,,transcrib]',s ,,note 99 ,italics are d5ot$ by und]scores z 9 italics4 99 ,bold text is d5ot$ by equals z 9 bold4 99 ,small caps are repres5t$ 9 upp] case z 9 ,,small ,,caps4 99 ,orig9al spell+ 0 kept1 b v>iant spell+s 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant usage 0 f\nd4 99 ,obvi\s pr9t] errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,,p]petual ,,peace ,illu/ration 8,= ,i dipt into ! future1 f> z human eye c\ld see1 ,saw ! ,vision ( ! _w1 & all ! wond] t w\ld be2 ,saw ! heav5s fill ) comm]ce1 argosies ( magic sails1 ,pilots ( ! purple twilight1 dropp+ d[n ) co/ly bales2 ,he>d ! heav5s fill ) %\t+1 & !re ra9'd a gha/ly dew ,f ! nations' airy navies grappl+ 9 ! c5tral blue2 ,f> along ! _w-wide :isp] ( ! s\?-w9d ru%+ w>m1 ,) ! /&>ds ( ! peoples plung+ ?ro' ! ?und]-/orm2 ,till ! w>-drum ?robb'd no long]1 & ! battle-flags 7 furl'd ,9 ! ,p>liam5t ( man1 ! ,f$]ation ( ! _w4 ,!re ! common s5se ( mo/ %all hold a fretful realm 9 awe1 ,& ! k9dly e>? %all slumb]1 lapt 9 univ]sal law40 ,,t5nyson3 ,locksley ,hall4 ,,p]petual ,,peace ,a ,,philosophical ,,essay ,,by ,,immanuel ,,kant #agie ,,translat$ ,,) ,,introduction ,,& ,,notes ,,by ,m4 ,,campbell ,,smi?1 ,m4,a4 ,,) ,a ,,preface ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,latta ,,london3 ,,george ,,all5 ,,unw9 ,,ltd4 ,,rusk9 ,,h\se #dj ,,museum ,,/reet1 ,w4,c4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company ,fir/ ,edition1 #aijc ,second ,impression1 ,febru>y #aiae ,?ird 0 ,febru>y #aiag ,,preface ,?is translation ( ,kant's essay on ,p]petual ,peace 0 und]tak5 by ,miss ,m>y ,campbell ,smi? at ! sugge/ion ( ! late ,pr(essor ,rit*ie ( ,/4 ,&rews1 :o _h promis$ to write = x a preface1 indicat+ ! value ( ,kant's "w 9 relation to rec5t discussions reg>d+ ! possibility ( 8mak+ w>s to cease40 ,9 view ( ! g5]al int]e/ :i* ^! discussions h ar\s$ & ( ! vague ?9k+ & aspiration :i* h too (t5 *>act]is$ !m1 x seem$ to ,pr(essor ,rit*ie t a translation ( ?is wise & sagaci\s essay w\ld be bo? opportune & valuable4#a ,8 untimely dea? has prev5t$ ! fulfilm5t ( 8 promise1 & ,i h be5 ask$1 9 8 /ead1 to introduce ! translator's "w4 #a ,cf4 8 ,/udies 9 ,political & ,social ,e?ics1 pp4 #afi1 #agj4 ,?is is1 ,i ?9k1 ! only complete translation into ,engli% ( ,kant's essay1 includ+ all ! notes z well z ! text1 & ! translator has add$ a full hi/orical ,introduction1 along ) num]\s notes ( h] own1 s z 79 ,pr(essor ,rit*ie's words7 8to meet ! ne$s 7#a7 ( ! /ud5t ( ,political ,sci5ce :o wi%es to und]/& ! relation ( ,kant's !ories to ^? ( ,grotius1 ,hobbes1 ,locke1 ,r\sseau etc41 & 7#b7 ( ! g5]al read] :o wi%es to und]/& ! significance ( ,kant's proposals 9 connection ) ! ideals ( ,peace ,congresses1 & ) ! developm5t ( ,int]national ,law f ! end ( ! ,middle ,ages to ! ,hague ,conf]5ce40 ,al?\gh x is m ?an #ajj ye>s s9ce ,kant's essay 0 writt51 its sub/antial value is practically unimpair$4 ,anyone :o is acqua9t$ ) ! g5]al "* ( ! m9d ( ,kant w expect to f9d 9 him s\nd common-s5se1 cle> recognition ( ! ess5tial facts ( ! case & a rem>kable p[] ( analytically exhibit+ ! conditions on :i* ! facts necess>ily dep5d4 ,^! *>act]i/ics are manife/ 9 ! essay on ,p]petual ,peace4 ,kant is n pessimi/ en\gh to believe t a p]petual peace is an unrealisable dream or a consummation dev\tly to be fe>$1 nor is he optimi/ en\gh to fancy t x is an ideal :i* c\ld easily be realis$ if m5 w\ld b turn _! he>ts to "o ano!r4 ,= ,kant p]petual peace is an ideal1 n m]ely z a speculative ,utopian idea1 ) :i* 9 fancy we may play1 b z a moral pr9ciple1 :i* ought to be1 & !re=e c be1 realis$4 ,yet he makes x p]fectly cle> t we _c hope to approa* ! realisation ( x unless we hone/ly face political facts & get a firm grasp ( ! indisp5sable conditions ( a la/+ peace4 ,to /rive aft] ! ideal 9 contempt or 9 ignorance ( ^! conditions is a lab\r t mu/ inevitably be ei!r fruitless or de/ructive ( its own ends4 ,?us ,kant demon/rates ! hopelessness ( any attempt to secure p]petual peace betwe5 indep5d5t nations4 ,su* nations may make treaties2 b ^! are b9d+ only = s long z x is n to ! int]e/ ( ei!r p>ty to d5\nce !m4 ,to en=ce !m is impossible :ile ! nations rema9 indep5d5t4 8,!re is10 z ,pr(essor ,rit*ie put x 7,/udies 9 ,political & ,social ,e?ics1 p4 #afi71 8only "o way 9 :i* w> betwe5 indep5d5t nations c be prev5t$2 & t is by ! nations ceas+ to be indep5d5t40 ,b ?is does n necess>ily mean ! e/abli%m5t ( a despotism1 :e!r autocratic or democratic4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,kant ma9ta9s t j z peace betwe5 individuals )9 a /ate c only be p]man5tly secur$ by ! in/itution ( a 8republican0 7t is to say1 a repres5tative7 gov]nm5t1 s ! only real gu>antee ( a p]man5t peace betwe5 nations is ! e/abli%m5t ( a f$]ation ( free 8republican0 /ates4 ,su* a f$]ation he reg>ds z practically possible4 8,= if ,=tune orda9s t a p[]ful & enlight5$ p %\ld =m a republic--:i* by its v nature is incl9$ to p]petual peace--?is w\ld s]ve z a c5tre ( f$]al union = o!r /ates wi%+ to jo91 & ?us secure conditions ( fre$om among ! /ates 9 accordance ) ! idea ( ! law ( nations4 ,gradually1 ?r\gh diff]5t unions ( ?is k9d1 ! f$]ation w\ld ext5d fur!r & fur!r40 ,read]s :o are acqua9t$ ) ! g5]al philosophy ( ,kant w f9d _m traces ( its influ5ce 9 ! essay on ,p]petual ,peace4 ,^? :o h no k ( 8 philosophy may f9d "s ( 8 =ms ( /atem5t r difficult to und]/&1 & x may !re=e n be out ( place = me to indicate v briefly ! mean+ ( "s t]ms :i* he frequ5tly uses1 especially 9 ! ,supplem5ts & ,app5dices4 ,?us at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,fir/ ,supplem5t1 ,kant draws a di/9ction betwe5 ! me*anical & ! teleological view ( ?+s1 betwe5 8nature0 & 8,provid5ce01 :i* dep5ds ^u 8 ma9 philosophical position4 ,accord+ to ,kant1 pure reason has two aspects1 !oretical & practical4 ,z conc]n+ k1 /rictly s call$1 ! a priori pr9ciples ( reason 7e4g4 sub/ance & attribute1 cause & effect etc47 are valid only )9 ! realm ( possible s5se-exp]i5ce4 ,su* ideas1 = in/ance1 _c be ext5d$ to ,god1 s9ce ,he is n a possible object ( s5se-exp]i5ce4 ,!y are limit$ to ! _w ( ph5om5a4 ,?is _w ( ph5om5a 78nature0 or ! _w ( s5se-exp]i5ce7 is a purely me*anical sy/em4 ,b 9 ord] to und]/& fully ! ph5om5al _w1 ! pure !oretical reason mu/ po/ulate c]ta9 ideas 7! ideas ( ! s\l1 ! _w & ,god71 ! objects ( :i* transc5d s5se-exp]i5ce4 ,^! ideas are n !oretically valid1 b _! validity is practically e/abli%$ by ! pure practical reason1 :i* does n yield speculative tru?1 b prescribes its pr9ciples 8dogmatically0 9 ! =m ( imp]atives to ! w4 ,! w is itself practical reason1 & ?us x imposes its imp]atives ^u itself4 ,! fundam5tal imp]ative ( ! practical reason is /at$ by ,kant 9 ,app5dix ,i4 7p4 #age73--8;,act s t ?\ can/ w t ?y maxim %\ld be a univ]sal law1 be ! end ( ?y action :at x w40 ,if ! end ( p]petual peace is a duty1 x mu/ be necess>ily d$uc$ f ?is g5]al law4 ,& ,kant does reg>d x z a duty4 8,we mu/ desire p]petual peace n only z a mat]ial good1 b also z a /ate ( ?+s result+ f our recognition ( ! precepts ( duty0 7loc4 cit474 ,?is is fur!r express$ 9 ! maxim 7p4 #agg73--8,seek ye fir/ ! k+dom ( pure practical reason & its righte\sness1 & ! object ( y\r endeav\r1 ! bless+ ( p]petual peace1 w be add$ unto y40 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! moral politician & ! political morali/1 :i* is develop$ 9 ,app5dix ,i41 is an application ( ! g5]al di/9ction betwe5 duty & exp$i5cy1 :i* is a prom95t feature ( ! ,kantian e?ics4 ,me?ods ( exp$i5cy1 omitt+ all ref]5ce to ! pure practical reason1 c only br+ ab\t re-arrangem5ts ( circum/ances 9 ! me*anical c\rse ( nature4 ,!y c nev] gu>antee ! atta9m5t ( _! end3 !y c nev] make x m ?an a speculative ideal1 :i* may or may n be practicable4 ,b if ! end c be %[n to be a duty1 we h1 f ,kant's po9t ( view1 ! only reasonable gr\nd = a conviction t x is realisable4 ,we _c1 inde$1 !oretically "k t x is realisable4 8,reason is n suffici5tly enlight5$ to survey ! s]ies ( pr$et]m9+ causes :i* w\ld make x possible = u to pr$ict ) c]ta9ty ! good or bad results ( human action1 z !y foll[ f ! me*anical laws ( nature2 al?\gh we may hope t ?+s w turn out z we %\ld desire0 7p4 #afc74 ,on ! o!r h&1 s9ce ! idea ( p]petual peace is a moral ideal1 an 8idea ( duty01 we are entitl$ to believe t x is practicable4 8,nature gu>antees ! com+ ( p]petual peace1 ?r\gh ! natural c\rse ( human prop5sities2 n inde$ ) suffici5t c]ta9ty to enable u to prophesy ! future ( ?is ideal !oretically1 b yet cle>ly en\gh = practical purposes0 7p4 #aeg74 ,"o might ext5d ?is discussion indef9itely2 b :at has be5 said may suffice = g5]al guidance4 ,! 8wise & sagaci\s0 ?\ght ( ,kant is n express$ 9 a simple /yle1 & ! translation has consequ5tly be5 a v difficult piece ( "w4 ,b ! translator has %[n great skill 9 manipulat+ ! involutions1 p>5!ses & prodigi\s s5t5ces ( ! orig9al4 ,9 ?is %e has _h ! valuable help ( ,mr4 ,david ,morrison1 ,m4,a41 :o revis$ ! :ole translation ) ! greate/ c>e & to :om %e owes ! solution ( a numb] ( difficulties4 ,h] "w w h its fitt+ rew>d if x succe$s 9 famili>is+ ! ,engli%-speak+ /ud5t ( politics ) a political essay ( endur+ value1 writt5 by "o ( ! ma/] ?9k]s ( mod]n times4 ,r4 ,,latta4 ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[1 ,may #aijc4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface ,,by ,,pr(essor ,,latta v ,,translator',s ,,introduction #a ,,p]petual ,,peace #ajf ,,fir/ ,,section ,,conta9+ ,,! ,,prelim9>y ,,articles ,,( ,,p]petual ,,peace ,,betwe5 ,,/ates #ajg ,,second ,,section ,,conta9+ ,,! ,,def9itive ,,articles ,,( ,,p]petual ,,peace ,,betwe5 ,,/ates #aag ,,fir/ ,,supplem5t ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,gu>antee ,,( ,,p]petual ,,peace #adc ,,second ,,supplem5t--,a ,,secret ,,article ,,= ,,p]petual ,,peace #aeh ,,app5dix ,i4--,,on ,,! ,,disagreem5t ,,betwe5 ,,morals ,,& ,,politics ,,) ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,p]petual ,,peace #afa ,,app5dix ,,ii4--,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,h>mony ,,( ,,politics ,,) ,,morals ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,transc5d5tal ,,idea ,,( ,,public ,,"r #ahd ,,index #aig ,,translator',s ,,introduction ,?is is an age ( unions4 ,n m]ely 9 ! economic sph]e1 9 ! work+ _w ( unwor?y ends & few ideals d we f9d great practical organizations2 b law1 m$ic9e1 sci5ce1 art1 trade1 comm]ce1 politics & political economy--we might add philan?ropy--/&+ in/itutions1 mighty =ces 9 our social & intellectual life1 all h help$ to swell ! numb] ( our n9ete5? c5tury ,conf]5ces & ,congresses4 ,x is an age ( ,peace ,movem5ts & ,peace ,societies1 ( peace-lov+ mon>*s & peace-seek+ diplomats4 ,?is is n to say t we are prep>+ = ! mill5nium4 ,m5 are work+ toge!r1 !re is a newborn solid>ity ( int]e/1 b rivalries betwe5 nation & nation1 ! bitt]nesses & hatr$s insep>able f competition are n less ke52 prejudice & misund]/&+ n less frequ5t2 subord9ate conflict+ int]e/s are n few]1 are p]haps1 9 view ( *ang+ political conditions & an ev]-gr[+ int]national comm]ce1 multiply+ ) e ye>4 ,! talisman is1 p]haps1 self-int]e/1 b1 none ! less1 ! _s ( union is !re2 x is impossible to ignore a cle>ly m>k$ t5d5cy t[>ds int]national f$]ation1 t[>ds political peace4 ,?is sl[ movem5t 0 n born ) ,peace ,societies2 its consummation lies p]haps f> (f 9 ! ages to come4 ,hi/ory at be/ moves sl[ly4 ,b some?+ ( its pa/ progress we %all d well to "k4 ,no political idea seems to h s great a future be=e x z ?is idea ( a f$]ation ( ! _w4 ,x is b\nd to realise itself "s day2 let u consid] :at are ! *ances t ?is day come quickly1 :at t x be long delay$4 ,:at ob/acles lie 9 ! way1 & h[ may !y be remov$8 ,:at hi/orical gr\nds h we = hop+ t !y may ev] be remov$8 ,:at1 9 a ^w1 is ! orig9 & hi/ory ( ! idea ( a p]petual peace betwe5 nations1 & :at w\ld be ! advantage1 :at is ! prospect ( realis+ x8 ,! int]national relations ( /ates f9d _! expression1 we are told1 9 w> & peace4 ,:at has be5 ! "p play$ by ^! great c\nt]act+ =ces 9 ! hi/ory ( nations8 ,:at has x be5 9 prehi/oric times1 9 ! life ( man 9 :at is call$ ! 8/ate ( nature08 8,x is no easy ent]prise10 says ,r\sseau1 9 m ?an usually c>eful language1 8to dis5tangle t :i* is orig9al f t :i* is artificial 9 ! actual /ate ( man1 & to make ourselves well acqua9t$ ) a /ate :i* no long] exi/s1 :i* p]haps nev] has exi/$ & :i* probably nev] w exi/ 9 ! future40 7,preface to ! ,disc\rse on ! ,causes ( ,inequality1 #agec1 publ4 #aged47 ,?is is a difficulty :i* ,r\sseau surm\nts only too easily4 ,a k ( hi/ory1 a sci5tific _s may fail him3 an imag9ation ev] ready to p\r =? detail nev] does4 ,man liv$1 says he1 8)\t indu/ry1 )\t spee*1 )\t habitation1 )\t w>1 )\t connection ( any k9d1 )\t any ne$ ( 8 fell[s or )\t any desire to h>m !m 444 suffic+ to himself40#b 7,disc\rse on ! ,sci5ces & ,arts1 #agej47 ,no?+1 we are n[ c]ta91 is less probable4 ,we _c pa9t ! life ( man at ?is /age ( 8 developm5t ) any def9it5ess1 b ! conclusion is =c$ ^u u t our race _h no gold5 age1#c no peaceful beg9n+1 t ?is e>ly /ate 0 inde$1 z ,hobbes held1 a /ate ( w>1 ( incessant w> betwe5 individuals1 families &1 f9ally1 tribes4 #b ,= ! inconsi/5cy betwe5 ! views express$ by ,r\sseau on ?is subject 9 ! ,disc\rses & 9 ! ,contrat ,social 7,cf4 ,i4 ,*s4 ,,vi41 ,,viii47 see ,rit*ie's ,natural ,"r1 ,*4 ,,iii41 pp4 #dh1 #di2 ,caird's essay on ,r\sseau 9 8 ,essays on ,lit]ature & ,philosophy1 ,vol4 ,i42 & ,morley's ,r\sseau1 ,vol4 ,i41 ,*4 ,v42 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,*4 ,,xii4 #c ,! !ory t ! gold5 age 0 id5tical ) ! /ate ( nature1 ,pr(essor ,d4 ,g4 ,rit*ie ascribes to ,locke 7see ,natural ,"r1 ,*4 ,,ii41 p4 #db74 ,locke1 he says1 8has an idea ( a gold5 age0 exi/+ ev5 aft] gov]nm5t has come into exi/5ce--a "t :5 p did n ne$ 8to exam9e ! orig9al & rights ( gov]nm5t40 ,civil ,gov]nm5t1 ,,ii41 #aaa4 ,a little confusion on ! "p ( 8 read]s 7p]haps 9 8 own m9d7 makes x possible to reg>d ! /ate ( nature z itself ! gold5 age1 & ! way is prep>$ = ! fav\rite !ory ( ! eighte5? c5tury3-- 8,nor ?9k 9 nature's /ate !y bl9dly trod2 ,! /ate ( nature 0 ! reign ( ,god3 ,self-love & social at h] bir? began1 ,union ! bond ( all ?+s & ( man4 ,pride !n 0 n1 nor arts t pride to aid2 ,man walk'd ) bea/1 jo9t t5ant ( ! %ade2 ,! same 8 table1 & ! same 8 b$2 ,no murd] cloa?'d him1 & no murd] f$40 ,essay on ,man1 ,,iii41 #adg seq4 ,9 ^! l9es ( ,pope's ! /ate ( nature is id5tifi$ ) ! gold5 age ( ! ,greek & ,lat9 poets2 & 8! reign ( ,god0 is an equival5t = ,locke's words1 8has a law ( nature to gov]n x40 ,! ,e>ly ,conditions ( ,society4 ,= ! b>b>ian1 w> is ! rule2 peace ! exception4 ,8 gods1 l ^? ( ,greece1 are w>like gods2 8 _s1 at dea?1 flees to "s ,valhalla4 ,= him life is "o long battle2 8 arms g ) him ev5 to ! grave4 ,food & ! means ( exi/5ce he seeks ?r\gh plund] & viol5ce4 ,"h "r is ) might2 ! battle is to ! /rong4 ,nature has giv5 all an equal claim to all ?+s1 b n ev]yone c h !m4 ,?is /ate ( fe>ful insecurity is b\nd to come to an end4 8,gov]nm5t10 says ,locke1 7,on ,civil ,gov]nm5t1 ,*ap4 ,,viii41 #aje7 8is h>dly to be avoid$ among/ m5 t live toge!r40#d ,a con/ant dread ( attack & a gr[+ consci\sness ( ! necessity ( pres5t+ a unit$ front aga9/ x result 9 ! *oice ( "s lead]--! head ( a family p]haps--:o acts1 x may be1 only z capta9 ( ! ho/s1 z did ,jo%ua 9 ,israel1 or :o may dis*>ge ! simple duties ( a primitive gov]nor or k+4#e ,peace )9 is f\nd to be /r5g? )\t4 ,! civil /ate is e/abli%$1 s t 8if !re ne$s mu/ be w>1 x may n yet be aga9/ all m51 nor yet )\t "s helps40 7,hobbes3 ,on ,lib]ty1 ,*ap4 ,i41 #ac47 ,?is f\ndation ( ! /ate is ! fir/ e/abli%m5t 9 hi/ory ( a peace in/itution4 ,x *anges ! "* ( w>f>e1 x gives x me?od & sy/em2 b x does n br+ peace 9 its tra94 ,we h n[1 inde$1 no long] a :olesale w> ( all aga9/ all1 a con/ant irregul> raid & plund] ( "o individual by ano!r2 b we h ! sy/ematic1 delib]ate w> ( community aga9/ community1 ( nation aga9/ nation4#f #d ,cf4 ,republic1 ,,ii4 #cfi4 8,a /ate10 says ,socrates1 8arises out ( ! ne$s ( mank9d3 no "o is self-suffic+1 b all ( u h _m wants40 #e ,see ,hume's acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( gov]nm5t 7,treatise1 ,,iii41 ,"p ,,ii41 ,sect4 ,,viii474 ,!re are1 he says1 ,am]ican tribes 8:]e m5 live 9 concord & amity among !mselves )\t any e/abli%$ gov]nm5t2 & nev] pay submission to any ( _! fell[s1 except 9 "t ( w>1 :5 _! capta9 enjoys a %ad[ ( au?ority1 :i* he loses aft] _! return f ! field1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( peace ) ! neighb\r+ tribes4 ,?is au?ority1 h[ev]1 in/ructs !m 9 ! advantages ( gov]nm5t1 & tea*es !m to h rec\rse to x1 :5 ei!r by ! pillage ( w>1 by comm]ce1 or by any =tuit\s inv5tions1 _! ri*es & possessions h become s consid]able z to make !m =get1 on e em]g5ce1 ! int]e/ !y h 9 ! pres]vation ( peace & ju/ice4444 ,camps are ! true mo!rs ( cities2 & z w> _c be adm9i/]$1 by reason ( ! sudd5ness ( e exig5cy1 )\t "s au?ority 9 a s+le p]son1 ! same k9d ( au?ority naturally takes place 9 t civil gov]nm5t1 :i* succe$s ! milit>y40 ,cf4 ,c[p]3 ,! ,w9t] ,morn+ ,walk3-- 84 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 & ere long1 ,:5 man 0 multipli$ & spread abroad ,9 tribes & clans1 & _h begun to call ,^! mead[s & t range ( hills 8 own1 ,! ta/$ sweets ( prop]ty begat ,desire ( m2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,?us w>s began on e>?4 ,^! f\ght = spoil1 ,& ^? 9 self-def5ce4 ,savage at fir/ ,! onset1 & irregul>4 ,at l5g? ,"o em95t above ! re/1 = /r5g?1 ,= /ratagem1 or c\rage1 or = all1 ,0 *os5 lead]4 ,him !y s]v$ 9 w>1 ,& him 9 peace = sake ( w>like de$s ,rev'r5c$ no less4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,?us k+s 7 fir/ inv5t$40 #f 8,among uncivilis$ nations1 !re is b "o pr(ession hon\rable1 t ( arms4 ,all ! +5uity & vig\r ( ! human m9d are ex]t$ 9 acquir+ milit>y skill or address40 ,cf4 ,rob]tson's ,hi/ory ( ,*>les ,v41 7,works1 #ahac1 vol4 ,v47 ,sect4 ,i4 vii4 ,w> 9 ,classical ,times4 ,9 e>ly times1 !re 7 no fri5dly neighb\r+ nations3 beyond ! b\nd>ies ( e nation's t]ritory1 lay ! l& ( a deadly foe4 ,?is 0 ! way ( ?9k+1 ev5 ( s highly cultur$ a p z ! ,greeks1 :o believ$ t a law ( nature _h made e outsid]1 e b>b>ian _! inf]ior & _! enemy4#g ,_! treaties ( peace1 at ! "t ( ! ,p]sian ,w>1 7 frankly ( ! k9d d5\nc$ by ,kant1 m]e armi/ices conclud$ = ! purpose ( r5ew+ _! fight+ /r5g?4 ,! anci5t _w is a _w ( p]petual w> 9 :i* defeat meant annihilation4 ,9 ! ,ea/ no "r 0 recognis$ 9 ! enemy2 & ev5 9 ,greece & ,rome ! fate ( ! un>m$ 0 dea? or slav]y4#h ,! b>b>ic or non-,grecian /ates _h1 accord+ to ,plato & ,ari/otle1 no claim ^u humanity1 no rights 9 fact ( any k9d4 ,among ! ,romans ?+s 7 little bett]4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,t4 ,j4 ,lawr5ce--see 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,int]national ,law1 ,,iii41 #ba1 #bb--!y 7 worse4 ,= ,rome /ood alone 9 ! _w3 %e 0 b\nd by ties ( k9%ip to no o!r /ate4 ,%e 01 9 o!r words1 free f a s5se ( obligation to o!r races4 ,w>1 accord+ to ,roman ideas1 0 made by ! gods1 ap>t altoge!r f ! qu>rels ( rul]s or races4 ,to disobey ! sacr$ comm&1 express$ 9 signs & auguries w\ld h be5 to hold 9 disrespect ! law & religion ( ! l&4 ,:51 9 ! h\r ( victory1 ! ,romans refra9$ f press+ _! rights aga9/ ! conqu]$--rights recognis$ by all ,roman juri/s--x 0 f no _s ( l5i5cy1 b 9 ! pursuit ( a prud5t & f>-sight$ policy1 aim+ at ! gr[? ( ,roman supremacy & ! e/abli%m5t ( a _w-embrac+ empire1 %utt+ out all w> z x blott$ out natural b\nd>ies1 r$uc+ all rights to ! "o "r ( imp]ial citiz5%ip4 ,!re 0 no real jus belli1 ev5 "h 9 ! cradle ( int]national law2 ! only limits to ! fury ( w> 7 ( a religi\s "*4 #g ,simil>ly we f9d t ! orig9al mean+ ( ! ,lat9 ^w 8ho/is0 0 8a /rang]40 #h ,9 ,ari/otle we f9d ! high-wat] m>k ( ,greek ?9k+ on ?is subject4 8,! object ( milit>y tra9+10 says he1 7,politics1 ,bk4 ,,iv4 ,*4 ,,xiv41 ,welldon's translation--9 old] editions ,bk4 ,,vii47 8%\ld be n to enslave p]sons :o d n des]ve slav]y1 b fir/ly to secure ourselves aga9/ becom+ ! slaves ( o!rs2 secondly1 to seek imp]ial p[] n ) a view to a univ]sal despotic au?ority1 b = ! b5efit ( ! subjects :om we rule1 & ?irdly1 to ex]cise despotic p[] ov] ^? :o are des]v+ to be slaves4 ,t ! legislator %\ld r make x 8 object s to ord] 8 legislation ^u milit>y & o!r matt]s z to promote leisure & peace is a !ory borne out by ! facts ( hi/ory40 444 7loc4 cit4 ,*4 ,,xv474 8,w>1 z we h rem>k$ sev]al times1 has its end 9 peace40 ,ari/otle /rongly condemns ! ,lac$monians & ,cretans = reg>d+ w> & conque/ z ! sole ends to :i* all law & education %\ld be direct$4 ,also 9 non-,greek tribes l ! ,scy?ians1 ,p]sians1 ,?racians & ,celts he says1 only milit>y p[] is admir$ by ! p & enc\rag$ by ! /ate4 8,!re 0 =m]ly too a law 9 ,mac$onia t any "o :o _h nev] sla9 an enemy %\ld we> ! halt] ab\t 8 neck40 ,among ! ,ib]ians too1 a milit>y p1 8x is ! cu/om to set ar\nd ! tomb ( a deceas$ w>rior a numb] ( obelisks correspond+ to ! numb] ( enemies he has kill$4444 ,yet 444 x may well appe> to be a />tl+ p>adox t x %\ld be ! function ( a ,/atesman to succe$ 9 devis+ ! means ( rule & ma/]y ov] neighb\r+ peoples :e!r ) or aga9/ _! own w4 ,h[ c su* action be wor?y ( a /atesman or legislator1 :5 x has n ev5 ! sanction ( law80 7op4 cit41 ,,iv4 ,*4 #b47 ,we see t ,ari/otle disapproves ( a glorification ( w> = its own sake1 & reg>ds x z ju/ifiable only 9 c]ta9 circum/ances4 ,me?ods ( w>f>e adopt$ & prov$ 9 ! ,ea/ w\ld n h be5 possible 9 ,greece4 ,an act ( trea*]y1 = example1 su* z t ( ,jael1 7,judges ,,iv4 #ag7 :i* 0 extoll$ 9 songs ( praise by ! ,jews1 7loc4 cit4 ,v4 #bd7 ! ,greek p w\ld h be5 incl9$ to repudiate4 ,! /ories ( ,roman hi/ory1 ! behavi\r ( ,fabricius1 = in/ance1 or ,regulus & ! hon\rable conduct ( prison]s on v>i\s occasions releas$ on p>ole1 %[ t ?is consci\sness ( c]ta9 pr9ciples ( hon\r 9 w>f>e 0 /ill m highly develop$ 9 ,rome4 ,socrates 9 ! ,republic 7,v4 #dfi1 #dgj7 gives expression to a feel+ :i* 0 gradually ga9+ gr\nd 9 ,greece1 t w> betwe5 ,hell5ic tribes 0 mu* m s]i\s ?an w> betwe5 ,greeks & b>b>ians4 ,9 su* civil w>f>e1 he consid]$1 ! defeat$ ought n to be r$uc$ to slav]y1 nor ! sla9 despoil$1 nor ,hell5ic t]ritory deva/at$4 ,= any diff]5ce betwe5 ,greek & ,greek is to 8be reg>d$ by !m z discord only--a qu>rel among fri5ds1 :i* is n to be call$ w>04444 8,our citiz5s i4e4 9 ! ideal republic %\ld ?us deal ) _! ,hell5ic enemies2 & ) b>b>ians z ! ,hell5es n[ deal ) "o ano!r40 7,v4 #dga47 ,! views ( ,plato & ,ari/otle on ?is & o!r que/ions 7 9 advance ( ! cu/om & practice ( _! "t4 ,! treatm5t ( a defeat$ enemy among ! ,jews re/$ ^u a simil> religi\s f\ndation4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 we f9d a special cruelty 9 ! conduct ( w>4 ,! w>s ( ! ,jews & ,assyrians 7 w>s ( ext]m9ation4 ,! :ole ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 x has be5 said1 res\nds ) ! cla% ( arms4#i 8,an eye = an eye1 a too? = a too?60 0 ! comm& ( ,jehovah to 8 *os5 p4 ,v5geance 0 b\nd up 9 _! v idea ( ! ,creator4 ,! ,jews1 unlike ! foll[]s ( ,mahomet1 attempt$1 & 7 comm&$ to attempt no viol5t conv]sion#aj2 !y 7 !n too weak a nation2 b !y f\ght1 & f\ght ) success aga9/ ! hea!n ( neighb\r+ l&s1 ! ,"l ( ,ho/s lead+ !m =? to battle4 ,! ,god ( ,israel /ood to 8 *os5 p 9 a unique & peculi>ly logical relation4 ,he _h made a cov5ant ) !m2 &1 9 return = _! ob$i5ce & allegiance1 c>$ = _! int]e/s & advanc$ _! national prosp]ity4 ,! blood ( ?is elect p c\ld n be suff]$ to int]mix ) t ( idolat]s4 ,canaan mu/ be cle>$ ( ! hea!n1 on ! com+ ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel to _! promis$ l&2 & m]cy to ! conqu]$ enemy1 ev5 to wom51 *ildr5 or animals 0 held by ! ,hebrew prophets to be trea*]y to ,jehovah4 7,sam4 ,,xv42 ,jo%4 ,,vi4 #ba47 #i 8,! ,"l is a man ( w>10 said ,moses 7,exodus ,,xv4 #c74 ,cf4 ,psalms ,,xxiv4 #h4 ,he is 8mighty 9 battle40 #aj ,?is 0 b\nd up ) ! v ess5ce ( ,islam2 ! dev\t ,mussulman c\ld suff] ! exi/5ce ( no unbeliev]4 ,tol]ance or indiff]5ce 0 an attitude :i* 8 fai? made impossible4 8,:5 ye enc\nt] ! unbeliev]s10 quo? ! prophet 7,koran1 *4 #dg71 8/rike (f _! heads1 until ye h made a great slaught] among !m4444 ,v]ily if ,god pleas$ he c\ld take v5geance on !m )\t y\r assi/ance2 b he comm&e? y to fight 8 battles40 ,! propagation ( ! fai? by ! sword 0 n only comm&$ by ! ,mohamm$an religion3 x 0 t religion itself4 ,h5ce ! attitude ( ! ,jews to neighb\r+ nations#aa 0 /ill m ho/ile ?an t ( ! ,greeks4 ,! cause ( ?is diff]5ce is b\nd up ) ! transition f poly!ism to mono!ism4 ,! mo/ dev\t wor%ipp] ( ! national gods ( anci5t times c\ld endure to see o!r gods ?an 8 wor%ipp$ 9 ! next t[n or by a neighb\r+ nation4 ,!re 0 no reason :y all %\ld n exi/ side by side4 ,religi\s conflicts 9 poly!i/ic c\ntries1 :5 !y arose1 7 due n to ! rivalry ( conflict+ fai?s1 b to an occasional attempt to put "o god above ! o!rs 9 importance4 ,!re c\ld be no int]e/ "h 9 ! propagation ( belief ?r\gh ! sword4 ,b1 "u ! ,jews1 ^! relations 7 entirely alt]$4 ,jehovah1 _! ,creator1 became ! "o invisible ,god4 ,su* an "o c suff] no o!rs ne> him2 _! exi/5ce is a cont9ual insult to him4 ,mono!ism is1 9 its v nature1 a religion ( intol]ance4 ,its _s among ! ,jews 0 w>like3 x comm&$ ! subjugation ( o!r nations1 b its in/rum5t 0 r ext]m9ation ?an conv]sion4 #aa ,see ,acts ,x4 #bh3--8,ye "k t x is an unlawful ?+ = a man t is a ,jew to keep company1 or come unto "o ( ano!r nation40 ,! ,attitude ( ,*ri/ianity & ! ,e>ly ,*ur* to ,w>4 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! peace ( nations1 we may say t ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 comp>$ ) o!r prom95t mono!i/ic religi\s sy/ems1 occupies an int]m$iate position betwe5 two extremes--! fanaticism ( ,islam1 & to a less ext5t ( ,judaism1 & ! relatively passive attitude ( ! ,buddhi/ :o ?\ght himself b\nd to propagate 8 religion1 b held himself ju/ifi$ only 9 ! employm5t ( peaceful means4 ,*ri/ianity1 on ! o!r h&1 conta9s no w>like pr9ciples3 x c 9 no s5se be call$ a religion ( ! sword1 b circum/ances gave ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 aft] ! fir/ few c5turies ( its exi/5ce1 a "* :i* _c be call$ peace-lov+4 ,?is app>5t contradiction betwe5 ! _s ( ! new religion & its practical attitude to w> has l$ to "s diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! actual tea*+ ( ,*ri/4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t seems1 at a sup]ficial glance1 to furni% support z readily to ! *ampions ( w> z to its d5\nc]s4 ,! ,messiah is ! ,pr9ce ( ,peace 7,is4 ,,ix4 #f1 #g2 ,heb4 ,,vi471 & "h lies ! way ( righte\sness 7,rom4 ,,iii4 #ai73 b ,*ri/ came n to br+ peace1 b a sword 7,mat?4 ,x4 #cd74 ,su* /atem5ts may be giv5 ! mean+ :i* we wi% !m to be>--! quot+ ( ,scripture is ev] an unsatisfactory =m ( evid5ce2 b !re is no direct /atem5t 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 fav\r ( w>1 no say+ ( ,*ri/ :i*1 fairly int]pret$1 c\ld be und]/ood too reg>d ?is pro( ( human imp]fection z less condemnable ?an any o!r4#ab ,:5 m5 %all be )\t s91 nation %all rise up aga9/ nation no m4 ,b man ! individual c atta9 peace only :5 he has ov]come ! _w1 :51 9 ! /ruggle ) 8 l[] self1 he has come =? victori\s4 ,?is is ! spiritual sword :i* ,*ri/ br\ght into ! _w--/rife1 n ) ! unbeliev]1 b ) ! l[] self3 meekness & ! _s ( ! ,^w ( ,god are ! weapons ) :i* man mu/ fight = ! ,fai?4 #ab ,nei!r1 h[ev]1 is !re any :i* reg>ds ! soldi] z a murd]]4 ,an elect p !re 0 no long]3 ,israel _h reject$ its ,messiah4 ,in/ead !re 0 a complete bro!rhood ( all m51 ! bond & ! free1 z *ildr5 ( "o ,god4 ,! aim ( ! ,*ur* 0 a _w-empire1 b\nd toge!r by a univ]sal religion4 ,9 ?is s5se1 z s[+ ! fir/ se$s ( a univ]sal peace1 we may speak ( ,*ri/ianity z a re-e/abli%m5t ( peace among mank9d4 ,! lat] attitude ( ,*ri/ians to w>1 h[ev]1 by no means corresponds to ! e>lie/ t5ets ( ! ,*ur*4 ,)\t d\bt1 c]ta9 sects1 f ! beg9n+ ( our era & ?r\gh ! ages up to ! pres5t "t1 held1 l ! ,m5nonites & ,quak]s 9 our day1 t ! div9e comm&1 8,love y\r enemies10 c\ld n be reconcil$ ) ! pr(ession ( a soldi]4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ians 7 reproa*$ "u ! ,roman ,emp]ors1 be=e ! "t ( ,con/ant9e1 ) avoid+ ! citiz5's duty ( milit>y s]vice4#ac 8,to ^? enemies ( our fai?10 wrote ,orig5 7,contra ,celsum1 ,,viii41 ,*4 ,,lxxiii41 ,anti-,nic5e ,*ri/ian ,libr>y71 8:o require u to be> arms = ! commonweal?1 & to slay m51 we c reply3 #8,d n ^? :o are prie/s at c]ta9 %r9es1 & ^? :o att5d on c]ta9 gods1 z y acc\nt !m1 keep _! h&s free f blood1 t !y may ) h&s un/a9$ & free f human blood (f] ! appo9t$ sacrifices to y\r gods2 & ev5 :5 w> is ^u y1 y nev] enli/ ! prie/s 9 ! army4 ,if t1 !n1 is a laudable cu/om1 h[ mu* m s1 t :ile o!rs are engag$ 9 battle1 ^! too %\ld engage z ! prie/s & m9i/]s ( ,god1 keep+ _! h&s pure1 & wre/l+ 9 pray]s to ,god on behalf ( ^? :o are fight+ 9 a righte\s cause1 & = ! k+ :o reigns righte\sly1 t :atev] is oppos$ to ^? :o act righte\sly may be de/roy$6' 444 ,& we d take our "p 9 public affairs1 :5 along ) righte\s pray]s we jo9 self-d5y+ ex]cises & m$itations1 :i* tea* u to despise pleasures1 & n to be l$ away by !m4 ,& none fight bett] = ! k+ ?an we d4 ,we d n inde$ fight "u him1 al?\gh he require x2 b we fight on 8 behalf1 =m+ a special army--an army ( piety--by (f]+ our pray]s to ,god40 ,! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,t]tullian1 ,ambrose & ! re/ gave ! same te/imony aga9/ w>4 ,! pagan rites connect$ ) ! tak+ ( ! milit>y oa? _h no d\bt "s influ5ce 9 det]m9+ ! feel+ ( ! pi\s ) reg>d to ?is life ( blood%$2 b ! reasons lay deep]4 8,%all x be held lawful10 ask$ ,t]tullian1 7,de ,corona1 p4 #cdg7 8to make an occupation ( ! sword1 :5 ! ,"l proclaims t he :o uses ! sword %all p]i% by ! sword8 ,& %all ! son ( peace take "p 9 ! battle :5 x does n become him ev5 to sue at law8 ,& %all he apply ! *a91 & ! prison1 & ! torture1 & ! puni%m5t1 :o is n ! av5g] ev5 ( 8 own wrongs80 #ac ,9 ! e>ly c5turies ( our era ,*ri/ians seem to h occasionally refus$ to s]ve 9 ! army f religi\s scruples4 ,b soldi]s 7 n always requir$ to *ange _! pr(ession aft] baptism4 ,& 9 ,acts ,x41 = example1 no?+ is said to indicate t ! c5turion1 ,cornelius1 w\ld h to leave ! ,roman army4 ,see ,t]tullian3 ,de ,corona 7,anti-,nic5e ,*ri/ian ,libr>y71 p4 #cdh4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* develop$ e>ly 9 ! opposite direction4 ,x 0 its fight+ _s & n a love ( peace t made ,*ri/ianity a /ate religion "u ,con/ant9e4 ,nor 0 ,augu/9e ! fir/ ( ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs to reg>d milit>y s]vice z p]missible4 ,to come to a lat] "t1 ?is *ange ( attitude has be5 ascrib$ p>tly to ! rise ( ,mahometan p[] & ! wave ( fanaticism :i* broke ov] ,europe4 ,to de/roy ^! unbeliev]s ) fire & sword 0 reg>d$ z a de$ ( piety pleas+ to ,god4 ,h5ce ! w>s ( ! ,crusades aga9/ ! infidel 7 holy w>s1 & appe> z a new elem5t 9 ! hi/ory ( civilisation4 ,! nations ( anci5t times _h kn[n only civil & =eign w>4#ad ,!y _h rebell$ at home1 & !y _h f\ght ma9ly = mat]ial int]e/s abroad4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages !re 71 besides1 religi\s w>s &1 ) ! rise ( ,feudalism1 private w>3#ae among all ! p[]s ( ! ,d>k ,ages & = c5turies lat]1 none 0 m aggressive ?an ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 nor a m active & untir+ def5d] ( its rights & claims1 spiritual or temporal4 ,x 0 9 "s respects a m w>like in/itution ?an ! /ates ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,x /ruggl$ ?r\gh c5turies ) ! ,emp]or3#af x pron\nc$ its ban aga9/ disob$i5t /ates & disloyal cities3 x pursu$ ) its v5geance ea* h]etical or rebelli\s pr9ce3 unm9dful ( its e>ly traditions ab\t peace1 x %[$ 9 e crisis a fi]cely milit>y _s4#ag #ad ,!re 7 s-call$ 8,sacr$ ,w>s0 9 ,greece1 b ^! 7 due ma9ly to disputes caus$ by ! ,amphictyonic ,league4 ,!y 7 n religi\s1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we apply ! epi!t to ! ,?irty ,ye>s' w>4 #ae 8,! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice among rude illit]ate p1 0 n s accurate1 or decisive1 or uni=m1 z to induce m5 to submit implicitly to its det]m9ations4 ,e (f5d$ b>on buckl$ on 8 arm\r1 & s\ght r$ress at ! head ( 8 vassals4 ,8 adv]s>y met him 9 l ho/ile array4 ,nei!r ( !m appeal$ to impot5t laws :i* c\ld af=d !m no protection4 ,nei!r ( !m w\ld submit po9ts1 9 :i* _! hon\r & _! passions 7 w>mly int]e/$1 to ! sl[ det]m9ation ( a judicial inquiry4 ,bo? tru/$ to _! swords = ! decision ( ! conte/40 ,rob]tson's ,hi/ory ( ,*>les ,v41 7,works1 vol4 ,v47 ,sect4 ,i41 p4 #ch4 #af ,erasmus 9 ! 80 7,colloquies1 ,bailey's ed41 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #ee1 #ef7 puts =w>d ! sugge/ion t a g5]al peace might be obta9$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian _w1 if ! ,emp]or w\ld remit some?+ ( 8 "r & ! ,pope "s "p ( 84 #ag ,cf4 ,rob]tson1 op4 cit41 ,sect4 ,,iii41 p4 #ajf1 seq4 ,= m ?an a ?\s& ye>s ! ,*ur* c\nt$ fight+ cl]gy#ah among its mo/ active support]s4 ,?is /range anomaly 01 x mu/ be said1 at fir/ r suff]$ 9 def]5ce to public op9ion ?an enc\rag$ by ecclesia/ical canons & c\ncils1 b x gave rise to great discont5t at ! "t ( ! ,re=mation4#ai ,! :ole "q ( ! lawfulness ( milit>y s]vice = ,*ri/ians 0 !n rais$ aga94 8,if !re be any?+ 9 ! affairs ( mortals10 wrote ,erasmus at ?is "t 7,op]a1 ,,ii41 ,prov41 #iea ,c7 8:i* x becomes u delib]ately to attack1 :i* we ought inde$ to %un by e possible means1 to av]t & to aboli%1 x is c]ta9ly w>1 ?an :i* !re is no?+ m wick$1 m mis*iev\s or m widely de/ructive 9 its effects1 no?+ h>d] to be rid (1 or m horrible &1 9 a ^w1 m unwor?y ( a man1 n to say ( a ,*ri/ian40#bj ,! m$ival ,*ur* inde$ succe$$1 by ! e/abli%m5t ( su* in/itutions z ! ,truce ( ,god1 9 sett+ "s limits to ! fury ( ! soldi]3 b its endeav\rs 7& x made sev]al to promote peace7#ba 7 only to a trifl+ ext5t successful4 ,p]haps cu/om & public op9ion 9 feudal ,europe 7 too /rong1 p]haps ! ,*ur* %[$ a c]ta9 apa?y 9 d5\nc+ ! evils ( a milit>y society3 no d\bt ! !oretical t5ets ( its doctr9e did less to h9d] w> ?an its own /rongly milit>y t5d5cy1 its lu/ = p[] & ! =ce ( its example did to enc\rage x4 #ah ,rob]tson 7op4 cit41 ,note ,,xxi41 p4 #dhc7 quotes ! foll[+ /atem5t3 8flamma1 f]ro1 ca$e1 possessiones ecclesi>um praelati def5debant40 7,guido ,abbas ap4 ,du ,cange1 p4 #agi47 #ai ,j4 ,a4 ,f>r>1 9 a pamphlet1 7repr9t$ f ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 vol4 #beg1 #ahhd7 on ,w> & ,*ri/ianity1 quotes ! foll[+ passage f ,wycliffe 9 :i* he prote/s aga9/ ?is blot ^u ! ,*ur* & ,*ri/ian pr(essions4--8,fri>s n[ say t bi%ops c fight be/ ( all m51 & t x falle? mo/ prop]ly to !m1 s9ce !y are lords ( all ?is _w4 ,!y say ,*ri/ bade ,8 disciples sell _! coats1 & buy !m swords2 b :]eto1 if n to fight8 ,?us fri>s make a great array1 & /ir up _m m5 to fight4 ,b ,*ri/ taught n ,8 apo/les to fight ) a sword ( iron1 b ) ! sword ( ,god's ,^w1 & :i* /&e? 9 meekness ( he>t & 9 ! prud5ce ( man's tongue4444 ,if man-slay+ 9 o!rs be odi\s to ,god1 mu* m 9 prie/s1 :o %\ld be vic>s ( ,*ri/40 ,see also ! passage :]e ,erasmus po9ts out t ,k+ ,david 0 n p]mitt$ to build a temple to ,god1 because he 0 a man ( blood4 8,nolo cl]icos ullo sangu9e contam9>i4 ,gravis impietas60 7,op]a1 ,,ix41 #cgj ,b47 ,?is "q _h already be5 consid]$ by ,?omas ,aqu9as1 :o decid$ t ! cl]gy ought n to be all[$ to fight1 because ! practices ( w>f>e1 al?\gh "r & m]itori\s 9 !mselves1 7 n 9 accordance ) a holy call+4 7,summa1 ,,ii4 #b3 ,qu4 #dj47 ,aqu9as held t w>--exclud+ private w>--is ju/ifiable 9 a j cause4 ,s too did ,lu!r1 7cf4 8 pamphlet3 ,ob ,kriegsleute au* 9 seligem ,/&e se9 knn587 ,calv9 & ,zw+li1 ! la/ ( :om di$ sword 9 h&4 ,) reg>d to ! "q ( a fight+ cl]gy1 ! passage quot$ f ,orig5 7pp4 #ad1 #ae1 above7 has consid]able int]e/1 ,orig5 looks ^u ! active p>ticipation ( prie/s 9 w>f>e z some?+ :i* ev]yone w\ld admit to be impossible4 #bj ,see also ! ,qu]ela ,pacis1 #fcj ,b41 7,op]a1 ,,iv473--8,:osoev] prea*es ,*ri/1 prea*es peace40 ,erasmus ev5 goes ! l5g? ( say+ t ! mo/ iniquit\s peace is bett] ?an ! mo/ j w> 7op4 cit41 #fcf ,c74 #ba ,cf4 ,rob]tson1 op4 cit41 ,note ,,xxi4 p4 #dhc & ,sect4 ,i41 p4 #ci4 ,h5ce1 9 spite ( ,*ri/ianity & its e>ly vision ( a bro!rhood ( m51 ! hi/ory ( ! ,middle ,ages came ne>] to a realization ( ! idea ( p]petual w> ?an 0 possible 9 anci5t times4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! gr[? ( ,roman supremacy 0 to dim9i% ! numb] ( w>s1 along ) ! numb] ( possible causes ( racial friction4 ,x unit$ _m nations 9 "o great :ole1 & gave !m1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 a common culture & common int]e/s2 ev51 :5 ?is seem$ prud5t1 a common "r ( citiz5%ip4 ,! few] ! numb] ( b\nd>ies1 ! less ! likelihood ( w>4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( great empires is ( necessity a =ce1 & a great & p]man5t =ce work+ on ! side ( peace4 ,) ! fall ( ,rome ?is gu>antee 0 remov$4 ,! ,developm5t ( ! ,new ,sci5ce ( ,int]national ,law4 ,out ( ! ru9s ( ! old feudal sy/em arose ! mod]n /ate z a free indep5d5t unity4 ,private w> betwe5 individuals or classes ( society 0 n[ br&$ z a brea* ( ! peace3 x became ! exclusive "r ( k+s to appeal to =ce4 ,w>1 wrote ,g5tilis#bb t[>ds ! end ( sixte5? c5tury1 is ! j or unju/ conflict betwe5 /ates4 ,peace 0 n[ reg>d$ z ! normal condition ( society4 ,z a result ( ^! great developm5ts 9 :i* ! "n 8/ate0 acquir$ new mean+1 jurisprud5ce fre$ itself f ! trammell+ conditions ( m$ival ,s*ola/icism4 ,m5 began to consid] ! problem ( ! rightfulness or wrongfulness ( w>1 to "q ev5 ! possibility ( a w> on rightful gr\nds4 ,out ( !ses new ideas--p>tly too z "o ( ! fruits ( ! ,re=mation1#bc--;arose ! fir/ consci\sly =mulat$ pr9ciples ( ! sci5ce ( int]national law1 ^: full]1 b n yet complete1 developm5t belongs to mod]n times4 #bb ,x is unc]ta9 9 :at ye> ! ,de ,jure ,belli ( ,g5tilis 0 publi%$--a "w to :i* ,grotius ackn[l$ges consid]able indebt$ness4 ,:ewell1 9 ! preface to 8 translation ( ,grotius1 gives ! date #aeih1 b "s writ]s suppose x to h be5 t5 ye>s e>li]4 #bc ,?is came ab\t 9 two ways4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,rome disc\rag$ ! gr[? ( national s5tim5t4 ,at ! ,re=mation ! indep5d5ce & unity ( ! diff]5t nations 7 = ! fir/ "t recognis$4 ,t is to say1 ! ,re=mation laid ! f\ndation = a sci5ce ( int]national law4 ,b1 f ano!r po9t ( view1 x n only made su* a code ( rules possible1 x made x necess>y4 ,! effect ( ! ,re=mation 0 n to dim9i% ! numb] ( w>s 9 :i* religi\s belief c\ld play a "p4 ,moreov]1 x displac$ ! ,pope f 8 =m] position z arbit] 9 ,europe )\t sett+ up any judicial tribunal 9 8 /ead4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( hi/ory e age1 e p has some?+ to %[ "h1 be x only a rudim5t>y s5se ( ju/ice 9 _! deal+s ) "o ano!r4 ,we may in/ance ! ,amphictyonic ,league 9 ,greece :i*1 :ile x _h a m]ely ,hell5ic basis & 0 ma9ly a religi\s survival1 %[s ! g]m ( "s attempt at arbitration betwe5 ,greek /ates4 ,among ! ,romans we h ! jus feciale#bd & ! jus g5tium1 z di/+ui%$ f ! civil law ( ,rome1 & c]ta9 milit>y regulations ab\t ! tak+ ( booty 9 w>4 ,ambassadors 7 held inviolate 9 bo? c\ntries2 ! =mal decl>ation ( w> 0 nev] omitt$4 ,_m ,roman writ]s held ! necessity ( a j cause = w>4 ,b n[h]e d ^! consid]ations =m ! subject matt] ( a special sci5ce4 #bd ,cf4 ,cic]o3 ,de ,(ficiis1 ,i4 xi4 8,belli quidem aequitas sanctissime feciali populi ,romani jure p]scripta e/40 7,see ! ref]5ce to ,lawr5ce's comm5ts on ?is subject1 p4 #i above47 8,w>s10 says ,cic]o1 8are to be und]tak5 = ?is end1 t we may live 9 peace )\t be+ injur$2 b :5 we obta9 ! victory1 we mu/ pres]ve ^? enemies :o behav$ )\t cruelty or inhumanity dur+ ! w>3 = example1 our =efa!rs receiv$1 ev5 z memb]s ( _! /ate1 ! ,tuscans1 ! qui1 ! ,volscians1 ! ,sab9es & ! ,h]nici1 b utt]ly de/roy$ ,c>?age & ,numantia4444 ,&1 :ile we are b\nd to ex]cise consid]ation t[>d ^? :om we h conqu]$ by =ce1 s ^? %\ld be receiv$ into our protection :o ?r[ !mselves ^u ! hon\r ( our g5]al1 & lay d[n _! arms10 7op4 cit41 ,i4 xi41 ,bohn's ,translation74444 8,9 engag+ 9 w> we ought to make x appe> t we h no o!r view b peace40 7op4 cit41 ,i4 xxiii47 ,9 fulfill+ a treaty we mu/ n sacrifice ! _s to ! lett] 7,de ,(ficiis1 ,i4 x74 8,!re are also rights ( w>1 & ! fai? ( an oa? is (t5 to be kept ) an enemy40 7op4 cit41 ,,iii4 xxix47 ,?is is ! fir/ /atem5t by a classical writ] 9 :i* ! idea ( ju/ice be+ due to an enemy appe>s4 ,cic]o goes fur!r4 ,p>ticul> /ates1 he says1 7,de ,legibus1 ,i4 i47 are only memb]s ( a :ole gov]n$ by reason4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages ! developm5t ( ^! ideas receiv$ little enc\ragem5t4 ,all laws are sil5t 9 ! "t ( w>1#be & ?is 0 a p]iod ( w>1 bo? bloody & con/ant4 ,!re 0 no "t to ?9k ( ! "r or wrong ( any?+4 ,moreov]1 ! ,*ur* emphasis$ ! lack ( rights 9 unbeliev]s1 & gave h] bless+ on _! annihilation4#bf ,! :ole ,*ri/ian _w 0 fill$ ) ! idea ( a spiritual univ]sal mon>*y4 ,n su* z t 9 ! m9ds ( ,greek & ,jew & ,roman :o _h be5 able to picture int]national peace only "u ! =m ( a great national & exclusive empire4 ,9 ?is great ,*ri/ian /ate !re 7 to be no di/9ctions betwe5 nations2 its sph]e 0 b\nd$ by ! univ]se4 ,b1 "h1 !re 0 no room or recognition = indep5d5t national /ates ) equal & p]sonal rights4 ,?is recognition1 oppos$ by ! ,roman ,*ur*1 is ! real basis ( int]national law4 ,! ,re=mation 0 ! means by :i* ! p]sonality ( ! peoples1 ! unity & indep5d5ce ( ! /ate 7 fir/ op5ly admitt$4 ,on ?is f\ndation1 ma9ly at fir/ 9 ,prote/ant c\ntries1 ! new sci5ce develop$ rapidly4 ,l ! civil /ate & ! ,*ri/ian religion1 int]national law may be call$ a peace in/itution4 #be ,! say+ is attribut$ to ,pompey3--8,%all ,i1 :5 ,i am prep>+ = w>1 ?9k ( ! laws80 #bf ,?is impli$1 h[ev]1 ! idea ( a unit$ ,*ri/5dom z aga9/ ! infidel1 ) :i* we may comp>e ! idea ( a unit$ ,hellas aga9/ ,p]sia4 ,9 su* ?+s we h ! g]m n only ( int]national law1 b ( ! ideal ( f$]ation4 ,grotius1 ,puff5dorf & ,vattel4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,grotius laid ! f\ndations ( a code ( univ]sal law 7,de ,jure ,belli et ,pacis1 #afbe7 indep5d5t ( diff]5ces ( religion1 9 ! hope t its recognition might simplify ! int]c\rse betwe5 ! newly =m$ nations4 ,! prim>y object ( ?is great "w1 writt5 dur+ ! mis]y & horrors ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' w>1 0 expressly to draw att5tion to ^! evils & sugge/ "s me?ods by :i* ! sev]ity ( w>f>e might be mitigat$4 ,grotius orig9ally meant to expla9 only "o *apt] ( ! law ( nations3#bg 8 book 0 to be call$ ,de ,jure ,belli1 b !re is sc>cely any subject ( int]national law :i* he leaves unt\*$4 ,he obta9$1 moreov]1 a g5]al recognition = ! doctr9e ( ! ,law ( ,nature :i* ex]t$ s /rong an influ5ce ^u succe$+ c5turies2 inde$1 betwe5 ^! two sci5ces1 z betwe5 int]national law & e?ics1 he draws no v %>p l9e ( dem>cation1 al?\gh1 on ! :ole1 9 spite ( an unsci5tific1 s*ola/ic use ( quotation f au?orities1 8 treatm5t ( ! new field is cle> & compreh5sive4 ,grotius made ! attempt to set up an e?ical pr9ciple ( "r1 9 ! /ead ( su* doctr9es ( self-int]e/ z _h be5 held by _m ( ! anci5t writ]s4 ,!re 0 a law1 he held1 e/abli%$ 9 ea* /ate purely ) a view to ! int]e/s ( t /ate1 b1 besides ?is1 !re 0 ano!r high] law 9 ! int]e/ ( ! :ole society ( nations4 ,its orig9 0 div9e2 ! reason ( man comm&$ 8 ob$i5ce4 ,?is 0 :at we call int]national law4#bh #bg ,see ,ma9e's ,anci5t ,law1 pp4 #ej-ec3 pp4 #if-aja4 ,grotius wrongly und]/ood 8,jus ,g5tium10 78a collection ( rules & pr9ciples1 det]m9$ by obs]vation to be common to ! in/itutions :i* prevail$ among ! v>i\s ,italian tribes07 to mean 8,jus int] g5tes40 ,! ,roman expression = ,int]national ,law 0 n 8,jus ,g5tium10 b 8,jus ,feciale40 8,hav+ adopt$ f ! ,anton9e jurisconsults10 says ,ma9e1 8! position t ! ,jus ,g5tium & ! ,jus ,natur 7 id5tical1 ,grotius1 ) 8 imm$iate pr$ecessors & 8 imm$iate successors1 attribut$ to ! ,law ( ,nature an au?ority :i* w\ld nev] p]haps h be5 claim$ = x1 if 8,law ( ,nations0 _h n 9 t age be5 an ambigu\s expression4 ,!y laid d[n unres]v$ly t ,natural ,law is ! code ( /ates1 & ?us put 9 op]ation a process :i* has cont9u$ almo/ d[n to our own day1 ! process ( engraft+ on ! int]national sy/em rules :i* are suppos$ to h be5 evolv$ f ! unassi/$ contemplation ( ! conception ( ,nature4 ,!re is1 too1 "o consequ5ce ( imm5se practical importance to mank9d :i*1 ?\gh n unkn[n dur+ ! e>ly mod]n hi/ory ( ,europe1 0 nev] cle>ly or univ]sally ackn[l$g$ till ! doctr9es ( ! ,grotian s*ool _h prevail$4 ,if ! society ( nations is gov]n$ by ,natural ,law1 ! atoms :i* compose x mu/ be absolutely equal4 ,m5 "u ! sceptre ( ,nature are all equal1 & accord+ly commonweal?s are equal if ! int]national /ate be "o ( nature4 ,! proposition t indep5d5t communities1 h[ev] diff]5t 9 size & p[]1 are all equal 9 ! view ( ! ,law ( ,nations1 has l>gely contribut$ to ! happ9ess ( mank9d1 ?\gh x is con/antly ?reat5$ by ! political t5d5cies ( ea* successive age4 ,x is a doctr9e :i* probably w\ld nev] h obta9$ a secure foot+ at all if ,int]national ,law _h n be5 entirely d]iv$ f ! maje/ic claims ( ,nature by ! ,publici/s :o wrote aft] ! revival ( lett]s40 7,op4 cit41 p4 #ajj47 #bh ,! "n 8,int]national ,law0 0 fir/ giv5 to ! law ( nations by ,b5?am4 7,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 ,,xix4 xxv47 ,grotius di/9ctly holds1 l ,kant & ,r\sseau1 & unlike ,hobbes1 t ! /ate c nev] be reg>d$ z a unity or in/itution sep>able f ! p2 ! t]ms civitas1 communitas1 coetus1 populus1 he uses indiscrim9ately4 ,b ^! nations1 ^! indep5d5t units ( society _c live toge!r side by side j z !y l2 !y mu/ recognise "o ano!r z memb]s ( a ,european society ( /ates4#bi ,law1 he said1 /&s above =ce ev5 9 w>1 8:i* may only be begun to pursue ! "r20 & ! beg9n+ & mann] ( conduct ( w> re/s on fix$ laws & c be ju/ifi$ only 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,w> is n to be done away )3 ,grotius accepts x z fact1#cj 7z ,hobbes did lat]7 z ! natural me?od = settl+ ! disputes :i* 7 b\nd con/antly to arise betwe5 s _m indep5d5t & sov]eign nations4 ,a t]rible sc\rge x mu/ ev] rema91 b z ! only available =m ( legal proc$ure1 x is sanction$ by ! practice ( /ates & n less by ! law ( nature & ( nations4 ,grotius did n advance beyond ?is position4 ,e violation ( ! law ( nations c be settl$ b 9 "o way--by w>1 ! =ce ( ! /rong]4 #bi ,9 ! ,peace ( ,we/phalia1 #afdh1 ! balance ( p[] 9 ,europe 0 recognis$ on ! basis ( t]ms su* z ^!4 #cj ,grotius1 h[ev]1 is a pa9/ak+ /ud5t ( ,scripture1 & is will+ to say some?+ 9 fav\r ( peace--n a p]man5t peace1 t is to say1 ! idea ( :i* w\ld sc>cely be likely to occur to anyone 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury--b a plea = few]1 %ort] w>s4 8,if !re=e10 he says1 8a peace suffici5tly safe c be _h1 x is n ill secur$ by ! condonation ( (f5ses1 & damages1 & exp5ses3 especially among ,*ri/ians1 to :om ! ,"l has giv5 8 peace z 8 legacy4 ,& s ,/4 ,paul1 8 be/ int]pret]1 exhorts u to live at peace ) all m54444 ,may ,god write ^! lessons--,he :o alone c--on ! he>ts ( all ^? :o h ! affairs ( ,*ri/5dom 9 _! h&s40 7,de ,jure ,belli et ,pacis1 ,,iii4 ,*4 ,,xxv41 ,:ewell's translation47 ,see also op4 cit41 ,,ii41 ,*4 ,,xxiii41 ,sect4 ,,viii41 :]e ,grotius recomm5ds t ,congresses ( ,*ri/ian ,p[]s %\ld be held ) a view to ! peaceful settlem5t ( int]national diff]5ces4 ,! necess>y di/9ction betwe5 law & e?ics 0 drawn by ,puff5dorf1#ca a successor ( ,grotius :o gave an outw>dly sy/ematic =m to ! doctr9e ( ! great juri/1 )\t add+ to x ei!r /r5g? or complet5ess4 ,8 views1 :5 !y 7 n bas$ ^u ! sy/em ( ,grotius1 7 /rongly influ5c$ by ! speculation ( ,hobbes1 8 *ronological pr$ecessor1 to :om we %all h lat] occasion to ref]4 ,9 ! works ( ,vattel1#cb :o 01 next to ,r\sseau1 ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ,swiss publici/s1 we f9d ! !ory ( ! cu/oms & practice 9 w> widely develop$1 & ! necessity = humanis+ its me?ods & limit+ its de/ructive effects ^u neutral c\ntries /rongly emphasis$4 ,grotius & ,puff5dorf1 :ile !y recomm5d acts ( m]cy1 hold t !re is legally no "r :i* requires t a conqu]$ enemy %all be sp>$4 ,?is is a matt] ( humanity alone4 ,x is to ! praise ( ,vattel t he did mu* to popul>ise among ! highe/ & mo/ p[]ful classes ( society1 ideas ( humanity 9 w>f>e1 & ( ! rights & obligations ( nations4 ,he is1 moreov]1 ! fir/ to make a cle> sep>ation betwe5 ?is sci5ce & ! ,law ( ,nature4 ,:at1 he asks1 is int]national law z di/+ui%$ f ! ,law ( ,nature8 ,:at are ! p[]s ( a /ate & ! duties ( nations to "o ano!r8 ,:at are ! causes ( qu>rel among nations1 & :at ! means by :i* !y c be settl$ )\t any sacrifice ( dignity8 #ca ,puff5dorf's be/ kn[n "w1 ,de ,jure ,natur et ,g5tium1 0 publi%$ 9 #afgb4 #cb ,le ,droit des ,g5s 0 publi%$ 9 #ageh & translat$ into ,engli% by ,joseph ,*itty 9 #agig1 7#bnd ed41 #ahcd74 ,!y are1 9 ! fir/ place1 a fri5dly conciliatory attitude2 & secondly1 su* means ( settlem5t z m$iation1 arbitration & ,peace ,congresses4 ,^! are ! refuges ( a peace-lov+ nation1 9 cases :]e vital int]e/s are n at /ake4 8,nature gives u no "r to use =ce1 except :]e mild & conciliatory measures are useless40 7,law ( ,nations1 ,,ii4 ,*4 xviii4 #cca47 8,e p[] owes x 9 ?is matt] to ! happ9ess ( human society to %[ itself ready = e means ( reconciliation1 9 cases :]e ! int]e/s at /ake are nei!r vital nor important40 7ibid4 #ccb47 ,at ! same "t1 x is nev] advisable t a nation %\ld =give an insult :i* x has n ! p[] to res5t4 ,! ,dream ( a ,p]petual ,peace4 ,b side by side ) ?is developm5t & gradual popul>isation ( ! new sci5ce ( ,int]national ,law1 ideas ( a less practical1 b n less fruitful k9d _h be5 /eadily mak+ _! way & obta9+ a /rong hold ^u ! popul> m9d4 ,! ,decree ( ,et]nal ,pacification ( #adie _h aboli%$ private w>1 "o ( ! heavy curses ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,:y %\ld x n be ext5d$ to bani% w>f>e betwe5 /ates z well8 ,gradually "o proposal aft] ano!r 0 made to atta9 ?is end1 or1 at lea/1 to smoo? ! way = its future realisation4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 9 po9t ( "t is to be f\nd 9 a some:at b>e1 vague =m 9 ,sully's ,memoirs1#cc said to h be5 publi%$ 9 #afcd4 ,half a c5tury lat] ! ,quak] ,william ,p5n sugge/$ an int]national tribunal ( arbitration 9 ! int]e/s ( peace4#cd ,b x 0 by ! ,fr5* ,abb ,/4 ,pi]re t ! problem ( p]petual peace 0 fairly introduc$ into political lit]ature3 & ?is1 9 an age ( cab9et & dyna/ic w>s1 :ile ! dre>y co/ ( ! w> ( ! ,spani% succession 0 yet unpaid4 ,/4 ,pi]re 0 ! fir/ :o really cle>ly realis$ & endeav\r$ to prove t ! e/abli%m5t ( a p]man5t /ate ( peace is n only 9 ! int]e/ ( ! weak]1 b is requir$ by ! ,european society ( nations & by ! reason ( man4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! hi/ory ( humanity1 poets & prophets _h *]i%$ ! 8sweet dream0 ( a peaceful civilisation3 x is 9 ! =m ( a practical project t ?is idea is new4 #cc ,mmoires ou conomies ,royales ,d',e/at1 ,dome/iques1 ,politiques et ,militaires de ,h5ri le ,gr&1 p> ,maximilian de ,be?une1 ,duc de ,sully4 #cd ,see ,int]national ,tribunals 7#ahii71 p4 #bj seq4 ,p5n's ,essay t[>ds ! ,pres5t & ,future ,peace ( ,europe 0 writt5 ab\t #afic1 b is n includ$ 9 all editions ( 8 works4 ,! anci5t _w actually repres5t$ a /ate ( :at 0 almo/ p]petual w>4 ,?is 0 ! reality :i* confront$ man1 8 inevitable doom1 x seem$1 z x _h be5 pron\nc$ to ! fall5 s9n]s ( ,ed54 ,peace 0 some?+ :i* man _h enjoy$ once1 b =feit$4 ,! my?- & poetry-lov+ ,greeks1 &1 lat]1 ! poets ( ,rome delight$ to pa9t a /ate ( et]nal peace1 n z some?+ to ^: com+ !y c\ld look =w>d 9 ! future1 b z a gold5 age ( purity ^: records lay buri$ 9 ! pa/1 a p>adise :i* _h be51 b :i* 0 no m4 ,voices1 m sci5tific1 7 rais$ ev5 9 ,greece 9 attempts1 su* z ,ari/otle's1 to %[ t ! evolution ( man _h be5 n a c\rse ( deg5]ation f p]fection1 b ( cont9ual progress upw>ds f b>b>ism to civilisation & culture4 ,b ! *ange 9 popul> ?9k+ on ?is matt] 0 due less to ! argum5ts ( philosophy ?an to a practical exp]i5ce ( ! causes :i* op]ate 9 ! int]e/s ( peace4 ,! f\ndation ( a univ]sal empire "u ,alex&] ! ,great gave tempor>y re/ to nations h]et(ore incessantly at w>4 ,"h 0 a pro( t ! ,div9e ,w _h n decre$ t man 0 to "w out 8 puni%m5t "u un*ang+ conditions ( p]petual w>f>e4 ,?is idea ( a univ]sal empire became ! ,greek ideal ( a p]petual peace4 ,su* an empire 01 9 ! language ( ! ,/oics1 a _w-/ate 9 :i* all m5 _h rights ( citiz5%ip1 9 :i* all o!r nations 7 absorb$4 ,p>allel to ?is ideal among ! ,greeks1 we f9d ! hope 9 ,israel ( a ,messiah ^: com+ 0 to br+ peace1 n only to ! ,jewi% race1 b to all ! nations ( ! e>?4 ,?is idea /&s out 9 ! %>pe/ contra/ to ! e>ly nationalism ( ! ,hebrew p1 :o reg>d$ e /rang] z an idolat] & an enemy4 ,! prophecies ( ,judaism1 comb9$ ) ! cosmopolitan ideas ( ,greece1 7 ! s\rce ( ! idea1 :i* is express$ 9 ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/1 ( a spiritual _w-empire1 an empire held toge!r solely by ! tie ( a common religion4 ,?is hope ( peace did n actually die dur+ ! fir/ ?\s& ye>s ( our era1 nor ev5 "u ! morally /agnat+ influ5ces ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,:5 feudalism & private w> 7 aboli%$ 9 ,europe1 x wak5$ to a new life4 ,n m]ely 9 ! m\?s ( poets & religi\s en?usia/s 0 ! cry rais$ aga9/ w>1 b by s*ol>s l ,?omas ,m & ,erasmus1 juri/s l ,g5tilis & ,grotius1 m5 high 9 ! /ate & 9 ! eyes ( ,europe l ,h5ry ,,iv4 ( ,france & ! ,duc de ,sully or ! ,abb de ,/4 ,pi]re ^: ,projet de ,paix ,p]ptuelle 7#agac7ce obta9$ imm$iate popul>ity & wide-spread fame4 ,! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 already prep>$ to receive & mature a plan ( ?is k9d4 #ce ,projet de trait p\r r5dre la paix p]ptuelle entre les s\v]a9s *rti5s4 ,! fir/ two volumes ( ?is "w 7 publi%$ 9 #agac 7trans4 ,london1 #agad72 a ?ird volume foll[$ 9 #agag4 ,h5ry ,,iv4 & ,/4 ,pi]re4 ,! ,gr& ,desse9 ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 is suppos$ to h be5 =m$ by t mon>* & reproduc$ 9 ,sully's ,memoirs1 writt5 9 #afcd & discov]$ ne>ly a c5tury lat] by ,/4 ,pi]re4 ,! /ory goes t ! ,abb f\nd ! book buri$ 9 an old g>d54 ,x has be5 %ewn1 h[ev]1 t !re is little likelihood t ?is project actually orig9at$ ) ! k+1 :o probably correspond$ fairly well to ,voltaire's picture ( him z w> h]o ( ! ,h5riade4 ,! plan 0 m likely conceiv$ by ,sully1 & ascrib$ to ! popul> k+ = ! sake ( ! bett] he>+ & great] influ5ce x might 9 ?is way be likely to h1 & also because1 !reby1 x might be less likely to create (f5ce 9 political circles4 ,/4 ,pi]re himself may or may n h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! facts4 ,! s-call$ ,gr& ,desse9 ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 01 %ortly1 z foll[s4#cf ,x propos$ to divide ,europe betwe5 fifte5 ,p[]s1#cg 9 su* a mann] t ! balance ( p[] %\ld be e/abli%$ & pres]v$4 ,^! 7 to =m a ,*ri/ian republic on ! basis ( ! fre$om & equality ( its memb]s1 ! arm$ =ces ( ! f$]ation be+ support$ by fix$ contribution4 ,a g5]al c\ncil1 consi/+ ( repres5tatives f ! fifte5 /ates1 0 to make all laws necess>y = cem5t+ ! union ?us =m$ & = ma9ta9+ ! ord] once e/abli%$4 ,x w\ld also be ! bus9ess ( ?is s5ate to 8delib]ate on que/ions t might arise1 to occupy !mselves ) discuss+ diff]5t int]e/s1 to settle qu>rels amicably1 to ?r[ light ^u & arrange all ! civil1 political & religi\s affairs ( ,europe1 :e!r int]nal or =eign40 7,mmoires1 vol4 ,,vi41 p4 #abi seq47 #cf ,! ma9 articles ( ?is & o!r peace projects are to be f\nd 9 ,int]national ,tribunals1 publi%$ by ! ,peace ,society4 #cg ,pr(essor ,lorim] po9ts out t ,prussia1 !n ! ,du*y ( ,br&5burg1 is n m5tion$4 7,in/itutes ( ! ,law ( ,nations1 ,,ii4 ,*4 ,,vii41 p4 #bai47 ,?is s*eme ( ! k+ or 8 m9i/] 0 exp&$ ) great ?or\ghness & cle>-sight$ness by ! ,abb ,/4 ,pi]re3 none ( ! _m lat] plans = a p]petual peace has be5 s p]fect 9 details4 ,he proposes t !re %\ld be a p]man5t & p]petual union betwe51 if possible1 all ,*ri/ian sov]eigns--( :om he sugge/s n9ete51 exclud+ ! ,cz>--8to pres]ve unbrok5 peace 9 ,europe10 & t a p]man5t ,congress or s5ate %\ld be =m$ by deputies ( ! f$]at$ /ates4 ,! union %\ld protect weak sov]eigns1 m9ors dur+ a reg5cy1 & s on1 & %\ld bani% civil z well z int]national w>--x %\ld 8r5d] prompt & adequate assi/ance to rul]s & *ief magi/rates aga9/ s$iti\s p]sons & rebels40 ,all w>f>e h5ce=? is to be wag$ betwe5 ! troops ( ! f$]ation--ea* nation contribut+ an equal numb]--& ! enemies ( ,european security1 :e!r outsid]s or rebelli\s memb]s ( ! union4 ,o!rwise1 :]e x is possible1 all disputes occurr+ )9 ! union are to be settl$ by ! arbitration ( ! s5ate1 & ! comb9$ milit>y =ce ( ! f$]ation is to be appli$ to drive ! ,turks out ( ,europe4 ,!re is to be a rational re>rangem5t ( b\nd>ies1 b aft] ?is no *ange is to be p]mitt$ 9 ! map ( ,europe4 ,! union %\ld b9d itself to tol]ate ! diff]5t =ms ( fai?4 ,! objections to ,/4 ,pi]re's s*eme are1 _m ( !m1 obvi\s4 ,he himself produces sixty-two argum5ts likely to be rais$ aga9/ 8 plan1 & he exam9es ^! 9 turn ) acut5ess & eloqu5ce4 ,b !re are o!r criticisms :i* he 0 less likely to be able to =e/all4 ,( ! n9ete5 /ates he names z a basis ( ! f$]ation1 "s h disappe>$ & ! gov]nm5ts ( o!rs h completely *ang$4 ,inde$ ,/4 ,pi]re's s*eme did n look f> beyond ! pres5t4 ,b x has besides a too /rongly political "*4#ch ,f ?is po9t ( view1 ! ,abb's plan am\nts practically to a ,european coalition aga9/ ! ,ottoman ,empire4 ,moreov]1 we notice ) a smile t ! ,fr5* /atesman & patriot is n lo/ 9 ! cosmopolitan political re=m]4 8,! k+dom ( ,spa9 %all n g out ( ! ,h\se ( ,b\rbon60#ci ,france is to enjoy m ?an ! privileges ( hon\r2 %e is to reap di/9ct mat]ial & political advantages f ! union4 ,humanity is to be a bro!rhood1 b1 9 ! f$]ation ( nations1 ,france is to /& fir/4#dj ,we see t ^! 8rves d'un homme de bi510 z ,c>d9al ,dubois call$ !m1 are n )\t _! practical elem5t4 ,b ! great mi/ake ( ,/4 ,pi]re is ?is3 he actually ?\ght t 8 plan c\ld be put into execution 9 ! ne> future1 t an ideal ( ?is k9d 0 realisable at once4#da 8,i1 myself1 =m'd x10 he says 9 ! preface1 89 full expectation to see x "o ,day execut$40 ,z ,hobbes1 says1 8!re c be no?+ s absurd1 b may be f\nd 9 ! books ( philosoph]s40#db ,/4 ,pi]re 0 n cont5t to make 8 influ5ce felt on ! /atesm5 ( 8 "t & prep>e ! way = ! abolition ( all arbitr>y =ms ( gov]nm5t4 ,?is 0 ! flaw :i* drew d[n ^u ! good ,abb ,voltaire's sne]+ epigram#dc & ! irony ( ,leibniz4#dd ,"h1 above all1 9 ?is unpractical en?usiasm 8 s*eme diff]s f t ( ,kant4 #ch ,! same objection 0 rais$ by ,leibniz 7see 8 ,obs]vations on ,/4 ,pi]re's ,projet7 to ! s*eme ( ,h5ry ,,iv41 :o1 says ,leibniz1 ?\ght m ( ov]?r[+ ! h\se ( ,au/ria ?an ( e/abli%+ a society ( sov]eigns4 #ci ,project1 ,art4 ,,vi41 ,eng4 trans4 7#agad71 p4 #aai4 #dj ,/4 ,pi]re 0 n bl9d to ?is aspect ( ! "q4 ,among ! critical objections :i* he anticipates to 8 plan is ?is1--t x promises too great an increase ( /r5g? to ! h\se ( ,france1 & t !re=e ! au?or w\ld h be5 wis] to conceal 8 nationality4 #da ,/4 ,pi]re1 9 :at may be call$ an apology = ! word+ ( ! title ( 8 book 7above1 p4 #cb1 note71 ju/ifies 8 confid5ce 9 ^! words3--8,! ,pilot :o himself seems unc]ta9 ( ! ,success ( 8 ,voyage is n likely to p]suade ! ,pass5g] to emb>k4444 ,i am p]suad$1 t x is n impossible to f9d out ,means suffici5t & practicable to settle an ,ev]la/+ ,peace among ,*ri/ians2 & ev5 believe1 t ! ,means :i* ,i h ?\ght ( are ( t ,nature40 7,preface to ,project1 ,eng4 trans41 #agad47 #db ,levia?an1 ,i4 ,*4 ,v4 #dc ,see too ,voltaire's allusion to ,/4 ,pi]re 9 8 ,diction>y1 "u 8,religion40 #dd ,leibniz reg>d$ ! project ( ,/4 ,pi]re ) an indiff]5ce1 some:at t+$ ) contempt4 ,9 a lett] to ,grim>e/1 7,leibnit4 ,op]a1 ,dut5s' ed41 #agfh1 ,vol4 ,v41 pp4 #fe1 #ff3 9 ,epi/41 ed4 ,kor?olt41 ,vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #cbg7 he writes3--8,i h se5 some?+ ( ,m4 de ,/4 ,pi]re's plan = ma9ta9+ p]petual peace 9 ,europe4 ,x rem9ds me ( an inscription outside ( a *ur*y>d :i* ran1 #8,pax ,p]petua4 ,= ! dead1 x is true1 fight no m4 ,b ! liv+1 are ( ano!r m9d1 & ! mightie/ among !m h little respect = tribunals4'0 ,?is is foll[$ by ! ironical sugge/ion t a c\rt ( arbitration %\ld be e/abli%$ at ,rome ( :i* ! ,pope %\ld be made presid5t2 :ile at ! same "t ! old spiritual au?ority %\ld be re/or$ to ! ,*ur*1 & excommunication be ! puni%m5t ( non-compliance ) ! arbitral decree4 8,su* plans10 he adds1 8are z likely to succe$ z t ( ,m4 de ,/4 ,pi]re4 ,b z we are all[$ to write novels1 :y %\ld we f9d fault ) fiction :i* w\ld br+ back ! gold5 age80 ,b see also ,obs]vations sur le ,projet d'une ,paix ,p]ptuelle de ,m4 l',abb de ,/4 ,pi]re 7,dut5s1 ,v41 esp4 p4 #ef7 & ! lett] to ,remond de ,montmort 7ibid4 pp4 #bj1 #ba7 :]e ,leibniz consid]s ?is project r m s]i\sly4 ,r\sseau's ,criticism ( ,/4 ,pi]re4 ,r\sseau took ,/4 ,pi]re's project#de mu* m s]i\sly ?an ei!r ,leibniz or ,voltaire4 ,b sov]eigns1 he ?\ght1 are deaf to ! voice ( ju/ice2 ! absolutism ( pr9cely p[] w\ld nev] all[ a k+ to submit to a tribunal ( nations4 ,moreov] w> 01 accord+ to ,r\sseau's exp]i5ce1 a matt] n betwe5 nations1 b betwe5 pr9ces & cab9ets4 ,x 0 "o ( ! ord9>y pleasures ( royal exi/5ce & "o n likely to be volunt>ily giv5 up4#df ,we "k t hi/ory has n support$ ,r\sseau's cont5tion4 ,dyna/ic w>s are n[ no m4 ,! ,great ,p[]s h %[n !mselves able to impose _! own conditions1 :]e ! welf>e & security ( ,europe h seem$ to dem& x4 ,su* a developm5t seem$ impossible en\gh 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! milit>y organisation ( ! nations ( ,europe & 9 ! necessity ( mak+ _! int]nal developm5t subord9ate to ! c>e = _! ext]nal security1 ,r\sseau saw ! cause ( all ! defects 9 _! adm9i/ration4#dg ,! =mation ( unions on ! model ( ! ,swiss ,conf$]ation or ! ,g]man ,bund w\ld1 he ?\ght1 be 9 ! int]e/ ( all rul]s4 ,b great ob/acles seem$ to him to lie 9 ! way ( ! realisation ( su* a project z t ( ,/4 ,pi]re4 8,)\t d\bt10 says ,r\sseau 9 conclusion1 8! proposal ( a p]petual peace is at pres5t an absurd "o4444 ,x c only be put into effect by me?ods :i* are viol5t 9 !mselves & dang]\s to humanity4 ,"o _c conceive ( ! possibility ( a f$]ative union be+ e/abli%$1 except by a revolution4 ,&1 t grant$1 :o among u w\ld v5ture to say :e!r ?is ,european f$]ation is to be desir$ or to be fe>$8 ,x w\ld "w1 p]haps1 m h>m 9 a mom5t ?an x w\ld prev5t 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies40 7,jugem5t sur la ,paix ,p]ptuelle47 #de 8,c'e/ un livre solide et s5s10 says ,r\sseau 7,jugem5t sur la ,paix ,p]ptuelle71 8et il e/ trs important qu'il exi/e40 ,?is ,jugem5t is app5d$ to ,r\sseau's ,extrait du ,projet de ,paix ,p]ptuelle de ,monsieur l',abb de ,sa9t-,pi]re1 #agfa4 #df ,cf4 ,c[p]3 ,! ,w9t] ,morn+ ,walk3-- 8,great pr9ces h great play?+s4 ,"s h play'd ,at hew+ m\nta9s into m51 & "s ,at build+ human wond]s m\nta9 high4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,"s seek div]sion 9 ! t5t$ field1 ,& make ! sorr[s ( mank9d _! sport4 ,b w>'s a game1 :i*1 7 _! subjects wise1 ,k+s %\ld n play at4 ,nations w\ld d well ,t'extort _! trun*eons f ! puny h&s ,( h]oes1 ^: infirm & baby m9ds ,are gratifi$ ) mis*ief1 & :o spoil1 ,because m5 suff] x1 _! toy ! _w40 #dg 8,les tr\pes rgles1 pe/e et dpopulation de l',europe1 ne sont bonnes qu'a deux f9s3 ou p\r attaqu] et conqurir les vois9s1 ou p\r en*in] et ass]vir les citoy5s40 7,g\v]nem5t de ,pologne1 ,*4 ,,xii47 ,! ,position ( ,hobbes4 ,! mo/ pr(\nd & se>*+ analysis ( ?is problem comes f ,immanuel ,kant1 ^: indebt$ness 9 ! sph]e ( politics to ,hobbes1 ,locke1 ,montesquieu & ,r\sseau x is difficult to ov]e/imate4 ,kant's doctr9e ( ! sov]eignty ( ! p comes to him f ,locke ?r\gh ,r\sseau4 ,8 explanation ( ! orig9 ( society is practically t ( ,hobbes4 ,! direct influ5ce on politics ( ?is philosoph]1 ap>t f 8 %>e 9 m\ld+ ! ,kantian !ory ( ! /ate1 is "o we _c af=d to neglect4 ,8 0 a great influ5ce on ! new sci5ce j ?r[n on ! _w by ,grotius1 & 8 ! fir/ cle> & sy/ematic /atem5t we h ( ! nature ( society & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! /ate4 ,! natural /ate ( man1 says ,hobbes1 is a /ate ( w>1#dh a bellum omnium contra omnes1 :]e all /ruggle = hon\r & = pref]m5t & ! prizes to :i* e individual is by natural "r equally entitl$1 b :i* c ( necessity fall only to ! few1 ! =emo/ 9 ! race4 ,m5 hate & fe> ! society ( _! k9d1 b ?r\gh ?is desire to excel are =c$ to seek x3 only :]e !re are _m c !re be a fir/4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s1 ?is app>5t sociability :i* is br\ght ab\t by & c\pl$ ) ! lea/ sociable ( in/9cts1 becomes un5durable4 8,x is necess>y to peace10 writes ,hobbes 7,on ,dom9ion1 ,*4 ,,vi4 #c7 8t a man be s f> =? protect$ aga9/ ! viol5ce ( o!rs1 t he may live securely2 t is1 t he may h no j cause to fe> o!rs1 s long z he do? !m no injury4 ,inde$1 to make m5 altoge!r safe f mutual h>ms1 s z !y _c be hurt or injuri\sly kill$1 is impossible2 &1 !re=e1 comes n )9 delib]ation40 ,b to protect !m s f> z is possible ! /ate is =m$4 ,hobbes has no great fai? 9 human contracts or promises4 ,man's nature is malici\s & untru/wor?y4 ,a co]cive p[] is necess>y to gu>antee ?is long-desir$ security )9 ! community4 8,we mu/ !re=e10 he adds1 8provide = our security1 n by compacts1 b by puni%m5ts2 & !re is !n suffici5t provision made1 :5 !re are s great puni%m5ts appo9t$ = e injury1 z app>5tly x prove a great] evil to h done x1 ?an n to h done x4 ,= all m51 by a necessity ( nature1 *oose t :i* to !m appe>s to be ! less evil40 7,op4 cit41 ,*4 ,,vi4 #d47 #dh ,hobbes realises cle>ly t !re probably nev] 0 su* a /ate ( w> all ov] ! _w nor a /ate ( nature con=m+ to a common type4 ,! case is p>allel to ! use ( ! t]m 8orig9al contract0 z an explanation ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! civil /ate came to be =m$4 7,cf4 p4 #eb1 note47 ,see also ,hume 7,inquiry conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals1 ,sect4 ,,iii4 ,"p ,i474 8,?is poetical fiction ( ! gold5 age is1 9 "s respects1 ( a piece ) ! philosophical fiction ( ! /ate ( nature2 only t ! =m] is repres5t$ z ! mo/ *>m+ & mo/ peaceable condition1 :i* c possibly be imag9$2 :]eas ! latt] is pa9t$ out z a /ate ( mutual w> & viol5ce1 att5d$ ) ! mo/ extreme necessity40 ,?is fiction ( a /ate ( nature z a /ate ( w>1 says ,hume1 79 a note to ?is passage7 is n ! inv5tion ( ,hobbes4 ,plato 7,republic1 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,iv47 refutes a hypo!sis v l x1 & ,cic]o 7,pro ,sext4 l4 #db7 reg>ds x z a fact univ]sally ackn[l$g$4 ,cf4 also ,sp9oza 7,tract4 ,pol4 c4 ii4 #ad73 8,hom9es ex natura ho/es40 ,& 7c4 v4 #b73 8,hom9es civiles non nascuntur s$ fiunt40 ,^! expressions are to be und]/ood1 says ,blunts*li 7,!ory ( ! ,/ate1 ,,iv4 ,*4 vi41 p4 #bhd1 note a71 8r z a logical /atem5t ( :at w\ld be ! condition ( man ap>t f civil society1 ?an z di/9ctly imply+ a hi/orical !ory40 ,:ile />t+ f ! same premises1 ,sp9oza c>ries ,hobbes' political !ories to _! logical conclusion4 ,if we admit t "r lies ) might1 !n "r is ) ! p 9 any revolution successfully c>ri$ out4 7,b see ,hobbes' ,preface to ! ,philosophical ,rudim5ts & ,kant's ,p]petual ,peace1 p4 #ahh1 note47 ,sp9oza1 9 a lett]1 ?us alludes to ?is po9t ( diff]5ce3--8,z reg>ds political !ories1 ! diff]5ce :i* y inquire ab\t betwe5 ,hobbes & myself1 consi/s 9 ?is1 t ,i always pres]ve natural "r intact1 & only allot to ! *ief magi/rates 9 e /ate a "r ov] _! subjects comm5surate ) ! excess ( _! p[] ov] ! p[] ( ! subjects4 ,?is is :at always takes place 9 ! /ate ( nature40 7,epi/le #ej1 ,works1 ,bohn's ed41 ,vol4 ,,ii47 ,^! precautions secure t relative peace )9 ! /ate :i* is "o ( ! conditions ( ! safety ( ! p4 ,b x is1 besides1 ! duty ( a sov]eign to gu>antee an adequate protection to 8 subjects aga9/ =eign enemies4 ,a /ate ( def5ce z complete & p]fect z possible is n only a national duty1 b an absolute necessity4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t ( ! relation ( ! /ate to o!r /ates %[s h[ closely ,hobbes has be5 foll[$ by ,kant4 8,!re are two ?+s necess>y10 says ,hobbes1 7,on ,dom9ion1 ,*4 ,,xiii4 #g7 8= ! p's def5ce2 to be w>n$ & to be =e>m$4 ,= ! /ate ( commonweal?s consid]$ 9 !mselves1 is natural1 t is to say1 ho/ile4#di ,nei!r1 if !y cease f fight+1 is x !re=e to be call$ peace2 b r a brea?+ "t1 9 :i* "o enemy obs]v+ ! motion & c\nt5ance ( ! o!r1 values 8 security n accord+ to pacts1 b ! =ces & c\nsels ( 8 adv]s>y40 #di ,! italics are m9e4--,tr4 ,hobbes is a practical philosoph]3 no man 0 less a dream]1 a foll[] aft] ideals ?an he4 ,he is1 moreov]1 a pessimi/1 & 8 doctr9e ( ! /ate is a political absolutism1#ej ! =m ( gov]nm5t :i* above all has be51 & is1 fav\rable to w>4 ,he w\ld no d\bt h ridicul$ ! idea ( a p]petual peace betwe5 nations1 _h su* a project z t ( ,/4 ,pi]re--a practical project1 c\nt+ ^u a realisation 9 ! ne> future--be5 br\ght be=e him4 ,he might n ev5 h accept$ x 9 ! v mu* modifi$ =m :i* ,kant adopts1 t ( an ideal--an unatta9able ideal--t[>ds :i* humanity c\ld n d bett] ?an "w4 ,he expect$ ! wor/ possible f man ! individual4 ,homo hom9i lupus4 ,! /ricte/ absolutism1 am\nt+ almo/ to despotism1 0 requir$ to keep ! vici\s prop5sities ( ! human animal 9 *eck4 ,/ates he look$ ^u z units ( ! same k9d1 memb]s also ( a society4 ,!y _h1 & op5ly exhibit$1 ! same faults z individual m54 ,!y too might be driv5 ) a /rong en\gh co]cive =ce beh9d !m1 b n )\t x2 & su* a co]cive =ce z ?is did n exi/ 9 a society ( nations4 ,f$]ation & f$]al troops are t]ms :i* repres5t ideas ( comp>atively rec5t orig94 ,)\t some?+ ( ?is k9d1 any endur+ peace 0 n to be c\nt$ ^u4 ,int]national relations 7 & mu/ rema9 at lea/ pot5tially w>like 9 "*4 ,"u no circum/ances c\ld ideal conditions be possible ei!r betwe5 ! memb]s ( a /ate or betwe5 ! /ates !mselves4 ,human nature c\ld =m no satisfactory basis = a c\nsel ( p]fection4 #ej ,pr(essor ,pauls5 7,immanuel ,kant1 #bnd ed41 #ahii1 p4 #cei--;,eng4 trans41 p4 #cec7 po9ts out t pessimism & absolutism usually g toge!r 9 ! doctr9es ( philosoph]s4 ,he gives z in/ances ,hobbes1 ,kant & ,s*op5hau]4 ,hobbes 7,on ,dom9ion1 ,*4 ,x4 #c1 seq47 reg>d$ an absolute mon>*y z ! only prop] =m ( gov]nm5t1 :ile 9 ! op9ion ( ,locke1 7,on ,civil ,gov]nm5t1 ,,ii4 ,*4 ,,vii4 #ij1 #ia7 x 0 no bett] ?an a /ate ( nature4 ,kant w\ld n h gone q s f>4 ,z a philosoph]1 he upheld ! sov]eignty ( ! p & reject$ a mon>*y :i* 0 n gov]n$ 9 accordance ) republican pr9ciples2 z a citiz51 he d5i$ ! "r ( resi/ance to au?ority4 7,cf4 ,p]petual ,peace1 pp4 #abf1 #ahh1 note47 ,h5ce ,hobbes nev] ?\ght ( que/ion+ ! necessity ( w>4 ,x 0 9 8 eyes ! natural condition ( ,european society2 b c]ta9 rules 7 necess>y bo? = its conduct &1 :]e ?is 0 compatible ) a nation's dignity & prosp]ity1 = its prev5tion4 ,he held t int]national law 0 only a "p ( ! ,law ( ,nature1 & t ?is ,law ( ,nature laid c]ta9 obligations ^u nations & _! k+s4 ,m$iation mu/ be employ$ betwe5 disputants z mu* z possible1 ! p]son ( ! m$iators ( peace be+ held inviolate2 an umpire ought to be *os5 to decide a controv]sy1 to ^: judgm5t ! p>ties 9 dispute agree to submit !mselves2 su* an arbit] mu/ be imp>tial4 ,^! are all :at ,hobbes calls precepts ( ! ,law ( ,nature4 ,& he appeals to ! ,scriptures 9 confirmation ( 8 ass]tion t peace is ! way ( righte\sness & t ! laws ( nature ( :i* ^! are a few are also laws ( ! heav5ly k+dom4 ,b peace is l ! /raight pa? ( ,*ri/ian endeav\r1 difficult to f9d & difficult to keep4 ,we mu/ seek aft] x :]e x may be f\nd2 b1 hav+ done ?is & s\ght 9 va91 we h no alt]native b to fall back ^u w>4 ,reason requires 8t e man ought to endeav\r peace10 7,lev4 ,i4 ,*4 ,,xiv47 8z f> z he has hope ( obta9+ x2 & :5 he _c obta9 x1 t he may seek1 & use1 all helps1 & advantages ( w>40#ea ,?is1 says ,hobbes else:]e1 7,on ,lib]ty1 ,*4 ,i4 #ae7 is ! dictate ( "r reason1 ! fir/ & fundam5tal law ( nature4 #ea ,we f9d ! same rule laid d[n z e>ly z ! "t ( ,dante4 ,cf4 ,de ,mon>*ia1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 #i3--8,:5 two nations qu>rel !y are b\nd to try 9 e possible way to arrange ! qu>rel by means ( discussion3 x is only :5 ?is is hopeless t !y may decl>e w>40 ,kant's ,idea ( a ,p]petual ,peace4 ,) reg>d to ! problems ( int]national law1 ,kant is ( c\rse a hundr$ & fifty ye>s ahead ( ,hobbes4 ,b he />ts f ! same po9t3 8 !ory ( ! beg9n+ ( society is practically id5tical ) t ( ! old] philosoph]4 ,m5 are by nature imp]fect creatures1 unsociable & untru/wor?y1 curs$ by a love ( glory1 ( possession1 & ( p[]1 passions :i* make happ9ess some?+ = ev] unatta9able by !m4 ,hobbes is cont5t to leave !m "h ) _! imp]fections1 & let a /rong gov]nm5t help !m out z x may4 ,b n s ,kant4 ,he looks beyond man ! individual1 develop+ sl[ly by /ages sc>cely measurable1 progress+ at "o mom5t1 & ! next1 z x seems1 fall+ beh9d3 he looks beyond ! individual1 /ruggl+ & nev] atta9+1 to ! race4 ,"h ,kant is no pessimi/4 ,! capacities implant$ 9 man by nature are n all = evil3 !y are1 he says1 8de/9$ to unfold !mselves completely 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 & 9 accordance ) ! end to :i* !y are adapt$40 7,idea ( a ,univ]sal ,hi/ory f a ,cosmopolitan ,po9t ( ,view1 #aghd4 ,prop4 #a47 ,?is end ( humanity is ! evolution ( man f ! /age ( m]e self-satisfi$ animalism to a high /ate ( civilisation4 ,?r\gh 8 own reason man is to atta9 a p]fect culture1 intellectual & moral4 ,9 ?is long p]iod ( /ruggle1 ! pot5tial faculties :i* nature or ,provid5ce has be/[$ ^u him rea* _! full developm5t4 ,! process 9 :i* ?is evolution takes place is :at we call hi/ory4 ,to man nature has giv5 none ( ! p]fect animal equipm5ts = self-pres]vation & self-def5ce :i* %e has be/[$ on o!rs ( h] creatures4 ,b %e has giv5 to him reason & fre$om ( w1 & has det]m9$ t ?r\gh ^! faculties & )\t ! aid ( in/9ct he %all w9 = himself a complete developm5t ( 8 capacities & natural end[m5ts4 ,x is1 says ,kant1 no happy life t nature has m>k$ out = man4 ,he is fill$ ) desires :i* he c nev] satisfy4 ,8 life is "o ( endeav\r & n ( atta9m5t3 n ev5 ! consci\sness ( ! well-f\ght battle is 81 = ! /ruggle is m or less an unconsci\s "o1 ! end unse54 ,only 9 ! race1 & n 9 ! individual1 c ! natural capacities ( ! human species rea* full developm5t4 ,reason1 says ,kant1 7,prop4 #b1 op4 cit47 8does n itself "w by in/9ct1 b requires exp]im5ts1 ex]cise & in/ruction 9 ord] to advance gradually f "o /age ( insight to ano!r4 ,h5ce ea* individual man w\ld necess>ily h to live an enorm\s l5g? ( "t1 9 ord] to le>n by himself h[ to make a complete use ( all 8 natural end[m5ts4 ,or1 if nature %\ld h giv5 him b a %ort lease ( life1 z is actually ! case1 reason w\ld !n require an almo/ int]m9able s]ies ( g5]ations1 ! "o h&+ d[n its enlight5m5t to ! o!r1 9 ord] t ! se$s %e has s[n 9 our species may be br\ght at la/ to a /age ( developm5t :i* is 9 p]fect accordance ) h] design40 ,man ! individual %all travel t[>ds ! l& ( promise & fight = its possession1 b n he1 nor 8 *ildr51 nor 8 *ildr5's *ildr5 %all inh]it ! l&4 8,only ! late/ com]s c h ! good =tune ( inhabit+ ! dwell+ :i* ! long s]ies ( _! pr$ecessors h toil$--?\gh10 adds ,kant1 8)\t any consci\s int5t--to build up )\t ev5 ! possibility ( p>ticipat+ 9 ! happ9ess :i* !y 7 prep>+40 7,proposition #c47 ,! means :i* nature employs to br+ ab\t ?is developm5t ( all ! capacities implant$ 9 m5 is _! mutual antagonism 9 society--:at ,kant calls ! 8unsocial sociabl5ess ( m51 t is to say1 _! incl9ation to ent] into society1 an incl9ation :i* yet is b\nd up at e po9t ) a resi/ance :i* ?reat5s cont9ually to break up ! society s =m$40 7,proposition #d47 ,man hates society1 & yet !re alone he c develop 8 capacities2 he _c live !re peaceably1 & yet _c live )\t x4 ,x is ! resi/ance :i* o!rs (f] to 8 incl9ations & w--:i* he1 on 8 "p1 %[s likewise to ! desires ( o!rs--t awak5s all ! lat5t p[]s ( 8 nature & ! det]m9ation to conqu] 8 natural prop5sity to indol5ce & love ( mat]ial com=t & to /ruggle = ! fir/ place among 8 fell[-creatures1 to satisfy1 9 out/ripp+ !m1 8 love ( glory & possession & p[]4 8,)\t ^?1 9 !mselves by no means lovely1 qualities :i* set man 9 social opposition to man1 s t ea* f9ds 8 selfi% claims resi/$ by ! selfi%ness ( all ! o!rs1 m5 w\ld h liv$ on 9 an ,arcadian %eph]d life1 9 p]fect h>mony1 cont5tm5t1 & mutual love2 b all _! tal5ts w\ld =ev] h rema9$ hidd5 & undevelop$4 ,?us1 k9dly z ! %eep !y t5d$1 !y w\ld sc>cely h giv5 to _! exi/5ce a great] value ?an t ( _! cattle4 ,& ! place among ! ends ( creation :i* 0 left = ! developm5t ( rational be+s w\ld n h be5 fill$4 ,?anks be to nature = ! unsociabl5ess1 = ! spiteful competition ( vanity1 = ! insatiate desires ( ga9 & p[]6 ,)\t ^!1 all ! excell5t natural capacities ( humanity w\ld h slumb]$ undevelop$4 ,man's w is = h>mony2 b nature kn[s bett] :at is good = 8 species3 h] w is = diss5sion4 ,he w\ld l a life ( com=t & satisfaction1 b nature wills t he %\ld be dragg$ out ( idl5ess & inactive cont5t & plung$ into lab\r & tr\ble1 9 ord] t he may be made to seek 9 8 own prud5ce = ! means ( aga9 deliv]+ himself f !m4 ,! natural impulses :i* prompt ?is ef=t1--! causes ( unsociabl5ess & mutual conflict1 out ( :i* s _m evils spr+1--are also 9 turn ! spurs :i* drive him to ! developm5t ( 8 p[]s4 ,?us1 !y really betray ! provid5ce ( a wise ,creator1 & n ! int]f]5ce ( "s evil _s :i* has m$dl$ ) ! _w :i* ,god has nobly plann$1 & envi\sly ov]turn$ its ord]40 7,proposition #d3 ,caird's translation 9 ,! ,critical ,philosophy ( ,kant1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #eej1 #eea47 ,! problem n[ arises1 ,h[ %all m5 live toge!r1 ea* free to "w out 8 own developm5t1 )\t at ! same "t int]f]+ ) a l lib]ty on ! "p ( 8 neighb\r8 ,! solution ( ?is problem is ! /ate4 ,"h ! lib]ty ( ea* memb] is gu>ante$ & its limits /rictly def9$4 ,a p]fectly j civil con/itution1 adm9i/]$ accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( "r1 w\ld be t "u :i* ! greate/ possible am\nt ( lib]ty 0 left to ea* citiz5 )9 ^! limits4 ,?is is ! ideal ( ,kant1 & "h lies ! greate/ practical problem :i* has pres5t$ itself to humanity4 ,an ideal ( ?is k9d is difficult ( realisation4 ,b nature imposes no su* duty ^u u4 8,out ( su* crook$ mat]ial z man is made10 says ,kant1 8no?+ c be hamm]$ q /raight40 7,proposition #f47 ,we mu/ make our con/itution z good z we c &1 ) t1 re/ cont5t4 ,! direct cause ( ?is transition f a /ate ( nature & conditions ( unlimit$ fre$om to civil society ) its co]cive & re/ra9+ =ces is f\nd 9 ! evils ( t /ate ( nature z !y are pa9t$ by ,hobbes4 ,a wild lawless fre$om becomes impossible = man3 he is compell$ to seek ! protection ( a civil society4 ,he lives 9 unc]ta9ty & insecurity3 8 lib]ty is s f> wor?less t he _c peacefully enjoy x4 ,= ?is peace he volunt>ily yields up "s "p ( 8 indep5d5ce4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! /ate is 9 ! int]e/ ( 8 developm5t to a high] civilisation4 ,x is m--! gu>antee ( 8 exi/5ce & self-pres]vation4 ,?is is ! s5se1 says ,pr(essor ,pauls51 9 :i* ,kant l ,hobbes reg>ds ! /ate z 8re/+ on a contract10#eb t is to say1 on ! free w ( all4#ec ,vol5ti non fit injuria4 ,only1 adds ,pauls51 we mu/ rememb] t ?is contract is n a hi/orical fact1 z x seem$ to "s writ]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 b an 8idea ( reason03 we are speak+ "h n ( ! hi/ory ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! /ate1 b ( ! reason ( its exi/5ce4 7,pauls5's ,kant1 p4 #ced47ed #eb ,r\sseau 7,contrat ,social3 ,i4 vi47 reg>ds ! social contract z tacitly impli$ 9 e actual society3 its articles 8are ! same ev]y:]e1 & are ev]y:]e tacitly admitt$ & recognis$1 ev5 ?\gh !y may nev] h f\nd =mal expression0 9 any con/itution4 ,9 ! same way he speaks ( a /ate ( nature 8:i* no long] exi/s1 :i* p]haps nev] has exi/$40 7,preface to ! ,disc\rse on ! ,causes ( ,inequality47 ,b ,r\sseau's int]pretation ( ^! t]ms is1 on ! :ole1 lit]al 9 spite ( ^! s+le passages4 ,he speaks ?r\gh\t ! ,contrat ,social1 z if hi/ory c\ld actually record ! sign+ & draw+ up ( su* docum5ts4 ,hobbes1 ,hook]1 7,ecclesia/ical ,polity1 ,i4 sect4 #aj--see also ,rit*ie3 ,d>w9 & ,hegel1 p4 #baj seq47 ,hume & ,kant use m c>eful language4 8,x _c be d5i$10 writes ,hume1 7,( ! ,orig9al ,contract7 8t all gov]nm5t is1 at fir/1 f\nd$ on a contract & t ! mo/ anci5t rude comb9ations ( mank9d 7 =m$ *iefly by t pr9ciple4 ,9 va9 are we ask$ 9 :at records ?is *>t] ( our lib]ties is regi/]$4 ,x 0 n writt5 on p>*m5t1 nor yet on leaves or b>ks ( trees4 ,x prec$$ ! use ( writ+ & all ! o!r civilis$ arts ( life4 ,b we trace x pla9ly 9 ! nature ( man1 & 9 ! equality1 or some?+ approa*+ equality1 :i* we f9d 9 all ! individuals ( t species40 ,?is f9e passage expresses admirably ! views ( ,kant on ?is po9t4 ,cf4 ,w]ke1 7,ros5kranz7 ,,ix4 #afj4 ,! orig9al contract is m]ely an idea ( reason1 "o ( ^? ideas :i* we ?9k into ?+s 9 ord] to expla9 !m4 ,hobbes does n pr(ess$ly make ! contract hi/orical1 b 9 ,locke's ,civil ,gov]nm5t 7,,ii4 ,*4 ,,viii4 #ajb7 !re is "s attempt made to give x a hi/orical basis4--,by cons5t all 7 equal1 8till by ! same cons5t !y set rul]s ov] !mselves4 ,s t _! politic societies all began f a volunt>y union1 & ! mutual agreem5t ( m5 freely act+ 9 ! *oice ( _! gov]nors1 & =ms ( gov]nm5t40 ,blunts*li po9ts out 7,!ory ( ! ,/ate1 ,,iv4 ix41 p4 #bid & note7 t ! same !ory ( contract on :i* ,hobbes' doctr9e ( an absolute gov]nm5t 0 bas$ 0 made ! ju/ification ( viol5t resi/ance to ! gov]nm5t at ! "t ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,! !ory 0 diff]5tly appli$ by ,hobbes1 ,locke & ,r\sseau4 ,accord+ to ! fir/1 m5 leave ! 8/ate ( nature0 :5 !y surr5d] _! rights to a sov]eign1 & return to t /ate dur+ revolution4 ,b1 = ,r\sseau1 ?is sov]eign au?ority is ! p3 a revolution w\ld be only a *ange ( m9i/ry4 7,see ,cont4 ,soc41 ,,iii4 ,*4 xviii47 ,aga9 ,locke holds revolution to be ju/ifiable 9 all cases :]e ! gov]nm5ts h n fulfill$ ! tru/ repos$ by ! p 9 !m4 7,cf4 ,kant's ,p]petual ,peace1 p4 #ahh1 note74 #ec 8,if y unite _m m510 writes ,r\sseau1 7,cont4 ,soc41 ,,iv4 ,i47 8& consid] !m z "o body1 !y w h b "o w2 & t w mu/ be to promote ! common safety & g5]al well-be+ ( all40 ,?is volont gnrale1 ! common elem5t ( all p>ticul> wills1 _c be 9 conflict ) any ( !m4 7,op4 cit41 ,,ii4 iii47 #ed ,9 ,eng4 trans41 see p4 #cdh4 ,9 ?is civil union1 self-s\ght1 yet s\ght reluctantly1 man is able to turn 8 mo/ unlovable qualities to a pr(itable use4 ,!y b9d ?is society toge!r4 ,!y are ! in/rum5t by :i* he w9s = himself self-culture4 ,x is "h ) m51 says ,kant1 z x is ) ! trees 9 a =e/3 8j because ea* "o /rives to deprive ! o!r ( air & sun1 !y compel ea* o!r to seek bo? above1 & ?us !y gr[ beautiful & /raight4 ,:]eas ^? t1 9 fre$om & isolation f "o ano!r1 %oot out _! bran*es at w1 gr[ /unt$ & crook$ & awry40 7,proposition #e1 op4 cit47 ,culture1 art1 & all t is be/ 9 ! social ord] are ! fruits ( t self-lov+ unsociabl5ess 9 man4 ,! problem ( ! e/abli%m5t ( a p]fect civil con/itution _c be solv$1 says ?is treatise 7,idea = a ,univ]sal ,hi/ory71 until ! ext]nal relations ( /ates are regulat$ 9 accordance ) pr9ciples ( "r4 ,=1 ev5 if ! ideal int]nal con/itution 7 atta9$1 :at end w\ld x s]ve 9 ! evolution ( humanity1 if commonweal?s !mselves 7 to rema9 l individuals 9 a /ate ( nature1 ea* exi/+ 9 uncontroll$ fre$om1 a law unto himself8 ,?is condition ( ?+s aga9 _c be p]man5t4 ,nature uses ! same means z be=e to br+ ab\t a /ate ( law & ord]4 ,w>1 pres5t or ne> at h&1 ! /ra9 ( con/ant prep>ation = a possible future campaign or ! heavy burd5 ( debt & deva/ation left by ! la/1--^! are ! evils :i* mu/ drive /ates to leave a lawless1 savage /ate ( nature1 ho/ile to man's inw>d developm5t1 & seek 9 union ! end ( nature1 peace4 ,all w>s are ! attempts nature makes to br+ ab\t new political relations betwe5 nations1 relations :i*1 9 _! v nature1 _c be1 & are n desir$ to be1 p]man5t4 ,^! comb9ations w g on succe$+ ea* o!r1 until at la/ a f$]ation ( all p[]s is =m$ = ! e/abli%m5t ( p]petual peace4 ,?is is ! end ( humanity1 dem&$ by reason4 ,ju/ice w reign1 n only 9 ! /ate1 b 9 ! :ole human race :5 p]petual peace exi/s betwe5 ! nations ( ! _w4 ,?is is ! po9t ( view ( ! ,idea = a ,univ]sal ,hi/ory4 ,b equally1 we may say1 law & ju/ice w reign betwe5 nations1 :5 a legally & morally p]fect con/itution adorns ! /ate4 ,ext]nal p]petual peace presupposes int]nal peace--peace civil1 social1 economic1 religi\s4 ,n[1 :5 m5 are p]fect--& :at w\ld ?is be b p]fection--h[ c !re be w>8 ,c>d9al ,fleury's only objection--no light "o--to ,/4 ,pi]re's project 0 t1 z ev5 ! mo/ peace-lov+ c\ld n avoid w>1 all m5 mu/ fir/ be m5 ( noble "*4 ,?is seems to be :at is requir$ 9 ! treatise on ,p]petual ,peace4 ,kant dem&s1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! moral reg5]ation ( man4 ,!re mu/ be p]fect hone/y 9 int]national deal+s1 good fai? 9 ! int]pretation & fulfilm5t ( treaties & s on 7,art4 #a7ee3 & aga91 e /ate mu/ h a republican con/itution--a t]m by :i* ,kant und]/&s a con/itution z ne>ly z possible 9 accordance ) ! _s ( "r4 7,art4 #a47ef ,?is is to say t we h to />t ) our re=mation at home1 look fir/ to ! culture & education & morals ( our citiz5s1 !n to our =eign relations4 ,?is is a "q ( self-int]e/ z well z ( e?ics4 ,on ! civil & religi\s lib]ty ( a /ate dep5ds its comm]cial success4 ,kant saw ! day com+1 :5 indu/rial sup]iority 0 to be id5tifi$ ) political pre-em95ce4 ,! /ate :i* does n look to ! enlight5m5t & lib]ty ( its subjects mu/ fail 9 ! race4 ,b ! advantages ( a high /ate ( civilisation are n all negative4 ,! m highly develop$ ! individuals :o =m a /ate1 ! m highly develop$ is its consci\sness ( its obligations to o!r nations4 ,9 ! ignorance & b>b>ism ( races lies ! great ob/acle to a reign ( law among /ates4 ,uncivilis$ /ates _c be conceiv$ z memb]s ( a f$]ation ( ,europe4 ,fir/1 ! p]fect civil con/itution accord+ to "r3 !n ! f$]ation ( ^! law-abid+ ,p[]s4 ,?is is ! pa? :i* reason m>ks out4 ,! treatise on ,p]petual ,peace seems to be 9 ?is respect m practical ?an ! ,idea = a ,univ]sal ,hi/ory4 ,b x matt]s little :i* way we take x4 ,! po9t ( view is ! same 9 bo? cases3 ! end rema9s ! developm5t ( man t[>ds good1 ! ord] ( 8 /eps 9 ?is direction is indiff]5t4 #ee ,see p4 #ajg4 #ef ,see p4 #abj4 ,! ,political & ,social ,conditions ( ,kant's ,"t4 ,! hi/ory ( ! human race1 view$ z a :ole1 ,kant reg>ds z ! realisation ( a hidd5 plan ( nature to br+ ab\t a political con/itution int]nally & ext]nally p]fect--! only condition "u :i* ! faculties ( man c be fully develop$4 ,does exp]i5ce support ?is !ory8 ,kant ?\ght t1 to a c]ta9 degree1 x did4 ,?is conviction 0 n1 h[ev]1 a fruit ( 8 exp]i5ce ( citiz5%ip 9 ,prussia1 an absolute dyna/ic /ate1 a milit>y mon>*y wag+ p]petual dyna/ic w>s ( ! k9d he mo/ hotly condemn$4 ,kant _h no feel+ ( love to ,prussia1#eg & little ( a citiz5's patriotic pride1 or ev5 int]e/1 9 its political a*ievem5ts4 ,?is 0 p>tly because ( 8 sympa?y ) republican doctr9es3 p>tly due to 8 love ( ju/ice & peculi> hatr$ ( w>1#eh a hatr$ bas$1 no d\bt1 n less on pr9ciple ?an on a close p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ! wret*$ness x br+s ) x4 ,x 0 n ! political & social conditions 9 :i* he liv$ :i* fo/]$ ,kant's love ( lib]ty & gave him inspiration1 unless 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! m9d reacts ^u surr\nd+ influ5ces4 ,look+ beyond ,prussia to ,am]ica1 9 ^: /ruggle = indep5d5ce he took a ke5 int]e/1 & look+ to ,france :]e ! old dyna/ic mon>*y _h be5 succe$$ by a republican /ate1 ,kant seem$ to see ! signs ( a com+ democratisation ( ! old mon>*ical society ( ,europe4 ,9 ?is gr[+ influ5ce on ! /ate ( ! mass ( ! p :o _h ev]y?+ to lose 9 w> & little to ga9 by victory1 he saw ! gu>antee ( a future p]petual peace4 ,o!r =ces too 7 at "w to br+ ab\t ?is consummation4 ,!re 0 a gr[+ consci\sness t w>1 ?is co/ly means ( settl+ a dispute1 is n ev5 a satisfactory me?od ( settlem5t4 ,haz>d\s & de/ructive 9 its effect1 x is also unc]ta9 9 its results4 ,victory is n always ga92 x no long] signifies a l& to be plund]$1 a p to be sold to slav]y4 ,x br+s fre% responsibilities to a nation1 at a "t :5 x is n always /rong en\gh to be> !m4 ,b1 above all1 ,kant saw1 ev5 at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! nations ( ,europe s closely b\nd toge!r by comm]cial int]e/s t a w>--& especially a m>itime w> :]e ! sc5e ( conflict _c be to ! same ext5t localis$ z on l&--betwe5 any two ( !m c\ld n b s]i\sly affect ! prosp]ity ( ! o!rs4#ei ,he cle>ly realis$ t ! _s ( comm]ce 0 ! /ronge/ =ce 9 ! s]vice ( ! ma9t5ance ( peace1 & t 9 x lay a gu>antee ( future union4 #eg ,unlike ,hegel ^: ideal 0 ! ,prussian /ate1 z x 0 "u ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,an en?usia/ic support] ( ! p[] ( mon>*y1 he %[$ himself comp>atively indiff]5t to ! progress ( con/itutional lib]ty4 #eh ,isolat$ passages are sometimes quot$ f ,kant 9 support ( a !ory t ! pres5t treatise is at lea/ half ironical,a & t 8 views on ! "q ( p]petual peace did n ess5tially diff] f ^? ( ,leibniz4 8,ev5 w>10 he says1 7,kritik d4 ,urteilskraft1 ,i4 ,book ii4 #bh47 8:5 conduct$ 9 an ord]ly way & ) rev]5ce = ! rights ( citiz5s has some?+ ( ! sublime ab\t x1 & ! m dang]s a nation :i* wages w> 9 ?is mann] is expos$ to & c c\rage\sly ov]come1 ! nobl] does its "* gr[4 ,:ile1 on ! o!r h&1 a prolong$ peace usually has ! effect ( giv+ free play to a purely comm]cial _s1 & side by side ) ?is1 to an ignoble self-seek+1 to c[>dice & effem9acy2 & ! result ( ?is is g5]ally a degradation ( national "*40 ,a ,cf4 ,k4 v4 ,/5gel3 ,d] ,ewige ,fri$e1 ,muni*1 #ahii2 also ,vaih+]3 ,kant/udi51 ,vol4 ,,iv41 p4 #eh4 ,?is is c]ta9ly an admission t w> :i* does n violate ! ,law ( ,nations has a good side z well z a bad4 ,we c\ld look = no less 9 s cle>-sight$ & unprejudic$ a ?9k]4 ,kant w\ld h be5 ! fir/ to admit t "u c]ta9 conditions a nation c h no high] duty ?an to wage w>4 ,w> is necess>y1 b x is 9 contradiction to reason & ! _s ( "r4 ,! 8sc\rge ( mank9d10 8mak+ m bad m5 ?an x takes away10 ! 8de/roy] ( e good10 ,kant calls x else:]e4 7,!ory ( ,e?ics1 ,abbott's trans41 #d? ed41 p4 #cda1 note47 #ei ,cf4 ,idea = a ,univ]sal ,hi/ory1 ,prop4 #h2 ,p]petual ,peace1 pp4 #adb1 #aeg4 ,?is s*eme ( a f$]ation ( ! nations ( ! _w1 9 accordance ) pr9ciples :i* w\ld put an end to w> betwe5 !m1 0 "o ^: int]e/ = ,kant seem$ to increase dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ( 8 life4#fj ,x 0 accord+ to him an idea ( reason1 &1 9 8 fir/ essay on ! subject--t ( #aghd--we see ! place ?is ideal ( a p]petual peace held 9 ! ,kantian sy/em ( philosophy4 ,its realisation is ! realisation ( ! highe/ good--! e?ical & political summum bonum1 = "h ! aims ( morals & politics co9cide3 only 9 a p]fect developm5t ( 8 faculties 9 culture & 9 morals c man at la/ f9d true happ9ess4 ,hi/ory is work+ t[>ds ! consummation ( ?is end4 ,a moral obligation lies on man to /rive to e/abli% conditions :i* br+ its realisation ne>]4 ,x is ! duty ( /atesm5 to =m a f$]ative union z x 0 =m]ly ! duty ( individuals to ent] ! /ate4 ,! moral law po9ts ! way "h z cle>ly z 9 ! sph]e ( pure e?ics3--8,?\ c'/1 !re=e ?\ ought'/40 #fj ,! imm$iate /imulus to ,kant's active int]e/ 9 ?is subject z a practical "q 0 ! ,peace ( ,basle 7#agie7 :i* end$ ! fir/ /age 9 ! s]ies ( w>s :i* foll[$ ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,let u be "u no misappreh5sion z to ,kant's attitude to ! problem ( p]petual peace4 ,x is an ideal4 ,he /ates pla9ly t he s reg>ds x#fa & t z su* x is unatta9able4 ,b ?is is ! ess5ce ( all ideals3 !y h n ! less value 9 %ap+ ! life & "* ( m5 & nations on t acc\nt4 ,!y are n ends to be realis$ b ideas accord+ to :i* we mu/ live1 regulative pr9ciples4 ,we _c1 says ,kant1 %ape our life bett] ?an 9 act+ z if su* ideas ( reason h objective validity & !re be an immortal life 9 :i* man %all live accord+ to ! laws ( reason1 9 peace ) 8 neighb\r & 9 fre$om f ! trammels ( s5se4 #fa ,x is e9e unausfhrb>e ,idee4 ,see ! passage quot$ f ! ,re*tslehre1 p4 #abi1 note4 ,h5ce we are conc]n$ "h1 n ) an end1 b ) ! means by :i* we might be/ set ab\t atta9+ x1 if x 7 atta9able4 ,?is is ! subject matt] ( ! ,treatise on ,p]petual ,peace 7#agie71 a less eloqu5t & less purely philosophical essay ?an t ( #aghd1 b ?r\gh\t m sy/ematic & practical4 ,we h to d1 n ) ! fav\rite dream ( philan?ropi/s l ,/4 ,pi]re & ,r\sseau1 b ) a /atem5t ( ! conditions on ! fulfilm5t ( :i* ! transition to a reign ( peace & law dep5ds4 ,! ,conditions ( ! ,realisation ( ! ,kantian ,ideal4 ,^! means are ( two k9ds4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :at evils mu/ we set ab\t remov+8 ,:at are ! negative conditions8 ,&1 secondly1 :at are ! g5]al positive conditions :i* w make ! realisation ( ?is idea possible & gu>antee ! p]man5ce ( an int]national peace once atta9$8 ,^! negative & positive conditions ,kant calls ,prelim9>y & ,def9itive ,articles respectively1 ! :ole essay be+ c>efully ?r[n into ! =m ( a treaty4 ,! ,prelim9>y ,articles ( a treaty = p]petual peace are bas$ on ! pr9ciple t any?+ t h9d]s or ?reat5s ! peaceful co-exi/5ce ( nations mu/ be aboli%$4 ,^! conditions h be5 classifi$ by ,kuno ,fis*]4 ,kant1 he po9ts out1#fb exam9es ! pr9ciples ( "r gov]n+ ! diff]5t sets ( circum/ances 9 :i* nations f9d !mselves--namely1 7a7 :ile !y are actually at w>2 7b7 :5 ! "t comes to conclude a treaty ( peace2 7c7 :5 !y are liv+ 9 a /ate ( peace4 ,! six ,prelim9>y ,articles fall naturally into ^! gr\ps4 ,w> mu/ n be conduct$ 9 su* a mann] z to increase national hatr$ & embitt] a future peace4 7,art4 #f47fc ,! treaty :i* br+s ho/ilities to an end mu/ be conclud$ 9 an hone/ desire = peace4 7,art4 #a47fd ,aga9 a nation1 :5 9 a /ate ( peace1 mu/ d no?+ to ?reat5 ! political indep5d5ce ( ano!r nation or endang] its exi/5ce1 !reby giv+ ! /ronge/ ( all motives = a fre% w>4 ,a nation may commit ?is injury 9 two ways3 7#a7 indirectly1 by caus+ dang] to o!rs ?r\gh ! gr[? ( its /&+ army 7,art4 #c7fe--;always a m5ace to ! /ate ( peace--or by any unusual w> prep>ations3 & 7#b7 ?r\gh too great a supremacy ( ano!r k9d1 by amass+ money1 ! mo/ p[]ful ( all weapons 9 w>f>e4 ,! ,national ,debt 7,art4 #d7ff is ano!r /&+ dang] to ! peaceful co-exi/5ce ( nations4 ,b1 besides1 we h ! dang] ( actual attack4 ,!re is no "r ( int]v5tion betwe5 nations4 7,art4 #e47fg ,nor c /ates be inh]it$ or conqu]$ 7,art4 #b71fh or 9 any way treat$ 9 a mann] subv]sive ( _! indep5d5ce & sov]eignty z individuals4 ,= a simil> reason1 arm$ troops _c be hir$ & sold z ?+s4 #fb ,ges*i*te d] neu]5 ,philosophie1 7#d? ed41 #ahii71 ,vol4 ,v41 ,i4 ,*4 #ab1 p4 #afh seq4 #fc ,see p4 #aad4 #fd ,see p4 #ajg4 #fe ,see p4 #aaj4 #ff ,see p4 #aaa4 #fg ,see p4 #aab4 #fh ,see p4 #ajh4 ,^! !n are ! negative conditions ( peace4#fi ,!re are1 besides1 ?ree positive conditions3 #fi ,a l>ge "p ( ,kant's requirem5ts z !y are express$ 9 ^! ,prelim9>y ,articles has already be5 fulfill$4 ,! fir/ 7,art4 #a7 is recognis$ 9 !ory at lea/ by mod]n int]national law4 ,m _c be said4 ,a treaty ( ?is k9d is ( necessity m or less =c$ by ! /rong] on ! weak]4 ,! =mal ratification ( peace 9 #ahga did n prev5t ,france f long+ = ! day :5 %e might w9 back ,alsace-,lorra9e & be rev5g$ on ,prussia4 ,n ! treaty nor a consci\sness ( defeat has kept ! peace we/ ( ! ,rh9e1 b a reluctant respect = ! =tress ( ,metz & ! mighty army ( unit$ ,g]many4 ,articles #b & #f are already commonplaces ( int]national law4 ,article #b ref]s to practices :i* h n surviv$ ! gradual disappe>ance ( dyna/ic w>4 ,art4 #f is ! basis ( our mod]n law ( w>4 ,art4 #c has be5 fulfill$ 9 ! lit]al s5se t ! /&+ armies compos$ ( m]c5>y troops to :i* ,kant alludes exi/ no long]4 ,b x is to be fe>$ t ,kant w\ld n ?9k t we h made ?+s mu* bett]1 nor reg>d our pres5t sy/em ( progressive armam5ts z a /ep 9 ! direction ( p]petual peace4 ,art4 #d is n likely to be fulfill$ 9 ! ne> future4 ,x is long s9ce ,cobd5 d5\nc$ ! in/itution ( ,national ,debts--an in/itution :i*1 z ,kant po9ts out1 owes its orig9 to ! ,engli%1 ! 8comm]cial p0 ref]r$ to 9 ! text4 ,art4 #e no d\bt came to ,kant ?r\gh ,vattel4 8,no nation10 says ! ,swiss publici/1 7,law ( ,nations1 ,,ii4 ,*4 iv4 #ed7 8has ! lea/ "r to int]f]e ) ! gov]nm5t ( ano!r10 unless1 he adds1 7,*4 v4 #gj7 9 a case ( an>*y or :]e ! well-be+ ( ! human race dem&s x4 ,?is is a recognis$ pr9ciple ( mod]n int]national law4 ,int]v5tion is held to be ju/ifiable only :]e ! obligation to respect ano!r's fre$om ( action comes into conflict ) ! duty ( self-pres]vation4 ,puff5dorf leaves mu* m room = ! ex]cise ( b5evol5ce4 ,! natural aff9ity & k9%ip betwe5 m5 is1 says he1 7,les ,devoirs de l'homme et du citoi51 ,,ii4 ,*4 xvi4 xi47 8a suffici5t reason to au?orise u to take up def5ce ( e p]son :om "o sees unju/ly oppress$1 :5 he implores our aid & :5 we c d x conv5i5tly40 7,! italics are m9e4--,tr47 7a7 ,! int]c\rse ( nations is to be conf9$ to a "r ( hospitality4 7,art4 #c47gj ,!re is no?+ new to u 9 ?is ass]tion ( a "r ( way4 ,! "r to free means ( int]national communication has 9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s become a commonplace ( law4 ,& ! *ange has be5 br\ght ab\t1 z ,kant anticipat$1 n ?r\gh an ab/ract respect = ! idea ( "r1 b ?r\gh ! pressure ( purely comm]cial int]e/s4 ,s9ce ,kant's "t ! nations ( ,europe h all be5 m or less trans=m$ f agricultural to comm]cial /ates ^: int]e/s run ma9ly 9 ! same direction1 ^: exi/5ce & developm5t dep5d necess>ily ^u 8conditions ( univ]sal hospitality40 ,comm]ce dep5ds ^u ?is fre$om ( int]national int]c\rse1 & on comm]ce ma9ly dep5ds our hope ( peace4 #gj ,see p4 #acg4 ,! ma9 pr9ciple involv$ 9 ?is passage comes f ,vattel 7op4 cit41 ,,ii4 ,*4 viii4 #ajd1 #aje3 ,*4 ix4 #abc1 #abe74 ,a sov]eign1 he says1 _c object to a /rang] ent]+ 8 /ate :o at ! same "t respects its laws4 ,no "o c be q depriv$ ( ! "r ( way :i* has be5 h&$ d[n f ! "t :5 ! :ole e>? 0 common to all m54 7b7 ,! fir/ ,def9itive ,article#ga requires t ! con/itution ( e /ate %\ld be republican4 ,:at ,kant und]/&s by ?is t]m is t1 9 ! /ate1 law %\ld rule above =ce & t its con/itution %\ld be a repres5tative "o1 gu>antee+ public ju/ice & bas$ on ! fre$om & equality ( its memb]s & _! mutual dep5d5ce on a common legislature4 ,kant's dem& is indep5d5t ( ! =m ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,a con/itutional mon>*y l t ( ,prussia 9 ! "t ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 :o reg>d$ himself z ! fir/ s]vant ( ! /ate & rul$ ) ! wisdom & =e?\ght :i* ! nation w\ld h _h ! "r to dem& f su* an "o--su* a mon>*y is n 9 contradiction to ! idea ( a true republic4 ,t ! /ate %\ld h a con/itution 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( "r is ! ess5tial po9t4#gb ,to make ?is possible1 ! law-giv+ p[] mu/ lie ) ! repres5tatives ( ! p3 !re mu/ be a complete sep>ation1 su* z ,locke & ,r\sseau dem&1 betwe5 ! legislature & executive4 ,o!rwise we h despotism4 ,h5ce1 :ile ,kant admitt$ absolutism "u c]ta9 conditions1 he reject$ democracy :]e1 9 8 op9ion1 ! mass ( ! p 0 despot4 #ga ,see p4 #abj4 #gb ,kant believ$ t1 9 ! newly =m$ con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 8 ideal ) reg>d to ! ext]nal =ms ( ! /ate z con=m+ to ! _s ( ju/ice 0 mo/ ne>ly realis$4 ,pr(essor ,pauls5 draws att5tion1 9 ! foll[+ passage1 to ! fact t ,kant held ! ,engli% gov]nm5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury 9 v l[ e/eem4 7,kant1 p4 #ceg1 note4 ,see ,eng4 trans41 p4 #ceb1 note47 ,x 0 n ! ,engli% /ate1 he says1 :i* furni%$ ,kant ) an illu/ration ( 8 !ory3--8,r 9 x he sees a =m ( despotism only slightly veil$1 n ,p>liam5t>y despotism1 z "s p h ?\ght1 b mon>*ical despotism4 ,?r\gh brib]y ( ! ,commons & ! ,press1 ! ,k+ _h actually absolute p[]1 z 0 evid5t1 above all1 f ! fact t he _h (t5 wag$ w> )\t1 & 9 defiance (1 ! w ( ! p4 ,kant has a v unfav\rable op9ion ( ! ,engli% /ate 9 e way4 ,among ! collect$ notes writt5 by him 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s ( ! c5tury & publi%$ by ,reicke 7,lose ,bltt]1 ,i4 #abi7 ! foll[+ appe>s3--#8,! ,engli% nation 7g5s7 reg>d$ z a p 7populus7 & look$ ^u side by side ) o!r races is1 z a collection ( individuals1 ( all mank9d ! mo/ highly to be e/eem$4 ,b z a /ate1 comp>$ ) o!r /ates1 x is ! mo/ de/ructive1 high-h&$ & tyrannical1 & ! mo/ provocative ( w> among !m all4'0 ,kuno ,fis*] 7op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,v41 ,i4 ,*4 #aa1 pp4 #aej1 #aea7 to :om ,pr(essor ,pauls5's ref]5ce may "h p]haps allude1 /ates t ,kant's objection to ! ,engli% con/itution is t x 0 an olig>*y1 ,p>liam5t be+ n only a legislative body1 b ?r\gh its m9i/]s also executive 9 ! int]e/s ( ! rul+ p>ty or ev5 ( private individuals 9 t p>ty4 ,x seems m likely t :at mo/ (f5d$ a ke5 obs]v] ( ! c\rse ( ! ,am]ican ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce 0 ! arbitr>y & ill-direct$ p[] ( ! k+4 ,b see ! passage quot$ by ,fis*] 7pp4 #aeb1 #aec7 f ! ,re*tslehre 7,"p ,,ii4 ,sect4 ,i47 :i* is1 he says1 unmi/akeably direct$ aga9/ ! ,engli% con/itution & c]ta9 tempor>y conditions 9 ! political hi/ory ( ! c\ntry4 ,an int]nal con/itution1 firmly e/abli%$ on ! pr9ciples ( "r1 w\ld n only s]ve to kill ! se$s ( national hatr$ & dim9i% ! likelihood ( =eign w>4 ,x w\ld d m3 x w\ld de/roy s\rces ( revolution & discont5t )9 ! /ate4 ,kant1 l _m writ]s on ?is subject1 does n directly allude to civil w>#gc & ! means by :i* x may be prev5t$ or aboli%$4 ,actually to a*ieve ?is w\ld be impossible3 x is beyond ! p[] ( ei!r arbitration or dis>mam5t4 ,b 9 a repres5tative gov]nm5t & ! lib]ty ( a p lie ! greate/ safegu>ds aga9/ int]nal discont5t4 ,civil peace & int]national peace mu/ to a c]ta9 ext5t g h& 9 h&4 #gc ,/4 ,pi]re actually ?\ght t 8 f$]ation w\ld prev5t civil w>4 ,see ,project 7#agad71 p4 #af4 ,we come n[ to ! c5tral idea ( ! treatise3 7c7 ! law ( nations mu/ be bas$ ^u a f$]ation ( free /ates4 7,art4 #b47gd ,?is mu/ be reg>d$ z ! end to :i* mank9d is advanc+4 ,! problem "h is n out ( _m nations to make "o4 ,?is w\ld be p]haps ! sure/ way to atta9 peace1 b x is sc>cely practicable1 &1 9 c]ta9 =ms1 x is undesirable4 ,kant is incl9$ to approve ( ! sep>ation ( nations by language & religion1 by hi/orical & social tradition & physical b\nd>ies3 nature seems to condemn ! idea ( a univ]sal mon>*y4#ge ,! only foot+ on :i* a ?or\gh-go+1 indubitable sy/em ( int]national law is 9 practice possible is t ( ! society ( nations3 n ! _w-republic#gf ! ,greeks dreamt (1 b a f$]ation ( /ates4 ,su* a union 9 ! int]e/s ( p]petual peace betwe5 nations w\ld be ! 8highe/ political good40 ,! relation ( ! f$]at$ /ates to "o ano!r & to ! :ole w\ld be fix$ by cosmopolitan law3 ! l9k ( self-int]e/ :i* w\ld b9d !m w\ld aga9 be ! _s ( comm]ce4 #gd ,see p4 #abh4 #ge ,?is 0 ! ideal ( ,dante4 ,cf4 ,de ,mon>*ia1 ,bk4 ,i4 #ed3--8,we %all n f9d at any "t except "u ! div9e mon>* ,augu/us1 :5 a p]fect mon>*y exi/$1 t ! _w 0 ev]y:]e quiet40 ,blunts*li 7,!ory ( ! ,/ate1 ,i4 ,*4 ii41 p4 #bf seq47 gives an admirable acc\nt ( ! diff]5t attempts made to realise a univ]sal empire 9 ! pa/--! ,empire ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 bas$ ^u a plan ( unit+ ! races ( ea/ & we/2 ! ,roman ,empire :i* s\ght va9ly to /amp its national "* ^u mank9d2 ! ,franki% ,mon>*y2 ! ,holy ,roman ,empire :i* fell to pieces ?r\gh ! want ( a c5tral p[] /rong en\gh to ov]come ! t5d5cy to sep>ation & nationalisation2 & f9ally ! attempt ( ,napoleon ,i41 ^: mi/ake 0 ! same z t :i* wreck$ ! ,roman ,empire--a neglect ( ! /r5g? ( =eign national s5tim5t4 #gf ,reason requires a ,/ate ( nations4 ,?is is ! ideal1 & ,kant's proposal ( a f$]ation ( /ates is a practical sub/itute f :i* we may "w to high] ?+s4 ,kant1 l ,fi*te1 7,w]ke1 ,,vii4 #dfg7 /rongly disapproves ( a univ]sal mon>*y su* z t ( :i* ,dante dream$--a mod]n ,roman ,empire4 ,! =ce ( necessity1 he says1 w br+ nations at la/ to become memb]s ( a cosmopolitan /ate1 8or if su* a /ate ( univ]sal peace proves 7z has (t5 be5 ! case ) too great /ates7 a great] dang] to fre$om f ano!r po9t ( view1 9 t x introduces despotism ( ! mo/ t]rible k9d1 !n ?is same necessity mu/ compel ! nations to ent] a /ate :i* inde$ has ! =m n ( a cosmopolitan commonweal? "u "o sov]eign1 b ( a f$]ation regulat$ by legal pr9ciples det]m9$ by a common code ( int]national law40 7,das mag 9 d4 ,!orie ri*tig se91 ,w]ke1 7,ros5kranz7 ,,vii41 p4 #bbe74 ,cf4 also ,!ory ( ,e?ics1 7,abbott71 p4 #cda1 note2 ,p]petual ,peace1 pp4 #aee1 #aef4 ,?is s*eme ( a p]petual peace _h n escap$ ridicule 9 ! eighte5? c5tury3 ! "n ( ,kant protect$ x h5ce=?4 ,! facts ( hi/ory1 ev5 m conclusively ?an ! voices ( philosoph]s1 soldi]s & pr9ces1 %[ h[ great has be5 ! progress ( ?is idea 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,b x has n ga9$ its pres5t hold ^u ! popul> m9d )\t great & la/+ opposition4 ,inde$ we h "h :at mu/ /ill be reg>d$ z a controv]sial "q4 ,!re h be51 & are /ill1 m5 :o reg>d p]petual peace z a /ate ( ?+s z undesirable z x is unatta9able4 ,= su* p]sons1 w> is a necessity ( our civilisation3 x is impossible t x %\ld ev] cease to exi/4 ,all t we c d1 & !re is no h>m1 nor any contradiction 9 ! attempt1 is to make w>s %ort]1 few] & m humane3 ! :ole "q1 beyond ?is1 is )\t practical significance4 ,o!rs1 on ! o!r h&1--& ^! p]haps m ?\ghtful--reg>d w> z ho/ile to culture1 an evil ( ! wor/ k9d1 al?\gh a necess>y evil4 ,9 peace1 = !m1 lies ! true ideal ( humanity1 al?\gh 9 any p]fect =m ?is _c be realis$ 9 ! ne> future4 ,! extreme =ms ( ^! views are to be s\ght 9 :at has be5 call$ 9 ,g]many 8! philosophy ( ! b>racks0 :i* comes =w>d ) a glorification ( w> = its own sake1 & 9 ! attitude ( mod]n ,peace ,societies :i* d5\nce all w> :olesale1 )\t respect ( causes or conditions4 ,hegel1 ,s*ill] & ,moltke4 ,hegel1 ! greate/ ( ! *ampions ( w>1 w\ld h no?+ to d ) ,kant's f$]ation ( nations =m$ 9 ! int]e/s ( peace4 ,! welf>e ( a /ate1 he held1 is its own highe/ law2 & he refus$ to admit t ?is welf>e 0 to be s\ght 9 an int]national peace4 ,hegel liv$ 9 an age :5 all p[] & ord] seem$ to lie ) ! sword4 ,some?+ ( ! *>m ( ,napoleonism seems to hang ov] him4 ,he does n g ! l5g? ( writ]s l ,joseph de ,mai/re1 :o see 9 w> ! f+] ( ,god or an arrangem5t = ! survival ( ! fitte/--a !ory1 z f> z reg>ds individuals1 q 9 contradiction ) ! real facts1 :i* %[ t x is precisely ! physically unfit :om w>1 z a me?od ( ext]m9ation1 _c rea*4 ,b1 l ,s*ill] & ,moltke1 ,hegel sees 9 w> an educative in/rum5t1 develop+ virtues 9 a nation :i* c\ld n be fully develop$ o!rwise1 7mu* z pa9 & suff]+ br+ pati5ce & resignation & o!r su* qualities into play 9 ! individual71 & draw+ ! nation toge!r1 mak+ ea* citiz5 consci\s ( 8 citiz5%ip1 z no o!r influ5ce c4 ,w>1 he holds1 leaves a nation always /rong] ?an x 0 be=e2 x buries causes ( inn] diss5sion1 & consolidates ! int]nal p[] ( ! /ate4#gg ,no o!r trial c1 9 ! same way1 %[ :at is ! real /r5g? & weakness ( a nation1 :at x is1 n m]ely mat]ially1 b physically1 intellectually & morally4 #gg ,see ! ,philosophie d4 ,re*ts1 7,w]ke1 ,vol4 ,,viii47 ,"p iii4 #cbd & app5dix4 ,) ?is la/ /atem5t mo/ p w be incl9$ to agree4 ,!re is only a "p ( ! tru? 9 ,napoleon's dictum t 8,god is on ! side ( ! bigge/ battalions02 or 9 ! old say+ t w> requires ?ree necess>ies--9 ! fir/ place1 money2 9 ! second place1 money2 & 9 ! ?ird1 money4 ,money is a great deal3 x is a necessity2 b :at we call national back-bone & "* is m4 ,s f> we are ) ,hegel4 ,b he goes fur!r4 ,9 peace1 says he1 mank9d w\ld gr[ effem9ate & deg5]ate 9 luxury4 ,?is op9ion 0 express$ 9 =cible language 9 8 own "t by ,s*ill]1#gh & 9 m rec5t ye>s by ,c\nt ,moltke4 8,p]petual peace10 says a lett] ( ! great g5]al1#gi 8is a dream & n a beautiful dream ei!r3 w> is "p ( ! div9e ord] ( ! _w4 ,dur+ w> are develop$ ! noble/ virtues :i* belong to man--c\rage & self-d5ial1 fidelity to duty & ! _s ( self-sacrifice3 ! soldi] is call$ ^u to risk 8 life4 ,)\t w> ! _w w\ld s9k 9 mat]ialism40#hj 8,want & mis]y1 disease1 suff]+ & w>10 he says else:]e1 8are all giv5 elem5ts 9 ! ,div9e ord] ( ! univ]se40 ,moltke's eulogy ( w>1 h[ev]1 is some:at modifi$ by 8 additional /atem5t t 8! greate/ k9dness 9 w> lies 9 its be+ quickly end$40 7,lett] to ,blunts*li1 #aa? ,dec41 #ahhj47ha ,! great =ces :i* we recognise z factors 9 ! moral reg5]ation ( mank9d are always sl[ ( action z !y are sure4 ,w>1 if too quickly ov]1 c\ld n h ! great moral influ5ce :i* has be5 attribut$ to x4 ,! explanation may be t x is n all t x naturally appe>s to a great & successful g5]al4 ,hegel1 ,moltke1 ,tr5del5burg1 ,treits*ke#hb & ! o!rs--n ,s*ill]#hc :o 0 able to s+ ! bless+s ( peace z eloqu5tly z ( w>--7 apt to =get t w> is z effici5t a s*ool = =m+ vices z virtues2 & t1 moreov]1 ^? virtues :i* milit>y life is said to cultivate--c\rage1 self-sacrifice & ! re/--c be at lea/ z p]fectly develop$ 9 o!r trials4 ,!re are 9 human life dang]s e day bravely met & ov]come :i* are n less t]rible ?an ^? :i* face ! soldi]1 9 :om patriotism may be less a s5tim5t ?an a duty1 & ^: c[>dice mu/ be de>ly paid4 #gh ,cf4 ,die ,braut von ,mess9a3-- 8,d5n d] ,m5s* v]kmm]t im ,fri$51 ,mssige ,ruh' i/ das ,grab des ,mu?s4 ,das ,gesetz i/ d] ,freund des ,s*wa*51 ,alles w es nur eb5 ma*51 ,m*te g]ne die ,welt v]fla*52 ,ab] d] ,krieg ls/ die ,kraft ers*e951 ,alles erhebt er zum ,ungeme951 ,selb] dem ,feig5 erzeugt er d5 ,mu?40 ,?is passage p]haps sc>cely gives a fair repres5tation ( ,s*ill]'s views on ! "q1 :i*1 if we judge f ,wilhelm ,tell1 mu/ h be5 v mod]ate4 ,w>1 he says1 9 ?is (t-quot$ passage1 is sometimes a necessity4 ,!re is a limit to ! p[] ( tyranny &1 :5 ! burd5 becomes unbe>able1 an appeal to ,heav5 & ! sword4 ,wilhelm ,tell3 ,act4 ,,ii4 ,sc4 #b4 8,ne91 e9e ,gr5ze hat ,tyrann5ma*t4 ,w5n d] ,g$rckte nirg5ds ,re*t kann f9d51 ,w5n un]trgli* wird die ,la/ greift er ,h9auf getro/5 ,mu!s 9 d5 ,himmel ,und holt h]unt] se9e ew'g5 ,re*te1 ,die drob5 hang5 unv]uss]li* ,und unz]bre*li*1 wie die ,/]ne selb/-- ,d] alte ,ur/& d] ,natur kehrt wi$]1 ,wo ,m5s* dem ,m5s*5 geg5b] /eht-- ,zum letzt5 ,mittel1 w5n ke9 &res mehr ,v]fang5 w1 i/ ihm das ,s*w]t gegeb540 #gi ,lett] to ,blunts*li1 dat$ ,b]l91 #aa? ,dec41 #ahhj 7publi%$ 9 ,blunts*li's ,gesammelte ,kle9e ,s*rift51 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #bga74 #hj ,cf4 ,t5nyson's ,maud3 ,"p ,i41 vi4 & xiii4 8,:y d !y prate ( ! bless+s ( ,peace8 we h made !m a curse1 ,pickpockets1 ea* h& lu/+ = all t is n its own2 ,& lu/ ( ga91 9 ! _s ( ,ca91 is x bett] or worse ,?an ! he>t ( ! citiz5 hiss+ 9 w> on 8 own he>?/one8 ,= ,i tru/ if an enemy's fleet came yond] r\nd by ! hill1 ,& ! ru%+ battle-bolt sang f ! ?ree-deck] out ( ! foam1 ,t ! smoo?-fac$ snub-nos$ rogue w\ld leap f 8 c\nt] & till1 ,& /rike1 if he c\ld1 7 x b ) 8 *eat+ y>dw&1 home40 ,see too ,"p ,,iii41 ii4 & iv4 8,& x 0 b a dream1 yet x light5'd my despair ,:5 ,i ?\ght t a w> w\ld arise 9 def5ce ( ! "r1 ,t an iron tyranny n[ %\ld b5d or cease1 ,! glory ( manhood /& on 8 anci5t height1 ,nor ,brita9's "o sole ,god be ! millionaire3 ,no m %all comm]ce be all 9 all1 & ,peace ,pipe on h] pa/oral hillock a languid note1 ,& wat* h] h>ve/ rip51 h] h]d increase1 ,nor ! cannon-bullet re/ on a slo?ful %ore1 ,& ! cobweb wov5 across ! cannon's ?roat ,%all %ake its ?read$ te>s 9 ! w9d no m4 ,let x g or /ay1 s ,i wake to ! high] aims ,( a l& t has lo/ = a little h] lu/ ( gold1 ,& love ( a peace t 0 full ( wrongs & %ames1 ,horrible1 hateful1 mon/r\s1 n to be told2 ,& hail once m to ! bann] ( battle unroll'd6 ,?o' _m a light %all d>k51 & _m %all weep ,= ^? t are cru%'d 9 ! cla% ( j>r+ claims1 ,= ,god's j wra? %all be wreak'd on a giant li>2 ,& _m a d>kness into ! light %all leap1 ,& %9e 9 ! sudd5 mak+ ( spl5did names1 ,& noble ?\ght be fre] "u ! sun1 ,& ! he>t ( a p beat ) "o desire40 #ha ,moltke /rangely en\gh 01 at an e>li] p]iod1 ( ! op9ion t w>1 ev5 :5 x is successful1 is a national mis=tune4 ,cf4 ,kehrba*'s preface to ,kant's essay1 ,zum ,ewig5 ,fri$51 p4 ,,xvii4 #hb ,see 8 discussion on con/itutional mon>*y 9 ,g]many4 7,hi/4 u4 ,pol4 ,aufstze1 ,bd4 ,,iii41 p4 #ecc seq47 #hc ,see ,die ,piccolom9i3 ,act4 ,i4 ,sc4 #d4 ,w> "u ,alt]$ ,conditions4 ,! ,peace ,societies ( our c5tury1 untir+ support]s ( a po9t ( view diametrically opposite to t ( ,hegel1 owe _! exi/5ce 9 ! fir/ place to new ideas on ! subject ( ! relative advantages & disadvantages ( w>1 :i* aga9 7 p>tly due to *anges 9 ! "* ( w> itself1 p>tly to a new !ory t ! w>f>e ( ! future %\ld be a w> ( free competition = indu/rial int]e/s1 or1 9 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s language1 t ! w>like type ( mank9d %\ld make room = an indu/rial type4 ,?is !ory1 am\nt+ 9 ! m9ds ( "s ?9k]s to a f]vid conviction1 & itself1 9 a s5se1 ! s\rce ( :at has be5 contemptu\sly /yl$ our ,briti% 8%opkeep]'s policy0 9 ,europe1 0 bas$ on some?+ m solid ?an m]e en?usiasm4 ,! ye>s ( peace :i* foll[$ ! d[nfall ( ,napoleon _h br\ght imm5se increase 9 mat]ial weal? to c\ntries l ,france & ,brita94 ,some?+ ( ! glam\r _h fall5 away f ! sword ( ! great ,emp]or4 ,! illusive excitem5t ( a desire = conque/ _h di$3 ! glory ( w> _h fad$ ) x1 b ! burd5 /ill rema9$3 its co/ 0 /ill !re1 some?+ to be calmly reckon$ up & n soon to be =gott54 ,europe 0 se5 to be actually mov+ t[>ds ru94 8,we %all h to get rid ( w> 9 all civilis$ c\ntries10 said ,l\is ,philippe 9 #ahdc4 8,soon no nation w be able to af=d x40 ,w> 0 n only becom+ m co/ly4 ,new conditions _h alt]$ x 9 o!r directions4 ,) ! developm5t ( te*nical sci5ce & its application to ! p]fect+ ( me?ods & in/rum5ts ( de/ruction e new w> 0 f\nd to be bloodi] ?an ! la/2 & ! day seem$ to be 9 sight1 :5 ?is v developm5t w\ld make w> 7) in/rum5ts ( ext]m9ation7 impossible altoge!r4 ,! romance & picturesqu5ess ) :i* x 0 inve/$ 9 ! days ( h&-to-h& combat 0 gone4 ,b1 above all1 w> 0 n[ wag$ = que/ions few] & m important ?an 9 ! "t ( ,kant4 ,napoleon's successful appeal to ! masses _h sugge/$ to ,prussia ! idea ( consci\sly nationalis+ ! army4 ,our mod]n national w>s exact a sacrifice1 necess>ily mu* m heavy1 mu* m reluctantly made ?an ^? ( ! pa/ :i* 7 f\ght ) m]c5>y troops4 ,su* w>s h n only great] dignity3 !y are m e>ne/1 & _! issue1 z 9 a s5se ! issue ( conflict betwe5 high] & l[] types ( civilisation1 is spe$i] & m decisive4 ,9 ! hundr$ ye>s s9ce ,kant's dea?1 mu* t he prophesi$ has come to pass1 al?\gh sometimes by diff]5t pa?s ?an he anticipat$4 ,! /rides made 9 rec5t ye>s by comm]ce & ! gr[+ p[] ( ! p 9 e /ate h _h mu* ( ! influ5ce :i* he =etold4 ,!re is a great] reluctance to wage w>4#hd ,b1 un=tunately1 z ,pr(essor ,pauls5 po9ts out1 ! progress ( democracy & ! nationalisation ( w> h n work$ m]ely 9 ! direction ( progress t[>ds peace4 ,w> has n[ become popul> = ! fir/ "t4 8,! progress ( democracy 9 /ates10 he says1 7,kant1 p4 #cfdhe7 8has n only n done away ) w>1 b has v greatly *ang$ ! feel+ ( p t[>ds x4 ,) ! univ]sal milit>y s]vice1 introduc$ by ! ,revolution1 w> has become ! p's affair & popul>1 z x c\ld n be 9 ! case ( dyna/ic w>s c>ri$ on ) m]c5>y troops40 ,9 ! p ! love ( peace is /rong1 b s too is ! love ( a fight1 ! love ( victory4 #hd ,an admirable %ort acc\nt ( popul> feel+ on ?is matt] is to be f\nd 9 ,lawr5ce's ,pr9ciples ( ,int]national ,law1 #bdj4 #he ,! fir/ ,peace ,society 0 f\nd$ 9 ,london 9 #ahaf1 & ! fir/ ,int]national ,peace ,congress held 9 #ahdc4 ,x is 9 ! contemplation ( facts & conflict+ t5d5cies l ^! t ,peace ,societies#hf h be5 =m$4 ,! peace p>ty is1 we may say1 an eclectic body3 x embraces _m diff]5t sections ( political op9ion4 ,!re are ^? :o hold1 = in/ance1 t peace is to be e/abli%$ on a basis ( communism ( prop]ty4 ,!re are o!rs :o insi/ on ! e/abli%m5t ?r\gh\t ,europe ( a republican =m ( gov]nm5t1 or aga91 on a r$i/ribution ( ,european t]ritory 9 :i* ,alsace-,lorra9e is re/or$ to ,france--*anges ( :i* at lea/ ! la/ two w\ld be difficult to c>ry out1 unless ?r\gh int]national w>f>e4 ,b ^! are n ! fundam5tal g5]al pr9ciples ( peace work]s4 ,! memb]s ( ?is p>ty agree 9 reject+ ! pr9ciple ( int]v5tion1 9 dem&+ a complete or p>tial dis>mam5t ( ! nations ( ,europe1 & 9 requir+ t all disputes betwe5 nations--& !y admit ! prospects ( dispute--%\ld be settl$ by means ( arbitration4 ,9 h[ f> are ^! pr9ciples useful or practicable8 #hf ,9 ,eng4 trans4 see p4 #ceh4 ,! ,value ( ,arbitration4 ,!re is a /rong feel+ 9 fav\r ( arbitration on ! "p ( all classes ( society4 ,x is *eap] "u all circum/ances ?an w>4 ,x is a judgm5t at once m c]ta9 & m complete1 exclud+ z f> z possible ! elem5t ( *ance1 leav+ irritation p]haps beh9d x1 b none ( ! la/+ bitt]ness :i* is ! legacy ( e w>4 ,arbitration has an important place 9 all peace projects except t ( ,kant1 ^: f$]al union w\ld naturally fulfil ! function ( a tribunal ( arbitration4 ,/4 ,pi]re1 ,j]emy ,b5?am1#hg ,blunts*li#hh ! ,g]man publici/1 ,pr(essor ,lorim]#hi & o!rs among political writ]s1#ij & among rul]s1 ,l\is ,napoleon & ! ,emp]or ,alex&] ,i4 ( ,russia1 h all made proposals m or less ineffectual = ! peaceful settlem5t ( int]national disputes4 ,a numb] ( cases h already be5 decid$ by ?is means4 ,b let u exam9e ! que/ions :i* h be5 at issue4 ,( a hundr$ & ?irty matt]s ( dispute settl$ by arbitration s9ce #ahae 7cf4 ,int]national ,tribunals1 publi%$ by ! ,peace ,society1 #ahii7 x w be se5 t all1 ) ! exception ( "o or two trifl+ cases ( d\bt z to ! succession to c]ta9 titles or pr9cipalities1 c be classifi$ r\ghly "u two heads--disputes z to ! det]m9ation ( b\nd>ies or ! possession ( c]ta9 t]ritory1 & que/ions ( claims = comp5sation & indemnities due ei!r to individuals or /ates1 aris+ f ! seizure ( fleets or m]*ant vessels1 ! insult or injury to private p]sons & s on--briefly1 que/ions ( money or ( t]ritory4 ,^! may fairly be said to be trifl+ causes1 n t\*+ national hon\r or great political que/ions4 ,t !y %\ld h be5 settl$ 9 ?is way1 h[ev]1 %[s a great advance4 ,small] causes ?an ^! h made "s ( ! bloodie/ w>s 9 hi/ory4 ,t arbitration %\ld h be5 ! means ( prev5t+ ev5 "o w> :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5 wag$ is a /rong reason :y we %\ld fully exam9e its claims4 8,qu& l'in/itution d'une haute c\r10 writes ,laveleye1 7,des causes actuelles de gu]re en ,europe et de l'arbitrage7 8n'vit]ait qu'une gu]re sur v+t1 il vaudrait encore la pe9e de l'tablir40 ,b hi/ory %[s u t !re is no s+le in/ance ( a supreme conflict hav+ be5 settl$ o!rwise ?an by w>4 ,arbitration is a me?od admirably adapt$ to c]ta9 cases3 to ^? we h nam$1 :]e x has be5 successfully appli$1 to ! int]pretation ( contracts1 to (f5ces aga9/ ! ,law ( ,nations--"s writ]s say to trivial que/ions ( hon\r--9 all cases :]e ! use ( arm$ =ce w\ld be impossible1 z1 = in/ance1 9 any qu>rel 9 :i* neutralis$ c\ntries#ia l ,belgium or ,luxemb\rg %\ld take a pr9cipal "p1 or 9 a diff]5ce betwe5 two nations1 su* z 7to take an extreme case7 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,switz]l&1 :i* c\ld n easily engage 9 actual combat4 ,^! cases1 :i* we _c too c>efully exam9e1 %[ t :at is "h ess5tial is t x %\ld be possible to =mulate a juridical /atem5t ( ! conflict+ claims4 ,9 ,g]many ! ,bunde/ag _h only p[] to decide que/ions ( law4 ,o!r disputes 7 left to be f\ght out4 ,que/ions on :i* ! exi/5ce & vital hon\r ( a /ate dep5d--any "q :i* ne>ly conc]ns ! disputants--_c be r$uc$ to any cut & dry legal =mula ( "r & wrong4 ,we may pass ov] ! consid]ation t 9 "s cases 7z 9 ! ,franco-,prussian ,w>7 ! delay caus$ by seek+ m$iation ( any k9d w\ld deprive a nation ( ! advantage its /ate ( milit>y prep>ation des]v$4 ,& we may neglect ! problem ( f9d+ an imp>tial judge on "s que/ions ( dispute1 al?\gh its solution might be a matt] ( extreme difficulty1 s closely are ! int]e/s ( mod]n nations b\nd up 9 "o ano!r4 ,h[ c\ld ! ,ea/]n ,"q1 = example1 be settl$ by arbitration8 ,x is impossible t su* a means %\ld be suffici5t = e case4 ,arbitration 9 o!r words may prev5t w>1 b c nev] be a sub/itute = w>4 ,we _c wond] t ?is is s4 ,s num]\s & conflict+ are ! int]e/s ( /ates1 s v>i\s are ! grades ( civilisation to :i* !y h atta9$ & ! directions along :i* !y are develop+1 t diff]5ces ( ! mo/ vital k9d are b\nd to occur & ^! c nev] be settl$ by any peaceful means at pres5t kn[n to ,europe4 ,?is is above all true :]e ! self-pres]vation#ib or indep5d5ce ( a p are conc]n$4 ,"h ! 8good-w0 ( ! nations :o disagree w\ld necess>ily be want+3 !re c\ld be no "q ( ! arbitration ( an outsid]4 #hg ,see 8,a ,plan = a ,univ]sal & ,p]petual ,peace0 9 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,int]national ,law 7,works1 ,vol4 ,,ii74 ,"o ( ! ma9 pr9ciples advocat$ by ,b5?am 9 ?is essay 7writt5 betwe5 #aghg & #aghi7 is t e /ate %\ld give up its colonies4 #hh ,see 8 ,kle9e ,s*rift54 #hi ,in/itutes ( ! ,law ( ,nations 7#ahhd71 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,*4 ,,xiv4 #ij ,john ,/u>t ,mill holds t ! multiplication ( f$]al unions w\ld be a b5efit to ! _w4 ,see 8 ,consid]ations on ,repres5tative ,gov]nm5t 7#ahfe71 ,*4 ,,xvii41 :]e he discusses ! conditions necess>y to r5d] su* unions successful4 ,b ! ,peace ,society is sc>cely ju/ifi$1 on ! /r5g? ( :at is "h1 9 includ+ ,mill among writ]s :o h made def9ite proposals ( peace or f$]ation4 7,see ,int]4 ,trib47 #ia ,see :at ,lawr5ce says 7op4 cit41 #bda7 ( neutralisation & ! limits ( its usefulness z a rem$y = w>4 #ib ,montesquieu3 ,esprit des ,lois1 ,x4 ,*4 #b4 8,! life ( gov]nm5ts is l t ( man4 ,! latt] has a "r to kill 9 case ( natural def5ce3 ! =m] h a "r to wage w> = _! own pres]vation40 ,see also ,vattel 7,law ( ,nations1 ,,ii4 ,*4 ,,xviii4 #ccb73--8;,b if anyone w\ld rob a nation ( "o ( h] ess5tial rights1 or a "r )\t :i* %e c\ld n hope to support h] national exi/5ce1--if an ambiti\s neighb\r ?reat5s ! lib]ty ( a republic1 if he attempts to subjugate & enslave h]1--%e w take c\nsel only f h] own c\rage4 ,%e w n ev5 attempt ! me?od ( conf]5ces1 9 ! case ( a cont5tion s odi\s z ?is4 ,%e w1 9 su* a qu>rel1 ex]t h] utmo/ ef=ts1 exhau/ e res\rce & lavi% h] blood to ! la/ drop if necess>y4 ,to li/5 to ! slighte/ proposal 9 a matt] ( ?is k9d is to risk ev]y?+40 ,b1 inde$1 look+ away f que/ions s vital & on :i* !re c be little diff]5ce ( op9ion1 we are apt to =get1 :5 we all[ ourselves to talk extravagantly ( ! future ( arbitration1 t e nation ?9ks1 or at lea/ pret5ds to ?9k1 t x is 9 ! "r 9 e dispute 9 :i* x appe>s 7cf4 ,kant3 ,p]petual ,peace1 p4 #abj473 &1 z a matt] ( hi/ory1 !re has nev] be5 a conflict betwe5 civilis$ /ates 9 :i* an appeal to ?is 8"r0 on ! "p ( ea* has n be5 made4 ,we talk glibly ( ! "r & wrong ( ?is "q or ( t1 ( ! ju/ice ( ?is w>1 ! iniquity ( t4 ,b :at d ^! t]ms really mean8 ,d we "k1 9 spite ( ! lab\r :i* has be5 sp5t on ?is "q by ! old] publici/s1 :i* are ! causes t ju/ify a w>8 ,is x n true t ! same w> might be j 9 "o set ( circum/ances & unju/ 9 ano!r8 ,practically all writ]s on ?is subject1 exclusive ( ^? :o apply ! biblical doctr9e ( non-resi/ance1 agree 9 admitt+ t a nation is ju/ifi$ 9 def5d+ its own exi/5ce or indep5d5ce1 t ?is is ev5 a moral duty z x is a fundam5tal "r ( a /ate4 ,_m1 especially ! old] writ]s1 make ! confid5t ass]tion t all w>s ( def5ce are j4 ,b w ?is s]ve z a /&>d8 ,gibbon tells u some:]e1 t ,livy ass]ts t ! ,romans conqu]$ ! _w 9 self-def5ce4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 w>s ( aggression & def5ce is "o v difficult to draw4 ,! cause ( a nation :i* waits to be actually attack$ is (t5 lo/3 ! critical mom5t 9 its def5ce may be pa/4 ,! ess5ce ( a /ate's def5sive p[] may lie 9 a read9ess to /rike ! fir/ bl[1 or its :ole int]e/s may be b\nd up 9 ! necessity ( fight+ ! matt] out 9 its enemy's c\ntry1 r ?an at home4 ,x is n 9 ! /rictly milit>y int]pretation ( ! t]m 8def5sive01 b 9 its wid] e?ical & political s5se t we c speak ( w>s ( def5ce z j4 ,b1 inde$1 we _c judge ^! que/ions ab/ractly4 ,:]e a w> is necess>y1 x matt]s v little :e!r x is j or n4 ,only ! judgm5t ( hi/ory c f9ally decide2 & g5]ally x seems at ! "t t bo? p>ties h some?+ ( "r on _! side1 some?+ p]haps too ( wrong4#ic #ic ,! difficulties 9 ! way ( h>d & fa/ judgm5ts on a complicat$ problem ( ?is k9d are conv9c+ly demon/rat$ 9 a rec5t essay by ,pr(essor ,d4 ,g4 ,rit*ie 7,/udies 9 ,political & ,social ,e?ics1 ,sonn5s*e91 #aijb74 ,pr(essor ,rit*ie consid]s 9 detail a numb] ( concrete cases :i* occurr$ 9 ! c5tury betwe5 #aggj & #ahgj4 8,let any "o take ! judgm5ts he w\ld pass on ^! or any simil>ly v>i$ cases1 & ,i ?9k he w f9d t we d n re/rict our approval to w>s ( self-def5ce1 t we d n approve self-def5ce "u all circum/ances1 t !re are "s cases 9 :i* we approve ( absorption ( small] /ates by l>g]1 t !re are cases 9 :i* we excuse int]v5tion ( ?ird p>ties 9 qu>rels ) :i* at fir/ !y _h no?+ to d1 & t we sometimes approve w> ev5 :5 begun )\t ! au?ority ( any already exi/+ sov]eign4 ,c any pr9ciples be f\nd und]ly+ su* judgm5ts8 ,9 ! fir/ place we ought n to disguise f ourselves ! fact t our judgm5ts aft] ! result are bas$ l>gely on success4 444 ,i ?9k x w be f\nd t our judgm5ts on ! w>s ( ! c5tury f #aggj to #ahgj turn v l>gely on ! "q1 ,:i* ( ! conflict+ =ces 0 mak+ = con/itutional gov]nm5t & = social progress8 or1 to put x 9 wid] t]ms1 ,:i* repres5t$ ! high] civilisation8 ,& ?us x is t we may sometimes approve ! rise ( a new /ate & sometimes ! absorption ( an old40 7,op4 cit41 pp4 #aeb1 #aee47 ,a consid]ation ( difficulties l ^! br+s u to a realisation ( ! fact t ! *ances are small t a nation1 9 ! heat ( a dispute1 w admit ! likelihood ( its be+ 9 ! wrong4 ,to refuse to admit ?is is g5]ally tantam\nt to a refusal to submit ! difficulty to arbitration4 ,& nei!r int]national law1 nor ! moral =ce ( public op9ion c induce a /ate to act contr>y to :at x believes to be its own int]e/4 ,moreov]1 z int]national law n[ /&s1 x is n a duty to h rec\rse to arbitration4 ,?is 0 made q cle> 9 ! proce$+s ( ! ,peace ,conf]5ce at ! ,hague 9 #ahii4id ,x 0 /rongly recomm5d$ t arbitration %\ld be s\ght :]ev] x 0 possible1 b1 at ! same "t def9itely /at$1 t ?is c\rse c\ld 9 no case be compulsory4 ,9 ?is respect ?+s h n advanc$ beyond ! position ( ! ,p>is ,congress ( #ahef4ie ,! w>s wag$ 9 ,europe subsequ5t to t date1 h all be5 begun )\t previ\s attempt at m$iation4 #id ,see ,fr$4 ,w4 ,holls3 ,! ,peace ,conf]5ce at ! ,hague1 ,macmillan1 #aijj4 #ie ,! feel+ ( ! ,congress express$ itself ?us cauti\sly3--8,messieurs les plnipot5tiaires n'hsit5t pas exprim]1 au nom de leur g\v]nem5ts1 le voeu1 que les ,etats entre lesquels s'lv]ait un diss5tim5t srieux1 avant d'en appel] aux armes1 euss5t rec\rs1 en tant que les circon/ances l'admettrai5t1 aux bons (fices d'une puissance amie40 ,b ! "w ( ! peace p>ty reg>d+ ! human] me?ods ( settlem5t is n to be neglect$4 ,! popul> feel+ :i* !y h be5 p>tly ! means ( /imulat+ has no d\bt done some?+ to influ5ce ! action ( /atesm5 t[>ds extreme caution 9 ! treatm5t ( que/ions likely to ar\se national passions & prejudices4 ,arbitration has und\bt$ly made headway 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,brita9 & ,am]ica1 ! two nations ^: names naturally sugge/ !mselves to u z future c5tres ( f$]ative union1 bo? c\ntries ^: indu/rial int]e/s are num]\s & complicat$1 h mo/ readily1 z !y h mo/ frequ5tly1 settl$ disputes 9 ?is practical mann]4 ,x has %[n itself to be a policy z economical z x is bus9ess-l4 ,its value1 9 its prop] place1 _c be ov]rat$ by any ,peace ,congress or by any peace pamphlet2 b we h endeav\r$ to make x cle> t ?is sph]e is b a limit$ "o4 ,! 8good-w0 may n be !re :5 x ought p]haps to appe>3 x w c]ta9ly n be !re :5 any vital int]e/ is at /ake4 ,b1 ev5 if ?is 7 n s & arbitration 7 ! natural sequ5ce ( e dispute1 no co]cive =ce exi/s to en=ce ! decree ( ! c\rt4 ,! moral re/ra9t ( public op9ion is "h a poor sub/itute4 ,treaties1 x is (t5 said1 are 9 ! same position2 b treaties h be5 brok51 & w no d\bt be brok5 aga94 ,we are mov$ to ! conclusion t a ?or\ghly logical peace programme _c /op %ort ( ! pr9ciple ( f$]ation4 ,f$]al troops are necess>y to c>ry out ! decrees ( a tribunal ( arbitration1 if t c\rt is n to run a risk ( be+ held feeble & ineffectual4 ,except on "s su* basis1 arbitration1 z a sub/itute = w>1 /&s on b a weak foot+4 ,dis>mam5t4 ,! ef=ts ( ! ,peace ,society are direct$ ) ev5 less hope ( complete success aga9/ ano!r evil ( our "t1 ! cru%+ burd5 ( mod]n armam5ts4 ,we h peace at ?is mom5t1 b at a daily increas+ co/4 ,! ,peace ,society is rightly conc]n$ 9 press+ ?is po9t4 ,x is n en\gh to keep (f actual w>3 !re is a limit to ! price we c af=d to pay ev5 = peace4 ,probably no pr9ciple has co/ ,europe s mu* 9 ! la/ c5tury z t h&$ d[n f ,rome3--8,si vis pacem1 p>a bellum40 ,x is n[ a hundr$ & fifty ye>s s9ce ,montesquieu#if prote/$ aga9/ ?is 8new di/emp]0 :i* 0 spread+ itself ov] ,europe2 b nev]1 9 "t ( peace1 has compla9t be5 s l\d or s g5]al z n[3 & ?is1 n only aga9/ ! univ]sal burd5 ( taxation :i* weighs ^u all nations alike1 b1 9 cont95tal c\ntries1 aga9/ ! wa/e ( productive =ce due to compulsory milit>y s]vice1 a discont5t :i* seems to /rike at ! v f\ndations ( society4 ,vattel relates t 9 e>ly times a treaty ( peace g5]ally /ipulat$ t bo? p>ties %\ld aft]w>ds dis>m4 ,& !re is no d\bt t ,kant 0 "r 9 reg>d+ /&+ armies z a dang] to peace1 n only z op5ly express+ ! rivalry & di/ru/ betwe5 nation & nation :i* ,hobbes reg>ds z ! basis ( int]national relations1 b also z putt+ a p[] into ! h& ( a nation :i* x may "s day h ! temptation to abuse4 ,a w>-lov+1 ov]be>+ _s 9 a p ?rives none ! worse = a consci\sness t its army or navy c hold its own ) any o!r 9 ,europe4 ,7 x n ! case t ! ess5ce ( arm$ peace is t a high /ate ( effici5cy %\ld be g5]al1 ! dang] to peace w\ld be v great inde$4 ,no d\bt x is due to ?is fact t ,france has kept quietly to h] side ( ! ,rh9e dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s4 ,! annexation ( ,alsace-,lorra9e 0 an imm$iate /imulus to ! increase ( armam5ts2 b o!rwise1 j because ( ?is great] effici5cy & ! slightly /rong] milit>y position ( ,g]many1 x has be5 an influ5ce on ! side ( peace4 #if ,esprit des ,lois1 ,,xiii4 ,*ap4 #ag4 8,a new di/emp] has spread itself ov] ,europe3 x has infect$ our pr9ces1 & induces !m to keep up an exorbitant numb] ( troops4 ,x has its r$\bl+s1 & ( necessity becomes contagi\s4 ,= z soon z "o pr9ce augm5ts :at he calls 8 troops1 ! re/ ( c\rse d ! same3 s t no?+ is ga9$ !reby b ! public ru94 ,ea* mon>* keeps z _m armies on foot z if 8 p 7 9 dang] ( be+ ext]m9at$3 & !y give ! "n ( ,peace to ?is g5]al ef=t ( all aga9/ all40 ,montesquieu is ( c\rse writ+ 9 ! days ( m]c5>y troops2 b ! co/ to ! nation ( our mod]n armies1 bo? 9 "t ( peace & ( w>1 is incomp>ably great]4 ,! ,cz>'s ,rescript ( #ahih gave a new /imulus to an int]e/ 9 ?is "q :i* ! subsequ5t conf]5ce at ! ,hague 0 unable fully to satisfy4 ,we are compell$ to consid] c>efully h[ a process ( simultane\s dis>mam5t c actually be c>ri$ out1 & :at results might be anticipat$ f ?is /ep1 ) a view n only to ! pres5t b ! future4 ,c ?is be done 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( ju/ice8 ,organisations l a great navy or a highly discipl9$ army h be5 built up1 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 at great co/ & at mu* sacrifice to ! nation4 ,!y are ! fruit ( ye>s ( wise gov]nm5t & a high record ( national indu/ry4 ,are su* visible tok5s ( ! culture & "* & wor? ( a p to be swept away & ,brita91 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,italy1 ,spa91 ,turkey to /& on ! same level8 ,&1 ev5 if no su* e?ical consid]ations %\ld arise1 on :at me?od are we to proce$8 ,! /&>d z well z ! nature ( armam5t dep5ds 9 e /ate on its geographical conditions & its hi/orical position4 ,an ocean-b\nd empire l ,brita9 is comp>atively immune f ! dang] ( invasion3 h] army c be safely despat*$ to ! colonies1 h] fleet protects h] at home1 h] position is "o ( natural def5ce4 ,b ,g]many & ,au/ria f9d !mselves 9 exactly opposite circum/ances1 ) ! h>d necessity impos$ ^u !m ( gu>d+ _! fronti]s on e side4 ,! safety ( a nation l ,g]many is 9 ! h&s ( its army3 its milit>y /r5g? lies 9 an almo/ p]fect ma/]y ( ! sci5ce ( attack4 ,! ,peace ,society has hi!rto made no attempt to face ! difficulties insep>able f any attempt to apply a uni=m me?od ( treatm5t to peculi>ities & conditions s conflict+ & v>i\s z ^!4 ,^? :o h be5 m consci5ti\s h n be5 v successful 9 solv+ !m4 ,inde$1 s con/antly is milit>y te*nique *ang+ t x is difficult to prophesy :]e9 w lie1 a few ye>s h5ce1 ! ess5ce ( a /ate's def5sive p[] or :at "p ! mod]n navy w play 9 ?is def5ce4 ,no c>eful ?9k] w\ld sugge/1 9 ! face ( dang]s ?reat5+ f ! ,ea/1#ig a complete dis>mam5t4 ,! simple/ ( _m sugge/ions made--b ?is on ! basis ( univ]sal conscription--seems to be t ! numb] ( ye>s or mon?s ( compulsory milit>y s]vice %\ld be r$uc$ to "s fix$ p]iod4 ,b ?is does n t\* ! difficulty ( colonial empires#ih l ,brita9 :i* might to a c]ta9 ext5t dis>m1 l _! neighb\rs1 9 ,europe1 b w\ld be compell$ to keep an army = ! def5ce ( _! colonies else:]e4 ,x is1 9 ! meantime1 inevitable t ,europe %\ld keep up a high /&>d ( armam5t--?is is1 7& ev5 if we _h ,european f$]ation1 w\ld rema97 an absolute necessity z a protection aga9/ ! yell[ races1 & 9 ,europe itself !re are at pres5t elem5ts ho/ile to ! cause ( peace4 ,alsace-,lorra9e1 ,poli% ,prussia1 ,russian ,pol& & ,f9l& are /ill1 to a consid]able degree1 s\rces ( discont5t & dissatisfaction4 ,b 9 ,russia itself lies ! great ob/acle to a future ,european peace or ,european f$]ation3 we c sc>cely picture ,russia z a reliable memb] ( su* a union4 ,t ,russia %\ld dis>m is sc>cely feasible1 9 view ( its own int]e/3 x has always to face ! dang] ( rebellion 9 ,pol& & an>*y at home4 ,b t ,europe %\ld dis>m1 be=e ,russia has atta9$ a high] civilisation1 a consci\sness ( its great future z a nor?-ea/]n1 int]-oceanic empire1 & a gov]nm5t m fav\rable to ! diffusion ( lib]ty1 is /ill less practicable4#ii ,we h "h to fall back ^u f$]ation aga94 ,x is n impossible t1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ?is problem may be solv$ & t ! contribution to ! f$]al troops ( a ,european union may be regulat$ ^u "s equitable basis ! =m ( :i* we _c n[ well prophesy4 #ig ,ev5 ,/4 ,pi]re 0 alive to ?is dang] 7,projet1 ,art4 ,,viii3 9 ! ,engli% translation ( #agad1 p4 #afj73--8,! ,european ,union %all endeav\r to obta9 9 ,asia1 a p]man5t society l t ( ,europe1 t ,peace may be ma9ta9'd ,!re also2 & especially t x may h no cause to fe> any ,asiatic ,sov]eign1 ei!r z to its tranquillity1 or its ,comm]ce 9 ,asia40 #ih ,b5?am's sugge/ion w\ld be useful "h6 ,see above1 p4 #gi1 note4 #ii ,! be/ ?+ = ,europe might be t ,russia 7p]haps includ+ ,*9a7 %\ld be reg>d$ z a s]i\s dang] by all ! civilis$ p[]s ( ! ,we/4 ,t w\ld br+ u ne>] to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,europe & ,am]ica 7= ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,am]ica1 is ,russia's neighb\r on ! ,ea/7 ?an any?+ else4 ,european f$]ation w\ld likewise meet all difficulties :]e a risk might be likely to occur ( "o nation int]v5+ to protect ano!r4 ,z we h said 7above1 p4 #fd1 note7 nations are n[-a-days sl[ to int]v5e 9 ! int]e/s ( humanity3 !y are 9 g5]al con/ra9$ to d s only by /rong motives ( self-int]e/1 & :5 ^! are n at h& !y are said to refra9 f respect = ano!r's "r ( indep5d5t action4 ,actually a /ate :i* is actuat$ by less selfi% impulses is apt to lose consid]ably m ?an x ga9s1 & ! feel+ ( ! p expresses itself /rongly aga9/ any quixotic or s5tim5tal policy4 ,x is n impossible t ! ,p[]s may h yet to int]v5e to protect ,turkey aga9/ ,russia4 ,su* a /ep might well be dictat$ purely by a prop] c>e = ! security ( ,europe2 b w>s ( ?is k9d seem n likely to play an important "p 9 ! ne> future4 ,we h said t ! causes ( diff]5ce :i* may be expect$ to di/urb ! peace ( ,europe are n[ few]4 ,a mod]n sov]eign no long] sp5ds 8 leisure "t 9 ! excitem5t ( slay+ or see+ sla94 ,he c\ld n1 if he w\ld4 ,8 hon\r & 8 vanity are protect$ by o!r means3 !y play no long] an important "p 9 ! affairs ( nations4 ,! causes ( w> c no m be ei!r trifl+ or p]sonal4 ,"s crises !re are1 :i* are ev] likely to be fatal to peace4 ,!re pres5t !mselves1 9 ! lives ( nations1 ideal ends = :i* ev]y?+ mu/ be sacrific$3 !re are rights :i* mu/ at all co/ be def5d$4 ,! "q ( civil w> we may neglect3 lib]ty & wise gov]nm5t are ! only m$ic9e = social discont5t1 & mu* may be hop$ f t 9 ! future4 ,b n[1 look+ beyond ! /ate to ! great family ( civilis$ nations1 we may say t ! "o c]ta9 cause ( w> betwe5 !m or ( rebellion )9 a future f$]at$ union w be a m5ace to ! sov]eign rights1 ! indep5d5ce & exi/5ce ( any memb] ( t f$]ation4 ,o!r causes ( qu>rel (f] a m hopeful prospect4 ,"s que/ions h be5 se5 to be specially fitt$ = ! legal proc$ure ( a tribunal ( arbitration1 o!rs to be su* z a f$]al c\rt w\ld quickly settle4 ,! pres]vation ( ! balance ( p[] :i* ,fr$]ick ! ,great reg>d$ z ! talisman ( peace 9 ,europe--a judgm5t surely n borne out by exp]i5ce--is happily "o ( ! causes ( w> :i* are ( ! pa/4 ,w>s ( colonisation1 su* z w\ld be an attempt on ! "p ( ,russia to conqu] ,india1 seem sc>cely likely to recur except betwe5 high] & l[] races4 ,! co/ is n[-a-days too great4 ,political w>s1 w>s = national union & unity1 ( :i* !re 7 s _m dur+ ! pa/ c5tury1 seem at pres5t n to be ne> at h&2 & ! integration ( ,european nations--:at may be call$ ! great mission ( w>--is1 = ! mom5t1 practically complete2 = x is highly improbable t ei!r ,alsace-,lorra9e or ,pol&--/ill less ,f9l&--w be ! cause ( a w> ( ?is k9d4 ,our hope lies 9 a f$]at$ ,europe4 ,its troops w\ld s]ve to pres]ve law & ord] 9 ! c\ntry f :i* !y 7 drawn & to protect its colonies abroad2 b _! high] function w\ld be to keep peace 9 ,europe1 to protect ! weak] memb]s ( ! ,f$]ation & to en=ce ! decision ( ! majority1 ei!r1 if necess>y1 by actual w>1 or by ! m]e ?reat5+ demon/rations ( fleets1 su* z h be=e prov$ effectual4 ,we h c>efully consid]$ :at has be5 attempt$ by peace work]s1 & we h n[ to take note t all ! results ( ! la/ fifty ye>s are n to be attribut$ to _! consci5ti\s b (t5 ill-direct$ lab\r4 ,! dim9ution ( ! causes ( w> is to be trac$ less to ! ef=ts ( ! ,peace ,society1 7except indirectly1 9 s f> z !y h influ5c$ ! m9ds ( ! masses7 ?an to ! increas+ p[] ( ! p !mselves4 ,! v>i\s classes ( society are oppos$ to viol5t me?ods ( settlem5t1 n 9 ! ma9 f a conviction z to ! wrongfulness ( w> or f any fanatical en?usiasm = a bro!rhood ( nations1 b f self-int]e/4 ,w> is dea? to ! indu/rial int]e/s ( a nation4 ,x is va9 to talk1 9 ! language ( pa/ c5turies1 ( trade betwe5 civilis$ c\ntries be+ advanc$ & m>kets op5$ up or enl>g$ by ?is means4#ajj ,k+s give up ! dream ( milit>y glory & accept in/ead ! c]ta9ty ( peaceful lab\r & indu/rial progress1 & all ?is 7= we may believe t to "s mon>*s x is mu*7 f no en?usia/ic appreciation ( ! ef=ts ( ,peace ,societies1 f no c>eful exam9ation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t nor inspir$ int]pretation ( its tea*+4 ,x is self-int]e/1 ! prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry--patriotism1 if y w--t seems bett] ?an w>4 #ajj ,trade 9 b>b>\s or savage c\ntries is /ill increas$ by w>1 especially on ! ,fr5* & ,g]man plan :i* leaves no op5 door to o!r nations4 ,"h ! trade foll[s ! flag4 ,& w>1 ( c\rse1 among civilis$ races causes small nations to disappe> & _! t>iffs ) !m4 ,?is is b5eficial to trade1 b to a degree s trifl+ t x may "h be neglect$4 ,:at may be expect$ f ,f$]ation4 ,f$]ation & f$]ation alone c help out ! programme ( ! ,peace ,society4 ,x _c be pret5d$ t x w d ev]y?+4 ,to /ate ! wor/ at once1 x w n prev5t w>4 ,ev5 ! f$]ations ( ! /ates ( ,g]many & ,am]ica1 b\nd toge!r by ties ( blood & language &1 9 ! latt] case1 ( s5tim5t1 7 n /rong en\gh )9 to keep out diss5sion & disunion4#aja ,w>s w\ld n cease1 b !y w\ld become mu* less frequ5t4 8,:y is !re no long] w> betwe5 ,engl& & ,scotl&8 ,:y did ,prussian & ,hanov]ian fight side by side 9 #ahgj1 ?\gh !y _h f\ght aga9/ ea* o!r only f\r ye>s be=e8444 ,if we wi% to "k h[ w> is to cease1 we %\ld ask ourselves h[ x has ceas$0 7,pr(essor ,d4 ,g4 ,rit*ie1 op4 cit41 p4 #afi74 ,w>s betwe5 diff]5t grades ( civilisation are b\nd to exi/ z long z civilisation itself exi/s4 ,! hi/ory ( culture & ( progress has be5 m or less a hi/ory ( w>4 ,a calm acceptance ( ?is position may mean to c]ta9 %ort-sight$1 en?usia/ic !ori/s an impossible sacrifice ( ! ideal2 b1 ! sacrifice once made1 we /& on a bett] foot+ ) reg>d to at lea/ "o class ( argum5ts aga9/ a f$]ation ( ! _w4 ,su* a union w lead1 x is said1 to an equality 9 culture1 a sam5ess ( int]e/s fatal to progress2 all /ruggle & conflict w be ca/ out ( ! /ate itself2 national *>act]i/ics & individuality w be oblit]at$2 ! lamb & ! wolf w lie d[n toge!r3 /agnation w result1 intellectual progress w be at an end1 politics w be no m1 hi/ory w /& /ill4 ,?is is a sweep+ ass]tion1 an al>m+ prophecy4 ,b a little ?\ght w assure u t !re is small cause = appreh5sion4 ,!re c be no su* /&/ill1 no mill5nium 9 human affairs4 ,a gradual smoo?+ d[n ( %>ply acc5tuat$ national *>act]i/ics !re might be3 ?is is a result :i* a fre]1 m fri5dly int]c\rse betwe5 nations w\ld be v likely to produce4 ,b conflict+ int]e/s1 ke5 rivalry 9 _! pursuit1 diff]5ce ( culture & natural aptitude1 & all or mu* ( ! individuality :i* language & lit]ature1 hi/orical & religi\s traditions1 ev5 climatic & physical conditions produce are b\nd to survive until ! com+ ( "s m ov]:elm+ & f>-spread+ revolution ?an ?is4 ,x w\ld n be well if x 7 o!rwise1 if ^? 8unconsci\s & invisible peculi>ities0 9 :i* ,fi*te sees ! h& ( ,god & ! gu>antee ( a nation's future dignity1 virtue & m]it %\ld be swept away4 7,r$5 an die deuts*e ,nation1#ajb #ahjg47 ,nor is /agnation to be fe>$4 8,/rife10 said ! old philosoph]1 8is ! fa!r ( all ?+s40 ,!re c be no la/+ peace 9 ! processes ( nature & exi/5ce4 ,x has be5 9 ! con/ant rivalry betwe5 classes )9 !mselves1 & 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce ) o!r races t great nations h rea*$ ! highwat] m>k ( _! developm5t4 ,a p]petual peace 9 int]national relations we may--nay1 surely w--"o day h1 b et]nity w n see ! end to ! fev]i% unre/ )9 ! /ate & ! jeal\s competition & di/ru/ betwe5 individuals1 gr\ps & classes ( society4 ,"h !re mu/ ev] be p]petual w>4 #aja ,cf4 also ! civil w> ( #ahdg 9 ,switz]l&4 #ajb ,see ,w]ke1 ,,vii41 p4 #dfg4 ,x 0 only ( ?is political peace betwe5 civilis$ nations t ,kant ?\ght4#ajc ,9 ?is =m x is b\nd to come4 ,! f$]ation ( ,europe w foll[ ! f$]ation ( ,g]many & ( ,italy1 n only because x (f]s a solution ( _m problems :i* h long tax$ ,europe1 b because great m5 & c>eful ?9k]s believe 9 x4#ajd ,x may n come quickly1 b su* m5 c af=d to wait4 8,if ,i 7 legislator10 cri$ ,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau1 8,i %\ld n say :at ought to be done1 b ,i w\ld d x40 ,?is is ! attitude ( ! un?9k+1 unpractical en?usia/4 ,! wi% is n en\gh3 ! w is n en\gh4 ,! mills ( ,god mu/ take _! own "t3 no hope or fai? ( ours1 no /ruggle or lab\r ev5 c hurry !m4 #ajc ,! o!r he knew 0 impossible4 ,peace )9 ! /ate meant decay & dea?4 ,9 ! antagonism ( nations1 he saw nature's means ( educat+ ! race3 x 0 a law ( exi/5ce1 a law ( progress1 &1 z su*1 et]nal4 #ajd ,= a vivid picture ( ! mat]ial advantages (f]$ by su* a union & ( ! dismal future t may lie be=e an unf$]at$ ,europe1 we _c d bett] ?an read ,mr4 ,&rew ,c>negie's rec5t ,rectorial ,address to ! /ud5ts ( ,/4 ,&rews ,univ]sity 7,oct #aijb74 ,un=tunately1 ,mr4 ,c>negie's en?usiasm /ops "h3 he does n tell u by :at means ! difficulties at pres5t 9 ! way ( a f$]ation1 indu/rial or political1 are to be ov]come4 ,x is a mis=tune t ! ,peace ,society has id5tifi$ itself ) s n>r[ & uncritical an attitude t[>ds w>1 & t ! copi\s eloqu5ce ( its memb]s is n bas$ ^u a consid]ation ( ! practical difficulties ( ! case4 ,?is well-mean+1 h>d work+ & en?usia/ic body w\ld l to d :at is impossible by an impossible me?od4 ,! end :i* x sets = itself is an unatta9able "o4 ,b ?is ne$ n be s4 ,to make unju/ifiable aggression difficult1 to bani% unwor?y pretexts = mak+ w> might be a high en\gh ideal = any en?usiasm & (f] scope wide en\gh = ! lab\rs ( any society4 ,b ! ,peace ,society has n cont5t$ itself ) ?is great "w4 ,?r\gh its ov]-e/imation ( ! value ( peace1#aje its cause has be5 injur$ & mu* ( its influ5ce has be5 weak5$ or lo/4 ,our age is "o :i* sets a high value ^u human life2 & to ?is *ange ( ?9k+ may be trac$ our mod]n re=m 9 ! me?ods ( w> & all t has be5 done = ! alleviation ( suff]+ by ! great ,conv5tions ( rec5t ye>s4 ,= ! eyes ( mo/ p w> is m]ely a hide\s spectacle ( blood%$ & delib]ate de/ruction ( life3 ?is is its obvi\s side4 ,b x is possible to exagg]ate ?is confess$ly great evil4 ,peace has its sacrifices z well z w>3 ! progress ( humanity requires t ! individual %\ld (t5 be put aside = ! sake ( la/+ advantage to ! :ole4 ,an opposite view c only be reckon$ individuali/ic1 p]haps mat]iali/ic4 8,! rev]5ce = human life10 says ,m>t9eau1 7,/udies ( ,*ri/ianity1 pp4 #ceb1 #ced7 8is c>ri$ to an immoral idolatry1 :5 x is held m sacr$ ?an ju/ice & "r1 & :5 ! spectacle ( blood becomes m horrible ?an ! sight ( desolat+ tyrannies & triumphant hypocrisies4444 ,we h1 !re=e1 no m d\bt t a w> may be "r1 ?an t a policeman may be a security = ju/ice1 & we object to a =tress z little z to a h&cuff40 #aje ,pr(essor ,d4 ,g4 ,rit*ie rem>ks t x is less an ov]-e/imation ( ! value ( peace ?an a too easy-go+ acceptance ( ab/ract & unanalys$ phrases ab\t ! rights ( nations t injures ! "w ( ! ,peace ,society4 ,cf4 8 note on ! pr9ciples ( ! ,peace ,congresses 7op4 cit41 p4 #agb74 ,! ,peace ,society are n ( ?is op9ion3 !y greatly d\bt t a w> may be "r1 & !y r>ely fail to take _! d\bts to ! tribunal ( ,scripture4 ,_! ef=ts are well meant1 ?is piety may be g5u9e en\gh2 b a text is r>ely a pro( ( any?+1 & 9 any case s]ves "o man 9 z good /ead z ano!r4 ,we rememb] t 8! devil c cite ,scripture = 8 purpose40 ,?is unsci5tific me?od ( pro( or p]suasion has ev] be5 widely popul>4 ,x is a s]i\s exam9ation ( ! "q t we want1 a m c>eful /udy ( its actual hi/ory & ( ! possibilities ( human nature2 less vague1 exagg]at$ language ab\t :at ought to be done1 & a realisation ( :at has be5 actually a*iev$2 above all1 a cle> p]ception ( :at may fairly be ask$ f ! future4 ,x us$ to be said--is p]haps ass]t$ /ill by ! w>-lov]s--t !re 0 no pa? to civilisation :i* _h n be5 beat5 by ! =ce ( arms1 no height to :i* ! sword _h n l$ ! way4 ,! inspiration ( w> 0 ^u ! great arts ( civilisation3 its h& 0 ^u ! greate/ ( ! sci5ces4 ,^! obligations ext5d$ ev5 to comm]ce4 ,w> n only creat$ new bran*es ( indu/ry1 x op5$ new m>kets & enl>g$ ! old4 ,^! are great claims1 accord+ to :i* w> might be call$ ! mov+ pr9ciple ( hi/ory4 ,if we keep our eyes fix$ ^u ! hi/ory ( ! pa/1 !y seem n only plausible3 !y are 9 a great s5se true4 ,progress did tread at ! heels ( ! great ,alex&]'s army3 ! advance ( ,european culture /&s 9 ! close/ connection ) ! ,crusades4 ,b 0 ?is happy comp5sation = a mis]able /ate ( affairs n due to ! peculi>ly unsocial conditions ( e>ly times & ! abs5ce ( e facility = ! int]*ange ( ideas or mat]ial advantages8 ,x is inconceivable t n[-a-days#ajf any aid to ! developm5t ( ?\ght 9 ,europe %\ld come f w>4 ,! old adage1 9 m ?an a lit]al s5se1 has b too (t5 be5 prov$ true3--8,int] arma1 ,musae sil5t40 ,peace is = u ! real promot] ( culture4 #ajf ,! day is pa/1 :5 a nation c\ld enjoy ! exclusive advantages ( its own inv5tions4 ,vattel naively recomm5ds t we %\ld keep ! k ( c]ta9 k9ds ( trade1 ! build+ ( w>-%ips & ! l1 to ourselves4 ,prud5ce1 he says1 prev5ts u f mak+ an enemy /rong] & ! c>e ( our own safety =bids x4 7,law ( ,nations1 ,,ii4 ,*4 ,i4 #af47 ,we h to endeav\r to take an int]m$iate c\rse betwe5 uncritical praise & :olesale condemnation1 betwe5 extravagant expectation & unju/ifiable pessimism4 ,w> us$ to be ! rule3 x is n[ an ov]:elm+ & t]rible exception--an int]ruption to ! peaceful prosp]\s c\rse ( ?+s1 inflict+ unlimit$ suff]+ & tempor>y or la/+ loss4 ,its evils are on ! surface1 app>5t to ! mo/ un?9k+ obs]v]4 ,! day may yet dawn1 :5 ,europeans w h le>n$ to reg>d ! =ce ( arms z an in/rum5t = ! civilisation ( savage or half-savage races1 & w> )9 _! cont95t z civil w>1 necess>y & ju/ifiable sometimes p]haps1 b /ill a blot ^u _! civilisation & bro!rhood z m54 ,su* a sugge/ion r+s /rangely4 ,b ! great *anges1 :i* ! roll ( c5turies has m>k$1 once came ^u ! _w n less unexpect$ly4 ,h[ f> (f mu/ ! idea ( a civil peace h seem$ to small t[ns & /ates ( ,europe 9 ! fifte5? c5tury6 ,h[ /range1 only a c5tury ago1 w\ld ! idea ( apply+ /eam p[] or electrical =ce h seem$ to ourselves6 ,let u n despair4 ,w> has play$ a great "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w3 x has be5 ev] ! great ar*itect ( nations1 ! true "m ( cities4 ,x has ju/ifi$ itself to-day 9 ! union ( k9dr$ peoples1 ! mak+ ( great empires4 ,x may be t "o decisive w> may yet be requir$ to unite ,europe4 ,may ,europe survive t /ruggle & g =w>d fe>lessly to h] great future6 ,a peaceful future t may n be4 ,x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t w> is sometimes a moral duty1 t x is ev] ! natural sequ5ce ( human passion & human prejudice4 ,an unbrok5 peace we _c & d n expect2 b x is ?is t we mu/ "w =4 ,z ,kant says1 we mu/ keep x be=e u z an ideal4 ,,translation#ajg 8,,p]petual ,,peace0#ajh #ajg ,! text us$ 9 ?is translation is t edit$ by ,kehrba*4 ,tr4 #ajh ,i h se5 some?+ ( ,m4 de ,/4 ,pi]re's plan = ma9ta9+ p]petual peace 9 ,europe4 ,x rem9ds me ( an inscription outside ( a *ur*y>d1 :i* ran 8,pax ,p]petua4 ,= ! dead1 x is true1 fight no m4 ,b ! liv+ are ( ano!r m9d1 & ! mightie/ among !m h little respect = tribunals40 7,leibniz3 ,lett] to ,grim>e/1 quot$ above1 p4 #cg1 note #dd47 ,tr4 ,we ne$ n try to decide :e!r ?is satirical inscription1 7once f\nd on a ,dut* innkeep]'s sign-bo>d above ! picture ( a *ur*y>d7 is aim$ at mank9d 9 g5]al1 or at ! rul]s ( /ates 9 p>ticul>1 unwe>y+ 9 _! love ( w>1 or p]haps only at ! philosoph]s :o *]i% ! sweet dream ( p]petual peace4 ,! au?or ( ! pres5t sket* w\ld make "o /ipulation1 h[ev]4 ,! practical politician /&s ^u a def9ite foot+ ) ! !ori/3 ) great self-complac5cy he looks d[n ^u him z a m]e p$ant ^: empty ideas c ?reat5 no dang] to ! /ate 7/>t+ z x does f pr9ciples d]iv$ f exp]i5ce71 & :o may always be p]mitt$ to knock d[n 8 elev5 skittles at once )\t a worldly-wise /atesman ne$+ to di/urb himself4 ,h5ce1 9 ! ev5t ( a qu>rel aris+ betwe5 ! two1 ! practical /atesman mu/ always act consi/5tly1 & n sc5t dang] to ! /ate beh9d op9ions v5tur$ by ! !oretical politician at r&om & publicly express$4 ,) :i* sav+ clause 7clausula salvatoria7 ! au?or w h]e) consid] himself duly & expressly protect$ aga9/ all malici\s mis9t]pretation4 ,,fir/ ,,section ,,conta9+ ,,! ,,prelim9>y ,,articles ,,( ,,p]petual ,,peace ,,betwe5 ,,/ates #a4--8,no treaty ( peace %all be reg>d$ z valid1 if made ) ! secret res]vation ( mat]ial = a future w>40 ,= !n x w\ld be a m]e truce1 a m]e susp5sion ( ho/ilities1 n peace4 ,a peace signifies ! end ( all ho/ilities & to atta* to x ! epi!t 8et]nal0 is n only a v]bal pleonasm1 b matt] ( suspicion4 ,! causes ( a future w> exi/+1 al?\gh p]haps n yet kn[n to ! high contract+ p>ties !mselves1 are entirely annihilat$ by ! conclusion ( peace1 h[ev] acutely !y may be f]ret$ out ( docum5ts 9 ! public ar*ives4 ,!re may be a m5tal res]vation ( old claims to be ?\ght out at a future "t1 :i* are1 none ( !m1 m5tion$ at ?is /age1 because bo? p>ties are too mu* exhau/$ to cont9ue ! w>1 :ile ! evil int5tion rema9s ( us+ ! fir/ fav\rable opportunity = fur!r ho/ilities4 ,diplomacy ( ?is k9d only ,jesuitical casui/ry c ju/ify3 x is b5ea? ! dignity ( a rul]1 j z acquiesc5ce 9 su* processes ( reason+ is b5ea? ! dignity ( 8 m9i/]1 if "o judges ! facts z !y really are4#aji #aji ,on ! hon\rable int]pretation ( treaties1 see ,vattel 7op4 cit41 ,,ii4 ,*4 ,,xvii41 esp4 #bfc-bif1 #bia74 ,see also :at he says ( ! validity ( treaties & ! necessity = hold+ !m sacr$ 7,,ii4 ,*4 ,,xii4 #aeg1 #aeh3 ,,ii4 ,*4 ,,xv74 ,tr4 ,if1 h[ev]1 accord+ to pres5t enlight5$ ideas ( political wisdom1 ! true glory ( a /ate lies 9 ! un9t]rupt$ developm5t ( its p[] by e possible means1 ?is judgm5t mu/ c]ta9ly /rike "o z s*ola/ic & p$antic4 #b4--8,no /ate hav+ an indep5d5t exi/5ce--:e!r x be great or small--%all be acquir$ by ano!r ?r\gh inh]itance1 ex*ange1 pur*ase or donation40#aaj #aaj 8,ev5 ! smoo!/ way10 says ,hume1 7,( ! ,orig9al ,contract7 8by :i* a nation may receive a =eign ma/]1 by m>riage or a w1 is n extremely hon\rable = ! p2 b supposes !m to be dispos$ (1 l a d[ry or a legacy1 accord+ to ! pleasure or int]e/ ( _! rul]s40 ,tr4 ,= a /ate is n a prop]ty 7patrimonium71 z may be ! gr\nd on :i* its p are settl$4 ,x is a society ( human be+s ov] :om no "o b itself has ! "r to rule & to dispose4 ,l ! trunk ( a tree1 x has its own roots1 & to graft x on to ano!r /ate is to d away ) its exi/5ce z a moral p]son1 & to make ( x a ?+4 ,h5ce x is 9 contradiction to ! idea ( ! orig9al contract )\t :i* no "r ov] a p is ?9kable4#aaa ,ev]yone kn[s to :at dang] ! bias 9 fav\r ( ^! modes ( acquisition has br\ght ,europe 79 o!r p>ts ( ! _w x has nev] be5 kn[n74 ,! cu/om ( m>riage betwe5 /ates1 z if !y 7 individuals1 has surviv$ ev5 up to ! mo/ rec5t times1#aab & is reg>d$ p>tly z a new k9d ( indu/ry by :i* asc5d5cy may be acquir$ ?r\gh family alliances1 )\t any exp5diture ( /r5g?2 p>tly z a device = t]ritorial expansion4 ,moreov]1 ! hir+ out ( ! troops ( "o /ate to ano!r to fight aga9/ an enemy n at w> ) _! native c\ntry is to be reckon$ 9 ?is connection2 = ! subjects are 9 ?is way us$ & abus$ at w z p]sonal prop]ty4 #aaa ,an h]$it>y k+dom is n a /ate :i* c be inh]it$ by ano!r /ate1 b "o ^: sov]eign p[] c be inh]it$ by ano!r physical p]son4 ,! /ate !n acquires a rul]1 n ! rul] z su* 7t is1 z "o already possess+ ano!r realm7 ! /ate4 #aab ,?is has be5 "o ( ! causes ( ! extraord9>y admixture ( races 9 ! mod]n ,au/rian empire4 ,cf4 ! l9es ( ,mat?ias ,corv9us ( ,hung>y 7quot$ 9 ,sir ,w4 ,/irl+ ,maxwell's ,cloi/] ,life ( ,*>les ! ,fif?1 ,*4 ,i41 note73-- 8,bella g]ant alii1 tu1 felix ,au/ria1 nube6 ,nam quae ,m>s aliis1 dat tibi regna ,v5us40 ,tr4 #c4--8,/&+ armies 7miles p]petuus7 %all be aboli%$ 9 c\rse ( "t40 ,= !y are always ?reat5+ o!r /ates ) w> by appe>+ to be 9 con/ant read9ess to fight4 ,!y incite ! v>i\s /ates to outrival "o ano!r 9 ! numb] ( _! soldi]s1 & to ?is numb] no limit c be set4 ,n[1 s9ce ow+ to ! sums devot$ to ?is purpose1 peace at la/ becomes ev5 m oppressive ?an a %ort w>1 ^! /&+ armies are !mselves ! cause ( w>s ( aggression1 und]tak5 9 ord] to get rid ( ?is burd54 ,to :i* we mu/ add t ! practice ( hir+ m5 to kill or to be kill$ seems to imply a use ( !m z m]e ma*9es & in/rum5ts 9 ! h& ( ano!r 7namely1 ! /ate7 :i* _c easily be reconcil$ ) ! "r ( humanity 9 our own p]son4#aac ,! matt] /&s q diff]5tly 9 ! case ( volunt>y p]iodical milit>y ex]cise on ! "p ( citiz5s ( ! /ate1 :o !reby seek to secure !mselves & _! c\ntry aga9/ attack f )\t4 #aac ,a ,bulg>ian ,pr9ce ?us answ]$ ! ,greek ,emp]or :o magnanim\sly (f]$ to settle a qu>rel ) him1 n by %$d+ ! blood ( 8 subjects1 b by a duel3--8,a smi? :o has tongs w n take ! r$-hot iron f ! fire ) 8 h&s40 7,?is note is a-want+ 9 ! second ,edition ( #agif4 ,x is repeat$ 9 ,art4 ,,ii41 see p4 #acj47 ,tr4 ,! accumulation ( treasure 9 a /ate w\ld 9 ! same way be reg>d$ by o!r /ates z a m5ace ( w>1 & might compel !m to anticipate ?is by /rik+ ! fir/ bl[4 ,= ( ! ?ree =ces1 ! p[] ( arms1 ! p[] ( alliance & ! p[] ( money1 ! la/ might well become ! mo/ reliable in/rum5t ( w>1 did n ! difficulty ( asc]ta9+ ! am\nt /& 9 ! way4 #d4--8,no national debts %all be contract$ 9 connection ) ! ext]nal affairs ( ! /ate40 ,?is s\rce ( help is above suspicion1 :]e assi/ance is s\ght outside or )9 ! /ate1 on behalf ( ! economic adm9i/ration ( ! c\ntry 7= in/ance1 ! improvem5t ( ! roads1 ! settlem5t & support ( new colonies1 ! e/abli%m5t ( gran>ies to provide aga9/ seasons ( sc>city1 & s on74 ,b1 z a common weapon us$ by ! ,p[]s aga9/ "o ano!r1 a cr$it sy/em "u :i* debts g on indef9itely increas+ & are yet always assur$ aga9/ imm$iate claims 7because all ! cr$itors d n put 9 _! claim at once7 is a dang]\s money p[]4 ,?is +5i\s inv5tion ( a comm]cial p 9 ! pres5t c5tury is1 9 o!r words1 a treasure = ! c>ry+ on ( w> :i* may exce$ ! treasures ( all ! o!r /ates tak5 toge!r1 & c only be exhau/$ by a ?reat5+ defici5cy 9 ! taxes--an ev5t1 h[ev]1 :i* w long be kept (f by ! v briskness ( comm]ce result+ f ! reaction ( ?is sy/em on indu/ry & trade4 ,! ease1 !n1 ) :i* w> may be wag$1 c\pl$ ) ! incl9ation ( rul]s t[>ds x--an incl9ation :i* seems to be implant$ 9 human nature--is a great ob/acle 9 ! way ( p]petual peace4 ,! prohibition ( ?is sy/em mu/ be laid d[n z a prelim9>y article ( p]petual peace1 all ! m necess>ily because ! f9al inevitable bankruptcy ( ! /ate 9 "q mu/ involve 9 ! loss _m :o are innoc5t2 & ?is w\ld be a public injury to ^! /ates4 ,!re=e o!r nations are at lea/ ju/ifi$ 9 unit+ !mselves aga9/ su* an "o & its pret5sions4 #e4--8,no /ate %all viol5tly int]f]e ) ! con/itution & adm9i/ration ( ano!r40 ,= :at c ju/ify x 9 s do+8 ,! sc&al :i* is "h pres5t$ to ! subjects ( ano!r /ate8 ,! err+ /ate c mu* m s]ve z a w>n+ by exemplify+ ! great evils :i* a nation draws d[n on itself ?r\gh its own lawlessness4 ,moreov]1 ! bad example :i* "o free p]son gives ano!r1 7z sc&alum acceptum7 does no injury to ! latt]4 ,9 ?is connection1 x is true1 we _c c\nt ! case ( a /ate :i* has become split up ?r\gh int]nal corruption into two p>ts1 ea* ( !m repres5t+ by itself an individual /ate :i* lays claim to ! :ole4 ,"h ! yield+ ( assi/ance to "o faction c\ld n be reckon$ z int]f]5ce on ! "p ( a =eign /ate ) ! con/itution ( ano!r1 = "h an>*y prevails4 ,s long1 h[ev]1 z ! inn] /rife has n yet rea*$ ?is /age ! int]f]5ce ( o!r p[]s w\ld be a violation ( ! rights ( an indep5d5t nation :i* is only /ruggl+ ) int]nal disease4#aad ,x w\ld !re=e itself cause a sc&al1 & make ! autonomy ( all /ates insecure4 #aad ,see ,vattel3 ,law ( ,nations1 ,,ii4 ,*4 ,,iv4 #ee4 ,no =eign p[]1 he says1 has a "r to judge ! conduct & adm9i/ration ( any sov]eign or oblige him to alt] x4 8,if he loads 8 subjects ) taxes1 or if he treats !m ) sev]ity1 ! nation alone is conc]n$2 & no o!r is call$ ^u to (f] r$ress = 8 behavi\r1 or oblige him to foll[ m wise & equitable maxims4444 ,b 7loc4 cit4 #ef7 :5 ! b&s ( ! political society are brok51 or at lea/ susp5d$1 betwe5 ! sov]eign & 8 p1 ! cont5d+ p>ties may !n be consid]$ at two di/9ct p[]s2 &1 s9ce !y are bo? equally indep5d5t ( all =eign au?ority1 nobody has a "r to judge !m4 ,ei!r may be 9 ! "r2 & ea* ( ^? :o grant _! assi/ance may imag9e t he is giv+ 8 support to ! bett] cause40 ,tr4 #f4--8,no /ate at w> ) ano!r %all c\nt5ance su* modes ( ho/ility z w\ld make mutual confid5ce impossible 9 a subsequ5t /ate ( peace3 su* are ! employm5t ( assass9s 7p]cussores7 or ( poison]s 7v5efici71 brea*es ( capitulation1 ! in/igat+ & mak+ use ( trea*]y 7p]duellio7 9 ! ho/ile /ate40 ,^! are di%on\rable /ratagems4 ,= "s k9d ( confid5ce 9 ! disposition ( ! enemy mu/ exi/ ev5 9 ! mid/ ( w>1 z o!rwise peace c\ld n be conclud$1 & ! ho/ilities w\ld pass into a w> ( ext]m9ation 7bellum int]nec9um74 ,w>1 h[ev]1 is only our wret*$ exp$i5t ( ass]t+ a "r by =ce1 an exp$i5t adopt$ 9 ! /ate ( nature1 :]e no c\rt ( ju/ice exi/s :i* c\ld settle ! matt] 9 dispute4 ,9 circum/ances l ^!1 nei!r ( ! two p>ties c be call$ an unju/ enemy1 because ?is =m ( spee* presupposes a legal decision3 ! issue ( ! conflict--j z 9 ! case ( ! s-call$ judgm5ts ( ,god--decides on :i* side "r is4 ,betwe5 /ates1 h[ev]1 no punitive w> 7bellum punitivum7 is ?9kable1 because betwe5 !m a relation ( sup]ior & inf]ior does n exi/4 ,:5ce x foll[s t a w> ( ext]m9ation1 :]e ! process ( annihilation w\ld /rike bo? p>ties at once & all "r z well1 w\ld br+ ab\t p]petual peace only 9 ! great gravey>d ( ! human race4 ,su* a w> !n1 & !re=e also ! use ( all means :i* lead to x1 mu/ be absolutely =bidd54 ,t ! me?ods j m5tion$ d inevitably lead to ?is result is obvi\s f ! fact t ^! inf]nal arts1 already vile 9 !mselves1 on com+ into use1 are n long conf9$ to ! sph]e ( w>4 ,take1 = example1 ! use ( spies 7uti exploratoribus74 ,"h only ! di%one/y ( o!rs is made use (2 b vices su* z ^!1 :5 once enc\rag$1 _c 9 ! nature ( ?+s be /amp$ out & w\ld be c>ri$ ov] into ! /ate ( peace1 :]e _! pres5ce w\ld be utt]ly de/ructive to ! purpose ( t /ate4 ,al?\gh ! laws /at$ are1 objectively reg>d$1 7i4e4 9 s f> z !y affect ! action ( rul]s7 purely prohibitive laws 7leges prohibitiv71 "s ( !m 7leges /rict7 are /rictly valid )\t reg>d to circum/ances & urg5tly require to be en=c$4 ,su* are ,nos4 #a1 #e1 #f4 ,o!rs1 aga91 7l ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #d7 al?\gh n inde$ exceptions to ! maxims ( law1 yet 9 respect ( ! practical application ( ^! maxims all[ subjectively ( a c]ta9 latitude to suit p>ticul> circum/ances4 ,! en=cem5t ( ^! leges lat may be legitimately put (f1 s long z we d n lose sight ( ! ends at :i* !y aim4 ,?is purpose ( re=m does n p]mit ( ! def]m5t ( an act ( re/itution 7z1 = example1 ! re/oration to c]ta9 /ates ( fre$om ( :i* !y h be5 depriv$ 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 article #b7 to an inf9itely di/ant date--z ,augu/us us$ to say1 to ! 8,greek ,kal5ds01 a day t w nev] come4 ,?is w\ld be to sanction non-re/itution4 ,delay is p]mitt$ only ) ! int5tion t re/itution %\ld n be made too precipitately & s defeat ! purpose we h 9 view4 ,= ! prohibition ref]s "h only to ! mode ( acquisition :i* is to be no long] valid1 & n to ! fact ( possession :i*1 al?\gh inde$ x has n ! necess>y title ( "r1 yet at ! "t ( s-call$ acquisition 0 held legal by all /ates1 9 accordance ) ! public op9ion ( ! "t4#aae #aae ,x has be5 hi!rto d\bt$1 n )\t reason1 :e!r !re c be laws ( p]mission 7leges p]missiv7 ( pure reason z well z comm&s 7leges prceptiv7 & prohibitions 7leges prohibitiv74 ,= law 9 g5]al has a basis ( objective practical necessity3 p]mission1 on ! o!r h&1 is bas$ ^u ! cont+5cy ( c]ta9 actions 9 practice4 ,x foll[s t a law ( p]mission w\ld en=ce :at _c be en=c$2 & ?is w\ld involve a contradiction1 if ! object ( ! law %\ld be ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 9 ! pres5t case ( a law ( p]mission1 ! presuppos$ prohibition is aim$ m]ely at ! future mann] ( acquisition ( a "r--= example1 acquisition ?r\gh inh]itance3 ! exemption f ?is prohibition 7i4e4 ! p]mission7 ref]s to ! pres5t /ate ( possession4 ,9 ! transition f a /ate ( nature to ! civil /ate1 ?is hold+ ( prop]ty c cont9ue z a bona fide1 if usurpatory1 own]%ip1 "u ! new social conditions1 9 accordance ) a p]mission ( ! ,law ( ,nature4 ,own]%ip ( ?is k9d1 z soon z its true nature becomes kn[n1 is se5 to be m]e nom9al possession 7possessio putativa7 sanction$ by op9ion & cu/oms 9 a natural /ate ( society4 ,aft] ! transition /age is pass$1 su* modes ( acquisition are likewise =bidd5 9 ! subsequ5tly evolv$ civil /ate3 & ?is p[] to rema9 9 possession w\ld n be admitt$ if ! suppos$ acquisition _h tak5 place 9 ! civiliz$ community4 ,x w\ld be b\nd to come to an end z an injury to ! "r ( o!rs1 ! mom5t its illegality became pat5t4 ,i h wi%$ "h only by ! way to draw ! att5tion ( tea*]s ( ! ,law ( ,nature to ! idea ( a lex p]missiva :i* pres5ts itself spontane\sly 9 any sy/em ( rational classification4 ,i d s *iefly because use is (t5 made ( ?is concept 9 civil law ) ref]5ce to /atutes2 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! law ( prohibition /&s alone by itself1 :ile p]mission is n1 z x ought to be1 introduc$ into t law z a limit+ clause1 b is ?r[n among ! exceptions4 ,?us 8?is or t is =bidd501--say1 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c1 & s on 9 an inf9ite progression1--:ile p]missions are only add$ to ! law incid5tally3 !y are n rea*$ by ! application ( "s pr9ciple1 b only by grop+ ab\t among cases :i* h actually occurr$4 ,7 ?is n s1 qualifications w\ld h _h to be br\ght into ! =mula ( laws ( prohibition :i* w\ld h imm$iately trans=m$ !m into laws ( p]mission4 ,c\nt von ,w9dis*grtz1 a man ^: wisdom 0 equal to 8 discrim9ation1 urg$ ?is v po9t 9 ! =m ( a "q prop\nd$ by him = a prize essay4 ,"o mu/ !re=e regret t ?is +5i\s problem has be5 s soon neglect$ & left unsolv$4 ,= ! possibility ( a =mula simil> to ^? ( ma!matics is ! sole real te/ ( a legislation t w\ld be consi/5t4 ,)\t ?is1 ! s-call$ jus c]tum w rema9 =ev] a m]e pi\s wi%3 we c h only g5]al laws valid on ! :ole2 no g5]al laws possess+ ! univ]sal validity :i* ! concept law seems to dem&4 ,,second ,,section ,,conta9+ ,,! ,,def9itive ,,articles ,,( ,a ,,p]petual ,,peace ,,betwe5 ,,/ates ,a /ate ( peace among m5 :o live side by side is n ! natural /ate 7/atus naturalis71 :i* is r to be describ$ z a /ate ( w>3#aaf t is to say1 al?\gh !re is n p]haps always actual op5 ho/ility1 yet !re is a con/ant ?reat5+ t an outbreak may occur4 ,?us ! /ate ( peace mu/ be e/abli%$4#aag ,= ! m]e cessation ( ho/ilities is no gu>antee ( cont9u$ peaceful relations1 & unless ?is gu>antee is giv5 by e individual to 8 neighb\r--:i* c only be done 9 a /ate ( society regulat$ by law--"o man is at lib]ty to *all5ge ano!r & treat him z an enemy4#aah #aaf 8,f ?is diffid5ce ( "o ano!r1 !re is no way = any man to secure himself1 s reasonable1 z anticipation2 t is1 by =ce1 or wiles1 to ma/] ! p]sons ( all m5 he c1 s long1 till he see no o!r p[] great en\gh to endang] him3 & ?is is no m ?an 8 own cons]vation require?1 & is g5]ally all[$40 7,hobbes3 ,lev4 ,i4 ,*4 ,,xiii47 ,tr4 #aag ,hobbes ?us describes ! e/abli%m5t ( ! /ate4 8,a commonweal? is said to be in/itut$1 :5 a multitude ( m5 d agree1 & cov5ant1 e "o1 ) e "o1 t to :atsoev] man1 or assembly ( m51 %all be giv5 by ! major "p1 ! "r to pres5t ! p]son ( !m all1 t is to say1 to be _! repres5tative2 ev]yone1 z well he t vot$ = x1 z he t vot$ aga9/ x1 %all au?orize all ! actions & judgm5ts1 ( t man1 or assembly ( m51 9 ! same mann]1 z if !y 7 8 own1 to ! end1 to live peaceably among/ !mselves1 & be protect$ aga9/ o!r m540 7,lev4 ,,ii4 ,*4 ,,xviii47 ,!re is a cov5ant betwe5 !m1 8z if e man %\ld say to e man1 ,i au?orise & give up my "r ( gov]n+ myself1 to ?is man1 or to ?is assembly ( m51 on ?is condition1 t ?\ give up ?y "r to him1 & au?orize all 8 actions 9 l mann]40 7,lev4 ,,ii4 ,*4 ,,xvii47 ,tr4 #aah ,x is usually accept$ t a man may n take ho/ile /eps aga9/ any "o1 unless ! latt] has already injur$ him by act4 ,?is is q accurate1 if bo? are citiz5s ( a law-gov]n$ /ate4 ,=1 9 becom+ a memb] ( ?is community1 ea* gives ! o!r ! security he dem&s aga9/ injury1 by means ( ! supreme au?ority ex]cis+ control ov] !m bo?4 ,! individual1 h[ev]1 7or nation7 :o rema9s 9 a m]e /ate ( nature deprives me ( ?is security & does me injury1 by m]e proximity4 ,!re is p]haps no active 7facto7 mole/ation1 b !re is a /ate ( lawlessness1 7/atus inju/us7 :i*1 by its v exi/5ce1 (f]s a cont9ual m5ace to me4 ,i c !re=e compel him1 ei!r to ent] into relations ) me "u :i* we are bo? subject to law1 or to )draw f my neighb\rhood4 ,s t ! po/ulate ^u :i* ! foll[+ articles are bas$ is3--8,all m5 :o h ! p[] to ex]t a mutual influ5ce ^u "o ano!r mu/ be "u a civil gov]nm5t ( "s k9d40 ,a legal con/itution is1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! individuals :o compose ! /ate3-- 7#a7 ,a con/itution =m$ 9 accordance ) ! "r ( citiz5%ip ( ! individuals :o con/itute a nation 7jus civitatis74 7#b7 ,a con/itution ^: pr9ciple is int]national law :i* det]m9es ! relations ( /ates 7jus g5tium74 7#c7 ,a con/itution =m$ 9 accordance ) cosmopolitan law1 9 z f> z individuals & /ates1 /&+ 9 an ext]nal relation ( mutual reaction1 may be reg>d$ z citiz5s ( "o _w-/ate 7jus cosmopoliticum74 ,?is classification is n an arbitr>y "o1 b is necess>y ) ref]5ce to ! idea ( p]petual peace4 ,=1 if ev5 "o ( ^! units ( society 7 9 a position physically to influ5ce ano!r1 :ile yet rema9+ a memb] ( a primitive ord] ( society1 !n a /ate ( w> w\ld be jo9$ ) ^! primitive conditions2 & f ?is x is our pres5t purpose to free ourselves4 ,,fir/ ,,def9itive ,,article ,,( ,,p]petual ,,peace ,i4--8,! civil con/itution ( ea* /ate %all be republican40 ,! only con/itution :i* has its orig9 9 ! idea ( ! orig9al contract1 ^u :i* ! lawful legislation ( e nation mu/ be bas$1 is ! republican4#aai ,x is a con/itution1 9 ! fir/ place1 f\nd$ 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( ! fre$om ( ! memb]s ( society z human be+s3 secondly1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( ! dep5d5ce ( all1 z subjects1 on a common legislation3 &1 ?irdly1 9 accordance ) ! law ( ! equality ( ! memb]s z citiz5s4 ,x is !n1 look+ at ! "q ( "r1 ! only con/itution ^: fundam5tal pr9ciples lie at ! basis ( e =m ( civil con/itution4 ,& ! only "q = u n[ is1 :e!r x is also ! "o con/itution :i* c lead to p]petual peace4 #aai ,lawful1 t is to say1 ext]nal fre$om _c be def9$1 z x s (t5 is1 z ! "r ,befugniss 8to d :atev] "o likes1 s long z ?is does n wrong anyone else40,b ,= :at is ?is "r8 ,x is ! possibility ( actions :i* d n lead to ! injury ( o!rs4 ,s ! explanation ( a 8"r0 w\ld be some?+ l ?is3--8,fre$om is ! possibility ( actions :i* d n injure anyone4 ,a man does n wrong ano!r--:atev] 8 action--if he does n wrong ano!r03 :i* is empty tautology4 ,my ext]nal 7lawful7 fre$om is r to be expla9$ 9 ?is way3 x is ! "r ?r\gh :i* ,i require n to obey any ext]nal laws except ^? to :i* ,i c\ld h giv5 my cons5t4 ,9 exactly ! same way1 ext]nal 7legal7 equality 9 a /ate is t relation ( ! subjects 9 consequ5ce ( :i* no individual c legally b9d or oblige ano!r to any?+1 )\t at ! same "t submitt+ himself to ! law :i* ensures t he c1 9 8 turn1 be b\nd & oblig$ 9 l mann] by ?is o!r4 ,b ,hobbes' def9ition ( fre$om is int]e/+4 ,see ,lev4 ,,ii4 ,*4 ,,xxi43--8,a ,,freeman1 is he1 t 9 ^? ?+s1 :i* by 8 /r5g? & wit he is able to d1 is n h9d]$ to d :at he has a w to40 ,tr4 ,! pr9ciple ( lawful indep5d5ce requires no explanation1 z x is involv$ 9 ! g5]al concept ( a con/itution4 ,! validity ( ?is h]$it>y & inali5able "r1 :i* belongs ( necessity to mank9d1 is affirm$ & ennobl$ by ! pr9ciple ( a lawful relation betwe5 man himself & high] be+s1 if inde$ he believes 9 su* be+s4 ,?is is s1 because he ?9ks ( himself1 9 accordance ) ^! v pr9ciples1 z a citiz5 ( a transc5d5tal _w z well z ( ! _w ( s5se4 ,=1 z f> z my fre$om goes1 ,i am b\nd by no obligation ev5 ) reg>d to ,div9e ,laws--:i* are appreh5d$ by me only ?r\gh my reason--except 9 s f> z ,i c\ld h giv5 my ass5t to !m2 = x is ?r\gh ! law ( fre$om ( my own reason t ,i fir/ =m = myself a concept ( a ,div9e ,w4 ,z = ! pr9ciple ( equality1 9 s f> z x applies to ! mo/ sublime be+ 9 ! univ]se next to ,god--a be+ ,i might p]haps figure to myself z a mighty emanation ( ! ,div9e _s1--!re is no reason :y1 if ,i p]=m my duty 9 ! sph]e 9 :i* ,i am plac$1 z t aeon does 9 81 ! duty ( ob$i5ce alone %\ld fall to my %>e1 ! "r to comm& to him4 ,t ?is pr9ciple ( equality1 7unlike ! pr9ciple ( fre$om71 does n apply to our relation to ,god is due to ! fact t1 to ?is ,be+ alone1 ! idea ( duty does n belong4 ,z = ! "r to equality :i* belongs to all citiz5s z subjects1 ! solution ( ! problem ( ! admissibility ( an h]$it>y nobility h+es on ! foll[+ "q3--8,does social rank--ackn[l$g$ by ! /ate to be high] 9 ! case ( "o subject ?an ano!r--/& above des]t1 or does m]it take prec$5ce ( social /&+80 ,n[ x is obvi\s t1 if high position is comb9$ ) good family1 x is q unc]ta9 :e!r m]it1 t is to say1 skill & fidelity 9 (fice1 w foll[ z well4 ,?is am\nts to grant+ ! fav\r$ individual a comm&+ position )\t any "q ( des]t2 & to t1 ! univ]sal w ( ! p--express$ 9 an orig9al contract :i* is ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( all "r--w\ld nev] cons5t4 ,= x does n foll[ t a nobleman is a man ( noble "*4 ,9 ! case ( ! (ficial nobility1 z "o might t]m ! rank ( high] magi/racy--:i* "o mu/ acquire by m]it--! social position is n atta*$ l prop]ty to ! p]son b to 8 (fice1 & equality is n !reby di/urb$2 =1 if a man gives up (fice1 he lays d[n ) x 8 (ficial rank & falls back into ! rank ( 8 fell[s4 ,n[ ! republican con/itution ap>t f ! s\ndness ( its orig91 s9ce x arose f ! pure s\rce ( ! concept ( "r1 has also ! prospect ( atta9+ ! desir$ result1 namely1 p]petual peace4 ,& ! reason is ?is4 ,if1 z mu/ be s "u ?is con/itution1 ! cons5t ( ! subjects is requir$ to det]m9e :e!r !re %all be w> or n1 no?+ is m natural ?an t !y %\ld weigh ! matt] well1 be=e und]tak+ su* a bad bus9ess4 ,= 9 decree+ w>1 !y w\ld ( necessity be resolv+ to br+ d[n ! mis]ies ( w> ^u _! c\ntry4 ,?is implies3 !y mu/ fight !mselves2 !y mu/ h& ov] ! co/s ( ! w> out ( _! own prop]ty2 !y mu/ d _! poor be/ to make good ! deva/ation :i* x leaves beh9d2 & f9ally1 z a cr[n+ ill1 !y h to accept a burd5 ( debt :i* w embitt] ev5 peace itself1 & :i* !y c nev] pay (f on acc\nt ( ! new w>s :i* are always imp5d+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 a gov]nm5t :]e ! subject is n a citiz5 hold+ a vote1 7i4e4 9 a con/itution :i* is n republican71 ! plung+ into w> is ! lea/ s]i\s ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,= ! rul] is n a citiz51 b ! own] ( ! /ate1 & does n lose a :it by ! w>1 :ile he goes on enjoy+ ! delights ( 8 table or sport1 or ( 8 pleasure palaces & gala days4 ,he c !re=e decide on w> = ! mo/ trifl+ reasons1 z if x 7 a k9d ( pleasure p>ty4#abj ,any ju/ification ( x t is necess>y = ! sake ( dec5cy he c leave )\t conc]n to ! diplomatic corps :o are always only too ready ) _! s]vices4 #abj ,cf4 ,c[p]3 ,! ,w9t] ,morn+ ,walk3-- 8,b is x fit1 or c x be> ! %ock ,( rational discussion1 t a man1 ,comp\nd$ & made up l o!r m5 ,( elem5ts tumultu\s1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,%\ld :5 he pleases1 & on :om he w1 ,wage w>1 ) any or ) no pret5ce ,( provocation giv'n or wrong su/a9'd1 ,& =ce ! begg>ly la/ doit1 by means ,t 8 own hum\r dictates1 f ! clut* ,( pov]ty1 t ?us he may procure ,8 ?\s&s1 we>y ( p5uri\s life1 ,a spl5did opportunity to die80 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8,he deems a ?\s& or t5 ?\s& lives ,sp5t 9 ! pur*ase ( r5[n = him1 ,an easy reckon+40 ,tr4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ rem>ks mu/ be made 9 ord] t we may n fall into ! common error ( confus+ ! republican ) ! democratic con/itution4 ,! =ms ( ! /ate 7civitas7#aba may be classifi$ accord+ to ei!r ( two pr9ciples ( division3--! diff]5ce ( ! p]sons :o hold ! supreme au?ority 9 ! /ate1 & ! mann] 9 :i* ! p are gov]n$ by _! rul] :oev] he may be4 ,! fir/ is prop]ly call$ ! =m ( sov]eignty 7=ma imp]ii71 & !re c be only ?ree con/itutions diff]+ 9 ?is respect3 :]e1 namely1 ! supreme au?ority belongs to only "o1 to sev]al individuals work+ toge!r1 or to ! :ole p con/itut+ ! civil society4 ,?us we h autocracy or ! sov]eignty ( a mon>*1 ari/ocracy or ! sov]eignty ( ! nobility1 & democracy or ! sov]eignty ( ! p4 ,! second pr9ciple ( division is ! =m ( gov]nm5t 7=ma regim9is71 & ref]s to ! way 9 :i* ! /ate makes use ( its supreme p[]3 = ! mann] ( gov]nm5t is bas$ on ! con/itution1 itself ! act ( t univ]sal w :i* trans=ms a multitude into a nation4 ,9 ?is respect ! =m ( gov]nm5t is ei!r republican or despotic4 ,republicanism is ! political pr9ciple ( sev]+ ! executive p[] ( ! gov]nm5t f ! legislature4 ,despotism is t pr9ciple 9 pursuance ( :i* ! /ate arbitr>ily puts into effect laws :i* x has itself made3 consequ5tly x is ! adm9i/ration ( ! public w1 b ?is is id5tical ) ! private w ( ! rul]4 ,( ^! ?ree =ms ( a /ate1 democracy1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 is ( necessity despotism1 because x e/abli%es an executive p[]1 s9ce all decree reg>d+--&1 if ne$ be1 aga9/--any individual :o diss5ts f !m4 ,!re=e ! 8:ole p01 s-call$1 :o c>ry _! measure are really n all1 b only a majority3 s t "h ! univ]sal w is 9 contradiction ) itself & ) ! pr9ciple ( fre$om4 #aba ,cf4 ,hobbes3 ,on ,dom9ion1 ,*4 ,,vii4 #a4 8,z = ! diff]5ce ( cities1 x is tak5 f ! diff]5ce ( ! p]sons to :om ! supreme p[] is committ$4 ,?is p[] is committ$ ei!r to "o man1 or c\ncil1 or "s "o c\rt consi/+ ( _m m540 ,tr4 ,e =m ( gov]nm5t 9 fact :i* is n repres5tative is really no true con/itution at all1 because a law-giv] may no m be1 9 "o & ! same p]son1 ! adm9i/rator ( 8 own w1 ?an ! univ]sal major premise ( a syllogism may be1 at ! same "t1 ! subsumption "u itself ( ! p>ticul>s conta9$ 9 ! m9or premise4 ,&1 al?\gh ! o!r two con/itutions1 autocracy & ari/ocracy1 are always defective 9 s f> z !y leave ! way op5 = su* a =m ( gov]nm5t1 yet !re is at lea/ always a possibility 9 ^! cases1 t !y may take ! =m ( a gov]nm5t 9 accordance ) ! _s ( a repres5tative sy/em4 ,?us ,fr$]ick ! ,great us$ at lea/ to say t he 0 8m]ely ! highe/ s]vant ( ! /ate40#abb ,! democratic con/itution1 on ! o!r h&1 makes ?is impossible1 because "u su* a gov]nm5t e "o wi%es to be ma/]4 ,we may !re=e say t ! small] ! /aff ( ! executive--t is to say1 ! numb] ( rul]s--& ! m real1 on ! o!r h&1 _! repres5tation ( ! p1 s mu* ! m is ! gov]nm5t ( ! /ate 9 accordance ) a possible republicanism2 & x may hope by gradual re=ms to raise itself to t /&>d4 ,= ?is reason1 x is m difficult "u an ari/ocracy ?an "u a mon>*y--:ile "u a democracy x is impossible except by a viol5t revolution--to atta9 to ?is1 ! "o p]fectly lawful con/itution4 ,! k9d ( gov]nm5t1#abc h[ev]1 is ( inf9itely m importance to ! p ?an ! k9d ( con/itution1 al?\gh ! great] or less aptitude ( a p = ?is ideal greatly dep5ds ^u su* ext]nal =m4 ,! =m ( gov]nm5t1 h[ev]1 if x is to be 9 accordance ) ! idea ( "r1 mu/ embody ! repres5tative sy/em 9 :i* alone a republican =m ( adm9i/ration is possible & )\t :i* x is despotic & viol5t1 be ! con/itution :at x may4 ,none ( ! anci5t s-call$ republics 7 aw>e ( ?is1 & !y necess>ily slipp$ into absolute despotism :i*1 ( all despotisms1 is mo/ endurable "u ! sov]eignty ( "o individual4 #abb ,! l(ty appellations :i* are (t5 giv5 to a rul]--su* z ! ,"l's ,ano9t$1 ! ,adm9i/rator ( ! ,div9e ,w ^u e>? & ,vic> ( ,god--h be5 _m times c5sur$ z flatt]y gross en\gh to make "o giddy4 ,b x seems to me )\t cause4 ,f> f mak+ a pr9ce arrogant1 names l ^! mu/ r make him humble at he>t1 if he has any intellig5ce--:i* we take = grant$ he has--& reflects t he has und]tak5 an (fice :i* is too great = any human be+4 ,=1 inde$1 x is ! holie/ :i* ,god has on e>?--namely1 ! "r ( rul+ mank9d3 & he mu/ ev] live 9 fe> ( injur+ ?is treasure ( ,god 9 "s respect or o!r4 #abc ,mallet du ,pan boa/s 9 8 seem+ly brilliant b %all[ & sup]ficial language t1 aft] _m ye>s exp]i5ce1 he has come at la/ to be conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ! well kn[n say+ ( ,pope ,essay on ,man1 ,,iii4 #cjc3-- 8,= ,=ms ( ,gov]nm5t let fools conte/2 ,:ate'er is be/ adm9i/]$ is be/40 ,if ?is means t ! be/ adm9i/]$ gov]nm5t is be/ adm9i/]$1 !n1 9 ,swift's phrase1 he has crack$ a nut to f9d a worm 9 x4 ,if x means1 h[ev]1 t ! be/ conduct$ gov]nm5t is also ! be/ k9d ( gov]nm5t1--t is1 ! be/ =m ( political con/itution1--!n x is utt]ly false3 = examples ( wise adm9i/ration are no pro( ( ! k9d ( gov]nm5t4 ,:o ev] rul$ bett] ?an ,titus & ,m>cus ,aurelius1 & yet ! "o left ,domitian1 ! o!r ,commodus1 z 8 successor8 ,?is c\ld n h happ5$ :]e ! con/itution 0 a good "o1 = _! absolute unfitness = ! position 0 e>ly en\gh kn[n1 & ! p[] ( ! emp]or 0 suffici5tly great to exclude !m4 ,,second ,,def9itive ,,article ,,( ,,p]petual ,,peace ,,ii4--8,! law ( nations %all be f\nd$ on a f$]ation ( free /ates40 ,nations1 z /ates1 may be judg$ l individuals :o1 liv+ 9 ! natural /ate ( society--t is to say1 uncontroll$ by ext]nal law--injure "o ano!r ?r\gh _! v proximity4#abd ,e /ate1 = ! sake ( its own security1 may--& ought to--dem& t its neighb\r %\ld submit itself to conditions1 simil> to ^? ( ! civil society :]e ! "r ( e individual is gu>ante$4 ,?is w\ld give rise to a f$]ation ( nations :i*1 h[ev]1 w\ld n h to be a ,/ate ( nations4#abe ,t w\ld involve a contradiction4 ,= ! t]m 8/ate0 implies ! relation ( "o :o rules to ^? :o obey--t is to say1 ( law-giv] to ! subject p3 & _m nations 9 "o /ate w\ld con/itute only "o nation1 :i* contradicts our hypo!sis1 s9ce "h we h to consid] ! "r ( "o nation aga9/ ano!r1 9 s f> z !y are s _m sep>ate /ates & are n to be fus$ into "o4 #abd 8,= z among/ ma/]less m51 !re is p]petual w>1 ( e man aga9/ 8 neighb\r2 no inh]itance1 to transmit to ! son1 nor to expect f ! fa!r2 no propriety ( goods1 or l&s2 no security2 b a full & absolute lib]ty 9 e p>ticul> man3 s 9 /ates1 & commonweal?s n dep5d5t on "o ano!r1 e commonweal?1 n e man1 has an absolute lib]ty1 to d :at x %all judge1 t is to say1 :at t man1 or assembly t repres5te? x1 %all judge mo/ conduc+ to _! b5efit4 ,b )al1 !y live 9 ! condition ( a p]petual w>1 & ^u ! conf9es ( battle1 ) _! fronti]s arm$1 & cannons plant$ aga9/ _! neighb\rs r\nd ab\t40 7,hobbes3 ,levia?an1 ,,ii4 ,*4 ,,xxi47 ,tr4 #abe ,b see p4 #acf1 :]e ,kant seems to speak ( a ,/ate ( nations z ! ideal4 ,kant expresses himself1 on ?is po9t1 m cle>ly 9 ! ,re*tslehre1 ,"p4 ,,ii4 #fa3--8,! natural /ate ( nations10 he says "h1 8l t ( individual m51 is a condition :i* mu/ be ab&on$1 9 ord] t !y may ent] a /ate regulat$ by law4 ,h5ce1 be=e ?is c take place1 e "r possess$ by ^! nations & e ext]nal 8m9e0 & 8?9e0 id e/1 symbol ( possession :i* /ates acquire or pres]ve ?r\gh w> are m]ely provisional1 & c become p]emptorily valid & con/itute a true /ate ( peace only 9 a univ]sal union ( /ates1 by a process analog\s to t ?r\gh :i* a p becomes a /ate4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! too great ext5sion ( su* a ,/ate ( nations ov] va/ t]ritories mu/1 9 ! long run1 make ! gov]nm5t ( t union--& !re=e ! protection ( ea* ( its memb]s--impossible1 a multitude ( su* corporations w lead aga9 to a /ate ( w>4 ,s t p]petual peace1 ! f9al goal ( int]national law z a :ole1 is really an impracticable idea e9e unausfhrb>e ,idee4 ,! political pr9ciples1 h[ev]1 :i* are direct$ t[>ds ?is end1 7t is to say1 t[>ds ! e/abli%m5t ( su* unions ( /ates z may s]ve z a cont9ual approximation to t ideal71 are n impracticable2 on ! contr>y1 z ?is approximation is requir$ by duty & is !re=e f\nd$ also ^u ! rights ( m5 & ( /ates1 ^! pr9ciples are1 )\t d\bt1 capable ( practical realization40 ,tr4 ,! atta*m5t ( savages to _! lawless lib]ty1 ! fact t !y w\ld r be at hopeless v>iance ) "o ano!r ?an submit !mselves to a legal au?ority con/itut$ by !mselves1 t !y !re=e pref] _! s5seless fre$om to a reason-gov]n$ lib]ty1 is reg>d$ by u ) pr(\nd contempt z b>b>ism & uncivilisation & ! brutal degradation ( humanity4 ,s "o w\ld ?9k t civilis$ races1 ea* =m$ into a /ate by itself1 mu/ come out ( su* an ab&on$ condition z soon z !y possibly c4 ,on ! contr>y1 h[ev]1 e /ate ?9ks r t its maje/y 7! 8maje/y0 ( a p is an absurd expression7 lies j 9 ! v fact t x is subject to no ext]nal legal au?ority2 & ! glory ( ! rul] consi/s 9 ?is1 t1 )\t 8 requir+ to expose himself to dang]1 ?\s&s /& at 8 comm& ready to let !mselves be sacrific$ = a matt] ( no conc]n to !m4#abf ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! savages ( ,europe & ^? ( ,am]ica lies *iefly 9 ?is1 t1 :ile _m tribes ( ! latt] h be5 entirely dev\r$ by _! enemies1 ,europeans "k a bett] way ( us+ ! vanqui%$ ?an by eat+ !m2 & !y pref] to increase ?r\gh !m ! numb] ( _! subjects1 & s ! numb] ( in/rum5ts at _! comm& = /ill m widely spread w>4 #abf ,a ,greek ,emp]or :o magnanim\sly volunte]$ to settle by a duel 8 qu>rel ) a ,bulg>ian ,pr9ce1 got ! foll[+ answ]3--8,a smi? :o has tongs w n pluck ! gl[+ iron f ! fire ) 8 h&s40 ,! depravity ( human nature#abg %[s itself )\t disguise 9 ! unre/ra9$ relations ( nations to ea* o!r1 :ile 9 ! law-gov]n$ civil /ate mu* ( ?is is hidd5 by ! *eck ( gov]nm5t4 ,?is be+ s1 x is a/oni%+ t ! ^w 8"r0 has n yet be5 entirely bani%$ f ! politics ( w> z p$antic1 & t no /ate has yet v5tur$ to publicly advocate ?is po9t ( view4 ,= ,hugo ,grotius1 ,puff5dorf1 ,vattel & o!rs--,job's com=t]s1 all ( !m--are always quot$ 9 good fai? to ju/ify an attack1 al?\gh _! codes1 :e!r c\*$ 9 philosophical or diplomatic t]ms1 h n--nor c h--! slighte/ legal =ce1 because /ates1 z su*1 are "u no common ext]nal au?ority2 & !re is no in/ance ( a /ate hav+ ev] be5 mov$ by argum5t to desi/ f its purpose1 ev5 :5 ?is 0 back$ up by ! te/imony ( su* great m54 ,?is homage :i* e /ate r5d]s--9 words at lea/--to ! idea ( "r1 proves t1 al?\gh x may be slumb]+1 !re is1 not)/&+1 to be f\nd 9 man a /ill high] natural moral capacity by ! aid ( :i* he w 9 "t ga9 ! ma/]y ov] ! evil pr9ciple 9 8 nature1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* he is unable to d5y4 ,& he hopes ! same ( o!rs2 = o!rwise ! ^w 8"r0 w\ld nev] be utt]$ by /ates :o wi% to wage w>1 unless to d]ide x l ! ,gallic ,pr9ce :o decl>$3--8,! privilege :i* nature gives ! /rong is t ! weak mu/ obey !m40#abh #abg 8,bo? say+s are v true3 t man to man is a k9d ( ,god2 & t man to man is an arrant wolf4 ,! fir/ is true1 if we comp>e citiz5s among/ !mselves2 & ! second1 if we comp>e cities4 ,9 ! "o1 !re is "s analogy ( similitude ) ! ,deity2 to wit1 ju/ice & *>ity1 ! tw9 si/]s ( peace4 ,b 9 ! o!r1 good m5 mu/ def5d !mselves by tak+ to !m = a sanctu>y ! two daught]s ( w>1 deceit & viol5ce3 t is1 9 pla9 t]ms1 a m]e brutal rapacity40 7,hobbes3 ,epi/le ,d$icatory to ! ,philosophical ,rudim5ts conc]n+ ,gov]nm5t & ,society47 ,tr4 #abh 8,! /ronge/ are /ill nev] suffici5tly /rong to ensure !m ! cont9ual ma/]%ip1 unless !y f9d means ( trans=m+ =ce into "r1 & ob$i5ce into duty4 ,f ! "r ( ! /ronge/1 "r takes an ironical appe>ance1 & is r>ely e/abli%$ z a pr9ciple40 7,contrat ,social1 ,i4 ,*4 ,,iii47 ,tr4 ,! me?od by :i* /ates prosecute _! rights c nev] be by process ( law--z x is :]e !re is an ext]nal tribunal--b only by w>4 ,?r\gh ?is means1 h[ev]1 & its fav\rable issue1 victory1 ! "q ( "r is nev] decid$4 ,a treaty ( peace makes1 x may be1 an end to ! w> ( ! mom5t1 b n to ! conditions ( w> :i* at any "t may af=d a new pretext = op5+ ho/ilities2 & ?is we _c exactly condemn z unju/1 because "u ^! conditions ev]yone is 8 own judge4 ,not)/&+1 n q ! same rule applies to /ates accord+ to ! law ( nations z holds good ( individuals 9 a lawless condition accord+ to ! law ( nature1 namely1 8t !y ought to advance out ( ?is condition40 ,?is is s1 because1 z /ates1 !y h already )9 !mselves a legal con/itution1 & h !re=e advanc$ beyond ! /age at :i* o!rs1 9 accordance ) _! ideas ( "r1 c =ce !m to come "u a wid] legal con/itution4 ,mean:ile1 h[ev]1 reason1 f h] ?rone ( ! supreme law-giv+ moral p[]1 absolutely condemns w>#abi z a morally lawful proce$+1 & makes a /ate ( peace1 on ! o!r h&1 an imm$iate duty4 ,)\t a compact betwe5 ! nations1 h[ev]1 ?is /ate ( peace _c be e/abli%$ or assur$4 ,h5ce !re mu/ be an alliance ( a p>ticul> k9d :i* we may call a cov5ant ( peace 7fo$us pacificum71 :i* w\ld diff] f a treaty ( peace 7pactum pacis7 9 ?is respect1 t ! latt] m]ely puts an end to "o w>1 :ile ! =m] w\ld seek to put an end to w> = ev]4 ,?is alliance does n aim at ! ga9 ( any p[] :atsoev] ( ! /ate1 b m]ely at ! pres]vation & security ( ! fre$om ( ! /ate = itself & ( o!r alli$ /ates at ! same "t4#acj ,! latt] d n1 h[ev]1 require1 = ?is reason1 to submit !mselves l individuals 9 ! /ate ( nature to public laws & co]cion4 ,! practicability or objective reality ( ?is idea ( f$]ation :i* is to ext5d gradually ov] all /ates & s lead to p]petual peace c be %ewn4 ,=1 if ,=tune orda9s t a p[]ful & enlight5$ p %\ld =m a republic1--:i* by its v nature is incl9$ to p]petual peace--?is w\ld s]ve z a c5tre ( f$]al union = o!r /ates wi%+ to jo91 & ?us secure conditions ( fre$om among ! /ates 9 accordance ) ! idea ( ! law ( nations4 ,gradually1 ?r\gh diff]5t unions ( ?is k9d1 ! f$]ation w\ld ext5d fur!r & fur!r4 #abi 8,! natural /ate10 says ,hobbes1 7,on ,dom9ion1 ,*4 ,,vii4 #ah7 8ha? ! same proportion to ! civil1 7,i mean1 lib]ty to subjection71 :i* passion ha? to reason1 or a bea/ to a man40 ,locke speaks ?us ( man1 :5 he puts himself into ! /ate ( w> ) ano!r3--8hav+ quitt$ reason1 :i* ,god ha? giv5 to be ! rule betwixt man & man1 & ! common bond :]eby human k9d is unit$ into "o fell[%ip & society2 & hav+ r5\nc$ ! way ( peace :i* t tea*es1 & made use ( ! =ce ( w>1 to compass 8 unju/ ends ^u ano!r1 :]e he has no "r2 & s revolt+ f 8 own k9d to t ( bea/s1 by mak+ =ce1 :i* is !irs1 to be 8 rule ( "r1 he r5d]s himself liable to be de/roy$ by ! injur$ p]son1 & ! re/ ( mank9d t w jo9 ) him 9 ! execution ( ju/ice1 z any o!r wild bea/1 or noxi\s brute1 ) :om mank9d c h nei!r society nor security40 7,civil ,gov]nm5t1 ,*4 ,,xv4 #agb47 ,tr4 #acj ,cf4 ,r\sseau3 ,g\v]nem5t de ,pologne1 ,*4 ,v4 ,f$]ate gov]nm5t is 8! only "o :i* unites 9 itself all ! advantages ( great & small /ates40 ,tr4 ,x is q compreh5sible t a p %\ld say3--8,!re %all be no w> among u1 = we %all =m ourselves into a /ate1 t is to say1 con/itute = ourselves a supreme legislative1 adm9i/rative & judicial p[] :i* w settle our disputes peaceably40 ,b if ?is /ate says3--8,!re %all be no w> betwe5 me & o!r /ates1 al?\gh ,i recognise no supreme law-giv+ p[] :i* w secure me my rights & ^: rights ,i w gu>antee20 !n x is n at all cle> ^u :at gr\nds ,i c\ld base my confid5ce 9 my "r1 unless x 7 ! sub/itute = t compact on :i* civil society is bas$--namely1 free f$]ation :i* reason mu/ necess>ily connect ) ! idea ( ! law ( nations1 if inde$ any mean+ is to be left 9 t concept at all4 ,!re is no intelligible mean+ 9 ! idea ( ! law ( nations z giv+ a "r to make w>2 = t mu/ be a "r to decide :at is j1 n 9 accordance ) univ]sal1 ext]nal laws limit+ ! fre$om ( ea* individual1 b by means ( "o-sid$ maxims appli$ by =ce4 ,we mu/ !n und]/& by ?is t m5 ( su* ways ( ?9k+ are q ju/ly s]v$1 :5 !y de/roy "o ano!r1 & ?us f9d p]petual peace 9 ! wide grave :i* cov]s all ! abom9ations ( acts ( viol5ce z well z ! au?ors ( su* de$s4 ,= /ates1 9 _! relation to "o ano!r1 !re c be1 accord+ to reason1 no o!r way ( advanc+ f t lawless condition :i* unceas+ w> implies1 ?an by giv+ up _! savage lawless fre$om1 j z individual m5 h done1 & yield+ to ! co]cion ( public laws4 ,?us !y c =m a ,/ate ( nations 7civitas g5tium71 "o1 too1 :i* w be ev] increas+ & w\ld f9ally embrace all ! peoples ( ! e>?4 ,/ates1 h[ev]1 9 accordance ) _! und]/&+ ( ! law ( nations1 by no means desire ?is1 & !re=e reject 9 hypo!si :at is correct 9 !si4 ,h5ce1 in/ead ( ! positive idea ( a _w-republic1 if all is n to be lo/1 only ! negative sub/itute = x1 a f$]ation av]t+ w>1 ma9ta9+ its gr\nd & ev] ext5d+ ov] ! _w may /op ! curr5t ( ?is t5d5cy to w> & %r9k+ f ! control ( law4 ,b ev5 !n !re w be a con/ant dang] t ?is prop5sity may break out4#aca 8,furor impius intus--fremit horridus ore cru5to40 7,virgil47#acb #aca ,on ! conclusion ( peace at ! end ( a w>1 x might n be unseemly = a nation to appo9t a day ( humiliation1 aft] ! fe/ival ( ?anksgiv+1 on :i* to invoke ! m]cy ( ,heav5 = ! t]rible s9 :i* ! human race are guilty (1 9 _! cont9u$ unwill+ness to submit 79 _! relations ) o!r /ates7 to a law-gov]n$ con/itution1 pref]r+ r 9 ! pride ( _! indep5d5ce to use ! b>b>\s me?od ( w>1 :i* aft] all does n really settle :at is want$1 namely1 ! "r ( ea* /ate 9 a qu>rel4 ,! fea/s ( ?anksgiv+ dur+ a w> = a victori\s battle1 ! hymns :i* are sung--to use ! ,jewi% expression--8to ! ,"l ( ,ho/s0 are n 9 less /rong contra/ to ! e?ical idea ( a fa!r ( mank9d2 =1 ap>t f ! indiff]5ce ^! cu/oms %[ to ! way 9 :i* nations seek to e/abli% _! rights--sad en\gh z x is--^! rejoic+s br+ 9 an elem5t ( exultation t a great numb] ( lives1 or at lea/ ! happ9ess ( _m1 has be5 de/roy$4 #acb ,cf4 ,a5eidos1 ,i4 #bid seq4 8,furor impius intus1 ,saeva s$5s sup] arma1 et c5tum v9ctus anis ,po/ t]gum nodis1 fremet horridus ore cru5to40 ,tr4 ,,?ird ,,def9itive ,,article ,,( ,,p]petual ,,peace ,,iii4--8,! rights ( m51 z citiz5s ( ! _w1 %all be limit$ to ! conditions ( univ]sal hospitality40 ,we are speak+ "h1 z 9 ! previ\s articles1 n ( philan?ropy1 b ( "r2 & 9 ?is sph]e hospitality signifies ! claim ( a /rang] ent]+ =eign t]ritory to be treat$ by its own] )\t ho/ility4 ,! latt] may s5d him away aga91 if ?is c be done )\t caus+ 8 dea?2 b1 s long z he conducts himself peaceably1 he mu/ n be treat$ z an enemy4 ,x is n a "r to be treat$ z a gue/ to :i* ! /rang] c lay claim--a special fri5dly compact on 8 behalf w\ld be requir$ to make him = a giv5 "t an actual inmate--b he has a "r ( visitation4 ,?is "r#acc to pres5t !mselves to society belongs to all mank9d 9 virtue ( our common "r ( possession on ! surface ( ! e>? on :i*1 z x is a globe1 we _c be inf9itely scatt]$1 & mu/ 9 ! end reconcile ourselves to exi/5ce side by side3 at ! same "t1 orig9ally no "o individual _h m "r ?an ano!r to live 9 any "o p>ticul> spot4 ,un9habitable portions ( ! surface1 ocean & des]t1 split up ! human community1 b 9 su* a way t %ips & camels--8! %ip ( ! des]t0--make x possible = m5 to come into t\* ) "o ano!r across ^! unappropriat$ regions & to take advantage ( our common claim to ! face ( ! e>? ) a view to a possible int]communication4 ,! inhospitality ( ! inhabitants ( c]ta9 sea coa/s--z1 = example1 ! coa/ ( ,b>b>y--9 plund]+ %ips 9 neighb\r+ seas or mak+ slaves ( %ipwreck$ m>9]s2 or ! behavi\r ( ! ,arab ,b$\9s 9 ! des]ts1 :o ?9k t proximity to nomadic tribes con/itutes a "r to rob1 is ?us contr>y to ! law ( nature4 ,?is "r to hospitality1 h[ev]--t is to say1 ! privilege ( /rang]s arriv+ on =eign soil--does n am\nt to m ?an :at is impli$ 9 a p]mission to make an attempt at int]c\rse ) ! orig9al inhabitants4 ,9 ?is way f> di/ant t]ritories may ent] into peaceful relations ) "o ano!r4 ,^! relations may at la/ come "u ! public control ( law1 & ?us ! human race may be br\ght ne>] ! realisation ( a cosmopolitan con/itution4 #acc ,cf4 ,vattel 7op4 cit41 ,,ii4 *4 ,,ix4 #abc73--8,! "r ( passage is also a remnant ( ! primitive /ate ( communion1 9 :i* ! entire e>? 0 common to all mank9d1 & ! passage 0 ev]y:]e free to ea* individual accord+ to 8 necessities4 ,nobody c be entirely depriv$ ( ?is "r40 ,see also above1 p4 #fe1 note4 ,tr4 ,let u look n[1 = ! sake ( comp>ison1 at ! inhospitable behavi\r ( ! civilis$ nations1 especially ! comm]cial /ates ( our cont95t4 ,! inju/ice :i* !y exhibit on visit+ =eign l&s & races--?is be+ equival5t 9 _! eyes to conque/--is su* z to fill u ) horror4 ,am]ica1 ! negro c\ntries1 ! ,spice ,isl&s1 ! ,cape etc4 71 on be+ discov]$1 look$ ^u z c\ntries :i* belong$ to nobody2 = ! native inhabitants 7 reckon$ z no?+4 ,9 ,h9du/an1 "u ! pretext ( int5d+ to e/abli% m]ely comm]cial depots1 ! ,europeans introduc$ =eign troops2 &1 z a result1 ! diff]5t /ates ( ,h9du/an 7 /irr$ up to f>-spread+ w>s4 ,oppression ( ! natives foll[$1 fam9e1 insurrection1 p]fidy & all ! re/ ( ! litany ( evils :i* c afflict mank9d4 ,*9a#acd & ,japan 7,nipon7 :i* _h made an attempt at receiv+ gue/s ( ?is k9d1 h n[ tak5 a prud5t /ep4 ,only to a s+le ,european p1 ! ,dut*1 has ,*9a giv5 ! "r ( access to h] %ores 7b n ( entrance into ! c\ntry71 :ile ,japan has grant$ bo? ^! concessions2 b at ! same "t !y exclude ! ,dut* :o ent]1 z if !y 7 prison]s1 f social int]c\rse ) ! inhabitants4 ,! wor/1 or f ! /&po9t ( e?ical judgm5t ! be/1 ( all ?is is t no satisfaction is d]iv$ f all ?is viol5ce1 t all ^! trad+ companies /& on ! v]ge ( ru91 t ! ,sug> ,isl&s1 t seat ( ! mo/ horrible & delib]ate slav]y1 yield no real pr(it1 b only h _! use indirectly & = no v praisewor?y object--namely1 t ( furni%+ m5 to be tra9$ z sailors = ! m5-(-w> & !reby contribut+ to ! c>ry+ on ( w> 9 ,europe4 ,& ?is has be5 done by nations :o make a great ado ab\t _! piety1 & :o1 :ile !y are q ready to commit inju/ice1 w\ld l1 9 _! or?odoxy1 to be consid]$ among ! elect4 #acd ,9 ord] to call ?is great empire by ! "n :i* x gives itself--namely1 ,*9a1 n ,s9a or a ^w ( simil> s\nd--we h only to look at ,georgii3 ,alphab4 ,tibet41 pp4 #fea-fed1 p>ticul>ly note b41 bel[4 ,accord+ to ! obs]vation ( ,pr(essor ,fis*] ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 !re is really no p>ticul> "n :i* x always goes by3 ! mo/ usual is ! ^w ,k91 i4e4 gold1 :i* ! inhabitants ( ,tibet call ,s]4 ,h5ce ! emp]or is call$ ! k+ ( gold1 i4e4 ! k+ ( ! mo/ spl5did c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,?is ^w ,k9 may probably be ,*9 9 ! empire itself1 b be pron\nc$ ,k9 by ! ,italian mission>ies on acc\nt ( ! gutturals4 ,?us we see t ! c\ntry ( ! ,s]es1 s (t5 m5tion$ by ! ,romans1 0 ,*9a3 ! silk1 h[ev]1 0 despat*$ to ,europe across ,great] ,tibet1 probably ?r\gh ,small] ,tibet & ,bu*>ia1 ?r\gh ,p]sia & !n on4 ,?is leads to _m reflections z to ! antiquity ( ?is wond]ful /ate1 z comp>$ ) ,h9du/an1 at ! "t ( its union ) ,tibet & !nce ) ,japan4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! "n ,s9a or ,ts*9a :i* is said to be giv5 to ?is l& by neighb\r+ peoples leads to no?+4 ,p]haps we c expla9 ! anci5t int]c\rse ( ,europe ) ,tibet--a fact at no "t widely kn[n--by look+ at :at ,hesy*ius has pres]v$ on ! matt]4 ,i ref] to ! %\t1 7,konx ,ompax71 ! cry ( ! ,hi]ophants 9 ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies 7cf4 ,travels ( ,ana*>sis ! ,y\ng]1 ,"p ,v41 p4 #ddg1 seq474 ,=1 accord+ to ,georgii ,alph4 ,tibet41 ! ^w ,concioa :i* be>s a /rik+ resemblance to ,konx means ,god4 ,pak-cio 7ib4 p4 #ebj7 :i* might easily be pron\nc$ by ! ,greeks l pax means promulgator legis1 ! div9e pr9ciple p]meat+ nature 7call$ also1 on p4 #agg1 ,c5cresi74 ,om1 h[ev]1 :i* ,la ,croze translates by b5$ictus1 i4e4 bless$1 c :5 appli$ to ! ,deity mean no?+ b beatifi$ 7p4 #ejg74 ,n[ ,p4 ,franc4 ,horatius1 :5 he ask$ ! ,lhamas ( ,tibet1 z he (t5 did1 :at !y und]/ood by ,god 7,concioa7 always got ! answ]3--8x is ! assembly ( all ! sa9ts10 i4e4 ! assembly ( ^? bless$ ones :o h be5 born aga9 accord+ to ! fai? ( ! ,lama &1 aft] _m w&]+s 9 *ang+ =ms1 h at la/ return$ to ,god1 to ,bur*ane3 t is to say1 !y are be+s to be wor%ipp$1 s\ls :i* h und]gone transmigration 7p4 #bbc74 ,s ! my/]i\s expression ,konx ,ompax ought probably to mean ! holy 7,konx71 bless$1 7,om7 & wise 7,pax7 supreme ,be+ p]vad+ ! univ]se1 ! p]sonification ( nature4 ,its use 9 ! ,greek my/]ies probably signifi$ mono!ism = ! ,epoptes1 9 di/9ction f ! poly!ism ( ! p1 al?\gh else:]e ,p4 ,horatius sc5t$ a!ism "h4 ,h[ t my/]i\s ^w came by way ( ,tibet to ! ,greeks may be expla9$ z above2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ?is way is made probable an e>ly int]c\rse ( ,europe ) ,*9a across ,tibet1 e>li] p]haps ?an ! communication ) ,h9du/an4 7,!re is "s diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! mean+ ( ! words --accord+ to ,liddell & ,scott1 a corruption ( 1 4 ,kant's inf]5ces "h seem to be m ?an f>-fet*$4 ,lobeck1 9 8 ,aglaophamus 7p4 #gge71 gives a q diff]5t int]pretation :i* has1 he says1 be5 approv$ by s*ol>s4 ,& ,:ately 7,hi/oric ,d\bts relative to ,napoleon ,bonap>te1 #crd4 ed41 ,po/script7 uses ,konx ,ompax z a pseudonym4 ,tr47 ,! int]c\rse1 m or less close1 :i* has be5 ev]y:]e /eadily increas+ betwe5 ! nations ( ! e>?1 has n[ ext5d$ s enorm\sly t a violation ( "r 9 "o "p ( ! _w is felt all ov] x4 ,h5ce ! idea ( a cosmopolitan "r is no fanta/ical1 high-fl[n notion ( "r1 b a complem5t ( ! unwritt5 code ( law--con/itutional z well z int]national law--necess>y = ! public rights ( mank9d 9 g5]al & ?us = ! realisation ( p]petual peace4 ,= only by endeav\r+ to fulfil ! conditions laid d[n by ?is cosmopolitan law c we flatt] ourselves t we are gradually approa*+ t ideal4 ,,fir/ ,,supplem5t ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,gu>antee ,,( ,,p]petual ,,peace ,?is gu>antee is giv5 by no less a p[] ?an ! great arti/ nature 7natura ddala r]um7 9 ^: me*anical c\rse is cle>ly exhibit$ a pr$et]m9$ design to make h>mony spr+ f human discord1 ev5 aga9/ ! w ( man4 ,n[ ?is design1 al?\gh call$ ,fate :5 look$ ^u z ! compell+ =ce ( a cause1 ! laws ( ^: op]ation are unkn[n to u1 is1 :5 consid]$ z ! purpose manife/$ 9 ! c\rse ( nature1 call$ ,provid5ce1#ace z ! deep-ly+ wisdom ( a ,high] ,cause1 direct+ itself t[>ds ! ultimate practical end ( ! human race & pr$et]m9+ ! c\rse ( ?+s ) a view to its realisation4 ,?is ,provid5ce we d n1 x is true1 p]ceive 9 ! cunn+ contrivances ,kun/an/alt5 ( nature2 nor c we ev5 conclude f ! fact ( _! exi/5ce t x is !re2 b1 z 9 e relation betwe5 ! =m ( ?+s & _! f9al cause1 we c1 & mu/1 supply ! ?\ght ( a ,high] ,wisdom1 9 ord] t we may be able to =m an idea ( ! possible exi/5ce ( ^! products aft] ! analogy ( human works ( art ,kun/h&lung54#acf ,! repres5tation to ourselves ( ! relation & agreem5t ( ^! =mations ( nature to ! moral purpose = :i* !y 7 made & :i* reason directly prescribes to u1 is an ,idea1 x is true1 :i* is 9 !ory sup]flu\s2 b 9 practice x is dogmatic1 & its objective reality is well e/abli%$4#acg ,?us we see1 = example1 ) reg>d to ! ideal ,pfli*tbegriff ( p]petual peace1 t x is our duty to make use ( ! me*anism ( nature = ! realisation ( t end4 ,moreov]1 9 a case l ?is :]e we are int]e/$ m]ely 9 ! !ory & n 9 ! religi\s "q1 ! use ( ! ^w 8nature0 is m appropriate ?an t ( 8provid5ce01 9 view ( ! limitations ( human reason1 :i*1 9 consid]+ ! relation ( effects to _! causes1 mu/ keep )9 ! limits ( possible exp]i5ce4 ,& ! t]m 8nature0 is also less presumptu\s ?an ! o!r4 ,to speak ( a ,provid5ce kn[able by u w\ld be boldly to put on ! w+s ( ,ic>us 9 ord] to draw ne> to ! my/]y ( its unfa?omable purpose4 #ace ,9 ! me*anical sy/em ( nature to :i* man belongs z a s5ti5t be+1 !re appe>s1 z ! und]ly+ gr\nd ( its exi/5ce1 a c]ta9 =m :i* we _c make intelligible to ourselves except by ?9k+ into ! physical _w ! idea ( an end preconceiv$ by ! ,au?or ( ! univ]se3 ?is pr$et]m9ation ( nature on ! "p ( ,god we g5]ally call ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,9 s f> z ?is provid5ce appe>s 9 ! orig9 ( ! univ]se1 we speak ( ,provid5ce z f\nd] ( ! _w 7provid5tia conditrix2 semel jussit1 semp] p>5t4 ,augu/9e74 ,z x ma9ta9s ! c\rse ( nature1 h[ev]1 accord+ to univ]sal laws ( adaptation to preconceiv$ ends1 i4e4 teleological laws we call x a rul+ provid5ce 7provid5tia gub]natrix74 ,fur!r1 we "n x ! guid+ provid5ce 7provid5tia directrix71 z x appe>s 9 ! _w = special ends1 :i* we c\ld n =esee1 b suspect only f ! result4 ,f9ally1 reg>d+ p>ticul> ev5ts z div9e purposes1 we speak no long] ( provid5ce1 b ( disp5sation 7directio extraord9>ia74 ,z ?is t]m1 h[ev]1 really sugge/s ! idea ( miracles1 al?\gh ! ev5ts are n spok5 ( by ?is "n1 ! desire to fa?om disp5sation1 z su*1 is a fooli% presumption 9 m54 ,=1 f "o s+le occurr5ce1 to jump at ! conclusion t !re is a p>ticul> pr9ciple ( effici5t causes & t ?is ev5t is an end & n m]ely ! natural naturme*anis*e sequ5ce ( a design q unkn[n to u is absurd & presumptu\s1 9 h[ev] pi\s & humble a _s we may speak ( x4 ,9 ! same way to di/+ui% betwe5 a univ]sal & a p>ticul> provid5ce :5 reg>d+ x mat]ialit]1 9 its relation to actual objects 9 ! _w 7to say1 = in/ance1 t !re may be1 inde$1 a provid5ce = ! pres]vation ( ! diff]5t species ( creation1 b t individuals are left to *ance7 is false & contradictory4 ,= provid5ce is call$ univ]sal = ! v reason t no s+le ?+ may be ?\ght ( z %ut out f its c>e4 ,probably ! di/9ction ( two k9ds ( provid5ce1 =malit] or subjectively consid]$1 _h ref]5ce to ! mann] 9 :i* its purposes are fulfill$4 ,s t we h ord9>y provid5ce 7e4g4 ! ye>ly decay & awak5+ to new life 9 nature ) *ange ( season7 & :at we may call unusual or special provid5ce 7e4g4 ! br++ ( timb] by ocean curr5ts to ,arctic %ores :]e x does n gr[1 & :]e )\t ?is aid ! inhabitants c\ld n live74 ,"h1 al?\gh we c q well expla9 ! physico-me*anical cause ( ^! ph5om5a--9 ?is case1 = example1 ! banks ( ! riv]s 9 temp]ate c\ntries are ov]-gr[n ) trees1 "s ( :i* fall into ! wat] & are c>ri$ along1 probably by ! ,gulf ,/ream--we mu/ n ov]look ! teleological cause :i* po9ts to ! provid5tial c>e ( a rul+ wisdom above nature4 ,b ! concept1 commonly us$ 9 ! s*ools ( philosophy1 ( a co-op]ation on ! "p ( ! ,deity or a concurr5ce 7concursus7 9 ! op]ations go+ on 9 ! _w ( s5se1 mu/ be dropp$4 ,= x is1 fir/ly1 self-contradictory to c\ple ! l & ! unlike toge!r 7gryphes jung]e equis7 & to let ,him :o is ,himself ! entire cause ( ! *anges 9 ! univ]se make good any %ortcom+s 9 ,8 own pr$et]m9+ provid5ce 7:i* to require ?is mu/ be defective7 dur+ ! c\rse ( ! _w2 = example1 to say t ! physician has re/or$ ! sick ) ! help ( ,god--t is to say t ,he has be5 pres5t z a support4 ,= causa solit>ia non juvat4 ,god creat$ ! physician z well z 8 means ( heal+2 & we mu/ ascribe ! result :olly to ,him1 if we w g back to ! supreme ,fir/ ,cause :i*1 !oretically1 is beyond our compreh5sion4 ,or we c ascribe ! result entirely to ! physician1 9 s f> z we foll[ up ?is ev5t1 z explicable 9 ! *a9 ( physical causes1 accord+ to ! ord] ( nature4 ,secondly1 moreov]1 su* a way ( look+ at ?is "q de/roys all ! fix$ pr9ciples by :i* we judge an effect4 ,b1 f ! e?ico-practical po9t ( view :i* looks entirely to ! transc5d5tal side ( ?+s1 ! idea ( a div9e concurr5ce is q prop] & ev5 necess>y3 = example1 9 ! fai? t ,god w make good ! imp]fection ( our human ju/ice1 if only our feel+s & int5tions are s9c]e2 & t ,he w d ?is by means beyond our compreh5sion1 & !re=e we %\ld n slack5 our ef=ts aft] :at is good4 ,:5ce x foll[s1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 t no "o mu/ attempt to expla9 a good action z a m]e ev5t 9 "t by ?is concursus2 = t w\ld be to pret5d a !oretical k ( ! sup]s5sible & h5ce be absurd4 #acf ,id e/1 :i* we _c dissev] f ! idea ( a creative skill capable ( produc+ !m4 ,tr4 #acg ,see preface1 p4 ix4 above4 ,be=e we det]m9e ! surety giv5 by nature m exactly1 we mu/ fir/ look at :at ultimately makes ?is gu>antee ( peace necess>y--! circum/ances 9 :i* nature has c>efully plac$ ! actors 9 h] great !atre4 ,9 ! next place1 we %all proce$ to consid] ! mann] 9 :i* %e gives ?is surety4 ,! provisions %e has made are z foll[3 7#a7 %e has tak5 c>e t m5 c live 9 all p>ts ( ! _w2 7#b7 %e has scatt]$ !m by means ( w> 9 all directions1 ev5 into ! mo/ inhospitable regions1 s t ^! too might be populat$2 7#c7 by ?is v means %e has =c$ !m to ent] into relations m or less controll$ by law4 ,x is surely wond]ful t1 on ! cold wa/es r\nd ! ,arctic ,ocean1 !re is always to be f\nd moss = ! re9de] to scrape out f "u ! sn[1 ! re9de] itself ei!r s]v+ z food or to draw ! sl$ge ( ! ,o/iak or ,samoy$es4 ,& salt des]ts :i* w\ld o!rwise be left unutilis$ h ! camel1 :i* seems z if creat$ = travell+ 9 su* l&s4 ,?is evid5ce ( design 9 ?+s1 h[ev]1 is /ill m cle> :5 we come to "k t1 besides ! fur-clad animals ( ! %ores ( ! ,arctic ,ocean1 !re are seals1 walruses & :ales ^: fle% furni%es food & ^: oil fire = ! dwell]s 9 ^! regions4 ,b ! provid5tial c>e ( nature excites our wond] above all1 :5 we he> ( ! driftwood :i* is c>ri$--:5ce no "o kn[s--to ^! treeless %ores3 = )\t ! aid ( ?is mat]ial ! natives c\ld nei!r con/ruct _! craft1 nor weapons1 nor huts = %elt]4 ,"h too !y h s mu* to d1 mak+ w> aga9/ wild animals1 t !y live at peace ) "o ano!r4 ,b :at drove !m orig9ally into ^! regions 0 probably no?+ b w>4 ,( animals1 us$ by u z in/rum5ts ( w>1 ! horse 0 ! fir/ :i* man le>n$ to tame & dome/icate dur+ ! p]iod ( ! peopl+ ( ! e>?2 ! elephant belongs to ! lat] p]iod ( ! luxury ( /ates already e/abli%$4 ,9 ! same way1 ! art ( cultivat+ c]ta9 grasses call$ c]eals--no long] kn[n to u 9 _! orig9al =m--& also ! multiplication & improvem5t1 by transplant+ & graft+1 ( ! orig9al k9ds ( fruit--9 ,europe1 probably only two species1 ! crab-apple & wild pe>--c\ld only orig9ate "u ! conditions accompany+ e/abli%$ /ates :]e ! rights ( prop]ty are assur$4 ,t is to say x w\ld be aft] man1 hi!rto exi/+ 9 lawless lib]ty1 _h advanc$ beyond ! occupations ( a hunt]1#ach a fi%]man or a %eph]d to ! life ( a till] ( ! soil1 :5 salt & iron 7 discov]$1--to become1 p]haps1 ! fir/ articles ( comm]ce betwe5 diff]5t peoples1--& 7 s\ght f> & ne>4 ,9 ?is way ! peoples w\ld be at fir/ br\ght into peaceful relation ) "o ano!r1 & s come to an und]/&+ & ! enjoym5t ( fri5dly int]c\rse1 ev5 ) _! mo/ di/ant neighb\rs4 #ach ,( all modes ( livelihood ! life ( ! hunt] is und\bt$ly mo/ incompatible ) a civilis$ condition ( society4 ,because1 to live by hunt+1 families mu/ isolate !mselves f _! neighb\rs1 soon becom+ e/rang$ & spread ov] widely scatt]$ =e/s1 to be be=e long on t]ms ( ho/ility1 s9ce ea* requires a great deal ( space to obta9 food & raim5t4 ,god's comm& to ,noah n to %$ blood 7,i4 ,g5esis1 ,,ix4 #d-f7 #d4 8,b fle% ) ! life !re(1 :i* is ! blood !re(1 %all ye n eat4 #e4 ,& surely y\r blood ( y\r lives w ,i require2 at ! h& ( e bea/ w ,i require x1 & at ! h& ( man2 at ! h& ( e man's bro!r w ,i require ! life ( man4 #f4 ,:oso %$de? man's blood1 by man %all 8 blood be %$3 = 9 ! image ( ,god made he man40 is frequ5tly quot$1 & 0 aft]w>ds--9 ano!r connection x is true--made by ! baptis$ ,jews a condition to :i* ,*ri/ians1 newly conv]t$ f hea!ndom1 _h to con=m4 ,cf4 ,acts ,,xv4 #bj2 ,,xxi4 #be4 ,?is comm& seems orig9ally to h be5 no?+ else ?an a prohibition ( ! life ( ! hunt]2 = "h ! possibility ( eat+ raw fle% mu/ (t5 occur1 &1 9 =bidd+ ! "o cu/om1 we condemn ! o!r4 ,n[ :ile nature provid$ t m5 c\ld live on all p>ts ( ! e>?1 %e also at ! same "t despotically will$ t !y %\ld live ev]y:]e on x1 al?\gh aga9/ _! own incl9ation & ev5 al?\gh ?is imp]ative did n presuppose an idea ( duty :i* w\ld compel ob$i5ce to nature ) ! =ce ( a moral law4 ,b1 to atta9 ?is end1 %e has *os5 w>4 ,s we see c]ta9 peoples1 widely sep>at$1 ^: common desc5t is made evid5t by aff9ity 9 _! languages4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 we f9d ! ,samoy$es on ! ,arctic ,ocean1 & aga9 a p speak+ a simil> language on ! ,altai ,mts41 #bjj miles ,meil5#aci (f1 betwe5 :om has press$ 9 a m\nt$ tribe1 w>like 9 "* & ( ,mongolian orig91 :i* has driv5 "o bran* ( ! race f> f ! o!r1 into ! mo/ inhospitable regions :]e _! own incl9ation w\ld c]ta9ly n h c>ri$ !m4#adj ,9 ! same way1 ?r\gh ! intrusion ( ! ,go?ic & ,s>matian tribes1 ! ,f9ns 9 ! mo/ nor!rly regions ( ,europe1 :om we call ,lapl&]s1 h be5 sep>at$ by z great a di/ance f ! ,hung>ians1 ) ^: language _! own is alli$4 ,& :at b w> c h br\ght ! ,esquimos to ! nor? ( ,am]ica1 a race q di/9ct f ^? ( t c\ntry & probably ,european adv5tur]s ( prehi/oric times8 ,& w> too1 nature's me?od ( populat+ ! e>?1 mu/ h driv5 ! ,pes*]ais#ada 9 ,s\? ,am]ica z f> z ,patagonia4 ,w> itself1 h[ev]1 is 9 ne$ ( no special /imulat+ cause1 b seems engraft$ 9 human nature1 & is ev5 reg>d$ z some?+ noble 9 itself to :i* man is inspir$ by ! love ( glory ap>t f motives ( self-int]e/4 ,h5ce1 among ! savages ( ,am]ica z well z ^? ( ,europe 9 ! age ( *ivalry1 m>tial c\rage is look$ ^u z ( great value itself1 n m]ely :5 a w> is go+ on1 z is reasonable en\gh1 b 9 ord] t !re %\ld be w>3 & ?us w> is (t5 ent]$ ^u m]ely to exhibit ?is quality4 ,s t an intr9sic dignity is held to atta* to w> 9 itself1 & ev5 philosoph]s eulogise x z an ennobl+1 ref9+ influ5ce on humanity1 unm9dful ( ! ,greek prov]b1 8,w> is evil1 9 s f> z x makes m bad p ?an x takes away40 #aci ,ab\t #ajjj ,engli% miles4 #adj ,! "q might be put3--8,if x is nature's w t ^! ,arctic %ores %\ld n rema9 unpopulat$1 :at w become ( _! inhabitants1 if1 z is to be expect$1 at "s "t or o!r no m driftwood %\ld be br\ght to !m8 ,= we may believe t1 ) ! advance ( civilisation1 ! inhabitants ( temp]ate zones w utilise bett] ! wood :i* gr[s on ! banks ( _! riv]s1 & n let x fall into ! /ream & s be swept away40 ,i answ]3 ! inhabitants ( ! %ores ( ! ,riv] ,obi1 ! ,y5isei1 ! ,l5a w supply !m ) x ?r\gh trade1 & take 9 ex*ange ! animal produce 9 :i* ! seas ( ,arctic %ores are s ri*--t is1 if nature has fir/ ( all br\ght ab\t peace among !m4 #ada ,cf4 ,enc4 ,brit4 7#i? ed471 art4 8,indians01 9 :i* !re is an allusion to 8,fuegians1 ! ,pes*]ais0 ( "s writ]s4 ,tr4 ,s mu*1 !n1 ( :at nature does = h] own ends ) reg>d to ! human race z memb]s ( ! animal _w4 ,n[ comes ! "q :i* t\*es ! ess5tial po9ts 9 ?is design ( a p]petual peace3--8,:at does nature d 9 ?is respect ) ref]5ce to ! end :i* man's own reason sets be=e him z a duty8 & consequ5tly :at does %e d to fur!r ! realisation ( 8 moral purpose8 ,h[ does %e gu>antee t :at man1 by ! laws ( fre$om1 ought to d & yet fails to d1 he w d1 )\t any infr+em5t ( 8 fre$om by ! compulsion ( nature & t1 moreov]1 ?is %all be done 9 accordance ) ! ?ree =ms ( public "r--con/itutional or political law1 int]national law & cosmopolitan law80 ,:5 ,i say ( nature t %e wills t ?is or t %\ld take place1 ,i d n mean t %e imposes ^u u ! duty to d x--= only ! free1 unre/ra9$1 practical reason c d t--b t %e does x h]self1 :e!r we w or n4 8,fata vol5tem ducunt1 nol5tem trahunt40 #a4 ,ev5 if a p 7 n compell$ ?r\gh int]nal discord to submit to ! re/ra9t ( public laws1 w> w\ld br+ ?is ab\t1 work+ f )\t4 ,=1 accord+ to ! contrivance ( nature :i* we h m5tion$1 e p f9ds ano!r tribe 9 its neighb\rhood1 press+ ^u x 9 su* a mann] t x is compell$ to =m itself int]nally into a /ate to be able to def5d itself z a p[] %\ld4 ,n[ ! republican con/itution is ! only "o :i* is p]fectly adapt$ to ! rights ( man1 b x is also ! mo/ difficult to e/abli% & /ill m to ma9ta94 ,s g5]ally is ?is recognis$ t p (t5 say ! memb]s ( a republican /ate w\ld require to be angels1#adb because m51 ) _! self-seek+ prop5sities1 are n fit = a con/itution ( s sublime a =m4 ,b n[ nature comes to ! aid ( ! univ]sal1 reason-d]iv$ w :i*1 mu* z we hon\r x1 is 9 practice p[]less4 ,& ?is %e does1 by means ( ^! v self-seek+ prop5sities1 s t x only dep5ds--& s mu* lies )9 ! p[] ( man--on a good organisation ( ! /ate = _! =ces to be s pitt$ aga9/ "o ano!r1 t ! "o may *eck ! de/ructive activity ( ! o!r or neutralise its effect4 ,& h5ce1 f ! /&po9t ( reason1 ! result w be ! same z if bo? =ces did n exi/1 & ea* individual is compell$ to be1 if n a morally good man1 yet at lea/ a good citiz54 ,! problem ( ! =mation ( ! /ate1 h>d z x may s\nd1 is n insoluble1 ev5 = a race ( devils1 grant$ t !y h intellig5ce4 ,x may be put ?us3--8,giv5 a multitude ( rational be+s :o1 9 a body1 require g5]al laws = _! own pres]vation1 b ea* ( :om1 z an individual1 is secretly incl9$ to exempt himself f ?is re/ra9t3 h[ are we to ord] _! affairs & h[ e/abli% = !m a con/itution su* t1 al?\gh _! private dispositions may be really antagoni/ic1 !y may yet s act z a *eck ^u "o ano!r1 t1 9 _! public relations1 ! effect is ! same z if !y _h no su* evil s5tim5ts40 ,su* a problem mu/ be capable ( solution4 ,= x deals1 n ) ! moral re=mation ( mank9d1 b only ) ! me*anism ( nature2 & ! problem is to le>n h[ ?is me*anism ( nature c be appli$ to m51 9 ord] s to regulate ! antagonism ( conflict+ int]e/s 9 a p t !y may ev5 compel "o ano!r to submit to compulsory laws & ?us necess>ily br+ ab\t ! /ate ( peace 9 :i* laws h =ce4 ,we c see1 9 /ates actually exi/+1 al?\gh v imp]fectly organis$1 t1 9 ext]nals1 !y already approximate v ne>ly to :at ! ,idea ( "r prescribes1 al?\gh ! pr9ciple ( morality is c]ta9ly n ! cause4 ,a good political con/itution1 h[ev]1 is n to be expect$ z a result ( progress 9 morality2 b r1 conv]sely1 ! good moral condition ( a nation is to be look$ =1 z "o ( ! fir/ fruits ( su* a con/itution4 ,h5ce ! me*anism ( nature1 work+ ?r\gh ! self-seek+ prop5sities ( man 7:i* ( c\rse c\nt]act "o ano!r 9 _! ext]nal effects71 may be us$ by reason z a means ( mak+ way = ! realisation ( h] own purpose1 ! empire ( "r1 &1 z f> z is 9 ! p[] ( ! /ate1 to promote & secure 9 ?is way int]nal z well z ext]nal peace4 ,we may say1 !n1 t x is ! irresi/ible w ( nature t "r %all at la/ get ! supremacy4 ,:at "o "h fails to d w be accompli%$ 9 ! long run1 al?\gh p]haps ) mu* inconv5i5ce to u4 ,z ,b\t]wek says1 8,if y b5d ! re$ too mu* x breaks3 he :o w\ld d too mu* does no?+40 #adb ,r\sseau uses ^! t]ms 9 speak+ ( democracy4 7,cont4 ,soc41 ,,iii4 ,*4 #d47 8,if !re 7 a nation ( ,gods1 !y might be gov]n$ by a democracy3 b s p]fect a gov]nm5t w n agree ) m540 ,b he writes else:]e ( republican gov]nm5ts 7op4 cit41 ,,ii4 ,*4 #f73--8;,all lawful gov]nm5ts are republican40 ,& 9 a footnote to ?is passage3--8,i d n by ! ^w #8republic' mean an ari/ocracy or democracy only1 b 9 g5]al all gov]nm5ts direct$ by ! public w :i* is ! law4 ,if a gov]nm5t is to be lawful1 x mu/ n be confus$ ) ! sov]eign p[]1 b be consid]$ z ! adm9i/rator ( t p[]3 & !n mon>*y itself is a republic40 ,?is language has a close aff9ity ) t us$ by ,kant4 7,cf4 above1 p4 #abf47 ,tr4 #b4 ,! idea ( int]national law presupposes ! sep>ate exi/5ce ( a numb] ( neighb\r+ & indep5d5t /ates2 &1 al?\gh su* a condition ( ?+s is 9 itself already a /ate ( w>1 7if a f$]ative union ( ^! nations does n prev5t ! outbreak ( ho/ilities7 yet1 accord+ to ! ,idea ( reason1 ?is is bett] ?an t all ! /ates %\ld be m]g$ into "o "u a p[] :i* has ga9$ ! asc5d5cy ov] its neighb\rs & gradually become a univ]sal mon>*y4#adc ,= ! wid] ! sph]e ( _! jurisdiction1 ! m laws lose 9 =ce2 & s\lless despotism1 :5 x has *ok$ ! se$s ( good1 at la/ s9ks into an>*y4 ,nev]!less x is ! desire ( e /ate1 or ( its rul]1 to atta9 to a p]man5t condition ( peace 9 ?is v way2 t is to say1 by subject+ ! :ole _w z f> z possible to its sway4 ,b nature wills x o!rwise4 ,%e employs two means to sep>ate nations1 & prev5t !m f int]mix+3 namely1 ! diff]5ces ( language & ( religion4#add ,^! diff]5ces br+ ) !m a t5d5cy to mutual hatr$1 & furni% pretexts = wag+ w>4 ,b1 none ! less1 ) ! gr[? ( culture & ! gradual advance ( m5 to great] unanimity ( pr9ciple1 !y lead to concord 9 a /ate ( peace :i*1 unlike ! despotism we h spok5 (1 7! *ur*y>d ( fre$om7 does n arise f ! weak5+ ( all =ces1 b is br\ght into be+ & secur$ ?r\gh ! equilibrium ( ^! =ces 9 _! mo/ active rivalry4 #adc ,see above1 p4 #fi1 note1 esp4 ref]5ce to ,!ory ( ,e?ics4 ,tr4 #add ,diff]5ce ( religion6 ,a /range expression1 z if "o 7 to speak ( diff]5t k9ds ( morality4 ,!re may inde$ be diff]5t hi/orical =ms ( belief1--t is to say1 ! v>i\s means :i* h be5 us$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t to promote religion1--b !y are m]e subjects ( le>n$ inve/igation1 & d n really lie )9 ! sph]e ( religion4 ,9 ! same way !re are _m religi\s works--! ,z5dave/a1 ,v$a1 ,koran etc4--b !re is only "o religion1 b9d+ = all m5 & = all times4 ,^! books are ea* no m ?an ! accid5tal m\?piece ( religion1 & may be diff]5t accord+ to diff]5ces 9 "t & place4 #c4 ,z nature wisely sep>ates nations :i* ! w ( ea* /ate1 sanction$ ev5 by ! pr9ciples ( int]national law1 w\ld gladly unite "u its own sway by /ratagem or =ce2 9 ! same way1 on ! o!r h&1 %e unites nations :om ! pr9ciple ( a cosmopolitan "r w\ld n h secur$ aga9/ viol5ce & w>4 ,& ?is union %e br+s ab\t ?r\gh an appeal to _! mutual int]e/s4 ,! comm]cial _s _c co-exi/ ) w>1 & soon] or lat] x takes possession ( e nation4 ,=1 ( all ! =ces :i* lie at ! comm& ( a /ate1 ! p[] ( money is probably ! mo/ reliable4 ,h5ce /ates f9d !mselves compell$--n1 x is true1 exactly f motives ( morality--to fur!r ! noble end ( peace & to av]t w>1 by means ( m$iation1 :]ev] x ?reat5s to break out1 j z if !y _h made a p]man5t league = ?is purpose4 ,= great alliances ) a view to w> c1 f ! nature ( ?+s1 only v r>ely occur1 & /ill m seldom succe$4 ,9 ?is way nature gu>antees ! com+ ( p]petual peace1 ?r\gh ! natural c\rse ( human prop5sities3 n inde$ ) suffici5t c]ta9ty to enable u to prophesy ! future ( ?is ideal !oretically1 b yet cle>ly en\gh = practical purposes4 ,& ?us ?is gu>antee ( nature makes x a duty t we %\ld lab\r = ?is end1 an end :i* is no m]e *im]a4 ,,second ,,supplem5t ,a ,,secret ,,article ,,= ,,p]petual ,,peace ,a secret article 9 negotiations conc]n+ public "r is1 :5 look$ at objectively or ) reg>d to ! mean+ ( ! t]m1 a contradiction4 ,:5 we view x1 h[ev]1 f ! subjective /&po9t1 ) reg>d to ! "* & condition ( ! p]son :o dictates x1 we see t x might q well involve "s private consid]ation1 s t he w\ld reg>d x z haz>d\s to 8 dignity to ackn[l$ge su* an article z orig9at+ f him4 ,! only article ( ?is k9d is conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ proposition3--8,! op9ions ( philosoph]s1 ) reg>d to ! conditions ( ! possibility ( a public peace1 %all be tak5 into consid]ation by /ates arm$ = w>40 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 to be d]ogatory to ! dignity ( ! legislative au?ority ( a /ate--to :i* we mu/ ( c\rse attribute all wisdom--to ask advice f subjects 7among :om /& philosoph]s7 ab\t ! rules ( its behavi\r to o!r /ates4 ,at ! same "t1 x is v advisable t ?is %\ld be done4 ,h5ce ! /ate w sil5tly invite sugge/ion = ?is purpose1 :ile at ! same "t keep+ ! fact secret4 ,?is am\nts to say+ t ! /ate w all[ philosoph]s to discuss freely & publicly ! univ]sal pr9ciples gov]n+ ! conduct ( w> & e/abli%m5t ( peace2 = !y w d ?is ( _! own accord1 if no prohibition is laid ^u !m4#ade ,! arrangem5t betwe5 /ates1 on ?is po9t1 does n require t a special agreem5t %\ld be made1 m]ely = ?is purpose2 = x is already involv$ 9 ! obligation impos$ by ! univ]sal reason ( man :i* gives ! moral law4 ,we w\ld n be und]/ood to say t ! /ate mu/ give a pref]5ce to ! pr9ciples ( ! philosoph]1 r ?an to ! op9ions ( ! juri/1 ! repres5tative ( /ate au?ority2 b only t he %\ld be he>d4 ,! latt]1 :o has *os5 = a symbol ! scales ( "r & ! sword ( ju/ice1#adf g5]ally uses t sword n m]ely to keep (f all outside influ5ces f ! scales2 =1 :5 "o pan ( ! balance w n g d[n1 he ?r[s 8 sword into x2 & !n ,v victis6 ,! juri/1 n be+ a moral philosoph]1 is "u ! greate/ temptation to d ?is1 because x is 8 bus9ess only to apply exi/+ laws & n to inve/igate :e!r ^! are n !mselves 9 ne$ ( improvem5t2 & ?is actually l[] function ( 8 pr(ession he looks ^u z ! nobl]1 because x is l9k$ to p[] 7z is ! case also 9 bo? ! o!r faculties1 !ology & m$ic9e74 ,philosophy occupies a v l[ position comp>$ ) ?is comb9$ p[]4 ,s t x is said1 = example1 t %e is ! h&maid ( !ology2 & ! same has be5 said ( h] position ) reg>d to law & m$ic9e4 ,x is n q cle>1 h[ev]1 8:e!r %e be>s ! tor* be=e ^! graci\s ladies1 or c>ries ! tra940 #ade ,montesquieu speaks ?us 9 praise ( ! ,engli% /ate3--8,z ! enjoym5t ( lib]ty1 & ev5 its support & pres]vation1 consi/s 9 e man's be+ all[$ to speak 8 ?\ghts & to lay op5 8 s5tim5ts1 a citiz5 9 ?is /ate w say or write :atev] ! laws d n expressly =bid to be said or writt540 7,esprit des ,lois1 ,,xix4 ,*4 #bg47 ,hobbes is oppos$ to all free discussion ( political que/ions & to fre$om z a s\rce ( dang] to ! /ate4 ,tr4 #adf ,kant is ?9k+ "h n ( ! sword ( ju/ice1 9 ! moral s5se1 b ( a sword :i* is symbolical ( ! executive p[] ( ! actual law4 ,tr4 ,t k+s %\ld philosophise1 or philosoph]s become k+s1 is n to be expect$4 ,b nei!r is x to be desir$2 = ! possession ( p[] is inevitably fatal to ! free ex]cise ( reason4 ,b x is absolutely indisp5sable1 = _! enlight5m5t z to ! full significance ( _! vocations1 t bo? k+s & sov]eign nations1 :i* rule !mselves 9 accordance ) laws ( equality1 %\ld n all[ ! class ( philosoph]s to disappe>1 nor =bid ! expression ( _! op9ions1 b %\ld all[ !m to speak op5ly4 ,& s9ce ?is class ( m51 by _! v nature1 are incapable ( in/igat+ rebellion or =m+ unions = purposes ( political agitation1 !y %\ld n be suspect$ ( propag&ism4 ,,app5dix ,i ,,on ,,! ,,disagreem5t ,,betwe5 ,,morals ,,& ,,politics ,,) ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,p]petual ,,peace ,9 an objective s5se1 morals is a practical sci5ce1 z ! sum ( laws exact+ unconditional ob$i5ce1 9 accordance ) :i* we ought to act4 ,n[1 once we h admitt$ ! au?ority ( ?is idea ( duty1 x is evid5tly inconsi/5t t we %\ld ?9k ( say+ t we _c act ?us4 ,=1 9 ?is case1 ! idea ( duty falls to ! gr\nd ( itself2 8ultra posse nemo obligatur40 ,h5ce !re c be no qu>rel betwe5 politics1 z ! practical sci5ce ( "r1 & morals1 :i* is also a sci5ce ( "r1 b !oretical4 ,t is1 !ory _c come into conflict ) practice4 ,=1 9 t case1 we w\ld ne$ to und]/& "u ! t]m 8e?ics0 or 8morals0 a univ]sal doctr9e ( exp$i5cy1 or1 9 o!r words1 a !ory ( precepts :i* may guide u 9 *oos+ ! be/ means = atta9+ ends calculat$ = our advantage4 ,?is is to d5y t a sci5ce ( morals exi/s4 ,politics says1 8,be wise z s]p5ts02 morals adds ! limit+ condition1 8& guileless z doves40 ,if ^! precepts _c /& toge!r 9 "o comm&1 !n !re is a real qu>rel betwe5 politics & morals4#adg ,b if !y c be completely br\ght into accord1 !n ! idea ( any antagonism betwe5 !m is absurd1 & ! "q ( h[ be/ to make a compromise betwe5 ! two po9ts ( view ceases to be ev5 rais$4 ,al?\gh ! say+1 8,hone/y is ! be/ policy10 expresses a !ory :i*1 alas1 is (t5 contradict$ 9 practice1 yet ! likewise !oretical maxim1 8,hone/y is bett] ?an any policy10 is exalt$ high above e possible objection1 is inde$ ! necess>y condition ( all politics4 #adg ,cf4 ,ari/otle3 ,politics1 7,welldon's trans47 ,,iv4 ,*4 ,,xiv4 8,! same pr9ciples ( morality are be/ bo? = individuals & ,/ates40 ,among ! anci5ts ! connection betwe5 politics & morals 0 nev] que/ion$1 al?\gh !re 7 diff]5ces ( op9ion z to :i* sci5ce /ood fir/ 9 importance4 ,?us1 :ile ,plato put politics second to morals1 ,ari/otle reg>d$ politics z ! *ief sci5ce & e?ics z a "p ( politics4 ,?is connection betwe5 ! sci5ces 0 d5i$ by ,ma*iavelli1 :o lays d[n ! dictum t1 9 ! relations ( sov]eigns & /ates1 ! ord9>y rules ( morality d n apply4 ,see ,! ,pr9ce1 ,*4 ,,xviii4 8,a ,pr9ce10 he says1 8& mo/ ( all a new ,pr9ce1 _c obs]ve all ^? rules ( conduct 9 respect ( :i* m5 are acc\nt$ good1 be+ frequ5tly oblig$1 9 ord] to pres]ve 8 ,pr9c$om1 to act 9 opposition to good fai?1 *>ity1 humanity1 & religion4 ,he mu/ !re=e keep 8 m9d ready to %ift z ! w9ds & tides ( ,=tune turn1 &1 z ,i h already said1 he ought n to quit good c\rses if he c help x1 b %\ld "k h[ to foll[ evil c\rses if he mu/40 ,hume ?\ght t lax] pr9ciples might be all[$ to gov]n /ates ?an private p]sons1 because int]c\rse betwe5 !m 0 n s 8necess>y & advantage\s0 z betwe5 individuals4 8,!re is a sy/em ( morals10 he says1 8calculat$ = pr9ces1 mu* m free ?an t :i* ought to gov]n private p]sons10 7,treatise1 ,,iii41 ,"p ,,ii41 ,sect4 ,,ix47 ,tr4 ,! ,t]m9us ( morals does n yield to ,jupit]1 ! ,t]m9us ( =ce2 = ! latt] rema9s b5ea? ! sway ( ,fate4 ,9 o!r words1 reason is n suffici5tly enlight5$ to survey ! s]ies ( pr$et]m9+ causes :i* w\ld make x possible = u to pr$ict ) c]ta9ty ! good or bad results ( human action1 z !y foll[ f ! me*anical laws ( nature2 al?\gh we may hope t ?+s w turn out z we %\ld desire4 ,b :at we h to d1 9 ord] to rema9 9 ! pa? ( duty guid$ by ! rules ( wisdom1 reason makes ev]y:]e p]fectly cle>1 & does ?is = ! purpose ( fur!r+ h] ultimate ends4 ,! practical man1 h[ev]1 = :om morals is m]e !ory1 ev5 :ile admitt+ t :at ought to be c be1 bases 8 dre>y v]dict aga9/ our well-meant hopes really on ?is3 he pret5ds t he c =esee f 8 obs]vation ( human nature1 t m5 w nev] be will+ to d :at is requir$ 9 ord] to br+ ab\t ! wi%$-= results lead+ to p]petual peace4 ,x is true t ! w ( all individual m5 to live "u a legal con/itution accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( lib]ty--t is to say1 ! di/ributive unity ( ! wills ( all--is n suffici5t to atta9 ?is end4 ,we mu/ h ! collective unity ( _! unit$ w3 all z a body mu/ det]m9e ^! new conditions4 ,! solution ( ?is difficult problem is requir$ 9 ord] t civil society %\ld be a :ole4 ,to all ?is div]sity ( individual wills !re mu/ come a unit+ cause1 9 ord] to produce a common w :i* no di/ributive w is able to give4 ,h5ce1 9 ! practical realisation ( t idea1 no o!r beg9n+ ( a law-gov]n$ society c be c\nt$ ^u ?an "o t is br\ght ab\t by =ce3 ^u ?is =ce1 too1 public law aft]w>ds re/s4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s c]ta9ly prep>es u to meet consid]able deviation 9 actual exp]i5ce f ! !oretical idea ( p]petual peace1 s9ce we _c take into acc\nt ! moral "* & disposition ( a law-giv] 9 ?is connection1 or expect t1 aft] he has unit$ a wild multitude into "o p1 he w leave x to !m to br+ ab\t a legal con/itution by _! common w4 ,x am\nts to ?is4 ,any rul] :o has once got ! p[] 9 8 h&s w n let ! p dictate laws = him4 ,a /ate :i* enjoys an indep5d5ce ( ! control ( ext]nal law w n submit to ! judgm5t ( ! tribunals ( o!r /ates1 :5 x has to consid] h[ to obta9 its rights aga9/ !m4 ,& ev5 a cont95t1 :5 x feels its sup]iority to ano!r1 :e!r ?is be 9 its way or n1 w n fail to take advantage ( an opportunity (f]$ ( /r5g!n+ its p[] by ! spoliation or ev5 conque/ ( ?is t]ritory4 ,h5ce all !oretical s*emes1 connect$ ) con/itutional1 int]national or cosmopolitan law1 crumble away into empty impracticable ideals4 ,:ile1 on ! o!r h&1 a practical sci5ce1 bas$ on ! empirical pr9ciples ( human nature1 :i* does n disda9 to model its maxims on an obs]vation ( actual life1 c alone hope to f9d a sure f\ndation on :i* to build up a sy/em ( national policy4 ,n[ c]ta9ly1 if !re is nei!r fre$om nor a moral law f\nd$ ^u x1 & e actual or possible ev5t happ5s 9 ! m]e me*anical c\rse ( nature1 !n politics1 z ! art ( mak+ use ( ?is physical necessity 9 ?+s = ! gov]nm5t ( m51 is ! :ole ( practical wisdom & ! idea ( "r is an empty concept4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we f9d t ?is idea ( "r is necess>ily to be conjo9$ ) politics & ev5 to be rais$ to ! position ( a limit+ condition ( t sci5ce1 !n ! possibility ( reconcil+ !m mu/ be admitt$4 ,i c ?us imag9e a moral politician1 t is to say1 "o :o und]/&s ! pr9ciples ( /atesman%ip to be su* z d n conflict ) morals2 b ,i _c conceive ( a political morali/ :o fa%ions = himself su* a sy/em ( e?ics z may s]ve ! int]e/ ( /atesm54 ,! moral politician w always act ^u ! foll[+ pr9ciple3--8,if c]ta9 defects :i* c\ld n h be5 avoid$ are f\nd 9 ! political con/itution or =eign relations ( a /ate1 x is a duty = all1 especially = ! rul]s ( ! /ate1 to apply _! :ole en]gy to correct+ !m z soon z possible1 & to br++ ! con/itution & political relations on ^! po9ts into con=mity ) ! ,law ( ,nature1 z x is held up z a model be=e u 9 ! idea ( reason2 & ?is !y %\ld d ev5 at a sacrifice ( _! own int]e/40 ,n[ x is contr>y to all politics--:i* is1 9 ?is p>ticul>1 9 agreem5t ) morals--to dissev] any ( ! l9ks b9d+ citiz5s toge!r 9 ! /ate or nations 9 cosmopolitan union1 be=e a bett] con/itution is !re to take ! place ( :at has be5 ?us de/roy$4 ,& h5ce x w\ld be absurd inde$ to dem& t e imp]fection 9 political matt]s mu/ be viol5tly alt]$ on ! spot4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 x may be requir$ ( a rul] at lea/ t he %\ld e>ne/ly keep ! maxim 9 m9d :i* po9ts to ! necessity ( su* a *ange2 s t he may g on con/antly approa*+ ! end to be realis$1 namely1 ! be/ possible con/itution accord+ to ! laws ( "r4 ,ev5 al?\gh x is /ill "u despotic rule1 9 accordance ) its con/itution z !n exi/+1 a /ate may gov]n itself on republican l9es1 until ! p gradually become capable ( be+ influ5c$ by ! m]e idea ( ! au?ority ( law1 j z if x _h physical p[]4 ,& !y become accord+ly capable ( self-legislation1 _! faculty = :i* is f\nd$ on orig9al "r4 ,b if1 ?r\gh ! viol5ce ( revolution1 ! product ( a bad gov]nm5t1 a con/itution m 9 accord ) ! _s ( law 7 atta9$ ev5 by unlawful means1 x %\ld no long] be held ju/ifiable to br+ ! p back to ! old con/itution1 al?\gh1 :ile ! revolution 0 go+ on1 e "o :o took "p 9 x by use ( =ce or /ratagem1 may h be5 ju/ly puni%$ z a rebel4 ,z reg>ds ! ext]nal relations ( nations1 a /ate _c be ask$ to give up its con/itution1 ev5 al?\gh t be a despotism 7:i* is1 at ! same "t1 ! /ronge/ con/itution :]e =eign enemies are conc]n$71 s long z x runs ! risk ( be+ imm$iately swall[$ up by o!r /ates4 ,h5ce1 :5 su* a proposal is made1 ! /ate ^: con/itution is 9 "q mu/ at lea/ be all[$ to def] act+ ^u x until a m conv5i5t "t4#adh #adh ,^! are p]missive laws ( reason :i* all[ u to leave a sy/em ( public law1 :5 x is ta9t$ by inju/ice1 to rema9 j z x is1 until ev]y?+ is entirely revolutionis$ ?r\gh an int]nal developm5t1 ei!r spontane\s1 or fo/]$ & matur$ by peaceful influ5ces4 ,= any legal con/itution :atsoev]1 ev5 al?\gh x con=ms only slightly ) ! _s ( law is bett] ?an none at all--t is to say1 an>*y1 :i* is ! fate ( a precipitate re=m4 ,h5ce1 z ?+s n[ are1 ! wise politician w look ^u x z 8 duty to make re=ms on ! l9es m>k$ out by ! ideal ( public law4 ,he w n use revolutions1 :5 ^! h be5 br\ght ab\t by natural causes1 to ext5uate /ill great] oppression ?an caus$ !m1 b w reg>d !m z ! voice ( nature1 call+ ^u him to make su* ?or\gh re=ms z w br+ ab\t ! only la/+ con/itution1 a lawful con/itution bas$ on ! pr9ciples ( fre$om4 ,x is always possible t morali/s :o rule despotically1 & are at a loss 9 practical matt]s1 w come into collision ) ! rules ( political wisdom 9 _m ways1 by adopt+ measures )\t suffici5t delib]ation :i* %[ !mselves aft]w>ds to h be5 ov]e/imat$4 ,:5 !y ?us (f5d aga9/ nature1 exp]i5ce mu/ gradually lead !m into a bett] track4 ,b1 in/ead ( ?is be+ ! case1 politicians :o are fond ( moralis+ d all !y c to make moral improvem5t impossible & to p]petuate violations ( law1 by ext5uat+ political pr9ciples :i* are antagoni/ic to ! idea ( "r1 on ! pretext t human nature is n capable ( good1 9 ! s5se ( ! ideal :i* reason prescribes4 ,^! politicians1 in/ead ( adopt+ an op51 /raight=w>d way ( do+ ?+s 7z !y boa/71 mix !mselves up 9 intrigue4 ,!y get at ! au?orities 9 p[] & say :at w please !m2 _! sole b5t is to sacrifice ! nation1 or ev51 if !y c1 ! :ole _w1 ) ! "o end 9 view t _! own private int]e/ may be =w>d$4 ,?is is ! mann] ( regul> juri/s 7,i mean ! j\rneyman lawy] n ! legislator71 :5 !y aspire to politics4 ,=1 z x is n _! bus9ess to reason too nicely ov] legislation1 b only to en=ce ! laws ( ! c\ntry1 e legal con/itution 9 its exi/+ =m &1 :5 ?is is *ang$ by ! prop] au?orities1 ! "o :i* takes its place1 w always seem to !m ! be/ possible4 ,& ! consequ5ce is t ev]y?+ is purely me*anical4 ,b ?is adroitness 9 suit+ !mselves to any circum/ances may lead !m to ! delusion t !y are also capable ( giv+ an op9ion ab\t ! pr9ciples ( political con/itutions 9 g5]al1 9 s f> z !y con=m to ideas ( "r1 & are !re=e n empirical1 b a priori4 ,& !y may !re=e brag ab\t _! k ( m51--:i* inde$ "o expects to f9d1 s9ce !y h to deal ) s _m--)\t really kn[+ ! nature ( man & :at c be made ( x1 to ga9 :i* k a high] /&po9t ( an?ropological obs]vation ?an !irs is requir$4 ,fill$ ) ideas ( ?is k9d1 if !y trespass outside _! own sph]e on ! b\nd>ies ( political & int]national law1 look$ ^u z ideals :i* reason holds be=e u1 !y c d s only 9 ! _s ( *ican]y4 ,= !y w foll[ _! usual me?od ( mak+ ev]y?+ con=m me*anically to compulsory laws despotically made & en=c$1 ev5 "h1 :]e ! ideas ( reason recognise ! validity ( a legal compulsory =ce1 only :5 x is 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( fre$om ?r\gh :i* a p]man5tly valid con/itution becomes fir/ ( all possible4 ,! w\ld-be practical man1 leav+ out ( acc\nt ?is idea ( reason1 ?9ks t he c solve ?is problem empirically by look+ to ! way 9 :i* ^? con/itutions :i* h be/ surviv$ ! te/ ( "t 7 e/abli%$1 ev5 al?\gh ! _s ( ^! may h be5 g5]ally contr>y to ! idea ( "r4 ,! pr9ciples :i* he makes use ( "h1 al?\gh inde$ he does n make !m public1 am\nt pretty mu* to ! foll[+ sophi/ical maxims4 #a4 ,fac et excusa4 ,seize ! mo/ fav\rable opportunity = arbitr>y usurpation--ei!r ( ! au?ority ( ! /ate ov] its own p or ov] a neighb\r+ p2 ! ju/ification ( ! act & ext5uation ( ! use ( =ce w come mu* m easily & gracefully1 :5 ! de$ is done1 ?an if "o has to ?9k out conv9c+ reasons = tak+ ?is /ep & fir/ he> ?r\gh all ! objections :i* c be made aga9/ x4 ,?is is especially true 9 ! fir/ case m5tion$1 :]e ! supreme p[] 9 ! /ate also controls ! legislature :i* we mu/ obey )\t any reason+ ab\t x4 ,besides1 ?is %[ ( audacity 9 a /atesman ev5 l5ds him a c]ta9 semblance ( inw>d conviction ( ! ju/ice ( 8 action2 & once he has got s f> ! god ( success 7bonus ev5tus7 is 8 be/ advocate4 #b4 ,si feci/i1 nega4 ,z = any crime y h committ$1 su* z has1 = in/ance1 br\ght y\r p to despair & !nce to insurrection1 d5y t x has happ5$ ow+ to any fault ( y\rs4 ,say r t x is all caus$ by ! insubord9ation ( y\r subjects1 or1 9 ! case ( y\r hav+ usurp$ a neighb\r+ /ate1 t human nature is to blame2 =1 if a man is n ready to use =ce & /eal a m>* ^u 8 neighb\r1 he may c]ta9ly c\nt on ! latt] =e/all+ him & tak+ him prison]4 #c4 ,divide et imp]a4 ,t is to say1 if !re are c]ta9 privileg$ p]sons1 hold+ au?ority among ! p1 :o h m]ely *os5 y = _! sov]eign z primus int] p>es1 br+ ab\t a qu>rel among !m1 & make mis*ief betwe5 !m & ! p4 ,n[ back up ! p ) a dazzl+ promise ( great] fre$om2 ev]y?+ w n[ dep5d unconditionally on y\r w4 ,or aga91 if !re is a difficulty ) =eign /ates1 !n to /ir up diss5sion among !m is a pretty sure means ( subject+ fir/ "o & !n ! o!r to y\r sway1 "u ! pretext ( aid+ ! weak]4 ,x is true t n[-a-days no body is tak5 9 by ^! political maxims1 = !y are all famili> to ev]yone4 ,moreov]1 !re is no ne$ ( be+ a%am$ ( !m1 z if _! inju/ice 7 too pat5t4 ,= ! great ,p[]s nev] feel %ame be=e ! judgm5t ( ! common h]d1 b only be=e "o ano!r2 s t z f> z ?is matt] goes1 x is n ! revelation ( ^! guid+ pr9ciples ( policy t c make rul]s a%am$1 b only ! unsuccessful use ( !m4 ,= z to ! morality ( ^! maxims1 politicians are all agre$4 ,h5ce !re is always left political pre/ige on :i* !y c safely c\nt2 & ?is means ! glory ( increas+ _! p[] by any means t (f]4#adi #adi ,x is /ill sometimes d5i$ t we f9d1 9 memb]s ( a civilis$ community1 a c]ta9 depravity root$ 9 ! nature ( man2,c & x might1 inde$1 be alleg$ ) "s %[ ( tru? t n an innate corruptness 9 human nature1 b ! b>b>ism ( m51 ! defect ( a n yet suffici5tly develop$ culture1 is ! cause ( ! evid5t antipa?y to law :i* _! attitude indicates4 ,9 ! ext]nal relations ( /ates1 h[ev]1 human wick$ness %[s itself inconte/ably1 )\t any attempt at concealm5t4 ,)9 ! /ate1 x is cov]$ ov] by ! compell+ au?ority ( civil laws4 ,=1 work+ aga9/ ! t5d5cy e citiz5 has to commit acts ( viol5ce aga9/ 8 neighb\r1 !re is ! mu* /rong] =ce ( ! gov]nm5t :i* n only gives an appe>ance ( morality to ! :ole /ate 7causae non causae71 b1 by *eck+ ! outbreak ( lawless prop5sities1 actually aids ! moral qualities ( m5 consid]ably1 9 _! developm5t ( a direct respect = ! law4 ,= e individual ?9ks t he himself w\ld hold ! idea ( "r sacr$ & foll[ fai?fully :at x prescribes1 if only he c\ld expect t ev]yone else w\ld d ! same4 ,?is gu>antee is 9 "p giv5 to him by ! gov]nm5t2 & a great advance is made by ?is /ep :i* is n delib]ately moral1 t[>ds ! ideal ( fidelity to ! concept ( duty = its own sake )\t ?\ght ( return4 ,z1 h[ev]1 e man's good op9ion ( himself presupposes an evil disposition 9 ev]yone else1 we h an expression ( _! mutual judgm5t ( "o ano!r1 namely1 t :5 x comes to h>d facts1 none ( !m are wor? mu*2 b :5ce ?is judgm5t comes rema9s unexpla9$1 z we _c lay ! blame on ! nature ( man1 s9ce he is a be+ 9 ! possession ( fre$om4 ,! respect = ! idea ( "r1 ( :i* x is absolutely impossible = man to dive/ himself1 sanctions 9 ! mo/ solemn mann] ! !ory ( our p[] to con=m to its dictates4 ,& h5ce e man sees himself oblig$ to act 9 accordance ) :at ! idea ( "r prescribes1 :e!r 8 neighb\rs fulfil _! obligation or n4 ,c ,?is depravity ( human nature is d5i$ by ,r\sseau1 :o held t ! m9d ( man 0 naturally incl9$ to virtue1 & t good civil & social in/itutions are all t is requir$4 7,disc\rse on ! ,sci5ces & ,arts1 #agej47 ,kant "h takes sides ) ,hobbes aga9/ ,r\sseau4 ,see ,kant's ,!ory ( ,e?ics1 ,abbott's trans4 7#d? ed41 #ahhi71 p4 #cci seq4--esp4 p4 #cda & note4 ,cf4 also ,hook]'s ,ecclesia/ical ,polity1 ,i4 #aj3--8,laws politic1 orda9$ = ext]nal ord] & regim5t among/ m51 are nev] fram$ z !y %\ld be1 unless presum+ ! w ( man to be inw>dly ob/9ate1 rebelli\s1 & av]se f all ob$i5ce to ! sacr$ laws ( 8 nature2 9 a ^w1 unless presum+ man to be1 9 reg>d ( 8 deprav$ m9d1 little bett] ?an a wild bea/1 !y d accord+ly provide1 not)/&+1 s to frame 8 outw>d actions1 t !y be no h9drance unto ! common good1 = :i* societies are in/itut$40 ,tr4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 all ^! twi/+s & turn+s ( an immoral doctr9e ( exp$i5cy :i* aims at sub/itut+ a /ate ( peace = ! w>like conditions 9 :i* m5 are plac$ by nature1 s mu* at lea/ is cle>2--t m5 _c get away f ! idea ( "r 9 _! private any m ?an 9 _! public relations2 & t !y d n d>e 7?is is inde$ mo/ /rik+ly se5 9 ! concept ( an int]national law7 to base politics m]ely on ! manipulations ( exp$i5cy & !re=e to refuse all ob$i5ce to ! idea ( a public "r4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y pay all fitt+ hon\r to ! idea ( "r 9 itself1 ev5 al?\gh !y %\ld1 at ! same "t1 devise a hundr$ subt]fuges & excuses to avoid x 9 practice1 & %\ld reg>d =ce1 back$ up by cunn+1 z hav+ ! au?ority :i* comes f be+ ! s\rce & unify+ pr9ciple ( all "r4 ,x w be well to put an end to ?is sophi/ry1 if n to ! inju/ice x ext5uates1 & to br+ ! false advocates ( ! mighty ( ! e>? to confess t x is n "r b might 9 ^: int]e/ !y speak1 & t x is ! wor%ip ( might f :i* !y take _! cue1 z if 9 ?is matt] !y _h a "r to comm&4 ,9 ord] to d ?is1 we mu/ fir/ expose ! delusion by :i* !y deceive !mselves & o!rs2 !n discov] ! ultimate pr9ciple f :i* _! plans = a p]petual peace proce$2 & !nce %[ t all ! evil :i* /&s 9 ! way ( ! realisation ( t ideal spr+s f ! fact t ! political morali/ beg9s :]e ! moral politician rightly ends & t1 by subord9at+ pr9ciples to an end or putt+ ! c>t be=e ! horse1 he defeats 8 int5tion ( br++ politics into h>mony ) morals4 ,9 ord] to make practical philosophy consi/5t ) itself1 we mu/ fir/ decide ! foll[+ "q3--,9 deal+ ) ! problems ( practical reason mu/ we beg9 f its mat]ial pr9ciple--! end z ! object ( free *oice--or f its =mal pr9ciple :i* is bas$ m]ely on fre$om 9 its ext]nal relation8--f :i* comes ! foll[+ law3--8,act s t ?\ can/ w t ?y maxim %\ld be a univ]sal law1 be ! end ( ?y action :at x w40#aej #aej ,) reg>d to ! mean+ ( ! moral law & its significance 9 ! ,kantian sy/em ( e?ics1 see ,abbott's translation ( ! ,!ory ( ,e?ics 7#ahhi71 pp4 #ch1 #de1 #ed1 #ee1 #aai1 #bhb4 ,tr4 ,)\t d\bt1 ! latt] det]m9+ pr9ciple ( action mu/ /& fir/2 =1 z a pr9ciple ( "r1 x c>ries unconditional necessity ) x1 :]eas ! =m] is obligatory only if we assume ! empirical conditions ( ! end set be=e u1--t is to say1 t x is an end capable ( be+ practically realis$4 ,& if ?is end--z1 = example1 ! end ( p]petual peace--%\ld be also a duty1 ?is same duty mu/ necess>ily h be5 d$uc$ f ! =mal pr9ciple gov]n+ ! maxims :i* guide ext]nal action4 ,n[ ! fir/ pr9ciple is ! pr9ciple ( ! political morali/2 ! problems ( con/itutional1 int]national & cosmopolitan law are m]e te*nical problems 7problema te*nicum74 ,! second or =mal pr9ciple1 on ! o!r h&1 z ! pr9ciple ( ! moral politician :o reg>ds x z a moral problem 7problema morale71 diff]s widely f ! o!r pr9ciple 9 its me?ods ( br++ ab\t p]petual peace1 :i* we desire n only z a mat]ial good1 b also z a /ate ( ?+s result+ f our recognition ( ! precepts ( duty4#aea #aea ,see ,abbott's trans41 pp4 #cc1 #cd4 ,tr4 ,to solve ! fir/ problem--t1 namely1 ( political exp$i5cy--mu* k ( nature is requir$1 t h] me*anical laws may be employ$ = ! end 9 view4 ,& yet ! result ( all k ( ?is k9d is unc]ta91 z f> z p]petual peace is conc]n$4 ,?is we f9d to be s1 :i*ev] ( ! ?ree dep>tm5ts ( public law we take4 ,x is unc]ta9 :e!r a p c\ld be bett] kept 9 ob$i5ce & at ! same "t prosp]ity by sev]ity or by baits held out to _! vanity2 :e!r !y w\ld be bett] gov]n$ "u ! sov]eignty ( a s+le individual or by ! au?ority ( sev]al act+ toge!r2 :e!r ! comb9$ au?ority might be bett] secur$ m]ely1 say1 by an (ficial nobility or by ! p[] ( ! p )9 ! /ate2 &1 f9ally1 :e!r su* conditions c\ld be long ma9ta9$4 ,!re are examples to ! contr>y 9 hi/ory 9 ! case ( all =ms ( gov]nm5t1 ) ! exception ( ! only true republican con/itution1 ! idea ( :i* c occur only to a moral politician4 ,/ill m unc]ta9 is a law ( nations1 o/5sibly e/abli%$ ^u /atutes devis$ by m9i/]s2 = ?is am\nts 9 fact to m]e empty words1 & re/s on treaties :i*1 9 ! v act ( ratification1 conta9 a secret res]vation ( ! "r to violate !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! solution ( ! second problem--! problem ( political wisdom--=ces itself1 we may say1 ^u u2 x is q obvi\s to e "o1 & puts all crook$ deal+s to %ame2 x leads1 too1 /raight to ! desir$ end1 :ile at ! same "t1 discretion w>ns u n to drag 9 ! conditions ( p]petual peace by =ce1 b to take "t & approa* ?is ideal gradually z fav\rable circum/ances p]mit4 ,?is may be express$ 9 ! foll[+ maxim3--8,seek ye fir/ ! k+dom ( pure practical reason & its righte\sness1 & ! object ( y\r endeav\r1 ! bless+ ( p]petual peace1 w be add$ unto y40 ,= ! sci5ce ( morals g5]ally has ?is peculi>ity1--& x has x also ) reg>d to ! moral pr9ciples ( public law1 & !re=e ) reg>d to a sci5ce ( politics kn[able a priori1--t ! less x makes a man's conduct dep5d on ! end he has set be=e him1 8 purpos$ mat]ial or moral ga91 s mu* ! m1 nev]!less1 does x con=m 9 g5]al to ?is end4 ,! reason = ?is is t x is j ! univ]sal w1 giv5 a priori1 :i* exi/s 9 a p or 9 ! relation ( diff]5t peoples to "o ano!r1 t alone det]m9es :at is lawful among m54 ,?is union ( individual wills1 h[ev]1 if we proce$ consi/5tly 9 practice1 9 obs]vance ( ! me*anical laws ( nature1 may be at ! same "t ! cause ( br++ ab\t ! result int5d$ & practically realiz+ ! idea ( "r4 ,h5ce x is1 = example1 a pr9ciple ( moral politics t a p %\ld unite into a /ate accord+ to ! only valid concepts ( "r1 ! ideas ( fre$om & equality2 & ?is pr9ciple is n bas$ on exp$i5cy1 b ^u duty4 ,political morali/s1 h[ev]1 d n des]ve a he>+1 mu* & sophi/ically z !y may reason ab\t ! exi/5ce1 9 a multitude ( m5 =m+ a society1 ( c]ta9 natural t5d5cies :i* w\ld weak5 ^? pr9ciples & defeat _! int5tion4 ,!y may endeav\r to prove _! ass]tion by giv+ in/ances ( badly organis$ con/itutions1 *os5 bo? f anci5t & mod]n times1 7z1 = example1 democracies )\t a repres5tative sy/em72 b su* argum5ts are to be treat$ ) contempt1 all ! m1 because a p]nici\s !ory ( ?is k9d may p]haps ev5 br+ ab\t ! evil :i* x prophesies4 ,=1 9 accordance ) su* reason+1 man is ?r[n into a class ) all o!r liv+ ma*9es :i* only require ! consci\sness t !y are n free creatures to make !m 9 _! own judgm5t ! mo/ mis]able ( all be+s4 ,fiat ju/itia1 p]eat mundus4 ,?is say+ has become prov]bial1 & al?\gh x sav\rs a little ( boa/fulness1 is also true4 ,we may translate x ?us3--8,let ju/ice rule on e>?1 al?\gh all ! rogues 9 ! _w %\ld g to ! bottom40 ,x is a good1 hone/ pr9ciple ( "r cutt+ (f all ! crook$ ways made by knav]y or viol5ce4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be misund]/ood z all[+ anyone to ex]cise 8 own rights ) ! utmo/ sev]ity1 a c\rse 9 contradiction to our moral duty2 b we mu/ take x to signify an obligation1 b9d+ ^u rul]s1 to refra9 f refus+ to yield anyone 8 rights or f curtail+ !m1 out ( p]sonal feel+ or sympa?y = o!rs4 ,= ?is end1 9 p>ticul>1 we require1 fir/ly1 t a /ate %\ld h an int]nal political con/itution1 e/abli%$ accord+ to ! pure pr9ciples ( "r2 secondly1 t a union %\ld be =m$ betwe5 ?is /ate & neighb\r+ or di/ant nations = a legal settlem5t ( _! diff]5ces1 aft] ! analogy ( ! univ]sal /ate4 ,?is proposition means no?+ m ?an ?is3--,political maxims mu/ n />t f ! idea ( a prosp]ity & happ9ess :i* are to be expect$ f obs]vance ( su* precepts 9 e /ate2 t is1 n f ! end :i* ea* nation makes ! object ( its w z ! highe/ empirical pr9ciple ( political wisdom2 b !y mu/ set out f ! pure concept ( ! duty ( "r1 f ! 8ought0 ^: pr9ciple is giv5 a priori ?r\gh pure reason4 ,?is is ! law1 :atev] ! mat]ial consequ5ces may be4 ,! _w w c]ta9ly n p]i% by any means1 because ! numb] ( wick$ p 9 x is becom+ few]4 ,! morally bad has "o peculi>ity1 insep>able f its nature2--9 its purposes1 especially 9 relation to o!r evil influ5ces1 x is 9 contradiction ) itself1 & c\nt]acts its own natural effect1 & ?us makes room = ! moral pr9ciple ( good1 al?\gh advance 9 ?is direction may be sl[4 ,h5ce objectively1 9 !ory1 !re is no qu>rel betwe5 morals & politics4 ,b subjectively1 9 ! self-seek+ t5d5cies ( m5 7:i* we _c actually call _! morality1 z we w\ld a c\rse ( action bas$ on maxims ( reason17 ?is disagreem5t 9 pr9ciple exi/s & may always survive2 = x s]ves z a :et/one to virtue4 ,accord+ to ! pr9ciple1 ,tu ne c$e malis1 s$ contra aud5tior ito1 ! true c\rage ( virtue 9 ! pres5t case lies n s mu* 9 fac+ ! evils & self-sacrifices :i* mu/ be met "h z 9 firmly confront+ ! evil pr9ciple 9 our own nature & conqu]+ its wiles4 ,= ?is is a pr9ciple f> m dang]\s1 false1 trea*]\s & sophi/ical :i* puts =w>d ! weakness 9 human nature z a ju/ification = e transgression4 ,9 fact ! political morali/ may say t a rul] & p1 or nation & nation d "o ano!r no wrong1 :5 !y ent] on a w> ) viol5ce or cunn+1 al?\gh !y d wrong1 g5]ally speak+1 9 refus+ to respect ! idea ( "r :i* alone c\ld e/abli% peace = all "t4 ,=1 z bo? are equally wrongly dispos$ to "o ano!r1 ea* transgress+ ! duty he owes to 8 neighb\r1 !y are bo? q rightly s]v$1 :5 !y are ?us de/roy$ 9 w>4 ,?is mutual de/ruction /ops %ort at ! po9t ( ext]m9ation1 s t !re are always en\gh ( ! race left to keep ?is game go+ on ?r\gh all ! ages1 & a f>-(f po/]ity may take w>n+ by !m4 ,! ,provid5ce t ord]s ! c\rse ( ! _w is h]eby ju/ifi$4 ,= ! moral pr9ciple 9 mank9d nev] becomes ext+ui%$1 & human reason1 fitt$ = ! practical realisation ( ideas ( "r accord+ to t pr9ciple1 gr[s cont9ually 9 fitness = t purpose ) ! ev] advanc+ m>* ( culture2 :ile at ! same "t1 x mu/ be said1 ! guilt ( transgression increases z well4 ,b x seems t1 by no !odicy or v9dication ( ! ju/ice ( ,god1 c we ju/ify ,creation 9 putt+ su* a race ( corrupt creatures into ! _w at all1 if1 t is1 we assume t ! human race nei!r w nor c ev] be 9 a happi] condition ?an x is n[4 ,?is /&po9t1 h[ev]1 is too high a "o = u to judge f1 or to !orise1 ) ! limit$ concepts we h at our comm&1 ab\t ! wisdom ( t supreme ,p[] :i* is unkn[able by u4 ,we are inevitably driv5 to su* despair+ conclusions z ^!1 if we d n admit t ! pure pr9ciples ( "r h objective reality--t is to say1 are capable ( be+ practically realis$--& consequ5tly t action mu/ be tak5 on ! "p ( ! p ( a /ate &1 fur!r1 by /ates 9 relation to "o ano!r1 :atev] argum5ts empirical politics may br+ =w>d aga9/ ?is c\rse4 ,politics 9 ! real s5se _c take a /ep =w>d )\t fir/ pay+ homage to ! pr9ciples ( morals4 ,&1 al?\gh politics1 p] se1 is a difficult art1#aeb 9 its union ) morals no art is requir$2 = 9 ! case ( a conflict aris+ betwe5 ! two sci5ces1 ! morali/ c cut asund] ! knot :i* politics is unable to untie4 ,"r mu/ be held sacr$ by man1 h[ev] great ! co/ & sacrifice to ! rul+ p[]4 ,"h is no half-&-half c\rse4 ,we _c devise a happy m$ium betwe5 "r & exp$i5cy1 a "r pragmatically condition$4 ,b all politics mu/ b5d ! knee to ! pr9ciple ( "r1 & may1 9 t way1 hope to rea*1 al?\gh sl[ly p]haps1 a level :5ce x may %9e ^u m5 = all "t4 #aeb ,mat!w ,arnold def9es politics some:]e z ! art ( 8mak+ reason & ! w ( ,god prevail0--an art1 "o w\ld say1 difficult en\gh4 ,tr4 ,,app5dix ,,ii ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,h>mony ,,( ,,politics ,,) ,,morals ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,transc5d5tal ,,idea ,,( ,,public ,,"r ,if ,i look at public "r f ! po9t ( view ( mo/ pr(essors ( law1 & ab/ract f its matt] or its empirical elem5ts1 v>y+ accord+ to ! circum/ances giv5 9 our exp]i5ce ( individuals 9 a /ate or ( /ates among !mselves1 !n !re rema9s ! =m ( publicity4 ,! possibility ( ?is publicity1 e legal title implies4 ,= )\t x !re c\ld be no ju/ice1 :i* c only be ?\ght z be=e ! eyes ( m52 &1 )\t ju/ice1 !re w\ld be no "r1 =1 f ju/ice only1 "r c come4 ,?is *>act]i/ic ( publicity mu/ belong to e legal title4 ,h5ce1 z1 9 any p>ticul> case t occurs1 !re is no difficulty 9 decid+ :e!r ?is ess5tial attribute is pres5t or n1 7:e!r1 t is1 x is reconcilable ) ! pr9ciples ( ! ag5t or n71 x furni%es an easily appli$ crit]ion :i* is to be f\nd a priori 9 ! reason1 s t 9 ! p>ticul> case we c at once recognise ! falsity or illegality ( a propos$ claim 7praet5sio juris71 z x 7 by an exp]im5t ( pure reason4 ,hav+ ?us1 z x 71 ab/ract$ f all ! empirical elem5ts conta9$ 9 ! concept ( a political & int]national law1 su* z1 = in/ance1 ! evil t5d5cy 9 human nature :i* makes compulsion necess>y1 we may give ! foll[+ proposition z ! transc5d5tal =mula ( public "r3--8,all actions relat+ to ! rights ( o!r m5 are wrong1 if ! maxims f :i* !y foll[ are inconsi/5t ) publicity40 ,?is pr9ciple mu/ be reg>d$ n m]ely z e?ical1 z belong+ to ! doctr9e ( virtue1 b also z juridical1 ref]r+ to ! rights ( m54 ,= !re is some?+ wrong 9 a maxim ( conduct :i* ,i _c divulge )\t at once defeat+ my purpose1 a maxim :i* mu/ !re=e be kept secret1 if x is to succe$1 & :i* ,i c\ld n publicly ackn[l$ge )\t infallibly /irr+ up ! opposition ( ev]yone4 ,?is necess>y & univ]sal resi/ance ) :i* ev]yone meets me1 a resi/ance !re=e evid5t a priori1 c be due to no o!r cause ?an ! inju/ice ) :i* su* a maxim ?reat5s ev]yone4 ,fur!r1 ?is te/+ pr9ciple is m]ely negative2 t is1 x s]ves only z a means by :i* we may "k :5 an action is unju/ to o!rs4 ,l axioms1 x has a c]ta9ty incapable ( demon/ration2 x is besides easy ( application z appe>s f ! foll[+ examples ( public "r4 #a4--;,con/itutional ,law4 ,let u take 9 ! fir/ place ! public law ( ! /ate 7jus civitatis71 p>ticul>ly 9 its application to matt]s )9 ! /ate4 ,"h a "q arises :i* _m ?9k difficult to answ]1 b :i* ! transc5d5tal pr9ciple ( publicity solves q readily3--8,is revolution a legitimate means = a p to adopt1 = ! purpose ( ?r[+ (f ! oppressive yoke ( a s-call$ tyrant 7non titulo1 s$ ex]citio talis780 ,! rights ( a nation are violat$ 9 a gov]nm5t ( ?is k9d1 & no wrong is done to ! tyrant 9 de?ron+ him4 ,( ?is !re is no d\bt4 ,none ! less1 x is 9 ! highe/ degree wrong ( ! subjects to prosecute _! rights 9 ?is way2 & !y w\ld be j z little ju/ifi$ 9 compla9+1 if !y happ5$ to be defeat$ 9 _! attempt & _h to endure ! sev]e/ puni%m5t 9 consequ5ce4 ,a great _m reasons = & aga9/ bo? sides ( ?is "q may be giv51 if we seek to settle x by a dogmatic d$uction ( ! pr9ciples ( "r4 ,b ! transc5d5tal pr9ciple ( ! publicity ( public "r c sp>e itself ?is diffuse argum5tation4 ,=1 accord+ to t pr9ciple1 ! p w\ld ask !mselves1 be=e ! civil contract 0 made1 :e!r !y c\ld v5ture to publi% maxims1 propos+ insurrection :5 a fav\rable opportunity %\ld pres5t itself4 ,x is q cle> t if1 :5 a con/itution is e/abli%$1 x 7 made a condition t =ce may be ex]cis$ aga9/ ! sov]eign "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 ! p w\ld be oblig$ to claim a lawful au?ority high] ?an 84 ,b 9 t case1 ! s-call$ sov]eign w\ld be no long] sov]eign3 or1 if bo? p[]s1 t ( ! sov]eign & t ( ! p1 7 made a condition ( ! con/itution ( ! /ate1 !n its e/abli%m5t 7:i* 0 ! aim ( ! p7 w\ld be impossible4 ,! wrongfulness ( revolution is q obvi\s f ! fact t op5ly to ackn[l$ge maxims :i* ju/ify ?is /ep w\ld make atta9m5t ( ! end at :i* !y aim impossible4 ,we are oblig$ to keep !m secret4 ,b ?is secrecy w\ld n be necess>y on ! "p ( ! head ( ! /ate4 ,he may say q pla9ly t ! r+lead]s ( e rebellion w be puni%$ by dea?1 ev5 al?\gh !y may hold t x 0 he :o fir/ transgress$ ! fundam5tal law4 ,=1 if a rul] is consci\s ( possess+ irresi/ible sov]eign p[] 7& ?is mu/ be assum$ 9 e civil con/itution1 because a sov]eign :o has n p[] to protect any individual memb] ( ! nation aga9/ 8 neighb\r has also n ! "r to ex]cise au?ority ov] him71 !n he ne$ h no fe> t mak+ kn[n ! maxims :i* guide him w cause ! defeat ( 8 plans4 ,& x is q consi/5t ) ?is view to hold t1 if ! p are successful 9 _! insurrection1 ! sov]eign mu/ return to ! rank ( a subject1 & refra9 f incit+ rebellion ) a view to rega9+ 8 lo/ sov]eignty4 ,at ! same "t he ne$ h no fe> ( be+ call$ to acc\nt = 8 =m] adm9i/ration4#aec #aec 8,:5 a k+ has de?ron$ himself10 says ,locke1 7,on ,civil ,gov]nm5t1 ,*4 ,,xix4 #bci7 8& put himself 9 a /ate ( w> ) 8 p1 :at %all h9d] !m f prosecut+ him :o is no k+1 z !y w\ld any o!r man1 :o has put himself into a /ate ( w> ) !m80 444 8,! legislative be+ only a fiduci>y p[] to act = c]ta9 ends1 !re rema9s /ill 9 ! p a supreme p[] to remove or alt] ! legislative40 7,op4 cit41 ,*4 ,,xiii4 #adi47 ,& aga91 7op4 cit41 ,*4 ,,xi4 #acd47 we f9d ! words1 8444 ov] :om i4e4 society no body c h a p[] to make laws1 b by _! own cons5t1 & by au?ority receiv$ f !m40 ,cf4 also ,*4 ,,xix4 #bbh seq4 ,hobbes repres5ts ! opposite po9t ( view4 8,h[ _m k+s10 he wrote1 7,preface to ! ,philosophical ,rudim5ts conc]n+ ,gov]nm5t & ,society7 8& ^? good m5 too1 ha? ?is "o error1 t a tyrant k+ might lawfully be put to dea?1 be5 ! slaught] (6 ,h[ _m ?roats ha? ?is false position cut1 t a pr9ce = "s causes may by "s c]ta9 m5 be depos$6 ,& :at blood%$ ha? n ?is errone\s doctr9e caus$1 t k+s are n sup]iors to1 b adm9i/rators = ! multitude60 ,?is 8errone\s doctr9e0 ,kant receiv$ f ,locke ?r\gh ,r\sseau4 ,he advocat$1 or at lea/ practis$ z a citiz51 a doctr9e ( passive ob$i5ce to ! /ate4 ,a free press1 he held1 (f]$ ! only lawful outlet = prote/ aga9/ tyranny4 ,b1 9 !ory1 he 0 an enemy to absolute mon>*y4 ,tr4 #b4--;,int]national ,law4 ,!re c be no "q ( an int]national law1 except on ! assumption ( "s k9d ( a law-gov]n$ /ate ( ?+s1 ! ext]nal condition "u :i* any "r c belong to man4 ,= ! v idea ( int]national law1 z public "r1 implies ! publication ( a univ]sal w det]m9+ ! rights & prop]ty ( ea* individual nation2 & ?is /atus juridicus mu/ spr+ out ( a contract ( "s sort :i* may n1 l ! contract to :i* ! /ate owes its orig91 be f\nd$ ^u compulsory laws1 b may be1 at ! mo/1 ! agreem5t ( a p]man5t free association su* z ! f$]ation ( ! diff]5t /ates1 to :i* we h allud$ above4 ,=1 )\t ! control ( law to "s ext5t1 to s]ve z an active bond ( union among diff]5t m]ely natural or moral individuals1--t is to say1 9 a /ate ( nature1--!re c only be private law4 ,& "h we f9d a disagreem5t betwe5 morals1 reg>d$ z ! sci5ce ( "r1 & politics4 ,! crit]ion1 obta9$ by obs]v+ ! effect ( publicity on maxims1 is j z easily appli$1 b only :5 we und]/& t ?is agreem5t b9ds ! contract+ /ates solely ) ! object t peace may be pres]v$ among !m1 & betwe5 !m & o!r /ates2 9 no s5se ) a view to ! acquisition ( new t]ritory or p[]4 ,! foll[+ in/ances ( ant9omy occur betwe5 politics & morals1 :i* are giv5 "h ) ! solution 9 ea* case4 a4 8,:5 ei!r ( ^! /ates has promis$ some?+ to ano!r1 7z1 = in/ance1 assi/ance1 or a rel9qui%m5t ( c]ta9 t]ritory1 or subsidies & su* l71 ! "q may arise :e!r1 9 a case :]e ! safety ( ! /ate ?us b\nd dep5ds on its evad+ ! fulfilm5t ( ?is promise1 x c d s by ma9ta9+ a "r to be reg>d$ z a d\ble p]son3--fir/ly1 z sov]eign & acc\ntable to no "o 9 ! /ate ( :i* t sov]eign p[] is head2 &1 secondly1 m]ely z ! highe/ (ficial 9 ! s]vice ( t /ate1 :o is oblig$ to answ] to ! /ate = e action4 ,& ! result ( ?is is t ! /ate is acquitt$ 9 its second capacity ( any obligation to :i* x has committ$ itself 9 ! fir/40 ,b1 if a nation or its sov]eign proclaim$ ^! maxims1 ! natural consequ5ce w\ld be t e o!r w\ld flee f x1 or unite ) o!r /ates to oppose su* pret5sions4 ,& ?is is a pro( t politics1 ) all its cunn+1 defeats its own ends1 if ! te/ ( mak+ pr9ciples ( action public1 :i* we h indicat$1 be appli$4 ,h5ce ! maxim we h quot$ mu/ be wrong4 b4 8,if a /ate :i* has increas$ its p[] to a =midable ext5t 7pot5tia trem5da7 excites anxiety 9 its neighb\rs1 is x "r to assume t1 s9ce x has ! means1 x w also h ! w to oppress o!rs2 & does t give less p[]ful /ates a "r to unite & attack ! great] nation )\t any def9ite cause ( (f5ce80 ,a /ate :i* w\ld "h answ] op5ly 9 ! affirmative w\ld only br+ ! evil ab\t m surely & spe$ily4 ,= ! great] p[] w\ld =e/all ^? small] nations1 & _! union w\ld be b a weak re$ ( def5ce aga9/ a /ate :i* knew h[ to apply ! maxim1 divide et imp]a4 ,?is maxim ( political exp$i5cy !n1 :5 op5ly ackn[l$g$1 necess>ily defeats ! end at :i* x aims1 & is !re=e wrong4 c4 8,if a small] /ate by its geographical position breaks up ! t]ritory ( a great]1 s z to prev5t a unity necess>y to ! pres]vation ( t /ate1 is ! latt] n ju/ifi$ 9 subjugat+ its less p[]ful neighb\r & unit+ ! t]ritory 9 "q ) its own80 ,we c easily see t ! great] /ate d>e n publi% su* a maxim be=eh&2 = ei!r all small] /ates w\ld )\t loss ( "t unite aga9/ x1 or o!r p[]s w\ld cont5d = ?is booty4 ,h5ce ! impracticability ( su* a maxim becomes evid5t "u ! light ( publicity4 ,& ?is is a sign t x is wrong1 & t 9 a v great degree2 =1 al?\gh ! victim ( an act ( inju/ice may be ( small acc\nt1 t does n prev5t ! inju/ice done f be+ v great4 #c4--;,cosmopolitan ,law4 ,we may pass ov] ?is dep>tm5t ( "r 9 sil5ce1 =1 ow+ to its analogy ) int]national law1 its maxims are easily specifi$ & e/imat$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ?is pr9ciple ( ! incompatibility ( ! maxims ( int]national law ) _! publicity1 we h a good indication ( ! non-agreem5t betwe5 politics & morals1 reg>d$ z a sci5ce ( "r4 ,n[ we require to "k "u :at conditions ^! maxims d agree ) ! law ( nations4 ,= we _c conclude t ! conv]se holds1 & t all maxims :i* c be> publicity are !re=e j4 ,= anyone :o has a decid$ supremacy has no ne$ to make any secret ab\t 8 maxims4 ,! condition ( a law ( nations be+ possible at all is t1 9 ! fir/ place1 !re %\ld be a law-gov]n$ /ate ( ?+s4 ,if ?is is n s1 !re c be no public "r1 & all "r :i* we c ?9k ( outside ! law-gov]n$ /ate1--t is to say1 9 ! /ate ( nature1--is m]e private "r4 ,n[ we h se5 above t some?+ ( ! nature ( a f$]ation betwe5 nations1 = ! sole purpose ( do+ away ) w>1 is ! only rightful condition ( ?+s reconcilable ) _! individual fre$om4 ,h5ce ! agreem5t ( politics & morals is only possible 9 a f$]ative union1 a union :i* is necess>ily giv5 a priori1 accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( "r4 ,& ! lawful basis ( all politics c only be ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is union 9 its wide/ possible ext5t4 ,ap>t f ?is end1 all political sophi/ry is folly & veil$ inju/ice4 ,n[ ?is %am politics has a casui/ry1 n to be excell$ 9 ! be/ ,jesuit s*ool4 ,x has its m5tal res]vation 7res]vatio m5talis73 z 9 ! draw+ up ( a public treaty 9 su* t]ms z we c1 if we w1 int]pret :5 occasion s]ves to our advantage2 = example1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! /atus quo 9 fact 7de fait7 & 9 "r 7de droit74 ,secondly1 x has its probabilism2 :5 x pret5ds to discov] evil int5tions 9 ano!r1 or makes1 ! probability ( _! possible future asc5d5cy a lawful reason = br++ ab\t ! de/ruction ( o!r peaceful /ates4 ,f9ally1 x has its philosophical s9 7peccatum philosophicum1 peccatillum1 baggatelle7 :i* is t ( hold+ x a trifle easily p>don$ t a small] /ate %\ld be swall[$ up1 if ?is be to ! ga9 ( a nation mu* m p[]ful2 = su* an increase 9 p[] is suppos$ to t5d to ! great] prosp]ity ( ! :ole _w4#aed #aed ,we c f9d ! v\*] = maxims su* z ^! 9 ,h]r ,h(ri*t] ,g>ve's essay1 ,on ! ,connection ( ,morals ) ,politics1 #aghh4 ,?is wor?y s*ol> confesses at ! v beg9n+ t he is unable to give a satisfactory answ] to ?is "q4 ,b 8 sanction ( su* maxims1 ev5 :5 c\pl$ ) ! admission t he _c altoge!r cle> away ! argum5ts rais$ aga9/ !m1 seems to be a great] concession 9 fav\r ( ^? :o %ew consid]able incl9ation to abuse !m1 ?an x might p]haps be wise to admit4 ,duplicity gives politics ! advantage ( us+ "o bran* or ! o!r ( morals1 j z suits its own ends4 ,! love ( our fell[m5 is a duty3 s too is respect = _! rights4 ,b ! =m] is only conditional3 ! latt]1 on ! o!r h&1 an unconditional1 absolutely imp]ative duty2 & anyone :o w\ld give himself up to ! sweet consci\sness ( well-do+ mu/ be fir/ p]fectly assur$ t he has n transgress$ its comm&s4 ,politics has no difficulty 9 agree+ ) morals 9 ! fir/ s5se ( ! t]m1 z e?ics1 to secure t m5 %\ld give to sup]iors _! rights4 ,b :5 x comes to morals1 9 its second aspect1 z ! sci5ce ( "r be=e :i* politics mu/ b[ ! knee1 ! politician f9ds x prud5t to h no?+ to d ) compacts & r to d5y all reality to morals 9 ?is s5se1 & r$uce all duty to m]e b5evol5ce4 ,philosophy c\ld easily fru/rate ! artifices ( a politics l ?is1 :i* %uns ! light ( criticism1 by publi%+ its maxims1 if only /atesm5 w\ld h ! c\rage to grant philosoph]s ! "r to v5tilate _! op9ions4 ,) ?is end 9 view1 ,i propose ano!r pr9ciple ( public "r1 :i* is at once transc5d5tal & affirmative4 ,its =mula w\ld be z foll[s3--8,all maxims :i* require publicity1 9 ord] t !y may n fail to atta9 _! end1 are 9 agreem5t bo? ) "r & politics40 ,=1 if ^! maxims c only atta9 ! end at :i* !y aim by be+ publi%$1 !y mu/ be 9 h>mony ) ! univ]sal end ( mank9d1 :i* is happ9ess2 & to be 9 sympa?y ) ?is 7to make ! p cont5t$ ) _! lot7 is ! real bus9ess ( politics4 ,n[1 if ?is end %\ld be atta9able only by publicity1 or 9 o!r words1 ?r\gh ! removal ( all di/ru/ ( ! maxims ( politics1 ^! mu/ be 9 h>mony ) ! "r ( ! p2 = a union ( ! ends ( all is only possible 9 a h>mony ) ?is "r4 ,i mu/ po/pone ! fur!r developm5t & discussion ( ?is pr9ciple till ano!r opportunity4 ,t x is a transc5d5tal =mula is q evid5t f ! fact t all ! empirical conditions ( a doctr9e ( happ9ess1 or ! matt] ( law1 are abs5t1 & t x has reg>d only to ! =m ( univ]sal con=mity to law4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if x is our duty to realise a /ate ( public "r1 if at ! same "t !re are good gr\nds = hope t ?is ideal may be realis$1 al?\gh only by an approximation advanc+ ad inf9itum1 !n p]petual peace1 foll[+ hi!rto falsely s-call$ conclusions ( peace1 :i* h be5 9 reality m]e cessations ( ho/ilities1 is no m]e empty idea4 ,b r we h "h a problem :i* gradually works out its own solution &1 z ! p]iods 9 :i* a giv5 advance takes place t[>ds ! realisation ( ! ideal ( p]petual peace w1 we hope1 become ) ! pass+ ( "t %ort] & %ort]1 we mu/ approa* ev] ne>] to ?is goal4 ,,index ,a ,absolutism2 ( ,hobbes1 #dc1 #dd2 ( ,s*op5hau]1 #dc2 accord+ to ,kant1 #dc1 #dd1 #abe-abh2 to ,locke1 #dd4 ,alex&] ,i4 ( ,russia2 #hj4 ,alex&] ! ,great2 #ca1 #ajc4 ,alsace-,lorra9e2 annexation (1 #ij1 #ib1 #ie4 ,ambrose1 ,sa9t2 #ae4 ,amphictyonic ,league2 #af1 #bb4 ,aqu9as1 ,?omas2 on fight+ cl]gy1 #ah2 on w>1 #ah1 #ai4 ,arbitration2 z a sub/itute = w>1 #gi1 #ha1 #hg2 difficulties settl$ by1 #hj2 :]e x is useless1 #hb1 #hc1 #hf4 ,ari/otle2 on w>1 #g1 #h2 & rights ( an enemy1 ib42 #ca2 on ! relation betwe5 politics & e?ics1 #afb4 ,assyrians2 w> among !1 #i4 ,augu/9e1 ,sa9t2 #af4 ,b ,balance ( p[]2 #bf1 #ie4 ,b5?am1 ,j]emy2 #bf1 #gi1 #ib4 ,blunts*li1 ,j4 ,k42 #da1 #gc1 #gd1 #hj4 ,c ,caird1 ,edw>d2 #c1 #ea4 ,calv91 ,john2 #ai4 ,c>negie1 ,&rew2 #ajj4 ,*9a2 a dang] to ,europe1 #ib1 #ic1 #adj1 #ada4 ,cic]o2 on ! conduct ( w>1 #bb1 #da4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria2 #ae4 ,cl]gy1 fight+2 ,orig5 on1 #ad1 #ae2 ,wycliffe1 #ah2 ,erasmus1 ib42 ,aqu9as1 ib4 ,cobd51 ,ri*>d2 #fd4 ,corv9us1 ,mat?ias2 #aji4 ,c[p]1 ,william2 #e1 #ch1 #abc4 ,crusades1 w>s ( !2 #af1 #ajc4 ,d ,dante1 ,alighi]i2 on m$iation1 #df2 on univ]sal mon>*y1 #fh1 #fi4 ,dis>mam5t2 #hh-ic2 ,cz>'s proposal (1 #ij2 practicability (1 #ij-ic4 ,dubois1 ,c>d9al2 #cf4 ,e ,empire2 ( ,rome1 #i1 #bj1 #fh2 _w-1 spiritual1 #bc1 #cb1 #fi2 ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 #ca1 #fh2 ,franki%1 #fi2 ,holy ,roman #fi2 ( ,napoleon ,i41 #fi4 ,erasmus1 ,desid]ius2 & ,european peace1 #ag2 on w>1 #ah1 #ai2 on fight+ cl]gy1 #ah1 #cb4 ,f ,f>r>1 ,j4 ,a42 #ah4 ,f$]ation2 ,kant's idea (1 #fj1 #fh1 #fi1 #abh-acg2 #hh1 #ib1 #ic1 #ie1 #ig2 probable results (1 #ih1 #ii1 #ajj1 #acd4 ,fi*te1 ,j4 ,g42 #fi1 #ii4 ,f9l&2 #ib1 #ie4 ,fis*]1 ,kuno2 #fb1 #fg4 ,fleury1 ,c>d9al2 #ee4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great2 #ff1 #abf4 ,g ,g5tilis1 ,alb]icus2 #ba1 #cb4 ,gold5 ,age2 #c1 #da4 ,gov]nm5t2 orig9 (1 accord+ to ,plato1 #e2 accord+ to ,hume1 #e1 #eb2 to ,c[p]1 #e1 #f2 to ,hobbes1 #dj-db1 #aah1 #aai2 to ,kant1 #ea-ed1 #aeb-aed2 to ,r\sseau1 #eb2 to ,locke1 #ec2 repres5tative1 #fe-fh1 #abj1 #aba1 #abd-abh4 ,greeks2 _! attitude to o!r nations1 #g2 to an enemy1 ib42 _! ,sacr$ ,w>s1 #af2 ! ,amphictyonic ,league1 #af4 ,grotius1 ,hugo2 8 ,de ,jure ,belli et ,pacis1 #bd-bg2 & ! ,jus ,g5tium1 #bd1 #be2 & ! ,law ( ,nature1 #be2 on peace1 #bg1 #cb1 #dj1 #aca4 ,h ,hague ,conf]5ce 7#ahii72 #hf1 #ij4 ,hegel1 ,g4 ,w4 ,f42 #eg2 on w>1 #ga1 #gb1 #ge4 ,h5ry ,,iv4 ( ,france2 #cj1 #cb1 #cc1 #cf4 ,hobbes1 ,?omas2 8 !ory ( ! /ate ( nature & orig9 ( gov]nm5t1 #d1 #dj-db1 #ea1 #aah1 #aai1 #acc2 #f1 #bf1 #bg1 #bh1 #cg2 8 influ5ce on ,kant1 #dj1 #df2 8 views on revolution1 #da1 #ahh2 ( ! relations betwe5 /ates1 #dc-df1 #abh1 #aca2 on ! conduct ( w>1 #de1 #hi1 #abj1 #abd1 #aei4 ,holls1 ,fr$4 ,w42 #hf4 ,hook]1 ,ri*>d2 #eb2 on ! depravity ( man1 #agc4 ,hume1 ,david2 on ! orig9 ( gov]nm5t1 #e1 #eb2 on ! /ate ( nature1 #dj1 #da2 on ! orig9al contract1 #eb1 #ajh1 #aji1 #afb4 ,i ,int]national ,law2 ! developm5t (1 #bj-bd2 its connection ) ! ,re=mation1 #ba1 #bd2 9 ,greece & ,rome1 #bb1 #bc4 ,int]v5tion2 #fd1 #ic1 #id1 #aab1 #aac4 ,j ,jews2 w> among !1 #i-aa2 _! dream ( peace1 #cb4 ,ju/92 #ae4 ,k ,kant1 ,immanuel2 #bf1 #cg2 8 indebt$ness to e>li] political writ]s1 #dj1 #df2 8 !ory ( human developm5t1 #dg-di2 & h[ ?is is possible1 #di-ea1 #ed2 on ! f\ndation ( ! /ate1 #ea-ed1 #aeb-aed2 ! relations betwe5 /ates & individuals1 #ed1 #ee1 #aag-abj1 #abh1 #agc1 #agd2 ! necessity = re=m )9 ! /ate1 #ee1 #ef1 #afh2 ! political & social conditions ( 8 "t1 #eg-ei2 8 attitude to w>1 #eh1 #acc1 #ace1 #acf1 #acg1 #adi-aea2 on ! gr[+ p[] ( comm]ce1 #ei1 #fe1 #adb1 #aeg2 8 idea ( f$]ation1 #fj1 #fh1 #fi1 #abh-acg1 #aib2 & ideal ( p]petual peace1 #fa1 #abi1 #aif2 ! conditions ( its realization1 #fb-fi2 on repres5tative & o!r con/itutions1 #fe-fh1 #abj-abh1 #aeb1 #aec1 #afg2 8 op9ion ( ! ,engli% con/itution1 #ff2 8 disapproval ( univ]sal mon>*y1 #fh1 #fi1 #aee1 #aef2 #gi1 #hc1 #hi1 #ajj1 #aje2 on ! "r ( way1 #acg-adb2 on nature's gu>antee ( a p]petual peace1 #adc-aeg2 on ! relation betwe5 politics & morals1 #afa-aif2 on revolution1 #afg1 #afh1 #ahf-ahh4 ,l ,laveleye1 mile de2 #ha4 ,lawr5ce1 ,t4 ,j42 #i1 #gh1 #ha4 ,leibniz1 ,gottfri$ ,w42 #cf2 8 criticism ( ,/4 ,pi]re1 #cg1 #ch1 #eh1 #ajf4 ,locke1 ,john2 & ! gold5 age1 #c1 #d2 on ! orig9al contract1 #ec2 on revolution1 #ec1 #ahh2 #fg1 #acc4 ,lorim]1 ,james2 #cd1 #hj4 ,l\is ,philippe2 #gf4 ,lu!r1 ,m>t92 on w>1 #ai4 ,m ,ma*iavelli1 ,nicolo2 #afb4 ,ma9e1 ,h5ry2 on ,grotius & ! ,jus ,g5tium1 #bd1 #be4 ,mai/re1 ,joseph de2 #ga4 ,m>t9eau1 ,james2 #ajb4 ,m5nonites2 & w>1 #ad4 ,milit>y s]vice2 ( ,*ri/ians1 #ad1 #af1 #ah1 #ai2 compulsory1 #hi2 volunt>y1 #aaa4 ,mill1 ,john ,/u>t2 #hj4 ,moltke1 ,graf von2 #ga1 #gc-ge4 ,mon>*y1 univ]sal2 ! ideal ( ,dante1 #fh1 #fi2 disapprov$ by ,kant1 #fh1 #fi1 #aee1 #aef2 & ,fi*te1 #fi4 ,montesquieu1 ,b>on de2 on self-pres]vation1 #hc2 on arm$ peace1 #hh1 #aei4 ,m1 ,?omas2 #cb4 ,morley1 ,john2 #c4 ,n ,napoleon ,bonap>te2 ,empire (1 #fi1 #ga1 #gb1 #gf1 #gg4 ,napoleon1 ,l\is2 #hj4 ,national ,debt2 #fc1 #fd1 #aaa1 #aab4 ,o ,orig52 on milit>y s]vice1 #ad1 #ae4 ,orig9al ,contract2 #dj2 z und]/ood by ,r\sseau1 #eb2 by ,hobbes1 #eb1 #ec2 by ,hook]1 #eb2 by ,hume1 ib42 by ,kant1 ib42 by ,locke1 #ec4 ,p ,p>is ,congress 7#ahef72 #hf4 ,pauls51 ,fri$ri*2 #dc1 #eb1 #ec1 #ff1 #gh4 ,peace1 p]petual2 ! dream (1 #bi-cc2 projects (1 by ,p5n1 #cj2 by ,h5ry ,,iv41 #cj1 #cc1 #cd2 by ,/4 ,pi]re1 #cj1 #cb1 #cd-cg2 ,r\sseau's attitude to1 #ch-dj1 #ajf2 = ,kant an ideal1 #fa1 #abi2 ! articles (1 #fb-fi1 #ajg-adb1 #aeh-afj2 ! gu>antee (1 #adc-aeg4 ,peace ,societies2 #gj1 #ge1 #gh1 #gi1 #hj1 #hf1 #hg2 & dis>mam5t1 #hh1 #if1 #ig1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajb4 ,p5n1 ,william2 #cj4 ,plato2 on ! orig9 ( ! /ate1 #e2 on w>1 #h1 #da2 on ! relation betwe5 e?ics & politics1 #afb4 ,pol&2 #ib1 #ic1 #ie4 ,politics2 & morals1 accord+ to ,kant1 #afa-aif2 to ,plato1 #afb2 to ,ari/otle1 ib42 to ,hume1 ib42 sophi/ical maxims (1 #agj-agb4 ,pope1 ,alex&]2 #d1 #abg4 ,puff5dorf1 ,samuel2 #bg2 on int]v5tion1 #fd1 #aca4 ,q ,quak]s2 & w>1 #ad4 ,r ,re=mation2 & milit>y s]vice1 #ah2 & int]national law1 #ba1 #bd4 ,religion2 ,roman1 & w>1 #i2 ,jewi%1 #i-aa2 ,mohamm$an1 #aj2 ,buddhi/1 & conv]sion1 #ab2 ,*ri/ian1 & w>1 #ab-bj4 ,revolution1 "r (2 accord+ to ,hobbes1 #da1 #ec2 & ,sp9oza1 #da2 accord+ to ,locke1 #ec2 to ,r\sseau1 ib42 to ,kant1 #afg1 #ahf-ahh4 ,"r ( way2 ,vattel on1 #fe1 #ach2 ,kant on1 #fe1 #acg-adb4 ,rit*ie1 ,d4 ,g42 on ,r\sseau1 #c2 on ,locke & ! gold5 age1 ib41 #eb1 #he1 #ih4 ,rob]tson1 ,william2 #f1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai4 ,romans2 & w>1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #bb1 #bc2 & int]national law1 #bb1 #bc4 ,r\sseau1 ,j4 ,j42 & ! /ate ( nature1 #b1 #c1 #eb2 #bf1 #bh2 8 criticism ( ,/4 ,pi]re1 #ch-dj2 8 views on milit>ism1 #ci2 on ! orig9al contract1 #eb2 on revolution1 #ec1 #ahh2 #fa1 #fg1 #ajj1 #acb1 #acd2 on democratic & republican gov]nm5ts1 #aec2 on ! depravity ( man1 #agc4 ,russia2 ,alex&] ,i4 (1 #hj2 ! ,cz> (1 #ij2 ! backw>d civilization (1 #ib1 #ic1 #id1 #ie4 ,s ,s*ill]1 ,fri$ri* von2 on w> & peace1 #ga1 #gb1 #gc1 #ge4 ,s*op5hau]1 ,ar?ur2 #dc4 ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t2 #gf4 ,sp9oza1 ,b5$ict2 on ! /ate ( nature1 #da2 & revolution1 ib4 ,/&+ armies2 #fc1 #fd1 #hi1 #aaj4 ,/ate ( nature2 accord+ to ,r\sseau1 #b1 #c2 & ! gold5 age1 #c2 ,hobbes' !ory (1 #d1 #dj1 #da1 #aah2 accord+ to ,hume a philosophical fiction1 #da2 accord+ to ,kant1 #aag-abj4 ,/ates2 transf]5ce (1 #fc1 #ajh1 #aji2 m>riage betwe51 #aji4 ,/4 ,pi]re1 ,ca/el de2 #cj1 #cb1 #cc2 8 ,projet1 #cd-cg2 & ,leibniz1 #cg1 #ch2 & ,r\sseau1 #ch-dj2 #fa1 #fg1 #gi1 #ib1 #ajf4 ,sully1 ,duke (2 #cj1 #cb1 #cc4 ,t ,t5nyson1 ,"l2 #gc1 #gd4 ,t]tullian2 #ad1 #ae4 ,treaties ( peace2 9 ,greece1 #g1 #fc1 #fd1 #ajg1 #ajh4 ,treits*ke1 ,h4 von2 #ge4 ,tr5del5burg1 ,f4 ,a42 #ge4 ,v ,vattel1 ,em]i*2 8 ,droit des ,g5s1 #bh1 #bi2 on int]v5tion1 #fd1 #aac1 #aad2 on ! "r ( way1 #fe2 ( self-pres]vation1 #hc1 #hi1 #ajc2 on treaties1 #ajh2 #aca4 ,voltaire1 ,franois de2 #cc1 #cg1 #ch4 ,w ,w>2 religi\s1 #af2 private1 #ag1 #bj1 #bi2 dyna/ic1 #ch1 #eg1 #abc2 ,kant's attitude to1 #eh1 #acc1 #ace1 #acf1 #acg1 #adi-aea2 its influ5ce on progress1 #gj1 #if1 #ajc2 views ( ,hegel on1 #ga1 #gb1 #ge2 ( ,s*ill]1 #ga1 #gb1 #gc1 #ge2 ( ,moltke1 #ga1 #gc1 #gd1 #ge2 "u alt]$ conditions1 #gf1 #gg1 #gh2 :5 j1 #hd1 #he2 future probable causes (1 #id1 #ie2 honorable conduct (1 #aad1 #aae4 ,wycliffe1 ,john2 & fight+ cl]gy1 #ah4 ,z ,zw+li1 ,huldrei*1 #ai4 ,pr9t$ 9 ,great ,brita9 by ,,unw9 ,,bro!rs1 ,,limit$ ,,wok+ ,,& ,,london