,,rural ,,education ,,s]ies ,,edit$ ,,by ,,h>old ,w4 ,,foght ,,presid5t ,,s\? ,,dakota ,,tea*]s ,,college ,,community ,,civics ,,& ,,rural ,,life ,,by ,,ar?ur ,w4 ,,dunn ,,speciali/ ,,9 ,,civic ,,education1 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,bureau ,,( ,,education2 ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,community ,,& ,,! ,,citiz5 ,,introductory ,,note ,?is book1 l ! au?or's e>li] "o1 ,! ,community & ! ,citiz51 is a community civics text4 ,two purposes l$ to ! prep>ation ( ?is second volume4 ,! fir/ 0 to produce a text t w\ld meet ! ne$s ( pupils & tea*]s :o live outside ( ! environm5t ( ! l>ge city4 ,tra9+ = citiz5%ip 9 a democracy is a fundam5tally id5tical process 9 all communities1 :e!r urban or rural4 ,b1 if x really functions 9 ! life ( ! citiz51 ?is process mu/ consi/ l>gely 9 d]iv+ educational values f ! actual civic situations 9 :i* he normally f9ds himself4 ,moreov]1 in/ruction t relates to matt]s t lie beyond imm$iate exp]i5ce mu/ nev]!less be int]pret$ 9 t]ms ( t exp]i5ce if x is really to h mean+4 ,at lea/ half ( ! "y citiz5s ( ,am]ica live 9 an environm5t t is ess5tially rural4 ,h5ce _! ne$ = civics in/ruction t takes its po9t ( dep>ture 91 & ref]s back to1 a body ( exp]i5ce t diff]s 9 _m ways f t ( ! urban citiz54 ,?is does n imply t urban conditions %\ld be ignor$ 9 ! civic education ( ! rural citiz54 ,on ! contr>y1 "o ( ! ?+s t e citiz5 %\ld be l$ to appreciate is ! int]dep5d5ce ( c\ntry & city 9 a unifi$ national life4 ,9 ! pres5t volume emphasis is giv5 to ?is int]dep5d5ce4 ,= ?is reason1 & because ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples :i* h controll$ ! developm5t ( ! text1 x is believ$ t ! book may p]=m a di/9ct s]vice ev5 9 city s*ools4 ,! second purpose 9 und]tak+ ! pres5t book has be5 to make z obvi\s z possible ! elem5ts :i*1 9 ! au?or's judgm5t1 *>act]ize community civics & give x vitality4 ,! ,community & ! ,citiz5 0 a pione] among texts t h s\ght to vitalize ! /udy ( gov]nm5t & citiz5%ip4 ,! t]m community civics became curr5t only at a lat] "t to designate ! new civics :i* t book repres5t$4 ,x seems to ! au?or1 h[ev]1 t _m tea*]s & o!rs h seiz$ ^u "s ( ! m incid5tal1 ev5 ?\gh important1 features ( ! new civics )\t app>5tly recogniz+ its really vital *>act]i/ics4 ,= example1 ! new civics p]=m$ a real s]vice 9 giv+ emphasis to ! /udy ( ! local community1 :i* 0 be+ sadly neglect$ t5 or fifte5 ye>s ago4 ,x 0 ?is emphasis1 d\btless1 t gave rise to ! "n community civics4 ,b local /udy1 ev5 ?\gh labell$ community civics1 may be1 & (t5 is1 entirely lack+ 9 vitaliz+ features4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! vitaliz+ me?ods t %\ld *>act]ize community civics may be appli$ to ! /udy ( our national community1 & ev5 ( ! embryonic _w community1--& %\ld be s appli$ 9 any community civics t is wor?y ( a place 9 our s*ools 9 ?is critical p]iod ( national & _w hi/ory4 ,! real significance ( ! t]m community civics is to be f\nd 9 its application to an int]pretation ( ! ,,community-,,"* ( national & int]national life equally ) t ( t[n or neighborhood4 ,ano!r s]vice t community civics p]=m$ 0 9 introduc+ c]ta9 elem5ts ( social or sociological /udy into grades z l[ z ! gramm> s*ool4 ,?is has sometimes l$ to ! description ( community civics z elem5t>y sociology4 ,! ,community & ! ,citiz5 0 p]haps ! fir/ civics textbook to include su* sociological mat]ial4 ,s f> z t book is conc]n$1 at lea/1 ! sociological mat]ial 0 includ$ ,,prim>ily to af=d a viewpo9t f :i* ! bett] to int]pret ,,gov]nm5t ,,& ,,citiz5%ip4 ,?is po9t seems (t5 to be miss$1 ) ! result t 9 "s s*ools we f9d a m or less vitaliz$ social /udy labell$ community civics1 ,,foll[$ ,,by a =mal /udy ( gov]nm5t t %[s no obvi\s1 organic relation to ! e>li] /udy4 ,:atev] else community civics may accompli%1 "o ( its =emo/ aims %\ld be ,,to ,,make ,,gov]nm5t1 ,,includ+ ,,t ,,( ,,! ,,nation1 ,,mean ,,some?+ ,,to ,,! ,,"y ,,citiz54 ,9 ! pres5t book ! au?or has endeavor$ to keep ?is aim prom95t 9 ! m9d ( ! tea*]4 ,x is hop$ t ! organic relation ( ! la/ few *apt]s1 :i* deal explicitly ) gov]nm5tal me*anism & op]ation1 to ! e>li] *apt]s w be obvi\s4 ,! und]ly+1 vitaliz+ features ( community civics may be summ$ up z3 #a4 ,,! ,,demon/ration ,,to ,,! ,,"y ,,citiz51 ,,by ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,8 ,,own ,,obs]vation ,,& ,,exp]i5ce1 ,,( ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,8 ,,community ,,life 7,,local ,,& ,,national71 ,,& ,,( ,,gov]nm5t ,,9 ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,t ,,life2 #b4 ,,! ,,cultivation ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,habits1 ,,ideals1 ,,& ,,attitudes ,,ess5tial ,,to ,,effective ,,p>ticipation ,,9 ,,t ,,life ,,?r\gh ,,gov]nm5t ,,& ,,o!rwise4 ,! aim ( ! foll[+ text is to fix 9 ! pupil's consci\sness a few ess5tial ideas1 :i* w help to det]m9e 8 ideals & attitudes1 by a judici\s ,,use ( facts1 :i* w !reby be m readily rememb]$ & und]/ood4 ,! mo/ important elem5t ( success 9 community life 444 is ,,team ,,"w2 & team "w dep5ds1 fir/ ( all1 ,,^u ,a ,,common ,,purpose4 ,! controll+ ideas ?r\gh\t ! foll[+ *apt]s are3 #a4 ,! common purposes 9 our community life2 #b4 ,our int]dep5d5ce 9 atta9+ ^! common purposes2 #c4 ,! consequ5t necessity = coop]ation 7team "w72 #d4 ,gov]nm5t z a means ( secur+ teamwork = ! common good4 ,^! ideas are set up 9 ! fir/ few *apt]s & exemplifi$ 9 ! rema9+ *apt]s4 ,!y are easily grasp$ by "y citiz5s :5 ,,demon/rat$ by ref]5ce to _! own obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 :i* ! text & ! accompany+ topics seek z f> z possible to compel4 ,! la/ few *apt]s conta9 an analysis ( our gov]nm5tal me*anism :i* seeks to answ] ! "q1 ,h[ f> does our gov]nm5t provide ! organization1 ! lead]%ip1 & ! control ov] lead]%ip necess>y to secure ! teamwork :i* ! prec$+ *apt]s h %[n to be ess5tial8 ,! pres5t volume is l>g] ?an ,! ,community & ! ,citiz54 ,! au?or believes t ?is is an advantage1 especially = pupils 9 communities :]e supplem5t>y mat]ials are n s easily available4 ,! increas$ l5g? is due *iefly to ! lib]al incorporation ( concrete illu/rative & explanatory matt]4 ,"y /ud5ts ne$ l>g] textbooks1 provid$ ! additional matt] clo!s ! skeleton ) liv+ fle%4 ,:e!r bas$ on ?is textbook or "s o!r1 h[ev]1 community civics _c be successfully taught if x is made prim>ily a textbook /udy4 ,! ^w demon/ration has be5 us$ advis$ly 9 ! p>agraphs above z appli$ to ! ideas to be taught4 ,! text sets up ideas1 int]prets & exemplifies !m2 b demon/ration c be made only z ! pupils draw ^u _! own obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,h5ce1 num]\s ,,sugge/ive topics are int]sp]s$ ?r\gh\t to div]t att5tion f ! text & to direct x to ! actualities ( ! pupils' exp]i5ce4 ,ev5 ! topics %\ld n be foll[$ lit]ally 9 e case1 b %\ld be div]sifi$ to meet ! ne$s & opportunities ( ! occasion4 ,b to omit su* /udies z sugge/$ by ! topics is to negate ! value ( community civics4 ,! successful tea*] w seek to ext5d ! pupil's opportunity to p>ticipate 9 gr\p activities bo? )9 ! s*ool & 9 ! community outside1 & w make ! fulle/ possible use ( su* activities bo? z a means ( demon/rat+ ! op]ation ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( civic life1 & z a means ( cultivat+ habits1 ideals1 & attitudes4 ,tra9+ = citiz5%ip ?r\gh s]vice is an ess5tial factor 9 community civics4 ,community civics has n[ be5 q def9itely assign$ to ! junior high s*ool grades 7see ,report ( ,committee on ,social ,/udies1 ,bullet91 #aiaf1 ,no4 #bh1 ,u4,s4 ,bureau ( ,education74 ,:ile ! t5d5cy is t[>d cont9u\s civics in/ruction 9 all ( ^! grades1 practice /ill v>ies greatly4 ,! pres5t text has be5 writt5 9 recognition ( ?is v>iation & is1 9 ! au?or's judgm5t1 adapt able to any ( ! grades 9 "q4 ,if community civics is plac$ bel[ ! n9? grade1 h[ev]1 ! au?or w\ld sugge/ its di/ribution ov] bo? sev5? & eigh? grades4 ,an outl9e sugge/+ a vital coord9ation betwe5 ! civics & ! hi/ory ( ^! grades1 & ( p>ticul> s]vice 9 ! sev5? grade1 is giv5 9 ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,education ,bullet91 #aiai1 ,no4 #ej1 ,"p #c 7a report on ,civic ,education = ! ,s*ools ( ,memphis1 ,t5n474 ,x may be add$ t community civics 9 ! junior high s*ool grades w be va/ly m effective if x is prec$$ 9 ! six elem5t>y grades by "s su* c\rse z t outl9$ 9 ,citiz5%ip 9 ,s*ool & ,out 7,dunn & ,h>ris1 publi%$ by ,d4,c4 ,hea? ,company74 ,see also ,lessons 9 ,civics = ! ,six ,elem5t>y ,grades ( ,city ,s*ools1 by ,hannah ,m>g>et ,h>ris 7,bullet91 #aibj1 ,no4 #ah1 ,u4,s4 ,bureau ( ,education74 ,a li/ ( ,read+s is app5d$ to ea* ( ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,:ile x is n expect$ t pupils 9 ! grades = :i* ! book is int5d$ w d a great deal ( read+ outside ( ! text1 an abundance ( illu/rative mat]ial is desirable & mu* m easily available1 ev5 = rural s*ools1 ?an is (t5 appreciat$4 ,let ! pupils ,,use ,,_! ,,gov]nm5t1 9 ?is connection1 z freely z possible4 ,a v l>ge "p ( ! ref]5ces giv5 are to gov]nm5t publications1 _m ( :i* c be obta9$ free ( co/ directly f ! dep>tm5ts issu+ !m1 & all ( :i* c be _h = a nom9al co/ f ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,useful publications ( ! /ate gov]nm5t & ( /ate in/itutions c usually be _h = ! ask+4 ,9 ord]+ f ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts ! money mu/ be s5t 9 advance 7/amps are n accept$74 ,li/s ( publications ) ! prices may be obta9$ f ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 or f ! sev]al ,dep>tm5ts ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,frequ5t ref]5ce is made to ,lessons 9 ,community & ,national ,life4 ,^! are issu$ 9 ?ree pamphlets 7,s]ies ,a1 ,b1 & ,c7 by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,education1 at #ae c5ts p] pamphlet4 ,!y conta9 a l>ge am\nt ( illu/rative mat]ial4 ,a v few books are ref]r$ to 9 c]ta9 *apt]s because ( _! especial value :5 obta9able4 ,among ^! are two collections ( patriotic selections valuable because ( _! emphasis ^u national ideals--,long's ,am]ican ,patriotic ,prose 7,d4,c4 ,hea? ,company71 & ,fo]/] & ,pi]son's ,am]ican ,ideals 7,h\ghton ,miffl9 ,company74 ,o!r simil> collections w be f\nd useful4 ,! illu/rations ( ! book1 ) comp>atively few exceptions1 are f photographs furni%$ by v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t4 ,,ar?ur ,w4 ,,dunn4 ,,editor',s ,,introduction ,rural s*ools1 & s*ools ^: pupils h l>gely a backgr\nd ( rural exp]i5ce1 h n done z mu* z !y %\ld t[>ds tra9+ = citiz5%ip4 ,?is is l>gely because ! text books h fail$ to int]pret citiz5%ip & gov]nm5t 9 t]ms ( ! actual exp]i5ce ( su* pupils1 or to /imulate teamwork & lead]%ip 9 communities ) a di/9ctly rural backgr\nd4 ,m ov]1 9 city & rural s*ools alike1 !re has be5 failure to emphasize ! int]dep5d5ce ( rural & urban communities 9 a s+le national ent]prise4 ,community ,civics & ,rural ,life is plann$ to meet ^! defici5cies4 ,!re has be5 too mu* ,,talk+ ,,ab\t citiz5%ip 9 s*ool1 & too little ,,liv+ x f day to day4 ,tra9+ = citiz5%ip necessitates its daily practice 9 s*ool & out4 ,9 ! h&s ( an able tea*]1 ,community ,civics & ,rural ,life %\ld po9t ! way to real community liv+1 bo? n[ & 9 ! future4 ,x %\ld tea* ! pupils :at _! real civic responsibilities are z well z _! civic opportunities--& assi/ !m to embrace !m :5 !y come4 ,*ildr5 s tra9$ w le>n to respect1 n[ & lat]1 ! rights ( _! neighbors1 & w become z fair 9 _! deal+s ) ! gov]nm5t z ) _! fell[m54 ,!y w furni% _! communities ) ! "r k9d ( lead]s1 unselfi% & public spirit$4 ,:5 ! "t calls1 !y w be ready to accept & %$ a new dignity ^u ! old positions ( s*ool tru/ee1 highway eng9e]1 sanit>y inspector1 t[n%ip sup]visor1 c\nty commission]1 or ! m conspicu\s (fices ( /ate & national gov]nm5t4 ,or z pla9 citiz5s !y w l5d ^! (ficials _! active support = community & national bett]m5t4 ,,h>old ,w4 ,,foght4 ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,our ,common ,purposes 9 ,community ,life ,,ii4 ,h[ ,we ,dep5d ,^u ,"o ,ano!r 9 ,community ,life ,,iii4 ,! ,ne$ = ,coop]ation 9 ,community ,life ,,iv4 ,:y ,we ,h ,gov]nm5t ,v4 ,:at is ,citiz5%ip8 ,,vi4 ,:at is ,our ,community8 ,,vii4 ,our ,national ,community ,,viii4 ,a ,_w ,community ,,ix4 ,! ,home ,x4 ,:y ,gov]nm5t ,helps 9 ,home ,mak+ ,,xi4 ,e>n+ a ,liv+ ,,xii4 ,gov]nm5t z a ,means ( ,coop]ation 9 ,agriculture ,,xiii4 ,?rift ,,xiv4 ,! ,relation ,betwe5 ! ,p & ! ,l& ,,xv4 ,cons]v+ ,our ,natural ,res\rces ,,xvi4 ,protection ( ,prop]ty & ,prop]ty ,rights ,,xvii4 ,roads & ,transportation ,,xviii4 ,communication ,,xix4 ,education ,,xx4 ,! ,community's ,heal? ,,xxi4 ,social1 ,ae/hetic1 & ,spiritual ,wants ,,xxii4 ,dep5d5t1 ,defective1 & ,del9qu5t ,memb]s ( ! ,community ,,xxiii4 ,teamwork 9 ,taxation ,,xxiv4 ,h[ ,we ,gov]n ,ourselves ,,xxv4 ,our ,local ,gov]nm5ts ,,xxvi4 ,our ,/ate ,gov]nm5ts ,,xxvii4 ,our ,national ,gov]nm5t ,app5dix--,! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,,community ,,civics ,,*apt] ,i ,,our ,,common ,,purposes ,,9 ,,community ,,life ,,team ,,"w ,,& ,,common ,,purposes ,! mo/ important elem5t ( success 9 community life1 z 9 a ball game1 a family1 or a s*ool1 is ,,team ,,"w2 & team "w dep5ds1 fir/ ( all1 ^u a ,,common ,,purpose4 ,our nation gave an example ( team "w dur+ ! rec5t w> su* z is seldom se52 & ?is 0 be cause e memb] ( ! nation 0 ke5ly int5t on ,,w9n+4 ,we may see ! same ?+ 9 our s*ool :5 ,*ri/mas ent]ta9m5t is be+ plann$1 :5 an a?letic t\rnam5t is approa*+1 or :5 "s o!r s*ool activity is "u way 9 :i* all are deeply int]e/$4 ,x is (t5 illu/rat$ 9 our t[n1 or rural neighborhood :5 "s important ent]prise is on foot1 su* z ! build+ ( a new railroad into t[n1 a ,r$ ,cross drive & a c\nty fair1 or ! con/ruction ( a mu* ne$$ new s*oolh\se4 ,,recognition ,,( ,,common ,,purposes ,all communities h common purposes1 al?\gh !y are n always z cle>ly def9$ z :5 our nation 0 at w>1 or z 9 ! o!r cases m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph4 ,sometimes ! p ( a community1 or a l>ge portion ( !m1 seem to be :olly unconsci\s t a common purpose exi/s4 ,?is may be true ev5 9 a family or 9 a s*ool4 ,& :5 ?is happ5s1 ! effect is ! same z if !re ,,7 no common purpose4 ,no club or a?letic team c be successful unless its memb]s h a common purpose ,,& ,,und]/& ,,x4 ,ins(> z our communities are imp]fect--& none ( !m1 is p]fect--x is l>gely because _! memb]s fail to recognize or und]/& _! common purposes4 ,p 9 communities h common purposes because !y h ! same wants4 ,?is may n at fir/ seem to be true4 ,,common ,,purposes ,,due ,,to ,,common ,,wants ,if we visit a l>ge city1 we see ?rongs ( p hurry+ hi!r & ?i!r1 jo/l+ "o ano!r1 app>5tly 9 ! greate/ confusion4 ,we wond] :]e !y are all go+1 :at !y are do+1 :at !y are seek+4 ,9 rural communities or 9 small t[ns !re is less app>5t confusion ?an 9 ! bu/l+ life ( ! city4 ,yet ev5 "h x is n always easy to see common purposes & common int]e/s4 ,:e!r 9 l>ge or small communities1 we are m likely to be impress$ by ! ,,v>iety ( m5's wants & ev5 by ! ,,conflict ( _! purposes4 ,b no matt] h[ num]\s & conflict+ our wants may seem1 !y may all be gr\p$ 9 a v few important k9ds1 :i* are common to all ( u alike4 ,x w be wor?:ile to te/ ! tru? ( ?is1 because x w help u to see our community life 9 "s k9d ( ord]1 & w ?r[ a flood ( light ^u ! common purposes t control x4 ,,physical ,,wants3 ,,life ,,& ,,heal? ,= example1 we all want food1 dr9k1 & sleep1 clo?+ to protect our bodies1 & h\ses to %elt] u4 ,b all ^! ?+s supply our ,,physical wants2 t is1 !y re late to ,,life ,,& ,,heal?4 ,_m ( ! ?+s t we d e day are important because ( _! relation to our physical well-be+4 ,"o reason :y we enjoy out door sports is t !y make our blood t+le & give a s5se ( physical pleasure4 ,unless our physical wants are provid$ =1 ! o!r wants ( life _c well be satisfi$4 ,good heal? is a priceless possession4 ,m5tion "s ?+s y h done today = y\r physical welf>e4 ,,! ,,want ,,= ,,association ,,) ,,o!rs ,ano!r reason :y sports & games give pleasure is be cause ( ! association !y af=d ) o!r p4 ,,association ,,) ,,o!rs is a second great want :i* expla9s _m ( ! ?+s we d4 ,:atev] may be our o!r reasons = go+ to s*ool1 x af=ds u ! opportunity to meet & "w & play ) o!r boys & girls to our pleasure & pr(it4 ,"o ( ! objections (t5 rais$ aga9/ life 9 ! c\ntry is ! lack ( opportunity = association ) o!r p4 ,b life 9 ! c\ntry is n s isolat$ z x once 02 & "o may be v mu* alone 9 a city cr[d1 :]e ne>ly all are /rang]s to "o ano!r1 & :]e !re is v little real association among individuals4 ,city families (t5 live 9 ! same ap>tm5t h\se )\t kn[+ "o ano!r4 ,:at are "s ?+s y d especially = ! sake ( companion%ip8 ,,! ,,want ,,= ,,k ,:ile go+ to s*ool enables u to associate ) o!rs1 ! pr9cipal reason = go+ is to ga9 ,,k4 ,:e!r we always l our /udies or n1 we c]ta9ly want k1 & seek x 9 _m ways4 ,we read ! newspap] or magaz9e t comes to ! home4 ,we ask que/ions ( p>5ts & o!rs :o h _h m exp]i5ce ?an we4 ,we may travel to see new sights4 ,we exam9e ) curiosity a new ma*9e = ! f>m4 ,! discov]ies & inv5tions t m>k man's progress 9 civilization are ! result ( 8 unqu5*able ?ir/ = k4 ,m5tion "s ( ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* y seek k4 ,m5tion "s geographic & sci5tific discov]ies t h be5 made ?r\gh man's se>* = k4 ,:at is sci5ce8 ,"n "s sci5ces4 ,,! ,,want ,,= ,,beauty ,besides heal? & k & association ) o!r p1 we want surr\nd+s t are pleasant & beautiful4 ,! want = ,,beauty is sometimes m neglect$ ?an o!r wants1 b x is important1 & we all h x & seek to satisfy x 9 "s way or o!r4 ,x may be at "o "t by a walk 9 ! woods or fields1 or at o!r times by cultivat+ fl[]s1 by keep+ our room tidy1 by look+ at pictures1 or by ex]cis+ good ta/e 9 clo?+4 ,we also enjoy beauty 9 s\nd1 z ! song ( birds or music 9 ! home or s*ool4 ,9 :at ways d y provide = ?is want8 ,,! ,,religi\s ,,want ,v likely we g to *ur* on ,sunday4 ,x af=ds opportunity to enjoy association ) o!rs1 to add to our k1 & to he> beautiful music4 ,b ! *ur* s]vice is "o ( ! *ief means by :i* p satisfy ano!r ( ! great wants ( life --! ,,religi\s want4 ,individuals diff] 9 _! religi\s ideas & 9 ! dep? ( _! religi\s feel+s1 b 9 e community !re are c]ta9 ?+s t m5 d because ( x4 ,:at are "s ( ! great religions ( ! _w8 ,is religion a /rong influ5ce 9 y\r community8 ,c y m5tion any great hi/orical ev5ts t 7 due to religi\s causes8 ,,! ,,want ,,= ,,weal? ,p]haps aft] s*ool1 or on ,saturdays1 or 9 vacation "t1 we "w at tasks to e>n money1 or at lea/ help 9 occupations t contribute to ! liv+ ( ! family4 ,d\btless we h ?\ght m or less ab\t :at we are go+ to d = a liv+ aft] we leave s*ool4 ,we all h a desire to own ?+s1 to h prop]ty1 to accumulate ,,weal?4 ,?is also is "o ( ! great wants ( life4 ,we h p]haps already exp]i5c$ ! satisfaction ( rais+ our own fir/ crop ( corn or potatoes1 ( acquir+ our fir/ live/ock1 ( putt+ away or sell+ our fir/ supply ( cann$ fruits or vegetables1 ( buy+ a set ( tools1 a bicycle1 or "s books1 ( />t+ a bank acc\nt4 ,b aft] all ! *ief reason :y we want weal?1 or to make money1 is because ( :at we c d ) x4 ,x enables u to satisfy our wants4 ,e>n+ a liv+ simply means e>n+ ! ?+s t satisfy our wants 9 life4 ,make a blackbo>d li/ ( ! occupations by :i* ! p>5ts & o!r memb]s ( ! families ( ! pupils 9 ! class make a liv+4 ,make a blackbo>d li/ ( ?+s done by memb]s ( ! class to e>n money4 ,:at is y\r *oice ( occupation by :i* to make a liv+ 9 ! future8 ,:y8 ,make a blackbo>d li/ = ! :ole class4 ,,^! ,,wants ,,give ,,purpose ,,to ,,community ,,life ,! six k9ds ( wants t we h indicat$ cle>ly acc\nt = _m ( ! ?+s t we d4 ,9 fact1 ,,all ( our wants are ( "o or ano!r ( ^! k9ds & ,,ev]y?+ we d is important because ( its relation to !m4 ,we may n be ready1 yet1 to accept ?is /atem5t4 ,we may ?9k ( wants t seem at fir/ n to fall "u any ( ^! six k9ds4 ,x w d no h>m to add o!r k9ds to ! li/ if we ?9k x necess>y4 ,b1 at all ev5ts1 ! six k9ds ( wants m5tion$ are common to all ( u4 ,we live 9 communities 9 ord] to provide = !m1 & a community is good to live 9 proportion z x provides = all ( !m adequately4 ,x is ^! wants t give ,,common ,,purpose to our community life4 ,make z complete a li/ z possible ( ! ?+s y did ye/]day 7outside ( s*ool z well z 9 s*ool74 ,!n ext5d ! li/ to include ! m important ?+s done dur+ ! entire week4 ,write ! six wants across ! top ( a page ( y\r notebook or a %eet ( pap]3 ,heal? ,k ,association ,beauty ,religion ,weal? ,arrange ! activities 9 y\r li/ 9 ! six columns accord+ to ! wants :i* !y satisfy4 ,if any activity cle>ly satisfies m ?an "o ( ! wants1 write x d[n 9 ,,ea* ( ! prop] columns4 ,:i* column is ! longe/8 :i* comes next8 :i* is ! %orte/8 ,is y\r longe/ column also ! longe/ 9 ! li/s made by o!r memb]s ( y\r class8 ,comp>e y\r o!r columns ) ^? ( y\r classmates4 ,:i* wants seem to keep y busie/8 ,:i* d y ?9k is mo/ important8 ,:y8 ,discuss ?is "q 9 class4 ,d y all agree 9 reg>d to ?is po9t8 ,if any ( ! activities 9 y\r li/ are = ! purpose ( e>n+ money1 tell = :at y expect to sp5d ! money4 ,%[ h[ ! ?+s y expect to buy ) y\r money w help to satisfy y\r o!r five wants4 ,= :i* ( ^! six wants d y sp5d ! mo/ "t 9 provid+8 y\r fa!r8 y\r "m8 ,if !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! ?ree answ]s1 :y is x8 ,d y h difficulty 9 classify+ any ( ! ?+s y d1 or t y see o!rs d1 "u any ( ! six heads8 ,make note ( ^! ?+s &1 z y\r /udy proce$s1 see if ! difficulty ( classification is remov$4 ,suppose a boy is a ,,bully3 :at wants does he satisfy by 8 bully+ conduct8 ,suppose a boy or a girl is ambiti\s to become a ,,lead]1 ei!r among pres5t companions or lat] 9 social life1 bus9ess1 or politics3 "u :i* head or heads w\ld y place ?is ambition8 ,a boy wants to enli/ 9 ! army1 or a girl z an army nurse3 d ^! wants come "u any ( ! six heads8 ,w\ld y1 aft] y\r discussion ( ^! topics1 add any o!r gr\p or k9d ( wants to ! six m5tion$8 ,if s1 :at w\ld y call x8 ,e "o wants ,,happ9ess4 ,:y is x n necess>y to make a special gr\p "u ?is head8 ,make a li/ ( ?+s done 9 y\r home to provide = ea* ( ! six wants4 ,:at is done 9 y\r s*ool to provide = ! want = heal?8 = beauty8 = association ) o!rs8 = ! religi\s want8 ,has y\r s*ool "w any relation to y\r desire to make a liv+8 ,is x ! bus9ess ( ! s*ool to provide = all ^! ?+s z well z = ! want = k8 ,make a li/ ( a few ?+s done 9 y\r community outside ( ! home & s*ool to provide = ea* ( ! six wants4 ,?9k ( some?+ 9 :i* y\r entire community is deeply int]e/$1 su* z ! improvem5t ( ! roads1 or ! build+ ( a new high s*ool1 or a c\nty fair1 & expla9 :at wants x provides =4 ,:at wants d ! foll[+ ?+s provide =3 rural mail deliv]y2 wea!r reports2 a corn club 7or a simil> club72 a s*ool g>d52 a libr>y2 ! telephone2 a hospital2 a p>5t- tea*] association8 ,,! ,,purpose ,,( ,,democracy ,we may (t5 he> our common purposes z communities or z a nation /at$ 9 diff]5t t]ms ?an ^? sugge/$ 9 ! p>agraphs above4 ,= example1 ,frankl9 ,k4 ,lane1 ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior dur+ ! w>1 said1 ,our national purpose is to transmute days ( dre>y "w into happi] lives--= ourselves fir/ & = all o!rs 9 _! "t4 ,aga91 ,presid5t ,wilson said t our purpose 9 ent]+ ! _w w> 0 to help make ! _w safe = democracy4 ,al?\gh ^! two /atem5ts read diff]5tly1 !y mean v mu* ! same ?+2 & !y bo? ref] 9 g5]al t]ms to ! ?+s ?is *apt] discusses 9 m famili> & express t]ms4 ,= happi] lives c only result f a m complete satisfaction ( our common wants4 ,our own happ9ess comes f ! satisfaction ( our own wants ,,& ,,f ,,help+ ,,to ,,satisfy ,,! ,,wants ,,( ,,o!rs4 ,& democracy means1 9 "p1 t ! ,,common ,,wants ,,( ,,all %all be prop]ly provid$ =4 ,9 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce we read3 ,,we ,,hold ,,^! ,,tru?s ,,to ,,be ,,self-,,evid5t1 ,,t ,,all ,,m5 ,,are ,,creat$ ,,equal ,,t ,,!y ,,are ,,end[$ ,,by ,,_! ,,creator ,,) ,,c]ta9 ,,unali5able ,,rights1 ,,t ,,among ,,^! ,,are ,,life1 ,,lib]ty ,,& ,,! ,,pursuit ,,( ,,happ9ess4 ,,our ,,unali5able ,,rights ,! /atem5t t all m5 are creat$ equal has tr\bl$ _m p :5 !y h ?\ght ( ! obvi\s inequalities t exi/ 9 natural ability & opportunity4 ,b :atev] inequalities may exi/1 p are absolutely equal 9 _! ,,"r to satisfy ! wants describ$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,^! are ! unali5able rights :i* ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce sums up 9 ! phrase life1 lib]ty & ! pursuit ( happ9ess4 ,t community is be/ to live 9 t mo/ ne>ly provides equal opportunity = all its citiz5s to enjoy ^! rights4 ,f ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce to ! pres5t day1 our great national purpose has be5 to increase ?is opportunity1 ev5 ?\gh at times we h app>5tly n be5 consci\s ( x1 & ev5 ?\gh we h fall5 %ort ( its fulfillm5t4 ,"o ( ! *ief objects ( our /udy is to f9d out h[ our communities are seek+ to accompli% ?is purpose4 ,! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce did n m5tion ! que/ions ( our day4 ,x is ( no consequ5ce to u unless we c translate its g5]al t]ms into examples ( ! pres5t day & sub/itute !m 9 "s vital way = ! examples x itself gives1 s concrete1 s intimately involv$ 9 ! circum/ances ( ! day 9 :i* x 0 conceiv$ & writt54 ,x is an em95tly practical docum5t1 meant = ! use ( practical m5 444 ,unless we c translate x into ! que/ions ( our own day1 we are n wor?y ( x1 we are n sons ( ! sires :o act$ 9 response to its *all5ge4-- ,woodr[ ,wilson1 9 ,! ,new ,fre$om1 pp4 #dh1 #di4 ,a & ,b are two boys ( ! same age4 ,"o 0 born 9 a ri* family1 & "o 9 a v poor family4 ,s f> z ?is accid5t ( bir? is conc]n$1 h !y equal ,,opportunity to satisfy ! wants ( life8 ,h !y an equal ,,"r to heal?8 to an education8 to pleasant surr\nd+s8 to e>n a good liv+8 ,suppose ,a is a ,native ,am]ican boy1 & ,b a =eign-born boy :o speaks a =eign language3 does ?is make any diff]5ce 9 _! ,,"r to life & heal?1 an education1 etc48 ,does x make any diff]5ce 9 _! ,,opportunity to satisfy _! wants 9 ^! directions8 ,c y ?9k ( p]sons 9 y\r community :o h less ,,opportunity to satisfy _! wants ?an y h8 ,c y ?9k ( any p]sons :o h less ,,"r to satisfy _! wants ?an y h8 ,! fir/ t5 am5dm5ts to ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates comprise :at is kn[n z a bill ( rights4 ,/udy toge!r 9 class ?is bill ( rights 7see ,app5dix7 to see h[ _m ( ! wants describ$ 9 ?is *apt] are !re1 provid$ = directly & indirectly4 ,has y\r /ate con/itution a bill ( rights8 ,if s1 read x toge!r 9 class = ! same purpose z sugge/$ 9 ! la/ "q4 ,,read+s ,preamble ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7see ,app5dix74 ,! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,dunn1 ,ar?ur ,w41 ,! ,community & ! ,citiz51 ,*apt]s1 i1 iv4 7,hea?74 ,tufts1 ,james ,h41 ,! ,real ,bus9ess ( ,liv+ 7,h5ry ,holt ,co471 ,*apt] xxxix1 7,democracy z ,equality74 ,van ,dyke1 ,h5ry1 ,equality ( ,opportunity1 9 ,long's ,am]ican ,patriotic ,prose1 pp4 #caa1 #cab 7,hea?74 ,see ! note on ref]5ce mat]ials 9 ! ,introduction to ?is book4 ,x %\ld become a ,,habit ( bo? tea*] & pupils to be on ! con/ant look\t = news items & discussions 9 available newspap]s & p]iodicals illu/rative ( ! po9ts made 9 ea* *apt] or lesson4 ,individual scrapbooks may be made1 b m important ?an ?is is ! assembl+ ( su* mat]ial z a class ent]prise1 its classification "u prop] heads1 & its pres]vation 9 scrapbooks or 9 files z work+ mat]ial = succe$+ classes4 ,!re w always be en\gh = ea* class to d1 :ile ea* class at ! same "t contributes to ! success ( ! "w ( lat] classes4 ,! idea ( ,,s]vice %\ld dom9ate su* "w4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,h[ ,,we ,,dep5d ,,^u ,,"o ,,ano!r ,,9 ,,community ,,life ,,int]dep5d5ce ,,an ,,important ,,fact ,no?+ c\ld be fre] ?an air4 ,b ev5 z we sit 9 our s*oolroom1 :e!r or n we get all ! pure air we ne$1 dep5ds ^u h[ ! s*oolh\se 0 built = v5tilation1 ! numb] ( p :o occupy ! room1 ! c>e t is tak5 by o!rs to keep ! room free f du/1 ! heal? & cleanl9ess ( ^? :o sit 9 ! room ) u4 ,if ?is dep5d5ce ^u o!rs is true 9 ! case ( ! v air we brea!1 h[ mu* m true x mu/ be ( o!r necessities ( life t are n s abundant4 ,?is dep5d5ce ( p ^u "o ano!r = ! satisfaction ( _! wants is "o ( ! mo/ important facts ab\t community life4 ,x is n m]ely t ,a & ,b h ! ,,same wants1 b t ,a is dep5d5t ^u ,b1 & ,b ^u ,a1 = ! satisfaction ( _! wants1 t makes _! wants ,,common4 ,m5tion ! p1 bo? inside & outside ( y\r home1 :o _h a %>e 9 provid+ = y ! food y _h = breakfa/ or d9n]4 ,m5tion all ! work]s t occur to y :o h be5 employ$ 9 produc+ ! clo?+ y we>2 ! book y are read+2 ! mat]ials ( :i* y\r h\se is built4 ,%[ h[ ! p :o produce ^! ?+s are dep5d5t ^u y\r wants = _! livelihood4 ,%[ t y are dep5d5t ^u o!r p = y\r education2 = recreation4 ,are o!r p dep5d5t ^u y\r education = _! welf>e8 ,are o!rs dep5d5t on y = _! recreation8 ,,indep5d5ce ,,( ,,! ,,pione] ,! f>m]'s life is (t5 spok5 ( z an indep5d5t life4 ,8 indep5d5ce 0 c]ta9ly mu* m complete 9 pione] days ?an x is n[4 ,9 reg>d to ! e>ly days ( ,indiana1 x has be5 said3 ,give ! pione] f>m] an axe & an aug]1 or 9 place ( ! la/ a burn+ iron1 & he c\ld make almo/ any ma*9e t he 0 wont to "w )4 ,) 8 %>p axe he c\ld n only cut ! logs = 8 cab9 & not* !m d[n1 b he c\ld make a close-fitt+ door & supply x ) wood5 h+es & a neat lat*4 ,f ! roots ( an oak or a% he c\ld fa%ion 8 hames & sl$ runn]s2 he c\ld make an axle-tree = 8 wagon1 a rake1 a flax brake1 a b>r[1 a scy!-sna?1 a gra9 cradle a pit*=k1 a loom1 a reel1 a wa%bo>d1 a /ool1 a *air1 a table1 a b$/ead1 a dress]1 & a cradle 9 :i* to rock ! baby4 ,if he 0 m ?an ord9>ily clev]1 he repair$ 8 own coop]age1 & add+ a draw+ knife to 8 kit ( tools1 he ev5 w5t s f> z to make 8 own casks1 tubs1 & buckets4 ,he made & m5d$ 8 own %oes4 ,footnote3 ,quot$ 9 ,pione] ,indianapolis1 by ,ida ,/e>ns ,/ickney1 p4 #aa 7,bobbs-,m]rill ,co41 ,indianapolis74 ,we also read t 9 e>ly ,new ,engl&3 ,e f>mh\se 0 a manufactory1 n ( "o k9d ( goods1 b ( _m4 ,all day long 9 ! *amb] or attic ! s\nd ( ! sp9n+-:eel & loom c\ld be he>d4 ,c>pets1 %awls1 b$spreads1 tablecov]s1 t[els1 & clo? = g>m5ts 7 made f mat]ials made on ! f>m4 ,! kit*5 ( ! h\se 0 a bak]'s %op1 a confection]'s e/abli%m5t1 & a *emi/'s laboratory4 ,e k9d ( food = imm$iate use 0 prep>$ !re daily2 & on special occasions sausages1 head *eese1 pickles1 apple butt]1 & pres]ves 7 made4 ,x 0 also ! place :]e soap1 c&les1 & v9eg> 7 manufactur$4 ,agricultural implem5ts 7 !n few & simple1 & f>m]s made z _m ( !m z !y c\ld4 ,e f>mh\se 0 a cream]y & *eese factory4 ,z !re 7 no sew+ ma*9es1 ! f>m]'s wife & daught]s _h to ply ! h& ne$le mo/ ( ! "t :5 !y 7 n engag$ 9 m labori\s pursuits4 ,dur+ ! long ev5+s !y g5]ally knit socks & mitt5s or made rag c>pets4 ,footnote3 ,n\rse1 ,agricultural ,economics1 p #fd1 f ,! ,f>m]'s ,*ang$ ,conditions1 by ,rodney ,wel%1 9 ! ,=um1 x1 #fhi-ib 7,feb41 #ahia74 ,,! ,,price ,,( ,,indep5d5ce ,b ev5 "u su* conditions z ^? describ$1 ! f>m] & 8 family 7 n :olly indep5d5t4 ,ev5 ,rob9son ,crusoe on 8 lonely isl& 0 dep5d5t ^u ! tools & equipm5t t he sav$ f %ipwrecks1 & t 7 ! product ( o!r m5's labor4 ,s1 also1 ! pione] f>m] _h to ma9ta9 "s k9d ( relation1 h[ev] infrequ5t & slight1 ) ! outside _w4 ,moreov]1 he _h to pay = 8 comp>ative indep5d5ce by _m privations4 ,he _h all ! wants describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 b he _h to provide = !m 9 ! simple/ way possible1 & (t5 !y 7 h>dly provid$ = at all4 ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,int]dep5d5ce ,z soon z a numb] ( p come to live toge!r1 ev5 9 a pione] community1 x is likely t "s memb]s w h a knack = do+ c]ta9 ?+s ( use to ! community bett] ?an o!rs c d !m4 ,?us "o man may be especially skillful 9 mak+ axe h&les4 ,9 "t1 ! entire community comes to dep5d ^u him = its axe h&les4 ,9 addition1 he probably makes o!r tools & does repair "w ( all k9ds4 ,?is requires s mu* ( 8 "t t he does little or no f>m+1 & dep5ds ^u o!rs = 8 food supply4 ,s 9 a c\rse ( "t ! community has its blacksmi?s1 c>p5t]s1 %oe-mak]s1 tea*]s1 /orekeep]s & doctors ^u :om x dep5ds = _! special k9ds ( s]vice1 :ile ea* ( !m dep5ds ^u o!rs to supply ! wants t he has nei!r ! "t nor ! skill to supply = himself4 ,?us int]dep5d5ce develops 9 ! simple/ communities4 ,,! ,,dep5d5ce ,,on ,,o!rs ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,f>m] ,! f>m] /ill does _m ?+s on ! f>m t 9 ! city w\ld be done by special work]s1 su* z repair+ h\ses1 b>ns1 & tools4 ,b he has become va/ly m dep5d5t ^u o!rs ?an =m]ly4 ,?is is due p>tly to improv$ f>m+ me?ods1 requir+ ! use ( complicat$ ma*9es & great] te*nical k2 & p>tly to improv$ means ( transportation & communication :i* br+ him 9 close t\* ) trade c5t]s4 ,if a f>m] ne$s a new axe h&le1 he c get a bett] "o ) less exp5diture ( "t & ef=t by go+ to t[n 9 8 automobile ?an if he made x himself4 ,8 f>m ma*9]y is too complicat$ = him to repair except 9 small matt]s1 & ev5 !n he mu/ g or s5d to t[n = ! necess>y p>ts1 :i* may be s5t to him by p>cel po/4 ,n only does he get bett] tools & s]vices g5]ally ?r\gh ?is reliance ^u o!rs :o are speciali/s 9 _! l9es1 b also on acc\nt ( x has m "t to give to ! actual bus9ess ( f>m+1 = :i* o!rs dep5d ^u him1 & leisure = ?\ghtful /udy ( 8 problems1 = social life1 & = recreation4 ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,self-,,reliance ,x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t reliance ^u o!rs may be c>ri$ s f> z to result 9 loss or disadvantage4 ,self-reliance is "o ( ! mo/ admirable traits ( "*4 ,! pione] f>m] possess$ x f necessity to a rem>kable ext5t4 ,a habit ( dep5d+ ^u o!rs may quickly cause a p]son to lose ! knack ( do+ ?+s = himself1 to become less h&y ab\t ! place1 & less ?rifty ab\t keep+ ?+s 9 repair or in/all+ small improvem5ts--! ca/+ ( a cem5t tr\gh1 m5d+ ! h>ness or ! f5ce or pa9t+ ! b>n4 ,,:o ,,makes ,,our ,,%oes ,! int]dep5d5ce ( p 9 community life to-day may be illu/rat$ by />t+ ) "s ( our own ne$s1 z 0 sugge/$ 9 ! topics on page #ab4 ,= example1 if we ne$ a pair ( %oes1 we mu/ h money1 :i* we w suppose t we e>n by f>m+4 ,9 ord] to f>m successfully we mu/ h ma*9]y4 ,?is we also buy 9 t[n2 b x is manufactur$ = u 9 di/ant city factories f metals procur$ f m9es & f wood f ! =e/4 ,! %oes b\ght at ! /ore 7 also made 9 a factory employ+ hundr$s ( m5 & wom51 p]haps 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,!y 7 made f lea!r f ! hides ( cattle rais$ 9 ! f> we/1 or p]haps ev5 9 ! ,arg5t9e ,republic4 ,! lea!r is tann$ by ano!r indu/ry1 & tann+ requires ! use ( an acid f ! b>k ( c]ta9 trees f ! =e/4 ,! mak+ ( ! %oes also requires ma*9]y :i* is made by /ill o!r ma*9es1 ! necess>y metals com+ f m9es4 ,to smelt ! metals & to run ! factories !re mu/ be fuel f o!r m9es4 ,mean:ile ! work]s 9 all ^! indu/ries mu/ be f$ & clo!d & h\s$4 ,?is means ! "w ( f>m]s1 food pack]s1 mill]s & bak]s1 lumb]m51 c>p5t]s1 cotton & wool5 mills1 clo?+ factories1 & _m o!rs4 ,at e /age transportation ent]s 91--by team & automobile truck1 by railway1 by wat]4 ,^! are only a "p ( ! activities necess>y 9 ord] t we may h a pair ( %oes4 ,x w\ld seem t practically e k9d ( work] & indu/ry 9 ! _w _h some?+ to d ) x4 ,p 9 communities today are inde$ v int]dep5d5t4 ,! foll[+ item appe>$ 9 a newspap]3 ,,held ,,back ,,by ,,neighbors ,f>m] ,is ,limit$ by ,conditions 9 ,community ,! av]age f>m] is limit$ 9 ! *anges he c make 9 8 f>m bus9ess by ! f>m practices ( ! community 9 :i* he is liv+4 ,!re are f>m]s 9 e community :o w\ld l to *ange _! sy/ems ( agriculture b are re/ra9$ f do+ s by ! fact t _! neighbors w n *ange4 ,_m f>m]s h tri$ to *ange f "o type ( f>m+ to ano!r bett] suit$ to ! region1 b fail$ because ! co/ ( runn+ su* an entirely indep5d5t bus9ess 0 too great4 ,a man own+ an or*>d 9 a locality :]e !re are no o!r or*>ds has tr\ble gett+ rid ( 8 crop4 ,ev5 :5 ! f>m] is s =tunate z to get buy]s1 he g5]ally receives a l[] price = ! same grade ( fruit ?an w\ld be receiv$ 9 a g5]al apple-gr[+ region4 ,if a man wants to buy sev]al purebr$ ,hol/e9 c[s1 he g5]ally goes to a locality :]e a l>ge numb] ( f>m]s keep t k9d ( /ock4 ,(t5 !re is a man 9 8 own community :o has = sale ,hol/e9s t are j z highly br$ z ^? 9 o!r di/ricts1 b he ei!r has no m>ket = !m or mu/ sell !m at a greatly r$uc$ price4 ,! f>m] ought n to ?9k on acc\nt ( ^! facts t he %\ld n *ange 8 sy/em ( f>m+ j because 8 neighbors d n d likewise4 ,probably ! be/ way = a f>m] to />t su* a movem5t is to ar\se ! int]e/ ( 8 neighbors 9 8 f>m+ op]ations4 ,z soon z ?is has be5 accompli%$ he c gradually br+ ab\t ! *ange t he advocates4 ,f>m]s 9 a community pr(it f ! exp]i5ces ( o!r individuals4 ,,:at ,,gives ,,value ,,to ,,l& ,! value ( a man's prop]ty is dep5d5t n ^u 8 ef=ts alone1 b ^u :at 8 neighbors d4 ,! l& occupi$ by a pione] increases 9 value z o!r p settle 9 ! neighborhood1 & ,,because !y settle !re4 ,m5 (t5 buy l& & !n simply wait = x to increase 9 value because ( improvem5ts 9 ! neighborhood4 ,! prop]ty t we own may increase or decrease 9 value accord+ to ! c>e t neighbors take ( _! prop]ty4 ,ev5 if we take good c>e ( our prop]ty1 x w be less valuable if ! neighbors let _! f5ces & build+s run d[n & ! we$s gr[ ?an x w be if !y keep _! f5ces & build+s 9 good repair & _! we$s cut4 ,,int]dep5d5ce ,,9 ,,heal? ,mal>ia is c>ri$ by mosquitoes1 & we "k t mosquitoes bre$ 9 /&+ wat]1 z 9 swamps & 9 old b>rels or t9 cans t hold ra9wat] until x becomes /agnant4 ,n[ we may endeavor to get rid ( mosquitoes1 & ?us ( mal>ia1 by remov+ all op5 receptacles ( wat] ab\t our premises & by dra9+ ! m>%es on our l&2 b unless our neighbors d ! same1 we are n mu* bett] (f ?an we 7 be=e4 ,give o!r illu/rations to %[ ! dep5d5ce ( p ^u "o ano!r 9 y\r community4 ,comp>e ! f>m] ( to-day 9 y\r neighborhood ) ! pione] ( ,indiana describ$ on page #ad ) respect to 8 equipm5t1 skill 9 mak+ ?+s & k9ds ( implem5ts us$4 ,comp>e ! av]age f>m]'s home 9 y\r neighborhood to-day ) t ( ! ,new ,engl& f>m] describ$ on page #ad ) respect to h\sehold activities4 ,are f>m]s 9 y\r neighborhood to-day m or less dep5d5t ^u o!rs to supply _! wants ?an !y 7 :5 y\r p>5ts 7 *ildr58 ,:y is x8 ,get all ! in=mation y c f y\r p>5ts on ?is po9t4 ,:i* is m dep5d5t ^u o!rs = its daily wants3 a family t lives on a f>m 9 y\r neighborhood or "o t lives 9 t[n8 ,give examples to prove y\r answ]4 ,d y "k cases 9 y\r own community :]e l& has increas$ 9 value :ile ly+ idle8 ,:at are ! reasons8 ,d y "k ( cases 9 y\r community :]e prop]ty has depreciat$ 9 value because ( neighborhood influ5ces su* z sugge/$ on page #ah8 ,d y "k ( cases 9 y\r community simil> to ! "o describ$ on page #ag "u ! head+ ,held ,back by ,neighbors8 ,expla94 7,consult at home47 ,,unexpect$ ,,results ,,( ,,int]dep5d5ce ,we d n always realize h[ dep5d5t we are ^u "o ano!r until some?+ happ5s to di/urb our accu/om$ relations4 ,we be/ realize our dep5d5ce ^u ! telephone :5 x is out ( ord]4 ,! rec5t great w> produc$ conditions t made u consci\s ( our int]dep5d5ce 9 unexpect$ ways4 ,= example1 if we _h gone into a /ore to buy und]we> 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! w>1 we w\ld h f\nd t ! price _h greatly increas$1 & we might h be5 told1 if ! salesman 7 well in=m$1 t ! high price 0 due to ! manufacture ( airplanes6 ,! explanation is t ! wire /ays us$ 9 ! manufacture ( airplanes are made ( /eel wire f :i* ma*9e knitt+ ne$les are also made4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! w> all ( ! available wire ( ?is k9d 0 tak5 = airplanes1 ?us limit+ ! supply ( knitt+ ne$les & consequ5tly ( knit goods4 ,! manufacture ( airplanes is also said to h affect$ ! price ( fi%6 ,! nets us$ = cat*+ c]ta9 deep-sea fi%1 su* z cod1 mu/ be made ( l951 :i* is invisible 9 wat]4 ,! l95 :i* _h be5 us$ = ?is purpose sudd5ly came into great dem& = ! manufacture ( airplane w+s4 ,s9ce airplanes 7 necess>y1 l95 fi%+ nets 7 sacrific$ & ! price ( deep-sea fi% w5t up4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 creat$ a dem& = o!r k9ds ( fi%1 & ! price ( ! latt] also w5t up4 ,,conflicts ,,due ,,to ,,int]dep5d5ce ,:5 p are s closely dep5d5t ^u "o ano!r conflicts are likely to occur4 ,sometimes !y are due to selfi% disreg>d by "s p]sons ( ! rights & int]e/s ( o!rs2 b m (t5 !y are due simply to failure to see :at ! real results ( a p>ticul> act may be & h[ x may affect o!r p4 ,x 0 n dream$ t ! build+ ( airplanes w\ld affect ! price ( und]we> & fi%1 & x 0 only aft] c>eful inve/igation t ! relation betwe5 ^! ?+s 0 discov]$4 ,a family t is c>eless 9 ! disposal ( refuse f ! h\sehold & /ables may unconsci\sly poison ! wells ( neighbors half a mile away4 ,sometimes m5 oppose public improvem5ts1 su* z bett] roads1 or a new s*oolh\se1 because !y see only ! direct co/s ( ! improvem5ts1 & fail to see ! m important losses to !mselves & to ! community if ! improvem5ts are n made4 ,,dang] ,,( ,,ha/y ,,judgm5ts ,"o ?+ we may le>n f su* facts z ^! is ! dang] ( =m+ ha/y judgm5ts ab\t ?+s t happ51 or conditions t exi/1 or proposals t are made1 9 our community life4 ,ev5 ^? conditions or ev5ts t are app>5tly mo/ simple may be relat$ to o!r conditions & ev5ts t are n at fir/ app>5t4 ,wise judgm5t & wise action are dep5d5t ^u ! mo/ complete k obta9able4 ,we %all see1 z we proce$ ) our /udy1 h[ ?is fact ( int]dep5d5ce appe>s 9 e phase ( our community life4 ,f obs]vation 9 y\r own community1 give illu/rations to %[ h[ p1 9 attempt+ to satisfy _! own wants1 may int]f]e ) ! ef=ts ( o!rs to satisfy !irs4 ,! foll[+ are giv5 z sugge/ions3 ,an employ] & ^? :om he employs4 ,a man :o owns a h\se or f>m & ! t5ant to :om he r5ts x4 ,a man :o keeps a liv]y /able adjo9+ a s*oolh\se4 ,a groc] :o displays 8 goods on ! sidewalk 7especially food products74 ,m5 :o raise cattle & ^? :o raise %eep on ! we/]n ranges4 ,a boy :o raises *ick5s & "o :o has a g>d5 adjo9+4 ,suppose a s*oolmate comes to s*ool ) measles or "s o!r contagi\s disease4 ,h[ may ?is affect y\r s*oolwork8 y\r association ) y\r fri5ds8 ,h[ may x ev5 add to y\r fa!r's exp5ses8 ,%[ t y\r s*oolmates are z dep5d5t ^u y z y are ^u !m4 ,is ! community 9 :i* y live dep5d5t ^u y 9 any way8 ,give illu/rations4 ,taxpay]s l to keep ! tax rate z l[ z possible4 ,9 _! int]e/ 9 do+ ?is1 is x possible t !y might int]f]e ) y\r gett+ a good education 9 favorable surr\nd+s8 ,expla94 ,:o are ! taxpay]s8 ,we (t5 he> ( self-made m54 ,:at does x mean8 ,c a man be entirely self-made8 ,does a *ild become m or less dep5d5t ^u o!rs z he gr[s old]8 ,expla9 y\r answ]4 ,%[ t z a p]son becomes m self-dep5d5t o!r p become m dep5d5t ^u him2 = example1 9 ! home1 & 9 s*ool4 ,wat* ! newspap]s = items illu/rat+ int]dep5d5ce1 or conflicts due to x4 ,,read+s ,lessons 9 ,community & ,national ,life 7see note on ref]5ce mat]ials 9 ,introduction7 ,s]ies ,a3 ,lesson #a1 ,"s fundam5tal aspects ( social organization4 ,lesson #b1 ,! we/]n pione]4 ,s]ies ,b3 ,lesson #a1 ,! effect ( ! w> on comm]ce 9 nitrate4 ,lesson #b1 ,! v>i$ occupations ( a colonial f>m4 ,lesson #ab1 ,imp]sonality ( mod]n life4 ,s]ies ,c3 ,lesson #a1 ,! w> & a]oplanes4 ,lesson #b1 ,sp9n+ & dye+ 9 colonial times4 ,lesson #i1 ,inv5tions4 ,lesson #aa1 ,! effects ( ma*9]y on rural life4 ,dunn1 ,ar?ur ,w41 ,! ,community & ! ,citiz51 ,*apt]s i1 v4 ,tufts1 ,james ,h41 ,! ,real ,bus9ess ( ,liv+1 ,*apt] xxxi 7,problems ( c\ntry life74 ,e>le1 ,alice ,morse1 ,home ,life 9 ,colonial ,days 7,macmillan74 ,f9ley1 ,john ,h41 ,pa?s ( ! ,pione]s1 9 ,long's ,am]ican ,patriotic ,prose1 pp4 #a-d4 ,pione] /ories f any available s\rce1 especially local hi/ory /ories4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,ne$ ,,= ,,coop]ation ,,9 ,,community ,,life ,,! ,,ne$ ,,= ,,teamwork ,:5 p h common purposes & are dep5d5t ^u "o ano!r 9 accompli%+ !m1 !re mu/ be ,,coop]ation1 :i* is ano!r "n = teamwork4 ,a team ( horses t does n pull toge!r c n haul a heavy load4 ,a baseball team1 ?\gh compos$ ( good play]s1 w seldom w9 games unless its teamwork is good4 ,a few soldi]s may easily disp]se a l>ge mob because !y h teamwork1 :ile a mob usually does n4 ,?is pr9ciple ( pull+ toge!r1 teamwork1 or coop]ation1 is ( ! greate/ importance 9 community life4 ,!re c be no real community life )\t x4 ,,simple ,,types ,,( ,,coop]ation ,9 ! e>ly days !re 7 b>n rais+s1 :5 neighbors came toge!r to help "o ( _! numb] to raise 8 b>n2 & all ! m5 ( a pione] community contribut$ _! labor 9 build+ ! community *ur* or s*oolh\se4 ,?is 0 a simple =m ( coop]ation4 ,x may be se5 n[ at ?re%+ "t1 :5 neighbor+ f>m]s comb9e to ?re% ! gra9 ( ea*1 ! same gr\p ( m5 & ! same ?re%+ ma*9e do+ ! "w = all4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture reports t3 ,9 a gr\p ( #ad f>m]s situat$ 9 a community 9 "o ( ! be/ f>m+ regions 9 ! corn belt1 444 x 0 f\nd t #e m5 out ( ! #ad fail$ to get all _! corn plant$ by ! la/ week 9 ,may4 ,!y _h work$ z h>d & z /eadily at t op]ation z _h _! neighbors1 b !y 7 delay$ by "o cause or ano!r1 su* z lack ( labor or teams1 or 7 h&l+ a l>g] acreage ?an _! equipm5t w\ld all[ !m to h&le satisfactorily4 ,9 ?is same community 7 #c m5 :o complet$ all _! plant+ op]ations be=e ! #bj? ( ,may1 & #e o!rs :o complet$ _! "w by ! #be? ( ,may4 444 ,if all ^! m5 _h consid]$ t corn plant+ 0 a national necessity & _h pool$ _! ef=ts1 all ( ! corn on all ! f>ms c\ld h be5 plant$ )9 ! mo/ favorable "t4 ,footnote3 ,! ,f>m ,labor ,problem1 ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,(fice ( ! ,secret>y1 ,circul> ,no4 #aab1 p4 #e4 ,give o!r illu/rations ( ?is sort ( coop]ation f ! f>m or community life ( y\r neighborhood4 ,give illu/rations ( su* teamwork among boys & girls4 ,give illu/rations ( ! failure ( ent]prises 9 :i* y h be5 int]e/$ because ( a lack ( teamwork4 ,:y is x an advantage = ! f>m]s to use "o ?re%+ ma*9e = all ! ?re%+ ( ! neighborhood in/ead ( ea* f>m] hav+ 8 own ma*9e8 ,,organiz$ ,,coop]ation ,,& ,,lead]%ip ,z communities gr[ & ! p become m dep5d5t ^u "o ano!r1 & especially :5 x becomes h>d to see h[ "o ?+ t happ5s may affect o!rs1 z %[n 9 ,*apt] ,,ii1 coop]ation becomes m difficult1 b x becomes ev5 m necess>y4 ,x ne$s to be ,,organiz$1 & x ne$s ,,lead]%ip4 ,! exp]i5ce ( fruit gr[]s 9 ,cali=nia af=ds a good illu/ration ( ?is4 ,:5 !y act$ indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r1 !y (t5 _h difficulty 9 dispos+ ( _! product to advantage4 ,sometimes x rott$ on ! gr\nd4 ,z individuals !y did n h ! means ( le>n+ :]e ! be/ m>kets 74 ,!y _h to make _! own t]ms sep>ately ) ! railroads = transportation & s9ce !y %ipp$ 9 small quantities1 !y paid high freight rates4 ,!y _h no adequate means ( /or+ fruit :ile x 0 await+ %ipm5t4 ,!y 7 dep5d5t ^u commission m]*ants 9 ! cities = su* prices z !y c\ld get1 :i* 7 (t5 practically no?+ at all4 ,^! & o!r difficulties t made fruit gr[+ unpr(itable 7 ov]come by ! organization ( fruit gr[]s' associations1 9 :i* ea* gr[] may become a memb] by pur*as+ %>es ( /ock4 ,! memb]s elect f _! numb] a ,,bo>d ,,( ,,directors1 :o 9 turn appo9t a ,,bus9ess ,,manag] :o gives 8 entire att5tion to ! association's bus9ess4 ,! association has c5tral (fices & /orage & pack+ h\ses4 ,! manag] keeps 9 close t\* ) m>ket conditions1--:]e ! dem& = fruit is greate/1 ! k9ds ( fruit want$1 ! be/ prices paid4 ,he contracts = ! sale ( fruit at fair prices4 ,%ipp+ 9 l>ge quantities1 he gets ! advantage ( l[ rates on fa/ freight tra9s ) refrig]ator c>s4 ,uni=m me?ods ( pack+ fruit are adopt$1 sometimes ! fruit be+ pack$ at ! c5tral pack+ h\se4 ,in=mation is di/ribut$ z to ! be/ me?ods ( gr[+ fruit1 ! be/ v>ieties to gr[1 & s on4 ,on ! o!r h&1 supplies & provisions are b\ght 9 l>ge quantities1 secur+ ! be/ quality at ! l[e/ prices4 ,,volunt>y ,,coop]ation ,,9 ,,cities ,9 cities !re are almo/ innum]able organizations by :i* gr\ps ( p coop]ate = "o purpose or ano!r4 ,m5 9 ! same l9e ( bus9ess or 9 ! same pr(ession organize to promote _! common int]e/s4 ,!re are bo>ds ( trade1 *amb]s ( comm]ce1 m]*ants' & manufactur]s' associations4 ,lawy]s h _! b> associations1 physicians _! m$ical associations4 ,!re are associations ( tea*]s1 & "w m5 9 ! v>i\s trades h _! unions4 ,besides su* bus9ess & pr(essional organizations1 !re are clubs & associations ( all sorts = m51 = wom51 & ev5 = *ildr51 "s ( !m educational1 "s social or recreational1 "s philan?ropic1 "s religi\s4 ,:]e !re are s _m p int]e/$ 9 ! same ?+1 :]e x is easy = !m to meet toge!r1 & :]e compet5t lead]%ip is =?com+1 x is q ! usual ?+ to organize = unit$ action4 ,,coop]ation ,,9 ,,rural ,,communities ,9 agricultural communities coop]ation has develop$ m sl[ly4 ,f>m]s h be5 too isolat$ f "o ano!r to make organization easy1 !y h n fully realiz$ its advantages1 & !y h lack$ lead]%ip4 ,?is has be5 an ob/acle to ! fulle/ developm5t ( community life4 ,! mo/ backw>d communities are ^? :]e !re is ! lea/ coop]ation4 ,9 su* communities ! f>m] works s+le-h&$1 gett+ no /r5g? f jo9t action or comb9$ ef=t4 ,b all ?is is *ang+4 ,organizations l ! fruit gr[]s' associations are becom+ common & are prov+ _! value4 ,! map on page #cf %[s ! di/ribution ( organizations among f>m]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = coop]ation 9 bus9ess ent]prises ( v>i\s k9ds1 ?\gh x %[s only ab\t half z _m z actually exi/4 ,!y include coop]ative gra9 elevators & w>eh\ses1 cream]ies & *eese factories1 coop]ative /ores1 fruit & gra9 gr[]s' associations1 live/ock associations1 cotton & tobacco associations1 & _m o!rs4 ,/udy ! map on page #cf & indicate ! region or regions :]e y ?9k coop]ative gra9 elevators & w>eh\ses w\ld be mo/ num]\s2 live/ock associations2 dairies & cream]ies2 fruit gr[]s' associations2 cotton gr[]s' associations2 tobacco gr[]s' associations4 ,are !re any organizations ( f>m]s 9 y\r community simil> to ^? 9 ! li/ 9 ! la/ p>agraph above8 ,make a li/ ( !m4 ,:at are _! purposes8 ,:at are _! advantages8 ,:at ob/acles h !y enc\nt]$8 ,are all ! f>m]s 9 ! community memb]s8 ,if n1 :y8 ,describe _! plans ( organization--memb]%ip1 (fic]s1 managem5t1 etc4 7,discuss ^! que/ions at home & report results47 ,is !re any organization ( bus9essm51 or ( workm51 9 y\r t[n or neighbor+ t[n8 ,if s1 asc]ta9 :at advantages x seeks4 ,%[ h[ an ord9>y /ore1 or a bank1 or a gra9 elevator1 is a means by :i* p coop]ate4 ,are !re any boys' or girls' clubs 9 y\r community8 ,%[ h[ su* clubs require & secure coop]ation4 ,h[ is lead]%ip provid$8 ,if !re is a p>5ts' association connect$ ) y\r s*ool1 %[ h[ x br+s ab\t coop]ation among its memb]s 9 ! int]e/ ( ! s*ool4 ,make a li/ ( all ! organizations y c ?9k ( 9 y\r community 7su* z clubs1 societies1 associations74 ,opposite ! "n ( ea* write ! *ief purposes = :i* x exi/s4 ,write ! six great wants across ! top ( a page1 z sugge/$ 9 ! fif? topic on page #f1 & arrange ! li/ ( organizations sugge/$ 9 ! la/ "q above 9 ! prop] columns accord+ to ! wants !y provide =4 ,discuss ! importance ( lead]%ip 9 s*ool activities4 ,:at are ! qualities t make a good lead]8 ,:o are "s ( ! lead]s 9 y\r community1 bo? m5 & wom58 ,,! ,,f>m ,,bureau ,at ! close ( #aiaf !re 7 ne>ly ?ree hundr$ f>m bureaus 9 ! nor!rn & we/]n /ates ) a memb]%ip ( ne>ly #ajj1jjj4 ,a f>m bureau is an organization to secure coop]ation ?r\gh\t an entire c\nty = ! promotion ( agricultural int]e/s4 ,! memb]s elect an executive committee to manage ! affairs ( ! bureau4 ,9 ea* ( ! small communities ( :i* ! c\nty is made up1 !re is a community committee4 ,! *airm5 ( ! sev]al community committees con/itute a c\nty agricultural c\ncil4 ,! *airm5 & memb]s ( ! v>i\s committees are *os5 because ( _! int]e/ 9 special l9es ( "w & _! fitness to direct su* "w4 ,v>i\s o!r organizations 9 ! c\nty1 su* z ! fair association1 bre$]s' associations1 ! ,grange1 ! s*ools1 & o!rs1 are repres5t$ 9 ! committees ( ! bureau1 ! purpose be+ to secure teamwork among !m1 z well z among ! diff]5t communities ( ! c\nty & among ! individual f>m]s4 ,! bureau also coop]ates ) ! /ate & national gov]nm5ts 9 employ+ a ,,c\nty ,,agricultural ,,ag5t1 :o is ! bureau's advis]1 or lead]4 ,9 %ort1 ! f>m bureau repres5ts ! c\nty work+ toge!r 9 an organiz$ way & "u lead]%ip = ! improvem5t ( community life4 ,9 ! ,ye> ,book ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture = ! ye> #aiae1 ! /ory is told ( ,*ri/ian ,c\nty1 ,k5tucky4 ,footnote3 ,h[ ! ,:ole ,c\nty ,demon/rat$1 #aiae ,ye> ,book1 ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 pp4 #bbe-bdh4 ,a ,,case ,,( ,,c\nty ,,coop]ation ,?is c\nty is almo/ :olly agricultural1 b ! c\nty seat is a small city ( #aj1jjj4 ,!re _h =m]ly be5 m or less jeal\sy betwe5 ! city & c\nty1 z too frequ5tly happ5s4 ,b a bus9essm5's association 0 organiz$ 9 ! city1 :i* int]e/$ itself 9 bett]+ ! agricultural conditions ( ! c\nty1 because ! bus9ess ( ! city 0 v dep5d5t ^u ! neighbor+ agriculture4 ,a crop improvem5t association 0 =m$1 includ+ f>m]s 9 its memb]%ip4 ,a c\nty agricultural ag5t 0 employ$1 & local community clubs 7 organiz$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\nty1 :i* held meet+s att5d$ by ! f>m]s & _! families1 & by bus9essm5 f ! city4 ,a good roads association 0 organiz$1 & a good roads day 0 held on :i* bus9essm5 turn$ out ) ! f>m]s1 /ores ( ! city 7 clos$1 & on "o ( ! pr9cipal roads at lea/ #ij p] c5t ( ! workm5 7 city m54 ,/one 0 contribut$ by contractors1 concrete firms furni%$ m5 gratis to repair bridges1 "o company suppli$ outfits = trimm+ trees1 & a l>ge am\nt ( "w 0 done by ! c\nty & t[n work+ side by side 444 ,su* results c\ld only be accompli%$ ?r\gh unity ( purpose & coop]ation ( all ! p4 ,among o!r ?+s accompli%$ 9 ?is c\nty1 a fair association has be5 =m$2 m$ical in/ruction has be5 introduc$ into ! s*ools2 a public libr>y & hospital h be5 built2 ! s*ool sy/em ( ! c\nty has coop]at$ 9 all educational "w2 bo? t[n & c\nty m]*ants h (f]$ prizes to memb]s ( ! boys' clubs2 also = cook+ 9 ! s*ools1 & h put wom5's re/rooms 9 ! /ores = ! use ( ! public4 ,!re is n[ an active girls' cann+ club 9 e community 9 ! c\nty1 att5d$ by ! girls & also by _! mo!rs4 ,!re are #ab social clubs :i* meet regul>ly2 #ae p>5t-tea*]s' & mo!rs' clubs2 & !re is n a s*ool 9 ! c\nty :i* does n h "s =m ( community meet+4 ,! s*oolh\ses are g5]ally us$ = ! meet+s ( ! community clubs4 ,9 "s in/ances f>m]s h giv5 suffici5t gr\nd = amusem5t purposes at ! s*oolh\ses4 ,"h may be f\nd ! ball diamond1 t5nis c\rt1 & basketball c\rts4 ,x is said ( ?is c\nty t x /&s z a demon/ration ( ! effect ( education & organization "u ! prop] lead]%ip4 ,,! ,,t[n ,,& ,,! ,,c\nty ,,are ,,"o4 ,! result is bett] agriculture1 bett] bus9ess1 & bett] liv+4 ,write a brief !me on "o ( ! foll[+ topics3 7a7 ,! importance ( ! telephone z a means ( coop]ation 9 my community4 7b7 ,in/ances 9 my community :]e bad roads h caus$ a lack ( coop]ation4 7c7 ,in/ances 9 my community :]e improvem5t ( roads has l$ to bett] coop]ation4 ,9 :at ways d y ?9k !re is ne$ = bett] coop]ation 9 y\r community8 ,discuss ?is ) y\r p>5ts1 & report 9 class ! result ( y\r talk ) !m4 ,is !re any organiz$ coop]ation 9 y\r community or c\nty z a :ole = ! g5]al improvem5t ( ! community or c\nty8 ,inve/igate ! organization & "w ( a f>m bureau4 7,if !re is none 9 y\r c\nty1 write to y\r ,/ate ,agricultural ,college or to ! ,/ates ,relations ,s]vice1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 = in=mation4 ,see ref]5ces at ! end ( ?is *apt]47 ,,public ,,libr>y ,,z ,,an ,,example ,coop]ation is z necess>y = ! fulle/ satisfaction ( our o!r wants z x is 9 ! bus9ess ( mak+ a liv+4 ,9 "o pione] community !re 7 few books & pap]s & !y 7 h&$ ab\t f h\se to h\se4 ,!re may be comp>atively few p 9 a community :o c af=d to buy a hundr$ books ea* ye>2 b !re may easily be a hundr$ p]sons :o c\ld buy "o book ea*1 & by "s arrangem5t ex*ange ) "o ano!r1 s t ea* c\ld 9 ! c\rse ( a ye> h ! use ( a hundr$ books4 ,neighborhood clubs are (t5 organiz$ to subscribe = magaz9es on ?is plan4 ,a public libr>y provides an arrangem5t by :i* a great v>iety ( good read+ matt] c be enjoy$ by ! entire community at trifl+ co/ to ea* memb]4 ,9 fact1 we may be able to draw books f su* a libr>y )\t any co/ to ourselves2 b ! books :i* we ?us enjoy d co/ ! community a l>ge sum ( money1 & our free enjoym5t ( !m is "o ( ! advantages ( community coop]ation4 ,our "p 9 ! coop]ation is 9 us+ ! books c>efully & 9 return+ !m promptly1 s t z _m p z possible may h ! use ( !m4 ,,nation-,,wide ,,coop]ation ,! necessity = coop]ation is by no means limit$ to our neighborhood or c\nty or city4 ,p ) common purposes organize = coop]ation on a /ate-wide or nation-wide scale4 ,foll[+ is a li/ ( national organizations 9 ! int]e/ ( agriculture4 ,z our /udy proce$s1 we %all h abundant illu/ration ( ! value ( coop]ation & ( ! disadvantages t foll[ f its abs5ce4 ,,f>m]s' ,,organizations ,am]ican ,coop]ative ,association 7,coop]ative ,league ( ,am]ica74 ,am]ican ,dairy ,f>m]s' ,association4 ,am]ican ,f$]ation ( ,organiz$ ,f>m]s4 ,am]ican ,national ,live ,/ock ,association4 ,am]ican ,pomological ,society4 ,am]ican ,p\ltry ,association4 ,am]ican ,society ( ,equity4 ,corn ,belt ,meat ,produc]s' ,association1 ,dairy ,cattle ,congress4 ,f>m ,wom5's ,national ,congress4 ,f>m]s' ,educational & ,coop]ative ,union ( ,am]ica 7,! ,f>m]s' ,union74 ,f>m]s' ,equity ,union4 ,f>m]s' ,national ,congress4 ,f>m]s' ,society ( ,equity4 ,f$]ation ( ,jewi% ,f>m]s ( ,am]ica4 ,glean]s1 ,! ,anci5t ,ord] (4 ,grange1 ,national 7,patrons ( ,husb&ry74 ,national ,agricultural ,organization ,society4 ,national ,bo>d ( ,f>m ,organizations4 ,national ,c\ncil ( ,f>m]s' ,coop]ative ,associations4 ,national ,dairy ,c\ncil4 ,national ,dairy ,union4 ,national ,f>m]s' ,associations4 ,national ,f>m]s' ,coop]ative ,gra9 & ,live ,/ock ,associations4 ,national ,nut ,gr[]s' ,association4 ,national ,society ( ,record ,associations4 ,national ,sw9e ,gr[]s' ,association4 ,national ,wool ,gr[]s' ,association4 ,national ,wom5's ,f>m & ,g>d5 ,association4 ,s\!rn ,rice ,gr[]s' ,association4 ,,coop]ation ,a ,,matt] ,,( ,,habit ,coop]ation is l>gely a matt] ( habit4 ,habits c be =m$ only by practice2 & opportunity to practice coop]ation is abundant if we are only on ! look\t = x4 ,we %all f9d t x n only secures bett] results 9 :atev] we are do+1 b t x also adds greatly to ! enjoym5t ( life4 ,let u n =get t coop]ation m]ely means team "w1 work+ toge!r = ! common good4 ,!y :o _c or w n "w toge!r are always 9 a weak position :5 br\ght into competition ) ^? :o c & d4 ,footnote3 ,c>v]1 ,! ,organization ( a ,rural ,community1 p4 #e4 ,if !re is a public libr>y 9 y\r community1 :at b5efits d y get f x8 ,ab\t h[ _m books d y draw f x 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>8 ,:at w\ld ^! books co/ y if y b\ght !m8 ,:at d !y co/ y :5 y draw !m f ! libr>y8 ,usually a f9e is impos$ = keep+ a book f ! libr>y beyond a specifi$ "t4 ,%[ :y ?is is prop]4 ,d y h ! use ( a travel+ libr>y 9 y\r s*ool or community8 ,if s1 :]e d ! books come f8 ,%[ h[ x secures coop]ation4 ,give examples ( coop]ation 9 y\r home1 & %[ :at is ga9$ by x4 ,9 :at ways d y ?9k t coop]ation c\ld be improv$ 9 y\r home8 ,"w out a plan = x4 ,give examples ( coop]ation 9 y\r s*ool4 ,sugge/ plans = m & bett] coop]ation 9 y\r s*ool4 ,9 :at ways h y coop]at$ ) o!rs dur+ ! la/ mon? = ! good ( ! community 9 :i* y live8 ,make a li/ 9 y\r notebook ( ways 9 :i* y ?9k y c\ld coop]ate ) o!rs to promote ! welf>e ( y\r community1 & add to ! li/ f "t to "t z new opportunities = su* coop]ation occur to y4 ,are any ( ! national organizations 9 ! li/ on page #ce repres5t$ 9 y\r community8 ,:at are _! purposes8 7,consult p>5ts & fri5ds47 ,,read+s ,lessons 9 ,community & ,national ,life ,s]ies ,a3 ,lesson #a1 ,"s fundam5tal aspects ( social organization4 ,lesson #c1 ,! coop]ation ( speciali/s 9 mod]n society4 ,lesson #g1 ,organization4 ,lesson #h1 ,! rise ( ma*9e indu/ry4 ,s]ies ,b3 ,lesson #d1 ,fe$+ a city4 ,lesson #be1 ,conc5tration ( production 9 ! meat pack+ indu/ry4 ,lesson #bf1 ,conc5tration 9 ! m>ket+ ( citrus fruits ,! publications ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture h a wide range ( mat]ial relat+ to practical coop]ation4 ,! foll[+ select$ titles are illu/rative4 ,! ?re%+ r+ 9 ! corn belt1 ,ye> ,book #aiah1 #bdg-bfh4 ,boys' ,pig ,club ,"w1 ,ye> ,book #aiae1 #agc-ahh4 ,p\ltry ,club ,"w 9 ! ,s\?1 ,ye> ,book #aiae1 #aic-bjj4 ,h[ ! :ole c\nty demon/rat$1 ,ye> ,book #aiae1 #bbe-bdh4 ,organization ( rural int]e/s1 ,ye> ,book #aiac1 #bci-beh4 ,organization ( a rural community1 ,ye> ,book #aiad1 #hi-ach4 ,coop]ative pur*as+ & m>ket+ organizations1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,bullet9 ,no4 #edg4 ,coop]ative gra9 companies1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,bullet9 ,no4 #cga4 ,coop]ative /ores1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,bullet94 ,no4 #cid4 ,c\nty ,organization1 ,/ates ,relations ,s]vice ,docum5t #fe4 ,f>m ,bureau ,organization1 ,/ates ,relations ,s]vice ,docum5t #ed4 ,see note on ref]5ce mat]ial 9 ,introduction ) reg>d to me?od ( apply+ = ?is mat]ial4 ,! assi/ance ( ! local c\nty ag5t1 ! /ate agricultural college1 or ( ! congressman1 may be enli/$ if necess>y4 ,coop]ative ent]prise 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,club ,ye> ,book1 #aiae-aiaf1 pp4 #dg-di1 ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,*apel ,hill1 ,n4 ,c4 ,publications ( ! ,/ate ,agricultural ,college & ,exp]im5t ,/ation ( y\r own /ate1 relat+ to coop]ation4 ,tufts1 ,james ,h1 ,! ,real ,bus9ess ( ,liv+1 *aps ii1 iii1 viii1 xv1 xvi4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,:y ,,we ,,h ,,gov]nm5t ,,gov]nm5t ,a ,,means ,,to ,,secure ,,coop]ation ,we are n[ 9 a bett] position to und]/& :y we h gov]nm5t4 ,x is a means by :i* to secure coop]ation1 or team "w4 ,,9 ,,education ,:5 a s*oolh\se is built to-day1 x is n done by comb9$ manual labor1 z 9 ! pione] community4 ,z 9 all build+1 !re is coop]ation ( a highly organiz$ k9d 9 ! production & assembl+ ( ! mat]ials & 9 ! con/ruction ( ! build+ by workm5 ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,b m ?an ?is1 s9ce ! s*oolh\se is a ,,public ,,build+1 ! community coop]ates 9 pay+ = x4 ,?is is done by means ( ,,taxes4 ,! p pay taxes n only = ! build+1 b also to meet ! co/ ( op]at+ ! s*ool1 pay+ ! tea*]s1 buy+ equipm5t1 & heat+ ! build+4 ,! community mu/ "k h[ mu* money is ne$$ = ! s*ool1 ! taxes mu/ be fairly apportion$ & collect$1 & ! s*ool mu/ be prop]ly manag$ to p]=m ! community's "w ( education4 ,9 small communities ! p may meet toge!r to vote ! taxes & to decide on o!r matt]s relat+ to education1 z 9 ,new ,engl& t[ns4 ,b !re mu/ be lead]%ip1 & !re mu/ be an organization to p]=m ! "w :i* ! community wants done4 ,e community !re=e has its bo>d ( education1 or s*ool committee1 a sup]9t5d5t1 & o!r (ficials4 ,su* organization corresponds to ! bo>d ( directors & bus9ess manag] ( ! fruit gr[]s' association1 only x repres5ts ! entire community & att5ds to ! community's bus9ess ( education4 ,x is "p ( ! community's gov]n+ ma*9]y4 ,asc]ta9 f y\r fa!r h[ mu* s*ool tax he pays ea* ye>4 ,:o det]m9es ! am\nt ( ?is tax8 ,to :om does he pay x8 ,c\ld y employ a tea*] at home = ! am\nt y\r fa!r pays z s*ool tax8 ,if y _h a tea*] at home1 c\ld y get z good an education z y c n[ get at s*ool8 ,expla9 y\r answ]4 ,9 :at ways d y coop]ate ) ! community to make ! s*ool a success8 ,if !re is a public libr>y 9 y\r community1 is x support$ by taxation8 ,:o manages ! public libr>y = ! community8 ,,9 ,,fire ,,protection ,:5 a build+ takes fire 9 ! c\ntry ! neighbors ga!r z quickly z possible to fight ! flames by su* means z may be at h&1 b seldom v effectively4 ,9 a small city or t[n1 !re may be a volunte] fire company compos$ ( m5 :o1 :5 a fire breaks out1 leave _! usual occupations to save ! prop]ty4 ,9 l>ge cities1 fully equipp$ & co/ly fire dep>tm5ts are ma9ta9$1 ) paid firem5 :o are always on duty4 ,! police usually keep ! cr[d away f ! burn+ build+1 n only = _! own safety1 b because !y w\ld h9d] r ?an help ! tra9$ & organiz$ firem54 ,9 ea* case !re is coop]ation = fire protection2 ! great] ! common dang]1 ! m p]fect ! organization & ! m complete ! control by gov]nm5t4 ,,9 ,,road ,,build+ ,x 0 once ! usual practice1 z x /ill is 9 "s localities1 = ea* f>m] to give a c]ta9 numb] ( days ea* ye> to "w on ! roads4 ,n[1 9 ! mo/ progressive communities1 ! roads are bett] & m uni=mly built & kept 9 bett] repair because !y are plac$ by ! community 9 *>ge ( skill$ roadmak]s paid = by taxation4 ,b :e!r ! f>m] contributes money or labor1 or bo?1 coop]ation is plann$ & direct$ by ! gov]nm5t4 7,see ,*apt] ,,xvii47 ,,9 ,,heal? ,,protection ,9 ,b5jam9 ,frankl9's "t1 ea* h\sehold] 9 ,philadelphia swept ! pavem5t 9 front ( 8 home if he want$ x kept clean4 ,frankl91 :o 0 a spl5did example ( good citiz5%ip 9 t he 0 always look+ = opportunities to improve 8 community1 tells :at happ5$3 ,"o day ,i f\nd a poor indu/ri\s man1 :o 0 will+ to und]take keep+ ! pavem5t clean by sweep+ x twice a week1 c>ry+ (f ! dirt f be=e all ! neighbors' doors1 = ! sum ( sixp5ce p] mon? to be paid by ea* h\se4 ,i !n wrote & pr9t$ a pap] sett+ =? ! advantages to ! neighborhood t might be obta9$ by ?is small exp5se4 444 ,i s5t "o ( ^! pap]s to ea* h\se1 & 9 a day or two w5t ar\nd to see :o w\ld subscribe an agreem5t to pay ^! sixp5ces2 x 0 unanim\sly sign$1 & = a "t well execut$4 ,?is rais$ a g5]al desire to h all ! /reets pav$1 & made ! p m will+ to submit to a tax = t purpose4 ,?is 0 community coop]ation "u simple conditions4 ,a hundr$ ye>s lat]1 ! "o & a half million p liv+ 9 ,philadelphia 7 j z truly coop]at+ to keep _! city clean by means ( m ?an #abjj miles ( sew]s = :i* !y _h paid ne>ly #ce millions ( doll>s1 & by means ( a dep>tm5t ( highways & /reet-clean+ :i* employ$ a contractor to clean ! /reets & to remove all a%es & g>bage at an annual co/ ( m ?an a million & a half doll>s4 ,?is is all "u ! direction ( ! city gov]nm5t4 ,,9 ,,/ate ,,& ,,national ,,affairs ,:at is true ( our local bo>ds ( education1 road sup]visors1 fire & /reet-clean+ dep>tm5ts1 & o!r dep>tm5ts ( our local gov]nm5ts1 is also true ( /ate & national gov]nm5ts4 ,we %all n /op = illu/rations ( ?is n[1 because !y w be num]\s 9 lat] *apt]s4 7,see1 = example1 ,*apt] ,,xii47 ,is !re a gov]nm5t 9 y\r home8 ,if s1 prove :e!r or n x is a means by :i* ! memb]s ( ! family coop]ate4 ,describe ! gov]nm5t ( y\r s*ool & %[ h[ x secures coop]ation4 ,if y c get a copy ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl9's ,autobiography1 f9d 9 x fur!r in/ances 9 :i* he improv$ ! coop]ation ( 8 community1 z = fire protection & /reet light+4 ,%[ h[ /reet lights 9 t[n repres5t community coop]ation4 ,= :at purpose is ?is =m ( coop]ation8 ,give additional illu/rations to prove t gov]nm5t 9 y\r community is a means ( coop]ation4 ,9 :at ways c y coop]ate ) ! s*ool bo>d or tru/ees ( y\r community1 & ?us ) ! community itself1 = bett] s*ools8 ,,gov]nm5t ,,to ,,help ,,& ,,n ,,to ,,repress ,a numb] ( boys ^: lives 7 sp5t mo/ly 9 ! city /reets 7 once ask$ :at ! ^w gov]nm5t sugge/$ to !m4 ,"s ( !m at once answ]$1 ,! policeman6 ,& :5 !y 7 ask$ ,:y8 !y repli$1 ,he arre/s p1 ,he makes u keep (f ! grass 9 ! p>ks1 ,he drives u (f :5 we play ball 9 vacant lots4 ,^! answ]s repres5t a common idea ab\t gov]nm5t1 t x is some?+ ov] u to re/rict our fre$om4 ,gov]nm5t does re/rict ! fre$om ( individuals at times2 b "o ( ! be/ illu/rations ( its real purpose is ! traffic policeman 9 cities4 ,he /&s at ! cross+ ( busy /reets1 regulat+ ! movem5t ( p & vehicles 9 su* a way z to insure ! safety ( all & to keep ! int]sect+ /reams ( traffic mov+ smoo?ly & ) z little int]ruption z possible4 ,n[ & !n he leaves 8 po/ to help a *ild or an ag$ p]son or a cripple across ! /reet2 or answ]s ! inquiries ( a /rang]4 ,if n[ & !n he arre/s a driv]1 x is because ! latt] disreg>ds ! rights or welf>e ( o!rs4 ,,laws ,,z ,,signals ,,( ,,coop]ation ,9 small or ?9ly settl$ communities !re may be no traffic policeman2 b !re may be signs at ! int]section ( highways to guide travel]s1 or w>n+s su* z ,dang]\s ,curve6 or ,s*ool3 ,drive ,sl[ly6 ,su* signs are usually po/$ by /ate or local au?orities 9 accordance ) ,,law4 ,& ev5 :]e !re are no signs1 ! laws !mselves are suppos$ to regulate traffic4 ,"s "o has comp>$ ! laws 9 our c\ntry to ! signals giv5 to a football team by ! qu>t]back4 ,^! signals are agre$ ^u 9 advance by ! team1 & tell ea* play] n only :at he himself1 b also :at e o!r play]1 is to d1 & ?us team "w is secur$4 ,& s our laws are said to be signals ( coop]ation1 j z mu* z ! sign ,drive ,sl[ly1 or z :5 ! traffic policeman holds up 8 h& or bl[s 8 :i/le4 ,,laws ,,z ,,rules ,,( ,,! ,,game ,laws1 h[ev]1 are m ?an signals ( coop]ation2 !y are also ,,rules by :i* coop]ation is secur$--rules ( ! game4 ,:]ev] p are dep5d5t ^u "o ano!r & "w toge!r !re mu/ be rules ( conduct4 ,"o k9d ( rules consi/s ( :at we call etiquette or good mann]s4 ,we h d\btless all obs]v$ h[ mu* bett] an a?letic conte/ moves along1 or ev5 ! ord9>y sports ( ! playgr\nd1 :]e good mann]s prevail4 ,good mann]s include m ?an ! p>ty mann]s t we put on & take (f on special occasions1 l p>ty clo!s4 ,!y consi/ ( ! accept$ rules ( behavior t[>d ^? ) :om we associate4 ,9 ! home1 9 s*ool1 9 bus9ess1 9 public places1 !re are good mann]s t are recogniz$ by cu/om & t make ! :eels move smoo?ly & )\t j>4 ,we d n ne$ a law or a policeman to require a man to give way to a woman1 or ev5 to ano!r man1 9 pass+ ?r\gh a doorway2 good mann]s provide = ?is4 ,ev5 on ! public /reet mu* confusion is avoid$ by an obs]vance ( good mann]s1 or ,,cu/om4 ,?\ghtful p in/9ctively turn to ! "r 9 pass+ o!rs 79 ,engl& & ,canada ! cu/om is to turn to ! left7 )\t ?9k+ :e!r !re is a law on ! subject or n4 ,,law ,,gives ,,fre$om ,n[ mo/ ( our laws t regulate ! conduct ( individuals are simply rules t exp]i5ce has prov$ to be ( ! greate/ advantage to ! greate/ numb]1 & t are necess>y because ,,"s p h n good mann]s4 ,mo/ p obs]ve !m1 n because !y are laws1 b because !y are reasonable & helpful 9 avoid+ friction & 9 secur+ coop]ation4 ,if !y are good laws1 x is only ! ill-mann]$ :o are really consci\s ( _! exi/5ce4 ,j laws re/rict ! fre$om only ( ! ill- mann]$1 :ile !y ,,give fre$om to ^? :o h good mann]s4 ,:at /reet or highway signs are !re 9 y\r community8 ,:o plac$ !m8 ,are !y fai?fully obs]v$8 ,if n1 :y8 ,:at signals are !re 9 y\r s*ool8 ,discuss _! usefulness4 ,:at are "s ( ! rules ( y\r s*ool8 ,are !y good rules8 ,:y8 ,are !y an advantage or a disadvantage to y\rself8 ,if !y did n exi/1 w\ld y\r own conduct be diff]5t8 ,:y8 ,:at are "s ( ! rules ( good mann]s t are suppos$ to control conduct 9 y\r s*ool8 9 y\r home8 9 ! /reet8 ,discuss _! reasonabl5ess4 ,d !y enl>ge or re/rict fre$om8 ,d ! rules ( football1 or o!r games1 increase or decrease ! fre$om ( play8 ,:at are "s ( ! laws t control conduct 9 y\r community8 ,w\ld mo/ p obs]ve ! laws y m5tion ev5 if !y 7 n writt5 laws1 & if !re 7 no p5alty = fail+ to obs]ve !m8 ,:y8 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,law ,! foll[+ /ory illu/rates ! diff]5ce betwe5 law & cu/om1 or mann]s1 & h[ ! =m] may develop out ( ! latt]4 ,footnote3 ,rudim5t>y ,society among ,boys1 by ,john ,johnson1 9 ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity ,/udies 9 ,hi/orical & ,political ,sci5ce1 vol4 ii 7#ahhd74 ,! /ory z "h giv5 is reproduc$ f ,lessons 9 ,community & ,national ,life1 ,s]ies ,c1 p4 #ade1 ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,education 7,lesson ,c-#ah1 ,coop]ation ?r\gh ,law1 by ,ar?ur ,w4 ,dunn74 ,!re 0 once a boys' s*ool locat$ 9 an #hjj-;acre tract ( l&1 9 ! fields & woods ( :i* ! boys1 :5 free f _! /udies1 ga!r$ nuts1 trapp$ small animals1 & o!rwise liv$ mu* l primitive hunt]s4 ,j aft] midnight "s morn+ e>ly 9 ,octob]1 :5 ! fir/ fro/s ( ! season loos5$ ! grasp ( ! nuts ^u ! limbs1 p>ties ( two or ?ree boys might be se5 ru%+ at full spe$ ov] ! wet fields4 ,:5 ! swifte/ p>ty rea*$ a walnut tree1 "o ( ! numb] climb$ up rapidly1 %ook (f half a bu%el ( nuts & scrambl$ d[n aga94 ,!n (f ! boys w5t to ! next tree1 :]e ! process 0 repeat$ unless ! tree 0 occupi$ by o!r boys do+ likewise4 ,nut hunt]s com+ to ! tree aft] ! fir/ p>ty _h be5 !re1 & wi%+ to %ake ! tree "s m1 7 requir$ by cu/om to pile up all ! nuts t lay "u ! tree4 ,until ?is 0 done1 ! unwritt5 law did n p]mit _! %ak+ any m nuts on ! gr\nd4 ,s f> ?is 0 a ,,cu/om accept$ by ! boys because ( its reasonabl5ess4 ,b aft] a :ile1 "s memb]s ( ?is boy community ?\ght to get ahead ( ! o!r memb]s4 ,"o night be=e fro/ came !y secretly w5t to ! woods & took possession ( mo/ ( ! nut trees by %ak+ !m accord+ to cu/om4 ,:5 ?is 0 discov]$1 "s ( ! lead]s ( ! community ,,call$ ,a ,,meet+ ( all ! boys4 ,aft] discuss+ ! matt] ?or\ghly1 !y provid$ aga9/ a repetition ( ! trick by ,,mak+ ,a ,,rule 7pass+ a law7 t !reaft] ! h>ve/+ ( nuts %\ld n beg9 be=e ,a ,,fix$ ,,date 9 ,octob]4 ,^! boys act$ v mu* z m5 h (t5 act$ "u simple conditions ( community life4 ,! ,new ,engl& t[n meet+1 = example1 is precisely ! same ?+ z ! boys' meet+4 ,,! ,,second ,,elem5t ,,9 ,,democracy3 ,,control ,,by ,,! ,,p ,we %all /udy ! organization & me?ods ( lawmak+ 9 lat] *apt]s4 ,at pres5t we are m]ely not+ ,,:y we h laws1 & ! fact t !y are suppos$ to be made1 directly or indirectly1 by ! p !mselves4 ,& "r "h we see ! second ?+ necess>y to make a ,,democracy4 ,on page #i we saw t 9 a democracy all p h c]ta9 equal & unali5able rights1 & t t community is mo/ democratic t af=ds its memb]s mo/ ne>ly equal opportunity to enjoy ^! rights4 ,n[ we see fur!r t 9 a democracy ! p make _! own laws4 ,moreov]1 ! laws ( a democracy control1 n only ! conduct ( ! p1 b also ! gov]nm5t itself4 ,! gov]nm5t ( a democracy may d only ^? ?+s1 & use only ^? me?ods1 = :i* ! p give ! au?ority4 ,x is only :5 gov]nm5t ex]cises p[] )\t control by ! p t x becomes autocratic4 ,,two ,,hi/oric ,,docum5ts ,! purpose ( our gov]nm5t is cle>ly /at$ 9 two hi/oric docum5ts4 ,"o ( ^! is ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 :i* has already be5 quot$ 9 ,*apt] ,i4 ,! same quotation is giv5 "h ) an additional s5t5ce 9 italics3 ,we hold ^! tru?s to be self-evid5t1 t all m5 are creat$ equal1 t !y are end[$ by _! ,creator ) c]ta9 unali5able rights1 t among ^! are life1 lib]ty1 & ! pursuit ( happ9ess4 ,t1 ,,to ,,secure ,,^! ,,rights1 ,,gov]nm5ts ,,are ,,in/itut$ ,,among ,,m51 ,,d]iv+ ,,_! ,,j ,,p[]s ,,f ,,! ,,cons5t ,,( ,,! ,,gov]n$444 ,! second great docum5t is ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! preamble to :i* reads3 ,we1 ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ord] to =m a m p]fect union1 e/abli% ju/ice1 insure dome/ic tranquillity1 provide = ! common def5se1 promote ! g5]al welf>e1 & secure ! bless+s ( lib]ty to ourselves & our po/]ity1 d orda9 & e/abli% ?is ,con/itution = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,,democracy ,a ,,goal ,,/ill ,,to ,,be ,,rea*$ ,x is n to be suppos$ t our gov]nm5t & our laws are p]fect4 ,!y _c be p]fect z long z !y are made & op]at$ by imp]fect p4 ,x is possible1 = example1 t ! boys ( ! city _h a j compla9t aga9/ ! gov]nm5t = n p]mitt+ !m to play ball 9 vacant lots1 ,,unless ,,! ,,community ,,at ,,! ,,same ,,"t ,,provid$ ,,!m ,,) ,,ano!r ,,suitable ,,place ,,= ,,! ,,game--= e community %\ld protect ! "r ( its boys & girls to play4 ,we are f> f hav+ atta9$ complete democracy4 ,x is a goal t[>d :i* m5 are /ruggl+1 & h be5 /ruggl+ = c5turies--s9ce long be=e our ,revolution>y ,w>1 & 9 o!r c\ntries z well z 9 our own4 ,! great _w w> :i* began 9 #aiad1 & :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates ent]$ 9 #aiag1 0 a w> to e/abli% m firmly 9 ! _w ! pr9ciples ( democratic gov]nm5t4 ,:e!r ^! pr9ciples %all be c>ri$ out 9 practice1 & :e!r our gov]nm5ts--local1 /ate1 & national--%all fulfill ! purposes s cle>ly /at$ 9 ! preamble to ! ,con/itution1 dep5ds ^u ! ext5t to :i* ea* citiz5 und]/&s ^! purposes1 & coop]ates ) 8 fell[-citiz5s & ) 8 gov]nm5ts 9 support ( !m4 ,,! ,,"r ,,idea ,,( ,,x ,x is said t 9 "o ( ! tra9+ camps dur+ ! w> an (fic] address$ a squad ( new recruits z foll[s3 ,boys1 ,i want y to get ! "r idea ( ! salute4 ,i d n want y to ?9k t y are be+ compell$ to salute me z an individual4 ,no6 ,:5 y salute me1 y are simply r5d]+ respect to ! p[] ,i repres5t2 ,,& ,,! ,,p[] ,i ,,repres5t ,,is ,,y4 ,n[ let me expla94 ,y elect ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates grants me a commission to repres5t 8 au?ority 9 ?is army4 ,8 only au?ority is ! au?ority t y ve/ 9 him :5 y elect him ,presid5t4 ,n[1 :5 y salute an (fic]1 y salute n ! man1 b ! repres5tative ( y\r own au?ority4 ,! salute is go+ to be rigidly en=c$ 9 ?is army1 & ,i want y boys to get ! "r idea ( x4 ,i want y to "k :at y salute & :y4 ,x is v important t we %\ld get ! "r idea ( :at our gov]nm5t is4 ,x is v mu* ! idea t ! (fic] gave 8 soldi]s ab\t ! salute4 ,x is ! idea conta9$ 9 ?is *apt]3 t gov]nm5t is our own organization = team "w 9 community life4 ,all ?r\gh ?is book we %all be engag$ 9 discov]+ h[ f> ?is is true4 ,d y "k ( in/ances 9 :i* ! national gov]nm5t has help$ to secure coop]ation among ! f>m]s ( y\r locality8 ,discuss ! p>cel po/ z a means ( coop]ation4 ,dur+ ! w> ) ,g]many ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t assum$ control ( all ! railroads ( ! c\ntry4 ,%[ h[ ?is 0 to secure bett] coop]ation4 ,is ! gov]nm5t ( y\r s*ool democratic8 ,expla9 y\r answ]4 ,d y ?9k x %\ld be made m democratic8 ,:y8 ,comp>e ! purposes /at$ 9 ! preamble to ! ,con/itution ) ! common purposes /at$ on page #f ( ,*apt] ,i4 ,%[ h[ ! pupil :o does z he pleases 9 s*ool may int]f]e ) ! rights & lib]ties ( o!r pupils4 ,is x "r t 8 lib]ty %\ld !n be re/rict$8 ,:y8 ,is lib]ty ! "r to d z "o pleases8 ,if n1 :at is x8 ,read toge!r 9 class ! preamble to ! ,con/itution & c>efully discuss ! mean+ ( ea* phrase4 ,,read+s ,lessons 9 ,community & ,national ,life3 ,s]ies ,b3 ,lesson #ag1 ,! developm5t ( a sy/em ( laws4 ,s]ies ,c3 ,lesson #ag1 ,cu/om z a basis = law4 ,lesson #ah1 ,coop]ation ?r\gh law4 ,9 ,long's ,am]ican ,patriotic ,prose3 ,l9coln1 ,mob ,law1 pp4 #agc-agg4 ,l9coln1 ,back to ! ,decl>ation1 pp4 #agj-aha4 ,mc,kinley1 ,lib]ty is ,responsibility1 ,n ,lic5se1 pp4 #bed-bee4 ,! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 pp4 #fg-ga4 ,be>d1 ,*as4 ,a41 ,am]ican ,citiz5%ip1 *ap1 i 7,! ,nature ( ,mod]n ,gov]nm5t74 ,frankl91 ,b5jam91 ,autobiography4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,:at ,,is ,,citiz5%ip8 ,,:at ,,memb]%ip ,,means ,be=e we g fur!r1 let u get a def9ite idea ( :at x means to be a citiz54 ,,9 ,,! ,,body ,we h frequ5tly ref]r$ to ! fact t we are memb]s ( v>i\s communities4 ,our bodies h memb]s1 su* z arms & h&s4 ,! tongue has be5 call$ an unruly memb]4 ,x is a little memb] & boa/e? great ?+s4 ,footnote3 ,james iii3 #e4 ,!re are two important facts ab\t memb]s ( ! body4 ,"o is ,,t ,,!y ,,get ,,_! ,,life ,,f ,,! ,,body4 ,if ! h& is cut (f1 x quickly ceases to be a h& because x is sev]$ f ! s\rce ( life4 ,if ! body is s]i\sly ill1 its memb]s are unable to p]=m _! prop] "w4 ,! second important fact is ,,t ,,! ,,body ,,is ,,dep5d5t ,,^u ,,its ,,memb]s ,,= ,,its ,,life4 ,if ! h& is cut (f1 or an eye put out1 ! body does n necess>ily die1 b x is s]i\sly h&icapp$4 ,if a memb] is p>alyz$ or diseas$ x may be a positive h9drance to ! body1 & ! disease may spread to o!r memb]s4 ,! body may suff] m]ely because its memb]s are poorly tra9$4 ,,9 ,,! ,,community ,t is :at x means to be a memb] ( ! body2 & memb]%ip 9 a family1 or a s*ool1 or a club1 or a community1 is j ! same4 ,we h already se51 & we %all see m fully z we g on ) our /udy1 h[ completely we are dep5d5t ^u our communities = food1 = ! protection ( life1 = education1 & = all else t makes up our life4 ,! community t does n provide = its memb]s 9 ^! ?+s is l a sick body4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z memb]s ( a community we are always contribut+ some?+ to its life--ei!r to its advantage or disadvantage4 ,( c\rse1 ea* ( u is only "o ( a great _m memb]s 9 a l>ge community1 & we may seem to be v unimportant4 ,b ea* p]=ms 8 "p1 :e!r x be great or small1 & :e!r he does x well or poorly4 ,,citiz5%ip ,,means ,,memb]%ip ,n[ we (t5 speak ( memb]s ( a community z ,,citiz5s ( t community4 ,,citiz5%ip means practically ! same ?+ z memb]%ip 9 ! community4 ,z a good community is "o t provides well = its memb]s1 s ! good citiz5 is ! memb] :o does well 8 "p 9 ! life ( ! community4 ,a bad citiz5 is ! memb] :o h9d]s ! progress ( ! community :5 he might be help+4 ,a citiz5 has c]ta9 ,,rights & c]ta9 ,,duties4 ,8 rights are :at ! community owes him2 8 duties are :at he owes ! community4 ,,tra9$ ,,& ,,untra9$ ,,citiz5s ,!re are _m memb]s ( communities :o are l ! diseas$ or p>alyz$ h&1 or l ! h& t is untra9$4 ,a memb] ( an a?letic team :o does n tra9 w probably be dropp$ f ! team--he fails to become an a?lete4 ,a memb] ( a community1 or a citiz51 :o does n tra9 /ill rema9s a memb]1 b an ineffici5t "o4 ,he is a h&icap to 8 community & int]f]es ) community team "w4 ,! "p t a memb] plays 9 community life may be m important ?an he realizes4 ,ev5 9 small ?+s1 ! fall+ %ort ( "o may mean disa/] to _m4 ,ea* memb] ( a community1 l ea* memb] ( a body1 mu/ be n only 9 a heal?y condition b also well tra9$4 ,,:o ,,are ,,citiz5s ,let u n make ! mi/ake ( ?9k+ t we are n yet citiz5s because we are "y4 ,! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates says t ,,all ,,p]sons born or naturaliz$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & subject to ! jurisdiction !re( 7t is1 subject to its laws7 are citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ( ! /ate :]e9 !y reside4 ,ev5 p]sons born 9 =eign c\ntries & :o h n yet be5 naturaliz$ ,footnote3 ,naturalization is ! legal process by :i* p]sons ( =eign bir? r5\nce _! allegiance to ! l& ( _! bir? & pl$ge _! allegiance to our gov]nm5t4 enjoy almo/ all ! rights ( native-born ,am]icans1 & !re=e h mu* ( ! responsibility ( citiz5%ip4 ,until !y are naturaliz$ !y are /ill consid]$ memb]s ( ! c\ntry f :i* !y came1 & !re=e z ow+ c]ta9 duties to t c\ntry :i* w\ld be inconsi/5t ) _! duties z memb]s ( our nation4 ,!re=e !y are d5i$ c]ta9 ,,political rights1 su* z vot+ & hold+ (fice4 ,footnote3 ,9 a few /ates ev5 unnaturaliz$ p]sons are all[$ to vote aft] !y h decl>$ _! int5tion ( becom+ citiz5s4 ,^! same political rights are d5i$ to native-born citiz5s until !y h rea*$ maturity4 ,b we mu/ n confuse ?is "r to vote ) citiz5%ip4 ,expla9 h[ ! idea ( memb]%ip z describ$ 9 ! text applies to y\r memb]%ip 9 ! family2 to memb]%ip 9 a club2 9 a *ur*2 9 a f>m]s' coop]ative organization4 ,c y be a memb] ( y\r class or s*ool )\t do+ x ei!r good or h>m8 ,expla9 y\r answ]4 ,read ,romans xii3 #d-h & ,james iii3 #e-h4 ,%[ h[ an injury or a b5efit to "o pupil 9 ! s*ool may be an injury or a b5efit to ! entire s*ool4 ,give illu/rations to prove ?is4 ,%[ h[ a failure to save food1 to buy sav+s /amps1 or to p]=m o!r s]vices t "o is able to p]=m1 weak5$ our nation & o!r nations :o 7 h] allies dur+ ! w> ) ,g]many4 ,make a li/ ( ?+s y h done dur+ ! week = ! b5efit ( y\r s*ool2 = ! welf>e ( y\r neighborhood1 t[n1 or s*ool di/rict4 ,d y d z mu* = y\r family1 s*ool1 or community z !y d = y8 ,turn to ,am5dm5t ,,xiv ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7see ,app5dix71 & read ! entire fir/ section conta9+ ! def9ition ( a citiz54 ,discuss ! mean+ ( ! section4 ,at :at age does ! native-born citiz5 acquire ! "r to vote8 ,:y is he n all[$ to vote be=e t "t8 ,:at native-born citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates d n h ! "r to vote ev5 aft] !y are ( vot+ age8 ,,read+s ,9 ,long's ,am]ican ,patriotic ,prose3 ,doane1 ,! ,m5 to ,make a ,/ate1 pp4 #bcf-bch4 ,lane1 ,mak]s ( ! ,flag1 pp4 #cad-caf4 ,/e9]1 ,on ,becom+ an ,am]ican ,citiz51 pp4 #cag-cbj4 ,wilson1 ,to ,newly-,made ,citiz5s1 pp4 #cbb-cbf4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,:at ,,is ,,our ,,community8 ,,elem5ts ,,t ,,make ,a ,,community ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s we h (t5 spok5 ( our community4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ea* ( u is a memb] ( a numb] ( communities4 ,x is "t to consid] j :at !y are ,e community1 ( c\rse1 consi/s ( a ,,gr\p ,,( ,,p :o occupy a m or less ,,def9ite ,,locality4 ,mu* dep5ds1 9 community life1 ^u ! "* ( bo? ! p & ! locality !y occupy4 ,b ! ess5tial ?+ ab\t a community is t ! p :o comprise x are ,,work+ ,,toge!r 7coop]at+7 "u an ,,organization 7gov]nm5t7 = ! ,,common ,,good 7common purposes74 ,,l>ge ,,& ,,small ,,communities ,a neighborhood ( f>m]s ) _! families may con/itute a community4 ,9 ?is case ! area occupi$ may be ext5sive :ile ! p are few 9 numb]4 ,or ! community may be a city ) a population v l>ge 9 proportion to area x occupies4 ,!re are villages1 t[ns1 & small cities ( v>y+ sizes bo? z to population & area4 ,ea* /ate 9 our ,union is a community & s is ! nation itself because ea* is compos$ ( a gr\p ( p 7v l>ge 9 ^! cases71 occupy+ a def9ite t]ritory 7also l>ge71 & hav+ a gov]nm5t ?r\gh :i* ! p are work+ = common ends4 ,!re is a _w community1 b x is1 z yet1 v imp]fect4 ,! nations & peoples t comprise x h be5 sl[ to recognize _! common purposes & h s f> fail$ to develop adequate means ( coop]ation1 7,see ,*apt] ,,viii47 ,is y\r class a community8 7,apply ! def9ition giv5 above47 ,:at common int]e/s does x h8 ,has x any gov]nm5t or laws8 ,is y\r s*ool a community8 ,apply ! same te/s z above4 ,is y\r home a community8 ,:at are "s ( its common int]e/s8 ,are !re laws 9 y\r family8 ,:at are "s ( ! ?+s 9 :i* y\r family & y\r ne>e/ neighbors h a common int]e/ because ( liv+ close toge!r8 ,d y\r family & y\r neighbors "w toge!r to provide = ^! int]e/s8 ,:at are "s ( ! ?+s 9 :i* all ! p ( y\r city or village 7or ! "o ne>e/ to y7 h a common int]e/1 & :i* ! city1 or village1 gov]nm5t helps to provide =8 ,,int]dep5d5ce ,,( ,,rural ,,& ,,city ,,communities ,a community ( f>m]s has int]e/s ( its own1 l>gely c5t]+ ar\nd f>m+ activities1 or ! social life ( ! local neighborhood4 ,a few miles away is a village or city ^: p also h _! own peculi> int]e/s1 su* z ! light+ ( ! /reets at night1 or ! build+ ( a new high s*ool1 or ! election ( a mayor4 ,yet !re are int]e/s common to bo? ! f>m+ community & ! city community4 ,! city is dep5d5t ^u ! c\ntry = its food supply1 & ! f>m]s are dep5d5t ^u ! city = _! m>ket4 ,probably "s ( ! f>m]s s5d _! *ildr5 to ! city s*ools4 ,?us city & rural communities are b\nd toge!r into a l>g] community ) int]e/s common to bo?4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( we/]n settlem5t a community 0 f\nd$ 9 ,ill9ois4 ,x 0 an agricultural community1 b 9 ! mid/ ( x a village grew1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( "t became a small city4 ,"o ( ! fir/ settl]s 0 a "y f>m] ) a me*anical turn ( m9d4 ,he began exp]im5t+ to improve ! me?ods ( plant+ gra94 ,! result 0 ! inv5tion ( a corn plant]1 ! manufacture ( :i* became "o ( ! *ief indu/ries ( ! gr[+ city1 employ+ hundr$s ( m5 & s5d+ ma*9es to all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,ano!r "y f>m] inv5t$ a bett] pl[ ?an ^? :i* _h be5 9 use1 ! manufacture ( :i* became ano!r ( ! city's indu/ries4 ,9 ^? pione] days ea* family usually made its own brooms1 b "o "y man 9 ?is community e>n$ 8 way ?r\gh ! local college by mak+ brooms f corn rais$ on ! college f>m4 ,! college cornfield disappe>$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 b on "o "p ( x !re grew up a broom factory employ+ a l>ge numb] ( workm54 ,^! city indu/ries 7 ?us lit]ally *ildr5 ( ! soil1 & ! city's prosp]ity dep5d$ ^u ! agriculture ( ! surr\nd+ region4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! city provid$ ! f>m]s ) improv$ pl[s & corn plant]s1 furni%$ !m an imm$iate m>ket = _! products1 suppli$ !m ) goods ?r\gh its %ops & /ores1 & gave education to hundr$s ( f>m]s' *ildr5 9 its s*ools & college4 ,,ne$ ,,= ,,rural ,,& ,,city ,,teamwork ,sometimes jeal\sies & antagonisms arise betwe5 small neighbor+ communities1 & especially betwe5 rural & city communities4 ,?is int]f]es ) ! progress ( bo? communities1 & ( ! l>g] community ( :i* ea* is a "p4 ,x may be propos$ to build a t[n%ip high s*ool4 ,x is natural t ! sev]al communities t comprise ! t[n%ip %\ld ea* want x4 ,b ! int]e/ ( ! entire t[n%ip %\ld be consid]$ 9 det]m9+ ! location ( ! s*ool1 & n m]ely ! advantage ( "o local di/rict z aga9/ o!rs4 ,x sometimes happ5s t ! p ( a city are exempt$ f taxation = c\nty purposes outside ( ! city1 al?\gh ! b5efits w\ld be almo/1 if n q z great1 = ! city z = ! c\ntry4 ,?is sort ( ?+ s]ves to set (f city & c\ntry aga9/ ea* o!r in/ead ( b9d+ !m toge!r to _! mutual advantage4 ,! case ( ,*ri/ian ,c\nty1 ,k5tucky1 describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii1 is an excell5t illu/ration ( teamwork betwe5 city & c\ntry 9 ! int]e/ ( ! entire c\nty1 & ( ! results a*iev$ by x4 ,,small ,,communities ,,unite ,,9 ,,l>ge ,,ones ,9 ?is *apt] !re are ?ree maps ( ,dane ,c\nty1 ,wiscons91 :i* %[ h[ small communities1 bo? rural & urban1 are unit$ into a l>ge community1 ! c\nty4 ,map ,i %[s ! s*ool di/ricts & ! t[n%ips :i* comprise ! c\nty4 ,! city ( ,madison occupies ! c5t]1 & small t[ns & villages are scatt]$ "h & !re4 ,! c\ntry s*ool is ! *ief c5t] ( int]e/ 9 ea* s*ool di/rict4 ,"h & !re ?r\gh ! c\nty are high s*ools4 ,ea* ( ^! is a c5t] ( a l>g] irregul> area1 includ+ a numb] ( s*ool di/ricts & p>ts ( sev]al t[n%ips z %[n 9 map #b4 ,map #c %[s ,,trade ,,areas4 ,trade & education are two ( ! *ief int]e/s t b9d p into communities4 ,b :]e ^! int]e/s exi/1 !re are likely to be o!r int]e/s2 ! high s*ool is likely to be a meet+ place = social & recreational purposes4 ,! area & b\nd>ies ( a f>m+ or rural neighborhood community are usually r indef9ite & *angeable1 dep5d+ ^u surface features & ^u transportation conditions1 or ! l5g? ( ! day's haul4 ,) improv$ roads & bett] means ( transportation1 l>g] areas & m p are includ$4 ,a neighborhood or trade area ) automobiles is mu* l>g] ?an "o :]e horses or ox c>ts are us$ exclusively4 ,! consolidat$ s*ool ) transportation provid$ = pupils exp&s ! rural neighborhood community4 ,,common ,,int]e/s ,,( ,,! ,,l>g] ,,community ,ea* ( ! small dots on map #c repres5ts a f>m home4 ,if we select "o ( ^! dots & imag9e ourselves memb]s ( ! family t lives !re1 we %all see t we are memb]s ( a c]ta9 s*ool di/rict1 ( a c]ta9 t[n%ip1 ( a community t has gr[n up ar\nd a trade c5t] & a high s*ool1 & ( c\rse ( ! c\nty z a :ole4 ,no matt] 9 :at s*ool di/rict we live1 we h an int]e/ 9 "s matt]s 9 common ) ! p ( all o!r s*ool di/ricts 9 ! c\nty4 ,= example1 !re is a /ate univ]sity at ,madison1 & connect$ ) x is a tra9+ s*ool = tea*]s4 ,! "w done "h influ5ces ! tea*+ 9 all ! s*ools ( ! c\nty1 & inde$ ( ! :ole /ate4 ,!re is also an agricultural college at ! /ate univ]sity :i* s]ves ! f>m]s ?r\gh\t ! entire c\nty & /ate4 ,if we look closely at map #c1 we %all see h[ highways & railroads c5t] at ,madison1 :i* is ! c\nty seat ( ,dane ,c\nty & ! capital ( ! /ate ( ,wiscons94 ,j z ! _m small communities t make up a c\nty are dep5d5t ^u "o ano!r1 requir+ organiz$ coop]ation = ! c\nty welf>e1 s all ! c\nties ( a /ate1 & all ! p :o live 9 all ! c\nties1 are int]dep5d5t 9 _m ways4 ,! p ( ! city ( ,madison1 = example1 dep5d = _! food supply ^u ! f>m]s n only ( ,dane ,c\nty b ( ! entire /ate4 ,! univ]sity at ,madison s]ves n ,dane ,c\nty alone1 b ! p ( all ! c\nties ( ! /ate4 ,! public s*ools ( ! /ate %\ld be equally good 9 all c\nties & manag$ by a uni=m plan4 ,roads & o!r means ( transportation are a matt] ( conc]n to ! entire /ate4 ,& s ! /ate is a community1 organiz$ ) a gov]nm5t1 to secure coop]ation among all ! p & all ! small] communities t compose x4 ,9 fact1 a l>ge "p ( ! bus9ess ( ! gov]nm5ts ( ! local communities1 su* z city & c\nty & t[n%ip1 is to adm9i/] ! laws ( ! c5tral /ate gov]nm5t4 ,9 a simil> mann]1 ! =ty-eight /ates ( ! ,union1 ) all ! c\nties & small] communities ( :i* !y consi/1 comprise our great national community1 ( :i* we are all memb]s4 ,,communities ,,9 ,,! ,,l>g] ,,communities ,:5 we speak ( our community we are likely to ?9k at once ( ! small community imm$iately ar\nd u--our neighborhood1 village1 or city4 ,our citiz5%ip 9 ^! local communities is extremely important1 & w dem& no small "p ( our att5tion4 ,b x is equally important to be fully alive to our citiz5%ip 9 ! l>g] communities4 ,?is is true :]ev] we live2 b !re is a s5se 9 :i* our national community is peculi>ly important to ^? ( u :o live 9 rural communities4 ,! wants ( p 9 cities are1 z a rule1 look$ aft] m completely by _! local gov]nm5ts ?an is ! case 9 rural communities4 ,! p ( rural communities1 & especially f>m]s !mselves1 are directly s]v$ by ! national gov]nm5t 9 a great v>iety ( ways4 ,9 ! next *apt] we %all consid] our nation z a community4 ,%[ h[ ! diff]5t classes ( y\r s*ool are b\nd toge!r by int]e/s common to ! entire s*ool4 ,comp>e ?is union ( classes ) ! union ( /ates into a nation4 ,:at con/itutes ! gov]nm5t ( y\r s*ool8 ,m5tion "s ?+s 9 :i* all ! p ( y\r c\nty h a special int]e/4 ,are ^! ?+s ( equal int]e/ to f>m]s & t[nspeople8 ,d ! f>m]s & t[nspeople ( y\r c\nty "w well toge!r1 or are !re conflicts betwe5 !m8 ,if !re are conflicts1 :at are ! causes8 ,po9t out "s ways 9 :i* ! prosp]ity & welf>e ( ! f>m]s ( y\r locality dep5d ^u a neighbor+ city or t[n4 ,also "s ways 9 :i*1 ! city or t[n dep5d ^u ! neighbor+ f>m]s4 ,if !re is organiz$ coop]ation 9 y\r c\nty1 simil> to t describ$ on page #cb1 has x be5 br\ght ab\t or enc\rag$ by gov]nm5t1 or solely by volunt>y ef=t on ! "p ( citiz5s8 ,if ! gov]nm5t _h any?+ to d ) x1 0 x ! c\nty gov]nm5t1 /ate gov]nm5t1 or national gov]nm5t8 ,has f>ml& increas$ or decreas$ 9 value 9 y\r locality s9ce y\r fa!r 0 a boy8 ,c y %[ a relation betwe5 ?is *ange 9 value ( f>ml& & ! gr[? ( ne>by t[ns or cities8 ,:at indu/ries 9 y\r t[n 7or a neighbor+ t[n7 are dep5d5t ^u f>m+ = _! raw mat]ials8 = ! sale ( _! product8 ,:at is ! cotton g98 ! sp9n+ j5ny8 ,%[ h[ ^! inv5tions 7 a b5efit to agriculture4 ,h[ did !y promote ! gr[? ( cities8 ,make a map ( y\r s*ool di/rict4 ,d ! p ( ?is di/rict coop]ate 9 matt]s o!r ?an ^? p]ta9+ to ! s*ool8 ,on a map ( y\r c\nty1 %[ approximately ! trade area s]v$ by ! trade c5t] ne>e/ y4 ,= :at o!r purposes besides trade d ! f>m]s ( ?is trade area come to ! trade c5t]8 ,on a map ( y\r c\nty1 %[ ! area f :i* pupils come to ! high s*ool ne>e/ y4 ,on a map ( y\r /ate1 %[ ! pr9ciple railroad c5t]s4 ,%[ h[ ^! are ! c5t]s ( l>g] trade areas correspond+ to ! small trade areas ( y\r c\nty4 ,%[ h[ ! f>m]s & ! resid5ts ( ^! railroad c5t]s h common int]e/s4 ,,read+s ,dunn1 ,ar?ur ,w41 ,! ,community & ! ,citiz51 ,*apt]s1 i-iii4 ,galp91 ,c4 ,j41 ,! ,social ,anatomy ( an ,agricultural ,community1 ,rese>* ,bullet9 #cd1 ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons91 ,madison1 ,wis4 ,gillette1 ,john ,m41 ,con/ructive ,rural ,sociology 7,/urgis ,walton ,co41 ,new ,york71 ,*apt] iv 7,types ( ,communities74 ,small & ,v9c5t1 ,an ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,society 7,am]ican ,book ,co471 ,book ,,ii1 ,*apt]s i-iv4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,our ,,national ,,community ,,imp]fections ,,( ,,our ,,national ,,community ,x is important to get 9 ! habit ( ?9k+ ( our nation z a community1 j z we ?9k ( our s*ool or t[n or rural neighborhood z "o4 ,?is is n always easy to d because ( its huge size & complicat$ "*4 ,x w\ld be wrong1 too1 to get ! idea t x is a p]fect community--none ( our communities is p]fect4 ,conflicts ( int]e/ are (t5 m app>5t ?an community ( int]e/4 ,teamwork among ! diff]5t p>ts & gr\ps t make up our nation is (t5 v poor4 ,al?\gh our gov]nm5t is a wond]fully good "o1 x is /ill only an imp]fect means ( coop]ation4 ,our nation is f> f be+ a complete democracy1 = !re are _m p 9 x :o d n h ! full enjoym5t ( life1 lib]ty1 & ! pursuit ( happ9ess2 & l>ge numb]s ( our self-gov]n+ p really h little or no "p 9 gov]nm5t4 ,,loyalty ,,to ,,ideals ,x ne$ n give u an unpatriotic feel+ to ackn[l$ge ! imp]fections ( our nation or ( our gov]nm5t2 = communities ,,gr[1 n only 9 size1 b also 9 ability to p]=m _! prop] "w1 j z individuals d4 ,we call a p]son conceit$ :o ?9ks t he is p]fect1 especially if he boa/s ( x4 ,b 8 conceit is itself an imp]fection & a h9drance to gr[?4 ,s ! patriotic citiz5 is n "o :o is unable to see defects 9 8 community1 or :o refuses to ackn[l$ge !m1 b "o :o has high ,,civic ,,ideals & is loyal to !m1 :o und]/&s 9 :at respects ^! ideals h n be5 rea*$1 & :o1 z a memb] ( ! community1 contributes ev]y?+ he c to keep x gr[+ 9 ,,! ,,"r ,,direction4 ,! problem ( gov]nm5t is1 aft] all1 ! problem ( human gr[?4 444 ,! "o con/ant & incon/ant quantity ) :i* man mu/ deal is man--*ang+1 in]t1 impulsive1 limit$1 sympa!tic1 selfi%1 aspir+ man4 ,8 in/itutions1 :e!r social or political1 mu/ come out ( 8 wants & out ( 8 capacities4 ,lu!r ,burbank has n yet made grapes to gr[ on ?orns or figs on ?i/les4 ,nei!r has any sy/em ( gov]nm5t made all m5 wise444--,,frankl9 ,k4 ,,lane4 ,is x possible = a community to be #ajj p]c5t p]fect8 ,:y8 ,:at p 9 y\r community take no "p 9 gov]nm5t8 ,may p :o _c vote h any influ5ce ^u gov]nm5t8 ,expla94 ,has a good citiz5 a "r to criticize 8 gov]nm5t8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 helpful & h>mful criticism8 ,:at is an ideal8 a civic ideal8 ,,weld+ ,,( ,,! ,,nation ,,by ,,w> ,x is easi] n[ ?an usual to ?9k ( our nation z a community1 because ! w> ) ,g]many s]v$ to ar\se our national _s1 & %[$ v cle>ly ! importance 9 our national life ( ^? elem5ts :i* *>act]ize all community life-- common purpose1 int]dep5d5ce1 & organiz$1 coop]ation 7see ,*apt]s ,i-,,iii74 ,! creation ( a ,national ,army did mu* to br+ ?is ab\t4 ,:5 ! b5efits :i* come to ! nation ?r\gh ! creation ( ! ,national ,army are catalogu$1 ! fact t x has weld$ ! c\ntry into a homog5e\s society1 ,footnote3 ,homog5e\s society--a society or community all ( ^: p>ts & memb]s h l purposes & int]e/s4 seek+ ! same national ends & animat$ by ! same national ideals1 w ov]top all o!r advantages4 ,! organization ( ! select$ ,army fuses ! ?\s& sep>ate elem5ts mak+ up ! ,unit$ ,/ates into "o /eel-h>d mass4 ,m5 ( ! ,nor?1 ,s\?1 ,ea/1 & ,we/ meet & m+le1 & on ! anvil ( w> become citiz5s wor?y ( ! lib]ty won by ! fir/ ,am]ican armies4 ,footnote3 ,major ,granville ,r4 ,=tesque1 9 ,national ,geographic ,magaz9e1 ,dec41 #aiag4 ,h[ ?is weld+ ( ! p>ts ( ! nation toge!r 0 br\ght ab\t by ! w> is sugge/$ by ! words ( an old ,conf$]ate soldi] :o wrote to a fri5d 9 ! ,nor?3 ,dur+ ! w> betwe5 ! /ates ,i 0 a rebel1 & cont9u$ "o 9 he>t until ?is great w>4 ,b n[ ,i am a devot$ foll[] ( ,uncle ,sam & endorse him 9 e respect4 ,,div]se ,,elem5ts ,,9 ,,our ,,nation ,! fact t our nation conta9$ 9 its population l>ge numb]s ( p f practically e c\ntry ( ,europe caus$ no little anxiety :5 we ent]$ ! ,european w>4 ,our population embraces a hundr$ diff]5t races & nationalities4 ,( ^!1 t5 million are negroes & ?ree hundr$ ?irty-six ?\s& are ,indians4 ,?irty-?ree million are ( =eign p>5tage1 & ( ^!1 ?irte5 million are =eign-born4 ,five million d n speak ,engli%1 & !re are "o ?\s& five hundr$ news pap]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates pr9t$ 9 =eign languages4 ,five & "o- half million above ! age ( t5 ye>s1 includ+ bo? =eign & native1 _c read or write 9 any language4 ,new ,york ,city has a l>g] ,hebrew population ?an any o!r city 9 ! _w1 conta9s m ,italians ?an ,rome1 & its ,g]man population is ! f\r? l>ge/ among ! cities ( ! _w4 ,pittsburgh has m ,s]bs ?an ! capital ( ,s]bia4 ,x is said t !re 7 m ,greeks subject to draft 9 ! ,am]ican army ?an !re 7 9 ! entire army ( ,greece4 ,w\ld all ^! p be loyal to our nation1 or w\ld !y divide x aga9/ itself8 ,,loyalty ,,( ,,div]se ,,elem5ts ,! w>1 9 fact1 %[$ u t !re 7 "s among u :o _h nev] really become memb]s ( our nation & :o 7 dang]\s to our peace & safety4 ,x also %[$ u ! dang] t comes f ! pres5ce ( s _m illit]ates1 or ( ^? :o _c use ! ,engli% language2 = su* p1 ev5 ?\gh loyal 9 _s to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 _c und]/& in/ructions ei!r 9 ! army or 9 indu/ry1 & o!rwise prev5t effective coop]ation4 ,& yet ! mo/ /rik+ ?+ t ! w> %[$ u 9 reg>d to ?is mix$ population is t ! great mass ( x1 reg>dless ( color or place ( bir?1 is really ,am]ican 9 _s & loyal to our flag & ! ideas :i* x repres5ts4 ,,national ,,safety ,,dep5ds ,,on ,,h>mony ,ano!r weakness )9 our nation t ! w> emphasiz$ is ! lack ( h>mony betwe5 wage e>n]s & _! employ]s4 ,!re 7 _m %>p conflicts betwe5 !m4 ,/rikes occurr$1 or 7 ?reat5$1 9 factories1 %ipy>ds1 m9es1 & railroads1 t block$ ! :eels ( indu/ry at a "t :5 ! nation ne$$ to /ra9 e n]ve to provide ! mat]ials ( w>4 ,?is lack ( h>mony betwe5 workm5 & employ]s1 :i* 9 w> ?reat5$ our national safety1 has exi/$ = _m ye>s & has always be5 an ob/acle to national progress4 ,b ! common purpose ( w9n+ ! w> caus$ employ]s & wage e>n]s1 9 mo/ cases1 to adju/ _! diff]5ces4 ,9 ne>ly e case1 "o side or ! o!r1 or bo? sides1 yield$ c]ta9 po9ts & agre$ n to dispute ov] o!rs1 at lea/ = ! p]iod ( ! w>4 ,! national gov]nm5t did mu* to br+ ?is ab\t by ! creation ( labor adju/m5t bo>ds to he> compla9ts f ei!r side & to settle disputes4 ,if our national community life is to develop 9 a :olesome way1 complete coop]ation betwe5 workm5 & employ]s mu/ be secur$ & made p]man5t on ! basis ( int]e/s t are common to bo?4 ,,! ,,effect ,,( ,a ,,common ,,purpose ,su* facts z ^! %[ h[ easy x is1 9 a huge1 complex community l our nation1 = conflicts to arise among diff]5t sections & gr\ps ( ! population2 & h[ difficult x is always to see ! common int]e/s t exi/4 ,b !y also %[ h[ su* conflicts t5d to disappe> :5 a situation arises :i* =ces u to ?9k ( ! common int]e/s in/ead ( ! diff]5ces4 ,all else 0 =gott5 9 ! common purpose to w9 ! w>4 ,no sacrifice 0 too great on ! "p ( any individual 9 ord] t ?is national purpose might be s]v$4 ,ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 9 cities & 9 remote rural di/ricts1 s]vice flags 9 ! w9d[s te/ifi$ t ! homes ( ! l& 7 (f]+ memb]s t ! nation & its ideals might live4 ,m51 wom51 & ev5 *ildr5 contribut$ _! "w & _! sav+s & d5i$ !mselves cu/om>y com=ts to help w9 ! w>4 ,,! ,,entire ,,nation ,,0 ,,work+ ,,toge!r ,,= ,a ,,common ,,purpose4 ,,our ,,national ,,purpose ,we h said t ?is common purpose 0 to w9 ! w>4 ,b !re 7 purposes t lie mu* deep] ?an ?is1 )\t :i* x w\ld n h be5 wor? :ile to ent] ! w> at all4 ,z we saw 9 ,*apt] ,i1 our nation is f\nd$ on a belief 9 ! "r ( e "o to life & physical well-be+2 to be secure 9 "o's rightful possessions2 to fre$om ( ?\ght--education1 free spee*1 a free press2 to fre$om ( religion2 to happ9ess 9 pleasant surr\nd+s & a :olesome social life2 &1 above all1 to a voice 9 ! gov]nm5t :i* exi/s to protect ^! rights4 ,x 0 to secure a l>g] fre$om to enjoy ^! rights1 = ourselves fir/ & = all o!rs 9 _! "t1 t our nation 0 solidly unit$ aga9/ ! enemy t ?reat5$ x f )\t4 ,b x 0 ) ?is same purpose t ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce 0 f\ght1 t our ,con/itution 0 adopt$1 t slav]y 0 aboli%$1 t millions ( p f =eign l&s h come to our %ores4 ,x is ?is common purpose t makes ! great mass ( =eign]s 9 our c\ntry ,am]icans1 ready to fight = ,am]ica1 if necess>y ev5 aga9/ ! l& ( _! bir?4 ,x is ?is = :i* ! ,am]ican flag /&s at all times1 :e!r 9 peace or 9 w>4 ,:at pro( c y give ( a national _s 9 y\r locality dur+ ! w>8 ,:at evid5ce c y give to %[ t ?is national _s is or is n z /rong s9ce ! w> clos$8 ,:at 0 ! ,national ,army8 ! ,national ,gu>d8 ,:i* ( ^! organizations 0 mo/ likely to develop a national _s8 ,:y8 ,:at good reasons c y give = ! action ( ! gov]nm5t 9 consolidat+ ! ,regul> ,army1 ! ,national ,army1 & ! ,national ,gu>d into a ,unit$ ,/ates ,army8 ,:at argum5ts c y give 9 favor ( requir+ all in/ruction 9 ! public s*ools to be giv5 9 ! ,engli% language8 ,:at argum5ts c y give 9 favor ( tea*+ lessons 9 citiz5%ip 9 =eign-language newspap]s8 ,:at =eign nationalities are repres5t$ 9 y\r locality8 ,make a blackbo>d table %[+ ! nationality ( ! p>5ts & gr&p>5ts ( ea* memb] ( y\r class4 ,give illu/rations to %[ t w9n+ ! w> 0 ! controll+ purpose 9 y\r community dur+ ! w>4 ,9 :at way has ! w> made ,,y ?9k ab\t ! "r-to-life & ! ne$ = physical well-be+8 ab\t security 9 prop]ty8 ab\t fre$om ( ?\ght8 ab\t ! desirability ( an education8 ab\t ! "r ( p to pleasant surr\nd+s8 ab\t self- gov]nm5t8 ,%[ h[ ! ,spani%-,am]ican w> 0 f\ght = ! same purpose z t m5tion$ 9 ! p>agraph above4 ,write a brief !me on ,:at ! ,flag ,means to ,me4 ,,national ,,int]dep5d5ce ,! attempt to "w toge!r 9 ! w> made x v app>5t h[ dep5d5t ! nation is ^u all its p>ts1 & h[ dep5d5t ea* "p is ^u all ! o!rs4 ,x 0 (t5 said t ! f>m]s w\ld w9 ! w>4 ,at o!r times x 0 said to be %ips1 or fuel1 or airplanes1 or railroad transportation1 or tra9$ sci5ti/s & te*nical work]s4 ,! tru? is1 ( c\rse1 t all ^! ?+s & _m m 7 absolutely necess>y1 & t no "o ( !m w\ld h be5 ( mu* value )\t all ! o!rs4 ,x is true t ! w9n+ ( ! w> dep5d$ ^u ! f>m]s1 because !y are ! produc]s ( ! food & ( ! raw mat]ials = textiles )\t :i* ! nation & e gr\p & p]son 9 x w\ld h be5 helpless4 ,b ! f>m] c\ld n supply food to ! nation )\t ma*9]y = its production1 & )\t city m>kets & railroads & %ips = its di/ribution4 ,ma*9]y c\ld n be made1 nor %ips & locomotives built1 )\t /eel4 ,= ! manufacture ( /eel !re mu/ be iron & fuel & tung/5 & o!r mat]ials4 ,& = all ^! ?+s !re mu/ be inv5tors & skill$ me*anics1 & to produce ^! !re mu/ be s*ools4 ,& s we c\ld g on indef9itely to %[ h[ ! w> made u feel our int]dep5d5ce4 ,:at we ne$ to und]/&1 h[ev]1 is t ,,?is ,,int]dep5d5ce ,,is ,,*>act]i/ic ,,( ,,our ,,national ,,life ,,at ,,all ,,times2 ! w> only made u feel x m ke5ly4 ,,nation-,,build+ ,,9 ,,w> ,,"t ,dur+ ! w>1 /range z x may seem1 :ile we 7 devot+ our national en]gies to ! "w ( de/ruction incid5t to w>1 we z a nation made a/oni%+ progress 9 _m ways o!r ?an 9 ! art ( w>--9 :at we might call nation-build+4 ,9 "s ways we made progress 9 a ye> or two t "u ord9>y circum/ances might h requir$ a g5]ation4 ,a /rik+ illu/ration ( ?is is 9 ! developm5t ( a great fleet ( m]*ant %ips at a rate t w\ld h be5 impossible be=e ! w>4 ,beg9n+ ) almo/ no?+ :5 ! w> began1 we _h1 9 less ?an two ye>s1 a m]*ant fleet l>g] ?an t ( any o!r nation1 & t 9 spite ( ! con/ant de/ruction ( %ips by ! enemy4 ,! *airman ( ! %ipp+ bo>d ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t says t ?is is because ! necessities ( ! w> made ! :ole nation see h[ mu* x dep5ds ^u %ips1 & caus$ n only %ip-build]s1 b also eng9e]s & manufactur]s & bus9essm5 & ! ,navy dep>tm5t ( ! gov]nm5t1 & _m o!rs1 to conc5trate ^u ?is problem1 ) ! result t we discov]$ me?ods ( %ipbuild+1 & ( load+ & unload+ & op]at+ %ips :5 !y 7 built1 t w probably enable u to ma9ta9 p]man5tly a m]*ant m>9e1 ! lack ( :i* we h deplor$ = _m ye>s4 ,9 a simil> way we discov]$ & br\ght into use valuable natural res\rces ( ^: exi/5ce we _h l>gely be5 ignorant & = :i* we _h be5 dep5d5t ^u o!r nations4 ,we made a/oni%+ progress 9 sci5tific k1 & especially 9 ! application ( ?is k to inv5tion & to indu/rial ent]prises4 ,we develop$ a new int]e/ 9 agriculture1 & le>n$ ! food values ( _m products t _h =m]ly be5 neglect$4 ,we 7 l$ to attack s]i\sly ! great problem ( suitable h\s+ = workm51 & _h an important lesson 9 ! relation betwe5 :olesome home-life & indu/rial effici5cy 7see ,*apt] ,x1 pp4 #aab-aac74 ,f\ndations 7 laid = ! adju/m5t ( ! un=tunate diff]5ces t h long exi/$ betwe5 workm5 & _! employ]s4 ,! w> sugge/$ *anges 9 our educational me?ods1 "s ( :i* w d\btless become effective1 to ! great improvem5t ( our public s*ools1 colleges1 & te*nical s*ools4 ,we %all /udy "s ( ^! ?+s m fully 9 lat] *apt]s4 ,!y are m5tion$ n[ to illu/rate h[ ,,our ,,national ,,progress ,,0 ,,/imulat$ ,,:5 ,,! ,,w> ,,=c$ ,,u ,,to ,,see ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,all ,,^! ,,?+s ,,to ,,"o ,,ano!r ,,& ,,to ,,! ,,accompli%m5t ,,( ,,our ,,national ,,purpose4 ,on ! o!r h&1 failure to recognize ?is national int]dep5d5ce means sl[ progress z a national community4 ,:5 ! w> began1 our nation 0 said to be unprep>$4 ,ins(> z ?is 0 true--& x 0 true 9 _m p>ticul>s--x 0 because 9 ! times ( peace be=e ! w> we _h n ?\ght en\gh ab\t ! dep5d5ce ( our national /r5g? & safety ^u all ^! factors 9 our national life ,,work+ ,,toge!r4 ,& s1 9 ! times ( peace ,,aft] ,,! ,,w>1 if ! purposes = :i* our nation f\ght are to be fulfill$1 we mu/ cont9ue to pr(it by ?is lesson :i* ! w> has taught u4 ,recall y\r discussion ( national int]dep5d5ce 9 connection ) y\r /udy ( ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,report on "s ( ! important sci5tific & comm]cial developm5ts result+ f ! w>2 z1 = example3 ,! developm5t ( ! comm]cial use ( ! airplane4 ,! developm5t ( new food supplies4 ,! production ( f]tiliz] f ! nitrog5 ( ! air4 ,! developm5t ( new indu/ries 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,*anges 9 me?ods ( f>m+4 ,:at are "s *anges 9 education t are likely to result f ! w>8 ,%[ h[ ! /rike ( coal m9]s 9 #aiai affect$ ! life ( ! nation4 ,,! ,,supreme ,,te/ ,,( ,,! ,,nation ,! work+ toge!r ( all ^! int]dep5d5t p>ts is ! important ?+4 ,! supreme te/ ( ! nation has come1 said ,presid5t ,wilson4 ,we mu/ all speak1 act1 & s]ve toge!r4 ,footnote3 ,message to ! ,am]ican ,p1 ,april #ae1 #aiai4 #a ,x is n an army t we mu/ %ape & tra9 = w> 444 x is a ,nation4 ,to ?is end our p mu/ draw close 9 "o compact front aga9/ a common foe4 ,b ?is _c be if ea* man pursues a private purpose4 ,! ,nation ne$s all m51 b x ne$s ea* man1 n 9 ! field t w mo/ pleasure him1 b 9 ! endeavor t w be/ s]ve ! common good4 444 ,! :ole ,nation mu/ be a team1 9 :i* ea* man mu/ play ! "p = :i* he is be/ fitt$4 ,footnote3 ,conscription ,proclamation1 ,may #ah1 #aiag4 ,,! ,,nation ,,z ,a ,,team ,we _h "s sugge/ion on page #gb ( h[ su* national team "w became a fact4 ,d y\r bit6 0 ! wat*-^w4 ,x 0 spl5did to see h[ p]sonal int]e/s gave way be=e ! desire to s]ve ! nation4 ,x is a ?rill+ /ory h[ ! racial elem5ts 9 our population =got _! diff]5ces ( race & language & rememb]$ only t !y 7 ,am]ican2 h[ employ]s & employees laid aside _! diff]5ces2 h[ f>m]s & bus9essm51 manufactur]s & me*anics1 m9]s & woodsm51 inv5tors & tea*]s1 wom5 9 ! home & *ildr5 9 ! s*ools1 doctors & nurses1 & e o!r class & gr\p subord9at$ _! p]sonal int]e/s to ! "o national purpose ( w9n+ ! w> 9 ord] t ! _w might become a dec5t place 9 :i* to live4 ,z soon z ! ,unit$ ,/ates ent]$ ! w>1 ,wa%+ton1 ! nation's capital1 became fill$ ) p f all p>ts ( ! c\ntry :o want$ to help 9 "s way4 ,"s 7 call$ !re by ! gov]nm5t2 o!rs came to volunte] _! s]vices & to (f] ideas t !y ?\ght useful4 ,_m came z repres5tatives ( organizations--bus9ess & indu/rial organizations1 sci5tific associations1 civic societies4 ,new committees & associations 7 =m$1 until ! numb] ( volunt>y citiz5 organizations eag] to d w> "w became almo/ too num]\s to rememb]4 ,!y 7 all an indication ( ! desire ( ! p to d _! "p 9 ! national ent]prise4 ,,confusion ,,)\t ,,organization ,b !re foll[$ a p]iod ( confusion4 ,all ^! organizations & ! p :om !y repres5t$ want$ to help1 b !y did n always "k j :at to d nor h[ to d x4 ,ea* organization _h its own ideas :i* x (t5 magnifi$ above all o!rs4 ,diff]5t organizations want$ to accompli% ! same purpose1 b want$ to d x 9 diff]5t ways4 ,(t5 !y duplicat$ "o ano!r's ef=ts4 ,a w> c\ld n be won "u su* conditions4 ,b out ( all ?is confusion !re f9ally develop$ ord]1 & ?is 0 because ! v>i\s organizations ( p realiz$ t if !y 7 to accompli% any?+ !y mu/ "w 9 coop]ation ) ! national gov]nm5t1 ^: bus9ess x 01 aft] all1 to organize ! nation = unit$ action4 ,9 fact1 x 0 = ?is reason t !y came to ,wa%+ton4 ,_m ( !m s\ght to influ5ce ! gov]nm5t to adopt ?is or t plan1 & sometimes succe$$2 b x 0 ! gov]nm5t t f9ally decid$ :at plans 7 to be adopt$1 & all ( ! ef=t ( ! num]\s organizations & ( individuals mu/ be br\ght into h>mony ) ^!4 ,,national ,,team ,,"w ,,?r\gh ,,gov]nm5t ,! p]iod ( ! w> af=d$ _m /rik+ examples ( national coop]ation secur$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,x may h seem$ sometimes t our gov]nm5t int]f]$ ) p]sonal fre$om to an unreasonable ext5t1 z :5 x limit$ ! am\nt ( coal we c\ld buy1 fix$ ! prices ( _m articles1 det]m9$ ! wages t %\ld be paid = labor1 took ov] ! managem5t ( ! railroads & ( ! telegraph & telephone l9es1 & did _m o!r ?+s t x nev] _h done 9 times ( peace4 ,we expect$ gov]nm5t to ex]cise p[]s 9 w> "t t x w\ld n be p]mitt$ to ex]cise 9 times ( peace4 ,b x c be %[n t ev5 dur+ ! w>1 ! gov]nm5t1 ) all its unusual p[]s1 did n ride r\gh%od ov] ! p1 b s\ght to make !m p>tn]s 9 an ent]prise :i* aft] all 0 _! own4 ,! nation 0 fight+ = its life & = ! v pr9ciples ^u :i* x 0 f\nd$1 & x 0 necess>y t coop]ation %\ld be complete & effective4 ,?is 0 :at ! gov]nm5t s\ght1 & x ex]cis$ its p[]s by invit+ & obta9+ national coop]ation to a rem>kable ext5t4 ,,! ,,selective ,,draft ,,z ,,an ,,illu/ration ,,( ,,team ,,"w ,our national army 0 creat$ by a selective draft1 or conscription4 ,conscription _h =m]ly be5 look$ ^u ) disfavor z a =m ( =c$ milit>y s]vice4 ,a volunte] army 0 ?\ght to be m 9 h>mony ) a democratic =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,b ! draft is n[ se5 to be f> m democratic ?an a volunte] army because x treats all able-bodi$ m5 alike1 in/ead ( leav+ ! fight+ to ^? :o are mo/ c\rage\s & mo/ patriotic1 :ile ^? :o are incl9$ to %irk may easily d s4 ,moreov]1 ! ,,selective draft means ! selection ( m5 to s]ve 9 ! capacity = :i* !y are be/ fitt$4 ,9 ,great ,brita91 "u a volunte] sy/em1 & 9 ,france1 "u a sy/em ( compulsory milit>y s]vice = all m51 ?\s&s ( brave m5 w5t to ! tr5*es 9 ! e>ly days ( ! w> :o1 because ( _! tra9+1 %\ld h be5 kept at home to p]=m ! va/ am\nt ( skill$ labor & sci5tific "w :i* ?is w> dem&$4 ,w> indu/ry1 )\t :i* !re c\ld be no fight+1 0 ?us greatly hamp]$4 ,by our selective draft1 on ! o!r h&1 :ile e man 0 expect$ to d 8 %>e1 ea* 0 select$ z f> z possible to d ! ?+ :i* he c\ld d be/ & !re=e :i* w\ld be/ s]ve ! c\ntry4 ,x also s\ght to prev5t ^? :o _h families dep5d5t ^u !m f go+ to w> until !y 7 absolutely ne$$4 ,?us ! selective draft is an example ( gov]nm5t organiz+ our national manp[] = m effective teamwork & ) less h>d%ip ?an if x _h be5 left to volunt>y action4 ,,team ,,"w ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,food ,,adm9i/ration ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,food ,adm9i/ration 0 creat$ by ! ,presid5t to c>ry out ! provisions ( a law pass$ by ,congress1 to provide fur!r = ! national security & def5se by enc\rag+ ! production1 cons]v+ ! supply1 & controll+ ! di/ribution ( food products & fuel4 ,! ,presid5t plac$ at its head a man 9 :om ! p ( ! c\ntry _h great confid5ce1 because ( 8 exp]i5ce & success 9 organiz+ & manag+ ! ,belgian relief "w1 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,hoov]4 ,he ga!r$ ar\nd him m5 famili> ) ! problems relat+ to ! food supply ( ! nation1 & !n proce$$ to enlight5 ! c\ntry 9 reg>d to ! nature ( ^! problems & to seek = ! coop]ation ( ! p 9 solv+ !m4 ,z soon z he 0 appo9t$1 ! food adm9i/rator issu$ a /atem5t conta9+ ! foll[+ facts3 ,:]eas we export$ be=e ! w> b #hj1jjj1jjj bu%els ( :eat p] annum1 ?is ye> we mu/ f9d = all our allies #bbe1jjj1jjj bu%els1 & ?is 9 ! face ( a %ort crop4 444 ,france & ,italy =m]ly produc$ _! own sug>1 :ile ,engl& & ,irel& import$ l>gely f ,g]many4 ,ow+ to ! inability ( ! fir/-nam$ to produce m ?an "o ?ird ( _! ne$s1 & ! necessity = ! o!rs to import f o!r m>kets1 !y mu/ all come to ! ,we/ ,indies = _! v l>ge supplies1 & !re=e deplete our res\rces4 ,if we c r$uce our consumption ( :eat fl\r by #a p\nd1 our meat by #g ounces1 our sug> by #g ounces1 our fat by #g ounces ,,p] ,,p]son ,,p] ,,week1 ^! quantities1 multipli$ by #ajj1jjj1jjj 7! population ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates7 w immeasurably aid & enc\rage our allies1 help our own gr[+ armies1 & s effectively s]ve ! great & noble cause ( humanity 9 :i* our nation has emb>k$4 ,,democracy ,a ,,p>tn]%ip ,?is illu/rates h[ ! ,food ,adm9i/ration s\ght coop]ation4 ,x made p>tn]s ( ! p1 expla9$ to !m ! situation1 & ask$ !m to help z individuals4 ,x %[$ ! nation :at x mu/ d if x 7 to be successful 9 its und]tak+4 ,x is true t ! ,presid5t _h l>ge p[]s to en=ce obs]vance ( ! rules outl9$ by ! ,food ,adm9i/ration1 b x 0 only 9 ! exceptional case ( ! individual consum] & produc] :o refus$ to coop]ate = ! common good t x became necess>y to use ! p[]4 ,! me?od ( democracy is to po9t out cle>ly h[ ! desir$ result may be obta9$ & to dep5d ^u ! p to gov]n !mselves accord+ly4 ,aft] a ye> ( ! w> a memb] ( ! ,food ,adm9i/ration is quot$ z say+1 ,footnote3 ,9 an article on ,y\r ,:eatless ,days1 by ,w4 ,a4 ,wolff1 9 ,colli]'s ,weekly1 ,aug4 #ag1 #aiah4 ,!re's nev] be5 any?+ l x 9 hi/ory4 444 ,we ask$ ! ,am]ican p to d volunt>ily m ?an any o!r p has ev] be5 ask$ to d "u compulsion4 ,& ! ,am]ican p made good6 ,:at 0 true 9 ! unusual "t ( w> is true to ev5 a great] ext5t 9 ! ord9>y "t ( peace4 ,we h little to fe> f our national gov]nm5t z long z we & ^? to :om we entru/ its managem5t1 always keep 9 m9d its real purpose1 :i* is to %[ u h[ to "w toge!r effectively z a nation & to help u d x4 ,,e ,,man ,,c\nts ,all ?r\gh ?is /udy we are go+ to obs]ve h[ 9 ! ord9>y affairs ( life our national gov]nm5t s]ves u 9 ?is respect4 ,"o ?+ t we ne$ especially to le>n is t we h a great national purpose ,,all ,,! ,,"t1 9 peace z well z 9 w>4 ,9 fact1 ,,peace ,,is ,a ,,"p ,,( ,,t ,,purpose4 ,we w5t to w> because )\t x !re c\ld be no assurance ( a la/+ peace4 ,:ile we f\ght to def5d our national purpose & our national ideals aga9/ a p[]ful foe f )\t1 ?is purpose & ^! ideals _c be fully a*iev$ by ! w> alone4 ,!y c be f9ally a*iev$ only by ourselves z we develop1 day by day1 our national community life4 ,to d ?is we mu/ always keep 9 m9d our great national purpose1 we mu/ realize our dep5d5ce ^u "o ano!r 9 a*iev+ ?is purpose1 & we mu/ make our national team "w z p]fect z x c be made4 ,above all1 we mu/ realize t1 9 peace z 9 w>1 ,,e ,,man ,,c\nts 9 our national community life4 ,z ,presid5t ,wilson said3 ,,! ,,nation ,,ne$s ,,all ,,m51 ,,b ,,x ,,ne$s ,,ea* ,,man4 444 ,,! ,,:ole ,,nation ,,mu/ ,,be ,a ,,team1 ,,9 ,,:i* ,,ea* ,,man ,,%all ,,play ,,! ,,"p ,,= ,,:i* ,,he ,,is ,,be/ ,,fitt$4 ,read & discuss ,presid5t ,wilson's ,message to ! ,am]ican ,p1 ( ,april #ae1 #aiag4 ,:at organizations exi/$ 9 y\r community to secure teamwork = w> purposes8 ,%[ h[ boys' & girls' clubs1 or ! ,s*ool ,g>d5 ,army1 made coop]ation possible on a national scale4 ,is ?is true 9 peace times z well z 9 w> "t8 ,is !re great] or less ne$ ( national teamwork today ?an dur+ ! w>8 ,expla9 y\r answ]4 ,:at evid5ces are !re t ! teamwork ( our nation has n be5 z good s9ce ! w> z dur+ ! w>8 ,:y is ?is8 ,%[ h[ univ]sal milit>y tra9+ might increase ! national _s ,:at argum5ts c y give aga9/ x8 ,%\ld or %\ld n ! food adm9i/ration ( w>time be cont9u$ 9 peace "t8 ,:y8 ,:at does x mean to y to be an ,am]ican8 ,,read+s ,9 ,long's ,am]ican ,patriotic ,prose3 ,van ,dyke1 ,! ,bl5d+ ( ,races1 p4 #d4 ,de ,crevecoeur1 ,! ,am]ican1 p4 #ch4 ,web/]1 ,imag9>y ,spee* ( ,john ,adams1 p4 #gg4 ,brooks1 ,! ,f\r? ( ,july 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 p4 #hi4 ,van ,dyke1 ,! ,am]icanism ( ,wa%+ton1 pp4 #ace-acg4 ,jay1 ,unity z a ,protection aga9/ ,=eign ,=ce & ,influ5ce1 p4 #aci4 ,web/]1 ,lib]ty & ,union ,insep>able1 p4 #aeh4 ,l9coln1 ,gettysburg ,spee*1 p4 #aha4 ,l9coln1 ,second ,inaugural ,address1 p4 #ahc4 ,:itman1 ,two ,bro!rs1 ,"o ,nor?1 ,"o ,s\?1 p4 #bja4 ,wilson1 ,_s ( ,am]ica1 p4 #bff4 ,roosevelt1 ,true ,am]icanism1 p4 #bgj4 ,wilson1 ,conscription ,proclamation1 p4 #bhc4 ,hughes1 ,:at ! ,flag ,means1 p4 #bhh4 ,eliot1 ,five ,am]ican ,contributions to ,civilization1 p4 #caj4 ,lane1 ,mak]s ( ! ,flag1 p4 #cad4 ,mc,call1 ,am]ica ! ,melt+ ,pot1 p4 #cbj4 ,wilson1 ,to ,newly-,made ,citiz5s1 p4 #cbb4 ,gibbons1 ,! ,republic ,w ,endure1 p4 #cdj4 ,eliot1 ,:at ,am]icans ,believe ,91 p4 #cfa4 ,abbott1 ,patriotism1 p4 #cfb4 ,9 ,fo]/] & ,pi]son's ,am]ican ,ideals3 ,wilson1 ,conscription ,proclamation1 p4 #age4 ,wilson1 ,am]icanism & ! ,=eign-,born1 p4 #agh4 ,ald]man1 ,c ,democracy be ,organiz$8 p4 #aeh4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,a ,,_w ,,community ,is !re a _w community8 ,a _w torn by w>1 z our _w 0 f #aiad to #aiah1 may n seem to give mu* evid5ce ( x1 & _m w\ld at once answ] ,no to our "q4 ,& yet su* phrases z ! bro!rhood ( man & ! cause ( humanity are famili> to u all4 ,we may briefly discuss ! "q 9 ?is /udy1 because if !re is su* a community1 we are all memb]s ( x1 & our memb]%ip 9 x affects our lives z individuals & z a nation4 ,,:at ,,! ,,w> ,,disclos$ ,,) ,,reg>d ,,to ,a ,,_w ,,community ,! _w community is c]ta9ly v imp]fectly develop$1 b :ile ! w> emphasiz$ its imp]fections1 x also furni%$ evid5ce if its reality4 ,its exi/5ce dep5ds ^u ! pres5ce ( recogniz$ common purposes & ( organiz$ teamwork 9 accompli%+ ^! purposes1 z 9 ! case ( any community4 ,! w> disclos$ conflict+ int]e/s among ! nations2 b x unit$ = a common purpose a l>g] "p ( ! _w's population ?an _h ev] be=e act$ toge!r 9 a common cause4 ,x disclos$ an int]dep5d5ce among ! nations & ! peoples ( ! _w t we _h n ?\ght (4 ,& :ile x disclos$ ! weakness ( ! _w's organization = teamwork1 x ar\s$ u to ! possibilities ( su* organization1 made u long = x1 & br\ght u1 z _m believe1 a /ep ne>] to its accompli%m5t4 ,,am]ica',s ,,deta*m5t ,,f ,,! ,,_w ,sep>at$ by wide oceans1 f ! re/ ( ! _w1 our nation grew & prosp]$ ) a s5se ( security f ! conflicts t f "t to "t di/urb$ ! ,old ,_w4 ,we e>ly adopt$ a policy ( avoid+ entanglem5ts t might draw u into ^! conflicts4 ,9 8 ,f>ewell ,address1 ,wa%+ton said3 ,! great rule ( conduct = u 9 reg>d to =eign nations is1 9 ext5d+ our comm]cial relations1 to h ) !m z little political connection z possible4 444 ,:y1 by int]weav+ our de/9y ) t ( any "p ( ,europe1 entangle our peace & po/]ity 9 ! toils ( ,european ambition1 rival%ip1 int]e/1 humor1 or caprice8 ,x is our true policy to /e] cle> ( p]man5t alliances ) any portion ( ! =eign _w4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 ,presid5t ,monroe issu$ 8 fam\s /atem5t1 kn[n z ! ,monroe ,doctr9e1 :i*1 recogniz+ ! pr9ciple t ,wa%+ton _h /at$1 also d5i$ ! "r ( ,european p[]s to int]f]e ) ! free gr[? ( ! republican nations ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has /eadfa/ly held to ?is doctr9e f t day to ?is4 ,,nations ,,h ,,become ,,close ,,neighbors ,b great *anges h come to ! _w s9ce ! "t ( ,wa%+ton4 ,! use ( /eam 9 navigation1 ! subm>9e cable & wireless telegraphy h br\ght all ! _w into clos] relations ?an exi/$ betwe5 ,new ,engl& & ! ,s\!rn ,/ates 9 ! e>ly days ( our national life4 ,our gov]nm5t at ,wa%+ton may s5d messages to ,european capitals & receive a reply )9 t5 m9utes4 ,! ,atlantic has be5 cross$ by airplane4 ,! nations ( ! _w h become v close neighbors4 ,! murd] ( a pr9ce 9 a little city ( c5tral ,europe drew f millions ( homes 9 ,am]ica _! sons to fight on ! soil ( ,europe4 ,we ent]$ ! w> because our int]e/s 7 s closely b\nd up ) ^? ( ! _w t we c\ld n keep out2 because :at affects mank9d is inevitably our affair1 z well z ! affair ( ! nations ( ,europe & ,asia4 ,! w> did n create ?is int]dep5d5ce2 x only emphasiz$ x4 ,b n[ t we are aw>e ( x1 x w probably influ5ce our lives to a mu* great] ext5t ?an be=e ! w>4 ,,:at ,,! ,,_w ,,0 ,,fight+ ,,= ,! nations t 7 associat$ aga9/ ,g]many1 occupy1 ) _! dep5d5cies1 two-?irds ( ! e>?'s surface & include m ?an f\r-fif?s ( its population4 ,! gov]nm5ts ( ^! nations decl>$ t !y 7 fight+ prim>ily1 n = selfi% int]e/s su* z ports & prov9ces & trade1 b = ! common int]e/s ( ! :ole family ( civiliz$ nations--= no?+ less ?an ! cause ( mank9d4 ,footnote3 ,/u>t ,p4 ,%]man1 ,am]ican & ,alli$ ,ideals1 p4 #ad4 ,ev5 if "s ( ! gov]nm5ts 7 influ5c$ to a great] or less] ext5t by selfi% motives1 !y /ill recogniz$ a common int]e/ ( ! peoples ( ! _w1 a cause ( mank9d1 & bas$ _! appeals ^u x4 ,! prime m9i/] ( ,engl& said1 ,we mu/ n all[ any s5se ( rev5ge1 any _s ( gre$1 any grasp+ desire1 to ov]come ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( righte\sness4 ,f>away ,siam decl>$ t %e ent]$ ! w> to uphold ! sanctity ( int]national rights aga9/ nations %[+ a contempt = humanity4 ,& little ,guatemala proclaim$ t %e _h f ! fir/ adh]$ to & support$ ! attitude ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 def5se ( ! rights ( nations1 ( lib]ty ( ! seas1 & ( int]national ju/ice4 ,our ,presid5t said t :at we dem& 9 ?is w> is no?+ peculi> to ourselves4 ,x is t ! _w be made fit & safe to live 9 = e peace- lov+ nation4 444 ,all ! peoples ( ! _w are 9 effect p>tn]s 9 ?is int]e/4 ,! av[$ purpose = :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates ent]$ ! w>1 & = :i* all ! peoples ( ! _w are 9 effect p>tn]s1 is ! same z t = :i* ! ,am]ican ,revolution>y ,w> 0 f\ght1 :i* 0 proclaim$ 9 our ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 & = :i* ,am]ica has always /ood--! equal "r ( all m5 to life1 lib]ty1 & ! pursuit ( happ9ess1 & to self-gov]nm5t4 ,ne>ly ! :ole _w 0 unit$ aga9/ a few autocratic gov]nm5ts t d5i$ ^! rights4 ,,am]ica ,,has ,,f\ght ,,= ,,! ,,fre$om ,,( ,,o!rs ,at ! "t ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution ! coloni/s _h no desire to fight ! ,engli% ,,p1 b revolt$ aga9/ ! autocratic ,engli% ,,gov]nm5t ( t "t1 :i* refus$ to recognize ! rights ( ! p4 ,! ,engli% p _h _m times f\ght = ^! rights1 & _m ( !m sympa?iz$ ) ! ,am]ican coloni/s1 ,! w9n+ ( ,am]ican indep5d5ce 0 a victory = free gov]nm5t 9 ,engl& z well z 9 ,am]ica1 & ! gov]nm5t ( ,engl& today is z democratic z our own4 ,?is und]/&+ ab\t ! ,am]ican ,revolution ?r[s light ^u :at ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates meant :5 he said t we f\ght ,g]many = ! ultimate peace ( ! _w & = ! lib]ation ( its peoples1 ,,! ,,g]man ,,peoples ,,includ$4 ,ano!r writ] said1 ,we are n fight+ to put ! ,g]mans out b to get !m 94 ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,human ,,sympa?y ,x has tak5 a long "t = ! peoples ( ! _w to develop a s5se ( _! common wants & purposes4 ,diff]5ces 9 language1 9 race & color1 9 religi\s beliefs & obs]vances1 9 =ms ( gov]nm5t1 ev5 9 su* matt]s z dress & o!r habits & cu/oms1 h t5d$ to obscure ! common feel+s ( all4 ,?is lack ( sympa!tic und]/&+ is sugge/$ by ,%ylock1 9 ,%akespe>e's ,m]*ant ( ,v5ice3 ,ha? n a ,jew eyes8 ha? n a ,jew h&s1 organs1 dim5sions1 s5ses1 affections1 passions8 f$ ) ! same food1 hurt ) ! same weapons1 subject to ! same diseases1 heal$ by ! same means1 w>m$ & cool$ by ! same ,w9t] & ,summ]1 z a ,*ri/ian is8 ,if y prick u1 d we n ble$8 if y tickle u1 d we n laugh8 if y poison u1 d we n die8 & if y wrong u1 %all we n rev5ge8 if we are l y 9 ! re/1 we w resemble y 9 t4 ,increas$ opportunity = travel1 bett] means ( communication1 & m widespread education h greatly increas$ ! und]/&+ among peoples & nations1 & h disclos$ to view common purposes & ideals 9 spite ( diff]5ces4 ,! fact t l>ge numb]s ( p f e "p ( ! globe h come to ! ,unit$ ,/ates to live toge!r z "o nation has contribut$ to ! same result4 ,give illu/rations f y\r own exp]i5ce & read+ to %[ t diff]5ces 9 dress1 language1 race1 & cu/oms make sympa!tic und]/&+ difficult4 ,:at is meant by ,am]ica1 ! melt+-pot8 ,,int]national ,,coop]ation ,z ! peoples ( ! _w h become bett] acqua9t$1 individuals & gr\ps h t5d$ to associate !mselves toge!r1 reg>dless ( national b\nd>ies1 = ! promotion ( common int]e/s4 ,"o example ( ?is is ! common movem5t ( organiz$ labor :i* has ov]/epp$ national b\nd>ies4 ,!re is an ,int]national ,in/itute ( ,agriculture1 ) headqu>t]s at ,rome1 & repres5t+ #ef c\ntries1 ! purpose ( :i* is to promote bett] economic & social conditions among agricultural populations ( ! _w4 ,"s ( its publications are publi%$ 9 five languages4 ,lit]ature & art b9d all ! _w toge!r1 & sci5ce kn[s no national b\nd>y l9es4 ,*ri/ianity is "o ( ! greate/ influ5ces = a bro!rhood ( man4 ,diff]5ces 9 religi\s belief h pres5t$ mo/ difficult b>ri]s to ov]come1 b !re has be5 a /eadily increas+ tol]ance ( "o religi\s fai? t[>d o!rs4 ,^! are only a few ( hundr$s ( illu/rations t might be giv54 ,,s]vice ,,( ,,! ,,r$ ,,cross ,we h all become famili>1 dur+ ! w>1 ) ! "w ( ! ,r$ ,cross4 ,no o!r organization has done m to ext5d ! feel+ ( common bro!rhood 9 ! _w & ! _s ( _w s]vice4 ,dur+ ! w> a ,junior ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,r$ ,cross 0 organiz$1 enroll+ 9 its memb]%ip ab\t twelve million ,am]ican boys & girls & organiz+ !m = practical s]vice to w>-/rick5 ,europe & ,asia4 ,s9ce ! w>1 ! ,junior ,r$ ,cross1 ^: headqu>t]s are at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 has und]tak5 to use its organization to promote correspond5ce among boys & girls ( diff]5t l&s1 & an ex*ange ( h&iwork1 pictures1 & o!r ?+s illu/rative ( _! int]e/s4 ,! ,am]ican ,s*ool ,citiz5%ip ,league 7#dje ,m>lboro ,/reet1 ,bo/on7 is enc\rag+ ! same idea1 & !re is a ,bureau ( ,fr5*- ,am]ican ,education ,correspond5ce = a simil> purpose1 ) headqu>t]s at ! ,george ,peabody ,college = ,tea*]s1 ,na%ville1 ,t5n4 ,,! ,,movem5t ,,= ,,_w ,,peace ,num]\s ,,int]national ,,peace ,,congresses h be5 held1 ! fir/ "o z e>ly z #ahdc1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & o!r c\ntries organizations exi/ = ! promotion ( fri5dly relations among ! nations1 & especially = ! sub/itution ( arbitration = w> z a means ( settl+ int]national disputes4 ,among su* organizations 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ! ,league to ,en=ce ,peace1 ! ,c>negie ,end[m5t = ,int]national ,peace1 ! ,am]ican ,peace & ,arbitration ,league1 ! ,am]ican ,peace ,society1 ! ,_w ,peace ,f$]ation1 ! ,*ur* ,peace ,union4 ,:at may be ga9$ by correspond5ce betwe5 ! "y p ( diff]5t l&s8 ,report on ! foll[+ 7see ref]5ces73 ,! "w ( ! ,pan-,am]ican ,union4 ,! "w ( ! ,r$ ,cross 9 w> & peace4 ,,pan-,,am]ican ,,union ,"o ( ! mo/ successful exp]im5ts 9 int]national coop]ation is t ( ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ican republics4 ,! fir/ ,pan-,am]ican ,conf]5ce1 att5d$ by delegates f ! tw5ty-"o ,am]ican republics1 0 held 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 9 #ahhi4 ,z a result ( ?is ,conf]5ce ! ,pan-,am]ican ,union 0 e/abli%$1 ) p]man5t headqu>t]s 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,its purpose is ! developm5t ( comm]ce1 fri5dly int]c\rse1 & good und]/&+ among ^! c\ntries4 ,,int]national ,,gov]nm5t ,to secure any?+ l effective teamwork among ! nations = ! common int]e/ & to sub/itute arbitration = w> z a means ( settl+ diff]5ces1 !re mu/ be "s k9d ( int]national organization1 & rules to :i* ! gov]nm5ts ( ! nations w agree4 ,civiliz$ nations h always _h _! (ficial means ( deal+ ) "o ano!r ?r\gh _! gov]nm5ts1 su* z ! diplomatic & consul> s]vices4 ,alliances h1 f "t immemorial1 be5 made betwe5 nations1 treaties h be5 solemnly agre$ to1 & a body ( int]national law has gradually gr[n up4 ,b treaties & int]national law h frequ5tly be5 violat$1 & no int]national gov]nm5t has exi/$ ) suffici5t au?ority or p[] to =ce nations to obs]ve ! law or to keep _! agreem5ts4 ,z a result ( two peace conf]5ces held at ,! ,hague 9 ,holl&1 9 #ahii & #aijg1 an int]national ,c\rt ( ,arbitration 0 e/abli%$ at ,! ,hague 7,! ,hague ,tribunal71 be=e :i* disputes might be br\ght by nations if !y desir$ to d s4 ,b !re 0 no way by :i* a nation c\ld be compell$ to appeal to ! c\rt4 ,,nationality ,,& ,,sov]eignty ,nations h a /rong s5se ( _! ,,nationality1 & are extremely jeal\s ( _! ,,sov]eignty1 :i* is ! supreme p[] claim$ by e nation to =m its own gov]nm5t & to manage its own affairs )\t int]f]5ce by o!r nations4 ,x is ?is t has prev5t$ ! developm5t ( any?+ l a real int]national gov]nm5t t c\ld control ! conduct ( national gov]nm5ts1 or t c\ld require a nation to submit its grievances to any judge o!r ?an itself4 ,?is has p]haps be5 ! *ief weakness ( ! _w community4 ,a ,,league ,,( ,,nations ,_m p h long believ$ t ! self-gov]n+ nations ( ! _w mu/ soon] or lat] unite1 9 ! int]e/ ( _w peace1 9 "s k9d ( f$]ation or league1 ) a c5tral organization to :i* all w\ld agree to submit _! diff]5ces4 ,! w> made x seem ev5 m necess>y4 ,accord+ly1 ! ,peace ,conf]5ce at ,v]sailles at ! close ( ! w> includ$ 9 ! treaty ( peace a ,cov5ant 7or con/itution7 = a ,league ( ,nations4 ,! treaty1 includ+ ! ,cov5ant1 has be5 ratifi$ 7,m>*1 #aibj7 by f\r ( ! five great nations associat$ aga9/ ,g]many 7,france1 ,engl&1 ,italy1 & ,japan2 ! ,unit$ ,/ates be+ ! exception71 besides sev]al o!r nations4 ,:ile ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates /rongly advocat$ ! treaty ) ! ,cov5ant1 ! ,s5ate did n approve ( its ratification4 ,^? 9 our c\ntry :o oppos$ ! ,cov5ant did s = a v>iety ( reasons1 b *ief among !m 73 fir/1 ! fe> t ! ,cov5ant w\ld cause u to dep>t f ! pr9ciples laid d[n by ,wa%+ton & ,monroe2 &1 second1 ! fe> t ! p[]s conf]r$ ^u ! int]national gov]nm5t w\ld deprive our national gov]nm5t ( "s ( its sov]eign p[]s4 ,! fri5ds ( ! ,cov5ant d5i$ t ei!r ( ^! ?+s w\ld be true4 ,:e!r or n ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld ent] ! ,league ,footnote3 ,! ,c\ncil ( ! new ,league ( ,nations held its fir/ meet+ ,janu>y #af1 #aibj1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ( c\rse1 n be+ repres5t$4 we %all h to leave = ! /atesm5 to decide2 & :e!r or n ! ,league w accompli% ! desir$ ends1 "t alone c prove4 ,b two or ?ree ?+s may safely be said ) reg>d to any really effective _w gov]nm5t4 ,,might ,,does ,,n ,,make ,,"r ,:5 p live toge!r 9 communities1 ea* p]son has to sacrifice some?+ ( 8 p]sonal fre$om 9 ord] t all may enjoy ! l>ge/ possible lib]ty4 ,! same is true ( families 9 a neighborhood1 ( communities 9 a /ate1 ( ! /ates 9 our nation4 ,!re is no reason :y x %\ld n be true ( nations :i* are neighbors to "o ano!r4 ,no nation has any m "r to d z x pleases ?an a p]son or a family has1 ,,if ,,:at ,,x ,,pleases ,,to ,,d ,,is ,,unju/ ,,to ,,its ,,neighbors4 ,! only ?+1 h[ev]1 t a nation c prop]ly be ask$ to give up ,,is ,,be+ ,,unju/ ,,to ,,its ,,neighbors4 ,we saw 9 ,*apt] ,,iv t gov]nm5t & law increase r ?an decrease ! individual citiz5's fre$om1 & t x is only ! ill-mann]$ :o feel ! re/rictions ( a wise gov]nm5t4 ,s1 :5 we f9ally get a _w gov]nm5t t is good1 x w be "o t w increase ! fre$om ( all good-mann]$ nations1 re/rict+ only ^? t are ill- mann]$4 ,,:at ,,am]ica ,,fir/ ,,means ,moreov]1 :5 we f9ally get a league ( nations t w really secure fri5dly coop]ation among ! nations = _! common int]e/s1 x w be br\ght ab\t1 n by sacrific+ nationality & national patriotism1 b by ,,/r5g!n+ !m4 ,:at is requir$ is n less loyalty to "o's nationality1 b m sympa!tic und]/&+ ( nationalities & national ideals diff]5t f "o's own1 comb9$ ) a recognition ( ! fundam5tal int]e/s 444 :i* unite !m to ea* o!r4 ,footnote3 ,?\ghts on ,nationalism & ,int]nationalism1 9 ,hi/ory ,tea*]s' ,magaz9e1 ,june #aiah1 p4 #ccd4 ,! only way to be sure ( a p]fect neighborhood is fir/ to see to x t ! homes ( ! neighborhood are /rong & :ole "s4 ,no p]son c really be loyal to 8 neighborhood :o is n fir/ ( all loyal to 8 home4 ,?or\ghly effici5t t[n%ips & c\nties & cities are ess5tial to a ?or\ghly effici5t /ate2 & no citiz5 is loyal to 8 /ate :o is n loyal to 8 t[n%ip1 c\nty1 & city4 ,! /r5g? ( our nation dep5ds ^u ! /r5g? ( ! /ates t compose x1 & real national patriotism _c well exi/ 9 ! he>t ( a citiz5 :o is disloyal to 8 /ate4 ,! fir/ ess5tial /ep t[>d an effective ,,_w gov]nm5t is to see t our national gov]nm5t is effici5t & at ! same "t ,,j4 ,! fir/ & be/ s]vice t a citiz5 c p]=m = ! _w community is to be loyal to ,,am]ican ,,ideals1 :i* are becom+ ! ideals ( an ev]- increas+ "p ( ! _w's population4 ,,! ,,new ,,type ,,( ,,patriot ,,no ,,long] ,,cries1 ,,my ,,c\ntry ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,_w1 ,,b ,,my ,,c\ntry ,,= ,,! ,,_w4 ,footnote3 ,/u>t ,p4 ,%]man1 ,am]ican & ,alli$ ,ideals1 p4 #ad4 ,topics = inve/igation3 ,! ,hague ,tribunal4 ,disputes t h be5 settl$ by x4 ,:y ! dispute t l$ to ! rec5t w> 0 n settl$ by x4 ,! mean+ ( nationality4 ,( sov]eignty4 ,has a gov]nm5t any m "r to be di%one/ ?an an individual8 ,bo? sides ( ! argum5t ov] ! ratification by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ! treaty ( peace ) ! ,cov5ant = ! ,league ( ,nations 7see ref]5ces74 ,! tru? ( ! /atem5t t ! only way to be sure ( a p]fect neighborhood is fir/ to see to x t ! homes ( ! neighborhood are /rong & :olesome4 ,! mean+ ( ! /atem5t 9 ! quotation at ! end ( ! text above4 ,,read+s ,9 ,long's ,,am]ican ,,patriotic ,,prose3 ,wa%+ton1 ,f>ewell ,address1 pp4 #aje-abd4 ,wa%+ton1 ,proclamation ( ,neutrality1 pp4 #adc-adf4 ,! ,monroe ,doctr9e1 pp4 #adh-adi4 ,john ,qu9cy ,adams1 ,! ,mission ( ,am]ica1 pp4 #adi-aej4 ,george ,f4 ,ho>1 ,a ,w>n+ ,aga9/ ! ,_s ( ,empire1 pp4 #bdd- #bdg4 ,woodr[ ,wilson1 ,_s ( ,am]ica1 pp4 #bff-bfh4 ,frankl9 ,k4 ,lane1 ,:y ,we ,are ,fight+ ,g]many1 pp4 #bhb-bhc4 ,c>l ,s*urz1 ,! ,rule ( ,honor = ! ,republic1 pp4 #cdb-cdc4 ,woodr[ ,wilson1 ,w> ,message ( ,april #b1 #aiag1 pp4 #cea-cfa4 ,9 ,fo]/] & ,pi]son's ,,am]ican ,,ideals3 ,wa%+ton1 ,c\nsel on ,alliances 7,f>ewell ,address71 pp4 #ahe- #ahi4 ,! ,monroe ,doctr9e1 pp4 #aij-aic4 ,h5ry ,clay1 ,! ,emancipation ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 pp4 #aid-aii4 ,rob]t ,e4 ,lans+1 ,pan-,am]icanism1 pp4 #bjj-bif4 ,a4 ,lawr5ce ,l[ell1 ,a ,league to ,en=ce ,peace1 pp4 #bjg-bbc4 ,george ,g4 ,wilson1 ,! ,monroe ,doctr9e & ! ,league to ,en=ce ,peace1 pp4 #bbd-bcb4 ,woodr[ ,wilson1 ,! ,conditions ( ,peace1 pp4 #bcc-bda4 ,woodr[ ,wilson1 ,w> = ,democracy & ,peace1 pp4 #bdb-bef4 ,v>i\s books & pamphlets h be5 writt5 relat+ to ! ,league ( ,nations & _w relations foll[+ ! w>4 ,among ^! are3 ,,! ,,league ,,( ,,nations1 edit$ by ,h5ry ,e4 ,jackson 7publi%$ by ,pr5tice-,hall1 ,inc41 #gj ,fif? ,ave41 ,n4,y4 ,pap]1 #ej c5ts2 clo?1 #a74 ,a docum5t prep>$ to /imulate community discussion & promote organiz$ public op9ion4 ,?is book conta9s1 at ! end1 a li/ ( titles ( books & pamphlets on ! subject4 ,! ,lodge-,l[ell ,,debate ,,on ,,! ,,cov5ant ,,( ,,! ,,league ,,( ,,nations 7,_w ,peace ,f\ndation1 ,bo/on74 ,presid5t ,l[ell1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 argu$ =1 & ,s5ator ,lodge aga9/1 ! ,cov5ant z conta9$ 9 ! treaty ( peace4 ,taft1 ,william ,h[>d1 ,,:y ,a ,,league ,,( ,,nations ,,is ,,necess>y 7,league to ,en=ce ,peace1 ,new ,york74 ,%]man1 ,/u>t ,p41 ,,am]ican ,,& ,,alli$ ,,ideals 7,_w ,peace ,f\ndation1 ,bo/on74 ,! complete (ficial record ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate debate on ! treaty ( peace is to be f\nd 9 ! ,,congressional ,,record1 a file ( :i* ,,%\ld be 9 y\r public libr>y4 ,,! ,,junior ,,r$ ,,cross ,,news1 ,am]ican ,r$ ,cross1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,= ! "w ( ! ,pan ,am]ican ,union & ! ,r$ ,cross1 consult y\r public libr>y2 & write to ! ,pan ,am]ican ,union & ! ,am]ican ,r$ ,cross1 bo? 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 = descriptive publications4 ,= ! ,hague ,conf]5ces & ! ,hague ,tribunal1 consult any good mod]n encyclop$ia1 & y\r public libr>y4 ,write = mat]ials to ! ,am]ican ,s*ool ,citiz5%ip ,league1 #dje ,m>lboro ,/41 ,bo/on1 & ! ,_w ,peace ,f\ndation1 ,bo/on4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,home ,,no ,,nation ,,c ,,be ,,de/roy$ ,,:ile ,,x ,,possesses ,a ,,good ,,home ,,life4 ,! home is ! smalle/1 ! simple/1 & ! mo/ famili> community ( :i* we are memb]s4 ,9 _m respects x is also ! mo/ important4 ,! quotation ) :i* ?is *apt] op5s sugge/s ?is4 ,x w appe> at _m po9ts 9 our /udy4 ,:at d y ?9k t ! quotation at ! head ( ! *apt] means8 ,9 :at respects d y ?9k x true8 ,"s cities take pride 9 ! fact t !y are cities ( homes4 ,:at does ?is mean8 ,:y is x a cause = pride8 ,is y\r community 7neighborhood or t[n7 a community ( homes8 ,:at is a home8 ,:5 a p]son is homesick = :at is he sick8 ,may a good home exi/ 9 a poor dwell+8 ,a poor home 9 a f9e dwell+8 ,is a hotel a home8 ,may a family liv+ 9 a hotel h a home !re8 ,is an orphan asylum a home8 ,w\ld y ex*ange life 9 y\r own home = life 9 an orphan asylum8 ,:y8 ,!re are *ildr5 :o ?9k an orphan asylum is a f9e place to live2 :y is ?is8 ,! home is important 7#a7 because ( :at x does = its own memb]s1 & 7#b7 because ( :at x does = ! l>g] community ( :i* x is a "p4 ,we %all consid] fir/ :at x does = its own memb]s4 ,,! ,,pione] ,,family ,"u ! conditions ( pione] life ! wants ( ! memb]s ( ! family 7 provid$ = almo/ entirely by _! own unit$ ef=ts4 ,!y built _! own dwell+ f mat]ials :i* !y !mselves procur$ f ! =e/4 ,!y made _! liv+ f ! l& :i* !y occupi$1 ) tools :i* 7 l>gely homemade4 ,!y provid$ _! own def5se aga9/ attack f )\t & aga9/ sickness )94 ,su* education z ! *ildr5 obta9$ 0 ( ! mo/ practical k9d1 & 0 obta9$ by actual exp]i5ce 9 _! daily "w supplem5t$ by su* in/ruction z p>5ts & old] bro!rs & si/]s c\ld give4 ,!re 0 little social life except )9 ! family circle4 ,,effect ,,( ,,community ,,gr[? ,:5 o!r homes 7 built 9 ! neighborhood a l>g] community life began4 ,! neighbor+ homes came to dep5d ^u "o ano!r & to coop]ate 9 _m ways4 ,! /ore at ! crossroads provid$ = _m wants t ea* home _h =m]ly provid$ = itself4 ,! doctor :o came to live 9 ! community reliev$ ! home ( mu* anxiety 9 case ( sickness4 ,! education ( ! *ildr5 0 9 "p1 at lea/1 turn$ ov] to ! community s*ool4 ,& s1 z a community gr[s1 ! home %ifts mu* ( ! responsibility = provid+ = ! wants ( its memb]s ^u community ag5cies4 ,,dep5d5ce ,,( ,,! ,,city ,,home ,?is %ift+ ( responsibility = ! welf>e ( citiz5s f ! home to ! l>g] community is c>ri$ fur!/ 9 cities4 ,almo/ ev]y?+ want$ 9 ! home may be b\ght 9 ! city %ops1 & "w t is done 9 ! home = ! family1 su* z repair "w1 dressmak+1 laundry "w1 & cook+1 is likely to be done by p br\ght 9 f outside4 ,wat] is pip$ 9 f a public wat] supply & sewage is pip$ out ?r\gh public sew]s4 ,gas & electricity = light+ & heat+ are furni%$ by city plants4 ,s9ce _m city homes h n a spot ( gr\nd = a g>d5 or = outdoor play1 !y dep5d ^u public p>ks & playgr\nds provid$ by ! city4 ,^! are among ! _m s- call$ advantages ( city life4 ,,! ,,obligation ,,( ,,! ,,home ,:5 s mu* is done = ! citiz5 by ! l>g] community ag5cies1 !re is dang] t ! family may =get its own responsibility = ! welf>e ( its memb]s 9 connection ) e want ( life4 ,= no matt] h[ good ! community's arrangem5ts = heal? protection may be1 ! heal? ( e citiz5 dep5ds m ^u ! home ?an ^u any o!r ag5cy 7see ,*apt] ,,xx74 ,no matt] h[ good ! s*ools1 ! home always has great responsibility = ! education ( ! *ildr51 bo? )9 ! home itself & ?r\gh coop]ation ) ! s*ools 7,*apt] ,,xix74 ,no matt] h[ _m social organizations & places ( amusem5t ! community may af=d1 ! social & recreational life ( ! home is ! mo/ important ( all & ! mo/ f>- rea*+ 9 its influ5ce 7,*apt] ,,xxi74 ,no matt] h[ excell5t ! =m ( gov]nm5t 9 a community may be1 its results w be v imp]fect unless ! gov]nm5t 9 ea* home is good4 ,,importance ,,( ,,! ,,home ,,9 ,,rural ,,communities ,! home has especial importance 9 ! rural community ( to-day4 ,! rural home is no long] s isolat$ & self-dep5d5t z ! pione] home1 b ! life ( ! rural citiz5 is mu* m dep5d5t ^u ef=ts )9 ! home itself ?an ! life ( ! city resid5t4 ,! bus9ess ( f>m+ by :i* ! family liv+ is secur$ is c>ri$ on at home1 &1 z a rule1 all ! memb]s ( ! family h "s "p 9 x4 ,x is a coop]ative family ent]prise to a mu* great] ext5t ?an any o!r mod]n bus9ess4 ,9 cities1 9 ! great majority ( cases1 ! "w by :i* ! family liv+ is e>n$ is done away f home1 & v (t5 no memb] ( ! family except ! fa!r has any direct "p 9 x4 ,!re are num]\s cases1 h[ev]1 :]e ! "m & ev5 ! *ildr5 g out to "w1 & 9 su* cases ! home life may be s]i\sly int]f]$ )4 ,x w\ld be h>d to f9d a rural home 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to-day t is n ne> en\gh to a s*oolh\se to enable ! *ildr5 to att5d x1 at lea/ = an elem5t>y education4 ,un=tunately1 high s*ools are n yet easily accessible 9 all rural communities 7see ,*apt] ,,xix74 ,b :e!r ! education af=d$ by ! rural s*ool is ( ! be/ or n1 ! boy or girl on ! f>m gets 9 addition a k9d ( education ?r\gh ! v>i$ occupations ( ! f>m life t ! city boy or girl does n get1 & = :i* ! city s*ools h tri$ 9 va9 to f9d an adequate sub/itute4 ,x is rem>kable h[ _m ( ! successful m5 & wom5 ( our c\ntry 7 rais$ on f>ms2 & !y almo/ always be> witness to ! value ( ! tra9+ receiv$ !re4 ,s 9 matt]s ( heal?1 ( social life & recreation1 ( pleasant & beautiful surr\nd+s1 ! rural home mu/ dep5d v l>gely ^u itself4 ,! /r5g? & happ9ess ( ! community1 ( our nation itself1 dep5d l>gely ^u ! ext5t to :i* ! homes p]=m _! prop] "w 9 provid+ = ! wants ( _! memb]s4 ,review :at 0 said 9 ,*apt] ,,ii reg>d+ ! indep5d5ce ( ! pione] family4 ,review also :at 0 said 9 ,*apt] ,i reg>d+ ! gr[+ dep5d5ce ( ! family ^u ! community4 ,ga!r /ories reg>d+ pione] home life 7a7 9 y\r own locality1 7b7 9 ! settlem5t ( ! ,we/2 7c7 9 colonial times4 ,illu/rate f ^! /ories h[ ! home provid$ = ! wants ( its memb]s4 ,%[ 9 detail h[ ! v>i\s memb]s ( a f>m]'s family take "p 9 ! bus9ess ( f>m+4 ,comp>e ) a family 9 t[n ^: liv+ is provid$ = by "s o!r bus9ess4 ,make a li/ ( ! diff]5t p :o come to ! home ( a family 9 t[n to provide = its wants 7su* z ! groc]'s boy1 ! milkman1 ! po/man1 etc474 ,comp>e ) a f>m]'s home ) respect to ?is s]vice f outside4 ,,labor ,,sav+ ,,9 ,,! ,,home ,we h read 9 an e>li] *apt] t our national purpose is to transmute days ( dre>y "w into happi] lives--= ourselves fir/ & = all o!rs 9 _! "t4 ,?is purpose _c be fully a*iev$ if x is n fir/ ( all a*iev$ 9 ! home4 ,"o ( ! objections (t5 rais$ to life on ! f>m is t x is a life ( drudg]y1 ( few conv5i5ces & com=ts1 ( long h\rs1 h>d "w1 & little recreation4 ,happily ?is is n s true z x once 04 ,labor-sav+ ma*9]y1 bett] me?ods ( transportation & communication1 bett] s*ools1 h done mu* to improve conditions ( rural home life4 ,b occasionally !re /ill come /atem5ts l ! foll[+ f "s ( ! wom5 9 f>m homes3 ,9 _m homes life on ! f>m is a some:at "o-sid$ affair4 ,_m times ! sp>e money above liv+ exp5ses is exp5d$ on co/ly ma*9]y & f>m implem5ts to make ! f>m]'s "w light]2 on m l& :]e !re is already a suffici5cy2 on exp5sive horses & cattle & new out-build+s2 :ile little or no?+ is done = home improvem5t & no provision made = ! com=t & conv5i5ce ( ! wom5 ( ! family4 ,if a silo w help to r$uce ! man's labor1 a vacuum clean] w d likewise = 8 wife4 ,if ! /ock at ! b>n ne$s a good wat] sy/em to help x gr[1 ! /ock 9 ! h\se ne$s x too1 & ne$s x w>m = ba?s4 ,y see _m a f>m :]e !re is a cem5t floor 9 ! b>n1 :ile ! cell> 9 ! h\se is awful4 ,a %eep dip1 b no ba?tub2 a f9e buggy & a poor baby c>riage4 ,on _m f>ms a hundr$ doll>s 9 ca% are n sp5t 9 ! home 9 a ye>4 ,,equal ,,opportunities ,,9 ,,! ,,home ,^! are n meant z compla9ts ab\t ! pur*ase ( labor- sav+ f>m ma*9]y4 ,su* compla9ts w\ld be %ort-sight$1 = x is only by improv$ me?ods ( f>m+ t ! means & ! leisure c be f\nd to enri* ! home life 9 e way4 ,b ! advantages ga9$ by improvem5ts t increase ! f>m]'s returns are l>gely lo/ if !y d n at ! same "t br+ happi] lives to ! family z a :ole4 ,! f>m home is n only ! place :]e ! family liv+ is ,,e>n$2 x is also ! place :]e ! family life is ,,liv$4 ,democracy aims at ,,equal opportunity to enjoy life1 lib]ty1 & ! pursuit ( happ9ess2 days ( dre>y "w mu/ be transmut$ into happi] lives = ! wom5 & *ildr5 z well z = ! m54 ,unless ?is is done 9 ! home !re is little *ance ( its be+ done at all4 ,a /ory is told ( a h\sekeep] 9 a f>m-home 9 ! ,we/ :o saw 9 ! sacr$ rite ( old-s*ool h\sekeep]s some?+ m ?an scrubb+ & poli%+ 444 ,:5 h] h\seclean+ 0 ov] %e knew j :at l95 %e w\ld ne$ dur+ ! com+ ye>1 j h[ mu* fruits & vegetables %e w\ld ne$ to c or pres]ve or dry1 j :at clo?+ mu/ be replac$ or repair$1 & :at di%es w\ld be ne$$ to keep h] set complete4 ,%e n only made *anges to improve ! appe>ance ( h] h\se1 b plann$ & made ! *anges 9 h] work%op :i* w\ld save /eps & make h] "w z easy z possible4 ,:5 h] m9d got to "w1 h\sekeep+ became a game1 ! object be+ to elim9ate all unnecess>y labor4 ,h] b5*es & tables & s9ks 7 rais$ to ! prop] height & %e became a%am$ ( ! back- break+ en]gy %e _h wa/$ b5d+ ov] !m4 ,a high /ool1 made by remov+ ! back & arms f ! baby's outgr[n high *air1 made di%wa%+ & iron+ mu* easi]4 ,%e has be5 h\sekeep+ intellig5tly a doz5 ye>s1 yet ea* h\se-clean+ or /ock-tak+ p]iod %e in/alls "s new labor sav]4 ,%e n only makes h] head save h] heels1 b %e takes ano!r k9d ( inv5tory :i* is z well wor? :ile4 ,x is ! inv5tory :i* we all ne$ to take ( ourselves to be sure t we are mak+ ! be/ ( our opportunities in/ead ( drift+ along day by day 9 a rut4 ,%e se>*es out ! hidd5 places 9 h] s\l to see if %e is j z pati5t1 z ?\ghtful1 z *e]ful z %e might be 444 ,footnote3 ,,reclamation ,,record1 ,feb41 #aiah1 p4#ee1 ,project ,wom5 & ,_! ,mat]ials1 by ,mrs4 ,l\ella ,littlepage4 ,,community ,,coop]ation ,,& ,,! ,,home ,9 "s rural communities ! home has be5 reliev$ ( mu* ( ! h\sehold drudg]y by ! developm5t ( coop]ative cream]ies1 coop]ative laundries1 & o!r community in/itutions to d "w t 0 =m]ly done entirely 9 ! home4 ,9 su* coop]ative ent]prises1 citiz5s ( ! community buy %>es ( /ock z 9 ! case ( ! fruit gr[]s' association4 ,9 "o community 9 ,mi*igan a vote 0 tak51 ! wom5 vot+ z well z ! m51 to det]m9e ! s5tim5t ( ! community on ! e/abli%m5t ( su* a laundry1 & ! vote 0 s ov]:elm+ly 9 favor ( ! proposition t ! ,f>m]s' ,club promptly call$ a meet+ to promote ! ent]prise4 ,an addition 0 built to ! coop]ative cream]y1 :i* ! community already possess$1 s t ! same /eam plant c\ld be us$ = bo?4 ,! f>m]s br\ght _! laundry :5 !y br\ght _! cream1 & c>ri$ x back on ! next trip4 ,! laundry has be5 successful 9 reliev+ ! h>d life ( a f>m]'s wife1 & 9 addition has be5 n only self-su/a9+ b a pr(itable in/itution4 ,"o ( ! wom5 ( ! community says1 ,x has light5$ ! "w 9 ! home to su* an ext5t t "o c manage ! "w )\t keep+ help1 :i* is v sc>ce & high pric$1 :5 x w\ld be impossible to d s if ! wa%+ 0 includ$ ) our o!r duties4 ,& ano!r writes1 ,?is *ange gives me two days ( recreation t ,i c call my own e week & also gives me m "t 9 :i* to accompli% ! h\sehold duties4 ,footnote3 ,a ,successful ,rural ,coop]ative ,laundry1 9 ! ,ye> ,book1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 #aiae1 pp4 #ahi-aid4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,s]ves ,,! ,,home ,a great deal ( help is n[ be+ giv5 to ! home by ! gov]nm5t1 & ?is is especially true 9 ! case ( ! rural home4 ,! public s*ools1 bo? 9 city & c\ntry1 n[ consid] home mak+ & home economics z wor?y ( a place 9 ! c\rse ( /udy z geography & ma!matics 7see ,*apt] ,,xix74 ,/ate agricultural colleges are beg9n+ to give z mu* att5tion to ^! subjects z !y d to soils & f]tiliz]s & /ock-bre$+4 ,moreov]1 ! colleges conduct ext5sion c\rses1 s5d+ tea*]s tra9$ 9 ! art ( home mak+ to give in/ruction to wom5 & girls 9 e "p ( ! /ate4 ,!y assi/ 9 organiz+ clubs ( girls & wom5 to /udy v>i\s aspects ( home mak+ & h\sekeep+1 & give demon/rations ( ! mo/ successful me?ods ( cook+1 ( cann+1 & ( o!r activities connect$ ) home life on ! f>m1 z well z ( labor-sav+ devices 9 ! h\sehold4 ,! /ate agricultural colleges h ! coop]ation ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ( ! national gov]nm5t 9 all ?is "w4 ,,:at ,,"o ,,girl ,,accompli%$ ,9 ! ,ye> ,book ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture = #aiaf !re is an acc\nt ( results d]iv$ f home demon/ration "w 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,! foll[+ /ory ( :at ,ru? ,&]son accompli%$ is a good illu/ration ( ! possibilities ( ?is "w4 ,ru? ,&]son1 ( ,et[ah ,c\nty1 ,alabama1 9 h] second ye> ( club "w1 _h an excell5t plot ( "o t5? ( an acre ( beans & tomatoes4 ,%e is ! second girl 9 a family ( elev51 & takes a great int]e/ 9 h] club "w4 ,! family home 0 small1 d>k1 & cr[d$1 & some:at unattractive4 ,"o day a c>p5t] fri5d ( h] fa!r saw h] "o t5? ( an acre & said he wi%$ he _h "t to plant a g>d54 ,%e told him %e w\ld furni% vegetables 9 ex*ange = "s ( 8 "t4 444 ,aft] a :ile a b>ga9 0 made by :i* ! c>p5t] agre$ to beg9 "w on ! remodel+ ( ! h\se if ,ru? w\ld furni% him ) fre% & cann$ vegetables = ! season4 ,! o!r memb]s ( ! family 7 soon int]e/$ 9 ?is und]tak+ & work$ will+ly to contribute _! %>e to its success4 ,:5 ! h\se 0 p>tly f9i%$ ,ru? won a cann+- club prize giv5 by a h>dw>e m]*ant 9 ,gadsd51 ! c\nty seat4 ,silv]w>e 0 (f]$ h]1 b1 int5t ^u complet+ ! new h\se %e ask$ ! m]*ant h[ mu* a front door ( glass w\ld co/1 & le>n$ t %e c\ld get ! door1 side lights1 & w9d[s = ! price ( ! silv]w>e4 ,9 ?is way ,ru? br\ght light & joy to h] family ) h] w9d[s & door4 ,to- day !y live 9 a pretty bungal[ t %e help$ to build ) h] g>d5+ & cann+ "w4 ,at ! age ( #ad1 9 ! second ye> ( h] "w1 ,ru? put up #gjj cans ( tomatoes & #gej cans ( beans4 ,footnote3 ,effect ( ,home ,demon/ration ,"w 9 ! ,s\?1 9 #aiaf ,ye> ,book ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4 #bed4 ,ru?'s home be=e & aft] %e began h] "w is %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/rations4 ,,national ,,aid ,,to ,,! ,,home ,! national gov]nm5t helps 9 home mak+ 9 o!r ways ?an ^? sugge/$ above1 & ?r\gh o!r dep>tm5ts ?an t ( agriculture4 ,9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior ! ,g5]al ,l& ,(fice1 ! ,bureau ( ,education1 ! ,reclamation ,s]vice1 ! ,(fice ( ,indian ,affairs are all do+ "w to improve ! homes ( ! l&4 ,s1 also1 is ! ,public ,heal? ,s]vice ( ! ,treasury ,dep>tm5t2 ! ,bureau ( ,/&>ds 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce2 ! ,*ildr5's ,bureau 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,labor4 ,we %all enc\nt] "s ( ?is "w z we proce$ ) our /udy4 ,9 :at ways has h\sehold "w be5 reliev$ ( its drudg]y s9ce y\r mo!rs 7 girls8 ,:at labor-sav+ devices h be5 introduc$ 9 y\r home8 ,make a report on labor-sav+ inv5tions = ! h\sehold 7see ref]5ces at end ( *apt]74 ,:at are "s labor-sav+ h\sehold devices t c\ld be made by boys & girls 7su* z fireless cook]s1 iceless refrig]ators1 etc478 7,see ref]5ces bel[74 ,c y\r s*ool help 9 su* projects8 ,to :at ext5t c\ld 7or d7 boys' & girls' clubs und]take su* projects8 ,is !re any lead] 9 y\r community :o c\ld direct or advise 9 su* projects8 ,is ! kit*5 9 y\r home prop]ly arrang$ to save /eps1 labor1 & "t 9 do+ kit*5 "w8 ,consid] plans = improvem5t4 ,consult p>5ts4 ,does exp]i5ce 9 y\r community confirm ! feel+ ( ! wom5 quot$ on page #ajd8 ,are !re any coop]ative ent]prises 9 y\r community t relieve ! h\sekeep] ( h\sehold labor1 su* z coop]ative laundries1 cream]ies1 etc48 ,are !y a bus9ess success8 ,h !y improv$ conditions ( home life8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a coop]ative laundry & an ord9>y laundry su* z may be f\nd 9 mo/ t[ns8 ,does "o relieve ! home m ?an ! o!r8 ,:at o!r bus9ess ent]prises are c>ri$ on 9 t[ns t relieve ! home ( "w8 ,:y are su* bus9ess ent]prises n conduct$ 9 ! same way 9 rural communities8 ,is !re any special int]e/ 9 home improvem5t 9 y\r community8 ,:o or :at has br\ght x ab\t8 ,:at c y d to enc\rage su* int]e/8 ,,read+s ,lessons 9 ,community & ,national ,life3 ,s]ies ,c1 ,lesson #bj1 ,! ,family & ,social ,control4 ,= an ext5sive li/ ( titles ( publications relat+ to ! home1 s5d to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,education = its ,bullet91 #aiai1 ,no4 #df1 ,bibliography ( ,home ,economics1 especially section ,,viii on ,! ,family1 & section ,x on ,! ,h\se & ,h\sehold ,activities4 ,among ! _m titles giv5 9 ?is are3 ,e>le1 ,alice ,morse1 ,home ,life 9 ,colonial ,days 7,macmillan74 ,gillette1 ,j4 ,m41 ,! ,family & ,society 7,a4 ,c4 ,mc,clurg74 ,?w+ & ,butl]1 ,! ,family 7,lo?rop1 ,lee & ,%ep>d ,co474 ,gilman1 ,*>lotte ,p41 ,! ,home 7,d\bl$ay1 ,page & ,co474 ,talbot & ,breck5ridge1 ,! ,mod]n ,h\sehold 7,:itcomb & ,b>r[s1 ,bo/on74 ,addams1 ,jane1 ,! ,_s ( ,y\? & ! ,city ,/reets 7,macmillan74 ,ellwood1 ,*>les ,a41 ,sociology & ,mod]n ,social ,problems1 *apt]s on ! family 7,am]ican ,book ,co474 ,scott1 ,rhea1 ,home ,labor-,sav+ ,devices 7,lipp9cott74 ,foght1 ,h4 ,w41 ,! ,rural ,tea*] & 8 ,"w1 ,"p ,i1 *ap4 iii4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,(fice ( ! ,secret>y1 ,reports #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajf3 ,social & ,labor ,ne$s ( ,f>m ,wom54 ,dome/ic ,ne$s ( ,f>m ,wom54 ,educational ,ne$s ( ,f>m ,wom54 ,economic ,ne$s ( ,f>m ,wom54 ,^! reports c be obta9$ only f ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 #ae c5ts ea*4 ,! ,am]ican ,f>m ,woman z ,%e ,sees ,h]self1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,ye> ,book1 #aiad1 pp4 #caa-cah4 ,selection ( ,h\sehold ,equipm5t1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,ye> ,book #aiad1 pp4 #ccj-cfb4 ,dunn1 ,ar?ur ,w41 ,! ,community & ! ,citiz51 *aps1 v1 vi4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,:y ,,gov]nm5t ,,helps ,,9 ,,home ,,mak+ ,our nation requires heal?y citiz5s1 intellig5t citiz5s1 prosp]\s & happy citiz5s4 ,! home c d m to produce !m ?an any o!r community ag5cy4 ,!re=e ! nation is wise to look aft] its homes4 ,,relation ,,( ,,home ,,conditions ,,to ,,indu/ry ,p _c d _! "w well if !y live 9 un:olesome or unpleasant homes4 ,?is 0 made cle> dur+ ! rec5t w>4 ,! lack ( suitable liv+ places = workm5 & _! families 0 "o ( ! *ief ob/acles to %ipbuild+ & munitions manufacture dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! w>4 ,engl& f\nd ?is out z well z ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & "o ( ! fir/ ?+s bo? c\ntries _h to d 0 to take measures to provide prop] home conditions = ^? :o 7 engag$ 9 supply+ ! nation's ne$s4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( ! w> our ,congress appropriat$ #bjj1jjj1jjj to build h\ses = indu/rial work]s4 ,! problem ( secur+ good physical conditions ( home life has naturally be5 greate/ 9 cr[d$ indu/rial c5t]s1 b x is by no means abs5t 9 small communities1 or ev5 9 ! op5 c\ntry4 ,"o writ] describes a c]ta9 f>mh\se :]e five p 7 accu/om$ to sleep 9 "o n v l>ge b$room1 :i* _h only "o small w9d[1 & ev5 t 0 nail$ %ut1 "o ( ^! five _h incipi5t tub]culosis4 ,^! p 7 well-to-d f>m]s1 liv+ 9 a l>ge twelve-room1 /one h\se & simply cr[d$ into "o room = ! sake ( mi/ak5 economy-- presumably to save coal & wood4 ,_m su* cases c\ld be describ$1 n only 9 ! m remote & backw>d regions1 b ev5 9 prosp]\s f>m+ communities4 ,:at is ! result ( ?is ov]cr[d+ & lack ( prop] h\s+ 9 ! c\ntry8 ,j exactly ! same z 9 ! great cities--lack ( effici5cy1 disease1 & premature dea? to _m 444 ,:ile ! great majority ( p subject$ to ov]cr[d+ & bad h\s+ conditions d n prematurely die1 yet !y h a less5$ physical & m5tal vigor1 are less able to d prop]ly _! daily "w1 & n only become a loss to !mselves & _! families1 b to ! /ate 444 ,footnote3 ,ba%ore1 ,ov]cr[d+ & defective h\s+ 9 ! rural di/ricts1 quot$ 9 ,n\rse1 ,,agricultural ,,economics1 pp4 #aah1 #aai1 #aba4 ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,! ,,nation ,,dep5ds ,,on ,,! ,,home ,"s ( our /ates & _m ( our cities h laws to regulate h\s+ conditions1 b su* laws seldom apply to small communities4 ,9 cities :]e p live cr[d$ toge!r 9 closely built city blocks1 unsanit>y conditions 9 "o home endang] ! heal? ( ! entire community4 ,!re is also dang] f fire1 & vice & crime may bre$ & spread quickly & unse54 ,! community is driv51 !re=e1 9 its own def5se1 to regulate ! p's h\s+4 ,9 small communities1 & especially 9 rural communities1 :]e homes are m widely sep>at$ & 9 "s cases q isolat$1 x has seem$ ( little conc]n to o!rs h[ "o citiz5 builds 8 home & :at he does 9 x4 ,?\ghtful consid]ation ( su* cases z t describ$ above1 h[ev]1 mu/ conv9ce u t x ,,is a matt] ( national conc]n :at happ5s ev5 9 remote homes4 ,bo? ! physical & ! economic /r5g? ( ! nation are und]m9$ by un:olesome conditions 9 ! sep>ate homes ( ! l&4 ,,community ,,plann+ ,economic loss to ! community may result n m]ely f ,,un:olesome home conditions1 b also f ,,inconv5i5ce ( location & arrangem5t ( ! homes4 ,a good deal ( att5tion is be+ giv5 to community plann+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & especially 9 ,engl& & o!r ,european c\ntries4 ,community plann+ includes n only provision = ! prop] location & con/ruction ( public build+s & /reets1 = wat] supply1 lights1 p>ks1 etc41 b also = ! conv5i5t1 z well z :olesome & pleasant location ( homes4 ,l>ge cities1 l ,london1 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 & ,*icago1 h sp5t enorm\s sums ( money 9 city plann+ aft] !y h already gr[n up )\t plan4 ,x has necessitat$ de/roy+ old /ructures & wid5+ /reets4 ,villages & small t[ns are 9 a position to introduce a plan = future gr[? )\t ?is ne$less exp5se4 ,our beautiful capital city ( ,wa%+ton has gr[n accord+ to a plan t 0 c>efully laid out be=e a build+ 0 erect$4 ,b ev5 9 ,wa%+ton "o ( ! greate/ problems ! city _h to face dur+ ! w> 0 t ( provid+ homes = ! enorm\s numb] ( work]s :o came to ! city to d ! "w ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,,plann+ ,,! ,,f>m/ead ,! ne$ ( c>eful arrangem5t 9 c\ntry homes is mu* m urg5t ?an 9 city homes = ! reason t c\ntry p use _! homes z ! bus9ess c5t] ( _! pr(ession1 says ,pr(4 ,r4,j4 ,pe>ce1 ( ,i[a ,/ate ,college4 ,! f>m] 9 8 bus9ess c5t] mu/ n only produce en\gh raw mat]ial to provide = him self & family1 b he ne$s to produce en\gh to fe$ & clo! ! entire human race4 ,,cons]vation ,,( ,,space mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation to obta9 ! greate/ results f our high-pric$ l&2 ,,conv5i5ce mu/ be a prime factor :5 exp5sive labor is at a premium2 & ,,attractiv5ess mu/ be "o ( ! *ief motives n only to make f>m prop]ty m saleable b to give great] enjoym5t to ! own] & 8 family444 ,a f>m/ead is1 b a unit 9 a f>m+ community1 yet travel]s =m an impression ( ! entire community by individual f>m homes :i* !y see 9 pass+4 ,!re=e1 n only f9ancial consid]ation b p]sonal pride & a feel+ ( community _s & ent]prise %\ld urge ! f>m own] to develop 8 f>m/ead accord+ to ! be/ ( mod]n me?ods4 ,:at facts c y f9d 9 reg>d to :at ! gov]nm5t did to provide homes = work]s 9 %ipbuild+ or munitions plants dur+ ! w>8 ,9 _m ( ! w> indu/ries pref]5ce 0 giv5 to m5 ) families 9 employ+ workm54 ,:y 0 ?is8 ,9 "s rural communities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates a tea*]age 7home = ! tea*]7 is provid$4 ,( :at advantage to ! community is ?is8 ,is !re a h\s+ problem 9 y\r community8 ,are !re any laws 9 y\r /ate regulat+ ! build+ ( homes8 ,if s1 :at are "s ( !m8 ,d !y apply 9 y\r community8 ,are !y c>efully obs]v$ & en=c$8 ,make a /udy ( ! arrangem5t ( ! build+s on f>ms ) :i* y are famili>1 draw+ diagrams1 & report :e!r or n !y are well plann$ ) ref]5ce to ,,economy ,,( ,,space occupi$1 ,,conv5i5ce1 & ,,attractiv5ess4 ,consid] 7a7 ,are !y prop]ly plac$ ) ref]5ce to ! highway8 7b7 ,are !y conv5i5tly plac$ 9 relation to "o ano!r8 7c7 ,are !y suitably protect$ f ! prevail+ w9ds8 ,h[8 7d7 ,:at makes !m attractive or unattractive8 7e7 ,are ! /ables prop]ly situat$ to protect ! heal? ( ! family8 ,h[8 ,mu/ a home be l>ge & co/ly to be attractive8 ,:at impression w\ld a /rang] get 9 reg>d to ! community _s ( y\r community f ! appe>ance ( its homes8 ,w\ld he be "r8 ,,! ,,home ,,& ,,community ,,/ability ,home own]%ip is "o ( ! /ronge/ influ5ces t give p]man5ce & /ability to ! community4 ,! c5sus tak5 by ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t e t5 ye>s %[s t home own]%ip has be5 decreas+ ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry z a :ole4 ,! decrease has be5 greate/ 9 cities1 b x is true also ( f>mhome own]%ip4 ,9 #ahhj only #be ( ! f>ms ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 occupi$ by t5ants 7r5t]s72 9 #aiaj1 #cg 7 s occupi$4 ,x is true t 9 ! t5 ye>s f #aijj to #aiaj !re 0 a slight increase 9 ! proportion ( f>ms own$ by _! occupants 9 ! ,new ,engl& & ,middle ,atlantic /ates1 & 9 a l>ge "p ( ! ,we/2 b ! increase 9 ^! p>ts 0 m ?an ov]balanc$ by ! decrease 9 ! ,s\? ,atlantic & ,gulf /ates & 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,! smalle/ proportion ( f>m t5ancy is f\nd 9 ,new ,engl& 7#h71 & ! l>ge/ 9 ! s\!rn /ates 7#de4i 9 ! ,s\? ,atlantic /ates1 & m ?an #ej 9 ! ,s\? c5tral /ates74 ,a l>ge "p ( ! f>m+ 9 ! ,s\? is done by negroes1 mo/ ( :om are ei!r labor]s on ! f>ms ( ! :ite population or t5ants on small f>ms :i* !y usually "w on %>es4 ,& yet ! numb] ( negro f>m own]s 9 ! ,s\? has be5 rapidly increas+ 9 ! la/ few ye>s1 ?\gh n s rapidly z ! numb] ( t5ants4 ,9 #aiaj negro f>m own]s cultivat$ ne>ly #af1jjj1jjj acres ( l& 9 ! ,s\?1 all ( :i* !y h acquir$ s9ce ! ,civil ,w>4 ,,effects ,,( ,,decl9e ,,( ,,home ,,own]%ip ,! decl9e 9 home own]%ip bo? 9 ! cities & 9 ! rural di/ricts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 obs]v$ ) consid]able anxiety because ( ! effect ^u our national welf>e & ^u ! citiz5%ip ( ! c\ntry4 ,"o writ] says3 ,f>m+ is a p]man5t bus9ess2 x is no fly by night occupation4 444 ,no man c pull up /akes & leave a f>m at ! close ( ! ye> )\t sacrific+ ! results ( labor :i* he has done 444 ,! r5t] :o ends h>ve/ kn[+ t he w move 9 ! spr+1 w n d z good a job ( haul+ manure & fall pl[+ z he w\ld 7 he to /ay2 nor does he take z good c>e ( ! build+s & o!r improvem5ts 444 ,! co/ to ! f>m+ bus9ess ( ! c\ntry ea* ye> = ?is annual f>m mov+-week m\nts into ! millions ( doll>s4 ,& ! pity ( x all is t practically no "o is ! w9n] !reby 444 ,! r5t] loses1 ! l&lord loses1 ! g5]al community & ! nation at l>ge lose4 ,footnote3 ,w4,d4 ,boyce1 9 an editorial 9 ,,! ,,f>m+ ,,bus9ess1 ,febru>y #bf1 #aiaf1 quot$ 9 ,n\rse1 ,,agricultural ,,economics1 p4 #fea4 ,t5ant f>m+ also places ob/acles 9 ! way ( community progress 9 o!r ways4 ,! t5ant takes little int]e/ 9 community affairs4 ,! que/ions ( s*ools1 *ur*es1 or roads are ( little mom5t to him4 ,he does n wi% to inve/ 9 ent]prises :i* w ( necessity be left :olly 444 to 8 successor4 ,9 %ort1 he is 9 ! community1 b h>dly ( x4 ,footnote3 ,b4,h4 ,hibb>d1 ,f>m ,t5ancy 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ,annals ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,political & ,social ,sci5ce1 ,m>*1 #aiab1 p4 #ci4 ,a family t owns its home feels a s5se ( proprietor%ip 9 a "p ( ! community l&4 ,! money value ( a home increases 9 proportion to ! prosp]ity ( ! community z a :ole2 its own] w !re=e be incl9$ to d all he c to promote ! welf>e ( ! community4 ,a community t is made up l>gely ( homes own$ by _! occupants is likely to be m prosp]\s & m progressive1 & its citiz5s m loyal to x1 ?an a community ^: families are t5ants4 ,,! ,,t5ant ,,z ,a ,,citiz5 ,:ile all t has be5 said 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph is true1 x mu/ n be ?\ght t t5ancy is necess>ily a bad ?+ 9 all cases1 nor t a man :o does n own 8 home _c be a ?or\ghly good citiz54 ,!re are circum/ances t make x necess>y = _m families to live 9 dwell+s t !y d n own4 ,t5ancy may be a /ep t[>d home own]%ip4 ,a citiz5 may h insuffici5t money to buy a f>m1 b en\gh to enable him to r5t "o4 ,by indu/ry1 economy1 & intellig5ce1 he may soon accumulate means ) :i* to buy ! f>m he occupies or "s o!r4 ,! increase 9 ! numb] ( t5ants 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates is due 9 l>ge "p to ! break+ up ( _m l>g] plantations into small f>ms :i* are occupi$ by t5ants1 _m ( !m negroes4 ,t _m ( ^! t5ants are on ! road to home own]%ip is indicat$ by ! facts /at$ on page #aag4 ,x is z mu* ! duty ( ! home r5t] z x is ( ! home own] to take an int]e/ 9 ! community life 9 :i* he & 8 family %>e1 & to coop]ate ) 8 neighbors = ! common good4 ,:ile he lives 9 ! community he is l>gely dep5d5t ^u x1 l any o!r citiz51 = ! satisfaction ( 8 wants4 ,its m>kets & its roads are 8 = ! transportation & disposal ( 8 produce & /ock4 ,he gets ! b5efit ( its s*ools = ! education ( 8 *ildr54 ,he may %>e 9 its social life if he c>es to d s4 ,8 prop]ty is protect$ by ! same ag5cies t protect t ( 8 neighbors4 ,he _c1 !re=e1 escape ! responsibility ( contribut+ to ! progress ( 8 community to ! ext5t ( 8 ability4 ,,teamwork ,,betwe5 ,,l&lord ,,& ,,t5ant ,x is z mu* ! duty ( ! man :o r5ts a f>m z x is ( ! man :o owns "o to make 8 f>m produce to its full capacity1 to protect ! soil f exhau/ion & ! build+s & f5ces f de/ruction4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 x is ! duty ( ! l&lord1 bo? z a good bus9ess man & z a good citiz51 to make su* t]ms ) 8 t5ant t ! latt] w take an int]e/ 9 ! f>m & w f9d x pr(itable to f>m prop]ly4 ,!re mu/ be team "w4 ,! l&lord mu/ be int]e/$ n only 9 8 l& b 9 8 t5ant4 ,! t5ant mu/ be int]e/$ n only 9 himself b 9 8 l&lord & 8 l&4 ,a sy/em t favors ! t5ant to ! injury ( ! l& is bad4 ,a sy/em t favors ! l& to ! injury ( ! t5ant is equally h>mful4 ,ei!r sy/em w result 9 ! pov]ty ( bo? ! l&lord & ! t5ant4 ,footnote3 ,dr4 ,seaman ,a4 ,knapp1 quot$ by ,dr4 ,?omas ,jesse ,jones 9 ,negroes & ! ,c5sus ( #aiaj1 p #af4 7,repr9t f ,,! ,,s\!rn ,,workman = ,augu/1 #aiab47 ,! fact rema9s1 h[ev]1 t home own]%ip contributes to ! p]man5ce1 ! /ability1 & ! progress ( a community4 ,x is also a fact t conditions h develop$ 9 our c\ntry1 bo? 9 cities & 9 rural communities1 :i* make home own]%ip increas+ly difficult4 ,9 ano!r *apt] 7,*apt] ,,xiv7 we %all see :at "s ( ^! conditions are1 & :at our gov]nm5t has done & may d to ov]come !m4 ,,! ,,home ,a ,,s*ool ,,( ,,citiz5%ip ,"o ( ! mo/ important s]vices p]=m$ = ! community by ! home is t ( tra9+ its memb]s = citiz5%ip4 ,! family has be5 call$ a s*ool ( all ! virtues t g to make good citiz5%ip4 ,x is a s*ool 9 :i* n only ! *ildr51 b also ! p>5ts1 n only ! boys & m51 b also ! girls & wom51 receive tra9+ by practice4 ,9 ! home are develop$ ?\ghtfulness = o!rs1 a _s ( self- sacrifice = ! common good1 loyalty to ! gr\p ( :i* ! individual is a memb]1 respect = ! op9ions ( o!rs ( long exp]i5ce1 a _s ( teamwork1 ob$i5ce to rules :i* exi/ = ! welf>e ( all4 ,if ^! & o!r qualities ( good citiz5%ip are n cultivat$ 9 ! home1 x is n 9 a heal?y condition nor p]=m+ its prop] s]vice to ! community4 ,moreov]1 ! ex]cise ( ^! virtues 9 ! home is n only tra9+ = good citiz5%ip2 x ,,is good citiz5%ip4 ,if ! home is z important a factor 9 our national life z ?is *apt] has indicat$1 !n "o ( ! greate/ opportunities = good citiz5%ip1 & "o ( ! greate/ duties ( good citiz5%ip1 is t ( mak+ ! home :at x %\ld be2 & 9 ?is ea* memb] ( ! family has 8 or h] %>e4 ,make a /udy ( f>m t5ancy 9 y\r locality 7neighborhood1 t[n%ip1 or c\nty74 ,h[ _m ( ! f>ms ( ! locality are occupi$ & op]at$ by _! own]s8 h[ _m by t5ants8 ,:at is ! p]c5tage ( t5ancy8 ,to :at ext5t are ! t5ants m5 :o 7 =m]ly f>m labor]s1 b :o by r5t+ f>ms are mak+ a />t on _! own acc\nt8 ,is ?is a sign ( progress8 ,:at p]c5tage ( ! t5ants are :ite8 negro8 ,to :at ext5t are ! t5ants =eign]s :o h rec5tly come to ! locality8 ,are ! t5ant f>ms usually r5t$ = long p]iods or = %ort p]iods8 ,:at is ! sy/em ( t5ancy 9 y\r locality 7i4e4 ca% r5tal1 work+ on %>es1 p>tn]%ip ) ! own]1 etc478 ,if m ?an "o exi/s1 :i* seems to "w be/8 ,:y8 ,is t5ancy increas+ or decreas+ 9 y\r locality8 ,:at reasons are giv5 = ?is8 ,does exp]i5ce 9 y\r locality support ! /atem5t t t5ant f>m]s are less likely ?an o!rs to int]e/ !mselves 9 community progress8 ,if y live or g to s*ool 9 t[n1 make a /udy ( home own]%ip 9 ! t[n4 7,if a small community1 ! class may /udy ! entire area2 if l>ge1 diff]5t sections may be /udi$ by diff]5t gr\ps ( pupils47 ,h[ _m homes are occupi$ by _! own]s8 h[ _m by t5ants8 ,:at is ! p]c5tage ( t5ancy8 ,is t5ancy increas+ or decreas+8 ,= :at reasons8 ,is !re "s section ( ! community :]e mo/ ( ! p own _! homes1 & ano!r section :]e mo/ ( ! p r5t8 ,if s1 d y notice any diff]5ce 9 ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! two sections8 ,d y ?9k t ! diff]5ce1 if any exi/s1 is due 9 any "p to ! fact t "s own & o!rs r5t _! homes8 ,is !re a t5d5cy = ! f>m]s ( y\r locality to move into t[n8 ,if s1 :y8 ,:at becomes ( _! f>ms8 ,review ! po9ts made 9 ! discussion ( topics #d & #e on page #ch 7,*apt] ,,iii74 ,cont9ue to develop plans = coop]ation 9 ! home & s*ool4 ,:at does x mean to be 9 tra9+ = a?letics8 ,9 ! light ( y\r answ] to ?is "q1 :at w\ld x mean to be 9 tra9+ = citiz5 %ip8 ,,read+s ,see ,read+s = ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,also3 ,h\s+ ! ,work] on ! ,f>m1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,ye> ,book1 #aiah1 pp4 #cdg-cef4 ,:at ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture is ,do+ = ! ,h\sekeep]1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,ye> ,book1 #aiac1 pp4 #adc-afb4 ,! ,effect ( ,home ,demon/ration on ! ,community & ! ,c\nty1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,ye> ,book1 #aiaf1 pp4 #bea-bff4 ,f>m ,t5antry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,ye> ,book1 #aiaf1 pp4 #cba-cdf4 ,lessons 9 ,community & ,national ,life3 ,s]ies ,c1 ,lesson #cb1 ,h\s+ = ,work]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,e>n+ ,a ,,liv+ ,,liv+1 ,,n ,,e>n+1 ,,! ,,end ,,9 ,,view ,! mo/ conspicu\s activities t we see go+ on 9 ! community are usually ^? t h to d ) e>n+ a liv+ or ! production ( weal?4 ,footnote3 ,! activities by :i* we e>n a liv+ are also ! activities by :i* weal? is produc$4 ,x is important to und]/& t :5 we speak ( weal? we d n necess>ily mean ,,great weal?4 ,a boy :o has a fifty-c5t knife1 or a girl :o has a tw5ty-five-c5t purse1 has weal? z truly z ! man :o owns a well-/ock$ f>m4 ,! diff]5ce is m]ely 9 k9d & am\nt4 ,food1 clo?+1 h\ses1 books1 tools1 cattle1 are all =ms ( weal?4 ,,any mat]ial ?+1 = :i* we are will+ to "w & make sacrifices because x satisfies our wants1 is weal?4 ,e>n+ a liv+ is m]ely e>n+ or produc+ weal? to satisfy our wants & ^? ( o!rs4 ,inde$1 "s p become s absorb$ 9 ! bus9ess ( e>n+ a liv+ t !y seem to be ,,liv+ ,,to ,,e>n r ?an ,,e>n+ ,,to ,,live4 ,x does n d to =get t n ,,e>n+1 b ,,liv+1 is ! real end 9 view4 ,unless we "k h[ to use :at we e>n to provide prop]ly = all ( our normal wants1 ! ef=t we sp5d 9 e>n+ is v l>gely wa/$4 ,nev]!less1 be=e we c enjoy a liv+ x has to be e>n$1 by ourselves or by someone else2 & ! activities by :i* x is e>n$ occupy s important a place 9 our lives1 are s closely dep5d5t ^u ! community1 h s mu* to d ) our citiz5%ip1 & receive s mu* att5tion f gov]nm5t1 t we mu/ give !m "s consid]ation 9 ?is *apt] & sev]al *apt]s foll[+4 ,,importance ,,( ,,vocational ,,life ,:ile "y p are sp5d+ mo/ ( _! "t at s*ool or at play1 _! fa!rs & o!r gr[n p are usually *iefly occupi$ 9 ! bus9ess ( mak+ a liv+ or e>n+ money4 ,footnote3 ,gold & silv] & pap] & wood are =ms ( weal?4 ,out ( wood we make a y>d/ick or a peck measure ) :i* ,,to ,,measure ,,quantities ( clo? or gra94 ,9 a simil> mann]1 out ( gold1 silv]1 pap]1 & o!r mat]ials1 we make money1 & = a simil> reason1 viz4 to ,,measure ,,! ,,value ( weal?4 ,:5 we speak ( a ,,fifty-,,c5t ,,knife & a ,,tw5ty-,,five ,,c5t ,,purse1 we measure ! value ( ^! articles4 ,x w\ld take ?\s&s ( ,,doll>s to measure ! value ( a well-/ock$ f>m4 ,:5 we say t a boy e>ns a doll>1 or t a man e>ns #d4jj a day1 we measure ! value ( 8 "w or 8 s]vice4 ,if a man works = a f>m]1 he v likely receives 8 bo>d & lodg+ 9 "p paym5t = 8 s]vices2 he makes a direct ex*ange ( 8 s]vices = food & %elt]4 ,b he also probably receives 9 addition an am\nt ( money1 because ) ! money he c buy clo!s & o!r ?+s t ! f>m] _c give4 ,he takes ! money & buys ) x ^! o!r ?+s t he ne$s to supply 8 wants4 ,?us money becomes some?+ m ?an a measure ( weal? or ( s]vices2 x is also ,a ,,means ,,( ,,ex*ang+ ,,weal? ,,or ,,s]vices4 ,^! are ! two uses ( money4 ,money has value only because ( :at x repres5ts 9 weal?1 & weal? is useful because x enables u to satisfy wants4 ,^! ?+s are m5tion$ because x is q important t we %\ld nev] =get t money & weal? are wor? work+ = only because ( ! liv+1 or life1 t !y help u to atta94 ,*ildr5 are1 z a rule1 :olly dep5d5t ^u _! p>5ts = _! liv+4 ,b dur+ _! p]iod ( dep5d5ce !y are ga9+ skill & exp]i5ce1 9 s*ool & o!rwise1 t w lat] enable !m to e>n _! own liv+ & t ( o!r p :o may1 9 turn1 become dep5d5t ^u !m4 ,z adult life approa*es1 !re comes an increas+ desire = indep5d5ce ( o!rs1 to h possessions1 own prop]ty1 or accumulate weal?4 ,our ,,vocations1 or occupations1 by :i* we e>n a livelihood1 come to occupy a prom95t place 9 our ?\ght1 & to a l>ge ext5t control our activity4 ,d\btless mo/ ( ^? :o read ?is *apt] h begun to ?9k m or less s]i\sly ab\t :at !y are go+ to d = a liv+4 ,"s may be already do+ s1 9 "p1 or help+ to e>n t ( _! families4 ,boys & girls :o live on f>ms are especially likely to h a %>e 9 ! "w by :i* ! family liv+ is provid$2 b mo/ boys & girls h m or less regul>ly e>n$ money1 ev5 if !y h n consid]$ x necess>y = _! liv+4 ,an inquiry 9 a l>ge1 fir/-ye> high s*ool class disclos$ ! fact t ! girls ( ! class1 q z mu* z ! boys1 7 ?9k+ ( _! *oice ( vocation4 ,m av5ues are op5 to girls to-day ?an =m]ly by :i* to e>n _! liv+ outside ( ! family2 b ev5 ! managem5t ( a home is a bus9ess z truly z ! managem5t ( a f>m or factory1 & is an exce$+ly important factor 9 ! e>n+ ( ! family liv+4 ,:at "p1 if any1 d y h 9 help+ to e>n ! family liv+8 ,:at h y done dur+ ! pa/ ye> to e>n money 7a7 out ( s*ool h\rs on s*ool days1 7b7 on ,saturdays1 7c7 9 vacation "t8 ,tabulate ! results = ! entire class4 ,:at vocation w\ld y l to foll[ = life8 ,:y8 ,if y h n decid$ ^u "s "o vocation1 "n sev]al t seem attractive to y4 ,:y are !y attractive8 ,:at d y "k ab\t ! opportunities & ! qualifications necess>y = success 9 ! vocations y h nam$8 ,h[ may y proce$ to f9d out m ab\t !m8 ,:at vocations (f] special opportunities = girls & wom5 to- day8 ,h[ d ^! opportunities comp>e ) ^? :5 y\r mo!rs 7 girls8 ,make a li/ ( ! occupations ( ! fa!rs 7or o!r memb]s ( ! families7 ( ! memb]s ( y\r class4 ,make a li/ ( z _m occupations 9 y\r community 7t[n or c\nty7 z y c ?9k (4 ,,dep5d5ce ,,( ,,! ,,pione] ,our dep5d5ce ^u o!rs = a liv+ by no means ends ) *ildhood4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z an entirely self-made man1 by :i* is meant a man :o has be5 successful entirely by 8 own ef=ts4 ,x is true t ! primitive hunt] & ! pione] f>m] 7 indep5d5t ( o!rs to an unusual ext5t4 ,b _! liv+ 0 a meag] "o1 & !y c\ld n accumulate mu* weal?4 ,! v l& t a pione] occupies1 ev5 ?\gh x is ext5sive & f]tile1 has little value z long z x is remote f c5t]s ( population4 ,ev5 if a pione] laid claim to a l>ge tract ( l&1 he c\ld produce little weal? f x 9 crops if he c\ld get no help to cultivate x1 or if he _h no improv$ ma*9]y 7made by o!rs72 & :atev] he produc$1 he & 8 family c\ld eat b little ( ! product4 ,he c\ld fe$ "s to 8 few animals1 & he w\ld save "s = se$2 b any?+ t he rais$ above :at he c\ld actually use w\ld h no value unless he c\ld get x to o!r p :o want$ x4 ,if he c\ld n sell :at he produc$1 nei!r c\ld he buy f o!rs :at !y produc$ to satisfy o!r wants ?an t = food4 ,s ! k9d ( liv+ a p]son enjoys1 & ! am\nt ( weal? he accumulates1 dep5d l>gely ^u o!r p1 & ^u ! community 9 :i* he lives4 ,,dep5d5ce ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,f>m] ,"u pres5t-day conditions1 a f>m] :o raises :eat probably uses none ( x himself4 ,he sells 8 entire crop = ! use ( o!rs1 :ile to supply himself & 8 family ) bread he goes to ! /ore & buys fl\r t may h be5 mill$ 9 ,m9nesota f :eat rais$ by o!r f>m]s1 p]haps 9 ,nor? ,dakota or ,s\? ,dakota4 ,9 ex*ange = 8 :eat he also gets clo?+ manufactur$ 9 ,new ,york or ,new ,engl& f cotton rais$ 9 ,georgia or ,texas1 or f wool gr[n 9 ,montana4 ,he buys a wagon made 9 ,indiana f lumb] cut 9 ! ,s\? & iron m9$ 9 ,mi*igan & smelt$ 9 ,ohio4 ,?us he e>ns 8 liv+ by produc+ food = o!r p1 :ile ! ?+s he uses 9 liv+ are ! product ( labor exp5d$ by o!r p 9 ! ef=t to e>n ,,_! liv+4 ,we notic$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii h[ _m p & occupations 7 conc]n$ 9 produc+ a pair ( %oes4 ,,e>n+ ,,by ,,s]vice ,:ile ! f>m] or o!r work] may be int]e/$ prim>ily 9 provid+ = 8 own wants & ^? ( 8 family1 he c d ?is only by produc+ some?+ or p]=m+ s]vice = o!rs2 & :ile ea* work] may be mo/ conc]n$ ab\t ,,:at ,,he ,,receives = 8 "w1 ! community is mo/ conc]n$ ab\t ,,:at ,,he ,,produces4 ,e>n+ a liv+ has two sides to x3 r5d]+ s]vice to o!rs & be+ paid = ! s]vice r5d]$4 ,x is z if ! community ent]$ into a sort ( agreem5t ) ! work] to ! effect t x w provide him ) a liv+ 9 return = def9ite s]vice to ! community or = ! product ( 8 labor4 ,:at we call bus9ess is ,,sell+ ,a ,,s]vice4 ,x may be p]sonal s]vice1 su* z tea*+1 or prescrib+ m$ic9e1 or nurs+1 or giv+ legal advice1 or cutt+ hair1 or driv+ a team1 or runn+ an automobile4 ,or x may be pur*as+1 /or+1 retail+1 & deliv]+ ?+s :i* h be5 produc$ p]haps _m hundr$s or ?\s&s ( miles away4 ,or x may be rais+ food/uffs on ! f>m1 or m9+ fuels & metals f ! e>?1 or cutt+ timb] f ! =e/4 ,or x may be manufactur+-- buy+ mat]ials & conv]t+ !m into products s]viceable to o!rs4 ,:atev] x is1 e man's bus9ess is also ! community's bus9ess1 & ! community has a "r to expect indu/ry & hone/1 effici5t "w f e work]4 ,discuss ! occupations nam$ 9 answ] to ! two que/ions on page #bf1 f ! po9t ( view ( _! s]vice to ! community4 ,to :at ext5t is y\r fa!r's bus9ess or occupation dep5d5t ^u ! bus9ess or occupation ( ! fa!rs ( o!r memb]s ( ! class8 ,%[ h[ y\r fa!r's bus9ess is also ! community's bus9ess4 ,:at is ! price ( l& 9 y\r neighborhood8 ,consult y\r fa!r or fri5ds 9 reg>d to ! increase or decrease 9 price 9 rec5t ye>s & 9 reg>d to ! reasons = x4 ,,liv+ ,,)\t ,,e>n+ ,!re are exceptional cases :]e p ,,receive a liv+ )\t ,,e>n+ x4 ,"o class ( su* p is repres5t$ by ?ieves1 gambl]s1 sw9dl]s1 & p]sons engag$ 9 occupations t are positively h>mful to ! community4 ,su* p may be v skillful & !y may "w h>d en\gh1 b !y take :at o!rs h e>n$ )\t produc+ any?+ ( value to ! community4 ,!n !re are ^? :o are incapable ( productive "w because ( physical defects1 or ?r\gh ! feebl5ess ( old age4 ,x is ! duty ( e citiz5 to provide1 z f> z possible1 dur+ 8 productive ye>s1 = ! ra9y day ( mis=tune or advanc+ age4 ,= ^? :o _c d s1 ! community mu/ provide4 ,v "y *ildr5 are us]s ( weal? produc$ by o!rs4 ,x is expect$1 h[ev]1 t *ildr5 w 9 lat] ye>s make return to ! community = :at !y h receiv$ dur+ _! p]iod ( dep5d5ce4 ,,inh]it$ ,,weal? ,"s p inh]it weal?1 or o!rwise come into possession ( x )\t ef=t on _! "p4 ,! weal? s receiv$1 h[ev]1 has be5 e>n$ by someone1 or has come f ! community 9 "s way4 ,if ! p]son :o s receives x uses x 9 a way t is highly useful to ! community1 he may 9 a s5se e>n x ev5 aft] he receives x2 b if he uses x solely = 8 own enjoym5t1 )\t ef=t to make x highly useful to ! community1 he does n 9 any s5se e>n x1 & places himself 9 ! class ( ^? :o are :olly dep5d5t ^u ! community4 ,,unfair ,,comp5sation ,,= ,,s]vice ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are p :o d n get = _! "w a liv+ t fairly comp5sates !m = ! s]vice !y r5d] by x to ! community4 ,if our community life 7 p]fectly adju/$ 9 all its p>ts2 if all ! p cle>ly recogniz$ _! common int]e/s & _! int]dep5d5ce2 if !y _h ! _s ( coop]ation & 7 wise en\gh to devise smoo?ly work+ ma*9]y ( coop]ation2--!n ! returns t a work] receiv$ = 8 "w w\ld be closely proportionate to ! s]vice r5d]$ by 8 "w4 ,t is1 he w\ld ,,get :at he ,,e>n$1 s f> z wages or pr(its 7 conc]n$4 ,b ?is is "o ( ! p>ticul>s 9 :i* our community life is /ill imp]fect4 ,:]e s _m diff]5t k9ds ( work]s are engag$ 9 produc+ %oes1 = example1 x is extremely difficult to det]m9e h[ mu* ea* %\ld be paid = 8 %>e ( ! "w4 ,:at ,,wages %\ld be giv5 to ! diff]5t classes ( work]s :o c>e = cattle1 make ! lea!r1 manufacture ! ma*9es ) :i* ! %oes are made1 op]ate ! ma*9es1 m9e ! coal & iron = ! production ( ! ma*9es1 & s on8 ,:at ,,pr(its %all be all[$ to ! m5 :o raise ! cattle1 to ! m]*ants :o sell ! %oes & ! ma*9es1 & to ! transportation companies t c>ry !m f ! factories to ! deal]s8 ,:at ,,int]e/ %all be receiv$ by ! m5 :o furni% ! ,,capital necess>y to run ! factories & ! f>ms8 ,^! que/ions relat+ to ! ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,weal? t m5 produce h prov$ v difficult to answ] satisfactorily4 ,a v useful & int]e/+1 b r difficult1 sci5ce has gr[n up to expla9 ! ,,production1 ,,di/ribution1 ,,& ,,use ,,( ,,weal?4 ,x is call$ ! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,economics4 ,( all ! divisions ( ?is sci5ce1 t relat+ to ! di/ribution ( weal? is ! mo/ p]plex+4 ,x is ! inequalities 9 ! di/ribution ( weal?1 ! s5se ( inju/ice produc$ by ^! inequalities1 & sometimes a failure to und]/& :at a fair di/ribution is1 t h caus$ all ! labor disputes ref]r$ to 9 ,*apt] ,,vii 7p4 #ga71 & ! discont5t sometimes felt by f>m]s & o!r produc]s 9 reg>d to ! prices ( _! products4 ,h y ev] he>d any "o say1 ,! _w owes me a liv+8 ,is ?is a true /atem5t8 ,if s1 9 :at s5se d y ?9k x is true8 ,:i* d y ?9k is ! tru] /atem5t3 ,i h a "r to a liv+1 or ,i h a "r to e>n a liv+8 ,discuss ! diff]5ce4 ,a ?ief has be5 kn[n to say1 ,i 0 br\ght into ! _w )\t my own cons5t2 !re=e ! _w owes me a liv+1 & ,i owe ! _w no?+4 ,is ?is good argum5t8 ,did ! p ^u :om he dep5ds = a liv+ h any m to say ab\t _! be+ br\ght into ! _w ?an he _h8 ,:at ?+s are y us+ to-day t 7 n provid$ = y by o!rs8 ,if a /rang] %\ld come to y\r community to-day to live1 :at are "s ( ! ?+s t he w\ld f9d already provid$ by ! community = 8 use 9 mak+ a liv+8 ,"n five important inv5tions & /ate :at !y h done = y4 ,w\ld y say t ! _w owes ,?omas ,a4 ,edison & ,lu!r ,burbank a liv+8 ,:y8 ,h[ are y indebt$ = y\r liv+ to ! pione]s :o settl$ y\r /ate8 to ,rob]t ,fulton8 to ! m5 :o built ! fir/ transcont95tal railroad8 ,c y ?9k ( "s way 9 :i* y\r family is indebt$ = its liv+ to ! ,briti% nation8 to ,france8 to anci5t ,greece8 to ! ,pho5icians8 to ! p ( ,brazil8 ,:i* is ! great]1 ! debt ( y\r family to ! _w or ! debt ( ! _w to y\r family8 ,:at is a p>asite8 ,c\ld ?is t]m be appropriately appli$ to any ( ! p ref]r$ to 9 ! la/ few p>agraphs ( ! text above8 ,,gov]nm5t ,,int]e/$ ,,9 ,,production ,ea* citiz5 has a "r to feel t ! gov]nm5t is int]e/$ 9 8 individual prosp]ity & happ9ess2 & x is1 = unhappy & discont5t$ citiz5s are seldom good citiz5s4 ,b ! gov]nm5t repres5ts community z a :ole1 & has ! int]e/ ( ! community z a :ole 9 its keep+ r ?an ! int]e/ ( p>ticul> individuals4 ,its int]e/ is prim>ily 9 :at ea* citiz5 ,,produces1 = x is ^u ?is t ! /r5g?4 ( ! nation dep5ds4 ,,! ,,national ,,s]vice ,,army ,,( ,,produc]s ,a few days aft] w> 0 decl>$ aga9/ ,g]many1 ! ,presid5t made an appeal to 8 fell[ produc]s c\ntrym51 9 :i* he said3 ,x is evid5t to e ?9k+ man t our indu/ries on ! f>ms1 9 ! %ipy>ds1 9 ! m9es1 9 ! factories1 mu/ be made m prolific & m effici5t ?an ev] & t !y mu/ be m economically manag$ & bett] adapt$ to ! p>ticul> requirem5ts ( our task ?an !y h be52 & :at ,i want to say is t ! m5 & wom5 :o devote _! ?\ght & _! en]gy to ^! ?+s w be s]v+ ! c\ntry & conduct+ ! fight = peace & fre$om j z truly & j z effectively z ! m5 on ! battlefield or 9 ! tr5*es4 ,! indu/rial =ces ( ! c\ntry1 m5 & wom5 alike1 w be a great national1 a great int]national ,s]vice ,army1--a notable & honor$ ho/ engag$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! nation & ! _w 444 ,?\s&s1 nay1 hundr$s ( ?\s&s1 ( m5 o!rwise liable to milit>y s]vice w ( "r & necessity be excus$ f t s]vice & assign$ to ! fundam5tal1 su/a9+ "w ( ! fields & factories & m9es1 & !y w be z mu* "p ( ! great patriotic =ces ( ! nation z ! m5 "u fire4 ,he !n appeal$ directly to e k9d ( work] 9 ! c\ntry1 & to ! f>m]s he said3 ,! supreme ne$ ( our own nation & ( ! nations ) :i* we are coop]at+ is an abundance ( supplies1 & especially ( food/uffs4 444 ,)\t abundant food 444 ! :ole great ent]prise ^u :i* we h emb>k$ w break d[n & fail 444 ,^u ! f>m]s ( ?is c\ntry1 !re=e1 9 l>ge measure1 re/s ! fate ( ! w> & ! fate ( nations4 ,let me sugge/1 also1 t e "o :o creates or cultivates a g>d5 helps1 & helps greatly1 to solve ! problem ( ! fe$+ ( ! nations2 & t e h\sewife :o practices /rict economy puts h]self 9 ! ranks ( ^? :o s]ve ! nation4 ,! nation ne$s ! productive "w ( ea* citiz5 9 "t ( peace z truly z 9 "t ( w>1 al?\gh :5 x is n fight+ = its v life x is m tol]ant ( ^? :o d n contribute effici5tly by _! "w to ! common good4 ,x c>ries !m along someh[4 ,b su* memb]s ( ! community are a burd5 & a s\rce ( weakness at all times4 ,!re=e1 = example1 !re are 9 mo/ ( our communities laws aga9/ vagrancy2 t is1 aga9/ willful & habitual idl]s )\t visible means ( support1 su* z begg>s & tramps4 ,,problem ,,( ,,! ,,unemploy$ ,!re are times :5 _m m5 are out ( "w4 ,9 times ( bus9ess depression ! numb] may become v great1 :ile 9 prosp]\s times ! numb] dw9dles2 b always !re are "s4 ,x is (t5 ?r\gh no fault ( _! own2 x is ano!r result ( ! imp]fect adju/m5t ( our community life4 ,x (t5 happ5s t :ile l>ge numb]s ( m5 are unable to f9d "w 9 indu/rial c5t]s1 ! f>m]s may be suff]+ = want ( help4 ,?is may be m]ely because !re is no way by :i* to let workm5 "k :]e !y are ne$$1 or ( di/ribut+ !m to meet ! ne$4 ,or1 _m ( ! unemploy$ may be unskill$1 :ile ! dem& is = skill$ workm52 or !y may be skill$ 9 "o l9e1 :ile ! dem& is 9 ano!r l9e4 ,:atev] ! causes1 ! problem ( ! unemploy$ is "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s t ! community has to deal )4 ,dur+ ! w> ! national gov]nm5t s\ght to ov]come ^! difficulties by ! organization ( an employm5t s]vice 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,labor1 & /ate & local communities e/abli%$ employm5t bureaus4 ,:o h be5 "s ( ! build]s ( y\r own community by reason ( _! bus9ess life8 ,expla94 ,s f> z y h obs]v$1 :at boys h be5 mo/ successful aft] leav+ s*ool--^? :o make x a practice to d all !y c = _! employ]s1 or ^? :o h tri$ to d ! lea/ possible8 ,is x true 9 y\r community t ! mo/ useful citiz5s are ^? :o c>e m ab\t ! excell5ce ( _! "w ?an ab\t :at !y receive = x8 ,are !re _m vagrants 9 y\r community8 ,are !re laws aga9/ vagrancy8 ,if s1 :at are !y8 ,are !re (t5 _m m5 out ( "w 9 y\r community8 ,if s1 :y is x8 ,is x ev] difficult to get f>m labor 9 y\r locality8 ,if s1 h[ d ! f>m]s expla9 x8 ,:at exp]i5ce h ! f>m]s ( y\r locality _h dur+ & s9ce ! w> 9 gett+ labor :5 x 0 ne$$8 ,did ! gov]nm5t help !m at t "t8 ,h[8 ,x is ( ! greate/ importance bo? to ! individual & to ! community t e citiz53 7#a7 %\ld be cont9u\sly employ$ 9 a useful occupation1 7#b7 %\ld be free & able to *oose ! occupation = :i* he is be/ fitt$1 & 9 :i* he w be happie/1 & 7#c7 %\ld be ?or\ghly effici5t 9 8 "w1 :atev] x is4 ,,! ,,"r ,,( ,,! ,,community ,,to ,,indu/ry 7#a7 ,! community has a "r to expect e citiz5 to be indu/ri\s & productive1 = only 9 ?is way c he be self- su/a9+ & at ! same "t contribute 8 %>e to ! well- be+ ( ! community4 ,d\btless all :o read ?is *apt] are desir\s ( do+ useful "w4 ,at ! same "t1 x is easy = any ( u to fall into ! habit ( ?9k+ m ab\t :at we c ,,get ?an ab\t :at we c ,,give4 ,!re ,,are p :o habitually seek to d z little z possible = :at !y receive1 or to get all !y c = ! lea/ possible s]vice4 ,?is applies n only to idl]s :o live entirely (f ! community )\t any s]vice on _! "p1 b also to ^? :o h employm5t1 b :o seek to evade1 by "t-s]v+ & o!rwise slack+1 ! full responsibility ( s]vice4 ,we sometimes he> compla9t 9 reg>d to public (ficials :o draw good sal>ies )\t r5d]+ adequate or hone/ public s]vice 9 return1 & to su* we frequ5tly apply ! t]m ( graft]4 ,b ! pr9ciple is exactly ! same :5 any p]son :o has und]tak5 to d a piece ( "w fritt]s away 8 "t or loafs on ! job4 ,,satisfaction ,,9 ,,s]vice ,aft] all1 ! *ief return t we get = our "w is n ! wages or ! pr(its1 important z !y are to u1 b ! satisfaction ( do+ some?+ t is wor?:ile4 ,if ?is pleasure is abs5t f ! "w we d1 no am\nt ( money returns c comp5sate u = x4 ,! happy man is a busy man1 an indu/ri\s man2 & 8 happ9ess is m 9 ! do+ ?an 9 ! m]e fact ( money returns4 ,,importance ,,( ,a ,,"r ,,*oice 7#b7 ,! value ( our "w to ! community & ! pleasure t we d]ive f x bo? dep5d to a l>ge ext5t ^u our fitness = x4 ,x is important to *oose our "w c>efully4 ,!re are f\r important consid]ations 9 *oos+ a vocation3 7a7 its usefulness to ! community1 7b7 "o's own fitness = x1 7c7 "o's happ9ess 9 x1 & 7d7 :e!r x (f]s an adequate liv+ to "o's self & dep5d5ts4 ,! la/ ( ^! is1 ( c\rse1 a mo/ important consid]ation4 ,:at a p]son receives = 8 "w ought to be det]m9$ by ! fir/ two consid]ations1 i4e4 ! usefulness ( ! "w to ! community & "o's fitness = x4 ,we h se5 t ?is is n always true4 ,9 su* cases x (t5 becomes necess>y to make a fur!r *oice--a *oice betwe5 work+ prim>ily = "o's own pr(it & work+ prim>ily = ! satisfaction t comes f important s]vice well r5d]$4 ,x is n always easy to make ?is *oice2 b !re are _m p :o h sacrific$ l>ge incomes = ! sake ( do+ "w t ! community ne$s & = :i* !y consid] !mselves well fitt$4 ,a ,,*oice ,,( ,,vocation ,,is ,,inevitable ,_m p seem to h little *oice 9 ! matt] ( vocation4 ,! f>m]'s boy has to "w on ! f>m :e!r he wants to or n2 & _m a man is a f>m] app>5tly = no o!r reason ?an t he 0 rais$ on ! f>m & has se5 no opportunity to d any?+ else4 ,o!r p seem to be =c$ into o!r occupations by circum/ances or drift into !m by *ance4 ,b ev5 9 ^! cases !re is some?+ ( a *oice4 ,! f>m]'s boy *ooses to rema9 on ! f>m r ?an to take ! *ances involv$ 9 runn+ away1 or because he w\ld r be at home ?an 9 a /range city4 ,! discont5t$ f>m] might h *os5 to be a lawy] if he _h be5 will+ to make en\gh sacrifices to get ready = x2 & ev5 n[ he *ooses to rema9 on ! f>m 9 spite ( 8 dislike = x because to d o!rwise w\ld mean sacrifice ( "s k9d or o!r t he is unwill+ to make4 ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,our ,,"w ,,to ,,! ,,community ,! pleasure & effectiv5ess ( ,,any "w1 h[ev]1 are increas$ if its importance to ! community or to ! _w is cle>ly und]/ood2 = ,,all productive "w is important4 ,!re is no m t]rible "w ?an t ( ! soldi] 9 ! tr5*es4 ,no man w\ld volunt>ily *oose x = 8 own pleasure4 ,b millions ( m5 h gone into x joyfully because ( ! results to be atta9$ = _! c\ntry & ! _w4 ,o!r millions ( m5 & wom51 & ev5 *ildr51 on ! f>ms1 9 ! m9es1 9 ! %ops1 & 9 ! homes1 work$ & sacrific$ dur+ ! w> ) ,g]many z !y _h nev] work$ & sacrific$ be=e1 produc$ results su* z _h nev] be5 produc$ be=e1 & d\btless exp]i5c$ a satisfaction 9 _! toil t !y _h nev] exp]i5c$ be=e1 because ea* "o saw m def9itely ?an be=e ! relation ( 8 "w to ! great national & _w purpose4 ,an und]/&+ ( ! mean+ ( our "w 9 its relation to community welf>e goes a long way t[>d transmut+ days ( dre>y "w into happi] lives4 ,,fre$om1 ,,equality ,,& ,,ju/ice ,! opportunity to *oose "o's call+1 to decide :at s]vice "o w fit himself =1 ! "r ( self-det]m9ation ) reg>d to :at "o's "w %all be--?is is :at fre$om means4 ,?is is :y m5 are happi] :5 !y are free4 ,! equality & ju/ice t all m5 want mean ,,equality ,,( ,,opportunity ,,to ,,*oose t :i* !y l to d1 & ,,an ,,equal ,,*ance ,,to ,,make ,a ,,liv+1 or to obta9 comp5sation = _! labor or ent]prise4 ,x is = ^! ?+s m ?an = any?+ else t p h left old-_w conditions & come to ,am]ica4 ,! ability to make a liv+ "u conditions ( fre$om & ju/ice dep5ds 9 "p ^u ! common wants ( ! community1 & ^u ! will+ness ( memb]s ( ! community to pay = ! satisfaction ( _! wants en\gh to enable ^? :o p]=m s]vice = !m also to satisfy !irs4 ,b x also dep5ds ^u ! ability ( ! individual to make a *oice1 & ^u 8 will+ness to sp5d ye>s 9 prep>ation1 if ne$ be1 to enable him to (f] a s]vice ( ! k9d he likes to r5d]1 & = :i* o!rs are glad to pay well4 ,a ,,day ,,( ,,speciali/s ,we are liv+ 9 a day ( speciali/s4 ,! v nature ( our int]dep5d5t life makes x necess>y = ea* work] to d "o ?+ & to d x exce$+ly well4 ,ev5 f>m+ is brok5 up to a consid]able ext5t into special k9ds ( f>m+4 ,moreov]1 s9ce ! work] mu/ be a speciali/1 requir+ long1 special tra9+1 x is m difficult ?an x us$ to be = him to *ange f "o occupation to ano!r aft] he has once />t$4 ,ea* p]son1 !re=e1 owes x bo? to himself & to ! community to *oose 8 vocation c>efully1 s f> z he has opportunity to make a *oice4 ,! s*ools are m & m mak+ x _! bus9ess to give boys & girls ! k & ! exp]i5ce t w enable !m to *oose wisely _! mode ( e>n+ a liv+4 ,,! ,,necessity ,,= ,,tra9+ 7#c7 ,:e!r a citiz5 foll[s a vocation ( 8 own volunt>y *oice1 or "o into :i* he has fall5 by *ance or by =ce ( circum/ances1 he is "u obligation to ! community z well z to himself to d 8 "w well4 ,9 ^! days ( specialization ?is inevitably means prep>ation1 tra9+4 ,if ! community expects ! citiz5 to p]=m effici5t s]vice1 x mu/ af=d him a fair opportunity = prep>ation4 ,dur+ ! w> ! gov]nm5t made special provision = tra9+1 n only = milit>y s]vice1 b also = ! indu/rial occupations t ! nation ne$$4 ,vocational tra9+ is n[ receiv+ great att5tion f ! s*ools & f gov]nm5t4 ,,ha/y ,,entrance ,,^u ,,vocational ,,life ,z 9 ! *oice ( a vocation1 s 9 prep>ation = x ! individual has 8 %>e ( responsibility4 ,x is always a temptation = "y p to get out into ! active "w ( ! _w at ! e>lie/ possible mom5t4 ,! desire to be indep5d5t1 to e>n "o's own liv+1 to make money1 is /rong4 ,x leads _m boys & girls to leave s*ool ev5 be=e !y h f9i%$ _! elem5t>y education4 ,9 ! great majority ( cases ?is results 9 s]i\s economic loss bo? to ! boy or girl & to ! community4 ,! *>ts on page #acg furni% evid5ce ( ?is4 ,,patriotism ,,9 ,,vocational ,,life ,we call x patriotism :5 a man gives all t he has1 ev5 8 life if necess>y1 = ! good ( 8 c\ntry1 )\t /opp+ to consid] :e!r or n he w receive an equal b5efit 9 return4 ,!re is no high] type ( patriotism ?an t :i* prompts a citiz5 to p]=m 8 be/ s]vice = ! community 9 8 daily call+1 n = :at he c get = x1 b = :at he c give4 ,?is patriotism is %>$ by ! "y citiz5 :o is will+ to def] an app>5t imm$iate ga9 to himself 9 ord] to prep>e himself ?or\ghly = m effective s]vice lat]4 ,if y\r fa!r _h 8 life to live ov] aga91 w\ld he *oose ! same vocation t he is n[ foll[+8 ,consult him z to 8 reasons4 ,:at special k9ds ( f>m+ exi/ 9 y\r locality8 ,is !re a t5d5cy 9 y\r community t[>d specialization 9 f>m+1 or t[>d g5]al f>m+8 ,reasons8 ,to :at ext5t is sci5tific f>m+ practic$ 9 y\r locality8 ,:at does x mean8 ,make a /udy ( ! ext5t to :i* specialization is necess>y 9 ! indu/ries ( y\r t[n4 ,does y\r s*ool (f] any vocational tra9+ or vocational guidance8 ,is !re a t5d5cy 9 y\r s*ool = boys & girls to quit be=e complet+ ! c\rse8 ,at :at grades d pupils beg9 to drop out 9 consid]able numb]s8 ,:y d !y leave8 ,:at sort ( "w d !y d :5 !y leave s*ool8 ,at :at ages does ! law 9 y\r /ate p]mit boys & girls to g to "w8 ,%[ h[ ?is re/riction ( fre$om n[ increases fre$om lat] on4 ,,read+s ,9 ,lessons 9 ,community & ,national ,life3 ,s]ies ,a3 ,lesson #c1 ,! coop]ation ( speciali/s 9 mod]n society4 ,lesson #e1 ,! human res\rces ( a community4 ,lesson #g1 ,organization4 ,lesson #h1 ,! rise ( ma*9e indu/ry4 ,lesson #i1 ,social control4 ,lesson #aj1 ,indirect co/s4 ,lesson #aa1 ,education z enc\rag$ by indu/ry4 ,lesson #bc1 ,! s]vices ( money4 ,lesson #bh1 ,! work] 9 our society4 ,s]ies ,b3 ,lesson #h1 ,f9d+ a job4 ,lesson #aa1 ,! "w ( wom54 ,lesson #bh1 ,wom5 9 indu/ry4 ,s]ies ,c3 ,lesson #i1 ,inv5tions4 ,lesson #aa1 ,! effects ( ma*9]y on rural life4 ,lesson #ba1 ,be=e co9s 7 made4 ,lesson #bb1 ,! m9t+ ( co9s4 ,lesson #bc1 ,pap] money4 ,lesson #bd1 ,money 9 ! community & ! home4 ,lesson #bi1 ,*ild labor4 ,9 ,long's ,am]ican ,patriotic ,prose3 ,frank ,a4 ,v&]lip1 ,s]vice ,leads to ,success1 pp4 #cdg-cdh4 ,*>les ,m4 ,s*wab1 ,opportunity is ,pl5tiful 9 ,am]ica1 pp4 #cdh- #cej4 ,tufts1 ,! ,real ,bus9ess ( ,liv+1 ,*apt]s viii-x2 xv-xxviii4 ,! foll[+ books relat+ to vocational life may be helpful & /imulat+ if available3 ,g[9 & ,:eatley1 ,occupations 7,g9n ,co474 ,giles1 ,vocational ,civics 7,macmillan74 ,gulick1 ,! ,effici5t ,life 7,d\bl$ay1 ,page ,co474 ,reid & o!rs1 ,c>e]s = ! ,com+ ,m5 7,saalfield ,pub ,co41 ,akron1 ,ohio74 ,m>d51 ,*oos+ a ,c>e] 7,bobbs-,m]rill1 ,indianapolis74 ,m>d51 ,talks ) ,great ,work]s 7,?os4 ,y4 ,cr[ell74 ,bok1 ,successw>d 7,d\bl$ay1 ,page ,co474 ,williams1 ,h[ x ,is ,made1 ,h[ x ,is ,done1 ,h[ x ,works 7,?os4 ,nelson ,sons74 ,f[l]1 ,/>t+ 9 ,life 7,little1 ,br[n ,co474 ,p>sons1 ,*oos+ a ,vocation 7,h\ghton ,miffl9 ,co474 ,c>negie1 ,! ,empire ( ,bus9ess1 7,d\bl$ay ,page ,co474 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,gov]nm5t ,,z ,a ,,means ,,( ,,coop]ation ,,9 ,,agriculture ,,ga9ful ,,occupations ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,accord+ to ! c5sus ( #aiaj1 some:at m ?an #ch million ( ! #ib million p ( our c\ntry at t "t 7 engag$ 9 ga9ful occupations2 t is1 9 e>n+ _! liv+ & t ( ! rema9+ #ed million p :o 7 dep5d5t ^u !m4 ,( ! #ch million1 m ?an #ac #a_/b million 7 produc+ weal? directly f ! l&1 9 agriculture1 =e/ indu/ries1 m9+ indu/ries1 & fi%+4 ,ab\t #aj #a_/b million 7 engag$ 9 manufactur+ & me*anical trades1 by :i* ! mat]ials extract$ f ! l& are trans=m$ into articles ( use4 ,! rema9d] ( ! breadw9n]s 7 engag$ 9 trade & transportation1 & 9 pr(essional1 p]sonal1 & public s]vice4 ,,importance ,,( ,,agriculture ,( ! #ac #a_/b million p ga9+ _! liv+ directly f ! l&1 m ?an #ab #a_/b million 7 engag$ 9 agricultural pursuits4 ,at ! pres5t "t 7#aiai7 probably "o half ( ! population1 includ+ wom5 & *ildr51 is directly dep5d5t ^u agriculture z a means ( livelihood1 :ile ! o!r half1 z well1 is dep5d5t ^u x = food supply & ! mat]ials = clo?+4 ,9 view ( ! fact t agriculture is ! s\rce ( ! nation's food supply & ( a l>ge "p ( ! national weal?1 & t s l>ge a "p ( ! p are engag$ 9 x z a means ( livelihood1 x is n surpris+ to f9d our gov]nm5t deeply int]e/$ 9 x & p]=m+ a va/ am\nt ( s]vice = its promotion4 ,,/ate ,,dep>tm5ts ,,( ,,agriculture ,! gov]nm5t ( e /ate 9 ! ,union has an organization to protect & promote ! f>m+ indu/ry & ! welf>e ( ! f>m]4 ,?is organization diff]s 9 its =m & 9 ! ext5t ( s]vice p]=m$ 9 ! sev]al /ates1 due p>tly to ! v>y+ importance ( agriculture 9 ! diff]5t /ates1 & p>tly to ! v>y+ success ) :i* ! p & _! repres5tatives h dealt ) ! problem4 ,9 "s ( ! /ates !re are dep>tm5ts ( agriculture1 equal 9 dignity & p[] ) ! o!r ma9 divisions ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,9 o!rs agricultural int]e/s are plac$ 9 ! h&s ( subord9ate bo>ds1 bureaus1 or commissions4 ,9 "s cases ! (ficials 9 *>ge ( ! organization1 su* z ! commission] ( agriculture1 are elect$ directly by ! p1 :ile 9 o!rs !y are appo9t$ by ! gov]nor ( ! /ate or by ! legislature4 ,(t5 ! dep>tm5t is organiz$ 9 num]\s bran*es ) speciali/s at ! head ( ea*4 ,?us1 !re are dairy commission]s1 horticultural bo>ds1 live/ock sanit>y bo>ds1 =e/]s1 entomologi/s 7speciali/s 9 insect life 9 its relation to agriculture71 & o!rs1 to look aft] e aspect ( f>m+4 ,9 a con/antly decreas+ numb] ( /ates ! p[]s ( ! agricultural (fic]s are slight & _! "w ineffectual2 b 9 o!rs ! organization is ?or\gh & ! "w effici5tly done & ( ! greate/ value to ! /ate4 ,,duties ,,( ,,/ate ,,dep>tm5ts ,,( ,,agriculture ,9 g5]al1 /ate dep>tm5ts ( agriculture h _h two k9ds ( duties3 fir/1 regulative & adm9i/rative duties1 su* z ! en=cem5t ( laws relat+ to agriculture pass$ by ! /ate legislature1 en=c+ qu>ant9e aga9/ diseas$ animals1 e/abli%+ /&>ds = ! grad+ ( gra91 mak+ & en=c+ rules = ! control ( animal & plant diseases1 & simil> matt]s4 ,second1 inve/igative & educational duties1 su* z ! inve/igation ( animal & plant diseases1 crop conditions1 & o!r agricultural problems2 & ! di/ribution ( in=mation to ! f>m]s & to ! p ( ! /ate g5]ally1 relat+ to agricultural matt]s4 ,reports & bullet9s on special subjects are publi%$ & f>m]s' in/itutes are conduct$4 ,,agricultural ,,colleges ,,& ,,exp]im5t ,,/ations ,! practice is gr[+1 h[ev]1 to transf] ! "w ( inve/igation & education to ! ,,/ate ,,agricultural ,,colleges ,,& ,,exp]im5t ,,/ations :i* h be5 e/abli%$ & are conduct$ ) ! coop]ation ( ! national ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,^! in/itutions h a corps ( highly tra9$ speciali/s & educators & are equipp$ ) laboratories & exp]im5tal f>ms :]e rese>* may be c>ri$ on "u ! mo/ favorable conditions4 ,! agricultural colleges n only educate "y m5 & wom5 )9 _! walls 9 agriculture & relat$ subjects1 b c>ry on ,,ext5sion ,,"w ?r\gh\t ! /ate = ! b5efit ( ! f>m]s & ! p ( rural communities4 ,) ! developm5t ( ^! in/itutions ! /ate dep>tm5t ( agriculture is left ) almo/ purely adm9i/rative & regulative duties4 ,?is seems to be ! wis] plan ( organization4 ,write to y\r /ate commission] ( agriculture or to ! secret>y ( y\r /ate bo>d ( agriculture = a copy ( ! law1 or o!r publi%$ docum5t1 conta9+ a description ( ! organization ( y\r /ate dep>tm5t ( agriculture & its "w4 ,also ask =1 if available1 a li/ ( publications issu$ by ! dep>tm5t1 f :i* y may lat] select su* z may seem to be useful4 ,write to y\r /ate agricultural college1 or to ! exp]im5t /ation1 = its late/ report %[+ ! "w t x has done1 & = a li/ ( available publications4 ,9 writ+ to public (ficials = mat]ials = class use1 x is well to s5d b ,,"o lett] = ! class or s*ool1 & to reque/ ,,! ,,smalle/ ,,numb] ,,( ,,copies t w s]ve ! purposes ( ! class4 ,public (ficials are busy p1 & ! publications = :i* y ask co/ ! p ( ! community money4 ,! memb]s ( ! class may compete1 if desir$1 9 =mulat+ a suitable lett]1 & a class committee may select ! be/1 or =mulate "o on ! basis ( sugge/ions f ! class4 ,mat]ials collect$ 9 ?is way %\ld become s*ool prop]ty1 & ! class %\ld be consci\s t x is accumulat+ a libr>y = lat] classes z well z = !mselves4 ,/udy & report on ! foll[+3 ,! organization ( y\r /ate dep>tm5t ( agriculture1 its (fic]s & h[ *os51 its divisions & _! "w4 ,! "w done at y\r /ate exp]im5t /ation 7individual reports may be made on ! sev]al important l9es ( "w1 or on p>ticul> inve/igations or discov]ies ( int]e/74 ,! "* ( ! ext5sion c\rses (f]$ by y\r /ate agricultural college4 ,c\rses giv5 9 y\r own community4 ,in/ances ( regulative "w done 9 y\r /ate & c\nty by y\r /ate dep>tm5t ( agriculture4 ,in/ances 9 :i* y\r c\nty or locality has be5 s]v$ by y\r /ate agricultural college or by ! exp]im5t /ation4 ,! difficulty ( ! f>m] 9 cop+ ) animal disease or plant disease by 8 own ef=t4 ,facts to %[ t money has be5 sav$ to y\r community by ! /ate agricultural dep>tm5t or exp]im5t /ation4 ,:y ! p ( ! cities ( y\r /ate %\ld pay taxes to support ! dep>tm5t ( agriculture4 ,facts to %[ t y\r /ate dep>tm5t ( agriculture & y\r exp]im5t /ation are really means ( coop]ation 9 y\r /ate & c\nty4 ,ext5t to :i* ! f>m]s ( y\r locality actually coop]ate ?r\gh ! gov]nm5tal ma*9]y ( ! dep>tm5t ( agriculture4 ,consult y\r p>5ts or f>m] fri5ds z to ways 9 :i* ! "w ( y\r /ate dep>tm5t ( agriculture1 agricultural college1 or exp]im5t /ation %\ld be ext5d$4 ,s5tim5t among ! p ( y\r locality1 especially ! f>m]s1 z to ! usefulness ( y\r dep>tm5t ( agriculture1 exp]im5t /ation & agricultural college4 ,get in=mation f y\r c\nty ag5t1 or f y\r /ate agricultural college1 z to ! /ates hav+ ! be/ organiz$ dep>tm5ts ( agriculture1 & !n get in=mation z to _! po9ts ( excell5ce4 ,! advantage ( a /ate fair 7,a7 to ! f>m]1 7,b7 to ! /ate4 ,! fair z a means ( coop]ation4 ,! managem5t ( y\r c\nty fair 7if any74 ,,agriculture ,a ,,national ,,ent]prise ,x does "o /ate v little good to fight hog *ol]a or ! boll weevil unless neighbor+ /ates d likewise4 ,inf]ior s]vice 9 "o /ate by its dep>tm5t ( agriculture is a detrim5t n only to ! f>m]s ( t /ate1 b to ^? ( o!r /ates & ( ! c\ntry z a :ole4 ,/ates gradually le>n f "o ano!r & frequ5tly adopt f "o ano!r ! be/ me?ods t are develop$4 ,?is is a sl[ process4 ,! agriculture ( our nation mu/ be consid]$ z a great national ent]prise1 & n z =ty-eight sep>ate ent]prises4 ,?is 0 made evid5t dur+ ! rec5t w>4 ,h5ce ! necessity = national control4 ,,e>ly ,,national ,,support ,,( ,,agriculture ,wa%+ton & ,jeff]son1 l o!r f\nd]s ( our nation1 took ! ke5e/ int]e/ 9 agriculture4 ,b 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( our hi/ory little 0 done by ! national gov]nm5t = its promotion1 except by a r g5]\s policy ( dispos+ ( ! public l&s 7see ,*apt] ,,xiv74 ,9 #ahbj a committee on agriculture 0 = ! fir/ "t creat$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 & 9 #ahbe a simil> committee 9 ! ,s5ate4 ,9 #ahci ,congress made its fir/ appropriation = agricultural purposes1 #ajjj1 to be sp5t 9 ga!r+ in=mation ab\t crops & o!r agricultural matt]s4 ,?is 0 a small beg9n+ :5 comp>$ ) ! #cg1jjj1jjj appropriat$ by ,congress = agricultural purposes 9 #aiah4 ,,creation ,,( ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture 0 creat$ by ,congress 9 #ahfb1 ?\gh x 0 n plac$ on an equality ) ! o!r executive dep>tm5ts ( ! national gov]nm5t1 ) a memb] ( ! ,presid5t's cab9et at its head1 until #ahhi4 ,:ile x has "s v important regulatory p[]s1 t is1 p[]s to en=ce laws & o!rwise to control ! practice ( ! p1 its s]vice has be5 l>gely by way ( sci5tific inve/igation ( ! problems ( agriculture & ! di/ribution ( ! in=mation s acquir$4 ,its policy has be5 "o ( coop]ation ) /ate au?orities4 ,,national ,,coop]ation ,,) ,,! ,,/ates ,9 #ahfb ,congress gave to ! sev]al /ates portions ( ! public l&s1 ! proce$s f :i* 7 to be us$ = ! e/abli%m5t & support ( ! agricultural colleges ( :i* m5tion has be5 made4 ,aga91 9 #ahhg1 ,congress made appropriations = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! agricultural exp]im5t /ations1 :i* are conduct$ coop]atively by ! /ate & national gov]nm5ts4 ,9 #aiad ! ,smi?-,lev] ,act 0 pass$ by ,congress1 mak+ appropriations = agricultural ext5sion "w to be conduct$ by ! /ate agricultural colleges ) ! coop]ation ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,by ! t]ms ( ?is act ea* /ate mu/ appropriate a sum ( money = ! ext5sion "w equal to t receiv$ f ! national gov]nm5t4 ,,! ,,/ates ,,relations ,,s]vice ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture sup]vises & adm9i/]s ^! coop]ative relations ) ! /ates "u ! t]ms ( ! ,smi?-,lev] ,act4 ,9 ea* /ate !re is a director ( ext5sion "w :o repres5ts bo? ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture & ! /ate agricultural college4 ,"u him !re is usually a /ate ag5t or lead]1 di/rict ag5ts1 c\nty ag5ts1 & speciali/s ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! c\nty ag5ts conduct agricultural demon/ration "w 9 _! c\nties & assi/ 9 organiz+ rural communities = coop]ation4 ,wom5 c\nty ag5ts1 or home demon/ration ag5ts1 are rapidly be+ in/all$ also1 to conduct ext5sion "w 9 home economics & organize coop]ation among ! wom54 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates dur+ #aiae ab\t #aaj1jjj f>m]s c>ri$ out demon/ration "w "u ! sup]vision ( c\nty ag5ts4 ,ea* su* f>m demon/ration s]ves z an object lesson = ! entire community4 ,^! demon/rations includ$ corn rais+ 9 #ddf1jjj acres1 cotton 9 #bjb1jjj acres1 tobacco 9 #bfcj acres1 small gra9s 9 #aif1jjj acres1 & _m o!r products 9 hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( acres4 ,/umps 7 remov$ f m ?an #gj1jjj acres1 #bbj1jjj acres 7 dra9$1 & !re 7 #bi1jjj demon/rations 9 home g>d5s4 ,sixty-f\r ?\s& improv$ implem5ts 7 b\ght4 ,"w 0 done ) or*>ds involv+ m ?an #b1jjj1jjj trees1 #bi1jjj f>m]s 7 in/ruct$ 9 ! c>e ( manure ) an e/imat$ sav+ ( m ?an #c1jjj1jjj tons4 ,f>m]s 9 #fgh coop]ative community organizations 7 advis$ ) reg>d to ! pur*ase ( f]tiliz]s ) a sav+ 9 co/ ( #abe1jjj4 ,"o ?\s& six hundr$ fifty-f\r community organizations 7 =m$ to /udy local problems & to meet local bus9ess ne$s4 ,ne>ly #fc1jjj boys 7 enroll$ 9 corn clubs4 ,!re 7 also 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates #cfh c\nties ) home demon/ration ag5ts1 :o gave in/ruction to #cb1fac girls & #fhga wom54 ,ea* ( ! girls produc$ a "o t5? acre home g>d5 ( tomatoes & o!r vegetables4 ,!y put up m ?an #b1jjj1jjj cans ( fruit & vegetables wor? #cjj1jjj4 ,!re 7 ne>ly #aj1jjj memb]s 9 p\ltry clubs & #cjjj 9 bread clubs4 ,two hundr$ fifty wom5's community clubs 7 =m$4 ,simil> "w 0 done 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 :]e #bji1jjj boys & girls 7 enroll$ 9 club "w4 ,ne>ly #be1jjj ( ^! 7 engag$ 9 pr(it-mak+ ent]prises 9 :i* !y produc$ food wor? m ?an #ejj1jjj4 ,reports f #caee homes %[ #edf1eae qu>ts ( fruits & vegetables cann$1 ab\t half ( :i* consi/$ ( vegetables1 w9dfall apples1 & o!r products t frequ5tly g to wa/e4 ,h[ mu* money does y\r /ate receive f ! national treasury "u ! t]ms ( ! ,smi?-,lev] ,act8 7,discuss at home1 consult y\r c\nty ag5t47 ,f9d out f y\r c\nty ag5t1 & f y\r home demon/ration ag5t 7if !re is "o71 :at _! "w includes & h[ x is done4 ,invite !m to speak to y\r s*ool on ! subject4 ,:at demon/ration "w is be+ c>ri$ on 9 y\r c\nty = m5 & wom58 ,results a*iev$8 ,) ! help ( y\r c\nty ag5t1 make a map ( y\r c\nty %[+ ! di/ribution ( 8 demon/ration "w4 ,report on boys' & girls' club "w 9 y\r c\nty4 ,describe p>ticul>ly any su* "w 9 :i* y are engag$4 ,:at are "s ( ! problems 9 reg>d to :i* ! f>m]s ( y\r community ne$ help8 ,make a report on ,george ,wa%+ton ! ,f>m]2 on ,?omas ,jeff]son's contributions to agriculture4 ,,! ,,(fice ,,( ,,m>kets ,,& ,,rural ,,organization promotes ! organization ( rural communities = coop]ation 9 buy+ & sell+1 9 obta9+ rural cr$its & insurance 7see ,*apt] ,,xiii71 9 develop+ means ( communication 7,*apt] ,,xviii71 & 9 provid+ = social ne$s4 ,x inve/igates m>kets & me?ods ( m>ket+1 & transportation & /orage facilities4 ,x seeks to e/abli% /&>ds = grad+ & pack+ fruits1 vegetables1 & o!r products4 ,,! ,,(fice ,,( ,,f>m ,,managem5t inve/igates & promotes ! application ( bus9ess me?ods to f>m managem5t & f>m practice4 ,x /udies ! co/ & pr(itabl5ess ( produc+ p>ticul> crops1 live/ock1 & dairy products1 ! use ( ! woodlot1 ! mo/ economic & effective f>m equipm5t4 ,x inve/igates ! co/ ( ! f>m]'s liv+1 me?ods ( keep+ acc\nts1 ! me?ods & results ( t5antry4 ,,! ,,bureau ,,( ,,animal ,,indu/ry inve/igates ! causes1 prev5tion1 & treatm5t ( diseases ( dome/ic animals1 & has done mu* to eradicate !m4 ,x /udies me?ods ( dairy+ & dairy manufactur+1 ( bre$+ & fe$+ live/ock1 ( produc+ wool & o!r animal fib]s1 ( p\ltry rais+4 ,x coop]ates ) ! ,/ates ,relations ,s]vice & ! /ate agricultural colleges 9 educational "w1 conduct+ live/ock demon/ration "w & advis+ ) reg>d to ! e/abli%m5t & managem5t ( cream]ies & *eese factories4 ,x promotes ! organization ( pig clubs to /imulate int]e/ 9 sw9e production4 ,,! ,,bureau ,,( ,,plant ,,indu/ry inve/igates ! causes1 prev5tion1 & treatm5t ( plant diseases1 includ+ ^? ( fruit1 %ade1 & =e/ trees4 ,x has introduc$ ov] #dc1jjj v>ieties ( =eign se$s & plants1 f :i* _m new indu/ries h gr[n up am\nt+ 9 value to _m millions ( doll>s ea* ye>4 ,its explor]s h br\ght new v>ieties ( c]eals f ,russia & ,sib]ia2 alfalfas f ,sib]ia2 date palms f ,nor? ,africa1 ,arabia1 & ,p]sia2 ! pi/a*io nut f ,greece & ,sicily2 vanilla & pea*es f ,mexico2 b>leys & hops f ,europe2 rices & matt+ ru%es f ,japan2 =age grasses f ,india2 tropical fruits f ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x exp]im5ts 9 ! bre$+ ( h>dy & disease-resi/+ gra9s1 fruits1 & vegetables1 /udies soil f]tility1 inve/igates ! m$ic9al qualities ( plants1 te/s se$s1 & improves agricultural implem5ts4 ,its exp]im5ts are conduct$ 9 exp]im5tal g>d5s 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 at ,arl+ton1 ,va41 & at ! exp]im5t /ations di/ribut$ widely ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is bureau does mu* educational "w1 in/ruct+ f>m]s h[ to control plant diseases & h[ to organize = coop]ation 9 ! bre$+ ( disease-resi/+ plants1 & conduct+ demon/rations on reclaim$ l&s 9 arid regions4 ,dur+ #aiaf x di/ribut$1 ?r\gh memb]s ( ,congress1 #cef1jjj tulip & n>cissus bulbs1 #if1jjj /rawb]ry plants ( #ae v>ieties1 #ad1jjj packages ( lawn grass se$1 & m ?an #af1jjj1jjj packages ( vegetable & fl[] se$s4 ,,! ,,bureau ,,( ,,*emi/ry /udies ! influ5ce ( environm5t on crops & plants2 inve/igates ! quality ( mill products1 ! me?ods ( bread mak+1 ( tann+ lea!r1 & ( pap] mak+4 ,x te/s ! food values ( all k9ds ( products1 ! keep+ quality ( p\ltry1 eggs1 & fi% 9 ! c\rse ( transportation1 & ! composition ( drugs4 ,x is call$ ^u by o!r dep>tm5ts ( gov]nm5t to make *emical analysis ( _m articles4 ,,! ,,bureau ,,( ,,soils inve/igates ! quality ( soils & _! adaptation to diff]5t k9ds ( crops1 & ! f]tiliz] s\rces ( ! c\ntry4 ,,! ,,bureau ,,( ,,entomology is conc]n$ ) ! /udy ( insects & _! relation to agriculture1 includ+ ^? t are de/ructive to fruit1 %ade1 & =e/ trees4 ,its "w includes ! /udy & promotion ( bee culture4 ,x has c>ri$ on a campaign = ! eradication ( su* diseases z spott$ fev]1 mal>ia1 & typhoid :i* are c>ri$ by ticks1 mosquitoes1 flies1 & o!r insects 7see ,*apt] ,,xx74 ,,! ,,bureau ,,( ,,biological ,,survey ma9ta9s game1 mammal1 & bird res]vations1 includ+ among o!rs ! ,montana ,national ,bison ,range1 ! w9t] elk refuge 9 ,wyom+1 ! ,sully's ,hill ,national ,game ,pres]ve 9 ,s\? ,dakota1 & ! ,aleutian ,isl&s ,res]vation 9 ,alaska4 ,x /udies ! food habits ( ,nor? ,am]ican birds & mammals 9 relation to agriculture1 horticulture1 & =e/ry1 & ! habits1 geographical di/ribution1 & migrations ( animals & plants4 ,x conducts exp]im5ts & demon/rations 9 de/roy+ animals h>mful to agriculture & animal husb&ry & 9 connection ) re>+ fur-be>+ animals4 ,x coop]ates ) local au?orities 9 ! protection ( migratory birds4 ,,! ,,bureau ,,( ,,crop ,,e/imates ga!rs & publi%es data reg>d+ agriculture1 & p>ticul>ly e/imates relat+ to crop & live/ock1 production4 ,,! ,,wea!r ,,bureau is 9 *>ge ( ! =eca/+ ( ! wea!r1 ! issu+ ( /orm w>n+s1 ! display ( wea!r & flood signals = ! b5efit ( comm]ce1 agriculture1 & navigation 7see ,*apt] ,,xvi74 ,,! ,,=e/ ,,s]vice has 9 its keep+ ! great national =e/s 7see ,*apt] ,,xv74 ,,! ,,(fice ,,( ,,public ,,roads ,,& ,,rural ,,eng9e]+ adm9i/]s ! "w ( ! f$]al gov]nm5t = road improvem5t1 & /udies f>m eng9e]+ problems su* z ^? relat+ to sanitation & wat] supply 7see ,*apt]s ,,xvii & ,,xx74 ,,regulatory ,,p[]s ,,( ,,! ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture has c]ta9 important p[]s ( regulation & control4 ,animals are inspect$ at m>ket c5t]s to discov] ! pres5ce ( disease1 & localities infect$ are qu>ant9$4 ,9 #aiae m ?an #ae million %eep 7 inspect$ & ne>ly #d million dipp$ to cure scabies4 ,z a result ne>ly "o & "o half million squ>e miles ( l& 7 releas$ f qu>ant9e4 ,9 ! same ye> m ?an a million squ>e miles 7 releas$ f qu>ant9e aga9/ scabies 9 cattle4 ,9 qu>ant9+ a /ate1 or portion ( a /ate1 ! ,dep>tm5t acts by au?ority ( laws pass$ by ,congress "u its p[] to regulate int]/ate & =eign comm]ce 7,con/itution1 ,art4 ,i1 ,sec4 #h1 cl4 #c74 ,by ! same au?ority1 all cattle = export & all import$ f =eign c\ntries are inspect$ & ^? diseas$ exclud$4 ,slaught] h\ses & meat-pack+ e/abli%m5ts :]e meat is pack$ = int]/ate or =eign comm]ce are inspect$2 meat t is unfit = use be+ condemn$1 :ile t :i* is good has ! gov]nm5t /amp plac$ ^u x4 ,su* measures are prim>ily heal? measures 7see ,*apt] ,,xx71 b !y h great economic value4 ,9 a simil> mann] import$ se$s1 plants1 & plant products are inspect$ to prev5t ! importation ( plant diseases & plant pe/s1 & also to prev5t adult]ation ( plant products4 ,w>eh\ses are inspect$ & lic5ses grant$ to ^? t are suitable = ! prop] /orage ( cotton1 gra9s1 tobacco1 flaxse$1 & wool4 ,! ,dep>tm5t en=ces ! laws t fix ! /&>ds = grad+ cotton & gra91 & lic5ses gra9 inspectors4 ,x also en=ces ! ,food & ,drugs ,act 7see ,*apt] ,,xx74 ,topics = inve/igation3 ,difficulties exp]i5c$ by f>m]s 9 y\r locality 9 m>ket+ produce or live/ock4 ,assi/ance receiv$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture to ov]come ! difficulties4 ,exp]im5ts 9 coop]ative m>ket+ 9 y\r locality4 ,products ( y\r locality t require /orage facilities4 ,adequacy ( /orage facilities4 ,transportation ne$s ( y\r locality4 ,improvem5ts 9 transportation facilities 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,consult y\r c\nty ag5t1 or write to ! ,(fice ( ,f>m ,managem5t1 = publications relat+ to f>m managem5t1 f>m acc\nt+1 etc4 ,discuss ) f>m]s ( y\r acqua9tance ! ext5t to :i* !y f9d f>m acc\nts & f>m records useful4 ,diseases ( live/ock preval5t 9 y\r locality & /ate4 ,exp]im5ts 9 coop]ation to eradicate ^! diseases4 ,assi/ance receiv$ f ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,crops ( =eign orig9 rais$ 9 y\r locality4 ,c\ntries f :i* introduc$4 ,de/ructive plant diseases & plant pe/s ( y\r locality4 ,ef=ts to combat !m4 ,importance ( bird migrations to ! f>m]s ( y\r locality4 ,ext5t ( protection af=d$ birds4 ,h[ y coop]ate 9 ?is matt]4 ,importance ( ^! v>i\s f>m]s' problems to ! p 9 t[n--! h\sekeep]1 ! m]*ant1 ! manufactur]1 ! railroad companies4 ,cases ( animal qu>ant9e occurr+ 9 y\r locality4 ,:y w>eh\ses = food products1 cotton1 etc41 %\ld be lic5s$4 ,:at lic5s+ means4 ,h[ gra91 cotton1 or o!r products are grad$4 ,! reason = grad+4 ,:y !re ne$s to be a law on ! subject4 ,,s]vice ,,( ,,o!r ,,dep>tm5ts ,,( ,,gov]nm5t ,:ile ! bus9ess int]e/s ( ! f>m]1 & inde$ _m ( 8 o!r int]e/s1 su* z heal?1 education1 & social life1 are especially look$ aft] by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 he %>es ) all o!r citiz5s ! s]vices ( all ! o!r dep>tm5ts ( gov]nm5t1 ea* ( :i* also has its elaborate organization 7see ,*apt] ,,xxvii74 ,x is ! ,treasury ,dep>tm5t1 = example1 act+ "u au?ority giv5 to x by ,congress1 t provides ! p ) _! sy/em ( money & ) a bank+ sy/em1 bo? ( :i* are great coop]ative devices4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce s]ves ! f>m] directly by discov]+ m>kets = 8 products 9 e "p ( ! _w1 & indirectly by ev]y?+ x does to promote ! c\ntry's comm]ce4 ,! rural mail deliv]y1 ! p>cel po/1 & ! motor truck s]vice ( ! ,po/ ,(fice ,dep>tm5t are ( untold value to ! f>m] 7see ,*apt] ,,xviii74 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior has sup]vision ov] ! public l&s1 ! reclamation ( arid l&s1 & ! developm5t ( m9]al res\rces 7,*apt]s ,,xiv1 ,,xv74 ,,! ,,"q ,,( ,,labor ,,supply ,! "q ( labor supply is "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s que/ions :i* ! f>m] has to face4 ,x is "o t he mu/ help to solve = himself3 ,z soon z "w on ! f>ms is organiz$1 & employm5t is made /eady = all help1 j s soon w a bett] class ( labor]s be attract$ to ! f>m4 ,z ! f>m-own] wi%es life to be free f et]nal drudg]y = himself & family1 yield+ ! fruits ( happ9ess1 leisure1 & culture1 he w\ld d well to cons5t & arrange to give ! f>m h& :o %>es ! %elt] ( 8 ro( a fair *ance at ! same b5efits4 ,! labor] wants regul> h\rs1 a *ance = recreation1 a good place to live 91 & en\gh wages to ma9ta9 a family accord+ to ,am]ican /&>ds4 ,footnote3 ,w4,j4 ,d\gan & ,m4,w4 ,leis]son 9 ,rural ,social ,problems1 ,f\r? ,annual ,report ,wiscons9 ,c\ntry ,life ,conf]5ce1 quot$ 9 ,n\rse1 ,,agricultural ,,economics pp4 #beh-bfj4 ,b !re are aspects ( ! labor problem ov] :i* ! f>m] by 8 own unaid$ ef=ts c h little control4 ,"o ( ^! is ! problem ( br++ ! labor] & ! job toge!r 7see ,*apt] ,,xi1 p4 #acc74 ,! "w ( ! ,employm5t ,s]vice 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,labor dur+ ! rec5t w> af=ds a /rik+ illu/ration ( coop]ation secur$ ?r\gh an ag5cy ( gov]nm5t4 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,employm5t ,,s]vice ,! ,employm5t ,s]vice _h be5 creat$ 9 #aiad1 b 0 rapidly develop$ dur+ ! w> to meet ! dem& = f>m labor to provide a food supply adequate to w> ne$s4 ,! ma9 (fices ( ,employm5t ,s]vice 7 ) ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,labor 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,b ea* /ate _h a f$]al director ( employm5t1 & bran* (fices 7 e/abli%$ 9 local communities4 ,! success ( ! :ole s*eme dep5d$1 fir/ ( all1 ^u coop]ation betwe5 national1 /ate1 & local gov]nm5ts4 ,?\s&s ( c\nty ag5ts & local rural community organizations discov]$ & report$ local ne$s to local employm5t (fices1 :i* 9 turn di/ribut$ ! in=mation by means ( ! di/rict1 /ate1 & national organizations4 ,fifty-five ?\s& po/ (fices became f>m-labor employm5t ag5cies1 po/ma/]s & rural c>ri]s act+ z ag5ts4 ,railroads coop]at$ bo? 9 report+ ne$s = ! di/ricts ?r\gh :i* !y run & 9 di/ribut+ labor to ! po9ts :]e ne$$4 ,newspap] (fices s]v$ z employm5t bureaus4 ,! op]ators ( ne>ly #hjjj rural telephone companies weekly call$ up ! homes ( two million f>m]s to inquire z to ne$s4 ,/ate & c\nty c\ncils ( def5se1 *amb]s ( comm]ce1 labor unions1 f>m]s' organizations1 & o!r volunte] ag5cies af=d$ *annels ?r\gh :i* ! f>m] & ! labor] 7 br\ght toge!r4 ,f ,janu>y to ! end ( ,octob] #aiah1 approximately #b1ejj1jjj work]s 7 direct$ to employm5t 7n all f>m work]s74 ,9 t ye> ! enorm\s :eat crop ( ! we/]n /ates 0 entirely h>ve/$ by labor =ces organiz$ & mov+ nor?w>d z ! h>ve/ rip5$4 ,teamwork betwe5 ! c\nty agricultural ag5ts & f>m-help speciali/s ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture & ! h>ve/ em]g5cy =ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,employm5t ,s]vice is consid]$ l>gely responsible = ! excell5t results4 ,9 a simil> mann] assi/ance 0 giv5 9 h>ve/+ ! corn & cotton crops1 ! fruits ( or*>ds & v9ey>ds1 & ! vegetable crops ( ! c\ntry4 ,! ,boys' ,work+ ,res]ve con/itut$ "o division ( ! ,employm5t ,s]vice4 ,9 #aiah1 #baj1jjj boys betwe5 ! ages ( #af & #bj 7 enroll$ = "w on ! f>ms dur+ ! summ]4 ,! ,res]ve 0 responsible 9 #aiag & #aiah = sav+ millions ( doll>s wor? ( crops4 ,x is e/imat$ t 9 #aiah x rais$ en\gh food to fe$ a million soldi]s = "o ye>4 ,,employm5t ,,s]vice ,,9 ,,peace ,,"t ,) ! pass+ ( ! w> em]g5cy1 ! elaborate ma*9]y ( ! ,employm5t ,s]vice 0 9 l>ge measure all[$ to fall to pieces ?r\gh lack ( appropriations = its ma9t5ance4 ,?is is true ( mu* ( ! em]g5cy organization ( gov]nm5t develop$ dur+ ! w> p]iod4 ,x illu/rates ! t5d5cy 9 our c\ntry to leave bus9ess control z fully z possible to individual initiative except+ 9 times ( great em]g5cy4 ,s important is ! problem ( br++ ! work] & ! job toge!r t _m believe t ! ,employm5t ,s]vice organization %\ld be reviv$ & cont9u$4 ,! c5tral (fice at ,wa%+ton is /ill ma9ta9$4 ,9 mo/ /ates !re are /ill 7#aiai7 /ate directors4 ,! local ma*9]y has be5 l>gely discont9u$ except 9 cities :]e volunte] ag5cies1 su* z ! ,r$ ,cross & o!r welf>e organizations1 h tak5 ov] ! "w1 *iefly to f9d employm5t = dis*>g$ soldi]s & sailors4 ,a few /ates h made appropriations to cont9ue ! ,boys' ,work+ ,res]ve4 ,,national ,,vocational ,,guidance ,"o division ( ! ,employm5t ,s]vice is ! ,junior ,section1 = ! guidance ( boys & girls f #af to #ba ye>s ( age seek+ employm5t4 ,local junior sections 7 organiz$ z bran*es ( local employm5t (fices & 9 s*ools4 ,a junior c\nselor 0 plac$ 9 *>ge ( ea* local junior section to /udy ! ne$s & qualifications ( ^? :o appli$ = employm5t1 & to give !m advice4 ,! ,junior ,section is /ill ma9ta9$ ) a director 9 ! ,wa%+ton (fice4 ,! duties ( ! junior c\nselor are /at$ z foll[s3 ,to influ5ce boys & girls to rema9 9 s*ool z long z possible4 ,to give aid t[>d ! "r />t = ^? :o h to leave s*ool to g to "w4 ,to ar\se ! ambitions ( ! boys & girls to fit !mselves = def9ite c>e]s4 ,to direct y\? :o are employ$ t[>d "s =m ( trade1 te*nical1 or bus9ess s*ool = special tra9+4 ,to promote ! opportunities = vocational education4 ,to foll[ up all applicants 9 _! tra9+ & at _! "w to see t !y h ! be/ available advantages ( /udy & labor4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,always ,,at ,,our ,,s]vice ,! array ( facts conta9$ 9 ! =ego+ p>agraphs is giv51 n ) ! expectation t ^? :o read w memorize !m1 b to sugge/ ! enorm\s am\nt ( "w t ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t is do+ 9 ! int]e/ ( agriculture & ! f>m]1 & ! ext5sive ma*9]y necess>y to d x4 ,! facts giv5 are only a few ( ^? t might be giv54 ,! detail$ /ory ( h[ mu* ( ?is "w is done is fasc9at+1 & (t5 ( ?rill+ int]e/4 ,all ar\nd u may be se51 if our eyes are op51 ! evid5ces ( ! "w ( our gov]nm5t4 ,always ! gov]nm5tal ma*9]y is at h& to s]ve u 9 a ?\s& ways1 if we are wise en\gh to use x4 ,! m we /udy its "w1 ! m we %all be impress$ by ! fact t its greate/ s]vice is 9 op5+ ! way = coop]ation1 & 9 provid+ ! organization & ! lead]%ip = su* coop]ation4 ,topics = inve/igation3 ,h[ money s]ves z a means ( coop]ation4 ,h[ a bank s]ves z a means ( coop]ation4 ,! attractiv5ess ( ! conditions ( liv+ = f>m labor]s 9 y\r community4 ,h[ !y c\ld be improv$4 ,! f>m labor supply 9 y\r locality & /ate4 ,! "w ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,employm5t ,s]vice 9 y\r /ate & community4 ,employm5t ag5cies 9 y\r community at ! pres5t "t4 ,by :om conduct$4 ,are !y free1 or run = pr(it8 ,advantages & disadvantages ( ! two k9ds4 ,h>ve/+ ! :eat crop 9 w> "t4 ,! ,boys' ,work+ ,res]ve 9 y\r locality4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! f>m]s ( y\r locality z to its value4 ,possible objections rais$ to x4 ,its cont9uance s9ce ! w>4 ,! ,junior ,section ( ! ,employm5t ,s]vice4 ,junior c\nselors 9 y\r community4 ,,read+s ,procure f ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ! ,/ate ,agricultural ,college1 & ! ,/ate ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 publications relat+ to _! "w4 ,s5d to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture = its ,li/ ( ,publications ,available = ,di/ribution2 or = publications relat+ to p>ticul> topics4 ,among ! useful publications ( ! ,dep>tm5t are3 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9s 7cov]+ a wide v>iety ( subjects74 ,/ates ,relations ,s]vice ,circul>s4 ,! ,ye> ,book4 ,annual ,reports ( ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture4 ,program ( ,"w ( ! ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture 7#aiag or lat] ye>s74 ,report on ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ations & ,coop]ative ,agricultural ,ext5sion ,"w 7#aiae or lat] ye>s74 ,a v useful publication is ! ,guide to ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t ,publications1 publi%$ by ! ,u4,s4 ,bureau ( ,education z ,bullet91 #aiah1 ,no4 #b4 ,x n only describes ! publications ( ea* dep>tm5t ( gov]nm5t1 b also ! organization & "w ( ea* dep>tm5t & its subdivisions4 7,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 #bj c5ts47 ,m rec5t & equally useful is ,! ,f$]al ,executive ,dep>tm5ts z ,s\rces ( ,in=mation = ,libr>ies1 also publi%$ by ! ,bureau ( ,education1 ,bullet91 #aiai1 ,no4 #gd 7,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 #be c5ts74 ,! "w ( ea* ,dep>tm5t & its subdivisions is describ$ 9 "s detail4 ,9 ,lessons 9 ,community & ,national ,life3 ,s]ies ,b3 ,lesson #cj1 ,employm5t ag5cies4 ,s]ies ,c3 ,lesson #ab1 ,pat5ts & inv5tions4 ,lesson #ac1 ,m>ket reports on fruits & vegetables4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,?rift ,,?rift ,,is ,,good ,,managem5t ,,( ,,! ,,bus9ess ,,( ,,liv+4 ,,national ,,importance ,,( ,,?rift ,?is def9ition is tak5 f ,t5 ,lessons 9 ,?rift1 issu$ by ! ,treasury ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t 7,febru>y1 #aiai74 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t s5t out ^! lessons because ,am]ica to-day /&s 9 ! position 9 :i* all h] economic problems mu/ be solv$ ?r\gh ?rift 444 ,unless our p ga9 a deep1 s9c]e appreciation ( ! absolute necessity = ?rift1 we _c hope to hold ! pr\d position we occupy z ! flag be>] ( nations 444 ,footnote3 ,s4,w4 ,/rauss1 ,presid5t ,am]ican ,society = ,?rift1 9 ,! ,patriotism ( ,w> ,sav+s 7,national ,education ,association pamphlet1 ,,?rift1 #aiah7 ,,lessons ,,( ,,! ,,w> ,! great w> taught u "s lessons ab\t ! importance ( ?rift to ! nation4 ,! enorm\s exp5ses ( ! w> 7 paid & ! armies & ! civilian populations ( ! c\ntries at w> 7 f$ v l>gely by ! comb9$ small sav+s ( our p4 ,ne>ly #bj million p contribut$ to ! f\r? lib]ty loan1 by :i* almo/ sev5 billion doll>s 7 rais$1 an av]age ( ab\t #cej = ea* contributor4 ,almo/ e "o b\ght w> sav+s /amps1 by :i* ab\t a billion doll>s 7 rais$ 9 #aiah4 ,practically all ?is money came f sav+s4 ,enorm\s sums 7 also giv5 to ! ,r$ ,cross & o!r causes4 ,to d ?is p sav$ & sacrific$ until x hurt4 ,! provision+ ( our armies & ( ! ne$y peoples ( ,europe 0 made possible by ! sav+1 9 ,am]ican homes1 ( slices ( bread1 ( teaspoonfuls ( sug>1 ( small portions ( meat & fats4 ,,?rift ,,z ,,patriotism ,?rift1 h[ev]1 is n m]ely a w> necessity4 ,! "t :5 ?rift %all n be ne$$--ne$$ z vitally z food itself--w nev] come 444 ,?r\gh ?rift alone c ! rebuild+ come--! rebuild+ ( ,am]ica--! rebuild+ ( ! _w 444 ,?rift is patriot ism because x is ! elim9ation ( e elem5t t t5ds to ret>d444 ,footnote3 ,s ,w ,/rauss1 ,! ,patriotism ( ,w> ,sav+s ,?rift is necess>y bo? = individual success & = good citiz5%ip4 ,x is only by ?rift t ! individual may 9 "s measure repay o!rs = ! c>e he himself receiv$ dur+ dep5d5t *ildhood1 & provide1 dur+ 8 productive ye>s1 = ! ra9y day ( sickness & old age4 ,x is by ?rift t ,,capital is accumulat$ ) :i* to c>ry on ! _w's "w4 ,! citiz5 :o saves & inve/s 8 sav+s 9 a home1 9 bus9ess ent]prises1 9 bonds or sav+s /amps1 n only makes 8 own future secure1 b becomes id5tifi$ ) ! community & takes a great] int]e/ 9 x4 ,! ?rifty citiz5 inspires ! confid5ce ( ! community1 & acquires an influ5ce 9 community affairs t ! un?rifty citiz5 does n enjoy4 ,f9ni% f>m]s 9 a c]ta9 section ( ,new ,engl& are said to be able to obta9 cr$it f neighbor+ bank]s & bus9essm5 m easily ?an _m ( _! neighbors1 & to be consid]$ z especially desirable citiz5s1 because ( _! reputation = ?rift & hone/y4 ,?rift is (t5 confus$ ) /+9ess & selfi% ness4 ,on ! contr>y x alone makes g5]osity & s]vice possible4 ,,?rift1 ,,! ,,ess5ce ,,( ,,democracy ,?rift is ! v ess5ce ( democracy4 ,= democracy means fre$om1 equality ( opportunity1 self-det]m9ation4 ,no man is a great] slave ?an "o :o is b\nd & driv5 by f9ancial necessity4 ,by ?rift ! m9d is unfett]$ by ! petty annoyances t result f improvid5t ways4 ,?rift means provid+ = ! future4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! _w t w s e/abli% "o's fai? 9 ! future & t w1 !re=e1 give t fre$om ( _s ^u :i* democracy dep5ds1 z ! wise use ( to-day & ( to-day's res\rces4 ,,?rift ,a ,,"r ,,z ,,well ,,z ,a ,,duty ,e man mu/ practice ?rift & e man mu/ h ! ,,*ance ( practic+ x4 ,x is a ,,"r z well z a duty4 ,be=e ! w> x 0 said t f\r fif?s ( ! wage e>n]s ( our c\ntry receiv$ less ?an #gej a ye> = _! labor4 ,/udies 9 v>i\s cities also %[$ t an av]age family ( five c\ld n ma9ta9 heal? & effici5cy on an income ( less ?an f #gej to #ajjj4 ,"u su* circum/ances ?rift is ! /ricte/ necessity1 b x is a ?rift t means p9*+ economy & ! sacrifice ( heal? & effici5cy4 ,x is n ! ?rift t provides = ! future & gives fre$om to ! individual1 ! ?rift t is ! ess5ce ( democracy itself4 ,e man %\ld h an opportunity to e>n a liv+ wage1 :i* includes an opportunity to provide = ! future4 ,democracy is n complete until t opportunity is af=d$4 ,?rift1 or ! good managem5t ( ! bus9ess ( liv+1 is %[n 7#a7 9 e>n+1 7#b7 9 sp5d+1 7#c7 9 sav+1 & 7#d7 9 inve/+4 ,,?rift ,,9 ,,e>n+ 7#a7 ,s9ce ! e>n+ ( a liv+ 0 ! subject ( ,*apt] ,,xi1 we ne$ n dwell ^u x n[ except to note t a ?rifty p]son is an indu/ri\s p]son--he makes wise use ( 8 "t2 & also to note t _m ( ^? :o are n[ 9 want1 or :o1 9 advanc$ ye>s1 are receiv+ small wages1 owe _! condition to a failure at "s "t or o!r to make use ( ! opportunity = ?rift4 ,_m p d n recognize ! opportunity :5 x is pres5t$1 or lack ! wisdom or ! c\rage to seize x4 ,?rift involves ,,mak+ ,a ,,*oice1 & 9 _m cases a wise *oice requires c\rage z well z wisdom4 ,x is a *oice betwe5 ! satisfaction ( pres5t wants & ! sacrifice ( pres5t enjoym5t = ! sake ( great] satisfaction & s]vice 9 ! future4 ,:5 a boy 9 s*ool has a *ance to take a job t w pay him wages1 he has to make a *oice betwe5 x & rema9+ 9 s*ool4 ,x may seem to be ! ?rifty ?+ to g to "w2 b real ?rift is %[n by c>eful *oice ( vocation1 & by ?or\gh prep>ation = x1 ev5 ?\gh x requires sacrifices t seem difficult 7see pp4 #acg1 #aci74 ,we may note "h1 also1 t physical fitness is ess5tial if e>n+ p[]1 :i* means p[] to p]=m s]vice1 is to be fully develop$4 ,! cons]vation ( heal? & life is s important t a *apt] is devot$ to x lat] 7,*apt] ,,xx74 ,,?rift ,,9 ,,sp5d+ 7#b7 ,aft] money has be5 e>n$1 ?rift %[s itself fir/ ( all 9 ! way ! money is sp5t2 & _m ( u h ! sp5d+ ( ! money t "s "o else has e>n$4 ,e "t we sp5d a nickel or a doll> we make a *oice--we *oose to sp5d or n to sp5d1 h[ mu* we %all sp5d1 = :at we %all sp5d4 ,a lawy] 9 a small t[n reports t 9 "o mon? he made out ! necess>y pap]s to enable #ge m5 to mortgage _! homes to buy automobiles4 ,but*]s say t dur+ ! w> !y m (t5 sold exp5sive cuts ( meat to wage e>n]s :o 7 by no means well-to-d1 b :o happ5$ = ! "t to be gett+ good wages1 ?an to p ( l>g] means4 ,"o reason1 p]haps1 = extravagance 9 food & clo?+ on ! "p ( un9tellig5t p :o f9d !mselves unusually prosp]\s1 is t !y see no bett] way to sp5d _! money4 ,^? :o f9d pleasure 9 books1 9 education = _! *ildr51 9 travel1 9 inve/+ money 9 s]viceable ent]prises1 & 9 ! high] ?+s ( life1 h to make ,a ,,*oice 9 reg>d to :at !y %all enjoy1 & z a rule pref] to sacrifice ! gross] pleasures4 ,,*oos+ ,,:at ,,to ,,sp5d ,p1 & especially "y p1 ne$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( sweets 9 _! diet4 ,b :5 we "k t ! c&y bill ( ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates am\nts to #djj1jjj1jjj a ye>1 t ?is is almo/ z mu* z ! total am\nt sp5t = public education1 t x is ab\t d\ble ! am\nt us$ to keep ,belgium suppli$ ) food = a ye> dur+ ! w>1 or t x w buy #bcd million bu%els ( corn at #a4gj a bu%el1 we may well ?9k twice be=e decid+ to sp5d ,,mu* money = c&y4 ,,te/s ,,= ,,sp5d+ ,! few c5ts diff]5ce 9 ! price ( two articles betwe5 :i* we mu/ *oose1 & ! nickels we sp5d = imm$iate enjoym5t1 may seem to am\nt to v little2 b ! ,new ,york ,city /reet railways collect$ 9 a ye> #ie1jjj1jjj 9 five-c5t f>es1 & ! ,woolwor? ,build+ 9 ,new ,york1 "o ( ! l>ge/ (fice build+s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 0 built f ! pr(its ( #e & #aj ,c5t ,/ores4 ,"o ?rift /amp a week am\nts 9 five ye>s to #fe1 & #ad c5ts a day at #d p] c5t int]e/ am\nts 9 tw5ty ye>s to m ?an #aejj4 ,9 "o ( ! ,t5 ,lesson 9 ,?rift1 ! foll[+ te/s 9 buy+ are giv53 ,d ,i ne$ x8 ,d ,i ne$ x n[8 ,d ,i ne$ some?+ else m8 ,w x pay = itself 9 ! end8 ,d ,i help or injure ! community 9 buy+ ?is8 ,d y h in/ruction 9 y\r s*ool 9 home economics t relates to wise sp5d+ or buy+8 ,if y d n h su* in/ruction1 apply to ! home demon/ration ag5t 9 y\r c\nty 7if !re is "o71 or write to y\r /ate agricultural college1 or to ! ,/ates ,relations ,s]vice1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 = circul>s or bullet9s relat+ to ?rift 9 buy+ food1 clo?+1 etc4 ,9 writ+ = su* mat]ial1 :y is x an example ( ?rift to ask = ,,"o copy ( ,,ea* publication = y\r ,,class or = y\r ,,s*ool1 r ?an to ask = a copy = ea* pupil8 ,9 :at ways is ?rift %[n by hav+ a class committee write "o lett] mak+ ! reque/ = ! class in/ead ( hav+ ea* memb] ( ! class write8 ,has any home demon/ration "w relat+ to ?rift be5 conduct$ 9 y\r community8 ,:at me?ods 7 employ$1 & :at results a*iev$8 ,:o 9 y\r family makes mo/ ( ! exp5ditures = ! family liv+8 ,= :at items 9 ! family liv+ is mo/ ( ! money sp5t8 ,:at are "s ( ! ?+s t h to be consid]$ 9 buy+ food8 clo?+8 h\se furni%+s8 books8 amusem5ts8 ,discuss ! topics m5tion$ 9 ! foll[+ /atem5t ( values 9 buy+ 7f ,t5 ,lessons 9 ,?rift73 ,food3 nutrition1 heal?fulness1 cleanl9ess1 attractiv5ess1 flavor1 quality1 price1 economy 9 prep>ation 7( "t1 /r5g?1 fuel1 ut5sils71 buy+ f bulk or 9 package1 buy+ 9 quantity or small unit1 buy+ = ! day or lay+ 9 /ores1 calculation ( portions1 calculation ( meals1 v>i$ diet4 ,clo?+3 design relat$ to mat]ial1 color1 & becom+ness2 /yle1 durability2 adaptability to f9e or r\gh we>1 to repair & remak+2 suitability to season1 heal?1 occupation1 com=t2 home-made ,,v]sus ready-made2 conditions ( manufacture1 use ( *ild labor1 ! sweat %op1 ! liv+ wage1 heal?4 ,make a /udy at ! groc]y ( ! relative prices ( articles b\ght 9 small & l>ge quantities3 = example1 laundry soap by ! b>1 by ! qu>t]'s wor?1 by ! box2 cann$ goods by ! c1 by ! doz51 & by ! case2 fl\r by ! p\nd1 by ! #be- p\nd sack1 #ej-p\nd sack1 by ! b>rel2 etc4 ,make a /udy ( ! relative prices ( articles 9 bulk & 9 package2 = example1 v9eg> by ! bottle & by ! gallon2 bacon 9 bulk & 9 j>s1 etc4 ,:y may x be economy to buy "s food articles 9 packages r ?an 9 bulk1 ev5 at a high] price8 ,give examples4 ,:i* is likely to be m economical1 to buy groc]ies by telephone or 9 p]son8 ,to buy by mail ord] or at ! /ore 9 t[n8 ,:y8 ,at ,*ri/mas "t ! ,p>k ,view community c5t] 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 ord]$ #adj turkeys f a rural neighborhood c5t] 9 ,m>yl&4 ,! turkeys 7 br\ght by ! produc]s to ! s*oolh\se ( ! rural neighborhood1 tak5 by a po/al s]vice motor-truck to ! s*oolh\se ( ! ,p>k ,view c5t] 9 ,wa%+ton1 & f !re di/ribut$ to ! #adj families4 ,! city buy]s paid an av]age ( #ae c5ts a p\nd less ?an ! price prevail+ 9 ! ,wa%+ton m>kets1 & ! produc]s receiv$ #f c5ts a p\nd m ?an ! ,wa%+ton m>kets 7 pay+4 ,:y 0 !re a sav+ to bo? produc] & consum] 9 ! above case8 ,:at co/s ( m>ket+ 7 cut out or r$uc$8 ,:at is ! middleman8 ,does he p]=m a real s]vice to ! community8 ,%\ld he be paid = 8 s]vice8 ,:y8 ,is x j t ! middleman %\ld be elim9at$ by coop]ative m>ket+ & buy+ organizations8 ,:y8 ,is !re any coop]ative buy+ organization 9 y\r community8 ,if s1 h[ has x b5efit$ ! community8 ,if n1 :y8 7,consult y\r p>5ts1 y\r c\nty ag5t1 & o!rs47 ,get publications f y\r /ate agricultural college relat+ to coop]ative buy+ & sell+4 ,,?rift ,,9 ,,managem5t ,wise exp5ditures dep5d n only ^u k ( prices & qualities1 b also ^u good managem5t1 z 9 plann+ ahead4 ,"o plan t has be5 ! means ( lift+ _m individuals & families out ( f9ancial difficulties & ( enabl+ !m to lay by z sav+s a portion ( _! income1 h[ev] small ! latt] may be1 is ! ,,budget1 :i* means ! apportionm5t ( exp5ditures accord+ to a plan laid out 9 advance4 ,no budget c apply to all families alike1 b ! foll[+ illu/rates ! pr9ciple3 ,h\se 7r5t1 taxes1 insurance1 repairs7444444444444444444444444#be ,food 7all exp5ditures = ! table1 ice1 etc47444444444444444#cj ,clo?+ 7mat]ials & mak+1 repair+1 clean+1 press+1 mill9]y1 %oes744444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444#ac ,h\sekeep+ 7labor & mat]ials = laundry1 fuel & light1 telephone1 supplies1 & furni%+s744444444444444444444444444#ab ,educational 7s*ool & s*ool books1 club dues1 *ur* & *>ity contributions1 gifts1 books1 magaz9es1 newspap]s1 amusem5ts1 m$ical & d5tal treatm5t74444444444444444444444444444444 4444#f ,luxuries 7all items n necess>ies & n com+ "u educational1 su* z c&ies1 etc47444444444444444444444444444#d ,sav+s4444444444444444444444444444444444 4444444444444444444444#aj ,total4444444444444444444444444444444444 44444444444444444444444#ajj ,be=e a budget c be plann$1 & 9 ord] to "k :e!r x is be+ liv$ up to1 x is necess>y to keep acc\nts ( receipts & exp5ditures4 ,) su* acc\nts1 x is possible to det]m9e :]e sav+s c be made "u "s heads & :]e1 p]haps1 x is necess>y or advisable to sp5d m4 ,is a budget us$ 9 y\r home8 ,f9d out f y\r p>5ts _! reason = us+1 or n us+ x4 ,c\ld y use a budget 9 y\r own p]sonal affairs8 ,f9d out :e!r a budget sy/em is us$ by y\r local gov]nm5t & y\r /ate gov]nm5t 9 apportion+ exp5ditures4 ,h[ may we budget our "t8 ,is ! "t y sp5d 9 s*ool budget$8 ,make a daily "t budget = y\rself4 ,:5 is clo?+ a necessity & :5 a luxury8 ,footnote3 ,?is & ! foll[+ topics are adapt$ f ,t5 ,lessons 9 ,?rift4 ,:5 is food a necessity & :5 an amusem5t8 ,:5 is amusem5t education & :5 a frivolity8 ,:5 is fuel an item 9 r5t & :5 curr5t h\sekeep+ exp5se8 ,:5 are club dues education & :5 amusem5t8 ,:5 is vacation heal? & :5 amusem5t8 ,:5 is ! !at] amusem5t & :5 indulg5ce8 ,:5 is r5t a necessity & :5 an extravagance8 ,footnote3 ,f ,sugge/ion = ,home ,demon/ration ,ag5ts reg>d+ ,me?ods ( ,tea*+ ,?rift1 ,/ates ,relations ,s]vice ,circul>1 ,dec4 #bg1 #aiah4 ,,?rift ,,9 ,,sav+ 7#c7 ,! object ( ?rift 9 sp5d+ is bo? to get ! greate/ value = our money n[ & to insure sav+s t w provide = ! future4 ,e budget %\ld make z def9ite provision = sav+s z = r5t or clo?+4 ,! purpose ( a budget & ( acc\nts is to assure a surplus r ?an a deficit4 ,successful m5 & wom5 make x a practice always to sp5d less ?an !y e>n1 no matt] h[ little !y e>n1 & !y _c be sure ( ?is )\t plann+ ahead & keep+ acc\nts4 ,sav+ 9 ?is way is l>gely a matt] ( habit2 b x is a/oni%+ h[ _m fail to =m ! habit4 ,c\rt records %[ t out ( e #ajj m5 :o die1 #hb leave no income-produc+ e/ates1 or t ab\t #he p] c5t :o rea* ! age ( #fe are dep5d5t ^u relatives or ^u ! community4 ,out ( e #ajj wid[s1 only #ah are left 9 com=table circum/ances1 :ile #dg are oblig$ to g to "w & #ce are left 9 absolute want4 ,footnote3 ,s4,w4 ,/rauss1 ,! ,great] ,?rift1 ,national ,education ,association ,,proce$+s1 #aiaf1 p4 #bgh4 ,,am]ican ,,extravagance ,wise buy+ means sav+ money2 & s does ! wise use ( :at we buy4 ,x is said t an ,am]ican %ip c be di/+ui%$ f ! %ips ( o!r nations 9 h>bor by ! flocks ( gulls t hov] ar\nd to fea/ on ! food ?r[n ov]bo>d4 ,:e!r ?is is true or n1 ,am]icans h a reputation = wa/efulness4 ,x has be5 call$ our *ief national s94 ,x is said t a family 9 ,france c live 9 com=t on :at an ,am]ican family 9 ! same circum/ances ord9>ily ?r[s away4 ,an av]age load ( g>bage 9 ,new ,york ,city has be5 %[n to conta9 fifty doll>s' wor? ( good food mat]ials4 ,,:at ,,small ,,sav+s ,,w ,,d ,inve/igations by ! ,food ,adm9i/ration %[$ t !re is en\gh glyc]9e 9 a ton ( g>bage to make explosives = #ad %ells1 en\gh fat & acid to make #ge b>s ( soap1 & en\gh f]tiliz] to gr[ #h bu%els ( :eat4 ,x is said t #bd cities wa/$ en\gh g>bage to make #d million p\nds ( nitroglyc]9e1 #dj million cakes ( soap1 & f]tiliz] = #c million bu%els ( :eat4 ,on ! o!r h&1 #cjj cities produc$ #eb million p\nds ( pork by fe$+ _! g>bage to hogs4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture has %[n t ! wa/e ( a half- cup ( milk daily by ea* ( ! #bj million families 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld equal 9 a ye> ! total production ( #djj ?\s& c[s2 t "o ounce ( meat or fat sav$ daily w\ld 9 a ye> mean #hge ?\s& /e]s1 or a million hogs2 & t if #ha p]c5t ( ! :ole :eat 7 us$ 9 bread in/ead ( #ge p]c5t1 ! sav+ 9 a ye> w\ld fe$ #ab million p4 ,dur+ ! w> our gov]nm5t organiz$ a campaign = ! salvage ( junk1 & ! total am\nt collect$ _h a value ( #a #a_/b billion doll>s4 ,! s*ool *ildr5 ( ,des ,mo9es1 ,i[a1 are report$ to h ga!r$ & sold two ?\s& doll>s' wor? ( wa/e pap] 9 "o week1 & ^? ( _m o!r communities obta9$ simil> results4 ,,value ,,( ,,by-,,products ,e successful bus9ess man is con/antly vigilant to discov] & rem$y wa/e 9 8 bus9ess--wa/e ( mat]ials1 "t1 & ef=t4 ,_m ( ! mo/ valuable products 9 c]ta9 indu/ries are by-products1--t is1 products produc$ z an incid5t to ! ma9 indu/ry & f mat]ials t o!rwise w\ld h be5 wa/$4 ,9 ! manufacture ( gas f coal1 = example1 important by-products are coke1 t>1 & ammonia4 ,!re has be5 great wa/e 9 ! lumb] indu/ry1 b n[ practically e scrap f ! tree may be us$4 ,9 ! ,=e/ry ,products ,laboratory at ! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons91 a process has be5 discov]$ ( produc+ f #ae to #be gallons ( wood alcohol f a ton ( sawdu/--& sawdu/ has _m o!r uses4 ,^! are only illu/rations4 ,sci5ti/s & inv5tors1 _m ( !m employ$ by ! gov]nm5t1 are con/antly at "w f9d+ uses = wa/e products4 ,,wa/efulness ,,9 ,,f>m+ ,wa/efulness is f\nd 9 great v>iety 9 f>m+ activities4 ,= example3 ,:y plant se$ only #fj or #gj p] c5t ( :i* w g]m9ate :51 = a few doll>s extra & a little "w1 se$ may be procur$ t w av]age #ij to #ie p] c5t 9 ! g]m9ation te/8 ,:y pur*ase or cultivate a wor?less crab apple tree or a hybrid :5 ,rome ,beauty1 ,nor!rn ,spy1 or ,grimes ,gold51 & o!r /&>d v>ieties ( apples may be secur$ = a few additional c5ts8 ,:y fe$ & c>e = a scrub pig1 calf1 or colt :5 x w br+ at maturity only half or two ?irds ! price ( a ?or\ghbr$8 444 ,x is n ?rift to inve/ money 9 second-rate products4 ,"s f>m]s are s c>eless 444 t !y d n husk _! corn 9 ! fall b leave x /&+ 9 ! field until late w9t] or e>ly spr+4 ,by ?is "t ! fodd] is some:at decay$ & unfit = fe$+ purposes4 ,possibly a ?ird ( ! corn has be5 eat5 by ! birds1 a ?ird ( x has rott$1 & a ?ird ( x rema9s 9 a damp & moldy condition4 444 ,_m boys c\ld make good wages by go+ ov] ! corn field at cutt+ "t & collect+ ! e>s ly+ on ! gr\nd4 444 ,(t5 a f>m] w cut d[n 8 hay1 pay+ no att5tion :atev] to ! reports ( ! wea!r bureau 444 ,apples %ak5 f ! trees by ! w9d decay on ! gr\nd 444 ,! be>+s ( m[+ ma*9es & reap]s (t5 suff] excessive we> because ! own] neglects to keep !m prop]ly oil$4 ,(t5 a :eat drill1 a m[+ ma*9e1 a ?re%+ ma*9e1 or an eng9e is left out ( doors = a :ole ye>1 or = sev]al mon?s aft] ! f>m] has ceas$ to use x4 ,a good piece ( ma*9]y1 if judici\sly us$1 prop]ly lubricat$1 & put away 9 a dry place1 may la/ f t5 to tw5ty ye>s1 :ile ! life ( su* ma*9]y w only be ab\t half z long )\t prop] c>e4 ,if a wood5 h&le rots loose f its fa/5+s x is an indication t ! h&le has n be5 ?or\ghly dri$ aft] x has be5 us$4 ,tools ru/ out v readily if !y are n kept dry & ?or\ghly oil$ 444 ,s c>eless are "s f>m]s t hoes1 %ovels1 mattocks1 wr5*es1 saws1 & axes are ?r[n d[n 9 ! field or woods to lie !re until x is aga9 necess>y to use !m4 ,x (t5 takes h\rs to f9d an article ?us misplac$ or ?r[n aside4 ,x is economy ( "t to "k j :]e to f9d ev]y?+ on ! f>m4 ,footnote3 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,?rift1 by ,h4 ,r4 ,bonn]1 ,assi/ant ,/ate ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 pp4 #bb1 #bc4 ,! topics on page #ahj f publications ( ! ,/ates ,relations ,s]vice ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture are sugge/ive3 ,prev5t+ loss ( food 9 ! home3 ,suitable food /orage places & equipm5t4 ,ess5tials ( a good refrig]ator4 ,! c>e ( w9t] vegetables & fruit4 ,! c>e ( p]i%able vegetables & fruit4 ,prev5tion ( spoilage ( milk1 meat1 & fi%4 ,pres]vation ( eggs4 ,c>e ( bread & o!r bak$ products4 ,:at %\ld n g into ! g>bage pail4 ,good cook+ & attractive s]v+4 ,failure to use p]i%able food promptly4 ,failure to use left-ov]s completely4 ,failure to use all food mat]ials 7fats1 meat & fi% bones1 etc474 ,leav+ small portions ( food 9 mix+ & cook+ di%es4 ,lack ( accurate measur+ & mix+1 s t food is n palatable4 ,all[+ food to be scor*$ or o!rwise spoil$ 9 prep>ation4 ,provid+ ov]-g5]\s portions 9 s]v+4 ,failure to eat all food s]v$4 ,prev5t+ loss ( food 9 ! m>ket3 ,sanit>y display cases = food4 ,prev5tion ( sampl+ & h&l+ ( food4 ,food protection 9 food c>ts & deliv]y wagons4 ,prop] c>e ( milk4 ,prop] c>e ( meat & fi%4 ,prev5tion ( c]eal products f det]ioration4 ,protection ( fruits & vegetables4 ,! c>e ( bread & bak]y products4 ,c>eful selection ( food4 ,foll[+ are special po9ts :i* might be discuss$3 ,! well-plann$ h\se4 ,sav+ /eps by bett] arrangem5t ( equipm5t4 ,less5+ "w by sy/ematiz+ x4 ,m5u-plann+ = less5$ "w 9 prep>ation4 ,h\sehold light+4 ,labor-sav+ equipm5t 9 ! laundry1 ! kit*51 & ! sew+ room4 ,labor-sav+ devices = h\se clean+4 ,lead+ a simple life4 ,apply to y\r home demon/ration ag5t1 or write to ,/ates ,relations ,s]vice1 = publications relat+ to ?rift 9 food1 clo?+1 fuel1 etc4 ,,?rift ,,9 ,,inve/m5t 7#d7 ,?rift involves a wise use ( sav+s4 ,!y may be inve/$ 9 a home1 a wise use because ( ! satisfaction t a home produces4 ,if ! home is well locat$1 well built1 & well kept up1 x w probably also increase 9 money value4 ,sav+s may be inve/$ 9 ma*9]y = f>m+1 manufactur+1 or m9+2 9 a /ock ( goods to be sold at a pr(it2 9 h\ses or (fice build+s to be r5t$ to o!rs2 or !y may be l5t to o!rs :o pay int]e/ = _! use4 ,9 all ^! cases money repres5ts ,,capital--capital be+ ! ma*9]y or tools & o!r equipm5t ) :i* weal? is produc$4 ,capital is br\ght into exi/5ce 9 only "o way--t is1 by consum+ less ?an is produc$4 ,if "o has a doll> "o c sp5d x ei!r = an article ( consumption1 say confection]y1 or = an article ( production1 say a spade4 ,he :o buys a spade becomes a capitali/ to ! am\nt ( a doll>--t is1 he becomes ! own] ( tools4 ,! process is precisely ! same :e!r ! am\nt 9 "q is a doll> or a million doll>s4 ,footnote3 ,t4,n4 ,c>v]1 ,h[ to ,use ,f>m ,cr$it1 ,,f>m]s' ,,bullet9 #eic1 ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4 #b4 ,,borr[+ ,e bus9ess requires capital1 "s m ?an o!rs4 ,f>m+ requires m capital to-day ?an =m]ly because ( ! increas$ use ( ma*9]y4 ,! necess>y capital mu/ ei!r be sav$ by ! p]son :o wants to use x1 or borr[$ f o!rs :o h sav$ x4 ,! advantage ( borr[+ is t "o does n h to wait s long to get possession ( ! tools & equipm5t4 ,"o c get !m at once & make !m produce ! means ( pay+ = !mselves4 ,)\t !m ! f>m]'s production might be s l[ z to make x difficult ev] to accumulate en\gh ) :i* to buy !m4 ,) _! help he may be able to pay = !m--t is1 to pay (f ! debt--9 a %ort] "t ?an x w\ld take to accumulate ! pur*ase price )\t !m4 ,t is ! only advantage ( cr$it 9 any bus9ess1 b x is a great advantage to ^? :o "k h[ to use x4 ,footnote #b3 ,t4,n4 ,c>v]1 ,h[ to ,use ,f>m ,cr$it1 ,,f>m]s' ,,bullet91 #eic1 ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4 #b4 ,,cr$it ,cr$it is simply a p]son's ability to borr[ & dep5ds ^u ! confid5ce t o!rs place 9 him4 ,?is confid5ce dep5ds on 8 reputation = hone/y & 8 kn[n ability to repay4 ,a man1 z a rule1 has to ,,h some?+--l& or prop]ty ( o!r k9d-- t he c (f] z security be=e he c borr[ mu*4 ,x is = ?is reason t ?rift is ess5tial to a man's cr$it--?rift & hone/y4 ,!re is no magic ab\t cr$it4 ,x is a p[]ful ag5cy = good 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o "k h[ to use x4 ,s is a buzz saw4 ,!y are ab\t equally dang]\s 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o d n und]/& !m4 444 ,_m a f>m] w\ld be bett] (f to-day if he _h nev] _h a *ance to borr[ money at all1 or g into debt = ! ?+s :i* he b\ght4 ,h[ev]1 !re is no reason :y ^? f>m]s :o d "k h[ to use cr$it %\ld n h x4 ,%ortsight$ p1 h[ev]1 :o d n realize h[ inexorably ! "t ( paym5t arrives1 :o d n "k h[ rapidly tools we> out & h to be replac$1 or d n keep acc\nts 9 ord] t !y may tell exactly :]e !y /& f9ancially1 w d well to avoid borr[+4 ,debts h to be paid ) deadly c]ta9ty1 & !y :o d n h ! :]e)al :5 ! day ( reckon+ arrives become bankrupt ) equal c]ta9ty4 ,on ! o!r h& !re is no?+ disgraceful 9 borr[+ = productive purposes4 ,! feel+ t x is n q respectable to g into debt has gr[n out ( ! old habit ( borr[+ to pay liv+ exp5ses4 ,t 0 reg>d$1 p]haps rightly1 z a sign ( incompet5cy4 444 ,b to borr[ = a g5u9ely productive purpose1 = a purpose t w br+ y 9 m ?an en\gh to pay (f y\r debt1 pr9cipal & int]e/1 is a pr(itable ent]prise4 ,x %[s bus9ess sagacity & c\rage1 & is n a ?+ to be a%am$ (4 ,b x _c be too mu* emphasiz$ t ! w\ld-be borr[] mu/ calculate v c>efully & be sure t x is a productive ent]prise be=e he goes into debt4 ,footnote3 ,t4 ,n4 ,c>v]1 ,h[ to ,use ,f>m ,cr$it1 p4 #b4 ,,coop]ation ,,= ,,cr$it ,ev5 ?\gh a f>m] be ?rifty1 indu/ri\s1 & hone/1 ! conditions ( f>m bus9ess are su* t x has n always be5 easy = him to borr[ capital4 ,"h aga9 coop]ation helps4 ,9 "s ( our /ates ! law p]mits ! organization ( ,,cr$it ,,unions4 ,! memb]s are f>m]s ( a neighborhood or di/rict &1 !re=e1 are acqua9t$ ) "o ano!r4 ,ea* memb] mu/ buy %>es ( /ock1 :i* provides a c]ta9 am\nt ( funds4 ,! union may also receive deposits ( money1 pay+ int]e/ on !m z a sav+s bank w\ld d4 ,?is increases ! funds & also enc\rages ?rift on ! "p ( ! f>m]4 ,idle money1 or money t might o!rwise be sp5t unwisely1 is ?us made productive4 ,9 "s unions1 z 9 ,massa*usetts1 *ildr5 are enc\rag$ to deposit _! small sav+s1 & 9 "s cases half ! capital ( ! union is made up ( su* small sav+s deposits4 ,f ^! funds loans are made to memb]s ( ! union on reasonable t]ms1 provid$ !y are to be us$ = productive purposes4 ,! union may also borr[ money f ! bank 9 t[n on ! ,,collective ,,cr$it ( its memb]s = ! improvem5t ( agricultural conditions 9 ! neighborhood4 ,,national ,,aid ,,to ,,! ,,f>m]s' ,,cr$it ,simil> aid to ! f>m]s' cr$it has be5 giv5 by ! national gov]nm5t ?r\gh ! ,f$]al ,f>m ,loan ,act ( #aiaf4 ,?is ,act creat$ a ,f$]al ,f>m ,loan ,bo>d 9 ! ,treasury ,dep>tm5t1 & twelve ,f$]al ,l& ,banks1 "o 9 ea* ( twelve di/ricts into :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 divid$ = t purpose4 ,?r\gh ! organization provid$ by ! bo>d & ! banks1 a f>m] may n[ borr[ money on m favorable t]ms1 b only on condition t he agrees to use ! money = ! pur*ase & improvem5t ( l& or = equipm5t1 & to engage 9 ! actual cultivation ( ! f>m = ! developm5t ( :i* he desir$ ! money4 ,! provisions ( ! ,f$]al ,f>m ,loan ,act af=d an excell5t illu/ration ( h[ gov]nm5t promotes citiz5 coop]ation4 ,! gov]nm5t does n l5d ! money to ! f>m]s2 x m]ely provides ! ma*9]y by :i* ! f>m]s may coop]ate among !mselves1 & also secure ! coop]ation ( inve/ors 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 to obta9 capital necess>y = ! prop] developm5t ( ! l&4 ,z a rule ! f>m] c borr[ money f ! l& bank only by be+ a memb] ( a local national f>m loan association4 ,8 deal+s ) ! bank are ?r\gh ?is association4 ,8 memb]%ip 9 ! association gives him bett] /&+ & secures = him bett] t]ms ?an he c\ld get if act+ sep>ately4 ,moreov]1 ! money t ! bank l5ds to ! f>m] comes f ! f>m]s :o belong to ! association1 & f inve/ors 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 :o buy %>es ( /ock 9 ! bank & bonds issu$ by ! bank on ! security ( ! f>m]s' l& & equipm5t4 ,! :ole s*eme is "o ( coop]ation :i* w\ld be impossible b = ! legislation1 f9ancial support1 & sup]vision ( ! gov]nm5t at ,wa%+ton4 ,,p>tn]%ip ,,9 ,,! ,,nation',s ,,bus9ess ,x w be se5 !n t mu* ( ! capital t a f>m] uses is borr[$1 & is made up ( small sav+s ( o!r p--"s ( !m 8 neighbors1 o!rs 9 di/ant places4 ,! same is true ) respect to ! capital us$ 9 all o!r bus9esses4 ,! enorm\s capital ( railroads is d]iv$ *iefly f ! sav+s ( millions ( p1 "s ( :om buy %>es ( railroad /ock directly1 b mo/ ( :om deposit _! sav+s 9 banks or o!r in/itutions :i*1 9 turn1 l5d x to ! railroads or inve/ x 9 _! /ock4 ,! f>m] or ! s*ool boy :o has a sav+s acc\nt 9 a neighbor+ bank ?us may become a p>tn] 9 v>i\s bus9ess ent]prises ( ! c\ntry4 ,8 doll>s or dimes1 add$ to ! doll>s & dimes ( _m o!r p1 are us$ to buy ma*9]y & tools & mat]ials1 & to pay labor4 ,because ( ! s]vice p]=m$ by 8 sav+s he receives int]e/ on 8 money4 ,,opportunities ,,= ,,inve/m5t ,!re are _m opportunities = "y p to inve/ sav+s 9 productive ent]prises1--p]haps m 9 rural communities ?an else:]e4 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( boys' & girls' clubs illu/rate ! v>iety ( *annels ?r\gh :i* money may be bo? e>n$ & inve/$4 ,z soon z a boy inve/s a little money 9 a pig1 or a calf1 or g>d5 tools1 he becomes a capitali/ to t ext5t4 ,x is to be hop$ t n _m h ! exp]i5ce ( ! boy describ$ 9 ! foll[+ l9es3 ,footnote3 ,read by ,r4,h4 ,wilson1 9 an address be=e ! ,national ,c\ncil ( ,education1 ,n4,e4,a4 ,,proce$+s1 #aiag1 p4 #acc4 ,johnnie b\ght a little pig ) money he _h e>n$1 ,he nam$ h] ,nell & f$ h] well1 & lots ( tricks %e le>n$4 ,b ,nellie grew to be a s[1 _h piggies q a few1 ,!n fa!r up & sold !m1 & kept ! money1 too4 ,johnnie took a little calf z pay = hoe+ corn1 ,he lov$ ! calf & ! calf lov$ him z sure z y are born4 ,! calfie grew to be a c[1 z all good calfies d1 ,!n fa!r up & sold h]1 & kept ! money1 too4 ,n[1 ,johnnie lov$ 8 little pets1 b fa!r lov$ ! pelf1 ,s ,johnnie left 8 fa!r's f>m & /ruck out = himself4 ,said ,johnnie's pa1 "o summ] day1 ,i (t5 wond] :y ,boys don't l life ^u ! f>m1 '! city' is _! cry4 ,x always w be /range to me1 cont9u$ ,johnnie's pa1 ,x only goes to prove1 ?\gh1 h[ ungrateful *ildr5 are4 ,:5 ,johnnie he>d :at fa!r said1 he gave a bitt] laugh1 ,& ?\ght ( 8 empty *ildhood & ( 8 pig & calf4 ,sav+s may be deposit$ 9 sav+s banks1 :i* accept small deposits & pay comp\nd int]e/1 usually at a rate ( #c p] c5t or #c #a_/b p] c5t4 ,su* banks op]ate 9 accordance ) /ate or national laws to protect ! depositor aga9/ loss4 ,_m s*ools conduct s*ool sav+s banks4 ,! pupils br+ _! small am\nts to ! tea*] or to "s pupil act+ z tell]1 ! collect$ funds !n be+ deposit$ 9 "s bank 9 ! community4 ,^! s*ool banks promote habits ( ?rift & af=d exp]i5ce 9 bus9ess me?ods1 besides br++ into use 9 ! _w's "w _m small am\nts ( money t w\ld o!rwise be ly+ idle or sp5t unwisely4 ,,po/al ,,sav+s ,,sy/em ,9 #aiaj ,congress e/abli%$ ! ,po/al ,sav+s ,sy/em "u :i* any po/ (fice may be a sav+s bank4 ,any p]son ov] t5 ye>s ( age may deposit money at ! po/al sav+s bank 9 am\nts ( f #a4jj to #be4jj1 receiv+ f ! po/ma/] ,,po/al ,,sav+s ,,c]tificates z evid5ce ( ! deposit4 ,provision is made = sav+s acc\nts ( less ?an a doll> by sell+ ,,po/al ,,sav+s ,,/amps at t5 c5ts ea*1 t5 ( :i* may be ex*ang$ = a doll> c]tificate4 ,two p] c5t int]e/ is paid on po/al sav+s1 b sav+s c]tificates may be ex*ang$ = ,,po/al ,,sav+s ,,bonds1 be>+ int]e/ at ! rate ( #b #a_/b p] c5t4 ,,l5d+ ,,to ,,! ,,gov]nm5t ,! pur*ase ( ,lib]ty ,bonds or ,sav+s ,/amps & ,?rift ,/amps is a good inve/m5t & a patriotic act4 ,! money rais$ 9 ?is way is us$ = ! national def5se & = recon/ruction aft] ! w>4 ,! ,sav+s ,division ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,treasury ,dep>tm5t c>ries on a campaign ( ?rift education4 ,among o!r ?+s1 x promotes ! organization ( sav+s societies & ?rift clubs1 because ?rift is a habit :i* is enc\rag$ by ! example & coop]ation ( o!rs4 ,9 ,r&olph ,c\nty1 ,indiana1 = example1 ea* consolidat$ s*ool has its ?rift club1 & ov] #ge p] c5t ( ! pupils are memb]s4 ,"o ( ^! s*ools sold ov] #aa1jjj wor? ( ?rift /amps1 & o!rs sold f #aejj to #cejj wor?4 ,sav+s societies exi/ among ! workm5 ( _m indu/ries1 & employ]s report t ^! h increas$ ! pur*ase ( homes1 & h result$ 9 a sav+ ( mat]ials & tools because ( ! habits ( ?rift e/abli%$4 ,,insurance ,among ! _m o!r ag5cies to promote ?rift we %all only m5tion ,,build+ ,,& ,,loan ,,associations & ,,insurance4 ,! purpose ( build+ & loan associations is to help p ( small means to pur*ase or build homes4 ,insurance af=ds a p>ticul>ly good illu/ration ( organiz$ coop]ation4 ,! ,,premiums paid by ?\s&s ( policy hold]s produce a l>ge sum ( money1 "p ( :i* goes to pay ! exp5ses ( ! insurance company1 b mo/ ( :i* is inve/$ 9 ent]prises t cause ! am\nt rapidly to increase4 ,out ( ?is fund ! occasional losses ( individuals are paid4 ,life insurance is a good =m ( inve/m5t4 ,x provides = ! future ( ! family ( ! insur$ 9 case ( 8 dea?4 ,by ! ,,end[m5t plan ! insur$ may himself receive1 at ! end ( a specifi$ numb] ( ye>s1 all t he has paid 9 premiums toge!r ) int]e/4 ,dur+ ! w> our national gov]nm5t itself insur$ ! soldi]s aga9/ dea? or injury4 ,?is 0 kn[n z ,,w> ,,risk ,,insurance4 ,at ! end ( ! w> ! soldi] _h ! privilege ( conv]t+ ! w> risk insurance into a regul> =m ( insurance1 /ill provid$1 h[ev]1 by ! gov]nm5t itself4 ,"o ( our /ates also1 ,wiscons91 sells life insurance to its citiz5s4 ,z we proce$ ) our /udy we %all enc\nt] o!r aspects ( ?rift 9 v>i\s *apt]s4 ,z a nation we may be ?rifty or un?rifty 9 ! use ( our res\rces 7see ,*apt]s ,,xiv & ,,xv74 ,?rift is z ess5tial 9 our community h\sekeep+1 :i* is c>ri$ on by gov]nm5t1 z 9 our homes & bus9ess4 ,b we c h>dly expect ?rift to become a national *>act]i/ic unless x fir/ becomes a p]sonal habit4 ,are y a capitali/8 ,if s1 expla9 9 :at way4 ,:at =ms does ! capital take ) :i* y\r fa!r does bus9ess8 ,:at capital does an ,eskimo h8 ! ,am]ican ,indians :5 ! c\ntry 0 fir/ settl$8 ,d y belong to a ?rift club8 ,w\ld x be desirable to organize "o 9 y\r s*ool8 ,conf] ) y\r tea*] & pr9cipal ab\t x4 ,write to ! ,sav+s ,division1 ,u4,s4 ,treasury ,dep>tm5t1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c41 = lit]ature reg>d+ organization4 ,is !re a cr$it union1 or a sav+s association1 or o!r organization to promote ?rift 9 y\r community8 ,if s1 f9d out h[ x op]ates4 ,write a /ory on ! subject1 ,:at my five doll>s may accompli% aft] ,i put x 9 ! sav+s bank1 be=e x comes back to me ) int]e/4 ,:y are p will+ to accept a l[] rate ( int]e/ f a po/al sav+s bank ?an f an ord9>y sav+s bank8 ,,read+s ,9 ,,lessons ,,9 ,,community ,,& ,,national ,,life3 ,s]ies ,a3 ,lesson #f1 ,capital4 ,lesson #ac1 ,u4,s4 ,food ,adm9i/ration4 ,lesson #ad1 ,sub/itute foods4 ,lesson #ae1 ,woman z ! family pur*as]4 ,lesson #ba1 ,borr[+ capital = mod]n bus9ess4 ,lesson #bb1 ,! comm]cial bank & mod]n bus9ess4 ,s]ies ,b3 ,lesson #g1 ,an intellig5tly select$ diet4 ,lesson #bb1 ,f9anc+ ! w>4 ,lesson #bc1 ,?rift & w> sav+s4 ,s]ies ,c3 ,lesson #g1 ,pres]v+ foods4 ,lesson #h1 ,prev5t+ wa/e ( human be+s4 ,lesson #ad1 ,! ,u4,s4 ,fuel ,adm9i/ration4 ,lesson #af1 ,! ,comm]cial ,economy ,bo>d ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,national ,def5se4 ,write ,sav+s ,division1 ,u4,s4 ,treasury ,dep>tm5t1 = mat]ials2 especially ,t5 ,lessons 9 ,?rift1 & ,tea*+ ,?rift 9 ,elem5t>y ,s*ools4 ,bo? ( ^! conta9 li/s ( read+s4 ,! ,po/-,(fice ,dep>tm5t has publications descriptive ( ! po/al sav+s s]vice4 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9s1 ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 relat+ to ?rift4 ,f$]al ,f>m ,loan ,act1 ,h[ ,x ,b5efits ! ,f>m]1 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #gib4 ,see ref]5ces 9 footnotes 9 ?is *apt]4 ,dunn1 ,,! ,,community ,,& ,,! ,,citiz51 ,*apt] ,,xiv1 ,wa/e & ,sav+4 ,! local public libr>y1 ! ,/ate ,libr>y1 & ! ,/ate ,agricultural ,college1 w d\btless furni% li/s ( ref]5ces & p]haps provide mat]ials4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,education w s5d li/ ( ref]5ces4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,p ,,& ,,! ,,l& ,,nature ,,0 ,,mu* ,,bigg] ,,& ,,/rong] ,,?an ,,man4 ,,%e ,,w\ld ,,suff] ,,no ,,sudd5 ,,highways ,,to ,,be ,,?r[n ,,across ,,h] ,,spaces2 ,,%e ,,abat$ ,,n ,,an ,,in* ,,( ,,h] ,,m\nta9s1 ,,compromis$ ,,n ,a ,,foot ,,( ,,h] ,,=e/s4 444 ,,= ,,! ,,creation ,,( ,,! ,,nation ,,! ,,conque/ ,,( ,,h] ,,prop] ,,t]ritory ,,f ,,nature ,,0 ,,fir/ ,,necess>y 444 ,a ,,bold ,,race ,,has ,,d]iv$ ,,inspiration ,,f ,,! ,,size1 ,,! ,,difficulty1 ,,! ,,dang] ,,( ,,! ,,task4 ,if y want$ to buy a f>m1 :at facts w\ld y inve/igate 9 reg>d to l& & location8 ,:at f>m 9 y\r neighborhood comes ne>e/ to meet+ y\r requirem5ts 9 ^! matt]s8 ,expla9 fully :y4 ,make a sket* map ( a f>m 9 y\r neighborhood1 pref]ably "o ^u :i* y h liv$1 %[+ z ne>ly z y c ! b\nd>ies1 ! position ( highl&s & l[l&s1 m>%es1 timb]1 /reams1 etc4 ,also ! position ( h\se1 b>ns1 bridges1 roads1 & o!r important features4 ,did ! features ( ! l& indicat$ on y\r map det]m9e ! location ( ! build+s8 ( ! roads & bridges8 ! k9ds ( crops rais$ on diff]5t p>ts ( ! f>m8 ,%\ld ! surface features ( ! l& be tak5 into acc\nt 9 det]m9+ ! position ( ! h\se & b>ns 9 relation to ea* o!r8 ,:y8 ,has ! "* ( ! l& influ5c$ ! life ( ! f>m]'s family 9 any way8 ,expla94 ,,importance ,,( ,,geographical ,,conditions ,directly or indirectly1 geographical conditions affect e aspect ( community life & help or h9d] u 9 satisfy+ all ( our wants 7see ,*apt] ,i74 ,_! influ5ce is *iefly felt1 h[ev]1 9 _! relation to ! economic int]e/ ( ! p2 t is1 9 relation to e>n+ a liv+ & ! production ( weal?4 ,,e/abli%+ ,,relations ,,) ,,! ,,l& ,e /ep t man has tak5 to make 8 relations ) ! l& p]man5t & def9ite has be5 a /ep ( progress 9 civilization1 z :51 = example1 ! savage hunt] became a h]dsman1 or ! h]dsman an agriculturi/4 ,we live to-day 9 an age ( ma*9]y1 :i* is a result ( turn+ to our use ! metals f ! dep?s ( ! e>? & ! p[] d]iv$ f ! =ces ( nature1 z 9 ! application ( /eam1 electricity1 & ! explosive =ce ( gasol9e4 ,_m h _h a "p 9 ?is "w ( e/abli%+ relations ) ! l&3 explor]s2 sci5ti/s :o h discov]$ ! uses ( our v>i$ m9]al & vegetable res\rces & h[ to make ! =ces ( nature s]ve u2 eng9e]s :o h built our railroads & bridges & tunnel$ our m\nta9s4 ,a mo/ important "p has be5 tak5 by ^? :o w9 _! liv+ directly f nature's res\rces--! woodsman1 ! m9]1 ! f>m]2 & ! s]vice ( ! f>m] has be5 especially great 9 giv+ /ability to our community life4 ,,agriculture ,,means ,a ,,settl$ ,,life ,^? ,am]ican ,indians 7 mo/ civiliz$ :o _h develop$ agriculture to ! highe/ po9t1 because ?is meant a settl$ life4 ,if we recall ! /ory ( ! colonization ( ,am]ica we %all rememb] t x 0 n successfully accompli%$ by ! gold hunt]s & fur trad]s :o came fir/1 b only :5 ^? came :o1 z f>m]s1 began to cultivate ! soil4 ,lat]1 z ! population mov$ we/w>d across ! ,allegh5ies into ! ,mississippi ,valley & on to ! ,pacific ,coa/1 ! hunt]s & trapp]s 7 ! sc\ts :o f\nd ! way1 :ile ! real army t took possession ( ! l& 0 an army ( f>m]s4 ,did ! ,am]ican ,indians :o =m]ly liv$ 9 y\r locality lead a settl$ life8 ,:y8 ,7 !y agriculturi/s to any ext5t8 ,if s1 :at d y "k ( _! me?od ( agriculture8 ,( :at pa/oral peoples h y read8 ,:y 0 _! life m settl$ ?an t ( hunt+ peoples8 ,:y less settl$ ?an t ( f>m]s8 ,:y 7 settlem5ts by gold hunt]s & fur trad]s likely n to be p]man5t8 ,d y "k ( important m9+ t[ns t h _h a brief life8 ,,protect+ ,,own]%ip ,,( ,,l& ,! /ory ( h[ individuals acquir$ ! "r to own l& is an int]e/+ "o1 b too long to be told "h4 ,! "r has long be5 recogniz$ & protect$ by gov]nm5t4 ,if y\r fa!r owns a piece ( l& he d\btless has a ,,de$ = x1 conta9+ an accurate description ( ! l& & giv+ him title to own]%ip4 ,9 ea* c\nty !re is an (fice ( gov]nm5t :]e all de$s are record$--! (fice ( ! record] or regi/] ( de$s4 ,! record ( e piece ( l& is ?us kept & is op5 to exam9ation by any "o4 ,if a man wi%es to buy a piece ( l& he w g to ! (fice ( ! record] & f9d out :e!r ! title to ! l& is cle>4 ,only by s do+ may he be protect$ aga9/ error or fraud4 ,,transf]s ,,( ,,l& ,s9ce l&s are likely to *ange h&s a numb] ( times1 & s9ce m5 frequ5tly ,,mortgage _! l&s z security = loans or o!r indebt$ness1 ?us giv+ to o!rs a claim to _! l&1 x is sometimes a t$i\s & difficult task = a buy] to trace ! record back & to be sure t ! title to ! l& is cle>4 ,x sometimes requires mon?s4 ,!re are lawy]s :o make a bus9ess ( exam9+ ! records & mak+ ,,ab/racts ,,( ,,titles4 ,?is involves exp5se4 ,besides1 !re is always ! *ance t a mi/ake may be made some:]e4 ,= ?is reason "s /ates h adopt$ a plan kn[n z ! ,,torr5s ,,sy/em ( l& transf]1 f ! "n ( ! man :o devis$ x 9 ,au/ralia4 ,"u ! ,torr5s ,sy/em ! gov]nm5t itself1 ?r\gh its prop] (fic]1 may exam9e ! title to any piece ( l&4 ,! l& is !n ,,regi/]$1 & ! own] is giv5 a c]tificate z evid5ce4 ,if a mortgage is plac$ on ! l& or if x *anges h&s ! transaction is record$ on ! c]tificate & 9 ! (fice records4 ,a m]e glance at ! record ( regi/ry or at ! c]tificate is suffici5t to asc]ta9 ! title to ! l&4 ,?us "t & exp5se are sav$2 & moreov] ! gov]nm5t gives its absolute gu>antee to ! own] or buy] z to 8 rights 9 ! l&4 ,! ,torr5s ,sy/em is 9 use 9 "s =m 9 f\rte5 /ates ( ! ,union1 9 ! ,philipp9es & ,hawaii1 & 9 v>i\s o!r c\ntries ( ! _w4 ,,! ,,survey ,,( ,,! ,,public ,,l&s ,:5 settl]s began to occupy ! l&s we/ ( ! ,allegh5ies1 _m ( !m laid claim to tracts )\t mu* reg>d = ! claims ( o!rs4 ,b\nd>y l9es 7 indef9ite4 ,:]e surveys 7 made !y 7 (t5 inaccurate4 ,mu* confusion result$4 ,disputes arose t frequ5tly f\nd _! way into ! c\rts & dragg$ on = _m ye>s4 ,! gov]nm5t s\ght to put an end to ?is /ate ( affairs1 & 9 ,?omas ,jeff]son's adm9i/ration a survey 0 begun to e/abli% l9es by :i* any piece ( l& might be locat$ & def9$ ) exactness4 ,! gov]nm5t survey 0 begun by e/abli%+ c]ta9 nor? & s\? l9es kn[n z ,,pr9cipal ,,m]idians4 ,!re are tw5ty-f\r ( ^!1 ! fir/ be+ ! m]idian t sep>ates ,indiana f ,ohio1 :ile ! la/ runs ?r\gh ! /ate ( ,oregon4 ,at int]vals ( six miles ea/ & we/ ( ! pr9cipal m]idians 7 e/abli%$ o!r m]idians call$ ,,range ,,l9es4 ,a p>allel ( latitude 0 !n *os5 z a ,,base ,,l9e1 & at int]vals ( six miles nor? & s\? ( ! base l9e 7 e/abli%$ ,,t[n%ip ,,l9es4 ,^! t[n%ip l9es ) ! range l9es divide ! c\ntry into areas six miles squ>e call$ ,,t[n%ips4 ,a t[n%ip may ?us be locat$ ) ref]5ce to its ne>e/ base l9e & pr9cipal m]idian 7see diagram ,i74 ,s9ce m]idians conv]ge z we g nor? 7look at a globe71 ! t[n%ips are n exactly squ>e1 & become slightly small] t[>d ! nor?4 ,to correct ?is1 c]ta9 p>allels nor? & s\? ( ! base l9e 7 *os5 z ,,correction ,,l9es1 f :i* ! survey began aga9 z f ! orig9al base l9e4 ,ea* t[n%ip is divid$ into ,,sections "o mile squ>e1 & !re=e conta9+ #fdj acres ea*4 ,^! sections are numb]$ 9 ea* t[n%ip f #a to #cf z indicat$ 9 diagram ,,iii4 ,ea* section is fur!r subdivid$ into halves & qu>t]s1 :i* are designat$ z 9 diagram ,,iv4 ,?is gov]nm5t survey has be5 made only 9 ! public l&s 7see bel[1 p4 #aig74 ,x is /ill be+ c>ri$ on by ! ,g5]al ,l& ,(fice ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior4 ,9 #aiag m ?an #aj1jjj1jjj acres1 or ne>ly #af1jjj squ>e miles1 7 survey$4 ,9 t ye> !re /ill rema9$ unsurvey$ m ?an #ijj1jjj squ>e miles ( public l&1 #eij1jjj ( :i* 7 9 ,alaska & #cbj1jjj 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates prop]4 ,9 ! orig9al ?irte5 /ates along ! ,atlantic seabo>d a simil> survey has be5 made1 b ei!r by private ent]prise or "u ! au?ority ( ! /ate or c\nty gov]nm5ts4 ,massa*usetts has rec5tly sp5t a l>ge sum ( money 9 a new survey ( ! /ate = ! purpose ( v]ify+ & correct+ d\btful b\nd>ies4 ,has y\r fa!r a de$ to ! l& y live on8 ,if s1 ask him to %[ x to y & expla9 x4 ,h[ is ! l& describ$8 ,at ! fir/ conv5i5t "t1 make a visit to ! (fice ( ! record] ( de$s 9 y\r c\nty1 & ask to h "s ( ! records %[n & expla9$ to y1 pref]ably ! record ( ! prop]ty y occupy4 ,:]e is ! (fice ( ! record]8 7,a visit ( ?is sort %\ld be 9 company ) ! tea*] or p>5t4 ,a class excursion = ?is & o!r purposes may well be arrang$ =47 ,:at is a ,,mortgage8 ,an ,,ab/ract ,,( ,,title8 7,consult p>5ts47 ,is ! ,torr5s ,sy/em 9 use 9 y\r /ate8 ,is y\r /ate a public l& /ate8 ,f ! de$ to y\r fa!r's l&1 or f ! records 9 ! record]'s (fice1 or f a map ( y\r c\nty %[+ ! survey l9es1 locate ! l& y live on1 z indicat$ 9 ! accompany+ diagrams4 ,9 :at section & t[n%ip is y\r s*oolh\se8 ,are !re /ill any public l&s 9 y\r /ate8 ,are ! b\nd>y l9es ( f>ms 9 y\r neighborhood regul> or irregul>8 ,h[ does ?is happ58 ,d y "k ( any b\nd>y disputes betwe5 f>m]s or o!r citiz5s 9 y\r community8 ,:at ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t exi/s to settle su* disputes8 ,,! ,,public ,,l&s ,at ! close ( ! ,revolution>y ,w>1 ! t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ext5d$ we/ z f> z ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,t "p ( ?is t]ritory :i* lay we/ ( ! ,allegh5y ,m\nta9s _h be5 claim$ by sev5 ( ! ?irte5 /ates t =m$ ! ,union2 b soon aft] ! w> !y c$$ ^! we/]n possessions to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 hav+ receiv$ a promise f ,congress t ^! l&s1 :i* 7 l>gely unoccupi$ at ! "t1 %\ld be dispos$ ( ,,= ,,! ,,common ,,b5efit ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,!y ?us became ,,public ,,l&s2 t is1 !y belong$ to ! p ( ! nation z a :ole4 ,! common int]e/ 9 ^! public l&s 0 "o ( ! *ief influ5ces t kept ! ?irte5 /ates unit$ "u "o gov]nm5t dur+ ! tr\bl$ times betwe5 ! close ( ! ,revolution & ! adoption ( ! ,con/itution 9 #aghi4 ,z "t w5t on1 ! public l&s ( ! nation 7 increas$ by ! acquisition ( new t]ritory1 ,footnote3 ,l\isiana ,t]ritory 0 acquir$ 9 #ahjc1 ,oregon 9 #ahje1 ,florida 9 #ahab & #ahai1 ,texas 9 #ahde1 ,cali=nia & ,new ,mexico 9 #ahdf-dh1 ! ,gadsd5 ,pur*ase 9 #ahec1 ,alaska 9 #ahfg4 ,( ! #c1fjj1jjj squ>e miles compris+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,alaska m ?an ?ree f\r?s has at "s "t be5 public l&2 b ( ?is !re n[ rema91 exclusive ( ,alaska1 only ab\t #cfj1jjj squ>e miles1 mu* ( :i* is =e/ & m9]al l&1 unsuitable = agriculture4 ,,disposal ,,( ,,! ,,public ,,l&s ,to turn ?is great doma9 ) all its res\rces to ! fulle/ s]vice ( ! nation has be5 "o ( ! greate/ problems ) :i* our gov]nm5t has _h to deal4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( our hi/ory v>i\s plans 7 tri$ by :i* to secure ! occupancy & developm5t ( ! agricultural l&s by f>m]s1 until 9 #ahfb ! fir/ ,home/ead ,act 0 pass$ by ,congress4 ,ab\t #aj1jjj1jjj acres ( ! public l& 7 giv5 to soldi]s :o f\ght 9 ! ,revolution & 9 ! ,w> ( #ahab 9 recognition ( !n-s]vice to _! c\ntry4 ,ab\t #fj1jjj1jjj acres 7 lat] giv5 to vet]ans ( ! ,mexican ,w>4 ,until ! ye> #ahjj ! plan 9 use = ! disposition ( ! public l&s 0 to sell l>ge areas to coloniz+ companies1 ) ! expectation t ^! companies w\ld f9d settl]s to :om !y w\ld sell ! l& 9 small quantities at a pr(it4 ,?is 0 n successful1 z actual settl]s f\nd x difficult to get l& !y want$ at prices !y c\ld af=d4 ,f #ahjj to #ahbj l&s 7 sold 9 small areas ,,on ,,cr$it4 ,_m b\ght m ?an !y 7 able to pay =1 & mu* l& s dispos$ ( _h to be tak5 back by ! gov]nm5t4 ,9 #ahbj a ?ird plan 0 adopt$3 ,t ( sell+ l& = ca% 9 any quantity to any pur*as]4 ,?is l$ to speculation1 individuals & companies ( individuals buy+ recklessly1 )\t int5tion ( actual settlem5t1 b ) ! purpose ( sell+ aga9 at a pr(it4 ,?is br\ght on a f9ancial panic 9 #ahcg4 ,!n foll[$ ! ,,preemption plan1 by :i* actual settl]s c\ld preempt l& 7get ! fir/ "r to x7 by m]ely tak+ possession & pay+ a ca% price ( #a4be an acre4 ,! ,home/ead ,act ( #ahfb 0 an ext5sion ( ! preemption plan2 b in/ead ( pay+ a ca% price1 ! settl] c\ld acquire ! l& m]ely by liv+ on x = a p]iod ( five ye>s 7n[ ?ree7 & pay+ fees ( ab\t #dj4jj4 ,,home/ead ,,acts ,! ,home/ead ,act1 l e>li] laws1 made a direct appeal to m5's desire to e>n a liv+1 to acquire prop]ty1 & especially to own homes4 ,x has be5 modifi$ f "t to "t1 b 9 all ess5tials x /ill rema9s 9 =ce & provides t any citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o has rea*$ ! age ( tw5ty-"o1 or :o is ! head ( a family1 may acquire a f>m on condition ( liv+ ^u x = a p]iod ( ?ree ye>s1 cultivat+ ! l& & erect+ a dwell+1 & pay+ to ! gov]nm5t a small fee4 ,! size ( ! f>m t he may s acquire v>ies accord+ to ! nature ( ! l&1 b ! usual home/ead on good agricultural l& is limit$ to #afj acres4 ,! purpose ( ! gov]nm5t has be5 to enc\rage ,,actual ,,settlem5t 9 ord] to secure ! developm5t ( ! nation's res\rces1 & = ?is purpose to all[ ea* settl] en\gh l& to enable him to support a family 9 com=t4 ,x 0 decid$ t #afj acres ( ,,good ,,f>m ,,l& 0 en\gh4 ,"s portions ( ! public l&1 h[ev]1 are less productive ?an o!rs4 ,:]e ! ra9fall is slight & :]e irrigation is impracticable1 & yet :]e crops c be rais$ by ! dry f>m+ process1 ! law all[s a settl] to take #cbj acres4 ,a settl] may also obta9 #cbj acres 9 ! des]t l&s ( "s ( ! we/]n /ates4 ,^! l&s may be made productive by irrigation1 b ! settl] mu/ con/ruct 8 own irrigation sy/em4 ,orig9ally #fdj acres 7 all[$ 9 su* l&s1 b ! am\nt has be5 r$uc$ to #cbj acres1 & ! ,commission] ( ! ,g5]al ,l& ,(fice n[ recomm5ds 7#aiaf7 t x be fur!r r$uc$ to #afj acres4 ,9 ^? p>ts ( ! des]t region :i* ! gov]nm5t has already reclaim$ by irrigation1 ?us mak+ ! l& extremely fruitful1 ! am\nt usually all[$ a settl] is f #dj to #hj acres4 ,!re are regions :]e ! l& is suitable only = /ock rais+ & = =age crops4 ,"h ,congress has decid$ t #fdj acres is a fair am\nt = ! support ( a family4 ,l&s t are valuable = _! timb] & m9]al res\rces are dispos$ ( on diff]5t t]ms1 b on some:at ! same pr9ciple4 ,,reclamation ,,( ,,l&s ,,by ,,soldi]s ,at ! close ( ! w> 9 #aiah a plan 0 propos$ by ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior to secure ! occupation ( l& by return+ soldi]s4 ,s9ce ! l&s suitable = f>m+ 9 _! natural /ate h practically all be5 dispos$ (2 ! plan contemplates ! reclamation ( arid & swamp l&s1 & ( l& f :i* ! =e/s h be5 cut b :i* are /ill cov]$ ) /umps4 ,x is propos$ t return$ soldi]s %all be employ$ by ! gov]nm5t 9 ! "w ( reclaim+ ! l&1 & t ^? :o desire to become f>m]s may buy _! f>ms 9 ! reclaim$ l&s at a reasonable price1 & ) a p]iod ( ?irty or =ty ye>s 9 :i* to pay = !m4 ,! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior said3 ,?is plan does n contemplate any?+ l *>ity to ! soldi] 444 ,he is n to be made to feel t he is a dep5d5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 he is to cont9ue 9 a s5se 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,in/ead ( de/roy+ our enemies he is to develop our res\rces4 ,mu* ( ! l& ^: reclamation by & = return+ soldi]s is ?us contemplat$ is n n[ public l&1 b is ly+ idle 9 ! h&s ( private own]s4 ,,l& ,,settlem5t ,,9 ,,cali=nia ,! /ate ( ,cali=nia has rec5tly enact$ a law kn[n z ! ,l& ,settlem5t ,act1 :i* provides = a demon/ration 9 plann$ rural developm5t4 ,its fir/ idea is educational1 to %[ :at democracy 9 action c accompli%4 ,"u ! t]ms ( ?is act ! /ate act+ ?r\gh a ,l& ,settlem5t ,bo>d & ) ! coop]ation ( exp]ts f ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 has pur*as$ sev]al ?\s& acres ( l& at ,durham1 9 ,butte ,c\nty1 :i* x sells to settl]s on easy t]ms4 ,x also l5ds money to settl]s = improvem5t & equipm5t = ! f>m]s4 ,! ,cali=nia ,l& ,settlem5t ,act is significant1 because x elim9ates speculation1 x aims to create fix$ communities by anticipat+ & provid+ ^? ?+s ess5tial to e>ly & endur+ success4 ,ano!r feature is ! use x makes ( coop]ation4 ,! settl]s are at ! outset br\ght into close bus9ess & social relations4 ,x reproduces ! be/ feature ( ! ,new ,engl& t[n meet+1 z e memb] ( ! community has a %>e 9 ! discussions & plann+ = ! g5]al welf>e4 ,?is influ5ce 9 rural life has be5 lack+ 9 new communities 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,9 ! great movem5t ( p we/w>d ) its pr(ligate disposal ( public l&1 settlem5t became migratory & speculative4 ,e man 0 expect$ to look out = himself4 ,rural neighborhoods became sep>at$ into social & economic /rata4 ,!re 0 ! nonresid5t l&[n]2 ! influ5tial resid5t l&[n]2 ! t5ant1 alo( & indiff]5t to community improvem5ts2 &1 bel[ t1 ! f>m labor] :o _h no social /atus & :o 9 rec5t ye>s1 because ( lack ( opportunity & social recognition1 has migrat$ into ! cities :]e he c\ld h indep5d5ce & self-respect1 or has deg5]at$ into a hobo4 ,at ,durham1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ,am]ican l& settlem5t1 ! f>m labor] :o works = wages is recogniz$ z hav+ z useful & valuable a "p 9 rural economy z ! f>m own]4 ,! provisions made = 8 home are int5d$ to give to 8 wife & *ildr5 com=t1 indep5d5ce1 & self-respect2 9 o!r words1 ! ?+s t help create "* & su/a9 patriotism4 ,! f>m labor]s' homes already built are "o ( ! mo/ attractive features ( ! settlem5t2 & :5 ! community memb]s ga!r toge!r1 z !y d1 to discuss matt]s t affect ! progress ( ! settlem5t1 or to arrange = coop]ative buy+ & sell+1 ! f>m labor] & 8 family are active & respect$ memb]s ( ! meet+s4 ,f maps 9 s*ool hi/ories /udy ! claims ( ! sev5 /ates to we/]n l&s4 ,:at is ! ,ord9ance ( #aghg8 ,make reports on ! circum/ances connect$ ) our v>i\s t]ritorial acquisitions4 ,f :om did ! coloni/s get ! "r to ! l& 9 ! orig9al ?irte5 colonies8 ,d y "k anyone :o has ev] tak5 up a home/ead claim8 ,if s1 le>n h[ x 0 done4 ,if possible1 get a description ( a l& lott]y & a l& ru% 9 newly op5$ public l&s4 ,get all ! in=mation y c ab\t ! plan to provide l& = ! soldi]s1 ref]r$ to above4 ,d y ?9k ?is is a bett] plan ?an t ( giv+ l& to soldi]s outright8 ,:y8 ,is y\r /ate likely to coop]ate ) ! national gov]nm5t 9 c>ry+ out ?is plan8 ,h[8 ,,! ,,nation',s ,,int]e/s ,,are ,,fir/ ,! policy ( ! gov]nm5t ( dispos+ ( ! public l&s to individuals has ( c\rse be5 ( great b5efit to ! latt]2 b we %\ld n lose sight ( ! fact t ! national well-be+ is ! fir/ consid]ation4 ,z ! ,commission] ( ! ,g5]al ,l& ,(fice said 9 a rec5t report 7#aiaf71 ,e acre ( public l& dispos$ ( "u ?is l9e ( legislation is ,,an ,,inve/m5t1 ! pr(its to be f\nd 9 ! g5]al developm5t ( ! welf>e ( ! nation at l>ge4 ,,safegu>d+ ,,! ,,int]e/s ,,( ,,individuals ,x has be5 no simple matt] to adm9i/] our public l&s1 & mi/akes h be5 made4 ,sometimes ! int]e/s ( individuals h n be5 suffici5tly safegu>d$4 ,_m settl]s h suff]$ s]i\s loss1 & _m promis+ communities h fail$1 ?r\gh ! tak+ ( home/eads 9 regions ( little ra9fall1 z 9 we/]n ,kansas & ,nebraska4 ,! gov]nm5t n[ seeks to protect home/ead]s aga9/ su* errors by di/+ui%+ c>efully betwe5 l&s suitable = ord9>y agriculture & ^? suitable only = dry-f>m+ & /ock-rais+1 by in=m+ prospective settl]s 9 reg>d to ! facts1 & by all[+ l>g] entries 9 l&s ( ! latt] classes4 ,ano!r mi/ake 0 made 9 all[+ _m ( ! fir/ claimants to /ock- rais+ l&s s to locate _! claims z to acquire ! exclusive use ( ! only available wat] supply = miles ar\nd1 ?us mak+ useless o!r l>ge tracts4 ,?is might h be5 avoid$ by a little =esight4 ,,abuse ,,( ,,l& ,,laws ,on ! o!r h&1 ! l& laws h sometimes be5 abus$4 ,l>ge quantities ( public l& h fall5 into ! h&s ( speculators ^: purpose is n to develop its res\rces1 b to make a pr(it f ! increas$ value ( ! l& due to ! ef=ts ( o!rs4 ,imm5se areas ( l& h ?us be5 )held f production1 or h be5 made to produce to a limit$ ext5t only1 to ! great loss ( ! nation4 ,,railroad ,,l&s ,9 ! days ( transcont95tal railroad build+1 l>ge tracts ( l& 7 giv5 to ! railroad companies by ! gov]nm5t1 ) ! expectation t !y w\ld dispose ( x at reasonable prices to settl]s attract$ by ! new transportation facilities1 & w\ld use ! proce$s 9 railway developm5t4 ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 l>ge quantities ( ?is l& h be5 held 9 an unproductive /ate = speculative purposes4 ,an illu/ration ( ?is is ! case ( ! ,oregon & ,cali=nia ,railroad l& grant1 made by ,congress 9 #ahfi & #ahgj1 & compris+ m ?an #d1bjj1jjj acres1 mo/ ( :i* bore a heavy gr[? ( valuable timb]4 ,?is railroad grant 444 conta9$ a special provision to ! effect t ! railroad company %\ld sell ! l& x receiv$ to actual settl]s only1 9 quantities n great] ?an "o-qu>t] section to "o pur*as] & at a price n exce$+ #b4ej an acre4 ,by ?is precaution x 0 int5d$ t 9 aid+ ! con/ruction ( ! railroad an imm$iate impetus %\ld also be giv5 to ! settlem5t & developm5t ( ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* ! road 0 to be con/ruct$4 ,aft] sell+ "s ( ! l&s accord+ to ! t]ms ( ! agreem5t1 ! railroad company ceas$ to live up to ^! t]ms & sold l>ge bodies ( ! l& to lumb] int]e/s1 ?us putt+ a /op to ! developm5t ( ! region 9 ! way int5d$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,! gov]nm5t br\ght action aga9/ ! railroad company1 ! outcome ( :i* is t ! gov]nm5t has b\ght back f ! company at #b4ej an acre all ( ! l&s ( ! grant :i* rema9$ unsold1 am\nt+ to ab\t #b1cjj1jjj acres & valu$ at f #cj1jjj1jjj to #ej1jjj1jjj4 ,^! l&s are be+ classifi$ 9 accordance ) _! *ief value1 ei!r 9 p[]-site l&s1 timb] l&s1 or agricultural l&s1 & are to be dispos$ ( accord+ly4 ,! timb] w be sold sep>ately f ! l&1 & ! l& w !n be op5$ to home/ead entry4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ! railroad company gets = ! l& all t x 0 entitl$ to "u ! t]ms ( ! orig9al grant4 ,9 addition1 provision is made = ! paym5t to ! c\nties 9 :i* ! l& lies ( ! taxes :i* ! railroad company has n paid4 ,z ! l&s are sold1 ! proce$s are to be divid$ betwe5 ! /ate & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! /ate receiv+ #ej p]c5t1 #dj p]c5t be+ paid into ! g5]al reclamation fund ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7see ,*apt] ,,xiv1 p4 #bac71 & #aj p] c5t into ! g5]al funds ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,treasury4 7,f ! ,report ( ! ,commission] ( ! ,g5]al ,l& ,(fice1 #aiaf1 pp4 #df-di74 ,?is is a /rik+ illu/ration ( h[ our gov]nm5t1 act+ ?r\gh ,congress1 ! ,c\rts1 & ! ,g5]al ,l& ,(fice ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior1 has s\ght to obta9 ju/ice = all p>ties conc]n$1 & to fulfill ! orig9al purpose ( secur+ ! developm5t ( ! l& 9 ! int]e/ ( ! /ate & ! nation4 ,,l&s ,,= ,,public ,,s*ools ,some?+ l #acc1jjj1jjj acres ( our public l&s h f "t to "t be5 turn$ ov] to ! /ates1 ! proce$s to be us$ = ! promotion ( public education1 = ! con/ruction ( roads1 & = o!r purposes 7see ,*apt]s ,,xvii & ,,xix74 ,9 "s cases ^! l&s h n be5 us$ altoge!r = ! purposes = :i* !y 7 grant$4 ,s*ool l&s h sometimes be5 sold at a nom9al price to individuals :o h reap$ ! pr(it1 :]eas ! l&s might h be5 s adm9i/]$ by ! /ates z to h br\ght l>ge returns = educational purposes4 ,9 "s cases1 /ate (ficials h made unwise inve/m5ts ( ! funds d]iv$ f ! sale ( ! l&s1 !reby los+ !m = ! use ( ! /ate4 ,,l& ,,monopoly ,,& ,,t5antry ,! control1 or monopoliz+1 ( ! public l& by l>ge hold]s is said to be "o ( ! causes ( increas+ t5antry 7,*apt] ,x1 p4 #aaf72 = z ! available supply ( desirable f>m+ l& is dim9i%$1 ! actual home-seek] is driv5 to take less productive l&s1 or to pur*ase f ! l>ge hold]s at a high] price4 ,! m rec5t l& laws limit ! am\nt ( public l& t an individual may acquire to an area suffici5t to enable him to make a com=table liv+ = a family 7see above1 p4 #aii74 ,!y also exact f ! home/ead] an agreem5t t he w actually occupy & cultivate ! l&4 ,,responsibility ,,= ,,l& ,,frauds ,! responsibility = ! defects 9 our me?ods ( adm9i/]+ ! public l&s re/s 9 "p ^u our gov]nm5tal repres5tatives1 :o h n always dealt wisely ) ! extremely difficult problem4 ,b x re/s also ^u ea* individual citiz54 ,!re are ^?1 be x said to our %ame1 :o delib]ately seek to defeat ! purpose ( ! laws & to appropriate to _! own selfi% uses ! l&s :i* belong to ! nation z a :ole4 ,!re is "o division ( ! ,g5]al ,l& ,(fice 9 ,wa%+ton kn[n z ! ,conte/ ,division4 ,be=e x come1 n only ! ord9>y disputes t are likely to arise betwe5 rival claimants1 b also cases ( alleg$ fraud & violation ( ! l& laws4 ,9 ! ye> #aiaf ,,m ,,?an #ab1jjj ,,cases ,,( ,,alleg$ ,,fraud ,,7 ,,act$ ,,^u1 ,,& ,,ne>ly #ab1jjj ,,o!r ,,cases ,,await$ ,,action ,,at ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,ye>6 ,b ! responsibility comes mu* clos] home ?an ?is4 ,_m ( u :o w\ld n ?9k ( violat+ ! law h fail$ to appreciate ! value ( ! gifts t nature has giv5 u1 & h app>5tly be5 too busy to in=m ourselves z to :e!r or n our public l&s h be5 adm9i/]$ solely = ! purpose to :i* ,congress devot$ !m j aft] ! ,revolution4 ,?is1 l e o!r matt] ( community int]e/1 requires team "w4 ,! community has c]ta9 rights to a citiz5's l& t are cle>ly recogniz$ z sup]ior to ! citiz5's rights4 ,act+ ?r\gh its gov]nm5t1 x may take a "p ( a citiz5's prop]ty by taxation 7see ,*apt] ,,xxiii74 ,taxes are paid 9 money2 b if a citiz5 does n pay ! tax ^u 8 l&1 ! gov]nm5t may sell ! l& = en\gh to cov] ! obligation4 ,,! ,,"r ,,( ,,em95t ,,doma9 ,aga91 ! gov]nm5t may take a citiz5's l& = public uses1 if ! int]e/s ( ! community dem& x1 by :at is call$ ! ,,"r ,,( ,,em95t ,,doma94 ,= example1 if ! int]e/s ( ! community dem& t a new road be built1 ! gov]nm5t w seek to buy ! necess>y l& f ! f>m]s along ! l9e ( ! propos$ highway4 ,"s f>m] may say t he does n want ! road to run ?r\gh 8 f>m1 or he may try to get a price beyond :at 8 l& is wor?4 ,! gov]nm5t may !n ,,condemn ! requir$ l& & fix a price despite ! f>m]'s objections4 ,! citiz5 ^: l& is tak5 mu/1 h[ev]1 be paid = x2 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates protects him by ! provision1 nor %all private prop]ty be tak5 = public use )\t j comp5sation 7,am5dm5t ,v1 la/ clause74 ,! "r ( em95t doma9 may be ex]cis$ to secure a site = a s*oolh\se1 a po/-(fice1 an army po/1 or c\r?\se1 or = any o!r public purpose4 ,! gov]nm5t also au?orizes corporations t p]=m a public s]vice to ex]cise ! "r1 z 9 ! case ( railroads :i* mu/ obta9 a "r ( way = _! tracks1 & sites = _! y>ds & /ations4 ,,! ,,police ,,p[] ,,( ,,! ,,gov]nm5t ,f9ally1 by ! ex]cise ( :at is kn[n z ! ,,police ,,p[]1 ! gov]nm5t may control ! use to :i* a citiz5 may put 8 l&4 ,occasion = ! ex]cise ( ! police p[] arises mo/ frequ5tly 9 cities1 :]e x is necess>y to control ! con/ruction ( build+s = fire protection1 & to regulate ! k9ds ( bus9ess t may be conduct$4 ,9 c\ntry di/ricts x does n usually make s mu* diff]5ce :at a man does on 8 own l&2 b ev5 !re ! police p[] may be ex]cis$1 z :5 ! /ate ( ,idaho pass$ a law =bidd+ ! h]d+ ( %eep )9 a c]ta9 di/ance ( t[ns4 ,,political ,,relations ,,) ,,! ,,l& ,!re is ano!r way 9 :i* gov]nm5t e/abli%es relations betwe5 ! p & ! l&4 ,citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h c]ta9 political rights & duties1 su* z vot+1 hold+ (fice1 & pay+ taxes4 ,^! rights may be enjoy$ & ! duties p]=m$ only )9 c]ta9 di/ricts :i* ! gov]nm5t creates = ?is purpose4 ,?us1 a citiz5 has a "r to vote )9 ! /ate :]e he lives1 b n 9 any o!r /ate4 ,he mu/ ca/ 8 vote )9 8 own c\nty1 t[n%ip1 & prec9ct4 ,! b\nd>ies ( ! /ates are e/abli%$ by ! national gov]nm5t 7except ! orig9al ?irte5 /ates ( ! ,union1 ^: b\nd>ies 7 fix$ be=e ! national gov]nm5t 0 organiz$72 b !y may n be *ang$ aft]w>d )\t ! cons5t ( ! /ates affect$4 ,! /ates organize _! own c\nties & t[n%ips ,footnote3 ,9 ! public l& /ates ! political t[n%ip usually1 b n always1 corresponds ) ! t[n%ip survey$ by ! national gov]nm5t4 ,see pp4 #aid-aif4 & o!r di/ricts4 ,villages & cities are grant$ def9ite b\nd>ies by ! /ate1 & organize !mselves into w>ds & prec9cts4 ,!re are legislative1 congressional1 judicial1 & rev5ue di/ricts1 ! b\nd>ies ( :i* are fix$ by /ate & national gov]nm5ts4 ,locally1 !re are s*ool di/ricts4 ,! b\nd>ies :i* sep>ate "o nation f ano!r are det]m9$ by agreem5t1 or treaty1 betwe5 ! nations conc]n$4 ,unc]ta9ty or indef9it5ess 9 reg>d to national b\nd>y l9es has be5 ! cause ( mu* int]national /rife1 & 0 an important factor 9 ! ,european w> begun by ,g]many 9 #aiad4 ,if y live 9 a public l& /ate1 = :at uses h public l&s be5 giv5 to ! /ate8 ,h ! s*ool l&s 9 y\r /ate be5 wisely us$8 ,is x easy = a "y man to acquire a f>m 9 y\r locality8 to keep up improvem5ts on a f>m t he owns8 ,has x be5 easy = a f>m] 9 y\r locality to borr[ money8 7,consult p>5ts & fri5ds47 ,h ! f>m]s ( y\r locality made mu* use ( ! ,f$]al ,f>m ,loan ,act8 ,d !y ?9k x is a good law8 ,h y he>d ( =c$ sales ( l& 9 y\r community to pay taxes8 ,d y "k ( cases ( ! ex]cise ( ! "r ( em95t doma9 9 y\r community8 ,= :at purposes8 ,0 x ex]cis$ by local1 /ate1 or national gov]nm5t8 ,9 :at ways does gov]nm5t control ! use to :i* y may put ! l& on :i* y live8 ,9 :at t[n%ip d y live8 s*ool di/rict8 congressional di/rict8 /ate legislative di/rict8 rev5ue di/rict8 ,,read+s ,annual reports ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior4 ,annual reports ( ! ,commission] ( ! ,g5]al ,l& ,(fice1 ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior1 ,wa%+ton4 ,! ,g5]al ,l& ,(fice has publi%$ a l>ge wall map %[+ ! l& surveys1 ! national =e/s1 & _m o!r important items4 ,x may be secur$ f ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton1 = #a4 ,see ! ,new ,int]national ,encyclop$ia & ! ,encyclop$ia ,am]icana on public l&s1 national =e/s1 & o!r topics ref]r$ to 9 ?is *apt]4 ,9 ,,lessons ,,9 ,,community ,,& ,,national ,,life3 ,s]ies ,a3 ,lesson #d1 ,:at nature has done = a typical city4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,cons]v+ ,,our ,,natural ,,res\rces ,,res\rces ,,( ,,! ,,soil ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we le>n$ t z a nation we h n be5 altoge!r ?rifty 9 ! disposal & use ( our public l&s4 ,! same ?+ w h to be said reg>d+ ! use ( ! res\rces ( ! l&1 ( :i* ! soil is by f> ! mo/ valuable4 ,x is said t #abjj boys 9 ,ohio1 organiz$ 9 clubs1 increas$ ! av]age yield ( corn f #ce bu%els to #ha bu%els p] acre4 ,! av]age returns p] acre f ! soil ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 l[] be=e ! w> ?an 9 any ,european c\ntry1 except ,russia4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! production p] acre ( f\r c]eals 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & five ,european c\ntries 9 #aiac4 ,! same relative position ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld be %[n if we took ! av]age production ( ^! c\ntries = a s]ies ( ye>s4 ,,production ,,9 ,,bu%els ,,p] ,,acre ,,"u ,,cultivation ,,9 #aiac ,,ability ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,f>m] ,! l[ position ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 agriculture is by no means due to inf]ior ability on ! "p ( ! ,am]ican f>m]4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture says t ,ev5 n[ no f>m] 9 ! _w c comp>e ) ! ,am]ican f>m] 9 agricultural effici5cy4 ,8 adaptability to new & *ang+ conditions1 to ! use ( improv$ ma*9]y & processes1 c\pl$ ) ! great natural res\rces ) :i* ! nation is end[$1 make him f> sup]ior to any ( 8 competitors4 ,x is true t he does n produce m p] acre ?an ! f>m]s ( "s o!r nations4 ,production p] acre1 h[ev]1 is n ! ,am]ican /&>d4 ,! /&>d is ! am\nt ( production = ea* p]son engag$ 9 agriculture1 & by ?is te/ ! ,am]ican f>m] appe>s to be f two to six times z effici5t z mo/ ( 8 competitors4 ,,wa/efulness ,,( ,,e>ly ,,f>m+ ,z long z we _h a great abundance ( unoccupi$ l& x w\ld p]haps h be5 uneconomic to increase ! production ( t :i* 0 occupi$ by ! co/ly me?ods ( agriculture us$ 9 ,belgium1 ,g]many1 & o!r ?ickly settl$ c\ntries4 ,b ! old me?ods ( f>m+ n only fail$ to get f ! soil all t x 0 !n capable ( produc+1 !y also robb$ x ( f]tility )\t re/or+ to x :at 0 tak5 f x4 ,?us ! loss caus$ by wa/eful me?ods 0 pass$ on to future g5]ations4 ,to cont9ue su* me?ods 9 ! light ( our pres5t k & ) our gr[+ population is ?riftless 9 ! extreme4 ,me?ods ( pres]v+ & re/or+ ! f]tility ( ! soil & ( obta9+ ! l>ge/ returns f x are n[ receiv+ ! mo/ c>eful att5tion f bo? /ate & national gov]nm5ts4 ,,idle ,,l&s ,a great deal ( l& lies idle t might be productive ( food-- n only arid1 swamp1 & cut-ov] l&s1 m5tion$ 9 lat] p>agraphs1 & l& held = speculation1 b also vacant lots & unus$ back y>ds 9 cities & villages1 & wa/e or unus$ portions ( cultivat$ f>ms4 ,x is l>gely f city & village lots t ! ,s*ool ,g>d5 ,army obta9$ its rem>kable results4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ _m f>m]s buy in/ead ( rais+ _! vegetables = ! table1 z well z fe$ = _! /ock4 ,texas1 = in/ance1 has pur*as$ #bjj1jjj1jjj wor? ( food products ye>ly f nor!rn m>kets :i* might h be5 produc$ m *eaply at home4 ,x takes #ae to #bj acres ( l& 9 ,texas to gr[ cotton en\gh to buy #afj bu%els ( cann$ sweet potatoes1 :ile "o acre ( ,texas soil w\ld produce ! same quantity1 & uncann$4 ,footnote3 ,,?rift1 a monograph publi%$ by ! ,national ,education ,association1 #aiah4 ,su* topics z ! foll[+ %\ld be /udi$1 consult+ p>5ts1 f>m]s ( ! locality1 & su* pr9t$ s\rces ( in=mation z are available4 ,! important c]eal crops ( y\r /ate4 ,! av]age yield p] acre ( ea*4 ,increase or decrease 9 yield 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,! "w ( corn clubs & o!r boys' & girls' clubs to increase ! yield ( crops 9 y\r /ate4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 production p] acre & production p] p]son engag$ 9 agriculture4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 int5sive & ext5sive agriculture4 ,s+le crop & div]sifi$ crop types ( agriculture 9 y\r locality4 ,advantages ( ea*4 ,ext5t to :i* f>m]s ( y\r locality raise _! own table vegetables & /ock fe$4 ,evid5ce furni%$ by y\r t[n1 or neighbor+ t[ns1 dur+ ! w>1 ( ! weal?-produc+ p[] ( vacant lots or unus$ backy>ds4 ,,reclamation ,,( ,,arid ,,l&s ,mu* ( our public l& has be5 nonproductive solely because ( ! lack ( moi/ure4 ,9 #aijb a law kn[n z ! ,reclamation ,act 0 pass$ by ,congress1 provid+ t ! proce$s f ! sale ( public l&s 9 /ates conta9+ arid regions1,footnote3 ,! /ates to :i* ?is law applies are ,arizona1 ,cali=nia1 ,colorado1 ,idaho1 ,kansas1 ,montana1 ,nebraska1 ,nevada1 ,new ,mexico1 ,nor? ,dakota1 ,oklahoma1 ,oregon1 ,s\? ,dakota1 ,utah1 ,wa%+ton1 & ,wyom+4 ,see map4 except su* z 7 already devot$ to educational & o!r public purposes1 %\ld be us$ = ! con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( irrigation works4 ,?is reclamation "w is 9 *>ge ( ! ,reclamation ,s]vice ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior1 ^: eng9e]s h built great dams & res]voirs f :i* ! wat] has be5 l$ by canals & dit*es into ! des]t4 ,by #aiaf m ?an #a1jjj1jjj acres _h be5 irrigat$ "u ?is act1 ! crop value 9 t ye> rea*+ #ce1jjj1jjj4 ,! reclaim$ l& is dispos$ ( to actual settl]s 9 accordance ) ! home/ead laws1 ea* home/ead] repay+ ! gov]nm5t 9 annual in/allm5ts ! co/ ( reclaim+ ! l& he occupies4 ,! fund s creat$ is us$ by ! gov]nm5t = fur!r reclamation projects4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture s5ds its exp]ts to advise ) ! f>m]s 9 reg>d to ! problems peculi> to ! reclaim$ regions4 ,e ef=t %\ld be & is1 !re=e1 be+ made to promote ! success ( ! f>m]1 & on ! basis ( 8 success to increase ! prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry4 ,footnote #b3 ,report ( ! ,reclamation ,s]vice1 #aiab- #aiac1 p4 #d4 ,! ,yuma project 9 ,arizona op5$ a new ,valley ( ! ,nile :]e f\r crops ( alfalfa are n[ rais$ on :at once 7 arid l&s4 ,! /reets ( ,yuma & ,som]ton are cr[d$ ) ! automobiles ( f>m]s1 enri*$ by ?\s&s ( acres ( spl5did long-/aple cotton1 alfalfa1 corn1 & fet]ita4 ,ano!r irrigat$ valley 9 ,arizona1 t ( ! ,salt ,riv]1 has few sup]iors 9 ! _w & has come 9 ?ree ye>s into great prosp]ity4 ,arizona plant$ to cotton la/ ye> #ib1jjj acres4 ,its crop 0 #if p] c5t p]fect1 ! be/ record 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,footnote3 ,ar?ur ,d4 ,little1 ,develop+ ! ,e/ate1 ,,atlantic ,,mon?ly1 ,m>*1 #aiai4 ,! pr9cipal irrigation projects ( ! ,reclamation ,s]vice are %[n on ! accompany+ map4 ,,reclamation ,,by ,,/ates ,,& ,,private ,,ent]prise ,five or six times z mu* arid l& has be5 reclaim$ by private ent]prise z by ! ,reclamation ,s]vice4 ,! fir/ ext5sive irrigation project 9 ! ,we/ 0 a coop]ative ent]prise by ! ,mormon coloni/s 9 ,utah4 ,x is said t ab\t two fif?s ( ! l& irrigat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is suppli$ ) wat] by works built & controll$ by individual f>m]s or by a few neighbors1 :ile ano!r "o ?ird is suppli$ by /ock companies4 ,z e>ly z #ahgg ,congress pass$ a des]t l& law1 by :i* home/eads 7 grant$ 9 ! arid l&s on condition t ! settl]s %\ld irrigate ! l&4 ,9 #ahid ! ,c>ey ,act 0 pass$ by ,congress "u :i* ! national gov]nm5t may give to a /ate z mu* z a million acres ( arid public l& )9 its bord]s1 on condition t ! /ate provides = its irrigation4 ,! "w is done by private /ock companies1 ) :om ! /ate makes a contract = ! purpose4 ,! mo/ ext5sive irrigation project und]tak5 by private ent]prise is t ( ! ,imp]ial ,valley 9 ,cali=nia1 :i* d]ives its wat] f ! ,colorado ,riv]4 ,"u ! laws ( ,cali=nia ! ,imp]ial ,valley region has be5 organiz$ z an irrigation di/rict1 ) p[] to levy taxes = ! developm5t & support ( ! irrigation "w4 ,ea* /ate 9 :i* irrigation is practic$ has its own laws regulat+ ! use ( wat] by f>m]s & o!r consum]s4 ,! !ory is t ! /ate regulates ! appropriation ( ! wat]1 ex]cis+ ?is p[] & hold+ ! l& 9 tru/ = ! public 444 ,x is ! duty ( e /ate to :i* ! ,reclamation ,act is applicable to assi/ ) e res\rce "u its control4,footnote3 ,wat] ,supply ,pap]1 #bcd1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior1 p4 #ff4 ,ref]5ce has be5 made 9 ,*apt] ,,xiv to ! propos$ plan = ! reclamation & settlem5t ( new areas ( arid l& by return+ soldi]s4 ,,swamp ,,l&s ,!re are probably #hj1jjj1jjj acres ( swamp l&s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* c\ld be made productive by dra9age4 ,f>m]s !mselves c\ld reclaim mu* ( ?is l& at comp>atively small co/1 greatly increas+ _! own pr(it & ! weal? ( ! c\ntry4 ,"o f>m 9 ,wiscons9 has #dj acres ( poorly dra9$ l& t 9 its pres5t condition is practically wor?less4 #be4jj p] acre sp5t 9 dra9age w make ?is #dj-;acre tract ! equal ( any 9 ! di/rict1 & good l& is sell+ !re at #aej4jj p] acre4 ,footnote #b3 ,unpr(itable ,acres1 9 ,,ye> ,,book1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 #aiae1 ,p4 #adg4 ,! national gov]nm5t has at v>i\s times grant$ to ! /ates swamp l&s aggregat+ #fj1jjj1jjj acres1 ) ! expectation t ! /ates w\ld reclaim !m4 ,! /ates h1 h[ev]1 done v little to fulfill ! expectation4 ,^! swamp l&s are among ^? ^: reclamation by return+ soldi]s is propos$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,inve/igate & report on ! foll[+ topics3 ,! "w ( ! ,reclamation ,s]vice ( ! national gov]nm5t4 ,if y live 9 "o ( ! /ates to :i* ! ,reclamation ,act applies1 report on :at has be5 accompli%$ by x 9 y\r /ate4 ,! developm5t ( "o ( ! irrigation projects %[n on ! map4 ,irrigation by private or /ate ent]prise 9 y\r /ate 7if any71 & :at x has accompli%$4 ,! reclamation ( ,utah by ! ,mormons4 ,! developm5t ( ! ,imp]ial ,valley ( ,cali=nia4 ,! laws regulat+ ! use ( wat] = irrigation 9 y\r /ate 7if an irrigat$ /ate74 ,! swamp areas 9 y\r locality or /ate4 ,progress made 9 _! reclamation4 ,! reclamation ( swamp or m>%y l& on p>ticul> f>ms ( y\r locality4 ,! ext5t ( idle cut-ov] l& 9 y\r locality1 :y x is idle1 ! uses to :i* x c\ld be put if reclaim$4 ,,cons]vation ,,( ,,wat] ,,p[] ,by ! con/ruction ( dams1 res]voirs1 & canals ! wat]s ( a few ( our /reams are turn$ to ! "w ( reclaim+ l&4 ,our unus$ wat] res\rces are v great4 ,niag>a ,falls h be5 h>ness$ = indu/rial uses1 & ) only a small "p ( _! p[] 9 use !y light ! /reets & h\ses1 run ! /reet c>s1 & turn ! :eels ( indu/ry 9 ,buffalo & ,toronto & ! neighbor+ region4 ,b s f> we are mak+ use ( less ?an #aj p] c5t ( ! p[] easily available f our /reams4 ,! wat] n[ fl[+ idly f our hills to ! sea c\ld turn e factory :eel & e electric g5]ator1 op]ate our railroads1 & /ill leave mu* en]gy to sp>e = new developm5ts4 ,footnote3 ,ar?ur ,d4 ,little1 ,develop+ ! ,e/ate1 ,,atlantic ,,mon?ly1 ,m>*1 #aiai1 p4 #chh4 ,x is probably n too mu* to expect t :5 our undevelop$ wat] p[] is utiliz$ x w provide electric light & p[] = e f>m 9 ! l&4 ,our nation has all[$ _m ( ! be/ wat] p[] sites ( ! c\ntry to fall into ! h&s ( private speculators :o hold !m undevelop$1 z 9 ! case ( f>ml&s1 =e/s1 & o!r res\rces4 ,,cons]vation ,,( ,,flood ,,wat]s ,floods are n only imm5sely de/ructive ( prop]ty1 caus+ a loss ( #ajj1jjj1jjj along ! ,mississippi ,riv] alone 9 a s+le ye>1 b !y c>ry to ! sea wat] t might be us$ = irrigation & = indu/ry4 ,res]voirs1 su* z are built = irrigat+ projects1 regulate ! fl[ ( wat] 9 /reams & prev5t floods4 ,9 ,new ,engl& & ,new ,york res]voirs h be5 built = ?is v purpose1 & probably #aj p] c5t ( ! flood wat]s t orig9ate 9 ^! /ates is sav$ 9 ?is way & turn$ to indu/rial uses4 ,simil> cons]vation ( flood wat]s occurs 9 ,m9nesota1 b x is e/imat$ t = ! c\ntry z a :ole n m ?an "o p] c5t ( ! flood wat]s is sav$4 ,footnote3 ,cons]vation ( ,wat] ,res\rces1 ,wat] ,supply ,pap] #bcd1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 #aiai4 ,!re are areas 9 :i* ! res]voir sy/em is impracticable1 z 9 ! l[] ,mississippi ,valley4 ,"h all t c be done is to protect ! adjac5t l& by means ( levees :ile controll+ ! floods f>!r up ! valley4 ,,fuel ,,res\rces ,l>g] use ( wat] p[] w\ld cons]ve ano!r valuable res\rce--coal4 ,( ?is fuel we h va/ res\rces--9 ,we/ ,virg9ia alone m ?an ,great ,brita9 & ,g]many comb9$4 ,b ! supply is n inexhau/ible & we are m9+ x & us+ x 9 an extravagant mann]4 ,! loss "h is n m]ely ( heat & p[] & light1 b ( _m valuable products ( coal1 includ+ dyes1 ammonia1 vasel9e1 & _m o!rs4 ,,de/ruction ,,by ,,floods ,floods are increas+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is is due *iefly to ! de/ruction ( our =e/s by wa/eful lumb]+ & by fire4 ,9 =e/$ areas ! gr\nd absorbs ! ra9fall m easily1 :ile 9 areas b>r5 ( trees & o!r vegetation x runs (f ! surface4 ,! de/ruction ( ! =e/s1 !re=e1 involves n only ! loss ( ! timb]1 b also ! loss caus$ by ! floods1 includ+ ! wa%+ away ( ! soil4 ,,! ,,=e/ ,,res]ves ,9 #ahia ,congress au?oriz$ ! ,presid5t to e/abli% =e/ res]ves1 ! fir/ to be creat$ be+ ! ,yell[/one ,p>k ,timb]l& ,res]ve4 ,f "t to "t new res]ves 7 e/abli%$1 & 9 #aijg ! "n 0 *ang$ to ! ,national ,=e/s4 ,9 #aiag1 m ?an #agf million acres 7 includ$ )9 ! ,national ,=e/ b\nd>ies1 #ba million acres ( :i*1 h[ev]1 belong$ to private own]s4 ,!y are adm9i/]$ by ! ,=e/ ,s]vice ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 at ! head ( :i* is ! ,*ief ,=e/]4 ,!y are gr\p$ 9 sev5 di/ricts ) a di/rict =e/] 9 *>ge ( ea*4 ,ov] ea* ( ! #aej =e/s 9 ! sev5 di/ricts !re is a =e/ sup]visor2 & ea* =e/ is fur!r subdivid$ into rang] di/ricts "u di/rict rang]s :o n only look aft] timb] sales & ! use ( ! =e/s g5]ally1 b also help build roads1 trails1 bridges1 telephone l9es1 & o!r p]man5t improvem5ts4 ,a rang] mu/ naturally be s\nd 9 body1 = he is call$ ^u to "w = long p]iods 9 all k9ds ( wea!r4 ,he mu/ also "k h[ to pack supplies & f9d food = himself & 8 horse 9 a c\ntry :]e x is (t5 sc>ce4 ,besides a writt5 te/1 prospective rang]s are exam9$ 9 compass survey+1 timb] "w1 & ! h&l+ ( horses4 ,footnote3 ,gov]nm5t ,=e/ ,"w1 ,=e/ ,s]vice1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 p4 #ae4 ,!re are also employ$ 9 ! ,=e/s great numb]s ( logg+ eng9e]s1 lumb]m51 scal]s1 plant+ assi/ants1 gu>ds1 & o!rs4 ,9 ! great w>1 ! ,=e/ ,s]vice rais$ two regim5ts ( m5 :o w5t to ,france to assi/ 9 ! v>i\s k9ds ( =e/ry "w necessitat$ by ! w>4 ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,=e/ ,,s]vice ,! purpose ( ! ,=e/ ,s]vice is to secure ! use ( ! =e/s 9 su* a way t !y w yield all _! res\rces to ! fulle/ ext5t )\t exhau/+ !m1 = ! b5efit prim>ily ( ! home build]4 ,! controll+ policy is s]v+ ! public :ile cons]v+ ! =e/s4 ,footnote3 ,! ,/atus ( ,=e/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,=e/ ,s]vice ,circul> #afg1 #aiji1 p4 #e4 ,timb] is cut & sold1 b always ) a view to develop+ future gr[?4 ,! =e/s are protect$ aga9/ fire4 ,burn$-ov] areas are re=e/$ by plant+4 ,wat] p[] sites are protect$4 ,! free/ possible use ( =e/ pa/ure l& is p]mitt$1 b "u su* regulations z to prev5t injury to ! =e/s & ! d5udation ( ! l& by ov]graz+4 ,9 #aiae1 n9e million cattle1 horses1 %eep1 & goats 7 pa/ur$ 9 ! =e/s4 ,9 #aiaf x 0 said t m ?an #bj million doll>s w probably be sp5t 9 ! next t5 ye>s 9 build+ good roads 9 ! ,national ,=e/s4 ,footnote #b3 ,op5+ up ! ,national ,=e/s by ,road ,build+1 ,,ye> ,,book ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 #aiaf4 ,also repr9t$ 9 sep>ate ,leaflet ,no4 #fif4 ,,wa/e ,,( ,,timb] ,,res\rces ,b our timb] res\rces are n all 9 ! ,national ,=e/s1 & ! wa/e cont9ues to an appall+ ext5t4 ,) a total annual cut ( #dj1jjj1jjj1jjj feet1 bo>d-measure1 ( m]*antable lumb]1 ano!r #gj1jjj1jjj1jjj feet are wa/$ 9 ! field & at ! mill4 ,9 ! yell[-p9e belt ! values 9 ros91 turp5t9e1 e?yl alcohol1 p9e oil1 t>1 *>coal1 & pap] /ock lo/ 9 ! wa/e are ?ree or f\r times ! value ( ! lumb] produc$4 ,en\gh yell[-p9e pulp-wood is consum$ 9 burn]s1 or left to rot1 to make d\ble ! total tonnage ( pap] produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b ! wa/es 9 lumb]+1 colossal ?\gh !y are 9 absolute am\nt1 are trivial comp>$ to ! losses :i* our e/ate has suff]$1 & /ill endures1 f =e/ fires4 ,! ,fr5* prop]ly reg>d z a national calamity ! de/ruction ( p]haps a ?\s& squ>e miles ( _! f9e =e/s by ,g]man %ells4 ,& yet ! photographs t !y %[ ( ?is wreck & utt] demolition may be reproduc$ indef9itely on #aj1jjj1jjj acres ( our =e/ l&s swept ea* ye> by equally deva/at+ fire = :i* our own p are responsible4 ,y h d\btless already =gott5 t =e/ fire :i* la/ autumn1 9 ,m9nesota1 burn$ ov] an area half z l>ge aga9 z ,massa*usetts1 de/roy+ m ?an tw5ty-five t[ns1 kill+ #djj p1 & leav+ #ac1jjj homeless4 ,footnote3 ,develop+ ! ,e/ate1 ,,atlantic ,,mon?ly1 ,m>*1 #aiai1 pp4 #chd-che4 ,! nation has be5 defraud$ ( a great deal ( weal? 9 timb] by speculators :o h tak5 advantage ( ! home/ead laws4 ,s+le tracts ( #afj acres (t5 h a value = ! timb] alone ( #bj1jjj 444 ,l&s acquir$ 444 "u ! guise ( ! home/ead law are to-day 9 ! h&s ( lumb] companies :o promptly pur*as$ !m f ! settl]s z soon z ! title pass$1 & are ei!r res]v+ !m = lat] cutt+ or are hold+ ! l& itself aft] cutt+ = f #dj to #fj an acre1 or ev5 m--a speculative process :i* effectively prev5ts ! possibility ( m5 ( small means acquir+ & e/abli%+ homes !re4 ,footnote #b3 ,! ,national ,=e/s & ! ,f>m]1 9 ,,ye> ,,book1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 #aiad1 p4 #gj4 ,to prev5t ?is sort ( ?+1 ! gov]nm5t n[ sells ! timb] & ! l& sep>ately1 )hold+ f agricultural entry heavily timb]$ l& until ! timb] is cut (f4 ,9 ! ,kaniksy ,national ,=e/1 9 ,idaho & ,wa%+ton1 timb] sales h be5 made to include mu* ( ! rema9+ agricultural timb]l&4 ,)9 eight ye>s fully #aj1jjj acres ( l& w be made available = settlem5t4 ,p]man5t homes w be e/abli%$ & !re w be available = ! use ( ! communities approximately #bbe1jjj = roads & s*ools1 _! %>e ( ! proce$s f ! sale ( ! timb]4 ,footnote #c3 ,,ibid41 p4 #ga4 ,,/ate ,,=e/s ,besides ! ,national ,=e/s1 !re are m ?an #d1jjj1jjj acres ( ,,/ate ,,=e/s4 ,tw5ty-f\r /ates h =e/ry dep>tm5ts1 sometimes "u a /ate bo>d or a commission1 sometimes "u ! control ( a s+le /ate =e/]1 z 9 ,massa*usetts & ,virg9ia4 ,9 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 & ,wiscons9 ! /ate =e/ry is a "p ( ! "w ( a g5]al cons]vation commission4 ,9 ,connecticut x is c5t]$ 9 ! /ate agricultural exp]im5t /ation1 & 9 ,texas 9 ! agricultural college4 ,9 ,s\? ,dakota ! /ate =e/] is "u ! commission] ( s*ools & public l&s4 ,s !re is great v>iety 9 ! organization ( =e/ry "w1 & great v>iation 9 ! am\nt & k9d ( att5tion giv5 to x4 ,,privately ,,own$ ,,timb]l&s ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! numb] ( /ates hav+ /ate =e/s & ! numb] hav+ =e/ry dep>tm5ts is due to ! fact t ! public =e/s embrace only a small "p ( ! timb]$ l& ( a /ate4 ,x w be not$ f ! table on page #bbe t only "o s\!rn /ate 7,nor? ,c>ol9a2 two if ,m>yl& is c\nt$7 has /ate =e/s4 ,six ( !m 7eight ) ,m>yl& & ,virg9ia7 h /ate =e/ry dep>tm5ts4 ,m att5tion is n[ be+ giv5 to =e/ pres]vation & use 9 ! ,s\? ?an ^! facts indicate1 because ( coop]ation betwe5 /ate & national gov]nm5ts1 *iefly ?r\gh ! c\nty ag5ts4 ,su* coop]ation also exi/s 9 ! nor!rn /ates4 ,! map on page #bdb %[s coop]ation = fire protection 9 ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,,volunt>y ,,protective ,,associations ,! cons]vation ( our =e/ res\rces requires coop]ation on ! "p ( citiz5s4 ,9 _m /ates !re are timb]l& own]s' fire protective associations1 9 #aiag ab\t fifty ( !m4 ,!re is an ,am]ican ,=e/ry ,association t publi%es a magaz9e devot$ to =e/ry1 ,,am]ican ,,=e/ry2 a ,society ( ,am]ican ,=e/]s2 ,! ,camp ,fire ,club ( ,am]ica1 ) a committee on cons]vation ( =e/s & wild life4 ,besides1 !re is a consid]able numb] ( local associations ) simil> purposes4 ,,erosion ,x is n always realiz$ h[ important to our welf>e ! =e/s are1 especially f ! po9t ( view ( agricultural production4 ,a v l>ge "p ( ! timb]$ area ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is 9 small woodl&s on privately own$ f>ms4 ,n only are ! timb] res\rces !mselves ( great value1 b ! relation ( woodl& to agriculture is v close1 especially 9 its effect ^u soil erosion4 ,altoge!r x has be5 e/imat$ t erosion is responsible = an annual loss 9 ?is c\ntry ( approximately #ajj1jjj1jjj4 ,to ! f>m] x means money out ( pocket f />t to f9i%4 ,x impairs ! f]tility & decreases ! productivity ( 8 l&1 & may ev5 ru9 x altoge!r2 x r5d]s irrigation m difficult & m co/ly2 by r$uc+ ! possibilities ( *eap wat] p[] developm5t x t5ds to keep up ! price & *eck ! m ext5d$ use ( electricity2 & by int]f]+ ) navigation x helps to prev5t ! developm5t ( a compreh5sive sy/em ( *eap inl& wat] transportation4 ,b ! f>m] is n ! only suff]]4 ,! entire community is directly affect$ by ! loss & is ju/ifi$ 9 tak+ h]oic measures to rem$y ! evil4 ,if ! problem is to be solv$ we mu/ cease to accel]ate surface run-(f by burn+ ! =e/s & bru% fields1 ov]graz+ ! range1 cle>+ /eep slopes = agriculture1 & practic+ antiquat$ me?ods ( cultivation4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! f>m]1 ! =e/]1 & ! /ockman mu/ coop]ate 9 see+ t ! l& is s us$ t surface run-(f1 p>ticul>ly at ! high] elevations1 is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,*ildr5 9 p>ticul> %\ld h _! int]e/ actively ar\s$ & _! support enli/$4 ,9 "o /ate1 gully clubs h be5 organiz$ by ! /ate =e/]4 ,^! are compos$ l>gely ( s*ool *ildr5 :o take an active "p 9 ! "w ( gully reclamation & p>ticul>ly 9 f9d+ & *eck+ incipi5t gullies be=e x is too late4 ,:y c\ld n su* organizations z boy sc\ts1 girl sc\ts1 & campfire girls be us$ 9 ! same way8 ,footnote3 ,f>ms1 ,=e/s1 & ,erosion1 ,,ye> ,,book ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 #aiaf1 pp4 #ajg-acd4 ,,m9]al ,,res\rces ,soil1 wat]1 & =e/s are only a few ( ! ri* natural res\rces ( our c\ntry1 al?\gh !y are among ! mo/ important4 ,great z ! m9]al production ( our c\ntry n[ is1 we h only begun to op5 ! m9]al /oreh\se4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h be5 extremely wa/eful ( "s ( our m9]als1 z 9 ! case ( natural gas1 oil1 & coal4 ,! w> has done m1 p]haps1 ?an any?+ else to op5 our eyes to our m9]al weal? & to convict u ( our wa/efulness 9 ! pa/4 ,9 ! light ( :at x has %[n u we %\ld r$\ble our ef=ts to cons]ve our res\rces4 ,our gov]nm5t has be5 gradually develop+ a program ( cons]vation :i* we %\ld help to make effective4 ,at ! end ( ?is *apt] w be f\nd ref]5ces to int]e/+ acc\nts ( our national weal?1 & ( :at ! gov]nm5t is do+ to cons]ve x 9 o!r directions ?an ^? describ$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,_m ( ^! ref]5ces are to publications issu$ by ! gov]nm5t itself1 :i* c be obta9$ = ! ask+4 ,inve/igate & report on4 ,losses 9 y\r /ate f p]iodic floods4 ,measures adopt$ or propos$ to control !m4 ,! by products ( coal & ( petroleum4 ,! ,=e/ ,s]vice ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,a description ( y\r /ate =e/s 7if any74 ,=e/ry 9 y\r own /ate1 public & private4 ,losses f =e/ fires 9 y\r /ate4 ,! life ( a =e/ rang]4 ,! use ( ! f>m woodlot 9 y\r locality4 ,! ext5t & effects ( soil erosion 9 y\r locality or /ate4 ,measures tak5 to prev5t x4 ,! feasibility ( gully clubs 9 y\r locality4 ,! m9]al res\rces ( y\r /ate4 ,uses 9 w> & peace4 ,game laws ( y\r /ate4 ,,read+s ,9 ,,lessons ,,9 ,,community ,,& ,,national ,,life3 ,s]ies ,a3 ,lesson #ac1 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,food ,adm9i/ration4 ,lesson #ad1 ,sub/itute ,foods4 ,s]ies ,b3 ,lesson #e1 ,sav+ ! soil4 ,lesson #f1 ,mak+ dyes f coal t>4 ,lesson #i1 ,h[ m5 made heat to "w4 ,lesson #ac1 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior4 ,s]ies ,c3 ,lesson #d1 ,petroleum & its uses4 ,lesson #e1 ,cons]vation z exemplifi$ by irrigation projects4 ,lesson #f1 ,*eck+ wa/e 9 ! production & use ( coal4 ,lesson #aj1 ,iron & /eel4 ,lesson #ad1 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,fuel ,adm9i/ration4 ,lesson #af1 ,! ,comm]cial ,economy ,bo>d ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,national ,def5se4 ,reports ( y\r ,/ate ,agricultural ,college & ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 & ( y\r ,/ate ,geologi/ & o!r (fic]s hav+ to d ) ! natural res\rces ( y\r /ate4 ,annual ,reports ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior4 ,t = #aiae 7pp4 #a-cj7 conta9s an int]e/+ review ( our natural res\rces & _! use2 also 7pp4 #aea-bji7 a compreh5sive & int]e/+ discussion ( our m9]al res\rces & _! developm5t4 ,t = #aiah conta9s an acc\nt ( ! plan = l& reclamation by & = soldi]s4 ,publications ( ! ,geological ,survey1 ! ,bureau ( ,m9es1 & ! ,reclamation ,s]vice 7all 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior71 & ( ! ,bureau ( ,fi%]ies 7,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce74 ,publications ( ! ,=e/ry ,s]vice 7,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture74 ,among ! num]\s publications ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture may be m5tion$3 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #cdj7;,decl>ation ( ,gov]nors = ! cons]vation ( natural res\rces74 ,! ,national ,=e/s & ! f>m]1 ,,ye> ,,book #aiad1 #fe-hh4 ,importance ( develop+ our natural res\rces ( pota%1 ,,ye> ,,book #aiaf1 pp4 #cja-caj4 ,agriculture & ,gov]nm5t reclamation projects1 ,,ye> ,,book #aiaf1 #agg-aih4 ,f>ms1 =e/s1 & erosion1 ,,ye> ,,book #aiaf1 #ajg-acd4 ,! f>m woodlot problem1 ,,ye> ,,book #aiad1 #dci-def4 ,economy ( f>m dra9age1 ,,ye> ,,book #aiad1 #bde-bef4 ,economic wa/e f soil erosion1 ,,ye> ,,book #aiac1 #bjg-bbj4 ,unpr(itable acres1 ,,ye> ,,book #aiae1 #adg-aed4 ,consult ,guide to ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t ,publications1 ,u4,s4 ,bureau ( ,education ,bullet91 #aiah1 ,no4 #b2 also1 ,! ,f$]al ,executive ,dep>tm5ts z ,s\rces ( ,in=mation1 ,u4,s4 ,bureau ( ,education ,bullet91 #aiai1 ,no4 #gd4 ,report ( ! ,national ,cons]vation ,commission 7#aiji71 ,s5ate ,docum5t #fgf1 #fj? ,congress1 #bnd ,session4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,protection ,,( ,,prop]ty ,,& ,,prop]ty ,,rights ,,de/ruction ,,( ,,prop]ty ,!re is no?+ m disc\rag+ ?an to h ! product ( "o's labor swept away by disa/]4 ,! f>m] :o has e prospect ( a bump] crop aft] a h>d season's "w may h 8 hope da%$ by smut 9 8 gra91 or by a visitation ( gras%opp]s1 or by /orm & flood4 ,*ol]a may c>ry (f 8 hogs1 or ho(-&-m\? disease 8 cattle4 ,rats & o!r rod5ts may eat 8 gra94 ,fire may de/roy 8 b>n or 8 home4 ,! ?ief may /eal 8 pocketbook or 8 automobile4 ,8 inve/m5ts may prove un=tunate1 or be swept away by somebody's bad managem5t or fraud4 ,"s ?\ghtless boys or delib]ate v&als may ru9 9 a few m9utes a beautiful lawn or trees t h tak5 ye>s to gr[ & h involv$ great exp5se & ef=t4 ,,! ,,national ,,loss ,,f ,,prop]ty ,,de/ruction ,! individual's loss is also a loss to ! community4 ,x is report$ by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture t ne>ly #hjj1jjj1jjj damage 0 done to crops by insects 9 a s+le ye>4 ,animal diseases cause a direct loss to our c\ntry e/imat$ at #bab1jjj1jjj annually4 ,hog *ol]a alone co/s #ge1jjj1jjj a ye>4 ,smut de/roys m ?an #ej1jjj1jjj a ye> 9 c]eals4 ,food & fe$ products to ! value ( #aej1jjj1jjj a ye> are de/roy$ by prairie dogs1 gr\nd squirrels1 & o!r rod5ts4 ,x is said t prairie dogs (t5 take half ! pa/urage ( we/]n cattle ranges4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! kill+ ( wolves1 coyotes1 m\nta9 lions1 bobcats1 & lynxes sav$ m ?an #b1jjj1jjj wor? ( live/ock 9 #aiah4 ,floods h de/roy$ #ajj1jjj1jjj 9 prop]ty 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley alone4 ,! loss f fire 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is said to equal ! value ( our total product ( gold1 silv]1 copp]1 & petroleum4 ,! build+s consum$ by fire 9 #aiad1 if plac$ on lots ( #fe feet frontage1 w\ld l9e bo? sides ( a /reet ext5d+ f ,new ,york to ,*icago4 ,a p]son j\rney+ along ?is /reet ( desolation w\ld pass 9 e ?\s& feet a ru9 f :i* an injur$ p]son 0 tak54 ,at e ?ree f\r?s ( a mile 9 ?is j\rney he w\ld enc\nt] ! *>r$ rema9s ( a human be+ :o has be5 burn$ to dea?4 ,footnote3 ,! ,fire ,tax & ,wa/e ( ,/ructural ,mat]ials 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,bullet9 #had1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior4 ,,! ,,s]vice ,,( ,,gov]m5t ,protection aga9/ loss ( prop]ty is "o ( ! *ief s]vices p]=m$ = u by our gov]nm5t4 ,we h already not$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xii :at a great deal ( "w bo? ! national & /ate gov]nm5ts are do+ to prev5t loss ( crops & ( live/ock f disease1 insects1 & o!r causes4 ,:at ?is may mean to ! individual f>m] & to ! c\ntry is sugge/$ by ! case ( a f>m] :o _h hundr$s ( acres ( corn de/roy$ 9 "s mann] unkn[n to him4 ,a s+le visit f a repres5tative ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture %[$ him ! cause ( ! tr\ble1 ! corn rootworm1 & h[ x c\ld be eradicat$ by a simple rotation ( crops4 ,! f>m] said t ?is k w\ld save him #aj1jjj a ye>4 ,,lead]%ip ,,& ,,coop]ation ,! /ate & national gov]nm5ts sp5d a great deal ( money 9 equipp+ exp]im5tal laboratories & employ+ sci5ti/s to seek out ^! enemies ( ! f>m] & ( ! nation1 to f9d me?ods ( de/roy+ !m or c\nt]act+ _! effects1 & to advise ! f>m] h[ he may protect himself & 8 neighbors4 ,:ile ! gov]nm5t provides lead]%ip 9 ^! matt]s1 x dep5ds ^u ! coop]ation ( ! p to get results1 z we h se5 9 s _m cases4 ,a f>m] may de/roy all ! rats1 or gr\nd squirrels1 or prairie dogs on 8 place1 b ! tr\ble w be repeat$ unless !re is community coop]ation4 ,! same ?+ is true ( animal & plant diseases1 insect enemies1 & s on4 ,inve/igate & report on3 ,fur!r facts reg>d+ losses to f>m]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates due to insect & bird enemies1 pr$atory animals1 animal & plant diseases4 ,simil> losses 9 y\r own /ate4 ,e/imat$ losses ( individual f>m]s 9 y\r locality f any ( ^! causes4 ,! value ( insect-eat+ birds z prop]ty sav]s4 ,campaigns aga9/ rabbits & prairie dogs 9 ! ,we/4 ,b\nties on wolves & o!r pr$atory animals 9 y\r /ate4 ,! "w ( y\r /ate exp]im5t /ation to prev5t loss ( prop]ty4 ,,national ,,coop]ation ,,= ,,flood ,,prev5tion ,"s k9ds ( protection require ef=t beyond ! p[]s ( individual citiz5s1 or ev5 ( comb9$ citiz5 action4 ,?is is ! case ) flood protection4 ,millions ( doll>s 9 prop]ty h be5 de/roy$1 ?\s&s ( lives lo/1 & untold suff]+ caus$ by ! p]iodic recurr5ce ( floods 9 c]ta9 sections ( ! c\ntry1 z 9 ! l[] ,mississippi ,valley1 or z 9 ,ohio1 a few ye>s ago4 ,! individual f>m] has "s responsibility = su* floods1 because by look+ aft] 8 own dra9age & pres]v+ 8 own timb]l& he may help decrease ! am\nt ( wat] t fl[s into ! /reams & ultimately causes su* havoc f>!r d[n ! valley4 ,b su* ef=ts are helpful only 9 connection1 ) ! l>g] ef=ts ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,ev5 /ate gov]nm5ts _c alone control ! floods1 because ! wat]s t cause damage 9 ,l\isiana & ,mississippi come f ! /ates along ! entire c\rse ( ! ,mississippi ,riv] & its tribut>ies4 ,moreov]1 ! de/ruction caus$ 9 ,l\isiana or any o!r /ate is a loss to ! entire nation4 ,! control ( floods requires ! comb9$ ef=ts ( national & /ate gov]nm5ts1 z well z ( local communities & individuals4 ,levees h be5 built along "s ( our riv]s t are subject to flood1 notably ! l[] ,mississippi1 :]e ! "w has be5 done by ! jo9t action ( ! /ates affect$1 ?r\gh _! local levee bo>ds & _! /ate bo>ds ( eng9e]s1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,mississippi ,riv] ,commission4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t has sp5t l>ge sums = riv] improvem5ts1 b !re is a g5]al feel+ t ! money has n always be5 wisely sp5t4 ,at all ev5ts ! "w has be5 re/rict$ to navigable /reams "u ! p[] ( ! national gov]nm5t to regulate int]/ate comm]ce4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 ! ,presid5t has approv$ a law pass$ by ,congress appropriat+ #de1jjj1jjj = ! control ( ! floods ( ! ,mississippi by improvem5ts f ! headwat]s ( ! riv] to ! m\? ( ! ,ohio4 ,! law also includes ! appropriation ( #e1jjj1jjj = ! protection ( ! ,sacram5to ,valley 9 ,cali=nia4 ,?is law 0 pass$ "u ! p[] giv5 to ,congress by ! ,con/itution to lay & collect taxes444= ! common def5se & g5]al welf>e ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7,art4 ,i1 sec4 #h1 clause i74 ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,wea!r ,,bureau ,great sav+ ( prop]ty has be5 effect$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau4 ,! "w ( ?is ,bureau is wond]ful1 b x is n my/]i\s4 ,j z ! movem5ts ( a %ip or ( a railroad tra9 may be report$ day by day1 & h\r by h\r1 by telegraph1 s ! appe>ance & movem5t ( a /orm c5t] or ( a cold wave or ( a flood are report$ f a multitude ( obs]v+ /ations4 ,!re are c5tral wea!r-=eca/+ /ations at ,*icago1 ,new ,orleans1 ,d5v]1 ,san ,francisco1 ,portl&1 ,ore41 & ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,wea!r =eca/s are made up at ^! po9ts f obs]vations telegraph$ 9 f obs]v+ /ations1 & )9 two h\rs are telegraph$ to ab\t #afjj di/ribut+ /ations1 f :i* !y are fur!r di/ribut$ to ab\t #ij1jjj mail addresses daily1 to all newspap]s1 & are made available to #e1ejj1jj x#c telephone subscrib]s4 ,a f>m] may call c5tral by telephone & le>n ) rem>kable c]ta9ty :at ! wea!r = tw5ty-f\r h\rs w be1 except 9 ! case ( local ?und] %[]s :i* may dr5* 8 fields :ile pass+ by ^? ( 8 neighbor4 ,x may be said )\t exagg]ation t ! ,san ,francisco (fice ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau has sav$ to ! citrus fruit gr[]s ( ,cali=nia m money )9 ! la/ five ye>s ?an ! annual appropriation = ! entire ,bureau dur+ a p]iod ( tw5ty ye>s4 ,9 ! citrus fruit di/ricts ( ,cali=nia x is report$ t fruit to ! value ( #ad1jjj1jjj 0 sav$444 dur+ "o cold wave4 ,! value ( ! orange bloom1 vegetables1 & /rawb]ries protect$ & sav$ on a s+le night 9 a limit$ di/rict 9 ,florida4440 report$ at ov] #ajj1jjj4 ,! w>n+s issu$ = a s+le cold wave444 result$ 9 sav+ ov] #c1ejj1jjj ?r\gh ! protection ( prop]ty4 ,signals display$ = a s+le hurricane are kn[n to h deta9$ 9 port on our ,atlantic coa/ vessels valu$ ) _! c>goes at ov] #cj1jjj1jjj4 ,flood w>n+s are s5t 9 f ab\t #fj c5t]s along our riv]s1 enabl+ f>m]s to remove _! cattle f bottom l&s1 to save _! crops :5 !y are ready = cutt+1 & o!rwise to det]m9e _! f>m+ op]ations4 ,!y are also ( ! greate/ s]vice to railroads1 bus9ess m51 & home own]s1 9 cities4 ,^! are b a few illu/rations ( ! s]vices p]=m$ by ! ,wea!r ,bureau4 ,inve/igate & report on3 ,! build+ ( levees 9 y\r /ate4 ,:]e1 by :om1 _! value4 ,! am\nt ( money sp5t 9 y\r /ate = riv] improvem5t 7or h>bor improvem5t74 ,h[ ! ,wea!r ,bureau =eca/s ! wea!r1 /orms1 floods4 ,h[ to read a wea!r map4 ,exp]i5ces ( individual f>m]s ( _! locality ) reg>d to b5efits d]iv$ f ! ,wea!r ,bureau4 ,h[ a m]*ant 9 y\r t[n may be b5efit$ by ! ,wea!r ,bureau4 ,! losses 9 y\r /ate & locale f fro/4 ,prev5table ,losses ,a great deal ( ! prop]ty loss ref]r$ to is due to causes = :i* we are n responsible1 su* z /orms1 ! depr$ations ( insects1 & epidemics ( animal disease4 ,b "s ( x is due to our own c>elessness4 ,x 0 said on page #agf t wa/efulness is our *ief national s94 ,c>elessness is ! tw9 si/] ( wa/efulness2 !y g h& 9 h&4 ,enorm\s wa/e is caus$ by fire1 & mo/ fires are due to c>elessness--c>elessness 9 h&l+ mat*es1 9 ! use ( oil /oves1 9 accumulations ( rubbi%1 9 dispos+ ( hot a%es1 9 smok+ :]e !re are inflammable mat]ials4 ,fire ,protection 9 ,cities ,9 cities & t[ns ! safety ( our own prop]ty f fire is l>gely dep5d5t ^u ! c>e ( o!rs4 ,if our neighbor is c>eless1 our prop]ty z well z 8 may be de/roy$4 ,"u su* circum/ances x is necess>y to h rules to regulate conduct = ! common safety4 ,! mat]ials ) :i* we may build1 ! ?ickness ( our walls1 ! con/ruction ( our flues1 ! /orage ( explosive or inflammable mat]ials1 ! disposal ( rubbi% & a%es1 & _m o!r ?+s1 are regulat$ by law4 ,?is is coop]ation = fire prev5tion4 ,mu* money is also sp5t by cities = fire protection1 includ+ wat] supply & organiz$ fire dep>tm5ts4 ,,fire ,,protection ,,9 ,,rural ,,communities ,:]e p live widely sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 z 9 rural communities1 su* regulations are less necess>y & organiz$ fire protection is less easy to af=d4 ,a f>m]'s prop]ty may be de/roy$ by fire f a sp>k f a pass+ locomotive1 or f ! camp ( a c>eless hunt] 9 ! adjo9+ woods4 ,!re may be /ate laws to control su* cases4 ,b 9 ! ma91 if 8 prop]ty burns x is due to ! c>elessness ( "s "o :o lives on ! premises1 & he is dep5d5t ^u 8 own ef=ts to control ! fire4 ,improv$ f>m wat] supply ) adequate pump+ facilities1 ! telephone by :i* neighbors may be summon$1 & ! automobile by :i* help may quickly be br\ght1 h increas$ ! f>m]'s safety2 b 8 *ief safegu>d is ! ex]cise ( c>e by all :o live on ! f>m at e po9t :]e a fire might possibly be />t$4 ,,fire ,,insurance ,fire insurance is a means ( r$uc+ ! fire loss ( individual prop]ty own]s by a =m ( coop]ation4 ,insurance companies1 op]at+ "u /ate laws1 sell insurance to prop]ty own]s4 ,! latt] pay a small premium = ! protection af=d$4 ,f ! funds produc$ by ! premiums & ! int]e/ on _! inve/m5t1 ! occasional losses ( individuals are paid4 ,?is does n prev5t ! de/ruction ( ! prop]ty1 b x di/ributes ! loss among ?\s&s ( p1 p]haps 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,,f>m]s' ,,coop]ative ,,insurance ,!re are 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ab\t #bjjj ,,f>m]s' ,,coop]ative ,,fire ,,insurance ,,companies1 c>ry+ insurance am\nt+ to m ?an #e billion doll>s4 ,^! companies are associations ( f>m]s :o elect _! own directors & manage _! own insurance bus9ess4 ,!y provide insurance at a mu* l[] rate ?an ! ord9>y comm]cial insurance companies4 ,a usual provision ( ! laws "u :i* ^! coop]ative companies op]ate is t no memb] may insure 8 prop]ty = its full value4 ,8 neighbors w help him be> 8 loss1 b w n be> x all4 ,?is has ! effect ( caus+ him to ex]cise great] c>e to prev5t fire on 8 premises4 ,= ?is reason insurance does r$uce ! actual fire loss to "s ext5t4 ,prop]ty may also be insur$ aga9/ loss f /orm & flood4 ,inve/igate & report on3 ,fire losses 9 y\r community 9 a ye>4 ,causes ( fires 9 y\r community la/ ye>4 ,numb] t 7 prev5table4 ,precautions aga9/ fire 9 y\r home & s*ool4 ,fire prev5tive regulations 9 y\r community4 ,co/ ( fire prev5tion 9 y\r community4 ,improv$ means ( fire prev5tion 9 c\ntry di/ricts4 ,h[ fire insurance works4 ,coop]ative fire insurance companies 9 y\r /ate4 ,/orm insurance 9 y\r locality4 ,,police ,,protection ,all /ates h laws to protect _! citiz5s aga9/ ! ill- mann]$ :o d n respect prop]ty rights--?ieves1 burgl>s1 highwaym51 v&als1 %>p]s1 & o!rs4 ,! en=cem5t ( ^! laws is left l>gely 9 ! h&s ( local community (fic]s4 ,cities h police dep>tm5ts1 ) l>ge numb]s ( patrolm5 & detectives ^: bus9ess x is n only to arre/ violators ( ! law aft] ! violation has tak5 place1 b also by _! vigilance to prev5t ! violation f occurr+4 ,,rural ,,police ,,protection ,! /ate laws aga9/ ! violation ( prop]ty rights apply to rural communities z well z to cities1 & rural communities h (fic]s = _! en=cem5t--! con/able 9 t[n%ips1 ! %]iff & 8 deputies 9 c\nties4 ,:]e ! population is small & widely scatt]$1 z 9 a rural t[n%ip or c\nty1 ab\t all ! (fic]s c d is to arre/ law violators aft] ! commission ( ! unlawful act1 if !y c be f\nd4 ,! (fic]s are too few to wat* isolat$ & remote prop]ty1 & 9 case ( s]i\s di/urbance1 su* z a riot1 !y are too few to h&le ! situation effectively4 ,rural communities & _m small indu/rial or m9+ communities d n always h ! protection !y ne$ aga9/ lawlessness4 ,9 su* cases ! t5d5cy is sometimes = ! p to take ! law 9 _! own h&s4 ,9 times ( labor tr\ble m9+ companies & o!r indu/rial corporations h sometimes organiz$ _! own police4 ,su* practice is dang]\s1 = ! en=cem5t ( law %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( ! /ate1 & n 9 ! h&s ( an int]e/$ p>ty4 ,9 e>ly days on ! fronti]1 9 m9+ & lumb] camps1 vigilance committees 7 common2 & ev5 n[1 9 v>i\s localities1 we he> too frequ5tly ( lyn*+ p>ties1 :i* are z lawless z ! orig9al (f5d]s aga9/ ! law1 & t5d to create a disrespect = law4 ,& yet disrespect = law may also result f failure on ! "p ( ! community to en=ce ! law ?r\gh regul> ag5cies1 f failure ( (fic]s to appreh5d (f5d]s promptly1 or ( c\rts to mete out ju/ice promptly & imp>tially4 ,,/ate ,,police ,canada has be5 m effici5t ?an ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 af=d+ protection to remote & rural communities1 by means ( h] national m\nt$ police4 ,! isolat$ f>m] & 8 wife slept securely 9 _! sod hovel beyond ! fronti]1 because !y knew t a brave & swift corps ( vigilant "y a?letes 444 kept sleepless vigil4 ,life & prop]ty 7 secure 444 4 ,footnote3 ,c4,r4 ,h5d]son1 ,rural ,police1 ,,annals ,am]ican ,academy ( ,political & ,social ,sci5ce1 #aiab1 p4 #bbh4 ,9 our own c\ntry ,texas has h] rang]s :o protect h] bord]s aga9/ raids2 b ! be/ example ( rural polic+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is 9 ,p5nsylvania1 :]e !re is a well-organiz$ /ate police1 or con/abul>y1 :i* has _m times prov$ its effici5cy 9 protect+ remote rural communities & homes1 9 br++ crim9als to ju/ice1 & 9 quell+ riots 9 m9+ c5t]s4 ,,v&alism ,a great deal ( prop]ty is de/roy$ or injur$ by ,,v&als4 ,! orig9al ,v&als 7 a tribe ( ,g]manic peoples :o invad$ s\!rn & we/]n ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & :o 7 not$ = _! de/ructiv5ess ( ! beautiful build+s & o!r evid5ces ( ,roman civilization4 ,!re seem to be v&als 9 almo/ e community1 & sometimes !y seem to be especially num]\s 9 small communities1 p]haps because ( ! lack ( police protection4 ,sometimes v&alism is wanton1--t is1 x results f an app>5t love ( be+ de/ructive4 ,mo/ (t5 x is purely ?\ghtless4 ,few p w\ld kn[+ly injure ! prop]ty ( ano!r if !y w\ld /op to ?9k ( _! feel+s if ano!r %\ld injure ,,_! prop]ty4 ,x is a case ( bad mann]s4 ,moreov]1 x is n a squ>e deal to injure ano!r's prop]ty :ile expect+ "o's own prop]ty to be secure4 ,:5 v&alism occurs 9 a community x creates a g5]al feel+ ( insecurity & de/roys ! s5se ( fre$om4 ,,public ,,prop]ty is (t5 m likely to suff] f v&alism ?an private prop]ty4 ,"s p w m> ! walls ( public build+s1 or make _! floors fil?y ) expectoration1 :5 !y w\ld n ?9k ( do+ s 9 private build+s4 ,!y w break %rubb]y 9 public p>ks1 or despoil public fl[] b$s1 :5 !y w\ld n ?9k ( ent]+ private premises = su* purpose4 ,!re seems to be a feel+ t public prop]ty belongs to no "o1 or else t1 s9ce x is public1 any "o is at lib]ty to d z he pleases ) x4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is fooli%4 ,x is z if a /ockhold] 9 a bus9ess corporation %\ld injure or de/roy ! corporation prop]ty1 =gett+ t he own$ a %>e 9 x & suff]$ a %>e ( ! loss4 ,inve/igate & report on3 ,organization ( police protection 9 y\r community4 ,organization ( a police dep>tm5t 9 a l>ge city4 ,! ,m\nt$ ,police ( ,canada & _! "w4 ,! ,texas rang]s4 ,! /ate police ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,vigilance committees 9 fronti] t[ns ( =m] times4 ,:y lyn*+ is wrong4 ,! promptness ) :i* ju/ice is met$ out 9 ! c\rts ( y\r /ate4 ,! ext5t & causes ( v&alism 9 y\r community4 ,is v&alism ju/ifiable on ,hall[e58 ,inspect ! c\r?\se & o!r public build+s 9 y\r community & report z to :e!r !y are disfigur$ 9 any way4 ,,! ,,sacr$ness ,,( ,,prop]ty ,,rights ,:5 a ?ief or v&al takes or de/roys ano!r p]son's prop]ty1 ! loss ( ! prop]ty is n ! wor/ ?+ t happ5s1 b ! attack ^u ,,prop]ty ,,rights4 ,! "r to security 9 "o's possessions is among ! mo/ sacr$ rights ( a free p1 be+ class$ ) ! "r to life1 ! "r ( free spee*1 ! "r ( petition1 ! "r to fre$om ( religion4 ,x is by secur+ ^! rights t ! law makes u free4 ,! sacr$ "r to prop]ty is z truly violat$ by "o :o /eals a nickel z by "o :o robs a bank ( a ?\s& doll>s1 by "o :o ru9s our fl[] b$ z well z by "o :o burns our h\se4 ,! am\nt has no?+ to d ) x4 ,! tax :i* ! ,engli% gov]nm5t impos$ on tea import$ by ! ,am]ican coloni/s 0 n a heavy tax1 b ! coloni/s object$ because x 0 impos$ )\t _! cons5t4 ,,con/itutional ,,gu>antees ,,( ,,prop]ty ,,rights ,! citiz5s ( a free c\ntry require protection ( _! prop]ty rights aga9/ infr+em5t by _! gov]nm5t z well z by "o ano!r4 ,! ,revolution>y ,w> 0 f\ght 9 def5se ( ?is & o!r rights aga9/ violation by ! ,engli% gov]nm5t4 ,:5 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 fram$1 ! p refus$ to ratify x unless am5dm5ts 7 add$ gu>antee+ ^! rights4 ,?us x 0 provid$ t no soldi] %all1 9 "t ( peace1 be qu>t]$ 9 any h\se )\t ! cons5t ( ! own]1 nor 9 "t ( w>1 b 9 a mann] to be prescrib$ by law 7,am5dm5t ,,iii72 t ! "r ( ! p to be secure 9 _! p]sons1 h\ses1 pap]s1 & effects1 aga9/ unreasonable se>*es & seizures1 %all n be violat$ 444 7,am5dm5t ,,iv72 t no p]sons %all be 444 depriv$ ( life1 lib]ty or prop]ty1 )\t due process ( law2 nor %all private prop]ty be tak5 = public use )\t j comp5sation 7,am5dm5t ,v4 ,see also ,*apt] ,,xiv1 p4 #bjg74 ,! ,con/itution also provides t no /ate %all 444 pass any 444 law impair+ ! obligation ( contracts 7,art4 ,i1 sec4 #aj1 clause ,i71 & 9 v>i\s o!r ways protects our prop]ty rights4 ,our /ate con/itutions conta9 _m simil> provisions4 ,our gov]nm5ts h ! p[] to take prop]ty 9 ! =m ( taxes1 b "u c]ta9 re/rictions impos$ by our con/itutions to safegu>d ! rights ( ! p 7see ,*apt] ,,xxiii74 ,,our ,,national ,,army ,x is to protect ^! ,,rights1 r ?an prop]ty itself1 t communities h _! police1 t /ates h _! militia1 & t ! nation has its army & its navy4 ,among ! *ief causes t l$ u into w> ) ,g]many 0 ! fact t ,g]many 0 violat+ ! prop]ty rights ( our citiz5s4 ,:ile our ,con/itution provides = /ate militia & a national army = ! def5se ( our rights1 prop]ty rights includ$1 x has always be5 our national policy to ma9ta9 z small a /&+ army z is consi/5t ) ! national safety2 & ?is = ! v reason t a l>ge /&+ army & a l>ge navy are n only a great burd5 ( exp5se1 b also1 z ! f\nd]s ( our nation believ$1 a m5ace to ! lib]ties ( ! p & to ! peace ( ! _w4 ,,! ,,s]vice ,,( ,,! ,,c\rts ,we h se5 t no p]son may be depriv$ ( prop]ty by ! gov]nm5t )\t due process ( law4 ,?is means t ! proc$ure provid$ by law mu/ be foll[$1 & t ! citiz5 ^: prop]ty is tak5 may h 8 side ( ! case pres5t$1 ! value ( ! prop]ty 9 "q apprais$ by imp>tial judges1 & s on4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ,,! ,,c\rts to see t ju/ice is done4 ,!y inquire into ! facts 9 ! case1 & int]pret ! law be>+ on x4 ,! c\rts are ! f9al safegu>d to our lib]ties4 ,our gov]nm5t comprises1 !re=e1 n only a law-mak+ bran* & a law-en=c+ bran*1 b also a ,,law-,,int]pret+1 ,,or ,,judicial1 bran*--! c\rts4 ,,! ,,rights ,,( ,,accus$ ,,p]sons ,! ,con/itution gu>antees ju/ice to p]sons accus$ ( violat+ ! prop]ty rights1 or o!r rights ( citiz5s1 by !ft1 fraud1 or o!rwise1 z well z to ! citiz5 :o has be5 wrong$4 ,9 all crim9al prosecutions ! accus$ %all enjoy ! "r to a spe$y & public trial1 by an imp>tial jury ( ! ,/ate & di/rict :]e9 ! crime %all h be5 committ$ 444 & to be in=m$ ( ! nature & cause ( ! accusation2 to be confront$ ) ! witnesses aga9/ him1 to h compulsory process = obta9+ witnesses 9 8 favor1 & to h ! assi/ance ( c\nsel = 8 def5se 7,am5dm5t ,,vi74 ,excessive bail %all n be requir$1 nor excessive f9es impos$1 nor cruel & unusual puni%m5ts inflict$ 7,am5dm5t ,,viii74 ,inve/igate & report on3 ,h[ are prop]ty rights gu>ante$ 9 y\r /ate con/itution8 9 ! national ,con/itution8 ,read ! *>ges made 9 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce aga9/ ! ,k+ ( ,engl& ) respect to ! violation ( prop]ty rights4 ,due process ( law4 ,! violation ( prop]ty rights by ,g]many z a cause = w>4 ,are prop]ty rights z sacr$ 9 "t ( w> z 9 "t ( peace8 ,:at prop]ty rights has an ,am]ican 9 ,mexico8 ,:at prop]ty rights has a ,mexican 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,:at became ( ,g]man prop]ty 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! w>8 ,! purpose ( ! c\rts4 ,:at c\rts exi/ 9 y\r community8 ,! rights ( a p]son accus$ ( crime4 ,,read+s ,9 ! ,ye> ,book ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture3 #aiaj1 pp4 #dac-dbd1 ,fire prev5tion & control on ! national =e/s4 #aiac1 pp4 #ge-ib1 ,br++ appli$ entomology to ! f>m]4 #aiae1 pp4 #aei-agb1 ,animal disease & our food supply4 #aiae1 pp4 #bfc-bgb1 ,rec5t gras%opp] outbreaks & me?ods ( control4 #aiaf1 pp4 #bag-bbf1 ,suppression ( gypsy & br[n-tail$ mo?s4 #aiaf1 pp4 #bfg-bgb1 ,coop]ative "w = eradicat+ citrus cank]4 #aiaf1 pp4 #cha-cih1 ,de/roy+ rod5t pe/s on ! f>m4 #aiah1 pp4 #cjc-caf1 ,f$]al protection ( migratory birds4 ,f>m]s' mutual fire insurance1 ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,bullet9 ,no4 #ecj2 also1 ,ye> ,book1 #aiaf1 pp4 #dba-dcd4 ,! ,wea!r ,bureau 7a pamphlet71 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton4 ,s5d to ! ,wea!r ,bureau = li/ ( publications4 ,h[ ! ,wea!r ,bureau =eca/s /orms1 fro/s1 & floods1 ,(fice ( ,in=mation1 ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture2 repr9t$ 9 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 ,m>* #ad1 #aiad4 ,=eca/+ /orms3 ! ,wea!r ,bureau's helpfulness1 ,,sunset ,,magaz9e1 vol4 #be1 pp4 #ebi-ecb 7,nov41 #aiaj74 ,! ,f>m] & ! ,wea!r ,bureau1 ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,feb4 #ah1 #aiaa4 ,do+ bus9ess by ! wea!r map1 ,,_w',s ,,"w1 ,june1 #aiad4 ,flood control3 ,wat] ,supply ,pap] #bcd1 ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior1 #aiai4 ,write = o!r publications on ?is subject4 ,also1 ! ,(fice ( ! ,*ief ( ,eng9e]s1 ,w> ,dep>tm5t4 ,!re has be5 mu* magaz9e lit]ature on ?is subject4 ,w> & ,navy ,dep>tm5ts1 9 ! ,f$]al ,executive ,dep>tm5ts1 ,bullet91 #aiai1 ,no4 #gd1 ,u4,s4 ,bureau ( ,education4 ,dunn1 ,,! ,,community ,,& ,,! ,,citiz51 *ap4 ,x4 ,h>t1 ,,actual ,,gov]nm5t1 pp4 #egc-ehb4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,roads ,,& ,,transportation ,,/udies ,,( ,,! ,,(fice ,,( ,,public ,,roads ,dur+ ! ye>s #aiaj-aiae ! ,(fice ( ,public ,roads ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture made a cont9u\s /udy1 ye> by ye>1 ( ! me?ods & results ( road improvem5t 9 eight select$ c\nties ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,footnote3 ,spotsylvania1 ,d9widdie1 ,lee1 & ,wise c\nties 9 ,virg9ia2 ,franklyn ,c\nty 9 ,new ,york2 ,dallas ,c\nty 9 ,alabama2 ,laud]dale ,c\nty 9 ,mississippi2 & ,manatee ,c\nty 9 ,florida4 ,! results ( ! inve/igation are describ$ 9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #cic 7#aiaf7 ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 :i* is wor? s5d+ = & /udy+ by any s*ool t is int]e/$ 9 ! improvem5t ( ! community4 ,,spotsylvania ,,c\nty1 ,,va ,"o ( ^! c\nties 0 ,spotsylvania ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia1 a map ( :i* is %[n on ! opposite page4 ,s9ce ! ,civil ,w> ! f>ml& 9 ?is c\nty _h gradually decl9$ f its prosp]\s condition be=e ! w> until x 0 little bett] ?an a wild]ness ( second-gr[? timb]1 valu$ at f #e to #ae an acre4 ,= _m mon?s ( ! ye> ! roads 7 well-nigh impassable4 ,!re 0 mu* weal? 9 timb]1 b x c\ld n be m>ket$ to advantage4 ,! soil 0 v little cultivat$4 ,m f>m products 7 %ipp$ into ,fr$]icksburg1 ! only city 9 ! c\nty1 by rail f outside ?an 7 %ipp$ out f ! f>ms ( ! c\nty4 ,,movem5t ,,= ,,road ,,improvem5t ,ne>ly "o ?ird ( ! population ( ! c\nty liv$ 9 ,fr$]icksburg2 b "u ! law ( ! /ate ( ,virg9ia ! p ( ! city c\ld n be tax$ = c\nty purposes outside ( ! city4 ,moreov]1 two ( ! f\r di/ricts ( ! c\nty at fir/ took little int]e/ 9 ! matt] ( road improvem5t1 al?\gh !y _h to use ! roads 9 go+ to m>ket at ,fr$]icksburg4 ,c\rtl& & ,*ancellor di/ricts1 h[ev]1 7 det]m9$ to h bett] roads1 & vot$ to raise ! necess>y money by sell+ bonds to ! am\nt ( #ajj1jjj4 ,?ree ye>s lat] ! o!r two di/ricts1 inspir$ by ! success ( ,c\rtl& & ,*ancellor di/ricts1 also vot$ bonds = road improvem5t to ! am\nt ( #gc1jjj4 ,?is debt w\ld ( c\rse h to be paid (f by levy+ taxes ^u ! p ( ! di/ricts4 ,) a tax rate ( #a4gj on e hundr$ doll>s' wor? ( prop]ty1 a f>m] ) a f>m assess$ at #cjjj w\ld pay a total tax ( #ea1 ( :i* #ai4dh w\ld be = ! roads4 ,,co/ ,,mu/ ,,be ,,ju/ifi$ ,x is n always easy to conv9ce ! p ( a community t x is wor? :ile to sp5d s mu* money on _! roads4 ,!y h to be %[n t ! exp5diture w 9 due "t pay = itself1 z well z add to ! conv5i5ce & pleasure ( ! community4 ,too mu* money sp5t 9 co/ly improvem5ts on roads t are little us$1 or 9 con/ruction t does n /& ! traffic & soon we>s out1 is ( c\rse a bad inve/m5t4 ,b ! results 9 ,spotsylvania ,c\nty1 z well z 9 ! sev5 o!r c\nties /udi$ by ! ,(fice ( ,public ,roads1 ju/ifi$ ! co/4 ,,/ate ,,& ,,local ,,coop]ation ,! law ( ,virg9ia provid$ t all highway con/ruction 9 ! /ate mu/ be sup]vis$ by ! ,,/ate ,,highway ,,commission]4 ,he accord+ly appo9t$ an eng9e] to sup]vise ! "w 9 ,spotsylvania ,c\nty1 ! eng9e]'s sal>y be+ paid by ! /ate4 ,! "w ( con/ruction1 h[ev]1 0 "u ! direction ( a ,,c\nty ,,bo>d ,,( ,,public ,,roads4 ,! bo>d appo9t$ a sup]9t5d5t :o hir$ all labor & teams & pur*as$ all equipm5t & mat]ials4 ,?ree ma9 highways 9 ,c\rtl& & ,*ancellor di/ricts1 & lead+ into ,fr$]icksburg1 7 *os5 = improvem5t4 ,)9 two ye>s m ?an =ty miles ( road 7 complet$1 or ab\t #aj p] c5t ( all ! roads 9 ! entire c\nty4 ,,money ,,= ,,repairs ,roads h to be kept 9 repair aft] !y are con/ruct$4 ,by #aiad money 0 ne$$ = ?is purpose4 ,! f>m]s object$ to fur!r increase ( ! tax rate1 s x 0 decid$ to *>ge ,,tolls = ! use ( ! improv$ highways--#e c5ts = a s+le horse & vehicle1 #aj c5ts = two horses & a buggy1 #ae c5ts = two horses & a wagon1 #be c5ts = f\r horses & a wagon1 & f #bj c5ts to #ce c5ts = automobiles4 ,m money ?an 0 ne$$ 0 rais$ 9 ?is way 9 ! fir/ mon?1 & ! tolls 7 !re=e r$uc$ "o half4 ,"o advantage to ! c\nty ( ! toll sy/em 0 t automobili/s & o!rs f o!r di/ricts1 c\nties1 & /ates w\ld contribute to ! upkeep ( ! roads4 ,,effect ,,( ,,improvem5ts ,,on ,,l& ,,values ,on ! roads select$ = improvem5t !re 7 #ce f>ms includ+ #eeah acres4 ,9 #aiaj1 ! av]age value ( ^! f>ms1 includ+ build+s1 0 #ad p] acre1 & seldom did any "o want to buy l& 9 ! neighborhood4 ,b )9 two ye>s aft] ! road improvem5t sev5 ( ! #ce f>ms _h be5 sold1 & a l>ge "p ( ano!r1 z %[n 9 ! foll[+3 ,9 ! next two or ?ree ye>s a numb] ( o!r f>ms 7 sold at simil> increas$ prices1 & "s f>ms t _h be5 ab&on$ 7 reoccupi$4 ,l>ge areas ( l& 7 cultivat$ = ! fir/ "t s9ce ! ,civil ,w>4 ,! f>m]s 71 h[ev]1 mo/ int]e/$ = ! "t be+ 9 _! timb] weal?1 & betwe5 #aiji & #aiac ! %ipm5ts ( =e/ products f ,fr$]icksburg increas$ #gh4b p] c5t4 ,,! ,,av]age ,,haul ,be=e ! improvem5t ( ! roads1 ! av]age weight ( load = a two-horse team 9 ! w9t] & spr+1 :5 ! roads 7 bad1 0 ab\t #abjj p\nds2 :5 ! roads 7 dry1 ab\t #bdjj p\nds4 ,! co/ = haul+ at ?is rate av]ag$1 = ! ye> r\nd1 ab\t #cj c5ts p] ton p] mile4 ,aft] ! roads 7 improv$1 ! av]age load ! ye> r\nd 0 #djjj p\nds1 & ! co/ = haul+ only #ae c5ts p] ton p] mile4 ,inve/igate & report on3 ,results ( road improvem5t 9 o!rs ( ! eight c\nties ref]r$ to on page #bdh 7see ,bullet9 #cic1 #aiaf1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture74 ,procure or make a map ( y\r c\nty %[+ road improvem5t4 ,is y\r c\nty well provid$ ) improv$ roads8 ,d ! cities & t[ns 9 y\r c\nty contribute to ! improvem5t ( ! c\ntry roads8 ,d ! p ( ! rural di/ricts ( y\r c\nty contribute to ! improvem5t ( ! /reets ( ! cities & t[ns8 ,bond issues 9 y\r c\nty = road improvem5t4 ,mean+ ( bond issues4 ,tax rate 9 y\r c\nty = road improvem5t4 ,h[ is road improvem5t manag$ 9 y\r c\nty8 ,:at help does y\r c\nty get f y\r /ate = road improvem5t8 ,:at sup]vision does y\r /ate ex]cise ov] road improvem5t8 ,are !re toll roads 9 y\r c\nty or /ate8 ,toll roads 7 once common 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,:y h tolls be5 g5]ally ab&on$8 ,:o has *>ge ( bridge con/ruction 9 y\r c\nty8 ,f :at s\rces does ! money come = road repair 9 y\r c\nty8 ,:at is ! co/ ( haul+ on ! roads ( y\r c\nty8 ,h[ does ?is co/ comp>e ) ! co/ 9 neighbor+ c\nties & /ates8 ,relation ( l& values 9 y\r c\nty to ! "* ( ! roads4 ,,money ,,value ,,( ,,good ,,roads ,good roads pay1 9 doll>s & c5ts1 provid$ !y are made ( suitable mat]ials & ) due reg>d to ! k9d & am\nt ( traffic !y are to c>ry4 ,!y p]mit ( l>g] loads1 & m loads 9 a giv5 "t2 !y save we> & te> on horses1 h>ness1 wagons1 & automobiles2 9 ! case ( automobiles !y save gasol9e2 !y save ! "t ( ! f>m]2 !y make possible a m v>i$ agriculture by mak+ m>ket+ easi]2 !y add to ! value ( ! l&4 ,,good ,,roads ,,& ,,community ,,life ,b good roads pay 9 _m o!r ways ?an 9 doll>s & c5ts4 ,9 ,spotsylvania ,c\nty1 z 9 o!r c\nties inve/igat$ at ! same "t1 ! improvem5t ( ! roads 0 foll[$ by a decid$ improvem5t 9 s*ool att5dance4 ,9 m ?an "o case x l$ to ! improvem5t ( ! quality ( ! s*ools by ! consolidation ( a numb] ( poor1 "o-room s*oolh\ses into a s+le l>g] s*ool ) bett] equipm5t & bett] tea*]s 7see ,*apt] ,,xix74 ,! relation betwe5 good roads & good s*ools is cle>ly sugge/$ 9 "o ( ! illu/rations 9 ?is *apt]4 ,s1 also1 good roads increase ! ease ) :i* ! p ( ! community may associate ) "o ano!r1 att5d *ur* or community meet+s at ! s*oolh\se1 & enjoy ! social life & ent]ta9m5t ( ! neighbor+ city or village4 ,:5 ! road is improv$1 ! f>m]s along ! way are m likely to keep ! we$s cut1 to repair brok5 f5ces or build new ones1 & o!rwise to beautify ! adjo9+ premises1 :i* adds bo? to ! money value ( prop]ty & to ! enjoym5t ( life4 ,,road ,,mak+ ,a ,,coop]ative ,,ent]prise ,road mak+ is necess>ily a coop]ative ent]prise4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a public road s]ves ! common int]e/ ( ! entire community4 ,! community may1 ?r\gh its gov]nm5t1 ex]cise ! ,,"r ,,( ,,em95t ,,doma91 tak+ l& f adjac5t f>ms = ! purpose ( lay+ out a new road1 provid$1 ( c\rse1 t ! f>m]s are paid = x4 ,9 ! second place1 ! mak+ ( a road is f> too co/ly & difficult = an individual f>m] to und]take = ! b5efit he himself w\ld d]ive f x4 ,x requires a great deal ( labor & a high degree ( te*nical skill4 ,,road ,,mak+ ,a ,,job ,,= ,,exp]ts ,x has be5 q common = f>m]s !mselves to "w on ! roads ( _! locality--work+ out _! road taxes4 ,b roads s made are seldom v good1 unless ! "w is sup]vis$ by someone tra9$ 9 ! bus9ess4 ,:e!r a f>m] works on ! roads himself or m]ely pays = hav+ x done1 x is to 8 advantage to "k some?+ ab\t road mak+4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture & ! /ate agricultural colleges n[ give ext5sion c\rses 9 road mak+ = ! b5efit ( ! f>m]s4 ,x is report$ t 9 "o c\nty ( ,oklahoma ! pupils ( =ty diff]5t s*ool di/ricts h built m ?an =ty miles ( good roads1 ( c\rse work+ "u sup]vision4 ,,value ,,( ,,c\ntry ,,roads ,,to ,,cities ,good c\ntry roads are ( ! greate/ importance1 n only to ! f>m]s & rural communities1 b also to ! p ( cities4 ,! road improvem5t 9 ,spotsylvania ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia1 0 ( z mu* b5efit to ! p & ! bus9ess ( ,fr$]icksburg z to ! f>m]s4 ,an excell5t illu/ration ( ! recognition ( ! common int]e/ ( city & c\ntry 9 ! public roads1 & ( effective coop]ation 9 improv+ !m1 0 giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,iii1 page #cb1 9 ! case ( ,*ri/ian ,c\nty1 ,k5tucky4 ,! wide use ( ! automobile has done a great deal to awak5 ! p ( cities to _! int]e/ 9 c\ntry roads1 & associations & j\rnals devot$ to ! int]e/s ( automobili/s h be5 active 9 advocat+ ! improvem5t ( ! public highways4 ,,good ,,roads ,,n ,,m]ely ,,( ,,local ,,conc]n ,9 ,spotsylvania ,c\nty we saw1 also1 t ! improvem5t ( roads 9 two di/ricts 0 a direct advantage to ! f>m]s ( ! o!r two di/ricts4 ,c>ry+ ?is idea fur!r1 we %all see t ! roads ( "o c\nty may be ( ! greate/ importance to o!r c\nties 9 ! /ate2 & ^? ( "o /ate ( importance to o!r /ates4 ,! cros/ies produc$ f ! timb] ( ,spotsylvania ,c\nty may be want$ = railroad build+ 9 a di/ant /ate4 ,! cotton f ! plantations ( ,t5nessee or ,texas is ne$$ at ! mills 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,! :eat ( ! great f>ms ( ! nor?we/ supplies ! :ole nation4 ,mo/ ( ! freight c>ri$ on ! railroads & /eam%ips has at "s "t & 9 "s =m be5 haul$ 9 wagons & trucks ov] c\ntry roads4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 t ! "* ( ! highways 9 any locality is a matt] ( national int]e/1 & ev5 ( _w-wide int]e/4 ,,e>ly ,,national ,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,road ,,build+ ,:5 our nation 0 creat$1 ! "q ( highways at once became v important4 ,! /ates ne$$ to be b\nd toge!r1 & ! public l&s mu/ be settl$4 ,! ,con/itution gave ,congress ! p[] to e/abli% po/ (fices & po/ roads1 & to regulate comm]ce 444 among ! sev]al /ates2 b x 0 n cle> h[ f> ^! p[]s c\ld be ex]cis$ = int]nal improvem5ts4 ,roads & canals 7 propos$ 9 great numb]s4 ,9 #ahjf ,congress au?oriz$ ! build+ ( ! ,cumb]l& ,road1 :i* began at ,cumb]l&1 ,md41 & 0 f9ally complet$ z f> we/ z ,ill9ois4 ,road build+ 01 h[ev]1 left *iefly to ! /ates & to private ent]prise4 ,! ,cumb]l& ,road f9ally pass$ "u ! control ( ! /ates ?r\gh :i* x ran1 & by !m 0 giv5 into ! managem5t ( ! c\nties4 ,_m turnpikes 7 built by private companies1 :i* *>g$ tolls = _! use4 ,,poor ,,roads ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,! build+ ( _m canals &1 lat]1 ! com+ ( railroads caus$ int]e/ 9 public highways to decl9e1 & _! build+ 0 left almo/ :olly to local initiative1 :]e x rema9$ until v rec5tly4 ,! result is t ! ,unit$ ,/ates has _h ! poore/ roads 9 ! civiliz$ _w4 ,"u local managem5t ! co/ ( public roads fell *iefly ^u ! f>m]s1 cities escap+ taxation = ?is purpose1 except = _! own /reets4 ,a road runn+ across a /ate might be well kept 9 "s localities :ile all[$ to run d[n 9 o!rs4 ,a community 0 reluctant to sp5d money on a highway only to h ! improvem5ts de/roy$ by ?r\gh traffic f neighbor+ communities :o _h no responsibility = ma9ta9+ ! road4 ,local communities c\ld n af=d to employ exp]t (ficials to plan & sup]vise road con/ruction4 ,,/ate ,,control ,,( ,,highways ,"u ^! conditions ! road situation became s bad t public s5tim5t 0 gradually ar\s$ on ! subject1 & x 0 se5 t a road 0 ( m ?an m]ely local importance4 ,/ate control 0 agitat$4 ,new ,j]sey 0 ! fir/ /ate to pass a law plac+ ! highways )9 ! /ate "u /ate regulation4 ,?is 0 9 #ahia4 ,o!r /ates foll[$ ,new ,j]sey's example1 until by #aiad =ty-two /ates _h /ate highway dep>tm5ts4 ,^! diff] greatly f "o ano!r 9 organization1 p[]s1 & effici5cy4 ,un=tunately1 political influ5ce has ent]$ into road build+ & managem5t 9 _m /ates 9 su* a way z to int]f]e ) effici5cy2--t is1 ^? 9 *>ge ( roads h (t5 be5 *os5 = political reasons r ?an = _! fitness = ! "w1 & l>ge sums ( money h be5 sp5t unwisely1 if n di%one/ly 9 "s cases4 ,,rec5t ,,progress ,,"u ,,/ate ,,control ,9 a numb] ( /ates1 ,,/ate ,,highways h be5 built4 ,^! are :olly /ate ent]prises1 paid = & manag$ by ! /ate4 ,cali=nia has two trunk l9es runn+ ! entire l5g? ( ! /ate1 ) bran* l9es connect+ !m ) ! c\nty seats4 ,to ,janu>y #a1 #aiad1 ,massa*usetts _h complet$ m ?an #ajjj miles ( /ate highways4 ,new ,york has an ext5sive sy/em1 & ,m>yl& is ano!r example4 ,b ! plan mo/ commonly 9 use is /ate aid & sup]vision 9 ! con/ruction ( roads by c\nties4 ,?is 0 ! ,new ,j]sey plan ( #ahia4 ,by x1 plans = road improvem5t ) /ate aid 9 any c\nty mu/ be approv$ by ! /ate highway dep>tm5t1 & con/ruction is sup]vis$ by /ate eng9e]s4 ,! co/ is divid$ betwe5 ! /ate & ! local community4 ,9 ,new ,j]sey ! prop]ty own]s along ! highway1 :o ( c\rse are mo/ directly b5efit$1 7 to pay "o-t5? ( ! co/1 ! /ate "o-?ird1 & ! c\nty ! rema9d]4 ,9 ,wiscons91 ! bo>d ( c\nty commission]s 9 ea* c\nty is requir$ to plan a c\nty sy/em ( highways to be a "p ( ! /ate sy/em4 ,! co/ ( ea* c\nty sy/em is divid$ equally among t[n%ip1 c\nty1 & /ate4 ,! "w is direct$ by a c\nty highway commission]1 b 9 accordance ) plans & specifications ( ! /ate highway commission4 ,9 ,ohio1 a sy/em ( int]c\nty highways is be+ built1 connect+ all ! c\nty seats ( ! /ate4 ,c\nties1 t[ns1 & prop]ty own]s along ! highway mu/ provide an am\nt equal to t provid$ by ! /ate1 & ! "w is "u ! direction ( ! /ate highway dep>tm5t4 ,9 ,virg9ia ! co/ ( highway con/ruction is divid$ equally betwe5 /ate & local communities2 b ! c\nties (t5 accept f ! /ate ! labor ( prison convicts in/ead ( money4 ,convict labor on ! roads is q common 9 s\!rn /ates4 ,! money = /ate aid 9 highway build+ is commonly rais$ by ! sale ( bonds by ! /ate4 ,= ! ma9t5ance ( ! roads aft] !y are built1 ! proce$s f automobile lic5ses are appli$4 ,our roads1 ev5 9 remote rural di/ricts1 are ( national importance = ! reasons /at$ on page #bei4 ,moreov]1 !y are becom+ m & m us$ = ! transportation ( freight & pass5g]s ov] long di/ances1 = :i* ! introduction ( ! automobile & ! motor truck is responsible4 ,!re=e1 national coop]ation is necess>y = adequate road improvem5t4 ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,national ,,gov]nm5t ,,= ,,road ,,improvem5t ,! "w ( ! national gov]nm5t on behalf ( good roads has h]et(ore be5 l>gely educational & advisory4 ,9 #ahic ! ,(fice ( ,road ,inquiry 7n[ ! ,(fice ( ,public ,roads7 0 creat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture to inve/igate me?ods ( road mak+ & managem5t4 ,! results ( its inve/igations h be5 publi%$ = ! b5efit ( ! c\ntry4 ,advice 0 giv5 :5 ask$ =4 ,in/ruction 0 giv5 ?r\gh ext5sion c\rses 7p4 #beg74 ,"h & !re model or exp]im5tal roads 7 con/ruct$ to te/ new me?ods or to s]ve z object lessons to ! localities :]e !y 7 built4 ,good road build+ has also be5 greatly /imulat$ by ! ext5sion ( ! rural free mail deliv]y1 r\tes n be+ e/abli%$ unless ! roads are 9 reasonably good condition4 ,! national gov]nm5t has also giv5 to _m /ates public l&s )9 _! bord]s1 ! proce$s f :i* 7 to be us$ = road con/ruction2 & a "p ( ! proce$s f ! sale ( timb] 9 ! national =e/s is devot$ to road build+ 9 ! locality4 ,,f$]al ,,aid ,,road ,,act ,9 #aiaf1 h[ev]1 ,congress pass$ ! law kn[n z ! ,f$]al ,aid ,road ,act4 ,?is law places ! national gov]nm5t 9 ! same relation to ! /ates1 9 ! matt] ( road build+1 t ! /ate gov]nm5ts h borne to ! c\nties 9 grant+ /ate aid4 ,! ,f$]al ,aid ,road ,act appropriat$ #ge million doll>s to aid /ates 9 improv+ _! rural po/ roads1 & #aj million doll>s = ! con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( roads 9 ! national =e/s4 ,( ! #ge million doll>s = /ate aid 9 build+ po/ roads1 #e million doll>s 7 to be available ! fir/ ye>1 #aj million ! second1 #ae million ! ?ird1 & s on = five ye>s1 :5 ! total am\nt w h be5 us$4 ,! money is giv5 to ! /ates only on _! reque/1 & on condition t ea* /ate %all provide an am\nt equal to t receiv$ f ! national treasury4 ,! money is apportion$ among ! /ates on ! basis ( area1 population1 & ! ext5t ( po/ roads 9 ! /ate4 ,,responsibility ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,! adm9i/ration ( ! law is 9 ! h&s ( ! ,(fice ( ,public ,roads4 ,! entire c\ntry is divid$ into t5 di/ricts1 ov] ea* ( :i* is a di/rict eng9e]4 ,:5 a /ate desires aid f ! national gov]nm5t1 its highway dep>tm5t mu/ draw up plans = ! improvem5ts propos$ & submit !m to ! di/rict eng9e]1 :o 9 turn submits !m ) recomm5dations to ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture1 ^: approval !y mu/ h4 ,hav+ obta9$ ?is approval1 ! "w is c>ri$ on by ! /ate z 9 ! case ( o!r roads entirely "u /ate control4 ,,results ,,( ,,f$]al ,,aid ,x is too soon yet to tell :at ! results ( ?is new coop]ative ent]prise ( ! national gov]nm5t w be4 ,b ! fir/ important effect has be5 to cause ! organization ( /ate highway dep>tm5ts 9 ! few /ates t did n already h !m1 & ! reorganization ( su* dep>tm5ts 9 ! /ates :]e !y 7 weak2 = ! ,f$]al ,aid ,road ,act provides t aid may be giv5 to ! /ates only on condition t !y h effective highway dep>tm5ts4 ,! result is t e /ate 9 ! ,union n[ has an active highway dep>tm5t1 & road improvem5t is go+ on at a rate nev] be=e kn[n4 ,inve/igate & report on3 ,! am\nt ( "t sav$ 9 a ye> by a f>m] 9 y\r locality because ( good roads2 or lo/ because ( unimprov$ roads4 ,! we> & te> on vehicles & equipm5t because ( unimprov$ roads4 ,effect ( improv$ or unimprov$ roads 9 y\r c\nty on s*ool & *ur* att5dance1 social life1 etc4 ,in/ances ( ! ex]cise ( ! "r ( em95t doma9 9 y\r c\nty = road improvem5t4 ,mat]ials us$ 9 road mak+ 9 y\r c\nty4 ,relative m]its ( diff]5t mat]ials z %[n by exp]i5ce 9 y\r c\nty4 ,me?ods ( road con/ruction 9 y\r c\nty4 ,ext5sion c\rses 9 road mak+ by y\r /ate agricultural college4 ,! am\nt ( traffic on ! roads ( y\r community by non- resid5ts4 ,! s5tim5t ( f>m]s ( y\r locality ) reg>d to road improvem5t4 ,organization ( ! /ate highway commission ( y\r /ate4 ,! /ate highway sy/em ( y\r /ate4 ,hi/ory & use ( canals 9 y\r /ate 7if any74 ,influ5ce ( rural mail deliv]y ^u road improvem5t 9 y\r c\nty4 ,! ext5t to :i* f$]al aid = road improvem5t has be5 tak5 advantage ( by y\r /ate4 ,,! ,,nation',s ,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,transportation ,^? :o live 9 ! mo/ remote rural communities h a vital int]e/ 9 ! nation's transportation sy/em1 includ+ railways & /eam%ip l9es4 ,z we h se5 7p4 #bjc71 !re 0 ! close/ relation betwe5 ! build+ ( railroads & ! op5+ ( ! public l&s4 ,! m>ket ( ! f>m] & ! s\rce ( 8 supplies are n m]ely ! neighbor+ trad+ c5t]1 b 9 f> di/ant p>ts ( ! c\ntry & ( ! _w4 ,)\t railroads1 ! f>m]1 ! manufactur]1 & ! city m]*ant w\ld alike be helpless4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,control ,,( ,,railroads ,:ile our gov]nm5t has at times giv5 direct aid to enc\rage ! build+ ( railroads1 z by ! gift ( public l&s1 !y h be5 develop$ *iefly by private ent]prise4 ,!y are own$ by private corporations :i* d bus9ess "u *>t]s grant$ by ! /ate gov]nm5ts 7r>ely by ! national gov]nm5t7 & regulat$ by law4 ,control ov] !m has be5 ex]cis$ *iefly by ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 except 9 matt]s affect+ int]/ate comm]ce1 :i* falls "u ! control ( ,congress4 ,z ! p>ts ( our c\ntry h become m closely b\nd toge!r & int]dep5d5t1 l>gely by ! influ5ce ( ! railroads !mselves1 an increas+ly l>ge "p ( comm]ce has become int]/ate 9 "*1 & railway transportation has become m & m a national conc]n4 ,! result is an increas+ control by ! national gov]nm5t ,,int]/ate ,,comm]ce ,9 #ahhg1 ,congress creat$ an ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission ) p[] to inquire into ! managem5t ( ! bus9ess ( common c>ri]s1 su* z railroads1 /eam%ip l9es1 & express companies4 ,x 0 lat] giv5 p[] to fix rates :i* su* c>ri]s c\ld *>ge4 ,o!r laws 7 pass$1 su* z ! ,%]man ,act1 or ,anti-,tru/ ,law1 ( #ahij1 :i* made unlawful any contract1 comb9ation 444 or conspiracy 9 re/ra9t ( trade4 ,^! & o!r laws *eck$ abuses t *>act]iz$ railroad managem5t at t "t1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !y are said 9 "s respects to h hamp]$ ! economic & effici5t developm5t ( ! c\ntry's transportation sy/em4 ,! ,%]man ,law1 = example1 absolutely =bade ! consolidation ( compet+ railroad l9es "u "o managem5t1 al?\gh su* consolidation (t5 makes = effici5cy & economy4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,railroad ,,adm9i/ration ,,9 ,,w> ,:5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ent]$ ! rec5t w>1 ! weakness ( our transportation sy/em quickly became app>5t1 & ! ne$ = ! mo/ effective transportation s]vice l$ ! gov]nm5t to take unusual /eps to secure x4 ,! ,presid5t issu$ a proclamation by :i*1 9 ! ex]cise ( 8 ,,w> ,,p[]s1 he took possession & assum$ control ( ea* & e sy/em ( transportation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! appurt5ances !re(4 ,?is meant assum+ control ov] #cig1jjj miles ( railways own$ by #bije corporations & employ+ m ?an #a1gjj1jjj p]sons4 ,! managem5t ( ?is great transportation sy/em 0 intru/$ to a ,railroad ,adm9i/ration ) a ,director ,g5]al ( ,railroads at its head4 ,! own]%ip ( ^! railroads1 h[ev]1 rema9$ ) ! private companies1 :i* 7 to receive comp5sation = ! use ( _! prop]ty1 & 7 to receive back ! railroads aft] ! w> 0 ov]4 ,,advantages ,,( ,,gov]nm5t ,,managem5t ,! :ole purpose ( ! gov]nm5t 9 its managem5t ( ! railroads 0 to w9 ! w>1 ! conv5i5ce ( ! public be+ a m9or consid]ation4 ,! p *e]fully put up ) inconv5i5ces ( travel & ) rates t !y _h n exp]i5c$ :ile ! roads 7 "u private managem5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re 7 c]ta9 decid$ advantages 9 ! managem5t ( all railroads z "o great sy/em4 ,x meant ! consolidation ( compet+ l9es t ! law itself prev5t$ ! railway companies f effect+1 x meant %ort5+ r\tes 9 _m cases1 ! use ( common freight t]m9als by diff]5t l9es1 ! increase ( track facilities & /orage areas at seaport t]m9als1 ! sell+ ( pass5g] tickets good ov] any "o ( sev]al roads runn+ betwe5 two po9ts4 ,!re are ^? :o believe t ! railroads %\ld be manag$1 or ev5 own$1 by ! gov]nm5t 9 "t ( peace z well z dur+ w>4 ,!re are o!rs :o believe z /rongly 9 private own]%ip & direction4 ,_m ( ! latt] believe1 h[ev]1 t a m p]fect control %\ld be ex]cis$ ov] ! privately own$ roads by ! gov]nm5t "u laws t protect ! int]e/s ( ! public & t at ! same "t p]mit1 or ev5 require1 great] coop]ation among ! roads ?an has h]et(ore exi/$4 ,s9ce ! w>1 bills h be5 introduc$ 9 ,congress look+ to ^! ends1 & d\btless ! exp]i5ce ( ! w> w result 9 an appreciable improvem5t 9 our c\ntry's railway transportation sy/em4 ,,wat] ,,transportation ,9 ! e>ly days ( our nation1 riv]s 7 us$ = transportation to a l>ge ext5t1 & canals 7 propos$ 9 great numb]s1 "s ( !m be+ built & c>ry+ a l>ge am\nt ( traffic4 ,! com+ ( ! railroads caus$ wat] transportation to decl9e1 to ! nation's great loss4 ,! w> /imulat$ ! use ( our wat]ways to a consid]able ext5t1 & any s*eme = transportation control 9 ! future %\ld provide = _! fulle/ developm5t z a means ( m>ket+ ! products ( our f>ms1 =e/s1 m9es1 & factories4 ,!re 0 also a "t1 9 ! e>ly "p ( our hi/ory1 :5 our seaports sw>m$ ) ,am]ican %ips t sail$ e sea4 ,our %ipp+ aft]w>d decl9$ because o!r nations built & mann$ %ips m *eaply ?an we c\ld d4 ,we all[$ ^! o!r nations to c>ry our comm]ce4 ,we deplor$ ! fact t our m]*ant m>9e _h disappe>$ & discuss$ ways & means to re/ore x4 ,b all to no purpose1 until ! great w> came2 !n we ,,_h to h %ips4 ,,effect ,,( ,,w> ,,^u ,,our ,,m]*ant ,,m>9e ,:5 we ent]$ ! w> we _h almo/ no %ips4 ,congress creat$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,%ipp+ ,bo>d & its ,em]g5cy ,fleet ,corporation4 ,z a result1 & )9 a ye>'s "t1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates took rank z ! lead+ %ipbuild+ nation 9 ! _w4 ,x has m %ipy>ds1 m %ipways1 m %ip work]s1 m %ips "u con/ruction1 & is build+ m %ips e mon? dur+ ! w> ?an any o!r c\ntry4 ,prior to ! w> ! ,unit$ ,/ates /ood a poor ?ird among ! %ipbuild+ nations4 ,s9ce ,augu/1 #aiag1 m seago+ tonnage has be5 laun*$ f ,am]ican %ipy>ds ?an 0 ev] laun*$ be=e 9 a simil> p]iod any:]e4 ,footnote3 ,%ipp+ ,facts1 issu$ by ! ,u4,s4 ,%ipp+ ,bo>d1 ,septemb]1 #aiah4 ,moreov]1 "u ! /ress ( necessity me?ods ( %ipbuild+ & op]ation 7 develop$ t ought to make x possible = ! ,unit$ ,/ates to compete successfully 9 ! future ) o!r nations1 ev5 ?\gh our workm5 & sailors are paid m ?an ^? ( o!r nations4 ,! *airman ( ! %ipp+ bo>d said1 ,! ,am]ican community mu/ ?9k ( %ips z a local improvem5t4 ,?is means t ! bus9ess & welf>e ( e ,am]ican community1 :e!r a seaport or a remote f>m+ community1 are dep5d5t ^u %ips4 ,by our m]*ant m>9e ! ,am]ican f>m] & ! ,am]ican bus9essman are br\ght into t\* ) ! remote/ p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,inve/igate & report on3 ,! s]vice ( ! railroads to ! f>m]s ( y\r c\nty4 ,to ! m]*ants ( y\r t[n4 ,! /ory ( ! build+ ( ! fir/ transcont95tal railway4 ,/ate control ( railroads 9 y\r /ate4 ,exp]i5ces ( y\r community ) respect to railroad rate discrim9ation4 ,! "w ( ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission4 ,! "w ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,railway ,adm9i/ration dur+ ! w>4 ,advantages & disadvantages ( gov]nm5t control ( railroads dur+ ! w>4 ,! w> p[]s ( ! ,presid5t4 ,argum5ts = & aga9/ gov]nm5t own]%ip ( railroads4 ,electric int]urban railways 9 y\r c\nty & /ate4 ,:at !y mean to ! f>m] & to ! city resid5t4 ,! "w ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ ,survey4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican m]*ant m>9e4 ,! developm5t ( ! ,am]ican m]*ant m>9e dur+ ! rec5t w>4 ,! build+ ( fabricat$ %ips4 ,! life ( a sailor to-day1 z comp>$ ) t ( #ajj ye>s ago4 ,! dep5d5ce ( ! ,am]ican f>m] ^u ! m]*ant m>9e4 ,,read+s ,c\nty reports relat+ to road con/ruction & improvem5t4 ,reports ( ,/ate ,highway ,commission4 ,/ate managem5t ( public roads1 ,,ye> ,,book1 ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 #aiad1 pp4 #baa-bbf4 ,publications ( ,(fice ( ,public ,roads1 ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,write also to ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton1 = price li/ ( docum5ts relat+ to ! subject ( roads4 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9s relat+ to m>ket+ & transportation facilities1 ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,9 ,,lessons ,,9 ,,community ,,& ,,national ,,life3 ,s]ies ,a3 ,lesson #bf1 ,conc5tration ( control 9 ! railroad indu/ry4 ,s]ies ,b3 ,lesson #bg1 ,good roads4 ,s]ies ,c3 ,lesson #be1 ,a seaport z a c5t] ( conc5tration ( population & weal?4 ,lesson #bg1 ,e>ly transportation 9 ! ,f> ,we/4 ,lesson #bh1 ,! fir/ railway across ! cont95t4 ,consult ! public libr>y = magaz9e lit]ature on ! subject ( roads1 railroads1 riv] transportation1 etc4 ,= example1 9 ! ,,review ,,( ,,reviews1 ,febru>y1 #aiah1 !re are ! foll[+ articles3 ,uncle ,sam ,takes ! ,railroads4 ,! ,_w's ,greate/ ,port 7,new ,york74 ,new ,york ,canals a ,transportation ,res\rce4 ,riv] ,navigation--a ,w> ,measure4 ,h>t1 ,,actual ,,gov]nm5t1 *ap4 ,,xxvii4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,communication ,roads & o!r means ( transportation are important n only z a means ( transport+ products1 b also z a means ( communication among ! memb]s ( ! community4 ,team "w is impossible )\t prompt & effective means ( communication4 ,tell :at y "k ab\t ! value ( signals 9 gett+ team "w 9 a football or baseball team4 ,discuss ! importance ( means ( communication 9 conduct+ milit>y op]ations4 ,:at means 7 us$ = ?is purpose 9 our ,army 9 ,france8 ,h[ 7 milit>y movem5ts report$ & direct$ 9 ! ,revolution>y ,w>8 ,&rew ,jackson's victory at ,new ,orleans 0 won a mon? aft] ! ,w> ( #ahab 0 (ficially end$4 ,h[ did ?is happ58 ,:at 7 "s ( ! me?ods us$ by ! ,am]ican ,indians to convey in=mation betwe5 di/ant po9ts8 ,,language ,,z ,a ,,means ,,( ,,communication ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ *apt]s 9 hi/ory is t relat+ to ! developm5t ( means ( communication4 ,language itself is ! mo/ important ( ^! means4 ,x is n altoge!r cle> :at ! fir/ /eps 7 9 ! developm5t ( spok5 language2 b we "k t among unciviliz$ peoples conv]sation is aid$1 & (t5 l>gely c>ri$ on1 by signs made ) ! h&s4 ,writt5 language c]ta9ly develop$ f ! use ( pictures1 :i* 7 gradually curtail$ into ,,hi]oglyphics1 su* z 7 us$ by ! anci5t ,egyptians1 & f9ally develop$ into ! ,,alphabet1 ea* lett] ( :i* 0 orig9ally a picture4 ,a /ory is told ( a gr\p ( ,am]ican ,indians :o "s ye>s ago visit$ an ea/]n city4 ,!y c\ld n make !mselves und]/ood1 nor c\ld !y und]/& o!rs1 & became v lonely4 ,!y 7 tak5 to visit a deaf-&-dumb in/itution1 :]e !y 7 q delight$ to f9d t !y c\ld conv]se freely by ! use ( a natural sign language4 ,unciviliz$ peoples are 9 ! habit ( convey+ ideas 9 ! mo/ a/oni%+ ways4 ,= example1 among a c]ta9 ,african tribe ! gift ( a too? bru% c>ries a message ( affection4 ,^! ,africans take great pride 9 _! :ite tee?1 & ! too? bru% c>ries ! message1 ,z ,i ?9k ( my tee? morn+1 noon1 & night1 s ,i ?9k (t5 ( y4 ,to illu/rate ! developm5t ( ! alphabet f pictures1 our lett] ,m repres5ts ! e>s ( an owl1 :i* 9 ,egypt 0 call$ ,,mu1 & ! picture ( :i*1 lat] r$uc$ to ! e>s1 came to repres5t ! s\nd ( ,m44 ,,effects ,,( ,,illit]acy ,,& ,,inability ,,to ,,use ,,engli% ,! fasc9at+ /ory ( ! developm5t ( language _c be told "h4 ,x is ref]r$ to because we are likely to =get :at an important factor x is 9 mak+ community life possible4 ,inability to use a common language prev5ts int]c\rse & team "w4 ,l>ge numb]s ( m5 draft$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,army 7 unable to und]/& ! ,engli% language4 ,betwe5 #cj1jjj & #dj1jjj illit]ates 7 tak5 9 ! fir/ draft & x is said t !re 7 ne>ly #gjj1jjj m5 ( draft age 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o c\ld nei!r read nor write4 ,!y c\ld n sign _! names1 nor read ord]s or in/ructions4 ,!y _h to be sep>at$ & taught1 ?us greatly delay+ ! complete organization ( our available fight+ =ces4 ,inability to use a common language is equally an ob/acle 9 indu/rial life1 = non-,engli% speak+ workm5 are unable to und]/& in/ructions1 or to read signs & w>n+s4 ,_m accid5ts are due to ?is cause4 ,x is said t approximately #e #a_/b million ( our population above t5 ye>s ( age _c read or write 9 any language1 & t #e million ( our =eign population _c use ,engli%4 ,an active campaign is n[ be+ conduct$ to tea* ,engli% to =eign]s & to eradicate illit]acy4 ,a bill has rec5tly be5 introduc$ 9 ,congress to provide ,f$]al aid = ?is purpose4 ,if ! productive labor value ( an illit]ate is less by only #ej c5ts a day ?an t ( an educat$ man or woman1 ! c\ntry is los+ #hbe1jjj1jjj a ye> ?r\gh illit]acy 444 ,! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t & ! ,/ates sp5d millions ( doll>s 9 try+ to give in=mation to ! p 9 rural di/ricts ab\t f>m+ & home mak+4 ,yet #c1gjj1jjj1 or #aj p] c5t1 ( our c\ntry folk c n read or write a ^w4 ,!y c n read a bullet9 on agriculture1 a f>m pap]1 a food-pl$ge c>d1 a lib]ty-loan appeal1 a newspap]1 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or _! ,bibles1 nor c !y keep p]sonal or bus9ess acc\nts4 ,an un9=m$ democracy is n a democracy4 ,a p :o _c h means ( access to ! m$iums ( public op9ion & to ! messages ( ! ,presid5t & ! acts ( ,congress c h>dly be expect$ to und]/& ! full mean+ ( ?is w>1 to :i* !y all mu/ contribute 9 life or prop]ty or labor4--,,secret>y ,,lane1 ,annual ,report1 #aiah1 p4 #cj4 ,f lett] to ! ,presid5t4 ,ask at home3 ,:at is illit]acy8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 an illit]ate & a non-,engli% speak+ p]son8 ,debate 7or discuss73 ,,resolv$1 ,t ,,all p]sons ( s\nd m9d 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be requir$ by law to att5d s*ool until !y are able to speak1 read1 & write ,engli% flu5tly4 ,,resolv$1 ,t ! elim9ation ( illit]acy & ! tea*+ ( ,engli% to =eign]s %\ld be left :olly to ! /ates )\t int]f]5ce or aid f ! national gov]nm5t4 ,:y are =eign]s requir$ to read sections f ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates be=e !y receive _! naturalization pap]s8 ,:at does kn[+ h[ to read mean8 ,debate3 ,,resolv$1 ,t no native-born ,am]ican %\ld be p]mitt$ to vote :o _c read intellig5tly4 ,:at is be+ done 9 y\r community & 9 y\r /ate to eradicate illit]acy & to tea* ,engli% to =eign]s8 ,,! ,,pr9t+ ,,press ,,& ,,newspap]s ,next to language itself1 ! mo/ important inv5tion = ! communication ( ideas is ! art ( pr9t+4 ,x made possible ! book1 ! magaz9e1 ! newspap]4 ,! writ] ( ?is book is enabl$ to communicate ) boys & girls :om he w nev] see by means ( ! pr9t$ page & ! pictures :i* ! book conta9s4 ,by ! same means ! ideas ( p :o liv$ long ago h be5 h&$ d[n to u1 & ! ideas ( to-day w be pass$ on to lat] g5]ations4 ,mo/ wond]ful is ! mod]n newspap]1 :i* daily c>ries into almo/ e home ( ! l& ! important happ5+s 9 ! _w dur+ ! prec$+ tw5ty- f\r h\rs4 ,9 cities sev]al editions are pr9t$ dur+ ! day4 ,! newspap] enables ! m]*ant to communicate1 ?r\gh adv]tisem5ts1 ) possible buy]s1 & ! f>m] & bus9ess man to keep po/$ reg>d+ crop conditions & m>ket prices4 ,mo/ newspap]s h special dep>tm5ts = diff]5t classes ( read]s--a woman's page1 a *ildr5's column1 a page devot$ to sports1 ano!r to m>ket conditions4 ,mo/ ( !m also h a dep>tm5t 9 :i* individuals may ask que/ions or express _! own op9ions reg>d+ que/ions ( ! day4 ,! local newspap]1 ) a circulation t seldom ext5ds f> beyond ! c\nty 9 :i* x is publi%$1 is ( ! greate/ value 9 /imulat+ a community _s4 ,,! ,,"r ,,( ,,free ,,spee* ,! fir/ am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates provides t3 ,congress %all make no law 444 abridg+ ! fre$om ( spee* or ( ! press2 or ! "r ( ! p peaceably to assemble444 ,! "r ( free spee* & ( a free press is a v sacr$ "o1 & its ma9t5ance is "o ( ! *ief safegu>ds ( democracy4 ,x is ! means by :i* ,,public ,,op9ion is =m$ & made kn[n2 & public op9ion is "o ( ! *ief means ( control 9 a democracy4 ,x controls ! conduct ( individuals1 & x controls ! actions ( gov]nm5t4 ,! repres5tatives & lead]s ( ! p 9 ! gov]nm5t seek con/antly to "k :at public op9ion is1 & ! public press is "o ( ! *ief *annels ?r\gh :i* !y may f9d out4 ,on ! o!r h&1 lead]s & p>ties seek to ,,=m public op9ion1 to lead ! p to ?9k 9 c]ta9 ways & to support c]ta9 ideas4 ,! press af=ds an effective means = do+ ?is4 ,,propag&a ,x is easy to see t bo? good lead]s & bad lead]s may ?us create public op9ion1 t bo? good & bad ideas may be spread ?r\gh ! press4 ,dur+ ! w> we he>d mu* ab\t ,g]man ,,propag&a4 ,?is means t ideas 7 sy/ematically spread to create a public op9ion favorable to ! ,g]man cause4 ,x 0 done l>gely by rumors1 spr++ f no "o kn[s :]e1 & spread+ by ^w ( m\?4 ,b x 0 also accompli%$ ?r\gh ! newspap]s1 by news items & /ories t appe>$ to be true & t 7 publi%$ innoc5tly en\gh 9 mo/ cases1 b t aft]w>d 7 f\nd to be false4 ,,! ,,develom5t ,,( ,,public ,,op9ion ,x is n to be suppos$ t all propag&a is h>mful or dang]\s4 ,!re is propag&a 9 good causes1 or on bo? sides ( a disput$ "q4 ,by ?is means public op9ion is educat$4 ,:5 ! peace conf]5ce at ,p>is propos$ a plan = a ,league ( ,nations1 x 0 at once tak5 up = discussion ?r\gh ! newspap]s & magaz9es4 ,p :o believ$ 9 ! idea organiz$ a campaign ( ,,publicity to support ! plan & to create a public op9ion = x1 :ile ^? oppos$ to x 7 equally active 9 _! attempt to create a public op9ion aga9/ x4 ,9 ?is way ! p became in=m$ reg>d+ ! "q1 provid$ !y read bo? sides ( ! discussion & n "o only4 ,lead]s 9 ! community may conduct propag&a ?r\gh ! newspap]s 9 behalf ( bett] s*ools1 bett] roads1 woman suffrage1 prohibition1 or any o!r cause4 ,! good citiz5 _c well get along )\t ! newspap] & magaz9e4 ,b he ne$s to keep 9 m9d ! fact t news items may be 9 error1 & t ! op9ions express$ by editors & o!r writ]s usually repres5t ! op9ions ( b a s+le gr\p ( p1 :i* may be l>ge or small1 "r or wrong4 ,9 mo/ cases ^! writ]s are s9c]e1 b !re is always ! *ance = error4 ,! intellig5t citiz5 w n base 8 own op9ions & actions solely on :at he reads 9 ,,"o pap] or magaz9e or book1 b w seek to und]/& ,,all sides ( a "q4 ,he is help$ to d ?is by ! great v>iety ( publications available repres5t+ e %ade ( belief1 & by ! fre$om ( spee* & ( ! press "u our sy/em ( gov]nm5t4 ,,! ,,control ,,( ,,free ,,spee* ,,& ,a ,,free ,,press ,fre$om ( spee* & ( ! press does n mean t a citiz5 may always say any?+ he pleases 9 public4 ,at no "t has "o ! "r to attack ! "* ( ano!r by false or malici\s /atem5ts4 ,?is con/itutes sl&]1 or libel1 & may be puni%$ by ! c\rts4 ,9 "t ( w> fre$om ( spee* & ( ! press may be re/rict$ to an ext5t t w\ld n be tol]at$ 9 "t ( peace1 because if absolute fre$om 7 p]mitt$ in=mation might be made public t w\ld be helpful to ! enemy1 & propag&a />t$ t w\ld be dang]\s to ! public safety4 ,b ev5 9 w> "t1 ! p ( a democracy *afe "u re/rictions ^u free spee* & a free press1 & x is (t5 a delicate "q to det]m9e h[ f> su* re/riction is ju/ifiable or wise4 ,make a report on ! inv5tion ( ! pr9t+ press4 ,is !re m ?an "o local pap] 9 y\r t[n or c\nty8 ,d ^! local pap]s take ! same position 9 reg>d to public que/ions8 ,d y read m ?an "o8 ,:at is ! mo/ influ5tial newspap] 9 y\r /ate 7ask at home78 ,:y is x s influ5tial8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a news /ory & an editorial8 ,ask at home :at newspap] editor x 0 :o said1 ,g ,we/1 "y man4 ,also f9d out :at y c ab\t 8 influ5ce z an editor4 ,exam9e ) c>e ! newspap]s y take at home & make a li/ ( _! diff]5t dep>tm5ts or sections4 ,:at d y fir/ look = 9 ! newspap] :5 y read x8 ,ask y\r fa!r & "m & o!r memb]s ( ! family :at !y fir/ look =4 ,:at is ! value ( ,,c>toons 9 ! newspap]8 ,d y /udy !m8 ,d !y convey a /ory to y8 ,make a collection ( c>toons t y ?9k are p>ticul>ly good1 & expla9 :at ea* means4 ,is any propag&a be+ conduct$ n[ 9 ! newspap]s y read8 ,if s1 expla9 :at x is4 ,to :at ext5t are newspap] & magaz9e adv]tisem5ts useful 9 y\r home8 ,,po/-,,(fices ,,& ,,po/-,,roads ,congress 0 giv5 p[] by ! ,con/itution to e/abli% po/- (fices & po/-roads4 ,!re _h be5 a po/al s]vice 9 ! colonies be=e ! ,revolution4 ,dur+ ! ,revolution ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 0 made ,po/ma/] ,g5]al1 & he made ! s]vice z effective z x c\ld well be made "u ! conditions t exi/$ 9 ^? times4 ,! plan t he devis$ 0 cont9u$ aft] ! ,con/itution 0 adopt$4 ,9 ^? days mails 7 s5t f ,new ,york to ,bo/on & to ,philadelphia two or ?ree times a week4 ,!y 7 c>ri$ on horseback or by /age & by boat4 ,sometimes a mon? 0 consum$ by a trip t c n[ be made 9 a half-day4 ,po/age co/ f six c5ts to tw5ty-five c5ts = ea* lett]1 accord+ to ! di/ance x 0 c>ri$1 & _h to be paid 9 ca% 9 advance4 ,po/age /amps 7 n introduc$ until #ahdg4 ,(t5 mail 0 all[$ to accumulate until !re 0 en\gh to pay = ! trip4 ,! isolation ( a remote rural community c well be imag9$ :]e ! difficulties ( communication 7 s great1 & :]e ! sc>city ( money made po/age an important item4 ,,rural ,,mail ,,r\tes ,9 #aiah !re 7 #ed1cde po/-(fices 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates manag$ by ! ,po/-,(fice ,dep>tm5t at ,wa%+ton1 besides ne>ly #fjj 9 ! ,philipp9es manag$ by ! w> ,dep>tm5t1 & a few 9 ! ,panama ,canal ,zone4 ,( ! #cjcj c\nties 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #cjjh _h rural mail r\tes aggregat+ m ?an a million miles 9 ext5t1 s]v+ m ?an #f million families1 & co/+ = op]ation m ?an #ec million doll>s4 ,?is co/1 h[ev] am\nts to only ab\t #a4ij = ea* p]son s]v$1 or a little m ?an "o c5t = ea* piece ( mail h&l$4 ,! aim is to make ! po/al s]vice pay = itself1 & 9 #aiah ! receipts exce$$ ! exp5ditures by m ?an #fj million doll>s4 ,,special ,,s]vices ,,( ,,! ,,po/-,,(fice ,,dep>tm5t ,! ,po/-,(fice ,dep>tm5t n only provides = ! transportation ( ord9>y mail1 b ?r\gh its po/-(fices x sells money ord]s = ! transmission ( money safely ?r\gh ! mails2 x op]ates ! p>cel po/ by :i* m]*&ise may be transport$1 includ+ f>m produce ( _m k9ds2 x adm9i/]s ! po/al sav+s sy/em4 ,"o ( ! int]e/+ divisions ( ! ,po/-,(fice ,dep>tm5t is ! ,division ( ,dead ,lett]s1 to :i* is return$ all mail t fails to rea* its de/9ation4 ,9 #aiah !re 7 return$ to ! ,dead-,lett] ,division #ad1dea1iec pieces ( mail4 ,9 ^! dead lett]s !re 7 drafts1 *ecks1 money ord]s1 & loose money1 am\nt+ to #d1aid1hci4fh4 ,! failure ( ?is mail to rea* its prop] de/9ation is due 9 v l>ge measure to c>elessness 9 address+ & to failure to place on ! envelope or package a return address4 ,a great deal ( loss & inconv5i5ce c\ld be avoid$1 & mu* labor & exp5se sav$ = ! po/al s]vice1 if e "o w\ld see t e piece ( mail s5t out is prop]ly address$ & /amp$1 & has a return address 9 ! upp] left-h& corn]4 ,,transportation ,,( ,,! ,,mails ,! effici5cy ( ! po/al s]vice dep5ds v l>gely ^u ! means ( transportation1 f /eam%ip & railway l9es d[n to ! c\ntry roads4 ,no?+ else1 p]haps1 has /imulat$ ! improvem5t ( roads s mu* z ! rural mail s]vice4 ,x is ! p[] grant$ by ! ,con/itution to ,congress to e/abli% ,,po/- roads t enables ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t to aid ! /ates 9 road improvem5t4 ,! developm5t ( fa/ mail tra9s & ! introduction ( motor-truck s]vice h be5 important /eps 9 ! improvem5t ( ! po/al s]vice 9 city & c\ntry4 ,! late/ developm5t is ! transportation ( mail by airplane4 ,an a]ial mail r\te betwe5 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 & ,new ,york ,city 0 e/abli%$ ,may #ae1 #aiah1 & a r\nd trip daily is n[ made ov] ?is r\te1 reg>dless ( wea!r conditions4 ,! fly+ "t f ,wa%+ton to ,new ,york1 ) a /op at ,philadelphia1 av]ages two h\rs & ?irty m9utes1 or "o half ! "t ( ! fa/e/ tra9s4 ,! ,po/-,(fice ,dep>tm5t is plann+ an ext5sive airplane mail s]vice f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific1 ) v>i\s side l9es2 also to ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,panama1 & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! r\tes are p>tially work$ out1 & trial trips h be5 made 9 "s cases1 z betwe5 ,new ,york & ,*icago4 ,,! ,,telegraph ,we ne$ only m5tion ! important "p play$ by ! telegraph1 ! subm>9e cable1 & ,,radio-,,communication1 9 b9d+ toge!r our nation & ! _w z a :ole4 ,)\t !m ! mod]n newspap]1 ) its daily news f e corn] ( ! globe1 w\ld be impossible1 our coop]ation 9 ! great ,_w ,w> w\ld h be5 extremely difficult1 & ! ,presid5t probably w\ld n h left ! ,unit$ ,/ates to p>ticipate 9 ! peace negotiations at ,p>is4 ,al?\gh ! fir/ telegraph l9e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 own$ & op]at$ by ! gov]nm5t z a "p ( ! po/al s]vice1 ! telegraph s]vice ( ! c\ntry has s9ce be5 9 ! h&s ( private corporations2 except t dur+ ! w> ! ,po/-,(fice ,dep>tm5t took ov] ! managem5t ( ! telegraph & ! telephone1 z ! ,railroad ,adm9i/ration took ov] ! transportation l9es4 ,,! ,,telephone ,z ?is *apt] is be+ writt51 ^w has come t ! ,secret>y ( ! ,navy has talk$ by ,,wireless ,,telephone ) ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :ile ! latt] 0 #hjj miles out at sea on 8 return f ,france4 ,at ! close ( ! w> ,am]ican aviators 7 talk+ ) "o ano!r f airplane to airplane1 & receiv+ ord]s f ! gr\nd1 by wireless telephone4 ,^! in/ances sugge/ new possibilities ( communication 9 ! ne> future4 ,already ! ord9>y telephone has practically made ov] our community life 9 _m p>ticul>s4 ,we c h>dly e/imate its value 9 bus9ess & home life1 9 ! city or on ! f>m4 ,!re are ab\t #hjjj rural telephone sy/ems 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates s]v+ ! homes ( two million f>m]s4 ,9 #aiab1 out ( sev5 hundr$ & eighte5 telephone sy/ems 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ab\t six hundr$ & fifty 7 c\ntry telephone sy/ems own$ & op]at$ privately by gr\ps ( f>m]s4 ,^! includ$ ab\t #bj1jjj telephones & us$ approximately #ce1jjj miles ( wire4 ,,s]vice ,,( ,,! ,,rural ,,telephone ,to call a neighbor & ask = ! ex*ange ( labor on c]ta9 "w1 z ?re%+1 hay+1 etc41 is only ! "w ( a mom5t4 ,to h a def9ite answ] imm$iately is (t5 wor? mu*4 ,to be able to 'phone ! village /orekeep]1 :o runs a c\ntry deliv]y1 & ask t supplies be s5t out is a great conv5i5ce to ! h\sewife4 ,to 'phone ! implem5t deal] & le>n :e!r he has ne$$ repairs 9 /ock &1 if s1 to h !m s5t out on ! next trolley c>1 if n to ask him to telegraph ! factory to =w>d !m imm$iately by express1 is a sav+ ( "t t (t5 am\nts to a l>ge sav+ :5 ! plant+ or h>ve/+ ( crops is delay$ because ( ne$$ repairs4 444 f>m homes h be5 sav$ f de/ruction by fire because ( prompt help secur$ by ^w ov] ! telephone2 444 valuable animals h be5 sav$ ?r\gh ! e>ly arrival ( ! vet]9>ian :o 0 summon$ by 'phone4 444 ,_m an it9]ant %>p]'s plans h be5 fru/rat$4 444 ,! %>p] 9 disgu/ turns to o!r fields :]e !re are no telephones ov] :i* to notify 8 prospective victims ( 8 game4 ,bus9ess appo9tm5ts1 social appo9tm5ts1 discussions ( social & *ur* plans1 to say no?+ ( ! m]e fri5dly ex*ange ( greet+ ov] ! telephone h probably comp5sat$ e own] ( a rural telephone _m times ov] = ! exp5se ( x1 if all bus9ess advantages 7 ignor$4 444 ,at "s seasons ( ! ye> ! g5]al summons to ! 'phone gives notice t c5tral is ready to report ! wea!r bureau's progno/ication = ! foll[+ day4 444 ,footnote3 ,rural ,conv5i5ces1 by ,h4 ,e4 ,van ,norman1 9 ! ,,annals ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,political & ,social ,sci5ce1 ,m>*1 #aiab ,! co/ ( ?is important aid to community life has be5 r$uc$ to a small am\nt 9 _m rural di/ricts by ! organization ( local coop]ative telephone companies4 ,ask at home1 or h committee int]view po/ma/]3 ,h[ is ! po/ma/] 9 y\r po/-(fice *os58 ,are all po/ma/]s *os5 9 ! same way8 ,:at are fir/-class1 second-class1 ?ird-class1 & f\r?-class po/-(fices8 ,h[ are rural mail-c>ri]s *os58 ,:at is a /> mail r\te1 & h[ does x diff] f an ord9>y rural r\te8 ,are !re any /> r\tes 9 y\r c\nty8 ,:at con/itute fir/-class1 second-class1 ?ird-class1 & f\r?-class mail8 ,:at is ! rate ( po/age on ea*8 ,has rural mail deliv]y _h ! effect ( caus+ road improvem5t 9 y\r c\nty8 ,if s1 give in/ances4 ,f ! (fice ( a local newspap] f9d out ab\t ! "w ( ! ,associat$ ,press or simil> news ag5cy4 ,:y does ! "w ( a newspap] report] c>ry ) x great responsibility8 ,:o 0 ,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,morse8 ,:o is ,alex&] ,graham ,bell8 ,m>coni8 ,:at p>ticul> advantages has ! telephone br\ght to y\r community8 to y\r home8 ,is !re a coop]ative telephone company 9 y\r community8 ,if s1 h[ is x organiz$8 ,if possible1 visit a telephone ex*ange & report on :at y see4 ,write a !me on ,mod]n means ( communication & ! gr[? ( a _w community4 ,,read+s ,9 ,,lessons ,,9 ,,community ,,& ,,national ,,life3 ,s]ies ,b3 ,lesson #aj1 ,telephone & telegraph4 ,s]ies ,c3 ,lesson #a1 ,! w> & a]oplanes4 ,lesson #i1 ,inv5tions4 ,! developm5t ( writ+3 ,picture ,writ+ ( ! ,am]ican ,indians1 #aj? ,annual ,report ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhh-ahhi4 ,?is is pr(usely illu/rat$ & v int]e/+4 ,! volume may be 9 ! public libr>y4 ,x may be difficult to obta91 o!rwise1 unless ?r\gh a repres5tative 9 ,congress4 ,tylor1 ,e4 ,b41 ,,an?ropology1 *aps4 ,,iv-,,vii 7,d4 ,appleton ,co471 & ,,e>ly ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,mank9d1 *aps4 ,,ii-,v 7,h5ry ,holt ,co474 ,giv51 ,j4 ,l41 ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,a ,,newspap] 7,h5ry ,holt ,co474 ,annual ,reports ( ! ,po/ma/] ,g5]al ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,report ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior1 #aiah1 pp4 #ac-bd1 #bi-ca1 = a discussion ( ! necessity ( elim9at+ illit]acy & tea*+ ,engli% to =eign]s4 ,!re is mu* magaz9e lit]ature on ?is subject4 ,,am]icanization1 a publication issu$ regul>ly by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,education1 is useful 9 ?is connection4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,education ,,democracy ,,dep5ds ,,^u ,,education ,bo? ! effici5cy & ! democracy ( a community dep5d ^u ! ext5t & ! k9d ( education x af=ds to its p4 ,autocratic ,g]many _h a mo/ ?or\gh-go+ sy/em ( education1 b a sy/em t made autocracy possible4 ,! common p 7 tra9$ to be effici5t work]s1 & ?us to contribute to ! national /r5g?2 b !y 7 tra9$ ,,to ,,submit to au?ority1 & n to ex]cise control ov] x4 ,! k9d ( education t develops lead]s 0 giv5 only to ! few4 ,! lead]s ( ! ,g]man p 7 impos$ ^u !m f above2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates we are suppos$ to ,,*oose our lead]s4 ,9 a nation ^: aim is to af=d to e citiz5 an equal opportunity to make ! mo/ ( himself & ^: p are self-gov]n+1 education mu/ be widespread1 x mu/ develop ! p[] ( self-direction1 x mu/ tra9 lead]s1 & x mu/ enable ! p to *oose _! lead]s intellig5tly4 ,:5 ,gov]nor ,b]keley ( ,virg9ia report$ to ! k+ ( ,engl& 9 #afga1 ,i ?ank ,god !re are no free s*ools nor pr9t+2 & ,i hope we %all n h ^! hundr$ ye>s1 he spoke = ! autocratic =m ( gov]nm5t :i* a hundr$ ye>s lat] l$ ! colonies to revolt1 & :i* 9 #aiag =c$ ! ,unit$ ,/>es into a _w w>4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,education ,9 a democracy gov]nm5t mu/ be c>ri$ on l>gely ,,by ,,means ,,( education4 ,!re mu/ be tra9$ lead]%ip4 ,& s9ce ! aim ( democratic gov]nm5t is to secure team "w 9 public affairs1 ! p mu/ h ! tools ( team "w1 su* z a common language & o!r k t makes liv+ & work+ toge!r possible2 !y mu/ h tra9+ t w enable !m to contribute effectively to ! community's "w1 & an intellig5t und]/&+ ( ! community's aims & ideals4 ,& s9ce gov]nm5t is controll$ l>gely by public op9ion1 ! p mu/ h an intellig5t und]/&+ ( ! community's problems4 ,we _h abundant illu/ration dur+ ! rec5t w> ( ! ext5t to :i* our gov]nm5t n only dep5d$ ^u highly educat$ m5 & wom5 = lead]%ip1 b also us$ educational me?ods to secure its ends4 ,,! ,,co/ ,,( ,,education ,^! facts expla9 :y public education is ! l>ge/ s+le item ( exp5se 9 our gov]nm5t 7except 9 "t ( w>74 ,9 #aiad ne>ly #fjj million doll>s 7 sp5t = public elem5t>y & high s*ools4 ,"s #bjj million doll>s m 7 sp5t = private elem5t>y & high s*ools1 & = univ]sities1 colleges1 & normal s*ools1 "s ( :i* are public & "s private4 ,,inequality ,,( ,,educational ,,reqiuirem5ts ,if democracy is to be safe & effici5t1 e memb] mu/ h a reasonable education4 ,e /ate n[ has a compulsory education law1 ?\gh ^! laws v>y greatly4 ,9 "s /ates e *ild mu/ att5d s*ool = sev5 ye>s 7#g to #ad1 or #h to #ae71 & 9 "o /ate 7,m>yl&7 = eight ye>s4 ,9 o!r /ates ! p]iod is less1 sometimes z little z f\r ye>s4 ,9 mo/ ( ! /ates !re is an additional p]iod1 usually ( two ye>s 7#ad to #af71 dur+ :i* *ildr5 mu/ rema9 9 s*ool unless !y g to "w4 ,z a rule !re are laws t =bid ! employm5t ( *ildr5 9 indu/ry be=e ! age ( #ad4 ,9 "s /ates !y may g to "w z soon z !y rea* ! age limit reg>dless ( :at _! educational qualifications are2 9 o!rs !y mu/ h complet$ ! eight grades ( ! elem5t>y s*ool2 9 o!rs ,editor's ,note3 ,miss+ text4 laws are n well en=c$ 9 "s /ates4 ,! fac+ table %[s ! numb] ( *ildr5 ( s*ool age 9 & out ( s*ool 9 ! sev]al /ates 9 #aiae-aiaf4 ,= ! c\ntry z a :ole1 #ag4d p] c5t ( ! *ildr5 ( s*ool age 7 n 9 s*ool4 ,s*ool t]ms are s %ort 9 _m /ates & compulsory att5dance is s badly en=c$ t ,,! ,,s*ool ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,av]age ,,p]son ,,gr[+ ,,up ,,9 ,,rural ,,sections ,,is ,,only #d4e ,,s*ool ,,ye>s ,,( #adj ,,days ,,ea*4 ,9 urban communities conditions are bett]1 b f> f satisfactory4 ,footnote3 ,bullet91 #aiai1 ,no4 #d1 ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,education1 ,a ,manual ( ,educational ,legislation1 p4 #f4 ,,pm ,note3 ,leave ?is page blank4 ,please d n delete ?is note ,! fac+ table %[s ! numb] ( days ! public s*ools 7 op51 ! av]age numb] ( days ( att5dance by ea* pupil enroll$1 & ! rank ( ! /ate 9 ea* case1 = ea* /ate 9 ! s*ool ye> #aiae-aiaf4 ,:y w\ld x n be m democratic to p]mit *ildr5 to att5d s*ool or n z !y or _! p>5ts wi%8 ,discuss ! /atem5t t education makes p free4 ,comp>e ?is /atem5t ) a some:at simil> /atem5t made on page #acf1 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,:at is ! compulsory s*ool age 9 y\r /ate8 ,is wide v>iation 9 ! compulsory s*ool age among ! diff]5t /ates a good ?+8 ,:y8 ,is ! compulsory s*ool law rigidly en=c$ 9 y\r /ate8 ,h[ is x en=c$8 ,h[ mu* ( ea* ye> mu/ a *ild sp5d 9 s*ool dur+ ! compulsory p]iod 9 y\r /ate8 ,inve/igate ! reasons giv5 by pupils 9 y\r community = leav+ s*ool be=e complet+ ! c\rse1 & report4 ,:at rank does y\r /ate hold ) respect to l5g? ( t]m8 to av]age daily att5dance ( pupils8 7,see table47 ,:at rank does y\r /ate hold ) respect to numb] ( *ildr5 ( s*ool age 9 & out ( s*ool8 7,see table47 ,:at is ! l5g? ( y\r own s*ool ye>8 ,d y ?9k x %\ld be l5g!n$8 ,:y8 ,get f y\r tea*] or pr9cipal ! av]age daily att5dance = ea* pupil enroll$ 9 y\r s*ool2 9 y\r c\nty4 ,d y ?9k ?is record c\ld be improv$8 ,is !re any good reason :y ! s*ool ye> %\ld be %ort] 9 rural communities ?an 9 cities8 ,x is advocat$ by _m t s*ools %\ld be op5 ! ye> r\nd4 ,:at advantages c y see 9 ! plan8 ,debate ! "q4 ,,! ,,di/rict ,,s*ool ,! pione] family 0 dep5d5t at fir/ ^u its own ef=ts = ! education ( its *ildr54 ,:5 o!r families came1 a s*oolh\se 0 built1 a tea*] employ$ & ! "w ( tea*+ ! elem5ts ( k 0 h&$ ov] to ! s*ool4 ,?is 0 ! orig9 ( ! di/rict s*ool1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( pione] conditions4 ,z ! population grew & local gov]nm5t 0 organiz$1 ! unit ( local gov]nm5t t5d$ to become ! unit = s*ool adm9i/ration4 ,9 ,new ,engl& ?is 0 ! t[n or t[n%ip2 9 ! ,s\? x 0 ! c\nty2 9 ! ,we/ x 0 sometimes ! t[n%ip & sometimes ! c\nty1 or else a comb9ation ( ! two4 ,9 a l>ge numb] ( ! we/]n /ates1 h[ev]1 & 9 a few ( ! ea/]n /ates1 ! di/rict s*ool p]si/s 9 _m rural communities1 a relic ( pione] conditions4 ,x is (t5 felt t x is m democratic = ea* di/rict to adm9i/] its own s*ool1 subject only to ! laws ( ! /ate4 ,"u ! di/rict sy/em !re is an annual s*ool meet+ ( ! vot]s ( ! di/rict1 :o vote ! s*ool taxes1 det]m9e ! l5g? ( ! s*ool ye>1 & elect a bo>d ( education or s*ool tru/ees4 ,! tru/ees look aft] ! s*ool prop]ty1 *oose ! tea*] & fix 8 sal>y1 & 9 a g5]al way manage ! s*ool bus9ess4 ,ea* s*ool is indep5d5t ( all o!r s*ools4 ,,t[n%ip ,,organization ,"u ! t[n%ip sy/em all ( ! s*ools ( ! t[n%ip are adm9i/]$ by a t[n%ip bo>d or committee 7or by a s+le tru/ee 9 ,indiana7 elect$ by ! p ( ! t[n%ip4 ,! *ief advantages ov] ! di/rict sy/em are t all ! s*ools ( ! t[n%ip are adm9i/]$ by a s+le plan1 ! taxes are apportion$ to ! s*ools accord+ to ne$s1 & pupils may be transf]r$ f "o s*ool to ano!r at conv5i5ce4 ,9 ,new ,engl& two or ?ree t[n%ips are sometimes unit$ into a union di/rict sup]vis$ by a s+le sup]9t5d5t4 ,,c\nty ,,organization ,"u ! c\nty sy/em all ! s*ools ( ! c\nty are "u ! managem5t ( a c\nty bo>d &1 usually1 a c\nty sup]9t5d5t4 ,9 #bi ( ! #ci /ates t h c\nty sup]9t5d5ts !y are elect$ by ! p1 9 #h /ates !y are appo9t$ by ! c\nty bo>d1 9 ,delaw>e !y are appo9t$ by ! gov]nor1 & 9 ,new ,j]sey by ! /ate commission] ( education4 ,election ( ! c\nty sup]9t5d5t is los+ favor on ! gr\nd t !re is less assurance ( secur+ a highly tra9$ man4 ,! *>t on page #bic %[s a plan ( organization = c\nty s*ools propos$ to ! legislature ( ,s\? ,dakota by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,education4 ,,advantages ,,( ,,s*ool ,,consolidation ,among ! advantages ( ! c\nty sy/em are great] economy1 m ne>ly equal educational opportunity = all *ildr5 ( ! c\nty1 & bett] sup]vision because ( ! l>g] funds available = ?is purpose4 ,x is "u ! c\nty sy/em ( organization t ! movem5t = ,,s*ool ,,consolidation is progress+ mo/ rapidly4 ,by ?is is meant ! union ( a numb] ( small1 poorly equipp$ s*ools into a l>g]1 well-grad$1 & well equipp$ s*ool4 ,its advantages may be/ be sugge/$ by an example4 ,9 ,r&olph ,c\nty1 ,indiana1 !re 71 9 #aijh1 #abh "o-room s*ools 9 ! op5 c\ntry1 ) an att5dance ( f #ab to #fj pupils do+ grade "w only1 #f two-room s*ools 9 hamlets1 ) grade "w only2 #b ?ree room s*ools 9 villages1 ) grade "w & two ye>s ( high s*ool "w ) a six mon?s' t]m2 #c f\r- room village s*ools1 ) grade "w & ?ree ye>s ( high s*ool "w ) a six mon?s' t]m2 #a six-room s*ool 9 a t[n1 ) grade "w & f\r ye>s ( high s*ool "w ) an eight mon?s' t]m4 ,by consolidation1 #aac "o-room s*ools & #d two-room s*ools 7 supplant$ by #bj consolidat$ s*ools ) two grade tea*]s2 #f ) f\r grade tea*]s1 #f ) five grade tea*]s2 #b ) six grade tea*]s2 & #a ) eight grade tea*]s--a total ( #hf grade tea*]s do+ ! "w =m]ly done by #adh tea*]s1 & do+ x bett]4 ,fifte5 ( ! s*ools h a f\r-ye> high s*ool c\rse ) an eight mon?s' t]m4 ,= ! five-ye> p]iod prec$+ consolidation n m ?an half ( ! eigh?-grade pupils att5d$ high s*ool2 aft] consolidation1 an av]age ( #if p] c5t ( ! eigh?-grade pupils w5t to high s*ool4 ,! pupils are transport$ to & f s*ool 9 hacks or motor- busses heat$ 9 w9t]4 ,! s*ool build+s are equipp$ ) runn+ wat]1 mod]n heat+ & sanitation1 telephone1 re/rooms = pupils & tea*]s1 gymnasiums & outdoor physical app>atus1 physical tra9+ & a?letic competition be+ c>ri$ on "u sup]vision4 ,! c\rses ( /udy h be5 enri*$1 increas$ att5tion is giv5 to vocational "w1 & music & art receive att5tion impossible 9 ! di/rict s*ools4 ,elev5 ( ! s*ools h or*e/ras1 & conc]ts are held :i* ! community z well z ! s*ools att5d4 ,!re are auditoriums us$ = community lectures & conc]ts1 ,sunday- s*ool conv5tions1 community s+s1 p>5t-tea*]s' meet+s1 & exhibits ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,report on ! foll[+3 ,s*ool life 9 colonial ,new ,engl&2 9 colonial ,virg9ia4 ,! fir/ s*ools 9 y\r own community--l5g? ( s*ool t]m1 att5dance1 :e!r private or public1 qualifications ( tea*]s1 me?ods ( tea*+4 ,:at ! family does = ! education ( ! *ildr5 t ! s*ool _c d4 ,:at ! s*ool does t ! family _c d4 ,organization ( ! s*ools 9 y\r di/rict1 t[n%ip1 c\nty1 or city4 ,advantages ( grad$ s*ools ov] ungrad$ s*ools4 ,consolidation ( s*ools 9 y\r c\nty or /ate4 ,debate ! "q3 ,! di/rict s*ool is m democratic ?an ! c\nty organization4 ,me?od ( selection ( ! sup]9t5d5t ( y\r c\nty & t[n4 ,l5g? ( t]m ( (fice4 ,organization1 p[]s1 mode ( election1 etc41 ( y\r local bo>d ( education4 ,au?ority1 or lack ( au?ority1 ( y\r c\nty sup]9t5d5t ov] ! s*ools ( cities & l>ge t[ns 9 ! c\nty4 ,qualifications prescrib$ = tea*]s 9 y\r c\nty or t[n4 ,h[ select$4 ,h[ are s*ool books select$8 ,are !y free to pupils8 ,advantages & disadvantages ( free textbooks4 ,evid5ce t public education is or is n a matt] ( common int]e/ to ! p ( y\r community4 ,examples ( team "w1 or lack ( x1 9 y\r community 9 ! int]e/ ( ! s*ools4 ,are ! me?ods by :i* s*ool au?orities are *os5 9 y\r community calculat$ to secure ! be/ lead]%ip8 ,h[ ! duties relat+ to ! s*ools are divid$ betwe5 y\r s*ool bo>d & ! sup]9t5d5t4 ,does y\r bo>d p]=m any duties t %\ld be p]=m$ by ! sup]9t5d5t1 or ,,vice ,,v]sa8 ,expla94 ,p>5t-tea*] organizations 9 y\r community & _! s]vice4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,high ,,s*ool ,public education 0 long re/rict$ to ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,high s*ools 7 at fir/ private academies design$ to prep>e = college ! few :o wi%$ to cont9ue _! education4 ,:ile !y /ill cont9ue to give prep>ation = college1 _! developm5t 9 rec5t ye>s has be5 l>gely = ! b5efit ( ! great] numb] ( boys & girls :o d n expect to g to college4 ,! high s*ool naturally made its fir/ appe>ance 9 cities4 ,x requires m elaborate equipm5t & m highly tra9$ tea*]s1 & its co/ is at lea/ twice t ( elem5t>y s*ools4 ,^! facts1 toge!r ) ! small & scatt]$ population ( rural communities1 h be5 ob/acles to ! developm5t ( rural high s*ools4 ,! consolidat$ s*ool has 9 l>ge measure remov$ ^! ob/acles1 & a high s*ool education is rapidly becom+ z available = rural boys & girls z = ^? :o live 9 cities4 ,report on3 ,! hi/ory ( high s*ool developm5t 9 y\r community4 ,! p]c5tage ( pupils 9 y\r community :o g to high s*ool aft] complet+ ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,:at ! high s*ool does = my community4 ,my reasons = go+ 7or n go+7 to high s*ool4 ,! co/ p] pupil 9 ! high s*ool 9 y\r community z comp>$ ) t 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,education mu/ n only be )9 ! rea* ( e citiz5 ( a democracy1 b x mu/ be ( a k9d t w fit him to play well 8 "p z a memb] ( ! community4 ,,education ,,= ,,physical ,,fitness ,! public s*ools n[ give m att5tion ?an =m]ly to ! physical education & welf>e ( ! pupils 7see ,*apt] ,,xx1 pp4 #cad1 #cae74 ,! wide preval5ce ( physical defects disclos$ 9 ! ef=t to raise an army dur+ ! rec5t w> w d\btless cause /ill great] emphasis to be plac$ on ?is aspect ( education4 ,physical fitness is ! f\ndation ( good citiz5%ip4 ,provision = physical education & welf>e has f\nd its way into rural s*ools m sl[ly ?an 9 city s*ools1 z ! foll[+ table %[s4 ,b our nation c be nei!r effici5t nor fully democratic until ! physical well-be+ ( all its citiz5s is provid$ =1 & ! responsibility re/s l>gely ) ! public s*ool4 ,,heal? ,,"w ,,9 ,,city ,,& ,,rural ,,s*ools ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,footnote3 ,adapt$ f ,dr4 ,?omas ,d4 ,wood1 9 ,new ,york ,,times ,magaz9e1 ,april #b1 #aiaf4 ,,education ,,= ,,vocational ,,fitness ,x is a "p ( ! bus9ess ( education to fit e citiz5 to e>n a liv+1 = e effici5t citiz5 mu/ be self-support+ & able to contribute effectively to ! productive "w ( ! community4 ,! int]dep5d5ce ( all occupations 9 mod]n indu/ry & ! necessity = e work] to be a speciali/ make tra9+ ess5tial = e work] :o is to atta9 success = himself & contribute 8 full %>e to ! community's "w4 ,! w> emphasiz$ /rongly ! nation's dep5d5ce ^u tra9$ work]s 9 e field ( indu/ry4 ,,national ,,aid ,,= ,,vocational ,,education ,"o ( ! direct results ( w> ne$s 0 ! passage by ,congress1 9 #aiag1 ( ! ,smi?-,hughes ,act1 provid+ = national aid = vocational in/ruction = p]sons ov] #ad ye>s ( age :o h already ent]$ ^u1 or are prep>+ to ent]1 "s trade4 ,! in/ruction giv5 "u ! t]ms ( ?is act mu/ be ( less ?an college grade4 ,e /ate 9 ! ,union has met ! conditions impos$ by ?is law4 ,! ,smi?-,hughes ,act creat$ a ,f$]al ,bo>d = ,vocational ,education to consi/ ( ! ,secret>ies ( ! ,dep>tm5ts ( ,agriculture1 ,comm]ce & ,labor1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,education1 & ?ree citiz5s appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t1 "o to repres5t labor int]e/s1 "o comm]cial & manufactur+ int]e/s1 & ! ?ird agricultural int]e/s4 ,! law appropriates national funds to be giv5 to ! /ate = ! e/abli%m5t ( vocational s*ools & = ! tra9+ ( tea*]s = ^! s*ools2 b ea* /ate mu/ appropriate an am\nt equal to t receiv$ f ! national gov]nm5t4 ,ea* /ate mu/ also h a bo>d = vocational education1 ?r\gh :i* ! national bo>d has its deal+s ) ! /ate4 ,,bread? ,,( ,,prep>ation ,,= ,,vocational ,,life ,! duty ( ! regul> elem5t>y & high s*ools is n to cultivate special vocational skills2 n to turn out tra9$ f>m]s1 or me*anics1 & s on4 ,b ! "w ( ^! s*ools %\ld be su* t _! graduates w be bett] f>m]s1 or me*anics1 or lawy]s1 or doctors1 or eng9e]s1 or tea*]s1 ?an !y w\ld be )\t x4 ,fir/ ( all ^! s*ools %\ld produce work]s :o are physically fit = ! "w !y ent]4 ,!y %\ld educate ! h& & ! eye along ) ! bra94 ,!y %\ld cultivate habits ( work+ toge!r1 give in/ruction reg>d+ ! significance ( all "w 9 community & national life1 & by e means possible prep>e ! pupil to make a wise *oice ( vocation4 ,moreov]1 ! s*ools %\ld provide a bread? ( education t w transmute days ( dre>y "w into happi] lives4 ,,mak+ ,,life ,,educational ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,quick 9 8 /ory ( ,! ,br[n ,m\se1 :i* is a plea = bett] rural s*ools1 says3 ,let u cease ?9k+ s mu* ( agricultural education1 & devote ourselves to educational agriculture4 ,s w ! nation be made /rong4 ,! life we live1 ev5 on ! f>m1 is full ( sci5ce & hi/ory1 civics & economics1 ari?metic & geography1 poetry & art4 ,! mod]n s*ool helps ! pupil to f9d ^! ?+s 9 8 daily life &1 hav+ f\nd !m1 to apply !m to liv+ = 8 pr(it & enjoym5t4 ,= ?is reason x works l>gely ?r\gh ! home project1 boys' & girls' clubs1 g>d5+1 & _m o!r activities4 ,a rec5t writ] has said1 ,:at is ! true end ( ,am]ican education8 ,is x life or a liv+8 444 ,education f9ds itself face to face ) a bigg] ?+ ?an life or ! gett+ ( a liv+4 ,x is face to face ) a big en\gh ?+ to die = 9 ,france1 a big en\gh ?+ to g to s*ool = 9 ,am]ica 444 ,nei!r life nor ! gett+ ( a liv+1 b ,,liv+ ,,toge!r1 ?is mu/ be ! s+le ,,public end ( a common public education h]eaft]4 ,footnote3 ,d4 ,r4 ,%>p1 ,patrons ( ,democracy1 9 ,,atlantic ,,mon?ly1 ,novemb]1 #aiai1 p4 #fej4 ,,education ,,= ,,liv+ ,,toge!r ,! m ne>ly ! conditions ( liv+ 9 ! s*ool community correspond to ! conditions ( liv+ 9 ! community outside ( s*ool1 ! bett] ! tra9+ af=d$ = liv+ toge!r4 ,9 _m s*ools ! _s & me?ods ( community life prevail1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( s*ool gov]nm5t 9 :i* ! pupils p>ticipate4 ,( ?is community pupils & tea*]s are memb]s ) c]ta9 common int]e/s4 ,coop]ation is ! keynote ( ! community life4 ,! realization ( ?is coop]ation is se5 9 ! classrooms1 9 /udy halls1 9 ! assembly room1 9 ! corridors1 on ! playgr\nd4 ,x manife/s itself 9 ! me?od ( prep>+ & conduct+ recitations2 9 ! c>e ( s*ool prop]ty2 9 protect+ ! rights ( y\ng] *ildr52 9 ma9ta9+ ! sanit>y conditions ( ! build+ & gr\nds2 9 ! elim9ation ( cases ( discipl9e & ( irregul>ity ( att5dance2 9 ! prep>ation & conduct ( op5+ ex]cises1 s*ool ent]ta9m5ts1 & graduat+ ex]cises2 9 beautify+ ! s*ool gr\nds2 9 ! mak+ ( repairs & equipm5t = our s*ool2 9 fact1 9 e aspect ( ! s*ool life4 ,footnote3 ,civic ,education 9 ,elem5t>y ,s*ools1 p4 #ca1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,education ,bullet91 #aiae1 ,no4 #ag4 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,z ,a ,,community ,,c5t] ,! s*oolh\se is becom+ m & m ! c5t] ( community life4 ,we h notic$ h[1 9 ,r&olph ,c\nty1 ,indiana1 ! consolidat$ s*ool build+ af=ds a meet+ place = all sorts ( community activities4 ,! s*ool law ( ,cali=nia provides t3 ,!re is h]eby e/abli%$ a civic c5t] at ea* & e public s*oolh\se )9 ! ,/ate ( ,cali=nia1 :]e ! citiz5s ( ! respective public s*ool di/ricts 444 may engage 9 sup]vis$ recreational activities1 & :]e !y may meet & discuss 444 any & all subjects & que/ions :i* 9 _! judgm5t may app]ta9 to ! educational1 political1 economic1 arti/ic1 & moral int]e/s ( ! respective communities 9 :i* !y may reside2 ,provid$1 t su* use ( said public s*oolh\se & gr\nds = said meet+s %all 9 no wise int]f]e ) su* use & occupancy ( said public s*oolh\se & gr\nds z is n[1 or h]eaft] may be1 requir$ = ! purpose ( said public s*ools ( ! ,/ate ( ,cali=nia4 ,inve/igate & report on ! foll[+3 ,provision 9 y\r s*ool & 9 ! s*ools ( y\r /ate = heal? "w sugge/$ 9 ! table on page #bii4 ,o!r provisions 9 y\r s*ool = ! physical well-be+ ( pupils4 ,! "w ( y\r s*ool t relates directly to prep>ation = e>n+ a liv+4 ,! ext5t to :i* a high s*ool c make a f>m]4 ,! op]ation ( ! ,smi?-,hughes ,act 9 y\r /ate & 9 y\r c\nty or t[n4 ,! mean+ ( ! quotation f ,! ,br[n ,m\se on page #cja4 ,! use ( home projects by y\r s*ool4 ,! mean+ ( ! /atem5t t ! end ( public education is nei!r life nor ! gett+ ( a liv+1 b liv+ toge!r4 ,diff]5ces & simil>ities betwe5 ! gov]nm5t ( y\r s*ool & t ( ! community 9 :i* y live4 ,! wisdom ( mak+ !m m alike4 ,diff]5t plans ( pupil self-gov]nm5t4 7,see ref]5ces47 ,uses to :i* ! s*oolh\ses ( y\r community are1 or might be1 put4 ,h\rs p] week & weeks p] ye> dur+ :i* y\r s*oolh\se is us$4 ,economy 7or lack ( x7 9 all[+ s*oolh\ses to /& idle mo/ ( ! "t4 ,! community c5t] idea4 7,see ref]5ces47 ,educational "w = adults 9 y\r community4 ,educational ag5cies 9 y\r community besides s*ools4 ,,/ate ,,organization ,,= ,,education ,! s*ools ( ! local community are a "p ( ! /ate s*ool sy/em4 ,education is consid]$ a duty ( ! /ate1 ?\gh x is p]=m$ l>gely by local ag5cies4 ,! con/itutions ( all /ates make provision = x4 ,/ate control & support ( education are necess>y if !re is to be equality ( educational opportunity = all *ildr5 ( ! /ate4 ,e /ate has a dep>tm5t ( education1 & 9 mo/ /ates ea* local community receives a portion ( a g5]al /ate tax = s*ool purposes4 ,! /ate dep>tm5ts ( education diff] widely f "o ano!r bo? 9 organization & 9 ! effectiv5ess ( _! "w4 ,9 mo/ /ates !re is a /ate bo>d ( education1 compos$ sometimes ( c]ta9 /ate (ficials1 includ+ ! gov]nor & ! /ate sup]9t5d5t ( education1 sometimes ( citiz5s appo9t$ = ?is purpose alone by ! gov]nor or 79 f\r /ates7 by ! legislature4 ,9 only "o /ate is x elect$ by popul> vote4 ,9 all /ates !re is also a *ief educational (fic]1 usually call$ /ate sup]9t5d5t or commission] ( education or ( public in/ruction4 ,9 sev]al /ates wom5 hold ?is position4 ,! /ate sup]9t5d5t is sometimes elect$ by popul> vote1 sometimes appo9t$ by ! /ate bo>d ( education or by ! gov]nor4 ,"u ! /ate sup]9t5d5t !re are deputy sup]9t5d5ts1 heads ( dep>tm5ts1 & sup]visors ( ! v>i\s bran*es ( educational "w4 ,! diagram on page #bic %[s a plan ( organization propos$ = "o /ate by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,education4 ,,relation ,,( ,,/ate ,,to ,,local ,,organization ,! ext5t ( ! sup]vision & control ex]cis$ by ! /ate dep>tm5t ( education ov] ! s*ools ( ! /ate v>ies )9 wide limits4 ,9 "s cases x is v little4 ,9 _m /ates !re are /ate c\rses ( /udy t are foll[$ m or less closely by local communities4 ,9 a numb] ( /ates ! textbooks us$ by all s*ools are select$ ei!r by ! /ate bo>d ( education or by a special /ate textbook commission4 ,9 ,new ,york ,/ate ! exam9ation que/ions us$ 9 all s*ools are prep>$ by ! /ate educational au?orities4 ,"s /ates furni% text books free1 & 9 a v few ! /ate ev5 pr9ts all textbooks4 ,x has n be5 easy to "w out a well-balanc$ plan ( /ate adm9i/ration ( s*ools t w\ld ensure a ?or\ghgo+ education = ! entire /ate1 & t w\ld at ! same "t leave suffici5t fre$om to local s*ool au?orities to adju/ ! "w to local ne$s4 ,,high] ,,educational ,,in/itutions ,_m ( ! /ates support high] educational in/itutions1 su* z /ate univ]sities & /ate agricultural colleges1 at :i* att5dance is free = citiz5s ( ! /ate4 ,!re are also special /ate s*ools = defectives1 su* z ! bl9d & ! deaf4 ,,policy ,,( ,,! ,,national ,,gov]nm5t ,,t[>d ,,education ,! national gov]nm5t gave its fir/ support to public education by ! ,ord9ance ( #aghg "u :i* ! ,nor?we/ ,t]ritory 0 organiz$4 ,x provid$ t religion1 morality1 & k be+ necess>y gov]nm5t to good gov]nm5t & ! happ9ess ( mank9d1 s*ools & ! means ( education %all be =ev] enc\rag$4 ,z new /ates 7 organiz$1 sections ( ! public l&s 7 to be res]v$ = s*ool purposes4 ,grants ( public l& 7 also made = ! e/abli%m5t ( agricultural colleges & exp]im5t /ations4 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,bureau ,,( ,,education ,we h also not$ ! national coop]ation ) ! /ates = agricultural ext5sion "w & = vocational education4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,education is "u ! direction ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,commission] ( ,education4 ,x has ex]t$ its *ief influ5ce ?r\gh its inve/igations ( educational me?ods & its num]\s reports & o!r publications4 ,x s]ves z a sort ( educational cle>+ h\se = local & /ate s*ool au?orities4 ,"o ( its *ief endeavors has be5 to increase ! educational opportunities 9 rural communities4 ,report on ! foll[+3 ,provisions ( y\r /ate con/itution ) reg>d to education4 ,co/ ( public s*ools p] ye> to y\r community2 y\r c\nty2 y\r /ate4 ,h[ ?is co/ is met 9 y\r t[n or c\nty4 ,portion paid by ! /ate4 ,organization ( y\r /ate dep>tm5t ( education4 ,comp>e ) ! organization ( /ate dep>tm5ts 9 neighbor+ /ates4 ,argum5ts = & aga9/ ! me?od ( *oos+ y\r /ate bo>d ( education & y\r /ate sup]9t5d5t4 ,d ! rural s*ools & city s*ools ( y\r /ate op]ate "u ! same /ate sup]vision8 ,:y8 ,use ( /ate c\rse ( /udy 9 y\r s*ool & community4 ,selection ( textbooks = y\r s*ool4 ,advantages & disadvantages ( uni=m textbooks & c\rse ( /udy4 ,( uni=m exam9ations ?r\gh\t ! /ate4 ,managem5t & support ( y\r /ate univ]sity4 ,qualifications = admission to ! /ate univ]sity & /ate agricultural college4 ,:y y are 7or n7 go+ to college4 ,! value ( ! /ate univ]sity or agricultural college to y\r /ate4 ,/ate educational in/itutions = ! bl9d1 ! deaf1 etc4 ,argum5ts = & aga9/ national control ( education4 ,*ief provisions ( any bill n[ be=e ,congress = a national ,dep>tm5t ( ,education4 ,,read+s ,9 ,,lessons ,,9 ,,community ,,& ,,national ,,life3 ,s]ies ,a3 ,lesson #aa1 ,education z enc\rag$ by indu/ry4 ,s]ies ,c3 ,lesson #h1 ,prev5t+ wa/e ( human be+s4 ,9 ,long's ,,am]ican ,,patriotic ,,prose3 ,educat$ m5 9 politics 7,grov] ,clevel&71 pp4 #bee-beg4 ,! educat$ man & democratic ideals 7,*>les ,e4 ,hughes71 pp4 #bhf-bhh4 ,9 ,fo]/] & ,pi]son's ,,am]ican ,,ideals3 ,! ,am]ican s*ol> 7,r4 ,w4 ,em]son71 pp4 #acc-aee4 ,democracy 9 education 7,p4 ,p4 ,claxton71 pp4 #aef-aeg4 ,reports ( local & /ate dep>tm5ts ( education4 ,publications ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,education4 ,late/ annual report ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,commission] ( ,education4 ,^! annual reports conta9 excell5t summ>ies ( e phase ( education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 _m =eign c\ntries4 ,bullet9s4 ,s5d to ! ,bureau = ,li/ ( ,available ,publications4 ,^! bullet9s relate to e important aspect ( education1 s*ool organization & adm9i/ration1 etc4 ,_m ( !m are ( special application to rural education4 ,tea*]s ( civics w f9d ! foll[+ helpful3 #aiae1 ,no4 #ag1 ,civic education 9 elem5t>y s*ools z illu/rat$ 9 ,indianapolis 7,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 #e c5ts74 #aiae1 ,no4 #bc1 ,! tea*+ ( community civics 7,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 #aj c5ts74 #aiaf1 ,no4 #bh1 ,! social /udies 9 second>y education 7,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 #aj c5ts74 #aiag1 ,no4 #df1 ,! public s*ool sy/em ( ,san ,francisco1 *apt] on civic education4 #aiag1 ,no4 #ea1 ,moral values 9 second>y education4 #aiah1 ,no4 #ae1 ,educational survey ( ,elyria1 ,ohio1 *apt] on civic education 7,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice1 #cj c5ts74 #aiai1 ,no4 #ej1 ,"p #c1 ,civic education 9 ! public s*ool sy/em ( ,memphis4 ,write to ! ,u4,s4 ,bureau ( ,education = li/ ( ref]5ces on pupil self-gov]nm5t4 ,also write to ! ,s*ool ,citiz5s' ,committee1 #b ,wall ,/41 ,new ,york ,city1 = mat]ial on ! same subject4 ,e>le1 ,alice ,morse1 ,,*ild ,,life ,,9 ,,colonial ,,days 7,macmillan74 ,dewey1 ,john1 ,,! ,,s*ool ,,& ,,society & ,,s*ools ,,( ,,to-,,morr[4 ,quick1 ,h]b]t1 ,,! ,,br[n ,,m\se 7,bobbs-,m]rill ,co41 ,indianapolis74 ,foght1 ,h4 ,w41 ,,! ,,rural ,,tea*] ,,& ,,8 ,,"w4 ,jackson1 ,h5ry ,e41 ,a ,,community ,,c5t]--,,:at ,,x ,,is ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,organize ,,x4 ,bullet91 #aiah1 ,no4 #aa1 ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,education4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,! ,,community',s ,,heal? ,,physical ,,defects ,,& ,,! ,,national ,,def5se ,!re is no?+ else t conc]ns ! community or ! nation s mu* z ! heal? ( its citiz5s4 ,( m ?an ?ree million m5 betwe5 ! ages ( #ba & #ca exam9$ = milit>y s]vice 9 #aiah1 only ab\t #fe p] c5t 7 pass$ z physically fit to fight = _! c\ntry4 ,footnote3 ,public ,heal? ,reports1 ,u4 ,s4 ,public ,heal? ,s]vice1 vol4 #cd1 ,no4 #ac1 p4 #fcc 7,m>* #bh1 #aiai74 ,! rema9+ #ce p] c5t 7 ei!r totally unfit = any k9d ( s]vice1 or 7 capable only ( ! less /r5u\s activities connect$ ) w>f>e4 ,mo/ ( ! defects f\nd c\ld h be5 rem$i$1 or prev5t$ altoge!r1 if prop] c>e _h be5 tak5 9 e>li] ye>s4 ,,physical ,,defects ,,& ,,! ,,nation',s ,,indu/ry ,! nation loses by ?is physical unfitness 9 o!r ways ?an 9 fight+ p[]4 ,inve/igations h %[n t wage e>n]s lose f _! "w an av]age ( f six to n9e days ea* ye> on acc\nt ( sickness4 ,footnote #b3 ,public ,heal? ,reports1 ,u4 ,s4 ,public ,heal? ,s]vice1 vol4 #cd1 ,no4 #af1 pp4 #ggg-ghb 7,april #ah1 #aiai74 ,! co/ to ! individual 9 loss ( wages1 doctors' bills1 & o!rwise1 is a s]i\s matt]1 to say no?+ ( ! absolute want to :i* x r$uces _m families & ! suff]+ entail$4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! c\ntry loses ! wage e>n]'s production4 ,sometimes dea? br+s to ! family p]man5t loss ( income1 & to ! nation complete loss ( ! product ( ! wage e>n]'s "w4 ,! nation sp5ds l>ge sums ( money e ye> 9 provid+ = dep5d5t families & individuals4 ,if ea* ( ! #ch million wage e>n]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiaj lo/ #f days f "w 9 a ye>1 h[ _m days' "w w\ld ! nation lose8 ,h[ _m ye>s ( "w w\ld ?is am\nt to8 ,at #b4ej a day 7is ?is a high wage87 h[ mu* w\ld be lo/ 9 wages 9 a ye>8 ,get in=mation reg>d+ ! co/ ( a long case ( sickness1 su* z typhoid fev]1 9 "s family ( y\r acqua9tance 7p]haps y\r own71 includ+ doctor's bills1 m$ic9es1 "t lo/ f "w1 etc4 ,:at w\ld su* exp5se mean to a family liv+ on z l[ wages z ^? m5tion$ on page #afg8 ,,education ,,& ,,physical ,,defects ,moreov]1 ! nation loses a great deal 7h[ mu* _c be calculat$7 f ! physical unfitness ( _m :o keep on work+1 b :o are n fully effici5t because ( bodily defects or ailm5ts4 ,we see ! results ( ?is ev5 9 s*ool4 ,pupils :o lag beh9d _! mates 9 _! /udies are (t5 suff]+ f physical defects ( :i* _! tea*]s1 & ev5 !y !mselves1 may be unaw>e4 ,x may be t !y are ill-n\ri%$1 or t !y h defective vision1 or he>+1 or tee?1 or t !y sleep 9 poorly v5tilat$ rooms4 ,! community does n get its money's wor? f its s*ools if its *ildr5 are n 9 physical condition to pr(it by !m4 ,9 a simil> mann] e>n+ & productive p[] are r$uc$4 ,,physical ,,unfitness ,,9 ,,rural ,,communities ,x has usually be5 assum$ t ! p 9 rural di/ricts are m heal?y ?an ^? :o live 9 cities2 b x has be5 f\nd t !re is z mu* physical unfitness !re z else:]e4 ,x is true t ! records ( ! w> dep>tm5t seem to %[ few] m5 reject$ 9 rural di/ricts z totally unfit = any k9d ( milit>y s]vice2 b evid5ce ( o!r k9ds has be5 collect$ t indicates t "s k9ds ( disease1 at lea/1 & _m physical defects are m preval5t 9 ! c\ntry ?an 9 ! city4 ,9 ,,! ,,lure ,,( ,,! ,,l&1 ,dr4 ,h>vey ,wiley makes a comp>ison ( ! dea? rate f c]ta9 diseases 9 a few /ates :]e ! figures are available = bo? city & c\ntry4 ,footnote3 ,dr4 ,h>vey ,wiley1 ,,! ,,lure ,,( ,,! ,,l&1 ,*apt] ,,viii1 ,heal? on ! ,f>m1 pp4 #ec-fj4 ,,rural ,,& ,,city ,,s*ool ,,*ildr5 ,,comp>$ ,/udies h be5 made ( ! comp>ative heal? ( city & rural s*ool *ildr51 :i* %[ results 9 favor ( ! =m]4 ,( #ccj1agi *ildr5 exam9$ 9 ,new ,york ,city #gj p]c5t 7 f\nd defective1 :ile ( #bid1dbg exam9$ 9 #ahca rural di/ricts ( ,p5nsylvania #ge p] c5t 7 defective4 ,! prec$+ *>t %[s ! comp>ative preval5ce ( heal? defects among city & c\ntry *ildr54 ,inve/igate ! foll[+3 ,mean+ ( vital /ati/ics4 ,importance ( vital /ati/ics to y\r community4 ,:]e record$ = y\r c\nty or t[n4 ,:at ! vital /ati/ics ( y\r community = ! la/ ye> %[4 ,causes ( dea?s 9 y\r community = ! la/ ye>4 ,! p]c5tage ( ^! dea?s t 7 prev5table4 ,increase or decrease ( dea? rate 9 y\r community dur+ rec5t ye>s1 9 y\r /ate4 ,! nature ( ! prevail+ sicknesses 9 y\r community dur+ ! la/ ye>4 ,p] c5t ( ^! t 7 contagi\s4 ,li/ ( contagi\s diseases 9 ! ord] ( _! preval5ce4 ,qu>ant9e regulations 9 y\r community aga9/ contagi\s diseases4 ,ext5t to :i* !y are obs]v$4 ,:o is responsible = _! obs]vance8 ,= _! en=cem5t8 ,obs]ve condition ( sidewalks & o!r public places ) respect to expectoration4 ,is !re a law on ! subject 9 y\r community'8 ,is x obs]v$ or en=c$8 ,:o is responsible8 ,dang]s f expectoration4 ,m$ical inspection 9 ! s*ools ( y\r c\nty1 t[n1 & /ate4 ,if any1 its results4 ,k9ds ( defects mo/ commonly f\nd4 ,h[ is x conduct$8 ,:o s5ds ! inspectors8 ,to :at ext5t ! homes ( ! community coop]ate ) ! s*ools 9 gett+ results f m$ical inspection4 ,,bett] ,,conditions ,,9 ,,cities ,,due ,,to ,,organiz$ ,,team ,,"w ,we may well ask :y ill heal? & physical defects seem to be m preval5t 9 rural communities ?an 9 cities4 ,! answ] probably is1 simply1 t 9 cities !y are ,,prev5t$ m effectively4 ,! *>t on page #cac %[s t :ile ! dea? rate 9 ,new ,york ,city 0 #bj4f p] ?\s& 9 #aijj1 x _h decl9$ to #ad p] ?\s& 9 #aiad2 :ile t 9 ! rural di/ricts ( ,new ,york ,/ate rema9$ practically ! same dur+ ^! ye>s 7#ae4e p] ?\s& 9 #aijj1 #ae4c 9 #aiad74 ,?is indicates t heal? conditions 9 ! city 7 orig9ally mu* worse ?an 9 ! c\ntry4 ,!y 7 rapidly improv$ by organization = heal? protection4 ,!re is n ! occasion1 9 rural communities1 = ! elaborate heal?-protect+ organization t is n[ f\nd 9 all l>ge cities1 because ! p 9 rural communities are n s completely dep5d5t ^u "o ano!r nor at ! m]cy ( conditions ov] :i*1 z individuals1 !y h no control4 ,& yet ev5 9 rural communities physical well-be+ dep5ds l>gely ^u organiz$ team "w4 ,,s*ools ,,z ,,an ,,ag5cy ,,= ,,heal? ,,cons]vation ,cities h us$ _! s*ool organization to combat physical defects & weaknesses ( pupils1 & t is :y !y make a bett] %[+ ?an rural communities 9 su* matt]s z ^? %[n 9 ! table on page #cab4 ,remov+ su* defects f "y p means a /rong] & m effici5t adult population t5 or tw5ty ye>s f n[2 = ^! defects are (t5 ! causes ( m s]i\s illness 9 lat] ye>s4 ,! table on page #bii1 ,*apt] ,,xix1 %[s h[ mu* beh9d cities rural communities h be5 9 ! use ( _! s*ool organization = ?is purpose4 ,! enc\rag+ ?+ is1 h[ev]1 t rural communities are beg9n+ to f9d ! means to use _! s*ools 9 ?is way4 ,! way has be5 op5$ by s*ool consolidation 7p4 #bie71 by ! gr\p+ ( all ! small & isolat$ s*ools ( a c\nty "u a c5tral c\nty adm9i/ration 7p4 #bid71 by aid f ! /ate1 bo? 9 money & 9 sup]vision1 & by coop]ation f ! national gov]nm5t4 ,,heal? ,,education ,,= ,,adults ,,9 ,,cities ,cities h ext5d$ _! heal?-educational "w to ! adult population4 ,?is takes place 9 "p ?r\gh ! s*ools also4 ,in/ruction giv5 to *ildr5 is ( c\rse tak5 home by !m4 ,visit+ nurses employ$ by ! s*ools visit ! homes4 ,classes = mo!rs are conduct$ at ! s*ool 9 ! aft]noon or ev5+4 ,b m ?an ?is1 city bo>ds ( heal?1 (t5 9 coop]ation ) ! s*ool au?orities1 conduct educational campaigns by means ( lit]ature di/ribut$ to ! homes ?r\gh s*ool *ildr51 by means ( ev5+ lectures & mov+ pictures1 & ?r\gh ! newspap]s4 ,,ag5cies ,,= ,,heal? ,,education ,,9 ,,rural ,,communities ,means are n want+ = simil> "w 9 rural communities4 ,! homes may be rea*$ by ! "r k9d ( in/ruction 9 ! s*ools4 ,! classes or clubs = wom5 conduct$ by wom5 c\nty ag5ts may be1 & (t5 are1 us$ z means ( heal? in/ruction4 ,public meet+s at ! community c5t] at ! s*oolh\se may be devot$ at times to public heal? problems1 ) lectures1 mov+ pictures1 & discussions4 ,! local newspap]s always af=d a *annel ?r\gh :i* to get matt]s ( ?is k9d be=e ! p4 ,local & /ate bo>ds ( heal?1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 & ! ,public ,heal? ,s]vice may & d use ^! & o!r ag5cies to rea* ! p4 ,,responsibility ,,( ,,! ,,home ,no matt] h[ mu* ma*9]y = coop]ation we may h 9 our community1 l t describ$ above1 x _c help mu* unless e family & e citiz5 coop]ates intellig5tly4 ,9 a l>ge city1 a small gr\p ( m51 con/itut+ ! city c\ncil1 may inaugurate measures :i* w accompli% sanit>y improvem5ts at ?\s&s ( homes2 b = ! accompli%m5t ( sanit>y improvem5ts at #ajjj f>m homes at lea/ #ajjj p]sons 444 mu/ be conv9c$ t ! sanit>y measures are ne$$1 become in=m$ h[ to apply !m1 & be will+ to put !m into op]ation4 ,footnote3 ,,rural ,,sanitation1 by ,l4 ,l4 ,lumsd51 ,public ,heal? ,bullet9 ,no4 #id1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,public ,heal? ,s]vice1 p4 #aj4 ,,! ,,importance ,,( ,,pure ,,air ,pure air is ess5tial to good heal?4 ,x is n always easy to get 9 ! cr[d$ liv+ & work+ conditions ( cities4 ,!re x is necess>y to regulate ^! conditions by law1 & factories & t5em5ts are inspect$ to see t !y are prop]ly v5tilat$ & n ov]cr[d$4 ,9 rural communities !re is less excuse = bad air1 & ! responsibility = x re/s m directly ^u ! individual1 z illu/rat$ on page #aab1 ,*apt] ,x4 ,,bad ,,air ,,& ,,! ,,spread ,,( ,,disease ,x might seem t x is nobody's bus9ess b our own h[ we live 9 our homes or at our "w4 ,b bad air less5s vitality & nurtures disease4 ,?is r$uces productive p[]4 ,moreov]1 colds1 influ5za1 & tub]culosis 7( :i* m ?an a million p are con/antly sick 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates71 all ( :i* are n\ri%$ 9 bad air1 may be spread by contact1 or by food h&l$ by ^? :o are sick4 ,p :o live 9 bad air at home m+le ) o!rs at *ur*1 9 mov+ picture !at]s1 at s*ool1 9 ! c\rtroom1 & 9 o!r public meet+ places1 :i* are !mselves (t5 poorly v5tilat$4 ,x is /range t c\rt rooms1 :]e ju/ice is adm9i/]$1 s*ools :]e *ildr5 are prep>$ = life1 & *ur*es :]e p wor%ip1 are s (t5 badly v5tilat$4 ,report on ! foll[+3 ,is y\r s*oolroom well v5tilat$8 ,h[ d y "k8 ,:at effect does poor v5tilation h ^u y\r feel+s & y\r "w8 ,if ! law requires s*ool att5dance1 :y %\ld x also require good v5tilation ( ! s*ool8 ,if ! v5tilation ( y\r s*ool is n good1 :at may y d ab\t x8 ,:o is responsible = x8 ,obs]ve & report ^u ! v5tilation ( ! c\rt rooms1 mov+ picture !at]s1 *ur*es1 & o!r meet+ places 9 y\r community4 ,,pure ,,wat] ,,& ,,heal? ,cities g to great exp5se to get an abundant pure-wat] supply4 ,x is ( ! greate/ importance 9 community sanitation ,impure wat] is "o ( ! *ief s\rces ( typhoid fev] & o!r diseases ( ! inte/9es4 ,ab\t #djj1jjj p]sons h typhoid fev] e ye> 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & #cj1jjj are kill$ by x2 & x is unnecess>y4 ,we h f ?ree to five times z mu* typhoid z _m ,european c\ntries h1 & = no o!r reason ?an t we are neglig5t4 ,,pure ,,food ,,& ,,heal? ,pure1 clean1 :olesome food is equally ess5tial4 ,we ne$ n dwell ^u ! importance ( ! "r k9ds ( food & well- cook$ food4 ,mu* illness is caus$ by spoil$ foods4 ,disease g]ms may be c>ri$ by food z well z by wat]4 ,tub]culosis may be c>ri$ by milk1 ei!r f diseas$ cattle1 or f victims ( ! disease :o h&le ! milk at "s po9t 9 its progress f ! dairy f>m to ! home4 ,! dea? rate among babies is appall+1 especially 9 cities1 because ( ! use ( milk conta9+ g]ms ( inte/9al diseases4 ,typhoid fev] may be contract$ f milk1 gre5 vegetables1 & oy/]s f b$s contam9at$ ) sewage4 ,! food supply ( cities passes ?r\gh _m h&s be=e x rea*es ! consum]4 ,at almo/ e po9t x is protect$ by regulations & inspection4 ,mo/ ( x1 h[ev]1 comes orig9ally f ! f>m :i* is beyond ! control ( ! city au?orities4 ,! produc]s & h&l]s ( food products 9 rural di/ricts !re=e owe x n only to !mselves b also to _! city neighbors to ex]cise e possible precaution aga9/ ! spread ( disease4 ,su* precautions consi/ 9 cleanl9ess 9 h&l+ & /or+ milk1 butt]1 & meats2 9 ! cleans+ ( milk receptacles ) pure wat]2 9 ! prop] location & con/ruction ( wells2 9 protect+ spr+s f surface dra9age2 9 sanit>y disposal ( sewage & o!r wa/es f ! h\sehold2 9 protection ( food aga9/ flies4 ,,sanitation ,,9 ,,cities ,9 cities a great deal ( att5tion is giv5 to sanitation4 ,sewage is c>ri$ (f by public sew]s4 ,h\sehold]s are requir$ to place g>bage 9 sanit>y cans1 :5ce x is collect$ & dispos$ ( 9 su* a way z n to pollute ! soil4 ,a%es & refuse are c>ri$ away f homes & %ops1 & ! /reets are clean$ daily4 ,9 rural communities su* matt]s are left almo/ entirely to ! h\sehold]4 ,,flies ,,z ,,disease ,,c>ri]s ,expos$ g>bage1 improp]ly built outdoor toilets1 & /able manure are bre$+ places ( flies2 & flies are notori\s c>ri]s ( disease4 ,yet1 out ( m ?an #cjjj homes 9 "o c\nty 9 ,indiana only #ca made provision to prev5t /able manure f bre$+ flies1 & ! same 0 true ( only #a out ( m ?an #bjjj homes 9 a c\nty 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & only #hf out ( ne>ly #ejjj homes 9 an ,alabama c\nty4 ,,dang] ,,f ,,mosquitoes ,mal>ia is widespread 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & imposes a heavy toll ^u ! nation's heal?4 ,x is c>ri$ f "o victim to ano!r by a c]ta9 k9d ( mosquito1 ( :i* x is comp>atively easy to get rid by prop] dra9age ( bre$+ places1 by treat+ ! surface ( pools ) k]os5e1 by scre5+1 & by see+ to x t ra9 b>rels are cov]$ & t t9 cans & o!r receptacles ( wat] are n left ly+ ar\nd4 ,b flies & mosquitoes d n /op ) f5ces1 nor d !y recognize city or c\nty b\nd>ies4 ,h5ce1 individual ef=t )\t community coop]ation is likely to be useless4 ,,pollut$ ,,soil ,,& ,,hookworm ,,disease ,! t]rible hookworm disease s preval5t 9 our s\!rn /ates is caus$ by a m9ute worm t infe/s soil pollut$ ) sewage4 ,x p5etrates ! soles ( ! feet ( ^? :o g b>efoot & ! palms ( ! h&s ( ^? :o "w 9 ! soils1 f9ds its way ?r\gh ! blood to ! inte/9es1 & !nce to ! soil aga94 ,an inve/igation 9 #ggj c\nties 9 #aa /ates :]e hookworm disease is preval5t %[$ t out ( #bhg1fjf f>m homes only six t5?s ( "o p] c5t dispos$ ( _! sewage 9 su* a way z to prev5t soil pollution4 ,out ( #cje homes 9 a little community 9 ,mississippi1 only #d prop]ly dispos$ ( sewage4 ,:5 ! fir/ inve/igations 7 made1 !re 7 #djg cases ( hookworm disease out ( #ajjb resid5ts4 ,besides1 !re _h be5 rec5tly #ab cases ( tub]culosis1 #dg ( typhoid fev]1 #ahd ( mal>ia1 & #chd ( dys5t]y4 ,safe me?ods ( dispos+ ( sewage 7 introduc$1 h\ses 7 scre5$1 an artesian well 0 bor$ = a public wat] supply1 & ! community clean$ up g5]ally4 ,aft] ^! improvem5ts ! v>i\s diseases almo/ entirely disappe>$4 ,simil> results 7 obta9$ 9 #ii o!r communities 9 ! s\!rn /ates4 ,footnote3 ,report ( ! ,rockefell] ,f\ndation1 #aiag1 pp4 #acf- #ach4 ,topics = inve/igation3 ,! wat] supply ( f>ms 9 y\r locality4 ,any rec5t improvem5ts4 ,! public wat] supply 7if any7 ( y\r community4 ,its s\rces4 ,me?od ( purification4 ,quality ( wat]4 ,h[ ! p "k x is pure or impure4 ,public or private own]%ip ( ! supply4 ,co/ to ! h\sehold]4 ,ext5t to :i* ! families repres5t$ 9 y\r class dep5d ^u private wells4 ,h[ _m h _h _! well wat] exam9$ to te/ its purity4 ,h[ to proce$ to h wat] te/$4 ,:o te/s x8 ,:o pays = ! te/8 7,if possible1 visit ! laboratory :]e ! te/s are made47 ,numb] ( cases ( typhoid fev] 9 y\r community1 n[ or dur+ la/ ye>4 ,h[ ! in=mation c be obta9$4 ,is ! in=mation likely to be accurate8 ,^: bus9ess is x to keep a record8 ,:y %\ld a record be kept8 ,:y %\ld x be made public8 ,causes ( typhoid 9 y\r community4 ,are !y prev5table8 ,h[8 ,obs]vance ( qu>ant9e aga9/ typhoid4 ,h[ may wells become pollut$8 ,give cases ( :i* y may "k4 ,/udy diagram on page #cad4 ,me?ods ( sewage disposal 9 y\r community4 ,laws on ! subject4 ,c y sugge/ improvem5ts8 ,regulation ( milk production & h&l+ 9 y\r community3 on ! f>ms :]e x is produc$2 9 ! h&s ( deal]s & di/ributors2 9 ! home4 ,:o make ^! regulations8 ,outl9e on a map ! area f :i* y\r community is suppli$ ) milk4 ,%[ on a map cities t are suppli$ by y\r c\nty ) dairy products1 g>d5 vegetables1 meats1 etc4 ,clean-up campaigns 9 y\r community4 ,progress & me?ods ( fly & mosquito ext]m9ation 9 y\r community4 ,! "w ( ! ,rockefell] ,f\ndation = ! ext]m9ation ( hookworm disease 7see ref]5ces74 ,hospitals t s]ve y\r community4 ,:]e locat$4 ,by :om support$ 7private1 city or t[n1 c\nty1 /ate74 ,,national ,,control ,,( ,,heal? ,,cons]vation ,heal? protection1 l education1 has be5 consid]$ prim>ily ! duty ( ! /ate4 ,b _m conditions affect+ heal? h aris5 t ! /ate _c completely control4 ,*iefly "u ! p[] giv5 to x by ! ,con/itution to regulate =eign & int]/ate comm]ce 7p4 #dea71 ,congress has pass$ _m laws t protect heal?1 plac+ _! en=cem5t 9 ! h&s ( ! sev]al dep>tm5ts ( ! national gov]nm5t4 ,,heal? ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture conducts mu* public heal? "w1 ?r\gh its home demon/ration ag5ts1 its ,(fice ( ,rural ,eng9e]+1 :i* deals ) problems ( f>m wat] supply & rural sanitation1 its ,bureau ( ,entomology :i* wages w> aga9/ flies & o!r disease-c>ry+ insects1 & its ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry :i* inspects cattle1 meats1 & dairy products4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture also adm9i/]s ! ,food & ,drugs ,act1 ! purpose ( :i* is to secure purity ( food products & to require t !y & m$ic9al drugs %all be label$ 9 su* a way z to %[ :at !y conta94 ,fraudul5t & h>mful cures & pat5t m$ic9es may ?us be expos$4 ,,! ,,public ,,heal? ,,s]vice ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,public ,heal? ,s]vice inve/igates diseases & heal? conditions & ! means ( controll+ !m4 ,x has giv5 consid]able att5tion to rural sanitation4 ,x issues reports & o!r publications ( great value to ! citiz51 "s ( !m be+ li/$ at ! end ( ?is *apt]4 ,x has repres5tatives 9 all important =eign ports1 inspects all %ips t ent] ,am]ican h>bors1 & holds !m 9 qu>ant9e until !y & _! pass5g]s are giv5 a clean bill ( heal?4 ,*ol]a & o!r dang]\s diseases h ?us be5 prev5t$ f ga9+ a foo?old on ,am]ican soil4 ,,heal? ,,"w ,,( ,,o!r ,,dep>tm5ts ,! ,w> ,dep>tm5t has also wag$ a rel5tless w>f>e aga9/ disease1 n only 9 ! army itself1 b also 9 ! ,panama ,canal ,zone1 ,cuba1 ,porto ,rico1 ! ,philipp9es1 & o!r regions occupi$ by ! army4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,labor seeks to improve ! physical conditions ( labor = bo? m5 & wom51 & its ,*ildr5's ,bureau is *>g$ ) a /udy ( all matt]s p]ta9+ to ! welf>e ( *ildr54 ,9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior ! ,c5sus ,bureau collects national vital /ati/ics2 ! ,bureau ( ,m9es has done valuable "w = ! prev5tion ( accid5ts 9 m9es & m9+ indu/ries2 & ! ,bureau ( ,education seeks to promote physical education1 in/ruction 9 home economics1 & education 9 ! home relat+ to ! c>e ( *ildr54 ,,/ate ,,responsibility ,,= ,,heal? ,,protection ,a v l>ge "p ( ! duty ( heal? protection mu/1 h[ev]1 rema9 ) ! /ates4 ,e /ate has its dep>tm5t ( heal?1 head$ by a /ate bo>d ( heal?1 or a commission] ( heal?1 or bo?4 ,^! dep>tm5ts diff] greatly 9 _! organization & 9 ! ext5t & effectiv5ess ( _! "w4 ,,new ,,york ,,/ate ,,organization ,"o ( ! be/ organiz$ /ate dep>tm5ts ( heal? is t ( ,new ,york4 ,among its mo/ important features are 7#a7 a ,,public ,,heal? ,,c\ncil :i* has p[] to e/abli% a /ate-wide ,,sanit>y ,,code2 7#b7 ! conc5tration ( all adm9i/rative p[] 9 ! h&s ( a s+le /ate ,,commission] ,,( ,,heal?1 :o has a /aff ( exp]ts to direct special l9es ( heal? "w2 & 7#c7 a well- organiz$ s*eme ( coop]ation betwe5 ! /ate dep>tm5t & local heal? au?orities4 ,,local ,,organization ,,= ,,heal? ,,protection ,! abs5ce or weakness ( local organization = heal? protection has be5 "o ( ! ob/acles to progress 9 physical well-be+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,driv5 by an appall+ dea? rate & frequ5t epidemics1 our l>ge cities h develop$ heal? dep>tm5ts :i* 9 _m cases h prov$ v effective4 ,b 9 small] communities1 :ile heal? dep>tm5ts or heal? (fic]s usually exi/1 ! organization has = ! mo/ "p be5 v ineffective4 ,! p !mselves h n be5 suffici5tly ar\s$ to _! ne$s & to me?ods ( meet+ !m4 ,new ,york & ,massa*usetts are among ! mo/ progressive /ates 9 ?is matt]4 ,ea* local community 9 ^! /ates 7t[n1 village1 or small city7 has its bo>d ( heal? & heal? (fic]2 b ^! communities are gr\p$ into ,,heal? ,,di/ricts 7#h 9 ,massa*usetts1 #bj 9 ,new ,york71 ea* di/rict be+ 9 *>ge ( a heal? (fic] appo9t$ by ! /ate commission] or bo>d ( heal?4 ,9 ,new ,york ! di/rict heal? (fic]1 :o is !re call$ ! ,,sanit>y ,,sup]visor1 has ! foll[+ duties3 ,to keep in=m$ reg>d+ ! "w ( ea* local heal? (fic] )9 8 sanit>y di/rict4 ,to aid ! local heal? (fic]s 9 mak+ heal? surveys ( ! community "u _! control4 ,to aid ea* local heal? (fic] 9 ! p]=mance ( 8 duties1 p>ticul>ly on ! appe>ance ( contagi\s diseases4 ,to hold conf]5ces ( local heal? (fic]s4 ,to /udy ! causes ( excessive dea? rates4 ,to promote effici5t regi/ration ( bir?s & dea?s4 ,to inspect all labor camps & to en=ce 9 !m all public heal? regulations4 ,to inspect ,indian res]vations & to en=ce all provisions ( ! sanit>y code 9 !m4 ,to secure ! coop]ation ( m$ical organizations = ! improvem5t ( ! public heal?4 ,to promote ! in=mation ( ! public 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to ! public heal?4 ,,example ,,( ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a ,ano!r type ( local heal? organization & ( coop]ation betwe5 local & /ate au?orities = heal? protection & promotion has be5 develop$ 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 :]e #he p] c5t ( ! population is rural4 ,"h ! c\nty has be5 tak5 z ! unit ( local organization4 ,heal? conditions _h be5 v bad 9 ?is /ate1 hookworm disease1 tub]culosis1 mal>ia1 & o!r diseases be+ preval5t4 ,! /ate bo>d ( heal?1 assi/$ by ! ,rockefell] ,sanit>y ,commission 7see above1 page #cbj1 & ref]5ces bel[71 began an inve/igation & an educational campaign among ! p1 ) ! result t _m ( ! c\nties ( ! /ate n[ h an organization = heal? coop]ation unsurpass$1 p]haps1 9 any o!r /ate4 ,ea* c\nty has a heal? dep>tm5t1 :i* is controll$ jo9tly by ! /ate bo>d ( heal? & a c\nty bo>d ( heal?4 ,! c\nty bo>d ( heal? consi/s ( ! mayor ( ! c\nty seat1 ! *airman ( ! bo>d ( c\nty commission]s1 ! c\nty sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools1 & two physicians ( ! c\nty elect$ by ! o!r ?ree memb]s4 ,! "w ( ! heal? dep>tm5t is direct$ by a c\nty heal? (fic]1 :o is appo9t$ by ! /ate bo>d ( heal? ( :i* he is also a memb]4 ,he has a /aff ( tra9$ assi/ants4 ,9 ?is plan note ! coop]ation betwe5 /ate & local communities1 betwe5 t[n & c\nty (ficials1 & betwe5 ! s*ool au?orities & ! heal? organization4 ,note1 also1 ! lead]%ip ( speciali/s 9 heal? matt]s4 ,topics = inve/igation3 ,organization ( ! dep>tm5t ( heal? 9 y\r community 7bo? c\nty & t[n73 ! bo>d ( heal?2 ! executive heal? (fic] or (fic]s2 ! k9ds ( "w done4 ,am\nt ( money sp5t by y\r local heal? dep>tm5t = all purposes & = ea* purpose sep>ately4 ,comp>e ) ! am\nts sp5t = roads1 = s*ools1 & = o!r "w ( ! local gov]nm5t4 ,! int]e/ %[n by ! p 9 y\r community 9 public heal? matt]s4 ,"s ( ! m important heal? problems ( y\r community4 ,! lead]%ip 9 y\r community 9 heal? matt]s4 ,coop]ation betwe5 ! /ate gov]nm5t & y\r local gov]nm5t 9 heal? matt]s4 ,! m important local & /ate laws relat+ to heal? 9 y\r community4 ,organization ( y\r /ate dep>tm5t ( heal?4 ,local heal? problems t ne$ /ate control4 ,/ate heal? problems t ne$ local coop]ation4 ,! op]ation ( ! ,food & ,drugs ,act 9 y\r community4 ,! "w ( ! ,public ,heal? ,s]vice4 ,! ext]m9ation ( yell[ fev] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! fight aga9/ ! bubonic plague 9 ,cali=nia4 ,! "w ( ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t to ma9ta9 ! heal? ( ! soldi]s dur+ ! rec5t w>4 ,volunte] ag5cies t coop]at$ 9 ?is "w4 ,"w done 9 y\r community = ! promotion ( heal? by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,public ,heal? ,s]vice4 ,! "w ( ! ,*ildr5's ,bureau ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,labor4 ,! inspection ( immigrants4 ,,read+s ,reports ( local & /ate bo>ds ( heal?4 ,publications ( /ate agricultural college relat+ to public heal?4 ,publications ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,public ,heal? ,s]vice1 ,wa%+ton4 ,! foll[+ are illu/rative3 ,f$]al ,public ,heal? ,adm9i/ration3 ,its ,developm5t & ,pres5t ,/atus4 ,repr9t ,no4 #aab1 ,u4 ,s4 ,pub4 ,heal? ,reports1 #aiac4 ,public ,heal? ,reports4 ,issu$ weekly4 ,rural ,sanitation1 ,pub4 ,heal? ,bullet9 ,no4 #id1 #aiah4 ,heal? ,insurance1 ,pub4 ,heal? ,reports1 vol1 #cd1 ,no4 #af1 #aiai4 ,! ,nation's ,physical ,fitness1 ,pub4 ,heal? ,reports1 vol4 #cd1 ,no4 #ac1 #aiai4 ,good ,wat] = ,f>m ,homes1 ,pub4 ,heal? ,bullet9 ,no4 #gj1 #aiae4 ,typhoid ,fev]3 ,its ,causation & ,prev5tion1 ,pub4 ,heal? ,bullet9 ,no4 #fi1 #aiae4 ,public ,heal? ,almanac 7= curr5t ye>74 ,:at ! ,f>m] ,c ,d to ,prev5t ,mal>ia1 ,pub4 ,heal? ,reports1 ,no4 #aa1 ,supplem5t1 #aiad4 ,fight+ ,trim3 ,! ,importance ( ,"r ,liv+4 ,supplem5t ,no4 #e1 ,pub4 ,heal? ,reports1 #aiac4 ,! ,transmission ( ,disease by ,flies1 ,supplem5t ,no4 #bi1 ,pub4 ,heal? ,reports1 #aiaf4 ,! ,citiz5 & ,public ,heal?1 ,supplem5t ,no4 #d1 ,pub4 ,heal? ,reports1 #aiac4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture publications conta9 mat]ial relat+ to public heal?4 ,= example3 ,heal? ,laws1 ,ye> ,book1 #aiac1 pp4 #abe-acd4 ,animal ,disease & ,our ,food ,supply1 ,ye> ,book1 #aiae1 pp4 #aei-agb4 ,public ,abattoirs 9 ,new ,zeal& & ,au/ralia1 ,ye> ,book1 #aiad1 pp4 #dcc-dcf4 ,meat ,inspection ,s]vice ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,ye> ,book #aiaf1 pp4 #gg-ih4 ,sewage ,disposal on ! ,f>m1 ,ye> ,book1 #aiaf1 pp4 #cdg-cgd4 ,clean ,wat] & ,h[ to ,get ,x on ! ,f>m1 ,ye> ,book1 #aiad1 pp4 #aci-aef4 ,dunn1 ,,! ,,community ,,& ,,! ,,citiz51 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,be>d1 ,c4 ,a41 ,,am]ican ,,city ,,gov]nm5t1 pp4 #bfa-bhb4 ,among ! ,bullet9s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,education treat+ ( heal? matt]s are ! foll[+3 #aiaj1 ,no4 #e1 ,am]ican s*oolh\ses4 #aiac4 ,no4 #dd1 ,organiz$ heal? "w 9 s*ools4 ,no4 #dh1 ,s*ool hygi5e4 ,no4 #eb1 ,sanit>y s*oolh\ses4 #aiad1 ,no4 #aj1 ,physical gr[? & s*ool progress4 ,no4 #ag1 ,sanit>y survey ( ! s*ools ( ,orange ,c\nty1 ,va4 ,no4 #bj1 ,! rural s*ool & hookworm disease4 #aiae1 ,no4 #d1 ,! heal? ( s*ool *ildr54 ,no4 #ba1 ,s*oolh\se sanitation4 ,no4 #ej1 ,heal? ( s*ool *ildr54 #aiag1 ,no4 #ej1 ,physical education 9 second>y s*ools4 #aiai1 ,no4 #b1 ,/&>dization ( m$ical inspection facilities4 ,no4 #fe1 ,! eyesight ( s*ool *ildr54 ,publications ( ! ,*ildr5's ,bureau1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,labor4 ,see1 = example1 ,rural ,*ildr5 9 ,select$ ,c\nties ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,rural ,*ild ,welf>e ,s]ies ,no4 #b1 & ,baby-,sav+ ,campaigns4 ,a ,prelim9>y ,report on ,:at ,am]ican ,cities are ,do+ to ,prev5t ,infant ,mortality1 ,bureau ,publication ,no4 #c4 ,see li/ ( publications issu$ by ! ,bureau4 ,9 ,,lessons ,,9 ,,community ,,& ,,national ,,life3 ,s]ies ,b3 ,lesson #ad1 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,public ,heal? ,s]vice4 ,s]ies ,c3 ,lesson #ai1 ,h[ ! city c>es = heal?4 ,reports ( ! ,rockefell] ,f\ndation1 #fa ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,social1 ,,ae/hetic1 ,,& ,,spiritual ,,wants ,,happ9ess ,,?r\gh ,,s]vice ,sev]al times 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s ref]5ce has be5 made to our national purpose to transmute days ( dre>y "w into happi] lives4 ,?is does n mean to get rid ( "w2 = happ9ess c be atta9$ only ,,9 "w & ,,?r\gh "w4 ,happ9ess ,,9 "w dep5ds l>gely ^u our fre$om & ability to *oose ! k9d ( s]vice = :i* we are be/ fitt$1 & ^u ! ext5t to :i* we prep>e ourselves = x4 ,x also dep5ds to a l>ge ext5t ^u good heal? 7p4 #cji74 ,,satisfaction ,,( ,,high] ,,wants ,b !re nev] 0 a tru] /atem5t ?an t all "w & no play makes ,jack a dull boy4 ,9 return = 8 "w e citiz5 is entitl$ to en\gh comp5sation to enable him to provide n only = ! b>e necessities ( life1 su* z food & %elt]1 b also = ! pleasure t he d]ives f ! satisfaction ( 8 high] wants1 su* z social life & recreation1 an education t w give him a ri*] enjoym5t ( life1 pleasant surr\nd+s1 religi\s advantages4 ,,equality ,,( ,,opportunity ,,to ,,enjoy ,,life ,all ^! ?+s h mu* to d ) our national well-be+ & our citiz5%ip4 ,our nation is democratic only 9 proportion to ! equality ( opportunity enjoy$ by all citiz5s to satisfy ^! wants4 ,moreov]1 ! effici5cy ( ea* citiz5 9 productive "w & z a p>ticipator 9 self-gov]nm5t dep5ds m ?an we sometimes ?9k ^u 8 opportunity to enjoy life 9 pleasant surr\nd+s & 9 :olesome social relations4 ,9 ! pa/ ! citiz5 has be5 left l>gely to 8 own res\rces & to purely volunt>y coop]ation to provide = ^! wants4 ,gov]nm5t has n ev5 adequately ,,protect$ 8 rights ( ?is k9d1 to say no?+ ( positively ,,promot+ !m4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 community team "w ?r\gh gov]nm5t is be+ organiz$ z nev] be=e bo? to promote & to protect ! int]e/s ( all citiz5s 9 ! fulle/ possible enjoym5t ( life4 ,,recreation ,,& ,,social ,,life ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,play ,*ildr5 enjoy play because x satisfies physical1 m5tal1 & social wants4 ,b x is also ! pr9cipal means by :i* !y prep>e = ! m s]i\s duties ( lat] life4 ,x builds up heal?1 tra9s ! muscles & ! s5ses1 & %>p5s ! wits4 ,x gives practice 9 team "w1 develops lead]%ip1 & tea*es ! value ( rules ( ! game4 ,e *ild is entitl$ to an abundant opportunity to play1 bo? because ( ! happ9ess x af=ds him & because by x he is tra9$ = memb]%ip 9 ! community4 ,x is to ! int]e/ ( ! community to af=d him ! opportunity4 ,x is l>gely = ?is reason t mo/ ( ! /ates protect *ildr5 by law f be+ put to "w = a liv+ at too e>ly an age4 ,,opportunities ,,= ,,play ,,9 ,,cities ,9 l>ge cities ?\s&s ( *ildr5 live 9 cr[d$ di/ricts :]e !re is no place to play except 9 ! public /reets4 ,s little appreciative h we be5 ( ! importance ( play 9 ! developm5t ( "y citiz5s t great numb]s ( city s*ools h be5 built ) no provision :atev] = playgr\nds4 ,?is mi/ake is sl[ly be+ correct$1 (t5 at great exp5se4 ,no city s*ool is n[ consid]$ fir/-class if x does n h an ample & well-equipp$ playgr\nd1 ) compet5t directors to tea* *ildr5 h[ to get ! mo/ out ( _! play4 ,mo/ cities are also e/abli%+ public playgr\nds ap>t f ! s*ools1 sometimes "u ! managem5t ( ! s*ool bo>d1 b (t5 "u t ( a special playgr\nd or recreation commission4 ,,play ,,9 ,,rural ,,communities ,play = ! *ildr5 ( rural communities is z important z = ^? ( cities1 b ev5 less att5tion has be5 giv5 to x4 ,_m a c\ntry s*ool has no playgr\nd1 & if x has "o x is likely to be small & n equipp$ ) play app>atus4 ,:y %\ld !re be playgr\nds :5 !re is all outdoors 9 :i* to play8 ,:y %\ld !re be exp5sive play app>atus & play directors :5 boys & girls c get all ! ex]cise !y ne$ at home or on ! f>m8 ,play means m ?an m]e physical ex]cise1 & mu/ be pleasurable if x is to h value4 ,organiz$ play is z truly a means ( education z any s*ool in/ruction1 & mu/ h compet5t lead]%ip or direction4 ,9 rural di/ricts1 :]e ! *ildr5 live f> ap>t1 !re is p>ticul> ne$ = a common meet+ place = organiz$ gr\p play1 & ! s*ool is ! mo/ appropriate place = x4 ,,argum5t ,,= ,,s*ool ,,consolidation ,! ne$ = organiz$ play 9 rural communities is "o ( ! be/ argum5ts = s*ool consolidation1 = x br+s toge!r l>g] numb]s & makes possible ! employm5t ( a compet5t play director & ! prop] equipm5t ( ! playgr\nd4 ,tea*]- tra9+ s*ools n[ make a po9t ( tra9+ play lead]s z well z tea*]s ( ari?metic & geography4 ,,mean+ ,,( ,,recreation ,z *ildr5 gr[ old]1 an increas+ "p ( _! "t mu/ be giv5 to "w--s*ool "w1 tasks at home1 remun]ative employm5t outside ( ! home4 ,aft] leav+ s*ool & ?r\gh\t adult life1 "w absorbs ! major "p ( "o's "t & att5tion4 ,b ev5 !n1 all "w & no play w cont9ue to make ,jack a dull boy4 ,we n[ call play recreation1 = by x body & m9d & _s are refre%$1 r5ew$1 ,,re-,,creat$1 aft] close application to "w4 ,t is :y s*ool "w is brok5 by recesses4 ,recreation is necess>y z a means ( provid+ = physical1 m5tal1 & social wants2 = ! pleasure t x af=ds4 ,b x is also important 9 its relation to "w1 = )\t x body & m9d become fagg$1 p gr[ /ale at _! "w1 produc+ p[] & p[] ( s]vice are r$uc$4 ,,! ,,habit ,,( ,,play ,x is v easy to get out ( ! habit ( play1 & especially difficult to =m ! habit 9 adult life if x has n be5 done 9 y\?4 ,p (t5 become s absorb$ 9 "w t !re seems to be no "t = recreation4 ,9 su* cases n only is ! enjoym5t ( life n>r[$1 b !re is a risk ( damag+ ! quality ( "o's "w & ev5 ( %ort5+ "o's life ( productive activity1 or ( s]vice4 ,,leisure ,a ,,requirem5t ,e work] is entitl$ to opportunity = recreation1 bo? = 8 own sake & = ! well-be+ ( ! community4 ,?is means1 fir/ ( all1 t he mu/ h ,,leisure = x4 ,:5 p h to "w h>d = t5 or twelve or m h\rs a day1 ye> 9 & ye> out1 z 0 once cu/om>y 9 indu/ry1 !re is nei!r "t nor en]gy = :olesome recreation4 ,t su* conditions exi/$1 & /ill exi/ to a consid]able ext5t1 is due to gross imp]fections 9 ! indu/rial organization ( ! community4 ,"o ( ! evid5ces ( progress t[>d transmut+ days ( dre>y "w into happi] lives is ! r$uction 9 ! h\rs ( toil 9 _m indu/ries1 & ! consequ5t increase ( leisure = ! enjoym5t ( life & = self-improvem5t4 ,"o ( ! ?+s = :i* labor unions h /ruggl$ is ! %ort5+ ( ! work+ day4 ,?r\gh _! ef=ts1 & ?r\gh ! awak5+ ( public int]e/ & k 9 reg>d to ! matt]1 ! work+ day is n[ fix$ by law at eight h\rs 9 mo/ indu/ries1 (t5 ) a half holiday on ,saturdays4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t ?is *ange has 9 no way r$uc$ ! product ( indu/ry4 ,!re are /ill "s indu/ries1 h[ev]1 9 :i* m5 toil at ! h>de/ k9d ( labor = twelve or m h\rs a day1 sometimes ev5 includ+ ,sundays4 ,a ,,liv+ ,,wage ,a ,,necessity ,a second ?+ necess>y to af=d opportunity = recreation is an income f "o's "w suffici5t to provide m ?an ! b>e necessities ( life4 ,be=e ! w>1 x is said1 m ?an five million families1 or ab\t "o f\r? ( ! families 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 7 try+ to live on a wage ( #ej a mon?1 or less4 ,dur+ ! w>1 wages ( skill$ & unskill$ labor %ot upw>d2 b s1 also1 did ! co/ ( liv+4 ,x is n easy to det]m9e j :at %>e ( ! proce$s ( indu/ry %\ld1 9 ju/ice1 g to ! labor] 9 wages4 ,b x %\ld be en\gh to provide n only = food & clo?+ & %elt]1 b also = dec5t family life1 = heal?ful surr\nd+s1 = education = ! *ildr51 & = :olesome recreation4 ,labor unions & o!rs int]e/$ 9 a fair] di/ribution ( ! proce$s ( indu/ry h long be5 work+ = ! enactm5t ( m9imum wage laws1 t is1 laws fix+ ! lea/ wage t may be paid = ea* class ( labor1 ?is to be en\gh to provide a reasonable satisfaction ( all ! wants ( life4 ,"s /ates h already enact$ su* laws1 & dur+ ! rec5t w> ! f$]al gov]nm5t 9 "s cases fix$ rates ( wages1 & appo9t$ labor bo>ds to adju/ wages to ! ris+ co/ ( liv+4 ,,! ,,wise ,,use ,,( ,,leisure ,nei!r leisure nor income1 h[ev]1 suffice = recreation unless !y are wisely us$4 ,m]e idl5ess is n recreation2 & _m p use _! leisure 9 ,,dissipation in/ead ( 9 recreation4 ,dissipation is ! opposite ( ?rift4 ,x means to ?r[ away1 or to be wa/eful4 ,a p]son may dissipate 8 income4 ,we h come to und]/& ! ^w dissipation1 h[ev]1 to mean excessive indulg5ce 9 pleasures or amusem5ts t are wa/eful ( "t1 en]gy1 or heal?1 or all ?ree1 & we call ! p]son dissipat$ :o is addict$ to su* indulg5ce4 ,any amusem5t1 ev5 ?\gh h>mless 9 itself1 may become dissipation if indulg$ 9 to excess1 or at ! sacrifice ( o!r ?+s t are bett]4 ,,rural ,,opportunities ,,= ,,recreation ,"o ( ! pr9cipal disadvantages (t5 put =w>d aga9/ life 9 rural communities is ! lack ( opportunity = recreation4 ,x p>tly expla9s ! difficulty ( obta9+ an abundance ( f>m labor1 & is "o ( ! ob/acles to induc+ "y p to rema9 on ! f>m4 ,un=tunately1 too1 ! wom5 on ! f>m h (t5 be5 ! *ief suff]]s f close conf9em5t to ! drudg]y ( h\sework1 ) little opportunity = recreation & less *ance ?an ! m5 h to enjoy ! companion%ip ( o!r p4 ,! v nature ( f>m+ entails h>d "w & long h\rs1 especially at c]ta9 seasons4 ,"u exi/+ conditions x is h>d to see h[ ! f>m]'s work+ day c\ld be limit$ to eight h\rs z 9 mo/ o!r occupations4 ,! citiz5 f>m] :o lives 9 ! same community ) ! m9] 444 mu/ inve/ 9 l& & build+s1 tools & live/ock4 ,he mu/ pay taxes & insurance & repairs & vet]9>y fees4 ,he mu/ "w (t5 sixte5 h\rs1 seldom less ?an t51 & he mu/ be on duty day & night1 ready always to c>e = 8 indep5d5t plant--all ?is1 & yet 9 ord] to receive a labor income equal to t ( ! s(t coal m9] 444 ! f>m] mu/ n only "w himself z no pr(essional labor] ev] works1 b he mu/ also "w 8 *ildr5 )\t pay4 ,footnote3 ,e4 ,dav5port1 ,dean ( ! ,college ( ,agriculture1 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 9 ,proce$+s ( ! ,fir/ ,national ,c\ntry ,life ,conf]5ce1 ,baltimore1 #aiai4 p4 #ahc4 ,,improv$ ,,conditions ,,on ,,! ,,f>m ,al?\gh ?is only too fai?fully describes liv+ conditions on ! f>m z !y h be5 9 ! pa/ & /ill are 9 _m cases1 mu* improvem5t has tak5 place4 ,improvem5t ( agricultural ma*9]y & me?ods has br\ght a great] measure ( leisure to ! f>m]1 :ile bett] means ( transportation & communication h bo? sav$ him "t & made easi] = him & 8 family association ) o!r p & ! enjoym5t ( ent]ta9m5t 9 ! neighbor+ village or city4 ,! f>m woman has b5efit$ by ! introduction ( labor-sav+ devices & bett] managem5t 9 ! h\sehold1 & by ! developm5t ( community coop]ation 9 su* matt]s z dairy+ & laundry "w 7see pp4 #ajf1 #ajg74 ,9 fact1 bett] team "w 9 e phase ( ! bus9ess ( agriculture means great] opportunity = ! enjoym5t ( liv+1 & ! ef=ts ( ! national & /ate gov]nm5ts to enc\rage su* team "w & to improve ! me?ods ( agriculture h = _! purpose n m]ely ! increase ( ! agricultural product1 b also ! great] happ9ess ( ! rural citiz54 ,,facilities ,,= ,,dissipation ,:5 leisure may be f\nd = recreation1 ! facilities = x are (t5 inadequate4 ,! city1 & ev5 ! village1 af=ds facilities = amusem5t & social enjoym5t t good roads1 automobiles1 & trolley l9es h made m accessible ?an =m]ly to ! c\ntry r\nd ab\t4 ,:ile ! urban community naturally af=ds great] opportunity ?an ! rural community = social recreation1 its opportunities = dissipation are equally great4 ,go+ to ! movies may be a real recreation1 or x may become a dissipation :5 indulg$ 9 to excess )\t discrim9ation z to ! m]it ( ! p]=mance4 ,almo/ e village has its well-kn[n loaf+ places1 & ! saloon us$ to be a favorite meet+ place = c]ta9 classes ( p4 ,amusem5ts t are especially h>mful are m or less regulat$ by law4 ,ev5 mov+ pictures are c5sor$4 ,saloons h n[ be5 totally aboli%$4 ,,facilities ,,= ,,recreation ,! mo/ effective prev5tive ( dissipation is ample provision = :olesome recreation4 ,v>i\s ag5cies 9 urban communities seek to supply ?is ne$1 bo? = _! own resid5ts & = visitors f outside4 ,m5's clubs1 su* z *amb]s ( comm]ce1 af=d social & amusem5t advantages = ! bus9ess m5 ( ! t[n1 & = visit+ f>m]s :o =m]ly met only at ! /ore or c\r?\se1 9 ! saloon or on ! /reet corn]4 ,public libr>ies1 (t5 ) ! coop]ation ( wom5's clubs1 provide re/ rooms1 arrang$ = ! com=t & ent]ta9m5t ( visit+ wom51 & af=d means ( pr(itable & enjoyable recreation = "y p4 ,t[n *ur*es sometimes ma9ta9 social rooms1 op5 dur+ ! week = simil> purposes4 ,! ,"y ,m5's & ,"y ,wom5's ,*ri/ian ,associations h p]=m$ a great s]vice by provid+ ent]ta9m5t & social life = "y p4 ,"o ( ! m rec5t developm5ts is ! community c5t]1 usually at ! s*oolh\se1 :]e !re are (f]$ lectures & conc]ts1 social ent]ta9m5ts1 dances1 games1 & sports4 ,9 "s l>ge cities su* recreation c5t]s are ( ! greate/ value 9 ! cr[d$ di/ricts4 ,,opportunities ,,af=d$ ,,by ,,! ,,consolidat$ ,,s*ool ,rural communities h suff]$ f a de>? ( recreational facilities ( _! own1 especially ( a ,,social type4 ,"o ( ! mo/ promis+ influ5ces to supply ?is defici5cy is ! ,,consolidat$ ,,s*ool1 :i* makes provision = assembly halls1 social ga!r+s1 & recreation gr\nds = "y & old alike4 ,an illu/ration ( ?is is giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,xix 7p4 #bif74 ,developm5t ( community recreation c5t]s at consolidat$ rural s*ools is go+ on rapidly 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,i[a af=ds a /rik+ example ( ?is4 ,9 t /ate m ?an #bjjj "o-room c\ntry s*ools h be5 consolidat$ into some?+ m ?an #cjj1 & consolidation is /ill go+ on4 ,"s ( ^! consolidat$ s*ools h five acres ( l&1 :]e provision is made1 n only = g>d5+ & f>m+ activities1 b also = picnic gr\nds & = fields = a?letic sports & conte/s4 ,! build+s conta9 assembly halls1 gymnasiums1 & kit*5s :]e food is prep>$ = social ent]ta9m5ts z well z = s*ool lun*es & = ! tea*+ ( cook+4 ,,ne$ ,,= ,,lead]%ip ,"o ( ! *ief ob/acles to ! developm5t ( rural community recreation has be5 ! abs5ce ( lead]%ip4 ,! consolidat$ s*ool helps to rem$y ?is4 ,o!r ag5cies1 h[ev]1 are do+ some?+ to provide su* lead]%ip1 among ! mo/ active ( :i* is ! c\nty "w dep>tm5t ( ! ,"y ,m5's ,*ri/ian ,association1 :i* has organiz$ c\nty-wide a?letic associations & rural play fe/ivals & field days 9 _m localities4 ,,kn[+ ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,opportunities ,!re are ag5cies1 or organizations1 9 almo/ e community t c\ld & %\ld s]ve recreational ends4 ,! tr\ble ) _m ( u is n s mu* ! lack ( "t or ( ! means = recreation1 b a lack ( k ( h[ to get ! mo/ out ( our recreational opportunities4 ,h5ce ! ne$ = lead]%ip4 ,h5ce1 also1 ! ne$ = an education t w op5 up to u new av5ues ( enjoym5t4 ,recreation may be obta9$ n only f a?letic sports & social ent]ta9m5ts1 b f ! fields & woods1 f books & music & pictures1 ev5 f ,,v>iety ,,9 ,,our ,,"w1 if we only knew h[ to f9d x4 ,! s*ool is "u z great obligation to provide u ) an education t w tea* u ?is z x is to equip u to e>n a liv+4 ,inve/igate & report on3 ,! opportunities = play 9 y\r community4 ,! =ms ( play mo/ preval5t 9 y\r community4 ,! ext5t to :i* play 9 y\r community develops team "w & lead]%ip4 ,h[ y\r s*ool playgr\nd c\ld be improv$4 ,play z a means ( education 9 y\r s*ool4 ,ag5cies besides ! s*ool t af=d opportunity = play 9 y\r community4 ,leisure on ! f>ms ( y\r locality3 = m52 = wom52 = *ildr54 ,c\ld an eight-h\r day be appli$ to f>m+ 9 y\r locality8 ,:y8 ,l5g? ( ! work+ day = diff]5t employm5ts 9 y\r t[n or neighbor+ city4 ,m9imum wage laws 9 y\r /ate4 ,recreational facilities & ag5cies 9 y\r community4 ,community c5t]s 9 y\r community & _! activities4 ,! value ( a c\nty field day 9 y\r community4 ,mean+ ( ! /atem5t t ! boy )\t a playgr\nd is fa!r to ! man )\t a job4 ,,attractive ,,surr\nd+s ,,appreciation ,,( ,,t ,,:i* ,,is ,,beautiful ,beauty 9 "o's surr\nd+s adds mu* to ! enjoym5t ( life1 & !re=e1 also1 to "o's effici5cy 9 "w & z a citiz54 ,p are (t5 app>5tly bl9d to ! beauty t is ar\nd !m4 ,hav+ eyes1 !y see n2 & e>s1 !y he> n4 ,^? :o live 9 ! op5 c\ntry are surr\nd$ by natural beauties ( :i* city dwell]s are l>gely depriv$4 ,too (t51 h[ev]1 !y are unconsci\s ( !m or indiff]5t to !m4 ,to ! h>d- work+ f>m] a gorge\s sunset may be little m ?an a sign ( ! wea!r on ! morr[1 & ! beauty ( a field ( :eat or corn may be lo/ 9 ! ?\ght ( ! toil t has gone into x1 or ( ! doll>s t may come out ( x4 ,=tunate is ! rural dwell] ^: toil & isolation are temp]$ by an appreciation ( ! beauties ( ! natural _w ab\t him6 ,,its ,,cultivation ,love = & appreciation ( t :i* is beautiful may be cultivat$4 ,x is a "p ( "o's education4 ,! s*ools n[ give m att5tion to x ?an =m]ly2 b _m ( !m d n yet give en\gh4 ,appreciation ( beauty is cultivat$ n m]ely by in/ruction 9 art1 b also by ^? /udies t increase "o's k ( ! common ?+s ab\t u4 ,! tea*+ ( agriculture & ( sci5ce has a v practical purpose2 b its purpose is only p>tly accompli%$ if x tea*es u h[ to raise corn or cotton )\t op5+ our eyes to ! wond]s ( nature involv$ 9 ! process4 ,an appreciation ( beauty may be cultivat$1 also1 by association ) x1 z x may be de/roy$ by con/ant association ) t :i* is ugly4 ,p :o live 9 unkempt & slov5ly surr\nd+s are likely to become indiff]5t to !m4 ,x is ! duty ( e "o to h a c>e = ! appe>ance ( 8 surr\nd+s bo? because ( its effect ^u himself & its influ5ce ^u o!rs4 ,,importance ,,( ,,appe>ances ,a /rang] :o visits our s*ool is likely to judge x1 fir/ ( all1 by its appe>ance4 ,he w note :e!r or n ! build+ is 9 good repair1 ! condition ( ! gr\nds & f5ces1 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( fl[] b$s1 %rubs1 & trees4 ,inside1 he w obs]ve ! cleanl9ess & ord]l9ess ( ! room1 ! decorations on ! walls1 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( pictures & fl[]s & plants2 yes1 & also ! c>e ! pupils & tea*] take ( _! p]sonal appe>ance4 ,^! ?+s are signs to ! visitor ( ! int]e/ tak5 by pupils1 s*ool au?orities1 & ! community 9 _! s*ool4 ,!y are also signs ( ! "* ( ! "w done 9 ! s*ool1 & ( ! happ9ess ( ! pupils4 ,a ,,community ,,judg$ ,,by ,,appe>ances ,9 a simil> mann]1 ! visitor to y\r community w =m 8 fir/ op9ion ( x by its appe>ance4 ,he w note1 fir/ ( all ! appe>ance ( ! homes1 & !n1 probably1 ! cleanl9ess & /ate ( repair ( ! /reets or roads4 ,he w obs]ve ! condition ( ! f5ces1 & :e!r or n ! we$s are cut along ! roads4 ,he w notice1 also1 ! ext5t to :i* ! p love fl[]s1 & c>e = trees & vacant lots4 ,all ( ^! ?+s w be signs to him ( ! prosp]ity1 ! happ9ess1 ! community _s1 ( ! citiz5s4 ,!y w d\btless ent] into 8 decision z to :e!r or n he c>es to live1 or e/abli% a bus9ess1 or educate 8 *ildr51 9 t community4 ,,community ,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,beauty ,9 cities a good deal ( att5tion is usually giv5 to su* matt]s1 & laws exi/1 ) gov]nm5t (fic]s to adm9i/] !m1 = ! protection & promotion ( community beauty4 ,9 rural communities ^! matt]s are left m l>gely to individual initiative & volunt>y coop]ation4 ,x becomes a matt] ( public int]e/ & _s on ! "p ( ! individual & ! family4 ,x is true t "s ?+s are done ?r\gh gov]nm5t au?orities1 z 9 ! improvem5t ( ! roads & ! build+ ( bridges & culv]ts t are ( pleas+ design z well z s]viceable4 ,9 "s ,new ,engl& t[ns !re are t[n plann+ bo>ds1 :i* c>efully plan = ! lay+ out ( /reets & _! improvem5t1 ! prop] location ( public build+s & ! /yle ( ar*itecture to be us$1 ! location & developm5t ( p>ks & playgr\nds1 ! enactm5t ( suitable h\s+ laws1 & o!r matt]s p]ta9+ to ! beauty ( ! community z well z to ! well-be+ ( its citiz5s4 ,,community ,,plann+ ,sy/ematic plann+ ( rural communities ) a view to mak+ !m beautiful has n be5 c>ri$ v f> 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 fact1 z "o travels ov] a l>ge "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates "o is impress$ by ! monoton\s & unattractive "* ( ! t[ns & villages4 ,?is is n true ev]y:]e1 = 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 usually ^? t h be5 settl$ longe/1 "o sees beautiful villages t fit h>moni\sly into ! l&scape4 ,b ov] l>ge areas ( ! c\ntry x seems t :]ev] man has gone he has m>r$ ! beauty ( nature4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,example ,!re is no?+ 9 :i* ! influ5ce ( example is s quickly se5 z 9 matt]s relat+ to appe>ance4 ,p are prone to copy _! neighbors 9 matt]s ( /yle1 :e!r x be 9 dress or 9 ar*itecture4 ,9 "o r wret*$ community a few boys :o 7 /udy+ civics s\ght p]mission to lay sod 9 ! doory>d ( a t5em5t h\se4 ,hav+ obta9$ p]mission & laid ! sod1 x 0 n long be=e "s "o else 9 ! neighborhood did likewise1 & soon p all ar\nd 7 sodd+ _! y>ds or s[+ grass se$4 ,!n !y began to repair & pa9t _! f5ces & o!rwise tidy up _! places1 until ! :ole neighborhood 0 trans=m$ 9 appe>ance4 ,x is int]e/+ to note1 also1 t z ! community improv$ 9 appe>ance1 x also became less lawless ?an x _h be54 ,?is is "o phase ( community life 9 :i* x is easy to e/abli% lead]%ip1 & 9 :i* "y p c p]=m valuable civic s]vice & contribute mat]ially t[>d transmut+ days ( dre>y "w into happi] lives4 ,inve/igate & report on3 ,! natural beauty ( y\r community4 ,h[ natural beauty has be5 de/roy$ 9 y\r community4 ,h[ natural beauty has be5 pres]v$ 9 y\r community4 ,our national p>ks4 ,h[ y\r s*ool promotes ! love = beauty4 ,h[ y\r s*ool c\ld be made m beautiful4 ,h[ y & y\r s*oolmates c\ld make y\r s*ool m beautiful4 ,:at impression a /rang] w\ld get ( y\r community f its appe>ance4 ,! features 9 ! appe>ance ( y\r community ( :i* y are pr\d4 ,^? ( :i* y are a%am$4 ,ag5cies t exi/ 9 y\r community to promote its beauty ,ways 9 :i* y c p>ticipate 9 mak+ y\r community m beautiful4 ,,religi\s ,,life ,,& ,,ag5cies ,,gov]nm5t ,,& ,,religion ,9 "s c\ntries *ur* & /ate are insep>ably b\nd toge!r4 ,be=e ! rec5t w> ! ,russian ,cz> 0 also ! head ( ! ,russian *ur*4 ,9 our own c\ntry 9 colonial times1 no citiz5 0 p]mitt$ to vote 9 ! ,new ,engl& t[n meet+ :o did n belong to ! ,puritan *ur* ( ! community4 ,?is religi\s qualification = p>ticipation 9 gov]nm5t 0 9 ! c\rse ( "t disp5s$ )1 & "o ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( our democracy is t e citiz5 %all h complete lib]ty ( religi\s belief4 ,our gov]nm5t ex]cises no control ov] ! religi\s life ( ! p o!r ?an to gu>antee ?is lib]ty4 ,congress %all make no law respect+ an e/abli%m5t ( religion1 or prohibit+ ! free ex]cise !re( 7,unit$ ,/ates ,con/itution1 ,am5dm5t ,i74 ,/ate con/itutions conta9 simil> gu>antees4 ,to prev5t gov]nm5t int]f]5ce ) religion1 religi\s in/itutions are exempt f taxation4 ,,religion ,a ,,means ,,( ,,control ,on ! o!r h&1 ! *ur* & o!r religi\s in/itutions are an important means ( community control4 ,!y d n ex]cise ?is control ?r\gh gov]nm5t1 b ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( _! own beliefs & organization ^u ! conduct ( _! memb]s4 ,if ev]ybody %\ld live 9 accordance ) ! ,gold5 ,rule1 !re w\ld be no ne$ = gov]nm5t z a means ( repression1 b only z a means ( p]=m+ s]vice4 ,,religi\s ,,diff]5ces ,,an ,,ob/acle ,,to ,,team ,,"w ,"o ( ! un=tunate ?+s ab\t ! *ur* has be5 ! fact t m or less important diff]5ces 9 religi\s belief h t5d$ to break up ! community into num]\s religi\s gr\ps1 or *ur*es4 ,?is may be necess>y 9 purely religi\s matt]s1 b x has too (t5 happ5$ t ! p h all[$ _! religi\s diff]5ces to prev5t unit$ action 9 o!r matt]s ( common int]e/ to ! entire community4 ,9 "s cases communities h be5 brok5 up into rival1 or ev5 ho/ile1 factions because ( ?is4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a gr[+ tol]ance ( "o religi\s sect or d5om9ation by o!rs1 :i* is 9 accord ) ! ,*ri/ian _s1 & is necess>y if community life is to be well develop$4 ,x (t5 happ5s t !re are m *ur*es ( ! same d5om9ation 9 a community ?an x c support4 ,9 su* cases1 at lea/1 !re is ne$ = *ur* consolidation simil> to ! consolidation ( s*ools1 & = ! same reason4 ,,social ,,s]vice ,,( ,,! ,,*ur* ,! *ur* may be1 & (t5 is1 an important ag5cy 9 ! community = ! p]=mance ( s]vices o!r ?an t ( m9i/]+ to ! religi\s wants ( ! p4 ,or1 to speak m correctly1 x has realiz$ m or less fully t ! religi\s wants ( ! p are closely b\nd up ) _! o!r wants1 & seeks to m9i/] to ^! o!r wants z a "p ( its religi\s duty4 ,?us1 we f9d ! *ur* gr[+ m active 9 look+ aft] ! heal? int]e/s1 educational int]e/s1 & social & recreational int]e/s ( its memb]s & o!rs4 ,inve/igate & report on3 ,! numb] ( religi\s d5om9ations hav+ *ur*es 9 y\r community4 ,! numb] ( *ur*es 9 ea* d5om9ation4 ,memb]%ip & att5dance 9 ! *ur*es ( y\r community4 ,argum5ts = & aga9/ *ur* consolidation 9 y\r community4 ,activities ( *ur*es 9 y\r community1 o!r ?an religi\s4 ,religi\s organizations o!r ?an *ur*es 9 y\r community4 ,,read+s ,9 ,,lessons ,,9 ,,community ,,& ,,national ,,life3 ,s]ies ,a3 ,lesson #bg1 ,conc5tration ( social in/itutions 7includ+ ! s*ool & ! *ur*74 ,s]ies ,b3 ,lesson #ab1 ,imp]sonality ( mod]n life4 ,lesson #bj1 ,! *ur* z a social in/itution4 ,lesson #bi1 ,labor organizations4 ,s]ies ,c3 ,lesson #aa1 ,! effects ( ma*9]y on rural life4 ,lesson #bi1 ,*ild labor4 ,lesson #cb1 ,h\s+ = work]s4 ,s\rces ( ,in=mation on ,play & ,recreation1 by ,lee ,f4 ,hanm] & ,h[>d ,w4 ,knight2 ,dep>tm5t ( ,recreation1 ,russell ,sage ,f\ndation1 ,new ,york 7#aiae74 ,,! ,,playgr\nd4 ,a mon?ly publication ( ! ,playgr\nd & ,recreation ,association ( ,am]ica1 #a ,madison ,ave41 ,new ,york 7#b a ye>74 ,,neighborhood ,,play4 ,a manual ( rural recreation 7,! ,y\?'s ,companion1 ,bo/on74 ,mc,cready1 ,s4 ,b41 ,rural ,sci5ce ,read]4 ,9 ,rural ,education ,s]ies1 ,h4 ,w4 ,foght1 g5]al editor 7,hea?74 ,write ! ,c\nty ,"w ,dep>tm5t1 ,int]national ,committee ( ! ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 = mat]ial4 ,foght1 ,h4 ,w41 ,,! ,,rural ,,tea*] ,,& ,,8 ,,"w1 ,*apt] ,,vi 7,! rural s*ool & community recreation74 ,jackson1 ,h5ry ,e41 ,a ,,community ,c5t]--,,:at ,,x ,,is ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,organize ,,x1 ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,education ,bullet91 #aiah1 ,no4 #aa4 ,quick1 ,h]b]t1 ,! rural awak5+ 9 its relation to civic & social c5t] developm5t4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #dgd1 ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons94 ,beautify+ ! ,f>m/ead1 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 ,no4 #ajhg1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,proce$+s ,fir/ ,national ,c\ntry ,life ,conf]5ce 7address ,dwight ,s&]son1 ,secret>y1 ,cornell ,univ]sity1 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y472 ,play & recreation 9 rural life1 p4 #ie2 ,religi\s =ces = c\ntry life1 p4 #hc4 ,jackson1 ,h5ry ,e41 ,,! ,,community ,,*ur* 7,macmillan74 ,num]\s surveys ( rural communities h be5 made by v>i\s ag5cies4 ,among !m are ^? made by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,*ur* & ,c\ntry ,life ( ! ,bo>d ( ,home ,missions ( ! ,presbyt]ian ,*ur*1 #aef ,fif? ,ave41 ,new ,york4 ,ext5sive surveys are be+ made by ! ,int]-,*ur* ,_w ,movem5t1 #de ,we/ #ah? ,/41 ,new ,york4 ,bullet9 ,no4 #ahd ( ! ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,i[a ,/ate ,agricultural ,college1 ,ames1 ,i[a1 conta9s a social survey ( ,orange ,t[n%ip1 ,blackhawk ,c\nty1 ,i[a4 ,write y\r ,/ate ,agricultural ,college or ,/ate ,univ]sity = possible mat]ials ( a local "*4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,dep5d5t1 ,,defective1 ,,& ,,del9qu5t ,,memb]s ,,( ,,! ,,community ,9 e community !re are "s memb]s :o are n self- support+ & :o d n contribute mat]ially to ! community's progress 7see ,*apt] ,v & ,*apt] ,,xi74 ,,:o ,,con/itute ,,dep5d5ts1 ,,defectives1 ,,& ,,del9qu5ts ,! v "y & ! v ag$ come )9 ?is gr\p4 ,bo? are peculi>ly dep5d5t ^u o!rs1 ?\gh ! ag$ may1 by ?rift 9 e>li] ye>s1 h acquir$ a compet5ce ) :i* to meet ! ne$s ( old age2 & ! "y are expect$1 9 lat] ye>s1 to comp5sate ! community = ! c>e !y h receiv$ f o!rs dur+ *ildhood4 ,!re are ^?1 also1 ( all ages1 :o are incapacitat$ = self-support & = s]vice by disease1 or by physical or m5tal defects su* z bodily de=mities1 bl9dness1 or feeble- m9d$ness4 ,9 addition1 !re are "s :o1 ?\gh physically able to p]=m s]vice1 delib]ately prey ^u ! community 9 "o mann] or ano!r )\t giv+ any?+ 9 return4 ,! latt] con/itute ! ,,del9qu5t class1 & include crim9als4 ,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,family ,,to ,,! ,,problem ,normally1 ! ne$s ( ^? :o are unable to support !mselves1 :e!r because ( extreme y\? or old age or because ( physical or m5tal defects1 are provid$ = by ! family4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s1 h[ev]1 t ! family is unable to p]=m ?is s]vice4 ,x may be entirely brok5 up4 ,*ildr5 may be left )\t p>5ts1 & ! ag$ )\t *ildr54 ,! natural support]s ( ! family may be /rick5 by disease1 or by accid5t1 or by f9ancial mis=tune4 ,moreov]1 ! prop] c>e & treatm5t ( _m defectives require bett] facilities & great] skill ?an c be provid$ ev5 by well-to-d families4 ,?us a class ( ,,dep5d5ts is produc$--dep5d5ts ^u ! community z a :ole4 ,!y may or may n be ,,defectives1 physical or m5tal4 ,dissipation & ?riftlessness are two ( ! *ief causes ( dep5d5cy4 ,,treatm5t ,,9 ,,e>ly ,,times ,9 ! l[] /ages ( civilization x 0 n uncommon = ! feeble & ! helpless to be put to dea?1 ev5 sickly *ildr5 & p]sons infirm f old age4 ,?is 0 done 9 ! "n ( community int]e/4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce 0 s sev]e t ! pres5ce ( non-produc+ or non-fight+ memb]s endang]$ ! entire gr\p4 ,besides1 x 0 ! belief 9 mo/ cases t ! sacrifice ( ! helpless simply ha/5$ _! passage into a happi] life4 ,,r$uc+ ,,! ,,wa/age ,,( ,,human ,,life ,humane consid]ations n[ prev5t su* treatm5t ( ! helpless4 ,moreov]1 ) our increas$ skill 9 m$ic9e & surg]y & education1 ! diseas$ & defective may (t5 be re/or$ to heal? or fitt$ = "s =m ( self-support t makes !m happi] & ( use to ! community4 ,! wa/age ( human life has be5 greatly r$uc$ 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,_m ( ! soldi]s :o return$ f ! w> 9 ,europe s brok5 9 body or m9d t 9 =m] times !y w\ld h dragg$ out ! rema9d] ( _! lives a burd5 to !mselves & to o!rs h1 by surgical skill & special =ms ( education1 be5 re/or$ :olly or p>tially to ! ranks ( ! self-support+ & useful memb]s ( ! community4 ,?is ,,rehabilitation ( ! dep5d5t & defective memb]s ( ! community1 :e!r _! mis=tune is due to w> or o!r causes1 is ! *ief aim ( ! treatm5t giv5 !m by ! community at ! pres5t "t4 ,,responsibility ,,( ,,ea* ,,community ,x is an accept$ pr9ciple t ea* community %\ld1 s f> z possible1 c>e = its own un=tunates1 & ! effectiv5ess ) :i* x is done v>ies4 ,b ev]y:]e x has tak5 a long "t to *ange f ! old policy ( m]e ,,relief to ! new policy ( ,,rehabilitation 7see above74 ,,! ,,local ,,alm%\se ,,& ,,its ,,defects ,9 ,new ,engl& & 9 a few o!r /ates ! t[n1 or t[n%ip1 is ! unit = adm9i/]+ poor relief1 b else:]e x is ! c\nty4 ,! alm%\se1 or poor f>m1 or c\nty infirm>y is ! usual local in/itution = ?is purpose4 ,un=tunately x has be51 z a rule1 badly manag$4 ,m5 & wom51 old p & *ildr51 heal?y & diseas$1 bl9d & crippl$1 moral & immoral1 ev5 ! insane1 h be5 h\s$ toge!r1 (t5 m+l+ ) "o ano!r ) little re/riction4 ,! evils ( su* a sy/em are app>5t4 ,,%ort-,,sight$ ,,policy ,moreov]1 ! policy ( ! typical alm%\se has be5 m]ely to give %elt] & food & clo?+ to ^? :o appeal = x1 r ?an to rem$y ! causes ( dep5d5cy or to re/ore ! un=tunate to a basis ( self-support & usefulness4 ,m$ical treatm5t is ( c\rse giv51 b ! means d n exi/ to give special exp]t treatm5t to p>ticul> classes ( defectives4 ,little educational opportunity wor?y ( ! "n is af=d$4 ,:ile able-bodi$ inmates usually h "s "w to d1 x is seldom ( a "* to tra9 = self-support or to create habits ( indu/ry4 ,,rem$ies ,,propos$ ,to provide ?is special treatm5t requires elaborate equipm5t & exp]t s]vice1 :i* co/ a great deal ( money1 m ?an mo/ c\nties or t[ns feel t !y c af=d4 ,communities mu/ come to realize t !y _c af=d to neglect _! un=tunate memb]s1 no matt] :at x co/s to c>e = !m4 ,b ! co/ ne$ n be s great z x seems4 ,a great deal ( money is n[ ,,wa/$ on alm%\ses )\t adequate results4 ,?is c l>gely be rem$i$ by insi/+ ^u m exp]t sup]vision 9 su* in/itutions1 & by a sy/em ( regul> inspection by exp]t /ate (fic]s4 ,great] c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ ) respect to ^? :o are admitt$ to ! in/itutions4 ,only ! des]v+ %\ld be all[$ to live on ! public funds4 ,x is n uncommon = "s classes ( %iftless p to make a practice ( seek+ %elt] 9 ! alm%\se dur+ ! w9t]1 :]e !y live 9 comp>ative com=t & idl5ess at ! public exp5se1 only to leave 9 ! spr+ = a life ( aimless indol5ce1 impos+ z begg>s ^u k9d-he>t$ p4 ,,purpose ,,( ,,/ate ,,in/itutions ,moreov]1 ! c\nty alm%\se %\ld be only a tempor>y place ( det5tion = _m ( ! p :o n[ are kept !re p]man5tly4 ,^? :o ne$ special treatm5t or tra9+ %\ld be pass$ on z quickly z possible to special in/itutions t are equipp$ to c>e = !m4 ,s9ce mo/ local communities c\ld n well af=d to ma9ta9 su* special in/itutions = ! comp>atively few :o w\ld ne$ !m1 ! /ate %\ld ma9ta9 en\gh ( !m at c5tral po9ts to provide = ! ne$s ( all local communities4 ,! /ates d ma9ta9 su* in/itutions--hospitals & sanit>iums = v>i\s types ( m5tal disease1 homes = orphans & = ! ag$1 & = p]sons ) incurable diseases1 asylums & s*ools = ! bl9d & ! deaf-&-dumb1 indu/rial s*ools = boys & girls4 ,! problem ( ! /ate is1 fir/1 to develop su* in/itutions to ! highe/ possible degree ( effici5cy = ! ,,rehabilitation ( _! pati5ts or inmates1 &1 second1 to secure effective coop]ation on ! "p ( local au?orities & in/itutions 9 transf]r+ ^?1 & only ^?1 :o are entitl$ to /ate assi/ance4 ,,coop]ation ,,= ,,outdoor ,,relief ,:5 dep5d5ts are c>$ = 9 in/itutions1 x is call$ ,,indoor ,,relief2 :5 !y are c>$ = outside ( in/itutions1 9 _! homes1 x is call$ ,,outdoor ,,relief4 ,outdoor relief requires community organization & coop]ation & exp]t lead]%ip q z mu* z indoor relief4 ,! lack ( ^! has (t5 result$ 9 great h>m bo? to ! community & to ! ne$y p]son4 ,promiscu\s giv+ ( *>ity by well-int5tion$ p]sons (t5 results 9 giv+ to ! undes]v+ z well z to ! des]v+4 ,!re are lazy & %iftless individuals :o f9d x easi] to live on *>ity ?an by hone/ "w1 & ^: lack ( self- respect p]mits !m to d s4 ,sometimes !y d s by fraudul5t me?ods4 ,giv+ to su* p]sons enc\rages paup]ism & fraud in/ead ( cur+ x4 ,k9d-he>t$ p (t5 say t !y w\ld r be *eat$ occasionally by di%one/ applicants = *>ity ?an to fail to help ! really ne$y by too great caution4 ,! answ] to ?is is t by prop] community organization & coop]ation ! ne$y w be f\nd ) mu* great] c]ta9ty1 ! fraudul5t w be detect$1 & ! aid giv5 to ^? :o %\ld h x w be mu* m effective4 ,! citiz5 :o turns an applicant = aid ov] to an effective organization 9 a great majority ( cases p]=ms a mu* great] s]vice bo? to ! applicant & to ! community ?an by attempt+ to give aid directly4 ,a few p5nies or a few doll>s giv5 ev5 to a wor?y applicant may n rea* ! root ( ! tr\ble at all1 & may be ! innoc5t cause ( p]petuat+ ! tr\ble4 ,,volunt>y ,,ag5cies ,_m volunt>y organizations exi/ = *>itable & philan?ropic purposes4 ,! *ur* has always be5 "o ( ! *ief ag5cies to c>e = ! poor & un=tunate2 b !re are _m o!rs1 especially 9 our l>ge cities4 ,sometimes !y ma9ta9 hospitals & o!r in/itutions = ! treatm5t ( ^? :o ne$ indoor relief4 ,!y h done a great deal ( good4 ,b !y are subject to ! same difficulties t individuals enc\nt] 9 deal+ wisely ) p>ticul> cases4 ,!y h (t5 devot$ !mselves too exclusively to giv+ tempor>y relief in/ead ( seek+ to cure causes & to rehabilitate ! un=tunate4 ,!y are frequ5tly deceiv$ by impo/ors4 ,seldom d !y h exp]t inve/igators to foll[ up individual cases & to prescribe ! mo/ effective rem$y4 ,!y frequ5tly duplicate "o ano!r's "w 9 a wa/eful mann]4 ,,*>ity ,,organization ,?is lack ( team "w has be5 9 l>ge measure rem$i$1 especially 9 city communities1 by ! e/abli%m5t ( ,,*>ity ,,organization ,,societies4 ,su* societies d n z a rule give direct relief1 b act z a cle>+ h\se = exi/+ *>itable ag5cies 9 ! community4 ,t is1 !y organize ! ef=t ( ! v>i\s exi/+ ag5cies4 ,!y h a corps ( tra9$ inve/igators :o look into ea* case report$ by any individual or *>itable ag5cy 9 ! community1 make a c>eful record ( x1 & prescribe ! prop] treatm5t4 ,! case is usually turn$ ov] to "o ( ! exi/+ ag5cies t is prop]ly equipp$ to h&le x4 ,philan?ropic p]sons may turn to ! *>ity organization society = advice z to purposes = :i* money is mo/ ne$$4 ,! aim ( *>ity organization is to rem$y causes ( dep5d5cy & to re/ore dep5d5ts to a self- su/a9+ basis s f> z t is possible4 ,,gov]nm5tal ,,organization ,,= ,,poor ,,relief ,*>ity organization societies are :olly volunt>y organizations2 & !re is ne$ = su* volunt>y coop]ation to c>e = ! community's un=tunate & to root out ! causes ( dep5d5cy4 ,su* organizations %\ld1 h[ev]1 "w 9 coop]ation ) gov]nm5tal ag5cies4 ,!re are /ate bo>ds ( *>ities :i* usually h sup]vision ov] ! v>i\s /ate in/itutions = dep5d5ts & defectives4 ,e l>ge city gov]nm5t has its dep>tm5t ( *>ities1 sometimes comb9$ ) ! dep>tm5t ( heal?4 ,! ov]se] ( ! poor is "o ( ! olde/ ( t[n (fic]s4 ,! c>e ( dep5d5ts & defectives 9 small1 or rural1 communities has1 h[ev]1 be5 v poorly organiz$4 ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,,/ate ,,& ,,local ,,organization ,an effective attack ^u ! public welf>e problems ( a /ate is tw(old3 7#a7 by a /ate welf>e bo>d & /ate welf>e in/itutions1 & 7#b7 by t[n & c\nty welf>e bo>ds & in/itutions444 4 ,public welf>e "w calls = a /ate bo>d ( public welf>e1 /atewide 9 au?ority 444 & = /ate in/itutions t are l>ge en\gh to c>e = ! del9qu5ts1 ! dep5d5ts1 ! defectives1 & ! neglect$ :o _c be bett] c>$ = by local au?ority & in/itutions4 444 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x calls = c\nty bo>ds ( public welf>e ) c\nty-wide au?ority & tra9$ executive secret>ies4 444 ,_m ( our ills bulk up s big t !y c be successfully attack$ only 9 detail by local int]e/1 local ef=t1 & local in/itutions4 ,tub]culosis & pov]ty are capital in/ances ( social problems t are beyond ! possibilities ( /ate in/itutions1 & t necess>ily wait ^u organiz$ c\nty ef=ts ( effective sort4 444 ,we d n "k ! deaf1 ! bl9d1 ! feeble-m9d$1 ! epileptic1 ! crippl$1 & ! neglect$ or wayw>d boys & girls--_! numb]1 _! names1 & _! resid5ces 9 any c\nty ( ! /ate 444 because !re is at pres5t no local organization *>g$ ) ! responsibility ( acc\nt+ = su* un=tunates4 444 ,footnote3 ,e4 ,c4 ,branson1 ,c\nty responsibility = public welf>e1 9 ! ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,club ,,ye> ,,book1 #aiag-aiah1 pp4 #afa1 #afb 7,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,*apel ,hill1 ,n4 ,c474 ,,causes ,,( ,,dep5d5cy ,,mu/ ,,be ,,remov$ ,!re w d\btless always be "s dep5d5t & defective memb]s ( ! community = :om ! community mu/ c>e4 ,_! numb]1 h[ev]1 may be greatly r$uc$ by creat+ conditions t w remove _! causes4 ,x has be5 report$ f _m localities1 = example1 t ! prohibition ( ! sale ( intoxicat+ liquors has result$ 9 ! empty+ ( ! "w h\ses :i* communities h su/a9$ = ! conf9em5t ( vagrants & p]sons convict$ ( petty misdemeanors4 ,mu* dep5d5cy has result$ f ! crippl+ ( wage e>n]s by indu/rial accid5ts & f indu/rial diseases aris+ f "w 9 un:olesome conditions4 ,^! causes may be remov$ by ! ma9t5ance ( :olesome work+ conditions1 by ! in/allation ( safety devices1 & by ! ex]cise ( great] c>e by work]s & employ]s4 ,! safety fir/ movem5t /rikes at ! root ( mu* dep5d5cy4 ,inability to read signs & to und]/& in/ructions on ! "p ( illit]ate & =eign work]s is ! cause ( _m accid5ts4 ,,social ,,insurance ,"s /ates h pass$ employ]s' liability laws1 design$ to hold employ]s responsible = accid5ts result+ f failure to provide safe work+ conditions4 ,o!rs h workm5's comp5sation laws :i* provide t an injur$ workman %all receive a portion ( 8 wages dur+ incapacity f accid5t or illness4 ,9 "s c\ntries v>i\s =ms ( ,,compulsory ,,/ate ,,insurance h be5 adopt$4 ,g]many1 = example1 has long _h laws requir+ employees to take out accid5t insurance & insurance aga9/ sickness1 bo? employees & employ]s contribut+ to ! insurance fund4 ,p5sions = ! ag$ & = wid[s are also provid$ =1 ! gov]nm5t itself contribut+ to ! fund = ?is purpose4 ,at ! close ( ! ye> #aiai1 #ci ( our #dh /ates _h laws provid+ = aid by ! /ate to mo!rs :o 7 unable to provide prop]ly = _! *ildr54 ,! aim 9 our community life %\ld be z f> z possible to ,,prev5t dep5d5cy & n m]ely to relieve suff]+ aft] x occurs4 ,we %all f9d t ! problem w t5d to disappe> 9 proportion z we develop 9 our communities adequate provision = heal? protection & physical developm5t 7,*apt] ,,xx71 = vocational & g5]al education 7,*apt] ,,xix71 = :olesome recreation 7,*apt] ,,xxi71 = ! cultivation ( habits ( ?rift 7,*apt] ,,xiii72 & z we are successful 9 produc+ a "r attitude t[>d ! problem ( e>n+ a liv+ & :olesome relations betwe5 employ] & employee 7,*apt] ,,xi74 ,inve/igate & report on3 ,! rehabilitation ( crippl$ soldi]s aft] ! w>4 ,y\r c\nty or t[n alm%\se or poor f>m3 ,! k9ds ( cases %elt]$ !re2 its co/ to ! community2 ! me?ods ( treatm5t employ$4 ,o!r local in/itutions = indoor relief 9 y\r community4 ,/ate in/itutions = ! c>e ( dep5d5ts & defectives 9 y\r /ate4 ,_! k9ds & location4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 pov]ty & paup]ism4 ,! ext5t & k9d ( *>ity "w done by ! *ur* :i* y att5d 7get accurate in=mation74 ,! volunt>y organizations ( y\r community t give poor relief4 ,! k9d ( *>itable "w done by ea*4 ,*>ity organization 9 y\r community4 ,its results & ! ne$ = x4 ,! causes ( dep5d5ce 9 y\r community4 ,! ext5t to :i* volunt>y *>itable "w 9 y\r community is direct$ to remov+ ! causes ( dep5d5cy4 ,! organization ( y\r c\nty or t[n gov]nm5t = ! c>e ( dep5d5ts & defectives4 ,employ]s' liability laws1 workm5's comp5sation laws1 mo!rs' p5sion laws1 9 y\r /ate4 ,,! ,,crim9al ,,class ,x is said t !re are at lea/ #bej1jjj p 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o make _! liv+ by crime1 & !re are _m m :o commit crime on occasion4 ,x is said1 also1 t to support & control ?is crim9al class co/s ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates n less ?an #fjj1jjj1jjj p] annum1 or z mu* z is exp5d$ = ! entire educational sy/em ( ! c\ntry4 ,,:at ,,crime ,,is ,crime is ! violation ( law4 ,! crim9al is a memb] ( ! community :o refuses to coop]ate ) o!rs 9 accordance ) ! law4 ,! conduct ( an individual may be wrong & h>mful to ! community )\t be+ crim9al2 x becomes crim9al only :5 ! law actually =bids x4 ,a giv5 act may be a crime 9 "o /ate & n 9 ano!r /ate1 because ! laws ( ! /ates diff] 9 _! def9ition ( crimes4 ,!y also diff] 9 ! p5alties impos$ = ! same crime4 ,,e>ly ,,me?ods ,,( ,,treat+ ,,crim9als ,! me?ods ( deal+ ) crim9als h *ang$ greatly ) ! progress ( civilization1 & especially 9 rec5t ye>s s9ce ! causes ( crime h become bett] und]/ood4 ,9 ! e>li] me?ods two ideas 7 prom95t3 ! infliction ( puni%m5t1 & ! det]r5ce ( o!rs f committ+ ! same (f5se4 ,! p5alties inflict$ 7 !re=e v sev]e4 ,! dea? p5alty 0 inflict$ n only = tak+ human life b also = m9or (f5ses1 su* z /eal+4 ,ev5 9 our own c\ntry 9 colonial times bodily mutilation 0 n uncommon1 su* z br&+ ) a hot iron1 or cutt+ (f ! e>s4 ,prisons 7 vile & loa?some places4 ,,rehabilitation ,,( ,,crim9als ,humane feel+s h caus$ ! ab&onm5t ( su* treatm5t4 ,! dea? p5alty /ill rema9s = ! wor/ ( crimes2 b ev5 x has become m humane 9 its me?ods4 ,_m believe t x %\ld be entirely ab&on$4 ,! eigh? am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates says t excessive bail %all n be requir$1 nor excessive f9es impos$1 nor cruel & unusual puni%m5ts inflict$4 ,moreov]1 a new idea has ent]$ into ! matt]4 ,x is ! same idea t controls ! mod]n treatm5t ( dep5d5ts1 namely1 t ( ,,rehabilitat+ ! crim9al4 ,x is n[ recogniz$ t crime results 9 mo/ cases f diseas$ conditions ei!r 9 ! individual or 9 ! community4 ,"s individuals commit crime m]ely because x seems to !m ! easie/ way to make a liv+ or to ga9 "s o!r end2 b ev5 su* individuals are ,,morally diseas$4 ,mu* crime is due to tempor>y m5tal di/urbance1 z f ! use ( intoxicants or o!r drugs4 ,sometimes x is ! act ( p]sons :o are actually insane or feeble-m9d$4 ,v (t5 x is committ$ "u pressure ( pov]ty4 ,9 view ( ^! facts1 :ile ! delib]ate violator ( law %\ld d\btless be puni%$1 x is ev5 m important t ! causes ( crime %\ld be remov$1 & t ! crim9al %\ld1 9 z _m cases z possible1 be re/or$ to a useful & an hone/ mann] ( life4 ,! prop] treatm5t ( dep5d5ts & defectives1 & ! removal ( causes ( dep5d5cy & defectiv5ess1 are ess5tial /eps t[>d ! less5+ ( crime4 ,,! ,,local ,,jail ,! c\nty jail & ! t[n lock-up are ! usual local in/itutions :]e p]sons suspect$ ( hav+ violat$ ! law are deta9$ :ile await+ trial 9 ! c\rts1 & also :]e ^? convict$ ( petty misdemeanors are imprison$ = puni%m5t4 ,! jail & ! lock-up are z notori\s z ! alm%\se = un:olesome conditions & mismanagem5t1 ?\gh conditions h greatly improv$ "u ! influ5ce ( an awak5$ public op9ion4 ,!y h (t51 be5 unsanit>y 9 ! extreme4 ,prison]s h (t5 be5 treat$ m l cattle ?an l human be+s4 ,"y & old are ?r[n toge!r1 ! h>d5$ crim9al ) ! y\?ful fir/ (f5d]1 & ) ^? m]ely suspect$ ( crime1 _m ( :om w be prov$ to be innoc5t4 ,! result is demoraliz+4 ,our jails h sometimes be5 said to be s*ools ( vice & crime4 ,,ne$$ ,,re=m ,,( ,,! ,,jail ,two re=ms1 at lea/1 are ne$$ 9 local jails4 ,fir/1 !y %\ld be made z :olesome z possible1 bo? physically & morally4 ,!y %\ld be p]fectly sanit>y1 & ! food %\ld at lea/ be clean & n\ri%+4 ,arrangem5ts %\ld be made to keep ! diff]5t classes ( inmates sep>ate1 especially ! h>d5$ & vici\s crim9als f y\?ful transgressors & suspects4 ,9 ! second place1 ! local jail %\ld be m]ely a place ( det5tion = ^? await+ trial or1 aft] trial1 transf] to o!r in/itutions4 ,^? f\nd guilty by ! c\rts %\ld be transf]r$ z quickly z possible to in/itutions :]e !y may receive treatm5t fitt$ to _! ne$s4 ,,fitt+ ,,! ,,treatm5t ,,to ,,! ,,(f5d] ,( ?ree p]sons :o /eal t5 doll>s1 "o may be a delib]ate ?ief :o pref]s to make 8 liv+ ?is way2 ano!r may be driv5 by hung]2 & ! ?ird may be m5tally unbalanc$4 ,x is obvi\s t ! treatm5t accord$ to ea* %\ld be det]m9$ by ^! facts r ?an by ! m]e am\nt ( ! !ft4 ,! fir/ d\btless ne$s puni%m5t2 b he %\ld also h treatm5t design$ to *ange 8 attitude t[>d ! community & to fit him to make an hone/ liv+4 ,! second ne$s to be reliev$ ( 8 want & to be giv5 an opportunity = self- support4 ,! ?ird ne$s hospital treatm5t4 ,we are only beg9n+ to see t puni%m5t is only a "p ( ! treatm5t necess>y1 & t ! treatm5t %\ld be made to fit ! crim9al fully z mu* z to fit ! crime4 ,,/ate ,,in/itutions ,,= ,,del9qu5ts ,prop] treatm5t = all ! v>i\s classes ( cases _c well be giv5 9 ! c\nty jail2 nor c ! local community z a rule af=d to ma9ta9 sep>ate in/itutions = !m1 z ! numb] 9 ea* class is v small 9 a giv5 community4 ,h5ce ! necessity = /ate in/itutions to :i* ^? convict$ 9 ! local c\rts may be s5t4 ,su* in/itutions exi/1 al?\gh n always adequate to ! ne$s ( ! /ate4 ,!y include /ate p5it5ti>ies1 re=m & indu/rial s*ools1 hospitals = ! insane1 special s*ools = ! feeble-m9d$1 & o!rs4 ,^! in/itutions h be5 /eadily improv+ 9 _! effici5cy4 ,! great] difficulty seems to be 9 ! local communities1 9 secur+ ! assignm5t ( (f5d]s to ! prop] in/itutions4 ,,adm9i/ration ,,( ,,/ate ,,prisons ,great *anges h occurr$ 9 rec5t ye>s 9 ! me?ods ( adm9i/]+ /ate p5it5ti>ies1 especially 9 "s /ates4 ,"u old conditions convicts 7 ei!r conf9$ 9 isolation & idl5ess or condemn$ to h>d labor1 puni%m5t be+ ! sole idea 9 bo? cases4 ,! mo/ rigid & arbitr>y discipl9e 0 en=c$4 ,mod]n p5it5ti>ies keep prison]s employ$ 9 occupations t are ( use to ! /ate1 t are design$ to tra9 ! prison] = useful s]vice1 & t yield him "s comp5sation t w help to make him self-support+ :5 he leaves4 ,!y also ma9ta9 s*ools = ! in/ruction ( prison]s 9 at lea/ ! common bran*es ( k & 9 vocational subjects4 ,great c>e is tak5 ( ! heal?4 ,9 "s cases ! prison]s are grad$ accord+ to _! conduct & _! ability to assume responsibility1 c]ta9 privileges & fre$om & p>ticipation 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! prison be+ be/[$ ^u !m s long z !y %[ a s5se ( _! responsibility4 ,! p]iod ( imprisonm5t may be %ort5$ z a rew>d = good conduct4 ,,juv5ile ,,(f5d]s ,"o ( ! mo/ important re=ms t h be5 made is t 9 ! treatm5t ( juv5ile (f5d]s4 ,! ma9 feature ( ?is is ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,,juv5ile ,,c\rt1 :]e ! usual proc$ure & publicity ( a crim9al c\rt are avoid$1 & :]e ! judge takes a fa!rly attitude t[>d ! accus$4 ,ea* case is c>efully inve/igat$ to discov] ! cause ( tr\ble & to arrive at a wise conclusion z to ! treatm5t to be giv54 ,9 ! case ( fir/ (f5d]s1 or :]e o!r conditions ju/ify x1 ! prison] is releas$ ,,on ,,probation4 ,t is1 he is giv5 8 fre$om on 8 honor1 b "u ! sup]vision ( a ,,probation ,,(fic] to :om he mu/ report at regul> int]vals4 ,9 ! case ( m s]i\s (f5ses1 or ( repeat$ wrong-do+1 or ( violation ( p>ole1 (f5d]s are s5t to re=m s*ools or indu/rial s*ools4 ,! entire ef=t is to set ! "y (f5d] on ! "r road to hone/ self-support & good citiz5%ip4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ?is ma*9]y = ! treatm5t ( juv5ile del9qu5cy is s f> f\nd almo/ exclusively 9 cities4 ,! problem ( juv5ile del9qu5cy 9 rural communities is "o t requires m att5tion ?an has be5 giv5 to x4 ,x is a problem t ! "y citiz5 himself c greatly help to solve by ! cultivation1 9 himself & 9 8 fri5ds1 ( "r conceptions ( citiz5%ip4 ,inve/igate & report on ! foll[+3 ,! organization ( y\r c\nty & t[n gov]nm5ts to protect p]sons & prop]ty aga9/ crim9als1 to appreh5d law violators1 & to br+ !m to ju/ice4 ,! co/ to y\r c\nty or t[n ( ?is organization4 ,! desirability or undesirability ( diff]+ def9itions ( crime 9 diff]5t /ates1 & ( diff]5t puni%m5ts = ! same crime4 ,! efficacy ( sev]e puni%m5ts 9 prev5t+ crime4 ,%\ld capital puni%m5t be aboli%$8 ,! mean+ ( bail1 & :y x is provid$ =4 ,! effect ( prohibition ^u ! am\nt ( crime 9 y\r community4 ,! numb] ( prison]s conf9$ 9 y\r c\nty jail dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 :y !y 7 !re1 & :at x co/ to keep !m4 ,! mean+ ( fitt+ puni%m5t to ! crim9al r ?an to ! crime4 ,! treatm5t ( prison]s 9 y\r /ate p5it5ti>y4 ,! me?od ( deal+ ) juv5ile (f5d]s 9 y\r community4 ,! mean+ ( probation2 ( p>ole2 ( an indet]m9ate s5t5ce4 ,! ext5t ( juv5ile del9qu5cy 9 y\r community2 its causes4 ,! use ( convict labor outside ( prisons4 ,,read+s ,reports ( c\nty & t[n au?orities4 ,reports ( /ate bo>d ( *>ities & ( adm9i/rative bo>ds ( /ate in/itutions4 ,publications ( ! ,*ildr5's ,bureau1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,labor4 ,s5d = li/ f :i* to select4 ,two valuable publications ( ?is ,bureau are3 ,bureau ,publication ,no4 #cb1 ,juv5ile ,del9qu5cy 9 ,rural ,new ,york4 ,bureau ,publication4 ,no4 #fj1 ,/&>ds ( ,*ild ,welf>e4 ,?is conta9s among o!r valuable mat]ial1 discussions ( *ild labor & legislation relat+ to x1 ( ! c>e ( dep5d5t & defective *ildr51 & ( juv5ile del9qu5cy4 ,9 ,lessons 9 ,community & ,national ,life3 ,s]ies ,a3 ,lesson #e1 ,! human res\rces ( a community4 ,lesson #bh1 ,! work] 9 our society4 ,s]ies ,c3 ,lesson #h1 ,prev5t+ wa/e ( human be+s4 ,lesson #bj1 ,! family & social control4 ,lesson #cj1 ,social insurance4 ,! foll[+ are a few good books relat+ to ! topics ( ?is *apt]3 ,bur*1 ,h4 ,r1 & ,patt]son1 ,s4 ,h41 ,am]ican ,social ,problems1 *aps1 xvi-xx 7,macmillan74 ,h5d]son1 ,c4 ,r41 ,dep5d5ts1 ,defectives1 & ,del9qu5ts4 ,w>n]1 ,a4 ,g41 ,am]ican ,*>ities4 ,dev9e1 ,e4 ,t41 ,pr9ciples ( ,relief4 ,addams1 ,jane1 ,tw5ty ,ye>s at ,hull ,h\se1 & ,! ,h\se on ,h5ry ,/reet4 ,ellwood1 ,c4 ,a41 ,sociology & ,mod]n ,social ,problems4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,team ,,"w ,,9 ,,taxation ,,! ,,dislike ,,( ,,! ,,p ,,= ,,taxation ,p h nev] lik$ to pay taxes4 ,_! repugnance to x is l>gely a survival ( ! times :5 an autocratic rul+ class impos$ taxes ^u ! p = its own selfi% purposes4 ,/ruggl+ = ! b>e necessities ( life1 ! p _h to pay ! bills ( ! rul+ class :o liv$ 9 luxury4 ,! long /ruggle = lib]ty 9 ,engl& & 9 ! ,engli% colonies 0 a /ruggle aga9/ ! p[] ( rul]s to impose taxes )\t ! cons5t ( ! p4 ,! habit ( m9d ) respect to taxation =m$ "u su* conditions has to a consid]able ext5t p]si/$ into ! pres5t1 :5 conditions are v diff]5t4 ,,:at ,,taxation ,,means ,,9 ,a ,,democracy ,! *ange to gov]nm5t ( ! p1 by ! p1 = ! p %\ld put ! pay+ ( taxes 9 a v diff]5t light4 ,we decide ^u a s]vice we want p]=m$ = u1 we provide ! gov]n+ ma*9]y to p]=m ! s]vice1 & ! s]vice mu/ be paid =4 ,we d n object to pay+ = hav+ our h\se built1 our food provid$1 our clo!s made1 & our goods haul$4 ,:y %\ld we object to pay+ = ! s]vice ( s*ools1 roads1 protection ( heal? & prop]ty1 ! def5se ( our lib]ties8 ,,! ,,returns ,,f ,,taxation ,su* objection seems especially unreasonable :5 we consid] t ! value ( ! s]vice r5d]$ by gov]nm5t is1 z a rule1 f> 9 excess ( :at x co/s ! individual citiz54 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xvii we saw t a ,virg9ia f>m]1 ! value ( ^: f>m 0 assess$ at #cjjj1 0 tax$ #ai4dh = road improvem5ts4 ,9 return = ?is he acquir$ ! use ( a sy/em ( roads ?r\gh\t ! c\nty t co/ at lea/ #agc1jjj4 ,?is local sy/em connect$ him ) ! transportation sy/em ( ! entire c\ntry1 gave him a m>ket = 8 produce1 greatly increas$ ! value ( 8 l&1 br\ght bett] s*ool facilities1 & enri*$ 8 life 9 _m ways4 ,! rec5t w> impos$ an unusually heavy burd5 ( taxation ^u u4 ,b :5 we ?9k ( ! millions ( p :o paid = ! w> ) _! ,,lives1 & ( ! fact t ! w> 0 f\ght = ! mo/ preci\s ( all ?+s1--human lib]ty1--! money tax t ea* citiz5 _h to pay 9 "s =m or o!r seems v insignificant4 ,,b5efits ,,( ,,team ,,"w ,,9 ,,taxation ,9 ,*apt] ,,iv we read h[ ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 secur$ ! s]vices ( a man to keep ! pavem5ts ( ! neighborhood clean = ! sum ( sixp5ce p] mon? to be paid by ea* h\se4 ,by ?is bit ( coop]ation1 ea* h\sehold] 0 reliev$ ( a burd51 & _h ! b5efit n only ( hav+ 8 own pavem5t clean$1 b also ( kn[+ t ^? ( all 8 neighbors w\ld be equally clean1 & ?us ( hav+ a pleasant] neighborhood1 & ! co/ 0 insignificant4 ,?is incid5t illu/rates ! und]ly+ pr9ciple ( taxation 9 a self-gov]n+ community4 ,! poore/ citiz5 is made ri* 9 ! b5efits t he may enjoy1 :ile ! co/ is made proportional to 8 ability to pay4 ,,misuse ,,( ,,taxes ,l ! re/ ( our gov]n+ ma*9]y1 h[ev]1 our sy/em ( levy+1 collect+1 & pay+ taxes does n always "w p]fectly1 & !re is m or less gr\nd = dissatisfaction ) x4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! p d n always get full value = _! taxes4 ,:ile x is true t ! f>m] receives1 9 return = 8 road tax1 va/ly m ?an he c\ld pur*ase privately ) ! same am\nt ( money1 yet1 if ! road improvem5ts are poorly made1 he gets less ?an he %\ld4 ,x usually co/s z mu* to employ an ineffici5t road sup]visor1 or s*ool tea*] or sup]9t5d5t1 or %]iff1 z to employ an effici5t "o--9 fact1 9 ! long run x co/s m4 ,sometimes m p]sons are employ$ 9 gov]nm5t (fices ?an !re is any ne$ =1 or "s ( ^? employ$ are %irk]s1 or o!rwise ineffici5t4 ,!re is wa/efulness 9 ! me?ods by :i* appropriations are made = ! exp5ses ( gov]nm5t4 ,sometimes !re is graft1 by :i* public money is div]t$ to ! private uses ( (ficials1 contractors1 or o!rs4 ,a ,,cause ,,( ,,dissatisfaction ,su* abuses z ^! are1 ( c\rse1 n faults ( ! ,,tax+ sy/em1 b !y naturally make citiz5s reluctant to pay taxes4 ,p want to "k t _! money is sp5t = ! purposes = :i* x 0 paid1 & t x is us$ economically & effectively = ^! purposes4 ,no?+ else w d s mu* to remove ! dislike ( taxation z assurance on ^! po9ts4 ,z ,frankl9 said ) ref]5ce to 8 successful exp]im5t 9 /reet clean+1 x rais$ a g5]al desire to h all ! /reets pav$1 & made ! p m will+ to submit to a tax = t purpose4 ,,taxation ,,mu/ ,,be ,,j ,a sy/em ( taxation mu/ be ,,j if x is to meet ) popul> approval4 ,x is n easy1 nor inde$ possible1 to devise a sy/em t works ) absolute ju/ice 9 e case2 = ! assessm5t ( taxes is a complicat$ process1 & reliance mu/ be plac$ to a consid]able ext5t ^u ! hone/y & consci5ti\sness ( individual citiz5s4 ,! p are satisfi$1 h[ev]1 if !y see t e reasonable ef=t is made to secure ju/ice4 ,! fir/ ess5tial 9 a j sy/em is t ,,e ,,citiz5 ,,%all ,,be> ,,8 ,,%>e ( ! burd54 ,!re=e ! pay+ ( taxes is compulsory by law4 ,x is also j t ea* citiz5 %all pay only ,,9 ,,proportion ,,to ,,8 ,,ability4 ,^! two pr9ciples ( taxation are simil> to ^? appli$ 9 ! selective draft = w> s]vice4 ,x is 9 assess+ taxes accord+ to ability to pay t "o ( ! pr9cipal difficulties appe>s4 ,b an ef=t has be5 made to d ?is by ! foll[+ proc$ure4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,am\nt ,,to ,,be ,,rais$ ,,is ,,det]m9$ ,x is fir/ necess>y to "k h[ mu* money w be ne$$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,ea* ye>1 !re=e1 ! heads ( ! v>i\s bran*es & dep>tm5ts ( gov]nm5t make an e/imate = ! com+ ye>1 bas$ on _! k ( pa/ exp5ditures & pres5t & future ne$s4 ,su* e/imate c be made intellig5tly only :5 !re is an accurate & bus9esslike sy/em ( keep+ acc\nts & records1 & a well-plann$ ,,budget ,,sy/em4 ,unbus9esslike me?ods ( keep+ acc\nts & ! lack ( a budget sy/em h be5 among ! *ief weaknesses ( our gov]nm5ts1 equally *>act]i/ic ( local1 /ate1 & national gov]nm5ts4 ,ef=ts are be+ made to rem$y ^! defects & are describ$ 9 ,*apt]s ,,xxv1 ,,xxvi1 & ,,xxvii4 ,,taxes ,,on ,,p]sons1 ,,prop]ty1 ,,& ,,privileges ,! second ?+ to be asc]ta9$ is ! ability ( ea* citiz5 to pay4 ,9 "s /ates a uni=m ,,poll ,,tax is assess$ ^u e adult citiz54 ,?is is a tax ^u ! ,,p]son & usually am\nts to ab\t two doll>s4 ,only ^? are exempt :o are incapable ( self-support4 ,b ! *ief reliance is ^u a prop]ty tax4 ,/ate & local gov]nm5ts dep5d pr9cipally ^u a ,,g5]al ,,prop]ty ,,tax1 = :i* purpose prop]ty is divid$ into two k9ds3 ,,real ,,e/ate1 :i* includes l& & build+s1 & ,,p]sonal ,,prop]ty1 :i* includes furniture1 tools1 live/ock1 money1 & valuables ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,9 addition to ! g5]al prop]ty tax !re may be taxes ^u ,,incomes & ^u ,,inh]itances4 ,!re are also ,,lic5se ,,taxes1 su* z dog & automobile lic5ses4 ,f9ally !re are taxes ^u c]ta9 ,,privileges :i* are be/[$ ^u ! individual by ! community & h a money value4 ,( su* a nature is ! lic5se tax impos$ ^u a p$dl] or ^u a p]son :o ma9ta9s a m>ket /& on ! public /reet4 ,su*1 also1 are ! taxes plac$ ^u corporations = ! privilege ( us+ ! public highways = c> tracks1 wat] ma9s1 or telephone poles4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 = ! gov]nm5t to ,,assess ,,! ,,value ( ! prop]ty 7or privilege7 ( ea* citiz51 & x has its organization = ?is purpose4 ,ea* local community ,! assessm5t ( 7t[n%ip1 c\nty1 or city7 has "o or m ,,tax ,,asessors1 :o endeavor to asc]ta9 by inquiry values or inspection ! value ( ea* citiz5's prop]ty4 ,! sum ( ! individual assessm5ts con/itutes ! assessm5t valuation = ! t[n1 or c\nty1 or city2 & ! sum ( ! valuations ( ^! local communities con/itutes ! valuation = ! entire /ate4 ,,! ,,rate ,,( ,,taxation ,! ?ird /ep is to asc]ta9 ! ,,rate ( taxation4 ,?is is f\nd by divid+ ! total am\nt to be rais$ by taxation ,! rate ( by ! total prop]ty valuation ( ! c\nty or taxation /ate1 z ! case may be4 ,if ! am\nt to be rais$ is #ejj1jjj1 & ! prop]ty valuation is #aj1jjj1jjj1 ! rate w\ld be #e p] c5t1 & ! tax is levi$ aga9/ ea* citiz5 at ?is rate4 ,a citiz5 :o owns twice z mu* prop]ty z ano!r %\ld pay twice z mu* tax4 ,ea* %\ld pay accord+ to 8 ability4 ,,difficulty ,,( ,,j ,,assessm5t ,?is seems l a simple proc$ure2 b x is v difficult to get a j result4 ,! difficulty lies *iefly 9 ! assessm5t ,x requires a good deal ( intellig5ce to assess prop]ty fairly1 ev5 ) ! be/ ( int5tions4 ,assessors are n always compet5t4 ,two assessors may diff] 9 _! judgm5t1 s t assessm5ts 9 "o "p ( ! community may run at a l[] level ?an 9 ano!r "p4 ,?us assessm5ts v>y 9 _! fairness 9 diff]5t t[n%ips ( ! same c\nty1 & 9 diff]5t c\nties ( ! same /ate4 ,an attempt is made to avoid ?is by means ( c\nty & /ate ,,tax ,,equalization ,,bo>ds1 :i* seek to adju/ diff]5ces ( ?is sort4 ,b _! ef=ts are only p>tially successful4 ,,responsibility ,,( ,,prop]ty ,,own]s ,prop]ty own]s are !mselves1 h[ev]1 m responsible ?an anyone else = ! inequities ( taxation 9 our c\ntry4 ,x is a common practice ( tax assessors to accept ! prop]ty own]'s own /atem5t ( ! valuation ( 8 prop]ty4 ,9 an a/oni%+ly l>ge proportion ( cases he gives a valuation f> bel[ ! real "o4 ,ev5 :5 ! assessor inspects ! prop]ty1 x is easy to conceal f 8 eyes c]ta9 =ms ( p]sonal prop]ty1 su* z money1 /ocks & bonds1 & jewelry4 ,l& & live/ock _c be conceal$2 & = ?is reason f>m]s are likely to pay a heavi] %>e ( taxes ?an o!rs ^: prop]ty is 9 less conspicu\s =ms4 ,b !y may make false valuations4 ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,unju/ ,,assessm5ts ,9 "o /ate1 :]e ! law requires ! assessm5t ( real e/ate at its true value 9 money :5 sold 9 ! ord9>y mann] ( sale1 a /udy 9 "o t[n%ip %[$ t ! av]age ,,tax value ( f>m l& 9 ! op5 c\ntry 444 is #g4hi1 :ile ! av]age ,,m>ket value runs ar\nd #bj4 ,! #gc l>ge/ taxpay]s give 9 _! f>m hold+s at values rang+ f #f to #bj an acre4 ,?us ! burd5 ( /ate & c\nty support falls ?ree or f\r times z heavily on "o acre ( f>m l& z on ano!r--on f>ms ly+ side by side4 ,:5 we look at suburban f>m l& ! tax values range f #ag to #bbbj an acre4 ,b ! mo/ amaz+ 'jokes' appe> 9 ! values put by _! own]s on improv$ t[n lots4 ,9 ! same end ( ! t[n we f\nd ?ree h&some t[n prop]ties wor? ar\nd #ae1jjj ea*1 ! tax values 7 #eej1 #ddjj1 #diej4 ,9 ano!r neighborhood1 two adjo9+ homes ab\t equal 9 value 7 li/$ at #ejj & #cdjj2 "o at ab\t #ej p] c5t & ! o!r at ab\t #h p] c5t ( ! actual value4 ,) reg>d to p]sonal prop]ty 9 ! same t[n%ip1 ! weal?ie/ private taxpay] 9 ! t[n%ip li/s h\sehold goods & ut5sils1 "w-/ock1 vehicles1 money1 jewelry 444 at #baf4 ,! next weal?ie/ private taxpay] cov]s all ^! prop]ties ) #aje4 ,he's a f>m] & well-to-d1 b 8 h\sehold furniture1 f>m animals1 vehicles1 implem5ts1 & ! l1 are wor? only #aje--on ! tax li/4 ,ano!r l>ge l&[n] cov]s 8 h\sehold goods1 f>m animals1 vehicles1 & ! l1 ) #hb2 ano!r ) #deg1 & ano!r ) #bbgb4 ,! diff]5ces lie n s mu* 9 ! prop]ties z 9 ! consci5ces ( ^! big l&lords4,footnote3 #a ,e4 ,c4 ,branson1 ,a ,t[n%ip ,tax-,li/ ,/udy2 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,club ,ye> ,book1 #aiag-aiah1 pp4 #ff1 #fg 7,! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,ext5sion ,s]ies ,no4 #cj74 ,,public ,,& ,,private ,,hone/y ,su* inequalities z ^! may be f\nd 9 almo/ e tax li/ 9 any community4 ,"o ( ! /range ?+s ab\t x is t citiz5s evade taxation :o w\ld n ?9k ( be+ di%one/ or unfair 9 a private bus9ess transaction4 ,! reason is n easy to und]/&4 ,d\btless x is p>tly due to ! feel+ t z long z ev]ybody does x x is ju/ifiable4 ,( c\rse ?is is n true4 ,"o taxpay] is report$ z say+1 ,i feel dog-mean :5ev] ,i give 9 my taxes2 b ,i'm do+ z well z ! re/ & a little bett] ?an mo/4 ,,good ,,s5se ,,& ,,good ,,bus9ess ,di%one/ returns by "o taxpay] defraud ! citiz5 :o is hone/1 because !y place a heavi] burd5 ( taxation ^u ! latt]4 ,moreov]1 ! di%one/ taxpay] & good *eats himself along ) o!rs1 = ! l[] ! bus9ess valuation ( prop]ty1 ! high] ! rate ( taxation1 or ! poor] ! s]vice receiv$ f ! gov]nm5t4 ,x is good s5se & good bus9ess = a /ate to %[ up ) l>ge tax values & l[ tax rates4 ,x %[s a brisk & lively prosp]ity t is attractive to outside capital & ent]prise4 ,footnote3 ,e4 ,c4 ,branson1 ,a ,t[n%ip ,tax-,li/ ,/udy ,,intellig5ce ,,& ,,publicity ,,ne$$ ,to secure fair] taxation & bett] returns f taxation !re is ne$ ( improvem5t 9 ! organization = tax assessm5t & tax equalization4 ,x is especially important to make x m difficult = ! tax dodg] to evade 8 responsibility4 ,x w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 t !re w\ld be few] tax dodg]s if ! p once got ! "r idea ( :at taxation really means 9 a democracy4 ,great improvem5t w\ld d\btless result1 ev5 "u pres5t conditions1 if hone/ citiz5s w\ld take m int]e/ 9 ! results ( assessm5ts z %[n 9 ! tax li/s4 ,! writ] quot$ 9 ! p>agraphs above ass]ts t1 next to ! ,bible1 ! mo/ important book 9 any c\nty is ! ,tax ,li/1 & x is ! "o book t ! p 9 g5]al "k lea/ ab\t4 ,ev]ybody kn[s 9 a vague1 g5]al way t some?+ is wrong ) our tax sy/em 444 b :at ev]ybody does n "k is :at ! facts are 9 concrete1 accurate detail4 ,!re is no cure l publicity = wrongs 9 a democracy4 ,give ! folks ! facts1 :atev] !y are1 & ! folks w d ! re/4 444 ,b at pres5t nobody kn[s ! facts4 ,t is to say1 nobody b ! tax li/]s1 ! regi/]s1 & ! %]iffs4 ,& !y are dumb because _! (ficial lives dep5d on sil5ce4 ,footnote34 ,c4 ,branson1 ,a ,t[n%ip ,tax-,li/ ,/udy4 ,inve/igate & report on ! foll[+3 ,d p ( y\r acqua9tance l to pay taxes8 ,:at reasons d !y give8 ,! co/ ( y\r t[n gov]nm5t1 y\r c\nty gov]nm5t1 & y\r /ate gov]nm5t p] ye>4 ,! purposes = :i* mo/ money is sp5t by y\r t[n gov]nm5t1 y\r c\nty gov]nm5t1 & y\r /ate gov]nm5t4 ,! assess$ valuation ( prop]ty 9 y\r t[n1 c\nty1 /ate4 ,does ! law 9 y\r /ate require t prop]ty %all be assess$ at its full m>ket value8 ,if n1 at :at "p ( its m>ket value8 ,! tax rate 9 y\r c\nty4 ,is x high or l[8 ,reasons :y x is high or l[4 ,! tax li/ ( y\r t[n4 ,! s\rces ( rev5ue 9 y\r c\nty & /ate1 & ! am\nt rais$ f ea* s\rce4 ,! "w ( a tax assessor 9 y\r t[n4 ,:]e taxes are paid 9 y\r community4 ,:o has *>ge ( tax collections 9 y\r community8 ,:at happ5s to a citiz5 9 y\r community :o fails to pay 8 taxes8 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 assess+ & levy+ taxes4 ,:o levies ! taxes 9 y\r t[n8 c\nty8 /ate8 ,expla9 ! /atem5t t l>ge tax values & l[ tax rates attract outside capital & ent]prise4 ,,taxation ,,by ,,! ,,national ,,gov]nm5t ,we h be5 speak+ s f> ( taxation1 = ! purposes ( /ate & local gov]nm5ts4 ,b ,congress also has p[] by to lay & collect taxes 444 to pay ! debts & provide = ! common def5se & g5]al welf>e ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7,con/itution1 ,art4 ,i1 sec4 #h1 clause i74 ,/ate & local gov]nm5ts raise mo/ ( _! rev5ues by ,,direct taxation ^u ! prop]ty ( citiz5s4 ,! national gov]nm5t1 on ! o!r h&1 has always reli$ *iefly ^u ,,indirect taxation4 ,congress levies ,,duties ,,on ,,imports4 ,^! duties are paid 9 ! fir/ in/ance by ! import]4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 adds ! tax to ! price ( ! goods1 s t x is paid f9ally by ! consum]s & n by ! import]4 ,9 a simil> mann] ,congress levies ,,excise ,,taxes1 :i* are taxes ^u products manufactur$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! pr9cipal excise taxes h be5 ^? levi$ on alcoholic liquors & tobacco4 ,b "h aga9 ! tax is paid by ! consum] 9 ! price :i* he pays = ! liquor or tobacco4 ,,advantages ,,( ,,indirect ,,taxation ,! *ief advantage ( indirect taxes is ! ease & c]ta9ty ) :i* !y may be collect$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ! citiz5 pays !m :5ev] he buys ! articles on :i* ! tax is levi$4 ,! retail deal] passes !m on to ! :olesal]1 & s f9ally ! import] is reimburs$4 ,! gov]nm5t collects ! taxes at cu/oms h\ses at ports ( entry1 or at ! tobacco factories &1 =m]ly1 at di/ill]ies4 ,prohibition has depriv$ ! gov]nm5t ( "o ( its *ief s\rces ( rev5ue4 ,indirect taxes are also less objectionable to ! p1 = !y are seldom consci\s ( pay+ !m :5 !y buy goods ^u :i* !y are levi$4 ,,f$]al ,,income ,,tax ,congress has ! p[] to levy direct z well z indirect taxes1 b x has usually avoid$ direct taxation1 p>tly = ! reasons /at$ above1 & p>tly because ! ,con/itution provides t no capitation or o!r direct tax %all be laid1 unless 9 proportion to ! c5sus or enum]ation h]e9be=e direct$ to be tak52 t is1 9 proportion to population4 ,x has be5 f\nd difficult 9 practice to make su* apportionm5t4 ,v>i\s attempts by ,congress to levy a direct tax on incomes h be5 decl>$ uncon/itutional by ! ,supreme ,c\rt because x 0 n s apportion$4 ,! ,con/itution has n[ be5 am5d$1 h[ev]1 to give ,congress ! p[] to lay & collect taxes on incomes f :atev] s\rce d]iv$1 )\t apportionm5t among ! sev]al /ates1 & )\t reg>d to any c5sus or enum]ation 7,am5dm5t ,,xvi74 ,a l>ge rev5ue is n[ d]iv$ f ! national income tax4 ,! law at fir/ exempt$ f x s+le p]sons ^: income 0 less ?an #cjjj1 & m>ri$ p]sons ^: income 0 less ?an #djjj4 ,z a result ( ! w>1 only ^? are n[ exempt ^: incomes are less ?an #ajjj1 if s+le1 & #bjjj if m>ri$1 ) an additional exemption = ea* dep5d5t *ild4 ,! tax is ,,progressive3 t is1 ! l>g] "o's income1 ! high] ,,rate "o pays4 ,,w> ,,taxes ,9 ord9>y times ( peace1 /ate & local gov]nm5ts toge!r sp5d mu* m money ?an ! national gov]nm5t4 ,9 w> "t ! rev]se is true4 ,enorm\s sums ( money 7 requir$ = ! conduct ( ! rec5t w>4 ,z a result ! rates ( import1 excise1 & income taxes 7 greatly increas$1 & unusual =ms ( taxation 7 adopt$4 ,a w> tax 0 plac$ ^u _m articles ( common use1 an inh]itance tax 0 impos$ simil> to t 9 "s ( ! /ates1 & ! ,,excess ,,pr(its ( bus9esses :i* ! w> made unusually prosp]\s 7 tax$ heavily4 ,! ef=t 9 e case 0 to di/ribute ! tax s t e "o %\ld d 8 %>e1 :ile ! burd5 %\ld re/ mo/ heavily ^u ^? :o c\ld be/ be> x4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,loans ,a l>ge "p ( ! money necess>y = w> purposes1 & = p]man5t improvem5ts 9 "t ( peace1 is rais$ by borr[+4 ,gov]nm5ts1 :e!r national1 /ate1 or local1 borr[ money by ! sale ( ,,bonds1 ! pur*ase price ) int]e/ be+ return$ to ! pur*as] aft] a /at$ p]iod ( ye>s4 ,! national gov]nm5t borr[$ m ?an #bb billion doll>s dur+ ! w> by ! sale ( lib]ty bonds1 & an additional l>ge sum by ! sale ( w> sav+s /amps4 ,^! loans made by ! p are ultimately paid (f ) funds rais$ by taxation4 ,! p to- day advance money to ! gov]nm5t1 :i* ! p ( to-morr[ pay back by taxation4 ,?is is ju/ifiable because ! w> 0 f\ght = ! b5efit ( future g5]ations z well z ( ! p to-day4 ,= ! same reason1 ! co/ ( p]man5t improvem5ts1 su* z roads & public build+s1 is di/ribut$ ov] a p]iod ( ye>s4 ,inve/igate & report on3 ,! full mean+ ( ,article ,i1 section #h1 clause i1 & section #g1 clause ,i1 ( ! ,con/itution4 ,! loss to ! nation ( rev5ue z a result ( ! prohibition ( ! liquor traffic4 ,comp5sat+ f9ancial ga9s to ! nation ?r\gh prohibition ( ! liquor traffic4 ,:y an income tax is a good =m ( taxation4 ,:y x %\ld be progressive4 ,! ju/ice ( an inh]itance tax4 ,( a tax on excess pr(its4 ,articles ^u :i* y pay an import duty4 ,:y gov]nm5t is ju/ifi$ 9 us+ =ce to compel ! paym5t ( taxes4 ,,read+s ,c\nty & /ate reports4 ,local tax li/s4 ,9 ,,lessons ,,9 ,,community ,,& ,,national ,,life3 ,s]ies ,b3 ,lesson #bb1 ,f9anc+ ! w>4 ,lesson #bc1 ,?rift & w> sav+s4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,treasury ,dep>tm5t2 9 ,f$]al ,executive ,dep>tm5ts1 ,bullet91 #aiai1 ,no4 #gd1 ,u4,s4 ,bureau ( ,education4 ,9 ,long's ,,am]ican ,,patriotic ,,prose3 ,taxation & ,gov]nm5t 7,john ,fiske71 pp4 #bdi-bed4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,club ,,ye> ,,book1 #aiag-aiah1 pp4 #di-fh 7,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,record1 ,ext5sion ,s]ies ,no4 #cj1 ,*apel ,hill1 ,n4,c474 ,tufts1 ,jas4 ,h41 ,,! ,,real ,,bus9ess ,,( ,,liv+1 pp4 #eb-ed2 #bdb-bdf 7,h5ry ,holt ,co474 ,h>t1 ,a4,b41 ,,actual ,,gov]nm5t1 pp4 #cha-dbi 7,longmans1 ,gre5 ,co474 ,re$1 ,t4,h41 ,,=m ,,& ,,functions ,,( ,,am]ican ,,gov]nm5t1 pp4 #dfh-dha 7,_w ,book ,co474 ,,encyclop$ia ,,( ,,am]ican ,,gov]nm5t1 "u ,tax & ,taxation4 ,plehn1 ,c4,c41 ,,introduction ,,to ,,public ,,f9ance 7,macmillan74 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,h[ ,,we ,,gov]n ,,ourselves ,e>ly 9 our /udy we consid]$ ! "q ,,:y we h gov]nm5t 7,*apt] ,,iv74 ,we saw !n t x is ! p's organization = teamwork 9 protect+ & promot+ _! common int]e/s4 ,succe$+ *apt]s conta9 evid5ce t ?is is s1 al?\gh !y also %[ t ! results a*iev$ by gov]nm5t are by no means p]fect4 ,n[ we are to consid] ,,h[ we h organiz$ to get teamwork & h[ well our organization is suit$ to its purpose4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,z ,a ,,protector ,,( ,,individual ,,initiative ,am]ican exp]i5ce indicates t :at m5 d = !mselves1 on _! own initiative1 is bett] done ?an :at pat]nali/ic gov]nm5t attempts to d = !m4 ,footnote3 ,editorial1 ,,saturday ,,ev5+ ,,po/1 ,febru>y #ab1 #aiba4 ,am]icans h always dislik$ ,,pat]nalism 9 gov]nm5t1 :i* means an attempt on ! "p ( gov]nm5t to control ! p]sonal affairs ( ! p z a fa!r 7,lat91 ,,pat]7 controls ! affairs ( a small *ild4 ,democracy is f\nd$ on fai? 9 ! ability ( ! p to manage _! own affairs ) due reg>d = ! equal rights ( o!r p4 ,we look ^u our gov]nm5t *iefly z an in/rum5t to ensure an equal opportunity to all to ex]cise initiative & to manage _! own affairs2 or1 to use ! t]ms we h us$ be=e1 n s mu* to d ?+s = u1 z to secure teamwork 9 do+ ?+s = ourselves4 ,we h _h num]\s examples ( ?is pr9ciple 9 prec$+ *apt]s1 "o ( :i* 0 ! ext5t to :i* private initiative & ent]prise 7 dep5d$ ^u = ! developm5t ( our public l&s4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,z ,a ,,p]=m] ,,( ,,s]vice ,z our community life has become m complex1 & z our dep5d5ce ^u "o ano!r has become great]1 we h gradually come to expect gov]nm5t to d _m ?+s = u1 & to control our individual conduct 9 _m ways1 t 7 n ?\ght ( at an e>li] "t4 ,we h _h illu/rations ( ?is1 also1 9 =ego+ *apt]s4 ,= example1 :]eas roads 7 at fir/ built & controll$ almo/ entirely by private ent]prise1 n[ !y are mo/ly ,,public highways1 ma9ta9$ by /ate & local gov]nm5ts ) ! coop]ation ( ! national gov]nm5t4 ,proposals to place railroads "u gov]nm5t managem5t h always met1 & /ill meet1 ) opposition2 b gov]nm5t ex]cises a mu* great] control ov] !m ?an =m]ly4 ,ev5 education has only gradually become compulsory by law1 & ! public high s*ool is ( rec5t orig94 ,until q rec5tly ! p h be5 left l>gely to _! own res\rces = ! protection ( heal?1 & = recreation & social life4 ,,views ,,( ,,! ,,sociali/s ,!re are ^? :o take ! extreme position t gov]nm5t %\ld manage practically ev]y?+ = u4 ,su* are ! ,sociali/s1 :o believe t ! unequal di/ribution ( weal? & ! result+ inequalities 9 opportunity to satisfy wants are due to ! control ( indu/ry by a small & ess5tially selfi% capitali/ic class4 ,!y believe t all natural res\rces & all capital %\ld belong to ! p jo9tly1 & t ! p's gov]nm5t %\ld control bo? ! production & ! di/ribution ( weal?4 ,x has be5 object$ to ! sociali/ s*eme t1 s9ce gov]nm5t w\ld /ill be 9 ! h&s ( imp]fect human be+s1 x w\ld n be wise en\gh to accompli% ! desir$ result2 t political motives w\ld ent] into gov]nm5t managem5t1 z !y d 9 gov]nm5t ent]prises to-day1 & w\ld prev5t ! a*ievem5t ( ! desir$ results2 & t1 ! opportunity = private initiative & ent]prise hav+ be5 remov$1 !re w\ld be lack+ "o ( ! *ief inducem5ts to human progress4 ,socialism has made consid]able progress 9 "s nations ( ! _w1 b x is by no means popul> 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 al?\gh x has _m advocates4 ,we adh]e 9 ! ma9 to ! pr9ciple t gov]nm5t %\ld d ?+s = u only :5 !y c\ld n be s well done by private ent]prise1 & %\ld control our conduct only s f> z to secure equality ( p]sonal fre$om4 ,! fact rema9s1 h[ev]1 t an increas+ am\nt ( s]vice is be+ p]=m$ = u by gov]nm5t1 & an increas+ control ex]cis$ by x ov] private ent]prise4 ,,organization ,,= ,,s]vice ,,& ,,= ,,control ,ins(> z gov]nm5t p]=ms s]vice = u1 x mu/ h an organization = t purpose1 ) compet5t lead]%ip4 ,& if x is n to int]f]e unduly ) fre$om ( action or p]sonal lib]ty1 ! p mu/ h an organization by :i* to ma9ta9 control ov] x4 ,?us !re mu/ be an organization to ensure effici5t ,,s]vice1 & !re mu/ be an organization to ensure democracy1 or ,,popul> ,,control4 ,if bo? organizations are effective1 we h an ,,effici5t ,,democracy1 t[>d :i* we h be5 /riv+ ?r\gh all our hi/ory1 b :i* we h n yet completely atta9$4 ,a gov]nm5t may be effici5t 9 p]=m+ s]vice = ! p )\t be+ democratic4 ,9 fact1 x may be easi] to get effici5t s]vice "u an autocratic gov]nm5t4 ,g]many be=e ! w> illu/rat$ ?is4 ,b we believe t a gov]nm5t may be bo? effici5t & democratic4 ,?is dep5ds ^u compet5t lead]%ip & popul> control2 & bo? ( ^! dep5d ^u education 7,*apt] ,,xix74 ,9 ! rema9+ pages ( ?is book we %all consid] bo? ! organization ( our gov]nm5t = s]vice & t = popul> control4 ,9 ?is *apt] we %all exam9e "s ( ! me?ods by :i* we seek to control gov]nm5t1 or to be ,,self-gov]n+4 ,,direct ,,self-,,gov]nm5t ,! p ( a community may gov]n !mselves by direct action or indirectly ?r\gh repres5tatives1 j z a gr\p ( f>m]s may build _! own s*oolh\se or *ur*1 or employ someone to d x = !m4 ,:5 ,engli% coloni/s settl$ ,new ,engl&1 geographical conditions & o!r reasons l$ !m to =m small1 compact communities1 9 :i* x 0 easy to assemble frequ5tly at ! meet+h\se to discuss matt]s ( community conc]n & to agree ^u1 rules1 or laws1 to regulate !m4 ,?is local gov]nm5t by t[n meet+ has p]si/$ 9 _m ,new ,engl& t[ns1 or t[n%ips1 to ! pres5t day4 ,,repres5tative ,,self-,,gov]nm5t ,?is direct action ( ! p 9 ! ,new ,engl& t[n is = ! purpose ( ,,mak+ ! laws only4 ,:5 x comes to ! en=cem5t ( ^! laws1 x is necess>y to delegate ! au?ority to someone4 ,! t[n meet+ c\ld make a law aga9/ p]mitt+ hogs to run at l>ge1 b x *ose someone1 a hog reeve1 to see t ! law 0 obs]v$4 ,:5 ! community is l>ge x is f\nd m conv5i5t to *oose repres5tatives also to make ! laws4 ,?us ea* ,massa*usetts t[n _h its repres5tative 9 ! lawmak+ assembly ( ! colony z a :ole4 ,?is repres5tative sy/em ( gov]nm5t n[ prevails 9 our cities1 c\nties1 /ates1 & nation4 ,,direct ,,self-,,gov]nm5t ,,?r\gh ,,con/itutions ,ev5 9 ! l>g] communities1 h[ev]1 su* z cities1 /ates1 & ! nation itself1 ! p h s\ght to reta9 m or less direct control ov] lawmak+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! fundam5tal law ( ! /ates & nation f\nd 9 _! con/itutions1 :i* det]m9e :at ! =m & p[]s ( gov]nm5t %all be1 has be5 adopt$ by m direct action ( ! p ?an mo/ o!r laws4 ,! ,preamble to ! f$]al ,con/itution ass]ts t ,we1 ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates444d orda9 & e/abli% ?is ,con/itution = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,nei!r /ate nor national con/itutions c be alt]$ except by special action by ! p !mselves1 ei!r by direct vote at ! polls or by conv5tions ( repres5tatives *os5 especially = ! purpose4 ,,direct ,,lawmak+3 ,,initiative ,,& ,,ref]5dum ,x has long be5 ! practice 9 _m communities to submit important local que/ions to popul> vote = decision1 su* z ! "q ( issu+ bonds = public improvem5ts1 or ( lic5s+ saloons4 ,)9 rec5t ye>s 9 a numb] ( /ates ! p h ga9$ direct control ov] lawmak+ 9 reg>d to any subject :atev]1 bo? 9 local & /ate affairs1 by means ( ! initiative & ref]5dum4 ,! initiative is ! "r ( ! vot]s !mselves to initiate1 or propose1 legislation4 ,?is is done by means ( a petition sign$ by a specifi$ numb] ( vot]s4 ,! legislature may !n act ^u ! propos$ law2 b if x does n d s1 ! law is submitt$ to ! p = _! vote at ! next election4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! legislature passes a law t is objectionable to "s ( ! vot]s a petition sign$ by a specifi$ numb] ( vot]s requires ! law to be ,,ref]r$ to ! p = _! approval or rejection4 ,?is is ! ref]5dum4 ,,democracy ,,( ,,! ,,we/ ,( ! #ba /ates t _h adopt$ ! initiative & ref]5dum 7to #aiag7 only f\r 7 ea/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv] 7,ma9e1 ,m>yl&1 ,mi*igan1 & ,ohio74 ,footnote3 ,! ,initiative & ,ref]5dum1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #f1 submitt$ to ! ,con/itutional ,conv5tion ( ,massa*usetts 7#aiag7 by ! ,commission to ,compile ,in=mation & ,data1 p4 #aj4 ,! movem5t to increase popul> control ov] gov]nm5t has always be5 /rong] 9 ! ,we/1 z we %all see 9 o!r connections4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 h[ev]1 our laws are made by our repres5tatives1 ov] :om we ex]cise m or less control4 ,"s ( ! m important means by :i* ?is control is ex]cis$ are describ$ 9 foll[+ *apt]s2 b fir/ ( all we ex]cise control by ,,*oos+ our repres5tatives at frequ5t int]vals4 ,let u inquire to :at ext5t ! p h a voice 9 ?is *oice4 ,,! ,,suffrage ,x is n true t all citiz5s h a voice 9 *oos+ _! repres5tatives1 ?\gh x is m ne>ly true today ?an ev] be=e4 ,! "r to a voice 9 ?is *oice is call$ ! ,,suffrage4 ,x is be/[$ only on ^? citiz5s :o possess c]ta9 qualifications4 ,! con/itution ( ea* /ate fixes ! qualifications = ^? :o live )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! /ate1 ! national gov]nm5t hav+ ex]cis$ no control ov] ! matt] except 9 two cases4 ,aft] ! ,civil ,w>1 ! ,fifte5? ,am5dm5t to ! ,f$]al ,con/itution 0 adopt$1 provid+ t ,! "r ( citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to vote %all n be d5i$ or abridg$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or by any /ate1 on acc\nt ( race1 color1 or previ\s condition ( s]vitude2 & rec5tly ,congress has enact$ ano!r am5dm5t to ! f$]al ,con/itution :i*1 :5 approv$ by a suffici5t numb] ( /ates1 w be/[ ! suffrage ^u all wom5 ( ! nation :o possess ! o!r necess>y qualifications4 ,,e>ly ,,di/ru/ ,,( ,,! ,,p ,! f\nd]s ( our nation 7 f> f democratic z we n[ und]/& ! t]m4 ,!y believ$ t ! gov]nm5t %\ld be controll$ by ! educat$ & prop]ti$ class1 :i* 0 small4 ,! lack ( confid5ce 9 ! p 0 %[n 9 v>i\s ways1 b among o!rs by ! re/riction ( ! suffrage4 ,?is 0 true ev5 9 ! ,new ,engl& t[n meet+1 :i* we are 9 ! habit ( consid]+ z ! mo/ democratic ( in/itutions4 ,= in/ance1 no "o c\ld vote 9 colonial times :o did n belong to ! *ur*4 ,religi\s qualifications 7 soon aboli%$ h[ev]1 & prop]ty qualifications h almo/ completely disappe>$1 ?\gh 9 "s /ates vot]s mu/ be taxpay]s4 ,,qualifications ,,= ,,! ,,suffrage ,today no citiz5 may vote 9 any /ate :o has n rea*$ ! age ( #ba4 ,! reason = ?is is cle> & j1 b x excludes f ! suffrage ab\t #cj million "y citiz5s4 ,p]sons ( uns\nd m9d are d5i$ ! suffrage1 & citiz5s may be disqualifi$ by crime4 ,9 "s /ates illit]ates are d5i$ ! "r to vote4 ,9 mo/ /ates =eign]s mu/ h complet$ ! process ( naturalization1 :i* requires five ye>s be=e !y may vote4 ,all /ates require resid5ce 9 ! /ate & 9 _! local di/ricts = specifi$ p]iods prior to vot+4 ,b ) ^! exceptions1 ! suffrage is n[ possess$ by practically all male citiz5s :o are #ba ye>s ( age or ov]1 & is rapidly be+ ext5d$ to wom5 on equal t]ms ) ! m54 ,,woman ,,suffrage ,!re are in/ances 9 our e>ly hi/ory :]e wom5 7 p]mitt$ to vote--9 ,new ,j]sey1 = example1 prior to #ahjg4 ,9 #ahfi1 ,wyom+1 :ile /ill a t]ritory1 ext5d$ full suffrage to wom51 & has be5 an equal suffrage /ate s9ce h] admission to ! ,union 9 #ahij4 ,woman suffrage has rapidly ga9$ gr\nd 9 rec5t ye>s1 mo/ rapidly 9 ! ,we/1 & at ! pres5t writ+ 7#aiai7 #ae /ates h grant$ wom5 equal suffrage ) m51 all b two ( ^! /ates be+ we/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,! wom5 ( ,alaska also h ?is "r4 ,9 _m o!r /ates !y h ! suffrage at c]ta9 elections4 ,moreov]1 ne>ly all ( ! #cf requir$ /ates h ratifi$ ! suffrage am5dm5t to ! f$]al ,con/itution4 ,:y may an autocratic gov]nm5t p]=m m effici5t s]vice ?an a democratic gov]nm5t8 ,:at is a b5evol5t despotism8 ,:at is a pat]nali/ic gov]nm5t8 ,:y d we consid] an imp]fect democracy bett] ?an an effici5t autocracy8 ,d y h direct or repres5tative self-gov]nm5t 9 y\r community8 ,expla94 ,:at volunt>y organizations are !re 9 y\r community 7su* z f>m]s' coop]ative organizations1 bus9ess corporations1 *ur*es1 clubs1 etc47 t h direct self-gov]nm5t8 ,repres5tative self-gov]nm5t8 ,does y\r c\nty or t[n h repres5tatives 9 /ate & national gov]nm5ts8 ,:at are _! names8 ,h[ long w !y be y\r repres5tatives8 ,does y\r /ate h ! initiative & ref]5dum8 ,if s1 expla9 9 detail h[ !y are us$4 ,give in/ances ( ! use ( ei!r4 ,give in/ances 7if any7 ( ! use ( ! ref]5dum 9 y\r community to settle a local "q4 ,f y\r /ate con/itution asc]ta9 ! exact qualifications = ! suffrage 9 y\r /ate4 ,report on ! hi/ory ( woman suffrage 9 y\r /ate4 ,d y ?9k any ( ! re/rictions n[ exi/+ on ! suffrage 9 y\r /ate %\ld be remov$8 ,:y8 ,d y ?9k any fur!r re/rictions %\ld be plac$ on ! suffrage 9 y\r /ate8 ,:y8 ,,majority ,,& ,,m9ority ,,rule ,"o ( ! important pr9ciples ^u :i* democratic gov]nm5t re/s is t ! w ( ! majority %\ld control4 ,x is ! only arrangem5t t c be made ) ju/ice4 ,x (t5 happ5s1 h[ev]1 t a m9ority1 & sometimes a v small m9ority1 ga9s control4 ,x also sometimes happ5s t ! p>ty 9 p[] 9 gov]nm5t1 :e!r x is a majority or a m9ority1 gov]ns )\t full consid]ation = ! int]e/s ( o!r p>ties or ( ! community z a :ole4 ,we %all try to get "s idea ( h[ ?is happ5s1 & also ( me?ods propos$ to prev5t x2 = z long z x happ5s we _c lay claim to a full measure ( democracy 9 our gov]nm5t4 ,if ! pupils ( y\r class or s*ool are vot+ on ! k9d ( ent]ta9m5t to be giv51 & a diff]5ce ( op9ion arises1 c y ?9k ( a fair] way to decide ?an by a vote ( ! majority8 ,h[ else might ! matt] be decid$8 ,if ! majority decides ! "q1 %\ld ! m9ority yield gracefully to ! decision8 ,:y8 ,aft] ! majority plan has be5 adopt$1 h ! m9ority any rights 9 ! matt]8 ,is ! majority always "r 9 its decisions8 ,give illu/rations to prove y\r answ]4 ,if y\r community takes a vote on ! "q ( road improvem5t1 or ( s*ool consolidation1 is x "r t ! majority %\ld decide8 ,if ! majority rules 9 su* a case1 is x "r t ! citiz5s ( ! m9ority p>ty %\ld be tax$ = ! improvem5t z well z ^? ( ! majority8 ,:y8 ,if y\r class presid5t is elect$ by a majority ( ! class1 or a c\nty sup]visor by a majority ( ! vot]s ( ! c\nty1 to :at ext5t is x ! duty ( ?is (fic] to consid] ! int]e/s ( ! m9ority :i* vot$ aga9/ him8 ,,political ,,p>ties ,our gov]nm5t is a gov]nm5t by political p>ties4 ,t is1 political p>ties control ! gov]nm5t4 ,vot]s act+ indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r _c ex]cise mu* influ5ce4 ,!re mu/ be teamwork 9 political matt]s z 9 ev]y?+ else4 ,a political p>ty consi/s ( ^? vot]s :o ?9k alike & act toge!r on que/ions ( gov]nm5t policy1 or 9 elect+ _! repres5tatives 9 gov]nm5t4 ,x is a volunt>y organization1 entirely outside ( ! gov]nm5t & n recogniz$ 9 our con/itutions1 b ex]cis+ v great influ5ce ^u gov]nm5t4 ,9 8 ,f>ewell ,address to ! p1 ,wa%+ton said3 ,! _s ( p>ty un=tunately is insep>able f our nature1 hav+ its root 9 ! /ronge/ passions ( ! human m9d4 ,x exi/s "u diff]5t %apes 9 all gov]nm5ts1 m or less /ifl$1 controll$1 or repress$2 b 9 ^? ( ! popul> =m x is se5 9 its greate/ rankness1 & is truly _! wor/ enemy4 ,! alt]nate dom9ation ( "o faction ov] ano!r1 %>p5$ by ! _s ( rev5ge natural to p>ty diss5sions444is a frightful despotism444 ,! common & cont9ual mis*iefs ( ! _s ( p>ty are suffici5t to make x ! int]e/ & duty ( a wise p to disc\rage & re/ra9 x4 ,,mis*iefs ,,( ,,! ,,p>ty ,,_s ,z long z p diff] on que/ions ( public policy !re are b\nd to be political p>ties1 z ,wa%+ton knew1 & !y h always play$ an important "p 9 our gov]nm5t4 ,b necess>y & useful z p>ties h be51 ! ev5ts ( our hi/ory h %[n t ,wa%+ton's w>n+ 0 exce$+ly wise1 ! p>ty _s hav+ (t5 prov$ ! wor/ enemy ( our democratic gov]nm5t4 ,,value ,,( ,,m9ority ,,opposition ,:5 "s great "q is be=e ! c\ntry1 l t ( ! adoption ( ! ,con/itution1 or t ( slav]y1 ! p are usually divid$ into two great p>ties4 ,! p>ty t m>%als ! great] numb] ( votes con/itutes a majority & ga9s control ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,! defeat$ m9ority usually accepts its defeat 9 a sportsmanlike mann] & loyally supports ! gov]nm5t4 ,nev]!less x does n cease its opposition to ! pr9ciples ( ! p>ty 9 p[]4 ,"o ( ! *ief values ( ! p>ty sy/em is t x keeps important que/ions 9 con/ant discussion4 ,! opposition ( ! m9ority s]ves z a *eck ^u ! acts ( ! p>ty 9 p[]1 :i* is anxi\s to avoid ar\s+ too mu* opposition4 ,?is is "o means ( control ov] ! gov]nm5t enjoy$ by ! m9ority p>ty4 ,a defeat$ m9ority at "o election may become a victori\s majority at ! next4 ,! fact t a p>ty is 9 ! m9ority does n necess>ily mean t x is 9 ! wrong4 ,,h[ ,,m9orities ,,may ,,ga9 ,,control ,m9orities1 h[ev]1 sometimes w9 elections4 ,if m ?an two p>ties are conte/+ ! election1 :i* (t5 happ5s1 t "o w9s :i* has ! greate/ numb] ( votes1 ?\gh ?is numb] may be less ?an ! comb9$ votes ( ! oppos+ p>ties4 ,no o!r arrangem5t seems possible4 ,presid5t ,wilson won 8 fir/ election by a m9ority vote1 ! opposition be+ divid$ betwe5 ,taft & ,roosevelt4 ,a m9ority may w9 ?r\gh bett] teamwork4 ,!re are always "s vot]s :o1 ?r\gh indiff]5ce or o!r causes1 d n ca/ _! vote4 ,?is is especially likely to happ5 9 local elections1 9 :i* !re is almo/ nev] z l>ge a vote ca/ z 9 ! same di/rict at a g5]al election4 ,x is "o ( ! *ief objects ( a p>ty organization to keep its memb]s in=m$ & int]e/$ & to see t !y ca/ _! votes4 ,! p>ty t is be/ organiz$ = ^! purposes is v likely to w9 ov] its oppon5ts ev5 ?\gh ! latt] are m num]\s4 ,,organization ,,( ,,p>ties ,,& ,,its ,,control ,! organization ( ! national political p>ties is v ?or\gh4 ,ea* p>ty has a manag+ committee 9 e local di/rict1 ! local organizations are unit$ 9 a /ate organization1 & ! sev]al /ate organizations 9 a national organization4 ,! %rewde/ m5 ! p>ty af=ds are made *airm5 ( committees & *os5 = o!r positions ( lead]%ip4 ,su* organization is necess>y & prop]2 x is only commons5se teamwork4 ,b un=tunately x has frequ5tly fall5 into ! h&s ( design+ m5 :o h us$ x to promote private int]e/s r ?an ^? ( ! public4 ,a political boss1 :o is at ! head ( an inn] r+ ( politicians1 (t5 decides :o %all be nom9at$ = ! v>i\s (fices ( gov]nm5t1 leav+ no *oice to ! vot]s !mselves4 ,?is makes ( our gov]nm5t a real autocracy1 & ! wor/ k9d ( autocracy1 because ! autocrat 7! boss7 acts 9 secret1 & is 9 no way responsible to ! p4 ,x is ! frightful despotism ( :i* ,wa%+ton w>n$ 8 c\ntrym5 7p4 #che74 ,,causes ,,( ,,social ,,unre/ ,political bosses are (t5 alli$ ) p[]ful bus9ess int]e/s :i* seek legislation & gov]nm5tal adm9i/ration favorable to !mselves4 ,?is has giv5 rise to ! *>ge sometimes made t our gov]nm5t is a plutocracy1 a gov]nm5t ( ! p by a small weal?y class4 ,x is ! feel+ t ?is is s t has caus$ mu* ( ! social unre/ at ! pres5t "t1 & t expla9s 9 "p ! gr[? ( ! sociali/s1 & ( o!r gr\ps t w\ld g mu* fur!r ?an ! sociali/s 9 _! propos$ *anges1 su* z ! ,i4,w4,w4 7,indep5d5t ,work]s ( ! ,_w7 9 our c\ntry1 ! ,bol%evi/s 9 ,russia1 & an>*i/s ev]y:]e4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,9 ,,! ,,int]e/ ,,( ,,all ,,classes ,unque/ionably selfi% gr\ps repres5t+ great weal? h (t5 ex]t$ undue influ5ce 9 gov]nm5tal affairs )\t reg>d = ! public welf>e4 ,we h se5 h[ ! public l&s & ! nation's natural res\rces h 9 "s cases fall5 into ! h&s ( weal?y individuals & corporations to ! injury ( ! nation & ( ^? :o want to use !m = productive purposes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is natural t m5 :o h be5 successful 9 manag+ _! private bus9ess affairs %\ld also be influ5tial 9 manag+ public affairs )\t necess>ily hav+ unwor?y motives4 ,nev]!less1 :5 gov]nm5t falls "u ! control ( ,,any p>ticul> class or gr\p1 :e!r x repres5ts weal?1 or labor1 or any o!r int]e/1 if x has n due reg>d = all classes1 & if x d5ies to ! memb]s ( o!r gr\ps ! voice 9 gov]nm5t to :i* !y are entitl$1 x e/abli%es a despotism & ov]?r[s democracy4 ,,:y ,,! ,,p ,,submit ,,to ,,boss ,,rule ,:y d ! p submit to boss rule8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y d n always submit to x4 ,occasionally1 :5 ! bosses g to unusual extremes1 ! p give way to fits ( public rage1 to use ! words ( =m] ,s5ator ,elihu ,root1 9 :i* ! p r\se up & te> d[n ! political lead]1 fir/ ( "o p>ty & !n ( ! o!r p>ty4 ,x is ?us possible = ! p to escape ! despotism ( boss rule4 ,b two ?+s seem to be necess>y to br+ x ab\t3 fir/1 ! p mu/ be suffici5tly ,,int]e/$ 9 ! managem5t ( _! public affairs2 &1 second1 !y require ,,lead]%ip4 ,x takes close att5tion to public affairs to enable a citiz5 to make wise decisions = himself2 & ! av]age citiz5 looks ar\nd = guidance4 ,! abs5ce ( ,,responsible lead]%ip gives ! irresponsible boss 8 *ance4 ,,! ,,%ort ,,ballot ,"o difficulty enc\nt]$ by ! citiz5 :o wi%es to vote intellig5tly is ! l>ge numb] ( p]sons to be *os54 ,!re h be5 cases :]e ! names ( sev]al hundr$ c&idates appe>$ on ! same ticket4 ,9 a small community a vot] may "k p]sonally all ! c&idates1 b 9 l>g] communities ?is is n s4 ,x 0 once ?\ght t to make z _m ( ! gov]nm5t (fices z possible elective 0 a /ep 9 ! direction ( democracy1 & t x gave ! p direct control ov] !m4 ,b x has n work$ out ?is way4 ,x is impossible = ! av]age vot] to *oose wisely among s _m c&idates1 & he !re=e falls an easy prey to boss rule4 ,! ,,%ort ,,ballot is n[ q g5]ally advocat$ to meet ?is situation4 ,by ?is plan ! numb] ( (fic]s to be elect$ is r$uc$1 & includes only ^? :o are responsible = det]m9+ ! policies ( gov]nm5t1 su* z memb]s ( legislatures & ! *ief executive (fic]s4 ,^! few important (fic]s & repres5tatives are !n made responsible = ! appo9tm5t ( all o!r subord9ate (fic]s ^: bus9ess is to c>ry policies into effect4 ,?is really gives ! p bett] control ov] _! gov]nm5t by fix+ responsibility 9 a few places1 & is !re=e no less democratic ?an ! old] plan4 ,d y h a long ballot or a %ort ballot 9 y\r c\nty or t[n8 ,9 y\r /ate8 ,h[ _m (fices 9 y\r c\nty gov]nm5t are elective8 ,h[ _m ( ! m5 hold+ ^! (fices d y "k8 ,consult y\r p>5ts z to ! numb] ( ^! (fic]s !y "k p]sonally4 ,h[ _m does y\r tea*] "k8 ,at ! next election1 get a copy ( ! ballot us$ 9 y\r community & asc]ta9 ! numb] ( c&idates = all (fices1 includ+ local1 /ate1 & national4 ,:at national political p>ties exi/ at pres5t8 ,are ! vot]s ( y\r local community divid$ into p>ties on local que/ions8 ,if s1 :at are "s ( ^! que/ions8 ,inve/igate ! organization 9 y\r c\nty 7or t[n7 ( ! political p>ty ( :i* y\r fa!r is a memb]4 ,:o is *airman ( its local committee8 ,inve/igate ! "w t a p>ty organization does 9 y\r community dur+ an election campaign2 on election day2 9 ! "t betwe5 elections4 ,:y is secret control ov] gov]nm5t dang]\s8 ,:at is meant by social unre/8 ,are all m5 ( y\r acqua9tance equally capable ( direct+ ! affairs ,( gov]nm5t 9 (fice8 ,:y8 ,:at is meant by responsible & irresponsible lead]%ip8 ,:at does x mean to say t a lead] mu/ be responsive z well z responsible to ! p8 ,,! ,,secret ,,ballot ,v>i\s s*emes h be5 adopt$ to ensure to e vot] a free expression ( 8 *oice = repres5tatives1 & to ! majority _! "r to gov]n4 ,"o ( ^! is ! ,,secret ,,ballot4 ,at ! polls ea* vot] ent]s a boo? by himself to m>k 8 ballot1 or to op]ate ! vot+ ma*9e1 & ne$ h no fe> t a possible wat*] may cause him to lose 8 job or o!rwise suff] = vot+ z he ?9ks be/4 ,! secret ballot also r$uces ! likelihood t votes w be b\ght1 = !re is no way ( tell+ :e!r ! man :o sells 8 vote w vote z he has agre$2 & ! man :o sells 8 vote is n to be tru/$4 ,! only vot]s :o are emb>rass$ by ! secret ballot are ^? :o _c read _! ballots4 ,^! h to seek help1 & are ?us op5 to influ5ce by ag5ts ( ! boss4 ,,! ,,direct ,,prim>y ,ano!r device to ensure to ! vot] a voice 9 8 gov]nm5t is ! ,,direct ,,prim>y = ! nom9ation ( c&idates = (fice4 ,by ! old] me?od c&idates 7 nom9at$ by p>ty conv5tions2 b "u boss rule !y 7 9 reality det]m9$ ^u 9 advance by ! boss1 ! nom9ation by ! conv5tion be+ l>gely a matt] ( =m1 ! delegates vot+ accord+ to in/ructions4 ,! ord9>y vot] _h no?+ to say ab\t x4 ,"u ! direct prim>y plan any vot] possess+ ! necess>y qualifications = hold+ (fice may become a c&idate by m]ely secur+ ! signatures ( a specifi$ numb] ( vot]s to a petition4 ,!n a ,,prim>y ,,election is held at :i* ! vot]s ( ea* p>ty g to ! polls to express _! *oice = "o among ! sev]al c&idates :o h be5 ann\nc$ = ea* (fice to be fill$4 ,! c&idates receiv+ ! highe/ numb] ( votes become ! nom9ees ( _! p>ty4 ,! direct prim>y is n[ us$ q widely ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates & is believ$ to be a great improvem5t ov] ! old me?od1 ?\gh x does n always "w z well z 0 expect$ ( x4 ,! tru? is t ,,any organization is op5 to abuse by clev] p :o wi% to abuse x1 & ,,no political organization w "w effectively unless ! vot]s are intellig5t & et]nally vigilant4 ,,pref]5tial ,,prim>ies ,! ,presid5t & ,vice ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are /ill nom9at$ by national p>ty conv5tions4 ,b 9 "s /ates !re are ,,presid5tial ,,pref]5tial ,,prim>ies4 ,^! are direct prim>ies at :i* ! vot]s ex press _! ,,pref]5ce = ! presid5tial c&idates4 ,?is is int5d$ to be a guide to ! nom9at+ conv5tion1 b !re is no?+ to compel ! conv5tion to foll[ ! guidance4 ,,! ,,rights ,,( ,,m9orities ,democratic gov]nm5t dem&s c]ta9 rights = m9orities4 ,we h se5 h[ a m9ority p>ty may ex]cise a :olesome *eck ^u ! p>ty 9 p[] by con/ant opposition4 ,we nev] h a ,congress or a /ate legislature 9 :i* ! memb]s are all ( "o p>ty4 ,?is is a good ?+1 = x results 9 discussion & debate 9 ! legislative body by :i* ! p are kept in=m$4 ,! initiative & ref]5dum 7p4 #chj7 are also weapons 9 ! h&s ( a m9ority2 =1 z we h se51 a small numb] ( vot]s may compel ! legislature to consid]1 or reconsid]1 any piece ( legislation1 or to submit x to ! p = _! decision4 ,m9ority p>ties may ?us keep prom95tly be=e ! p measures t h be5 adv]sely act$ ^u by ! majority4 ,,! ,,recall ,ano!r device t has be5 introduc$ 9 "s /ates & local communities is ! ,,recall ( (ficials4 ,by means ( ?is a specifi$ numb] ( vot]s may dem& t an (fic] ( gov]nm5t :o is displeas+ to !m be br\ght be=e ! p = _! vote z to :e!r he %all be remov$ f (fice or n4 ,a small m9ority may ?us call an elect$ (fic] to acc\nt4 ,,proportional ,,repres5tation ,,( ,,p>ties ,"o plan /rongly advocat$ by "s /ud5ts ( gov]nm5t to insure to m9orities an actual voice 9 gov]nm5t is t ( ,,proportional ,,repres5tation ( p>ties 9 legislative bodies4 ,by ?is plan ea* p>ty w\ld be repres5t$ 9 proportion to its /r5g?4 ,if two p>ties 7 ( ab\t equal /r5g? !y w\ld be repres5t$ equally2 if "o 7 twice z /rong z ano!r1 x w\ld h twice ! repres5tation4 ,! plan is actually 9 use 9 v few localities4 ,9 ,ill9ois1 h[ev]1 ! ,,cumulative-,,vote plan is 9 use1 by :i* ea* vot] is p]mitt$ z _m votes z !re are places to be fill$1 & to di/ribute ^! votes among ! sev]al c&idates or to ca/ !m all = "o c&idate4 ,?us1 if !re are ?ree repres5tatives to be elect$ f 8 di/rict1 he may give "o vote to ea* ( ! ?ree1 or he may give ?ree votes to "o ( !m4 ,a m9ority may ?us1 by conc5trat+ all ( _! votes ^u a s+le c&idate1 be reasonably sure ( repres5tation4 ,b x requires good team "w to get ?is result4 ,,diff]5t ,,bases ,,( ,,repres5tation ,repres5tation 9 our gov]nm5t is on a ,,t]ritorial1 ,,or ,,geographical1 ,,basis4 ,t is1 ea* repres5tative repres5ts ! p 9 a giv5 t]ritory or di/rict4 ,?us1 9 _m c\nties ! bo>d ( sup]visors is compos$ ( repres5tatives f ea* t[n%ip1 ! memb]s ( /ate legislatures repres5t di/ricts ( ! /ate1 memb]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives repres5t congressional di/ricts 9 ea* /ate1 & ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ators repres5t /ates4 ,9 ea* di/rict "u our pres5t sy/em1 h[ev]1 ! repres5tatives are ,,elect$ ,,by ,a ,,majority1 ?\gh !y are suppos$ to ,,repres5t ,,all ! p :5 elect$4 ,if proportional repres5tation 7 adopt$1 x w\ld be necess>y to increase ! numb] ( repres5tatives f ea* di/rict1 9 ord] t ea* p>ty %\ld h at lea/ "o4 ,!n we %\ld h ,,repres5tation ,,by ,,p>ties1 z well z by di/ricts4 ,we n[ he> a good deal ab\t ,,soviet ,,gov]nm5t 9 ,russia4 ,! soviet is a repres5tative body ) a diff]5t basis ( repres5tation ?an ei!r ( ! above4 ,soviet gov]nm5t is gov]nm5t by work]s & ea* repres5tative repres5ts a ,,trade ,,or ,,occupation4 ,x is z if1 9 our c\ntry1 all ! f>m]s 9 a c\nty1 z a gr\p1 %\ld elect _! repres5tatives to ! bo>d ( c\nty sup]visors1 all ! c>p5t]s _! repres5tatives1 all ! m]*ants !irs1 & s on4 ,x w\ld be1 z x is 9 ,russia1 ,,repres5tation ,,by ,,occupational ,,gr\ps1 in/ead ( by geographical di/ricts z n[4 ,x w\ld diff] f proportional repres5tation by p>ties1 z describ$ above1 because ea* political p>ty is made up ( repres5tatives ( all occupations4 ,only 9 a few cases h political p>ties 9 our c\ntry t5d$ to become id5tifi$ ) occupational int]e/s1 z 9 ! case ( labor p>ties1 & ! old gre5back p>ty1 :i* 0 l>gely made up ( f>m]s4 ,at election "t visit ! ne>e/ poll+ place1 obs]ve ! proc$ure ( vot+1 & report4 ,get sample copies ( ! ballot us$4 ,:o are ! diff]5t p]sons on duty at ! poll+ place1 & :at are _! duties8 ,:y & h[ d vot]s regi/] be=e an election8 ,describe a prim>y election 9 y\r community4 ,h[ d discussion & debate protect ! rights ( m9orities8 ,is ! recall us$ 9 y\r /ate8 ,if s1 :at in/ances ( its ex]cise d y "k1 & :at 7 ! circum/ances8 ,:at advantages & disadvantages c y see 9 repres5tation by occupational gr\ps z comp>$ ) repres5tation by geographical di/ricts8 ,,read+s ,9 ,fo]/] & ,pi]son's ,,am]ican ,,ideals3 ,contributions ( ! we/ to democracy 7,f4,j4 ,turn]71 pp4 #gb-ig4 ,a *>t] ( democracy 7,!odore ,roosevelt71 pp4 #aad-acb4 ,c democracy be organiz$8 7,e4,a4 ,ald]man71 pp4 #aeh-agd4 ,! sov]eignty ( ! p 7,a4 de ,tocqueville71 pp4 #beg-bfj4 ,g5]al t5d5cy ( ! laws 7,a4 de ,tocqueville71 pp4 #bfa-bff4 ,! activity ( ! body politic 7,a4 de ,tocqueville71 pp4 #bfg-bgb4 ,! ,g]man & ! ,am]ican temp] 7,kuno ,francke71 pp4 #bgc-bha4 ,! ,div9e ,av]age 7,g4 ,l[es ,dick9son71 pp #bhb-bhd4 ,9 ,long's ,,am]ican ,,patriotic ,,prose3 ,f>ewell ,address 7,wa%+ton71 pp4 #aje-abc4 ,! indep5d5t 9 politics 7,james ,russell ,l[ell71 pp4 #bda-bdc4 ,lib]ty is responsibility1 n lic5se 7,mc,kinley71 pp4 #bed-bee4 ,! "r ( ! p to rule 7,roosevelt71 pp4 #bgb-bgc4 ,9 ,,lessons ,,9 ,,community ,,& ,,national ,,life3 ,s]ies ,a3 ,lesson #af1 ,ca/e 9 ,india4 ,lesson #ai1 ,active citiz5%ip4 ,s]ies ,c3 ,lesson #ag1 ,cu/om z a basis = law4 ,lesson #ah1 ,coop]ation ?r\gh law4 ,h>t1 ,a4,b41 ,,actual ,,gov]nm5t1 ,*apt]s ,,iv1 ,v4 ,a%ley1 ,r4,l41 ,,! ,,new ,,civics 7,macmillan71 ,*apt]s1 ,,vi1 ,,vii4 ,re$1 ,t4,h41 ,,=m ,,& ,,functions ,,( ,,am]ican ,,gov]nm5t1 ,*apt]s ,v- ,,viii1 7,_w ,book ,co474 ,bryce1 ,james1 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,commonweal?1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,"p ,,iii1 ,! p>ty sy/em2 & ,"p ,v1 ,*apt]s1 ,,xcvii-,,xcix1 ,! faults & /r5g? ( democracy4 ,,encyclop$ia ,,( ,,am]ican ,,gov]nm5t1 "u ! sev]al topics ref]r$ to 9 ?is *apt]4 ,tea*able ,facts ab\t ,bol%evism & ,sovietism1 ,in/itute = ,public ,s]vice1 #ea ,*amb]s ,/41 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,our ,,local ,,gov]nm5ts ,,units ,,( ,,local ,,gov]nm5t ,:5 ! fir/ coloni/s ( ,am]ica und]took to organize gov]nm5ts = _! local settlem5ts1 !y naturally adopt$ =ms ) :i* !y _h be5 famili> 9 ,engl&4 ,!re 7 two su* =ms :i* met _! ne$s1 ! ,,t[n1 ,,or ,,t[n%ip1 ,,& ,,! ,,c\nty4 ,^! h rema9$ to ?is day ! *ief units ( our local gov]nm5t4 ,,! ,,new ,,engl& ,,t[n ,geographical conditions 7 su* 9 ,new ,engl& t ! coloni/s settl$ 9 compact communities4 ,!re ! t[n%ip1 or t[n1 0 adopt$ z ! m conv5i5t unit4 ,x includ$ a c5tral village & ! neighbor+ f>m+ region ) irregul> b\nd>ies4 ,x is /ill ! unit ( local gov]nm5t ?r\gh\t rural ,new ,engl&1 & 9 _m communities t h gr[n to ! proportion ( cities4 ,x has be5 said ( ! ,new ,engl& t[n gov]nm5t t x is ! fulle/ & mo/ p]fect example ( local self-gov]nm5t ei!r !n or n[ 9 exi/5ce 444 4 ,! /ate might fall to pieces1 & ! t[n w\ld /ill supply all ! wants ( ev]yday gov]nm5t4 ,footnote3 ,h5ry ,cabot ,lodge1 ,a ,,%ort ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,engli% ,,colonies ,,9 ,,am]ica1 p4 #dad4 ,,! ,,t[n ,,meet+ ,! *ief feature ( ! ,new ,engl& t[n gov]nm5t is ! ,,t[n ,,meet+1 :i* is an assemblage ( ! vot]s ( ! t[n at ! t[n hall 7=m]ly (t5 at ! *ur*71 ! regul> annual t[n meet+ be+ held 9 ! spr+ or autumn1 & special meet+s z necess>y4 ,^! meet+s are call$ by ! ,,selectm5 7see bel[7 by means ( a ,,w>rant :i* conta9s a /atem5t ( ! bus9ess to be transact$4 ,at ! annual meet+1 reports are he>d f ! (fic]s ( ! prec$+ ye>1 (fic]s = ! new ye> are elect$1 by-laws 7t[n laws7 are enact$1 taxes are levi$ & appropriations made = ! v>i\s purposes ( gov]nm5t4 ,x is direct self-gov]nm5t4 ,,new ,,engl& ,,t[n ,,(fic]s ,among ! (fic]s elect$ by ! t[n meet+ are ! selectm51 v>y+ 9 numb] f ?ree to n9e1 :o h *>ge ( ! t[n prop]ty & are responsible to ! t[n meet+ = ! conduct ( ! t[n's bus9ess2 a t[n cl]k1 :o keeps ! t[n records1 issues m>riage lic5ses1 regi/]s bir?s & dea?s1 & p]=ms o!r cl]ical s]vices2 an assessor ( taxes2 a treasur]2 sev]al con/ables1 :o h police duties1 execute w>rants issu$ by ! selectm5 & by ! ju/ices ( ! peace1 & sometimes act z tax collectors2 s*ool committeem52 ov]se]s ( ! poor2 memb]s ( ! bo>d ( heal? & ( o!r bo>ds = public s]vice4 ,9 "s ( ! ,new ,engl& /ates ! ju/ices ( ! peace1 :o are n /rictly t[n (fic]s1 are elect$ by ! t[n meet+4 ,,! ,,t[n ,,w>rant ,!re is "h giv5 a copy ( portions ( a w>rant = a special t[n meet+4 ,?is w>rant is v brief z comp>$ ) ^? issu$ = a regul> annual meet+2 b x gives an idea ( ! v>iety ( bus9ess transact$4 ,t[n ,w>rant ,,middlesex1 ,,ss4 ,to ,h5ry ,at*ison1 "o ( ! con/ables ( ! ,t[n ( ,fram+ham or to ei!r ( !m1 ,,greet+3 ,9 ! "n ( ! ,commonweal? ( ,massa*usetts1 y are h]eby requir$ to notify & w>n ! inhabitants ( ! ,t[n ( ,fram+ham1 qualifi$ to vote 9 elections1 & ,t[n affairs1 to meet at ! ,cas9o 9 said ,fram+ham1 on ,,w$nesday1 ,,july #af,,?1 ,a4,d4 #aiai at eight o'clock ,p4,m4 ,!n & !re to act on ! foll[+ articles1 viz43 ,article ,i4 ,to he> & act ^u su* reports ( any ( ! (fic]s ( ! ,t[n or ,committees ( ! ,t[n z may be !n & !re pres5t$1 appropriate money to c>ry out ! recomm5dations !re(1 or any ( !m1 pass any vote or take any action relative to any ( said reports1 or any "p !re(4 ,art4 #b4 ,to he> & act on ! report ( ! ,committee direct$ to inve/igate s*ool ne$s 9 ! ,apple ,/reet ,di/rict4 444 ,art4 #c4 ,to see if ! ,t[n w vote to in/ruct ! ,t[n ,treasur] to place to ! cr$it ( ! ,p>k ,dep>tm5t 444 = ! c>e & ma9t5ance ( p>ks & playgr\nds1 any & all sums ( money :i* may be receiv$ by him 444 on acc\nt ( said ,dep>tm5t1 & au?orize ! use ( ! same by said ,dep>tm5t4 444 ,art4 #d4 ,to see if ! ,t[n w grant or appropriate a sum n exce$+ tw5ty-five hundr$ doll>s 7#bejj7 = ! pur*ase by ! tree w>d5 ( a new tree spray+ ma*9e4 444 ,art4 #e4 ,to see if ! ,t[n w au?orize its ,bo>d ( ,p>k ,commission]s to sell & dispose ( two ( ! unus$ s*oolh\ses plac$ 9 *>ge ( ! ,p>k ,commission "s ye>s ago4 444 ,art4 #f4 ,to see if ! ,t[n w appropriate ! sum ( fifty-five hundr$ doll>s 444 to be exp5d$ "u ! direction ( ! foll[+ committee 444 = ! purpose ( select+ a site1 location & erection ( a tempor>y memorial tablet1 & cause to be inscrib$ !reon ! names ( ! ,fram+ham soldi]s1 sailors1 m>9es 444 & nurses1 :o gave _! lives 9 ! late w>4 444 ,art4 #h4 ,to see if ! ,t[n w vote to in/all & ma9ta9 inc&esc5t electric lights on foll[+ nam$ /reets 444 4 ,art4 #i4 ,to see if ! ,t[n w vote to raise ! pay ( its ,police ,(fic]s fifty c5ts a day4 444 ,art4 #aj4 ,to see if ! ,t[n w vote to appo9t & in/ruct a committee to petition ! ,c\nty ,commission]s to relocate ,m>ble ,/reet4 444 ,art4 #ab4 ,to see if ! ,t[n w vote to appropriate a sum 444 to reimburse ,well+ton ,h4 ,pratt = exp5ses incurr$ 9 ! con/ruction ( a sew] & lay+ ( wat] pipes4 444 ,& y are direct$ to s]ve ?is w>rant by po/+ an atte/$ copy ( ! same at ea* ( ! ,meet+ ,h\ses & ,po/-,(fices 9 said ,t[n1 eight days at lea/1 includ+ two ,sundays1 be=e ! "t ( hold+ said meet+4 ,h]e( fail n1 & make due return ( ?is w>rant1 ) y\r do+ !reon1 to ! ,t[n ,cl]k at ! "t & place ( said meet+4 ,giv5 "u our h&s ?is fir/ day ( ,july 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l "o ?\s& n9e hundr$ & n9ete54 7,sign$ by ! ,selectm57 ,x has be5 said t ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,t[n ,,meet+ ,! ?+ mo/ *>act]i/ic ( a t[n meet+ is ! lively & educat+ debate2 = att5dants on t[n meet+ f ye> to ye> become skill$ 9 p>liam5t>y law1 & effective 9 %>p1 quick argum5t on _! feet4 ,*ildr5 & o!rs ?an vot]s are all[$ to be pres5t z spectators4 ,9 e su* assembly1 f\r or five m5 ord9>ily d half ! talk+2 b anybody has a "r to make sugge/ions or propose am5dm5ts1 & occasionally ev5 a non-vot] is all[$ to make a /atem5t2 & ! debate is (t5 v effective4 ,footnote3 ,alb]t ,bu%nell ,h>t1 ,,actual ,,gov]nm5t1 p4 #aga4 ,ano!r writ] says1 ,! retir+ (fic]s pres5t _! reports1 :i* 9 ! l>g] t[ns h be5 previ\sly pr9t$ & di/ribut$4 ,any citiz5 pres5t is free to express any criticism or ask any "q4 ,no bett] me?od ( *eck+ ! conduct ( public (fic]s has ev] be5 discov]$ ?an ?is sy/em ( report 9 op5 meet+4 ,ke5 que/ions & %>p comm5t rip op5 & expose to view ! true inw>dness ( ! (fic]s' behavior4 ,at its be/1 ! ,new ,engl& t[n meet+ has nev] be5 equal$ z a me*anism = local gov]nm5t4 ,no m]e repres5tative sy/em c give ! opportunity = real p>ticipation 9 gov]nm5t :i* a t[n meet+ af=ds4 ,ev5 ! small boys :o come to enjoy ! fun f ! gall]y are taught t gov]nm5t is a liv+ reality4 ,by grappl+ fir/-h& ) _! own small local problems1 m5 are tra9$ to take "p wisely 9 ! bigg] affairs ( /ate & nation4 ,footnote3 ,?omas ,h4 ,re$1 ,,=m ,,& ,,functions ,,( ,,am]ican ,,gov]nm5t1 pp4 #bah1 #bbj4 ,,weak5+ ,,( ,,gov]nm5t ,,by ,,t[n ,,meet+ ,*ang+ conditions1 h[ev]1 h t5d$ to br+ ab\t *anges 9 t[n gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! e>ly days ! t[n meet+ 0 a matt] ( great int]e/1 & ev]ybody att5d$1 includ+ ! wom5 & *ildr54 ,_m ( ! t[ns h n[ acquir$ l>ge populations1 ! p are no long] acqua9t$ ) "o ano!r1 & int]e/ has decl9$4 ,a few ye>s ago x 0 report$ t ,9 ,brookl9e1 ,mass41 ) ab\t #bejj votes ca/1 !re are f #cjj to #ejj at ! bus9ess sessions4 ,9 ,hyde ,p>k1 ,mass41 ) #bejj vot]s444 f #ejj to #fjj att5d$ ! annual appropriation meet+4 ,9 ,leom9/]1 ,mass41 ) #adjj vot+1 ! normal att5dance is ab\t #hjj4 ,! same writ] says t3 ,9 _m places ! t[n meet+ is be+ und]m9$ by ! caucus1 held be=eh&1 to nom9ate c&idates = (fice4 ,"h a small gr\p ( p]sons n only n>r[ ! *oice = (fic]s1 b (t5 arrange ! o!r bus9ess to be det]m9$ at ! t[n meet+4 ,sometimes e ?+ is cut & dri$ be=e x comes up = popul> discussion2 & t discussion ?us becomes a m]e =mality4 ,j4,a4 ,fairlie1 ,,local ,,gov]nm5t ,,9 ,,c\nties1 ,,t[ns ,,& ,,villages1 p4 #adh4 ,,influ5ces ,,lead+ ,,to ,,decl9e ,?is illu/rates :at 0 said 9 ! prec$+ *apt] 7p4 #chh7 ab\t ! necessity = lead]%ip & ! t5d5cy ( ! p1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 to accept self-appo9t$ lead]s1 sometimes n ( ! be/1 outside ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,conditions 9 l>ge t[ns are likely to favor ?is4 ,! que/ions t h to be act$ ^u are m complicat$ ?an =m]ly1 & (t5 involve ! exp5diture ( l>ge sums ( money4 ,! c&idates = (fice are n kn[n to _m ( ! vot]s4 ,!re may be a consid]able numb] ( un$ucat$ p 9 ! t[n1 & p]haps a =eign population t is unfamili> ) ! ,engli% language & ) ,am]ican me?ods4 ,^! ?+s make intellig5t self- gov]nm5t by direct me?ods difficult4 ,,! ,,f9ance ,,committee3 ,a ,,means ,,( ,,bett] ,,s]vice ,v>i\s means h be5 adopt$ to meet ^! *ang+ conditions4 ,"o ( ^! is ! creation ( a ,,f9ance ,,committee1 be=e :i* are br\ght = consid]ation que/ions involv+ ! exp5diture ( money4 ,?is committee holds he>+s1 at :i* citiz5s may pres5t argum5ts = & aga9/ propos$ measures4 ,?us important matt]s are sift$ out by ! committee :i* !n reports to ! t[n meet+4 ,! t[n meet+ usually votes 9 accordance ) ! recomm5dations ( ! committee4 ,:ile ?is arrangem5t t5ds to secure c>eful consid]ation ( f9ancial measures1 & to result 9 wise decisions1 provid$ ! committee is compos$ ( reliable m51 x t5ds1 on ! o!r h&1 to prev5t discussion 9 op5 t[n meet+1 to make ! vote 9 ! latt] a m]e matt] ( =m1 & to de/roy int]e/ 9 x4 ,9 o!r words1 :ile x t5ds to bett] ,,s]vice1 x r$uces ! value ( ! t[n meet+ z a means ( ,,education ,,= ,,democracy4 ,,t[n ,,plann+ ,ano!r arrangem5t t has be5 adopt$ 9 a good _m t[ns is ! ,,t[n ,,plann+ ,,bo>d4 ,?is is a committee :i*1 aft] c>eful /udy ( exi/+ conditions & t5d5cies ( community gr[?1 =mulates a def9ite ,,plan = ! promotion ( ! community's int]e/s dur+ a p]iod ( ye>s4 ,x consid]s su* matt]s z ! lay+ out ( new roads & /reets & ! improvem5t ( old ones1 ! location ( p>ks1 playgr\nds1 & public build+s1 ! con/ruction ( sew]s1 wat] works1 & light+ sy/ems1 ! /yle ( ar*itecture = public build+s1 ! enactm5t ( h\s+ laws4 ,:ile t[n plann+ bo>ds usually deal prim>ily ) matt]s p]ta9+ to ! physical developm5t ( ! t[n1 !y may also plan ) ref]5ce to ! improvem5t ( ! educational sy/em1 ! promotion ( public heal?1 & ( social ne$s g5]ally4 ,! t[n plann+ bo>d is usually compos$ ( tra9$ m51 su* z eng9e]s1 ar*itects1 & physicians1 & x may call 9 exp]t advis]s f o!r communities or f ! /ate gov]nm5t4 ,! advantage ( hav+ su* a bo>d is t x provides ! t[n ) a program ( action c>efully work$ out f ! po9t ( view bo? ( cont9u\s community ne$s & ( economy4 ,x af=ds exp]t lead]%ip4 ,,ne$ ,,= ,,citiz5 ,,coop]ation ,z has be5 said _m times 9 ^! pages1 gov]nm5t is ! community's (ficial organization to secure coop]ation2 b x is effective only to ! ext5t t ! p ,,coop]ate4 ,x is a ma*9e t is valuable z ! p ,,use x4 ,! weak5+ ( t[n1 gov]nm5t1 or ( any o!r gov]nm5t1 is due l>gely to a lack ( int]e/ & ( actual p>ticipation by ! p4 ,_m p ?9k !y h done _! %>e t[>d good gov]nm5t :5 !y h help$ elect _! (fic]s & h paid _! taxes4 ,b :5 !y take ?is view !y are likely to lose bo? int]e/ 9 _! gov]nm5t & control ov] x4 ,,volunt>y ,,community ,,organization ,9 _m ,new ,engl& t[ns ! decl9e 9 popul> control ( t[n gov]nm5t has be5 l>gely c\nt]balanc$ by ,,community ,,organization ,,= ,,volunt>y ,,coop]ation4 ,mu* community s]vice is1 & probably always w be1 p]=m$ by private ent]prise & initiative r ?an by gov]nm5t2 & ! effici5cy ( gov]nm5t dep5ds to a consid]able ext5t ^u ! effici5cy ( volunt>y ent]prise4 ,gov]nm5t mu/ h ! coop]ation ( ! latt]1 & to "s ext5t "w ?r\gh x4 ,9 practically e community !re are gr\ps ( p organiz$ to coop]ate = "o purpose or ano!r2 b !y are (t5 self-c5t]$ & act indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r1 if n actually at cross purposes4 ,! situation t exi/s 9 _m communities is illu/rat$ by ! *>t on page #djb4 ,footnote3 ,?is *>t & ! "o on page #djc are tak5 f ,ext5sion ,bullet9 ,no4 #bc1 ,massa*usetts ,agricultural ,college1 by ,e4,l4 ,morgan4 ,,community ,,organization ,,9 ,,massa*usetts ,9 a good _m ,massa*usetts t[ns ?is situation has be5 v l>gely rem$i$ by means ( community organization = :i* ! lead]%ip has be5 provid$ 9 _m cases by ! ,community ,organization ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,ext5sion ,s]vice ( ! ,/ate ,agricultural ,college4 ,! organization v>ies 9 detail 9 diff]5t communities to meet local ne$s1 b ! ma9 features are ! foll[+3 ,fir/3 a ,,community ,,c\ncil1 consi/+ ( repres5tatives ( ! v>i\s community int]e/s & organizations includ+ ! t[n (ficials4 ,?is c\ncil s]ves at fir/ z a sort ( /e]+ committee to br+ ! v>i\s int]e/s toge!r & to plan ! organization & ! "w to be done4 ,second3 a ,,community ,,meet+1 ! fir/ "o ( :i* is call$ by ! community c\ncil to consid] ! que/ions3 ,is x possible = a community to plan = its future developm5t8 ,d we c>e to d x8 ,is x wor?:ile8 ,h[ c x be done8 ,! community meet+ becomes a sort ( ,,un(ficial ,,t[n ,,meet+1 & is (t5 m l>gely att5d$ ?an ! (ficial t[n meet+1 p>tly because x is att5d$ by ! wom5 ( ! community4 ,?ird3 a numb] ( ,,work+ ,,committees1 appo9t$ z a result ( ! fir/ community meet+4 ,!y may include3 ,a committee on f>m production4 ,a committee on cons]vation4 ,a committee on boys' & girls' int]e/s4 ,a committee on f>m bus9ess4 ,a committee on community life 7education1 heal?1 recreation1 etc47 ,^! committees make a /udy ( ! conditions & ne$s ( ! community 9 _! respective fields1 & prep>e plans & projects1 :i* are submitt$ to ! community meet+ 9 due "t4 ,f\r?3 a ,,community ,,program1 :i* has be5 agre$ ^u by ! community meet+1 is sup]vis$ by ! community c\ncil1 & is c>ri$ out by ! v>i\s community organizations repres5t$1 includ+ ! public (ficials4 ,,(ficial ,,& ,,un(ficial ,,teamwork ,?is organization is entirely outside ( ! (ficial gov]n m5tal organization4 ,x may be ask$ :y x is necess>y to h a community meet+ :5 ! (ficial t[n meet+ already exi/s4 ,! answ] is t ! (ficial t[n meet+ has its "w pretty def9itely cut out = x4 ,x meets = a half-day or a day at a "t1 & its "t is occupi$ ,,by ,,! ,,vot]s 9 pass+ laws1 elect+ (ficials1 levy+ taxes1 mak+ appropriations1 & do+ o!r (ficial bus9ess4 ,! community meet+1 on ! o!r h&1 is att5d$ by non-vot]s z well z vot]s1 ! wom5 tak+ an active "p1 & ! "y p be+ repres5t$4 ,_m matt]s are discuss$ t c\ld n prop]ly be tak5 up 9 t[n meet+4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! program ( ! community organization is c>ri$ out by ! volunt>y ag5cies ( ! community4 ,b a great _m ( its proposals mu/ h ! approval ( ! (ficial t[n meet+1 require appropriations :i* c only be made by ! t[n meet+1 & are f9ally execut$ by ! public (ficials ( ! t[n4 ,! organization naturally /imulates int]e/ 9 ! (ficial gov]nm5t1 & br+s to its support all ! organiz$ ag5cies ( ! community work+ toge!r4 ,,t[n%ip ,,gov]nm5t ,,outside ,,( ,,new ,,engl& ,! t[n%ip is f\nd z a unit ( local gov]nm5t 9 _m /ates outside ( ,new ,engl&1 b 9 mo/ ( ^! cases its gov]nm5t is entirely repres5tative 9 =m4 ,:ile ! t[n meet+ is f\nd 9 a few ( ^! /ates1 ,footnote3 ,z 9 ,new ,york & ,new ,j]sey2 & f>!r we/ 9 ,mi*igan1 ,wiscons91 ,m9nesota1 ! ,dakotas1 ,ill9ois1 & ,nebraska4 x n[h]e holds ! important place t x does 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,"o reason = ?is is ! l>g] size & m scatt]$ population ( ! t[n%ip4 ,9 ! public l& /ates ! congressional t[n%ip1 six miles squ>e1 is also ! political t[n%ip4 ,at ! head ( ! t[n%ip gov]nm5t 9 its repres5tative =m are ,,tru/ees 7sometimes ?ree1 sometimes only "o7 :o1 ) ! t[n cl]k1 ! con/ables1 ! tax assessor1 ! treasur]1 ! ju/ices ( ! peace1 & su* o!r (fic]s z may be requir$1 are elect$ by ! p4 ,! p[]s ( ! t[n%ip gov]nm5t outside ( ,new ,engl& v>y 9 diff]5t /ates1 b are always q limit$1 relat+ mo/ commonly to ! ma9t5ance ( roads1 s*ool adm9i/ration1 & ! c>e ( ! poor4 ,9 ^! circum/ances !re is at lea/ z great ne$ = community organization to support & supplem5t ! "w ( gov]nm5t z 9 ! ,new ,engl& t[ns4 ,inve/igate & report on ! foll[+3 ,! s]vices p]=m$ by y\r t[n%ip gov]nm5t4 ,a complete li/ ( y\r t[n%ip (fic]s1 & ! duties ( ea*4 7,committees ( pupils may int]view "s ( ! m important (fic]s to get a description ( _! daily r\t9e1 k9ds ( s]vice p]=m$1 etc4 ,also discuss ) p>5ts47 ,(fic]s ( ! colonial ,new ,engl& t[n t d n exi/ n[1 & _! duties4 ,:at is p>liam5t>y law8 7,valuable tra9+ may be secur$ by conduct+ s*ool meet+s1 club meet+s1 or occasional regul> class ex]cises1 9 accordance ) p>liam5t>y proc$ure47 ,:y public discussion is a *eck ^u ! conduct ( p]sons hold+ responsible positions4 ,! popul> int]e/ 9 public que/ions 9 y\r t[n%ip4 ,if !re is a f9ance committee 9 y\r t[n%ip 7p4 #cii71 h[ does x s]ve ! community8 ,does x hold he>+s8 7,att5d & report ^u "s su* he>+47 ,t[n plann+ 9 y\r community 7:at has be51 or :at might be1 done74 ,! value ( hav+ a plan4 ,is y\r community m l t repres5t$ by ! *>t on page #djb1 or by t on page #djc8 ,! ext5t to :i* volunt>y organizations 9 y\r community co op]ate ) & ?r\gh ! local gov]nm5t4 ,! ext5t to :i* y\r /ate agricultural college promotes community organization4 ,! feasibility ( organiz+ y\r t[n 7or community7 by "s su* plan z t outl9$ on page #djb4 ,! value ( a community =um z a means to good gov]nm5t4 ,:y ! (ficial t[n meet+ %\ld 7or %\ld n7 be enc\rag$ 9 y\r /ate4 ,procure & exam9e rec5tly publi%$ (ficial reports ( y\r t[n%ip gov]nm5t4 ,:at d ^! reports tell y8 ,:at is ! value ( su* reports8 ,are ! reports ( y\r t[n%ip g5]ally read by ! p ( ! t[n%ip8 ,:y8 ,discuss ways 9 :i* y\r t[n%ip reports c\ld be made m useful4 ,,! ,,c\nty ,! o!r unit ( local gov]nm5t ) :i* ! coloni/s 7 famili> 0 ! c\nty1 :i* 9 ,engl& embrac$ a numb] ( t[n%ips4 ,9 ! colonies ( ,new ,york & ,p5nsylvania ! c\nty & ! t[n %ip 7 develop$ toge!r z 9 ,engl&2 9 ! s\!rn colonies ! c\nty 0 organiz$ )\t ! t[n%ip4 ,today ! c\nty exi/s 9 e /ate ( ! ,union1 includ+ ! ,new ,engl& /ates4 ,9 ,l\isiana x is call$ ! ,,p>i%4 ,,types ,,( ,,c\nty ,,gov]nm5t ,!re are two ma9 types ( c\nty gov]nm5t4 ,accord+ to "o plan1 z 9 ,new ,york1 ea* t[n%ip elects a repres5tative to a c\nty ,,bo>d ,,( ,,sup]visors1 :i* is sometimes q l>ge4 ,accord+ to ! o!r plan1 z 9 ,p5nsylvania1 ! p ( ! c\nty z a :ole elect a small ,,bo>d ,,( ,,commission]s1 ! t[n%ips n be+ repres5t$ z su* ev5 :5 !y exi/4 ,! bo>d ( sup]visors or commission]s levies taxes & makes appropriations = v>i\s c\nty purposes1 su* z con/ruct+ & ma9ta9+ roads1 bridges1 & c\nty build+s1 pay+ ! sal>ies ( c\nty (fic]s1 c>+ = ! c\nty poor1 & conduct+ ! c\nty s*ools4 ,x is sometimes spok5 ( z ! c\nty legislative body1 b x is r an adm9i/rative body1 its lawmak+ p[]s be+ v slight4 ,,c\nty ,,(fic]s ,among ! important c\nty (fic]s are ! %]iff1 :o is *ief gu>dian ( ! peace 9 ! c\nty1 has *>ge ( ! jail1 is ! *ief executive (fic] ( ! c\nty c\rt 7see p4 #dci71 & sometimes acts z tax collector2 ! c\nty prosecutor 7also call$ ! prosecut+ attorney1 ! di/rict attorney1 or ! /ate's attorney71 :o prosecutes all crim9al cases 9 ! c\nty & repres5ts ! public au?orities 9 civil suits2 ! c\nty cl]k1 :o keeps ! c\nty records2 ! regi/] ( de$s1 :o records all transf]s ( prop]ty2 ! coron]1 :o inve/igates ! cause ( viol5t & my/]i\s dea?s2 ! tax assessor2 ! treasur]2 ! auditor1 :o exam9es ! acc\nts ( c\nty (fic]s2 ! surveyor2 ! s*ool sup]9t5d5t2 ! heal? (fic]4 ,"s times !re are o!rs4 ,,lack ,,( ,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,c\nty ,,gov]nm5t ,al?\gh practically e citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is also a citiz5 ( a c\nty1 ! p h z a rule %[n surpris+ly little int]e/ 9 c\nty gov]nm5t4 ,z g5]ally f\nd x af=ds a /rik+ example ( poor s]vice result+ f a lack ( teamwork4 ,c\nty gov]nm5t has ! reputation ( be+ "o ( ! weake/ spots 9 our :ole sy/em ( gov]nm5t4 ,,w ,,c\nty ,,gov]nm5t ,,survive8 ,we seem to h gott5 into ! habit ( n expect+ mu* s]vice f ! c\nty gov]nm5t4 ,:]e ! t[n%ip gov]nm5t is /rong1 z 9 ,new ,engl&1 x takes ! place ( c\nty gov]nm5t4 ,:]e p live 9 cities1 !y look to ! city gov]nm5t to s]ve !m r ?an to ! c\nty gov]nm5t4 ,9 rural di/ricts ! p h come m & m to look to ! /ate & national gov]nm5ts = su* s]vice z !y expect gov]nm5t to give4 ,^! facts might sugge/ ! "q :e!r or n we really ne$ c\nty gov]nm5t4 ,"o rec5t writ] says1 ,!re are "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry :]e ,i c see t ! c\nty w pass out ( exi/5ce entirely 9 a v %ort "t1 unless x does adju/ itself to ! new conditions4 ,footnote3 ,h4,s4 ,gilb]tson1 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,,record1 ,no4 #aei1 ,octob]1 #aiah1 p4 #cg4 ,! same writ] says1 ,unless ! c\nty does measure up 9 ?is way1 ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t & ! s]vices :i* x r5d]s w h to drift away f local control & be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( "s gov]nm5t m fit & :i* w probably be fur!r away f home4 ,,effects ,,( ,,! ,,long ,,ballot ,/ud5ts ( c\nty gov]nm5t attribute _m ( its defects to ! long ballot4 ,9 "o c\nty 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 at a rec5t election1 !re 7 tw5ty-five diff]5t c&idates = c\nty (fices on ea* ( ?ree p>ty tickets1 mak+ sev5ty-five c&idates among :om ea* vot] _h to *oose4 ,t[n%ip & /ate (fic]s 7 also elect$ at ! same election1 br++ ! numb] ( p]sons to be vot$ = up to ab\t fifty out ( #aej c&idates4 ,x is app>5t t ! av]age vot] w\ld h difficulty 9 vot+ intellig5tly4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,)\t ,a ,,head ,! long ballot has o!r results ?an ! m]e difficulty ( intellig5t vot+4 ,"o ( ^! is a ,,gov]nm5t ,,)\t ,a ,,head4 ,:ile ! bo>d ( sup]visors or commission]s is nom9ally at ! head ( ! c\nty gov]nm5t1 x has to "w ?r\gh ! v>i\s adm9i/rative (fic]s4 ,^! are also elect$ by ! p1 & may be ( ! opposite political p>ty4 ,at all ev5ts1 !y are indep5d5t ( ! bo>d1 n responsible to x1 & may or may n "w 9 h>mony ) x4 ,a =m] memb] ( a c\nty bo>d 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a says1 ,mo/ p]sons are "u ! impression t ! bo>d ( commission]s1 ) its *airman1 is at ! head ( ! c\nty gov]nm5t4 444 ,! bo>d does h au?ority to say h[ ab\t #ai c5ts ( ! entire tax levy may be sp5t1 b its au?ority ov] ! balance ( ! levy1 ov] any c\nty (ficial1 su* z ! %]iff1 cl]k ( ! c\rt1 coron]1 con/able1 c\nty judge1 or record]1 is nil4 ,! *airman ( ! bo>d does h ! honor 444 ( smil+ & try+ to look pleasant :5 compla9ts are made ab\t bad roads1 excessive tax assessm5ts1 or ! del9qu5cy ( "s c\nty subord9ate1 ov] :om nei!r he nor ! bo>d has any control4,footnote3 ,m4 ,s4 ,will>d1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,club ,ye> ,book1 #aiah1 p4 #hg4 ,,! ,,opportunity ,,( ,,! ,,boss ,ano!r result ( ! long ballot is ! opportunity x gives ! political boss to control ! selection ( (fic]s4 ,x is n uncommon to he> rural citiz5s ask su* que/ions z1 ,:at's ! use ( f>m]s tak+ (f "t = politics :5 ! :ole ?+ is run by political bosses anyway8,footnote3 ,graham ,taylor1 9 ,rural ,manhood1 ,octob]1 #aiad1 p4 #cbh4 ,9 su* c\nties (fice- seek+ has become n ! means to ! end ( p]=m+ s]vice1 b exi/s = ! imm$iate rew>d1 & :atev] s]vice is r5d]$ to ! p is incid5tal to t o!r object4 ,footnote3 ,h4 ,s4 ,gilb]tson1 ,=ms ( ,c\nty ,gov]nm5t1 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,record1 ,no4 #aei1 ,octob]1 #aiah1 p4 #cg4 ,,bad ,,bus9ess ,,me?ods ,along ) ^! defects1 & l>gely because ( !m1 bad bus9ess me?ods h *>act]iz$ c\nty gov]nm5t1 result+ 9 poor s]vice & wa/efulness ( ! p's money4 ,a faulty sy/em ( keep+ acc\nts is z unbus9esslike & disa/r\s 9 public bus9ess z 9 private bus9ess4 ,,our ,,local ,,gov]nm5ts ,:5 ,i 0 fir/ connect$ ) ! gov]nm5t ( my own c\nty1 ,i became v mu* int]e/$ to "k :e!r we 7 do+ bett] or worse 9 ! managem5t ( our road f9ances2 9 ! co/ ( ma9ta9+ our c\nty prison]s2 9 ! ma9t5ance ( our c\nty home & num]\s o!r c\nty in/itutions1 ?an 7 o!r c\nties4 ,i 0 anxi\s to f9d out :at 0 be+ done 9 o!r c\nties 9 ! way ( appropriations = hospitals & ,i select$ twelve or fifte5 c\nties & wrote lett]s to ! c\nty (ficials ask+ = in=mation4 ,9 answ] to probably two ( my lett]s ,i receiv$ intellig5t & satisfactory replies4 ,probably half a doz5 m gave me "s figures :i* 7 ( v little use = purposes ( comp>ison1 & to my o!r lett]s ,i receiv$ no replies1 al?\gh ! fir/ reque/ 0 foll[$ up by a second & a ?ird lett]4 ,i !n began an ef=t to secure copies ( ! newspap]s 9 :i* _h be5 pr9t$ ! f9ancial /atem5ts ( ! c\nties4 ,i succe$$ 9 secur+ probably t5 /atem5ts &1 aft] a fruitless attempt to coord9ate ^! /atem5ts s t ,i might secure in=mation :i* w\ld enable me to "k :e!r we 7 do+ bett] or worse ?an our neighbors1 ,i became hopelessly lo/ 9 a jungle ( /ati/ics & reluctantly gave x up z useless1 & turn$ my att5tion to do+ :at ,i c\ld to place our own c\nty affairs 9 su* condition t !y c\ld be und]/ood by ^? ( our taxpay]s :o might be inquisitive en\gh to want to "k h[ ! money 0 h&l$ :i* !y paid = taxes4 ,footnote3 ,m4 ,s4 ,will>d1 ,c\nty ,f9ances 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,,record1 ,no4 #aei1 ,octob]1 #aiah1 p4 #hj4 ,,! ,,fee ,,sy/em ,! practice ( comp5sat+ c\nty (fic]s f ,,fees receiv$ = special s]vices & ( all[+ !m to reta9 ! int]e/ on public money is "o illu/ration ( extravagant bus9ess me?ods4 ,= _m ( ! s]vices p]=m$ by c\nty (fic]s fees are *>g$1 on ! pr9ciple t ! p]son s]v$ %\ld pay = ! s]vice4 ,x did n occur to ! p to inquire h[ mu* _! (fic]s 7 gett+ 9 ?is way4 ,9 "o c\nty1 9 :i* !re 0 a l>ge city1 inve/igation %[$ t ! %]iff _h a net income f fees & commissions ( #ae1jjj1 ! c\nty treasur] #bc1jjj1 & ! c\nty auditor ov] #ej1jjj4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( economy & effici5cy x is bett] to pay all (fic]s an adequate sal>y & to require t all fees1 commissions1 & int]e/ on public money be return$ to ! c\nty treasury4 ,x keeps ! tax rate d[n & makes possible an increase ( s]vice4 ,! c\nty (fice fees & commissions 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a am\nt to some?+ l "o & a qu>t] million doll>s a ye>1 if !y are collect$ accord+ to law4 ,! total is l>ge en\gh to pay all sal>ies 9 at lea/ #eh c\nties ( ! /ate1 & leave l>ge balances to apply to s*ools1 roads1 jail exp5ses1 int]e/1 & s9k+ funds4 ,^! l>ge surpluses are be+ wa/$ 9 mo/ ( ! sal>y c\nties4 ,footnote3 ,e4,c4 ,branson1 ,! ,fee ,sy/em 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,record1 ,no4 #aei1 ,octob]1 #aiah1 p4 #fi4 ,su* faulty bus9ess me?ods are gradually be+ correct$ by ! introduction ( ! %ort ballot1 z 9 ,cali=nia & else:]e1 by bus9esslike me?ods ( keep+ acc\nts1 by ! appo9tm5t ( c\nty & /ate auditors1 & by giv+ full publicity to reports ( c\nty bus9ess4 ,,! ,,fault ,,) ,,! ,,citiz5 ,b aft] all1 says ! c\nty (ficial quot$ above1 a great "p ( ! %ortcom+s ( c\nty (ficials & a great deal ( ! loos5ess :i* prevails 9 ! managem5t ( c\nty affairs c be *>g$ to ! citiz5 p !mselves4 ,ano!r /ud5t ( ! situation says1 ,among ! c\ntry p !mselves !re is no dem& = bett] local gov]nm5t or almo/ none2 !y are satisfi$ or cont5t !mselves ) grumbl+ ab\t taxes & 9 fi]ce p>tisan politics4 444 ,! c\ntry p ( ,am]ica lack an adequate s5se ( civic & social responsibility1 & ! defici5cy is ris+ into critical1 national importance4 ,footnote #b3 ,e4,c4 ,branson1 ,report ( subcommittee on local gov]nm5t1 ,national ,c\ntry ,life ,conf]5ce1 ,baltimore ,proce$+s1 #aiai1 pp4 #fh1 #fi4 ,ano!r says1 ,! fir/ ?+ to be re=m$ 9 c\nty gov]nm5t is n ! (fic]s d[n at ! c\r?\se1 b our own attitude t[>d ! c\nty1 & p>ticul>ly t[>d public (fice4 ,=1 aft] all1 public (fic]s 9 ?is c\ntry are j :at ! p make !m 444 ,footnote #c3 ,h4,s4 ,gilb]tson1 ,=ms ( ,c\nty ,gov]nm5t1 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,record1 ,no4 #aei1 ,octob]1 #aiah1 p4 #ch4 ,!re are ^? :o advocate break+ up ! c\nty into small] units = purposes ( local self-gov]nm5t1 z 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,?omas ,jeff]son1 liv+ 9 ,virg9ia :]e ! c\nty 0 ! sole unit ( local gov]nm5t1 0 a great admir] ( ! ,new ,engl& t[n meet+1 & said t public education & ! subdivision ( ! c\nties into w>ds1 or t[n%ips1 7 ! two hooks ^u :i* republican gov]nm5t mu/ hang4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h obs]v$ an opposite t5d5cy to conc5trate ! adm9i/ration ( s*ools1 roads1 heal?1 & o!r matt]s1 9 ! c\nty gov]nm5t 7see pp4 #bid1cbe74 ,! fact is t bo? ! organization = c5traliz$1 c\nty-wide gov]nm5t1 & t = ! gov]nm5t ( local communities )9 ! c\nty1 h _! uses4 ,nei!r c d its be/ "w )\t ! o!r4 ,! problem is to det] m9e :at ! bus9ess ( ea* %\ld be & to e/abli% a prop] balance betwe5 !m4 ,"o ?+ is sure1 namely1 t ! gov]nm5t ( ! c\nty _c be effective unless ! p ( ! v>i\s communities )9 ! c\nty are organiz$ to coop]ate bo? = _! local int]e/s & = ! int]e/s ( ! c\nty z a :ole4 ,?is may be provid$ = 9 "p ?r\gh t[n%ip gov]nm5ts1 :]e !y exi/1 & 9 "p ?r\gh su* un(ficial organization z t describ$ = ! ,new ,engl& t[n 7p4 #djb71 or z t furni%$ by ! f>m bureau ) its local community committees 7p4 #cj74 ,"o ( ! mo/ progressive /ates 9 ! matt] ( c\nty gov]nm5t is ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,"o ( ! *ief in/rum5ts by :i* ?is progress has be5 made is ! ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a ,,club1 organiz$ by ! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a = ! /udy & promotion ( ! int]e/s ( ! /ate4 ,! ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,club has affiliat$ ) x ,,c\nty ,,clubs1 ea* ( :i* /udies its own c\nty & promotes its int]e/s4 ,9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a !y are work+ 9 bo? directions sugge/$ above3 9 ! direction ( an effective c5tral c\nty gov]nm5t1 & 9 ! direction ( organization ( all local communities = ! /udy ( ne$s & = teamwork 9 provid+ = !m4 ,see ref]5ces4 ,,! ,,c\nty ,,z ,a ,,subdivision ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,ano!r important factor 9 c\nty gov]nm5t is ! control ex]cis$ ov] x by ! /ate4 ,! c\nty is n only a local self-gov]n+ unit1 b x is also a division ( ! /ate = ! adm9i/ration ( /ate laws4 ,its p[]s ( self-gov]nm5t are giv5 to x by ! /ate1 & along ) ^! p[]s x has impos$ ^u x c]ta9 duties = ! /ate4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! c\nty is a ,,/ate ,,judicial ,,di/rict4 ,! mo/ important build+ at ! c\nty seat is ! c\r?\se4 ,! ,,c\nty ,,c\rt is "o ( ! /ate c\rts describ$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,! c\nty judge is sometimes *os5 by ! p ( ! c\nty1 b he is really a /ate (fic]4 ,9 ,new ,engl& ! c\nty is almo/ solely a judicial di/rict1 & 9 all /ates its judicial purposes are ( supreme importance4 ,b m ?an ?is1 ! c\nty s*ools are a "p ( ! /ate s*ool sy/em & mu/ be adm9i/]$ 9 accordance ) /ate laws1 ?\gh by c\nty & t[n%ip (fic]s4 ,c\nty (fic]s mu/ en=ce ! heal? laws ( ! /ate4 ,c\nty au?orities n only levy & collect c\nty taxes1 b also collect /ate taxes f resid5ts ( ! c\nty4 ,,! ,,necessity ,,= ,,/ate ,,control ,"h aga9 we h an illu/ration ( ! necessity = a c>eful balance betwe5 matt]s prop]ly subject to local self-gov]nm5t & ^? prop]ly subject to /ate control4 ,c\nties h suff]$ bo? f too mu* /ate control 9 "s respects1 & f too little 9 o!rs4 ,! :ole /ate is injur$ 444 if "o t[n%ip lets its citiz5%ip det]iorate ?r\gh ignorance or drunk5ness1 & s ! /ate has a "r to say t at lea/ six mon?s s*ool t]m mu/ be giv5 9 e t[n%ip & t no :iskey-sell+ %all be p]mitt$4 ,or if "o t[n%ip is infe/$ ) cattle ticks1 o!r t[n%ips are injur$1 & s ! /ate may set a m9imum /&>d "h 444 ,x (t5 happ5s t ! citiz5s ( "o c\nty pay m ?an _! %>e ( ! /ate taxes because x has bett] me?ods ( assess+ & collect+ taxes & ( keep+ acc\nts ?an o!r c\nties 9 ! /ate4 ,"o ( ! greate/ ne$s ( c\nties1 & "o lea/ provid$ =1 is uni=mity among ! c\nties ( a /ate 9 me?ods ( keep+ acc\nts 7see example on page #daj74 ,"s /ates h e/abli%$ /ate sy/ems ( audit+ c\nty f9ances4 ,,home ,,rule ,,= ,,c\nties ,on ! o!r h&1 /ate gov]nm5ts (t5 int]f]e 9 matt]s t might bett] be left to local det]m9ation4 ,usually all ! c\nties ( a /ate h exactly ! same =m ( gov]nm5t1 ) exactly ! same (fic]s :o ex]cise exactly ! same duties4 ,yet "s c\nties )9 a /ate are almo/ :olly rural1 "s are almo/ :olly urban1 o!rs are mix$ 9 "*4 ,a =m ( gov]nm5t adapt$ to "o may n be suit$ to ano!r4 ,s !re has aris5 a dem& = a l>g] degree ( home rule 9 c\nties4 ,9 ,ill9ois1 c\nties h _h ! "r to det]m9e = !mselves :e!r ! t[n%ip %\ld or %\ld n be giv5 prom95ce 9 local gov]nm5t1 & :e!r ! sup]visor or ! commission] plan ( gov]nm5t %\ld be us$4 ,cali=nia n[ has a law :i* provides t c\nties may apply = *>t]s 9 ! same way t cities d 9 all /ates4 ,! *>t]1 l a con/itution1 det]m9es ! =m & p[]s ( ! gov]nm5t1 & is fram$ by ! p ( ! c\nty !mselves1 ?\gh x mu/ !n h ! approval ( ! /ate legislature4 ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,urban ,,communities ,we h not$ h[ ! gr[? ( cities ) _! elaborate organization = s]vice t5ds to div]t att5tion f ! less conspicu\s c\nty gov]nm5t4 ,:ile probably half ! c\nties ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates conta9 no city1 or t[n1 or village ( #bejj p1 !re is 9 almo/ e t[n%ip at lea/ "o compact settlem5t t has gr[n up ar\nd ! trad+ c5t]4 ,sometimes !re are sev]al ( !m 9 a t[n%ip & _m 9 a c\nty4 ,9 su* compact communities coop]ation becomes necess>y to provide = ne$s t are n felt 9 m rural di/ricts1 su* z pav$ /reets1 sew]s1 public wat] supply1 fire & police protection1 & s on4 ,a sep>ate gov]nm5t becomes necess>y4 ,! p ( su* communities may appeal to ! au?orities ( t[n%ip1 c\nty1 or /ate1 = incorporation z a village1 bor\gh1 t[n1 or city4 ,village & bor\gh are simply two names us$ 9 diff]5t localities = ! same ?+4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m & an incorporat$ t[n or city is pr9cipally "o ( size & correspond+ complexity ( organization4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,( ,,villages ,,& ,,incorporat$ ,,t[ns ,! *ief gov]n+ body ( a village1 or bor\gh1 or incorporat$ t[n1 is a small c\ncil1 or bo>d1 elect$ by ! p4 ,x has legislative p[]s 9 a small way1 enact+ ,,ord9ances = ! regulation ( local (fic]s & 9 ! public int]e/4 ,9 ,mi*igan 444 !y may prescribe ! t]ms & conditions = lic5s+ tav]ns1 p$dl]s1 & public vehicles4 ,!y h control ( /reets1 bridges & public gr\nds2 & h au?ority to con/ruct bridges & pavem5ts1 & to regulate ! use & prev5t ! ob/ruction ( ! highways4 ,!y may e/abli% & ma9ta9 sew]s & dra9s4 ,!y may con/ruct & control public :>ves1 & regulate & lic5se f]ries4 ,!y may e/abli% & regulate m>kets4 ,!y may provide a police =ce & a fire dep>tm5t4 ,!y may con/ruct or pur*ase & op]ate wat] works & light+ plants4 ,!y may own cemet]ies1 public p\nds1 public build+s & p>ks4,footnote3 ,john ,a4 ,fairlie1 ,local ,gov]nm5t 9 ,c\nties1 ,t[ns1 & ,villages1 pp4 #bjg1 #bjh4 ,! c\ncil also has limit$ p[] to levy taxes & to borr[ money = public purposes4 ,!re is a *ief executive (fic]1 sometimes call$ ,,mayor1 sometimes presid5t1 or by o!r names4 ,subord9ate to him are v>i\s o!r (fic]s1 su* z ! police m>%al1 ! /reet commission]1 fire m>%al1 tax assessor1 treasur]1 cl]k1 & s on4 ,9 l>g] villages bo>ds ( heal? & o!r bo>ds & commissions exi/ to adm9i/] v>i\s =ms ( public s]vice4 ,! village may also h its m9or c\rt presid$ ov] by a ju/ice ( ! peace4 ,,city ,,gov]nm5t ,:5 villages or t[ns rea* a c]ta9 population usually fix$ by /ate law1 !y may be incorporat$ z cities4 ,! *ange t takes place is simply "o ( elaborat+ ! gov]n+ ma*9]y & giv+ to x l>g] p[]s to correspond ) ! l>g] ne$s ( city life4 ,! complex problems ( city gov]nm5t we %all n attempt to /udy 9 ?is book4 ,,*anges ,,9 ,,urban ,,gov]nm5t ,,= ,,bett] ,,s]vice ,,& ,,bett] ,,control ,great improvem5t 9 ! gov]nm5t ( t[ns & cities has be5 made 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,! late/ plan ( gov]nm5t to be adopt$1 & x has spread to a consid]able numb] ( t[ns & cities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is ! ,,city ,,manag]1 or ,,t[n ,,manag]1 =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,by ?is plan ! vot]s elect a small c\ncil1 or bo>d ( directors1 :o 9 turn appo9t a ,,manag] :o s]ves z a sup]9t5d5t ov] ! affairs ( ! city or t[n4 ,he is a tra9$ speciali/1 (t5 an eng9e]1 & cities & t[ns sometimes se>* ! c\ntry ov] = ! be/ man available = ! place4 ,! manag] appo9ts ! heads ( ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( gov]nm5t1 su* z heal?1 police1 public works1 etc41 & is responsible to ! c\ncil = _! "w4 ,x is ! application to t[n gov]nm5t ( me?ods long us$ by successful bus9ess corporations4 ,inve/igate & report ^u3 ,h[ ! c\nty 9 ,l\isiana came to be call$ a p>i%4 ,organization & p[]s ( y\r c\nty bo>d4 ,a li/ ( y\r c\nty (fic]s & _! duties4 ,! s5tim5t 9 y\r c\nty ) reg>d to ! effici5cy ( y\r c\nty gov]nm5t4 ,is ! s5tim5t ju/ifi$8 ,recogniz$ defects 9 y\r c\nty gov]nm5t4 ,! long 7or %ort7 ballot 9 y\r c\nty4 ,ext5t to :i* ! p ( y\r c\nty /udy ! reports ( y\r c\nty gov]nm5t 7consult at home & ) old] fri5ds74 ,:at d y f9d ( int]e/ 9 y\r c\nty reports8 ,are reports ( y\r c\nty publi%$ 9 ! newspap]s8 ,d y und]/& !m8 ,ask y\r fa!r to expla9 !m to y4 ,ext5t to :i* y\r c\nty bo>d ex]cises control ov] o!r c\nty (fic]s4 ,ext5t to :i* ! f>m]s ( y\r c\nty int]e/ !mselves 9 politics4 ,:e!r or n ! exp]i5ce ( ! (fic] quot$ on page #daj c\ld be duplicat$ 9 y\r /ate4 ,! fee sy/em 9 y\r c\nty4 ,h[ & :y public (fic]s are j :at ! p make !m4 ,! mean+ ( ,jeff]son's rem>k t public education & ! subdivision ( c\nties into w>ds are ! two hooks ^u :i* republican gov]nm5t mu/ hang4 ,! feasibility ( a c\nty club 9 y\r c\nty simil> to ^? 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,! balance betwe5 c\nty gov]nm5t & t[n%ip gov]nm5t 9 y\r c\nty4 ,/ate control ( y\r c\nty gov]nm5t--too mu*1 or too little8 ,expla94 ,diff]5ce betwe5 a *>t] & a con/itution4 ,numb] ( incorporat$ t[ns & cities 9 y\r c\nty4 ,coop]ation 7or friction7 betwe5 urban & rural di/ricts 9 y\r c\nty4 ,organization ( village1 bor\gh1 or t[n gov]nm5t 9 y\r c\nty4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! t[n z ref]r$ to 9 ! la/ "p ( ?is *apt] & ! t[n z describ$ 9 ! fir/ "p4 ,s]vices 9 incorporat$ t[ns & villages 9 y\r c\nty t are n p]=m$ by ! c\nty or t[n%ip gov]nm5ts = rural resid5ts4 ,h[ a village or t[n is incorporat$ 9 y\r /ate4 ,t[n manag] =m ( gov]nm5t 9 y\r /ate4 ,its advantages4 ,,read+s ,/ate ,con/itution4 ,c\nty ,gov]nm5t & ,c\nty ,affairs 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,club ,ye> ,book #aiag-aiah 7,! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,record1 ,ext5sion ,s]ies ,no #cj1 ,*apel ,hill1 ,n4,c4 74 ,c\nty ,gov]nm5t1 ,,annals ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,political & ,social ,sci5ce1 ,vol ,,xlvii1 ,may1 #aiac4 7#cf? & ,woodl& ,ave1 ,philadelphia47 ,publications ( ! ,new ,york ,%ort ,ballot ,association1 #cha ,f\r? ,ave1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,fairlie1 ,j4,a41 ,local ,gov]nm5t 9 ,c\nties1 ,t[ns1 & ,villages 7,! ,c5tury ,co474 ,mobiliz+ ! ,rural ,community1 by ,e4,l4 ,morgan1 ,ext5sion ,bullet9 ,no4 #bc1 ,massa*usetts ,agricultural ,college1 ,amh]/1 ,mass4 ,9 ,,lessons ,,9 ,,community ,,& ,,national ,,life3 ,s]ies ,b3 ,lesson #ai1 ,! commission =m ( gov]nm5t & ! city manag]4 ,h>t1 ,a4,b41 ,actual ,gov]nm5t1 ,"p ,,iv1 ,local gov]nm5t 9 action4 ,re$1 ,t4,h41 ,=m & ,functions ( ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t1 ,"p iv1 ,local gov]nm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,our ,,/ate ,,gov]nm5ts ,,s\rce ,,( ,,gov]n+ ,,p[] ,:5 ! ?irte5 orig9al /ates 7 colonies1 !y d]iv$ _! gov]n+ p[]s f ,,*>t]s grant$ to !m by ! k+1 z cities & "s c\nties are grant$ *>t]s by ! /ate4 ,:5 !y won _! indep5d5ce ! p ( ea* /ate sub/itut$ a ,,con/itution = ! *>t]2 ! diff]5ce betwe5 a *>t] & a con/itution be+ t ! =m] is giv5 ,,to ! p by "s high] au?ority1 :ile ! latt] is adopt$ ,,by ! p !mselves4 ,all ( our /ates alike1 :e!r creat$ be=e or aft] ! ,union 0 =m$1 are self-gov]n+ "u con/itutions ( _! own mak+4 ,c\nties & t[ns1 cities & villages1 h no p[]s ( self- gov]nm5t except ^? grant$ to !m ,,by ,,! ,,/ate4 ,! national gov]nm5t1 also1 may ex]cise only su* p[]s z are giv5 to x by ! p ,,vot+ ,,z ,,/ates4 ,ea* /ate1 on ! o!r h&1 is self-gov]n+ 9 its own "r1 & may ex]cise ?r\gh its gov]nm5t any p[] :atev]1 except+ only ^? :i* x volunt>ily surr5d]$ ^u ent]+ ! ,union4 7,see pp4 #id1 #ddi2 also ,con/itution1 ,art4 ,i1 ,sec4 #aj & ,art4 ,,iv47 ,,! ,,/ate ,,con/itution ,! /ate con/itution is ! supreme law ( ! /ate & is suppos$ to repres5t ! direct voice ( ! p4 ,s9ce ! ,union 0 =m$1 /ate con/itutions h be5 fram$ by conv5tions ( delegates elect$ especially = ! purpose1 & 9 mo/ cases h be5 submitt$ to ! p = _! ratification4 ,am5dm5ts may be propos$ ei!r by su* conv5tions or by ! /ate legislatures1 b !y mu/ also be ratifi$ by ! p4 ,"s ( ! /ates h completely revis$ _! con/itutions sev]al times1 & am5dm5ts h be5 v num]\s4 ,,cause ,,( ,,l5g? ,,( ,,/ate ,,con/itutions ,/ate con/itutions are long docum5ts1 conta9+ a great deal ( detail reg>d+ ! organization & p[]s ( gov]nm5t4 ,9 ?is respect !y diff] f ! national ,con/itution1 :i* is brief & speaks 9 broad1 g5]al t]ms4 ,rec5t con/itutions are long] ?an e>li] ones1 p>tly because !re is a great] v>iety ( problems to be dealt )1 b also because ( a gr[+ t5d5cy to limit ! p[]s ( legislatures & adm9i/rative (fic]s4 ,a ,,republican ,,=m ,,( ,,gov]nm5t ,aft] a ,,decl>ation ,,( ,,rights1 :i* all /ate con/itutions conta91 ! con/itution is conc]n$ *iefly ) ! organization1 p[]s & duties ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,ea* /ate may organize its gov]nm5t z x sees fit1 provid$ only t x is republican 9 =m z requir$ by ! f$]al ,con/itution 7,art4 ,,iv1 sec4 #d74 ,?is means t x mu/ be a =m ( repres5tative self-gov]nm5t4 ,,sep>ation ,,( ,,p[]s ,:ile ! /ate gov]nm5ts diff] f "o ano!r 9 matt]s ( detail1 ! g5]al plan is ! same 9 all4 ,ea* consi/s ( ?ree bran*es3 ! legislative bran* = lawmak+2 ! executive bran* = law en=cem5t & adm9i/ration2 & ! judicial bran* = ! int]pretation ( ! laws & = ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice 9 accordance ) ! law4 ,^! ?ree bran*es are organiz$ on ! pr9ciple ( a ,,sep>ation ,,( ,,p[]s1 to prev5t encroa*m5t by "o ^u ! p[]s ( ! o!rs1 & to make ea* a *eck ^u ! p[]s ( ! o!rs4 ,9 ! gov]nm5t ( ?is commonweal?1 ! legislative dep>tm5t %all nev] ex]cise ! executive & judicial p[]s1 or ei!r ( !m2 ! executive %all nev] ex]cise ! legislative & judicial p[]s1 or ei!r ( !m2 ! judicial %all nev] ex]cise ! legislative & executive p[]s1 or ei!r ( !m2 to ! end x may be a gov]nm5t ( laws1 & n ( m54 ,footnote3 ,con/itution ( ,massa*usetts1 ,"p ,i1 ,art4 ,,xxx4 ,inve/igate & report on3 ,! mean+ ( a gov]nm5t ( laws1 & n ( m54 ,! entrance ( y\r /ate into ! ,union4 ,! hi/ory ( y\r pres5t /ate con/itution4 ,! p[]s surr5d]$ by y\r /ate :5 x ent]$ ! ,union4 ,comp>e ! l5g? ( y\r /ate con/itution ) t ( ! f$]al ,con/itution4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts ( :i* y\r con/itution is compos$4 ,numb] ( am5dm5ts to y\r /ate con/itution4 ,:5 ! late/ am5dm5ts 7 adopt$ & :y4 ,! decl>ation ( rights 9 y\r /ate con/itution4 ,*ecks ex]cis$ by ! legislature ^u ! executive & judicial bran*es2 by ! executive ^u ! legislative & judicial bran*es2 by ! judicial ^u ! legislative & executive bran*es4 ,,! ,,gov]nor ,! *ief executive (fic] ( ! /ate is ! gov]nor1 :o is elect$ by ! p = a t]m :i* v>ies1 9 ! diff]5t /ates1 f "o to f\r ye>s4 ,x is 8 duty to see t ! laws ( ! /ate are fai?fully execut$4 ,! con/itution makes him ! comm&]-9-*ief ( ! /ate militia1 :i* he may call ^u to en=ce ! laws or to quell disord]s4 ,x also gives him ! p[] to p>don p]sons convict$ ( crime1 9 ! ex]cise ( :i* p[] he is sometimes assi/$ by a special bo>d ( p>dons & sometimes by ! legislature2 b ! consid]ation ( ! pleas ( su* p]sons & _! fri5ds = p>don (t5 consumes mu* ( 8 "t4 ,,! ,,gov]nor',s ,,v>i$ ,,duties ,a great deal ( ! gov]nor's "t is also tak5 up ) duties devolv+ ^u him z ! (ficial repres5tative ( ! /ate on c]emonial occasions1 z 9 ! lay+ ( corn]-/ones ( public build+s1 att5d+ /ate fairs1 & mak+ spee*es at public meet+s ( all k9ds4 ,by virtue ( 8 (fice he is also a memb] ( _m bo>ds & commissions ^: meet+s he mu/ att5d4 ,,! ,,gov]nor',s ,,"p ,,9 ,,lawmak+ ,! gov]nor also has "s "p 9 lawmak+4 ,9 all /ates except ,nor? ,c>ol9a he has ! p[] to ,,veto bills pass$ by ! legislature4 ,?is *eck ^u ! legislature is n absolute1 = ! legislature may ov]come ! gov]nor's veto by aga9 pass+ ! bill1 usually by a two-?irds vote4 ,! gov]nor may also influ5ce legislation by means ( 8 messages to ! legislature 9 :i* he recomm5ds measures :i* he believes %\ld be enact$ into law4 ,9 case ( opposition by ! legislature1 ! gov]nor (t5 c>ries 8 proposals directly to ! p1 :o quickly make kn[n :e!r or n !y support him4 ,! gov]nor may call special sessions ( ! legislature to consid] measures ( especial importance4 ,,gr[+ ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,gov]nor ,! gov]nor is a m influ5tial (fic] today ?an he 0 9 ! e>ly "p ( our hi/ory4 ,9 colonial times he 0 ! direct repres5tative ( ! k+1 or ( ! colonial proprietor1 & ! p s\ght 9 e way to limit 8 p[]s4 ,aft] ! colonies became /ates ?is habitual fe> ( ! gov]nor cont9u$1 & he 0 plac$ "u ! control ( ! legislature4 ,z "t w5t on1 h[ev]1 ! legislature fell "u ! suspicion ( ! p1 :ile ! gov]nor 0 m & m look$ to z _! lead]4 ,?us1 = example1 ! veto p[] 0 giv5 to him1 increas+ 8 influ5ce :ile x curb$ t ( ! legislature4 ,,weakness ,,( ,,! ,,/ate ,,executive ,b ! p[] & influ5ce ( ! gov]nor are by no means z great 9 relation to /ate gov]nm5t z are ! p[]s ( ! ,presid5t 9 relation to ! national gov]nm5t4 ,9 fact1 ! executive bran* ( our /ate gov]nm5ts has be5 notori\sly weak1 & its weakness is ( ! same k9d z t not$ 9 c\nty gov]nm5t3 ! lack ( an effective1 responsible head4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,/ate ,,) ,,national ,,executive ,9 our national gov]nm5t ! executive p[] is conc5trat$ 9 ! h&s ( "o man4 ,/ate con/itutions seem to conf] ! same p[]s ^u ! gov]nor4 ,! con/itution ( ,indiana says1 ,! executive p[]s ( ! ,/ate %all be ve/$ 9 a ,gov]nor2 & t ( ,p5nsylvania says1 ,! supreme executive p[] %all be ve/$ 9 ! ,gov]nor4 ,b ! ,p5nsylvania con/itution also says1 ,! executive dep>tm5t %all consi/ ( a ,gov]nor1 ,lieut5ant ,gov]nor1 ,secret>y ( ! ,commonweal?1 ,attorney ,g5]al1 ,auditor ,g5]al1 ,/ate ,treasur]1 ,secret>y ( ,int]nal ,affairs & a ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,public ,in/ruction 7,art4 ,,iv1 ,sec4 ,i74 ,f\r ( ^! (fic]s besides ! gov]nor are elect$ by ! p4 ,,bewild]+ ,,complexity ,,( ,,adm9i/rative ,,(fices ,9 all /ates ! gov]nor %all take c>e t ! laws be fai?fully execut$ 7,p5nsylvania con/itution74 ,= ! execution ( ! laws1 h[ev]1 he is dep5d5t n only ^u a numb] ( pr9cipal executive (fic]s su* z ^? nam$ above1 b also ^u a l>ge numb] ( less important adm9i/rative (fic]s4 ,gov]nor ,l[d51 ( ,ill9ois1 a few ye>s ago said3 ,adm9i/rative ag5cies h be5 multipli$ 9 bewild]+ confusion4 ,!y h be5 creat$ )\t ref]5ce to _! ability economically & effectively to adm9i/] ! laws4 ,sep>ate bo>ds gov]n ! p5it5ti>ies1 ! re=matories1 & ! educational in/itutions4 ,sev]al bo>ds & commissions h *>ge ( matt]s affect+ ! agricultural int]e/s4 ,adm9i/ration ( laws affect+ labor is p>cel$ out among num]\s ag5cies1 includ+ sev]al bo>ds hav+ jurisdiction ( m9+ problems & sev]al free employm5t ag5cies1 ea* indep5d5t ( ! o!r4 ,our f9ance adm9i/ration is *aotic1 illogical & confus$4 ,! adm9i/ration ( ! heal? laws is divid$ betwe5 bo>ds & commissions1 ) no effective means ( coord9ation4 ,our educational ag5cies are n h>moni\s4 ,ov] "o hundr$ (fic]s1 bo>ds1 ag5cies1 commissions1 in/itutions & dep>tm5ts are *>g$ ) ! adm9i/ration ( our laws4 ,no sy/ematic organization exi/s1 & no adequate control c be ex]cis$ 444 ,"u ! pres5t sy/em ! gov]nor _c ex]cise ! sup]vision & control :i* ! p h a "r to dem&4 ,footnote3 ,*>les ,e4 ,woodw>d1 ,! ,ill9ois ,civil ,adm9i/rative ,code1 repr9t$ f ,proce$+s1 ,academy ( ,political ,sci5ce1 ,july1 #aiah4 ,,gov]nor ,,lacks ,,p[] ,,to ,,meet ,,8 ,,responsibility ,?is condition ( affairs is *>act]i/ic ( /ate gov]nm5ts g5]ally4 ,"s ( ! num]\s (fic]s are appo9t$ by ! gov]nor1 b _m ( !m are elect$ by ! p or appo9t$ by ! legislature4 ,_! t]ms ( (fice d n co9cide ) t ( ! gov]nor1 s t he f9ds 9 (fice _m p]sons :om he did n appo9t1 & :om he _c remove4 ,(t5 !y may be ( an opposite political p>ty4 ,?us ! v organization ( ! /ate executive dep>tm5t is su* z to make x impossible = ! gov]nor to p]=m ! duty1 impos$ ^u him by ! con/itution1 ( see+ to x t ! laws are fai?fully execut$4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 moreov]1 t ! execution ( ! laws is also dep5d5t l>gely ^u a multitude ( local (fic]s ov] :om ! /ate ex]cises little control4 ,x is app>5t h[ imp]fect mu/ be ! teamwork ( ! p ?r\gh ?is organization4 ,,unsuccessful ,,ef=ts ,,at ,,popul> ,,control ,:y h ! p put up ) ?is sort ( ?+8 ,= "o ?+1 !y h n und]/ood :]e ! tr\ble lies4 ,!re is also se5 ! influ5ce ( ! political boss1 :o ?rives "u ?is confusion4 ,b among ! causes is ! desire ( ! p to ma9ta9 control ov] gov]nm5t4 ,!y h attempt$1 9 _! con/itutions1 n only to say j :at s]vices %\ld be p]=m$ = !m1 b also to specify j :at ma*9]y %\ld be us$ = _! p]=mance4 ,= e new s]vice1 !y h creat$ a new & indep5d5t piece ( ma*9]y4 ,!n1 to make _! control complete1 z !y ?\ght1 !y h made mo/ ( _! new (fic]s elective4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t control ( ?is k9d has be5 ga9$ only at ! sacrifice ( effici5t s]vice1 ?r\gh failure to provide tra9$ lead]%ip & effective organization4 ,moreov]1 exp]i5ce has also %[n t control ( ?is k9d is l>gely a delusion2 = ! p _c keep 9 t\* ) _! multitude ( (fic]s1 & 9 _m cases yield _! control1 (t5 unkn[+ly1 to ! political boss4 ,,exp]im5t ,,necess>y ,,to ,,progress ,9 not+ ^! defects1 x is n to be conclud$ t our /ate gov]nm5ts h be5 a failure 9 all respects4 ,f> f x4 ,notable progress has be5 made t[>d ! ideals t[>d :i* we h be5 /riv+4 ,we h tri$ "o exp]im5t aft] ano!r1 "s ( :i* h be5 highly successful1 b o!rs ( :i* h n met ! te/ ( new conditions4 ,x is important1 h[ev]1 t we %\ld face our failures squ>ely & pr(it by !m4 ,,reorganization ,,( ,,executive ,at ! pres5t "t !re is a m>k$ ef=t to ov]come ! defects t we h j not$1 & a good deal ( progress t[>d x has be5 made 9 "s /ates4 ,"o ( ! mo/ progressive /ates 9 ?is p>ticul> is ,ill9ois1 :i* has rec5tly enact$ a law = ! reorganization ( its executive bran* ( gov]nm5t4 ,"u ! new ,civil ,adm9i/rative ,code ( ,ill9ois1 ! executive bran* ( gov]nm5t is organiz$ 9 n9e dep>tm5ts3 ! dep>tm5ts ( f9ance1 ( agriculture1 ( labor1 ( m9es & m9]als1 ( public works & build+s1 ( public welf>e1 ( public heal?1 ( trade & comm]ce1 & ( regi/ration & education4 ,at ! head ( ea* dep>tm5t is a director1 :o is appo9t$ by ! gov]nor1 is responsible to him1 & ^: t]m ( (fice is ! same z t ( ! gov]nor4 ,ea* dep>tm5t is organiz$ into v>i\s bureaus1 or o!r subdivisions1 ) (fic]s 9 *>ge :o are directly responsible to ! director ( ! dep>tm5t4 ,?us1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( agriculture !re is an assi/ant director1 a g5]al manag] ( ! /ate fair1 a sup]9t5d5t ( foods & dairies1 a sup]9t5d5t ( animal indu/ry1 a sup]9t5d5t ( plant indu/ry1 a *ief vet]9>ian1 a *ief game & fi% w>d51 & a food /&>d commission ( ?ree memb]s4 ,all subord9ate employees 9 all dep>tm5ts are appo9t$ "u a civil s]vice law :i* requires competitive exam9ations4 ,associat$ ) mo/ ( ! dep>tm5ts are advisory bo>ds consi/+ ( citiz5s :o s]ve )\t pay4 ,?us1 ! dep>tm5t ( agriculture has a bo>d ( agricultural advis]s compos$ ( fifte5 p]sons1 & a bo>d ( /ate fair advis]s ( n9e p]sons1 n m ?an ?ree ( :om %all be appo9t$ f any "o c\nty4 ,! ?+s aim$ at 9 ?is reorganization are3 7,i7 fix+ responsibility = ! entire s]vice-organization 9 "o place-- ) ! gov]nor2 7#b7 responsible1 tra9$ lead]%ip 9 ea* dep>tm5t ( s]vice2 7#c7 responsiv5ess ( lead]%ip to ! p's wants1 z provid$ = by ! advisory bo>ds2 7#d7 a sy/em ( acc\nt+ & records t w make = effici5cy & economy1 & t w in=m ! p z well z ! (fic]s ( gov]nm5t4 ,inve/igate & report on3 ,! "n ( ! gov]nor ( y\r /ate1 8 political p>ty1 :5 elect$1 = h[ long a t]m4 ,advantages & disadvantages ( a long t]m = ! gov]nor4 ,! con/itutional p[]s ( ! gov]nor ( y\r /ate4 ,! influ5ce ( ! gov]nor ( y\r /ate ) ! p4 ,! pr9cipal executive & adm9i/rative (fic]s ( y\r /ate4 ,^? t are elective & ^? t are appo9tive4 ,a complete li/ ( ! adm9i/rative bureaus1 bo>ds1 commissions1 & o!r /ate ag5cies1 ) _! duties4 ,! application ( ,gov]nor ,l[d5's /atem5t reg>d+ ,ill9ois to y\r /ate4 ,any propos$ reorganization ( ! executive bran* ( y\r /ate gov]nm5t4 ,,! ,,legislative ,,bran* ,! legislative bran* ( gov]nm5t consi/s1 9 all /ates1 ( a legislature 7g5]al assembly1 legislative assembly1 or g5]al c\rt7 compos$ ( two h\ses or *amb]s1 ! h\se ( repres5tatives & ! s5ate4 ,! s5ate is ! upp] h\se1 & is usually f "o-?ird to "o-half ! size ( ! l[] h\se2 9 ,massa*usetts only "o-six? ! size4 ,,! ,,two ,,h\ses ,a bill to become a law mu/ pass bo? h\ses sep>ately1 ea* h\se act+ z a *eck ^u ! o!r1 ?us secur+ great] delib]ation 9 lawmak+4 ,! s5ate is suppos$ to be1 & usually is1 a m cons]vative1 or cauti\s1 body ?an ! h\se ( repres5tatives1 p>tly because ( its small] size :i* makes possible a m c>eful consid]ation ( bus9ess4 ,its memb]s are elect$ f l>g] di/ricts1 ?us increas+ ! opportunity to select able m54 ,a high] age qualification is requir$ = memb]%ip 9 ! s5ate ?an 9 ! h\se ( repres5tatives2 & only a "p ( ! s5ate is elect$ at ea* election1 s t x is a cont9u+ body1 always conta9+ memb]s ( exp]i5ce1 :ile ! l[] h\se may be almo/ entirely *ang$ at ea* election4 ,,defects ,,9 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,repres5tation ,x is a !ory ( our repres5tative gov]nm5t t repres5tation %\ld be proportional to population4 ,to secure ?is result1 ea* /ate is divid$ into election di/ricts presumably ( z ne>ly equal population z possible1 ! s5atorial di/ricts be+ ! l>g]4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 ^! di/ricts d n always h repres5tation proportional to _! population4 ,! c\nty is (t5 ! unit ( repres5tation1 or 9 ,new ,engl& ! t[n1 & ^! di/ricts v>y greatly 9 population4 ,an attempt is made to equalize ! diff]5ce by provid+ t no di/rict %all h less ?an "o repres5tative1 & (t5 t none %all h m ?an a c]ta9 numb]4 ,inequalities nev]!less exi/4 ,9 ,connecticut1 ?irty- f\r ( ! mo/ popul\s t[ns & cities h sixty-eight memb]s 9 ! l[] h\se1 :]eas if ! di/ribution 7 made on ! basis ( population !y w\ld be entitl$ to #ahf memb]s4 ,aga91 f\r ( ! smalle/ ,connecticut t[ns1 ) a total population ( #aefg1 h five memb]s2 f\r ( ! mo/ popul\s cities1 conta9+ #cji1ihb inhabitants1 h only eight memb]s1 :]eas on ! basis ( population !y w\ld be entitl$ to eighty-sev54 ,footnote3 ,c4,a41 ,be>d1 ,am]ica ,gov]nm5t & ,politics1 p4 #eba4 ,p>tisan influ5ces (t5 ent] into ! di/rict+ ( /ates = repres5tation1 ! p>ty 9 p[] try+ to fix b\nd>ies s z to ensure keep+ _! majority 9 ! legislature4 ,inve/igate & report on ! foll[+3 ,numb] ( memb]s 9 ! l[] & upp] h\ses ( y\r legislature4 ,qualifications = memb]%ip & t]m ( (fice 9 ea* h\se4 ,names ( y\r own repres5tative & s5ator4 ,secure a map %[+ legislative di/ricts ( y\r /ate4 ,locate y\r own4 ,:e!r repres5tation 9 y\r legislature is proportional to population4 ,! g]rym&]3 :at is x1 & has x be5 us$ 9 y\r /ate8 ,! legislature controls our lives at almo/ e turn4 ,x has control ov] ! :ole doma9 ( civil law2 ,footnote #b3 ,see bel[1 p4 #dcg4 t is1 x lays d[n ! rules gov]n+ contracts1 real & p]sonal prop]ty1 inh]itance1 corporations1 mortgages1 m>riage & divorce1 & o!r civil matt]s4 ,x def9es crime2 t is1 x prescribes ^? actions ( ! citiz5 :i* are to be puni%$ by f9e or imprisonm5t or dea?4 ,x t\*es ! prop]ty ( ! citiz5 n only by regulat+ its use1 b also by impos+ ^u x a burd5 ( taxation4 ,f9ally1 x has control ov] ! va/ doma9 kn[n z ! police p[]1 "u :i* x makes regulations conc]n+ public heal?1 morals1 & welf>e1 devises rules = ! conduct ( bus9ess & pr(essions1 & 9 o!r ways re/ra9s ! lib]ty ( ! citiz5 to d z he pleases4 ,footnote #c3 ,c4,a4 ,be>d1 ,am]ica ,gov]nm5t & ,politics11 p4 #eaf4 ,,attitude ,,( ,,! ,,p ,,t[>d ,,_! ,,legislatures ,9 view ( ?is importance1 x w\ld seem t ! p w\ld h ! ke5e/ int]e/ 9 _! /ate legislatures & ! greate/ respect = !m4 ,?is has n always be5 ! case4 ,z "o writ] says1 x has become almo/ fa%ionable to speak slight+ly ( legislatures & _! memb]s1 & to talk ( !m z if !y 7 :olly corrupt & di%onorable4 ,if ! v be/ m5 ! community af=ds are n always *os5 = ! difficult & responsible "w ( lawmak+1 ! p h no "o to blame b !mselves4 ,moreov]1 ! memb]s ( our legislatures av]age up v mu* l _! neighbors1 & mo/ ( !m are s9c]ely desir\s ( s]v+ _! /ate & d s to ! fulle/ ext5t possible "u ! conditions t exi/4 ,x is inde$ "t t a diff]5t attitude %\ld be assum$ t[>d ^! bodies4 444 ,acqua9tance ) actual legislatures w imm$iately reveal ! fact t !y are fairly repres5tative ( ! ,am]ican p1 & t !re is 9 !m1 a great deal ( hone/ ef=t to grapple ) ! difficult problems ( legislation4 444 ,be=e all1 !re ought to be a su/a9$ ef=t to support ! m5 :o are ) hone/ purpose /ruggl+ = equitable & effective legislation4 444,footnote3 ,paul ,s4 ,re9s*1 ,am]ican ,legislatures & ,legislative ,me?ods1 p4 #abf4 ,,difficulties ,,( ,,wise ,,legislation ,mo/ ( ! unwise & h>mful legislation has be5 due1 n to wrong int5tions on ! "p ( legislators1 b to ! difficulty enc\nt]$ by a body ( m5 ( av]age intellig5ce & ( little exp]i5ce 9 deal+ ) public que/ions1 9 gett+ in=mation necess>y to enable !m to decide wisely ) respect to ! multitude ( complicat$ problems t come be=e !m dur+ ! brief session ( ! legislature4 ,9 ! l[] h\se ( "o typical legislature only #ai out ( ! #beb memb]s _h ev] be5 memb]s ( a legislature be=e1 #abc 7 f>m]s1 #f lawy]s1 #aj physicians1 #dh m]*ants & manufactur]s1 #c bank]s1 #e prea*]s1 #f insurance m51 #b hotel proprietors1 #c liv]ym51 #ad labor]s or artisans1 #f app>5tly ) no occupation except t ( g5]al politician & (fice- seek]4 ,( ! ?irty memb]s ( ! s5ate ( ! same legislature1 #i 7 f>m]s1 #d lawy]s1 #d physicians1 & #ac m]*ants4 ,sev5 ( ^! _h complet$ _! education 9 academies1 :ile #ac _h nev] got beyond ! public s*ools4 ,^! m5 _h to decide1 9 ! c\rse ( a few weeks1 ^u an a/oni%+ v>iety ( problems1 "s ( !m ( ! greate/ complexity1 & all ( !m affect+ ! lives ( ! citiz5s ( ! /ate 9 a multitude ( ways4 ,x is n surpris+ t s]i\s mi/akes are sometimes made4 ,footnote3 ,c4 ,a4 ,be>d1 ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t & ,politics1 p4 #ebe 7f ,s4 ,p4 ,or?1 ,our ,/ate ,legislatures1 ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 vol4 xciv1 pp4 #gbh ff47 ,! m]e writ+ ( a bill 9 language t w convey ! exact mean+ int5d$1 & t w n involve undesirable & unexpect$ results1 is a difficult matt] t requires ! skill ( m5 tra9$ = x4 ,,legislative ,,ref]5ce ,,bureaus ,9 a numb] ( /ates an attempt has be5 made to meet ^! natural difficulties by ! e/abli%m5t ( legislative ref]5ce libr>ies1 or bureaus1 9 *>ge ( highly tra9$ /ud5ts :o collect all available in=mation relat+ to e possible subject ( legislation1 keep records ( legislation 9 o!r /ates1 & place ! mat]ial 9 conv5i5t =m at ! disposal ( ! legislators4 ,sometimes !y provide exp]t s]vice 9 ! writ+ ( bills 9 ! prop] =m4 ,x is said t su* legislative ref]5ce bureaus h already greatly improv$ ! quality ( legislation 9 "s ( ! /ates4 ,x w\ld be impossible = a legislature1 act+ z a body1 to give consid]ation to m ?an a small fraction ( ! bills t come be=e x4 ,x is said t x is n unusual = m ?an #bejj bills to be introduc$ at a s+le session4 ,legislatures are 9 session f #dj to #ij days4 ,if ! session 7 #fj days1 & ! work+ day #aj h\rs1 !re w\ld be b #ae m9utes = ea* ( #bejj bills4 ,?is "t w\ld be divid$ betwe5 ! two h\ses4 ,besides1 a great deal ( bus9ess mu/ be transact$ o!r ?an ! consid]ation & passage ( bills4 ,,! ,,committee ,,sy/em ,,( ,,legislation ,to make possible ! h&l+ ( all ?is "w1 ea* h\se is organiz$ 9 /&+ committees4 ,z bills are introduc$1 !y are ref]r$ to _! appropriate committees1 9 :i* mo/ ( ! "w ( lawmak+ is done4 ,mo/ ( ! bills s ref]r$ are nev] report$ back to ! legislature at all1 & ^? t are report$ are 9 mo/ cases act$ ^u by ! legislature 9 accordance ) ! committees' reports1 ) little g5]al discussion4 ,! proc$ure foll[$ 9 ref]r+ bills to committees & 9 consid]+ !m :5 !y are report$ back is det]m9$ by a complexity ( rules t are confus+ to ! outsid] & t _c be expla9$ 9 detail "h4 ,b _! decl>$ purpose is to save "t & to enable ! legislative bus9ess to move smoo?ly4 ,! small committees c "w to bett] advantage ?an ! l>ge body ( m5 9 ei!r *amb]4 ,! "w is divid$ up s t ! few memb]s ( ea* committee c conc5trate _! att5tion ^u a few subjects & ga9 exp]i5ce 9 h&l+ special k9ds ( problems4 ,,invisible ,,gov]nm5t ,on ! o!r h&1 x is to ?is organization t we owe "s ( ! bad lawmak+ = :i* our legislatures are blam$4 ,x t5ds to remove legislation f ! control ( ! p1 & results 9 :at is (t5 call$ invisible gov]nm5t1 gov]nm5t t is c>ri$ on out ( sight ( ! p4 ,x op5s a door to p>tisan influ5ces & to control by political bosses & self-seek+ int]e/s4 ,9 ! l[] h\se ! committees are appo9t$ by ! speak]1 :o is ! presid+ (fic]1 & :o is always *os5 by ! memb]s ( ! majority p>ty 9 ! h\se f _! own numb]4 ,! s5ate committees are sometimes appo9t$ by ! presid+ (fic] ( ! s5ate1 :o is (t5 ! lieut5ant- gov]nor1 & sometimes elect$ by ! s5ate itself4 ,b ! *airm5 & ! majority ( ! memb]s ( all committees 9 bo? h\ses belong to ! majority p>ty1 :i* is ?us enabl$ to control legislation = p>tisan ends if x s desires1 & x (t5 does s4 ,,evils ,,( ,,! ,,sy/em ,bills may be kill$ 9 committee1 or report$ unfavorably1 or s am5d$ z to *ange _! mean+ entirely1 m]ely at ! w ( ! p>ty lead]s1 or ( bosses & int]e/s outside ( ! legislature4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! "w ( ! committees is c>ri$ on 9 secret4 ,al?\gh he>+s may be held at :i* citiz5s may pres5t argum5ts = & aga9/ propos$ measures1 ^! may be m]e matt]s ( =m4 ,influ5tial int]e/s may ma9ta9 a lobby at ! legislature1 :i* means t !y are repres5t$ !re by ag5ts :o seek to influ5ce ! memb]s ( ! legislature1 & especially ( ! committees1 sometimes by corrupt me?ods4 ,! lobby (t5 works by secret me?ods1 :]eas ! he>+s are public4 ,! p>ty lead]s 9 control1 ( :om ! mo/ important are ! speak] ( ! h\se1 ! rules committee1 ! *airm5 ( committees1 & ! floor manag]1 by dictat+ ! proc$ure to be foll[$1 may at times make x practically impossible = a memb] ( ! m9ority p>ty1 or "o :o has incurr$ ! displeasure ( ! lead]s1 to ga9 a he>+4 ,! foll[+ description gives an idea ( :at may happ53 ,footnote3 ,f a pamphlet issu$ by ! ,ill9ois ,legislative ,vot]s' ,league 9 #aijc1 & quot$ by ,c4 ,a4 ,be>d1 ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t & ,politics1 pp #eci1 #edj4 ,consid] ! petty annoyances to :i* a dec5t memb] outside ! organization may be subject$1 & ! me?ods by :i* legitimate legislation1 back$ by him1 may be block$4 ,! bill goes to an unfri5dly committee4 ,! *airman refuses to call ! committee toge!r1 or :5 =c$ to call x1 a quorum does n att5d4 444 ,action may be po/pon$ on v>i\s pretexts1 or ! bill may be ref]r$ to a sub-committee4 ,! committee may kill ! bill by lay+ x on ! table4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! committee may decide t ! bill be report$ to ! h\se to pass4 ,!n a common practice is = ! *airman to pocket ! bill1 delay+ to report x to ! h\se till too late to pass x4 ,:5 f9ally report$ to ! h\se1 x goes on ! cal5d> to be read a fir/ "t 9 its ord]4 ,!n beg9s ! advanc+ ( bills by unanim\s cons5t1 )\t wait+ to rea* !m 9 ord]4 ,"h is :]e ! organization has absolute control4 ,unanim\s cons5t is subject to ! speak]'s acut5ess ( he>+4 ,8 he>+ is %>p5$ or dull$ accord+ to ! good /&+ ( ! objector or ( ! memb] pu%+ ! bill4 ,if "o n fri5dly to ! h\se organization wants to h 8 bill consid]$ ov] an objection1 he mu/ move to susp5d ! rules4 ,! speak] may refuse to recognize him1 or may put 8 motion & decl>e x c>ri$ or n c>ri$ z suits 8 & ! organization's desires4 ,s ! pet bills are jump$ ov] o!rs ahead ( !m on ! cal5d>1 :ile ,footnote3 ,f a pamphlet issu$ by ! ,ill9ois ,legislative ,vot]s' ,league 9 #aijc1 & quot$ by ,c4 ,a4 ,be>d1 ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t & ,politics1 pp #eci1 #edj4 ! ones n hav+ ! back+ ( ! h\se organization are retir$ f>!r & f>!r d[n until _! ultimate passage becomes hopeless4 ,if ! bill ( ! indep5d5t memb] rea*es a second read+1 x may be kill$ by /rik+ out ! enact+ clause or by tack+ on an obnoxi\s am5dm5t t makes x repulsive to its =m] fri5ds4 444 ,to c>ry out ! w ( ! organization1 ! speak] decl>es am5dm5ts c>ri$ or ! contr>y by a viva voce vote4 ,dem&s = roll-calls are ignor$ by him 9 violation ( ! memb]s' con/itutional rights4 444 ,,ef=ts ,,to ,,curb ,,p[] ,,( ,,legislatures ,x is su* practices z ^! t h br\ght /ate legislatures into bad repute1 & t h result$ 9 measures to curb _! p[]4 ,in/ead ( leav+ x entirely to !m to make _! own rules ( proc$ure1 _m ( ^! rules are n[ prescrib$ by ! /ate con/itutions4 ,x 0 9 ord] to re/ra9 ! legislatures t ! veto p[] has be5 giv5 to ! gov]nors ( all /ates b "o1 & t sessions ( legislatures h be5 limit$ to brief p]iods ( f =ty to n9ety days1 & !n only once 9 two ye>s4 ,= ! same reason /ate con/itutions h tak5 away p[]s t legislatures once commonly abus$1 z 9 runn+ ! /ate deeply into debt1 or 9 legislat+ 9 ! int]e/ ( p>ticul> localities or p>ticul> gr\ps2 & h provid$ 9 great detail = _m ?+s t 7 =m]ly left to ! discretion ( ! legislatures4 ,= ! same reason "s /ates h adopt$ ! initiative & ref]5dum4 ,inve/igate & report on3 ,p[]s possess$ by ei!r h\se ( y\r legislature n possess$ by ! o!r4 ,p[]s d5i$ y\r legislature by ! f$]al ,con/itution4 ,p[]s d5i$ y\r legislature by y\r /ate con/itution4 ,reasons4 ,attitude ( ! p ( y\r community t[>d y\r legislature4 ,:y s]vice 9 ! legislature does n attract m ( ! mo/ capable m5 ( ! /ate4 ,! vocations ( ! memb]s ( y\r legislature4 ,numb] ( bills introduc$1 & ! numb] pass$1 at ! la/ session ( y\r legislature4 ,! purpose ( "s ( ! mo/ important laws enact$ by y\r legislature at its la/ session4 ,:y x is difficult to write a bill correctly4 ,! legislative ref]5ce libr>y1 or bureau1 ( y\r /ate 7if any74 ,! committees 9 ea* h\se ( y\r legislature4 ,proc$ure by :i* a bill becomes a law 9 y\r /ate4 ,! speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives 9 y\r /ate4 ,invisible gov]nm5t 9 y\r /ate4 ,laws regulat+ ! lobby 9 y\r /ate4 ,frequ5cy & l5g? ( legislative sessions 9 y\r /ate4 ,,ineffici5t ,,bus9ess ,,me?ods ,,( ,,/ate ,,gov]nm5ts ,"s ( ! greate/ abuses ( gov]n+ p[] h be5 9 connection ) ! appropriation ( money4 ,!y h be5 due n s mu* to di%one/y z to bad organization & loose bus9ess me?ods1 bo? 9 ! executive & legislative bran*es ( gov]nm5t4 ,:5 ! executive bran* consi/s ( a l>ge numb] ( m or less indep5d5t p>ts1 ea* try+ to make ! be/ %[+ possible1 x is q to be expect$ t ea* w seek to get f ! public treasury all ! money possible )\t ref]5ce to ! ne$s ( o!r p>ts or to ! res\rces ( ! /ate4 ,:51 9 addition1 !re is no c5tral executive au?ority ) p[] to hold ! heads ( ! v>i\s p>ts responsible = _! acts1 & no uni=m or bus9esslike sy/em ( keep+ acc\nts1 ei!r ( money exp5d$ or ( "w accompli%$1 x is easy to see ! opportunity = wa/efulness & ineffici5cy4 ,,wa/eful ,,me?ods ,,( ,,mak+ ,,appropriations ,on ! o!r h&1 ! me?ods ( mak+ appropriations 9 ! legislature h be5 equally conducive to wa/efulness4 ,appropriation bills pass ?r\gh ! same legislative ma*9]y z all o!r bills & are subject to ! same dang]s4 ,moreov]1 !y are h&l$ by diff]5t committees t act z indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r z d ! v>i\s executive dep>tm5ts4 ,9 ,ill9ois1 = example1 until rec5tly reque/s = appropriations 7 submitt$ in=mally by ea* (fice1 dep>tm5t1 or bo>d2 & sep>ate bills 7 prep>$ by ! sev]al dep>tm5ts & in/itutions1 & introduc$ by individual memb]s ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 l,footnote3 ,john ,a4 ,fairlie1 ,budget ,me?ods 9 ,ill9ois1 ,annals ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,political & ,social ,sci5ce1 ,novemb]1 #aiae2 quot$ by ,w4 ,f4 ,will\ghby1 9 ,! ,movem5t = ,budget>y ,re=m 9 ! ,/ates1 p4 #de4 !n be+ ref]r$ to diff]5t committees accord+ to ! subjects to :i* !y relat$4 ,at ! session ( #aiac1 #id sep>ate appropriation acts 7 pass$4 ,,! ,,budget ,,sy/em ,a numb] ( ! /ates h s\ght to rem$y ?is defect 9 gov]nm5t by ! adoption ( a budget sy/em 7see ,*apt] ,,xiii74 ,ill9ois has p]haps made ! complete re=m 9 ?is matt]4 ,we h already se5 h[ t /ate has reorganiz$ its executive bran* ( gov]nm5t1 :i* is ! fir/ necess>y /ep4 ,9 ?is reorganization !re 0 creat$ a f9ance dep>tm5t1 to :i* all ! adm9i/rative dep>tm5ts submit a c>eful e/imate ( ! money ne$$ = _! v>i\s l9es ( "w1 toge!r ) a detail$ /atem5t ( "w done & money sp5t dur+ ! two prec$+ ye>s4 ,! f9ance dep>tm5t consid]s all ^! /atem5ts & e/imates 9 _! relation to "o ano!r & to ! f9ancial res\rces available = ! next two ye>s1 & submits to ! gov]nor a compreh5sive & detail$ budget4 ,on ! basis ( ?is1 a s+le appropriation bill is prep>$ by a s+le committee ( ! legislature4 ,public he>+s are held1 ! p are giv5 opportunity to "k j :at ! gov]nm5t has done & int5ds to d1 & ! gov]nor & 8 f9ance dep>tm5t may be held responsible4 ,no s+le *ange w\ld add s l>gely to bo? democracy & effici5cy z ! introduction ( prop] budget me?ods4 ,footnote3 ,=eword to ,public ,budgets1 ,annals ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,political & ,social ,sci5ce1 ,novemb]1 #aiae2 quot$ by ,w4 ,f4 ,will\ghby1 ,! ,movem5t = ,budget>y ,re=m 9 ! ,/ates1 p4 #b4 ,inve/igate & report on3 ,me?od ( mak+ appropriations 9 y\r /ate4 ,movem5t = a budget sy/em 9 y\r /ate4 ,:y a budget sy/em t5ds t[>d 7#a7 economy1 7#b7 effici5cy1 7#c7 democracy4 ,,! ,,judicial ,,bran* ,que/ions are cont9ually aris+ z to ! mean+ ( laws1 or z to h[ !y apply 9 p>ticul> cases4 ,to answ] ^! que/ions ! judicial bran* ( gov]nm5t exi/s1 compris+ a sy/em ( c\rts4 ,! c\rts are sometimes call$ ^u to decide :e!r a law pass$ by ! legislature1 or an act ( an adm9i/rative (fic]1 is 9 h>mony ) ! con/itution1 & if n1 to decl>e su* law or act invalid4 ,! judicial bran* ( gov]nm5t is !re=e ! p's organization to keep ! o!r bran*es ( gov]nm5t )9 _! con/itutional p[]s4 ,,civil ,,& ,,crim9al ,,cases ,9 mo/ cases t come be=e ! c\rts1 h[ev]1 ! law is p]fectly cle> :5 once ! facts 9 ! case are kn[n4 ,x is !re=e ! bus9ess ( ! c\rts also to asc]ta9 ! facts4 ,!re are two classes ( cases t come be=e ! c\rts1 civil cases & crim9al cases2 & ! law t applies to ! two classes is kn[n z civil law & crim9al law4 ,a civil case is "o t involves a dispute betwe5 individuals1 or an injury done by "o individual to ano!r4 ,su* w\ld be a dispute ov] a b\nd>y l9e betwe5 ! prop]ties ( two individuals1 or ov] ! paym5t ( a debt2 or a p]sonal injury due to ! c>elessness ( "s "o1 or an injury to prop]ty or to heal? ?r\gh ma9ta9+ a nuisance ( "s k9d4 ,9 su* cases ! c\rt1 aft] asc]ta9+ ! facts1 m]ely sees t ju/ice is done1 z by ! paym5t ( damages to ! injur$ p>ty by ! "o do+ ! injury4 ,a crim9al case is "o 9 :i* a p]son is *>g$ ) hav+ violat$ a law ( ! community4 ,! injury is "o aga9/ ! community z a :ole1 & n m]ely aga9/ an individual4 ,x is ! community t appe>s 9 c\rt aga9/ ! accus$ p]son1 & n m]ely "o ( 8 neighbors4 ,9 su* cases ! c\rt fir/ asc]ta9s ! guilt or innoc5ce ( ! accus$ p]son2 & if he is guilty1 imposes a ,,puni%m5t ^u him1 su* z a f9e1 or imprisonm5t1 or ev5 dea?1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! crime4 ,! judicial bran* ( gov]nm5t1 !n1 is t "p ( ! gov]nm5tal organization t seeks to adju/1 by peaceful & j means1 ! inevitable conflicts t arise 9 community life4 ,,ju/ices' ,,c\rts ,! l[e/ 9 ! s]ies ( /ate c\rts are ! ,,ju/ices' ,,c\rts1 ( :i* !re is at lea/ "o 9 e t[n%ip4 ,!y are presid$ ov] by ju/ices ( ! peace4 ,only cases ( small mom5t come be=e ju/ices' c\rts3 civil cases involv+ v small am\nts1 & cases ( m9or infractions ( ! law puni%able by small f9es or by %ort t]ms 9 jail4 ,p]sons accus$ ( m s]i\s crimes may h a prelim9>y exam9ation 9 a ju/ice's c\rt &1 if ! evid5ce w>rants x1 be committ$ to jail to await ! action ( ! gr& jury 7see bel[74 ,mo/ cases 9 a ju/ice's c\rt are dispos$ ( by ! ju/ice ( ! peace alone2 b a jury trial may be dem&$ 9 all crim9al cases1 & 9 civil suits :]e ! value 9 controv]sy %all exce$ tw5ty doll>s 7,con/41 ,am5dm5ts ,,vi1 ,,vii74 ,,c\nty ,,c\rts ,m s]i\s cases1 civil or crim9al1 are tri$ 9 ! ,,c\nty1 or ,,di/rict1 c\rts be=e a judge & a ,,jury4 ,cases t h be5 tri$ 9 a ju/ice's c\rt may be ,,appeal$ to ! c\nty or di/rict c\rt1 :]e !re is sure to be a jury trial1 & :]e ! judge is m le>n$ 9 ! law ?an is a ju/ice ( ! peace4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! jury to decide on ! facts 9 ! case on ! evid5ce furni%$ 9 ! trial1 & 9 civil cases to aw>d ! am\nt ( damages1 if any1 to be paid2 :ile ! judge sees t ! proc$ure is 9 accordance ) ! law1 in/ructs ! jury z to ! law 9 ! case1 & 9 crim9al cases fixes ! p5alty )9 ! limits p]mitt$ by ! law4 ,,! ,,community ,,9 ,,c\rt ,x 0 /at$ above t 9 crim9al cases x is ! ,,community t appe>s aga9/ ! accus$4 ,! community appe>s 9 ! p]son ( ! di/rict attorney1 o!rwise call$ ! prosecut+ attorney1 /ate's attorney1 or c\nty solicitor4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ?is (fic] to ga!r evid5ce ( crimes committ$ 9 ! community &1 9 mo/ cases1 to submit x to ! ,,gr& ,,jury1 :i* is a body ( citiz5s c>efully *os5 to consid] su* evid5ce4 ,if ! gr& jury consid]s ! evid5ce aga9/ ! accus$ suffici5t to w>rant br++ him to trial1 x br+s 9 an ,,indictm5t aga9/ him4 ,! prosecut+ attorney !n prosecutes ! case = ! community aga9/ ! accus$4 ,x is ( c\rse 8 duty to secure exact ju/ice2 sometimes1 h[ev]1 he seems int]e/$ only 9 secur+ ! ,,conviction ( ! accus$4 ,,rights ,,( ,,! ,,accus$ ,our /ate & national con/itutions seek to protect c>efully ! rights ( a p]son accus$ ( crime4 ,he is assum$ to be innoc5t until he has be5 prov$ o!rwise4 ,he is gu>ante$ a spe$y & public trial1 by an imp>tial jury4 ,he mu/ be confront$ ) witnesses aga9/ him1 & h compulsory process = obta9+ witnesses 9 8 favor1 & assi/ance ( c\nsel = 8 def5se 7,con/41 ,am5dm5t ,,vi74 ,he _c be compell$ to be a witness aga9/ himself1 nor be depriv$ ( life1 lib]ty1 or prop]ty1 )\t due process ( law 7,am5dm5t ,v74 ,excessive bail %all n be requir$1 nor excessive f9es impos$1 nor cruel & unusual puni%m5ts inflict$4 7,am5dm5t ,,viii74 ,,circuit ,,or ,,sup]ior ,,c\rts ,9 "s /ates !re is ano!r set ( c\rts imm$iately above ! c\nty c\rts1 kn[n z ,,circuit1 ,,di/rict1 or ,,sup]ior1 c\rts4 ,! di/ricts 9 :i* ^! c\rts h jurisdiction include sev]al c\nties4 ,! cases c\rts h&l$ by !m are ei!r cases ( appeal f ! l[] c\rts1 or cases ( great] importance ?an ^? ov] :i* ! l[] c\rts h jurisdiction4 ,,! ,,/ate ,,supreme ,,c\rt ,! highe/ c\rt 9 ! /ate is ! ,,supreme ,,c\rt1 sometimes call$ ! ,,c\rt ,,( ,,appeals1 or ! ,,c\rt ,,( ,,errors4 ,9 ! supreme c\rt sev]al judges sit toge!r1 & !re is no jury4 ,! cases t come be=e x are = ! mo/ "p cases ( appeal f ! l[] c\rts1 al?\gh !re are c]ta9 classes ( cases t come be=e x 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,! supreme c\rt is ! f9al judge z to :e!r acts ( ! legislature are 9 con=mity ) ! /ate con/itution4 ,,o!r ,,c\rts ,9 addition to ! c\rts nam$ above !re are sometimes o!rs to deal ) special classes ( cases4 ,9 cities !re are ,,municipal ,,c\rts & ,,police ,,c\rts1 bo? 9 ! same class ) ju/ices' c\rts4 ,!re are ,,juv5ile ,,c\rts to deal ) juv5ile (f5d]s2 ,,probate1 or ,,surrogate1 ,,c\rts to settle ! e/ates ( p]sons :o h di$2 ,,c\rts ,,( ,,claims to settle claims aga9/ ! /ate2 & ,,*anc]y ,,c\rts1 or c\rts ( ,,equity1 :i* adm9i/] ju/ice 9 cases t ! ord9>y law w n rea*4 ,= example1 ! ,,law w p]mit a man's prop]ty to be tak5 to satisfy a mortgage2 ,,equity requires t ! prop]ty be sold & ! surplus ov] ! am\nt ( ! mortgage return$ to ! own]4 ,! ,,law w grant damages = any injury inflict$2 ,,equity w1 by an injunction1 =bid a repetition ( ! injury4 ,,selection ,,( ,,judges ,! judges ( ! /ate c\rts 7 orig9ally appo9t$ by ! gov]nors1 or by ! legislatures4 ,) ! movem5t t[>d m democratic =ms ( gov]nm5t1 ! /ates began to introduce provisions 9 _! con/itutions = ! election ( judges by ! p1 & !y are n[ s *os5 9 mo/ /ates1 ?\gh 9 a numb] !y are appo9t$ by ! gov]nor1 & 9 a few by ! legislature4 ,x is highly important t judges %\ld be controll$ 9 _! decisions solely by ! desire to r5d] ju/ice1 & t !y %\ld be remov$ z f> z possible f p>tisan influ5ces4 ,popul> election ( judges is mo/ preval5t because x seems to give to ! p ! mo/ direct control ov] _! c\rts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is oppos$ by _m because x makes possible ! election ( incompet5t judges1 & because x does n necess>ily remove ! matt] f p>tisan influ5ces4 ,9 ?ree /ates 7,cali=nia1 ,oregon & ,arizona7 ! judges are subject to recall by ! p4 ,! t]ms dur+ :i* judges hold (fice also v>y greatly among ! /ates4 ,9 ?ree /ates !y hold (fice = life 7,massa*usetts1 ,rhode ,isl& & ,new ,hamp%ire74 ,9 ! o!r /ates _! t]ms v>y f two to tw5ty-"o ye>s4 ,x seems to be ! op9ion ( mo/ /ud5ts t ! /ate c\rts w\ld be improv$ if _! judges 7 appo9t$ by ! *ief executive & %\ld hold (fice = life1 or dur+ good behavior1 z is ! case 9 ! f$]al c\rts4 ,inve/igate & report on3 ,civil law & crim9al law4 ,:at makes an act a crime4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 a crime & a misdemeanor4 ,ju/ices' c\rts 9 y\r community4 ,proc$ure 9 a ju/ice's c\rt4 ,! organization ( y\r c\nty c\rt4 ,:o is y\r c\nty 7or di/rict7 judge4 ,proc$ure 9 y\r c\nty c\rt1 & h[ x diff]s f t 9 ! ju/ice's c\rt4 ,organization & "w ( ! gr& jury4 ,h[ a trial jury is select$4 ,! citiz5's duty to s]ve on ! jury4 ,rights ( an accus$ p]son4 ,mean+ ( bail1 indictm5t1 due process ( law1 c\nsel = def5se1 subpo5a1 true bill4 ,circum/ances "u :i* an appeal may be made4 ,! supreme c\rt ( y\r /ate4 ,! "w ( a juv5ile c\rt4 ,,read+s ,/ate ,con/itution4 ,reports ( ! sev]al dep>tm5ts ( ! /ate gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,,lessons ,,9 ,,community ,,& ,,national ,,life3 ,s]ies ,b3 ,lesson #ah1 ,h[ /ate laws are made & en=c$4 ,! ,civil ,adm9i/rative ,code ( ! ,/ate ( ,ill9ois1 compil$ by ,l\is ,l4 ,emm]son4 ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 ,spr+field1 ,ill4 ,! ,ill9ois ,civil ,adm9i/rative ,code1 by ,*>les ,e4 ,woodw>d1 ,! ,academy ( ,political ,sci5ce1 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,be>d1 ,*as4 ,a41 ,,am]ican ,,gov]nm5t ,,& ,,politics1 ,"p iii1 ,/ate gov]nm5t4 ,h>t1 ,a4 ,b41 ,,actual ,,gov]nm5t1 ,"p iii1 ,/ate gov]nm5ts 9 action4 ,re$1 ,t4 ,h41 ,,=m ,,& ,,functions ,,( ,,am]ican ,,gov]nm5t1 ,"p iii1 ,/ate gov]nm5t4 ,bryce1 ,james1 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,commonweal?1 vol4 i1 ,"p ii1 ,! ,/ate gov]nm5ts4 ,9 ,long's ,,am]ican ,,patriotic ,,prose3 ,invisible gov]nm5t 7,elihu ,root71 pp4 #bfa-bfd4 ,9 ,fo]/] & ,pi]son's ,,am]ican ,,ideals3 ,h[ to ,pres]ve ! ,local ,self-,gov]nm5t ( ! ,/ates 7,elihu ,root71 pp4 #dh-ee ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,our ,,national ,,gov]nm5t ,,! ,,revolution>y ,,gov]nm5t ,x 0 ! necessity = team "w 9 c>ry+ on ! ,w> = ,indep5d5ce t l$ ! ?irte5 ,am]ican colonies = ! fir/ "t to unite "u a common gov]nm5t4 ,!y _h revolt$ to escape f an autocratic gov]nm5t1 & !y s\ght to avoid sett+ up ano!r 9 its place4 ,s9ce x _h be5 ! k+ :om !y di/ru/$ mo/1 !y endeavor$ to get along )\t any executive head at all4 ,_! new gov]nm5t consi/$ solely ( a ,congress ( delegates f ! ?irte5 /ates4 ,,! ,,critical ,,p]iod ,?is =m ( gov]nm5t 0 cont9u$ = sev]al ye>s aft] ! ,revolution "u a con/itution kn[n z ! ,articles ( ,conf$]ation4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 unsuccessful 9 secur+ any?+ l real national coop]ation4 ,! ,congress _h no p[] to levy & collect taxes1 x _h little p[] to make laws1 & x 0 )\t means to execute ! laws t x did make4 ,! real gov]n+ p[] dur+ ?is p]iod 0 ) ! sev]al /ates4 ,! result 0 a p]iod ( unutt]able confusion :i* has be5 call$ ! critical p]iod ( ,am]ican hi/ory4 ,! "q at /ake 0 :e!r a numb] ( self-gov]n+ /ate communities ) a multitude ( app>5tly conflict+ int]e/s c\ld really become a nation4 ,,! ,,new ,,con/itution ,dur+ ! w> ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 _h said1 ,we mu/ all hang toge!r or we %all all hang sep>ately4 ,! /ates _h hung toge!r suffici5tly to w9 ! w>2 b ! wise m5 ( ! "t n[ saw ! ne$ = a gov]nm5t s organiz$ & ) su* p[]s z to secure effective coop]ation among all ! /ates & all ! p at all times = ! welf>e ( ! entire ,union1 :ile leav+ ea* /ate free to manage its own local affairs4 ,!re=e a conv5tion ( delegates f all ! /ates 0 call$ toge!r at ,philadelphia 9 #aghg to revise ! ,articles ( ,conf$]ation4 ,! result 0 our pres5t ,con/itution "u :i* our pres5t national gov]nm5t w5t into effect 9 #aghi4 ,inve/igate & report3 ,! nature & causes ( ! confusion dur+ ! critical p]iod ( ,am]ican hi/ory4 ,! lead+ m5 ( ! ,con/itutional ,conv5tion4 ,h[ ! /ates ratifi$ ! ,con/itution4 ,:i* ( ! orig9al ?irte5 /ates did n ratify ! ,con/itution until aft] x _h gone into effect4 ,! numb] ( /ates requir$ to ratify be=e ! ,con/itution w5t into effect 7,con/itution1 ,art4 ,,vii74 ,,popul> ,,control ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,con/itution ,we1 ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates orda9$ & e/abli%$ ! ,con/itution 7see ! ,preamble74 ,x 0 also orda9$ 9 ! ,con/itution 7,art4 ,v7 t x c\ld be am5d$ only by me?ods design$ to give ! p control ov] ! matt]--great] control ?an !y h ov] ord9>y lawmak+4 ,a great _m am5dm5ts h be5 propos$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 b only eighte5 h s f> be5 adopt$1,footnote3 ,a n9ete5? am5dm5t is at ?is writ+ be=e ! /ates = ratification-- ! woman suffrage am5dm5t4 t5 ( ^! hav+ be5 adopt$ 9 ! v beg9n+ z a condition on :i* ! /ates w\ld accept ! ,con/itution at all4 ,none ( ^! am5dm5ts *ang$ ! =m ( our gov]nm5t except ) respect to ! me?ods ( elect+ ! ,presid5t & ,unit$ ,/ates s5ators 7,am5dm5ts ,,xii & ,,xvii74 ,expla9 ! two me?ods ( propos+1 & ! two me?ods ( ratify+1 am5dm5ts 7,con/itution1 ,art4 ,,vii74 ,has !re ev] be5 a national con/itutional conv5tion call$ by ! /ates8 ,:i* ( ! two me?ods ( ratify+ 0 us$ 9 ! case ( ! la/ am5dm5t adopt$8 ,footnote3 ,ohio by a ref]5dum 9 #aiai submitt$ ! eighte5? am5dm5t to ! p ( ! /ate = _! vote1 aft] x _h be5 ratifi$ by ! legislature4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ "t 9 our hi/ory t an am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution 0 submitt$ to popul> vote = ratification4 ,did y\r /ate vote to ratify or to reject ! la/ am5dm5t8 ,if any am5dm5t is n[ be=e ! /ates = ratification1 wat* ! newspap]s = ! action ( ! v>i\s /ates4 ,,our ,,gov]nm5t ,a ,,gr[+ ,,?+ ,! ,con/itution adopt$ 9 #aghg has met ! ne$s ( our gr[+ nation 9 a mo/ rem>kable way4 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to ?9k t x has always met new conditions p]fectly1 or t we are gov]n$ to-day exactly z 0 int5d$ by ! fram]s ( ! ,con/itution4 ,al?\gh few am5dm5ts h be5 made1 ,,int]pretations h be5 plac$ on ! ,con/itution t 7 probably un?\ght ( by ! fram]s or by ! p :o ratifi$ x2 & ,,practices h gr[n up 9 our gov]nm5t t h made x q a diff]5t gov]nm5t f t :i* 0 anticipat$4 ,our gov]nm5t is a ,,gr[+ ?+1 & "o ( ! *ief m]its ( our ,con/itution is ! fact t x speaks 9 su* g5]al t]ms t x has be5 possible1 "u x1 to adapt our gov]nm5t to new & unexpect$ conditions4 ,9 ?is respect x diff]s f ! detail$ /ate con/itutions4 ,,defects ,,inevitable ,on ! o!r h&1 conditions h aris5 ) ! gr[? ( our nation t our ,con/itution has n enabl$ u to meet ) ! greate/ success1 & t we h n yet met by am5dm5t4 ,9 "s cases we h tri$ to get ar\nd ! difficulties by devices n provid$ = 9 ! ,con/itution1 sometimes ) un=tunate results4 ,b a recognition ( defects 9 our gov]nm5t %\ld n cause u to lose respect = ! ,con/itution4 ,!y are due n to positive blund]s on ! "p ( ! fram]s1 b to ! m]e abs5ce ( provision = conditions t did n exi/ :5 ! ,con/itution 0 fram$ & t c\ld n be =ese5 by ! wise/ m5 ( t "t4 ,! wise c\rse = all good citiz5s is to seek to und]/& cle>ly :]e9 our gov]nm5t fails to meet our ne$s1 if x does fail1 & !n to seek to correct ! difficulty1 "u ! exi/+ t]ms ( ! ,con/itution if possible1 or by am5dm5t ( ! ,con/itution if t becomes cle>ly necess>y4 ,am5dm5t ( ! ,con/itution 0 purposely made difficult1 & ?is 0 d\btless wise1 = x t5ds to prev5t *anges )\t full consid]ation ( _! ne$s & probable effects4 ,radical *anges 9 our =m ( gov]nm5t & 9 our e/abli%$ laws are always fraught ) dang]4 ,because ( ! extreme complexity ( community life a *ange effect$ at "o po9t to meet a p>ticul> evil may h consequ5ces ( ! mo/ f>-rea*+ k9d & 9 ! mo/ unexpect$ directions4 ,a *ange t corrects "o evil may produce conditions result+ 9 evils ev5 worse ?an ! fir/4 ,*anges are necess>y at times1 b !y %\ld be made only aft] ! mo/ c>eful consid]ation by m5 ( ! wide/ possible exp]i5ce4 ,,! ,,bill ,,( ,,rights ,"o ?+ t /ood out cle>ly aft] ! ,revolution 0 ! fe> ( a /rong national gov]nm5t4 ,"s ( ! /ates refus$ to ratify ! ,con/itution unless am5dm5ts 7 add$ at once gu>antee+ ! lib]ties ( ! p4 ,! fir/ t5 am5dm5ts1 kn[n z ! bill ( rights1 7 ! result4 ,to make sure t no important rights 7 left ungu>d$1 ! n9? am5dm5t provides t ! enum]ation 9 ! ,con/itution ( c]ta9 rights %all n be con/ru$ to d5y or disp>age o!rs reta9$ by ! p4 ,read ! fir/ t5 am5dm5ts & discuss ! mean+ ( ea*4 ,a ,,gov]nm5t ,,( ,,delegat$ ,,p[]s ,x 0 cle>ly expect$ t mo/ ( ! gov]n+ p[]s to :i* ! p 7 subject %\ld be ex]cis$ by ! /ates1 & n by ! national gov]nm5t4 ,! national gov]nm5t 0 to ex]cise no p[]s except su* z 7 ,,delegat$ to x 9 ! ,con/itution4 ,^! p[]s are important ones1 b few 9 numb]1 & are li/$ 9 section #h ( ,article ,i4 ,9 ord] to make ?is limitation ( p[]s p]fectly cle>1 ! t5? am5dm5t decl>es t ,! p[]s n delegat$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! ,con/itution1 nor prohibit$ by x to ! /ates1 are res]v$ to ! /ates respectively or to ! p4 ,c]ta9 p[]s 7 also expressly d5i$ to ! national gov]nm5t 9 section #i ( ,article ,i4 ,discuss ! mean+ ( ea* clause 9 ,article ,i1 section #h4 ,discuss ! mean+ ( ea* clause 9 ,article ,i1 section #i4 ,,! ,,scope ,,( ,,national ,,p[]s ,! p[]s ( ! national gov]nm5t relate to int]/ate & =eign affairs1 or to matt]s t ! sev]al /ates c\ld n well regulate )\t confusion or inju/ice4 ,= example1 x 0 *iefly ! confusion 9 matt]s p]ta9+ to trade 9 ! p]iod foll[+ ! ,revolution t made ! new gov]nm5t necess>y4 ,!re=e p[] 0 giv5 to x to regulate comm]ce ) =eign nations & among ! sev]al /ates1 & ) ! ,indian tribes4 ,s1 also1 x 0 giv5 p[] to co9 money1 regulate ! value !re(1 & ( =eign co91 & fix ! /&>d ( weights & measures1 = v>y+ sy/ems ( co9age & ( weights & measures w\ld be inconv5i5t4 ,= simil> reasons x 0 emp[]$ to e/abli% po/-(fices & po/-roads1 to e/abli% an uni=m rule ( naturalization = immigrants1 & to promote ! progress ( sci5ce & useful arts by giv+ copyrights & pat5ts to au?ors & inv5tors4 ,! /ates1 on ! o!r h&1 7 expressly =bidd5 to ex]cise any control ov] "s su* matt]s ( national & int]national conc]n 9 section #aj ( ,article ,i4 ,read section #aj1 ,art ,i1 & discuss ! reasons :y ! p[]s !re m5tion$ %\ld h be5 d5i$ to ! /ates4 ,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,*ecks ,,& ,,balances ,n only did ! fram]s ( ! ,con/itution c>efully limit ! p[]s t ! national gov]nm5t might ex]cise1 b !y also introduc$ into ! organization ( ! gov]nm5t v>i\s devices to control x & to prev5t any ( its p>ts f assum+ too mu* p[]4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! is ! sy/em ( ,,*ecks ,,& ,,balances4 ,9 our national gov]nm5t1 z 9 ! /ate gov]nm5ts1 ! legislative1 executive1 & judicial p[]s are ,,sep>at$4 ,9 e>ly times 9 ,engl&1 ! k+ c\ld make any laws he wi%$1 he c\ld en=ce !m z he pleas$1 & he controll$ ! c\rts ( ju/ice4 ,9 our gov]nm5t ! legislature1 compos$ ( repres5tatives ( ! p1 makes ! laws2 ! executive bran* ( gov]nm5t sees to _! en=cem5t2 & ! c\rts1 :i* are responsible nei!r to ! legislature nor to ! executive1 int]pret ! laws & adm9i/] ju/ice 9 accordance ) ! laws4 ,?is sep>ation ( p[]s is to prev5t any "o p]son or gr\p ( p]sons f ex]cis+ too mu* p[]1 z ! k+ did1 & is a safegu>d to ! lib]ty ( ! p4 ,b ! sep>ation ( p[]s ,,is ,,n ,,complete4 ,ea* bran* ( gov]nm5t has ,a ,,limit$ ,,control ov] ! o!rs4 ,?is con/itutes ,,! ,,sy/em ,,( ,,*ecks ,,& ,,balances1 :i* /ill fur!r protects ! p's lib]ties4 ,:ile ! ,presid5t _c make ! laws1 he is giv5 a *eck ^u ! lawmak+ p[] ( ,congress by 8 veto p[]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he _c1 by an excessive use ( 8 veto p[]1 de/roy ! lawmak+ p[] ( ,congress1 because ,congress may pass laws ov] ! ,presid5t's veto by means ( a two-?irds vote4 ,! ,presid5t _c make a treaty1 nor appo9t m5 to (fice1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! s5ate2 nei!r c he ex]cise 8 executive p[]s until ,congress votes him ! necess>y money4 ,if ,congress passes a law t is contr>y to ! ,con/itution ! c\rts may decl>e ! law void1 & ! executive _c en=ce x4 ,! c\rts1 on ! o!r h&1 are 9 a measure "u ! control ( bo? ,congress & ! ,presid5t1 = ,congress may create & de/roy c\rts 7except ^? creat$ by ! ,con/itution71 & ! ,presid5t1 ) ! cons5t ( ! s5ate1 appo9ts ! judges4 ,,advantages ,,& ,,disadvantages ,,( ,,*ecks ,,& ,,balances ,! *ecks & balances 9 ! organization ( our gov]nm5t h be5 v effective 9 accompli%+ ! purpose = :i* !y 7 int5d$1 namely1 to protect ! lib]ties ( ! p aga9/ despotic gov]nm5t4 ,b !y h also1 at times1 be5 an ob/acle to team "w & to effective s]vice4 ,x sometimes happ5s1 = example1 t ! ,presid5t repres5ts "o political p>ty1 :ile ! majority ( "o or bo? h\ses ( ,congress are ( ! oppos+ p>ty4 ,! two bran*es ( gov]nm5t may !n ent] into a /ruggle on p>tisan gr\nds1 ea* try+ to defeat ! program ( ! o!r4 ,su* a situation 0 probably un=ese5 by ! fram]s ( ! ,con/itution1 al?\gh x aga9 rem9ds u ( ,wa%+ton's w>n+ ) reg>d to ! dang]s ( ! p>ty _s4 ,,! ,,impli$ ,,p[]s ,,( ,,! ,,national ,,gov]nm5t ,) ! gr[? ( our nation1 ! national gov]nm5t has come to p]=m a va/ am\nt ( s]vice1 z we h se5 9 e>li] *apt]s1 & to regulate ! lives ( ! p 9 a multitude ( ways little dream$ ( by ! mak]s ( ! ,con/itution4 ,?is has be5 possible because ( ! pr9ciple ( ,,impli$ ,,p[]s 9 ! ,con/itution4 ,?is means t "s ( ! p[]s expressly grant$ 9 ! ,con/itution h be5 broadly int]pret$ to ,,imply p[]s n expressly /at$4 ,!re are c]ta9 clauses 9 ! ,con/itution t especially l5d !mselves to su* broad int]pretation4 ,= example1 aft] ! enum]ation ( ! p[]s :i* ,congress may ex]cise1 9 section #h ( ,article ,i1 clause #ah ( t section gives ,congress p[] to make all laws :i* %all be necess>y & prop] = c>ry+ into execution ! =ego+ p[]s 444 ,ano!r clause ^: lib]al int]pretation has be5 responsible = mu* ( ! s]vice p]=m$ by ! national gov]nm5t is t giv+ x ! p[] to regulate int]/ate comm]ce 7,art4 ,i1 sec4 #h1 clause #c74 ,9 ! e>ly days ( our gov]nm5t ! ,f$]ali/ p>ty1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,alex&] ,hamilton1 propos$ ! creation ( a ,,national ,,bank4 ,! ,republican p>ty "u ,jeff]son oppos$ ?is because ! ,con/itution did n expressly provide = x1 & because x 0 fe>$ t x w\ld give ! national gov]nm5t too mu* p[]4 ,b ! broad con/ructioni/s argu$ t a national bank 0 a necess>y & prop] means to enable ! national gov]nm5t to borr[ money on ! cr$it ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & to ex]cise o!r f9ancial p[]s expressly grant$ 9 ! ,con/itution4 ,! supreme c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates support$ ! latt] view1 & ! national bank became a fact4 ,! build+ ( roads & o!r int]nal improvem5ts by ! national gov]nm5t h always be5 oppos$ by ! /rict con/ructioni/s1 except :]e roads 7 cle>ly po/-roads 7,article #a1 section4#h1 clause #g74 ,b ! broad con/ructioni/s argu$ t roads 7 necess>y & prop] to provide = ! common def5se1 & also z a means to regulate comm]ce among ! sev]al /ates4 ,mo/ ( ! "w t ! national gov]nm5t has done = ! promotion ( ! public heal?1 su* z ! passage & en=cem5t ( ! pure food & drugs act1 ! inspection ( live/ock & ( slaught]h\ses1 & ! attempt to regulate *ild labor1 has be5 done "u ! au?ority ( ! clause giv+ ,congress p[] to regulate int]/ate comm]ce4 ,,expansion ,,( ,,p[]s ,,by ,,judicial ,,decision ,x has be5 ! duty ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to decide f9ally :e!r mu* ( ! new s]vice und]tak5 by ! national gov]nm5t is 9 accordance ) ! ,con/itution or n1 & ?is c\rt has be5 responsible = mo/ ( ! expansion ( ! s]vice r5d]$1 because ( its lib]al int]pretation ( ! ,con/itution4 ,:y %\ld ! p[] to regulate int]/ate comm]ce also give ,congress ! p[] to require ! inspection ( cattle 9 y\r neighborhood8 or to =bid ! use ( h>mful sub/ances 9 pat5t m$ic9es8 or to =bid ! employm5t 9 factories ( *ildr58 ,f9d out :at y c ab\t ! influ5ce ( ,john ,m>%all1 ,*ief ,ju/ice ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 9 ext5d+ ! p[]s ( ! national gov]nm5t4 ,,! ,,executive ,,c5traliz$ ,,& ,,controll$ ,! ,con/itution ve/s ! executive p[] 9 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7,art4 ,,ii1 sec4 ,i71 & he alone is responsible to ! p = ! execution ( ! laws4 ,! p are protect$ aga9/ abuse ( ?is p[] 9 ! h&s ( "o man by v>i\s con/itutional provisions4 ,! ,presid5t's t]m ( (fice is limit$ to f\r ye>s1 ?\gh he may be reelect$4 ,9 case ( improp] conduct 9 (fice1 he may be remov$ by ,,impea*m5t4 ,! impea*m5t *>ges mu/ be br\ght aga9/ him by ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 & ! ,s5ate1 presid$ ov] by ! ,*ief ,ju/ice ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 mu/ act z a c\rt to try ! case4 ,moreov]1 ev5 ! ,presid5t mu/ act accord+ to law1 & 9 s f> z 8 duties are n prescrib$ by ! ,con/itution !y are prescrib$ by ,congress4 ,congress mu/ also create ! ma*9]y by :i* ! ,presid5t executes ! laws1 & x mu/ appropriate ! necess>y money4 ,! ,s5ate ex]cises a fur!r control ov] ! ,presid5t 9 t x mu/ approve all appo9tm5ts & all treaties made by him4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,elect+ ,,! ,,presid5t ,! me?od ( elect+ ! ,presid5t provid$ 9 ! ,con/itution 0 int5d$ to insure a wise *oice1 & also %[s a lack ( complete confid5ce 9 ! p on ! "p ( ! fram]s ( ! ,con/itution4 ,he 0 to be elect$ by a body ( ,,electors1 *os5 by ! sev]al /ates 9 su* mann] z ! legislatures !re( may direct1 ! numb] ( electors f ea* /ate to equal ! :ole numb] ( s5ators & repres5tatives f t /ate 7,art4 ,,ii1 sec4 #b74 ,^! electors 7 orig9ally *os5 by ! legislatures ( ! /ates1 b are n[ elect$ by ! p4 ,:5 vot]s vote = ! ,presid5t e f\r ye>s1 !y 9 reality only vote = ^! electors :o1 9 turn1 ca/ _! votes = ! ,presid5t4 ,,dep>ture ,,f ,,! ,,int5tion ,,( ,,! ,,con/itution ,9 ! me?od ( elect+ ! ,presid5t we f9d "o ( ! po9ts :]e ! int5tion ( ! fram]s ( ! ,con/itution has cle>ly be5 ?w>t$4 ,x 0 obvi\sly ! int5tion t ! electors *os5 by ! /ates %\ld use _! own discretion 9 ! *oice ( ! ,presid5t4 ,b 9 practice to-day1 ! entire body ( electors f ea* /ate always repres5ts ! victori\s political p>ty1 & ca/s its vote inv>iably = ! presid5tial c&idate already nom9at$ by ! p>ty ma*9]y4 ,we /ill elect ! electors1 & ! electors g ?r\gh ! =m ( elect+ ! ,presid5t2 b _! "p 9 ! proc$ure is n[ entirely useless4 ,,! ,,vice-,,presid5t ,! ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is elect$ at ! same "t & by ! same me?od z ! ,presid5t4 ,b he has no executive duties :atev] s long z ! ,presid5t is capable ( p]=m+ 8 duties4 ,9 ord] t he might h some?+ to d1 he 0 made presid+ (fic] ( ! ,s5ate1 b ev5 !re he has no vote4 ,inve/igate & report3 ,! qualifications necess>y to hold ! (fice ( ,presid5t 7,con/41 ,art4 ,,ii1 sec4 ,i1 cl4 #e74 ,h[ ! electors elect ! ,presid5t 7,con/41 ,am5d4 ,,xii74 ,:o w\ld become ,presid5t if bo? ! ,presid5t & ! ,vice- ,presid5t %\ld die4 ,! sal>y ( ! ,presid5t4 ,! oa? tak5 by ! ,presid5t on assum+ (fice4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 an oa? & an affirmation 7,art4 ,,ii1 sec4 i1 cl4 #h74 ,! p[]s ( ! ,presid5t 7,art4 ,,ii1 sec4 #b74 ,a ,presid5t :o 0 impea*$4 ,:y no ,presid5t has be5 elect$ = a ?ird t]m4 ,advantages & disadvantages ( a long] t]m = ! ,presid5t4 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,national ,,s]vice ,,organization ,! ,presid5t is at ! head ( a /up5d\s s]vice organization :i* 0 n ready-made by ! ,con/itution1 b :i* has be5 gradually creat$ by acts ( ,congress "u its express & impli$ p[]s4 ,! ,con/itution did n ev5 create ! great adm9i/rative dep>tm5ts ?r\gh :i* ! ,presid5t works1 al?\gh x impli$ t su* dep>tm5ts %\ld be creat$3 ,! ,presid5t 444 may require ! op9ion1 9 writ+1 ( ! pr9cipal (fic] 9 ea* ( ! executive dep>tm5ts1 ^u any subject relat+ to ! duties ( _! respective (fices 7,art4 ,,ii1 sec4 #b1 cl4 i74 ,! heads ( ^! dep>tm5ts are appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t1 are responsible to him1 & may be remov$ by him4 ,toge!r !y con/itute ! ,presid5t's ,,cab9et1 meet+ ) him frequ5tly to discuss ! affairs ( _! dep>tm5ts & matt]s ( public policy4 ,,! ,,adm9i/rative ,,dep>tm5ts ,five ( ^! adm9i/rative dep>tm5ts 7 creat$ dur+ ,wa%+ton's adm9i/ration4 ,^! five h gr[n to cov] a multitude ( activities t 7 n at fir/ contemplat$1 & five o!r great dep>tm5ts h s9ce be5 creat$4 ,! ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,/ate ma9ta9s relations betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & =eign p[]s4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 act+ = ! ,presid5t1 negotiates treaties ) =eign gov]nm5ts1 & is 9 con/ant communication ) ! ambassadors1 m9i/]s1 consuls1 & o!r repres5tatives ( our gov]nm5t 9 =eign c\ntries1 & ) simil> repres5tatives ( =eign gov]nm5ts 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?is dep>tm5t is ! m$ium ( communication betwe5 ! ,presid5t & ! gov]nors ( ! sev]al /ates4 ,! ,secret>y ( ,/ate has 9 8 keep+ ! treaties & laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & also ! ,great ,seal ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* he affixes to proclamations1 commissions1 & o!r (ficial pap]s4 ,?r\gh him ! rights ( ,am]ican citiz5s 9 =eign c\ntries are look$ aft]4 ,he is fir/ 9 rank among ! memb]s ( ! cab9et1 & by law w\ld succe$ to ! ,presid5cy 9 case ( ! dea? or disability ( bo? ! ,presid5t & ! ,vice- ,presid5t4 ,! ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,! ,,treasury has at its head ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 :o is ! f9ancial manag] ( ! national gov]nm5t4 ,he prep>es plans =1 & sup]9t5ds ! collection (1 ! public rev5ues2 det]m9es ! mann] ( keep+ ! public acc\nts2 directs ! co9age & pr9t+ ( money4 ,he also controls ! con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( public build+s1 & adm9i/]s ! public heal? s]vice & ! life- sav+ s]vice4 ,! ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,w> is direct$ by ! ,secret>y ( ,w>1 :o1 "u ! ,presid5t1 controls ! milit>y e/abli%m5t & sup]9t5ds ! national def5se4 ,he also adm9i/]s riv] & h>bor improvem5ts1 ! prev5tion ( ob/ruction to navigation1 & ! build+ ( bridges ov] navigable riv]s :5 au?oriz$ by ,congress4 ,he also has direction ( ! ,bureau ( ,insul> ,affairs1 :i* sup]vises ! gov]nm5t ( ,porto ,rico & ! ,philipp9es4 ,! ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,ju/ice has at its head ! ,attorney ,g5]al1 :o is ! *ief law (fic] ( ! gov]nm5t1 & repres5ts x 9 all matt]s ( a legal nature4 ,he is ! legal advis] ( ! ,presid5t & ( ! sev]al executive dep>tm5ts1 & sup]vises all ,unit$ ,/ates attorneys & m>%als 9 ! judicial di/ricts into :i* ! c\ntry is divid$4 ,! ,,po/-,,(fice ,,dep>tm5t is adm9i/]$ by ! ,po/ma/] ,g5]al4 ,! ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,! ,,navy1 "u ! ,secret>y ( ! ,navy1 has *>ge ( ! con/ruction1 mann+1 equipm5t1 & employm5t ( vessels ( w>4 ,! ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,! ,,int]ior 0 creat$ to relieve ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,/ate ( "w relat+ to int]nal affairs1 & n[ embraces a wide v>iety ( duties4 ,at its head is ! ,secret>y ( ! ,int]ior4 ,?r\gh _m bureaus & divisions x adm9i/]s ! public l&s1 ! national p>ks1 ! giv+ ( pat5ts = inv5tions1 ! p5sion+ ( soldi]s1 ,indian affairs1 education1 ! reclamation s]vice1 ! geological survey1 ! improvem5t ( m9+ me?ods = ! safety ( m9]s1 c]ta9 matt]s p]ta9+ to ! t]ritories ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & c]ta9 in/itutions 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4 ,! ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture is direct$ by ! ,secret>y ( ,agriculture4 ,its "w is describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,! ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,comm]ce1 "u ! ,secret>y ( ,comm]ce1 promotes ! comm]cial int]e/s ( ! c\ntry 9 _m ways4 ,x includes 9 its organization ! ,bureau ( ,=eign & ,dome/ic ,comm]ce1 ! ,bureau ( ,corporations1 ! ,c5sus ,bureau1 ! ,bureau ( ,ligh?\ses1 ! ,bureau ( ,navigation1 ! ,bureau ( ,fi%]ies1 & ! ,bureau ( ,/&>ds4 ,! ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,labor1 "u ! ,secret>y ( ,labor1 has = its purpose fo/]+1 promot+1 & develop+ ! welf>e ( ! wage e>n]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 improv+ _! work+ conditions1 & advanc+ _! opportunities = pr(itable employm5t4 ,among its important bureaus are ^? ( ,immigration & ( ,naturalization1 & ! ,*ildr5's ,bureau1 :i* inve/igates & reports ^u all matt]s p]ta9+ to ! welf>e ( *ildr5 & *ild life among all classes ( our p4 ,,o!r ,,adm9i/rative ,,ag5cies ,9 addition to ^! great adm9i/rative dep>tm5ts ) _! num]\s bureaus & subdivisions1 !re are v>i\s bo>ds1 commissions & e/abli%m5ts t are indep5d5t ( ! dep>tm5ts4 ,"s ( ! mo/ important ( ^! are ! ,int]/ate ,comm]ce ,commission1 ! ,civil ,s]vice ,commission 7see bel[71 ! ,f$]al ,res]ve ,bo>d1 ! ,f$]al ,trade ,commission1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,t>iff ,commission1 ! ,bo>d ( ,m$iation & ,conciliation1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,effici5cy1 ! ,f$]al ,bo>d ( ,vocational ,education1 ! ,panama ,canal4 ,( ano!r k9d are ! ,libr>y ( ,congress :i* includes ! ,copyright ,(fice2 ! ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice2 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 includ+ ! ,national ,museum & ! ,national ,zoological ,p>k4 ,!re are _m o!rs4 ,dur+ ! rec5t w> a great v>iety ( new adm9i/rative commissions & bo>ds 7 creat$ = ! em]g5cy4 ,mo/ ( ^! h be51 or are to be1 discont9u$1 ?\gh "s ( !m may survive4 ,su* 7 ! ,c\ncil ( ,national ,def5se1 ! ,committee on ,public ,in=mation1 ! ,food ,adm9i/ration1 ! ,fuel ,adm9i/ration1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,%ipp+ ,bo>d1 ! ,w> ,trade ,bo>d1 ! ,director ,g5]al ( ,railroads4 ,,! ,,civil ,,s]vice ,! detail$ "w ( ?is va/ s]vice organization is c>ri$ on by ab\t #djj1jjj employees 7n c\nt+ ! army & ! navy74 ,^! con/itute ! ,,civil ,,s]vice4 ,! quality ( s]vice dep5ds l>gely ^u ! effici5cy ( ^! employees4 ,! task ( fill+ all ^! places is a l>ge "o4 ,9 ,&rew ,jackson's adm9i/ration 7#ahbi-ahcg7 ! spoils sy/em 0 introduc$1 :i* means t gov]nm5t positions 7 treat$ by ! victori\s p>ty z ! spoils ( victory1 to be giv5 to memb]s ( ! victori\s p>ty z rew>ds = p>ty s]vice )\t mu* reg>d to fitness = ! "w to be done4 ,:5ev] ! adm9i/ration pass$ f "o p>ty to ano!r1 ! army ( civil s]vice employees 0 displac$ by ano!r ( new employees4 ,n only did ?is result 9 ineffici5t s]vice1 b ! "t ( ! ,presid5t & ! heads ( ! dep>tm5ts 0 l>gely consum$ 9 consid]+ ! claims ( ^? seek+ appo9tm5t4 ,moreov]1 s9ce appo9tm5ts c\ld be made only ) ! advice & cons5t ( ! ,s5ate1 s5ators 7 besieg$ by applicants = positions & _! fri5ds4 ,! ,presid5t1 ov]:elm$ by ! multitude ( appo9tm5ts to be made1 came to rely almo/ :olly ^u ! advice ( ! s5ators1 & ev5 ( memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 = appo9tm5ts 9 _! /ates & di/ricts4 ,?us1 9 effect1 appo9tm5ts 7 made by memb]s ( ,congress r ?an by ! ,presid5t :o 0 really responsible4 ,no sy/em c\ld h be5 devis$ m wa/eful ( ! "t ( ! executive & legislative bran*es ( ! gov]nm5t1 or m conducive to ineffici5cy4 ,,re=m ,,( ,,! ,,civil ,,s]vice ,! spoils sy/em became a great (f5se to ! nation1 b x 0 n until ,presid5t ,g>field 0 murd]$ by a disappo9t$ (fice seek] t ,congress1 9 #ahhc1 pass$ a law = ! re=m ( ! civil s]vice4 ,c&idates = _m positions 9 ! civil s]vice 7 requir$ to pass an exam9ation design$ to prove _! fitness = ! "w to be done1 & a ,,civil ,,s]vice ,,commission 0 creat$ to adm9i/] ! law & to conduct ! exam9ations1 :i* are held at /at$ int]vals 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,^? appo9t$ "u ?is sy/em _c be remov$ except = cause4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t "t1 h[ev]1 only ab\t half ( ! civil s]vice is subject to ?is ,,m]it ,,sy/em4 ,f ! above description ( ! "w ( ! sev]al executive dep>tm5ts select topics = special inve/igation & report2 su* z3 ,! "w ( ,unit$ ,/ates ,consuls4 ,co9+ money2 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,engrav+4 ,! life-sav+ s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army 9 w> & peace4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army z an organization to save life1 especially 9 its "w ( sanitation 9 t]ritories occupi$4 ,repres5tatives ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,ju/ice 9 y\r community1 & examples ( _! "w4 ,build+ a battle%ip4 ,tra9+ = ! navy4 ,exploits ( ! navy 9 w>4 ,! "w ( ! navy 9 "t ( peace4 ,! "w ( ! pat5t (fice2 ( ! bureau ( ,indian affairs2 ( ! geological survey2 ( ! bureau ( m9es4 ,tak+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates c5sus4 ,! "w ( ! bureau ( fi%]ies4 ,m>vels ( ! bureau ( /&>ds4 ,! immigration bureau4 ,"w ( ! *ildr5's bureau4 ,h[ an immigrant is naturaliz$4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice4 ,! ,congressional ,libr>y4 ,! spoils sy/em 9 ,&rew ,jackson's adm9i/ration4 ,h[ w\ld y g ab\t x to take an exam9ation = ! civil s]vice8 ,is !re any reason :y a mail c>ri] or a cl]k 9 a gov]nm5t (fice %\ld be a ,republican or a ,democrat8 ,:at employees ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates civil s]vice are !re 9 y\r community8 ,,responsive ,,& ,,responsible ,,lead]%ip ,effici5t gov]nm5t requires /rong1 cle>ly recogniz$ lead]%ip4 ,democratic gov]nm5t requires t its lead]%ip %all be responsive to ! ne$s ( ! p & "u _! control4 ,! problem ( h[ to secure /rong lead]%ip & controll$ lead]%ip at "o & ! same "t is a difficult "o4 ,s f> z ! executive bran* ( gov]nm5t alone is conc]n$1 ! fram]s ( ! ,con/itution secur$ /r5g? by conc5trat+ full responsibility 9 ! ,presid5t4 ,b did !y expect him to be _! lead] 9 ! gov]nm5t z a :ole2 t is1 9 =mulat+ ! policies ( gov]nm5t t %\ld s]ve z ! basis = legislation8 ,we are 9 ! habit ( ?9k+ ( him z our national lead]1 b 0 he made s 9 fact8 ,,lead]%ip ,,( ,,! ,,presid5t ,9 fact1 ! fram]s ( ! ,con/itution 7 app>5tly m conc]n$ ab\t ma9ta9+ control ov] ! ,presid5t ?an ab\t cle>ly mak+ him ! nation's lead]4 ,ab\t ! only indication ! ,con/itution conta9s t he 0 to be su* a lead] is ! /atem5t t he %all f "t to "t give to ! ,congress in=mation ( ! /ate ( ! ,union1 & recomm5d to _! consid]ation su* measures z he %all judge necess>y & exp$i5t 7,art4 ,,ii1 sec4#c74 ,he does submit recomm5dations to ,congress at ! op5+ ( ea* ( its t]ms & (t5 at o!r times4 ,if ! ,presid5t & ! majority 9 ,congress are ( ! same political p>ty1 ,congress is pretty likely to foll[ ! ,presid5t's lead2 or1 if ! ,presid5t has a comm&+ p]sonality & is cle>ly popul> ) ! p1 he may =ce measures ?r\gh ev5 an unwill+ ,congress4 ,b if diff]5ces arise betwe5 ! ,presid5t & ,congress1 especially :5 "o or bo? h\ses ( ,congress are ( ! opposite p>ty f ! ,presid5t1 8 recomm5dations may be entirely ignor$4 ,by our sy/em ( *ecks & balances ! ,presid5t is controll$1 b he ceases to be a lead] :5 he does n h ! foll[+ ( ,congress1 or ( ! majority ( ! p4 ,presid5t ,wilson began 8 second adm9i/ration ) a majority 9 bo? h\ses ( ,congress ( 8 political p>ty1 & app>5tly 9 popul> favor4 ,he 0 cle>ly accept$ z lead] & practically all ( 8 propos$ measures 7 favorably act$ ^u by ,congress4 ,9 ! middle ( ?is adm9i/ration a congressional election occurr$ :i* result$ 9 a majority 9 bo? h\ses ( ! oppos+ p>ty4 ,?is result might be consid]$ z a popul> vote aga9/ ! lead]%ip ( ! ,presid5t1 & 8 oppon5ts did consid] x s4 ,x _c be absolutely c]ta9 t ?is 0 int5d$1 = ! p 7 n vot+ directly on ?is "q4 ,:e!r ?is 0 true or n1 ,congress refus$ to foll[ 8 lead]%ip 9 _m important que/ions1 includ+ ! treaty ( peace ) ,g]many4 ,,control ,,( ,,lead]%ip ,,9 ,,engl& ,x w be helpful to comp>e ?is situation ) ! me?od by :i* ,engl& has work$ out ! problem ( lead]%ip & control ( lead]%ip4 ,! real executive head 9 ! ,engli% gov]nm5t is ! prime m9i/]4 ,! k+ appo9ts ! prime m9i/]1 b he always *ooses = ! position ,,! ,,recogniz$ ,,lead] ,,( ,,! ,,political ,,p>ty ,,t ,,is ,,9 ,,! ,,majority 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons 7:i* corresponds to our ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives74 ,! prime m9i/] hav+ be5 appo9t$1 he !n selects ! o!r memb]s ( 8 cab9et1 :o are to be ! heads ( ! executive dep>tm5ts1 & ,,:o ,,are ,,also ,,memb]s ,,( ,,p>liam5t4 ,! prime m9i/] & ! o!r memb]s ( ! cab9et h seats 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 contr>y to ! practice 9 our c\ntry4 ,,!y ,,also ,,take ,,! ,,lead ,,9 ,,legislation1 = mo/ ( ! important bills consid]$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons are plann$ & introduc$ by ! cab9et4 ,s ! executive & legislative bran*es ( ! ,engli% gov]nm5t are n sep>at$ z 9 our c\ntry4 ,! same gr\p ( m5 manage ! s]vice organization & lead 9 plann+ ! legislation t makes ! s]vice possible4 ,x sometimes happ5s1 h[ev]1 t ! cab9et introduces a measure :i*1 aft] discussion1 a majority ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons rejects4 ,?is means t on ?is "q ! cab9et no long] repres5ts ! majority 9 ! ,h\se4 ,!n "o ( two ?+s happ5s4 ,,ei!r ,,! ,,cab9et ,,resigns 9 a body to make way = a new cab9et t does repres5t ! majority2 ,,or ,,! ,,prime ,,m9i/] ,,asks ,,= ,a ,,g5]al ,,election ,,= ,,memb]s ,,( ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,commons4 ,if at ?is election a majority is aga9 return$ t is oppos$ to ! cab9et1 x means t ! cab9et no long] leads ! p1 & x resigns4 ,if a majority is return$ 9 support ( ! cab9et1 x means t ! old ,h\se 0 no long] repres5tative ( ! p1 & ! old cab9et reta9s its lead]%ip4 ,?is sy/em gives ! ,engli% p ,,m ,,direct ,,control ov] _! gov]nm5t ?an we h 9 our c\ntry2 x is v mu* l ! me?od ( ,,recall t is us$ 9 "s ( our /ates4 ,at ! same "t1 x assures a real executive lead]%ip ,,)9 ,,! ,,gov]nm5t1 a lead]%ip t is bo? responsive & responsible to ! p4 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,irresponsible ,,lead]%ip ,n only does our ,con/itution fail to provide cle>ly = responsible lead]%ip )9 ! gov]nm5t1 b our sy/em ( *ecks & balances1 our p>ty sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 & ! organization & rules ( ,congress1 all tak5 toge!r1 h t5d$ to confuse our lead]%ip1 & to impose ^u u an irresponsible lead]%ip1 ,,outside ( ! gov]nm5t z outl9$ by ! ,con/itution4 ,to und]/& ?is x w fir/ be necess>y to exam9e ! organization ( ,congress4 ,,! ,,congress ,congress1 l ! /ate legislatures1 consi/s ( two *amb]s1 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives & ! ,s5ate2 ?is be+ ano!r in/ance ( *ecks & balances4 ,! creation ( two *amb]s 9 ! ,congress made possible a satisfactory settlem5t ( a dispute 9 ! ,con/itutional ,conv5tion ) reg>d to ! basis ( repres5tation4 ,! l>g] /ates want$ repres5tation proportional to _! population1 :ile ! small] /ates1 insi/$ ^u ,,equal repres5tation = all ! /ates4 ,x 0 settl$ t !re %\ld be equal repres5tation 9 ! ,s5ate1 & proportional repres5tation 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,?is is "o ( a s]ies ( compromises t _h to be made betwe5 ! two p>ties 9 ! conv5tion4 ,9 fact1 ! ,con/itution is a s]ies ( compromises f beg9n+ to end4 ,only ?irty-n9e ( ! fifty-five delegates 9 ! conv5tion sign$ ! ,con/itution1 & x is probable t no "o ev5 ( ! ?irty-n9e 0 :olly pleas$ ) x4 ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,repres5tatives ,! numb] ( repres5tatives 9 ! fir/ ,congress f ea* /ate 0 fix$ 9 ! ,con/itution1 & provision made = a c5sus 9 #agij & e t5 ye>s !reaft]1 on ! basis ( :i* a reapportionm5t %\ld be made4 ,at pres5t !re are #dce memb]s ( ! ,h\se1 "o = ab\t e #bab1jjj ( ! population4 ,!y are elect$ by direct vote ( ! p1 "o f ea* ( ! ,,congressional ,,di/ricts into :i* ea* /ate is divid$1 & = a t]m ( two ye>s4 ,,! ,,s5ate ,!re are two s5ators f ea* /ate4 ,! ,con/itution provid$ t !y 7 to be elect$ by ! /ate legislatures1 ano!r evid5ce ( di/ru/ ( ! p4 ,9 #aiac1 ! sev5te5? am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution 0 enact$1 provid+ = ! election ( s5ators by popul> vote1 %[+ ! gr[+ _s ( democracy & ! di/ru/ ( ! /ate legislatures4 ,s5ators are elect$ = six ye>s1 b ! t]m ( only "o ?ird ( !m expires at ! same "t1 s t at lea/ two ?irds ( ! ,s5ate h always _h at lea/ two ye>s' exp]i5ce4 ,no citiz5 may become a s5ator until he is ?irty ye>s ( age1 :ile "o may become a memb] ( ! l[] h\se at tw5ty-five4 ,,exclusive ,,p[]s ,,( ,,ea* ,,h\se ,! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives has "o important p[] n possess$ by ! ,s5ate3 x alone c orig9ate bills = rais+ rev5ue4 ,?is is because ! repres5tatives 7 suppos$ to be m directly repres5tative ( ! p ?an ! s5ators4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,s5ate may am5d su* bills1 & (t5 succe$s 9 =c+ ! ,h\se to accept su* radical am5dm5ts z practically to de/roy ! advantage possess$ by ! latt] 9 its p[] to orig9ate ! bills4 ,9 addition to its lawmak+ p[]s1 ! ,s5ate 0 int5d$ to be an advisory c\ncil to ! ,presid5t4 ,only ) its advice & cons5t may ! ,presid5t make appo9tm5ts & treaties4 ,inve/igate & report on ! foll[+3 ,! compromises ( ! ,con/itution4 ,! c5sus ( #aibj4 ,! numb] ( congressional di/ricts 9 y\r /ate1 & ! numb] ( ! "o y live 94 ,! names ( y\r repres5tative & s5ators4 ,! qualifications = election to ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives & to ! ,s5ate 7,art4 ,i1 secs4 #b & #c74 ,comp>e ) ! qualifications = election to ! two h\ses ( y\r legislature4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,s5ate t make x m cons]vative ?an ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,! mean+ ( cons]vatism4 ,:y ! ,s5ate %\ld be m cons]vative ?an ! ,h\se4 ,! long & %ort sessions ( ,congress4 ,h[ vacancies 9 ,congress are fill$ betwe5 elections4 ,legislation 9 :i* ! repres5tative f y\r di/rict has be5 especially int]e/$ dur+ ! la/ session ( ,congress4 ,9 ,engl& a memb] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons is n requir$ to be a resid5t ( ! di/rict :i* he repres5ts4 ,argum5ts = & aga9/ ?is plan4 ,debate ! "q3 ,,resolv$1 t our ,con/itution %\ld be am5d$ to provide = a responsible cab9et gov]nm5t z 9 ,engl&4 ,,organization ,,( ,,congress ,! presid+ (fic] ( ! ,s5ate is ! ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :ile t ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives is a ,,speak] elect$ by ! ,h\se4 ,! ,vice-,presid5t has no vote 9 ! ,s5ate except 9 case ( a tie1 :5 he may ca/ ! decid+ vote4 ,! ,speak]1 on ! o!r h&1 has all ! rights ( any o!r memb] & has l>ge p[]s by virtue ( 8 position4 ,he is always elect$ by a /rictly p>ty vote1 & !re=e repres5ts ! majority p>ty 9 ! ,h\se4 ,,! ,,committee ,,sy/em ,z 9 ! /ate legislatures1 & = ! same reason1 mo/ ( ! "w ( legislation 9 ,congress is done by /&+ committees1 ( :i* !re are ab\t sixty 9 ! ,h\se & ab\t sev5ty-five 9 ! ,s5ate4 ,z 9 ! /ate legislatures1 ^! committees are *os5 on p>ty l9es1 ! *airm5 & ! majority ( ! memb]s always be+ ( ! majority p>ty4 ,! proc$ure by :i* legislation is c>ri$ on 9 ,congress is v mu* ! same z t 9 ! /ate legislatures1 & has ! same advantages & disadvantages4 ,!re is ev5 great] necessity = ! committee organization & = rules because ( ! va/ly great] numb] ( bills introduc$4 ,9 a rec5t ,congress m ?an #cc1jjj bills 7 introduc$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives alone4 ,:]eas 9 ! /ate legislatures "s ( ! rules ( proc$ure are fix$ by ! /ate con/itutions1 ! rules ( ,congress are det]m9$ entirely by ea* h\se = itself4 ,! committee on rules 9 ea* h\se1 ! ,speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 & ! *airm5 ( ! committees 9 bo? h\ses1 may run ?+s z !y see fit4 ,t ?is is done !re is pl5ty ( evid5ce1 su* z ! foll[+ words ( a memb] ( ,congress3 ,y s5d important que/ions to a committee1 y put into ! h&s ( a few m5 ! p[] to br+ 9 bills1 & !n !y are br\ght 9 ) an ironclad rule1 & ramm$ d[n ! ?roats ( memb]s2 & !n ^? measures are s5t out z be+ ! delib]ate judgm5t ( ! ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :5 no delib]ate judgm5t has be5 express$ by any man4 ,,diffus$ ,,lead]%ip ,,9 ,,congress ,x is ?is proc$ure 9 ,congress t causes lead]%ip to become diffus$1 hidd51 & (t5 to pass outside ( ! gov]nm5t altoge!r into ! h&s ( bosses & special int]e/s4 ,!re c be no well-conceiv$ ,,plan work$ out by responsible lead]s & approv$ by ,congress z a :ole4 ,!re may be plans1 work$ out by lead]s 9 ,congress1 b !y are likely to be plans design$ to s]ve p>ty ends r ?an to promote a well- ?\ght-out program ( national developm5t4 ,?\s&s ( bills ( ! greate/ v>iety are introduc$ by individual memb]s & h&l$ by diff]5t committees act+ indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r & (t5 at cross purposes4 ,,relation ,,betwe5 ,,executive ,,& ,,legi/lative ,,bran*es ,! legislative & executive bran*es ( gov]nm5t are ea* extremely jeal\s ( any encroa*m5t ^u its p[]s by ! o!r4 ,x is n always easy to decide j :]e ! divid+ l9e lies betwe5 ! p[]s prop]ly ex]cis$ by ea*4 ,x is ma9ta9$ on ! "o h& t ,congress is encroa*+ on ! rightful doma9 ( ! executive2 & at lea/ x is true t :ile x d5ies ! ,presid5t responsible lead]%ip 9 det]m9+ ! policies ( ! gov]nm5t1 x has fail$ to sub/itute any o!r responsible lead]%ip1 & has ev5 made lead]%ip obscure4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is ma9ta9$ t ! executive encroa*es ^u ! p[]s ( ,congress4 ,:ile ?is *apt] 0 be+ writt5 a memb] ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives made a spee* 9 :i* he said3 ,?is bill pres5ts a f9e specim5 ( bureaucratic legislation4 ,footnote3 ,bureaucratic legislation "h means lawmak+ by bureaus 9 ! executive bran* ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,if ! ,congress ev] int5ds1 z x surely does1 to rega9 ! p[]s grant$ x by ! fa!rs1 ( :i* x is n[ tempor>ily depriv$ by bureaucratic encroa*m5t1 n[ is ! "t to />t ^u su* a campaign by defeat+ by a decisive majority ! bill n[ (f]$ = y\r consid]ation 444 ,e "t y weak5 ,congress by ! e/abli%m5t ( a bureau 9 :i* ! au?ority ( ,congress is less5$1 y lay "o m /one 9 ! erection ( ! temple ( autocracy 444 ,^! bureaus are n only legislat+ by adm9i/rative processes b are usurp+ ! p[] & pr]ogatives ( ! p's c\rts 444 ,,! ,,duty ,,( ,,congress ,,to ,,wat* ,,! ,,executive ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! p's repres5tatives 9 ! law- mak+ bran* ( gov]nm5t n m]ely to make laws1 b also to wat* & control ! executive4 ,! great ,engli% philosoph]1 ,john ,/u>t ,mill 7#ahjf-ahgc71 ?us /at$ ! purpose ( ! ,engli% ,h\se ( ,commons3 ,to wat* & control ! gov]nm5t2 ,footnote3 ,gov]nm5t "h ref]s to ! executive bran*4 to ?r[ ! light ( publicity on its acts2 to compel a full explanation & ju/ification ( all ( !m :i* any "o consid]s que/ionable2 to c5sure !m if f\nd condemnable2 to be at once ! nation's committee on grievances2 an ar5a 9 :i* n only ! op9ion ( ! nation1 b t ( e section ( x1 & z f> z possible1 ( e em95t individual t x conta9s1 c produce itself 9 full sight & *all5ge full discussion4 ,z we h se51 ! ,engli% ,h\se ( ,commons has a way to control executive lead]%ip )\t de/roy+ x4 ,ev5 if we desir$ to d s1 we c\ld n adopt ! ,engli% plan )\t *ang+ our ,con/itution4 ,b !re are ways 9 :i* ! same result c\ld 9 a measure be accompli%$ )\t su* *ange4 ,"o ( ^! is by a well-organiz$ ,,budget ,,sy/em4 ,,responsibility ,,= ,,appropriations ,! me?ods ( mak+ appropriations = ! purposes ( our national gov]nm5t h be5 z unbus9esslike z 9 ! /ates4 ,*>ges ( extravagance & ineffici5cy h be5 made freely1 ! blame be+ plac$ sometimes ^u ,congress & sometimes ^u ! executive dep>tm5ts4 ,bo? are at fault2 & ! difficulty is t x is almo/ impossible to fix ! responsibility any:]e4 ,,duplication ,,& ,,confusion ,,9 ,,! ,,executive ,,bran* ,al?\gh ! national gov]nm5t1 unlike ! /ates1 has a s+le- head$ executive1 ! executive dep>tm5ts are compos$ ( a multitude ( bureaus & o!r subdivisions t are n well organiz$ 9 _! relations to "o ano!r4 ,!re is ov]lapp+1 duplication1 & ev5 conflict ( "w4 ,! director ( f9ance ( ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t said t 9 ! rec5t w>1 ,! ,w> ,dep>tm5t ent]$ ?is w> )\t any fix$ or c>efully dige/$ & prep>$ f9ancial sy/em4 ,!re 7 at ! beg9n+ ( ! w> five 444 bureaus ea* indep5d5t ( ! o!rs1 ea* mak+ its own contracts1 do+ its own pur*as+1 do+ its own acc\nt+1 ) z _m diff]5t me?ods z !re 7 bureaus4 ,z a result !y 7 compet+ ) ea* o!r 9 a m>ket :]e ! supplies 9 _m cases = :i* !y 7 compet+ 7 re/rict$ 9 am\nt 444 ,!re 0 no c5tral au?ority to prune1 revise1 or comp>e e/imates submitt$ & to coord9ate exp5ditures1 & t naturally result$ 9 ov]lapp+s & duplications1 & "s ( !m ( a l>ge am\nt4 ,footnote3 ,te/imony be=e ,budget ,committee1 quot$ by ,w ,payne1 ,y\r ,budget1 ,saturday ,ev5+ ,po/1 ,jan4 #c1 #aibj1 p4 #cb4 ,! responsibility is p>tly 9 ! executive dep>tm5t2 b x is also p>tly 9 ,congress1 = x creates bureaus1 def9es _! duties1 appropriates money = !m4 ,& 9 ,congress ! responsibility is divid$ among v>i\s committees4 ,"o committee or subcommittee has sup]vision ( build+ ! b>racks at a giv5 army po/ :ile ano!r committee or subcommittee has sup]vision ( build+ ! hospital at ! same po/4 ,"o committee has jurisdiction ( ! guns1 ano!r committee has jurisdiction ( ! emplacem5t ( ! guns4 ,all committees are jeal\s ( _! own pr]ogatives & sometimes m or less jeal\s ( o!r committees4 ,footnote3 ,w ,payne1 ,y\r ,budget1 ,,saturday ,,ev5+ ,,po/1 ,jan4 #c1 #aibj1 p4 #aff4 ,,appropriations ,,made ,,m ,,or ,,less ,,bl9dly ,ea* ye> ! executive dep>tm5ts submit to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury an e/imate ( ! am\nt ( money !y ?9k !y w ne$4 ,! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury puts ^! e/imates toge!r )\t revision & )\t criticism & submits !m to ,congress1 toge!r ) an e/imate ( ! probable rev5ues available4 ,:ile !re is a committee on appropriations 9 ea* h\se ( ,congress1 444 "o class ( appropriations aft] ano!r has be5 tak5 away f ?is committee & intru/$ to o!r committees until1 z a result1 ! "w ( prep>+ appropriations 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives is brok5 up s t !re are n[ no less ?an f\rte5 g5]al appropriation bills prep>$ by sev5 diff]5t committees 444 ,9 ! prep>ation ( _! bills ! committee on appropriations & ! o!r committees 9 *>ge ( appropriations are really compell$ to "w m or less bl9dly4 ,sometimes !y hold ext5sive he>+s endeavor+ to get a complete grasp ( ! multitud9\s detail$ exp5ditures = :i* !y mu/ provide4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 x is impossible = ! sev]al committees1 9 ! "t at _! disposal1 to give ev5 m9or matt]s ! am\nt ( att5tion dem&$ by s\nd public economy4 ,footnote3 ,c4 ,a4 ,be>d1 ,,am]ican ,,gov]nm5t ,,& ,,politics1 pp4 #cff1 #cfg4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,a ,,budget ,,sy/em ,! fir/ pr9ciples ( a budget1 accord+ to /ud5ts ( gov]nm5t1 are t x %\ld be prep>$ by ! executive bran* ( ! gov]nm5t1 :i* is responsible = sp5d+ ! money2 t x %\ld be prep>$ by an ag5cy responsible directly to ! ,presid5t1 & ) au?ority to revise & adju/ ! e/imates ( ! sev]al dep>tm5ts 9 ! light ( ! ne$s & res\rces ( ! gov]nm5t z a :ole2 & t x %\ld be bas$ ^u an acc\nt+ sy/em t w %[ cle>ly h[ effici5tly ea* dep>tm5t & m9or subdivision is do+ its "w4 ,z ?is *apt] is be+ writt51 a bill is be=e ,congress :i*1 if pass$1 w m or less completely accompli% ^! results4 ,,! ,,ne$ ,,= ,,c5traliz+ ,,appropriations ,x rema9s = ,congress1 h[ev]1 to make ! appropriations reque/$ 9 ! budget1 ) su* modifications z may be %[n to be wise4 ,x is g5]ally accept$ t appropriations _c be wisely made "u ! pres5t sy/em1 & t responsibility = !m mu/ be c5t]$ 9 "o committee 9 ea* h\se4 ,?is *ange w necessitate a *ange 9 ! rules :i* c only be made by ea* h\se = itself4 ,a resolution has be5 introduc$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives recomm5d+ ?is *ange1 b x has n at ?is writ+ be5 act$ ^u4 ,9 ! ,engli% ,h\se ( ,commons1 :5 ! appropriation bill is introduc$1 ! ,h\se becomes 9 effect a c\rt be=e :i* ! prime m9i/] & 8 cab9et are plac$ on trial to def5d _! budget4 ,! :ole ,h\se is 9 session4 ,! m9ority p>ty1 :i* conducts ! opposition1 employs c\nsel1 & by its se>*+ inquiries compels ! cab9et to expla9 & def5d ! budget at e po9t4 ,by ?is proc$ure ! public is in=m$ z to ! "w & program ( ! gov]nm5t1 & ! executive lead]s held /rictly to acc\nt4 ,,responsibility ,,( ,,! ,,citiz5 ,a budget sy/em1 h[ev] good x may be1 l all o!r gov]nm5tal ma*9]y is m]ely an organization = team "w1 & w d v little good unless ! team "w is =?com+1 n only among ! v>i\s bran*es & dep>tm5ts ( gov]nm5t1 b also on ! "p ( ! citiz5s4 ,if !re is a real budget x has got to be y\r budget4 ,x w be good1 bad or indiff]5t f9ally j 9 proportion to y\r int]e/ 9 x & y\r expression ( t int]e/ at ! polls & else:]e4 ,if !re is a good budget sy/em--n on pap]1 b 9 actual practice--y've got to make x4 ,if1 :5 a budget bill is f9ally enact$ y say1 ,well1 t job is done1 & dismiss x f y\r m9d !re w be no la/+ ga9 444 ,footnote3 ,w ,payne1 ,y\r ,budget1 ,,saturday ,,ev5+ ,,po/ ,janu>y #c1 #aibj1 p4 #cj4 ,effective control ov] gov]nm5t c be ex]cis$ only by ,,public ,,op9ion & ,,public ,,int]e/4 ,we may h any k9d ( gov]nm5t we want1 if we only want x badly en\gh1 & only :5 we want x badly en\gh4 ,! blame = ineffici5cy & wa/efulness on ! "p ( gov]nm5t at ,wa%+ton1 or at ! /ate capital1 or at ! c\nty seat1 re/s l>gely ) ! p back home1 :o are ei!r selfi% or bl9d to ! fact t ! int]e/s ( ! nation are l>g] ?an _! own or ^? ( _! own little community4 ,! v p :o talk mo/ l\dly ab\t ! extravagance ( gov]nm5t1 or ab\t ! burd5 ( taxes1 are likely to be ! ones :o expect mo/ f _! congressm5 = purely p]sonal or local advantage4 ,!y are likely to judge _! repres5tative's fitness = 8 position m by 8 ability to get funds f ! public treasury = local gratification ?an by 8 attitude t[>d great national que/ions4 ,inve/igate & report on ! foll[+3 ,! pres5t ,speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 & "s ( ! m important memb]s4 ,lead]s 9 ! ,s5ate at ! pres5t "t4 ,a li/ ( "s ( ! m important committees 9 ea* ,h\se ( ,congress4 ,! proc$ure by :i* a bill becomes a law1 f ! "t :5 x is introduc$ to ! "t x goes into effect z a law ( ! l&4 ,bills introduc$ 9 ,congress by ! repres5tative f y\r di/rict4 ,! purposes ( ^! bills4 7,consult at home1 at y\r public libr>y1 at y\r newspap] (fice47 ,foll[ ! c\rse ( debate on "s measure 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives or ! ,s5ate 9 ! files ( ! ,congressional ,record 7files may be f\nd at y\r public libr>y1 or at ! newspap] (fices1 if n 9 y\r s*ool74 ,conflict ( op9ion reg>d+ ! p[]s ( ! ,presid5t & ( ! ,s5ate 9 connection ) ! discussion ( ! treaty ( peace ) ,g]many4 ,filibu/]+ 9 ,congress4 ,clause #b ( section #f ( ,article ,i ( ! ,con/itution says1 ,no p]son hold+ any (fice "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be a memb] ( ei!r ,h\se dur+ 8 cont9uance 9 (fice4 ,:y is ?is8 ,! privileges ( memb]s ( ,congress "u clause ,i ( section #f ( ,article ,i ( ! ,con/itution4 ,reasons = ^! privileges4 ,log-roll+ 9 ,congress1 :at x is & :y s call$4 ,! details ( ! budget sy/em ( ! national gov]nm5t if "o has be5 creat$ by ! "t y /udy ?is *apt]4 ,any *ange 9 ! rules ( ,congress relat+ to appropriations4 ,! desirability ( introduc+ 9 our gov]nm5t a plan simil> to t us$ by ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,,! ,,national ,,judici>y ,! judicial p[] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t is ve/$ by ! ,con/itution 9 "o ,supreme ,c\rt1 & 9 su* inf]ior c\rts z ! ,congress may f "t to "t orda9 & e/abli% 7,art4 ,,iii1 sec4 ,i74 ,! numb] ( judges 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt is det]m9$ by ,congress1 & !y are appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t ) ! advice & cons5t ( ! ,s5ate4 ,at pres5t ! ,supreme ,c\rt consi/s ( a *ief ju/ice & eight associate ju/ices4 ,its sessions are held 9 ! ,capitol build+ at ,wa%+ton4 ,congress has creat$ circuit c\rts ( appeals1 ( :i* !re are n[ n9e1 ea* circuit includ+ sev]al /ates2 & di/rict c\rts1 ( :i* !re is at lea/ "o 9 e /ate1 & sometimes sev]al4 ,9 addition to ^! !re is a c\rt ( cu/oms appeals & a c\rt ( claims1 = special classes ( cases4 ,! c\rts ( ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia are also ,unit$ ,/ates c\rts1 inasmu* z ! ,di/rict is gov]n$ entirely by ! national gov]nm5t4 ,! judges ( all ,unit$ ,/ates c\rts are appo9t$ by ! ,presid5t & hold (fice = life4 ,,p[]s ,,( ,,! ,,f$]al ,,c\rts ,! p[]s ( ! f$]al c\rts are /at$ 9 ,article ,,iii1 section #b1 ( ! ,con/itution4 ,9 g5]al1 !y h jurisdiction ov] cases ( a national or int]/ate "*4 ,mo/ cases t come 9 ! fir/ in/ance be=e ! f$]al c\rts are tri$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates di/rict c\rts1 go+ to ! high] c\rts only on appeal2 b !re are c]ta9 classes ( cases t g to ! ,supreme ,c\rt at once 7,art4 ,,iii1 sec4 #b1 cl4 #b74 ,a case br\ght to trial be=e a /ate c\rt may be appeal$ to ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :5 ! ,con/itution1 ! laws1 or ! treaties ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are involv$1 & its decision is f9al4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt may decl>e a law pass$ by ,congress or an act ( ! ,presid5t null & void if1 9 its op9ion1 su* law or act is contr>y to ! provisions ( ! ,con/itution4 ,x has be5 que/ion$ :e!r ! fram]s ( ! ,con/itution int5d$ ! ,supreme ,c\rt to h ?is p[]1 b x ex]cises ! p[] on ! gr\nd t ! ,con/itution is ! supreme law ( ! l& to :i* ev5 ,congress & ! ,presid5t are subject1 & t x is ! sacr$ duty ( ! c\rts to pres]ve x f violation4 ,we h not$ ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! ,supreme ,c\rt 9 ext5d+ ! activities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t by its broad int]pretations ( ! ,con/itution4 ,/udy ! p[]s ( ! f$]al c\rts 9 ,article ,,iii1 sections #a & #b4 ,:at is treason8 7,art4 ,,iii1 sec4 #c1 cl4 ,i47 ,:at is meant by ! second clause 9 section #c ( ,article ,,iii8 ,,read+s ,gu]ri]1 ,edi?1 ,! ,f$]al ,executive ,dep>tm5ts1 ,bullet91 #aiai1 ,no4 #gd1 ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,education4 ,swanton1 ,w4 ,i41 ,guide to ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t ,publications2 ,bullet91 #aiah1 ,no4 #b1 ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,education4 ,9 ,lessons 9 ,community & ,national ,life3 ,s]ies ,a3 ,lesson #ab1 ,hi/ory ( ! f$]al dep>tm5ts4 ,lesson #ah1 ,local & national gov]nm5ts4 ,s]ies ,b3 ,lesson #ac1 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior4 ,lesson #ad1 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,public ,heal? ,s]vice4 ,lesson #ba1 ,national /&>ds & ! ,bureau ( ,/&>ds4 ,9 ,fo]/] & ,pi]son's ,am]ican ,ideals3 ,! nature ( ! ,union 7,daniel ,web/]71 pp4 #ag-bf4 ,! nature ( ! ,union 7,john ,c4 ,calh\n71 pp4 #bg-dd4 ,jeff]son's ,fir/ ,inaugural ,address1 pp #ei- #fd4 ,! frame ( ! national gov]nm5t 7,bryce71 pp4 #bhe-cjj4 ,criticism ( ! f$]al sy/em 7,bryce71 pp4 #cja-caa4 ,m]its ( ! f$]al sy/em 7,bryce71 pp4 #cab-cba4 ,be>d1 ,c4 ,a41 ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t & ,politics1 ,"p ii1 especially *aps1 xi & xiv ,h>t1 ,a4 ,b41 ,actual ,gov]nm5t1 ,"p v1 ,! ,national ,gov]nm5t 9 ,action4 ,bryce1 ,james1 ,! ,am]ican ,commonweal?1 vol4 ,i1 ,"p i4 ,wilson1 ,woodr[1 ,congressional ,gov]nm5t 7,h\ghton ,miffl9 ,co474 ,hask91 ,f4 ,j41 ,! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t 7,lipp9cott74 ,"y1 ,! ,new ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t 7,macmillan74 ,,app5dix ,,! ,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,preamble ,we1 ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ord] to =m a m p]fect union1 e/abli% ju/ice1 insure dome/ic tranquillity1 provide = ! common def5ce1 promote ! g5]al welf>e1 & secure ! bless+s ( lib]ty to ourselves & our po/]ity1 d orda9 & e/abli% ?is ,,con/itution = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,,article ,i4 ,,! ,,legislative ,,dep>tm5t ,,section ,i4 ,,congress ,,9 ,,g5]al ,all legislative p[]s h]e9 grant$ %all be ve/$ 9 a ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* %all consi/ ( a ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,h\se ,,( ,,repres5tatives #a/ ,clause4 ,! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %all be compos$ ( memb]s *os5 e second ye> by ! p ( ! sev]al ,/ates1 & ! electors 9 ea* ,/ate %all h ! qualifications requisite = electors ( ! mo/ num]\s bran* ( ! ,/ate legislature4 #bnd ,clause4 ,no p]son %all be a repres5tative :o %all n h atta9$ to ! age ( tw5ty-five ye>s1 & be5 sev5 ye>s a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & :o %all n1 :5 elect$1 be an inhabitant ( t ,/ate 9 :i* he %all be *os54 #crd ,clause4 ,repres5tatives & direct taxes %all be apportion$ among ! sev]al ,/ates :i* may be includ$ )9 ?is ,union1 accord+ to _! respective numb]s1 :i* %all be det]m9$ by add+ to ! :ole numb] ( free p]sons1 includ+ ^? b\nd to s]vice = a t]m ( ye>s1 &1 exclud+ ,indians n tax$1 ?ree-fif?s ( all o!r p]sons4 ,! actual enum]ation %all be made )9 ?ree ye>s aft] ! fir/ meet+ ( ! ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & )9 e subsequ5t t]m ( t5 ye>s1 9 su* mann] z !y %all by law direct4 ,! numb] ( repres5tatives %all n exce$ "o = e ?irty ?\s&1 b ea* ,/ate %all h at lea/ "o repres5tative2 & until su* enum]ation %all be made1 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,hamp%ire %all be entitl$ to *oose ?ree1 ,massa*usetts eight1 ,rhode ,isl& & ,provid5ce ,plantations "o1 ,connecticut five1 ,new ,york six1 ,new ,j]sey f\r1 ,p5nsylvania eight1 ,delaw>e "o1 ,m>yl& six1 ,virg9ia t51 ,nor? ,c>ol9a five1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a five1 & ,georgia ?ree4 #d,,? ,,clause4 ,:5 vacancies happ5 9 ! repres5tation f any ,/ate1 ! executive au?ority !re( %all issue writs ( election to fill su* vacancies4 #e,,? ,,clause4 ,! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %all *oose _! ,speak] & o!r (fic]s2 & %all h ! sole p[] ( impea*m5t4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,! ,,s5ate4 #a,,/ ,,clause4 ,! ,s5ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be compos$ ( two s5ators f ea* ,/ate1 *os5 by ! legislature !re(1 = six ye>s2 & ea* s5ator %all h "o vote4 #bnd ,,clause4 ,imm$iately aft] !y %all be assembl$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! fir/ election1 !y %all be divid$ z equally z may be into ?ree classes4 ,! seats ( ! s5ators ( ! fir/ class %all be vacat$ at ! expiration ( ! second ye>1 ( ! second class at ! expiration ( ! f\r? ye>1 & ( ! ?ird class at ! expiration ( ! six? ye>1 s t "o-?ird may be *os5 e second ye>2 & if vacancies happ5 by resignation1 or o!rwise1 dur+ ! recess ( ! legislature ( any ,/ate1 ! executive !re( may make tempor>y appo9tm5ts until ! next meet+ ( ! legislature1 :i* %all !n fill su* vacancies4 #crd ,,clause4 ,no p]son %all be a s5ator :o %all n h atta9$ to ! age ( ?irty ye>s1 & be5 n9e ye>s a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & :o %all n1 :5 elect$1 be an inhabitant ( t ,/ate = :i* he %all be *os54 #d,,? ,,clause4 ,! ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be ,presid5t ( ! ,s5ate1 b %all h no vote1 unless !y be equally divid$4 #e,,? ,,clause4 ,! ,s5ate %all *oose _! o!r (fic]s1 & also a ,presid5t pro tempore1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! ,vice-,presid5t1 or :5 he %all ex]cise ! (fice ( ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #f,,? ,,clause4 ,! ,s5ate %all h ! sole p[] to try all impea*m5ts4 ,:5 sitt+ = t purpose1 !y %all all be on oa? or affirmation4 ,:5 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is tri$1 ! ,*ief ,ju/ice %all preside2 & no p]son %all be convict$ )\t ! concurr5ce ( two-?irds ( ! memb]s pres5t4 #g,,? ,,clause4 ,judgm5t 9 cases ( impea*m5t %all n ext5d fur!r ?an to removal f (fice1 & disqualification to hold & enjoy any (fice ( honor1 tru/1 or pr(it "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 b ! p>ty convict$ %all nev]!less be liable & subject to indictm5t1 trial1 judgm5t1 & puni%m5t1 accord+ to law4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,,bo? ,,h\ses4 #a,,/ ,,clause4 ,! times1 places1 & mann] ( hold+ elections = s5ators & repres5tatives1 %all be prescrib$ 9 ea* ,/ate by ! legislature !re(2 b ! ,congress may at any "t by law make or alt] su* regulations1 except z to ! places ( *oos+ s5ators4 #bnd ,,clause4 ,! ,congress %all assemble at lea/ once 9 e ye>1 & su* meet+ %all be on ! fir/ ,monday 9 ,decemb]1 unless !y %all by law appo9t a diff]5t day4 ,,section ,v4 ,,! ,,h\ses ,,sep>ately4 #a,,/ ,,clause4 ,ea* h\se %all be ! judge ( ! elections1 returns1 & qualifications ( its own memb]s1 & a majority ( ea* %all con/itute a quorum to d bus9ess2 b a small] numb] may adj\rn f day to day1 & may be au?oriz$ to compel ! att5dance ( abs5t memb]s1 9 su* mann] & "u su* p5alties z ea* h\se may provide4 #bnd ,,clause4 ,ea* h\se may det]m9e ! rules ( its proce$+s1 puni% its memb]s = disord]ly behavior1 &1 ) ! concurr5ce ( two-?irds1 expel a memb]4 #crd ,,clause4 ,ea* h\se %all keep a j\rnal ( its proce$+s1 & f "t to "t publi% ! same1 except+ su* p>ts z may 9 _! judgm5t require secrecy2 & ! yeas & nays ( ! memb]s ( ei!r h\se on any "q %all1 at ! desire ( "o-fif? ( ^? pres5t1 be ent]$ on ! j\rnal4 #d,,? ,,clause4 ,nei!r h\se1 dur+ ! session ( ,congress1 %all1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! o!r1 adj\rn = m ?an ?ree days1 nor to any o!r place ?an t 9 :i* ! two h\ses %all be sitt+4 ,,section ,,vi4 ,,privileges ,,& ,,disabilities ,,( ,,memb]s4 #a,,/ ,,clause4 ,! s5ators & repres5tatives %all receive a comp5sation = _! s]vices1 to be asc]ta9$ by law1 & paid out ( ! treasury ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y %all1 9 all cases except treason1 felony & brea* ( ! peace1 be privileg$ f arre/ dur+ _! att5dance at ! session ( _! respective h\ses1 & 9 go+ to & return+ f ! same2 & = any spee* or debate 9 ei!r h\se1 !y %all n be que/ion$ 9 any o!r place4 #bnd ,,clause4 ,no s5ator or repres5tative %all1 dur+ ! "t = :i* he 0 elect$1 be appo9t$ to any civil (fice "u ! au?ority ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* %all h be5 creat$1 or ! emolum5ts :]e( %all h be5 increas$ dur+ su* "t2 & no p]son hold+ any (fice "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be a memb] ( ei!r h\se dur+ 8 cont9uance 9 (fice4 ,,section ,,vii4 ,,mode ,,( ,,pass+ ,,laws #a,,/ ,,clause4 ,all bills = rais+ rev5ue %all orig9ate 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives2 b ! ,s5ate may propose or concur ) am5dm5ts z on o!r bills4 #bnd ,,clause4 ,e bill :i* %all h pass$ ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives & ! ,s5ate %all1 be=e x become a law1 be pres5t$ to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 if he approve he %all sign x1 b if n he %all return x1 ) 8 objections1 to t h\se 9 :i* x %all h orig9at$1 :o %all ent] ! objections at l>ge on _! j\rnal1 & proce$ to reconsid] x4 ,if aft] su* reconsid]ation two-?irds ( t h\se %all agree to pass ! bill1 x %all be s5t1 toge!r ) ! objections1 to ! o!r h\se1 by :i* x %all likewise be reconsid]$1 & if approv$ by two-?irds ( t h\se1 x %all become a law4 ,b 9 all su* cases ! votes ( bo? h\ses %all be det]m9$ by yeas & nays1 & ! names ( ! p]sons vot+ = & aga9/ ! bill %all be ent]$ on ! j\rnal ( ea* h\se respectively4 ,if any bill %all n be return$ by ! ,presid5t )9 t5 days 7,sundays except$7 aft] x %all h be5 pres5t$ to him1 ! same %all be a law1 9 l mann] z if he _h sign$ x1 unless ! ,congress by _! adj\rnm5t prev5t its return1 9 :i* case x %all n be a law4 #crd ,,clause4 ,e ord]1 resolution1 or vote to :i* ! concurr5ce ( ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives may be necess>y 7except on a "q ( adj\rnm5t7 %all be pres5t$ to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & be=e ! same %all take effect1 %all be approv$ by him1 or be+ disapprov$ by him1 %all be repass$ by two-?irds ( ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 accord+ to ! rules & limitations prescrib$ 9 ! case ( a bill4 ,,section ,,viii4 ,,p[]s ,,grant$ ,,to ,,congress4 ,! ,congress %all h p[]-- #a,,/ ,,clause4 ,to lay & collect taxes1 duties1 impo/s1 & excises1 to pay ! debts1 & provide = ! common def5ce & g5]al welf>e ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 b all duties1 impo/s1 & excises %all be uni=m ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 #bnd ,,clause4 ,to borr[ money on ! cr$it ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 #crd ,,clause4 ,to regulate comm]ce ) =eign nations1 & among ! sev]al ,/ates1 & ) ! ,indian tribes2 #d,,? ,,clause4 ,to e/abli% a uni=m rule ( naturalization1 & uni=m laws on ! subject ( bankruptcies ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 #e,,? ,,clause4 ,to co9 money1 regulate ! value !re(1 & ( =eign co91 & fix ! /&>d ( weights & measures2 #f,,? ,,clause4 ,to provide = ! puni%m5t ( c\nt]feit+ ! securities & curr5t co9 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 #g,,? ,,clause4 ,to e/abli% po/-(fices & po/-roads2 #h,,? ,,clause4 ,to promote ! progress ( sci5ce & useful arts1 by secur+ = limit$ times to au?ors & inv5tors ! exclusive "r to _! respective writ+s & discov]ies2 #i,,? ,,clause4 ,to con/itute tribunals inf]ior to ! ,supreme ,c\rt2 #aj,,? ,,clause4 ,to def9e & puni% piracies & felonies committ$ on ! high seas1 & (f5ces aga9/ ! law ( nations2 #aa,,? ,,clause4 ,to decl>e w>1 grant lett]s ( m>que & reprisal1 & make rules conc]n+ captures on l& & wat]2 #ab,,? ,,clause4 ,to raise & support armies2 b no appropriation ( money to t use %all be = a long] t]m ?an two ye>s2 #ac,,? ,,clause4 ,to provide & ma9ta9 a navy2 #ad,,? ,,clause4 ,to make rules = ! gov]nm5t & regulation ( ! l& & naval =ces2 #ae,,? ,,clause4 ,to provide = call+ =? ! militia to execute ! laws ( ! ,union1 suppress insurrections1 & repel invasions2 #af,,? ,,clause4 ,to provide = organis+1 arm+1 & discipl9+ ! militia1 & = gov]n+ su* "p ( !m z may be employ$ 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 res]v+ to ! ,/ates respectively ! appo9tm5t ( ! (fic]s1 & ! au?ority ( tra9+ ! militia accord+ to ! discipl9e prescrib$ by ,congress2 #ag,,? ,,clause4 ,to ex]cise exclusive legislation 9 all cases :atsoev]1 ov] su* di/rict 7n exce$+ t5 miles squ>e7 z may1 by cession ( p>ticul> ,/ates1 & ! acceptance ( ,congress1 become ! seat ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & to ex]cise l au?ority ov] all places pur*as$ by ! cons5t ( ! legislature ( ! ,/ate 9 :i* ! same %all be1 = ! erection ( =ts1 magaz9es1 ars5als1 dock-y>ds1 & o!r ne$ful build+s2--& #ah,,? ,,clause4 ,to make all laws :i* %all be necess>y & prop] = c>ry+ into execution ! =ego+ p[]s1 & all o!r p[]s ve/$ by ?is ,con/itution 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or 9 any dep>tm5t or (fic] !re(4 ,,section ,,ix4 ,,p[]s ,,d5i$ ,,to ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 #a,,/ ,,clause4 ,! migration or importation ( su* p]sons z any ( ! ,/ates n[ exi/+ %all ?9k prop] to admit1 %all n be prohibit$ by ! ,congress prior to ! ye> "o ?\s& eight hundr$ & eight1 b a tax or duty may be impos$ on su* importation1 n exce$+ t5 doll>s = ea* p]son4 #bnd ,,clause4 ,! privilege ( ! writ ( habeas corpus %all n be susp5d$1 unless :5 9 cases ( rebellion or invasion ! public safety may require x4 #crd ,,clause4 ,no bill ( atta9d] or ex po/ facto law %all be pass$4 #d,,? ,,clause4 ,no capitation1 or o!r direct tax %all be laid1 unless 9 proportion to ! c5sus or enum]ation h]e9be=e direct$ to be tak54 #e,,? ,,clause4 ,no tax or duty %all be laid on articles export$ f any ,/ate4 #f,,? ,,clause4 ,no pref]5ce %all be giv5 by any regulation ( comm]ce or rev5ue to ! ports ( "o ,/ate ov] ^? ( ano!r2 nor %all vessels b\nd to1 or f1 "o ,/ate1 be oblig$ to ent]1 cle>1 or pay duties 9 ano!r4 #g,,? ,,clause4 ,no money %all be drawn f ! treasury1 b 9 consequ5ce ( appropriations made by law2 & a regul> /atem5t & acc\nt ( ! receipts & exp5ditures ( all public money %all be publi%$ f "t to "t4 #h,,? ,,clause4 ,no title ( nobility %all be grant$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & no p]son hold+ any (fice ( pr(it or tru/ "u !m %all1 )\t ! cons5t ( ,congress1 accept ( any pres5t1 emolum5t1 (fice1 or title1 ( any k9d :atev]1 f any k+1 pr9ce1 or =eign ,/ate4 ,,section ,x4 ,,p[]s ,,d5i$ ,,to ,,! ,,/ates4 #a,,/ ,,clause4 ,no ,/ate %all ent] into any treaty1 alliance1 or conf$]ation2 grant lett]s ( m>que & reprisal2 co9 money2 emit bills ( cr$it2 make any?+ b gold & silv] co9 a t5d] 9 paym5t ( debts2 pass any bill ( atta9d]1 ,,ex ,,po/ ,,facto law1 or law impair+ ! obligation ( contracts1 or grant any title ( nobility4 #bnd ,,clause4 ,no ,/ate %all1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! ,congress1 lay any impo/s or duties on imports or exports1 except :at may be absolutely necess>y = execut+ its inspection laws2 & ! net produce ( all duties & impo/s1 laid by any ,/ate on imports or exports1 %all be = ! use ( ! treasury ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & all su* laws %all be subject to ! revision & control ( ! ,congress4 #crd ,,clause4 ,no ,/ate %all1 )\t ! cons5t ( ,congress1 lay any duty ( tonnage1 keep troops1 or %ips ( w> 9 "t ( peace1 ent] into any agreem5t or compact ) ano!r ,/ate or ) a =eign p[]1 or engage 9 w>1 unless actually invad$1 or 9 su* imm95t dang] z w n admit ( delay4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,,! ,,executive ,,dep>tm5t4 ,,section ,i4 ,,presid5t ,,& ,,vice-,,presid5t4 #a,,/ ,,clause4 ,! executive p[] %all be ve/$ 9 a ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,he %all hold 8 (fice dur+ ! t]m ( f\r ye>s1 &1 toge!r ) ! ,vice-,presid5t1 *os5 = ! same t]m1 be elect$ z foll[s3 #bnd ,,clause4 ,ea* ,/ate %all appo9t1 9 su* mann] z ! legislature !re( may direct1 a numb] ( electors1 equal to ! :ole numb] ( s5ators & repres5tatives to :i* ! ,/ate may be entitl$ 9 ! ,congress4 ,b no s5ator or repres5tative1 or p]son hold+ an (fice ( tru/ or pr(it "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all be appo9t$ an elector4 ,! #crd clause has be5 sup]s$$ by ! #ab? article ( ,am5dm5ts4 ,see page xix4 #d,,? ,,clause4 ,! ,congress may det]m9e ! "t ( *oos+ ! electors1 & ! day on :i* !y %all give _! votes1 :i* day %all be ! same ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #e,,? ,,clause4 ,no p]son1 except a natural-born citiz51 or a citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! "t ( ! adoption ( ?is ,con/itution1 %all be eligible to ! (fice ( ,presid5t2 nei!r %all any p]son be eligible to t (fice :o %all n h atta9$ to ! age ( ?irty-five ye>s1 & be5 f\rte5 ye>s a resid5t )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #f,,? ,,clause4 ,9 case ( ! removal ( ! ,presid5t f (fice1 or ( 8 dea?1 resignation1 or inability to dis*>ge ! p[]s & duties ( ! said (fice1 ! same %all devolve on ! ,vice- ,presid5t2 & ! ,congress may by law provide = ! case ( removal1 dea?1 resignation1 or inability1 bo? ( ! ,presid5t & ,vice-,presid5t1 decl>+ :at (fic] %all !n act z ,presid5t1 & su* (fic] %all act accord+ly1 until ! disability be remov$1 or a ,presid5t %all be elect$4 #g,,? ,,clause4 ,! ,presid5t %all1 at /at$ times1 receive = 8 s]vices a comp5sation1 :i* %all nei!r be increas$ nor dim9i%$ dur+ ! p]iod = :i* he %all h be5 elect$1 & he %all n receive )9 t p]iod any o!r emolum5t f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or any ( !m4 #h,,? ,,clause4 ,be=e he ent] on ! execution ( 8 (fice1 he %all take ! foll[+ oa? or affirmation3--,i d solemnly swe> 7or affirm7 t ,i w fai?fully execute ! (fice ( ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & w1 to ! be/ ( my ability1 pres]ve1 protect1 & def5d ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,p[]s ,,( ,,! ,,presid5t4 #a,,/ ,,clause4 ,! ,presid5t %all be comm&]-9-*ief ( ! army & navy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ( ! militia ( ! sev]al ,/ates1 :5 call$ into ! actual s]vice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 he may require ! op9ion1 9 writ+1 ( ! pr9cipal (fic] 9 ea* ( ! executive dep>tm5ts1 ^u any subject relat+ to ! duties ( _! respective (fices1 & he %all h p[] to grant reprieves & p>dons = (f5ces aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 except 9 cases ( impea*m5t4 #crd ,,clause4 ,he %all h p[]1 by & ) ! advice & cons5t ( ! ,s5ate1 to make treaties1 provid$ two-?irds ( ! s5ators pres5t concur2 & he %all nom9ate1 & by & ) ! advice & cons5t ( ! ,s5ate1 %all appo9t1 ambassadors1 o!r public m9i/]s & consuls1 judges ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 & all o!r (fic]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ^: appo9tm5ts are n h]e9 o!rwise provid$ =1 & :i* %all be e/abli%$ by law2 b ! ,congress may by law ve/ ! appo9tm5t ( su* inf]ior (fic]s1 z !y ?9k prop]1 9 ! ,presid5t alone1 9 ! c\rts ( law1 or 9 ! heads ( dep>tm5ts4 #crd ,,clause4 ,! ,presid5t %all h p[] to fill up all vacancies t may happ5 dur+ ! recess ( ! ,s5ate1 by grant+ commissions1 :i* %all expire at ! end ( _! next session4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,duties ,,( ,,! ,,presid5t4 ,he %all f "t to "t give to ! ,congress in=mation ( ! /ate ( ! ,union1 & recomm5d to _! consid]ation su* measures z he %all judge necess>y & exp$i5t2 he may1 on extraord9>y occasions conv5e bo? h\ses or ei!r ( !m1 & 9 case ( disagreem5t betwe5 !m ) respect to ! "t ( adj\rnm5t1 he may adj\rn !m to su* "t z he %all ?9k prop]2 he %all receive ambassadors & o!r public m9i/]s2 he %all take c>e t ! laws be fai?fully execut$1 & %all commission all ! (fic]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,impea*m5t ( ! ,presid5t4 ,! ,presid5t1 ,vice-,presid5t1 & all civil (fic]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all be remov$ f (fice on impea*m5t =1 & conviction (1 treason1 brib]y1 or o!r high crimes & misdemeanors4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,,! ,,judicial ,,dep>tm5t4 ,,section ,i4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rts4 ,! judicial p[] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be ve/$ 9 "o ,supreme ,c\rt1 & 9 su* inf]ior c\rts z ! ,congress may f "t to "t orda9 & e/abli%4 ,! judges1 bo? ( ! ,supreme & inf]ior c\rts1 %all hold _! (fices dur+ good behavior1 & %all1 at /at$ times1 receive = _! s]vices a comp5sation1 :i* %all n be dim9i%$ dur+ _! cont9uance 9 (fice4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,jurisdiction ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,c\rts4 #a/ ,clause4 ,! judicial p[] %all ext5d to all cases1 9 law & equity aris+ "u ?is ,con/itution1 ! laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & treaties made1 or :i* %all be made1 "u _! au?ority1 to all cases affect+ ambassadors1 o!r public m9i/]s1 & consuls2 to all cases ( admiralty & m>itime jurisdiction2 to controv]sies to :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be a p>ty2 to controv]sies betwe5 two or m ,/ates2 betwe5 a ,/ate & citiz5s ( ano!r ,/ate2 betwe5 citiz5s ( diff]5t ,/ates2 betwe5 citiz5s ( ! same ,/ate claim+ l&s "u grants ( diff]5t ,/ates1 & betwe5 a ,/ate1 or ! citiz5s !re(1 & =eign /ates1 citiz5s1 or subjects4 #bnd ,clause4 ,9 all cases affect+ ambassadors1 o!r public m9i/]s & consuls1 & ^? 9 :i* a ,/ate %all be a p>ty1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt %all h orig9al jurisdiction4 ,9 all ! o!r cases be=e m5tion$1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt %all h appellate jurisdiction1 bo? z to law & fact1 ) su* exceptions & "u su* regulations z ! ,congress %all make4 #crd ,clause4 ,! trial ( all crimes1 except 9 cases ( impea*m5t1 %all be by jury2 & su* trial %all be held 9 ! ,/ate :]e ! said crimes %all h be5 committ$2 b :5 n committ$ )9 any ,/ate1 ! trial %all be at su* place or places z ! ,congress may by law h direct$4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,treason4 #a,,/ ,,clause4 ,treason aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all consi/ only 9 levy+ w> aga9/ !m1 or 9 adh]+ to _! enemies1 giv+ !m aid & com=t4 ,no p]son %all be convict$ ( treason unless on ! te/imony ( two witnesses to ! same ov]t act1 or on confession 9 op5 c\rt4 #bnd ,,clause4 ,! ,congress %all h p[] to decl>e ! puni%m5t ( treason1 b no atta9d] ( treason %all "w corruption ( blood1 or =feiture except dur+ ! life ( ! p]son atta9t$4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,,miscellane\s ,,provisions4 ,,section ,i4 ,,/ate ,,records4 ,full fai? & cr$it %all be giv5 9 ea* ,/ate to ! public acts1 records1 & judicial proce$+s ( e o!r ,/ate4 ,& ! ,congress may by g5]al laws prescribe ! mann] 9 :i*1 su* acts1 records1 & proce$+s %all be prov$1 & ! effect !re(4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,privileges ,,( ,,citiz5s4 #a,,/ ,,clause4 ,! citiz5s ( ea* ,/ate %all be entitl$ to all privileges & immunities ( citiz5s 9 ! sev]al ,/ates4 #bnd ,,clause4 ,a p]son *>g$ 9 any ,/ate ) treason1 felony1 or o!r crime1 :o %all flee f ju/ice1 & be f\nd 9 ano!r ,/ate1 %all1 on dem& ( ! executive au?ority ( ! ,/ate f :i* he fl$1 be deliv]$ up1 to be remov$ to ! ,/ate hav+ jurisdiction ( ! crime4 #crd ,,clause4 ,no p]son held to s]vice or labor 9 "o ,/ate1 "u ! laws !re(1 escap+ into ano!r1 %all1 9 consequ5ce ( any law or regulation !re91 be dis*>g$ f su* s]vice or labor1 b %all be deliv]$ up on claim ( ! p>ty to :om su* s]vice or labor may be due4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,new ,,/ates ,,& ,,t]ritories4 #a,,/ ,,clause4 ,new ,/ates may be admitt$ by ! ,congress into ?is ,union2 b no new ,/ate %all be =m$ or erect$ )9 ! jurisdiction ( any o!r ,/ate2 nor any ,/ate be =m$ by ! junction ( two or m ,/ates or p>ts ( ,/ates1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! legislatures ( ! ,/ates conc]n$ z well z ( ! ,congress4 #bnd ,,clause4 ,! ,congress %all h p[] to dispose ( & make all ne$ful rules & regulations respect+ ! t]ritory or o!r prop]ty belong+ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & no?+ 9 ?is ,con/itution %all be s con/ru$ z to prejudice any claims ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ( any p>ticul> ,/ate4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,gu>antees to ! ,/ates4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates %all gu>antee to e ,/ate 9 ?is ,union a republican =m ( gov]nm5t1 & %all protect ea* ( !m aga9/ invasion2 & on application ( ! legislature1 or ( ! executive 7:5 ! legislature _c be conv5$71 aga9/ dome/ic viol5ce4 ,,article ,v4 ,,p[]s ,,op ,,am5dm5t4 ,! ,congress1 :5ev] two-?irds ( bo? h\ses %all deem x necess>y1 %all propose am5dm5ts to ?is ,con/itution1 or1 on ! application ( ! legislatures ( two-?irds ( ! sev]al ,/ates1 %all call a conv5tion = propos+ am5dm5ts1 :i*1 9 ei!r case1 %all be valid1 to all int5ts & purposes1 z "p ( ?is ,con/itution1 :5 ratifi$ by ! legislatures ( ?ree-f\r?s ( ! sev]al ,/ates1 or by conv5tions 9 ?ree- f\r?s !re(1 z ! "o or ! o!r mode ( ratification may be propos$ by ! ,congress3 provid$ t no am5dm5t :i* may be made prior to ! ye> "o ?\s& eight hundr$ & eight %all 9 any mann] affect ! fir/ & f\r? clauses 9 ! n9? section ( ! fir/ article2 & t no ,/ate1 )\t its cons5t1 %all be depriv$ ( its equal suffrage 9 ! ,s5ate4 ,,article ,,vi4 ,,public ,,debt1 ,,supremacy ,,( ,,! ,,con/itution1 ,,oa? ,,( ,,(fice1 ,,religi\s ,,te/4 #a/ ,clause4 ,all debts contract$ & engagem5ts ent]$ into be=e ! adoption ( ?is ,con/itution1 %all be z valid aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u ?is ,con/itution1 z "u ! ,conf$]ation4 #bnd ,clause4 ,?is ,con/itution1 & ! laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :i* %all be made 9 pursuance !re(1 & all treaties made1 or :i* %all be made1 "u ! au?ority ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all be ! supreme law ( ! l&2 & ! judges 9 e ,/ate %all be b\nd !reby1 any?+ 9 ! ,con/itution or laws ( any ,/ate to ! contr>y not)/&+4 #crd ,clause4 ,! s5ators & repres5tatives be=e m5tion$1 & ! memb]s ( ! sev]al ,/ate legislatures1 & all executive & judicial (fic]s1 bo? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ( ! sev]al ,/ates1 %all be b\nd by oa? or affirmation to support ?is ,con/itution2 b no religi\s te/ %all ev] be requir$ z a qualification to any (fice or public tru/ "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,article ,,vii4 ,,ratification ,,( ,,! ,,con/itution4 ,! ratification ( ! conv5tions ( n9e ,/ates %all be suffici5t = ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is ,con/itution betwe5 ! ,/ates s ratify+ ! same4 ,,am5dm5ts ,,propos$ ,,by ,,congress ,,& ,,ratifi$ ,,by ,,! ,,legislatures ,,( ,,! ,,sev]al ,,/ates1 ,,pursuant ,,to ,,! ,,fif? ,,article ,,( ,,! ,,orig9al ,,con/itution4 ,,article ,i4 ,,fre$om ,,( ,,religion4 ,congress %all make no law respect+ an e/abli%m5t ( religion1 or prohibit+ ! free ex]cise !re(2 or abridg+ ! fre$om ( spee* or ( ! press2 or ! "r ( ! p peaceably to assemble1 & to petition ! gov]nm5t = a r$ress ( grievances4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,,"r ,,to ,,be> ,,arms4 ,a well-regulat$ militia be+ necess>y to ! security ( a free /ate1 ! "r ( ! p to keep & be> arms %all n be infr+$4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,,qu>t]+ ,,soldi]s ,,on ,,citiz5s4 ,no soldi] %all1 9 "t ( peace1 be qu>t]$ 9 any h\se )\t ! cons5t ( ! own]1 nor 9 "t ( w> b 9 a mann] to be prescrib$ by law4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,,se>* ,,w>rants4 ,! "r ( ! p to be secure 9 _! p]sons1 h\ses1 pap]s1 & effects1 aga9/ unreasonable se>*es & seizures1 %all n be violat$1 & no w>rants %all issue b ^u probable cause1 support$ by oa? or affirmation1 & p>ticul>ly describ+ ! place to be se>*$1 & ! p]sons or ?+s to be seiz$4 ,,article ,v4 ,,trial ,,= ,,crime4 ,no p]son %all be held to answ] = a capital1 or o!rwise infam\s crime1 unless on a pres5tm5t or indictm5t ( a gr& jury1 except 9 cases aris+ 9 ! l& or naval =ces1 or 9 ! militia1 :5 9 actual s]vice 9 "t ( w> or public dang]2 nor %all any p]son be subject = ! same (f5ce to be twice put 9 jeop>dy ( life or limb2 nor %all be compell$ 9 any crim9al case to be a witness aga9/ himself1 nor be depriv$ ( life1 lib]ty1 or prop]ty )\t due process ( law2 nor %all private prop]ty be tak5 = public use )\t j comp5sation4 ,,article ,,vi4 ,,rights ,,( ,,accus$ ,,p]sons4 ,9 all crim9al prosecutions1 ! accus$ %all enjoy ! "r to a spe$y & public trial by an imp>tial jury ( ! ,/ate & di/rict :]e9 ! crime %all h be5 committ$1 :i* di/rict %all h be5 previ\sly asc]ta9$ by law1 & to be in=m$ ( ! nature & cause ( ! accusation2 to be confront$ ) ! witnesses aga9/ him2 to h compulsory process = obta9+ witnesses 9 8 favor1 & to h ! assi/ance ( c\nsel = 8 def5ce4 ,,article ,,vii4 ,,suits ,,at ,,common ,,law4 ,9 suits at common law1 :]e ! value 9 controv]sy %all exce$ tw5ty doll>s1 ! "r ( trial by jury %all be pres]v$1 & no fact tri$ by a jury %all be o!rwise re- exam9$ 9 any c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an accord+ to ! rules ( ! common law4 ,,article ,,viii4 ,,excessive ,,bail4 ,excessive bail %all n be requir$1 nor excessive f9es impos$1 nor cruel & unusual puni%m5ts inflict$4 ,,article ,,ix4 ,,rights ,,reta9$ ,,by ,,! ,,p4 ,! enum]ation 9 ! ,con/itution ( c]ta9 rights %all n be con/ru$ to d5y or disp>age o!rs reta9$ by ! p4 ,,article ,x4 ,,res]v$ ,,rights ,,( ,,! ,,/ates4 ,! p[]s n delegat$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! ,con/itution1 nor prohibit$ by x to ! ,/ates1 are res]v$ to ! ,/ates respectively1 or to ! p4 ,,article ,,xi4 ,! judicial p[] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all n be con/ru$ to ext5d to any suit1 9 law or equity1 comm5c$ or prosecut$ aga9/ "o ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by citiz5s ( ano!r ,/ate1 or by citiz5s or subjects ( any =eign /ate4 ,,article ,,xii4 #a,,/ ,,clause4 ,! electors %all meet 9 _! respective ,/ates1 & vote by ballot = ,presid5t & ,vice-,presid5t1 "o ( :om1 at lea/1 %all n be an inhabitant ( ! same ,/ate ) !mselves2 !y %all "n 9 _! ballots ! p]son vot$ = z ,presid5t1 & 9 di/9ct ballots ! p]son vot$ = z ,vice-,presid5t1 & !y %all make di/9ct li/s ( all p]sons vot$ = z ,presid5t1 & ( all p]sons vot$ = z ,vice- ,presid5t1 & ( ! numb] ( votes = ea*1 :i* li/s !y %all sign & c]tify1 & transmit seal$ to ! seat ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 direct$ to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,s5ate2 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,s5ate %all1 9 pres5ce ( ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 op5 all ! c]tificates1 & ! votes %all !n be c\nt$2 ! p]son hav+ ! greate/ numb] ( votes = ,presid5t %all be ! ,presid5t1 if su* numb] be a majority ( ! :ole numb] ( electors appo9t$2 & if no p]son h su* majority1 !n f ! p]sons hav+ ! highe/ numb]s1 n exce$+ ?ree on ! li/ ( ^? vot$ = z ,presid5t1 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %all *oose imm$iately1 by ballot1 ! ,presid5t4 ,b 9 *oos+ ! ,presid5t1 ! votes %all be tak5 by ,/ates1 ! repres5tation f ea* ,/ate hav+ "o vote2 a quorum = ?is purpose %all consi/ ( a memb] or memb]s f two-?irds ( ! ,/ates1 & a majority ( all ! ,/ates %all be necess>y to a *oice4 ,& if ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %all n *oose a ,presid5t :5ev] ! "r ( *oice %all devolve ^u !m1 be=e ! f\r? day ( ,m>* next foll[+1 !n ! ,vice- ,presid5t %all act z ,presid5t1 z 9 ! case ( ! dea? or o!r con/itutional disability ( ! ,presid5t4 #bnd ,,clause4 ,! p]son hav+ ! greate/ numb] ( votes z ,vice-,presid5t %all be ! ,vice-,presid5t1 if su* numb] be a majority ( ! :ole numb] ( electors appo9t$2 & if no p]son h a majority1 !n f ! two highe/ numb]s on ! li/ ! ,s5ate %all *oose ! ,vice-,presid5t2 a quorum = ! purpose %all consi/ ( two-?irds ( ! :ole numb] ( s5ators1 & a majority ( ! :ole numb] %all be necess>y to a *oice4 #crd ,,clause4 ,b no p]son con/itutionally ineligible to ! (fice ( ,presid5t %all be eligible to t ( ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,article ,,xiii4 ,,section ,i4 ,nei!r slav]y nor involunt>y s]vitude1 except z a puni%m5t = crime1 :]e( ! p>ty %all h be5 duly convict$1 %all exi/ )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or any place subject to _! jurisdiction4 ,,sec4 ,,ii4 ,congress %all h p[] to en=ce ?is article by appropriate legislation4 ,,article ,,xiv4 ,,section ,i4 ,all p]sons born or naturaliz$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & subject to ! jurisdiction !re(1 are citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ( ! ,/ate :]e9 !y reside4 ,no ,/ate %all make or en=ce any law :i* %all abridge ! privileges or immunities ( citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 nor %all any ,/ate deprive any p]son ( life1 lib]ty1 or prop]ty1 )\t due process ( law1 nor d5y any p]son )9 its jurisdiction ! equal protection ( ! laws4 ,,sec4 ,,ii4 ,repres5tatives %all be apportion$ among ! sev]al ,/ates accord+ to _! respective numb]s1 c\nt+ ! :ole numb] ( p]sons 9 ea* ,/ate1 exclud+ ,indians n tax$4 ,b :5 ! "r to vote at any election = ! *oice ( electors = ,presid5t & ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 repres5tatives 9 ,congress1 ! executive & judicial (fic]s ( a ,/ate1 or ! memb]s ( ! legislature !re(1 is d5i$ to any ( ! male inhabitants ( su* ,/ate1 be+ tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age1 & citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or 9 any way abridg$1 except = p>ticipation 9 rebellion or o!r crime1 ! basis ( repres5tation !re9 %all be r$uc$ 9 ! proportion :i* ! numb] ( su* male citiz5s %all be> to ! :ole numb] ( male citiz5s tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age 9 su* ,/ate4 ,,sec4 ,,iii4 ,no p]son %all be a s5ator or repres5tative 9 ,congress1 or elector ( ,presid5t & ,vice-,presid5t1 or hold any (fice1 civil or milit>y1 "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or "u any ,/ate1 :o1 hav+ previ\sly tak5 an oa?1 z a memb] ( ,congress1 or z an (fic] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or z a memb] ( any ,/ate legislature1 or z an executive or judicial (fic] ( any ,/ate1 to support ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all h engag$ 9 insurrection or rebellion aga9/ ! same1 or giv5 aid or com=t to ! enemies !re(4 ,b ,congress may1 by a vote ( two-?irds ( ea* h\se1 remove su* disability4 ,,sec4 ,,iv4 ,! validity ( ! public debt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 au?oriz$ by law1 includ+ debts incurr$ = paym5t ( p5sions & b\nties = s]vices 9 suppress+ insurrection or rebellion1 %all n be que/ion$4 ,b nei!r ! ,unit$ ,/ates nor any ,/ate %all assume or pay any debt or obligation incurr$ 9 aid ( insurrection or rebellion aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or any claim = ! loss or emancipation ( any slave2 b all su* debts1 obligations1 & claims %all be held illegal & void4 ,,sec4 ,v4 ,! ,congress %all h p[] to en=ce1 by appropriate legislation1 ! provisions ( ?is article4 ,,article ,,xv4 ,,section ,i4 ,! "r ( citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to vote %all n be d5i$ or abridg$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or by any ,/ate1 on acc\nt ( race1 color1 or previ\s condition ( s]vitude4 ,,sec4 ,,ii4 ,! ,congress %all h p[] to en=ce ?is article by appropriate legislation4 ,,article ,,xvi4 ,! ,congress %all h p[] to lay & collect taxes on incomes1 f :atev] s\rce d]iv$1 )\t apportionm5t among ! sev]al ,/ates1 & )\t reg>d to any c5sus or enum]ation4 ,,article ,,xvii4 ,,section ,i4 ,! ,s5ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be compos$ ( two ,s5ators f ea* ,/ate1 elect$ by ! p !re(1 = six ye>s2 & ea* ,s5ator %all h "o vote4 ,! electors 9 ea* ,/ate %all h ! qualifications requisite = electors ( ! mo/ num]\s bran* ( ! ,/ate ,legislatures4 ,,sec4 ,,ii4 ,:5 vacancies happ5 9 ! repres5tation ( any ,/ate 9 ! ,s5ate1 ! executive au?ority ( su* ,/ate %all issue writs ( election to fill su* vacancies3 ,provid$ t ! ,legislature ( any ,/ate may emp[] ! executive !re( to make tempor>y appo9tm5ts until ! p fill ! vacancies by election z ! ,legislature may direct4 ,,sec4 ,,iii4 ,?is am5dm5t %all n be s con/ru$ z to affect ! election or t]m ( any ,s5ator *os5 be=e x becomes valid z "p ( ! ,con/itution4 ,,article ,,xviii4 ,,section ,i4 ,aft] "o ye> f ! ratification ( ?is article1 ! manufacture1 sale1 or transportation ( intoxicat+ liquors )91 ! importation !re( into1 or ! exportation !re( f1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & all t]ritory subject to ! jurisdiction !re(1 = bev]age purposes1 is h]eby prohibit$4 ,,sec4 ,,ii4 ,! ,congress & ! sev]al ,/ates %all h concurr5t p[] to en=ce ?is article by appropriate legislation4 ,,sec4 ,,iii4 ,?is article %all be inop]ative unless x %all h be5 ratifi$ z an am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution by ! legislatures ( ! sev]al ,/ates1 z provid$ 9 ! ,con/itution1 )9 sev5 ye>s f ! date ( ! submission !re( to ! ,/ates by ! ,congress4 ,,article ,,xix4 ,,section #a4 ,! "r ( citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to vote %all n be d5i$ or abridg$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates or by any /ate on acc\nt ( sex4 ,,sect4 #b4 ,! ,congress %all h p[] to en=ce ?is article by appropriate legislation4