely1 & altoge!r desirable edition4'--,we/m9/] ,gazette4 ',b a few ye>s ago su* volumes w\ld h be5 deem$ wor?y to be consid]$ ditions de luxe4 ,to-day1 ! l[ price at :i* !y are (f]$ to ! public alone prev5ts !m be+ s reg>d$4'--,/udio4 ',h&y 9 %ape & size1 wond]fully *eap1 beautifully pr9t$ f ! ,cambridge text1 & illu/rat$ qua9tly yet admirably by ,mr4 ,byam ,%aw1 we h no?+ b praise = x4 ,no "o :o wants a good & conv5i5t ,%akespe>e--)\t excursuses1 discursuses1 or ev5 too _m notes--c d bett]1 9 our op9ion1 ?an subscribe to ?is issue3 :i* is say+ a good deal 9 ^! days ( *eap repr9ts4'--,vanity ,fair4 ',:at we l ab\t ^! elegant booklets is ! att5tion t has be5 paid to ! pap]1 z well z to ! pr9t & decoration2 su* /\t laid pap] w la/ = ages4 ,on ?is acc\nt alone1 ! ',*iswick' %\ld easily be fir/ among pocket ,%akespe>es4'--,pall ,mall ,gazette4 ,! ,*iswick ,%akespe>e may also be _h b\nd 9 #ab volumes1 full gilt back1 price #cfs4 net4 ,new ,editions1 fcap4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ea* net4 ,,! ,,ald9e ,,edition ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,poets4 ',?is excell5t edition ( ! ,engli% classics1 ) _! complete texts & s*ol>ly introductions1 are some?+ v diff]5t f ! *eap volumes ( extracts :i* are j n[ s mu* too common4'--,/4 ,james's ,gazette4 ',an excell5t s]ies4 ,small1 h&y1 & complete4'--,saturday ,review4 ,ak5side4 ,edit$ by ,rev4 ,a4 ,dyce4 ,beattie4 ,edit$ by ,rev4 ,a4 ,dyce4 ,blake4 ,edit$ by ,w4 ,m4 ,rossetti4 ,burns4 ,edit$ by ,g4 ,a4 ,aitk54 #c vols4 ,butl]4 ,edit$ by ,r4 ,b4 ,johnson4 #b vols4 ,campbell4 ,edit$ by ,8 ,son-9-law1 ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,w4 ,hill4 ,) ,memoir by ,w4 ,all+ham4 ,*att]ton4 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,w4 ,skeat1 ,m4,a4 #b vols4 ,*auc]4 ,edit$ by ,dr4 ,r4 ,morris1 ) ,memoir by ,sir ,nicolas4 #f vols4 ,*ur*ill4 ,edit$ by ,jas4 ,hannay4 #b vols4 ,col]idge4 ,edit$ by ,t4 ,a%e1 ,b4,a4 #b vols4 ,coll9s4 ,edit$ by ,w4 ,moy ,?omas4 ,c[p]4 ,edit$ by ,john ,bruce1 ,f4,s4,a4 #c vols4 ,dryd54 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,hoop]1 ,m4,a4 #e vols4 ,goldsmi?4 ,revis$ ,edition by ,au/9 ,dobson4 ,) ,portrait4 ,gray4 ,edit$ by ,j4 ,brad%aw1 ,,ll4,d4 ,h]b]t4 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,b4 ,gros>t4 ,h]rick4 ,edit$ by ,george ,sa9tsbury4 #b vols4 ,keats4 ,edit$ by ! late ,"l ,h\ghton4 ,kirke ,:ite4 ,edit$1 ) a ,memoir1 by ,sir ,h4 ,nicolas4 ,milton4 ,edit$ by ,dr4 ,brad%aw4 #b vols4 ,p>nell4 ,edit$ by ,g4 ,a4 ,aitk54 ,pope4 ,edit$ by ,g4 ,r4 ,d5nis4 ,) ,memoir by ,john ,d5nis4 #c vols4 ,prior4 ,edit$ by ,r4 ,b4 ,johnson4 #b vols4 ,raleigh & ,wotton4 ,) ,selections f ! ,writ+s ( o!r ,,c\rtly ,,poets f #aedj to #afej4 ,edit$ by ,v54 ,ar*deacon ,hannah1 ,d4,c4,l4 ,rog]s4 ,edit$ by ,edw>d ,bell1 ,m4,a4 ,scott4 ,edit$ by ,john ,d5nis4 #e vols4 ,%akespe>e's ,poems4 ,edit$ by ,rev4 ,a4 ,dyce4 ,%elley4 ,edit$ by ,h4 ,buxton ,=man4 #e vols4 ,sp5s]4 ,edit$ by ,j4 ,payne ,colli]4 #e vols4 ,surrey4 ,edit$ by ,j4 ,ye[ell4 ,swift4 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,mit=d4 #c vols4 ,?omson4 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,d4 ,c4 ,tovey4 #b vols4 ,vaughan4 ,sacr$ ,poems & ,pi\s ,ejaculations4 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,lyte4 ,wordswor?4 ,edit$ by ,pr(4 ,d[d54 #g vols4 ,wyatt4 ,edit$ by ,j4 ,ye[ell4 ,"y4 #b vols4 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,mit=d4 ,,! ,,all-,,engl& ,,s]ies4 ,,h&books ,,( ,,a?letic ,,games4 ,! only ,s]ies issu$ at a mod]ate price1 by ,writ]s :o are ! fir/ rank 9 _! respective dep>tm5ts4 ',! be/ in/ruction on games & sports by ! be/ au?orities1 at ! l[e/ prices4'--,ox=d ,magaz9e4 ,small #hvo4 clo?1 ,illu/rat$4 ,price #as4 ea*4 ,cricket4 ,by ,,fr$ ,c4 ,,holl&4 ,cricket4 ,by ! ,hon4 & ,rev4 ,e4 ,,littelton4 ,croquet4 ,by ,lieut4-,col4 ! ,hon4 ,h4 ,o4 ,,ne$ham4 ,lawn ,t5nis4 ,by ,h4 ,w4 ,w4 ,,wilb]=ce4 ,) a ,*apt] = ,ladies1 by ,mrs4 ,,hilly>d4 ,squa% ,t5nis4 ,by ,,eu/ace ,h4 ,,miles4 ,d\ble vol4 #bs4 ,t5nis & ,rackets & ,fives4 ,by ,,julian ,,m>%all1 ,major ,j4 ,,sp5s1 & ,rev4 ,j4 ,a4 ,,arnan ,,tait4 ,golf4 ,by ,h4 ,s4 ,c4 ,,ev]>d1 ,d\ble vol4 #bs4 ,r[+ & ,scull+4 ,by ,,guy ,,rixon4 ,r[+ & ,scull+4 ,by ,w4 ,b4 ,,woodgate4 ,sail+4 ,by ,e4 ,f4 ,,knight1 dbl4 vol4 #bs4 ,swimm+4 ,by ,,m>t9 & ,j4 ,,rac/] ,,cobbett4 ,camp+ out4 ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,,macdonell4 ,d\ble vol4 #bs4 ,canoe+4 ,by ,dr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,,hayw>d4 ,d\ble vol4 #bs4 ,m\nta9e]+4 ,by ,dr4 ,,claude ,,wilson4 ,d\ble vol4 #bs4 ,a?letics4 ,by ,h4 ,h4 ,,griff94 ,rid+4 ,by ,w4 ,a4 ,,k]r1 ,v4,c4 ,d\ble vol4 #bs4 ,ladies' ,rid+4 ,by ,w4 ,a4 ,,k]r1 ,v4,c4 ,box+4 ,by ,r4 ,g4 ,,allanson-,,w9n4 ,) ,prefatory ,note by ,bat ,mull9s4 ,f5c+4 ,by ,h4 ,a4 ,,colmore ,,dunn4 ,cycl+4 ,by ,h4 ,h4 ,,griff91 ,l4,a4,c41 ,n4,c4,u41 ,c4,t4,c4 ,) a ,*apt] = ,ladies1 by ,miss ,,agnes ,,wood4 ,d\ble vol4 #bs4 ,wre/l+4 ,by ,,walt] ,,arm/rong4 ,new ,edition4 ,broadsword & ,s+le/ick4 ,by ,r4 ,g4 ,,allanson-,,w9n & ,c4 ,,phillipps-,,wolley4 ,gymna/ics4 ,by ,a4 ,f4 ,,j5k94 ,d\ble vol4 #bs4 ,gymna/ic ,competition & ,display ,ex]cises4 ,compil$ by ,f4 ,,graf4 ,indian ,clubs4 ,by ,g4 ,t4 ,b4 ,,cobbett & ,a4 ,f4 ,,j5k94 ,dumb-bells4 ,by ,f4 ,,graf4 ,football--,rugby ,game4 ,by ,,h>ry ,,vassall4 ,football--,association ,game4 ,by ,c4 ,w4 ,,alcock4 ,revis$ ,edition4 ,hockey4 ,by ,f4 ,s4 ,,creswell4 ,new ,edition4 ,skat+4 ,by ,,d\glas ,,adams4 ,) a ,*apt] = ladies1 by ,miss ,l4 ,,*ee?am1 & a ,*apt] on ,spe$ ,skat+1 by a ,f5 ,skat]4 ,dbl4 vol4 #bs4 ,baseball4 ,by ,,newton ,,crane4 ,r\nd]s1 ,fieldball1 ,b[ls1 ,quoits1 ,curl+1 ,skittles1 c4 ,by ,j4 ,m4 ,,walk] & ,c4 ,c4 ,,mott4 ,danc+4 ,by ,,edw>d ,,scott4 ,d\ble vol4 #bs4 ,,! ,,club ,,s]ies ,,( ,,c>d ,,& ,,table ,,games4 ',no well-regulat$ club or c\ntry h\se %\ld be )\t ?is useful s]ies ( books4' ,globe4 ,small #hvo4 clo?1 ,illu/rat$4 ,price #as4 ea*4 ,bridge4 ,by ',,templ>4' ,:i/4 ,by ,dr4 ,,wm4 ,,pole1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,solo ,:i/4 ,by ,,rob]t ,f4 ,,gre54 ,billi>ds4 ,by ,major-,g54 ,a4 ,w4 ,,drayson1 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,) a ,preface by ,w4 ,j4 ,peall4 ,h9ts on ,billi>ds4 ,by ,j4 ,p4 ,,bu*anan4 ,d\ble vol4 #bs4 ,*ess4 ,by ,,rob]t ,f4 ,,gre54 ,! ,two-,move ,*ess ,problem4 ,by ,b4 ,g4 ,,laws4 ,*ess ,op5+s4 ,by ,i4 ,,gunsb]g4 ,draughts & ,backgammon4 ,by ',,b]keley4' ,rev]si & ,g ,bang4 ,by ',,b]keley4' ,dom9oes & ,solitaire4 ,by ',,b]keley4' ,bzique & ,cribbage4 ,by ',,b]keley4' c>t & ,eu*re4 ,by ',,b]keley4' ,piquet & ,rubicon ,piquet4 ,by ',,b]keley4' ,skat4 ,by ,,l\is ,,diehl4 ,a ,skat ,scor+-book4 #as4 ,r\nd ,games1 includ+ ,pok]1 ,napoleon1 ,loo1 ,v+t-et-un1 c4 ,by ,,baxt]-,,wray4 ,p>l\r & ,playgr\nd ,games4 ,by ,mrs4 ,,laur5ce ,,gomme4 ,,bell',s ,,ca!dral ,,s]ies4 ,pr(usely ,illu/rat$1 clo?1 cr[n #hvo4 #as4 #f;d4 net ea*4 ,,engli% ,,ca!drals4 ,an ,it9]>y & ,description4 ,compil$ by ,,james ,g4 ,,gil*ri/1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d4 ,revis$ & edit$ ) an ,introduction on ,ca!dral ,ar*itecture by ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,,p]k9s1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,a4,s4 ,,bangor4 ,by ,p4 ,b4 ,,ironside ,,bax4 ,,bri/ol4 ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,j4 ,,mass1 ,m4,a4 ,,cant]bury4 ,by ,,h>tley ,,)]s4 #e? ,edition4 ,,c>lisle4 ,by ,c4 ,,k+ ,,eley4 ,,*e/]4 ,by ,,*>les ,,hiatt4 #crd ,edition4 ,,*i*e/]4 ,by ,h4 ,c4 ,,corlette1 ,a4,r4,i4,b4,a4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,durham4 ,by ,j4 ,e4 ,,bygate1 ,a4,r4,c4,a4 #crd ,edition4 ,,ely4 ,by ,rev4 ,w4 ,d4 ,,sweet+1 ,m4,a4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,exet]4 ,by ,,p]cy ,,addle%aw1 ,b4,a4 #bnd ,edition1 revis$4 ,,gl\ce/]4 ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,j4 ,,mass1 ,m4,a4 #crd ,edition4 ,,h]e=d4 ,by ,a4 ,,hugh ,,fi%]1 ,a4,r4,e4 #bnd ,edition1 revis$4 ,,li*field4 ,by ,a4 ,b4 ,,clifton4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,l9coln4 ,by ,a4 ,f4 ,,k5drick1 ,b4,a4 #crd ,edition4 ,,man*e/]4 ,by ,rev4 ,t4 ,,p]k9s1 ,m4,a4 ,,norwi*4 ,by ,c4 ,h4 ,b4 ,,qu5nell4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,ox=d4 ,by ,rev4 ,,p]cy ,,de>m]1 ,m4,a4 #bnd ,edition1 revis$4 ,,pet]bor\gh4 ,by ,rev4 ,w4 ,d4 ,,sweet+4 #bnd ,edition1 revis$4 ,,ripon4 ,by ,,cecil ,,hallett1 ,b4,a4 ,,ro*e/]4 ,by ,g4 ,h4 ,,palm]1 ,b4,a4 #bnd ,edition1 revis$4 ,,/4 ,,albans4 ,by ,rev4 ,t4 ,,p]k9s1 ,m4,a4 ,,/4 ,,asaph4 ,by ,p4 ,b4 ,,ironside ,,bax4 ,,/4 ,,david',s4 ,by ,,philip ,,robson1 ,a4,r4,i4,b4,a4 ,,/4 ,,patrick',s1 ,,dubl94 ,by ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,b]n>d1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,/4 ,,paul',s4 ,by ,rev4 ,,ar?ur ,,dimock1 ,m4,a4 #crd ,edition1 revis$4 ,,/4 ,,savi\r',s1 ,,s\?w>k4 ,by ,,george ,,worley4 ,,salisbury4 ,by ,,gleeson ,,:ite4 #crd ,edition1 revis$4 ,,s\?well4 ,by ,rev4 ,,ar?ur ,,dimock1 ,m4,a4 #bnd ,edition1 revis$4 ,,wells4 ,by ,rev4 ,,p]cy ,,de>m]1 ,m4,a4 #crd ,edition4 ,,w9*e/]4 ,by ,p4 ,w4 ,,s]geant4 #crd ,edition4 ,,worce/]4 ,by ,e4 ,f4 ,,/range4 #bnd ,edition4 ,,york4 ,by ,a4 ,,clutton-,,brock1 ,m4,a4 #crd ,edition4 ,uni=m ) above ,s]ies4 ,n[ ready4 #as4 #f;d4 net ea*4 ,,/4 ,,m>t9',s ,,*ur*1 ,,cant]bury4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,canon ,,r\tl$ge1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,bev]ley ,,m9/]4 ,by ,,*>les ,,hiatt4 ,,wimborne ,,m9/] & ,,*ri/*ur* ,,priory4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,,p]k9s1 ,m4,a4 ,,tewkesbury ,,abbey ,,& ,,de]hur/ ,,priory4 ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,j4 ,,mass1 ,m4,a4 ,,ba? ,,abbey1 ,,malmesbury ,,abbey1 & ,,brad=d-,,on-,,avon ,,*ur*4 ,by ,rev4 ,t4 ,,p]k9s1 ,m4,a4 ,,we/m9/] ,,abbey4 ,by ,,*>les ,,hiatt4 ,,/rat=d-,,on-,,avon ,,*ur*4 ,by ,,h>old ,,bak]4 ,,bell',s ,,h&books ,,to ,,cont95tal ,,*ur*es4 ,pr(usely ,illu/rat$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #bs4 #f;d4 net ea*4 ,,ami5s4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,,p]k9s1 ,m4,a4 ,,bayeux4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,s4 ,,mylne4 ,,*>tres3 ,! ,ca!dral & ,o!r ,*ur*es4 ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,j4 ,,mass1 ,m4,a4 ,,mont ,,/4 ,,mi*el4 ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,l4 ,j4 ,,mass1 ,m4,a4 ,,p>is 7,,notre-,,dame74 ,by ,,*>les ,,hiatt4 ,,r\53 ,! ,ca!dral & ,o!r ,*ur*es4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,,p]k9s1 ,m4,a4 ,! ,be/ ,practical ,work+ ,diction>y ( ! ,engli% ,language4 ,,web/]',s ,,int]national ,,diction>y4 #bcdh ,,pages4 #ejjj ,,illu/rations4 ,,new ,,edition1 ,,revis$ ,,?r\gh\t ,,) ,a ,,new ,,supplem5t ,,( #be1jjj ,,additional ,,words ,,& ,,phrases4 ,! ,app5dices comprise a ,pron\nc+ ,gazette] ( ! ,_w1 ,vocabul>ies ( ,scripture1 ,greek1 ,lat91 & ,engli% ,prop] ,names1 a ,diction>y ( ! ,not$ ,names ( ,fiction1 a ,brief ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,language1 a ,diction>y ( ,=eign ,quotations1 ,words1 ,phrases1 ,prov]bs1 c41 a ,biographical ,diction>y ) #aj1jjj names1 c41 c4 ,dr4 ,,murray1 ,editor ( ! ',ox=d ,engli% ,diction>y1' says3--',9 ?is its late/ =m1 & ) its l>ge ,supplem5t & num]\s app5dices1 x is a wond]ful volume1 :i* well ma9ta9s its gr\nd aga9/ all rivals on its own l9es4 ,! 'def9itions1' or m prop]ly1 'explanations ( mean+' 9 ',web/]' h always /ruck me z p>ticul>ly t]se & well-put2 & x is h>d to see h[ any?+ bett] c\ld be done )9 ! limits4' ,pr(essor ,,joseph ,,wright1 ,m4,a41 ,ph4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41 ,editor ( ! ',engli% ,dialect ,diction>y1' says3--',! new edition ( ,web/]'s ,int]national ,diction>y is und\bt$ly ! mo/ useful & reliable "w ( its k9d 9 any c\ntry4 ,no "o :o has n exam9$ ! "w c>efully w\ld believe t su* a va/ am\nt ( lexicographical in=mation c\ld possibly be f\nd )9 s small a compass4' ,pr(essor ,a4 ,h4 ,,sayce1 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,d41 says3--',x is inde$ a m>vell\s "w2 x is difficult to conceive ( a ,diction>y m exhau/ive & complete4 ,ev]y?+ is 9 x--n only :at we might expect to f9d 9 su* a "w1 b also :at few ( u w\ld ev] h ?\ght ( look+ =4' ,rev4 ,,joseph ,,wood1 ,d4,d41 ,head ,ma/] ( ,h>r[1 says3--',i h always ?\ght v highly ( its m]its4 ,inde$1 ,i consid] x to be f> ! mo/ accurate ,engli% ,diction>y 9 exi/5ce1 & mu* m reliable ?an ! ,c5tury4 ,= daily & h\rly ref]5ce1 ,web/] seems to me unrivall$4' ,prospectuses1 ) ,prices & ,specim5 ,pages1 on ,application4 ,,london3 ,,george ,,bell ,,sons1 ,,york ,,h\se1 ,,portugal ,,/reet1 ,w4,c4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,corrections page orig9al text correction xxvii1 #afi1 ' ' #aii #jdj = x is a m]e phantasm4 = x is a m]e phantasm4 #jhg ,il y a une de mes expr5ces ,il y a une de mes expri5ces #jhh #jij ! object ( invesgation ! object ( inve/igation #aba betwe5 ! ,und]d]/&+ betwe5 ! ,und]/&+ #adj ,no huy peor sordo ,no hay peor sordo #adf ,nay1 ! impossibity ( ,nay1 ! impossibility ( #aeh 1 1 #bbj footnote an*or miss+ #aij #bef ( imp>t$ movem5t4 ( imp>t$ movem5t4 #bei black #j black #j #bcc footnote an*or miss+ #aif #bce 9 a purely empircial s5se1 9 a purely empirical s5se1 #bdf ! blu% 9 emb>assm5t1 ! blu% 9 emb>rassm5t1 #bga ,lett]s ,philosophiques sur ,lettres ,philosophiques sur #bhf ,9 p>nassia palu/ris ,9 p>nassia palu/ris #bhi 9 ! w9t] season 9 ! w9t] season #bhi prss5tir la necessit prss5tir la ncessit #cjb innumm]able degrees innum]able degrees #cjh insep>able f conci\sness insep>able f consci\sness #cae susceptibity to causal susceptibility to causal #cbd seu innata lex4 seu innata lex4 #cbh effect ^u a somnabuli/ effect ^u a somnambuli/ #ced ) ! div9e w4 ) ! div9e w4 #cff :i* prevail among mank9d4 :i* prevail among mank9d4 #cie 8 belief 9 ! ,deity4 8 belief 9 ! ,deity4 #cif & invisible heav54 & invisible heav54 #cgb confirmamations ( ! re/ confirmations ( ! re/