,transcrib]'s ,note ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,,! ,,int]national ,,sci5tific ,,s]ies ,,volume ,,lxix ,,! ,,int]national ,,sci5tific ,,s]ies4 ,ea* book complete 9 ,"o ,volume1 #abmo1 & b\nd 9 ,clo?4 #a4 ,,! ,,=ms ,,( ,,wat] ,,9 ,,cl\ds ,,& ,,riv]s1 ,,ice ,,& ,,glaci]s4 ,by ,j4 ,tyndall1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,) #ce ,illu/rations4 #a4ej4 #b4 ,,physics ,,& ,,politics2 or1 ,?\ghts on ! ,application ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,selection & ,inh]itance to ,political ,society4 ,by ,walt] ,bagehot4 #a4ej4 #c4 ,,foods4 ,by ,edw>d ,smi?1 ,m4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,b41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 #a4ge4 #d4 ,,m9d ,,& ,,body3 ,! ,!ories ( _! ,relation4 ,by ,alex&] ,ba91 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,) #d ,illu/rations4 #a4ej4 #e4 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,sociology4 ,by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 #a4ej4 #f4 ,,! ,,new ,,*emi/ry4 ,by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,p4 ,cooke1 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,) #ca ,illu/rations4 #b4jj4 #g4 ,,! ,,cons]vation ,,( ,,en]gy4 ,by ,balf\r ,/ew>t1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,) #ad ,illu/rations4 #a4ej4 #h4 ,,animal ,,locomotion2 or1 ,walk+1 ,swimm+1 & ,fly+4 ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,pettigrew1 ,m4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 etc4 ,) #acj ,illu/rations4 #a4ge4 #i4 ,,responsibility ,,9 ,,m5tal ,,disease4 ,by ,h5ry ,maudsley1 ,m4 ,d41 #a4ej4 #aj4 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,law4 ,by ,pr(essor ,%eldon ,amos4 #a4ge4 #aa4 ,,animal ,,me*anism3 ,a ,treatise on ,t]re/rial & ,arial ,locomotion4 ,by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,j4 ,m>ey1 ,college ( ,france4 ,) #aag ,illu/rations4 #a4ge4 #ab4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,conflict ,,betwe5 ,,religion ,,& ,,sci5ce4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,drap]1 ,m4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d4 #a4ge4 #ac4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,desc5t ,,& ,,d>w9ism4 ,by ,pr(essor ,osc> ,s*midt1 ,/rasburg ,univ]sity4 ,) #bf ,illu/rations4 #a4ej4 #ad4 ,,! ,,*emi/ry ,,( ,,light ,,& ,,photography ,,9 ,,_! ,,application ,,to ,,art1 ,,sci5ce1 ,,& ,,indu/ry4 ,by ,dr4 ,h]mann ,vogel1 ,royal ,indu/rial ,academy ( ,b]l94 ,) #ajj ,illu/rations44 #b4jj4 #ae4 ,,fungi3 ,_! ,nature & ,uses4 ,by ,m4 ,c4 ,cooke1 ,m4 ,a41 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,m4 ,j4 ,b]keley1 ,m4 ,a41 ,f4 ,l4 ,s4 ,) #aji ,illu/rations4 #a4ej4 #af4 ,,! ,,life ,,& ,,gr[? ,,( ,,language4 ,by ,pr(essor ,william ,dwight ,:itney1 ,yale ,college4 #a #ej4 #ag4 ,,money ,,& ,,! ,,me*anism ,,( ,,ex*ange4 ,by ,w4 ,/anley ,jevons1 ,m4 ,a41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 #a4ge4 #ah4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,light1 ) a ,g5]al ,acc\nt ( ,physical ,optics4 ,by ,dr4 ,eug5e ,lommel4 ,) #ahh ,illu/rations & a ,table ( ,spectra 9 ,colors4 #b4jj4 #ai4 ,,animal ,,p>asites ,,& ,,messmates4 ,by ,pr(essor ,p4 ,j4 ,van ,b5$51 ,univ]sity ( ,l\va94 ,) #hc ,illu/rations4 #a4ej4 #bj4 ,,f]m5tation4 ,by ,pr(essor ,p4 ,s*tz5b]g]4 ,) #bh ,illu/rations4 #a4ej4 #ba4 ,,! ,,five ,,s5ses ,,( ,,man4 ,by ,pr(essor ,julius ,b]n/e91 ,univ]sity ( ,halle4 ,) #ia ,illu/rations4 #a4ge4 #bb4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,s\nd ,,9 ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,music4 ,by ,pr(essor ,pietro ,blas]na1 ,royal ,univ]sity ( ,rome4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 #a4ej4 #bc4 ,,/udies ,,9 ,,spectrum ,,analysis4 ,by ,j4 ,norman ,locky]1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,) #g ,photographic ,illu/rations ( ,spectra1 & #eb o!r ,illu/rations4 #b4ej4 #bd4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,/eam-,,eng9e4 ,by ,pr(essor ,r4 ,h4 ,?ur/on1 ,cornell ,univ]sity4 ,) #afc ,illu/rations4 #b4ej4 #be4 ,,education ,,z ,a ,,sci5ce4 ,by ,alex&] ,ba91 ,,ll4 ,d4 #a4ge4 #bf4 ,,/ud5ts #a ,,text-,,book ,,( ,,color2 or1 ,mod]n ,*romatics4 ,) ,applications to ,art & ,indu/ry4 ,by ,pr(essor ,ogd5 ,n4 ,rood1 ,columbia ,college4 ,) #acj ,illu/rations4 #b4jj4 #bg4 ,,! ,,human ,,species4 ,by ,pr(essor ,a4 de ,quatrefages1 ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,p>is4 #b4jj4 #bh4 ,,! ,,crayfi%3 ,an ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,zology4 ,by ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,) #hb ,illu/rations4 #a4ge4 #bi4 ,,! ,,atomic ,,!ory4 ,by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,wurtz4 ,translat$ by ,e4 ,clem9%aw1 ,f4 ,c4 ,s4 ,) ,illu/rative ,*>t1 #a4ej4 #cj4 ,,animal ,,life ,,z ,,affect$ ,,by ,,! ,,natural ,,conditions ,,( ,,exi/5ce4 ,by ,pr(essor ,k>l ,semp]1 ,univ]sity ( ,wrzburg4 ,) #ajf ,illu/rations & #b ,maps4 #b4jj4 #ca4 ,,sight3 ,an ,exposition ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,monocul> & ,b9ocul> ,vision4 ,by ,pr(essor ,joseph ,le ,conte1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia4 ,) #acb ,illu/rations4 #a4ej4 #cb4 ,,g5]al ,,physiology ,,( ,,muscles ,,& ,,n]ves4 ,by ,pr(essor ,i4 ,ros5?al1 ,univ]sity ( ,erlang54 ,) #ge ,illu/rations4 #a4ej4 #cc4 ,,illusions3 ,a ,psy*ological ,/udy4 ,by ,james ,sully4 #a4ej4 #cd4 ,,! ,,sun4 ,by ,pr(essor ,c4 ,a4 ,"y1 ,college ( ,new ,j]sey4 ,) #hc ,illu/rations4 #b4jj4 #ce4 ,,volcanoes2 ,:at !y ,are & ,:at !y ,tea*4 ,by ,pr(essor ,john ,w4 ,judd1 ,f4 ,r ,s41 ,royal ,s*ool ( ,m9es4 ,) #if ,illu/rations4 #b4jj4 #cf4 ,,suicide3 ,an ,essay 9 ,comp>ative ,moral ,/ati/ics4 ,by ,pr(essor ,h5ry ,morselli1 ,m4 ,d41 ,royal ,univ]sity1 ,tur94 ,) #d ,/ati/ical ,maps4 #a4ge4 #cg4 ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,vegetable ,,m\ld1 ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,action ,,( ,,worms4 ,) ,obs]vations on _! ,habits4 ,by ,*>les ,d>w91 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,) #ae ,illu/rations4 #a4ej4 #ch4 ,,! ,,concepts ,,& ,,!ories ,,( ,,mod]n ,,physics4 ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,/allo4 #a4ge4 #ci4 ,,! ,,bra9 ,,& ,,its ,,functions4 ,by ,j4 ,luys1 ,hospice ,salptrire1 ,p>is4 ,) #f ,illu/rations4 #a4ej4 #dj4 ,,my? ,,& ,,sci5ce4 ,by ,tito ,vignoli4 #a4ej4 #da4 ,,diseases ,,( ,,memory3 ,an ,essay 9 ! ,positive ,psy*ology4 ,by ,?4 ,ribot1 au?or ( ,h]$ity4 #a4ei4 #db4 ,,ants1 ,,bees4 ,,& ,,wasps4 ,a ,record ( ,obs]vations ( ! ,habits ( ! ,social ,hym5opt]a4 ,by ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 ,b>t41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 etc4 #b4jj4 #dc4 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,politics4 ,by ,pr(essor ,%eldon ,amos4 #a4ge4 #dd4 ,,animal ,,intellig5ce4 ,by ,george ,j4 ,romanes1 ,m4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 #a4ge4 #de4 ,,man ,,be=e ,,metals4 ,by ,pr(essor ,n4 ,jolt1 ,sci5ce ,faculty ( ,t\l\se4 ,) #adh ,illu/rations4 #a4ge4 #df4 ,,! ,,organs ,,( ,,spee* ,,& ,,_! ,,application ,,9 ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,articulate ,,s\nds4 ,by ,pr(essor ,g4 ,h4 von ,met]1 ,univ]sity ( ,zri*4 ,) #dg ,illu/rations4 #a4ge4 #dg4 ,,fallacies3 ,a ,view ( ,logic f ! ,practical ,side4 ,by ,alfr$ ,sidgwick1 ,b4 ,a41 ,oxon4 #a4ge4 #dh4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,cultivat$ ,,plants4 ,by ,alphonse de ,c&olle4 #b4jj4 #di4 ,,jelly-,,fi%1 ,,/>-,,fi%1 ,,& ,,sea-,,ur*9s4 ,a ,rese>* on ,primitive ,n]v\s ,sy/ems4 ,by ,george ,j4 ,romanes1 ,m4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,) #fc ,illu/rations4 #a4ge4 #ej4 ,,! ,,common ,,s5se ,,( ,,! ,,exact ,,sci5ces4 ,by ,william ,k+don ,clif=d4 ,) #ajj ,figures4 #a4ej4 #ea4 ,,physical ,,expression3 ,its ,modes & ,pr9ciples4 ,by ,francis ,w>n]1 ,m4,d41 ,assi/ant ,physician1 ,london ,hospital4 ,) #ea ,illu/rations #a4ge4 #eb4 ,,an?ropoid ,,apes4 ,by ,pr(essor ,rob]t ,h>tmann1 ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,) #fc ,illu/rations4 #a4ge4 #ec4 ,,! ,,mammalia ,,9 ,,_! ,,relation ,,to ,,primeval ,,times ,by ,pr(essor ,osc> ,s*midt1 ,univ]sity ( ,/rasburg4 ,) #ea ,illu/rations4 #a4ej4 #ed4 ,,comp>ative ,,lit]ature4 ,by ,pr(essor ,h4 ,m4 ,posnett1 ,m4 ,a41 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,auckl&4 #a4ge4 #ee4 ,,e>?quakes ,,& ,,o!r ,,e>? ,,movem5ts4 ,by ,pr(essor ,john ,milne1 ,imp]ial ,college ( ,eng9e]+1 ,tokio4 ,) #ch ,figures4 #a4ge4 #ef4 ,,microbes1 ,,f]m5ts1 ,,& ,,m\lds4 ,by ,e4 ,l4 ,tr\ess>t4 ,) #ajg ,illu/rations4 #a4ej4 #eg4 ,,! ,,geographical ,,& ,,geological ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,animals4 ,by ,pr(essor ,angelo ,heilpr91 ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces1 ,philadelphia4 #b4jj4 #eh4 ,,wea!r4 ,a ,popul> ,exposition ( ! ,nature ( ,wea!r ,*anges f ,day to ,day4 ,) #if ,diagrams4 ,by ,hon4 ,ralph ,ab]cromby4 #a4ge4 #ei4 ,,animal ,,magnetism4 ,by ,alfr$ ,b9et & ,*>les ,fr1 ,assi/ant ,physician1 ,hospice ,salptrire1 ,p>is4 ,) #af ,figures4 #a4ej4 #fj4 ,,int]national ,,law1 ) ,mat]ials = a ,code ( ,int]national ,law4 ,by ,pr(essor ,leone ,levi1 ,k+'s ,college1 ,london4 #a4ej4 #fa4 ,,! ,,geological ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,plants4 ,) #gi ,illu/rations4 ,by ,sir ,j4 ,william ,dawson4 ,,ll4 ,d44 ,f4 ,b4 ,s4 #a4ge4 #fb4 ,,an?ropology4 ,an ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,man & ,civilization4 ,by ,edw>d ,b4 ,tylor1 ,d4 ,c4 ,l41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,) #gh ,illu/rations4 #b4jj4 #fc4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,floral ,,/ructures1 ,,?r\gh ,,insect ,,& ,,o!r ,,ag5cies4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,george ,h5sl[1 ,m4 ,a41 etc4 ,) #hh ,illu/rations4 #a4ge4 #fd4 ,,! ,,s5ses1 ,,in/9cts1 ,,& ,,intellig5ce ,,( ,,animals1 ,,) ,,special ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,insects4 ,by ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 ,b>t41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 etc4 ,) #aah ,illu/rations4 #a4ge4 #fe4 ,,! ,,primitive ,,family ,,9 ,,its ,,orig9 ,,& ,,developm5t4 ,by ,dr4 ,c4 ,n4 ,/>cke1 ,univ]sity ( ,cop5hag54 #a4ge4 #ff4 ,,physiology ,,( ,,bodily ,,ex]cise4 ,by ,f4 ,lagrange1 ,m4,d4 #a4ge4 #fg4 ,,! ,,colors ,,( ,,animals3 ,_! ,mean+ & ,use4 ,by ,edw>d ,bagnall ,p\lton1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,) #cf ,illu/rations & #a ,color$ ,plate4 #a4ge4 #fh4 ,,socialism3 ,new & ,old4 ,by ,pr(essor ,william ,graham1 ,m4 ,a41 ,que5's ,college1 ,belfa/4 #a4ge4 #fi4 ,,man ,,& ,,! ,,glacial ,,p]iod4 ,by ,pr(essor ,g4 ,fr$]ick ,wright1 ,d4 ,d41 ,ob]l9 ,!ological ,sem9>y4 ,) #ajh ,illu/rations & #c ,maps4 #a4ge4 #gj4 ,,h&book ,,( ,,greek ,,& ,,lat9 ,,pal,,ography4 ,by ,edw>d ,maunde ,?ompson1 ,d4 ,c4 ,l41 etc4 #b4jj4 #ga4 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,cru/acea4 ,rec5t ,malaco/raca4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,?omas ,r4 ,r4 ,/ebb+1 ,m4 ,a4 ,) #ea ,illu/rations4 #b4jj4 #gb4 ,,race ,,& ,,language4 ,by ,pr(essor ,&r ,lefvre1 ,an?ropological ,s*ool1 ,p>is4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co41 #gb ,fil? ,av5ue4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,cont\r ,,& ,,glacial ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,isles ,,! ,,int]national ,,sci5tific ,,s]ies ,,man ,,& ,,! ,,glacial ,,p]iod ,,by ,g4 ,,fr$]ick ,,wright ,d4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,f4 ,g4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,pr(essor ,,9 ,,ob]l9 ,,!ological ,,sem9>y ,,=m]ly ,,assi/ant ,,on ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,geological ,,survey ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,ice ,,age ,,9 ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 ,,logic ,,( ,,*ri/ian ,,evid5ces1 ,,etc4 ,,) ,,an ,,app5dix ,,on ,,t]ti>y ,,man ,by ,,pr(4 ,,h5ry ,w4 ,,haynes ,,fully ,,illu/rat$ ,,second ,,edition ,,new ,,york ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company #ahie ,copyright1 #ahib1 ,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company4 ,electrotyp$ & ,pr9t$ at ! ,appleton ,press1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,to ,,judge ,c4 ,c4 ,,baldw9 ,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,we/]n ,,res]ve ,,hi/orical ,,society ,,clevel& ,,?is ,,volume ,,is ,,d$icat$ ,,9 ,,recognition ,,( ,,8 ,,sagaci\s ,,& ,,unfail+ ,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,! ,,inve/igations ,,:i* ,,h ,,made ,,x ,,possible ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition4 ,s9ce1 z /at$ 9 ! ,introduction 7page #a71 ! plan ( ?is volume p]mitt$ only a concise pres5tation ( ! facts1 x 0 impossible to introduce ei!r full ref]5ces to ! illimitable lit]ature ( ! subject or detail$ discussion ( all disput$ po9ts4 ,! facts select$1 !re=e1 7 = ! mo/ "p ^? ^u :i* x 0 suppos$ !re w\ld be pretty g5]al agreem5t4 ,! discussion ^u ! subject ( ! cont9uity ( ! ,glacial p]iod 01 h[ev]1 some:at elaborate 7see pages #ajf-aba1 #caa1 #cbd1 #ccb71 & 0 pres5t$ ) excessive respect = ! au?ority ( ^? :o ma9ta9 ! opposite view2 all t 0 claim$ 7page #aaj7 be+ t "o might ma9ta9 ! unity or cont9uity ( ! ,glacial p]iod )\t =feit+ 8 "r to ! respect ( 8 fell[-geologi/s4 ,b x already appe>s t !re 0 no ne$ ( ?is extreme mode/y ( /atem5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! vigor\s discussion ( ! subject :i* has *>act]iz$ ! la/ two ye>s reveals a decid$ reaction aga9/ ! !ory t !re has be5 m ?an "o ,glacial epo* 9 ,quat]n>y times2 :ile !re h be5 br\ght to light _m mo/ important if n conclusive facts 9 fav\r ( ! !ory support$ 9 ! volume4 ,9 ,am]ica ! cont9uity ( ! ,glacial p]iod has be5 ma9ta9$ dur+ ! pa/ two ye>s ) important new evid5ce1 among o!rs by au?orities ( no less em95ce & special exp]i5ce 9 glacial inve/igations ?an ,pr(essor ,dana1,a ,mr4 ,w>r5 ,upham1,b & ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,h4 ,williams1 ,jr4,c ,pr(essor ,williams's inve/igations on ! att5uat$ bord] ( ! glacial deposits 9 ! ,lehigh1 ! mo/ important upp] tribut>y to ! ,delaw>e ,valley1 ,pa41 are ( important significance1 s9ce ! area :i* he s c>efully /udi$ lies :olly s\? ( ! t]m9al mora9e ( ,lewis & ,wright1 & belongs to ! portion ( ! old] drift :i* ,pr(essors ,*amb]l9 & ,salisbury h be5 mo/ positive 9 assign+ to ! fir/ ,glacial epo*1 :i* !y h ma9ta9$ 0 sep>at$ f ! second epo* by a l5g? ( "t suffici5t = ! /reams to erode rock gorges 9 ! ,delaw>e & ,lehigh ,riv]s f two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ feet 9 dep?4,d ,b ,pr(essor ,williams has f\nd t ! rock gorges ( ! ,lehigh1 & ev5 ( its s\!rn tribut>ies1 _h be5 worn d[n approximately to ! pres5t dep? ( t ( ! ,delaw>e be=e ?is e>lie/ p]iod ( glaciation1 & t ! gorges 7 fill$ ) ! e>lie/ glacial dbris4 ,footnote ,a3 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 xlvi1 pp4 #cbg1 #ccj4 ,footnote ,b3 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vols1 xlvi1 pp4 #aad-aba2 xlvii1 pp4 #ceh-cfe2 ,am]ican ,geologi/1 vols1 x1 pp4 #cci-cfb1 especially pp4 #cfa1 #cfb2 xiii1 pp4 #aad1 #bgh2 ,bullet9 ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica1 vol4 v1 pp4 #ga-hf1 #hg-ajj4 ,footnote ,c3 ,bullet9 ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica1 vol4 v1 pp4 #ac-af1 #bha-bif2 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 xlvii1 pp4 #cc-cf4 ,footnote ,d3 ,see especially ,*amb]l91 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 xlv1 p4 #aib2 ,salisbury1 9 ! ,am]ican ,geologi/1 vol4 xi1 p4 #ah4 ,a simil> relation ( ! glacial deposits ( ! att5uat$ bord] to ! preglacial erosion ( ! rock gorges ( ! ,alleghany & upp] ,ohio ,riv]s has be5 br\ght to light by ! jo9t inve/igations ( ,mr4 ,frank ,lev]ett & myself 9 we/]n ,p5nsylvania1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,w>r51 ,pa41 :]e1 9 an area :i* 0 affect$ by only ! e>lie/ glaciation1 glacial deposits are f\nd fill+ ! rock *annels ( old tribut>ies to ! ,alleghany to a dep? ( f "o hundr$ & sev5ty to two hundr$ & fifty feet1 & c>ry+ ! preglacial erosion at t po9t v closely1 if n q1 d[n to ! pres5t rock bottoms ( all ! /reams4 ,?is removes f ,pr(essor ,*amb]l9 a mo/ important "p ( ! evid5ce ( a long int]glacial p]iod to :i* he _h appeal$2 he hav+ ma9ta9$,e t ! high] glacial gravels ant$at$ ^? ( ! mora9e-=m+ epo* by ! measure ( ! erosion ( ! *annel ?r\gh ! old drift & ! rock1 ^: mean dep? "h is ab\t ?ree hundr$ feet1 ( :i* p]haps two hundr$ & fifty feet may be said to be rock1 add+ t ! excavation t int]v5$ betwe5 ! two epo*s 9 o!r portions ( ! ,alleghany1 ,monongahela1 & upp] ,ohio valleys is closely comp>able ) ?is4 ,footnote ,e3 ,bullet9 #eh ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 p4 #ce2 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 xlv1 p4 #aie4 ,^! obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,lev]ett & myself seem to demon/rate ! position ma9ta9$ 9 ! volume 7page #bah71 namely1 t ! inn] precipit\s rock gorges ( ! upp] ,ohio & its tribut>ies are ma9ly preglacial1 r ?an int]glacial4 ,! only way 9 :i* ,pr(essor ,*amb]l9 c 9 any degree break ! =ce ( ?is discov]y is by assum+ t 9 preglacial times ! pres5t n>r[ rock gorges ( ! ,alleghany & ! ,ohio 7 n cont9u\s1 b t 7z indicat$ 9 ! pres5t volume on page #bjf7 ! dra9age ( v>i\s portions ( t region 0 by nor!rn outlets to ! ,lake ,erie bas91 leav+1 on ?is supposition1 ! cols betwe5 two or ?ree dra9age areas to be l[]$ 9 glacial or int]glacial "t4 ,on ! !ory ( cont9uity ! erosion ( ^! cols w\ld h be5 rapidly effect$ by ! rev]s$ dra9age consequ5t ^u ! arrival ( ! ice-front at ! s\!rn %ore ( ! ,lake ,erie bas94 ,dur+ all ! "t elaps+ !reaft]1 until ! ice _h rea*$ its s\!rn limit1 ! /ream 0 also augm5t$ by ! annual p>tial melt+ ( ! advanc+ glaci] :i* 0 con/antly br++ into ! valley ! froz5 precipitation ( ! f> nor?4 ,! di/ance is f ?irty to sev5ty miles1 s t a mod]ately sl[ advance ( ! ice at t /age w\ld af=d "t = a great am\nt ( erosion be=e suffici5t nor!rn gravel _h rea*$ ! region to beg9 ! fill+ ( ! gorge4,f ,footnote ,f3 ,see an elaborate discussion ( ! subject 9 its new phases by ,*amb]l9 & ,lev]ett1 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 xlvii1 pp4 #bdg-bhc4 ,mr4 ,lev]ett also pres5t$ an important pap] be=e ! ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica at its meet+ at ,madison1 ,wis41 9 ,augu/1 #ahic1 adduc+ evid5ce :i*1 he ?9ks1 goes to prove t ! po/-glacial erosion 9 ! e>li] drift 9 ! region ( ,rock ,riv]1 ,ill41 0 sev5 or eight times z mu* z t 9 ! lat] drift f>!r nor?2 :ile ,mr4 ,osc> ,h4 ,h]%ey arrives at ne>ly ! same conclusions f a /udy ( ! buri$ *annels 9 nor?we/]n ,ill9ois4,g ,b ev5 if ^! e/imates are approximately correct--:i* is by no means c]ta9--!y only prove ! l5g? ( ! ,glacial p]iod1 & n necess>ily its discont9uity4 ,footnote ,g3 ,am]ican ,geologi/1 vol4 xii1 p4 #cad;f4 ,o!r important evid5ce to a simil> effect is giv5 by ,mr4 ,lev]ett1 9 an article on ,! ,glacial ,succession 9 ,ohio1 ,j\rnal ( ,geology1 vol4 i1 pp4 #abi-adf4 ,at ! same "t x %\ld be said t ^! inve/igations 9 we/]n ,p5nsylvania some:at modify a portion ( ! discussion 9 ! pres5t volume conc]n+ ! effects ( ! ,c9c9nati ice-dam4 ,x n[ appe>s t ! full ext5t ( ! gravel t]races ( glacial orig9 9 ! ,alleghany ,riv] _h n be=e be5 fully appreciat$1 s9ce !y are ne>ly cont9u\s on ! two-hundr$-foot rock %elf1 & are (t5 z mu* z eighty feet ?ick4 ,x seems probable1 !re=e1 t ! ,alleghany & upp] ,ohio gorge 0 fill$ ) glacial gravel to a dep? ( ab\t two hundr$ & fifty or ?ree hundr$ feet1 z f> d[n at lea/ z ,:eel+1 ,w4 ,va4 ,if ?is 0 ! case1 x w\ld obviate ! necessity ( br++ 9 ! ,c9c9nati ice-dam 7z set =? 9 pages #bab-baf7 to acc\nt directly = all ! ph5om5a 9 t region1 except z ?is ob/ruction at ,c9c9nati w\ld greatly facilitate ! silt+ up ( ! gorge4 ,! simple accumulation ( glacial gravel 9 ! ,alleghany gorge w\ld ( itself dam up ! ,monongahela at ,pittsburg1 s z to produce ! results detail$ by ,pr(essor ,:ite on page #bae4;,h ,footnote ,h3 ,= a full discussion ( ^! topics1 see pap] by ,pr(essor ,b4 ,c4 ,jillson1 ,transactions ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ce & ,art ( ,pittsburg1 ,decemb] #h1 #ahic2 ,g4 ,f4 ,wright1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 xlvii1 pp4 #afa-ahg2 especially pp4 #agg1 #agh2 ,! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 vol4 xlv1 pp4 #ahd-aih4 ,( ,european au?orities :o h rec5tly fav\r$ ! !ory ( ! cont9uity ( ! ,quat]n>y ,glacial p]iod1 z ma9ta9$ 9 ! volume1 x is en\gh to m5tion ! names ( ,pre/wi*1,i ,hughes1,j ,k5dall1,k ,lamplugh1,l & ,wallace1,m ( ,engl&2 ,falsan1,n ( ,france2 ,hol/1,o ( ,sw$52 ,cr$n],p & ,di5]1,q ( ,g]many2 & ,nikit9,r & ,kropotk91,s ( ,russia4,t ,among lead+ au?orities /ill fav\r+ a succession ( ,glacial epo*s are3 ,pr(essor ,james ,geikie1,u ( ,scotl&2 ,b>on de ,ge]1,v ( ,sw$52 & ,pr(essor ,felix ,wahns*affe1,w ( ,g]many4 ,footnote ,i3 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society = ,augu/1 #ahhg4 ,footnote ,j3 ,am]ican ,geologi/1 vol4 viii1 p4 #bda4 ,footnote ,k3 ,transactions ( ! ,le$s ,geological ,association = ,febru>y #aj1 #ahic4 ,footnote ,l3 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 ,augu/1 #ahia4 ,footnote ,m3 ,=tnightly ,review1 ,novemb]1 #ahic1 p4 #fcc2 repr9t$ 9 ,! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 vol4 xliv1 p4 #gij4 ,footnote ,n3 ,la ,priode glaciaire 7,flix ,alcan4 ,p>is1 #ahhi74 ,footnote ,o3 ,am]ican ,geologi/1 vol4 viii1 p4 #bdb4 ,footnote ,p3 ,ibid41 p4 #bda4 ,footnote ,q3 ,ibid41 p4 #bdb4 ,footnote ,r3 ,congrs ,int]national d',ar*ologie1 ,mosc[1 #ahib4 ,footnote ,s3 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,janu>y1 #ahid1 p4 #aea1 note4 ,footnote ,t3 ,! volume ,! ,glacial ,geology ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 edit$ f ! unpubli%$ ,,mss4 ( ! late ,h5ry ,c>vill ,lewis 7,london1 ,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co41 #ahid71 adds mu* important evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! cont9uity ( ! ,glacial epo*2 see especially pp4 #ahg1 #dfj1 #dfa1 #dff4 ,footnote ,u3 ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 vol4 xxxvii1 ,"p ,i1 pp4 #abg-aej4 ,footnote ,v3 ,am]ican ,geologi/1 vol4 viii1 p4 #bdf4 ,footnote ,w3 ,=s*ung5 zur deuts*5 ,l&es und ,volkskunde von ,dr4 ,a4 ,kir*h(f4 ,bd4 vi1 ,heft i4 ,:5 ! fir/ edition 0 issu$1 two ye>s ago1 !re seem$ to be a g5]al acceptance ( all ! facts detail$ 9 x :i* directly connect$ man ) ! ,glacial p]iod bo? 9 ,am]ica & 9 ,europe2 &1 inde$1 ,i _h /udi\sly limit$ myself to su* facts z _h be5 s long & s fully be=e ! public t !re w\ld seem to be no necessity = go+ aga9 into ! details ( evid5ce relat+ to !m4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t ?is confid5ce 0 ill-f\nd$2 = ! publication ( ! book seems to h be5 ! signal = a confid5t *all5ge1 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,holmes1 ( all ! ,am]ican evid5ce1 ) intimations t ! ,european also 0 v likely equally defective4,x ,9 p>ticul> ,mr4 ,holmes d5ies ! conclusiv5ess ( ! evid5ce ( glacial man adduc$ by ,dr4 ,abbott & o!rs at ,tr5ton1 ,n4 ,j42 ,dr4 ,metz1 at ,madisonville1 ,ohio2 ,mr4 ,mills1 at ,newcom]/[n1 ,ohio2 & ,miss ,babbitt1 at ,little ,falls1 ,m9n4 ,footnote ,x3 ,j\rnal ( ,geology1 vol4 i1 pp4 #ae-cg1 #adg-afc2 ,am]ican ,geologi/1 vol4 xi1 pp4 #bai-bdj4 ,! sum ( ,mr4 ,holmes's ef=t am\nts1 h[ev]1 to little m ?an ! /atem5t t1 ) a limit$ am\nt ( "t & lab\r1 nei!r he nor 8 assi/ants _h be5 able to f9d any implem5ts 9 undi/urb$ gravel 9 any ( ^! places2 & ! sugge/ion ( v>i\s ways 9 :i* he ?9ks x possible t ! obs]v]s m5tion$ may h be5 deceiv$ z to ! orig9al position ( ! implem5ts f\nd4 ,b1 z _h be5 amply & repeat$ly publi%$1,y ,pr(essor ,j4 ,d4 ,:itney1 ,pr(essor ,luci5 ,c>r1 ,pr(essor ,n4 ,s4 ,%al]1 ,pr(essor ,f4 ,w4 ,putnam1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 besides ,dr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,abbott1 all expressly & ) m9ute detail describe f9d+ implem5ts 9 ! undi/urb$ gravel at ,tr5ton1 :i* no "o d5ies to be ( glacial orig94 ,9 ! face ( su* te/imony1 :i* _h be5 be=e ! public & freely discuss$ = sev]al ye>s1 x is an ardu\s und]tak+ = ,mr4 ,holmes to claim t none ( ! implem5ts h be5 f\nd 9 place1 because he & 8 assi/ants 7^: opportunities = obs]vation _h sc>cely be5 "o tw5tie? "p z great z ^? ( ! o!rs7 fail$ to f9d any4 ,to see h[ c>efully ! orig9al obs]vations 7 made1 "o has b to read ! reports to ,pr(essor ,putnam :i* h f "t to "t appe>$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,peabody ,museum & ( ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory11 & :i* are p>tially summ$ up 9 ! ?irty-second *apt] ( ,dr4 ,abbott's volume on ,primitive ,indu/ry4 ,footnote ,y3 ,proce$+s ( ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 vol4 xxi1 ,janu>y #ai1 #ahha2 ,report ( ! ,peabody ,museum1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #dd-dg2 *ap1 xxxii ( ,abbott's ,primitive ,indu/ry2 ,am]ican ,geologi/1 vol4 xi1 pp4 #ahj-ahd4 ,9 ! case ( ! discov]y at ,newcom]/[n1 ,mr4 ,holmes is peculi>ly un=tunate 9 8 ef=ts to pres5t ! facts1 s9ce1 9 endeav\r+ to repres5t ! conditions "u :i* ! implem5t 0 f\nd by ,mr4 ,mills1 he has reli$ ^u an imag9>y draw+ ( 8 own1 9 :i* an utt]ly impossible /ate ( ?+s is pictur$4 ,! claim ( ,mr4 ,holmes 9 ?is case1 z 9 ! o!r1 is t possibly ! gravel 9 :i* ! implem5ts 7 f\nd _h be5 di/urb$4 ,9 "s cases1 z 9 ,little ,falls & at ,madison ville1 he ?9ks ! implem5ts may h work$ d[n to a dep? ( sev]al feet by ! ov]turn+ ( trees or by ! decay ( ! tap-root ( trees4 ,a suffici5t answ] to ^! sugge/ions is1 t ,mr4 ,holmes is able to f9d no in/ance 9 :i* ! ov]turn+ ( trees has di/urb$ ! soil to a dep? ( m ?an ?ree or f\r feet1 :ile "s ( ! implem5ts 9 ^! places _h be5 f\nd buri$ f eight to sixte5 feet4 ,ev5 if1 z ,mr4 ,*amb]l9 sugge/s1,z fifty g5]ations ( trees h decay$ on ! spot s9ce ! retreat ( ! ice1 x is difficult to see h[ t w\ld help ! matt]1 s9ce ! effect c\ld n be cumulative1 & fifty upturn+s ( ?ree or f\r feet w\ld n produce ! results ( "o upturn+ ( eight feet4 ,moreov]1 at ,tr5ton1 :]e ! upturn+ ( trees & ! decay+ ( tap-roots w\ld h be5 z likely z any:]e to bury implem5ts1 none ( ^? ( fl9t or jasp] 7:i* occur ^u ! surface by t5s ( ?\s&s7 are buri$ m ?an a foot 9 dep?2 :ile ! argillite implem5ts occur z l[ d[n z fifte5 or tw5ty feet4 ,?is limitation ( fl9t & jasp] implem5ts to ! surface is conclusively %[n n only by ,dr4 ,abbott's discov]ies1 b also by ! ext5sive excavations at ,tr5ton ( ,mr4 ,erne/ ,volk1 ^: collections =m$ s prom95t a "p ( ,pr(essor ,putnam's ,paloli?ic exhibit at ! ,columbian ,exposition at ,*icago4 ,9 ! village sites explor$ by ,mr4 ,volk1 argillite 0 ! exclusive mat]ial ( ! implem5ts f\nd 9 ! l[] /rata ( gravel4 ,simil> results are indicat$ by ! excavations ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,m]c] at ,po9t ,pleasant1 ,pa41 ab\t tw5ty miles above ,tr5ton1 :]e1 9 ! l[] /rata1 ! argillite specim5s are sixty-"o times m num]\s ?an ! jasp] are4 ,footnote ,z3 ,am]ican ,geologi/1 vol4 xi1 p4 #ahh4 ,to discr$it ! discov]ies at ,tr5ton & ,newcom]/[n1 ,mr4 ,holmes relies l>gely ^u ! !ory t portions ( gravel f ! surface _h slid d[n to ! bottom ( ! t]race1 c>ry+ implem5ts ) !m1 & =m+ a talus1 :i*1 he ?9ks1 ,mr4 ,mills1 ,dr4 ,abbott1 & ! o!rs h mi/ak5 = undi/urb$ /rata ( gravel4 ,9 8 draw+s ,mr4 ,holmes has ev5 repres5t$ ! gravel at ,newcom]/[n z cav+ d[n into a talus )\t di/urb+ ! /rata to any great ext5t1 & at ! same "t he speaks slight+ly ( ! promise :i* ,i _h made to publi% a photograph ( ! bank z x really 04 ,9 answ]1 x is suffici5t to give1 fir/1 ! draw+ made at ! "t by ,mr4 ,mills1 to %[ ! g5]al situation ( ! gravel bank at ,newcom]/[n1 9 :i* ! implem5t figur$ on page #beb 0 f\nd2 &1 secondly1 an engrav+ f a photograph ( ! bank1 tak5 by ,mr4 ,mills aft] ! discov]y ( ! implem5t1 b be=e ! talus _h obscur$ its face4 ,! implem5t 0 f\nd by ,mr4 ,mills ) its po9t project+ f a fre% exposure ( ! t]race1 j aft] a mass1 loos5$ by 8 own ef=ts1 _h fall5 away4 ,! gravel is ( su* consi/5cy t e sign ( /ratification disappe>s :5 x falls d[n1 & !re c\ld be no occasion = a mi/ake ev5 by an ord9>y obs]v]1 :ile ,mr4 ,mills 0 a well-tra9$ geologi/ & collector1 mak+ 8 notes ^u ! spot4,,aa ,footnote ,,aa3 ,! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 vol4 xliii1 pp4 #bi-ci4 ,illu/ration3 ,height ( ,t]race expos$1 #be feet4 ,paloli? 0 f\nd #ad-c_/d feet f surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,t]race 9 ,newcom]/[n1 %[+ :]e ,w4 ,c4 ,mills f\nd ! ,paloli?ic implem5t4 ,i _h ?\ght at fir/ t ,mr4 ,holmes _h made out a bett] case aga9/ ! late ,miss ,babbitt's discov]ies at ,little ,falls 7ref]r$ to on page #bed71 b 9 ! ,am]ican ,geologi/ = ,may1 #ahid1 page #cfc1 ,mr4 ,w>r5 ,upham1 aft] go+ ov] ! evid5ce1 expresses x z /ill 8 conviction t ,mr4 ,holmes's criticism fails to %ake ! =ce ( ! orig9al evid5ce1 s t ,i d n see any reason = modify+ any ( ! /atem5ts made 9 ! body ( ! book conc]n+ ! implem5ts suppos$ to h be5 f\nd 9 glacial deposits4 ,yet if ,i _h expect$ su* an avalan*e ( criticism ( ! evid5ce z has be5 loos5$1 ,i %\ld at ! "t h =tifi$ my /atem5ts by full] ref]5ces1 & %\ld possibly h some:at enl>g$ ! discussion4 ,b ?is seem$ !n ! less necess>y1 f ! fact t ,mr4 ,mc,gee _h1 9 mo/ emphatic mann]1 indors$ ne>ly e item ( ! evid5ce adduc$ by me1 & mu* m1 9 an article :i* appe>$ 9 ,! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly f\r ye>s be=e ! publication ( ! volume 7,novemb]1 #ahhh74 ,9 ?is article he _h said3 ,b x is 9 ! aqueo-glacial gravels ( ! ,delaw>e ,riv] at ,tr5ton1 :i* 7 laid d[n contemporane\sly ) ! t]m9al mora9e "o hundr$ miles f>!r nor?w>d1 & :i* h be5 s ?or\ghly /udi$ by ,abbott1 t ! mo/ conclusive pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( glacial man is f\nd 7p4 #bc74 ,exclud+ all d\btful cases1 !re rema9s a fairly consi/5t body ( te/imony indicat+ ! exi/5ce ( a widely di/ribut$ human population ^u ! ,nor?4 ,am]ican cont95t dur+ ! lat] ,ice epo* 7p4 #bd74 ,h[ev] ! d\btful cases may be neglect$1 ! te/imony is cumulative1 p>ts ( x are unimpea*able1 & ! pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( glacial man seems conclusive 7p4 #be74 ,9 view ( ! grossly errone\s /atem5ts made by ,mr4 ,mc,gee conc]n+ ! ,nampa image 7describ$ on pages #bih1 #bii71 x is necess>y = me to speak some:at m fully ( ?is important discov]y4 ,! details conc]n+ ! evid5ce 7 drawn out by me at l5g? 9 two communications to ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory 7ref]r$ to on page #big71 :i* fill m ?an ?irty pages ( closely pr9t$ matt]1 :ile two or ?ree ye>s be=e ! appe>ance ( ! volume ! facts _h be5 widely publi%$ 9 ! ,new ,york ,indep5d5t1 ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,! ,nation1 ,scribn]'s ,magaz9e1 & ! ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 & 9 ,wa%+ton at a meet+ ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica 9 #ahij4 ,9 ! second communication to ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory an acc\nt 0 giv5 ( a p]sonal visit to ! ,snake ,riv] ,valley1 l>gely = ! purpose ( fur!r inve/igation ( ! evid5ce br\ght to my notice by ,mr4 ,*>les ,francis ,adams1 & ( ! conditions "u :i* ! figur9e 0 f\nd4 ,among ! mo/ important results ( ?is inve/igation 0 ! discov]y ( num]\s %ells "u ! lava deposits1 :i* ,mr4 ,dall1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 id5tifi$ = me z ei!r po/-,t]ti>y or late ,plioc5e2 ?us ?r[+ ! sup]ficial lava deposits ( ! region into ! ,quat]n>y p]iod1 & remov+ f ! evid5ce ! antec$5t improbability :i* w\ld be> s heavily aga9/ x if we 7 compell$ to suppose t ! lava ( ! ,snake ,riv] region 0 all ( ,t]ti>y or ev5 ( e>ly ,quat]n>y age4 ,fur!rmore1 ! evid5ce ( ! occurr5ce ( a great dbcle 9 ! ,snake ,riv] ,valley dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod1 incid5t ^u ! bur/+ ( ! banks ( ,lake ,bonneville1 goes f> to remove antec$5t presumptions aga9/ ! occurr5ce ( human implem5ts 9 su* conditions z ^? exi/+ at ,nampa 7see bel[1 pp4 #bcc-bcg74 ,mr4 ,mc,gee's misund]/&+ ( ! evid5ce on "o po9t is s gross1 t ,i mu/ make special ref]5ce to x4 ,he says,,ab t ?is image is alleg$ to h be5 p\nd$ out ( volcanic tuff by a heavy drill1 444 "u a ?ick ,t]ti>y lava b$4 ,! /atem5t ( facts on page #bih be>s no resemblance to ?is repres5tation4 ,x is !re /at$ t !re 7 b fifte5 feet ( lava1 & t ne> ! surface2 t bel[ ?is !re 0 no?+ b alt]nat+ b$s ( clay & quicks&1 & t ! lava is po/-,t]ti>y4 ,! s&-pump ,i %\ld p]haps h describ$ m fully 9 ! book1 z ,i _h already done 9 ! communication to ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,x 0 a tube eight feet long1 ) a valve at ! bottom ?ree & a half in*es 9 diamet] on ! inside4 ,?r\gh ?is x 0 ! easie/ ?+ 9 ! _w = ! object1 :i* is only "o in* & a half long1 to be br\ght up 9 ! quicks& )\t injury4 ,footnote ,,ab3 ,lit]>y ,nor?we/1 vol4 ii1 p4 #bge4 ,! baseless ass]tions ( ,mr4 ,mc,gee1 involv+ ! hone/y ( ,messrs4 ,kurtz & ,duffes1 are ev5 less =tunate & f> m repreh5sible4 ,x is a fact1 says ,mr4 ,mc,gee1 t "o ( ! be/-kn[n geologi/s ( ! _w *anc$ to visit ,nampa :ile ! bor+ 0 9 progress1 & ! figur9e & ! pretty fiction 7 laid be=e him4 ,he recogniz$ ! figur9e z a toy su* z ! neighb\r+ ,indians give _! *ildr51 & laugh$ at ! /ory2 :]eupon ! own] ( ! object enjo9$ secrecy1 plead+3 ',don't give me away2 ,i've fool$ a lot ( fell[s already1 & ,i'd l to fool "s m4',,ac ,?is well-kn[n geologi/1 on be+ *all5g$ by ,pr(essor ,claypole,,ad to give a full1 exact1 & c]tifi$ /atem5t ( ! conv]sation above ref]r$ to1 prov$ to be ,major ,p[ell1 :o respond$ ) ! foll[+ /atem5t3 ,9 ! fall ( #ahhi ! writ] visit$ ,boise ,city1 9 ,idaho tw5ty miles f ,nampa4 ,:ile /opp+ at a hotel1 "s g5tlem5 call$ on him to %[ him a figur9e :i* !y said !y _h f\nd 9 s9k+ an artesian well 9 ! neighb\rhood1 at a dep?1 if ,i rememb] rightly1 ( m ?an ?ree hundr$ feet4444 ,:5 ?is /ory 0 told ! writ]1 he simply je/$ ) ^? :o claim$ to h f\nd x4 ,he _h kn[n ! ,indians t live 9 ! neighb\rhood1 _h se5 _! *ildr5 play ) j su* figur9es1 & _h no d\bt t ! little image _h lately belong$ to "s ,indian *ild1 & said ! same4 ,:ile /opp+ at ! hotel diff]5t p]sons spoke ab\t x1 & x 0 always pass$ (f z a je/2 & v>i\s comm5ts 7 made ab\t x by v>i\s p1 "s ( !m claim+ t x _h giv5 !m mu* sport1 & t a good _m t5d]feet _h look$ at x1 & believ$ x to be g5u9e2 & !y seem$ r pleas$ t ,i _h detect$ ! hoax4,,ae ,footnote ,,ac3 ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/1 vol4 vi1 p4 #id3 repeat$ by ,mr4 ,mc,gee 9 ! ,lit]>y ,nor?we/1 vol4 ii1 p4 #bgf4 ,footnote ,,ad3 ,! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 vol4 xlii1 p4 #ggc4 ,footnote ,,ae3 ,ibid41 vol4 xliii1 pp4 #cbb1 #cbc4 ,?us x appe>s t ,major ,p[ell has made no su* /atem5t1 at lea/ 9 public1 z ,mr4 ,mc,gee attributes to him4 ,x %\ld be said1 also1 t ,major ,p[ell's memory is v mu* at fault :5 he affirms t !re is a close resemblance betwe5 ?is figur9e & "s ( ! *ildr5's play?+s among ! ,pocatello ,indians4 ,on ! contr>y1 x w\ld h be5 ev5 m ( a surprise to f9d x 9 ! h&s ( ^! *ildr5 ?an to f9d x among ! prehi/oric deposits on ! ,pacific coa/4 ,to mo/ well-in=m$ p x is suffici5t to "k t no less high au?orities ?an ,mr4 ,*>les ,francis ,adams & ,mr4 ,g4 ,m4 ,gumm+1 ,g5]al ,manag] = ! ,union ,pacific l9e = t di/rict1 c>efully inve/igat$ ! evid5ce at ! "t ( ! discov]y1 &1 kn[+ ! p>ties1 7 entirely satisfi$ ) its suffici5cy4 ,x 0 also subject$ to c>eful exam9ation by ,pr(essor ,f4 ,w4 ,putnam1 :o disc]n$1 9 a deposit ( an oxide ( iron on v>i\s p>ts ( ! image1 indubitable evid5ce t x 0 a relic :i* _h la9 = a long "t 9 "s su* condition z 0 assign$ to x 9 ! bottom ( ! well--all ( :i* is detail$ 9 ! pap]s ref]r$ to bel[1 on page #big4 ,f9ally1 ! discov]y1 bo? 9 its "* & conditions1 is 9 s _m respects analog\s to ^? made "u ,table ,m\nta91 ne> ,sonora1 ,cal4 7describ$ on pages #bid-big71 t ! evid5ce ( "o locality adds cumulative =ce to t ( ! o!r4 ,! /rata und]nea? ! lava 9 :i* ^! objects 7 f\nd are all indirectly1 b pretty c]ta9ly1 connect$ ) ! ,glacial p]iod4,,af ,no /ud5t ( glacial ar*ology1 !re=e1 c h]eaft] af=d to disreg>d ^! facts f ! ,pacific coa/4 ,footnote ,,af3 ,see bel[1 p4 #cdi4 ,ob]l91 ,ohio1 ,june #b1 #ahid4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition4 ,! wide int]e/ manife/$ 9 my treatise ^u ,! ,ice ,age 9 ,nor? ,am]ica & its ,be>+ ^u ! ,antiquity ( ,man 7( :i* a ?ird edition 0 issu$ a ye> ago71 seem$ to indicate ! desirability ( provid+ = ! public a small] volume discuss+ ! broad] "q ( man's entire relation to ! ,glacial p]iod 9 ,europe z well z 9 ,am]ica4 ,:5 ! dem& = su* a volume became evid5t1 ,i set ab\t prep>+ = ! task by sp5d+1 fir/1 a season 9 special /udy ( ! lava-b$s ( ! ,pacific coa/1 ^: relations to ! ,glacial p]iod & to man's antiquity are ( su* great int]e/2 &1 secondly1 a summ] 9 ,europe1 to enable me to comp>e ! facts be>+ ^u ! subject on bo? cont95ts4 ,( c\rse1 ! *apt]s ( ! pres5t volume relat+ to ,am]ica cov] mu* ( ! same gr\nd gone ov] 9 ! previ\s treatise2 b ! matt] has be5 entirely rewritt5 & v mu* cond5s$1 s z to give due proportions to all p>ts ( ! subject4 ,x w int]e/ "s to "k t mo/ ( ! new mat]ial 9 ?is volume 0 fir/ wr\ght ov] 9 my second c\rse ( ,l[ell ,in/itute ,lectures1 giv5 9 ,bo/on dur+ ! mon? ( ,m>* la/4 ,i am "u great obligations to ,mr4 ,*>les ,francis ,adams = 8 aid 9 prosecut+ inve/igations ^u ! ,pacific coa/ ( ,am]ica2 & also to ,dr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,crosskey1 ( ,birm+ham1 ,engl&1 & to ,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,lamplugh1 ( ,bridl+ton1 z well z to ,mr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,de ,rance & ,mr4 ,clem5t ,reid1 ( ! ,briti% ,geological ,survey1 besides _m o!rs 9 ,engl& :o h facilitat$ my inve/igations2 b pre-em95tly to ,pr(4 ,p]cy ,f4 ,k5dall1 ( ,/ockport1 :o cons5t$ to prep>e = me ! portion ( ,*apt] ,,vi :i* relates to ! glacial ph5om5a ( ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,i h no d\bt ( ! g5]al correctness ( ! views ma9ta9$ by him1 & little d\bt1 also1 t 8 cle> & =cible pres5tation ( ! facts w br+ ab\t :at is sc>cely less ?an a revolution 9 ! views g5]ally preval5t relat+ to ! subject ( :i* he treats4 ,= ! glacial facts relat+ to ,france & ,switz]l& ,i am indebt$ l>gely to ,m4 ,falsan's valuable comp5dium1 ,la ,priode ,glaciaire4 ,x goes )\t say+1 also1 t ,i am "u ! deepe/ obligation to ! works ( ,pr(4 ,james ,geikie ^u ,! ,great ,ice ,age & ^u ,prehi/oric ,europe1 & to ! rem>kable volume ( ! late ,mr4 ,james ,croll ^u ,climate & ,"t1 z well z to ! rec5t compreh5sive geological treatises ( ,sir ,ar*ibald ,geikie & ,pr(4 ,pre/wi*4 ,f9ally1 ,i w\ld express my gratitude = ! great c\rtesy ( ,pr(4 ,fraipont1 ( ,lige1 9 assi/+ me to an appreciation ( ! facts relat+ to ! late rem>kable discov]y ( two entire skeletons ( ,paleoli?ic man 9 ! grotto ( ,spy4 ,comp>ative complet5ess is also giv5 to ! volume by ! app5dix on ! "q ( man's exi/5ce dur+ ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 prep>$ by ! compet5t h& ( ,pr(4 ,h5ry ,w4 ,haynes1 ( ,bo/on4 ,i tru/ ?is brief treatise w be useful n only 9 int]e/+ ! g5]al public1 b 9 giv+ a cle> view ( ! pres5t /ate ( progress 9 "o dep>tm5t ( ! inquiries conc]n+ man's antiquity4 ,if ! conclusions rea*$ are n z positive z c\ld be wi%$1 /ill x is bo? desirable & important to see :at degree ( indef9it5ess re/s ^u ! subject1 9 ord] t ra% speculations may be avoid$ & future inve/igations direct$ 9 pr(itable l9es4 ,g4 ,fr$]ick ,wright4 ,ob]l91 ,ohio1 ,may #a1 #ahib4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,pages ,,*apt] ,i4 ,introductory #a-h ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,exi/+ ,glaci]s #i-db ,9 ,europe2 9 ,asia2 9 ,oceanica2 9 ,s\? ,am]ica2 on ! ,ant>ctic ,cont95t2 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,glacial ,motion #dc-ej ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,signs ( ,pa/ ,glaciation #ea-fe ,,*apt] ,v4 ,anci5t ,glaci]s 9 ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e #ff-abh ,new ,engl&2 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 & ,p5nsylvania2 ! ,mississippi ,bas92 we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,anci5t ,glaci]s 9 ! ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e #abi-aib ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,europe2 ! ,briti% ,isles--! ,preglacial ,level ( ! ,l&1 ! ,great ,glacial ,c5tres1 ! ,conflu5t ,glaci]s1 ! ,ea/ ,anglian ,glaci]1 ! s-call$ ,great ,subm]g5ce2 ,nor!rn ,europe2 ,asia2 ,africa4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,dra9age ,sy/ems 9 ! ,glacial ,p]iod #aic-bda ,9 ,am]ica--,preglacial ,erosion1 ,buri$ ,outlets & ,*annels1 ,ice-dams1 ,anci5t ,riv] ,t]races2 9 ,europe4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,relics ( ,man 9 ! ,glacial ,p]iod #bdb-cja ,9 ,glacial ,t]races ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 9 ,glacial ,t]races ( ,europe2 9 ,cave ,deposits 9 ! ,briti% ,isles2 9 ,cave ,deposits on ! ,cont95t2 ,ext9ct ,animals associat$ ) ,man2 ,e>lie/ ,man on ! ,pacific ,coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! ,cause ( ! ,glacial ,p]iod #cjb-cca ,,*apt] ,x4 ,! ,date ( ! ,glacial ,p]iod #ccb-cfd ,app5dix on ! ,t]ti>y ,man #cfe-cgd ,index #cge-che ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,z]matt ,glaci] #b #b4 ,=mation ( ve9$ /ructure #c #c1 #d4 ,=mation ( m>g9al fissures & ve9s #d #e4 ,fissures & s]acs #d #f4 ,section across glacial valley1 %[+ old lat]al mora9es #e #g4 ,mont ,blanc glaci] region #aj #h4 ,sv>tis5 ,glaci] #ac #i4 ,float+ b]g #ah #aj4 ,iceb]g 9 ! ,ant>ctic ,ocean #bj #aa4 ,map ( s\!a/]n ,alaska #bb #ab4 ,map ( ,glaci] ,bay1 ,alaska #be #ac4 ,front ( ,muir ,glaci] #bf #ad4 ,map ( glaci]s 9 ! ,/4 ,elias ,alps #ca #ae4 ,map ( ,gre5l& #cc #af4 ,diagram %[+ ! "* ( glacial motion #dc #ag4 ,l9e ( mo/ rapid glacial motion #de #ah4 ,diagram %[+ ret>dation ( ! bottom ( a glaci] #df #ai4 ,b$-rock scor$ ) glacial m>ks #eb #bj4 ,scrat*$ /one f ! till ( ,bo/on #ed #ba4 ,typical section ( till 9 ,seattle1 ,wa%4 #ee #bb4 ,ideal section %[+ h[ ! till ov]lies ! /ratifi$ rocks #ef #bc4 ,vessel ,rock1 a glacial b\ld] #ef #bd4 ,map ( ,rhne ,glaci] #eh #be4 ,conglom]ate b\ld] f\nd 9 ,boone ,c\nty1 ,ky4 #fc #bf4 ,mohegan ,rock #gb #bg4 ,druml9s 9 ,g(f/[n1 ,n4 ,h4 #gc #bh4 ,map ( druml9s 9 ! vic9ity ( ,bo/on #ge #bi4 ,section ( kame #gg #cj4 ,map ( kames 9 ,&ov]1 ,mass4 #gh #ca4 ,longitud9al kames ne> ,h+ham1 ,mass4 #gi #cb4 ,map %[+ ! kames ( ,ma9e & s\!a/]n ,new ,hamp%ire #ha #cc4 ,we/]n face ( ! ,kettle ,mora9e ne> ,eagle1 ,wis4 #ii #cd4 ,section ( ! ea/-&-we/ glacial furr[s on ,kelly's ,isl& #ajc #ce4 ,same z ! prec$+ #aje #cf4 ,section ( till ne> ,g]mant[n1 ,ohio #ajh #cg4 ,mora9es ( ,grape ,creek1 ,col4 #abc #ch4 ,map ( ,nor? ,am]ica 9 ! ,ice p]iod #abg #ci4 ,qu>tzite b\ld] on ,mont ,la*at #abh #dj4 ,map %[+ glaciat$ areas 9 ,nor? ,am]ica & ,europe #acj #da4 ,maps %[+ l9es ( dbris ext5d+ f ! ,alps into ! pla9s ( ! ,po #acd #db4 ,section ( ! ,cefn ,cave #adh #dc4 ,map %[+ mora9e betwe5 ,speeton & ,flambor\gh #aef #dd4 ,diagram-section ne> ,crom] #aff #de4 ,section ?r\gh ! we/]ly *alk bluff at ,trim+ham1 ,norfolk #afb #df4 ,section across ,wales #agb #dg4 ,section ( cliff at ,flambor\gh ,head #agf #dh4 ,enl>g$ section ( ! %elly s& & surr\nd+ clay at ,b 9 prec$+ figure #agg #di4 ,map %[+ ! glaciat$ area ( ,europe #ahd #ej4 ,map %[+ old *annel & m\? ( ! ,hudson #aie #ea4 ,new ,york ,h>bor 9 preglacial times #aig #eb4 ,section across ! valley ( ! ,cuyahoga ,riv] #bjj #ec4 ,map ( ,mississippi ,riv] f ,=t ,snell+ to ,m9neapolis #bji #ed4 ,map %[+ ! effect ( ! glacial dam at ,c9c9nati #bac #ee4 ,map ( ,lake ,erie-,ont>io #bai #ef4 ,map ( ,cuyahoga ,lake #bba #eg4 ,section ( ! lake ridges ne> ,s&usky1 ,ohio #bbc #eh4 ,map %[+ /ages ( recession ( ! ice 9 ,m9nesota #bbe #ei4 ,glacial t]race on ,raccoon ,creek1 9 ,ohio #bbg #fj4 ,ideal section across a riv]-b$ 9 drift region #bbi #fa4 ,map ( ,lakes ,bonneville & ,lahontan #bcd #fb4 ,p>allel roads ( ,gl5 ,roy #bci #fc4 ,map %[+ glacial t]races on ! ,delaw>e & ,s*uylkill ,riv]s #bdc #fd4 ,paloli? f\nd by ,abbott 9 ,new ,j]sey #bdd #fe4 ,section across ! ,delaw>e ,riv] at ,tr5ton1 ,n4 ,j4 #bde #ff4 ,section ( ! ,tr5ton gravel #bdf #fg4 ,face view ( argillite implem5t f\nd by ,dr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,abbott 9 #ahgf4 #bdg #fh4 ,argillite implem5t f\nd by ,dr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,abbott1 ,m>*1 #ahgi #bdh #fi4 ,*ipp$ pebble ( black *]t f\nd by ,dr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,metz1 ,octob]1 #ahhe #bdi #gj4 ,map %[+ glaciat$ area 9 ,ohio #bej #ga4 ,paloli?s f ,newcom]/[n & ,ami5s 7face view7 #beb #gb4 ,edge view ( ! prec$+ #bec #gc4 ,section across ! ,mississippi ,valley at ,little ,falls1 ,m9n4 #bed #gd4 ,qu>tz implem5t f\nd by ,miss ,f4 ,e4 ,babbitt1 #ahgh1 at ,little ,falls1 ,m9n #bee #ge4 ,argillite implem5t f\nd by ,h4 ,t4 ,cresson1 #ahhg #bei #gf4 ,g5]al view ( ,baltimore & ,ohio ,railroad cut1 ,claymont1 ,del4 #bfj #gg4 ,section across valley ( ! ,somme #bfb #gh4 ,m\? ( ,k5t's ,hole #bfh #gi4 ,engis skull 7r$uc$7 #bgd #hj4 ,comp>ison ( =ms ( skulls #bgf #ha4 ,skull ( ! ,man ( ,spy #bgg #hb4 ,too? ( ,ma*airodus neogu #bha #hc4 ,p]fect too? ( an ,elephas #bha #hd4 ,skull ( ,hy5a spela #bhb #he4 ,celebrat$ skeleton ( mammo? 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg ,museum #bhc #hf4 ,mol> too? ( mammo? #bhd #hg4 ,too? ( ,ma/odon ,am]icanus #bhd #hh4 ,skeleton ( ,ma/odon ,am]icanus #bhf #hi4 ,skeleton ( ,rh9oc]os ti*orh9us #bhg #ij4 ,skull ( cave-be> #bhg #ia4 ,skeleton ( ! ,iri% elk #bhh #ib4 ,musk-%eep #bhi #ic4 ,re9de] #bij #id4 ,section across ,table ,m\nta91 ,tuolumne ,c\nty1 ,cal4 #bid #ie4 ,calav]as skull #bie #if4 ,?ree views ( ,nampa image1 drawn to scale #bih #ig4 ,map %[+ ,pocatello1 ,nampa1 & ! valley ( ,snake ,riv] #bii #ih4 ,section across ! *annel ( ! ,/anislaus ,riv] #cjj #ii4 ,diagram %[+ effect ( precession #cjh #ajj4 ,map %[+ c\rse ( curr5ts 9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean #cad #aja4 ,map %[+ h[ ! l& clu/]s ab\t ! nor? pole #cai #ajb4 ,diagram %[+ oscillations ( l&-surface & ice-surface dur+ ! ,glacial epo* #cbc #ajc4 ,diagram ( ecc5tricity & precession #ccc #ajd4 ,map ( ! ,niag>a ,riv] bel[ ! ,falls #ccd #aje4 ,section ( /rata along ! ,niag>a ,gorge #ccf #ajf4 ,map %[+ ! recession ( ! ,horse%oe ,falls s9ce #ahdb #cch #ajg4 ,section ( kettle-hole ne> ,pomp's ,pond1 ,&ov]1 ,mass4 #cde #ajh4 ,fl9t-flakes collect$ by ,abb ,b\rgeois #cfh ,,maps4 ,,to ,,face ,,page ,cont\r & glacial map ( ! ,briti% ,isles ,frontispiece4 ,map %[+ ! glacial geology ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates #ff ,map ( glacial movem5ts 9 ,france & ,switz]l& #acb ,,man ,,& ,,! ,,glacial ,,p]iod4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,t glaci]s n[ exi/ 9 ! ,alps1 9 ! ,sc&9avian range1 9 ,icel&1 9 ! ,himalayas1 9 ,new ,zeal&1 9 ,patagonia1 & 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,wa%+ton1 ,briti% ,columbia1 & s\!a/]n ,alaska1 & t a va/ ice-%eet envelops ,gre5l& & ! ,ant>ctic ,cont95t1 are /atem5ts :i* c be v]ifi$ by any "o :o w take ! tr\ble to visit ^? regions4 ,t1 at a comp>atively rec5t date1 ^! glaci]s ext5d$ f> beyond _! pres5t limits1 & t o!rs exi/$ ^u ! highl&s ( ,scotl& & ,briti% ,am]ica1 & at "o "t cov]$ a l>ge "p ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 ! :ole ( ,briti% ,am]ica1 & a consid]able area 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 are inf]5ces drawn f ph5om5a :i* are op5 to e "o's obs]vations4 ,t man 0 9 exi/5ce & occupi$ bo? ,europe & ,am]ica dur+ ?is great expansion ( ! nor!rn glaci]s is prov$ by evid5ce :i* is n[ beyond dispute4 ,x is ! object ( ! pres5t volume to make a concise pres5tation ( ! facts :i* h be5 rapidly accumulat+ dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s relat+ to ! ,glacial p]iod & to its connection ) human hi/ory4 ,be=e speak+ ( ! numb] & pres5t ext5t ( exi/+ glaci]s1 x w be pr(itable1 h[ev]1 to devote a little att5tion to ! def9ition ( t]ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,z]matt ,glaci] 7,agassiz74 ,a glaci] is a mass ( ice s situat$ & ( su* size z to h motion 9 itself4 ,! conditions det]m9+ ! "* & rate ( ?is motion w come up = /atem5t & discussion lat]4 ,x is suffici5t "h to say t ice has a capacity ( movem5t simil> to t possess$ by su* pla/ic sub/ances z cold molasses1 wax1 t>1 or cool+ lava4 ,! limit ( a glaci]'s motion is det]m9$ by ! =ces :i* fix ! po9t at :i* its f9al melt+ takes place4 ,?is w !re=e dep5d ^u bo? ! w>m? ( ! wea!r & ^u ! am\nt ( ice4 ,if ! ice is abundant1 x w move f>!r into ! region ( w>m temp]ature ?an x w if x is limit$ 9 supply4 ,^u asc5d+ a glaci] f> en\gh1 "o rea*es a comp>atively motionless "p correspond+ to ! lake out ( :i* a riv] (t5 fl[s4 ,te*nically ?is is call$ ! nv4 ,glacial ice is =m$ f sn[ :]e ! annual fall is 9 excess ( ! melt+ p[] ( ! sun at t po9t4 ,?r\gh ! influ5ce ( pressure1 su* z a boy applies to a sn[-ball 7b :i* 9 ! nv-field arises f ! weight ( ! accumulat+ mass71 ! l[] /rata ( ! nv are gradually trans=m$ into ice4 ,?is process1 is also assi/$ by ! moi/ure :i* p]colates ?r\gh ! sn[y mass1 & :i* is furni%$ bo? by ! melt+ ( ! surface sn[ & by occasional ra9s4 ,! division betwe5 ! nv & ! glaci] prop] is n always easily det]m9$4 ,! beg9n+s ( ! glacial movem5t--t is1 ( ! movem5t ( ! ice-/ream fl[+ out ( ! nv-field--are some:at l ! beg9n+s ( ! movem5t ( ! wat] f a great lake into its outlet4 ,! nv is ! res]voir f :i* ! glaci] gets bo? its supply ( ice & ! impulse :i* gives x its fir/ movem5t4 ,!re c n be a glaci] )\t a nv-field1 z !re c n be a riv] )\t a dra9age bas94 ,b !re may be a nv-field )\t a glaci]--t is1 a bas9 may be p>tially fill$ ) sn[ :i* nev] melts completely away1 :ile ! equilibrium ( =ces is su* t ! ice b>ely rea*es to ! outlet f :i* ! tongue-l projection 7to :i* ! "n glaci] w\ld be appli$7 fails to em]ge only because ( ! lack ( mat]ial4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,illu/rates ! =mation ( ve9$ /ructure by pressure at ! junction ( two bran*es4 ,a glaci] is *>act]is$ by bo? ve9s & fissures4 ,! ve9s give x a b&$ or /ratifi$ appe>ance1 blue alt]nat+ ) light]-col\r$ portions ( ice4 ,z ^! b&s are n arrang$ ) any app>5t uni=mity 9 ! glaci]1 _! explanation has giv5 rise to mu* discussion4 ,sometimes ! ve9s are horizontal1 sometimes v]tical1 & at o!r times at an angle ) ! l9e ( motion4 ,on close inve/igation1 h[ev]1 x is f\nd t ! ve9s are always at "r angles to ! l9e ( greate/ pressure4 ,?is leads to ! conclusion t pressure is ! cause ( ! b&$ /ructure4 ,! blue /rata 9 ! ice are ^? f :i* ! p>ticles ( air h be5 expell$ by pressure2 ! light] portions are ^? 9 :i* ! p>ticles are less ?or\ghly compact$4 ,sn[ is b pulv]iz$ ice1 & diff]s 9 col\r f ! compact mass = ! same reason t almo/ all rocks & m9]als *ange _! col\r :5 gr\nd into a p[d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,figs4 #c1 #d4--;,illu/rate ! =mation ( m>g9al fissures & ve9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--;c1 c1 %[ fissures & s]acs :]e ! glaci] moves d[n ! /eep] portion ( its incl9e2 s1 s1 %[ ! v]tical /ructure produc$ by pressure on ! g5tl] slopes4 ,! fissures1 :i*1 :5 ( l>ge size1 are call$ crevasses1 are =m$ 9 ^? portions ( a glaci] :]e1 f "s cause1 ! ice is subject$ to slight t5sion4 ,?is occurs especially :]e1 ?r\gh irregul>ities 9 ! bottom1 ! slope ( ! desc5t is increas$4 ,! ice1 !n1 in/ead ( mov+ 9 a cont9u\s /ream at ! top1 cracks op5 along ! l9e ( t5sion1 & w$ge-%ap$ fissures are =m$ ext5d+ f ! top d[n to a great] or less di/ance1 accord+ to ! degree ( t5sion4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 ! ice rema9s cont9u\s 9 ! l[] /rata1 & :5 ! slope is dim9i%$ ! pressure reunites ! faces ( ! fissure1 & ! surface becomes aga9 comp>atively smoo?4 ,:]e !re are ext5sive areas ( t5sion1 ! surface ( ! ice sometimes becomes exce$+ly brok51 pres5t+ a tangl$ mass ( t[]s1 domes1 & p9nacles ( ice call$ s]acs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--,section across ,glacial ,valley1 %[+ old ,lat]al ,mora9es4 ,l runn+ wat]1 mov+ ice is a p[]ful ag5t 9 transport+ rocks & e>?y dbris ( all grades ( f95ess2 b1 ow+ to ! diff]5t consi/5cies ( ice & wat]1 !re are great diff]5ces 9 ! mode & result ( transportation by !m4 ,:ile wat] c hold 9 susp5sion only ! v f9e/ mat]ial1 ice c be> ^u its surface rocks ( ! greate/ magnitude1 & c roll or %ove along "u x b\ld]s & pebbles :i* w\ld be ,unaffect$ except by torr5tial curr5ts ( wat]4 ,we f9d1 !re=e1 a great am\nt ( e>?y mat]ial ( all sizes ^u ! top ( a glaci]1 :i* has rea*$ x v mu* z dbris rea*es ! b$ ( a riv]1 namely1 by fall+ d[n ^u x f ov]hang+ cliffs1 or by l&-slides ( great] or less ext5t4 ,su* mat]ial com+ into a riv] w\ld ei!r disappe> b5ea? its surface1 or w\ld =m a l9e ( dbris along ! banks2 9 bo? cases await+ ! gradual erosion & transportation :i* runn+ wat] is able to effect4 ,b1 9 case ( a glaci]1 ! mat]ial re/s ^u ! surface ( ! ice1 & at once beg9s to p>take ( its motion1 :ile successive accessions ( mat]ial keep up ! supply at any "o po9t1 s z to =m a tra9 ( b\ld]s & o!r dbris1 ext5d+ bel[ ! po9t z f> z ! glacial motion cont9ues4 ,su* a l9e ( dbris is call$ a mora9e4 ,:5 x =ms along ! edge ( ! ice1 x is call$ a lat]al mora9e4 ,x is easy to see t1 :]e glaci]s come out f two valleys :i* are tribut>y to a l>g] valley1 _! inn] sides mu/ coalesce bel[ ! sep>at+ promontory1 & ! two lat]al mora9es w become unit$ & w move onw>d 9 ! middle ( ! surface ( ! glaci]4 ,su* l9es ( dbris are call$ m$ial mora9es4 ,^! are *>act]i/ic ( all ext5sive glaci]s =m$ by ! union ( tribut>ies4 ,!re is no limit to ! numb] ( m$ial mora9es1 except 9 ! numb] ( tribut>ies4 ,a m$ial mora9e1 :5 ( suffici5t ?ickness1 protects ! ice und]nea? x f melt+2 s t ! mora9e w (t5 appe> to be mu* l>g] ?an x really is3 :at seems to be a ridge ( e>?y mat]ial be+ 9 reality a long ridge ( ice1 ?9ly cov]$ ) e>?y dbris1 slid+ d[n ! slant+ sides z ! ice sl[ly wa/es away ,l>ge blocks ( /one 9 ! same mann] protect ! ice f melt+ und]nea?1 & are f\nd /&+ on p$e/als ( ice1 (t5 sev]al feet 9 height4 ,an int]e/+ feature ( ^! blocks is t1 :5 ! p$e/al fails1 ! block uni=mly falls t[>ds ! sun1 s9ce t is ! side on :i* ! melt+ has proce$$ mo/ rapidly4 ,if ! meteorological =ces are s balanc$ t ! foot ( a glaci] rema9s at ! same place = any great l5g? ( "t1 !re mu/ be a great accumulation ( e>?y dbris at ! /ation>y po9t1 s9ce ! motion ( ! ice is con/antly be>+ its l9es ( lat]al & m$ial mora9e d[nw>ds to be deposit$1 ye> by ye>1 at ! melt+ l9e along ! front4 ,su* accumulations are call$ t]m9al mora9es1 & ! process ( _! =mation may be se5 at ! foot ( almo/ any l>ge glaci]4 ,! pile ( mat]ial ?us confus$ly heap$ up 9 front ( "s ( ! l>g] glaci]s ( ! _w is enorm\s4 ,! melt+ away ( ! l[] "p ( a glaci] gives rise also to sev]al o!r *>act]i/ic ph5om5a4 ,:]e ! foot ( a glaci] *ances to be on comp>atively level l&1 ! t]m9al mora9e (t5 cov]s a great ext5t ( ice1 & protects x f melt+ = an indef9ite p]iod ( "t4 ,:5 ! ice f9ally melts away & removes ! support f ! ov]ly+ mora9ic dbris1 ?is settles d[n 9 a v irregul> mann]1 leav+ enclos$ depressions to :i* !re is no natural outlet4 ,^! depressions1 f _! resemblance to a famili> dome/ic ut5sil1 are te*nically kn[n z kettle-holes4 ,! t]m9al mora9es ( anci5t glaci]s may (t5 be trac$ by ! relative abundance ( ^! kettle-holes4 ,! /reams ( wat] aris+ bo? f ! ra9fall & f ! melt+ ( ! ice also produce a peculi> effect ab\t ! foot ( an ext5sive glaci]4 ,sometimes ^! /reams cut long1 op5 *annels ne> ! end ( ! glaci]1 & sweep into x va/ quantities ( mora9ic mat]ial1 :i* is pu%$ along by ! torr5tial curr5t1 &1 aft] be+ abrad$1 roll$1 & sort$1 is deposit$ 9 a delta ab\t its m\?1 or left /r&$ 9 long l9es betwe5 ! ice-walls :i* h det]m9$ its c\rse4 ,at o!r times ! /ream has disappe>$ f> back 9 ! glaci]1 & plung$ into a crevasse 7te*nically call$ a m\l971 :5ce x fl[s onw>ds z a subglacial /ream4 ,b 9 ?is case ! deposits might closely resemble ^? ( ! previ\s description4 ,9 bo? cases1 :5 ! ice has f9ally melt$ away1 peculi> ridge-l deposits ( sort$ mat]ial rema91 to m>k ! tempor>y l9e ( dra9age4 ,^! exi/ abundantly 9 mo/ regions :i* h be5 cov]$ ) glacial ice1 & are ref]r$ to 9 ,scotl& z kames1 9 ,irel& z esk]s1 & 9 ,sw$5 z os>s4 ,9 ?is volume we %all call !m kames1 & ! deltas spread out 9 front ( !m w be ref]r$ to z kame-pla9s4 ,) ?is prelim9>y description ( glacial ph5om5a1 we w proce$ to give1 fir/1 a brief enum]ation & description ( ! ice-fields :i* are /ill exi/+ 9 ! _w2 second1 ! evid5ces ( ! =m] exi/5ce ( f> m ext5sive ice-fields2 &1 ?ird1 ! relation ( ! ,glacial p]iod to "s ( ! vicissitudes :i* h att5d$ ! life ( man 9 ! _w4 ,! geological p]iod ( :i* we %all treat is v>i\sly designat$ by diff]5t writ]s4 ,by "s x is simply call$ ! po/-,t]ti>y1 or ,quat]n>y2 by o!rs ! t]m po/-,plioc5e is us$1 to indicate m %>ply its di/9ction f ! latt] portion ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod2 by o!rs ?is nicety ( di/9ction is express$ by ! t]m ,plei/oc5e4 ,b1 s9ce ! :ole epo* 0 peculi>ly *>act]is$ by ! pres5ce ( glaci]s1 :i* h n ev5 yet :olly disappe>$1 we may prop]ly ref] to x altoge!r "u ! descriptive "n ( ,glacial p]iod4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,exi/+ ,,glaci]s4 ,9 ,europe4--,our specific acc\nt ( exi/+ glaci]s naturally beg9s ) ^? ( ! ,alps1 :]e ,hugi1 ,*>p5ti]1 ,agassiz1 ,=bes1 & ,guyot1 be=e ! middle ( ?is c5tury1 fir/ br\ght cle>ly to light ! reality & nature ( glacial motion4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,heim1 ( ,zri*1 ! total area cov]$ by ! glaci]s & ice-fields ( ! ,alps is upw>ds ( ?ree ?\s& squ>e kilometres 7ab\t elev5 hundr$ squ>e miles74 ,! ,swiss ,alps alone conta9 ne>ly two-?irds ( ?is area4 ,pr(essor ,heim enum]ates #a1aee di/9ct glaci]s 9 ! region4 ,( ^!1 #add are 9 ,france1 #gh 9 ,italy1 #dga 9 ,switz]l&1 & #dfb 9 ,au/ria4 ,desor describes f\rte5 pr9cipal glacial di/ricts 9 ! ,alps1 ! we/]nmo/ ( :i* is t ( ,mont ,pelv\x1 9 ,dauph9y1 & ! ea/]nmo/ t 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,gross ,glockn]1 9 ,c>9?ia4 ,! mo/ important ( ! ,alp9e sy/ems are ^? :i* are gr\p$ ar\nd ,mont ,blanc1 ,monte ,rosa1 & ! ,f9/]a>horn1 ! two =m] peaks be+ upw>ds ( fifte5 ?\s& feet 9 height1 & ! latt] upw>ds ( f\rte5 ?\s&4 ,! area cov]$ by glaci]s & sn[-fields 9 ! ,b]nese ,ob]l&1 ( :i* ,f9/]a>horn is ! culm9at+ po9t1 is ab\t ?ree hundr$ & fifty squ>e kilometres 7a hundr$ squ>e miles71 & conta9s ! ,alets* ,glaci]1 :i* is ! longe/ 9 ,europe1 ext5d+ tw5ty-"o kilometres 7ab\t f\rte5 miles7 f ! nv-field to its foot4 ,! ,m] de ,glace1 :i* desc5ds f ,mont ,blanc to ! valley ( ,*am\nix1 has a l5g? ( ab\t eight miles bel[ ! nv-field4 ,9 all1 !re are e/imat$ to be tw5ty-f\r glaci]s 9 ! ,alps :i* are upw>ds ( f\r miles long1 & six :i* are upw>ds ( eight miles 9 l5g?4 ,! pr9cipal ( ^! are ! ,m] de ,glace1 ( ,*am\nix1 on ,mont ,blanc2 ! ,gorn] ,glaci]1 ne> ,z]matt1 on ,monte ,rosa2 ! l[] glaci] ( ! ,a>1 9 ! ,b]nese ,ob]l&2 & ! ,alets* ,glaci] & ,glaci] ( ! ,rhne1 9 ,vallais2 & ! ,pa/]z51 9 ,c>9?ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--,m\nt ,blanc ,glaci] ,region3 m1 ,m] de ,glace2 g1 ,du ,gant2 l1 ,les*aux2 t1 ,talfre2 ,b1 ,bionassay2 b1 ,bosson4 ,^! glaci]s adju/ !mselves to ! wid? ( ! valleys d[n :i* !y fl[1 9 "s places be+ a mile or m 9 wid?1 & at o!rs contract+ into mu* n>r[] compass4 ,! greate/ dep? :i* ,agassiz 0 able directly to measure 9 ! ,a> ,glaci] 0 two hundr$ & sixty metres 7five hundr$ & tw5ty-eight feet71 b at ano!r po9t ! dep? 0 e/imat$ by him to be f\r hundr$ & sixty metres 7or fifte5 hundr$ & eighty-f\r feet74 ,! glaci]s ( ! ,alps are mo/ly conf9$ to ! nor!rn side & to ! high] portions ( ! m\nta9-*a91 none ( !m desc5d+ bel[ ! level ( f\r ?\s& feet1 & all ( !m v>y+ slightly 9 ext5t1 f ye> to ye>1 accord+ z !re are *anges 9 ! temp]ature & 9 ! am\nt ( sn[-fall4 ,! ,pyr5ees1 also1 /ill ma9ta9 a glacial sy/em1 b x is ( insignificant importance4 ,?is is p>tly because ! altitude is mu* less ?an t ( ! ,alps1 ! culm9at+ po9t be+ sc>cely m ?an elev5 ?\s& feet 9 height4 ,d\btless1 also1 x is p>tly due to ! n>r[ness ( ! range1 :i* does n provide ga!r+-places = ! sn[ suffici5tly ext5sive to produce l>ge glaci]s4 ,! sn[-fall also is less ^u ! ,pyr5ees ?an ^u ! ,alps4 ,z a consequ5ce ( all ^! conditions1 ! glaci]s ( ! ,pyr5ees are sc>cely m ?an /ation>y nv-fields l+]+ ^u ! nor? side ( ! range4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! is ne> ,bagnres de ,lu*on1 & s5ds d[n a %ort1 riv]-l glaci]4 ,9 ,sc&9avia ! height ( ! m\nta9s is also mu* less ?an t ( ! ,alps1 b ! moi/] climate & ! m nor!rn latitude fav\rs ! gr[? ( glaci]s at a mu* l[] level ,nor? ( ! sixty-second degree ( latitude1 ! plateaus ov] five ?\s& feet above ! sea pretty g5]ally are ga!r+-places = glaci]s4 ,f ! ,ju/$al a sn[-field1 cov]+ five hundr$ & eighty squ>e miles1 9 latitude #fb1 tw5ty-f\r glaci]s pu% outw>ds t[>ds ! ,g]man ,sea1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* is five miles long & ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile wide4 ,! ,fondal5 sn[-field1 betwe5 latitudes #ff & #fg1 cov]s an area ab\t equal to t ( ! ,ju/$al2 b1 on acc\nt ( its m nor!rn position1 its glaci]s desc5d ?r\gh ! valleys q to ! ocean-level4 ,! ,folg(on sn[-field is /ill f>!r s\?1 b1 ?\gh occupy+ an area ( only "o hundr$ squ>e miles1 x s5ds d[n z _m z ?ree glaci]s to ! sea-level4 ,! total area ( ! ,sc&9avian sn[-fields is ab\t five ?\s& squ>e miles4 ,9 ,sw$5 ,dr4 ,sv5onius e/imates t !re are1 betwe5 latitudes #fg & #fh-a_/b1 tw5ty di/9ct gr\ps ( glaci]s1 cov]+ an area ( f\r hundr$ squ>e kilometres 7"o hundr$ & =ty-f\r squ>e miles71 & he numb]s upw>ds ( "o hundr$ di/9ct glaci]s ( small size4 ,z is to be expect$1 ! l>ge isl&s 9 ! ,pol> ,sea nor? ( ,europe & ,asia are1 to a great ext5t1 cov]$ ) nv-fields1 & num]\s glaci]s pu% out f !m to ! sea 9 all directions1 dis*>g+ _! surplus ice z b]gs1 :i* float away & cumb] ! wat]s ) _! pres5ce 9 _m di/ant places4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--,! ,sv>tis5 ,glaci] on ! we/ coa/ ( ,norway1 j )9 ! ,arctic circle1 at ! head ( a fiord t5 miles f ! ocean4 ,! foot ( ! ,glaci] is "o mile wide1 & a qu>t] ( a mile back f ! wat]4 ,t]m9al mora9e 9 front4 7,photograph$ by ,dr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,w>n]47 ,! isl& ( ,spitzb]g51 9 latitude #gf to #ha1 is fav\rably situat$ = ! production ( glaci]s1 by reason bo? ( its high nor!rn latitude1 & ( its relation to ! ,gulf ,/ream1 :i* conveys ar\nd to x an excessive am\nt ( moi/ure1 ?us ensur+ an exceptionally l>ge sn[-fall ov] ! isl&4 ,! m\nta9\s "* ( ! isl& also fav\rs ! conc5tration ( ! ice-movem5t into glaci]s ( va/ size & p[]4 ,/ill1 ev5 "h1 mu* ( ! l& is free f sn[ & ice 9 summ]4 ,b ^u ! nor!rn portion ( ! isl& !re is an ext5sive table-l&1 upw>ds ( two ?\s& feet above ! sea1 ov] :i* ! ice-field is cont9u\s4 ,f\r great glaci]s "h desc5d to tide-wat] 9 ,magdal5a ,bay4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! pres5ts at ! front a wall ( ice sev5 ?\s& feet across & ?ree hundr$ feet high2 b1 z ! dep? ( ! wat] is n great1 few iceb]gs ( l>ge size break (f & float away f x4 ,nova ,zembla1 ?\gh n 9 q s high latitude1 has a l[] mean temp]ature ^u ! coa/s ?an ,spitzb]g54 ,ow+ to ! abs5ce ( high l&s & m\nta9s1 h[ev]1 x is n cov]$ ) p]petual sn[1 mu* less ) glacial ice1 b its level portions are c>pet$ ) grasses & fl[]s1 & su/a9 ext5sive =e/s ( /unt$ trees4 ,franz-,josef ,l&1 to ! nor? ( ,nova ,zembla1 bo? conta9s high m\nta9s & supports glaci]s ( great size4 ,mr4 ,pay] conduct$ a sl$ge p>ty into ?is l& 9 #ahgd1 & report$ t a precipit\s wall ( glacial ice1 ( m ?an a hundr$ feet 9 height1 =m$ ! usual edge ( ! coa/4 ,b ! motion ( ! ice is v sl[1 & ! ice co>se-gra9$ 9 /ructure1 & x be>s a small am\nt only ( mora9ic mat]ial4 ,s l[ is "h ! l9e ( p]petual sn[1 t ! small] isl&s are cov]$ ) caps ( ice1 s t a cross-section w\ld exhibit a regul> flat segm5t ( ice4 ,x is int]e/+ to note1 also1 t _m ice-/reams1 desc5d+ f ! high nv plateau1 spread !mselves out ov] ! m\nta9-slopes1 & are n1 z 9 ! ,alps1 conf9$ to def9ite valleys4 ,icel& seems to h be5 prop]ly nam$1 s9ce a s+le "o ( ! sn[-fields--t ( ,vatnajokll1 ) an extreme elevation ( only six ?\s& feet--is e/imat$ by ,hell& to cov] "o hundr$ & fifty ,norwegian squ>e miles 7ab\t sev5 ?\s& ,engli% squ>e miles71 :ile five o!r ice-fields 7! ,langjokll1 ! ,h(sjokll1 ! ,myrdalsjokll1 ! ,drangajokll1 & ! ,glamujokll7 h a comb9$ area ( n9ety-two ,norwegian or ab\t f\r ?\s& five hundr$ ,engli% squ>e miles4 ,! glaci]s are suppos$ by ,:itney to h be5 rapidly advanc+ = "s "t pa/4 ,9 ,asia4--,not)/&+ its l(ty m\nta9s & its great ext5t ( t]ritory ly+ 9 high latitudes1 glaci]s are = two reasons relatively infrequ5t3 #a4 ,! l& 9 ! m nor!rn latitudes is l[4 #b4 ,! dryness ( ! atmosph]e 9 ! int]ior ( ! cont95t is su* t x unduly limits ! sn[-fall4 ,long be=e !y rea* ! c5tral plateau ( ,asia1 ! curr5ts ( air :i* sweep ov] ! cont95t f ! ,indian ,ocean h p>t$ ) _! burd5s ( moi/ure1 hav+ left !m 9 a sn[y mantle ^u ! s\!rn flanks ( ! ,himalayas4 ,z a result1 we h ! ext5sive des]ts ( ! int]ior1 :]e1 on acc\nt ( ! cle> atmosph]e1 !re is n sn[ en\gh to resi/ cont9u\sly ! int5se activity ( ! unob/ruct$ rays ( ! sun4 ,9 spite ( _! high latitude & consid]able elevation above ! sea-level1 glaci]s are abs5t f ! ,ural ,m\nta9s1 = ! range is too n>r[ to af=d nv-fields ( suffici5t size to produce glaci]s ( l>ge ext5t4 ,! ,caucasus ,m\nta9s pres5t m fav\rable conditions1 & = a di/ance ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty miles ne> _! c5tral portion h an av]age height ( #ab1jjj feet1 ) individual peaks ris+ to a height ( #af1jjj feet or m2 b1 ow+ to _! l[ latitude1 ! l9e ( p]petual sn[ sc>cely rea*es d[n to ! #aa1jjj-;foot level4 ,s great are ! sn[-fields1 h[ev]1 above ?is height t _m glaci]s pu% _! way d[n ?r\gh ! n>r[ m\nta9-gorges z f> z ! #f1jjj-;foot level4 ,! ,himalaya ,m\nta9s pres5t _m fav\rable conditions = ! developm5t ( glaci]s ( l>ge size4 ,! range is ( great ext5t & height1 ?us af=d+ ample ga!r+-places = ! sn[s1 :ile ! relation ( ! m\nta9s to ! moi/ure-lad5 w9ds f ! ,indian ,ocean is su* t !y enjoy ! fir/ h>ve/ ( ! cl\ds :]e ! int]ior ( ,asia gets only ! glean+s4 ,z is to be expect$1 !re=e1 all ! great riv]s :i* c\rse ?r\gh ! pla9s ( ,h9du/an h _! rise 9 l>ge glaci]s f> up t[>ds ! summits ( ! nor!rn m\nta9s4 ,! ,indus & ! ,ganges are bo? glacial /reams 9 _! orig91 z are _! l>g] tribut>y bran*es--! ,ba%a1 ! ,%ig>1 & ! ,sutlej4 ,_m ( ! glaci]s 9 ! high] levels ( ! ,himalaya ,m\nta9s :]e ^! /reams rise h a l5g? ( f tw5ty-five to =ty miles1 & "s ( !m are z mu* z a mile & a half 9 wid? & ext5d = a long di/ance1 ) an incl9ation z small z "o degree & a half or "o hundr$ & ?irty-eight feet to a mile4 ,9 ! ,mu/agh range ( ! we/]n ,himalayas !re are two adjo9+ glaci]s ^: unit$ l5g? is sixty-five miles1 & ano!r n f> away :i* is tw5ty-"o miles long & f "o to two miles wide 9 its upp] portion4 ,its l[] portion t]m9ates at an altitude ( #af1jjj feet above tide1 :]e x is ?ree miles wide & two hundr$ & fifty feet ?ick4 ,oceanica4---,pass+ ea/w>d to ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific ,ocean1 ,new ,zeal& is ! only "o capable ( support+ glaci]s4 ,_! exi/5ce on ?is isl& seems ! m rem>kable because ( its l[ latitude 7#db to #de72 b a gr& range ( m\nta9s rises abruptly f ! wat] on ! we/]n coa/ ( ! s\!rn isl&1 culm9at+ 9 ,m\nt ,cook1 #ac1jjj feet above ! sea1 & ext5d+ = a di/ance ( ab\t "o hundr$ miles4 ,! ext5t & height ( ?is *a91 c\pl$ ) ! moi/ure ( ! w9ds1 :i* sweep )\t ob/ruction ov] s _m leagues ( ! tropical ,pacific1 are specially fav\rable to ! production ( ice-fields ( great ext5t4 ,consequ5tly we f9d glaci]s 9 abundance1 "s ( :i* are n inf]ior 9 ext5t to ! l>g] ones ( ! ,alps4 ,! ,tasman ,glaci]1 describ$ by ,haas1 is t5 miles long & ne>ly two miles broad at its t]m9ation1 ! l[] portion = a di/ance ( ?ree miles be+ cov]$ ) mora9ic detritus4 ,! ,muell] ,glaci] is ab\t sev5 miles long & "o mile broad 9 its l[] portion4 ,s\? ,am]ica4--,9 ,am]ica1 exi/+ glaci]s are *iefly conf9$ to ?ree pr9cipal c5tres1 namely1 to ! ,&es1 s\? ( ! equator2 to ! ,cordill]as1 nor? ( c5tral ,cali=nia2 & to ,gre5l&4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 h[ev]1 ! high m\nta9s ( ,ecuador su/a9 a few glaci]s above ! twelve-?\s&-foot level4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! are ^u ! ea/]n slope ( ! m\nta9s1 giv+ rise to "s ( ! bran*es ( ! ,amazon--inde$1 on ! flanks ( ,cotopaxi1 ,*imborazo1 & ,ill9issa !re are "s glaci]s 9 close proximity to ! equator :i* are fairly comp>able 9 size to ^? ( ! ,alps4 ,9 ,*ili1 at ab\t latitude #ce1 glaci]s beg9 to appe> at l[] levels1 desc5d+ beyond ! six-?\s&-foot l9e1 :ile s\? ( ?is bo? ! increas+ moi/ure ( ! w9ds & ! decreas+ av]age temp]ature fav\r ! increase ( ice-fields & glaci]s4 ,consequ5tly1 z ,d>w9 long ago obs]v$1 ! l9e ( p]petual sn[ "h desc5ds to an increas+ly l[] level1 & glaci]s ext5d d[n f>!r & f>!r t[>ds ! sea1 until1 9 ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 at ab\t latitude #de1 !y beg9 to dis*>ge _! froz5 cont5ts directly into ! tidal inlets4 ,d>w9's p>ty survey$ a glaci] ent]+ ! ,gulf ( ,p5as 9 latitude #df #ej'1 :i* 0 fifte5 miles long1 &1 9 "o "p1 sev5 broad4 ,at ,eyre's ,s\nd1 also1 9 ab\t latitude #dh1 !y f\nd imm5se glaci]s com+ cl[n to ! sea & dis*>g+ iceb]gs ( great size1 "o ( :i*1 z !y enc\nt]$ x float+ outw>ds1 0 e/imat$ to be at lea/ "o hundr$ & sixty-eight feet 9 total height4 ,9 ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 :]e ! m\nta9s are only f ?ree ?\s& to f\r ?\s& feet 9 height & 9 latitude less ?an #ee1 ,d>w9 reports t e valley is fill$ ) /reams ( ice desc5d+ to ! sea-coa/1 & t ! inlets p5etrat$ by 8 p>ty pres5t$ m9iature lik5esses ( ! pol> sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--;,float+ b]g1 %[+ ! proportions above & "u ! wat]4 ,ab\t sev5 feet "u wat] to "o above4 ,ant>ctic ,cont95t4--,( ! s-call$ ,ant>ctic ,cont95t little is kn[n2 b iceb]gs ( great size are frequ5tly enc\nt]$ up to #eh s\? latitude1 9 ! direction ( ,cape ,horn1 & z f> z latitude #cc 9 ! direction ( ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,ne>ly all t is kn[n ab\t ?is cont95t 0 discov]$ by ,sir ,j4 ,c4 ,ross dur+ ! p]iod ext5d+ f #ahci to #ahdc1 :51 betwe5 ! p>allels ( #gj & #gh s\? latitude1 he enc\nt]$ 9 8 explorations a precipit\s m\nta9 coa/1 ris+ f sev5 ?\s& to t5 ?\s& feet above tide4 ,?r\gh ! valleys int]v5+ betwe5 ! m\nta9-ranges huge glaci]s desc5d$1 & project$ 9 _m places sev]al miles into ! sea & t]m9at$ 9 l(ty1 p]p5dicul> cliffs4 ,9 a few places ! rocks broke ?r\gh _! icy cov]+1 by :i* alone we c\ld be assur$ t l& =m$ ! nucleus ( ?is1 to appe>ance1 enorm\s iceb]g4,,ag ,footnote ,,ag3 ,quot$ by ,:itney 9 ,climatic ,*anges1 p4 #cad4 ,aga91 speak+ ( ! region 9 ! vic9ity ( ! l(ty volcanoes ,t]ror & ,erebus1 betwe5 t5 ?\s& & twelve ?\s& feet high1 ! same navigator says3 ,we p]ceiv$ a l[1 :ite l9e ext5d+ f its extreme ea/]n po9t1 z f> z ! eye c\ld disc]n1 to ! ea/w>d4 ,x pres5t$ an extraord9>y appe>ance1 gradually increas+ 9 height z we got ne>] to x1 & prov+ at l5g? to be a p]p5dicul> cliff ( ice1 betwe5 "o hundr$ & fifty & two hundr$ feet above ! level ( ! sea1 p]fectly flat & level at ! top1 & )\t any fissures or promontories on its ev51 seaw>d face4 ,:at 0 beyond x we c\ld n imag9e2 =1 be+ mu* high] ?an our ma/-head1 we c\ld n see any?+ except ! summit ( a l(ty range ( m\nta9s ext5d+ to ! s\?w>d z f> z ! sev5ty-n9? degree ( latitude4 ,^! m\nta9s1 be+ ! s\!rnmo/ l& hi!rto discov]$1 ,i felt great satisfaction 9 nam+ aft] ,sir ,edw>d ,p>ry4444 ,:e!r ,p>ry ,m\nta9s aga9 take an ea/]ly tr5d+ & =m ! base to :i* ?is extraord9>y mass ( ice is atta*$1 mu/ be left = future navigators to det]m9e4 ,if !re be l& to ! s\?w>d x mu/ be v remote1 or ( mu* less elevation ?an any o!r "p ( ! coa/ we h se51 or x w\ld h appe>$ above ! b>ri]4 ,?is ice-cliff or b>ri] 0 foll[$ by ,capta9 ,ross z f> z #aih we/ longitude1 & f\nd to pres]ve v mu* ! same "* dur+ ! :ole ( t di/ance4 ,on ! li?ographic view ( ?is great ice-%eet giv5 9 ,ross's "w x is describ$ z "p ( ! ,s\? ,pol> ,b>ri]1 "o hundr$ & eighty feet above ! sea-level1 "o ?\s& feet ?ick1 & f\r hundr$ & fifty miles 9 l5g?4 ,a simil> v]tical wall ( ice 0 se5 by ,d',urville1 (f ! coa/ ( ,adelie ,l&4 ,he ?us describes x3 ,its appe>ance 0 a/oni%+4 ,we p]ceiv$ a cliff hav+ a uni=m elevation ( f "o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & fifty feet1 =m+ a long l9e ext5d+ (f to ! we/4444 ,?us = m ?an twelve h\rs we _h foll[$ ?is wall ( ice1 & f\nd its sides ev]y:]e p]fectly v]tical & its summit horizontal4 ,n ! smalle/ irregul>ity1 n ! mo/ inconsid]able elevation1 broke its uni=mity = ! tw5ty leagues ( di/ance :i* we foll[$ x dur+ ! day1 al?\gh we pass$ x occasionally at a di/ance ( only two or ?ree miles1 s t we c\ld make out ) ease its smalle/ irregul>ities4 ,"s l>ge pieces ( ice 7 ly+ along ! side ( ?is froz5 coa/2 b1 on ! :ole1 !re 0 op5 sea 9 ! (f+4 ,,ah ,footnote ,,ah3 ,:itney's ,climatic ,*anges1 pp4 #cae1 #caf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--;,iceb]g 9 ! ,ant>ctic ,ocean4 ,nor? ,am]ica4--,9 ,nor? ,am]ica liv+ glaci]s beg9 to appe> 9 ! ,si]ra ,nevada ,m\nta9s1 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,yosemite ,p>k1 9 c5tral ,cali=nia4 ,"h ! conditions necess>y = ! production ( glaci]s are fav\rable1 namely1 a high altitude1 sn[-fields ( consid]able ext5t1 & unob/ruct$ exposure to ! moi/ure-lad5 curr5ts ( air f ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,sixte5 glaci]s ( small size h be5 not$ among ! summits to ! ea/ ( ! ,yosemite2 b none ( !m desc5d mu* bel[ ! elev5-?\s&-foot l9e1 & none ( !m are ov] a mile 9 l5g?4 ,inde$1 !y are s small1 & _! motion is s slight1 t x is a "q :e!r or n !y are to be class$ ) true glaci]s4 ,ow+ to ! comp>atively l[ elevation ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada nor? ( ,tuolumne ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia1 no o!r liv+ glaci]s are f\nd until rea*+ ,m\nt ,%a/a1 9 ! extreme nor!rn "p ( ! ,/ate4 ,?is is a volcanic peak1 ris+ f\rte5 ?\s& five hundr$ feet above ! sea1 & hav+ no peaks )9 =ty miles ( x z high z t5 ?\s& feet2 yet s abundant is ! sn[-fall t z _m z five glaci]s are f\nd ^u its nor!rn side1 "s ( !m be+ z mu* z ?ree miles long & ext5d+ z l[ d[n z ! eight-?\s&-foot level4 ,^u ! s\!rn side glaci]s are s completely abs5t t ,pr(essor ,:itney asc5d$ ! m\nta9 & rema9$ 9 p]fect ignorance ( its glacial sy/em4 ,9 #ahgj ,mr4 ,cl>5ce ,k+ fir/ discov]$ & describ$ !m on ! nor!rn side4 ,nor? ( ,cali=nia glaci]s *>act]ise ! ,cascade ,range 9 increas+ numb]s all ! way to ! ,alaskan ,p59sula4 ,!y are to be f\nd ^u ,diamond ,peak1 ! ,?ree ,si/]s1 ,m\nt ,jeff]son1 & ,m\nt ,hood1 9 ,oregon1 & appe> 9 /ill l>g] proportions ^u ! flanks ( ,m\nt ,ra9i] 7or ,tacoma7 & ,m\nt ,bak]1 9 ! ,/ate ( ,wa%+ton4 ,! glaci] at ! head ( ! ,:ite ,riv] ,valley is ^u ! nor? side ( ,ra9i]1 & is ! l>ge/ "o ^u t m\nta91 rea*+ d[n to )9 five ?\s& feet ( ! sea-level1 & be+ t5 miles or m 9 l5g?4 ,all ! /reams :i* desc5d ! valleys ^u ?is m\nta9 are *>g$ ) ! milky-col\r$ wat] :i* betrays _! glacial orig94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,map ( ,s\!a/]n ,alaska4 ,! arr[-po9ts m>k glaci]s4 ,9 ,briti% ,columbia1 ,glaci] ,/ation1 ^u ! ,canadian ,pacific ,railroad1 9 ! ,selkirk ,m\nta9s1 is )9 half a mile ( ! h&some ,illicilliwaet ,glaci]1 :ile o!rs ( l>g] size are f\nd at no great di/ance4 ,! int]ior f>!r nor? is unexplor$ to s great an ext5t t little c be def9itely said conc]n+ its glacial ph5om5a4 ,! coa/ ( ,briti% ,columbia is p5etrat$ by num]\s fiords1 ea* ( :i* receives ! dra9age ( a decay+ glaci]2 b none are 9 sight ( ! t\ri/-/eam]s :i* ?read _! way ?r\gh ! intricate network ( *annels *>act]is+ ?is coa/1 until ! ,alaskan b\nd>y is cross$ & ! m\? ( ! ,/icke5 ,riv] is pass$4 ,a few miles up f ! m\? ( ! ,/icke51 h[ev]1 glaci]s ( l>ge size come d[n to ! vic9ity ( ! riv]1 bo? f ! nor? & f ! s\?1 & ! att5tion ( t\ri/s is always attract$ by ! abundant glacial s$im5t borne into ! tide-wat] by ! riv] itself & discol\r+ ! surface = a long di/ance beyond ! outlet4 ,nor?w>d f ?is po9t ! t\ri/ is r>ely out ( sight ( ice-fields4 ,! ,auk & ,patt]son ,glaci]s are ! fir/ to come into view1 b !y d n desc5d to ! wat]-level4 ,on ne>+ ,holcomb ,bay1 h[ev]1 small iceb]gs beg9 to appe>1 h]ald+ ! fir/ ( ! glaci]s :i* desc5d beyond ! wat]'s edge4 ,taku ,inlet1 a little f>!r nor?1 pres5ts glaci]s ( great size com+ d[n to ! sea-level1 :ile ! :ole l5g? ( ,lynn ,canal1 f ,juneau to ,*ilkat1 a di/ance ( eighty miles1 is dott$ on bo? sides by conspicu\s glaci]s & ice-fields4 ,! ,davidson ,glaci]1 ne> ! head ( ! canal1 is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ = purposes ( /udy4 ,x comes d[n f an unkn[n di/ance 9 ! we/]n int]ior1 be>+ two m>k$ m$ial mora9es ^u its surface4 ,on ne>+ tide-level1 ! valley ?r\gh :i* x fl[s is ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile 9 wid?2 b1 aft] em]g+ f ! conf9em5t ( ! valley1 ! ice spreads out ov] a fan-%ap$ area until ! wid? ( its front is ne>ly ?ree miles4 ,! supply ( ice n be+ suffici5t to pu% ! front ( ! glaci] into deep wat]1 equilibrium betwe5 ! =ces ( heat & cold is e/abli%$ ne> ! wat]'s edge4 ,"h1 z f ye> to ye> ! ice melts & deposits its burd5s ( e>?y dbris1 x has pil$ up a t]m9al mora9e :i* rises f two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ feet 9 height1 & is n[ cov]$ ) ev]gre5 trees ( consid]able size4 ,f ,*ilkat1 at ! head ( ,lynn ,canal1 to ! s\rces ( ! ,yukon ,riv]1 ! di/ance is only ?irty-five miles1 b ! int]v5+ m\nta9-*a9 is sev]al ?\s& feet 9 height & be>s num]\s glaci]s ^u its seaw>d side4 ,ab\t =ty miles we/ ( ,lynn ,canal1 & sep>at$ f x by a range ( m\nta9s ( mod]ate height1 is ,glaci] ,bay1 at ! head ( "o ( ^: inlets is ! ,muir ,glaci]1 :i* =ms ! *ief attraction = ! great numb] ( t\ri/s t n[ visit ! coa/ ( s\!a/]n ,alaska dur+ ! summ] season4 ,?is glaci] meets tide-wat] 9 latitude #eh #ej'1 & longitude #acf #dj' we/ ( ,gre5wi*4 ,x receiv$ its "n f ,mr4 ,john ,muir1 :o1 9 company ) ,rev4 ,mr4 ,"y1 made a t\r ( ! bay & discov]$ ! glaci] 9 #ahgi4 ,x 0 soon f\nd t ! bay c\ld be safely navigat$ by vessels ( l>ge size1 & f t "t on t\ri/s 9 increas+ numb] h be5 attract$ to ! region4 ,commodi\s /eam]s n[ regul>ly run close up to ! ice-front1 & lie-to = sev]al h\rs1 s t ! pass5g]s may witness ! calv+ ( iceb]gs1 & may climb ^u ! sides ( ! icy /ream & look into its deep crevasses & out ^u its corrugat$ & brok5 surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,map ( ,glaci] ,bay4 ,alaska1 & its surr\nd+s4 ,arr[-po9ts indicate glaciat$ area4 ,! fir/ p]sons :o f\nd x 9 _! way to pay m ?an a t\ri/'s visit to ?is int]e/+ object 7 ,rev4 ,j4 ,l4 ,patton1 ,mr4 ,pr5tiss ,baldw91 & myself1 :o sp5t ! entire mon? ( ,augu/1 #ahhf1 encamp$ at ! foot ( ! glaci]1 conduct+ su* obs]vations ^u x z wea!r & equipm5t p]mitt$4 ,f t "t till ! summ] ( #ahij no "o else /opp$ (f f ! t\ri/ /eam]s to be/[ any special /udy ^u x4 ,b dur+ ?is latt] season ,mr4 ,muir return$ to ! sc5e ( 8 discov]$ wond]1 & sp5t "s weeks 9 explor+ ! int]ior ( ! great ice-field4 ,dur+ ! same season1 also1 ,pr(essors ,h4 ,f4 ,reid & ,h4 ,cu%+1 ) a well-equipp$ p>ty ( "y m51 sp5t two mon?s or m 9 ! same field1 conduct+ obs]vations & exp]im5ts1 ( v>i\s k9ds1 relat+ to ! ext5t1 ! motion1 & ! g5]al behavi\r ( ! va/ mass ( mov+ ice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,%[s c5tral "p ( ! front ( ,muir ,glaci] "o half mile di/ant4 ,ne> ! l[] left h& corn] ! ice is se5 "o mile di/ant re/+ = ab\t "o half mile on gravel :i* x _h ov]run4 ,! ice is n[ retreat+ 9 ! *annel4 7,f photograph47 ,! ma9 body ( ! ,muir ,glaci] occupies a va/ amphi!atre1 ) diamet]s rang+ f ?irty to =ty miles1 & cov]s an area ( ab\t "o ?\s& squ>e miles4 ,f "o ( ! l[ m\nta9s ne> its m\? ,i c\ld c\nt tw5ty-six tribut>y glaci]s :i* came toge!r & became conflu5t 9 ! ma9 /ream ( ice4 ,n9e m$ial mora9es m>k$ ! cont9u$ c\rse ( z _m ma9 bran*es1 :i* becom+ unit$ =m$ ! gr& trunk ( ! glaci]4 ,num]\s rocky em95ces also project$ above ! surface ( ! ice1 l isl&s 9 ! sea1 correspond+ to :at are call$ nunataks 9 ,gre5l&4 ,! =ce ( ! ice aga9/ ! upp] side ( ^! rocky prom95ces is su* z to pu% x 9 great masses above ! surr\nd+ level1 aft] ! analogy ( waves :i* da% !mselves into foam aga9/ simil> ob/ructions4 ,9 front ( ! nunataks !re is uni=mly a depression1 l ! eddies :i* appe> 9 ! curr5t bel[ ob/acles 9 runn+ wat]4 ,ov] "s portions ( ! surface ( ! glaci] !re is a m9iature riv] sy/em1 consi/+ ( a ma9 /ream1 ) num]\s tribut>ies1 b all fl[+ 9 *annels ( deep blue ice4 ,be=e rea*+ ! front ( ! glaci]1 h[ev]1 ea* "o ( ^! plunges d[n into a crevasse1 or m\l91 to swell ! l>g] curr5t1 :i* may be he>d ru%+ along 9 an impetu\s c\rse hundr$s ( feet b5ea?1 & f> out ( sight4 ,! portion ( ! glaci] 9 :i* !re is ! mo/ rapid motion is *>act]is$ by innum]able crags & domes & p9nacles ( ice1 project+ above ! g5]al level1 ^: bases are sep>at$ by fissures1 ext5d+ 9 _m cases m ?an a hundr$ feet bel[ ! g5]al level4 ,^! irregul>ities result f ! comb9$ effect ( ! diff]5tial motion 7z illu/rat$ 9 ! diagram on page #d71 & ! influ5ce ( sun%9e & w>m air 9 irregul>ly melt+ ! unprotect$ masses4 ,! description giv5 9 our introductory *apt] ( m$ial mora9es & ice-pill>s is amply illu/rat$ ev]y:]e ^u ! surface ( ! ,muir ,glaci]4 ,i measur$ "o block ( /one :i* 0 tw5ty feet squ>e & ab\t ! same height1 /&+ on a p$e/al ( ice ?ree or f\r feet high4 ,! m\nta9s =m+ ! p]iph]y ( ?is amphi!atre rise to a height ( sev]al ?\s& feet2 ,m\nt ,fairwea!r1 ^u ! nor?we/1 f ^: flanks probably a portion ( ! ice comes1 be+1 9 fact1 m ?an fifte5 ?\s& feet high4 ,! m\? ( ! amphi!atre is ?ree miles wide1 9 a l9e ext5d+ f %\ld] to %\ld] ( ! l[ m\nta9s :i* gu>d x4 ,! actual wat]-front :]e ! ice meets tide-wat] is "o mile & a half4,,ai ,"h ! dep? ( ! inlet is s great t ! front ( ! ice breaks (f 9 iceb]gs ( l>ge size1 :i* float away to be dissolv$ at _! leisure4 ,at ! wat]'s edge ! ice pres5ts a p]p5dicul> front ( f two hundr$ & fifty to f\r hundr$ feet 9 height1 & ! dep? ( ! wat] 9 ! middle ( ! inlet imm$iately 9 front ( ! ice is upw>ds ( sev5 hundr$ feet2 ?us giv+ a total height to ! precipit\s front ( a ?\s& feet4 ,footnote ,,ai3 ,^! are ! measurem5ts ( ,pr(essor ,reid4 ,9 my =m] volume ,i h giv5 ! dim5sions z some:at small]4 ,! =mation ( iceb]gs c "h be /udi$ to admirable advantage4 ,dur+ ! mon? 9 :i* we encamp$ 9 ! vic9ity ! process 0 go+ on cont9u\sly4 ,!re 0 sc>cely an int]val ( fifte5 m9utes dur+ ! :ole "t 9 :i* ! air 0 n r5t ) ! significant boom connect$ ) ! calv+ ( a b]g4 ,sometimes ?is 0 occasion$ by ! sep>ation ( a comp>atively small mass ( ice f ne> ! top ( ! precipit\s wall1 :i* w\ld fall into ! wat] bel[ ) a l\d spla%4 ,at o!r times ,i h se5 a column ( ice f top to bottom ( ! precipice split (f & fall ov] into ! wat]1 giv+ rise to great waves1 :i* w\ld la% ! %ore ) foam two miles bel[4 ,?is mann] ( ! production ( iceb]gs diff]s f t :i* has be5 ord9>ily repres5t$ 9 ! text-books1 b x con=ms to ! law ( glacial motion1 :i* we w describe a little lat]1 namely1 t ! upp] /rata ( ice move fa/] ?an ! l[]4 ,h5ce ! t5d5cy is con/antly to pu% ! upp] /rata =w>ds1 s z to produce a p]p5dicul> or ev5 project+ front1 aft] ! analogy ( ! =mation ( break]s on ! %elv+ %ore ( a l>ge body ( wat]4 ,evid5tly1 h[ev]1 ^! masses ( ice :i* break (f f above ! wat] d n rea* ! :ole di/ance to ! bottom ( ! glaci] bel[ ! wat]2 s t a project+ foot ( ice rema9s ext5d+ to an indef9ite di/ance und]nea? ! surface4 ,b at occasional int]vals1 z ! sup]9cumb5t masses ( ice above ! surface fall (f & relieve ! /rata bel[ ( _! weight1 ^! subm]g$ masses sudd5ly rise1 (t5 %oot+ up consid]ably high] ?an !y ultimately rema9 :5 com+ to re/4 ,! b]gs =m$ by ?is latt] process (t5 be> mu* e>?y mat]ial ^u !m1 :i* is c>ri$ away ) ! float+ ice1 to be deposit$ f9ally :]ev] ! melt+ *ances to take place4 ,num]\s opportunities are furni%$ ab\t ! front & foot ( ?is va/ glaci] to obs]ve ! mann] ( ! =mation ( kames1 kettle-holes1 & v>i\s o!r irregul> =ms into :i* glacial dbris is accu/om$ to accumulate4 ,ov] portions ( ! decay+ foot ( ! glaci]1 :i* 0 deeply cov]$ ) mora9ic dbris1 ! support+ ice is be+ gradually remov$ ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( subglacial /reams or ( ab&on$ tunnels1 :i* p]mit ! air to ex]t its melt+ p[] und]nea?4 ,9 "s places :]e old m\l9s _h exi/$1 ! support+ ice is melt+ away1 s t ! sup]9cumb5t mass ( s&1 gravel1 & b\ld]s is sl[ly slid+ into a common c5tre1 l gra9 9 a hopp]4 ,?is mu/ produce a conical hill1 to rema91 aft] ! ice has all melt$ away1 a mute witness ( ! impressive & complicat$ =ces :i* h be5 s long 9 op]ation = its production4 ,9 o!r places ,i h witness$ ! =mation ( a long ridge ( gravel by ! gradual fall+ 9 ( ! ro( ( a tunnel :i* _h be5 occupi$ by a subglacial /ream1 & ov] :i* !re 0 deposit$ a great am\nt ( mora9ic mat]ial4 ,z ! ro( gave way1 ?is 0 con/antly fall+ to ! bottom1 :]e1 be+ exempt f fur!r erosive ag5cies1 x mu/ rema9 z a gravel ridge or kame4 ,9 o!r places1 /ill1 !re 7 va/ masses ( ice cov]+ _m acres1 & buri$ b5ea? a great dep? ( mora9ic mat]ial :i* _h be5 swept d[n ^u x :ile jo9$ to ! ma9 glaci]4 ,9 ! retreat ( ! ice1 h[ev]1 ^! masses _h become isolat$1 & ! s&1 gravel1 & b\ld]s 7 slid+ d[n ! wa/+ sides & =m+ long ridges ( dbris along ! bottom1 :i*1 ^u ! f9al melt+ ( ! ice1 w be left z a complicat$ network ( ridges & knolls ( gravel1 enclos+ an equally complicat$ ne/ ( kettle-holes4 ,beyond ,cross ,s\nd ! ,pacific coa/ is b\nd$ = sev]al hundr$ miles by ! magnific5t semicircle ( m\nta9s kn[n z ! ,/4 ,elias ,alps1 ) ,m\nt ,crillon at ! s\?1 hav+ an elevation ( ne>ly sixte5 ?\s& feet1 & ,/4 ,elias 9 ! c5tre1 ris+ to a great] height4 ,ev]y:]e along ?is coa/1 z f> z ! ,alaskan ,p59sula1 va/ glaci]s come d[n f ! m\nta9-sides1 & 9 _m cases _! precipit\s fronts =m ! %ore-l9e = _m miles at a "t4 ,icy ,bay1 j to ! s\? ( ,m\nt ,/1 ,elias1 is fitly nam$1 on acc\nt ( ! ext5t ( ! glaci]s empty+ into x & ! numb] ( iceb]gs cumb]+ its wat]s4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahij a p>ty1 "u ! lead ( ,mr4 ,i4 ,c4 ,russell1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 made an unsuccessful attempt to scale ! heights ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias2 b ! in=mation br\ght back by !m conc]n+ ! glaci]s ( ! region amply repaid !m = _! toil & exp5se1 & consol$ !m = ! failure ( _! imm$iate object4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--;,by ! c\rtesy ( ! ,national ,geographical ,society4 ,leav+ ,yakutat ,bay1 & foll[+ ! r\te indicat$ ^u ! accompany+ map1 !y travell$ on glacial ice almo/ ! entire di/ance to ! foot ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias4 ,! num]\s glaci]s com+ d[n f ! summit ( ! m\nta9-ridge become conflu5t ne>] ! %ore1 & spread out ov] an area ( ab\t a ?\s& squ>e miles4 ,?is is fitly nam$ ! ,malasp9a ,glaci]1 aft] ! ,spani% explor] :o discov]$ x 9 #agib4 ,x is n necess>y to add fur!r p>ticul>s conc]n+ ! results ( ?is exp$ition1 s9ce !y are s simil> to ^? already detail$ 9 connection ) ! ,muir ,glaci]4 ,a feature1 h[ev]1 ( special int]e/1 p]ta9s to ! glacial lakes :i* are held 9 place by ! glacial ice at an elevation ( ?\s&s ( feet above ! sea4 ,"o ( consid]able size is indicat$ ^u ! map j s\? ( :at 0 call$ ,blossom ,isl&1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n an isl&1 b simply a nunatak1 ! ice "h surr\nd+ a consid]able area ( f]tile l&1 :i* is cov]$ ) d5se =e/s & beautifi$ by a brilliant assemblage ( fl[]+ plants4 ,9 o!r places consid]able vegetation 0 f\nd ^u ! surface ( mora9es1 :i* 7 probably /ill 9 motion ) ! und]ly+ ice4 ,gre5l&4--,! cont95tal proportions ( ,gre5l&1 & ! ext5t to :i* its area is cov]$ by glacial ice1 make x by f> ! mo/ important accessible field = glacial obs]vations4 ,! total area ( ,gre5l& c n be less ?an five hundr$ ?\s& squ>e miles--equal 9 ext5t to ! portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,mississippi & nor? ( ! ,ohio4 ,x is n[ pretty evid5t t ! :ole ( ?is area1 except a n>r[ bord] ab\t ! s\!rn end1 is cov]$ by "o cont9u\s %eet ( mov+ ice1 press+ outw>d on e side t[>ds ! op5 wat] ( ! surr\nd+ seas4 ,= a long "t x 0 ! belief ( _m t a l>ge region 9 ! int]ior ( ,gre5l& 0 free f ice1 & 0 p]haps inhabit$4 ,x 0 9 "p to solve ?is problem t ,b>on ,nord5skild set out ^u 8 exp$ition ( #ahhc4 ,asc5d+ ! ice-%eet f ,disco ,bay1 9 latitude #fi1 he proce$$ ea/w>d = eighte5 days across a cont9u\s ice-field4 ,riv]s 7 fl[+ 9 *annels ^u ! surface l ^? cut on l& 9 horizontal /rata ( %ale or s&/one1 only t ! pure deep blue ( ! ice-walls 01 by comp>ison1 inf9itely m beautiful4 ,^! riv]s 7 n1 h[ev]1 p]fectly cont9u\s4 ,aft] fl[+ = a di/ance 9 *annels on ! surface1 !y1 "o & all1 plung$ ) deaf5+ ro> into "s yawn+ crevasse1 to f9d _! way to ! sea ?r\gh subglacial *annels4 ,num]\s lakes ) %ores ( ice 7 also enc\nt]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,map ( ,gre5l&4 ,! arr[-po9ts m>k ! m>g9 ( ! ice-field4 ,on b5d+ d[n ! e> to ! ice1 says ?is explor]1 we c\ld he> on e side a peculi> subt]ranean hum1 proce$+ f riv]s fl[+ )9 ! ice2 & occasionally a l\d1 s+le report1 l t ( a cannon1 gave notice ( ! =mation ( a new glaci]-cleft4444 ,9 ! aft]noon we saw at "s di/ance f u a well-def9$ pill> ( mi/1 :i*1 :5 we approa*$ x1 appe>$ to rise f a bottomless abyss1 into :i* a mighty glaci]-riv] fell4 ,! va/1 ro>+ wat]-mass _h bor$ = itself a v]tical hole1 probably d[n to ! rock1 c]ta9ly m ?an two ?\s& feet b5ea?1 on :i* ! glaci] re/$4,,aj ,footnote ,,aj3 ,geological ,magaz9e1 vol4 ix1 pp4 #cic1 #cii4 ,at ! end ( ! eighte5 days ,nord5skild f\nd himself ab\t a hundr$ & fifty miles f 8 />t+-po9t1 & ab\t five ?\s& feet above ! sea4 ,"h ! p>ty re/$1 & s5t two ,eskimos =w>d on skidor--a k9d ( long wood5 skate1 ) :i* !y c\ld move rapidly ov] ! ice1 not)/&+ ! num]\s small1 circul> holes :i* ev]y:]e pitt$ ! surface4 ,^! ,eskimos 7 gone fifty-sev5 h\rs1 hav+ slept only f\r h\rs ( ! p]iod4 ,x is e/imat$ t !y made ab\t a hundr$ & fifty miles1 & atta9$ an altitude ( six ?\s& feet4 ,! ice is report$ z ris+ 9 di/9ct t]races1 & z seem+ly b\ndless beyond4 ,if ?is is ! case1 two hundr$ miles f ,disco ,bay1 !re w\ld seem little hope ( f9d+ 9 ,gre5l& an int]ior fre$ f ice4 ,s we may pretty confid5tly speak ( t cont95tal body ( l& z /ill envelop$ 9 an ice-%eet4 ,up to ab\t latitude #ge1 h[ev]1 ! cont95t is fr+$ by a bord] ( isl&s1 ov] :i* !re is no cont9u\s cov]+ ( ice4 ,9 s\? ,gre5l& ! cont9u\s ice-%eet is rea*$ ab\t ?irty miles back f ! %ore4 ,a summ>y ( ! results ( ,gre5l& exploration 0 giv5 by ,dr4 ,k9k 9 #ahhf1 f :i* x appe>s t s9ce #ahgf "o ?\s& miles ( ! coa/-l9e h be5 c>efully explor$ by ent]+ e fiord & attempt+ to rea* ! inl& ice4 ,accord+ to ?is au?ority-- ,we are n[ able to demon/rate t a movem5t ( ice f ! c5tral regions ( ,gre5l& to ! coa/ cont9ually goes on1 & mu/ be suppos$ to act ^u ! gr\nd ov] :i* x is pu%$ s z to deta* & transport fragm5ts ( x = su* a di/ance4444 ,! pla9e/ idea ( ! ice-=mation "h 9 "q is giv5 by comp>+ x ) an inundation4444 ,only ! m>g9al p>ts %[ irregul>ity2 t[>ds ! int]ior ! surface gr[s m & m level & passes into a pla9 v slightly ris+ 9 ! same direction4 ,x has be5 prov$ t1 asc5d+ its extreme v]ge1 :]e x has spread l a lava-/ream ov] ! l[] gr\nd 9 front ( x1 ! irregul>ities are *iefly met ) up to a height ( #b1jjj feet1 b ! di/ance f ! m>g9 9 :i* ! height is rea*$ v>ies mu*4 ,:ile "u #fh-a_/b nor? latitude x took tw5ty-f\r miles be=e ?is elevation 0 atta9$1 9 #gb-a_/b ! same height 0 arriv$ at 9 half ! di/ance4444 ,a g5]al movem5t ( ! :ole mass f ! c5tral regions t[>ds ! sea is /ill cont9u$1 b x conc5trates its =ce to comp>atively few po9ts 9 ! mo/ extraord9>y degree4 ,^! po9ts are repres5t$ by ! ice-fiords1 ?r\gh :i* ! annual surplus ice is c>ri$ (f 9 ! %ape ( b]gs4444 ,9 ,dani% ,gre5l& are f\nd five ( ! fir/1 f\r ( ! second1 & eight ( ! ?ird 7or lea/ productive7 class1 besides a numb] ( inlets :i* only receive insignificant fragm5ts4 ,direct measurem5ts ( ! velocity h n[ be5 appli$ on ?ree fir/-rate & "o second-rate fiords1 all situat$ betwe5 #fi & #ga nor? latitude4 ,! measurem5ts h be5 repeat$ dur+ ! colde/ & ! w>me/ season1 & connect$ ) survey+ & o!r inve/igations ( ! inlets & _! environs4 ,x is n[ prov$ t ! glaci] bran*es :i* produce ! b]gs proce$ incessantly at a rate ( ?irty to fifty feet p] diem1 ?is movem5t be+ n at all influ5c$ by ! seasons4 4 4 4 ,9 ! ice-fiord ( ,jakob%avn1 :i* spreads its enorm\s b]gs ov] ,disco ,bay & probably f> into ! ,atlantic1 ! productive "p ( ! glaci] is #d1ejj metres 7ab\t #b-a_/b miles7 broad4 ,! movem5t along its middle l9e1 :i* is quick] ?an on ! sides ne>] ! %ores1 c be rat$ at fifty feet p] diem4 ,! bulk ( ice "h annually =c$ into ! sea w\ld1 if tak5 on ! %ore1 make a m\nta9 two miles long1 two miles broad1 & #a1jjj feet high4 ,! ice-fiord ( ,torsukatak receives f\r or five bran*es ( ! glaci]2 ! mo/ productive ( !m is ab\t #i1jjj metres broad 7five miles71 & moves betwe5 sixte5 & ?irty-two feet p] diem4 ,! l>ge ,k>ajak ,glaci]1 ab\t #g1jjj metres 7f\r miles7 broad1 proce$s at a rate ( f tw5ty-two to ?irty-eight feet p] diem4 ,f9ally1 a glaci] bran* dipp+ into ! fiord ( ,jtivdli>suk1 #e1hjj metres broad 7?ree miles71 mov$ betwe5 tw5ty-f\r & =ty-six feet p] diem4,,ak ,footnote ,,ak3 ,see ,transactions ( ! ,ed9burgh ,geological ,society = ,febru>y #ah1 #ahhf1 vol4 v1 "p ii1 pp4 #bhf-bic4 ,! pr9cipal "p ( our in=mation conc]n+ ! glaci]s ( ,gre5l& nor? ( ,melville ,bay 0 obta9$ by ,drs4 ,kane & ,hayes1 9 #ahec & #ahed1 :ile conduct+ an exp$ition 9 se>* ( ,sir ,john ,frankl9 & 8 un=tunate crew4 ,dr4 ,hayes conduct$ ano!r exp$ition to ! same desolate region 9 #ahfj1 :ile o!r explor]s h to "s ext5t supplem5t$ _! obs]vations4 ,! l>ge/ glaci] :i* !y saw ent]s ! sea betwe5 latitude #gi & #hj1 :]e x pres5ts a precipit\s dis*>g+ front m ?an sixty miles 9 wid? & hundr$s ( feet 9 p]p5dicul> height4 ,dr4 ,kane gives 8 fir/ impressions ( ?is gr& glaci] 9 ! foll[+ vivid description3 ,i w n attempt to d bett] by florid description4 ,m5 only rhapsodize ab\t ,niag>a & ! ocean4 ,my notes speak simply ( ! 'long1 ev]-%9+ l9e ( cliff dim9i%$ to a well-po9t$ w$ge 9 ! p]spective'2 &1 aga91 ( '! face ( gli/5+ ice1 sweep+ 9 a long curve f ! l[ int]ior1 ! facets 9 front int5sely illum9at$ by ! sun4' ,b ?is l9e ( cliff rose 9 a solid1 glassy wall ?ree hundr$ feet above ! wat]-level1 ) an unkn[n1 unfa?omable dep? bel[ x2 & its curv$ face1 sixty miles 9 l5g? f ,cape ,agassiz to ,cape ,=bes1 vani%$ into unkn[n space at n m ?an a s+le day's railroad-travel f ! pole4 ,! int]ior1 ) :i* x communicat$ & f :i* x issu$1 0 an unsurvey$ m] de glace--an ice-ocean to ! eye1 ( b\ndless dim5sions4 ,x 0 9 full sight--! mighty cry/al bridge :i* connects ! two cont95ts ( ,am]ica & ,gre5l&4 ,i say cont95ts1 = ,gre5l&1 h[ev] insulat$ x may ultimately prove to be1 is 9 mass /rictly cont95tal4 ,its lea/ possible axis1 measur$ f ,cape ,f>ewell to ! l9e ( ?is glaci]1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! eightie? p>allel1 gives a l5g? ( m ?an #a1bjj miles1 n mat]ially less ?an t ( ,au/ralia f its nor!rn to its s\!rn cape4 ,imag9e1 n[1 ! c5tre ( su* a cont95t1 occupi$ ?r\gh ne>ly its :ole ext5t by a deep1 unbrok5 sea ( ice t ga!rs p]5nial increase f ! wat]-%$ ( va/ sn[-cov]$ m\nta9s & all ! precipitations ( its atmosph]e ^u its own surface4 ,imag9e ?is1 mov+ onw>ds l a great glacial riv]1 seek+ outlets at e fiord & valley1 roll+ icy cat>acts into ! ,atlantic & ,gre5l& seas2 &1 hav+ at la/ rea*$ ! nor!rn limit ( ! l& t has borne x up1 p\r+ out a mighty froz5 torr5t into unkn[n arctic space6 ,x is ?us1 & only ?us1 t we mu/ =m a j conception ( a ph5om5on l ?is great glaci]4 ,i _h look$ 9 my own m9d = su* an appe>ance1 %\ld ,i ev] be =tunate en\gh to rea* ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,gre5l&2 b1 n[ t x 0 be=e me1 ,i c\ld h>dly realize x4 ,i _h recogniz$1 9 my quiet libr>y at home1 ! beautiful analogies :i* ,=bes & ,/ud] h develop$ betwe5 ! glaci] & ! riv]4 ,b ,i c\ld n compreh5d at fir/ ?is complete sub/itution ( ice = wat]4 ,x 0 sl[ly t ! conviction dawn$ on me t ,i 0 look+ ^u ! c\nt]p>t ( ! great riv]-sy/em ( ,arctic ,asia & ,am]ica4 ,yet "h 7 no wat]-fe$]s f ! s\?4 ,e p>ticle ( moi/ure _h its orig9 )9 ! pol> circle & _h be5 conv]t$ into ice4 ,!re 7 no va/ alluvions1 no =e/ or animal traces borne d[n by liquid torr5ts4 ,"h 0 a pla/ic1 mov+1 semi-solid mass1 oblit]at+ life1 swall[+ rocks & isl&s1 & pl\gh+ its way ) irresi/ible m>* ?r\gh ! cru/ ( an inve/+ sea4,,al ,footnote ,,al3 ,arctic ,explorations 9 ! ,ye>s #ahec1 #ahed1 & #ahee1 vol4 i1 pp4 #bbe-bbh4 ,mu* less is kn[n conc]n+ ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,gre5l& ?an ab\t ! we/]n coa/4 ,= a long "t x 0 suppos$ t !re might be a consid]able population 9 ! l[] latitudes along ! ea/]n side4 ,b t is n[ prov$ to be a mi/ake4 ,! :ole coa/ is v inhospitable & difficult ( approa*4 ,f latitude #fe to latitude #fi little or no?+ is kn[n ( x4 ,9 #ahbb-'bc ,scoresby1 ,cleav]+1 & ,sab9e ha/ily explor$ ! coa/ f latitude #fi to #gf1 & report$ num]\s glaci]s desc5d+ to ! sea-level ?r\gh ext5sive fiords1 f :i* imm5se iceb]gs float out & r5d] navigation dang]\s4 ,9 #ahfi & #ahgj ! second ,nor?-,g]man ,exp$ition p>tly explor$ ! coa/ betwe5 latitude #gc & #gg4 ,mr4 ,pay]1 an exp]i5c$ ,alp9e explor]1 :o accompani$ ! exp$ition1 reports ! c\ntry z mu* brok51 & ! glaci]s z subord9at$ 9 position to ! high] peaks1 & hav+ _! mora9es1 bo? lat]al & t]m9al1 l ^? ( ! ,alp9e ranges1 & on a /ill gr&] scale4 ,pet]mann ,peak1 9 latitude #gc1 is report$ z #ac1jjj feet high4 ,capta9 ,koldewey1 *ief ( ! exp$ition1 f\nd ext5sive plateaus on ! ma9l&1 9 latitude #ge1 to be entirely cle> ( sn[1 al?\gh only sp>sely cov]$ ) vegetation4 ,! m\nta9s 9 ?is vic9ity1 also1 ris+ to a height ( m ?an #b1jjj feet1 7 free f sn[ 9 ! summ]4 ,"s ( ! fiords 9 ?is vic9ity p5etrate ! cont95t ?r\gh sev]al degrees ( longitude4 ,an int]e/+ episode ( ?is exp$ition 0 ! exp]i5ce ( ! crew ( ! %ip ,hansa1 :i* 0 caught 9 ! ice & de/roy$4 ,! crew1 h[ev]1 escap$ by encamp+ on ! ice-floe :i* _h cru%$ ! %ip4 ,f ?is1 z x sl[ly float$ t[>ds ! s\? ?r\gh sev]al degrees ( latitude1 !y _h opportunity to make _m important obs]vations ^u ! cont95t itself4 ,z view$ f ?is unique position ! coa/ _h ! appe>ance ev]y:]e ( be+ precipit\s1 ) m\nta9s ( consid]able height ris+ 9 ! backgr\nd1 f :i* num]\s small glaci]s desc5d$ to ! sea-level4 ,9 #ahhh ,dr4 ,f4 ,nans51 ) ,lieut5ant ,sv]drup & f\r o!rs1 0 left by a :al] on ! ice-pack bord]+ ! ea/ ( ,gre5l& ab\t latitude #fe1 & 9 sight ( ! coa/4 ,= twelve days ! p>ty 0 on ! ice-pack float+ s\?1 & s actually rea*$ ! coa/ only ab\t latitude #fd4 ,f ?is po9t !y attempt$ to cross ! inl& ice 9 a nor?we/]ly direction t[>ds ,*ri/ian%aab4 ,!y soon rea*$ a height ( #g1jjj feet1 & 7 compell$ by sev]e nor!rly /orms to div]ge f _! c\rse1 tak+ a direction m to ! we/4 ,! greate/ height atta9$ 0 #i1ejj feet1 & ! p>ty arriv$ on ! we/]n coa/ at ,am]alik ,fiord1 a little s\? ( ,godhaab1 ab\t ! same latitude at :i* !y ent]$4 ,x ?us appe>s t subsequ5t inve/igations h confirm$ 9 a rem>kable mann] ! sagaci\s conclusions made by ! em95t ,scot* geologi/ & glaciali/ ,rob]t ,br[n 9 #ahge1 soon aft] 8 own exp$ition to ! c\ntry4 ,i look ^u ,gre5l& & its int]ior ice-field1 he writes1 9 ! light ( a broad-lipp$1 %all[ vessel1 b ) *9ks 9 ! lips "h & !re1 & ! glaci] l visc\s matt] 9 x4 ,z m is p\r$ 91 ! visc\s matt] w run ov] ! edges1 naturally tak+ ! l9e ( ! *9ks z its l9e ( outfl[4 ,! broad lips ( ! vessel are ! outly+ isl&s or 'outskirts'2 ! visc\s matt] 9 ! vessel ! inl& ice1 ! additional matt] cont9ually be+ p\r$ 9 9 ! =m ( ! enorm\s sn[ cov]+1 :i*1 w9t] aft] w9t]1 = sev5 or eight mon?s 9 ! ye>1 falls almo/ cont9u\sly on x2 ! *9ks are ! fiords or valleys d[n :i* ! glaci]s1 repres5t+ ! outfl[+ visc\s matt]1 empty ! surplus ( ! vessel--9 o!r words1 ! ice floats out 9 glaci]s1 ov]fl[s ! l& 9 fact1 d[n ! valleys & fiords ( ,gre5l& by =ce ( ! sup]9cumb5t weight ( sn[1 j z does ! gra9 on ! floor ( a b>n 7z admirably describ$ by ,mr4 ,jamieson7 :5 ano!r sackful is empti$ on ! top ( ! m\nd already on ! floor4 ',! floor is flat1 & !re=e does n conduct ! gra9 9 any direction2 ! outw>d motion is due to ! pressure ( ! p>ticles ( gra9 on "o ano!r2 &1 giv5 a floor ( inf9ite ext5sion & a pile ( suffici5t am\nt1 ! mass w\ld move outw>d to any di/ance1 & ) a v slight pit* or slope x w\ld slide =w>d along ! incl9e4' ,to ?is let me add t if ! floor on ! m>g9 ( ! heap ( gra9 0 undulat+ ! /ream ( gra9 w\ld take ! c\rse ( su* undulations4 ,! want1 !re=e1 ( mu* slope 9 a c\ntry & ! abs5ce ( any great m\nta9-range are ( v little mom5t to ! movem5t ( l&-ice1 provid$ we h sn[ en\gh ,on ano!r page ,dr4 ,br[n _h well said t ! c\ntry seems only a circlet ( isl&s sep>at$ f "o ano!r by deep fiords or /raits1 & b\nd toge!r on ! l&w>d side by ! great ice cov]+ :i* ov]lies ! :ole int]ior4444 ,no d\bt "u ?is ice !re lies l&1 j z x lies "u ! sea2 b n[adays none c be se51 & z an insulat+ m$ium x might z well be wat]4 ,9 8 rec5tly publi%$ volumes descriptive ( ! j\rney across ! ,gre5l& ice-%eet1 allud$ to on page #ci1 ,dr4 ,nans5 sums up 8 inf]5ces 9 v mu* ! same way3 ,! ice-%eet rises comp>atively abruptly f ! sea on bo? sides1 b m especially on ! ea/ coa/1 :ile its c5tral portion is tol]ably flat4 ,on ! :ole1 ! gradi5t decreases ! f>!r "o gets into ! int]ior1 & ! mass ?us pres5ts ! =m ( a %ield ) a surface corrugat$ by g5tle1 almo/ imp]ceptible1 undulations ly+ m or less nor? & s\?1 & ) its highe/ po9t n plac$ symmetrically1 b v decid$ly ne>] ! ea/ coa/ ?an ! we/4 ,f ?is rapid glance at ! exi/+ glaci]s ( ! _w we see t a great ice age is n altoge!r a /range ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,! l&s ab\t ! s\? pole & ,gre5l& are ea* cont95tal 9 dim5sions1 & pres5t at ! pres5t "t accumulations ( l&-ice s ext5sive1 s deep1 & s alive ) motion z to prep>e our m9ds = almo/ any?+ t may be sugge/$ conc]n+ ! glaciat$ condition ( o!r portions ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,! v]a causa is suffici5t to accompli% any?+ ( :i* glaciali/s h ev] dream$4 ,x only rema9s to enquire :at ! facts really are & ov] h[ great an ext5t ( t]ritory ! actual results ( glacial action may be f\nd4 ,b we w fir/ direct m p>ticul> att5tion to "s ( ! facts & !ories conc]n+ glacial motion4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,glacial ,,motion4 ,t glacial ice actually moves aft] ! analogy ( a semi-fluid has be5 abundantly demon/rat$ by obs]vation4 ,9 ! ye> #ahbg ,pr(essor ,hugi1 ( ,soleure1 built a hut f> up ^u ! ,a> ,glaci] 9 ,switz]l&1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! rate ( its motion4 ,aft] ?ree ye>s he f\nd t x _h mov$ #ccj feet2 aft] n9e ye>s1 #b1ced feet2 & aft] f\rte5 ye>s ,l\is ,agassiz f\nd t its motion _h be5 #d1gab feet4 ,9 #ahda ,agassiz began a m accurate s]ies ( obs]vation ^u ! same glaci]4 ,bor+ holes 9 ! ice1 he set across x a r[ ( /akes :i*1 on visit+ 9 #ahdb1 he f\nd to be no long] 9 a /raight l9e4 ,all _h mov$ d[nw>ds ) v>y+ velocity1 ^? ne> ! c5tre hav+ mov$ f>!r ?an ! o!rs4 ,! displacem5ts ( ! /akes 7 9 ord]1 f side to side1 z foll[s3 #afj feet1 #bbe feet1 #bfi feet1 #bde feet1 #baj feet1 & #abe feet4 ,agassiz foll[$ up 8 obs]vations = six ye>s1 & 9 #ahdg publi%$ ! results 9 8 celebrat$ "w ,sy/em ,glacire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,b 9 ,augu/1 #ahda1 ! di/+ui%$ ,swiss inve/igator _h invit$ ,pr(essor ,j4 ,d4 ,=bes1 ( ,ed9burgh1 to int]e/ himself 9 solv+ ! problem ( glacial motion4 ,9 response to ?is reque/1 ,pr(essor ,=bes sp5t ?ree weeks ) ,agassiz ^u ! ,a> ,glaci]4 ,/imulat$ by ! int]e/ ( ?is visit1 ,=bes return$ to ,switz]l& 9 #ahdb & began a s]ies ( indep5d5t inve/igations ^u ! ,m] de ,glace4 ,aft] a week's obs]vations ) accurate in/rum5ts1 ,=bes wrote to ,pr(essor ,jameson1 editor ( ! ,ed9burgh ,new ,philosophical ,j\rnal1 t he _h already made x c]ta9 t ! c5tral "p ( ! glaci] moves fa/] ?an ! edges 9 a v consid]able proportion1 q contr>y to ! op9ion g5]ally ma9ta9$4 ,?is lett] 0 dat$ ,july #d1 #ahdb1 b 0 n publi%$ until ! ,octob] foll[+1 ,agassiz's results1 s f> z !n det]m9$1 71 h[ev]1 publi%$ 9 ,comptes ,r5dus ( ! #bi? ( ,augu/1 #ahdb1 two mon?s be=e ! publication ( ,=bes's lett]4 ,b ,agassiz's lett] 0 dat$ tw5ty-sev5 days lat] ?an t ( ,=bes4 ,x becomes c]ta91 !re=e1 t bo? ,agassiz & ,=bes1 indep5d5tly & ab\t ! same "t1 discov]$ ! fact t ! c5tral portion ( a glaci] moves m rapidly ?an ! sides4 ,9 #aheg ,pr(essor ,tyndall began 8 sy/ematic & fruitful obs]vations ^u ! ,m] de ,glace & o!r ,alp9e glaci]s4 ,pr(essor ,=bes _h already demon/rat$ t1 ) an accurate in/rum5t ( obs]vation1 ! motion ( a l9e ( /akes might be obs]v$ aft] ! lapse ( a s+le clay1 or ev5 ( a few h\rs4 ,z a result ( ,tyndall's obs]vations1 x 0 f\nd t ! mo/ rapid daily motion 9 ! ,m] de ,glace 9 #aheg 0 ab\t ?irty-sev5 in*es4 ,?is am\nt ( motion 0 ne> ! l[] end ( ! glaci] ,on asc5d+ ! glaci]1 ! rate 0 f\nd 9 g5]al to be dim9i%$2 b ! dim9ution 0 n uni=m ?r\gh\t ! :ole di/ance1 be+ affect$ bo? by ! size & by ! cont\r ( ! valley4 ,! motion 9 ! tribut>y glaci]s 0 also mu* less ?an t ( ! ma9 glaci]4 ,?is dim9ution ( movem5t 9 ! tribut>y glaci]s 0 some:at proportionate to _! increase 9 wid?4 ,= example1 ! comb9$ wid? ( ! ?ree tribut>ies unit+ to =m ! ,m] de ,glace is #b1eig y>ds2 b a %ort di/ance bel[ ! junction ( ^! tribut>ies ! total wid? ( ! ,m] de ,glace itself is only #hic y>ds1 or "o-?ird t ( ! tribut>ies comb9$4 ,yet1 ?\gh ! dep? ( ! ice is probably "h mu* great] ?an 9 ! tribut>ies1 ! rapidity ( movem5t is betwe5 two & ?ree times z great z t ( any "o ( ! bran*es4,,am ,footnote ,,am3 ,see ,tyndall's ,=ms ( ,wat]1 pp4 #gh-hb4 ,f ,tyndall's obs]vations x appe>s also t ! l9e ( mo/ rapid motion is n exactly 9 ! middle ( ! *annel1 b is pu%$ by its own mom5tum f "o side to ! o!r ( ! middle1 s z always to be ne>] ! concave side2 9 ?is respect con=m+1 z f> z its nature w p]mit1 to ! motion ( wat] 9 a tortu\s *annel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,x is easy to acc\nt = ?is diff]5tial motion ^u ! surface ( a glaci]1 s9ce x is cle> t ! friction ( ! sides ( ! *annel mu/ ret>d ! motion ( ice z x does t ( wat]4 ,x is cle> also t ! friction ( ! bottom mu/ ret>d ! motion ( ice ev5 m ?an x is kn[n to d 9 ! case ( wat]4 ,9 ! =mation ( break]s1 :5 ! waves roll 9 ^u a %all[+ bea*1 e "o is famili> ) ! effect ( ! bottom ^u ! mov+ mass4 ,"h friction ret>ds ! l[] /rata ( wat]1 & ! upp] /rata slide ov] ! l[]1 &1 :]e ! wat] is ( suffici5t dep? & ! motion is suffici5tly great1 ! cre/ breaks d[n 9 foam be=e ! ev]-advanc+ tide4 ,a simil> ph5om5on occurs :5 dams give way & res]voirs sudd5ly p\r _! cont5ts into ! re/rict$ *annels bel[4 ,at su* times ! advanc+ wat] rolls onw>ds l ! surf ) a p]p5dicul> front1 v>y+ 9 height accord+ to ! ext5t ( ! flood4 ,season+ f ^! ph5om5a connect$ ) mov+ wat]1 x 0 naturally sugge/$ to ,pr(essor ,tyndall t an analog\s movem5t mu/ take place 9 a glaci]4 ,*oos+1 !re=e1 a fav\rable place = obs]vation on ! ,m] de ,glace :]e ! ice em]g$ f a gorge1 he f\nd a p]p5dicul> side ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty feet 9 height f bottom to top4 ,9 ?is face he drove /akes 9 a p]p5dicul> l9e f top to bottom4 ,^u subsequ5tly obs]v+ !m1 ,tyndall f\nd1 z he expect$1 t !re 0 a diff]5tial motion among !m z 9 ! /akes ^u ! surface4 ,! ret>d+ effect ( friction ^u ! bottom 0 evid5t4 ,! /ake ne> ! top mov$ =w>ds ab\t ?ree times z fa/ z ! "o :i* 0 only f\r feet f ! bottom4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,! mo/ rapid motion 7?irty-sev5 in*es p] day7 obs]v$ by ,pr(essor ,tyndall ^u ! ,alp9e glaci]s occurr$ 9 midsumm]4 ,9 w9t] ! rate 0 only ab\t "o-half z great2 b 9 ! ye> #ahge ! ,norwegian geologi/1 ,hell&1 report$ a movem5t ( tw5ty metres 7ab\t sixty-five feet7 p] day 9 ! ,jakob%avn ,glaci] :i* ent]s ,disco ,bay1 ,gre5l&1 ab\t latitude #gj4 ,= "s "t !re 0 a disposition on ! "p ( _m sci5tific m5 to d\bt ! correctness ( ,holl&'s calculations4 ,subsequ5t obs]vations h %[n1 h[ev]1 t f ! comp>atively insignificant glaci]s ( ! ,alps !y 7 n ju/ifi$ 9 draw+ inf]5ces ) respect to ! motion ( ! va/ly l>g] masses :i* come d[n to ! sea ?r\gh ! fiords ( ,gre5l&4 ,! ,jakob%avn ,glaci] 0 ab\t two & a half miles 9 wid? & its dep? v likely m ?an a ?\s& feet1 mak+ a cross-section ( m ?an #a1djj1jjj squ>e y>ds1 :]eas ! cross-section ( ! ,m] de ,glace at ,montanv]t is e/imat$ to be b #aij1jjj squ>e y>ds or only ab\t "o-sev5? ! above e/imate = ! ,gre5l& glaci]4 ,z ! friction ( ! sides w\ld be no great] ^u a l>ge /ream ?an ^u a small "o1 :ile ^u ! bottom x w\ld be only 9 proportion to ! area1 x is evid5t t we _c tell be=eh& h[ rapidly an increase 9 ! volume ( ! ice might augm5t ! velocity ( ! glaci]4 ,at any rate1 all reasonable gr\nds = di/ru/+ ! accuracy ( ,hell&'s e/imates seem to h be5 remov$ by lat] inve/igations4 ,accord+ to my own obs]vations 9 ! summ] ( #ahhf ^u ! ,muir ,glaci]1 ,alaska1 ! c5tral portions1 a mile back f ! front ( t va/ ice-curr5t1 7 mov+ f sixty-five to sev5ty feet p] day4 ,^! obs]vations 7 tak5 ) a sextant ^u p9nacles ( ice recognizable f a basel9e e/abli%$ ^u ! %ore4 ,x is fair to add1 h[ev]1 t dur+ ! summ] ( #ahij ,pr(essor ,h4 ,f4 ,reid attempt$ to measure ! motion ( ! same glaci] by me?ods promis+ great] accuracy ?an c\ld be obta9$ by m9e4 ,he endeav\r$ to plant1 aft] ! me?od ( ,tyndall1 a l9e ( /akes across ! ice-curr5t4 ,b ) 8 utmo/ ef=ts1 work+ inw>ds f bo? sides1 he 0 unable to accompli% 8 purpose1 & s left unmeasur$ a qu>t] ( a mile or m ( ! mo/ rapidly-mov+ portion ( ! glaci]4 ,8 results1 !re=e1 ( t5 feet p] day 9 ! mo/ rapidly-mov+ portion obs]v$ _c discr$it my own obs]vations on a portion ( ! /ream inaccessible by 8 me?od4 ,a qu>t] ( a mile 9 wid? ne> ! c5tre ( s va/ a glaci] gives ample opportunity = a mu* great] rate ( motion ?an t obs]v$ by ,pr(essor ,reid4 ,especially may ?is be true 9 view ( ,tyndall's sugge/ion t ! cont\r ( ! bottom ov] :i* ! ice fl[s may greatly affect ! rate 9 c]ta9 places4 ,a sudd5 deep5+ ( ! *annel may affect ! motion ( ice 9 a glaci] z mu* z x does t ( wat] 9 a riv]4 ,o!r obs]vations also amply su/a9 ! conclusions ( ,hell&4 ,z already /at$1 ! ,dani% survey+ p>ty "u ,/e5/rup1 aft] sev]al ye>s' "w ^u ! s\?we/]n coa/ ( ,gre5l&1 h asc]ta9$ t ! num]\s glaci]s com+ d[n to ! sea 9 t region & furni%+ ! iceb]gs incessantly float+ d[n ,baff9's ,bay1 move at a rate ( f ?irty to fifty feet p] day1 :ile ,lieut5ants ,ryd] & ,blo*1 ( ! ,dani% ,navy1 :o sp5t ! ye> #ahhg 9 explor+ ! coa/ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,up]navik1 ab\t latitude #gc1 f\nd t ! great glaci] ent]+ ! fiord ea/ ( ! village _h a velocity ( n9ety-n9e feet p] day dur+ ! mon? ( ,augu/4,,an ,footnote ,,an3 ,nature1 ,decemb] #bi1 #ahhg4 ,x is easi] to e/abli% ! fact ( glacial motion ?an to expla9 h[ ! motion takes place1 = ice seems to be z brittle z glass4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is true ( x only :5 compell$ sudd5ly to *ange its =m4 ,:5 subject$ to sl[ & long-cont9u$ pressure x gradually yet readily yields1 & takes on new =ms4 ,f ?is capacity ( ice1 x has come to be reg>d$ by "s z a really visc\s sub/ance1 l t> or cool+ lava1 & ^u t !ory ,pr(essor ,=bes endeav\rs to expla9 all glacial movem5t4 ,! !ory1 h[ev]1 seems to be contradict$ by famili> facts2 = ! iceman1 aft] saw+ a %all[ groove across a piece ( ice1 c !n split x z easily z he w\ld a piece ( s&/one or wood4 ,on ! glaci]s !mselves1 likewise1 ! exi/5ce ( innum]able crevasses w\ld seem to contradict ! pla/ic !ory ( glaci] motion2 =1 :]ev] ! slope ( ! glaci]'s b$ increases1 crevasses are =m$ by ! increas$ /ra9 to :i* ! ice is subject$4 ,crevasses are also =m$ 9 rapidly-mov+ glaci]s by ! slight /ra9 occasion$ by ! m rapid motion ( ! middle portion4 ,/ill1 9 ! words ( ,tyndall1 x is und\bt$ t ! glaci] moves l a visc\s body4 ,! c5tre fl[s pa/ ! sides1 ! top fl[s ov] ! bottom1 & ! motion ?r\gh a curv$ valley corresponds to fluid motion4,,ao ,footnote ,,ao3 ,=ms ( ,wat]1 p4 #afc4 ,to expla9 ?is comb9ation ( ! seem+ly contradictory qualities ( brittl5ess & viscosity 9 ice1 physici/s h direct$ att5tion to ! rem>kable trans=mations :i* take place 9 wat] at ! freez+-po9t4 ,f>aday discov]$ 9 #ahej t :5 two pieces ( ?aw+ ice are plac$ toge!r !y freeze toge!r at ! po9t ( contact4,,ap ,footnote ,,ap3 ,ibid41 p4 #afd4 ,place a numb] ( fragm5ts ( ice 9 a bas9 ( wat] & cause !m to t\* ea* o!r2 !y freeze toge!r :]e !y t\*4 ,y c =m a *a9 ( su* fragm5ts2 & !n1 by tak+ hold ( "o end ( ! *a91 y c draw ! :ole s]ies aft] x4 ,*a9s ( iceb]gs are sometimes =m$ 9 ?is way 9 ! arctic seas4,,aq ,footnote ,,aq3 ,ibid41 pp4 #afd1 #afe4 ,?is is really :at takes place :5 a h>d sn[-ball is made by pressure 9 ! h&4 ,s1 by subject+ fragm5ts ( ice to pressure x is fir/ crumbl$ to p[d]1 & !n1 z ! p>ticles are press$ toge!r 9 close contact1 x resumes ! nature ( ice aga91 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t =m1 tak+ n[ ! %ape ( ! m\ld 9 :i* x has be5 press$4 ,?us x is suppos$ t1 :5 ! temp]ature ( ice is ne> ! melt+-po9t1 ! pressure ( ! sup]9cumb5t mass may produce at c]ta9 po9ts ins5sible dis9tegration1 :ile1 ^u ! removal ( ! pressure by *ange ( position1 regulation in/antly takes place1 & ?us ! ph5om5a :i* simulate pla/icity are produc$4 ,z ! freez+-po9t ( wat] is1 )9 a n>r[ range1 det]m9$ by ! am\nt ( pressure to :i* x is subject$1 x is n difficult to see h[ ^! *anges may occur4 ,pressure slightly l[]s ! freez+-po9t1 & s w\ld liquefy ! portions ( ice subject$ to greate/ pressure1 :]ev] t might be 9 ! mass ( ! glaci]1 & ?us p]mit a mom5t>y movem5t ( ! p>ticles1 until !y %\ld recongeal 9 adju/+ !mselves to spaces ( less pressure4,,ar ,?is is ! !ory by :i* ,pr(essor ,james ,?ompson w\ld acc\nt = ! app>5t pla/icity ( glacial ice4 ,footnote ,,ar3 ,=ms ( ,wat]1 p4 #afh4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,signs ,,( ,,pa/ ,,glaciation4 ,! facts f :i* we draw ! inf]5ce t va/ areas ( ! e>?'s surface :i* are n[ free f glaci]s 71 at a comp>atively rec5t "t1 cov]$ ) !m1 are f\rfold1 & are ev]y:]e op5 to inspection4 ,^! facts are3 #a4 ,scrat*es ^u ! rocks4 #b4 ,ext5sive un/ratifi$ deposits ( clay & s& int]m+l$ ) scrat*$ /ones & loose fragm5ts ( rock4 #c4 ,transport$ b\ld]s left 9 su* positions & ( su* size z to preclude ! suffici5cy ( wat]-c>riage to acc\nt = !m4 #d4 ,ext5sive gravel t]races bord]+ ! valleys :i* em]ge f ! glaciat$ areas4 ,we w consid] ^! 9 _! ord]3 #a4 ,! scrat*es ^u ! rocks4 ,almo/ any:]e 9 ! region designat$ z hav+ be5 cov]$ ) ice dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod1 ! surface ( ! rocks :5 fre%ly uncov]$ w be f\nd to be peculi>ly m>k$ by grooves & scrat*es m or less f9e1 & su* z c\ld n be produc$ by ! action ( wat]4 ,b1 :5 we consid] ! nature ( a glaci]1 ^! m>ks seem to be j :at w\ld be produc$ by ! pu%+ or dragg+ along ( b\ld]s1 pebbles1 gravel1 & p>ticles ( s& und]nea? a mov+ mass ( ice4 ,runn+ wat] does inde$ move gravel1 pebbles1 & b\ld]s along ) ! curr5t1 b ^! objects are n held by x 9 a firm grasp1 su* z is requir$ to make a groove or scrat* 9 ! rock4 ,if1 also1 !re are inequalities 9 ! compactness or h>dness ( ! rock1 ! natural action ( runn+ wat] is to holl[ out ! s(t p>ts1 & leave ! h>d] p>ts project+4 ,b1 9 ! ph5om5a :i* we are attribut+ to glacial action1 !re has be5 a movem5t :i* has /eadily plan$ d[n ! surface ( ! und]ly+ rock2 poli%+ x1 inde$1 b also groov+ x & scrat*+ x 9 a mann] :i* c\ld be accompli%$ only by firmly held grav+-tools4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--;,b$-rock scor$ ) glacial m>ks1 ne> ,amh]/1 ,ohio4 7,f a photograph by ,*amb]l947 ,?is poli%+ & scrat*+ c inde$ be produc$ by v>i\s ag5cies2 z1 = example1 by ! =ces :i* fracture ! e>?'s cru/1 & %ove "o portion pa/ ano!r1 produc+ :at is call$ a slick5-side4 ,or1 aga91 avalan*es or l&-slides might be compet5t to produce ! results ov] limit$ & peculi>ly situat$ areas4 ,iceb]gs1 also1 & %ore ice :i* is mov$ backw>ds & =w>ds by ! waves1 w\ld produce a c]ta9 am\nt ( su* groov+ & scrat*+4 ,b ! ph5om5a to :i* we ref] are s ext5sive1 & occur 9 su* a v>iety ( situations1 t ! movem5t ( glacial ice is alone suffici5t to af=d a satisfactory explanation4 ,moreov]1 9 ,alaska1 ,gre5l&1 ,norway1 & ,switz]l&1 & :]ev] else !re are liv+ glaci]s1 x is possible to foll[ up ^! groov$ & /riat$ surfaces till !y disappe> und]nea? ! exi/+ glaci]s :i* are n[ produc+ ! ph5om5a4 ,?us by its tracks we c1 z x 71 foll[ ?is mon/] to its lair ) z great c]ta9ty z we c\ld any animal ) ^: footpr9ts we _h become famili>4 #b4 ,! till1 or b\ld]-clay4 ,a second sign ( ! =m] exi/5ce ( glaci]s ov] any area consi/s ( an un/ratifi$ deposit ( e>?y mat]ial1 ( great] or less dep?1 9 :i* scrat*$ pebbles & fragm5ts ( rock occur )\t any def9ite arrangem5t4 ,mov+ wat] is a mo/ p]fect sieve4 ,dur+ floods1 a riv] %oves along ov] its b$ gravel & pebbles ( consid]able size1 :]eas 9 "t ( l[-wat] ! curr5t may be s g5tle z to transport no?+ b f9e s&1 & ! clay w be c>ri$ /ill f>!r onw>ds1 to settle 9 ! /ill wat] & =m a delta ab\t ! riv]'s m\?4 ,! transport+ capacity ( runn+ wat] is 9 direct ratio to ! six? p[] ( its velocity4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 if ! velocity be d\bl$1 ! size ( ! gra9s ( s& or gravel :i* x transports is increas$ sixty-f\r fold4,,z ,s frequ5t are ! *anges 9 ! velocity ( runn+ wat]1 t ! /ratification ( its deposits is almo/ necess>y & univ]sal4 ,if l>ge fragm5ts ( rocks or b\ld]s are f\nd emb$d$ 9 /ratifi$ clay1 x is pretty surely a sign t !y h be5 c>ri$ to _! position by float+ ice4 ,a small m\nta9 /ream ) great velocity may move a good-siz$ b\ld]1 :ile ! ,amazon1 ) its mighty b sl[-mov+ curr5t1 w\ld pass by x =ev] )\t /irr+ x f its position4 ,b ! va/ area :i* is m>k$ 9 our map z hav+ be5 cov]$ ) ice dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod is *>act]is$ by deep & ext5sive deposits ( loose mat]ial devoid ( /ratification1 & compos$ ( soil & rock ga!r$ 9 consid]able "p f o!r localities1 & mix$ 9 an indiscrim9ate mass ) mat]ial :i* has orig9at$ 9 ! dis9tegration ( ! und]ly+ local /rata4 ,footnote ,,z3 ,le ,conte's ,geology1 p4 #ai4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--,scrat*$ /one f ! till ( ,bo/on4 ,natural size ab\t "o foot & a half long by t5 in*es wide4 7,f photograph47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--,typical section ( till 9 ,seattle4 ,wa%+ton ,/ate1 ab\t two hundr$ feet above ,puget ,s\nd4 ,?is is on ! height betwe5 ! s\nd & ,lake ,wa%+ton4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--;,ideal section1 %[+ h[ ! till ov]lies ! /ratifi$ rocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,vessel ,rock1 a glacial b\ld] 9 ,gilsum4 ,n4 ,h4 7,c4 ,h4 ,hit*cock47 #c4 ,transport$ b\ld]s4 ,:]e !re is a curr5t ( wat] deep en\gh to float l>ge masses ( ice1 !re is sc>cely any limit to ! size ( b\ld]s :i* may be transport$ ^u !m1 or to ! di/ance to :i* ! b\ld]s may be c>ri$ & dropp$ ^u ! bottom4 ,! iceb]gs :i* break (f f ! glaci]s ( ,gre5l& may be> _! burd5s ( rock f> d[n into ! ,atlantic1 deposit+ !m f9ally amid/ ! calc>e\s ooze & ! f9e s$im5t f ! ,gulf ,/ream :i* is sl[ly cov]+ ! area betwe5 ,nor!rn ,am]ica & ,europe4 ,nor!rn /reams l ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 :i* are deeply froz5 ov] ) ice 9 ! w9t]1 & are heavily flood$ z ! ice breaks up 9 ! spr+1 af=d opportunity = mu* transportation ( b\ld]s 9 ! direction ( _! curr5t4 ,9 attribut+ ! transportation ( a b\ld] to glacial ice1 x is necess>y1 !re=e1 to exam9e ! cont\r ( ! c\ntry1 s z to elim9ate f ! problem ! possibility ( ! effects hav+ be5 produc$ by float+ ice4 ,ano!r s\rce ( error aga9/ :i* "o has to be on 8 gu>d arises f ! close resemblance ( b\ld]s result+ f dis9tegration to ^? :i* h be5 transport$ by ice f di/ant places4 ,ow+ to ! fact t l>ge masses ( rocks1 especially ^? :i* are cry/all9e1 are seldom homog5e\s 9 _! /ructure1 x results t1 "u ! sl[ action ( dis9tegrat+ & erosive ag5cies1 ! s(t] p>ts (t5 are completely remov$ be=e ! h>d] nodules are s5sibly affect$1 & ^! may rema9 z a collection ( b\ld]s dott+ ! surface4 ,su* b\ld]s are frequ5t 9 ! granitic regions ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a & vic9ity1 :]e !re has be5 no glacial transportation4 ,sev]al localities 9 ,p5nsylvania1 also1 s\? ( ! l9e ( glacial action z del9eat$ by ,pr(essor ,lewis & myself1 _h previ\sly be5 suppos$ to conta9 transport$ b\ld]s ( l>ge size1 b on exam9ation !y prov$ 9 all cases to be re/+ ^u undi/urb$ /rata ( ! p>5t rock1 & 7 evid5tly ! h>d] portions ( ! rock left 9 loco by ! processes ( erosion spok5 (4 ,9 ,new ,engl&1 also1 x is possible t "s b\ld]s h]et(ore attribut$ to ice-action may be simply ! results ( ^! processes ( dis9tegration & erosion4 ,:e!r !y are or n c usually be det]m9$ by _! lik5ess or unlik5ess to ! rocks on :i* !y re/2 b (t5times1 :]e a p>ticul> v>iety ( rock is expos$ ov] a broad area1 x is difficult to tell :e!r a b\ld] has suff]$ any ext5sive transportation or n4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & satisfactory demon/rations ( ! di/ribution ( b\ld]s by glacial ice 0 furni%$ by ,guyot 9 ,switz]l& 9 #ahde4 ,8 obs]vations & argum5t w be mo/ readily und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! accompany+ map1 tak5 f ,lyell's cle> description4,,at ,! ,jura ,m\nta9s are sep>at$ f ! ,alps by a valley1 ab\t eighty miles 9 wid?1 :i* con/itutes ! ma9 habitable portion ( ,switz]l&1 & !y rise upw>ds ( two ?\s& feet above x4 ,b l>ge ,alp9e b\ld]s are f\nd z high z two ?\s& feet above ! ,lake ,neuf*tel ^u ! flanks ( ! ,jura ,m\nta9s beyond ,*ass]on 7at ! po9t m>k$ ,g on ! map71 & ! :ole valley is dott$ ) ,alp9e b\ld]s4 ,^u comp>+ ^! ) ! native rocks 9 ! ,alps1 ,guyot 9 _m cases 0 able to det]m9e ! exact c5tres f :i* !y 7 di/ribut$1 & ! di/ribution is su* z to demon/rate t glacial ice 0 ! m$ium ( di/ribution4 ,footnote ,,at3 ,antiquity ( ,man1 p4 #bii4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--,map %[+ ! outl9e & c\rse ( fl[ ( ! great ,rhne ,glaci] 7aft] ,lyell74 ,= example1 ! dott$ l9es ^u ! map indicate ! motion ( ! transport+ m$ium4 ,on asc5d+ ! valley ( ! ,rhne to ,a1 ! dim9utive repres5tative ( ! anci5t glaci] is /ill f\nd 9 exi/5ce1 & is at "w transport+ b\ld]s & mora9es accord+ to ! law ( ice-movem5t4 ,foll[+ d[n ! valley f ,a1 b\ld]s f ! head ( ! ,rhne ,valley are f\nd di/ribut$ z f> z ,b at ,m>tigny1 :]e ! valley turns at "r angles t[>ds ! nor?4 ,x is evid5t t float+ ice 9 a /ream ( wat] w\ld by its mom5tum be c>ri$ to ! left bank1 s t if iceb]gs 7 ! m$ium ( transportation we %\ld expect to f9d ! b\ld]s f ! "r-h& side ( ! ,rhne ,valley di/ribut$ t[>ds ! left end ( ! great valley ( ,switz]l&--t is1 9 ! direction ( ,g5eva4 ,b1 in/ead1 ! b\ld]s d]iv$ f ,c1 ,d1 & ,e1 on ! ,b]nese ,ob]l& side1 in/ead ( cross+ ! valley at ,b1 cont9ue to keep on ! "r-h& side & are di/ribut$ ov] ! ma9 valley 9 ! direction ( ! riv] ,a>4 ,z is to be expect$ also1 ! direct nor?w>d motion ( ! ice f ,b is /rong] ?an ! lat]al movem5t to ! "r & left aft] x em]ges f ! m\? ( ! ,rhne ,valley1 at ,f1 & consequ5tly x has pu%$ =w>ds 9 a /raight l9e1 s z to raise ! ,alp9e b\ld]s to a great] height ^u ! ,jura ,m\nta9s at ,g ?an any:]e else1 ! upp] limit ( b\ld]s at ,g be+ #a1ejj feet high] ?an ! limits at ,i or ,k on ! left & "r1 po9ts di/ant ab\t "o hundr$ miles f ea* o!r4 ,all ! b\ld]s to ! "r ( ! l9e f ,b to ,g h be5 d]iv$ f ! "r side ( ! ,rhne1 :ile all ! b\ld]s to ! left ( t l9e h be5 d]iv$ f its left side4 ,a b\ld] ( talcose granite conta9+ #fa1jjj ,fr5* cubic feet1 measur+ ab\t =ty feet 9 "o direction1 came1 accord+ to ,*>p5ti]1 f ! po9t n1 ne> ! head ( ! ,rhne ,valley1 & mu/ h travell$ "o hundr$ & fifty miles to rea* its pres5t position4 ,x sc>cely ne$s to be add$ t ! grooves & scrat*es ^u ! rocks ov] ! floor ( ?is great valley ( ,switz]l& indicate a direction ( ! ice-movem5t correspond+ to t impli$ 9 ! di/ribution ( b\ld]s4 ,?us1 at ,k ^u ! map ref]r$ to1 ,lyell reports t ! abundant grooves & /ri ^u ! poli%$ m>ble all tr5d d[n ! valley ( ! ,a>4,,au ,footnote ,,au3 ,antiquity ( ,man1 p4 #cje4 ,simil> facts conc]n+ ! transportation ( b\ld]s h be5 obs]v$ at ,trog51 9 ,app5zel1 :]e b\ld]s d]iv$ f ,trons1 "o hundr$ miles di/ant1 are f\nd to keep ^u ! left bank ( ! ,rh9e1 h[ev] mu* ! valley may w9d ab\t2 & 9 "s places1 z at ,may5feld1 x turns almo/ at "r angles1 z did ! ,rhne at ,m>tigny4 ,^u rea*+ ! l[] c\ntry at ,lake ,con/ance1 ^! granite blocks f ! left side ( ! valley deploy out ^u ! same side & d n cross ov]1 z !y w\ld inevitably h done _h !y be5 borne along by curr5ts ( wat]4 ,9 ,am]ica ,ave d n h q s easy a field z is pres5t$ 9 ,switz]l& = ! discov]y ( crucial in/ances %[+ t b\ld]s h be5 transport$ by glacial ice r ?an by float+ ice1 = 9 ,switz]l& ! glaciat$ area is comp>atively small & ! dim9utive remnants ( =m] glaci]s are /ill 9 exi/5ce1 furni%+ a compreh5sive object-lesson ( great int]e/ & conv9c+ p[]4 ,/ill1 x is n difficult to f9d decisive in/ances ( glacial transportation ev5 9 ! broad fields ( ,am]ica :i* n[ reta9 no liv+ remnants ( ! great cont95tal ice-%eet4 ,z e "o :o resides 9 or :o visits ,new ,engl& kn[s1 b\ld]s are scatt]$ freely ov] all p>ts ( t region1 b = a long "t ! !ory sugge/$ to acc\nt = _! di/ribution 0 t ( float+ ice dur+ a p]iod ( subm]g5ce4 ,"o ( ! mo/ conv9c+ evid5ces t ! b\ld]s 7 di/ribut$ by glacial ice r ?an by iceb]gs is f\nd 9 ,pr(essor ,c4 ,h4 ,hit*cock's discov]y ( b\ld]s on ! summit ( ,m\nt ,wa%+ton 7ov] #f1jjj feet above ! sea71 :i* he 0 able to id5tify z d]iv$ f ! l$ges ( light grey ,be?lehem gneiss1 ^: ne>e/ outcrop is 9 ,jeff]son1 sev]al miles to ! nor?we/1 & #c1jjj or #d1jjj feet l[] ?an ,m\nt ,wa%+ton4 ,h[ev] difficult x may be to expla9 ! movem5t ( ^! b\ld]s by glacial ice1 x is n impossible to d s1 b ! attempt to acc\nt = _! transportation by float+ ice is utt]ly prepo/]\s4 ,no iceb]g c\ld pick up b\ld]s s f> b5ea? ! surface ( ! wat]1 & ev5 if x c\ld advance ?us f> 9 its "w x c\ld n by any possibility l& !m aft]w>ds ^u ! summit ( ,m\nt ,wa%+ton4 ,among ! mo/ impressive in/ances ( b\ld]s evid5tly transport$ by glacial ice1 r ?an by iceb]gs1 7 "s :i* came to my notice :51 9 company ) ! late ,pr(essor ,h4 ,c>vill ,lewis1 ,i 0 trac+ ! glacial b\nd>y across ! ,/ate ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,we _h rea*$ ! elevat$ plateau 7two ?\s& feet above ! sea7 :i* ext5ds we/w>ds & s\?w>ds f ! peak ( ,pocono ,m\nta91 9 ,monroe ,c\nty4 ,?is plateau consi/s ( level /rata ( s&/one1 ! s\!rn "p ( :i* is *>act]is$ by a ?9 s&y soil1 su* z is naturally =m$ by ! dis9tegration ( ! und]ly+ rock1 & !re is no =eign mat]ial to be f\nd 9 x4 ,b1 on go+ nor?w>ds to ! b\nd>y ( ,tobyhanna t[n%ip1 we at once /ruck a l>ge l9e ( accumulations1 /ret*+ f ea/ to we/1 & ris+ to a height ( sev5ty or eighty feet4 ,?is 0 *iefly an accumulation ( transport$ b\ld]s1 resembl+ 9 its /ructure ! t]m9al mora9es :i* are f\nd at ! front ( glaci]s 9 ! ,alps & 9 ,alaska1 & inde$ :]ev] active glaci]s /ill rema94 ,b "h we 7 ^u ! summit ( ! m\nta91 :]e !re are no high] levels to ! nor? ( u1 d[n :i* ! ice c\ld fl[4 ,besides1 among ^! b\ld]s we readily recognis$ _m ( granite1 :i* mu/ h come ei!r f ! ,adirondack ,m\nta9s1 two hundr$ miles to ! nor?1 or f ! ,canadian highl&s1 /ill f>!r away4 ,limit+ our obs]vations simply to ! b\ld]s1 we %\ld inde$ h be5 at lib]ty to suppose t !y _h be5 transport$ across ! valley ( ! ,mohawk or ( ! ,great ,lakes by float+ ice dur+ a p]iod ( subm]g5ce4 ,b we 7 =bidd5 to resort to ?is hypo!sis by ! abrupt m>g9al l9e1 runn+ ea/ & we/1 ^u ,pocono plateau1 along :i* ^! nor!rn b\ld]s ceas$4 ,s\? ( ?is evid5t t]m9al mora9e !re 0 no b>ri]1 & !re 7 no nor!rn b\ld]s4 ,on ! !ory ( subm]g5ce1 !re 0 no reason = ! b\nd>y-l9e s cle>ly manife/$4 ,ice :i* _h float$ s f> w\ld h float$ f>!r4 ,/ill fur!r1 on go+ a few miles ea/ ( ! ,pocono plateau1 "o desc5ds into a p>allel valley1 ly+ betwe5 ,pocono ,m\nta9 & ,blue ,m\nta91 & "o ?\s& feet bel[ _! level4 ,b our m>g9al s\!rn b\nd>y ( transport$ granite rocks did n ext5d mu* f>!r s\? 9 ! valley ?an x did on ! plateau1 except :]e we c\ld trace ! action ( a runn+ /ream1 evid5tly correspond+ to ! subglacial riv]s :i* p\r =? f ! front ( e ext5sive glaci]4 ,9 ^! facts1 !re=e1 we _h a crucial te/ ( ! glacial hypo!sis1 &1 9 view ( !m1 c\ld ma9ta91 aga9/ all objectors1 ! !ory ( ! di/ant glacial transportation ( b\ld]s1 ev5 ov] va/ areas ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t4 ,s9ce t exp]i5ce1 ,i h trac$ ?is limit ( s\!rn b\ld]s = ?\s&s ( miles across ! cont95t1 accord+ to ! del9eation :i* may be se5 9 ! map 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,if necess>y1 ,i c\ld indicate hundr$s ( places :]e ! pro( ( glacial transportation is almo/ z cle> z t on ! ,pocono plateau 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! is on ! hills 9 ,k5tucky1 ab\t twelve miles s\? ( ! ,ohio ,riv]1 at ,c9c9nati1 :]e ,i discov]$ b\ld]s ( a conglom]ate conta9+ _m pebbles ( r$ jasp]1 :i* c be id5tifi$ z f a limit$ =mation cropp+ out 9 ,canada1 to ! nor? ( ,lake ,huron1 six hundr$ or sev5 hundr$ miles di/ant4 ,t ?is 0 transport$ by glacial ice1 & n by float+ ice1 is evid5t f ! fact t "h1 too1 !re 0 no b>ri] to ! s\?1 requir+ deposits to cease at t po9t1 & f ! fur!r fact t b\ld]s ( ?is mat]ial are f\nd 9 increas+ frequ5cy all ! way f ,k5tucky to ! p>5t l$ges 9 ,canada4 ,) ref]5ce to ^! b\ld]s1 z ) ref]5ce to ^? f\nd on ! summit ( ,m\nt ,wa%+ton1 we c reason1 also1 t any nor!rly subsid5ce p]mitt+ a body ( wat] to occupy ! space betwe5 ,k5tucky & ,lake ,sup]ior1 & deep en\gh to facilitate ! movem5t across x ( float+ ice1 w\ld r5d] x impossible = ! ice to h load$ itself ) !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--;,conglom]ate b\ld] f\nd 9 ,boone ,c\nty1 ,k5tucky4 7,see text47 ,! same l9e ( reason+ is conclusive respect+ ! innum]able b\ld]s :i* cov] ! nor!rn portion ( ,ohio1 :]e ,i h my resid5ce4 ,! :ole ,/ate ( ,ohio1 & inde$ almo/ ! entire ,mississippi bas9 betwe5 ! ,appala*ian & ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 is completely cov]$1 & to a great dep?1 ) /ratifi$ rocks :i* h be5 b slightly di/urb$ 9 ! elevation ( ! cont95t2 yet1 d[n to an irregul> bord]-l9e runn+ ea/ & we/1 granitic b\ld]s ev]y:]e occur 9 great numb]s4 ,9 ! locality spok5 ( 9 nor!rn ,ohio ! elevation ( ! c\ntry is f two hundr$ to five hundr$ feet above ! level ( ,lake ,erie4 ,! ne>e/ outcrops ( granitic rock occur ab\t f\r hundr$ miles to ! nor?1 9 ,canada4 ,aft] ! meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce 9 ,toronto 9 ! summ] ( #ahhi1 ,i _h ! privilege ( jo9+ a company ( geologi/s 9 an excursion1 conduct$ by memb]s ( ! ,canadian ,survey1 to visit ! region beyond ,lake ,nipiss+1 nor? ( ,lake ,huron1 :]e ! anci5t ,laur5tian & ,huronian rocks are mo/ typically develop$4 ,i took advantage ( ! trip to collect specim5s ( a great v>iety ( ! granites & gneisses & metamorphic s*i/s & trap-rock ( ! region4 ,on br++ !m home ,i turn$ !m ov] to ! pr(essor ( geology1 :o at once set 8 class at "w to see if !y c\ld mat* my fragm5ts f ,canada ) correspond+ fragm5ts f ! b\ld]s ( ! vic9ity4 ,to ! great gratification1 bo? ( ! pupils & myself1 !y 7 able to d s 9 almo/ e case2 & s !y might h done 9 any c\nty or t[n%ip to ! s\? until rea*+ ! limit ( glaci] action :i* ,i _h previ\sly mapp$4 ,"h1 at ,ob]l91 on ! nor? side ( ! wat]-%$1 x is possible to imag9e t we are on ! s\!rn bord] ( an anci5t lake ^u ^: bosom float+ ice _h br\ght ^! objects f _! di/ant home 9 ,canada4 ,b ?is !ory w\ld n apply to ! portion ( ! ,/ate :i* is s\? ( ! wat]-%$ & :i* slopes rapidly t[>ds ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,yet ! di/ribution ( b\ld]s is practically uni=m ov] ! glaciat$ area on bo? sides ( ! wat]-%$1 con/itut+ ?us an indisputable pro( ( ! glacial !ory4 #d?4 ,z ! significance ( ! gravel t]races :i* m>k ! l9es ( outw>d dra9age f ! glaciat$ area _c well be indicat$ 9 a s+le p>agraph1 ! read] is ref]r$ = fur!r in=mation ^u ?is po9t to ! g5]al /atem5ts respect+ !m ?r\gh\t ! next *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,anci5t ,,glaci]s ,,9 ,,! ,,we/]n ,,hemisph]e4 ,new ,engl&4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica all ! indubitable signs ( glacial action are f\nd ov] ! entire area ( ,new ,engl&1 ! s\!rn coa/ be+ bord]$ by a d\ble l9e ( t]m9al mora9es4 ,! out]mo/ ( ^! appe>s 9 ,nantucket1 ,m>?a's ,v9ey>d1 ,no ,man's ,l&1 ,block ,isl&1 & ?r\gh ! entire l5g? ( ,long ,isl&--f ,montauk ,po9t1 ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! isl&1 to ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 & !nce across ,/at5 ,isl& to ,p]? ,amboy 9 ,new ,j]sey4 ,! int]ior l9e is ne>ly p>allel ) ! out]1 &1 beg9n+ at ! ea/ end ( ,cape ,cod1 runs 9 a we/]ly direction to ,falm\?1 & !nce s\?we/]ly ?r\gh ,wood's ,holl1 & ! ,elizabe? ,isl&s--^! be+1 inde$1 b ! unsubm]g$ portions ( ! mora9e4 ,on ! ma9l& ?is int]ior l9e reappe>s ne> ,po9t ,judi?1 on ! s\? %ore ( ,rhode ,isl&1 &1 runn+ slightly s\? ( we/1 s]ves to give "* to ! sc5]y at ,wat* ,hill1 & !nce crops out 9 ! ,s\nd z ,fi%] & ,plum ,isl&s1 & f>!r we/ =ms ! nor!rn %ore ( ,long ,isl& to ,port ,jeff]son4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,%[+ ,,! ,,glacial ,,geology ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,9 ^! accumulations bord]+ ! s\!rn %ore ( ,new ,engl&1 ! *>act]i/ic m>ks ( glacial action c readily be detect$ ev5 by ! casual obs]v]1 & prolong$ exam9ation w amply confirm ! fir/ impression4 ,! mat]ial ( :i* !y are compos$ is1 = ! mo/ "p1 =eign to ! localities1 & c be trac$ to outcrops ( rock at ! nor?4 ,! b\ld]s scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ,long ,isl&1 = example1 consi/ l>gely ( granite1 gneiss1 hornbl5de1 mica slate1 & r$ s&/one1 :i* are easily recognis$ z fragm5ts f well-kn[n qu>ries 9 ,connecticut1 ,rhode ,isl&1 & ,massa*usetts2 yet !y h be5 transport$ bodily across ,long ,isl& ,s\nd1 & deposit$ 9 a het]og5e\s mass ?r\gh ! entire l5g? ( ! isl&4 ,n only d !y lie ^u ! surface1 b1 9 digg+ into ! l9es ( hills :i* con/itute ! backbone ( ,long ,isl&1 ^! transport$ b\ld]s are f\nd (t5 to make up a l>ge "p ( ! accumulation4 ,almo/ any ( ! railroad excavations 9 ! city ( ,brooklyn pres5t an int]e/+ object-lesson respect+ ! composition ( a t]m9al mora9e4 ,all ^! ?+s are true also ( ! l9es ( mora9e f>!r ea/1 z j describ$4 ,pr(essor ,%al] has trac$ to its s\rce a belt ( b\ld]s occurr+ ext5sively ov] s\!rn ,rhode ,isl&1 & f\nd t !y h spread out pretty ev5ly ov] a triangul> area to ! s\?w>d1 9 accordance ) ! natural c\rse to be pursu$ by an ice-movem5t4 ,ne>ly all ( ,plym\? ,c\nty1 9 s\!a/]n ,massa*usetts1 is compos$ ( =eign mat]ial1 mu* ( :i* c be trac$ to ! hills & m\nta9s to ! nor?4 ,ev5 ,plym\? ,rock is a b\ld] f ! direction ( ,bo/on1 & ! rock-b\nd %ores ^u :i* ! ,pilgrims are poetically conceiv$ to h l&$ are kn[n1 9 sci5tific prose1 z piles ( glacial rubbi% dump$ into ! edge ( ! sea by ! great cont95tal ice-%eet4 ,! :ole area ( s\!a/]n ,massa*usetts is dott$ ) conical knolls ( s&1 gravel1 & b\ld]s1 sep>at$ by circul> masses ( peat or ponds ( wat]1 ^: orig9 & arrangem5t c be acc\nt$ = only by ! peculi> ag5cy ( a decay+ ice-front4 ,inde$1 ?is :ole l9e ( mora9es1 f ! end ( ,cape ,cod to ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 consi/s ( a reticulat$ network ( ridges & knolls1 s deposit$ by ! ice z to =m innum]able kettle-holes :i* are fill$ ) wat] :]e o!r conditions are fav\rable4 ,^? :i* are dry are s because ( _! elevation above ! g5]al level1 & ( ! loos5ess ( ! surr\nd+ soil2 :ile _m h be5 fill$ ) a gr[? ( peat1 s t _! orig9al "* z lakelets is disguis$4 ,z already describ$1 ^! depressions1 s *>act]i/ic ( ! glaciat$ region1 are1 9 ! majority ( cases1 suppos$ to h orig9at$ by ! deposition ( a great quantity ( e>?y mat]ial ar\nd & ^u ! masses ( ice belong+ to ! rec$+ front ( ! glaci]1 s t1 :5 at l5g? ! ice melt$ away1 a p]man5t depression 9 ! soil 0 left1 )\t any outlet4 ,to "s ext5t1 h[ev]1 ! kettle-holes may h be5 =m$ by ! irregul> deposition ( /reams ( wat] ^: c\rses h cross$ ea* o!r1 or :]e eddies ( consid]able =ce h be5 produc$ 9 any way4 ,! ord9>y =mation ( kettle-holes c be obs]v$ 9 progress on ! foot ( almo/ any glaci]1 or1 inde$1 on a small scale1 dur+ ! melt+ away ( almo/ any w9t]'s sn[4 ,:]e1 f any cause1 a /ratum ( dirt has accumulat$ ^u a mass ( compact sn[ or ice1 x w be f\nd to settle d[n 9 an irregul> mann]2 furr[s w be =m$ 9 v>i\s directions by curr5ts ( wat]1 s t ! melt+ w proce$ irregul>ly1 & produce ^u a m9iature scale exactly :at ,i h se5 on a l>ge scale ov] :ole squ>e miles ( ! decay+ foot ( ! great ,muir ,glaci] 9 ,alaska4 ,! effects ( simil> causes & conditions we c see on a mo/ enorm\s scale 9 ! t5 ?\s& lakes & ponds & peat-bogs ( ! :ole glaciat$ area bo? 9 ,nor? ,am]ica & 9 ,europe4 ,9 addition to ^! two l9es ( evid5ce ( glacial action 9 ,new ,engl&1 we %\ld m5tion also ! innum]able glacial grooves & scrat*es ^u ! rocks :i* c be f\nd on almo/ any fre%ly uncov]$ surface4 ,9 ,new ,engl& ! direction ( ^! grooves is ord9>ily a little ea/ ( s\?4 ,^u ! ea/ coa/ ( ,massa*usetts & ,new ,hamp%ire ! scrat*es tr5d mu* m to ! ea/ ?an !y d ov] mo/ ( ! int]ior4 ,?is is z x %\ld be on ! glacial !ory1 s9ce ! ice w\ld naturally move outw>ds 9 ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 :i* w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be t[>ds ! op5 sea :]ev] t is ne>4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ,new ,engl& ! scrat*es ^u ! rocks indicate a m s\!rly movem5t 9 ! ,connecticut ,valley ?an ^u ! m\nta9s 9 ! we/]n "p ( ,massa*usetts4 ,?is also is z x %\ld be ^u ! glacial !ory4 ,! scrat*es ^u ! m\nta9s 7 made :5 ! ice 0 at its greate/ dep? & :5 x mov$ ov] ! c\ntry 9 comp>ative disreg>d ( m9or irregul>ities ( surface1 :ile 9 ! valleys1 at lea/ 9 ! lat] portion ( ! ,ice age1 ! movem5t w\ld be ob/ruct$ except 9 "o direction4 ,9 ! int]pretation ( ! glacial grooves & scrat*es x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t !y (t5 repres5t ! "w done dur+ ! clos+ /ages ( ! p]iod4 ,j z ! la/ %ove ( ! c>p5t]'s plane removes ! m>ks ( ! previ\s "w1 s ! la/ rasp+ ( a glacial movem5t we>s away ! surfaces :i* h be5 previ\sly poli%$ & /riat$4 ,9 v>i\s places ( ,new ,engl& x is int]e/+ z well z in/ructive to trace ! direction ( ! ice-movem5t by ! di/ribution ( b\ld]s4 ,my own att5tion 0 e>ly attract$ to num]\s fragm5ts ( gneiss 9 ea/]n ,massa*usetts conta9+ beautiful cry/als ( feldsp>1 :i* prov$ to be peculi> to ! region ( ,lake ,w9nepesaukee1 a hundr$ miles to ! nor?1 & to a n>r[ belt /ret*+ !nce to ! s\?we/w>d4 ,9 asc5d+ almo/ any ( ! l[] summits ( ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s "o's att5tion c sc>cely fail ( be+ direct$ to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! mat]ial ( :i* ! m\nta9s are compos$ & t ( ! num]\s b\ld]s :i* lie scatt]$ ov] ! surface4 ,! local geologi/ readily recognises ^! b\ld]s z pilgrims t h w&]$ f> f _! homes to ! nor?w>d4 ,tra9s ( b\ld]s1 su* z ^? already describ$ 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 c frequ5tly be trac$ to "s prom95t outcrop ( ! rock 9 a hill or m\nta9-peak f :i* !y h be5 d]iv$4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ( ^! to attract att5tion occurs 9 ! t[ns ( ,ri*mond1 ,l5ox1 & ,/ockbridge1 9 ! we/]n "p ( ,massa*usetts4 ,"h a belt ( peculi> b\ld]s ab\t f\r hundr$ feet wide is f\nd to orig9ate 9 ! t[n ( ,lebanon1 ,n4 ,y41 & to run cont9u\sly to ! s\!a/ = a di/ance ( n9e miles4 ,we/ ( ,fry's ,hill1 :]e ! outcrop occurs1 no b\ld]s ( ?is v>iety ( rock are to be f\nd1 :ile to ! s\!a/ ! b\ld]s gradually dim9i% 9 size z _! di/ance f ! outcrop increases4 ,ne> ! outcrop b\ld]s ( ?irty feet 9 diamet] occur1 :ile n9e miles away two feet is ! l>ge/ diamet] obs]v$4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell endeav\r$ to expla9 ?is tra9 ( b\ld]s by ! action ( iceb]gs dur+ a p]iod ( subm]g5ce--suppos+ t1 z iceb]gs float$ pa/ or away f ?is hill 9 ,lebanon1 ,n4 ,y41 !y 7 ! means ( ! regul> di/ribution describ$4 ,x is ne$less to repeat ! difficulties aris+ 9 connection ) su* a !ory1 s9ce n[ bo? by obs]vation & exp]im5t we h become m famili> ) ! movem5t ( glacial ice4 ,:at we h already said ab\t ! transportation ( b\ld]s ov] ,switz]l& by ! ,alp9e glaci]s1 & :at is op5 to obs]vation at ! pres5t "t ^u ! l>ge glaci]s ( ,alaska1 closely agree ) ! facts conc]n+ ?is ,ri*mond tra9 ( b\ld]s1 & we h no occasion to look fur!r = a cause4 ,inde$1 tra9s ( b\ld]s ought to appe> almo/ ev]y:]e ov] ! glaciat$ area2 & s !y d :]e all ! circum/ances are fav\rable4 ,b1 readily to id5tify ! tra91 requires t to furni% ! b\ld]s !re %\ld be 9 ! l9e ( ! ice-movem5t a project+ mass ( rock h>d en\gh to (f] consid]able resi/ance to ! abrad+ ag5cy ( ! ice & *>act]i/ic en\gh 9 its composition to be readily recognis$4 ,%ip ,rock1 9 ,peabody1 ,mass41 weigh+ ab\t elev5 hundr$ tons1 & ,mohegan ,rock1 9 ,montville1 ,conn41 weigh+ ab\t t5 ?\s& tons1 h ord9>ily be5 po9t$ to z b\ld]s illu/rat+ ! p[] ( ice-action4 ,_! glacial "*1 h[ev]1 has be5 *all5g$ f ! fact t ! v>iety ( granite to :i* !y belong occurs 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & inde$ con/itutes ! b$-rock ^u :i* !y re/4,,av ,"s w\ld !re=e consid] !m1 l "s ( :i* we h already spok51 to be b\ld]s :i* h orig9at$ ?r\gh ! dis9tegration ( great masses ( rock1 ( :i* ^! 7 h>d] nuclei t h long] resi/$ ! ravages ( ! too? ( "t4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t possibly ?is explanation is correct2 b x is sc>cely probable t1 9 a region :]e !re are s _m o!r evid5ces ( glacial action1 ^! b\ld]s c\ld h rema9$ immovable 9 pres5ce ( ! onw>d progress ( ! ice-curr5t t c]ta9ly pass$ ov] !m4 ,footnote ,,av3 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 vol4 xxxvii1 pp4 #aif-bja4 ,h[ev]1 z already se51 we are n left to d\bt z to ! movem5t ( "s b\ld]s ( great size4 ,t :i* n[ claims ! reputation ( be+ ! l>ge/ 9 ,new ,engl& is 9 ,madison1 ,n4 ,h41 & measures ?irty by =ty by sev5ty-five feet4 ,?is c be trac$ to l$ges ( ,conway granite1 ab\t two miles away4,,aw ,_m b\ld]s 9 ! vic9ity ( ,new ,hav51 ,conn41 c be id5tifi$1 z f well-kn[n trap-dykes1 sixte5 miles or m to ! nor?4 ,! s-call$ ,judge's ,cave1 on ,we/ ,rock1 #cfe feet above ! adjo9+ valley & weigh+ a ?\s& tons1 is "o ( ^!4 ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,orton,,ax describes a mass ( ,cl9ton lime/one ne> ,freeport1 ,w>r5 ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 z cov]+ an area ( ?ree-f\r?s ( an acre1 & z sixte5 feet 9 ?ickness4 ,x ov]lies glacial clays & gravels1 & mu/ h be5 transport$ bodily f ! elevations conta9+ ?is rock sev]al miles to ! nor?we/4 ,footnote ,,aw3 ,see ,w4 #j4 ,crosby's pap] 9 ,appala*ia1 vol4 vi1 pp4 #ei-gj4 ,footnote ,,ax3 ,geological ,survey ( ,ohio1 vol4 iii1 p4 #che1 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--,mohegan ,rock4 ,portions ( ,new ,engl& pres5t ! be/ illu/rations any:]e af=d$ 9 ,am]ica ( :at are call$ druml9s4 ,^! are l5ticul>-%ap$ hills1 compos$ ( till1 & conta9+1 int]sp]s$ ?r\gh _! mass1 num]\s scrat*$ /ones ( all sizes4 ,!y v>y 9 l5g? f a few hundr$ feet to a mile1 & are usually f half to two-?irds z wide z !y are long4 ,9 height !y v>y f tw5ty-five to two hundr$ feet4 ,b1 accord+ to ! description ( ,mr4 ,upham1 :atev] may be _! size & height1 !y are s+ul>ly alike 9 outl9e & =m1 usually hav+ /eep sides1 ) g5tly slop+1 r\nd$ tops1 & pres5t+ a v smoo? & regul> cont\r4 ,f ?is resemblance 9 %ape to an elliptical convex l5s1 ,pr(essor ,hit*cock has call$ !m l5ticul> hills to di/+ui% ^! deposits ( till f ! broadly flatt5$ or undulat+ %eets :i* are common ?r\gh\t ,new ,engl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--;,druml9s 9 ,g(f/[n1 ,n4 ,h4 7,hit*cock74 ,! tr5d1 or direction ( ! long] axis1 ( ^! l5ticul> hills is ne>ly ! same = all ( !m compris$ )9 any limit$ area1 & is approximately l ! c\rse ( ! /ri or glacial furr[s m>k$ ^u ! neighb\r+ l$ges4 ,9 ea/]n ,massa*usetts & ,new ,hamp%ire1 )9 tw5ty-five miles ( ! coa/1 x is q uni=mly to ! s\!a/1 or ea/-s\!a/4 ,f>!r inl&1 9 bo? ( ^! ,/ates1 x is g5]ally f nor? to s\?1 or a few degrees ea/ ( s\?2 :ile 9 ! valley ( ! ,connecticut ,riv] x is frequ5tly a little to ! we/ ( s\?4 ,9 ,new ,hamp%ire1 besides its accumulation 9 ^! hills1 ! till is frequ5tly amass$ 9 slopes ( simil> l5ticul> =m4 ,^! h _! position almo/ inv>iably ^u ei!r ! s\? or nor? side ( ! l$gy hills aga9/ :i* !y re/1 %[+ a consid]able deflection t[>ds ! s\!a/ & nor?we/ 9 ! ea/ "p ( ! ,/ate4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t ! tr5d ( ! l5ticul> hills1 & ! direction tak5 by ^! slopes1 h be5 det]m9$ by ! glacial curr5t1 :i* produc$ ! /ri ) :i* !y are p>allel4,,ay ,footnote ,,ay3 ,proce$+s ( ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 vol4 xx1 pp4 #bbd1 #bbe4 ,druml9s are abundant 9 ! vic9ity ( ,bo/on1 & con/itute ne>ly all ! isl&s 9 ,bo/on ,h>b\r4 ,on ! ma9l&1 ,beacon ,hill1 ,bunk] ,hill1 ,gre5 ,hill1 ,p[d]horn ,hill1 ,tufts ,college ,hill1 ,w9t] ,hill1 ,m\nt ,ida1 ,corey ,hill1 ,p>k] ,hill1 ,wolla/on ,heights1 ,prospect ,hill1 & ,telegraph ,hill are specim5s4 ,! nor!a/]n corn] ( ,massa*usetts & ! s\!a/]n corn] ( ,new ,hamp%ire are l>gely cov]$ ) ^! peculi>-%ap$ glacial deposits1 :ile !y are num]\s z f> we/ z ,fit*burg1 9 ,massa*usetts1 & ,w>e1 ,n4 ,h41 & 9 ! nor!a/]n "p ( ,connecticut4 ,a little lat]1 also1 we %all ref] to an int]e/+ l9e ( !m 9 c5tral ,new ,york4 ,else:]e 9 ,am]ica1 except 9 a portion ( ,wiscons91 !y r>ely occur 9 su* f9e developm5t z 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,9 ,europe !y are be/ develop$ 9 portions ( ,irel&4 ,"o's fir/ impression 9 exam9+ an expos$ section ( a druml9 w\ld lead him to ?9k t ! mass 0 entirely un/ratifi$2 b clos] exam9ation %[s t !re is a co>se /ratification1 b evid5tly n produc$ by wat]-action4 ,! accumulation has probably tak5 place gradually by successive deposits und]nea? ! glaci] itself4 ,pr(essor ,william ,m4 ,davis has sugge/$ a plausible explanation :i* we w briefly /ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--;,druml9s 9 ! vic9ity ( ,bo/on 7,davis74 ,! frequ5cy ) :i* druml9s are f\nd to re/ ^u a mass ( project+ rock1 ! g5]al co-ord9ation ( ! direction ( _! axes ) ! direction ( ! scrat*es ^u ! und]ly+ rock1 & ! abundance ( scrat*$ /ones 9 !m1 all support ! !ory t druml9s are =m$ und]nea? ! ice-%eet1 some:at 9 ! way t isl&s & b>s ( silt are =m$ 9 ! delta ( a great riv]4 ,! movem5t ( ice seems to h be5 conc5trat$ 9 pretty def9ite l9es1 (t5 det]m9$ by ! cont\r ( ! bottom1 leav+ a slack] movem5t 9 int]v5+ areas1 :i* 7 evid5tly protect$ 9 "s cases by project+ masses ( rock4 ,9 ^! areas ( sl[] movem5t !re 0 naturally an accumulation at ! same "t t !re 0 vigor\s erosion 9 ! l9es ( m rapid movem5t4 ,!re 0 d\btless a cont9ual transf] ( mat]ial f ! end ( ! druml9 :i* abutt$ aga9/ ! mov+ mass ( ice to ! l[] end1 z !re is 9 ! =mation ( an isl& 9 a riv]4 ,if "t en\gh _h elaps$1 ! :ole accumulation w\ld h be5 levell$ by ! glaci] & spread ov] ! broad] area :]e ! m rapid l9es ( movem5t became conflu5t1 & :]e ! diff]5tial motion 0 less m>k$4 ,druml9s are ?us *>act]i/ic ( areas 9 ! glaciat$ region ^: floor 0 orig9ally only mod]ately irregul>1 & :]e !re 0 an excessive am\nt ( gr\nd-mora9e to be transport$1 & :]e ! movem5t did n cont9ue indef9itely4 ,x has be5 sugge/$1 also1 t "s ( ! long belts ( t]ritory 9 ,new ,engl& & c5tral ,new ,york cov]$ by druml9s may repres5t old t]m9al mora9es :i* 7 subsequ5tly surm\nt$ by a readvance ( ! ice1 & p>tially wr\ght ov] into _! pres5t %ape4 ,x is 9 ,new ,engl&1 also1 t kames are to be f\nd 9 bett] developm5t ?an any:]e else 9 ,am]ica4 ,^! int]e/+ remnants ( ! ,glacial age are cle>ly describ$ by ,mr4 ,james ,geikie4 ,8 acc\nt w s]ve z well = ,new ,engl& z = ,scotl&4 ,! s&s & gravels h a t5d5cy to %ape !mselves into m\nds & w9d+ ridges1 :i* give a hummocky & rapidly undulat+ outl9e to ! gr\nd4 ,inde$1 s *>act]i/ic is ?is appe>ance1 t by x alone we are (t5 able to m>k out ! b\nd>ies ( ! deposits ) z mu* precision z we c\ld 7 all ! vegetation & soil /ripp$ away & ! v>i\s subsoils laid b>e4 ,occasionally1 ridges may be track$ cont9u\sly = sev]al miles1 runn+ l great artificial ramp>ts across ! c\ntry4 ,^! v>y 9 bread? & height1 "s ( ! m conspicu\s ones be+ upw>d ( f\r or five hundr$ feet broad at ! base1 & slop+ upw>d at an angle ( tw5ty-five or ev5 ?irty-five degrees1 to a height ( sixty feet & m above ! g5]al surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,x is mo/ common1 h[ev]1 to f9d m\nds & ridges confus$ly int]m+l$1 cross+ & recross+ ea* o!r at all angles1 s z to enclose deep holl[s & pits betwe54 ,se5 f "s dom9ant po9t1 su* an assemblage ( kames1 z !y are call$1 looks l a tumbl$ sea--! gr\nd n[ swell+ into long undulations1 n[ ris+ sudd5ly into beautiful peaks & cones1 & anon curv+ up 9 %>p ridges t (t5 :eel sudd5ly r\nd s z to enclose a lakelet ( bright cle> wat]4,,az ,footnote ,,az3 ,! ,great ,ice ,age1 pp4 #baj1 #baa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4--,section ( kame ne> ,dov]1 ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,l5g?1 ?ree hundr$ feet2 height1 =ty feet2 base1 ab\t =ty feet above ! ,co*eco ,riv]1 or sev5ty-five feet above ! sea4 a1 a1 gray clay2 b1 f9e s&2 c1 c1 co>se gravel conta9+ pebbles f six in*es to "o foot & a half 9 diamet]2 d1 d1 f9e gravel 7,upham74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4--,kames 9 ,&ov] ,mass4 ,9 ,new ,engl& att5tion 0 fir/ direct$ to kames 9 #ahdb1 by ,presid5t ,edw>d ,hit*cock1 9 a pap] be=e ! ,am]ican ,association ( ,geologi/s & ,naturali/s1 describ+ ! gravel ridges 9 ,&ov]1 ,mass4 ,9 ! accompany+ plate is %[n a portion ( ?is kame sy/em1 :i* has a d\ble int]e/ to me f ! fact t x 0 :ile liv+ ^u ! banks ( ! ,%aw%9 ,riv]1 ne> :]e ! kames & ! riv] int]sect1 t ,i began1 9 #ahgd1 my special /udy ( glacial deposits4 ,! ,&ov] ridges are compos$ ( imp]fectly /ratifi$ wat]-worn mat]ial1 & are v %>ply def9$1 f ! t[n ( ,*elsea1 back f ! coa/ into ,new ,hamp%ire1 = a di/ance ( tw5ty-five miles4 ,! base ( ! ridges does n ma9ta9 a uni=m level1 b ! sy/em desc5ds into %all[ valleys1 & rises ov] elevations ( "o hundr$ to two hundr$ feet1 )\t int]ruption4 ,?is indiff]5ce to slight *anges ( level is specially noticeable :]e ! sy/em crosses ! ,m]rimac ,riv]1 j above ! city ( ,lawr5ce4 ,x is also repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ plate1 :]e ! base ( ! ridges 9 ! imm$iate valley ( ! ,%aw%9 is fifty feet l[] ?an ! base ( ^? a %ort di/ance to ! nor?1 at ! po9ts m>k$ a1 b1 & c4 ,! ridges "h t]m9ate at ! surface 9 a %>p angle1 & are above _! base =ty-"o feet at a1 =ty-n9e feet at b1 & n9ety-"o feet at c4 ,betwe5 c & b !re is an ext5sive peat-swamp1 fill+ ! depression up to ! level ( an outlet ?r\gh :i* ! surplus wat] has f\nd a passage4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4--,longitud9al kames ne> ,h+ham1 ,massa*usetts4 ,! p>allel ridges ( gravel 9 ! =egr\nd run ne>ly ea/ & we/1 & coalesce at ea* end1 ne> ! edges ( ! picture1 to =m an elongat$ kettle-hole4 ,! ridges f fifty to sixty feet 9 height4 ,! kame-/ream 0 "h evid5tly empty+ into ! ocean a few miles to ! ea/ 7,b\v74 ,sev]al sy/ems ( kames approximately p>allel to ?is h be5 trac$ out 9 ,massa*usetts & ,new ,hamp%ire1 :ile ! remnants ( a v ext5sive sy/em are f\nd 9 ! ,connecticut ,valley above ! ,massa*usetts l9e4 ,b !y ab\nd 9 greate/ pr(usion 9 ! ,/ate ( ,ma9e1 :]e ,pr(essor ,george ,h4 ,/one has plott$ !m ) mu* c>e4 ,! accompany+ map gives only an imp]fect repres5tation ( ! ramify+ sy/ems :i* he has trac$ out1 & ( ! ext5t to :i* !y are indep5d5t ( ! pres5t riv]-*annels4 ,"o ( ! longe/ ( ^! ext5ds m ?an "o hundr$ miles1 cross+ ! ,p5obscot ,riv] ne>ly opposite ,gr& ,lake1 & t]m9at+ 9 an ext5sive delta ( gravel & s& 9 ,*]ryfield1 ne>ly nor? ( ,m\nt ,des]t4 ,?is is repres5t$ on our map by ! %ad$ portion we/ ( ! ,ma*ias ,riv]4 ,locally ^! ridges are v>i\sly designat$ z horsebacks1 hogbacks1 or :alebacks1 b t 9 ,&ov]1 ,mass41 0 = "s reason call$ ,indian ,ridge4 ,n[h]e else 9 ! _w are ^! ridges bett] develop$ ?an 9 ,new ,engl&1 except x be 9 s\!rn ,sw$51 :]e !y h long be5 kn[n & c>efully mapp$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4--,! kames ( ,ma9e & s\!a/]n ,new ,hamp%ire4 7,/one47 ,! inve/igations ( ,mr4 ,w4 #j4 ,crosby ^u ! composition ( till 9 ea/]n ,massa*usetts is suffici5tly important 9 its be>+s ^u ! "q ( glacial erosion to m]it notice at ?is po9t4,,ba ,! object ( 8 inve/igations 0 to det]m9e h[ mu* ( ! s-call$ gr\nd mora9e1 or till1 consi/$ ( mat]ial dis9tegrat$ by me*anical action1 & h[ mu* by *emical action4 ,! residu>y clay1 :i* has aris5 f *emical decomposition1 w\ld prop]ly be attribut$ to ! dis9tegrat+ ag5cies ( preglacial times1 :ile ! clay1 :i* is /rictly me*anical 9 its orig91 rema9s to repres5t ! true gri/ or rock fl\r ( ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,footnote ,,ba3 ,proce$+s ( ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 vol4 xxv 7#ahij71 pp4 #aae-adj4 ,! results ( ,mr4 ,crosby's inve/igations %[ t n m ?an "o-?ird ( ! detritus compos+ ! till ( ! ,bo/on ,bas9 0 9 exi/5ce be=e ! ,ice age1 & t ! rema9+ two-?irds mu/ be attribut$ to ! me*anical action ( ! ice-%eet & its accompany+ torr5ts ( wat]4 ,9 o!r words1 if we assume ! av]age ?ickness ( ! drift z ?irty feet1 ! am\nt ( glacial erosion c sc>cely fall bel[ tw5ty feet4 ,aft] scrap+ away ! residu>y clays & half-decompos$ mat]ial1 ! ice-%eet has cut m ?an an equal dep? into ! solid rocks4 ,mr4 ,crosby's inve/igations also conv9c$ him t ! movem5t ( ! till1 or gr\nd mora9e1 und]nea? ! ice 0 n en masse1 b t x mu/ h exp]i5c$ diff]5tial horizontal movem5ts or fl[+1 9 :i*1 normally1 e p>ticle or fragm5t slipp$ or 0 squeez$ =w>d ) ref]5ce to ^? imm$iately bel[ x1 ! velocity dim9i%+ d[nw>d ?r\gh ! friction ( ! und]ly+ l$ges4444 ,! glaciation 0 n limit$ to masses :i* 7 firmly caught betwe5 ! ice & ! solid l$ges1 & x 0 9 e case ess5tially a slipp+ & n a roll+ movem5t4444 ,^! diff]5tial horizontal movem5ts mean t ! till act$ z a lubricant = ! ice-%eet2 & ! clayey elem5t1 especially1 co-op]at+ 9 _m cases ) ! p5t-up subglacial wat]s1 mu/ h greatly facilitat$ ! onw>d progress ( ! ice4 ,he concludes1 !re=e1 t ! onw>d movem5t ( ! va/ ice-%eet greatly exce$$ t ( ! ma9 "p ( ! gr\nd mora9e1 ! ice-%eet slipp+ ov] ! till1 ! :ole be+ 9 "s degree analog\s to t ( a great l&-slip4 ,9 bo? cases ! progress ( a some:at yield+ & mobile mass is facilitat$ by an und]ly+ clayey lay] saturat$ ) wat]4 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 & ,p5nsylvania4 ,we/ ( ,new ,engl& ! glacial ph5om5a ov] ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are equally m>k$ all ! way to ! ,miss\ri ,riv]1 & ! b\nd>y-l9e ( ! glaciat$ region c be trac$ ) little difficulty4 ,x em]ges f ,new ,york ,bay on ,/at5 ,isl& & ent]s ,new ,j]sey at ,p]? ,amboy4 ,a well-=m$ mora9e cov]s ! nor!rn "p ( ,/at5 ,isl&1 & ^u ! ma9l& m>ks ! b\nd>y f ,p]? ,amboy1 ar\nd ?r\gh ,r>itan1 ,pla9field1 ,*a?am1 ,morris1 & ,hanov]1 to ,rockaway1 & !nce 9 a s\?we/]ly direction to ,belvid]e1 on ! ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,t portion ( ,new ,j]sey ly+ nor? ( ?is s]p5t9e l9e ( mora9e hills is *>act]is$ by ! pres5ce ( transport$ b\ld]s1 by num]\s lakes ( evid5t glacial orig91 & by e o!r sign ( glacial action1 :ile s\? ( x all ^! peculi> *>act]i/ics are abs5t4 ,! obs]vant pass5g] ^u ! railroad tra9s betwe5 ,new ,york & ,philadelphia c easily recognise ! mora9e z x is pass$ ?r\gh on ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad at ,metu*5 & on ! ,b\nd ,brook ,railroad at ,pla9field4 ,ne> ,drake/[n1 9 ,morris ,c\nty1 !re is a mass ( blue lime/one measur+1 z expos$1 ?irty-six by ?irty feet1 & :i* 0 qu>ri$ = ye>s be=e discov]+ t x 0 a b\ld] br\ght ) o!r drift mat]ial f _m miles to ! nor?we/ & lodg$ "h a ?\s& feet above ! sea4 ,across ,p5nsylvania ! glacial b\nd>y passes ?r\gh ,nor?ampton1 ,monroe1 ,luz]ne1 ,columbia1 ,sullivan1 ,lycom+1 ,tioga1 & ,pott] ,c\nties1 :]e x ent]s ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 runn+ /ill 9 a nor?we/ direction ?r\gh ,allegany & ,catt>augus ,c\nties to ! vic9ity ( ,salamanca4 ,"h x turns to ! s\? ne>ly at a "r angle1 runn+ s\?we/w>d to ,*autauqua ,c\nty & re-ent]+ ,p5nsylvania 9 ,w>r5 ,c\nty1 & !nce pass+ onw>d 9 ! same g5]al direction ?r\gh ,craw=d1 ,v5ango1 ,m]c]1 ,butl]1 & ,lawr5ce ,c\nties to ! ,ohio l9e 9 ,columbiana ,c\nty1 ab\t t5 miles nor? ( ! ,ohio ,riv]4 ,! occurr5ce ( a well-def9$ t]m9al mora9e to m>k ! glacial b\nd>y ea/w>d f ,p5nsylvania l$ ,pr(essor ,lewis & myself1 :o made ! survey ( t ,/ate 9 #ahhj1 to be r too sangu9e 9 our expectations ( f9d+ an equally well-m>k$ mora9e ev]y:]e along ! s\!rn m>g9 ( ! glaciat$ area2 /ill1 ! results are ev5 m int]e/+ ?an w\ld h be5 ! exact fulfilm5t ( our expectations1 s9ce !y m fully reveal$ to u ! great complexity ( effect :i* is capable ( be+ br\ght ab\t by ice-action4 ,be=e proce$+ f>!r ) ! details1 !re=e1 x w be pr(itable at ?is po9t to pause 9 ! n>rative & briefly record a few g5]alisations t h =c$ !mselves into prom95ce dur+ ! ye>s 9 :i* field-"w has be5 9 progress4 ,previ\s to our explorations 9 ,p5nsylvania x _h be5 ?\ght t ! indications ( ice-action w\ld ext5d mu* f>!r s\? 9 ! valleys ?an on ! m\nta9s1 & ?is inde$ w\ld h be5 ! case if ! glaci]s 9 nor!rn ,p5nsylvania _h be5 ( local orig92 b our exp]i5ce v soon demon/rat$ t ! great ga!r+-place ( ! sn[s :i* produc$ ! glacial movem5t 9 nor!rn ,p5nsylvania c\ld n h be5 local1 b t ov] ! nor!rn "p ( t ,/ate !re 0 di/9ct evid5ce ( a cont95tal movem5t ( ice ^: c5tre 0 f> beyond ! ,alleghanies4 ,= example1 we f\nd t ! evid5ces ( direct glacial action ext5d$ f>!r s\? ^u ! hills & plateaus ?an !y did 9 ! n>r[ valleys1 :ile ev]y:]e on ! v s\!rn bord] ( glacial indications we f\nd b\ld]s t _h be5 br\ght f ! granitic region ( nor!rn ,new ,york or c5tral ,canada4 ,9 ea/]n ,p5nsylvania we f\nd inde$ a t]m9al mora9e m or less di/9ctly m>k+ ! s\!rn bord] ov] ! highl&s4 ,?is 0 m specially true 9 ,nor?ampton & ,monroe ,c\nties4 ,9 ,nor?ampton ,c\nty x 0 v int]e/+ to see long l9es ( hills1 a hundr$ or m feet 9 height & ly+ sev]al hundr$ feet above ! ,delaw>e ,riv]1 compos$ entirely ( glacial dbris1 mu* ( :i* _h be5 br\ght bodily ov] ! %>p summit ( ! ,blue ,ridge1 or ,kittat9ny ,m\nta91 :i* rises z a cont9u\s wall to ! nor?we/ & is ev]y:]e sev]al hundr$ feet high] ?an ! mora9e 9 ,nor?ampton ,c\nty4 ,! summit ( ,blue ,ridge1 also1 z f> s\? z ! glacial movem5t ext5d$1 %[s evid5t signs ( glacial abrasion1 "s hundr$s ( feet evid5tly hav+ be5 remov$ by t means1 leav+ a well-def9$ %\ld]1 m>k+ ! limits ( its s\?we/]n bord]4 ,re/+ ^u ! summit ( ! glaciat$ portion ( ! ,blue ,ridge1 !re are also num]\s b\ld]s ( ,held]b]g lime/one1 :i* mu/ h be5 br\ght f l$ges at lea/ five hundr$ feet l[] ?an ! places ^u :i* !y n[ lie4 ,9 ,monroe ,c\nty ! t]m9al mora9e m>k+ !re ! extreme limit ( ! ice-movem5t is ^u an ext5sive plateau ( ,pocono s&/one1 ab\t eighte5 hundr$ feet above sea-level1 & five or six hundr$ feet l[] ?an ! cre/ ( ! ,alleghany ,m\nta9s1 a %ort di/ance to ! nor?4 ,! mora9e hills are "h well m>k$ by ! occurr5ce ( circul> lakelets & kettle-holes 7su* z h be5 describ$ z *>act]i/ic ( ! %ores & isl&s bord]+ ! s\? ( ,new ,engl&72 by ! occurr5ce ( granitic b\ld]s1 :i* mu/ h be5 br\ght f ! ,adirondacks or ,canada2 & by ! v>i\s o!r indications ref]r$ to on a previ\s page4 ,z already intimat$1 ! in/ructive po9t 9 our obs]vations is ! fact t1 betwe5 ,kittat9ny ,m\nta91 9 ,nor?ampton ,c\nty1 & ,pocono plateau1 9 ,monroe ,c\nty1 !re is a longitud9al depression1 runn+ nor!a/ by s\?we/1 p>allel ) ! ranges ( ! m\nta9 sy/em1 :i* is "h ab\t a ?\s& feet bel[ ! respective ridges on ei!r side4 ,?is1 !re=e1 is "o ( ! places :]e we %\ld h expect$ a consid]able s\!rn ext5sion ( ! ice1 if x _h be5 l>gely due to local causes4 ,n[1 :ile !re is inde$ a gradual s\!rn tr5d d[n ! flanks ( ! m\nta91 yet1 ^u rea*+ ! axis ( ! valley1 !re appe>s at once a v m>k$ *ange 9 ! "* ( ! deposit1 & ! influ5ce ( p[]ful /reams ( wat] becomes manife/1 & x is evid5t1 ^u a slight inspection1 t we h come ^u a l9e ( dra9age :i* su/a9$ a peculi> relation to ! cont95tal ice-%eet4 ,f ,/r\dsburg1 ne> ! ,delaw>e ,wat]-,gap1 to ,weissport1 on ! ,lehigh ,riv]1 a di/ance ( ab\t ?irty miles1 ! valley betwe5 ! m\nta9s is cont9u\s1 & ! elevation at ea* end v ne>ly ! same4 ,b ab\t half-way betwe5 ! two places1 ne> ,saylorsburg1 !re is a riv]-p>t+ f :i* ! wat] n[ runs on ! "o h& nor? to ,/r\dsburg1 & !nce to ! ,delaw>e ,riv]1 & on ! o!r h& s\?1 ?r\gh ,big & ,aquon*i*ola ,creeks1 to ! ,lehigh ,riv]4 ,! riv]-p>t+ is =m$ by a great accumulation ( gravel1 ^: summit is ab\t two hundr$ feet above ! level ( ! valleys into :i* ! creeks empty at ei!r end2 & !re are num]\s kettle-holes & lakelets 9 ! vic9ity1 su* z *>act]ize ! glacial region 9 g5]al4 ,9 %ort1 we are1 )\t d\bt1 "h on a well-m>k$ t]m9al mora9e mu* modifi$ by /rong wat]-action 9 a valley ( glacial dra9age4 ,! gravel & b\ld]s are all well wat]-worn1 & ! mat]ial is ( v>i\s k9ds1 includ+ granite b\ld]s f ! f> nor?1 su* z *>act]ise ! t]m9al mora9e on ! highl&s2 b ! pebbles are n scrat*$1 & ! gravel is m or less /ratifi$4 ,x is evid5t t we are "h :]e a viol5t /ream ( wat] p\r$ =? f t portion ( ! ice-front :i* fill$ ?is valley1 & :i* f\nd its only outlet 9 ! direction ( ! ,lehigh ,riv]4 ,! gravel c be trac$ 9 dim9i%+ quantities to ! s\?w>d1 9 accordance ) ?is !ory1 :ile to ! nor?w>d !re ext5ds a s]ies ( gravel ridges1 or kames1 su* z we h %[n naturally to owe _! orig9 to ! accumulations tak+ place 9 ice-*annels =m$ ne> ! front ( a glaci] z x sl[ly melts away4 ,f simil> occurr5ces ( va/ gravel accumulations 9 o!r valleys /ret*+ s\?w>d f ! glacial m>g91 we came to expect t1 :]ev] !re 0 an op51 l9e ( dra9age f ! glaciat$ region s\?w>d1 ! po9t ( int]section betwe5 ! glacial m>g9 & ! dra9age valley w\ld be m>k$ by an excessive accumulation ( wat]-worn gravel1 dim9i%+ 9 co>s5ess & abundance d[n ! valleys 9 proportion to ! di/ance f ! glacial m>g94 ,= example1 ! ,delaw>e ,riv] em]ges f ! glaciat$ region at ,belvid]e1 & !re are !re va/ accumulations ( gravel ris+ a hundr$ or m feet above ! pres5t level ( ! riv]1 :ile gravel t]races1 dim9i%+ 9 height1 m>k ! riv] bel[ to tide-wat] at ,tr5ton4 ,! ,lehigh ,riv] leaves ! glaciat$ region at ,hickory ,run1 a few miles above ,mau* ,*unk1 b ! gorge is s /eep t !re 0 little opportunity ei!r = ! accumulation ( gravel !re or = its pres]vation4 ,/ill1 ! transport$ gravel & b\ld]s *>act]i/ic ( ! melt+ floods p\r+ =? f a glaci]1 are f\nd l9+ ! banks ( ! ,lehigh all along ! l[] portion ( its c\rse4 ,9 ! ,susquehanna ,riv] we h a bett] example at ,bea* ,hav51 9 ,luz]ne ,c\nty1 :]e !re are v ext5sive accumulations ( gravel re/+ on ! true glacial deposits ( ! valley1 & ext5d+ d[n ! riv] 9 t]races ( regul>ly dim9i%+ height = _m miles1 & m]g+ into t]races ( mod]ate elevation :i* l9e ! ,susquehanna ,valley ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( its c\rse4 ,above ,bea* ,hav5 ! gravel deposits 9 ! tr\gh ( ! riv] valley are m irregul>1 & betray ! modify+ influ5ce ( ! sl[ly decay+ masses ( ice :i* belong$ to ! envelop+ cont95tal glaci]4 ,we/w>d f ! nor? =k ( ! ,susquehanna1 simil> ext5sive accumulations ( gravel occur at ! int]section ( ,fi%+ ,creek 9 ,columbia ,c\nty1 ,muncy1 ,loyalsock1 ,lycom+1 & ,p9e ,creeks 9 ,lycom+ ,c\nty1 all tribut>y to ! ,susquehanna ,riv]1 & all evid5tly be+ *annels ?r\gh :i* ! melt+ floods ( ! ice-%eet br\ght va/ quantities ( gravel d[n to ! ma9 /ream4 ,williamsport1 on ! ,we/ ,bran* ( ! ,susquehanna1 is built ^u an ext5sive t]race conta9+ mu* granitic mat]ial1 br\ght d[n f ! glaciat$ region by ,lycom+ ,creek1 :5 x 0 flood$ ) ! wat]s melt$ f ! cont95tal ice-%eet :i* _h "h surm\nt$ ! ,alleghanies & invad$ ! valley ( ! ,susquehanna4 ,analog\s deposits ( unusual am\nts ( gravel1 occurr+ 9 /reams fl[+ s\?w>d f ! glaciat$ region1 occur at ,great ,valley1 ,little ,valley1 & ,/eamburg 9 ,catt>augus ,c\nty1 ,new ,york1 & at ,russelburg & ,g>l& 9 ,w>r5 ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania1 also at ,titusville & ,frankl9 9 ,v5ango ,c\nty1 & at ,wampum 9 ,lawr5ce ,c\nty1 ( ! same ,/ate4 ,z a rule1 ,pr(essor ,lewis & myself f\nd x m difficult to det]m9e ) accuracy ! exact po9t to :i* ! ice ext5d$ 9 ! axis ( ^! s\?-fl[+ valleys ?an we did ^u ! highl&s ^u ei!r side2 &1 9 look+ = ! positive indications ( direct ice-action 9 ^! l9es ( dra9age1 we 7 almo/ always l$ up ! valley to a consid]able di/ance inside ( ! l9e4 ,?is arose f our inexp]i5ce 9 int]pret+ ! ph5om5a1 or r f our inatt5tion to ! well-kn[n det]m9+ facts 9 ! problem4 ,on fur!r reflection x readily appe>$ t ?is 0 z x %\ld be4 ,! ice-front1 in/ead ( ext5d+ f>!r d[n 9 a n>r[ valley ?an on ! adjo9+ highl&s 7:]e !y are ( only mod]ate elevation7 ought n to ext5d s f>1 = ! subglacial /reams w\ld n only we> away ! ice ( !mselves1 b w\ld admit ! air into ! tunnels =m$ by !m s z to melt ! masses bo? f bel[ & f above1 & ?us cause a recession ( ! front4 ,if we _h und]/ood ?is pr9ciple at ! beg9n+ ( our survey1 x w\ld h sav$ u mu* p]plexity & tr\ble4 ,a s+le fur!r illu/ration ( ?is po9t w help to an und]/&+ ( _m ref]5ces :i* w h]eaft] be made to ! wat] deposits :i* accumulat$ 9 ! l9es ( dra9age runn+ s\?w>d f ! glaciat$ area4 ,at ,w>r51 ,pa41 ,conewango ,creek1 :i* is ! outlet f ,*autauqua ,lake1 ent]s ! ,alleghany ,riv] aft] fl[+ = a numb] ( miles 9 a deep valley ) mod]ate slopes4 ,9 asc5d+ ! creek f ,w>r51 ! gravel t]races1 :i* rise tw5ty-five or ?irty feet above high-wat] m>k1 rapidly increase 9 bread? & height1 & ! pebbles become m & m co>se4 ,aft] a c]ta9 di/ance ! regul> t]races beg9 to give place to irregul> accumulations ( gravel 9 ridges & knobs4 ,9 ! l[] portion ( ! valley no pebbles c\ld be f\nd :i* 7 scrat*$4 ,up ! valley a few miles pebbles 7 occasionally discov]$ :i* %[$ "s slight indications ( hav+ be5 scrat*$1 b :i* _h be5 subject$ to su* an am\nt ( abrasion by wat]-action z almo/ to erase ! scrat*es4 ,on rea*+ ,ackley's ,/ation1 ! /ream is f\nd to be cutt+ ?r\gh a regul> t]m9al mora9e1 ext5d+ across ! valley & full ( cle>ly m>k$ glaciat$ /ones4 ,above ?is t]m9al mora9e ! t]races & gravel ridges :i* _h *>act]is$ ! valley bel[ disappe>1 giv+ place to long /ret*es ( level & swampy l&1 :i* _h be5 subject to ov]fl[4 ,some?+ simil> to ?is s (t5 appe>s1 t !re c be no "q z to its mean+1 :i* is1 t dur+ ! f>!/ ext5t ( ! ice ! front re/$ = a consid]able p]iod ( "t along ! l9e m>k$ by ! t]m9al mora9e4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod !re occurr$ bo? ! accumulation ( ! mora9e & ( ! gravel t]races 9 ! valley bel[1 due to ! va/ fl[ ( wat] em]g+ f ! ice-front1 especially dur+ ! p]iod :5 x 0 mo/ rapidly melt+ away4 ,^u ! retreat ( ! ice1 ! mora9e con/itut$ a dam :i* has n yet be5 :olly worn away4 ,= a :ile ! wat] 0 s effectually pond$ back by ?is z to =m a lake1 :i* has s9ce become fill$ up ) s$im5t & accumulations ( peat4 ,f ?is x is evid5t1 also1 t :5 ! ice began to retreat1 ! retreat 0 s cont9u\s & rapid t no p>allel t]m9al mora9es 7 =m$ = _m miles4 ,be=e leav+ ?is section we w summ>ise ! lead+ facts conc]n+ ! glacial ph5om5a nor? ( ,p5nsylvania & ,new ,j]sey4 ,f ! obs]vations ( ,pr(essor ,smock1 x appe>s t1 f ! s\!rn m>g9 ! asc5t to ! summit ( ! ice-%eet 0 pretty rapid2 ! dep? "o mile back f ! m>g9 be+ n mu* less ?an a ?\s& feet4 ,nor?w>d ! angle ( ! slope dim9i%$1 & ! glaci] surface approximat$ to a great level pla94 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! high s\?we/]n peaks ( ! ,catskills & ,pocono ,knob 9 ,p5nsylvania is sixty miles4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! elevation ( ! glaci] c\ld n h exce$$ a ?\s& feet1,,bb t is1 ! slope ( ! surface 0 ab\t sev5te5 feet to ! mile4 ,footnote ,,bb3 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 cxxv1 #ahhc1 p4 #cci et seq4 ,pr(essor ,dana e/imates ! ?ickness ( ! ice 9 s\!rn ,connecticut to h be5 betwe5 fifte5 hundr$ & two ?\s& feet4 ,attempts to calculate ! ?ickness ( ! ice f>!r nor?1 except f actual discov]y ( glacial action on ! summits ( ! m\nta9s1 are bas$ ^u unc]ta9 data ) ref]5ce to ! slope necess>y to secure glacial movem5t4 ,9 ! ,alps ! l[e/ mean slopes d[n :i* glaci]s move are ab\t two hundr$ & fifty feet to a mile2 b 9 ,gre5l&1 ,j5s5 f\nd ! slope ( ! ,fr$]ick%aab ,glaci] to be only sev5ty-five feet to ! mile1 :ile ,hell& f\nd t ( ! ,jakob%avn ,glaci] to be only =ty-five feet4 ,x is d\btful if ev5 t am\nt is necess>y to secure a cont95tal movem5t ( ice1 s9ce1 z already rem>k$1 x is unsafe to draw inf]5ces conc]n+ ! movem5ts ( l>ge masses ( ice f ^? ( small] masses 9 m con/rict$ areas4 ,we h se51 f ! glacial deposits on ! top ( ,m\nt ,wa%+ton1 t ov] ! nor!rn "p ( ,new ,engl& ! ice 0 m ?an a mile 9 dep?4 ,we h no direct evid5ce ( ! dep? ( ! /ream :i* surr\nd$ ! ,adirondack ,m\nta9s4 ,nor1 on ! o!r h&1 are we c]ta9 t ! ,catskills 7 n completely envelop$ 9 ice1 ?\gh mo/ obs]v]s1 reason+ f negative evid5ce1 h suppos$ t to be ! case4 ,b f ! facts /at$ conc]n+ ! b\ld]s along ! glacial b\nd>y 9 ,p5nsylvania1 x is c]ta9 t ! ice 0 deep en\gh to surm\nt ! ridge ( ! ,alleghanies :]e !y are two ?\s& & m feet 9 height4 ,at ! lea/ calculation ! ice mu/ h be5 five hundr$ feet ?ick1 9 ord] to secure ! movem5t ( :i* !re is evid5ce across ! ,appala*ian range4 ,suppos+ ?is to be ! height ( ! ice above ! sea on ! cre/ ( ! ,alleghanies1 & t ! slope ( ! surface ( ! ice-%eet 0 z mod]ate z ,pr(essor ,smock has e/imat$ x 7namely sev5te5 feet to ! mile71 ! ice w\ld be upw>ds ( six ?\s& feet 9 ?ickness 9 ! latitude ( ! ,adirondacks1 :i* corresponds closely ) ! positive evid5ce ,ave h f ! m\nta9s 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,a /udy ( ! map ( ,new ,york w make x easy to und]/& ! di/ribution ( "s int]e/+ glacial m>ks ov] ! ,/ate4 ,! di/ance along ! ,hudson f ! glacial b\nd>y 9 ! vic9ity ( ,new ,york to ! valley ( ! ,mohawk is ab\t "o hundr$ & sixty miles4 ,prom ! glacial b\nd>y at ,salamanca1 ,n4 ,y41 to ! same valley1 is n ov] eighty miles4 ,x is easy to see1 !re=e1 t :51 9 advanc+1 ! ice mov$ s\?w>d pa/ ! ,adirondacks1 ! ea/ end ( ! valley ( ! ,mohawk 0 rea*$ & clos$ by ! ice1 :ile at ! we/ end ( ,lake ,ont>io ! ice-front 0 /ill 9 ,canada4 ,?us ! dra9age1 :i* naturally foll[$ ! c\rse ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 w\ld fir/ be turn$ ?r\gh ! ,mohawk4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 ! ,mohawk _h be5 clos$ by ice1 ! va/ am\nt ( pond$ wat] 0 compell$ to seek a tempor>y outlet ov] ! l[] passages lead+ into ! ,susquehanna or into ! ,alleghany4 ,a numb] ( su* passages exi/4 ,"o c be trac$ along ! l9e ( ! old canal f ,utica to ,b+hamton1 ^: highe/ level is n f> f elev5 hundr$ feet4 ,ano!r lies 9 a valley lead+ s\? ( ,cayuga ,lake1 ^: highe/ po9t1 at ,wilseyville1 is n9e hundr$ & =ty feet above tide4 ,ano!r leads s\? to ! ,*emung ,riv] f ,s5eca ,lake1 ^: highe/ po9t1 at ,horseheads1 is less ?an n9e hundr$ feet above tide4 ,! cols f>!r we/ are some:at m elevat$2 ! "o at ,portage1 lead+ f ! ,g5esee ,riv] into ! ,cani/eo1 be+ upw>ds ( ?irte5 hundr$ feet1 & t ( ,dayton1 lead+ f ,catt>augus ,creek into ! ,conewango1 be+ ab\t ! same4 ,( o!r s\!rn outlets f>!r we/ we w speak lat] on4 ,fix+ our m9ds n[ ^u ! region "u consid]ation1 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 we c readily see t a glacial lake mu/ h exi/$ 9 front ( ! ice :ile x 0 advanc+1 until x _h rea*$ ! riv]-p>t+s betwe5 ! ,mohawk & ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv]s on ! nor? & ! ,susquehanna & ,alleghany ,riv]s on ! s\?4 ,aft] ! ice _h atta9$ its maximum ext5sion1 & 0 9 process ( retreat1 !re w\ld be a repetition ( ! ph5om5a1 only !y w\ld occur 9 ! rev]se ord]4 ,! glacial m>k+s :i* we see are1 ( c\rse1 ma9ly ^? produc$ dur+ ! g5]al retreat ( ! ice4 ,! ,susquehanna ,riv] /ret*+ out its arms--! ,*5ango & ,*emung ,riv]s--to ! ea/ & ! we/1 evid5tly s]ves z a l9e ( dra9age = ! va/ glacial floods4 ,^! floods h left1 along _! c\rses1 ext5sive elevat$ gravel t]races1 ) mu* mat]ial 9 !m :i* is n local1 b :i* has be5 wa%$ out ( ! direct glacial deposits f ! f> nor?4 ,! ea/-&-we/ l9e ( ! wat]-p>t+ ?r\gh\t ! ,/ate is *>act]is$ by excessive accumulations ( glaciat$ mat]ial1 =m+ some?+ l a t]m9al mora9e1 & is designat$ by ,presid5t ,*amb]l9 z ! t]m9al mora9e ( ! second ,glacial epo*1 correspond+1 z he ?9ks1 to ! int]ior l9e already describ$ z *>act]is+ ! s\? %ore ( ,new ,engl&4 ,9 ! c5tral "p ( ,new ,york ! rem>kable s]ies ( ,f+] ,lakes1 tribut>y to ,lake ,ont>io & empty+ into x ?r\gh ! ,oswego & ,g5esee ,riv]s1 all h a glacial orig94 ,probably1 h[ev]1 !y are n due 9 any great degree to glacial erosion1 b !y seem to occupy nor?-&-s\? valleys :i* _h be5 l>gely =m$ by /reams runn+ t[>ds ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce :5 !re 01 by "s means 7probably ?r\gh ! ,mohawk ,riv]71 a mu* deep] outlet ?an n[ exi/s1 b :i* has be5 fill$ up & oblit]at$ by glacial dbris4 ,! ice-movem5t naturally c5tr$ itself m or less 9 ^! nor?-&-s\? valleys1 & h5ce some:at enl>g$ !m1 b probably did n deep5 !m4 ,! ice1 h[ev]1 did prev5t !m f becom+ fill$ ) s$im5t1 & on its f9al retreat gave place to wat]4 ,betwe5 ^! lakes & ,lake ,ont>io1 also1 & ext5d+ ea/ & we/ ne>ly all ! way f ,syracuse to ,ro*e/]1 !re is a rem>kable s]ies ( hills1 f "o hundr$ to two or ?ree hundr$ feet 9 height1 compos$ ( glacial dbris4 ,b :ile ! range ext5ds ea/ & we/1 ! axis ( ! individual hills lies ne>ly nor? & s\?4 ,^! are probably remnants ( a mora9ic accumulation :i* 7 made dur+ a pause 9 ! fir/ advance ( ! ice1 & 7 f9ally sculptur$ into _! pres5t %ape by ! onw>d movem5t ( ! ice4 ,^! are really druml9s1 simil> to ^? already describ$ 9 nor!a/]n ,massa*usetts & s\!a/]n ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,9 ! valley ( c5tral ,new ,york ^! h det]m9$ ! l9es ( dra9age ( ! ,f+] ,lakes1 & =m$ dams across ! natural outlets ( ne>ly all ( !m4 ,nor? ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york ! innum]able lakes 9 ,canada are all ( glacial orig91 be+ mo/ly due to depressions ( ! nature ( kettle-holes1 or to ! damm+ up ( old outlets by glacial deposits4 ,a pretty well-m>k$ l9e ( mora9e hills1 =m$ probably z t]m9al deposits 9 ! lat] /ages ( ! ,ice age1 runs f ne> ! ea/]n end ( ,lake ,ont>io to ! ,georgian ,bay1 pass+ s\? ( ,lake ,simcoe4 ,! ,mississippi ,bas94 ,! physical geography ( ! glaciat$ region nor? ( ! ,ohio ,riv] is s mu* simpl] ?an t ( ,new ,engl& & ! ,middle ,/ates1 t its *>act]i/ics c be briefly /at$4 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 & ,ill9ois are cov]$ ) ne>ly p>allel /rata ( rock mo/ly ( ! ,c>bonif]\s age4 ,9 g5]al1 ! surface slopes g5tly to ! we/2 ! av]age elevation ( ,ohio be+ ab\t a ?\s& feet above tide1 :ile t ( ! ,great ,lakes to ! nor? & ( ! middle portion ( ! ,mississippi ,valley is less ?an six hundr$ feet4 ,! glacial deposits are spread 9 a pretty ev5 %eet ov] ! area :i* 0 rea*$ by ! ice 9 ^! ,/ates1 & ! l9es ( mora9e1 ( :i* a doz5 or m h be5 p>tially trac$ 9 rec$+ ord]1 are mu* less cle>ly m>k$ ?an !y are 9 ,new ,engl&1 or 9 ,mi*igan1 & ! ,/ates f>!r to ! nor?we/4 ,! l9e m>k+ ! s\!rn limit atta9$ by ! ice ( ! ,glacial p]iod 9 ^! ?ree ,/ates is z foll[s3 ,ent]+ ,ohio 9 ,columbiana ,c\nty1 ab\t t5 miles nor? ( ! ,ohio ,riv]1 ! glacial b\nd>y runs we/w>d ?r\gh ,new ,lisbon to ,canton 9 ,/>k ,c\nty1 & !nce to ,mill]sburg 9 ,holmes ,c\nty4 ,a few miles we/ ( ?is place x turns abruptly s\?1 pass+ ?r\gh ,danville 9 ,knox ,c\nty1 ,new>k 9 ,lick+ ,c\nty1 ,lanca/] 9 ,fairfield ,c\nty1 to ,adelphi 9 ,ross ,c\nty4 ,!nce be>+ m we/w>d x passes ?r\gh ,*illico! to s\!a/]n ,highl& ,c\nty & nor?we/]n ,adams1 rea*+ ! ,ohio ,riv] ne> ,ripley1 9 ,cl]mont ,c\nty4 ,!nce1 foll[+ ! nor? bank ( ! ,ohio ,riv] to ,c9c9nati1 x crosses ! riv]1 & aft] ext5d+ ?r\gh ! nor!rn "p ( ,boone ,c\nty1 ,k5tucky1 & recross+ ! riv] to ,indiana1 n f> f ,ris+ ,sun1 x aga9 foll[s approximately ! nor? bank ( ! riv] to )9 ab\t t5 miles ( ,l\isville1 ,ky41 :]e x b5ds nor?w>d runn+ ?r\gh ,cl>ke1 ,scott1 ,jackson1 ,b>?olomew1 & ,br[n ,c\nties to ,m>t9sville1 9 ,morgan ,c\nty1 :]e x turns aga9 we/ & s\? & foll[s approximately ! ,we/ ,bran* ( ! ,:ite ,riv] ?r\gh ,ow51 ,gre5e1 & ,knox ,c\nties1 :]e x crosses ! ma9 /ream ( ,:ite ,riv]1 &1 cont9u+ ?r\gh ,gibson & ,posey ,c\nties1 crosses ! ,waba% ,riv] ne> ,new ,h>mony4 ,9 ,ill9ois ! l9e /ill cont9ues s\?we/]ly ?r\gh ,:ite1 ,gallat91 ,sal9e1 & ,williamson ,c\nties1 :]e x rea*es its s\!rn limit ne> ,c>bondale1 9 latitude #cg #dj'1 & f ?is po9t tr5ds nor?we/w>d1 approximately foll[+ ! nor!a/]n bluff ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 to ! vic9ity ( ,c>ondelet1 ,mo41 a %ort di/ance s\? ( ,/4 ,l\is4 ,beyond ! ,mississippi ! l9e foll[s approximately ! c\rse ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv] across ,miss\ri1 & cont9ues we/w>d to ! vic9ity ( ,manhattan1 9 ,kansas1 :]e x turns nor?w>d1 keep+ ab\t a hundr$ miles we/ ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv]1 ?r\gh ea/]n ,kansas & ,nebraska1 & /rik+ ! riv] ne> ! m\? ( ! ,niobr>a1 9 ,s\? ,dakota4 ,f !re ! l9e foll[s approximately ! c\rse ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv] to ! vic9ity ( ,=t ,b5ton1 9 nor?we/]n ,montana1 :]e ! l9e aga9 be>s m nor?w>d1 runn+ into ,briti% ,am]ica4 ,x is /ill 9 dispute :e!r ! ice ext5d$ f ! ea/]n c5tre f> en\gh we/ to jo9 ! ice-movem5t f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9 plateau4 ,dr4 ,george ,m4 ,dawson,,bc is ( ! op9ion t x did n1 b t !re 0 a belt ( a hundr$ miles or m1 ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 :i* 0 nev] cov]$ by true glacial ice4 ,mr4 ,upham,,bd is equally confid5t t ! two ice-movem5ts became conflu5t1 & unit$ ^u ! we/]n plateau ( ,manitoba4 ,! opportunity = su* a diff]5ce ( op9ion arises 9 ! difficulty sometimes enc\nt]$ ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 a direct glacial deposit & a deposit tak+ place 9 wat] conta9+ b\ld]-lad5 iceb]gs4 ,:]e ,mr4 ,upham supposes ! ice-fields ( ! ea/ & ( ! we/ to h be5 conflu5t 9 we/]n ,manitoba1 ,dr4 ,dawson supposes !re 0 an ext5sive subsid5ce ( ! l& suffici5t to admit ! wat]s ( ! ocean4 ,leav+ ?is "q = ! pres5t undet]m9$1 we w n[ rapidly summ>ise ! glacial ph5om5a we/ ( ! ?ird m]idian f ,wa%+ton 7:i* corresponds ne>ly ) ! we/]n b\nd>y ( ,p5nsylvania71 & ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,footnote ,,bc3 ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,canada1 vol4 viii1 sec4 iv1 pp4 #ed-gd4 ,footnote ,,bd3 ,am]ican ,geologi/1 vol4 vi1 ,septemb]1 #ahij2 ,bullet9 ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #bdc-bgf4 ,t ! glacial movem5t ext5d$ to ! s\!rn b\nd>y j del9eat$ is e/abli%$ by ! pres5ce d[n to t l9e ( all ! signs ( glacial action1 & _! abs5ce beyond4 ,glacial groov+s are f\nd ^u ! fre%ly uncov]$ rock surfaces at frequ5t int]vals 9 close proximity to ! l9e all along its c\rse1 :ile granitic b\ld]s f ! f> nor? are scatt]$1 ) m or less regul>ity1 ov] ! :ole int]v5+ space betwe5 ?is l9e & ! ,canadian highl&s4 ,i h already ref]r$ to a b\ld] ( jasp] conglom]ate f\nd 9 ,boone ,c\nty1 ,k5tucky1 :i* mu/ h come f unique outcropp+s ( ?is rock nor? ( ,lake ,huron4 ,granitic b\ld]s f ! ,lake ,sup]ior region are also f\nd 9 great abundance at ! extreme m>g9 m5tion$ 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois4 ,we/ ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv] x is some:at m difficult to del9eate ! b\nd>y ) accuracy1 on acc\nt ( an envelop+ deposit ( f9e loam1 te*nically call$ loess4 ,loess is v abundant 9 ! :ole valley ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv] bel[ ,yankton1 ,s\? ,dakota1 be+ = a long di/ance 9 ! vic9ity ( ! riv] a hundr$ feet or m 9 dep?4 ,ov] nor!rn ,miss\ri & s\!rn ,ill9ois ! deposit is ne>ly cont9u\s1 b less 9 dep?1 & ev]y:]e 9 t region t5ds to hide f view ! un/ratifi$ glacial deposit cont9u\sly und]ly+ x4 ,a s+le in/ance ( p]sonal exp]i5ce w illu/rate ! condition ( ?+s4 ,:ile go+ s\? f ,*icago1 9 se>* ( ! s\!rn limit ( glacial action1 ,i /opp$ (f f ! tra9 at ,du ,quo91 ab\t =ty miles nor? ( :]e ,i subsequ5tly f\nd ! b\nd>y4 ,"h ! :ole surface 0 cov]$ ) loess1 two or ?ree feet 9 dep?4 ,bel[ ?is 0 a gravelly soil1 ?ree or f\r feet 9 ?ickness1 :i* conta9$ _m scrat*$ pebbles ( granite4 ,a well :i* _h rec5tly be5 dug1 rea*$ ! rock at a dep? ( tw5ty feet1 & reveal$ a beautifully poli%$ & scrat*$ surface1 betray+1 beyond "q1 ! action ( glacial ice4 ,z we %all %[ a little lat]1 x is probable t1 ab\t ! "t ! ice ( ! ,glacial p]iod _h rea*$ its maximum developm5t1 ?is area1 :i* is cov]$ ) loess1 0 depress$ 9 level1 & rema9$ "u wat] dur+ a consid]able portion ( ! p]iod :5 ! ice-front 0 retreat+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4--,we/]n face ( ! kettle-mora9e1 ne> ,eagle1 ,wauke%a ,c\nty1 ,wiscons94 7,f a photograph by ,presid5t ,t4 ,c4 ,*amb]la91 ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey47 ,to su* an ext5t is ?is portion ( ! area includ$ 9 s\!rn ,i[a1 nor!rn ,miss\ri1 s\!rn ,ill9ois1 & ! extreme s\!rn portions ( ,indiana & ,ohio cov]$ ) loess1 t x has be5 difficult to det]m9e ! relation ( its und]ly+ glacial deposits to ! m irregul> deposits f\nd f>!r nor?4 ,at an e>ly p]iod ( rec5t inve/igations1 :ile mak+ a geological survey ( ! ,/ate ( ,wiscons91 ,presid5t ,t4 ,c4 ,*amb]l9 fix$ ^u ! l9e ( mora9e hills1 :i* c be se5 ^u our map1 runn+ s\?w>d betwe5 ,gre5 ,bay & ,lake ,mi*igan1 & sweep+ ar\nd 9 a curve to ! "r1 pass+ s\? ( ,madison & nor?w>d along ! l9e ( ,wiscons9 ,riv]1 & 9 ano!r curve to ! left1 ar\nd ! s\!rn end ( ,lake ,mi*igan1 z ! t]m9al mora9e ( ! second ,glacial epo*4 ,9 ,wiscons9 ! "* ( ?is l9e ( mora9e hills _h be5 discov]$ & describ$ by ,colonel ,*>les ,:ittlesey1 9 #ahff4 ,x 0 fir/ nam$ ! kettle-mora9e1 because ( ! frequ5t occurr5ce 9 x ( kettle-holes4 ,?is l9e ( mora9e hills has be5 trac$ ) a great degree ( confid5ce across ! entire glaciat$ area1 z %[n ^u our map1 b x is n ev]y:]e equally di/9ct1 &1 z w be obs]v$1 foll[s a v irregul> c\rse4 ,beg9n+ 9 ,ohio we f9d x co9cid+ ne>ly ) ! extreme glacial b\nd>y until x rea*es ! valley ( ! ,scioto ,riv]1 on ! six? m]idian we/ f ,wa%+ton1 :]e x beg9s to be> nor?w>d & cont9ues 9 t direction = a di/ance ( sixty or sev5ty miles1 & !n turns s\?w>d aga9 9 ! valley ( ! ,miami1 hav+ =m$ betwe5 ^! two valleys a sort ( m$ial mora9e4,,be ,a simil> m$ial mora9e _h also be5 not$ by ,presid5t ,*amb]l9 betwe5 ! valleys ( ! ,gr& & ,cuyahoga ,riv]s1 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ,ohio4 ,inde$1 = ! :ole di/ance across ,ohio & ,indiana1 ?is mora9e occurs 9 a s]ies ( loops po9t+ to ! s\?1 correspond+ 9 g5]al to ! five g5tle valleys :i* m>k ! t]ritory1 namely1 ^? ( ! ,gr& & ,mahon+ ,riv]s2 ! ,s&usky & ,scioto ,riv]s2 ! ,great ,miami ,riv]2 ! ,:ite ,riv]2 & ! ,maumee & ,waba% ,riv]s4 ,ev]y:]e1 h[ev]1 ov] ?is area ^! mora9ic accumulations approximate pretty closely to ! extreme b\nd>y ( ! glaciat$ region4 ,footnote ,,be3 ,see map at ! beg9n+ ( ! *apt]4 ,9 ,ill9ois ,presid5t ,*amb]l9's orig9al det]m9ation ( ! mora9e fix$ x ne> ! s\!rn end ( ,lake ,mi*igan1 z %[n ^u our map1 b ,mr4 ,frank ,lev]ett has subsequ5tly demon/rat$ t !re is a conc5tric s]ies ( mora9es s\? ( ?is1 rea*+ across ! ,/ate1 7b some:at obscur$ by sup]ficial accumulations ( loess ref]r$ to7 & ext5d+ ne>ly to ! latitude ( ,/4 ,l\is4 ,we/ ( ,wiscons9 ,presid5t ,*amb]l9's t]m9al mora9e ( ! second ,glacial epo* b5ds s\?w>d ?r\gh ea/]n ,m9nesota1 &1 sweep+ d[n ?r\gh c5tral ,i[a1 =ms1 ne> ! middle ( ! nor!rn "p ( t ,/ate1 a loop1 hav+ its s\!rn extremity 9 ! vic9ity ( ,des ,mo9es4 ,! we/]n arm ( ?is loop runs ?r\gh ,m9nesota 9 a nor?we/]ly direction ne>ly p>allel ) ! upp] portion ( ! valley ( ! ,m9nesota1 until rea*+ ! latitude ( ! head-wat]s ( t riv]1 :]e1 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,sisseton ,ag5cy1 9 ,dakota1 x turns to ! s\? by an acute angle1 & makes a loop 9 t ,/ate1 ext5d+ to ! vic9ity ( ,yankton1 & ) ! valley ( ! ,james ,riv] z its axis4 ,! we/]n arm ( ?is loop foll[s pretty closely ! l9e ( ! ea/]n edge ( ! tr\gh ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv]1 con/itut+ :at is call$ ! ,miss\ri ,coteau1 :i* cont9ues on z a well-m>k$ l9e ( hills runn+ 9 a nor?we/]ly direction f> up into ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada4 ,"o ( ! mo/ puzzl+ glacial ph5om5a 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley is ! driftless area :i* occupies ! s\!a/]n portion ( ,m9nesota1 ! s\?we/]n "p ( ,wiscons91 & ! nor?we/]n corn] ( ,i[a1 z del9eat$ ^u our map4 ,?is is an area :i*1 :ile be+ surr\nd$ on e side by all ! *>act]i/ic m>ks ( glaciation1 is itself conspicu\s = _! entire abs5ce4 ,its rocks pres]ve no glacial scrat*es & are cov]$ by no deposits ( till1 :ile nor!rn b\ld]s avoid$ x 9 _! j\rney to m s\!rn latitudes4 ,! reason = all ?is is n evid5t 9 ! topography ( ! region4 ,! l& is n high] ?an t to ! nor? ( x1 nor is !re any manife/ protection to x by ! highl&s s\? ( ,lake ,sup]ior4 ,nor yet is !re any reason to suppose t any ext5sive *anges ( level 9 =m] times s]i\sly affect$ its relations to ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,pr(essor ,dana1 h[ev]1 has call$ att5tion to ! fact t ev5 n[ x is 9 a region ( comp>atively light precipitation1 sugge/+ t ! sn[-fall ov] x may always h be5 insignificant 9 am\nt4 ,b ?is c\ld sc>cely acc\nt = ! failure ( ! great ice-wave ( ! nor? to ov]run x4 ,we are indebt$ aga9 to ! sagacity ( ,presid5t ,*amb]l9 9 sugge/+ ! true explanation4 ,by ref]r+ to ! map x w be notic$ t ?is area su/a9s a peculi> relation to ! tr\ghs ( ,lake ,mi*igan & ,lake ,sup]ior1 :ile f ! arrangem5ts ( ! mora9es 9 front ( ^! lakes x w be se5 t ^! lake bas9s 7 prom95t factors 9 det]m9+ ! direction ( ! movem5t ( ! surplus ice f ! nor?4 ,x is ! m natural t !y %\ld d s because ( _! great dep?1 _! bottoms be+ 9 bo? cases sev]al hundr$ feet bel[ ! pres5t wat]-level1 rea*+ ev5 bel[ ! level ( ! sea4 ,^! broad1 deep *annels seem to h furni%$ ! readie/ outlet = ! surplus ice ( ! ,nor?1 & s to h c>ri$ bo? curr5ts ( ice beyond ?is driftless area be=e !y became aga9 conflu5t4 ,! slight elevation s\? ( ,lake ,sup]ior s]v$ to protect ! area on acc\nt ( ! feebl5ess ( direct movem5t made possible by ! /r5g? ( ^! div]g+ lat]al ice-curr5ts4 ,! ph5om5on is almo/ exactly :at occurs :]e a slight ob/ruction 9 a riv] causes an eddy & pres]ves a l[ portion ( l& bel[ x f subm]g5ce4 ,a glance at ! map w make x easily cr$ible t an ice-movem5t s\? ( ,manitoba1 becom+ conflu5t ) "o f ,lake ,sup]ior1 pu%$ f> d[n into ! ,miss\ri ,valley & spread ea/w>d to ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 s\? ( ! unglaciat$ driftless area1 & !re became conflu5t ) a simil> movem5t :i* _h be5 direct$ by ! valleys ( ,lake ,mi*igan & ,lake ,erie4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ,presid5t ,*amb]l9's explanation is 9 ! ma9 correct1 & we h 9 ?is ano!r illu/ration ( ! analogy betwe5 ! behavi\r ( mov+ ice & t ( mov+ wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4--,section ( ! ea/-&-we/ glacial furr[s1 on ,kelly's ,isl&1 pres]v$ by ,mr4 ,y\nglove4 ,f9e s$im5t re/s imm$iately on ! rock1 ) wa%$ pebbles at ! surface4 ,! accompany+ illu/rations w give a bett] idea ?an words c d ( ! celebrat$ glacial grooves on ! h>d lime/one isl&s ne> ,s&usky1 9 ! we/]n "p ( ,lake ,erie4 ,?r\gh ! int]e/ ar\s$ 9 !m by an excursion ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 :ile meet+ 9 ,clevel&1 ,ohio1 9 #ahhh1 ! ,kelly ,isl& ,lime & ,transport ,company1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,m4 ,c4 ,y\nglove is ! presid5t1 has be5 induc$ to de$ to ! ,we/]n ,res]ve ,hi/orical ,society = pres]vation a portion ( "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! grooves /ill rema9+4 ,! portion ( ! groove pres]v$ is ?irty-?ree feet across1 & ! dep? ( ! cut 9 ! rock is sev5te5 feet bel[ ! l9e1 ext5d+ f rim to rim4 ,orig9ally !re 0 probably "h a small depression =m$ by preglacial wat] erosion1 into :i* ! ice cr[d$ ! mat]ial1 :i* became its grav+-tool1 & s ! rasp+ & poli%+ w5t on 9 increas+ degree until ?is enorm\s furr[ is ! result4 ,! groove1 h[ev]1 is by no means simple1 b pres5ts a s]ies ( corrugations m]g+ into ea* o!r by beautiful curves4 ,:5 expos$ = a consid]able l5g? x w resemble no?+ else s mu* z a collection ( pro/rate ,cor9?ian columns ly+ side by side on a concave surface4 ,! direction ( ^! grooves is a little s\? ( we/1 correspond+ to t ( ! axis ( ! lake4 ,?is is ne>ly at "r angles to ! c\rse ( ! ice-scrat*es on ! summit ( ! wat]-%$ s\? ( ?is1 betwe5 ! lake & ! ,ohio ,riv]4 ,! reason = ?is *ange ( direction c readily be se5 by a little att5tion to ! physical geography4 ,! highl&s to ! s\? ( ! lake rise ab\t sev5 hundr$ feet above x4 ,:5 ! ,ice p]iod 0 at its climax & ov]ran ^! highl&s1 ! ice took its natural c\rse at "r angles to ! t]m9al mora9e & fl[$ s\!a/ accord+ to ! direction indicat$ by ! scrat*es on ! summit2 b :5 ! supply ( ice 0 n suffici5t to ov]run ! highl&s1 ! ob/ruction 9 front turn$ ! c\rse & ! resultant 0 a motion t[>ds ,tol$o & ! ,maumee ,valley1 :]e 9 ! vic9ity ( ,=t ,wayne an ext5sive t]m9al mora9e 0 =m$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4--,same z ! prec$+4 7,c\rtesy ( ,m4 ,c4 ,y\nglove47 ,! mu*-moot$ "q ( a succession ( glacial epo*s f9ds ! mo/ ( its support+ facts 9 ! portion ( ! glaciat$ area ly+ we/ ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,t !re h be5 frequ5t oscillations ( ! glacial front ov] ?is area is c]ta94 ,b x is a "q :e!r ! glacial deposits s\? ( ?is di/9ct l9e ( mora9e hills are s diff]5t f ^? to ! nor? ( x z to necessitate ! supposition ( two entirely di/9ct glacial epo*s4 ,?is c be consid]$ mo/ pr(itably "h4 ,! foll[+ are among ! po9ts ) ref]5ce to :i* ! ph5om5a s\? ( ! mora9e j del9eat$ diff] f ^? nor? ( ! l9e3 #a4 ,! glacial deposits to ! s\? appe> to be di/ribut$ m uni=mly ?an ^? to ! nor?4 ,to ! nor? ! drift is (t5 accumulat$ 9 hills1 & is dott$ ov] ) kettle-holes1 :ile to ! s\? ^! are pretty g5]ally abs5t4 ,any "o travell+ ^u a l9e ( railroad :i* trav]ses ^! two portions ( ! glaciat$ area z indicat$ ^u our map c easily v]ify ^! /atem5ts4 #b4 ,! am\nt ( glacial erosion seems to be mu* less s\? ( ! l9e ( mora9e hills del9eat$ ?an nor? ( !m4 ,/ill1 glacial /ri are f\nd1 almo/ ev]y:]e1 close d[n to ! extreme m>g9 ( ! glaciat$ area4 #c4 ,! gravel deposits connect$ ) ! dra9age ( ! ,glacial p]iod are mu* less abundant s\? ( ! s-call$ t]m9al mora9e ( ! second ,glacial p]iod ?an !y are nor? ( x4 ,s\? ( ?is mora9e ! wat] deposits attribut$ to ! ,glacial p]iod are ( su* f9e silt z to indicate sl[-mov+ curr5ts ov] a g5tle l[ slope ( ! surface4 #d4 ,! glacial deposits to ! s\? are m deeply col\r$ ?an ^? to ! nor?1 %[+ t !y h be5 long] expos$ to oxidis+ ag5cies4 ,ev5 ! granitic b\ld]s %[ ! m>ks ( great] age s\? ( ?is l9e1 be+ dis9tegrat$ to a great] ext5t ?an ^? to ! nor?4 #e4 ,&1 f9ally1 !re occur1 ov] a wide belt bord]+ ! s-call$ mora9e hills ( ! second ,glacial epo*1 ext5sive int]calat$ b$s ( vegetal deposits4 ,among ! e>lie/ ( ^! to be discov]$ 7 ^? ( ,montgom]y ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 :]e1 9 #ahgj1 ,pr(essor ,orton1 ( ! ,ohio ,survey1 f\nd at ,g]mant[n a deposit ( peat f\rte5 feet ?ick und]nea? n9ety-five feet ( till1 & !re seem also to be glacial deposits und]nea? ! peat z well z ov] x4 ,! upp] portion ( ! peat conta9s mu* undecompos$ sphagn\s mosses1 grasses1 & s$ges1 & bo? ! peat & ! clayey till above x conta9 _m fragm5ts ( conif]\s wood :i* c be id5tifi$ z r$ c$> 7,junip]us ,virg9ianus74 ,9 num]\s o!r places 9 t portion ( ,ohio fre%-appe>+ logs1 bran*es1 & twigs ( wood are f\nd und]nea? ! till1 or m+l$ ) x1 mu* z b\ld]s are4 ,ne> ,d>rt[n1 9 ,butl] ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 r$ c$> logs 7 f\nd "u a cov]+ ( sixty-five feet ( till1 & s fre% t ! p]fume ( ! wood is app>5tly z /rong z ev]4 ,simil> facts occur 9 sev]al o!r c\nties 9 ! glaciat$ area ( s\!rn ,ohio & s\!rn ,indiana4 ,pr(essor ,collett reports t all ov] s\?we/]n ,indiana peat1 muck1 rott$ /umps1 bran*es1 & leaves ( trees are f\nd f sixty to "o hundr$ & tw5ty feet bel[ ! surface1 & t ^! accumulations sometimes occur to a ?ickness ( f two to tw5ty feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4--,section ( till ne> ,g]mant[n1 ,ohio1 ov]ly+ ?ick b$ ( peat4 ,! man 9 ! picture /&s ^u a %elf ( peat f :i* ! till has be5 erod$ by ! /ream4 ,! d>k spot at ! "r h& ( ! picture1 j above ! wat]1 is an exposure ( ! peat4 ,! ?ickness ( ! till is n9ety-five feet4 ,! p>tial /ratification spok5 ( 9 ! text c be se5 ab\t ! middle ( ! picture4 ,! furr[s up & d[n _h be5 made by rec5t ra9s4 7,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey47 7,wright47 ,f>!r to ! nor?we/ simil> ph5om5a occur4 ,pr(essor ,n4 ,h4 ,w9*ell has describ$ !m mo/ p>ticul>ly 9 ,fillmore & ,m[] ,c\nties1 ,m9nesota1 f :i* !y ext5d ?r\gh a consid]able portion ( ,i[a4 ,9 ! above c\nties ( ,m9nesota a /ratum ( peat f eighte5 in*es to six or eight feet 9 ?ickness1 ) mu* wood1 is pretty uni=mly enc\nt]$ 9 digg+ wells1 ! dep? v>y+ f tw5ty to fifty feet4 ,?is c\nty is ne> ! highe/ divide 9 ! ,/ate ( ,m9nesota1 & f x fl[ ! s\rces ( ! /reams to ! nor?1 s\?1 & ea/4 ,! wood enc\nt]$ 9 ?is /ratum indicates ! preval5ce f conif]\s trees1 & ! peat mosses indicate a cool & moi/ climate4 ,nor are int]calat$ vegetable deposits abs5t f ! va/ region f>!r nor? ov] ! area t dra9s into ,hudson ,bay4 ,at ,b>nesville1 9 ,clay ,c\nty1 ,m9nesota1 :i* lies 9 ! valley ( ! ,r$ ,riv] ( ! ,nor?1 & also 9 ,wilk9 ,c\nty 9 ! same valley1 tam>ack wood & s&y black mud conta9+ _m snail-%ells h be5 f\nd f eight to twelve feet bel[ a surface ( till2 & ,dr4 ,rob]t ,bell reports ! occurr5ce ( limit$ deposits ( lignite betwe5 lay]s ( till1 f> to ! nor?we/1 9 ,canada1 & ev5 ^u ! s\!rn "p ( ,hudson ,bay2 :ile ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,tyrrell reports,,bf _m indications ( successive p]iods ( glaciation ne> ! nor!rn end ( ! ,duck ,m\nta94 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic indications :i* he _h witness$ consi/$ ( /ratifi$ b$s ( silt1 conta9+ fre%-wat] %ells1 ) fragm5ts ( plants & fi% simil> to ^? liv+ 9 ! lakes ( ! region at ! pres5t "t4 ,footnote ,,bf3 ,bullet9 ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica1 vol4 i1 pp4 #cie-daj4 ,review+ ^! facts ) ref]5ce to _! be>+ ^u ! po9t "u consid]ation1 we grant1 at ! outset1 t !y d indicate a successive retreat & readvance ( ! ice ov] ext5sive areas4 ,?is is specially cle> ) respect to ! vegetal deposits int]/ratifi$ ) b$s ( glacial orig94 ,b ! "q at issue conc]n+ ! int]pretation ( ^! ph5om5a is1 ,d !y necess>ily indicate absolutely di/9ct glacial epo*s sep>at$ by a p]iod 9 :i* ! ice _h :olly disappe>$ f ! glaciat$ area to ! nor?8 ,t !y d1 is ma9ta9$ by ,presid5t ,*amb]l9 & _m o!rs :o h wide acqua9tance ) ! facts4 ,t !y d n c]ta9ly indicate a complete disappe>ance ( ! ice dur+ an ext5sive int]glacial epo*1 is capable1 h[ev]1 ( be+ ma9ta9$1 )\t =feit+ "o's rights to ! respect ( 8 fell[-geologi/s4 ,! opposite !ory is ?us /at$ by ,dr4 ,rob]t ,bell3 ,x appe>s z if all ! ph5om5a might be ref]r$ to "o g5]al ,glacial p]iod1 :i* 0 long cont9u$1 & consequ5tly accompani$ by v>y+ conditions ( temp]ature1 regional oscillations ( ! surface1 & *anges 9 ! di/ributions ( sea & l&1 & 9 ! curr5ts 9 ! ocean4 ,^! *anges w\ld necess>ily give rise to local v>iations 9 ! climate1 & might p]mit ( vegetation = a "t 9 regions :i* ne$ n h be5 f> remov$ f ext5sive glaci]s4,,bg ,footnote ,,bg3 ,bullet9 ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica1 vol4 i1 pp4 #bhg-caj4 ,at my reque/1 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,e4 ,todd1 ( ,i[a1 ^: acqua9tance ) ! region is ext5sive1 has k9dly writt5 out = me 8 conclusions ^u ?is subject1 :i* ,i am p]mitt$ to give 9 8 own words3 ,i am n prep>$ to write z ,i w\ld l conc]n+ ! =e/-b$s & old soils4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 (f] ! foll[+ z a p>tial report4 ,i h come to ?9k t !re is consid]able confusion on ! subject4 ,i believe !re are five or six diff]5t ?+s class$ "u "o head4 #a4 ,rec5t ,mu* & ,soils4--,! f9e/ example ,i h f\nd 9 ! :ole ,miss\ri ,valley 0 tw5ty feet bel[ silt & clay1 9 a bas9 inside ! out] mora9e1 ne> ,gr& ,view1 ,s\? ,dakota4 ,f my exam9ation ( ! report$ old soil ne> ,albia1 ,i[a1 ,i ?9k ! mo/ rational way ( reconcil+ ! conflict+ /atem5ts conc]n+ x is t x also belongs to ?is class4 #b4 ,peat or ,soil "u ,loess4--,?is does n signify mu* if ! loess 0 =m$ 9 a lake subject to orographic oscillations1 or if1 z ,i am com+ to believe1 x is a fluviatile deposit ( an oscillat+ riv] l ! ,hoang-,ho on ! great ,*9ese pla94 ,x at lea/ does n mean an int]glacial epo*4 #c4 ,wood & ,dirt re>rang$1 n 9 situ4--,?is occurs ei!r 9 subaque\s or 9 subglacial deposits4 ,i h f\nd drift-wood 9 ! l[] lay]s ( ! loess "h1 b n 9 situ4 ,i h frequ5tly f\nd traces ( wood 9 till 9 ,dakota1 b always 9 an isolat$ way4 ,i ?9k1 f read+ /atem5ts ab\t ! deposits 9 ea/]n ,i[a1 t mo/ if n all ( ! cases are ( ?is sort4 ,two ?+s h conspir$ to lead to ?is error3 "o1 ! influ5ce ( ,croll's speculation2 & ! o!r1 ! easy inf]5ce ( _m well-digg]s1 & especially well-bor]s1 t :at !y pass ?r\gh are always 9 lay]s4 ,9 ?is way a log becomes a =e/-b$4 ,scatt]$ logs & muck fragm5ts occurr+ frequ5tly 9 a region1 ?\gh at diff]5t levels1 are readily imag9$ by an amateur geologi/ to be "o cont9u\s /ratum ant$at+ ! glaci] or floods 7z ! case may be 9 t p>ticul> region71 :51 9 fact1 x has be5 wa%$ d[n f ! m>g9 ( ! transport+ ag5t & is contemporane\s ) x4 ,i suspect ! preval5ce ( wood 9 ea/]n ,i[a may be trac$ to a depression ( ! driftless region dur+ ! advance ( ! glaci]1 s z to br+ ! we/]n side ( t area m into ! grasp ( glacial ag5cies4 #d4 ,peat betwe5 ,subglacial ,tills4--,if cases ( ?is sort are f\nd1 !y are 9 ,ill9ois1 ,indiana1 & ,ohio4 ,pr(essor ,wor!n insi/$ t !re 7 no int]glacial soils or =e/-b$s 9 ,ill9ois2 & 9 ! cases m5tion$ 9 ! ,/ate reports he repeat$ly expla9s ! sections giv5 by 8 assi/ants1 s z to h>monize !m ) t /atem5t4 ,i ?9k he usually makes 8 explanations plausible4 ,he 0 v confid5t 9 ref]r+ mo/ ( !m1 to preglacial times4 ,8 views1 ,i suppose1 w be publi%$ 9 ! long-delay$ volume1 n[ ab\t to be issu$4 #e4 ,vegetable ,matt] betwe5 ,glacial ,till & ,und]ly+ ,b]g ,till or o!r ,drift ,deposits4--,:5 "o rememb]s t ! front ( ! great ice-%eet may h be5 z long 9 rea*+ its s\!rn b\nd>y z 9 rec$+ f x1 & ) z _m advance & retrograde movem5ts1 we c easily believe t mu* drift mat]ial w\ld h outrun ! ice & h =m$ deposits s f> ahead ( x t vegetation w\ld h gr[n be=e ! ice arriv$ to bury x4 #f4 ,preglacial ,soils1 etc4--,i believe t ?is w be f\nd to include mo/ 9 s\!rn ,ohio1 if n 9 ,ill9ois1 z ,wor!n claim$4 ,! ph5om5a ( ! ,glacial p]iod are too va/ ei!r to h appe>$ or to h disappe>$ sudd5ly4 ,by :atev] cause ! great accumulation ( ice 0 produc$1 ! advance to ! s\?w>d mu/ h be5 sl[ & its disappe>ance mu/ h be5 gradual1 ?\gh1 z we %all %[ a little lat]1 ! f9al retreat ( ! ice-front occupi$ b a %ort "t relatively to ! :ole p]iod :i* has elaps$ s9ce4 ,z we %all %[ also1 ! adv5t ( ! ,ice p]iod 0 probably prec$$ & accompani$ by a consid]able elevation ( ! nor!rn "p ( ! cont95t ,:e!r ?is elevation 0 contemporane\s ^u bo? sides ( ! cont95t is p]haps an op5 "q2 b ) ref]5ce to ! area ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 :i* is n[ "u consid]ation1 ! c5tre ( elevation 0 some:]e s\? ( ,hudson ,bay4 ,putt+ toge!r :at we "k1 f ! nature ( ! case1 conc]n+ ! accumulation & movem5t ( glacial ice1 & :at we "k f ! relics ( ! great glacial invasion1 :i* h enabl$ u to det]m9e its ext5t & ! vig\r ( its action1 ! c\rse ( ev5ts seems to h be5 ab\t z foll[s3 ,?r\gh\t ! ,t]ti>y p]iod a w>m climate _h prevail$ ov] ,briti% ,am]ica1 ,gre5l&1 & inde$ ov] all ! l&s 9 proximity to ! nor? pole1 s f> z explor]s h be5 able to p5etrate !m4 ,! vegetation *>act]iz+ ^! regions dur+ ! ,t]ti>y p]iod indicates a temp]ature ab\t l t :i* n[ prevails 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,virg9ia4 ,:atev] may be said 9 support ( ! !ory t ! ,glacial p]iod 0 produc$ by a/ronomical causes1 9 view ( pres5t facts ^? causes _c be reg>d$ z pr$om9ant2 at mo/ !y 7 only co-op]ative4 ,! pr$om9ant cause ( ! ,glacial p]iod 0 probably a late ,t]ti>y or po/-,t]ti>y elevation ( ! nor!rn "p ( ! cont95ts1 accompani$ ) a subsid5ce 9 ! c5tral portion4 ,( su* a subsid5ce 9 ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama indications are ?\ght to be af=d$ by ! occurr5ce ( late ,t]ti>y or1 m probably1 po/-,t]ti>y sea-%ells at a consid]able elevation on ! divide along ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama1 betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ,pacific ,oceans4 ,( ?is we %all speak m fully 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,fix+ our ?\ghts ^u :at is kn[n z ! ,laur5tian plateau1 :i*1 ?\gh n[ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( b two ?\s& feet above ! sea1 0 !n mu* high]1 we c easily depict 9 imag9ation ! beg9n+s ( ! great ,laur5tide ,glaci]1 :i* ev5tually ext5d$ to ! m>g9 already del9eat$ on ! s\? & s\?we/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & spread nor?w>d & ea/w>d ov] an undet]m9$ area4 ,ye> aft] ye> & c5tury aft] c5tury ! accumulat+ sn[s ov] ?is elevat$ region consolidat$ into glacial ice & sl[ly pu%$ outw>d ! surplus res]voirs ( cold4 ,= a long "t ?is process ( ice-accumulation may h be5 accompani$ by ! cont9u$ elevation ( ! l&1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! natural effect ( ! enl>g+ area ( ice & sn[1 w\ld t5d to l[] ! temp]ature ar\nd ! m>g9 & to increase /ill m ! c5tral area ( accumulation4 ,! vig\r ( movem5t 9 any direction 0 det]m9$ p>tly by ! %ape ( ! valleys op5+ s\?w>d 9 :i* ! ice-/reams w\ld naturally conc5trate1 & p>tly by ^? meteorological conditions :i* det]m9e ! ext5t ( sn[-fall ov] ! local c5tres ( glacial disp]sion4 ,= example1 ! g5]al map ( ,nor? ,am]ica 9 ! ,ice p]iod indicates t !re 7 two m>k$ subc5tres ( disp]sion = ! great ,laur5tide ,glaci]1 ! ea/]n "o be+ 9 ,labrador & ! we/]n "o nor? ( ,lake ,sup]ior4 ,9 a g5]al way ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ! glaciat$ region 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates pres5ts ! appe>ance ( portions ( two circumf]5ces ( circles int]sect+ ea* o!r ne> ! ea/]n end ( ,lake ,erie4 ,^! circles1 ,i am incl9$ to believe1 repres5t ! areas ov] :i* a semi-fluid 7or a sub/ance l ice1 :i* fl[s l a semi-fluid7 w\ld disp]se itself f ! subc5tres above m5tion$4 ,a /udy ( ! cont\r ( ! c\ntry %[s t t also1 9 a g5]al way1 probably _h some?+ to d ) ! l9es ( disp]sion4 ,! we/]n lobe ( ?is glaciat$ area corresponds 9 its b\nd>y pretty closely ) ! ,mississippi ,valley1 hav+ ! ,ohio ,riv] approximately z its ea/]n arm & ! ,miss\ri z its we/]n1 ) ! ,mississippi ,riv] ne>ly 9 its nor? & s\? axis4 ,! ea/]n lobe has its f>!/ ext5sion 9 ! axis ( ! ,*ampla9 & ,hudson ,riv] ,valleys1 its we/]n b\nd>y be+ ?r[n m & m nor?w>d z ! l9e proce$s to ! we/ ov] ! ,alleghany ,m\nta9s until rea*+ ! longitude ( ! ea/]n end ( ,lake ,erie2 b ?is s\!rn b\nd>y is by no means a wat]-level1 nor is ! cont\r ( ! c\ntry su* t x c\ld ev] h be5 a wat]-level4 ,b x con=ms 9 ne>ly e p>ticul> to :at w\ld be ! resultant aris+ f a pretty g5]al s\?w>d fl[ ( a semi-fluid f ! two subc5tres m5tion$1 meet+ ) ! ob/ructions ( ! ,adirondacks 9 nor!rn ,new ,york & ( ! broad] ,appala*ian uplift 9 nor!rn ,p5nsylvania4 ,h[ f> s\? ! area ( glacial accumulation may h ext5d$ _c be def9itely asc]ta9$1 b d\btless at an e>ly p]iod ( ! great ,ice age ! nor!rn portions ( ! ,appala*ian range 9 ,new ,york1 ,new ,engl&1 ,new ,brunswick1 & ,nova ,scotia became !mselves c5tres ( disp]sion1 :ile only at ! height ( ! p]iod did all _! glaci]s become conflu5t1 s t !re 0 "o cont9u\s ice-%eet4 ,9 ! we/]n portion ( ! area cov]$ by ! ,laur5tide ,glaci]1 ! depression occupi$ by ! ,great ,lakes1 especially ,lakes ,mi*igan & ,sup]ior1 evid5tly _h a m>k$ influ5ce 9 direct+ ! fl[ ( ice dur+ ! /ages :i* 7 midway betwe5 ! culm9ation ( ! ,ice p]iod & bo? its beg9n+ & its end4 ,?is w\ld foll[ f ! great dep? ( ^! lakes1 ! bottom ( ,lake ,mi*igan be+ #bhf feet bel[ sea-level1 & t ( ,lake ,sup]ior #cge feet1 mak+ a total dep? ( wat] ( ab\t #ijj & #a1jjj feet respectively4 ,into ^! oblong depressions ! ice w\ld naturally gravitate until !y 7 fill$1 & !y w\ld become ! natural *annels ( subsequ5t movem5t 9 ! direction ( _! longe/ diamet]s1 :ile ! great ?ickness ( ice 9 !m w\ld make !m ! cons]vative c5tres ( glacial accumulation & action aft] ! ice _h begun to retreat4 ,^! d$uctions f ! kn[n nature ( ice & ! kn[n topography ( ! region are amply su/a9$ by a /udy ( ! detail$ map %[+ ! glacial geology 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b on ?is we c repres5t inde$ only ! m>ks left by ! ice at v>i\s /ages ( its retreat1 s9ce1 z already rem>k$1 ! m>ks ( ea* /age ( e>li] advance w\ld be oblit]at$ by lat] =w>d movem5ts4 ,we may presume1 h[ev]1 t 9 g5]al ! m>ks left by ! retreat+ ice correspond closely ) ^? actually made & oblit]at$ by ! advanc+ movem5t4 ,f obs]vations ^u ! glaci]s ( ,switz]l& & ( ,alaska1 x is f\nd t nei!r ! advance nor ! retreat ( ^! glaci]s is con/ant1 b t1 9 ob$i5ce to meteorologic ag5cies n fully und]/ood1 !y advance & retreat 9 alt]nate p]iods1 at "o "t rec$+ = a consid]able di/ance1 & at o!r times rega9+ ! lo/ gr\nd & advanc+ ov] ! area :i* has be5 uncov]$ by _! retreat4 ,m4 ,=el reports1 f ! data :i* he has collect$ ) mu* c>e1 t !re h be5 9 ?is c5tury five p]iods 9 ! ,alp9e glaci]s3 ( enl>gem5t1 f #ahjj 787 to #ahae2 ( dim9ution1 f #ahae to #ahcj2 ( enl>gem5t1 f #ahcj to #ahde2 ( dim9ution1 f #ahde to #ahge2 & ( enl>gem5t aga91 f #ahge onw>d4 ,he rem>ks fur!r t ^! p]iods correspond ) ^? d$uc$ by ,mr4 ,c4 ,lang = ! v>iations = ! precipitations & temp]ature ( ! air2 &1 consequ5tly1 t ! enl>gem5t ( ! glaci]s has gone =w>d 9 ! cold & ra9y p]iod1 & ! dim9ution 9 ! w>m & ! dry4,,bh ,footnote ,,bh3 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 cxxxii1 #ahhf1 p4 #gg4 ,:51 n[1 we att5tively consid] ! comb9ation ( causes necess>y to produce ! climatic conditions ( ! great ,ice age ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 we %all be prep>$ to f9d f> m ext5sive v>iations 9 ! progress ( ! cont95tal glaci]1 bo? dur+ its advance & dur+ its retreat1 ?an are to be obs]v$ 9 any exi/+ local glaci]s4 ,) respect to ! argum5ts adduc$ 9 favor ( a succession ( glacial epo*s 9 ,am]ica ! foll[+ criticisms are p]t95t3 #a4 ,s f> z we c e/imate1 a tempor>y retreat ( ! front1 la/+ a few c5turies1 w\ld be suffici5t to acc\nt = ! vegetable accumulations t are f\nd buri$ b5ea? ! glacial deposits 9 s\!rn ,ohio1 ,indiana1 c5tral ,ill9ois1 & ,i[a1 :ile a tempor>y readvance ( ! ice w\ld be suffici5t to bury ! vegetable rema9s b5ea? a fre%ly accumulat$ mass ( till4 ,?us1 z ,dr4 ,bell sugge/$1 ! int]glacial vegetal deposits d n necess>ily indicate any?+ m ?an a tempor>y oscillation ( ! ice-front1 & d n c>ry ) !m ! necessity ( suppos+ a disappe>ance ( ! ice f ! :ole glaciat$ area4 ,?us ! introduction ( a :ole ,glacial p]iod to acc\nt = su* limit$ ph5om5a is a violation ( ! well-kn[n law ( p>simony1 :i* requires u 9 our explanations ( ph5om5a to be cont5t ) ! lea/ cause :i* is suffici5t to produce !m4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance a s]ies ( comp>atively slight oscillations ( ! ice-front dur+ a s+le glacial p]iod w\ld seem to be suffici5t to acc\nt = all ! buri$ =e/s & masses ( vegetal dbris t occur ei!r 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates or 9 ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada4 #b4 ,ano!r argum5t = ! exi/5ce ( two absolutely di/9ct glacial p]iods 9 ,nor? ,am]ica has be5 drawn f ! great] oxidation ( ! clays & ! m ext5sive dis9tegration ( c]ta9 classes ( ! b\ld]s f\nd ov] ! s\!rn "p ( ! glaciat$ area ( ! ,mississippi ,valley1 ?an has tak5 place 9 ! m nor!rly regions4 ,)\t que/ion+ ?is /atem5t ( fact 7:i*1 h[ev]1 ,i believe to be some:at exagg]at$71 x is n difficult to see t ! effects probably are j :at w\ld result f a s+le long glacial p]iod br\ght ab\t by su* causes z we h se5 to be probably 9 op]ation 9 ,am]ica4 ,= if "o reflects ^u ! conditions exi/+ :5 ! ,glacial p]iod began1 he w see t1 dur+ ! long ages ( w>m climate :i* *>act]is$ ! prec$+ p]iod1 ! rocks mu/ h be5 ext5sively dis9tegrat$ ?r\gh ! action ( subarial ag5cies4 ,! ext5t to :i* ?is dis9tegration takes place c be appreciat$ n[ only by ^? :o reside outside ( ! glaciat$ area1 :]e ^! ag5cies h be5 9 un9t]rupt$ action4 ,9 ! ,appala*ian range s\? ( ! glaciat$ region ! granitic masses & /rata ( gneiss are sometimes f\nd to be completely dis9tegrat$ to a dep? ( fifty or sixty feet2 & :at seem to be b$s ( gravel (t5 prove 9 fact to be horizontal /rata ( gneiss f :i* ! cem5t+ mat]ial has be5 remov$ by ! sl[ action ( acids br\ght d[n by ! p]colat+ wat]4 ,n[1 !re c be no "q t ?is process ( dis9tegration _h proce$$ to a va/ ext5t be=e ! ,glacial p]iod1 s t1 :5 ! ice began to advance1 !re 0 an enorm\s am\nt ( p>tially oxidis$ & dis9tegrat$ mat]ial ready to be scrap$ (f ) ! fir/ advance ( ice1 & ?is is ! mat]ial :i* w\ld naturally be transport$ f>!/ to ! s\?2 & ?us1 on ! !ory ( a s+le glacial p]iod1 we c readily acc\nt = ! great] app>5t age ( ! glacial dbris ne> ! m>g94 ,?is dbris 0 old :5 ! ,glacial p]iod began4 #c4 ,) ref]5ce to ! argum5t = two di/9ct glacial p]iods drawn f ! small] app>5t am\nt ( glacial erosion ov] ! s\!rn "p ( ! glaciat$ area1 we h to rem>k t t w\ld occur 9 case ( a s+le ice-invasion z well z 9 case ( two di/9ct ice-invasions1 9 :i* ! lat] did n ext5d s f> z ! =m]4 ,f ! v necessity ( ! case1 glacial erosion dim9i%es z ! limit ( ! ext5t ( ! glaciation is approa*$4 ,at ! v m>g9 ( ! glaci]1 motion has ceas$ altoge!r4 ,back "o mile f ! m>g9 only "o mile ( ice-motion has be5 active 9 erosion1 :ile t5 miles back f its front !re has be5 t5 times z mu* mov+ ice actually engag$ 9 erosion1 & 9 ! extreme nor? sev]al hundr$ times z mu* ice1 ,?us x is evid5t t we d n ne$ to resort to two glacial p]iods to acc\nt = ! relatively small am\nt ( erosion exhibit$ ov] ! s\!rn portion ( our glaciat$ area4 ,at ! same "t1 x %\ld be said t ! indications ( active glacial erosion ne> ! m>g9 are by no means few or small4 ,9 ,lawr5ce ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania1 on ! v m>g9 ( ! glaciat$ area1 ,mr4 ,max ,fo%ay,,bi has discov]$ v ext5sive glacial grooves1 indicat+ mu* vig\r ( ice-action ev5 beyond ! m ext5sive glacial deposits :i* ,pr(essor ,lewis & myself _h fix$ ^u z ! t]m9al mora9e4 ,9 ,highl& & ,butl] ,c\nties1 ,ohio1 & 9 s\?we/]n ,indiana & s\!rn ,ill9ois1 ne> ! glacial m>g91 glacial grooves & /ri are z cle> & di/9ct 9 _m cases z c any:]e be f\nd2 :ile ^u ! surface ( ! lime/one rocks )9 ! limits ( ! city ( ,/4 ,l\is1 :]e ! glacial cov]+ is ?91 & :]e dis9tegrat+ ag5cies _h _h special opportunities to "w1 ,i f\nd v cle> evid5ces ( a p[]ful ice-movem5t1 :i* _h plan$ & scrat*$ ! rock surface2 & at ,du ,quo91 ,ill9ois1 z already relat$1 ! fragm5ts ?r[n up f ! surface ( ! rock1 fifty or sixty feet bel[ ! top ( ! soil1 7 mo/ beautifully plan$ & /riat$4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$1 also1 t ?is :ole area is s deeply cov]$ ) dbris t ! ext5t ( glacial erosion und]nea? is pretty g5]ally hid f view4 ,footnote ,,bi3 ,bullet9 ( ! ,geological ,society1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #deg-dfd4 #d4 ,! uni=mity ( ! di/ribution ( ! glacial deposits ov] ! s\!rn portion ( ! glaciat$ area 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley is p>tly an illusion1 due to ! fact t !re 0 a va/ am\nt ( deposition by wat] ov] t area dur+ ! e>li] /ages ( ! ice-retreat4 ,?is has be5 due p>tly to ! g5tl] slope :i* w\ld naturally *>act]ise ! bord]s ( an area ( elevation1 & p>tly to an ext5sive subsid5ce :i* seems to h begun soon aft] ! ice _h rea*$ its f>!/ ext5t ( motion4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t at all times a glaci] is accompani$ by ! issue ( va/ /reams ( wat] f its front1 & t ^! ( c\rse increase 9 volume :5 ! climax has be5 rea*$ & ! ameliorat+ influ5ces beg9 to melt away ! accumulat$ mass ( ice & to add ! volume ( its wat] to t produc$ by ord9>y ag5cies4 ,z ^! subglacial /reams ( wat] p\r$ out ^u ! m g5tle slopes ( ! area 9 front ( ! ice1 !y w\ld di/ribute a va/ am\nt ( f9e mat]ial1 :i* w\ld settle into ! holl[ places & t5d to obscure ! irregul>ities ( ! previ\s direct glacial deposit4 ,su* an in/ance came cle>ly "u my own obs]vation 9 ! vic9ity ( ,yankton1 9 ,s\? ,dakota1 :]e1 ^u visit+ a locality "s miles f any riv]1 & to :i* workm5 7 resort+ = s&1 ,i f\nd t ! deposit occupi$ a kettle-hole1 fill+ x to its brim1 & _h evid5tly be5 sup]impos$ by a tempor>y /ream ( wat] fl[+ ov] ! region :ile ! ice 0 /ill 9 p>tial occupation ( x4 ,?us1 no d\bt1 9 _m cases1 ! orig9al irregul>ities ( ! direct glacial deposits h be5 oblit]at$1 ev5 :]e !re has be5 no g5]al subsid5ce4 ,b1 9 ! area "u consid]ation1 ! loess1 or loam1 is s ext5sive t x is p]haps necess>y to suppose t ! c5tral portions ( ! ,mississippi ,valley 7 subject$ to a subsid5ce am\nt+ to ab\t five hundr$ feet2 s t ! glacial /reams f ! retreat+ ice-front met ! wat]s ( ! ocean 9 s\!rn ,ill9ois & ,indiana2 ?us acc\nt+ = ! ext5sive f9e silt :i* has done s mu* ov] t region to obscure ! glacial ph5om5a4 ,we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,! glacial ph5om5a 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s mu/ be treat$ sep>ately1 s9ce ,am]ican geologi/s h ceas$ to speak ( an all-p]vad+ ice-cap ext5d+ f ! nor? pole4 ,b1 z already said1 ! glaciation ( ,nor? ,am]ica has proce$$ f two def9ite c5tres ( ice-accumulation1 "o ( :i* we h be5 consid]+ 9 ! pages imm$iately prec$+4 ,! great c5tre ( glacial disp]sion ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s is ! region s\? ( ,hudson ,bay1 & ! va/ ice-field spread+ out f t c5tre is appropriately nam$ ! ,laur5tide ,glaci]4 ,! movem5t ( ice 9 ?is glacial sy/em 0 outw>d 9 all directions f ! ,laur5tian hills1 & ext5d$ we/ sev]al hundr$ miles1 well on t[>ds ! ea/]n foot ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,! second great c5tre ( glacial disp]sion occupies ! va/ ,cordill]an region ( ,briti% ,columbia1 rea*+ f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s on ! nor!a/ to ! ,coa/ ,range ( ! ,pacific on ! s\?we/1 a wid? ( f\r hundr$ miles4 ,! l5g? is e/imat$ by ,dr4 ,dawson to be twelve hundr$ miles4 ,! pr9cipal c5tre ( ice-accumulation lies betwe5 ! fifty-fif? & ! fifty-n9? p>allel4 ,f ?is c5tre ! movem5t 0 9 all directions1 b *iefly to ! nor?we/ & to ! s\?4 ,! movem5t ( ! ,cordill]an glaci]s ext5d$ nor?we/ to a di/ance ( ?ree hundr$ & fifty miles1 leav+ _! mora9es f> d[n 9 ! ,yukon ,valley on ! ,lewes & ,pelly ,riv]s4,,bj ,s\?w>d ! ,cordill]an ,glaci] mov$ to a di/ance ( six hundr$ miles1 ext5d+ to ! ,columbia ,riv]1 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,/ate ( ,wa%+ton4 ,footnote ,,bj3 ,see ,george ,m4 ,dawson1 9 ,sci5ce1 vol4 xi1 #ahhh1 p4 #ahf1 & ,am]ican ,geologi/1 ,septemb]1 #ahij1 pp4 #aec-afb4 ,f ?is c5tre1 also1 ! ice desc5d$ to ! sea-level ^u ! we/1 & fill$ all ! *annels betwe5 ,vanc\v]'s ,isl& & ! ma9l&1 z well z ^? 9 ! ,alex&] ,ar*ipelago ( ,alaska4 ,s\? ( ,vanc\v]'s ,isl& a glaci] pu%$ out ?r\gh ! /raits ( ,juan de ,fuca to an unkn[n di/ance4 ,all ! isl&s 9 ,puget ,s\nd are compos$ ( glacial dbris1 resembl+ 9 e respect ! t]m9al mora9es :i* h be5 describ$ z con/itut+ _m ( ! isl&s s\? ( ! ,new ,engl& coa/4 ,! ice-movem5t 9 ,puget ,s\nd1 h[ev]1 0 probably nor?w>d1 result+ f glaci]s :i* are n[ repres5t$ by _! dim9utive desc5dants on ! flanks ( ,m\nt ,ra9i]4 ,s\? ( ! ,columbia ,riv] ! c\ntry 0 nev] completely envelop$ by ! ice1 b glaci]s ext5d$ f> d[n 9 ! valleys f all ! l(ty m\nta9-peaks4 ,9 ,idaho !re are glacial signs f ! summit ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s d[n to ! we/w>d ( ,lake ,p5d d',oreille4 ,9 ! ,yell[/one ,p>k !re are cle> indications t ! :ole area 0 envelop$ 9 glacial ice4 ,an imm5se b\ld] ( granite1 re/+ ^u volcanic deposits1 may be f\nd a little we/ ( ,inspiration ,po9t1 on ! ,yell[/one ,caon4 ,abundant evid5ces ( glacial action are also visible d[n ! ,yell[/one ,riv] to ! vic9ity ( ,liv+/on1 %[+ t t valley mu/ h be5 fill$ ) glacial ice to a dep? ( sixte5 hundr$ feet4 ,to ! we/ ! glaci]s f ! ,yell[/one ,p>k ext5d$ to ! bord] ( ,idaho1 :]e a cle>ly m>k$ t]m9al mora9e is to be f\nd 9 ! ,tyghee ,pass1 lead+ ov] f ! we/]n =k ( ! ,madison ,riv] into ,lewis ,=k ( ! ,snake ,riv]4 ,s\? ( ,yell[/one ,p>k ! ,teton ,m\nta9s 7 an important c5tre = ! disp]sion ( local glaci]s1 b !y did n desc5d ^u ! we/]n side mu* bel[ ! #f1jjj-;foot level1 & only b>ely came to ! edge ( ! great ,snake ,riv] lava pla9s4 ,to ! ea/ ! movem5t f ! ,teton ,m\nta9s jo9$ t f v>i\s o!r l(ty m\nta9s1 :]e altoge!r !y h left a mo/ intricate sy/em ( glacial deposits1 9 ^: reticulations ,jackson's ,lake is held 9 place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4--,mora9es ( ,grape ,creek1 ,sangre del ,cri/o ,m\nta9s1 ,colorado 7aft] ,/ev5son74 ,9 ,utah ext5sive glaci]s fill$ all ! nor!rn valleys ( ! ,u9tah ,m\nta9s1 & ext5d$ we/w>d 9 ! ,wahsat* range to ! vic9ity ( ,salt ,lake ,city4 ,! m\nta9 region ( ,colorado1 also1 _h its glaci]s1 occupy+ ! head-wat]s ( ! ,arkansas1 ! ,platte1 ! ,gunnison1 & ! ,gr& ,riv]s4 ,! mo/ s\!rn po9t 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s at :i* signs ( local glaci]s h be5 not$ is ne> ! summits ( ! ,san ,juan range1 9 s\?we/]n ,colorado4 ,"h a surface ( ab\t tw5ty-five squ>e miles1 ext5d+ f an elevation ( #ab1jjj feet d[n to #h1jjj feet1 %[s e sign ( ! =m] pres5ce ( mov+ ice4 ,! great] "p ( ! glaciation 9 ,colorado is conf9$ to elevations above #aj1jjj feet4 ,! :ole range ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada ?r\gh ,oregon1 & z f> s\? z ! ,yosemite ,valley 9 ,cali=nia1 =m]ly su/a9$ glaci]s ( f> great] size ?an any :i* are n[ f\nd 9 ^? m\nta9s4 ,9 g5]al ^! glaci]s 7 mu* long] on ! we/]n side ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada ?an on ! ea/]n4 ,on ! ea/]n side glaci]s b>ely came d[n to ,lake ,tahoe & ,lake ,mono 9 ,cali=nia4 ,! ,/ate ( ,nevada seems to h be5 entirely free f glaci]s1 al?\gh x conta9s num]\s m\nta9-peaks m ?an t5 ?\s& feet high4 ,9 ! ,yosemite ,caon glaci]s ext5d$ d[n ! ,m]c$ ,riv] to ! m\? ( ! caon2 :ile 9 ! ,tuolumne ,riv]1 a few miles to ! nor?1 ! glaci]s :i* /ill l+] ab\t ! peaks ( ,m\nt ,dana fill$ ! valley = a di/ance ( =ty miles4 ,x is a "q among geologi/s :e!r or n ! glaciation we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 0 contemporane\s ) t ( ! ea/]n "p ( ! cont95t4 ,! m preval5t op9ion among ^? :o h made special /udy ( ! ph5om5a is t ! developm5t ( ! ,cordill]an glaci]s 0 indep5d5t ( t ( ! ,laur5tide sy/em4 ,at any rate1 ! int5se glaciation ( ! ,pacific coa/ seems to h be5 consid]ably lat] ?an t ( ! ,atlantic region4 ,( ?is we w speak m p>ticul>ly 9 discuss+ ! que/ions ( ! date & ! cause ( ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,x is suffici5t = u "h simply to say t1 f 8 ext5sive field obs]vations ?r\gh\t ! ,cordill]an region1 ,dr4 ,george ,m4 ,dawson inf]s t !re h be5 sev]al successive alt]nations ( level on ! ,pacific coa/ correspond+ to successive glacial & int]glacial epo*s1 & t :5 !re 0 a p]iod ( elevation we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s !re 0 a p]iod ( subsid5ce to ! ea/1 & vice v]sa4 ,9 %ort1 he supposes t ! ea/ & we/ = a long "t play$ a game ( seesaw1 ) ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s z ! fulcrum4 ,we give 8 s*eme 9 tabulat$ =m4 ,s*eme ( ,correlation ( ! ,ph5om5a ( ! ,glacial ,p]iod 9 ! ,cordill]an ,region & 9 ! ,region ( ! ,great ,pla9s4 ,,cordill]an ,,region4 ,,region ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,pla9s4 ,cordill]an zone at a high ,correlative subsid5ce & elevation4 ,p]iod ( mo/ sev]e subm]g5ce ( ! great pla9s1 glaciation & maximum developm5t ) possible contemporane\s ( ! great ,cordill]an ,glaci]4 increas$ elevation ( ! ,laur5tian axis & maximum developm5t ( ice ^u x4 ,deposition ( ! l[] b\ld]-clay ( ! pla9s4 ,gradual subsid5ce ( ! ,correlative elevation ( ! ,cordill]an region & decay ( ! we/]n "p1 at lea/1 ( ! great glaci]1 ) deposition ( great pla9s1 :i* 0 probably ! b\ld]-clay ( ! int]ior m or less irregul> & l$ to plateau & ! ,yukon bas91 ( ! ! production ( ext5sive lakes l[] b\ld]-clay ( ! littoral 9 :i* int]glacial deposits1 & probably also1 at a lat] /age includ+ peat1 7 =m$4 7& ) great] subm]g5ce71 ( ! int]glacial silts ( ! same region4 ,re-elevation ( ! ,cordill]an ,correlative subsid5ce ( ! region to a level probably z high pla9s1 :i* 7at lea/ 9 ! z or some:at high] ?an ! we/]n "p ( ! region7 pres5t4 ,maximum ( second p]iod exce$$ ! fir/ subsid5ce & ( glaciation4 ext5d$ subm]g5ce to ! base ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s ne> ! =ty-n9? p>allel4 ,=mation ( second b\ld]-clay1 & 7at a lat] /age7 disp]sion ( l>ge erratics4 ,p>tial subsid5ce ( ! ,correlative elevation ( ! ,cordill]an region1 to a level pla9s1 or at lea/ ( _! ab\t #b1ejj feet l[] ?an ! we/]n portion1 result+ 9 a pres5t4 ,long /age ( /ability4 condition ( equilibrium z ,glaci]s ( ! second p]iod betwe5 ! pla9s & ! consid]ably r$uc$4 ,upp] ,cordill]a1 _! relative b\ld]-clay ( ! coa/ probably levels becom+ ne>ly z at =m$ at ?is "t1 ?\gh p]haps pres5t4 ,probable =mation ( ! 9 "p dur+ ! second maximum ,miss\ri coteau along a %ore-l9e ( glaciation4 dur+ ?is p]iod ( re/4 ,r5ew$ elevation ( ! ,simultane\s elevation ( ! great ,cordill]an region1 ) "o pla9s to ab\t _! pres5t well-m>k$ pause1 dur+ :i* ! level1 ) f9al exclusion ( littoral /ood ab\t #bjj feet l[] wat]s 9 connection ) ! sea4 ?an at pres5t4 ,glaci]s mu* ,lake ,agassiz =m$ & ev5tually r$uc$1 & dim9i%+ 9 dra9$ t[>ds ! close ( ?is consequ5ce ( g5]al amelioration p]iod4 ,?is simultane\s movem5t ( climate t[>ds ! close ( ! 9 elevation ( bo? great areas ,glacial p]iod4 may probably h be5 connect$ ) a m g5]al nor!rn elevation ( l& at ! close ( ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,9 ,new ,zeal& ! m>ks ( ! ,glacial p]iod are unequivocal ,! glaci]s :i* n[ come d[n f ! l(ty m\nta9s ^u ! ,s\? ,isl& ( ,new ,zeal& to )9 a few hundr$ feet ( ! sea !n desc5d$ to ! sea-level4 ,! longe/ exi/+ glaci] 9 ,new ,zeal& is sixte5 miles1 b =m]ly "o ( !m _h a l5g? ( sev5ty-eight miles4 ,"o ( ! anci5t mora9es conta9s a b\ld] f ?irty to =ty feet 9 diamet]1 & ! am\nt ( glacial dbris cov]+ ! m\nta9-sides is said to be enorm\s4 ,reports h also be5 rec5tly br\ght ( signs ( anci5t glaci]s 9 ,au/ralia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4--;,g5]alis$ view ( ! :ole glaciat$ region ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! area ( motionless gr\nd-ice is %[n by ! :ite l9es 9 nor!rn "p ( ,alaska4 ,accord+ to ,d>w91 !re are di/9ct signs ( glaciation ^u ! pla9s ( ,patagonia sixty or sev5ty miles ea/ ( ! foot ( ! m\nta9s1 & 9 ! ,/raits ( ,magellan he f\nd great masses ( un/ratifi$ glacial mat]ial conta9+ b\ld]s :i* 7 at lea/ "o hundr$ & ?irty miles away f _! p>5t rock2 :ile ^u ! isl& ( ,*iloe he f\nd emb$d$ 9 h>d5$ mud b\ld]s :i* mu/ h come f ! m\nta9-*a9s ( ! cont95t4 ,agassiz also obs]v$ unque/ionable glacial ph5om5a on v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,fuegian coa/1 & inde$ ev]y:]e on ! cont95t s\? ( latitude #cg4 ,betwe5 ,concepcion & ,arauco1 9 latitude #cg1 ,agassiz obs]v$1 ne> ! sea-level1 a glacial surface well m>k$ ) furr[s & scrat*es1 & z well pres]v$1 he says1 z any he _h se5 "u ! glaci]s ( ! pres5t day4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4--,qu>tzite b\ld] ( #de cubic metres1 on ,mont ,la*at1 #hjj metres above ! valley ( ! ,belley1 9 ,a91 ,france 7,falsan74 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,anci5t ,,glaci]s ,,9 ,,! ,,ea/]n ,,hemisph]e4 ,ab\t two million squ>e miles ( nor!rn ,europe 7 cov]$ ) p]5nial ice dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,f ! scrat*es ^u ! rocks1 & f ! direction 9 :i* mat]ial has be5 transport$1 x is evid5t t ! ma9 c5tre ( radiation is to be f\nd 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,sc&9avia1 & t ! glaci]s /ill exi/+ 9 ,norway are ! l9eal desc5dants ( ^? ( ! great ,ice age4 ,s %all[ are ! ,baltic ,sea & ! ,g]man ,ocean1 t _! bas9s 7 easily fill$ ) ice1 ^u :i* ,sc&9avian b\ld]s c\ld be transport$ we/w>d to ! ea/ %ore ( ,engl&1 s\?w>d into ! pla9s ( ,g]many1 & ea/w>d f> out ^u ! /eppes ( ,russia4 ,! isl&s nor? ( ,scotl& be> m>ks also ( an ice-movem5t f ! direction ( ,norway4 ,if ,scotl& itself 0 n ov]run ) ,sc&9avian glaci]s1 ! reason 0 t x _h ice en\gh ( its own1 & f its highl&s set up a c\nt]-movem5t1 :i* successfully resi/$ ! invasion f ! ,sc&9avian ,p59sula4 ,b1 else:]e 9 ,europe1 ,sc&9avian ice mov$ freely outw>d to ! ext5t ( its capacity4 ,!n1 z n[ also1 ! ,alps furni%$ c5tres = ice-movem5t1 b ! glaci]s 7 limit$ to ! upp] portions ( ! valleys ( ! ,rhne1 ! ,rh9e1 & ! ,danube ^u ! we/ & nor?1 & to a /ill small] area ^u ! s\!rn side4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,,map %[+ ,,glaciat$ ,,areas 9 ,nor? ,am]ica & ,europe4 ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,! ma9 c5tres ( ice-movem5t 9 ! ,alps dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod are ! same z ^? :i* furni% ! l+]+ glaci]s ( ! pres5t "t4 ,f ! wat]-%$ betwe5 ! ,rh9e1 ! ,rhne1 & ! ,a>1 glaci]s ( imm5se size desc5d$ all ! valleys n[ occupi$ by ^? /reams4 ,! valley ( ! ,rhne betwe5 ! ,b]nese & ! ,p5n9e ,alps 0 fill$ ) a glaci] ( imm5se dep?1 :i* 0 ma9ta9$ by fre% supplies f tribut>ies ^u ei!r side z f> d[n z ,m>tigny4 ,glacial m>k+s at ! head ( ! ,rhne ,valley are f\nd ^u ! ,s*nee/ock1,,bk at an elevation above ! sea ( ab\t #aa1ejj feet 7#c1eej metres71 or ab\t #a1ejj feet above ! pres5t surface ( ! ,rhne ,glaci]4 ,at ,fies*1 ab\t tw5ty miles bel[1 :]e tribut>ies f ! ,b]nese ,ob]l& sn[-fields 7 receiv$1 ! ?ickness ( ! glaci] 0 upw>ds ( #e1jjj feet 7#a1fhj metres74 ,ne> ,m>tigny1 ab\t fifty miles f>!r d[n ! valley1 :]e ! glaci] 0 abruptly deflect$ to ! nor?1 ! dep? ( ! ice 0 /ill upw>ds ( #a1fjj metres4 ,f ,m>tigny nor?w>d ! ?ickness ( ! ice decreas$ rapidly = a few miles1 :]e1 at ! enl>gem5t ( ! valley above ! head ( ,lake ,g5eva1 x 0 less ?an #a1bjj metres 9 ?ickness1 & spread out ov] ! int]v5+ pla9 z f> z ,*ass]on1 ) a ne>ly level surface1 transport+1 z we h be=e said1 ,alp9e b\ld]s to ! flanks ( ! ,juras1 & l&+ !m ab\t #c1jjj feet 7#a1bge metres7 above ! level ( ,lake ,g5eva4 ,! wid? ( ! ma9 valley is "h ab\t fifty miles1 mak+ ! slope ( ! surface ( ! ice ab\t tw5ty feet to ! mile4 ,footnote ,,bk3 ,a4 ,falsan's ,la ,priode ,grlaciaire tudie pr9cipalem5t en ,france et en ,suisse1 *apitre xv4 ,f its vomitory1 at ! head ( ,lake ,g5eva1 ! ice ( ! anci5t ,rhne ,glaci] spread to ! "r & to ! left1 :ile its nor!rn b\nd>y 0 abruptly t]m9at$ by ! l9e ( ! ,jura ,m\nta9s4 ,! law ( glacial motion 01 h[ev]1 admirably illu/rat$ 9 ! height to :i* ! ice rose ^u ! flanks ( ! ,jura4 ,at ,*ass]on1 9 ! direct l9e ( its onw>d motion1 x rose to its highe/ po9t1 :ile bo? to ! s\?we/ & to ! nor!a/1 along ! l9e ( ! ,juras1 ! ice-action 0 limit$ to con/antly decreas+ levels4 ,d[n ! valley ( ! ,rhne ! direction ( motion 0 det]m9$ by ! depression ( ,lake ,g5eva1 at ! l[] end ( :i* x receiv$ its ma9 tribut>y f ,mont ,blanc1 :i* _h come d[n f ,*am\ni ?r\gh ! valley ( ! riv] ,arve4 ,f ?is po9t x 0 deflect$ by a spur ( ! ,jura ,m\nta9s m & m s\?w>d to ! vic9ity ( ,culoz1 ne> ! m\? ( ,lake ,b\rget4 ,"h ! glaci] com+ d[n f ! we/]n flanks ( ! ,alps1 ?r\gh ! upp] valley ( ! ,isre1 pa/ ,*ambry1 became pr$om9ant1 & deflect$ ! motion to ! we/ & nor?1 :i!r ! ice ext5d$ to a l9e pass+ ?r\gh ,b\rg1 ,lyons1 & ,vi5ne1 leav+ ^u "o ( ! em95ces on :i* ,lyons is built a b\ld] sev]al feet 9 diamet]1 :i* is duly pres]v$ & labell$ 9 ! public p>k 9 t portion ( ! city4 ,f>!r s\?1 glaci]s ( less ext5t m>k$ ! ,alps mo/ ( ! way to ! ,m$it]ranean1 b !y 7 n at all comp>able 9 size to ^? f ! c5tral region4 ,to ! "r ( ,lake ,g5eva ! movem5t />t$ by ! ,rhne ,glaci] spread ea/w>d1 be+ jo9$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,b]ne by ! conflu5t ice-/ream :i* desc5d$ f ! nor? flank ( ! ,b]nese ,ob]l&1 ?r\gh ! valley ( ! ,a>4 ,^! unit$ /reams fill$ ! :ole valley ) ice z f> d[n z ,soleure4,,bl ,footnote ,,bl3 ,see map ( ,rhne ,glaci]1 on p4 #eh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map ,,( ,,glacial ,,movem5ts ,,9 ,,france ,,& ,,switz]l&4 ,f>!r ea/w>d1 o!r ice-/reams f ! ,alps became pr$om9ant1 "o ( :i*1 mov+ d[n ! ,reuss1 deploy$ out ^u ! c\ntry ly+ nor? ( ,luc]ne & ,zug4 ,/ill f>!r d[n1 ! anci5t glaci] :i* desc5d$ ! ,limmatt spread itself out ov] ! hills & l[l&s ab\t ,zri*1 "o ( its mora9es ( retrocession ne>ly divid+ ! lake into two portions4 ,guyot & o!rs h %[n t ! sup]ficial deposits ( ?is portion ( ,switz]l& are j su* z w\ld be di/ribut$ by glaci]s com+ d[n f ! above-m5tion$ ,alp9e valleys4 ,unit+ toge!r nor? ( ,zri*1 ^! glaci]s pu%$ onw>d z f> z ! ,rh9e bel[ ,s*affhaus54 ,9 ,frick?al ! glacial ice 0 /ill #a1bjj feet ?ick1 & at ,kai/]b]g betwe5 #djj & #ejj feet4 ,at ,luc]ne !re is a rem>kable exposure ( pot-holes1 & a glaciat$ surface su* z c\ld be produc$ only by ! comb9$ action ( mov+ ice & runn+ wat]2 ?us furni%+ to t\ri/s an in/ructive object-lesson4 ,among ! rem>kable in/ances ( b\ld]s transport$ a long di/ance 9 ,switz]l&1 is t ( a block ( granite c>ri$ f ! ,valais to ! vic9ity ( ,soleure1 a di/ance ( "o hundr$ & fifte5 miles1 :i* weighs ab\t #d1ajj tons4 ,! celebrat$ ,pi]re--,bot1 above ,neuf*tel1 measures #ej' #bj' #dj'1 & conta9s ab\t #dj1jjj cubic feet ( /one2 :ile ! ,pi]re-des-,m>mettes1 ne> ,mon!y1 conta9s no less ?an #fj1hdj cubic feet4 ,! anci5t glaci] ( ! ,rh9e1 receiv+ its initial impulse 9 ! same c5tre z t ( ! ,rhne1 fully equall$ x 9 all its dim5sions4 ,desc5d+ ea/w>d f its s\rce ne> ! ,s*nee/ock to ,*ur1 a di/ance ( fifty miles1 x turn$ nor?w>d & cont9u$ =ty-five miles f>!r to ! head ( ,lake ,con/ance1 :]e x spread out 9 fan-%ape1 ext5d+ nor?we/ to ,?i5g51 bel[ ,s*affhaus51 & cov]+ a consid]able area nor? & nor!a/w>d ( ! lake1 rea*+ 9 ! latt] direction ,ulm1 ^u ! ,danube--! :ole di/ance ( ! movem5t be+ m ?an "o hundr$ & fifty miles4 ,?r\gh o!r valleys tribut>y to ! ,danube1 glaci]s desc5d$ ^u ! upp] pla9s ( ,bav>ia1 f ! ,tyrolese ,alps to ! vic9ity ( ,muni*4 ,f ,gross ,glockn] z a c5tre 9 ! ,noric ,alps1 va/ riv]s ( ice1 ( :i* ! ,pa/]z5 ,glaci] is ! remnant1 p\r$ f> d[n into ! valleys ( ! ,inn & ! ,enns on ! nor? & into t ( ! ,drave on ! s\!a/4 ,f>!r ea/w>d 9 ?is "p ( ,europe ! m\nta9s seem to h be5 too l[ to h furni%$ c5tres = any g5]al disp]sion ( glacial ice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4--,map %[+ ! ,l9es ( ,dbris ext5d+ f ! ,alps into ! ,pla9s ( ! ,po 7aft] ,lyell74 ,a4 ,cre/ ( ! ,alp9e wat]-%$2 ,b4 ,nv-fields ( ! anci5t glaci]s2 ,c4 ,mora9es ( anci5t glaci]s4 ,^u ! s\? side ( ! ,alps ! anci5t glaci]s spread f> out ^u ! pla9s ( ,lomb>dy1 :]e mora9es ( va/ ext5t & ( e description enable ! /ud5t to det]m9e ! exact limits ( ! anci5t ice-action4 ,f ! s\!rn flanks ( ,mont ,blanc & ,monte ,rosa1 & f ! sn[-fields ( ! we/]n ,alps1 glaci]s ( great volume desc5d$ into ! valley ( ,dora ,baltea 7vale ( ,ao/a71 & on em]g+ f ! m\nta9 valley ,spread ,out ov] ! pla9s ar\nd ,ivrea1 leav+ mora9e hills 9 "s in/ances #a1ejj feet 9 height4 ,! total l5g? ( ?is glaci] 0 z mu* z "o hundr$ & tw5ty miles4 ,f ! sn[-fields 9 ! vic9ity ( ,mont ,c5is1 also1 glaci]s ext5d$ d[n ! ,dora ,rip]a to ! vic9ity ( ,tur91 & d[n o!r valleys to a less ext5t4 ,! lat]al mora9es ( ! ,diore1 on ! s\? side ( ,mont ,blanc1 at ! head ( ! ,dora ,baltea1 are #b1jjj feet above ! pres5t riv]1 & ext5d ^u ! left bank = a di/ance ( tw5ty miles4 ,f ! ea/]n ,alps1 glaci]s desc5d$ ?r\gh all ! valleys ( ! ,italian lakes & deposit$ va/ t]m9al mora9es1 :i* /ill ob/ruct ! dra9age1 & produce ! *>m+ lakes ( t region4 ,a special hi/oric int]e/ p]ta9s to ! s]ies ( conc5tric mora9es s\? ( ,lake ,g>da1 s9ce x 0 9 ! reticulations ( ?is glacial deposit t ! la/ great battle = ,italian lib]ty 0 f\ght on ,june #bd1 #ahei4 ,defeat$ 9 ! engagem5ts f>!r up ! valley ( ! ,po1 ! ,au/rian g5]al ,b5$ek took 8 f9al /& to resi/ ! unit$ =ces ( ,france & ,italy beh9d an out] semicircle ( ! mora9e hills s\? ( ?is lake 7"s ( :i* are #ejj or #fjj feet above ! surr\nd+ c\ntry71 ) 8 c5tre at ,solf]9o1 ab\t t5 miles f ,pes*]a4 ,"h1 beh9d ?is natural =tification1 he await$ ! enemy1 :o 0 compell$ to p]=m 8 manoeuvres on ! op5 pla9 :i* spread out on e side4 ,b ! natural =tifications furni%$ by ! mora9e hills 7 too ext5sive to be def5d$ by an army ( mod]ate size4 ,! troops ( ,napoleon & ,victor ,immanuel conc5trat$ at ,solf]9o & broke ?r\gh ! l9e4 ,?us ! day 0 lo/ to ! ,au/rians1 & !y retir$ f ,lomb>dy1 leav+ to ,italy bo? ! artificial & ! natural =tifications t gu>d ! s\!rn end ( ?is important entrance to ! ,tyrolese ,alps4 ,:5 once 8 att5tion is call$ to ! subject1 ! travell] ^u ! railroad _c fail to notice ?is s]ies ( mora9es1 z he ent]s x ?r\gh a tunnel at ,lonato on ! we/1 & em]ges f x at ,soma ,campagna1 eighte5 or tw5ty miles di/ant to ! ea/4 ,a monum5t celebrat+ ! victory /&s ^u a mora9e hill ab\t half-way betwe51 at ,m>t9o della ,battaglie4 ,9 o!r portions ( c5tral & s\!rn ,europe ! m\nta9s 7 too l[ to furni% important c5tres = glacial movem5ts4 ,/ill1 to a limit$ ext5t1 ! signs ( anci5t glaci]s are se5 9 ! m\nta9s ( ! ,black ,=e/1 9 ! ,h>z & ,erzgebirge1 & 9 ! ,c>pa?ians on ! ea/ & among ! ,ap5n9es on ! s\?4 ,9 ,spa91 also1 !re 7 limit$ ice-fields on ! high] portions ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada & 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,e/remadura1 & p]haps 9 "s o!r places4 ,9 ,france1 small glaci]s 7 to be f\nd 9 ! high] portions ( ! ,auv]gne1 ( ! ,morvan1 ( ! ,vosges1 & ( ! ,cev5nes2 :ile1 f ! ,pyr5ees1 glaci]s ext5d$ nor?w>d ?r\gh\t ne>ly _! :ole ext5t4 ,! ice-/ream desc5d+ f ! c5tral mass ( ,maladetta ?r\gh ! upp] valley ( ! ,g>onne1 0 jo9$ by sev]al tribut>ies1 & atta9$ a l5g? ( ab\t =ty-five miles4 ,! ,briti% ,isles4 ,dur+ ! climax ( ! ,glacial p]iod ! ,hebrides to ! nor? ( ,scotl& 7 cov]$ ) ice to a dep? ( #a1fjj feet4 ,h[ f> we/w>d ( ?is x mov$ out to ! sea1 x is ( c\rse impossible to tell4 ,b 9 ! *annels betwe5 ! ,hebrides & ,scotl& x is evid5t t ! wat] 0 completely expell$ by ! ice1 & t1 f a height ( #a1fjj feet above ! ,hebrides to ! nor!rn %ores ( ,scotl&1 !re 0 a cont9u\s ice-field slop+ s\?w>d at ! rate ( ab\t tw5ty-five feet a mile4 ,scotl& itself 0 completely envelop$ 9 glacial ice4 ,prev5t$ by ! ,sc&9avian ,glaci] f mov+ ea/w>d1 ! ,scot* movem5t 0 compell$ to be we/w>d & s\?w>d4 ,on ! s\?we/ ! ice-/ream rea*$ ! %ores ( ,irel&1 & became conflu5t ) ! glaci]s t envelop$ t isl&1 completely fill+ ! ,iri% ,sea4 ,!re are s _m controv]t$ po9ts respect+ ! glacial geology ( ,engl&1 & !y h su* an important be>+ ^u ! ma9 "q ( ?is volume1 t a pretty full discussion ( !m w be necess>y4 ,i h rec5tly be5 ov] en\gh ( ! gr\nd myself to become satisfi$ ( ! g5]al correctness ( ! views ent]ta9$ by my late colleague1 ! lam5t$ ,pr(essor ,h5ry ,c>vill ,lewis1 ^: dea? 9 #ahhh took place be=e ! publication ( 8 mo/ mature conclusions4 ,b ! l9es ( inve/igation to :i* he gave s p[]ful an impulse h s9ce be5 foll[$ out by an active body ( sci5tific obs]v]s4 ,to give ! /atem5t ( facts great] precision & au?ority1 ,i h committ$ ! prep>ation ( x to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,nor?we/ ( ,engl& ,b\ld] ,committee1 ,p]cy ,f4 ,k5dall1 ,f4 ,g4 ,s41 ,lectur] on ,geology at ! ,york%ire ,college1 ,le$s1 & at ! ,/ockport ,te*nical ,s*ool1 ,engl&4,,bm ,footnote ,,bm3 ,mr4 ,k5dall's contribution ext5ds to page #aha4 ,all ! *>act]i/ic evid5ces ( ! action ( l&-ice c be f\nd 9 ! greate/ p]fection 9 _m p>ts ( ,engl& & ,wales4 ,druml9s1 kames1 ro*es m\tonnes1 f>-travell$ erratics1 t]m9al mora9es1 & p]*$ blocks1 all occur4 ,!re are1 besides1 9 ! wide-spread deposits ( b\ld]-clay :i* cov] s _m ?\s&s ( squ>e miles on ! l[ gr\nds ly+ on ei!r side ( ! ,p5n9e *a91 evid5ces ( ! op]ation ( ice-masses ( a size f> exce$+ t ( ! gr&e/ ( exi/+ ,european glaci]s4 ,b1 :ile ! pro(s ( protract$ & sev]e glaciation are ?us pat5t1 !re are1 nev]!less1 _m app>5tly anomal\s circum/ances :i* arre/ ! att5tion :5 ! :ole c\ntry is survey$4 ,! glacial ph5om5a appe> to be /rictly limit$ to ! c\ntry ly+ to ! nor?w>d ( a l9e ext5d+ f ! ,bri/ol ,*annel to ! m\? ( ! ,?ames2 & )9 ! glaciat$ area !re are _m ext5sive tracts ( l& devoid ( 'drift' or o!r indications ( ice-action4 ,by comp>ison ) ! ph5om5a display$ 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t1 ,engli% glacial geology mu/ seem puny & insignificant2 b1 j z ) ! features ( ! ',solid ,geology1' we h compress$ )9 ! n>r[ limits ( our isles an epitome ( ! features :i* across ! ,atlantic require a cont95t = _! exposition4 ,x has result$ f ?is conc5tration t ,engli% geology requires a mu* clos] & m m9ute inve/igation4 ,& ! difficulty :i* has be5 exp]i5c$ by glacial geologi/s ( deal+ ) an involv$ s]ies ( facts has1 9 ! abs5ce ( any clue lead+ to ! co-ord9ation ( a va/ s]ies ( m or less disconnect$ obs]vations1 result$ 9 ! adoption1 to meet c]ta9 local anomalies1 ( explanations :i* 7 v difficult if n impossible ( reconciliation ) facts obs]v$ 9 adjac5t areas4 ,?us1 to acc\nt = %ell-be>+ drift ext5d+ up to ! wat]-%$ on "o side ( a l(ty range ( hills1 a subm]g5ce ( ! l& to a dep? ( #a1djj feet has be5 po/ulat$2 leav+ = indep5d5t explanation ! fact1 t ! opposite slopes ( ! hills & ! l[ gr\nd beyond 7 absolutely de/itute ( drift or ( any evid5ce ( m>9e action4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages ,i mu/ adopt a some:at dogmatic tone1 9 ord] to conf9e myself )9 ! limits ( space :i* are impos$2 & tru/ r to ! cohesion & consi/5cy ( ! explanations (f]$ & to a few pregnant facts ?an to ! weigh+ & contra/+ ( rival !ories4 ,! facts po9t conclusively to ! action 9 ! ,briti% ,isles ( a s]ies ( glaci]s radiat+ outw>d f ! great hill *a9s or clu/]s1 &1 z ! refrig]ation progress$1 becom+ conflu5t & mov+ ?\gh 9 ! same g5]al direction1 yet ) less reg>d to ! m9or inequalities ( ! gr\nd4 ,dur+ ^! two /ages _m glaci]s mu/ h deb\*$ ^u ! sea-coa/1 ) ! consequ5t production ( iceb]gs1 :i* float$ (f ) loads ( b\ld]s & disp]s$ !m 9 ! r&om fa%ion :i* is a necess>y *>act]i/ic ( transport by float+ ice4 ,) a fur!r acc5tuation ( ! cold conditions ! dis*>ge ( b]gs f t]m9al fronts :i* advanc$ into ! extremely %all[ seas surr\nd+ ! ,briti% %ores w\ld be q inadequate to relieve ! great press ( ice1 & a fur!r coalesc5ce ( sep>ate elem5ts mu/ h result$4 ,9 ! case ( enclos$ seas--z1 = example1 ! ,iri% ,sea--! cont9u$ in?ru/ ( glaci]-ice w\ld expel ! wat] completely2 & ! conjo9$ ice-masses w\ld take a direction ( fl[ ! resultant ( ! mom5tum & direction ( ! con/itu5t elem5ts4 ,9 o!r cases--z1 = example1 9 ! ,nor? ,sea--extrane\s ice approa*+ ! %ores might cause a deflection ( ! fl[ ( ! native glaci]s1 ev5 ?\gh ! =eign ice might nev] actually rea* ! %ore4 ,to su* a sy/em ( conflu5t glaci]s1 & to ! sep>ate elem5ts out ( :i* !y grew1 & into :i*1 aft] ! culm9ation1 !y 7 resolv$1 ,i attribute ! :ole ( ! ph5om5a ( ! ,engli% & ,wel% drift4 ,& only at "o or two po9ts ^u ! coa/1 & rais$ b little above ! sea-level1 c ,i recognise any signs ( m>9e action4 ,! ,preglacial ,level ( ! ,l&4--,!re is v little direct evid5ce be>+ ^u ?is po9t4 ,9 ,norfolk ! fam\s =e/ b$1 ) its associat$ deposits1 /&s at almo/ precisely ! level :i* x occupi$ 9 preglacial times4 ,at ,sew]by1 ne> ,flambor\gh ,head1 !re is an anci5t bea* & 'buri$ cliff' :i* ! sea is n[ d5ud+ ( its swa?+ ( drift-deposits1 & its level c be se5 to be almo/ absolutely co9cid5t ) ! pres5t bea*4 ,mr4 ,lamplugh1 ^: description ( ! ',drifts ( ,flambor\gh ,head1',,bn con/itutes "o ( ! gems ( glacial lit]ature1 consid]s t !re is cle> evid5ce t ! l& /ood at ?is level = a long p]iod4 ,! bea* is cov]$ by a ra9-wa% ( small ext5t1 & t 9 turn by an anci5t deposit ( bl[n s&1 :ile ! l[e/ memb] ( ! drift s]ies ( ,york%ire cov]s ! :ole4 ,mr4 ,lamplugh ?9ks t ! bl[n s& may indicate a slight elevation ( ! l&2 b ! bea* appe>s to me to be ! /orm bea*1 & ! r$uction 9 ! =ce ( ! waves su* z w\ld result f ! approa* ( an ice-front a few miles to ! seaw>d w\ld probably produce ! necess>y conditions4 ,footnote ,,bn3 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 vol4 xlvii4 ,six miles to ! nor?w>d ( ,flambor\gh1 at ,speeton1 a b$ ( e/u>9e silt conta9+ ! rema9s ( mollusca 9 ! position ( life occurs at an altitude ( n9ety feet above high-wat] m>k4 ,mr4 ,lamplugh incl9es to ! op9ion t ?is b$ is ( e>li] date ?an ! 'buri$ cliff'2 he also admits ! possibility t its sup]ior altitude may be due to a purely local upw>d bulg+ ( ! s(t ,l[] ,cretace\s clays ^u :i* ! e/u>9e b$ re/s by ! weight ( ! adjac5t l(ty *alk esc>pm5t4 ,! evid5ce obta9$ f inl& sections & bor+s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,engl& has be5 tak5 to indicate a great] altitude 9 preglacial times4 ,?us1 9 ,essex1 deep-bor+s h reveal$ ! exi/5ce ( deep drift-fill$ valleys1 hav+ _! floors bel[ sea-level4 ,! valley ( ! ,m]sey is a /ill bett] example4 ,num]\s bor+s h be5 made 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,widnes & at o!r places 9 ! l[] rea*es ( ! riv]1 mak+ x cle> t !re is a *annel fill$ ) drift & ext5d+ to #adf feet bel[ mean sea-level4 ,?is1 ) sev]al o!r in/ances1 has be5 tak5 to indicate a great] altitude = ! l& 9 preglacial times1 s9ce a riv] c\ld n erode its *annel to su* a dep? bel[ sea-level4 ,! argum5t appe>s inconclusive = "o pr9cipal reason3 no m5tion is made ( any riv] gravels or o!r alluvium 9 ! bor+s4 ,inde$1 !re is an explicit /atem5t t ! deposits are all glacial1 %[+ t ! *annel mu/ h be5 cle>$ out by ice4 ,?is1 !re=e1 leaves op5 ! vital "q1 :e!r ! deposits remov$ 7 m>9e or fluviatile4 ,x may be rem>k$ t ! great e/u>y ( ! ,m]sey has und\bt$ly be5 produc$ by a po/-glacial 7& probably po/-,roman7 movem5t ( depression4 ,! ,preglacial ,climate4--,9 all speculations reg>d+ ! cause ( ! ,glacial epo*1 due acc\nt mu/ be tak5 ( ! und\bt$ fact t x came on ) extreme sl[ness & dep>t$ ) comp>ative sudd5ness4 ,9 ! ea/ ( ,engl& an almo/ p]fect & un9t]rupt$ sequ5ce ( deposits is pres]v$1 ext5d+ f ! e>ly "p ( ! ,plioc5e p]iod d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,^! 9 desc5d+ ord] are3 #a4 ,po/-glacial s&s1 gravels1 etc4 #b4 ,glacial s]ies4 #c4 ,! ',=e/ ,b$' & associat$ m>9e deposits4 #d4 ,*illes=d clay & s&4 #e4 ,! _m successive /ages ( ! ,r$ ,crag4 7,! ,norwi* ,crag is a local v>iation ( ! upp] "p ( ! ,r$ ,crag47 #f4 ,! ,corall9e ,crag4 ,! fossils pres]v$ 9 ^! deposits1 ap>t f ! physical indications1 exhibit ! climatal *anges :i* accompani$ _! deposition4 ,! ,corall9e ,crag conta9s a fauna consi/+ ma9ly ( species :i* n[ range to ! ,m$it]ranean1 _m ( !m be+ re/rict$ to ! w>m s\!rn wat]s4 ,associat$ ) ^! are a few boreal =ms1 b !y are repres5t$ 9 g5]al by few individuals4 ,"h & !re 9 ! deposits ( ?is age f>-travell$ /ones are to be f\nd1 b !y are always acc\nt$ great r>ities4 ,! ,r$ ,crag consi/s ( an irregul> assemblage ( bea*es & s&-banks ( widely diff]5t ages1 b _! sequ5ce c be made out ) ease by a /udy ( ! fauna4 ,9 ! olde/ deposits1 ,m$it]ranean species are v num]\s1 :ile ! boreal =ms are comp>atively r>e2 b 9 successive lat] deposits ! proportions are v gradually rev]s$1 & f ! ov]ly+ ,*illes=d s]ies ! ,m$it]ranean species are practically abs5t4 ,! physical indications run p>i passu ) ! paleontological1 & 9 ! new] b$s ( ! ,r$ ,crag f>-travell$ /ones are common4 ,9 ! ,=e/ ,b$ s]ies !re is a m>9e b&--! ,l$a myalis b$--:i* conta9s an almo/ arctic assemblage ( %ells2 :ile at ab\t ! same horizon plant rema9s h be5 f\nd1 includ+ su* high nor!rn species z ,salix pol>is & ,betula nana4 ,! glacial deposits d n1 9 my op9ion1 conta9 any:]e 9 ,engl& or ,wales a g5u9e intr9sic fauna1 su* %ells z occur 9 ! ,ea/ ,anglian glacial deposits hav+ be5 d]iv$ 9 "p f a contempor>y sea-b$1 &1 = ! re/1 f ! old] =mations1 d[n p]haps to ! ,corall9e ,crag4 ,9 ! po/-glacial deposits we h h>dly any trace ( a survival ( ! boreal =ms1 & ,i consid] t ! :ole m>9e fauna ( ! ,nor? ,sea 0 entirely oblit]at$ at ! culm9ation ( ! ,glacial epo*1 & t ! repeopl+ 9 po/-glacial times proce$$ ma9ly f ! ,engli% ,*annel1 into :i* ! nor!rn =ms nev] p5etrat$4 ,! ,great ,glacial ,c5tres4 ,:]e su* complex int]actions h to be describ$ z 7 produc$ by ! conflict+ glaci]s ( ! ,briti% ,isles x is difficult to deal consecutively ) ! ph5om5a ( any "o area1 b ) %ort digressions 9 explanation ( special po9ts x may be possible to accompli% a cle> pres5tation ( ! facts4 ,wales4--,! ph5om5a ( ,s\? ,wales are comp>atively simple4 ,great glaci]s travell$ due s\?w>d f ! l(ty ,brecknock ,beacons1 & left ! *>act]i/ic m\tonne appe>ance ^u ! rocky b$ ov] :i* !y mov$4 ,! b\ld]-transport is 9 entire agreem5t ) ! o!r indications1 & !re are no %ells 9 ! drift4 ,! facts await+ explanation are ! occurr5ce 9 ! b\ld]-clays ( ,glamorgan%ire1 at altitudes up to f\r hundr$ feet1 ( fl9ts1 & ( igne\s rocks some:at resembl+ ^? ( ! ,ar*an s]ies ( ! ,wrek94 ,at ,clun1 9 ,%rop%ire1 a tra9 ( erratics 7see map7 has be5 trac$ back to its s\rce to ! we/w>d4 ,on ! we/ coa/1 9 ,c>digan ,bay1 ! b\ld]s are all su* z might h be5 d]iv$ f ! int]ior ( ,wales4 ,at ,/4 ,david's ,p59sula1 ,pembroke%ire1 /ri occur com+ 9 f ! nor?we/1 &1 tak5 ) ! discov]y ( b\ld]s ( nor!rn rocks1 may po9t to a s\?w>d ext5sion ( a great glaci] produc$ by conflu5t %eets t *ok$ ! ,iri% ,sea4 ,in=mation is v scanty reg>d+ l>ge areas 9 mid-,wales1 b su* z c be ga!r$ seems to po9t to ice-%$d+ hav+ tak5 place f a nor? & s\? p>t+ l9e4 ,9 ,nor? ,wales1 mu* admirable "w has be5 done :i* cle>ly indicates ! neighb\rhood ( ,great ,ar5ig 7,ar5ig ,mawr7 z ! radiant po9t = a great disp]sal ( blocks ( volcanic rock ( a *>act]i/ic ,wel% type4 ,irel&4--,a brief ref]5ce mu/ be made to ,irel&1 z ! ice :i* took orig9 !re play$ an important "p 9 br++ ab\t "s /range effects 9 ,engli% glaciation1 :i* w\ld be inexplicable )\t a recognition ( ! causes 9 op]ation across ! ,iri% ,sea4 ,irel& is a great bas91 surr\nd$ by an almo/ cont9u\s girdle ( hills4 ,! ra9fall is excessive1 & ! sn[-fall 0 probably m ?an proportionately great2 !re=e we might expect t an ice-%eet ( v l>ge dim5sions w\ld result f ?is comb9ation ( fav\r+ conditions4 ,! ,iri% ice-%eet appe>s to h mov$ outw>d f ab\t ! c5tre ( ! isl&1 b ! ma9 fl[ 0 probably conc5trat$ ?r\gh ! gaps 9 ! encircl+ m\nta9s4 ,gall[ay4--,! great range ( granite m\nta9s 9 ! s\?we/]n corn] ( ,scotl& seems to h giv5 orig9 to an imm5se mass ( ice :i* mov$ 9 ! ma9 to ! s\?w>d1 & !re are good gr\nds = ! belief t ! :ole ice-dra9age ( ! area1 ev5 t :i* ga!r$ on ! nor!rn side ( ! wat]-%$1 ultimately f\nd its way into ! ,iri% ,sea bas9 & came d[n coa/wise & across ! l[ gr\nds ( ! ,r9ns ( ,gall[ay1 be+ pu%$ d[n by ! press ( ,highl& ice :i* ent]$ ! ,fir? ( ,clyde4 ,x is a notewor?y fact t m>9e %ells occur 9 ! drift 9 ! c\rse tak5 by ! ice com+ on to ! extremity ( ,gall[ay f ! ,clyde4 ,! ,lake ,di/rict4--,a radial fl[ ( ice took place d[n ! valleys f ab\t ! c5tre ( ! ,cumbrian hill-plexus1 b movem5t to ! ea/w>d 0 at fir/ =bidd5 by ! great ramp>t ( ! ,cross ,fell esc>pm5t1 :i* /ret*es l a wall along ! ea/]n side ( ! ,vale ( ,ed54 ,dur+ ! "t :5 ! ,cumbrian glaci]s _h unob/ruct$ access to ! ,solway ,fri?1 to ! ,iri% ,sea1 & to ,morecambe ,bay1 ! disp]sal ( b\ld]s ( *>act]i/ic local rocks w\ld foll[ ! ord9>y dra9age-l9es2 b1 z w be %[n lat]1 a /ate ( affairs sup]v5$ 9 ! ,iri% ,sea :i* result$1 9 _m cases1 9 a complete rev]sal ( ! ice-fl[4 ,! ,p5n9e ,*a9 0 ! s\rce ( glaci]s ( maje/ic dim5sions ^u bo? its flanks 9 ! region nor? ( ,skipton1 b to ! s\?w>d ( t brea* 9 ! *a9 7see map7 no evid5ce is obta9able ( any local glaci]s4 ,! ,conflu5t ,glaci]s4 ,) ! gr[? ( ice-caps ^u ! great c5tres a condition ( affairs 0 br\ght ab\t 9 ! ,iri% ,sea productive ( results :i* w readily be =ese54 ,! enorm\s volumes ( ice p\r$ into ! %all[ sea f nor?1 s\?1 ea/1 & we/1 result$ 9 su* a conge/ion z to necessitate ! initiation ( "s new sy/ems ( dra9age4 ,! ,iri% ,sea ,glaci]4--,! ice f ,gall[ay1 ,cumbria1 & ,irel& became conflu5t1 =m+ :at ! late ,pr(essor ,c>vill ,lewis t]m$ '! ,iri% ,sea ,glaci]1' & took a direction to ! s\?w>d4 ,"h x came 9 diametrical conflict ) ! nor?w>d-fl[+ elem5t ( ! ,wel% %eet1 :i* x arre/$ & ma/]$2 & ! ,iri% ,sea ,glaci] bifurcat$1 probably close ^u ! precipit\s ,wel% coa/ to ! ea/w>d ( ! ,little ,orme's ,head1 & ! two bran*es fl[$ coa/wise to ea/w>d & we/w>d1 keep+ ne> ! %ore-l9e4 ,! we/]ly bran* swept r\nd close to ! coa/ 9 a s\?we/]ly direction1 & completely ov]rode ,anglesea2 /riat+ ! rock-surfaces f nor!a/ to s\?we/ 7see map71 & /rew+ ! c\ntry ) its bottom-mora9e1 conta9+ *>act]i/ic nor!rn rocks1 su* z ! ,gall[ay granites1 ! lavas & granites ( ! c5tral & we/]n portions ( ! ,lake ,di/rict1 & fragm5ts ( %ells d]iv$ f %ell-banks 9 ! ,iri% ,sea4 ,"o episode ( ?is phase ( ! ice-movem5t 0 ! invasion ( ! fir/ l9e ( hills betwe5 ! ,m5ai ,/raits & ,sn[don4 ,! gravels & s&s ( ,fridd-bryn-mawr1 ,moel ,tryfa51 & ,moel-y-,cilgwyn1 are ! co>s] wa%+s ( ! bottom-mora9e1 & consequ5tly conta9 su* rock-fragm5ts & %ells z *>act]ise x4 ,f ,moel-y-,cilgwyn s\?w>d1 evid5ce is lack+ reg>d+ ! c\rse tak5 by ! glaci]1 b x probably pass$ ov] or betwe5 ! ,rivals ,m\nta9s 7,yr ,eifl71 & d[n ,c>digan ,bay at "s di/ance f ! coa/ 9 conflu5ce ) ! ice f mid-,wales2 &1 z ,i h sugge/$1 may h pass$ ov] ,/4 ,david's ,head4 ,return+ n[ t[>ds ! head ( ! glaci] we may foll[ ) advantage its left bank d[nw>d4 ,! ice-fl[ on ! ,cumb]l& coa/ appe>s to h resembl$ v mu* t 9 ,nor? ,wales4 ,a great press ( ice f ! nor?w>d 7,gall[ay7 seems to h _h a p[]ful 'ea/+' imp>t$ to x by ! conjo9t influ5ces ( ! ?ru/ ( ! ,iri% ice & ! infl[ ( ice f ! ,clyde4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! cause1 ! effect is cle>3 ab\t ,rav5glass cleavage took place1 & a fl[ to nor?w>d & to s\?w>d1 ea* b5d+ ea/]ly4 ,by f> ! l>g] mass took a s\!rly c\rse & b5t r\nd ,black ,combe1 ov] ,walney1 & a /rip ( ! ma9l& ab\t ,b>r[ 9 ,furness1 & out into & across ,morecambe ,bay4 ,its limits are m>k$ 9 ! field by ! occurr5ce ( ! same rocks :i* *>act]ise x 9 ,anglesea1 viz41 ! granites ( ,gall[ay & ( we/ & c5tral ,cumbria4 ,! cont9u$ ?ru/ %\ld]$ 9 ! glaci] ^u ! ma9l& ( ,lanca%ire1 b ! precise po9t ( em]g5ce has n yet be5 trac$1 ?\gh x _c be m ?an a few miles f ! position indicat$ on ! map4 ,i %\ld "h rem>k1 t all along ! b\nd>ies ! ,iri% ,sea ,glaci] 0 conflu5t ) local ice1 except1 probably1 9 t "p ( ! ,p5n9e *a9 to ! s\?w>d ( ,skipton4 ,d[n to ,skipton !re 0 a great mass ( ,p5n9e ice :i* 0 compell$ to take an almo/ due s\!rly c\rse1 & ?us to run directly a?w>t ! direction ( ! ma9 hills & valleys4 ,a %>p ea/]ly inflection ( ! ,iri% ,sea ,glaci] c>ri$ x up ! valley ( ! ,ribble1 & !nce1 "u ! %\ld] ( ,p5dle1 to ,burnley1 :]e ,scotti% granites are f\nd 9 ! b\ld]-clay4 ,on ! summit ( ! ,p5n9e wat]-%$1 at ,heald ,moor1 ne> ,todmord5 7#a1dai feet71 b\ld]-clay has be5 f\nd conta9+ erratics belong+ to ?is disp]sion2 :ile 9 ! gorge ( ! ,york%ire ,cald]1 :i* fl[s along ! ea/]n side ( ! same hill1 n a ve/ige ( su* a deposit is to be f\nd1 sav+ a few erratic pebbles at a di/ance ( eight or t5 miles1 :i* 7 probably c>ri$ d[n by flood-wa% f ! edge ( ! ice4 ,f ?is po9t ! limits ( ! ice may be trac$ along ! flanks ( ! ,p5n9e *a9 at an av]age altitude ( ab\t #a1ajj feet4 ,at "o place ! erratics c be trac$ to a position :i* w\ld indicate ! =mation ( an extra-mora9ic lake hav+ its head at a col ab\t #a1jjj feet above sea-level1 sep>at+ x f ! valley ( an ea/w>d-fl[+ /ream1 ! ,wye1 ab\t twelve miles d[n :i* a few granite blocks h be5 f\nd4 ,o!r extra-mora9ic lakes mu/ h be5 =m$1 b v little in=mation has be5 collect$ reg>d+ !m4 ,! ,iri% ,sea ,glaci] c be %[n to h spread across ! :ole c\ntry to ! we/w>d ( ! l9e ,i h trac$1 & beyond ! e/u>y ( ! ,dee4 ,i may n[ foll[ its b\nd>ies on ! ,wel% coa/1 & pursue ! l9e to ! f9al melt+-place ( ! glaci]4 ,f ! ,little ,orme's ,head ! l9e ( conflu5ce ) ! native ice is pretty cle>ly def9$4 ,x runs 91 p]haps1 half a mile f ! %ore1 until ! broad l[ tract ( ! ,vale ( ,clwyd is rea*$4 ,"h ! nor!rn ice obta9$ a m complete ma/]y1 & pu%$ 9 ev5 z f> z ,d5bigh4 ,?is extreme limit 0 probably atta9$ z a m]e tempor>y episode4 ,horizontal /ri on a v]tical face ( lime/one on ! crags dom9at+ ! m\? ( ! vale on ! ea/]n side atte/ beyond dispute ! action ( a mass ( l&-ice mov+ 9 f ! nor?4 ,i may "h rem>k1 t 9 ?is di/rict ! deposits furni% a v complete record ( ! ev5ts ( ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,9 ! cliffs on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,little ,orme's ,head1 & at sev]al o!r po9ts along ! coa/ t[>ds ! ea/1 a sequ5ce may be obs]v$ z foll[s3 #d4 ,b\ld]-clay ) nor!rn erratics & %ells4 #c4 ,s&s & gravels ) nor!rn erratics & %ells4 #b4 ,b\ld]-clay ) nor!rn erratics & %ells4 #a4 ,b\ld]-clay ) ,wel% erratics & no %ells4 ,a simil> succession is to be se5 9 ! ,vale ( ,clwyd4 ,! int]pretation is cle>3 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( glaciation ! ,wel% ice spread )\t h9drance to1 & laid d[n1 b$ ,no4 #a2 !n ! nor!rn ice came d[n1 br++ its typical erratics & ! sc\r+s ( ! sea-bottom1 & laid d[n ! v>iable s]ies ( clays1 s&s1 & gravels :i* con/itute ,nos4 #b1 #c1 & #d ( ! section4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4--,! ,cefn ,cave1 9 ,vale ( ,clwyd4 7,trimm]47 a1 ,entrance2 b1 mud ) pebbles & wood cov]$ ) /alagmite2 c1 mud1 bones1 & angul> fragm5ts ( lime/one2 d1 s& & silt1 ) fragm5ts ( m>9e %ells2 e1 fissure2 f1 nor!rn drift2 g1 cave cle>$ ( mud2 h1 riv] ,elwy1 #ajj feet bel[2 i1 lime/one rock4 ,9 ! ,vale ( ,clwyd an additional int]e/ is imp>t$ to ! /udy ( ! drift f ! circum/ance t ! rema9s ( man h be5 f\nd 9 deposits 9 caves seal$ ) drift-b$s4 ,! be/ example is ! ,cae ,gwyn caves1 9 :i* fl9t implem5ts & ! bones & tee? ( v>i\s ext9ct animals 7 f\nd emb$d$ 9 'cave-e>?' :i* 0 ov]laid by b$d$ deposits ( %ell-be>+ drift1 ) erratics ( ! nor!rn type4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ! drift-deposits 7 m>9e accumulations2 b x is inconceivable t ! cave c\ld ev] h be5 subject$ to wave-action )\t ! complete sc\r+ out ( its cont5ts4 ,to resume ! del9eation ( ! limits ( ! great ,iri% ,sea ,glaci]3 ,f ! ,vale ( ,clwyd ! b\nd>y runs along ! range ( hills p>allel to ! e/u>y ( ! ,dee at an altitude ( ab\t n9e hundr$ feet4 ,z x is trac$ to ! s\!a/ x gradually rises1 until at ,frondeg1 a few miles to ! nor?w>d ( ! emb\*ure ( ! ,yale ( ,llangoll51 x is at a height ( #a1dej feet above sea-level4 ,!nce x falls to #a1aej feet at ,gloppa1 ?ree miles to ! we/w>d ( ,oswe/ry1 & ?is is ! mo/ s\!rly po9t to :i* x has be5 def9itely trac$ on ! ,wel% bord]1 ?\gh scatt]$ b\ld]s ( nor!rn rocks are kn[n to occur at ,*ur* ,/retton4 ,along ! l9e f ! ,vale ( ,clwyd to ,oswe/ry ! b\nd>y is m>k$ by a v /rik+ s]ies ( mora9e-m\nds4 ,!y occur on ! extreme summits ( l(ty hills 9 a c\ntry g5]ally almo/ driftless1 & _! appe>ance is s unusual t "o--,moel-y-crio--at lea/ has be5 mi/ak5 = an artificial tumulus4 ,! limitation ( ! disp]sal ( nor!rn erratics by ^! m\nds is v cle> & %>p2 & ,mack9to%1 9 describ+ ^? at ,frondeg1 rem>k$ t1 :ile no nor!rn rocks ext5d$ to ! we/w>d ( !m1 s no ,wel% erratics c\ld be f\nd to cross ! l9e to ! ea/w>d4 ,!re are ,wel% erratics 9 ! l[ gr\nds ( ,*e%ire & ,%rop%ire1 b _! di/ribution is sporadic1 & w be expla9$ 9 a subsequ5t section4 ,hav+ ?us foll[$ ar\nd ! edges ( ?is glaci]1 x rema9s to describe its t]m9ation4 ,x is cle> t ! ice mu/ h =c$ its way ov] ! l[ wat]-%$ betwe5 ! respective bas9s ( ! ,dee & ! ,sev]n4 ,s soon z ?is ridge 7less ?an #ejj feet above ! sea7 is cross$1 we f9d ! deposits laid d[n by ! glaci] *ange _! "*1 & s&s & gravels atta9 a great pr$om9ance4,,bo ,ne> ,bridg5or?1 &1 at o!r places1 hills compos$ ( su* mat]ials atta9 an altitude ( #bjj feet4 ,f ,%rewsbury via ,burton1 & !nce1 9 a semicircul> sweep1 ?r\gh ,bridg5or? & ,enville1 !re is an imm5se conc5tration ( b\ld]s & pebbles1 su* z to ju/ify ! designation ( a t]m9al mora9e4 ,to ! s\?w>d1 d[n ! valley ( ! ,sev]n1 exi/+ in=mation po9ts to ! occurr5ce m]ely ( su* scatt]$ pebbles z might h be5 c>ri$ d[n by floods4 ,9 ! di/rict ly+ outside ?is mora9e !re is a mo/ int]e/+ s]ies ( glacial deposits & ( b\ld]s ( an entirely diff]5t "*4 7,see map47 ,footnote ,,bo3 ,mack9to%1 ,q4 ,j4 ,g4 ,s4 ,f ! neighb\rhood ( ,li*field1 ?r\gh "s ( ! suburbs ( ,birm+ham1 & ov] ,frankley ,hill & ! ,lickey ,hills to ,bromsgrove1 !re is a great accumulation ( ,wel% erratics1 f ! neighb\rhood1 probably1 ( ,ar5ig ,mawr4 ,! late ,pr(essor ,c>vill ,lewis sugge/$ t ^! ,ar5ig rocks might h be5 d]iv$ f "s adjac5t outcrop ( ,palozoic rocks--a sugge/ion hav+ its ju/ification 9 ! discov]ies t _h be5 made ( ,cumbrian rocks 9 ! ,midl&s4 ,to te/ ! matt]1 an excavation 0 made at a po9t select$ on ,frankley ,hill1 & a g5u9e b\ld]-clay 0 f\nd1 conta9+ erratics ( ! same type z ^? f\nd ^u ! surface4 ,! explanation has s9ce be5 (f]$ t ?is b\ld]-clay 0 a m>9e deposit laid d[n dur+ a p]iod ( subm]ge nee4,,bp ,ap>t f ! difficulty t ! b\ld]-clay displays none ( ! ord9>y *>act]i/ics ( a m>9e deposition1 b possesses a /ructure1 or r abs5ce ( /ructure1 9 _m respects q inconsi/5t ) su* an orig91 & conta9s no %ells or o!r rema9s ( m>9e creatures1 x mu/ be po9t$ out t no !ory ( m>9e notation w expla9 ! di/ribution ( ! erratics1 & especially _! conc5tration 9 su* numb]s at a /ation sixty or sev5ty miles f _! s\rce4 ,footnote ,,bp3 ,proce$+s ( ! ,birm+ham ,philosophical ,society1 vol4 vi1 ,"p ,i1 p4 #aha4 ,^u ! l&-ice hypo!sis ?is difficulty disappe>s4 ,dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( ! ,glacial p]iod ! ,wel% ice _h ! :ole ( ! ,sev]n ,valley at its m]cy1 & a great glaci] 0 ?ru/ d[n f ,ar5ig1 or "s o!r po9t 9 c5tral ,wales1 hav+ an initial direction1 broadly speak+1 f we/ to ea/4 ,?is glaci] ext5d$ across ! valley ( ! ,sev]n1 sweep+ pa/ ! ,wrek91 :5ce x c>ri$ blocks ( ! v *>act]i/ic rocks to be lodg$ z b\ld]s ne> ,li*field2 & x probably =m$ its t]m9al mora9e along ! l9e indicat$4 7,see loz5ge-%ap$ m>ks on ! map47 ,z ! ice 9 ! nor? ga!r$ volume x produc$ ! great ,iri% ,sea ,glaci]1 :i* press$ inl& & d[n ! ,vale ( ,sev]n 9 ! mann] ,i h describ$1 & bru%$ ! relatively small ,wel% /ream out ( its pa?1 & laid d[n its own t]m9al mora9e 9 ! space betwe5 ! ,wel% bord] & ! ,lickey ,hills4 ,x seems probable t ! ,wel% /ream came ma9ly d[n ! ,vale ( ,llangoll51 & !nce to ! ,lickey ,hills4 ,b\ld]s ( ,wel% rocks occur 9 ! int]v5+ tract by ones & twos1 ) occasional l>ge clu/]s1 ! pres]vation ( any m connect$ trail be+ r5d]$ impossible by ! great dis*>ge ( wat] f ! front ( ! ,iri% ,sea ,glaci]1 & ! di/ribut+ action ( ! glaci] itself4 ,)9 ! area 9 ,engl& & ,wales cov]$ by ! ,iri% ,sea ,glaci] all ! ph5om5a po9t to ! action ( l&-ice1 ) ! inevitable concomitants ( subglacial /reams1 extra-mora9ic lakes1 etc4 ,!re is no?+ to sugge/ m>9e conditions 9 any =m except ! occurr5ce ( %ells or %ell fragm5ts2 & ^! pres5t s _m features ( association1 condition1 & position inconsi/5t )1 :at we %\ld be l$ to expect f a /udy ( rec5t m>9e life1 t con*ologi/s are unanim\s 9 decl>+ t n "o s+le gr\p ( !m is on ! site :]eon ! %ells liv$4 ,x is a mo/ significant fact--"o out ( a hundr$ :i* c\ld be cit$ did space p]mit--t 9 ! t5 ?\s& squ>e miles (1 z x is suppos$1 rec5tly elevat$ sea-bottom1 n a s+le example ( a bivalve %ell ) its valves 9 apposition has ev] be5 f\nd6 ,nor has a b\ld] or o!r /one be5 f\nd encru/$ ) ^? ubiquit\s m>9e p>asites1 ! b>nacles4 ,! evid5ces ( ! action ( l&-ice )9 ! area are ev]y:]e app>5t 9 ! con/ancy ( direction (-- 7#a47 ,/ri ^u rock surfaces4 7#b47 ,! t]m9al curvature ( rocks4 7#c47 ,! 'pull-ov]' ( s(t rocks4 7#d47 ,! transportal ( local b\ld]s4 7#e47 ,! ori5tation ( ! long axes ( l>ge b\ld]s4 7#f47 ,! false b$d+ ( s&s & gravels4 7#g47 ,! elongation ( drift-hills4 7#h47 ,! relations ( 'crag & tail4' ,!re is a simil> g5]al con/ancy1 too1 9 ! directions ( ! /ri ^u l>ge b\ld]s4 ,^u ! "u side !y run longitud9ally f s\!a/ 7or !reab\ts7 to nor?we/1 :ile ^u ! upp] surface !y orig9ate at ! opposite end1 %[+ t ! scrat*es on ! "u side 7 produc$ by ! /one be+ dragg$ f nor?we/ to s\!a/1 :ile ^? on ! top 7 ! product ( ! passage ( /one-lad5 ice ov] x 9 ! same direction4 ,su* an agreem5t _c be =tuit\s1 b mu/ be attribut$ to ! op]ation ( "s ag5t act+ 9 close p>allelism ov] ! :ole area4 ,to attribute su* regul>ity to ! action ( m>9e curr5ts is to ignore ! mo/ elem5t>y pr9ciples ( m>9e hydrology4 ,iceb]gs mu/1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 be ! mo/ erratic ( all ag5ts1 = ! direction ( drift is det]m9$--among o!r v>y+ factors--by ! draught ( ! b]g4 ,a mass ( small draught w be c>ri$ by surface curr5ts1 :ile "o ( great] dep? w be br\ght )9 ! influ5ce ( "u-curr5ts2 & h5ce x n infrequ5tly happ5s t :ile floe-ice is drift+1 say1 to ! s\!a/1 giant b]gs w g cra%+ ?r\gh x to ! nor?we/4 ,!re are tidal influ5ces also to be reckon$ )1 & x is matt] ( common k t flotsam & jetsam travel back & =?1 z !y are alt]nately affect$ by ebb & flood tide4 ,be>+ ^! facts 9 m9d1 x is surely too mu* to expect t m>9e ice %\ld transport b\ld]s 7h[ x pick$ up _m ( !m also requires explanation7 ) su* unfail+ regul>ity t x c be said )\t *all5ge1,,bq 'b\ld]s 9 ?is di/rict ,s\? ,lanca%ire & ,*e%ire nev] occur to ! nor? or we/ ( ! p>5t rock4' ,! same rule applies )\t a s+le au!ntic exception to ! :ole area cov]$ by ! ea/]n bran* ( ! ,iri% ,sea ,glaci]2 & h5ce x comes ab\t t n a s+le b\ld] ( ,wel% rock has ev] be5 record$ f ,lanca%ire4 ,footnote ,,bq3 ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,report1 #ahij1 p4 #cdc4 ,! ,solway ,glaci]4--,! pressure :i* =c$ mu* ( ! ,iri% ,sea ice aga9/ ! ,cumbrian coa/-l9e caus$1 z has be5 describ$1 a cleavage ( ! fl[ ne> ,rav5glass1 &1 hav+ foll[$ ! s\!rly bran* to its t]m9ation 9 ! midl&s1 ! rema9+ moiety dem&s att5tion4 ,! 'ea/+' motion c>ri$ x up ! ,solway ,fri?1 its "r flank spread+ ov] ! l[ pla9 ( nor!rn ,cumb]l&1 :i* x /rew$ ) b\ld]s ( ! well-kn[n 'sy5ite' 7granophyre7 ( ,butt]m]e4 ,:5 ?is ice rea*$ ! foot ( ! ,cross ,fell esc>pm5t1 x suff]$ a second bifurcation1 "o bran* pu%+ to ! ea/w>d up ! valley ( ! ,ir?+ & ov] into ,tyneside1 & ! o!r turn+ ne>ly due s\?w>d & =c+ its way up ! broad ,vale ( ,ed54 ,"u ! pressure ( an enorm\s head ( ice1 ?is /ream rose f sea-level1 turn$ back or incorporat$ ! native ,cumbrian ,glaci] :i* /ood 9 its pa?1 &1 hav+ arriv$ almo/ at ! wat]-%$ betwe5 ! nor!rn & ! s\!rn dra9age1 x swept r\nd to ! ea/w>d & cross$ ov] ! ,p5n9e wat]-%$2 n1 h[ev]1 by ! l[e/ pass1 :i* is only "s #a1djj feet above sea-level1 b by ! high] pass ( ,/a9moor1 at altitudes rang+ f #a1hjj to #b1jjj feet4 ,! l[] "p ( ! c\rse ( ?is ice-fl[ is suffici5tly well *>act]is$ by b\ld]s ( ! granite ( ! neighb\rhood ( ,dalbeattie 9 ,gall[ay2 b on its way up ! ,vale ( ,ed5 x ga!r$ sev]al v rem>kable rocks & po/$ !m z way-/ones to m>k its c\rse4 ,"o ( ^! rocks1 ! ,p]mian ,brockram1 occurs n[h]e 9 situ at altitudes exce$+ #gjj feet1 yet 9 ! c\rse ( its %ort transit x 0 lift$ ab\t a ?\s& feet above its s\rce4 ,! ,%ap granite 7see radiant po9t on map7 is on ! nor!rn side ( ! ea/ & we/ wat]-%$s ( ! ,lake ,di/rict1 & rea*es its extreme elevation1 7#a1fef feet7 on ,wasdale ,pike2 yet b\ld]s ( x 7 c>ri$ ov] ,/a9moor1 at an altitude ( #a1hjj feet lit]ally by t5s ( ?\s&s4 ,?is ,/a9moor ,glaci] pass$ directly ov] ! ,p5n9e *a91 pa/ ! m\?s ( sev]al valleys1 & into ,teesdale1 :i* x desc5d$ & spread out 9 ! l[ gr\nds beyond4 ,pursu+ its ea/]ly c\rse1 x abutt$ ^u ! l(ty ,clevel& ,hills & sep>at$ into two /reams1 "o ( :i* w5t /raight out to sea at ,h>tlepool1 :ile ! o!r turn$ to ! s\?w>d & fl[$ d[n ! ,vale ( ,york1 be+ augm5t$ on its way by tribut>y glaci]s com+ d[n ,w5sleydale4 ,! f9al melt+ seems to h tak5 place some:]e a little to ! s\?w>d ( ,york2 b b\ld]s ( ,%ap granite by :i* its ext5sion is *>act]is$ h be5 f\nd z f> to ! s\?w>d z ,roy/on1 ne> ,b>nsley4 ,! o!r bran* ( ! ,solway ,glaci]--t :i* travell$ due ea/w>d--pass$ up ! valley ( ! ,ir?+1 & ov] into t ( ! ,tyne1 & out to sea at ,tynem\?4 ,x c>ri$ ! ,scotti% granites ) x1 & tribut>y masses jo9$ on ei!r h&1 br++ *>act]i/ic b\ld]s ) !m4 ,! fate ( ^? elem5ts ( ! ,solway ,fri? ,glaci] :i* rea*$ ! sea is n left entirely to conjecture4 ,! /riat$ surfaces ne> ! coa/ ( ,nor?umb]l& indicate a coa/wise fl[ ( ice f ! nor?w>d--probably f ! ,fri? ( ,=?--& ! glaci]s com+ out f ! ,tyne & ,tees 7 deflect$ to ! s\?w>d4 ,!re is conclusive evid5ce t ?is ice rasp$ ! cliffs ( ! ,york%ire coa/ & press$ up into "s ( ! valleys4 ,:]e x pass$ ! m\? ( ! ,tees ne> ,:itby x mu/ h _h a height ( at lea/ #hjj feet1 b f>!r d[n ! coa/ x dim9i%$ 9 ?ickness4 ,x n[h]e ext5d$ inl& m ?an a mile or two1 & = ! mo/ "p kept /rictly to ! coa/-l9e4 ,along ! :ole coa/ are scatt]$ erratics d]iv$ f ,gall[ay & ! places ly+ 9 ! pa?s ( ! glaci]s4 ,9 _m places ! cliffs exhibit signs ( r\gh usage1 ! rocks be+ crumpl$ & di/ort$ by ! viol5t impact ( ! ice4 ,at ,filey ,brigg a well-scrat*$ surface has be5 discov]$1 ! /riation be+ f a few degrees ea/ ( nor?4 ,at ,speeton ! evid5ce ( ice-%eet or glaci]-"w is ( ! mo/ /rik+ "*4 ,on ! top ( ! cliffs ( ,cretace\s /rata a l9e ( mora9e-hills has be5 laid d[n1 ext5d+ 9 wond]ful p]fection = a di/ance ( six miles4 ,!y consi/ ( a mixture ( s&1 gravel1 & a species ( clay-rubble1 ) occasional masses ( true b\ld]-clay1 ! :ole %[+ ! ar*$ b$d+ s *>act]i/ic ( su* accumulations4 ,at ! nor!rly end ! mora9e keeps close to ! edge ( ! *alk cliffs1 :i* are !re #djj feet high1 & ! hills are frequ5tly display$ 9 section2 b z ! elevation ( ! cliffs decl9es !y fall back f ! edge ( ! cliffs & run q across ! headl& ( ,flambor\gh1 & are aga9 expos$ 9 section 9 ,bridl+ton ,bay4 ,"o rem>kable & significant fact is po9t$ out1 namely1 t beh9d ?is mora9e1 )9 half a mile & at a l[] level1 ! c\ntry is almo/ absolutely devoid ( any drift :atev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4--,mora9e betwe5 ,speeton & ,flambor\gh 7,lamplugh74 ,! int]pretation ( ^! ph5om5a is z foll[s3 ,:5 ! valley-glaci]s rea*$ ! sea !y suff]$ ! deflection :i* has be5 m5tion$1 p>tly z ! result ( ! int]f]5ce ( ice f ! ea/ ( ,scotl&1 b also influ5c$ directly by ! cause :i* op]at$ ^u ! ,scotti% ice & gave direction to x--t is1 ! impact ( a great glaci] f ,sc&9avia1 :i* almo/ fill$ ! ,nor? ,sea1 & turn$ 9 ! ea/w>d-fl[+ ice ^u ! ,briti% coa/4 ,x is easy to see h[ ?is pressure mu/ h =c$ ! glaci]-ice aga9/ ! ,york%ire coa/1 b v]tical *alk cliffs #djj feet 9 height are n readily surm\nt$ by ice ( any ?ickness1 h[ev] great1 & s x coa/$ along & dis*>g$ its lat]al mora9e ^u ! cliff-tops4 ,z ! cliffs dim9i%$ 9 height we f9d ! mora9e f>!r inl&1 &1 z ,i h po9t$ out1 ! ice completely ov]rode ,flambor\gh ,head4 ,among/ ! b\ld]s at ,flambor\gh are _m ( ,%ap granite1 a few ,gall[ay granites1 a pr(usion ( ,c>bonif]\s rocks1 br\ght by ! ,tyne bran* ( ! ,sol way ,glaci] z well z by t ( ,/a9moor1 &1 besides _m torn f ! cliffs ( ,york%ire1 a few examples ( unque/ionable ,sc&9avian rocks1 su* z ! well-kn[n ,rhomb5-porphyr4 ,x is important to note t ab\t t5 to tw5ty miles f ! ,york%ire coa/ !re is a tract ( sea-bottom call$ by trawl]s '! r\gh gr\nd1' 9 allusion to ! fact t x is /rewn ) l>ge b\ld]s1 among/ :i* are _m ( ,%ap granite4 ,?is probably repres5ts a mora9e ( ! ,teesdale ,glaci]1 laid d[n at a "t :5 ! ,sc&9avian ,glaci] 0 n at its greate/ developm5t4 ,on ! s\? side ( ,flambor\gh ,head ! 'buri$ cliff' previ\sly allud$ to occurs4 ,! configuration ( ! c\ntry %[s--& ! conclusion is e/abli%$ by num]\s deep-bor+s--t ! preglacial coa/-l9e takes a great sweep inl& f "h1 & t ! pla9 ( ,hold]ness is ! result ( ! bank+-up ( an imm5se ?ickness ( glacial dbris4 ,9 ! :ole c\ntry review$1 f ,tynem\? to ,bridl+ton1 :]ev] ! ice came on to ! l& f ! seaw>d1 x br\ght 9 %ells & fragm5t>y pat*es ( ! sea-bottom involv$ 9 its gr\nd mora9e4 ,space does n p]mit ( a detail$ description ( ! sev]al memb]s ( ! ,york%ire ,drift1 & ,i pass on to deal 9 a g5]al way ) ! glacial ph5om5a ( ! ea/]n side ( ,engl&4 ,! ,ea/ ,anglian ,glaci]4--,! influ5ce ( ! ,sc&9avian ice is cle>ly se5 9 ! fact t ! entire ice-movem5t d[n ! ea/ coa/ s\? ( ,bridl+ton 0 all f ! seaw>d4 ,clays1 s&s1 & gravels1 ! products ( a cont9u\s mass ( l&-ice com+ f ! nor!a/ are spread ov] ! :ole c\ntry1 f ! ,tr5t to ! high gr\nds on ! nor? ( ,london ov]look+ ! ,?ames4 ,! l9e ( extreme ext5sion ( ^! drift-deposits runs f ,f9*ley 7ne> ,london71 9 ! s\? across ,h]t=d%ire1 ?r\gh ,cambridge%ire1 ) outly+ pat*es at ,gogmagog & ne> ,buck+ham1 & nor?we/w>d ov] a l>ge portion ( ,leice/]%ire into ! upp] wat]s ( ! ,tr5t1 embrac+ ! elevat$ region ( ,palozoic rocks at ,*>nwood ,=e/1 ne> ,leice/]4 ,res]v+ ! consid]ation ( ! v involv$ que/ions connect$ ) ! drifts ( ! upp] "p ( ! ,tr5t ,valley1 ,i may pass on to jo9 ! ph5om5a ( ! s\!a/]n c\nties ) ^? at ,flambor\gh ,head4 ,f ,nott+ham%ire ! limits ( ! drift ( ! ,ea/ ,anglian ,glaci] seem to run 9 a direction ne>ly due we/ to ea/1 = ! great oolitic esc>pm5t ^u :i* ,l9coln ,ca!dral is built is absolutely driftless to ! nor?w>d ( ! brea* ab\t ,slea=d4 ,h[ev]1 along ! we/]n flank ( ! oolitic range true b\ld]-clay occurs1 bord]+ & d\btless und]ly+ ! great f5-tract ( mid-,l9coln%ire2 & ! great ,l9coln%ire ,wolds appe> to h be5 completely :elm$ b5ea? ! ice4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ! deposits 9 ?is area is ! ,great ,*alky ,b\ld]-,clay1 :i* consi/s ( clay conta9+ mu* gr\nd-up *alk1 & lit]ally pack$ ) well-/riat$ b\ld]s ( *alk ( all sizes1 f m9ute pebbles up to blocks a foot or m 9 diamet]4 ,associat$ ) !m are b\ld]s ( v>i\s =eign rocks1 & _m fl9ts 9 a rem>kably fre% condition1 & /ill reta9+ ! *>act]i/ic :ite coat1 except :]e p>tially remov$ by glacial attrition4 ,"o ( ! p]plex+ features ( ! glacial ph5om5a 9 ! ea/]n c\nties ( ,engl& is ! ext5sion ( true *alky b\ld]-clay to ! nor? ,london heights at ,f9*ley & else:]e2 = only ! fa9te/ traces are to be f\nd 9 ! gravel deposits ( ! ,?ames ,valley ( any wa% f su* a deposit1 or f a glaci] c>ry+ su* mat]ials4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! deposit may h be5 laid d[n 9 an extra-mora9ic lake1 or 9 an ext5sion ( ! ,nor?4 ,sea1 b ^! sugge/ions leave ! difficulty j :]e x 04 ,if a lake or sea c\ld exi/ )\t %ores1 a glaci]-/ream might equally disp5se ) banks4 ,)9 ! area ( glaciation1 def9$ above1 abundant evid5ce ( ! action ( l&-ice is obta9able1 ?\gh /riat$ surfaces are extremely r>e--a fact attributable to ! s(tness ( ! *alk & clays :i* occupy almo/ ! :ole area4 ,well-/riat$ surfaces are f\nd on ! h>d] rocks1 z1 = example1 on ! oolitic lime/one at ,dun/on1 ne> ,l9coln4 ,mr4 ,sk]t*ly has rem>k$ t ! pro(s ( ! action ( l&-ice are irrefragable4 ,! ,great ,*alky ,b\ld]-,clay cov]s an area ( #c1jjj squ>e miles1 & atta9s an altitude ( #ejj feet above ! sea-level1 ?us bespeak+1 if ! product ( iceb]gs1 'an ext5sive ga!r+-gr\nd ( *alk1 hav+ an elevation ( m ?an #ejj feet4 ,b :]e is x8 ,c]ta9ly n 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 = ! *alk does n atta9 s great an elevation except 9 a few isolat$ spots4',,br ,footnote ,,br3 ,geikie's ,great ,ice ,age1 p4 #cfj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4--;,diagram-section ne> ,crom] 7,woodw>d74 #f4 ,gravel & s& 7,middle ,glacial7 re/+ on contort$ drift 7loam1 s&1 & m>l1 ) l>ge includ$ b\ld]s ( *alk72 #e4 ,crom] till3 #d4 ,lam9at$ clay & s&s 7,l$a myalis b$72 #c4 ,fre%-wat] loams & s&s3 #c;a4 ,black fre%-wat] b$ ( ,runton 7upp] fre%-wat] b$72 #b4 ,=e/ b$--lam9at$ clays & s&s1 ) roots & dbris ( wood1 bones ( mammalia1 e/u>9e mollusca1 etc41 ! upp] "p 9 places p5etrat$ by rootlets 7rootlet b$72 #b;a4 ,weyb\rn crag2 #a4 ,*alk ) fl9ts2 99 ,l>ge includ$ b\ld] ( *alk4 ,x has be5 fur!r po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,sk]t*ly1 t ! condition ( ! fl9ts 9 ?is deposit furni%es /rong evid5ce t !y c\ld n h be5 c>ri$ by float+ ice nor ^u a glaci]1 =1 9 ei!r ( ! latt] ev5ts1 !re mu/ h be5 "s exposure to ! wea!r1 :i*1 z he rem>ks1 w\ld h r5d]$ !m wor?less to ! mak]s ( gun-fl9ts1 :]eas !y are n[ regul>ly collect$ = _! use4 ,! way 9 :i* ! b\ld]-clay is relat$ to ! rocks ^u :i* x re/s is a conclusive condemnation ( any !ory ( float+ ice2 = example1 :]e x re/s ^u ,ox=d ,clay1 x conta9s ! fossils *>act]i/ic ( t =mation1 z x is l>gely made up ( ! clay itself4 ,! exceptions to ?is rule are z sugge/ive z ^? cases :i* con=m to x4 ,ea* outcrop yields mat]ial to ! b\ld]-clay to ! s\? we/w>d1 %[+ a pull-ov] f ! nor!a/4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable features ( ! drift ( ?is "p ( ,engl& is ! inclusion ( gigantic masses ( rock transport$ = a %ort di/ance f _! native outcrop1 v (t5 ) s small a di/urbance t !y h be5 mapp$ z 9 situ4 ,examples ( *alk-masses #hjj feet 9 l5g?1 & ( consid]able bread? & ?ickness1 h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! cliffs ne> ,crom]1 9 ,norfolk1 b !y are by no means re/rict$ to situations ne> ! coa/4 ,"o example is m5tion$ 9 :i* qu>ry+ op]ations _h be5 c>ri$ on = "s ye>s be=e any suspicion 0 ar\s$ t x 0 m]ely an erratic4 ,! huge b\ld]s 7 probably dislodg$ f ! p>5t rock by ! ?ru/ ( a great glaci]1 :i* fir/ crumbl$ ! b$s1 !n %e>$ (f a prom95t fold & c>ri$ x along4 ,?is explanation we owe to ,mr4 ,clem5t ,reid4,,bs ,! drift-deposits ( ?is region frequ5tly conta9 %ells1 b !y r>ely con/itute :at may be t]m$ a consi/5t fauna1 usually %[+ su* an association z c\ld only be f\nd :]e "s ag5t _h be5 at "w ga!r+ toge!r %ells ( diff]5t habitats & geological age4 ,footnote ,,bs3 ,see ,geology ( ! ,c\ntry ar\nd ,crom]1 & ,geology ( ,hold]ness1 ,memoirs ( ,geological ,survey ( ,engl& & ,wales4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4--,section at "r angles to ! cliff ?r\gh ! we/]ly *alk bluff at ,trim+ham1 ,norfolk1 %[+ ! mann] 9 :i* *alk masses are incorporat$ into ! till 7,clem5t ,reid74 ,scale1 #bej fret to an in*4 ,a4 ,level ( l[-wat] spr+-tides2 ,b4 ,*alk1 ) s&y b$ at 992 ,c4 ,=e/-b$ s]ies1 etc41 se5 9 ! cliffs a few y>ds nor? & s\? ( ?is po9t2 ,d4 ,crom] till1 /iff lead-color$ b\ld]-clay2 ,e4 ,f9e1 *alky s&s1 mu* false-b$d$2 ,f4 ,contort$ drift1 br[n b\ld]y-clay ) m>k$ b$d+- or fluxion-/ructure2 ,g4 ,! b$1 above ! :ite l9e 7 se5 & measur$ by m sn[ & measur$ by ,mr4 ,reid2 99 ,*alk se5 9 situ on bea*4 ,if ! ice-%eet1 in/ead ( fl[+ ov] ! b$s1 happ5s to pl\gh into !m or abut aga9/ !m1 x w\ld b5d up a boss ( *alk1 z at ,bee/on4 ,a m ext5sive di/urbance1 l t at ,trim+ham drives be=e x a long ridge ( ! bads1 & nips up ! *alk1 till1 l a clo? creas$ by ! slid+ ( a heavy book1 x is fold$ into an inv]t$ anticl9al4 ,a slight increase ( pressure1 & ! ?ird /age is rea*$--! top ( ! anticl9al be+ entirely %e>$ (f1 ! *alk b\ld] driv5 up an incl9e1 & =c$ into ! ov]ly+ b\ld]-clays4 7,clem5t ,reid47 ,attempts h be5 made to correlate ! deposits ov] ! :ole area1 b ) v indiff]5t success4 ,a consid]ation ( ! consequ5ces ( ! invasion ( ! c\ntry by an ice-/ream f ! nor!a/ w prep>e u = any conceivable complication ( ! deposits4 ,! ma9 movem5t 0 aga9/ ! dra9age ( ! c\ntry1 s t ! ice-front mu/ h be5 frequ5tly 9 wat]4 ,!re w\ld be aque\s deposition & erosion2 ! knead+ up ( mora9ic matt] into gr\nd-mora9e2 irregul>ities ( di/ribution & deposition due to ice float+ 9 an extra-mora9ic lake2 flood-wa%es at diff]5t po9ts ( ov]fl[2 & o!r confus+ causes1 :i* make x r matt] = surprise t any ord] :atev] is traceable4 ,i n[ turn to ! valley ( ! ,tr5t4 ,we f9d t x occupies su* a position t x w\ld be expos$1 successively or simultane\sly1 to ! action ( ice-/reams ( mo/ div]se orig94 ,i h %[n t ! area to ! we/w>d ( ,li*field 0 invad$ at "o p]iod by a ,wel% glaci]1 & at a subsequ5t "o by ! ,iri% ,sea ,glaci]1 & bo? ( ^! /reams ent]$ ! valley ( ! ,tr5t or "s ( its afflu5ts4 ,f ! ea/w>d1 aga91 ! great ,nor? ,sea ,glaci] encroa*$ 9 l mann]1 c>ry+ ! ,great ,*alky ,b\ld]-,clay ev5 into ! dra9age area ( ! we/w>d-fl[+ riv]s ne> ,cov5try4 ,! glacial geology ( ! ,tr5t ,valley f ,burton to ,nott+ham has be5 ably dealt ) by ,mr4 ,r4 ,m4 ,deeley1,,bt :o recognises a succession :i* may be g5]alis$ z foll[s3 7#a47 ,a l[] s]ies conta9+ rocks d]iv$ f ! ,p5n9e *a92 7#b47 ,a middle s]ies conta9+ rocks f ! ea/w>d 7*alky b\ld]-clay1 etc472 & 7#c47 ,an upp] s]ies ) ,p5n9e rocks4 ,mr4 ,deeley ?9ks ! ,p5n9e dbris may h be5 br\ght by glaci]s fl[+ d[n ! valleys ( ! ,dove1 ! ,wye1 & ! ,d]w5t2 b1 :ile recognis+ ! importance ( ! te/imony adduc$1 especially t ( ! b\ld]s1 ,i am compell$ to res]ve judgm5t ^u ?is po9t until some?+ l mora9es or o!r evid5ces ( local glaci]s c be %[n 9 ^? valleys4 ,9 _! upp] p>ts !re is n a sign ( glaciation4 ,"s ( ! deposits describ$ mu/ h be5 laid d[n by l&-ice2 :ile ! con=mation ( ! c\ntry %[s t dur+ "s /ages ( glaciation a lake mu/ h exi/$ into :i* ! diff]5t elem5ts ( ! conv]g+ glaci]s mu/ h project$4 ,?is condition w acc\nt = ! rem>kable comm+l+ ( b\ld]s obs]v$ 9 "s ( ! deposits4 ,wel%1 ,cumbrian1 & ,scotti% rocks occur 9 ! we/]n portion ( ! ,tr5t ,valley4 ,! ov]fl[ ( ! extra-mora9ic lake w\ld f9d its way into ! valleys ( ! ,avon & ,sev]n1 & may be tak5 to acc\nt = ! abundance ( fl9ts 9 "s ( ! gravels4 ,footnote ,,bt3 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ,geological ,society1 vol4 xlii1 p4 #dcg4 ,! ,isle ( ,man4--,?is little isl& 9 mid-seas con/itut$ 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! ,glacial epo* an indep5d5t c5tre ( glaciation1 & f "s ( its valleys ice-/reams und\bt$ly desc5d$ to ! sea2 b ) ! gr[? ( ! great ,iri% ,sea ,glaci] ! native ice 0 m]g$ 9 ! invad+ mass1 & at ! climax ( ! p]iod ! :ole isl& 0 completely buri$1 ev5 to its highe/ peak 7,snae ,fell1 #b1jed feet71 b5ea? ! ice4 ,! effects ( ?is g5]al glaciation are cle>ly se5 9 ! mantle ( un/ratifi$ drift mat]ial :i* ov]spread ! hills2 9 ! m\tonne appe>ance ( ! entire isl&2 & 9 ! transport ( b\ld]s ( local rocks4 ,! /riations ^u rock surfaces %[ a con/ancy ( direction 9 agreem5t ) ! b\ld]-transport :i* c be ascrib$ to no o!r ag5cy ?an a great cont9u\s %eet ( su* dim5sions z to ignore m9or hills & valleys4 ,! disposition ( ! /ri is equally conclusive1 = we f9d t on a /epp$ esc>pm5t ( lime/one bo? ! horizontal & ! v]tical faces are /riat$ cont9u\sly & obliquely f ! "o on to ! o!r1 %[+ t ! ice _h a p[] ( accommodat+ itself to ! surface ov] :i* x pass$ t c\ld n be display$ by float+ ice4 ,!re is a rem>kable fact conc]n+ ! di/ribution ( b\ld]s on ?is isl& :i* w\ld /rike ! mo/ sup]ficial obs]v]s1 namely1 t =eign rocks are conf9$ to ! l[ gr\nds4 ,x might be argu$ t ! local ice always reta9$ its individuality1 & s kept ! =eign ice ) its *>act]i/ic b\ld]s at bay4 ,b1 ap>t f ! a priori improbability ( s small a hill-clu/] a*iev+ :at ! ,lake ,di/rict c\ld n accompli%1 ! fact t ,snae ,fell1 an isolat$ conical hill1 is swa!d 9 drift f top to bottom1 is q conclusive t ! =eign ice mu/ h got 94 ,:y1 !n1 did x c>ry no /ones ) x8 ,! foll[+ sugge/ion ,i make n )\t misgiv+s1 ?\gh !re are _m facts to :i* ,i might appeal t seem /rongly corroborative3 ,! hilly axis ( ! isl& runs 9 a g5]al nor!a/ & s\?we/ direction1 & x rises f a great expanse ( drift 9 ! nor? ) s+ul> abruptness1 "s ( ! hills be+ almo/ inaccessible to a direct approa* )\t actual climb+4 ,i imag9e t ! ice :i* bore d[n ^u ! nor!rn end ( ! isl& 01 s f> z its l[] /rata 7 conc]n$1 unable to asc5d s /eep an acclivity1 & 0 cleft1 & fl[$ to "r & left4 ,! upp] ice1 be+ ( ice-%eet orig91 w\ld be relatively clean1 & ?is fl[+ /raight ov] ! top ( ! ob/ruction w\ld glaciate ! c\ntry ) su* mat]ial z 0 ly+ loose ^u ! gr\nd or c\ld be dislodg$ by m]e pressure4 ,x w\ld appe> f publi%$ descriptions t ! ,isle ( ,arran (f]s ! same problem1 & ,i w\ld sugge/ ! application ( ! same solution to x4 ,m>9e %ells occur 9 ! ,manx drift1 b only 9 su* situations z 7 rea*$ by ! ice-lad5 ) =eign /ones4 ,!y pres5t simil> features ( association ( %ells ( diff]5t habitat1 & p]haps ( geological age1 to ^? already ref]r$ to z be+ common *>act]i/ics ( ! %ell-faunas ( ! drift ( ! ma9l&4 ,f\r ext9ct species ( mollusca h be5 recognis$ by me 9 ! ,manx drift4 ,! ,manx drift is ( great int]e/ z %[+1 p]haps bett] ?an any locality yet /udi$1 ^? features ( ! di/ribution ( b\ld]s ( native rocks :i* atte/ s cle>ly ! exclusive action ( l&-ice4 ,!re are 9 ! isl& _m highly *>act]i/ic igne\s rocks1 & ,i h f\nd t b\ld]s ( ^! rocks nev] occur to ! nor?w>d ( ! p>5t mass1 & v r>ely 9 any direction except to ! s\?we/4 ,cumm+ obs]v$ 9 reg>d to "o rock1 ! ,foxdale granite1 t :]eas ! highe/ po9t at :i* x occurs 9 situ 0 #feg feet above sea-level1 b\ld]s ( x occurr$ 9 pr(usion )9 #bjj feet ( ! summit ( ,s\? ,b>rule 7#a1ehe feet71 a hill two miles only1 9 a s\?we/]ly direction1 f ! granite outcrop4 ,!y also occur on ! summit ( ,cronk-na-,irrey-,lhaa1 #a1ddi feet above sea-level4 ,! v]tical uplift has be5 #gbh & #gib feet respectively4 ,9 ! l[ gr\nds ( ! nor? ( ! isl& a f9ely develop$ t]m9al mora9e ext5ds 9 a great sweep s z to ob/ruct ! dra9age & conv]t ?\s&s ( acres ( l& into lake & morass1 :i* is only n[ yield+ to artificial dra9age4 ,_m f9e examples ( druml9 & esk] m\nds occur at l[ levels 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! isl&2 & x 0 rem>k$ ne>ly fifty ye>s ago by ,cumm+1 t _! long axes 7 p>allel to ! direction ( ice-movem5t indicat$ by ! /riat$ surfaces & ! transport ( b\ld]s4 ,! =eign b\ld]s are ma9ly f ! granite m\nta9s ( ,gall[ay1 b !re are _m fl9ts1 presumably f ,antrim1 a v small numb] ( ,lake ,di/rict rocks1 & a rem>kable rock conta9+ ! excessively r>e v>iety ( hornbl5de1 ,riebeckite4 ,?is has n[ be5 id5tifi$ ) a rock on ,ailsa ,crag1 a t9y islet 9 ! ,fri? ( ,clyde2 & a ,manx geologi/1 ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,n4 ,h>rison1 has discov]$ a s+le b\ld] ( ! highly *>act]i/ic pit*/one ( ,corriegills1 9 ! ,isle ( ,arran4 ,! ,s-call$ ,great ,subm]g5ce4 ,x may be conv5i5t to adduce "s additional facts :i* r5d] ! !ory ( a great subm]g5ce ( ! c\ntry s\? ( ! ,*eviots unt5able4 ,! sole evid5ce ^u :i* x re/s is ! occurr5ce ( %ells1 mo/ly 9 an extremely fragm5t>y condition1 9 deposits occurr+ at v>i\s levels up to ab\t #a1djj feet above sea-level3 ,a little space may pr(itably be devot$ to a criticism ( ?is evid5ce4 ,moel ,tryfa5 7',! ,hill ( ! ,?ree ,rocks'74--,?is celebrat$ locality is on ! fir/ rise ( ! gr\nd betwe5 ! ,m5ai ,/raits & ! cong]ies ( hills con/itut+ ',sn[donia'2 & :5 we look to ! nor?w>d f ! top ( ! hill 7#a1cej feet7 we see ! gr\nd ris+ f ! /raits 9 a s]ies ( g5tle undulations ^: smoo? cont\rs w\ld be f\nd f a walk across ! c\ntry to be due to ! ?ick mask ( glacial deposits :i* oblit]ates ! h>%] features ( ! solid rocks4 ,! deposits on ,moel ,tryfa5 are expos$ 9 a slate-qu>ry on ! nor!rn aspect ( ! hill ne> ! summit1 & consi/ ( two w$ges ( /ructureless b\ld]-clay1 ea* ?9n+ t[>ds ! top ( ! hill4 ,! l[] mass ( clay1 :]ev] x re/s ^u ! rock1 conta9s /reaks & irregul> pat*es ( ecc5tric =m1 ( %>p1 p]fectly angul> fragm5ts ( slate2 & ! und]ly+ rock may be se5 to be cru%$ & brok51 its cleavage-lam9 be+ ?ru/ ov] f nor?we/ to s\!a/--t is1 up-hill4 ,! fam\s '%ell-b$' is a ?ick s]ies ( s&s & gravels int]osculat$ ) ! clays on ! slope ( ! hill1 b occupy+ ! entire section above ! slate t[>ds ! top4 ,! b$d+ %[s unmi/akable signs ( ! action ( wat]1 bo? regul> /ratification & false b$d+ be+ well display$4 ,! /ones occurr+ 9 ! clays are ma9ly if n entirely ,wel%1 includ+ "s f ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry1 & !y are n infrequ5tly ( l>ge size--two or ?ree tons' weight--& well scrat*$4 ,! /ones f\nd 9 ! s&s & gravels include a great majority ( local rocks1 b besides ^! !re h be5 record$ ! foll[+3 ,rock4 ,s\rce4 ,highe/ ,m9imum po9t uplift 9 situ4 9 feet4 ,granite ,eskdale1 ,cumb]l& #a1bhf #fd ,granite ,criffel1 ,gall[ay 44444 444 ,fl9t ,antrim 787 #a1jjj #cej ,to ^! ,i c add3 ,granophyre ,butt]m]e1 ,cumb]l& 44444 444 ,eurite ,,bu ,ailsa ,craig1 ,fri? ( ,clyde #a1jig #bec ,footnote ,,bu3 ,! altitude at :i* ?is rock occurs on ,ailsa ,craig has n be5 ann\nc$1 s #a h put x z ! extreme height ( ! isl&4 ,! %ells 9 ! ,moel ,tryfa5 deposit h be5 fully describ$1 s f> z ! enum]ation ( species & relative frequ5cy are conc]n$1 b little has be5 said z to _! absolute abundance & _! condition4 ,! %ells are extremely r>e1 & d>+ a rec5t visit a p>ty ( five p]sons1 9 an assidu\s se>* ( ab\t two h\rs1 succe$$ 9 f9d+ five :ole %ells & ab\t two ounces ( fragm5ts4 ,! opportunities = collect+ are z good z c\ld be desir$4 ,! sections expos$ h an aggregate l5g? ( ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile1 ) a height v>y+ f t5 to tw5ty feet ( ! %elly portion2 & besides ?is !re are imm5se spoil-banks1 ^u ^: ra9-wa%$ slopes fossil-collect+ c be c>ri$ on "u ! mo/ favorable conditions4 ,i w\ld "h rem>k1 t ! occurr5ce ( small seams ( %elly mat]ial ( exceptional ri*ness has impress$ collectors ) ! idea t !y 7 deal+ ) a v]itable %ell-b$1 :5 ! facts w\ld be> a v diff]5t int]pretation4 ,a fictiti\s abundance is br\ght ab\t by a process ( :at may be t]m$ 'conc5tration1' by ! action ( a g5tly fl[+ curr5t ( wat] ^u mat]ials ( diff]5t sizes & diff]5t specific gravities4 ,%ells :5 b rec5tly vacat$ consi/ ( mat]ials ( r high specific gravity1 p5etrat$ by pores conta9+ animal matt]1 s t ! d5sity ( ! :ole mass is f> bel[ t ( rocks 9 g5]al1 & h5ce a curr5t too feeble to move pebbles w\ld yet c>ry %ells4 ,illu/rations ( ?is process may be obs]v$ ^u any %ore 9 ! conc5tration ( fragm5ts ( coal1 corks1 or o!r light mat]ial4 ,reg>d+ ! int]pretation ( ^! facts3 ,! commonly receiv$ idea is1 t ! b$s 7 laid d[n 9 ! sea dur+ a p]iod ( subm]g5ce1 & t ! %ells liv$1 n p]haps on ! spot1 b some:]e ne>1 & t ! t]m9al curvature ( ! slate 0 produc$ by ! gr\nd+ ( iceb]gs :i* also br\ght ! b\ld]s4 ,b if ?is hypo!sis 7 accept$1 x w\ld be necess>y to inve/ ! flotation ( ice ) a con/ancy ( direction entirely at v>iance ) obs]v$ facts1 = ! ph5om5a ( t]m9al curvature is %[n ) p]fect p]si/5ce ( direction :]ev] ! b\ld]-clay re/s ^u ! rock2 &1 fur!r1 !re is ! highly significant fact1 t nei!r ! s&s & gravels nor ! rock ^u :i* !y re/ %[ any signs ( di/urbance or contortion1 su* z mu/ h be5 produc$ if float+ ice _h be5 an op]ative ag5t4 ,! uplift ( =eign rocks is equally significant2 & :5 we take into acc\nt ! great di/ances f :i* !y h be5 borne & ! frequ5cy ) :i* su* an op]ation mu/ h be5 repeat$1 ! inadequacy becomes app>5t ( ,d>w9's +5i\s sugge/ion1 t x might h be5 effect$ by a succession ( uplifts by %ore-ice dur+ a p]iod ( sl[ subsid5ce2 :ile ! "* & abundance ( ! molluscan rema9s inve/ ) a species ( irony ! application ( ! t]m '%ell-b$' to ! deposit4 ,i n[ turn to ! alt]native explanation 7see ante1 p4 #ade71 viz41 t ! :ole ( ! ph5om5a 7 produc$ by a mass ( l&-ice :i* 0 =c$ 9 ^u ,moel ,tryfa5 f ! nor? or nor?we/1 ov]p[]+ any ,wel% ice :i* ob/ruct$ its c\rse4 ,?is view is 9 h>mony ) ! obs]vations reg>d+ ! 't]m9al curvature' ( ! slates1 ! occurr5ce ( %>p angul> *ips ( slate 9 ! b\ld]-clay1 & ! co9cid5ce ( direction ( ^! indications ( movem5t ) ! c>ry ( =eign /ones4 ,! few %ells & %ell-crumbs 9 ! s&s & gravels w\ld1 ^u ?is hypo!sis1 be ! inf9itesimal relics ( huge %ell-banks 9 ! ,iri% ,sea :i* 7 de/roy$ by ! glaci] & 9 "p incorporat$ 9 its gr\nd-mora9e or involv$ 9 ! ice itself4 ,! s&s & gravels w\ld repres5t ! wa% :i* w\ld take place :]ev]1 by ! occurr5ce ( a 'nunatak' or by approa* to ! edge ( ! ice1 wat] c\ld h a free escape4 ,two pr9cipal objections h be5 urg$ to ! l&-ice explanation ( ! ,moel ,tryfa5 deposits4 ,an able critic asks1 ',c1 !n1 ice walk up-hill8' ,to ?is we answ]1 ,giv5 a suffici5t 'head' beh9d x1 & ice c c]ta9ly a*ieve t feat1 z e ro*e m\tonne proves4 ,if x be grant$ t ice on ! small scale c move up-hill1 !re is no logical halt+-place betwe5 ! uplift ( t5 or tw5ty feet to surm\nt a ro*e m\tonne1 & an equally gradual elevation to ! height ( ,moel ,tryfa54 ,fur!rmore1 ! inl& ice ( ,gre5l& is kn[n to extrude its gr\nd-mora9e on ! 'wea!r-side' ( ! nunataks1 & ! same action w\ld acc\nt = ! mat]ial uplift$ on ,moel ,tryfa54 ,! second objection br\ght =w>d 0 c\*$ 9 some:at ^! t]ms3 ',if ! ,lake ,di/rict _h its ice-%eet1 surely ,wales _h "o also4 ,c\ld n ,sn[donia protect ! he>t ( its own doma98' ,( c\rse1 ,wales _h its ice-%eet1 & ! "q s po9t$ly rais$ by ! objector ne$s an answ]2 & ?\gh x is m]ely a "q ( h[ mu* =ce is requisite to ov]come a c]ta9 resi/ance 7bo? factors be+ unkn[n71 /ill !re are features 9 ! case :i* r5d] x specially int]e/+ & at ! same "t comp>atively easy ( explanation4 ,x seems r l /at+ a p>adox1 yet ! fact is1 t x 0 ! proximity ( ,sn[don :i*1 9 my op9ion1 enabl$ ! =eign ice to invade ,wales at t po9t4 ,a glance at ! map w %[ t ! 'radiant po9t' ( ! ,wel% ice 0 situat$ on or ne> ,ar5ig ,mawr1 & t ! great mass ( ,sn[don /&s q on ! p]iph]y ( ! m\nta9\s regions ( ,nor? ,wales1 s t x w\ld oppose its bulk to f5d (f ! native ice-%eet & prev5t x f ext5d+ seaw>d 9 t direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4--,section across ,wales to %[ ! relation%ip ( native to =eign ice4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! only ,wel% ice 9 position to ob/ruct ! onw>d m>* ( ! invad] w\ld be su* trifl+ valley-glaci]s z c\ld =m on ! we/]n slopes ( ,sn[don itself4 ,! peak ( ,sn[don is #c1egj feet above sea-level1 & ,ar5ig ,mawr1 #b1hag feet high1 is eighte5 miles to ! ea/w>d1 & a broad1 deep valley ) unob/ruct$ access to ,c>digan ,bay int]v5es2 s1 if any ice f ! c5tral mass made its way ov] ! ,sn[donian range1 x p]=m$ a mu* m surpris+ feat ?an t involv$ 9 ! asc5t ( ,moel ,tryfa5 f ! we/w>d4 ,! pr(ile %[s 9 diagrammatic =m ! probable relations ( ! =eign to ! native ice at ! "t :5 ! ,moel ,tryfa5 deposits 7 laid d[n4 ,f :at has be5 said reg>d+ ! great glaci]s1 x w\ld seem t ice advanc$ ^u ! l& f ! seaw>d 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! coa/ ( ,engl&1 ,wales1 & ! ,isle ( ,man4 ,n[1 x is 9 precisely ^? p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & ^? alone1 t ! rema9s ( m>9e animals occur 9 ! glacial deposits4 ,if ! disp]sal ( ! %ells f\nd 9 ! drift _h be5 effect$ by ! means ,i h sugge/$1 x w\ld foll[1 z an inevitable consequ5ce1 t :]ev] %ells occur !re %\ld also be b\ld]s :i* h be5 br\ght f beyond ! sea4 ,?is ,i f9d to be ! case1 & 9 two in/ances ! discov]y ( %ells 0 prelim9>y to ! ext5sion ( ! b\nd>ies ( ! kn[n di/ribution ( b\ld]s ( trans-m>9e orig94 ,! (fic]s ( ! ,geological ,survey "s ye>s ago obs]v$ ! occurr5ce ( 'obscure fragm5ts ( m>9e %ells' 9 a deposit at ,:alley1 ,lanca%ire1 9 :i* !y c\ld f9d only local rocks4 ,"o case su* z ?is w\ld be fatal to ! !ory ( ! remani orig9 ( ! %ells1 b on visit+ ! section ) ,mr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,d[nham1 ,i f\nd1 among/ ! v few /ones :i* occurr$ 9 ! %ell-be>+ s& at ! spot indicat$1 two well-m>k$ examples ( ,cumbrian volcanic rocks1 &1 at a little di/ance1 l>ge b\ld]s ( ,scotti% granites4 ,! second case is m /rik+4 ,! ann\ncem5t 0 made t %ells _h be5 f\nd on a hill call$ ,gloppa ne> ,oswe/ry1 9 ,%rop%ire1 &1 z x lay ab\t five miles to ! we/w>d ( ,mack9to%'s b\nd>y ( ! ,iri% ,sea ,glaci]1 & !re=e well )9 ! area ( exclusively ,wel% b\ld]s1 x furni%$ an excell5t opportunity ( putt+ ! !ory to ! te/4 ,an exam9ation ( ! b\ld]s associat$ ) ! %ells %[$ t ! :ole suite ( ,gall[ay & ,cumbrian erratics su* z belong to ! ,iri% ,sea ,glaci] 7 pres5t 9 great abundance4 ,n only ?is1 b 9 ! mid/ ( ! s]ies ( %ell-be>+ gravels ,i obs]v$ a ?9 l5ticul> b$ ( gre5i% clay1 :i* ^u exam9ation 0 f\nd to be cr[d$ ) well-scrat*$ specim5s ( ,wel% rocks2 b nei!r a morsel ( %ell nor a s+le pebble ( a =eign rock c\ld be f\nd1 ei!r by a c>eful exam9ation 9 ! field or by wa%+ ! clay at home1 & exam9+ ) a l5s ! s& & /ones sep>at$ out4 ,! fact t pr$ictions su* z ^! h be5 v]ifi$ af=ds a v /rik+ corroboration ( ! !ory put =w>d2 &1 ?\gh %ells _c be f\nd 9 e deposit 9 :i* !y might1 ex hypo!si1 be f\nd1 yet ! /rict limitation ( !m to situations :i* con=m to ^? assign$ ^u !oretical gr\nds _c be ascrib$ to m]e co9cid5ce4 ,if ! l& _h ev] be5 subm]g$ dur+ any "p ( ! ,glacial epo* to a dep? ( #a1djj feet1 x is inconceivable t cle> & indisputable evid5ce %\ld n be f\nd 9 abundance 9 ! %elt]$ valleys ( ! ,lake ,di/rict & ,wales1 :i* w\ld h be5 deep1 quiet fiords1 9 :i* va/ colonies ( m>9e creatures w\ld h f\nd h>b\r1 z !y d 9 ! deep lo*s ( ,scotl& to-day4 ,x has be5 urg$1 9 explanation ( ?is abs5ce ( m>9e rema9s 9 ! great hill-c5tres1 t ! 'second glaciation' might h de/roy$ !m2 b to d ?is w\ld require t ! ice %\ld make a clean & complete sweep ( all ! loose deposits bo? 9 ! holl[s ( ! valleys & on ! hill-sides1 & fur!r t x %\ld de/roy all ! %ells & all ! =eign /ones :i* float$ 9 dur+ ! subm]g5ce4 ,at ! same "t we %\ld h to suppose t ! drift :i* lay 9 ! pa?s ( ! great glaci]s 0 n subject$ to any int]f]5ce :atev]4 ,b1 assum+ t ^! difficulties 7 expla9$1 !re w\ld /ill rema9 ! fact t ! valleys :i* h nev] be5 glaciat$--z1 = example1 ^? ( ,d]by%ire--%[ no signs :atev] ( any m>9e deposits1 nor ( m>9e action 9 any =m :atev]4 ,! sea leaves o!r traces also1 besides %ells1 ( its pres5ce 9 di/ricts t h really be5 subm]g$1 yet !re are no signs :atev] to be f\nd ( !m 9 all ,engl&1 except ! po/-glacial rais$ bea*es4 ,fur!rmore1 9 all ! area occupi$ by glacial deposits !re are no true sea-bea*es1 no cliffs nor sea-worn caves1 no b>nacle-encru/$ rocks1 nor rocks bor$ by ,pholas or ,saxicava4 ,are we to believe t ^! nev] exi/$2 or t1 hav+ exi/$1 !y h be5 oblit]at$ by subsequ5t d5udations8 ,to make good ! =m] proposition1 x w\ld be necess>y z a prelim9>y to %[ t ! movem5t ( subsid5ce & re-elevation 0 s rapid1 & ! int]val betwe5 s brief1 t no "t 0 all[$ = any m>9e erosion to take place4 ,if ?is 7 s1 x w\ld be ! mo/ /up5d\s cata/rophe ( :i* we h any geological record2 b we are n left 9 d\bt reg>d+ ! duration ( ! subm]g$ condition1 = ! occurr5ce ( =ty feet ( gravel ^u ! summits ( ! hills indicates pla9ly t1 if !y 7 accumulat$ by ! sea1 ! l& mu/ h /ood at t level = a v long p]iod1 amply suffici5t = ! =mation ( a well-m>k$ coa/-l9e4 ,! alt]native proposition1 t po/-glacial d5udation _h remov$ ! traces ( subsid5ce1 is equally at v>iance ) ! evid5ce4 ,po/-glacial d5udation has left kames & druml9s1 & all ! o!r =ms ( glacial deposits1 9 almo/ p]fect integrity2 ! small kettle-holes are n yet fill$ up2 & x is !re=e q out ( ! "q t ! f> m endur+ features1 su* z sea-cliffs1 %ore plat=ms1 & bea*es1 %\ld h be5 de/roy$4 ,! only reasonable conclusion is1 t ^! evid5ces ( m>9e action nev] exi/$1 because ! l& 9 glacial times 0 nev] depress$ bel[ its pres5t level4 ,if ! level 7 diff]5t at all 7z ,i ?9k may h be5 ! case on ! we/]n side ( ,engl&71 x 0 high]1 & n l[]4 ,! details ( ! subm]g5ce hypo!sis h1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 nev] be5 dealt ) by its advocates1 o!rwise ,i _c b ?9k t x w\ld h be5 ab&on$ long s9ce4 ,x has be5 /at$ 9 g5]al t]ms t ! subsid5ce 0 greate/ 9 ! nor? & dim9i%$ to z]o 9 ! s\?1 b no attempt 0 made to trace ! evid5ce ( extreme subsid5ce across c\ntry & along ! pr9cipal hill-ranges--9 fact1 to see h[ x v>i$ 9 e direction4 ,if we take a trav]se ( ,engl&1 say f ,flambor\gh ,head ^u ! ea/ to ,moel ,tryfa5 on ! we/1 & accept z evid5ce ( subm]g5ce any true glacial deposits 7except1 z 9 ! case ( ! int]ior ( ,wales1 ! deposits are obvi\sly ! effects ( purely local glaci]s & conta91 !re=e1 no %ells71 we %all f9d t ! subsid5ce1 if any1 mu/ h be5 n simply diff]5tial b sporadic4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4--,section ( ! cliff on ! ea/ side ( ,s\? ,sea ,l&+1 ,flambor\gh ,head4 ,scale1 #abj feet to #a in*2 l5g? ( section #bij y>ds2 av]age height1 #abe feet4 7,see above map ( mora9e betwe5 ,speeton & ,flambor\gh47 ,explanation4--#d4 ,br[ni% b\ld]-clay1 a b& ( pebbles2 #d;a1 9 places ab\t sev5 feet f top4 #c4 ,wa%$ gravel1 ) ?9 s&-seams1 well-b$d$1 pebbles *iefly erratics4 #b4 ,basem5t b\ld]-clay1 ) _m includ$ pat*es ( s&1 gravel1 & silt2 #b;a1 at ,b1 "o ( ^! #b;b conta9 %ells4 #a;b4 ,s& & silt1 ov]ly+ & 9 places int]b$d$ ) #a4 #a4 ,rubble ( angul> & subangul> *alk-blocks & gravel1 ) occasional erratic1 passes p>tly into *alky b\ld]-clay1 #a;a4 x4 ,:ite *alk1 )\t fl9ts1 surface mu* %ak54 ,at ,flambor\gh ,head %elly drift atta9s an altitude ( #djj feet1 b half a mile f ! coa/ ! c\ntry is practically driftless ev5 at l[] levels4 ,! ,york%ire ,wolds 7 n subm]g$4 ,on ! we/]n flanks ( ! wolds drift comes 9 at ab\t #ajj to #aej feet1 & p]si/s1 probably1 "u ! po/-glacial w>p1 f :i* x aga9 protrudes on ! we/]n side ( ! valley ( ! ,ouse1 & h[ev] ! drift betwe5 !re & ! ,p5n9e wat]-%$ may be int]pret$1 x %[s n a sign ( m>9e orig92 b1 ev5 grant+ t x did1 we f9d t x does n rea* )9 a ?\s& feet ( ! wat]-%$4 ,:5 ! wat]-%$ is cross$1 h[ev]1 abundant glacial deposits are met ) :i* are n to be diff]5tiat$ f o!rs at slightly l[] levels :i* conta9 %ells4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4--;,enl>g$ section ( ! %elly s& & surr\nd+ clay at ,b 9 prec$+ figure4 ,scale1 #d feet to #a in*4 ,explanation4--#b4 ,basem5t b\ld]-clay4 #b;a4 ,pure compact blue & br[n clay ( aque\s orig91 b$d+ contort$ & ne>ly oblit]at$1 b ! mass is cut up by %e>+ planes4 #b;b4 ,irregul> seam1 & scatt]$ /reaks1 ( gre5i%-yell[ s& ) _m m>9e %ells4 #b;c4 ,pat* ( pale-yell[ s&1 diff]5t f #b;b1 )\t trace ( fossils4 ,if we suppose t ! l9e ( our trav]se crosses ! ,p5n9e ,*a9 at ,heald ,moor1 we %all f9d t on ! ea/]n side no traces ( drift occur above ab\t #cjj feet2 :ile ! v summit ( ! wat]-%$ is occupi$ by b\ld]-clay1 & !nce d[nw>d ! trace is practically cont9u\s1 & at ab\t #a1jjj feet & d[nw>d ! drift conta9s m>9e %ells4 ,across ! great pla9 ( ,lanca%ire & ,*e%ire ! 'm>9e' drift is fully develop$--?\gh x may be rem>k$ 9 p>5!ses t x conta9s a %all[-wat] fauna1 albeit ex hypo!si deposit$1 9 "p at lea/1 9 a dep? ( #bjj fa?oms ( wat]--& to ! ,wel% bord] at ,frondeg1 :]e x aga9 rea*es a wat]-%$ at an altitude ( #a1dej feet2 b at #ajj y>ds to ! we/w>d ( ! summit all traces ( subsid5ce disappe>1 & ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ,wales no sign is visible2 !n we em]ge on ! we/]n slopes at ,moel ,tryfa51 & !y assume _! fulle/ dim5sions1 ?\gh only to f9i% abruptly on ! hill-top1 & put 9 no appe>ance 9 ! l[] gr\nds :i* ext5d f !re to ! sea4 ,! conclusions po9t$ to by ! evid5ce 7&1 z ,i h endeav\r$ to %[1 all ! evid5ce :i* exi/$ at ! close ( ! ,glacial p]iod is !re /ill7 are1 t a subsid5ce ( ! ,york%ire ,wolds took place on ! ea/1 b n 9 ! c5tre or we/2 t ! ,p5n9e ,*a9 0 subm]g$ on ! we/]n side to a dep? ( #a1djj feet1 & on ! ea/ to n m ?an #cjj feet1 ev5 on opposite sides ( ! same individual hill2 t all ! l[l&s betwe51 say1 ,bacup & ! ,wel% bord]1 7 subm]g$1 & t ! hills ne> ,frondeg p>took ( ?is movem5t1 b only on _! ea/]n sides2 t ! c5tre ( ,wales 0 exempt1 b t ! summit ( ,moel ,tryfa5 =ms an isolat$ spot subm]g$1 :ile ! surr\nd+ c\ntry escap$4 ,^! absurdities might be indef9itely multipli$1 & !y mu/ foll[ unless x be admitt$ t ! ph5om5a are ! results ( glacial ice1 & t ice c move 'up-hill4' ,! s\? ( ,engl& c]ta9ly has p>tak5 ( no movem5t ( subsid5ce4 ,a l9e drawn f ,bri/ol to ,london w leave all ! true glacial deposits to ! nor?w>d1 except a b$ ( v que/ionable b\ld]-clay at ,wat*et1 & a peculi> deposit ( clayey rubble :i* has be5 produc$ on ! flanks ( ! ,corni% hills probably1 z ! late ,s4 ,v4 ,wood1 ,jr1 sugge/$1 by ! slipp+ ( mat]ial ov] a p]man5tly froz5 subsoil4 ,= ! rema9d] ( ! s\!rn area ! evid5ce is pla9 t !re has be5 no consid]able subsid5ce dur+ glacial times4 ,! pres5ce ov] l>ge areas ( *alk c\ntry ( ! 'clay ) fl9ts'--a deposit produc$ by ! gradual solution ( ! *alk & ! accumulation 9 situ ( its insoluble residue--is absolute demon/ration t = imm5se p]iods ( "t ! c\ntry has be5 exempt f any consid]able aque\s action4 ,! enorm\s accumulations ( *9a clay ^u ! granite bosses ( ,cornwall & ,devon tell ! same tale4 ,a few erratics h be5 f\nd at l[ levels at v>i\s po9ts on ! s\!rn coa/s1 usually n above ! rea* ( ! waves4 ,^! consi/ ( rocks :i* may h be5 float$ by %ore-ice f ! ,*annel ,isl&s or ! ,fr5* coa/4 ,?is imp]fect survey ( ! evid5ce aga9/ ! suppos$ subm]g5ce has be5 r5d]$ ! m difficult by ! fact t x is n consid]$ necess>y to produce ! evid5ce ( m>9e %ells 9 all cases4 ,inde$1 x has be5 argu$ t po/-,t]ti>y b$s cov]+ ?\s&s ( squ>e miles might be absolutely de/itute ( %ells )\t prejudice to ! !ory ( _! =mation 9 ! sea4 ,b su* a sugge/ion1 "o w\ld ?9k1 c\ld h>dly come f anyone famili> ) m>9e ,t]ti>y deposits1 or ev5 ) ! appe>ance ( mod]n sea-bea*es4 ,admitt+1 h[ev]1 = ! purposes ( argum5t1 t ! bea*es along a great ext5t ( coa/ might be devoid ( %ells1 x _c be argu$ t ! deep wat]s 7 de/itute ( life2 & h5ce ! b\ld]-clays1 if ( m>9e orig91 %\ld conta9 a great abundance ( %ells & o!r rema9s1 &1 once entomb$1 x is beyond belief t !y c\ld all be remov$ f su* a deposit 9 ! %ort lapse ( po/-glacial "t4 ,n[1 "s ( ! b\ld]-clays--z1 = example1 ^? ( ,lanca%ire & ,*e%ire--are held to be ( m>9e orig91 & ?is is inde$ a vital necessity to ! subm]g5ce !ory2 =1 if ^! are n m>9e deposits1 nei!r are ! o!r %elly deposits2 b ^! b\ld]-clays are absolutely indi/+ui%able f ^? ly+ )9 ! hill-c5tres1 &1 z x passes belief t su* deposits c\ld be ( div]se orig9 & yet possess an id5tical /ructure & arrangem5t1 !n we %\ld h a "r to dem& t ^! clays %\ld h enclos$ %ells & %\ld /ill conta9 !m1 b !y d n4 ,i may "h m5tion t ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,%one1 ,f4 ,g4 ,s4--& he 0 good en\gh to p]mit me to quote ! /atem5t--t ! b\ld]-clay ( ,*e%ire & ! %elly b\ld]-clay ( ,cai?ness are 'z l z two peas4' ,! importance ( ?is comp>ison lies 9 ! fact t1 s9ce ,croll's classical description1 all obs]v]s h agre$ t x 0 ! product ( l&-ice :i* mov$ 9 ^u ! l& out ( ! ,dorno* ,fir?4 ,x 0 po9t$ out !n1 z s9ce has be5 done = ,engl&1 t x 0 only :]e ! direction ( ice-movem5t 0 f ! seaw>d t any %ells occur 9 ! b\ld]-clay4 ,! ,disp]sion ( ,erratics ( ,%ap ,granite4--,s great a significance atta*es to ! peculi> di/ribution ( ?is rem>kable rock1 t ,i may add a few details "h :i* c\ld n be conv5i5tly introduc$ else:]e4 ,?is granite occupies an area :i* lies j to ! nor?w>d ( ! wat]-%$ betwe5 ! bas9s ( ! ,lime & ! ,ed51 & its extreme elevation is #a1fef feet4 ,b\ld]s occur 9 l>ge numb]s z f> to ! nor?w>d z ,cross ,fells1 :ile1 z already describ$1 !y pass ov] ,/a9moor & are disp]s$ 9 great numb]s along ! r\te tak5 by ! great ,/a9moor bran* ( ! ,solway ,glaci]4 ,b a consid]able numb] ( ! b\ld]s also f\nd _! way to ! s\?w>d1 & a well-m>k$ trail c be foll[$ d[n into ,morecambe ,bay2 & at ,he/ ,bank1 to ! nor? ( ,lanca/]1 ! b\ld]-clay conta9s _m examples1 toge!r ) ! 'mica-trap' ( ! ,k5dal & ,s$b]gh dykes & o!r local rocks1 b no %ells or erratics f o!r s\rces ?an ! c\ntry dra9+ into ,morecambe ,bay4 ,to ! s\?w>d ! ice :i* bore ^! rocks 0 deflect$ by ! great ,iri% ,sea ,glaci]1 &1 s f> z pres5t in=mation enables me to /ate1 ! ,%ap granite blocks m>k ! c\rse ( ! m$ial mora9e betwe5 ^! two ice-/reams4 ,x has be5 f\nd ne> ,g>/ang1 at ,longridge1 & at ,:alley1 ?is be+ ! exact l9e ( junction ( ! ,iri% ,sea ,glaci] ) ! ice f ,morecambe ,bay & ! ,p5n9e ,*a94 ,x is a v rem>kable & significant fact1 t n a s+le au!ntic occurr5ce ( ! rock across ! b\nd>y indicat$ has yet be5 record$4 ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,on pass+ ov] ! %all[ ,g]man ,sea f ,engl& to ! ,cont95t1 ! s\!rn bord] ( ! ,sc&9avian ice-field is f\nd s\? ( ! ,zuyd] ,zee1 betwe5 ,utre*t & ,arnhem--! mora9e hills 9 ! vic9ity ( ,arnhem be+ q m>k$1 & a b>r51 s&y pla9 dott$ ) b\ld]s & irregul> mora9e hills ext5d+ mo/ ( ! way to ! ,zuyd] ,zee4 ,f ,arnhem ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ! great ice-field runs ea/w>d across ! ,rh9e ,valley1 along ! base ( ! ,we/phalian ,hills1 ar\nd ! project+ promontory ( ! ,h>tz1 & !n s\?w>d ?r\gh ,saxony to ! roots ( ! ,erzgebirge4 ,pass+ next s\!a/w>d along ! flanks ( ! ,ries5 & ,sudet5 *a91 x sweeps across ,pol& into ,russia1 circl+ r\nd by ,kiev1 & nor?w>d by ,nijni-,novgorod t[>ds ! ,urals4,,bv ,!nce ! b\nd>y passes nor?w>d to ! ,arctic ,ocean1 a little ea/ ( ! ,:ite ,sea4 ,footnote ,,bv3 ,a4 ,geikie's ,text-,book ( ,geology1 p4 #hhe4 ,! dep? ( ?is nor!rn ice-%eet is prov$ to h be5 upw>ds ( #a1djj feet :]e x met ! ,h>tz ,m\nta9s1 = x has deposit$ nor!rn dbris ^u !m to t height2 :ile1 z already %[n1 x mu/ h be5 ov] #b1jjj feet 9 ! ma9 valley ( ,switz]l&4 ,9 ,norway x is e/imat$ t ! ice 0 betwe5 #f1jjj & #g1jjj feet ?ick4 ,! am\nt ( "w done by ! cont95tal glaci]s ( ,europe 9 ! erosion1 transportation1 & deposition ( rock & e>?y mat]ial is imm5se4 ,accord+ to ,hell&1 ! av]age dep? ( ! glacial deposits ov] ,nor? ,g]many & nor?we/]n ,russia is #aej ,g]man feet1 i4 e41 ab\t #ace ,engli% feet4 ,z ! deposition t[>ds ! m>g9 ( a glaci] mu/ be comm5surate ) its erosion ne> ! c5tre ( movem5t1 ?is va/ am\nt implies a /ill great] proportionate wa/e 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,sc&9avia1 :]e ! area dim9i%es ) e contraction ( ! circle4 ,two hundr$ & fifty feet is !re=e n an extravagant calculation = ! am\nt ( glacial erosion 9 ! ,sc&9avian ,p59sula4 ,x is n difficult to see h[ ! ,sc&9avian m\nta9s 7 able to contribute s mu* soil to ! pla9s ( nor!rn ,g]many & nor?we/]n ,russia4 ,previ\s to ! ,glacial p]iod1 a w>m climate ext5d$ s f> nor? z to p]mit ! gr[? ( semi-tropical vegetation 9 ,spitsb]g51 ,gre5l&1 & ! nor!rn %ores ( ,briti% ,am]ica4 ,su* a climate1 ) its abundant moi/ure & vegetation1 af=d$ mo/ fav\rable conditions = ! sup]ficial dis9tegration ( ! rocks4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! cold ( ! ,glacial p]iod came on1 ! mov+ curr5ts ( ice w\ld h a comp>atively easy task 9 /ripp+ ! mantle ( soil f ! hills ( ,norway & ,sw$51 & transport+ x t[>ds ! p]iph]y ( its movem5t4 ,( c\rse1 erosion 9 ,sc&9avia meant subglacial deposition beyond ! ,baltic4 ,d\btless1 !re=e1 ! pla9s ( nor!rn ,g]many1 ) _! great dep? ( soil1 are true glacial deposits1 ^: inequalities ( surface h s9ce be5 mu* oblit]at$1 ?r\gh ! g5]al influ5ces ( ! lapse ( "t1 & by ! ceaseless activity ( man4 ,an int]e/+ s]ies ( mora9es 9 ! nor? ( ,g]many1 bord]+ ! ,baltic ,sea1 0 discov]$ 9 #ahhh by ,pr(essor ,salisbury1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4 ,its c\rse lies ?r\gh ,s*leswig-,hol/e91 ,meckl5burg1 ,potsdam 7ab\t =ty miles nor? ( ,b]l971 !nce sw++ m to ! nor?1 & foll[+ ne>ly ! l9e betwe5 ,pom]ania & ,we/ ,prussia1 cross+ ! ,vi/ula ab\t tw5ty miles s\? ( ,dantzic1 !nce ea/]ly to ! ,spird+ ,see1 ne> ! b\nd>y ( ,pol&4 ,among ! places :]e ?is mora9e c be be/ se5 are--#a4 ,9 ,prov9ce ,hol/e91 ! region ab\t 7especially nor? (7 ,eut92 #b4 ,prov9ce ,meckl5burg1 nor? ( ,crivitz1 & betwe5 ,bt[ & ,krpel92 #c4 ,prov9ce ,br&5burg1 s\? ( ,reckatel1 betwe5 ,/rass5 & ,br5bus*1 s\? ( ,fr/5b]g & nor? ( ,ev]swalde1 & betwe5 ,pyritz & ,sold52 #d4 ,prov9ce ,pos51 ea/ ( ,locknitz1 & at num]\s po9ts to ! s\?1 & especially ab\t ,falk5burg1 & betwe5 ,lompelburg & ,brwalde4 ,?is is "o ( ! be/ localities4 #e4 ,prov9ce ,we/ ,preuss51 ea/ ( ,bt[2 #f4 ,prov9ce ,o/ ,preuss51 betwe5 ,horn & ,widik94 ,comp>+ ^! ) ! mora9es ( ,am]ica1 ,pr(essor ,salisbury rem>ks3 ,9 its composition f sev]al memb]s1 9 its v>iety ( developm5t1 9 its topographic relations1 9 its topography1 9 its con/itution1 9 its associat$ deposits1 & 9 its wide sep>ation f ! out]mo/ drift limit1 ?is mora9ic belt corresponds to ! ext5sive mora9ic belt ( ,am]ica1 :i* ext5ds f ,dakota to ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,t ! "o =mation corresponds to ! o!r does n admit ( d\bt4 ,9 all ess5tial *>act]i/ics !y are id5tical 9 "*4 ,:at may be _! relations 9 "t rema9s to be det]m9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4--,map %[+ ! glaciat$ area ( ,europe accord+ to ,j4 ,geikie1 & ! mora9es 9 ,brita9 & ,g]many accord+ to ,lewis & ,salisbury4 ,! physical geography ( ,europe is s diff]5t f t ( ,am]ica1 t !re 0 a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! second>y or incid5tal effects ( ! ,glacial p]iod ^u ! two regions4 ,9 ,am]ica ! cont95tal area ov] :i* ! glaci]s spread is comp>atively simple 9 its outl9es4 ,ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 z we h se51 ! dra9age ( ! ,glacial p]iod 01 = a "t1 ne>ly all conc5trat$ 9 ! ,mississippi bas91 & ! /reams _h a free c\rse s\?w>d4 ,b 9 ,europe !re 0 no free dra9age to ! s\?1 except ov] a small portion ( ! glaciat$ area 9 c5tral ,russia1 ab\t ! head-wat]s ( ! ,dniep]1 ! ,don1 & ! ,volga2 ?\gh ! ,danube & ! ,rhne af=d$ free c\rse = ! wat]s ( a portion ( ! great ,alp9e glaci]s4 ,b all ! great riv]s ( nor!rn ,europe fl[ to ! nor?w>d1 &1 ) ! exception ( ! ,se9e1 !y all = a "t enc\nt]$ ! front ( ! cont95tal ice-%eet4 ,?is circum/ance makes x difficult to di/+ui% closely betwe5 ! direct glacial deposits 9 ,europe & ^? :i* are m or less modifi$ by wat]-action4 ,at fir/ sight x w\ld seem also some:at haz>d\s to attempt to correlate ) any portion ( ! ,glacial p]iod ! deposition ( ! gravelly & loamy deposits 9 valleys1 :i*1 l ^? ( ! ,se9e & ,somme1 lie entirely outside ( ! glaciat$ area4 ,^u close exam9ation1 h[ev]1 ! elem5ts ( d\bt m & m disappe>4 ,! ,glacial p]iod 0 "o ( great precipitation1 & x is natural to suppose t ! area ( excessive sn[-fall ext5d$ consid]ably beyond ! limit ( ! ice-front4 ,dur+ t p]iod !re=e1 ! riv]s ( c5tral ,france mu/ h be5 annually flood$ to an ext5t f> beyond any?+ :i* is kn[n at ! pres5t "t4 ,s9ce ^! riv]s fl[$ to ! nor?w>d1 at a p]iod :51 dur+ ! long & sev]e w9t]s1 ! annual accumulation ( ice ne> _! m\?s 0 excessive1 ice-gorges ( imm5se ext5t1 su* z n[ =m ab\t ! m\?s ( ! ,sib]ian riv]s1 w\ld regul>ly occur4 ,we are n surpris$1 !re=e1 to f9d1 ev5 9 ^! /reams1 abundant indications ( ! indirect influ5ce ( ! great nor!rn ice-%eet4 ,! indications ref]r$ to consi/ ( high-level gravel t]races occasionally conta9+ b\ld]s1 ( f f\r to five tons weight1 :i* h be5 transport$ = a consid]able di/ance4 ,! elevation ( ! t]races above ! pres5t flood-pla9s ( ! ,se9e & ,somme rea*es f #ajj to #aej feet4 ,we are n to suppose1 h[ev]1 t ev5 9 glacial times ! floods ( ! riv] ,se9e c\ld h fill$ its pres5t valley to t height4 ,! highe/ flood 9 ?is riv] kn[n 9 hi/oric times rose only to a height ( tw5ty-n9e feet4 ,mr4 ,pre/wi* e/imates t1 )\t tak+ into consid]ation ! m rapid dis*>ge1 a flood ( sixty times ?is magnitude w\ld be requir$ to fill ! pres5t valley to ! level ( ! anci5t gravels1 :ile at ,ami5s ! %ape ( ! valley ( ! ,somme is su* t five hundr$ times ! mean av]age ( ! /ream w\ld be requir$ to rea* ! high-level gravels4 ,! conclusion1 !re=e1 is t ! tr\ghs ( ^! /reams h be5 l>gely =m$ by erosion s9ce ! deposition ( ! high-level gravels4 ,connect$ ) ^! t]race gravels 9 nor!rn ,france is a loamy deposit1 correspond+ to ! loess 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 & to a simil> deposit to :i* we h ref]r$ 9 describ+ ! s\?we/]n "p ( ! glaciat$ area 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,9 nor!rn ,france ?is f9e silt ov]lies ! high-level gravel deposits1 &1 z ,mr4 ,pre/wi* has pretty cle>ly %[n1 0 deposit$ contemporane\sly ) !m dur+ ! e>ly inundations & be=e ! /ream _h erod$ its *annel to its pres5t level4 ,! di/ribution ( loess 9 ,europe 0 d\btless connect$ ) ! peculi> glacial conditions ( ! cont95t4 ,its typical developm5t is 9 ! valley ( ! ,rh9e1 :]e x is describ$ by ,pr(essor ,james ,geikie z a yell[ or pale greyi%-br[n1 f9e-gra9$1 & m or less homog5e\s1 consi/5t1 non-pla/ic loam1 consi/+ ( an intimate admixture ( clay & c>bonate ( lime4 ,x is frequ5tly m9utely p]=at$ by long1 v]tical1 root-l tubes :i* are l9$ ) c>bonate ( lime--a /ructure :i* imp>ts to ! loess a /rong t5d5cy to cleave or divide 9 v]tical planes4 ,?us x usually pres5ts upright bluffs or cliffs ^u ! m>g9s ( /reams & riv]s :i* int]sect x4 ,v (t5 x conta9s concretions or nodules ( irregul> =m4444 ,l&-%ells & ! rema9s ( l& animals are ! mo/ common fossils ( ! loess1 b occasionally fre%-wat] %ells & ! bones ( fre%-wat] fi% occur4 ,f ! m>g9s ( ! mod]n alluvial flats :i* =m ! bottoms ( ! valleys x rises to a height ( #bjj or #cjj feet above ! /reams--sweep+ up ! slopes ( ! valleys1 & imp>t+ a ri* productiv5ess to _m di/ricts :i* w\ld o!rwise be comp>atively unfruitful4 ,f ! ,rhi5?al itself x ext5ds into all ! tribut>y valleys--^? ( ! ,neck>1 ! ,ma91 ! ,lahn1 ! ,moselle1 & ! ,meuse1 be+ m or less abundantly *>g$ ) x4 ,x spreads1 9 %ort1 l a great w9d+-%eet ov] ! c\ntry--ly+ ?ickly 9 ! valleys & dy+ (f ^u ! high] slopes & plateaux4 ,wide & deep accumulations appe> likewise 9 ! ,rhne ,valley1 z also 9 sev]al o!r riv]-valleys ( ,france1 z 9 ^? ( ! ,se9e1 ! ,sane1 & ! ,g>onne1 & ! same is ! case ) _m ( ! valleys ( middle ,g]many1 su* z ^? ( ! ,fulda1 ! ,w]ra1 ! ,wes]1 & ! upp] rea*es ( ! great bas9 ( ! ,elbe4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! loess is re/rict$ to valleys & depressions 9 ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,x is true t x atta9s 9 ^! its greate/ ?ickness1 b ext5sive accumulations may (t5 be foll[$ f> into ! int]m$iate hilly di/ricts & ov] ! neighb\r+ plateaux4 ,?us ! ,od5wald1 ! ,taunus1 ! ,vogelgebirge1 & o!r upl& tracts1 are cloak$ ) loess up to a consid]able height4 ,cross+ into ! dra9age sy/em ( ! ,danube1 we f9d t ?is l>ge riv] & _m ( its tribut>ies fl[ ?r\gh va/ tracts ( loess4 ,l[] ,bav>ia is ?ickly coat$ ) x1 & x atta9s a great developm5t 9 ,bohemia1 ,upp] & ,l[] ,au/ria1 & ,moravia--9 ! latt] c\ntry ris+ to an elevation ( #a1cjj feet4 ,x is equally abundant 9 ,hung>y1 ,galicia1 ,buk[9a1 & ,transylvania4 ,f ! ,danubian flat l&s & ! l[ gr\nds ( ,galicia x /ret*es into ! valleys ( ! ,c>pa?ians1 up to heights ( #hjj & #b1jjj feet4 ,9 "s cases x goes ev5 high]--namely1 to #c1jjj feet1 accord+ to ,zeus*n]1 & to #d1jjj or #e1jjj feet1 accord+ to ,korzi/ka4 ,^! la/ great elevations1 x w be und]/ood1 are 9 ! upp] valleys ( ! nor!rn ,c>pa?ians4 ,9 ,r\mania loess is likewise pl5tiful1 b x has n be5 obs]v$ s\? ( ! ,balkans4 ,ea/ ( ! ,c>pa?ians--t is to say1 9 ! regions wat]$ by ! ,dnie/]1 ! ,dniep]1 & ! ,don--loess appe>s also to be want+1 & to be repres5t$ by ^? great /eppe-deposits :i* are kn[n z ,t*]noz51 or black e>?4,,bw ,footnote ,,bw3 ,prehi/oric ,europe1 pp4 #add-adf4 ,! %ells f\nd 9 ! loess indicate bo? a cold] & a wett] climate dur+ its deposition ?an t :i* n[ exi/s4 ,! relics ( l& animals are infrequ5tly f\nd 9 ! deposit1 yet !y d occur1 b mo/ly 9 fragm5t>y condition--! pr9cipal animals repres5t$ be+ ! mammo?1 ! rh9oc]os1 ! re9de]1 & ! horse2 :i* is ab\t ! same v>iety z is f\nd 9 ! gravel deposits ( ! ,glacial p]iod1 bo? 9 we/]n ,europe & 9 ,am]ica4 ,a species ( loess--diff]+1 h[ev]1 some:at 9 color f t on ! ,rh9e--cov]s ! pla9s ( nor!a/]n ,france up to an elevation ( #gjj feet above ! ! sea1 :]e1 z we h already said1 x ov]lies ! high-level gravels ( ! ,se9e & ! ,somme4 ,above ?is height ! sup]ficial soil 9 ,france is evid5tly m]ely ! decompos$ upp] surface ( ! native rock4 ,! probable explanation ( all ^! deposits1 includ$ "u ! t]m loess1 is ! same z t already giv5 by ,pre/wi* ( ! loamy deposits ( nor!rn ,france4 ,b 9 case ( riv]s1 :i*1 l ! ,rh9e1 enc\nt]$ ! ice-front 9 _! nor?w>d fl[1 a flood$ condition fav\r+ ! accumulation ( loess 0 d\btless promot$ by ! cont95tal ice-b>ri]4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,danube & ! ,rhne1 h[ev]1 :]e !re 0 a free outlet away f ! glaciat$ region1 ! loess 9 ! upp] "p ( ! valleys mu/ h accumulat$ 9 connection ) glacial floods q simil> to ^? :i* we h describ$ z spread+ ov] ! imp]fectly =m$ wat]-c\rses ( ! ,mississippi bas9 dur+ ! close ( ! ,ice age4 ,t ! typical loess is ( glacial orig9 is pretty c]ta9ly %[n1 bo? by its di/ribution 9 front ( glaci]s & by its evid5t me*anical orig9 :5 /udi$ "u ! microscope4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 ! f9e s$im5t :i* gives ! milky :it5ess to glacial riv]s4 ,9 c5tral ,russia !re is a consid]able area 9 :i* ! glacial conditions 71 9 "o respect1 simil> to ^? 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,mississippi ,valley 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 bo? regions ! cont95tal ice-%eet surm\nt$ ! riv] p>t+s1 & spread ov] ! upp] portion ( an ext5sive pla9 ^: dra9age 0 to ! s\?4 ,! ,dniep]1 ! ,don1 & ! we/]n bran* ( ! ,volga1 l ! ,ohio & ! ,mississippi1 h _! head-wat]s 9 ! glaciat$ region4 ,9 "s o!r respects1 also1 !re is a resemblance betwe5 ! pla9s bord]+ ! glaciat$ region 9 c5tral ,russia & ^? :i* 9 ,am]ica bord] x 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,mr4 ,james ,geikie is ( ! op9ion t ! ext5sive belt ( black e>? adjo9+ ! glaciat$ area 9 ,russia1 & con/itut+ ! mo/ productive agricultural portion ( ! c\ntry1 d]ives its f]tility1 z does mu* ( ! ,mississippi ,valley1 f ! blanket ( glacial silt spread pretty ev5ly ov] x4 ,?us x w\ld appe> t 9 ,europe1 z 9 ,am]ica1 ! ice ( ! ,glacial p]iod 0 a mo/ b5efic5t ag5t1 prep>+ ! face ( ! e>? = ! p]man5t occupation ( man4 ,on bo? cont95ts ! seat ( empire is 9 ! area once occupi$ by ! advance ( ! great ice-movem5ts ( t desolate epo*4 ,asia4 ,ea/ ( ! ,urals1 9 nor!rn ,asia1 !re is no evid5ce ( mov+ ice ^u ! l& dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod2 b at ,yakutsk1 9 latitude #fb nor?1 ! soil is froz5 at ! pres5t "t to an unkn[n dep?1 & _m ( ! ,sib]ian riv]s1 z !y approa* & empty into ! ,arctic ,sea1 fl[ betwe5 cliffs ( p]petual ice or froz5 gr\nd4 ,! *anges t came ov] ?is region dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod are impressively indicat$ by ! animal rema9s :i* h be5 pres]v$ 9 ^! motionless icy cliffs4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! p]iod h]ds ( mammo? & woolly rh9oc]os roam$ ov] ! pla9s ( ,sib]ia1 & wag$ an unequal w>f>e ) ! sl[ly conv]g+ & de/ructive =ces4 ,! heads & tusks ( ^! animals 7 s abundant 9 ,sib]ia t !y long suppli$ all ,russia ) ivory1 besides contribut+ no small am\nt = export to o!r c\ntries4 ,9 #ahgb & #ahgc z _m z #b1ggj mammo?-tusks1 weigh+ f #adj to #afj p\nds ea*1 7 ent]$ at ! ,london clocks4,,bx ,s p]fectly h ! c>casses ( ^! ext9ct animals be5 pres]v$ 9 ! froz5 soil ( nor!rn ,sib]ia t :51 aft] ! lapse ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 floods h wa%$ !m out f ! froz5 cliffs1 dogs & wolves & be>s h f$ ^u _! fle% ) avidity4 ,9 "s in/ances ev5 portions ( ! food ( ^! animals 7 f\nd 9 ! cavities ( ! tee?4 ,microscopic exam9ation %[$ t !y f$ ^u ! leaves & %oots ( ! conif]\s trees :i* !n clo!d ! pla9s ( ,sib]ia4 ,a skeleton & p>ts ( ! sk91 & "s ( ! s(t] portions ( ! body ( a mammo?1 discov]$ 9 #agii 9 ! froz5 cliff ne> ! m\? ( ! ,l5a1 0 c>ri$ to ,/4 ,pet]sburg 9 #ahjf1 f :i* x 0 asc]ta9$ t ?is huge animal 0 cov]$ ) alight-col\r$1 curly1 v ?ick-set hair "o to two in*es 9 l5g?1 int]sp]s$ ) d>k]-color$ hair & bri/les f f\r to eighte5 in*es long4,,by ,footnote ,,bx3 ,pre/wi*'s ,geology1 vol4 ii1 p4 #dfj4 ,footnote ,,by3 ,pre/wi*'s ,geology1 vol4 ii1 p4 #dfj4 ,9 ! valleys ( ,sikkim & ea/]n ,nepaul1 9 nor!rn ,india1 glaci]s =m]ly ext5d$ #f1jjj feet l[] ?an n[1 or to ab\t ! #e1jjj-;foot level1 & 9 ! we/]n ,himalayas to a /ill l[] level4 ,! high] ranges ( m\nta9s 9 o!r portions ( ,asia also %[ _m signs ( =m] glaciation4 ,?is is specially true ( ! ,caucasus1 :]e ! anci5t glaci]s 7 ( va/ ext5t4 ,accord+1 also1 to ,sir ,joseph ,hook]1 ! c$>s ( ,lebanon fl\ri% ^u an anci5t mora9e4 ,( ! glacial ph5om5a 9 o!r portions ( ,asia little is kn[n4 ,africa4 ,nor!rn & ev5 c5tral ,africa mu/ likewise come 9 = _! %>e ( att5tion4 ,! ,atlas ,m\nta9s1 ris+ to a height ( #ac1jjj feet1 ?\gh support+ none at ! pres5t "t1 =m]ly su/a9$ glaci]s ( consid]able size4 ,mora9es are f\nd 9 sev]al places z l[ z ! #d1jjj-;foot level1 & "o at an altitude ( #d1jjj feet is f #hjj to #ijj feet high1 & completely crosses & dams up ! rav9e d[n :i* ! glaci] =m]ly came4 ,"s h suppos$ t !re are indubitable evid5ces ( =m] glaciation 9 ! m\nta9-ranges ( s\?we/]n ,africa betwe5 latitude #cj & #cc1 b ! evid5ce is n z unequivocal z we c\ld wi%1 & we w n pause ^u x4 ,! m\nta9s ( ,au/ralia1 also1 "s ( :i* rise to a height ( m ?an #g1jjj feet1 are suppos$ to h be5 once cov]$ ) glacial ice d[n to ! level ( #e1hjj feet1 b ! evid5ce is at pres5t too scanty to build ^u4 ,b 9 ,new ,zeal& ! glaci]s n[ clu/]+ ab\t ! peaks 9 ! middle ( ! ,s\? ,isl&1 culm9at+ 9 ,m\nt ,cook1 are b dim9utive repres5tatives ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,?is is indicat$ by ext5sive mora9es 9 ! l[] "p ( ! valleys & by ! exi/5ce ( num]\s lakes1 attributable1 l s _m 9 ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica1 to ! irregul> deposition ( mora9ic mat]ial by ! anci5t ice-%eet4,,bz ,footnote ,,bz3 ,see ,) ,axe & ,rope 9 ! ,new ,zeal& ,alps1 by ,g4 ,e4 ,mann]+1 #ahia4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,dra9age ,,sy/ems ,,& ,,! ,,glacial ,,p]iod4 ,we w beg9 ! consid]ation ( ?is "p ( our subject1 also1 ) ! pres5tation ( ! sali5t facts 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 s9ce t field is simpl] ?an any field 9 ! ,old ,_w4 ,! natural dra9age bas9s ( ,nor? ,am]ica ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s are readily describ$4 ,! ,mississippi ,riv] & its bran*es dra9 ne>ly all ! region ly+ betwe5 ! ,appala*ian *a9 & ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & s\? ( ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada & ( ! ,great ,lakes4 ,all ! s\!rn tribut>ies to ! ,great ,lakes are insignificant1 ! riv] p>t+s on ! s\? be+ rea*$ 9 a v %ort di/ance4 ,! dra9age ( ! r limit$ bas9 ( ! ,great ,lakes is nor!a/w>d ?r\gh ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv]1 leav+ ne>ly all ( ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s to p\r its surplus wat]s nor?w>d into ,hudson ,bay & ! ,arctic ,ocean4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv]1 ^! are ess5tially p]man5t sy/ems ( dra9age4 ,to und]/& ! ext5t to :i* ! ice ( ! ,glacial p]iod modifi$ ^! sy/ems1 we mu/ fir/ get be=e our m9ds a picture ( ! c\ntry be=e ! accumulation ( ice began4 ,preglacial ,erosion4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! elevat$ condition ( ! nor!rn & c5tral p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,! direct pro( ( ?is preglacial elevation is l>gely d]iv$ f ! fiords & great lake bas9s ( ! cont95t4 ,! ^w fiord is descriptive ( ! deep & n>r[ inlets ( ! sea specially *>act]i/ic ( ! coa/s ( ,norway1 ,d5m>k4 ,icel&1 & ,briti% ,columbia4 ,usually also fiords are connect$ ) valleys ext5d+ /ill f>!r inl&1 & occupi$ by /reams4 ,fiords are probably due 9 great "p to riv] erosion :5 ! %ores /ood at consid]ably high] level ?an n[4 ,sl[ly1 dur+ ! c\rse ( ages1 ! /reams wore out = !mselves imm5se gorges1 & 7 assi/$1 p]haps1 to "s ext5t by ! glaci]s :i* naturally came into exi/5ce dur+ ! high] cont95tal elevation4 ,! pres5t condition ( fiords1 occupi$ z !y usually are by great dep?s ( sea-wat]1 w\ld be acc\nt$ = by rec5t subsid5ce ( ! l&4 ,9 %ort1 fiords seem ess5tially to be subm]g$ riv] gorges1 p>tially silt$ up ne> _! m\?s1 or p]haps p>tially clos$ by t]m9al mora9es4 ,x is n alone 9 nor?we/]n ,europe & ,briti% ,columbia t fiords are f\nd1 b !y *>act]ize z well ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,am]ica nor? ( ,ma9e1 :ile ev5 f>!r s\?1 bo? on ! ,atlantic & on ! ,pacific coa/1 "s ext5sive examples exi/1 ^: c\rse has be5 reveal$ only to ! s\nd+-l9e ( ! ,gov]nm5t survey4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ! subm]g$ fiords 9 ! middle ,atlantic region ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! cont9uation ( ! tr\gh ( ,hudson ,riv] beyond ,new ,york ,bay4 ,z long ago z #ahdd ! "w ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ ,survey %[$ t !re 0 a subm>9e cont9uation ( ?is valley1 ext5d+ ?r\gh ! comp>atively %all[ wat]s eighty miles or m seaw>d f ,s&y ,hook4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4--,map %[+ old *annel & m\? ( ! ,hudson 7dewb]ry74 ,! m accurate surveys conduct$ f #ahhj to #ahhd h br\ght to our k ! facts ab\t ?is subm>9e valley almo/ z cle>ly z ^? relat+ to ! inl& portion ( x above ,new ,york city4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,a4 ,l9d5kohl1,,ca ?is subm>9e valley began to be noticeable 9 ! s\nd+s t5 miles s\!a/ ( ,s&y ,hook4 ,! dep? ( ! wat] :]e ! *annel beg9s is n9ete5 fa?oms 7#aad feet74 ,t5 miles out ! *annel has sunk n9ety feet bel[ ! g5]al dep? ( ! wat] on ! bank1 & cont9ues at ?is dep? = tw5ty miles f>!r4 ,?is n>r[ *annel cont9ues ) m or less v>iation = a di/ance ( sev5ty-five miles1 :]e x sudd5ly enl>ges to a wid? ( ?ree miles & to a dep? ( #bjj fa?oms1 or #a1bjj feet1 & ext5ds = a di/ance ( tw5ty-five miles1 rea*+ ne> t po9t a dep? ( #dgd fa?oms1 or #b1hdd feet4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,l9d5kohl1 ?is rav9e ma9ta9s = half its l5g? a v]tical dep? ( m ?an #b1jjj feet1 measur+ f ! top ( its banks1 & ! banks h a ne>ly uni=m slope ( ab\t #ad4 ,! m\? ( ! rav9e op5s out into ! deep bas9 ( ! c5tral ,atlantic4 ,footnote ,,ca3 ,bullet9 ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica1 vol4 i1 p4 #efd2 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,june1 #ahia4 ,) little "q !re is br\ght to light 9 ^! rem>kable inve/igations a *annel erod$ by ! ext5sion ( ! ,hudson ,riv]1 into ! bord]+ %elf ( ! ,atlantic bas9 at a "t :5 ! elevation ( ! cont95t 0 mu* great] ?an n[4 ,?is is %[n to h occurr$ 9 late ,t]ti>y or po/-,t]ti>y times by ! fact t ! /rata ?r\gh :i* x is worn are ! cont9uation ( ! ,t]ti>y deposits ( ,new ,j]sey4 ,! subsid5ce to its pres5t level has probably be5 gradual1 &1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,cook1 is /ill cont9u+ at ! rate ( two feet a c5tury4 ,simil> subm>9e *annels are f\nd ext5d+ out f ! pres5t %ore-l9e to ! m>g9 ( ! n>r[ %elf bord]+ ! deep wat] ( ! c5tral ,atlantic runn+ f ! m\? ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv]1 ?r\gh ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,bay1 & ?r\gh ,delaw>e & ,*esapeake ,bays4,,cb ,all ^! subm]g$ fiords on ! ,atlantic coa/ 7 probably =m$ dur+ a cont95tal elevation :i* comm5c$ late 9 ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 & rea*$ ! am\nt ( f #b1jjj to #c1jjj feet 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! cont95t4 ,footnote ,,cb3 ,see ,l9d5kohl 9 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 = ,june1 #ahia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4--,new ,york h>bor 9 preglacial times look+ s\?1 f s\? end ( ,new ,york ,isl& 7,newb]ry74 ,to ?is p]iod mu/ probably be ref]r$ also ! =mation ( ! gorge1 or m prop]ly fiord1 ( ! ,sagu5ay1 :i* jo9s ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce bel[ ,quebec4 ,! great dep? ( ?is fiord is c]ta9ly surpris+1 s9ce1 accord+ to ,sir ,william ,dawson1 its bottom1 = fifty miles above ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 is #hdj feet bel[ ! sea-level1 :ile ! bord]+ cliffs are 9 "s places #a1ejj feet above ! wat]4 ,! av]age wid? is some?+ ov] a mile4 ,x seems impossible to acc\nt = su* a deep gorge ext5d+ s f> bel[ ! sea-level1 except ^u ! supposition ( a long-cont9u$ cont95tal elevation1 :i* %\ld all[ ! /ream to =m a caon to an ext5t some:at comp>able ) t ( ! caons ( ! ,colorado & o!r riv]s 9 ! f> ,we/4 ,!n1 ^u ! subsid5ce ( ! cont95t to ! pres5t level1 x w\ld rema9 p>tially or :olly subm]g$1 z we f9d x at ! pres5t "t4 ,dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod x 0 s fill$ ) ice z to prev5t silt+ up4 ,! riv]s ent]+ ! ,pacific ,ocean1 bo? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 ,briti% ,columbia1 are also lo/ 9 subm]g$ *annels ext5d+ out to ! deep] wat]s ( ! ,pacific bas9 9 a mann] closely simil> to ! ,atlantic /reams :i* h be5 m5tion$4 ,dur+ ?is cont95tal elevation :i* prec$$1 accompani$1 & p]haps br\ght on ! ,glacial p]iod1 erosion mu/ h proce$$ ) great int5sity along all ! l9es ( dra9age1 & ?r\gh\t ! :ole region :i* is n[ cov]$1 & to a consid]able ext5t smoo!d ov]1 by glacial deposits1 & ! :ole c\ntry mu/ h pres5t$ a v diff]5t appe>ance f :at x does n[4 ,a pretty def9ite idea ( its preglacial condition c probably be =m$ by /udy+ ! appe>ance ( ! regions outside ( & adjo9+ t :i* 0 cov]$ by ! cont95tal glaci]4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! glaciat$ & ! unglaciat$ region is /rik+ 9 sev]al respects aside f ! pres5ce & abs5ce ( transport$ rocks & o!r dbris1 b 9 no?+ is x great] ?an 9 ! ext5t ( riv] erosion :i* is app>5t ^u ! surface4 ,= example1 ^u ! we/]n flanks ( ! ,alleghanies ! regions s\? ( ! glacial limit is ev]y:]e deeply *annel$ by /reams4 ,inde$1 s long h !y evid5tly be5 p]mitt$ to "w 9 _! pres5t *annels t1 :]ev] !re h be5 wat]falls1 !y h rec$$ to ! v head-wat]s1 & no cat>acts exi/ 9 !m at ! pres5t "t4 ,nor are !re 9 ! unglaciat$ region any lakes ( importance1 su* z *>act]ize ! glaciat$ region4 ,if !re h be5 lakes1 ! lapse ( "t has be5 suffici5t = _! outlets to l[] _! b$s suffici5tly to dra9 ! bas9s dry4 ,on ent]+ ! glaciat$ area all ?is is *ang$4 ,! ice-movem5t has ev]y:]e done mu* to we> d[n ! hills & fill ! valleys1 &1 :]e !re 0 dbris en\gh at comm&1 x has oblit]at$ ! n>r[ gorges orig9ally occupi$ by ! preglacial /reams4 ,?us x has completely *ang$ ! m9or l9es ( sup]ficial dra9age1 & 9 _m in/ances has produc$ mo/ ext5sive & radical *anges 9 ! :ole dra9age sy/em ( ! region4 ,9 ! glaciat$ area1 *annels buri$ b5ea? glaciat$ dbris are ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 :ile _m ( ! /reams :i* occupy _! preglacial *annels are fl[+ at a v mu* high] level ?an =m]ly1 ! l[] "p ( ! *annel hav+ be5 silt$ up by ! sup]abundant dbris accessible s9ce ! glacial movem5t began4 ,buri$ ,outlets & ,*annels4 ,x is easy to see h[ ! great numb] ( %all[ lakes :i* frequ5t ! glaciat$ region 7 =m$ by ! irregul> deposition ( glacial dbris1 b x is some:at m difficult to trace out ! connection betwe5 ! ,glacial p]iod & ! ,great ,lakes ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 sev]al ( :i* are ( su* dep? t _! bottoms are "s hundr$s ( feet bel[ ! sea-level1 ,lake ,erie furni%+ ! only exception4 ,?is lake is s %all[ t x is easy to see h[ its bas9 may h be5 pr9cipally =m$ by riv] erosion1 :ile x is evid5t t su* mu/ h be5 ! mode ( its =mation1 s9ce x is surr\nd$ by s$im5t>y /rata ly+ ne>ly 9 a horizontal position4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4--,section across ! valley ( ! ,cuyahoga ,riv]1 tw5ty miles above its m\? 7,claypole74 ,t ,lake ,erie is really no?+ b a glacial mill-pond is prov$ also by mu* direct evid5ce1 especially t d]iv$ f ! dep? ( ! buri$ *annels ( ! /reams fl[+ into x f ! s\?4 ,( ^!1 ! ,cuyahoga ,riv]1 :i* ent]s ! lake at ,clevel&1 has be5 mo/ fully inve/igat$4 ,9 se>*+ = oil1 "s ye>s ago1 bor+s 7 made at _m places = tw5ty-five miles above ! m\? ( ! riv]4 ,z a result1 x appe>$ t = ! :ole di/ance ! rocky bottom ( ! gorge 0 ab\t two hundr$ feet bel[ ! pres5t bottom ( ! riv]1 :ile ! riv] itself is two or ?ree hundr$ feet bel[ ! g5]al level ( ! c\ntry1 occupy+ a tr\gh ab\t half a mile 9 wid?1 ) /eep1 rocky sides4 ,^! facts indicate t at "o "t ! riv] mu/ h f\nd opportunity to dis*>ge its cont5ts at a level two hundr$ feet bel[ t ( ! pres5t lake1 :ile an exam9ation ( ! mat]ial fill+ up ! bottom ( ! gorge to its pres5t level %[s x to be glacial dbris1 ?us prov+ t ! silt+ up 0 accompli%$ dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,z ! wat] ( ,lake ,erie is = ! mo/ "p less ?an "o hundr$ feet 9 dep?1 & is n[h]e mu* m ?an two hundr$ feet deep1 x is cle> t ! preglacial outlet :i* dra9$ x d[n to ! level ( ! rocky bottom ( ! ,cuyahoga ,riv] mu/ h de/roy$ ! lake altoge!r4 ,h5ce ,ave may be c]ta9 t1 be=e ! ,glacial p]iod1 ! area n[ cov]$ by ! lake 0 simply a broad1 %all[ valley ?r\gh :i* !re c\rs$ a s+le riv] ( great magnitude1 ) tribut>y bran*es occupy+ deep gorges4 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,w4 ,sp5c] has %[n ) great probability t ! old l9e ( dra9age f ,lake ,erie pass$ ?r\gh ! l[] "p ( ! valley ( ,gr& ,riv]1 9 ,canada1 & ent]$ ,lake ,ont>io at its we/]n extremity1 & t dur+ ! great ,ice age ?is became s completely ob/ruct$ ) glacial dbris z to =m an imp5etrable dam1 & to cause ! p5t-up wat] to fl[ ?r\gh ! ,niag>a ,valley1 :i* *anc$ to furni% ! l[e/ op5+4 ,9 speak+ ( ! pres5t area ( ,lake ,erie1 h[ev]1 z be+ !n occupi$ by a riv] valley1 we d n mean to imply t x 0 n aft]w>ds greatly modifi$ by glacial erosion2 = und\bt$ly ?is 0 ! case1 :atev] views we may h z to ! relative effici5cy ( ice & wat] 9 scoop+ out lake bas9s4 ,9 ! case ( ,lake ,erie1 we ne$ suppose no *ange ( level to acc\nt = ! erosion ( its bas91 b only t1 s9ce ! /rata 9 :i* x is situat$ 7 deposit$1 "t en\gh _h elaps$ = a great riv] to cut a gorge ext5d+ f ! we/]n end ( ,lake ,ont>io ?r\gh to ! pres5t b$ ( ,lake ,erie1 & t "h a great enl>gem5t ( ! valley 0 occasion$ by ! exi/5ce ( deep b$s ( s(t %ale :i* c\ld easily be worn away by a ramify+ sy/em ( tribut>y /reams4 ,riv]s act+ at pres5t relative levels w\ld be amply suffici5t to produce ! results :i* are "h manife/4 ,b 9 ! case ( ,lakes ,ont>io1 ,huron1 ,mi*igan1 & ,sup]ior1 ^: dep?s desc5d consid]ably bel[ ! sea-level1 we mu/ suppose t !y 71 9 ! ma91 erod$ :5 ! cont95t 0 s mu* elevat$ t _! bottoms 7 br\ght above tide-level4 ,! dep? ( ,lake ,ont>io implies ! exi/5ce ( an outlet m ?an f\r hundr$ feet l[] ?an at pres5t1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 c\ld exi/ only :5 ! g5]al elevation 0 m ?an f\r hundr$ feet great] ?an n[4 ,! exi/5ce ( an outlet at t dep? seems to be prov$ also by ! fact t at ,syracuse1 :]e num]\s wells h be5 sunk to obta9 br9e = ! manufacture ( salt1 deposits ( s&1 gravel1 & roll$ /ones1 f\r hundr$ & fifty feet ?ick1 are p5etrat$ )\t rea*+ rock4 ,s9ce ?is lies 9 ! bas9 ( ,lake ,ont>io1 x foll[s t if ! bas9 itself has be5 produc$ by riv] erosion1 ! l& mu/ h be5 ( suffici5t height to p]mit an outlet ?r\gh a valley1 or caon1 ( ! requir$ dep?1 & ?is outlet mu/ n[ be buri$ b5ea? ! abundant glacial dbris t cov]s ! region4 ,pr(essor ,newb]ry1 :o has /udi$ ! vic9ity c>efully1 is ( ! op9ion t !re is ample opportunity = su* a l9e ( dra9age to h ext5d$ ?r\gh ! ,mohawk ,valley to ! ,hudson ,riv]4 ,b1 at ,little ,falls1 a spur ( ! ,adirondack ,m\nta9s projects into ! valley1 & ! ,ar*an rocks ov] :i* ! riv] runs are s prom95t & cont9u\s t "s h ?\ght x impossible = ! requisite *annel to h ev] exi/$ !re4 ,ext5sive deposits ( glacial dbris1 h[ev]1 are f\nd 9 ! vic9ity1 especially 9 places "s di/ance to ! nor?1 & 9 ,pr(essor ,newb]ry's op9ion ! exi/5ce ( a buri$ *annel ar\nd ! ob/ruction ^u ! nor? side is by no means improbable4 ,! preglacial dra9age ( ,lake ,huron has n be5 det]m9$ ) any great degree ( probability4 ,pr(essor ,sp5c] =m]ly suppos$ t x pass$ f ! s\!rn end ( ! lake ?r\gh ,london1 9 ! we/]n "p ( ,ont>io1 & rea*$ ! ,erie bas9 ne> ,port ,/anley1 & s augm5t$ ! volume ( ! anci5t riv] :i* erod$ ! buri$ caon f ,lake ,erie to ,lake ,ont>io4 ,b he n[ supposes1 ?\gh ! evid5ce is by no means demon/rative1 t ! wat]s ( ,lake ,huron pass$ into ,lake ,ont>io by means ( a *annel ext5d+ f ,georgian ,bay to ! vic9ity ( ,toronto4 ,) a fair degree ( probability1 ! bas9 ( ,lake ,sup]ior is suppos$ by ,pr(essor ,newb]ry to h be5 jo9$ to t ( ,lake ,mi*igan by "s passage1 n[ buri$1 consid]ably to ! we/ ( ! ,/rait ( ,mack9ac1 & !nce to h _h an outlet s\?w>d f ! vic9ity ( ,*icago directly into ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,( ?is !re is consid]able evid5ce furni%$ by deeply buri$ *annels :i* h be5 p5etrat$ by bor+s 9 v>i\s places 9 ,kankakee1 ,liv+/on1 & ,mc,lean ,c\nties1 ,ill9ois2 b ! :ole area ext5d+ f ,lake ,mi*igan to ! ,mississippi is s deeply cov]$ ) glacial dbris t ! surface ( ! c\ntry gives no satisfactory indication ( ! exact l9es ( preglacial dra9age4 ,"s ( ! mo/ rem>kable in/ances ( anci5t riv] *annels buri$ by ! glacial deposits h be5 br\ght to light 9 s\?we/]n ,ohio1 :]e !re has be5 great activity 9 bor+ = gas & oil4 ,at ,/4 ,p>is1 ,*ampaign ,c\nty1 = example1 9 a locality :]e ! surface ( ! rock ne> by 0 kn[n to be n f> bel[ ! g5]al level1 a bor+ 0 begun & cont9u$ to a dep? ( m ?an five hundr$ feet )\t rea*+ rock1 or pass+ out ( glacial dbris4 ,_m ye>s ago ,pr(essor ,newb]ry collect$ suffici5t facts to %[ t pretty g5]ally ! anci5t b$ ( ! ,ohio ,riv] 0 z mu* z #aej feet bel[ t ov] :i* x n[ fl[s4 ,dur+ a cont95tal elevation ! erosion _h proce$$ to t ext5t1 & !n ! *annel _h be5 silt$ up dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod ) ! abundant mat]ial c>ri$ d[n by ! /reams f ! glaciat$ area4 ,"o ( ! evid5ces ( ! preglacial dep? ( ! *annel ( ! ,ohio 0 br\ght to light at ,c9c9nati1 :]e gravel & s& h be5 f\nd to ext5d to a dep? ( ov] "o hundr$ feet bel[ l[-wat] m>k1 & ! bottom ( ! tr\gh has n be5 rea*$4 ,9 ! valley ( ,mill ,creek1 also1 9 ! suburbs ( ,c9c9nati1 gravel & s& 7 p5etrat$ to ! dep? ( #abj feet bel[ ! /ream be=e rea*+ rock4 ,b f ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! *annel1 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,f4 ,james 0 l$ to surmise t a rock bottom ext5d$ all ! way across ! pres5t *annel ( ! ,ohio1 betwe5 ,price ,hill & ,ludl[1 ,ky41 a %ort di/ance bel[ ,c9c9nati1 :i* w\ld preclude ! possibility ( a preglacial outlet at ! dep? disclos$ 9 t direction4 ,mr4 ,*>les ,j4 ,bates 7:o 0 inspector ( ! masonry = ! ,c9c9nati ,s\!rn ,railroad :ile build+ ! bridge across ! ,ohio at ?is po9t7 in=ms me t ,mr4 ,james's surmise is c]ta9ly correct1 & t 8 9 all probability may be displac$ by c]ta9ly1 s9ce ! b$d$ rocks suppos$ by ,pr(essor ,james to ext5d across ! riv] a few feet bel[ its pres5t bottom 7 f\nd by ! eng9e]s to be 9 actual exi/5ce4 ,9 look+ = an outlet = ! wat]s ( ! upp] ,ohio :i* %\ld p]mit !m to fl[ (f at ! l[ level rea*$ 9 ! *annel at ,c9c9nati1 ,pr(essor ,james 0 l$ to inspect ! valley ext5d+ up ,mill ,creek to ! nor? t[>ds ,hamilton1 :]e x jo9s ! ,great ,miami4 ,! importance ( ,mill ,creek ,valley is readily se5 9 ! fact t ! canal & ! railroads h be5 able to avoid heavy grades by foll[+ x f ,c9c9nati to ,hamilton4 ,z a glance at a map w %[1 x is also practically b a cont9uation ( ! nor!rly c\rse pursu$ by ! ,ohio = tw5ty miles be=e rea*+ ,c9c9nati4 ,?is1 !re=e1 0 a natural place 9 :i* to look b5ea? ! ext5sive glacial dbris = ! buri$ *annel ( ! anci5t ,ohio1 & "h 9 all probability x has be5 f\nd4 ,! bor+s :i* h be5 made 9 ,milk ,creek ,valley nor? ( ,c9c9nati1 %[ t ! b$d$ rock lies c]ta9ly ?irty-f\r feet bel[ ! l[-wat] m>k ( ! ,ohio j bel[ ,c9c9nati1 :ile at ,hamilton1 tw5ty-five miles nor? ( ,c9c9nati1 :]e ! valley ( ! ,great ,miami is rea*$1 ! b$d$ rock ( ! valley lies z mu* z n9ety feet bel[ pres5t l[-wat] m>k 9 ! ,ohio4 ,o!r indications ( ! great] dep? ( ! preglacial gorge ( ! ,ohio are abundant4 ,at ! junction ( ! ,&]son ) ! ,ohio1 9 ,indiana1 a well 0 sunk n9ety-f\r feet bel[ ! level ( ! ,ohio be=e rock 0 f\nd4 ,at ,l\isville1 ,ky41 ! occurr5ce ( falls 9 ! ,ohio seem$ at fir/ to discr$it ! !ory 9 "q1 b ,pr(essor ,newb]ry 0 able to %[ t ! falls at ,l\isville are produc$ by ! wat]'s be+ n[ compell$ to fl[ ov] a rocky po9t project+ f ! nor? side into ! old valley1 :ile to ! s\? !re is ample opportunity = an old *annel to h pass$ ar\nd ?is po9t und]nea? ! city on ! s\? side4 ,! l[l&s ^u :i* ! city /&s are made l&s1 :]e glacial dbris has fill$ up ! old *annel ( ! ,ohio4 ,above ,c9c9nati ! tribut>ies ( ! ,ohio exhibit ! same ph5om5a4 ,at ,new ,philadelphia1 ,tusc>awas ,c\nty1 ! bor+s = salt-wells %[ t ! ,tusc>awas is runn+ #age feet above its anci5t b$4 ,! ,beav]1 at ! junction ( ! ,mahon+ & ,%5ango1 is fl[+ #aej feet above ! bottom ( its old tr\gh1 z is demon/rat$ by a l>ge numb] ( oil-wells bor$ 9 ! vic9ity4 ,oil ,creek is %[n by ! same pro(s to run f #ge to #ajj feet above its old *annel1 & t *annel _h sometimes v]tical & ev5 ov]hang+ walls4,,cc ,footnote ,,cc3 ,geological ,survey ( ,ohio1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #ac1 #ad4 ,! c\rse ( preglacial dra9age 9 ! upp] bas9 ( ! ,alleghany ,riv] is wor?y ( m p>ticul> m5tion4 ,mr4 ,c>ll1 ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,geological ,survey1 has adduc$ plausible reasons = believ+ t previ\s to ! ,glacial p]iod ! dra9age ( ! valley ( ! upp] ,alleghany nor? ( ! neighb\rhood ( ,tidi\te1 9 ,w>r5 ,c\nty1 in/ead ( pass+ s\?w>d z n[1 0 collect$ into "o great /ream fl[+ nor?w>d ?r\gh ! region ( ,cassadaga ,lake to ent] ! ,lake ,erie bas9 at ,dunkirk1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! evid5ce is t betwe5 ,tidi\te & ,w>r5 ! pres5t ,alleghany is %all[1 & fl[s ov] a rocky bas92 b f ,w>r5 nor?w>d along ! valley ( ! ,conewango1 ! bottom ( ! old tr\gh lies at a consid]ably l[] level1 & slopes to ! nor?4 ,bor+s %[ t 9 ?irte5 miles ! slope ( ! preglacial floor ( ,conewango ,creek to ! nor? is #acf feet4 ,! actual height above tide ( ! old valley floor at ,f5tonville1 :]e ! ,conewango crosses ! ,new ,york l9e1 is only #ifd feet2 :ile t ( ! anci5t rocky floor ( ! ,alleghany at ,great ,b5d1 a few miles s\? ( ,w>r51 0 #a1agj feet4 ,aga91 go+ ne>] ! head-wat]s ( ! ,alleghany1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,salamanca1 x is f\nd t ! anci5t floor ( ! ,alleghany is1 at ,c>rollton1 #gj feet l[] ?an ! anci5t b$ ( ! pres5t /ream at ,great ,b5d1 ab\t sixty miles to ! s\?2 :ile at ,cole's ,spr+1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,/eamburg1 ,catt>augus ,c\nty1 ,n4 ,y41 !re has be5 an accumulation ( #cae feet ( drift 9 a preglacial valley ^: rocky floor is #aee feet bel[ ! anci5t rocky floor at ,great ,b5d4 ,unless !re has be5 a great *ange 9 levels1 !re mu/1 !re=e1 h be5 "s o!r outlet ?an ! pres5t = ! wat]s collect+ 9 ! dra9age bas9 to ! nor? ( ,great ,b5d4,,cd ,footnote ,,cd3 ,= a criticism ( ,mr4 ,c>ll's views1 see an article on ,plei/oc5e ,fluvial ,planes ( ,we/]n ,p5nsylvania1 by ,mr4 ,frank ,lev]ett1 9 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 xlii1 pp4 #bjj-bab4 ,:ile !re are num]\s sup]ficial indications ( buri$ *annels runn+ t[>ds ,lake ,erie 9 ?is region1 direct exploration has n be5 made to confirm ^! !oretical conclusions4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,c>ll1 ,*autauqua ,lake did n fl[ directly to ! nor?1 b1 pass+ ?r\gh a *annel ne>ly co9cid5t ) t n[ occupi$ by x1 jo9$ ! nor!rly fl[+ /ream a few miles nor!a/ f ,jame/[n4,,ce ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t ,*autauqua did n !n exi/ z a lake1 s9ce ! l5g? ( preglacial "t w\ld h p]mitt$ its outlet to we> a cont9u\s *annel ( great dep? correspond+ to t kn[n to h exi/$ 9 ! ,conewango & upp] ,alleghany4 ,footnote ,,ce3 ,second ,geological ,survey ( ,p5nsylvania1 vol4 iii4 ,! =ego+ are b a few ( ! innum]able in/ances :]e ! local l9es ( dra9age h be5 di/urb$1 & ev5 p]man5tly *ang$1 by ! glacial deposits4 ,almo/ e lake 9 ! glaciat$ region is a witness to ?is di/urbance ( ! e/abli%$ l9es ( dra9age by glacial action1 :ile 9 num]\s places :]e lakes d n n[ exi/ !y h be5 s rec5tly dra9$ t _! %ore-l9es are readily disc]nible4 ,an int]e/+ in/ance ( ! rec5t disappe>ance ( "o ( ^! glacial lakes is t ( ,runaway ,pond1 9 nor!rn ,v]mont4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury ! ,lamoille ,riv] _h its s\rce 9 a small lake 9 ,craftsbury1 ,orleans ,c\nty4 ,! s\rces ( ! ,missisquoi ,riv] 7 ^u ! same level j to ! nor?1 & ! own] ( a mill privilege ^u ?is latt] /ream1 desir+ to increase 8 p[] by obta9+ access to ! wat] ( ! lake1 began digg+ a dit* to turn x into ! ,missisquoi1 b no soon] _h he loos5$ ! ?9 rim ( compact mat]ial :i* =m$ ! bottom & ! sides ( ! inclosure1 ?an ! wat] began to ru% out ?r\gh ! und]ly+ & adjac5t quicks&s4 ,?is almo/ in/antly enl>g$ ! *annel1 & dra9$ ! :ole body ( wat] (t #c 9 an incr$ibly %ort "t4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! torr5t w5t ru%+ d[n ?r\gh ! n>r[ valley1 sweep+ ev]y?+ be=e x2 & no?+ b ! unsettl$ condition ( ! c\ntry prev5t$ a disa/] l t :i* occurr$ 9 #ahhi at ,john/[n1 ,pa4 ,d\btless !re are _m o!r lakes held 9 position by equally sl5d] natural embankm5ts4 ,artificial res]voirs are by no means ! only s\rces ( su* dang]4 ,! buri$ *annel ( ! old ,mississippi ,riv] 9 ! vic9ity ( ,m9neapolis is ano!r in/ructive example ( ! in/ability ( _m ( ! pres5t l9es ( dra9age4 ,! gorge ( ! ,mississippi ,riv] ext5d+ f ,=t ,snell+ to ! ,falls ( ,/4 ,an?ony at ,m9neapolis is ( po/-glacial orig94 ,"o evid5ce ( ?is is its n>r[ness :5 contra/$ ) ! bread? ( ! valley bel[ ,=t ,snell+4 ,bel[ ?is po9t ! ma9 tr\gh ( ! ,mississippi has a wid? ( f two to eight miles1 & ! faces ( ! bluffs on ei!r side %[ ! m>ks ( extreme age4 ,! tribut>y /reams also h _h "t to we> gorges proportionate to t ( ! ma9 /ream1 & ! ag5cies :i* oxidise & discolor ! rocks h _h "t to produce _! full effects4 ,b f ,=t ,snell+ up to ,m9neapolis1 a di/ance ( ab\t sev5 miles1 ! gorge is sc>cely a qu>t] ( a mile 9 wid?1 & ! faces ( ! high1 /eep bluffs on ei!r side are rem>kably fre% look+ by comp>ison ) ^? bel[2 :ile ! tribut>y gorges1 ( :i* t ( ! ,m9nehaha ,riv] is a fair specim51 are v limit$ 9 _! ext5t4 ,^u look+ = ! cause ( ?is condition ( ?+s we obs]ve t ! broad tr\gh ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 :i* _h *>act]is$ x all ! way bel[ ,=t ,snell+1 cont9ues we/w>d1 )\t int]ruption1 up ! valley ( ! pres5t ,m9nesota ,riv]1 &1 :at seems at fir/ mo/ s+ul>1 x does n cease at ! s\rces ( ! ,m9nesota1 b1 ?r\gh ,lake ,trav]se & ,big ,/one ,lake1 is cont9u\s ) ! tr\gh ( ! ,r$ ,riv] ( ! ,nor?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4--,map ( ,mississippi ,riv] f ,=t ,snell+ to ,m9neapolis & ! vic9ity1 %[+ ! ext5t ( ! recession ( ! ,falls ( ,/4 ,an?ony s9ce ! great ,ice age4 ,notice ! great] bread? ( ! valley ( ! ,m9nesota ,riv] z describ$ 9 ! text 7,w9*ell74 ,def]r+1 h[ev]1 = a little ! explanation ( ?is1 we w g back to f9i% ! hi/ory ( ! preglacial *annel ar\nd ! ,falls ( ,/4 ,an?ony4 ,z e>ly z ! ye> #ahgf ,pr(essor ,n4 ,h4 ,w9*ell _h collect$ suffici5t evid5ce f wells1 "o ( :i* _h be5 sunk to a dep? ( "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five feet1 to %[ t ! preglacial c\rse ( ! /ream correspond+ to ! pres5t ,mississippi ,riv] ran to ! we/ ( ,m9neapolis & ( ! ,falls ( ,m9nehaha1 & jo9$ ! ma9 valley "s di/ance above ,=t ,snell+1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ map4 ,?is condition ( ?+s 0 at "o "t v pa9fully br\ght to ! notice ( ! citiz5s ( ,m9neapolis4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! weal? ( ! city at t "t consi/$ ( ! comm]cial value ( ! wat]-p[] furni%$ by ! ,falls ( ,/4 ,an?ony4 ,to facilitate ! dis*>ge ( ! wa/e wat] f _! :eels1 "s mill-own]s dug a tunnel ?r\gh ! s(t s&/one und]ly+ ! lime/one /rata ov] :i* ! riv] falls2 b x v soon became app>5t t ! erosion 0 proce$+ ) su* rapidity t 9 a few ye>s ! recession ( ! falls w\ld be c>ri$ back to ! preglacial *annel1 :5 ! riv] w\ld soon sc\r out ! *annel & de/roy _! pres5t s\rce ( weal?4 ,! citiz5s ralli$ to protect _! prop]ty1 & sp5t altoge!r z mu* z half a million doll>s 9 fill+ up ! holes t _h be5 ?\ghtlessly made2 b s s]i\s 0 ! task t !y 7 f9ally compell$ to appeal = aid to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t4 ,p]man5t protection 0 provid$ by runn+ a tunnel1 "s ways back f ! falls1 completely across ! *annel1 ?r\gh ! s(t s&/one und]ly+ ! lime/one1 & fill+ ?is up ) cem5t h>d en\gh & compact en\gh to prev5t ! fur!r p]colation ( ! wat] f above4 ,ice-,dams4 ,! =ego+ *anges 9 l9es ( dra9age due to ! ,glacial p]iod 7 produc$ by deposits ( e>?y mat]ial 9 preglacial *annels4 ,ano!r class ( tempor>y b equally int]e/+ *anges 7 produc$ by ! ice itself act+ directly z a b>ri]4 ,_m su* lakes on a small scale are /ill 9 exi/5ce 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! ,m]jel5 ,see 9 ,switz]l& is a well-kn[n in/ance4 ,?is is a small body ( wat] held back by ! great ,alets* ,glaci]1 9 a little valley lead+ to t ( ! ,fies* ,glaci]1 beh9d ! ,eggis*orn4 ,at irregul> int]vals ! ice-b>ri] gives way1 & all[s ! wat] to ru% out 9 a torr5t & flood ! valley bel[4 ,aft]w>ds ! ice closes up aga91 & ! wat] reaccumulates 9 prep>ation = ano!r flood4 ,o!r in/ances 9 ! ,alps are f\nd 9 ! ,mattm>k ,see1 :i* fills ! portion ( ! ,saas ,valley betwe5 ,monte ,rosa & ! ,rhne4 ,?is body ( wat] is held 9 place by ! ,allal9 ,glaci]1 :i* "h crosses ! ma9 valley4 ,! ,lac du ,combal is held back by ! ,glaci] de ,miage at ! s\!rn base ( ,mont ,blanc4 ,a m fam\s case is t ( ! ,gietroz ,glaci] 9 ! valley ( ,bagnes1 s\? ( ,m>tigny4 ,9 #ahah ?is lake _h gr[n to be a mile long1 & 0 #gjj feet wide & #bjj feet deep4 ,an attempt 0 made to dra9 x by cutt+ ?r\gh ! ice1 & ab\t half ! wat] 0 sl[ly drawn (f 9 ?is way2 b !n ! b>ri] broke1 & ! re/ ( ! lake 0 empti$ 9 half an h\r1 caus+ a dreadful flood 9 ! valley bel[4 ,9 ! ,tyrol1 ! ,v]nagt ,glaci] has _m times caus$ disa/r\s floods by its inability to hold up ! lake =m$ beh9d x4 ,9 ! nor?we/]n ,himalaya1 ! upp] bran*es ( ! ,indus are sometimes held back 9 ?is way4 ,a not$ flood occurr$ 9 #ahce2 x advanc$ tw5ty-five miles 9 an h\r1 & 0 felt ?ree hundr$ miles d[n-/ream1 de/roy+ all ! villages on ! l[] pla91 & /rew+ ! fields ) /ones1 s&1 & mud4,,cf ,footnote ,,cf3 ,pr(essor ,william ,m4 ,davis 94 ,proce$+s ( ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 vol4 xxi1 pp4 #cej1 #cea4 ,9 ,gre5l& su* tempor>y ob/ructions are frequ5t1 =m+ lakes ( consid]able size4 ,in/ances occur1 9 connection ) ! ,jakob%avn & ! ,fr$]ick%aab ,glaci]s1 & 9 ! ,nor? ,isortok & ,alangordlia ,fiords4 ,frequ5tly1 also1 bodies ( wat] ( consid]able size are f\nd 9 depressions ( ! ice itself1 ev5 at high levels4 ,i h myself se5 !m cov]+ m ?an an acre1 & z mu* z a ?\s& feet above ! sea-level1 ^u ! surface ( ! ,muir ,glaci]1 ,alaska4 ,!y are report$ by ,mr4 ,i4 ,c4 ,russell,,cg ( l>g] size & at /ill high] elevations ^u ! glaci]s radiat+ f ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias2 :ile ! explor]s ( ,gre5l& m5tion !m ( impressive size ^u ! surface ( its cont95tal ice-%eet4 ,footnote ,,cg3 ,see ,national ,geographic ,magaz9e1 vol4 iii1 pp4 #aaf-abj4 ,) ^! facts 9 m9d we c ! m readily ent] into ! description :i* w n[ be giv5 ( "s tempor>y lakes ( va/ size :i* 7 =m$ by direct ice-ob/ructions dur+ portions ( ! p]iod4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! is illu/rat$ ^u ! accompany+ map1 :i* w ne$ little description4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4--,map %[+ ! effect ( ! glacial dam at ,c9c9nati 7,claypole74 7,f ,transactions ( ! ,ed9burgh ,geological ,society47 ,:ile trac+ ! b\nd>y-l9e ( ! glaciat$ area 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley dur+ ! summ] ( #ahhb1 ,i discov]$ ! exi/5ce ( unmi/akable glacial deposits 9 ,boone ,c\nty1 ,k5tucky1 across ! ,ohio ,riv]1 f ,c9c9nati4,,*2 ,^! deposits 7 ^u ! height ( l& #eej feet above ! ,ohio ,riv]1 or ne>ly #a1jjj feet above ! sea1 :i* is ab\t ! height ( ! wat]-%$ betwe5 ! ,lick+ & ,k5tucky ,riv]s4 ,z ! ,ohio ,riv] occupies a tr\gh ( erosion "s hundr$s ( feet 9 dep?1 & ext5d+ all ! way f ?is po9t to ! m\nta9s ( we/]n ,p5nsylvania1 x w\ld foll[ t ! ice :i* convey$ b\ld]s across ! ,ohio ,riv] at ,c9c9nati1 & deposit$ !m ^u ! highl&s betwe5 ! ,lick+ & ,k5tucky ,riv]s1 w\ld s ob/ruct ! *annel ( ! ,ohio z to pond ! wat] back1 & hold x up to ! level ( ! l[e/ pass into ! ,ohio ,riv] f>!r d[n4 ,direct evid5ces ( ob/ruction by glacial ice appe> also = a di/ance ( fifty or sixty miles1 ext5d+ bo? ways1 f ,c9c9nati4 ,footnote ,,*3 ,! exi/5ce ( portions ( ?is evid5ce _h previ\sly be5 po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,rob]t ,b4 ,w>d] & ,dr4 ,george ,sutton 7see ,geological ,reports ( ,indiana1 #ahgb & #ahgh74 ,! consequ5ces connect$ ) ?is /ate ( ?+s are ( ! mo/ int]e/+ "*4 ,! bottom ( ! ,ohio ,riv] at ,c9c9nati is #dcb feet above ! sea-level4 ,a dam ( #eej feet w\ld raise ! wat] 9 its re> to a height ( #ihb feet above tide4 ,?is w\ld produce a long1 n>r[ lake1 ( ! wid? ( ! erod$ tr\gh ( ! ,ohio1 subm]g+ ! site ( ,pittsburg to a dep? ( #bha feet1 & creat+ slack wat] up ! ,monongahela ne>ly to ,grafton1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 & up ! ,alleghany z f> z ,oil ,city4 ,all ! tribut>ies ( ! ,ohio w\ld likewise be fill$ to ?is level4 ,! l5g? ( ?is slack-wat] lake 9 ! ma9 valley1 to its t]m9ation up ei!r ! ,alleghany or ! ,monongahela1 0 n f> f "o ?\s& miles4 ,! conditions 7 also peculi> 9 ?is1 t all ! nor!rn tribut>ies rose )9 ! s\!rn m>g9 ( ! ice-front1 :i* lay at v>y+ di/ances to ! nor?4 ,d[n ^! !re mu/ h p\r$ dur+ ! summ] mon?s imm5se torr5ts ( wat] to /r& b\ld]-lad5 iceb]gs on ! summits ( su* high hills z 7 l[] ?an ! level ( ! dam4 ,naturally en\gh1 ?is hypo!sis ( a glacial dam at ,c9c9nati ar\s$ consid]able discussion1 & l$ to "s diff]5ces ( op9ion4 ,pr(essors ,i4 ,c4 ,:ite & ,j4 ,p4 ,lesley1 ^: field "w has made !m p]fectly famili> ) ! upp] ,ohio & its tribut>ies1 at once support$ ! !ory1 ) a great numb] ( facts conc]n+ c]ta9 high-level t]races along ! ,alleghany & ,monongahela ,riv]s2 :ile additional facts ( ! same "* h be5 br\ght to light by myself & o!rs4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t 9 num]\s places t]races occur at a height s closely correspond+ to t ( ! suppos$ dam at ,c9c9nati1 t !y c]ta9ly /rongly sugge/ direct dep5d5ce ^u x4 ,! upw>d limit ( ^! t]races 9 ! ,monongahela ,riv] is #a1jfe feet1 & !y are f\nd 9 v>i\s places 9 situations :i* indicate t !y 7 =m$ 9 /ill wat] ( su* long /&+ z w\ld require an ob/ruction bel[ ( consid]able p]man5ce4 ,"o ( ! mo/ decisive cases adduc$ by ,pr(essor ,:ite occurs ne> ,morgant[n1 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ( :i* he gives ! foll[+ description3 ,ow+ to ! consid]able elevation--#bge feet--( ! fif? t]race above ! pres5t riv]-b$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,morgant[n1 its deposits are frequ5tly f\nd f> inl& f ! ,monongahela1 on tribut>y /reams4 ,a v ext5sive deposit ( ?is k9d occurs on a tribut>y "o mile & a half nor!a/ ( ,morgant[n2 & ! region1 :i* includes ?ree or f\r squ>e miles1 is significantly kn[n z ! ',flats4' ,! elevation ( ! ',flats' is #bge feet above ! riv]1 or #a1jfe feet above tide4 ,! deposits on ?is area consi/ almo/ entirely ( clays & f9e1 s&y mat]ial1 !re be+ v few b\ld]s int]m+l$4 ,! dep? ( ! deposit is unkn[n1 s9ce a well sunk on ! l& ( ,mr4 ,bak] pass$ ?r\gh alt]nate b$s ( clay1 f9e s&1 & muddy tra%1 to a dep? ( sixty-five feet )\t rea*+ b$-rock4 ,9 "s portions ( ! clays :i* make up ?is deposit1 ! leaves ( our common =e/-trees are f\nd mo/ beautifully pres]v$4 ,at ,cl>ksburg1 :]e ! riv] unites ) ,elk ,creek1 !re is a wide /ret* ( t]race deposits1 & ! upp] limit is !re ab\t #a1jej feet above tide1 or only #acj feet above l[-wat] 7#ibj feet72 :ile at ,we/on1 =ty miles above 7by ! riv]71 ^! deposits cease at sev5ty feet above l[ wat]1 :i* is !re #ihe feet above tide4 ,x w ?us be obs]v$ t ! upp] limit ( ! deposits reta9s a practical horizontality f ,morgant[n to ,we/on1 a di/ance ( "o hundr$ miles1 s9ce ! upp] limit has ! same elevation above tide 7#a1jde to #a1jfe feet7 at e locality4 ,^! deposits consi/ ( r\nd$ b\ld]s ( s&/one1 ) a l>ge am\nt ( clay1 quicks&1 & o!r detrital matt]4 ,! c\ntry rock 9 ?is region consi/s ( ! s(t %ales & lime/ones ( ! upp] coal-measures1 & h5ce !re are _m 'l[ gaps' f ! head ( "o little /ream to t ( ano!r1 especially along ! imm$iate region ( ! riv]2 & 9 e case ! summits ( ^! divides1 :]e !y d n exce$ an elevation ( #a1jej feet above tide1 are cov]$ ) transport$ or t]race mat]ial2 b :]e ! summits g m ?an a few feet above t level we f9d no transport$ mat]ial ^u !m1 b simply ! decompos$ c\ntry rock4 ,o!r notewor?y t]races naturally attributable to ! ,c9c9nati ice-dam are to be f\nd 9 ! valley ( ! ,kana:a1 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 & "o ( special significance on ! pass betwe5 ! valleys ( ! ,ohio & ,monongahela1 we/ ( ,cl>ksburg1 ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,:ite1 !re is at ?is latt] place a broad1 level summit1 hav+ an elevation ( #a1ajj feet1 9 a gap ab\t #cjj feet bel[ ! enclos+ hills4 ,?is gap1 or valley1 is cov]$ by a deposit ( f9e clay4 ,! cut ?r\gh x is ab\t ?irty feet1 & "o c obs]ve ! succession ( clays ( all k9ds & ( diff]5t col\rs1 f yell[ on ! surface d[n to ! f9e/ :ite pott]'s clay at ! level ( ! railway1 :]e ! cut rea*es b$-rock1 ?us prov+ t ! region has be5 subm]g$4,,ci ,footnote ,,ci3 ,bullet9 ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica1 vol4 i1 p4 #dgh4 ,ano!r crucial case ,i h myself describ$ at ,bellevue1 9 ! angle ( ! ,ohio & ,alleghany ,riv]s1 ab\t five miles bel[ ,pittsburg1 :]e ! gravel t]race is ne>ly #cjj feet above ! riv]1 mak+ x ab\t #a1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,a significant circum/ance connect$ ) ?is t]race is t n only does its height correspond ) t ( ! suppos$ ob/ruction at ,c9c9nati1 b x conta9s _m pebbles ( ,canadian orig91 :i* c\ld n h got into ! valley ( ! ,alleghany be=e ! ,glacial p]iod1 & c\ld only h rea*$ _! pres5t position by be+ br\ght d[n ! ,alleghany ,riv] ^u float+ ice1 or by ! ord9>y movem5t ( gravel along ! m>g9 ( a riv]4 ,?us ?is t]race1 :ile correspond+ closely ) ! elevation ( ^? on ! ,monongahela ,riv]1 is directly connect$ ) ! ,glacial p]iod1 & furni%es a tw(old argum5t = our !ory4 ,a /ill /rong] case occurs at ,bee* ,flats1 at ! head ( ,ohio ,bru% ,creek1 9 ! nor?we/ corn] ( ,pike ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 :]e1 at an elevation ( ab\t #iej feet above ! sea1 !re is an ext5sive flat-topp$ t]race j 9 front ( ! t]m9al mora9e4 ,?is t]race consi/s ( f9e loam1 su* z is d]iv$ f ! glacial /reams1 b :i* mu/ h be5 deposit$ 9 /ill wat]4 ,! occurr5ce ( /ill wat] at t elevation j 9 front ( ! cont95tal ice-%eet is be/ acc\nt$ = by ! suppos$ dam at ,c9c9nati4 ,inde$1 x is extremely difficult to acc\nt = x 9 any o!r way4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two o!r me?ods ( attempt+ to acc\nt = ! class ( facts above cit$ 9 support ( ! ice-dam !ory1 ( :i* ! mo/ plausible is1 t 9 connection ) ! ,glacial p]iod !re 0 a subsid5ce ( ! :ole region to an ext5t ( #a1ajj feet4 ,! pr9cipal objection h]et(ore alleg$ aga9/ ?is supposition is t !re are n correspond+ signs ( /ill-wat] action at ! same level on ! o!r side ( ! ,alleghany ,m\nta9s4 ,?is w c]ta9ly be fatal to ! subsid5ce !ory1 if x proves true4 ,b x is possible t suffici5t se>* = su* m>ks has n yet be5 made on ! ea/]n side ( ! m\nta9s4 ,! o!r !ory to acc\nt = ! facts is1 t ! t]races adduc$ 9 pro( ( ! ,c9c9nati ice-dam 7 left by ! /reams 9 ! sl[ process ( l[]+ _! b$s f _! =m] high levels4 ,?is is ! view advocat$ by ,presid5t ,t4 ,c4 ,*amb]l94 ,b ! fre%ness ( ! leaves & fragm5ts ( wood1 su* z 7 not$ by ,pr(essor ,:ite at ,morgant[n1 & ! great ext5t ( f9e silt occasionally re/+ ^u ! summits ( ! wat]-%$s1 z describ$ above1 ne> ,cl>ksburg1 be> /rongly aga9/ x4 ,fur!rmore1 to acc\nt = ! t]race describ$ at ,bellevue1 :i* conta9s ,canadian pebbles1 ,presid5t ,*amb]l9 is compell$ to connect ! deposit ) 8 hypo!tical fir/ ,glacial epo*1 & to assume t all ! erosion ( ! ,alleghany & ,monongahela ,riv]s1 & inde$ ( ! :ole tr\gh ( ! ,ohio ,riv]1 took place 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! fir/ & ! second ,glacial p]iods 7= he w\ld connect ! glacial deposits ^u ! s\? side ( ! riv] at ,c9c9nati ) ! fir/ ,glacial epo*7--all ( :i*1 x w\ld seem1 is an unnecess>y dem& ^u ! =ces ( ,nature1 :5 ! facts are s easily acc\nt$ = by ! simple supposition ( ! dam at ,c9c9nati4,,cj ,footnote ,,cj3 ,see matt] discuss$ m at l5g? 9 ! lee ,age1 pp4 #cbf-cej1 #dhj-ejj2 ,bullet9 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 ,no4 #eh1 pp4 #gf-ajj2 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 vol4 xlv1 pp4 #ahd-aii4 ,p] contra1 ,mr4 ,frank ,lev]ett1 9 ,am]ican ,geologi/1 vol4 x1 pp4 #ah-bd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4--,map %[+ ! condition ( ?+s :5 ! ice-front _h )drawn ab\t on hundr$ & tw5ty miles1 & :ile x /ill fill$ ! valley ( ! ,mohawk4 ,! outlet 0 !n ?r\gh ! ,waba%4 ,niag>a 0 n yet born 7,claypole74 7,transactions ( ! ,ed9burgh ,geological ,society47 ,we h already describ$,,ck ! v>i\s tempor>y lakes & l9es ( dra9age caus$ by ! direct ob/ruction ( ! nor?w>d outlets to ! bas9 ( ! ,great ,lakes4 ,9 connection ) ! map1 x w be unnecess>y to d any?+ m "h ?an add a li/ ( su* tempor>y s\!rn outlets f ! ,erie-,ont>io bas94,,cl ,! fir/ is at ,=t ,wayne1 ,indiana1 ?r\gh a valley connect+ ! ,maumee ,riv] bas9 ) t ( ! ,waba%4 ,! *annel "h is well def9$1 & ! high-level gravel t]races d[n ! ,waba% ,riv] are a m>k$ *>act]i/ic ( ! valley4 ,! elevation ( ?is col above ! sea is #gdj feet4 ,simil> tempor>y l9es ( dra9age exi/$ f ! ,/4 ,m>y's ,riv] to ! ,great ,miami1 at an elevation ( #idb feet2 f ! ,s&usky ,riv] to ! ,scioto1 ?r\gh ! ,tymo*tee ,gap1 at an elevation ( #iab feet2 f ,black ,riv] to ! ,killbuck 7a tribut>y ( ! ,musk+um7 ?r\gh ! ,h>risville ,gap1 at #iaa feet2 f ! ,cuyahoga into ! ,tusc>awas ,valley1 ?r\gh ! ,akron ,gap1 at #iga feet2 f ,gr& ,riv] into ! ,mahon+1 ?r\gh ! ,orwell ,gap1 #ich feet2 f ,catt>augus ,creek1 ,n4 ,y41 into ! ,alleghany ,valley ?r\gh ! ,dayton ,gap1 ab\t #a1cjj feet2 betwe5 ,conneaut ,creek & ,%5ango ,riv]1 at ,summit ,/ation1 #a1ada feet2 f ! ,g5esee ,riv]1 ,n4 ,y41 into ! head-wat]s ( ! ,cani/eo1 a bran* ( ! ,susquehanna1 at ,portageville1 #a1cad feet2 f ,s5eca ,lake to ,*emung ,riv]1 at ,horseheads1 #hgi feet2 f ,cayuga ,lake to ! valley ( ,cayuga ,creek1 at ,sp5c]1 ,n4 ,y41 #a1jjj feet2 f ,utica1 ,n4 ,y41 into ! ,*5ango ,valley at ,hamilton1 ab\t #ijj feet4 ,footnote ,,ck3 ,see pp4 #ib seq41 #aii seq4 ,footnote ,,cl3 ,see also accompany+ map4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4--,map illu/rat+ a /age 9 ! recession ( ! ice 9 ,ohio4 ,= a section ( ! deposit 9 ! b$ ( ?is lakelet1 see page #bjj4 ,! gravel deposits =m$ at ?is /age along ! outlet into ! ,tusc>awas ,riv] are v cle>ly m>k$ 7,claypole74 7,transactions ( ! ,ed9burgh ,geological ,society47 ,p]haps x w\ld h be5 be/ to give ?is li/ 9 ! rev]se ord]1 :i* w\ld be m ne>ly *ronological1 s9ce x is cle> t ! highe/ outlets are ! olde/4 ,we %\ld !n h to m5tion1 aft] ! ,=t ,wayne outlet1 two o!rs at l[] levels :i* are pretty c]ta9ly m>k$ by di/9ct bea* ridges ^u ! s\? side ( ,lake ,erie4 ,! fir/ 0 op5$ :5 ! ice _h melt$ back f ! s\? p59sula ( ,mi*igan to ! wat]-%$ across f ! ,%iawassee & ,gr& ,riv]s1 uncov]+ a pass :i* is n[ #gbi feet above ! sea4 ,?is cont9u$ to be ! outlet ( ,lake ,erie-,ont>io until ! ice _h fur!r retreat$ beyond ! ,/rait ( ,mack9ac1 :5 ! wat] w\ld fall to ! level ( ! old outlet f ,lake ,mi*igan into ! ,ill9ois ,riv]1 :i* is a little less ?an #fjj feet1 :]e x w\ld rema9 until ! f9al op5+ ( ! ,mohawk ,riv] 9 ,new ,york attract$ ! wat] 9 t direction1 & l[]$ ! level to t ( ! pass f ,lake ,ont>io to ! ,mohawk at ,rome4,,cm ,footnote ,,cm3 ,mr4 ,w>r5 ,upham1 9 ! ,bullet9 ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica1 vol4 ii1 p4 #bei4 ,a /udy ( ^! l9es ( tempor>y dra9age dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod %$s mu* light ^u ! long l9es ( gravel ridges runn+ p>allel ) ! %ores ( ,lake ,erie & ,lake ,ont>io4 ,s\? ( ,lake ,erie a s]ies ( f\r ridges ( diff]5t elevations c be trac$4 ,9 ,lora9 ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 ! highe/ ( ^! is #bbj feet above ! lake2 ! next #afj feet2 ! next #aah feet2 & ! l[] "o #ajj feet1 :i* w\ld make !m respectively #gie1 #gee1 #gae1 & #gjj feet above tide4 ,^! gravel ridges are evid5tly old bea* l9es1 & indicate ! diff]5t levels up to :i* ! wat] 0 held by ice-ob/ructions across ! v>i\s outlets ( ! dra9age valley4 ,! mat]ial 9 ! ridges is wat]-worn & well assort$1 & 9 co>s5ess ranges f f9e s& up to pebbles sev]al in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! pr$om9ant mat]ial 9 !m is ( local orig94 ,:]e ! rocks ov] :i* !y run are s&/one1 ! mat]ial is *iefly s&1 & :]e ! outcropp+ rock is %ale1 ! ridges consi/ *iefly ( ! h>d] nodules ( t =mation :i* h successfully resi/$ ! attrition ( ! waves4 ,ord9>ily ^! ridges are /eepe/ ^u ! side fac+ ! lake4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,upham1 :o has driv5 ov] !m ) me1 ! ,lake ,erie ridges correspond1 bo? 9 g5]al appe>ance & 9 all o!r important respects1 to ^? :i* he has s c>efully survey$ ar\nd ! %ores ( ! anci5t ,lake ,agassiz 9 ,m9nesota & ,manitoba1 an acc\nt ( :i* w be giv5 a little f>!r on 9 ?is *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4--,section ( ! lake ridges ne> ,s&usky1 ,ohio4 ,we are n p]mitt$1 h[ev]1 to assume t !re h be5 no *anges ( level s9ce ! deposition ( ^! bea*es surr\nd+ ! anci5t glacial ,lake ,erie-,ont>io4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re appe>s to h be5 a consid]able elevation t[>ds ! ea/ & nor!a/ 9 po/-glacial times4 ,! highe/ ridge s\? ( ,lake ,erie1 :i* at ,=t ,wayne is ab\t #ghj feet high1 is n[ ab\t #gie feet 9 ,lora9 ,c\nty4 ,! second ( ! ridges above-m5tion$1 :i* is ab\t #gdj feet above tide at ,clevel&1 ,ohio1 rises to #hgj feet :]e ! la/ traces ( x h be5 discov]$ at ,hamburg1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! ?ird ridge1 :i* is #fgc feet at ,clevel&1 has ris5 to ! height ( #hfj feet at ,critt5d51 ab\t "o hundr$ miles to ! ea/ ( ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,a simil> ea/]n increase ( elevation is discov]able 9 ! ma9 ridge surr\nd+ ,lake ,ont>io4 ,:at ,pr(essor ,sp5c] calls ! ,iroquois bea*1 :i* is #cfc feet above tide at ,hamilton1 ,ont>io1 has ris5 to a height ( #dhd feet ne> ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y42 :ile f>!r to ! nor!a/1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,wat]t[n1 x is upw>ds ( #hjj feet above tide4 ,!re is also a simil> nor?w>d increase ( elevation 9 ! bea*es surr\nd+ ! high] l&s ( ,ont>io ea/w>d ( ,lake ,huron & ,georgian ,bay4 ,all ?is indicates t at ! close ( ! ,glacial p]iod !re 0 a subsid5ce ( sev]al hundr$ feet 9 ! area ( greate/ ice-accumulation ly+ to ! ea/ & nor? ( ! ,great ,lake region4 ,! =mation ( ^! ridges occurr$ dur+ t p]iod ( subsid5ce4 ,! re-elevation :i* foll[$ ! disappe>ance ( ! ice ( c\rse c>ri$ ) x ^! ridges1 & br\ght !m to _! pres5t position4,,cn ,footnote ,,cn3 ,see ,sp5c]1 9 ,bullet9 ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #dfe-dgf4 ,9 return+ to consid] m p>ticul>ly ! rem>kable gorge jo9+ ! ,m9nesota ) ! ,r$ ,riv] ( ! ,nor?1 we are br\ght to ! l>ge/ ( ! glacial lakes ( ?is class1 & to ! typical place 9 ,am]ica 9 :i* to /udy ! tempor>y *anges ( dra9age produc$ by ! ice itself d>+ ! p]iods bo? ( its advance & ( its retreat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4--,map %[+ ! /ages ( recession ( ! ice 9 ,m9nesota z describ$ 9 ! text 7,upham74 ,by turn+ to our g5]al map ( ! glaciat$ region ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1,,co "o c readily see ! relation ( ! valley betwe5 ,lake ,trav]se & ,big ,/one ,lake to an area m>k$ z ! b$ ( :at is call$ ,lake ,agassiz4 ,dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod ,br[n's ,valley1 ! depression jo9+ ^! two lakes1 0 ! outlet ( an imm5se body ( wat] to ! nor?1 ^: natural dra9age 0 t[>ds ,hudson ,bay or ! ,arctic ,ocean1 b :i* 0 cut (f1 by ! advanc+ ice1 f access to ! ocean-level 9 t direction1 & 0 compell$ to seek an exit to ! s\?4 ,footnote ,,co3 ,see page #ff4 ,?us = a long p]iod ! pres5t ,m9nesota ,riv] ,valley 0 occupi$ by a /ream ( enorm\s dim5sions1 & ?is acc\nts = ! great size ( ! tr\gh--! pres5t ,m9nesota be+ b an insignificant /ream w9d+ ab\t 9 ?is des]t$ *annel ( ! old ,fa!r ( ,wat]s1 & hav+ z mu* room z a *ild ( t5d] age w\ld h 9 8 p>5t's ca/-(f g>m5ts4 ,?is glacial /ream has be5 fitt+ly nam$ ,riv] ,w>r51 aft] ,g5]al ,w>r51 :o fir/ sugge/$ & prov$ its exi/5ce1 & s we h designat$ x on ! accompany+ map ( ,m9nesota4 ,lake ,trav]se is fifte5 miles long1 & ! wat] is n[h]e m ?an tw5ty feet deep4 ,big ,/one ,lake is tw5ty-six miles long1 & ( ab\t ! same dep?4 ,br[n's ,valley1 :i* connects ! two1 is five miles long1 & ! lakes are s ne>ly on a level t dur+ floods ! wat] f ,lake ,trav]se sometimes ov]fl[s & runs to ! s\? z well z to ! nor?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4--;,glacial t]race ne> ! b\nd>y ( ! glaciat$ area1 on ,raccoon ,creek1 a tribut>y ( ! ,lick+ ,riv]1 9 ,granville1 ,lick+ ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,height ab\t fifty feet4 ,! tr\gh occupi$ by ^! lakes & valley is f "o mile to "o mile & a half 9 wid? & ab\t #abj feet 9 dep?4 ,if we _h be5 p]mitt$ to /& ^u ! bluffs ov]look+ x dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! ,glacial p]iod1 we %\ld h se5 ! :ole dra9age ( ! nor? pass+ by our feet on its way to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,z lie foll[s d[n ! valley ( ! ,m9nesota ,riv]1 ! obs]vant travell]1 ev5 n[1 _c fail to see 9 ! num]\s well-pres]v$ gravel t]races ! high-wat] m>ks ( t /ream :5 flood$ ) ! jo9t product ( ! annual precipitation ov] ! va/ area to ! nor?1 & ( ! /ill m enorm\s quantities set free by ! melt+ ( ! we/]n "p ( ! great ,laur5tide ,glaci]4 ,num]\s o!r des]t$ wat]-ways 9 ! nor?we/]n "p ( ! valley ( ! ,mississippi h be5 br\ght to light 9 ! m rec5t geological surveys1 bo? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 ,canada4 ,dur+ a consid]able portion ( ! ,glacial p]iod ! ,saskat*ewan1 ! ,ass9ibo9e1 ! ,pemb9a1 & ! ,*ey5ne ,riv]s1 ^: pres5t dra9age is into ! ,r$ ,riv] ( ! ,nor?1 7 all turn$ to ! s\?1 & _! tempor>y *annels c be di/9ctly trac$ by des]t$ wat]-c\rses m>k$ by l9es ( gravel deposits4,,cp ,footnote ,,cp3 ,= fur!r p>ticul>s1 see ,ice ,age1 pp4 #bic et seq4 ,9 ,dakota1 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,e4 ,todd has discov]$ l>ge des]t$ *annels on ! s\?we/]n bord] ( ! glaciat$ region ne> ! ,miss\ri ,riv]1 :]e evid5tly /reams mu/ h fl[$ = a long di/ance 9 ice-*annels :5 ! ice /ill cont9u$ to occupy ! valley ( ! ,james ,riv]4 ,f ^! *annels ( ice 9 :i* ! wat] 0 held up to ! level ( ! ,miss\ri ,coteau ! wat] deb\*$ directly into *annels ) sides & bottom ( e>?y mat]ial1 :i* /ill %[ e m>k ( _! =m] occupation by great /reams4,,cq ,footnote ,,cq3 ,= p>ticul>s1 see ,ice ,age1 p4 #bib4 ,9 ,m9nesota1 also1 !re is abundant evid5ce t :ile ! nor!a/]n "p ( ! valley f ,mankato to ,/4 ,paul 0 occupi$ by ice1 ! dra9age 0 tempor>ily turn$ directly s\?w>d across ! c\ntry ?r\gh ,union ,sl\gh & ,blue ,e>? ,riv] into ! head-wat]s ( ! ,des ,mo9es ,riv] 9 ,i[a4 ,anci5t ,riv] ,t]races4 ,! int]e/ ( ! :ole inquiry respect+ ! relation ( man to ! ,glacial p]iod 9 ,am]ica conc5trates ^u ^! tempor>y l9es ( s\!rn dra9age4 ,:]ev] !y exi/$1 ! swoll5 floods ( ! ,glacial p]iod h left _! p]man5t m>ks 9 ! deposition ( ext5sive gravel t]races4 ,! mat]ial ?us di/ribut$ is d]iv$ l>gely f ! glacial deposits ?r\gh :i* !y run & out ( :i* !y em]ge4 ,:ile ! height ( ! t]races dep5d$ ^u v>i\s conditions :i* mu/ be /udi$ 9 detail1 9 g5]al x may be said t x corresponds pretty closely ) ! ext5t ( ! area ^: dra9age 0 turn$ ?r\gh ! *annel dur+ ! preval5ce ( ! ice4 ,! height ( ! t]races & ! co>s5ess ( ! mat]ial seem also to h be5 some:at dep5d5t ^u ! proximity ( _! valleys to ! areas ( mo/ vigor\s ice-action1 & ?is1 9 turn1 seems to lie 9 ! re> ( ! mora9es :i* ,presid5t ,*amb]l9 has attribut$ to ! second ,glacial epo*4 ,s\?w>d f ?is belt ( mora9es ! t]races uni=mly & gradually dim9i% bo? 9 height & 9 ! co>s5ess ( _! gravel1 until !y f9ally disappe> 9 ! pres5t flood-pla9 ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4--;,ideal section across a riv]-b$ 9 drift region3 b b b1 old riv]-b$2 ,r1 ! pres5t riv]2 t t1 upp] or old] t]races2 t' t'1 l[] t]races4 ,an int]e/+ illu/ration ( ?is pr9ciple is to be obs]v$ 9 ! cont9u\s valley ( ! ,alleghany & ,ohio ,riv]s4 ,! tr\gh ( ?is valley 0 rea*$ by ! cont95tal glaci] at only a few po9ts1 ! ice b>ely t\*+ x at ,salamanca1 ,n4 ,y41 ,frankl91 ,pa41 & ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio4 ,b ?r\gh\t its :ole l5g? ! ice-front 0 approximately p>allel to ! valley1 & occupi$ ! head-wat]s ( ne>ly all its tribut>ies4 ,n[1 :]ev] tribut>ies :i* c\ld be f$ by glacial floods1 ent] ! tr\gh ( ! ma9 /ream1 !y br\ght d[n an excessive am\nt ( gravel1 & greatly increas$ ! size ( ! t]race 9 ! tr\gh itself1 & f ! m\? ( ea* su* tribut>y to t ( ! next "o bel[ !re is a gradual decrease 9 ! height ( ! t]race & 9 ! co>s5ess ( ! mat]ial4 ,?is law is illu/rat$ ) special cle>ness 9 ,p5nsylvania betwe5 ,frankl9 & ,beav]4 ,frankl9 is ^u ! ,alleghany ,riv]1 at ! la/ po9t :]e x 0 rea*$ directly by ! ice4 ,bel[ ?is po9t no tribut>y rea*es x f ! glaciat$ region1 & none su* rea*es ! ,ohio aft] its junction ) ! ,alleghany until we come to ! m\? ( ,beav] ,creek1 ab\t tw5ty-five miles bel[ ,pittsburg4 ,b at ?is po9t ! ,ohio is jo9$ by a l9e ( dra9age :i* em]ges f ! glaciat$ area only t5 or twelve miles to ! nor?1 & ^: bran*es occupy an exceptionally l>ge glaciat$ area4 ,accord+ly1 !re is at ,beav] a rem>kable increase 9 ! size ( ! glacial t]race on ! ,ohio4 ,9 ! angle d[n-/ream betwe5 ! ,beav] & ! ,ohio !re is an enorm\s accumulation ( granitic pebbles1 _m ( !m almo/ l>ge en\gh to be call$ b\ld]s1 =m+ ! delta t]race1 ^u :i* ! city is built & ris+ to a height ( #ace feet above ! l[-wat] m>k 9 ! ,ohio4 ,9 /rik+ confirmation ( our !ory1 also1 ! t]race 9 ! ,ohio ,valley ^u ! upp] side ( ,beav] ,creek is compos$ ( f9e mat]ial1 l>gely d]iv$ f local rocks & conta9+ b few granitic pebbles4 ,f ! m\? ( ,beav] ,creek1 d[n ! ,ohio1 ! t]race is con/ant 7sometimes ^u "o side ( ! riv] & sometimes ^u ! o!r71 b1 accord+ to rule1 ! mat]ial ( :i* x is compos$ gradually gr[s f9]1 & ! elevation ( ! t]race decreases4 ,accord+ to rule1 also1 !re is a notable increase 9 ! height ( ! t]race bel[ ea* afflu5t :i* ent]s ! riv] f ! glaciat$ region4 ,?is is specially noticeable bel[ ,m>ietta1 at ! m\? ( ! ,musk+um1 ^: head-wat]s dra9 an ext5sive portion ( ! glaciat$ area4 ,f ! m\? ( ! ,little ,beav] to ?is po9t ! tribut>ies ( ! ,ohio are all small1 & none ( !m rise )9 ! glacial limit4 ,h5ce !y c\ld contribute no?+ ( ! granitic mat]ial :i* ent]s s l>gely into ! =mation ( ! riv] t]race2 b bel[ ! m\? ( ! ,musk+um ! t]race sudd5ly asc5ds to a height ( ne>ly "o hundr$ feet above l[-wat] m>k4 ,aga91 at ! m\? ( ! ,scioto at ,portsm\?1 !re is a m>k$ increase 9 ! size ( ! t]race1 :i* is readily acc\nt$ = by ! floods :i* came d[n ! ,scioto ,valley f ! glaciat$ region4 ,! next m>k$ increase is at ,c9c9nati1 j bel[ ! m\? ( ! ,little ,miami1 ^: :ole c\rse lay 9 ! glaciat$ region1 & ^: m>g9 is l9$ by v pron\nc$ t]races4 ,at ,c9c9nati ! upp] t]race ^u :i* ! city is built is #abj feet above ! flood-pla94 ,tw5ty-five miles f>!r d[n ! riv]1 ne> ,lawr5ceburg1 ^! glacial t]races are ev5 m ext5sive1 ! valley be+ !re betwe5 ?ree & f\r miles wide1 & be+ ne>ly fill$ ) gravel deposits to a height ( #aab feet above ! flood-pla94 ,bel[ ?is po9t ! t]races gradually dim9i% 9 height1 & ! mat]ial becomes f9] & m wat]-worn1 until x m]ges at la/ 9 ! flood-pla9 ( ! ,mississippi4 ,! c\rse ( ! ,waba% ,riv] is too long to p]mit x to add mat]ially to ! size ( ! t]races :i* *>act]ise ! broad] valley ( ! ,ohio bel[ ! ,ill9ois l9e4 ,x is 9 t]races su* z ^! j describ$ t we f9d ! imb$d$ relics ( man :i* def9itely connect him ) ! great ,ice age4 ,^! h n[ be5 f\nd 9 ! glacial t]races ( ! ,delaw>e ,riv] at ,tr5ton1 ,n4 ,j42 9 simil> t]races 9 ! valley ( ! ,tusc>awas ,riv] at ,new ,com]/[n1 & 9 ! valley ( ! ,little ,miami at ,lovel& & ,madisonville1 9 ,ohio2 on ! ,ea/ ,=k ( ,:ite ,riv]1 at ,m$ora1 ,ind42 & /ill1 aga91 at ,little ,falls1 9 ! tr\gh ( ! ,mississippi1 "s di/ance above ,m9neapolis1 ,m9n4 ,i app5d a li/ ( ! po9ts at :i* v>i\s /reams f ! ,atlantic ,ocean to ! ,mississippi ,riv] em]ge f ! glacial b\nd>y1 & bel[ :i* ! t]races are specially prom95t4 ,( c\rse1 ) ! retreat ( ! ice1 ! =mation ( ! t]races cont9u$ nor?w>d 9 ! glaciat$ area to a great] or less di/ance1 accord+ to ! ext5t ( ! valley or to ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* ! dra9age 0 tempor>ily turn$ into x4 ,^! po9ts ( em]g5ce are3 ,9 ! ,delaw>e ,valley1 at ,belvid]e1 ,n4 ,j42 9 ! ,susquehanna1 at ,bea* ,hav51 ,pa42 9 ! ,conewango1 at ,ackley1 ,w>r5 ,c\nty2 9 ,oil ,creek1 above ,titusville3 9 ,fr5* ,creek1 a little above ,frankl92 9 ,beav] ,creek1 at ,*ewt[n1 ,lawr5ce ,c\nty2 on ! ,middle ,=k ( ,little ,beav]1 ne> ,new ,lisbon1 ,ohio2 on ! ea/ bran* ( ,s&y ,creek1 at ,ea/ ,ro*e/]1 ,columbiana ,c\nty2 on ! ,nimi%ill91 at ,canton1 ,/>k ,c\nty2 on ! ,tusc>awas1 at ,boliv>2 on ,sug> ,creek1 at ,bee* ,city2 on ! ,killbuck1 at ,mill]sburg1 ,holmes ,c\nty2 on ! ,mohican1 ne> ! nor!a/ corn] ( ,knox ,c\nty2 on ! ,lick+ ,riv]1 at ,new>k2 on ,jona?an ,creek1 ,p]ry ,c\nty2 on ! ,hock+1 at ,lanca/]2 on ! ,scioto1 at ,hopet[n1 j above ,*illico!2 on ,pa9t ,creek1 & its v>i\s tribut>ies1 betwe5 ,*illico! & ,ba9bridge2 & on ! ,waba%1 above ,new ,h>mony1 ,ind42 to :i* may be add$ ! ,ohio ,riv] itself1 at its junction ) ! ,miami1 ne> ,lawr5ceburg4 ,ano!r class ( t]races hav+ mo/ int]e/+ connection ) ! ,glacial p]iod is f\nd 9 ! arid bas9s we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,ov] wide areas 9 ,utah & ,nevada ! evaporation n[ j balances ! precipitation1 & all ! /reams disappe> 9 %all[ bodies ( salt wat] ( mod]ate dim5sions1 ( :i* ,great ,salt ,lake 9 ,utah1 & ,mono1 ,pyramid1 & ,nor? ,c>son ,lakes 9 ,nevada1 are ! mo/ famili> examples4 ,^! occupy ! l[e/ s9ks ( enclos$ bas9s ( great dep?4 ,b !re is abundant evid5ce t 9 consequ5ce ( ! increas$ precipitation & dim9i%$ evaporation ( ! ,glacial p]iod "o ( ^! bas9s 0 fill$ to ! brim & ! o!r to a dep? ( sev]al hundr$ feet4 ,^! =m] enl>gem5ts h be5 nam$ aft] ! fir/ explor]s ( ! region1 ,capta9s ,lahontan & ,bonneville1 & are %[n on ! accompany+ sket* map by ! %ad+ surr\nd+ ! exi/+ lakes4 ,lake ,lahontan has be5 c>efully /udi$ by ,mr4 ,i4 ,c4 ,russell1 & has be5 f\nd to ext5d f ! b\nd>y ( ,oregon to latitude #ch #cj' s\?1 a di/ance ( two hundr$ & sixty miles4 ,! ,c5tral ,pacific ,railroad runs ?r\gh its dri$-up b$ f ,golconda to ,wadswor?1 a di/ance ( "o hundr$ & sixty-five miles4 ,! t]races ( ! =m] lake are di/9ctly traceable at a height ( #gjj feet above ! pres5t level ( ,lake ,mono4 ,lake ,bonneville1 ^: pres5t repres5tative is ,great ,salt ,lake1 is ! subject ( a rec5t monograph by ,mr4 ,g4 ,k4 ,gilb]t1 f :i* x appe>s t ?is anci5t body ( wat] occupi$ #ai1gej squ>e miles--an area ab\t t5 times t ( ! pres5t lake4 ,at ! "t ( its maximum ext5sion its dep? 0 #a1jjj feet1 :ile ,great ,salt ,lake ranges only f fifte5 to fifty feet 9 dep?4 ,! pass ?r\gh :i* ! dis*>ge f9ally took place is at ,r$ ,rock1 on ! ,utah & ,nor!rn ,railroad1 at ! head ( ,ca*e ,valley on ! s\? & ! l[] "p ( ,m>% ,creek ,valley on ! nor?4 ,dur+ ! long p]iod prec$+ & accompany+ ! gradual rise ( wat] 9 ! ,utah bas9 to ! level ( ! highe/ t]race1 ,m>% ,creek 7! upp] portion ( :i* comes f ! m\nta9s on ! ea/ & turns at "r angles7 _h be5 at "w deposit+ a delta ( loose mat]ial 9 ! col :i* sep>ates ! two valleys4 ,?is deposit re/$ ^u a /ratum ( lime/one at ! bottom ( ! pass1 & cov]$ x ) s&1 clay1 & gravel to a dep? ( #cge feet4 ,?us1 :5 ! wat] 0 approa*+ its upp] level1 ! only b>ri] to prev5t its escape 0 ?is un/able accumulation ( loose mat]ial ^u top ( ! rock4 ,x w\ld h requir$1 !re=e1 no prophet's eye to pr$ict t ! way 0 prep>+ = a trem5d\s dbcle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4--,map ( ! ,quat]n>y ,lakes4 ,bonneville & ,lahontan 7aft] ,gilb]t & ,russell74 ,! critical po9t at l5g? 0 rea*$4 ,aft] rema9+ ne>ly at ! elevation ( ! pass = a consid]able p]iod1 dur+ :i* ! #a1jjj-;foot %ore-l9e 0 =m$1 ! crisis came :5 ! wat] began to fl[ nor?w>d t[>ds ,snake ,riv]4 ,once begun 9 su* loose mat]ial1 ! *annel rapidly enl>g$ until soon a /ream equal to ,niag>a1 & at times probably mu* l>g]1 0 p\r+ nor?w>d ?r\gh ! valley h]et(ore occupi$ by ! insignificant rivulets ( ,m>% ,creek & ! ,port ,neuf4 ,x is impossible to tell h[ rapidly ! loose b>ri] wore away1 b !re is abundant evid5ce 9 ! valley bel[ t n only ! pres5t *annel ( ! l[] "p ( ,m>% ,creek1 b ! :ole bottom ( ! valley = a mile or m 9 wid?1 0 = a consid]able "t cov]$ by a rapid /ream f t5 to tw5ty feet 9 dep?1 & desc5d+ at ! rate ( ?irte5 feet to ! mile4 ,! cont9uance ( ?is flood 0 dep5d5t ^u ! am\nt ( wat] to be dis*>g$1 :i*1 z we h se51 0 t conta9$ 9 an area ( #bj1jjj squ>e miles1 ) a dep? ( #cge feet4 ,a /ream ( ! size ( ,niag>a w\ld occupy ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s 9 ! dis*>ge ( su* a mass1 & ?is may fairly be tak5 z a measure ( ! "t ?r\gh :i* x la/$4 ,:5 ! loose mat]ial ly+ above ! /rata ( lime/one 9 ,r$ ,rock ,pass _h be5 wa%$ away1 ! lake !n cont9u$ at t level = an indef9ite p]iod1 ) an ov]fl[ regulat$ by ! annual precipitation ( ! dra9age bas94 ,?is /age ( ! lake1 dur+ :i* x occupi$ #ac1jjj squ>e miles & 0 #fbe feet above its pres5t level1 is also m>k$ by an ext5sive & p]si/5t %ore-l9e all ar\nd ! bas94 ,b1 f9ally1 ! balance aga9 turn$ :5 ! evaporation exce$$ ! precipitation1 & ! va/ body ( wat] has s9ce dw9dl$ to its pres5t insignificant dim5sions4 ,my own int]e/ 9 ?is discov]y ( ,mr4 ,gilb]t is enhanc$ by ! explanation x gives ( a ph5om5on 9 ! ,snake ,riv] ,valley :i* ,i 0 unable to solve :5 on ! gr\nd 9 #ahij4 ,! pres5t railroad t[n ( ,pocatello is situat$ j :]e ?is flood em]g$ f ! n>r[] valley ( ,m>% ,creek & ! ,port ,neuf1 & spread itself out ^u ! broad pla9 ( ! ,snake ,riv] bas94 ,! s\!rn edge ( ! pla9 ^u :i* ! city is built is a va/ b\ld]-b$ cov]$ ) a ?9 /ratum ( s& & gravel4 ,ev]y:]e1 9 s9k+ wells & digg+ dit*es on ! vacant lots & 9 ! /reets ( ! city1 wat]-worn b\ld]s ( a great v>iety ( mat]ial & sometimes ?ree or f\r feet 9 diamet] are enc\nt]$4 ,i 0 deb>r$ f reg>d+ ?is z a t]m9al mora9e1 bo? by ! wat]-worn "* ( ! b\ld]s & by ! abs5ce ( any sign ( ice-action 9 ! surr\nd+ m\nta9s1 & ,i 0 equally deb>r$ f attribut+ x to any ord9>y /ream ( wat]1 bo? by ! size ( ! b\ld]s & ! fact t = a mile or m up ! ,port ,neuf ,valley !re is an int]vale1 =ty or fifty feet bel[ ! surface at ,pocatello1 & occupy+ ! :ole wid? ( ! valley1 9 :i* !re is only gravel & f9e s&1 ?r\gh :i* ! pres5t ,port ,neuf pursues a me&]+ c\rse4 ,! upp] end ( ?is %ort int]vale is b\nd$ by ! t]m9us ( a basaltic /ream :i* _h fl[$ d[n ! valley & fill$ x to a consid]able dep?1 b _h subsequ5tly be5 mu* erod$ by viol5t wat]-action4 ,9 ! light ( ,mr4 ,gilb]t's discov]ies1 h[ev]1 ev]y?+ is cle>4 ,! trem5d\s dbcle :i* he has br\ght )9 ! range ( sci5tific vision w\ld naturally produce j ! condition ( ?+s :i* is s puzzl+ at ,pocatello4 ,com+ d[n ?r\gh ! re/rict$ *annel ) suffici5t =ce to roll along b\ld]s ( great size & to cle> !m all out f ! upp] portion ( ! valley1 ! torr5t w\ld naturally deposit !m :]e ! curr5t 0 fir/ *eck$1 a mile bel[ ! lava cliffs4 ,! plunge ( ! wat] ov] ^! cliffs w\ld keep a %ort space bel[ cle> f b\ld]s1 & ! m mod]ate /ream ( subsequ5t times w\ld fill 9 ! depression ) ! s& & gravel n[ occupy+ x4 ,:at o!r effects ( ?is rem>kable outbur/ may be trac$ f>!r d[n 9 ! ,snake ,riv] ,valley ,i _c say1 b x w be surpris+ if !y d n come to light & help to solve "s ( ! _m geological problems yet await+ u 9 ?is int]e/+ region4 ,x %\ld h be5 said t dur+ ! =mation ( ! #fbe-;foot1 or s-call$ ,provo %ore-l9e1 glaci]s desc5d$ f ! caons on ! we/ flank ( ! ,wahsat* ,m\nta9s1 & left t]m9al mora9es to m>k ! co9cid5ce ( ! ,glacial p]iod ) t /age ( ! enl>gem5t ( ! lake4 ,evid5ces ( a simil> co9cid5ce are to be f\nd on ! high-level t]races surr\nd+ ,lake ,mono1 to :i* glaci]s =m]ly desc5d$ f ! we/]n flanks ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada4 ,! anci5t %ore-l9es surr\nd+ ,lakes ,bonneville & ,lahontan be> evid5ce also ( v>i\s o!r episodes 9 ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,evid5tly !re 7 two p]iods ( m>k$ increase 9 ! size ( ! lakes1 ) an arid p]iod int]v5+4 ,dur+ ! fir/ rise ! level ( ,bonneville atta9$ to )9 n9ety feet ( ! second1 & num]\s bea*es 7 =m$1 & a l>ge am\nt ( yell[ clay deposit$4 ,!n x seems to h be5 :olly evaporat$1 :ile its soluble m9]al matt] 0 precipitat$1 & s m+l$ ) silt t x did n readily r$issolve dur+ ! second great rise ( wat]4 ,p>tly on ?is acc\nt1 & p>tly ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! outlet into ! ,snake ,riv]1 ! lake 0 ne>ly fre% dur+ its second enl>gem5t4 ,european ,facts4 ,9 ,*apt] ,,vi x came 9 place to m5tion _m ( ! facts connect$ ) ! influ5ce ( ! ,glacial p]iod ^u ! dra9age sy/ems ( ,europe4 ,we !re discuss$ briefly ! probable influ5ce ( ! ice-ob/ructions t ext5d$ across ! m\?s ( ! ,dw9a1 ! ,vi/ula1 ! ,od]1 ! ,elbe1 ! ,wes]1 & ! ,rh9e4 ,! dra9age ( ! ob/ruct$ riv]s 9 ,russia 0 p]haps turn$ s\?w>d into ! ,caspian & ,black ,seas1 & !n assi/$ 9 =m+ ! f]tile soil ( ! pla9s 9 ! s\!rn "p ( t empire4 ,! ob/ruct$ dra9age ( ! ,g]man riv]s 0 probably turn$ we/w>d 9 front ( ! ice ?r\gh ! ,/raits ( ,dov] or across ! s\!rn "p ( ,engl&4 ,?is 0 dur+ ! climax ( ! ,glacial p]iod2 b lat]1 accord+ to ,dawk9s1 dur+ a p]iod 9 :i* ! l& ( ! ,briti% ,isles /ood ab\t #fjj feet above its pres5t level1 ! /reams ( ! ea/]n coa/--namely1 ! ,?ames1 ,m$way1 ,humb]1 ,tyne1 & o!rs1 jo9$ ! ,rh9e1 ! ,wes]1 & ! ,elbe1 to =m a riv] fl[+ ?r\gh ! valley ( ! ocean4 ,9 l mann]1 ! riv]s ( ! s\? ( ,engl& & ( ! nor? ( ,france =m$ a great riv] fl[+ pa/ ! ,*annel ,isl&s due we/ into ! ,atlantic1 & ! ,sev]n unit$ ) ! riv]s ( ! s\? ( ,irel&2 :ile ^? to ! ea/ ( ,irel& jo9$ ! ,dee1 ,m]sey ,ribble1 & ,lune1 z well z ^? ( we/]n ,scotl&1 ultimately rea*+ ! ,atlantic to ! we/ ( ! ,hebrides4 ,! wat]-%$ betwe5 ! valleys ( ! ,briti% ,*annel & ! ,nor? ,sea is repres5t$ by a ridge pass+ due s\? f ,folke/one to ,dieppe1 & t betwe5 ! dra9age area & ! ,sev]n & its tribut>ies on ! "o h&1 & ( ! ,iri% ,*annel on ! o!r1 by a ridge f ,holyhead we/w>d to ,dubl94 ,?is tract ( l[1 undulat+ l& :i* surr\nd$ ,brita9 & ,irel& on e side consi/$ n m]ely ( ri* hill1 valley1 & pla91 b also ( m>%-l& /udd$ ) lakes1 l ! m]es ( ,norfolk1 n[ indicat$ by ! deep] s\nd+s4 ,^! lakes 7 v num]\s to ! s\? ( ! ,isle ( ,wight & (f ! coa/ ( ,norfolk & ,suffolk4,,cr ,footnote ,,cr3 ,e>ly ,man 9 ,brita91 p4 #aea4 ,! evid5ce fir/ reg>d$ by sci5tific m5 to be demon/rative ( ! =mation ( ext5sive lakes dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod by ! direct influ5ce ( ice-dams exi/s 9 ! ,p>allel ,roads ( ,gl5 ,roy 9 ,scotl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4--,p>allel roads ( ,gl5 ,roy4 ,accord+ to ! description ( ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 ,gl5 ,roy is situat$ 9 ! we/]n ,highl&s1 ab\t t5 miles nor? ( ,=t ,william1 ne> ! we/]n end ( ! great gl5 ( ,scotl&1 or ,cal$onian ,canal1 & ne> ! foot ( ! highe/ ( ! ,grampians1 ,b5 ,nevis4 ,?r\gh\t ne>ly its :ole l5g?1 a di/ance ( m ?an t5 miles1 ?ree p>allel roads or %elves are trac$ along ! /eep sides ( ! m\nta9s1 ea* ma9ta9+ a p]fect horizontality1 & cont9u+ at exactly ! same level on ! opposite sides ( ! gl54 ,se5 at a di/ance !y appe> l l$ges1 or roads1 cut artificially out ( ! sides ( ! hills2 b :5 we are ^u !m1 we c sc>cely recognize _! exi/5ce1 s unev5 is _! surface & s cov]$ ) b\ld]s4 ,!y are f t5 to sixty feet broad1 & m]ely diff] f ! side ( ! m\nta9 by be+ some:at less /eep4 ,on clos] inspection1 we f9d t ^! t]races are /ratifi$ 9 ! ord9>y mann] ( alluvial or littoral deposits1 z may be se5 at ^? po9ts :]e rav9es h be5 excavat$ by torr5ts4 ,! p>allel %elves1 !re=e1 h n be5 caus$ by d5udation1 b by ! deposition ( detritus1 precisely simil> to t :i* is disp]s$ 9 small] quantities ov] ! declivities ( ! hills above4 ,^! hills consi/ ( clay-slate1 mica-s*i/1 & granite1 :i* rocks h be5 worn away & laid b>e at a few po9ts imm$iately above ! p>allel roads4 ,! l[e/ ( ^! roads is ab\t #hej feet above ! level ( ! sea1 & ! next ab\t #bab feet high]1 & ! ?ird #hb feet above ! second4 ,!re is a f\r? %elf1 :i* occurs only 9 a contigu\s valley call$ ,gl5 ,gluoy1 :i* is twelve feet above ! highe/ ( all ! ,gl5 ,roy roads1 & consequ5tly ab\t #a1aef feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,"o only1 ! l[e/ ( ! ?ree roads ( ,gl5 ,roy1 is cont9u$ ?r\gh ,gl5 ,spean1 a l>ge valley ) :i* ,gl5 ,roy unites4 ,z ! %elves1 hav+ no slope t[>ds ! sea l ord9>y riv] t]races1 are always at ! same absolute height1 !y become cont9ually m elevat$ above ! riv] 9 proportion z we desc5d ea* valley2 & !y at l5g? t]m9ate v abruptly1 )\t any obvi\s cause1 or any *ange ei!r 9 ! %ape ( ! gr\nd or 9 ! composition or h>dness ( ! rocks4,,cs ,footnote ,,cs3 ,antiquity ( ,man1 pp4 #beb1 #bec4 ,e>ly 9 8 c>e] ,*>les ,d>w9 /udi$ ^! anci5t bea*es1 & ascrib$ !m to ! action ( ! sea dur+ a p]iod ( cont95tal subsid5ce4 ,9 ?is view he 0 support$ by ! majority ( geologi/s until ! region 0 visit$ by ,agassiz1 :o saw at once ! true explanation4 ,if ^! 7 really sea-bea*es1 simil> deposits %\ld be f\nd at ! same elevation on o!r m\nta9s ?an ^? surr\nd+ ,gl5 ,roy4 ,_! abs5ce else:]e po9ts1 !re=e1 to "s local cause1 :i* 0 readily sugge/$ to ! tra9$ eye ( "o l ,agassiz1 !n fre% f ! /udy ( ,alp9e glaci]s1 :o saw t ^! bea*es 7 =m$ ^u ! m>g9 ( tempor>y lakes1 held back dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod 7z ! ,m]jel5 ,see n[ is7 by a glaci] :i* came out ( "o gl5 & project$ itself directly across ! c\rse ( ano!r1 & ?us ob/ruct$ its dra9age4 ,! glaci] ( ,gl5 ,spean _h pu%$ itself across ,gl5 ,roy1 z ! great ,alets* ,glaci] 9 ,switz]l& n[ pu%es itself across ! little valley beh9d ! ,eggi%orn4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,relics ,,( ,,man ,,9 ,,! ,,glacial ,,p]iod4 ,9 ,glacial ,t]races ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,al?\gh ! fir/ cle> evid5ce ( glacial man 0 discov]$ 9 ,europe1 ! problem is s mu* simpl] on ! ,we/]n ,cont95t t we %all f9d x pr(itable to /udy ! ,am]ican facts fir/4 ,we w !re=e pres5t a summ>y ( !m at once1 & !n proce$ to ! m obscure problems ( ,european ar*ology4 ,! fir/ def9ite discov]y ( human relics cle>ly connect$ )1 glacial deposits 9 ,am]ica1 & ( ! same age ) !m1 0 made by ,dr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,abbott1 at ,tr5ton1 ,n4 ,j41 9 ! ye> #ahge4 ,! city ( ,tr5ton is built ^u a delta t]race ab\t ?ree miles wide :i* occurs at ! head ( tide-wat] on ! ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,?is t]race be>s e m>k ( hav+ be5 deposit$ by a torr5tial /ream :i* came d[n ! valley dur+ ! clos+ p]iod ( ! great ,ice age4 ,! mat]ial ( :i* ! t]race consi/s is all wat]-worn4 ,accord+ to ! description ( ,pr(essor ,n4 ,s4 ,%al]3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4--,! glaciat$ portion is %ad$4 ,! %ad+ on ! ,lehigh & ,delaw>e ,riv]s indicates glacial t]races1 :i* are abs5t f ! ,s*uylkill4 ,! g5]al /ructure ( ! mass is nei!r t ( ord9>y b\ld]-clay nor ( /ratifi$ gravels1 su* z are =m$ by ! complete re>rangem5t by wat] ( ! elem5ts ( simple drift-deposits4 ,x is made up ( b\ld]s1 pebbles1 & s&1 v>y+ 9 size f masses conta9+ "o hundr$ cubic feet or m to ! f9e/ s& ( ! ord9>y sea-bea*es4 ,!re is little trace ( true clay 9 ! deposit2 !re is r>ely en\gh to give ! lea/ trace ( cem5tation to ! masses4 ,! v>i\s elem5ts are r confus$ly arrang$2 ! l>ge b\ld]s n be+ gr\p$ on any p>ticul> level1 & _! major axes n always di/9ctly co9cid+ ) ! horizon4 ,all ! pebbles & b\ld]s1 s f> z obs]v$1 are smoo? & wat]-worn1 a c>eful se>* hav+ fail$ to %[ evid5ce ( di/9ct glacial scrat*+ or poli%+ on _! surfaces4 ,! type ( pebble is ! subovate or discoidal1 & ?\gh _m dep>t f ?is =m1 yet ne>ly all obs]v$ by me _h be5 worn s z to %[ t _! %ape _h be5 det]m9$ by runn+ wat]4 ,! mat]ials compris+ ! deposit are v v>i$1 b all ,i obs]v$ c\ld app>5tly ) reason be suppos$ to h come f ! ext5sive valley ( ! riv] ne> :i* !y lie1 except p]haps ! fragm5ts ( "s r r>e hypog5e rocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4--,paloli? f\nd by ,abbott 9 ,new ,j]sey1 slightly r$uc$4 ,a conclusive pro( ( ! relation ( ?is ,tr5ton delta t]race to ! ,glacial p]iod is f\nd 9 ! fact t ! gravel deposit is cont9u\s ) t]races ext5d+ up ! tr\gh ( ! valley ( ! ,delaw>e to ! glaciat$ area & beyond4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! desc5t ( ! riv]-b$ is rapid 7ab\t f\r feet to ! mile7 f ! glacial bord] d[n to tide-wat]1 ! t]race is n rem>kably high1 be+ only ab\t fifte5 or tw5ty feet above ! pres5t flood-pla94 ,b x is cont9u\s1 & simil> 9 composition ) ! great enl>gem5t 9 ! delta at ,tr5ton4 ,)\t d\bt1 !re=e1 ! deposit repres5ts ! ov]wa% gravel ( ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,=tunately = sci5ce1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,abbott1 ^: ta/es = ar*ological inve/igations 7 e>ly develop$1 _h 8 resid5ce ^u ! bord] ( ?is glacial delta t]race at ,tr5ton1 & z e>ly z #ahge began to f9d r\gh-/one implem5ts ( a peculi> type 9 ! talus ( ! bank :]e ! riv] 0 und]m9+ ! t]race4 ,9 turn+ 8 att5tion to ! num]\s fre% exposures ( gravel made by railroad & o!r excavations dur+ ! foll[+ ye>1 he f\nd sev]al ( ! implem5ts 9 undi/urb$ /rata1 "s ( :i* 7 sixte5 feet bel[ ! surface4 ,s9ce t "t he has cont9u$ to make discov]ies at v>i\s int]vals4 ,9 #ahhh he _h f\nd f\r hundr$ implem5ts ( ! paloli?ic type at ,tr5ton1 sixty ( :i* _h be5 tak5 f record$ dep?s 9 ! gravel1 two hundr$ & fifty f ! talus at ! bluff fac+ ! riv]1 & ! rema9d] f ! surface1 or d]iv$ f collectors :o did n record ! positions or circum/ances "u :i* !y 7 f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4--,section across ! ,delaw>e ,riv] at ,tr5ton4 ,new ,j]sey3 a1 a1 ,philadelphia r$ gravel & brick-clay 7,mc,gee's ,columbia deposit72 b4 b1 ,tr5ton gravel1 9 :i* ! implem5ts are f\nd3 c1 pres5t flood-pla9 ( ! ,delaw>e ,riv] 7aft] ,lewis74 7,f ,abbott's ,primitive ,indu/ry47 ,! mat]ial f :i* ! implem5ts at ,tr5ton are made is argillite--t is1 a clay slate :i* has be5 s metamorphos$ z to be susceptible ( fracture1 almo/ l fl9t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 by no means capable ( be+ work$ into su* delicate =ms z fl9t is4 ,b z x is ! only mat]ial 9 ! vic9ity capable ( be+ *ipp$1 prehi/oric m5 ( t vic9ity 7 compell$ to make a virtue ( necessity & use ! inf]ior mat]ial4 ,( all ! implem5ts f\nd by ,dr4 ,abbott 9 ! gravel1 only "o 0 fl9t2 :ile ^u ! surface innum]able arr[-heads ( fl9t h be5 f\nd4 ,! transition1 also1 9 ! type ( implem5ts is z sudd5 z t 9 ! k9d ( mat]ial ( :i* !y are made4 ,bel[ ! sup]ficial deposit ( black soil1 ext5d+ d[n to ! dep? ( ab\t "o foot1 ! mod]n ,indian fl9t implem5ts entirely disappe>1 & implem5ts ( paloli?ic type only are f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4--,section ( ! ,tr5ton gravel 9 :i* ! implem5ts describ$ 9 ! text are f\nd4 ,! %elf on :i* ! man /&s is made 9 process ( excavation4 ,! gravel is ! same above & bel[ 7photograph by ,abbott74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4--;,face view ( argillite implem5t1 f\nd by ,dr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,abbott1 9 #ahgf1 at ,tr5ton1 ,new ,j]sey1 9 gravel1 ?ree feet f face ( bluff1 & tw5ty-two feet f ! surface 7,no4 #aj1ihe7 7,putnam74 ,9 ! ye> #ahhb1 aft] ,i _h trac$ ! glacial b\nd>y we/w>d f ! ,delaw>e ,riv]1 across ! ,/ates ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,ohio1 & ,indiana1 ,i 0 /ruck ) ! simil>ity betwe5 ! t]race at ,tr5ton & num]\s t]races :i* ,i _h attribut$ to ! ,glacial age 9 ,ohio & ! o!r ,/ates4 ,x adds mu* to ! int]e/ ( subsequ5t discov]ies to note t 9 #ahhd1 9 my report to ! ,we/]n ,res]ve ,hi/orical ,society ^u ! glacial b\nd>y ( ,ohio1 ,i wrote z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4--;,argillite implem5t f\nd by ,dr4 ,c4 ,c ,abbott1 ,m>*1 #ahgi1 at ,a4 ,k4 ,r[an's f>m1 ,tr5ton1 ,new ,j]sey1 9 gravel sixte5 feet f surface3 a1 face view2 b1 side view 7,no4 #aa1bhf7 7,putnam74 ,! gravel 9 :i* !y ,dr4 ,abbott's implem5ts are f\nd is glacial gravel deposit$ ^u ! banks ( ! ,delaw>e :51 dur+ ! la/ /ages ( ! ,glacial p]iod1 ! riv] 0 swoll5 ) va/ floods ( wat] f ! melt+ ice4 ,man 0 on ?is cont95t at t p]iod :5 ! climate & ice ( ,gre5l& ext5d$ to ! m\? ( ,new ,york ,h>bor4 ,! probability is1 t if he 0 9 ,new ,j]sey at t "t1 he 0 also ^u ! banks ( ! ,ohio1 & ! ext5sive t]race & gravel deposits 9 ! s\!rn "p ( our ,/ate %\ld be closely scann$ by ar*ologi/s4 ,:5 obs]v]s become famili> ) ! rude =m ( ^! paloli?ic implem5ts1 !y w d\btless f9d !m 9 abundance4 ,b :e!r we f9d !m or n 9 ?is ,/ate ,ohio1 if y admit1 z ,i am compell$ to d1 ! g5u95ess ( ^? f\nd by ,dr4 ,abbott1 our inve/igation into ! glacial ph5om5a ( ,ohio mu/ h an important ar*ological significance1 = !y be> ^u ! "q ( ! *ronology ( ! ,glacial p]iod1 & s ^u t ( man's appe>ance 9 ,new ,j]sey4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4--;,*ipp$ pebble ( black *]t1 f\nd by ,dr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,metz4 ,octob]1 #ahhe1 at ,madisonville1 ,ohio1 9 gravel eight feet f surface "u clay3 a1 face view2 b1 side view4 ,! expectation ( f9d+ evid5ce ( preglacial man 9 ,ohio 0 ju/ifi$ soon aft] ?is 79 #ahhe71 :5 ,dr4 ,c ,l4 ,metz1 :ile co-co-op]at+ ) ,pr(essor ,f4 ,w4 ,putnam1 ( ! ,peabody ,museum1 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 9 field "w1 discov]$ a fl9t implem5t ( paloli?ic type 9 undi/urb$ /rata ( ! glacial t]race ( ! ,little ,miami ,riv]1 ne> 8 resid5ce at ,madisonville1 ,ohio4 ,9 #ahhg ,dr4 ,metz f\nd ano!r implem5t 9 ! t]race ( ! same riv]1 at ,lovel&1 ab\t tw5ty-five miles f>!r up ! /ream4 ,! implem5t at ,madisonville occurr$ eight feet bel[ ! surface1 & ab\t a mile back f ! edge ( ! t]race2 :ile t at ,lovel& 0 f\nd 9 a co>s] deposit1 ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile back f ! pres5t /ream1 & ?irty feet bel[ ! surface4 ,ma/odon-bones also 7 discov]$ 9 close proximity to ! implem5t at ,lovel&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,int]e/ 9 ^! inve/igations 0 /ill fur!r increas$ by ! report ( ,mr4 ,hilborne ,t4 ,cresson1 ( ,philadelphia1 t 9 #ahhf1 ) my map ( ! glaciat$ region 9 h&1 he _h f\nd an implem5t ( paloli?ic type 9 undi/urb$ /rata ( ! glacial t]race bord]+ ! ,ea/ ,bran* ( ,:ite ,riv]1 ne> ! glacial b\nd>y at ,m$ora1 ,jackson ,c\nty1 ,ind4 ,! t]race 0 ab\t fifty feet above ! flood-pla9 ( ! riv]4 ,lat] /ill1 9 ,octob]1 #ahhi1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,mills1 ( ,newcom]/[n1 ,tusc>awas ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 f\nd 9 t t[n a f9ely %ap$ fl9t implem5t sixte5 feet bel[ ! surface ( ! t]race ( glacial gravel :i* l9es ! m>g9 ( ! ,tusc>awas ,valley4,,ct ,mr4 ,mills 0 n aw>e ( ! importance ( ?is discov]y until meet+ ) me "s mon?s lat]1 :5 he describ$ ! situation to me1 & soon aft] s5t ! implem5t = exam9ation4 ,9 company ) ,judge ,c4 ,c4 ,baldw91 ,presid5t ( ! ,we/]n ,res]ve ,hi/orical ,society1 & sev]al o!rs1 a visit 0 made to ,mr4 ,mills1 & we c>efully exam9$ ! gravel-pit 9 :i* ! implem5t occurr$1 & collect$ evid5ce :i* 0 abundant to corroborate all 8 /atem5ts4 ,! implem5t 9 "q is made f a peculi> fl9t :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,l[] ,m]c] lime/one1 ( :i* !re are outcrops a few miles di/ant1 & x resembles 9 s _m ways ! typical implem5ts f\nd by ,b\*] de ,p]!s1 at ,abbeville1 t1 except = ! diff]5ce 9 ! mat]ial f :i* x is made1 x w\ld be impossible to di/+ui% x f !m4 ,! simil>ity ( patt]n is too m9ute to h orig9at$ except f imitation4 ,footnote ,,ct3 ,= typical section ( a glacial t]race 9 ,ohio1 see p4 #bbg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4--,! small] is ! paloli? f ,newcom]/[n1 ! l>g] f ,ami5s 7face view71 r$uc$ "o half 9 diamet]4 ,9 #ahgg1 a ye> aft] ! discov]ies by ,dr4 ,abbott 9 ,new ,j]sey1 "s rude qu>tz implem5ts 7 discov]$ by ,pr(essor ,n4 ,h4 ,w9*ell 9 ! glacial t]races ( ! upp] ,mississippi1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,little ,falls1 ,morrison ,c\nty1 ,m9n4 ,?is locality 0 aft]w>ds m fully explor$ by ,miss ,franc ,e4 ,babbitt1 :o succe$$ 9 f9d+ s l>ge a numb] ( ! implem5ts z to set at re/ all "q conc]n+ _! human orig94 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,w>r5 ,upham1 ! glacial flood-pla9 ( ! ,mississippi is "h ab\t ?ree miles wide1 ) an elevation ( f tw5ty-five to ?irty feet above ! riv]4 ,x is 9 a /ream ne> ! bottom ( ?is glacial t]race t ! mo/ ( ,miss ,babbitt's discov]ies 7 made1 & ,mr4 ,upham has pretty cle>ly %[n t ! gravel ( ! t]race ov]ly+ !m 0 mo/ly deposit$ :ile ! ice-front 0 /ill l+]+ ab\t sixty miles f>!r nor?1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,itasca ,lake4,,cu ,footnote ,,cu3 ,= a g5]al map1 see p4 #ff2 also p4 #bbe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4--;,edge view ( ! prec$+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4--,section across ! ,mississippi ,valley at ,little ,falls1 ,m9nesota1 %[+ ! /ratum 9 :i* *ipp$ qu>tz fragm5ts 7 f\nd by ,miss ,f4 ,e4 ,babbitt1 z describ$ 9 ! text 7,upham74 ,up to ?is "t ! above are all ! in/ances 9 :i* ! relics ( man are directly & indubitably connect$ ) deposits ( ?is p>ticul> p]iod ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,probably x is incorrect to speak ( ^! z preglacial1 = ! portion ( ! p]iod at :i* ! deposits incorporat+ human relics 7 made is well on t[>ds ! close ( ! great ,ice age1 s9ce ^! t]races 71 9 "s cases1 & may h be5 9 all cases1 deposit$ aft] ! ice-front _h )drawn ne>ly1 if n q1 to ! wat]-%$ ( ! ,/ ,lawr5ce bas94 ,x may be difficult to demon/rate ?is ) ref]5ce to ! gravel deposits at ,tr5ton1 ,madisonville1 & ,m$ora1 b x is evid5t at a glance 9 ! case ( ,newcom]/[n & ,little ,falls4 ,t ! implem5t-be>+ gravel ( ,tr5ton1 ,n4 ,j41 belongs to ! lat] /ages ( ! ,glacial p]iod is evid5t f its relation to :at ,pr(essor ,h4 ,c>vill ,lewis call$ ! ,philadelphia r$ gravel & brick-clay1 b :i*1 f its l>ge developm5t 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia at ,wa%+ton1 is call$ by ,mr4 ,mc,gee ! ,columbia deposit4 ,! city ( ,philadelphia is built ^u ?is =mation 9 ! ,delaw>e ,valley1 & ! brick = its h\ses is obta9$ f x2 ! cell> ( ea* h\se ord9>ily furni%+ clay en\gh = its brick walls4 ,?is clay is ( c\rse a deposit 9 comp>atively /ill wat]1 :i* w\ld imply deposition dur+ a p]iod ( l& subsid5ce4 ,b t x 0 ice-lad5 wat] :i* flood$ ! banks is %[n by ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( l>ge blocks ( /one 9 ! deposits1 su* z c\ld h be5 transport$ only 9 connection ) float+ ice4 ,! b\ld]s 9 ! ,columbia =mation cle>ly belong to ! individual riv] valleys 9 :i* !y are f\nd1 & d\btless are to be connect$ ) ! flood$ condition ( ^? valleys :51 by means ( a nor!rly subsid5ce1 ! gradi5t ( ! /reams 0 consid]ably less ?an n[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4--,qu>tz implem5t1 f\nd by ,miss ,f4 ,e4 ,babbitt1 #ahgh1 at ,little ,falls1 ,m9nesota1 9 modifi$ drift1 fifte5 feet bel[ surface3 a1 face view2 b1 pr(ile view4 ,! black repres5t$ on ! cut is ! matrix ( ! qu>tz ve9 7,no4 #ca1cbc7 7,putnam74 ,!re is "s diff]5ce ( op9ion 9 respect to ! ext5t ( ?is subsid5ce1 &1 inde$1 respect+ ! height atta9$ by ! ,philadelphia brick-clay1 or ,mc,gee's ,columbia deposit4 ,pr(essor ,lewis 7^: resid5ce 0 at ,philadelphia1 & :o _h devot$ mu* "t to field obs]vations7 insi/$ t ! deposit c\ld n be f\nd high] ?an f #ahj to #bjj feet above ! imm$iate flood-pla9 ( ! riv] valleys :]e !y occur4 ,b1 )\t ent]+ ^u ?is disput$ "q1 x is suffici5t to consid] ! be>+ ( ! facts t are accept$ by all--namely1 t t[>ds ! close ( ! ,glacial p]iod !re 0 a m>k$ subsid5ce ( ! l& on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 increas+ t[>ds ! nor?4 ,fully to compreh5d ! situation1 we ne$ to br+ be=e ! m9d "s ( ! indirect effects ( ! ,glacial p]iod 9 ?is region4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! 0 ! necess>y projection ( subglacial conditions ov] a consid]able belt ( t]ritory to ! s\? ( t actually rea*$ by glacial ice2 s t1 :ile !re are no cle> indications ( ! exi/5ce ( local glaci]s 9 ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s s\? ( ! c5tral "p ( ,p5nsylvania1 !re are _m indications ( increas$ sn[-fall ^u ! m\nta9s1 connect$ ) prolong$ w9t]s & ) a great increase ( spr+ floods & ice-gorges ^u ! annual break+ up ( w9t]4 ,^! facts h be5 /at$ 9 detail by ,mr4 ,mc,gee1,,cv f ^: report x appe>s t1 on ! ,potomac at ,wa%+ton1 ! surface ( ! ,columbia deposit is #aej feet above tide1 & t ! deposit itself conta9s _m b\ld]s1 "s ( :i* are z mu* z two or ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,^! are m+l$ ) ! gravel 9 su* a way z to %[ t !y mu/ h be5 br\ght d[n by float+ ice f ! head-wat]s ( ! ,potomac :5 ! w9t]s 7 mu* m sev]e ?an n[4 ,t ?is deposit is prop]ly ! "w ( ! riv] is %[n by ! entire abs5ce ( m>9e %ells4 ,footnote ,,cv3 ,sev5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey = #ahhe & #ahhf1 pp4 #ecg-fdf4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,mc,gee1 also1 !re is a gradual decrease 9 ! height ( ^! delta t]races ( ! ,columbia p]iod z !y rec$e f ! glacial b\nd>y--t at ! m\? ( ! ,susquehanna be+ #bde feet1 t ( ! ,potomac #adj feet1 t on ! ,rappahannock #abe1 t on ! ,james #ajj1 & t on ! ,roanoke #ge2 :ile ! size ( ! transport$ b\ld]s along ! /reams also gradually dim9i%es 9 ! same ord]4 ,dur+ ! ,columbia p]iod ! ,susquehanna ,riv] transport$ b\ld]s fifty times ! size n[ transport$1 :ile ! ,potomac transport$ !m only up to tw5ty times1 ! ,rappahannock only t5 times1 ! ,james only five1 & ! ,roanoke only two or ?ree times ! size ( ^? n[ transport$4 ,?is progressive dim9ution1 bo? 9 ! ext5t ( ! deposit & 9 ! co>s5ess ( ! mat]ial deposit$ by ^! riv]s at ab\t ! "t ( ! maximum portion ( ! ,glacial p]iod1 is :at w\ld naturally be expect$ "u ! conditions suppos$ to exi/ 9 connection ) ! great ,ice age1 & is an important confirmation ( ! glacial !ory4 ,t ! p]iod ( subsid5ce & m int5se glacial conditions dur+ :i* ! ,columbia deposits took place1 prec$$1 by a long int]val1 ! deposition ( ! gravel t]races at ,tr5ton1 ,n4 ,j41 & ! analog\s deposits 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley :]e paloli?ic implem5ts h be5 f\nd1 is evid5t en\gh4 ,! ,tr5ton gravel 0 deposit$ 9 a recess 9 ! ,columbia deposit :i* _h be5 previ\sly worn out by ! /ream4 ,inde$1 9 e place :]e opportunity (f]s = direct obs]vation ! ,tr5ton gravel is se5 to be di/9ctly subsequ5t to ! o!r4 ,x 0 n buri$ by ! ,philadelphia r$ gravel & brick-clay1 b to a limit$ degree ov]lies & buries x4 ,! data = measur+ ! absolute l5g? ( "t betwe5 ^! two /ages ( ! ,glacial p]iod are v indef9ite4 ,mr4 ,mc,gee1 h[ev]1 supposes t s9ce ! ,columbia p]iod a suffici5t "t has elaps$ = ! falls ( ! ,susquehanna to rec$e m ?an tw5ty miles & = ^? ( ! ,potomac eighte5 miles1 & ?is ?r\gh a rock :i* is exce$+ly obdurate4 ,b1 9 *annels op5+1 z ^! d1 freely outw>d1 x is difficult to tell 9 :at epo*s ! erosion has be5 pr9cipally p]=m$1 s9ce !re are no buri$ *annels1 z 9 ! glaciat$ area1 enabl+ u to det]m9e :e!r or n mu* ( ! erod+ "w ( ! riv] may h be5 accompli%$ 9 preglacial times4 ,! lapse ( "t :i*1 ^u ! lea/ calculation1 sep>ates ! ,columbia epo* f ! ,tr5ton1 gives unusual importance to any discov]y ( paloli?ic implem5ts :i* may be made 9 ! e>li] deposits4 ,we are b\nd1 !re=e1 to consid] ) special caution ! report$ discov]y ( an implem5t 9 ^! deposits at ,claymont1 ,delaw>e4 ,! discov]y 0 made by ,dr4 ,hilborne ,t4 ,cresson1 on ,july #ac1 #ahhg1 dur+ ! progress ( an ext5sive excavation 9 con/ruct+ ! ,baltimore & ,ohio ,railroad1 n9ete5 miles s\? ( ,philadelphia4 ,! implem5t 0 f eight to n9e feet bel[ ! surface4 ,z !re is s mu* *ance = error ( judgm5t respect+ ! undi/urb$ condition ( ! /rata1 & z !re 0 s little opportunity = ,dr4 ,cresson to v]ify 8 conclusion1 we may well wait = ! cumulative support ( o!r discov]ies be=e build+ a !ory ^u x2 /ill1 x w be pr(itable to consid] ! situation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4--;,argillite implem5t1 f\nd by ,h4 ,t4 ,cresson1 #ahhg1 9 ,baltimore & ,ohio ,railroad cut1 "o mile f ,claymont1 ,delaw>e1 9 ,columbia gravel1 eight to n9e feet bel[ ! ov]ly+ clay b$3 a1 face view2 b1 side view 7,no4 #de1gbf7 7,putnam74 ,bo? ,mr4 ,mc,gee & myself h visit$ ! locality ) ,dr4 ,cresson1 & !re c be no d\bt t ! implem5t occurr$ und]nea? ! ,columbia gravel4 ,! l9e ( dem>cation is "h v %>p betwe5 t gravel & ! decompos$ /rata ( und]ly+ gneiss rock1 :i* appe>s 9 our illu/ration z a light b& 9 ! middle ( ! section expos$4 ,"s l>ge b\ld]s :i* c\ld h be5 mov$ only 9 connection ) float+ ice are f\nd 9 ! ov]ly+ deposit ne> by4 ,?is excavation is ab\t "o mile & a half we/ ( ! ,delaw>e ,riv]1 & ab\t #aej feet above x1 be+ ne>ly at ! upp]mo/ limit ( ! ,columbia deposit 9 t vic9ity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4--;,g5]al section ( ,baltimore & ,ohio cut1 ne> ,claymont1 ,delaw>e1 :]e ,mr4 ,cresson f\nd paloli?ic implem5ts figur$ 9 ! text 7f photograph by ,cresson74 ,! age ( ^! deposits 9 :i* implem5ts h be5 f\nd at ,claymont & at ,tr5ton w be ref]r$ to aga9 :5 we come to ! specific discussion ( ! date ( ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,x is suffici5t "h to br+ be=e our m9ds cle>ly1 fir/1 ! fact t ?is at ,claymont is connect$ ) ! riv] floods accompany+ ! ice at its "t ( maximum ext5sion1 & :5 !re 0 a gradually increas+ or diff]5tial depression ( ! c\ntry to an unkn[n ext5t to ! nor?w>d4 ,two radically diff]5t !ories are pres5t$ to acc\nt = ! deposits v>i\sly kn[n z ! ,columbia gravel & ! ,philadelphia brick-clay4 ,mr4 ,mc,gee1 9 ! monograph above ref]r$ to1 supposes !m to h be5 deposit$ dur+ a p]iod ( a g5]al subsid5ce ( ! coa/-l9e2 s t !y took place at ab\t tide-level4 ,mr4 ,upham1 on ! o!r h&1 supposes !m to h be5 deposit$ dur+ ! p]iod ( g5]al elevation to ^: influ5ce he ma9ly attributes ! ,glacial p]iod itself4 ,9 8 view mu* ( ! %all[ sea-bottom adjo9+ ! pres5t %ore (f f ,delaw>e & ,*esapeake ,bays 0 !n a l&-surface1 & ! ,hudson1 ! ,delaw>e1 & ! ,susquehanna ,riv]s1 com+ d[n f ! /ill high] elevations ( ! nor?1 fl[$ ?r\gh ext5sive pla9s s relat$ to ! nor!rn areas ( elevation t deposition 0 occurr+ 9 _! valleys1 ow+ 9 "p to ! flood$ condition ( ! /reams1 9 "p to ! diff]5tial elevation1 & 9 "p to ! sup]abundance ( silt & o!r dbris furni%$ by ! melt+ ice-%eet 9 ! head-wat]s ( ^! /reams4 ,! deposits ( ,tr5ton gravel occurr$ mu* lat]1 at a "t :5 ! ice _h melt$ f> back t[>ds ! head-wat]s ( ! ,delaw>e1 & aft] ! l& _h ne>ly resum$ its pres5t relations ( level1 if inde$ x _h n ris5 nor?w>d to a /ill great] relative height4 ,z w\ld be expect$ f ! climatic conditions accompany+ ! ,glacial epo*1 man's companions 9 ! animal _w 7 v diff]5t dur+ ! p]iod :5 ! high-level riv] gravels ( ,am]ica 7 =m+ f ^? ) :i* he is n[ associat$4 ,f ! rema9s actually discov]$1 ei!r 9 ^! gravels or 9 close proximity to !m1 we inf] t1 :ile ! ma/odon 0 ! mo/ frequ5t ( ! ext9ct quadrup$s ) :i* man !n _h to cont5d 9 t region1 he mu/ h be5 famili> also ) ! walrus1 ! ,gre5l& re9de]1 ! c>ib\1 ! bison1 ! moose1 & ! musk ox4 ,9 ! ,glacial ,t]races ( ,europe4 ,! exi/5ce ( glacial man 9 ,europe 0 fir/ det]m9$ 9 connection ) ! high-level riv] gravels already describ$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme1 situat$ 9 ,pic>dy 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,france4 ,"h 9 #ahda ,b\*] de ,p]!s began to discov] rudely fa%ion$ /one implem5ts 9 undi/urb$ /rata ( ! gravel t]races1 ^: connection ) ! ,glacial p]iod we h already made cle>4 ,b = ne>ly tw5ty ye>s 8 discov]ies 7 ignor$ by sci5tific m51 al?\gh he made p]si/5t ef=ts to get ! facts be=e !m1 & publi%$ a full acc\nt ( !m ) illu/rations z e>ly z #ahdg4 ,"s sugge/$ fraud on ! "p ( ! workm52 o!rs )\t exam9ation decl>$ t ! gravel mu/ h be5 di/urb$2 :ile o!rs1 /ill1 d5i$ altoge!r ! artificial "* ( ! implem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4--,section across valley ( ! ,somme3 #a1 peat1 tw5ty to ?irty feet ?ick1 re/+ on gravel1 a2 #b1 l[]-level gravels1 ) elephant-bones & fl9t implem5ts1 cov]$ ) riv]-loam tw5ty to =ty feet ?ick2 #c1 upp]-level gravels1 ) simil> fossils cov]$ ) loam1 9 all1 ?irty feet ?ick2 #d1 upl&-loam1 five to six feet ?ick2 #e1 ,eoc5e-,t]ti>y4 ,at l5g?1 ,dr4 ,regill\t1 an em95t physician resid+ at ,ami5s1 ab\t =ty miles high] up ! ,somme ?an ,abbeville1 visit$ ,b\*] de ,p]!s1 &1 ^u see+ ! simil>ity betwe5 ! gravel t]races at ,abbeville & ,ami5s1 return$ home to look = simil> implem5ts 9 ! high-level gravel-pits at ,/4 ,a*eul1 a suburb ( ,ami5s4 ,almo/ imm$iately he discov]$ fl9t implem5ts !re ( ! same patt]n ) ^? at ,abbeville1 & 9 undi/urb$ /rata ( ! gravel t]race1 :]e x re/$ on ! orig9al *alk =mation1 at a height ( #ij feet above ! riv]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( f\r ye>s1 ,dr4 ,regill\t f\nd sev]al hundr$ ( ^! implem5ts1 & 9 #ahed publi%$ an illu/rat$ report ^u ! discov]ies4 ,/ill ! sci5tific _w rema9$ incr$ul\s until ! ye>s #aheh & #ahei1 :5 ,dr4 ,falcon]1 ,mr4 ,pre/wi*1 ,mr4 ,john ,evans1 ,mr4 ,fl[]1 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 ( ,engl&1 & ,,mm4 ,p\*et & ,gaudry1 ( ,france1 visit$ ,abbeville & ,ami5s1 & succe$$ 9 mak+ simil> discov]ies = !mselves4 ,additional discov]ies at ,/4 ,a*eul h cont9u$ up to ! pres5t "t :5ev] excavations h gone on at ! gravel-pits4 ,mr4 ,pre/wi* e/imates t !re is an implem5t to e cubic metre ( gravel1 & says t he himself has br\ght away at diff]5t times m ?an two hundr$ specim5s1 & t ! total numb] f\nd 9 ?is "o locality c h>dly be "u f\r ?\s&4 ,! gravel-b$s are on ! br[ ( a hill #ig feet above ! riv] ,somme1 & besides ! relics ( man conta9 num]\s fluviatile & l& %ells toge!r ) tee? & bones ( ! mammo?1 rh9oc]os1 horse1 re9de]1 & r$ de]1 b n ( ! hippopotamus1,,cw bones ( ! latt] animal be+ f\nd "h only 9 ! gravels ( ! l[] t]races1 :]e !y are less ?an ?irty feet above ! riv]1 & m>k a consid]ably lat] /age 9 ! erosion ( ! valley4 ,:ile _m ( ! implem5ts f\nd at ,ami5s seem to h be5 some:at worn & roll$1 o!rs are z %>p & fre% z :5 fir/ made4444 ,! b$d+ ( ! gravel is extremely irregul> & contort$1 z ?\gh x _h be5 pu%$ ab\t by a =ce act+ f above2 & ?is1 toge!r ) ! occurr5ce ( blocks ( ,t]ti>y s&/one ( consid]able size1 leads to ! inf]5ce t bo? are due to ! action ( riv]-ice4 ,9 ! ,se9e ,valley blocks ( /ill l>g] size1 & transport$ f great] di/ances1 are f\nd 9 gravels ( ! same age4 ,footnote ,,cw3 ,pre/wi*'s ,geology1 vol4 ii1 p4 #dha4 ,fl9t implem5ts are f\nd "u simil> conditions 9 _m ( ! riv]-valleys ( o!r p>ts ( ,france1 especially 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,p>is2 ( ,mons 9 ,belgium2 9 ,spa91 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,madrid1 9 ,portugal1 9 ,italy1 & 9 ,greece2 b !y h n be5 discov]$ 9 ! drift-b$s ( ,d5m>k1 ,sw$51 or ,russia1 nor is !re any well-au!nticat$ in/ance ( ! occurr5ce ( paloli?s 9 ,g]many4,,cx ,footnote ,,cx3 ,pre/wi*'s ,geology1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #dha1 #dhb4 ,:5 once ! fact _h be5 e/abli%$ t man 0 9 nor!rn ,france at ! "t ( ! deposition ( ! high-level gravels ( ! ,somme & ! ,se9e1 r5ew$ att5tion 0 direct$ to t]races ( simil> age 9 s\!rn ,engl&4 ,"o ( ^! is t ^u :i* ! city ( ,london is built1 & :i*1 accord+ to ,lyell's description1 ext5ds f above ,maid5head ?r\gh ! metropolis to ! sea1 a di/ance f we/ to ea/ ( fifty miles1 hav+ a wid? v>y+ f two to n9e miles4 ,its ?ickness ranges commonly f five to fifte5 feet4,,cy ,footnote ,,cy3 ,antiquity ( ,man1 pp4 #aed1 #aee4 ,= a long "t geologi/s _h be5 famili> ) ! fact t ^! t]races ( ! ,?ames conta9 ! rema9s ( num]\s ext9ct animals1 among :i* are includ$ ! mammo? & a species ( rh9oc]os4 ,^u direct+ special att5tion to ! subject1 x 0 f\nd t1 at v>i\s int]vals1 ! rema9s ( man1 also1 _h be5 report$ f ! same deposits4 ,z long ago z #agae ,mr4 ,cony]s discov]$ a paloli?ic implem5t1 9 connection ) ! skeleton ( an elephant1 at ,black ,m>y's1 ne> ,gray's ,inn ,lane1 ,london4 ,?is implem5t is pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & closely resembles typical specim5s f ! gravel at ,ami5s4 ,o!r implem5ts ( simil> "* h be5 f\nd 9 ! valley ( ! ,wey ne> ,guil=d1 also 9 ! valley ( ! ,d>5t1 ne> ,:it/able 9 ,k5t1 & betwe5 ,heme ,bay & ! ,reculv]s4 ,:ile ! exact position ( ^! implem5ts 9 ! gravel _h n be5 s positively not$ z 9 ! case ( ^? f\nd at ,ami5s & ,abbeville1 !re c be little d\bt t man1 9 company ) ! ext9ct animals m5tion$1 inhabit$ ! valley ( ! ,?ames at a p]iod :5 its annual floods spread ov] ! :ole t]race-pla9 ^u :i* ! ma9 "p ( ,london is built4 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,ouse1 h[ev]1 ne> ,b$=d1 ! discov]y ( paloli?ic implem5ts 9 ! gravel t]races connect$ ) ! ,glacial p]iod & 9 intimate association ) bones ( ! elephant1 rh9oc]os1 hippopotamus1 & o!r ext9ct animals1 has be5 z fully e/abli%$ z 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme4 ,! discov]ies "h 7 fir/ made 9 ! ye> #ahfj1 by ,mr4 ,james ,wyatt1 9 a gravel-pit at ,bidd5ham1 two miles nor?we/ ( ,b$=d4 ,two fl9t implem5ts 7 ?r[n out by workm5 9 "o day f undi/urb$ /rata ?irte5 feet bel[ ! surface1 & num]\s o!r specim5s h s9ce be5 f\nd 9 a simil> situation4 ,! valley ( ! ,ouse is bord]$ on ei!r side by sections ( a sup]ficial blanket ( glacial drift conta9+ _m transport$ b\ld]s ( consid]able size4 ,! valley is "h ab\t two miles wide1 & n9ety feet deep4 ,! gravel deposit1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! implem5ts 7 f\nd1 is only ab\t ?irty feet above ! pres5t level ( ! riv]1 & h5ce repres5ts ! middle p]iod ( ! "w ( ! riv] 9 erosion4 ,ano!r locality 9 ,engl& 9 :i* simil> discov]ies h be5 made1 is at ,hoxne1 ab\t five miles f ,diss1 9 ,suffolk ,c\nty4 ,l t 9 ! valley ( ! ,?ames1 h[ev]1 ! implem5ts 7 f\nd a long "t be=e ! significance ( ! discov]y 0 recogniz$4 ,mr4 ,john ,fr]e report$ ! discov]y to ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies 9 #ahja1 & gave "s ( ! implem5ts bo? to ! society & to ! ,briti% ,museum1 9 ^: collections !y are /ill pres]v$4 ,! implem5ts are ( ! true paloli?ic type1 & exi/$ 9 su* abundance1 & 7 s free f signs ( we>1 t ! conclusion seem$ probable t a manufactory ( !m _h be5 uncov]$4 ,z _m z five or six to ! squ>e y>d are said to h be5 f\nd4 ,inde$1 _! numb]s 7 s great t ! workm5 _h empti$ baskets ( !m into ! ruts ( ! adjo9+ road be=e becom+ aw>e ( _! value4 ,! deposit 9 :i* !y are f\nd is situat$ 9 ! valley ( ,gold ,brook1 a tribut>y ( ! ,wav5ey4 ,! implem5ts occurr$ ab\t twelve feet bel[ ! surface1 9 fre%-wat] deposits1 fill+ a holl[ erod$ 9 ! glacial deposit cov]+ t "p ( ,engl&4 ,?is1 !re=e1 is cle>ly ei!r ( po/-glacial or ( late glacial age4 ,/ill ano!r locality 9 :i* simil> paloli?ic implem5ts 7 f\nd 9 undi/urb$ gravel ( ?is same age 9 ea/]n ,engl& is ,ickl+ham1 9 ! valley ( ! ,l>k1 :]e ! situation is q simil> to t already describ$ at ,b$=d1 on ! ,ouse4 ,! la/ place we w /op to m5tion 9 ,engl& :i* 0 visit$ by paloli?ic man1 dur+ or soon aft] ! ,glacial epo*1 is to be f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ,s\?ampton4 ,at ?is "t ! ,isle ( ,wight 0 jo9$ to ! ma9l&1 & n improbably ,engl& itself to ! ,cont95t4 ,! riv]1 !n fl[+ ?r\gh ! depression ( ! ,sol5t & ! ,s\?ampton ,wat]1 occupi$ a mu* high] level ?an n[1 leav+ t]races along ! %ore at v>i\s places1 9 :i* ! tools ( paloli?ic man h be5 discov]$4 ,?\gh ^! are ! be/ au!nticat$ discov]ies connect+ man ) ! ,glacial p]iod 9 ,engl&1 !y are by no means ! only probable cases4 ,almo/ e valley ( s\!rn ,engl& furni%es evid5ce ( a simil> b less demon/rative "*4 ,9 ,cave ,deposits4 ,! discov]y ( ! rema9s ( man 9 ! high-level riv]-gravels deposit$ ne> ! close ( ! ,glacial p]iod l$ to a revision ( ! evid5ce :i* _h f "t to "t be5 report$ connect+ ! rema9s ( man ) ^? ( v>i\s ext9ct animals 9 cave deposits bo? 9 ,engl& & ^u ! ,cont95t4 ,! ,briti% ,isles4 ,z e>ly z #ahbf1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,mac,enery1 a ,roman ,ca?olic prie/ resid+ ne> ,torquay1 9 ,devon%ire1 ,engl&1 _h made "s mo/ rem>kable discov]ies 9 a cav]n at ,k5t's ,hole1 ne> 8 home2 b1 ow+ to 8 e>ly dea?1 & to ! incr$ulity ( t g5]ation ( sci5tific m51 8 /ory 0 nei!r cr$it$ nor publi%$ till #ahei4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 a new cave hav+ be5 discov]$ n f> away1 at ,brixham1 ! be/ qualifi$ memb]s ( ! ,royal ,society 7,lyell1 ,phillips1 ,lubbock1 ,evans1 ,vivian1 ,p5gelly1 ,busk1 ,dawk9s1 & ,san=d7 7 deput$ to see t x 0 c>efully explor$4 ,mr4 ,p5gelly1 :o _h _h tw5ty ye>s' exp]i5ce 9 simil> explorations1 direct$ & sup]9t5d$ ! "w4 ,e portion ( ! cont5ts 0 exam9$ ) m9ute/ c>e4 ,k5t's ,hole is #ahj to #aij feet above ! level ( mean tide1 & ab\t #gj feet above ! bottom ( ! valley imm$iately adjac5t4,,cz ,9 "o *amb] ! excavation 0 ab\t sixty feet squ>e4 ,! cont5ts 7 arrang$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,footnote ,,cz3 ,dawk9s's ,cave-,hunt+1 p4 #cbe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4--,m\? ( ,k5t's ,hole4 #a4 ,a surface ( d>k e>? a few in*es ?ick1 conta9+ ,roman pott]y1 iron & bronze spe>-heads1 toge!r ) poli%$ /one weapons4 ,!re 71 too1 9 ?is /ratum bones ( c[s1 goats1 & horses1 m+l$ ) l>ge quantities ( *>coal4 #b4 ,bel[ ?is 0 a /alagmite floor f "o to ?ree feet ?ick1 =m$ by ! dripp+ ( lime-wat] f ! ro(4 #c4 ,"u ?is cru/ ( /alagmite 0 a compact deposit ( r$ e>?1 f two to ?irte5 feet ?ick4,,da ,fl9t implem5ts ( v>i\s k9ds & *>coal 7 also f\nd at diff]5t dep?s2 also an awl1 or pi]c]2 a ne$le ) ! eye l>ge en\gh to admit small pack-?read2 & ?ree h>poon-heads made out ( bone & de]'s horn4 ,footnote ,,da3 ,dawk9s's ,cave-,hunt+1 p4 #cbf2 ,lyell's ,antiquity ( ,man1 p4 #aja4 #d4 ,fl9t implem5ts 7 also obta9$ 9 a conglom]ate 7breccia7 /ill bel[ ?is4 ,! fossil bones 9 ?is cave belong$ to ! same species ( animals z ^? discov]$ 9 a cave ne> ,wells4 ,! ,brixham cave occurs ne> ! small village ( t "n1 n f> f ,torquay4 ,! entrance to x is ab\t n9ety-five feet above high wat]4 ,its deposits1 9 desc5d+ ord]1 are3 #a4 ,/alagmitic floor f six to twelve or fifte5 in*es 9 ?ickness4 #b4 ,a ?9 breccia ( lime/one fragm5ts cem5t$ toge!r by c>bonate ( lime4 ,?is _h accumulat$ ab\t ! m\?1 s z to fill up ! entrance4 #c4 ,a lay] ( blacki% e>? ab\t "o foot 9 ?ickness #d4 ,a deposit ( f two to f\r feet ?ick1 consi/+ ( clayey loam1 m+l$ ) fragm5ts ( lime/one1 f small bits up to rocks weigh+ a ton4 ,b\nd$ pebbles ( o!r mat]ial 7 also occasionally met )4 #e4 ,%+le consi/+ ( r\nd$ pebbles l>gely ( =eign mat]ial4 ,all ^! /rata1 except ! ?ird1 conta9$ fossils ( "s k9d1 b ! f\r? 0 by f> ! ri*e/ repository4 ,among ! bones f\nd are ^? ( ! mammo?1 ! woolly rh9oc]os1 ! horse1 ! ox1 ! re9de]1 ! cave-lion1 ! cave-hy5a1 & ! cave-be>4 ,associat$ ) ^! rema9s a numb] ( work$ fl9ts 0 f\nd4 ,9 "o place ! bones ( an entire leg ( a cave-be> occurr$ 9 su* a position z to %[ t !y mu/ h be5 b\nd toge!r by ! ligam5ts :5 !y 7 buri$4 ,imm$iately bel[ ^! bones a fl9t implem5t 0 f\nd4,,db ,footnote ,,db3 ,see ,p5gelly's ,reports to ! ,devon%ire ,association1 #ahfg4 ,! hy5a's d51 at ,wookey ,hole1 ne> ,wells1 9 ,som]set1 0 c>efully explor$ by ,pr(essor ,boyd ,dawk9s1 :o /ood by & exam9$ e %ovelful ( mat]ial z x 0 ?r[n out4 ,?is cave alone yield$ #ce specim5s ( paloli?ic art1 #dfg jaws & tee? ( ! cave-hy5a1 #ae ( ! cave lion1 #bg ( ! cave-be>1 #aa ( ! grizzly be>1 #aa ( ! br[n be>1 #g ( ! wolf1 #h ( ! fox1 #cj ( ! mammo?1 #bcc ( ! woolly rh9oc]os1 #dja ( ! horse1 #af ( ! wild ox1 #cj ( ! bison1 #ce ( ! ,iri% elk1 & #cj ( ! re9de] 7jaws & tee? only74 ,9 ,d]by%ire num]\s caves 7 explor$ by ,pr(essor ,dawk9s at ,cress well ,crags1 :i*1 9 addition to fl9t implem5ts & ! rema9s ( ! animals occurr+ 9 ! ,brixham cave1 yield$ ! bones ( ! ma*airodus1 an ext9ct species ( tig] or lion :i* liv$ dur+ ! ,t]ti>y p]iod4 ,! ,victoria cave1 ne> ,settle1 9 we/ ,york%ire1 is ! only o!r "o 9 ,engl& :i* we ne$ to m5tion4 ,9 ?is !re 7 no rema9s f\nd :i* c\ld be positively id5tifi$ z human1 b ! animal rema9s 9 ! l[] /rata ( ! cave deposit 7 s diff]5t f ^? 9 ! upp] b$ z to indicate ! great lapse ( "t :i* sep>at$ ! two4 ,?is cave is #a1dej feet above ! sea-level1 & !re 7 f\nd 9 ! upp] /rata ( ! floor1 d[n to a dep? ( f two to t5 feet1 _m rema9s ( exi/+ animals4 ,!n1 = a di/ance ( twelve feet1 !re occurr$ a clay deposit1 conta9+ no organic rema9s :atev]1 b "s well-scrat*$ b\ld]s4 ,bel[ ?is 0 a ?ird /ratum ( e>? m+l$ ) lime/one fragm5ts1 at ! base ( :i* 7 num]\s rema9s ( ! mammo?1 rh9oc]os1 hippopotamus1 bison1 hy5a1 etc4 ,"o bone occurr$ :i* 0 by "s suppos$ to be human1 b by o!rs to h belong$ to a be>4 ,?is l[] /ratum is1 )\t mu* d\bt1 preglacial1 & ! ?ickness ( ! deposit int]v5+ betwe5 x & ! upp] fossilif]\s b$ is tak5 by "s to indicate ! great lapse ( "t sep>at+ ! p]iod ( ! mammo? & rh9oc]os 9 ,engl& f ! mod]n age4 ,! scrat*$ b\ld]s 9 ! middle /ratum ( lam9at$ clay1 w\ld indicate c]ta9ly t ! mat]ial f\nd its way into ! cave dur+ ! ,glacial epo*1 :5 ice fill$ ! :ole valley ( ! ,ribble1 :i* fl[s pa/ ! foot ( ! hill1 & ^: b$ is #ijj feet bel[ ! m\? ( ! cave4 ,9 ,nor? ,wales ! ,vale ( ,clwyd conta9s num]\s caves :i* 7 occupi$ by hy5as 9 preglacial times & ) _! bones are associat$ ^? ( ! mammo?1 ! rh9oc]os1 ! hippopotamus1 ! cave-lion1 ! cave-be>1 & v>i\s o!r animals4 ,fl9t implem5ts also 7 f\nd 9 ! cave at ,cae ,gwyn1 ne> ! village ( ,tremeir*on1 on ! ea/]n side ( ! valley1 opposite ,cefn1 & ab\t f\r miles di/ant4 ,we h already giv5 an illu/ration ( ! ,cefn cave 7see page #adh74 ,x w be obs]v$ t ?is valley ( ! ,clwyd op5s to ! nor?1 & has a pretty rapid desc5t to ! sea f ! ,wel% m\nta9s1 & 0 9 position to be ob/ruct$ by ! ,iri% ,sea glaci]1 s z to h be5 occupi$ at times by "o ( ! *>act]i/ic m>g9al lakes ( ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,x is evid5t also t ! nor!rn ice prevail$ ov] ! ,wel% ice = a consid]able portion ( ! l[] "p ( ! valley2 = nor!rn drift is ! sup]ficial deposit ^u ! hills on ! sides ( ! valley up to a height ( ov] #ejj feet4 ,f ! inve/igations ( ,mr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,de ,rance1 ,f4 ,g4 ,s41,,dc x is equally cle> also t ! nor!rn drift1 :i* until lately seal$ up ! entrance ( ! cave1 0 subsequ5t to its occupation by man1 & ?is 0 ! op9ion =m$ by ,sir ,ar*ibald ,geikie1 ,director ,g5]al ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 z ! result ( special inve/igations :i* he made ( ! matt]4,,dd ,footnote ,,dc3 ,proce$+s ( ! ,york%ire ,geological ,society = #ahhh1 pp4 #a-bj4 ,footnote ,,dd3 ,see ,de ,ranee1 z above1 p4 #ag2 & article by ,h4 ,hicks1 9 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,geological ,society1 vol4 xlii1 p4 #c2 ,geological ,magaz9e1 ,may1 #ahhe1 p4 #eaj4 ,f ! caves 9 ! ,vale ( ,clwyd z _m z #djj tee? ( rh9oc]os1 #ejj ( horse1 #ahj ( hy5a1 & #ae ( mammo? h be5 tak54 ,a section ( ! cave deposits 9 ! cave at ,cae ,gwyn is z foll[s3 ,bel[ ! soil = ab\t eight feet a tol]ably /iff b\ld]-clay1 conta9+ _m ice-scrat*$ b\ld]s & n>r[ b&s & pockets ( s&4 ,bel[ ?is ab\t sev5 feet ( gravel & s&1 ) "h & !re b&s ( r$ clay1 hav+ also _m ice-scrat*$ b\ld]s4 ,! next deposit 0 a lam9at$ br[n clay1 & "u ?is 0 f\nd ! bone-e>?1 a br[n1 s&y clay ) small pebbles & ) angul> fragm5ts ( lime/one1 /alagmites1 & /alactites4 ,dur+ ! excavations x became cle> t ! bones _h be5 greatly di/urb$ by wat] action2 t ! /alagmite floor1 9 p>ts m ?an a foot 9 ?ickness1 & massive /alactites1 _h also be5 brok5 & ?r[n ab\t 9 all positions2 & t ^! _h be5 cov]$ aft]w>ds by clays & s& conta9+ =eign pebbles4 ,?is seem$ to prove t ! cav]ns1 n[ #djj feet above ordnance datum1 mu/ h be5 subm]g$ subsequ5tly to _! occupation by ! animals & by man4 ,9 ,dr4 ,hicks's op9ion1 ! cont5ts ( ! cav]n mu/ h be5 di/urb$ by m>9e action dur+ ! great subm]g5ce 9 mid-glacial times1 & aft]w>ds cov]$ by m>9e s&s & by an upp] b\ld]-clay1 id5tical 9 "* ) t f\nd at _m po9ts 9 ! ,vale ( ,clwyd4 ,! paleontological evid5ce sugge/s t ! deposits 9 "q are n preglacial1 b may be equival5t to ! ,plei/oc5e deposits ( our riv]-valleys4,,de ,footnote ,,de3 ,h4 ,b4 ,woodw>d's ,geology ( ,engl& & ,wales1 pp4 #edc1 #edd ,if ! views ( ,pr(essor ,lewis & ,mr4 ,k5dall are correct conc]n+ ! unity ( ! ,glacial p]iod 9 ,engl&1 ! %elly & s&y deposits connect$ ) ^! ,clwydian caves at an elevation ( #djj feet or m w\ld be expla9$ 9 connection ) ! m>g9al lakes :i* mu/ h occupi$ ! valley dur+ bo? ! advance & ! retreat ( ! ice-front2 ! %ells hav+ be5 c>ri$ up f ! sea-bottom by ! ice-movem5t1 aft] ! mann] suppos$ 9 ! case ( ^? at ,macclesfield & ,moel ,tryfa54 ,if1 !re=e1 ! /atem5ts conc]n+ ! discov]y ( fl9t implem5ts 9 ?is ,cae ,gwyn cave c be reli$ ^u1 ?is is ! mo/ direct evid5ce yet obta9$ 9 ,europe ( man's occupation ( ! isl& dur+ ! cont9uance ( ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,9 all ^! caves x is to be not$ t !re is a %>p l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! /rata conta9+ paloli?ic implem5ts & ^? conta9+ only ! rema9s ( mod]n animals4 ,paloli?ic implem5ts are conf9$ to ! l[] /rata1 :i* 9 "s ( ! caves are sep>at$ f ! upp] by a cont9u\s b$ ( /alagmite1 to :i* ref]5ce w be made :5 discuss+ ! *ronology ( ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,! rema9s ( ext9ct animals also are conf9$ to ! l[] b$s4 ,! caves :i* we h be5 consid]+ 9 ,engl& are all 9 lime/one /rata1 & h be5 =m$ by /reams ( wat] :i* h enl>g$ "s natural fissures bo? by me*anical action 9 we>+ away ! rocks1 & by *emical action 9 dissolv+ !m4 ,?r\gh ! l[]+ ( ! ma9 l9e ( dra9age1 cav]ns ) a dry floor are at l5g? left1 (f]+ %elt] & protection bo? to man & bea/4 ,(t5times1 b n always1 "s idea ( ! age ( ^! cav]ns may be obta9$ by obs]v+ ! dep? to :i* ! ma9 *annel ( dra9age to :i* !y 7 tribut>y has be5 l[]$ s9ce _! =mation4 ,b to ?is subject also we w return :5 we come specifically to discuss ! *ronological "q4 ,! ,cont95t4 ,sy/ematic explorations 9 ! caves ( ,belgium 7 begun 9 #ahcc by ,dr4 ,s*m]l+1 9 ! valley ( ! ,meuse1 ne> 8 resid5ce 9 ,lige4 ,! ,meuse is "h bord]$ by lime/one precipices #bjj or m feet 9 height4 ,op5+ out f ^! rocky walls are ! entrances to ! num]\s cav]ns :i* h r5d]$ ! region s fam\s4 ,to get access to ! mo/ important ( ^!1 ,dr4 ,s*m]l+ _h to let himself d[n ov] a precipice by a rope ti$ to a tree1 & !n to creep along on all-f\rs ?r\gh intricate *annels to rea* ! l>g] *amb]s :i* x 0 8 object to explore4 ,9 ! cave at ,engis1 on ! left bank ( ! ,meuse1 ab\t eight miles above ,lige1 he f\nd a human skull deeply buri$ 9 breccia 9 company ) _m bones ( ! ext9ct animals previ\sly /at$ to h be5 associat$ ) man dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,?is s-call$ ,engis skull 0 by no means apelike 9 its "*1 b closely resembl$ t ( ! av]age ,caucasian man4 ,b ?is e/abli%$ ! association ^u ! ,cont95t ( man ) "s ( ! ext9ct animals ( ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4--;,engis skull1 r$uc$ 7aft] ,lyell47 ,! vic9ity ( ,lige has also furni%$ u ano!r cav]n ^: cont5ts are ( ! highe/ importance1 rank+ inde$ z p]haps ! mo/ significant s+le discov]y yet made4 ,! cave ref]r$ to is on ! prop]ty ( ! ,c\nt ( ,beauf=t1 9 ! commune ( ,spy1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,namur 9 ,belgium4 ,= ! facts relat+ to x we are indebt$ to ,messrs3 ,lohe/ & ,fraipont1 ! =m] ,pr(essor ( ,geology & ! latt] ( ,anatomy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,lige4 ,! exploration ( ! cave 0 made 9 #ahhf1 & ! full report ) illu/rations publi%$ 9 ! foll[+ ye> 9 ,ar*ives de ,biologie4,,df ,! significance ( ?is discov]y is enhanc$ by ! light x %$s ^u & ! confirmation x br+s to ! fam\s ,ne&]?al skull & o!rs ( simil> "*1 :i* = a long "t _h be5 subjects ( vigor\s discussion4 ,be=e describ+ x1 !re=e1 we w give a brief acc\nt ( ! previ\s discov]ies4 ,footnote ,,df3 ,see pp4 #ehg1 #geg4 ,! fam\s ,ne&]?al skull 0 br\ght to light 9 #aheg by workm5 9 a lime/one-qu>ry1 ne> ,dsseldorf1 9 ! valley ( ! ,ne&]1 a small tribut>y to ! ,rh9e4 ,by ^! workm5 a cav]n 0 op5$ ^u ! s\!rn side ( ! w9d+ rav9e1 ab\t sixty feet above ! /ream & "o hundr$ feet bel[ ! top ( ! cliff4 ,! skull attract$ mu* att5tion f its suppos$ possession ( _m apelike *>act]i/ics2 inde$1 x 0 repres5t$ by "s to be a real int]m$iate l9k betwe5 man & ! an?ropoid apes4 ,! accompany+ cut enables "o to comp>e ! outl9e ( ! ,ne&]?al skull ) t ( a *impanzee on ! "o h& & ( ! highly develop$ ,european on ! o!r4 ,! apelike peculi>ities ( ?is skull appe> 9 its v]tical depression1 9 ! enorm\s ?ickness ( ! bony ridges j above ! eyes1 & 9 ! gradual slope ( ! back "p ( ! head1 toge!r ) "s o!r *>act]i/ics :i* c only be describ$ 9 te*nical language2 s t x 0 pron\nc$ by ! highe/ au?orities ! mo/ apelike ( human crania :i* _h yet be5 discov]$4 ,un=tunately1 ! jaw 0 n f\nd4 ,! capacity ( ! skull1 h[ev]1 0 sev5ty-five cubic in*es1 :i* is f> above t ( ! highe/ ( ! apes1 be+ inde$ equal to ! av]age capacity ( ,polynesian & ,hott5tot skulls4,,dg ,huxley well rem>ks t s l>ge a mass ( bra9 z ?is w\ld alone sugge/ t ! pi!coid t5d5cies indicat$ by ?is skull did n ext5d deep into ! organization4 ,footnote ,,dg3 ,huxley's ,man's ,place 9 ,nature1 p4 #aha4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4--;,comp>ison ( =ms ( skulls3 a1 ,european2 b1 ! ,ne&]?al man2 c1 a *impanzee 7aft] ,lyell74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4--,skull ( ! ,man ( ,spy4 7,f photograph47 ,^u ext5d+ inquiries1 x 0 f\nd t ! ,ne&]?al type ( skull is "o :i* /ill has repres5tatives 9 all nations2 s t x is unsafe to inf] t ! individual 0 a repres5tative ( all ! individuals liv+ 9 8 "t4 ,! skull ( ,bruce1 ! celebrat$ ,scot* h]o1 0 a close reproduction ( ! ,ne&]?al type2 :ile1 accord+ to ,quatrefages1,,dh ! skull ( ! ,bi%op ( ,t\l 9 ! f\r? c5tury ev5 exagg]ates "s ( ! mo/ /rik+ features ( ! ,ne&]?al cranium4 ,! =ehead is /ill m rec$+1 ! vault m depress$1 & ! head s long t ! cephalic index is #fi-da4 ,! discov]y ( ,messrs4 ,fraipont & ,lohe/ adds mu* to our def9ite k ( ! ,ne&]?al type ( man1 s9ce ! ,belgic specim5s are f> m complete ?an any o!rs h]et(ore f\nd1 !re be+ 9 _! collection two skulls1 toge!r ) ! jawbones & mo/ ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! frame4 ,9 ?is case also !re is no suspicion t ! deposits _h be5 di/urb$1 s z to admit any intrusion ( human relics into ! company ( relics ( an e>li] age4 ,accord+ to ,m1 ,lohe/1 !re 7 ?ree di/9ct ossif]\s b$s1 sep>at$ by lay]s ( /alagmite4 ,all ! ossif]\s b$s conta9$ ! rema9s ( ! mammo?1 b 9 ! upp] /ratum !y 7 few1 & probably intrusive4 ,! implem5ts f\nd 9 ?is 7 also ( a m mod]n type4 ,9 ! second /ratum f ! top num]\s he>?s 7 f\nd ) burnt wood & a%es1 toge!r ) ! bones ( ! rh9oc]os1 ! horse1 ! mammo?1 ! cave-be>1 & ! cave-hy5a1 all ( :i* 7 abundant1 :ile !re 7 also specim5s ( ! ,iri% elk1 ! re9de]1 ! bison1 ! cave-lion1 & sev]al o!r species4 ,9 ?is lay] also !re 7 num]\s implem5ts ( ivory1 toge!r ) ornam5ts & "s fa9t indications ( c>v+ ^u ! rib ( a mammo?1 besides a few fragm5ts ( pott]y4 ,footnote ,,dh3 ,human ,species1 p4 #caj1 ,x 0 9 ! ?ird1 or l[e/1 ( ^! b$s t ! skeletons 7 f\nd4 ,"h !y 7 associat$ ) abundant rema9s ( ! rh9oc]os1 ! horse1 ! bison1 ! ma/odon1 ! cave-hy5a1 & a few o!r ext9ct species4 ,fl9t implem5ts also1 ( ! ,m\/]i5 patt]n 7:i*1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ! ,fr5* ar*ologi/s1 is *>act]i/ic ( middle paloli?ic times71 7 abundant ,nei!r ( ! skeletons 0 complete1 b !y 7 suffici5tly s to give an adequate idea ( ! type to :i* !y belong1 & "o ( ! skulls is ne>ly p]fect4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,fraipont1 "o ( ^! skulls is app>5tly t ( an old woman1 ! o!r t ( a middle-ag$ man4 ,!y are bo? v ?ick2 ! =m] is cle>ly doli*ocephalic 7long-head$1 index #gj71 ! o!r less s4 ,bo? h v prom95t eyebr[s & l>ge orbits1 ) l[1 retreat+ =eheads1 excessively s 9 ! woman4 ,! l[] jaws are heavy4 ,! old] has almo/ no project+ *94 ,! tee? are l>ge1 & ! la/ mol> is z l>ge z ! o!rs4 ,^! po9ts are *>act]i/ic ( an inf]ior & ! olde/-kn[n race4 ,! bones indicate1 l ^? ( ! ,ne&]?al & ,naulette specim5s1 small1 squ>e-%\ld]$ individuals4 ,!y 7 p[]fully built1 ) /rong1 curi\sly curv$ ?igh-bones1 ! l[] ends ( :i* are s fa%ion$ t !y mu/ h walk$ ) a b5d at ! knees4,,di ,footnote ,,di3 ,huxley1 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 vol4 xxviii 7,novemb]1 #ahij71 p4 #ggd4 ,o!r crania f v>i\s ,quat]n>y deposits 9 ,europe seem to w>rant ! inf]5ce t ?is type ( man 0 ! preval5t "o dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! ,paloli?ic age4 ,z long ago z #agjj a skull ( ?is type 0 exhum$ 9 ,can/adt1 a village 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,/uttg>t1 9 ,wrtemb]g4 ,?is 0 f\nd 9 coexi/5ce ) ! ext9ct animals ^: bones we h describ$ z s (t5 appe>+ 9 ! high-level riv]-gravel ( ! ,glacial age4 ,b ! importance ( ! discov]y at ,can/adt 0 n appreciat$ until ab\t ! middle ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,f ! priority ( ! discov]y1 & ( ! discussion among ,g]man an?ropologi/s conc]n+ x1 x has be5 ?\ght prop]1 h[ev]1 by "s to give ! "n ( ?is village to ! race & call x ! ,can/adt race4 ,b1 :atev] "n prevails1 x is important 9 our read+ to keep 9 m9d t ! man ( ,can/adt1 ! man ( ,ne&]?al1 & ! man ( ,spy are id5tical 9 type1 & probably 9 age4 ,simil> discov]ies h be5 made 9 v>i\s o!r places4 ,among ^! are a l[] jaw ( ! same type discov]$ 9 #ahfe by ,m4 ,dupont1 at ,naulette1 9 ! valley ( ! ,lesse1 9 ,belgium1 & associat$ ) ! rema9s ( ext9ct animals2 a jawbone f\nd 9 a grotto at ,arcy2 a fragm5t ( a skull f\nd 9 #ahfe by ,faudel1 9 ! loess ( ,egui%eim1 ne> ,colm>2 a skull at ,olmo1 discov]$ 9 #ahfc1 9 a compact clayey deposit =ty-five feet bel[ ! surface2 & a skull discov]$ 9 #ahhd at ,m>cilly4 ,m4 ,dupont has br\ght to light mu* additional te/imony to glacial man f o!r caves 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,belgium4 ,9 all he has explor$ z _m z sixty4 ,?ree ( ^!1 9 ! valley ( ! ,montaigle1 situat$ ab\t "o hundr$ feet above ! riv]1 conta9$ bo? rema9s ( man & _m bones ( ! mammo? & o!r associat$ animals1 :i* _h evid5tly be5 br\ght 9 = food4 ,9 ! hilly p>ts ( ,g]many1 also1 & 9 ,hung>y1 & ev5 9 ! ,ural ,m\nta9s 9 ,russia1 & 9 "o ( ! prov9ces ( ,sib]ia1 ! rema9s ( ! rh9oc]os1 & mo/ ( ! o!r animals associat$ ) man 9 glacial times1 h be5 f\nd 9 ! cave deposits :i* h be5 exam9$4 ,?\gh x c n be directly prov$ t ^! animals 7 associat$ ) man 9 any ( ^! places1 /ill x is int]e/+ to see h[ wide-spread ! animals 7 9 nor!rn ,europe & ,asia dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,"s nor!rn animals1 also1 spread at ?is "t into s\!rn ,europe--rema9s ( ! re9de] hav+ be5 discov]$ on ! s\? slope ( ! ,pyr5ees1 b ! rema9s ( ! mammo?1 ! woolly rh9oc]os1 & ! musk ox1 h n be5 f\nd s f> s\?4 ,african species ( ! elephant1 h[ev]1 seem at "o "t to h _h free range ?r\gh\t ,spa91 & ! hippopotamus roam$ 9 va/ h]ds ov] ! valleys ( ,sicily1 :ile sev]al species ( pygmy elephants seem to be peculi> to ! isl& ( ,malta4 ,9 ! case ( all ! cave deposits ref]r$ to 7) possibly ! exception ( ^? ( ,victoria1 ,engl&1 & ,cae ,gwyn1 ,wales71 ! evid5ce ( man's exi/5ce dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod is inf]5tial1 & consi/s l>gely 9 ! fact t he 0 associat$ ) v>i\s ext9ct animals :i* did n long survive t p]iod1 or ) animals t h s9ce retir$ f ,europe to _! natural habitat 9 m\nta9-heights or high latitudes4 ,! m5 ^: rema9s are f\nd 9 ! high-level riv]-drift1 & 9 ! cav]ns describ$1 7 evid5tly n 9 possession ( dome/ic animals1 z _! bones are conspicu\s = _! abs5ce 9 all ^! places4 ,! horse1 :i* w\ld seem to be an exception1 0 d\btless us$ = food1 & n = s]vice4 ,if we 7 writ+ ^u ! g5]al subject ( ! antiquity & developm5t ( ! human race1 we %\ld speak "h 9 detail ( sev]al o!r caves & rock %elt]s 9 ,france & s\!rn ,europe1 :]e rema9s ( man belong+ to an e>li] p]iod h be5 f\nd4 ,we %\ld m5tion ! rock %elt] ( ,cro-,magnon 9 ! valley ( ,vezre1 z well z t ( ,m5tone1 :]e entire human skeletons 7 f\nd4 ,b x is d\btful if ^! & o!r rema9s f caves :i* might be m5tion$ belong 9 any prop] s5se to ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,! same rem>ks %\ld be made also ) ref]5ce to ! lake-dwell+s 9 ,switz]l&1 ( :i* s mu* has be5 writt5 9 late ye>s4 ,all ^! belong to a mu* lat] age ?an ! riv]-drift man ( :om we are speak+1 & ( :om we h su* abundant evid5ce bo? 9 ,europe & 9 ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4--,too? ( ,ma*airodus neogu1 #a_/f 7drawn f a ca/74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4--,p]fect too? ( an ,elephas1 f\nd 9 ,/anislaus ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia1 #a_/h natural size4 ,ext9ct ,animals associat$ ) ,man dur+ ! ,glacial ,p]iod4 ,?is is ! prop] place 9 :i* to speak m fully ( ! ext9ct animals :i* accompani$ man 9 8 e>lie/ occupation ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 & ^: rema9s are s abundant 9 ! riv]-drift gravel & 9 ! caves ( ,engl&1 9 connection ) ! relics ( man4 ,among ^! animals are ,! ,lion1 :i* is n[ conf9$1 to ,africa & ! w>m] portions ( ,asia4 ,b 9 glacial times a l>ge species ( ?is g5us rang$ ov] ,europe f ,sicily to c5tral ,engl&4 ,! sab]-too!d ,tig]1 ) tusks t5 in*es long3 7,ma*airodus latid5s71 is n[ ext9ct4 ,?is species 0 9 exi/5ce dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 b cont9u$ on until aft] man's appe>ance 9 ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is animal w\ld seem to indicate a w>m climate4 ,! ,leop>d 7,felis p>dus7 is n[ conf9$ to ,africa & s\!rn ,asia1 & ! l>g] isl&s adjo9+2 b dur+ man's occupation ( ,europe 9 ! ,glacial epo* he 0 evid5tly haunt$ at e /ep by ?is animal2 = 8 bones are f\nd z f> nor? 9 ,engl& z paloli?ic man is kn[n to h rang$4 ,! ,hy5a4 ,two species ( ?is animal are f\nd 9 ! bone-caves ( ,europe4 ,dur+ ! ,glacial epo* !y rang$ z f> up z nor!rn ,engl&1 b !y are n[ limit$ to ,africa & s\?we/]n ,asia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4--,skull ( ,hy5a spela1 #a_/d4 ,! ,elephant is repres5t$ 9 ! ,preglacial & ,glacial epo*s by sev]al species1 "s ( :i* rang$ z f> nor? z ,sib]ia4 ,! ,african elephant is n n[ f\nd nor? ( ! ,pyr5ees & ! ,alps4 ,b a species ( dw>f elephant1 b f\r or five feet 9 height1 has already be5 ref]r$ to z hav+ occupi$ ,malta & ,sicily2 & /ill ano!r species has be5 f\nd 9 ,malta1 ^: av]age height 0 less ?an ?ree feet4 ,an ext9ct species 7,elephas antiquus71 ^: rema9s are f\nd 9 ! riv]-drift & 9 ! l[] /rata ( s$im5t 9 _m cav]ns z f> nor? z ,york%ire1 ,engl&1 0 ( unusual size1 & dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod 0 f\nd on bo? sides ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,b ! species mo/ frequ5tly met ) 9 paloli?ic times 0 ! mammo? 7,elephas primig5ius74 ,?is animal1 n[ ext9ct1 accompani$ man 9 ne>ly e portion bo? ( ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica1 & l+]$ f> d[n into po/-glacial times be=e becom+ ext9ct4 ,?is animal 0 ne>ly twice ! weight ( ! mod]n elephant1 & "o ?ird tall]4 ,occasionally 8 tusks 7 m ?an twelve feet long1 & curv$ upw>d 9 a circle4 ,x is ! c>casses ( ?is animal :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ! froz5 soil ( ,sib]ia & ,alaska4 ,x _h a ?ick cov]+ ( long1 black hair1 ) a d5se matt+ ( r$di% wool at ! roots4 ,dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod ^! animals mu/ h roam$ 9 va/ h]ds ov] ! pla9s ( nor!rn ,france & s\!rn ,engl&1 & ! nor!rn half ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4--;,celebrat$ skeleton ( mammo?1 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4--,mol> too? ( mammo? 7,elephas primig5ius73 a1 gr9d+ surface2 b1 side view4 ,! ,hippopotamus is at pres5t a famili> animal 9 ! l>g] riv]s ( ,africa1 b is n n[ f\nd 9 ,europe4 ,dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod1 h[ev]1 he rang$ z f> nor? z ,york%ire1 ,engl&1 & 8 rema9s 7 f\nd 9 close association ) ^? ( man1 bo? 9 ,europe & on ! ,pacific coa/ 9 ,am]ica4 ,tw5ty tons ( _! bones h be5 tak5 f a s+le cave 9 ,sicily4,,dj ,footnote ,,dj3 ,pre/wi*'s ,geology1 vol4 ii1 p4 #ejh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4--,too? ( ,ma/odon ,am]icanus4 ,! mammo? & ! rh9oc]os we "k to h be5 adapt$ to cold climates by ! possession ( long hair & ?ick fur1 b ! hippopotamus by its love = wat] w\ld seem to be preclud$ f ! possession ( ?is protective cov]+4 ,x is sugge/$1 h[ev]1 by ,sir ,william ,dawson1 t he may h be5 adapt$ to arctic climates by a fatty cov]+1 z ! walrus is at ! pres5t "t4 ,a difficulty 9 acc\nt+ = _m ( ! rema9s ( ! hippopotamus 9 "s ( ! ,engli% cav]ns is t !y are s f> away f pres5t or possible wat]-c\rses4 ,b x w\ld seem t due cr$it has n be5 ord9>ily giv5 to ! migratory in/9cts ( ! animal4 ,9 s\!rn ,africa !y are kn[n to travel spe$ily = miles ov] l& f "o pool ( a dri$-up riv] to ano!r2 b x is by wat] t _! p[]s ( locomotion are surpass+ly great1 n only 9 riv]s1 b 9 ! sea4444 ,! geologi/1 !re=e1 may freely speculate on ! "t :5 h]ds ( hippopotami issu$ f ,nor? ,african riv]s1 su* z ! ,nile1 & swam nor?w>d 9 summ] along ! coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 or ev5 occasionally visit$ isl&s ne> ! %ore4 ,"h & !re !y may h l&$ to graze or br[se1 t>ry+ a:ile1 & aft]w>ds cont9u+ _! c\rse nor?w>d4 ,o!rs may h swum 9 a few summ] days f riv]s 9 ! s\? ( ,spa9 or ,france to ! ,somme1 ,?ames1 or ,sev]n1 mak+ timely retreat to ! s\? be=e ! sn[ & ice set 94,,dk ,footnote ,,dk3 ,lyell1 ,antiquity ( ,man1 p4 #ahj1 ,! ,ma/odon 7,ma/odon ,am]icanus71 7,fig4 #hh71 is probably ! l>ge/ l& mammal kn[n1 unless we except ! ,d9o!rium4 ,x 0 twelve to ?irte5 feet high1 &1 includ+ ! tusks1 tw5ty-f\r to tw5ty-five feet long4 ,x diff]$ f ! elephant *iefly 9 ! "* ( its tee?4 ,! diff]5ce is se5 9 ,figs4 #hf & #hg4 ,! elephant's too? giv5 above 7,fig4 #hf7 is sixte5 in*es long1 & ! gr9d+ surface eight in*es by f\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4--,ma/odon ,am]icanus 7aft] ,ow574 ,! ma/odon1 toge!r ) ! mammo?1 made _! appe>ance ab\t ! middle ( ! ,mioc5e epo*4 ,at ! close ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod ! ma/odon became ext9ct on ! ,ea/]n ,cont95t1 b cont9u$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica to be a companion ( man well on t[>d ! close ( ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,_m p]fect skeletons h be5 f\nd 9 ! deposits ( ?is p]iod 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,"o magnific5t specim5 0 f\nd 9 a m>% ne> ,newburg1 ,new ,york1 ) its legs b5t "u ! body1 & ! head ?r[n up1 evid5tly 9 ! v position 9 :i* x mir$4 ,! tee? 7 /ill fill$ ) ! half-*ew$ remnants ( its food1 :i* consi/$ ( twigs ( spruce1 fir1 & o!r trees2 & )9 ! ribs1 9 ! place :]e ! /oma* _h be51 a l>ge quantity ( simil> mat]ial 0 f\nd4,,dl ,footnote ,,dl3 ,le ,conte's ,geology 7edition ( #ahia71 p4 #ehb4 ,! ,rh9oc]os is n[ conf9$ to ,africa & s\!rn ,asia2 b ! rema9s ( f\r species h be5 f\nd 9 ,am]ica1 ,europe1 & nor!rn ,asia1 9 deposits ( ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,9 company ) t ( ! mammo?1 already spok5 (1 a c>cass ( ! woolly rh9oc]os 0 f\nd 9 #agga 9 ! froz5 soil ( nor!rn ,sib]ia4 ,! bones ( o!r species h be5 f\nd z f> nor? z ,york%ire1 ,engl&4 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,somme !re 0 f\nd ! :ole h9d limb ( a rh9oc]os1 ! bones ( :i* 7 /ill 9 _! true relative position4 ,!y mu/ h be5 jo9$ toge!r by ligam5ts & ev5 surr\nd$ by muscles at ! "t ( _! int]m5t4 ,an entire skeleton 0 f\nd ne> by4 ,! gravel t]race 9 :i* ^! occurr$ is ab\t =ty feet above ! floor ( ! valley1 & mu/ h be5 =m$ subsequ5t to "s ( ! /rata :i* conta9$ ! rema9s ( human art4 ,9 ,am]ica ! bones are f\nd 9 ! gold-be>+ gravels ( ,cali=nia1 9 connection ) human rema9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4--,skeleton ( ,rh9oc]os ti*orh9us4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4--,skull ( cave-be> 7,ursus spelu71 ,! ,be> 0 repres5t$ 9 ,europe 9 paloli?ic times by ?ree species1 ( :i* only "o exi/s !re at ! pres5t "t4 ,b dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod ! grizzly be>1 n[ conf9$ to ! we/]n "p ( ,am]ica1 & ! ext9ct cave-be> 7 companions1 or enemies z ! case may be1 ( man ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,! cave-be> 0 ( l>ge size1 & 8 bones occur almo/ ev]y:]e 9 ! l[] /rata ( s$im5t 9 ! caves ( ,engl&4 ,! ,great ,iri% ,elk1 or de]1 is n[ ext9ct1 ?\gh x is suppos$ by "s to h l+]$ until hi/oric times4 ,its rema9s are f\nd widely di/ribut$ ov] middle ,europe 9 deposits ( paloli?ic age4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4--,skeleton ( ! ,iri% elk 7,c]vus megac]os74 ,! ,horse 0 also1 z we h se51 a v con/ant associate ( man 9 middle ,europe dur+ ! ,paloli?ic age1 b probably n z a dome/icat$ animal4 ,! evid5ce is pretty conclusive t he 0 priz$ *iefly = food4 ,ab\t "s ( ! caves 9 ,france su* imm5se quantities ( _! bones are f\nd t !y c be acc\nt$ = be/ z refuse-heaps into :i* ! useless bones _h be5 ?r[n aft] _! fea/s1 aft] ! mann] ( ! disposal ( %ells ( %ell-fi%4 ,9 ,am]ica ! horses associat$ ) man 7 probably ( a species n[ ext9ct4 ,! skull ( "o 7,equus excelsus7 rec5tly f\nd 9 ,texas1 9 ,plei/oc5e deposits1 associat$ ) human implem5ts1 is1 accord+ to ,cope1 int]m$iate 9 "* betwe5 ! horse & quagga4,,dm ,! frontal bone 0 cru%$ 9 9 a mann] to sugge/ t x _h be5 knock$ 9 ! head ) a /one hamm]1 su* z 0 f\nd 9 ! same b$4 ,possibly1 !re=e1 man's love ( horse-fle% may h be5 an important elem5t 9 secur+ ! ext9ction ( ! species 9 ,am]ica4 ,footnote ,,dm3 ,am]ican ,naturali/1 vol4 xxv 7,octob]1 #ahia71 p4 #iab4 ,besides ^! animals !re 7 associat$ ) man at ?is "t ! ,musk ,%eep & ! ,re9de]1 bo? n[ conf9$ to ! regions ( ! f> nor?1 b dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod rang+ into s\!rn ,france1 & m+l+ _! bones ) ^? bo? ( man & ( ! s\!rn species already enum]at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4--,musk-%eep 7,ovibos mos*atius74 ,! ,wolv]9e1 ! ,arctic ,fox1 ! ,m>mot1 ! ,lemm+--all n[ conf9$ to cold] regions--at t "t m+l$ on ! pla9s ( c5tral ,europe ) ! species m5tion$ z belong+ n[ to ,africa & s\!rn ,asia4 ,! ,ibex1 also1 & ! ,sn[y ,vole & ,*amois desc5d$ to ! pla9s f _! m\nta9-heights1 & jo9$ 9 ! /range companion%ip ( animals f ! nor? & f ! s\?4 ,besides ^! extremes !re 7 associat$ ) man dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod num]\s repres5tatives ( ! temp]ate gr\p ( exi/+ animals1 su* z ! bison1 ! horse1 ! /ag1 ! beav]1 ! h>e1 ! rabbit1 ! ott]1 ! weasel1 ! wild-cat1 ! fox1 ! wolf1 ! wild bo>1 & ! br[n be>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4--,re9de]4 ,to acc\nt = ?is /range int]m+l+ ( arctic & torrid species ( animals1 especially 9 ,europe1 dur+ man's occupancy ( ! region 9 glacial times1 v>i\s !ories h be5 resort$ to1 b none ( !m c be said to be altoge!r satisfactory4 ,"o hypo!sis is t ! bones ( ^! div]se animals became m+l$ by reason ( ! great range ( ! annual migration ( ! species4 ,! re9de]1 = example1 /ill p]=ms ext5sive annual migrations4 ,9 summ] x v5tures f> out ^u ! tundras ( ,nor? ,am]ica & ,sib]ia to fe$ ^u ! abundant vegetation t spr+s up l magic "u ! influ5ce ( ! long days ( sun%9e2 :ile1 z w9t] approa*es1 x returns to ! =e/s ( ! int]ior4 ,or 9 o!r places ?is animal & 8 associates1 l birds ( passage1 move nor?w>d 9 summ] to escape ! heat1 & s\?w>d 9 ! w9t] to escape ! extreme cold4 ,_m ( ! o!r animals also are m or less migratory 9 _! habits4 ,?us x is ?\ght t dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod1 :5 man occupi$ nor!rn ,france & s\!rn ,engl&1 ! re9de]1 ! musk %eep1 ! arctic fox1 & p]haps ! hippopotamus & "s o!r animals1 annually vibrat$ betwe5 nor!rn ,engl& & s\!rn ,france1 a slight elevation ( ! region furni%+ a l& passage f ,engl& to ! cont95t2 :ile ! *amois & o!r ,alp9e species vibrat$ z regul>ly betwe5 ! valleys 9 w9t] & ! m\nta9-heights 9 summ]4 ,! habits ( ^! species are su* t x is n difficult to see h[ 9 _! case ?is migration c\ld h tak5 place4 ,pr(essor ,boyd ,dawk9s attempts to r$uce ! difficulty by suppos+ t ! ,glacial epo* 0 m>k$ by ! occurr5ce ( m9or p]iods ( climatic v>iation1 dur+ :i*1 9 comp>atively %ort p]iods1 ! iso!rmal l9es vibrat$ f nor? to s\?1 & vice v]sa4 ,9 ?is view ! s\!rn species gradually cr[d$ ^u ! nor!rn dur+ ! p]iods ( climatic amelioration1 until !y rea*$ _! limit 9 c5tral ,engl&1 & !n 9 turn1 z ! climate became m rigor\s1 sl[ly retreat$ be=e ! pressure ( _! nor!rn competitors4 ,mean:ile ! hy5a salli$ =? f 8 v>i\s caves1 ov] ?is region1 at "o "t ( ! ye> to fe$ ^u ! re9de]1 & at ano!r "t ( ! ye> ^u ! fle% ( ! hippopotamus1 9 bo? cases dragg+ _! bones ) him to 8 %elt]$ retreat 9 ! lime/one cav]ns,,dn :i* he %>$ at int]vals ) paloli?ic man4 ,footnote ,,dn3 ,e>ly ,man 9 ,brita91 p4 #aad4 ,! !ory ( ,mr4 ,james ,geikie is t ! p]iod1 :ile "o ( great precipitation1 0 *>act]is$ by a climate ( comp>atively ev5 temp]ature1 9 :i* !re 0 n s great a diff]5ce z n[ betwe5 ! w9t]s & ! summ]s1 ! w9t]s n be+ s cold & ! summ]s n s hot z at pres5t4 ,?is is sub/antially ! condition ( ?+s 9 s\!rn ,alaska at ! pres5t "t1 :]e ext5sive glaci]s come d[n to ! sea-level1 ev5 ?\gh ! !rmomet] at ,sitka r>ely goes bel[ z]o 7,fahr5heit74 ,x is1 !re=e1 easy to conceive t if !re 7 ext5sive pla9s bord]+ ! ,alaskan ar*ipelago1 s z to furni% rang+ gr\nds = m s\!rn species1 ! animals ( ! nor? & ! animals ( ! s\? might p>tially occupy ! same belt ( t]ritory1 & _! bones become m+l$ 9 ! same riv] deposits4 ,9 ord] to cle> ! way = ei!r ( ^! hypo!ses to acc\nt = ! m+l+ ( arctic & torrid species *>act]i/ic ( ! p]iod "u consid]ation 9 ,europe1 we mu/ probably suppose su* an elevation ( ! region to ! s\? z to af=d l& connection betwe5 ,europe & ,africa4 ,?is w\ld be furni%$ by only a mod]ate am\nt ( elevation across ! ,/rait ( ,gibralt> & f ! s\? ( ,italy to ! opposite %ore 9 ,africa2 & !re are _m indications1 9 ! di/ribution ( species1 ( ! exi/5ce 9 late geological times ( su* connection4 ,x %\ld also be obs]v$ t ! pres5t capacities & habits ( species are n a c]ta9 crit]ion ( _! pa/ habits & capacities4 ,z already rem>k$1 bo? ! rh9oc]os & ! mammo? ( glacial times 7 probably furni%$ ) a woolly protection1 :i* enabl$ !m to endure m cold ?an _! pres5t desc5dants c\ld d1 :ile ! elephant is ev5 n[ kn[n to be able to endure ! rigors ( ! climate at great elevations ^u ! ,himalaya ,m\nta9s4 ,we c easily imag9e ^! species to h be5 adju/$ to q diff]5t climatic conditions f ^? :i* n[ seem necess>y to _! exi/5ce4 ,9 ! case ( ! hippopotamus1 also1 x is q possible1 z already sugge/$1 t x is m incl9$ to migration ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,geikie's !ory ( ! preval5ce ( an equable climate dur+ a portion ( ! ,glacial p]iod 9 ,europe is ?\ght to be fur!r su/a9$ by ! "* ( ! vegetation :i* !n cov]$ ! region1 z well z by ! rema9s ( ! mollusks :i* occupi$ ! wat]s4 ,!n temp]ate & s\!rn species l ! a%1 ! popl>1 ! sycamore1 ! fig-tree1 ! ,judas-tree1 ! laurel1 etc41 ov]spread all ! l[ gr\nd ( ,france1 z f> nor? at lea/ z ,p>is4444 ,x 0 "u su* conditions1 cont9ues ,geikie1 t ! elephants1 rh9oc]oses1 & hippopotamuses1 & ! va/ h]ds ( temp]ate c]v9e & bov9e species rang$ ov] ,europe1 f ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean up to ! latitude ( ,york%ire1 & probably ev5 f>!r nor? /ill2 & f ! bord]s ( ,asia to ! ,we/]n ,ocean4 ,despite ! pres5ce ( num]\s fi]ce c>nivora--lions1 hy5as1 tig]s1 & o!rs--,europe at t "t1 ) its %ady =e/s1 its laurel-m>g9$ /reams1 its broad & deep-fl[+ riv]s1 a c\ntry 9 e way suit$ to ! ne$s ( a race ( hunt]s & fi%]s--mu/ h be5 no unpleasant habitation = paloli?ic man4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only "o side ( ! picture4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ! climate ( ,plei/oc5e ,europe pres5t$ ! /ronge/ contra/ to ^? g5ial conditions--a "t :5 ! dw>f bir* ( ! ,scotti% ,highl&s1 & ! arctic will[1 ) _! nor!rn cong5]s1 grew ^u ! l[ gr\nds ( middle ,europe4 ,arctic animals1 su* z ! musk %eep & ! re9de]1 liv$ !n1 all ! ye> r\nd1 9 ! s\? ( ,france2 ! mammo? rang$ into ,spa9 & ,italy2 ! glutton desc5d$ to ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean2 ! m>mot came d[n to ! l[ gr\nds at ! foot ( ! ,ap5n9es2 & ! lagomys inhabit$ ! l[-ly+ m>itime di/ricts ( ,corsica & ,s>d9ia4 ,! l& & fre%-wat] %ells ( _m ,plei/oc5e deposits tell a simil> tale2 boreal1 high alp9e1 & hyp]borean =ms are *>act]i/ic ( ^! accumulations 9 c5tral ,europe2 ev5 9 ! s\!rn regions ( our cont95t ! %ells te/ify to a =m] cold] & wett] climate4,,d ,footnote ,,d3 ,prehi/oric ,europe1 p4 #fg4 ,9 ,mr4 ,geikie's view ^! facts indicate two ,glacial p]iods1 ) an int]v5+ epo* ( mild climate4 ,9 ! op9ion ( o!rs !y are readily expla9able by ! com+ on & dep>ture ( a s+le ,ice age1 ) its v>i\s m9or episodes4 ,e>lie/ ,rema9s ( ,man on ! ,pacific ,coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,mo/ int]e/+ evid5ce conc]n+ ! antiquity ( man 9 ,am]ica1 & 8 relation to ! ,glacial p]iod1 has come f ! ,pacific coa/4 ,dur+ ! height ( ! m9+ activity 9 ,cali=nia1 f #ahej to #ahfj1 num]\s reports 7 rife t human rema9s _h be5 discov]$ 9 ! gold-be>+ gravel ^u ! flanks ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada ,m\nta9s4 ,^! reports did n attract mu* sci5tific att5tion until !y came to relate to ! gravel deposits f\nd deeply buri$ b5ea? a fl[ ( lava locally kn[n z ! ,sonora or ,tuolumne ,table ,m\nta94 ,?is lava issu$ f a v5t ne> ! summit ( ! m\nta9-range1 & fl[$ d[n ! valley ( ! ,/anislaus ,riv] = a di/ance ( fifty or sixty miles1 bury+ ev]y?+ 9 ! valley b5ea? x1 & compell+ ! riv] to seek ano!r *annel4 ,! ?ickness ( ! lava av]ages ab\t "o hundr$ feet1 & s long a "t has elaps$ s9ce ! eruption t ! s(t] /rata on ei!r side ( ! valley d[n :i* x fl[$ h be5 worn away to su* an ext5t t ! lava n[ rises ne>ly ev]y:]e above ! g5]al level1 & has become a /rik+ feature 9 ! l&scape1 /ret*+ = _m miles z a flat-topp$ ridge ab\t half a mile 9 wid?1 & pres5t+ ^u ! sides a p]p5dicul> face ( solid basalt = a consid]able di/ance ne> ! l[] end ( ! fl[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4--,section across ,table ,m\nta91 ,tuolumne ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia3 ,l1 lava2 ,g1 gravel2 ,s1 slate2 ,r1 old riv]-b$2 ,r'1 pres5t riv]-b$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4--;,calav]as ,skull4 7,f ,:itney47 ,x 0 "u ?is m\nta9 ( lava t ! num]\s implem5ts & rema9s ( man occurr$ :i* 7 report$ to ,pr(essor ,j4 ,d4 ,:itney :5 he 0 conduct+ ! geological survey ( ,cali=nia betwe5 #ahfj & #ahgj4 ,! implem5ts consi/$ ( /one mort>s & pe/les1 suitable = use 9 gr9d+ acorns & o!r co>se articles ( food4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 "s rude articles ( ornam5t4 ,9 "o ( ! m9+ %afts p5etrat+ ! gravel und]nea? ,table ,m\nta91 ne> ,sonora1 !re 0 report$ to h be5 discov]$1 9 #aheg1 a human jawbone1 "o portion ( :i* 0 s5t by responsible p>ties to ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 & ano!r "p to ! ,philadelphia ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 9 ^: collections ! fragm5ts c n[ be se54 ,int]e/ rea*$ a /ill high] pit* :51 9 #ahfj1 an entire human skull ) "s o!r human bones 0 report$ to h be5 discov]$ "u ?is same lava deposit1 a few miles f ,sonora1 at ,altaville1 9 ,calav]as ,c\nty1 & h5ce kn[n z ! ,calav]as skull4 ,p]si/5t ef=ts 7 made soon aft] to discr$it ! g5u95ess ( ?is discov]y4 ,bret ,h>te %[]$ ^u x ! %afts ( 8 ridicule1 & v>i\s o!r p]sons gave curr5cy to ! /ory t ! :ole report orig9at$ 9 a joke play$ by ! m9]s ^u unsuspect+ geologi/s4 ,^! attacks 7 s successful t _m cons]vative ar*ologi/s & m5 ( sci5ce h refus$ to accept ! skull z g5u9e4 ,rec5t ev5ts1 h[ev]1 h br\ght su* additional evid5ce,,dp to ! support ( ?is discov]y t x w\ld seem unreasonable any long] to refuse to cr$it ! te/imony4 ,at ! meet+ ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica1 at ,wa%+ton1 9 ,janu>y1 #ahia1 ,mr4 ,george ,p4 ,beck]1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 :o = "s ye>s has _h *>ge ( inve/igations relat+ to ! gold-be>+ gravels ( ! ,pacific coa/1 pres5t$ ! affidavit ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,neale1 a well-kn[n m9+ eng9e] ( unque/ionable "*1 /at+ t he _h tak5 a /one mort> & pe/le1 toge!r ) "s spe>-heads 7:i* ?r\gh ,mr4 ,beck] he pres5t$ to ! ,society71 f undi/urb$ /rata ( gravel und]nea? ! lava ( ,table ,m\nta91 ne> ,ra:ide ,gul*1 a few miles f ,sonora4 ,at ! same meet+ ,mr4 ,beck] pres5t$ a pe/le :i* ,mr4 ,cl>5ce ,k+1 ! fir/ director ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 took ) 8 own h&s out ( undi/urb$ gravel "u ?is same lava deposit1 ne> ,tuttlet[n1 a mile or two f ! prec$+ locality m5tion$4 ,footnote ,,dp3 ,see ,bullet9 ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica1 #ahia1 pp4 #ahi-bjj4 ,i 0 s =tunate1 also1 z to be able to report to ! ,society at ! same meet+ ! discov]y1 9 #ahhg1 ( a small /one mort> by ,mr4 ,c4 ,mc,tarnahan1 ! assi/ant surveyor ( ,tuolumne ,c\nty4 ,?is mort> 0 f\nd by ,mr4 ,mc,tarnahan 9 ! ,empire m9e1 :i* p5etrates ! gravel und]nea? ,table ,m\nta91 ab\t ?ree miles f ,sonora1 & n f> f ! o!r localities above m5tion$4 ,! place :]e ! mort> 0 f\nd is ab\t "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five feet 9 f ! edge ( ! sup]9cumb5t lava1 :i* is "h ab\t "o hundr$ feet 9 ?ickness4 ,at my reque/1 ?is mort> 0 pres5t$ by its own]1 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,j4 ,d>w91 to ! ,we/]n ,res]ve ,hi/orical ,society ( ,clevel&1 ,ohio1 9 ^: collection x c n[ be se54 ,^! ?ree indep5d5t in/ances1 ea* ( !m au!nticat$ by ! be/ ( evid5ce1 h su* cumulative =ce t probably few m5 ( sci5ce w long] /& out aga9/ x4 ,associat$ ) ^! discov]ies1 !re is to be m5tion$ ano!r1 :i* 0 br\ght to my notice by ,mr4 ,*>les ,francis ,adams 9 ,octob]1 #ahhi4;,,dq ,?is 0 a m9iature clay image ( a female =m1 ab\t "o in* & a half 9 l5g?1 & beautifully =m$1 :i* 0 f\nd1 9 ,augu/1 #ahhi1 by ,mr4 ,m4 ,a4 ,kurtz1 :ile bor+ an artesian well at ,nampa1 ,ada ,c\nty1 ,idaho4 ,! /rata pass$ ?r\gh includ$1 ne> ! surface1 fifte5 feet ( lava4 ,und]nea? ?is1 alt]nat+ b$s ( clay & quicks& occurr$ to a dep? ( ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty feet1 :]e !re appe>$ indications ( a =m] surface soil ly+ j above ! b$-rock1 f :i* ! clay image 0 br\ght up 9 ! s&-pump4 ,footnote ,,dq3 ,see ,proce$+s ,bo/on ,society ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,janu>y1 #ahij1 & ,febru>y1 #ahia4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4--,?ree views ( ,nampa image drawn to scale4 ,! middle "o is f a photograph4 ,i devot$ ! summ] ( #ahij to a c>eful /udy ( ! lava deposits bo? 9 ,idaho & 9 ,cali=nia1 ) a view to le>n+ _! significance ) ref]5ce to ^! discov]ies4 ,! ma9 facts br\ght to light by ?is inve/igation are t 9 ! ,snake ,riv] ,valley1 ,idaho1 !re are n f> f twelve ?\s& squ>e miles ( t]ritory cov]$ ) a cont9u\s /ratum ( basaltic lava1 ext5d+ ne>ly across ! entire diamet] ( ! ,/ate f ea/ to we/4 ,nampa1 :]e ! m9iature image 0 discov]$1 is )9 five miles ( ! we/]n limit ( ?is lava-fl[1 & :]e x _h greatly ?9n$ out4 ,! relative age ( ! lava is %[n by its relation to ,t]ti>y b$s ( %ale & s&/one1 conta9+ num]\s fossils ( late ,plioc5e species4 ,^! are ov]laid 9 ?is vic9ity by ! lava1 ?us det]m9+ its po/-,t]ti>y "*4 ,exam9ation ) ref]5ce to ! m precise det]m9ation ( age reveals *annels ( erosion =m$ s9ce ! lava-fl[ took place1 :i*1 :5 /udi$ suffici5tly1 w probably lead to valuable approximate results4 ,at pres5t ,i c only say t ! am\nt ( erosion s9ce ! lava eruptions ( we/]n ,idaho is n excessive1 & v likely may be br\ght )9 a p]iod ( f t5 ?\s& to tw5ty ?\s& ye>s4 ,! enorm\s erosion 9 ! caon ( ! ,snake ,riv]1 ne> ,%o%one ,falls1 9 c5tral ,idaho1 is d\btless ( a mu* e>li] date ?an t 9 ! ,boise ,riv]1 ne> ,nampa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4--,map %[+ ,pocatello1 ,nampa1 & ! valley ( ,snake ,riv]4 ,! di/urbances creat$ 9 ?is "p ( ! valley by ! bur/+ ( ! b>ri]s betwe5 ! glacial ,lake ,bonneville & ! ,snake ,riv]1 already describ$ 7see above1 page #bcc71 h n be5 work$ out4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t int]e/+ results w come to light 9 connection ) ! problem2 = ,pocatello1 ! po9t at :i* ! dbcle rea*$ ! ,snake ,riv] pla91 is ab\t #b1jjj feet high] ?an ,nampa1 & #cej miles di/ant1 & ! wat] mu/ h p\r$ into ! valley fa/] ?an ! riv] 9 its upp] portion c\ld h dis*>g$ x4 ,by j :at *annels ! mighty curr5t work$ d[n to ! l[] levels on ! we/]n bord]s ( ! ,/ate x w\ld be mo/ int]e/+ z well z in/ructive to "k4 ,a /udy ( ! situation 9 ,tuolumne & ,calav]as ,c\nties1 ,cali=nia1 reveals a /ate ( ?+s closely resembl+1 9 important respects1 t 9 we/]n ,idaho4 ,at fir/ sight ! impression is made t an imm5se lapse ( "t mu/ h occurr$ s9ce ! volcanic eruption :i* furni%$ ! lava ( ,table ,m\nta94 ,! ,/anislaus ,riv] fl[s 9 a *annel ( erosion a ?\s& feet or m l[] ?an ! anci5t *annel fill$ by lava1 & 9 two or ?ree places cuts directly across x4 ,an imm5se am\nt ( "t1 also1 w\ld seem to be requir$ to p]mit ! small] local /reams to h worn away s mu* ( ! sides ( ! anci5t valley z to all[ ! lava deposit n[ s cont9u\sly to rise above ! g5]al surface4 ,/ill1 ! "q ( absolute "t _c be consid]$ sep>ately )\t mu* fur!r /udy4 ,x is by no means c]ta9 t1 :5 ! lava-/ream p\r$ d[n ! m\nta91 x always foll[$ ! l[e/ depressions2 b at c]ta9 po9ts x may h be5 damm$ up 9 its c\rse by its own accumulations s z to be turn$ (f into :at 0 !n an anci5t ab&on$ *annel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4--,section along ! l9e1 nor? & s\?3 r' r'1 old riv]-b$s2 r r1 pres5t riv]-b$s2 ,l1 lava2 sl1 slate4 ,! =ms ( animal & vegetable life ) :i* ! rema9s ( man "u ,table ,m\nta9 are associat$1 are1 inde$1 to a consid]able ext5t1 species n[ ext9ct 9 ,cali=nia1 & "s ( !m no long] exi/ any:]e 9 ! _w4 ,b a sugge/ion ( ,pr(essor ,pre/wi*1 9 ,engl&1 made ) ref]5ce to ! ext9ct =ms ( life associat$ ) human rema9s 9 ! glacial deposits 9 ,europe1 is reviv$ by ,mr4 ,beck]1 ( ! ,geological ,survey1 ) ref]5ce to ! ,cali=nia discov]ies2 8 inf]5ce be+1 n t man is s extremely anci5t 9 ,cali=nia1 b t _m ( ^! plants & animals h cont9u$ to a m rec5t date ?an has ord9>ily be5 suppos$4 ,! connection ( ^! lava-fl[s on ! ,pacific coa/ ) ! ,glacial p]iod is unque/ionably close4 ,= "s reason :i* we d n fully und]/&1 ! va/ accumulation ( ice 9 ,nor? ,am]ica dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod is correlat$ ) enorm\s eruptions ( lava we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 &1 9 connection ) ^! ev5ts1 !re took place on ! ,pacific coa/ an almo/ entire *ange 9 ! plants & animals occupy+ ! region4 ,mr4 ,w>r5 ,upham is ( ! op9ion t on ! ,pacific coa/ !y l+]$ mu* lat] ?an 9 ! region ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,inde$1 x is pretty c]ta9 t n _m c5turies h elaps$ s9ce ! glacial ph5om5a ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada ,m\nta9s 7 mu* m pron\nc$ ?an !y are at ! pres5t "t1 & x is equally c]ta9 t !re h be5 va/ eruptions ( lava 9 ,cali=nia )9 ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,f ^! data1 !re=e1 ,mr4 ,beck] has real f\ndation = 8 sugge/ion t p]haps 9 ! ,glacial p]iod ,cali=nia 0 a k9d ( heal? resort = ,plioc5e animals1 z x is at ! pres5t "t = man2 or1 at any rate1 t ! lat] date ( ! accumulations p]mitt$ ! animals to survive !re mu* long] ?an 9 ! region ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,fur!r discussion ( ! prec$+ facts w pr(itably be def]r$ until1 9 ! next two *apt]s1 ! que/ions ( ! cause & date ( ! ,glacial p]iod h be5 consid]$4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,! ,,glacial ,,p]iod4 ,9 se>*+ = ! cause ( ! ,glacial p]iod1 x is evid5t t we mu/ endeavor to f9d conditions :i* w secure ov] ! c5tre ( ! glaciat$ area ei!r a great increase ( sn[-fall or a great decrease 9 ! mean annual temp]ature1 or bo? ( ^! conditions comb9$ 9 great] or less degree4 ,z c be se51 bo? f ! nature ( ! case & f ! unglaciat$ condition ( ,sib]ia & nor!rn ,alaska1 a l[ degree ( temp]ature is n suffici5t to produce p]man5t ice-fields4 ,if ! sn[-fall is excessively meagre1 ev5 ! small am\nt ( heat 9 an arctic summ] w be suffici5t to melt x all away4 ,f ! condition ( ,gre5l&1 h[ev]1 x appe>s t a mod]ate am\nt ( precipitation :]e x is *iefly 9 ! =m ( sn[ may produce enorm\s glaci]s if at ! same "t ! av]age temp]ature is l[4 ,9 s\!a/]n ,alaska1 on ! o!r h&1 ! glaci]s are ( enorm\s size1 ?\gh ! mean annual temp]ature is by no means l[1 = !re ! great am\nt ( sn[-fall amply comp5sates = ! high] temp]ature4 ,sn[ /ores ! cold & keeps x 9 a def9ite place4 ,if ! air becomes *ill$1 circulation at once sets 91 & ! cold air is transf]r$ to w>m] regions2 b if !re is moi/ure 9 ! air1 s t sn[ =ms1 ! cold becomes lock$ up1 z x 71 & falls to ! e>?4 ,! am\nt ( cold ?us lock$ up 9 sn[ is enorm\s4 ,to melt "o cubic foot ( ice requires z mu* heat z w\ld raise ! temp]ature ( a cubic foot ( wat] #agf ,fahr5heit4 ,to melt a lay] ( ice only "o in* & a half ?ick w\ld require z mu* heat z w\ld raise a /ratum ( air eight hundr$ feet ?ick f ! freez+-po9t to ! tropical heat ( #hh ,fahr5heit4 ,x is ! sl[ness ) :i* ice melts :i* enables x to accumulate z x does1 bo? 9 w9t] & ^u high m\nta9s & 9 arctic regions4 ,capta9 ,scoresby relates t :5 ne> ! nor? pole ! sun w\ld sometimes be s hot z to melt ! pit* on ! s\? side ( 8 vessel1 :ile wat] 0 freez+ on ! nor? side1 9 ! %ade1 ow+ to ! cool+ effect ( ! masses ( ice ) :i* he 0 surr\nd$4 ,?us x w appe> t a *ange 9 ! direction ( ! moi/ w9ds bl[+ f ! equator t[>ds ! poles might produce a ,glacial epo*4 ,if sn[ falls ^u ! ocean x cools ! wat]1 b ?r\gh ! curr5ts1 ev]y:]e visible 9 ! sea1 ! temp]ature 9 ! wat] 9 ! diff]5t p>ts soon becomes equaliz$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! sn[ falls ^u ! l&1 x mu/ be melt$ by ! direct action ( ! sun & w9d ^u ! spot :]e x is4 ,if ! heat furni%$ by ^! ag5cies is n suffici5t to d x ye> by ye>1 !re w soon be su* an accumulation t glaci]s w beg9 to =m4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t ! conditions produc+ a ,glacial p]iod are likely to prove v complicat$1 & we ne$ n be surpris$ if ! conclusions to :i* we come are incapable ( demon/ration4 ,!ories respect+ ! cause ( ! ,glacial p]iod may be r\ghly classifi$ z a/ronomical & geological4 ,among ! a/ronomical !ories1 "o :i* has sometimes be5 adduc$ is t ! sol> sy/em 9 its movem5t ?r\gh space is subject$ to diff]5t degrees ( heat at diff]5t times4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 ! temp]ate climate :i* *>act]is$ ! pol> regions dur+ ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 & cont9u$ up to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,glacial epo*1 0 produc$ by ! influ5ce ( ! w>m] /ret*es ( space ?r\gh :i* ! :ole sol> sy/em 0 mov+ at t "t2 :ile ! ,glacial p]iod result$ f ! influ5ce ^u ! e>? ( ! cold] spaces ?r\gh :i* ! sy/em subsequ5tly mov$4 ,:ile x is impossible absolutely to disprove ?is hypo!sis1 x labors "u ! difficulty ( hav+ little positive evid5ce 9 its favor1 & ?us contrav5es a fundam5tal law ( sci5tific reason+1 t we mu/ h a real cause ^u :i* to re/ our !ories4 ,9 endeav\r+ to expla9 ! unkn[n1 we %\ld h some?+ kn[n to />t )4 ,b 9 ?is case we are n sure t !re are any su* v>iations 9 ! temp]ature ( ! space ?r\gh :i* ! sol> sy/em moves4 ,?is !ory1 !re=e1 _c come 9 = s]i\s consid]ation until all o!rs h be5 absolutely disprov$4 ,z we %all also m fully see1 9 ! subsequ5t discussion1 ! di/ribution ( ! ice dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod 0 n su* z to indicate a gradual ext5sion ( x f ! nor? pole1 b r ! accumulation ^u c5tres _m degrees to ! s\?4 ,closely alli$ ) ! prec$+ !ory is ! supposition broa*$ by "s a/ronom]s t ! sun is a v>iable />1 dep5d5t to "s ext5t = its heat ^u ! impact ( meteorites1 or to ! v>y+ rapidity ) :i* ! contraction ( its volume is proce$+4 ,x is well kn[n t :5 two solid bodies cla% toge!r1 heat is produc$ proportionate to ! mom5tum ( ! two bodies4 ,9 o!r words1 ! motion :i* is arre/$ is trans=m$ into heat4 ,mr4 ,croll1 9 8 la/ publication,,dr ^u ! subject1 +5i\sly attempt$ to acc\nt = ! gase\s condition ( ! nebul & ! heat ( ! sun & o!r fix$ />s by suppos+ x to be simply trans=m$ motion4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 ! orig9al =m ( =ce imp>t$ to ! univ]se 0 t ex]t$ 9 sett+ 9 motion innum]able d>k bodies1 :i* f "t to "t h collid$ ) ea* o!r4 ,! effects ( su* collisions w\ld be to trans=m a l>ge am\nt ( motion into heat & its accompany+ =ms ( molecul> =ce4 ,! viol5ce ( ! compact ( two worlds w\ld be s great z to break !m up into ! orig9al atoms ( :i* !y are compos$1 & ! heat set free w\ld be suffici5t to keep ! masses 9 a gase\s condition & cause !m to swell out into enorm\s proportions4 ,f t "t on1 z ! heat radiat$ into space1 !re w\ld be ! gradual contraction :i* we suppose is go+ on 9 all ! c5tral suns1 accompani$1 ( c\rse1 ) a gradual decl9e ( ! heat-en]gy 9 ! sy/em4 ,footnote ,,dr3 ,/ell> ,evolution & its ,relation to ,geological ,"t4 ,n[1 x is well kn[n t ! e>? & ! sol> sy/em 9 _! onw>d progress pass ?r\gh tra9s ( meteorites4 ,! tails ( "s ( ! comets are inde$ pretty cle>ly prov$ to be /reams ( pond]able matt]1 ?r\gh :i*1 f "t to "t1 ! m9or memb]s ( ! sol> sy/em plunge1 & receive "s accession to _! bulk & weight4 ,! %oot+-/>s1 :i* occasionally attract our att5tion 9 ! sky1 m>k ! c\rse ( su* meteorites z !y pass ?r\gh ! e>?'s atmosph]e1 & are heat$ to a gl[ by ! friction ) x4 ,x has be5 sugge/$1 !re=e1 t ! sun itself may at times h its am\nt ( heat s5sibly affect$ by su* %[]s ( meteorites or a/]oids4 ,^u ?is !ory ! w>m p]iod ( ! ,t]ti>y epo*1 = in/ance1 may h be5 due to ! heat tempor>ily add$ to ! sun by impact ) m9or a/ronomical bodies4 ,:51 aft]w>ds1 x gradually cool$ d[n1 receiv+ ?r\gh a long p]iod no m accessions ( heat f t s\rce1 ! way 0 prep>$ = ! cold] epo* ( ! ,glacial p]iod1 :i*1 9 turn1 0 dispell$ by fre% %[]s ( meteorites ^u ! sun1 suffici5t to produce ! amelioration ( climate :i* we exp]i5ce at ! pres5t "t4 ,z intimat$1 ?is !ory is closely alli$ to ! prec$+1 ! pr9cipal diff]5ce be+ t x limits ! effects ( ! suppos$ cause to ! sol> sy/em1 & looks to our sun z ! v>y+ s\rce ( heat-supply4 ,x has ! advantage ov] t1 h[ev]1 ( possess+ a m tangible v]a causa4 ,meteorites1 a/]oids1 & comets are kn[n to be )9 ?is sy/em1 & h occasional collisions ) o!r memb]s ( x4 ,b ! pr9cipal objection urg$ aga9/ ! prec$+ !ory applies "h1 also1 ) equal =ce4 ,! accumulations ( ice dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod 7 n det]m9$ by latitude4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica ! c5tre ( accumulation 0 s\? ( ! ,arctic ,circle--a fact :i* po9ts cle>ly en\gh to "s o!r cause ?an t ( a g5]al l[]+ ( ! temp]ature ext]ior to ! e>?4 ,! same objections w\ld be> aga9/ ! !ory ably set =? by ,mr4 ,s]5o ,e4 ,bi%op1 ( ,honolulu1 :i*1 9 sub/ance1 is t !re may be consid]able v>iability 9 ! sun's emission ( heat1 ow+ to fluctuations 9 ! rate ( ! %r9kage ( its diamet]1 br\ght ab\t by ! unequal /ruggle betwe5 ! dim9i%+ am\nt ( heat 9 ! int]ior & ! increas+ =ce ( ! gravitation ( its p>ticles1 & by ! *anges 9 ! envelop+ atmosph]e ( ! sun1 :i*1 l an enswa?+ blanket1 arre/s a l>ge portion ( ! radiant heat f ! nucleus1 & is itself evid5tly subject to viol5t movem5ts1 "s ( :i* seem to c>ry x d[n to ! sun's int]ior4 ,unkn[n electrical =ces1 he ?9ks1 may also comb9e to add an elem5t ( v>iability4 ,^! suppos$ *anges may be comp>$ to ^? :i* take place ^u ! surface ( ! e>? :51 at irregul> int]vals1 imm5se %eets ( lava1 l ^? ^u ! ,pacific coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 are exud$ 9 a comp>atively brief "t1 to be succe$$ by a long p]iod ( re/4 ,! heat ?us br\ght to ! surface ( ! e>? w\ld add p]ceptibly to t radiat$ f x into space 9 ord9>y times4 ,some?+ simil> to ?is ^u ! sun1 x is ?\ght1 might produce effects p]ceptible ^u ! e>?1 & acc\nt = alt]nate p]iods ( heat & cold4 ,a f\r? a/ronomical !ory is t !re has be5 a %ift+ ( ! e>?'s axis2 t at ! "t ( ! ,glacial p]iod ! nor? pole1 in/ead ( be+ :]e x n[ is1 0 some:]e 9 ! region ( c5tral ,gre5l&4 ,?is attractive !ory has be5 ?\ght wor?y ( att5tion by ,presid5t ,t4 ,c4 ,*amb]l9 & by ,pr(essor ,g4 ,c4 ,com/ock1,,ds b x likewise lab\rs "u a tw(old difficulty3 ,fir/1 ! %ift+ ( ! poles obs]v$ 7#dej feet p] ye>7 is too slight to h produc$ ! *anges )9 any reasonable "t1 & x is n likely to h be5 cont9u\s = a long p]iod4 ,b /ill m fatal to ! !ory is ! fact t ! w>m climate prec$+ ! ,glacial p]iod seems to h ext5d$ t[>ds ! pres5t nor? pole ^u e side2 a temp]ate flora hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ! fossil plants ( ! ,t]ti>y b$s 9 ,gre5l& & nor!rn ,briti% ,am]ica1 z well z ^u ,nova ,zembla & ,spitzb]g54 ,footnote ,,ds3 ,see pap]s by ^! g5tlem5 read at ! meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 9 ,wa%+ton1 9 ,augu/1 #ahia4 ,pr(essor ,com/ock's pap] appe>$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce = ,janu>y1 #ahic4 ,a fif? a/ronomical !ory1 & "o :i* has ( late ye>s be5 receiv$ ) great fav\r1 is t s ably advocat$ by ! late ,dr4 ,james ,croll & by ,pr(essor ,james ,geikie4 ,foll[+ ! sugge/ions ( ! a/ronom] ,adhm>1 ^! writ]s h attempt$ to %[ t n only "o ,glacial epo*1 b a succession ( su* epo*s1 has be5 produc$ 9 ! _w by ! effect ( ! *anges :i* are kn[n to h tak5 place 9 ! ecc5tricity ( ! e>?'s orbit :5 comb9$ ) ! precession ( ! equ9oxes--ano!r calculable a/ronomical cause4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4--;,diagram %[+ effect ( precession3 ,a4 condition ( ?+s n[2 ,b4 z x w be #aj1ejj ye>s h5ce4 ,! ecc5tricity is ( c\rse greatly exagg]at$4 ,x is well kn[n t ! e>?'s orbit is elliptical2 t is1 x is long] 9 "o direction ?an 9 ! o!r1 s t ! sun is "o side ( ! c5tre4 ,dur+ ! w9t] ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e ! e>? is n[ ab\t ?ree million miles ne>] ! sun ?an 9 ! summ]2 b ! summ] makes up = ?is di/ance by be+ ab\t sev5 days long] ?an ! w9t]4 ,?r\gh ! precession ( ! equ9oxes ?is /ate ( ?+s w be rev]s$ 9 t5 ?\s& five hundr$ ye>s2 at :i* "t we %all be ne>] ! sun dur+ our nor!rn summ]1 & f>!r away 9 w9t]1 our w9t] !n be+ also long] ?an our summ]4 ,besides1 ?r\gh ! unequal attraction ( ! planets ! ecc5tricity ( ! e>?'s orbit p]iodically increases & dim9i%es1 s t !re h be5 p]iods :5 ! e>? 0 t5 million five hundr$ ?\s& miles f>!r f ! sun 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]2 at :i* times1 also1 ! w9t] 0 ne>ly tw5ty-eight days long] ?an ! summ]4 ,su* an extreme elongation ( ! e>?'s orbit occurr$ ab\t two hundr$ & fifty ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,x is easy to assume t su* a *ange 9 a/ronomical conditions w\ld produce great effects ^u ! e>?'s climate2 & equally easy to connect ) ^? effects ! va/ ext5sion ( ice dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,s9ce1 also1 ?is p]iod ( extreme ecc5tricity t]m9at$ only eighty ?\s& ye>s ago1 ! close ( ! ,glacial p]iod w\ld1 p]haps1 ^u ,mr4 ,croll's !ory1 be comp>atively a rec5t ev5t2 = if ! secul> summ] ( ! e>?'s ecc5tricity lags relatively z f> beh9d ! secul> movem5ts z ! annual summ] does beh9d ! v]nal equ9ox1 we %\ld1 z ,pr(essor ,*>les ,h4 ,hit*cock sugge/s1 h to place ! complete break+ up ( ! ,ice p]iod z late z =ty ?\s& ye>s ago4,,dt ,footnote ,,dt3 ,geology ( ,new ,hamp%ire1 vol4 iii1 p4#cbg4 ,we h no space to indicate1 z x des]ves1 ! comp>ative m]its & dem]its ( ?is +5i\s !ory4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be a great calamity to h geologi/s accept x )\t scrut9y4 ,x is1 inde$1 a "p ( ! bus9ess ( geologi/s to d\bt su* !ories until !y are v]ifi$ by a ?or\gh exam9ation ( all accessible t]re/rial evid5ce be>+ ^u ! subject4 ,!re is no reason to "q ! reality ( ! v>iations 9 ! relative positions ( ! e>? & ! sun assum$ by ,mr4 ,croll2 ?\gh !re may be s]i\s d\bt :e!r ! effects ( ^? *anges ^u climate w\ld be all t is surmis$1 s9ce equal am\nts ( heat w\ld fall ^u ! e>? dur+ summ]1 :e!r made long] or %ort] by ! cause ref]r$ to4 ,dur+ ! %ort summ]s ! e>? is s mu* ne>] ! sun t x receives ea* season absolutely z mu* heat z x does dur+ ! long] summ]s1 :5 x is s mu* f>!r away f ! sun4 ,?us ! !ory re/s at la/ ^u ! "q :at w\ld become ( ! heat rea*+ ! e>? 9 ^! diff]+ conditions4 ,x is plausibly urg$ by ,mr4 ,croll t :5 a hemisph]e ( ! e>? is pass+ ?r\gh a p]iod ( long w9t]s ! radiation ( heat w be s excessive t ! temp]ature w\ld fall mu* bel[ :at x w\ld dur+ ! %ort] w9t]s2 & s ice & sn[ w\ld accumulate f> beyond ! usual am\nt4 ,x is also suppos$ t ! effect ( ! summ]'s sun 9 melt+ ! ice dur+ ! %ort summ] w\ld be dim9i%$ ?r\gh natural increase ( ! am\nt ( foggy & cl\dy wea!r4 ,adhm>'s !ory is suppos$ by ,sir ,rob]t ,ball1 ,royal ,a/ronom] ( ,irel&1 to be consid]ably re-en=c$ by a discov]y :i* he has made conc]n+ ! di/ribution ( heat ^u ! e>? dur+ ! seasons culm9at+ 9 ! summ] & w9t] sol/ices4 ,croll _h assum$1 on ! au?ority ( ,h]s*el1 t a hemisph]e ( ! e>? dur+ ! long] w9t] 9 aphelion w\ld receive ! same actual am\nt ( heat :i* w\ld fall ^u x dur+ ! %ort] summ] 9 p]ihelion2 :]eas1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,ball's discov]y1 ( ! total am\nt ( heat receiv$ f ! sun on a hemisph]e ( ! e>? 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>1 sixty-?ree p] c5t is receiv$ dur+ ! summ] & ?irty-sev5 p] c5t dur+ ! w9t]4,,du ,:51 !re=e1 ! summ]s occur 9 p]ihelion ! heat is m int5se ?an ,croll _h suppos$1 &1 at ! same "t1 ! w9t]s occurr+ 9 aphelion are m defici5t 9 heat ?an he _h assum$4 ,?is discov]y ( ,dr4 ,ball w n1 h[ev]1 mat]ially affect ! discussion ( ,croll's !ory ^u its inh]5t m]its1 s9ce x is simply an int5sification ( ! causes invok$ by him4 ,we w !re=e let x /& or fall 9 ! light ( ! g5]al consid]ations h]eaft] to be adduc$4 ,footnote ,,du3 ,cause ( an ,ice ,age1 p4 #ij4 ,! aid ( !oretical consequ5t *anges 9 ! volume ( ! ,gulf ,/ream1 & 9 ! area ( ! trade-w9ds1 has also to be invok$ by ,mr4 ,croll4 ,! !ory likewise receives suppos$ confirmation f facts alleg$ conc]n+ ! pres5t climate ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e :i* is pass+ ?r\gh ! a/ronomical conditions ?\ght to be fav\rable to its glaciation4 ,! ant>ctic cont95t is completely envelop$ 9 ice1 ev5 d[n to ! sixty-sev5? degree ( latitude4 ,a few degrees ne>] ! pole ,sir ,j4 ,c4 ,boss describes ! ice z ris+ f ! wat] 9 a precipit\s wall "o hundr$ & eighty feet high4 ,9 front ( su* a wall1 & ne>ly tw5ty degrees f ! s\? pole1 ?is navigator sail$ f\r hundr$ & fifty miles6 ,voyag]s1 9 g5]al1 are said to agree t ! summ]s ( ! ant>ctic zone are mu* m foggy & cold ?an !y are 9 correspond+ latitudes 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e2 & ?is1 ev5 ?\gh ! sun is #c1jjj1jjj miles ne>] ! e>? dur+ ! s\!rn summ] ?an x is dur+ ! nor!rn4 ,ano!r direction f :i* evid5ce is invok$ 9 confirmation ( ,mr4 ,croll's !ory is ! geological indications ( successive ,glacial epo*s 9 times pa/4 ,if !re be a recurr+ a/ronomical cause suffici5t ( itself to produce ,glacial p]iods1 su* p]iods %\ld recur z (t5 z ! cause exi/s2 b glaciation ^u ! scale ( t :i* imm$iately prec$$ ! hi/oric era c\ld h>dly h occurr$ 9 e>ly geological "t )\t leav+ m>ks :i* geologi/s w\ld h discov]$4 ,7 ! till n[ cov]+ ! glaciat$ region to be conv]t$ into rock1 its "* w\ld be unmi/akable1 & ! deposit is s ext5sive t x c\ld n escape notice4 ,9 8 inaugural address be=e ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahhj1 ,pr(essor ,ramsey1 ,director-,g5]al ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,great ,brita91 pres5t$ a =midable li/ ( glacial obs]vations 9 connection ) rocks ( a remote age4,,dv ,beg9n+ at ! e>lie/ date1 he cites ,pr(essor ,ar*ibald ,geikie1 "o ( ! mo/ compet5t judges1 z confid5t t ! r\nd$ knobs & knolls ( ,laur5tian rocks expos$ ov] a l>ge region 9 nor?we/]n ,scotl&1 toge!r ) va/ b$s ( co>se1 angul>1 un/ratifi$ conglom]ates1 are unque/ionable evid5ces ( glacial action at t e>ly p]iod4 ,masses ( simil> conglom]ates1 resembl+ consolidat$ glacial b\ld]-b$s1 occur also 9 ! ,l[] ,silurian =mation at ,corswall1 ,engl&4 ,9 ,dunb>1 ,scotl&1 ,pr(essor ,=bes also f\nd1 9 =mations ( b little lat] age ?an ! ,coal p]iod1 brecciat$ conglom]ates1 consi/+ ( pebbles & l>ge blocks ( /one1 g5]ally angul>1 emb$d$ 9 a m>ly pa/e1 9 :i* "s ( ! pebbles are z well scrat*$ z ^? f\nd 9 m$ial mora9es4 ,9 =mations ( correspond+ antiquity ! geologi/s ( ,india h f\nd simil> b\ld]-b$s1 9 :i* "s ( ! blocks are poli%$ & /riat$4 ,footnote ,,dv3 ,nature 7,augu/ #bf1 #ahhj71 vol4 xxii1 pp4 #chh1 #chi4 ,/ill1 ?is evid5ce is less abundant ?an we %\ld expect1 if !re _h be5 ! repeat$ ,glacial epo*s suppos$ by ,mr4 ,croll's a/ronomical !ory2 & x is by no means impossible t ! conglom]ates ( scrat*$ /ones describ$ by ,pr(essor ,ramsey 9 ,great ,brita91 & by ,messrs4 ,bl&=d & ,m$licott 9 ,india1 may h result$ f local glaci]s com+ d[n f m\nta9-*a9s :i* h be5 s9ce remov$ by erosion or subsid5ce4 ,we are n aw>e t any inconte/able evid5ce has be5 pres5t$ 9 ,am]ica ( any glaciation previ\s to t ( ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,^u close consid]ation1 also1 x appe>s t ,mr4 ,croll's !ory has n prop]ly tak5 into acc\nt ! anomal\s di/ribution ( heat :i* we actually f9d to take place on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,he has done good s]vice 9 %[+ :at an enorm\s transf] ( heat !re is f ! s\!rn to ! nor!rn ,atlantic by means ( ! ,gulf ,/ream1 e/imat+ t ! heat convey$ by ! ,gulf ,/ream into ! ,atlantic ,ocean is equal to "o fif? ( all possess$ by ! wat]s ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic2 or to ! heat receiv$ f ! sun ^u a million & a half squ>e miles at ! equator1 or two million squ>e miles 9 ! temp]ate zone4 ,! /oppage ( ! ,gulf ,/ream w\ld deprive ! ,atlantic ( #gg1dgi1fej1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj foot-p\nds ( en]gy 9 ! =m ( heat p] day4 ,among ! objections :i* be> aga9/ ?is +5i\s !ory is "o :i* w appe> ) great =ce :5 we come to discuss ! date ( ! ,glacial p]iod1 :5 we %all %[ t ev5 ,pr(essor ,hit*cock's supposition t ! l+]+ effects ( ! la/ great ecc5tricity ( ! e>?'s orbit1 cont9u$ d[n to =ty ?\s& ye>s ago1 is n suffici5t to acc\nt = ! rec5tness ( ! close ( ! p]iod z %[n by abundant geological evid5ce4 ,x is c]ta9ly n m ?an t5 or fifte5 ?\s& ye>s ago t ! ice f9ally melt$ (f f ! ,laur5tian highl&s2 :ile on ! ,pacific coa/ ! p]iod ( glaciation 0 /ill m rec5t4 ,f inspection ( ! accompany+ map ! ma9 po9t ( ,mr4 ,croll's reason+ may be und]/ood4 ,x w be se5 t ! direction ( ! curr5ts 9 ! c5tral ,atlantic is l>gely det]m9$ by ! cont\r ( ! nor!a/]n coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,f "s cause ! s\!a/ trade-w9ds are /rong] ?an ! nor!a/1 & _! =ce is felt 9 pu%+ ! sup]ficial curr5ts ( w>m wat] f>!r nor? ?an ,cape ,/4 ,roque1 ! ea/]n extremity ( ,brazil4 ,z ! direction ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican coa/ tr5ds rapidly we/w>d f ?is po9t to ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama1 ! resultant ( ! =ces is a /rong curr5t nor?we/w>d into ! cul-de-sac ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 f :i* !re is only ! "o outlet betwe5 ,cuba & ! p59sula ( ,florida4 ,?r\gh ?is ! w>m wat] is =c$ into ! region :]e we/]ly w9ds prevail1 & spreads its g5ial influ5ce f> to ! nor?w>d1 modify+ ! climate ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 & ev5 ( f>-(f ,norway4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4--,map %[+ c\rse ( curr5ts 9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean3 b & b' are curr5ts set 9 motion by opposite trade-w9ds2 meet+1 !y produce ! equatorial curr5t1 :i* divides into c & c'1 cont9u+ on z a & a' & e4 ,b :y are ! s\!a/ trade-w9ds ( ! ,atlantic /rong] ?an ! nor!a/8 ,! ultimate reason1 ( c\rse1 is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! nor!rn hemisph]e is w>m] ?an ! s\!rn4 ,! atmosph]e ov] ! nor!rn-c5tral portion ( ! ,atlantic region is m ?or\ghly r>efi$ by ! sun's heat ?an is t ov] ! region s\? ( ! equator4 ,! /rong s\!a/ trades are simply ! ru% ( atmosph]e f ! ,s\? ,atlantic to fill ! vacuum caus$ by ! heat ( ! sun nor? ( ! equator4 ,b1 aga91 :y is ?is8 ,because1 says ,mr4 ,croll1 we are n[ 9 t /age ( a/ronomical developm5t fav\rable to ! increas$ w>m? ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e ! summ]s are long] ?an ! w9t]s4 ,p]ihelion occurs 9 w9t] & aphelion 9 summ]4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! ,nor? ,atlantic is w>m] ?an ! ,s\? ,atlantic1 & :y ! trade-w9ds ( ! s\? are drawn to ! nor? ( ! equator4 ,t5 ?\s& five hundr$ ye>s ago1 h[ev]1 ! conditions 7 rev]s$1 & ! great] r>efaction ( ! atmosph]e w\ld h tak5 place s\? ( ! equator1 ?us draw+ ! trade-w9ds 9 t direction4 ,by aga9 inspect+ ! map1 "o w see h[ f>-rea*+ ! effect on ! climate ( nor!rn c\ntries ?is *ange 9 ! preval5ces ( ! trades w\ld h be54 ,!n1 in/ead ( hav+ ! nor?we/ curr5t lead+ along ! nor!a/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica into ! ,gulf ( ,mexico augm5t$ by ! w>m curr5ts circulat+ s\? ( ! equator1 ! w>m curr5ts ( ! nor? w\ld h be5 pu%$ d[n s f> t !y w\ld augm5t ! curr5t runn+ to ! s\?we/ beyond ,cape ,/4 ,roque1 along ! s\!a/ %ore ( ,s\? ,am]ica2 ?us ! nor!rn portion ( ! ,atlantic1 in/ead ( robb+ ! s\!rn portion ( heat1 w\ld itself be robb$ ( its w>m curr5ts to contribute to ! sup]flu\s heat ( ! ,s\? ,atlantic4 ,?is !ory is c]ta9ly v +5i\s4 ,!re is a weak po9t 9 x1 h[ev]4 ,mr4 ,croll assumes t :5 ! w9t]s ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e occur 9 aphelion1 !y mu/ necess>ily be cold] ?an n[4 ,b1 evid5tly1 ?is ass]tion implies a full] k ?an we possess ( ! laws by :i* ! heat receiv$ f ! sun is di/ribut$ ov] ! e>?4 ,= x appe>s f obs]vation t ! equator is by no means s hot n[ z1 !oretically1 x ought to be1 & t ! arctic regions are n s cold z1 accord+ to !ory1 !y %\ld be1 & ?is 9 places :i* c\ld n be affect$ by oceanic curr5ts4 ,= example1 at ,iquitos1 on ! ,amazon1 only ?ree hundr$ feet above tide1 ?ree degrees & a half s\? ( ! equator1 & m ?an a ?\s& miles f ! ,atlantic 7s t ocean-curr5ts _c ab/ract ! heat f its vic9ity71 ! mean ye>ly temp]ature is b #gh ,fahr42 :ile at ,v]khojansk1 9 nor!a/ ,sib]ia1 :i* is #fg nor? ( ! equator1 & is situat$ :]e x is out ( ! rea* ( ocean-curr5ts1 & :]e ! conditions = ! radiation ( heat are mo/ fav\rable1 & :]e1 inde$1 ! w9t] is ! colde/ on ! globe 7,janu>y av]ag+--#ef ,fahr471 ! mean ye>ly temp]ature is two degrees & a half above z]o2 s t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! temp]ature ^u ! equator & t at ! colde/ po9t on ! sixty-sev5? p>allel is only ab\t #ge ,fahr42 :]eas1 if temp]ature 7 9 proportion to heat receiv$ f ! sun1 ! diff]5ce ought to be #agb4 ,aga91 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! actual ,janu>y temp]ature on ! fiftie? p>allel & t ^u ! sixtie? is b #bj ,fahr41 :]eas1 ! quantity ( sol> heat receiv$ on ! fiftie? p>allel dur+ ! mon? ( ,janu>y is ?ree times t receiv$ ^u ! sixtie?1 & ! diff]5ce 9 temp]ature ought to be ab\t #agj ,fahr4 ^u any kn[n law 9 ! case4 ,woeik(f1 a ,russian meteorologi/1 & "o ( ! able/ critics ( ,mr4 ,croll's !ory1 & to :om we are indebt$ = ^! facts1 ascribes ! great] pres5t w>m? ( ! nor!rn ,atlantic bas91 n to ! a/ronomical cause invok$ by ,mr4 ,croll1 b to ! relatively small ext5t ( sea 9 ! middle latitudes ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,! ext5t & dep? ( ! oceans ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e w\ld ( !mselves give great] /ead9ess & =ce to its trade-w9ds1 & lead to a g5]al l[]+ ( ! temp]ature2 s t x is d\btful if ! a/ronomical causes introduc$ by ,mr4 ,croll1 ev5 ) ,dr4 ,ball's re-en=cem5t1 w\ld produce any appreciable effect :ile ! di/ribution ( l& & wat] rema9s sub/antially :at x is at ! pres5t "t4 ,/ill ano!r v>iation 9 ! a/ronomical !ory has be5 set =? & def5d$ by ,major-,g5]al ,a4 ,w4 ,drayson1 ,f4 ,r4 ,a4 ,s41 in/ructor 9 ! ,royal ,milit>y ,s*ool at ,woolwi*1 ,engl&4 ,he cont5ds t :at has be5 call$ ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 & suppos$ to be a conical movem5t ( ! e>?'s axis 9 a circle ar\nd a po9t z a c5tre1 f :i* x cont9ually decreases its di/ance1,,dw is really a second rotation ( ! e>? ab\t its c5tre4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is second rotation1 he endeav\rs to %[ t ! incl9ation ( ! e>?'s axis v>ies z mu* z #ab2 s t1 :]eas ! ,arctic & ,ant>ctic ,circles & ! tropics ext5d to only ab\t #bc f ! poles & ! equator1 respectively1 ab\t ?irte5 ?\s& five hundr$ ye>s ago !y ext5d$ m ?an #ce2 ?us br++ ! frigid zones 9 bo? cases #ab ne>] ! equator ?an n[4 ,?is1 he cont5ds1 w\ld h produc$ ! ,glacial p]iod at ! "t n[ m g5]ally assign$ to x by direct geological evid5ce4 ,footnote ,,dw3 ,untrodd5 ,gr\nd 9 ,a/ronomy & ,geology1 p4 #bf4 ,! difficulty ) ?is !ory1 ev5 if ! ma!matical calculations ^u :i* x is bas$ are correct1 w\ld be sub/antially ! same z ^? already urg$ aga9/ t ( ,mr4 ,croll4 ,x is specially difficult to see h[ ,g5]al ,drayson w\ld acc\nt = ! prolong$ temp]ate climate 9 high nor!rn latitudes dur+ ! l>g] "p ( ! ,t]ti>y epo*4 ,x w be be/ to turn aga9 to ! map to obs]ve ! possible effect ^u ! ,gulf ,/ream ( a geological ev5t ( :i* we h "s def9ite evid5ce1 & :i* is adduc$ by ,mr4 ,upham & o!rs z "o ( ! important probable causes ( ! ,glacial p]iod1 namely1 ! subsid5ce ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama & ! adjac5t n>r[ neck ( l& connect+ ,nor? ) ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x w be se5 at a glance t a subsid5ce suffici5t to all[ ! nor?we/ curr5t ( w>m wat]1 pu%$ by ! trade-w9ds along ! nor!a/ %ore ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 to pass into ! ,pacific ,ocean1 in/ead ( into ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 w\ld be a cause suffici5t to produce ! mo/ f>-rea*+ results2 x w\ld rob ! ,nor? ,atlantic ( ! imm5se am\nt ( heat & moi/ure n[ di/ribut$ ov] x by ! ,gulf ,/ream1 & w\ld add an equal am\nt to ! nor!rn ,pacific ,ocean1 & modify to an unkn[n ext5t ! di/ribution ( heat & moi/ure ov] ! l&s ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,! supposition t a subsid5ce ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama 0 among ! contribut+ causes ( ! ,glacial p]iod has be5 (t5 made1 b )\t any positive pro( ( su* subsid5ce4 ,f evid5ce :i* has rec5tly come to light1 h[ev]1 x is c]ta9 t !re has actually be5 consid]able subsid5ce !re 9 late ,t]ti>y if n 9 po/-,t]ti>y times4 ,?is evid5ce is furni%$ by ,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,maack & ,mr4 ,william ,m4 ,gabb 9 _! report to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t 9 #ahgd ^u ! explorations = a %ip-canal across ! i/hmus1 & consi/s ( num]\s fossils belong+ to exi/+ species :i* are f\nd at an elevation ( #aej feet above tide4 ,z ! divid+ ridge is m ?an #gjj feet above tide1 ?is does n positively prove ! po9t1 b s mu* demon/rat$ subsid5ce makes x easy to believe1 9 ! abs5ce ( contradictory evid5ce1 t !re 0 m1 & t ! i/hmus 0 suffici5tly subm]g$ to p]mit a consid]able portion ( ! w>m equatorial curr5t :i* n[ passes nor?w>d f ! ,c>ibbean ,sea & ! ,gulf ( ,mexico to pass into ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4--,map %[+ h[ ! l& clu/]s ab\t ! nor? pole4 ,an obvi\s objection to ! !ory ( a late ,t]ti>y or po/-,t]ti>y subsid5ce ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama pres5ts itself 9 ! fact t !re is at pres5t a complete div]sity ( species betwe5 ! fi% inhabit+ ! wat]s ^u ! diff]5t sides ( ! i/hmus4 ,if !re _h be5 su* a subsid5ce1 x seems natural to suppose t ,atlantic species w\ld h migrat$ to ! ,pacific side & obta9$ a p]man5t lodgm5t !re1 & t ,pacific species w\ld h f\nd a cong5ial home on ! ,atlantic side4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t ?is is a s]i\s !oretical difficulty1 b p]haps n insup]able4 ,= x is by no means c]ta9 t coloni/s f ! heat$ wat]s ( ! ,c>ibbean ,sea w\ld become s p]man5tly e/abli%$ ^u ! ,pacific side t !y c\ld ma9ta9 !mselves !re ^u ! re-e/abli%m5t ( =m] conditions4 ,on ! contr>y1 x seems reasonable to suppose t ^u ! re-elevation ( ! i/hmus ! nor!rn curr5ts1 :i* w\ld !n resume _! c\rse1 w\ld br+ back ) !m conditions unfav\rable to ! ,atlantic species1 & fav\rable to ! compet+ species :i* _h only tempor>ily )drawn f ! field1 & :i* might n[ be bett] fitt$ ?an ev] to r5ew ! /ruggle ) _! ,atlantic competitors4 ,x is by no means c]ta91 !re=e1 t ) ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ! =m] conditions !re w\ld n also be a re-e/abli%m5t ( ! =m] equation ( life ^u ! two sides ( ! i/hmus4 ,mr4 ,upham's !ory involves also ext5sive elevations ( l& 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,am]ica2 9 ?is respect agree+ ) ! op9ions e>ly express$ by ,pr(essors ,j4 ,d4 ,dana & ,j4 ,s4 ,newb]ry4 ,( ! positive indications ( su* nor?w>d elevations ( l& we h already spok5 :5 treat+ 9 a previ\s *apt] ( ! fiords & subm]g$ *annels :i* *>act]ise nor!rn ,europe & bo? ! ea/]n & ! we/]n coa/s ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,b 9 work+ out ! problem ! solution is only half rea*$ :5 we h got ! ,gulf ,/ream into ! ,pacific ,ocean1 & ! l& 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! cont95ts elevat$ to "s di/ance above its pres5t level4 ,!re is /ill ! difficulty ( gett+ ! moi/ure-lad5 curr5ts f ! ,pacific ,ocean to c>ry _! burd5s ov] ! cre/ ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada & ,rocky ,m\nta9s & to deposit !m 9 sn[ ^u ! ,laur5tian highl&s4 ,an +5i\s supplem5t to ! !ory1 !re=e1 has be5 br\ght =w>d by ,pr(essor ,c>p5t]1 :o sugge/s t ! imm5se ,t]ti>y & po/-,t]ti>y lava-fl[s :i* cov] s mu* ( ! area we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 7 ! cause ( ! accumulations ( sn[ :i* =m$ ! ,laur5tide ,glaci]4 ,?is /atem5t1 :i* at fir/ seems s p>adoxical z to be absurd1 appe>s less s ^u close exam9ation4 ,! ext5t ( ! outfl[s ( lava we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s is almo/ beyond compreh5sion4 ,lit]ally1 hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( squ>e miles h be5 cov]$ by !m to a dep? 9 _m places ( ?\s&s ( feet4 ,^! volcanic eruptions are mo/ly ( late date1 beg9n+ 9 ! middle ( ! ,t]ti>y & culm9at+ probably ab\t ! "t ( ! maximum ext5t ( ! ,laur5tide ,glaci]4 ,inde$1 s ne>ly contemporane\s 0 ! gr[? ( ! ,laur5tide ,glaci] ) ^! outfl[s t ,pr(essor ,alex&] ,w9*ell _h1 ) a good deal ( plausibility1 sugge/$ t ! outfl[s ( ! eruptions ( lava 7 caus$ by ! accumulation ( ice ov] ea/]n ,briti% ,am]ica4 ,8 !ory 0 t ! ?ree million cubic miles ( ice :i* is prov$ to h be5 ab/ract$ f ! ocean & pil$ up ov] t area 0 s s]i\s a di/urbance ( ! equilibrium ( ! e>?'s cru/ t x caus$ great fissures to be op5$ along ! l9es ( weakness we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & press$ ! liquid lava out1 z ! juice is press$ out ( an orange 9 "o place by press+ ^u ! r9d 9 ano!r4 ,pr(essor ,c>p5t]'s view is ! exact rev]se ( ,pr(essor ,w9*ell's4 ,go+ back to ^? orographic *anges :i* produc$ ! lava-fl[s & ! elevation ( ! nor!rn "p ( ,briti% ,am]ica1 he ?9ks ! problem ( gett+ ! moi/ure transf]r$ f ! ,pacific ,ocean to ! ,canadian highl&s is solv$ by ! lava-fl[s we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,?is imm5se exudation ( molt5 matt] 0 accompani$ by an enorm\s lib]ation ( heat1 :i* mu/ h produc$ significant *anges 9 ! meteorological conditions4 ,! moi/ure ( ! atmosph]e is precipitat$ by means ( ! cond5sation connect$ ) a l[]+ ( its temp]ature4 ,ord9>ily1 !re=e1 :5 moi/ w9ds f an oceanic area pass directly ov] a l(ty m\nta9-*a91 ! precipitation takes place imm$iately1 & ! wat] f9ds its way back by a %ort c\rse to ! sea4 ,?is is :at n[ actually occurs on ! ,pacific coa/4 ,! ,si]ra ,nevada cond5se ne>ly all ! moi/ure2 s t v little falls on ! va/ area ext5d+ f _! summits ea/w>d to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,all t region is n[ practically a des]t l&1 :]e ! evaporation exce$s ! precipitation4 ,9 ,pr(essor ,c>p5t]'s view ! heat radiat$ f ! fre%ly exud$ lava is suppos$ to h prev5t$ ! precipitation ne> ! coa/-l9e1 & to h help$ ! w9ds 9 c>ry+ x f>!r onw>d to ! nor!a/1 :]e x w\ld be cond5s$ ^u ! elevat$ highl&s1 ^u :i* ! sn[s ( ! great ,laur5tide ,glaci] 7 collect$4 ,x is n necess>y = u to attempt to measure ! am\nt ( tru? 9 ?is subsidi>y hypo!sis ( ,pr(essor ,c>p5t]1 b x illu/rates h[ complicat$ are ! conditions :i* h to be consid]$ be=e we re/ securely ^u any p>ticul> hypo!sis4 ,! unkn[n elem5ts ( ! problem are s num]\s1 & s f>-rea*+ 9 _! possible scope1 t a cauti\s attitude ( agno/icism1 ) respect to ! cause ( ! ,glacial p]iod1 is mo/ sci5tific & becom+4 ,/ill1 we are ready to g s f> z to say t ,mr4 ,upham's !ory comes ne>e/ to giv+ a satisfactory acc\nt ( all ! ph5om5a1 & x is to ?is t ,pr(essor ,joseph ,le ,conte gives 8 cauti\s approval4 ,summ>ily /at$1 ?is !ory is1 t ! passage f ! ,t]ti>y to ! ,quat]n>y or ,glacial p]iod 0 *>act]is$ by rem>kable oscillations ( l&-level1 & by correspond+ *anges ( climate1 & ( ice-accumulation 9 nor!rn regions2 t ! nor!rn elevation 0 connect$ ) subsid5ce 9 ! equatorial regions2 t ^! *anges ( l&-level 7 bo? initiat$ &1 9 ! ma91 cont9u$ by ! int]ior geological =ces ( ! globe2 b t ! v cont95tal elevation :i* ma9ly br\ght on ! ,glacial p]iod add$ at l5g?1 9 ! weight ( ! ice :i* accumulat$ ov] ! elevat$ region1 a new =ce to ha/5 & increase ! subsid5ce1 :i* w\ld h tak5 place 9 due "t 9 ! natural progress ( ! orographic oscillations already begun4 ,pr(essor ,le ,conte illu/rates ! subject by ! foll[+ diagram1 :i*1 = simplicity's sake1 treats ! ,glacial epo* z "o2 ! horizontal l9e1 ,a ,b1 repres5ts "t f ! lat] ,plioc5e until n[2 b x also repres5ts ! pres5t condition ( ?+s bo? z to l&-level & z to ice-accumulation4 ,! full l9e1 c d e1 repres5ts ! oscillations ( l& 7& presumably ( temp]ature7 above & bel[ ! pres5t condition4 ,! brok5 l9e repres5ts ! rise1 culm9ation1 & decl9e ( ice-accumulation4 ,! dott$ l9e repres5ts ! cru/-movem5t z x w\ld h be5 if !re _h be5 no ice-accumulation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,succession ( ,epo*s1 ,glacial & ,fluvial ,deposits1 & ,ea/]n ,prov9ces & ,middle & ,s\!rn ,epo*s4 ,new ,engl&4 ,atlantic ,/ates4 ,rec5t or ,rise ( ! l& to its ,cont9u$ subsid5ce ( ,t]race4 pres5t height1 or coa/ at ,new ,york & 7,mo/ly )9 some:at high]1 soon s\?w>d1 & rise ( ! p]iod ( aft] ! dep>ture ( ! m\nta9\s belt1 by traditional ! ice4 ,riv]s erod+ displacem5t along ! & writt5 _! glacial fall l9e ( ! riv]s4 hi/ory47 flood-pla9s1 leav+ ,mu* erosion ( ! remnants z t]races4 ,columbia =mation s9ce ,w>m] climate ?an n[1 culm9ation ( second probably due to great] ,glacial epo*2 ,gulf ,/ream1 =m]ly s$im5tation 9 bays1 p]mitt$ s\!rn s\nds1 & e/u>ies4 mollusks to ext5d to ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 n[ repres5t$ by isolat$ colonies4 ,glacial ,p]iod ( ,ice ,age4 ,plei/oc5e ,p]iod4 ,*ampla94 ,l& depress$ "u ,less subsid5ce 9 ice-weight2 glacial latitude ( ,new ,york & 7,close ( ! recession2 cont9u$ s\?w>d ?an at nor?2 second ,glacial deposition ( upp] till l[] ,hudson ,valley1 & epo*47 & deep flood-pla9s ( "p ( its pres5t gravel1 s& & clay subm>9e cont9uation1 7modifi$ drift74 above sea-level4 ,gravel ,t]m9al mora9es m>k+ & s& deposits f pauses or readvance englacial drift 9 dur+ g5]al retreat ( ,delaw>e & ,susquehanna ice4 ,m>9e subm]g5ce4 ,valleys1 inclos+ #aej to #bcj feet on coa/ abundant human implem5ts ( ,ma9e1 to #ebj feet 9 at ,tr5ton1 ,n4,j4 ,gulf & valley ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,second ,glacial4 ,second great uplift ( ,r5ewal ( great ! l&1 #c4jjj to #d1jjj cont95tal elevation feet high] ?an n[2 7#c4jjj feet 9 latitude sn[-fall aga9 all ! ( ,new ,york & ye>2 ice probably two ,philadelphia71 ( miles ?ick on ,laur5tide excessive sn[-fall & highl&s1 & ext5d+ ra9s1 & ( wide-spread some:at f>!r s\? fluvial deposits1 ! "h ?an 9 fir/ ,columbia =mation1 on glaciation4 ,l[] till ! coa/al pla91 dur+ 7gr\nd mora9e71 & e>ly "p ( ?is epo*4 upp] till 7englacial ,implem5ts ( man at drift74 ,t]m9al ,claymont1 ,del4 mora9es1 kames1 os>s1 valley drift4 ,int]-glacial4 ,ice-%eet melt$ "h2 ,depression1 b g5]ally probably n m ice 9 n to ! pres5t level4 7,longe/ epo* arctic regions ?an n[4 ,deep *annels cut 9 ! ( ?is era47 b$-rocks by ! ,fluvial & lacu/r9e ,delaw>e1 ,susquehanna1 deposits ( ?is "t1 ,potomac1 & o!r ) ^? ( ! fir/ riv]s4 ,! ,appomattox ,glacial epo*1 7 deposits mu* erod$4 erod$ by ! second glaciation4 ,relative l5g? ( ?is epo* made kn[n by ,mc,gee f /udy ( ?is region4 ,fir/ ,glacial4 ,begun by high cont95tal ,cont95tal elevation2 uplift1 cool climate & erosion ( ,delaw>e & sn[-fall ?r\gh\t ! ,*esapeake ,bays1 & ( ye>1 produc+ ,albem>le & ,pamlico ice-%eet4 ,mu* glacial ,s\nds4 ,pl5tiful erosion & sn[-fall on ! s\!rn transportation2 till & ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s2 /ratifi$ deposits4 sn[s melt$ 9 summ]1 ,end$ by depression ( & heavy ra9s1 l&2 return ( w>m produc+ broad climate1 ) ra92 f9al riv]-floods1 ) melt+ ( ! ice4 deposition ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama ,appomattox =mation4 probably subm]g$ 7,gulf ,/ream small]71 & aga9 9 second ,glacial epo*4 ,*anges 9 ,altitude & ,climate1 dur+ ! ,quat]n>y ,era4 ,mississippi ,bas9 & ,cordill]an ,region4 ,europe & ,asia4 nor?w>d4 ,t]rac+ ( riv] ,includ+ a /age ( ,erosion & t]rac+ valleys4 ,nor?w>d rise consid]able uplift1 ( /ratifi$ drift 9 ( area ( ,lake ,agassiz ) return ( humid riv] valleys4 ,l& ne>ly complete be=e conditions1 ,alp9e passage ( ,european ! ice 0 melt$ on glaciation 7?ird flora to ,gre5l&2 ! c\ntry cross$ by ,glacial epo*71 & succe$$ by subsid5ce ,nelson ,riv]2 b rise ! second great rise !re1 admitt+ w>m ab\t ,hudson ,bay is /ill ( ,lakes ,bonneville curr5ts to ,arctic ,sea4 go+ on2 #g1jjj to #h1jjj & ,lahontan4 ,v ,m9or climatic *anges1 ye>s s9ce ice-melt+ rec5t subsid5ce includ+ a w>m] uncov]$ ,niag>a & & *ange to pres5t /age ?an n[4 ,upp] falls ( ,/4 ,an?ony4 aridity4 & out] portions ( ,indo-,gangetic alluvial pla92 ext5sive deposits ( ,hwang ,ho1 & de/ructive *anges ( its c\rse4 ,abundant deposition ( ,depression probably ,f9al dep>ture ( ! englacial drift4 ,/one almo/ to ! pres5t ice-%eets2 glacial implem5ts 9 riv] level4 ,re/oration ( riv]s =m+ esk]s gravels ( ,ohio1 ,ind41 arid climate2 ne>ly or & kames4 ,loess & ,m9n4 ,laur5tian q complete deposit$ :ile ! lakes held at high] evaporation ( ,lakes region ( ! ,alps 0 levels1 & ,lake ,bonneville & ,lahontan4depress$ l[] ?an ,agassiz =m$ 9 ,r$ ,=mation ( ! adoben[4 ,upp] 7englacial7 ,riv] bas91 by cont9u+ ?r\gh ! till1 & as>1 ( b>ri] ( retreat+ second ,glacial1 ,sw$54 ,m>9e ice1 ) outlets ov] ,*ampla91 & ,rec5t subm]g5ce #ejj to #fjj l[e/ po9ts ( _! epo*s4 feet 9 ,scotl&1 pres5t s\!rn ,sc&9avia1 & wat]-%$4 ,m>9e ,spitzb]g54 subm]g5ce #cjj to #ejj feet on s\?we/ side ( ,hudson ,bay4 ,ice-%eet "h less ,probable uplift #c1j ,second elevation & ext5sive ?an 9 ! feet1 %[n by g5]al glaciation ( fir/ ,glacial epo*1 & subm]g$ valleys ne> nor?we/]n ,europe2 n g5]ally bord]$ ,cape ,m5doc9o4 ,second ! ice-%eets ( ,great z !n by lakes 9 ice-%eet on ,briti% ,brita9 probably m valleys :i* n[ dra9 ,columbia & ,vanc\v] ext5sive ?an 9 fir/ s\?w>d4 ,isl&2 local ,glacial epo*4 glaciation ( ,rocky ,oscillations ( ,t]m9al mora9es at ,m\nta9s1 ,cascade & ice-front2 ,briti% extreme limit ( ! ,si]ra range1 ,nevada1 ,l[] & ,upp] ice-advance1 & at t5 s\? to latitude #cg4 ! ,*alky1 ,purple1 & or m /ages ( halt or ,fir/ great rise ( b[ld]-clays1 ,hessle readvance 9 its retreat4 ,lakes ,bonneville b[ld]-clays4 ,t]m9al & ,lahontan4 mora9es 9 ,g]many4 ,depression ne>ly to ,cont95tal depression4 ,recession1 or probably pres5t level s\?w>d2 ,arid climate4 ,long- complete dep>ture1 ( m nor?w>d1 b cont9u$ d5udation ( ! ice-%eets4 foll[$ !re1 by ! m\nta9s3 diff]5tial uplift ( result+ v ?ick ,l& connection betwe5 #hjj or #a1jjj feet4 subarial deposits ( ,europe & ,africa1 ,great erosion ( loess ! adobe4 p]mitt+ s\!rn & o!r modifi$ animals to ext5d f> drift1 & ( ,orange ,int]mitt5t volcanic nor?w>d4 ,s&4 ,valleys ( ?is action 9 v>i\s p>ts epo*1 p>tly fill$ ( ?is region1 ,erosion ( ! ,somme ) lat] till1 are ?r\gh\t ! ,valley bel[ its olde/ m>k$ by *a9s ( ,quat]n>y era to v implem5t-be>+ lakes 9 s\!rn rec5t times1 & gravels4 ,m9nesota4 liable to break =? aga94 ,plioc5e elevation ( ,late/ rise 7#c4jjj ,uplift & glaciation cont95t br\ght to feet7 ( ! ,colorado ( nor?we/]n ,europe3 culm9ation at ,caon di/rict4 ,si]ra maximum elevation4 beg9n+ ( ,nevada & o!r ,great #b1ejj feet or m ,quat]n>y era2 ?is ,bas9 m\nta9-ranges 7dep? ( ! ,skag] :ole bas9 probably =m$ by imm5se ,rack72 ,france & !n uplift$ #c4jjj uplifts1 ) fault+4 ,brita9 unit$ ) ! feet2 excessive ,cali=nia riv]- ,fre ,isl&s1 ,icel&1 sn[-fall & ra92 c\rses *ang$2 human & ,gre5l&4 ,uplifts deposition ( ! bones & implem5ts 9 ( ! ,himalayas & ,orange ,s&4 ,ice- ! old riv] gravels1 o!r m\nta9-ranges %eet s\? to lava-cov]$4 ,ice-%eet att5dant on bo? ,c9c9nati & ,/4 on ,briti% ,columbia2 ,glacial epo*s4 ,l\is1 at l5g? local glaci]s depress+ ! e>?'s s\?w>d4 cru/ b5ea? x2 slack5$ riv] floods & %all[ lakes1 =m+ ! loess4 ,x is se5 f ! diagram t ! ice-accumulation culm9at$ at a "t :5 ! l&1 "u ! pressure ( ! ice-load1 _h already comm5c$ to subside2 & t ! subsid5ce 0 greate/ at a "t :5 ! pressure _h already begun to dim9i%4 ,b ! fact t ! l&1 aft] ! removal ( ! ice-load1 did n return aga9 to its =m] height 9 ! ,plioc5e1 is pro( positive t !re 7 o!r & m fundam5tal causes ( cru/-movem5t at "w besides weight+ & light5+4 ,! l& did n aga9 return to its =m] level because ! cycle ( elevation1 :atev] its cause1 :i* comm5c$ 9 ! ,plioc5e & culm9at$ 9 ! e>ly ,quat]n>y1 _h exhau/$ itself4 ,if x _h n be5 = ! ice-load int]f]+ ) & modify+ ! natural c\rse ( ! cru/-movem5t det]m9$ previ\sly & prim>ily by o!r & probably int]nal causes1 ! latt] w\ld probably h tak5 ! c\rse repres5t$ by ! dott$ l9e4 ,x w\ld h ris5 high] & culm9at$ lat]1 & its curve w\ld h be5 ( simpl] =m4 ,we app5d a c>efully prep>$ table by ,mr4 ,w>r5 ,upham1 %[+ ! probable *anges 9 altitude & climate dur+ ! ,quat]n>y era4,,dx ,footnote ,,dx3 ,on page #ajf & sequel ,i h summ>is$ ! reasons :i* lead me to disc>d ! ,int]-,glacial epo*1 & to look ^u ! :ole ,glacial p]iod z con/itut+ a gr& unity ) m9or episodes4 ,x does n yet seem to me t ! duality ( ! p]iod is prov$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,mr4 ,k5dall's *apt] on ! ,glacial ph5om5a ( ,great ,brita9 /rongly confirms my view4 ,on ! "p ( _m ! !ory "h provisionally adopt$ w be reg>d$ ) disfav\r by reason ( a dis9cl9ation to suppos+ any great rec5t *anges ( level 9 ! cont95tal areas4 ,s firmly e/abli%$ d ! cont95ts appe> to be1 t x seems l invok+ an inord9ate display ( p[] to h !m exalt$ = ! sake ( produc+ a ,glacial p]iod4 ,due reflection1 h[ev]1 w make x evid5t t )9 c]ta9 limits ! cont95ts are exce$+ly un/able1 & t !y h display$ ?is in/ability to z great an ext5t 9 rec5t geological times z !y h done 9 any previ\s geological p]iods4 ,:5 "o reflects1 also1 ^u ! size ( ! e>?1 a cont95tal elevation ( #c1jjj or #d1jjj feet ^u a globe ^: diamet] is m ?an #dj1jjj1jjj feet is an insignificant trifle4 ,on a globe "o foot 9 diamet] x w\ld be repres5t$ by a protub]ance ( b>ely "o ?\s&? ( an in*4 ,a correspond+ wr9kle ^u a l>ge apple w\ld require a magnify+-glass = its detection4 ,moreov]1 ! activity ( exi/+ volcanoes1 ! imm5se outfl[s ( lava :i* h tak5 place 9 ! lat] geological p]iods1 toge!r ) ! uni=m increase ( heat z we p5etrate to deep] /rata 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>?--all po9t to a condition ( ! e>?'s int]ior t w\ld make ! elevations ( l& :i* we h invok$ = ! production ( ! ,glacial p]iod easily cr$ible4 ,physici/s d n1 inde$1 n[ hold to ! entire fluidity ( ! e>?'s int]ior1 b r to a solid c5tre1 :]e gravity ov]comes ! expansive p[] ( heat1 & ma9ta9s solidity ev5 :5 ! heat is int5se4 ,b betwe5 ! cool+ cru/ ( ! e>?'s ext]ior & a c5tral solid core !re is n[ believ$ to be a film :]e ! influ5ces ( heat & ( ! pressure ( gravity are approximately balanc$1 & ! space is occupi$ by a half-melt$ or visc\s magma1 capable ( yield+ to a sl[ pressure1 & ( mov+ 9 response to x f "o portion ( ! enclos$ space to ano!r :]e ! pressure is = any cause reliev$4 ,z a result ( prolong$ enquiries respect+ ! nature ( ! =ces at "w bo? 9 ! int]ior & ^u ! ext]ior ( ! e>?1 & ( a c>eful /udy ( ! successive *anges m>k+ ! geological p]iod1 we are l$ to believe t ! cont95tal elevations necess>y to produce ! ph5om5a ( ! ,glacial p]iod are n only entirely possible b easily cr$ible1 & 9 analogy ) ! natural progress ( geological hi/ory4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is easy to see t two causes are 9 op]ation to produce a contraction ( ! e>?'s volume & a %ort5+ ( its diamet]4 ,heat is con/antly be+ ab/ract$ f ! e>? by conduction & radiation1 b p]haps to a great] ext5t ?r\gh ceaseless volcanic eruptions :i* at times are ( enorm\s ext5t4 ,x requires b a mom5t's ?\ght to see t contraction ( ! volume ( ! e>?'s int]ior means t ! h>d5$ ext]ior cru/ mu/ adju/ itself by wr9kles & folds4 ,= a long p]iod ?is adju/m5t might %[ itself pr9cipally 9 g5tle swells1 lift+ portions ( ! cont95ts to a high] level1 accompani$ by correspond+ subsid5ce 9 o!r places4 ,?is gradually accumulat+ /ra9 w\ld at l5g? be reliev$ along "s l9e ( special weakness 9 ! cru/ by t fold+ process :i* has pu%$ up ! great m\nta9 sy/ems ( ! _w4 ,c>eful /udy ( ! pr9cipal m\nta9 sy/ems %[s t all ! highe/ ( !m are ( late geological orig94 ,inde$1 ! latt] "p ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod has be5 ! great m\nta9-build+ epo* 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory4 ,! pr9cipal "p ( ! elevation ( ! ,&es & ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s has tak5 place s9ce ! middle ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod4 ,9 ,europe !re is indubitable evid5ce t ! ,pyr5ees h be5 elevat$ elev5 ?\s& feet dur+ ! same p]iod1 & t ! we/]n ,alps h be5 elevat$ ?irte5 ?\s& feet 9 ! same "t4 ,! ,c>pa?ians1 ! we/]n ,caucasus1 & ! ,himalayas likewise be> explicit evid5ce to ! fact t a v consid]able portion ( _! elevation1 am\nt+ to _m ?\s& feet1 has be5 effect$ s9ce ! middle ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 :ile a consid]able portion ( ?is elevation ( ! *iefe/ m\nta9 sy/ems ( ! _w has occurr$ 9 :at w\ld be call$ po/-,t]ti>y "t--t is1 has be5 co9cid5t ) a portion ( ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,! ,glacial p]iod1 h[ev]1 we suppose to h be5 br\ght ab\t1 n by ! specific plications 9 ! e>?'s cru/ :i* h produc$ ! m\nta9-*a9s1 b by ! g5tl] swells ( l>g] cont95tal areas ^: /ra9 0 at la/ reliev$ by ! fold+ & ma%+ toge!r ( ! /rata along ! l9es ( weakness n[ occupi$ by ! m\nta9 sy/ems4 ,! =mation ( ! m\nta9s seems to h reliev$ ! accumulat+ /ra9 connect$ ) ! cont95tal elevations1 & to h br\ght ab\t a subsequ5t subsid5ce4 ,d\btless1 also1 correlat$ subsid5ces & elevations ( ! e>?'s cru/ h be5 aid$ by ! transf] ( ! s$im5t f cont95tal to oceanic areas1 &1 z already sugge/$1 dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod by ! transf] ( wat] evaporat$ f ! surface ( ! ocean to ! ice-fields ( ! glaciat$ area4 ,= example1 pres5t erosive ag5cies are l[]+ ! level ( ! :ole ,mississippi bas9 f ! ,alleghanies to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s at ! rate ( a foot 9 five ?\s& ye>s4 ,all ?is s$im5t remov$ is be+ transf]r$ to ! ocean-b$4 ,pres5t ag5cies1 !re=e1 if n c\nt]act$1 w\ld remove ! :ole cont95t ( ,am]ica 7^: av]age elevation above ! sea is only #gdh feet7 9 less ?an f\r million ye>s2 :ile ! great riv]s :i* desc5d 9 all directions f ! c5tral plateau ( ,asia are transf]r+ s$im5t to ! ocean f two to f\r times z fa/ z ! ,mississippi is1 & ! ,po is transf]r+ x f ! ,alps to ! ,adriatic fully sev5 times z fa/ z ! ,mississippi is f its bas9 to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,?is rapid transf] ( s$im5t f ! cont95ts to ! ocean is produc+ effects 9 di/urb+ ! pres5t equilibrium ( ! e>?'s cru/1 :i* are too complicat$ = u fully to calculate2 b x is by no means improbable t :5 accumulat+ = a consid]able l5g? ( "t1 ! ultimate results may be v m>k$ & p]haps sudd5 9 _! appe>ance4 ,! same may also be said ( ! accumulation ( ice dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,! glaciat$ areas ( ,nor? ,am]ica & ,europe comb9$ comprise ab\t six million squ>e miles4 ,at a mod]ate e/imate1 ! ice 0 ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile deep4 ,"h1 !re=e1 !re w\ld be betwe5 f\r & five million cubic miles ( wat]1 :i* _h fir/ reliev$ ! ocean-b$s ( ! pressure ( its weight1 & !n conc5trat$ its =ce ov] ! elevat$ areas ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,?is di/urbance ( ! equilibrium1 by ! kn[n transf] ( =ce f "o "p ( ! e>?'s cru/ to ano!r1 c]ta9ly gives mu* plausibility to ! !ory ( ,jamieson1 ,w9*ell1 ,le ,conte1 & ,upham1 t ! ,glacial p]iod p>tly conta9$ 9 itself its own cure1 & by ! weight ( its accumulat$ weight ( ice help$ to produce t depression ov] ! glaciat$ area :i* at l5g? r5d]$ ! accumulation ( ice !re impossible4 ,?is g5]al view ( ! kn[n causes 9 op]ation dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod w g f> t[>ds answ]+ an objection t has probably be=e ?is pres5t$ itself to ! read]'s m9d4 ,x seems cle> t ! ,glacial p]iod 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e has be5 ne>ly contemporane\s ) t ( ! nor!rn4 ,! ,glacial p]iod prop] ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e is long s9ce pass$4 ,! exi/+ glaci]s ( ,new ,zeal&1 ( ! s\!rn portion ( ! ,&es ,m\nta9s1 & ( ! ,himalaya ,m\nta9s are b remnants ( ^? ( =m] days4 ,9 ! light ( ! consid]ations j pres5t$1 x w\ld n seem improbable t ! same causes %\ld produce ^! simil> effects 9 ! nor!rn & ! s\!rn hemisph]e contemporane\sly4 ,at any rate1 x w\ld n seem altoge!r unlikely t ! pressure ( ice dur+ ! climax ( ! ,glacial p]iod ^u ! nor!rn hemisph]e 7:i*1 z we h se51 !re is reason to believe aid$ 9 ! depression ( ! cont95t to bel[ its pres5t level 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ,glacial p]iod7 %\ld h contribut$ t[>ds ! elevation ( m\nta9s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 & s to ! tempor>y enl>gem5t ( ! glaci]s ab\t _! summits4 ,nor are we :olly )\t evid5ce t ^! readju/m5ts ( l&-level :i* h be5 c>ri$ on s ,vigor\sly s9ce ! middle ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod are /ill go+ on ) consid]able ?\gh d\btless ) dim9i%$ rapidity4 ,!re has be5 a re-elevation ( ! l& 9 ,nor? ,am]ica s9ce ! ,glacial p]iod am\nt+ to #bcj feet ^u ! coa/ ( ,ma9e1 #ejj feet 9 ! vic9ity ( ,montreal1 f #a1jjj to #a1fjj feet 9 ! extreme nor!rn "p ( ! cont95t1 & 9 ,sc&9avia to ! ext5t ( #fjj feet4 ,9 portions ( ,sc&9avia ! l& is n[ ris+ at ! rate ( ?ree feet 9 a c5tury4 ,o!r indications ( ev5 ! pres5t in/ability ( ! e>?'s surface occur 9 numb]s too num]\s to m5tion4,,dy ,footnote ,,dy3 ,= a conv9c+ pres5tation ( ! views "h outl9$1 toge!r ) abundant ref]5ces to lit]ature1 see ,mr4 ,w>r5 ,upham's ,app5dix to ! au?or's ,ice ,age 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,b1 :ile we are increas+ly confid5t t ! ma9 causes ( ! ,glacial p]iod h be5 *anges 9 ! relative relation ( l&-levels connect$ ) div]sion ( oceanic curr5ts1 x is by no means impossible1 z ,wallace,,dz & o!rs h sugge/$1 t ^! 7 comb9$ ) ! a/ronomical causes urg$ by ,drs4 ,croll & ,geikie4 ,by "s ?is comb9ation is ?\ght to be ! m probable1 because ( ! extreme rec5tness ( ! close ( ! ,glacial p]iod1 z %[n by ! evid5ce :i* w be pres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,! cont9uance ( glaci]s 9 ! highl&s ( ,canada1 d[n to )9 a few ?\s& ye>s ( ! pres5t "t1 co9cides 9 a rem>kable mann] ) ! la/ occurr5ce ( ! conditions fav\rable to glaciation ^u ,mr4 ,croll's !ory1 :i* took place ab\t elev5 ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,footnote ,,dz3 ,see ,isl& ,life1 *apt]s viii & ix4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,date ,,( ,,! ,,glacial ,,p]iod4 ,9 approa*+ ! subject ( glacial *ronology1 we are compell$ to recognise at ! outset ! approximate "* ( all our calculations4 ,/ill1 we %all f9d t !re are pretty well-def9$ limits ( "t beyond :i* x is n reasonable to place ! date ( ! close ( ! ,glacial p]iod2 &1 :]e exact figures _c be det]m9$1 x may yet be ( great int]e/ & importance to "k some?+ ne> ! limits )9 :i* our speculations mu/ range4 ,= _m ye>s pa/ ,mr4 ,croll's a/ronomical !ory z to ! cause ( ! ,glacial p]iod has be5 consid]$ 9 c]ta9 circles z s ne>ly e/abli%$ t x has be5 adopt$ by !m z a *ronological table 9 :i* to ins]t a s]ies ( suppos$ successive ,glacial epo*s :i* are ?\ght to h *>act]is$ n m]ely ! ,quat]n>y epo* b all prec$+ geological eras4 ,:at we h already said1 h[ev]1 respect+ ! weakness ( ,mr4 ,croll's !ory is probably suffici5t to discr$it x z a *ronological app>atus4 ,we w !re=e turn imm$iately to ! m tangible evid5ces be>+ ^u ! subject4 ,! data directly relat+ to ! l5g? ( "t :i* sep>ates ! pres5t f ! ,glacial p]iod are ma9ly connect$ ) two classes ( facts3 #a4 ,! am\nt ( erosion :i* has be5 accompli%$ by ! riv] sy/ems s9ce ! ,glacial p]iod2 & #b4 ,! am\nt ( s$im5tation :i* has tak5 place 9 lakes & kettle-holes4 ,we w consid] fir/ ! evid5ce f erosion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4--;,diagram ( ecc5tricity & precession3 ,abscissa repres5ts "t & ord9ates1 degrees ( ecc5tricity & also ( cold4 ,! d>k & light %ades %[ ! w>m] & cold] w9t]s1 & !re=e indicate ea* #aj1ejj ye>s1 ! :ole repres5t+ a p]iod ( #cjj1jjj ye>s4 ,! gorge bel[ ,niag>a ,falls af=ds an important *ronomet] = measur+ ! "t :i* has elaps$ s9ce a c]ta9 /age 9 ! recession ( ! great ,nor? ,am]ican ice-%eet4 ,z already %[n1 ! pres5t ,niag>a ,riv] is purely a po/-glacial l9e ( dra9age2,,ea ! preglacial outlet to ,lake ,erie hav+ be5 fill$ up by glacial deposits1 s t1 on ! recession ( ! ice1 ! l[e/ level betwe5 ,lake ,erie & ,lake ,ont>io 0 9 ! l9e ( ! tr\gh ( ! pres5t outlet4 ,b1 f :at has already be5 said1 x also appe>s t ! ,niag>a ,riv] did n beg9 to fl[ until consid]ably aft] ! ice-front _h )drawn f ! esc>pm5t at ,que5/on1 :]e ! riv] n[ em]ges f its caon to ! l[ %elf :i* bord]s ,lake ,ont>io4 ,= a consid]able p]iod aft]w>ds ! ice cont9u$ to block up ! ea/]ly & nor!rly outlets ?r\gh ! valleys ( ! ,mohawk & ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 & held ! wat] 9 front ( ! ice up to ! level ( ! passes lead+ into ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,niag>a ,riv]1 ( c\rse1 0 n born until ^! ice-b>ri]s on ! ea/ & nor!a/ melt$ away suffici5tly to all[ ! dra9age to take its natural c\rse4 ,footnote ,,ea3 ,see above1 p4 #bjj et seq4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4--,map ( ! ,niag>a ,riv] bel[ ! falls1 %[+ ! buri$ *annel f ! :irlpool to ,/4 ,davids4 ,small /reams1 a1 b1 c1 fall into ! ma9 gorge ov] a rocky esc>pm5t4 ,no rock appe>s 9 ! *annel at d1 b ! rocky esc>pm5t reappe>s at e4 ,( ^! b>ri]s1 t across ! ,mohawk ,valley d\btless gave way fir/4 ,?is w\ld all[ ! conflu5t wat]s ( ?is great glacial lake to fall d[n to ! level ( ! old outlet f ! bas9 ( ,lake ,ont>io into ! ,mohawk ,valley1 9 ! vic9ity ( ,home1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! mom5t1 h[ev]1 t ! wat] _h fall5 to ?is level1 ! plung+ torr5ts ( ,niag>a w\ld beg9 _! "w2 & ! gorge ext5d+ f ,que5/on up to ! pres5t falls is ! "w done by ?is great riv] s9ce t po9t ( "t 9 ! ,glacial p]iod :5 ! ice-b>ri] across ! ,mohawk ,valley broke away4 ,! problem is !re=e a simple "o4 ,consid]+ ! l5g? ( ?is gorge z ! divid5d1 ! object is to f9d ! rate ( annual recession2 ?is w be ! divisor4 ,! quoti5t w be ! numb] ( ye>s :i* h elaps$ s9ce ! ice fir/ melt$ away f ! ,mohawk ,valley4 ,we are fav\r$ 9 our calculation by ! simplicity ( ! geologic arrangem5t4 ,! /rata at ,niag>a dip slightly to ! s\?1 b n en\gh to make any s]i\s di/urbance 9 ! problem4 ,t at ! surface1 ov] :i* ! wat] n[ plunges1 consi/s ( h>d lime/one1 sev5ty or eighty feet 9 ?ickness1 & ?is is cont9u\s f ! falls to ! face ( ! esc>pm5t at ,que5/on1 :]e ! riv] em]ges f ! gorge4 ,imm$iately und]nea? ?is h>d sup]ficial /ratum !re is a /ratum ( s(t rock1 ( ab\t ! same ?ickness1 :i* dis9tegrates readily4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! plung+ wat] cont9ually und]m9es ! h>d /ratum at ! surface1 & prep>es ! way = x to fall d[n1 f "t to "t1 9 huge blocks1 :i* are1 9 turn1 gr\nd to p[d] by ! con/ant commotion 9 :i* !y are kept1 & ?us ! *annel is cle>$ ( dbris4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4--,section ( /rata along ! ,niag>a gorge f ! falls to ! lake3 #a1 #c1 /rata ( h>d rock2 #b1 #d1 ( s(t rock4 ,bel[ ^! two ma9 /rata !re is consid]able v>iation 9 ! h>dness ( ! rock1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ diagram1 :]e #c & #e are h>d /rata sep>at$ by a s(t /ratum4 ,9 view ( ?is fact x seems probable t1 = a consid]able p]iod 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! recession1 in/ead ( !re be+ simply "o1 !re 0 a succession ( cat>acts1 z ! wat] unequally wore back ?r\gh ! h>d] /rata1 numb]$ #e1 #c1 & #a2 b1 aft] hav+ rec$$ half ! di/ance1 ^! w\ld cease to be di/urb+ influ5ces1 & ! problem is ?us really ! simple "o ( ! recession ?r\gh ! /rata numb]$ #a & #b1 :i* are cont9u\s4 ,s uni=m 9 consi/5cy are ^! ?r\gh\t ! :ole di/ance1 t ! rate ( recession c\ld nev] h be5 less ?an x is n[4 ,we come1 !re=e1 to ! "q ( ! rapidity ) :i* ! falls are n[ rec$+4 ,9 #ahda ,sir ,*>les ,lyell & ,pr(essor ,james ,hall 7! ,/ate ,geologi/ ( ,new ,york7 visit$ ! falls toge!r1 & e/imat$ t ! rate ( recession c\ld n be great] ?an "o foot a ye>1 :i* w\ld make ! "t requir$ ab\t ?irty-five ?\s& ye>s4 ,b ,lyell ?\ght ?is rate 0 probably ?ree times too l>ge2 s t he fav\r$ ext5d+ ! "t to "o hundr$ ?\s& ye>s4 ,be=e ?is ! em95t ,fr5* geologi/ ,desor _h e/imat$ t ! recession c\ld n h be5 m ?an a foot 9 a c5tury1 :i* w\ld ?r[ ! beg9n+ ( ! gorge back m ?an ?ree million ye>s4 ,b ^! 7 m]e guesses ( em95t m51 bas$ on no well-asc]ta9$ facts2 :ile ,mr4 ,bakewell1 an em95t ,engli% geologi/1 tru/+ to ! data furni%$ him by ! guides & ! old resid5ts ( ,niag>a1 _h1 ev5 !n1 e/imat$ t ! rate ( recession 0 z mu* z ?ree feet a ye>1 :i* w\ld r$uce ! :ole "t requir$ to ab\t t5 ?\s& ye>s4 ,b ! visit ( ,lyell & ,hall 9 #ahda l$ to ! beg9n+ ( m accurate calculations4 ,pr(essor ,hall soon aft] _h a trigonometrical survey ( ! falls made1 f :i* a map 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,/ate geological report4 ,f ?is & f ! monum5ts erect$1 we h _h s9ce t "t a basis ( comp>ison 9 :i* we c\ld place absolute confid5ce4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ?ree surveys h be5 made3 ! fir/ by ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,geologi/s1 9 #ahge2 & ! ?ird by ,mr4 ,r4 ,s4 ,woodw>d1 ! ma!matician ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 9 #ahhf4 ,! accompany+ map %[s ! outl9es ( ! falls at ! "t ( ^! ?ree measurem5ts1 f #ahdb to #ahhf4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,woodw>d1 ! l5g? ( ! front ( ! ,horse%oe ,fall is tw5ty-?ree hundr$ feet4 ,betwe5 #ahdb & #ahge f\r & a qu>t] acres ( rock 7 worn away by ! recession ( ! falls4 ,betwe5 #ahge & #ahhf a little ov] "o acre & a ?ird disappe>$ 9 a simil> mann]1 mak+ 9 all1 f #ahdb to #ahhf1 ab\t five & a half acres remov$1 & giv+ an annual rate ( recession ( ab\t two feet & a half p] ye> = ! la/ =ty-five ye>s4 ,b 9 ! c5tral p>ts ( ! curve1 :]e ! wat] is deepe/1 ! ,horse%oe ,fall retreat$ betwe5 two hundr$ & two hundr$ & sev5ty-five feet 9 ! elev5 ye>s betwe5 #ahge & #ahhf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4--,map %[+ ! recession ( ! ,horse%oe ,falls s9ce #ahdb1 z by survey m5tion$ 9 ! text 7,pohlman74 7by c\rtesy ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s47 ,x w be p]ceiv$ t ! recession 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,horse%oe is v mu* m rapid ?an t ne>] ! m>g92 yet ?is rate at ! c5tre is m ne>ly ! /&>d ( calculation ?an is t ne> ! m>g91 = ! gorge con/antly t5ds to enl>ge itself bel[ ! falls1 & s gradually to br+ itself into l9e ) ! full-=m$ *annel4 ,tak+ all ?+s into acc\nt1 ,mr4 ,woodw>d & ! o!r memb]s ( ! ,geological ,survey ?\ght x n improbable t ! av]age rate ( actual recession 9 ! ,horse%oe ,fall 0 z great z five feet p] annum2 & t1 if we c rely ^u ! uni=mity ( ! conditions 9 ! pa/1 sev5 ?\s& ye>s is z long a p]iod z c be assign$ to its comm5cem5t4 ,! only condition 9 ! problem ab\t :i* !re c be mu* *ance ( "q relates to ! con/ancy ( ! volume ( wat] fl[+ 9 ! ,niag>a *annel4 ,mr4 ,gilb]t _h sugge/$ t1 z a consequ5ce ( ! subsid5ce connect$ ) ! clos+ portions ( ! ,glacial p]iod1 ! wat] ( ! ,great ,lakes may h be5 l>gely div]t$ f its pres5t outlet 9 ,niag>a ,riv] & turn$ nor!a/w>d1 ?r\gh ,georgian ,bay1 ,fr5* ,riv]1 & ,lake ,nipiss+1 into a tribut>y ( ! ,ottawa ,riv]1 & s c>ri$ into ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce bel[ ,lake ,ont>io4 ,( ?is !ory !re is also mu* direct evid5ce4 ,a well-def9$ %ore l9e ( r\nd$ pebbles ext5ds1 at an elevation ( ab\t fifty feet1 across ! col f ,lake ,nipiss+ to ! head-wat]s ( ! ,mattawa1 a tribut>y ( ! ,ottawa2 :ile at ! junction ) ! ,ottawa !re is an enorm\s delta t]race ( b\ld]s1 =m+ a b> across ! ma9 /ream j su* z w\ld result f ,mr4 ,gilb]t's suppos$ outlet4 ,b ?is outlet 0 d\btless limit$ to a comp>atively few c5turies1 & ,dr4 ,rob]t ,bell ?9ks ! evid5ce /ill inconclusive4,,eb ,footnote ,,eb3 ,see ,bul4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am41 vol4 iv1 pp4 #dbc-dbg1 vol4 v1 pp4 #fbj-fbf4 ,a second notewor?y glacial *ronomet] is f\nd 9 ! gorge ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 ext5d+ f ! ,falls ( ,/4 ,an?ony1 at ,m9neapolis1 to its junction ) ! preglacial tr\gh ( ! old ,mississippi1 at ,=t ,snell+1 a di/ance likewise ( ab\t sev5 miles4 ,above ,=t ,snell+ ! preglacial gorge is occupi$ by ! ,m9nesota ,riv]1 &1 z we h be=e /at$1 ext5ds to ! v s\rces ( ?is riv]1 & is cont9u\s ) ! s\!rn portion ( ! valley ( ! tr\gh ( ! ,r$ ,riv] ( ! ,nor?4 ,be=e ! ,glacial p]iod ! dra9age ( ! pres5t bas9 ( ! upp] ,mississippi jo9$ ?is ma9 preglacial valley1 n at ,=t ,snell+1 b "s little di/ance above1 z %[n ^u our map4,,ec ,?is "p ( ! preglacial gorge became p>tially fill$ up ) glacial deposits1 b x c be /ill trac$ by ! lakelets occupy+ portions ( ! old depression1 & by ! records ( wells :i* h be5 sunk along ! l9e4 ,:5 ! ice-front _h rec$$ beyond ! site ( ,m9neapolis1 ! only l9e ( dra9age left op5 = ! wat] 0 along ! c\rse ( ! pres5t gorge f ,m9neapolis to ,=t ,snell+4 ,footnote ,,ec3 ,see above1 p4 #bji4 ,"h1 z at ,niag>a1 ! problem is comp>atively simple4 ,! upp] /rata ( rock consi/ ( h>d lime/one1 :i* is und]laid by a s(t s&/one1 :i*1 l ! und]ly+ %ale at ,niag>a1 is erod$ fa/] ?an ! upp] /rata1 & s a p]p5dicul> fall is ma9ta9$4 ,! /rata are s uni=m 9 texture & ?ickness t1 ) ! pres5t am\nt ( wat] 9 ! riv]1 ! rate ( recession ( ! falls mu/ h be51 f ! beg9n+1 v con/ant4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! rate c be det]m9$1 ! problem c be solv$ ) a good degree ( confid5ce4 ,=tunately1 ! fir/ discov]] ( ! cat>act--! ,ca?olic mission>y ,h5nep9--0 an accurate obs]v]1 & 0 giv5 to record+ 8 obs]vations = ! in/ruction ( ! outside _w & ( future g5]ations4 ,f 8 description1 pr9t$ 9 ,am/]dam 9 #agjd1 ,pr(essor ,n4 ,h4 ,w9*ell is able to det]m9e ! precise locality ( ! cat>act :5 discov]$ 9 #afhj4 ,aga91 9 #agff ! ,ca?olic mission>y ,c>v] visit$ ! falls1 & n only wrote a description1 b made a sket* 7f\nd 9 an acc\nt ( 8 travels1 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #aghh7 :i* confirms ! inf]5ces drawn f ,h5nep9's n>rative4 ,! actual p]iod ( recession1 h[ev] 7:i* ,pr(essor ,w9*ell duly takes into acc\nt71 ext5ds only to ! ye> #ahef1 at :i* "t su* artificial *anges 7 introduc$ z to modify ! rate ( recession & di/urb fur!r calculations4 ,b betwe5 #afhj & #agff ! falls _h evid5tly rec$$ ab\t #dab feet4 ,betwe5 #agff & #ahef ! recession _h be5 #fjj feet4 ,! av]age rate is e/imat$ by ,pr(essor ,w9*ell to be ab\t five feet p] ye>1 & ! total l5g? ( "t requir$ = ! =mation ( ! gorge above ,=t ,snell+ is a little less ?an eight ?\s& ye>s1 or ab\t ! same z t calculat$ by ,messrs4 ,woodw>d & ,gilb]t = ! ,niag>a gorge4 ,to ^! calculations ( ,pr(essor ,w9*ell x does n seem possible to urge any valid objection4 ,x does n seem cr$ible t ! am\nt ( wat] 9 ! ,mississippi %\ld ev] h be5 less ?an n[1 :ile dur+ ! cont9uance ( ! ice 9 ! upp] portion ( ! ,mississippi bas9 ! fl[ ( wat] 0 c]ta9ly f> great] ?an n[4 ,if any "o is incl9$ to *all5ge ,pr(essor ,w9*ell's int]pretation ( ! facts1 ev5 a ha/y visit to ! locality w suffice to produce conviction4 ,! comp>ative y\? ( ! gorge f ,=t ,snell+ up to ,m9neapolis is evid5t3 #a4 ,f its relative n>r[ness1 :5 comp>$ ) ! ma9 valley bel[4 ,?is is repres5t$ by ! %ad+ ^u ! map4 ,! gorge f ,=t ,snell+ up is n old en\gh to h p]mitt$ mu* enl>gem5t by ! gradual und]m9+ ( ! sup]ficial /rata on ei!r side1 :i* sl[ly b con/antly goes on4 #b4 ,f ! abruptness ) :i* x m]ges into ! preglacial valley ( ! ,m9nesota-,mississippi4 ,! op5+ at ,=t ,snell+ is n ,y-%ap$1 z 9 gorges :]e !re has be5 indef9ite "t = ! op]ation ( erosive ag5cies4 #c4 ,fur!rmore1 ! precipices l9+ ! po/-glacial gorge above ,=t ,snell+ are f> m abrupt ?an ^? 9 ! preglacial valley bel[1 & !y give f> less evid5ce ( wea!r+4 #d4 ,/ill1 aga91 ! tribut>y /reams1 l ! ,m9nehaha ,riv]1 :i* empty into ! ,mississippi betwe5 ,=t ,snell+ & ,m9neapolis1 fl[ ^u ! surface1 & h erod$ gorges ( v limit$ ext5t2 :]eas1 bel[ ,=t ,snell+1 ! small /reams h usually ei!r f\nd und]gr\nd access to ! riv] or occupy gorges ( indef9ite ext5t4 ,! above e/imates1 sett+ su* n>r[ limits to po/-glacial "t 9 ,am]ica1 w seem surpris+ only to ^? :o h n c>efully consid]$ ! glacial ph5om5a ( v>i\s k9ds to be obs]v$ all ov] ! glaciat$ area4 ,z already said1 ! glaciat$ portion ( ,nor? ,am]ica is a region ( wat]falls1 caus$ by ! fill+ up ( old *annels ) glacial dbris1 & ! consequ5t div]sion ( ! wat]-c\rses4 ,by ?is means ! /reams 9 c\ntless places h be5 =c$ to fall ov] precipices1 & to beg9 anew _! "w ( erosion4 ,wat]falls ab\nd 9 ! glaciat$ region because po/-glacial "t is s %ort4 ,give ^! /reams "t en\gh1 & !y w we> _! way back to _! s\rces1 z ! preglacial /reams _h done ov] ! same area1 & z simil> /reams h done outside ! glaciat$ region4 ,^u close obs]vation1 x w be f\nd t ! wat]falls 9 ,am]ica are ne>ly all po/-glacial1 & t _! "w ( erosion has be5 conf9$ to a v limit$ "t4 ,a fair example is to be se5 at ,elyria1 ,ohio1 9 ! falls ( ,black ,riv]1 "o ( ! small /reams :i* empty into ,lake ,erie f ! s\?4 ,its po/-glacial gorge1 worn 9 s&/one :i* ov]lies s(t %ale1 is only ab\t two ?\s& feet 9 l5g?1 & x has z yet made no approa* t[>d a ,v-%ap$ outlet4 ,! same impression ( rec5t age is made by exam9+ ! outlets ( almo/ any ( ! lakes :i* dot ! glaciat$ area4 ,! v reason ( ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ^! lakes is t !y h n _h "t en\gh to l[] _! outlets suffici5tly to dra9 ! wat] (f1 z has be5 done 9 all ! unglaciat$ region4 ,9 _m cases x is easy to see t ! "t dur+ :i* ?is process ( l[]+ ! outlets has be5 go+ on _c h be5 _m ?\s& ye>s4 ,! same impression is made ^u /udy+ ! evid5ces ( po/-glacial valley erosion4 ,ord9>y /reams con/antly enl>ge _! tr\ghs by imp++ aga9/ ! banks n[ ^u "o side & n[ ^u ! o!r1 & transport+ ! mat]ial t[>ds ! sea4 ,x is e/imat$ by ,wallace t n9e-t5?s ( ! s$im5t>y mat]ial borne along by riv]s is ga!r$ f ! imm$iate vic9ity ( its curr5t1 & goes to enl>ge ! tr\gh ( ! /ream4 ,^u measur+ ! cubical cont5ts ( _m erod$ tr\ghs ( /reams 9 ! glaciat$ region1 & apply+ ! tables giv+ ! av]age am\nt ( annual transportation ( s$im5t by /reams1 we arrive at ne>ly ! same results z by ! /udy ( ! recession ( po/-glacial wat]falls4 ,pr(essor ,l4 ,e4 ,hicks1 ( ,granville1 ,ohio1 has publi%$ ! results ( c>eful calculations made by him1 conc]n+ ! valley ( ,raccoon ,creek 9 ,lick+ ,c\nty1 ,ohio4,,ed ,^! %[ t fifte5 ?\s& ye>s w\ld be m ?an abundant "t = ! erosion ( ! imm$iate valley adjo9+ t small /ream4 ,i h made & publi%$ simil> calculations conc]n+ ,plum ,creek1 at ,ob]l91 9 ,lora9 ,c\nty1 ,ohio4,,ee ,l ,raccoon ,creek1 ?is has its entire b$ 9 glacial deposits1 & has _h no?+ else to d s9ce its bir? b to enl>ge its bord]s4 ,! dra9age bas9 ( ! creek cov]s an area ( ab\t tw5ty-five squ>e miles4 ,its ma9 tr\gh av]ages ab\t tw5ty feet 9 dep? by five hundr$ 9 wid?1 along a di/ance ( ab\t t5 miles4 ,f ! rate at :i* ! /ream is transport+ s$im5t1 x is incr$ible t x c\ld h be5 at "w at ?is process m ?an t5 ?\s& ye>s )\t produc+ great] results4 ,footnote ,,ed3 ,see ,bapti/ ,qu>t]ly = ,july4 #ahhd4 ,footnote ,,ee3 ,see ,ice ,age 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #dfi4 ,calculations bas$ ^u ! am\nt ( s$im5t deposit$ s9ce ! retreat ( ! ice-%eet po9t to a l mod]ate conclusion4 ,:5 "o looks ^u ! turbid wat] ( a rag+ /ream 9 "t ( flood1 & consid]s t all ! s$im5t borne along w soon settle d[n ^u ! bottom ( ! lake into :i* ! /ream empties1 he c b feel surpris$ t ! wa% ( ! hills has n already fill$ up ! depression ( ! lake4 ,x c]ta9ly w\ld h done s _h ! pres5t condition ( ?+s exi/$ = an indef9ite p]iod ( "t4 ,naturally1 :ile prosecut+ ! survey ( ! sup]ficial geology ( ,m9nesota1 ,mr4 ,upham 0 greatly impress$ by ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! innum]able lakelets t give su* a *>m to ! sc5]y ( t ,/ate4 ,e day's inve/igations add$ to ! evid5ce t ! lapse ( "t s9ce ! ,ice age mu/ h be5 comp>atively brief1 s9ce1 o!rwise1 ! ra9s & /reams w\ld h fill$ ^! bas9s ) s$im5t1 & cut outlets l[ en\gh to dra9 !m dry1 = 9 _m in/ances he c\ld see su* *anges sl[ly go+ =w>d4,,ef ,footnote ,,ef3 ,m9nesota ,geological ,report = #ahgi1 p4 #gc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4--,section ( kettle-hole ne> ,pomp's ,pond1 ,&ov]1 ,massa*usetts 7see text74 7,= g5]al view ( ! situation1 see ,fig4 #cj1 p4 #gh47 ,"s ye>s ago ,i myself made a c>eful e/imate ( ! am\nt ( deposition & vegetable accumulation :i* _h tak5 place 9 a kettle-hole ne> ,pomp's ,pond1 9 ,&ov]1 ,mass4 ,! diamet] ( ! depression at ! rim 0 #bgf feet4 ,! incl9ation ( ! sides 0 su* t ! extreme depression ( ! apex ( ! inv]t$ cone c\ld n h be5 m ?an sev5ty feet2 yet ! accumulation ( peat & s$im5t only am\nt$ to a dep? ( sev5te5 feet4 ,! total am\nt ( mat]ial :i* _h accumulat$ w\ld be repres5t$ by a cone n9ety-six feet 9 diamet] at ! base & sev5te5 feet at ! apex1 :i* w\ld equal only a deposit ( ab\t five feet ov] ! pres5t surface ( ! bottom4 ,x is easy to see t t5 ?\s& ye>s is a lib]al all[ance ( "t = ! accumulation ( five feet ( s$im5t 9 ! bottom ( an enclosure l a kettle-hole1 = ^u exam9ation x is cle> t :atev] insoluble mat]ial gets into a kettle-hole mu/ rema9 !re1 s9ce !re is no possible way by :i* x c get out4 ,n[ five feet is sixty in*es1 & if ?is am\nt has be5 six ?\s& ye>s 9 accumulat+1 t w\ld repres5t a rate ( an in* 9 "o hundr$ ye>s1 :ile1 if x has be5 twelve ?\s& ye>s 9 accumulation1 ! rate w be only "o two-hundr$? ( an in* p] ye>1 a film s small z to be almo/ inappreciable4 ,if we may judge f appe>ance1 ! result w\ld n be mu* diff]5t 9 ! case ( ! t5s ( ?\s&s ( kettle-holes & lakelets :i* dot ! surface ( ! glaciat$ region4 ,9 ! ye> #ahfi ,dr4 ,e4 ,&rews1 ( ,*icago1 made an important s]ies ( calculations conc]n+ ! rate at :i* ! wat]s ( ,lake ,mi*igan are eat+ into ! %ores & wa%+ ! s$im5t into deep] wat] or t[>ds ! s\!rn end ( ! lake4 ,) ref]5ce to ! erosion ( ! %ores1 x appe>s f ! "w ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ ,survey t a %\ld]1 cov]$ ) sixty feet ( wat]1 repres5t+ ! dep? at :i* wave-action is effici5t 9 erosion1 ext5ds outw>d f ! we/ %ore a di/ance ( ab\t ?ree miles1 :]e ! s\nd+ l9e reveals ! %ore ( ! deep] orig9al lake z x appe>$ ^u ! fir/ )drawal ( ! ice4 ,f a v>iety ( obs]vations ! av]age rate at :i* ! erosion ( ! bluffs is proce$+ is f\nd to be su* t ! po/-glacial "t _c be m ?an t5 ?\s& ye>s1 & probably n m ?an sev5 ?\s&4 ,an indep5d5t mode ( calculat+ ?is p]iod is af=d$ by ! accumulations ( s& at ! s\? end ( ! lake1 to :i* x is con/antly drift+ by ! curr5ts ( wat] propell$ aga9/ ! %ores by ! w9d2 = ! body ( wat] 9 ! lake is mov+ s\?w>d along ! %ores t[>ds ! clos$ end 9 t direction1 !re be+ a return+ curr5t along ! middle ( ! lake4 ,all ! railroads approa*+ ,*icago f ! ea/ pass ?r\gh ^! s& deposits1 & few ( ! obs]vant travell]s pass+ ov] ! r\tes c h fail$ to notice ! dunes into :i* ! s& has be5 drift$ by ! w9d4 ,n[1 all ! mat]ial ( ^! dunes & s&-bea*es has be5 wa%$ out ( ! bluffs to ! nor?w>d by ! process already m5tion$1 & has be5 sl[ly transf]r$ by wave-action to its pres5t position4 ,x is e/imat$ t s\? ( ,*icago & ,gr& ,hav51 ?is wave-transport$ s& am\nts to #c1djg1dea1jjj cubic y>ds4 ,?is occupies a belt curv+ ar\nd ! s\? end ab\t t5 miles wide & "o hundr$ miles long4 ,! rate at :i* ! s& is mov+ s\?w>d along ! %ore is f\nd by obs]v+ ! am\nt annually arre/$ by ! pi]s at ,*icago1 ,gr& ,hav51 & ,mi*igan ,city4 ,?is equals #abi1jjj cubic y>ds = a ye>1 :i* c sc>cely be m ?an "o qu>t] or "o fif? ( ! total am\nt 9 motion4 ,at ?is rate1 ! s& accumulations at ! s\!rn end ( ! lake w\ld h be5 produc$ 9 a little less ?an sev5 ?\s& ye>s4 ,if1 says ,dr4 ,&rews1 we e/imate ! total annual s&-drift at only twice ! am\nt actually /opp$ by ! v imp]fect pi]s built--:i*1 9 ! op9ion ( ! eng9e]s1 is sett+ x f> too l[--& comp>e x ) ! capacity ( ! clay-bas9 ( ,lake ,mi*igan1 we %all f9d t1 _h ?is process cont9u$ "o hundr$ ?\s& ye>s ! :ole s\? end ( ,lake ,mi*igan1 up to ! l9e connect+ ,*icago & ,mi*igan ,city1 w\ld h be5 full & conv]t$ into dry l& tw5ty-five ?\s& ye>s ago1 & ! coa/-l9e w\ld n[ be f\nd _m miles nor? ( ,*icago4,,eg ,footnote ,,eg3 ,s\?all's ,rec5t ,orig9 ( ,man1 p4 #ejb4 ,x is prop] to add a ^w 9 answ] co an objection :i* may arise 9 ! read]'s m9d1 = x w d\btless occur to "s to ask :y ?is s& :i* is wa%$ out by ! waves f ! bluffs is n c>ri$ inw>d t[>ds ! deep] portion ( ! tr\gh ( ! lake1 ?us produc+ a wa/e :i* w\ld p>tly c\nt]act ! =ces ( accumulation at ! s\? end4 ,! answ] is f\nd 9 ! fact t ! s\? end ( ,lake ,mi*igan is clos$1 & t ! curr5ts set 9 motion by ! w9d are su* t !re is no (f-%ore motion suffici5t to move s&1 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 dr$g+s %[ t ! s& is limit$ to ! vic9ity ( ! %ore4 ,by comp>+ ! erod$ cliffs ^u ,mi*igan & ! o!r ,great ,lakes ) :at occurs 9 simil> situations ab\t ! glacial ,lake ,agassiz1 we obta9 an int]e/+ means ( e/imat+ ! comp>ative l5g? ( "t occupi$ by ! ice-front 9 rec$+ f ! ,canadian bord] to ,hudson ,bay4 ,z we h se51 ,lake ,agassiz occupi$ a position q simil> 9 mo/ respects to ,lake ,mi*igan4 ,its longe/ diamet] 0 nor? & s\?1 & ! same =ces :i* h erod$ ! cliffs ( ,lake ,mi*igan & pil$ up s&-dunes at its s\!rn end w\ld h produc$ simil> effects ^u ! %ores ( ,lake ,agassiz1 _h its cont9uance be5 any:]e ne> z long z t ( ! pres5t ,lake ,mi*igan has be54 ,b1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,upham1 :o has mo/ c>efully survey$ ! :ole region1 !re are n[h]e on ! %ores ( ! old ,lake ,agassiz any evid5ce ( erod$ cliffs at all to be comp>$ ) ^? f\nd ^u ! pres5t ,great ,lakes1 :ile !re is almo/ an entire lack ( s& deposits ab\t ! s\? end su* z *>act]ise ! %ore ( ,lake ,mi*igan4 ,! great tracts ( dunes ab\t ! s\? end ( ,lake ,mi*igan belong1 z ,upham well obs]ves1 :olly to bea* accumulations1 be+ s& d]iv$ f erosion ( ! we/]n & ea/]n %ores ( ! lake4444 ,b none ( ! bea*es ( our glacial lakes are l>ge en\gh to make dunes l ^? on ,lake ,mi*igan1 ?\gh ! size & dep? ( ,lake ,agassiz1 its great ext5t f nor? to s\?1 & ! "* ( its %ores1 seem equally favorable = _! accumulation4 ,x is ?us aga9 indicat$ t ! "t occupi$ by ! recession ( ! ice-%eet 0 comp>atively brief4,,eh ,footnote ,,eh3 ,proce$+s ( ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 vol4 xxiv1 p4 #ded2 ,upham's ,glacial ,lakes 9 ,canada1 9 ,bullet9 ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica1 vol4 ii1 p4 #bdh4 ,f ,mr4 ,upham's conclusions x w\ld seem t if t5 ?\s& ye>s be all[$ = ! po/-glacial exi/5ce ( ,lake ,mi*igan1 "o t5? ( t p]iod w\ld be m ?an suffici5t to acc\nt = ! cliffs1 deltas1 bea*es1 & o!r analog\s ph5om5a ab\t ,lake ,agassiz4 ,9 o!r words1 ! duration ( ,lake ,agassiz c\ld n h be5 m ?an a ?\s& ye>s1 :i* gives u a measure ( ! rate at :i* ! recession ( ! ice-front w5t on aft] x _h )drawn to ! int]national b\nd>y4 ,! di/ance f !re to ! m\? ( ,nelson ,riv] is ab\t #fjj miles4 ,! recession ( ! ice-front ov] t area proce$$1 !re=e1 at ! av]age rate ( ab\t half a mile p] ye>4 ,!re are _m evid5ces t ! ma9 p]iod ( glaciation we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 0 consid]ably lat] ?an t 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! cont95t4 ,a portion ( ! facts po9t+ to ?is conclusion h be5 well /at$ by ,mr4 ,george ,f4 ,beck]1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4 ,no "o1 he says1 :o has exam9$ ! glaciat$ regions ( ! ,si]ra c d\bt t ! great mass ( ! ice disappe>$ at a v rec5t p]iod4 ,! imm5se areas ( poli%$ surfaces fully expos$ to ! sev]e climate ( say f #g1jjj to #ab1jjj feet altitude1 ! ins5sible erosion ( /reams runn+ ov] glaciat$ rocks1 & ! fre%ness ( erratic b\ld]s are suffici5t evid5ce ( ?is4 ,!re is also evid5ce t ! glaciation began at no v di/ant geologic date4 ,z ,pr(essor ,:itney po9t$ out1 glaciation is ! la/ important geological ph5om5on & succe$$ ! great lava fl[s4 ,!re is also mu* evid5ce t erosion has be5 trifl+ s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( glaciation1 except+ "u peculi> circum/ances4 ,ea/ ( ! range1 = example1 at ,virg9ia ,city1 &esites :i* !re is e reason to suppose preglacial h sc>cely suff]$ at all f erosion1 s t depressions d[n :i* wat] runs at e %[] are n yet m>k$ ) wat]-c\rses1 :ile old] rocks1 ev5 ( ,t]ti>y age & close by1 are deeply c>v$4 ,! ra9fall at ,virg9ia ,city is1 to be sure1 only ab\t t5 in*es1 s t rock w\ld erode only say "o ?ird z fa/ z on ! ,cali=nia coa/2 b ev5 :5 full all[ance is made = ?is diff]5ce1 x is cle> t ^! &esites mu/ be mu* y\ng] ?an ! comm5cem5t ( glaciation 9 ! nor!a/]n portion ( ! cont95t z usually e/imat$4 ,s1 too1 ! &esites ne> ,cle> ,lake1 9 ,cali=nia1 ?\gh beyond a d\bt preglacial1 h suff]$ little erosion1 & "o ( ! masses1 ,m\nt ,konocti 7or ,uncle ,sam71 has ne>ly z *>act]i/ic a volcanic =m z ,m\nt ,vesuvius4,,ei ,footnote ,,ei3 ,bullet9 ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #aif1 #aig4 ,?is view ( ,mr4 ,beck] is amply su/a9$ by _m o!r obvi\s facts1 "s ( :i* may be easily obs]v$ by t\ri/s :o visit ! ,yosemite ,p>k4 ,! fre$om ( ! abutt+ walls ( ?is caon f talus1 z well z ! fre%ness ( ! glacial scrat*es ^u bo? ! walls & ! floor ( ! tribut>y caons1 all indicate a lapse ( c5turies only1 r ?an ( ?\s&s ( ye>s1 s9ce _! occupation by glacial ice4 ,! fre%ness ( ! high-level t]races surr\nd+ ! valleys ( ,great ,salt ,lake1 9 ,utah1 & ( ,pyramid & ,nor? ,c>son ,lakes1 9 ,nevada1 & ! small am\nt ( erosion :i* has tak5 place s9ce ! =mation ( ^! t]races1 po9t 9 ! same direction--namely1 to a v rec5t date = ! glaciation ( ! ,pacific coa/4 ,we h already detail$ ! facts conc]n+ ! =mation ( ^! t]races & ! evid5ce ( _! probable connection ) ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,x is suffici5t1 !re=e1 "h to add t1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,russell & ,mr4 ,gilb]t 7two ( ! mo/ em95t memb]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 :o h ea* publi%$ monographs m9utely embody+ ! results ( _! ext5sive obs]vations 9 ?is region71 ! erosion ( pres5t /reams 9 ! b$s :i* 7 deposit$ dur+ ! enl>gem5t ( ! lakes is v slight1 & ! modification ( ! %ores s9ce ! =mation ( ! high t]races has be5 insignificant4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,gilb]t3 ,! ,bonneville %ores are almo/ unmodifi$4 ,int]sect+ /reams1 x is true1 h scor$ !m & int]rupt$ _! cont9uity = brief spaces2 b ! beat+ ( ! ra9 has h>dly left a trace4 ,! sea-cliffs /ill /& z !y fir/ /ood1 except t fro/ has wr\ght ^u _! faces s z to crumble away a portion & make a l[ talus at ! base4 ,! embankm5ts & bea*es & b>s are almo/ z p]fect z ?\gh ! lake _h left !m ye/]day1 & _m ( !m rival 9 ! symmetry & p]fection ( _! cont\rs ! mo/ elaborate "w ( ! eng9e]4 ,!re are places :]e b\ld]s ( qu>tzite or o!r endur+ rock /ill reta9 ! smoo?1 gli/5+ surfaces :i* ! waves sc\r$ ^u !m by cla%+ aga9/ !m ! s&s ( ! bea*4 ,:5 ?is pres]vation is comp>$ ) t ( ! l[e/ ,t]ti>y rocks ( ! region--! ,plioc5e b$s to :i* ,k+ has giv5 ! "n ,humboldt--! diff]5ce is mo/ impressive4 ,! ,plioc5e %ore-l9es h disappe>$4 ,! deposits are s indurat$ z to s]ve = build+-/one4 ,!y h be5 upturn$ 9 _m places by ! uplift+ ( m\nta9s4 ,else:]e !y h be5 divid$ by faults1 & ! fragm5ts1 dissev]$ f _! cont9uation 9 ! valley1 h be5 c>ri$ high up on ! m\nta9-flanks1 :]e erosion has c>v$ !m 9 typical m\nta9 =ms4444 ,! date ( ! ,bonneville flood is ! geologic ye/]day1 &1 call+ x ye/]day1 we may )\t exagg]ation ref] ! ,plioc5e ( ,utah to ! la/ decade2 ! ,eoc5e ( ! ,colorado bas9 to ! la/ c5tury1 & relegate ! lay+ ( ! ,potsdam s&/one to prehi/oric times4,,ej ,footnote ,,ej3 ,second ,annual ,report ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 p4 #ahh4 ,mr4 ,russell adds to ?is class ( evid5ce t ( ! small ext5t to :i* ! glacial /ri h be5 effac$ s9ce ! )drawal ( ! ice f ! bord]s ( ^! old lakes3 ,! smoo? surfaces are /ill scor$ ) f9e1 hair-l l9es1 & ! eye fails to detect m ?an a trace ( dis9tegration t has tak5 place s9ce ! surfaces receiv$ _! poli% & /riation4444 ,x seems reasonable to conclude t 9 a sev]e climate l t ( ! high ,si]ra x 7! poli%7 c\ld n rema9 unimpair$ = m ?an a few c5turies at ! mo/4,,ek ,footnote ,,ek3 ,see also ,mr4 ,upham 9 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 xli1 pp4 #da1 #ea4 ,europe does n seem to furni% s fav\rable opportunities z ,am]ica = e/imat+ ! date ( ! ,glacial p]iod2 /ill x is n altoge!r want+ 9 data be>+ ^u ! subject4 ,"s ( ! caves 9 :i* paloli?ic implem5ts 7 f\nd associat$ ) ! bones ( ext9ct animals 9 s\!rn ,engl& conta9 floors ( /alagmite :i* h be5 ?\ght by "s to furni% a measure ( ! "t sep>at+ ! deposits und]nea? f ^? above4 ,?is is specially true 9 ! case ( ,k5t's ,cav]n1 ne> ,torquay1 :i* conta9s two floors ( /alagmite1 ! upp] "o almo/ cont9u\s & v>y+ 9 ?ickness f sixte5 in*es to five feet1 ! l[] "o be+ 9 places twelve feet ?ick1 und]nea? :i* human implem5ts 7 f\nd4 ,b x is difficult to det]m9e ! rate at :i* /alagmite accumulates4 ,z is well kn[n1 ?is deposit is a =m ( c>bonate ( lime1 & accumulates :5 wat] hold+ ! sub/ance 9 solution drops d[n ^u ! surface1 :]e x is p>tially evaporat$4 ,x !n leaves a ?9 film ( ! sub/ance ^u ! floor4 ,! rate ( ! accumulation w dep5d ^u bo? ! degree to :i* ! wat] is saturat$ ) ! c>bonate & ^u ! quantity ( ! wat] :i* p]colates ?r\gh ! ro( ( ! cav]n4 ,^! factors are s v>iable1 & s dep5d5t ^u unkn[n conditions 9 ! pa/1 t x is v difficult to e/imate ! result = any long p]iod ( "t4 ,occasionally a qu>t] ( an in* ( /alagmite accretion has be5 kn[n to take place 9 a cav]n 9 a s+le ye>1 :ile 9 ,k5t's ,cav]n1 ov] a visitor's "n inscrib$ 9 ! ye> #afhh1 a film ( /alagmite only a tw5tie? ( an in* 9 ?ickness has accumulat$4 ,if1 !re=e1 we c\ld reckon ^u a uni=mity ( conditions /ret*+ indef9itely back into ! pa/1 we c\ld det]m9e ! age ( ^! olde/ rema9s ( man 9 ,k5t's ,hole by a simple sum 9 ari?metic1 & %\ld inf] t ! upp] lay] ( /alagmite requir$ #bdj1jjj ye>s1 & ! l[] #egf1jjj ye>s1 = _! gr[?1 :i* w\ld c>ry u back m ?an #gjj1jjj ye>s1 & "s h n hesitat$ to affix z e>ly a date z ?is to ^! l[e/ implem5t-be>+ gravels4 ,b o!r portions ( ! cave %[ an actual rate ( accretion v mu* l>g]4 ,six in*es ( /alagmite is !re f\nd ov]ly+ "s rema9s ( ,romano-,saxon times :i* _c be m ?an #b1jjj ye>s old4 ,assum+ ?is z ! uni=m rate1 ! total "t requir$ = ! deposit ( ! /alagmitic floors w\ld /ill be ab\t #gj1jjj ye>s4 ,b1 z we h se51 ! pres5t rates ( deposition are probably consid]ably less ?an ^? :i* took place dur+ ! moi/] climate ( ! ,glacial epo*4 ,/ill1 ev5 by suppos+ ! rate to be increas$ f\rfold1 ! age ( ?is l[] /ratum w\ld be r$uc$ to only #ab1jjj ye>s4 ,s t1 z ,mr4 ,james ,geikie well ma9ta9s1 ,ev5 on ! mo/ extravagant assumption z to ! =m] rate ( /alagmitic accretion1 we %all yet be compell$ to admit a p]iod ( _m ?\s&s ( ye>s = ! =mation ( ! /alagmitic pavem5ts 9 ,k5t's ,cav]n4,,el ,we %\ld add1 h[ev]1 t !re is mu* well-f\nd$ d\bt :e!r ! implem5ts f\nd 9 ! l[e/ /ratum 7 really 9 place1 s9ce1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,evans1 ,ow+ to previ\s excavations & to ! pres5ce ( burr[+ animals1 ! rema9s f above & bel[ ! /alagmite h become int]m+l$4,,em ,footnote ,,el3 ,prehi/oric ,europe1 p4 #hc4 ,footnote ,,em3 ,/one & ,fl9t ,implem5ts1 p4 #ddf4 ,an attempt 0 made by ,m4 ,morlot 9 ,switz]l& to obta9 ! *ronology ( ! ,glacial p]iod by /udy+ ! deltas ( ! /reams desc5d+ ! glaciat$ valleys4 ,he paid special att5tion to t ( ! ,t9ire1 a /ream :i* fl[s into ,lake ,g5eva ne> ,vill5euve4 ,! mod]n delta ( ?is /ream consi/s ( gravel & s& deposit$ 9 ! %ape ( a flatt5$ cone1 & inve/igations ^u x 7 facilitat$ by a long railroad cutt+ ?r\gh x4 ,?ree lay]s ( vegetable soil1 ea* ( :i* mu/ at "o "t h =m$ ! surface ( ! cone1 h be5 cut ?r\gh at diff]5t dep?s4,,en ,9 ! upp] /ratum ,roman tiles & a co9 7 f\nd2 9 ! second /ratum1 unv>ni%$ pott]y & implem5ts ( bronze2 :ile 9 ! l[] /ratum1 at a dep? ( n9ete5 feet f ! surface1 a human skull 0 f\nd1 to :i* ,morlot assign$ an age ( f #e1jjj to #g1jjj ye>s4 ,footnote ,,en3 ,lyell's ,antiquity ( ,man1 p4 #bh4 ,b ,dr4 ,&rews1 aft] c>efully revis+ ! data1 felt confid5t t ! "t requir$ = ! :ole deposit ( ?is l[] delta 0 n m ?an #e1jjj ye>s1 & t ! olde/ human rema9s 9 x1 :i* 7 ab\t half way f betwe5 ! base & ! surface ( ! cone1 7 probably n m ?an #c1jjj ye>s old4 ,/ill1 ! significance ( ?is e/imate pr9cipally arises f ! relation ( ! mod]n delta to old] deltas connect$ ) ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,above ?is mod]n delta1 =m$ by ! riv] 9 its pres5t proportions1 !re is ano!r1 m anci5t1 ab\t t5 times z l>ge1 ^: accumulation d\btless took place ^u ! f9al retreat ( ! ice f ,lake ,g5eva4 ,no rema9s ( man h be5 f\nd 9 ?is1 b x d\btless corresponds 9 age ) ! high-level gravels 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme1 9 :i* ! rema9s ( man & ! mammo?1 toge!r ) o!r ext9ct animals1 h be5 f\nd4 ,we d n see1 h[ev]1 t any v def9ite calculation c be made conc]n+ ! "t requir$ = its deposition4 ,lyell 0 incl9$ to consid] x t5 times z old z ! mod]n delta1 simply ^u ! gr\nd ( its be+ t5 times z l>ge4 ,on ,morlot's e/imate ( ! age ( ! mod]n delta1 !re=e1 ! retreat ( ! ice ^: melt+ torr5ts deposit$ ! upp] delta w\ld be fix$ at #ajj1jjj ye>s ago1 & ^u ,dr4 ,&rews's calculation1 at ab\t #bj1jjj4 ,b x is evid5t t ! problem is n "o ( simple multiplication4 ,! floods ( wat] :i* accompani$ ! melt+ back ( ! ice f ! upp] portions ( ?is valley mu/ h be5 imm5sely l>g] ?an ^? ( ! pres5t /reams1 & _! transport+ p[] imm5sely great] /ill4 ,h5ce we d n see t any conclusions c be drawn f ! deltas ( ! ,t9ire to give c\nt5ance to extreme views conc]n+ ! date ( ! close ( ! ,glacial p]iod4,,eo ,footnote ,,eo3 ,lyell's ,antiquity ( ,man1 p4 #cba4 ,9 ! valley ( ! ,somme ! *ronological data relat+ to ! ,glacial p]iod1 & indicat+ a great antiquity = man1 h be5 ?\ght to be m di/9ct ?an any:]e else 9 ,europe4 ,z already /at$1 x is ! preval5t op9ion t s9ce man fir/ ent]$ ! valley1 9 connection ) ! mammo? & ! o!r ext9ct animals *>act]i/ic ( ! ,glacial p]iod1 ! tr\gh ( ! ,somme1 ab\t a mile 9 wid? & a hundr$ feet 9 dep?1 has be5 erod$ by ! dra9age ( its pres5t valley4 ,an ext5sive accumulation ( peat also has tak5 place along ! bottom ( ! tr\gh ( ! riv] s9ce x 0 orig9ally erod$ to its pres5t level4 ,?is sub/ance occurs all along ! bottom ( ! valley f f> above ,ami5s to ! sea1 & is 9 "s places m ?an ?irty feet 9 dep?4 ,! animal & vegetable rema9s 9 x all belong to species n[ inhabit+ ,europe4 ,! dep? ( ! peat indicates t :5 x 0 =m$ ! l& /ood at a slightly high] elevation ?an n[1 = ! base ( ! /ratum is n[ bel[ ! sea-level1 :ile ! peat is ( fre%-wat] orig91 &1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,&rews1,,ep is =m$ f ! vegetable accumulations connect$ ) =e/ gr[?s4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! c\ntry 0 cov]$ ) =e/s1 z x 0 9 prehi/oric times1 ! accumulation mu/ h proce$$ ) consid]able rapidity4 ,?is inf]5ce is confirm$ by ! occurr5ce 9 ! peat ( pro/rate trunks ( oak1 f\r feet 9 diamet]1 s s\nd t !y 7 manufactur$ into furniture4 ,! /umps ( trees1 especially ( ! bir* & ald]1 7 also f\nd 9 consid]able numb]1 /&+ erect :]e !y grew1 sometimes to a height ( ?ree feet4 ,n[1 z ,dr4 ,&rews well rem>ks1 x is evid5t t1 9 ord] to prev5t ^! /umps & pro/rate trunks f complete decay1 ! accumulation ( peat mu/ h be5 rapid4 ,f c]ta9 ,roman rema9s f\nd six feet & m b5ea? ! surface1 he e/imates t ! accumulation s9ce ! ,roman occupation has be5 z mu* z six in*es a c5tury1 at :i* rate ! :ole w\ld take place 9 some:at ov] #e1jjj ye>s4 ,footnote ,,ep3 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,octob]1 #ahfh4 ,/ill1 if we accept ?is e/imate1 we h obta9$ b a />t+-po9t f :i* to e/imate ! age ( ! high-level gravels 9 :i* paloli?ic implem5ts 7 f\nd2 =1 if we accept ! ord9>y !ory1 we mu/ add to ?is ! "t requir$ = ! riv] to l[] its b$ f eighty to a hundr$ feet1 & to c>ry out to ! sea ! cont5ts ( its wide tr\gh4 ,b1 z already %[n1 ! ,glacial p]iod 01 ev5 9 ! nor? ( ,france1 a "t ( great precipitation & ( a consid]able degree ( cold1 :5 ice =m$ to a mu* great] ext5t ?an n[ ^u ! surface ( ! ,somme4 ,! direct evid5ce ( ?is consi/s 9 ! b\ld]s m+l$ ) ! high-level gravel :i* are ( su* size z to require float+ ice = _! transportation4 ,9 addition to ! natural increase 9 ! erod+ p[] ( ! ,somme br\ght ab\t by ! increase 9 its volume1 on acc\nt ( ! great] precipitation 9 ! ,glacial age1 !re w\ld also be1 z ,pre/wi* has well %[n1 a great increase 9 rate ?r\gh ! action ( gr\nd-ice1 :i* plays a v important "p 9 ! riv] erosion ( arctic c\ntries1 & 9 all probability did s dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme4 ,:5 ! wat] is r$uc$ to & bel[ #cb ,fahr41 al?\gh ! rapid motion may prev5t freez+ on ! surface = a "t1 any po9t$ surfaces at ! bottom ( ! riv]1 su* z /ones & b\ld]s1 w det]m9e 7z is ! case ) a saturat$ sal9e solution7 a sort ( cry/allisation1 ne$les ( ice be+ =m$1 :i* gradually ext5d f /one to /one & envelop ! bodies ) :i* !y are 9 contact4 ,by ?is means ! :ole surface ( a gravelly riv]-b$ may become coat$ ) ice1 :i*1 on a *ange ( temp]ature1 or ( atmosph]ic pressure1 or on acquir+ c]ta9 dim5sions & buoyancy1 rises to ! surface1 br++ ) x ! loose mat]ials to :i* x adh]$4 ,colonel ,jackson rem>ks1 9 speak+ ( ?is bottom-ice1 t 'x frequ5tly happ5s t ^! pieces1 9 ris+ f ! bottom1 br+ up ) !m s& & /ones1 :i* are ?us transport$ by ! curr5t4444 ,:5 ! ?aw sets 9 ! ice1 becom+ rott51 lets fall ! gravel & /ones 9 places f> di/ant f ^? :5ce !y came4' ,aga91 ,b>on ,wrangell rem>ks t1 '9 all ! m rapid & rocky /reams ( ?is di/rict nor!rn ,sib]ia ! =mation ( ice takes place 9 two diff]5t mann]s2 a ?9 cru/ spreads itself along ! banks & ov] ! small] bays :]e ! curr5t is lea/ rapid2 b ! great] "p is =m$ 9 ! b$ ( ! riv]1 9 ! holl[s among ! /ones1 :]e ! we$s give x ! appe>ance ( a gre5i% mud4 ,z soon z a piece ( ice ( ?is k9d atta9s a c]ta9 size1 x is deta*$ f ! gr\nd & rais$ to ! surface by ! great] specific gravity ( ! wat]2 ^! masses1 conta9+ a quantity ( gravel & we$s1 unite & consolidate1 & 9 a few h\rs ! riv] becomes passable 9 sl$ges in/ead ( 9 boats4' ,simil> obs]vations h be5 made 9 ,am]ica2 b in/ances ne$ n be multipli$1 z x is a common ph5om5on 9 all arctic c\ntries1 & is n uncommon on a small scale ev5 9 our latitudes4 ,! two causes comb9$--torr5tial riv]-floods & rafts ( gr\nd-ice1 toge!r ) ! rapid we> ( ! riv] cliffs by fro/--con/itut$ elem5ts ( de/ruction & erosion ( :i* our pres5t riv]s c give a v inadequate conception2 & ! excavations ( ! valleys mu/ h proce$$ ) a rapidity ) :i* ! pres5t rate ( erosion _c be comp>$2 & e/imates ( "t f\nd$ on ?is1 l ^? be=e m5tion$ on surface d5udation1 are !re=e n to be reli$ ^u4,,eq ,footnote ,,eq3 ,pre/wi*'s ,geology1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #dga1 #dgb4 ,speak+ a little lat] ( tak+ ! pres5t rates ( riv] erosion z a /&>d to e/imate ! *ronology ( ! ,glacial p]iod1 ! same high au?ority rem>ks3 ,x no m af=ds a true & suffici5t guide ?an x w\ld be to take ! tott]+ paces & weak5$ =ce ( an old man z ! measure ( :at t individual 01 & :at he c\ld d1 9 8 robu/ & active y\?4 ,x may be "r to take ! effects at pres5t produc$ by a giv5 p[] z ! kn[n quantity1 a1 b x is equally indisp5sable1 9 all calculations relative to ! degree ( ^? =ces 9 pa/ times1 to take notice ( ! unkn[n quantity1 x1 al?\gh ?is1 9 ! abs5ce ( actual exp]i5ce1 :i* _c be _h1 c only be e/imat$ by ! results & by a k ( ! contemporane\s physical conditions4 ,x may be a complicat$ equation1 b x is n to be avoid$4,,er ,footnote ,,er3 ,pre/wi*'s ,geology1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #ebj1 #eba4 ,9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ! nor? ( ,france broad valleys h be5 excavat$ to ! dep? ( f ab\t eighty to a hundr$ & fifty feet 9 glacial & po/-glacial times4 ,difficult z x is by our pres5t exp]i5ce to conceive ?is to h be5 effect$ 9 a comp>atively %ort geological t]m1 x is equally1 & to my m9d m1 difficult to suppose t man c\ld h exi/$ eighty ?\s& ye>s or m1 & t exi/+ =ms ( our fauna & flora %\ld h surviv$ dur+ two hundr$ & =ty ?\s& ye>s )\t modification or *ange4,,es ,footnote ,,es3 ,ibid41 p4 #ecc4 ,! discussion ( ! age ( ! high-level riv] gravels ( ! ,somme & o!r /reams 9 nor?we/]n ,europe is n complete1 h[ev]1 )\t consid]+ ano!r possibility z to ! mode ( _! deposition4 ,! conclusion to :i* ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,tylor arriv$1 aft] a prolong$ & c>eful /udy ( ! subject1 0 t ! ma9 valleys ( ! ,somme & o!r /reams 9 nor!rn ,france & s\!rn ,engl& 7 preglacial 9 _! orig91 & t ! accumulations ( gravel at high levels along _! m>g9 7 due to enorm\s floods :i* *>act]is$ ! clos+ portion ( ! great ice age1 :i* he d5om9at$ ! pluvial p]iod4,,et ,! cr$ibility ( floods l>ge en\gh to accompli% ! results manife/ 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme is support$ by ref]5ce to a flood :i* occurr$ on ! ,mulle] ,riv]1 9 ,india1 9 #ahef1 :5 a /ream1 :i* is usually insignificant1 0 s swoll5 by a ra9fall ( a s+le day t x rose high en\gh to sweep away an iron bridge ! bottoms ( ^: gird]s 7 sixty-five feet above high-wat] m>k4 ,"o iron gird] weigh+ eighty tons 0 c>ri$ two miles d[n ! riv]1 & ne>ly buri$ 9 s&4 ,! significance ( ^! facts is enhanc$ by obs]v+ also t = fifte5 miles above ! bridge ! fall ( ! riv] only av]ag$ t5 feet p] mile4 ,floods to ?is ext5t are n uncommon 9 ,india4 ,dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod spr+ fre%ets1 mu/ h be5 greatly increas$ by ! melt+ ( a l>ge am\nt ( sn[ & ice :i* _h accumulat$ dur+ ! w9t]1 & also by ! =mation ( ice-gorges ne> ! m\?s ( _m ( ! /reams4 ,x is probable1 also1 t ! accumulation ( ice across ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,g]man ,ocean may h p]man5tly flood$ ! /reams ent]+ t body ( wat]2 = x is by no means improbable t !re 0 a l& connection betwe5 ,engl& & ,france across ! ,/raits ( ,dov] until aft] ! climax ( ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,9 support ( 8 !ory1 ,mr4 ,tylor po9ts to ! fact t ! gravel 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme at ,ami5s is p>tly d]iv$ f dbris br\ght d[n by ! riv] ,somme & by ! two riv]s ! ,celle & ! ,arve1 & p>tly consi/s ( mat]ial f ! adjo9+ high] gr\nds wa%$ 9 by l& floods1 & t ! ,quat]n>y gravels ( ! ,somme are n sep>at$ into two divisions by an esc>pm5t ( *alk p>allel to ! riv]1 b ?9 out gradually z !y slope f ! high l& d[n to ! ,somme4 ,mr4 ,tylor's reason+ seems especially cog5t to "o :o /&s on ! gr\nd :]e he c obs]ve ! size ( ! valley & ! dim9utive proportions ( ! pres5t /ream4 ,ev5 if we d n grant all t is claim$ by ,mr4 ,tylor1 x is difficult to resi/ ! ma9 =ce ( 8 argum5t1 & to avoid ! conclusion t ! valley ( ! ,somme is l>gely ! "w ( preglacial erosion1 & has be51 at any rate1 only 9 slight degree deep5$ & enl>g$ dur+ po/-,t]ti>y "t4 ,footnote ,,et3 ,proce$+s ( ! ,geological ,society1 ,london1 ,novemb] #h1 #ahfg1 pp4 #ajc-abf3 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 ,febru>y #a1 #ahfi1 pp4 #eg-ajj4 ,summ>y4 ,9 briefly summ>is+ our conclusions conc]n+ ! "q ( man's antiquity z affect$ by 8 kn[n relations to ! ,glacial p]iod1 x is important1 fir/1 to rem>k ^u ! *anges ( op9ion :i* h tak5 place ) respect to geological "t )9 ! pa/ g5]ation4 ,"u ! sway ( ,sir ,*>les ,lyell's uni=mit>ian ideas1 geologi/s felt !mselves at lib]ty to reg>d geological "t z practically unlimit$1 & did n hesitate to ref] ! orig9 ( life ^u ! globe back to a p]iod ( #ejj1jjj1jjj ye>s4 ,9 ! fir/ edition ( 8 ,orig9 ( ,species ,*>les ,d>w9 e/imat$ t ! "t requir$ = ! erosion ( ! ,weald5 deposits 9 ,engl& 0 #cjf1ffb1djj ye>s1 :i* he spoke ( z a m]e trifle ( t at comm& = e/abli%+ 8 !ory ( ! orig9 ( species ?r\gh natural selection4 ,9 8 second edition1 h[ev]1 he confesses t 8 orig9al /atem5t conc]n+ ! l5g? ( geological "t 0 ra%2 :ile 9 lat] editions he quietly omitt$ x4 ,mean:ile a/ronom]s & physici/s h be5 gradually sett+ limits to geological "t until !y h n[ rea*$ conclusions /rik+ly 9 contra/ ) ^? held by ! mass ( ,engli% geologi/s =ty ye>s ago4 ,mr4 ,george ,h4 ,d>w91 ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics at ,cambridge ,univ]sity1 has f a s]ies ( intricate calculations %[n t betwe5 fifty & "o hundr$ million ye>s ago ! e>? 0 revolv+ f six to eight times fa/] ?an n[1 & t ! moon !n almo/ t\*$ ! e>?1 & revolv$ ab\t x once e ?ree or f\r h\rs4 ,f ?is proximity ( ! moon to ! e>?1 x w\ld result t if ! oceans _h be5 !n 9 exi/5ce ! tides w\ld h be5 two hundr$ times z great z n[1 creat+ a wave six hundr$ feet 9 height1 :i* w\ld sweep ar\nd ! _w e f\r h\rs4 ,su* a condition ( ?+s w\ld evid5tly be incompatible ) geological life1 & geology mu/ limit itself to a p]iod :i* is inside ( #ajj1jjj1jjj ye>s4 ,sir ,william ,?omson & ,pr(essor ,tait1 ( ,great ,brita91 & ,pr(essor ,newcomb1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,naval ,obs]vatory1 approa*+ ! "q f ano!r po9t ( view1 seem to demon/rate t ! radiation ( heat f ! sun is dim9i%+ at a rate su* t t5 or twelve million ye>s ago x mu/ h be5 s hot ^u ! e>?'s surface z to vaporise all ! wat]1 & ?us r5d] impossible ! beg9n+ ( geological life until lat] ?an t p]iod4 ,inde$1 !y seem to prove by rigor\s ma!matical calculations t ! total am\nt ( heat orig9ally possess$ by ! nebula out ( :i* ! sun has be5 cond5s$ w\ld only be suffici5t to keep up ! pres5t am\nt ( radiation = #ah1jjj1jjj ye>s4 ,! late ,dr4 ,croll1 feel+ ! =ce ( ^! a/ronomical conclusions1 ?\ght x possible to add suffici5tly to ! sun's heat to ext5d its rule backw>ds approximately #ajj1jjj1jjj ye>s by ! supposition ( a collision ) x ( ano!r mov+ body ( ne> its own size4 ,pr(essor ,"y & o!rs h ?\ght t possibly ! heat ( ! sun might h be5 kept up by ! aid ( ! impact ( a/]oids & meteorites = a p]iod ( #cj1jjj1jjj ye>s4 ,mr4 ,wallace obta9s simil> figures by e/imat+ ! "t requir$ = ! deposition ( ! /ratifi$ rocks op5 to exam9ation ^u ! l& surface ( ! globe4 ,z a result ( 8 e/imates1 x w\ld appe> t #bh1jjj1jjj ye>s is all ! "t requir$ = ! =mation ( ! geological /rata4 ,f all ?is x is evid5t t geologi/s are mu* m re/rict$ 9 _! speculations involv+ "t ?an !y ?\ght !mselves to be a half-c5tury ago4 ,tak+ z our /&>d ! m$ium results atta9$ by ,wallace1 we %all f9d x pr(itable to see h[ ?is "t c be portion$ out to ! geological p]iods1 t we may asc]ta9 h[ mu* approximately c be left = ! ,glacial epo*4 ,on all h&s x is agre$ t ! geological p]iods decrease 9 l5g? z !y approa* ! pres5t "t4 ,accord+ to ,dana's e/imates1,,eu ! ratio = ! ,palozoic1 ,mesozoic1 & ,c5ozoic p]iods w\ld be #ab3c3a--t is1 ,c5ozoic "t is b "o sixte5? ( ! :ole4 ,?is embraces ! :ole ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 dur+ :i* plac5tal mammals h be5 9 exi/5ce1 toge!r ) ! po/-,t]ti>y or ,glacial p]iod1 ext5d+ d[n to ! pres5t "t2 t is1 ! "t s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod & ! exi/5ce ( ! high] animals is consid]ably less ?an two million ye>s1 ev5 ^u ,mr4 ,wallace's basis ( calculation4 ,b if we %\ld be compell$ to accept ! calculations ( ,sir ,william ,?omson1 ,pr(essor ,tait1 & ,pr(essor ,newcomb1 ! ,c5ozoic p]iod w\ld be r$uc$ to consid]ably less ?an "o million ye>s4 ,x is difficult to tell h[ mu* ( ,c5ozoic "t is to be assign$ to ! ,glacial p]iod1 s9ce !re is1 9 fact1 no %>ply drawn l9e betwe5 ! two p]iods4 ,! climax ( ! ,glacial p]iod repres5t$ a condition ( ?+s sl[ly atta9$ by ! *anges ( level :i* took place dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! ,t]ti>y epo*4 ,footnote ,,eu3 ,see revis$ edition ( 8 ,geology1 p4 #ehf4 ,9 ord] to e/imate ! degree ( cr$ibility ) :i* we may at ! outset reg>d ! !ory ( ,mr4 ,pre/wi* & o!rs1 t all ! ph5om5a ( ! ,glacial p]iod c be br\ght )9 ! limits ( ?irty or =ty ?\s& ye>s1 x is important to fix our m9ds ^u ! significance ( ! l>ge numb]s ) :i* we are accu/om$ to multiply & divide geological quantities4,,ev ,footnote ,,ev3 ,see ,croll's ,climate & ,"t1 *ap4 xx4 ,few p realise ei!r ! rapidity ) :i* geological *anges are n[ proce$+ or ! small am\nt ( *ange :i* might produce a ,glacial p]iod1 & few] /ill h an adequate conception ( h[ long a p]iod a million ye>s is1 & h[ mu* pres5t geological ag5cies w\ld accompli% 9 t "t4 ,at ! pres5t rate at :i* erosive ag5cies are n[ act+ ^u ! ,alps1 _! dim5sions w\ld be r$uc$ "o half 9 a million ye>s4 ,at ! pres5t rate ( ! recession ( ! ,falls ( ,/4 ,an?ony1 ! :ole gorge f ,/4 ,l\is to ,m9neapolis w\ld h be5 produc$ 9 a million ye>s4 ,a riv] l[]+ its b$ a foot 9 a ?\s& ye>s w\ld produce a caon a ?\s& feet deep 9 a million ye>s4 ,if we suppose ! ,glacial p]iod to h be5 br\ght ab\t by an elevation ( l& 9 nor!rn ,am]ica & nor!rn ,europe1 proce$+ at ! rate ( ?ree feet a c5tury1 :i* is t n[ tak+ place 9 "s portions ( ,sc&9avia1 ?is w\ld am\nt to ?ree ?\s& feet 9 "o hundr$ ?\s& ye>s1 & t is probably all1 & ev5 m ?an all1 :i* is ne$$4 ,"o hundr$ ?\s& ye>s1 !re=e1 or ev5 less1 might easily include bo? ! sl[ com+ on ( ! ,glacial p]iod & its rapid close4 ,pre/wi* e/imates t ! ice n[ float+ away f ,gre5l& z iceb]gs is suffici5t if accumulat+ on a l&-surface to ext5d ! bord]s ( a cont95tal glaci] ab\t f\r hundr$ & fifty feet a ye>1 or "o mile 9 twelve ye>s1 "o hundr$ miles 9 twelve hundr$ ye>s1 & sev5 hundr$ miles 7ab\t ! limit ( glacial transportation 9 ,am]ica7 9 less ?an t5 ?\s& ye>s4 ,aft] mak+ all reasonable all[ances1 !re=e1 ,pre/wi*'s conclusion t tw5ty-five ?\s& ye>s is ample "t to all[ to ! reign ( ! ice ( ! ,glacial p]iod _c be reg>d$ z by any means incr$ible or1 on a priori gr\nds1 improbable4 ,,app5dix4 ,,! ,,t]ti>y ,,man4 ,by ,pr(essor ,h5ry ,w4 ,haynes4 ,x mu/ n be imag9$ t x is 9 any way prov$ t ! ,paloli?ic man 0 ! fir/ human be+ t exi/$4 ,we mu/ be prep>$ to wait1 h[ev]1 = fur!r & bett] au!nticat$ discov]ies be=e c>ry+ 8 exi/5ce back 9 "t fur!r ?an ! ,plei/oc5e or po/-,t]ti>y p]iod4,,ew ,?is 0 ! position assum$ m ?an twelve ye>s ago by ! em95t ,engli% geologi/ & ar*ologi/1 ,dr4 ,john ,evans1 & x 0 /ill ma9ta9$ 9 8 address be=e ! ,an?ropological ,section ( ! ,briti% ,association on ,septemb] #ah1 #ahij4 ,i believe t ! /udy ( all ! evid5ce 9 favor ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,t]ti>y man t has be5 br\ght =w>d d[n to ! pres5t "t w leave ! "q 9 precisely ! same /ate ( unc]ta9ty4 ,footnote ,,ew3 ,a ,few ,words on ,t]ti>y ,man1 ,trans1 ( ,h]t=d%ire ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,soc1 vol4 i1 p4 #aej4 ,9 ord] to e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( man at su* a remote p]iod ! pro(s mu/ be conv9c+4 ,x mu/ be %[n1 fir/1 t ! objects f\nd are ( human workman%ip2 secondly1 t !y are really f\nd z /at$2 &1 ?irdly1 ! age ( ! b$s 9 :i* !y are f\nd mu/ be cle>ly asc]ta9$ & det]m9$4,,ex ,^! te/s ,i propose to apply to ! evid5ce = ! ,t]ti>y man rec5tly br\ght =w>d 9 ,europe1 & !n to consid] ! significance ( c]ta9 discov]ies on ! ,pacific coa/ ( our own cont95t4 ,footnote ,,ex3 ,ibid41 p4 #adh4 ,t]ti>y deposits 9 ,europe are alleg$ to h suppli$ ?ree sorts ( evid5ce ( ?is fact3 ,fir/1 ! bones ( man himself2 second1 bones ( animals %[+ incisions or fractures suppos$ to h be5 produc$ by human ag5cy2 ?ird1 *ipp$ fl9ts believ$ to exhibit m>ks ( design 9 _! production4 ,a v complete survey ( ! "q ( ! antiquity ( man 0 publi%$ 9 #ahhc by ,m4 ,gabriel de ,mortillet1 "o ( its mo/ em95t inve/igators1 "u ! title ( ,le ,prhi/orique4 ,9 t "w he subject$ to a mo/ rigid exam9ation all ! evid5ce = ,t]ti>y man1 com+ "u ei!r ( ^! ?ree heads1 t _h be5 br\ght =w>d up to t date4 ,! in/ances ( ! discov]y ( human bones 9 ,europe 7 two--at ,colle del ,v5to1 9 ,savona1 & ,ca/5$olo1 ne> ,brescia1 bo? 9 ,italy4 ,at ! =m] site1 9 a ,plioc5e m>9e deposit ab\nd+ 9 fossil oy/]s & conta9+ "s scatt]$ bones ( fossil mammals1 a human skeleton 0 f\nd ) ! bones ly+ 9 _! natural connection4 ,mortillet1 h[ev]1 & _m o!rs reg>d ?is z an in/ance ( a subsequ5t int]m5t r ?an z pro( t ! man liv$ 9 ,plioc5e times4,,ey ,at ,ca/5$olo1 9 a simil> m>9e ,plioc5e =mation1 on ?ree diff]5t occasions human skeletons h be5 discov]$1 b 9 diff]5t /rata4 ,"o inve/igator has acc\nt$ = ^! z ! result ( a %ipwreck 9 ! ,plioc5e p]iod4 ,?is bold hypo!sis n only requires t man %\ld h be5 suffici5tly advanc$ at t v remote p]iod to h navigat$ ! sea1 b x calls = two %ipwrecks1 at diff]5t times1 at ! same po9t4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 s9ce be5 ab&on$ by its au?or 9 favor ( ! presumption ( subsequ5t int]m5ts1 z 9 ! previ\s in/ance4,,ez ,footnote ,,ey3 ,?is is also ! op9ion ( ,hamy1 ,prcis de ,palontologie ,huma9e1 p4 #fg4 ,pr(essor ,le ,conte1 ,elem5ts ( ,geology 7?ird edition1 #ahia71 p4 #fji1 is wrong 9 attribut+ ! opposite conclusion to ,hamy1 on ! evid5ce ( fl9t implem5ts f\nd 9 ?is locality4 ,footnote ,,ez3 ,bullett9o di ,paletnologia ,italiana1 tome xv1 p4 #aji 7,augu/ #ah1 #ahhi74 ,animal bones %[+ cuts or breaks suppos$ to be ! "w ( man h be5 f\nd 9 sev5te5 diff]5t localities 9 ,europe4 ,!y c all1 h[ev]1 be acc\nt$ = z ! result ( natural movem5ts or pressure ( ! soil act+ 9 connection ) %>p sub/ances1 l fractur$ fl9ts1 or else z hav+ be5 made by ! tee? ( %>ks1 ^: fossil rema9s are f\nd 9 great abundance 9 ! same =mation4 ,all ! discov]ies ( fl9ts suppos$ to %[ traces ( int5tional *ipp+ are pron\nc$ to be unsatisfactory1 ) ! exception ( ^? f\nd 9 ?ree localities--,!nay 7ne> ,t\rs7 & ,puy-,c\rny 7ne> ,aurillac71 9 ,france1 & ,otta1 9 ! valley ( ! ,tagus1 9 ,portugal4 ,z ,european ar*ologi/s at ! pres5t "t are sub/antially 9 accord ) ,mortillet 9 re/rict+ ! discussion to ^! ?ree places1 ,i w foll[ _! example4 ,b al?\gh ,mortillet believes t fl9ts f\nd at all ^! localities exhibit m>ks ( intellig5t action1 he w n admit t !y are ! "w ( man4 ,he attributes !m to an intellig5t ance/or ( man1 :om he calls by ! "n ( an?ropopi!cus1 or ! precursor ( man4 ,( ?is creature he di/+ui%es ?ree diff]5t species1 nam$ respectively aft] ! discov]]s ( ! fl9ts 9 ! ?ree localities j m5tion$4 ,! precursor1 h[ev]1 has f\nd up to ?is "t only a v limit$ acceptance among m5 ( sci5ce1 al?\gh a few believe 9 him on purely !oretical gr\nds4 ,! discussion g5]ally turns ^u ! "q :e!r ^! fl9ts 7 *ipp$ int5tionally or are ! result ( natural causes2 & also ^u ! det]m9ation ( ! geological age ( ! =mations 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4--;,fl9t flakes collect$ by ,abb ,b\rgeois f ,mioc5e /rata at ,!nay 7aft] ,gaudry74 ,natural size4 ,i visit$ ,!nay1 ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ^! ?ree localities1 9 #ahgg1 & _h ! advantage ( /udy+ ! "q !re "u ! guidance ( ! late ,abb ,b\rgeois1 ! discov]] ( ! fl9ts1 & "o ( ! mo/ prom95t advocates ( ! ,t]ti>y man4 ,?is 0 ! ye> be=e he di$1 & he %[$ me at ! "t 8 complete collection1 & gave me sev]al ( ! objects he _h discov]$4 ,geologi/s are agre$ 9 assign+ ! deposits 9 :i* !y occur to ! l[] ,mioc5e or middle ,t]ti>y p]iod1 :i* re/ricts ! discussion to ! "* ( ! fl9ts !mselves4 ,! accompany+ woodcut,,fa gives "s indication ( _! appe>ance1 al?\gh x is mislead+1 because ! long figure resembl+ a fl9t knife is int5d$ to repres5t a solid nucleus4 ,none ( ^! objects1 h[ev]1 ought to be call$ fl9ts flakes1 z v few1 if any1 flakes %[+ ! bulb ( p]cussion1 always se5 ^u !m1 h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,t]ti>y deposits at ,!nay1,,fb al?\gh ,i h f\nd !m !re myself ^u ! surface4 ,! ?ree o!r figures w\ld be class$ by ar*ologi/s z pi]c]s1 z ,b\rgeois has himself designat$ !m1 & are also solid objects4 ,_m ( ! ,!nay fl9ts exhibit a crackl$ appe>ance1 due to ! action ( heat4 ,on ?is acc\nt ,mortillet ma9ta9s t !y 7 spl9t]$ by fire1 & n =m$ by p]cussion1 ! usual me?od by :i* fl9t implem5ts 7 fabricat$ 9 ! /one age4 ,! ,!nay objects are all ( v small dim5sions1 & are s absolutely unlike ! l>ge1 rudely-*ipp$ axes ( ! ,*ellean type1 f\nd 9 s _m diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 & g5]ally accept$ z ! implem5t us$ by ,paloli?ic man1 t ! "q naturally sugge/s itself1 ,:at c\ld h be5 ! purpose = :i* ^! little implem5ts 7 employ$8 ,no bett] answ] has be5 sugge/$ ?an ! ludicr\s "o t !y 7 us$ by ! hairy an?ropopi!cus to rid himself ( ! v]m9 ) :i* he 0 infe/$4 ,footnote ,,fa3 ,f ,le ,conte1 op4 cit41 p4 #fjh4 ,! figures are copi$ f ,gaudry1 :o borr[$ !m f ! article by ,b\rgeois1 ,congrs ,int]nat4 de ,bruxelles1 #ahgb1 p4 #hi1 pl4 ii2 & f 8 ,la ,"q de l',homme ,t]ti>e4 ,revue des ,que/ions ,sci5tifiques1 #ahgg1 p4 #ae4 ,footnote ,,fb3 ,le ,prhi/orique1 p4 #ia4 ,b1 leav+ aside ! "q ( _! purpose1 let u consid] ! evid5ce pres5t$ by ! fl9ts !mselves4 ,d !y exhibit ! unmi/akable traces ( int5tional *ipp+ produc$ by a s]ies ( slight bl[s or ?ru/s1 deliv]$ 9 regul> succession & 9 ! same direction1 ) ! result ( =m+ a di/9ctly m>k$ edge8 ,& does ! appe>ance ( ! action ( fire ^u _! surface imply ! int]v5tion ( intellig5ce8 ,to bo? que/ions ,m4 ,adri5 ,arcel91 ! well-kn[n geologi/ ( ,mcon1 has giv5 v suffici5t replies 9 ! negative4 ,he has discov]$ num]\s objects ( precisely simil> appe>ance 9 ,eoc5e deposits 9 ! neighborhood ( ,mcon4,,fc ,b1 in/ead ( pu%+ man back on ?is acc\nt s mu* fur!r into ! pa/1 he acc\nts = ! m>ks ( *ipp+ to be se5 on _m ( ^! objects z ! result ( ! accid5tal %ocks ( "o /one aga9/ ano!r 9 ! c\ntless ov]turn+s & movem5ts to :i* ! /rata h be5 subject$ dur+ ! long ages ( geological "t4 ,he gives photographs ( "s ( ^! objects1 :i* are to me entirely conv9c+1 & describes h[ he has surpris$ ,nature 9 ! v act ( fabricat+ !m 9 an ab&on$ qu>ry work$ 9 an ,eoc5e deposit4 ,he ?9ks ! crackl$ surfaces c be readily expla9$ z ! result ( atmosph]ic action1 or ( hot spr+s *>g$ ) silex4 ,num]\s examples ( simil> *anges 9 ! surface ( fl9t1 t h be5 notic$ by himself & o!rs 9 diff]5t localities1 are in/anc$4 ,ev5 if "s h be5 caus$ by fire1 ?is does n necess>ily imply ! int]v5tion ( man to h produc$ x4 ,simil> discov]ies h also be5 made by ,m4 d',ault de ,mesnil1 at ,!nay1 9 ,eoc5e deposits1,,fd & by ,m4 ,paul ,cabanne1 9 ! ,gironde4,,fe ,my own op9ion1 bas$ ^u ! exp]i5ce ( _m ye>s sp5t 9 ! /udy ( fl9ts brok5 naturally z well z artificially1 & ^u a c>eful exam9ation ( ,b\rgeois's collections1 is t ! s-call$ ,!nay fl9ts are ! result ( natural causes4 ,footnote ,,fc3 ,matriaux p\r l',hi/oire ,prim1 et ,nat4 de l',homme1 tome xix1 p4 #aic4 ,footnote ,,fd3 ,matriaux1 ibid41 p4 #bdf4 ,footnote ,,fe3 ,id41 tome xxii1 p4 #bje4 ,! second locality :]e fl9ts alleg$ to display m>ks ( human action h be5 f\nd is ! vic9ity ( ,aurillac1 9 ! ,auv]gne1 especially on ! flanks ( a hill call$ ,puy-,c\rny4 ,!y occur 9 a conglom]ate ( ! upp] ,mioc5e p]iod1 & are consequ5tly mu* lat] ?an ! ,!nay fl9ts4 ,9 ?is conglom]ate1 9 #ahfi1 ,m4 ,t>dy discov]$ a work$ fl9t flake :i* has e appe>ance ( be+ artificial4,,ff ,mortillet1 h[ev]1 says t x 0 f\nd 9 ! upp] surface ( ! deposit1 :]e !re may easily h be5 a m+l+ ) ! ,quat]n>y =mation2 & x c]ta9ly resembles work$ flakes1 :i* are n uncommon 9 ! ,quat]n>y4 ,! geological det]m9ation ( ! f9d may consequ5tly be reg>d$ z unc]ta94 ,footnote ,,ff3 ,see ,matriaux1 tome vi1 p4 #id4 ,s4 ,re9a*1 h[ev]1 ,description ,raison4 du ,muse de ,sa9t-,g]ma9-en-,laye1 i1 p4 #ajg1 n4 #h1 calls x gravure inexacte4 ,! fl9ts discov]$ at ,puy-,c\rny by ,m4 ,b>nes are ( small dim5sions1 & h all be5 produc$ by p]cussion4 ,_m ( !m are said to be> "s resemblance to po9t$ flakes ( artificial orig91 & "o has be5 figur$1 probably select$ = its excell5ce4,,fg ,x is by no means conv9c+ to me1 & ,i am n at all surpris$ t s _m ar*ologi/s "q ! artificial "* ( ^! objects1 :i* exhibit a great v>iety ( =ms4 ,^u ?is po9t ,rames does n pr(ess to be qualifi$ to pron\nce judgm5t1 limit+ himself solely to ! geological que/ions4 ,he argues1 h[ev]1 t ! fact t all ! objects suppos$ to be artificial are made ( ! be/ qualities ( fl9t1 ( :i* implem5ts are ord9>ily made1 al?\gh fragm5ts ( inf]ior quality are abundant 9 ! same =mation1 implies ! int]v5tion ( man's judgm5t 9 mak+ ! selection4 ,b ,m4 ,b\le %[s t ?is is m]ely ! result ( ! erosion ( an anci5t riv]1 :i* op]at$ only ^u ! upp] b$s1 9 :i* alone ! bett] qualities ( fl9t are to be f\nd2 & ,rames has accept$ ?is explanation4,,fh ,! fl9ts ( ,puy-,c\rny seem to fall )9 ! same category z ^? ( ,!nay4 ,!y are ! product ( d5udation1 h travell$ long di/ances1 & h be5 subject$ to ! action ( p[]ful ag5ts4 ,^! causes are suffici5t to acc\nt = ! %ocks ( :i* !y %[ ! traces1 & to expla9 ! production ( spl9t]s aris+ !refrom4 ,footnote ,,fg3 ,matriaux1 tome xviii1 p4 #djj4 ,footnote ,,fh3 ,revue d',an?ropologie 7?ird s]ies71 tome iv1 p4 #bag4 ,! la/ locality 9 :i* fl9ts claim$ to h be5 manufactur$ by ! ,t]ti>y man are suppos$ to h be5 discov]$ is ! s-call$ des]t ( ,otta1 9 ! valley ( ! ,tagus1 n f> f ,lisbon4 ,! =mation !re is a lacu/r9e deposit ( great ?ickness1 belong+ to ! upp] ,mioc5e1 & ab\nd+ 9 fl9t4 ,"h1 dur+ ! c\rse ( tw5ty ye>s1 ,m4 ,ribeiro discov]$1 b mo/ly ^u ! surface1 a l>ge numb] ( flakes ( fl9t & qu>tzite4 ,aft] mu* debate 9 reg>d to !m1 n9ety-five ( !m 7 f9ally s5t by him to ,p>is1 9 #ahgh1 & plac$ 9 ! ar*ological dep>tm5t ( ! great exposition4 ,!re !y 7 to be submitt$ to ! judgm5t ( ! assembl$ prehi/oric ar*ologi/s ( all nationalities1 _m ( :om1 includ+ ! writ]1 avail$ !mselves ( ! opportunity ( c>efully /udy+ !m4 ,! judgm5t ( ,mortillet is t tw5ty-two specim5s exhibit$ unmi/akable traces ( int5tional *ipp+1 9 :i* op9ion ,i entirely concur4 ,only n9e1 h[ev]1 7 repres5t$ z com+ f ! ,mioc5e1 "s ( :i* %[$ on _! surface an incru/ation ( grit1 :i* 0 claim$ z pro( ( _! orig94 ,b ! op9ion 0 freely express$ t1 ev5 if !y really came f ! ,mioc5e deposits1 !y might h p5etrat$ into !m f ! surface1 ?r\gh cracks1 & ?us h become s incru/$4 ,x 0 accord+ly resolv$ to hold ! next int]national congress ( prehi/oric ar*ologi/s at ,lisbon1 9 #ahhj1 ma9ly = ! purpose ( settl+ ?is "q1 if possible1 by an inve/igation conduct$ ^u ! spot4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a visit made at t "t to ,otta1 sev]al artificial specim5s 7 f\nd on ! surface by diff]5t se>*]s1 b ,pr(essor ,bellucci1 ( ,p]ugia1 0 =tunate en\gh to discov] a fl9t flake 9 situ1 /ill s closely imb$d$ 9 ! deposit t x requir$ to be deta*$ by a hamm]4 ,!re is no "q t ?is object 0 actually f\nd 9 a ,mioc5e deposit1 b un=tunately x belongs to ! d\btful category ( ext]nal flakes1 :i*1 al?\gh !y exhibit ! bulb ( p]cussion1 h no o!r sure indication t !y are ! "w ( man4,,fi ,z su* bulbs c be produc$ by natural causes1 "s /rong] pro( ?an ?is ( ! exi/5ce ( ,t]ti>y man is dem&$4 ,footnote ,,fi3 ,x has be5 figur$ by ,bellucci1 ,ar*ivio p] l',an?ropologia e la ,etnologia di ,fir5ze1 tome xi1 p4 #ab1 tav4 iv1 fig4 #b4 ,to me x possesses no value z evid5ce4 ,^! are all ! localities 9 ,europe claim$ by ,mortillet to h furni%$ su* evid5ce1 b he ?9ks a /rong confirmation ( x is af=d$ by c]ta9 discov]ies made 9 ! aurif]\s gravels ( ,cali=nia4 ,i w n occupy space "h 9 repeat+ argum5ts ,i h br\ght =w>d else:]e to %[ ! utt] insuffici5cy ( ?is evid5ce to prove ! exi/5ce ( man on ! ,pacific coa/ ( our cont95t dur+ ! ,plioc5e p]iod1,,fj ,!y may all be summ$ up 9 ! words ( ,le ,conte3 ,! d\bts 9 reg>d to ?is extreme antiquity ( man are ( ?ree k9ds1 viz43 #a4 ,d\bts z to ! ,plioc5e age ( ! gravels--!y may be e>ly ,quat]n>y4 #b4 ,d\bts z to ! au!nticity ( ! f9ds--no sci5ti/ hav+ se5 any ( !m 9 situ4 #c4 ,d\bts z to ! undi/urb$ conditions ( ! gravels1 = aurif]\s gravels are especially liable to di/urbance4 ,! "* ( ! implem5ts said to h be5 f\nd gives peculi> emphasis to ?is la/ d\bt1 = !y are n ,paleoli?ic1 b ,neoli?ic4,,fk ,! "q has be5 rais$ :e!r ?is ar*ological objection is applicable to ! /one mort>s1 num]\s examples ( :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ! gravels1 "s ( !m q rec5tly4,,fl ,if ! evid5ce br\ght =w>d by ,pr(essor ,:itney & o!rs 7 limit$ to ^! mort>s1 x might v well be claim$ t !y are nei!r ,paloli?ic nor ,neoli?ic2 t ! smoo?ness ( _! surface is ow+ to _! hav+ be5 holl[$ out ( pebbles t h be5 poli%$ & worn by natural =ces4 ,b ,pr(essor ,:itney has cit$ numb]less in/ances ( spe>-heads1 arr[-heads1 discoidal /ones1 /one beads1 & a hat*et t h be5 f\nd "u precisely simil> conditions z ! mort>s4 ,s ,mr4 ,beck] has rec5tly produc$ an affidavit ( a c]ta9 ,mr4 ,neale t 9 a tunnel run into ! gravel 9 #ahgg betwe5 two hundr$ & ?ree hundr$ feet beyond ! edge ( ! solid lava1 he saw sev]al spe>-heads ne>ly "o foot 9 l5g?4,,fm ,n[ x _c be que/ion$ t su* objects z ^! cle>ly belong to ! ,neoli?ic p]iod1 :i* does n imply t all ! objects us$ at t "t 7 poli%$1 b t toge!r ) *ipp$ implem5ts poli%$ /one implem5ts 7 also us$4,,fn ,no ar*ologi/ w believe t1 :ile ,paloli?ic man has n yet be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,t]ti>y deposits ( we/]n ,europe1 ! works ( ,neoli?ic man h be5 f\nd 9 simil> deposits 9 we/]n ,am]ica4 ,peculi> difficulties seem to surr\nd ! evid5ce br\ght =w>d 9 support ( su* an assumption4 ,we are told by ,pr(essor ,:itney t a /one mort> 0 f\nd /&+ upright1 & ! pe/le 0 9 x1 9 its prop] place1 j z x _h be5 left by ! own]4 ,he fails1 h[ev]1 to expla9 h[ ?is 0 br\ght ab\t 9 a gravel deposit suppos$ to h be5 laid d[n by great floods ( wat]4 ,s1 :5 ,mr4 ,neale swe>s t he saw fifte5 ye>s ago 9 ! same gravels spe>-heads a great deal l>g] ?an ^? kn[n to ar*ologi/s1 may we n ask :e!r reliance c be plac$ on ! memory ( witnesses :o te/ify to impossibilities to ju/ify conclusions t re/ ^u su* te/imony8 ,i ?9k we %all h to wait = fur!r & bett] evid5ce ?an ?is be=e we are call$ ^u to admit t ! exi/5ce ( ! ,t]ti>y man ^u our ,pacific coa/ has be5 e/abli%$4 ,footnote ,,fj3 ,! ,prehi/oric ,ar*ology ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,n>rative & ,critical ,hi/ory ( ,am]ica1 vol4 i1 pp4 #hej-cef4 ,footnote ,,fk3 ,le ,conte1 op4 cit41 p4 #fad4 ,footnote ,,fl3 ,pr(essor ,george ,fr$]ick ,wright1 ,prehi/oric ,man on ! ,pacific ,coa/1 ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,april1 #ahia1 p4 #eab2 ,table ,m\nta9 ,ar*ology1 ,nation1 ,may #ba1 #ahia1 p4 #dai4 ,footnote ,,fm3 ,antiquities f "u ,tuolome ,table ,m\nta9 9 ,cali=nia1 ,bullet9 ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica1 vol4 ii1 p4 #aib4 ,footnote ,,fn3 ,le ,conte1 op4 cit41 p4 #fjg4 ,,index4 ,a> ,glaci]1 #aa1 #dc1 #acb4 ,abbeville1 ,france1 #bea1 #bfc4 ,abbott1 ,c4 ,c1 cit$1 #bdb1 #bde4 ,adams1 ,*>les ,francis1 cit$1 #big4 ,adhm>1 cit$1 #cjg1 #caj4 ,africa1 anci5t glaci]s (1 #aia4 ,agassiz1 ,l\is1 cit$1 #i1 #aa1 #dc1 #abh1 #bda4 ,ailsa ,crag1 #afg1 #afh4 ,akron4 ,ohio1 #bbj1 #bba4 ,alaska1 #a1 #bb1 #bc et seq41 #dg1 #bab1 #bhc2 climate (1 #bia1 #cjb4 ,alets* ,glaci]1 #i1 #baa1 #bda4 ,alleghany ,valley1 #bjf1 #bad2 t]races 91 #bbi4 ,alp9e glaci]s1 exi/+1 #i-aa1 #dc et seq42 size & numb] (1 #i2 dep? (1 #aa2 velocity (1 #dc et seq42 anci5t1 #eh-fj1 #aca-acf2 advance & retreat (1 #aaf4 ,alps1 #a1 #i-aa1 #dc et seq41 #eh et seq41 #ia1 #aca et seq41 #baa2 age (1 #cbh4 ,altaville1 ,cal1 #bif4 ,amazon ,valley1 temp]ature (1 #caf4 ,amh]/1 ,ohio1 glacial m>ks ne>1 #eb4 ,ami5s1 ,france1 implem5ts f1 #beb1 #bfc et seq42 t]races at1 #cfj4 ,&es1 #ag1 #ccj2 age (1 #cbh4 ,&ov]1 ,mass41 #gg et seq41 #cde4 ,&rews1 cit$1 #cde1 #cdg1 #ced1 #cef4 ,animals1 ext9ct1 associat$ ) man 9 ea/]n ,am]ica1 #bfb2 9 ,france1 #bfc2 9 ,engl&1 #bfd et seq42 9 ,wales1 #bgb2 9 ,belgium1 #bgg et seq42 summ>y conc]n+1 #bha-bic4 ,animals1 relics (1 9 loess1 #ahh4 ,ant>ctic ,cont95t1 exi/+ glaci]s (1 #a1 #ah et seq4 ,arcy1 ,belgium1 grotto at1 #bgi4 ,ar5ig ,mawr1 ,wales1 #aej1 #aea1 #agb4 ,argillite implem5t1 face & side view (1 #bdg1 #bei4 ,arnhem1 ,holl&1 mora9e at1 #aha4 ,asia1 exi/+ glaci]s 91 #ad et seq42 anci5t glaci]s (1 #aij4 ,ass9ibo9e ,riv]1 #bbh4 ,a/ronomical !ories ( ! ,glacial p]iod1 #cjc et seq4 ,atlantic ,ocean1 #cad4 ,aurillac1 suppos$ fl9t-*ips ne>1 #cfg1 #cgj4 ,au/ralia1 anci5t glaci]s (1 #abf1 #aib4 ,au/ria1 exi/+ glaci]s (1 #i4 ,auv]gne1 #acf4 ,babbitt1 ,miss ,f4 ,e41 cit$1 #bec1 #bed1 #bee4 ,bakewell on age ( ,niag>a gorge1 #ccg4 ,baldw91 ,c4 ,c1 #bea4 ,baldw91 ,p41 #be4 ,ball1 cit$1 #caj1 #cag4 ,baltic ,sea1 #abi4 ,b>nsley1 ,engl&1 #aee4 ,bates1 cit$1 #bjd4 ,be>1 #bgj1 #bhg1 #bij4 ,be>1 grizzly1 #bgj1 #bhh4 ,beav]1 #bhi4 ,beav] ,creek1 ,pa41 #bje1 #bcj1 #bcb4 ,beck]1 cit$1 #bif1 #cjj1 #cdi4 ,b$=d1 ,engl&1 #bfe4 ,bee* ,flats1 ,ohio1 t]race at1 #bag4 ,belgium1 human relics 9 glacial t]races 91 #bfd2 cav]ns (1 #bgd4 ,bell1 cit$1 #aji1 #aag2 on unity ( ! ,glacial p]iod1 #aaj4 ,bellevue1 ,pa41 glacial t]race on ! ,ohio at1 #bag4 ,bellucci1 cit$1 #cgb4 ,b5 ,nevis1 #bdj4 ,b]nese ,ob]l&1 #i1 #ei1 #aca1 #acb4 ,big ,/one ,lake1 #bjh1 #bbf4 ,birm+ham4 ,engl&1 #aej4 ,bi%op1 cit$4 #cjf4 ,bison1 #bfb1 #bgj1 #bga1 #bgh1 #bhi4 ,black ,=e/1 !1 #acf4 ,black ,riv]1 ,ohio1 #cdc4 ,black ,sea1 #bch4 ,blanc1 ,mont1 #a1 #i-aa1 #acb1 #baa4 ,bl&=d1 cit$1 #cab4 ,boone ,c\nty1 ,ky41 glacial deposits 91 #bab4 ,bo/on1 scrat*$ /one f till (1 #ed2 druml9s 9 ! vic9ity (1 #ge4 ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 #bif4 ,b\ld]-clay4 7,see ,till47 ,b\ld]s1 dis9tegrat$1 #eg1 #ga4 ,b\ld]s1 di/ribution (1 9 ,new-,engl&1 #eg1 #fj1 #fa1 #fi et seq42 9 ,switz]l&1 #eh et seq41 #acc4 ,b\ld]s1 transportation (1 9 ,p5nsylvania1 #eg1 #fa1 #he2 9 ,new ,hamp%ire1 #fj1 #ga2 9 ,k5tucky1 #fc1 #ig2 9 ,ohio1 #fd1 #gb2 9 ,rhode ,isl&1 #fg2 9 ,massa*usetts1 #fi et seq42 9 ,connecticut1 #ga1 #gb2 9 ,new ,j]sey1 #hc2 9 ,ill9ois1 #ig4 ,b\rgeois1 ,abb1 cit$1 #cfg4 ,bridg5or?1 ,engl&1 #aej4 ,bridl+ton1 ,engl&1 #aef1 #aeh4 ,bri/ol ,*annel1 #ach1 #agh4 ,briti% ,columbia1 #a1 #bc1 #aba et seq41 #aid1 #aih4 ,briti% ,isles1 anci5t glaci]s (1 #acf-aha2 preglacial level ( l& 91 #aci-ada2 preglacial climate 9 #ada1 #adb2 great glacial c5tres-- ,wales1 #adc2 ,irel&1 #adc2 ,gall[ay1 #add2 ,lake ,di/rict1 #add2 ,p5n9e ,*a91 #add2 conflu5t glaci]s-- ,iri% ,sea ,glaci]1 #ade-aec2 ,solway ,glaci]1 #aec-aeh2 ,ea/ ,anglian ,glaci]1 #aeh2 ,isle ( ,man1 #afd-afg2 ! s-call$ ,great ,subm]g5ce1 #afg-ahj2 disp]sion ( erratics ( ,%ap granite1 #ahj1 #aha2 dra9age (1 #bch2 cav]ns (1 #bfg2 climate (1 #cad4 ,brixham ,cave1 #bfg et seq4 ,bromsgrove1 ,engl&1 #aej4 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 #ff1 #fg4 ,br[n1 on glaci]s ( ,gre5l&1 #dj1 #da4 ,br[n's ,valley1 #bbf4 ,bruce1 skull (1 #bgf4 ,buri$ =e/s 9 ,am]ica1 #ajg et seq4 ,buri$ outlets & *annels1 #aii-baj2 ( ,lake ,erie1 #bja1 #ccc2 ( ,lake ,huron1 #bjb2 ( ,lake ,ont>io1 #bjb2 ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 #bjc2 ( ,lake ,mi*igan1 #bjc2 9 s\?we/]n ,ohio1 #bjc2 ne> ,c9c9nati1 #bjc2 ne> ,l\isville1 ,ky41 #bje2 9 ! ,tusc>awas ,valley1 #bje2 9 ! valley ( ! ,beav]1 #bje2 ( oil ,creek1 #bje2 9 ! valley ( ! ,alleghany1 #bjf2 ( ,*autauqua ,lake1 #bjg2 ne> ,m9neapolis1 #bjh4 ,burton1 ,engl&1 #afd4 ,busk1 cit$1 #bfg4 ,butt]m]e1 ,engl&1 #aec1 #afh4 ,ca*e ,valley1 ,utah1 #bcc4 ,cae ,gwyn ,cave1 #adh1 #bga et seq41 #bhj4 ,cai?ness1 ,scotl&1 #ahj4 ,calav]as skull1 #bie1 #cjj4 ,cali=nia1 #ba1 #abd1 #bha1 #bhg1 #bid1 #ceh1 #cgb4 ,cambridge%ire1 ,engl&1 #aeh4 ,canada1 #id1 #ie4 ,can/adt1 man (1 #bgi4 ,canton1 ,ohio1 #bcb4 ,cape ,/4 ,roque1 #ca #c4 ,c>ibbean ,sea1 #cah4 ,c>ib\1 #bfb4 ,c>ll1 cit$1 #bje1 #bjg4 ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s1 #acf1 #cbh4 ,c>p5t]1 ,f4 ,r41 cit$1 #cba1 #cbb4 ,cascade ,range1 #ba4 ,caspian ,sea1 #bch4 ,catt>augus ,creek1 ,n4 ,y41 #bbj4 ,caucasus ,m\nta9s1 #ae2 age (1 #cbh4 ,cave-be>1 #bfi-bga1 #bgh1 #bhj2 hy5a1 #bfi1 #bgj1 #bgh2 lion1 #bfi-bga1 #bgh4 ,cav]ns1 ,briti%1 #bfg-bgd2 on ! ,cont95t1 #bgd-bha4 ,cefn ,cave1 #adh1 #bga4 ,c5is1 ,mont1 #ace4 ,c5tres ( glacial disp]sion1 #cjd et seq41 #cbc et seq41 #cbh2 9 ,am]ica1 #aac1 #aba2 9 ,europe1 #abi et seq42 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 #adb et seq4 ,cev5nes1 #acf4 ,*amb]l91 ,t4 ,c1 t]m9al mora9e ( second ,glacial epo*1 #ic1 #ih et seq42 on driftless area1 #ajb1 #ajc2 cit$1 #aaj1 #bah1 #bbi1 #cjg2 on ,c9c9nati ice-dam1 #bah4 ,*amois1 #bhi1 #bij4 ,*am\ni1 #acb4 ,*>p5ti]1 #i1 #ei4 ,*ass]on1 #eh1 #acb4 ,*autauqua ,lake1 buri$ outlet (1 #bjg4 ,*5ango ,riv]1 #bbj4 ,*e%ire1 ,engl&1 #adi1aec1agh1ahj4 ,*ey5ne ,riv]1 #bbh4 ,*icago1 ,ill41 #cdf4 ,*impanzee1 skull (1 #bgf4 ,*ur1 #acc4 ,c9c9nati1 buri$ *annels ne>1 #bjc et seq42 glacial dam at1 #bab et seq42 t]races at1 #bca4 ,cl>ksburg1 ,w4 ,va41 #baf4 ,claymont1 ,del41 #beh et seq42 view ( implem5t f\nd ne>1 #bei4 ,claypole1 cit$1 #bjj1 #bai1 #bba4 ,climate ( ,glacial p]iod1 #bia4 ,clwyd1 vale (1 #adg et seq44 #bga et seq4 ,clyde1 !1 #add4 ,collett1 cit$1 #ajg4 ,colorado1 #abc1 #abd4 ,columbia deposit1 #bde1 #bed et seq4 ,columbiana ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 #bcb4 ,com/ock1 cit$1 #cjg4 ,conewango ,creek1 #bcb2 anci5t dep? (1 #bjf4 ,connecticut1 #ga1 #gb1 #gd1 #ia4 ,cony]s1 cit$1 #bfe4 ,cook on subsid5ce 9 ,new ,j]sey1 #aif4 ,cope1 cit$1 #bhh4 ,cordill]an ,glaci]1 #aba et seq4 ,corswall1 ,engl&1 #cab4 ,c[s1 #bfh4 ,cresson1 cit$1 #bea1 #beh et seq4 ,crevasses4 7,see ,fissures47 ,croll1 cit$1 #cjd1 #cjg et seq41 #ccb1 #cfb4 ,cro-,magnon1 rock %elt] (1 #bha4 ,crom]1 ,engl&1 #afj4 ,crosby1 on composition ( till1 #ha et seq4 ,cross ,fell esc>pm5t1 #aec1 #ahj4 ,culoz1 #acb4 ,cumb]l&1 ,engl&1 #adf1 #aec1 #afh1 #agc4 ,gumm+1 quot$1 #aff4 ,gu%+1 ,h41 #bf ,cuyahoga ,riv]1 #bbj1 #bba2 buri$ *annel (1 #bjj4 ,dana1 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,d41 on dep? ( ice1 #ia2 on driftless area1 #ajb2 cit$1 #cbj1 #cfc4 ,danube1 anci5t glaci]s ( !1 #abi1 #acd1 #ahh4 ,d>5t1 valley (1 #bfe4 ,d>rt[n1 ,ohio1 #ajg4 ,d>w91 ,*>les1 cit$1 #ag1 #abf1 #agj1 #bda1 #cfa4 ,d>w91 ,george ,g41 cit$1 #cfa4 ,d>w91 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,j41 mort> own$ by1 #big4 ,date ( ,glacial p]iod1 *apt] on1 #ccb-cfd4 ,davidson ,glaci]1 #bc4 ,davis on druml9s1 #ge4 ,dawk9s1 cit$1 #bch1 #bfg1 #bfi1 #bia4 ,dawson1 ,g4 ,m41 cit$1 #aba2 on ice-movem5ts1 #ig2 on oscillation ( l&-level1 #abe1 #abf4 ,dawson1 ,sir ,william1 on ! fiord ( ! ,sagu5ay1 #aig2 cit$1 #bhe4 ,dee1 ! riv]1 #adi4 ,deeley1 quot$1 #afd4 ,delaw>e ,riv]1 #bcb1 #bdb et seq41 #bed1 #beh2 section across !1 #bde4 ,delta t]race at ,tr5ton1 ,n4 ,j41 #bdb et seq42 at ,beav]1 ,pa41 #bcj4 ,de ,ranee1 cit$1 #bgb4 ,d]by%ire1 ,engl&1 #bgj4 ,desor on age ( ,niag>a gorge1 #ccg4 ,diore1 glaci]s ( !1 #ace4 ,dis9tegration1 am\nt (1 ne> glacial m>g91 #aag1 #aah4 ,diss1 ,engl&1 #bff4 ,dniep]1 !1 #ahe1 #ahh4 ,don1 !1 #ahe1 #ahh4 ,dora ,baltea1 #acd4 ,dov]1 ,n4 ,h41 section ( kame ne>1 #gg4 ,dov]1 ,/raits (1 #bch4 ,drave1 glaci]s 9 !1 #acd4 ,dra9age sy/ems 9 ! ,glacial p]iod1 #cce1 #cci1 #cdj1 #cdc1 #cdd2 *apt] on1 #aic-bda4 ,drayson1 cit$1 #cag4 ,driftless area 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley1 #aja1 #ajb4 ,druml9s1 description (1 #gc et seq42 view (1 #gc2 occurr5ce (1 9 ,massa*usetts1 #gc2 9 ,new ,hamp%ire1 #gd2 9 ,connecticut1 #gd2 9 ,new ,york1 #gd1 #id2 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 #gd1 #acg1 #afg4 ,dunb>1 ,scotl&1 #cab4 ,dupont1 cit$1 #bgi4 ,du ,quo91 ,ill41 #ih1 #aai4 ,d',urville1 #bj4 ,dsseldorf1 #bge4 ,eagle1 ,wis41 view ( kettle-mora9e ne>1 #ii4 ,ea/ ,anglian ,glaci]1 #aeh-afd4 ,ecc5tricity ( ! e>?'s orbit1 #cjh4 ,ed5 ,valley1 #ahj4 ,eggis*orn1 #baa1 #bda4 ,egui%eim1 skull f\nd at1 #bgi4 ,elephant1 #bfe1 #bhj1 #bhb1 #bhc1 #bib4 ,elevation1 preglacial1 #aab1 #aid1 #aih2 ! cause ( ! ,glacial p]iod1 #aac1 #cbj-cca2 ab\t ! ,great ,lakes1 #bbd2 9 ! latitude ( ,new ,york1 #bfa4 ,elyria1 ,ohio1 #cdb4 ,engis skull1 view (1 #bgd4 ,engl&4 7,see ,briti% ,isles47 ,enville1 ,engl&1 #aej4 ,erosion1 preglacial1 #aic et seq4 ,erosion 9 riv] valleys1 #aih1 #cbi1 #ccb4 ,erzgebirge1 #acf1 #aha4 ,europe1 exi/+ glaci]s 91 #i1 et seq41 #dc et seq42 anci5t glaci]s (1 #abi-aij2 =m] elevation (1 #bch2 ice-dams 91 #cfj4 ,evans1 cit$1 #bfc1 #bfg1 #ced1 #cfe4 ,falcon]1 cit$1 #bfc4 ,falls ( ,/ ,an?ony1 #bjj4 ,faudel1 cit$1 #bgi4 ,fies*1 ,switz]l&1 #aca1 #baa4 ,filey ,brigs21 ,eng41 #aee4 ,f9*ley1 ,eng41 #aeh1 #aei4 ,f+] ,lakes1 #id4 ,f9/]a>horn1 #i4 ,fiords1 #aid et seq42 ( ,gre5l&1 #bab4 ,fissures 9 glacial ice1 #c1 #dh1 #di4 ,flambor\gh1 #adj1 #aef1 #aeg1 #agf4 ,florida1 #cad4 ,fl[]1 cit$ #bfc4 ,=bes1 #i1 #ch1 #dc1 #dd1 #dh4 ,=el1 ,m41 cit$1 #aaf4 ,=t ,snell+1 ,mississippi gorge at1 #bjh1 #cdj et seq4 ,=t ,wayne1 ,incl41 #bbj1 #bbd4 ,fo%ay1 cit$1 #aai4 ,fox1 #bgj1 #bhi1 #bij4 ,fraipont1 cit$1 #bge et seq4 ,france1 exi/+ glaci]s (1 #ai2 anci5t glaci]s (1 #acf2 glacial gravels (1 #bfb et seq4 ,frankley ,hill1 ,engl&1 #aej4 ,frankl91 ,pa41 #bcj1 #bcb4 ,franz-,josef ,l&1 #ad4 ,fr$]ick%aab ,glaci]1 #ia1 #bab4 ,fr]e1 cit$1 #bff4 ,frick?al1 #acc4 ,frondeg1 ,wales1 #adi1 #agh4 ,gabb1 cit$1 #cah4 ,gall[ay1 anci5t glaci]s (1 #add1 #ade1 #aed1 #aeg1 #afg1 #afh1 #agc4 ,g>da1 ,lake1 mora9e 9 front (1 #ace4 ,g>onne1 !1 #acf1 #ahh4 ,gaudry1 cit$1 #bfc4 ,geikie1 ,ar*ibald1 cit$1 #bgb1 #cab4 ,geikie1 ,james1 on kames1 #gf2 on loess1 #ahg1 #ahh2 cit$1 #bia et seq41 #cjg1 #cec4 ,g5esee ,riv]1 #bbj4 ,geological "t1 #cfa et seq4 ,georgian ,bay1 #cci4 ,g]man ,ocean1 #abi4 ,g]mant[n1 ,ohio1 #ajg1 #ajh4 ,g]many1 ,nor?1 mora9e 91 #aha1 #ahc2 glacial lakes 91 #bch2 ,quat]n>y animals 91 #bgi4 ,gietroz ,glaci]1 #baa4 ,gilb]t1 cit$1 #bcc et seq41 #cej et seq42 on age ( ,niag>a gorge1 #cci4 ,glacial disp]sion4 7,see ,c5tres ( ,glacial ,disp]sion47 ,glacial b\nd>y 9 ,new ,engl&1 #fg2 9 ,new ,j]sey1 #hc2 9 ,p5nsylvania1 #hd et seq42 9 ,new ,york1 #hd2 9 ,ohio1 #ie1 #ajj1 #ajf2 9 ,k5tucky1 #if2 9 ,indiana1 #if2 9 ,ill9ois1 #if1 #ajj2 9 ,kansas1 ,nebraska1 ,miss\ri1 ,montana1 ,s\? ,dakota1 #if2 9 ,m9nesota1 #aja2 9 ,briti% ,isles1 #acg1 #adh1 #aej1 #aea1 #aee1 #afg2 9 ,holl&1 #aha2 9 ,g]many1 #aha1 #ahc2 9 ,russia1 #aha1 #ahi4 ,glacial erosion1 #aah1 #aai1 #ahb4 ,glacial ice1 dep? (1 9 ,p5nsylvania1 #ij et seq42 9 ,connecticut1 #ia2 9 ,new ,york4 #ia2 9 ,gre5l&1 #ia2 9 ! ,alps1 #ia1 #aca1 #acc1 #ahb2 9 ,g]many1 #ahb2 9 ,norway1 #ahb2 am\nt (1 #ccj4 ,glacial lakes 9 ,g]many1 #bhc4 ,glacial motion1 limit (1 #b2 *apt] on1 #dc-ej2 pla/ic !ory (1 #dh4 ,glacial outlets ( ! ,great ,lakes1 #bbj-bbb4 ,glacial p]iods1 cause (1 #aac2 *apt] on1 #cjb-cca2 date (1 *apt] on1 #ccb-cfd4 ,glacial p]iods1 suppos$ succession (1 #ajf et seq41 #caa1 #cbd-cbf1 #ccb2 criticisms ( ! !ory1 #aaf et seq4 ,glacial /ri4 7,see ,rock-,scor+47 ,glacial t]races1 #bbi-bch2 9 ,p5nsylvania1 #hg et seq41 #bae1 #bag1 #bbi1 #bcj2 9 ,new ,york1 #hh2 at ,bee* ,flats1 ,ohio1 #bag2 at ,granville1 ,ohio1 #bbg2 on ! ,m9nesota ,riv]1 #bbh2 ar\nd ,great ,salt ,lake1 #bcc et seq42 on ,delaw>e ,riv]1 #bdc et seq42 9 ,europe1 #bch-bda2 9 ,ohio1 #bdi et seq42 human relics 91 #bda-bfg2 on ,delaw>e ,riv]1 #bde2 ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 #bed2 9 ,france1 #bfc et seq41 #cfj2 9 ,engl&1 #bfd et seq42 9 ,belgium1 #bfd2 9 ,spa91 #bfd2 9 ,portugal1 #bfd2 9 ,italy1 #bfd2 9 ,greece1 #bfd4 ,glacial !ory1 crucial te/s (1 #fb1 #fe1 #beg1 #cjb et seq4 ,glaciation1 signs ( pa/1 *apt] on1 #ea et seq4 ,glaci] ,bay1 #bd2 map (1 #be4 ,glaci]1 d5n$1 #b2 =mation (1 #c2 *>act]is$ by ve9s & fissures1 #c2 advance & retreat (1 #aaf2 velocity (1 9 ! ,alps1 #dc et seq42 9 ,gre5l&1 #cf1 #df-dh2 9 ,alaska1 #dg4 ,glaci]s1 anci5t1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 #ff-abh2 9 ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,europe1 #eh-fj1 #aca-acf2 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 #acf-aha2 9 ,nor!rn ,europe1 #aha-aij2 9 ,au/ralia1 #abf1 #aib2 9 ,asia1 #aij1 #aia2 9 ,africa4 #aia1 #aib4 ,glaci]s1 exi/+1 9 ! ,alps1 #i et seq41 #dc et seq42 9 ,sc&9avia1 #ab2 9 ,spitzb]g51 ,nova ,zembla1 & ,franz-,josef ,l&1 #ab2 9 ,icel&1 #ad2 9 ,asia1 #ad et seq42 9 ,oceanica1 #af2 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #ag2 9 ,ant>ctic ,cont95t1 #ah et seq42 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 #bj et seq42 9 ,gre5l&1 #cb et seq41 #df1 #dh1 #cfd4 ,gl5 ,roy1 p>allel roads (1 #bci4 ,glutton1 #bic4 ,goat1 #bfh4 ,g(f/[n1 ,n4 ,h41 #gc4 ,grafton1 ,w4 ,va41 #bad4 ,gr& ,hav51 ,mi*41 #cdf4 ,granville1 ,ohio1 t]race at1 #bbg1 #cdc4 ,grape ,creek1 ,col41 view ( mora9es (1 #abc4 ,great ,b5d1 ,pa41 dep? ( riv]-*annel at1 #bjf4 ,great ,lakes1 dep? (1 #aae2 =mation (1 #aii et seq42 glacial outlets (1 #bbj-bbb2 elevation ab\t1 #bbd4 ,great ,salt ,lake1 ,utah1 #bcc et seq41 #cej4 ,greece1 human relics 9 glacial t]races (1 #bfd4 ,gre5l&1 exi/+ glaci]s (1 #a1 #cb et seq41 #df1 #dh1cfd2 map (1 #cc2 climate (1 #cjb4 ,gross ,glockn]1 #i1 #acd4 ,gr\nd ice1 #ceg4 ,gulf ( ,mexico1 #cac1 #cah4 ,gulf ,/ream1 #ac1 #caa1 #cac1 #cag et seq4 ,guyot1 #i1 #eh1 #acc4 ,haas1 #af4 ,hall1 on ! age ( ,niag>a1 #ccf4 ,h>e1 #bhi4 ,h>rison1 quot$1 #afg4 ,h>te1 ,bret1 cit$1 #bif4 ,h>tz ,m\nta9s1 #acf1 #aha4 ,hayes1 #cf4 ,haynes on ,t]ti>y ,man1 #cfe-cgd4 ,heald ,moor1 ,engl&1 #adg4 ,hebrides1 !1 #acf4 ,heim1 #i4 ,hell&1 #ad1 #df-dh4 ,h5nep91 cit$1 #cdj4 ,heme ,bay1 ,engl&1 #bfe4 ,h]s*el1 cit$1 #caj4 ,h]t=d%ire1 ,engl&1 #aeh4 ,hicks1 ,dr4 ,,ii41 cit$1 #bgb4 ,hicks1 ,l4 ,e41 cit$1 #cdc4 ,himalayas1 #a1de1 #bib1 #ccj2 age (1 #cbh4 ,h+ham1 ,mass41 section ( kame ne>1 #gi4 ,hippopotamus1 #bfc1 #bfe1 #bga1 #bhj1 #bhd1 #bhe1 #bij1 #bib4 ,hit*cock1 ,c4 ,,ii41 discov]y ( b\ld]s on ,m\nt ,wa%+ton1 #fj2 on druml9s1 #gc2 cit$1 #cji1 #cac4 ,hit*cock1 ,e41 on kames1 #gg4 ,holl&1 t]m9al mora9e 91 #aha4 ,hold]ness1 #aeg4 ,hook]1 cit$1 #aia4 ,horse1 #ahh1 #bfc1 #bfh-bgj1 #bgb1 #bgh1 #bhj1 #bhh1 #bhi4 ,horseheads1 ,n4 ,y41 #bbj4 ,horse%oe ,fall1 #ccg et seq4 ,hott5tot skull1 #bgf4 ,hoxney1 ,engl&1 #bff4 ,hudson ,riv]1 preglacial *annel (1 #aid et seq4 ,hugi1 #i1 #dc4 ,hung>y1 ,quat]n>y animals 91 #bgi4 ,huxley1 cit$1 #bgf1 #bgh4 ,hy5a1 #bga1 #bgb1 #bhb1 #bia1 #bib4 ,ibex1 #bhi4 ,iceb]gs1 #ah1 #bj2 =mation (1 #bh4 ,ice1 *>act]i/ics (1 #b1 #dh et seq41 #cjb et seq42 transport+ p[] ( mov+1 #e4 ,ice-dams1 #baa-bbh2 9 ! ,alps1 #baa2 9 ! ,himalayas1 #baa2 9 ,gre5l&1 #bab2 9 ,alaska1 #bab2 at ,c9c9nati1 #bac et seq42 across ! ,mohawk1 #ib1 #bbj1 #ccd1 #cce2 9 ! ,r$ ,riv] ( ! ,nor?1 #bbe2 9 ,europe1 #cfj4 ,icel&1 exi/+ glaci]s (1 #a1 #ad4 ,ice-pill>s1 #f1 #bg4 ,ice-%eet1 retreat (1 #ccc et seq4 ,idaho1 #abb2 lava-b$s (1 #big4 ,illicilliwaet ,glaci]1 #bc4 ,ill9ois1 #if-ih1 #ajj1 #aai1 #aba1 #cde et seq4 ,indiana1 #if1 #ih1 #ajg1 #aai1 #aba4 ,indian ,ridge1 #hj4 ,i[a1 #ih1 #aja4 ,irel&1 anci5t glaci]s (1 #adc4 ,iri% elk1 #bgj1 #bgh1 #bhh4 ,iri% ,sea ,glaci]1 #acg1 #ade-aec1 #afd1 #bga4 ,ir?+1 valley ( !1 #aec4 ,isre1 glaci]s ( !1 #acb4 ,isle ( ,man1 #afd-afg4 ,isle ( ,wight1 #bff4 ,italy1 exi/+ glaci]s (1 #i2 anci5t glaci]s (1 #ahe2 human relics 9 glacial t]races (1 #bfd2 suppos$ ,t]ti>y man 91 #cff4 ,ivrea1 #acd4 ,jackson1 cit$1 #ceg4 ,jackson's ,lake1 #abc4 ,jakob%avn ,glaci]1 velocity (1 #df1 #dg2 dep? (1 #ia2 ice-dams (1 #bab4 ,james1 cit$1 #bjd4 ,james ,riv]1 ,dak41 #bbh4 ,james ,riv]1 ,va41 #beg4 ,jamieson1 cit$1 #ccj4 ,j5s51 #ia4 ,judge's ,cave1 #gb4 ,jura ,m\nta9s1 anci5t glaci]s (1 #eh-fj1 #acb4 ,kames1 =mation (1 #g1 #gf1 #gg2 ( ,muir ,glaci]1 #bi1 #cj2 9 ,massa*usetts1 #gg et seq42 9 ,new ,hamp%ire1 #hj2 map (1 9 ,ma9e1 #ha2 9 ,p5nsylvania1 #hg4 ,kana:a ,riv]1 #baf4 ,kane1 #cf-ch4 ,kansas1 #if4 ,kelly's ,isl&1 view ( grooves on1 #ajc1 #aje4 ,k5dall1 *apt] by4 #acg-aha2 cit$1 #bgc4 ,k5t1 ,engl&1 #bfe4 ,k5t's ,hole1 #bfg et seq41 #ceb et seq4 ,k5tucky1 #fc1 #if1 #ig1 #bab2 view ( b\ld] 91 #fc4 ,k5tucky ,riv]1 #bad4 ,kettle-holes1 =mation (1 #g1 #fh2 ( ,muir ,glaci]1 #bi1 #cj2 9 ,new ,engl&1 #ff et seq41 #cdd1 #cde2 9 ,p5nsylvania1 #hf2 s$im5tation (1 #ccc1 #cdd et seq4 ,kettle-mora9e 9 ,wiscons91 #ajj4 ,k+1 #ba1 #cea2 implem5t discov]$ by1 #big4 ,knox ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 #bcb4 ,kurtz1 ,nam pa image discov]$ by1 #big4 ,lake ,agassiz1 #abf1 #bbc1 #bbe2 cont9uance (1 #cdg et seq4 ,lake ,bonneville1 #bcc et seq41 #bii1 #cej et seq4 ,lake ,con/ance1 #fj1 #acc4 ,lake ,erie1 orig9 (1 #bjj et seq42 ridges ar\nd1 #bbb2 preglacial outlet (1 #bjj1 #ccc4 ,lake ,g5eva dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod1 #aca1 #acb4 ,lake ,huron1 preglacial outlet (1 #bjb2 ridges ar\nd1 #bbd4 ,lake ,itasca1 #bed4 ,lake ,lahontan1 #bcc1 #bcd4 ,lake ,mi*igan1 age (1 #cde et seq4 ,lake ,nipiss+1 #cci4 ,lake ,ont>io1 orig9 (1 #bja et seq4 ,lake ,trav]se1 #bjh1 #bbf4 ,lake ,di/rict1 ,engl&1 !1 #add4 ,lake dwell+s 9 ,switz]l&1 #bha4 ,lake ridges1 #bbb et seq4 ,lakes1 s$im5tation (1 #ccc1 #cdd et seq4 ,lamplugh1 glacial obs]vations (1 #adj1 #aif4 ,lanca%ire1 #aec1 #agh1 #ahj4 ,lanca/]1 ,ohio1 #bcb4 ,lang1 cit$1 #aaf4 ,l>k1 ,engl&1 valley ( !1 #bff4 ,lat]al mora9es1 #e4 ,laur5tide ,glaci]1 #aac et seq41 #aba1 #cba4 ,lava on ! ,pacific coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 #bid1 #bih1 #cjj1 #cjf1 #cba4 ,lawr5ce1 ,mass41 #hj4 ,lawr5ceburg1 ,ind41 #bca1 #bcb4 ,le ,conte1 cit$1 #bhf1 #cbb et seq41 #ccj1 #cgb4 ,leice/]%ire1 ,engl&1 #aeh4 ,lehigh ,riv]1 #bdc4 ,lemm+1 #bhi4 ,l5ticul> hills1 #gc4 ,leop>d1 #bhb4 ,lesley1 cit$1 #bae4 ,lesse1 ,belgium1 valley ( !1 #bgi4 ,lev]ett1 cit$1 #aja1 #bah4 ,lewis1 on transport$ b\ld]s1 #eg1 #fa2 "w (1 9 ,p5nsylvania1 #hd1 #aai2 9 ,great ,brita91 #acg2 cit$1 #bed et seq41 #bgc4 ,lickey ,hills1 #aea4 ,lick+ ,riv]1 #bad4 ,lige1 ,belgium1 #bgd4 ,l9coln%ire1 ,engl&1 #aeh4 ,l9d5kohl on old *annel ( ! ,hudson1 #aie et seq4 ,lion1 #bhb1 #bic4 ,little ,beav] ,creek1 #bca1 #bcb4 ,little ,falls1 ,m9n41 #bbe1 #bcb1 #beb1 #bed4 ,little ,falls1 ,n4 ,y41 buri$ *annel ne>1 #bjb4 ,liv+/on1 ,mont41 #abb4 ,llangoll51 vale (1 #aea4 ,loess 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley1 #ih1 #aai1 #abj2 9 ,europe1 #ahf et seq4 ,lohe/1 cit$1 #bge et seq4 ,lomb>dy1 #acd4 ,london1 #aeh1 #aei1 #agh2 glacial t]race 91 #bfd4 ,long ,isl&1 #ff1 #fg4 ,l\isville1 ,ky41 buri$ *annel ne>1 #bje4 ,lovel&1 ,ohio1 #bcb1 #bej4 ,lubbock1 cit$1 #bfg4 ,luc]ne1 #acc4 ,lyell1 on ,ri*mond tra9 ( b\ld]s1 #gj2 cit$1 #bci1 #bfc1 #bfg1 #bgd1 #bgf1 #bhe1 #cee1 #cfa2 on ! age ( ,niag>a1 #ccf4 ,lyons1 #acb4 ,maack1 cit$1 #cah4 ,macclesfield1 ,engl&1 #bgc4 ,mac,enery1 cit$1 #bfg4 ,ma*airodus1 #bgj1 #bhb4 ,mack9to%1 quot$1 #adi1 #aej1 #agc4 ,mcon1 ,france1 #cfi4 ,mc,tarnahan1 mort> discov]$1 by #big4 ,madison b\ld]1 #ga4 ,madisonville1 ,ohio1 #bcb1 #bej1 #bed4 ,magdal5a ,bay1 #ac4 ,mahon+ ,riv]1 #bbj4 ,ma9e1 #hj2 re-elevation (1 #cca4 ,malasp9a ,glaci]1 map (1 #ca4 ,mammo?1 #ahh1 #aij1 #bfc1 #bfe1 #bfi-bgb1 #bgh1 #bhj1 #bhc-bhe1 #bhg1 #bib1 #bic4 ,man1 relics (1 9 ! ,glacial p]iod1 *apt] on1 #bdb-cja2 9 glacial t]races ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bdb-bfb2 ( ,europe1 #bfb-bfg2 9 cave deposits ( ,briti% ,isles1 #adh1 #bfg-bgd2 ( ! ,cont95t1 #bgd-bha2 "u lava-b$s ( ! ,pacific coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 #bid-cja2 ext9ct animals associat$ )1 #bha-bic4 ,manitoba1 #ig4 ,mankato1 ,m9n41 #bbi4 ,m>cilly1 skull at1 #bgi4 ,m>ietta1 ,ohio1 #bca4 ,m>mot1 #bhi1 #bic4 ,m>% ,creek ,valley1 ,utah1 #bcc4 ,m>tigny1 anci5t glaci]s ne>1 #ei1 #fj1 #aca1 #baa4 ,massa*usetts1 #fg et seq41 #gc1 #gg et seq41 #ha1 #cdd1 #cde4 ,ma/odon1 #bfb1 #bgh1 #bhe1 #bhf4 ,mattm>k ,see1 #baa4 ,maumee ,riv]1 #bbj4 ,mc,gee1 cit$1 #bde1 #bed et seq4 ,m$ial mora9es1 =mation (1 #f2 ( ,muir ,glaci]1 #bg2 9 ,ohio1 #ajj4 ,m$licott1 cit$1 #cab4 ,m$ora1 ,ind41 #bcb1 #bea1 #bed4 ,m5ai ,/raits1 #ade4 ,m5tone1 skeleton (1 #bha4 ,m] de ,glace1 #aa1 #dd4 ,m]jel5 ,see1 #baa1 #bda4 ,m]sey1 !1 #adj4 ,meteorites1 #cje4 ,metz1 cit$1 #bej4 ,meuse1 valley (1 #bgd et seq4 ,miami1 ! ,great1 #bjd1 #bbj4 ,miami1 ! ,little1 #bca1 #bej4 ,mill]sburg1 ,ohio1 #bcb4 ,mills1 cit$1 #bea4 ,m9neapolis1 #bcb2 buri$ outlet ne>1 #bjh2 recession ( falls at1 #baj1 #cdj et seq41 #cfd4 ,m9nehaha1 ,falls (1 #cdb4 ,m9nesota1 #aja1 #ajg1 #beb et seq42 lakes (1 #cdd4 ,m9nesota ,riv]1 a glacial outlet1 #bjh1 #bbe1 #bbh1 #cdb4 ,mioc5e epo*1 animals ( !1 #bhe4 ,mississippi ,riv]1 gorge (1 at ,=t ,snell+1 #bjh1 #cfd2 t]races on1 #bbi2 erosion by1 #cbi2 glacial dra9age (1 #cce1 #cdj4 ,miss\ri ,coteau1 #aja1 #abf1 #bbh4 ,miss\ri1 #if1 #ih1 #aai4 ,moel ,tryfa51 #ade1 #afg et seq41 #agh1 #bgc4 ,mohawk ,riv]1 glacial dra9age (1 #ib1 #bjb1 #cce2 ice-dam across1 #bbj1 #ccd1 #cce4 ,mohegan ,bock1 #ga2 view (1 #gb4 ,monongahela ,riv]1 #bad et seq4 ,montaigle1 valley ( !1 #bgi4 ,montana1 #if4 ,montreal1 re-elevation (1 #cca4 ,moose1 #bfb4 ,mora9es1 =mation (1 #f2 9 ,wiscons91 #ih-ajj2 9 ,italy1 #acd1 #ace2 betwe5 ,speeton & ,flambor\gh1 #aef2 9 ,g]many1 #ahc4 ,morecambe ,bay1 #adf1 #ahj4 ,morgant[n1 ,w4 ,va41 #bae4 ,morlot1 cit$1 #ced4 ,mortillet1 cit$1 #cff1 #cfi1 #cgb4 ,morvan1 !1 #acf4 ,m\l9s1 =mation (1 #g4 ,m\nt ,%a/a1 #ba4 ,m\nt ,wa%+ton1 #fa4 ,muell] ,glaci]1 #ag4 ,muir ,glaci]1 #bd et seq44 #dg1 #fh1 #bab2 view ( front (1 #bf4 ,muir1 ,john1 #bd4 ,musk+um ,riv]1 #bbj1 #bca4 ,musk ox1 #bfb1 #bhj4 ,musk %eep1 #bhi1 #bij1 #bic4 ,nampa image1 #big et seq4 ,nans51 #ci1 #da4 ,naulette1 jaw f\nd at1 #bgh1 #bgi4 ,neale1 implem5ts discov]$ by1 #bif1 #cgc4 ,ne&]?al skull1 #bge et seq4 ,nebraska1 #if4 ,nelson ,riv]1 #cdi4 ,neuf*tel1 #acc4 ,nevada1 #abd2 lakes (1 #bcc4 ,nv-field def9$1 #c4 ,new>k1 ,ohio1 #bcb4 ,newb]ry on ! preglacial dra9age ( ! ,hudson1 #aie et seq42 on ! =mation ( ! ,great ,lakes1 #bjb et seq42 cit$1 #cbj4 ,newburg1 ,n4 ,y41 #bhf4 ,new ,com]/[n1 implem5t f1 #bcb1 #bej1 #bea et seq41 #bed4 ,new ,engl&1 #eg1 #fj1 #fa1 #ia2 anci5t glaci]s 91 #ff-hc4 ,new ,hamp%ire1 #fi1 #ga1 #gd1 #hj4 ,new ,h>mony1 ,ind41 #bcb4 ,new ,j]sey1 #hc4 ,new ,lisbon1 ,ohio1 #bcb4 ,new ,york1 #gd1 #hd1 #hh1 #ia1 #ib et seq4 ,new ,york ,bay1 #ahd1 #aig1 #bdi4 ,new ,zeal&1 #a1 #abf1 #aib1 #ccj4 ,niag>a gorge1 age (1 #ccc et seq42 section ( /rata along !1 #ccf4 ,nile ,riv]1 #bhe4 ,nord5skild1 #cb1 #cd4 ,norfolk1 ,engl&1 #afa4 ,nor? ,am]ica1 exi/+ glaci]s 91 #bj et seq4 ,nor? ,sea1 #bch4 ,norway1 climate (1 #cad4 ,nott+ham1 ,engl&1 #afd4 ,nova ,zembla1 #ad4 ,ob]l91 ,ohio1 #fd1 #cdd4 ,oceanica1 exi/+ glaci]s (1 #af1 #ag4 ,ohio ,riv]1 glacial t]race1 #bag1 #bbi4 ,ohio1 #fd1gb1 #ie1 #ih1 #ajj1 #ajc1 #ajf1ajg-aag1 #aai1 #bag1 #bdi et seq41 #cdc1 #cdd4 ,oil ,creek1 #bje1 #bcb4 ,olmo1 skull at1 #bgi4 ,oregon1 #ba1 #abd4 ,orme's ,head1 ,little1 #adg4 ,orton1 cit$1 #gb1 #ajg4 ,oscillations ( l&-level 9 ,am]ica1 #abd et seq4 ,oswe/ry4 ,engl&1 #agc4 ,ottawa ,riv]1 #cci4 ,ott]1 #bij4 ,ouse1 valley ( !1 #bfe4 ,ox1 #bfi1 #bgj4 ,pacific coa/ ( ,am]ica1 #cdi4 ,pacific ,ocean1 #cah1 #cbj4 ,panama1 ,i/hmus (1 #aac1 #cac1 #cad1 #cah4 ,p>simony1 law (1 #aag4 ,pa/]z5 ,glaci]1 #acd4 ,patagonia1 #a4 ,patton1 #be4 ,pay]1 #ad1 #ci4 ,peat-b$s1 #fh1 #abe2 9 ,ohio1 #ajg2 9 ,m9nesota1 #ajh2 9 valley ( ! ,somme1 #cee et seq4 ,pemb9a ,riv]1 #bbh4 ,p5gelly1 cit$1 #bfg1 #bgj4 ,p5n9e ,*a91 glaciation (1 #acg1 #add1 #adf1 #adg1 #aed1 #agg4 ,p5nsylvania1 #eg1 #fa1 #hd et seq41 #aai1 #bag4 ,p]ry ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 #bcb4 ,p]!s1 ,b\*] de1 #bfb et seq4 ,philadelphia ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 #bif4 ,philadelphia1 r$ gravel (1 #bed et seq4 ,phillips1 cit$1 #bfg4 ,pic>dy1 glacial gravels (1 #bfb4 ,pittsburg1 ,pa41 subm]g5ce (1 #bad1 #bag1 #bcj4 ,plum ,creek1 ,ohio1 #cdd4 ,po1 valley ( !1 #ace2 erosion by1 #cbh4 ,pocatello1 ,idaho1 #bcf1 #bii4 ,pocono ,m\nta91 #fa4 ,pol&1 #aha4 ,polynesian skull1 #bgf4 ,pomp's ,pond1 section ( kettle-hole ne>1 #cde4 ,portageville1 ,n4 ,y41 #bbj4 ,port ,neuf ,riv]1 ,idaho1 #bcf4 ,portsm\?1 ,ohio1 #bca4 ,portugal1 human relics 9 glacial t]races (1 #bfd2 suppos$ ,t]ti>y man 91 #cfg1 #cga et seq4 ,po/-glacial erosion1 #ccb et seq42 9 ,ohio1 #cdc1 #cdd2 9 ,ill9ois1 #cde et seq4 ,potomac ,riv]1 #bef et seq4 ,pot-holes 9 ,luc]ne1 #acc4 ,p\*et1 cit$1 #bfc4 ,precession ( equ9oxes1 #cjh4 ,preglacial climate 9 ,engl&1 #ada1 #adb4 ,preglacial levels 9 ,engl&1 #aci-adb4 ,pre/wi*1 cit$1 #ahf1 #ahi1 #bfc et seq41 #bhd2 on date ( ,glacial p]iod1 #ced1 #ceg1 #cfc1 #cfd4 ,provo %ore-l9e1 #bcg4 ,putnam1 cit$1 #bej4 ,puy-,c\rny1 ,france1 suppos$ ,t]ti>y man at1 #cfg1 #cgj1 #cga4 ,pyramid ,lake1 #cej4 ,pyr5ees1 glaci]s ( !1 #aa1 #acf2 ,quat]n>y animals (1 #bhj1 #bhb2 age (1 #cbh4 ,quat]n>y animals ( ,cali=nia1 #bha1 #bhg2 9 ,g]many1 #bgi2 9 ,hung>y1 #bgi4 ,quatrefages1 cit$1 #bgf4 ,que5/on1 ,canada1 #ccc et seq4 ,rabbit1 #bhi4 ,raccoon ,creek1 #cdc2 view ( glacial t]race ne>1 #bbg4 ,rames1 cit$1 #cgj1 #cga4 ,ramsay1 cit$1 #caa4 ,rappahannock ,riv]1 #beg4 ,ra:ide ,gul*1 ,cal41 #bif4 ,recession1 rate (1 ( ,falls ( ,niag>a1 #ccc et seq42 ( ,falls ( ,/4 ,an?ony1 #cdj et seq41 #cfd2 ( ,black ,riv]1 #cdb1 #cdc4 ,r$ de]1 #bfc4 ,r$ ,riv] ( ! ,nor?1 #bji1 #bbh1 #cdj2 ice-dam 91 #bbe4 ,regill\t1 #bfc4 ,reid1 ,clem5t1 quot$1 #afb4 ,reid1 ,h4 ,f41 #bf1 #dg4 ,re9de]1 #ahh1 #bfb1 #bfc1 #bfi1 #bgj1 #bgh1 #bhj1 #bhg1 #bij1 #bic4 ,rh9e1 anci5t glaci]s ( !1 #abi1 #acc4 ,rh9oc]os1 #ahh1 #bfc1 #bfe1 #bga1 #bgg1 #bgh1 #bhj1 #bhd1 #bhf1 #bhg1 #bib2 woolly1 #bfi1 #bgj1 #bgb1 #bhj1 #bhg4 ,rhode ,isl&1 #fg4 ,rhne1 anci5t glaci]s (1 #eh-fj1 #aca1acb1 #ahe1 #ahh2 map (1 #eh4 ,ri*mond1 ,mass41 tra9 ( b\ld]s 91 #gj1 #ga4 ,r9k1 ,dr41 #ce4 ,roanoke ,riv]1 #beg4 ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 #cbj1 #cbb2 age ( !1 #cbh4 ,rock-scor+s1 cause (1 #ea et seq42 9 ,new ,engl&1 #fi2 on isl&s ( ,lake ,erie1 #ajc1 #ajd2 9 ,p5nsylvania1 #aai2 9 ,ohio1 #ajc1 #aai2 9 ,indiana1 #aai2 9 ,ill9ois1 #aai2 9 ,miss\ri1 #aai4 ,roman rema9s1 #cef4 ,rome1 ,n4 ,y41 #cce4 ,rosa1 ,m\nt1 #i1 #acd1 #baa4 ,ross1 ,sir ,j4 ,c1 #ah1 #ai1 #caa4 ,roy/on1 ,engl&1 #aee4 ,runaway ,pond1 #bjg4 ,russell1 ,i4 ,c1 exploration ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias by1 #cj1 #bab2 cit$1 #bcc1 #cej et seq4 ,russia1 glacial b\nd>y 91 #aha1 #ahi2 glacial dra9age (1 #bch4 ,sagu5ay1 fiord ( !1 #aig4 ,salamanca1 ,n4 ,y41 buri$ *annels ne>1 #bjf4 ,salisbury1 cit$1 #ahc1 #ahd4 ,salt ,lake ,city1 #abc4 ,s&usky1 ,ohio1 section ( ! lake ridges ne>1 #bbc4 ,s&usky ,riv]1 #bbj4 ,san=d1 cit$1 #bfg4 ,saskat*ewan ,riv]1 #bbh4 ,saxony1 #aha4 ,sc&9avia1 exi/+ glaci]s (1 #b1 #ab2 anci5t glaci]s (1 #abi1 #acf1 #aeg1 #aha-aij2 re-elevation (1 #cca4 ,scioto ,riv]1 #bca4 ,scotl&4 7,see ,briti% ,isles47 ,seattle1 section ( till 91 #ee4 ,second ,glacial p]iod1 #ajf et seq4 ,section1 ideal1 across riv] b$ 9 drift region1 #bbi4 ,s$im5tation ( lakes1 #ccc4 ,se9e1 t]races ( !1 #ahf1 #ahh1 #bfd4 ,s]acs1 #d1 #e4 ,settle1 ,engl&1 #bgj4 ,sev]n1 !1 #adi-aea1 #bhe4 ,%al]1 #fg1 #bdb4 ,%ap granite1 #aed1 #aeg1 #ahj4 ,%ip ,rock1 #ga4 ,%one1 cit$1 #ahj4 ,%o%one ,falls1 #bii4 ,%rewsbury1 ,engl&1 #aej4 ,%rop%ire1 ,engl&1 #adi1 #agc4 ,sib]ia1 #aij2 ,quat]n>y animals 91 #bhj1 #bhb1 #bhc1 #bij2 climate (1 #cjb1 #caf4 ,si]ra ,nevada ,m\nta9s1 #ba1 #bid1 #cja1 #cbj1 #cbb1 #cdi1 #ceb4 ,sk]t*ly1 quot$1 #aei4 ,skipton1 #add1 #adf4 ,skull1 comp>ative /udy (1 #bgf4 ,slick5side1 #ec4 ,smock on dep? ( glacial ice1 #ij4 ,snake ,riv] ,valley1 #bcf et seq41 #bih4 ,sn[don1 #ade1 #aga4 ,sn[y vole1 #bhi4 ,soleure1 #acc4 ,solf]9o1 #ace4 ,solway ,glaci]1 #aec1 #aee1 #ahj4 ,somme1 t]races ( !1 #ahf1 #bfb et seq41 #bhe1 #bhf1 #cee1 #cei et seq4 ,sonora1 ,cal41 #bid et seq4 ,s\? ,am]ica1 exi/+ glaci]s (1 #ag2 anci5t glaci]s 91 #abf4 ,s\?ampton1 ,engl&1 #bff4 ,s\? ,dakota1 #if1 #ih4 ,spa91 anci5t glaci]s (1 #acf2 human relics 9 glacial t]races (1 #bfd2 ,quat]n>y animals (1 #bhj4 ,speeton1 #adj1 #aee1 #aef4 ,sp5c]1 cit$1 #bbd4 ,sp5c]1 ,n4 ,y41 #bbj4 ,spitsb]g51 #ab4 ,spy1 man (1 #bge1 #bgg4 ,/4 ,a*eul1 #bfc4 ,/ag1 #bhi4 ,/a9moor1 ,engl&1 #aed1 #aeg1 #ahj4 ,/alagmite1 rate ( accumulation (1 #ceb et seq4 ,/anislaus ,riv]1 ,cal41 #bid4 ,/4 ,an?ony1 ,falls (1 #cdj et seq41 #cfd4 ,/eamburg1 ,n4 ,y41 buri$ *annel at1 #bjf4 ,/4 ,elias1 #cj et seq41 #bab4 ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv]1 glacial dra9age (1 #cce1 #cci4 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo41 #aai1 #cfd4 ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9n41 #bbh4 ,/one on kames 9 ,ma9e1 #hj4 ,/raits ( ,dov]1 #cfj4 ,/raits ( ,gibralt>1 #bib4 ,/ri1 direction (1 9 ,new ,hamp%ire1 #fi2 9 ,lake ,erie1 #ajd2 pres5ce (1 9 ,p5nsylvania1 #he1 #aai2 9 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,ill9ois1 & ,miss\ri1 #aai2 9 ,/uttg>t1 #bgi4 ,subglacial /reams1 #bc1 #bi1 #abj4 ,subm]g$ *annels on ! coa/s ( ,am]ica1 #aid-aih4 ,subm]g5ce !ory1 #fj-fc1 #gj4 ,subsid5ce ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama1 #aac1 #cah2 9 ,mississippi ,valley1 #ic1 #aac1 #abj1 #aba2 on ea/ coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 #bee et seq42 ab\t ! ,great ,lakes1 #bbd1 #cci2 9 ,great ,brita91 #afg-aha4 ,susquehanna ,riv]1 glacial dra9age (1 #ic1 #bcb1 #beg4 ,sv>tis5 ,glaci]1 #ac4 ,sv5onius1 ,dr41 #ab4 ,sw$51 #ha4 ,switz]l&1 exi/+ glaci]s (1 #i-aa2 anci5t glaci]s (1 #aca-acf2 lake-dwell+s 91 #bha4 ,table ,m\nta91 ,cal41 #bid et seq41 #cjj4 ,table ( *anges dur+ ! ,glacial epo*s1 #cbd1 #cbe4 ,tagus1 valley ( !1 #cfg1 #cga et seq4 ,tait1 cit$1 #cfb4 ,t>dy1 cit$1 #cgj4 ,tasman ,glaci]1 #af4 ,teesdale1 ,engl&1 #aee1 #aeg4 ,t]m9al mora9es1 =mation (1 #f2 9 ,p5nsylvania1 #fa1 #fb1 #he et seq42 on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,new ,engl&1 #ff et seq42 9 ,ohio1 #ajf2 9 ,puget ,s\nd1 #abb2 9 ,tyghee ,pass1 #abb2 9 ,italy1 #ace4 ,t]m9al mora9es ( ! second ,glacial epo*1 #ic1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajf4 ,t]races4 7,see ,glacial ,t]races47 ,t]ti>y animals1 #bhf4 ,t]ti>y man1 #cfe-cgd4 ,t]ti>y p]iod1 climate (1 #aac1 #aag1 #ahb1 #cje1 #cjg4 ,teton ,m\nta9s1 #abc4 ,texas1 ,plei/oc5e animals (1 #bhh4 ,?ames1 ,engl&1 #ach1 #bfd1 #bhe4 ,!nay1 ,france1 suppos$ ,t]ti>y man 91 #cfg1 #cga2 view ( fl9t-flakes collect$ at1 #cfh4 ,?ompson1 #ej4 ,?omson1 cit$1 #cfb4 ,till1 description (1 #ec2 composition (1 9 ,massa*usetts1 #ha et seq42 section (1 9 ,ohio1 #ajh2 dep? (1 9 ,g]many1 ,sc&9avia1 & ,russia1 #ahb4 ,t9ire ,riv]1 #ced4 ,titusville1 ,pa41 #bcb4 ,todd1 on =e/ b$s & old soils1#aaj et seq42 cit$1 #bbh4 ,torquay1 ,engl&1 #bfg4 ,trade-w9ds ( ! ,atlantic1 #cad1 #cah4 ,tremeir*on1 ,wales1 #bga4 ,tr5ton1 ,n4 ,j41 #hg1 #bcb1 #bdb et seq41 #bed1 #beg2 view ( implem5t f\nd at1 #bdg4 ,tr5ton gravel1 section ( !1 #bdf4 ,tr5t1 valley ( !1 #afc1 #afd4 ,trimm]1 quot$1 #adh4 ,trim+ham1 ,engl&1 #afb4 ,trog51 ,switz]l&1 #fj4 ,trons1 ,switz]l&1 #fj4 ,tuolumne ,c\nty1 ,cal41 #bid1 #bii4 ,tur91 #ace4 ,tusc>awas ,valley1 #bbj1 #bba1 #bcb1 #bea2 buri$ *annel 91 #bje4 ,tylor1 cit$1 #cei et seq4 ,tyndall1 #dd-df1 #di4 ,tynem\?1 ,engl&1 #aee1 #aeg4 ,tyrol1 #acd1 #ace1 #baa4 ,tyrrell1 cit$1 #aji4 ,ulm1 #acd4 ,upham1 on druml9s1 #gc2 on two ice-movem5ts1 #ig2 cit$1 #bbb1 #bec et seq41 #cja1 #cah1 #cbj et seq41 #ccj1 #cdh2 on ! ,columbia gravel1 #bfa2 on date ( ! ,glacial p]iod1 #cdd4 ,ural ,m\nta9s1 #ae1 #bhj4 ,utah1 #abc2 lakes (1 #bcc4 ,utica1 ,n4 ,y41 #bbj4 ,utre*t1 mora9e ne>1 #aha4 ,valais1 !1 #acc4 ,vegetable rema9s 9 glacial deposits1 #aag1 #abe2 9 ,ohio1 #ajg1 #aag2 9 ,indiana1 #ajg2 9 ,m9nesota1 #ajg1 #aji2 9 ,i[a1 #ajh2 9 ,briti% ,am]ica1 #aji4 ,ve9s 9 glacial ice1 #c4 ,v]mont1 ,runaway ,pond 91 #bjg4 ,v]nagt ,glaci]1 #baa4 ,vessel ,rock1 view (1 #ef4 ,vezre1 valley (1 #bha4 ,victoria ,cave1 ,engl&1 #bgj1 #bhj4 ,virg9ia ,city1 #cdi4 ,vivian1 cit$1 #bfg4 ,volga1 !1 #ahe4 ,vosges ,m\nta9s1 #acf4 ,waba% ,riv]1 #bbj1 #bca1 #bcb4 ,wahsat* ,m\nta9s1 #bcg4 ,wales1 anci5t glaci]s (1 #adc1 #aej et seq42 cav]ns (1 #bga4 ,wallace1 cit$1 #cca1 #cdc1 #cfb4 ,walrus1 #bfb1 #bhe4 ,w>r51 ,pa41 buri$ *annel ne>1 #bjf4 ,w>r5 ,riv]1 #bbf4 ,wa%+ton1 #a1 #ba1 #abb4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 gravel deposit (1 #bed4 ,wat]1 transport+ p[] ( runn+1 #e1 #ea-ec4 ,wav5ey1 ,engl&1 valley ( !1 #bff4 ,weald5 =mation1 #cfa4 ,weasel1 #bij4 ,wells1 ,engl&1 #bgj4 ,we/]n ,res]ve ,hi/orical ,society1 #ajd4 ,we/on1 ,w4 ,va41 #baf4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #bad et seq42 glacial t]race 91 #baf4 ,wey1 valley ( !1 #bfe4 ,:itby1 ,engl&1 #aee4 ,:ite1 cit$1 #bae et seq4 ,:ite ,riv]1 ,ind41 #bcb1 #bea4 ,:ite ,sea1 #aha4 ,:itney1 #ad1 #ba1 #bie1 #cdi1 #cgc4 ,:ittlesey1 #ajj4 ,wild-bo>1 #bij4 ,wild-cat1 #bij4 ,w9*ell1 ,alex&]1 cit$1 #cba1 #ccj4 ,w9*ell1 ,n4 ,h41 cit$1 #ajg1 #baj1 #beb2 on ! ,falls ( ,/4 ,an?ony1 #cda et seq4 ,wiscons91 #ih1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aja4 ,woeik(f1 cit$1 #caf4 ,wolf1 #bgj1 #bij4 ,wolv]9e1 #bhi4 ,wood1 cit$1 #agi4 ,woodw>d1 quot$1 #afj2 on age ( ,niag>a1 #ccg et seq4 ,wookey ,hole1 ,engl&1 #bgj4 ,wrangell1 cit$1 #ceg4 ,wright1 #cgc4 ,yankton1 #abj4 ,yell[/one ,p>k1 #abb4 ,york%ire1 #adj1 #aed1 #aee1 #aeg1 #agf1 #bgj1 #bhc1 #bhf4 ,yosemite ,p>k1 #ba1 #cej4 ,"y1 ,rev4 ,mr41 #bd4 ,"y1 ,pr(essor1 cit$1 #cfb4 ,y\nglove1 #ajd4 ,z]matt ,glaci]1 view (1 #b4 ,zuyd] ,zee1 #aha4 ,,! ,,end4 99 99 99 99 99 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co4',s ,,publications4 ,,! ,,ice ,,age ,,9 ,,nor? ,,am]ica1 & its ,be>+s ^u ! ,antiquity ( ,man4 ,by ,g4 ,fr$]ick ,wright1 ,d4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,f4 ,g4 ,s4 ,a41 ,pr(essor 9 ,ob]l9 ,!ological ,sem9>y2 ,assi/ant on ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey4 ,) an app5dix on ,! ,probable ,cause ( ,glaciation1 by ,w>r5 ,upham1 ,f4 ,g4 ,s4 ,a41 ,assi/ant on ! ,geological ,surveys ( ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,m9nesota1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,new & enl>g$ edition4 ,) #aej ,maps & ,illu/rations4 #hvo1 #fbe pages1 & ,index4 ,clo?1 #e4jj4 ,n a novel 9 all ! li/ ( ?is ye>'s publications has 9 x any pages ( m ?rill+ int]e/ ?an c be f\nd 9 ?is book by ,pr(essor ,wright4 ,!re is no?+ p$antic 9 ! n>rative1 & ! mo/ s]i\s !mes & />tl+ discov]ies are treat$ ) su* *>m+ naturalness & simplicity t boys & girls1 z well z _! s5iors1 w be attract$ to ! /ory1 & f9d x difficult to lay x aside4--,new ,york ,j\rnal ( ,comm]ce4 ,"o ( ! mo/ absorb+ & int]e/+ ( all ! rec5t issues 9 ! dep>tm5t ( popul> sci5ce4--,*icago ,h]ald4 ,?\gh 8 subject is a v deep "o1 8 /yle is s v unaffect$ & p]spicu\s t ev5 ! unsci5tific read] c p]use x ) intellig5ce & pr(it4 ,9 read+ su* a book we are l$ almo/ to wond] t s mu* t is sci5tific c be put 9 language s comp>atively simple4--,new ,york ,obs]v]4 ,! au?or has se5 ) 8 own eyes ! mo/ important ph5om5a ( ! ,ice age on ?is cont95t f ,ma9e to ,alaska4 ,9 ! 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"q ( man's antiquity z affect$ by 8 kn[n relations to geological "t4--,philadelphia ,press4 ,! e>li] *apt]s describ+ glacial action1 & ! traces ( x 9 ,nor? ,am]ica--especially ! def9+ ( its limits1 su* z ! t]m9al mora9e ( ! great movem5t itself--are ( great int]e/ & value4 ,! maps & diagrams are ( mu* assi/ance 9 enabl+ ! read] to grasp ! va/ ext5t ( ! movem5t4--,london ,spectator4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co41 #gb ,fif? ,av5ue4 99 99 99 99 99 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co4',s ,,publications4 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,geology2 or1 ! ,mod]n ,*anges ( ! ,e>? & its ,inhabitants1 consid]$ z illu/rative ( ,geology4 ,by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 ,b>t4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,maps1 ,plates1 & ,woodcuts4 ,two vols41 royal #hvo4 ,clo?1 #h4jj4 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology may be look$ ^u ) pride1 n only z a repres5tative ( ,engli% ,sci5ce1 b z )\t a rival ( its k9d any:]e4 ,gr[+ 9 fullness & accuracy ) ! gr[? ( exp]i5ce & obs]vation 9 e region ( ! _w1 ! "w has incorporat$ ) itself ea* e/abli%$ discov]y1 & has be5 modifi$ by e hypo!sis ( value :i* has be5 br\ght to be> ^u1 or be5 evolv$ f1 ! mo/ rec5t body ( facts4 ,,! ,,autobiography ,,( ,,! ,,e>?3 ,a ,popul> ,acc\nt ( ,geological hi/ory4 ,by ,rev4 ,h4 ,n4 ,hut*9son1 ,b4 ,a41 ,f4 ,g4 ,s4 ,) #bg ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,a sci5tific "w1 dive/$ ( te*nicalities1 & put into a bright1 n>rative =m :i* c n b attract ev5 ! mo/ g5]al read]4--,bo/on ,transcript4 ,x is h>dly conceivable t ! ri* results ( ! sci5ce ( geology c be s treat$ z to prove un9t]e/+ to ?9k+ p1 be !y "y or old4 ,:51 !re=e1 we say t ,mr4 ,hut*9son's book is extremely int]e/+1 no m might be impli$ ?an t ! au?or has skillfully us$ ! va/ mat]ials at 8 h&4 ,b ,mr4 ,hut*9son has successfully c>ri$ out a difficult design on an admirable plan1 & has adh]$ to t plan ?r\gh\t4 ,8 sket* ( hi/orical geology has a g5u9e cont9uity4--,saturday ,review4 ,a ,,repr9t ,,( ,,annual ,,reports ,,& ,,o!r ,,pap]s ,,( ,,! ,,geology ,,( ,,! ,,virg9ias4 ,by ! late ,william ,b>ton ,rog]s1 ,,ll4 ,d41 etc41 ,director ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,virg9ia f #ahce to #ahda4 ,) num]\s ,maps1 ,color$ ,*>ts1 etc4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #e4jj4 ,,natural ,,res\rces ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,by ,jacob ,h>ris ,patton1 ,m4 ,a41 ,ph4 ,d4 #hvo4 #ebc pages4 ,clo?1 #c4jj4 ,?is portly octavo ( ov] #ejj pages is an encyclop$ic directory to its subject1 & a "w ( compreh5sive scope1 exhau/ive rese>*1 sci5tific _s1 & good lit]>y =m4444 ,capitali/s1 inve/ors1 railroad projectors1 l& speculators1 & all :o ne$ to "k ! di/ribution ( l& values1 w f9d a va/ am\nt ( in=mation 9 ?is well-arrang$ "w1 ! cont5ts ( :i*1 x is safe to say1 c\ld n be f\nd assembl$ 9 simil> compass else:]e4--,bo/on ,lit]>y ,_w4 ,z int]e/+ to read z x is valuable to consult4 ,by ! employm5t ( f9e :ite pap] & l>ge1 cle> type1 ! publi%]s h made x an elegant specim5 ( ! pr9t]'s art4--,new ,york ,sun4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co41 #gb ,fif? ,av5ue4 99 99 99 99 99 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co4',s ,,publications4 ,,! ,,ice ,,age ,,9 ,,nor? ,,am]ica1 & its ,be>+s ^u ! ,antiquity ( ,man4 ,by ,g4 ,fr$]ick ,wright1 ,d4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d4 ,) #aeb ,maps & ,illu/rations4 ,?ird edition1 conta9+ ,app5dix on ! ,probable ,cause ( ,glaciation1 by ,w>r5 ,upham1 ,f4 ,g4 ,s4 ,a41 & ,supplem5t>y ,notes4 #hvo4 #fbe pages1 & complete ,index4 ,clo?1 #e4jj4 ,pr(4 ,wright's "w is great en\gh to be call$ monum5tal4 ,!re is net a page t is n in/ructive & sugge/ive4 ,x is sure to make a reputation abo>d z well z at home = its di/+ui%$ au?or1 z "o ( ! mo/ active & intellig5t ( ! liv+ /ud5ts ( natural sci5ce & ! special dep>tm5t ( glacial action4--,philadelphia ,bullet94 ,,! ,,great ,,ice ,,age1 & ,u ,relation to ! ,antiquity ( ,man4 ,by ,james ,geikie1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,e41 ( ,h4 ,m4 ,geological ,survey ( ,scotl&4 ,) ,maps & ,illu/rations4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4ej4 ,a sy/ematic acc\nt ( ! ,glacial epo* 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&1 ) special ref]5ce to its *anges ( climate4 ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,an ,,ice ,,age4 ,by ,sir ,rob]t ,j4 ,ball1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 ,royal ,a/ronom] ( ,irel&1 au?or ( ,/>l&4 ,! fir/ volume 9 ! ,mod]n ,sci5ce ,s]ies1 edit$ by ,sir ,john ,lubbock4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4jj4 ,an exce$+ly bright & int]e/+ discussion ( "s ( ! m>vel\s physical revolutions ( :i* our e>? has be5 ! sc5e4 ,( ! v>i\s ages trac$ & locat$ by sci5ti/s1 none is m int]e/+ or c be m s ?an ! ,ice age1 & nev] h its ph5om5a be5 m cle>ly & graphically describ$1 or its causes m def9itely locat$1 ?an 9 ?is ?rill+ly int]e/+ volume4--,bo/on ,travell]4 ,,t[n ,,geology4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,*>les ,k+sley1 ,f4 ,l4 ,s41 ,f4 ,g4 ,s41 ,caon ( ,*e/]4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,i h tri$ r to tea* ! me?od ( geology ?an its facts2 to furni% ! /ud5t ) a key to all geology2 r\gh inde$ & rudim5t>y1 b sure & s\nd en\gh1 ,i tru/1 to help him to unlock mo/ geological problems :i* may meet him 9 any qu>t] ( ! globe4--,f ! ,preface4 ,,an ,,am]ican ,,geological ,,railway ,,guide4 ,giv+ ! ,geological ,=mation along ! ,rail-roads1 ) ,altitude above ,tide-wat]1 ,notes on ,int]e/+ ,places on ! ,r\tes1 & a ,description ( ea* ( ! ,=mations4 ,by ,james ,macf>lane1 ,ph4 ,d41 & m ?an ,sev5ty-five ,geologi/s4 ,second edition1 #dbf pp41 #hvo4 ,clo?1 #b4ej4 ,! idea is an orig9al "o4444 ,mr4 ,macf>lane has produc$ a v conv5i5t & s]viceable h&-book1 available alike to ! practical geologi/1 to ! /ud5t ( t sci5ce1 & to ! intellig5t travel] :o w\ld l to "k ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* he is pass+4--,bo/on ,ev5+ ,transcript4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co41 #gb ,fif? ,av5ue4 99 99 99 99 99 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co4',s ,,publications4 ,,ri*>d ,a4 ,,proctor',s ,,works4 ,,o!r ,,worlds ,,?an ,,ours3 ,! ,plurality ( ,worlds1 ,/udi$ "u ! ,light ( ,rec5t ,sci5tific ,rese>*es4 ,by ,ri*>d ,an?ony ,proctor4 ,) ,illu/rations1 "s color$4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ge4 ,cont5ts4--,introduction4--,:at ! ,e>? tea*es u4--,:at we le>n f ! ,sun4--,! ,inf]ior ,planets4--,m>s1 ! ,m9iature ( our ,e>?4--,jupit]1 ! ,giant ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em4--,saturn1 ! ,r+$ ,_w4--,uranus & ,neptune1 ! ,arctic ,planets4--,! ,moon & o!r ,satellites4--,meteors & ,comets3 _! ,(fice 9 ! ,sol> ,sy/em4--,o!r ,suns ?an ,ours4--,( ,m9or ,/>s1 & ( ! ,di/ribution ( ,/>s 9 ,space4--,! ,nebul3 are !y ,ext]nal ,galaxies8--,sup]vision & ,control4 ,,our ,,place ,,among ,,inf9ities4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,essays contra/+ our ,little ,abode 9 ,space & ,"t ) ! ,inf9ities ar\nd u4 ,to :i* are add$ ,essays on ! ,jewi% ,sabba? & ,a/rology4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ge4 ,cont5ts4--,pa/ & ,future ( ! ,e>?4--,seem+ ,wa/es 9 ,nature4--,new ,!ory ( ,life 9 o!r ,worlds4--,a ,miss+ ,comet4--,! ,lo/ ,comet & its ,meteor ,tra94--,jupit]4--,saturn & its ,sy/em4--,a ,giant ,sun4--,! ,/> ,dep?s4--,/> ,gaug+4--,saturn & ! ,sabba? ( ! ,jews4--,?\ghts on ,a/rology4 ,,! ,,expanse ,,( ,,heav54 ,a ,s]ies ( ,essays on ! ,wond]s ( ! ,firmam5t4 #abaaaj4 ,clo? #b4jj4 ,cont5ts4--,a ,dream t 0 n all a ,dream4--,! ,sun4--,! ,que5 ( ,night4--,! ,ev5+ ,/>4--,! ,ruddy ,planet4--,life 9 ! ,ruddy ,planet4--,! ,pr9ce ( ,planets4--,jupit]'s ,family ( ,moons4--,! ,r+-,girdl$ ,planet4--,newton & ! ,law ( ! ,univ]se4--,! ,discov]y ( ,two ,giant ,planets4--,! ,lo/ ,comet4--,visitants f ! ,/> ,dep?s4--,:5ce come ! ,comets8--,! ,comet ,families ( ! ,giant ,planets4--,! ,e>?'s ,j\rney ?r\gh ,%[]s4--,h[ ! ,planets ,grew4--,our ,daily ,light4--,! ,flight ( ,light4--,a ,clu/] ( ,suns4--,worlds rul$ by ,color$ ,suns4--,! ,k+ ( ,suns4--,f\r ,ord]s ( ,suns4 --,! ,dep?s ( ,space4--,*>t+ ! ,/> ,dep?s4--,! ,/> ,dep?s ,a/ir ) ,life4--,! ,drift+ ,/>s4--,! ,milky ,way4 ,,! ,,moon3 ,h] ,motions1 ,aspect1 ,sc5]y1 & ,physical ,conditions4 ,) ,?ree ,lun> ,photographs1 ,map1 & _m ,plates1 ,*>ts1 etc4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4jj4 ,cont5ts4--,! ,moon's ,di/ance1 ,size1 & ,mass4--,! ,moon's ,motions4--,! ,moon's ,*anges ( ,aspect1 ,rotation1 ,libration1 etc4--,/udy ( ! ,moon's ,surface4--,lun> ,cele/ial ,ph5om5a4--,condition ( ! ,moon's ,surface4--,index to ! ,map ( ! ,moon4 ,,light ,,sci5ce ,,= ,,leisure ,,h\rs4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,famili> ,essays on ,sci5tific ,subjects1 ,natural ,ph5om5a1 etc4 #abaaaj4 ,clo?1 #a4ge4 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co41 #gb ,fif? ,av5ue1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co4',s ,,publications4 ,,a/ronomy ,,) ,,an ,,op]a-,,glass4 ,a ,popul> ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ! ,/>ry ,heav5s ) ! ,simple/ ( ,optical ,in/rum5ts4 ,by ,g>rett ,p4 ,s]viss4 #hvo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,?is is a unique book1 q alone 9 ! field t x occupies4 ,! call = a f\r? edition )9 two ye>s aft] its fir/ publication atte/s its popul>ity4 ,z "o ( its review]s has said1 ,x is ! mo/ human book on ! subject ( ! />s4 ,x w\ld h suppli$ ,?omas ,c>lyle's want :5 he wrote1 ,:y did n somebody tea* me ! />s & make me at home 9 ! />ry heav5s8 ,int]e/ 9 ! geography ( ! heav5s is increas+ e ye>1 z ! discov]ies ( a/ronom]s ) ! giant telescopes ( our day pu% back ! limits ( ! kn[n univ]se1 & ?is book is to ^? :o read ( su* discov]ies l an atlas to ! /ud5t ( hi/ory4 ,"s ( ! complim5ts t ! book has receiv$ are ^!3 ,a mo/ int]e/+ & ev5 fasc9at+ book4--,*ri/ian ,union4 ,! glimpses he all[s to be se5 ( f>-/ret*+ vi/as op5+ out on e side ( 8 mode/ c\rse ( obs]vation help to fix ! att5tion ( ! neglig5t1 & light5 ! toil ( ! pa9/ak+ /ud5t4444 ,mr4 ,s]viss writes ) fre%ness & vivacity4--,london ,saturday ,review4 ,we are glad to welcome ?is1 ! second edition1 ( a popul> introduction to ! /udy ( ! heav5s4444 ,!re c\ld h>dly be a m pleasant road to a/ronomical k ?an x af=ds4444 ,a *ild may und]/& ! text1 :i* reads m l a collection ( anecdotes ?an any?+ else1 b ?is does n m> its sci5tific value4--,nature4 ,mr4 ,g>rett ,p4 ,s]viss's book1 ',a/ronomy ) an ,op]a-,glass1' (f]s u an admirable h&-book & guide 9 ! cultivation ( ?is noble /hetic discipl9e 7! /udy ( ! />s74--,new ,york ,home ,j\rnal4 ,! book %\ld belong to e family libr>y4--,bo/on ,home ,j\rnal4 ,?is book ought to make />-gaz+ popul>4--,new ,york ,h]ald4 ,! au?or attributes mu* ( ! indiff]5ce ( o!rwise well-in=m$ p]sons reg>d+ ! wond]s ( ! />ry firmam5t to ! fact t telescopes are available to few1 & t mo/ p h no idea ( ! possibilities ( ! m famili> in/rum5t ( almo/ daily use ^: p[]s he sets =?4--,new ,orleans ,times-,democrat4 ,by its aid ?\s&s ( p :o h resign$ !mselves to ! ignorance 9 :i* !y 7 left at s*ool1 by our wret*$ sy/em ( tea*+ by ! book only1 w ?ank ,mr4 ,s]viss = ! sugge/ions he has s well c>ri$ out4--,new ,york ,times4 ,= amateur use ?is book is easily ! be/ treatise on a/ronomy yet publi%$4--,*icago ,h]ald4 ',a/ronomy ) an ,op]a-,glass' fills a long-felt want4--,albany ,j\rnal4 ,no intellig5t read] ( ?is book b w feel t if ! au?or fails to set 8 public />-gaz+ ! fault is n 81 = 8 /yle is z w9n+1 z graphic1 & z cle> z ! delightful type 9 :i* x is pr9t$4--,provid5ce ,j\rnal4 ,mr4 ,s]viss nei!r talks ov] ! heads ( 8 read]s nor ignores ! sublime complexity & range ( 8 !mes1 b unites simplicity ) s*ol>%ip1 sci5tific precision ) life-long en?usiasm1 & a g5u9e eloqu5ce ) r>e t\*es ( humor4 ,consid]$ z a product ( ! publi%+ indu/ry1 ! book is elegance itself4--,! ,*autauquan4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co41 #gb ,fif? ,av5ue4 99 99 99 99 99 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co4',s ,,publications4 ,,out+s ,,at ,,odd ,,times4 ,by ,*>les ,c4 ,abbott1 au?or ( ,days out ( ,doors & ,a ,naturali/'s ,rambles ab\t ,home4 #afmo4 ,clo?1 gilt top1 #a4be4 ,a *>m+ little volume1 lit]ally alone ) ,nature1 = x discusses seasons & ! fields1 birds1 etc41 ) ! lov+ fre$om ( a naturali/ born4 ,e page reads l a sylvan poem2 & = ! lov]s ( ! beautiful 9 quiet outdoor & out-(-t[n life1 ?is beautifully b\nd & attractively pr9t$ little volume w prove a companion & fri5d4--,ro*e/] ,union & ,adv]tis]4 ,a ,,naturali/',s ,,rambles ,,ab\t ,,home4 ,by ,*>les ,c4 ,abbott4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,! home ab\t :i* ,dr4 ,abbott rambles is cle>ly ! haunt ( f[l & fi%1 ( animal & insect life2 & x is ( ! habits & nature ( ^! t he disc\rses pleasantly 9 ?is book4 ,summ] & w9t]1 morn+1 & ev5+1 he has be5 9 ! op5 air all ! "t on ! al]t = "s new revelation ( in/9ct1 or feel+1 or "* on ! "p ( 8 neighbor creatures4 ,mo/ t he sees & he>s he reports agreeably to u1 z x 0 no d\bt delightful to himself4 ,books l ?is1 :i* are free f all ! te*nicalities ( sci5ce1 b yet lack little t has sci5tific value1 are well suit$ to ! read+ ( ! "y4 ,_! atmosph]e is a heal?y "o = boys 9 p>ticul> to brea!4--,bo/on ,transcript4 ,,days ,,out ,,( ,,doors4 ,by ,*>les ,c4 ,abbott4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ',days out ( ,doors' is a s]ies ( sket*es ( animal life by ,*>les ,c ,abbott1 a naturali/ ^: graceful writ+s h ent]ta9$ & in/ruct$ ! public be=e n[4 ,! essays & n>ratives 9 ?is book are gr\p$ 9 twelve *apt]s1 nam$ aft] ! mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,"u ',janu>y' ! au?or talks ( squirrels1 muskrats1 wat]-snakes1 & ! pr$atory animals t )/& ! rigor ( w9t]2 "u ',febru>y' ( frogs & h]ons1 cr[s & blackbirds2 "u ',m>*' ( gulls & fi%es & foxy sp>r[s2 & s on appropriately1 in/ructively1 & div]t+ly ?r\gh ! :ole twelve4--,new ,york ,sun4 ,,! ,,playtime ,,naturali/4 ,by ,dr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,taylor1 ,f4 ,l4 ,s41 editor ( ,sci5ce ,gossip4 ,) #cff ,illu/rations4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,! "w conta9s abundant evid5ce ( ! au?or's k & en?usiasm1 & any boy :o may read x c>efully is sure to f9d some?+ to attract him4 ,! /yle is cle> & lively1 & !re are _m good illu/rations4--,nature4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,floral ,,/ructures ?r\gh ,insects & o!r ,ag5cies4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,george ,h5sl[1 ,pr(essor ( ,botany1 ,que5's ,college4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ge4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 on ! /ructure ( fl[]s1 & x might seem almo/ sup]flu\s to attempt to say any?+ m on ! subject1 b x is only )9 ! la/ few ye>s t a new lit]ature has sprung up1 9 :i* ! au?ors h describ$ _! obs]vations & giv5 _! int]pretations ( ! uses ( floral me*anisms1 m especially 9 connection ) ! processes ( f]tilization4--,f ,introduction4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co41 #gb ,fif? ,av5ue4 99 99 99 99 99 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co4',s ,,publications4 ,,! ,,g>d5',s ,,/ory2 or1 ,pleasures & ,trials ( an ,amateur ,g>d5]4 ,by ,george ,h4 ,ellwang]4 ,) ,head & ,tail ,pieces by ,rhead4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 extra1 #a4ej4 ,mr4 ,ellwang]'s in/9ct r>ely errs 9 matt]s ( ta/e4 ,he writes out ( ! fullness ( exp]im5tal k1 b 8 k diff]s f t ( _m a tra9$ cultivator 9 t 8 skill 9 g>d5 practice is guid$ by a ref9$ /hetic s5sibility1 & 8 appreciation ( :at is beautiful 9 nature is heal?y1 he>ty1 & ca?olic4 ,8 record ( ! g>d5 ye>1 z we h said1 beg9s ) ! e>lie/ violet1 & x foll[s ! season ?r\gh until ! wit*-hazel is blossom+ on ! bord] ( ! w9try woods4444 ,?is little book c n fail to give pleasure #aj all :o take a g5u9e int]e/ 9 rural life4--,new ,york ,tribune4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,cultivat$ ,,plants4 ,by ,alphonse de ,c&olle4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4jj4 ,?\gh a fact famili> to botani/s1 x is n g5]ally kn[n hew great is ! unc]ta9ty z to ! orig9 ( _m ( ! mo/ important cultivat$ plants4 444 ,9 endeavor+ to unravel ! matt]1 a k ( botany1 ( geography1 ( geology1 ( hi/ory1 & ( philosophy is requir$4 ,by a comb9ation ( te/imony d]iv$ f ^! s\rces ,m4 de ,c&olle has be5 enabl$ to det]m9e ! botanical orig9 aid geographical s\rce ( ! l>ge proportion ( species he deals )4--,! ,a!num4 ,,! ,,folk-,,lore ,,( ,,plants4 ,by ,t4 ,f4 ,?iselton ,dy]1 ,m4 ,a4 #abaaaj4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,a h&some & deeply int]e/+ volume4444 ,9 all respects ! book is excell5t4 ,its arrangem5t is simple & intelligible1 its /yle bright & allur+4444 ,to all :o seek an introduction to "o ( ! mo/ attractive bran*es ( folk-lore1 ?is delightful volume may be w>mly comm5d$4--,notes & ,qu]ies4 ,,fl[]s ,,& ,,_! ,,p$igrees4 ,by ,grant ,all51 au?or ( ,vignettes ( ,nature1 etc4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,no writ] treats sci5tific subjects ) s mu* ease & *>m ( /yle z ,mr4 ,grant ,all54 ,! /udy is a delightful "o1 & ! hook is fasc9at+ to any "o :o has ei!r love = fl[]s or curiosity ab\t !m4--,h>t=d ,c\rant4 ,any "o ) ev5 a smatt]+ ( botanical k1 & ) ei!r a he>t or m9d1 mu/ be *>m$ ) ?is collection ( essays4--,*icago ,ev5+ ,j\rnal4 ,,! ,,geological ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,plants4 ,by ,sir ,j4 ,william ,dawson1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ge4 ,! object ( ?is "w is to give1 9 a connect$ =m1 a summ>y ( ! developm5t ( ! vegetable k+dom 9 geological "t4 ,to ! geologi/ & botani/ ! subject is "o ( importance ) ref]5ce to _! special pursuits1 & "o on :i* x has n be5 easy to f9d any conv5i5t manual ( in=mation4 ,x is hop$ t its treatm5t 9 ! pres5t volume w also be f\nd suffici5tly simple & popul> to be attractive to ! g5]al read]4--,f ! ,preface4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co41 #gb ,fif? ,av5ue4 99 99 99 99 99 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co4',s ,,publications4 ,,idle ,,days ,,9 ,,patagonia4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,hudson1 ,c4 ,m4 ,z4 ,s41 au?or ( ,! ,naturali/ 9 ,la ,plata1 etc4 ,) #bg ,illu/rations4 #hvo4 ,clo?1 #d4jj4 ,( all mod]n books ( travel x is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ orig9al1 & _m1 we are sure1 w also f9d x "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & sugge/ive4--,new ,york ,tribune4 ,mr4 ,hudson's rem>ks on color & expression ( eyes 9 man & animals are res]v$ = a second *apt]1 ',conc]n+ ,eyes4' ,he is eloqu5t ^u ! pleasures af=d$ by ',bird ,music 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1' & relates "s romantic tales ( :ite m5 9 captivity to savages4 ,b x makes v little diff]5ce :at is ! topic :5 ,mr4 ,hudson writes4 ,he calls up bright images ( ?+s unse51 & is a ?or\ghly agreeable companion4--,philadelphia ,l$g]4 ,,! ,,naturali/ ,,9 ,,la ,,plata4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,hudson1 ,c4 ,m4 ,z4 ,s41 au?or ( ,idle ,days 9 ,patagonia1 & jo9t au?or ( ,arg5t9e ,orni?ology4 ,) #bg ,illu/rations4 #hvo4 ,clo?1 #d4jj4 ,mr4 ,hudson is n only a clev] naturali/1 b he possesses ! r>e gift ( int]e/+ 8 read]s 9 :atev] attracts him1 & ( be+ dissatisfi$ ) m]e obs]vation unless x enables him to philosophize z well4 ,) 8 lucid acc\nts ( bird1 bea/1 & insect1 no "o w fail to be delight$4--,london ,academy4 ,a notably cle> & int]e/+ acc\nt ( sci5tific obs]vation & rese>*4 ,mr4 ,hudson has a ke5 eye = ! ph5om5a ) :i* ! naturali/ is conc]n$1 & a lucid & delightful way ( writ+ ab\t !m1 s t any read] may be *>m$ by ! n>rative & ! reflections "h set =?4 ,x is easy to foll[ him1 & we get our in=mation agreeably z he conducts u ov] ! des]t pampas1 & makes u acqua9t$ ) ! results ( 8 /udies ( animals1 insects1 & birds4--,new ,york ,sun4 ,,! ,,naturali/ ,,on ,,! ,,riv] ,,amazons4 ,by ,h5ry ,walt] ,bates1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 late ,assi/ant ,secret>y ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society4 ,) a ,memoir ( ! ,au?or1 by ,edw>d ,clodd4 ,) ,map & num]\s ,illu/rations4 #hvo4 ,clo?1 #e4jj4 ,?is fam\s "w is a natural hi/ory classic4--,london ,lit]>y ,_w4 ,m ?an ?irty ye>s h pass$ s9ce ! fir/ appe>ance ( ',! ,naturali/ on ! ,riv] ,amazons1' :i* ,d>w9 unhesitat+ly pron\nc$ ! be/ book on natural hi/ory :i* ev] appe>$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! "w /ill reta9s its prime int]e/1 & 9 r]ead+ x "o c n b be impress$ by ! way 9 :i* ! prophetic !ories1 disput$ & ridicul$ at ! "t1 h s9ce be5 accept$4 ,su* is ! common exp]i5ce ( ^? :o keep a few paces 9 advance ( _! g5]ation4 ,bates 0 a 'born' naturali/4--,philadelphia ,l$g]4 ,no man 0 bett] prep>$ or gave himself up m ?or\ghly to ! task ( /udy+ an almo/ unkn[n fauna1 or %[$ a zeal m indefatigable 9 prosecut+ 8 rese>*es1 ?an ,bates4 ,z a collector alone 8 reputation w\ld be second to none1 b !re is a great deal m ?an %e] indu/ry to be cit$4 ,! naturali/ ( ! ,amazons is1 p> excell5ce1 possess$ ( a happy lit]>y /yle4 ,he is always cle> & di/9ct4 ,he tells ( ! wond]s ( tropical gr[? s t y c und]/& !m all4--,new ,york ,times4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co41 #gb ,fif? ,av5ue4 99 99 99 99 99 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co4',s ,,publications4 ,,works ,,by ,,arabella ,b4 ,,buckley 7,,mrs4 ,,fi%]74 ,,! ,,fairy-,,l& ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,) #gd ,illu/rations4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 gilt1 #a4ej4 ,des]ves to take a p]man5t place 9 ! lit]ature ( y\?4--,london ,times4 ,s int]e/+ t1 hav+ once op5$ ! book1 we d n "k h[ to leave (f read+4 --,saturday ,review4 ,,?r\gh ,,magic ,,glasses1 & o!r ,lectures4 ,a ,sequel to ,! ,fairy-,l& ( ,sci5ce4 ,illu/rat$4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,,cont5ts4 ,! ,magician's ,*amb] by ,moonlight4 ,magic ,glasses & ,h[ to ,use ,!m4 ,fairy ,r+s & ,h[ ,!y are ,made4 ,! ,life-,hi/ory ( ,li*5s & ,mosses4 ,! ,hi/ory ( a ,lava-,/ream4 ,an ,h\r ) ! ,sun4 ,an ,ev5+ ) ! ,/>s4 ,little ,be+s f a ,m9iature ,ocean4 ,! ,d>tmoor ,ponies4 ,! ,magician's ,dream ( ,anci5t ,days4 ,,life ,,& ,,h] ,,*ildr53 ,glimpses ( ,animal ,life f ! ,amoeba to ! ,insects4 ,) ov] #ajj ,illu/rations4 #abaaaj4 ,clo?1 gilt1 #a4ej4 ,! "w =ms a *>m+ introduction to ! /udy ( zoology--! sci5ce ( liv+ ?+s--:i*1 we tru/1 w f9d its way into _m h&s4--,nature4 ,,w9n]s ,,9 ,,life',s ,,race2 or1 ,! ,great ,backbon$ ,family4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 gilt1 #a4ej4 ,we c conceive ( no bett] gift-book ?an ?is volume4 ,miss ,buckley has sp>$ no pa9s to incorporate 9 h] book ! late/ results ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,! illu/rations 9 ! book des]ve ! highe/ praise--!y are num]\s1 accurate1 & /rik+4--,spectator4 ,,%ort ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,natural ,,sci5ce2 & ( ! ,progress ( ,discov]y f ! ,"t ( ! ,greeks to ! ,pres5t ,"t4 ,new edition1 revis$ & re>rang$4 ,) #gg ,illu/rations4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #b4jj4 ,! "w1 ?\gh ma9ly int5d$ = *ildr5 & "y p]sons1 may be mo/ advantage\sly read by _m p]sons ( rip] age1 & may s]ve to implant 9 _! m9ds a full] & cle>] conception ( '! promises1 ! a*ievem5ts1 & ! claims ( sci5ce4'--,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce4 ,,moral ,,tea*+s ,,( ,,sci5ce4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #ge c5ts4 ,a little book t proves1 ) excell5t cle>ness & =ce1 h[ _m & /rik+ are ! moral lessons sugge/$ by ! /udy ( ! life hi/ory ( ! plant or bird1 bea/ or insect4--,london ,saturday ,review4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co41 #gb ,fif? ,av5ue4 99 99 99 99 99 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co4',s ,,publications4 ,,mod]n ,,sci5ce ,,s]ies4 ,edit$ by ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 ,b>t41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,an ,,ice ,,age4 ,by ,sir ,rob]t ,ball1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 ,royal ,a/ronom] ( ,irel&2 au?or ( ,/> ,l&1 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,sun1 etc4 ,sir ,rob]t ,ball's book is1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 admirably writt54 ,?\gh b a small "o1 x is a mo/ important contribution to geology4--,london ,saturday ,review4 ,a fasc9at+ subject1 clev]ly relat$ & almo/ colloquially discuss$4--,philadelphia ,public ,l$g]4 ,,! ,,horse2 ,a ,/udy 9 ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,by ,william ,h4 ,fl[]1 ,c4 ,b41 ,director 9 ! ,briti% ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum4 ,) #bg ,illu/rations4 ,! au?or admits t !re are #c1hjj sep>ate treatises on ! horse already publi%$1 b he ?9ks t he c add some?+ to ! am\nt ( useful in=mation n[ be=e ! public1 & t some?+ n h]et(ore writt5 w be f\nd 9 ?is book4 ,! volume gives a l>ge am\nt ( in=mation1 bo? sci5tific & practical1 on ! noble animal ( :i* x treats4--,new ,york ,comm]cial ,adv]tis]4 ,,! ,,oak3 ,a ,/udy 9 ,botany4 ,by ,h4 ,m>%all ,w>d1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,) #ec ,illu/rations4 ,f ! acorn to ! timb] :i* has figur$ s glori\sly 9 ,engli% %ips & h\ses1 ! tree is fully describ$1 & all its liv+ & pres]v$ beauties & virtues1 9 nature & 9 con/ruction1 are rec\nt$ & pictur$4--,brooklyn ,eagle4 ,,e?nology ,,9 ,,folk ,,lore4 ,by ,george ,l4 ,gomme1 ,f4 ,s4 ,a41 ,presid5t ( ! ,folklore ,society1 etc4 ,! au?or puts =w>d no extravagant assumptions1 & ! me?od he po9ts out = ! comp>ative /udy ( folk-lore seems to promise a consid]able ext5sion ( k z to prehi/oric times4--,indep5d5t4 ,,! ,,laws ,,& ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,matt]4 ,by ,r4 ,t4 ,glazebrook1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ int]e/+ su* a took c be made :5 ! au?or has a p]fect ma/]y ( 8 subject1 z ,mr4 ,glazebrook has4 ,"o kn[s no?+ ( ! _w 9 :i* he lives until he has obta9$ "s insight ( ! prop]ties ( matt] z expla9$ 9 ?is excell5t "w4--,*icago ,h]ald4 ,,! ,,fauna ,,( ,,! ,,deep ,,sea4 ,by ,sydney ,j4 ,j4 ,hickson1 ,m4 ,a41 ,fell[ ( ,d[n+ ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,) #bc ,illu/rations4 ,t realm ( my/]y & wond]s at ! bottom ( ! great wat]s is gradually be+ mapp$ & explor$ & /udi$ until its secrets seem no long] secrets4 4 4 4 ,?is excell5t book has a score ( illu/rations & a c>eful index to add to its value1 & 9 e way is to be comm5d$ = its int]e/ & its sci5tific m]it4--,*icago ,times4 ,ea*1 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4jj4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co41 #gb ,fif? ,av5ue4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib] ,note ,figure captions 7 /&>diz$4 ,all figures 7 mov$ to avoid splitt+ p>agraphs4 ,any m9or typos 7 correct$4