,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,sup]scripts are d5ot$ by eg ,li?rs ,ed9r4 ,basic fractions are display$ z etc2 o!r fractions are %[n 9 ! =m a_/b1 eg #c_/aa or #ac_/7cdb74 ,! caption = an illu/ration is display$ z a sid5ote 9 ! etext4 ,x 0 %[n z a page footnote 9 ! orig9al text4 ,obvi\s typographical errors & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ aft] c>eful comp>ison ) o!r occurr5ces )9 ! text & consultation ( ext]nal s\rces4 ,m detail c be f\nd at ! end ( ! book4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,pal,,ontological ,,botany ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,pal,,ontological ,,botany ,,by ,,john ,,hutton ,,balf\r1 ,a4,m4 ,m4,d4 ,,ed94 ,f4,r4,s41 ,,sec4 ,r4,s4,e41 ,f4,l4,s4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,m$ic9e ,,& ,,botany ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ed9burgh1 ,,regius ,,keep] ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,botanic ,,g>d51 ,,& ,,que5',s ,,botani/ ,,= ,,scotl& ,,) ,,f\r ,,li?ographic ,,plates1 ,,& ,,upw>ds ,,( ,,"o ,,hundr$ ,,woodcuts ,,ed9burgh ,,adam ,,& ,,*>les ,,black #ahgb ,pr9t$ by ,r4 ,r4 ,,cl>k1 ,ed9burgh4 ,,to ,,pr(4 ,,he9ri* ,,rob]t ,,goepp]t1 ,m4,d41 ,,director ,,( ,,! ,,botanic ,,g>d51 ,,breslau2 ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,mo/ ,,em95t ,,pal,,ontological ,,botani/s ,,( ,,europe1 ,! foll[+ ,treatise ,,is ,,d$icat$1 ,,) ,,be/ ,,respects1 ,,by ,,8 ,,oblig$ ,,fri5d ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,preface4 ,! subject ( ,fossil ,botany or ,palophytology has =m$ a "p ( ! ,c\rse ( ,botany 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh = ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s1 & ! am\nt ( "t devot$ to ! exposition ( x has increas$4 ,! rec5t f\ndation ( a ,*air ( ,geology & ( a ,falcon] ,palontological ,fell[%ip 9 ! ,univ]sity seems to require f ! ,pr(essors ( ,zoology & ,botany special att5tion to ! be>+s ( _! dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce on ! /ructure ( ! animals & plants ( =m] epo*s ( ! ,e>?'s hi/ory4 ,no "o c be compet5t to give a correct decision 9 reg>d to ,fossils1 unless he has /udi$ ?or\ghly ! pres5t ,fauna & ,flora ( ! globe4 ,to give a well-f\nd$ op9ion 9 reg>d to ext9ct be+s1 x is ess5tial t ! obs]v] %\ld be conv]sant ) ! con=mation & developm5t ( ! liv+ ones n[ on ! e>?2 ) _! habits1 modes ( exi/5ce & reproduction1 ! microscopic /ructure ( _! tissues1 _! di/ribution1 & _! relation to soil1 ! atmosph]e1 temp]ature1 & climate4 ,!re c be no d\bt t to become a good ,fossil ,geologi/ a /ud5t mu/ beg9 ) liv+ animals & plants4 ,! /udy ( ,geology mu/ be %>$ by ! ,petralogi/1 :o looks at ! condition ( ! rocks ( ! globe1 ! m9]als =m+ !m1 & _! mode ( =mation2 ! ,*emi/1 :o det]m9es ! mat]ials :i* ent] into ! composition ( m9]als & rocks2 ! ,naturali/1 :o exam9es ! plants & animals f\nd 9 ! v>i\s /rata2 & p]haps also ! ,natural ,philosoph]1 :o calculates f indep5d5t s\rces ! phases ( ! ,e>?'s hi/ory4 ,x may be said ?us to comb9e all ^! /ud5ts ( ,sci5ce 9 "o bro!rhood4 ,mu* has be5 done by ! ef=ts ( su* m5 z ,hutton & ,w]n]1 :o 7 engag$ *iefly 9 consid]+ ! m9]al dep>tm5t ( ,geology2 b x is cle> t ! ,sci5ce c\ld n h atta9$ its pres5t position )\t ! cont9u$ lab\rs ( ^? :o h be5 exam9+ fossils 9 _! relations to "t & space4 ,_h x n be5 = ! rese>*es ( ,palontologi/s1 ,geology c\ld n h made its pres5t advance4 ,9 my ,class ,book ( ,botany ,i h giv5 an introduction to ,palophytology1 & x occurr$ to me t x might be useful to /ud5ts to publi% ?is 9 a sep>ate =m1 ) additions 9 bo? ! lett]press & ! illu/rations4 ,! in/itution ( ! ,palontological ,fell[%ip1 9 memory ( my =m] fri5d ,dr4 ,falcon]1 has br\ght ! subject specially "u my notice4 ,! ,fell[%ip has be5 promot$ *iefly by my fri5d & =m] pupil ,dr4 ,*>les ,mur*ison1 a g5tleman fond ( sci5ce & ( 8 ,alma ,mat]1 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 :]e he & ,falcon] /udi$ & took _! degrees4 ,! fir/ aw>d ( ! ,fell[%ip has be5 made to a di/+ui%$ /ud5t1 :o acquitt$ himself ) ! greate/ cr$it dur+ ! ?ree days ( exam9ation on ,geology1 ,zoology1 & ,botany4 ,i tru/ t ! ,fell[%ip w cont9ue to /imulate our em95t /ud5ts 9 future ye>s4 ,hav+ be5 a /ud5t ( ,natural ,sci5ce along ) ,dr4 ,falcon]1 ,i feel a peculi> int]e/ 9 do+ :at ,i c to promote ! /udy ( a subject to :i* he s successfully devot$ 8 en]gies4 ,9 my endeav\r to d s ,i h be5 enc\rag$ by my fri5d & =m] pupil1 ,mr4 ,william ,c>ru!rs1 at ! head ( ! ,botanical ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 & a =m] /ud5t 9 ,ed9burgh "u ! late ,pr(essor ,flem+4 ,he has done mu* to advance our k ( ,fossil ,botany1 & to him ,i am indebt$ = two ( ! plates & "s ( ! woodcuts :i* illu/rate ?is publication4 ,he has giv5 me mo/ effici5t assi/ance1 & ,i h to return my be/ ?anks = 8 k9d aid4 ,i am also indebt$ to my colleague1 ,pr(essor ,geikie1 = 8 valu$ assi/ance4 ,! neighb\rhood ( ,ed9burgh is ri* 9 ,fossils ( ! ,c>bonif]\s epo*1 & mu* yet rema9s to be done to illu/rate its ,palontology4 ,su* lab\r]s z ,geikie & ,pea* may be expect$ to give great assi/ance 9 ! fur!rance ( our k ( ,scotti% ,geology1 s z to =m a s*ool :i* %all revive ! reputation enjoy$ by ,ed9burgh 9 ! days ( ,hutton & ,jameson4 ,if ,i c be useful 9 enc\rag+ /ud5ts to take up ! /udy ( ,palontological ,botany1 & to prosecute x ) vig\r1 ,i %all feel t ?is introductory treatise has n be5 issu$ 9 va94 ,z "o ( ! few surviv+ relations ( ,dr4 ,james ,hutton1 ,i am glad to be able to %[ an int]e/ 9 a sci5ce :i* may aid 9 elucidat+ ! ,!ory ( ! ,e>?4 ,9 writ+ ?is "w ,i h tak5 = grant$ t ! read] is acqua9t$ ) ! ,elem5ts ( ,botany1 & kn[s ! g5]al /ructure ( plants ( ! pres5t day4 ,i h n1 !re=e1 hesitat$ to use ! ord9>y ,botanical t]ms )\t explanation4 ,i am satisfi$ t no "o c /udy ,fossil ,botany prop]ly unless he has /udi$ ,mod]n ,botany4 ,^? read]s :o may f9d any difficulty z to te*nical t]ms ,i w\ld ref] to my ,botani/'s ,companion1 :]e a full ,gloss>y is giv54 #bg ,,inv]lei? ,,r[1 ,may #ahgb4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,introductory ,,rem>ks #a ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,fossil ,,plants #c ,,mode ,,( ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,fossil ,,plants #h ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,! ,,/ructure ,,( ,,fossil ,,plants #ab ,,fossilif]\s ,,rocks #bj ,,natural ,,ord]s ,,to ,,:i* ,,fossil ,,plants ,,belong #bb ,,p]iods ,,( ,,vegetation ,,among ,,fossil ,,plants #be ,,fossil ,,flora ,,( ,,! ,,prim>y ,,or ,,pal,,zoic ,,p]iod #bf ,,reign ,,( ,,acrog5s #bf ,,flora ,,( ,,! ,,c>bonif]\s ,,epo* #cf ,,flora ,,( ,,! ,,p]mian ,,epo* #ga ,,fossil ,,flora ,,( ,,! ,,second>y ,,or ,,mesozoic ,,p]iod #gb ,,reign ,,( ,,gymnosp]ms #gb ,,flora ,,( ,,! ,,trias ,,& ,,lias ,,epo*s #gg ,,flora ,,( ,,! ,,oolitic ,,epo* #hj ,,flora ,,( ,,! ,,weald5 ,,epo* #hd ,,fossil ,,flora ,,( ,,! ,,t]ti>y ,,or ,,ca9ozoic ,,p]iod 7,,includ+ ,,! ,,cretace\s ,,epo*7 #hg ,,reign ,,( ,,angiosp]ms #hg ,,flora ,,( ,,! ,,*alk #hg ,,flora ,,( ,,! ,,eoc5e ,,epo* #ij ,,flora ,,( ,,! ,,mioc5e ,,epo* #ib ,,flora ,,( ,,! ,,plioc5e ,,epo* #ih ,,g5]al ,,conclusions #aja ,,recapitulation #ajc ,,works ,,on ,,fossil ,,botany #aje ,,explanation ,,( ,,plates #aaa ,,index #aac ,,li/ ,,( ,,woodcuts4 ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,section ( ,peuce ,)ami1 ,l9dley & ,hutton #c #b4 ,b>k ( ,arauc>ia #e #c4 ,m>k+s on ,arauc>ia b>k #f #d4 #g #e4 #g #f4 ,leaf ( ,arauc>ia #g #g4 ,nicolia ,ow5ii 7,c>r47 #aa #h4 ,bryson's in/rum5t = slitt+ ,fossils #ad #i4 ,tree-f]n #bg #aj4 ,aspl5ium #bh #aa a4 ,bifurcat+ ,trunk ( a ,tree-f]n 7,alsophila ,p]rottetiana7 #bi #aa b4 ,rhizome ( ,la/rea ,filix-mas #bi #ab4 ,transv]se section ( /em ( a ,tree-f]n 7,cya!a7 #bi #ac4 ,scal>i=m vessels f ,tree-f]n #cj #ad4 ,sporangia ( a ,f]n #cj #ae4 ,lycopodium clavatum #cj #af4 ,spore-case1 conta9+ ,microspores ( ,lycopodium #cj #ag4 ,macrospores ( ,selag9ella #cj #ah4 ,fructification ( ,equisetum maximum #ca #ai4 ,polygonal scale ( ,equisetum #cb #bj4 ,spore ( ,equisetum--filam5ts contract$ #cb #ba4 exp&$ #cb #bb4 ,m>silea ,fabri #cc #bb bis4 ,adiantites ,l9dse=mis #da #bc4 ,pecopt]is 7,ale?opt]is7 aquil9e #dc #bd4 7,ale?opt]is7 het]ophylla #dc #be4 ,neuropt]is ,lo%ii #dc #bf4 gigantean #dc #bg4 acum9ate #dc #bh4 ,sph5opt]is aff9is #dc #bi4 ,cyclopt]is dilatata #dc #cj4 ,/em ( ,caulopt]is macrodiscus #dd #ca4 ,balf\ri 7,c>r47 #dd #cb4 ,morrisi 7,c>r47 #dd #cc4 ,sigill>ia pa*yd]ma #de #cd4 ,sigill>ia r5i=mis #de #ce4 pa*yd]ma #df #cf4 7,favul>ia7 tessellate #df #cg4 pa*yd]ma #df #ch4 ,/igm>ia ficoides #dg #ci4 7,s4 anaba?ra ( ,corda7 #dg #dj4 ,bifurcat+ /em ( ,lepidod5dron obovatum 7elegans7 #di #da4 ,/em ( ,lepidod5dron cr5atum #di #db4 ,fructification ( ,lepidod5dron #ej #dc4 ,longitud9al section ( ,fructification ( ,triplosporites #ej #dd4 7#a74 ,fruit ( ,selag9ella sp9ulosa1 ,a4 ,braun 7,lycopodium selag9oides1 ,l9n47 #ea 7#b74 ,scale & sporangium f ! upp] "p ( cone #ea 7#c74 ,an!ridian microspores f ditto #ea 7#d74 ,macrospore #ea 7#e74 ,scale & sporangium f l[] "p ( cone1 conta9+ macrospores #ea 7#f74 ,fruit ( ,lepido/robus ornatus 7,hook]7 #ea 7#g74 ,?ree scales & sporangia ( ditto #ea 7#h74 ,microspores f sporangia ( ! upp] "p ( ! cone ( ,triplosporites ,br[nii1 ,brongn4 #ea 7#i74 ,macrospore f ! sporangia ( ! l[] "p #ea 7#aj74 ,scales & sporangia ( a cone ( ,flem+ites #ea #de a4 ,calamites ,suckovii #eg #de b4 ,septum or ,phragma ( a ,calamite #eg #df4 ,v]tical /ems ( ,calamites--9 coal-measures ( ,treuil1 ne> ,/4 ,eti5ne #eh #dg4 ,fruits ( ,equisetum & ,calamites #fj 7#a74 ,equisetum arv5se1 ,l4 #fj 7#b74 ,portion ( sporangium wall #fj 7#c1 #d74 ,spores--elat]s free #fj 7#e74 ,longitud9al section ( "p ( "o side ( cone #fj 7#f74 ,transv]se section ( cone #fj 7#g74 ,calamites 7,volkmannia7 ,b9neyi 7,c>r47 #fj 7#h74 ,portion ( sporangium wall #fj 7#i74 ,two spores #fj 7#aj74 ,longitud9al section ( "p ( "o side ( cone #fj 7#aa74 ,transv]se section ( cone #fj #dh4 ,foliage & fruits ( ,calamites #fb 7#a1 #b74 ,a/]ophyllites #fb 7#c1 #d74 ,annul>ia #fb 7#e1 #f74 ,sph5ophyllum #fb #di4 ,arauc>ioxylon ,)ami1 ,krauss 7,p9ites ,)ami7 #fc #ej4 ,trigonoc>pum oliv=me #fc #ea4 ,c>dioc>pum ,l9dleyi 7,c>r47 #fe #eb4 #fe #ec4 ,c>dioc>pum anomalum 7,c>r47 #ff #ed4 ,po?ocites ,grantoni 7,pat]son7 #fg #ee1 #ef4 ,wal*ia p9i=mis 7,/]nb47 #gb #eg4 ,p9us sylve/ris #gc #eh4 ,abies excelsa #gc #ei4 ,l>ix ,europa #gc #fj4 ,c$rus ,libani #gc #fa4 ,arauc>ia excelsa #gd #fb4 ,woody tubes ( fir--s+le r[s ( discs #gd #fc4 --d\ble & opposite r[s ( discs #gd #fd4 ,woody tubes ( ,arauc>ia excelsa--d\ble & triple & alt]nate r[s ( discs #gd #fe4 ,longitud9al section ( /em ( a ,gymnosp]m #gd #ff4 ,l9e> leaves ( ,p9us ,/robus #ge #fg4 ,cone ( ,p9us sylve/ris #ge #fh4 ,cupressus semp]vir5s #ge #fi4 ,scale ( mature cone ( ,p9us sylve/ris #ge #gj4 ,fruit+ bran* ( ,junip]us communis #gf #ga4 ,bran* ( ,taxus baccata #gf #gb4 ,male fl[] ( ,yew #gf #gc4 ,fruit ( ,yew #gf #gd4 ,cycas revoluta #gg #ge4 ,encephal>tos 7,zamia7 pung5s #gg #gf4 ,s*izoneura het]ophylla #gh #gg4 ,zamites #gi #gh4 ,pt]ophyllum ,ple9+]ii #hj #gi4 ,nilssonia compta 7,pt]ophyllum comptum ( ,l9dley & ,hutton7 #hj #hj4 ,palozamia pect9ata 7,zamia pect9ata ( ,brongni>t1 & ,l9dley & ,hutton7 #hj #ha4 ,bra*yphyllum mammill>e #ha #hb4 ,equisetum column>e #ha #hc4 ,arauc>ites sphroc>pus 7,c>r47 #hb #hd4 ,t]m9ation ( a scale ( ditto #hb #he4 ,section ( a scale ( ditto #hb #hf4 ,! ,dirt-b$ ( ! isl& ( ,portl& #hc #hg4 ,cycadoidea megalophylla 7,mantellia nidi=mis ( ,brongni>t7 #hc #hh4 ,kaidac>pum ooliticum 7,c>r47 #hd #hi4 ,p&anus odoratissimus #hd #ij4 ,fossil wood1 ,abietites ,l9kii #he #ia4 ,sequoiites ovalis #hh #ib4 ,p9ites ovatus 7,zamia ovata ( ,l9dley & ,hutton7 #hi #ic4 ,palmacites ,lamanonis #ij #ie4 ,comptonia acutiloba #ib #if4 ,ac] trilobatum #ic #ig4 ,ulmus ,bronnii #ic #ih4 ,rhamnus ,aizoon #id #ii4 ,alnus gracilis #ie #ajj4 ,taxites or ,taxodites ,campbellii #ie #aja4 ,rhamnites mult9]vatus #ie #ajb4 ,equisetum ,campbellii #if ,,pal,,ontological ,,botany4 ,! /udy ( ! *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 ! nature ( liv+ be+s s9ce _! fir/ appe>ance on ! globe till ! p]iod :5 ! surface ( ! e>?1 hav+ assum$ its pres5t =m1 has be5 cov]$ by ! creation :i* n[ occupies x1 con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ important dep>tm5ts 9 ,geology4 ,x is1 z ,brongni>t rem>ks1 ! hi/ory ( life & its metamorphoses4 ,! rese>*es ( geologi/s %[ cle>ly t ! globe has und]gone v>i\s alt]ations s9ce t beg9n+ :5 ,god creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?4 ,^! alt]ations are exhibit$ 9 ! diff]5t /ratifi$ rocks :i* =m ! out] cru/ ( ! e>?1 & :i* 7 *iefly s$im5t>y deposits produc$ by ! wea!r+ ( ! expos$ rocks4 ,rema9s ( ! plants & animals liv+ on ! globe at ! "t ( ! =mation ( ! diff]5t b$s are pres]v$ 9 !m4 ,elevations & depressions ( ! surface ( ! e>? affect$ ! organisms on its surface1 & gave to successive deposits new faunas & floras4 ,"s ( ^! epo*s h be5 m>k$ by great *anges 9 ! physical /ate ( our planet1 & !y h be5 accompani$ ) equally great modifications 9 ! nature ( ! liv+ be+s :i* inhabit$ x4 ,! /udy ( ! fossil rema9s ( animals is call$ ,palozoology 71 anci5t1 & 1 animal71 :ile ! consid]ation ( ^? ( vegetables is d5om9at$ ,palophytology 7 & 1 a plant74 ,bo? are dep>tm5ts ( ! sci5ce ( ,palontology1 :i* has be5 ! means ( br++ geology to its pres5t /ate ( advancem5t4 ,! /udy ( ^! ext9ct =ms has af=d$ valuable indications z to ! physical /ate ( ! e>?1 & z to its climate at diff]5t epo*s4 ,?is /udy requires ! conjunct lab\rs ( ! ,zoologi/1 ! ,botani/1 & ! ,petralogi/4 ,! vegetation ( ! globe1 dur+ ! diff]5t /ages ( its =mation1 has und]gone v evid5t *anges4 ,at ! same "t !re is no reason to d\bt t ! plants may all be ref]r$ to ! great classes di/+ui%$ at ! pres5t day--namely1 ,?allog5s1 includ+ su* plants z ,li*5s1 ,alg1 & ,fungi2 ,acrog5s1 su* z ,f]ns & ,lycopods2 ,gymnosp]ms1 su* z ,cone-be>+ plants & ,cycads2 ,endog5s1 su* z ,palms1 ,lilies1 & ,grasses2 & ,exog5s1 su* z ! common trees ( ,brita9 7exclud+ ! ,fir71 & ! great mass ( ord9>y fl[]+ plants4 ,! relative proportion ( ^! classes1 h[ev]1 has be5 diff]5t1 & ! pr$om9ance ( c]ta9 =ms has giv5 a "* to ! vegetation ( diff]5t epo*s4 ,! f>!r we rec$e 9 geological hi/ory f ! pres5t day1 ! great] is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! fossil plants & ^? :i* n[ occupy ! surface4 ,at ! "t :5 ! coal-b$s 7 =m$1 ! plants cov]+ ! e>? belong$ to g5]a & species n exi/+ at ! pres5t day4 ,z we asc5d high]1 ! simil>ity betwe5 ! anci5t & ! mod]n flora increases1 & 9 ! late/ /ratifi$ rocks we h 9 c]ta9 in/ances an id5tity 9 species & a consid]able numb] ( exi/+ g5]a4 ,at e>ly epo*s ! flora appe>s to h be5 uni=m1 to h pres5t$ less div]sity ( =ms ?an at pres5t1 & to h be5 simil> 9 ! diff]5t qu>t]s ( ! globe4 ,! vegetation also indicates t ! nature ( ! climate 0 diff]5t f t :i* *>act]ises ! c\ntries 9 :i* ^! e>ly fossil plants are n[ f\nd4 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,fossil ,,plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #a4 ,section ( ,peuce ,)ami1 aft] ,l9dley & ,hutton1 a fossil ,conif] ( ! coal epo*4 ,punctat$ woody tissue se54 ,fossil plants are by no means s easily exam9$ z rec5t species4 ,!y are seldom f\nd 9 a complete /ate4 ,fragm5ts ( /ems1 leaves1 & fruits1 are ! data by :i* ! plant is to be det]m9$4 ,x is v r>e to f9d any traces ( ! fl[]s4 ,! p>ts ( fossil plants are usually sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 & x is difficult to asc]ta9 :at are ! portions :i* %\ld be associat$ toge!r s z to complete an individual plant4 ,specim5s are sometimes pres]v$1 s t ! anatomical /ructure ( ! organs1 especially ( ! /em1 c be detect$ by v ?9 slices plac$ "u ! microscope4 ,9 ! case ( "s /ems ! pres5ce ( punctat$ woody tissue 7,fig4 #a7 has prov$ ( great s]vice z reg>ds fossil ,botany2 ?is /ructure1 along ) ! abs5ce ( l>ge pitt$ ducts1 s]v+ to di/+ui% ,conif]s4 ,! pres5ce ( scal>i=m vessels indicates a plant belong+ to ! vascul> ,cryptogams1 ( :i* ! f]n is ! be/ kn[n example4 ,! cautions to be obs]v$ 9 det]m9+ fossil plants are notic$ by ,dr4 ,hook] 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,great ,brita9 7vol4 ii4 p4 #chg74 ,at ! pres5t day1 ! same f]n may h diff]5t =ms ( fronds1 :i*1 unless !y 7 f\nd unit$1 might be reckon$ di/9ct g5]a2 & rem>kable examples are se5 9 ,niphobolus rupe/ris & ,l9dsa cordata4 ,moreov]1 we f9d ! same =m ( frond belong+ to sev]al diff]5t g5]a1 :i* c only be di/+ui%$ by ! fructification2 & z ?is is r>ely se5 9 fossil f]ns1 x is (t5 impossible to come to a decid$ conclusion 9 reg>d to !m4 ,a leaf ( ,/ang]ia p>adoxa 0 consid]$ by an em95t botani/ z a b>r5 f]n frond1 b x ultimately prov$ to be ! leaf ( a ,cycad4 ,! leaf ( ,cupania filicifolia1 a ,dicotyl$on1 might easily be mi/ak5 = t ( a f]n2 x resembles mu* ! frond ( a fossil f]n call$ ,coniopt]is4 ,! div]se leaves ( ,/]culia div]sifolia1 if se5 sep>ately1 might easily be ref]r$ to diff]5t plants4 ,9 ! same f]n we meet also ) diff]5t k9ds ( v5ation 9 ! fronds4 ,simil> rem>ks may be made 9 reg>d to o!r plants4 ,h>vey has po9t$ out _m difficulties 9 reg>d to sea-we$s4 ,z reg>ds ! mat]ials = a fossil flora1 ! foll[+ rem>ks ( ,hugh ,mill] des]ve att5tion3-- ,! au?ors ( ,fossil ,floras1 h[ev] able or accompli%$ !y may be1 h (t5 to f\nd _! g5]a & species1 & to frame _! re/orations1 :5 !y attempt ^!1 on v inadequate specim5s4 ,=1 7 !y to pause 9 _! lab\rs until bett] ones turn$ up1 !y w\ld f9d ! longe/ life greatly too %ort = ! completion ( ev5 a small portion ( _! task4 ,mu* ( _! "w mu/ be ( necessity ( a provisional "*--s mu* s1 t !re are few possessors ( good collections :o d n f9d !mselves 9 circum/ances to furni% bo? add5da & errata to our mo/ valuable works on ,palontology4 ,& x is only by ! free communication ( ^! add5da & errata t geologi/s w be at l5g? enabl$ adequately to conceive ( ! by-pa/ creations1 & ( t gorge\s ,flora ( ! ,c>bonif]\s age1 :i* seems to h be5 by f> ! mo/ luxuriant & wond]ful :i* our emphatically anci5t e>? ev] saw4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #b4 ,b>k ( ,arauc>ia imbricata4 ,! b>k ( trees at ! pres5t day (t5 exhibits diff]5t k9ds ( m>k+s 9 its lay]s4 ,?is may be illu/rat$ by a specim5 ( ,arauc>ia imbricata1 :i* 0 de/roy$ by fro/ 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,botanic ,g>d5 on #bd? ,decemb] #ahfa4 ,! tree 0 #bd feet high1 ) a circumf]5ce ( f\r feet at ! base ( ! /em1 & _h tw5ty :orls ( bran*es4 ,! ext]nal surface ( ! b>k is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,!re are se5 sc>s =m$ 9 "p by prolongations f ! l[] "p ( ! leaves1 :i* h be5 cut (f close to _! union ) ! /em4 ,! base ( ea* leaf rema9+ 9 ! b>k has ! =m ( a n>r[ elongat$ ellipse1 surr\nd$ by cortical foli> prolongations4 ,! m>k+s on ! b>k1 :5 view$ ext]nally1 h a some:at oblique quadrilat]al =m4 ,on remov+ ! epiphlum or out] b>k1 & exam9+ its inn] surface1 we rem>k a diff]5ce 9 ! appe>ance pres5t$ at ! l[] & upp] "p ( ! /em4 ,9 ! l[] portion ! m>k+s h an irregul> elliptical =m1 ) a deep depression1 & fissures :]e ! leaves are atta*$ 7,fig4 #c74 ,high] up ! epiphlal m>k+s assume r m ( a quadrilat]al =m1 ) ! depressions less deep1 & ! fissures = ! leaves giv+ (f prolongations on ei!r side4 ,f>!r up ! m>k+s are small] 9 size1 obliquely quadrilat]al1 & pres5t circul> clots along ! b\nd>y l9es *iefly 7,fig4 #d74 ,high] /ill ! quadrilat]al =m becomes m app>5t1 & ! dots disappe> 7,fig4 #e74 ,! epiphlum ?us pres5ts diff]5ces 9 its m>k+s at diff]5t heights on ! /em4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,sid5ote3 ,figs4 #c1 #d1 & #e4 ,m>k+s on ,arauc>ia b>k4 ,! "p ( ! b>k imm$iately bel[ ! epiphlum is well develop$1 & is ( a spongy consi/5ce4 ,:5 exam9$ microscopically x is se5 to be compos$ ( cells ( v>i\s %apes--"s elongat$ fusi=m1 o!rs rhomboidal1 o!rs ) po9t$ app5dages4 ,! v>iety ( =ms is v great1 b x is possible t ?is may be p>tly ow+ to ! effects ( fro/ on ! cells4 ,on ! spontane\s sep>ation ( ! b>k1 ! portion bel[ ! epiphlum 0 se5 to consi/ ( di/9ct plates ( a m or less quadrilat]al =m1 ) "s ( ! edges concave & o!rs convex1 a "p 9 ! c5tre indicat+ ! connection ) ! leaf1 along ) :i* x is deta*$4 ,9 ,fig4 #f a leaf is %[n ) "o ( ^! plates atta*$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #f4 ,leaf ( ,arauc>ia ) a portion ( b>k4 ,! appe>ances pres5t$ by ! out] & middle b>k ( ,arauc>ia imbricata be> a m>k$ resemblance to ^? exhibit$ by c]ta9 fossils includ$ 9 ! g5]a ,sigill>ia & ,lepidod5dron4 ,! sculpturesque m>k+s on ! /ems ( ^! fossil plants indicate _! alliance to ! f]ns & lycopods ( ! pres5t epo*4 ,b x is evid5t1 f ^! m>k+s1 t mu* caution is requir$ 9 mak+ ?is det]m9ation4 ,o!r po9ts ( /ructure mu/ be exam9$ be=e a prop] decision c be =m$4 ,:51 = in/ance1 ! pres5ce ( scal>i=m tissue1 or ( punctat$ woody tissue1 has be5 satisfactorily %[n "u ! microscope1 we are entitl$ to haz>d an op9ion z to ! aff9ities ( ! fossils4 ,9 _m in/ances1 h[ev]1 ext]nal appe>ances are ! only data on :i* to rely = ! det]m9ation ( fossil g5]a & species2 & ra% conclusions h (t5 be5 drawn by geologi/s :o h n be5 conv]sant ) ! /ructure ( plants4 ,! ,arauc>ia m>k+s po9t out ! ne$ ( c>e 9 draw+ conclusions1 & _! v>iations at diff]5t p>ts ( ! b>k indicate ! dang] ( a ra% decision z to species4 ,!re c be no d\bt t 9 vegetable ,palontology ! numb] ( species has be5 ne$lessly multipli$--any slight v>iation 9 =m hav+ be5 reckon$ suffici5t = specific di/9ction4 ,we c conceive t ! ,arauc>ia b>k m>k+s 9 a fossil /ate might easily supply sev]al species ( ,lepidod5dron4 ,a naturali/1 ) little k ( ! pres5t flora ( ! globe1 v5tures sometimes to decide on an isolat$ fragm5t4 ,h5ce ! crude descriptions ( fossil vegetable =ms1 & ! confusion 9 :i* ,palophytology is involv$4 ,e geologi/ :o exam9es fossil plants ought to be well acqua9t$ ) ! m9ute /ructure ( liv+ plants1 ! =ms ( _! roots1 /ems1 leaves1 fronds1 & fructification2 ! m>k+s on ! out] & inn] surfaces ( _! b>ks1 on _! /ems1 & on _! rhizomes2 ! localities 9 :i* !y gr[1 & ! climates :i* g5]a & species affect 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 7,pr(essor ,balf\r 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 ,april #ahfb1 vol4 iv4 p4 #egg47 ,,mode ,,( ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,fossil ,,plants4 ,! mode 9 :i* plants are pres]v$ 9 a fossil /ate may be ref]r$ to f\r pr9cipal classes3--#a4 ,ca/s ( ! plants2 f :i* all ! orig9al sub/ance & /ructure h be5 remov$ subsequ5tly to ! burial ( ! plants1 & to ! great] or less induration ( ! rocks 9 :i* !y are entomb$4 ,su* ca/s are occasionally holl[1 b m frequ5tly !y consi/ ( ! amorph\s sub/ance ( ! rock :i* has fill$ up ! cavity1 & :i* exhibits1 (t5 ) rem>kable m9ut5ess1 ! ext]nal aspects ( ! orig9al specim54 #b4 ,c>bonisation2 9 :i* ! orig9al sub/ance ( ! plant has be5 *emically alt]$ & conv]t$ into lignite or coal4 ,all trace ( ! =m ( ! orig9al plant is g5]ally lo/1 z is ! case ) ! ext5sive b$s ( coal2 b frequ5tly1 :5 ! organism has be5 buri$ 9 a b$ ( clay1 ! ext]nal appe>ance is fai?fully pres]v$1 z 9 ! f]ns & o!r foliage f\nd 9 ! %ales ( ! coal-measures4 #c4 ,infiltration2 9 :i* ! vegetable tissues1 ?\gh c>bonis$1 reta9 _! orig9al =m f ! infiltration ( "s m9]al 9 solution1 *iefly lime or silex1 :i* has fill$ ! empty cells & vessels1 & s pres]v$ _! orig9al =m4 ,?is mode ( pres]vation occurs 9 ! calc>e\s nodules 9 coal-b$s1 9 ! rem>kable a%-b$s discov]$ by ,mr4 ,wns* 9 ,arran1 & g5]ally 9 ! second>y rocks4 #d4 ,petrifaction2 9 :i* ! /ructure is pres]v$1 b ! :ole ( ! orig9al sub/ance has be5 replac$1 atom = atom1 by an inorganic sub/ance1 g5]ally lime1 silex1 or "s ore ( iron4 ,?is is ! condition ( ! beautiful fossils f ,antigua1 & ( _m /ems & fruits f rocks ( all ages 9 ,brita94 ,c>bonis$ vegetables1 or ^? :i* h pass$ into ! /ate ( ,lignites1 (t5 und]go modifications :i* r5d] x difficult to und]/& !m rightly4 ,sometimes a portion ( ! organs ( vegetables :i* h pass$ into ! /ate ( lignite is trans=m$ into pyrites1 or else pyrites ( a globul> %ape is f\nd 9 ! middle ( ! tissue1 & may be tak5 = a "* ( organisation4 ,! section ( c]ta9 ,dicotyl$on\s fossil woods1 9 t case1 may resemble ,monocotyl$ons4 ,petrifaction1 z 9 ! case ( silicifi$ woods1 (t5 pres]ves all ! tissues equally1 at o!r times ! s(t tissues are alt]$ or de/roy$2 ! cellul> tissue be+ replac$ by amorph\s *alc$ony1 :ile ! ligne\s & vascul> tissues alone are petrifi$1 s z to pres]ve _! =ms4 ,9 "s cases ! rev]se takes place z to ^! tissues2 ! fibr\s portions disappe>1 leav+ cavities1 :ile ! cells are silicifi$4 ,sometimes we f9d ! p>ts regul>ly silicifi$ at "o place1 s z to reta9 ! /ructure1 :ile at ano!r an amorph\s mass ( silica is f\nd4 ,9 su* cases !re appe>1 z x 71 di/9ct silicifi$ woody bundles 9 ! mid/ ( an amorph\s mass4 ,! appe>ance dep5ds1 h[ev]1 m]ely on irregul> silicification or p>tial petrifaction4 ,infiltrat$ fossil woods1 by means ( *emical te/s1 are %[n to possess portions ( vegetable tissues cem5t$ into a mass by silica4 ,9 "s cases we f9d ! vessels & cells sep>ately silicifi$1 )\t be+ cru%$ into a compact mass4 ,9 ^! cases1 ! int]cellul> sub/ance n be+ silicifi$1 ! mass breaks d[n easily2 :]eas1 :5 complete silicification takes place1 ! mass is n friable4 ,conif]\s wood is (t5 friable1 f silicifi$ portions be+ /ill sep>at$ f ea* o!r by vegetable tissue m or less entire4 ,dur+ silicification1 or subsequ5t to x1 x frequ5tly happ5s t ! plant has be5 compress$1 brok51 & de=m$1 & t fissures h be5 =m$ :i* h be5 subsequ5tly fill$ ) cry/allis$ or amorph\s silica4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #g4 ,nicolia ,ow5ii 7,c>r471 f ! ,t]ti>y ,/rata ( ,egypt4 ,silicifi$ /ems ( trees h be5 obs]v$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 ) _! /ructure well pres]v$1 s t _! ,endog5\s & ,exog5\s "* c\ld be easily det]m9$4 ,! ,rev4 ,w4 ,b4 ,cl>ke notices ! occurr5ce ( a fossil p9e-=e/ at ,kurrur-,kurrn1 9 ! inlet ( ,awaaba1 on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,au/ralia4 ,9 ! inlet !re is a =mation ( conglom]ate & s&/one1 ) subord9ate b$s ( lignite--! lignite =m+ ! s-call$ ,au/ralian coal4 ,?r\gh\t ! alluvial flat1 /umps & /ools ( fossilis$ trees are se5 /&+ out ( ! gr\nd1 & "o c =m no bett] notion ( _! aspect ?an by imag9+ :at ! appe>ance ( ! exi/+ liv+ =e/ ( ,eucalypti & ,casu>9 w\ld be if ! trees 7 all cut d[n to a c]ta9 level4 ,9 a lake 9 ! vic9ity !re are also "s fossilis$ /umps ( trees1 /&+ v]tically4 ,9 ,d]w5t ,valley1 ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 fossil silicifi$ trees1 9 connection ) trap rocks1 h be5 f\nd 9 an erect position4 ,"o 0 measur$ ) a /em #f feet high1 a circumf]5ce at ! base ( #g feet #c in*es1 & a diamet] at ! top ( #ae in*es4 ,! /ems are ,conif]\s1 resembl+ ,arauc>ia4 ,! out] portion ( ! /em is ( a ri* br[n glossy agate1 :ile ! int]ior is ( a sn[y :it5ess4 ,"o hundr$ conc5tric r+s h be5 c\nt$4 ,! tissue falls into a p[d]y mass4 ,silica is f\nd 9 ! inside ( ! tubes1 & _! sub/ance is also silicifi$4 ,! erect silicifi$ /ems ( conif]\s trees exi/ 9 _! natural positions 9 ! dirt-b$1 an old surface soil 9 ! s&/one /rata ( ! ,purbeck s]ies 9 ! ,isle ( ,portl&1 ,dorset%ire4 ,9 ! petrifi$ =e/s ne> ,cairo silicifi$ /ems h be5 exam9$ by ,br[n1 ,ung]1 & ,c>ru!rs4 ,!y belong to dicotyl$on\s trees 7n conif]\s71 to :i* ! names ( ,nicolia gyptiaca & ,nicolia ,ow5ii 7,fig4 #g7 h be5 giv54 ,! wood consi/s ( a sl5d] pros5*yma1 abundantly p5etrat$ by l>ge ducts4 ,! walls ( ! ducts are m>k$ by small1 regul>ly arrang$1 oval1 & some:at compress$ hexagonal reticulations4 ,! ducts h transv]se diaphragms4 ,!re are num]\s m$ull>y rays4 ,! wood 9 _! /ems is conv]t$ into *alc$ony4 7,c>ru!rs on ,petrifi$ ,=e/ ne> ,cairo4 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,july #ahgj47 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,! ,,/ructure ,,( ,,fossil ,,plants4 ,:5 ! /ructure ( fossil plants is well pres]v$1 x may be se5 "u ! microscope by mak+ ?9 sections aft] ! mode recomm5d$ by ,mr4 ,william ,nicol1 ! inv5tor ( ! prism :i* be>s 8 "n1 & to ^: memory ,ung] d$icat$ ! g5us ,nicolia1 :i* has j be5 describ$ z con/itut+ ! petrifi$ =e/ at ,cairo4 ,! foll[+ is a description ( ! process ( prep>+ fossils = ! microscope1 by ,mr4 ,alex&] ,bryson4 7,ed94 ,n4 ,phil4 ,j\rnal1 ,n4 ,s4 iii4 #big4 ,balf\r's ,botani/'s ,companion1 p4 #cj47 ,! usual mode ( proce$+ 9 mak+ a section ( fossil wood is simple1 ?\gh t$i\s4 ,! fir/ process is to flatt5 ! specim5 to be op]at$ on by gr9d+ x on a flat lap made ( lead *>g$ ) em]y or corundum p[d]4 ,x mu/ n[ be r5d]$ p]fectly flat by h& on a plate ( metal or glass1 us+ mu* f9] em]y ?an 9 ! fir/ op]ation ( gr9d+4 ,! next op]ation is to cem5t ! object to ! glass plate4 ,bo? ! plate ( glass & ! fossil to be cem5t$ mu/ be heat$ to a temp]ature r inconv5i5t = ! f+]s to be>4 ,by ?is means moi/ure & adh]5t air are driv5 (f1 especially f ! object to be op]at$ on4 ,canada balsam is n[ to be equally spread ov] bo? plate & object1 & expos$ aga9 to heat1 until ! r$undant turp5t9e 9 ! balsam has be5 driv5 (f by evaporation4 ,! two surfaces are n[ to be connect$ :ile hot1 & a sl[ circul> motion1 ) pressure1 giv5 ei!r to ! plate or object1 = ! purpose ( ?r[+ out ! sup]abundant balsam & globules ( includ$ air4 ,! object %\ld be bel[ & ! glass plate above1 z we !n c see :5 all ! air is remov$1 by ! pressure & motion indicat$4 ,x is prop] to m5tion t too mu* balsam is m fav\rable = ! expulsion ( ! air-bubbles ?an too little4 ,:5 cold1 ! ,canada balsam w be f\nd h>d & adh]+1 & ! specim5 fit = slitt+4 ,?is process has hi!rto be5 p]=m$ by us+ a disc ( ?9 %eet-iron1 s mu* employ$ by ! t9smi?1 te*nically call$ %eet-t94 ,! t9 coat+ ought to be p>tially remov$ by heat+ ! plate1 & :5 hot rubb+ (f mu* ( ! extrane\s t9 by a piece ( clo?4 ,! plate has n[ to be plani%$ on ! poli%$ /ake ( ! t9smi?1 until q flat4 ,if ! plate is to be us$ 9 ! la!1 & by ! usual me?od1 x ought to be plani%$ s z to possess a slight convexity4 ,?is gives a c]ta9 am\nt ( rigidity to ! edge1 :i* is useful 9 slitt+ by ! h&2 :ile by ! me?od ( me*anical slitt+1 ab\t to be describ$1 ?is convexity is inadmissible4 ,! t9 plate1 :5 m\nt$ on an appropriate *uck 9 ! la!1 mu/ be turn$ q true1 ) its edge slightly r\nd$ & made p]fectly smoo? by a f9e-cut file4 ,! edge ( ! disc is n[ to be *>g$ ) diamond p[d]4 ,?is is done by m+l+ ! diamond p[d] ) oil1 & plac+ x on a piece ( ! h>de/ agate1 & !n turn+ ! disc sl[ly r\nd4 ,!n1 by hold+ ! agate ) ! diamond p[d] ) a mod]ate pressure aga9/ ! edge ( ! disc1 x is ?or\ghly *>g$ ) a ho/ ( diamond po9ts1 becom+1 z x 71 a saw ) invisible tee?4 ,9 p\nd+ ! diamond1 "s c>e is necess>y1 z also a fitt+ mort>4 ,! mort> %\ld be made ( an old /eel die1 if accessible2 if n1 a mass ( /eel1 slightly conical1 ! base ( :i* ought to be #b in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! upp] "p #a in*4 ,a cyl9drical hole is n[ to be turn$ out 9 ! c5tre1 ( ?s ( an in* diamet]1 & ab\t #a in* deep4 ,?is1 :5 h>d5$1 is ! mort>2 = safety x may be anneal$ to a /raw col\r4 ,! pe/le is m]ely a cyl9d] ( /eel1 fitt+ ! holl[ mort> b loosely1 & hav+ a l$ge or edg+ ( an eigh? ( an in* project+ r\nd x1 b suffici5tly rais$ above ! upp] surface ( ! mort>1 s z n to come 9 contact :ile p\nd+ ! diamond4 ,! po9t ( ! pe/le ought only to be h>d5$ & anneal$ to a /raw col\r1 & %\ld be ( c\rse convex1 fitt+ ! oppos+ & equal concavity ( ! mort>4 ,! purpose ( ! project+ l$ge is to prev5t ! small] p>ticles ( diamond spurt+ out :5 ! pe/le is /ruck by ! hamm]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #h4 ,mr4 ,bryson's in/rum5t = slitt+ fossils4 ,a v simple slic+ & poli%+ ma*9e has be5 inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,jordan ( ! ,m9+ ,record ,(fice1 & is sold by ,messrs4 ,cotton & ,johnson1 ,grafton ,/reet1 ,soho1 ,london4 ,x co/s ab\t #aj4 ,mr4 ,bryson has contriv$ an in/rum5t = slitt+ fossils4 ,! in/rum5t is plac$ on ! table ( a common la!1 :i* is1 ( c\rse1 ! s\rce ( motion 7,fig4 #h74 ,x consi/s ( a ,watt's p>allel motion1 ) f\r jo9ts1 atta*$ to a basem5t fix$ to ! table ( ! la!4 ,?is base has a motion 7= adju/m5t only7 9 a horizontal plane1 by :i* we may be enabl$ to place ! upp] jo9t 9 a p>allel plane ) ! sp9dle ( ! la!4 ,?is may be call$ ! azimu?al adju/m5t4 ,! adju/m5t1 :i* 9 an a/ronomical in/rum5t is call$ ! plane ( "r asc5sion1 is giv5 by a pivot 9 ! top ( ! base1 & clamp$ by a screw bel[4 ,?is motion 9 "r asc5sion gives u ! p[] ( adju/+ ! p]p5dicul> planes ( motion1 s t ! object to be slit passes d[n f ! circumf]5ce ( ! slitt+-plate to ne>ly its c5tre1 9 a p]fectly p>allel plane4 ,:5 ?is adju/m5t is made accurately1 & ! slitt+-plate well prim$ & flat1 a v ?9 & p>allel slice is obta9$4 ,?is jo9t$ frame is c\nt]pois$ & support$ by a lev]1 ! c5tre ( :i* is movable 9 a pill> /&+ p]p5dicul>ly f ! la! table4 ,atta*$ to ! lev] is a screw ( ?ree ?reads1 by :i* ! c\nt]poise weight is adju/$ readily to ! v>y+ weight ( ! object to be slit & ! necess>y pressure requir$ on ! edge ( ! slitt+-plate4 ,! object is fix$ to ! ma*9e by a pneumatic *uck4 ,x consi/s ( an iron tube1 :i* passes ?r\gh an ap]ture on ! upp] jo9t ( ! guid+-frame1 into :i* is screw$ a r\nd piece ( gun-metal1 slightly holl[$ 9 ! c5tre1 b flat t[>ds ! edge4 ,?is gun-metal disc is p]=at$ by a small hole communicat+ ) ! int]ior ( ! iron tube4 ,?is ap]ture p]mits ! air betwe5 ! glass plate & ! *uck to be exhau/$ by a small air-syr+e at ! o!r end4 ,! face ( ?is *uck is cov]$ ) a ?9 film ( s(t india-rubb] n vulcanis$1 also p]=at$ ) a small c5tral ap]ture4 ,:5 ! *uck is prop]ly adju/$1 & ! india-rubb] c>efully /ret*$ ov] ! face ( ! gun-metal1 "o or two pulls ( ! syr+e-pi/on is q suffici5t to ma9ta9 a v l>ge object "u ! action ( ! slitt+-plate4 ,by ?is me?od no "t is lo/2 ! adhesion is made in/antane\sly1 & z quickly brok5 by op5+ a small screw1 to admit air betwe5 ! glass plate & ! *uck1 :5 ! object is imm$iately releas$4 ,c>e mu/ be tak51 9 /ret*+ ! india-rubb] ov] ! face ( ! *uck1 to make x v equal 9 its di/ribution1 & z ?9 z is consi/5t ) /r5g?4 ,:5 ?is mat]ial is obta9$ f ! %ops1 x pres5ts a s]ies ( slight grooves1 & is r h>d = our purpose4 ,x ought1 !re=e1 to be slightly heat$1 :i* r5d]s x s(t & pliant1 & 9 ?is /ate %\ld n[ be /ret*$ ov] ! *uck1 & a piece ( s(t copp] wire ti$ r\nd x1 a slight groove be+ cut 9 ! p]iph]y ( ! *uck to deta9 ! wire 9 its place4 ,:5 by use ! surface ( ! india-rubb] becomes flat1 smoo?1 & free f ! grooves :i* at fir/ m> its usefulness1 a specim5 may be slit ( _m squ>e in*es1 )\t resort be+ _h to ano!r exhau/ion by ! syr+e4 ,b :5 a l>ge1 h>d1 silice\s object has to be slit1 x is well = ! sake ( safety to try ! syr+e pi/on1 & obs]ve if x returns =cibly to ! bottom ( ! cyl9d]1 :i* evid5ces ! good condition ( ! vacuum ( ! *uck4 ,aft] ! op]ation ( slitt+1 ! plate mu/ be remov$ f ! sp9dle ( ! la!1 & ! flat lead lap sub/itut$4 ,! pneumatic *uck is n[ to be rev]s$1 & ! specim5 plac$ 9 contact ) ! gr9d]4 ,by giv+ a slightly tortu\s motion to ! specim51 t is1 us+ ! motion ( ! v>i\s jo9ts1 ! object is gr\nd p]fectly flat :5 ! l5g? ( bo? arms ( ! jo9ts is p]fectly equal4 ,%\ld ! leg ( ! fir/ jo9t on ! "r-h& side be ! long]1 ! specim5 w be gr\nd holl[2 if %ort]1 x w be gr\nd convex4 ,b if1 z be=e /at$1 !y are ( equal l5g?1 a p]fectly p>allel surface w be obta9$4 ,9 op]at+ on silice\s objects1 ,i h f\nd soap & wat] q z spe$y & efficaci\s z oil1 :i* is g5]ally us$2 :ile calc>e\s fossils mu/ be slit by a solution ( common soda 9 wat]4 ,?is solution ( soda1 if made too /rong1 s(t5s ! india-rubb] on ! face ( ! pneumatic *uck1 & r5d]s a new piece necess>y2 b if c>e is tak5 to keep ! solution ( mod]ate /r5g?1 "o piece ( india-rubb] may la/ = six mon?s4 ,! ?9n] & flatt] x becomes1 ! bett] hold ! glass takes1 until a puncture occurs 9 ! out] portion1 & a new piece is r5d]$ necess>y4 ,! poli%+ ( ! section is ! la/ op]ation4 ,?is is p]=m$ 9 v>i\s ways1 accord+ to ! mat]ial ( :i* ! organism is compos$4 ,if silice\s1 a lap ( t9 is to be us$1 ab\t ! same size z ! gr9d+ lap4 ,hav+ turn$ ! face smoo? & flat1 a s]ies ( v f9e not*es are to be made all ov] ! surface4 ,?is op]ation is accompli%$ by hold+ ! edge ( an old d9n]-knife almo/ p]p5dicul> to ! surface ( ! lap :ile rotat+2 ?is produces a s]ies ( criddles1 or slight asp]ities1 :i* deta9 ! poli%+ sub/ance4 ,! poli%+ sub/ance us$ on ! t9 lap is te*nically call$ lapid>ies' rot-/one1 & is appli$ by slightly moi/5+ ! mass1 & press+ x firmly aga9/ ! poli%]1 c>e be+ tak5 to scrape (f ! out] surface1 :i* (t5 conta9s grit4 ,! specim5 is !n to be press$ ) "s degree ( =ce aga9/ ! revolv+ t9 lap or poli%]1 c>efully *ang+ ! plane ( action1 by mov+ ! specim5 9 v>i\s directions ov] ! surface4 ,to poli% calc>e\s objects1 ano!r me?od mu/ be adopt$ z foll[s3-- ,a lap or disc ( will[ wood is to be adapt$ to ! sp9dle ( ! la!1 ?ree in*es 9 ?ickness1 & ab\t ! diamet] ( ! o!r laps 7#aj in*es71 ! axis ( ! wood be+ p>allel to ! sp9dle ( ! la!1 t is1 ! act+ surface ( ! wood is ! end ( ! fibres1 ! section be+ transv]se4 ,?is poli%] mu/ be turn$ q flat & smoo!d by a plane1 z ! will[1 f its s(tness1 is peculi>ly difficult to turn4 ,x is also ( consequ5ce to rem>k t bo? sides %\ld be turn$1 s t ! lap1 :5 dry1 is q p>allel4 ,?is lap is mo/ conv5i5tly adapt$ to ! common face *uck ( a la! ) a conical screw1 s t ei!r surface may be us$4 ,?is is made evid5t1 :5 we /ate t ?is poli%] is always us$ moi/1 &1 to keep bo? surfaces p>allel1 mu/ be entirely plung$ 9 wat] be=e us+1 z bo? surfaces mu/ be equally moi/1 o!rwise ! dry surface w be concave & ! moi/ "o convex4 ,! poli%+ sub/ance us$ ) ?is lap is putty p[d] 7oxide ( t971 :i* ought to be well wa%$1 to free x f grit4 ,! calc>e\s fossils be+ f9ely gr\nd1 are spe$ily poli%$ by ?is me?od4 ,to poli% s(t] sub/ances1 a piece ( clo? may be spread ov] ! wood5 lap1 & f9ely-levigat$ *alk us$ z a poli%+ m$ium4 ,9 ord] to /udy fossil plants well1 !re mu/ be an acqua9tance ) sy/ematic botany1 a k ( ! microscopical /ructure ( all ! organs ( plants1 su* z _! roots1 /ems1 b>ks1 leaves1 fronds1 & fruit2 ( ! m>k+s :i* !y exhibit on _! diff]5t surfaces1 & ( ! sc>s :i* "s ( !m leave :5 !y decay4 ,x is only ?us we c expect to det]m9e accurately ! liv+ aff9ities ( ! fossil4 ,brongni>t says1 t be=e comp>+ a fossil vegetable ) liv+ plants1 x is necess>y to recon/ruct z completely z possible ! portion ( ! plant "u exam9ation1 to det]m9e ! relations ( ^! portions to ! o!r organs ( ! same plant1 & to complete ! plant if possible1 by see+ :e!r1 9 ! fossils ( ! same locality1 !re may n be "s :i* belong to ! same plant4 ,! connection ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! same plant is "o ( ! mo/ important problems 9 ,palophytology1 & ! neglect ( x has l$ to _m mi/akes4 ,9 "s in/ances ! data h be5 suffici5t to enable botani/s to ref] a fossil plant to a g5us ( ! pres5t day1 s t we h fossil species ( ! g5]a ,ulmus1 ,alnus1 ,p9us1 etc4 ,sometimes ! plant is %[n to be alli$ to a liv+ g5us1 b diff]+ 9 "s ess5tial po9t1 or want+ some?+ to complete ! id5tity1 & x is !n m>k$ by ! addition ( ! t]m ites1 z ,p9ites1 ,?uites1 ,zamites1 etc4 ,be=e draw+ conclusions z to ! climate or physical condition ( ! globe at diff]5t geological epo*s1 ! botani/ mu/ be well in=m$ z to ! vegetation ( diff]5t c\ntries1 z to ! soils & localities 9 :i* c]ta9 plants gr[1 :e!r on l& or 9 ! sea1 or 9 lakes1 9 dry or m>%y gr\nd1 9 valleys or on m\nta9s1 or 9 e/u>ies1 9 hot1 temp]ate1 or cold regions4 ,great caution mu/ be employ$ also 9 pr$icat+ f "o species ! conditions ( ano!r1 inasmu* z diff]5t species ( ! same g5us frequ5tly exi/ 9 v diff]5t habitats1 & "u almo/ opposite conditions ( moi/ure & temp]ature4 ,x is only by a c>eful consid]ation ( all ^! p>ticul>s t any probable inf]5ces c be drawn z to ! condition ( ! globe4 ,consid]+ ! physiognomy ( vegetation at ! pres5t day1 we f9d rem>kable associations ( =ms4 ,! ,palms1 al?\gh g5]ally *>act]i/ic ( v w>m c\ntries1 are by no means conf9$ to !m2 ,*amrops humilis ext5d+ to ,europe z f> z lat4 #dc to #dd ,n41 & ,c4 palmetto 9 ,nor? ,am]ica to lat4 #cd to #cf ,n41 :ile ,c4 ,=tunei1 f ! nor? ( ,*9a1 is p]fectly h>dy 9 ! s\? ( ,engl&4 ,major ,madd5 m5tions ! association ( ,palms & ,bamboos ) ,conif]s at consid]able elevations on ! ,himalayas4 7,ed94 ,bot4 ,soc4 ,trans4 iv41 p4 #ahe47 ,epiphytic ,or*ids1 :i* usually *>act]ise w>m climates1 h repres5tatives at great elevations1 z ,oncidium nubig5um at #ad1jjj feet 9 ! ,&es1 & ,epid5drum frigidum at f #ab1jjj to #ac1jjj feet 9 ! ,columbia m\nta9s4 ,^! facts po9t out ! c>e necess>y be=e draw+ conclusions z to ! climate :i* fossil plants may be suppos$ to indicate4 ,,fossilif]\s ,,rocks4 ,! rocks ( :i* ! globe is compos$ are divid$ into two great classes--! ,/ratifi$ or ,aque\s1 & ! ,un/ratifi$ or ,igne\s4 ,! /ratifi$ rocks frequ5tly conta9 fossil rema9s1 & are !n call$ fossilif]\s2 ^? ) no su* rema9s are designat$ non-fossilif]\s or azoic4 ,! igne\s un/ratifi$ rocks1 includ$ "u ! names ( ,granitic & ,trappean1 %[ no appe>ance ( animal or vegetable rema9s4 ,^? trap rocks1 h[ev]1 :i* h be5 =m$ ( loose volcanic a%es h (t5 enclos$ & pres]v$ ! rema9s ( plants & animals2 :ile ev5 betwe5 ! successive b$s ( old lava-l trap rocks organic rema9s are sometimes f\nd4 ,?us1 9 ,antrim1 ne> ! ,giant's ,causeway1 deposits conta9+ vegetable rema9s occur int]-/ratifi$ ) basaltic rocks4 ,^! rema9s are ( ,mioc5e age1 & h be5 ref]r$ to conif]\s plants1 bee*es1 oaks1 plane trees1 etc4 ,simil> plants h be5 discov]$ 9 a simil> position by ! ,duke ( ,argyll 9 ! isl& ( ,mull4 ,9 trap rocks ne> ,ed9burgh1 lignite ) di/9ct /ructure has also be5 detect$4 ,silicifi$ wood & coal1 imb$d$ 9 trap rocks1 h be5 se5 9 ,k]guel5's ,l&4 ,! wood is f\nd enclos$ 9 basalt1 :il/ ! coal crops out 9 rav9es1 9 close contact ) ! ov]ly+ porphyritic & amygdaloidal gre5/one4 ,hook] has also se5 silicifi$ wood1 9 connection ) trap1 9 ,macqu>rie's ,pla9s1 9 ,tasmania4 ,sev]al b$s ( trap-tuff or a%1 =m$ into solid compact rock by infiltrat$ c>bonate ( lime1 occur 9 ! nor?-ea/ ( ,arran1 :i* conta9 num]\s /ems1 bran*es1 & fruits ( c>bonif]\s plants4 ,^! repres5t ! rema9s ( successive =e/s :i* grew on ?is locality1 & 7 "o aft] ! o!r de/roy$ by ! a%-%[]s p\r$ =? f a neighb\r+ volcano dur+ its int]mitt5t p]iods ( activity4 ,fossil rema9s are extremely r>e 9 c]ta9 rocks1 :i*1 f ! *anges !y h und]gone1 h be5 d5om9at$ ,metamorphic4 ,^! include ,gneiss & ,mica-slate1 :i* are /ratifi$ rocks subsequ5tly alt]$ by heat & o!r causes1 & s completely metamorphos$ t ! traces ( organisms h be5 ne>ly oblit]at$4 ,nev]!less1 recognisable traces ( plant & animal rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 :at 7 rec5tly ?\ght to be azoic rocks4 ,! abs5ce ( organic rema9s 9 rocks is !re=e n suffici5t to enable u to /ate t ^! rocks 7 =m$ be=e animals or vegetables exi/$4 ,! /ratifi$ rocks :i* conta9 fossils h be5 divid$ into ?ree great gr\ps--! ,palozoic1 ! ,second>y1 & ! ,t]ti>y1 or into ,palozoic & ,neozoic gr\ps4 ,! =mations includ$ "u ^! are exhibit$ 9 ! foll[+ table1 tak5 f ,lyell's ,manual ( ,geology3-- #a4 ,rec5t4 ,po/ ,t]ti>y4 ,rec5t4 #b4 ,po/ ,plioc5e4 #c4 ,new] ,plioc5e4 ,plioc5e4 #d4 ,old] ,plioc5e4 #e4 ,upp] ,mioc5e4 ,mioc5e4 ,t]ti>y #f4 ,l[] ,mioc5e4 or ,ca9ozoic4 #g4 ,upp] ,eoc5e4 #h4 ,middle ,eoc5e4 ,eoc5e4 #i4 ,l[] ,eoc5e4 ,neozoic4 #aj4 ,mae/ri*t ,b$s4 #aa4 ,:ite ,*alk4 #ab ,*loritic ,s]ies4 ,second>y #ac4 ,gault ,cretace\s4 or #ad4 ,neocomian4 ,mesozoic4 #ae4 ,weald54 #af4 ,purbeck ,b$s4 #ag4 ,portl& ,/one4 #ah4 ,kimm]idge ,clay4 #ai4 ,coral ,rag4 ,jurassic4 #bj4 ,ox=d ,clay4 ,second>y #ba4 ,great or ,ba? ,oolite4 or ,neozoic4 #bb4 ,inf]ior ,oolite4 ,mesozoic4 #bc4 ,lias4 #bd4 ,upp] ,trias4 #be4 ,middle ,trias4 ,triassic4 #bf4 ,l[] ,trias4 #bg4 ,p]mian4 ,p]mian4 #bh4 ,coal ,measures4 #bi4 ,c>bonif]\s ,c>bonif]\s4 lime/one4 #cj4 ,upp] ,devonian or #ca4 ,middle ,devonian4 ,old ,r$ #cb4 ,l[] ,s&/one4 ,prim>y or ,palozoic4 #cc4 ,upp] ,palozoic4 #cd4 ,l[] ,silurian4 ,silurian4 #ce4 ,upp] #cf4 ,l[] ,cambrian4 ,cambrian4 #cg4 ,upp] #ch4 ,l[] ,laur5tian4 ,laur5tian4 ,,natural ,,ord]s ,,to ,,:i* ,,fossil ,,plants ,,belong4 ,! plants f\nd 9 diff]5t /rata are ei!r t]re/rial or aquatic1 & ! latt] exhibit species alli$ to ! salt & fre% wat] vegetables ( ! pres5t day4 ,_! /ate ( pres]vation dep5ds mu* on _! /ructure4 ,cellul> plants h probably 9 a great measure be5 de/roy$1 & h5ce _! r>ity2 :ile ^? hav+ a woody /ructure h be5 pres]v$4 ,! foll[+ is ! numb] ( fossil g5]a & species1 z compil$ f ,ung]'s "w on ,palophytology--7,ung]1 ,g5]a et ,species ,plant>um ,fossilium1 #ahej74 ,,dicotyl$ones4 ,g5]a4 ,species4 ,?alamiflor4 #bd #hd ,calyciflor #ef #ahb ,corolliflor #bc #fj ,mono*lamyde ,angiosp]m #dh #bba ------------- ,gymnosp]m #ef #cfc ,,monocotyl$ones4 ,petaloide #ch #acj ,glumif] #e #ab ,,acotyl$ones4 ,?allog5 #ca #bjc ,acrog5 #aba #ifi ,d\btful #ce #aig ---- ---- #dcg #bdba ,^! plants are arrang$ 9 ! diff]5t /rata z foll[s3-- ,cambrian1 ,silurian1 & ,devonian #gc ,palozoic ,c>bonif]\s #fhc ,p]mian #ig ,triassic #aae ,mesozoic ,jurassic #bid ,cretace\s #ahc ,eoc5e #dad ,ca9ozoic ,mioc5e #dif ,plioc5e #ce ,rec5t ,po/-,plioc5e #ca ---- ,fossil ,species4 #bdba ,dur+ ! tw5ty ye>s t h elaps$ s9ce ?is enum]ation 0 made1 ! numb] ( fossil species has be5 v greatly increas$4 ,! proportion exhibit$ 9 ?is table is likewise greatly alt]$ f ! enorm\s additions made to ! ,t]ti>y ,flora by ,ung]1 ,ett+%aus51 & ,he]1 & f ! important contributions by ,pr9cipal ,dawson to ! ,devonian ,flora4 ,among ! fossil ,?alamifloral ,dicotyl$ons1 ,ung] m5tions species belong+ to ! ord]s-- ,magnoliace4 ,anonace4 ,nymphace4 ,capp>idace4 ,malvace4 ,byttn]iace4 ,tiliace4 ,aurantiace4 ,malpighiace4 ,ac]ace4 ,sap9dace4 ,c$relace4 ,zygophyllace4 ,xan?oxylace4 ,cori>iace4 ,among ,calycifloral ,dicotyl$ons-- ,cela/race4 ,rhamnace4 ,anac>diace4 ,amyridace4 ,legum9os4 ,rosace4 ,calycan?ace4 ,combretace4 ,mela/omace4 ,myrtace4 ,halorageace4 ,cucurbitace4 ,cornace4 ,loran?ace4 ,rubiace4 ,among ,corollifloral ,dicotyl$ons-- ,ericace4 ,/yracace4 ,eb5ace4 ,aquifoliace4 ,sapotace4 ,oleace4 ,apocynace4 ,g5tianace4 ,among ,mono*lamyde\s ,angiosp]ms-- ,nyctag9ace4 ,laurace4 ,proteace4 ,aquil>iace4 ,samydace4 ,santalace4 ,euphorbiace4 ,urticace4 ,artoc>pace4 ,c]atophyllace4 ,salicace4 ,myricace4 ,betulace4 ,alt+iace4 ,platanace4 ,corylace4 ,jugl&ace4 ,rafflesiace4 ,among ,mono*lamyde\s ,gymnosp]ms-- ,conif]4 ,taxace4 ,gnetace4 ,cycadace4 ,among ,petaloid ,monocotyl$ons-- ,smilace4 ,or*idace4 ,z+ib]ace4 ,musace4 ,liliace4 ,palm4 ,p&anace4 ,arace4 ,typhace4 ,naiadace4 ,re/iace4 ,among ,glumif]\s ,monocotyl$ons-- ,cyp]ace4 ,gram9e4 ,among ,acrog5\s ,acotyl$ons-- ,filices4 ,m>sileace4 ,lycopodiace4 ,equisetace4 ,musci4 ,hepatic4 ,among ,?allog5\s ,acotyl$ons-- ,li*5es4 ,*>ace4 ,alg4 ,fungi4 ,,p]iods ,,( ,,vegetation ,,among ,,fossil ,,plants4 ,on tak+ a g5]al survey ( ! kn[n fossil plants1 ,brongni>t ?\ght t he c\ld trace ?ree p]iods ( vegetation1 *>act]is$ by ! pr$om9ance ( c]ta9 m>k$ =ms ( plants4 ,9 ! anci5t p]iod !re is a pr$om9ance ( ,acrog5\s ,cryptogamic plants2 ?is is succe$$ by a p]iod 9 :i* !re is a prepond]ance ( ,gymnosp]m\s ,dicotyl$ons2 :ile a ?ird p]iod is m>k$ by ! pr$om9ance ( ,angiosp]m\s ,dicotyl$ons4 ,!re is ?us--#a4 ,! reign ( ,acrog5s1 :i* includes ! plants ( ! ,devonian1 ,c>bonif]\s1 & ,p]mian p]iods4 ,dur+ ^! p]iods !re seems to be a pr$om9ance ( ,f]ns1 & a great developm5t ( arboresc5t ,lycopodiace1 su* z ,lepidod5dron & ,sigill>ia1 & ) !m are associat$ "s ,gynmosp]ms1 alli$ to ,arauc>ia1 & "s anomal\s plants1 z ,noegg]a?ia4 #b4 ,! reign ( ,gymnosp]ms1 compreh5d+ ! ,triassic & ,jurassic p]iods4 ,"h we meet ) num]\s ,conif] & ,cycadace1 :ile ,f]ns are less abundant4 #c4 ,! reign ( ,angiosp]ms1 embrac+ ! ,cretace\s & ! ,t]ti>y p]iods4 ,?is is *>act]is$ by ! pr$om9ance ( ,angiosp]m\s ,dicotyl$ons1 a class ( plants :i* con/itute m ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( ! pres5t vegetable productions ( ! globe1 & :i* appe> to h acquir$ a pr$om9ance f ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,t]ti>y =mations4 ,^! plants appe> sp>+ly ev5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! *alk =mation 9 ,europe1 b are m abundant 9 ?is =mation z develop$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,,flora ,,( ,,! ,,prim>y ,,or ,,pal,,ozoic ,,p]iod4 ,,reign ,,( ,,acrog5s4 ,9 ! pres5t day1 acrog5\s plants are repres5t$ by cellul> & vascul> ,cryptogams4 ,9 consid]+ fossil plants our att5tion is specially direct$ to ! latt]4 ,9 ! rec5t ,floras1 vascul> ,acrog5s are repres5t$ by su* plants z ,f]ns1 ,lycopods1 & ,equisetums4 ,"s ( !m h an arboresc5t habit1 b ! great] numb] are %rubby & h]bace\s4 ,_m ( !m h creep+ rhizomes1 :i* are ei!r subt]ranean1 or run along ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,"o ( ^! arboresc5t =ms is se5 9 ,tree-f]ns 7,fig4 #i74 ,ano!r =m ) a rhizome is se5 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,! trunks ( f]ns are m>k$ by sc>s1 :i* indicate ! p>ts :]e ! bases ( ! fronds 7 atta*$1 & :]e ! vascul> tissue passes out f ! int]ior 7,fig4 #aa1 a & b74 ,a transv]se section ( ! /em 7,fig4 #ab7 %[s a cont9u\s cyl9d] ( scal>i=m vessels 7,fig4 #ac71 enclos+ a l>ge mass ( cellul> tissue frequ5tly p5etrat$ by small scal>i=m bundles4 ,! cyl9d] is pi]c$ by me%es1 f ! inn] sides ( :i* rise ! vascul> bundles go+ to ! leaves1 :ile "s ( ! free bundles ( ! axis pass ?r\gh ! me%1 c>ry+ ) !m a portion ( ! cellul> tissue into ! petiole4 ,! fructification consi/s ( spore-cases 7sporangia71 (t5 ) an ela/ic r+ r\nd !m1 conta9+ spores 9 _! int]ior 7,fig4 #ad74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #i4 ,tree-f]n1 ) a sl5d] cyl9drical trunk & a cr[n ( droop+ fronds4 ,x is a vascul> acrog54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,aspl5ium2 a species ( ,sple5wort4 ,a4 ,rhizome1 r1 cov]$ ) ! bases 7/alks or /ipes7 ( ! fronds2 f1 fronds 9 bud1 roll$ up 9 a circ9ate mann] 7?is is v r>ely se5 9 fossil f]ns72 g1 fronds be>+ fructification on _! backs4 ,b4 ,portion ( a frond sep>at$ to %[ ! l9e> sori or clu/]s ( sporangia 7spore-cases74 ,among ,acrog5s ( ! pres5t day !re are also plants belong+ to ! natural ord] ,lycopodiace or ,club-mosses 7,fig4 #ae71 hav+ creep+ /ems1 :i* give rise to leafy bran*es4 ,! leaves are small1 sessile1 & moss-l1 & ! fructification consi/s ( two k9ds ( cellul> bodies1 small spores or microspores 7,fig4 #af71 & l>ge spores or macrospores 7,fig4 #ag74 ,!y consi/ ( cellul> & vascul> tissues1 ! latt] occurr+ 9 ! =m ( woody1 annul>1 & scal>i=m vessels1 :i* occupy ! axis or c5tral "p ( ! /em4 ,!y diff] f f]ns 9 ! di/ribution ( _! vascul> bundles4 ,! ord] is repres5t$ also by su* plants z ,selag9ella1 ,psilotum1 ,phylloglossum1 & ,isoetes4 ,9 ! plant call$ ,isoetes 7,quillwort7 !re is a peculi> %ort /em :i* does n increase 9 height4 ,x produces additions lat]ally1 s t ! /em increases 9 ?ickness4 ,! leaves cont9ue to multiply1 & be> fructification at _! bases4 ,!y h bo? l>ge & small spores4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa1 a4 ,fig4 #aa1 b4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #aa1 a4 ,bifurcat+ 7=k$ or di*otom\s7 trunk 7caudex7 ( a ,tree-f]n 7,alsophila ,p]rottetiana71 %[+ ! sc>s 7cicatrices7 left by ! fall5 fronds4 ,^! sc>s exhibit ! arrangem5t ( ! vascul> bundles4 ,fig4 #aa1 b4 ,rhizome ( ,la/rea ,filix-mas 7male f]n71 %[+ sc>s ( ! leaves1 c1 ) m>k+s ( ! vascul> bundles4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,transv]se section ( ! /em 7caudex7 ( a ,tree-f]n 7,cya!a71 %[+ ! arrangem5t ( ! cellul> & vascul> tissue4 ,! cellul> tissue ( ! c5tre1 m2 t ( ! circumf]5ce1 p2 vascul> cyl9d]1 f v1 consi/+ ( d>k-col\r$ pleur5*yma or ligne\s tubes1 f1 & pal] vessels1 v1 *iefly scal>i=m & clos$ spiral1 & pi]c$ by ! me%es = ! leaf-bundles at m2 ! out] cortical portion connect$ ) ! bases ( ! leaves1 e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac-ag4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,scal>i=m vessels tak5 f a ,tree-f]n4 ,!y are m>k$ ) b>s l ! /eps ( a ladd]1 h5ce _! "n4 ,! membrane occasionally disappe>s1 s t ! walls are made up ( fibres only at "s p>ts4 ,fig4 #ad4 ,sporangia ( a ,f]n1 support$ on /alks1 p1 ea* ( :i* ends 9 an ela/ic cellul> r+1 s1 p>tially surr\nd+ ! spore-case1 & op5+ x :5 mature4 ,fig4 #ae4 ,lycopodium clavatum1 a common ,club-moss4 ,! leafy bran*1 l1 ends 9 a /alk be>+ two spikes ( fructification1 f4 ,fig4 #af4 ,a kidney-%ap$ #b-valv$ case1 conta9+ small spores 7microspores7 ( ,lycopodium4 ,fig4 #ag4 ,two-valv$ case1 conta9+ l>ge spores 7macrospores7 ( ,selag9ella4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,fructification ( ,equisetum maximum1 ,great ,wat] ,horse-tail1 %[+ ! /alk surr\nd$ by membran\s %ea?s1 s s1 :i* are fr+$ by num]\s processes call$ tee?4 ,! fructification1 f1 at ! extremity1 is 9 ! =m ( a cone be>+ polygonal scales1 "u :i* are spore-cases conta9+ spores ) filam5ts4 ,ano!r important ord] ( vascul> ,acrog5s is ! ,equisetace or ,horse-tails 7,fig4 #ah74 ,^! are ,cryptogams1 hav+ rhizomes1 be>+ holl[1 /riat$ bran*es1 :i* secrete 9 _! epid]mis a consid]able am\nt ( silex4 ,^! bran*es are jo9t$ & h membran\s %ea?s at ! articulations1 :i* are :orls ( leaves r$uc$ to a v rudim5t>y condition4 ,! fructification consi/s ( cone-l bodies 7,fig4 #ah1 f7 be>+ peltate polygonal scales1 "u :i* are spore-cases 7,fig4 #ai71 enclos+ spores ) f\r hygrometric club-%ap$ filam5ts call$ elat]s 7,figs4 #bj & #ba74 ,at ! pres5t day "s ( ^! plants 9 tropical regions h /ems ( #ae or #af feet high4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai-ba4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,polygonal scale1 s1 ( a species ( ,horse-tail 7,equisetum71 be>+ membran\s sacs1 t1 :i* op5 on _! inn] surface to dis*>ge spores4 ,fig4 #bj4 ,spore ( ,equisetum1 surr\nd$ by two filam5ts ) club-%ap$ extremities4 ,! filam5ts are repres5t$ z coil$ r\nd ! spore4 ,fig4 #ba4 ,spore ( ,equisetum1 ) ! filam5ts 7elat]s7 exp&$4 ,among vascul> ,acrog5s is includ$ ! natural ord] ,m>sileace or ,rhizoc>pe1 ! ,pepp]worts 7,fig4 #bb74 ,! ord] consi/s ( aquatic plants1 ) creep+ /ems1 be>+ leaves1 :i* are ei!r l9e>1 or divid$ into ?ree or m w$ge-%ap$ portions n unlike clov]4 ,! fructification is at ! base ( ! leaf-/alks1 & consi/s ( sacs 7sporoc>ps7 conta9+ spores ( two k9ds1 microspores & macrospores4 ,! ord] conta9s ,m>silea1 ,pilul>ia1 ,azolla1 & ,salv9ia4 ,= a full] acc\nt ( ,acrog5\s plants1 see ,balf\r's ,class ,book ( ,botany1 p4 #ied4 ,^! ord]s are repres5t$ 9 ! ,palozoic flora4 ,_m ( ! fossil species assume a l>ge size1 & %[ a great] degree ( developm5t ?an is se5 9 _! rec5t cong5]s4 ,! mo/ important coal plants belong to ! ,f]ns1 ,lycopods1 & ,horse-tails4 ,! exam9ation ( ! /ructure & con=mation ( ! plants ( ! pres5t flora assi/s mu* 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! fossil c>bonif]\s flora4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,m>silea ,fabri1 a species ( ,pepp]wort or ,rhizoc>p1 ) a creep+ /em1 quadrifoliate /alk$ leaves on "o side1 & roots on ! o!r4 ,! fructification1 s1 is at ! base ( ! leaves1 & consi/s ( sporangia1 call$ sporoc>ps4 ,9 ! l[] ,palozoic /rata ! plants :i* h be5 detect$ are few4 ,9 ! ,silurian & ,cambrian sy/ems1 we meet ) ! rema9s ( anci5t m>9e plants1 z well z a few t]re/rial species4 ,ev5 9 ! /ill old] ,laur5tian rocks1 if ! rem>kable /ructure kn[n z ,eozoon canad5se be consid]$1 z x g5]ally is1 an animal1 ! exi/5ce ( contempor>y plants may be inf]r$1 inasmu* z )\t vegetable life animals c\ld n obta9 food4 ,9 ! ,l[] ,silurian or ,grauwacke1 ne> ,girvan1 ,hugh ,mill] f\nd a species resembl+ ,zo/]a 9 =m & appe>ance4 ,9 ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,scotl& he detect$ ,fucoids1 a ,lepidod5dron1 & ,lignite ) a di/9ct ,conif]\s /ructure resembl+ t ( ,arauc>ia1#a besides a rem>kable p9nate frond4 ,9 ! middle ,old ,r$ ( ,=f>%ire1 z se5 9 ! ,arbroa? pavem5t1 he f\nd a f]n ) r5i=m p9n & a ,lepidod5dron4 ,9 ! ,upp] ,old ,r$1 ne> ,dunse1 a ,calamite & ! well-kn[n ,iri% f]n ,cyclopt]is ,hib]nica occur4#b ,?is f]n1 ,palopt]is ,hib]nica ( ,s*imp] 7,plate ,i4 ,figs4 #a to #d71 along ) ,sigill>ia di*otoma1 is v abundant 9 b$s ( ! same age 9 ! s\? ( ,irel&1 f :i* ! specim5s describ$ by ,edw>d ,=bes 7 obta9$4 ,! fructification has rec5tly be5 discov]$4 ,?is %[s t ! f]n belongs to ! ,hym5ophylle1 & is consequ5tly ne>ly relat$ to ! equally fam\s ,kill>ney f]n1 ,tri*omanes radicans4 ,mr4 ,c>ru!rs /ates t ! frond-/alk ( ?is f]n is ?ick1 ( consid]able l5g?1 & clo!d ) l>ge scales1 :i* =m a d5se cov]+ at ! some:at enl>g$ base4 ,! well-def9$ sep>ation obs]v$ 9 sev]al specim5s probably indicates t ! frond-/alks 7 articulat$ to ! /em or freely sep>at$ f x1 & "s root-l /ructures :i* occur on ! slabs ) ! f]ns may be _! creep+ rhizomes4 ,! p9n are l9e>1 obtuse1 & almo/ sessile4 ,! p9nules are num]\s1 ov]lapp+1 ( an ovate or oblong-ovate =m1 some:at cuneate bel[1 & ) a decurr5t base4 ,! ve9s are v num]\s1 uni=m1 repeat$ly di*otom\s1 & run out to ! m>g91 :]e !y =m a slight s]ration4 ,s+le p9nules r l>g] ?an ^? ( ! p9n are plac$ ov] ! free spaces ( ! ra*is1 z 0 po9t$ out by ,brongni>t4 ,c>ru!rs has n met ) any rec5t f]n 9 :i* ?is occurs2 b x has be5 obs]v$ 9 sev]al fossil species1 z 9 ! alli$ ,am]ican ,palopt]is ,halliana 7,s*471 9 ,sph5opt]is erosa 7,morris71 & o!rs4 ,! p9nules are sometimes entirely1 b only p>tially f]tile4 ,! ovate-oblong sori are g5]ally s+le & two-lipp$1 ! slit pass+ "o-?ird ( ! way d[n ! sorus4 ,! ve9 is cont9u$ z a free receptacle 9 ! c5tre ( ! cup or cy/1 z 9 exi/+ ,hym5ophylle1 9 :i* x is includ$1 n rea*+ beyond its entire portion4 ,9 "s specim5s ! receptacle is broad or ?ick1 indicat+ ! pres5ce ( some?+ besides itself 9 ! cup1 & giv+ ! appe>ance t w\ld be produc$ if x 7 cov]$ ) sporangia2 !re is no indication on ! out] surface :i* might h be5 expect$ f ! sep>ate sporangia4 ,! compression ( ! specim5s 9 ! rock1 :i* has made ! free receptacle appe> l a ve9 on ! wall ( ! cup1 toge!r ) ! highly alt]$ condition ( ! rock 9 :i* ! fossils are conta9$1 acc\nts = ! imp]fect pres]vation ( ! m9ute /ructures4 ,! int]pretation "h giv5 ( ! fructification ( ?is int]e/+ fossil exhibits s close a resemblance to :at we f9d 9 ! liv+ g5us ,hym5ophyllum1 t1 7 x n = ! vegetative portions1 x w\ld be plac$ 9 t g5us4 ,sev]al f]ns h be5 describ$ by ,bunbury f ,devonian rocks at ,oporto4 ,a /ill m ext5sive & v>i$ l& flora ( ,devonian age 7or ,erian1 z he calls x7 has be5 describ$ & illu/rat$ by ,pr9cipal ,dawson f ! rocks ( t p]iod occurr+ 9 ,canada2 & dur+ a rec5t visit to ,brita9 he has correlat$ _m ( ! fragm5ts collect$ by ,mill]1 ,pea*1 & o!rs1 ) ! ,am]ican species he has describ$4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! fossil plants f b$s old] ?an ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em3#c--,prototaxites ,logani1 ,dadoxylon ,ouangondianum1 ,calamites transitionis1 ,a/]ophyllites p>vulus1 ,sph5ophyllum antiquum1 ,lepidod5dron ,gaspianum1 ,lepido/robus ,ri*>dsoni1 ,l4 ,mat!wi1 ,psilophyton pr9ceps1 ,p4 robu/ius1 ,selag9ites =mosus1 ,cordaites ,robbii1 ,c4 angu/ifolius1 ,cyclopt]is ,jacksoni4 ,f ! microscopic exam9ation ( ! /ructure ( specim5s ( fossil trunks describ$ "u ! "n ( ,prototaxites ,logani1 & :i* ,pr9cipal ,dawson believes to be ! olde/ kn[n in/ance ( ,conif]\s wood1 ,mr4 ,c>ru!rs has come to ! conclusion t !y are really ! /ems ( huge ,alg1 belong+ to at lea/ m ?an "o g5us4 ,!y are v gigantic :5 contra/$ ) ! ord9>y ,alg ( our exi/+ seas1 nev]!less "s approa* to !m 9 size is made 9 ! huge & tree-l ,lessonias :i* ,dr4 ,hook] f\nd 9 ! ,ant>ctic ,seas1 & :i* h /ems ab\t #bj feet high1 ) a diamet] s great t !y h be5 collect$ by m>9]s 9 ^! regions = fuel1 "u ! belief t !y 7 drift-wood4 ,!y are z ?ick z a man's ?igh4 ,s*imp] reg>ds ! ,psilophyton ( ,dawson 7,plate ,,iv4 ,fig4 #e7 z alli$ to ,pilul>ia1 "o ( ! ,rhizoc>ps 7,fig4 #bb71 & ,c>ru!rs places x among ! true ,lycopodiace4 ,,flora ,,( ,,! ,,c>bonif]\s ,,epo*4 ,! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod is "o ( ! mo/ important z reg>ds fossil plants4 ,! vegetable =ms are num]\s1 & h a great simil>ity ?r\gh\t ! :ole sy/em1 :e!r exhibit$ 9 ! ,old or ! ,new ,_w4 ,! important sub/ance call$ ,coal owes its orig9 to ! plants ( ?is epo*4 ,x has be5 subject$ to great pressure & long-cont9u$ metamorphic action1 & h5ce ! appe>ance ( ! plants has be5 mu* alt]$4 ,x is difficult to give a def9ition ( ,coal4 ,! v>ieties ( x are num]\s4 ,!re is a gradual transition f ,an?racite to ,h\sehold & ,p>rot ,coal2 & ! limit betwe5 ,coal & :at is call$ bitum9\s %ale is by no means di/9ct4 ,coal may be said to be *emically-alt]$ vegetable matt] int]-/ratifi$ ) ! rocks1 & capable ( be+ us$ z fuel4 ,on exam9+ ?9 sections ( coal "u ! microscope1 we c detect vegetable tissues bo? ( a cellul> & vascul> nature4 ,9 ,wigan cannel coal1 vegetable /ructure is se5 ?r\gh\t ! :ole mass4 ,su* is likewise ! case ) o!r cannel1 p>rot1 & gas coals4 ,9 common h\sehold coal1 also1 evid5t traces ( organic tissue h be5 obs]v$4 ,9 "s k9ds ( coal punctat$ woody tissue 7,plate ,,iii4 ,fig4 #e7 has be5 detect$1 9 o!rs scal>i=m tissue 7,plate ,,iii4 ,fig4 #f71 z well z cells ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,sporangia are also frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! sub/ance ( coal1 z %[n by ,mr4 ,daw 9 t f ,=del 7,plate ,,iii4 ,figs4 #a to #c72 & "s b$s1 l ! ,bett] b$ ( ,brad=d1 are compos$ almo/ entirely ( ^! sporangia imb$d$ 9 _! %$ microspores1 z has be5 rec5tly %[n by ,huxley4 ,! /ructure ( coal 9 diff]5t b$s1 & 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same b$1 seems to v>y accord+ to ! nature ( ! plants by :i* x has be5 =m$1 z well z to ! metamorphic action :i* x has und]gone4 ,h5ce ! diff]5t v>ieties ( coal :i* are work$4 ,! occurr5ce ( punctat$ tissue indicates ! pres5ce ( ,conif] 9 ! coal-b$1 :ile scal>i=m vessels po9t to f]ns1 & _! allies1 su* z ,sigill>ia & ,lepidod5dron4 ,! anatomical /ructure ( ! /ems ( ^! plants may h "s effect on ! microscopic *>act]s ( ! coal produc$ f !m4 ,9 "s cannel coals /ructure resembl+ t ( ,acrog5s has be5 obs]v$4 ,a br[ni%-yell[ sub/ance is occasionally pres5t1 :i* seems to yield abundance ( c>burett$ hydrog5 gas :5 expos$ to heat4 ,x appe>s t 9 g5]al ea* b$ ( coal is accompani$ by ! rema9s ( a some:at limit$ am\nt ( species4 ,_! numb]1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! mo/ anci5t b$s1 is sc>cely m ?an eight or t54 ,9 o!r cases ! numb] is m consid]able1 b r>ely m ?an ?irty or =ty4 ,9 ! same coal-bas9 ea* lay] (t5 conta9s sev]al *>act]i/ic species :i* are n met ) ei!r 9 ! b$s above or bel[4 ,?us1 !re are sometimes small local or tempor>y floras1 ea* ( :i* has giv5 bir? to lay]s ( coal4 ,! quantity ( c>bonace\s & o!r matt] requir$ to =m a b$ ( coal is imm5se4 ,macl>5 has calculat$ t "o acre ( coal ?ree feet ?ick is equal to ! produce ( #aidj acres ( =e/4#d ,! proportion ( c>bon v>ies 9 diff]5t k9ds ( coal4 ,along ) x !re is always m or less ( e>?y matt] :i* con/itutes ! a%es4 ,:5 ! e>?y sub/ances are 9 su* quantity t ! coaly deposit w n burn z fuel1 !n we h :at is call$ a %ale4 ,! coal conta9s plants simil> to ^? ( ! %ales & s&/ones above & bel[ x4 ,und]nea? a coal-seam lies ! ,und]clay1 conta9+ roots only1 & repres5t+ ! anci5t soil2 !n comes ! ,coal1 compos$ ( plants ^: roots are 9 ! clay1 ) o!rs :i* h gr[n along ) & ^u !m1 9 a mann] precisely simil> to ! gr[? ( peat at ! pres5t day2 :ile above ! coal is ! ,%ale1 m>k+ h[ mud 0 laid d[n on ! plants1 & be>+ evid5ces ( vigor\s vegetation on neighb\r+ l&1 f :i* curr5ts br\ght d[n ! f9e s$im5t1 m+l$ ) brok5 pieces ( plants4 ,! total ?ickness ( coal 9 ! ,engli% coal-fields is ab\t #ej or #fj feet4 ,9 ! ,mid-,lo?ian field !re are #ajh feet ( coal4 ,coal-b$s are work$ at #agbe feet bel[ ! sea-level1 & probably ext5d d[n to upw>ds ( #bj1jjj feet4 ,!y rise to #ab1jjj feet above ! sea-level1 & at ,huanuco1 9 ,p]u1 to #ad1gjj4e ,x is said t ! fir/ coal-works 7 op5$ at ,belgium 9 #aaih1 & soon aft] 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&2 x 0 n till ! fifte5? c5tury t !y 7 op5$ 9 ,france & ,g]many4 ,! foll[+ calculations h be5 made z to ! ext5t ( ! coal =mation 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 & ! am\nt ( coal rais$3--#f ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,c\ntries4 ,squ>e ,miles ( ,annual ,production ,coal ,=mation4 ( ,coal 9 ,tons4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& #e1djj #fe1hhg1ijj ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ica #g1ecj #a1ejj1jjj ,unit$ ,/ates #aif1fej #e1jjj1jjj ,belgium #eah #h1dji1ccj ,france #a1gai #g1gdj1cag ,prussia & ,au/ria ---- #d1bjj1jjj ,saxony #cj #a1jjj1jjj ,russia #ajj #c1ejj1jjj ,japan1 ,*9a1 ,borneo1 ,au/ralia1 etc4 ---- #b1jjj1jjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,total ,produce ( ! ,_w ---- #ii1bcg1edg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,! total quantity ( coal annually rais$ ov] ! globe appe>s ?us to be ab\t #ajj millions ( tons1 ( :i* ! produce ( ,great ,brita9 is m ?an two-?irds1 & w\ld be suffici5t to girdle ! e>? at ! equator ) a belt ( #c feet 9 ?ickness & ne>ly #e feet 9 wid?4 ,! coal-fields ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ne>ly =ty times l>g] ?an ^? ( ,great ,brita94 ,roscoe gives ! foll[+ e/imat$ quantities ( coal 9 ! pr9cipal c\ntries3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,av]age ,,c\ntries4 ,?ickness4 ,tons4 ,no4 ,feet4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,belgium #fj #cf1jjj1jjj1jjj ,france #fj #ei1jjj1jjj1jjj ,briti% ,isl&s #ce #aij1jjj1jjj1jjj ,p5nsylvania #be #caf1djj1jjj1jjj ,great ,appala*ian ,coalfield #be #a1chg1ejj1jjj1jjj ,indiana1 ,ill9ois1 ,we/]n ,k5tucky #be #a1bgg1ejj1jjj1jjj ,miss\ri1 & ,arkansas ,bas9 #aj #gci1jjj1jjj1jjj ,nor? ,am]ica 7assum$ ?ickness ov] an area ( #bjj1jjj squ>e miles7 #bj #d1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,ung] enum]ates #fhc plants ( ! coal-measures1 :ile ,brongni>t notices #ejj4 ,( ! la/ numb] !re are #f ,?allog5s1 #cdf ,acrog5s1 #ace ,gymnosp]ms1 & #ac d\btful plants4 ,?is appe>s to be a v scanty vegetation1 z f> z reg>ds ! numb] ( species4 ,x is only equal to ab\t #a_/bj? ( ! numb] ( species n[ gr[+ on ! surface ( ! soil ( ,europe4 ,al?\gh1 h[ev]1 ! numb] ( species 0 small1 yet x is probable t ! individuals ( a species 7 num]\s4 ,! proportion ( ,f]ns 0 v l>ge4 ,!re are betwe5 #bjj & #cjj enum]at$4 ,s*imp] ?9ks !re are #g species cong5]ic ) ,lycopodium f\nd 9 ! coal-measures4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! ,cryptogam\s & ,phan]ogam\s g5]a belong+ to ! flora ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod3--,cyclopt]is1 ,neuropt]is1 ,odontopt]is1 ,sph5opt]is1 ,hym5ophyllites1 ,ale?opt]is1 ,pecopt]is1 ,coniopt]is1 ,cladophlebis1 ,s5ft5b]gia1 ,lon*opt]is1 ,glossopt]is1 ,caulopt]is1 ,lepidod5dron 7,lepido/robus1 ,lepidophyllum1 ,knorria71 ,flem+ites1 ,ulod5dron1 ,halonia1 ,ps>onius1 ,sigill>ia & ,/igm>ia1 ,calamites 7,a/]ophyllites & ,sph5ophyllum71 ,noegg]a?ia1 ,wal*ia1 ,peuce1 ,dadoxylon1 ,pissad5dron1 ,trigonoc>pum4 ,f]ns are ! c>bonif]\s fossil gr\p :i* pres5t ! mo/ obvi\s & recognisable relation%ip to plants ( ! pres5t day4 ,:ile cellul> plants & ^? ) lax tissues h lo/ _! *>act]s by ! mac]ation to :i* !y 7 subject$ be=e fossilisation took place1 f]ns are m durable1 & reta9 _! /ructure4 ,x is r>e1 h[ev]1 to f9d ! /alk ( ! frond completely pres]v$ d[n to its base4 ,x is also r>e to f9d fructification pres5t4 ,9 ?is respect1 fossil ,f]ns resemble ,tree-f]ns ( ! pres5t day1 ! fronds ( :i* r>ely exhibit fructification4 ,hook] /ates t ( two or ?ree k9ds ( ,new ,zeal& ,tree-f]n1 n "o specim5 9 a ?\s& be>s a s+le f]tile frond1 ?\gh all ab\nd 9 b>r5 ones4 ,only "o surface ( ! fossil ,f]n-frond is expos$1 & t g5]ally ! lea/ important 9 a botanical po9t ( view4 ,fructification is sometimes evid5tly se51 z figur$ by ,corda 9 ,s5ft5b]gia4 ,9 ?is case ! fructification is n unlike t ( ,aneimidictyon ( ! pres5t day4 ,c>ru!rs has rec5tly detect$ ! sep>ate sporangia ( ,f]ns full ( spores 9 calc>e\s nodules 9 coal 7,plate ,i4 ,fig4 #e74 ,^! h ! ela/ic r+ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,polypodiace1 & 9 _! size1 =m1 & me?od ( atta*m5t1 !y are alli$ to ! gr\p ,hym5ophylle4 ,! abs5ce ( fructification pres5ts a great ob/acle to ! det]m9ation ( fossil ,f]ns4 ,circ9ate v]nation1 s common 9 mod]n ,f]ns1 is r>ely se5 9 ! fossil species1 & we d n 9 g5]al meet ) rhizomes4 ,*>act]s tak5 f ! v5ation & =ms ( ! fronds are n always to be dep5d$ ^u1 if we are to judge f ! ,f]ns ( ! pres5t day4 ,!re is a great simil>ity betwe5 ! c>bonif]\s ,f]ns ( ,brita9 & ,am]ica2 & ! same species1 or closely alli$ species ( ! same g5]a z ^? f\nd 9 ,brita9 h be5 met ) 9 ,s\? ,africa1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ,au/ralia4 ,9 ! ,engli% coal-measures ! species are ab\t #adj4 ,! ,palozoic flora ( ! ,arctic regions also resembles t ( ! o!r qu>t]s ( ! globe4 ,he]1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! fossil flora ( ,be> ,isl&1#g enum]ates ! foll[+ plants3--,c>diopt]is frondosa1 ,c4 polymorpha1 ,palopt]is ,roem]iana1 ,sph5opt]is ,s*imp]i1 ,lepidod5dron ,vel!imianum1 ,l4 commutatum1 ,l4 ,c>neggiannum1 ,l4 ,wilkianum1 ,lepidophyllum ,roem]i1 ,knorria imbricata1 ,k4 acicul>is1 ,calamites radiatus1 ,cyclo/igma ,kiltork5se1 ,/igm>ia ficoides1 etc41 ,c>dioc>pum urs9um1 ,c4 punctulatum1 besides v>i\s sporangia & spores4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb1 bis4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #bb1 bis4 ,adiantites ,l9dse=mis4 ,! prepond]ance ( ,f]ns ov] fl[]+ plants is se5 at ! pres5t day 9 _m tropical isl&s1 su* z ,/4 ,hel5a & ! ,society gr\p1 z well z 9 extra-tropical isl&s1 z ,new ,zeal&4 ,9 ! latt]1 ,hook] pick$ #cf k9ds 9 an area ( a few acres2 !y gave a luxuriant aspect to ! vegetation1 :i* pres5t$ sc>cely twelve fl[]+ plants & trees besides4 ,an equal area 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,sydney 79 ab\t ! same latitude7 w\ld h yield$ upw>ds ( #ajj fl[]+ plants1 & only two or ?ree ,f]ns4 ,?is ,acrog5\s flora1 !n1 seems to fav\r ! idea ( a humid z well z mild & equable climate at ! p]iod ( ! coal =mation--! vegetation be+ t ( isl&s 9 ! mid/ ( a va/ ocean4 ,lesqu]eux1 9 ,silliman's ,j\rnal1 gives ?ree sections ( ,f]ns 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s /rata--viz4 ,neuropt]ide1 ,pecopt]ide1 & ,sph5opt]ide4 ,9 ,neuropt]ide fructification has be5 se5 9 ,odontopt]is4 ,9 ?is g5us ! spores are 9 a peculi> bladd]y sporangium4 ,9 ,neuropt]ide ! fructification appe>s to h resembl$ ,dana 9 "s cases1 & ,osmunda 9 o!rs4 ,pr(essor ,geikie has notic$ 9 ! l[] ,c>bonif]\s %ales ( ,slate=d1 ne> ,ed9burgh1 a f]n :i* has be5 nam$ ,adiantites ,l9dse=mis by ,bunbury 7,fig4 #bb1 bis74 ,x has p9nules betwe5 cresc5t & fan %ap$4 7,mem4 ,geol4 ,survey ( ,ed9burgh1 #ahfa1 p4 #aea47 ,among ! ,f]ns f\nd 9 ! clays1 iron/ones1 & s&/ones ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 we %all give ! *>act]s ( "s by way ( illu/ration4#h ,pecopt]is 7,fig4 #bc7 seems to be ! fossil repres5tative1 if n cong5]1 ( ,pt]is4 ,pecopt]is het]ophylla 7,fig4 #bd7 has a m>k$ resemblance to ,pt]is escul5ta ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,! frond ( ,pecopt]is is p9natifid1 or bi-tri-p9natifid--! leaflets adh]+ to ! ra*is by ! :ole l5g? ( _! base1 sometimes conflu5t2 ! midrib ( ! leaflets runs to ! po9t1 & ! ve9s come (f f x ne>ly p]p5dicul>ly1 & ! fructification :5 pres5t is at ! end ( ! ve9s4 ,neuropt]is 7,figs4 #be1 #bf1 #bg7 has a p9nate or bip9nate frond1 ) p9n some:at cordate at ! base--! midrib ( ! p9n vani%+ t[>ds ! apex1 & ! ve9s com+ (f obliquely1 & 9 an ar*$ mann]4 ,neuropt]is gigantea 7,fig4 #bf7 has a ?ick b>e ra*is1 accord+ to ,mill]1 & seems to resemble mu* ,osmunda regalis4 ,odontopt]is has leaves l ! la/1 b its leaflets adh]e to ! /alk by _! :ole base1 ! ve9s spr+ f ! base ( ! leaflets1 & pass on t[>ds ! po9t4 ,sph5opt]is 7,fig4 #bh7 has a twice or ?rice p9natifid frond1 ! leaflets be+ n>r[$ at ! base1 (t5 w$ge-%ap$1 & ! ve9s g5]ally arrang$ z if !y radiat$ f ! base4 ,sph5opt]is elegans resembl$ ,pt]is aquil9a 9 hav+ a /\t leafless ra*is1 :i* divid$ at a height ( sev5 or eight in*es f its club-l base into two equal p>ts1 ea* ( :i* cont9u$ to und]go two or ?ree successive bifurcations4 ,a little bel[ ! fir/ =k+ two divid$ p9n 7 s5t (f4 ,a v complete specim51 ) ! /ipe1 0 collect$ 9 ! coalfield ne> ,ed9burgh by ,hugh ,mill]1 :o has describ$ x z above4 ,lon*opt]is has its frond multi-p9natifid1 & ! leaflets m or less unit$ toge!r at ! base2 !re is a di/9ct midrib1 & ! ve9s are reticulat$4 ,cyclopt]is 7,fig4 #bi7 has simple orbicul> leaflets1 undivid$ or lob$ at ! m>g91 ! ve9s radiat+ f ! base1 ) no midrib4 ,s*izopt]is resembles ! la/1 b ! frond is deeply divid$ into num]\s unequal segm5ts1 :i* are usually lob$ & tap]-po9t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc-bi4 ,sid5ote3 ,figs4 #bc to #bi exhibit ! fronds ( "s ( ! ,f]ns ( ! ,c>bonif]\s epo*4 ,fig4 #bc4 ,pecopt]is 7,ale?opt]is7 aquil9a4 ,fig4 #bd4 ,pecopt]is 7,ale?opt]is7 het]ophylla4 ,fig4 #be4 ,neuropt]is ,lo%ii4 ,fig4 #bf4 ,neuropt]is gigantea4 ,fig4 #bg4 ,neuropt]is acum9ata4 ,fig4 #bh4 ,sph5opt]is aff9is4 ,fig4 #bi4 ,cyclopt]is dilatata4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj-cb4 ,sid5ote3 ,figs4 #cj to #cb4 ,/em ( ,tree-f]ns1 call$ ,caulopt]is4 ,fig4 #cj4 ,caulopt]is macrodiscus4 ,fig4 #ca4 ,caulopt]is ,balf\ri 7,c>r471 ,coal-measures4 ,fig4 #cb4 ,caulopt]is ,morrisi 7,c>r471 ,coal-measures4 ,! r>ity ( ,tree-f]ns 9 ! coal-measures has (t5 be5 obs]v$1 & x is ! m rem>kable f ! durable nature ( _! tissues4 ,sev]al species h1 h[ev]1 be5 notic$4 ,!y are ref]r$ to ! g5us ,caulopt]is4 ,"o ( !m1 ,c4 macrodiscus 7,fig4 #cj7 has ! leaf-sc>s 9 l9e> s]ies4 ,two o!r species are figur$1 ! "o a sl5d] =m ) ! sc>s widely sep>at$1 z 9 "s ,alsophilas1 ,c4 ,balf\ri 7,fig4 #ca7 f ! ,som]set%ire coal-field2 & ! o!r ) l>g] /ems & m closely aggregat$ sc>s1 ,c4 ,morrisi 7,fig4 #cb71 f ! coal-measures at ,newca/le4 ,! latt] species %[s ! cavities at ! base ( ! petiole describ$ by ,mohl 9 _m liv+ f]n-/ems4 ,! fossils nam$ ,ps>onius appe> to h be5 f]n-/ems ) a sl5d] axis & a l>ge mass ( adv5titi\s roots1 z 9 "s ,dicksonias & 9 ,osmunda regalis4 ,^! /ems probably belong to "s ( ! fronds to :i* o!r names are giv51 b z !y h n be5 f\nd atta*$1 x is impossible to det]m9e ! po9t4 ,mill] has describ$ a f]n z occurr+ 9 ! coal-measures1 :i* at fir/ sight pres5ts m ! appe>ance ( a ,cycadace\s frond ?an any o!r vegetable organism ( ! c>bonif]\s age except ! ,cycadites ,cal$onicus 7,salt]71 f ,cockburnspa? ,cove4 ,he ?us describes x3-- ,f a /ipe ab\t a l9e 9 ?ickness !re proce$ at "r angles1 & 9 alt]nate ord]1 a s]ies ( sessile lanceolate leaflets1 r m ?an two in*es 9 l5g?1 by ab\t an eigh? "p ( an in* 9 bread?1 & ab\t ?ree l9es ap>t4 ,ea* is furni%$ ) a sl5d] midrib2 &1 :at seems a s+ul>1 ?\gh n entirely unique feature 9 a ,f]n1 ! edges ( ea* are d5sely hirsute1 & bri/le ) ?ick %ort hair4 ,! v5ation is n di/9ctly pres]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc-cd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf-cg4 ,sid5ote3 ,figs4 #cc to #cg exhibit =ms ( ,sigill>ia /ems f\nd 9 ! %ales ( ! ,c>bonif]\s epo*4 ,fig4 #cc4 ,/em ( ,sigill>ia pa*yd]ma 9 an erect position1 cov]$ by successive deposits ( s&/one & %ale2 "o ( ! /ems is bifurcat$4 ,fig4 #cd4 ,sigill>ia r5i=mis1 ) its ext]nal m>k+s1 & roots :i* are ,/igm>ias1 z prov$ by ,mr4 ,b9ney4 ,fig4 #ce4 ,sigill>ia pa*yd]ma1 aft] ,l9dley & ,hutton1 f ! %ale ( ,kill+wor? ,colli]y1 %[+ ! sc>s or places ?r\gh :i* ! vessels ( ! /em pass$ to ! leaves4 ,fig4 #cf4 ,sigill>ia 7,favul>ia7 tessellata1 f ! ,d5bigh coal-%ale1 %[+ ! flut$ /em ) sc>s4 ,fig4 #cg4 ,sigill>ia pa*yd]ma2 ! /em m>k$ ) sc>s1 & flut$ longitud9ally4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,sigill>ia 7,plate ,,iv4 ,figs4 #a & #b7 is p]haps ! mo/ important plant 9 ! coal =mation4 ,! "n is d]iv$ f sigillum1 a seal1 to indicate ! seal-l m>k+s 9 ! /em4 ,x is f\nd 9 all coal-%ales ov] ! _w4 ,s*imp] m5tions #hc species4 ,x occurs 9 ! =m ( l(ty /ems1 #dj-ej feet high1 & #e feet broad 7,figs4 #cc & #cd74 ,_m /ems ( ,sigill>ia may be se5 ne> ,morpe?1 /&+ erect at "r angles to ! planes ( alt]nat+ /rata ( %ale & s&/one 7,fig4 #cc74 ,!y v>y f #aj to #bj feet 9 height1 & f "o to ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,sir ,w4 ,c4 ,trevelyan c\nt$ #bj portions ( ^! trees )9 ! l5g? ( half-a-mile1 ( :i* all b f\r or five 7 upright4 ,brongni>t m5tions simil> erect /ems z be+ f\nd ne> ,/4 ,eti5ne4 ,! /em ( ,sigill>ia is flut$ 9 a longitud9al mann]1 l a ,doric column1 & has a succession ( s+le sc>s1 :i* indicate ! po9ts ( ins]tion ( ! leaves 7,figs4 #ce1 #cf1 & #cg74 ,:5 ! out] "p ( ! /em sep>ates l b>k1 x is f\nd t ! m>k+s pres5t$ by ! inn] surface diff] f ^? se5 ext]nally4 ,?is has sometimes giv5 rise to ! errone\s multiplication ( species & ev5 ( g5]a4 ,sigill>ia elegans1 z figur$ by ,brongni>t 9 ,ar*ives du ,museum1 i4 #dje1 has a /em consi/+ ( a c5tral cellul> axis or m$ulla1 surr\nd$ by a vascul> cyl9d]1 & ?is is inve/$ by a ?ick cellul> cortical lay]1 ! out] portion compos$ ( fusi=m cells ( less diamet] ?an ^? ( ! inn] portion4 ,:at ,brongni>t calls m$ull>y rays are m]e cracks or sep>ations 9 ! w$ges trav]s$ by vessels4 ,9 its /ructure x resembles its root ,/igm>ia1 & mu/ be ref]r$ to ,lycopodiace1 along ) ,lepidod5dron1 ,halonia1 ,ulod5dron1 etc4 ,! small r\nd sporangia ( ,sigill>ia are borne 9 a s+le pat* on ! some:at enl>g$ bases ( "s ( ! leaves4 7,see ,c>ru!rs on ,/ructure & ,aff9ities ( ,sigill>ia1 9 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,aug4 #ahfi47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch-ci4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,/igm>ia ficoides1 root ( ,sigill>ia1 giv+ (f rootlets1 :i* h be5 compress$4 ,fig4 #ci4 ,/igm>ia ficoides 7,s4 ,anaba?ra ( ,corda71 :i* is ! root ( a ,sigill>ia4 ,! m>k+s are ! po9ts :5ce rootlets proce$4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$ by ,pr(essor ,k+ & ,mr4 ,b9ney ( ,man*e/]1 t ! plant call$ ,/igm>ia 7,fig4 #ch7 is n a sep>ate g5us1 b ! root ( ,sigill>ia 7,plate ,,iv4 ,figs4 #a & #b74 ,! "n is d]iv$ f 1 a m>k1 indicat+ ! m>k+s on ! axis4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ common productions ( ! coal-measures1 & consi/s ( long r\nd$ or compress$ fragm5ts1 m>k$ ext]nally by %all[ circul>1 oblong1 or lanceolate cavities 7,fig4 #ci7 9 ! c5tre ( slight tub]cles1 arrang$ m or less regul>ly 9 a qu9cuncial mann] 7,plate ,,iii4 ,fig4 #g74 ,! cavities occasionally pres5t a radiat+ appe>ance4 ,! axis ( ! fragm5ts is (t5 holl[1 & diff]5t 9 texture f ! p>ts ar\nd4 ,?is axis consi/s ( a vascul> cyl9d] or woody sy/em1 p5etrat$ by qu9cuncially arrang$ me%es or op5+s1 ?r\gh :i* ! vascul> bundles proce$ f ! inn] surface ( ! cyl9d] to ! rootlets 7,plate ,,iii4 ,figs4 #h & #i74 ,f ! sc>s & tub]cles arise long ribbon-%ap$ processes1 :i* 7 cyl9drical cellul> roots1 n[ compress$ 7,fig4 #ch74 ,! vascul> cyl9d] ( ,/igm>ia is compos$ entirely ( scal>i=m tissue1 pi]c$ by me%es = ! passage1 f ! inn] surface ( ! cyl9d]1 ( ! vascul> bundles :i* supply ! rootlets4 7,c>ru!rs 9 ,geol4 ,proc41 ,aug4 #ahfi47 ,/igm>ia ficoides 7,fig4 #ch7 ab\nds 9 ! "u-clay ( a coal-seam1 s5d+ out num]\s roots f its tub]cles1 & pu%+ up its a]ial /em1 9 ! =m ( a flut$ ,sigill>ia4 ,on ! ,bolton & ,man*e/] ,railway ,mr4 ,b9ney discov]$ ,sigill>ias /&+ erect1 & evid5tly connect$ ) ,/igm>ias :i* ext5d$ #bj feet or m4#i ,/igm>ia is reg>d$ by ,s*imp] z roots1 n ( ,sigill>ia only1 b ( ,knorria longifolia 7"o ( ! ,lepidod5dre74 ,! base ( ! /em ( ?is species ( ,knorria is ,ance/rophyllum1 & ! upp] "p is ,didymophyllum ,s*ott9i ( ,goepp]t4 ,pr(essor ,k+ & o!rs suppose t ! ,f]n-l frond call$ ,neuropt]is is connect$ ) ,sigill>ia1 b ?is is a m]e conjecture1 set aside by ! discov]y ( leaves atta*$ to a species alli$ to ,sigill>ia elegans1 :i* e/abli%es t ! long l9e> leaves describ$ "u ! "n ,cyp]ites are ! foliage ( ?is g5us4 ,gold5b]g has figur$ ! fructification1 :i* consi/s ( small sporangia l ^? ( ,flem+ites1 borne on ! basis ( b slightly modifi$ leaves4 ,?is e/abli%es ! op9ion t ,sigill>ia 0 an acrog5\s plant belong+ to ,lycopodiace4 ,brongni>t reckons x z repres5t+ an ext9ct =m ( ,gymnosp]ms1 & ,k+1 hav+ errone\sly associat$ ! ,cyclopt]is ) x1 places x betwe5 ! ,f]ns & ,cycadace4 ,mr4 ,c>ru!rs in=ms me t he has exam9$ ! /em ( a true flut$ ,sigill>ia1 ) ! tissues pres]v$1 & t ^! agree ) ! /ructure ( ,lepidod5dron1 a position 9 :i* he _h already plac$ x f ! /ructure ( its fruit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj-da4 ,sid5ote3 ,figs4 #dj to #dd exhibit ! /ems & fructification ( ,lepidod5dron4 ,fig4 #dj4 ,bifurcat+ /em ( ,lepidod5dron obovatum 7elegans71 %[+ ! scale-l sc>s1 & ! n>r[-po9t$ leaves1 resembl+ ^? ( ,lycopodium1 b mu* l>g]4 ,fig4 #da4 ,/em ( ,lepidod5dron cr5atum1 ) ! sc>s ( its leaves4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db-dc4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #db4 ,fructification ( ,lepidod5dron1 %[+ its cone-l =m & spiral arrangem5t ( scales4 ,x is call$ ,lepido/robus ,dabadianus by ,s*imp]1 b x is probably ,triplosporites4 ,fig4 #dc4 ,longitud9al section ( ! fructification1 %[+ c5tral axis & scales c>ry+ sporangia4 ,! upp] sporangium conta9s microspores1 ! l[] macrospores2 h5ce x has ! "* ( ,triplosporites4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 woodcut #dd are repres5t$ ! fruits ( ,selag9ella 7"o ( ! ,lycopodiums ( ! pres5t day71 ,lepido/robus1 ,triplosporites1 & ,flem+ites4 ,fig4 #a4 ,selag9ella sp9ulosa1 ,a4 ,braun 7,lycopodium selag9oides1 ,l9n47 #b4 ,scale & sporangium f ! upp] portion ( ! cone4 #c4 ,an!ridian microspores f ! same4 #d4 ,macrospore4 #e4 ,scale & sporangium f ! l[] "p ( ! cone1 conta9+ macrospores4 #f4 ,lepido/robus ornatus1 ,hook]4 #g4 ,?ree scales & sporangia ( ditto4 #h4 ,microspores f ! sporangia ( ! upp] "p ( ! cone ( ,triplosporites ,br[nii1 ,brongn4 #i4 ,macrospore f ! sporangia ( ! l[] "p 7drawn f ,brongni>t's description & measurem5ts74 #aj4 ,scales & sporangia ( a cone ( ,flem+ites4#aj ,lepidod5dron 7,figs4 #dj to #dd7 is ano!r g5us ( ! coal-measures :i* diff]s f ^? ( ! pres5t day 7,plate ,,iv4 ,fig4 #c74 ,lepidod5drons1 or fossil ,lycopodiace1 _h spikes ( fructification comp>able 9 size to ! cones ( firs & c$>s1 & conta9+ v l>ge sporangia1 ev5 l>g] ?an ^? ( ,isoetes1 to :i* !y approa* 9 =m & /ructure4 ,s*imp]1 9 #ahgj1 enum]ates #ef species ( ,lepidod5dron1 all arboresc5t & c>bonif]\s4 ,! /em ( a ,lepidod5dron is f #bj to #de feet high1 m>k$ outside by peculi> scale-l sc>s 7,fig4 #da71 h5ce ! "n ( ! plant 71 a scale1 & 1 a tree74 ,al?\gh ! sc>s on ,lepidod5dron are usually flatt5$1 yet 9 "s species !y occupy ! faces ( diamond-%ap$ projections1 elevat$ "o-six? ( an in* or m above ! surface ( ! /em1 & sep>at$ f ea* o!r by deep furr[s2--! surface be>+ ! leaf be+ p]=at$ by a tubul> cavity1 ?r\gh :i* ! bundle ( vessels t div]g$ f ! vascul> axis ( ! /em to ! leaf pass$ out4 ,! l9e> or lanceolate leaves are arrang$ 9 ! same way z ^? ( ,lycopodiums or ( ,conif]1 & ! bran*es =k l ! =m]4 ,! int]nal /ructure ( ! /em is ! same z t ( ,sigill>ia4 ,! fruit ( ,lepidod5dron & alli$ g5]a is se5 9 ,lepido/robus & ,triplosporites 7,figs4 #db1 #dc2 ,plate ,,iii1 ,fig4 #aj74 ,c>ru!rs1 9 8 lecture to ! ,royal ,in/itution1 9 describ+ ! =ms ( ,lepido/robus1 says--,! fruit is a cone compos$ ( imbricat$ scales arrang$ spirally on ! axis l ! true leaves1 & be>+ ! sporangia on _! horizontal p$icels4 ,?ree diff]5t =ms ( fruit belong to ?is g5us1 or x %\ld p]haps r be call$ gr\p ( plants4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! cone nam$ by ,rob]t ,br[n ,triplosporites 7,figs4 #db1 #dc71 & describ$ by him f an exquisitely pres]v$ specim5 ( an upp] portion1 9 :i* ! p>ts are exhibit$ z cle>ly 9 ! petrifi$ condition z if !y belong$ to a fre% & liv+ plant4 ,! l>ge sporangia h a d\ble wall1 ! out] compos$ ( a compact lay] ( oblong cells plac$ endwise1 or ) ! long diamet] p]p5dicul> to ! surface2 ! inn] is a delicate cellul> membrane4 ,! sporangium is fill$ ) a great numb] ( v small spores1 ea* compos$ ( ?ree r\ndi% bodies or sporules4 ,rec5tly ,brongni>t & ,s*imp] h describ$ a complete specim5 ( ?is fruit1 9 :i* ! m9ute triple spores are conf9$ to ! sporangia ( ! upp] & middle "p ( ! cone1 b ! l[] portion1 :i* 0 want+ 9 ,br[n's specim51 be>s sporangia fill$ ) simple sph]ical spores t5 or twelve times l>g] ?an ! o!rs 7woodcut #dd1 #i74 ,! /ructure ( ano!r =m ( cone 7,lepido/robus7 has be5 exp\nd$ by ,dr4 ,hook]4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! diff]5t p>ts compris+ x is precisely simil> to :at occurs 9 ,triplosporites2 b ! sporangia are fill$ ) ! m9ute triple spores ?r\gh\t ! :ole cone 7woodcut #dd1 #f & #h74 ,! ?ird =m ( cone1 describ$ by me "u ! "n ,flem+ites1 diff]s f ! o!r two 9 hav+ a l>ge numb] ( small sporangia support$ on ! surface ( ea* scale2 & x agrees ) ,lepido/robus 9 ! sporangia conta9+ only small spores 7woodcut #dd1 #aj74 ,9 comp>+ ^! fossils ) ! liv+ club-mosses1 "o is /ruck ) ! s+ul> agreem5t 9 ! organisation ( plants s f> remov$ 9 "t1 & s diff]5t 9 size1 z ! rec5t humble club-mosses & ! palozoic tree ,lepidod5drons4 ,! fruit ( ,triplosporites1 l t ( ,selag9ella 7woodcut #dd1 #a71 conta9s l>ge & small spores1 ! microspores be+ f\nd 9 bo? g5]a on ! middle & upp] scales ( ! cone1 & ! macrospores on ^? ( ! l[] portion 7,fig4 #dc74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fruits ( ,lepido/robus & ,flem+ites agree ) t ( ,lycopodium 9 hav+ only microspores4 ,! size ( ! two k9ds ( spores also s+ul>ly agrees 9 ! two gr\ps4 ,?is is ( "s importance1 = among ! rec5t vascul> ,cryptogams !re is a rem>kable uni=mity 9 ! size ( ! spores 9 ! memb]s ( ! diff]5t gr\ps1 ev5 :5 !re is a great v>iety 9 ! size ( ! plants4 ,?us ! spore ( our humble wall-rue is z l>ge z t ( ! giant ,alsophila ( tropical regions4 ,s also ! spores ( ,equisetum & ,calamites agree 9 size1 z may be se5 9 woodcut #dg1 ,figs4 #c1 #d1 & #i1 :]e ! spores ( ! two g5]a are magnifi$ to ! same ext5t4 ,& a simil> comp>ison ( ! macrospore & microspore ( ,triplosporites ) ^? ( ,selag9ella1 & ( ! microspore ( ,lepido/robus ) t ( ,lycopodium1 exhibits a simil> agreem5t4 ,?is is made app>5t by ! draw+s 9 woodcut #dd ( ! two k9ds ( spores ( ,selag9ella1 #c & #d1 ) ^? ( ,triplosporites1 #h & #i1 :i* are drawn to ! same scale4 ,! g5us ,sigill>ia1 z we h already said1 has1 accord+ to ! obs]vation ( ,hook]1 small sporangia exactly agree+ 9 size & =m ) ^? ( ,flem+ites4 ,mo/ probably ! cont5ts ( ^! small sporangia 7 ! same 9 bo? g5]a1 s t ,sigill>ia w\ld be plac$ ) ,flem+ites & ,lepido/robus z arboresc5t ,lycopodiace hav+ _! aff9ities ) ,lycopodium1 z !y h all microspores only 9 _! fructification4 ,! scales ^u ! ,lepidod5dron /ems1 z well z ^? 9 ! cones1 are arrang$ 9 a spiral mann]1 9 ! same way z plants ( ! pres5t day4 ,pr(essor ,alex&] ,dickson has exam9$ ! phyllotaxis ( ,lepidod5drons1 & gives ! foll[+ results ( 8 obs]vations 7,trans4 ,bot4 ,soc4 ,ed94 xi4 #ade74 ,! fossil rema9s ( ,lepidod5drons are (t5 s compress$ t x is difficult1 or ev5 impossible1 to trace ! second>y spirals r\nd ! circumf]5ce ( ! /em4 ,9 ^? cases1 h[ev]1 :]e !re is comp>atively little compression1 i4e4 :]e ! /em is m or less cyl9drical1 ! det]m9ation ( ! phyllotaxis is easy4 ,( su* /ems he has exam9$ fifte5 specim5s1 :i* may be class$ accord+ to ! s]ies ( spirals to :i* ! leaf-arrangem5t belongs3-- ,a4 ,ord9>y s]ies1 1 1 1 1 #e_/ac1 etc4 7a47 ,s+le spirals 7,d turn+ to ! "r1 ,s to ! left74 7#a47 ,lepidod5dron 7,possil ,iron/one s]ies74 ,/em ab\t ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,second>y spirals #h ,d1 #ac ,s1 #ba ,d4 ,div]g5ce #ac_/cd 7or possibly #ba_/ee74 7#b47 ,lepidod5dron 7,knightswood1 ne> ,glasg[1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,"y74 ,/em ab\t #a in* 9 diamet]4 ,second>y spirals #ac ,d1 #ba ,s1 #cd ,d4 ,div]g5ce #ba_/ee4 7#c47 ,lepidod5dron 7,possil ,s&/one s]ies74 ,trunk ab\t #b feet long1 ) an av]age diamet] ( #bj in*es4 ,/eepe/ second>y spirals #ee ,s1 #hi ,d4 ,div]g5ce #ee_/add4 7b47 ,conjugate spirals4#aa 7#d47 ,lepido/robus ornatus 7,ba?gate coal-field74 ,ab\t ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,second>y spirals #aj ,d1 #af ,s1 #bf ,d1 #db ,s4 ,div]g5ce #ac_/7cdb7 7,bijugate arrangem5t74 7#e47 ,lepido/robus 7,plean1 ,/irl+%ire1 ,mr4 ,mack5zie74 ,ab\t an in* 9 diamet]4 ,second>y spirals #i ,s1 #ae ,d1 #bd ,s1 #ci ,d4 ,div]g5ce #h_/7bac7 7,trijugate arrangem5t74 7#f47 ,knorria tax9a 7f collection ( ,dr4 ,rank91 ,c>luke74 ,some:at compress$1 #b-b in*es#ab 9 diamet]4 ,second>y spirals #ae ,d1 #bd ,s4 ,div]g5ce #ae_/7acc7 7,trijugate arrangem5t74 7#g47 ,lepidod5dron 7f ,dr4 ,rank9's collection74 ,ab\t #a in* 9 diamet]4 ,second>y spirals #aj ,d1 #ae ,s1 #be ,d1 #dj ,s4 ,div]g5ce #e_/7ace7 7,qu9quejugate arrangem5t74 7#h47 ,lepidod5dron 7,d[anhill1 ,glasg[1 ,possil ,s&/one s]ies74 ,trunk ab\t #a foot long1 & #a foot 9 diamet]4 ,! upp] portion exhibits second>y spirals #ce ,d1 #ef ,s1 #ia ,d2 ?us indicat+ a #g-;jugate arrangem5t1 ) div]g5ce #h_/7bag74 ,! arrangem5t on ! middle & l[] portion is indi/9ct & confus$2 s mu* s z to r5d] any det]m9ation ( ! arrangem5t d\btful4 ,b4 ,s]ies1 1 1 #b_/g1 #c_/aa1 etc4 7#i47 ,lepidod5dron 7,messrs ,m]ry & ,cunn+ham's ,clayb& ,iron-,pit1 ,c>luke74 ,/em #b in*es 9 diamet]4 ,second>y spirals #ah ,s1 #bi ,d1 #dg ,s4 ,div]g5ce #ba_/gf4 ,c4 ,s]ies1 1 1 #b_/i1 #c_/ad1 etc4 7#aj47 ,lepidod5dron 7,r4 ,b4 ,g>d51 ,ed9burgh1 ,museum74 ,/em some:at flatt5$1 #a-a in* 9 diamet]4 ,second>y spirals #i ,d1 #ad ,s1 #bc ,d1 #cg ,s4 ,div]g5ce #ac_/fj4 7#aa47 ,lepidod5dron 7,r$haugh1 ne> ,ed9burgh1 ,mr4 ,pea*74 ,/em some:at flatt5$1 to in* 9 diamet]4 ,second>y spirals #i ,s1 #ad ,d1 #bc ,s1 #cg ,d4 ,div]g5ce #ac_/fj4 ,d4 ,s]ies1 1 1 #b_/aa1 #c_/ag1 #e_/bh1 etc4 7#ab47 ,knorria tax9a 7,/ockbriggs1 ,lesmahag[1--,hunt]ian ,museum74 ,ab\t #a in* 9 diamet]4 ,! specim5 consi/s ( a ma9 /em & "o ( ! bran*es into :i* x has =k$4 ,on ! ma9 /em ! second>y spirals are #f ,d1 #aa ,s1 #ag ,d4 ,div]g5ce #e_/bh 7s]ies1 1 1 #b_/aa1 #c_/ag1 #e_/bh1 etc47--,on ! bran* ! second>y spirals are #h ,s1 #ac ,d4 ,div]g5ce #h_/ba 7ord9>y s]ies1 1 1 1 1 etc47 ,e4 ,s]ies1 1 1 #c_/g1 #e_/ab1 #h_/ai1 #ac_/ca1 #ba_/ej1 etc4 7#ac47 ,lepidod5dron 7f ,dr4 ,rank9's collection74 ,ab\t in* 9 diamet]4 ,second>y spirals #ab ,d1 #ai ,s1 #ca ,d4 ,div]g5ce #ba_/ej4 ,f4 ,s]ies1 1 #c_/aj1 #d_/ac1 #g_/bc1 #aa_/cf1 #ah_/ei1 etc4 7#ad47 ,lepidod5dron elegans 7,possil ,iron/one74 ,ab\t #a in* 9 diamet]4 ,second>y spirals #aj ,s1 #ac ,d1 #bc ,s1 #cf ,d4 ,div]g5ce #ah_/ei4 7#ae47 ,lepidod5dron 7,possil ,iron/one74 ,ab\t #b in*es 9 diamet]4 ,second>y spirals #bc ,s1 #cf ,d1 #ei ,s1 #ie ,d4 ,div]g5ce #dg_/aed4 ,f ! above x is evid5t t ! phyllotaxis ( ,lepidod5dron is extremely v>iable1 z mu* s p]haps z t ( ^? mo/ v>iable plants1 9 ?is respect1 ! ,cacti4 ,x is also cle> t :at has be5 enunciat$ by ,pr(essor ,haughton 7,manual ( ,geology1 ,lond4 #ahff1 pp4 #bdc1 #bde7 z ! law accord+ to :i* ! leaves ( palozoic plants 7 arrang$--viz4 t ( alt]nate :orls--does n apply to ^! anci5t ,lycopods4 ,lepidod5dron aculeatum is not$ by ,naumann z exhibit+ an #h_/ba arrangem5t4 7,pogg5dorff1 ,annal51 #ahdb1 p4 #e47 ,pr(essor ,alex&] ,braun 7,nov4 ,acta ,ac4 ,c4 ,l4 ,c4 xv4 #a1 pp4 #eeh-i71 speak+ ( ! excessive deviation f ord9>y arrangem5ts 9 ,equisetace 7includ+ ,calamites71 comp>es !m 9 ?is respect ) ,lycopodiace 7includ+ ,lepidod5dron71 say+ t 9 ^! two families ! utmo/ limits ( ! doma9 ( all leaf-arrangem5t appe>s to be atta9$4 ,lepidophyllum is c]ta9ly leaves ( ,lepidod5dron1 ! diff]5t ,lepidophylla belong+ to diff]5t species ( ! g5us4 ,! sl5d] t]m9al bran*es are notic$ "u ! "n ( ,lycopodites4 ,9 coal f ,=del ,mr4 ,daw has detect$ innum]able bodies 7,plate ,,iii4 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c7 :i* h be5 %[n to be sporangia4 7,balf\r1 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed4 xxi4 #ahg47 ,on _! "u surface ,mr4 ,c>ru!rs has obs]v$ a triradiate ridge 7,plate ,,iii4 ,fig4 #d74 7,geological ,magaz9e1 #ahfe1 vol4 ii4 p4 #adj47 ,^! sporangia h be5 f\nd connect$ ) ! cone-l fructification call$ ,flem+ites1 & resembl+ ,lycopodium 7woodcut #dd1 ,fig4 #d74 ,_m =ms ( fossil plants1 su* z ,halonia1 ,lepidophloios1 ,knorria1 & ,ulod5dron1 belong to ! ,lepidod5dron gr\p4 ,knorria is said to be ! int]nal ca/ ( a ,lepidod5dron4 ,ulod5dron m9us & ,u4 ,taylori 7,plate ,,iii4 ,fig4 #aa71 f\nd 9 f]rug9\s %ale 9 ! ,wat] ( ,lei?1 ne> ,col9ton1 exhibit beautiful sculptur$ sc>s1 rang$ rectil9e>ly along ! /em4 ,! surface is cov]$ ) small1 %>ply reliev$ obovate scales1 mo/ ( !m furni%$ ) an app>5t midrib1 & ) _! edges slightly turn$ up4 ,! circul> or oval sc>s ( ?is g5us are probably impressions made by a rectil9e> range ( a]ial roots plac$ on ei!r side4 ,:5 decorticat$1 ! /em is mottl$ ov] ) m9ute dott+s arrang$ 9 a qu9cuncial mann]1 & its oval sc>s are devoid ( ! ord9>y sculptur+s4 ,bo?rod5dron is a decorticat$ condition ( ,ulod5dron4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de b4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #de4 a1 ,calamites ,suckovii1 compos$ ( jo9t$ /riat$ fragm5ts hav+ a b>k4 ,fig4 #de4 b1 ,septum or phragma ( a ,calamite4 ,calamites 71 a re$7 is a re$-l fossil1 hav+ a sub-cyl9drical jo9t$ /em 7,fig4 #de1 a & b2 ,fig4 #df2 ,plate ,,iv4 ,fig4 #d74 ,! /em is (t5 cru%$ & flatt5$1 & 0 orig9ally holl[4 ,calamites is ?us def9$ by ,gr& d',eury 7,ann4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 s]4 #d1 vol4 iv4 p4 #abd73--,/em articulat$1 fi/ul>1 & septate2 out] "p comp>atively ?91 =m$ ( ?ree conc5tric zones--#a1 an ext]ior cortical lay] n[ conv]t$ into coal2 #b1 a ?9 subjac5t zone ( vascul> tissue1 n[ inv>iably de/roy$2 #c1 a sort ( inn] l9+ epid]mis1 :i* is c>bonifi$4 ,cortical envelope m>k$ int]iorly ) regul> flut+s1 int]rupt$ & alt]nate at ! articulations4 ,inn] epid]mis smoo?1 or sc>cely /riat$4 ,vascul> cyl9d] ?92 out] surface ( b>k m fully flut$ & articulat$ ?an ! inn] surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #df4 ,v]tical /ems ( fossil trees1 ,calamites *iefly1 f\nd 9 ! coal-measures ( ,treuil1 ne> ,sa9t ,eti5ne4 ,c>ru!rs gives ! foll[+ description ( ! /ructure ( a species ( ,calamite :i* he exam9$3--,! /em 0 compos$ ( a c5tral m$ulla1 :i* disappe>$ ) ! gr[? ( ! plant1 surr\nd$ by a woody cyl9d]1 compos$ entirely ( scal>i=m vessels1 & a ?9 cortical lay]4 ,! m$ulla p5etrat$ ! woody cyl9d] by a s]ies ( regul> w$ges1 :i* 7 cont9u$1 z delicate lam9 ( "o or two cells 9 ?ickness1 to ! cortical lay]4 ,! cells ( ^? lam9 7 n muri=m2 _! longe/ diamet] 0 9 ! direction ( ! axis4 ,! w$ges 7 cont9u\s1 & p>allel betwe5 ea* node4 ,z ! axial app5dages 7 produc$ 9 :orls1 ! only int]f]5ce ) ! regul>ity ( ! tissues 0 by ! pass+ out ?r\gh ! /em at ! nodes ( ! vascul> bundles :i* suppli$ ^! app5dages4 ,z ! leaves ( ea* :orl 7 7) "o or two exceptions7 opposite to ! int]spaces ( ! :orls above & bel[1 !re 0 also at ea* node a re-arrangem5t ( ! w$ges ( vascul> & cellul> tissues4 ,s*imp] consid]s ,calamites z hav+ an analogy ) ,equisetum 9 its fructification4 ,he looks on !m z fossil ,equisetace4 ,annul>ia & ,sph5ophyllum are consid]$ z e/abli%+ a passage f ! ,equisetace to ! ,lycopodiace4 ,"s gigantic fossil ,equiseta _h a diamet] ( ne>ly #e in*es1 & a height ( #cj or m feet4 ,! bran*es1 :i* adorn$ ! high] "p ( !m 9 ! =m ( a cr[n1 are simple1 & h at _! extremity a spike ( ! size ( a pigeon's egg1 & organis$ exactly l ! spikes ( liv+ ,equiseta4 ,! subt]ranean rhizomes are well develop$1 & gave orig91 l _m ,equiseta1 to tub]cles :i* _h ! =m & size ( a h5's egg4 ,! *>act]s ( ,equisetum ( ! pres5t day & ,calamites1 are exhibit$ 9 woodcut #dg4 ,!y %[ a m>k$ resemblance 9 ! fructification4 7,see also page #ca47 ,plants ( ,calamites h be5 se5 erect by ,mr4 ,b9ney1 & he has det]m9$ t :at 7 call$ leaves or bran*es by "s are 9 reality roots4 ,mr4 ,b9ney gives a full description ( v>i\s ,calamites1 "u ! "n ( ,calamod5dron commune1 9 8 ,memoir publi%$ by ! ,palontographical ,society1 #ahfh4 ,!re are betwe5 #ej & #fj species record$4#ac ,9 ,spitzb]g51 9 rocks ( ! ,c>bonif]\s epo*1 !re h be5 f\nd ,calamites1 ,sigill>ia1 ,lepidod5dron1 & f]ns1 app>5tly ! same z ^? f\nd 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s epo* 9 ,europe--,calamites radiatus1 ,lepidod5dron ,vel!imianum1 ,sigill>ia di/ans1 ,/igm>ia ficoides4 ,"s species--,sigill>ia ,malmgr5i1 ,lepidod5dron ,c>neggiannum1 & ,l4 ,wilkianum--seem to be peculi> to ,be> ,isl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,fruits ( ,equisetum & ,calamites4 #a4 ,equisetum arv5se1 ,l4 #b4 ,portion ( sporangium wall4 #c1 #d4 ,spores1 ) ! elat]s free4 #e4 ,longitud9al section ( ! "p ( "o side ( cone4 #f4 ,transv]se section ( cone4 #g4 ,calamites 7,volkmannia7 ,b9neyi1 ,c>r41 magnifi$ ?ree times4 #h4 ,portion ( ! sporangium wall4 #i4 ,two spores4 #aj4 ,longitud9al section ( ! "p ( "o side ( cone4 #aa4 ,transv]se section ( cone4 ,accord+ to ,c>ru!rs ! ,equisetace are repres5t$ 9 ,brita9 by ! two g5]a ,calamites f\nd 9 prim>y b$s1 & ,equisetum f\nd 9 second>y rocks & liv+ at ! pres5t day4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! /ructure ( _! fruits is %[n 9 woodcut #dg4 ,! fruit ( ,calamites1 call$ ,volkmannia ,b9neyi 7woodcut #dg1 #g71 is a small sl5d] cone compos$ ( alt]nat+ :orls ( imbricate scales1 twelve 9 ea* v]ticil4 ,! scales completely conceal ! leaves connect$ ) ! fructification4 ,! fruit-be>+ leaves are /alk$1 peltate1 & are arrang$ 9 :orls ( #f4 ,!re are f\r sporangia borne on ! "u-surface ( ! peltate leaves4 ,^! spore-cases h cellul> p>ietes1 & 9 _! int]ior !re is a deposit ( cellulose 9 ! =m ( %ort truncate processes n unlike imp]fect spirals4 ,! spores are sph]ical1 & appe> to h ?read-l processes proce$+ f !m1 simil> to elat]s4 ,! fruit-cone be>s a m>k$ resemblance to ! fruit ( ,equisetum 9 its fruit-be>+ leaves1 sporangia1 spores1 & elat]s 7see ,figs4 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba74 ,9 ! mod]n plant all ! leaves ( ! cone are fructif]\s1 :ile 9 ! fossil plant "s are fruit-be>+1 & o!rs are l ! ord9>y leaves ( ! plant4 ,x is ?\ght t ! fossil may be reckon$ z hav+ a some:at high] position ?an t possess$ by ! liv+ g5us4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,foliage & fruits ( ,calamites4 #a & #b4 ,a/]ophyllites2 #c & #d4 ,annul>ia2 #e & #f4 ,sph5ophyllum4 ,! diff]5t =ms ( foliage call$ ,a/]ophyllites1 ,sph5ophyllum1 & ,annul>ia1 belong to ! "o g5us ,calamites1 b !y may =m1 p]haps1 well-*>act]is$ sections :5 _! fruits are bett] kn[n4 ,9 woodcut #dh repres5tations are giv5 ( ! foliage & fruit ( v>ieties ( ,calamites4 ,9 #a & #b we see ! simple/ =m call$ ,a/]ophyllites4 ,! leaves are l9e> & sl5d]1 ) a s+le rib4 ,! =m call$ ,annul>ia 7#c & #d7 diff]s *iefly 9 hav+ a l>g] am\nt ( cellul> tissue spread out on ei!r side ( ! midrib4 ,?is =m has a diff]5t aspect 9 a fossil /ate f ! o!r1 f its :orls ( num]\s broad leaves spread out on ! surface ( deposition1 :ile ! acicul> leaves ( ,a/]ophyllites h p5etrat$ ! s(t mud1 & are g5]ally pres]v$ 9 ! position !y orig9ally occupi$ 9 ref]5ce to ! support+ bran*4 ,! ?ird =m 7#e & #f7 is call$ ,sph5ophyllum1 & consi/s ( :orls ( w$ge-%ap$ leaves1 ) "o or m bifurcat+ ve9s4 ,!y occur l ^? ( ,annul>ia1 spread out on ! surface ( ! %ale4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di-ej4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #di4 ,arauc>ioxylon ,)ami1 ,krauss 7,p9ites ,)ami71 f ! ,coal-measures1 ,craiglei?1 ne> ,ed9burgh1 %[+ pleur5*yma ) disks1 & m$ull>y rays4 ,an excell5t specim5 ( a /em ( ?is p9e may be se5 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,royal ,botanic ,g>d54 ,fig4 #ej4 ,trigonoc>pum oliv=me1 an ovate1 acum9ate1 ?ree-ribb$1 & /riat$ fruit or se$1 :i* "s suppose to be a sporangium ( a ,lepidod5dron1 o!rs ref] x to ,cycadace4 ,hook] ref]s x to ,conif] l ,salisburia4 ,true ,exog5\s trees exi/ 9 ! coal-fields bo? ( ,engl& & ,scotl&1 z at ,l5nel ,braes & ,allan ,bank1 9 ,b]wick%ire2 ,high-,hewor?1 ,fellon1 ,gate%ead1 & ,wideop51 ne> ,newca/le-^u-,tyne2 & 9 qu>ries to ! we/ ( ,durham2 also 9 ,craiglei? qu>ry1 ne> ,ed9burgh1 & 9 ! qu>ry at ,granton1 n[ "u wat]4 ,9 ! latt] localities !y lay diagonally a?w>t ! s&/one /rata1 at an angle ( ab\t #cj1 ) ! ?ick] & heavi] "p ( _! trunks bel[1 l snags 9 ! ,mississippi4 ,f _! direction we inf] t !y h be5 drift$ by a /ream :i* has fl[$ f ne>ly nor?-ea/ to s\?-we/4 ,at ,granton1 "o ( ! specim5s exhibit$ roots4 ,9 o!r places ! specim5s are portions ( /ems1 "o ( !m #f feet 9 diamet] by #fa feet 9 l5g?1 & ano!r #d feet 9 diamet] by #gj feet 9 l5g?4 ,^! ,exog5\s trees are ,gymnosp]ms1 hav+ woody tissue l t ( ,conif]4 ,we see "u ! microscope punctat$ woody tissue1 ! r[s ( disks be+ usually two1 ?ree1 or m1 & alt]nat+4 ,!y seem to be alli$ 9 ^! respects to ,arauc>ia & ,eutassa 7,fig4 #fa1 p4 #gd7 ( ! pres5t flora4 ,arauc>ioxylon or ,p9ites ,)ami 7,fig4 #di7 is "o ( ! species f\nd 9 ,craiglei? qu>ry2 ! conc5tric lay]s ( ! wood are obsolete2 !re are #b1 #c1 or #d r[s ( disks on ! wood1 & #b-d r[s ( small cells 9 ! m$ull>y rays4 ,along ) x !re h also be5 f\nd ,dadoxylon m$ull>e1 ) inconspicu\s zones1 #b1 #c1 & #d r[s ( disks1 & #b-e s]ies ( r[s ( cells 9 ! rays4 ,pissad5dron antiquum 7,pitus antiqua7 hav+ #d-e s]ies ( cells 9 ! m$ull>y rays1 & ,p4 primvum 7,pitus primva71 ) #aj-ae s]ies ( cells 9 ! m$ull>y rays1 occur at ,twe$mill & ,l5nel ,braes 9 ,b]wick%ire2 ,peuce ,)ami 7,fig4 #a1 p4 #c7 at ,hilltop1 ne> ,durham1 & at ,craiglei?4 ,/]nb]gia is consid]$ by ,williamson z a ,dadoxylon1 ) a discoid pi? l t se5 n[-a-days 9 ! ,walnut1 ,jasm9e1 & ,cecropia peltata1 z well z 9 "s species ( ,euphorbia4#ad ,/]nb]gia approximata is nam$ by him ,dadoxylon approximatum4 ,hook] believes f ! /ructure ( ,trigonoc>pum 7,fig4 #ej7 t x is a conif]\s fruit ne>ly alli$ to ,salisburia 7,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 #ahed74 ,sev]al species ( ,trigonoc>pum occur 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s rocks1 su* z ,t4 oliv=me f ,bolton 7,plate ,,ii4 ,fig4 #e71 & ,t4 sulcatum f ,w>die1 ne> ,ed9burgh 7,plate ,,ii4 ,fig4 #f74 ,noegg]a?ia & a few o!r plants1 su* z ,flabell>ia & ,artisia1 are ref]r$ by ,brongni>t to ,cycadace4 ,flabell>ia borassifolia1 accord+ to ,pea*1 has leaves l ,yucca4 ,noegg]a?ia has p9nate leaves1 cunei=m leaflets1 sometimes fan-%ap$2 ! ve9s arise f ! base ( ! leaflets1 are equal 9 size1 & ei!r rema9 simple or bifurcate1 ! n]vation 7v5ation7 be+ simil> to t ( "s ,zamias4 ,! fossils ( ?is p]iod1 ref]r$ to z ,an?oli!s1#ae h j be5 %[n by ,mr4 ,c>ru!rs to be ! infloresc5ce ( ,c>dioc>pum 7,geol4 ,mag4 ,feb4 #ahgb71 & he proposes to set aside ! =m] "n1 conf9+ x to ! t]ti>y fossils to :i* x 0 orig9ally giv5 by ,brongni>t1 & to use ! latt] "n4 ,! ma9 axis ( ! infloresc5ce is simple1 /\t1 & m>k$ ext]nally ) int]rupt$ ridges4 ,! axis be>s 9 a di/i*\s mann] sub-opposite or alt]nate bracts ( a l9e>-lanceolate =m & ) decurr5t bases4 ,9 ! axils ( ! bracts 7 develop$ fl[]-l leaf-be>+ buds1 & f !m proce$$ ?ree or f\r l9e> p$icels1 :i* t]m9at$ upw>ds 9 a some:at enl>g$ trumpet-%ap$ apex4 ,to ?is enl>g$ articulat+ surface 0 atta*$ ! fruit1 to :i* has be5 giv5 ! g5]ic "n ,c>dioc>pum#af 7,fig4 #ea74 ,! place ( atta*m5t is indicat$ by ! %ort /raight l9e :i* sep>ates ! cordate lobes at ! base ( ! fruit4 ,! fruit is flatti%1 broadly ovate1 ) a cordate base & sub-acute apex4 ,x consi/s ( an out] p]ic>p1 inclos+ an ovate-acute se$4 ,t ! p]ic>p 0 ( "s ?ickness1 & =m$ probably a sub-indurat$ r9d1 is %[n by a specim5 pres]v$ 9 ! r\nd1 & figur$ 7,fig4 #ec a74 ,! p]ic>p is op5 at ! apex2 & ! elongat$ tubul> apex ( ! sp]mod]m passes up to ?is op5+4 ,! se$ =ms a di/9ct swell+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! fruit1 & a slight ridge passes up ! middle to ! base ( ! apical op5+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea-eb4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,c>dioc>pum ,l9dleyi1 ,c>r4 ,fig4 #eb4 ,d41 ,coal-measures1 ,falkirk4 ,^! fossils are believ$ to be an ext9ct =m ( ,gymnosp]ms4 ,two species h be5 describ$1 ( bo? ( :i* we are able to give figures4 ,! fir/ figure is f ! specim5s collect$ by ,mr4 ,pea* at ,falkirk4 ,x is ,c>dioc>pum ,l9dleyi 7,figs4 #ea1 #eb72 x has a prim>y axis ) sub-opposite axill>y axes1 be>+ f\r to six lanceolate leaves & ?ree or f\r p$icels4 ,prim>y bracts %ort & arcuate4 ,fruit ovate-cordate1 ) an acute bifid apex1 & a ridge pass+ up ! middle ( ! fruit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,c>dioc>pum anomalum 7,c>r471 natural size3 ) sep>ate fruit 7a71 twice natural size--,coal-measures1 ,coalbrookdale4 ,! second species is ,c>dioc>pum anomalum 7,fig4 #ec7 f ,coalbrookdale2 x has a prim>y axis ) alt]nate or sub-opposite axill>y axes1 sl5d] & elongat$1 be>+ _m l9e> leaves1 & sev]al sl5d] p$icels2 prim>y bracts long1 sl5d]1 & /raight2 fruits small1 m>g9$4 ,! some:at magnifi$ sep>ate fruit 7a7 %[s ! ?ickness ( ! p]ic>p & ! enclos$ se$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,po?ocites ,grantoni1 ,pat]son4 a1 ,spike natural size2 b1 ,portion ( spike magnifi$2 c1 ,p]ian?1 #d-;cleft1 magnifi$4 ,9 ! bitum9\s %ale at ,granton1 ne> ,ed9burgh1 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,pat]son discov]$ 9 #ahdj a peculi> fossil plant1 :i* he call$ ,po?ocites ,grantoni 7,fig4 #ed1 a74 ,x is figur$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,ed9burgh ,botanical ,society1 vol4 i4 ,m>* #ahdj4 ,x is a spike cov]$ by p>allel r[s ( fl[]s 7,fig4 #ed1 b71 ea* app>5tly ) a #d-;cleft calyx 7,fig4 #ed1 c74 ,x 0 suppos$ to be alli$ to ,potamogeton or ,po?os1 m probably to ! latt]4 ,9 t case x mu/ be ref]r$ to ! natural ord] ,arace4 ,! orig9al specim5 is deposit$ 9 ! museum at ! ,royal ,botanic ,g>d51 ,ed9burgh4 ,our k ( ! real /ate ( ! vegetation ( ! e>? :5 coal 0 =m$ mu/ be v limit$1 :5 we reflect h[ seldom ! fructification ( conif]\s trees has be5 met ) 9 ! coal-measures4 ,a v d\btful fragm5t1 suppos$ to be a cone1 is giv5 9 ,l9dley & ,hutton's "w1 "u ! title ( ,p9us an?rac9a2 b x is believ$ by ,c>ru!rs to be a fragm5t ( a ,lepidod5droid bran*4 ,lyell nev] saw a fossil fir-cone ( ! ,c>bonif]\s epo*1 ei!r 9 ! rocks or museums ( ,nor? ,am]ica or ,europe4 ,bunbury nev] he>d ( any o!r example ?an t notic$ by ,l9dley & ,hutton4 ,pr9cipal ,dawson is dispos$ to ?9k t ! sub]9 ( cork1 ( epid]mis 9 g5]al1 & ( spore-cases 9 p>ticul>1 is a sub/ance s ri* 9 c>bon t x is v ne> to coal1 & s inde/ructible & imp]meable to wat]1 t x contributes m l>gely ?an any?+ else to ! m9]al4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell rem>ks--,to prev5t ourselves1 !re=e1 f haz>d+ false g5]alisations1 we mu/ ev] be> 9 m9d ! extreme scant9ess ( our pres5t in=mation respect+ ! flora ( t peculi> class ( /ations to :i*1 9 ! ,palozoic era1 ! coal-measures probably belong$4 ,i h /at$ else:]e my conviction t ! plants :i* produc$ coal 7 n drift$ f a di/ance1 b ne>ly all ( !m grew on ! spot :]e !y became fossil4 ,!y con/itut$ ! vegetation ( l[ regions1 *iefly ! deltas ( l>ge riv]s1 slightly elevat$ above ! level ( ! sea1 & liable to be subm]g$ b5ea? ! wat]s ( an e/u>y or sea by ! subsid5ce ( ! gr\nd to ! am\nt ( a few feet4 ,t ! areas :]e ! c>bonif]\s deposits accumulat$ 7 l[1 is prov$ n only by ! occasional association ( m>9e rema9s1 b by ! enorm\s ?ickness ( /rata ( %ale & s&/one to :i* ! seams ( coal are subord9ate4 ,! coal-measures are (t5 ?\s&s ( feet1 & sometimes two or ?ree miles1 9 v]tical ?ickness1 & !y imply t = an indef9ite numb] ( ages a great body ( wat] fl[$ cont9u\sly 9 "o direction1 c>ry+ d[n t[>ds a giv5 area ! detritus ( a l>ge hydrographical bas91 dra9+ "s l>ge isl&s or cont95ts1 on ! m>g9s ( :i* ! =e/s ( ! coal p]iod grew4 ,if ?is view be correct1 we c "k little or no?+ ( ! upl& flora ( ! same era1 /ill less ( ! contemporane\s plants ( ! m\nta9\s or alp9e regions4 ,if s1 ?is fact may g f> to acc\nt = ! app>5t monotony ( ! vegetation1 al?\gh its uni=m "* may d\btless be 9 "p ow+ to a great] uni=mity ( climate !n prevail+ ?r\gh\t ! globe4 ,mr4 ,bunbury has successfully po9t$ out t ! peculi>ity ( ! c>bonif]\s climate consi/$ m 9 ! humidity ( ! atmosph]e & ! abs5ce ( cold1 or r ! equable temp]ature pres]v$ 9 ! diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>1 ?an 9 its tropical heat2 b we mu/ /ill presume t cold] climates exi/$ at high] elevations above ! sea4 ,! plants ( ! coal-measures are evid5tly t]re/rial plants4 ,brongni>t agrees ) ,lyell 9 ?9k+ t ! lay]s ( coal h 9 g5]al accumulat$ 9 ! situation :]e ! plants =m+ !m grew4 ,! rema9s ( ^! plants cov]$ ! soil 9 ! same way z lay]s ( peat1 or ! vegetable m\ld ( great =e/s4 ,9 a few in/ances1 h[ev]1 ! plants may h be5 transport$ f a di/ance1 & drift$ into bas9s4 ,phillips is dispos$ to ?9k t ?is 0 ! g5]al mode ( =mation ( coal-bas9s4 ,he is l$ to ?is conclusion by obs]v+ ! fragm5t>y /ate ( ! /ems & bran*es1 ! g5]al abs5ce ( roots1 & ! scatt]$ condition ( all ! sep>able organs4 ,^? :o support ! drift !ory1 look on ! coal plants z hav+ be5 swept f ! l& on :i* !y grew by wat]y curr5ts at diff]5t times1 & deposit$ 9 bas9s & l>ge sea-e/u>ies1 & sometimes 9 lakes4 ,! snags 9 ! ,mississippi1 ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 & o!r l>ge riv]s1 are giv5 z in/ances ( a simil> drift+ process4 ,! vegetation ( ! coal epo* seems to resemble mo/ t ( isl&s 9 ! mid/ ( va/ oceans1 & ! preval5ce ( f]ns indicates a climate simil> to t ( ,new ,zeal& 9 ! pres5t day4 ,9 speak+ ( ! isl& vegetation ( ! coal epo*1 ,pr(essor ,an/$ rem>ks 7,anci5t ,_w1 p4 #hh7--,! :ole ( ! int]ior ( ! isl&s may h be5 clo!d ) ?ick =e/s1 ! d>k v]dure ( :i* w\ld only be int]rupt$ by ! bright gre5 ( ! swamps 9 ! holl[s1 or ! br[n t9t ( ! f]ns cov]+ "s di/ricts ne> ! coa/s4 ,! =e/s may h be5 =m$ by a mixture ( sev]al diff]5t trees4 ,we w\ld see !n1 = in/ance1 ! l(ty & widely-spread+ ,lepidod5dron1 its delicate fea!ry fronds clo?+1 9 ri* luxuriance1 bran*es & /ems1 :i* are built up1 l ! trunk ( ! tree-f]n1 by successive leaf/alks t h "o aft] ano!r dropp$ away1 giv+ by _! decay additional height to ! /em1 :i* might at l5g? be mi/ak5 = t ( a gigantic p9e4 ,!re also %\ld we f9d ! ,sigill>ia1 its tap]+ & elegant =m su/a9$ on a l>ge & firm basis--enorm\s matt$ roots1 almo/ z l>ge z ! trunk itself1 be+ giv5 (f 9 e direction1 & %oot+ out _! fibres f> into ! s& & clay 9 se>* ( moi/ure4 ,! /em ( ?is tree w\ld appe> l a flut$ column1 ris+ simply & gracefully )\t bran*es to a great height1 & !n spread+ out a magnific5t head ( leaves l a noble palm-tree4 ,o!r trees1 m or less resembl+ palms1 & o!rs l exi/+ firs1 also ab\nd$1 giv+ a ri*ness & v>iety to ! sc5e2 :ile "o gigantic species1 /rik+ly resembl+ ! ,norfolk ,isl& p9e1 might be se5 t[]+ a hundr$ feet or m above ! re/ ( ! =e/1 & exhibit+ ti] aft] ti] ( bran*es ri*ly clo!d ) its peculi> po9t$ spe>-l leaves1 ! bran*es gradually dim9i%+ 9 size z !y approa* ! apex ( a l(ty pyramid ( vegetation4 ,tree-f]ns also 9 abundance might !re be recognis$1 occupy+ a prom95t place 9 ! physiognomy ( vegetation1 & dott$ at int]vals ov] ! di/ant pla9s & valleys1 ! int]m$iate spaces be+ clo!d ) l[ vegetation ( m humble plants ( ! same k9d4 ,^! we may imag9e exhibit+ _! ri* cre/s ( num]\s fronds1 ea* _m feet 9 l5g?1 & produc$ 9 su* quantity z to rival ev5 ! palm-trees 9 beauty4 ,besides all ^!1 o!r l(ty trees ( t day1 ^: /ems & bran*es are n[ call$ ,calamites1 exi/$ *iefly 9 ! mid/ ( swamps1 & bore _! s+ul> bran*es & leaves al(t ) /range & monoton\s uni=mity4 ,all ^! trees1 & _m o!rs t might be associat$ ) !m1 71 p]haps1 girt r\nd ) innum]able creep]s & p>asitic plants1 climb+ to ! topmo/ bran*es ( ! mo/ l(ty among/ !m1 & reliev+1 9 "s measure1 ! d>k & gloomy "* ( ! great masses ( vegetation4 ,hugh ,mill] rem>ks--,! sculpturesque "* ( ! nobly-flut$ ,sigill>ias 0 %>$ by n a few ( its contempor>ies4 ,ulod5drons1 ) _! rectil9e> r[s ( circul> sc>s1 & _! /ems cov]$ ) leaf-l c>v+s1 rivall$ 9 effect ! ornately reliev$ torus ( a ,cor9?ian column4 ,favul>ia1 ,halonia1 _m ( ! ,calamites1 & all ! ,lepidod5drons1 exhibit$ ! mo/ delicate sculptur+4 ,9 walk+ among ! ru9s ( ?is anci5t flora1 ! palontologi/ almo/ feels z if he _h got among ! brok5 fragm5ts ( ,italian palaces erect$ long ye>s ago1 :5 ! ar*itecture ( ,rome 0 mo/ ornate1 & e m\ld+ 0 r\gh5$ ) ornam5t2 & 9 attempt+ to call up 9 fancy ! old ,c>bonif]\s =e/s1 he has to dwell on ?is peculi> feature z "o ( ! mo/ prom95t2 & to see 9 ! multitude ( trunks d>k5$ above by cl\ds ( foliage t rise ^u him 9 ! prospect1 ! sl5d] columns ( an old] ,alhambra1 r\gh5$ ) arabesque trac]y & exquisite filigree "w4 ,,flora ,,( ,,! ,,p]mian ,,epo*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee-ef4 ,sid5ote3 ,figs4 #ee & #ef4 ,wal*ia p9i=mis1 ,/]nb41 a common species 9 ! ,p]mian rocks ( ,europe4 ,fig4 #ee4 ,plant ) leaves & fructification4 ,fig4 #ef4 ,fructification1 natural size4 ,! nature ( ! vegetation dur+ ! ,p]mian p]iod1 :i* is associat$ ) ! ,c>bonif]\s1 "u ! reign ( ,acrog5s1 has be5 ext5sively illu/rat$ by ,goepp]t4 ,brongni>t has enum]at$ ! fossils 9 ?ree diff]5t localities1 :i* he ref]s d\btfully to ?is p]iod4 #a4 ,! flora ( ! bitum9\s slates ( ,?ur+ia1 compos$ ( ,alg1 ,f]ns1 & ,conif]4 #b4 ,flora ( ! ,p]mian s&/ones ( ,russia1 compreh5d+ ,f]ns1 ,equisetace1 ,lycopodiace1 & ,noegg]a?i4 #c4 ,flora ( ! slaty s*i/s ( ,lodve1 compos$ ( ,f]ns1 ,a/]ophyllites1 & ,conif]4 ,! g5]a ( ,f]ns "h met ) are ^? f\nd 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s epo*2 ! ,gymnosp]ms are *iefly species ( ,wal*ia & ,noegg]a?ia 7! latt] is suppos$ by ,s*imp] to be a ,cycad72 ,lepidod5dron elongatum1 ,calamites gigas1 & ,annul>ia floribunda1 are also species ( ?is p]iod4 ,wal*ia is a conif] *>act]i/ic ( ! ,p]mian epo*1 ( :i* !re are eight species describ$ 7,figs4 #ee & #ef74 ,x has a s+le se$ to ea* scale ( ! cone1 & two k9ds ( leaves1 ! "o %ort & imbricat$1 ! o!r long & spread+4 ,among ! plants ( ! ,p]mian =mation ,goepp]t enum]ates ! foll[+3#ag--;,equisetites contractus1 ,calamites ,suck[i1 ,c4 leiod]ma1 ,a/]ophyllites equiseti=mis1 ,a4 elatior1 ,huttonia truncata1 ,h4 equiseti=mis1 _m species ( ,ps>onius1 "o ( ! filicoid plants1 ,hym5ophyllites complanatus1 ,sph5opt]is crass9]via1 ,sag5opt]is tnifolia1 ,neuropt]is imbricata1 & _m o!r species ( ^! g5]a2 sev]al species ( ,odontopt]is1 ,callipt]is1 ,cyclopt]is1 ,dioonopt]is1 ,cya!ites1 ,ale?opt]is1 ,noegg]a?ia1 ,cordaites1 ,an?odiopsis1 ,dictyo?alamus1 ,calamod5dron1 ,ar?ropitys2 besides species ( ,sigill>ia1 ,/igm>ia1 & ,lepidod5dron4 ,v>i\s fruits are also m5tion$1 "u ! names ( ,rhabdoc>pum1 ,c>dioc>pum1 ,acan?oc>pum1 ,trigonoc>pum1 & ,lepido/robus4 ,,fossil ,,flora ,,( ,,! ,,second>y ,,or ,,mesozoic ,,p]iod4 ,,reign ,,( ,,gymnosp]ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg1 ,fig4 #ei4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh1 ,fig4 #fj4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,p9us sylve/ris1 ,scot* ,fir4 ,fig4 #eh4 ,abies excelsa1 common ,spruce ,fir ( nor!rn ,europe4 ,fig4 #ei4 ,l>ix ,europa1 ! ,l>*1 indig5\s on ! ,alps ( middle ,europe4 ,fig4 #fj4 ,c$rus ,libani1 ,c$> ( ,lebanon4 ,! ,gymnosp]m\s plants ( ! pres5t day are includ$ 9 two natural ord]s1 ,conif] & ,cycadace4 ,"u ,conif] are enum]at$ ! v>i\s species ( ,p9e 7,fig4 #eg71 ,spruce 7,fig4 #eh71 ,l>* 7,fig4 #ei71 ,c$> 7,fig4 #fj71 ,eutassa1 ,arauc>ia 7,fig4 #fa71 ,sequoia1 ,cryptom]ia1 ,taxodium1 ,cypress1 ,junip] 7,fig4 #gj71 ,salisburia1 ,dacrydium1 ,yew 7,fig4 #ga71 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa1 ,fig4 #fe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb-fd4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,arauc>ia excelsa1 call$ also ,alt+ia or ,eutassa or ,eutacta excelsa1 ,norfolk ,isl& ,p9e4 ,fig4 #fb4 ,woody tubes ( fir1 ) s+le r[s ( discs4 ,fig4 #fc4 ,woody tubes ( fir1 ) d\ble r[s ( discs1 :i* are opposite to ea* o!r4 ,fig4 #fd4 ,woody tubes ( ,arauc>ia excelsa1 ) d\ble & triple r[s ( discs1 :i* are alt]nate4 ,fig4 #fe4 ,longitud9al section ( ! /em ( a ,gymnosp]m1 %[+ tubes ( wood m>k$ ) punctations 9 "o or m r[s1 & a m$ull>y ray compos$ ( cells runn+ across ! pleur5*yma4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff-fi4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,l9e> leaves ( ,p9us ,/robus1 ,weym\? ,p9e1 9 a clu/] ( five1 ) scaly %ea? at ! base4 ,fig4 #fg4 ,cone ( ,p9us sylve/ris1 ,scot* ,fir4 ,fig4 #fh4 ,cone ( ,cupressus semp]vir5s1 common ,cypress4 ,fig4 #fi4 ,scale1 s1 ( mature cone ( ,p9us sylve/ris1 ) two nak$ w+$ se$s1 m m1 at its base2 * m>ks ! *alaza1 m ! micropyle4 ,! ,conif] ( ! pres5t day are di/+ui%$ z res9\s trees or %rubs ) punctat$ woody tissue 7,figs4 #fb1 #fc1 #fd1 #fe71 l9e> ac]ose or lanceolate p>allel-ve9$ leaves1 sometimes clu/]$1 & hav+ a membran\s %ea? at ! base 7,fig4 #ff74 ,male fl[]s 9 decidu\s catk9s2 female fl[]s 9 cones 7,figs4 #fg1 #fh74 ,! se$s are consid]$ by mo/ botani/s z be+ nak$1 i4e4 n conta9$ 9 a true pi/il 7,fig4 #fi74 ,"s ( ! conif]s h a succul5t cone1 z ! junip] 7,fig4 #gj71 & ! yew 7,figs4 #ga-gc7 has a succul5t mass cov]+ a s+le nak$ se$ 7,fig4 #gc74 ,! yew also has its pleur5*yma m>k$ bo? ) punctations & spiral fibres4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! punctations 9 ! ,conif] gives *>act]s :i* enable u to classify ! woods into gr\ps t h "s relation to ! g5]a e/abli%$ f ! reproductive organs 7see ,figs4 #fb-fe74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj-gc4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,fruit+ bran* ( ,junip]us communis1 common ,junip]1 ) l9e> ac]ose leaves & succul5t cones4 ,fig4 #ga4 ,bran* ( ,taxus baccata1 common ,yew4 ,fig4 #gb4 ,male fl[] ( ,yew1 ) bracts at ! base4 ,fig4 #gc4 ,fruit ( ,yew1 consi/+ ( a s+le nak$ se$ p>tially cov]$ by a succul5t receptacle4 ,! natural ord] ,cycadace is n s l>gely repres5t$ at ! pres5t day z x 0 dur+ ! ,mesozoic epo*4 ,among ! g5]a ( ! pres5t day are ,cycas 7,fig4 #gd71 ,zamia1 ,macrozamia1 ,encephal>tos 7,fig4 #ge71 ,dion1 ,/ang]ia1 etc4 ,!y are small palm-l trees or %rubs1 ) unbran*$ /ems1 occasionally di*otom\s1 m>k$ ) leaf-sc>s1 & hav+ l>ge m$ull>y rays along ) pitt$ woody tissue4 ,! leaves are p9nate1 except 9 ,b[5ia1 :i* has a bip9nate leaf4 ,males 9 cones4 ,females consi/+ ( nak$ ovules on ! edges ( alt]$ leaves1 or on ! inf]ior surface ( ! peltate apex ( scales4#ah ,,flora ,,( ,,! ,,trias ,,& ,,lias ,,epo*s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd-ge4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,cycas revoluta1 "o ( ! false ,sago-plants f\nd 9 ,japan4 ,fig4 #ge4 ,encephal>tos 7,zamia7 pung5s1 ano!r />*-yield+ ,cycad4 ,9 ?is reign ! ,acrog5\s species are less num]\s2 ! ,gymnosp]ms almo/ equal !m 9 numb]1 & ord9>ily surpass !m 9 frequ5cy4 ,!re are two p]iods 9 ?is reign1 "o 9 :i* ,conif] pr$om9ate1 :ile ,cycadace sc>cely appe>2 & ano!r 9 :i* ! latt] family prepond]ates z reg>ds ! numb] ( species1 & ! frequ5cy & v>iety ( g5]ic =ms4 ,cycadace occupi$ a m important place 9 ! anci5t ?an 9 ! pres5t vegetable _w4 ,!y ext5d m or less f ! ,trias =mation up to ! ,t]ti>y4 ,!y are r>e 9 ! ,grs big>r or l[] /rata ( ! ,triassic sy/em4 ,!y atta9 _! maximum 9 ! ,lias & ,oolite1 9 ea* ( :i* upw>ds ( #dj species h be5 enum]at$1 & !y disappe> 9 ! ,t]ti>y =mations4 ,s*imp] describes #ac g5]a ( fossil ,zami1 & ab\t #bj ,cycade4 ,he ?9ks t ,trigonoc>pum 7#ae species71 ,rhabdoc>pum 7#bd species71 ,c>dioc>pum 7#ba species71 & ,c>poli!s 7#i species71 are all fruits ( ,cycade4 ,_m suppos$ fossil ,cycads are look$ ^u by ,c>ru!rs z ,conif]4 ,zamia macrocephala1 or ,zamites macrocephalus1 or ,zamio/robus macrocephalus1 is call$ by him ,p9ites macrocephalus2 ,zamia ovata1 or ,zamites ovatus1 or ,zamio/robus ovatus1 is ,p9ites ovatus2 ,zamia ,sussexi5sis is ,p9ites ,sussexi5sis4 ,among o!r species ( ,p9ites notic$ by ,c>ru!rs are ,p9ites oblongus1 ,p4 ,b5/$i1 ,p4 ,dunk]i1 ,p4 ,mantellii1 ,p4 pat5s1 ,p4 ,fittoni1 ,p4 elongatus4 ,x is important to notice t 9 an exi/+ ,cycad call$ ,/ang]ia p>adoxa ! ve9s ( ! p9n rise f a true midrib & =k1 *>act]s :i* r5d] unt5able ! di/9ction usually reli$ ^u betwe5 ! foliage ( ,f]ns & ,cycads4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,s*izoneura het]ophylla1 "o ( ! fossil ,conif] ( ! ,triassic sy/em4 ,9 ,brongni>t's ,vosgesian p]iod1 ! ,grs big>r1 or ! ,r$ ,s&/ones & ,conglom]ates ( ! ,triassic sy/em1 !re is a *ange 9 ! flora4 ,sigill>ias & ,lepidod5drons disappe>1 & 9 _! place we meet ) ,gymnosp]ms1 belong+ to ! g5]a ,voltzia1 ,haid+]a1 ,zamites1 ,ct5is1 ?ophyllum1 & ,s*izoneura 7,fig4 #gf74 ,! g5us ,voltzia is conf9$ to ! ,trias1 & ?\gh a true conif]1 x is n easy to correlate x ) any liv+ =m4 ,x is app>5tly ,abiet9e\s1 hav+ two se$s to ea* scale1 b !y are plac$ on ! dilat$ upp] portion ( ! scale4 ,! leaves are ( two k9ds1 ! "o broad & %ort1 & ! o!r at ! tops ( ! bran*es long & l9e>4 ,species ( ,neuropt]is1 ,pecopt]is1 & o!r acrog5\s coal g5]a are /ill f\nd1 along ) species ( ,anomopt]is & ,crematopt]is--peculi> ,f]n-=ms1 :i* are n f\nd 9 lat] =mations4 ,/ems ( arboresc5t ,f]ns are m frequ5t ?an 9 ! next p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,! ,jurassic p]iod ( ,brongni>t embraces ! ,keupric p]iod or v>iegat$ m>ls ( ! ,triassic sy/em1 ! ,liassic epo*1 ! ,oolitic & ! ,weald54 ,! flora ( ! ,keupric epo* diff]s f t ( ! ,grs big>r ( ! ,vosges4 ,! ,acrog5s are *ang$ z reg>ds species1 & frequ5tly 9 _! g5]a4 ,?us we h ! g5]a ,camptopt]is1 ,sag5opt]is1 & ,equisetum4 ,among ,gymnosp]ms1 ! g5]a ,pt]ophyllum & ,taxodites occur4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh-gi4 ,sid5ote3 ,figs4 #gg to #ha4 ,cycadace ( ! ,jurassic epo* ( ,brongni>t1 & ( ! ,oolite4 ,fig4 #gg4 ,zamites1 "o ( ! fossil ,cycadace4 ,fig4 #gh4 ,pt]ophyllum ,ple9+]ii1 leaf ( a fossil ,cycad4 ,fig4 #gi4 ,nilssonia compta 7,pt]ophyllum comptum ( ,l9dley & ,hutton71 f ! ,oolite ( ,sc>bor\gh4 ,l[] "p ( ! p9natifid leaf1 ) blunt almo/ squ>e divisions4 ,!re are num]\s ve9s1 slightly v>y+ 9 ?ickness2 :ile 9 ,pt]ophyllum !re are num]\s ve9s ( equal ?ickness1 9 ,cycadites !re is a solit>y ve9 =m+ a ?ick midrib4 ,fig4 #hj4 ,palozamia pect9ata 7,zamia pect9ata ( ,brongni>t1 & ,l9dley & ,hutton71 a p9nat$ leaf1 ) a sl5d] ra*is4 ,! p9n are l9e>1 some:at obtuse1 ) sl5d] equal ribs4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! ,oolite ( ,/onesfield 7,l9dley & ,hutton74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,9 ! ,lias ! ess5tial *>act]s ( ! flora are ! pr$om9ance ( ,cycadace1 9 ! =m ( species ( ,cycadites1 ,otozamites1 ,zamites 7,fig4 #gg71 ,ct5is1 ,pt]ophyllum 7,fig4 #gh71 & ,nilssonia 7,fig4 #gi71 ,palozamia 7,fig4 #hj71 & ! exi/5ce among ! ,f]ns ( _m g5]a ) reticulat$ v5ation1 su* z ,camptopt]is & ,?aumatopt]is1 "s ( :i* began to appe> at ! ,keupric epo*4 ,conif]\s g5]a1 z ,bra*yphyllum 7,fig4 #ha71 ,taxodites1 ,palissya1 & ,peuce1 are f\nd4 ,9 ! ,lias ne> ,crom>ty1 ,mill] /ates t he f\nd a cone ) long bracts l ^? ( ,p9us bracteata4 ,,flora ,,( ,,! ,,oolitic ,,epo*4 ,9 ! ,oolitic epo* ! flora consi/s ( num]\s ,cycadace & ,conif]1 "s ( !m hav+ peculi> =ms4 ,its di/9ctive *>act]s are1 ! r>ity ( ,f]ns ) reticulat$ v5ation1 :i* are s num]\s 9 ! ,lias1 ! frequ5cy ( ! ,cycadace\s g5]a ,otozamites & ,zamites1 :i* are mo/ analog\s to ^? n[ exi/+2 ! occurr5ce ( a rem>kable gr\p pres5t+ v anomal\s /ructure 9 _! organs ( reproduction1 to :i* ,c>ru!rs has giv5 ! "n ( ,williamsonia2 & ! dim9ution ( ,ct5is1 ,pt]ophyllum1 ,palozamia1 & ,nilssonia1 g5]a f> remov$ f ! liv+ k9ds2 & la/ly1 ! great] frequ5cy ( ! conif]\s g5]a1 ,bra*yphyllum & ,?uites1 :i* are mu* m r>e 9 ! ,lias4 ,9 ! ,scotti% ,oolite at ,helmsdale1 ,mill] detect$ ab\t #fj species ( plants1 includ+ ,cycadace & ,conif]1 ) deta*$ cones1 & ,f]n-=ms resembl+ ,scolop5drium4 ,he also discov]$ a species ( ,equisetum1 & :at he suppos$ to be a ,calamite4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha-hb4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,bra*yphyllum mammill>e1 a ,conif]\s plant ( ! ,oolitic sy/em1 ,york%ire4 ,fig4 #hb4 ,equisetum column>e1 a fossil species ( ! ,oolite ( ,york%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc-he4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,arauc>ites sphroc>pus1 ,c>r41 f\nd 9 ! inf]ior ,oolite at ,bruton1 ,som]set%ire4 ,fig4 #hd4 ,t]m9ation ( a scale ( ,arauc>ites sphroc>pus1 ,c>r4 ,fig4 #he4 ,section ( a scale ( ,arauc>ites sphroc>pus1 ,c>r41 %[+ ! size & position ( ! se$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf-hg4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,! ,dirt-b$ ( ! ,isl& ( ,portl&1 conta9+ /umps ( fossil ,cycadace 9 an erect position4 ,fig4 #hg4 ,cycadoidea megalophylla 7,mantellia nidi=mis ( ,brongni>t71 a subglobose depress$ trunk1 ) a concave apex1 & ) ! rema9s ( ! petioles dispos$ 9 a spiral mann]1 ! m>k+s be+ transv]sely elliptical4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! ,oolite ( ! ,isl& ( ,portl&1 9 a silicifi$ /ate4 ,!re is an abs5ce ( true coal-fields 9 ! second>y =mations g5]ally2 b 9 "s ( ! ,oolitic s]ies1 z 9 ! l[] ,oolite at ,brora1 9 ,su!rl&%ire1 & 9 ! nor?-ea/ ( ,york%ire1 & ! ,kimm]idge clay ( ! upp] ,oolite1 ne> ,weym\?1 !re are consid]able deposits ( c>bonace\s matt]1 sometimes =m+ seams ( coal :i* h be5 work$ = economic purposes4#ai ,"s suppose t ! ,brora coal 0 =m$ *iefly by ,equisetum column>e 7,fig4 #hb74 ,9 ! s&/ones & %ales ( ! ,oolitic s]ies1 especially 9 ! l[] ,oolite ( ! nor? ( ,engl&1 z at ,:itby & ,sc>bor\gh1 z well z 9 ,/onesfield slate1 ! ,portl& ,crag ( ! middle1 & ! ,portl& b$s ( ! upp] ,oolite1 num]\s fossil plants are f\nd4 ,peuce ,l9dleyana is "o ( ! ,conif] ( ! l[] ,oolite4 ,beania 7,plate ,,ii4 ,fig4 #b7 is a ,cycadace\s fossil f ! ,oolite ( ,york%ire 7,c>ru!rs1 ,geol4 ,mag4 vi4 #ia74 ,arauc>ites sphroc>pus 7,figs4 #hc1 #hd1 #he7 is f\nd 9 ! inf]ior ,oolite1 & sep>ate scales ( ,arauc>ian fruits occur 9 ! ,oolitic %ales ( ,york%ire 7,arauc>ites ,phillipsii1 ,plate ,,ii4 ,fig4 #aa71 & 9 ! slate at ,/onesfield 7,a4 ,brodiei1 ,plate ,,ii4 ,fig4 #aj74 ,! upp] ,oolite at ,portl& conta9s an int]e/+ b$1 ab\t a foot 9 ?ickness1 ( a d>k br[n sub/ance4 ,?is is ! ,dirt-b$ 7,fig4 #hf7 made up ( black loam1 :i*1 dur+ ! ,purbeck p]iod1 =m$ a surface soil :i* 0 p5etrat$ by ! roots ( trees1 fragm5ts ( ^: /ems are n[ f\nd 9 x fossilis$4 ,^! consi/ ( an assemblage ( silicifi$ /umps or /ools ( l>ge trees1 f #a-c feet high1 /&+ 9 _! orig9al position1 ) ! roots rema9+ atta*$ to !m1 & /ill p5etrat+ ! e>? 9 :i* !y grew4 ,besides ! erect trunks _m /ems h be5 brok5 & ?r[n d[n1 & are buri$ 9 a horizontal position 9 ! b$4 ,!y belong to ,conif] & ,cycadace4 ,"o ( ^! is ,mantellia nidi=mis1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #hg4 ,c>poli!s conicus & ,c4 ,buckl&i are fruits f\nd 9 ! ,oolite4 ,"s look ^u !m z fruits ( palms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh-hi4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,kaidac>pum ooliticum1 ,c>r41 fruit ( a fossil alli$ to ,p&anace1 f ! great ,oolite ne> ,nor?ampton4 ,fig4 #hi4 ,p&anus odoratissimus1 ,screw-p9e1 ) adv5titi\s roots4 ,sev]al species ( ,p&anace\s fruits h be5 f\nd 9 ,oolitic /rata4 ,buckl& describ$ "o ( !m z ,podoc>ya1 :i* is rem>kable1 z x consi/s ( a s+le b _m-se$$ drupe4 ,to ano!r =m1 m ne>ly alli$ to ! exi/+ plants1 ,c>ru!rs has giv5 ! "n ,kaidac>pum1 & has describ$ ?ree species4 ,^! fruits are made up ( a l>ge numb] ( s+le-se$$ drupes4 ,! species figur$ 7,fig4 #hh7 is f ! great ,oolite1 ne> ,nor?ampton4 ,9 ,fig4 #hi a repres5tation is giv5 ( "o ( ! ,p&anace1 ! screw-p9es ( ! pres5t day4 ,,flora ,,( ,,! ,,weald5 ,,epo*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ij4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #ij4 ,fossil ,wood1 ,abietites ,l9kii4 ,a ,conif]\s plant f ! ,weald51 %[+ punctat$ woody tissue & m$ull>y rays4 ,! flora ( ! ,weald5 epo* is *>act]is$ 9 ! s\? ( ,engl& by ! abundance ( ! f]n call$ ,lon*opt]is ,mantellii1 & 9 ,g]many by ! pr$om9ance ( ! ,conif] d5om9at$ ,abietites ,l9kii 7,fig4 #ij71 & ! pres5ce ( ,arauc>ites ,pipp+=d5sis1 z well z by num]\s ,cycadace1 su* z species ( ,cycadites1 ,zamites1 ,pt]ophyllum1 ,mantellia1 ,buckl&ia1 & a rem>kable g5us hav+ a fle%y fruit1 & relat$ to ! ord9>y ,cycadace z ,taxus is to ! o!r ,conif]1 :i* has be5 fully describ$ 9 ! ,l9n4 ,trans41 "u ! "n ( ,b5nettites 7,plate ,,ii4 ,fig4 #c74 ,9 ! ,weald5 at ,brook ,po9t1 ,isle ( ,wight1 ,cycads h be5 detect$ alli$ to ,encephal>tos4 ,! fruits ( !m are describ$ by ,c>ru!rs z ,cycadeo/robus4 ,he describes ! foll[+ species3--,cycadeo/robus ovatus 7,plate ,,ii4 ,fig4 #a71 ,c4 truncatus1 ,c4 tumidus1 ,c4 elegans1 ,c4 ,walk]i1 ,c4 sphricus1 9 ! ,ox=d clay ( ,wilt%ire2 ,c4 primvus 9 ! inf]ior ,oolite at ,burcott ,wood & ,liv+/on1 & ,c4 ,brunonis4 ,mantell /ates t he has f\nd #dj or #ej fossil cones 9 ! ,weald5 ( ,engl&2 !y belong ei!r to ! g5us ,cycadeo/robus or to ! p9es m5tion$ bel[ z occurr+ 9 ! ,weald54 ,! ,weald5 fre%-wat] =mation t]m9ates ! reign ( ,gymnosp]ms4 ,c>ru!rs gives ! foll[+ li/ ( ! rema9s ( ,conif] :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ! second>y /rata ( ,brita91 exclud+ ! ,trias3-- ,upp] ,*alk4--,wood 9 fl9t nodules4 ,upp] ,gre5s&4--,foliage & cone ( ,sequoiites ,woodw>dii2 cone ( ,p9ites oblongus4 ,gault4--,cones ( ,p9ites gracilis & ,p4 hexagonus1 ,sequoiites ,g>dn]i & ,s4 ovalis4 ,l[] ,gre5s&4--,wat]-worn & bor$ pieces ( wood2 cones ( ,p9ites ,b5/$i1 ,p4 ,sussexi5sis1 & ,p4 ,leck5byi4 ,weald54--,driftwood1 foliage ( ,abietites ,l9kii2 cones ( ,p9ites ,dunk]i1 ,p4 ,mantellii1 ,p4 pat5s1 & ,p4 ,fittoni1 & ( ,arauc>ia ,pipp+=d5sis2 foliage 7& drupes87 ( ,?uites ,kurrianus4 ,purbeck4--,fossil =e/ 9 situ at ,isle ( ,portl&2 cone ne>ly relat$ to ,arauc>ia excelsa 9 ! ,dirt-b$4 ,portl& ,/one4--,driftwood ,arauc>ites4 ,kimm]idge ,clay4--,cone ( ,p9ites depressus4 ,ox=d ,clay4--,driftwood & foliage ( ,arauc>ites4 ,great ,oolite4--,driftwood ( ,arauc>ites2 foliage ( ,?uites acutifolius1 ,t4 articulatus1 ,t4 cupressi=mis1 ,t4 div>icatus1 & ,t4 expansus1 & ( ,taxites podoc>poides2 deta*$ cones at ,helmsdale1 ,su!rl&4 ,inf]ior ,oolite4--,wood ( ,peuce ,egg5sis 7,t]ti>y accord+ to ,geikie72 foliage ( ,bra*yphyllum mammill>e1 ,cryptom]ites8 div>icatus1 & ,palissya8 ,williamsonis2 cones ( ,arauc>ites sphroc>pus1 ,a4 ,brodiei1 & ,a4 ,phillipsii4 ,p9ites primva 7,l9dl4 & ,hutt47 is a ,cycadean fruit4 ,lias4--,wood ( ,p9ites ,huttonianus & ,p4 ,l9dleyanus2 foliage ( ,arauc>ia p]egr9a & ,cupressus latifolia2 cone ( ,p9ites elongatus1 & cone ) long bracts l ^? ( ,p9us bracteata1 f ,crom>ty4 ,c>ru!rs gives ! foll[+ arrangem5t ( fossil ,cycadace 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 xxvi4--,fir/ly1 ! ,cycade3 includ+ ! g5us ,buckl&ia1 ,presl2 & species ,b4 anomala1 ,b4 ,mantellii1 ,b4 squamosa1 ,b4 ,mill]iana--! two fir/-nam$ species be+ f ! ,weald51 & ! two la/-nam$ f ! ,oolite4 ,secondly1 ! ,zamie3 includ+ ! g5us ,yatesia1 ,c>r42 & species ,y4 ,morrisi1 ,l[] ,cretace\s2 ,y4 gracilis1 ,lias2 ,y4 crassa1 ,m4 ,oolite2 ,y4 ,joassiana1 ,m4 ,oolite2 ! g5us ,fittonia1 ,c>r41 & species ,f4 squamata1 ,u4 ,cretace\s2 ! g5us ,crossozamia1 ,pomel1 & species ,c4 ,moreaui1 ,pomel1 ,jurassic1 & ,c4 ,buvigni]i1 ,pomel1 ,jurassic--bo? f ,/4 ,mi*el1 ,france4 ,?irdly1 ! ,williamsonie3 includ+ ! g5us ,williamsonia1 ,c>r42 & species ,w4 gigas1 ,w4 pect51 ,w4 ha/ula1 all f ! inf]ior ,oolite4 ,f\r?ly1 ! ,b5nettite3 includ+ ! g5us ,b5nettites1 ,c>r41 & species ,b4 ,saxbyanus1 ,weald52 ,b4 ,gibsonianus1 ,lr4 ,gre5s&2 ,b4 maximus1 ,weald52 ,b4 ,portl&icus1 ,lr4 ,purbeck2 & ,b4 ,pea*ianus1 ,m4 ,oolite2 ! g5us ,mantellia1 ,brong41 & species ,m4 nidi=mis1 ,m4 int]m$ia1 ,m4 microphylla1 f ! ,lr4 ,purbeck2 & ,m4 inclusa1 f ! ,lr4 ,cretace\s2 ! g5us ,raum]ia1 ,goepp]t1 & species ,r4 ,rei*5ba*iana1 f ,galicia1 & ,r4 ,s*ulziana f ,silesia4 ,,fossil ,,flora ,,( ,,! ,,t]ti>y ,,or ,,ca9ozoic ,,p]iod1 7,,includ+ ,,! ,,cretace\s ,,epo*74 ,,reign ,,( ,,angiosp]ms4 ,?is reign is *>act]is$ by ! appe>ance ( ,angiosp]m\s ,dicotyl$ons1 plants :i* con/itute m ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( ! species ( ! exi/+ fl[]+ plants ( ! globe1 & :i* appe> to h acquir$ ! pr$om9ance f ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,t]ti>y epo*4 ,!y are plants ) se$s conta9$ 9 se$-vessels1 & ea* se$ ) two cotyl$ons4 ,^! plants1 h[ev]1 appe> ev5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,cretace\s p]iod4 ,9 ?is reign1 !re=e1 ,brongni>t includes ! upp] ,second>y p]iod1 or ! ,cretace\s sy/em1 & all ! ,t]ti>y p]iod4 ,! ,cretace\s may be consid]$ z a sort ( transition p]iod betwe5 ! reign ( ,gymnosp]ms & ,angiosp]ms4 ,,flora ,,( ,,! ,,*alk4 ,! ,*alk flora is *>act]is$ by ! ,gymnosp]m\s almo/ equall+ ! ,angiosp]m\s ,dicotyl$ons1 & by ! exi/5ce ( a consid]able numb] ( ,cycadace1 :i* d n appe> 9 ! ,t]ti>y p]iod4 ,! g5us ,cr$n]ia is "o ( ! *>act]i/ic =ms4 ,9 ?is p]iod we f9d ,alg repres5t$ by ,cy/oseirites1 ,conf]vites1 ,s>gassites1 & ,*ondrites2 ,f]ns by peculi> species ( ,pecopt]is & ,protopt]is2 ,naiadace by ,zo/]ites2 ,palms1 by ,flabell>ia & ,palmacites2 ,cycadace by ,cycadites1 ,zamites1 ,microzamia1 ,fittonia1 & ,b5nettites2 ,conif]1 by ,bra*yphyllum1 ,widdr+tonites1 ,cryptom]ia1 ,abietites1 ,p9ites1 ,cunn+hamites1 ,damm>ites1 ,arauc>ites2 & ,angiosp]m\s ,dicotyl$ons1 by ,comptonites1 ,alnites1 ,c>p9ites1 ,salicites1 ,ac]ites1 ,jugl&ites1 & ,cr$n]ia4 ,at ! base ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod !re are deposits ( ,alg ( a v peculi> =m1 belong+ to ! g5]a ,*ondrites & ,mun/]ia4 ,no l& plants h be5 f\nd m+l$ ) ^! m>9e species4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,sequoiites ovalis4 ,l>ge cone4 ,9 ! ,gault1 ne> ,folke/one1 an int]e/+ association ( conif]\s fruits has be5 f\nd1 consi/+ ( two species ( ,sequoia1 along ) two ( ,p9us4 ,! p9es belong to ! same gr\p z ^? :i* n[ gr[ ) ! ,well+tonias 9 ,cali=nia1 %[+ ! rem>kable fact t ! conif]\s vegetation ( ! high l&s ( ! ,upp] ,cretace\s p]iod _h a facies simil> to t n[ exi/+ 9 ! m\nta9s on ! we/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,we figure bo? ! species ( ,sequoiites--viz4 ,s4 ovalis 7,fig4 #ia71 a l>ge cone1 & ,s4 ,g>dn]i 7,plate ,,ii4 ,fig4 #g74 ,9 ! pres5t day !re are two species ( ! g5us ,sequoia--viz4 ,s4 gigantea 7,well+tonia gigantea7 & ,s4 semp]vir5s4#bj ,9 ! ,l[] ,gre5s& a rem>kably f9e cone belong+ to ! same gr\p z ! ,c$> has be5 f\nd4 ,?is is ! ,p9ites ,leck5byi 7,plate ,,ii4 ,fig4 #d74 ,a section exhibits ! se$s 9 _! true position1 "s ( :i* are pres]v$ s z to exhibit ! =m & position ( ! embryo4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #ib4 ,p9ites ovatus 7,zamia ovata ( ,l9dley & ,hutton71 an ovate cone ) a truncat$ base & obtuse apex1 ne>ly alli$ to ! /one-p9e4 ,! ,t]ti>y p]iod is *>act]is$ by ! abundance ( ,angiosp]m\s ,dicotyl$ons & ( ,monocotyl$ons1 m especially ( ,palms4 ,by ?is x is di/+ui%$ f ! m anci5t p]iods4 ,angiosp]ms at ?is p]iod greatly exce$ ,gymnosp]ms4 ,cycadace are v r>e1 if n completely want+1 9 ! ,european ,t]ti>y /rata1 & ! ,conif] belong to g5]a ( ! temp]ate regions4 ,9 ! l[] ,t]ti>ies ,c>ru!rs has f\nd a fossil ,osmunda1 & ! exi/5ce ( a gr\p ( ,p9es hav+ cones ) a v ?ick apophysis4 ,f _! rem>kable ext]nal aspect1 ^! cones _h be5 consid]$ to be ,cycadean1 b _! int]nal /ructure indicates t !y are conif]\s4 ,p9ites ovatus is "o ( ^! cones 7,fig4 #ib74 ,! ,cupress9e are f\nd 9 ! ,t]ti>y b$s only4 ,taxodie are repres5t$ by ,sequoiites 7,plate ,,ii4 ,fig4 #g7 9 ! ,cretace\s & ,eoc5e /rata4 ,peuce au/ralis ( ,van ,diem5's ,l& & ,p4 ,prit*>di ( ,irel& are ,t]ti>y plants4 ,! ,peuce ( ,eigg 7,p4 ,egg5sis71 accord+ to ,geikie1 is also ,t]ti>y1 & n ,oolitic4 ,isoetes is m5tion$ by ,s*imp] z a ,t]ti>y g5us4 ,al?\gh ! vegetation ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod pres5ts pretty uni=m *>act]s1 /ill !re are notable diff]5ces 9 ! g5]ic & specific =ms1 & 9 ! pr$om9ance ( c]ta9 ord]s at diff]5t epo*s4 ,brongni>t does n entirely agree ) ,ung] z to ^! epo*s4 ,_m ( ! =mations classifi$ by ,ung] 9 ! ,mioc5e division he ref]s ) ,raul9 to ! ,plioc5e4 ,he divides ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 z reg>ds plants1 into ! ,eoc5e1 ,mioc5e1 & ,plioc5e epo*s1 & gives ! foll[+ comp>ative results f an exam9ation ( _! floras3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,classes & ,sub-,classes4 ,eoc5e ,epo*4 ,mioc5e ,epo*4 ,plioc5e ,epo*4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,?allog5 #af #f #f ,acrog5 #ag #d #g ,monocotyl$ones #cc #bf #d ,dicotyl$ones-- ,gymnosp]m #dj #ai #ca ,angiosp]m #ajc #gh #afd ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #bji #acc #bab ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,flora ,,( ,,! ,,eoc5e ,,epo*4 ,9 ! ,eoc5e =mation ! fossil fruits ( ! ,isle ( ,%eppey increase ! numb] ( ,phan]ogam\s plants1 only a small proportion ( :i* h z yet be5 describ$4 ,?is is an exceptional locality1 & ! deposit 9 :i* ! fruits occur is probably ! silt f\nd at ! m\? ( a l>ge riv] :i* fl[$1 l ! ,nile1 f tropical regions t[>ds ! nor?4 ,! numb] ( plants z giv5 by ,brongni>t is mu* small] ?an t m5tion$ by ,ung] 7p4 #bc74 ,! latt] includes 9 8 enum]ation a consid]able am\nt ( unc]ta9 species4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #ic4 ,palmacites ,lamanonis4 ,fan-%ap$ 7flabellate7 leaf ( a ,palm4 ,! ,eoc5e epo* 9 g5]al is *>act]is$ by ! pr$om9ance ( ,alg & m>9e ,naiadace1 su* z ,caul9ites & ,zo/]ites2 by num]\s ,conif]1 ! great] "p resembl+ exi/+ g5]a among ! ,cupress9e1 & appe>+ 9 ! =m ( ,junip]ites1 ,?uites1 ,cupress9ites 7,plate ,,ii4 ,figs4 #h1 #i71 ,callitrites1 ,fr5elites1 & ,sol5o/robus2 by ! exi/5ce ( a numb] ( extra-,european =ms1 especially ( fruits1 su* z ,nipadites1 ,legum9osites1 ,cucumites1 & ,hightea2 & by ! pres5ce ( "s l>ge species ( ,palm belong+ to ! g5]a ,flabell>ia & ,palmacites 7,fig4 #ic74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #id4 ,osmunda regalis1 ,royal ,f]n1 hav+ a bip9nate frond & fructification 9 a spike-l =m1 ! bran*es be>+ sporangia4 ,ung] says t ! ,eoc5e flora has resembl$ 9 _m respects t ( ! pres5t ,au/ralian vegetation4 ,he gives ! foll[+ g5]a z occurr+ at ! ,eoc5e epo*3--,arauc>ia1 ,podoc>pus1 ,liboc$rus1 ,callitris1 ,casu>9a1 ,pt]oc>pus1 ,drepanoc>pus1 ,c5trolobium1 ,dalb]gia1 ,cassia1 ,csalp9ia1 ,bauh9ia1 ,copaif]a1 ,entada1 ,acacia1 ,mimosa1 ,+a4 7,seemann's ,j\rnal ( ,bot4 vol4 iii4 p4 #dc47 ,amb] is consid]$ to be ! produce ( _m ,conif] ( ?is epo*1 su* z ,peuce succ9if]a or ,p9ites succ9if]a1 & ,p9us ,r9kianus4 ,x occurs 9 ,ea/ ,prussia 9 great quantity1 & x is said t _m pieces ( fossil wood occur !re1 :i*1 :5 mod]ately heat$1 give out a decid$ smell ( amb]4 ,connect$ ) ^! b$s are f\nd cones belong+ to ,p9ites sylve/r9a & ,p4 ,pumilio-mioc5a1 species ne>ly alli$ to ! liv+ species2 o!rs to ,p9ites ,?omasianus & ,p4 bra*ylepis4 ,goepp]t contra/s ! pres5t flora ( ,g]many & t ( ! ,amb] epo* z foll[s3-- ,g]man ,flora4 ,amb] ,flora4 ,cryptogame #fhjj #fj ,phan]ogame #cded #ajb & gives ! foll[+ specim5s ( two ( ! ord]s3-- ,cupulif] #ab #aj ,ericace #bc #bd 7,see rem>ks by ,goepp]t on ! ,amb] ,flora1 etc41 ,ed94 ,n4 ,phil4 ,j\rn4 lvi4 #cfh2 & ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 x4 #cg47 ,9 ! l[] ,eoc5e ( ,h]ne ,bay1 ,c>ru!rs notic$ a f]n l ,osmunda 7,fig4 #id71 :i* he calls ,osmundites ,d[k]i 7,plate ,i4 ,figs4 #h1 #i74 ,?is specim5 0 silicifi$2 />* gra9s conta9$ 9 its cells1 & ! mycelium ( a p>asitic fungus trav]s+ "s ( !m1 7 p]fectly pres]v$4 ,b]keley has detect$ 9 amb] fossil fungi1 :i* he has nam$ ,p5icillium curtipes1 ,bra*ycladium ,?omas9um1 & ,/repto?rix spiralis4#ba ,"s ,*>ace are also met )1 z ,*>a m$icag9ula & ,c4 prisca1 ) a fossil call$ ,gyrogonites1 ! nucule or ! fructification ( ^! plants4 ,c>poli!s ovatus1 a m9ute se$-vessel1 occurs 9 ! ,eoc5e b$s ( ,lewi%am4 ,ano!r small fruit1 ( a simil> nature1 call$ ,folliculites m9utulus1 occurs 9 ! ,bovey ,tracey coal1 :i* belongs to ! ,t]ti>y b$s4 ,,flora ,,( ,,! ,,mioc5e ,,epo*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,comptonia acutiloba1 app>5tly ! leaf ( a plant belong+ to ! natural ord] ,proteace1 :i* ab\nd 9 ,au/ralia1 & are also f\nd at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope at ! pres5t day4 ,sid5ote3 ,figures #if to #ii %[ ! leaves ( plants belong+ to ! ,mioc5e epo*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if-ig4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #if4 ,ac] trilobatum1 a ?ree-lob$ palmate leaf1 l t ( ! ,maple1 ) ! lobes unequal1 inciso-d5tate1 ! lat]al ones spread+1 f\nd at n+54 ,fig4 #ig4 ,ulmus ,bronnii1 a petiolate leaf1 l t ( ! ,elm1 unequally ovato-acum9ate1 fea!r-ve9$ & too!d1 f\nd 9 ,bohemia4 ,fig4 #ih4 ,rhamnus ,aizoon1 a petiolate elliptical obtuse fea!r-ve9$ leaf1 ) an entire m>g91 f\nd 9 ,/yria4 ,! mo/ /rik+ *>act]s ( ! ,mioc5e epo* consi/ 9 ! mixture ( exotic =ms ( w>m regions ) ^? ( temp]ate climates4 ,ung] says t x resembles t ( ! s\!rn "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,?us we meet ) ,palms1 su* z species ( ,flabell>ia & ,phnicites1 a k9d ( ,bamboo call$ ,bambusium sepultum2 ,laurace1 z ,daphnog5e & ,laurus2 ,combretace1 z ,getonia & ,t]m9alia2 ,legum9os1 z ,phaseolites1 ,desmodophyllum1 ,doli*ites1 ,ery?r9a1 ,bauh9ia1 ,mimosites1 & ,acacia--all plants hav+ _! liv+ repres5tatives 9 w>m climates2 ,e*itonium1 ,plumi]a1 & o!r ,apocynace ( equatorial regions2 ,comptonia 7,fig4 #ie71 a ,proteace\s g5us1 & ,/e9hau]a1 a ,c9*onace\s g5us2 m+l$ ) species ( ,ac] 7,fig4 #if71 ,ulmus 7,fig4 #ig71 ,rhamnus 7,fig4 #ih72 & ,am5tif]\s =ms1 su* z ,myrica1 ,betula1 ,alnus 7,fig4 #ii71 ,qu]cus1 ,fagus1 ,c>p9us1 all belong+ to temp]ate & cold climates4 ,! /atem5ts z to ! occurr5ce ( ,p9us sylve/ris & ,betula alba among ! ,mioc5e fossils h n be5 f\nd$ on complete data4 ,x is by no means easy1 ev5 9 ! pres5t day1 to di/+ui% fragm5ts ( dri$ specim5s ( ,p9us ,pumilio f ^? ( ,p4 sylve/ris1 & f a great _m o!r ,p9es4 ,! difficulty is /ill great] 9 fossils 7,hook4 ,kew ,j\rn4 v4 #dac74 ,!re are a v small numb] ( plants belong+ to ord]s ) gamopetal\s corollas4 ,9 ! ,mioc5e =mation ( ,l\gh ,neagh 9 ,irel&1 & ( ,mull 9 ,scotl&1 silicifi$ trunks ( consid]able size h be5 f\nd4 ,! ,iri% silicifi$ wood has be5 d5om9at$ ,cupressoxylon ,prit*>di f its app>5t resemblance to ! ,cypress4 ,z connect$ ) ! ,mioc5e epo*1 we may notice ! leaf-b$s f\nd at ,ardtun1 9 ! isl& ( ,mull1 by ! ,duke ( ,argyll4#bb ,above & bel[ ^! b$s basalt occurs1 & !re are peculi> tuff-b$s alt]nat+ ) ! leafy deposits4 ,^! tuff-b$s 7 =m$ by ! deposit ( volcanic du/ 9 pools probably ( fre% wat]4 ,!y conta9 fragm5ts ( *alk & fl9t4 ,! leaves are ^? ( plants alli$ to ! ,yew1 ,rhamnus1 ,plane1 & ,ald]1 along ) ! fronds ( a peculi> ,f]n1 & ! /ems ( an ,equisetum4 ,! g5]a are ,taxites or ,taxodites 7,fig4 #ajj71 ,rhamnites 7,fig4 #aja71 ,platanites1 ,alnites1 ,filicites1 & ,equisetum 7,fig4 #ajb74 ,9 ! leaf-b$s at ,b\rnem\? ,mr4 ,wanklyn detect$ sev]al f]ns4 ,"o is a species ( ,didymosorus1 & %[s di/9ct v5ation & fructification4 ,fossilis$ wood 0 f\nd 9 ! ,arctic ,regions by ,capta9 ,m',clure4 ,at ! ,n4,w4 ( ,banks ,l& he f\nd trees ) trunks #a foot #g in*es 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii-aja4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #ii4 ,alnus gracilis1 an ovate-oblong leaf1 l t ( ! ,ald]1 f\nd 9 ,bohemia4 ,sid5ote3 ,figures #ajj1 #aja1 #ajb1 exhibit fragm5ts ( plants :i* occur 9 ! leaf-b$ at ,ardtun ,head1 9 ,mull1 & :i* is ref]r$ to ! ,mioc5e epo*4 ,! figures are f ! ,duke ( ,argyll's pap]4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,taxites1 or p]haps ,taxodites ,campbellii1 a bran* ) leaves resembl+ ^? ( ! ,yew1 or r ^? ( ,taxodium4 ,fig4 #aja4 ,rhamnites mult9]vatus1 a leaf resembl+ t ( ,rhamnus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,sid5ote3 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,equisetum ,campbellii1 a /em l t ( an ,equisetum ( ! pres5t day4 ,dr4 ,oswald ,he]#bc has exam9$ ! plants pres]v$ 9 ! lignite b$s ( ,bovey ,tracey1 9 ,devon%ire1 & he f9ds t !y belong to ! ,mioc5e =mation4 ,!re is a rem>kable co9cid5ce betwe5 ?is & sev]al ( ! cont95tal fossil floras1 su* z ^? ( ,salzhaus] 9 ! ,wett]au1 ,manosque 9 ,prov5ce1 & ( "s p>ts ( ,switz]l&4 ,bovey ,tracey has no species 9 common ) ,icel&1 al?\gh ! ,t]ti>y flora ( ,icel& belongs to ! same p]iod4 ,two ( its species 7,corylus ,mac,quarrii & ,platanus ac]oides7 h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,mioc5e ( ,ardtun ,head4 ,ev5 ! g5]a are di/9ct1 ) ! exception ( ,sequoia & ,qu]cus4 ,! ,bovey ,tracey flora has a mu* m s\!rn "*1 correspond+ entirely ) t ( ! ,l[] ,mioc5e ( ,switz]l&4 ,x conta9s ?ree species ( ,c9namon1 "o ,laurel1 ev]gre5 ,figs1 "o ,palm1 & l>ge ,f]ns1 ?us manife/+ a subtropical climate4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important plants is ,sequoia ,c\ttsi1 a ,conif] :i* supplies a l9k betwe5 ,s4 ,langsdorfii & ,s4 ,/]nb]gi1 ! widely-di/ribut$ repres5tatives ( ,s4 semp]vir5s & ,s4 gigantea 7,well+tonia71 :i* are ,cali=nian trees4 ,among o!r *>act]i/ic plants may be m5tion$ ,c9namomum lanceolatum & ,c4 ,s*eu*z]i2 ,qu]cus ,lyellii1 an ev]gre5 oak2 species ( ev]gre5 fig 7,ficus ,falcon]i & ,f4 ,p5gellii71 ,palmacites ,dmonorops1 a prickly tw9+ ,rotang-palm2 species ( ,v9e 7,vitis ,hook]i & ,v4 ,britannica72 ,pecopt]is lignitum1 a l>ge tree-f]n2 species ( ,nyssa1 at pres5t conf9$ to ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,among o!r plants record$ by ,he] 9 8 pap] are ! foll[+3--,laurus primig5ia1 ,daphnog5e ,ung]i1 species ( ,dry&roides1 ,&rom$a1 ,vacc9ium a*]onticum1 ,e*itonium cuspidatum1 ,g>d5ia ,wetzl]i1 species ( ,anona1 ,nympha ,doris1 ,c>poli!s ,web/]i1 ,c4 ,boveyanus1 & o!r species4 ,9 ! po/-t]ti>y :ite clay ( ,bovey ,tracey1 ,salix c9]ea1 & a species alli$ to ,s4 rep5s1 z well z ,betula nana1 are f\nd4 ,! ,arctic fossil flora 7,mioc5e71 accord+ to ,he]1 am\nts to #afb species3 ,cryptogamia1 #ah species1 ( :i* #i are l>ge f]ns2 ,phan]ogamia1 ,conif]1 #ca2 ,monocotyl$ons1 #ad2 ,dicotyl$ons1 #ii4 ,among ! ,conif] are--,p9us ,m',clurii1 ,sequoia ,langsdorffii1 ,/]nb]gi1 & ,c\ttsi1 ,taxodium dubium1 ,glypto/robus europu1 ,?ujopsis europa4 ,among leafy trees are--,fagus ,deucalionis1 ,qu]cus ,olafs5i1 ,platanus ac]oides1 will[s1 bee*es1 ,ac]1 ,otopt]yx1 tulip-tree1 walnuts1 ,magnolia ,+lefieldi1 ,prunus ,scottii1 ,tilia ,malmgr5i1 ,corylus ,m',qu>rii1 ,alnus ,kef]/e9ii1 ,daphnog5e ,kannii1 probably "o ( ! ,laurace2 & among ,proteace1 ,mac,clintockia8 & ,hakea4 ,9 ,gre5l& are f\nd species ( ,rhamnus1 ,paliurus1 ,cornus1 ,ilex1 ,cratgus1 ,&rom$a1 ,myrica1 ,ivy1 & ,v9e4 ,f ! flora ( ,spitzb]g51 9 ! ,mioc5e epo*1 we may conclude t "u #gi ,n4 lat4 ! mean temp]ature ( ! ye> may h be5 #da ,fahr41 :ile at ! same epo* t ( ,switz]l& 0 #fih ,fahr42 judg+ f ! analogy ( floras1 x appe>s t ! mean temp]ature has fall5 #fi4 ,f ?is x foll[s t at ,spitzb]g51 at #gh ,n4 lat41 ! mean temp]ature 0 p]haps #dai ,fahr4 ,9 ,gre5l&1 at #gj1 x w\ld be #dia ,fahr41 & 9 ,icel& & on ! ,mack5zie1 9 lat4 #fe1 x w\ld be #ebg ,fahr4 ,at ! ,mioc5e epo* ! temp]ature seems to h be5 mu* m uni=m1 ! mean heat dim9i%+ mu* m gradually 9 proportion z ! pole 0 approa*$4 ,! iso!rmal l9e ( #cb ,fahr4 might h fall5 ^u ! pole1 :ile n[ x is situat$ "u #eh ,n4 7,see ,he]'s conclusions z to *anges ( temp]ature dep5d+ on proportion ( sea & l&1 ecc5tricity ( ! e>?1 & ! e>? mov+ ?r\gh w>m & cold spaces 9 ! univ]se--,ann4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 #d? s]4 i4 #ff47 ,9 speak+ ( ! ,pol> flora ( =m] epo*s1 ,he] says t e plant executes a sl[ & cont9u\s migration4 ,^! migrations1 ! />t+-po9t ( :i* is ! di/ant pa/1 are record$ 9 ! rocks2 & ! int]weav+ ( ! c>pets ( fl[]s :i* adorn our pres5t creation retraces !m = u 9 its turn4 ,= ! vegetation ( ! pres5t day is closely connect$ ) t ( prec$+ epo*s2 & ?r\gh\t all ^! vegetable creations reigns "o ?\ght1 :i* n only reveals itself ar\nd u by ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( images1 b /rikes u ev]y:]e 9 ! icy regions ( ! extreme nor?4 ,organic nature may become impov]i%$ !re1 & ev5 disappe> :5 a cold mantle ( ice ext5ds ov] ! :ole e>?2 b :]e ! fl[]s die ! rocks speak1 & relate ! m>vels ( creation2 !y tell u t ev5 9 ! mo/ di/ant c\ntries1 & 9 ! remote/ p>ts1 nature 0 gov]n$ by ! same laws & ! same h>mony z imm$iately ar\nd u4#bd ,,flora ,,( ,,! ,,plioc5e ,,epo*4 ,! flora ( ! ,plioc5e epo* has a great analogy to t ( ! temp]ate regions ( ,europe1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ,japan4 ,we meet ) ,conif]1 ,am5tif]1 ,rosace1 ,legum9os1 ,rhamnace1 ,ac]ace1 ,aquifoliace1 ,ericace1 & _m o!r ord]s4 ,!re is a small numb] ( ,dicotyl$ons ) gamopetal\s corollas4 ,! tw5ty species ) su* corollas recognis$ by ,brongni>t are ref]r$ to ! ,hypogyn\s ,gamopetal\s gr\p ( ,exog5s1 :i* 9 ! g5]al organisation ( ! fl[]s approa* ne>e/ to ,dialypetal4 ,9 ?is flora !re is ! pr$om9ance ( ,dicotyl$ons 9 numb] & v>iety2 !re are few ,monocotyl$ons4 ,no species appe> to be id5tical1 at lea/ ) ! plants :i* n[ gr[ 9 ,europe4 ,?us ! flora ( ,europe1 ev5 at ! mo/ rec5t geological epo* ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 0 v diff]5t f ! ,european flora ( ! pres5t day4 ,tak+ ! natural ord]s :i* h at lea/ f\r repres5tatives1 ,raul9#be gives ! foll[+ /atem5t z to ! ,t]ti>y flora ( c5tral ,europe4 ,! ,eoc5e flora ( ,europe is compos$ ( #abh species1 ( :i* #aae belong to ,alg1 ,*>ace1 ,p&anace1 ,palm1 ,naiadace1 ,malvace1 ,sap9dace1 ,proteace1 ,papilionace1 & ,cupress9e4 ,! ,mioc5e flora has #aab species1 ( :i* #fi belong to ,alg1 ,palm1 ,naiadace1 ,apocynace1 ,ac]ace1 ,laurace1 ,papilionace1 ,platanace1 ,qu]c9e1 ,myricace1 & ,abiet9e4 ,! ,plioc5e flora has #beh species1 ( :i* #bbf belong to ,alg1 ,fungi1 ,musci1 ,filices1 ,palm1 ,ericace1 ,aquifoliace1 ,ac]ace1 ,ulmace1 ,rhamnace1 ,papilionace1 ,jugl&ace1 ,salicace1 ,qu]c9e1 ,betulace1 ,taxace1 ,cupress9e1 & ,abiet9e4 ,! ,eoc5e species are includ$ 9 g5]a :i* belong at ! pres5t day to int]-tropical regions1 compris+ 9 !m ,india & ! ,asiatic isl&s ( ,au/ralia4 ,"s are peculi> to ! ,m$it]ranean region4 ,! aquatic plants1 :i* =m almo/ "o-?ird ( ! flora1 belong to g5]a n[ peculi> to ! temp]ate regions ( ,europe & ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 or occurr+ ev]y:]e4 ,! ,mioc5e species belong to g5]a1 ( :i* sev]al are f\nd 9 ,india1 tropical ,am]ica1 & ! o!r int]-tropical regions1 b :i* = ! mo/ "p inhabit ! sub-tropical & temp]ate regions1 includ+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"s ( ! g5]a are peculi> to ! temp]ate regions4 ,! aquatic g5]a1 poor 9 species1 occur ev]y:]e1 or else solely 9 ! temp]ate regions4 ,! ,plioc5e species belong to g5]a :i* almo/ all inhabit ! temp]ate regions1 ei!r ( ! old cont95t or ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a few only are ( g5]a exi/+ 9 ,india1 ,japan1 & ! nor? ( ,africa4 ,^! v>i\s floras1 :i* pres5t successively ! "* ( ^? ( int]-tropical1 sub-tropical1 & temp]ate regions1 seem to indicate t c5tral ,europe has1 s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 be5 subject$1 dur+ ! succession ( "t1 to ! influ5ce ( ^! ?ree diff]5t temp]atures4 ,x w\ld appe>1 !n1 ,raul9 rem>ks1 t ! climate ( ,europe has dur+ ! ,t]ti>y p]iod gradually become m temp]ate4 ,br[n coal occurs 9 ! upp] ,t]ti>y b$s1 & 9 x vegetable /ructure is easily se5 "u ! microscope4 ,goepp]t1 on exam9+ ! br[n coal deposits ( nor!rn ,g]many & ! ,rh9e1 f9ds t ,conif] pr$om9ate 9 a rem>kable degree2 among #cjj specim5s ( bitum9\s wood collect$ 9 ! ,silesian br[n coal deposits alone1 only a v few o!r k9ds ( ,exog5\s wood occur4 ,?is seems rem>kable1 inasmu* z 9 ! clays ( ! br[n coal =mation 9 _m o!r places leaves ( decidu\s ,dicotyl$on\s trees h be5 f\nd2 & yet ! /ems on :i* we may suppose !m to h gr[n are want+4 ,! leaves h be5 float$ away f ! place :]e !y grew by a curr5t ( wat] :i* 0 n p[]ful en\gh to transport ! /ems4 ,! conif]\s plants ( ^! br[n coal deposits belong to ,tax9e & ,cupress9e *iefly2 among ! plants are ,p9ites protol>ix & ,taxites ,ayckii4 ,_m ( ! ,conif] exhibit highly compress$1 v n>r[ annual r+s1 su* z occur 9 ,conif] ( nor!rn latitudes4 ,goepp]t has describ$ a trunk1 or r ! l[] end ( a trunk1 ( ,p9ites protol>ix1 discov]$ 9 #ahdi 9 ! br[n coal ( ,laasan 9 ,silesia4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 a ne>ly p]p5dicul> position1 & measur$ m ?an #cb feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,sixte5 va/ roots ran out almo/ at "r angles f ! base ( ! trunk1 ( :i* ab\t f\r feet /ood up p]fect 9 =m1 b /ripp$ ( b>k4 ,un=tunately ! int]ior ( ! /em 0 almo/ entirely fill$ ) /ructureless br[n coal1 s t only two cross sections c\ld be obta9$ f ! out] p>ts1 "o sixte5 in*es1 ! o!r ?ree feet six in*es broad4 ,9 ! fir/ section ,goepp]t c\nt$ #gjj1 9 ! second #acjj r+s ( wood1 s t = ! half-diamet] ( #e feet1 at lea/ #bbjj r+s mu/ h exi/$4 ,z !re is e reason to believe t ! r+s 7 =m$ 9 e>li] ages j z ! annual zones are n[1 ?is tree w\ld be f #bbjj to #bejj ye>s old4 ,exog5\s /ems 9 lignite are (t5 ( great size & age4 ,9 a trunk ne> ,bonn1 ,ngg]a? c\nt$ #gib annual r+s4 ,9 ! turf bogs ( ! ,somme1 at ,yseux ne> ,abbeville1 a trunk ( an oak-tree has be5 f\nd above #ad feet 9 diamet]4 ,,g5]al ,,conclusions4 ,we h ?us se5 t ! vegetation ( ! globe is repres5t$ by num]\s di/9ct floras connect$ ) ! diff]5t p]iods ( its hi/ory1 & t ! f>!r back we g1 ! m are ! plants diff]5t f ^? ( ! pres5t day4 ,!re c be no d\bt t !re h be5 successive deposits ( /ratifi$ rocks1 & successive creations ( liv+ be+s4 ,we see t animals & plants h gone ?r\gh _! diff]5t phases ( exi/5ce1 & t _! rema9s 9 all /ages ( gr[? & decay h be5 imb$d$ 9 rocks sup]impos$ ^u ea* o!r 9 regul> succession4 ,x is impossible to conceive t ^! 7 ! result ( *anges produc$ )9 ! limits ( a few days4 ,consid]+ ! dep? ( /ratification1 & ! condition & nature ( ! liv+ be+s f\nd 9 ! /rata at v>i\s dep?s1 we mu/ conclude 7unless our s5ses are mock$ by ! ph5om5a pres5t$ to our view7 t va/ p]iods h elaps$ s9ce ! ,creator 9 ! beg9n+ creat$ ! heav5s & ! e>?4 ,h[ f> x may be possible 9 ! future to correlate ! hi/ory ( ! e>? inscrib$ on its rocky tablets & deciph]$ by ! geologi/1 & t %ort n>rative :i* =ms ! introduction to ! ,sacr$ ,volume1 x is too difficult to say4 ,at pres5t !re are no satisfactory mat]ials = su* a correlation2 b "o ?+ is c]ta91 t bo? ,revelation & ,geology te/ify ) "o voice to ! "w ( a ,div9e ,creator4 ,:o %all decl>e 7,hugh ,mill] rem>ks7 :at ?r\gh long ages ! hi/ory ( creation has be58 ,we see at wide int]vals ! m]e fragm5ts ( successive ,floras2 b "k n h[1 :at seem ! blank int]spaces1 7 fill$2 or h[1 z ext9ction ov]took 9 succession "o tribe ( exi/5ces aft] ano!r1 & species1 l individuals1 yield$ to ! great law ( dea?1 yet o!r species 7 br\ght to ! bir?1 & u%]$ ^u ! sc5e1 & ! *a9 ( be+ 0 ma9ta9$ unbrok54 ,we see only deta*$ bits ( t gre5 web :i* has cov]$ our e>? ev] s9ce ! dry l& fir/ appe>$4 ,b ! web itself seems to h be5 cont9u\s ?r\gh\t all "t2 ?\gh1 z bread? aft] bread? issu$ f ! creative loom1 ! patt]n 0 alt]$1 & ! sculpturesque & graceful =ms t illu/rat$ its fir/ beg9n+s & its middle spaces h yield$ to fl[]s ( ri*] col\r & bl[1 & fruits ( fair] %ade & outl9e2 & = gigantic club-mosses /ret*+ =? _! hirsute arms1 goodly trees ( ! ,"l h exp&$ _! great b\ghs2 & = ! b>r5 f]n & ! calamite clu/]+ 9 ?ickets beside ! wat]s1 or spread+ on fl[]less hill-slopes1 luxuriant or*>ds h yield$ _! ruddy flu%1 & ri* h>ve/s _! gold5 gleam4 ,:5 we f9d animals & plants1 ( =ms unkn[n at ! pres5t day1 9 all /ages ( developm5t1 we read a lesson z to ! hi/ory ( ! e>?'s =m] /ate z conclusive z t :i* is d]iv$ f ! ,n9eveh relics 7indep5d5t ( ,revelation7 9 reg>d to ! hi/ory ( ! human race4 ,!re is no want ( h>mony betwe5 ,scripture & ,geology4 ,! ,^w & ! ,works ( ,god mu/ be 9 unison1 & ! m we truly /udy bo?1 ! m !y w be f\nd to be 9 accordance4 ,any app>5t want ( correspond5ce proce$s ei!r f imp]fect int]pretation ( ,scripture or f incomplete k ( sci5ce4 ,! *anges 9 ! globe h all prec$$ man's appe>ance on ! sc5e4 ,he is ! *>act]i/ic ( ! pres5t epo*1 & he kn[s by ,revelation t ! _w is to und]go a fur!r trans=mation1 :5 ! elem5ts %all melt ) f]v5t heat1 & :5 all ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s %all be dissolv$1 ere ! u%]+ 9 ( a new e>?1 :]e9 righte\sness is to dwell4 ,,recapitulation4 ,recapitulation ( ! *ief po9ts connect$ ) ,fossil ,botany3-- #a4 ,! vegetation ( ! globe has v>i$ at diff]5t epo*s ( ! e>?'s hi/ory4 #b4 ,! f>!r we rec$e 9 geological hi/ory f ! pres5t day1 ! great] is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! fossil plants & ^? :i* n[ occupy ! surface4 #c4 ,all fossil plants may be ref]r$ to ! great classes ( plants ( ! pres5t day1 ,acotyl$ons1 ,monocotyl$ons1 & ,dicotyl$ons4 #d4 ,! fossil species are diff]5t f ^? ( ! pres5t flora1 & x is only :5 we rea* ! ,t]ti>y p]iods t we meet ) "s g5]a :i* are )\t d\bt id5tical4 #e4 ,fossil plants are pres]v$ 9 v>i\s conditions1 accord+ to ! nature ( _! /ructure1 & ! mode 9 :i* !y h be5 act$ ^u4 ,sometimes m]e ca/s ( ! plants are f\nd1 at o!r times !y are c>bonis$ & conv]t$ into coal1 :ile at o!r times1 besides be+ c>bonis$1 !y are infiltrat$ ) calc>e\s or silice\s matt]1 & f9ally1 !y may be petrifi$4 #f4 ,cellul> plants1 & ! cellul> portions ( vascul> plants1 h r>ely be5 pres]v$1 :ile woody species1 & especially ,f]ns1 :i* are v inde/ructible1 h reta9$ _! =ms 9 _m in/ances4 #g4 ,9 "s cases1 especially :5 silicifi$ or *>r$1 ! /ructure ( ! woody /ems c be easily se5 9 ?9 sections "u ! microscope4 #h4 ,! det]m9ation ( fossil plants is a matt] ( great difficulty1 & requires a ?or\gh k ( /ructure1 & ( ! m>k+s on /ems1 roots1 etc4 #i4 ,! rocks conta9+ organic rema9s are call$ fossilif]\s1 & are divid$ into ,prim>y1 ,second>y1 & ,t]ti>y1 or into ,palozoic1 ,mesozoic1 & ,ca9ozoic1 ea* ( ^! s]ies be+ *>act]is$ by a peculi> facies ( vegetable life4 #aj4 ,! m]e abs5ce ( organic rema9s w n always be a correct guide z to ! /ate ( ! globe4 #aa4 ,! numb] ( fossil species has be5 e/imat$ at betwe5 #cjjj & #djjj2 b _m p>ts ( plants are describ$ z sep>ate species1 & ev5 g5]a1 & h5ce ! numb] is p]haps great] ?an x ought to be4 #ab4 ,brongni>t divides ! fossil flora into ?ree great epo*s3--#a4 ,! reign ( ,acrog5s2 #b4 ,! reign ( ,gymnosp]ms2 #c4 ,! reign ( ,angiosp]ms4 #ac4 ,! reign ( ,acrog5s embraces ! ,silurian1 ,c>bonif]\s1 & ,p]mian epo*s1 9 :i* !re 0 a pr$om9ance ( plants belong+ to ! natural ord]s ,filices1 ,lycopodiace1 & ,equisetace1 associat$1 h[ev]1 ) o!rs ( a high] class4 #ad4 ,! reign ( ,gymnosp]ms embraces ! l[] & middle ,second>y p]iods1 & is *>act]is$ by ! pres5ce ( num]\s ,conif] & ,cycadace4 #ae4 ,! reign ( ,angiosp]ms includes ! ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y p]iods1 & is m>k$ by ! pr$om9ance ( ,angiosp]m\s ,dicotyl$ons4 #af4 ,coal is a vague t]m1 ref]r+ to all k9ds ( fuel =m$ f ! *emically-alt]$ rema9s ( plants4 #ag4 ,:5 !re is a great admixture ( m9]al matt]1 s t x w n burn z fuel1 !n a %ale is produc$4 #ah4 ,! microscopic /ructure ( ,coal probably v>ies accord+ to ! nature ( ! plants ( :i* x is compos$1 & ! *anges produc$ by pressure1 heat1 & o!r causes4 ,cellul> tissue1 punctat$ woody tissue1 & scal>i=m vessels1 h be5 detect$ 9 x4 #ai4 ,c]ta9 tempor>y & local floras seem to h giv5 orig9 to peculi> lay]s ( coal4 #bj4 ,dur+ ! ,c>bonif]\s epo* we meet ) ,f]ns1 ,sigill>ias1 & _! roots call$ ,/igm>ias1 ,lepidod5drons1 ,ulod5drons1 ,calamites1 ,gymnosp]ms1 etc4 #ba4 ,! plants =m+ coal h gr[n 9 ! bas9 :]e ! coal is f\nd2 b s&/one rocks 9 ! coal-measures deposit$ by wat] hav+ a consid]able velocity1 & consequ5tly c>ry+ p[]1 conta9 sometimes trunks ( l>ge trees :i* h be5 drift$ l snags4 #bb4 ,! /rata betwe5 ! ,p]mian epo* & ,*alk display num]\s ,gymnosp]ms1 especially belong+ to ! ,cycadace\s ,ord]4 ,"s ( !m exhibit limit$ coal deposits4 #bc4 ,! ,*alk & ,t]ti>y /rata display n only ,acrog5s & ,gymnosp]ms1 b also ,angiosp]m\s ,dicotyl$ons1 "s ( :i*1 at ! ,mioc5e p]iod1 belong app>5tly to g5]a ( ! pres5t day4 #bd4 ,br[n ,coal occurs 9 ! ,upp] ,t]ti>y b$s1 & 9 x vegetable /ructure is easily se5 "u ! microscope4 #be4 ,raul9 ?9ks t dur+ ! ,t]ti>y epo* ! flora ( ,europe has gradually assum$ a m temp]ate "*4 #bf4 ,! ,eoc5e flora1 accord+ to ,ung]1 resembl$ 9 _m respects t ( ,au/ralia at ! pres5t day4 #bg4 ,! ,mioc5e flora is *>act]is$ by a numb] ( exotic =ms ( w>m regions ) ^? ( temp]ate climates4 ,x is l>gely se5 9 ! ,arctic ,regions4 #bh4 ,! ,plioc5e flora has great analogy ) t ( ! temp]ate regions ( ,europe1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ,japan4 ,,works ,,on ,,fossil ,,botany4 ,on ! subject ( ,fossil ,botany ! foll[+ works may be consult$3-- ,abh&lung5 d] ,kais]li* ,knigli*5 ,geologis*5 ,rei*san/alt1 ,b&4 ii4 ,wi54 #ahee4 ,argyll1 ,duke (1 on ,t]ti>y ,leaf-,b$s 9 ! ,isle ( ,mull1 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,lond41 vii4 ,may #ahea4 ,balf\r1 ,j4 ,h41 on c]ta9 ,vegetable ,organisms 9 ,coal f ,=del1 ,trans4 ,r4,s4,e41 vol4 xxi4 p4 #ahg4 ,baily1 ,w4 ,h41 ,figures ( ,*>act]i/ic ,briti% ,fossils1 #ahga-b4 ,b5nett1 ,j4 ,hughes1 on ! ,/ructure ( ,torbane ,hill ,m9]al & o!r ,coals1 ,trans4 ,r4 ,soc4 ,ed41 vol4 xxi4 p4 #agc4 ,b9ney1 ,e4 ,w41 on ,calamites & ,calamod5dron1 ,palontographical ,society's ,memoirs1 #ahfh4 ---- on ! ,/ructure ( ,fossil ,plants f\nd 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s ,/rata4 ,palontographical ,society's ,memoirs1 #ahga4 ---- ,description ( "s ,fossil ,plants1 %[+ ,/ructure 9 ! ,l[] ,coal ,seam ( ,lanca/] & ,york%ire1 ,phil4 ,trans41 vol4 #aee1 p4 #egi4 ,b[]bank1 ,fossil ,fruits & ,se$s ( ! ,london ,clay4 ,brongni>t1 ,hi/oire des ,vgtaux ,fossiles1 #ahbh-dd4 ---- ,obs]vations sur la ,/ructure intrieure du ,sigill>ia1 etc41 9 ,ar*ives du ,museum1 i4 #dje4 ---- ,exposition ,*ronologique des ,priodes de ,vgtation1 9 ,ann4 des ,sc4 ,nat4 #c;d s]ies1 ,bot4 xi4 #bhe4 ,c>ru!rs1 on ,gymnosp]mat\s ,fruits f ! ,second>y ,rocks ( ,brita91 ,j\rn4 ,bot41 ,jan4 #ahfg4 ---- on ! ,/ructure ( ! ,/ems ( ! ,arboresc5t ,lycopodiace ( ! ,coal ,measures1 ,nos4 i4 to iv41 ,mon?4 ,microsc4 ,j\rn41 vols4 i4 ii4 iv4 ---- on ! ,cryptogamic ,=e/s ( ! ,coal ,p]iod1 ,pap] read be=e ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita91 #af? ,april #ahfi4 ---- on ! ,/ructure & ,aff9ities ( ,sigill>ia & ,alli$ ,g5]a1 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,aug4 #ahfi4 ---- on a ,fossil ,cone f ! ,coal ,measures1 ,geol4 ,mag41 #ahfe4 ---- on ,caulopt]is punctata1 ibid4 ---- on ,arauc>ia ,cones f ! ,second>y ,b$s ( ,brita91 ibid4 #ahff4 ---- on an ,aroide\s ,fruit f ! ,/onesfield ,slate1 ibid4 #ahfg4 ---- on ,cycadoidea ,yatesii1 ibid4 #ahfg4 ---- on ! ,/ructure ( ! ,fruit ( ,calamites1 ,j\rnal ( ,botany1 #ahfg4 ---- on ,briti% ,fossil ,p&anace1 ibid4 #ahfh4 ---- on ,briti% ,fossil ,conif]1 ibid4 #ahfi4 ---- on ! ,petrifi$ ,=e/ ne> ,cairo1 ,geol4 ,mag41 vii4 #cjf4 ---- on ! ,/ructure ( a ,f]n-,/em f ! ,l[] ,eoc5e1 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc41 xxvi4 #cdi4 ---- on ! ,/ructure & ,aff9ities ( ,lepidod5dron & ,calamites1 ,trans4 ,bot4 ,soc4 ,ed941 viii4 #die4 ---- on "s ,fossil ,conif]\s ,fruits1 ,geol4 ,mag41 vols4 iii4 vi4 ---- on ,beania1 a new g5us ( ,cycadean ,fruit1 f ! ,york%ire ,oolites1 ,geol4 ,mag41 vol4 vi4 ---- on ,plant-rema9s f ! ,brazilian ,coal-b$s1 ) ,rem>ks on ! g5us ,flem+ites1 ,geol4 ,mag41 vol4 vi4 ---- on ! ,fossil ,cycadace\s ,/ems f ! ,second>y ,rocks ( ,brita91 ,l9n4 ,trans41 xxvi4 #fge4 ---- on ! ,hi/ory & ,aff9ities ( ! ,briti% ,conif]1 ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,reports1 #dj? ,meet+1 p4 #ga4 ,c>ru!rs1 ,li/ ( ,new ,g5]a & ,species ( ,fossil ,plants1 ,nos4 i4 ii4 & iii41 ,j\rnal ( ,botany1 vols4 viii4 ix4 x4 ,coalfields1 by a ,travell] "u gr\nd4 ,corda1 ,beitrge zur ,flora d] ,vorwelt1 ,prag4 #ahde4 ,cotta1 ,d5droli!n1 ,leipzig1 #ahej4 ,dawson1 ,j4 ,w41 on ,spore-,cases 9 ,coal1 ,ann4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 #ahga1 p4 #cba4 ---- on ,vegetable ,/ructures 9 ,coal1 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc41 #ahfj4 ---- on ! ,pre-,c>bonif]\s ,flora ( ,new ,brunswick & ,ea/]n ,canada1 ,canadian ,naturali/1 ,may #ahfa4 ---- on ! ,flora ( ! ,devonian ,p]iod 9 ,nor?-,ea/]n ,am]ica1 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,nov4 #ahfb4 ---- on an ,erect ,sigill>ia & a ,c>polite f ,nova ,scotia1 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,lond4 ---- on ,calamites1 ,ann4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 #d? s]4 vol4 iv4 #bgb4 ---- on ! ,v>ieties & ,mode ( ,pres]vation ( ! ,fossils kn[n z ,/]nb]gi1 ,canadian ,naturali/2 also 9 ,ed94 ,new ,phil4 ,j\rnal1 ,n4,s4 vii4 #adj4 ---- ,acadian ,geology1 #ahfh4 ---- ! ,fossil ,plants ( ! ,devonian & ,upp] ,silurian ,=mations ( ,canada1 ,geol4 ,survey ( ,canada1 #ahga4 ---- on ! ,pre-,c>bonif]\s ,floras ( ,nor?-,ea/]n ,am]ica1 ) special ref]5ce to t ( ! ,erian 7,devonian7 ,p]iod1 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,lond41 ,may #e1 #ahgj4 ---- on ! ,graphite ( ! ,laur5tian ,rocks ( ,canada1 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc41 xxvi4 #aab4 ,dunk]1 ,zettel1 & ,mey]1 ,beitrge zur ,naturges*i*te d] ,vorwelt4 ,ett+%aus51 ,beitrge zur ,flora d] ,vorwelt 9 ,abh&lung5 d] ,geolog4 ,rei*san/alt1 ,vi5na1 #ahea4 ,=bes1 on ,t]ti>y ,leaf-,b$s 9 ! ,isle ( ,mull1 discov]$ by ! ,duke ( ,argyll1 ,f4,g4,s41 ) a note on ! ,vegetable ,rema9s f ,ardtun ,head1 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,lond41 vol4 vii4 ,giebel1 ,palontologie4 ,goepp]t1 ,beitrge zur ,b]n/e9flora2 sur la ,/ructure de la ,h\ille4 ---- ,die ,gattung5 d] ,fossil5 ,pflanz51 ,bonn1 #ahda4 ---- ,monographie des ,fossil5 ,conif]51 #ahej4 ---- ,sy/ema ,filicum ,fossilium1 ,nova ,acta1 xvii4 ---- ,ueb] die ,fossil5 ,cycade51 ,breslau1 #ahdd4 ---- ,erlut]ung d] ,/e9kohl5-,=mation4 ,goepp]t1 ,die ,fossile ,flora d] ,p]mis*5 ,=mation1 ,palontographica1 ,h]mann von ,mey]1 ,cassel1 #ahfd4 ---- ,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss ,fossil5 ,cycade51 ,breslau4 ,gr& d',eury1 on ,calamites & ,a/]ophyllites1 ,ann4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 s]4 #d1 vol4 iv4 #abd4 ,h>kness1 on ,coal1 ,ed94 ,phil4 ,j\rn41 ,july #ahed4 ,he]1 ,flora ,t]ti>ia ,helveti1 #c vols4 ---- ,flora ,fossilis ,arctica1 #ahfh-ahga4 ---- on ! ,fossil ,flora ( ,bovey ,tracey1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4,s4,l41 #aeb1 p4 #ajci4 ---- on ! ,fossil ,flora ( ,nor? ,gre5l&1 ,phil4 ,trans41 vol4 #aei1 p4 #dde4 ,hook]1 on ,"s ,m9ute ,se$-,vessels 7,c>poli!s ovulum1 ,brongni>t7 f ! ,eoc5e b$s ( ,lewi%am1 ,proce$4 ,geol4 ,soc41 #ahee4 ---- ,vegetation ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,p]iod1 9 ,mem4 ( ,geol4 ,survey1 ii4 ---- on a ,new ,species ( ,volkmannia1 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,lond41 ,may #ahed4 ,k+1 on ,sigill>ia1 etc41 9 ,ed94 ,new ,phil4 ,j\rnal1 xxxvi4 ,lesqu]eux1 on ! ,coal ,measures ( ,am]ica1 ,silliman's ,j\rnal1 #ahfc4 ,l9dley & ,hutton1 ,fossil ,flora1 #c vols4 ,a revision ( ! orig9al "w1 ) a supplem5t>y volume conta9+ ! rec5t additions1 & a ,synopsis ( ! ,fossil ,plants ( ,brita9 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,c>ru!rs1 is ann\nc$ z ab\t to be publi%$4 ,l[ry1 ,table ( ! ,*>act]i/ic ,fossils ( ,diff]5t ,=mations4 ,m',nab1 on ! ,/ructure ( a ,lignite 7,palopitys7 f ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 ,trans4 ,bot4 ,soc4 ,ed941 x4 #cab4 ,muell] & ,smy?1 on ,"s ,vegetable ,fossils f ,victoria1 ,geol4 ,mag41 vii4 #cij4 ,mey]1 ,h]mann ,von1 ,palontographica4 ,beitrge zur ,naturges*i*te d] ,vorwelt1 #ahfd4 ,ni*olson1 on ! ,occurr5ce ( ,plants 9 ! ,skiddaw ,slates1 ,geol4 ,mag41 vol4 vi4 ,pat]son1 ,description ( ,po?ocites ,grantoni1 a ,new ,fossil ,vegetable f ! ,coal ,=mation1 ,trans4 ,bot4 ,soc4 ,ed941 vol4 i4 ,p5ny ,cyclopdia1 vol4 vii41 ,coal ,plants4 ,pictet1 ,trait de ,palontologie4 ,quekett1 on ! ,m9ute ,/ructure ( ,torbane ,hill ,m9]al1 ,j\rn4 ,microsc4 ,sc41 #ahed4 ,raul91 ,flore de l',europe p5dant la ,priode ,t]tiaire1 9 ,ann4 des ,sc4 ,nat41 #c;d s]4 x4 #aic4 ,r$f]n1 on ! ,nature ( ! ,torbane ,hill & o!r ,v>ieties ( ,coal1 ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,liv]pool1 #ahed4 ,roehl1 ,a4 von1 ,fossile ,flore d] ,/e9kohl5 ,=mation ,we/phal5s4 ,saporta1 ,etudes sur la ,vgtation du ,sud-,e/ de la ,france l',epoque ,t]tiaire1 ,annales des ,sci5ces ,naturelles1 s]4 #d1 tome xvi4 #cji1 xvii4 #aia1 xix4 #e2 s]4 #e1 tome iii4 #e1 iv4 #e4 ,s*5k1 ,pr(essor1 die ,fossile ,flore d] ,nordwe/ ,deuts*5 ,weald5 ,=mation4 ,s*imp]1 ,trait de ,palontologie ,vgtale1 #ahgj-ga4 ,tate1 on ! ,fossil ,flora ( ! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one ,=mation ( ! ,ea/]n ,bord]s1 9 connection ) ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,coal 79 ,john/one's ,ea/]n ,bord]s74 ,torbane ,coal1 z notic$ 9 ! ,report ( ! ,trial z to ! sub/ance call$ ,torbane ,m9]al or ,torbanite4 ,ung]1 ,g5]a et ,species ,plant>um ,fossilium4 ---- ,*loris ,protoga4 ---- ,le ,monde ,primitive 7a "w :i* conta9s picturesque views ( ! suppos$ /ate ( ! e>? at diff]5t geological epo*s74 ---- on ! ,flora ( ! ,eoc5e ,epo*1 ,j\rn4 ,bot41 iii4 #ci4 ,web] & ,w]sel1 ,die ,t]ti>flore d] ,ni$] ,%e9es*] ,braunkohl5 ,=mation4 ,williamson1 ,w4 ,c41 on ! ,organisation ( ! ,fossil ,plants ( ! ,coal ,measures1 ,ann4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 #ahga1 p4 #acd4 ---- on ! ,/ructure & ,aff9ities ( ! ,plants hi!rto kn[n z ,/]nb]gi1 ,mem4 ,man*4 ,lit4 & ,phil4 ,soc41 ix4 ---- on a ,new ,=m ( ,calamitean ,/robilus1 f ! ,lanca%ire ,coal ,measures1 ,mem4 ,lit4 ,phil4 ,soc4 ,man*e/]1 vol4 iv4 #c;d s]ies4 ---- on ! ,/ructure ( ! ,woody ,zone ( an ,undescrib$ ,=m ( ,calamite1 ,mem4 ,lit4 ,phil4 ,soc4 ,man*e/]1 vols4 iv4 & viii4 #c;d s]ies4 ---- on ,volkmannia ,dawsoni1 ibid4 #ahgj-ga4 ---- on ,zamia gigas 7,williamsonia gigas71 ,l9n4 ,trans41 xxvi4 #ffc4 ---- on ! ,organisation ( ,fossil ,plants ( ! ,coal ,measures1 ,"p ,i41 ,calamites1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,r4,s4,l41 vol4 #afa1 p4 #dgg4 ,)am1 on ! ,/ructure ( ,fossil ,vegetables4 ,yates1 on ,zamia gigas1 ,proce$4 ,york%ire ,phil4 ,soc41 ,april #ahdg4 ,"y1 ,j41 & ,arm/rong1 ,jas41 on ! ,c>bonif]\s ,fossils ( ! ,we/ ( ,scotl&1 ,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,glas41 vol4 iii4 ,besides geological treatises su* z ^? ( ,an/$1 ,beudant1 ,jukes1 ,lyell1 & o!rs4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,plates4 ,,plate ,i4 ,fig4 #a4 ,palopt]is ,hib]nica1 ,s*imp] 7,cyclopt]is ,hib]nica1 ,=bes74 ,"o-six? ! natural size4 ,fig4 #b4 ,a p9nule some:at magnifi$1 %[+ ! v5ation4 ,fig4 #c4 ,a f]tile p9na1 natural size4 ,fig4 #d4 ,two cup-%ap$ indusia borne on ! ra*is4 ,fig4 #e4 ,sporangia enclos+ spores4 ,f ! ,coal-measures4 ,fig4 #f4 ,sporangia ( ,hym5ophyllum ,tunbridg5se1 ,sm4 7,f]n ( pres5t epo*47 ,fig4 #g4 ,sporangium ( ,polypodium vulg>e1 ,l9n4 7,f]n ( pres5t epo*47 ,figs4 #e1 #f1 & #g1 magnifi$ to ! same ext5t4 ,fig4 #h4 ,transv]se section ( ,osmundites ,d[k]i1 ,c>ru!rs4 ,fig4 #i4 ,two cells ( ,osmundites1 fill$1 ! "o ) />* granules1 & ! o!r ) mycelium ( a fungus4 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,fig4 #a4 ,cycadeo/robus ovatus1 ,c>r4 ,f ! ,weald51 ,isle ( ,wight4 ,fig4 #b4 ,beania gracilis1 ,c>r4 ,f ! ,york%ire ,oolite4 ,fig4 #c4 ,b5nettites ,saxbyanus1 ,c>r4 ,f ! ,l[] ,gre5s& ( ! ,isle ( ,wight4 ,fig4 #d4 ,p9ites ,leck5byi1 ,c>r4 ,f ! ,l[] ,gre5s& ( ! ,isle ( ,wight4 ,fig4 #e4 ,trigonoc>pon oliv=me1 ,l9dl4 & ,hutt4 ,f ! ,coal-measures1 ,man*e/]4 ,fig4 #f4 ,trigonoc>pon sulcatum1 ,c>r4 ,coal-measures1 ,w>die1 ,ed9burgh4 ,fig4 #g4 ,sequoiites ,g>dn]i1 ,c>r4 ,f ! ,gault at ,folke/one4 ,figs4 #h1 #i4 ,cupress9ites ,?ujoides1 ,b[]bank4 ,f ! ,eoc5e at ,%eppey4 ,fig4 #aj4 ,scale ( ,arauc>ites ,brodiei1 ,c>r4 ,f ! ,great ,oolite at ,/onesfield4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,scale ( ,arauc>ites ,phillipsii1 ,c>r4 ,f ! ,oolite ( ,york%ire4 ,all ! figures on ?is ,plate 7except ,fig4 #b1 :i* is "o-half ( ! natural size7 are drawn ! size ( nature4 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,fig4 #a4 ,mass ( coal f ,=del1 ,fife%ire1 conta9+ num]\s sporangia ( ,flem+ites4 ,^! sporangia occur 9 coal f diff]5t localities 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&4 ,b9ney has se5 !m 9 ,wigan coal4 ,huxley has f\nd !m ab\nd+ 9 coal ne> ,brad=d 7,balf\r1 ,r4,s4,e4 ,trans47 ,fig4 #b4 ,"o ( ! ,sporangia entire1 & sep>at$ f ! coal 7,balf\r74 ,fig4 #c4 ,sporangium ) its valves sep>at$1 conta9+ a quantity ( black c>bonace\s matt] 9 its int]ior 7,balf\r74 ,?is matt] is =m$ by ! alt]$ spores 7microspores74 ,fig4 #d4 ,sporangium1 %[+ ! triradiate m>k+ on ! "u surface1 & a granulation produc$ probably by ! spores 9 ! int]ior4 ,fig4 #e4 ,punctat$ woody tissue 7,conif]\s74 ,f ! ne$le coal ( ,toplitz1 ,bohemia 7,h>kness74 ,fig4 #f4 ,scal>i=m vessels f coal 7,balf\r74 ,fig4 #g4 ,/igm>ia1 ) m>k+s ( rootlets4 ,"o %[+ ! papilla to :i* ! rootlet 0 articulat$ 7,hook]74 ,fig4 #h4 ,transv]se section ( ,/igm>ia1 %[+ ! vascul> cyl9d] divid$ into w$ges 7,hook]74 ,fig4 #i4 ,tissues ( ,/igm>ia1 %[+ ! inn] portion ( ! vascul> cyl9d] 7,hook]74 ,fig4 #aj4 ,transv]se section ( a ,lepido/robus1 ! fructification ( ,lepidod5dron1 %[+ scales & sporangia 7,hook]74 ,fig4 #aa4 ,ulod5dron ,taylori 7,c>ru!rs74 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,fig4 #a4 ,sigill>ia ,br[nii1 re/or$ 7,dawson74 ,fig4 #b4 ,sigill>ia elegans1 re/or$ 7,dawson74 ,fig4 #c4 ,lepidod5dron1 re/or$ 7,c>ru!rs1 ,bot4 ,soc4 ,trans47 ,fig4 #d4 ,calamites1 re/or$ 7,c>ru!rs1 ,bot4 ,soc4 ,trans47 ,fig4 #e4 ,psilophyton1 a fossil ( ! ,devonian epo* 7,dawson74 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,i4 ,a4 ,t4 ,hollick del4 et li?4 ,m9t]n ,bros4 imp4 ,fossil ,f]ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,ii4 ,a4 ,t4 ,hollick del4 et li?4 ,m9t]n ,bros4 imp4 ,fossil ,gymnosp]m\s ,fruits4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,iii4 ,mc,farlane ,ersk9e1 ,li?rs ,ed9r ,coal & ,coal-,plants4 ,illu/ration3 ,pl4 ,,iv4 ,mc,farlane ,ersk9e1 ,li?rs ,ed9r ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s ,flora4 ,,index4 ,abietites1 #hd1 #he1 #hg4 ,acacia1 #ij1 #ib4 ,acan?oc>pum1 #gb4 ,ac]1 #ib1 #ig4 ,ac]ites1 #hg4 ,acrog5s ( pres5t day1 #bf4 ,acrog5s1 fossil1 reign (1 #be1 #bf4 ,adiantites1 #da4 ?ophyllum1 #gi4 ,ald]1 #id4 ,ale?opt]is1 #dc1 #gb4 ,alg1 #ce4 ,alg ( ,cretace\s epo*1 #hg4 ,alnites1 #hg1 #id4 ,alnus1 #id1 #ig4 ,alsophila1 #bi4 ,amb]1 #ij4 ,amb] flora1 ,goepp]t on !1 #ia4 ,am5tif]1 fossil1 #ib4 ,ance/rophyllum1 #dh4 ,&rom$a1 #if1 #ig4 ,angiosp]ms1 fossil1 reign (1 #be1 #hg4 ,annul>ia1 #fa1 #ga4 ,anomopt]is1 #gi4 ,anona1 #ig4 ,an?odiopsis1 #gb4 ,an?oli!s1 #fd4 ,an?racite1 #cf4 ,apocynace1 fossil1 #ib4 ,arauc>ia1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #he1 #ij4 ,arauc>ioxylon1 /ructure (1 #fc4 ,arauc>ites1 #hb1 #hc1 #hd1 #he1 #hf1 #hg4 ,arctic fossil flora 7,mioc5e71 #ig4 ,arctic ,regions1 ,palozoic flora (1 #dj4 ,arctic ,regions1 fossil wood (1 #ie4 ,ar?ropitys1 #gb4 ,artisia1 #fd4 ,aspl5ium1 #bh4 ,a/]ophyllites1 #ce1 #fa1 #ga4 ,bambusium1 #ib4 ,bauh9ia1 #ij1 #ib4 ,beania1 #hb4 ,be> ,isl&1 fossil flora (1 #dj1 #ei4 ,bee*es1 #ig4 ,b5nettite1 #hf4 ,b5nettites1 #he1 #hg4 ,betula1 #id1 #ig4 ,bo?rod5dron1 #eg4 ,bovey ,tracey flora1 #if4 ,bovey ,tracey1 ,devon%ire1 lignite b$s (1 #if4 ,bra*yphyllum1 #hj1 #hf1 #hg4 ,bryson's in/rum5t = slitt+1 #ad4 ,buckl&ia1 #hd1 #hf4 ,csalp9ia1 #ij4 ,ca9ozoic p]iod1 fossil plants (1 #hg4 ,calamites1 #ce1 #da1 #ec4 ,calamites1 foliage & fruit 7woodcut71 #fb4 ,calamites1 /ructure (1 #eg4 ,calamites1 /ructure ( fruit1 #fj4 ,calamod5dron1 #ei1 #gb4 ,callipt]is1 #gb4 ,callitris1 #ij4 ,camptopt]is1 #gi1 #hj4 ,c>bonif]\s epo*1 #cf4 ,c>bonif]\s vegetation1 its g5]al "*1 #fi4 ,c>bonisation1 #i4 ,c>dioc>pum1 #da1 #gb1 #gh4 ,c>dioc>pum1 /ructure (1 #fd4 ,c>diopt]is1 #dj4 ,c>p9ites1 #hg4 ,c>p9us1 #id4 ,c>poli!s1 #gh1 #hc1 #ib1 #ig4 ,cassia1 #ij4 ,ca/s ( plants1 #h4 ,casu>9a1 #ij4 ,caul9ites1 #ij4 ,caulopt]is1 #dc4 ,c5trolobium1 #ij4 ,*alk flora1 *>act]i/ics (1 #hg4 ,*>a1 #ib4 ,*>ace1 fossil1 #ia4 ,*ondrites1 #hg4 ,c9*onace1 fossil1 #ib4 ,c9namomum1 #if4 ,classes to :i* fossil plants belong1 #b4 ,climate z det]m9$ by fossil plants1 #ai4 ,climate ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 #ajj4 ,club-mosses1 #bf1 #cj4 ,coal-bas9s1 #cg4 ,coal1 br[n1 /ructure (1 #ajj4 ,coal1 ,=del1 #cf1 #ef4 ,coal-=mation1 ext5t (1 #ch4 ,coal1 h\sehold1 #cf4 ,coal-measures1 flora (1 #ci4 ,coal1 p>rot1 #cf4 ,coal-plants1 9 situ1 or drift$1 #fg4 ,coal1 /ructure 91 #cf4 ,coal1 ,wigan cannel1 #cf4 ,coal ( ,oolitic epo*1 #hb4 ,coal ( ,t]ti>y b$s1 #ajj4 ,combretace1 fossil1 #ib4 ,comptonia1 #ib1 #id4 ,comptonites1 #hg4 ,cones1 fossil1 ( ,weald51 #he4 ,conf]vites1 #hg4 ,conif]1 #hg4 ,conif]1 mod]n1 #gb4 ,conif]1 numb] ( ,mioc5e species1 #ig4 ,conif]1 ,oolitic1 #hj4 ,conif]1 /ructure ( rec5t1 #gd4 ,conif] ( br[n coal deposits1 #ajj4 ,conif] ( ,mioc5e ,arctic fossil flora1 #ig4 ,conif] ( ,second>y /rata1 #he4 ,conif] ( ,t]ti>y p]iod1 #hi4 ,conif]\s g5]a ( ,lias1 #gi4 ,conif]\s vegetation ( ,upp] ,cretace\s p]iod1 appe>ance (1 #hi4 ,copaif]a1 #ij4 ,cordaites1 #ce1 #gb4 ,cornus1 #ig4 ,corylus1 #if1 #ig4 ,cratgus1 #ig4 ,cr$n]ia1 #hg4 ,crematopt]is1 #gi4 ,cretace\s sy/em1 fossil plants (1 #hg4 ,crossozamia1 #hf4 ,cryptogamia1 numb] ( ,mioc5e species (1 #ig4 ,cryptom]ia1 #hg4 ,cryptom]ites1 #hf4 ,ct5is1 #gh1 #gi4 ,cucumites1 #ij4 ,cunn+hamites1 #hg4 ,cupress9e1 #hi4 ,cupressoxylon1 #ic4 ,cya!a1 #bi4 ,cya!ites1 #gb4 ,cycadace1 #hg4 ,cycadace1 fossil1 ,c>ru!rs' arrangem5t (1 #hf4 ,cycadace1 mod]n1 #gb1 #ge4 ,cycadace1 ,oolitic1 #hj4 ,cycadace 9 ,mesozoic p]iod1 #gg4 ,cycadace ( ,lias1 #gi4 ,cycadace ( ,t]ti>y p]iod1 #hi4 ,cycadace ( ,weald5 epo*1 #hd4 ,cycadeo/robus1 #he4 ,cycadites1 #dd1 #gi1 #hd1 #hg4 ,cycadoidea1 #hc4 ,cycas1 #gf4 ,cyclopt]is1 #cb1 #ce1 #dc1 #gb4 ,cyclo/igma1 #da4 ,cyp]ites1 #dh4 ,cy/oseirites1 #hg4 ,dadoxylon1 #ce1 #fc4 ,dalb]gia1 #ij4 ,damm>ites1 #hg4 ,daphnog5e1 #ib1 #if1 #ig4 ,dawson on ,devonian fossils1 #ce4 ,desmodophyllum1 #ib4 ,dicotyl$ons ( ,plioc5e epo*1 #ih4 ,dictyo?alamus1 #gb4 ,didymophyllum1 #dh4 ,didymosorus1 #ie4 ,dioonopt]is1 #gb4 ,dirt-b$1 ,portl&1 #hc4 ,doli*ites1 #ib4 ,drepanoc>pus1 #ij4 ,dry&roides1 #if4 ,e*itonium1 #ib1 #if4 ,encephal>tos1 #gf4 ,entada1 #ij4 ,eoc5e epo*1 ,alg (1 #ij4 ,eoc5e epo*1 *>act]i/ics (1 #ij4 ,eoc5e epo*1 ,conif] (1 #ij1 #ia4 ,eoc5e epo*1 flora (1 #hi1 #ij4 ,eoc5e epo*1 fruits (1 #ij4 ,eozoon ,canad5se1 #ca4 ,equisetace1 #bi1 #ei4 ,equisetites1 #ga4 ,equisetum1 #ca1 #ec1 #gi1 #id1 #ie4 ,equisetum spores1 #cb4 ,equisetum1 /ructure ( fruit1 #fj4 ,erian fossil plants1 #ce4 ,ery?r9a1 #ib4 ,exog5\s trees ( ,c>bonif]\s epo*1 #fb4 ,fagus1 #id1 #ig4 ,favul>ia1 #df4 ,f]n-flora 9 connection ) climate1 #da4 ,f]ns1 #if4 ,f]ns1 /ructure (1 #bi4 ,f]ns ( ,c>bonif]\s /rata1 #da4 ,f]ns ( pres5t day1 #bf4 ,ficus1 #if4 ,fig1 ev]gre51 #if4 ,filicites1 #id4 ,fittonia1 #hf1 #hg4 ,flabell>ia1 #fd1 #hg4 ,flem+ites1 #ea1 #eb1 #eg4 ,floras ( pres5t day 9 connection ) fossil plants1 #ai4 ,folliculites1 #ib4 ,fossil botany1 recapitulation ( *ief po9ts connect$ )1 #ajc4 ,fossil botany1 li/ ( works treat+ (1 #aje4 ,fossil plants comp>$ ) mod]n plants1 #c1 #d4 ,fossil plants1 det]m9ation (1 #c4 ,fossil plants1 mode ( pres]vation (1 #h4 ,fossil plants1 numb] (1 #bc4 ,fossilif]\s p]iods1 accord+ to ,brongni>t1 #be4 ,fossilif]\s rocks1 #bj4 ,fructification 9 f]ns ( ,c>bonif]\s epo*1 #dj4 ,fruits1 fossil1 ( ,isle ( ,%eppey1 #ij4 ,fungi1 fossil1 #ia4 ,g>d5ia1 #ig4 ,gault1 ,conif] (1 #hj1 #he4 ,getonia1 #ib4 ,glypto/robus1 #ig4 ,grs big>r1 #gh4 ,gymnosp]ms1 fossil1 reign (1 #be4 ,gyrogonites1 #ib4 ,haid+]a1 #gh4 ,hakea1 #ig4 ,halonia1 #eg4 ,he]'s li/ ( plants f ! ,bovey ,tracey ,mioc5e =mation1 #if4 ,he] on ! migration ( plants1 #ih4 ,he] on ! numb] ( species 9 ! ,arctic fossil flora1 #ig4 ,he]'s rem>ks on ! ,pol> flora1 #ih4 ,hightea1 #ij4 ,horse-tails1 #bi4 ,huttonia1 #ga4 ,hym5ophylle1 #cd4 ,hym5ophyllites1 #ga4 ,hym5ophyllum1 #ce4 ,ilex1 #ig4 ,infiltration1 #i4 ,+a1 #ij4 ,isoetes1 #bg1 #di1 #hi4 ,ivy1 #ig4 ,jugl&ites1 #hg4 ,jurassic p]iod ( ,brongni>t1 #gi4 ,kaidac>pum1 #hd4 ,keupric p]iod1 #gi4 ,kimm]idge ,clay1 ,conif] (1 #he4 ,knorria1 #da1 #dh1 #eg4 ,knorria1 phyllotaxis (1 #ee4 ,la/rea1 #bi4 ,laurace1 #ig4 ,laurace1 fossil1 #ib4 ,laurel1 #if4 ,laur5tian rocks1 #ca4 ,laurus1 #ib1 #if4 ,leaf-b$s ( ,ardtun1 ,mull1 #ic4 ,leaf-b$s ( ,b\rnem\?1 #ie4 ,leaf-b$s1 g5]a (1 #id4 ,legum9os1 fossil1 #ib4 ,legum9osites1 #ij4 ,lepidod5dron1 #ce1 #da1 #di4 ,lepidod5dron1 phyllotaxis (1 #ed4 ,lepidophloios1 #eg4 ,lepidophyllum1 #da1 #ef4 ,lepido/robus1 #ce1 #ej1 #eb4 ,lias1 ,conif] (1 #hj4 ,lias1 fossil plants (1 #gi4 ,liboc$rus1 #ij4 ,lignite1 #cb4 ,lignite b$s ( ,bovey ,tracey1 #if4 ,lignites1 #i4 ,lon*opt]is1 #dc1 #hd4 ,l\gh ,neagh1 ,mioc5e =mation (1 #ic4 ,l[] ,gre5s&1 cone (1 #hi4 ,l[] ,gre5s&1 ,conif] (1 #he4 ,lycopodiace1 #di1 #ed4 ,lycopodiace1 mod]n1 #bf4 ,lycopodites1 #ef4 ,lycopodium1 #cj1 #ec4 ,mac,clintockia1 #ig4 ,macrospores1 #cj4 ,magnolia1 #ig4 ,mantellia1 #hc1 #hd1 #hf4 ,m>silea1 #ca1 #cc4 ,m>sileace1 #ca4 ,mesozoic p]iod1 flora ( !1 #gb4 ,microspores1 #cj4 ,microzamia1 #hg4 ,mimosa1 #ij4 ,mimosites1 #ib4 ,mioc5e epo*1 flora (1 #hi1 #ib4 ,mioc5e p]iod1 temp]ature (1 #ig4 ,mull1 leaf-b$s (1 #ic4 ,mull1 ,mioc5e =mation (1 #ic4 ,mun/]ia1 #hg4 ,myrica1 #id1 #ig4 ,naiadace1 #hg4 ,natural ord]s to :i* fossil plants belong1 #bb4 ,neuropt]ide1 #da4 ,neuropt]is1 #db1 #ga4 ,nicolia1 #aa4 ,nicol's mode ( prep>+ sections1 #ac4 ,nilssonia1 #gi4 ,nipadites1 #ij4 ,noegg]a?ia1 #fd1 #ga1 #gb4 ,nympha1 #ig4 ,odontopt]is1 #db1 #gb4 ,oolitic epo*1 flora (1 #hj4 ,oolite1 fruits (1 #hc4 ,oolite1 ,inf]ior1 ,conif] (1 #hf4 ,oolite1 ,l[]1 #hb4 ,oolite1 ,scotti%1 plants (1 #ha4 ,oolite1 ,upp]1 #hb4 ,oolite1 ,york%ire1 #hc4 ,osmunda1 #hi4 ,osmundites1 #ia4 ,otopt]yx1 #ig4 ,otozamites1 #gi4 ,ox=d ,clay1 ,conif] (1 #hf4 ,palophytology1 #a4 ,palopitys1 #cb4 ,palopt]is1 #cb1 #cd1 #da4 ,palozamia1 #gi4 ,palozoic or ,prim>y p]iod1 #bf4 ,palozoology1 #a4 ,palissya1 #hj1 #hf4 ,paliurus1 #ig4 ,palm1 #if4 ,palmacites1 #hg1 #ij1 #if4 ,p&anace1 #hd4 ,pecopt]is1 #db1 #if4 ,pecopt]ide1 #da4 ,pepp]worts1 #ca4 ,p]mian flora1 #ga4 ,p]mian p]iod1 fruits (1 #gb4 ,petrifaction1 #i4 ,petrifi$ =e/s1 #aa4 ,p5ce1 #fd1 #hj1 #hb1 #hf1 #hi4 ,phan]ogamia1 numb] ( ,mioc5e species (1 #ig4 ,phaseolites1 #ib4 ,phnicites1 #ib4 ,phyllotaxis1 #ed1 #ee4 ,pilul>ia1 #ca4 ,p9ites1 #gh1 #he1 #hf1 #hg1 #hi1 #ajj4 ,p9ites1 /ructure (1 #fc4 ,p9us1 #hf1 #id1 #ig4 ,pissad5dron1 #fc4 ,pitus1 /ructure (1 #fd4 ,plane1 #id4 ,platanites1 #id4 ,platanus1 #ig4 ,plioc5e epo*1 flora ( !1 #hi1 #ih4 ,plumi]a1 #ib4 ,podoc>pus1 #ij4 ,podoc>ya1 #hd4 ,portl& b$s1 #hb4 ,portl& ,crag1 #hb4 ,portl& /one1 ,conif] (1 #he4 ,po?ocites1 #ff4 ,proteace1 fossil1 #ib1 #ig4 ,protopt]is1 #hg4 ,prototaxites1 #ce4 ,prunus1 #ig4 ,ps>onius1 #dd1 #ga4 ,psilophyton1 #ce4 ,pt]oc>pus1 #ij4 ,pt]ophyllum1 #hd1 #gi4 ,purbeck1 ,conif] (1 #he4 ,purbeck p]iod1 #hc4 ,qu]cus1 #id1 #if1 #ig4 ,raul9 on ! ,t]ti>y flora ( ,c5tral ,europe1 #ii4 ,raum]ia1 #hf4 ,recapitulation ( *ief po9ts connect$ ) fossil botany1 #ajc4 ,rhabdoc>pum1 #gb1 #gg4 ,rhamnites1 #id1 #ie4 ,rhamnus1 #id1 #ig4 ,rhizoc>pe1 #ca4 ,r+s1 numb] ( annual1 9 fossil ,exog5s1 #ajj4 ,sag5opt]is1 #ga1 #gi4 ,salicites1 #hg4 ,salix1 #ig4 ,s>gassites1 #hg4 ,scal>i=m vessels1 #cj4 ,s*izopt]is1 #dc4 ,second>y p]iod1 flora ( !1 #gb4 ,sections ( fossils = microscope1 #ab4 ,selag9ella1 #bg1 #ea1 #ec4 ,selag9ites1 #ce4 ,s5ft5b]gia1 #dj4 ,sequoia1 #hg1 #if1 #ig4 ,sequoiites1 #he1 #hi4 ,%ale1 #cg4 ,%eppey1 fruits ( ,isle (1 #ij4 ,sigill>ia1 #de4 ,silicifi$ /ems1 #aj4 ,sph5ophyllum1 #ce1 #fa4 ,sph5opt]ide1 #da4 ,sph5opt]is1 #cd1 #da1 #db4 ,sporangia1 #cj1 #ef4 ,/ang]ia1 #gh4 ,/e9hau]a1 #ib4 ,/]nb]gia1 #fd1 #ig4 ,/igm>ia1 #da1 #dg1 #dh4 ,/onesfield slate1 #hb4 ,/ratifi$ rocks1 #ba4 ,/ructure ( fossil plants1 #ab4 ,table ( =mations1 #ba4 ,taxites1 #hf1 #id1 #ie1 #ajj4 ,taxodie1 #hi4 ,taxodites1 #gi1 #hj1 #id1 #ie4 ,taxodium1 #ig4 ,t]m9alia1 #ib4 ,t]ti>y flora ( ,europe1 #ii4 ,t]ti>y p]iod1 *>act]i/ics (1 #hi1 #ajj4 ,t]ti>y p]iod1 fossil plants (1 #hg4 ,t]ti>y vegetation1 ,brongni>t's divisions (1 #hi4 ,?aumatopt]is1 #hj4 ,?uites1 #ha1 #he1 #hf4 ,?ujopsis1 #ig4 ,tilia1 #ig4 ,trap rocks1 #bj4 ,tree-f]n1 #bg4 ,trees ( ,mioc5e ,arctic fossil flora1 #ig4 ,triassic fossils1 #gg4 ,trigonoc>pum1 #fd1 #gb4 ,triplosporites1 #ej1 #ec4 ,tuff-b$s1 #id4 ,tulip tree1 #ig4 ,ulmus1 #ib4 ,ulod5dron1 #eg4 ,und]clay1 #cg4 ,ung]'s li/ ( g5]a ( ,eoc5e epo*1 #ij4 ,upp] ,*alk1 #he4 ,upp] ,gre5s&1 ,conif] (1 #he4 ,vacc9ium1 #if4 ,vitis1 #if4 ,volkmannia1 #fj4 ,voltzia1 #gh1 #gi4 ,vosgesian p]iod1 ,brongni>t's1 #gh4 ,wal*ia1 #ga4 ,walnuts1 #ig4 ,weald51 ,conif] (1 #he4 ,weald5 epo*1 flora (1 #hd4 ,widdr+tonites1 #hg4 ,williamsonia1 #ha4 ,williamsonie1 #hf4 ,will[1 #ig4 ,works1 li/ (1 treat+ ( fossil botany1 #aje4 ,yatesia1 #hf4 ,yew1 #id4 ,zamia1 #gh4 ,zamie1 #hf4 ,zamio/robus1 #gh4 ,zamites1 #gh1 #gi1 #hd1 #hg4 ,zo/]a1 #cb4 ,zo/]ites1 #hg4 ,,! ,,end4 ,pr9t$ by ,r4 ,r4 ,,cl>k1 ,ed9burgh4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,mill]'s ,footpr9ts ( ! ,creator1 #aib-aii4 ,d\bts h be5 ?r[n on ! antiquity ( ?is specim5 by ^? :o support ! errone\s progressive developm5t !ory2 b ! pres5ce1 9 ! same nodule1 ( a scale ( a fi% only f\nd 9 ! l[] ,old ,r$1 puts ! matt] beyond d\bt4 ,dr4 ,m',nab on ! ,/ructure ( a ,lignite 7,palopitys7 f ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 7,trans4 ,bot4 ,soc4 x4 p4 #cab47 #b ,specim5s ( ^! fossil plants1 z well z num]\s o!rs1 illu/rat+ ! fossil flora ( ,scotl&1 are to be se5 9 ,mr4 ,mill]'s collection1 n[ 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,museum ( ,sci5ce & ,art4 #c ,dawson1 ,j\r4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,lond4 xv4 ,canadian ,naturali/1 v4 ,acadian ,geology1 #b;d edit4 ,fossil plants ( ! ,devonian & upp] ,silurian ,=mations ( ,canada1 ) #bj plates2 9 ,report ( ,geological ,survey ( ,canada4 #d ,macl>51 ,geology ( ,fife & ! ,lo?ians1 p4 #aaf4 #e ,our ,coal-fields1 by a ,travell] "u ,gr\nd4 #f ,see ,hall's ,coal-fields ( ,great ,brita91 #ahfa2 ,roscoe's ,lectures on ,coal1 ,man*e/]1 #ahff-fg2 ,hunt's ,m9]al ,/ati/ics ( ,great ,brita92 ,taylor's ,/ati/ics ( ,coal1 #ahee-ef4 #g ,he]1 ,flora fossilis ,arctica2 ,fossile ,flora d] ,br5 ,insel41 #ahga4 #h ,9 giv+ names to fossil ,f]ns1 ! ,greek ^w 1 mean+ a ,f]n1 is (t5 us$ ) a prefix indicat+ "s "* 9 ! =m ( ! leaves1 or /em1 or fructification3 su* z1 1 a comb2 1 a n]ve2 1 a too?2 1 a w$ge2 1 a /alk or /em2 1 a circle2 1 a split1 etc4 #i ,! imb$d+ ( plants 9 an erect /ate 9 /rata is simil> to :at 0 notic$ at ! pres5t day by ,g>dn] 9 ,brazil1 :]e /ems ( rec5t ,coco-nut ,palms 7 se5 cov]$ ) s& to ! dep? ( #ej feet4 #aj ,= woodcuts #dd1 #dg1 & #dh1 ,i am indebt$ to ,dr4 ,h4 ,b5ce ,jones1 :o has k9dly plac$ !m at my disposal4 ,!y 7 us$ to illu/rate ,mr4 ,c>ru!rs' rem>ks on ! ,cryptogamic =e/s ( ! ,coal p]iod1 publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita91 ,april #af1 #ahfi4 ,mr4 ,c>ru!rs' obs]vations are giv5 9 ! text4 #aa ,conjugate spirals result f :orls ( usually #b1 #c1 #e1 #h1 etc41 leaves arrang$ s z to give #b1 #e1 #h1 etc41 p>allel spirals1 ea* ) an angul> div]g5ce equal to 1 1 1 1 etc41 ( "o ( ! fractions express+ ! div]g5ce 9 an arrangem5t ( alt]nate leaves4 #ab ,by inadv]t5ce1 ! diamet] is /at$ 9 my ,class-book z #d-e in*es4 #ac ,see ,rem>ks on ! ,/ructure ( ,calamites by ,w4 ,c4 ,williamson1 ,philos4 ,trans41 #afa1 p4 #dgg4 #ad ,williamson on ! ,/ructure & ,aff9ities ( ,/]nb]gi1 9 ,man*4 ,lit4 & ,phil4 ,soc4 ,mem4 ix4 ,dawson on ,/]nb]gia1 9 ,ed94 ,new ,phil4 ,j\rn41 new s]ies1 vii4 #adj4 #ae ,see ,notice ( ,an?oli!s ,pitcairni1 by ,c4 ,w4 ,pea*1 9 ,bot4 ,soc4 ,trans4 ,ed94 vol4 xi4 #af ,see ,pr(essor ,duns on ! association ( ,c>dioc>pum ) ,sph5opt]is4 ,proc4 ,r4,s4,e41 ,april #a1 #ahgb4 #ag ,see ,mey]'s ,palontographica1 ,cassel1 #ahfd4 #ah ,see full] description ( ,conif] & ,cycadace 9 ,balf\r's ,class ,book ( ,botany1 pp4 #ijf-iab4 #ai ,coal 9 ! ,kimm]idge clay is probably ( animal orig94 #bj ,c>ru!rs1 ,geol4 ,mag41 vol4 viii4 ,decemb] #ahga4 #ba ,annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/4 #b;d s]4 ii4 #chj4 #bb ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ( ,london1 vii4 #bc ,philosophical ,transactions1 ,r4 ,soc4 ,lond41 vol4 clii4 p4 #ajci4 #bd ,he]1 ,flore ,fossile des ,regions ,polaires1 ,zuri*2 also ,biblio!que ,univ4 xxxix4 p4 #ab2 see also ,ann4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 #d? s]4 i4 #fa1 iv4 #ha4 #be ,raul91 ,sur les ,trans=mations de la ,flore de l',europe c5trale p5dant la priode ,t]tiaire4--,ann4 des ,sc4 ,nat4 #c;d s]4 ,bot4 x4 #aic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pr(essor ,,balf\r',s ,,botany4 ,9 "o vol41 royal #hvo1 pp4 #aaag1 ) #ahjj ,illu/rations1 price #bas41 ,,class-,,book ,,( ,,botany4 ,be+ an ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ! ,vegetable ,k+dom4 ,by ,j4 ,,hutton ,,balf\r1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e & ,botany 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 ,regius ,keep] ( ! ,royal ,botanic ,g>d51 & ,que5's ,botani/ = ,scotl&4 7,may also be _h 9 two ,p>ts1 price #bas47 ,9 ,dr4 ,balf\r's ',class-,book ( ,botany1' ! au?or seems to h exhau/$ e atta9able s\rce ( in=mation4 ,few1 if any1 works on ?is subject conta9 su* a mass ( c>efully collect$ & cond5s$ matt]1 & c]ta9ly none are m copi\sly or bett] illu/rat$4--,hook]'s ,j\rnal ( ,botany4 ,pr(essor ,balf\r's ',class ,book ( ,botany' is too well & fav\rably kn[n to botani/s1 :e!r tea*]s or le>n]s1 to require any introduction to our read]s4 ,x is1 z f> z we "k1 ! only "w :i* a lectur] c take 9 8 h& z a safe text-book = ! :ole ( su* a c\rse z is requir$ to prep>e /ud5ts = our ,univ]sity or m$ical exam9ations4 ,e bran* ( botany1 /ructural & morphological1 physiological1 sy/ematic1 geographical1 & palontological1 is treat$ 9 s exhau/ive a mann]1 z to leave little to be desir$4 ,! "w is "o indisp5sable to ! class-room1 & %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( e tea*]4--,nature4 ,! volum9\s & pr(usely illu/rat$ "w ( ,dr4 ,balf\r is too well kn[n to ne$ any words ( comm5t4--,lancet4 ,,ed9burgh3 ,,adam ,,& ,,*>les ,,black4 ,,jukes' ,,geology4 ,j ,publi%$1 9 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 price #abs4 #f;d41 ,,new ,,edition ,,( ,,beete ,,jukes' ,,manual ,,( ,,geology4 ,,?ird ,,edition4 ,illu/rat$ ) num]\s ,woodcuts4 ,edit$ by ,,ar*ibald ,,geikie1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pr(essor ( ,geology & ,m9]alogy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 & ,director ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,scotl&4 ,a book :i* e e>ne/ /ud5t ( geology w welcome ) delight1 & ?an :i* he c f9d no bett] guide to 8 /udies4 --,ed9burgh ,c\rant4 ,,ow5',s ,,pal,,ontology4 ,second ,edition1 #hvo1 illu/rat$1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,pal,,ontology1 ,,or ,a ,,sy/ematic ,,summ>y ,,( ,,ext9ct ,,animals ,,& ,,_! ,,geological ,,relations4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,,ow51 ,f4,r4,s41 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,dep>tm5t 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,palontologi/s has "h pres5t$ u ) a mo/ compreh5sive survey ( ! *>act]s1 succession1 geological position1 & geographical di/ribution ( ! v>i\s =ms ( life t h pass$ away4--,m$ical ,times & ,gazette4 ,,ed9burgh3 ,,adam ,,& ,,*>les ,,black4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,sup]scripts are d5ot$ by eg ,li?rs ,ed9r4 ,basic fractions are display$ z etc2 o!r fractions are %[n 9 ! =m a_/b1 eg #c_/aa or #ac_/7cdb74 ,mo/ entries 9 ! ,table ( ,cont5ts _h a correspond+ section head+ 9 ! text4 ,twelve entries _h a correspond+ page-head]1 on odd-numb]$ pages1 b no section head+ 9 ! text itself4 ,all ! page-head]s h ( c\rse be5 remov$ 9 ! etext4 ,to improve readability ^! twelve section head+s h be5 creat$ & ins]t$ 9 ! etext2 !y h be5 italiciz$ to indicate !y h be5 add$ by ! transcrib]4 ,! caption = an illu/ration is display$ z a sid5ote 9 ! etext4 ,x 0 %[n z a page footnote 9 ! orig9al text4 ,obvi\s typographical errors & punctuation errors h be5 correct$ aft] c>eful comp>ison ) o!r occurr5ces )9 ! text & consultation ( ext]nal s\rces4 ,except = ^? *anges not$ bel[1 misspell+ 9 ! text1 & inconsi/5t or ar*aic usage1 h be5 reta9$4 ,= example1 plani%$2 punctat$2 coal-field1 coalfield2 criddles4 ,pg #aa1 'silicicifi$' replac$ by 'silicifi$'4 ,pg #ci1 '#a-bj?' replac$ by '#a_/bj?' = consi/5cy4 ,pg #db ,footnote #h1 ',i split' replac$ by 'a split'4 ,pg #gc ,illu/ration1 ',fg4 #fa' replac$ by ',fig4 #fa'4 ,pg #gi1 'aboresc5t' replac$ by 'arboresc5t'4 ,pg #ajb1 'to difficult' replac$ by 'too difficult'4 ,pg #aje1 '#bi4 ,! ,plioc5e' replac$ by '#bh4 ,! ,plioc5e'4 ,pg #aaa1 ',erom ! ,gault' replac$ by ',f ! ,gault'4