,,the ,,business ,,library ,,what ,,it ,,is ,,and ,,what ,,it ,,does ,by ,,louise ,b4 ,,krause ,librarian ,h4 ,m4 ,byllesby ,company ,chicago ,,second ,,edition ,,revised ,journal of ,electricity ,san ,francisco #aiba ,copyright ,journal of ,electricity #aiba ,to ,h4 ,m4 ,,byllesby ,,and ,,company whose generous cooperation has made possible the successful application of ,library ,science to the business of their organization ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,second ,,edition ,as the publishers desire to issue a second edition of ,the ,business ,library the following additions and revisions have been made4 ,articles of value on the subject of business libraries which have been published since the first edition was written have been added to ,references for ,additional ,reading2 minor additions have been made to the text1 and the prices and editions of all reference books mentioned have been brought up to date1 and some additional titles have been added4 ,three drawings of floor plans which have been used for business libraries have been added to ,chapter ,seven as of possible value to business firms making small library layouts4 ,l4 ,b4 ,k4 ,chicago1 ,illinois4 ,november #a1 #aibj4 ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,first ,,edition ,this handbook has been written with the purpose of giving brief comprehensive information to the business man on the subject of the business library as an indispensable earning factor in the conduct of business enterprises4 ,it aims to tell how to organize and maintain a business library1 what to do in order to get the best results from it1 and to show by concrete illustrations1 gathered from the experience of firms maintaining library service1 what the business library is worth as a financial asset4 ,the subject matter is not designed to set forth the work of any one class of business libraries1 but is a composite study of many4 ,it records business library facts as observed by the author during ten years of service as a business librarian1 and as such1 may be also of value to librarians contemplating the undertaking of business library work4 ,the references given at the conclusion of each chapter have been selected from a large mass of printed material on the subject1 on the basis of practical supplemental reading only and are not designed to be exhaustive reference lists4 ,the author makes grateful acknowledgment to her ,library ,school class-mate1 ,renee ,b4 ,stern1 now ,editor of ,the ,woman's ,weekly1 for most helpful advice1 and to her friend1 ,virginia ,fairfax1 ,librarian1 ,carnation ,milk ,products ,company1 ,chicago1 for generous criticism and correction of the manuscript4 ,l4 ,b4 ,k4 ,october #a1 #aiai4 ,chicago1 ,illinois4 ,,contents ,,page ,i ,,the ,,organization ,,of ,,the ,,business ,,library #g ,,ii ,,the ,,service ,,rendered ,,by ,,the ,,business ,,library #bc ,,iii ,,periodicals--,,how ,,to ,,use ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,file ,,them #cj ,,iv ,,government ,,documents ,,and ,,the ,,business ,,library #ej ,v ,,trade ,,catalogs1 ,,photographs ,,and ,,lantern ,,slides #ei ,,vi ,,classification ,,and ,,cataloging ,,in ,,the ,,business ,,library #gj ,,vii ,,mechanical ,,equipment ,,for ,,the ,,business ,,library #ha ,,viii ,,reference ,,books ,,for ,,the ,,business ,,library #ie ,,ix ,,the ,,essential ,,qualifications ,,of ,,the ,,business ,,librarian #aaj ,,index #abc ,,the ,,business ,,library ,,what ,,it ,,is ,,and ,,what ,,it ,,does ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,organization ,,of ,,the ,,business ,,library ,what is meant by the word library8 ,twenty-five years ago it could be accurately defined as a collection of books on a series of shelves1 and although this old definition still partially describes its present form1 the true interpretation of what a business library really is1 can be stated best by saying that it is a genuine service department1 whose chief business is to give information to the members of a firm on subjects of vital importance in the conduct of their business4 ,the business library is not limited to a collection of books1 but contains information in any form1 namely1 periodicals1 pamphlets1 trade catalogs1 photographs1 lantern slides1 and also manuscript notes which are accumulated in connection with the specific work of an organization4 ,the business library even goes so far in its service as to supply information which is obtained by word of mouth in advance of its appearance on the printed page4 ,the ,evolution of the ,business ,library ,before the business library came into being as a special department of business organizations1 and before public libraries were making a specialty of collecting information on business subjects1 the business man picked up his supply of information in haphazard fashion4 ,he was told by a business acquaintance1 often a salesman of a special line who was doing business with him1 of some trade literature or government documents in which he would find useful information1 or he discovered references to valuable books1 pamphlets or documents in his casual reading of newspapers and periodicals4 ,as a last resort1 in cases of emergency he telephoned to various business organizations whom he thought could tell1 out of their experience1 what he wished to know4 ,business has1 however1 grown too large in its multiplicity of interests for the business man to get his information in so desultory and unorganized a fashion1 for the business man must be a good forecaster and interpreter of conditions1 not by means of guesswork but by the aid of obtainable facts1 and he must study and analyze a large number of related subjects4 ,the success of many of our richest industries is due in large measure to this particular element1 the wise forecasting of conditions to come1 for1 as a recent periodical article stated1 business is a procession of problems2 big or little1 any business must keep moving ahead1 finding its way past one pitfall and obstacle after another4 ,in another sense business is a matter of vision2 the foresight that looks long ahead to new opportunity and to the ways and means of realizing it1 is an essential in the growth and progress that brings success4 ,business men have long since recognized that rule of thumb methods have passed away1 and that they not only can not learn by experience exclusively1 but that the utilization of the knowledge of other men recorded in reliable business data is of the highest value4 ,present day competition makes it imperative also that every business man knows as much as his competitor1 and he must have therefore not something on a subject but everything of value on a subject1 and it must be exact and authoritative information which he can trust4 ,business data must also be kept strictly up to date1 which under present-day conditions is no easy task1 as information is out of date almost before it is off the press4 ,the business man not only needs to collect accurate1 exhaustive1 up to date information1 but he needs to have it so well organized that1 at a moment's notice1 he can put his fingers upon the exact information he desires4 ,the systematic organization of information into quick working files means an enormous saving of time and money1 and in large business organizations the employment of a trained librarian to do this work is a most valuable asset4 ,check up if you can1 the amount of time wasted annually by the average business man through lack of having the information he desires immediately at his service4 ,waste of time means waste of money4 ,it is not worth while having an expert1 whose time may be worth anywhere from twenty-five to one hundred dollars a day1 waste any of it in trying to find information in government documents1 which he is not particularly adept in locating1 because he lacks a working knowledge of the enormous range of government publications4 ,the writer is acquainted with an engineering firm of national reputation1 which has made a collection of library material1 which has been cared for1 or rather much neglected by a stenographer of the company1 who has no time nor library experience to give to its adequate administration4 ,this firm when urged to introduce organized library service1 and thus make their collection effective1 stated that their library was not used enough by their organization to warrant the expense4 ,investigation proved1 however1 that one of their expert chemists1 whose time was valued more per week than that of a trained librarian would be per month1 was making a systematic business of hunting his own library material1 and had listed his references in many closely written notes1 in order to be able to locate the material again if he should need it4 ,the value of the time the chemist spent on his research would have covered a librarian's salary and made it possible for him to give more time to his firm on the problems which his expert knowledge was able to solve4 ,general ,principles of ,organization ,the essential principles in organizing a successful business library can be briefly stated as follows3 #a4 ,centralization of material within the business organization4 #b4 ,coordination of the business library with the facilities of the public and special libraries of the city in which the business library is located4 #a4 ,centralization of ,library ,material ,the first step in establishing a library in a business organization is the centralization of all the printed material available in its different offices or departments4 ,this is exactly what is not done in a large number of business houses4 ,books1 pamphlets and other valuable information are scattered among the various members of the organization1 who treat them as personal property and preserve them in their private desks as carefully as a squirrel hides his store of good nuts4 ,in many business organizations the policy of the employes in regard to information seems to be1 to hold on to everything of value for one's personal use1 regardless of how much value the information might be to another member of the organization1 and also regardless of the fact that the material has been paid for out of the company's funds4 ,it should be said1 however1 in defense of the practice of not putting information into a central library1 that it is not always based upon thoughtless or selfish habits1 but upon lack of confidence2 there is a fear that if information passes out of the hands of the man into a central library1 that when he wishes to use it again1 in a hurry1 that he may not be able to locate it promptly4 ,this feeling is not without reasonable foundation1 as it is based on the irritating experience which some business men have had in using central correspondence files which1 in many offices1 are poorly administered and cannot produce desired information promptly4 ,the business library1 when administered by a qualified librarian1 not only can produce all filed material promptly1 but in one large corporation1 known to the writer1 has so successfully handled material that the officers and employes send their information to the library1 as a safer and more reliable place to keep it for quick reference1 than the drawers of their own desks4 ,centralization of library material gives all the departments the benefit of everything the company has collected on a special subject1 and often makes it unnecessary to duplicate information for the use of several departments4 ,centralization makes it possible also to have in one place a complete record of all library material owned by the company which can be loaned as small working collections to any department4 ,the fact that a central library department has on record what material is temporarily or permanently kept in all the departments1 makes it possible also for it to act as a clearing house between all departments in locating desired information4 ,this principle does not apply of course to corporations of such magnitude that their activities comprise several distinct lines of business2 in such a case each department would require a specialized collection of information1 which would become the library of that particular branch of the industry4 ,it should be kept clearly in mind that the business library has a distinct province from correspondence files1 which primarily take care of the letters accumulated in the transaction of business4 ,the business library is in no wise concerned with such records4 ,its function is not to take care of the records which are created by the activities of the company1 but to collect and bring into the company all possible knowledge and information of value from a large variety of outside sources4 ,the business library also has a distinct province of activity apart from the statistical department of an organization4 ,the function of the latter is to correlate and interpret data which are created either by the activities of the organization or obtained from outside sources1 because of value in relation to the various projects of the organization4 ,the function of the library in relation to the statistical department is to supply the printed information which that department needs in its work of correlating and interpreting data4 ,many statistical departments have made the mistake of endeavoring to collect and preserve material for their work1 which particularly belongs in the business library1 with the result that they have cumbersome files of heterogeneous information1 badly classified and cataloged1 and which do not yield1 either quickly or accurately1 information when desired4 ,the files of the statistical department should cover only the data which are the result of the particular activities of the company1 together with valuable original records which are neither correspondence nor library material4 #b4 ,coordination of the ,business ,library with ,public ,libraries ,after the resources for information which exist within the business organization have been adequately centralized the next important step is to coordinate these resources with all other existing library facilities of the city in which the business firm is located4 ,there should be a thorough survey of these libraries in order to ascertain as far as possible the content and availability of their resources4 ,this is an important factor in the creation of a business library1 when one considers the problem of shelving much material1 within the more or less limited space occupied by a business organization4 ,floor space in skyscrapers is too valuable to be used as a mere storehouse for printed material used only on rare occasions1 and there is also the added expense of a staff of workers to care for a large collection4 ,the business library must1 therefore1 be considered solely as a working laboratory1 and care taken not to include in it material which will be seldom used1 particularly in cities where business organizations congregate and where are located large public libraries having excellent resources which can be used to supplement the working laboratory collection of the business organization4 ,this principle will not apply1 however1 to those business libraries which are maintained at the headquarters of national associations4 ,such libraries must collect everything on their subjects1 and be prepared to be a central bureau of information on their specialties1 for their membership throughout the ,united ,states4 ,for example1 the libraries of the ,national ,safety ,council and the ,portland ,cement ,association1 located in ,chicago4 ,this policy of coordination was expressed in the following words1 by a large corporation several years ago when it organized its library3 ,we will keep our library down as far as possible to a small working collection1 and our librarian shall be a go-between us and the other libraries of the city when we want information not available in our own collection4 ,thus the busy man of affairs is able to keep in touch1 through his librarian1 as proxy1 with many avenues of helpfulness1 which would be closed to him were it not for the fact that he had been far-sighted enough to employ a librarian to act for him in these matters of detail4 ,public library facilities1 while they supplement can never be a substitute for a library within a business organization1 for different groups of business people who are vitally interested in one particular subject1 or more often in only one phase of a subject1 will naturally collect and know more about that subject than a general library serving a thousand and one interests can be expected to do4 ,the business librarian who is given the confidence of the officers of his organization1 gets saturated with a knowledge of the business of the organization and is able to sense in advance what information will be needed1 and will be prepared as far as possible for the emergency when it comes4 ,all librarians of public libraries will undoubtedly agree to the statement that they are not in a position to act as confidential library adviser to rival business corporations4 ,the ,public ,library must deal impartially with all inquirers and cannot give precedence to any inquirer simply because he is in a hurry4 ,every man must wait his turn because the needs of other inquirers are equally important with his4 ,if the ,utopian state should ever arrive when our public libraries have all the money necessary to meet the every information need of the community1 the argument that the public library should serve the interests of business men1 who are tax payers1 in such a manner that it would not be necessary for them to have libraries within their business organizations1 can be answered by a parallel suggesting that the public library should so serve all the interests of the public that no one need have a library in his own home4 ,a business organization desires to make its own selection of material1 on the basis of its needs and tastes2 it wishes to have this material close at hand without any borrowing restrictions1 so that it can be used quickly1 without loss of time1 and without the limitations which would be imposed if it were the property of some one else1 and required particular care to keep it intact1 for the business man often wishes to clip or give away the printed information in his possession4 ,the business library is1 however1 not antagonistic to the public library at any point4 ,on the contrary1 the business library must coordinate its resources with those of the public library and work in harmony with it4 ,the large business organization which can afford to employ a librarian1 and the small business firm which cannot1 will find a wealth of helpful material in the public libraries of their vicinity4 ,many of the smaller public libraries which are not large enough to maintain special business departments are giving most excellent service to business men4 ,a number of the large public libraries of the country are making a specialty of serving business needs through departments organized particularly to serve business men4 ,some of these are the ,division of ,economics and ,documents of the ,new ,york ,public ,library1 the ,business ,men's ,branch of the ,free ,public ,library of ,newark1 ,new ,jersey1 the ,technology ,department of ,carnegie ,library of ,pittsburgh1 and the ,industrial ,department of the ,los ,angeles ,public ,library4 ,the ,john ,crerar ,library of ,chicago is a free reference library covering sociology and natural and applied science1 which cannot be excelled by any other library collection in the ,united ,states in the facilities which it offers to business men4 ,every business organization should get acquainted with the public library of its city and ascertain what that library is able to do for it4 ,the ,cost and ,value of the ,business ,library ,the cost of maintaining a business library is in no sense comparable with its value2 for the help which a business library may give in a single instance is often of sufficient value to offset its cost of maintenance for a whole year4 ,for example1 a business firm had a law suit in a distant city and sent one of its employes to give expert testimony in the case4 ,this employe found as the hearings in the case progressed1 that he could strengthen his testimony if he had at hand figures showing the market price of lead for the past ten years4 ,there was no time to spare in obtaining these data4 ,he sent a telegram to the home office1 which was received at #aa3cj ,a4 ,m4 saying that he would call them by long distance telephone at noon and to have the figures ready4 ,the head of the department to whom the message was addressed1 with some perturbation1 appealed at once to the librarian of the company1 who was able in ten minutes to produce a table giving a summary of the prices desired1 which had been printed in a technical journal4 ,the company won the law suit and in comparison with the large amount of money saved1 the salary of the trained librarian who knew how to meet the emergency1 was a very small item4 ,no two business libraries are comparable as to cost of maintenance4 ,each must allow for financing on the basis of its individual needs and the money it can afford to spend4 ,if a business firm owns the building which it occupies it does not have to consider the rental of floor space for the library4 ,if it has a liberal policy of advertising in the best technical or trade journals1 it will need to spend very little on periodical subscriptions1 as it will receive copies free on account of advertising4 ,if it is a liberal user of the publications of the ,united ,states ,government1 it will find they cost little or nothing1 and in any case the amount spent by business libraries for information special to a particular industry is never very large1 because often the most valuable data cost practically nothing to secure4 ,mechanical equipment1 which will be discussed in chapter seven1 is largely the initial expense1 and the amount of money to be spent each year for additions to the original equipment will be quite small4 ,the principal annual expenses in maintaining a business library are the salaries of the librarian1 and assistants if required1 and the additional expense of stenographic and office boy service4 ,the great mistake made by some business firms in maintaining library service has been the employment of inadequately trained librarians who do not produce high grade results4 ,it is this lack of library education and experience1 on the part of a number of so-called business librarians1 which has been a hindrance to the recognition of what the business library really is and what it can do4 ,the writer saw1 some time ago1 the sorry spectacle of one of the largest corporations in the country trying to inaugurate library service under the direction of a fourteen-dollar-a-week file clerk1 who had not a single educational requirement necessary for the success of the undertaking4 ,such firms generally proclaim business library work a failure1 instead of admitting they have made a wrong start and that they should have employed a high grade trained librarian4 ,many firms having well organized correspondence files1 which are giving satisfactory service1 have conceived the idea of adding to their established filing department1 and to the duties of their head file clerk1 the library service which they judge their organization demands4 ,they fail to appreciate the fact that a filing department1 while it has some mechanical technique in common with an organized library1 has an entirely different purpose1 and does not require on the part of those in charge1 educational qualifications at all comparable to those required of a librarian who must have not merely a large knowledge of library technique1 but also must know books1 and have a knowledge of a broad range of sources1 from which adequate information can be drawn when any problem arises2 for the business librarian must be a thinker as well as a worker and not a mere clerical machine4 ,on the other hand1 the trained librarian is competent to supervise correspondence and any other kind of files if the situation demands it4 ,the essential qualifications for successful business librarianship are stated in the last chapter4 ,in conclusion1 it should be said1 that in establishing library service1 a business organization must be willing to give such service a reasonable length of time to grow into the work of the organization4 ,a wisely selected collection of material1 adapted to the needs of the business1 and thoroughly organized to give quick and accurate results1 should be tested just as a piece of machinery is tested1 namely1 set up the apparatus1 put it in full operation under competent supervision1 and in the case of the business library1 the verdict cannot but conclusively be--it works4 ,,references ,,for ,,additional ,,reading ,list of special libraries in ,united ,states and ,canada 7in ,american library annual #aiaf-ag p4 #cgh-djh74 ,carr1 ,b4 ,e4 ,formation of a financial library4 ,special libraries ,june #aiai1 p4 #abe-bg4 ,day1 ,m4 ,b4 ,portland cement association library4 ,library journal ,jan4 #aiai1 p4 #bg-bh4 ,glenn1 ,m4 ,r4 ,library of ,american bankers association4 ,library journal ,april #aiag1 p4 #bhc-hd4 ,johnston1 ,r4 ,h4 ,bureau of railway economics library4 ,special libraries ,june #aiah1 p4 #abi-ca4 ,krause1 ,l4 ,b4 ,the public utility library4 ,journal of electricity ,dec4 #ae1 #aiah1 p4 #eef-eg4 ,greenman1 ,e4 ,d4 ,the functions of the industrial library4 ,journal of industrial and engineering chemistry ,june #aiai1 p4 #ehd4 ,macfarlane1 ,j4 ,j4 ,philadelphia commercial museum4 ,library journal ,april #aiag1 p4 #bgh-gi4 ,nystrom1 ,p4 ,h4 ,the relation of the public library to the private business libraries4 ,special libraries ,feb4 #aiah1 p4 #ce-cg4 ,same article ,library journal ,march #aiah1 p4 #aed-eg4 ,parmelee1 ,j4 ,h4 ,the utilization of statistics in business4 ,american statistical association quarterly publication ,june #aiag1 p4 #efe-gf4 ,purinton1 ,e4 ,e4 ,building an office library4 ,independent ,dec4 #af1 #aiah1 p4 #bad4 ,rife1 ,r4 ,s4 ,functions of the library of a banking institution2 pamphlet printed by ,guaranty trust co41 ,new ,york city1 #aiai4 ,rose1 ,a4 ,l4 ,the service of a business library2 pamphlet printed by ,national city bank1 ,new ,york city1 #aibj4 ,secrist1 ,horace ,statistics in business ,new ,york1 ,mc,graw-,hill #acg p4 #a4ge4 ,spencer1 ,florence ,financial library of the ,national city bank of ,new ,york4 ,library journal ,april #aiag1 p4 #bhb-hc4 ,spencer1 ,florence ,what a public library cannot do for the business man4 ,special libraries ,oct4 #aiag1 p4 #agg-ah4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,service ,,rendered ,,by ,,the ,,business ,,library ,the service rendered by the business library is intensive rather than extensive4 ,the business man is not interested in making a good library showing in regard to the quantity of material on the shelves or in the files of his library1 but he is vitally interested in the quality of the material2 he has just two objects in view1 he wants specific information and he wants quick1 accurate1 comprehensive service4 ,the organized business library steps in to render this service by knowing what information to get1 how to get it1 how to keep it up to date1 how to file it and how to apply it effectively to business problems4 ,if the subject which the business man is investigating has a scientific basis1 the library puts him in touch with the best authorities on that science and the standard practices which it maintains4 ,if the business man is investigating a new enterprise1 or a banker is considering a loan1 he must make a careful survey of all the factors which enter into it1 in order to make a decision as to its stability and probable financial success4 ,such problems demand a large amount of information which can be furnished by the business library1 as it is prepared to furnish data giving sources of different kinds of raw materials1 manufactured products on the market and cost of manufacturing1 the possible extent of the market for a competing product1 cost of labor1 coal and data on certain sections of the country as good business centers1 based on a study of population1 post office receipts1 bank clearings and transportation facilities4 ,if shipping to foreign countries is contemplated the business library will furnish information on modes of packing1 effects of climate on goods1 transportation1 customs duties1 foreign credits1 and similar items4 ,thus the business library is prepared to select1 arrange and put into form for ready use1 information ranging from methods of rock tunneling1 to the consideration of the advisability of putting a new commercial fertilizer on the market4 ,the ,americas1 published by the ,national ,city ,bank1 ,new ,york ,city1 contains in its ,december #aiag issue1 an article entitled1 ,one ,feature of ,german ,organization in ,engineering and ,foreign ,business1 the contents of which bear directly upon the importance of information as an indispensable asset in the prosecution of successful business4 ,the article states that industrial corporations in ,germany before the war employed an officer called an ,economic ,director1 who1 in the plan of organization of his company1 is attached to the office of the ,president1 or is an appendage of the ,board of ,directors4 ,he has to organize complete information from various sources1 and his authority is sufficient to organize this well4 ,he obtains statistical information1 foreign and domestic newspapers and periodicals1 and the output of various bureaus of news is regularly received by him4 ,his business is to keep his ,executive informed on the instant of every development in many parts of the world that will mean a change of cost of production or a change in demand for the company's products4 ,he must know what is going on in the regions where the company's manufacturing materials originate4 ,he must keep his eye upon conditions affecting production1 price and transportation4 ,he must not miss any new source of supply1 or any coming diminution of old sources4 ,on the other hand1 he must follow every development1 political1 social or economic that means an increase or a falling-off in the demand for particular kinds of machinery4 ,if there is anything doing anywhere that is significant of a call for more sugar machinery1 or a drop in the demand for textile machinery1 in this particular man's business1 he must judge its full value and advise his board of it4 ,it is said of a man who was economic adviser to a ,german corporation that manufactured materials for railway construction and equipment that he had not only organized his supplies of information of what was going on over the world so that he reported to his board every tender for supplies from every part of the world1 but he was expected to analyze general developments everywhere so thoroughly1 as to predict in advance the regions where new railways would soon be built1 or extensions made4 ,his work1 it is said1 frequently resulted in his company's bringing about1 in direct or indirect ways1 the promotion of the new transportation enterprises he predicted4 ,it is now believed that this idea of definite organization of economic information and intelligence has been carried out in order to apply to the after-war business situation by ,germany4 ,the ,american ,business ,library is a step in the direction of helping to do for ,american business what this ,german ,economic ,director was doing for business in ,germany and it is more than time that ,american business interests use the business library to its utmost capacity4 ,the ,library and the ,publicity ,department ,one of the important departments in modern business organizations served by the business library1 is the publicity department which is the outcome of the recognition of the dependence of any business upon the public's understanding and appreciation of what it has to offer1 in order to successfully carry on its work1 whether that be a manufactured product or the service of a public utility4 ,in this day of economic investigation and criticism1 it is vital to success that industries exploit their work and products clearly and logically1 not only as a means of advertising but also to win and hold that all-important asset known as public good-will4 ,the publicity department strives to make the public understand the organization and its work and has charge of preparing direct advertising1 for daily papers and periodicals1 and in many utility corporations prepares copy for the financing and marketing of securities4 ,a live publicity department cannot do its work without ample library resources as its needs are encyclopaedic1 for it is constantly preparing copy which calls for the most accurate and comprehensive data and it must keep up to date on what is currently issued in the lines of business in which it is particularly interested4 ,library service is so indispensable in publicity work that in a number of cases the library has been organized in the business house as a part of the work of the publicity department4 ,assisting the ,executive ,the business library is also a great service to executives because the heads of business organizations today are concerned not only with the particular business of their own office1 but with many economic and public affairs for the betterment of the community and the nation4 ,the work of the modern business man1 as expressed by a recent technical periodical1 because of the constant multiplication of problems to be settled and the great number of regulating agencies1 is steadily growing more important4 ,the successful business man must be a thinker and a man of affairs2 he appears before ,congressional ,committees and before state and federal commissions2 he must know whereof he speaks1 and he must know principles as well as facts1 history as well as present conditions4 ,in the midst of varied and large responsibilities1 he knows he can not depend upon his own personal reading and study to keep all the important facts and figures which he needs at his finger tips1 for the successful executive must not burden himself with too much detail4 ,he therefore turns to his librarian1 who knows his personal point of view and his needs1 and who is as necessary to him as his secretary4 ,sometimes the head of a business organization appeals to an assistant officer to give him the data he requires1 and the assistant officer turns to another one1 and he in turn goes to the library2 the fact remains that sooner or later the request comes down the line to the librarian4 ,making the ,best ,use of the ,library ,there are several types of men with whom the business librarian has to deal in doing research on business problems4 ,one type of man who uses the business library is the one who comes in occasionally and browses among the books without communicating to the librarian in charge what subject matter he is looking for4 ,this type of man does not purposely mean to be secretive1 but he does not know how to use the service of the library and the librarian which are at his disposal4 ,often he turns away from his perusal of an encyclopedia with a disappointed look1 and in one case when the librarian asked what he was looking for1 replied that he was trying to find the address of ,mills ,college but that it did not seem to be in the ,encyclopedia ,britannica4 ,had he told the librarian at the start what he wanted the address could have been given him from another reference book in about one minute's time4 ,another type of man with whom the business librarian has to deal1 is the one who conceals his specific object when he asks for information1 and does not therefore make it possible for the librarian to procure the information desired in its most simple and direct form4 ,for example1 an engineer once asked for descriptive periodical articles dealing with the construction and equipment of some large hotels4 ,the librarian1 of course1 thought that what he had in mind was to make a study of the equipment1 whereas all he wanted to get out of these articles was the names of firms who had installed certain mechanical devices4 ,this information could have been collected much more quickly than in the time it took for the librarian to make a complete list of satisfactory descriptions of the kinds of buildings for which he asked4 ,the type of man who uses the business library most effectively is the one who takes his librarian into full confidence as to what he is doing1 and what he wants to do1 and gives the librarian not only the opportunity to produce what he has asked for1 but also to make helpful suggestions as to material which he possibly has not thought of in connection with his problem4 ,the business man who thus directs and uses his trained librarian and his specialized collection gets the service which counts and has annexed an indispensable asset to the earning power of his organization4 ,,references ,,for ,,additional ,,reading ,cameron1 ,w4 ,h4 ,what does library service do for you in your business8 ,public libraries ,june #aiah1 p4 #bef-eg4 ,gourvitch1 ,p4 ,p4 ,an organized commercial laboratory4 ,youroveta review 7#afe ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city7 ,march #aiai1 p4 #hb4 ,hosmer1 ,h4 ,r4 ,some axioms of service in the use and abuse of special libraries4 ,journal of industrial engineering chemistry ,june #aiai1 p4 #ehb-hc4 ,hungerford1 ,edward ,are you too busy to read8 ,system ,march #aibj1 p4 #dhf4 ,lewis1 ,st4 ,elmo ,value of the specialized library for the business man4 ,special libraries ,may #aiac1 p4 #fi-ga4 ,loomis1 ,m4 ,m4 ,libraries that pay4 ,independent ,june #bf1 #aiac1 p4 #adcf-ch4 ,nystrom1 ,p4 ,h4 ,the business library as an investment4 ,library journal ,nov4 #aiag1 p4 #heg-fb4 ,same article ,national efficiency quarterly ,may #aiah1 p4 #bi-ch4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,periodicals ,,in ,,the ,,business ,,library--,,how ,,to ,,use ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,file ,,them ,the ,value of ,periodicals ,periodicals are the most fruitful source of information for any business1 and there is periodical literature of value being issued constantly on every conceivable subject4 ,every industry and profession has its journals and in them will be found the latest and best information4 ,the value of periodicals in a business organization was very ably stated some time ago by the secretary of an electrical association1 and as this testimony is not from a librarian but from a practical business man1 it seems worth while to quote as follows3 ,the technical or trade journal of today is the livest and most 'up-to-now' assistant a business man has4 ,it is carefully edited1 well-printed1 fully illustrated and thoroughly indexed both as to literary matter and advertisements4 ,it is the 'always ready reference' of the minute1 and the official1 head of a department1 or even workman1 who does not use it to its fullest capacity1 is neglecting one of his best friends4 ,i have been surprised to find how many of the larger companies are actually stingy when it comes to paying out money for subscriptions to their trade and technical journals4 ,they talk about one1 two or three dollars per year as if it were that many hundreds2 they look at the expenditure as if it were an expense instead of an investment1 which1 properly handled1 will bring good returns4 ,in no other way can any business man1 no matter how high or low his position1 keep so fully abreast of the times in his business as by early and careful perusal of his trade and technical periodical1 from its front to its back cover1 and from no other source can he obtain the 'immediately useful' so well as he can from a well filled and indexed present volume of those same publications4 ,printers' ,ink has also stated the case as follows3 ,the manufacturer1 desirous of keeping his finger on the pulse at ,washington1 who will spend ten dollars1 or fifteen dollars1 or twenty dollars a year for business papers and other periodicals that specialize with respect to business news from the national capital1 can be pretty well assured that he has every tip that could come to him via the intelligence office1 that asks a fee of fifty or one hundred dollars per annum4 ,indeed1 it has happened1 not once but dozens of times this past year or two that business journals1 etc41 carried information days and even weeks before it was sent out in the mimeographed 'letters' and 'bulletins' which the former bureaus distributed1 marked 'confidential' and 'not for publication4' ,the ,contents of ,periodicals ,not only do periodicals contain lengthy articles on special subjects1 but every item in them from cover to cover is of value2 for example1 in engineering periodicals the business library is greatly aided by the current news notes on books1 pamphlets1 meetings and people2 information on state and federal legislation2 prices of materials and second-hand material for sale or wanted to purchase1 new construction notes1 new devices and best makes of standard supplies4 ,the brief notes found in current periodicals1 announcing the publication of trade pamphlets1 reports of state boards1 special committees1 private corporations and bulletins published by universities1 lectures delivered at colleges and papers presented at state meetings of associations1 are most valuable guides in collecting pamphlets1 which although in many cases may be had for the asking1 represent a collection of valuable data which can not be replaced by the expenditure of any amount of money and yet most of it costs only a polite letter of request4 ,aids in ,selection of ,periodicals ,the business man or the business librarian will first of all desire to select the periodicals that best cover the needs of his organization4 ,if he wishes to ascertain the titles of periodicals on special subjects in order to obtain sample copies for examination1 or if he has the title and wishes to find the frequency of issue1 the place of publication and subscription price1 there are several books that give such information and which should be found in the public library of his city4 ,it is advisable also for him to see a list of all periodicals which are on file at his public library with a view to examining those which may be suited to his immediate needs4 ,the following books will give information about periodicals on special subjects4 ,ayer ,son's ,american ,newspaper ,annual ,directory with mid-year supplement1 published by ,n4 ,w4 ,ayer1 ,philadelphia1 #aj4jj4 #bdjj ,business ,books1 published by ,h4 ,w4 ,wilson ,company1 ,new ,york1 #aibj1 price #e4jj4 ,severance ,guide to the ,current ,periodicals and ,serials in the ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,a new edition will be published shortly by ,george ,wahr1 ,ann ,arbor1 ,michigan1 price #f4jj4 ,this new edition will contain a list of ,house ,organs published in the ,united ,states4 ,a recent list of ,house ,organs may be found in ,printers' ,ink1 ,august #bi1 #aiah1 and subsequent issues1 and a list of ,employees' ,magazines may be purchased from ,printers' ,ink for twenty-five cents4 ,a list of periodicals published by the ,united ,states ,government can be obtained free of charge from ,superintendent of ,documents1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,the ,checking of ,periodicals ,illustration3 ,sample of a daily and monthly periodical checking card4 ,weekly periodicals are checked on the cards ruled for daily issues4 ,the back of the daily check card is ruled for ,ordered of1 ,price1 ,date and ,bill date4 ,they should be filed alphabetically and kept in a file box on the librarian's desk for quick reference4 ,note4--,as this volume goes to press the ,library ,bureau announces new forms for periodical checking cards which are an improvement on those shown above4 ,the care of periodicals is one of the important pieces of work which consumes a large portion of the business librarian's time4 ,all periodicals received by the business library are stamped1 as soon as the mail is opened1 with the word ,library and the name of the firm1 and checked on monthly or weekly card records1 size #c by #e inches1 specially ruled for the purpose and obtainable from library supply firms4 ,this card record enables the librarian to know if all copies to date have been received and on the back of the card also provides a record of expirations and renewals of subscriptions4 ,a notation may be made also on this card of the names of persons to whom the periodical is to be regularly sent4 ,illustration3 ,the periodical indexes published by ,the ,h4 ,w4 ,wilson ,company1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,this company also publishes an ,index to ,legal ,periodicals4 ,the ,indexing of ,periodicals ,after the periodicals are checked1 the librarian should go through them rapidly1 keeping well in mind all the topics of particular interest to the organization1 and also special requests from individuals for the latest information on subjects1 which they have designated as being of present value to them4 ,it is a good plan also to ask heads of departments who read periodicals regularly every week1 to call the attention of the librarian to any special articles which they think valuable and to which they might wish to refer again4 ,this strengthens the librarian's reading and makes doubly sure that no information of importance is overlooked4 ,all articles or items of importance are assigned a subject heading 7which will be discussed in the chapter on cataloging7 and a card is made for the subject card index to periodical material4 ,the trained librarian will know how to discriminate and reduce this indexing to a minimum4 ,some one may ask at this point why it is necessary for the librarian to do subject indexing to periodical articles when there are good printed indexes to them1 such as ,readers' ,guide to ,periodical ,literature1 ,industrial ,arts ,index1 and the ,agricultural ,index1 published by ,the ,h4 ,w4 ,wilson ,company1 ,new ,york ,city 7samples and prices upon application7 and in addition ,the ,engineering ,index1 recently acquired by the ,american ,society of ,mechanical ,engineers and published monthly in the ,journal of that ,society with an annual cumulated volume4 ,there are several reasons why subject indexing must be done by the librarian2 first because these printed indexes do not index many of the periodicals which are of importance to the business library and second1 because in the periodicals which are covered by these indexes1 there are many items of importance to business firms which are too short to be entered in the general printed indexes4 ,the time element is also an important factor in the business library1 as the subject card index is made at once and immediately ready for reference1 while the printed indexes are of necessity never strictly up to date4 ,for example1 an engineering firm was desirous of keeping up to date on all increases in gas and electric rates throughout the country1 due to the increased cost of production1 on account of higher prices of materials4 ,various journals reported such items each week1 sometimes in not more than a dozen lines4 ,in such a case the librarian's minute reading and quick indexing was invaluable1 and gave a service not to be expected of the printed index4 ,a word should be said1 however1 at this point in regard to the value of printed indexes1 for example the ,industrial ,arts ,index4 ,periodicals are sealed books without indexes1 and printed indexes are invaluable working tools1 first1 because no business librarian will attempt the impossible task of making a subject card for every article of value in current periodicals1 and second1 because a live business organization in these days of sudden changes in economic conditions cannot possibly foresee every subject in which it may be interested4 ,when these unexpected subjects arise for which the business librarian has not made provision1 the printed indexes come to the rescue and serve the need most admirably4 ,the indexes to separate volumes of individual periodicals1 which the publishers issue at the completion of each volume1 and in many cases do not send unless requested to do so1 are not of great value because1 with few exceptions1 the subject indexing is poor4 ,many of them invert the title of the article in order to enter it under the most striking word which it contains1 without consideration of its real subject content1 and without further consideration of the three1 four or more subjects on which the article is very likely to contain valuable information4 ,the ,circulation of ,periodicals ,after the periodicals have been read and subject indexed by the librarian1 as necessity requires1 and this should be done immediately on mail delivery1 they are sent to the desks of the members of the organization who are most vitally interested in any special information which they contain4 ,methods of circulation vary in different types of business libraries2 some business libraries which serve a large constituency prefer to make typewritten or mimeographed lists of subject references to articles in the periodicals received during the week1 and circulate these lists throughout the organization1 asking the men to send to the library for any article they desire to read4 ,this method does not suit busy executives who have no time to read a list and make a selection1 and who wish the material itself put in front of them4 ,some business librarians route their periodicals1 attaching a slip with a list of names indicating the next person to whom the periodical is to be sent1 when a reader is finished with it4 ,other business librarians send the individual periodicals direct to one man only1 with a slip attached calling his attention to the article of special interest to him4 ,as soon as he is through with the periodical1 he puts it in his outgoing basket and it is returned to the librarian1 who sends it to a second man1 with a special note of the contents for him4 ,this method seems much more desirable than to route periodicals1 because they most often fail to route--they simply side track6 ,the periodical gets laid aside on some one's desk and the librarian does not know whether it is being passed along promptly or not1 whereas if the periodical is sent direct to one individual and is not promptly returned1 the librarian goes after it1 if it is important that it should go to someone else in the organization1 without unreasonable delay4 ,in large organizations with hundreds of employes to be reached1 the routing of periodicals is absolutely necessary4 ,the practice of the librarian of one large corporation is to subscribe for one copy of each weekly periodical for every five men who desire to read that periodical and one copy of each monthly periodical for every seven men4 ,to insure quick routing1 the names of delinquents are put at the end of the list of those to whom the periodical circulates1 and the names of the men who have proved that they pass on the periodical quickly are put at the top of the list4 ,illustration3 ,samples of #c by #e inch charging cards4 ,these cards may be purchased in ten colors1 ruled in either four or six columns4 ,some business librarians put the borrower's record on a white card1 and the record made under the name of a periodical on a colored card4 ,some business librarians omit the date of circulation4 ,the initials on the right hand card shown above1 are those of the men in a business office who are to have the periodical sent to them regularly4 ,the cards bearing the names of the borrowers should be filed in a charging tray in alphabetical order1 as should also the cards bearing the names of the periodicals4 ,in a business library1 it is not necessary to file by date as is done in public libraries4 ,books loaned from a business library may be charged in a similar manner1 i4e4 a card bearing the name of author and title of the book taking the place of the card bearing the title of the periodical as shown above4 ,the book card is kept in a pocket1 pasted on the front or back cover of the book1 when the volume is not in circulation4 ,the circulation or routing slip which is attached to each periodical bears the following3 ,please keep this magazine in circulation4 ,to be of value it must reach every man on this list within a week4 ,if you cannot read it now1 send it on without checking off your name and it will be returned to you later4 ,mark at the right of your name the page number of any article that you believe should be indexed for future reference4 ,a simple loan record on #c by #e inch cards specially ruled and of which illustrations are shown1 should be kept under the name of the man to whom the periodical is sent1 and also under the name of the periodical1 in order that the librarian can tell on a moment's notice where any issue of a periodical is and also what each man has charged against him4 ,books and other library material may be charged in the same manner4 ,business men in general1 so experience proves1 exercise no particular responsibility either to return material or to replace it1 for the business organization has no rules for lending1 and the responsibility of knowing what material is out of the library1 where it is1 and that it is brought back or replaced1 falls upon the librarian4 ,the business librarian with his loan record as a guide tactfully asks if the business man is finished with the material1 and if so1 collects it2 in some cases the collection is made without asking1 when a visit to a man's office clearly shows that the material is side-tracked and dusty4 ,this is one of the most tedious duties which falls to the business librarian's lot1 but one of the most important ones1 for the function of the librarian is to get material used freely1 and not hoarded4 ,business men who always get what they want from their library on a moment's notice do not appreciate the time and patience such service requires on the part of their librarian1 for no genius is involved in the case of the librarian who always has ready on the shelves what is needed4 ,often a business man who literally wants material on a minute's notice1 is the one who is most careless in cooperating with the librarian by returning material1 and who does not want to stop a moment to have a loan record made4 ,sometimes a business man gets in a hurry for library material1 which the librarian says he already has1 but which he insists is not in his office1 whereupon the librarian goes to his office1 and pleasantly and often humorously unearths it from the bottom of the pile of material on his desk or table4 ,in the matter of the loaning of material the business librarian certainly has to be characterized by the words long suffering1 for he must make no excuses and deliver material in spite of the delinquencies of others4 ,if some one at this point protests that it is unfair to the business librarian1 the answer is1 that the business man has a right to do as he pleases with his own1 and that the business librarian exists to save a busy man from the error of his ways1 for it must be remembered always that the business library is organized to give service to men of affairs1 burdened with large responsibilities4 ,all business men are not careless in returning material1 and certainly minor employes have no right to be1 but it will have to be admitted that business men1 who never think of taking the trouble to return material are in the majority4 ,illustration3 ,a corner of bound periodicals in the library of ,h4 ,m4 ,byllesby ,company1 ,chicago4 ,the worth while periodicals devoted to any one industry are comparatively few and bound volumes do not take up so much space as might be imagined4 ,a three foot shelf will hold six or seven years of one periodical4 ,the ,binding and ,filing of ,periodicals ,after the current periodicals have made their last tour of the offices they come back to the library to be filed for future use4 ,what disposition shall be made of them8 ,shall important articles be clipped and filed and the remainder of the periodical thrown away1 or shall a complete file be kept for six months or a year and then thrown away1 or shall files be kept complete and bound for permanent books of reference8 ,the latter method represents the best library practice for the following reasons4 ,no business organization or business librarian is prophetical enough to foresee exactly what information will be useful to keep in a business library for future use1 when one considers the variety of valuable material found each week in the periodicals1 which cover the activities of a certain line of business4 ,complete files of bound periodicals constitute one of the most valuable reference aids that any business library can possess4 ,clipping valuable periodicals might in some instances be compared to cutting out an article from a valuable encyclopedia4 ,one of the values of having periodicals bound is that they do not get lost or misplaced or carried off so readily1 as a separate number or a clipping would4 ,bound volumes do not take up so much space as might at first thought be imagined1 for a three-foot shelf will hold the bound volumes of the larger size periodicals for a six or seven years period1 and the number of worth while periodicals devoted to any one industry 7excluding of course the annual volumes of societies7 are comparatively few1 and twelve to fifteen sets would be the maximum for any one business library4 ,the replacing immediately of a lost or mutilated periodical is one of the important duties of the business librarian1 for it is reasonably sure that the lost or mutilated number has something of real importance in it1 else it would not have been so treated by any member of the organization2 it is also important to replace it as soon as possible1 because often back numbers are difficult to obtain4 ,business men as a rule know nothing of the principles of satisfactory binding and generally give the work to commercial printing establishments who misplace pages and sections1 and make mistakes in titles and volume numbers in lettering the backs4 ,if a business house does not have a librarian to supervise its binding1 it should be careful to select if possible a bindery which specializes in library binding and will do the work in accordance with the best library practice4 ,an illustration is shown of correct position and style for lettering the backs of bound volumes4 ,illustration3 ,the ,l4 ,b4 pamphlet box1 the ,wood ,c4 ,c4 pamphlet case and a heavy cardboard box covered with book cloth made by ,h4 ,schultz ,co4 ,it is not advisable to bind the volumes of every periodical received1 for many are only of passing interest1 and while it is advisable to keep such an unbound file for a year or two1 at the end of that time the librarian will be guided by his experience and use discretion in disposing of out of date material4 ,illustration3 ,how the back of a bound periodical should be lettered4 ,the best method of preserving the current numbers of periodicals which are to be permanently bound or preserved without binding is by the use of ,library ,bureau pamphlet boxes1 or similar makes1 made in a variety of dimensions4 ,the ,l4 ,b4 pamphlet box is made of heavy chip-board covered with glazed paper or black cloth1 and half of one side doubles back on itself permitting of easy consultation without removal of the contents4 ,these boxes stand on edge like books and are dust proof4 ,wood ,c4 ,c4 pamphlet case is made of seasoned wood and covered with durable paper4 ,this case has a closed top and open back and is therefore not dust proof and has to be taken off the shelf to consult the contents4 ,for general use the ,l4 ,b4 pamphlet box is preferable for business library work4 ,some business libraries also use a specially made box of heavy cardboard covered with book cloth and with a card label holder on the back1 similar in style to the ,wood ,c4 ,c4 pamphlet case1 and which can be made by any good paper box factory1 at prices ranging from fifteen to twenty cents each on quantities1 according to the size desired4 ,h4 ,schultz and ,company1 #eai ,west ,superior ,street1 ,chicago1 ,illinois1 advertise quotations on stock of this kind4 ,a photograph is shown of the style of boxes used by the ,national ,safety ,council1 ,chicago1 for filing copies of current circulars which are distributed to their members4 ,illustration3 ,file boxes used by the library of the ,national ,safety ,council1 ,chicago1 for current circulars for distribution to their members ,the ,clipping of ,periodicals ,clipping may be legitimately indulged in1 when an article of interest is found in a single number of a periodical1 to which the library does not subscribe4 ,newspaper items1 of course1 must always be clipped and there will be always material like printed leaflets which will require the same kind of filing as clippings4 ,clippings are best filed in vertical file units1 and methods of filing and indexing are discussed in ,chapter ,,vi4 ,the ,u-,file-,m binder strips manufactured by the ,u-,file-,m ,manufacturing ,co41 ,syracuse1 ,new ,york1 are exceedingly useful and satisfactory for fastening clippings1 single sheets or thin booklets into vertical file folders4 ,these strips need to be visualized by samples in order to clearly understand how they work1 but they can be described in general as gummed strips a half-inch in width and #aa inches long with forty-four gummed tabs one-eighth of an inch wide affixed1 which can be pulled out from under a protecting strip with the finger nail4 ,the eleven-inch strip or any cut off portion1 can be glued horizontally or vertically into a folder and papers or clippings attached by the gummed tabs4 ,business firms who wish to keep up with any special information appearing in the daily press often employ a press clipping bureau4 ,such service always furnishes quantity rather than quality1 as no attempt is made to select only items of real value4 ,for example1 a firm specializing in the manufacture of canned milk ordered a clipping bureau to send it all newspaper clippings on milk and among the clippings sent was one of a milkman arrested for speeding1 and similar clippings were frequently sent4 ,if very special information from the daily press is desired the clipping should be done by a person within the organization who has intimate knowledge both of the subject and of the need4 ,,some ,,dealers ,,in ,,back ,,numbers ,,of ,,periodicals ,abrahams ,book ,store1 #ade ,fourth ,avenue1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,f4 ,w4 ,faxon ,company1 ,boston1 ,massachusetts4 ,the ,h4 ,w4 ,wilson ,company1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,government ,,documents ,,and ,,the ,,business ,,library ,the ,united ,states ,government is the leading publisher of accurate and reliable information bearing upon all kinds of business activities4 ,no question should ever be investigated or data collected by a business firm without taking into consideration the valuable sources of government information on that particular subject4 ,the ,youroveta ,review1 in its ,march1 #aiai issue1 says3 ,it is not only safety and accuracy in the performance of its regular duties1 but also expansion and development at which a progressive firm is aiming2 and this can be attained only when the business is analyzed from all aspects of practical interest1 when the horizon is being constantly searched1 and endeavors are made to explore new commercial avenues4 ,studies of mineral1 oil and gas deposits1 tests of boiler and furnace efficiencies1 analyses and tests of fuels1 production of crops and cattle1 labor problems1 electrolysis1 standards for gas and electric service1 foreign trade1 water power and statistics of all industrial activities1 constitute a few of the subjects on which the government periodically reports4 ,the daily paper called ,commerce ,reports1 which gives reports and business tips on trade and industrial conditions1 gathered by ,american ,consular officers at their respective posts throughout the world1 is an invaluable periodical for business men in this after-the-war period of trade development4 ,the ,united ,states ,shipping ,board has issued a valuable series of free pamphlets in the interest of export trade1 some of which are3 ,world ,trade2 ,a ,list of ,books on ,world ,trade4 ,selection of ,books on ,foreign ,languages4 ,ships and the ,ocean2 ,a ,list of ,books on ,ships1 ,commerce and ,the ,merchant ,marine4 ,foreign ,countries2 ,a ,list of ,books on ,foreign ,countries4 ,many practical illustrations could be given1 if space permitted1 of the use made by business firms of government publications4 ,for example1 a large mail order house made a decision1 based on consulting the ,weather ,bureau's temperature records in the different sections of the country for a range of years1 as to what date would be best for sending out1 to various districts1 advance catalogs advertising summer and winter wearing apparel2 while an engineering firm1 designing a gas holder to be erected in a northern city1 decided on the factor of safety to be adopted against the lowest possible temperature1 by consulting the weather reports for the lowest temperatures which prevailed in that section for a long range of years4 ,how to ,procure ,government ,documents ,to keep thoroughly informed on the large body of constantly growing data issued by the government1 to know how to procure it without delay and apply to a specific problem is no small accomplishment1 and this is one of the important reasons why the business man needs the assistance of a trained library worker4 ,the average business man gets mentally lost in the thick woods of government documents2 he either does not know which department or bureau of the government can give the specific information he desires1 or he does not know how to procure1 in the shortest time1 desired data which he knows the government has on file4 ,illustration3 ,every business librarian should read these two monthly lists regularly ,the best way for the business man to find out what information is in print and can be procured for his personal use1 is to write direct to each department1 or special bureau1 for the catalog of their available publications4 ,for example1 the ,bureau of ,foreign and ,domestic ,commerce issues a catalog of ,bureau publications which is described as a review of information available to manufacturers and exporters in the bulletins issued by the ,bureau4 ,the ,navy ,department issues an ,index to ,specifications for ,naval ,stores and ,material which is very useful to many classes of business men who are drawing up specifications for the purchase of various kinds of material4 ,the list of publications of the ,united ,states ,geological ,survey is a most valuable guide in procuring bulletins on water power and irrigation1 mines and mineral resources1 as well as important papers on economic geology1 namely1 oil1 gas and other useful minerals4 ,the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,standards1 the ,bureau of ,census1 the ,bureau of ,mines1 all publish catalogs of papers issued by them1 which are of the greatest possible value to business men4 ,these bureaus1 in addition to their printed catalogs1 issue supplemental lists of new publications each month and the ,monthly ,catalog of ,united ,states ,public ,documents1 issued monthly1 price fifty cents per year1 obtainable from the ,superintendent of ,documents1 also gives a list of all the publications of all departments of the government issued each month4 ,illustration3 ,two samples of the forty-four price lists of documents issued by the ,superintendent of ,documents1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,the ,superintendent of ,documents issues free of charge1 forty-four lists of documents1 for sale by his office1 on certain subjects1 such as ,roads1 ,labor1 ,foreign ,relations of the ,united ,states1 ,finance1 ,transportation1 etc4 ,a complete list of these subjects can be found in ,swanton's ,guide to ,united ,states ,government ,publications 7,bureau of ,education ,bulletin #aiah1 ,no4 #b71 page #abg1 obtainable from ,superintendent of ,documents at twenty cents per copy4 ,this guide is a most useful compilation as it describes briefly the work of each department of the government and kind of publications issued by them1 stating where they can be obtained and what classes of publications are free and what are for sale4 ,illustration3 ,cover of ,guide to ,united ,states ,government ,publications ,government publications which ordinarily may be obtained free by applying direct to the ,bureau issuing them1 if out of stock may often be bought from the ,superintendent of ,documents4 ,the ,superintendent of ,documents requires that all publications ordered from him be paid for in advance1 and this involves some difficulty1 as often a man does not know how much money to send to procure the publication1 if he has not seen the price quoted4 ,some business libraries1 to save delay in ordering1 deposit twenty-five dollars in advance with the ,superintendent of ,documents against which the cost of documents ordered can be charged4 ,the old idea of procuring publications through a ,congressman or ,senator is the poorest kind of method of obtaining what is wanted in a hurry1 for many government documents will not cost the business firm anything and those for which a charge is asked cost a very small price4 ,the ,superintendent of ,documents sells coupons which may be sent in payment for documents ordered from his office4 ,the disadvantage of the coupon method of purchasing is that the buyer must know in advance the price of the documents in order to send the correct amount in coupons4 ,some of the departments of the government issue advance mimeographed sheets of information and will also give out1 in advance of printing1 data on file in the department to firms which make special request for it1 and have also been known to reply promptly to telegraphic requests4 ,some of the bureaus of the government have district offices in a few of the large cities of the ,united ,states1 for example1 district offices of the ,bureau of ,foreign and ,domestic ,commerce1 ,weather ,bureau1 etc41 which are of great service in obtaining data in a hurry1 and the business man should ascertain the resources of his city in this respect4 ,he should also not forget to use the collection of government documents at his ,public ,library when he wants to use publications of which he cannot obtain a copy for his own immediate needs4 ,some of the smaller public libraries do not have their government documents fully cataloged and immediately available so that the business man must not infer1 because he cannot find certain government information at his public library1 that it does not exist4 ,state ,documents ,the individual states of the ,united ,states also publish valuable documents through their state boards and commissions with which it is well for the business man to be acquainted4 ,many of the individual states have similar boards and commissions which report annually or biennially1 both in bulletins and regular reports1 such as state engineer1 state geologist1 state mining department1 state insurance department1 state experiment station1 bureau of labor and industrial statistics1 state public utilities commissions and special commissions created to deal with any particular problems or industries1 peculiar to the individual state4 ,the best guide available to current state publications is the ,monthly ,list of ,state ,publications published by the ,library of ,congress1 fifty cents per year4 ,the chief drawback in the use of this list is that it is always several months behind in being published1 as is also the ,monthly ,catalog of ,united ,states ,public ,documents4 ,the current trade periodicals often note the issue of any important state publications more promptly and are a great aid in keeping up to date on this information4 ,public ,affairs ,information ,service1 a cumulated index published by ,h4 ,w4 ,wilson ,company1 ,new ,york ,city1 and which is noted more fully in a subsequent chapter on ,reference ,books1 lists a number of state publications of value4 ,,references ,,for ,,additional ,,reading ,fairfax1 ,virginia ,pamphlets and clippings in the business library2 pamphlet printed by ,journal of ,electricity1 ,san ,francisco4 ,kaempffert1 ,waldemar ,putting ,uncle ,sam to work4 ,mc,clure's magazine ,dec4 #aiaf1 p4 #aa4 ,reinick1 ,w4 ,r4 ,public documents as a commercial factor4 ,special libraries ,nov4 #aiac1 p4 #age-gg4 ,rogers1 ,s4 ,l4 ,value of statistics to business 7census bureau74 ,manufacturers' record ,oct4 #bc1 #aiai1 p4 #cd-ce4 ,ulm1 ,a4 ,h4 ,what the census bureau can tell you about business4 ,printers' ink monthly ,may #aibj1 p4 #cg-ch4 ,,chapter ,v ,,trade ,,catalogs1 ,,photographs ,,and ,,lantern ,,slides--,,their ,,filing ,,and ,,indexing ,trade ,catalogs ,several methods for filing and indexing trade catalogs have been advocated by various writers1 but the most generally approved practice is to file in legal size vertical file cabinets1 with a shelf to accommodate large bound volumes which are too bulky to go into the drawers and whose disposition on shelves instead of in file drawers may be noted by a symbol on the index card1 and also by a reference sheet placed in the file where the catalog would be alphabeted4 ,all trade catalogs should be filed alphabetically by the names of the firms issuing them1 rather than under subjects1 because often a single pamphlet1 or volume1 may list a variety of materials which can not be classified under a single subject name1 thus avoiding numerous cross subject references4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,belt shifters ---------------------------------------- ----- ,mahlon ,bradley ,company ,first ,national ,bank ,building ,chicago ---------------------------------------- ----- ,trade catalog index card made under the subject name ---------------------------------------- ----- ,diamond speed shifter ---------------------------------------- ----- ,mahlon ,bradley ,company ,first ,national ,bank ,building ,chicago ---------------------------------------- ----- ,trade catalog index card made under well known trade name ,engineers are prone to endeavor to apply a decimal subject classification in filing trade catalogs1 with the result that they fall into many intricate difficulties4 ,however1 small offices using only a few trade catalogs on special subjects can file under subjects with other library material if desired4 7,the organization of an alphabetical subject file for miscellaneous data is described in ,chapter ,,vi47 ,all trade catalogs filed under the names of the firms should be subject card indexed1 because it takes less time to make a working index than it does to look through various catalogs to find desired information when there is no index4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,mahlon ,bradley ,company ---------------------------------------- ----- ,first ,national ,bank ,building ,chicago ,belt shifters ,diamond speed shifter ---------------------------------------- ----- ,trade catalog index card made under the name of the firm and showing the subject name and trade name under which additional cards have been made4 ,the method of indexing should be as follows3 there should be a card made for the name of each firm issuing the catalog1 and the address of the firm may be added to this card in order to use it as a mailing list if desired4 ,the subjects1 i4 e41 specific names of merchandise1 which the catalog covers and any well known trade names1 should be written on the face of this main card 7see illustration7 and additional cards made for the subjects and any important trade names1 and all of the cards should be filed in a single alphabet4 ,a ,cutter number 7which is explained in detail in the chapter on cataloging7 may be put on each index card and trade catalog1 in order to facilitate the alphabetizing and quick location of individual trade catalogs4 ,the subject index in ,thomas' ,register of ,american ,manufacturers1 an invaluable tool to purchasing departments1 is a great aid in selecting subject names to be used in the trade catalog index4 ,photographs ,photographs are important sources of information for any business firm1 as they visualize printed or written descriptions and make an accurate and unchangeable record which does not permit of any misunderstanding1 as is sometimes the case in reading a printed account4 ,every industry should have a photograph file illustrating the various aspects of its products or the installations and construction for which it is responsible and which may be supplemented by any photographs which can be obtained on similar work done by firms other than its own4 ,banks and investment houses should have photographs of all tangible properties on which they issue securities1 as they have been found to be of great aid in making a stock and bond offering concrete in the mind of possible customers4 ,photographs are best filed by mounting singly or in groups on a standard size photo-mount board #aa by #ad inches and put into architectural size vertical file drawers4 ,a dry mount process by the use of gum tissue and a hot iron is much to be preferred to the ordinary method of mounting1 as photographs expand when wet and shrink in drying1 thus subjecting the mounting board to more or less warping unless heavy pressure is used4 ,illustration3 ,a photo-mount board #aa by #ad inches in size4 ,the title of the photograph with date when taken is lettered across the top and the classification number is shown in the upper left hand corner4 ,photographs for business purposes may be filed geographically or by subjects1 according to the use which is to be made of them4 ,an engineering firm building structures in different parts of the country file their construction photographs under the name of the state and city in which the work is done2 all the cities of a single state are arranged in alphabetical order under the state name4 ,the individual photograph boards are numbered in accession order which makes the photograph of latest date the highest number under each city4 ,illustration3 ,form of entry on the index card to a photograph file ,in order to avoid writing the name of the state and the name of the town on the corner of each photograph1 this particular library uses on each board the ,dewey ,decimal ,classification history number for each state with the first letter of the name of the city below this decimal number1 to which is added the accession number of the photograph4 ,this combined number is used on the corner of the index card on which is also entered the name of the city followed by the accession number of each board and the title of the photograph with the date on which the photograph was taken4 ,each photograph may be cataloged on a separate card if desired and subject cards can also be made to any photographs and filed alphabetically with the geographical index cards4 ,when subject filing of photographs is desired the ,dewey ,decimal ,classification subject number1 or a modification of that system1 or the name of the subject written out in full or the ,cutter symbol for it 7which is described in ,chapter ,,vi71 can be substituted in place of the geographical classification number4 ,lantern ,slides ,there are two methods of filing slides4 ,one is to file slides in a cabinet containing drawers similar to a card catalog case1 the slides being filed horizontally rather than vertically4 ,the other method is to use a specially designed filing cabinet containing sliding file leaves which pull out at right angles to the cabinet1 which is designed on the sectional unit plan for growth2 the leaves have each a capacity of about fifty or sixty slides which are held in place by means of channel grooves which provide for examination of the slides without handling1 and also permit of quick removal of each slide as needed4 ,complete descriptions of such cabinets may be obtained from the ,multiplex ,display ,fixture ,company1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,missouri1 and from ,g4 ,s4 ,moler1 #djh ,university avenue1 ,ithaca1 ,new ,york4 ,both makes have been satisfactorily used by a number of business organizations4 ,illustration3 ,the ,moler lantern slide cabinet ,the drawer method of filing slides costs less than the cabinet with sliding file leaves1 and also takes up less space4 ,it has been found in the experience of libraries handling large numbers of lantern slides which are used freely that they are not as fragile as they appear to be2 they do not break easily and can be fingered as rapidly as a card index file in a similar drawer4 ,a piece of white paper can be easily slipped behind the slides in the drawers to bring out their details when they are being consulted4 ,illustration3 ,lantern slide cabinet made by ,multiplex ,display ,fixture ,co4 ,lantern slides may be classified and card indexed for business purposes in the same way that photographs are and care should be taken to have the file number and title of the slide plainly lettered along the top edge of the face of the slide4 ,collections of lantern slides for art and architectural purposes require more elaborate classification and cataloging but such requirements do not come within the scope of this treatise4 ,in some business libraries where the slides are loaned out of the city it may be advisable to index them on a #d by #f inch catalog card1 instead of the standard #c by #e inch card1 in order to allow room to paste on it a photograph of the lantern slide which will show its detail when the slide itself is not immediately available4 ,cuts ,half-tone1 zinc and electrotype cuts may be classified in the same way that photographs are but filed in flat drawers4 ,a reduced photograph of the cut may be pasted on the index card similar to the plan noted above for lantern slides4 ,maps ,business firms having large collections of maps which need to be specially filed and recorded will find helpful suggestions in a small pamphlet entitled ,making ,maps ,available1 by ,beatrice ,winser1 published by the ,american ,library ,association1 #gh ,east ,washington ,street1 ,chicago1 ,illinois1 price five cents4 ,,references ,,for ,,additional ,,reading ,cook1 ,g4 ,l4 ,a library of trade catalogs4 ,library journal ,may #aiai1 p4 #cjg-cjh4 ,nourse1 ,f4 ,m4 ,finding the needle in the haystack 7photographs and cuts74 ,system ,feb4 #aiai1 p4 #bah4 ,peck1 ,e4 ,e4 ,trade catalog file4 ,library journal ,july #aiai1 p4 #ddb4 ,selection of trade publications of manufacturing companies4 ,the booklist ,april #aiai1 p4 #bhe4 ,stokes1 ,c4 ,w4 ,classification and filing of photographs4 ,printers' ink ,august #c1 #aiaf1 p4 #hb-hf4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,classification ,,and ,,cataloging ,,in ,,business ,,libraries ,all books and pamphlets received by the business library should be classified by subject1 i4 e41 all material on a given subject should be brought together under the same subject number4 ,the most satisfactory working scheme of subject classification which has yet been devised and which is most generally used is the ,dewey ,decimal ,classification1 ,edition #i1 #aiae1 which can be purchased from the ,library ,bureau1 price #f4jj4 ,no subject classification is perfect and the ,dewey ,decimal ,classification will not fit all business libraries equally well1 but its elasticity of form and its notation is such that any expansion which may be required by the specialized character of the business library may readily be made by the trained librarian4 ,the following list of extensions to the ,dewey ,decimal ,classification may be of interest to engineers3 ,extension of the ,dewey ,decimal ,system of ,classification ,applied to the ,engineering ,industries1 by ,l4 ,b4 ,breckenridge and ,g4 ,a4 ,goodenough1 published in ,university of ,illinois ,engineering ,experiment ,station ,bulletin #i1 revised edition1 #aiab4 ,extension of ,dewey ,decimal ,system of ,classification to ,cover ,municipal ,engineering1 by ,r4 ,de ,l4 ,french1 in ,canadian ,engineer1 ,nov4 #ab1 #aiad4 ,extension of the ,dewey ,decimal ,system of ,classification to the ,gas ,industry1 by ,d4 ,s4 ,knauss1 ,american ,gas ,institute1 ,october1 #aiad4 ,extension of the ,dewey ,decimal ,system of ,classification ,applied to ,metallurgy1 ,metallography and ,assaying1 by ,r4 ,m4 ,keeny1 ,colorado ,school of ,mines ,quarterly1 ,golden1 ,colo41 ,april1 #aiaa4 ,proposed ,classification for an ,engineering ,library1 by ,e4 ,h4 ,frick and ,esther ,raymond published by ,american ,society of ,civil ,engineers1 #aiaf4 ,it must be remembered that business libraries are small and the number of books and pamphlets to be classified are few as compared with the enormous collections in public libraries1 so that the much discussed question of new classifications which arises periodically is not of so vital importance to the business library as might appear1 especially so when one recognizes the importance of making an exhaustive subject catalog to all material1 which relieves the business library from any undue difficulties in classification4 ,it will readily be seen that no subject classification can bring together on the library shelves all information on a subject1 for the reason that some books and pamphlets cover several well defined subjects and the book can stand on the shelf in one subject position only4 ,such difficulties are met most satisfactorily by a subject catalog in which subject entries are made under the most specific subject heading and not under a broad term which includes several well defined divisions of a general subject4 ,for example1 a book on steam engines should be subject cataloged under ,steam engines and not under ,engines1 while a book on various kinds of engines should be subject cataloged under ,engines and not under ,mechanical engineering4 ,the book on engines1 if it treated of ,marine engines1 ,gas engines and various other types could also have cards made under those subjects in addition to the card which was made under ,engines4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,sa#ajg ,cameron1 ,w4 ,h4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,the attitude of the employer towards accident prevention and workmen's compensation4 #i p4 ,safety movement ,workmen's compensation ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,the pamphlet noted above is filed under ,safety movement and an entry is made under the author's name for the card index1 showing upon its face the subject names under which subject index cards have been made ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,sa#ajg ,workmen's compensation ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,cameron1 ,w4 ,h4 ,the attitude of the employer towards accident prevention and workmen's compensation4 #i p4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,if a pamphlet covers two or more subjects a subject card may be made for each subject4 ,the subject under which the pamphlet is filed is shown by the ,cutter book number4 ,in this particular instance1 the pamphlet is placed in the file under ,safety movement4 ,this method permits of a book or pamphlet being entered under any number of specific subjects on which it gives information and thus the subject catalog brings together all the information in the library on a specific subject1 although it may not stand together on the shelves or in a vertical file4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,sa#ajg ,safety movement ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,cameron1 ,w4 ,h4 ,the attitude of the employer towards accident prevention and workmen's compensation4 #i p4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,subject catalog card for ,alphabetic-subject file ,alphabetic-subject ,file ,all material put into vertical files need not be filed necessarily by a numerical subject classification such as the ,dewey ,decimal ,classification2 on the contrary a number of business libraries1 which use the ,decimal ,classification for material put on the shelves1 have organized most successful vertical files of miscellaneous material1 clippings1 pamphlets1 etc41 by the alphabetic-subject method4 ,this simply means that the material is assigned1 instead of a subject number1 a specific subject name similar to that put on a subject catalog card and is filed alphabetically under that subject name written out in full upon the folder1 to which may be prefixed a ,cutter number assigned from the subject name of the material4 ,the ,cutter number1 primarily designed to alphabet authors1 is the first letter of a word combined with certain figures1 designed to keep words in alphabetic order by their initial letter and the figures following it4 ,the ,cutter three figure alphabetic-order table1 price #b4gj1 or the ,cutter-,sanborn alphabetic-order table1 price #c4jj1 both for sale by the ,library ,bureau1 are equally good for use in the alphabetic-subject file4 ,the ,cutter two figure table may be used for a small collection of material4 ,no business firm should attempt to install an alphabetical-subject file unless the work is done under the direction of a trained librarian who has had thorough training in cataloging and in the assigning of subject headings4 ,the best information in print on the details of alphabetical-subject filing for business libraries is to be found in a pamphlet entitled ,pamphlets and ,clippings in the ,business ,library by ,virginia ,fairfax1 published by the ,journal of ,electricity1 ,san ,francisco4 ,the advantage in using a ,cutter number is1 that it makes a convenient brief notation to use on the material to be filed and on the catalog card to show where the material is placed in the file4 ,for temporary files of ephemeral material both the ,cutter number and the card cataloging may be omitted4 ,the alphabetic-subject file obviates the difficulties which arise when the business library finds it has material on subjects for which the ,dewey ,decimal ,classification has not adequately provided4 ,printed information on corporations collected by banking houses is most satisfactorily filed alphabetically under the name of each corporation with sub-divisions 7i4 e41 mortgages1 reports1 etc47 under each corporation name where necessary4 ,cataloging ,business men as a whole do not understand what cataloging involves nor its supreme importance4 ,most of them call it card indexing and think they have provided amply for it when they have purchased a card catalog cabinet and a supply of cards1 without realizing what someone has recently said in a business periodical1 that the number of employes and the generosity of mechanical equipment are not the essentials of high grade production4 ,brains and floor space are unrelated4 ,a card catalog to be a success1 as a working tool1 must be made according to a code of standardized rules by some one who has been thoroughly taught to use them4 ,a code of catalog rules given to a novice who attempts to catalog by them without previous instruction will yield about as satisfactory results as an automobile does when it is operated by some one who has never run one before1 and whose only knowledge consists of what he has read about it in a handbook4 ,the truth of this contention is apparent when one considers that strict uniformity and accuracy must be maintained1 not only in making author entries but particularly in making what the trained librarian calls subject headings with see and see also references which the business man is often heard to call cross indexing4 7,see ,hitchler1 ,cataloging for ,small ,libraries1 ,chapters #e and #f47 ,cataloging must be as accurate as bookkeeping2 a wrong figure1 a mis-filed card or the entry of information under an incorrect subject1 makes the catalog as useless as trying to unlock a door with a key that does not fit4 ,the ,american ,library ,association1 #gh ,east ,washington ,street1 ,chicago1 ,illinois1 has issued a valuable list of suggestive ,subject ,headings for ,use in a ,dictionary ,catalog1 third edition1 price #b4ej1 which indicates proper terminology with cross references1 and to which each business library will probably make many subject additions to suit its specific needs4 ,the subject headings used in the ,readers' ,guide to ,periodical ,literature and the ,industrial ,arts ,index1 mentioned in a previous chapter1 are also of help to the business library in determining adequate subject headings for the card catalog4 ,the ability to assign subject headings and cross references correctly requires both broad knowledge and a high degree of training and is one of the important assets which the business librarian derives from a library school education4 ,for the benefit of small offices which have a limited collection of material and will need to do very little cataloging or indexing1 the sample author and subject cards are given to illustrate correct form4 ,further helpful suggestions can be obtained from ,hitchler's ,cataloging for ,small ,libraries1 published by the ,american ,library ,association1 #gh ,east ,washington ,street1 ,chicago1 ,illinois1 price #a4be4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #fbg4ch ,wegmann1 ,edward ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,w#db ,design construction of dams ,ed4 #d ,n4,y4 ,wiley #aijd4 ,dams ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,form of author card ,the ,library of ,congress publishes catalog cards printed on the standard #c by #e inch card1 one form of card only for each book1 namely the author or main entry card1 with suggestive subject headings printed at the bottom4 ,to this card1 if purchased1 may be added the classification number of the book in the particular business library1 and additional cards may be bought on which may be put the subject headings4 ,not many business libraries have made use of these printed cards issued by the ,library of ,congress1 because business library material is so limited and specialized in selection that not enough ,library of ,congress catalog cards can be used to make it worth while to spend time in checking up what cards the ,library of ,congress issues1 which can be used by the business library4 ,the business library is always in a hurry to have its material cataloged and put on the shelves at once1 and ordering and waiting for receipt of ,library of ,congress cards does not generally permit of quick enough work4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #fbg4ch ,dams ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,w#db ,wegmann1 ,edwards ,design construction of dams ,ed4 #d ,n4,y4 ,wiley #aijd4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,form of subject card ,it is advisable that the card catalogs to material in the business library should be1 as far as possible1 alphabeted together in a single file1 because information on a subject found in a book is cataloged under a specific subject heading1 information on the same subject found in a periodical article is entered under the same subject heading as that used for the information in the book1 and the same subject heading is used in the card catalog for the material which1 because of its form1 is put into the vertical file4 ,the filing of these three subject cards together instead of in three separate card catalogs1 namely1 to books1 periodicals and vertical file material1 will show at once what the library has on that particular subject with a saving of time in consultation1 as well as eliminating the risk of forgetting to look in three separate catalogs when investigating a subject1 and avoiding the danger of mis-filing a card in a wrong catalog4 ,if desired1 references to periodical articles and vertical file material may be put on colored cards to show more quickly the disposition of the material in the library4 ,photographs1 lantern slides1 cuts and maps are best cared for by a separate card catalog to each file4 ,,references ,,for ,,additional ,,reading ,colegrove1 ,m4 ,e4 ,mc,vety1 ,m4 ,a4 ,list of subject headings for information file4 ,elm tree press1 ,woodstock1 ,vt4 7,modern ,american library economy series74 ,dana1 ,j4 ,c4 ,color and position filing4 ,elm tree press1 ,woodstock1 ,vt4 7,modern ,american library economy series74 ,dickey1 ,p4 ,a4 ,care of pamphlets and clippings in libraries4 ,h4 ,w4 ,wilson ,company1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,fairfax1 ,virginia ,pamphlets and clippings in the business library2 pamphlet printed by ,journal of ,electricity1 ,san ,francisco4 ,krause1 ,l4 ,b4 ,engineers' technical file4 ,engineering record ,dec4 #ah1 #aiae1 p4 #gfj-fa4 ,krause1 ,l4 ,b4 ,indexing data on stream flow and rainfall4 ,engineering record ,jan4 #ca1 #aiad1 p4 #adj-da4 ,mc,vety1 ,m4 ,a4 ,colegrove1 ,m4 ,e4 ,vertical file4 ,elm tree press1 ,woodstock1 ,vt4 7,modern ,american library economy74 ,ovitz1 ,d4 ,g4 ,the ,readers' ,guide and the vertical file4 ,h4 ,w4 ,wilson ,company1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,mechanical ,,equipment ,,for ,,the ,,business ,,library ,it is the purpose of this chapter to give an outline of the equipment required by the business library to do its work adequately4 ,some business men make the mistake of thinking that the mechanical equipment which they purchase will make a satisfactory library1 while others put their faith in employing a librarian who they expect will create library service with the expenditure of very little money for facilities and tools for carrying on the work4 ,both opinions are wrong1 for the business library needs adequate equipment with which to perform acceptable service quite as much as it does a skillful librarian4 ,floor ,space and ,shelving ,no business firm should consider establishing library service unless it is willing to provide suitable space for it1 for the best librarian in the country cannot give satisfactory service with books and material scattered in various places1 wedged in tightly and stored on top shelves or in storerooms where there is not quick access to them4 ,the writer knows of several business firms1 who from lack of sufficient library space store their periodicals1 and as far as any real use is concerned they might as well not have them4 ,often the plea of lack of floor space is a superficial reason and only indicative of the fact that the firm is following a short sighted policy and has not really waked up to the tremendous value of having such material in order and readily accessible4 ,in selecting the floor space for a business library a square or oblong portion of space without columns or jogs in the walls is preferable1 as it permits of the most economical arrangement in putting in the required fixtures4 ,good daylight is of course most desirable but if this is not possible1 care should be taken to have artificial light of high grade which can easily be provided by a system of indirect electric lighting supplemented by drop lights wherever necessary4 ,the library floor space should be completely covered with cork carpet both for cleanliness and quiet1 and it should be laid before any shelving is set1 in order to avoid cuts and seams which catch dirt and also look bad if the carpet is laid after immovable fittings have been installed4 ,in placing shelving for books1 the most economical and compact arrangement is the stack plan1 i4e41 double faced bookcases set at right angles to a wall space and as close together as possible1 but allowing ready access by narrow aisles not less than thirty inches wide between the tiers4 ,the remaining wall space may be utilized by vertical files or wall shelving to supplement the capacity of the stack layout1 but no business library of any considerable size should be laid out on the plan of wall shelving only1 as it is a most unnecessary waste of space4 ,illustration3 ,single face unit wood shelving showing adjustable features4 ,by courtesy of the ,library ,bureau4 ,the space assigned for the business library should be primarily selected to accomplish best the work the library is designed to do1 and this principle is entirely compatible with a dignified and attractive library layout1 if it is done by someone who has both a knowledge of the work of the library and of the most approved library equipment4 ,the floor plans of three business libraries are shown to illustrate the economical placing of shelves1 vertical files and furniture in a given space4 ,illustration3 ,adjustable metal stack1 #g feet #f inches in height1 with shelves #c feet long and #h inches wide4 ,by courtesy of the ,library ,bureau4 ,shall the library stack be wood or metal1 open or enclosed with glass1 and shall it have fixed or adjustable book shelves8 ,open metal stack1 #g feet #f inches in height1 with #g adjustable shelves1 #c feet long1 eight or #aj inches wide1 in each tier1 or open wood stack of the unit type1 #f feet #aj inches high1 with adjustable shelves are both suitable1 with a preference for wood1 because it ordinarily costs less and looks better in a small library room4 ,some business offices which have only a few books are using wood bookcase units with sliding glass doors4 ,these answer the purpose for very small collections in private offices1 but if there is to be any real growth they constitute too great an expense in proportion to the number of books shelved1 and are not economical in saving floor space4 ,even when such wooden units are placed together in double stack form they are not comparable in economy with metal or open wood stack because they are less durable1 hold a less number of books per shelf1 can not safely be built up to as great a height and do not save space by having adjustable shelves for books of varying heights4 ,glass doors to bookcases in a live business library are a pest and the only service which they really perform in keeping out a little dust does not compensate for their added expense especially when dust can be readily removed from open shelves by the use of a vacuum cleaner4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #a 7#hej square feet7 has three windows at one end of the room and the librarian's desk1 reading table1 vertical files and card catalog cabinet are placed advantageously near these windows for good daylight4 ,there is room also for additional desks near the windows4 ,book stacks are placed at right angles to the windows at the rear of the room but require artificial light4 ,the remaining wall space is used for wall stacks4 ,the best method for a business firm to pursue in acquiring the most suitable and best arranged shelving for a library is to have their librarian ask one or two reputable firms making a specialty of library fittings to furnish drawings1 descriptions and prices of their stack1 and also make suggestions as to its best arrangement in a given floor space4 ,the trained librarian who has been educated in the details of good and poor equipment and who knows what an adequate layout should be1 will readily point out the merits and weaknesses of the specifications in regard to standardization1 simplicity and price4 ,it is always economical to equip even the smallest business library with a high grade standard make of shelving1 which will never have to be discarded as the library grows1 and which can always be matched when additional shelving needs to be purchased4 ,it must be remembered also that the business library is often not permanently located in a particular space because the layouts of all offices of business organizations are subject to change1 due to growth in the business1 and therefore library shelving which is well made1 and of standard parts and which can be moved readily as occasion demands is most desirable4 ,vertical ,files ,the floor space for the business library should not only provide for adequate shelving1 but should allow for vertical files and their growth4 ,the value of adequate vertical filing equipment can not be over-estimated1 because so much of the working material in the business library must be kept in vertical files4 ,it is essential that drawers move easily and quietly and do not get out of order1 as this affords a great saving in labor as well as quick service for the busy man who wants the contents at his immediate disposal4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #b 7#gjj square feet7 has two windows at the end of the room but requires a different layout from ,plan ,no4 #a because of the dimensions of the room4 ,the narrow width of the room makes it impossible to place all of the vertical files near the daylight4 ,the layout is an exception to the general principle that book stacks should be placed at right angles to windows1 because the room is too long and narrow to permit of any daylight penetrating the aisles between the stacks if so placed1 and a more economical arrangement is effected by placing the book stacks at right angles to a wall4 ,illustration3 ,plan ,no4 #c 7#fjj square feet7 showing two small rooms at right angles opening into each other with three windows in each room4 ,the first room is used for the librarian's desk1 vertical files1 card catalog cabinet and one wall stack for reference books1 while the second room is used for the book stacks which are set at right angles to the windows thereby giving ample daylight between the stacks without the necessity of artificial lighting4 ,wall stacks are also used where possible to complete the capacity of the room4 ,there are a large variety of makes of vertical files which are bewildering to the average purchaser in their rival claims for superiority4 ,what the purchaser needs as a guide is not a long list of all the makes of filing cabinets on the market but a brief comment on the kinds of cases which are worth while and the reasons why they are satisfactory4 ,illustration3 ,these four styles of unit vertical files in wood are the same height and depth and permit of additions by the removal of the ends4 ,they are the most suitable kind of files for business library work4 ,in order to allow for growth1 filing cabinets of the unit type only should be considered1 as this type provides for expansion by the addition of new units1 for flexibility1 in that the units may be easily rearranged as new units are added1 and for economy of space in that the greatest variety of drawers or files will occupy minimum floor space4 ,there are two kinds of unit filing cabinets1 namely1 the horizontal type in which cabinets are placed one on top of the other1 with removable top1 and the vertical type in which units are placed side by side1 with detachable ends4 ,excellent illustrations of the various useful combinations possible with both types may be found in the trade catalog of the ,library ,bureau1 entitled ,unit ,filing ,cabinets in ,wood4 ,the mechanical operation of all file drawers should be the best obtainable4 ,trays should be rigidly made and yet light enough to be easily handled4 ,vertical filing drawers should be mounted on roller bearing slides in order that they may run easily when loaded1 for as one manufacturer states1 ,the efficiency of every card and filing system depends directly on the ease and precision of the mechanical operation4 ,if wood cabinets are selected1 care should be taken that these are purchased from a manufacturer who will guarantee that the woods used are well seasoned and perfectly kiln-dried so that there will be no shrinking1 swelling or warping4 ,these are necessary qualifications which can not be assured when purchasing the lower priced cases on the market4 ,illustration3 ,double face unit wood shelving1 #f feet #aj inches high with adjustable shelves1 #c feet long and #h inches wide4 ,by courtesy of the ,library ,bureau4 ,wood cases are preferable to steel for library use1 not only because of the appearance1 but also because they are less noisy4 ,steel cabinets1 despite the rubber protectors or buffers which do not wear for any length of time1 are noisy4 ,the fire resisting qualities of steel are negligible as an argument for their use in the average business library4 ,card ,catalog ,cabinets and ,cards ,all card cabinets for library use should be made for the standard centimeter size library catalog card which is approximately #c by #e inches and should be purchased with round rods to pass through the lower margin of the card1 so that the cards can not be accidentally spilled out or carelessly removed and misplaced4 ,a good quality of card should be selected1 for experience proves it is a waste of time and money to put permanent records on a poor grade of cards2 guides with celluloid tips are more durable than bristle board ones4 ,the best cards on the market have both evenly cut edges and sufficient stiffness to permit rapid fingering and are made of durable stock4 ,these points are particularly emphasized because one of the faults of many business offices is the buying of cheap card supplies without taking into consideration the reason why more expensive cards are really the most economical4 ,no matter by whom the equipment and supplies of a business organization are ordered1 the business librarian should always have the privilege of specifying grades and makes if the best results are to be obtained4 ,it is never advisable for the sake of general office uniformity to force supplies upon the business library which are not best suited for its work1 and the librarian is always the best judge of the most suitable ones by reason of trained judgment1 and experience4 ,the ordering of books and periodicals should always be done by the librarian1 who is thoroughly acquainted with the publishing field1 and under no circumstances by the general purchasing department of an organization4 ,a few well known firms dealing in library supplies are as follows3 ,democrat ,printing ,co41 7supplies7 ,madison1 ,wis4 ,gaylord ,brothers1 7supplies7 ,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y4 ,this firm makes a variety of pamphlet binders which are much used by many business libraries and are well worth investigating4 ,library ,bureau1 7equipment and supplies7 ,new ,york ,city1 ,chicago and branches in other cities4 ,art ,metal ,construction ,co41 7equipment7 ,jamestown1 ,n4 ,y4 and branches in other cities4 ,refer also to advertisers in the periodicals1 ,library ,journal and ,public ,libraries1 which may be seen at the ,public ,library4 ,,references ,,for ,,additional ,,reading ,leffingwell1 ,w4 ,h4 ,the office through a microscope4 ,national efficiency quarterly ,august #aiah1 p4 #he-aaa4 ,library ,bureau ,library supplies catalog no4 ,l#ajah4 ,unit wood book shelving catalog no4 #gjcad4 ,unit filing cabinets in wood catalog no4 #hibi4 ,steel book stack catalog no4 #gjhad4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,reference ,,books ,,for ,,the ,,business ,,library ,all business organizations1 whether they employ a librarian or not1 have need of some reference books for general information as well as for special information along the lines of their individual work4 ,if a librarian is not employed the reference books are not so valuable as they might be1 because there is generally no one at hand so skilled in manipulating their indexes and contents1 that the exact information required is immediately forthcoming2 for it is in the field of reference books particularly that the business librarian acts as ,open ,sesame to the business man4 ,the ability to find information is a matter of training2 it does not suffice merely to possess books or to be told of existing resources4 ,this truth was stated in a homely fashion some time ago by a practical engineering journal1 which said3 ,books are just as much engineering tools as wrenches1 hammers1 or cold chisels1 and it takes practice to successfully manipulate them4 ,we have all probably laughed at the novice's first attempt to use a monkey wrench1 a can can be just as clumsy with the books that he consults to assist him in solving his problems4 ,just as it took considerable time to acquire skill in handling tools about the plant1 it also takes a lot of time to acquire the knack of getting information out of books1 or to state the case in the words of the founder of the famous ,poole's index system1 ,the facile proficiency in the use of books does not come by intuition4 ,it is the purpose of this chapter to make some practical comments on the best reference books for business libraries1 from which each individual business library can make a selection according to its special needs4 ,the list aims to include only such reference books as have been found to be of actual use1 and to exclude all references to books which although excellent in their lines1 have no place in the work of the business library1 and no further apology will be made for their omission4 ,bibliographies ,no attempt is made to describe bibliographically the books listed4 ,this has been well done for most of them in ,kroeger's ,guide to the ,study of ,reference ,books1 third edition1 published by the ,american ,library ,association1 #gh ,east ,washington ,street1 ,chicago1 #aiag1 price #b4ej4 ,the few business men who have time to give to the detailed study of reference books will find this guide an authoritative treatise on the subject1 and on file at the ,public ,library4 ,another useful aid in the selection of books for business libraries1 both reference books and books on general business subjects1 is entitled #bdjj ,business ,books1 third edition1 issued by the ,h4 ,w4 ,wilson ,company1 ,new ,york ,city1 #aibj1 price #e4jj4 ,this volume is very useful in showing what literature is in print on various business subjects1 but as the entries are not annotated it is not a guide to the relative value of the books listed4 ,three excellent lists of worth while books on business subjects are ,a ,select ,list of ,books for ,business ,libraries1 by ,paul ,h4 ,nystrom in ,national ,efficiency ,quarterly1 ,may1 #aiah1 ,a ,white ,list of ,business ,books1 by ,john ,cotton ,dana1 printed serially in ,the ,nation's ,business1 ,november1 #aiag-;,july1 #aiai1 and ,five ,hundred ,business ,books published by ,american ,library ,association #aiai4 ,some publishers of business books whose catalogs may be had for the asking are as follows3 ,d4 ,appleton ,company1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,macmillan ,company1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,harvard ,university ,press1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,ronald ,press1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,a4 ,w4 ,shaw ,company1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,two bibliographies on financial and economic subjects of value to business men are ,the ,stock ,exchange ,business and ,corporation ,finance and ,investment1 published by ,the ,investment ,bankers ,association of ,america1 #aaa ,west ,monroe ,street1 ,chicago1 price #a4aj each4 ,selecting ,reference ,books ,in selecting reference books for a business library it is wise to keep in mind the following facts4 ,it does not necessarily follow that because a book is printed on a subject it is therefore authoritative and worth while purchasing4 ,examine and test the credentials for worthiness of every reference book carefully4 ,even the best reference books fall down at some point and must be used with judgment4 ,no matter how excellent a reference book appears to be in its accuracy and completeness1 remember it is of no value to the business library unless that library has particular use for it4 ,it is almost as serious a fault in a business library to have more books than are needed as it is to have too few books to meet the needs4 ,a good purchasing rule to follow1 is to buy only after it has been clearly demonstrated that the library has no book which will give certain information desired1 for it has been found that a few well selected reference books will answer a multitude of questions1 and some of the business libraries doing the best work have comparatively few working tools of this class4 ,it must be remembered also that it is not sufficient to buy a copy of an annual publication once1 but that the latest edition must be purchased each year in order that the information may be kept strictly up to date4 ,dictionaries ,the first and foremost reference book which a business office needs is an ,english dictionary1 for the men who dictate and the stenographers who write reports and letters must have an authoritative source to which they can turn for definitions1 spelling1 synonyms1 hyphenation and pronunciation4 ,the two best single volume dictionaries1 costing about sixteen dollars each1 are the latest editions of the ,standard ,dictionary1 published by ,funk and ,wagnalls1 and ,webster's ,new ,international ,dictionary1 published by ,merriam4 ,of these two dictionaries the preference of many scholars is for ,webster1 although the ,standard is considered most excellent on present day words and their meanings4 ,one of the drawbacks in using ,webster hurriedly is the divided page4 ,in the upper part of the page the main words of the language are given1 and in the lower part in smaller type are given the minor words1 foreign phrases and abbreviations4 ,in an office which prepares a great deal of advertising material1 or copy for publication1 a thesaurus dictionary will be very useful4 ,march's ,thesaurus ,dictionary of the ,english ,language1 ,philadelphia ,historical ,publishing ,company1 designed to suggest immediately any desired word to express exactly a given idea2 a dictionary of synonyms1 antonyms1 idioms1 foreign phrases1 pronunciation1 a copious correlation of words1 may be purchased for #ae4jj1 if an elaborate dictionary of this kind is to be desired4 ,roget's ,thesaurus of ,english ,words and ,phrases may be purchased in several editions1 prices #a4be up to #b4jj4 ,the business library will do well to provide a few books on business ,english1 punctuation1 capitalization1 abbreviations and correspondence forms1 a few of which are the following3 ,vizetelly ,desk ,book of ,errors in ,english1 ,new ,york1 ,funk ,wagnalls1 #a4jj4 ,putnam's ,correspondence ,handbook1 ,new ,york1 ,putnam1 #a4ge4 ,lewis ,business ,english1 ,chicago1 ,la,salle ,extension ,university1 #a4dj4 ,manley ,powell ,manual for ,writers1 ,university of ,chicago ,press1 #a4be4 ,university of ,chicago ,manual of ,style1 ,university of ,chicago ,press1 #a4ej4 ,united ,states ,public ,printer ,style ,book1 a compilation of rules governing executive1 congressional and departmental printing1 ,washington1 ,superintendent of ,documents1 #j4ae4 ,if a business library finds it needs any foreign language dictionaries1 possibly ,french and ,spanish1 bilingual ones can be obtained in one volume editions from any first class book dealer at a cost of not more than #c4jj a volume4 ,encyclopedias ,the new edition of the ,century ,dictionary and ,cyclopedia is a luxury for a business organization and need not be considered in this list1 but the business library must have a general encyclopedia1 and the best one for the ,american business office is without doubt the ,new ,international ,encyclopedia1 published by ,dodd1 ,mead and ,company in #bc volumes1 latest edition #aiaf4 ,price bound in library buckram1 #g4ej per volume4 ,its advantages for business use over the new edition of the much recently advertised ,encyclopedia ,britannica1 are that the point of view of the articles covers ,american needs better1 that all information is alphabeted under the most specific subject word1 so that no index volume has to be consulted as is the case in using the ,britannica1 and that there are ample see references1 if the subject looked up is entered under a different terminology4 ,in regard to its authority1 comprehensiveness1 illustrations1 maps and bibliographical references at the end of the articles1 the ,new ,international ranks in the first class of encyclopedia productions4 ,it can be purchased printed on the much exploited ,india paper if the saving of shelf space means more to the business office than does the rapid turning of leaves4 ,the ,india paper leaves are apt to stick together and also crumple easily4 ,the most desirable binding is library buckram rather than flexible leather1 which some business libraries have been unwise enough to purchase4 ,dodd1 ,mead and ,company also issue an excellent annual encyclopedia entitled the ,new ,international ,year ,book1 as a supplement to the ,new ,international ,encyclopedia1 which brings the ,encyclopedia down to date at a cost of #f4ej per volume4 ,the ,world ,almanac and ,encyclopedia1 published for the ,new ,york ,world both in cloth and paper binding at #ej and #ce cents per volume1 is an invaluable addition to the business library1 no matter how well supplied it may be with pretentious encyclopedias4 ,it is strong on statistics of all kinds which are brought down to date and contains a wide range of miscellaneous information which cannot be found readily in more expensive handbooks4 ,it has an excellent index and is generally the best book to consult in a hurry in answering the many miscellaneous questions which arise in a business office4 ,it has been estimated that it will answer #be of the questions which come up in every day business experience4 ,lippincott's ,new ,gazetteer of the ,world1 a geographical dictionary1 ,philadelphia1 ,lippincott1 #aijf1 price #aj4jj1 is useful but much out of date in its statistics4 ,the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,foreign and ,domestic ,commerce publishes each year the ,statistical ,abstract of the ,united ,states at #ej cents per volume1 paper binding1 or it may be had in cloth4 ,this abstract gives tabulated statistics covering a number of years on the natural resources and various economic activities of the ,united ,states4 ,this ,bureau also publishes annually a valuable volume of statistics entitled ,foreign ,commerce and ,navigation of the ,united ,states1 which gives statistics of imports and exports of different classes of merchandise with rates of duty1 quantities and value4 ,for commercial1 political and statistical information about foreign countries the ,statesman's ,year ,book1 a ,british publication issued annually by ,macmillan1 at #g4ej per volume1 is a valuable addition to any business library4 ,it also gives a list of the best books on each country and its most important government publications1 and includes a list of books relating to the war and a diary of its principal events4 ,maps of the different countries are also included4 ,the ,american ,newspaper ,annual1 a directory published by ,ayer and ,son1 ,philadelphia1 price #aj4jj1 gives a list of all newspapers and periodicals published in the ,united ,states and territories1 ,canada1 ,cuba1 ,west ,indies1 arranged by states and cities1 with maps of the states and information about the industries and institutions of each city4 ,it gives the population of cities and towns of the ,united ,states and ,canada whose population is over #c1jjj4 ,it lists all publications in foreign languages printed in different states of the ,united ,states and also gives a list of trade papers for certain industries4 ,a mid-year supplement is free to subscribers4 ,rand ,mc,nally's ,commercial ,atlas of ,america1 published annually1 price #ce4jj1 is the best atlas of its kind on the market for a business office4 ,the maps are indexed1 and information on population1 express offices1 ,united ,states money order stations and the railroads of each town and city are given4 ,this atlas has maps of the largest cities4 ,steamship and interurban lines are also shown4 ,another valuable guide is the ,official ,hotel ,red ,book and ,directory of the ,united ,states1 ,canada1 ,mexico1 ,cuba1 ,hawaii1 ,west ,indies and ,south ,american cities1 published annually by the ,official ,hotel ,red ,book and ,directory ,company1 ,new ,york ,city1 price #f4jj4 ,this guide lists hotels under cities with brief notes on accommodations and rates4 ,another similar guide is ,american ,travel and ,hotel ,directory1 published annually by ,harold ,w4 ,phillips1 #aacc ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city1 at #e4jj per volume4 ,the ,official ,guide of the ,railways and ,steam ,navigation ,lines of the ,united ,states1 ,porto ,rico1 ,canada1 ,mexico1 ,cuba1 also time tables of railroads in ,central ,america1 is published monthly by the ,national ,railway ,publication ,company1 ,new ,york ,city1 #ad4jj per year4 ,it gives the current time tables in effect and the maps of the various railroads with indexes of their stations1 and a general alphabetical index of all railway stations in the ,united ,states1 ,canada1 ,mexico1 showing on what railroads a given place is located1 with a similar index for points reached by water routes4 ,united ,states ,official ,post ,office ,guide1 issued annually with eleven monthly supplements at #a4jj per year1 gives information about mail rates and post office rulings1 and also gives a complete list of the post offices in the ,united ,states4 ,the business library will find it helpful to obtain a single volume published by the ,census ,bureau entitled ,abstract of the ,thirteenth ,census of the ,united ,states1 #aiaj1 which may be procured from the ,superintendent of ,documents1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 at the cost of #a4jj4 ,this abstract gives in condensed form with explanatory text1 statistics to be found in the eleven volumes report of the #aiaj census covering population1 agriculture1 manufactures and mining of the ,united ,states as a whole1 individual states and principal cities4 ,this abstract volume is issued in special editions for each state of the ,united ,states1 which give special statistics pertaining to that state4 ,in regard to population figures1 it is probably not generally known that the ,census ,bureau has issued bulletins giving estimates of the population of cities for each year subsequent to #aiaj1 so that population figures for #aiaj need not be considered as the latest official figures available4 ,the #aibj census is being compiled as this volume goes to press4 ,the reference collection of a business library must be strong in books which will serve as directories of persons and industries1 in order to answer questions on who is who and where and what are certain business organizations4 ,the important point for consideration in selecting directories for a business library is that they must be not only accurate but as nearly up-to-date as possible1 to be of real value4 ,who's ,who in ,america1 a biographical dictionary of notable living men and women of the ,united ,states1 giving brief biographical data and addresses of over twenty thousand ,americans prominent in business and public affairs1 professional life1 or as authors1 published biennially by ,a4 ,n4 ,marquis and ,company1 ,chicago1 #g4ej per volume4 ,there are also similar brief biographical dictionaries published for certain states and cities which will be well known to the public libraries in those particular localities1 and which will not be listed here as they are not of general interest to all localities2 for example1 ,the ,book of ,chicagoans1 ,who's ,who in ,new ,england1 ,directory of ,directors in the ,city of ,new ,york4 ,every business library will need the latest edition of the ,congressional ,directory1 as all business firms have at some time correspondence with1 or need information on1 congressmen1 committees1 departments and bureaus of the ,government1 also diplomatic and consular service4 ,this volume may be purchased from the ,superintendent of ,documents1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 for #fj cents1 in cloth binding4 ,the membership lists of national organizations representing different professions and industries are also very valuable1 such as the membership of the ,american ,society of ,mechanical ,engineers1 ,american ,society of ,civil ,engineers1 and other associations devoted to business interests as well as to professional work4 ,the city directory and telephone list of any community must not be forgotten as helpful reference aids1 also state gazetteers1 and the collection of directories of various cities to be found at the public library will be found most useful4 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam ,sons1 ,new ,york ,city1 publish a handbook called ,directory of ,mailing ,lists1 ,obtainable in ,book or ,pamphlet ,form1 price #b4ej1 which tells where printed mailing lists of certain industries or classes of people may be obtained free or at a reasonable price4 ,public ,affairs ,information ,service1 a weekly or bi-monthly cumulated service1 according to the needs of subscribers1 and cumulating in an annual volume1 published by the ,h4 ,w4 ,wilson ,company1 ,new ,york ,city1 is a subject index to articles in current periodicals1 pamphlets and books covering current economic problems4 ,price upon application4 ,it is a valuable index to consult at the public library1 as it is too expensive for the small business library4 ,thomas' ,register of ,american ,manufacturers--first hands in all lines--is an indispensable directory4 ,it is published annually by the ,thomas ,publishing ,company1 ,new ,york ,city1 price #ae4jj4 ,the entries are in three main sections4 ,the first section classifies the manufacturers according to their products1 in an alphabetical subject list2 the second section lists the manufacturers alphabetically by their names1 gives addresses1 branch offices and officials for many of them2 the third section lists all the popular trade names alphabetically1 and there is an alphabetical index of subjects at the beginning of the volume1 with plentiful cross references to all the subjects listed in section one4 ,hendricks' ,commercial ,register of the ,united ,states is similar to ,thomas' ,register1 but is especially devoted to the interests of contracting and construction industries4 ,it is published annually by ,s4 ,e4 ,hendricks ,company1 ,new ,york ,city1 price #ab4ej4 ,exporters and importers will find most useful1 ,kelly's ,directory of ,merchants1 ,manufacturers and ,shippers of the ,world1 #aiba1 ,kelly ,publishing ,company1 #gj ,fifth ,avenue1 ,new ,york ,city1 price #bj4jj4 ,the organization1 personnel of management1 earnings and financial history of industrial corporations in the ,united ,states are given in ,moody's ,manual of ,railroad ,corporation ,securities1 published annually by ,poor's ,publishing ,company1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,the publisher expects to issue the #aiba edition in four volumes as follows3 ,vol4 ,i--,railroads4 ,vol4 ,,ii--,public ,utilities4 ,vol4 ,,iii--,industrials4 ,vol4 ,,iv--,mining and ,oil ,companies4 ,the #aiba price will probably be #ae4jj per volume4 ,moody's ,analyses of ,investments is published in four parts as follows3 ,part ,i--,steam ,railroads4 ,part ,,ii--,industrials4 ,part ,,iii--,public ,utilities4 ,part ,,iv--,government and ,municipals4 ,these volumes cover much the same ground as the manuals just noted with the addition of ratings4 ,they are published by ,john ,moody1 #ce ,nassau street1 ,new ,york ,city1 at #ae4jj per volume4 ,the ,manual of ,statistics ,stock ,exchange ,handbook1 similar in contents to the ,poor ,moody volumes but not as full1 is published annually by ,the ,manual ,statistics ,company1 ,new ,york ,city1 at #ab4jj per volume4 ,investment ,bankers and ,brokers of ,america1 issued annually by ,sites ,publishing ,company1 #dda ,pearl ,street1 ,new ,york ,city1 #ag4ej per volume1 is a useful directory to be used to supplement ,rand ,mc,nally ,bankers' ,directory1 issued semi-monthly in ,january and ,july1 ,chicago1 price #be4jj per year1 or the ,bankers' ,encyclopedia1 issued semi-annually in ,march and ,september1 ,new ,york1 price #aj4jj per volume4 ,money and ,investments1 by ,montgomery ,rollins1 a reference book for the use of those desiring information in the handling of money or the investment thereof1 is an excellent dictionary of financial terms1 published by ,financial ,publishing ,company1 ,boston1 ,mass41 edition #d1 price #c4jj4 ,for the business firm who wishes to keep up to the minute on the latest information of what is going on in the world as affecting trade and finance1 the ,standard ,statistics ,company1 #dg ,west street1 ,new ,york ,city1 issues ,standard ,daily ,trade ,service at a cost of #abj4jj per year1 which delivers each morning by first class mail a conveniently indexed and itemized digest of the important news regarding crops1 commodities1 countries1 legislation1 taxation1 ,federal trade regulation1 transportation1 etc41 and in addition gives the subscriber the benefit of a ,personal ,service department for special information of value to him individually which does not appear on the daily report sheet4 ,in addition to the ,daily ,trade ,service1 the ,standard ,statistics ,company also issues a similar daily service entitled ,corporation ,news ,service1 which summarizes all the corporation news of the country4 ,it also issues a ,corporation ,card and ,bond ,card ,service which furnish daily revised card descriptions of corporations and bond issues4 ,the ,federal ,trade ,information ,service1 #ca ,nassau street1 ,new ,york ,city1 is similar in frequency and form of issue to the standard ,daily ,trade ,service but is not as comprehensive in scope1 as it covers only the activities of the ,federal ,government4 ,there is scarcely any industry which has not put out a reference handbook or directory covering its special field1 and it is impossible in a brief treatise to list all of the reference books which pertain to a large number of industries4 ,the best printed list from which to determine what directories and handbooks have been issued for certain industries is #bdjj ,business ,books1 which has been previously noted4 ,consult also the trade journals1 and above all1 do not forget to use the reference facilities to be found at the public library4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,the ,,essential ,,qualifications ,,of ,,the ,,business ,,librarian ,thoughtful consideration of what the business library does will inevitably lead to one conclusion1 namely1 that the librarian1 who is the director and inspiration of the work1 must have greater educational qualifications than can be found in the average office employe who is engaged either in the capacity of stenographer or file clerk4 ,the qualifications which are necessary to make a successful business librarian may be definitely stated as follows3 #a4 ,a college education or its equivalent4 #b4 ,a library school education or its equivalent4 #c4 ,certain innate mental and social traits4 #d4 ,the business man's point of view4 #a4 ,a ,college ,education or ,its ,equivalent ,the business librarian1 no matter how well educated1 will never have a superabundance of knowledge for the prosecution of the task1 for the ramifications of business subjects are innumerable and touch the sum total of human knowledge2 and while no one person can be master of all subjects1 yet a college education1 and the mental training which it implies1 should give not only a wider knowledge1 but a power of adaptability and versatility in working with information1 which constitute an indispensable asset in the prosecution of business library work4 ,the type of college graduate who makes the best business librarian is the one who is able to exercise a high degree of concentration1 think clearly and quickly1 analyze subjects1 understand cause and effects1 make logical deductions and wise discriminations1 express ideas clearly and to the point1 and be able to discuss intelligently the information which he passes along to the business man4 ,it is only just to state at this point that some college graduates do not measure up to the standards which have been indicated1 and that there are many well-educated men and women without college degrees who do2 every man or woman must be judged on the basis of individual merit4 ,a business organization1 however1 can make no more serious mistake than to think it can put its library work into the hands of some one of limited education1 who1 although he knows the work of the particular business by long apprenticeship1 has not the important requisite of a larger point of view which is the result of a broad education1 no matter by what means obtained4 ,w4 ,h4 ,cameron1 when general manager of the ,national ,safety ,council1 writing of library work as an aid to that organization1 stated the facts exactly when he said3 ,the problem of the industry1 the application of the library's information1 the method of presentation and the utility of the service1 all require trained minds4 #b4 ,a ,library ,school ,education or ,its ,equivalent ,a liberal education1 however1 is not sufficient in itself to make a business librarian1 unless that education has included the second requisite in the list of qualifications1 namely1 education in approved methods of library science1 according to the standards taught by accredited library schools4 ,what is meant by library science1 and why is it necessary that a business librarian should be trained in it1 in order to do adequately the work of the business library8 ,library science is the standardization of the most approved methods of doing library work1 based on the results of many years of study and practical experiment by librarians of large ability who have given their full time and energies to the task4 ,in brief1 methods of library work have been standardized by library experts and reduced to a practical1 economical1 effective science4 ,if this be the case1 what possible justification can be found for business firms who waste time and money1 in addition to getting no adequate results1 in devising original methods for doing their library work8 ,trade periodicals1 for several years1 have published a number of articles treating of original methods adopted by various firms for filing and indexing their printed information4 ,these original schemes reveal many weaknesses and discrepancies and also that many business men are entirely ignorant of the fact that library science has already produced much more excellent ways of working4 ,no man is competent to work with any principle of science1 much less modify it1 until he is first master of it4 ,the structure of the business library must be built on the solid foundation of established library science1 and there is no fact which business men need to realize more1 than that library science as taught in professional library schools is not a simple code summed up in a few text books to be readily mastered by a novice and improved upon at will1 but1 on the contrary1 that it covers a wide range of material1 and must be studied by the use of many books devoted to classification1 cataloging1 reference work and other related subjects4 ,true1 there are primers of library science1 but as well give a novice a primer on the steam engine and expect him therefore to be adequately equipped to run a power plant1 as to put a novice with a library primer in charge of a business library with its highly specialized needs4 ,a business organization would not think of engaging either a stenographer or a bookkeeper who is not trained to do his particular work2 how much more1 therefore1 should a business librarian measure up to recognized standards of library training in order to perform adequately the difficult and important work which he is called upon to do4 ,the argument for the employment of a trained librarian can be briefly summed up in five words3 the trained librarian knows how4 ,the trained librarian knows how to get and how to use sources of general information1 how to keep up with the latest data on business subjects1 how to use quickly and accurately the facilities of large city libraries1 how to use all kinds of printed indexes1 how to classify1 catalog1 and index material according to standard practice1 so that no time or money is wasted in experimenting with inadequate systems1 and last but not least1 knows how to have a place for everything and everything in its place1 so that desired information is immediately available4 ,as has been intimated1 some college graduates cannot grade up to business library requirements1 so also1 some library school graduates are not suited for business library work1 and rarely is a library school graduate1 who has not been seasoned first by some thorough library experience1 before coming into business library work1 fitted for the task4 ,some trained librarians get so obsessed with the red tape and detail of their library training that they never dare to be original in modifying and adapting their fundamental library principles to new conditions and business problems1 and therefore cannot create the type of service which is essential for business4 ,some of the advocates of business libraries1 having seen library trained people who have fallen down on the job1 speak slightingly of library training1 and go to the other extreme1 saying that the successful business librarian is born and not made4 ,this is not true1 because no innate qualification ever carries with it the ability to succeed in the absence of the proper training4 ,both the heritage and the training of the faculties must go hand in hand to insure success4 ,trained librarians should be estimated by business men in the same manner as they estimate other skilled workers4 ,when an engineer1 or in fact any professional man1 fails on a piece of work1 his employers do not condemn engineering or professional schools as a whole1 but try another trained man on the job4 ,if a business man has made a wrong estimate in selecting his librarian1 he should not quarrel with library training1 but get a higher grade librarian4 ,the failure of some business librarians who have had both college education and training in library science is due not to inadequate knowledge but to lack of personal qualifications1 and while personal qualifications alone will not make a successful business librarian1 neither will a college education and training in library science make a successful business librarian without certain innate mental and social traits4 #c4 ,mental and ,social ,traits ,the mental and social traits required for success in any line of business work apply with equal force to the business librarian1 and it is not necessary to enter into any academic discussion of them at this time4 ,everyone knows that good health1 accuracy1 thoroughness1 common sense1 good judgment1 tact1 integrity of character1 and memory 7particularly in library work7 are indispensable to success in any career1 but there are certain traits which a long term of service in a business library and an intimate acquaintance with many business librarians have made clear to the writer1 as necessary to success in the business of being a business librarian4 ,the business librarian must be an executive2 he must have not only a balanced view of every detail of library work in relation to its particular whole1 but he must especially have an adequate vision of library work in relation to the whole work of his organization1 and he must have the ability to see this relationship without waiting for some one to point it out to him4 ,finally1 he must be able to relate the particular business and its existing service1 to the work of the world at large4 ,a librarian serving a prominent business organization was recently asked by the writer1 what was the scope of the work of their publicity department in furthering the interests of the organization as a whole1 with the result that she could not tell4 ,this librarian only knew that her business was to catalog1 classify1 put away and be able to get out again the material which was assigned to her care4 ,the executive head of another important business organization has often complained because his librarian was afraid to take any initiative and always waited to be told what detailed policy should be pursued by the library2 he was too busy to have to carry it on his mind1 and more than that1 he really did not know1 and needed a librarian who did4 ,the business librarian must see the need1 make the plan1 and get all the mechanism necessary for its accomplishment into thorough working order1 and have backbone enough to hold the point and have power to make others see it4 ,there is no place in a business library for the mere bookkeeping methods of a recorded and finished job1 for the work of the business library is never finished2 it is a living force1 and like all living things1 it is subject to constant change and progress and never gets to the finished stage which suggests the orderly quiet calm of a graveyard6 ,what the business man wants from his librarian is results1 and it is the business of the librarian to know the best way of getting them4 ,the well qualified librarian can give results abundantly1 if the business man will delegate authority to act independently in matters of detail1 conferring on his librarian as he should1 the freedom of action which he gives to the well qualified head of any department1 and trusting his librarian to come to him for a conference when the occasion demands4 ,there is no greater handicap to a well qualified librarian than the type of business man who does not delegate authority1 and who because of his success in other lines of business1 attempts to guide his librarian in matters of library policy about which he knows absolutely nothing4 ,the business librarian must be unusually resourceful and know how to meet an urgent need for information with quick decision and immediate action4 ,he never says impossible until he has tried every possible source of supply4 ,probably one of the finest compliments ever paid a business librarian was given by the executive head of a large institution who1 having seen the resourcefulness of a certain business librarian in several difficult situations1 remarked1 ,i am confident that if a twenty-story building fell down on ,miss ,b----1 she would find a way to get out from under it1 and he might also have added truthfully1 and she would also keep a spirit of enthusiasm in the venture1 for to the true business librarian the fascination in the game of finding things never wears out4 ,the business librarian will not be punctilious about adhering to a time schedule for work or to any standard of rights or privileges2 he will put the demand of his work first and his personal interests second4 ,if it is necessary to break an important personal engagement made for his free time1 because business of importance has arisen in the office1 he will do so without any question or irritation4 ,if he can best serve the company in an urgent need1 he will not wait to be waited upon by an office boy1 but will go himself rather than trust a boy who cannot be relied upon to hurry4 ,the business librarian will not be old-maidish or fussy over any irregular demands which upset his routine work2 there is no place in business for the trained librarian who tells a busy man of affairs he cannot have what he wants until certain regular routine has been carried out1 and in return the business man should trust his librarian with a freedom of action which is not subject to a time clock or a time schedule4 ,the business librarian must be able to work harmoniously with all sorts and conditions of men1 and he must convince every one whom the business library serves of honest good-will and impartiality to all1 and genuine loyalty to the organization which he serves4 ,he will be discreet and will not gossip about company business on the aside in the office1 or on the outside1 and last but not least1 he ought to have a saving sense of humor4 ,these qualifications may seem exceedingly trite1 but the lack of them has been a severe handicap and a glaring defect in many people filling different kinds of business positions4 ,the successful business man knows the value and power of acquaintance as a business asset1 and the business librarian must maintain a wide acquaintance and friendly relationships with other library and business workers1 both for practical help and general stimulation4 ,it is a real part of the work of a business librarian to take time to cultivate these outside relationships and attend library conferences1 at the expense of the business organization by which he is employed4 ,the importance of these outside relationships has been noted in the first chapter1 as helpful ways of getting information not in print4 ,the business man who keeps his librarian's nose on the grindstone of routine work1 so that he never has an opportunity for outside fellowship and the stimulation that comes from it1 soon loses more than he gains by such a policy4 #d4 ,the ,business ,man's ,point of ,view ,the business librarian must also have a genuine and intelligent interest in current political and economic events1 and in the kind of information in which business men as a class are interested4 ,he must know the contents of the daily newspaper as well as does the closest reader among business men1 so that he will not do as one librarian did--endeavor to give an inquirer an item three weeks old when the latest news on the subject was in the yesterday morning's paper1 or waste time looking up statistics on a ,south ,american town1 which current news reports as having recently burnt down4 ,he must be a constant and thoughtful reader on subjects which pertain to the business of his organization4 ,the business librarian must have the promoter spirit2 he must see that the information which he has on hand is applied and working1 and he must be alert enough to see in some measure the undeveloped sides of an industry1 and endeavor to bring into the organization1 information which may stimulate it to new activities4 ,to sum up all requirements for a successful business librarian3 he 7or she1 as the case may be7 must have a liberal education1 plus a knowledge of library science1 and a sympathetic understanding of business needs1 together with the vision and personal power necessary to apply the field of print effectively in meeting these needs4 ,in conclusion1 the business man must face fairly several facts1 the chief of which is1 that in only a limited number of cases have business libraries measured up to the standards which have been outlined in this handbook1 because business firms have not engaged librarians who have the necessary qualifications for success4 ,some business men have not recognized that there are librarians and librarians1 and that many so-called ones are not adequately equipped for business library work4 ,business men are at fault also because they often do not give personal attention to the selection of a librarian1 but leave this selection to an employment manager or a welfare worker who very often does not know just what essential qualifications are necessary for such a position4 ,sometimes the business man does not want to pay the price for an efficient librarian1 for no efficient librarian can be obtained for the average file clerk or stenographer salary4 ,one high grade librarian will accomplish more work1 both accurately and effectively1 than two mediocre ones can possibly do1 and is therefore a money-saver4 ,if there is any doubt in the business man's mind as to whether there is enough library work in his organization to keep a trained librarian continuously busy1 it may be said1 that in no instance which has come to the knowledge of the writer1 has a trained librarian ever been employed by a business organization which has not found there was immediately developed a valuable library service which required the full time and energy of the librarian4 ,,references ,,for ,,additional ,,reading ,bostwick1 ,a4 ,e4 ,some principles of business-like conduct in libraries #aibj #cj p4 ,american library association1 #gh ,east ,washington ,street1 ,chicago4 ,brush1 ,m4 ,c4 ,the so-called librarian's real duties4 ,special libraries1 ,june #aiag1 p4 #hc-hd4 ,greer1 ,a4 ,f4 ,p4 ,professional ethics for the library worker4 ,library journal ,nov4 #aiag1 p4 #hia-ib4 ,kilduff1 ,e4 ,j4 ,necessary characteristics of the private secretary4 7,in his ,private secretary p4 #bic-ag74 ,rathbone1 ,j4 ,a4 ,library school courses as training for business librarians4 ,special libraries ,nov4 #aiag1 p4 #acc-ce4 ,walter1 ,f4 ,k4 ,training librarians for business libraries or branches4 ,paper read before ,professional training section ,american library association conference #aiai4 ,library journal ,sept4 #aiai1 p4 #egh-hj4 ,,index ,alphabetic-subject file1 #gc4 ,catalog cabinets1 #ic4 ,cataloging1 #ge4 ,centralization1 #aa4 ,charging records see ,loan records4 ,classification1 #gj4 ,clipping bureaus1 #dh4 ,corporation files1 #ge4 ,cutter numbers1 #gd4 ,cuts1 #fh4 ,equipment and supplies1 #id4 ,floor plans1 #hf1 #hh1 #hi4 ,government documents1 #ej4 ,indexing see ,cataloging4 ,lantern slides1 #fe4 ,loan records1 #ci4 ,magazines see ,periodicals4 ,maps1 #fh4 ,mechanical equipment1 #hj4 ,organization1 #g4 ,pamphlet boxes1 #dd1 #de4 ,periodicals1 binding1 #dc4 checking1 #cc4 circulation1 #cg4 clipping1 #dc1 #dh4 ,contents1 #ca4 filing1 #dc4 indexing1 #ce4 selection1 #cb4 ,photographs1 #fb4 ,public libraries vs4 business libraries1 #ad4 ,publicity department1 #be4 ,qualifications of business librarian1 #aaj4 ,reference books1 #ie4 ,service rendered1 #bc4 ,shelving1 #ha4 ,state documents1 #eg4 ,subject headings1 #gf4 ,trade catalogs1 #ei4 ,u-,file-,m binder strips1 #dh4 ,value of the business library1 #ah4 ,vertical files1 #ij4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,notes ,obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected1 but other variations in spelling and punctuation are unchanged4 ,the half title immediately before the title has been removed4 ,italics are represented thus italics and bold thus bold4