,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is v]sion ( ! text _c repres5t c]ta9 typographical effects4 ,italics are delimit$ ) ! #8' "* z italic4 ,bold font is delimit$ by ! #8' "*4 ,sup]script$ & subscript$ *>act]s are %[n z #8#b' & #8#b' respectively4 ,emphasiz$ words 9 ,greek are1 by conv5tion1 pr9t$ us+ wid] spac+ 7gesp]rt74 ,! #8' "* is us$ z a delimit] 9 ?is v]sion1 e4g4 7 74 ,! orig9al text includes annotations on two ,greek texts1 ! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians1 & an ,epi/le to ,philemon4 ,on ea* page1 sev]al l9es ( ,greek are accompani$ by a d\ble column ( notations on key words4 ,x 0 n possible to foll[ t conv5tion 9 ?is v]sion1 giv5 ! nature ( our m$ium4 ,any hyph5ations 9 ! ,greek text t occurr$ on page breaks h be5 remov$1 & ! ^w's end has be5 mov$ to ! previ\s page4 ,on _m occasions1 a note appe>s on an e>li] page ?an ! text x glosses4 ,9 ?is v]sion1 ! notes h be5 arrang$ s t ea* foll[s ! text to :i* x ref]s4 ,!re are ,greek inscriptions pr9t$ 9 an uncial font1 & us+ a lunate sigma 774 ,^! w appe> "h z 4 ,! occasional blacklett] font appe>s "h z #8blacklett] text'4 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to foll[ ea* p>agraph1 & are resequ5c$ to be unique across ! text4 ,any int]nal ref]5ces to ^? notes h be5 modifi$ z well4 ,! section entitl$ ,,ad ,,laodic5ses pres5ts ! text ( an apocryphal lett] f ,/ ,paul4 ,giv5 ! brevity ( ! text1 ^! notes are ga!r$ aft] ! lett]4 ,! index includes ref]5ces to bo? pages & to ! v]ses ( ! two ,epi/les includ$ "h4 ,^? ref]5ces to a v]se may ref] to ei!r ! ,greek itself1 or to any ( ! notes on t v]se4 ,please consult ! note at ! end ( ?is text = any o!r issues t arose dur+ its pres5tation4 ,,! ,,epi/les ,,( ,,/ ,,paul4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,roman ,,captivity4 #b4 ,,epi/le ,,to ,,! ,,colossians4 #c4 ,,epi/le ,,to ,,philemon4 ,illu/ration ,cambridge3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,c4 ,j4 ,,clay1 ,m4,a4 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press4 ,,/ ,,paul',s ,,epi/les ,,to ,,! ,,colossians ,,& ,,to ,,philemon4 ,a ,,revis$ ,,text ,,) ,,introductions1 ,,notes1 ,,& ,,diss]tations4 ,,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,lightfoot1 ,d4,d4 ,,canon ,,( ,,/ ,,paul',s2 ,,hulsean ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,div9ity1 ,,& ,,honor>y ,,fell[ ,,( ,,tr9ity ,,college1 ,,cambridge4 ,london3 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co4 #ahge4 ,all ,rights res]v$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- 4 --------------------- 4 ,,clem5t4 ---------- 1 1 4 ,,ignatius4 ---------- 4 ,,polyc>p4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,preface4 ,on ! completion ( ano!r volume ( my comm5t>y1 ,i wi% aga9 to r5ew my ?anks = ! assi/ance receiv$ f previ\s lab\r]s 9 ! same field4 ,su* obligations mu/ always be great2 b x is n easy 9 a few words to apportion !m fairly1 & ,i %all n make ! attempt4 ,i h n consci\sly neglect$ any aid :i* might r5d] ?is volume m complete2 b at ! same "t ,i v5ture to hope t my previ\s comm5t>ies h e/abli%$ my claim to be reg>d$ z an indep5d5t work]1 & 9 ! pres5t in/ance m especially ,i h f\nd myself oblig$ to div]ge widely f ! treatm5t ( my pr$ecessors1 & to draw l>gely f o!r mat]ials ?an ^? :i* !y h collect$4 ,9 ! preface to a previ\s volume ,i express$ an int5tion ( app5d+ to my comm5t>y on ! ,colossian ,epi/le an essay on #8,*ri/ianity & ,gnosis4' ,?is int5tion has n be5 fulfill$ 9 ! lett]2 b ! subject ent]s l>gely into ! inve/igation ( ! ,colossian h]esy1 :]e x receives z mu* att5tion z1 at all ev5ts = ! pres5t1 x seems to require4 ,x w necess>ily come "u discussion aga91 :5 ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les are tak5 9 h&4 ,! "q ( ! g5u95ess ( ! two epi/les conta9$ 9 ?is volume has be5 delib]ately def]r$4 ,x c\ld n be discuss$ ) any advantage ap>t f ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians1 = ! ?ree lett]s are insep>ably b\nd toge!r4 ,mean:ile h[ev] ! doctr9al & hi/orical discussions w1 if ,i mi/ake n1 h furni%$ answ]s to ! ma9 objections :i* h be5 urg$2 :ile ! comm5t>y w h %[n h[ ?or\ghly natural ! language & ?\ghts are1 if conceiv$ z aris+ out ( an imm$iate em]g5cy4 ,m especially x w h be5 made app>5t t ! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians hangs toge!r z a :ole1 & t ! ph5om5a are altoge!r adv]se to any !ory ( int]polation su* z t rec5tly put =w>d by ,pr(essor ,holtzmann4 ,9 ! comm5t>y1 z well z 9 ! introduction1 x has be5 a *ief aim to illu/rate & develope ! !ological conception ( ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/1 :i* und]lies ! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians4 ,! ,colossian h]esy = in/ance owes its importance ma9ly to ! fact t x ?r[s out ?is conception into bold] relief4 ,to ?is portion ( ! subject !re=e ,i v5ture to direct special att5tion4 ,i _c conclude )\t (f]+ my ?anks to ,mr ,a4 ,a4 ,van,sittart :o1 z on =m] occasions1 has giv5 8 aid 9 correct+ ! pro( %eets ( ?is volume2 & to ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,j4 ,scott1 ( ,tr9ity ,college1 :o has prep>$ ! index4 ,i wi% also to express my obligations to ,dr ,s*ill]-,sz9essy1 ( ^: ,talmudical le>n+ ,i h freely avail$ myself 9 v]ify+ ,frankel's quotations & 9 o!r ways4 ,i %\ld add h[ev] t he is n 9 any degree responsible = my conclusions & has n ev5 se5 :at ,i h writt54 ,,tr9ity ,,college1 ,april #cj1 #ahge4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,cont5ts4 ,,epi/le ,,to ,,! ,,colossians4 ,,introduction4 ,,page ,i4 ,! ,*ur*es ( ! ,lycus #a-gb ,,ii4 ,! ,colossian ,h]esy #gc-aac ,on "s po9ts connect$ ) ! ,ess5es4 #a4 ,! "n ,ess5e #aad-aai #b4 ,orig9 & ,aff9ities ( ! #aai-aeg ,ess5es #c4 ,ess5ism & ,*ri/ianity #aeh-agi ,,iii4 ,"* & ,cont5ts ( ! ,epi/le #ahj-aid ,,text ,,& ,,notes #aig-caa ,on "s ,v>i\s ,read+s 9 ! ,epi/le #cab-cbb ,on ! mean+ ( #cbc-cci ,! ,epi/le f ,laodicea #cdj-cff ,,epi/le ,,to ,,philemon4 ,,introduction #cfi-cie ,,text ,,& ,,notes #cii-dab ,,index #dae-dbd ,i4 ,,! ,,*ur*es ,,( ,,! ,,lycus4 ,sid5ote3 ,situation ( ! ?ree cities4 ,ly+ 91 or ov]hang+1 ! valley ( ! ,lycus1 a tribut>y ( ! ,m&]1 7 ?ree neighb\r+ t[ns1 ,laodicea1 ,hi]apolis1 & ,coloss#a4 ,! riv] fl[s1 r\ghly speak+1 f ea/ to we/2 b at ?is po9t1 :i* is "s few miles above its junction ) ! ,m&]1 its direction is m ne>ly f s\?-ea/ to nor?-we/#b4 ,laodicea & ,hi]apolis /& face to face1 be+ situat$ respectively on ! s\!rn & nor!rn sides ( ! valley1 at a di/ance ( six miles#c1 & )9 sight ( ea* o!r1 ! riv] ly+ 9 ! op5 pla9 betwe5 ! two4 ,! site ( ,coloss is some:at high] up ! /ream1 at a di/ance ( p]haps t5 or twelve miles#d f ! po9t :]e ! road betwe5 ,laodicea & ,hi]apolis crosses ! ,lycus4 ,unlike ,laodicea & ,hi]apolis1 :i* ov]hang ! valley on opposite sides1 ,coloss /&s imm$iately on ! riv]-bank1 ! two p>ts ( ! t[n be+ divid$ by ! /ream4 ,! ?ree cities lie s ne> to ea* o!r1 t x w\ld be q possible to visit !m all 9 ! c\rse ( a s+le day4 ,footnote #a3 ,! foll[+ are among ! mo/ important books ( travel relat+ to ?is di/rict2 ,pococke ,description ( ! ,ea/ & ,"s ,o!r ,c\ntries1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,"p ,,ii1 ,london #agde2 ,*&l] ,travels 9 ,asia ,m9or etc41 ,ox=d #agge2 ,leake ,t\r 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,london #ahbd2 ,arundell ,discov]ies 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,london #ahcd2 ,hamilton ,rese>*es 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,pontus1 & ,arm5ia1 ,london #ahdb2 ,fell[s ,asia ,m9or1 ,london #ahci1 ,discov]ies 9 ,lycia1 ,london #ahdj2 de ,t*ihat*eff ,asie ,m9eure1 ,description ,physique1 ,/ati/ique et ,ar*ologique1 ,p>is #ahec etc41 ) ! accompany+ ,atlas 7#ahfj72 de ,laborde ,voyage de l',asie ,m9eure 7! exp$ition itself took place 9 #ahbf1 b ! date on ! title-page is #ahch1 & ! introduction 0 writt5 9 #ahfa72 ,le ,bas ,voyage ,ar*ologique en ,grce et en ,asie ,m9eure1 cont9u$ by ,wadd+ton & n yet complet$2 ,texi] ,description de l',asie ,m9eure1 ,vol4 ,i 7#ahci74 ,x is h>dly necess>y to add ! small] works ( ,texi] & ,le ,bas on ,asie ,m9eure 7,p>is #ahfb1 #ahfc7 9 ,didot's s]ies ,l',univ]s1 z ^! h only a second>y value4 ,( ! books enum]at$1 ,hamilton's "w is ! mo/ important = ! topography1 etc42 ,t*ihat*eff's = ! physical features2 & ,le ,bas & ,wadd+ton's = ! inscriptions1 etc4 ,! be/ maps are ^? ( ,hamilton & ,t*ihat*eff2 to :i* %\ld be add$ ! ,k>te von ,kle9-,asi5 by v4 ,v9cke & o!rs1 publi%$ by ,s*ropp1 ,b]l9 #ahdd4 ,besides books on ,asia ,m9or g5]ally1 "s works relat+ especially to ! ,sev5 ,*ur*es may be m5tion$4 ,smi?'s ,survey ( ! ,sev5 ,*ur*es ( ,asia 7#afgh7 is a "w ( great m]it = ! "t1 & conta9s ! e>lie/ description ( ! sites ( ^! ,phrygian cities4 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 ,lat9 fir/1 & translat$ by its au?or aft]w>ds4 ,arundell's ,sev5 ,*ur*es 7#ahbh7 is a well-kn[n book4 ,allom & ,wal%'s ,con/ant9ople & ! ,sc5]y ( ! ,sev5 ,*ur*es ( ,asia ,m9or illu/rat$ 7#ahej7 gives "s views ( ?is di/rict4 ,svoboda's ,sev5 ,*ur*es ( ,asia 7#ahfi7 conta9s #bj photographs & an introduction by ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,b4 ,tri/ram4 ,?is is a selection f a l>g] s]ies ( ,svoboda's photographs1 publi%$ sep>ately4 ,footnote #b3 ,! maps diff] v consid]ably 9 ?is respect1 nor d ! /atem5ts ( travell]s always agree4 ,! direction ( ! riv]1 z giv5 9 ! text1 accords ) ! maps ( ,hamilton & ,t*ihat*eff1 & ) ! acc\nts ( ! mo/ accurate writ]s4 ,footnote #c3 ,anton4 ,it94 p4 #ccg 7,wessel+7 gives ! di/ance z #f miles4 ,see also ,fell[s ,asia ,m9or p4 #bhc1 ,hamilton ,i4 p4 #ead4 ,! relative position ( ! two cities appe>s 9 ,laborde's view1 pl4 xxxix4 ,footnote #d3 ,i d n f9d any di/9ct notice ( ! di/ance2 b1 to judge f ! maps & it9]>ies ( mod]n travell]s1 ?is e/imate w probably be f\nd n v f> wrong4 ,sid5ote3 ,_! neighb\rhood & int]c\rse4 ,?us situat$1 !y w\ld necess>ily hold con/ant int]c\rse ) ea* o!r4 ,we are n surpris$ !re=e to f9d !m s closely connect$ 9 ! e>lie/ ages ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x 0 ! consequ5ce ( _! position t !y ow$ _! k ( ! ,gospel to ! same evangeli/1 t ! same phases ( ?\ght prevail$ 9 !m1 & t !y 7 expos$ to ! same temptations1 moral z well z intellectual4 ,sid5ote3 ,physical =ces at "w4 ,! physical features ( ! neighb\rhood are v /rik+4 ,two pot5t =ces ( nature are actively at "w to *ange ! face ( ! c\ntry1 ! "o de/roy+ old l&-m>ks1 ! o!r creat+ fre% gr\nd4 ,sid5ote3 ,frequ5t e>?quakes4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! valley ( ! ,lycus 0 & is especially liable to viol5t e>?quakes4 ,! same dang] inde$ ext5ds ov] l>ge portions ( ,asia ,m9or1 b ?is di/rict is s+l$ out by anci5t writ]s#e 7& ! te/imony ( mod]n travell]s confirms ! /atem5t#f71 z ! *ief !atre ( ^! cata/rophes4 ,n once or twice only 9 ! hi/ory ( ,laodicea d we read ( su* visitations lay+ wa/e ! city itself or "s fl\ri%+ t[n 9 ! neighb\rhood#g4 ,?\gh ! ext]ior surface ( ! e>? %[s no traces ( rec5t volcanoes1 /ill ! cav]n\s nature ( ! soil & ! hot spr+s & mephitic vap\rs ab\nd+ "h indicate ! pres5ce ( ^? subt]ranean fires1 :i* f "t to "t h manife/$ !mselves 9 ?is "w ( de/ruction4 ,footnote #e3 ,see especially ,/rabo xii4 #h4 #af 7p4 #egh7 1 1 4 ,footnote #f3 ,?us ,pococke 7p4 #ga7 9 #agde writes ( ,d5izli1 :i* is close to ,laodicea1 #8,! old t[n 0 de/roy$ ab\t #be ye>s pa/ by an e>?quake1 9 :i* #ab1jjj p p]i%$4' ,footnote #g3 ,see bel[ p4 #ch4 ,sid5ote3 ,deposits ( trav]t9e4 ,b1 :ile ! cru/ ( ! e>? is con/antly brok5 up by ^! =ces f b5ea?1 ano!r ag5cy is actively employ$ above gr\nd 9 lay+ a new surface4 ,if fire has its fitful outbur/s ( deva/ation1 wat] is only less p[]ful 9 its gradual "w ( recon/ruction4 ,! lat]al /reams :i* swell ! wat]s ( ! ,lycus are ?ickly impregnat$ ) calc>e\s matt]1 :i* !y deposit 9 _! c\rse4 ,! trav]t9e =mations ( ?is valley are among ! mo/ rem>kable 9 ! _w1 surpass+ ev5 ! /rik+ ph5om5a ( ,tivoli & ,cl]mont#h4 ,anci5t monum5ts are buri$1 f]tile l&s ov]laid1 riv]-b$s *ok$ up & /reams div]t$1 fanta/ic grottos & cascades & ar*ways ( /one =m$1 by ?is /range caprici\s p[]1 at once de/ructive & creative1 work+ sil5tly & rel5tlessly ?r\gh long ages4 ,fatal to vegetation1 ^! incru/ations spread l a /ony %r\d ov] ! gr\nd4 ,gleam+ l glaci]s on ! hill-side !y attract ! eye ( ! travell] at a di/ance ( tw5ty miles#i1 & =m a s+ul>ly /rik+ feature 9 sc5]y ( m ?an common beauty & impressiv5ess4 ,footnote #h3 ,t*ihat*eff ,p4 ,i4 ,geogr4 ,phys4 ,comp4 p4 #cdd sq41 esp4 p4 #cec4 ,see ! ref]5ces bel[1 pp4 #i sq41 #ae4 ,footnote #i3 ,fell[s ,asia ,m9or p4 #bhc4 ,sid5ote3 ,produce & manufactures ( ! di/rict4 ,at ! same "t1 along ) ^! de/ructive ag5cies1 ! f]tility ( ! di/rict 0 & is unusually great4 ,its ri* pa/ures f$ l>ge flocks ( %eep1 ^: fleeces 7 ( a sup]ior quality2 & ! trade 9 dy$ wooll5 goods 0 ! *ief s\rce ( prosp]ity to ^! t[ns4 ,= ! b\nty ( nature 0 n conf9$ to ! production ( ! mat]ial1 b ext5d$ also to ! prep>ation ( ! fabric4 ,! m9]al /reams _h *emical qualities1 :i* 7 highly valu$ by ! dy]#aj4 ,h5ce we f9d t all ! ?ree t[ns1 ) :i* we are conc]n$1 7 fam\s 9 ?is bran* ( trade4 ,at ,hi]apolis1 z at ,?yatira1 ! guild ( ! dy]s appe>s 9 ! inscriptions z an important & influ5tial body#aa4 ,_! col\rs vi$ 9 brilliancy ) ! ri*e/ sc>lets & purples ( ! f>!r ea/#ab4 ,laodicea aga9 0 fam\s = ! col\r ( its fleeces1 probably a glossy black1 :i* 0 mu* e/eem$#ac4 ,"h also we read ( a guild ( dy]s#ad4 ,& la/ly1 ,coloss gave its "n to a peculi> dye1 :i* seems to h be5 "s %ade ( purple1 & f :i* x d]iv$ a consid]able rev5ue#ae4 ,footnote #aj3 ,see note #ac4 ,footnote #aa3 ,boeckh ,corp4 ,inscr4 no4 #cibd 7at ,hi]apolis7 4 ,see ,laborde's view1 pl4 xxxv4 ,9 ano!r inscription too 7,le ,bas & ,wadd+ton1 no4 #afhg7 !re is m5tion ( ! purple-dy]s1 4 ,footnote #ab3 ,/rabo xiii4 #d4 #ad 7p4 #fcj7 1 4 ,footnote #ac3 ,/rabo xii4 #h4 #af 7p4 #egh7 ' 1 1 1 ' 1 1 4 ,= ?is /range adjective 7:i* seems to be d]iv$ f & to mean #8rav5-black'7 see ! passages 9 ,hase & ,d9dorf's ,/eph4 ,!s4 ,9 ,lat9 we f9d ! =m corac9us1 ,vitruv4 viii4 #c #ad #8,aliis corac9o colore1' ,laodicea be+ m5tion$ 9 ! context4 ,vitruvius repres5ts ?is z ! natural col\r ( ! fleeces1 & attributes x to ! wat] drunk by ! %eep4 ,see also ,pl94 ,n4 ,h4 viii4 #dh #gc4 ,s too ,hi]on4 adv4 ,jov94 ii4 #ba 7,,ii4 p4 #ceh7 #8,laodice indum5tis ornatus inc$is4' ,! anci5t acc\nts ( ! natural col\r ( ! fleeces 9 ?is neighb\rhood are p>tially confirm$ by mod]n travell]s2 e4g4 ,pococke p4 #gd1 ,*&l] p4 #bbh4 ,footnote #ad3 ,boeckh ,corp4 ,inscr4 #cich 74 ,footnote #ae3 ,see ! passage ( ,/rabo quot$ p4 #d1 note #ac4 ,! place gives its "n to ! col\r1 & n conv]sely1 z /at$ 9 ,blakesley's ,h]od4 vii4 #aac4 ,see also ,pl94 ,n4 ,h4 xxi4 #i #bg1 #8,9 vepribus nascitur cyclam9um 444 flos ejus coloss9us 9 coronas admittitur1' a passage :i* assi/s 9 det]m9+ ! col\r4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,,laodicea4 ,sid5ote3 ,its "n & hi/ory4 #a4 ,( ^! ?ree t[ns ,,laodicea1 z ! mo/ important1 des]ves to be consid]$ fir/4 ,laodice 0 a common "n among ! ladies ( ! royal h\se ( ! ,seleucid1 z ,antio*us 0 among ! pr9ces4 ,h5ce ,antio*ia & ,laodicea occur frequ5tly z ! designations ( cities )9 ! dom9ions ( ! ,syrian k+s4 ,laodicea on ! ,lycus#af1 z x 0 surnam$ to di/+ui% x f o!r t[ns s call$1 & m especially p]haps f its ne> neighb\r ,laodicea ,catacecaum5e1 _h borne 9 succession ! names ( ,diospolis & ,rhoas#ag2 b :5 ref\nd$ by ,antio*us ,!os 7,b4,c4 #bfa-bdf71 x 0 newly designat$ aft] 8 wife ,laodice#ah4 ,x is situat$#ai on an undulat+ hill1 or gr\p ( hills1 :i* ov]hangs ! valley on ! s\?1 be+ wa%$ on ei!r side by ! /reams ( ! ,asopus & ! ,caprus1 tribut>ies ( ! ,lycus#bj4 ,beh9d x rise ! sn[-capp$ heights ( ,cadmus1 ! l(ty m\nta9 b>ri] :i* %uts 9 ! s\? side ( ! ma9 valley#ba4 ,sid5ote3 ,its gr[+ prosp]ity4 ,a place ( no great importance at fir/1 x made rapid /rides 9 ! la/ days ( ! republic & "u ! e>lie/ ,cs>s1 & _h become1 two or ?ree g5]ations be=e ,/ ,paul wrote1 a popul\s & ?riv+ city#bb4 ,among its fam\s inhabitants are m5tion$ ! names ( "s philosoph]s1 sophi/s1 & rhetoricians1 m5 r5[n$ 9 _! day b =gott5 or almo/ =gott5 n[#bc4 ,m to our purpose1 z illu/rat+ ! boa/$ weal? & prosp]ity ( ! city1 :i* appe>$ z a reproa* & a /umbl+block 9 an ,apo/le's eyes#bd1 are ! facts1 t "o ( its citiz5s1 ,polemo1 became a k+ & a fa!r ( k+s1 & t ano!r1 ,hi]o1 hav+ accumulat$ enorm\s weal?1 bequea!d all 8 prop]ty to ! p & adorn$ ! city ) co/ly gifts#be4 ,to ! good =tune ( h] pr9cipal sons1 z well z to ! f]tility ( ! c\ntry ar\nd1 ! geograph] ,/rabo ascribes ! increase & prosp]ity ( ,laodicea4 ,! ru9s ( public build+s /ill be> te/imony by _! numb] & magnific5ce to ! pa/ greatness ( ! city#bf4 ,footnote #af3 1 ,boeckh ,corp4 ,inscr4 no4 #cich1 ,ptol4 ,geogr4 v4 #b1 ,tab4 ,peut4 #8laudicium pilycum'2 1 ,eckhel ,num4 ,vet4 ,,iii4 p4 #aff1 ,/rabo l4c41 ,boeckh ,corp4 ,inscr4 #ehha1 #ehic2 1 ,boeckh ,corp4 ,inscr4 #fdgh4 ,a citiz5 0 /yl$ 1 ,diog4 ,la]t4 ix4 #ab #aaf4 ,footnote #ag3 ,pl94 ,n4 ,h4 v4 #bi4 ,footnote #ah3 ,/eph4 ,byz4 s4v41 :o quotes ! oracle 9 ob$i5ce to :i* 7 7 x 0 f\nd$4 ,footnote #ai3 ,= descriptions ( ,laodicea see ,smi? p4 #bej sq41 ,pococke p4 #ga sq41 ,*&l] p4 #bbd sq41 ,arundell ,sev5 ,*ur*es p4 #hd sq41 ,asia ,m9or ,,ii4 p4 #ahj sq41 ,fell[s ,asia ,m9or #bhj sq41 ,hamilton ,i4 p4 #ead sq41 ,t*ihat*eff ,p4 ,i4 p4 #beb sq41 #beh sq4 ,see also ! views 9 ,laborde1 pl4 xxxix1 ,allom & ,wal% ,,ii4 p4 #hf1 & ,svoboda phot4 #cf-ch4 ,! mod]n ,turki% "n is ,eskihiss>1 #8! ,old ,ca/le1' correspond+ to ! mod]n ,greek1 ,paleka/ro1 a common "n = ! sites ( anci5t cities2 ,leake p4 #bea4 ,on ! anci5t site itself !re is no t[n or village2 ! mod]n city ,d5izli is a few miles (f4 ,footnote #bj3 ,! position ( ,laodicea ) respect to ! neighb\r+ /reams is accurately describ$ by ,pl9y ,n4,h4 v4 #bi #8,imposita e/ ,lyco flum9i1 lat]a afflu5tibus ,asopo et ,capro'2 see ,t*ihat*eff ,p4 ,i4 p4 #beh4 ,/rabo xii4 7l4c47 is m c>eless 9 8 description 7= x c h>dly be1 z ,t*ihat*eff assumes1 t he has mi/ak5 "o ( ^! two tribut>ies = ! ,lycus itself71 1 :]e ref]s to 1 & :]e by ! junction ( ! /ream ) ! ,m&] mu/ be int5d$ ! junction ( ! comb9$ /ream ( ! ,lycus & ,caprus4 ,on ! co9s ( ,laodicea 7,eckhel ,,iii4 p4 #aff1 ,mionnet ,,iv4 p4 #ccj1 ib4 ,suppl4 ,,vii4 p4 #ehg1 #ehi7 ! ,lycus & ,caprus appe> toge!r1 be+ sometimes repres5t$ z a wolf & a wild-bo>4 ,! ,asopus is omitt$1 ei!r z be+ a less important /ream or z be+ less capable ( symbolical repres5tation4 ,( mod]n travell]s1 ,smi? 7p4 #bej71 & aft] him ,pococke 7p4 #gb71 h correctly describ$ ! position ( ! /reams4 ,*&l] 7p4 #bbg71 misl$ by ,/rabo1 mi/akes ! ,caprus = ! ,lycus & ! ,lycus = ! ,m&]4 ,! mod]n "n ( ! ,lycus is ,t*oruk ,s4 ,footnote #ba3 ,! mod]n "n ( ,cadmus is ,baba-,dagh1 #8,! fa!r ( m\nta9s4' ,footnote #bb3 ,/rabo xii4 l4c4 ' 1 4 ,/rabo fl\ri%$ 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us & ! e>li] ye>s ( ,tib]ius4 ,! gr[+ importance ( ,laodicea dates f be=e ! age ( ,cic]o3 see p4 #g4 ,footnote #bc3 ,/rabo l4c42 ,diog4 ,la]t4 ix4 #aa #ajf1 #ab #aaf2 ,philo/r4 ,vit4 ,soph4 i4 #be2 ,eckhel ,doctr4 ,num4 ,vet4 ,,iii4 p4 #afb1 #afc sq4 ,footnote #bd3 ,rev4 iii4 #ag2 see bel[ p4 #dc4 ,footnote #be3 ,/rabo l4c4 ,footnote #bf3 ,! ru9s ( ,laodicea h =m$ ! qu>ry out ( :i* ! mod]n t[n ( ,d5izli is built4 ,yet not)/&+ ^! depr$ations !y are /ill v ext5sive1 compris+ an amphi!atre1 two or ?ree !atres1 an aqu$uct1 etc4 ,! amphi!atre 0 built by ! munific5ce ( a citiz5 ( ,laodicea only a few ye>s aft] ,/ ,paul wrote1 z ! inscription te/ifies2 ,boeckh ,corp4 ,inscr4 no4 #cice4 ,see especially ,hamilton ,i4 p4 #eae sq41 :o describes ^! ru9s z #8be>+ ! /amp ( ,roman extravagance & luxury1 r ?an ( ! /]n & massive solidity ( ! ,greeks4' ,sid5ote3 ,its political rank1 z ! capital ( a conv5tus4 ,n less important1 z ?r[+ light on ! ,apo/olic hi/ory1 is ! political /atus ( ,laodicea4 ,asia ,m9or "u ! ,romans 0 divid$ into di/ricts1 ea* compris+ sev]al t[ns & hav+ its *ief city1 9 :i* ! c\rts 7 held f "t to "t by ! proconsul or legate ( ! prov9ce1 & :]e ! taxes f ! subord9ate t[ns 7 collect$#bg4 ,ea* ( ^! political aggregates 0 /yl$ 9 ,lat9 conv5tus1 9 ,greek --a t]m aft]w>ds borr[$ by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 be+ appli$ to a simil> ecclesia/ical aggregate1 & ?us naturalis$ 9 ! languages ( ,*ri/5dom z diocese4 ,at ! head ( ! mo/ important ( ^! political dioceses1 ! #8,cibyratic conv5tion' or #8jurisdiction1' z x 0 call$1 compris+ n less ?an tw5ty-five t[ns1 /ood ,laodicea#bh4 ,"h 9 times pa/ ,cic]o1 z proconsul ( ,cilicia1 _h held 8 c\rt#bi2 hi!r at /at$ seasons flock$ suitors1 advocates1 cl]ks1 %]iffs'-(fic]s1 tax-collectors1 pleasure-seek]s1 c\rti]s--all ^? cr[ds :om bus9ess or leisure or policy or curiosity w\ld draw toge!r f a weal?y & popul\s di/rict1 :5 ! repres5tative ( ! laws & ! maje/y ( ,rome appe>$ to receive homage & to hold 8 assize#cj4 ,to ?is position z ! *ief city ( ! ,cibyratic union ! inscriptions probably ref]1 :5 !y /yle ,laodicea ! #8metropolis#ca4' ,& 9 its metropolitan rank we see an explanation ( ! fact1 t to ,laodicea1 z to ! c5tre ( a ,*ri/ian diocese also1 :5ce _! lett]s w\ld readily be circulat$ among ! neighb\r+ bro!rhoods1 two ,apo/les address !mselves 9 succession1 ! "o writ+ f 8 captivity 9 ,rome#cb1 ! o!r f 8 exile at ,patmos#cc4 ,footnote #bg3 ,see ,beck] & ,m>qu>dt ,rm4 ,alt]?4 ,,iii4 #a4 p4 #acf sq4 ,footnote #bh3 ,see ,cic4 ad ,att4 v4 #ba1#8;,idibus ,febru>iis 444 =um in/itu]am ag]e ,laodice ,cibyraticum1') ! ref]5ces 9 ! next note3 comp4 also ,pl94 ,n4,h4 v4 #bi #8,una 7jurisdictio7 appellatur ,cibyratica4 ,ipsum 7i4e4 ,cibyra7 oppidum ,phrygi e/4 ,conv5iunt eo xxv civitates1 celeb]rima urbe ,laodicea4' ,besides ^! passages1 te/imony is borne to ! importance ( ! ,cibyratic #8conv5tus' by ,/rabo1 xiii4 #d #ag 7p4 #fca71 4 ,x w be rememb]$ also t ,horace s+les out ! ,cibyratica negotia 7,epi/4 i4 #f4 #cc7 to repres5t ,ori5tal trade g5]ally4 ,! importance ( ,laodicea may be inf]r$ f ! fact t1 ?\gh ! union 0 nam$ aft] ,cibyra1 its head-qu>t]s 7 f ! fir/ fix$ at or soon aft]w>ds transf]r$ to ,laodicea4 ,footnote #bi3 ,see ad ,fam4 ii4 #ag1 iii4 #e1 #g1 #h1 ix4 #be1 xiii4 #ed1 #fg1 xv4 #d2 ad ,att4 v4 #af1 #ag1 #bj1 #ba1 vi4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #g4 ,he visit$ ,laodicea on sev]al occasions1 sometimes mak+ a long /ay !re1 & n a few ( 8 lett]s are writt5 !nce4 ,see especially 8 acc\nt ( 8 "w !re1 ad ,att4 vi4 #b1 #8,hoc =o quod egi ex ,idibus ,febru>iis ,laodice ad ,kal5das ,maias omnium dioecesium1 prt] ,cilici1 mirabilia qudam efficimus2 ita mult civitates1 etc4' ,altoge!r ,laodicea seems to h be5 second 9 importance to none ( ! cities 9 8 prov9ce1 except p]haps ,t>sus4 ,see also ! notice1 9 ,v]r4 ,act4 ii4 ,i4 c4 #cj4 ,footnote #cj3 ,! description :i* ,dion ,*ryso/om gives 9 8 eulogy ( ,celn 7,apamea ,cibotus71 ! metropolis ( a neighb\r+ #8dioecesis1' enables u to realise ! conc\rse :i* ga!r$ toge!r on ^! occasions3 ,orat4 ,,xxxv 7,,ii4 p4 #fi7 1 1 1 1 1 444 ,footnote #ca3 ,on ?is ^w see ,beck] & ,m>qu>dt l4c4 p4 #ach sq4 ,x _h lo/ its orig9al s5se1 z ! "m city ( a colony4 ,laodicea is /yl$ #8metropolis' on ! co9s1 ,mionnet ,,iv4 p4 #cba4 ,footnote #cb3 ,col4 iv4 #af ) ! notes4 ,see also bel[ p4 #cg1 & ! introduction to ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians4 ,footnote #cc3 ,rev4 iii4 #ad4 ,sid5ote3 ,its religi\s wor%ip4 ,on ! religi\s wor%ip ( ,laodicea v little special in=mation exi/s4 ,its tutel>y deity 0 ,zeus1 ^: gu>dian%ip _h be5 recognis$ 9 ,diospolis1 ! old] "n ( ! city1 & :o1 hav+ 7accord+ to ! leg5d7 comm&$ its rebuild+1 0 commemorat$ on its co9s ) ! surname ,laodic5us#cd4 ,occasionally he is also call$ ,aseis1 a title :i* p]haps reproduces a ,syrian epi!t ( ?is deity1 #8! mighty4' ,if ?is int]pretation be correct1 we h a l9k ( connexion betwe5 ,laodicea & ! religions ( ! f>!r ,ea/--a connexion f> f improbable1 consid]+ t ,laodicea 0 ref\nd$ by a ,syrian k+ & is n unlikely to h adopt$ "s features ( ,syrian wor%ip#ce4 ,footnote #cd3 ,see ,eckhel ,,iii4 p4 #aei sq4 7passim71 ,mionnet ,,iv4 p4 #cae sq41 ib4 ,suppl4 ,,vii4 p4 #egh sq4 7passim74 ,9 ! co9s commemorat+ an alliance ) "s o!r city ,laodicea is repres5t$ by ,zeus2 e4g4 ,mionnet ,,iv4 pp4 #cbj1 #cbd1 #cca sq41 ,suppl4 ,,vii4 pp4 #ehf1 #ehi4 ,footnote #ce3 or 4 ,see ,wadd+ton ,voyage en ,asie ,m9eure au po9t de vue ,numismatique 7,p>is #ahec7 pp4 #be1 #bf sq4 ,mr ,wadd+ton adopts a sugge/ion communicat$ to him by ,m4 de ,longpri] t ?is ^w repres5ts ! ,aramaic #8! /rong1 mighty1' :i* appe>s also 9 ! ,arabic #8,aziz4' ,?is view ga9s "s confirmation f ! fact1 n m5tion$ by ,mr ,wadd+ton1 t 0 an epi!t ( ! ,ares ( ,edessa3 ,julian ,orat4 iv2 comp4 ,cureton ,spic4 ,syr4 p4 #hj1 & see de ,lag>de ,gesamm4 ,abh&l4 p4 #af4 ,on ! o!r h& ?is ,%emitic ^w else:]e1 :5 adopt$ into ,greek or ,lat91 is writt5 or ,azizus3 see ,g>rucci 9 ! ,ar*ologia ,,xliii4 p4 #de #8,tyrio ,septimio ,azizo1' & ,boeckh ,corp4 ,inscr4 #ihic 4 ,m4 de ,longpri] (f]s ! alt]native t 1 i4e4 1 is equival5t to 4 ,an objection to ?is view1 /rong] ?an ^? urg$ by ,mr ,wadd+ton1 is ! fact t seems only to be us$ z a fem99e adjective4 ,m4 ,r5an po9ts to ! fact t ?is is repres5t$ ) 8 h& on ! horns ( a goat1 & on ! /r5g? ( ?is co9cid5ce w\ld id5tify him ) #8! ,azazel ( ! ,semites' 7,sa9t ,paul1 p4 #cei71 ?\gh tradition & or?ography alike po9t to "s o!r d]ivation ( ,azazel 774 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,,hi]apolis4 ,sid5ote3 ,its situation4 #b4 ,on ! nor? ( ! valley1 opposite to ! slop+ hills :i* m>k ! site ( ,laodicea1 is a broad level t]race jutt+ out f ! m\nta9 side & ov]hang+ ! pla9 ) almo/ precipit\s sides4 ,on ?is plateau are scatt]$ ! va/ ru9s ( ,,hi]apolis#cf4 ,! m\nta9s ^u :i* x abuts occupy ! w$ge ( gr\nd betwe5 ! ,m&] & ! ,lycus2 b1 z ! ,m&] above its junction ) ! ,lycus passes ?r\gh a n>r[ rav9e1 !y bl5d1 :5 se5 f a di/ance1 ) ! l(ti] range ( ! ,mesogis :i* ov]hangs ! "r bank ( ! ,m&] almo/ f its s\rce to its emb\*ure1 & =m ) x ! nor!rn b>ri] to ! view1 z ! ,cadmus range does ! s\!rn1 ! broad valley /ret*+ betwe54 ,?us ,hi]apolis may be said to lie ov] aga9/ ,mesogis1 z ,laodicea lies ov] aga9/ ,cadmus#cg4 ,footnote #cf3 ,= descriptions ( ,hi]apolis1 see ,smi? p4 #bde sq41 ,pococke p4 #ge sq41 ,*&l] #bbi sq41 ,arundell ,sev5 ,*ur*es p4 #gi sq41 ,hamilton p4 #eag sq41 ,fell[s ,asia ,m9or p4 #bhc sq4 ,= ! trav]t9e deposits see especially ! description & plates 9 ,t*ihat*eff ,p4 ,i4 p4 #cde1 toge!r ) ! views 9 ,laborde 7pl4 xxxii-xxxviii71 & ,svoboda 7photogr4 #da-dg74 ,t*ihat*eff repeat$ly calls ! place ,hi]opolis2 b ?is =m1 ?\gh commonly us$ ( o!r t[ns 7see ,/eph4 ,byz4 s4v4 1 ,leake ,num4 ,hell4 p4 #fg71 appe>s n to occur z a designation ( ! ,phrygian city1 :i* seems always to be writt5 ,hi]apolis4 ,! citiz5s h[ev] are sometimes call$ on ! co9s4 ,! mod]n "n is giv5 diff]5tly by travell]s4 ,x is g5]ally call$ ,pamb\k-,kalessi1 i4e4 #8cotton-ca/le1' suppos$ to allude to ! appe>ance ( ! petrifactions1 ?\gh cotton is gr[n 9 ! neighb\rhood 7,hamilton ,i4 p4 #eag74 ,s ,smi?1 ,pococke1 ,*&l]1 ,arundell1 ,t*ihat*eff1 ,wadd+ton1 & o!rs4 ,m4 ,r5an says #8,tamb\k1 et non ,pamb\k1 ,kalessi' 7,s4 ,paul p4 #ceg74 ,laborde gives ! ^w ,tamb\k 9 "s places & ,pamb\k 9 o!rs2 & ,leake says #8,hi]apolis1 n[ call$ ,tabk-,kale or ,pambuk-,kale' 7p4 #beb74 ,footnote #cg3 ,/rabo xiii4 #d4 #ad 7p4 #fbi7 says 444 1 444 ,he _c mean t ,hi]apolis 0 situat$ imm$iately 9 or by ! ,mesogis 7= ! "n does n seem ev] to be appli$ to ! m\nta9s betwe5 ! ,lycus & ,m&]71 b t ) respect to ,laodicea x /ood ov] aga9/ ! ,mesogis1 z ,i h expla9$ x 9 ! text4 ,! view 9 ,laborde 7pl4 xxxix7 %[s ! appe>ance ( ,hi]apolis f ,laodicea4 ,/rabo _h himself visit$ ! place & mu/ h kn[n h[ x 0 situat$4 ,"s mod]n travell]s h[ev] 7e4g4 ,*&l] & ,arundell7 speak ( ! plateau ( ,hi]apolis z "p ( ! ,mesogis4 ,/eig] 7,koloss] p4 #cc7 gets ov] ! difficulty by translat+ ,/rabo's words1 #8ne> ! ,mesogis b on ! opposite side 7i4e4 ( ! ,m&]7 is ! ,laodicean ,hi]apolis' 7to di/+ui% x f o!rs ( ! "n72 b _c be sep>at$ f )\t viol5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,rem>kable physical features4 ,x is at ,hi]apolis t ! rem>kable physical features :i* di/+ui% ! valley ( ! ,lycus display !mselves 9 ! fulle/ p]fection4 ,ov] ! /eep cliffs :i* support ! plateau ( ! city1 tumble cascades ( pure :ite /one1 ! deposit ( calc>e\s matt] f ! /reams :i*1 aft] trav]s+ ?is upp] level1 are precipitat$ ov] ! l$ge into ! pla9 b5ea? & assume ! mo/ fanta/ic %apes 9 _! desc5t4 ,at "o "t ov]hang+ 9 cornices fr+$ ) /alactites1 at ano!r holl[$ out into bas9s or brok5 up ) ridges1 !y m>k ! site ( ! city at a di/ance1 gli/5+ on ! m\nta9-side l foam+ cat>acts froz5 9 ! fall4 ,sid5ote3 ,_! relation to ! ,apo/olic hi/ory4 ,b = ! imm$iate hi/ory ( ,/ ,paul's ,epi/les ! /rik+ beauty ( ! sc5]y has no value4 ,x is n probable t he _h visit$ ?is di/rict :5 ! lett]s to ! ,colossians & ,laodiceans 7 writt54 ,7 x o!rwise1 we c h>dly suppose1 t educat$ "u widely diff]5t influ5ces & occupi$ ) deep] & m absorb+ ?\ghts1 he w\ld h %>$ ! en?usiasm :i* ?is sc5]y inspires 9 ! mod]n travell]4 ,/ill x w give a reality to our conceptions1 if we try to picture to ourselves ! ext]nal features ( t city1 :i* 0 de/9$ be=e long to become ! adopt$ home ( ,apo/les & o!r p]sonal disciples ( ! ,"l1 & to play a conspicu\s "p--second p]haps only to ,ephesus--9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* dur+ ! ages imm$iately succe$+ ! ,apo/les4 ,sid5ote3 ,hi]apolis a fam\s wat]+-place4 ,l ,laodicea1 ,hi]apolis 0 at ?is "t an important & a gr[+ city1 ?\gh n l ,laodicea hold+ metropolitan rank#ch4 ,besides ! trade 9 dy$ wools1 :i* x %>$ 9 common ) ! neighb\r+ t[ns1 x _h ano!r s\rce ( weal? & prosp]ity peculi> to itself4 ,! /reams to :i* ! sc5]y owes ! rem>kable features already describ$1 are end[$ ) valuable m$ic9al qualities1 :ile at ! same "t !y are s copi\s t ! anci5t city is describ$ z full ( self-made ba?s#ci4 ,an inscription1 /ill legible among ! ru9s1 celebrates _! virtues 9 h]oic v]se1 ?us apo/rophiz+ ! city3 ,hail1 faire/ soil 9 all broad ,asia's realm2 ,hail1 gold5 city1 nymph div9e1 b$eck'd ,) fl[+ rills1 ?y jewels#dj4 ,co9s ( ,hi]apolis too are extant ( v>i\s types1 on :i* sculapius & ,hygeia appe> ei!r s+ly or toge!r#da4 ,to ?is fa%ionable wat]+-place1 ?us fav\r$ by nature1 seek]s ( pleasure & seek]s ( heal? alike 7 drawn4 ,footnote #ch3 ,on its ecclesia/ical title ( metropolis1 see bel[1 p4 #gj1 note #bgg4 ,footnote #ci3 ,/rabo l4c4 ' 4 ,footnote #dj3 ,boeckh ,corp4 ,inscr4 #ciji1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 ,footnote #da3 ,mionnet ,,iv4 p4 #big1 #cjf1 #cjg1 ib4 ,suppl4 ,,vii4 p4 #efg2 ,wadd+ton ,voyage etc4 p4 #bd4 ,sid5ote3 ,! magnific5ce ( its ru9s4 ,to ! anci5t magnific5ce ( ,hi]apolis its extant ru9s be> ample te/imony4 ,m fav\r$ ?an ,laodicea1 x has n 9 its imm$iate neighb\rhood any mod]n t[n or village ( importance1 ^: inhabitants h be5 tempt$ to qu>ry mat]ials = _! h\ses out ( ! memorials ( its =m] greatness4 ,h5ce ! :ole plateau is cov]$ ) ru9s1 ( :i* ! ext5t & ! good ta/e are equally rem>kable2 & ( ^! ! pal/ra & ! !rm1 z might be expect$1 are among ! m prom95t4 ,sid5ote3 ,its religi\s wor%ip4 ,a city1 :i* comb9$ ! pursuit ( heal? & ( gaiety1 _h fitly *os5 z its patron deity ,apollo1 ! god alike ( m$ic9e & ( fe/ivity1 "h wor%ipp$ especially z #8,ar*egetes1' ! ,f\nd]#db4 ,b m important1 z illu/rat+ ! religi\s temp] ( ?is ,phrygian city1 is ano!r fact connect$ ) x4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,plutonium4,9 ,hi]apolis 0 a spot call$ ! ,plutonium1 a hot well or spr+1 f ^: n>r[ m\? issu$ a mephitic vap\r imm$iately fatal to ^? :o /ood ov] ! op5+ & inhal$ its fumes4 ,to ! mutilat$ prie/s ( ,cybele alone 7s x 0 believ$7 an immunity 0 giv5 f heav51 :i* fre$ !m f its deadly effects#dc4 ,inde$ ?is city appe>s to h be5 a *ief c5tre ( ! passionate my/ical devotion ( anci5t ,phrygia4 ,b indications are n want+1 t 9 addition to ?is old] wor%ip religi\s rites 7 borr[$ also f o!r p>ts ( ! ,ea/1 m especially f ,egypt#dd4 ,by ! multitude ( h] temples ,hi]apolis e/abli%$ h] "r to ! title ( ! #8sacr$ city1' :i* %e bore#de4 ,footnote #db3 ,boeckh ,corp4 ,inscr4 #cije1 #cijf2 ,mionnet iv4 pp4 #big1 #cja1 #cjg1 ib4 ,suppl4 vii4 p4 #efh1 #efi1 #egj4 ,9 co9s /ruck to commemorate alliances ) o!r cities1 ,hi]apolis is repres5t$ by ,apollo ,ar*egetes3 ,mionnet ,,iv4 p4 #cjc1 ib4 ,suppl4 ,,vii4 #egb1 #egc1 #egd2 ,wadd+ton ,voyage etc4 p4 #be2 & see ,eckhel ,,iii4 p4 #aef4 ,on ! mean+ ( ,ar*egetes1 "u :i* "n ,apollo 0 wor%ipp$ by o!r cities also1 :o reg>d$ him z _! f\nd]1 see ,spanheim on ,callim4 ,hymn4 ,apoll4 #eg4 ,footnote #dc3 ,/rabo l4c4 ,he himself _h se5 ! ph5om5on & 0 d\btful h[ to acc\nt = ! immunity ( ^! prie/s1 444 4 ,see also ,pl94 ,n4 ,h4 ii4 #ic #ie #8locum 444 matris tantum magn sac]doti innoxium4' ,dion ,cass4 7,xiphil47 lxviii4 #bg1 :o also witness$ ! ph5om5on1 adds 1 4 ,ammian4 ,m>c4 xxiii4 #f4 #ah also m5tions ?is m>vel1 b speaks cauti\sly1 #8ut ass]unt quidam1' & adds #8quod qua causa ev5iat1 rationibus physicis p]mittatur4' ,comp4 ,an?ol4 ,,vii4 p4 #aij ' 1 2 ,/obu ,ecl4 i4 #cd1 p4 #fhj4 ,laborde /ates 7p4 #hc7 t he discov]$ by exp]im5t t ! wat]s are sometimes fatal to animal life & sometimes p]fectly h>mless2 & if ?is be sub/antiat$1 we h a solution ( ! m>vel4 ,o!r mod]n travell]s1 :o h visit$ ! ,plutonium1 are ,cock]ell 7,leake p4 #cdb71 & ,svoboda4 ,9 ,svoboda's "w a *emical analysis ( ! wat]s is giv54 ,footnote #dd3 ,on a co9 ( ,hi]apolis1 ,pluto-,s]apis appe>s seat$1 :ile be=e him /&s ,isis ) a si/rum 9 h] h&2 ,wadd+ton ,voyage etc4 p4 #bd4 ,see also ,mionnet ,,iv4 pp4 #bif1 #cje2 ,leake ,num4 ,hell4 p4 #ff4 ,! wor%ip ( ,s]apis appe>s else:]e 9 ?is neighb\rhood4 ,at ,*on 7,coloss7 is an inscription record+ a v[ to ?is deity2 ,le ,bas ,asie ,m9eure inscr4 #afic b4 ,footnote #de3 ,/eph4 ,byz4 s4v4 4 ,sid5ote3 ,! bir?-place ( ,epictetus4 ,?\gh at ?is "t we h no record ( fam\s citiz5s at ,hi]apolis1 su* z grac$ ! annals ( ,laodicea1 yet a g5]ation or two lat] %e numb]$ among h] sons "o nobl] f> ?an ! rhetoricians & sophi/s1 ! millionaires & pr9ces1 ( :om h] neighb\r c\ld boa/4 ,! lame slave ,epictetus1 ! l(tie/ ( hea!n morali/s1 mu/ h be5 gr[+ up to manhood :5 ! fir/ rum\rs ( ! ,gospel rea*$ 8 native city4 ,did any *ance ?r[ him across ! pa? ( ,epaphras1 :o fir/ ann\nc$ ! glad-tid+s !re8 ,sid5ote3 ,epictetus & ,*ri/ianity4,did he ev] meet ! great ,apo/le himself1 :ile dragg+ out 8 long captivity at ,rome1 or :5 aft] 8 release he paid 8 long-promis$ visit to ! valley ( ! ,lycus8 ,we %\ld be glad to ?9k t ^! two m5 met toge!r face to face--! greate/ ( ,*ri/ian1 & ! greate/ ( hea!n prea*]s4 ,su* a meet+ w\ld solve m ?an "o riddle4 ,a ,*ri/ian ,epictetus c]ta9ly 0 n2 8 ,/oic doctr9e & 8 ,/oic morality are alike app>5t3 b nev]!less 8 language pres5ts "s /range co9cid5ces ) ! ,apo/olic writ+s1 :i* w\ld ?us receive an explanation#df4 ,x mu/ be confess$ h[ev]1 t ( any outw>d int]c\rse betwe5 ! ,apo/le & ! philosoph] hi/ory furni%es no h9t4 ,footnote #df3 ,see ,philippians1 pp4 #cab1 #cac4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,,coloss4 #c4 ,:ile ! sites ( ,laodicea & ,hi]apolis are conspicu\s1 s t !y 7 e>ly id5tifi$ by _! ru9s1 ! same is n ! case ) ,,coloss4 ,sid5ote3 ,difficulty ( det]m9+ its site4,only )9 ! pres5t g5]ation has ! position ( ?is once fam\s city be5 asc]ta9$1 & ev5 n[ x lacks ! confirmation ( any inscription f\nd 9 situ & giv+ ! "n#dg4 ,sid5ote3 ,subt]ranean *annel ( ! ,lycus4,h]odotus /ates t 9 ,coloss ! riv] ,lycus disappe>s 9 a subt]ranean cave1 em]g+ aga9 at a di/ance ( ab\t five /ades#dh2 & ?is v s+ul> l&m>k--! und]gr\nd passage ( a /ream = half a mile--might be ?\ght to h plac$ ! site ( ! city beyond ! rea* ( controv]sy4 ,b ?is is n ! case4 ,9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! only ru9s :i* c possibly be id5tifi$ ) ,coloss1 no su* subt]ranean *annel has be5 discov]$4 ,b on ! o!r h& ! appe>ance ( ! riv] at ?is po9t sugge/s t at "o "t ! n>r[ gorge ?r\gh :i* x runs1 z x trav]ses ! ru9s1 0 ov]>*$ = "s di/ance ) incru/ations ( trav]t9e1 & t ?is natural bridge 0 brok5 up aft]w>ds by an e>?quake1 s z to expose ! *annel ( ! /ream#di4 ,?is explanation seems satisfactory4 ,if x be reject$1 we mu/ look = ! und]gr\nd *annel1 n )9 ! city itself1 z ! words ( ,h]odotus /rictly int]pret$ require1 b at "s po9t high] up ! /ream4 ,9 ei!r case !re c be little d\bt t ^! are ! ru9s ( ,coloss4 ,sid5ote3 ,petrify+ /ream4,! fact m5tion$ by ,pl9y#ej1 t !re is 9 ?is city a riv] :i* turns brick into /one1 is satisfi$ by a side /ream fl[+ into ! ,lycus f ! nor?1 & lay+ l>ge deposits ( calc>e\s matt]2 ?\gh 9 ?is region1 z we h se51 su* a ph5om5on is v f> f r>e4 ,! site ( ,coloss !n1 z det]m9$ by ^! consid]ations1 lies two or ?ree miles nor? ( ! pres5t t[n ( ,*onos1 ! m$ival ,*on1 & "s twelve miles ea/ ( ,laodicea4 ,! ,lycus trav]ses ! site ( ! ru9s1 divid+ ! city into two p>ts1 ! necropolis /&+ on ! "r or nor!rn bank1 & ! t[n itself on ! left4 ,footnote #dg3 ,see h[ev] a mutilat$ inscription 7,boeckh ,corp4 ,inscr4 #cief7 ) ! lett]s 4441 f\nd ne> ,*on4 ,footnote #dh3 ,h]od4 vii4 #cj 1 1 1 4 ,footnote #di3 ,?is is ! explanation ( ,hamilton 7,i4 p4 #eji sq471 :o 7) ! d\btful exception ( ,laborde7 has ! m]it ( hav+ fir/ id5tifi$ & describ$ ! site ( ,coloss4 ,x /&s on ! ,t*oruk ,s 7,lycus7 at ! po9t :]e x is jo9$ by two o!r /reams1 ! ,b\n> ,ba%i ,s & ! ,ak-,s4 ,9 confirmation ( 8 op9ion1 ,hamilton f\nd a tradition 9 ! neighb\rhood t ! riv] _h once be5 cov]$ ov] at ?is spot 7p4 #ebb74 ,he foll[$ ! c\rse ( ! ,lycus = "s di/ance )\t f9d+ any subt]ranean *annel 7p4 #eba sq474 ,x is difficult to say :e!r ! foll[+ acc\nt 9 ,/rabo xii4 #h #af 7p4 #egh7 ref]s to ! ,lycus or n2 ' ' 1 4 ,if ! ,lycus is meant1 may n imply t ?is rem>kable feature _h *ang$ be=e ,/rabo wrote8 ,laborde 7p4 #ajc71 :o visit$ ! place be=e ,hamilton1 ?\gh 8 acc\nt 0 app>5tly n publi%$ till lat]1 fixes on ! same site = ,coloss1 b ?9ks t he has discov]$ ! subt]ranean c\rse ( ! ,lycus1 to :i* ,h]odotus ref]s1 mu* high] up a /ream1 close to its s\rce 7#8 dix pas de cette s\rce'71 :i* he describes z #8 deux lieues au nord de ,coloss4' ,yet 9 ! same p>agraph he says #8,or il ,hrodote1 exact cic]one savait que le ,lycus disp>at prs de ,coloss1 ville considrable de la ,phrygie' 7! italics are 8 own74 ,he app>5tly does n see ! va/ diff]5ce betwe5 8 prs de ,coloss ?us widely int]pret$ & ! precise ( ,h]odotus himself4 ,obvi\sly no great reliance c be plac$ on ! accuracy ( a writ]1 :o treats 8 au?orities ?us4 ,! subt]ranean /ream :i* ,laborde saw1 & ( :i* he gives a view 7pl4 xl71 may possibly be ! ph5om5on to :i* ,h]odotus alludes2 b if s1 ,h]odotus has express$ himself v c>elessly4 ,on ! :ole ,hamilton's solution seems mu* m probable4 ,arundell's acc\nt 7,sev5 ,*ur*es p4 #ih sq41 ,asia ,m9or p4 #afj sq47 is v confus$1 & x is n cle> :e!r he has fix$ on ! "r site = ,coloss2 b x be>s te/imony to ! exi/5ce ( two subt]ranean c\rses ( riv]s1 ?\gh nei!r ( !m is close en\gh to ! city to satisfy ,h]odotus' description4 ,footnote #ej3 ,pl94 ,n4,h4 xxxi4 #b #bj4 ,?is is ! ,ak-,s1 :i* has /rongly petrify+ qualities4 ,sid5ote3 ,its anci5t greatness ,comm&+ ! approa*es to a pass 9 ! ,cadmus range1 & /&+ on a great high-way communicat+ betwe5 ,ea/]n & ,we/]n ,asia1 ,coloss at an e>ly date appe>s z a v important place4 ,"h ! mighty ho/ ( ,x]xes halt$ on its m>* aga9/ ,greece2 x is m5tion$ on ?is occasion z #8a great city ( ,phrygia#ea4' ,"h too ,cyrus rema9$ sev5 days on 8 d>+ ent]prise :i* t]m9at$ s fatally2 ! ,greek capta91 :o records ! exp$ition1 speaks ( x z #8a popul\s city1 prosp]\s & great#eb4' ,b aft] ?is "t its glory seems to wane4 ,! political supremacy ,sid5ote3 & lat] decl9e4( ,laodicea & ! gr[+ popul>ity ( ,hi]apolis gradually dra9 its /r5g?2 & ,/rabo1 writ+ ab\t two g5]ations be=e ,/ ,paul1 describes x z a #8small t[n#ec' 9 ! di/rict ( :i* ,laodicea 0 ! capital4 ,we %all !re=e be prep>$ to f9d t1 :ile ,laodicea & ,hi]apolis bo? hold important places 9 ! e>ly records ( ! ,*ur*1 ,coloss disappe>s :olly f ! pages ( hi/ory4 ,its comp>ative insignificance is /ill atte/$ by its ru9s1 :i* are few & meagre#ed1 :ile ! va/ rema9s ( temples1 ba?s1 !atres1 aqu$ucts1 gymnasia1 & sepul*res1 /rew+ ! ext5sive sites ( its m =tunate neighb\rs1 /ill be> witness to _! anci5t prosp]ity & magnific5ce4 ,x is n ev5 m5tion$ by ,ptolemy1 ?\gh 8 enum]ation ( t[ns includes sev]al inconsid]able places#ee4 ,)\t d\bt ,coloss 0 ! lea/ important ,*ur*1 to :i* any epi/le ( ,/ ,paul 0 address$4 ,footnote #ea3 ,h]od4 vii4 #cj4 ,see p4 #ad1 note #dh4 ,footnote #eb3 ,x54 ,anab4 i4 #b4 #f 444 1 1 4 ,footnote #ec3 1 ,/rabo xii4 #h4 #ac 7p4 #egf74 ,pl94 ,n4 ,h4 v4 #cb #da writes #8,phrygia 444 oppida ibi celeb]rima prt] jam dicta1 ,ancyra1 ,&ria1 ,celn1 ,coloss1' etc4 ,! comm5tators1 ref]r+ to ?is passage1 ov]look ! words 'prt] jam dicta1' & repres5t ,pl9y z call+ ,coloss #8oppidum celeb]rimum4' ,n unnaturally !y f9d x difficult to reconcile ?is expression ) ,/rabo's /atem5t4 ,b 9 fact ,pl9y has already exhau/$ all ! consid]able t[ns1 ,hi]apolis1 ,laodicea1 ,apamea1 etc41 & ev5 mu* less important places ?an ^! 7see v4 #bh1 #bi #bi71 s t only decay$ & ?ird-rate t[ns rema94 ,! ,ancyra "h m5tion$ is n ! capital ( ,galatia1 b a mu* small] ,phrygian t[n4 ,footnote #ed3 ,laborde p4 #ajb #8,de cette gr&e clbrit de ,coloss il ne re/e presque ri53 ce sont des sub/ructions sans suite1 des fragm5ts sans gr&eur2 les re/es d'un ?tre de mdiocre dim5sion1 une acropole sans h>diesse1' etc4 ,footnote #ee3 ,geogr4 v4 #b4 ,sid5ote3 ,unc]ta9 or?ography ( ! "n4 ,& p]haps also we may reg>d ! v>iation 9 ! or?ography ( ! "n z ano!r indication ( its comp>ative obscurity & its e>ly ext9ction4 ,are we to write ,coloss or ,colass8 ,s f> z ! evid5ce goes1 ! conclusion w\ld seem to be t1 :ile ,coloss alone occurs dur+ ! classical p]iod & 9 ,/ ,paul's "t1 x 0 aft]w>ds supplant$ by ,colass1 :5 ! t[n itself _h ei!r disappe>$ altoge!r or 0 already pass+ out ( notice#ef4 ,footnote #ef3 ,all ,greek writ]s till "s c5turies aft] ! ,*ri/ian era write x 3 s ,h]od4 vii4 #cj1 ,x54 ,anab4 i4 #b4 #f1 ,/rabo xii4 #h4 #ac1 ,diod4 xiv4 #hj1 ,polyn4 ,/rat4 vii4 #af4 #a2 ?\gh 9 "o or m ,,mss ( "s ( ^! au?ors x is writt5 1 %[+ ! t5d5cy ( lat] scribes4 ,coloss is also ! univ]sal =m 9 ,lat9 writ]s4 ,! co9s moreov]1 ev5 z late z ! reign ( ,gordian 7,a4,d4 #bch-bdd7 :5 !y ceas$ to be /ruck1 univ]sally h 7or 72 ,mionnet ,,iv4 p4 #bfg sq43 see ,bab+ton ,numismatic ,*ronicle ,new s]ies ,,iii4 p4 #a sq41 #f4 ,9 ,hi]ocles 7,synecd4 p4 #fff1 ,wessel47 & 9 ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions 7vii4 #df7 seems to be ! orig9al read+ ( ! text1 & 9 lat] ,byzant9e writ]s ?is =m is common4 ,if ,pr(4 ,bab+ton 7p4 #c7 7 "r 9 suppos+ t x is connect$ ) 1 ! "q ( ! correct spell+ might be reg>d$ z settl$2 b 9 a ,phrygian city ov] :i* s _m ,ea/]n nations swept 9 succession1 :o %all say to :at language ! "n belong$1 or :at are its aff9ities8 ,?us1 judg+ f classical usage1 we %\ld say t 0 ! old =m & t did n supplant x till "s "t aft] ,/ ,paul's age4 ,?is view is confirm$ by a review ( ! au?orities = ! diff]5t read+s 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,9 ! op5+ ( ! epi/le 7i4 #a7 ! au?orities = are ov]:elm+4 ,x is read by ,,bdfgl 7,a is oblit]at$ "h & ,c is want+72 & 9 ! ,old ,lat91 ,vulgate1 & ,arm5ian ,v]sions4 ,on ! o!r h& is read by ,,kp4 #ag4 #cg4 #dg1 & among ! v]sions by ! ,memphitic & ! ,philox5ian ,syriac 71 ?\gh ! m>g4 gives 74 ,9 ! ,pe%ito also ! pres5t read+ repres5ts 1 b z ! v[el 0 n express$ orig9ally & dep5ds on ! lat] po9t+1 its au?ority c h>dly be quot$4 ,! ,!baic is want+ "h4 ,9 ! head+ ( ! epi/le h[ev] !re is consid]ably m au?ority = ! =m 9 4 is ! read+ ( ,,ab99 ,,kp4 #cg 774 #dg4 ,c is want+ "h1 b has 9 ! subscription4 ,on ! o!r h& 7or 7 appe>s 9 ,b#a 7accord+ to ,tregelles1 b ,b#c ,tis*42 see 8 introd4 p4 xxxxviii7 ,,dfg 7b ,g has left 9 ! head+ ( "o page1 & 9 ano!r7 ,l4 #ag 771 9 ! ,lat9 ,v]sion1 & 9 ! m>g9 ( ! ,philox5ian ,syriac4 ,! read+s ( bo? ,pe%ito & ,philox5ian 7text7 "h dep5d on ! vocalisation2 & ^? ( o!r v]sions are n record$4 ,9 ! subscription ! prepond]ance ( au?ority is ev5 m fav\rable to 4 ,tak+ into acc\nt ! obvi\s t5d5cy :i* !re w\ld be 9 scribes to make ! title or con=m to ! op5+ or 1 z %[n 9 ,g1 we seem to arrive at ! conclusion t1 :ile 0 indisputably ! orig9al read+ 9 ! op5+1 0 probably ! e>li] read+ 9 ! title4 ,if s1 ! title mu/ h be5 add$ at a some:at lat] date2 :i* is n improbable4 ,connect$ ) ?is "q is ! v>iation 9 ! adjectival =m1 - or -4 ,p>allels to ?is d\ble t]m9ation occur 9 o!r words2 e4g4 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 etc4 ,! co9s1 :ile !y univ]sally exhibit ! =m 9 1 are equally p]si/5t 9 ! t]m9ation -1 2 & x is curi\s t to ! =m 9 ,/rabo xii4 #h #af 7p4 #egh7 !re is a v>i\s read+ 4 ,?us1 ?\gh !re is no necess>y connexion betwe5 ! two1 ! t]m9ation - seems to g ) ! =m1 & ! t]m9ation - ) ! =m4 ,= ! above reasons ,i h writt5 confid5tly 9 ! text1 & ) m hesitation 9 ! sup]scription4 ,sid5ote3 ,e?nological relations ( ! ?ree cities4 ,consid]$ e?nologically1 ^! ?ree cities are g5]ally reg>d$ z belong+ to ,phrygia4 ,b z !y are situat$ on ! we/]n bord] ( ,phrygia1 & z ! fronti] l9e sep>at+ ,phrygia f ,lydia & ,c>ia 0 n di/9ctly trac$1 ?is designation is n p]si/5t#eg4 ,?us ,laodicea is sometimes assign$ to ,c>ia1 m r>ely to ,lydia#eh2 & aga91 ,hi]apolis is describ$ z half ,lydian1 half ,phrygian#ei4 ,on ! o!r h& ,i h n obs]v$ t ,coloss is ev] reg>d$ z o!r ?an ,phrygian#fj1 p>tly p]haps because ! notices relat+ to x belong to an e>li] date :5 ^! sev]al names d5ot$ political z well z e?nological divisions1 & _! limits 7 def9itely m>k$ 9 consequ5ce1 b *iefly because x lies "s miles to ! ea/ ( ! o!r cities1 & !re=e f>!r f ! d\btful bord] l&4 ,footnote #eg3 ,/rabo1 xiii4 #d4 #ab 7p4 #fbh7 ' 1 444 ,footnote #eh3 ,to ,phrygia1 ,/rabo xii4 #h4 #ac 7p4 #egf71 ,polyb4 v4 #eg1 & s g5]ally2 to ,c>ia1 ,orac4 ,sibyll4 iii4 #dgb 1 ,ptol4 v4 #b1 ,philo/r4 ,vit4 ,soph4 i4 #be 7?\gh 9 ! context ,philo/ratus adds t at "o "t 72 to ,lydia1 ,/eph4 ,byz4 s4v4 ,on ! co9s ! city is sometimes repres5t$ z seat$ betwe5 two female figures & 2 ,eckhel ,,iii4 p4 #afj1 comp4 ,mionnet ,,iv4 p4 #cbi4 ,f its situation on ! conf9es ( ! ?ree c\ntries ,laodicea seems to h obta9$ ! surname ,trimit>ia or ,trimet>ia1 by :i* x is sometimes designat$ 9 lat] times3 see bel[1 p4 #fe1 note #bje1 & comp4 ,wessel+1 ,it94 p4 #ffe4 ,footnote #ei3 ,/eph4 ,byz4 s4v4 says 4 ,b g5]ally ,hi]apolis is assign$ to ,phrygia3 e4g4 ,ptol4 v4 #b1 ,vitruv4 viii4 #c #aj4 ,footnote #fj3 ,coloss is assign$ to ,phrygia 9 ,h]od4 vii4 #cj1 ,x54 ,anab4 i4 #b4 #f1 ,/rabo xii4 #h4 #ac1 ,diod4 xiv4 #hj1 ,pl94 ,n4 ,h4 v4 #cb #da1 ,polyn4 ,/rat4 vii4 #af4 #a4 ,sid5ote3 ,_! political relations4 ,phrygia h[ev] ceas$ to h any political significance1 :5 ?is c\ntry came "u ! dom9ion ( ! ,romans4 ,politically speak+1 ! ?ree cities ) ! re/ ( ! ,cibyratic union belong$ at ?is "t to ,asia1 ! proconsul> prov9ce#fa4 ,z an ,asiatic ,*ur* accord+ly ,laodicea is address$ 9 ! ,apocalyptic lett]4 ,to ?is prov9ce !y _h be5 assign$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance2 !n !y 7 h&$ ov] to ,cilicia#fb2 aft]w>ds !y 7 transf]r$ & re-transf]r$ f ! "o to ! o!r2 till f9ally1 be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 !y became a p]man5t "p ( ,asia1 _! orig9al prov9ce4 ,"h !y rema9$1 until ! close ( ! f\r? c5tury1 :5 a new di/ribution ( ! ,roman empire 0 made1 & ! prov9ce ( ,phrygia ,pacatiana creat$ ) ,laodicea z its capital#fc4 ,footnote #fa3 ,aft] ! ye> ,b4,c4 #di !y seem to h be5 p]man5tly atta*$ to #8,asia'3 be=e t "t !y are b&i$ ab\t betwe5 ,asia & ,cilicia4 ,^! alt]nations are trac$ by ,b]gmann de ,asia prov9cia 7,b]l91 #ahdf7 & 9 ,philologus ,,ii4 #d 7#ahdg7 p4 #fda sq4 ,see ,beck] & ,m>qu>dt ,rm4 ,alt]?4 ,,iii4 ,i4 p4 #acj sq4 ,laodicea is assign$ to #8,asia' 9 ,boeckh ,corp4 ,inscr4 #feab1 #feda1 #ffbf4 ,! "n #8,asia' w be us$ ?r\gh\t ?is *apt] 9 its political s5se1 z apply+ to ! ,roman prov9ce4 ,footnote #fb3 ,cic4 ad ,fam4 xiii4 #fg #8ex prov9cia mea ,cilici5si1 cui scis ,asiaticas i4e4 ,cibyraticam1 ,apam5sem1 ,synnad5sem attributas fuisse'2 ad ,att4 v4 #ba #8mea expectatio ,asi no/r>um dicesium' & #89 hac mea ,asia4' ,see also above p4 #g1 notes #b1 #c4 ,footnote #fc3 #c ,hi]ocles ,synecd4 p4 #ffd sq4 7,wessel473 see bel[ p4 #fi4 ,sid5ote3 ,important ,jewi% settlem5t 9 ?is neighb\rhood4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians supposes a p[]ful ,jewi% colony 9 ,laodicea & ! neighb\rhood4 ,we are n h[ev] left to draw ?is inf]5ce f ! epi/le alone1 b ! fact is e/abli%$ by ample indep5d5t te/imony4 ,:51 ) ! insol5t lic5ce *>act]i/ic ( ,ori5tal k+s1 ,antio*us ! ,great transplant$ two ?\s& ,jewi% families f ,babylonia & ,mesopotamia into ,lydia & ,phrygia#fd1,sid5ote3 ,colony ( ,antio*us ! ,great4 we c h>dly d\bt t among ! pr9cipal /ations ( ^! new coloni/s w\ld be ! two mo/ ?riv+ cities ( ,phrygia1 :i* 7 also ! two mo/ important settlem5ts ( ! ,syrian k+s1 ,apamea & ,laodicea1 ! "o f\nd$ by 8 gr&fa!r ,antio*us ! ,fir/1 ! o!r by 8 fa!r ,antio*us ! ,second4 ,if ! comm]cial importance ( ,apamea at ?is "t 0 great] 7= some:at lat] x 0 reckon$ second only to ,ephesus among ! cities ( ,asia ,m9or z a c5tre ( trade71 ! political rank ( ,laodicea /ood high]#fe4 ,:5 m5tion is made ( ,lydia & ,phrygia#ff1 ?is latt] city especially is po9t$ out by its position1 = x /ood ne> ! fronti] ( ! two c\ntries4 ,a ,jewi% settlem5t once e/abli%$1 ! influx ( _! fell[-c\ntrym5 w\ld be rapid & cont9u\s4 ,accord+ly "u ! ,roman dom9ation we f9d !m ga!r$ "h 9 v l>ge numb]s4,sid5ote3 ,confiscations ( ,flaccus4 ,:5 ,flaccus ! proprtor ( ,asia 7,b4,c4 #fb71 :o 0 aft]w>ds accus$ ( maladm9i/ration 9 8 prov9ce & def5d$ by ,cic]o1 =bade ! contributions ( ! ,jews to ! temple-wor%ip & ! consequ5t exportation ( money to ,pale/9e1 he seiz$ z contrab& n less ?an tw5ty p\nds weight 9 gold 9 ! s+le di/rict ( :i* ,laodicea 0 ! capital#fg4 ,calculat$ at ! rate ( a half-%ekel = ea* man1 ?is sum repres5ts a population ( m ?an elev5 ?\s& adult freem5#fh2 = wom51 *ildr51 & slaves 7 exempt$4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ h[ev]1 t ?is is only ! sum :i* ! ,roman (fic]s succe$$ 9 detect+ & confiscat+2 & t !re=e ! :ole ,jewi% population w\ld probably be mu* l>g] ?an ?is p>tial e/imate implies4 ,! am\nt seiz$ at ,apamea1 ! o!r great ,phrygian c5tre1 0 five times z l>ge z ?is#fi4 ,sid5ote3 ,o!r evid5ce4,some:at lat] we h a docum5t purport+ to be a decree ( ! ,laodiceans1 9 :i* !y ?ank ! ,roman ,consul = a measure grant+ to ,jews ! lib]ty ( obs]v+ _! sabba?s & practis+ o!r rites ( _! religion#gj2 & ?\gh ?is decree is probably spuri\s1 yet x s]ves equally well to %[ t at ?is "t ,laodicea 0 reg>d$ z an important c5tre ( ! disp]sion 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,to ! same effect may be quot$ ! extravagant hyp]bole 9 ! ,talmud1 t :5 on a c]ta9 occasion an insurrection ( ! ,jews broke out 9 ,cs>ea ! metropolis ( ,cappadocia1 :i* br\ght d[n ^u _! heads ! cruel v5geance ( k+ ,sapor & l$ to a massacre ( #ab1jjj1 #8! wall ( ,laodicea 0 clov5 ) ! s\nd ( ! h>p/r+s' 9 ! fatal & premature m]rim5t ( ! insurg5ts#ga4 ,?is place 0 d\btless s+l$ out1 because x _h a peculi> int]e/ = ! ,jews1 z "o ( _! *ief settlem5ts#gb4 ,x w be rememb]$ also1 t ,phrygia is especially m5tion$ among ^? c\ntries :i* furni%$ _! quota ( wor%ipp]s at ,j]usalem1 & 7 ?us repres5t$ at ! baptism ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* on ! great day ( ,p5teco/#gc4 ,footnote #fd3 ,joseph4 ,antiq4 xii4 #c1 #d4 ,footnote #fe3 ,/rabo xii4 #h4 #ac 7p4 #egf7 4 ,bel[ #ae 7p4 #egg7 he says ' 4 ,! relative importance ( ,apamea & ,laodicea two or ?ree g5]ations e>li] ?an ,/ ,paul may be inf]r$ f ! notices 9 ,cic]o2 b !re is reason = ?9k+ t ,laodicea aft]w>ds grew m rapidly ?an ,apamea4 ,footnote #ff3 ,9 ,josephus l4c4 ! words are 1 ! two names be+ "u ! v9culum ( ! "o article3 :ile imm$iately aft]w>ds ,lydia is dropp$ & ,phrygia alone nam$1 444 4 ,footnote #fg3 ,cic4 pro ,flacc4 #bh #8,sequitur auri illa invidia ,judaici4444 ,quum aurum ,judorum nom9e quotannis ex ,italia et ex omnibus prov9ciis ,hi]osolyma export>i sol]et1 ,flaccus sanxit edicto ne ex ,asia export>i lic]et 444 multitud9em ,judorum1 flagrantem nonnumquam 9 concionibus1 pro republica contemn]e gravitatis summ fuit4444 ,apame manife/o compreh5sum ante p$es prtoris 9 =o exp5sum e/ auri pondo c5tum paullo m9us 444 ,laodice vig9ti pondo paullo amplius4' ,josephus 7,antiq4 xiv4 #g4 #b71 quot+ ! words ( ,/rabo1 444 1 expla9s ?is enorm\s sum z compos$ ( ! temple-(f]+s ( ! ,jews :i* !y s5t to ,cos = safety out ( ! way ( ,mi?ridates4 ,footnote #fh3 ,?is calculation supposes 7#a7 ,t ! half-%ekel weighs #aaj gr2 7#b7 ,t ! ,roman p\nd is #ejej gr2 7#c7 ,t ! relation ( gold to silv] 0 at ?is "t z #ab 3 #a4 ,?is la/ e/imate is possibly some:at too high4 ,footnote #fi3 ,! co9age ( ,apamea af=ds a /rik+ example ( ,judaic influ5ce at a lat] date4 ,on co9s /ruck at ?is place 9 ! reigns ( ,sev]us1 ,macr9us1 & ! eld] ,philip1 an ark is repres5t$ float+ on ! wat]s4 ,)9 are a man & a woman3 on ! ro( a bird is p]*$2 :ile 9 ! air ano!r bird approa*es be>+ an olive-bran* 9 its claws4 ,! ark be>s ! inscription 4 ,outside are two /&+ figures1 a man & a woman 7app>5tly ! same two :o h be5 repres5t$ )9 ! ark71 ) _! h&s rais$ z 9 ! attitude ( pray]4 ,! connexion ( ! ark ( ,noah ) ,apamea is expla9$ by a passage 9 "o ( ! ,sibyll9e ,oracles 7i4 #bfa sq471 :]e ! m\nta9 ov]hang+ ,apamea is id5tifi$ ) ,ar>at1 & ! ark 77 is /at$ to h re/$ !re4 ,:e!r ?is ,apamea obta9$ its di/9ctive surname ( ,cibotus1 ! ,ark or ,*e/1 f its physical features1 or f its position z ! c5tre ( taxation & f9ance = ! di/rict1 or f "s o!r cause1 x is difficult to say4 ,9 any case ?is surname might naturally sugge/ to ^? acqua9t$ ) ! ,old ,te/am5t a connexion ) ! deluge ( ,noah2 b ! idea w\ld n h be5 adopt$ 9 ! co9age ( ! place )\t ! pressure ( /rong ,jewi% influ5ces4 ,on ^! co9s see ,eckhel ,doctr4 ,num4 ,vet4 ,,iii4 p4 #acb sq41 & ! pap] ( ,sir ,f4 ,madd5 9 ! ,numismatic ,*ronicle ,n4 ,s4 ,,vi4 p4 #agc sq4 7#ahff71 :]e !y are figur$4 ,footnote #gj3 ,joseph4 ,ant4 xiv4 #aj4 #ba4 ,footnote #ga3 ,talm4 ,babl4 ,mod ,katon #bf;a1 quot$ by ,neubau]1 ,la ,gographie du ,talmud p4 #cai1 ?\gh he seems to h misund]/ood ! expression quot$ 9 ! text1 ( :i* he gives ! s5se1 #8,cette ville tremblait au bruit des fl*es qu'on avait tires4' ,x is probably ?is same ,laodicea :i* is meant 9 ano!r ,talmudical passage1 ,talm4 ,babl4 ,baba ,metziah #hd;a 7also quot$ by ,neubau]1 p4 #caa71 9 :i* ,elijah appe>+ to ,r4 ,i%mael b5 ,r4 ,jose1 says #8,?y fa!r fl$ to ,asia2 flee ?\ to ,laodicea1' :]e ,asia is suppos$ to mean ,s>dis4 ,footnote #gb3 ,an inscription f\nd at ,rome 9 ! ,jewi% cemet]y at ! ,porta ,portu5sis 7,boeckh ,corp4 ,inscr4 #iiaf7 runs ?us2 4 4 4 4 4 4 444 i4e4 4 ,probably ,laodicea on ! ,lycus is meant4 ,p]haps also we may ref] ano!r inscription 7#fdgh71 :i* m5tions "o ,trypho f ,laodicea on ! ,lycus1 to a ,jewi% s\rce4 ,footnote #gc3 ,acts ii4 #aj4 ,sid5ote3 ,special attractions ( ,hi]apolis4 ,m5tion has already be5 made ( ! traffic 9 dy$ wools1 :i* =m$ ! /aple ( comm]ce 9 ! valley ( ! ,lycus#gd4 ,x may be inf]r$ f o!r notices t ?is bran* ( trade _h a peculi> attraction = ! ,jews#ge4 ,if s1 _! comm]cial in/9cts w\ld con/antly br+ fre% recruits to a colony :i* 0 already v consid]able4 ,b ! neighb\rhood held out o!r inducem5ts besides ?is4 ,hi]apolis1 ! gay wat]+ place1 ! pleasant resort ( idl]s1 _h *>ms = !m1 z well z ,laodicea ! busy comm]cial city4 ,at lea/ su* 0 ! compla9t ( /rict] patriots at home4 #8,! w9es & ! ba?s ( ,phrygia1' writes a ,talmudi/ bitt]ly1 #8h sep>at$ ! t5 tribes f ,israel#gf4' ,footnote #gd3 ,see p4 #d4 ,footnote #ge3 ,acts xvi4 #ad4 ,is !re an allusion to ?is bran* ( trade 9 ! message to ! ,*ur* ( ,laodicea1 ,rev4 iii4 #ag 444 444 1 4448 ,! only o!r ( ! sev5 messages1 :i* conta9s an allusion to ! :ite g>m5ts1 is address$ to ! ,*ur* ( ,s>dis1 :]e aga9 !re might be a ref]5ce to ! 7,ari/4 ,pax #aagd1 ,a*>n4 #aab7 & ! 7,plato ,com4 9 ,a!n4 ,,ii4 p4 #dh ,e7 ( ! comic poets4 ,footnote #gf3 ,talm4 ,babl4 ,sabba? #adg b1 quot$ by ,neubau] ,la ,gographie du ,talmud p4 #cag3 see ,wiesn] ,s*ol4 zum ,babyl4 ,talm4 p4 #bei sq41 & p4 #bjg sq4 ,on ! ^w translat$ #8ba?s1' see ,rapoport's ,ere* ,mill9 p4 #aac1 col4 #a4 ,sid5ote3 ,/ ,paul _h n visit$ ! di/rict :5 he wrote4 ,!re is no gr\nd = suppos+ t1 :5 ,/ ,paul wrote 8 ,epi/le to ! ,colossians1 he _h ev] visit$ ! *ur* 9 :i* he ev9ces s deep an int]e/4 ,:e!r we exam9e ! n>rative 9 ! ,acts1 or :e!r we ga!r up ! notices 9 ! epi/le itself1 we f9d no h9t t he _h ev] be5 9 ?is neighb\rhood2 b on ! contr>y "s expressions indirectly exclude ! supposition ( a visit to ! di/rict4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at is meant by ,phrygia 9 ,/ ,luke8 ,x is true t ,/ ,luke m ?an once m5tions ,phrygia z ly+ on ,/ ,paul's r\te or z witness+ 8 lab\rs4 ,b ,phrygia 0 a vague & compreh5sive t]m2 nor c we assume t ! valley ( ! ,lycus 0 int5d$1 unless ! direction ( 8 r\te or ! context ( ! n>rative di/9ctly po9ts to ?is s\?-we/]n corn] ( ,phrygia4 ,9 nei!r ( ! two passages1 :]e ,/ ,paul is /at$ to h travell$ ?r\gh ,phrygia1 is ?is ! case4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,/ ,paul's visit to ,phrygia on 8 second mission>y j\rney4 #a4 ,on 8 second mission>y j\rney1 aft] he has revisit$ & confirm$ ! *ur*es ( ,pisidia & ,lycaonia f\nd$ on 8 fir/ visit1 he passes ?r\gh #8! ,phrygian & ,galatian c\ntry#gg4' ,i h po9t$ out else:]e t ?is expression mu/ be us$ to d5ote ! region :i* might be call$ indiff]5tly ,phrygia or ,galatia--! l& :i* _h orig9ally belong$ to ! ,phrygians & _h aft]w>ds be5 colonis$ by ! ,gauls2 or ! p>ts ( ei!r c\ntry :i* lay 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ?is debatable gr\nd#gh4 ,?is region lies consid]ably nor? & ea/ ( ! valley ( ! ,lycus4 ,assum+ t ! la/ ( ! ,lycaonian & ,pisidian t[ns at :i* ,/ ,paul halt$ 0 ,antio*1 he w\ld n on any probable supposition approa* ne>] to ,coloss ?an ,apamea ,cibotus on 8 way to #8! ,phrygian & ,galatian c\ntry'1 nor inde$ ne$ he h gone ne>ly s f> we/w>d z ?is4 ,& aga9 on 8 dep>ture f ?is region he j\rneys by ,mysia to ,troas1 leav+ #8,asia' on 8 left h& & ,bi?ynia on 8 "r4 ,?us ! notices ( 8 r\te conspire to %[ t 8 pa? on ?is occasion lay f> away f ! valley ( ! ,lycus4 ,footnote #gg3 ,acts xvi4 #f 1 ! correct read+4 ,= ?is use ( z an adjective comp4 ,m>k i4 #e 1 ,joh4 iii4 #bb 1 ,luke iii4 #a 1 ,acts xiii4 #ad 7! correct read+74 ,footnote #gh3 ,see ,galatians1 p4 #ah sq41 #bb4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,8 visit on 8 ?ird mission>y j\rney4 #b4 ,b if he 0 n br\ght into ! neighb\rhood ( ,coloss on 8 second mission>y j\rney1 x is equally improbable t he visit$ x on 8 ?ird4 ,s f> z reg>ds ,asia ,m9or1 he seems to h conf9$ himself to revisit+ ! *ur*es already f\nd$2 ! new gr\nd :i* he broke 0 9 ,mac$onia & ,greece4 ,?us :5 we are told t dur+ ?is ?ird j\rney ,/ ,paul aft] leav+ ,antio* #8pass$ 9 ord] ?r\gh ! ,galatian c\ntry & ,phrygia1 confirm+ all ! disciples1'#gi we c h>dly d\bt t #8! ,galatian c\ntry & ,phrygia' 9 ?is latt] passage d5otes ess5tially ! same region z #8! ,phrygian & ,galatian c\ntry' 9 ! =m]4 ,! slight *ange ( expression is expla9$ by ! alt]$ direction ( 8 r\te4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance 8 c\rse1 z det]m9$ by its extreme limits--,antio* 9 ,pisidia its />t+ po9t1 & ,alex&ria ,troas its t]m9ation--w\ld be nor?w>d = ! fir/ "p ( ! way1 & ?us w\ld lie on ! bord] l& ( ,phrygia & ,galatia2 :]eas on ?is second occasion1 :5 he 0 travell+ f ,antio* 9 ,syria to ,ephesus1 its direction w\ld be g5]ally f ea/ to we/1 & ! m /rictly ,galatian di/rict w\ld be trav]s$ be=e ! ,phrygian4 ,if we suppose him to leave ,galatia at ,pess9us on its we/]n bord]1 he w\ld pass along ! great highway--=m]ly a ,p]sian & at ?is "t a ,roman road--by ,synnada & ,s>dis to ,ephesus1 trav]s+ ! he>t ( ,phrygia1 b foll[+ ! valleys ( ! ,h]mus & ,cay/]1 & sep>at$ f ! ,m&] & ,lycus by ! high m\nta9 ranges :i* b\nd ^! latt] to ! nor?#hj4 ,footnote #gi3 ,acts xviii4 #bc4 ,footnote #hj3 ,m4 ,r5an 7,sa9t ,paul pp4 #ea sq41 #abf1 #cac7 ma9ta9s t ! ,galatia ( ,/ ,paul & ,/ ,luke is n ! c\ntry prop]ly s call$1 b t !y are speak+ ( ! ,*ur*es ( ,pisidian ,antio*1 ,iconium1 ,ly/ra1 & ,d]be1 :i* lay )9 ! ,roman prov9ce ( ,galatia4 ,?is int]pretation ( ,galatia necess>ily affects 8 view ( ,/ ,paul's r\tes 7pp4 #abf sq41 #cca sq472 & he supposes ! ,apo/le on 8 ?ird mission>y j\rney to h pass$ ?r\gh ! valley ( ! ,lycus1 )\t h[ev] rema9+ to prea* ! ,gospel !re 7pp4 #cca sq41 #cef sq41 #cfb74 ,z ,antio* 9 ,pisidia w\ld on ?is hypo!sis be ! f>!/ *ur* 9 #8,galatia & ,phrygia' :i* ,/ ,paul visit$1 8 direct r\te f t city to ,ephesus 7,acts xviii4 #bc1 xix4 #a7 w\ld naturally lie by ?is valley4 ,i h already 7,galatians pp4 #ah sq41 #bb7 /at$ ! s]i\s objections to :i* ?is int]pretation ( #8,galatia' is op51 & 7if ,i mi/ake n7 h answ]$ mo/ ( ,m4 ,r5an's argum5ts by anticipation4 ,b1 z ?is int]pretation ne>ly affects an important po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ,/ ,paul's deal+s ) ! ,colossians1 x is necess>y to subject x to a clos] exam9ation4 ,)\t /opp+ to enquire :e!r ?is view is reconcilable ) ,/ ,paul's ass]tion 7,col4 ii4 #a7 t ^! *ur*es 9 ! ,lycus valley #8_h n se5 8 face 9 ! fle%1' x w appe> 7,i ?9k7 t ,m4 ,r5an's argum5ts are 9 "s cases unt5able & 9 o!rs may be turn$ aga9/ himself4 ,! ?ree heads "u :i* !y may be conv5i5tly consid]$ are3 7i7 ,! use ( ! "n #8,galatia'2 7ii7 ,! it9]>y ( ,/ ,paul's travels2 7iii7 ,! hi/orical notices 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians4 7i7 ,on ! fir/ po9t1 ,m4 ,r5an /ates t ,/ ,paul 0 9 ! habit ( us+ ! (ficial "n = ea* di/rict & !re=e call$ ! c\ntry :i* ext5ds f ,antio* 9 ,pisidia to ,d]be #8,galatia1' support+ ?is view by ! ,apo/le's use ( ,asia1 ,mac$onia1 & ,a*aia 7p4 #ea74 ,! answ] is t ! names ( ^! eld] prov9ces _h v g5]ally sup]s$$ ! local names1 b ?is 0 n ! case ) ! o!r di/ricts ( ,asia ,m9or :]e ! prov9ces _h be5 =m$ at a comp>atively late date4 ,! usage ( ,/ ,luke is a good crit]ion4 ,he also speaks ( ,asia1 ,mac$onia1 & ,a*aia2 b at ! same "t 8 n>rative ab\nds 9 hi/orical or e?nographical names :i* h no (ficial import2 e4g4 ,lycaonia1 ,mysia1 ,pamphylia1 ,pisidia1 ,phrygia4 ,:]e we h no evid5ce1 x is reasonable to assume t ,/ ,paul's usage 0 con=mable to ,/ ,luke's4 ,& aga91 if we consid] ,/ ,luke's acc\nt alone1 h[ insup]able are ! difficulties :i* ?is view ( ,galatia creates4 ,! "p ( ,asia ,m9or1 ) :i* we are imm$iately conc]n$1 0 compris$ (ficially 9 ! prov9ces ( ,asia & ,galatia4 ,on ,m4 ,r5an's %[+1 ,/ ,luke1 aft] call+ ,antio* a city ( ,pisidia 7xiii4 #ad7 & ,ly/ra & ,d]be cities ( ,lycaonia 7xiv4 #f71 treats all ! ?ree1 toge!r ) ! int]m$iate ,iconium1 z belong+ to ,galatia 7xvi4 #f1 xviii4 #bc74 ,he expla9s ! inconsi/5cy by say+ t 9 ! =m] case ! n>rative proce$s 9 detail1 9 ! latt] 9 masses4 ,b if s1 :y %\ld he comb9e a hi/orical & e?nological "n ,phrygia ) an (ficial "n ,galatia 9 ! same brea?1 :5 ! two are diff]5t 9 k9d & _c be mutually exclusive8 #8,galatia & ,asia1' w\ld be intelligible on ?is supposition1 b n #8,galatia & ,phrygia4' ,moreov] ! v =m ( ! expression 9 xvi4 #f1 #8! ,phrygian & ,galatian c\ntry' 7accord+ to ! correct read+ :i* ,m4 ,r5an neglects7 appe>s 9 its /udi$ vagu5ess to exclude ! idea t ,/ ,luke means ! prov9ce ( ,galatia1 ^: b\nd>ies 7 precisely m>k$4 ,& ev5 grant+ t ! ,*ri/ian communities ( ,lycaonia & ,pisidia c\ld by a /ra9+ ( language be call$ ,*ur*es ( ,galatia1 is x possible t ,/ ,paul w\ld address !m p]sonally z #8ye fooli% ,galatians' 7,gal4 iii4 #a78 ,su* language w\ld be no m appropriate ?an if a mod]n prea*] 9 a famili> address 7 to appeal to ! ,poles ( ,w>saw z #8ye ,russians1' or ! ,hung>ians ( ,pe/h z #8ye ,au/rians1' or ! ,iri% ( ,cork z #8ye ,engli%m54' 7ii7 ,9 ! it9]>y ( ,/ ,paul sev]al po9ts require consid]ation4 7a7 ,m4 ,r5an lays /ress on ! fact t 9 ,acts xvi4 #f1 xviii4 #bc1 ! ord] 9 :i* ! names ( ,phrygia & ,galatia occur is inv]t$4 ,i seem to myself to h expla9$ ?is satisfactorily 9 ! text4 ,he appe>s to be unaw>e ( ! correct read+ 9 xvi4 #f1 7see ,galatians p4 #bb71 ?\gh x has an important be>+ on ,/ ,paul's probable r\te4 7b7 ,he /ates t ,troas 0 ,/ ,paul's aim 7#8l'objectif de ,sa9t ,paul'7 9 ! "o case 7xvi4 #f71 & ,ephesus 9 ! o!r 7xviii4 #bc73 consequ5tly he argues t ,galatia1 prop]ly s call$1 is inconceivable1 z !re 0 no reason :y he %\ld h made #8?is /range det\r t[>ds ! nor?4' ,! answ] is t ,troas 0 n 8 #8objectif' 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 nor ,ephesus 9 ! second4 ,on ! fir/ occasion ,/ ,luke /ates t ! ,apo/le set out on 8 j\rney ) q diff]5t int5tions1 b t aft] he _h got well to ! nor? ( ,asia ,m9or he 0 driv5 by a s]ies ( div9e intimations to proce$ fir/ to ,troas & !nce to cross ov] into ,europe 7see ,philippians p4 #dh74 ,?is n>rative seems to me to imply t he />ts = 8 fur!r travels f "s po9t 9 ! we/]n "p ( ,galatia prop]4 ,:5 he comes to ! bord]s ( ,mysia1 he designs be>+ to ! left & prea*+ 9 ,asia2 b a div9e voice =bids him4 ,he !n purposes div]g+ to ! "r & deliv]+ 8 message 9 ,bi?ynia2 b ! same unse5 p[] *ecks him aga94 ,?us he is driv5 =w>d1 & passes by ,mysia to ! coa/ at ,troas 7,acts xvi4 #f-h74 ,"h all is pla94 ,b if we suppose him to />t1 n f "s t[n 9 ,galatia prop] su* z ,pess9us1 b f ,antio* 9 ,pisidia1 :y %\ld ,bi?ynia1 :i* w\ld be f> out ( ! way1 be m5tion$ at all8 ,on ! second occasion1 ,/ ,paul's prim>y object is to revisit ! ,galatian ,*ur*es :i* he _h plant$ on ! =m] j\rney 7xviii4 #bc71 & x is n till aft] he has fulfill$ ?is int5tion t he goes to ,ephesus4 7c7 ,m4 ,r5an also calls att5tion to ! difficulty ( trav]s+ #8! c5tral /eppe' ( ,asia ,m9or4 #8,!re 0 probably1' he says1 #8at ?is epo* no r\te f ,iconium to ,ancyra1' & 9 ju/ification ( ?is /atem5t he ref]s to ,p]rot1 de ,gal4 ,rom4 prov4 p4 #ajb1 #ajc4 ,ev5 s1 !re 7 regul> roads f ei!r ,iconium or ,antio* to ,pess9us2 & ?is r\te w\ld s]ve equally well4 ,moreov] ! ,apo/le1 :o 0 accu/om$ to #8p]ils ( riv]s1 p]ils ( robb]s1 p]ils 9 ! wild]ness' 7#b ,cor4 xi4 #bf71 & :o pref]r$ walk+ f ,troas to ,assos 7,acts xx4 #ac7 :ile 8 companions sail$1 w\ld n be det]r$ by any r\gh or unfrequ5t$ pa?s4 ,b ! facts adduc$ by ,p]rot d n l5d !mselves to any su* inf]5ce1 nor does he himself draw x4 ,he cites an inscription ( ! ye> ,a4,d4 #hb :i* speaks ( ,a4 ,cs5nius ,gallus1 ! legate ( ,domitian1 z a great road-mak] ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/]n prov9ces ( ,asia ,m9or1 & he sugge/s t ! exi/+ rema9s ( a road betwe5 ,ancyra & ,iconium may be "p ( ?is gov]nor's "w4 ,ev5 if ! sugge/ion be adopt$1 x is highly improbable t no road %\ld h exi/$ previ\sly1 :5 we consid] ! comp>ative facility ( con/ruct+ a way along ?is l9e ( c\ntry 7,p]rot p4 #ajc7 & ! importance ( su* a direct r\te4 7d7 #8,9 ! conception ( ! au?or ( ! ,acts1' writes ,m4 ,r5an1 #8! two j\rneys across ,asia ,m9or are j\rneys ( confirmation & n ( conv]sion 7,acts xv4 #cf1 #da1 xvi4 #e1 #f1 xviii4 #bc74' ,?is /atem5t seems to me to be only p>tially true4 ,9 bo? cases ,/ ,paul beg9s 8 t\r by confirm+ *ur*es already e/abli%$1 b 9 bo? he advances beyond ?is & breaks new gr\nd4 ,9 ! =m] he />ts ) ! exi/+ *ur*es ( ,lycaonia & ,pisidia & ext5ds 8 lab\rs to ,galatia3 9 ! latt] he />ts ) ! !n exi/+ *ur*es ( ,galatia1 & c>ries ! ,gospel into ,mac$onia & ,a*aia4 ,?is1 s f> z ,i c discov]1 0 8 g5]al rule4 7iii7 ,! notices 9 ! ,galatian ,epi/le1 :i* appe> to ,m4 ,r5an to fav\r 8 view1 are ^!3 7a7 ,/ ,paul appe>s to h #8_h intimate relations ) ! ,galatian ,*ur*1 at lea/ z intimate z ) ! ,cor9?ians & ,!ssalonians1' :]eas ,/ ,luke disposes ( ! ,apo/le's prea*+ 9 ,galatia v summ>ily1 unless ! communities ( ,lycaonia & ,pisidia be includ$4 ,b ! ,galatian ,epi/le by no means ev9ces ! same close & v>i$ p]sonal relations :i* we f9d 9 ! lett]s to ^! o!r *ur*es1 m especially to ! ,cor9?ians4 ,& aga92 ,/ ,luke's hi/ory is m or less fragm5t>y4 ,:ole ye>s are sometimes dismiss$ 9 a few v]ses4 ,! /ay 9 ,arabia :i* made s deep an impression on ,/ ,paul himself is n ev5 m5tion$3 ! ?ree mon?s' soj\rn 9 ,greece1 ?\gh d\btless full ( /irr+ ev5ts1 only occupies a s+le v]se 9 ! n>rative 7,acts xx4 #c74 ,/ ,luke appe>s to h jo9$ ,/ ,paul aft] 8 visit to ,galatia 7xvi4 #aj72 & !re is no reason :y he %\ld h dwelt on incid5ts ) :i* he _h no direct acqua9tance4 7b7 ,m4 ,r5an sees 9 ! pres5ce ( emiss>ies f ,j]usalem 9 ! ,galatian ,*ur*es an indication t ,galatia prop] is n meant4 #8,x is improbable t !y w\ld h made su* a j\rney4' ,b :y s8 ,!re 7 important ,jewi% settlem5ts 9 ,galatia prop] 7,galatians p4 #i sq472 !re 0 a good road ?r\gh ,syria & ,cilicia to ,ancyra 7,it94 ,anton4 p4 #bje sq41 ,it94 ,hi]osol4 p4 #ege sq4 ed4 ,wessel472 & if we f9d su* emiss>ies z f> away f ,j]usalem z ,cor9? 7#b ,cor4 xi4 #ac1 etc471 !re is at lea/ no improbability t !y %\ld h rea*$ ,galatia4 7c7 ,la/ly2 ,m4 ,r5an ?9ks t ! m5tion ( ,b>nabas 7,gal4 ii4 #a1 #i1 #ac7 implies t he 0 p]sonally kn[n to ! *ur*es address$1 & !re=e po9ts to ,lycaonia & ,pisidia4 ,b are we to inf] on ! same gr\nds t he 0 p]sonally kn[n to ! ,cor9?ians 7#a ,cor4 ix4 #f71 & to ! ,colossians 7,col4 iv4 #aj78 ,9 fact ! "n ( ,b>nabas1 z a fam\s ,apo/le & an old] disciple ev5 ?an ,/ ,paul himself1 w\ld n fail to be well kn[n 9 all ! *ur*es4 ,on ! o!r h& "o or two notices 9 ! ,galatian ,epi/le pres5t s]i\s ob/acles to ,m4 ,r5an's view4 ,:at are we to say = in/ance to ,/ ,paul's /atem5t1 t he prea*$ ! ,gospel 9 ,galatia ' 7iv4 #ac71 i4e4 because he 0 deta9$ by sickness 7see ,galatians pp4 #bc sq41 #agb71 :]eas 8 j\rney to ,lycaonia & ,pisidia is di/9ctly plann$ ) a view to mission>y "w8 ,:y aga9 is !re no m5tion ( ,timo?y1 :o 0 mu* 9 ,/ ,paul's company ab\t ?is "t1 & :o on ?is %[+ 0 himself a ,galatian8 ,"s m5tion w\ld seem to be especially sugge/$ :]e ,/ ,paul is ju/ify+ 8 conduct respect+ ! attempt to compel ,titus to be circumcis$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! inf]5ce f ,?us ,/ ,luke's n>rative seems to exclude any visit ( ! ,apo/le to ! ,*ur*es ( ! ,lycus be=e 8 fir/ ,sid5ote3 ,/ ,luke's n>rative,roman captivity4 ,& ?is inf]5ce is confirm$ by ,/ ,paul's own language to ! ,colossians4 ,sid5ote3 borne out by ,/ ,paul's own language4 ,he repres5ts 8 k ( _! cont9u$ progress1 & ev5 ( _! fir/ initiation1 9 ! tru?s ( ! ,gospel1 z d]iv$ f ! report ( o!rs4 ,he describes himself z he>+ ( _! fai? 9 ,*ri/ & _! love to ! sa9ts#ha4 ,he recalls ! day :5 he fir/ he>d ( _! ,*ri/ian pr(ession & zeal#hb4 4,sid5ote3 ,sil5ce ( ,/ ,paul4,?\gh opportunities occur aga9 & aga9 :]e he w\ld naturally h ref]r$ to 8 direct p]sonal relations ) !m1 if he _h be5 _! evangeli/1 he ab/a9s f any su* ref]5ce4 ,he speaks ( _! be+ in/ruct$ 9 ! ,gospel1 ( 8 own prea*+ ! ,gospel1 sev]al times 9 ! c\rse ( ! lett]1 b he nev] places ! two 9 any direct connexion1 ?\gh ! "o ref]5ce /&s 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! o!r#hc4 ,moreov]1 if he _h actually visit$ ,coloss1 x mu/ appe> /range t he %\ld n once allude to any incid5t occurr+ dur+ 8 soj\rn !re1 = ?is epi/le w\ld !n be ! s+le exception to 8 ord9>y practice4 ,& la/ly2 9 "o passage at lea/1 if int]pret$ 9 its natural s5se1 he decl>es t ! ,colossians 7 p]sonally unkn[n to him3 #8,i w\ld h y "k1' he writes1 #8h[ great a conflict ,i h = y & !m t are 9 ,laodicea & z _m z h n se5 my face 9 ! fle%'#hd4 ,footnote #ha3 ,col4 i4 #d4 ,footnote #hb3 i4 #i 1 ' 1 1 444 ,?is corresponds to v]4 #f 1 ' 4 ,! day :5 !y fir/ he>d ! prea*+ ( ! ,gospel1 & ! day :5 he fir/ he>d ! tid+s ( ?is fact1 are set aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,footnote #hc3 e4g4 i4 #e-h1 #ba-bc1 #be1 #bh1 #bi4 ii4 #e1 #f4 ,footnote #hd3 ii4 #a 1 1 444 ,! "q ( int]pretation is :e!r ! p ( ,coloss & ,laodicea belong to ! same category ) ! 1 or n4 ,! latt] view is tak5 by "o or two anci5t int]pret]s 7e4g4 ,!odoret 9 8 introduction to ! epi/le71 & has be5 adopt$ by sev]al mod]n critics4 ,yet x is oppos$ alike to grammatical & logical consid]ations4 7#a7 ,! grammatical =m is unfav\rable2 = ! preposition is n repeat$1 s t all ! p]sons m5tion$ are includ$ "u a v9culum4 7#b7 ,no adequate s5se c be extract$ f ! passage1 s int]pret$4 ,= 9 ?is case :at is ! drift ( ! enum]ation8 ,if int5d$ to be exhau/ive1 x does n fulfil ! purpose2 = no?+ is said ( o!rs :om he _h se5 beside ! ,colossians & ,laodiceans4 ,if n int5d$ to be exhau/ive1 x is mean+less2 = !re is no reason :y ! ,colossians & ,laodiceans especially %\ld be set (f aga9/ ^? :om he _h n se51 or inde$ :y 9 ?is connexion ^? :om he _h n se5 %\ld be m5tion$ at all4 ,! :ole context %[s t ! ,apo/le is dwell+ on 8 spiritual communion ) & int]e/ 9 ^? ) :om he has _h no p]sonal communications4 ,/ ,j]ome 7,ep4 cxxx4 ad ,demetr4 #b7 has rightly caught ! _s ( ! passage2 #8,ignoti ad ignotam scribimus1 dumtaxat juxta faciem corporalem4 ,alioqu9 int]ior homo pulcre sibi cognitus e/ illa notitia qua et ,paulus apo/olus ,coloss5ses multosque cr$5tium nov]at quos ante non vid]at4' ,= p>allels to ?is use ( 1 see ! note on ! passage4 ,sid5ote3 ,epaphras 0 ! evangeli/ ( ?is di/rict4 ,b1 if he 0 n directly _! evangeli/1 yet to him !y 7 indirectly indebt$ = _! k ( ! tru?4 ,epaphras _h be5 8 delegate to !m1 8 repres5tative 9 ,*ri/4 ,by ,epaphras !y _h be5 conv]t$ to ! ,gospel4 ,?is is ! evid5t mean+ ( a passage 9 ! op5+ ( ! epi/le1 :i* has be5 mu* obscur$ by misread+ & mi/ranslation1 & :i* may be p>aphras$ ?us3 #8,! ,gospel1 :i* has spread & borne fruit ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ! _w1 has be5 equally successful among y\rselves4 ,?is f]tile gr[? has be5 manife/$ 9 y f ! fir/ day :5 ! message ( ,god's grace 0 prea*$ to y1 & accept$ by y--prea*$ n z n[ ) adult]ations by ^! false tea*]s1 b 9 its g5u9e simplicity by ,epaphras our belov$ fell[s]vant2 he has be5 a fai?ful m9i/] ( ,*ri/ & a fai?ful repres5tative ( u1 & f him we h receiv$ tid+s ( y\r love 9 ! ,_s'#he4 ,footnote #he3 i4 #f 1 1 ' 1 1 1 4 ,! v>i\s read+s :i* obscure ! mean+ are ^!4 7i7 ,! receiv$ text = has 4 ,) ?is read+ ! passage sugge/s t ! in/ructions ( ,epaphras 7 sup]add$ to1 & s di/9ct f1 ! orig9al evangelization ( ,coloss2 :]eas ! correct text id5tifies !m4 7ii7 ,= ! receiv$ read+ is 4 ,?us ! fact t ,/ ,paul did n prea* at ,coloss 9 p]son1 b ?r\gh 8 repres5tative1 is oblit]at$4 ,9 bo? cases ! au?ority = ! read+s :i* ,i h adopt$ aga9/ ! receiv$ text is ov]:elm+4 ,! obscurity ( r5d]+ is 9 1 translat$ 9 our ,engli% ,v]sion by ! ambigu\s expression1 #8z ye also le>n$ ( ,epaphras4' ,! true =ce ( ! words is1 #8accord+ z ye 7 taught by ,epaphras1' be+ an explanation ( 4 ,see ! notes on ! passage4 ,sid5ote3 ,/ ,paul's resid5ce at ,ephesus in/rum5tal 9 _! conv]sion4 ,h[ or :5 ! conv]sion ( ! ,colossians took place1 we h no direct in=mation4 ,yet x c h>dly be wrong to connect ! ev5t ) ,/ ,paul's long soj\rn at ,ephesus4 ,"h he rema9$ prea*+ = ?ree :ole ye>s4 ,x is possible inde$ t dur+ ?is p]iod he paid %ort visits to o!r neighb\r+ cities ( ,asia3 ,sid5ote3 ,a4,d4 #ed-eg4 b if s1 ! notices 9 ! ,acts oblige u to suppose ^! int]ruptions to 8 resid5ce 9 ,ephesus to h be5 slight & infrequ5t#hf4 ,yet1 ?\gh ! ,apo/le himself 0 /ation>y 9 ! capital1 ! ,apo/le's influ5ce & tea*+ spread f> beyond ! limits ( ! city & its imm$iate neighb\rhood4 ,x 0 h>dly an exagg]ation :5 ,demetrius decl>$ t #8almo/ ?r\gh\t all ,asia ?is ,paul _h p]suad$ & turn$ away mu* p'#hg4 ,! sacr$ hi/orian himself uses equally /rong language 9 describ+ ! effects ( ! ,apo/le's prea*+2 #8,all !y :i* dwelt 9 ,asia he>d ! ^w ( ! ,"l1 bo? ,jews & ,greeks'#hh4 ,9 accordance ) ^! notices1 ! ,apo/le himself 9 an epi/le writt5 dur+ ?is soj\rn s5ds salutations to ,cor9?1 n f ! ,*ur* ( ,ephesus specially1 z might h be5 anticipat$1 b f ! #8,*ur*es ( ,asia' g5]ally#hi4 ,/ ,luke1 x %\ld be obs]v$1 ascribes ?is dissem9ation ( ! ,gospel1 n to j\rneys und]tak5 by ! ,apo/le1 b to 8 prea*+ at ,ephesus itself#ij4 ,?i!r1 z to ! metropolis ( ,we/]n ,asia1 w\ld flock cr[ds f all ! t[ns & villages f> & ne>4 ,!nce !y w\ld c>ry away1 ea* to 8 own neighb\rhood1 ! spiritual treasure :i* !y _h s unexpect$ly f\nd4 ,footnote #hf3 ,see especially xx4 #ah #8,ye "k1 f ! fir/ day :5 ,i set foot on ,asia1 h[ ,i 0 ) y all ! "t'1 & v]4 #ca #8,= ?ree ye>s night & day ,i ceas$ n w>n+ e "o ) te>s4' ,z x seems necess>y to all[ = a brief visit to ,cor9? 7#b ,cor4 xii4 #ad1 xiii4 #a7 dur+ ?is p]iod1 o!r int]ruptions ( long duration %\ld n be po/ulat$4 ,footnote #hg3 ,acts xix4 #bf4 ,footnote #hh3 ,acts xix4 #aj4 ,footnote #hi3 #a ,cor4 xvi4 #ai 4 ,9 accordance ) ^! facts x %\ld be notic$ t ,/ ,paul himself allud+ to ?is p]iod speaks ( #8,asia'1 z ! sc5e ( 8 m9i/ry 7#b ,cor4 i4 #h1 ,rom4 xvi4 #e74 ,footnote #ij3 ,acts xix4 #aj #8disput+ daily 9 ! ,s*ool ( ,tyrannus2 & ?is cont9u$ = two ye>s1 s t all !y :i* dwelt 9 ,asia1 etc4' ,sid5ote3 ,close alliance ( ^! cities ) ,ephesus4 ,among ! places ?us repres5t$ at ! ,asiatic metropolis w\ld d\btless be ! cities ly+ 9 ! valley ( ! ,lycus4 ,! bonds ( amity betwe5 ^! places & ,ephesus appe> to h be5 unusually /rong4 ,! ,concord ( ! ,laodiceans & ,ephesians1 ! ,concord ( ! ,hi]apolitans & ,ephesians1 are repeat$ly commemorat$ on m$als /ruck = ! purpose#ia4 ,sid5ote3 ,! "w ( ,philemon & ,nymphas1 ,?us ! ,colossians1 ,epaphras & ,philemon1 ! latt] ) 8 h\sehold#ib1 & p]haps also ! ,laodicean ,nymphas#ic1 w\ld fall 9 ) ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles & he> f 8 lips ! fir/ tid+s ( a heav5ly life4 ,footnote #ia3 4 4 1 ,eckhel ,,iii4 p4 #afe1 ,mionnet ,,iv4 p4 #cbd1 #cbe1 #cca1 #ccb1 ,suppl4 ,,vii4 p4 #ehc1 #ehf1 #ehi2 4 4 1 ,eckhel ,,iii4 p4 #aee1 #aeg1 ,mionnet ,,iv4 p4 #bii1 #cjj1 #cjg1 ,suppl4 ,,vii4 p4 #efi1 #ega1 #egb1 #egd1 #ege4 ,see ,/eig] ,koloss] p4 #ej1 & comp4 ,krause ,civitat4 ,neocor4 #bj4 ,footnote #ib3 ,philem4 #a1 #b1 #ai4 ,footnote #ic3 ,col4 iv4 #ae4 ,on ! "q :e!r ! "n is ,nymphas or ,nympha1 see ! notes !re4 ,sid5ote3 b especially ,epaphras4 ,b1 :atev] s]vice may h be5 r5d]$ by ,philemon at ,coloss1 or by ,nymphas at ,laodicea1 x 0 to ,epaphras especially t all ! ?ree cities 7 indebt$ = _! k ( ! ,gospel4 ,?\gh he 0 a ,colossian by bir?1 ! f]v5cy ( 8 pray]s & ! en]gy ( 8 love are repres5t$ z ext5d+ equally to ,laodicea & ,hi]apolis#id4 ,x is obvi\s t he look$ ^u himself z responsible = ! spiritual well-be+ ( all alike4 ,footnote #id3 iv4 #ab1 #ac4 ,sid5ote3 ,/ ,paul /ill a /rang] to ?is di/rict4 ,we pass ov] a p]iod ( five or six ye>s4 ,/ ,paul's fir/ captivity 9 ,rome is n[ draw+ to a close4 ,dur+ ?is int]val he has n once visit$ ! valley ( ! ,lycus4 ,he has1 x is true1 skirt$ ! coa/ & call$ at ,miletus1 :i* lies ne> ! m\? ( ! ,m&]2 b1 ?\gh ! eld]s ( ,ephesus 7 summon$ to meet him !re#ie1 no m5tion is made ( any repres5tatives f ^! m di/ant t[ns4 ,footnote #ie3 ,acts xx4 #af1 #ag4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 imprisonm5t at ,rome4 ,i h else:]e describ$ ! ,apo/le's circum/ances dur+ 8 resid5ce 9 ,rome1 s f> z !y are kn[n to u#if4 ,x is suffici5t to say "h1 t ?\gh he is /ill a prison]1 fri5ds new & old m9i/] freely to 8 wants4 ,mean:ile ! ali5ation ( ! ,judaic ,*ri/ians is complete4 ,?ree only1 rema9+ fai?ful to him1 are commemorat$ z hon\rable exceptions 9 ! g5]al des]tion#ig4 ,footnote #if3 ,see ,philippians p4 #f sq4 ,footnote #ig3 ,col4 iv4 #aj1 #aa4 ,see ,philippians p4 #ag sq4 ,sid5ote3 ,coloss br\ght be=e 8 notice by two incid5ts4 ,we h se5 t ,coloss 0 an unimportant place1 & t x _h no direct p]sonal claims on ! ,apo/le4 ,we might !re=e feel surprise t1 ?us d\bly disqualifi$1 x %\ld nev]!less attract 8 special att5tion at a critical mom5t1 :5 sev]e p]sonal trials 7 sup]add$ to #8! c>e ( all ! *ur*es4' ,b two circum/ances1 ! "o affect+ 8 public duties1 ! o!r private & p]sonal1 happ5+ at ?is "t1 conspir$ to br+ ,coloss prom95tly be=e 8 notice4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,! mission ( ,,epaphras4 #a4 ,he _h receiv$ a visit f ,,epaphras4 ,! dang]\s condition ( ! ,colossian & neighb\r+ *ur*es _h fill$ ! m9d ( _! evangeli/ ) al>m4 ,a /range =m ( h]esy _h brok5 out 9 ^! bro!rhoods--a comb9ation ( ,judaic =malism ) ,ori5tal my/ic speculation--& 0 already spread+ rapidly4 ,8 di/ress 0 extreme4 ,he gratefully ackn[l$g$ & report$ _! fai? 9 ,*ri/ & _! works ( love#ih4 ,b ?is only quick5$ 8 anxiety4 ,he _h #8mu* toil = !m'2 he 0 #8ev] wre/l+ 9 8 pray]s on _! behalf1' t !y might /& fa/ & n ab&on ! simplicity ( _! e>li] fai?#ii4 ,he came to ,rome1 we may suppose1 = ! express purpose ( lay+ ?is /ate ( ?+s be=e ! ,apo/le & seek+ 8 c\nsel & assi/ance4 ,footnote #ih3 i4 #d1 #h4 ,footnote #ii3 iv4 #ab1 #ac4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,,onesimus a fugitive 9 ,rome4 #b4 ,b at ! "t :5 ,epaphras paid ?is visit1 ,/ ,paul 0 also 9 communication ) ano!r ,colossian1 :o _h visit$ ,rome "u v diff]5t circum/ances4 ,,onesimus1 ! runaway slave1 _h s\ght ! metropolis1 ! common s9k ( all nations#ajj1 probably z a conv5i5t hid+ place1 :]e he might escape detection among its cr[ds & make a livelihood z be/ he c\ld4 ,"h1 p]haps accid5tally1 p]haps ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( ,epaphras1 he fell 9 ) 8 ma/]'s old fri5d4 ,! ,apo/le int]e/$ himself 9 8 case1 in/ruct$ him 9 ! ,gospel1 & trans=m$ him f a good-=-no?+ slave#aja into a #8fai?ful & belov$ bro!r#ajb4' ,footnote #ajj3 ,tac4 ,an4 xv4 #dd4 ,footnote #aja3 ,philem4 #aa 444 ,footnote #ajb3 ,col4 iv4 #i2 comp4 ,philem4 #af4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,apo/le despat*es ?ree lett]s simultane\sly4 ,?is comb9ation ( circum/ances call$ ! ,apo/le's att5tion to ! ,*ur*es ( ! ,lycus1 & m especially to ,coloss4 ,8 lett]s1 :i* _h be5 f\nd #8weighty & p[]ful' 9 o!r cases1 might n be unavail+ n[2 & 9 ?is hope he took up 8 p54 ,?ree epi/les 7 writt5 & despat*$ at ! same "t to ?is di/rict4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,! ,,epi/le ,,to ,,! ,,colossians4 #a4 ,he addresses a special lett] to ! ,,colossians1 writt5 9 ! jo9t names ( himself & ,timo?y1 w>n+ !m aga9/ ! errors ( ! false tea*]s4 ,he gratefully ackn[l$ges ! report :i* he has receiv$ ( _! love & zeal#ajc4 ,he assures !m ( ! conflict :i* agitates him on _! behalf#ajd4 ,he w>ns !m to be on _! gu>d aga9/ ! delusive logic ( entic+ words1 aga9/ ! va9 deceit ( a false philosophy#aje4 ,sid5ote3 ,! !ological & ! practical error ( ! ,colossians4,! purity ( _! ,*ri/ianity is endang]$ by two errors1 recomm5d$ to !m by _! h]etical lead]s--! "o !ological1 ! o!r practical--b bo? alike spr++ f ! same s\rce1 ! conception ( matt] z ! orig9 & abode ( evil4 ,?us1 reg>d+ ,god & matt] z directly antagoni/ic & !re=e ap>t f & hav+ no communication ) ea* o!r1 !y s\ght to expla9 ! creation & gov]nm5t ( ! _w by int]pos+ a s]ies ( int]m$iate be+s1 emanations or angels1 to :om accord+ly !y (f]$ wor%ip4 ,at ! same "t1 s9ce !y held t evil resid$1 n 9 ! rebelli\s _s ( man1 b 9 ! innate prop]ties ( matt]1 !y s\ght to ov]come x by a rigid ascetic discipl9e1 :i* fail$ aft] all to t\* ! spr+s ( action4 ,sid5ote3 ,! prop] corrective to bo? lies 9 ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,gospel4,z bo? errors fl[$ f ! same s\rce1 !y mu/ be correct$ by ! application ( ! same rem$y1 ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,gospel4 ,9 ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/1 ! "o m$iator betwe5 heav5 & e>?1 is ! true solution ( ! !ological difficulty4 ,?r\gh ! ,life 9 ,*ri/1 ! purification ( ! he>t ?r\gh fai? & love1 is ! effectual triumph ov] moral evil#ajf4 ,sid5ote3 ,ref]5ces to ,epaphras4,/ ,paul !re=e prescribes to ! ,colossians ! true tea*+ ( ! ,gospel1 z ! be/ antidote to ! tw(old dang] :i* ?reat5s at once _! !ological cre$ & _! moral pr9ciples2 :ile at ! same "t he en=ces 8 lesson by ! claims ( p]sonal affection1 appeal+ to ! devotion ( _! evangeli/ ,epaphras on _! behalf#ajg4 ,footnote #ajc3 i4 #c-i1 #ba sq4 ,footnote #ajd3 ii4 #a sq4 ,footnote #aje3 ii4 #d1 #h1 #ah4 ,footnote #ajf3 i4 #a-bj1 ii4 #i1 iii4 #d4 ,! two ?reads are closely int]wov5 9 ,/ ,paul's refutation1 z ^! ref]5ces w %[4 ,! connexion ( ! two errors1 z aris+ f ! same false pr9ciple1 w be consid]$ m 9 detail 9 ! next *apt]4 ,footnote #ajg3 i4 #g1 iv4 #ab4 ,( ,epaphras himself we "k no?+ beyond ! few b significant notices :i* connect him ) ,coloss#ajh4 ,he did n return to ,coloss z ! be>] ( ! lett]1 b rema9$ beh9d ) ,/ ,paul#aji4 ,z ,/ ,paul 9 a contempor>y epi/le designates him 8 fell[-prison]#aaj1 x may be inf]r$ t 8 zeal & affection _h involv$ him 9 ! ,apo/le's captivity1 & t 8 cont9uance 9 ,rome 0 en=c$4 ,b h[ev] ?is may be1 ! lett] 0 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ,ty*icus1 a native ( proconsul> ,asia1 probably ( ,ephesus#aaa1,sid5ote3 ,ty*icus & ,onesimus accompany ! lett]4 :o 0 entru/$ ) a wid] mission at ?is "t1 & 9 its dis*>ge w\ld be oblig$ to visit ! valley ( ! ,lycus#aab4 ,at ! same "t he 0 accompani$ by ,onesimus1 :om ! ,colossians _h only kn[n hi!rto z a wor?less slave1 b :o n[ returns to !m ) ! /amp ( ! ,apo/le's w>m approval4 ,/ ,paul says v little ab\t himself1 because ,ty*icus & ,onesimus w\ld be able by ^w ( m\? to communicate all in=mation to ! ,colossians#aac4 ,sid5ote3 ,! salutations4,b he s5ds "o or two salutations :i* des]ve a few words ( explanation4 ,epaphras ( c\rse greets 8 fell[-t[nsm5 & *ildr5 9 ! fai?4 ,o!r names are ^? ( ,ari/>*us ! ,!ssalonian1 :o _h be5 ) ! ,apo/le at ,ephesus#aad & may possibly h =m$ "s p]sonal connexion ) ! ,colossians at t "t3 ,m>k1 aga9/ :om app>5tly ! ,apo/le fe>s t a prejudice may be ent]ta9$ 7p]haps ! fact ( 8 e>li] des]tion1 & ( ,/ ,paul's dissatisfaction 9 consequ5ce#aae1 may h be5 widely kn[n71 & = :om !re=e he asks a fav\rable reception at 8 approa*+ visit to ,coloss1 accord+ to in/ructions :i* !y _h already receiv$2 & ,jesus ! ,j1 ( ^: relations ) ! ,colossians we "k no?+1 & ^: only claim to a m5tion may h be5 8 s+ul> fidelity to ! ,apo/le at a critical juncture4 ,salutations moreov] are add$ f ,luke & f ,demas2 & "h aga9 _! close companion%ip ) ! ,apo/le is1 s f> z we "k1 ! sole cause ( _! names appe>+#aaf4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,= ! reasons :y ,epaphras _c be id5tifi$ ) ,epaphroditus1 :o is m5tion$ 9 ! ,philippian lett]1 see ,philippians p4 #fj1 note #d4 ,! lat] tradition1 :i* makes him bi%op ( ,coloss1 is d\btless an inf]5ce f ,/ ,paul's language & has no indep5d5t value4 ,! fur!r /atem5t ( ! m>tyrologies1 t he suff]$ m>tyrdom = 8 flock1 c h>dly be held to des]ve any high] cr$it4 ,8 day is ! #ai? ( ,july 9 ! ,we/]n ,cal5d>4 ,8 body is said to lie 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,m>ia ,maggiore at ,rome4 ,footnote #aji3 ,col4 iv4 #ab4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,philem4 #bc 4 ,! ^w may possibly h a metaphorical s5se 7see ,philippians p4 #aa72 b ! lit]al mean+ is m probable4 ,/ ,j]ome on ,philem4 #bc 7,,vii4 p4 #gfb7 gives ! /ory t ,/ ,paul's p>5ts 7 natives ( ,giscala &1 :5 ! ,romans invad$ & wa/$ ,juda1 7 bani%$ !nce ) _! son to ,t>sus4 ,he adds t ,epaphras may h be5 ,/ ,paul's fell[-prison] at ?is "t1 & h be5 remov$ ) 8 p>5ts to ,coloss4 ,x is n q cle> :e!r ?is /atem5t respect+ ,epaphras is "p ( ! tradition1 or ,j]ome's own conjecture app5d$ to x4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,acts xx4 #d1 #b ,tim4 iv4 #ab4 ,footnote #aab3 ,see bel[1 p4 #cg4 ,footnote #aac3 ,col4 iv4 #g-i4 ,footnote #aad3 ,acts xix4 #bi4 ,footnote #aae3 ,acts xiii4 #ac1 xv4 #cg-ci4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,col4 iv4 #aj-ad4 ,sid5ote3 ,*>ge respect+ ,laodicea4 ,la/ly1 ! ,laodiceans 7 closely connect$ ) ! ,colossians by local & spiritual ties4 ,to ! ,*ur* ( ,laodicea !re=e1 & to ! h\sehold ( "o ,nymphas :o 0 a prom95t memb] ( x1 he s5ds greet+4 ,at ! same "t he directs !m to int]*ange lett]s ) ! ,laodiceans2 = to ,laodicea also he _h writt54 ,& he closes 8 salutations ) a message to ,ar*ippus1 a resid5t ei!r at ,coloss or at ,laodicea 7= on ?is po9t we are left to conjecture71 :o held "s important (fice 9 ! ,*ur*1 & respect+ ^: zeal he seems to h ent]ta9$ a misgiv+#aag4 ,footnote #aag3 iv4 #ae-ag4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,! ,,lett] ,,to ,,philemon4 #b4 ,b1 :ile provid+ = ! spiritual welf>e ( ! :ole ,colossian ,*ur*1 he did n =get ! temporal int]e/s ( its humble/ memb]4 ,hav+ att5d$ to ! solicitations ( ! evangeli/ ,epaphras1 he address$ himself to ! tr\bles ( ! runaway slave ,onesimus4 ,! mission ( ,ty*icus to ,coloss 0 a fav\rable opportunity ( re/or+ him to ,philemon2 = ,ty*icus1 well kn[n z ! ,apo/le's fri5d & fell[-lab\r]1 might ?r[ ! %ield ( 8 protection ov] him & av]t ! wor/ consequ5ces ( ,philemon's ang]4 ,b1 n cont5t ) ?is measure ( precaution1 ! ,apo/le himself writes to ,,philemon on ! (f5d]'s behalf1 recomm5d+ him z a *ang$ man#aah1 & claim+ =giv5ess = him z a return due f ,philemon to himself z to 8 spiritual fa!r#aai4 ,footnote #aah3 ,philem4 #aa1 #af4 ,footnote #aai3 v]4 #ai4 ,! salutations 9 ?is lett] are ! same z ^? 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians ) ! exception ( ,jesus ,ju/us1 ^: "n is omitt$#abj4 ,t[>ds ! close ,/ ,paul decl>es 8 hope ( release & int5tion ( visit+ ,coloss1 & asks ,philemon to #8prep>e a lodg+' = him#aba4 ,footnote #abj3 vv4 #bc1 #bd4 ,footnote #aba3 v]4 #bb4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,! ,,circul> ,,lett]1 ( :i* a copy is s5t to ,,laodicea4 #c4 ,b at ! same "t ) ! two lett]s de/9$ especially = ,coloss1 ! ,apo/le despat*$ a ?ird1 :i* _h a wid] scope4 ,x has be5 already m5tion$ t ,ty*icus 0 *>g$ ) a mission to ! ,asiatic ,*ur*es4 ,x has be5 notic$ also t ! ,colossians 7 direct$ to procure & read a lett] 9 ! possession ( ! ,laodiceans4 ,^! two facts are closely connect$4 ,! ,apo/le wrote at ?is "t a circul> lett] to ! ,asiatic ,*ur*es1 :i* got its ultimate designation f ! metropolitan city & is consequ5tly kn[n to u z ! ,epi/le to ! ,,ephesians#abb4 ,x 0 ! imm$iate object ( ,ty*icus' j\rney to deliv] copies ( ?is lett] at all ! pr9cipal c5tres ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! di/rict1 & at ! same "t to communicate by ^w ( m\? ! ,apo/le's special messages to ea*#abc4 ,among ^! c5tres 0 ,laodicea4 ,?us 8 mission br\ght him into ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ,coloss4 ,b he 0 n *>g$ to deliv] ano!r copy ( ! circul> lett] at ,coloss itself1 = ?is ,*ur* w\ld be reg>d$ only z a dep5d5cy ( ,laodicea2 & besides he 0 ! be>] ( a special lett] f ! ,apo/le to !m4 ,x 0 suffici5t !re=e to provide t ! ,laodicean copy %\ld be circulat$ & read at ,coloss4 ,footnote #abb3 ,see ! introduction to ! epi/le4 ,footnote #abc3 ,ephes4 vi4 #ba1 #bb4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]sonal l9ks connect+ ! ?ree lett]s4 ,?us ! ?ree lett]s are closely relat$4 ,ty*icus is ! p]sonal l9k ( connexion betwe5 ! ,epi/les to ! ,ephesians & to ! ,colossians2 ,onesimus betwe5 ^? to ! ,colossians & to ,philemon4 ,= reasons giv5 else:]e#abd1 x w\ld appe> t ^! ?ree lett]s 7 writt5 & despat*$ t[>ds ! close ( ,sid5ote3 ,e>?quake 9 ! ,lycus ,valley4! ,apo/le's captivity1 ab\t ! ye> #fc4 ,at "s "t n v di/ant f ?is date1 a great cata/rophe ov]took ! cities ( ! ,lycus valley4 ,an e>?quake 0 no uncommon occurr5ce 9 ?is region#abe4 ,b on ?is occasion ! %ock _h be5 unusually viol5t1 & ,laodicea1 ! fl\ri%+ & popul\s1 0 laid 9 ru9s4 ,tacitus1 :o is our e>lie/ au?ority = ?is fact1 places x 9 ! ye> #fj & is sil5t ab\t ! neighb\r+ t[ns#abf4 ,eusebius h[ev] makes x subsequ5t ,sid5ote3 ,its probable date4to ! burn+ ( ,rome 7,a4,d4 #fd71 & m5tions ,hi]apolis & ,coloss also z involv$ 9 ! disa/]#abg2 :ile lat] writ]s1 adopt+ ! date ( ,eusebius & includ+ ! ?ree cities ) him1 repres5t x z "o ( a s]ies ( div9e judgm5ts on ! hea!n _w = ! p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians :i* foll[$ on ! fire#abh4 ,hav+ no direct k ( ! s\rce f :i* ,eusebius d]iv$ 8 in=mation1 we %\ld naturally be dispos$ to accept ! au?ority ( ,tacitus = ! date1 z m tru/wor?y4 ,b1 z indications occur else:]e t ,eusebius foll[$ unusually good au?orities 9 record+ ^! e>?quakes#abi1 x is f> f improbable t he ,sid5ote3 ,be>+ on ! *ronology ( ^! lett]s4 gives ! correct date#acj4 ,9 ?is case ! cata/rophe 0 subsequ5t to ! writ+ ( ^! lett]s4 ,if on ! o!r h& ! ye> nam$ by ,tacitus be adopt$1 we ga9 a subsidi>y confirmation ( ! comp>atively late date :i* ,i h v5tur$ to assign to ^! epi/les on indep5d5t gr\nds2 =1 if !y _h be5 writt5 two ye>s e>li]1 :5 ! bl[ 0 rec5t1 we might reasonably h expect$ to f9d "s ref]5ce to a disa/] :i* _h deva/at$ ,laodicea & f :i* ,coloss _c h escap$ altoge!r )\t injury4 ,! additional fact m5tion$ by ! ,roman hi/orian1 t ,laodicea 0 rebuilt f h] own res\rces )\t ! usual assi/ance f ,rome#aca1 is valuable z illu/rat+ a lat] notice 9 ! ,apo/olic writ+s#acb4 ,footnote #abd3 ,see ,philippians p4 #bi sq42 :]e reasons are giv5 = plac+ ! ,philippian ,epi/le at an e>li]1 & ! o!rs at a lat] /age 9 ! ,apo/le's captivity4 ,footnote #abe3 ,see above1 p4 #c4 ,laodicea 0 visit$ by ! foll[+ e>?quakes 9 ! ages prec$+ & subsequ5t to ! ,*ri/ian era4 7#a7 ,be=e ab\t ,b4,c4 #abe1 ,orac4 ,sibyll4 iii4 #dga1 if ! date n[ commonly assign$ to ?is ,sibyll9e ,oracle be correct1 & if ! passage is to be reg>d$ z a prophecy aft] ! ev5t4 ,9 iii4 #cdg ,hi]apolis is also m5tion$ z suff]+ 9 ! same way2 b x may be que/ion$ :e!r ! ,phrygian city is meant4 7#b7 ,ab\t ,b4,c4 #ab1 ,/rabo xii4 #h1 p4 #egi1 ,dion ,cass4 liv4 #cj4 ,/rabo names only ,laodicea & ,tralles1 b ,dion ,cassius says 4 7#c7 ,a4,d4 #fj accord+ to ,tacitus 7,ann4 xiv4 #bg72 ,a4,d4 #fd or #fe accord+ to ,eusebius 7,*ron4 s4a471 :o includes also ,hi]apolis & ,coloss4 ,to ?is e>?quake allusion is made 9 a ,sibyll9e ,oracle writt5 n _m ye>s aft] ! ev5t2 ,orac4 ,sibyll4 iv4 #ajg 7see also v4 #bhi1 vii4 #bc74 7#d7 ,betwe5 ,a4,d4 #bbb & ,a4,d4 #bce1 9 ! reign ( ,alex&] ,sev]us1 z we le>n f ano!r ,sibyll9e ,oracle 7xii4 #bhj74 ,on ?is occasion ,hi]apolis also suff]$4 ,?is li/ w probably be f\nd n to h exhau/$ all ^! cata/rophes on record4 ,! foll[+ e>?quakes also are m5tion$ z happ5+ 9 ! neighb\r+ t[ns or 9 ! di/rict g5]ally3 ! date unc]ta91 ,c>ura 7,/rabo xii4 #h1 p4 #egh72 ,a4,d4 #ag ! twelve cities1 ,s>dis be+ ! wor/ suff]] 7,tac4 ,ann4 ii4 #g1 ,pl94 ,n4,h4 ii4 #hf1 ,dion ,cass4 lvii4 #ag1 ,/rabo xii4 #h1 p4 #egi72 ,a4,d4 #bc ,cibyra 7,tac4 ,ann4 iv4 #ac72 ,a4,d4 #ec ,apamea 7,tac4 ,ann4 xii4 #eh73 ab\t ,a4,d4 #aee1 "u ,anton9us ,pius1 #8,rhodiorum et ,asi oppida' 7,capitol4 ,anton4 ,pius #i72 ,a4,d4 #agh1 "u ,m4 ,aurelius1 ,smyrna & o!r cities 7,*ron4 ,pas*4 ,i4 p4 #dhi1 ed4 ,d9d41 ,ari/id4 ,or4 xx1 xxi1 xli2 see ,cl9ton ,fa/4 ,rom4 ,i4 p4 #agf sq41 ,h]tzb]g ,grie*5l& etc4 ,,ii4 pp4 #cga1 #daj72 ,a4,d4 #bfb1 "u ,galli5us ,,ii 7,trebell4 ,galli54 #e #8,malum tri/ius 9 ,asi urbibus fuit 444 hiatus t]r plurimis 9 locis fu]unt1 cum aqua salsa 9 fossis app>]et1' ib4 #f #8va/atam ,asiam 444 elem5torum concussionibus'74 ,/rabo says 7p4 #egi7 t ,philadelphia is m or less %ak5 daily 7' 71 & t ,apamea has suff]$ f num]\s e>?quakes4 ,footnote #abf3 ,tac4 ,ann4 xiv4 #bg #8,eodem anno ex inlu/ribus ,asi urbibus ,laodicea1 tremore t]r prolapsa1 nullo a nobis rem$io propriis opibus revaluit4' ,! ye> is giv5 #8,n]one iv1 ,corn4 ,cosso consulibus' 7xiv4 #bj74 ,two diff]5t writ]s1 9 ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ,geography & ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 s4v4 ,laodicea1 place ! de/ruction ( ,laodicea 9 ! reign ( ,tib]ius1 confus+ ?is e>?quake ) an e>li] "o 7,ann4 ii4 #dg74 ,by ?is e>li] e>?quake #8duodecim celebres ,asi urbes conlaps1' b _! names are giv51 & n "o is situat$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,lycus4 ,footnote #abg3 ,euseb4 ,*ron4 ,ol4 #baj 7,,ii4 p4 #aed sq41 ed4 ,s*ne7 #8,9 ,asia tres urbes t]r motu concid]unt ,laodicea ,hi]apolis ,coloss4' ,! ,arm5ian v]sion & ,j]ome agree 9 plac+ x ! next ev5t 9 ord] aft] ! fire at ,rome 7,a4,d4 #fd71 ?\gh !re is a diff]5ce ( a ye> 9 ! two texts4 ,if ! ,sibyll9e ,oracle1 v4 #cag1 ref]s to ?is e>?quake1 z seems probable1 we h indep5d5t te/imony t ,hi]apolis 0 involv$ 9 ! cata/rophe2 comp4 ib4 v4 #bhi4 ,footnote #abh3 ,?is is evid5tly ! idea ( ,orosius1 vii4 #g4 ,footnote #abi3 ,i draw ?is inf]5ce f 8 acc\nt ( ! e>?quake 9 ! reign ( ,tib]ius4 ,tacitus 7,ann4 ii4 #dg7 /ates t twelve cities 7 ru9$ 9 "o night1 & records _! names4 ,pl9y also1 :o m5tions ?is e>?quake z #8! greate/ )9 ! memory ( man' 7,n4,h4 ii4 #hf71 gives ! same numb]4 ,eusebius h[ev]1 ,*ron4 ,ol4 #aih 7,,ii4 p4 #adf sq41 ed4 ,s*ne71 names ?irte5 cities1 co9cid+ ) ,tacitus z f> z he goes1 b includ+ ,ephesus also4 ,n[ a monum5t 0 f\nd at ,puteoli 7see ,gronov4 ,!s4 ,grc4 ,ant4 ,,vii4 p4 #dcc sq471 & is n[ 9 ! ,museum at ,naples 7,museo ,borbonico ,,xv1 ,tav4 iv1 v71 d$icat$ to ,tib]ius & repres5t+ f\rte5 female figures ) ! names ( f\rte5 ,asiatic cities und]nea?2 ^! names be+ ! same z ^? m5tion$ by ,tacitus ) ! addition ( ,ephesus & ,cibyra4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ?is 0 "o ( ^? monum5ts m5tion$ by ,apollonius quot$ 9 ,phlegon 7,fragm4 #db1 ,mll]'s ,fragm4 ,hi/4 ,grc4 ,,iii4 p4 #fba7 z erect$ to commemorate ! lib]ality ( ,tib]ius 9 contribut+ to ! re/oration ( ! ru9$ cities 7see ,eckhel ,doct4 ,num4 ,vet4 ,,vi4 #aib sq474 ,b no e>?quake at ,ephesus is m5tion$ by ,tacitus4 ,he does inde$ speak ( su* a cata/rophe z happ5+ at ,cibyra 7,ann4 iv4 #ac7 six ye>s lat] ?an ! "o :i* ru9$ ! twelve cities1 & ( ! relief :i* ,tib]ius af=d$ on ?is latt] occasion z on ! =m]4 ,b we owe to ,eusebius alone ! fact t ,ephesus also 0 s]i\sly injur$ by an e>?quake 9 ! same ye>--p]haps n on ! same night--) ! twelve cities3 & ?is fact is necess>y to expla9 ! monum5t4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ,nipp]dey 7on ,tac4 ,ann4 ii4 #dg7 supposes ! e>?quake at ,ephesus to h be5 record$ 9 ! lo/ portion ( ! fif? book ( ! ,annals :i* compris$ ! ye>s ,a4,d4 #bi-ca2 b ?is b>e hypo!sis _c outweigh ! direct te/imony ( ,eusebius4 ,footnote #acj3 ,h]tzb]g 7,ges*i*te ,grie*5l&s unt] d] ,h]rs*aft d] ,rm]1 ,,ii4 p4 #if7 supposes t ,tacitus & ,eusebius ref] to two diff]5t ev5ts1 & t ,laodicea 0 visit$ by e>?quakes twice )9 a few ye>s1 ,a4,d4 #fj & ,a4,d4 #fe4 ,footnote #aca3 ,tac4 ,ann4 xiv4 #bg1 quot$ above1 p4 #ch1 note #abf4 ,to ?is fact allusion is made 9 ! feign$ pr$iction ( ! ,sibyll9es1 iv4 #ajg 1 1 1 :]e mu/ be ! #bnd p]son1 #8,?\ wilt rebuild ?y city ) its broad /reets4' ,?is ,sibyll9e poem 0 writt5 ab\t ! ye> #hj4 ,! build+ ( ! amphi!atre m5tion$ above 7p4 #f1 note #f71 w\ld =m "p ( ?is "w ( recon/ruction4 ,footnote #acb3 ,see bel[1 p4 #dc4 ,sid5ote3 ,/ ,m>k's int5d$ visit4 ,x has be5 se5 t1 :5 ^! lett]s 7 writt51 ,/ ,m>k 0 int5d+ %ortly to visit ,coloss1 & t ! ,apo/le himself1 look+ =w>d to 8 release1 hop$ at l5g? to make a p]sonal acqua9tance ) ^! ,*ur*es1 :i* hi!rto he knew only ?r\gh ! report ( o!rs4 ,:e!r ,/ ,m>k's visit 0 ev] paid or n1 we h no means ( det]m9+#acc4 ,( ,/ ,paul himself x is reasonable to assume1 ,sid5ote3 ,/ ,paul probably visits ,coloss4 t 9 ! int]val betwe5 8 fir/ & second ,roman captivity he f\nd "s opportunity ( c>ry+ out 8 design4 ,at all ev5ts we f9d him at ,miletus1 ne> to ! m\? ( ! ,m&]#acd2 & ! j\rney betwe5 ?is place & ,laodicea is nei!r long nor difficult4 ,footnote #acc3 ,two notices h[ev] imply t ,/ ,m>k _h "s p]sonal connexion ) ,asia ,m9or 9 ! ye>s imm$iately succe$+ ! date ( ?is ref]5ce3 7#a7 ,/ ,pet]1 writ+ to ! ,*ur*es ( ,asia ,m9or1 s5ds a salutation f ,/ ,m>k 7#a ,pet4 v4 #ac72 7#b7 ,/ ,paul gives *>ge to ,timo?y1 :o appe>s to be /ill resid+ at ,ephesus1 to take up ,m>k & br+ him to ,rome 7#b ,tim4 iv4 #aa 74 ,?us x seems fairly probable t ,/ ,m>k's project$ visit to ,coloss 0 paid4 ,footnote #acd3 #b ,tim4 iv4 #bj4 ,by a /range error ,lequi5 7,ori5s ,*ri/4 ,i4 p4 #hcc7 sub/itutes ,hi]apolis = ,nicopolis 9 ,tit4 iii4 #ab1 & argues f ! passage t ! ,*ur* ( ,hi]apolis 0 f\nd$ by ,/ ,paul4 ,sid5ote3 ,/ ,john 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,at ! "t ( ?is visit--! fir/ & la/1 we may suppose1 :i* he paid to ! valley ( ! ,lycus--,/ ,paul's direction ( ! ,asiatic ,*ur*es is draw+ to a close4 ,) 8 dea? !y pass into ! h&s ( ,/ ,john#ace1 :o takes up 8 abode 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,( ,coloss & ,hi]apolis we he> no?+ m 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t3 b f 8 exile 9,sid5ote3 ,! message to ,laodicea4 ,patmos ! belov$ disciple deliv]s 8 ,"l's message to ! ,*ur* ( ,laodicea#acf2 a message d\btless int5d$ to be communicat$ also to ! two subord9ate ,*ur*es1 to :i* x w\ld apply almo/ equally well4 ,footnote #ace3 ,x 0 app>5tly dur+ ! int]val betwe5 ,/ ,paul's fir/ captivity at ,rome & 8 dea?1 t ,/ ,pet] wrote to ! ,*ur*es ( ,asia ,m9or 7#a ,pet4 i4 #a74 ,:e!r 9 ?is int]val he also visit$ p]sonally ! di/ricts evangeliz$ directly or indirectly by ,/ ,paul1 we h no means ( decid+4 ,su* a visit is f> f unlikely1 b x c h>dly h be5 ( long duration4 ,a copy ( 8 lett]s w\ld probably be s5t to ,laodicea1 z a pr9cipal c5tre ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,proconsul> ,asia1 :i* is among ! prov9ces m5tion$ 9 ! address ( ! ,fir/ ,epi/le4 ,footnote #acf3 ,rev4 iii4 #ad-ba4 ,sid5ote3 ,correspond5ces betwe5 ! ,apocalypse & ,/ ,paul's ,epi/les4 ,! message communicat$ by ,/ ,john to ,laodicea prolongs ! note :i* 0 /ruck by ,/ ,paul 9 ! lett] to ,coloss4 ,an int]val ( a v few ye>s has n mat]ially alt]$ ! "* ( ^! ,*ur*es4 ,obvi\sly ! same temp] prevails1 ! same errors are rife1 ! same correction mu/ be appli$4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/1 #a4 ,?us1 :ile ,/ ,paul f9ds x necess>y to en=ce ! tru? t ,*ri/ is ! image ( ! invisible ,god1 t 9 ,him all ! div9e fulness dwells1 t ,he exi/$ be=e all ?+s1 t ?r\gh ,him all ?+s 7 creat$ & 9 ,him all ?+s are su/a9$1 t ,he is ! prim>y s\rce 77 & has ! pre-em95ce 9 all ?+s#acg2 s 9 almo/ id5tical language ,/ ,john1 speak+ 9 ! p]son ( our ,"l1 decl>es t ,he is ! ,am51 ! fai?ful & true witness1 ! prim>y s\rce 77 ( ! creation ( ,god#ach4 ,"s l+]+ %r$s ( ! old h]esy1 we may suppose1 /ill hung ab\t ^! ,*ur*es1 & in/ead ( #8hold+ fa/ ! ,head' !y 7 ev5 yet prone to sub/itute int]m$iate ag5cies1 angelic m$iators1 z l9ks 9 ! *a9 :i* %\ld b9d man to ,god4 ,!y /ill fail$ to realise ! maje/y & significance1 ! complet5ess1 ( ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/4 ,footnote #acg3 ,col4 i4 #ae-ah4 ,footnote #ach3 ,rev4 iii4 #ad4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ?is designation ( our ,"l 7 71 :i* s closely resembles ! language ( ! ,colossian ,epi/le1 does n occur 9 ! messages to ! o!r six ,*ur*es1 nor d we !re f9d any?+ resembl+ x4 ,sid5ote3 & practical duties :i* foll[ ^u x4 ,& ! practical duty also1 :i* foll[s f ! recognition ( ! !ological tru?1 is en=c$ by bo? ,apo/les 9 v simil> language4 ,if ,/ ,paul entreats ! ,colossians to seek ^? ?+s :i* are above1 :]e ,*ri/ is seat$ on ! "r h& ( ,god#aci1 & 9 ! companion epi/le1 :i* also he directs !m to read1 rem9ds ! ,*ur*es t ,god rais$ !m ) ,*ri/ & seat$ !m ) him 9 heav5ly places 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus#adj2 9 l mann] ,/ ,john gives ?is promise to ! ,laodiceans 9 ! "n ( 8 ,"l3 #8,he t ov]come?1 ,i w grant to him to sit ) me 9 my ?rone1 ev5 z ,i also ov]came & did sit ) my ,fa!r 9 ,8 ?rone#ada'4 ,footnote #aci3 ,col4 iii4 #a4 ,footnote #adj3 ,ephes4 ii4 #f 444 ,footnote #ada3 ,rev4 iii4 #ba ' 1 444 ,"h aga9 x mu/ be notic$ t !re is no su* resemblance 9 ! language ( ! promises to ! fai?ful 9 ! o!r six ,*ur*es4 ,?is d\ble co9cid5ce1 affect+ ! two ideas :i* may be said to cov] ! :ole gr\nd 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians1 c h>dly1 ,i ?9k1 be =tuit\s1 & sugge/s an acqua9tance ) & recognition ( ! e>li] ,apo/le's tea*+ on ! "p ( ,/ ,john4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,w>n+ aga9/ lukew>mness4 #b4 ,b aga92 aft] a p>t+ salutation to ! ,*ur* ( ,laodicea ,/ ,paul closes ) a w>n+ to ,ar*ippus1 app>5tly its *ief pa/or1 to take he$ to 8 m9i/ry#adb4 ,"s signs ( slack5$ zeal seem to h call$ =? ?is rebuke4 ,x may be an accid5tal co9cid5ce1 b x is at lea/ wor?y ( notice1 t lukew>mness is ! special s9 d5\nc$ 9 ! angel ( ! ,laodiceans1 & t ! necessity ( great] e>ne/ness is ! burd5 ( ! message to t ,*ur*#adc4 ,z ) ! p1 s is x ) ! prie/4 ,! community takes its col\r f & communicates its col\r to its spiritual rul]s4 ,! #8be zeal\s' ( ,/ ,john is ! c\nt]p>t to ! #8take he$' ( ,/ ,paul4 ,footnote #adb3 ,col4 iv4 #ag4 ,footnote #adc3 ,rev4 iii4 #ai4 ,if ! common view1 t by ! angel ( ! ,*ur* its *ief pa/or is meant1 7 correct1 & if ,ar*ippus 7z is v probable7 _h be5 liv+ :5 ,/ ,john wrote1 ! co9cid5ce w\ld be /ill m /rik+2 see ,tr5*'s ,epi/les to ! ,sev5 ,*ur*es 9 ,asia1 p4 #ahj4 ,b = reasons giv5 else:]e 7,philippians p4 #aig sq471 ?is int]pretation ( ! angels seems to me incorrect4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,! pride ( weal? d5\nc$4 #c4 ,la/ly2 9 ! ,apocalyptic message ! pride ( weal? is /]nly condemn$ 9 ! ,laodicean ,*ur*3 #8,= t ?\ saye/ ,i am ri* & h gott5 me ri*es & h ne$ ( no?+1 & kn[e/ n t ?\ art utt]ly wret*$ & mis]able & begg>ly & bl9d & nak$1 ,i c\nsel !e to buy gold ( me ref9$ ) fire1 t ?\ maye/ h ri*es#add4' ,?is pr\d vaunt receives its be/ illu/ration f a rec5t occurr5ce at ,laodicea1 to :i* allusion has already be5 made4 ,only a v few ye>s be=e ?is date an e>?quake _h laid ! city 9 ru9s4 ,yet f ?is cata/rophe %e rose aga9 ) m ?an h] =m] spl5d\r4 ,sid5ote3 ,! vaunt ( ,laodicea4,?is h[ev] 0 n h] *ief title to respect4 ,:ile o!r cities1 pro/rat$ by a l visitation1 _h s\ght relief f ! concessions ( ! ,roman s5ate or ! lib]ality ( ! emp]or's purse1 x 0 ! glory ( ,laodicea t %e alone nei!r c\rt$ nor obta9$ assi/ance1 b recov]$ by h] own res\rces4 #8,nullo a nobis rem$io1' says ! ,roman hi/orian1 #8propriis opibus revaluit#ade4' ,?us %e _h ass]t$ a pr\d indep5d5ce1 to :i* nei!r f>-fam$ metropolitan ,ephesus1 nor old imp]ial ,s>dis1 nor h] prosp]\s comm]cial neighb\rs1 ,apamea & ,cibyra1 c\ld lay claim#adf4 ,no "o w\ld dispute h] boa/ t %e #8_h gott5 ri*es & _h ne$ ( no?+4' ,footnote #add3 ,rev4 iii4 #ag1 #ah1 :]e ! correct read+ ) ! repetition ( ! def9ite articles1 1 signifies ! type1 ! embodim5t ( wret*$ness1 etc4 ,footnote #ade3 ,tac4 ,ann4 xiv4 #bg4 ,footnote #adf3 ,9 all ! o!r cases ( e>?quake :i* ,tacitus records z happ5+ 9 ^! ,asiatic cities1 ,ann4 ii4 #dg 7! twelve cities71 iv4 #ac 7,cibyra71 xii4 #eh 7,apamea71 he m5tions ! fact ( _! obta9+ relief f ! ,s5ate or ! ,emp]or4 ,on an e>li] occasion ,laodicea h]self _h n disda9$ "u simil> circum/ances to receive assi/ance f ,augu/us3 ,/rabo1 xii4 p4 #egi4 ,sid5ote3 ,pride ( intellectual weal?4 ,b is !re n a second & subsidi>y idea und]ly+ ! ,apocalyptic rebuke8 ,! pride ( intellectual weal?1 we may well suspect1 0 a temptation at ,laodicea h>dly less /rong ?an ! pride ( mat]ial res\rces4 ,:5 ,/ ,paul wrote1 ! !ology ( ! ,gospel & ! compreh5sion ( ! ,*ur* 7 alike endang]$ by a _s ( intellectual exclusiv5ess#adg 9 ^! cities4 ,he w>n$ !m aga9/ a va9 philosophy1 aga9/ a %[ ( wisdom1 aga9/ an intrusive my/ic speculation1 :i* va9ly puff$ up ! fle%ly m9d#adh4 ,he tacitly contra/$ ) ?is false intellectual weal? #8! ri*es ( ! glory ( ,god's my/]y reveal$ 9 ,*ri/#adi1' ! ri*es ( ! full assurance ( und]/&+1 ! g5u9e treasures ( wisdom & k#aej4 ,may n ! same contra/ be disc]n$ 9 ! language ( ,/ ,john8 ,! ,laodiceans boa/ ( _! enlight5m5t1 b !y are bl9d1 & to cure _! bl9dness !y mu/ seek eye-salve f ! h&s ( ! great ,physician4 ,!y vaunt _! weal? ( k1 b !y are wret*$ paup]s1 & mu/ beg ! ref9$ gold ( ! ,gospel to relieve _! wants#aea4 ,footnote #adg3 ,see ! next *apt] ( ?is introduction4 ,footnote #adh3 ,col4 ii4 #h1 #ah1 #bc4 ,footnote #adi3 i4 #bg4 ,footnote #aej3 ii4 #b1 #c4 ,footnote #aea3 ,comp4 ,eph4 i4 #ah #8,! eyes ( y\r und]/&+ be+ enlight5$1 t ye may "k :at is ! hope ( 8 call+1 :at ! ri*es ( ! glory ( 8 inh]itance 9 ! sa9ts4' ,?is is ! la/ notice 9 ! ,apo/olic records relat+ to ! ,*ur*es 9 ! valley ( ! ,lycus2 b dur+ ! succe$+ ages ! ,*ri/ian communities ( ?is di/rict play a conspicu\s "p 9 ! /ruggles & ! developm5t ( ! ,*ur*4 ,sid5ote3 ,! e>ly disciples settle 9 proconsul> ,asia,:5 aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem ,/ ,john fix$ 8 abode at ,ephesus1 x w\ld appe> t n a few ( ! olde/ surviv+ memb]s ( ! ,pale/9ian ,*ur* accompani$ him into #8,asia1' :i* h5ce=w>d became ! head-qu>t]s ( ,apo/olic au?ority4 ,9 ?is body ( emigrants ,&rew#aeb & ,philip among ! ,twelve1 ,ari/ion & ,john ! presbyt]#aec among o!r p]sonal disciples ( ! ,"l1 are especially m5tion$4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,canon ,murator4 fol4 #a1 l4 #ad 7p4 #ag1 ed4 ,tregelles71 ,cureton's ,anci5t ,syriac ,docum5ts pp4 #cb1 #cd4 ,comp4 ,papias 9 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iii4 #ci4 ,footnote #aec3 ,papias 9 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iii4 #ci4 ,sid5ote3 & especially at ,hi]apolis4 ,among ! *ief settlem5ts ( ?is ,*ri/ian disp]sion 0 ,hi]apolis4 ,?is fact expla9s h[ ^! ,phrygian ,*ur*es assum$ a prom95ce 9 ! ecclesia/ical hi/ory ( ! second c5tury1 = :i* we are h>dly prep>$ by _! antec$5ts z !y appe> 9 connexion ) ,/ ,paul1 & :i* !y fail$ to ma9ta9 9 ! hi/ory ( ! lat] ,*ur*4 ,"h at all ev5ts 0 settl$ ,philip ( ,be?saida#aed1 ! ,sid5ote3 ,philip ! ,apo/le ) 8 daught]s4 e>ly fri5d & fell[-t[nsman ( ,/ ,john1 & ! fir/ ,apo/le :o is record$ to h held communication ) ! ,g5tiles#aee4 ,"h he di$ & 0 buri$2 & "h aft] 8 decease liv$ 8 two virg9 daught]s1 :o surviv$ to a v advanc$ age & ?us h&$ d[n to ! second c5tury ! traditions ( ! e>lie/ days ( ! ,*ur*4 ,a ?ird daught]1 :o 0 m>ri$1 _h settl$ 9 ,ephesus1 :]e h] body re/$#aef4 ,sid5ote3 ,_! traditions collect$ by ,papias4,x 0 f ! two daught]s :o resid$ at ,hi]apolis1 t ,papias he>d sev]al /ories ( ! fir/ prea*]s ( ! ,gospel1 :i* he transmitt$ to po/]ity 9 8 "w#aeg4 ,footnote #aed3 ,polycrates 9 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iii4 #ca1 v4 #bd 1 1 1 1 4 ,to ?is ?ird daught] ! /atem5t ( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria mu/ ref]1 ?\gh by a common loos5ess ( expression he uses ! plural numb] 7,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iii4 #cj71 1 4 ,on ! o!r h& 9 ! ,dialogue betwe5 ,caius & ,proclus1 ,philip ! ,evangeli/ 0 repres5t$ z resid+ at ,hi]apolis 7,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iii4 #ca7 1 1 :]e ! m5tion ( ! f\r daught]s prophesy+ id5tifies ! p]son meant 7see ,acts xxi4 #h74 ,no?+ c be cle>] ?an t ,/ ,luke di/+ui%es ,philip ! ,evangeli/ f ,philip ! ,apo/le2 = 7#a7 ,:5 ! ,sev5 are appo9t$1 he di/9ctly /ates t ?is new (fice is creat$ to relieve ! ,twelve ( "s on]\s duties 7,acts vi4 #b-e74 7#b7 ,aft] ,philip ! ,evangeli/ has prea*$ 9 ,sam>ia1 two ( ! ,twelve are s5t ?i!r to convey ! gifts ( ! ,_s1 :i* requir$ ! pres5ce ( an ,apo/le 7viii4 #ad-ag74 7#c7 ,:5 ,/ ,paul & 8 companions visit ,philip at ,cs>ea1 he is c>efully describ$ z #8! ,evangeli/1 be+ "o ( ! ,sev5' 7xxi4 #h74 ,z ,/ ,luke 0 a memb] ( ! ,apo/le's company :5 ?is visit 0 paid1 & /ay$ #8_m days' 9 ,philip's h\se1 ! accuracy ( 8 in=mation _c be que/ion$4 ,yet ,eusebius 7,h4,e4 iii4 #ca7 assumes ! id5tity ( ! ,apo/le ) ! ,evangeli/1 & describes ! notice 9 ! ,dialogue ( ,caius & ,proclus z be+ #89 h>mony ) 77' ! language ( ,polycrates4 ,& accord+ly 9 ano!r passage 7,h4,e4 iii4 #ci71 :5 he has occasion to m5tion ! conv]sations ( ,papias ) ,philip's daught]s at ,hi]apolis1 he aga9 supposes !m to be ! same :o are m5tion$ 9 ! ,acts4 ,my reasons = believ+ t ! ,philip :o liv$ at ,hi]apolis 0 n ! ,evangeli/1 b ! ,apo/le1 are z foll[s4 7#a7 ,?is is di/9ctly /at$ by ! e>lie/ witness1 ,polycrates1 :o 0 bi%op ( ,ephesus at ! close ( ! second c5tury1 & :o besides claim$ to h & probably _h special opportunities ( kn[+ e>ly traditions4 ,x is confirm$ moreov] by ! notice 9 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 :o is ! next 9 ord] ( "t1 & ^: means ( in=mation also 7 good1 = "o ( 8 e>lie/ tea*]s 0 an ,ionian ,greek 7,/rom4 ,i4 #a1 p4 #cbb74 7#b7 ,! o!r view dep5ds solely on ! au?ority ( ! ,dialogue ( ,caius & ,proclus4 ,i h giv5 reasons else:]e = que/ion+ ! sep>ate exi/5ce ( ! ,roman presbyt] ,caius1 & = suppos+ t ?is dialogue 0 writt5 by ,hippolytus bi%op ( ,portus 7,j\rnal ( ,philology ,i4 p4 #ih sq41 ,cambridge1 #ahfh74 ,b h[ev] ?is may be1 its au?or 0 a ,roman ecclesia/ic1 & probably wrote "s qu>t] ( a c5tury at lea/ aft] ,polycrates4 ,9 all respects !re=e 8 au?ority is inf]ior4 ,moreov] x is suspici\s 9 =m4 ,x m5tions f\r daught]s in/ead ( ?ree1 makes !m all virg9s1 & repres5ts !m z prophetesses1 ?us %[+ a di/9ct aim ( reproduc+ ! p>ticul>s z giv5 9 ,acts xxi4 #i2 :]eas ! acc\nt ( ,polycrates is div]g5t 9 all ?ree respects4 7#c7 ,a life-long fri5d%ip w\ld naturally draw ,philip ! ,apo/le ( ,be?saida aft] ,john1 z x also drew ,&rew4 ,&1 :5 we turn to ,/ ,john's ,gospel1 we c h>dly resi/ ! impression t incid5ts relat+ to ,&rew & ,philip _h a special int]e/1 n only = ! writ] ( ! ,gospel1 b also = 8 he>]s 7,john i4 #dj1 #dc-df1 vi4 #e-h1 xii4 #bj-bb1 xiv4 #h1 #i74 ,moreov] ! ,apo/les ,&rew & ,philip appe> 9 ?is ,gospel z insep>able companions4 7#d7 ,la/ly2 :5 ,papias m5tions collect+ ! say+s ( ! ,twelve & ( o!r e>ly disciples f ^? :o he>d !m1 he gives a prom95t place to ^! two ,apo/les 444 1 b !re is no ref]5ce to ,philip ! ,evangeli/4 ,:5 !re=e we read lat] t he conv]s$ ) ! daught]s ( ,philip1 x seems natural to inf] t ! ,philip int5d$ is ! same p]son :om he has m5tion$ previ\sly4 ,x %\ld be add$1 ?\gh no great value c be assign$ to su* *annels ( in=mation1 t ! ,acts ( ,philip place ! ,apo/le at ,hi]apolis2 ,tis*5dorf1 ,act4 ,apo/4 ,apocr4 p4 #ge sq4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o suppose t ! ,evangeli/1 & n ! ,apo/le1 resid$ at ,hi]apolis1 acc\nt = ! o!r =m ( ! tradition by ! natural desire ( ! ,asiatic ,*ur*es to trace _! spiritual desc5t directly f ! ,twelve4 ,?is solution ( ! ph5om5on might h be5 accept$1 if ! au?orities 9 fav\r ( ,philip ! ,evangeli/ _h be5 prior 9 "t & sup]ior 9 quality4 ,!re is no improbability 9 suppos+ t bo? ! ,philips 7 m>ri$ & _h daught]s4 ,footnote #aee3 ,john xii4 #bj4 ,footnote #aef3 ,see above p4 #de1 note #aed4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iii4 #ci4 ,?is is ! g5]al ref]5ce = all ^? p>ticul>s respect+ ,papias :i* are d]iv$ f ,eusebius4 ,?is ,papias _h conv]s$ n only ) ! daught]s ( ,philip1 b also ) at lea/ two p]sonal disciples ( ! ,"l1 ,ari/ion & ,john ! presbyt]4 ,he made x 8 bus9ess to ga!r traditions respect+ ! say+s ( ! ,savi\r & ,8 ,apo/les2 & he publi%$ a "w 9 five books1 entitl$ ,an ,exposition ( ! ,oracles ( ! ,"l1 us+ ! in=mation ?us collect$ to illu/rate ! disc\rses1 & p]haps ! do+s1 ( ,*ri/ z record$ 9 ! ,gospels#aeh4 ,among o!r /ories he relat$1 app>5tly on ! au?ority ( ^! daught]s ( ,philip1 h[ a c]ta9 dead man _h be5 re/or$ to life 9 8 own day1 & h[ ,ju/us ,b>sabas1 :o is m5tion$ 9 ! ,acts1 _h drunk a deadly poison & miracul\sly escap$ f any evil effects#aei4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,see ,we/cott1 ,canon p4 #fc4 ,on ! op9ions ( ,papias & on ! nature ( 8 "w1 ,i may p]haps be all[$ to ref] to an article 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review ,aug4 #ahfg1 :]e ,i h collect$ & inve/igat$ all ! notices ( ?is fa!r4 ,! object ( ,papias' "w 0 n to con/ruct a ,gospel n>rative1 b to int]pret & illu/rate ^? already exi/+4 ,i ought to add t on two m9or po9ts1 ! m>tyrdom ( ,papias & ! id5tity ( ,philip ) ! ,evangeli/1 ,i h be5 l$ to modify my views s9ce ! article 0 writt54 ,footnote #aei3 ,euseb4 l4c4 2 1 ' 1 444 ,! in=mation respect+ ! rais+ ( ! dead man might h come f ! daught]s ( ,philip1 z ! context seems c]ta9ly to imply1 :ile yet ! ev5t happ5$ 9 ,papias' own "t 7' 74 ,x w be rememb]$ t ev5 ,ir5u m5tions simil> miracles z occurr+ 9 8 own age 7,hr4 ii4 #cb4 #d74 ,eusebius does n say t ! miracul\s pres]vation ( ,ju/us ,b>sabas also occurr$ 9 ! "t ( ,papias4 ,sid5ote3 ,life & tea*+ ( ,,papias4 ,if we may judge by 8 "n1 ,,papias 0 a native ( ,phrygia1 probably ( ,hi]apolis#afj1 ( :i* he aft]w>ds became bi%op1 & mu/ h gr[n up to y\? or e>ly manhood be=e ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,he is said to h suff]$ m>tyrdom at ,p]gamum ab\t ! ye> #afe2 b !re is good reason = di/ru/+ ?is /atem5t1 indep5d5tly ( any *ronological difficulty :i* x involves#afa4 ,o!rwise ,sid5ote3 ,acc\nt ( ,eusebius4he mu/ h liv$ to a v advanc$ age4 ,eusebius1 to :om *iefly we owe our in=mation respect+ him1 0 repell$ by 8 mill5n>ian views1 & describes him z a man ( mean intellig5ce#afb1 accus+ him ( misund]/&+ ! ,apo/olic say+s respect+ ! k+dom ( ,*ri/ & ?us int]pret+ 9 a mat]ial s5se expressions :i* 7 int5d$ to be my/ical & symbolical4 ,?is disp>ag+ acc\nt1 ?\gh "o-sid$1 0 inde$ n altoge!r undes]v$1 = 8 love ( ! m>vell\s seems to h ov]p[]$ 8 faculty ( discrim9ation4 ,b ! adv]se v]dict ( ,eusebius mu/ be correct$ by ! m sympa!tic language ( ,ir5u#afc1 :o possibly may h kn[n him p]sonally1 & :o c]ta9ly mu/ h be5 well acqua9t$ ) 8 reputation & "*4 ,footnote #afj3 ,papias1 or 7z x is v frequ5tly writt5 9 inscriptions7 ,pappias1 is a common ,phrygian "n4 ,x is f\nd sev]al times at ,hi]apolis1 n only 9 inscriptions 7,boeckh ,corp4 ,inscr4 no4 #cicj1 #ciab a add47 b ev5 on co9s 7,mionnet ,,iv4 p4 #cja74 ,?is is expla9$ by ! fact t x 0 an epi!t ( ! ,hi]apolitan ,zeus 7,boeckh #chag 71 j z 9 ,bi?ynia ?is same god 0 call$ 7,lobeck ,aglaoph4 p4 #ajdh2 see ,boeckh ,corp4 ,inscr4 ,,iii4 p4 #ajea74 ,h5ce z ! "n ( a mortal x is equival5t to ! ,greek ,diog5es2 e4g4 ,boeckh no4 #ciab a add41 4 ,9 an inscription at ,trajanopolis we meet ) x 9 a curi\s conjunction ) o!r famili> names 7,boeckh no4 #chfe i add47 444 7see ,wadd+ton on ,le ,bas1 ,inscr4 no4 #gah74 ,?is la/ belongs to ! ye> ,a4,d4 #aii4 ,o!r analog\s ,phrygian names are ,ammias1 ,tatias 7) ! correspond+ fem99es71 :i* ) ,lat9 t]m9ations become ,ammianus1 ,tatianus4 ,?us at ,hi]apolis ! "n ,papias is d]iv$ f hea!n my?ology1 & accord+ly ! p]sons be>+ x on ! inscriptions & co9s are all hea!ns4 ,x may !re=e be presum$ t our ,papias 0 ( ,g5tile orig94 ,! inf]5ce h[ev] is n absolutely c]ta91 s9ce else:]e x is f\nd borne by ,jews2 see ! ,talmudical ref]5ces 9 ,zunz ,nam5 d] ,jud5 p4 #af4 ,footnote #afa3 ,*ron4 ,pas*4 sub ann4 #afc ' 1 1 4 ,see also ! ,syrian epitome ( ,euseb4 ,*ron4 7,,ii4 p4 #baf ed4 ,s*ne7 #8,cum p]secutio 9 ,asia esset1 ,polyc>pos m>tyrium subiit et ,papias1 quorum m>tyria 9 libro 7scripta7 extant1' b ! ,arm5ian v]sion ( ! ,*ronicon m5tions only ,polyc>p1 :ile ,j]ome says #8,polyc>pus et ,pionius fec]e m>tyrium4' ,9 8 hi/ory 7iv4 #ae7 ,eusebius1 aft] quot+ ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,polyc>p at l5g?1 adds 444 ' 444 444 1 444 ,he "h falls into ! s]i\s error ( imag9+ t ,metrodorus1 ,pionius1 ,c>pus1 ,papylus1 & ! o!rs 7 m>tyr$ "u ,m4 ,aurelius1 :]eas we "k f _! extant ,acts t !y suff]$ 9 ! ,decian p]secution4 ,= ! m>tyrdoms ( ,pionius & ,metrodorus see ,act4 ,,ss4 ,boll&4 ,feb4 #a2 = ^? ( ,c>pus1 ,papylus1 & ,aga?onica1 ib4 ,april #ac4 ,! ,acts ( ! =m]1 :i* are includ$ 9 ,ru9>t 7,act4 ,s9c4 ,m>t4 p4 #abj sq41 #afhi7 are app>5tly ! same :i* 7 se5 by ,eusebius4 ,^? ( ! latt] are a late compilation ( ! ,metaphra/1 b 7 probably f\nd$ on ! e>li] docum5t4 ,at all ev5ts ! tradition ( ! p]secution 9 :i* !y suff]$ c\ld h>dly h be5 p]v]t$ or lo/4 ,eusebius seems to h f\nd _! ,acts b\nd up 9 ! same volume ) ^? ( ,polyc>p1 & )\t read+ !m ?r\gh1 to h drawn ! ha/y inf]5ce t !y suff]$ at ! same "t4 ,b not)/&+ ! error1 or p]haps ow+ to x1 ?is passage 9 ! ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 by a confusion ( ! names ,papias & ,papylus1 seems to h giv5 rise to ! /atem5t respect+ ,papias 9 ! ,*ronicon ,pas*ale & 9 ! ,syrian epitome1 z x obvi\sly has misl$ ,j]ome respect+ ,pionius4 ,if s1 ! m>tyrdom ( ,papias is a fiction1 & he may h di$ a natural dea? at an e>li] date2 s t ! n v s]i\s difficulty ( 8 longevity w disappe>4 ,! "t ( ,polyc>p's m>tyrdom is fix$ by v>i\s data z ,ea/] ,a4,d4 #aff 7see ,cl9ton's ,fa/4 ,rom4 ,i4 p4 #aeg74 ,footnote #afb3 ,h ,e4 iii4 #ci 4 ,9 ano!r passage 7iii4 #cf71 z commonly read1 ,eusebius makes p>tial am5ds to ,papias by call+ him 1 b ?is passage is f\nd to be a spuri\s int]polation 7see ,contempor>y ,review l4c4 p4 #ab71 & 0 probably add$ by "s "o :o 0 acqua9t$ ) ! "w ( ,papias & desir$ to d him ju/ice4 ,footnote #afc3 ,ir54 v4 #cc4 #c1 #d4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 respect+ ! relation ( ?is writ] to ! ,canonical ,gospels1 b ! discussion has no v direct be>+ on our special subject1 & may be dismiss$ "h#afd4 ,"o "q h[ev]1 :i* has a real importance z affect+ ! progress ( ! ,gospel 9 ^! p>ts1 has be5 rais$ by mod]n criticism & mu/ n be pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce4 ,footnote #afd3 ,see on ?is subject ,we/cott ,canon p4 #fd sq42 ,contempor>y ,review l4c4 p4 #ab sq4 ,sid5ote3 ,a mod]n hypo!sis respect+ ,*ri/ianity 9 ,asia ,m9or /at$ & discuss$4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t !re 0 an entire dislocation & discont9uity 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,asia ,m9or at a c]ta9 epo*2 t ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles 0 ignor$ & 8 tea*+ repudiat$1 if n ana!matiz$2 & t on its ru9s 0 erect$ ! /&>d ( ,judaism1 ar\nd :i* ) a m>vell\s unanimity des]t]s f ! ,paul9e ,gospel ralli$4 ,( ?is retrograde fai? ,/ ,john is suppos$ to h be5 ! great *ampion1 & ,papias a typical & important repres5tative#afe4 ,footnote #afe3 ,! !ory ( ! ,tb+5 s*ool may be /udi$ 9 ,baur's ,*ri/li*e ,kir*e d] drei er/5 ,jahrhund]te or 9 ,s*wegl]'s ,na*apo/olis*es ,zeitalt]4 ,x has be5 reproduc$ 7at lea/ z f> z reg>ds ! ,asiatic ,*ur*es7 by ,r5an ,sa9t ,paul p4 #cff sq4 ,! subject1 z a :ole1 is too wide = a full inve/igation "h4 ,i mu/ cont5t myself ) occupy+ a limit$ area1 %[+ n only ! hi/orical baselessness1 b ! /rong inh]5t improbability ( ! !ory1 z appli$ to ,hi]apolis & ! neighb\r+ *ur*es4 ,z ?is di/rict is its *ief /rong-hold1 a repulse at ?is po9t mu/ involve its ultimate defeat along ! :ole l9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,! position ( ,/ ,john ,( ,/ ,john himself ,i h already spok5#aff4 ,x has be5 %[n t 8 language address$ to ^! ,*ur*es is n only n oppos$ to ,/ ,paul's tea*+1 b pres5ts rem>kable co9cid5ces ) x4 ,s f> at lea/ ! !ory f9ds no support2 &1 :5 f ,/ ,john we turn to ,papias1 ! case is n diff]5t4 ,sid5ote3 & ( ,papias4,! advocates ( ! hypo!sis 9 "q lay ! *ief /ress ( _! argum5t on ! sil5ce ( ,papias1 or r ( ,eusebius4 ,eusebius quotes a passage f ,papias1 9 :i* ! bi%op ( ,hi]apolis m5tions collect+ f tru/wor?y s\rces ! say+s ( c]ta9 ,apo/les & e>ly disciples2 b ,/ ,paul is n nam$ among !m4 ,he also gives %ort extracts f ,papias ref]r+ to ! ,gospels ( ,/ ,mat!w & ,/ ,m>k1 & m5tions t ?is writ] made use ( ! fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/ ,john & ! fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/ ,pet]2 b "h aga9 !re is no allusion to ,/ ,paul's writ+s4 ,:e!r ref]r+ to ! p]sonal te/imony or to ! ,canonical writ+s ( ! ,apo/les1 ,papias1 we are rem9d$1 is equally sil5t ab\t ,/ ,paul4 ,footnote #aff3 ,see above p4 #da sq4 ,on bo? ^! po9ts a satisfactory answ] c be giv52 b ! two cases are ess5tially diff]5t1 & mu/ be consid]$ ap>t4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,! traditions collect$ by ,papias4 7#a7 ,! range ( p]sonal te/imony :i* ,papias w\ld be able to collect dep5d$ on 8 opportunities4 ,be=e he _h gr[n up to manhood1 ! p]sonal rem9isc5ces ( ,/ ,paul w\ld h almo/ di$ out4 ,! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles _h n resid$ m ?an ?ree ye>s ev5 at ,ephesus1 & seems to h paid only "o brief visit to ! valley ( ! ,lycus1 ev5 if he visit$ x at all4 ,su* recollections ( ,/ ,paul z might once h l+]$ "h w\ld c]ta9ly be ov]%ad[$ by & =gott5 9 ! lat] soj\rn ( ,/ ,john1 :i*1 beg9n+ :]e !y ceas$1 ext5d$ ov] m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,to ,/ ,john1 & to ^? p]sonal disciples ( ,*ri/ :o surr\nd$ him1 ,papias & 8 contempor>ies w\ld naturally & almo/ inevitably look = ! traditions :i* !y s eag]ly collect$4 ,?is is ! case ) ! lead+ repres5tative ( ! ,asiatic s*ool 9 ! next g5]ation1 ,ir5u1 ^: traditions are almo/ :olly d]iv$ f ,/ ,john & 8 companions1 :ile at ! same "t he ev9ces an entire sympa?y ) ! "w & tea*+ ( ,/ ,paul4 ,b inde$1 ev5 if x _h be5 o!rwise1 ! object :i* ,papias _h directly 9 view did n sugge/ any appeal to ,/ ,paul's au?ority4 ,he 0 writ+ an #8,exposition ( ! ,oracles ( ! ,"l1' & he s\ght to supplem5t & int]pret ^! by traditions ( our ,"l's life1 su* z eyewitnesses only c\ld give4 ,/ ,paul c\ld h no place among ^? p]sonal disciples ( ,*ri/1 ( :om alone he is speak+ 9 ?is preface to 8 "w1 :i* ,eusebius quotes4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,8 ref]5ces to ! ,canonical writ+s4 7#b7 ,b1 ?\gh we h no "r to expect any m5tion ( ,/ ,paul :]e ! appeal is to p]sonal te/imony1 yet ) quotations f or ref]5ces to ! ,canonical writ+s ! case1 x may be argu$1 is diff]5t4 ,"h at all ev5ts we might look = "s recognition ( ,/ ,paul4 ,to ?is argum5t x w\ld p]haps be a suffici5t reply1 t ,/ ,paul's ,epi/les d n furni% any matt] :i* mu/ necess>ily h be5 introduc$ into a "w su* z ,papias compos$4 ,b ! complete & decisive answ] is ?is2 t ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius1 s f> f c>ry+ ) x ! sil5ce ( ,papias1 does n ,sid5ote3 ,no weight to be atta*$ to ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius4 ev5 af=d a presumption 9 ?is direction4 ,papias may h quot$ ,/ ,paul aga9 & aga91 & yet ,eusebius w\ld see no reason to *ronicle ! fact4 ,8 usage 9 o!r cases is decisive on ?is po9t4 ,! ,epi/le ( ,polyc>p :i* 0 read by ,eusebius is ! same :i* we /ill possess4 ,n only does x teem ) ! mo/ obvi\s quotations f ,/ ,paul1 b 9 "o passage x directly m5tions 8 writ+ to ! ,philippians#afg4 ,yet ! hi/orian1 describ+ its relation to ! ,canonical ,scriptures1 cont5ts himself ) say+ t x #8employs "s te/imonies f ! =m] ,epi/le ( ,pet]#afh4' ,exactly simil> is 8 language respect+ ,ir5u also4 ,ir5u1 z is well kn[n1 cites by "n almo/ e "o ( ,/ ,paul's ,epi/les2 yet ! description :i* ,eusebius gives "u ?is same head1 aft] quot+ ?is writ]'s notices respect+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,gospels & ! ,apocalypse1 is t #8he m5tions also ! fir/ ,epi/le ( ,john1 alleg+ v _m te/imonies f x1 & 9 l mann] also ! =m] ,epi/le ( ,pet]#afi4' ,!re is e reason !re=e to suppose t ,eusebius w\ld deal ) ,papias z he has dealt ) ,polyc>p & ,ir5u1 & t1 unless ,papias _h introduc$ "s curi\s fact relat+ to ,/ ,paul1 x w\ld n h occurr$ to him to record m]e quotations f or ref]5ces to ?is ,apo/le's lett]s4 ,x may be suppos$ t ,eusebius records ) a fair am\nt ( att5tion ref]5ces to ! ,ca?olic ,epi/les 9 e>ly writ]s1 because ! limits ( ! ,canon 9 ?is "p 7 n accurately fix$4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,epi/les ( ,/ ,paul 7 univ]sally receiv$ & !re=e did n ne$ to be accr$it$ by any su* te/imony4 ,b :atev] may be ! explanation1 ! fact is pat5t1 & x furni%es a complete answ] to ! argum5t drawn f 8 sil5ce 9 ! case ( ,papias#agj4 ,footnote #afg3 #c4 ,footnote #afh3 ,h4,e4 iv4 #ad 4 ,?is is all t ,eusebius says ) ref]5ce to ,polyc>p's k ( ! ,canonical writ+s4 ,x s happ5s t 9 an e>li] passage 7iii4 #cf7 he has giv5 an extract f ,polyc>p1 9 :i* ,/ ,paul's "n is m5tion$2 b ! quotation is br\ght to illu/rate ! life ( ,ignatius1 & ! m5tion ( ! ,apo/le !re is purely accid5tal4 ,footnote #afi3 ,h4,e4 v4 #h 1 1 4 ,footnote #agj3 ,x is necess>y to press ?is argum5t1 because ?\gh x has nev] be5 answ]$ & 7s f> z ,i c see7 is q unansw]able1 yet ?\ghtful m51 :o h no sympa?y ) ! ,tb+5 views ( e>ly ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 /ill cont9ue to argue f ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius1 z ?\gh x _h "s real significance4 ,to illu/rate ! omissions ( ,eusebius ,i h giv5 only ! in/ances ( ,polyc>p & ,ir5u1 because !y are hi/orically connect$ ) ,papias2 b 8 sil5ce is ev5 m rem>kable 9 o!r cases4 ,?us1 :5 speak+ ( ! epi/le ( ! ,roman ,clem5t 7,h4,e4 iii4 #ch71 he alludes to ! co9cid5ces ) ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 b omits to m5tion ! direct ref]5ces to ,/ ,paul's ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians :i* is ref]r$ to by "n1 & is ev5 sil5t ab\t ! num]\s & pat5t quotations f ! ,epi/le ( ,/ ,james4 ,sid5ote3 ,! views ( ,papias inf]r$ f 8 associates4 ,b1 if ! assumption has be5 prov$ to be baseless1 h we any gr\nds = say+ t x is also highly improbable8 ,"h x seems fair to argue f ! well-kn[n to ! unkn[n4 ,( ! op9ions ( ,papias respect+ ,/ ,paul we "k absolutely no?+2 ( ! op9ions ( ,polyc>p & ,ir5u ample evid5ce lies be=e u4 ,noscitur a sociis is a s\nd maxim to apply 9 su* a case4 ,papias 0 a companion ( ,polyc>p1 & he is quot$ ) def]5ce by ,ir5u#aga4 ,is x probable t 8 op9ions %\ld be diametrically oppos$ to ^? ( 8 fri5d & contempor>y on a c>d9al po9t affect+ ! v conception ( ,*ri/ianity 7= ! rejection ( ,/ ,paul mu/ be consid]$ 9 ?is light78 or t ?is vital het]odoxy1 if x exi/$1 %\ld h escap$ an intellig5t critic ( ! next g5]ation :o _h ! five books ( 8 "w be=e him1 :o himself _h pass$ 8 e>ly life 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & :o yet appeals to ,papias z pres]v+ ! doctr9al tradition :i* _h be5 h&$ d[n f ! ,apo/les !mselves to 8 own "t8 ,i say no?+ ( ,eusebius himself1 :o1 ) a di/9ct prejudice aga9/ ,papias1 accuses him ( no worse h]esy 9 8 writ+s ?an ent]ta9+ mill5n>ian views4 ,footnote #aga3 ,ir54 ,hr4 v4 #cc4 #d4 ,sid5ote3 ,mill5n>ian views consi/5t ) ! recognition ( ,/ ,paul4 ,x may inde$ be confess$ t a man l ,papias1 ^: natural b5t1 assi/$ by 8 ,phrygian education1 0 t[>ds s5su\s views ( religion1 w\ld n be likely to appreciate ! ess5tially spiritual tea*+ ( ,/ ,paul2 b ?is proves no?+4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 unconsci\s want ( sympa?y & consci\s rejection is all important = ! matt] 9 h&4 ,! same *>ge might be br\ght aga9/ numb]less !ologians1 :e!r 9 ! middle ages or 9 m mod]n times1 into ^: m9ds x nev] ent]$ to "q ! au?ority ( ! ,apo/le & :o quote 8 writ+s ) ! utmo/ rev]5ce4 ,nei!r 9 ! primitive days ( ,*ri/ianity nor 9 its lat] /ages has ! pr(ession ( ,*ilia/ic views be5 f\nd inconsi/5t ) ! fulle/ recognition ( ,/ ,paul's ,apo/olic claims4 ,9 ! e>ly ,*ur* ,ir5u & ,t]tullian are notable in/ances ( ?is comb9ation2 & 9 our own age & c\ntry a t5d5cy to mill5n>ian speculations has be5 commonly associat$ ) ! /aun*e/ adh]5ce to ! fundam5tal doctr9es ( ,/ ,paul4 ,sid5ote3 ,,ab]cius probably 8 successor4 ,z ! successor ( ,papias & ! pr$ecessor ( ,claudius ,apoll9>is 9 ! see ( ,hi]apolis1 we may p]haps "n ,,ab]cius or ,,avircius#agb4 ,8 leg5d>y ,acts assign 8 episcopate to ! reign ( ,m>cus ,aurelius2 &1 ?\gh !y are disfigur$ by extravagant fictions1 yet ! date may p]haps be accept$1 z x seems to be confirm$ by o!r evid5ce4 ,an inscription on 8 tomb/one record$ h[ he _h paid "o ,sid5ote3 ,8 j\rneys4 visit to ! city ( ,rome1 & ano!r to ! banks ( ! ,euphrates4 ,^! long j\rneys are n )\t p>allels 9 ! lives ( contempor>y bi%ops4 ,polyc>p ( ,smyrna visit$ ,rome1 hop+ to adju/ ! ,pas*al controv]sy2 ,melito ( ,s>dis w5t z f> z ,pale/9e1 desir+ to asc]ta9 on ! spot ! facts relat+ to ! ,canon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures4 ,^! or simil> motives may h influ5c$ ,ab]cius to und]take 8 di/ant j\rneys4 ,if we may assume ! id5tification ( ?is bi%op ) "o ,avircius ,m>cellus :o is m5tion$ 9 a contempor>y docum5t1 he took an active int]e/ 9 ! ,montani/ controv]sy1 z f 8 position he 0 likely to d4 ,footnote #agb3 ,! life ( ?is ,ab]cius is pr9t$ 9 ! ,boll&i/ ,acta ,sanctorum ,oct4 #bb4 ,x may safely be pron\nc$ spuri\s4 ,among o!r incid5ts1 ! sa9t goes to ,rome & ca/s out a demon f ,lucilla1 ! daught] ( ,m4 ,aurelius & ,fau/9a1 at ! same "t compell+ ! demon to take up an alt> f ,rome & transport x ?r\gh ! air to ,hi]apolis4 ,b ^! ,acts1 ?\gh leg5d>y !mselves1 conta9 an epitaph :i* has ! r+ ( g5u95ess & :i* seems to h sugge/$ ! /ory to ! pi\s =g] :o inv5t$ ! ,acts4 ,?is v int]e/+ memorial is giv5 & discuss$ at l5g? by ,pitra1 ,spicil4 ,solesm4 ,,iii4 p4 #ecb sq4 ,x is inscrib$ by "o ,ab]cius ( ,hi]apolis on 8 tomb1 :i* he erect$ dur+ 8 life-"t4 ,he decl>es himself a disciple ( ! good %eph]d1 :o taught him tru/wor?y writ+s 7 7 & s5t him to visit que5ly ,rome1 :]e he saw a p seal$ ) ! bright seal ( baptism4 ,he rec\nts also a j\rney to ,syria & ! ,ea/1 :5 he cross$ ! ,euphrates4 ,he says t fai? s]v$ up to him z a banquet ! f ! f\nta91 giv+ him bread & w9e4 ,he /ates t he has rea*$ 8 #gbnd ye>4 ,& he closes by ?reat5+ ) sev]e p5alties ^? :o di/urb 8 tomb4 ,! resemblance ( ?is inscription to o!rs f\nd 9 situ 9 ! cemet]y at ,hi]apolis1 aft] all[ance made = ! ,*ri/ian elem5t1 is v /rik+4 ,! comm5cem5t closely resembles ! =m ( ano!r ,hi]apolitan inscription1 ,boeckh ,corp4 ,inscr4 #cijf2 ! enum]ation ( =eign t\rs has a c\nt]p>t 9 ! monum5t ( "o ,flavius ,zeuxis :i* /ates t ! deceas$ _h made #gb voyages r\nd ! promontory ( ,malea to ,italy 7ib4 #cibj72 & la/ly1 ! prohibition aga9/ putt+ ano!r grave ^u 81 & ! imposition ( f9es to be paid to ! treasury & ! city if ?is injunction is violat$1 are e*os ( language :i* occurs aga9 & aga9 on tomb/ones 9 ?is city 7ib4 #ciae1 #ciaf1 #cibb1 #cibc1 etc474 ,out ( ?is epitaph1 :i* he f\nd probably at ,hi]apolis1 & :i*1 z he himself tells u 7 #da71 0 9 a mu* mutilat$ condition1 ! leg5d-writ] app>5tly creat$ 8 /ory1 int]pret+ ! que51 by :i* ,ab]cius himself probably meant ! city ( ,rome1 to be ! empress ,fau/9a1 ) :om ! sa9t is repres5t$ z hav+ an int]view1 ,m4 ,aurelius himself be+ abs5t at ! "t on 8 ,g]man campaign4 ,?is view1 t ! epitaph is g5u9e & gave rise to ! ,acts1 is also ma9ta9$ by ,g>rucci 7,civilt ,cattolica #ahef1 ,i4 p4 #fhc1 ,,ii4 p4 #hd1 quot$ 9 ! ,acta ,sanct4 l4c471 ^: criticisms h[ev] are n always s\nd2 & inde$ z a :ole x be>s e m>k ( au!nticity1 ?\gh possibly x may conta9 "s int]polations1 :i* its mutilat$ condition w\ld enc\rage4 ,! inscription itself h[ev] does n tell u :at (fice ,ab]cius held or :5 he liv$4 ,!re 0 a p]son ( ?is "n bi%op ( ,hi]apolis pres5t at ! ,c\ncil ( ,*alc$on ,a4,d4 #dea 7,labb4 ,conc4 ,,iv4 #hfb1 #abjd1 #acda1 #acib1 #adif1 #agdd1 ed4 ,coleti74 ,b a *ief pa/or ( ! ,*ur* at ?is late date w\ld h decl>$ 8 (fice pla9ly2 & ! inscription po9ts to a m primitive age1 = ! expressions are ar*aic & ! writ] seems to veil 8 pr(ession ( ,*ri/ianity "u language /udi\sly obscure4 ,! op5 pr(ession ( ,*ri/ianity on inscriptions occurs at an e>li] date 9 ^! p>ts ?an else:]e4 ,already ! ^w or is f\nd on tomb/ones ( ! ?ird c5tury2 ,boeckh ,corp4 ,inscr4 #cheg g1 #cheg p1 #chfe l2 see ,r5an ,sa9t ,paul p4 #cfc4 ,?us we are entirely at fault unless we accept ! /atem5t 9 ! ,acts4 ,& x is n unreasonable to suppose t1 s f> z reg>ds ! date & (fice ( ,ab]cius1 ! writ] ( ^! ,acts foll[$ "s adequate hi/orical tradition4 ,nor inde$ is 8 /atem5t altoge!r )\t confirmation4 ,we h evid5ce t a p]son be>+ ?is "n liv$ 9 ^! p>ts ( ,asia ,m9or1 some:]e ab\t ?is "t4 ,an unkn[n writ] ( a polemical tract aga9/ ,montanism d$icates 8 "w to "o ,avircius ,m>cellus1 at ^: in/igation x 0 writt54 ,eusebius 7,h4,e4 v4 #af71 :o is our au?ority = ?is fact1 relates t ,montanism f\nd a det]m9$ & =midable oppon5t 9 ,apoll9>is at ,hi]apolis & #8sev]al o!r le>n$ m5 ( t day ) him1' :o left l>ge mat]ials = a hi/ory ( ! movem5t4 ,he !n goes on to say2 ' 444 444 1 1 4441 i4e4 #8,"o ( ! a=esaid writ]s at ! comm5cem5t ( 8 treatise aga9/ !m 7! ,montani/s7 etc4' ,may n ! p]son "h address$ be ! ,ab]cius ( ! epitaph8 ,b if s1 :o is ! writ] t addresses him1 & :5 did he live8 ,"s ,,mss omit 1 & o!rs sub/itute 1 ?us mak+ ,apoll9>is himself ! writ]4 ,b ! words seem c]ta9ly to h be5 "p ( ! orig9al text1 z ! s5se requires !m2 = if !y are omitt$1 mu/ be connect$ ) ' 1 :]e x is n want$4 ,?us ,eusebius quotes ! writ] anonym\sly2 & ^? :o assign ! treatise to ,apoll9>is _c plead ! au?ority ( ! orig9al text ( ! hi/orian himself4 ,b aft] all may x n h be5 writt5 by ,apoll9>is1 ?\gh ,eusebius 0 unc]ta9 ab\t ! au?or%ip8 ,he quotes 9 succession ?ree or treatises1 speak+ ( !m z ?\gh !y emanat$ f ! same au?or4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 f :i* ! address to ,avircius ,m>cellus is quot$1 might v well h be5 compos$ soon aft] ! ,montani/ controv]sy broke out 7z ,eusebius himself else:]e /ates 0 ! case ) ! "w ( ,apoll9>is1 iv4 #bg 444 72 b ! second & ?ird di/9ctly /ate t !y 7 writt5 "s "t aft] ! dea? ( ,montanus4 ,may n ,eusebius h _h be=e him a volume conta9+ a collection ( tracts aga9/ ,montanism #8by ,claudius ,apoll9>is & o!rs1' 9 :i* ! au?or%ip ( ! sev]al tracts 0 n di/9ctly m>k$8 ,?is hypo!sis w\ld expla9 ! words ) :i* he prefaces 8 extracts1 & w\ld also acc\nt = 8 vague mann] ( quotation4 ,x w\ld also expla9 ! omission ( 9 "s texts 7! anci5t ,syriac v]sion boldly sub/itutes ! "n ( ,apoll9>is71 & w\ld expla9 h[ ,ruf9us1 ,nicephorus1 & o!rs1 :o might h _h indep5d5t in=mation1 ascrib$ ! treatise to ?is fa!r4 ,i h already po9t$ out h[ ,eusebius 0 l$ into a simil> error ( connect+ toge!r sev]al m>tyrologies & treat+ !m z contemporane\s1 because !y 7 collect$ 9 ! same volume 7p4 #dh1 note #afa74 ,else:]e too ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ t he mi/ook ! au?or%ip ( a tract :i* 0 b\nd up ) o!rs1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( a title 7,caius or ,hippolytus8 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,philology ,i4 p4 #ih sq474 ,on ?is hypo!sis1 ,claudius ,apoll9>is w\ld v probably be ! au?or ( ! fir/ ( ^! treatises4 ,if s1 x w\ld appe> to h be5 writt5 :ile he 0 /ill a presbyt]1 at ! in/igation ( 8 bi%op ,avircius ,m>cellus :om he succe$$ n long aft] 9 ! see ( ,hi]apolis4 ,if on ! o!r h& ,eusebius has correctly assign$ ! fir/ treatise to ! same writ] z ! second & ?ird1 :o mu/ h writt5 aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury1 ,avircius ,m>cellus to :om x is address$ _c h held ! see ( ,hi]apolis dur+ ! reign ( ,m4 ,aurelius 7,a4,d4 #afa-ahj72 &1 if he 0 ev] bi%op ( ?is city1 mu/ h be5 a successor1 n a pr$ecessor1 ( ,claudius ,apoll9>is4 ,9 ?is case we h ! alt]native ( ab&on+ ! id5tification ( ?is ,avircius ) ! ,hi]apolitan bi%op ( ! same "n1 or ( reject+ ! /atem5t ( ! ,acts :i* places 8 episcopate 9 ?is reign4 ,! occurr5ce ( ! "n ,ab]cius 9 ! lat] hi/ory ( ! see ( ,hi]apolis 7see p4 #ee7 is no argum5t aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( ?is e>li] bi%op4 ,x 0 no uncommon practice = ! lat] occupants ( sees to assume ! "n ( "s fam\s pr$ecessor :o liv$ 9 primitive or e>ly times4 ,! case ( ,ignatius at ,antio* is only "o ( sev]al examples :i* might be produc$4 ,!re is "s gr\nd = suppos+ t1 l ,papias & ,apoll9>is1 ,ab]cius e>n$ a place 9 lit]>y hi/ory4 ,b>onio _h 9 8 h&s an epi/le to ,m4 ,aurelius1 purport+ to h be5 writt5 by ?is ,ab]cius1 :i* he obvi\sly consid]$ g5u9e & :i* he describes z #8apo/olicum r$ol5s spiritum1' promis+ to publi% x 9 8 ,annals 7,m>tyr4 ,rom4 ,oct4 #bb74 ,to 8 great grief h[ev] he aft]w>ds lo/ x 7#8doluimus vehem5t] e manibus no/ris elapsam nescio quomodo'71 & 0 !re=e unable to fulfil 8 promise 7,annal4 s4 a4 #afc1 n4 #ae74 ,a by ,ab]cius is m5tion$ 9 ! ,acts 7 #ci72 b ?is1 if x ev] exi/$1 0 d\btless spuri\s4 ,sid5ote3 ,,claudius ,,apoll9>is bi%op ( ,hi]apolis4 ,! lit]>y "* ( ! see ( ,hi]apolis1 :i* _h be5 inaugurat$ by ,papias1 0 ably su/a9$ by ,,claudius ,,apoll9>is4 ,8 surname1 :i* seems to h be5 common 9 ^! p>ts#agc1 may h be5 d]iv$ f ! patron deity ( ,hi]apolis#agd & sugge/s a ,g5tile orig94 ,8 intimate acqua9tance ) hea!n lit]ature1 :i* is m5tion$ by m ?an "o anci5t writ]1 po9ts 9 ! same direction4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ,m4 ,aurelius he _h already made himself a "n by 8 writ+s1 & seems to h be5 promot$ to ! see ( ,hi]apolis be=e ! dea? ( t emp]or#age4 ,footnote #agc3 ,"s ( ! family1 z we may inf] f ! monum5ts1 held a high position 9 ano!r ,phrygian t[n4 ,on a tablet at zani1 on :i* is inscrib$ a lett] f ! emp]or ,septimius ,sev]us 9 reply to ! congratulations ( ! p at ! elevation ( ,c>acalla to ! rank ( ,augu/us 7,a4,d4 #aih71 we f9d ! "n ( 4 4 1 ,boeckh #chcg 7see ,,iii4 p4 #ajff add474 ,9 ano!r inscription at ! same place1 ! same or ano!r memb] ( ! family is commemorat$ z hold+ ! (fice ( prtor = ! second "t1 4 4 4 4 2 ,boeckh #chdj1 ib4 p4 #ajfg4 ,see also ! inscriptions #chdb c1 #chdf z 7ib4 pp4 #ajfi1 #ajgh7 at ! same place1 :]e aga9 ! "n ,apoll9>ius occurs4 ,x is f\nd also at ,appia no4 #cheg b 7ib4 p4 #ajhf74 ,at an e>li] date "o ,claudius ,apoll9>is appe>s 9 comm& ( ! ,roman fleet at ,mis5um 7,tac4 ,hi/4 iii4 #eg1 #gf1 #gg74 ,! "n occurs also at ,hi]apolis itself1 ,boeckh1 no4 #ciae4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 444 4 4 4 4441 :i* %[s t bo? ! =ms1 ,apoll9>is & ,apoll9>ius1 by :i* ! bi%op ( ,hi]apolis is designat$1 are legitimate4 ,! =m] h[ev] is ! correct ,lat9 =m1 ! latt] be+ ! ,greek adaptation4 ,m ?an a g5]ation lat] ?an our ,apoll9>is1 ,orig5 9 8 lett] to ,africanus 7,op4 ,i4 #cj1 ,del>ue7 s5ds greet+ to a bi%op be>+ ?is "n 7 71 ( :om no?+ m is kn[n4 ,footnote #agd3 ,apollo ,ar*egetes2 see above p4 #ab1 note #db4 ,footnote #age3 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iv4 #bf1 ,*ron4 s4 a4 #aga1 #agb1 #8,apoll9>is ,asianus1 ,hi]apolitanus episcopus1 insignis habetur4' ,sid5ote3 ,8 lit]>y works4 ,( 8 works1 :i* 7 v num]\s1 only a few scanty fragm5ts h surviv$#agf4 ,! imp]fect li/s h[ev]1 :i* h rea*$ u1 be> ample te/imony bo? to ! lit]>y activity ( ! man1 & to ! prom95ce ( ! ,*ur*1 ov] :i* he presid$1 9 ! great !ological & ecclesia/ical controv]sies ( ! age4 ,footnote #agf3 ,collect$ 9 ,r\?'s ,reliqui ,sacr ,i4 p4 #aei sq41 & q rec5tly 9 ,otto's ,corp4 ,apol4 ,*ri/4 ,,ix4 p4 #dgi sq4 ,sid5ote3 ,he takes "p 9 ! two *ief controv]sies ( ! day4 ,! two que/ions1 :i* especially agitat$ ! ,*ur*es ( ,asia ,m9or dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s ( ! fir/ c5tury1 7 ! celebration ( ! ,ea/] fe/ival & ! pret5sions ( ! ,montani/ prophets4 ,9 bo? disputes ,claudius ,apoll9>is took an active & conspicu\s "p4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,! ,pas*al "q4 #a4 ,! ,pas*al controv]sy1 aft] sm\ld]+ long bo? "h & else:]e1 fir/ bur/ into flames 9 ! neighb\r+ ,*ur* ( ,laodicea#agh4 ,an able bi%op ( ,hi]apolis !re=e mu/ necess>ily h be5 involv$ 9 ! dispute1 ev5 if he _h be5 desir\s ( avoid+ x4 ,:at side ,apoll9>is took 9 ! controv]sy ! extant fragm5ts ( 8 "w d n by !mselves enable u to decide2 = !y deal m]ely ) a subsidi>y "q :i* does n s]i\sly affect ! ma9 issue#agi4 ,b we c h>dly d\bt t ) ,polyc>p ( ,smyrna & ,melito ( ,s>dis & ,polycrates ( ,ephesus he def5d$ ! practice :i* 0 univ]sal 9 ,asia#ahj1 obs]v+ ! ,pas*al anniv]s>y on ! #ad? ,nisan :e!r x fell on a ,friday or n1 & invok+ ! au?ority ( ,/ ,john at ,ephesus1 & ( ,/ ,philip at 8 own ,hi]apolis#aha1 aga9/ ! div]g5t usage ( ,alex&ria & ,pale/9e & ! ,we/4 ,footnote #agh3 ,see bel[1 p4 #fc4 ,footnote #agi3 ,! ma9 po9t at issue 0 :e!r ! exact day ( ! mon? %\ld be obs]v$1 z ! ,qu>todecimans ma9ta9$1 irrespective ( ! day ( ! week4 ,! fragm5t ( ,apoll9>is 7pres]v$ 9 ! ,*ron4 ,pas*4 p4 #ac7 relates to a discrepancy :i* "s _h f\nd 9 ! acc\nts ( ,/ ,mat!w & ,/ ,john4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,eusebius repres5ts ! dioceses ( #8,asia' & ! neighb\rhood1 z absolutely unanim\s2 ,h4,e4 v4 #bc 1 v4 #bd 4 #8,asia' includes all ?is di/rict1 z appe>s f ,polycrates1 ib4 ,footnote #aha3 ,see ,polycrates ( ,ephesus 9 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 v4 #bd4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,montanism4 #b4 ,8 writ+s on ! ,montani/ controv]sy 7 /ill m fam\s1 & are recomm5d$ z an au?ority on ! subject by ,s]apion ( ,antio* a few ye>s aft] ! au?or's dea?#ahb4 ,?\gh lat] ?an _m ( 8 works#ahc1 !y 7 writt5 soon aft] ,montanus _h divulg$ ! extravagance ( 8 pret5sions & be=e ,montanism _h atta9$ its complete developm5t4 ,if a lat] notice may be tru/$1 ,apoll9>is 0 n satisfi$ ) attack+ ,montanism 9 writ+1 b summon$ at ,hi]apolis a c\ncil ( tw5ty-six bi%ops besides himself1 :]e ?is h]esy 0 condemn$ & s5t5ce ( excommunication pron\nc$ aga9/ ,montanus toge!r ) 8 adh]5t ! pret5d$ prophetess ,maximilla#ahd4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,9 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 v4 #ai4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,eusebius 7,h4,e4 iv4 #bg7 at ! close ( 8 li/ ( ! works ( ,apoll9>ius gives ' 1 1 1 i4e4 ! vag>ies ( ,montanus & 8 foll[]s _h already begun :5 ,apoll9>is wrote1 b ,montanism assum$ a new phase %ortly aft]4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,includ$ 9 ! ,libellus ,synodicus publi%$ by ,pappus2 see ,labb4 ,conc4 ,i4 #fae1 ed4 ,coleti4 ,?\gh ?is c\ncil is n m5tion$ else:]e1 !re is no suffici5t gr\nd = que/ion+ its au!nticity4 ,! important "p tak5 by ,apoll9>is aga9/ ! ,montani/s is recognis$ by ,eusebius ,h4,e4 v4 #af1 4 ,aft] m5tion+ ! c\ncil ! compil] ( ?is ,synodicon speaks ?us ( ! false prophets2 1 1 i4e4 1 1 4 ,he evid5tly has be=e him ! fragm5ts ( ! anonym\s treatises quot$ by ,eusebius 7,h4,e4 v4 #af71 z ! foll[+ p>allels tak5 f ^! fragm5ts %ew3 444 444 444 444 4 ,?us he mu/ h _h be=e him a text ( ,eusebius :i* omitt$ ! words at ! comm5cem5t1 z !y are omitt$ 9 "s exi/+ ,,mss 7see above1 p4 #ef1 note72 & accord+ly he ascrib$ all ! treatises to ,apoll9>is4 ,! p>allels are tak5 f ! fir/ & second treatises2 ! fir/ might h be5 writt5 by ,apoll9>is1 b ! second 0 c]ta9ly n by 8 h&1 z x ref]s to mu* lat] ev5ts 7see above1 p4 #ef74 ,hefele 7,concili5ges*i*te ,i4 p4 #ga7 places ! date ( ?is c\ncil be=e ,a4,d4 #aej4 ,b if ! te/imony ( ,eusebius is wor? any?+1 ?is is impossible2 = he /ates t ! writ+s ( ,claudius ,apoll9>is aga9/ ! ,montani/s 7 lat] ?an 8 ,apology to ,m4 ,aurelius 7see p4 #ei1 note #ahc71 & ?is ,apology 0 n writt5 till aft] ,a4,d4 #agd 7see p4 #fa1 note #ahg74 ,! *ronology ( ,montanism is v p]plex+1 b ,hefele's dates appe> to be mu* too e>ly4 ,! ,*ronicon ( ,eusebius gives ! rise ( ,montanism "u ,a4,d4 #agb or #agc1 & ?is /atem5t is consi/5t ) ! notices 9 8 ,hi/ory4 ,b if ?is date be correct1 x mo/ probably ref]s to ,montanism z a di/9ct sy/em2 & ! fires _h probably be5 sm\ld]+ )9 ! ,*ur* = "s "t be=e !y broke out4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! writ] ( ! ,synodicon id5tifies ,!odotus ! ,montani/ 7see ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 v4 #c7 ) ,!odotus ! lea!r-sell] :o 0 a ,mon>*ian4 ,!re is no au?ority = ?is id5tification 9 ,eusebius4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 o!r hresiological writ+s4 ,nor 7 8 controv]sial writ+s conf9$ to ^! two topics4 ,9 "o place he refut$ ! ,encratites#ahe2 9 ano!r he upheld ! or?odox tea*+ respect+ ! true humanity ( ,*ri/#ahf4 ,x is pla9 t he did n conf9e himself to que/ions especially affect+ ,asia ,m9or2 b t ! doctr9e & ! practice ( ! ,*ur* g5]ally f\nd 9 him a vigor\s advocate1 :o 0 equally oppos$ to ! novelties ( h]etical tea*+ & ! rig\rs ( ov]/ra9$ asceticism4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,!odoret4 ,h4,e4 i4 #ba4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,socr4 ,h4,e4 iii4 #g4 ,nor aga9 did ,apoll9>is re/rict himself to controv]sies c>ri$ on betwe5 ,*ri/ian & ,*ri/ian4 ,he appe>s alike z ! *ampion ( ! ,gospel aga9/ attacks f )\t1 & z ! promot] ( ,*ri/ian life & devotion )9 ! pale ( ! ,*ur*4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 apologetic ,on ! "o h& he 0 ! au?or ( an apology address$ to ,m4 ,aurelius#ahg1 ( a controv]sial treatise 9 five books aga9/ ! ,greeks1 & ( a second 9 two books aga9/ ! ,jews#ahh2 on ! o!r we f9d m5tion$ among 8 ,sid5ote3 & didactic works4 writ+s a "w 9 two books on ,tru?1 & a second on ,piety1 besides sev]al ( :i* ! titles h n come d[n to u#ahi4 ,he seems inde$ to h writt5 on almo/ e subject :i* int]e/$ ! ,*ur* ( 8 age4 ,he 0 n only well v]s$ 9 ! ,scriptures1 b %[$ a wide acqua9tance ) secul> lit]ature also#aij4 ,8 /yle is prais$ by a compet5t judge#aia1 & 8 or?odoxy 0 su* z to satisfy ! dogmatic precision ( ! po/-,nic5e age#aib4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iv4 #bf1 #bg4 ,he ref]r$ 9 ?is ,apology to ! incid5t ( ! s-call$ ,?und]+ ,legion1 :i* happ5$ ,a4,d4 #agd2 & z report$ by ,eusebius 7,h4,e4 v4 #e71 he /at$ t ! legion 0 ?us nam$ by ! emp]or 9 commemoration ( ?is miracul\s ?und]/orm4 ,z a contempor>y h[ev]1 he mu/ probably h kn[n t ! title ,legio ,fulm9ata exi/$ long be=e2 & we may conjecture t he us$ "s ambigu\s expression imply+ t x 0 fitly s nam$ 7e4g4 71 :i* ,eusebius & lat] writ]s misund]/ood2 j z ,eusebius himself 7v4 #bd7 speaks ( ,ir5u z 4 ,( ! words us$ by ,eusebius1 1 we may suspect t is an expression borr[$ f ,apoll9>is himself1 :ile gives ,eusebius' own errone\s int]pretation ( 8 au?or's mean+4 ,! "n ( ?is legion 0 ,fulm9ata1 n ,fulm9atrix1 z x is (t5 c>elessly writt5 out1 :]e ! inscriptions h m]ely ,,fvlm42 see ,beck] & ,m>qu>dt ,rm4 ,alt]?4 ,,iii4 #b1 p4 #cec4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,! words are omitt$ 9 "s ,,mss & by ,ruf9us4 ,!y are f\nd h[ev] 9 ! v anci5t ,syriac v]sion1 & are d\btless g5u9e4 ,_! omission is due to ! homoteleuton1 z !y are imm$iately prec$$ by 4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,a li/ ( 8 works is giv5 by ,eusebius 7,h4,e4 iv4 #bg71 :o expla9s t !re 7 _m o!rs :i* he _h n se54 ,?is li/ omits ! "w on ! ,pas*al ,fea/1 :i* is quot$ 9 ! ,*ronicon ,pas*ale p4 #ac 7ed4 ,d9d471 & ! treatise on ,piety1 ( :i* we "k f ,photius ,bibl4 #ad4 ,footnote #aij3 ,!odoret4 ,hr4 ,fab4 iii4 #b 4 ,s too ,j]ome1 ,ep4 #gj 7,i4 p4 #dbh1 ed4 ,vall>si71 names him among ^? :o 7 equally v]s$ 9 sacr$ & pr(ane lit]ature4 ,footnote #aia3 ,photius l4c41 4 ,footnote #aib3 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iv4 #ba1 ,j]ome l4c41 ,!odoret4 l4c41 ,socr4 ,h4,e4 iii4 #g4 ,sid5ote3 ,important be>+ ( ^! facts on ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,^! facts are n unimportant 9 _! be>+ on ! "q :i* has be5 already discuss$ 9 relation to ,papias4 ,if !re _h be5 su* a discont9uity ( doctr9e & practice 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,hi]apolis z ! !ory 9 "q assumes1 if ! ,paul9e ,gospel 0 repudiat$ 9 ! lat] ye>s ( ! fir/ c5tury & rank ,judaism adopt$ 9 its /ead1 h[ c we expla9 ! position ( ,apoll9>is8 ,obvi\sly a c\nt]-revolution mu/ h tak5 place1 :i* undid ! effects ( ! =m]4 ,"o dislocation mu/ h be5 comp5sat$ by ano!r4 ,& yet ,ir5u kn[s no?+ ( ^! religi\s convulsions :i* mu/ h %ak5 ! doctr9e ( ! ,*ur* to its f\ndations1 b repres5ts ! tradition z "o1 cont9u\s1 unbrok51 rea*+ back ?r\gh ! eld]s ( ! ,asiatic ,*ur*es1 ?r\gh ,papias & ,polyc>p1 to ,/ ,john himself--,ir5u :o receiv$ 8 ,*ri/ian education 9 ,asia ,m9or1 :o ?r\gh\t life 0 9 communication ) ! *ur*es !re1 & :o _h already rea*$ middle age :5 ?is second revolution is suppos$ to h occurr$4 ,! dem&s on our cr$ulity1 :i* ?is !ory makes1 are enorm\s4 ,& its improbability becomes only ! m gl>+1 z we ext5d our view4,sid5ote3 ,solid>ity ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! second c5tury4 ,= ! solid>ity ( ! ,*ur* is ! "o /rik+ fact unmi/akably reveal$ to u1 z "h & !re ! veil :i* %r\ds ! hi/ory ( ! second c5tury is lift$4 ,anicetus & ,sot] & ,eleu!rus & ,victor at ,rome1 ,pantnus & ,clem5t at ,alex&ria1 ,polycrates at ,ephesus1 ,papias & ,apoll9>is at ,hi]apolis1 ,polyc>p at ,smyrna1 ,melito at ,s>dis1 ,ignatius & ,s]apion at ,antio*1 ,primus & ,dionysius at ,cor9?1 ,po?9us & ,ir5u 9 ,gaul1 ,philippus & ,p9ytus 9 ,crete1 ,hegesippus & ,n>cissus 9 ,pale/9e1 all are b\nd toge!r by ! ties ( a common organization & ! sympa?y ( a common cre$4 ,! ,pas*al controv]sy is especially valuable1 z %[+ ! limits ( div]g5ce consi/5t ) ! unity ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! /udy ( ?is controv]sy tea*es u to appreciate ) ev] increas+ =ce ! pregnant say+ ( ,ir5u t ! diff]5ce ( ! usage e/abli%es ! h>mony ( ! fai?#aic4 ,footnote #aic3 ,ir54 9 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 v4 #bd 7! fa/ :i* prec$$ ! ,pas*al fe/ival7 4 ,sid5ote3 ,activity ( ,laodicea4 ,?\gh ,laodicea _c %[ ! same intellectual activity z ,hi]apolis dur+ ! second c5tury1 yet 9 practical en]gy %e is n want+4 ,sid5ote3 ,m>tyrdom ( ,sag>is4 c4 ,a4,d4 #afe4 ,! same p]secution1 :i*1 p]mitt$ if n enc\rag$ by ! imp]ial ,/oic1 0 fatal to ,polyc>p at ,smyrna1 depriv$ ,laodicea also ( h] bi%op ,sag>is#aid4 ,! exact ye> 9 :i* he fell a m>tyr is n kn[n2 b we c h>dly be wrong 9 assum+ t 8 dea? 0 ne>ly co9cid5t ) ^? ( ,polyc>p & 8 companions4 ,8 "n appe>s to h be5 held 9 great hon\r#aie4 ,footnote #aid3 ,melito 9 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iv4 #bf 1 1 1 7i4e4 ,melito's own treatise on ! ,pas*al fe/ival74 ,footnote #aie3 ,besides ,melito 7l4c471 ,polycrates ( ,ephesus ref]s to him ) respect2 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 v4 #bd1 1 4 ,sid5ote3 ,outbreak ( ! ,pas*al controv]sy4 ,b :ile ! ,*ur* ( ,laodicea 0 ?us cont5d+ aga9/ foes )\t1 %e 0 also torn asund] by feuds )94 ,co9cid5t ) ! m>tyrdom ( ,sag>is 0 ! outbur/ ( ! ,pas*al controv]sy1 ( :i* m5tion has be5 already made1 & :i* = m ?an a c5tury & a half di/urb$ ! peace ( ! ,*ur*1 until x 0 f9ally laid at re/ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,nica4 ,! ,laodiceans w\ld naturally regulate _! fe/ival by ! ,asiatic or ,qu>todeciman usage1 /rictly obs]v+ ! day ( ! mon? & disreg>d+ ! day ( ! week4 ,b a great comm]cial c5tre l ,laodicea mu/ h attract$ l>ge cr[ds ( =eign ,*ri/ians f ,pale/9e or ,egypt or ,rome or ,gaul1 :o 7 accu/om$ to commemorate ! ,passion always on a ,friday & ! ,resurrection on a ,sunday accord+ to ! we/]n practice2 & 9 ?is way probably ! dispute arose4 ,! treatise on ! ,pas*al ,fe/ival by ,melito ( ,s>dis 0 writt5 on ?is occasion to def5d ! ,asiatic practice4 ,! fact t ,laodicea became ! head-qu>t]s ( ! controv]sy is a speak+ te/imony to ! prom95ce ( ?is ,*ur* 9 ! latt] half ( ! second c5tury4 ,sid5ote3 ,hi]apolis & ,laodicea 9 lat] hi/ory4 ,at a lat] date ! influ5ce ( bo? ,hi]apolis & ,laodicea has s5sibly decl9$4 ,9 ! great controv]sies ( ! f\r? s & fif? c5turies !y take no conspicu\s "p4 ,among _! bi%ops !re is n "o :o has left 8 m>k on hi/ory4 ,& yet _! names appe> at mo/ ( ! great ,c\ncils1 9 :i* !y be> a sil5t "p4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,arian h]esy4 ,,nic,a ,a4,d4 #cbe4;,at ,nica ,hi]apolis 0 repres5t$ by ,flaccus#aif1 ,laodicea by ,nune*ius#aig4 ,!y bo? acquiesc$ 9 its decrees1 & ! latt] z metropolitan publi%$ !m ?r\gh\t ! ,phrygian ,*ur*es#aih4 ,soon aft]1 bo? sees laps$ into ,arianism4 ,sid5ote3 ,philippopolis ,a4,d4 #cdg4 ,at ! synod ( ,philippopolis1 compos$ ( bi%ops :o _h sec$$ f ! ,c\ncil ( ,s>dica1 ! repres5tatives ( ^! two sees 7 pres5t & jo9$ 9 ! condemnation ( ! ,a?anasians4 ,on ?is occasion ,hi]apolis 0 /ill repres5t$ by ,flaccus1 :o _h ?us turn$ traitor to 8 =m] fai?#aii4 ,on ! o!r h& ,laodicea _h *ang$ its bi%op twice mean:ile4 ,cecropius _h won ! imp]ial fav\r by 8 abuse ( ! or?odox p>ty1 & 0 fir/ promot$ to ,laodicea1 :5ce he 0 translat$ to ,nicom$ia#bjj4 ,he 0 succe$$ by ,nonnius1 :o sign$ ! ,arian decree at ,philippopolis#bja4 ,:5 ^! sees recov]$ _! or?odoxy we ,sid5ote3 ,,con/ant9ople4 ,a4,d4 #cha4 d n "k2 b x is p]haps a significant fact1 t nei!r is repres5t$ at ! second g5]al ,c\ncil1 held at ,con/ant9ople ,sid5ote3 ,! ,ne/orian & ,euty*ian h]esies4 ,,ephesus4 ,a4,d4 #dca4 7,a4,d4 #cha7bjb4 ,at ! ?ird g5]al ,c\ncil1 :i* met at ,ephesus1 ,laodicea is repres5t$ by ,ari/onicus1 ,hi]apolis by ,v5antius#bjc4 ,bo? bi%ops sign ! decrees condemn+ ,ne/orius4 ,aga9 9 ! next ,*ri/ological controv]sy :i* agitat$ ! ,*ur* ! two sees be> _! "p4 ,at ! notori\s ,sid5ote3 ,latroc9ium4 ,a4,d4 #ddi4 ,robb]s' ,synod1 held also at ,ephesus1 ,laodicea 0 repres5t$ by ano!r ,nune*ius1 ,hi]apolis by ,/ephanus4 ,bo? bi%ops committ$ !mselves to ! policy ( ,dioscorus & ! op9ions ( ! h]etic ,euty*es#bjd4 ,yet ) ! fickl5ess :i* *>act]iz$ ^! sees at an e>li] date dur+ ! ,arian controv]sy1 we f9d _! repres5tatives two ye>s ,sid5ote3 ,,*alc$on4 ,a4,d4 #dea4 lat] at ! ,c\ncil ( ,*alc$on sid+ ) ! or?odox p>ty & condemn+ ! ,euty*ian h]esy :i* !y _h s lately support$#bje4 ,nune*ius is /ill bi%op ( ,laodicea1 & rev]ses 8 =m] vote4 ,/ephanus has be5 succe$$ at ,hi]apolis by ,ab]cius1 ^: or?odoxy1 s f> z we "k1 _h n be5 compromis$ by any previ\s expression ( op9ion#bjf4 ,footnote #aif3 ,labb4 ,conc4 ,,ii4 #eg1 #fb1 ed4 ,coleti2 ,c[p]'s ,syriac ,miscellanies p4 #aa1 #bh4 ,x is rem>kable t aft] ,papias all ! e>ly bi%ops ( ,hi]apolis ( :om any notice is pres]v$1 h ,roman names2 ,avircius ,m>cellus 7871 ,claudius ,apoll9>is1 ,flaccus1 ,lucius1 ,v5antius4 ,footnote #aig3 ,labb4 ,conc4 ,,ii4 #eg1 #fb2 ,c[p]'s ,syriac ,miscellanies pp4 #aa1 #bh1 #cd4 ,he _h also be5 pres5t at ! ,synod ( ,ancyra held ab\t ,a4,d4 #cad 7see ,galatians p4 #cd72 ib4 p4 #da4 ,footnote #aih3 ,labb4 ,conc4 ,,ii4 #bcf4 ,footnote #aii3 ib4 #gdd4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,a?anas4 ad ,episc4 gypt4 #h 7,op4 ,i4 p4 #bai71 ,hi/4 ,arian4 ad ,mon4 #gd 7ib4 p4 #cjg74 ,footnote #bja3 ,labb4 ,conc4 ,,ii4 #gdd4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,c[p]'s ,syriac ,miscell4 p4 #ci4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,labb4 ,conc4 ,,iii4 #ajhe1 #abbb1 ,mans4 ,conc4 ,,iv4 #acfg4 ,! "n ( ?is bi%op ( ,hi]apolis is v>i\sly writt51 b ,v5antius seems to be ! true or?ography4 ,= "s unexpla9$ reason1 ?\gh pres5t 9 p]son he signs by deputy4 ,he _h be=e subscrib$ ! prote/ to ,cyril aga9/ comm5c+ ! proce$+s be=e ! arrival ( ,john ( ,antio* 7,mans4 ,conc4 ,v4 #gfg71 & p]haps 8 acquiesc5ce 9 ! decisions ( ! ,c\ncil 0 n v he>ty4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,labb4 ,conc4 ,,iv4 #hib1 #ibe1 #ibh1 #aajg1 #aagj1 #aaga1 #aahe4 ,9 ! ,acts ( ?is h]etical c\ncil1 z occasionally 9 ^? ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,*alc$on1 ,laodicea is surnam$ ,trimit>ia 7see above1 p4 #ah1 note #b74 ,foll[+ ,le ,qui5 7,or4 ,*ri/4 ,i4 p4 #hce71 ,i h assum$ ! ,/ephanus :o 0 pres5t at ! ,latroc9ium to h be5 bi%op ( ! ,phrygian ,hi]apolis1 ?\gh ,i h n f\nd any decisive indication :i* ,hi]apolis is meant4 ,on ! o!r h& ! bi%op ( ! ,syrian ,hi]apolis at ?is "t c]ta9ly bore ! "n ,/ephanus 7,labb4 ,conc4 ,,iv4 #gbg1 #aejf1 #aeej1 #afdd1 #ahcf1 ,v4 #df72 & ! synod held "u ,/ephanus ,a4,d4 #dde1 :i* ,wilts* 7,geography & ,/ati/ics ( ! ,*ur* ,i4 p4 #agj1 ,eng4 ,trans47 assigns to our ,hi]apolis1 belongs to ! ,syrian city ( ! same "n1 z ! connexion ) ,p]rha %ews3 ,labb4 ,conc4 ,,iv4 #gbg1 #afdd4 ,footnote #bje3 ,labb4 ,conc4 ,,iv4 #hec1 #hfb1 #aaie1 #abjd1 #abda1 #acab1 #accg1 #achc1 #acib1 #addd1 #adde1 #adfc1 #adhj1 #adha1 #adif1 #aeja1 #aeje1 #agaf1 #agcb1 #agcf1 #agdd1 #agdf1 #agea4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,! bi%ops ( bo? sees are address$ by ! ,emp]or ,leo 9 8 lett] respect+ ! ,c\ncil ( ,*alc$on3 b _! replies are n pres]v$4 ,nune*ius is /ill bi%op ( ,laodicea2 b ,hi]apolis has aga9 *ang$ h&s1 & ,philippus has succe$$ ,ab]cius 7,labb4 ,conc4 ,,iv4 #ahcf sq474 ,nune*ius ( ,laodicea 0 "o ( ^? :o sign$ ! decree aga9/ simony at ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ant9ople 7,a4,d4 #dei73 ,conc4 ,v4 #ej4 ,sid5ote3 ,lat] vacillation ( ^! sees4 ,! hi/ory ( ^! *ur*es at a lat] date is su* z might h be5 anticipat$ f _! attitude dur+ ! p]iod ( ! fir/ ,f\r ,g5]al ,c\ncils4 ,! sees ( ,laodicea & ,hi]apolis1 "o or bo?1 are repres5t$ at all ! m important assemblies ( ! ,*ur*2 & ! same vacillation & infirmity ( purpose1 :i* _h *>act]iz$ _! hold]s 9 ! e>li] c\ncils1 m>ks ! proce$+s ( _! lat] successors#bjg4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,see = in/ance ! t]giv]sation ( ,!odorus ( ,laodicea & ,ignatius ( ,hi]apolis 9 ! matt] ( ,photius & ! #h? ,g5]al ,c\ncil4 ,sid5ote3 ,_! comp>ative unimportance4 ,b1 ?\gh ! two sees ?us cont9ue to be> witness to _! exi/5ce by ! repeat$ pres5ce ( _! occupants at c\ncils & synods1 yet ! real influ5ce ( ,laodicea & ,hi]apolis on ! ,*ur* at l>ge has t]m9at$ ) ! close ( ! second c5tury4 ,on "o occasion only did ei!r ,sid5ote3 ,,c\ncil ,,( ,,laodicea an exception4 community assume a position ( prom95ce4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury a c\ncil 0 held at ,laodicea#bjh4 ,x ,sid5ote3 ,its decree on ! ,canon4 0 conv5$ m especially to settle "s po9ts ( ecclesia/ical discipl9e2 b incid5tally ! assembl$ bi%ops 7 l$ to make an ord] respect+ ! ,canon ( ,scripture#bji4 ,z ?is 0 ! fir/ occasion 9 :i* ! subject _h be5 br\ght =mally be=e ! notice ( an ecclesia/ical assembly ?is ,c\ncil ( ,laodicea secur$ a notoriety :i* x w\ld n o!rwise h obta9$1 & to :i* x 0 h>dly entitl$ by its con/itution or its proce$+s4 ,its decrees 7 confirm$ & adopt$ by lat] c\ncils bo? 9 ! ,ea/ & 9 ! ,we/#baj4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,?is c\ncil _c h be5 held e>li] ?an ! ye> #cdd1 z ! #g? canon makes m5tion ( ! ,phot9ians1 & ,phot9us did n attract notice be=e t ye>3 see ,hefele1 ,concili5ges*4 ,i4 p4 #gbb sq4 ,9 ! anci5t li/s ( ,c\ncils x /&s aft] t ( ,antio* 7,a4,d4 #cda71 & be=e t ( ,con/ant9ople 7,a4,d4 #cha74 ,dr ,we/cott 7,hi/ory ( ! ,canon1 p4 #djj7 is incl9$ to place x ab\t ,a4,d4 #cfc1 & ?is is ! "t v g5]ally adopt$4 ,"h h[ev] a difficulty pres5ts itself1 :i* has n be5 notic$ hi!rto4 ,9 ! ,syriac ,,ms ,brit4 ,mus4 ,add4 #ad1ebh1 are li/s ( ! bi%ops pres5t at ! e>li] c\ncils1 includ+ ,laodicea 7see ,wright's ,catalogue ( ! ,syriac ,,mss 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,,dcccvi1 p4 #ajcj sq474 ,^! li/s h be5 publi%$ by ,c[p] 7,syriac ,miscell4 p4 #db sq41 ,analecta ,nicna p4 #cf71 :o h[ev] has transpos$ ! li/s ( ,antio* & ,laodicea1 s t he ascribes to ! ,antio*ian ,synod ! names :i* really belong to ! ,laodicean4 ,?is is det]m9$ 7z ,i am in=m$ by ,pr(4 ,wright7 by ! position ( ! li/s4 ,! ,laodicean li/ !n1 :i* seems to be imp]fect1 conta9s tw5ty names2 &1 :5 exam9$1 x yields ^! results4 7#a7 ,at lea/ ?ree-f\r?s ( ! names c be id5tifi$ ) bi%ops :o sat at ,nica1 & probably ! exceptions w\ld be few]1 if 9 "s cases !y _h n be5 obscur$ by transcription into ,syriac & by ! errors ( copyi/s4 7#b7 ,:5 id5tifi$1 !y are f\nd to belong 9 almo/ e in/ance to ,clesyria1 ,phnicia1 ,pale/9e1 ,cilicia1 & ,isauria1 :]eas app>5tly n "o comes f ,phrygia1 ,lydia1 or ! o!r we/]n di/ricts ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,suppos+ t ?is is a g5u9e ,laodicean li/1 we are l$ by ! fir/ result to place x z ne> 9 "t z possible to ! ,c\ncil ( ,nica2 & by ! second to "q :e!r aft] all ! ,syrian ,laodicea may n h be5 meant in/ead ( ! ,phrygian4 ,on ! o!r h& tradition is unanim\s 9 plac+ ?is synod 9 ! ,phrygian t[n1 & 9 ?is v ,syriac ,,ms ! head+ ( ! canons beg9s #8,( ! ,synod ( ,laodicea ( ,phrygia4' ,on ! :ole x appe>s probable t ?is suppos$ li/ ( bi%ops :o met at ,laodicea belongs to "s o!r ,c\ncil4 ,! ,laodicean ,synod seems to h be51 z ,dr ,we/cott describes x 7l4c471 #8,a small ga!r+ ( cl]gy f p>ts ( ,lydia & ,phrygia4' ,9 a l>ge mosaic 9 ! ,*ur* at ,be?lehem1 9 :i* all ! m important ,c\ncils are repres5t$1 we f9d ! foll[+ inscription2 7,ciamp9i de ,sacr4 dif4 a ,con/ant4 con/r4 p4 #aef2 comp4 ,boeckh ,corp4 ,inscr4 #hiec74 ,f its position we might inf] t ! synod to :i* ?is inscription ref]s 0 suppos$ to h tak5 place be=e ! ,c\ncil ( ,nica2 & if s1 x may h be5 "o ( ^? ,asiatic synods held aga9/ ,montanism at ! end ( ! second or beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,b1 inasmu* z no record ( any su* synod is pres]v$ else:]e1 we mu/ probably ref] x to ! well-kn[n ,c\ncil ( ,laodicea 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,9 ?is case h[ev] ! description is n v correct1 = ?\gh ,montanism is incid5tally condemn$ 9 ! eigh? canon1 yet ?is condemnation 0 n ! ma9 object ( ! c\ncil & occupies a v subord9ate place4 ,! ,be?lehem mosaics 7 complet$ ,a4,d4 #aafi3 see ,boeckh ,c4 ,i4 #hgcf4 ,footnote #bji3 ,! canons ( ?is ,c\ncil1 #ei 9 numb]1 w be f\nd 9 ,labb4 ,conc4 ,i4 #aecj sq41 ed4 ,coleti4 ,! la/ ( ^! =bids ! read+ ( any b #8! ,canonical books ( ! ,new & ,old ,te/am5t4' ,to ?is is (t5 app5d$ 7sometimes z a #fj? canon7 a li/ ( ! ,canonical books2 b ,dr ,we/cott has %[n t ?is li/ is a lat] addition & does n belong to ! orig9al decrees ( ! c\ncil 7,canon p4 #djj sq474 ,footnote #baj3 ,by ! ,qu9isext9e ,c\ncil 7,a4,d4 #fib7 9 ! ,ea/ 7,labb4 ,conc4 ,,vii4 #acde71 & by ! ,synod ( ,aix-la-,*apelle 7,a4,d4 #ghi7 9 ! ,we/ 7,conc4 ,,ix4 #aj sq474 ,sid5ote3 ,its decrees illu/rate ! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians4 ,m important h[ev] = my special purpose1 ?an ! influ5ce ( ?is synod on ! ,*ur* at l>ge1 is ! light :i* its canons ?r[ on ! h]etical t5d5cies ( ?is di/rict1 & on ! w>n+s ( ,/ ,paul 9 ! ,colossian ,epi/le4 ,to illu/rate ?is fact x w only be necess>y to write out "s ( ^! canons at l5g?3 ,sid5ote3 ,col4 ii4 #ad1 #af1 #ag4 #bi4 #8,x is n "r = ,*ri/ians to ,judaize & ab/a9 f lab\r on ! sabba?1 b to "w on ?is same day4 ,!y %\ld pay respect r to ! ,"l's day1 &1 if possible1 ab/a9 f lab\r on x z ,*ri/ians4 ,b if !y %\ld be f\nd ,judaiz]s1 let !m be ana!ma 9 ! sight ( ,*ri/4' ,sid5ote3 ,col4 ii4 #ah4 #ce4 #8,x is n "r = ,*ri/ians to ab&on ! ,*ur* ( ,god & g away & invoke angels 7 7#baa & hold conv5ticles 7 72 = ^! ?+s are =bidd54 ,if !re=e any "o is f\nd devot+ himself to ?is secret idolatry1 let him be ana!ma1 because he ab&on$ our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ & w5t aft] idolatry4' ,footnote #baa3 ,!odoret ab\t a c5tury aft] ! ,laodicean ,c\ncil1 comm5t+ on ,col4 ii4 #ah1 /ates t ?is disease 7 7 :i* ,/ ,paul d5\nces #8long rema9$ 9 ,phrygia & ,pisidia4' #8,= ?is reason also1' he adds1 #8a synod conv5$ 9 ,laodicea ( ,phrygia =bad by a decree ! (f]+ pray] to angels2 & ev5 to ! pres5t "t oratories ( ! holy ,mi*ael may be se5 among !m & _! neighb\rs4' ,see also bel[ p4 #ga1 note #bai4 ,a curi\s inscription1 f\nd 9 ! !atre at ,miletus 7,boeckh ,c4 ,i4 #bhie71 illu/rates ?is t5d5cy4 ,x is an inscription 9 sev5 columns1 ea* hav+ a diff]5t planet>y symbol1 & a diff]5t p]mutation ( ! v[els ) ! same invocation 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 :ile at ! common base is writt5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 444 ,boeckh writes1 #8,etsi hic titulus ,gno/icorum et ,basilidianorum comm5tis prorsus congruus e/1 tam5 potuit ab e?nicis ,milesiis scriptus esse2 qu>e nolui eum int] ,*ri/ianos rejic]e1 quum prs]tim public ,milesiorum sup]/itionis docum5tum insigne sit4' ,! idea ( ! sev5 h1 comb9$ 9 ! "o 1 seems c]ta9ly to po9t to ,jewi%1 if n ,*ri/ian1 influ5ces3 ,rev4 i4 #d1 iii4 #a1 iv4 #e1 v4 #f4 #cf4 #8,x is n "r = prie/s or cl]gy to be magicians or en*ant]s or ma!maticians or a/rolog]s#bab1 or to make safe-gu>ds 77 z !y are call$1 = su* ?+s are prisons 77 ( _! s\ls#bac3 & we h enjo9$ t !y :i* we> !m be ca/ out ( ! ,*ur*4' ,footnote #bab3 ,?\gh !re is no direct m5tion ( #8magic' 9 ! lett] to ! ,colossians1 yet x 0 a *>act]i/ic t5d5cy ( ?is "p ( ,asia3 ,acts xix4 #ai1 #b ,tim4 iii4 #h1 #ac4 ,see ! note on ,gal4 v4 #bj4 ,! t]m is us$ 9 ?is decree 9 its ord9>y s5se ( a/rolog]s1 soo?say]s4 ,footnote #bac3 ,a ,play on ! d\ble s5se ( 7#a7 a safegu>d or amulet1 7#b7 a gu>d-h\se4 #cg4 #8,x is n "r to receive f ,jews or h]etics ! fe/ive (f]+s :i* !y s5d ab\t1 nor to jo9 9 _! fe/ivals4' #ch4 #8,x is n "r to receive unleav5$ bread f ! ,jews or to p>ticipate 9 _! impieties4' ,x is /range1 at ?is late date1 to f9d /ill l+]+ 9 ^! *ur*es ! same read9ess to be #8judg$ 9 respect ( an holiday or a new moon or a sabba?1' ) ! same t5d5cy to rel9qui% ! hold ( ! ,head & to sub/itute #8a volunt>y humility & wor%ipp+ ( angels1' :i* ?ree c5turies be=e _h call$ =? ! ,apo/le's rebuke & w>n+ 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians4 ,sid5ote3 ,ecclesia/ical /atus ( ,laodicea & ,hi]apolis4 ,dur+ ! fl\ri%+ p]iod ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*1 ,laodicea appe>s z ! metropolis ( ! prov9ce ( ,phrygia ,pacatiana1 c\nt+ among its suffragan bi%oprics ! see ( ,coloss#bad4 ,on ! o!r h& ,hi]apolis1 ?\gh only six miles di/ant1 belong$ to ! neighb\r+ prov9ce ( ,phrygia ,salut>is#bae1 ^: metropolis 0 ,synnada1 & ( :i* x 0 "o ( ! mo/ important sees4 ,! /ream ( ! ,lycus seems to h =m$ ! b\nd>y l9e betwe5 ! two ecclesia/ical prov9ces4 ,at a lat] date ,hi]apolis itself 0 rais$ to metropolitan rank#baf4 ,footnote #bad3 ,a li/ ( ! bi%oprics belong+ to ?is prov9ce at ! "t ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,*alc$on is giv51 ,labb4 ,conc4 ,,iv4 #aeja1 #agaf4 ,footnote #bae3 ,conc4 ,,iv4 #agaf1 #agdd4 ,footnote #baf3 ,at ! #e? & #f? ,g5]al ,c\ncils 7,a4,d4 #eec & ,a4,d4 #fhj7 ,hi]apolis is /yl$ a metropolis 7,labb4 ,conc4 ,,vi4 #bbj1 ,,vii4 #ajfh1 #ajig1 #aaag72 & 9 ! latt] case x is designat$ metropolis ( ,phrygia ,pacatiana1 ?\gh ?is same designation is /ill giv5 to ,laodicea4 ,synnada reta9s its position z metropolis ( ,phrygia ,salut>is4 ,f ?is "t =w>d ,hi]apolis seems always to hold metropolitan rank4 ,b no notice is pres]v$ ( ! circum/ances "u :i* ! *ange 0 made4 ,9 ! ,notiti x g5]ally occurs twice--fir/ z a suffragan see ( ,phrygia ,salut>is1 & secondly z metropolis ( ano!r ,phrygia ,pacatiana 7di/9ct f t :i* has ,laodicea = its metropolis73 ,hi]oclis ,synecdemus et ,notiti 7ed4 ,p>!y7 ,n4 #a1 pp4 #ef1 #eg1 #fi1 #gc2 ,n4 #c1 pp4 #aad1 #abd2 ,n4 #g1 pp4 #aeb1 #afa2 ,n4 #h1 pp4 #afd1 #agf1 #ahj2 ,n4 #i1 pp4 #aic1 #aig2 ,n4 #aj1 pp4 #bab1 #bbj4 ,9 ?is latt] position x is plac$ q out ( ! prop] geographical ord]1 ?us %[+ t its metropolitan jurisdiction 0 creat$ comp>atively late4 ,! numb] ( dioceses 9 ! prov9ce is g5]ally giv5 z #i2 ,nilus ib4 p4 #cja4 ,! "n ( ! prov9ce is v>i\sly corrupt$ f 1 e4g4 1 4 ,unless ! ecclesia/ical position ( ,hi]apolis 0 altoge!r anomal\s1 z a prov9ce )9 a prov9ce1 its d\ble m5tion 9 ! ,notiti mu/ be expla9$ by a confusion ( its e>li] & lat] /atus4 ,sid5ote3 ,obscurity ( ,coloss4 ,b :ile ,laodicea & ,hi]apolis held ! =emo/ place 9 ! records ( ! e>ly ,*ur*1 & cont9u$ to be> an active1 ?\gh inconspicu\s "p1 9 lat] ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 ,coloss 0 f ! v fir/ a ciph]4 ,! t[n itself1 z we h se51 0 already wan+ 9 importance1 :5 ! ,apo/le wrote2 & its subsequ5t decl9e seems to h be5 rapid4 ,n a s+le ev5t 9 ,*ri/ian hi/ory is connect$ ) its "n2 & its v exi/5ce is only rescu$ f oblivion1 :5 at long int]vals "s bi%op ( ,coloss atta*es 8 signature to ! decree ( an ecclesia/ical synod4 ,! city ceas$ to /rike co9s 9 ! reign ( ,gordian 7,a4,d4 ,sid5ote3 ,x is supplant$ by ,*on4 #bch-bdd7bag4 ,x fell gradually into decay1 be+ supplant$ by ! neighb\r+ t[n ,*on1 ! mod]n ,*onos1 s call$ f ! natural funnels by :i* ! /reams "h disappe> 9 und]gr\nd *annels =m$ by ! incru/ations ( trav]t9e#bah4 ,we may conjecture also t its ru9 0 ha/5$ by a r5ew$ assault ( its anci5t enemy1 ! e>?quake#bai4 ,x is commonly said t ,*on is built on ! site ( ! anci5t ,coloss2 b ! lat] t[n /&s at "s di/ance f ! e>li]1 z ,salisbury does f ,old ,s>um4 ,! episcopal see necess>ily foll[$ ! population2 ?\gh = "s "t aft] its removal to ! new t[n ! bi%op /ill cont9u$ to use ! old] title1 ) or )\t ! addition ( ,*on by way ( explanation1 till at l5g? ! "n ( ?is primitive ,apo/olic ,*ur* passes :olly out ( sight#bbj4 ,footnote #bag3 ,see ,mionnet ,,iv4 p4 #bfi1 ,leake ,numism4 ,hell54 p4 #de4 ,footnote #bah3 ,joannes ,curopalata p4 #fhf 7ed4 ,bonn47 444 444 1 1 1 444 ,! #8wor%ip ( angels' is curi\sly connect$ ) ! physical features ( ! c\ntry 9 ! leg5d to :i* ,curopalata ref]s4 ,! p 7 9 imm95t dang] f a sudd5 inundation ( ! ,lycus1 :5 ! ar*angel ,mi*ael appe>$ & op5$ a *asm 9 ! e>? ?r\gh :i* ! wat]s fl[$ away h>mlessly3 ,h>tley's ,rese>*es 9 ,greece p4 #ec4 ,see ano!r leg5d1 or ano!r v]sion ( ! leg5d1 9 :i* ! ar*angel int]poses1 9 ,laborde p4 #ajc4 ,x 0 ! bir?-place ( ,nicetas ,*oniates1 "o ( ! mo/ important ( ! ,byzant9e hi/orians1 :o ?us speaks ( x 7de ,manuel vi4 #b1 p4 #bcj1 ed4 ,bonn472 1 1 1 1 4441 :]e a corrupt read+ = has misl$ "s4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! words are borr[$ f ,x5ophon's description ( ,coloss 7,anab4 i4 #b4 #f73 see above1 p4 #ae1 note #eb4 ,he aga9 alludes to 8 native place1 de ,isaac4 ii4 #b1 pp4 #eb1 #c 1 1 & ,urbs ,capta #af1 p4 #hdb1 4 ,footnote #bai3 ,?us ,hamilton 7,i4 p4 #ead7 reports t an e>?quake :i* occurr$ at ,d5izli ab\t a hundr$ ye>s ago caus$ ! inhabitants to remove _! resid5ces to a diff]5t locality1 :]e !y h rema9$ ev] s9ce4 ,e>?quakes h be5 l>gely in/rum5tal 9 *ang+ ! sites ( cities situat$ )9 ! range ( _! influ5ce4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,at ! ,c\ncil ( ,*alc$on 7,a4,d4 #dea7 ,nune*ius ( ,laodicea subscribes #8= ! abs5t bi%ops "u him1' among :om is m5tion$ 7,labb4 ,conc4 ,,iv4 #aeja1 ed4 ,coleti2 comp4 ib4 #agde74 ,at ! ,qu9isext9e ,c\ncil 7,a4,d4 #fib7 occurs ! signature ( 7sic7 7,conc4 ,,vii4 #adjh74 ,at ! #bnd ,c\ncil ( ,nica 7,a4,d4 #ghg7 ! "n ( ! see is 9 a transition /ate2 ! bi%op ,!odosius 7or ,dosi!us7 signs himself sometimes 1 sometimes simply 7,conc4 ,,viii4 #fhi1 #gif1 #ihh1 #abjj1 #abbb1 #aceg1 #acgh1 #adcb1 #aebc1 #aecc1 9 _m ( :i* passages ! ^w is grossly corrupt$74 ,at lat] ,c\ncils ! see is call$ 2 & ?is is ! "n :i* x be>s 9 ! ,notiti 7pp4 #ig1 #abg1 #aii1 #bbb1 #cjc1 ed4 ,p>!y74 ,sid5ote3 ,turki% conque/4 ,! ,turki% conque/ press$ ) m ?an common sev]ity on ^! di/ricts4 ,:5 ! day ( visitation came1 ! ,*ur* 0 tak5 by surprise4 ,occupi$ ) ignoble qu>rels & selfi% int]e/s1 %e _h no e> = ! voice ( ,him :o dem&$ admission4 ,! door 0 b>r$ & ! knock unhe$$4 ,! long-imp5d+ doom ov]took h]1 & ! gold5 c&le/ick 0 remov$ = ev] f ! ,et]nal ,pres5ce#bba4 ,footnote #bba3 ,= ! rema9s ( ,*ri/ian *ur*es at ,laodicea see ,fell[s ,asia ,m9or p4 #bhb1 ,pococke p4 #gd4 ,a description ( ! ?ree f9e *ur*es at ,hi]apolis is giv5 9 ,f]gusson's ,illu/rat$ ,h&book ( ,ar*itecture ,,ii4 p4 #ifg sq42 comp4 ,texi] ,asie ,m9eure ,i4 p4 #adc4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,colossian ,,h]esy4 ,sid5ote3 ,two elem5ts 9 ! ,colossian h]esy4 ,f ! language ( ,/ ,paul1 address$ to ! ,*ur* ( ,coloss1 we may inf] ! pres5ce ( two di/urb+ elem5ts :i* ?reat5$ ! purity ( ,*ri/ian fai? & practice 9 ?is community4 ,^! elem5ts are di/+ui%able 9 !mselves1 ?\gh x does n foll[ t !y pres5t ! tea*+ ( two di/9ct p>ties4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,,judaic4 #a4 ,a m]e glance at ! epi/le suffices to detect ! pres5ce ( ,,judaism 9 ! tea*+ :i* ! ,apo/le combats4 ,! obs]vance ( sabba?s & new moons is decisive 9 ?is respect4 ,! di/9ction ( meats & dr9ks po9ts 9 ! same direction#bbb4 ,ev5 ! en=cem5t ( ! initiatory rite ( ,judaism may be inf]r$ f ! contra/ impli$ 9 ,/ ,paul's recomm5dation ( ! spiritual circumcision#bbc4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,,gno/ic4 #b4 ,on ! o!r h& a clos] exam9ation ( its language %[s t ^! ,judaic features d n exhau/ ! portraiture ( ! h]esy or h]esies aga9/ :i* ! epi/le is direct$4 ,we disc]n an elem5t ( !osophic speculation1 :i* is ali5 to ! _s ( ,judaism prop]4 ,we are confront$ ) a %ad[y my/icism1 :i* loses itself 9 ! contemplation ( ! unse5 _w4 ,we discov] a t5d5cy to int]pose c]ta9 spiritual ag5cies1 int]m$iate be+s1 betwe5 ,god & man1 z ! in/rum5ts ( communication & ! objects ( wor%ip#bbd4 ,anticipat+ ! result :i* w appe> m cle>ly h]eaft]1 we may say t along ) its ,judaism !re 0 a ,,gno/ic elem5t 9 ! false tea*+ :i* prevail$ at ,coloss4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,col4 ii4 #af1 #ag1 #ba sq4 ,footnote #bbc3 ii4 #aa4 ,footnote #bbd3 ii4 #d1 #h1 #ah1 #bc4 ,sid5ote3 ,are ^! comb9$ or sep>ate8 ,h we !n two h]esies "h1 or "o only8 ,7 ^! elem5ts di/9ct1 or 7 !y fus$ into ! same sy/em8 ,9 o!r words1 ,is ,/ ,paul controv]t+ a phase ( ,judaism on ! "o h&1 & a phase ( ,gno/icism on ! o!r2 or did he f9d himself 9 conflict ) a ,judo-,gno/ic h]esy :i* comb9$ ! two#bbe8 ,footnote #bbe3 ,! ,colossian h]esy has be5 made ! subject ( special diss]tations by ,,s*neck5burg] ,beitrge zur ,e9leitung ins ,n4 ,t4 7,/uttg>t #ahcb71 & ,ueb] das ,alt] d] jdis*5 ,proselyt5-,taufe1 neb/ e9] ,beilage b] die ,irrlehr] zu ,coloss 7,b]l9 #ahbh72 by ,,osi&] ,ueb] die ,colossis*5 ,irrlehr] 7,tb+] ,zeits*rift = #ahcd1 ,,iii4 p4 #if sq472 & by ,,rhe9wald ,de ,pseudodoctoribus ,coloss5sibus 7,bonn #ahcd74 ,b m valuable contributions to ! subject w (t5 be f\nd 9 introductions to ! comm5t>ies on ! epi/le4 ,^? ( ,,bleek1 ,,davies1 ,,mey]1 ,,ol%aus51 ,,/eig]1 & ,,de ,,wette may be m5tion$4 ,among o!r works :i* may be consult$ are ,,baur ,d] ,apo/el ,paulus p4 #dag sq42 ,,boehm] ,isagoge 9 ,epi/olam ad ,coloss5ses1 ,b]l9 #ahbi1 p4 #ef sq41 p4 #bgg sq42 ,,burton ,inquiry into ! ,h]esies ( ! ,apo/olic ,age1 ,lectures ,,iv1 ,v2 ,,ewald ,die ,s5ds*reib5 des ,apo/els ,paulus p4 #dfb sq42 ,,hilg5feld ,d] ,gno/icismus u4 das ,neue ,te/am5t 9 ! ,zeits*r4 f4 ,wiss5s*4 ,!ol4 ,,xiii4 p4 #bcc sq42 ,r4 ,a4 ,,lipsius 9 ,s*5kels ,bibel-,lexikon1 s4v4 ,gnosis2 ,,may]h(f ,d] ,brief an die ,coloss] p4 #ajg sq42 ,,ne&] ,plant+ ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ,i4 p4 #cai sq4 7,eng4 ,trans472 ,,de ,,press5s ,trois ,premi]s ,sicles ,,ii4 p4 #aid sq42 ,,/orr ,opuscula ,,ii4 p4 #adi sq42 ,,?i]s* ,die ,kir*e im ,apo/olis*5 ,zeitalt] p4 #adf sq4 ,( all ! acc\nts ( ^! ,colossian false tea*]s1 ,i h f\nd none m satisfactory ?an t ( ,ne&]1 ^: op9ions are foll[$ 9 ! ma9 by ! mo/ sob] ( lat] writ]s4 ,9 ! inve/igation :i* foll[s ,i h assum$ t ! ,colossian false tea*]s 7 ,*ri/ians 9 "s s5se4 ,! views ma9ta9$ by "s e>li] critics1 :o reg>d$ !m z 7#a7 ,jews1 or 7#b7 ,greek philosoph]s1 or 7#c7 ,*aldean magi1 h f\nd no fav\r & d n ne$ s]i\s consid]ation4 ,see ,mey]'s introduction = an enum]ation ( su* views4 ,a refutation ( !m w be f\nd 9 ,bleek's ,vorlesung5 p4 #ab sq4 ,sid5ote3 ,g5]al reasons = suppos+ "o h]esy only1 9 :i* !y are fus$4 ,on clos] exam9ation we f9d ourselves compell$ to adopt ! latt] alt]native4 ,! epi/le itself conta9s no h9t t ! ,apo/le has m ?an "o set ( antagoni/s 9 view2 & ! ne$less multiplication ( p]sons or ev5ts is always to be deprecat$ 9 hi/orical criticism4 ,nor inde$ does ! hypo!sis ( a s+le complex h]esy pres5t any real difficulty4 ,if ! two elem5ts seem irreconcileable1 or at lea/ incongru\s1 at fir/ sight1 ! incongruity disappe>s on fur!r exam9ation4 ,x w be %[n 9 ! c\rse ( ?is inve/igation1 t "s special t5d5cies ( religi\s ?\ght among ! ,jews !mselves be=e & ab\t ?is "t prep>$ ! way = su* a comb9ation 9 a ,*ri/ian community l ! ,*ur* ( ,coloss#bbf4 ,moreov] we %all f9d t ! ,*ri/ian h]esies ( ! next succe$+ ages exhibit 9 a m develop$ =m ! same complex type1 :i* "h appe>s 9 its nasc5t /ate#bbg2 ?is lat] developm5t n only %[+ t ! comb9ation 0 hi/orically possible 9 itself1 b likewise presuppos+ "s e>li] /age ( its exi/5ce su* z confronts u at ,coloss4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,see bel[1 p4 #hc sq4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,see bel[1 p4 #ajg sq4 ,sid5ote3 ,s4 ,paul's language is decisive on ?is po9t4 ,b 9 fact ! ,apo/le's language h>dly leaves ! "q op54 ,! two elem5ts are s closely int]wov5 9 8 refutation1 t x is impossible to sep>ate !m4 ,he passes backw>ds & =w>ds f ! "o to ! o!r 9 su* a way z to %[ t !y are only p>ts ( "o complex :ole4 ,on ?is po9t ! logical connexion ( ! s5t5ces is decisive3 #8,bew>e le/ any man make spoil ( y ?r\gh philosophy & va9 deceit aft] ! tradition ( m51 aft] ! rudim5ts ( ! _w4444 ,ye 7 circumcis$ ) a circumcision n made ) h&s4444 ,& y 444 did ,he quick51 444 blott+ out ! h&writ+ ( ord9ances :i* 0 aga9/ y4444 ,let no man !re=e judge y 9 meat or dr9k1 or 9 respect ( a holy day or a new moon or a sabba?4444 ,let no man beguile y ( y\r prize 9 a self-impos$ humility & s]vice ( angels4444 ,if ye di$ ) ,*ri/ f ! rudim5ts ( ! _w1 :y 444 are ye subject to ord9ances 444 :i* ?+s h a %[ ( wisdom 9 self-impos$ s]vice & humility & h>d treatm5t ( ! body1 b are ( no value aga9/ indulg5ce ( ! fle%#bbh4' ,"h ! sup]ior wisdom1 ! speculative elem5t :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ,gno/icism1 & ! ritual obs]vance1 ! practical elem5t :i* 0 suppli$ by ,judaism1 are reg>d$ n only z spr++ f ! same /em1 b also z int]tw9$ 9 _! gr[?4 ,& ! m c>efully we exam9e ! sequ5ce ( ! ,apo/le's ?\ghts1 ! m intimate w ! connexion appe>4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,col4 ii4 #h-bc4 ,hilg5feld 7,d] ,gno/icismus etc4 p4 #bej sq47 cont5ds /r5u\sly = ! sep>ation ( ! two elem5ts4 ,he argues t #8^! two t5d5cies are relat$ to "o ano!r z fire & wat]1 & no?+ /&s 9 ! way ( all[+ ! au?or aft] ! fir/ side-glance at ! ,gno/ics to pass ov] ) v]4 #aa to ! ,judaiz]s1 ) :om ,col4 ii4 #af sq4 is exclusively conc]n$4' ,he supposes !re=e t ii4 #h-aj ref]s to #8pure ,gno/ics1' & ii4 #af-bc to #8pure ,judaiz]s4' ,to ?is x is suffici5t to answ] 7#a7 ,t1 if ! two elem5ts be s antagoni/ic1 !y manag$ nev]!less to reconcile _! diff]5ces2 = we f9d !m unit$ 9 sev]al ,judo-,gno/ic h]esies 9 ! fir/ half ( ! second c5tury1 1 1 1 ' 2 7#b7 ,t ! two passages are directly connect$ toge!r by 1 :i* occurs 9 bo? vv4 #h1 #bj2 7#c7 ,t x is n a simple transition once = all f ! ,gno/ic to ! ,judaic elem5t1 b ! epi/le passes to & fro sev]al times f ! "o to ! o!r2 :ile no h9t is giv5 t two sep>ate h]esies are attack$1 b on ! contr>y ! s5t5ces are connect$ 9 a logical sequ5ce 7e4g4 v]4 #i 1 #aj 1 #aa 1 #ab 1 #ac 1 #af 74 ,i hope to make ?is po9t cle> 9 my notes on ! passage4 ,! hypo!sis ( m ?an "o h]esy is ma9ta9$ also by ,he9ri*s 7,koppe ,n4 ,t4 ,,vii4 ,"p #b1 #ahjc74 ,at an e>li] date x seems to be fav\r$ by ,grotius 7notes on ii4 #af1 #ba72 b 8 language is n v explicit4 ,& e>li] /ill ,calv9 9 8 argum5t to ! epi/le writes1 #8,putant aliqui duo fuisse hom9um g5]a1 qui abduc]e t5t>5t ,coloss5ses ab evangelii puritate1' b rejects ?is view z uncall$ =4 ,! same "q is rais$ ) reg>d to ! h]etical tea*]s ( ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 & %\ld probably be answ]$ 9 ! same way4 ,sid5ote3 ,gno/icism mu/ be def9$ & describ$4 ,hav+ describ$ ! speculative elem5t 9 ?is complex h]esy provisionally z ,gno/ic1 ,i purpose enquir+ 9 ! fir/ place1 h[ f> ,judaism prior to & indep5d5tly ( ,*ri/ianity _h alli$ itself ) ,gno/ic modes ( ?\ght2 & aft]w>ds1 :e!r ! description ( ! ,colossian h]esy is su* z to ju/ify u 9 ?us class+ x z a species ( ,gno/icism4 ,b1 z a prelim9>y to ^! enquiries1 "s def9ition ( ! ^w1 or at lea/ "s conception ( ! lead+ ideas :i* x involves1 w be necess>y4 ,) its complex v>ieties & elaborate developm5ts we h no conc]n "h3 =1 if ,gno/icism c be f\nd at all 9 ! records ( ! ,apo/olic age1 x w obvi\sly appe> 9 a simple & elem5t>y =m4 ,dive/$ ( its accessories & pres5t$ 9 its b>e/ outl9e1 x is n difficult ( del9eation#bbi4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,! *ief au?orities = ! hi/ory ( ,gno/icism are ,,ne&] ,*ur* ,hi/ory ,,ii4 p4 #a sq42 ,,baur ,die ,*ri/li*e ,gnosis 7,tb+51 #ahce72 ,,matt] ,hi/oire ,critique du ,gno/icisme 7#bnd ed41 ,/rasb\rg & ,p>is1 #ahdc72 ,r4 ,a4 ,,lipsius ,gno/icismus 9 ,ers* u4 ,grub] s4v4 7,leipzig1 #ahfj72 & = ,gno/ic art1 ,,k+ ,gno/ics & _! ,rema9s 7,london #ahfd74 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,intellectual exclusiv5ess ( ,gno/icism4 #a4 ,z ! "n atte/s#bcj1 ,gno/icism implies ! possession ( a sup]ior wisdom1 :i* is hidd5 f o!rs4 ,x makes a di/9ction betwe5 ! select few :o h ?is high] gift1 & ! vulg> _m :o are )\t x4 ,fai?1 bl9d fai?1 suffices ! latt]1 :ile k is ! exclusive possession ( ! =m]4 ,?us x recognises a sep>ation ( intellectual ca/e 9 religion1 introduc+ ! di/9ction ( an esot]ic & an exot]ic doctr9e1 & int]pos+ an initiation ( "s k9d or o!r betwe5 ! two classes4 ,9 %ort x is animat$ by ! exclusive ari/ocratic _s#bca1 :i* di/+ui%es ! anci5t religions1 & f :i* x 0 a ma9 function ( ,*ri/ianity to deliv] mank9d4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,see esp4 ,ir54 i4 #f4 #a sq41 ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/rom4 ii4 p4 #dcc sq4 7,pott]74 ,on ! words 1 1 by :i* !y designat$ ! possessors ( ?is high] gnosis1 see ! notes on ,col4 i4 #bh1 & ,phil4 iii4 #ae4 ,footnote #bca3 ,see ,ne&] l4c4 p4 #a sq41 f :om ! epi!t is borr[$4 ,sid5ote3 ,speculative t5ets ( ,gno/icism4 #b4 ,?is 0 its _s2 & ! intellectual que/ions1 on :i* its en]gies 7 conc5trat$ & to :i* x pr(ess$ to hold ! key1 7 ma9ly tw(old4 ,h[ c ! "w ( creation be expla9$8 &1 ,h[ are we to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( evil#bcb8 ,to reconcile ! creation ( ! _w & ,sid5ote3 ,creation ( ! _w1 & exi/5ce ( evil4 ! exi/5ce ( evil ) ! conception ( ,god z ! absolute ,be+1 0 ! problem :i* all ! ,gno/ic sy/ems set !mselves to solve4 ,x w be se5 t ! two que/ions _c be treat$ indep5d5tly b h a v close & intimate connexion ) ea* o!r4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,! fa!rs speak ( ?is z ! ma9 "q ab\t :i* ! ,gno/ics busy !mselves2 ,unde malum8 2 ,t]tull4 de ,prscr4 #g1 adv4 ,m>c4 ,i4 #b1 ,eus4 ,h4,e4 v4 #bg2 passages quot$ by ,baur ,*ri/li*e ,gnosis p4 #ai4 ,on ! lead+ conceptions ( ,gno/icism see especially ,ne&]1 l4c4 p4 #i sq4 ,sid5ote3 ,exi/5ce ( evil1 h[ to be expla9$8 ,! ,gno/ic argum5t ran z foll[s3 ,did ,god create ! _w out ( no?+1 evolve x f ,himself8 ,!n1 ,god be+ p]fectly good & creation hav+ result$ f ,8 sole act )\t any oppos+ or modify+ influ5ce1 evil w\ld h be5 impossible2 = o!rwise we are driv5 to ! conclusion t ,god creat$ evil4 ,sid5ote3 ,matt] ! abode ( evil4 ,?is solution be+ reject$ z impossible1 ! ,gno/ic 0 oblig$ to po/ulate "s antagoni/ic pr9ciple indep5d5t ( ,god1 by :i* ,8 creative en]gy 0 ?w>t$ & limit$4 ,?is oppos+ pr9ciple1 ! k+dom ( evil1 he conceiv$ to be ! _w ( matt]4 ,! precise idea ( its mode ( op]ation v>ies 9 diff]5t ,gno/ic sy/ems4 ,x is sometimes reg>d$ z a dead passive resi/ance1 sometimes z a turbul5t active p[]4 ,b1 ?\gh ! exact po9t ( view may %ift1 ! object contemplat$ is always ! same4 ,9 "s way or o!r evil is reg>d$ z resid+ 9 ! mat]ial1 s5sible _w4 ,?us ,gno/ic speculation on ! exi/5ce ( evil ends 9 a dualism4 ,sid5ote3 ,creation1 h[ to be expla9$8 ,?is po9t be+ conc$$1 ! ult]ior "q arises3 ,h[ !n is creation possible8 ,h[ c ! ,inf9ite communicate ) ! ,f9ite1 ! ,good ) ! ,evil8 ,h[ c ,god act ^u matt]8 ,god is p]fect1 absolute1 incompreh5sible4 ,?is1 ! ,gno/ic w5t on to argue1 c\ld only h be5 possible by "s self-limitation on ! "p ( ,god4 ,god mu/ express ,himself 9 "s way4 ,!re mu/ be "s evolution1 "s efflu5ce1 ( ,deity4 ,sid5ote3 ,doctr9e ( emanations4 ,?us ! ,div9e ,be+ g]m9ates1 z x 72 & ! fir/ g]m9ation aga9 evolves a second f itself 9 l mann]4 ,9 ?is way we obta9 a s]ies ( successive emanations1 :i* may be m or few]1 z ! requirem5ts ( any p>ticul> sy/em dem&4 ,9 ea* successive evolution ! ,div9e elem5t is feebl]4 ,!y s9k gradually l[] & l[] 9 ! scale1 z !y are f>!r remov$ f _! s\rce2 until at l5g? contact ) matt] is possible1 & creation ensues4 ,^! are ! emanations1 ons1 spirits1 or angels1 ( ,gno/icism1 conceiv$ z m or less concrete & p]sonal accord+ to ! diff]5t aspects 9 :i* !y are reg>d$ 9 diff]5t sy/ems4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,practical errors ( ,gno/icism4 #c4 ,su* is ! b>e outl9e 7& no?+ m is ne$$ = my imm$iate purpose7 ( ! speculative views ( ,gno/icism4 ,b x is obvi\s t ^! views mu/ h ex]t$ a p[]ful influ5ce on ! e?ical sy/ems ( _! advocates1 & ?us !y w\ld involve important practical consequ5ces4 ,if matt] is ! pr9ciple ( evil1 x is ( inf9ite mom5t = a man to "k h[ he c avoid its baneful influ5ce & ?us keep 8 high] nature unclogg$ & unsulli$4 ,sid5ote3 ,two opposite e?ical rules4 ,to ?is practical "q two directly opposite answ]s 7 giv5#bcc3 ,footnote #bcc3 ,on ?is po9t see ,clem4 ,/rom4 iii4 #e 7p4 #ebi7 1 1 ) ! :ole passage :i* foll[s4 ,z examples ( ! "o extreme may be in/anc$ ! ,c>pocratians & ,ca9ites3 ( ! o!r ! ,encratites4 ,sid5ote3 7i7 ,rigid asceticism4 7i7 ,on ! "o h&1 x 0 cont5d$ t ! desir$ end might be/ be atta9$ by a rigor\s ab/95ce4 ,?us communication ) matt]1 if x c\ld n be entirely avoid$1 might be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,its gross] defilem5ts at all ev5ts w\ld be escap$4 ,! mat]ial "p ( man w\ld be subdu$ & mortifi$1 if x c\ld n be annihilat$2 & ! _s1 ?us set free1 w\ld be sublimat$1 & rise to its prop] level4 ,?us ! e?ics ( ,gno/icism po9t$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance to a /rict asceticism4 ,sid5ote3 7ii7 ,unre/ra9$ lic5se4 7ii7 ,b obvi\sly ! results ?us atta9$ are v slight & inadequate4 ,matt] is ab\t u ev]y:]e4 ,we d b t\* ! skirts ( ! evil1 :5 we endeav\r to f5ce ourselves ab\t by prohibitive ord9ances1 z = in/ance1 :5 we enjo9 a sp>e diet or =bid m>riage4 ,"s m compreh5sive rule is want$1 :i* %all apply to e cont+5cy & e mom5t ( our lives4 ,argu+ 9 ?is way1 o!r ,gno/ic tea*]s arriv$ at an e?ical rule directly oppos$ to ! =m]4 #8,cultivate an entire indiff]5ce1' !y said1 #8to ! _w ( s5se4 ,d n give x a ?\ght "o way or ! o!r1 b foll[ y\r own impulses4 ,! ascetic pr9ciple assigns a c]ta9 importance to matt]4 ,! ascetic fails 9 consequ5ce to ass]t 8 own indep5d5ce4 ,! true rule ( life is to treat matt] z some?+ ali5 to y1 t[>ds :i* y h no duties or obligations & :i* y c use or leave unus$ z y l#bcd4' ,9 ?is way ! reaction f rigid asceticism l$ to ! opposite extreme ( unre/ra9$ lic5ti\sness1 bo? alike spr++ f ! same false conception ( matt] z ! pr9ciple ( evil4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,see = in/ance ! description ( ! ,c>pocratians 9 ,ir54 i4 #be4 #c sq41 ii4 #cb4 #a sq41 ,hippol4 ,hr4 vii4 #cb1 ,epiphan4 ,hr4 xxvii4 #b sq42 f :i* passages x appe>s t !y ju/ifi$ _! moral pr(ligacy on ! pr9ciple t ! highe/ p]fection consi/s 9 ! mo/ complete contempt ( mundane ?+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,orig9al indep5d5ce ( ,gno/icism & its subsequ5t connexion ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,gno/icism1 z def9$ by ^! *>act]i/ic features1 has obvi\sly no necess>y connexion ) ,*ri/ianity#bce4 ,*ri/ianity w\ld naturally ar\se x to unwont$ activity1 by lead+ m5 to dwell m e>ne/ly on ! nature & p[] ( evil1 & ?us /imulat+ m sy/ematic ?\ght on ! !ological que/ions :i* _h already arre/$ att5tion4 ,aft] no long "t ,gno/icism w\ld absorb into its sy/em m or few] ,*ri/ian elem5ts1 or ,*ri/ianity 9 "s ( its =ms w\ld receive a t+e f ,gno/icism4 ,b ! ?+ itself _h an indep5d5t root1 & seems to h be5 prior 9 "t4 ,! probabilities ( ! case1 & ! scanty traditions ( hi/ory1 alike po9t to ?is indep5d5ce ( ! two#bcf4 ,if s1 x is a matt] ( little mom5t at :at precise "t ! "n #8,gno/ic' 0 adopt$1 :e!r be=e or aft] contact ) ,*ri/ianity2 = we are conc]n$ only ) ! gr[? & direction ( ?\ght :i* ! "n repres5ts#bcg4 ,footnote #bce3 ,x w be se5 f ! description 9 ! text1 t ,gno/icism 7z ,i h def9$ x7 presupposes only a belief 9 "o ,god1 ! absolute ,be+1 z aga9/ ! vulg> poly!ism4 ,all its ess5tial features1 z a speculative sy/em1 may be expla9$ f ?is simple elem5t ( belief1 )\t any int]v5tion ( specially ,*ri/ian or ev5 ,jewi% doctr9e4 ,*ri/ianity add$ two new elem5ts to x2 7#a7 ! idea ( ,r$emption1 7#b7 ! p]son ( ,*ri/4 ,to expla9 ! =m]1 & to f9d a place = ! latt]1 h5ce=? become prom95t que/ions :i* press = solution2 & ,gno/icism 9 its sev]al developm5ts und]goes v>i\s modifications 9 ! endeav\r to solve !m4 ,r$emption mu/ be set 9 "s relation to ! fundam5tal ,gno/ic conception ( ! antagonism betwe5 ,god & matt]2 & ,*ri/ mu/ h "s place f\nd = ,him 9 ! fundam5tal ,gno/ic doctr9e ( emanations4 ,if x be urg$ t !re is no au?ority = ! "n #8,gno/ic' z appli$ to ^! pre-,*ri/ian !osophi/s1 ,i am n conc]n$ to prove ! contr>y1 z my ma9 position is n affect$ !reby4 ,! t]m #8,gno/ic' is "h us$1 only because no o!r is s conv5i5t1 or s appropriate4 ,see note #bci1 p4 #ha4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,?is "q w require clos] inve/igation :5 ,i come to discuss ! g5u95ess ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians4 ,mean:ile ,i cont5t myself ) ref]r+ to ,baur ,*ri/li*e ,gnosis p4 #bi sq4 & ,lipsius ,gno/icismus p4 #bcj sq4 ,bo? ^! writ]s conc$e1 & inde$ insi/ ^u1 ! non-,*ri/ian basis ( ,gno/icism1 at lea/ s f> z ,i h ma9ta9$ x 9 ! text4 ,?us = in/ance ,baur says 7p4 #eb71 #8,?\gh ,*ri/ian gnosis is ! completion ( gnosis1 yet ! ,*ri/ian elem5t 9 gnosis is n s ess5tial z t gnosis _c /ill be gnosis ev5 )\t ?is elem5t4 ,b j z we c ab/ract x f ! ,*ri/ian elem5t1 s c we also g /ill fur!r & reg>d ev5 ! ,jewi% z n /rictly an ess5tial elem5t ( gnosis4' ,9 ano!r "w 7,die drei er/5 ,jahrhund]te1 p4 #afg1 #a/ ed47 he expresses himself /ill m /rongly to ! same effect1 b ! expressions are modifi$ 9 ! second edition4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,we may p]haps ga!r f ! notices :i* are pres]v$ t1 ?\gh ! sub/antive 0 us$ ) m or less precision ev5 be=e contact ) ,*ri/ianity to designate ! sup]ior illum9ation ( ^! op9ions1 ! adjective 0 n di/9ctly appli$ to ^? :o ma9ta9$ !m till some:at lat]4 ,/ill x is possible t pre-,*ri/ian ,gno/ics already s designat$ !mselves4 ,hippolytus speaks ( ! ,naass5es or ,ophites z giv+ !mselves ?is "n2 ,hr4 v4 #f 1 2 comp4 #h1 #aa4 ,8 language seems to imply 7?\gh x is n explicit7 t !y 7 ! fir/ to adopt ! "n4 ,! ,ophites 7 pla9ly among ! e>lie/ ,gno/ic sects1 z ! hea!n elem5t is /ill pr$om9ant 9 _! tea*+1 & _! ,*ri/ianity seems to h be5 a lat] graft on _! pagan !osophy2 b at :at /age 9 _! developm5t !y adopt$ ! "n does n appe>4 ,ir5u 7,hr4 i4 #be4 #f7 speaks ( ! "n z affect$ especially by ! ,c>pocratians4 ,= ! use ( ! sub/antive see #a ,cor4 viii4 #a1 xiii4 #b1 #h1 #a ,tim4 vi4 #bj1 & ! note on ,col4 ii4 #c3 comp4 ,rev4 ii4 #bd 1 7z expla9$ by ! passage already quot$ f ,hippol4 ,hr4 v4 #f2 see ,galatians1 p4 #bih1 note #c74 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,its alliance ) ,judaism be=e ,*ri/ianity4 ,if !n ,gno/icism 0 n an (fspr+ ( ,*ri/ianity1 b a direction ( religi\s speculation :i* exi/$ indep5d5tly1 we are at lib]ty to ent]ta9 ! "q :e!r x did n =m an alliance ) ,judaism1 contemporane\sly ) or prior to its alliance ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,!re is at lea/ no ob/acle :i* b>s su* an inve/igation at ! outset4 ,if ?is %\ld prove to be ! case1 !n we h a comb9ation :i* prep>es ! way = ! o!rwise /range ph5om5a pres5t$ 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ?ree sects ( ! ,jews4 ,^?1 :o h s\ght analogies to ! ?ree ,jewi% sects among ! philosophical s*ools ( ,greece & ,rome1 h comp>$ ! ,sadducees to ! ,epicureans1 ! ,ph>isees to ! ,/oics1 & ! ,ess5es to ! ,py?agoreans4 ,l all hi/orical p>allels1 ?is comp>ison is op5 to misappreh5sion3 b1 c>efully gu>d$1 ! illu/ration is p]t95t & in/ructive4 ,sid5ote3 ,sadduceeism1 purely negative4 ,) ! ,sadducees we h no conc]n "h4 ,:atev] respect may be due to _! attitude 9 ! e>li] /ages ( _! hi/ory1 at ! ,*ri/ian era at lea/ !y h ceas$ to des]ve our sympa?y2 = _! position has become ma9ly negative4 ,!y take _! /& on d5ials--! d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( angels1 ! d5ial ( ! resurrection ( ! dead1 ! d5ial ( a progressive developm5t 9 ! ,jewi% ,*ur*4 ,9 ^! negative t5d5cies1 9 ! mat]iali/ic tea*+ ( ! sect1 & 9 ! moral consequ5ces to :i* x l$1 a v r\gh resemblance to ! ,epicureans w appe>#bch4 ,footnote #bch3 ,! "n ,epicureans seems to be appli$ to !m ev5 9 ! ,talmud2 see ,eis5m5g]'s ,entdecktes ,jud5?um i4 pp4 #ie1 #fid sq42 comp4 ,keim ,ges*i*te ,jesu von ,naz>a i4 p4 #bha4 ,sid5ote3 ,ph>iseeism & ,ess5ism comp>$4 ,! two positive sects 7 ! ,ph>isees & ! ,ess5es4 ,bo? alike 7 /rict obs]v]s ( ! ritual law2 b1 :ile ! ,ph>isee 0 ess5tially practical1 ! t5d5cy ( ! ,ess5e 0 to my/icism2 :ile ! ,ph>isee 0 a man ( ! _w1 ! ,ess5e 0 a memb] ( a bro!rhood4 ,9 ?is respect ! ,/oic & ! ,py?agorean 7 ! ne>e/ c\nt]p>ts :i* ! hi/ory ( ,greek philosophy & social life c\ld (f]4 ,^! analogies inde$ are sugge/$ by ,josephus himself#bci4 ,footnote #bci3 ,= ! ,ph>isees see ,vit4 #b ' 3 = ! ,ess5es1 ,ant4 xv4 #aj4 #d ' 4 ,sid5ote3 ,elusive features ( ,ess5ism4 ,:ile ! portrait ( ! ,ph>isee is di/9ctly trac$ & easily recognis$1 ?is is n ! case ) ! ,ess5e4 ,! ,ess5e is ! great enigma ( ,hebrew hi/ory4 ,admir$ alike by ,jew1 by ,hea!n1 & by ,*ri/ian1 he yet rema9s a dim vague outl9e1 on :i* ! highe/ subtlety ( successive critics has be5 employ$ to supply a sub/antial =m & an adequate col\r+4 ,an ascetic my/ical dreamy recluse1 he seems too f> remov$ f ! h>d exp]i5ce ( life to be capable ( realisation4 ,sid5ote3 ,a suffici5tly di/9ct portrait ( ! sect atta9able4 ,& yet by c>eful use ( ! exi/+ mat]ials ! portrait ( ?is sect may be s f> re/or$1 z to e/abli% ) a reasonable am\nt ( probability ! po9t ) :i* alone we are "h conc]n$4 ,x w appe> f ! del9eations ( anci5t writ]s1 m especially ( ,philo & ,josephus1 t ! *>act]i/ic feature ( ,ess5ism 0 a p>ticul> direction ( my/ic speculation1 involv+ a rigid asceticism z its practical consequ5ce4 ,foll[+ ! def9ition ( ,gno/icism :i* has be5 already giv51 we may n unfitly call ?is t5d5cy ,gno/ic4 ,sid5ote3 ,ma9 features ( ,ess5ism4 ,hav+ anticipat$ ! results 9 ?is /atem5t1 ,i %all n[ endeav\r to develope ! ma9 features ( ,ess5ism2 &1 :ile do+ s1 ,i w ask my read]s to be> 9 m9d ! portrait ( ! ,colossian h]esy 9 ,/ ,paul1 & to m>k ! resemblances1 z ! enquiry proce$s#bdj4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,! really important contempor>y s\rces ( in=mation respect+ ! ,ess5es are ,,josephus1 ,bell4 ,jud4 ii4 #h4 #b-ac1 ,ant4 xiii4 #e4 #i1 xviii4 #a4 #e1 ,vit4 #b 7) notices ( individual ,ess5es ,bell4 ,jud4 i4 #c4 #e1 ii4 #g4 #c1 ii4 #bj4 #d1 iii4 #b4 #a1 ,ant4 xiii4 #aa4 #b1 xv4 #aj4 #d1 #e72 & ,,philo1 ,quod omnis probus lib] #ab sq4 7,,ii4 p4 #deg sq471 ,apol4 pro ,jud4 7,,ii4 p4 #fcb sq41 a fragm5t quot$ by ,eusebius ,prp4 ,evang4 viii4 #aa 74 ,! acc\nt ( ! ,!rapeutes by ! latt] writ]1 de ,vita ,contemplativa 7,,ii4 p4 #dga sq471 mu/ also be consult$1 z describ+ a closely alli$ sect4 ,to ^! %\ld be add$ ! %ort notice ( ,,pl9y1 ,n4,h4 v4 #ae4 #ag1 z express+ ! views ( a ,roman writ]4 ,8 acc\nt1 we may conjecture1 0 tak5 f ,alex&] ,polyhi/or1 a contempor>y ( ,sulla1 :om he m5tions 9 8 prefatory el5*us z "o ( 8 au?orities = ?is #e? book1 & :o wrote a "w ,on ! ,jews 7,clem4 ,alex4 ,/rom4 i4 #ba1 p4 #cif1 ,euseb4 ,prp4 ,ev4 ix4 #ag74 ,significant m5tion ( ! ,ess5es is f\nd also 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,,hegesippus 7,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iv4 #bb7 & 9 ! hea!n ,,dion ,,*ryso/om 7,synesius ,dion #c1 p4 #ci74 ,,epiphanius 7,hr4 pp4 #bh sq41 #dj sq47 discusses two sep>ate sects1 :i* he calls ,ess5es & ,ossans respectively4 ,^! are d\btless diff]5t names ( ! same p]sons4 ,8 acc\nt is1 z usual1 confus$ & inaccurate1 b has a c]ta9 value4 ,all o!r au?orities are second>y4 ,,hippolytus1 ,hr4 ix4 #ah-bh1 foll[s ,josephus 7,bell4 ,jud4 ii4 #h4 #b sq47 almo/ exclusively4 ,,porphyry also 7de ,ab/95tia1 iv4 ,,ii sq47 copies ?is same passage ( ,josephus1 ) a few unimportant exceptions probably tak5 f a lo/ "w by ! same au?or1 1 :i* he m5tions by "n4 ,,eusebius 7,prp4 ,evang4 viii4 ,,ii sq41 ix4 #c7 cont5ts himself ) quot+ ,philo & ,porphyry4 ,,sol9us 7,polyh4 xxxv4 #i sq47 m]ely ab/racts ,pl9y4 ,,talmudical & ,,rabb9ical passages1 suppos$ to conta9 ref]5ces to ! ,ess5es1 are collect$ by ,frankel 9 ! articles m5tion$ 9 a lat] p>agraph2 b ! allusions are mo/ unc]ta9 7see ! app5dix to ?is *apt]74 ,! au?orities = ! hi/ory ( ! ,ess5es are ! subject ( an article by ,w4 ,clem5s 9 ! ,zeits*r4 f4 ,wiss4 ,!ol4 #ahfi1 p4 #cbh sq4 ,! attack on ! g5u95ess ( ,philo's treatise ,de ,vita ,contemplativa made by ,grtz 7,,iii4 p4 #dfc sq47 has be5 met by ,zell] 7,philosophie1 ,,iii4 ii4 p4 #bee sq471 ^: refutation is complete4 ,! attack ( ! same writ] 7,,iii4 p4 #dfd7 on ! g5u95ess ( ! treatise ,quod omnis probus lib] ,zell] consid]s too frivol\s to ne$ refut+ 7ib4 p4 #bce74 ,a refutation w be f\nd 9 ! above-m5tion$ article ( ,w4 ,clem5s 7p4 #cdj sq474 ,( mod]n writ+s relat+ to ! ,ess5es ! foll[+ may be especially m5tion$2 ,,bell]mann ,ueb] ,esser u4 ,!rapeut51 ,b]l9 #ahba2 ,,gfr,,r] ,philo ,,ii4 p4 #bii sq42 ,d,,hne ,ers* u4 ,grub]'s ,encyklopdie s4v42 ,,frankel ,zeits*rift fr die religis5 ,int]ess5 des ,jud5?ums #ahdf p4 #dda sq41 ,monats*rift fr ,ges*i*te u4 ,wiss5s*aft des ,jud5?ums #ahec p4 #cj sq41 #fa sq42 ,b,,ttg],ueb] d5 ,ord5 d] ,esser1 ,dresd5 #ahdi2 ,,ewald ,ges*i*te des ,volkes ,israel ,,iv4 p4 #dbj sq41 ,,vii4 p4 #aec sq42 ,,rits*l ,ent/ehung d] ,altka?olis*5 ,kir*e p4 #agi sq4 7ed4 #b1 #aheg71 & ,!ologis*e ,jahrb*] #ahee1 p4 #cae sq42 ,,jo/ ,ges*i*te des ,jud5?ums ,i4 p4 #bjg sq42 ,,graetz ,ges*i*te d] ,jud5 ,,iii4 p4 #gi sq41 #dfc sq4 7ed4 #b1 #ahfc72 ,,hilg5feld ,jdis*e ,apocalyptik p4 #bde sq41 & ,zeits*r4 f4 ,wiss4 ,!ol4 ,x4 p4 #ig sq41 ,,xi4 p4 #cdc sq41 ,,xiv4 p4 #cj sq42 ,,we/cott ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ! ,bible s4v42 ,,g9sburg ,! ,ess5es1 ,london #ahfd1 & 9 ,kitto's ,cyclopdia s4v42 ,,d]5b\rg ,l',hi/oire et la ,gographie de la ,pale/9e p4 #aff sq41 #dfj sq42 ,,keim ,ges*i*te ,jesu von ,naz>a ,i4 p4 #bhb sq42 ,,hausra? ,neute/am5tli*e ,zeitges*i*te ,i4 p4 #acc sq42 ,,lipsius ,s*5kel's ,bibel ,lexikon s4v42 ,,h]zfeld ,ges*i*te des ,volkes ,israel ,,ii4 #cfh sq41 #chh sq41 #eji sq4 7ed4 #b1 #ahfc72 ,,zell] ,philosophie d] ,grie*5 ,,iii4 #b4 p4 #bcd sq4 7ed4 #b1 #ahfh72 ,,lang5 ,jud5?um 9 ,pal/9a p4 #aij sq42 ,l,,wy ,kritis*-talmudis*es ,lexicon s4v4 7,wi5 #ahfc72 ,,weiss ,zur ,ges*i*te d] jdis*5 ,tradition p4 #abj sq4 7,wi574 ,! ,judaic elem5t is especially prom95t 9 ! life & tea*+ ( ! sect4 ,! ,ess5e 0 exceptionally rigor\s 9 8 obs]vance ( ! ,mosaic ritual4 ,9 8 /rict ab/95ce ,sid5ote3 ,obs]vance ( ! ,mosaic law4 f "w on ! sabba? he f> surpass$ all ! o!r ,jews4 ,he w\ld n light a fire1 w\ld n move a vessel1 w\ld n p]=m ev5 ! mo/ ord9>y functions ( life#bda4 ,! :ole day 0 giv5 up to religi\s ex]cises & to exposition ( ! ,scriptures#bdb4 ,8 respect = ! law ext5d$ also to ! law-giv]4 ,aft] ,god1 ! "n ( ,moses 0 held 9 ! highe/ rev]5ce4 ,he :o blasphem$ 8 "n 0 puni%$ ) dea?#bdc4 ,9 all ^! po9ts ! ,ess5e 0 an exagg]ation1 almo/ a c>icature1 ( ! ,ph>isee4 ,footnote #bda3 ,b4,j4 ii4 #h4 #i 444 1 1 ' 444 ,hippolytus 7,hr4 ix4 #be7 adds t "s ( !m d n s mu* z leave _! b$s on ?is day4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,philo ,quod omn4 prob4 lib4 #ab4 ,( ! ,!rapeutes see ,philo ,vit4 ,cont4 #c1 #d4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,b4,j4 l4c4 #i ' 1 7i4e4 71 3 comp4 #aj4 ,sid5ote3 ,ext]nal elem5ts sup]add$4 ,s f> ! ,ess5e has n dep>t$ f ! pr9ciples ( normal ,judaism2 b "h ! div]g5ce beg9s4 ,9 ?ree ma9 po9ts we trace ! work+ ( influ5ces1 :i* mu/ h be5 d]iv$ f ext]nal s\rces4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,rigid asceticism1 9 respect to #a4 ,to ! legalism ( ! ,ph>isee1 ! ,ess5e add$ an asceticism1 :i* 0 peculi>ly 8 own1 & :i* 9 _m respects contradict$ ! t5ets ( ! o!r sect4 ,! hon\rable1 & ev5 exagg]at$1 e/imate ( m>riage1 :i* 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,jew1 & ( ! ,ph>isee z ! typical ,jew1 f\nd no fav\r ) ! ,ess5e#bdd4 ,sid5ote3 m>riage1,m>riage 0 to him an abom9ation4 ,^? ,ess5es :o liv$ toge!r z memb]s ( an ord]1 & 9 :om ! pr9ciples ( ! sect 7 c>ri$ to _! logical consequ5ces1 es*ew$ x altoge!r4 ,to secure ! cont9uance ( _! bro!rhood !y adopt$ *ildr51 :om !y br\ght up 9 ! doctr9es & practices ( ! community4 ,!re 7 o!rs h[ev] :o took a diff]5t view4 ,!y accept$ m>riage1 z necess>y = ! pres]vation ( ! race4 ,yet ev5 ) !m x seems to h be5 reg>d$ only z an inevitable evil4 ,!y f5c$ x (f by /r+5t rules1 dem&+ a ?ree ye>s' probation & enjo9+ v>i\s purificatory rites#bde4 ,! conception ( m>riage1 z quick5+ & educat+ ! affections & ?us exalt+ & ref9+ human life1 0 :olly =eign to _! m9ds4 ,woman 0 a m]e in/rum5t ( temptation 9 _! eyes1 deceitful1 fai?less1 selfi%1 jeal\s1 misl$ & mislead+ by h] passions4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,b4,j4 l4c4 #b ' 444 1 ,ant4 xviii4 #a4 #e2 ,philo ,fragm4 p4 #fcc 1 1 ) m to ! same purpose4 ,?is peculi>ity a/oni%$ ! hea!n ,pl9y1 ,n4,h4 v4 #ae1 #8g5s sola et 9 toto orbe prt] cet]os mira1 s9e ulla fem9a1 v5]e abdicata4444 ,9 diem ex quo conv5>um turba r5ascitur l>ge frequ5tantibus4444 ,ita p] sculorum millia 7incr$ibile dictu7 g5s t]na e/1 9 qua nemo nascitur4 ,tam fcunda illis aliorum vit pnit5tia e/4' ,footnote #bde3 ,b4,j4 l4c4 #ac4 ,josephus speaks ( ^! z 1 1 4 ,we may suppose t !y correspond$ to ! ?ird ord] ( a ,b5$ict9e or ,franciscan bro!rhood2 s t1 liv+ 9 ! _w1 !y w\ld obs]ve ! rule up to a c]ta9 po9t1 b w\ld n be b\nd by v[s ( celibacy or subject to ! m rigor\s discipl9e ( ! sect4 ,sid5ote3 meats & dr9ks1 ,b _! ascetic t5d5cies did n /op "h4 ,! ,ph>isee 0 v c>eful to obs]ve ! di/9ction ( meats lawful & unlawful1 z laid d[n by ! ,mosaic code1 & ev5 r5d]$ ^! ord9ances vexati\s by m9ute def9itions ( 8 own4 ,b ! ,ess5e w5t f> beyond him4 ,he drank no w9e1 he did n t\* animal food4 ,8 meal consi/$ ( a piece ( bread & a s+le mess ( vegetables4 ,ev5 ?is simple f>e 0 prep>$ = him by special (fic]s consecrat$ = ! purpose1 t x might be free f all contam9ation#bdf4 ,nay1 s /r+5t 7 ! rules ( ! ord] on ?is po9t1 t :5 an ,ess5e 0 excommunicat$1 he (t5 di$ ( />vation1 be+ b\nd by 8 oa? n to take food prep>$ by defil$ h&s1 & ?us be+ r$uc$ to eat ! v grass ( ! field#bdg4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,b4,j4 l4c4 #e2 see ,philo's acc\nt ( ! ,!rapeutes1 ,vit4 ,cont4 #d 1 1 2 & aga9 m to ! same effect 9 #i3 & comp>e ! ,ess5e /ory ( ,/ ,james 9 ,hegesippus 7,euseb4 ,h4,e4 ii4 #bc7 1 4 ,_! ab/5tion f animal food acc\nts = ,porphyry's giv+ !m s prom95t a place 9 8 treatise3 see ,zell]1 p4 #bdc4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,b4,j4 l4c4 #h4 ,sid5ote3 & oil = ano9t+4 ,aga91 9 hot climates oil = ano9t+ ! body is almo/ a necess>y ( life4 ,f ?is too ! ,ess5es /rictly ab/a9$4 ,ev5 if !y 7 accid5tally sme>$1 !y 7 c>eful at once to wa% !mselves1 hold+ ! m]e t\* to be a contam9ation#bdh4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,b4,j4 l4c4 #c 4442 ,hegesippus l4c4 4 ,sid5ote3 ,und]ly+ pr9ciple ( ?is asceticism4 ,f ^! facts x seems cle> t ,ess5e ab/95ce 0 some?+ m ?an ! m]e exagg]ation ( ,ph>isaic pr9ciples4 ,! rig\r ( ! ,ph>isee 0 bas$ on 8 obligation ( ob$i5ce to an absolute ext]nal law4 ,! ,ess5e introduc$ a new pr9ciple4 ,he condemn$ 9 any =m ! gratification ( ! natural crav+s1 nor w\ld he cons5t to reg>d x z moral or immoral only accord+ to ! motive :i* sugge/$ x or ! consequ5ces :i* fl[$ f x4 ,x 0 9 itself an absolute evil4 ,he s\ght to dis5gage himself1 z f> z possible1 f ! conditions ( physical life4 ,9 %ort1 9 ! asceticism ( ! ,ess5e we seem to see ! g]m ( t ,gno/ic dualism :i* reg>ds matt] z ! pr9ciple1 or at lea/ ! abode1 ( evil4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,speculative t5ets4 #b4 ,&1 :5 we come to inve/igate ! speculative t5ets ( ! sect1 we %all f9d t ! ,ess5es h div]g$ appreciably f ! common type ( ,jewi% or?odoxy4 ,sid5ote3 7i7 ,t5d5cy to sun-wor%ip4 7i7 ,att5tion 0 direct$ above to _! respect = ,moses & ! ,mosaic law1 :i* !y %>$ 9 common ) ! ,ph>isee4 ,b !re 0 ano!r side to _! !ological tea*+4 ,?\gh our in=mation is some:at defective1 /ill 9 ! scanty notices :i* are pres]v$ we f9d suffici5t indications t !y _h absorb$ "s =eign elem5ts ( religi\s ?\ght into _! sy/em4 ,?us at day-break !y address$ c]ta9 pray]s1 :i* _h be5 h&$ d[n f _! =efa!rs1 to ! ,sun1 #8z if entreat+ him to rise#bdi4' ,!y 7 c>eful also to conceal & bury all pollut+ sub/ances1 s z n #8to insult ! rays ( ! god#bej4' ,we _c inde$ suppose t !y reg>d$ ! sun z m ?an a symbol ( ! unse5 p[] :o gives light & life2 b _! outw>d demon/rations ( rev]5ce 7 suffici5tly prom95t to atta* to !m1 or to a sect d]iv$ f !m1 ! epi!t ( #8,sun-wor%ipp]s#bea1' & "s connexion ) ! *>act]i/ic feature ( ,p>see devotion at once sugge/s itself4 ,! practice at all ev5ts /&s 9 /rong contra/ to ! d5unciations ( wor%ip paid to ! #8ho/s ( heav5' 9 ! ,hebrew prophets4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,b4,j4 l4c4 #e 1 1 4 ,comp>e :at ,philo says ( ! ,!rapeutes1 ,vit4 ,cont4 #c 1 1 & ib4 #aa4 ,on ! attempt ( ,frankel 7,zeits*r4 p4 #deh7 to resolve ?is wor%ip1 :i* ,josephus /ates to be (f]$ to ! sun 7 71 into ! ord9>y pray]s ( ! ,ph>isaic ,jew at day-break1 see ! app5dix to ?is *apt]4 ,footnote #bej3 ,b4,j4 l4c4 #i 4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 ,i ?9k1 t by is meant ! #8sun-god'2 comp4 ,eur4 ,h]acl4 #gdi 1 ,alc4 #gbb 1 ,appian ,prf4 #i 1 ,lib4 #aac 1 ,civ4 iv4 #gi 3 comp4 ,h]od4 ii4 #bd4 ,dr ,g9sburg has oblit]at$ ?is v important t\* by translat+ #8! ,div9e rays' 7,ess5es p4 #dg74 ,x is a significant fact t ,hippolytus 7,hr4 ix4 #be7 omits ! words 1 evid5tly reg>d+ !m z a /umbl+-block4 ,h[ ,josephus express$ himself 9 ! orig9al ,hebrew ( ! ,bellum ,judaicum1 x is va9 to speculate3 b ! ,greek translation 0 au?oris$1 if n made1 by him4 ,footnote #bea3 ,epiphan4 ,hr4 xix4 #b1 xx4 #c 1 liii4 #a1 #b 1 f ! ,hebrew #8! sun4' ,! hi/orical connexion ( ! ,sampsans ) ! ,ess5es is evid5t f ^! passages3 ?\gh x is difficult to say :at _! precise relations to ea* o!r 74 ,see ! app5dix4 ,sid5ote3 7ii7 ,resurrection ( ! body d5i$4 7ii7 ,nor aga9 is x an insignificant fact t1 :ile ! ,ph>isee ma9ta9$ ! resurrection ( ! body z a c>d9al article ( 8 fai?1 ! ,ess5e re/rict$ himself to a belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,! s\l1 he ma9ta9$1 0 conf9$ 9 ! fle%1 z 9 a prison-h\se4 ,only :5 dis5gag$ f ^! fett]s w\ld x be truly free4 ,!n x w\ld so> al(t1 rejoic+ 9 its newly atta9$ lib]ty#beb4 ,?is doctr9e accords ) ! fundam5tal conception ( ! malignity ( matt]4 ,to ^? :o held ?is conception a resurrection ( ! body w\ld be repulsive1 z involv+ a p]petuation ( evil4 ,footnote #beb3 ,b4,j4 l4c4 #aa ' 1 1 444 1 1 444 ,to ?is doctr9e ! tea*+ ( ! ,ph>isees /&s 9 direct contra/2 ib4 #ac3 comp4 also ,ant4 xviii4 #a4 #c1 #e4 ,no?+ c be m explicit ?an ! language ( ,josephus4 ,on ! o!r h& ,hippolytus 7,hr4 ix4 #bg7 says ( !m 4442 b 8 au?ority is wor?less on ?is po9t1 z he c h _h no p]sonal k ( ! facts3 see ,zell] p4 #bea1 note #b4 ,hilg5feld takes a diff]5t view2 ,zeits*r4 ,,xiv4 p4 #di4 ,sid5ote3 7iii7 ,prohibition ( sacrifices4 7iii7 ,b !y also sep>at$ !mselves f ! religi\s belief ( ! or?odox ,jew 9 ano!r respect1 :i* w\ld provoke m notice4 ,:ile !y s5t gifts to ! temple at ,j]usalem1 !y refus$ to (f] sacrifices !re#bec4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! slaught] ( animals 0 altoge!r =bidd5 by _! cre$#bed4 ,x is c]ta9 t !y 7 afraid ( contract+ "s c]emonial impurity by (f]+ victims 9 ! temple4 ,mean:ile !y _h sacrifices1 bloodless sacrifices1 ( _! own4 ,!y reg>d$ _! simple meals ) _! accompany+ pray]s & ?anksgiv+1 n only z devotional b ev5 z sacrificial rites4 ,^? :o prep>$ & presid$ ov] ^! meals 7 _! consecrat$ prie/s#bee4 ,footnote #bec3 ,ant4 xviii4 #a4 #e 1 1 ' ' 4 ,s ,philo ,quod omn4 prob4 lib4 #ab describes !m z ' 4 ,footnote #bed3 ,! foll[+ consid]ations %[ t _! ab/5tion %\ld probably be expla9$ 9 ?is way3 7#a7 ,?\gh ! language ( ,josephus may be ambigu\s1 t ( ,philo is unequivocal on ?is po9t2 7#b7 ,_! ab/5tion f ! temple-sacrifices _c be consid]$ ap>t f ! fact t !y ate no animal food3 see above p4 #hf1 note #bdf4 7#c7 ,! ,*ri/ianiz$ ,ess5es1 or ,ebionites1 ?\gh /rong ,judaiz]s 9 _m respects1 yet di/9ctly prote/$ aga9/ ! sacrifice ( animals2 see ,clem4 ,hom4 iii4 #de1 #eb1 & comp4 ,rits*l p4 #bbd4 ,on ?is subject see also ,zell] p4 #bdb sq41 & ! app5dix to ?is *apt]4 ,footnote #bee3 ,ant4 xviii4 #a4 #e 1 ,b4,j4 ii4 #h4 #e 4442 see ,rits*l p4 #aha4 ,sid5ote3 7iv7 ,esot]ic doctr9e ( angels4 7iv7 ,9 :at o!r respects !y may h dep>t$ f1 or add$ to1 ! normal cre$ ( ,judaism1 we d n "k4 ,b x is expressly /at$ t1 :5 a novice aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! probation>y /ages 0 admitt$ to ! full privileges ( ! ord]1 ! oa? ( admission b\nd him #8to conceal no?+ f ! memb]s ( ! sect1 & to report no?+ conc]n+ !m to o!rs1 ev5 ?\gh ?reat5$ ) dea?2 n to communicate any ( _! doctr9es to anyone o!rwise ?an z he himself _h receiv$ !m2 b to ab/a9 f robb]y1 & 9 l mann] to gu>d c>efully ! books ( _! sect1 & ! names ( ! angels#bef4' ,x may be reasonably suppos$ t m lurks "u ?is la/ expression ?an meets ! e>4 ,?is esot]ic doctr9e1 relat+ to angelic be+s1 may h be5 ano!r l9k :i* atta*$ ,ess5ism to ! religion ( ,zoroa/]#beg4 ,at all ev5ts we seem to be ju/ifi$ 9 connect+ x ) ! self-impos$ s]vice & wor%ipp+ ( angels at ,coloss3 & we may well suspect t we h "h a g]m :i* 0 develop$ into ! ,gno/ic doctr9e ( ons or emanations4 ,footnote #bef3 ,b4,j4 l4c4 #g 444 1 4 4 ,) ?is notice %\ld be comp>$ ! ,ebionite 1 or prote/ ( initiation1 prefix$ to ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies1 :i* %[s h[ closely ! ,*ri/ian ,ess5es foll[$ ! practice ( _! ,jewi% pr$ecessors 9 ?is respect4 ,see ,zell] p4 #bed4 ,footnote #beg3 ,see bel[1 9 ! app5dix4 ,sid5ote3 7v7 ,speculations on ,god & ,creation4 7v7 ,if s1 x is n unconnect$ ) ano!r notice relat+ to ,ess5e peculi>ities4 ,! ,gno/ic doctr9e ( int]m$iate be+s betwe5 ,god & ! _w1 z we h se51 0 intimately connect$ ) speculations respect+ creation4 ,n[ we are specially in=m$ t ! ,ess5es1 :ile leav+ physical /udies 9 g5]al to speculative idl]s 771 z be+ beyond ! rea* ( human nature1 yet except$ f _! g5]al condemnation t philosophy :i* treats ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god & ! g5]ation ( ! univ]se#beh4 ,footnote #beh3 ,philo ,omn4 prob4 lib4 #ab 7p4 #deh7 1 4 ,sid5ote3 7vi7 ,magical *>ms4 7vi7 ,m5tion has be5 made incid5tally ( c]ta9 secret books peculi> to ! sect4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* an apocryphal lit]ature 0 a sure tok5 ( "s abnormal developm5t 9 doctr9e#bei4 ,9 ! passage quot$ x is m5tion$ 9 relation to "s =m ( angelology4 ,else:]e _! skill 9 pr$iction1 = :i* !y 7 especially fam\s1 is connect$ ) ! p]usal ( c]ta9 #8sacr$ books1' :i* h[ev] are n describ$#bfj4 ,b m especially1 we are told t ! ,ess5es /udi$ ) extraord9>y dilig5ce ! writ+s ( ! anci5ts1 select+ ^? especially :i* c\ld be turn$ to pr(it = s\l & body1 & t f ^! !y le>nt ! qualities ( roots & ! prop]ties ( /ones#bfa4 ,?is expression1 z illu/rat$ by o!r notices1 po9ts cle>ly to ! /udy ( occult sci5ces1 & recalls ! alliance ) ! practice ( magical arts1 :i* 0 a di/+ui%+ feature ( ,gno/icism1 & is condemn$ by ,*ri/ian tea*]s ev5 9 ! h]esies ( ! ,apo/olic age4 ,footnote #bei3 ,! ^w ,apocrypha 0 us$ orig9ally to designate ! secret books :i* conta9$ ! esot]ic doctr9e ( a sect4 ,! second>y s5se #8spuri\s' 0 d]iv$ f ! g5]al "* ( ^! writ+s1 :i* 7 h]etical1 g5]ally ,gno/ic1 =g]ies4 ,see ,pr(4 ,plumptre's article ,apocrypha 9 ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 & ! note on bel[1 ii4 #c4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,b4,j4 ii4 #h4 #ab 1 1 1 4 ,dr ,g9sburg 7p4 #di7 translates #8! sacr$ ,scripture1' & #8! say+s ( ! prophets'2 b z ! def9ite articles are want+1 ! expressions _c be s r5d]$1 nor does !re seem to be any ref]5ce to ! ,canonical writ+s4 ,we le>n f an anecdote 9 ,ant4 xiii4 ,,ii4 #b1 t ! tea*]s ( ?is sect communicat$ ! art ( pr$iction to _! disciples by in/ruction4 ,we may !re=e conjecture t ) ! ,ess5es ?is acquisition 0 connect$ ) magic or a/rology4 ,at all ev5ts x is n treat$ z a direct inspiration4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,b4,j4 ii4 #h4 #f 1 4 ,?is passage might seem at fir/ sight to ref] simply to ! m$ic9al qualities ( vegetable & m9]al sub/ances2 b a comp>ison ) ano!r notice 9 ,josephus inve/s x ) a diff]5t mean+4 ,9 ,ant4 viii4 #b4 #e he /ates t ,solomon1 hav+ receiv$ by div9e inspiration ! art ( defeat+ demons = ! advantage & heal+ ( man 7 71 compos$ & left beh9d him *>ms 77 by :i* diseases 7 allay$1 & div]se k9ds ( exorcisms 7 7 by :i* demons 7 ca/ out4 #8,?is mode ( heal+1' he adds1 #8is v p[]ful ev5 to ! pres5t day'2 & he !n relates h[1 z he 0 cr$ibly in=m$ 771 "o ( 8 c\ntrym51 ,eleaz> by "n1 _h heal$ sev]al p]sons possess$ by demons 9 ! pres5ce ( ,vespasian & 8 sons & a numb] ( (fic]s & common soldi]s4 ,?is he did by apply+ to ! nose ( ! possess$ 8 r+1 :i* _h conceal$ 9 x "o ( ! roots :i* ,solomon _h direct$ to be us$1 & ?us draw+ out ! demon ?r\gh ! no/rils ( ! p]son smell+ x4 ,at ! same "t he adjur$ ! evil _s n to return1 #8mak+ m5tion ( ,solomon & repeat+ ! *>ms compos$ by him4' ,on "o occasion ?is ,eleaz> gave ocul> pro( t ! demon 0 exorciz$2 & ?us1 adds ,josephus1 4 ,on ^! books relat+ to ! occult arts & ascrib$ to ,solomon see ,fabricius ,cod4 ,pseud4 ,vet4 ,te/4 ,i4 p4 #ajcf sq41 :]e _m curi\s notices are ga!r$ toge!r4 ,comp4 especially ,orig51 ,9 ,mat?4 ,comm4 xxxv4 #aaj 7,,iii4 p4 #iaj71 ,pseudo-,j4 ,qu/4 #ee4 ,?is int]pretation expla9s all ! expressions 9 ! passage4 ,! naturally po9ts to ! use ( *>ms or amulets1 z may be se5 e4g4 f ! treatise1 ,damig]on de ,lapidibus1 pr9t$ 9 ! ,spicil4 ,solemn4 ,,iii4 p4 #cbd sq43 comp4 ,k+ ,antique ,gems ,sect4 ,,iv1 ,gno/ics & _! ,rema9s4 ,! ref]5ce to #8! books ( ! anci5ts' ?us f9ds an adequate explanation4 ,on ! o!r h& ! only expression :i* seem$ to militate aga9/ ?is view1 1 is ju/ifi$ by ! /ory 9 ! ,antiquities4 ,x %\ld be add$ also t ,hippolytus 7,hr4 ix4 #bb7 p>aphrases ! language ( ,josephus s z to give x ?is s5se2 1 1 4 ,! s5se :i* 7#8curiosus'7 be>s 9 ,acts xix4 #ai & else:]e1 ref]r+ to magical arts1 illu/rates its use "h4 ,?us ^! ,ess5es 7 deal]s 9 *>ms1 r ?an physicians4 ,& yet x is q possible t along ) ?is practice ( ! occult sci5ces !y /udi$ ! heal+ art 9 its nobl] =ms4 ,! works ( ,alex&] ( ,tralles1 an em95t anci5t physician1 con/antly recomm5d ! use ( su* *>ms1 ( :i* "s obvi\sly come f a ,jewi% s\rce & n improbably may h be5 tak5 f ^! ,solomonian books to :i* ,josephus ref]s4 ,a numb] ( passages f ?is & o!r writ]s1 specify+ *>ms ( v>i\s k9ds1 are giv5 9 ,beck] & ,m>qu>dt ,rom4 ,alt]?4 ,,iv4 p4 #aaf sq4 ,see also ,sp5c]'s note on ,orig4 c4 ,cels4 p4 #ag sq4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,exclusive _s ( ,ess5ism4 #c4 ,b ! notice to :i* ,i h j allud$ sugge/s a broad] aff9ity ) ,gno/icism4 ,n only did ! !ological speculations ( ! ,ess5es take a ,gno/ic turn1 b !y gu>d$ _! peculi> t5ets ) ,gno/ic res]ve4 ,!y too _h _! esot]ic doctr9e :i* !y look$ ^u z ! exclusive possession ( ! privileg$ few2 _! #8my/]ies' :i* x 0 a griev\s (f5ce to communicate to ! un9itiat$4 ,?is doctr9e 0 conta9$1 z we h se51 9 an apocryphal lit]ature4 ,_! :ole organisation 0 arrang$ s z to prev5t ! divulg5ce ( its secrets to ^? )\t4 ,! long p]iod ( noviciate1 ! c>eful rites ( initiation1 ! di/9ction ( ! sev]al ord]s#bfb 9 ! community1 ! solemn oa?s by :i* !y b\nd _! memb]s1 7 s _m safegu>ds aga9/ a betrayal ( ?is preci\s deposit1 :i* !y held to be re/rict$ to ! inmo/ circle ( ! bro!rhood4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,see especially ,b4,j4 ii4 #h4 #g1 #aj4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ?ree notes ( ,gno/icism f\nd 9 ! ,ess5es4 ,9 select+ ^! details ,i h n attempt$ to give a f9i%$ portrait ( ,ess5ism4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! del9eation w\ld be imp]fect & mislead+3 = ,i h left out ( sight ! nobl] features ( ! sect1 _! c\rage\s endurance1 _! simple piety1 _! bro!rly love4 ,my object 0 solely to call att5tion to ^? features :i* di/+ui% x f ! normal type ( ,judaism1 & seem to ju/ify ! attribution ( ,gno/ic influ5ces4 ,& "h x has be5 se5 t ! ?ree *>act]i/ics1 :i* 7 s+l$ out above z di/9ctive ( ,gno/icism1 reappe> 9 ! ,ess5es2 ?\gh x has be5 conv5i5t to consid] !m 9 ! rev]s$ ord]4 ,?is ,jewi% sect exhibits ! same exclusiv5ess 9 ! communication ( its doctr9es4 ,its !ological speculations take ! same direction1 dwell+ on ! my/]ies ( creation1 reg>d+ matt] z ! abode ( evil1 & po/ulat+ c]ta9 int]m$iate spiritual ag5cies z necess>y l9ks ( communication betwe5 heav5 & e>?4 ,& la/ly1 its speculative op9ions involve ! same e?ical conclusions1 & lead 9 l mann] to a rigid asceticism4 ,if ! notices relat+ to ^! po9ts d n always expla9 !mselves1 yet read 9 ! light ( ! h]esies ( ! ,apo/olic age & 9 t ( subsequ5t ,judo-,gno/ic ,*ri/ianity1 _! be>+ seems to be di/9ct en\gh2 s t we %\ld n be f> wrong1 if we 7 to designate ,ess5ism z ,gno/ic ,judaism#bfc4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,i h said no?+ ( ! ,cabbala1 z a developm5t ( ,jewi% ?\ght illu/rat+ ! ,colossian h]esy3 because ! books conta9+ ! ,cabbali/ic speculations are comp>atively rec5t1 & if !y conta9 anci5t elem5ts1 x seems impossible to sep>ate ^! f lat] additions or to assign to !m ev5 an approximate date4 ,! ,cabbali/ic doctr9e h[ev] w s]ve to %[ to :at ext5t ,judaism may be develop$ 9 ! direction ( speculative my/icism4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ widely 7 ! ,ess5es disp]s$8 ,b ! ,ess5es ( :om hi/orical notices are pres]v$ 7 inhabitants ( ! ,holy ,l&4 ,_! mona/]ies 7 situat$ on ! %ores ( ! ,dead ,sea4 ,we are told inde$1 t ! sect 0 n conf9$ to any "o place1 & t memb]s ( ! ord] 7 f\nd 9 great numb]s 9 div]s cities & villages#bfd4 ,b ,juda 9 "o notice1 ,pale/9e & ,syria 9 ano!r1 are especially nam$ z ! localities ( ! ,ess5e settlem5ts#bfe4 ,h we any reason to suppose t !y 7 repres5t$ among ! ,jews ( ! ,disp]sion8 ,9 ,egypt inde$ we f9d ourselves confront$ ) a simil> ascetic sect1 ! ,!rapeutes1 :o may p]haps h _h an indep5d5t orig91 b :o nev]!less exhibit sub/antially ! same type ( ,jewi% ?\ght & practice#bff4 ,b ! ,disp]sion ( ,egypt1 x may be argu$1 0 exceptional2 & we might expect to f9d "h organisations & developm5ts ( ,judaism h>dly less m>k$ & v>i\s ?an 9 ! "m c\ntry4 ,sid5ote3 ,d !y appe> 9 ,asia ,m9or8 ,:at gr\nd h we = assum+ ! exi/5ce ( ?is type 9 ,asia ,m9or8 ,d we meet ) any traces ( x 9 ! cities ( ! ,lycus1 or 9 proconsul> ,asia g5]ally1 :i* w\ld ju/ify ! op9ion t x might make its influ5ce felt 9 ! ,*ri/ian communities ( t di/rict8 ,footnote #bfd3 ,philo ,fragm4 p4 #fcb 1 1 2 ,joseph4 ,b4,j4 ii4 #h4 #d 1 ' 4 ,on ! notices ( ! settlem5ts & disp]sion ( ! ,ess5es see ,zell] p4 #bci4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,philo names ,juda 9 ,fragm4 p4 #fcb2 ,pale/9e & ,syria 9 ,quod omn4 prob4 lib4 #ab p4 #deg4 ,_! *ief settlem5ts 7 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,dead ,sea4 ,?is fact is m5tion$ by ! hea!n writ]s ,pl9y 7,n4,h4 v4 #ae7 & ,dion ,*ryso/om 7,synesius ,dio #c74 ,! "n ( ! #8,ess5e gate' at ,j]usalem 7,b4,j4 v4 #d4 #b7 seems to po9t to "s e/abli%m5t ( ! ord] close to ! walls ( t city4 ,footnote #bff3 ,!y are only kn[n to u f ,philo's treatise de ,vita ,contemplativa4 ,_! settlem5ts 7 on ! %ores ( ! ,m>eotic lake ne> ,alex&ria4 ,unlike ! ,ess5es1 !y 7 n ga!r$ toge!r 9 conv5ts z memb]s ( a frat]nity1 b liv$ ap>t z an*orites1 ?\gh 9 ! same neighb\rhood4 ,9 o!r respects _! t5ets & practices are v simil> to ^? ( ! ,ess5es4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ ! t]m ,ess5e is to be und]/ood4 ,n[ x has be5 %[n t ! colonies ( ! ,jews 9 ?is neighb\rhood 7 popul\s & influ5tial#bfg2 & x might be argu$ ) great probability t among ^! l>ge numb]s ,ess5e ,judaism c\ld n be unrepres5t$4 ,b inde$ ?r\gh\t ?is inve/igation1 :5 ,i speak ( ! ,judaism 9 ! ,colossian ,*ur* z ,ess5e1 ,i d n assume a precise id5tity ( orig91 b only an ess5tial aff9ity ( type1 ) ! ,ess5es ( ! "m c\ntry4 ,z a matt] ( hi/ory1 x may or may n h sprung f ! colonies on ! %ores ( ! ,dead ,sea2 b z ?is c nei!r be prov$ nor disprov$1 s also x is immat]ial to my ma9 ,sid5ote3 ,probabilities ( ! case4 purpose4 ,all along its fronti]1 :]ev] ,judaism became enam\r$ ( & 0 w$d$ to ,ori5tal my/icism1 ! same union w\ld produce sub/antially ! same results4 ,9 a c\ntry :]e ,phrygia1 ,p]sia1 ,syria1 all 9 turn _h m\ld$ religi\s ?\ght1 x w\ld be /range inde$ if ,judaism entirely escap$ ^! influ5ces4 ,nor1 z a matt] ( fact1 are indications want+ to %[ t x 0 n unaffect$ ,sid5ote3 ,direct indications4 by !m4 ,if ! traces are few1 !y are at lea/ z num]\s & z cle> z ) our defective in=mation on ! :ole subject we h any "r to expect 9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,see above1 p4 #ai sq4 ,sid5ote3 ,/ ,paul at ,ephesus ,a4,d4 #ed-eg4 ,:5 ,/ ,paul visits ,ephesus1 he comes 9 contact ) c]ta9 /roll+ ,jews1 exorci/s1 :o attempt to ca/ out evil spirits#bfh4 ,connect+ ?is fact ) ! notices ( ,josephus1 f :i* we inf] t exorcisms ( ?is k9d 7 especially ,sid5ote3 ,exorcisms & practis$ by ! ,ess5es#bfi1 we seem to h an indication ( _! pres5ce 9 ! capital ( proconsul> ,asia4 ,if s1 x is a significant fact t 9 _! exorcisms !y employ$ ! "n ( our ,"l3 = !n we mu/ reg>d ?is z ! e>lie/ notice ( ^? ov]tures ( alliance on ! "p ( ,ess5ism1 :i* involv$ su* important consequ5ces 9 ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*#bgj4 ,x is also wor? obs]v+1 t ! next incid5t 9 ,/ ,luke's n>rative is ! burn+ ,sid5ote3 magical books4 ( _! magical books by ^? :om ,/ ,paul conv]t$ on ?is occasion#bga4 ,z ,jews are especially m5tion$ among ^! conv]ts1 & z books ( *>ms are ascrib$ to ! ,ess5es by ,josephus1 ! two incid5ts1 /&+ 9 ?is close connexion1 ?r[ great light on ! type ( ,judaism :i* ?us appe>s at ,ephesus#bgb4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,acts xix4 #ac 4 ,footnote #bfi3 ,see above p4 #ia1 note #bfa4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,on ! lat] contact ( ,ess5ism ) ,*ri/ianity1 see ! app5dix1 & ,galatians p4 #caj sq4 ,footnote #bga3 ,!re is d\btless a ref]5ce to ! *>ms call$ 9 ?is passage3 see ,wet/e9 ad loc41 & ! ref]5ces 9 ,beck] & ,m>qu>dt ,rm4 ,alt]?4 ,,iv4 p4 #abc sq4 ,b ?is supposition does n exclude ! ,jews f a %>e 9 ^! magical arts1 :ile ! context po9ts to "s su* p>ticipation4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,i c only reg>d x z an accid5tal co9cid5ce t ! epulones ( ! ,ephesian ,artemis 7 call$ ,ess5es1 ,pausan4 viii4 #ac4 #a 1 3 see ,guhl ,ephesiaca #ajf sq4 ,! ,etymol4 ,magn4 has 3 1 & adds sev]al absurd d]ivations ( ! ^w4 ,9 ! s5se ( #8a k+' x is us$ by ,callima*us ,hymn4 ,jov4 #ff 4 ,x is probably n a ,greek ^w1 z o!r t]ms connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! ,ephesian ,artemis 7e4g4 1 a ,p]sian ^w7 po9t to an ori5tal or at lea/ a non-,greek orig92 & "s h d]iv$ x f ! ,aramaic *as9 #8/rong' or #8p[]ful4' ,b !re is no suffici5t gr\nd = connect+ x directly ) ! "n ( ! sect or 1 z "s writ]s are dispos$ to d 7e4g4 ,spanheim on ,callim4 l4c41 ,creuz] ,symbolik ,,iv4 pp4 #cdg1 #cdi72 ?\gh ?is view is fav\r$ by ! fact t c]ta9 ascetic practices 7 enjo9$ on ^! pagan #8,ess5es4' ,sid5ote3 ,sibyll9e ,oracle ,a4,d4 #hj4 ,some:at lat] we h ano!r notice :i* be>s 9 ! same direction4 ,! ,sibyll9e ,oracle1 :i* =ms ! f\r? book 9 ! exi/+ collection1 is discov]$ by int]nal evid5ce to h be5 writt5 ab\t ,a4,d4 #hjbgc4 ,x is pla9ly a product ( ,judaism1 b its ,judaism does n belong to ! normal ,ph>isaic type4 ,) ,ess5ism x rejects sacrifices1 ev5 reg>d+ ! %$d+ ( blood z a pollution#bgd1 & ) ,ess5ism also x inculcates ! duty ( frequ5t wa%+s#bge4 ,yet f o!r indications we are l$ to ! conclusion1 t ?is poem 0 n writt5 9 ! int]e/s ( ,ess5ism prop]ly s call$1 b repres5ts "s alli$ ?\gh indep5d5t developm5t ( ,judaism4 ,9 "s respects at all ev5ts its language seems q inconsi/5t ) ! pur] type ( ,ess5ism#bgf4 ,b its g5]al t5d5cy is cle>3 & ( its locality !re c h>dly be a d\bt4 ,! affairs ( ,asia ,m9or occupy a disproportionate space 9 ! poet's description ( ! pa/ & vision ( ! future4 ,! cities ( ! ,m&] & its neighb\rhood1 among ^! ,laodicea1 are m5tion$ ) emphasis#bgg4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,its date is fix$ by ! foll[+ allusions4 ,! temple at ,j]usalem has be5 de/roy$ by ,titus 7vv4 #abb sq471 & ! cities ( ,campania h be5 ov]:elm$ 9 fire & a%es 7vv4 #abg sq474 ,n]o has disappe>$ & 8 disappe>ance has be5 foll[$ by bloody conte/s 9 ,rome 7vv4 #aaf sq472 b 8 return is /ill expect$ 7vv4 #acd sq474 ,footnote #bgd3 ,see vv4 #bg-cj 1 1 444 ,9 an e>li] passage vv4 #h sq4 x is said ( ,god1 1 4 ,footnote #bge3 v]4 #afj 4 ,ano!r po9t ( contact ) ! ,ess5es is ! great /ress on pray]s be=e meals1 v]4 #bf 4 ,ewald 7,sibyll4 ,b*] p4 #df7 po9ts also to ! prom95ce ( ! words 1 1 7vv4 #bf1 #ce1 #db1 #de1 #acc1 #adh1 #aea1 #afb1 #afe1 #aha1 #ahc7 to designate ! elect ( ,god1 z t5d+ 9 ! same direction4 ,! =ce ( ?is latt] argum5t w dep5d ma9ly on ! d]ivation :i* is giv5 to ! "n ,ess5e4 ,see ! app5dix4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,?us = in/ance1 ,ewald 7l4c41 p4 #dg7 po9ts to ! tacit approval ( m>riage 9 v]4 #cc4 ,i h>dly ?9k h[ev] t ?is passage1 :i* m]ely condemns adult]y1 c be tak5 to imply s mu*4 ,m irreconcilable ) pure ,ess5ism is ! belief 9 ! resurrection ( ! body & ! future life on e>?1 :i* is ma9ta9$ 9 vv4 #agf sq42 ?\gh ,hilg5feld 7,zeits*r4 ,,xiv4 p4 #di7 does n recognise ! difficulty4 ,see above p4 #hh4 ,?is ,sibyll9e writ] 0 p]haps r a ,hem]obapti/ ?an an ,ess5e4 ,on ! relation ( ! ,hem]obapti/s & ,ess5es see ! app5dix4 ,alex&re1 ,orac4 ,sibyll4 7,,ii4 p4 #cbc71 says ( ?is ,sibyll9e ,oracle1 #8,ipse lib] haud dubie ,*ri/ianus e/1' b !re is no?+ di/9ctly ,*ri/ian 9 its tea*+4 ,footnote #bgg3 vv4 #ajf sq41 #ade sq42 see above p4 #dj1 note #aca4 ,x beg9s 4 ,sid5ote3 ,phrygia & ,asia cong5ial to ?is type ( religion4 ,& c]ta9ly ! moral & intellectual atmosph]e w\ld n be unfav\rable to ! gr[? ( su* a plant4 ,! same di/rict1 :i* 9 speculative philosophy _h produc$ a ,?ales & a ,h]aclitus#bgh1 _h develop$ 9 popul> religion ! wor%ip ( ! ,phrygian ,cybele & ,sabazius & ( ! ,ephesian ,artemis#bgi4 ,cosmological speculation1 my/ic !osophy1 religi\s fanaticism1 all _h _! home "h4 ,associat$ ) ,judaism or ) ,*ri/ianity ! natural temp]am5t & ! intellectual bias ( ! p w\ld take a new direction2 b ! old type w\ld n be altoge!r oblit]at$4 ,phrygia re>$ ! hybrid mon/rosities ( ,ophitism#bhj4 ,%e 0 ! "m ( ,montani/ en?usiasm#bha1 & ! fo/]-"m ( ,novatian rigorism#bhb4 ,! syncreti/1 ! my/ic1 ! devotee1 ! puritan1 w\ld f9d a cong5ial climate 9 ^! regions ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,! exceptional activity ( ! =ces ( nature 9 ^! di/ricts ( ,asia ,m9or may h direct$ ! speculations ( ! ,ionic s*ool t[>ds physics1 & m especially t[>ds cosmogony4 ,9 ,h]aclitus !re is also a /rong my/ical elem5t4 ,b besides su* broad] aff9ities1 ,i v5ture to call att5tion to special dicta ( ! two philosoph]s m5tion$ 9 ! text1 :i* curi\sly recall ! t5ets ( ! ,judo-,gno/ic tea*]s4 ,?ales decl>$ 7,diog4 ,la]t4 i4 #bg7 1 or1 z report$ by ,ari/otle 7de ,an4 i4 #e1 p4 #daa71 4 ,9 a record$ say+ ( ,h]aclitus we h ! v language ( a ,gno/ic tea*]2 ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/rom4 v4 #ac1 p4 #fii1 1 ' 4 ,see above pp4 #gg1 #ib4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,= ! *>act]i/ic features ( ,phrygian religi\s wor%ip see ,/eig] ,koloss] p4 #gj sq4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,! prom95ce1 :i* ! ,phrygian my/]ies & ,phrygian rites held 9 ! syncretism ( ! ,ophites1 is cle> f ! acc\nt ( ,hippolytus ,hr4 v4 #g sq4 ,inde$ ,phrygia appe>s to h be5 ! prop] home ( ,ophitism4 ,yet ! admixture ( ,judaic elem5ts is n less obvi\s1 z _! "n ,naass5e1 d]iv$ f ! ,hebrew ^w = a s]p5t1 %[s4 ,footnote #bha3 ,! "n1 by :i* ! ,montani/s 7 commonly kn[n 9 ! e>ly ages1 0 ! sect ( ! #8,phrygians'2 ,clem4 ,/rom4 vii4 #ag1 p4 #ijj 1 7comp4 ,eus4 ,h4,e4 iv4 #bg1 v4 #af1 ,hipp4 ,hr4 viii4 #ai1 x4 #be74 ,f 7or 7 7,eus4 ,h4,e4 ii4 #be1 v4 #af1 #ah1 vi4 #bj7 comes ! solci/ic ,lat9 "n ,cataphryges4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,socrates 7iv4 #bh7 acc\nts = ! spread ( ,novatianism 9 ,phrygia by ! ( ! ,phrygian temp]4 ,if s1 x is a /rik+ te/imony to ! p[] ( ,*ri/ianity1 t "u its influ5ce ! religi\s en?usiasm ( ! ,phrygians %\ld h tak5 ?is direction1 & t !y %\ld h ex*ang$ ! fanatical orgiasm ( _! hea!n wor%ip = ! rigid puritanism ( ! ,novatiani/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,previ\s results summ$ up4 ,x has ?us be5 %[n fir/1 t ,ess5e ,judaism 0 ,gno/ic 9 its "*2 & secondly1 t ?is type ( ,jewi% ?\ght & practice _h e/abli%$ itself 9 ! ,apo/olic age 9 ^? p>ts ( ,asia ,m9or ) :i* we are m directly conc]n$4 ,x n[ rema9s to exam9e ! h]esy ( ! ,sid5ote3 ,is ! ,colossian h]esy ,gno/ic8 ,colossian ,*ur* m ne>ly1 & to see :e!r x des]ves ! "n1 :i* provisionally 0 giv5 to x1 ( ,gno/ic ,judaism4 ,its ,judaism all w all[4 ,its claim to be reg>d$ z ,gno/ic w require a clos] scrut9y4 ,& 9 conduct+ ,sid5ote3 ,?ree notes ( ,gno/icism4 ?is exam9ation1 x w be conv5i5t to take ! ?ree notes ( ,gno/icism :i* h be5 already laid d[n1 & to enquire h[ f> x satisfies ^! te/s4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,intellectual exclusiv5ess4 #a4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t ,gno/icism /rove to e/abli%1 or r to pres]ve1 an intellectual olig>*y 9 religion4 ,x _h its hidd5 wisdom1 its exclusive my/]ies1 its privileg$ class4 ,n[ ,i ?9k x w be evid5t1 t ,/ ,paul 9 ?is epi/le ,sid5ote3 ,/ ,paul cont5ds = ! univ]sality ( ! ,gospel1 feels himself *all5g$ to cont5d = ! univ]sality ( ! ,gospel4 ,?is inde$ is a *>act]i/ic feature ( ! ,apo/le's tea*+ at all times1 & holds an equally prom95t place 9 ! epi/les ( an e>li] date4 ,b ! po9t to be obs]v$ is1 t ! ,apo/le1 9 ma9ta9+ ?is doctr9e1 has *ang$ ! mode ( 8 def5ce2 & ?is fact sugge/s t !re has be5 a *ange 9 ! direction ( ! attack4 ,x is no long] aga9/ national exclusiv5ess1 b aga9/ intellectual exclusiv5ess1 t he cont5ds4 ,8 adv]s>ies d n n[ plead c]emonial re/rictions1 or at lea/ d n plead ^! alone3 b !y erect an artificial b>ri] ( spiritual privilege1 ev5 m fatal to ! univ]sal claims ( ! ,gospel1 because m speci\s & m insidi\s4 ,x is n n[ aga9/ ,jew z su*1 b aga9/ ! ,jew become ,gno/ic1 t he fights ! battle ( lib]ty4 ,9 o!r words2 x is n aga9/ ,*ri/ian ,ph>isaism b aga9/ ,*ri/ian ,ess5ism t he def5ds 8 position4 ,only 9 ! light ( su* an antagonism c we und]/& ! emphatic it]ation ) :i* he claims to #8w>n e man & tea* e man 9 e wisdom1 t he may pres5t ,sid5ote3 aga9/ ! pret5tions ( an ari/ocracy ( intellect4 e man p]fect 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus#bhc4' ,x w be rememb]$ t #8wisdom' 9 ,gno/ic tea*+ 0 ! exclusive possession ( ! few2 x w n be =gott5 t #8p]fection' 0 ! t]m especially appli$ 9 _! language to ?is privileg$ m9ority1 z contradi/+ui%$ f ! common h]d ( believ]s2 & ?us x w be readily und]/ood :y ,/ ,paul %\ld g on to say t ?is univ]sality ( ! ,gospel is ! "o object ( 8 cont5tion1 to :i* all ! en]gies ( 8 life are direct$1 & hav+ done s1 %\ld express 8 int5se anxiety = ! ,*ur*es ( ,coloss & ! neighb\rhood1 le/ !y %\ld be l$ a/ray by a spuri\s wisdom to des]t ! true k#bhd4 ,?is dang] also w enable u to appreciate a novel feature 9 ano!r passage ( ! epi/le4 ,:ile dwell+ on ! oblit]ation ( all di/9ctions 9 ,*ri/1 he repeats 8 e>li] contra/s1 #8,greek & ,jew1' #8circumcision & uncircumcision1' #8bondslave & free'2 b to ^! he adds new words :i* at once give a wid] scope & a m imm$iate application to ! lesson4 ,9 ,*ri/ ! exi/5ce ( #8b>b>ian' & ev5 #8,scy?ian1' ! l[e/ type ( b>b>ian1 is ext+ui%$#bhe4 ,z culture1 civilisation1 philosophy1 k1 are no conditions ( acceptance1 s nei!r is _! abs5ce any disqualification 9 ! believ]4 ,! ari/ocracy ( intellectual disc]nm5t1 :i* ,gno/icism upheld 9 religion1 is abhorr5t to ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ! ,gospel4 ,footnote #bhc3 i4 #bh 444 ,! reit]ation has (f5d$ ! scribes2 & ! fir/ is omitt$ 9 "s copies1 ! second 9 o!rs4 ,= see ! note on ! passage4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,! connexion ( ! s5t5ces %\ld be c>efully obs]v$4 ,aft] ! passage quot$ 9 ! la/ note comes ! assev]ation t ?is is ! "o object ( ! ,apo/le's prea*+ 7i4 #bi7 4442 !n ! expression ( conc]n on behalf ( ! ,colossians 7ii4 #a7 4442 !n ! desire t !y may be br\ght 7ii4 #b7 1 2 !n ! def9ition ( ?is my/]y 7ii4 #b1 #c71 4442 !n ! w>n+ aga9/ ! false tea*]s 7ii4 #d7 444 ,footnote #bhe3 ,col4 iii4 #aa aft] ! ,apo/le adds 1 4 ,!re is no?+ correspond+ to ?is 9 ! p>allel passage1 ,gal4 iii4 #bh4 ,sid5ote3 ,he contra/s ! true wisdom ) ! false1 ,h5ce also mu/ be expla9$ ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( ! words #8wisdom' 771 #8intellig5ce' 771 #8k' 771 #8p]fect k' 771 9 ?is epi/le#bhf4 ,/ ,paul takes up ! language ( 8 oppon5ts1 & translates x into a high] sph]e4 ,! false tea*]s put =w>d a #8philosophy1' b x 0 only an empty deceit1 only a plausible display ( false-reason+#bhg4 ,!y pret5d$ #8wisdom1' b x 0 m]ely ! pr(ession1 n ! reality#bhh4 ,aga9/ ^! pret5tions ! ,apo/le sets ! true wisdom ( ! ,gospel4 ,on its weal?1 its fulness1 its p]fection1 he is nev] tir$ ( dwell+#bhi4 ,! true wisdom1 he w\ld argue1 is ess5tially spiritual & yet ess5tially def9ite2 :ile ! false is argum5tative1 is speculative1 ,sid5ote3 & dwells on ! v]itable my/]y4 is vague & dreamy#bij4 ,aga9 !y _h _! rites ( initiation4 ,/ ,paul contra/s ) ^! ! "o univ]sal1 compreh5sive my/]y#bia1 ! k ( ,god 9 ,*ri/4 ,?is my/]y is complete 9 itself3 x conta9s #8all ! treasures ( wisdom & ( k hidd5' 9 x#bib4 ,moreov] x is (f]$ to all )\t di/9ction3 ?\gh once hidd51 its revelation is unre/rict$1 except by ! wayw>dness & disob$i5ce ( m54 ,! esot]ic _s ( ,gno/icism f9ds no c\nt5ance 9 ! ,apo/le's tea*+4 ,footnote #bhf3 ,= see i4 #i1 #bh1 ii4 #c1 iii4 #af1 iv4 #e2 = i4 #i1 ii4 #b2 = ii4 #c2 = i4 #i1 #aj1 ii4 #b1 iii4 #aj4 ,footnote #bhg3 ii4 #d 1 ii4 #h 4 ,footnote #bhh3 ii4 #bc 1 :]e ! sugge/s ! contra/ ( ! suppress$ clause4 ,footnote #bhi3 e4g4 i4 #i1 #bh1 iii4 #af 2 ii4 #b 4 ,= ! #8weal?' ( ?is k comp>e i4 #bg1 ii4 #b1 iii4 #af2 & see above p4 #dd4 ,footnote #bij3 ii4 #d1 #ah4 ,footnote #bia3 i4 #bf1 #bg1 ii4 #b1 iv4 #c4 ,footnote #bib3 ii4 #b 4 ,= ! mean+ ( see above p4 #ij1 & ! note on ! passage4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,speculative t5ets4 ,cosmogony & !ology4 #b4 ,f ! in=m+ _s ( ,gno/icism we turn to ! speculative t5ets--! cosmogony & ! !ology ( ! ,gno/ic4 ,& "h too ! aff9ities to ,gno/icism reveal !mselves 9 ! ,colossian h]esy4 ,we _c fail to obs]ve t ! ,sid5ote3 ,/ ,paul attacks ! doctr9e ( angelic m$iators1 ,apo/le has 9 view ! doctr9e ( int]m$iate ag5cies1 reg>d$ z in/rum5ts 9 ! creation & gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,?\gh ?is t5et is n di/9ctly m5tion$1 x is tacitly assum$ 9 ! tea*+ :i* ,/ ,paul opposes to x4 ,aga9/ ! philosophy ( successive evolutions f ! ,div9e nature1 angelic m$iators =m+ ! successive l9ks 9 ! *a9 :i* b9ds ! f9ite to ! ,inf9ite1 he sets ! doctr9e ,sid5ote3 sett+ aga9/ x ! doctr9e ( ! ,^w ,inc>nate1 ( ! "o ,et]nal ,son1 ! ,^w ( ,god begott5 be=e ! worlds#bic4 ,! angelology ( ! h]etics _h a tw(old be>+2 x 0 intimately connect$ at once ) cosmogony & ) religion4 ,correspond+ly ,/ ,paul repres5ts ! m$iatorial function ( ,*ri/ z tw(old3 x is ex]cis$ 9 ! natural creation1 & x is ex]cis$ 9 ! spiritual creation4 ,9 bo? ^! sph]es ,8 initiative is absolute1 ,8 control is univ]sal1 ,8 action is complete4 ,by ,8 ag5cy ! _w ( matt] 0 creat$ & is su/a9$4 ,he is at once ! beg9n+ & ! ,sid5ote3 z ! reconcil] ( heav5 & e>?4 end ( ! mat]ial univ]se2 #8,all ?+s h be5 creat$ ?r\gh ,him & unto ,him4' ,nor is ,8 (fice 9 ! spiritual _w less complete4 ,9 ! ,*ur*1 z 9 ! ,univ]se1 ,he is sole1 absolute1 supreme2 ! prim>y s\rce f :i* all life proce$s & ! ultimate arbit] 9 :om all feuds are reconcil$4 ,footnote #bic3 ,! two great ,*ri/ological passages are i4 #ae-bj1 ii4 #i-ae4 ,!y w be f\nd to ju/ify ! /atem5ts 9 ?is & ! foll[+ p>agraphs ( ! text4 ,= ! mean+ ( individual expressions see ! notes on ! passages4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 relations to 7#a7 ,deity2 z ,god manife/$4 ,on ! "o h&1 9 relation to ,deity1 ,he is ! visible image ( ! invisible ,god4 ,he is n only ! *ief manife/ation ( ! ,div9e nature3 ,he exhau/s ! ,godhead manife/$4 ,9 ,him resides ! totality ( ! ,div9e p[]s & attributes4 ,= ?is totality ,gno/ic tea*]s _h a te*nical ,sid5ote3 ,! pl]oma resides 9 ,him4 t]m1 ! pl]oma or pl5itude#bid4 ,f ! pl]oma !y suppos$ t all ^? ag5cies issu$1 ?r\gh :i* ,god has at any "t ex]t$ ,8 p[] 9 creation1 or manife/$ ,8 w ?r\gh revelation4 ,^! m$iatorial be+s w\ld reta9 m or less ( its influ5ce1 accord+ z !y claim$ direct p>5tage f x or trac$ _! desc5t ?r\gh successive evolutions4 ,b 9 all cases ?is pl]oma 0 di/ribut$1 dilut$1 trans=m$ & d>k5$ by =eign admixture4 ,!y 7 only p>tial & blurr$ images1 (t5 deceptive c>icatures1 ( _! orig9al1 brok5 lights ( ! great c5tral ,light4 ,x is n improbable t1 l lat] speculators ( ! same s*ool1 !y f\nd a place some:]e or o!r 9 _! g5ealogy ( spiritual be+s = ! ,*ri/4 ,if s1 ,/ ,paul's language becomes d\bly significant4 ,b ?is hypo!sis is n ne$$ to expla9 its ref]5ce4 ,9 contra/ to _! doctr9e1 he ass]ts & repeats ! ass]tion1 t ! pl]oma abides absolutely & :olly 9 ,*ri/ z ! ,^w ( ,god#bie4 ,! entire light is conc5trat$ 9 ,him4 ,footnote #bid3 ,see ! deta*$ note on 4 ,footnote #bie3 i4 #ai 1 ii4 #i 4 ,sid5ote3 7#b7 ,creat$ ?+s2 z absolute ,"l4 ,h5ce x foll[s t1 z reg>ds creat$ ?+s1 ,8 supremacy mu/ be absolute4 ,9 heav5 z 9 e>?1 ov] ?+s immat]ial z ov] ?+s mat]ial1 ,he is k+4 ,speculations on ! nature ( int]m$iate spiritual ag5cies--_! names1 _! ranks1 _! (fices--7 rife 9 ! s*ools ( ,judo-,gno/ic ?\ght4 #8,?rones1 dom9ations1 pr9c$oms1 virtues1 p[]s'-^! =m$ "p ( ! spiritual nom5clature :i* !y _h inv5t$ to describe diff]5t grades ( angelic m$iators4 ,)\t ent]+ into ^! speculations1 ! ,apo/le ass]ts t ,*ri/ is ,"l ( all1 ! highe/ & ! l[e/1 :atev] rank !y may hold & by :atev] "n !y are call$#bif1 = !y are p>ts ( creation & ,he is ! s\rce ( creation4 ,?r\gh ,him !y became1 & unto ,him !y t5d4 ,footnote #bif3 ,see especially i4 #af 4441 comp>$ ) ! p>allel passage 9 ,eph4 i4 #ba 444 ,comp>e also ii4 #aj 1 & ii4 #ae 444 ,sid5ote3 ,angelolatry is !re=e condemn$ ,h5ce ! wor%ip ( angels1 :i* ! false tea*]s inculcat$1 0 utt]ly wrong 9 pr9ciple4 ,! motive ( ?is angelolatry x is n difficult to imag9e4 ,!re 0 a %[ ( humility#big1 = !re 0 a confession ( weakness1 9 ?is subs]vi5ce to inf]ior m$iatorial ag5cies4 ,x 0 held feasible to grasp at ! l[] l9ks ( ! *a9 :i* b\nd e>? to heav51 :5 heav5 itself seem$ f> beyond ! rea* ( man4 ,! successive grades ( int]m$iate be+s 7 z successive /eps1 by :i* man might m\nt ! ladd] lead+ up to ! ?rone ( ,god4 ,?is c>efully wov5 web ( sophi/ry ! ,apo/le te>s to %r$s4 ,! doctr9e ( ! false tea*]s 0 bas$ on confid5t assumptions respect+ angelic be+s ( :om !y c\ld "k no?+4 ,x 0 moreov] a d5ial ( ,*ri/'s tw(old p]sonality & ,8 ,sid5ote3 z a d5ial ( ,8 p]fect m$iation4 m$iatorial (fice4 ,x foll[s f ! true conception ( ,*ri/'s ,p]son1 t ,he & ,he alone c bridge ov] ! *asm betwe5 e>? & heav52 = ,he is at once ! l[e/ & ! highe/4 ,he raises up man to ,god1 = ,he br+s d[n ,god to man4 ,?us ! *a9 is r$uc$ to a s+le l9k1 ?is l9k be+ ! ,^w made fle%4 ,z ! pl]oma resides 9 ,him1 s is x communicat$ to u ?r\gh ,him#bih4 ,to sub/itute allegiance to any o!r spiritual m$iator is to sev] ! connexion ( ! limbs ) ! ,head1 :i* is ! c5tre ( life & ! ma9spr+ ( all en]gy ?r\gh\t ! body#cjj4 ,footnote #big3 ii4 #ah 444 ,footnote #bih3 ii4 #aj2 comp4 i4 #i4 ,footnote #cjj3 ii4 #ah4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,apo/le's practical inf]5ce4 ,h5ce foll[s ! practical conclusion1 t1 :atev] is done1 mu/ be done 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l#cja4 ,wives mu/ submit to _! husb&s #89 ! ,"l'3 *ildr5 mu/ obey _! p>5ts #89 ! ,"l'3 s]vants mu/ "w = ! ma/]s z work+ #8unto ! ,"l#cjb4' ,?is it]ation1 #89 ! ,"l1' #8unto ! ,"l1' is n an irrelevant =m ( words2 b arises z an imm$iate inf]5ce f ! ma9 idea :i* und]lies ! doctr9al portion ( ! epi/le4 ,footnote #cja3 iii4 #ag4 ,footnote #cjb3 iii4 #ah1 #bj1 #bc4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,moral results ( ,gno/ic doctr9e4 #c4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! speculative t5ets ( ,gno/icism might lead 7& z a matt] ( fact we "k t !y did lead7 to ei!r ( two practical extremes1 to rigid asceticism or to unbridl$ lic5se4 ,! latt] alt]native appe>s to "s ext5t 9 ! h]esy ( ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les#cjc1 & /ill m pla9ly 9 ^? ( ! ,ca?olic ,epi/les#cjd & ! ,apocalypse#cje4 ,x is con/antly urg$ by ,ca?olic writ]s z a reproa* aga9/ lat] ,gno/ic sects#cjf4 ,footnote #cjc3 ,at lea/ 9 #b ,tim4 iii4 #a-g1 :]e1 ?\gh ! mo/ mon/r\s developm5ts ( ! evil 7 /ill future1 ! ,apo/le's language implies t x _h already begun4 ,on ! o!r h& 9 ! picture ( ! h]esy 9 #a ,tim4 iv4 #b ! ascetic t5d5cy /ill pr$om9ates4 ,footnote #cjd3 #b ,pet4 ii4 #aj sq41 ,jude #h4 ,footnote #cje3 ,apoc4 ii4 #ad1 #bj-bb4 ,footnote #cjf3 ,see ! notes on ,clem4 ,rom4 ,ep4 ii4 #i4 ,sid5ote3 ,asceticism ( ! ,colossian h]esy ,b ! =m] & nobl] extreme 0 ! fir/ impulse ( ! ,gno/ic4 ,to escape f ! infection ( evil by escap+ f ! dom9ation ( matt] 0 8 *ief anxiety4 ,?is appe>s v pla9ly 9 ! ,colossian h]esy4 ,?\gh ! prohibitions to :i* ! ,apo/le alludes might be expla9$ 9 "p by ! ord9ances ( ! ,mosaic ritual1 ?is explanation w n cov] all ! facts4 ,?us = in/ance dr9ks are m5tion$ z well z meats#cjg1 ?\gh on ! =m] ! law ( ,moses is sil5t4 ,?us aga9 ! rigor\s d5unciation1 #8,t\* n1 ta/e n1 h&le n#cjh1' seems to g v f> beyond ! ,levitical enactm5ts4 ,& moreov] ! motive ( ^! prohibitions ,sid5ote3 n expla9$ by its ,judaism4 is ,ess5e r ?an ,ph>isaic1 ,gno/ic r ?an ,jewi%4 ,^! sev]ities ( discipl9e 7 int5d$ #8to *eck indulg5ce ( ! fle%#cji4' ,!y pr(ess$ to treat ! body ) entire disreg>d1 to ignore its crav+s & to d5y its wants4 ,9 %ort2 !y betray a /rong ascetic t5d5cy#caj1 ( :i* normal ,judaism1 z repres5t$ by ! ,ph>isee1 (f]s no explanation4 ,footnote #cjg3 ii4 #af4 ,footnote #cjh3 ii4 #ba4 ,footnote #cji3 ii4 #bc4 ,footnote #caj3 ,asceticism is ( two k9ds4 ,!re is ! asceticism ( dualism 7:e!r consci\s or unconsci\s71 :i* spr+s f a false pr9ciple2 & !re is ! asceticism ( self-discipl9e1 :i* is ! tra9+ ( ! ,*ri/ian a?lete 7#a ,cor4 ix4 #bg74 ,i ne$ n say t ! rem>ks 9 ! text apply only to ! =m]4 ,sid5ote3 ,/ ,paul's reply %[s its ,gno/ic be>+4 ,& ,/ ,paul's answ] po9ts to ! same inf]5ce4 ,! diff]5ce w appe> m pla9ly1 if we comp>e x ) 8 treatm5t ( ,ph>isaic ,judaism 9 ! ,galatian ,*ur*4 ,?is epi/le (f]s no?+ at all correspond+ to 8 language on t occasion2 #8,if righte\sness be by law1 !n ,*ri/ di$ 9 va9'2 #8,if ye be circumcis$1 ,*ri/ %all pr(it y no?+'2 #8,*ri/ is nullifi$ = y1 :osoev] are ju/ifi$ by law2 ye are fall5 f grace#caa4' ,! po9t ( view 9 fact is :olly *ang$4 ,) ^! ,ess5e or ,gno/ic ,judaiz]s ! ,mosaic law 0 nei!r ! motive nor ! /&>d1 x 0 only ! />t+ po9t1 ( _! au/]ities4 ,h5ce 9 reply+ ! ,sid5ote3 ,x is no long] ! contra/ ( law & grace4 ,apo/le no long] deals ) law1 z law2 he no long] po9ts ! contra/ ( grace & works2 b he ent]s ^u ! moral aspects ( ^! ascetic practices4 ,he d5\nces !m1 z conc5trat+ ! ?\ghts on e>?ly & p]i%able ?+s#cab4 ,he po9ts out t !y fail 9 _! purpose1 & are f\nd valueless aga9/ c>nal indulg5ces#cac4 ,9 _! place he (f]s ! true & only rem$y aga9/ s9--! elevation ( ! inn] life 9 ,*ri/1 ! transf]5ce ( ! affections into a high] sph]e#cad1 :]e ! temptations ( ! fle% are p[]less4 ,?us dy+ ) ,*ri/1 !y w kill all _! e>?ly memb]s#cae4 ,?us ris+ ) ,*ri/1 !y w be r5ew$ 9 ! image ( ,god _! ,creator#caf4 ,footnote #caa3 ,gal4 ii4 #ba1 v4 #b1 #d4 ,footnote #cab3 ii4 #h1 #bj-bb4 ,footnote #cac3 ii4 #bc 3 see ! note on ^! words4 ,footnote #cad3 iii4 #a1 #b4 ,footnote #cae3 iii4 #c1 #e4 ,footnote #caf3 iii4 #aj4 ,sid5ote3 ,! tru? ( ! above result te/$ by ,9 attempt+ to draw a complete portrait ( ! ,colossian h]esy f a few features accid5tally exhibit$ 9 ,/ ,paul's epi/le1 x has be5 necess>y to supply c]ta9 l9ks2 & "s assurance may n unreasonably be requir$ t ?is has n be5 done arbitr>ily4 ,nor is ?is security want+4 ,9 all su* cases ! te/ w be tw(old4 ,! result mu/ be consi/5t ) itself3 & x mu/ d no viol5ce to ! hi/orical conditions "u :i* ! ph5om5a arose4 ,sid5ote3 7#a7 ,its inh]5t consi/5cy & symmetry4 #a4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance ! =m] ( ^! te/s is fully satisfi$4 ,! consi/5cy & ! symmetry ( ! result is its great recomm5dation4 ,! po/ulate ( a ,gno/ic type br+s ! sep>ate p>ts ( ! repres5tation into direct connexion4 ,! speculative op9ions & ! practical t5d5cies ( ! h]esy ?us expla91 & are expla9$ by1 ea* o!r4 ,x is analog\s to ! hypo!sis ( ! comp>ative anatomi/1 :o by ref]r+ ! fossil rema9s to _! prop] type re/ores ! :ole skeleton ( "s unkn[n animal f a few bones belong+ to diff]5t extremities ( ! body1 & )\t ! int]m$iate & connect+ p>ts4 ,9 ! "o case1 z 9 ! o!r1 ! result is ! ju/ification ( ! po/ulate4 ,sid5ote3 7#b7 ,its place 9 a hi/orical sequ5ce4 #b4 ,& aga92 ! hi/orical conditions ( ! problem are c>efully obs]v$4 ,x has be5 %[n already1 t ,judaism 9 ! prec$+ age _h 9 "o ( its developm5ts assum$ a =m :i* 0 ! natural precursor ( ! ,colossian h]esy4 ,9 ord] to complete ! argum5t x w be necess>y to %[ t ,*ri/ianity 9 ! g5]ation next succe$+ exhibit$ a p]v]t$ type1 :i* 0 its natural outgr[?4 ,if ?is c be done1 ! ,colossian h]esy w take its prop] place 9 a regul> hi/orical sequ5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,cont9uance ( ?is type ( ,judo-,gno/icism 9 ! di/rict4 ,i h already po9t$ out1 t ! language ( ,/ ,john 9 ! ,apocalypse1 :i* 0 probably writt5 )9 a few ye>s ( ?is epi/le1 seems to imply ! cont9uance 9 ?is di/rict ( ! same type ( h]esy :i* is "h d5\nc$ by ,/ ,paul#cag4 ,b ! notices 9 ?is book are n m def9ite ?an ^? ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians itself2 & we are l$ to look outside ! ,canonical writ+s = "s m explicit evid5ce4 ,has e>ly ,*ri/ian hi/ory !n pres]v$ any record ( a di/9ctly ,gno/ic s*ool exi/+ on ! conf9es ( ! ,apo/olic age1 :i* may be consid]$ a legitimate developm5t ( ! phase ( religi\s speculation t confronts u "h8 ,footnote #cag3 ,see above p4 #da sq4 ,sid5ote3 ,h]esy ( ,c]9?us4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 date & place4 ,we f9d exactly ! ph5om5on :i* we are seek+ 9 ! h]esy ( ,c]9?us#cah4 ,! "t1 ! place1 ! circum/ances1 all agree4 ,?is h]esi>* is said to h be5 orig9ally a native ( ,alex&ria#cai2 b proconsul> ,asia is all[$ on all h&s to h be5 ! sc5e ( 8 activity z a tea*]#cbj4 ,he liv$ & taught at ! close ( ! ,apo/olic age1 t is1 9 ! late/ decade ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,"s writ]s inde$ make him an antagoni/ ( ,/ ,pet] & ,/ ,paul#cba1 b _! au?ority is n tru/wor?y1 nor is ?is v e>ly date at all probable4 ,b !re c be no reasonable d\bt t he 0 a contempor>y ( ,/ ,john1 :o 0 relat$ by ,polyc>p to h d5\nc$ him face to face on "o memorable occasion#cbb1 & is moreov] said by ,ir5u to h writt5 8 ,gospel ) ! direct object ( confut+ 8 errors#cbc4 ,footnote #cah3 ,! relation ( ,c]9?us to ! ,colossian h]esy is briefly indicat$ by ,ne&] ,plant+ ( ,*ri/ianity ,i4 p4 #cbe sq4 7,eng4 ,trans474 ,x has be5 rem>k$ by o!r writ]s also1 bo? e>li] & lat]4 ,! subject appe>$ to me to des]ve a full] inve/igation ?an x has yet receiv$4 ,footnote #cai3 ,hippol4 ,hr4 vii4 #cc 1 x4 #ba 1 ,!odoret4 ,hr4 ,fab4 ii4 #c 4 ,footnote #cbj3 ,ir54 i4 #bf4 #a #8et ,c]9?us autem quidam 444 9 ,asia docuit1' ,epiphan4 ,hr4 xxviii4 #a 1 1 ,!odoret4 #a4 c4 4 ,! sc5e ( 8 enc\nt] ) ,/ ,john 9 ! ba? is plac$ at ,ephesus3 see bel[1 note #cbb4 ,footnote #cba3 ,epiphanius 7xxviii4 #b sq47 repres5ts him z ! r+lead] ( ! ,judaiz+ oppon5ts ( ! ,apo/les 9 ! ,acts & ,epi/les to ! ,cor9?ians & ,galatians4 ,phila/rius 7,hr4 #cf7 takes ! same l9e4 ,footnote #cbb3 ,! well-kn[n /ory ( ! enc\nt] betwe5 ,/ ,john & ,c]9?us 9 ! ba? is relat$ by ,ir5u 7iii4 #c4 #d7 on ! au?ority ( ,polyc>p1 :o appe>s f ! sequ5ce ( ,ir5u' n>rative to h told x at ,rome1 :5 he paid 8 visit to ,anicetus2 444 444 ,footnote #cbc3 ,ir54 iii4 ,,ii4 #a4 ,sid5ote3 ,c]9?us a l9k betwe5 ,judaism & ,gno/icism4 #8,c]9?us1' writes ,ne&]1 #8is be/ entitl$ to be consid]$ z ! int]m$iate l9k betwe5 ! ,judaiz+ & ! ,gno/ic sects4' #8,ev5 among ! anci5ts1' he adds1 #8opposite reports respect+ 8 doctr9es h be5 giv5 f opposite po9ts ( view1 accord+ z ! ,gno/ic or ! ,judaiz+ elem5t 0 exclusively insi/$ ^u3 & ! dispute on ?is po9t has be5 kept up ev5 to mod]n times4 ,9 po9t ( *ronology too ,c]9?us may be reg>d$ z repres5t+ ! pr9ciple 9 its transition f ,judaism to ,gno/icism#cbd4' ,footnote #cbd3 ,*ur* ,hi/ory ,,ii4 p4 #db 7,bohn's ,trans474 ,sid5ote3 ,judaism /ill prom95t 9 8 sy/em ,( 8 ,judaism no d\bt has be5 or c be ent]ta9$4 ,! gross ,*ilia/ic doctr9e ascrib$ to him#cbe1 ev5 ?\gh x may h be5 exagg]at$ 9 ! repres5tations ( adv]se writ]s1 c only be expla9$ by a ,jewi% orig94 ,8 conception ( ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/ 0 ,ebionite1 t is ,judaic1 9 its ma9 features#cbf4 ,he is said moreov] to h en=c$ ! rite ( circumcision & to h inculcat$ ! obs]vance ( sabba?s#cbg4 ,x is relat$ also t ! ,c]9?ians1 l ! ,ebionites1 accept$ ! ,gospel ( ,/ ,mat!w alone#cbh4' ,footnote #cbe3 ,see ! ,dialogue ( ,caius & ,proclus 9 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iii4 #bh1 ,dionysius ( ,alex&ria1 ib4 vii4 #be1 ,!odoret4 l4c41 ,augu/94 ,hr4 #h4 ,footnote #cbf3 ,see bel[ p4 #aaa4 ,footnote #cbg3 ,epiphan4 ,hr4 xxviii4 #d1 #e1 ,phila/r4 ,hr4 #cf1 ,augu/94 l4c4 ,! /atem5ts ( ^! writ]s w\ld n c>ry mu* weight 9 !mselves2 b 9 ?is in/ance !y are r5d]$ highly probable by ! kn[n ,judaism ( ,c]9?us4 ,footnote #cbh3 ,epiphan4 ,hr4 xxviii4 #e1 xxx4 #ad1 ,phila/r4 ,hr4 #cf4 ,sid5ote3 ?\gh ,gno/icism is already aggressive4 ,at ! same "t1 x is said by an anci5t writ] t 8 adh]5ce to ,judaism 0 only p>tial#cbi4 ,?is limitation is d\btless correct4 ,z ,gno/ic pr9ciples ass]t$ !mselves m di/9ctly1 pure ,judaism necess>ily suff]$4 ,all or ne>ly all ! e>ly ,gno/ic h]esies 7 ,judaic2 & = a "t a compromise 0 effect$ :i* involv$ m or less concession on ei!r side4 ,b ! ultimate incompatibility ( ! two at l5g? became evid5t1 & a prec>i\s alliance 0 ex*ang$ = an op5 antagonism4 ,?is f9al result h[ev] 0 n rea*$ till ! middle ( ! second c5tury3 & mean:ile x 0 a "q to :at ext5t ,judaism 0 prep>$ to make concessions = ! sake ( ?is new ally4 ,ev5 ! ,jewi% ,ess5es1 z we h se51 dep>t$ f ! or?odox position 9 ! matt] ( sacrifices2 & if we possess$ full] in=mation1 we %\ld probably f9d t !y made /ill l>g] concessions ?an ?is4 ,( ! ,colossian h]etics we c only =m a conjecture1 b ! angelology & angelolatry attribut$ to !m po9t to a fur!r /ep 9 ! same direction4 ,z we pass f !m to ,c]9?us we are ,sid5ote3 ,gno/ic elem5t 9 8 tea*+4 no long] left 9 d\bt2 = ! ,gno/ic elem5t has cle>ly ga9$ ! asc5dant1 ?\gh x has n yet driv5 its rival out ( ! field4 ,two *>act]i/ic features 9 8 tea*+ especially des]ve consid]ation1 bo? z ev9c+ ! t5d5cy ( 8 speculations & z ?r[+ back light on ! notices 9 ! ,colossian ,epi/le4 ,footnote #cbi3 ,epiphan4 ,hr4 xxviii4 #a 4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,8 ,gno/ic ,cosmogony #a4 ,8 cosmogony is ess5tially ,gno/ic4 ,! great problem ( creation pres5t$ itself to him 9 ! same aspect2 & ! solution :i* he (f]$ 0 g5]ically ! same4 ,! _w1 he ass]t$1 0 n made by ! highe/ ,god1 b by an angel or p[] f> remov$ f1 & ignorant (1 ?is supreme ,be+#ccj4 ,o!r au?orities describ+ 8 sy/em speak n ( a s+le p[]1 b ( p[]s1 z creat+ ! univ]se#cca2 b all alike repres5t ?is demiurge1 or ^! demiurges1 z ignorant ( ! absolute ,god4 ,x is moreov] /at$ t he held ! ,mosaic law to h be5 giv5 n by ! supreme ,god ,himself1 b by ?is angel1 or "o ( ^! angels1 :o creat$ ! _w#ccb4 ,footnote #ccj3 ,ir54 i4 #bf4 #a #8,non a primo ,deo factum esse mundum docuit1 s$ a virtute quadam valde sep>ata et di/ante ab ea pr9cipalitate qu e/ sup] univ]sa1 et ignorante eum qui e/ sup] omnia ,deum'2 ,hippol4 ,hr4 vii4 #cc 1 ' 1 x4 #ba 1 4 ,footnote #cca3 ,pseudo-,t]tull4 ,hr4 #c #8,c>pocrates prt]ea hanc tulit sectam3 ,unam esse dicit virtutem 9 sup]ioribus pr9cipalem1 ex hac prolatos angelos atque virtutes1 quos di/antes longe a sup]ioribus virtutibus mundum i/um 9 inf]ioribus p>tibus condidisse4444 ,po/ hunc ,c]9?us hreticus erupit1 similia doc5s4 ,nam et ipse mundum in/itutum esse ab illis dicit'2 ,epiphan4 ,hr4 xxviii4 #a 2 ,!odoret4 ,h4 ,f4 ii4 #c 1 1 2 ,augu/94 ,hr4 #h4 ,! "o /atem5t is q reconcilable ) ! o!r4 ,among ^? angels by ^: in/rum5tality ! _w 0 creat$1 ,c]9?us appe>s to h assign$ a position ( preem95ce to "o1 :om he reg>d$ z ! demiurge 9 a special s5se & "u :om ! o!rs work$2 see ,ne&] ,*ur* ,hi/ory ,,ii4 p4 #dc4 ,footnote #ccb3 ,pseudo-,t]tull4 l4c42 ,epiphan4 ,hr4 xxviii4 #d 4 ,sid5ote3 & consequ5t angelology4 ,f ^! notices x is pla9 t angelology _h an important place 9 8 speculations2 & t he employ$ x to expla9 ! exi/5ce ( evil suppos$ to be inh]5t 9 ! physical _w1 z well z to acc\nt = ! imp]fections ( ! old disp5sation4 ,! #8remote di/ance' ( 8 angelic demiurge f ! supreme ,god c h>dly be expla9$ except on ! hypo!sis ( successive g5]ations ( ^! int]m$iate ag5cies4 ,?us 8 solution is ?or\ghly ,gno/ic4 ,at ! same "t1 z contra/$ ) lat] & m %>ply def9$ ,gno/ic sy/ems1 ! ,judaic orig9 & complexion ( 8 cosmogony is obvi\s4 ,8 int]m$iate ag5cies /ill reta9 ! "n & ! p]sonality ( angels1 & h n yet giv5 way to ^? vague idealities :i*1 z emanations ,sid5ote3 ,angels ( e>li] & ons ( lat] ,gno/ics4 or ons1 took _! place 9 lat] speculations4 ,?us 8 !ory is l9k$ on to ! angelology ( lat] ,judaism f\nd$ on ! angelic appe>ances record$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t n>rative4 ,& aga93 :ile lat] ,gno/ics repres5t ! demiurge & giv] ( ! law z antagoni/ic to ! supreme & good ,god1 ,c]9?us does n g beyond po/ulat+ 8 ignorance4 ,he w5t z f> z he c\ld )\t break+ entirely ) ! ,old ,te/am5t & ab&on+ 8 ,judaic /&+-gr\nd4 ,sid5ote3 ,c]9?us a l9k betwe5 ! ,colossian h]esy & lat] ,gno/icism4 ,9 ^! respects ,c]9?us is ! prop] l9k betwe5 ! incipi5t gnosis ( ! ,colossian h]etics & ! mature gnosis ( ! second c5tury4 ,9 ! ,colossian epi/le we /ill brea! ! atmosph]e ( ,jewi% angelology1 nor is !re any trace ( ! on ( lat] ,gno/icism#ccc2 :ile yet speculation is s f> advanc$ t ! angels h an important function 9 expla9+ ! my/]ies ( ! creation & gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,on ! o!r h& x has n rea*$ ! po9t at :i* we f9d x 9 ,c]9?us4 ,gno/ic conceptions respect+ ! relation ( ! demiurgic ag5cy to ! supreme ,god w\ld appe> to h pass$ ?r\gh ?ree /ages4 ,?is relation 0 repres5t$ fir/1 z imp]fect appreciation2 next1 z entire ignorance2 la/ly1 z direct antagonism4 ,! second & ?ird are ! /&+ po9ts ( ,c]9?us & ( ! lat] ,gno/ic tea*]s respectively4 ,! fir/ 0 probably ! position ( ! ,colossian false tea*]s4 ,! imp]fections ( ! natural _w1 !y w\ld urge1 7 due to ! limit$ capacities ( ^! angels to :om ! demiurgic "w 0 committ$1 & to _! imp]fect sympa?y ) ! supreme ,god2 b at ! same "t !y might fitly receive wor%ip z m$iators betwe5 ,god & man2 & inde$ humanity seem$ 9 its weakness to ne$ ! int]v5tion ( "s su* be+s less remote f itself ?an ! highe/ heav54 ,footnote #ccc3 ,i am q unable to see any ref]5ce to ! ,gno/ic conception ( an on 9 ! passages ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :i* are sometimes quot$ 9 support ( ?is view1 e4g41 by ,baur ,paulus p4 #dbh1 ,burton ,lectures p4 #aaa sq4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,8 ,*ri/ology4 #b4 ,aga9 ! ,*ri/ology ( ,c]9?us des]ves att5tion f ?is po9t ( view4 ,"h all our au?orities are agre$4 ,z a ,judaiz] ,c]9?us held ) ! ,ebionites t ,jesus 0 only ! son ( ,joseph & ,m>y1 born 9 ! natural way4 ,z a ,gno/ic he ma9ta9$ t ! ,*ri/ fir/ desc5d$ 9 ! =m ( a dove on ! c>p5t]'s son at 8 baptism2 t ,he reveal$ to him ! unkn[n ,fa!r1 & work$ miracles ?r\gh him3 & t at l5g? ,he took ,8 flight & left him1 s t ,jesus alone suff]$ & rose1 :ile ! ,*ri/ rema9$ impassible#ccd4 ,x w\ld appe> also1 ?\gh ?is is n c]ta91 t he describ$ ?is re-asc5sion ( ! ,*ri/1 z a return #8to ,8 own pl]oma#cce4' ,footnote #ccd3 ,ir54 i4 #bf4 #a1 ,hippol4 ,hr4 vii4 #cc1 x4 #ba1 ,epiphan4 ,hr4 xxviii4 #a1 ,!odoret4 ,h4 ,f4 ii4 #c4 ,! argum5ts by :i* ,lipsius 7,gno/icismus pp4 #bde1 #beh1 9 ,ers* u4 ,grub]2 ,quell5kritik des ,epiphanios p4 #aah sq47 attempts to %[ t ,c]9?us did n sep>ate ! ,*ri/ f ,jesus1 & t ,ir5u 7& subsequ5t au?ors copy+ him7 h wrongly attribut$ to ?is h]etic ! !ories ( lat] ,gno/ics1 seem insuffici5t to outweigh ^! direct /atem5ts4 ,x is m probable t ! sy/em ( ,c]9?us %\ld h admitt$ "s =eign elem5ts n v consi/5t ) 8 ,judaic /&+ po9t1 ?an t ^! writ]s %\ld h be5 mis9=m$4 ,inconsi/5cy 0 a necess>y condition ( ,judaic ,gno/icism4 ,! po9t h[ev] is comp>atively unimportant z affect+ my ma9 purpose4 ,footnote #cce3 ,ir5u 7iii4 #aa4 #a71 aft] speak+ ( ,c]9?us & ! ,nicolaitans1 proce$s #8non1 quemadmodum illi dicunt1 alt]um quidem fabricatorem 7i4e4 demiurgum71 alium autem ,patrem ,dom9i3 et alium quidem fabricatoris filium1 alt]um v]o de sup]ioribus ,*ri/um1 quem et impassibilem p]sev]asse1 desc5d5tem 9 ,jesum filium fabricatoris1 et it]um revolasse 9 suum pl]oma4' ,! doctr9e is precisely t :i* he has be=e ascrib$ to ,c]9?us 7i4 #bf4 #a71 b ! mode ( /atem5t may h be5 borr[$ f ! ,nicolaitans or f "s lat] ,gno/ics4 ,!re is h[ev] no improbability 9 ! supposition t ,c]9?us us$ ! ^w pl]oma 9 ?is way2 see ! deta*$ note on bel[4 ,sid5ote3 ,approa* t[>ds ,c]9?ian ,*ri/ology 9 ! ,colossian h]esy4 ,n[ x is n cle> f ,/ ,paul's language :at op9ions ! ,colossian h]etics held respect+ ! p]son ( our ,"l2 b we may safely assume t he reg>d$ !m z inadequate & d]ogatory4 ,! emphasis1 ) :i* he ass]ts ! et]nal be+ & absolute sov]eignty ( ,*ri/1 c h>dly be expla9$ 9 any o!r way4 ,b individual expressions tempt u to conjecture t ! same ideas 7 already float+ 9 ! air1 :i* ultimately took =m & consi/5cy 9 ! t5ets ( ,c]9?us4 ,?us1 :5 he reit]ates ! /atem5t t ! :ole pl]oma abides p]man5tly 9 ,*ri/#ccf1 he w\ld appe> to be tacitly refut+ "s op9ion :i* ma9ta9$ only mutable & imp]fect relations betwe5 ! two4 ,:5 aga9 he speaks ( ! true gospel fir/ taught to ! ,colossians z ! doctr9e ( #8! ,*ri/1 ev5 ,jesus ! ,"l#ccg1' 8 language might seem to be direct$ aga9/ ! t5d5cy to sep>ate ! heav5ly ,*ri/ f ! e>?ly ,jesus1 z ?\gh ! connexion 7 only transi5t4 ,:5 la/ly he dwells on ! "w ( reconciliation1 z wr\ght #8?r\gh ! blood ( ,*ri/'s cross1' #89 ! body ( ,8 fle% ?r\gh dea?#cch1' we may p]haps inf] t he already disc]n$ a disposition to put aside ,*ri/'s passion z a /umbl+-block 9 ! way ( philosophical religion4 ,?us reg>d$1 ! ,apo/le's language ga9s =ce & po9t2 ?\gh no /ress c be laid on explanations :i* are s l>gely conjectural4 ,footnote #ccf3 i4 #ai1 ii4 #i4 ,see above p4 #ajb1 note #bie4 ,on ! =ce ( see ! note on ! e>li] ( ! two passages4 ,footnote #ccg3 ii4 #f 1 4 ,footnote #cch3 i4 #bj1 #bb4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,gno/icism ( ! ,colossians be+ vague & undevelop$4 ,b if s1 ! v g5]ality ( 8 language %[s t ^! speculations 7 /ill vague & fluctuat+4 ,! diff]5ce :i* sep>ates ^! h]etics f ,c]9?us may be measur$ by ! great] precision & directness 9 ! ,apo/olic c\nt]-/atem5t1 z we turn f ! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians to ! ,gospel ( ,/ ,john4 ,9 ?is int]val1 ext5d+ ov] ne>ly a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 speculation _h tak5 a def9ite %ape4 ,! elem5ts ( ,gno/ic !ory1 :i* 7 be=e held 9 solution1 _h mean:ile cry/alliz$ ar\nd ! facts ( ! ,gospel4 ,yet /ill we seem ju/ifi$1 ev5 at ! e>li] date1 9 speak+ ( ^! g5]al ideas z ,gno/ic1 gu>d+ ourselves at ! same "t aga9/ misund]/&+ ) ! tw(old caution1 t we "h employ ! t]m to express ! simple/ & mo/ elem5t>y conceptions ( ?is t5d5cy ( ?\ght1 & t we d n po/ulate its use z a di/9ct designation ( any sect or sects at ?is e>ly date4 ,?us limit$1 ! view t ! writ] ( ?is epi/le is combat+ a ,gno/ic h]esy seems free f all objections1 :ile x appe>s necess>y to expla9 8 language2 & c]ta9ly x does n1 z is sometimes imag9$1 place any weapon 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o w\ld assail ! e>ly date & ,apo/olic au?or%ip ( ! epi/le4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,on "s po9ts connect$ ) ! ,ess5es4 ,i4 ,,! ,,"n ,,ess5e4 ,sid5ote3 ,v>i\s =ms ( ! "n 9 ,greek4 ,! "n is v>i\sly writt5 9 ,greek2 #a4 3 ,joseph4 ,ant4 xiii4 #e4 #i1 xiii4 #aj4 #f1 xv4 #aj4 #e1 xviii4 #a4 #b1 #e1 ,b4,j4 ii4 #h4 #b1 #ac1 ,vit4 #b2 ,pl94 ,n4,h4 v4 #ae4 #ag 7,ess5us72 ,dion ,*rys4 9 ,synes4 ,dion #c2 ,hippol4 ,hr4 ix4 #ah1 #bh 7,,ms 72 ,epiphan4 ,hr4 p4 #bh sq1 #abg 7ed4 ,pet474 #b4 3 ,philo ,,ii4 pp4 #deg1 #dga1 #fcb 7ed4 ,mang472 ,hegesippus 9 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iv4 #bb2 ,porphyr4 de ,ab/94 iv4 #aa4 ,s too ,joseph4 ,b4,j4 ii4 #g4 #c1 ii4 #bj4 #d1 iii4 #b4 #a2 ,ant4 xv4 #aj4 #d2 ?\gh 9 ! imm$iate context ( ?is la/ passage he writes 1 if ! common texts may be tru/$4 #c4 3 ,epiphan4 ,hr4 pp4 #dj sq41 #abe1 #dfb4 ,! common texts v frequ5tly make him write 1 b see ,d9dorf's notes1 ,epiphan4 ,op4 #a4 pp4 #chj1 #dbe4 ,) ,epiphanius ! ,ess5es are a ,sam>itan1 ! ,ossans a ,judaic sect4 ,he has evid5tly got 8 in=mation f two di/9ct s\rces1 & does n see t ! same p]sons are int5d$4 #d4 1 ,epiphan4 ,hr4 p4 #aag4 ,f ! connexion ! same sect aga9 seems to be meant3 b ow+ to ! =m ,epiphanius conjectures 77 t ! "n is d]iv$ f ,jesse1 ! fa!r ( ,david4 ,sid5ote3 ,all etymologies to be reject$ :i* d]ive ! "n4 ,if any c]ta9 example c\ld be produc$ :]e ! "n occurs 9 any e>ly ,hebrew or ,aramaic writ+1 ! "q ( its d]ivation w\ld probably be settl$2 b 9 ! abs5ce ( a s+le decisive in/ance a wide field is op5$ = conjecture1 & critics h n be5 backw>d 9 avail+ !mselves ( ! lic5se4 ,9 discuss+ ! claims ( ! diff]5t etymologies propos$ we may reject3 ,sid5ote3 7i7 ,f ! ,greek2 ,fir/3 d]ivations f ! ,greek4 ,?us ,philo connects ! ^w ) #8holy'3 ,quod omn4 prob4 #ab1 p4 #deg 444 1 #ac1 p4 #dei 1 ,fragm4 p4 #fcb 1 1 21 4 ,x is n q cle> :e!r ,philo is "h play+ ) words aft] ! mann] ( 8 ma/] ,plato1 or :e!r he holds a pre-e/abli%$ h>mony to exi/ among diff]5t languages by :i* simil> s\nds repres5t simil> ?+s1 or :e!r la/ly he s]i\sly means t ! "n 0 directly d]iv$ f ! ,greek ^w 4 ,! la/ supposition is ! lea/ probable2 b he c]ta9ly does n reject ?is d]ivation #8z incorrect' 7,g9sburg ,ess5es p4 #bg71 nor c be r5d]$ #8f an incorrect d]ivation f ! ,greek homonym hosiotes' 7ib4 p4 #cb71 s9ce ! ^w nev] involves ! notion ( false etymology4 ,! am\nt ( tru? :i* probably und]lies ,philo's /atem5t w be consid]$ h]eaft]4 ,ano!r ,greek d]ivation is 1 #8companion1 associate1' sugge/$ by ,rapoport1 ,ere* ,mill9 p4 #da4 ,sev]al o!rs aga9 are sugge/$ by ,lwy1 s4v4 ,esser1 e4g4 f _! esot]ic doctr9e1 or f _! fatalism4 ,all su* may be reject$ z in/ances ( +5i\s trifl+1 if inde$ !y des]ve to be call$ +5i\s4 ,sid5ote3 7ii7 ,f names ( p]sons or places2 ,secondly3 d]ivations f prop] names :e!r ( p]sons or ( places4 ,?us ! ^w has be5 d]iv$ f ,jesse ! fa!r ( ,david 7,epiphan4 l4c471 or f "o ,isai1 ! disciple ( ,r4 ,jo%ua b5 ,p]a*ia :o migrat$ to ,egypt 9 ! "t ( ,alex&] ,jannu 7,lw 9 ,b5 ,*ananja i4 p4 #ceb74 ,aga9 x has be5 ref]r$ to ! t[n ,essa 7a d\btful read+ 9 ,joseph4 ,ant4 xiii4 #ae4 #c7 beyond ! ,jordan4 ,& o!r simil> d]ivations h be5 sugge/$4 ,sid5ote3 ,f ,hebrew roots n supply+ ! "r consonants1 ,?irdly3 etymologies f ! ,hebrew or ,aramaic1 :i* d n supply ! "r consonants1 or d n supply !m 9 ! "r ord]4 ,"u ?is head sev]al mu/ be reject$2 s> #8to b9d1' ,adl] ,volkslehr] ,,vi4 p4 #ej1 ref]r$ to by ,g9sburg ,ess5es p4 #bi4 *sd #8pi\s1' :i* is repres5t$ by 7#a ,macc4 ii4 #db 7v4 l471 vii4 #ac1 #b ,macc4 xiv4 #f71 & c\ld n possibly assume ! =m or 4 ,yet ?is d]ivation appe>s 9 ,josippon b5 ,gorion 7iv4 #f1 #g1 v4 #bd1 pp4 #bgd1 #bgh1 #dea71 :o sub/itutes ,*asidim 9 n>ratives :]e ! ,ess5es are m5tion$ 9 ! orig9al ( ,josephus2 & x has be5 adopt$ by _m m rec5t writ]s4 s'* #8to ba!1' f :i* ) an ,aleph prefix$ we might get z'*ai #8ba!rs' 7a ^w h[ev] :i* does n occur73 ,grtz ,ges*4 d] ,jud5 iii4 pp4 #hb1 #dfh4 tsana #8retir$1 mode/1' adopt$ by ,frankel 7,zeits*rift #ahdf1 p4 #ddi1 ,monats*rift ,,ii4 p4 #cb7 aft] a sugge/ion by ,lw4 ,sid5ote3 su* z ^? :i* make n "p ( ! root4 ,to ?is category mu/ be assign$ ^? etymologies :i* conta9 a z ! ?ird consonant ( ! root2 s9ce ! comp>ison ( ! p>allel =ms & %[s t 9 ! latt] ^w ! is only =mative4 ,on ?is gr\nd we mu/ reject3 *sn2 see bel[ "u 4 *ts5 #8a fold' ( a g>m5t1 & s suppos$ to signify ! or #8apron'1 :i* 0 giv5 to e neophyte among ! ,ess5es 7,joseph4 ,b4,j4 ii4 #h4 #e1 #g73 sugge/$ by ,jell9ek ,b5 ,*ananja ,,iv4 p4 #cgd4 %n #8/rong'3 see ,cohn 9 ,frankel's ,monats*rift ,,vii4 p4 #bga4 ,?is etymology is sugge/$ to expla9 ,epiphanius ,hr4 p4 #dj 7#8a /urdy race'74 ,! "n #8,ess5e' is s int]pret$ also 9 ,makrisi 7de ,sacy1 ,*re/om4 ,arab4 ,i4 p4 #aad1 #cjf72 b1 z he himself writes x ) ,elif & n ,a91 x is pla9 t he got ?is int]pretation f "s "o else1 probably f ,epiphanius4 ,! correct read+ h[ev] 9 ,epiphanius is 1 n 2 & x w\ld !re=e appe> t ?is fa!r or 8 in=mant d]iv$ ! ^w f ! ,hebrew root r ?an f ! ,aramaic 4 ,! w\ld !n be ! 1 & ?is is s f> a possible d]ivation1 t ! n does n ent] into ! root4 ,ano!r ^w sugge/$ to expla9 ! etymology ( ,epiphanius is ! ,aramaic *sn #8p[]ful1 /rong' 7f 72 b ?is is op5 to ! same objections z 4 ,sid5ote3 ,o!r d]ivations consid]$3 ,:5 all su* d]ivations are elim9at$ z unt5able or improbable1 consid]able unc]ta9ty /ill rema9s4 ,! #a/ & #crd radicals might be any ( ! gutturals 1112 & ! ,greek 1 z ! #bnd radical1 might repres5t any "o ( sev]al ,%emitic sibilants4 ,?us we h ! *oice ( ! foll[+ etymologies1 :i* h f\nd m or less fav\r4 ,sid5ote3 7#a7 #8a physician'2 7#a7 s #8to heal1' :5ce asy1 #8a physician4' ,! ,ess5es are suppos$ to be s call$ because ,josephus /ates 7,b4,j4 ii4 #h4 #f7 t !y paid great att5tion to ! qualities ( h]bs & m9]als ) a view to ! heal+ ( diseases 7 74 ,?is etymology is support$ likewise by an appeal to ! "n 1 :i* ,philo gives to an alli$ sect 9 ,egypt 7de ,vit4 ,cont4 #a1 ,,ii4 p4 #dga74 ,x seems highly improbable h[ev]1 t ! ord9>y "n ( ! ,ess5es %\ld h be5 d]iv$ f a pursuit :i* 0 m]ely second>y & incid5tal2 :ile ! suppos$ analogy ( ! ,!rapeut re/s on a wrong int]pretation ( ! ^w4 ,philo inde$ 7l4c471 b5t ^u extract+ f x z mu* moral significance z possible1 says1 1 ' 1 4447 ' 4443 b ! latt] mean+ alone accords ) ! usage ( ! ^w2 = 1 us$ absolutely1 signifies #8a wor%ipp]1 devotee1' n #8a physician1 heal]4' ,?is etymology ( is ascrib$1 ?\gh wrongly1 to ,philo by ,as>ia di ,rossi 7,meor ,enayim #c1 fol4 #cc a7 & has be5 v widely receiv$4 ,among m rec5t writ]s1 :o h adopt$ or fav\r$ x1 are ,bell]mann 7,ueb] ,esser u4 ,!rapeut5 p4 #g71 ,gfrr] 7,philo ,,ii4 p4 #cda71 ,dhne 7,ers* u4 ,grub]1 s4v471 ,baur 7,*ri/l4 ,kir*e d] drei er/4 ,jahrh4 p4 #bj71 ,h]zfeld 7,ges*4 des ,jud5?ums ,,ii4 p4 #cga1 #cie1 #cig sq471 ,geig] 7,urs*rift p4 #abf71 ,d]5b\rg 7,l',hi/oire et la ,gographie de la ,pale/9e pp4 #agj1 #age1 notes71 ,keim 7,jesus von ,naz>a ,i4 p4 #bhd sq471 & ,hamburg] 7,real-,encyclopdie fr ,bibel u4 ,talmud1 s4v474 ,sev]al ( ^! writ]s id5tify ! ,ess5es ) ! ,bai?usians 77 ( ! ,talmud1 ?\gh 9 ! ,talmud ! ,bai?usians are connect$ ) ! ,sadducees4 ,?is id5tification 0 sugge/$ by di ,rossi 7l4c4 fol4 #cc b71 :o int]prets #8,bai?usians' z #8! s*ool ( ! ,ess5es' 7 73 :ile subsequ5t writ]s1 go+ a /ep fur!r1 h expla9$ x #8! s*ool ( ! physicians' 7 74 ,sid5ote3 7#b7 #8a se]'2 7#b7 *z #8to see'1 :5ce *azy #8a se]'1 9 ref]5ce to ! prophetic p[]s :i* ! ,ess5es claim$1 z ! result ( ascetic contemplation3 ,joseph4 ,b4,j4 ii4 #h4 #ab 444 ,= in/ances ( su* ,ess5e prophets see ,ant4 xiii4 ,,ii4 #b1 xv4 #aj4 #e1 ,b4,j4 ,i4 #c4 #e1 ii4 #g4 #c4 ,suidas1 s4v4 1 says3 1 1 1 1 4 ,= ?is d]ivation1 :i* 0 sugge/$ by ,baumg>t5 7see ,bell]mann p4 #aj7 & is adopt$ by ,hilg5feld 7,jd4 ,apocal4 p4 #bgh71 !re is some?+ to be said3 b is r ?an 2 & ?us x mu/ d5ote ! result r ?an ! process1 ! vision :i* 0 ! privilege ( ! few r ?an ! contemplation :i* 0 ! duty ( all4 ,inde$ 9 a lat] pap] 7,zeits*r4 ,,xi4 p4 #cdf1 #ahfh7 ,hilg5feld expresses himself d\btfully ab\t ?is d]ivation1 feel+ ! difficulty ( expla9+ ! f ! 4 ,?is is a real objection4 ,9 ! translit]ation ( ! ,,lxx ! is p]si/5tly repres5t$ by 1 & ! by 4 ,! exceptions to ?is rule1 :]e ! manuscript au?ority is beyond "q1 are v few1 & 9 e case !y seem capable ( explanation by peculi> circum/ances4 ,sid5ote3 7#c7 #8to d'2 7#c7 sh #8to d1' s t w\ld signify #8! do]s1 ! obs]v]s ( ! law1' ?us ref]r+ to ! /rictness ( ,ess5e practices3 see ,opp5heim 9 ,frankel's ,monats*rift ,,vii4 p4 #bgb sq4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ also t1 z ! ,ph>isees 7 especially designat$ ! tea*]s1 ! ,ess5es 7 call$ ! #8do]s' by a sort ( anti!sis3 see an article 9 ,jo/'s ,annal5 #ahci1 p4 #ade4 ,?us ! talmudic phrase 1 int]pret$ #8m5 ( practice1 ( good de$s1' is suppos$ to ref] to ! ,ess5es 7see ,frankel's ,zeits*rift ,,iii4 p4 #deh1 ,monats*rift ,,ii4 p4 #gj74 ,9 "s passages inde$ 7see ,sur5huis ,mi%na ,,iii4 p4 #cac7 x may possibly mean #8work]s ( miracles' 7z ,joh4 v4 #bj1 vii4 #ba1 x4 #be1 etc472 b 9 ?is s5se also x might be expla9$ ( ! ?aumaturgic p[]s claim$ by ! ,ess5es4 7,see bel[1 p4 #abf47 ,on ! use :i* has be5 made ( a passage 9 ! ,abo? ( ,r4 ,na?an c4 #cg1 z support+ ?is d]ivation1 ,i %all h to speak h]eaft]4 ,altoge!r ?is etymology has little or no?+ to recomm5d x4 ,i h res]v$ to ! la/ ! two d]ivations :i* seem to des]ve mo/ consid]ation4 ,sid5ote3 7#d7 *asyo #8pi\s'2 7#d7 *asi 7 *'s7 or *asyo1 #8pi\s1' 9 ,syriac4 ,?is d]ivation1 :i* is also giv5 by de ,sacy 7,*re/om4 ,arab4 ,i4 p4 #cdg71 is adopt$ by ,ewald 7,ges*4 des ,v4 ,isr4 ,,iv4 p4 #dhd1 ed4 #c1 #ahfd1 ,,vii4 pp4 #aed1 #dgg1 ed4 #b1 #ahei71 :o ab&ons 9 its fav\r ano!r etymology 7 *azzan #8wat*]1 wor%ipp]' 7 :i* he _h sugge/$ 9 an e>li] edition ( 8 f\r? volume 7p4 #dbj74 ,x is recomm5d$ by ! fact t x resembles n only 9 s\nd1 b 9 mean+1 ! ,greek 1 ( :i* x is a common r5d]+ 9 ! ,pe%ito 7,acts ii4 #bg1 xiii4 #ce1 ,tit4 i4 #h74 ,?us x expla9s ! d]ivation giv5 by ,philo 7see above1 p4 #aae71 & x also acc\nts = ! t5d5cy to write = 9 ,greek4 ,ewald moreov] po9ts out h[ an ,ess5iz+ ,sibyll9e poem 7,orac4 ,sib4 iv2 see above1 p4 #if7 dwells on ! ,greek equival5ts1 1 1 etc4 7vv4 #bf1 #ce1 #db sq41 #adh sq41 #afb1 #afe sq41 #agh sq41 ed4 ,alex&re71 z if !y _h a special value = ! writ]3 see ,ges*4 ,,vii4 p4 #aed1 ,sibyll4 ,b*] p4 #df4 ,lipsius 7,s*5kel's ,bibel-,lexikon1 s4v47 also consid]s ?is ! mo/ probable etymology4 ,sid5ote3 7#e7 #8sil5t ones4' 7#e7 *% 7also 7 ,heb41 #8to be sil5t'2 :5ce *a%%m #8! sil5t ones1' :o m$itate on my/]ies4 ,jo/ 7,ges*4 d4 ,jud5?4 ,i4 p4 #bjg7 believes t ?is 0 ! d]ivation accept$ by ,josephus1 s9ce he else:]e 7,ant4 iii4 #g4 #e1 iii4 #h4 #i7 writes out 1 *%5 #8! high-prie/'s brea/-plate' 7,exod4 xxviii4 #ae sq71 or 9 ,greek1 & expla9s x 1 7i4e4 ! #8place ( oracles' or #8( reason'3 comp4 ,philo de ,mon4 ii4 #e1 ,,ii4 p4 #bbf 1 44471 z x is translat$ 9 ! ,,lxx4 ,ev5 ?\gh mod]n critics %\ld be "r 9 connect+ ) ! ,arab4 #8pul*] fuit1 ornavit' 7see ,ges54 ,!s4 p4 #ece1 s4v471 ! o!r d]ivation may h prevail$ 9 ,josephus' "t4 ,we may illu/rate ?is d]ivation by ,josephus' description ( ! ,ess5es1 ,b4,j4 ii4 #h4 #e 2 & p]haps ?is w also expla9 ! ,greek equival5t 1 :i* ,suidas gives = 4 ,! use ( ! ,hebrew ^w 9 ,mi%na ,%ekalim v4 #f1 ?\gh we ne$ n suppose t ! ,ess5es are !re meant1 w s]ve to %[ h[ x might be adopt$ z ! "n ( ! sect4 ,on ?is ^w see ,levy ,*aldis*es ,wrt]bu* p4 #bhg4 ,on ! :ole ?is seems ! mo/ probable etymology ( any1 ?\gh x has n f\nd s mu* fav\r z ! la/4 ,at all ev5ts ! rules ( translit]ation are entirely satisfi$1 & ?is c h>dly be said ( ! o!r d]ivations :i* come into competition ) x4 #b4 ,,orig9 ,,& ,,aff9ities ,,( ,,! ,,ess5es4 ,sid5ote3 ,! pr9ciple ( ! re/oration4 ,! rul+ pr9ciple ( ! ,re/oration "u ,ezra 0 ! isolation ( ! ,jewi% p f all influ5ces ( ! surr\nd+ nations4 ,only by ! rigor\s application ( ?is pr9ciple 0 x possible to gu>d ! nationality ( ! ,hebrews1 & ?us to pres]ve ! sacr$ deposit ( religi\s tru? ( :i* ?is nationality 0 ! husk4 ,h5ce ! /ricte/ att5tion 0 paid to ! ,levitical ord9ances1 & m especially to ^? :i* aim$ at c]emonial purity4 ,! pr9ciple1 :i* 0 ?us di/9ctly ass]t$ at ! p]iod ( ! national revival1 ga9$ =ce & conc5tration at a lat] date f ! active antagonism to :i* ! patriotic ,jews 7 driv5 by ! religi\s & political aggressions ( ! ,syrian k+s4 ,dur+ ! ,maccaban w>s we read ( a p>ty or sect ,sid5ote3 ,rise ( ! ,asidans4 call$ ! ,*asidim or ,asidans 771 ! #8pi\s' or #8dev\t1' :o zeal\s 9 _! obs]vance ( ! c]emonial law /\tly resi/$ any concession to ! practices ( ,hell5ism1 & took _! place 9 ! van ( ! /ruggle ) _! national enemies1 ! ,antio*5e mon>*s 7#a ,macc4 ii4 #db1 vii4 #ac1 #b ,macc4 xiv4 #f74 ,b1 ?\gh _! names appe> n[ = ! fir/ "t1 !y are n m5tion$ z a newly =m$ p>ty2 & x is probable t !y _h _! orig9 at a mu* e>li] date4 ,! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ?is t5d5cy to exclusiv5ess & isolation is wrapt 9 ! same obscurity4 ,at a some:at lat] date ,sid5ote3 ,ph>isaism & ,ess5ism trac$ to ! same pr9ciple4 x is exhibit$ 9 ! ,ph>isees & ! ,ess5es2 b :e!r ^! 7 hi/orically connect$ ) ! ,*asidim z div]g5t (f%oots ( ! orig9al sect1 or :e!r !y repres5t indep5d5t developm5ts ( ! same pr9ciple1 we are )\t ! prop] data = decid+4 ,! pr9ciple itself appe>s 9 ! "n ( ! ,ph>isees1 :i*1 z d5ot+ #8sep>ation1' po9ts to ! avoidance ( all =eign & contam9at+ influ5ces4 ,on ! o!r h& ! mean+ ( ! "n ,ess5e is unc]ta91 = ! attempt to d]ive x directly f ,*asidim mu/ be ab&on$2 b ! t5d5cy ( ! sect is unmi/akeable4 ,if ) ! ,ph>isees c]emonial purity 0 a pr9cipal aim1 ) ! ,ess5es x 0 an absorb+ passion4 ,x 0 en=c$ & gu>d$ moreov] by a special organization4 ,:ile ! ,ph>isees 7 a sect1 ! ,ess5es 7 an ord]4 ,l ! ,py?agoreans 9 ,magna ,grcia & ! ,buddhi/s 9 ,india be=e !m1 l ! ,*ri/ian monks ( ! ,egyptian & ,syrian des]ts aft] !m1 !y 7 =m$ into a religi\s bro!rhood1 f5c$ ab\t by m9ute & rigid rules1 & c>efully gu>d$ f any contam9ation ) ! out] _w4 ,sid5ote3 ,=eign elem5ts 9 ,ess5ism4 ,?us ! sect may h aris5 9 ! he>t ( ,judaism4 ,! idea ( c]emonial purity 0 ess5tially ,judaic4 ,b /ill1 :5 we turn to ! repres5tations ( ,philo & ,josephus1 x is impossible to ov]look o!r traits :i* betok5 =eign aff9ities4 ,:atev] ! ,ess5es may h be5 9 _! orig91 at ! ,*ri/ian era at lea/ & 9 ! ,apo/olic age !y no long] repres5t$ ! curr5t type ( religi\s ?\ght & practice among ! ,jews4 ,?is =eign elem5t has be5 d]iv$ by "s f ! ,py?agoreans1 by o!rs f ! ,syrians or ,p]sians or ev5 f ! f>!r ,ea/2 b1 :e!r ,greek or ,ori5tal1 its exi/5ce has until lately be5 almo/ univ]sally all[$4 ,sid5ote3 ,frankel's !ory well receiv$1 ,! inve/igations ( ,frankel1 publi%$ fir/ 9 #ahdf 9 8 ,zeits*rift1 & cont9u$ 9 #ahec 9 8 ,monats*rift1 h giv5 a diff]5t direction to curr5t op9ion4 ,frankel ma9ta9s t ,ess5ism 0 a purely indig5\s gr[?1 t x is only ,ph>isaism 9 an exagg]at$ =m1 & t x has no?+ di/9ctive & owes no?+1 or next to no?+1 to =eign influ5ces4 ,to e/abli% ?is po9t1 he disp>ages ! repres5tations ( ,philo & ,josephus z col\r$ to suit ! ta/es ( _! hea!n read]s1 :ile 9 _! place he br+s =w>d z au?orities a numb] ( passages f talmudical & rabb9ical writ+s1 9 :i* he discov]s ref]5ces to ?is sect4 ,9 ?is view he is foll[$ implicitly by "s lat] writ]s1 & has l>gely influ5c$ ! op9ions ( o!rs2 :ile ne>ly all speak ( 8 inve/igations z ?r[+ great light on ! subject4 ,sid5ote3 b gr\ndless & mislead+4 ,x is p]haps dang]\s to diss5t f a view :i* has f\nd s mu* fav\r2 b nev]!less ,i am oblig$ to confess my belief t1 :atev] value ,frankel's inve/igations may h z contributions to our k ( ,jewi% religi\s ?\ght & practice1 !y ?r[ little or no light on ! ,ess5es specially2 & t ! bl9d acceptance ( 8 results by lat] writ]s has greatly obscur$ ! di/9ctive features ( ?is sect4 ,i _c b ?9k t any "o1 :o w inve/igate ,frankel's ref]5ces & te/ 8 results /ep by /ep1 w arrive at ! conclusion to :i* ,i myself h be5 l$1 t 8 talmudical rese>*es h left our k ( ?is sect :]e x 0 be=e1 & t we mu/ /ill ref] to ,josephus & ,philo = any precise in=mation respect+ !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 d\ble d]ivation ( ! "n4 ,frankel />ts f ! etymology ( ! "n4 ,he supposes t 1 1 repres5t two diff]5t ,hebrew words1 ! =m] *sd1 ! latt] tsana1 bo? clo!d 9 suitable ,greek dresses#cci4 ,:]ev] !re=e ei!r ( ^! words occurs1 !re is1 or !re may be1 a direct ref]5ce to ! ,ess5es4 ,footnote #cci3 ,zeits*rift p4 #ddi #8,fr ,esser liegt1 wie s*on von &]5 ,seit5 bem]kt wurde1 das ,hebr4 1 fr ,ess5]1 na* e9] ,bem]kung des ,h]rn ,l4 ,lw im ,ori5t1 das ,hebr4 nahe'2 see also pp4 #ded1 #dee2 ,monats*rift p4 #cb4 ,sid5ote3 ,fatal objections to x4 ,x is n too mu* to say t ^! etymologies are impossible2 & ?is = sev]al reasons4 7#a7 ,! two words 1 1 are pla9ly duplicate =ms ( ! same ,hebrew or ,aramaic orig9al1 l & 7,epiphan4 ,hr4 pp4 #dj1 #dg1 #abg2 & ev5 p4 #df71 & 1 & 7,/eph4 ,byz4 s4v41 ,hippol4 ,hr4 vi4 #g71 ) :i* we may comp>e & 1 & 1 & numb]less o!r examples4 7#b7 ,aga92 :5 we consid] ei!r ^w s+ly1 ! d]ivation (f]$ is att5d$ ) ! mo/ s]i\s difficulties4 ,!re is no reason :y 9 ! d %\ld h disappe>$ f *asid1 :ile x is h>dly possible to conceive t tsanua %\ld h tak5 su* an incongru\s =m z 4 7#c7 ,& la/ly2 ! m important ( ! two words1 *asid1 _h already a recognis$ ,greek equival5t 9 2 & x seems highly improbable t a =m s div]g5t z %\ld h tak5 its place4 ,sid5ote3 ,dep5d5ce ( ! !ory on ! d]ivation4 ,inde$ ,frankel's d]ivations are g5]ally1 if n univ]sally1 ab&on$ by lat] writ]s2 & yet ^! same writ]s repeat 8 quotations & accept 8 results1 z if ! ref]5ces 7 equally valid1 ?\gh ! "n ( ! sect has disappe>$4 ,!y seem to be satisfi$ ) ! /ability ( ! edifice1 ev5 :5 ! f\ndation is und]m9$4 ,?us = in/ance ,grtz n only ma9ta9s aft] ,frankel t ! ,ess5es #87 prop]ly no?+ m ?an /ation>y or1 m /rictly speak+1 consi/5tly logical 7consequ5te7 ,*asidim1' & #8t !re=e !y 7 n s f> remov$ f ! ,ph>isees t !y c be reg>d$ z a sep>ate sect1' & #8accepts entirely ^! results' :i*1 z he says1 #8re/ on critical inve/igation' 7,,iii4 p4 #dfc71 b ev5 boldly translates *asidu? #8! ,ess5e mode ( life' 7ib4 #hd71 ?\gh he himself gives a :olly diff]5t d]ivation ( ! ^w #8,ess5e1' mak+ x signify #8wa%]s' or #8bapti/s' 7see above1 p4 #aaf74 ,& ev5 ^? :o d n g to ?is l5g? ( inconsi/5cy1 yet avail !mselves freely ( ! passages :]e *asid occurs1 & int]pret x ( ! ,ess5es1 :ile di/9ctly repudiat+ ! etymology#cdj4 ,footnote #cdj3 e4g4 ,keim 7p4 #bhf7 & ,d]5b\rg 7p4 #aff1 #dfa sq471 :o bo? d]ive ,ess5e f #8a physician4' ,sid5ote3 ,! t]m *asid n appli$ specially to ! ,ess5es4 ,b1 al?\gh or is n a ,greek =m ( *asid1 x might /ill happ5 t ?is ^w 0 appli$ to !m z an epi!t1 ?\gh n z a prop] "n4 ,only 9 ?is case ! ref]5ce ought to be unmi/akeable1 be=e any conclusions are bas$ ^u x4 ,b 9 fact1 aft] go+ ?r\gh all ! passages :i* ,frankel gives1 x is impossible to feel satisfi$ t 9 a s+le in/ance !re is a direct allusion to ! ,ess5es4 ,sometimes ! ^w seems to ref] to ! old sect ( ! ,*asidim or ,asidans1 z = in/ance :5 ,jose b5 ,joez]1 :o liv$ dur+ ! ,maccaban w>1 is call$ a *asid#cda4 ,at all ev5ts ?is ,r4 ,jose is kn[n to h be5 a m>ri$ man1 = he is /at$ to h dis9h]it$ 8 *ildr5 7,baba ,ba?ra #acc b72 & !re=e he _c h belong$ to ! /rict] ord] ( ,ess5es4 ,sometimes x is employ$ q g5]ally to d5ote pi\s obs]v]s ( ! c]emonial law1 z = in/ance :5 x is said t ) ! dea? ( c]ta9 fam\s tea*]s ! ,*asidim ceas$#cdb4 ,9 ?is latt] s5se ! expression 1 #8! anci5t or primitive ,*asidim' 7,monats*r4 pp4 #ca1 #fb71 is p]haps us$2 = ^! primitive ,*asidim aga9 are m5tion$ z hav+ wives & *ildr5#cdc1 & x appe>s also t !y 7 scrupul\sly exact 9 br++ _! sacrificial (f]+s#cdd4 ,?us x is impossible to id5tify !m ) ! ,ess5es1 z describ$ by ,josephus & ,philo4 ,ev5 9 ^? passages ( :i* mo/ has be5 made1 ! ref]5ce is m ?an d\btful4 ,?us great /ress is laid on ! say+ ( ,r4 ,jo%ua b5 ,*ananiah 9 ,mi%na ,sotah iii4 #d1 #8,! fooli% *asid & ! clev] villa9 7 71 etc41 are ! ru9 ( ! _w4' ,b ! connexion po9ts to a mu* m g5]al mean+ ( *asid1 & ! r5d]+ 9 ,sur5huis1 #8,homo pius qui insipi5s1 improbus qui a/utus1' gives ! correct anti!sis4 ,s we might say t !re is no "o m mis*iev\s ?an ! wrong-head$ consci5ti\s man4 ,x is true t ! ,gem>as illu/rate ! expression by examples ( ^? :o all[ an ov]-punctili\s reg>d = ext]nal =ms to /& 9 ! way ( de$s ( m]cy4 ,& p]haps rightly4 ,b !re is no ref]5ce to any di/9ctive ,ess5e practices 9 ! illu/rations giv54 ,aga92 ! say+ 9 ,mi%na ,pirke ,abo? v4 #aj1 #8,he :o says ,m9e is ?9e & ?9e is ?9e is a *asid 7 71' is quot$ by sev]al writ]s z ?\gh x ref]r$ to ! ,ess5e community ( goods#cde4 ,b 9 ! fir/ place ! idea ( community ( goods w\ld require #8,m9e is ?9e & ?9e is m9e'3 & 9 ! second place1 ! :ole context1 & especially ! clause :i* imm$iately foll[s 7& :i* ^! writ]s d n give71 #8,he :o says ,?9e is m9e & m9e is m9e is wick$ 771' %[ pla9ly t mu/ be tak5 9 its g5]al s5se #8pi\s1' & ! :ole expression implies n reciprocal int]*ange b individual self-d5ial4 ,footnote #cda3 ,mi%na ,*agigah ii4 #g2 ,zeits*r4 p4 #ded1 ,monats*r4 pp4 #cc1 #fb4 ,see ,frankel's own acc\nt ( ?is ,r4 ,jose 9 an e>li] volume1 ,monats*r4 ,i4 p4 #dje sq4 ,footnote #cdb3 ,zeits*r4 p4 #deg1 ,monats*r4 p4 #fi sq42 see bel[1 p4 #abf4 ,footnote #cdc3 ,niddah #ch a2 see ,lwy s4v4 ,esser4 ,footnote #cdd3 ,mi%na ,k]i?u? vi4 #c1 ,n$>im #aj a2 see ,monats*r4 p4 #fe4 ,footnote #cde3 ,?us ,grtz 7,,iii4 p4 #ha7 speak+ ( ! community ( goods among ! ,ess5es writes1 #8,f ?is view spr+s ! prov]b2 ,e ,*assid says2 ,m9e & ?9e belong to !e 7n me7' ?us giv+ a turn to ! expression :i* 9 its orig9al connexion x does n at all ju/ify4 ,( ! exi/5ce ( su* a prov]b ,i h f\nd no traces4 ,x c]ta9ly is n sugge/$ 9 ! passage ( ,pirke ,abo?4 ,lat] 9 ! volume 7p4 #dfg7 ,grtz tacitly alt]s ! words to make !m express reciprocation or community ( goods1 sub/itut+ #8,?9e is m9e' = #8,?9e is ?9e' 9 ! second clause2 #8,! ,*assid mu/ h no prop]ty ( 8 own1 b mu/ treat x z belong+ to ! ,society 7 74' ,at lea/1 z he gives no ref]5ce1 ,i suppose t he ref]s to ! same passage4 ,9 ?is loose way he treats ! :ole subject4 ,keim 7p4 #bid7 quotes ! passage correctly1 b ref]s x nev]!less to ,ess5e communism4 ,sid5ote3 ,possible connexion ( *asid & *asyo discuss$4 ,x might inde$ be urg$1 ?\gh ?is is n ,frankel's plea1 t suppos+ ! true etymology ( ! ^w 1 1 to be ! ,syriac 1 1 *'s1 *asyo 7a possible d]ivation71 *asid might h be5 its ,hebrew equival5t z be+ simil> 9 s\nd & mean+1 & p]haps ultimately connect$ 9 d]ivation1 ! exactly correspond+ trilit]al root 7comp4 7 n be+ 9 use 9 ,hebrew#cdf4 ,b be=e we accept ?is explanation we h a "r to dem& "s evid5ce :i*1 if n demon/rative1 is at lea/ circum/antial1 t *asid is us$ ( ! ,ess5es3 & ?is we h se5 is n =?com+4 ,moreov]1 if ! ,ess5es _h ?us inh]it$ ! "n ( ! ,*asidim1 we %\ld h expect$ t its old ,greek equival5t 1 :i* is /ill us$ lat] ?an ! ,maccaban era1 w\ld also h gone ) x2 r ?an t a new ,greek ^w 7or 7 %\ld h be5 inv5t$ to take its place4 ,b inde$ ! ,syriac ,v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t furni%es an argum5t aga9/ ?is conv]tibility ( ! ,hebrew *asid & ! ,syriac *asyo1 :i* mu/ be reg>d$ z ,sid5ote3 ,usage is unfav\rable to ?is view4 almo/ decisive4 ,! num]\s passages 9 ! ,psalms1 :]e ! expressions #8,my *asidim1' #8,8 *asidim1' occur 7xxx4 #e1 xxxi4 #bd1 xxxvii4 #bh1 lii4 #aa1 lxxix4 #b1 lxxxv4 #i1 xcvii4 #aj1 cxvi4 #ae1 cxxxii4 #i1 cxlix4 #i3 comp4 xxxii4 #f1 cxlix4 #a1 #e7 seem to h sugge/$ ! assumption ( ! "n to ! orig9al ,asidans4 ,b 9 su* passages is commonly1 if n univ]sally1 r5d]$ 9 ! ,pe%ito n by 1 1 b by a :olly diff]5t ^w zadk4 ,& aga91 9 ! ,books ( ,maccabees ! ,syriac r5d]+ = ! "n 1 ,*asidim1 is a ^w d]iv$ f ano!r q di/9ct root4 ,^! facts %[ t ! ,hebrew *asid & ! ,syriac *asyo 7 n practically equival5ts1 s t ! "o w\ld sugge/ ! o!r2 & ?us all presumption 9 fav\r ( a connexion betwe5 & is remov$4 ,footnote #cdf3 ,?is is ,hitzig's view 7,ges*i*te des ,volkes ,israel p4 #dbg74 ,he ma9ta9s t !y 7 call$ #8,hasidim' by ! lat] ,jews because ! ,syrian ,ess5es means exactly ! same z #8,hasidim4' ,sid5ote3 ,frankel's second d]ivation ,frankel's o!r d]ivation 1 tsana1 sugge/$ z an equival5t to 1 has f\nd no fav\r ) lat] writ]s1 & inde$ is too f> remov$ f ! ,greek =m to be t5able4 ,sid5ote3 tsanua consid]$4 ,nor d ! passages quot$ by him#cdg require or sugge/ any allusion to ?is sect4 ,?us 9 ,mi%na ,demai1 vi4 #f1 we are told t ! s*ool ( ,hillel p]mits a c]ta9 lic5se 9 a p>ticul> matt]1 b x is add$1 #8,! ( ! s*ool ( ,hillel foll[$ ! precept ( ! s*ool ( ,%ammai4' ,"h1 z ,frankel himself confesses1 ! ,j]usalem ,talmud kn[s no?+ ab\t ,ess5es1 b expla9s ! ^w by 1 i4e4 #8upright1 wor?y#cdh'2 :ile else:]e1 z he all[s#cdi1 x mu/ h ?is g5]al s5se4 ,inde$ ! m5tion ( ! #8s*ool ( ,hillel' "h seems to exclude ! ,ess5es4 ,9 its compreh5sive mean+ x w mo/ naturally be tak5 also 9 ! o!r passage quot$ by ,frankel1 ,kiddu%9 #ga a1 :]e x is /at$ t ! pronunciation ( ! sacr$ "n1 :i* =m]ly 0 kn[n to all1 is n[ only to be divulg$ to ! 1 i4e4 ! discreet1 among ! prie/s2 & 9 fact x occurs 9 ref]5ce to ! communication ( ! same my/]y 9 ! imm$iate context also1 :]e x c\ld n possibly be treat$ z a prop] "n2 1 #8:o is discreet & meek & has rea*$ middle age1' etc4 ,footnote #cdg3 ,zeits*r4 pp4 #dee1 #deg2 ,monats*r4 p4 #cb4 ,footnote #cdh3 ,monats*r4 p4 #cb4 ,footnote #cdi3 ,zeits*r4 p4 #dee4 ,sid5ote3 ,o!r suppos$ etymologies 9 ! ,talmud4 7#a7 ,asya #8a physician1' ,( o!r etymologies1 :i* h be5 sugge/$1 & ?r\gh :i* x might be suppos$ ! ,ess5es are m5tion$ by "n 9 ! ,talmud1 1 asya1 #8a physician1' is ! "o :i* has f\nd mo/ fav\r4 ,= ! reasons giv5 above 7p4 #aag7 ?is d]ivation seems highly improbable1 & ! passages quot$ are q insuffici5t to ov]come ! objections4 ,( ^! ! /ronge/ is 9 ! ,talm4 ,j]us4 ,yoma iii4 #g1 :]e we are told t a c]ta9 physician ,sid5ote3 n support$ by ! passages quot$ 9 its behalf4 77 (f]$ to communicate ! sacr$ "n to ,r4 ,p9*as ! son ( ,*ama1 & ! latt] refus$ on ! gr\nd t he ate ( ! ti!s--?is be+ reg>d$ z a disqualification1 app>5tly because x 0 inconsi/5t ) ! highe/ degree ( c]emonial purity#cej4 ,! same /ory is told ) "s modifications 9 ,midra% ,qohele? iii4 #aacea4 ,"h ,frankel1 ?\gh himself 7z we h se57 adopt+ a diff]5t d]ivation ( ! ^w #8,ess5e1' yet supposes t ?is p>ticul> physician belong$ to ! sect1 on ! sole gr\nd t c]emonial purity is repres5t$ z a qualification = ! initiation into ! my/]y ( ! ,sacr$ ,"n4 ,lwy 7l4c47 d5ies t ! allusion to ! ti!s is rightly int]pret$3 b ev5 suppos+ x to be correct1 ! passage is q an inadequate basis ei!r = ,frankel's conclusion t ?is p>ticul> physician 0 an ,ess5e1 or = ! d]ivation ( ! ^w ,ess5e :i* o!rs ma9ta94 ,aga91 9 ! /atem5t ( ,talm4 ,j]us4 ,ke?ubo? ii4 #c1 t correct manuscripts 7 call$ books ( #ceb1 ! ^w ,asi is g5]ally tak5 z a prop] "n4 ,b ev5 if ?is int]pretation be false1 !re is absolutely no?+ 9 ! context :i* sugge/s any allusion to ! ,ess5es#cec4 ,9 l mann] ! passage f ,sanh$r9 #ii b1 :]e a physician is m5tion$#ced1 supports no su* inf]5ce4 ,inde$1 z ?is la/ passage relates to ! family ( ! ,asi1 he obvi\sly c h _h no connexion ) ! celibate ,ess5es4 ,footnote #cej3 ,frankel ,monats*r4 p4 #ga3 comp4 ,d]5b\rg p4 #agj sq4 ,footnote #cea3 ,see ,lwy ,krit4-,talm4 ,lex4 s4v4 ,esser4 ,footnote #ceb3 ,urg$ 9 fav\r ( ?is d]ivation by ,h]zfeld ,,ii4 p4 #cih4 ,footnote #cec3 ,! oa? tak5 by ! ,ess5es 7,joseph4 ,b4,j4 ii4 #h4 #g7 444 c h no?+ to d ) accuracy 9 transcrib+ copies1 z ,h]zfeld 7,,ii4 pp4 #cih1 #djg7 seems to ?9k4 ,! natural mean+ ( 1 #8to keep safe or close' & s #8n to divulge' 7e4g4 ,polyb4 xxxi4 #f4 #e ' 71 is also ! mean+ sugge/$ "h by ! context4 ,footnote #ced3 ,! passage is adduc$ 9 support ( ?is d]ivation by ,d]5b\rg p4 #age4 ,sid5ote3 7#b7 asah #8to d4' ,hi!rto our se>* = ! "n 9 ! ,talmud has be5 unsuccessful4 ,"o possibility h[ev] /ill rema9s4 ,! talmudical writ]s speak ( c]ta9 #8m5 ( de$s'2 & if 7z "s suppose7 ! "n ,ess5e is d]iv$ f 1 h we n "h ! m5tion :i* we are seek+8 ,frankel rejects ! etymology1 b presses ! id5tification#cee4 ,! expression1 he urges1 is (t5 us$ 9 connexion ) *asidim4 ,x signifies #8miracle work]s1' & !re=e aptly describes ! sup]natural p[]s suppos$ to be ex]cis$ by ! ,ess5es#cef4 ,?us we are in=m$ 9 ,mi%na ,sotah ix4 #ae1 t #8,:5 ,r4 ,*an9ah b5 ,dosa di$1 ! m5 ( de$s ceas$2 :5 ,r4 ,jose ,ket9ta di$1 ! *asidim ceas$4' ,9 ! ,j]usalem ,talmud h[ev] ?is mi%na is read1 #8,) ! dea? ( ,r4 ,*an9ah b5 ,dosa & ,r4 ,jose ,ket9ta ! *asidim ceas$'2 :ile ! ,gem>a !re expla9s ,r4 ,*an9ah to h be5 "o ( ! 4 ,?us1 ,frankel concludes1 #8! id5tity ( ^! ) becomes /ill m pla94' ,n[ x seems cle> t ?is expression 9 "s places _c ref] to miracul\s p[]s1 b mu/ mean #8m5 ( practical goodness1' z = in/ance 9 ,succah #ea;a1 #ec;a2 & be+ a g5]al t]m expressive ( moral excell5ce1 x is naturally connect$ ) *asidim1 :i* is likewise a g5]al t]m expressive ( piety & goodness4 ,nor is !re any reason :y x %\ld n always be tak5 9 ?is s5se4 ,x is true t /ories are told else:]e ( ?is ,r4 ,*an9ah1 :i* ascribe miracul\s p[]s to him#ceg1 & h5ce !re is a temptation to translate x #8wond]-work]1' z appli$ to him4 ,b ! reason is q insuffici5t4 ,moreov] x mu/ be obs]v$ t ,r4 ,*an9ah's wife is a prom95t p]son 9 ! leg5ds ( 8 miracles report$ 9 ,taani? #bd b2 & ?us we ne$ h>dly /op to discuss ! possible mean+s ( 1 s9ce 8 claims to be+ consid]$ an ,ess5e are b>r$ at ! outset by ?is fact#ceh4 ,footnote #cee3 ,see ,zeits*r4 p #dch1 ,monats*r4 pp4 #fh-gj4 ,footnote #cef3 ,see above1 p4 #aah4 ,footnote #ceg3 ,taani? #bd;b1 ,yoma #ec;b2 see ,sur5huis ,mi%na ,,iii4 p4 #cac4 ,footnote #ceh3 ,9 ?is & simil> cases x is unnecess>y to consid] :e!r ! p]sons m5tion$ might h belong$ to ^? loos] disciples ( ,ess5ism1 :o m>ri$ 7see above1 p4 #he73 because ! id5tification is mean+less unless !y belong$ to ! /rict ord] itself4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ inde$ by a rec5t au?or1 t "o v anci5t ,jewi% writ] di/9ctly adopts ?is d]ivation1 & z di/9ctly /ates t ! ,ess5es 7 a class ( ,ph>isees#cei4 ,if ?is 7 ! case1 ,frankel's !ory1 ?\gh n 8 etymology1 w\ld receive a /rik+ confirmation3 & x is !re=e important to enquire on :at f\ndation ! ass]tion re/s4 ,footnote #cei3 ,g9sburg 9 ,kitto's ,cyclopdia s4v41 ,i4 p4 #hbi3 comp4 ,ess5es pp4 #bb1 #bh4 ,sid5ote3 ,! au?ority = ?is d]ivation trac$ to an error4 ,dr ,g9sburg's au?ority = ?is /atem5t is a passage f ! ,abo? ( ,rabbi ,na?an1 c4 #cg1 :i*1 z he gives x1 appe>s conclusive2 #8,!re are eight k9ds ( ,ph>isees 444 & ^? ,ph>isees :o live 9 celibacy are ,ess5es4' ,b :at are ! facts ( ! case8 ,fir/2 ,?is book 0 c]ta9ly n writt5 by its reput$ au?or1 ! ,r4 ,na?an :o 0 vice-presid5t "u ! y\ng] ,gamaliel ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #adj4 ,x may possibly h be5 f\nd$ on an e>li] treatise by t fam\s tea*]1 ?\gh ev5 ?is is v d\btful3 b 9 its pres5t =m x is a comp>atively mod]n "w4 ,on ?is po9t all or almo/ all rec5t writ]s on ,hebrew lit]ature are agre$#cfj4 ,secondly2 ,dr ,g9sburg has tak5 ! read+ 1 )\t ev5 m5tion+ any alt]native4 ,:e!r ! words s read are capable ( ! mean+ :i* he has assign$ to !m1 may be highly que/ionable2 b at all ev5ts ?is _c h be5 ! orig9al read+1 z ! p>allel passages1 ,babl4 ,sotah fol4 #bb;b1 ,j]us4 ,sotah v4 #e1 ,j]us4 ,b]akho? ix4 #e1 7quot$ by ,buxtorf & ,levy1 s4v4 71 di/9ctly prove4 ,9 ,babl4 ,sotah l4c41 ! correspond+ expression is #8,:at is my duty1 & ,i w d x1' & ! passage 9 ,j]us4 ,b]akho? l4c4 is to ! same effect4 ,^! p>allels %[ t ! read+ mu/ be tak5 also 9 ,abo? c4 #cg1 s t ! passage w be r5d]$1 #8,! ,ph>isee :o says1 ,:at is my duty1 & ,i w d x4' ,?us ! ,ess5es & celibacy disappe> toge!r4 ,la/ly2 ,inasmu* z ,dr ,g9sburg himself takes a :olly diff]5t view ( ! "n ,ess5e1 connect+ x ei!r ) #8an apron1' or ) #8pi\s#cfa1' x is difficult to see h[ he c\ld translate #8,ess5e' 7f #8to d'7 9 ?is passage1 except on ! supposition t ,r4 ,na?an 0 entirely ignorant ( ! or?ography & d]ivation ( ! ^w ,ess5e4 ,yet1 if su* ignorance 7 conceivable 9 s anci5t a writ]1 8 au?ority on ?is "q w\ld be absolutely wor?less4 ,b inde$ ,dr ,g9sburg w\ld appe> to h adopt$ ?is ref]5ce to ,r4 ,na?an1 ) ! read+ ( ! passage & ! int]pretation ( ! "n1 f "s o!r writ]#cfb4 ,at all ev5ts x is q inconsi/5t ) 8 own op9ion z express$ previ\sly4 ,footnote #cfj3 e4g4 ,geig] ,zeits*rift f4 ,jdis*e ,!ologie ,,vi4 p4 #bj sq42 ,zunz ,gottesdi5/li*e ,vortrge p4 #ajh sq43 comp4 ,/e9s*neid] ,catal4 ,heb4 ,bibl4 ,bodl4 col4 #bjcb sq4 ,^! two la/ ref]5ces are giv5 by ,dr ,g9sburg himself4 ,footnote #cfa3 ,ess5es p4 #cj2 comp4 ,kitto's ,cyclopdia1 s4v4 ,ess5es4 ,footnote #cfb3 ,x is giv5 by ,l&sb]g 9 ! ,allgeme9e ,zeitung des ,jud5?ums #ahfb1 no4 #cc1 p4 #dei1 a ref]5ce po9t$ out to me by a fri5d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,are ! ,ess5es allud$ to1 ?\gh n nam$1 9 ! ,talmud8 ,b1 ?\gh we h n succe$$ 9 f9d+ any direct m5tion ( ?is sect by "n 9 ! ,talmud1 & all ! id5tifications ( ! ^w ,ess5e ) div]se expressions occurr+ !re h fail$ u on exam9ation1 x might /ill happ5 t allusions to !m 7 s frequ5t z to leave no d\bt ab\t ! p]sons meant4 ,_! organisation or _! practices or _! t5ets might be precisely describ$1 ?\gh _! "n 0 suppress$4 ,su* allusions ,frankel f9ds scatt]$ up & d[n ! ,talmud 9 great pr(usion4 ,sid5ote3 7#a7 ,! *ab] or ,associate4 7#a7 ,he sees a ref]5ce to ! ,ess5es 9 ! *bra or #8,society1' :i* is m5tion$ sev]al times 9 talmudical writ]s#cfc4 ,! *b] 77 or #8,associate' is1 he supposes1 a memb] ( ?is bro!rhood4 ,he is oblig$ to confess t ! ^w _c always h ?is s5se1 b /ill he consid]s ?is to be a common designation ( ! ,ess5es4 ,! *ab] 0 b\nd to obs]ve c]ta9 rules ( c]emonial purity1 & a p]iod ( probation 0 impos$ ^u him be=e he 0 admitt$4 ,) ?is fact ,frankel connects ! passage 9 ,mi%na ,*agigah ii4 #e1 #f1 :]e sev]al degrees ( c]emonial purity are specifi$4 ,hav+ done ?is1 he consid]s t he has ! explanation ( ! /atem5t 9 ,josephus 7,b4,j4 ii4 #h4 #g1 #aj71 t ! ,ess5es 7 divid$ into f\r diff]5t grades or ord]s accord+ to ! "t ( _! cont9uance 9 ! ascetic practices dem&$ by ! sect4 ,footnote #cfc3 ,zeits*r4 p4 #dej sq41 ,monats*r4 pp4 #ca1 #gj4 ,sid5ote3 ,a passage 9 ,*agigah consid]$4 ,b 9 ! fir/ place !re is no ref]5ce direct or indirect to ! *ab]1 or inde$ to any organisation ( any k9d1 9 ! passage ( ,*agigah4 ,x simply contemplates diff]5t degrees ( purification z qualify+ = ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 ,levitical rites 9 an asc5d+ scale4 ,!re is no indication t ^! lu/rations are m ?an tempor>y & imm$iate 9 _! application2 & n ! fa9te/ h9t is giv5 ( di/9ct ord]s ( m51 ea* sep>at$ f ! o!r by =mal b>ri]s & ea* dem&+ a p]iod ( probation be=e admission f ! ord] bel[1 z 0 ! case ) ! grades ( ! ,ess5e bro!rhood describ$ by ,josephus4 ,moreov] ! ord]s 9 ,josephus are f\r 9 numb]#cfd1 :ile ! degrees ( c]emonial purity 9 ,*agigah are five4 ,frankel inde$ is incl9$ to ma9ta9 t only f\r degrees are int5d$ 9 ,*agigah1 ?\gh ?is int]pretation is oppos$ to ! pla9 s5se ( ! passage4 ,b1 ev5 if he %\ld be oblig$ to grant t ! numb] ( degrees is five#cfe1 he w n surr5d] ! allusion to ! ,ess5es1 b meets ! difficulty by suppos+ 7x is a pure hypo!sis7 t !re 0 a fif? & highe/ degree ( purity among ! ,ess5es1 to :i* v few atta9$1 & :i*1 z ,i und]/& him1 is n m5tion$ by ,josephus on ?is acc\nt4 ,b en\gh has already be5 said to %[1 t ?is passage 9 ,*agigah c h no connexion ) ! ,ess5es & gives no c\nt5ance to ,frankel's views4 ,footnote #cfd3 ,z ! notices 9 ,josephus 7,b4,j4 ii4 #h7 relat+ to ?is po9t h be5 frequ5tly misund]/ood1 x may be well once = all to expla9 8 mean+4 ,! grades ( ! ,ess5e ord] are m5tion$ 9 two sep>ate notices1 app>5tly1 ?\gh n really1 discordant4 7#a7 ,9 #aj he says t !y are #8divid$ into f\r sections accord+ to ! duration ( _! discipl9e' 7 71 add+ t ! old] memb]s are consid]$ to be defil$ by contact ) ! y\ng]1 i4e4 ea* sup]ior grade by contact ) ! inf]ior4 ,s f> 8 mean+ is cle>4 7#b7 ,9 #h he /ates t "o :o is anxi\s to become a memb] ( ! sect und]goes a ye>'s probation1 submitt+ to discipl9e b #8rema9+ outside4' ,!n1 #8aft] he has giv5 evid5ce ( 8 p]sev]ance 7 71 8 "* is te/$ = two ye>s m2 &1 if f\nd wor?y1 he is accord+ly admitt$ into ! society4' ,a comp>ison ) ! o!r passage %[s t ^! two ye>s comprise ! p]iod sp5t 9 ! second & ?ird grades1 ea* ext5d+ ov] a ye>4 ,aft] pass+ ?r\gh ^! ?ree /ages 9 ?ree successive ye>s1 he ent]s ^u ! f\r? & highe/ grade1 ?us becom+ a p]fect memb]4 ,x is /at$ by ,dr ,g9sburg 7,ess5es p4 #ab sq41 comp4 ,kitto's ,cyclopdia s4v4 p4 #hbh7 t ! ,ess5es pass$ ?r\gh eight /ages #8f ! beg9n+ ( ! noviciate to ! a*ievem5t ( ! highe/ spiritual /ate1' ?is la/ /age qualify+ !m1 l ,elias1 to be =]unn]s ( ! ,messiah4 ,b x is a pure hypo!sis t ! ,talmudical notices ?us comb9$ h any?+ to d ) ! ,ess5es2 &1 z ,i %all h occasion to po9t out aft]w>ds1 !re is no gr\nd = ascrib+ to ?is sect any ,messianic expectations :atev]4 ,footnote #cfe3 ,zeits*r4 p4 #deb1 note4 ,sid5ote3 ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,z ?is artificial comb9ation has fail$1 we are compell$ to fall back on ! notices relat+ to ! *ab]1 & to ask :e!r ,sid5ote3 ! *ab] & ! ,ess5e4 ^! sugge/ any connexion ) ! acc\nt ( ! ,ess5es 9 ,josephus4 ,& ! facts oblige u to answ] ?is "q 9 ! negative4 ,n only d !y n sugge/ su* a connexion1 b !y are :olly irreconcilable ) ! acc\nt 9 ! ,jewi% hi/orian4 ,?is association or confrat]nity 7if inde$ ! t]m is applicable to an organisation s loose & s compreh5sive7 0 ma9ta9$ = ! sake ( secur+ a m accurate /udy & a bett] obs]vance ( ! c]emonial law4 ,two grades ( purity are m5tion$ 9 connexion ) x1 designat$ by diff]5t names & pres5t+ "s difficulties#cff1 into :i* x is n necess>y to ent] "h4 ,a *ab]1 x w\ld appe>1 0 "o :o _h ent]$ ^u ! second or high] /age4 ,= ?is a p]iod ( a ye>'s probation 0 necess>y4 ,! *ab] enroll$ himself 9 ! pres5ce ( ?ree o!rs :o 7 already memb]s ( ! association4 ,?is app>5tly 0 all ! =mality necess>y3 & 9 ! case ( a tea*] ev5 ?is 0 disp5s$ )1 = be+ presumably acqua9t$ ) ! law ( ?+s clean & unclean he 0 reg>d$ z ex (ficio a *ab]4 ,! *ab] 0 b\nd to keep himself f c]emonial defilem5ts1 & 0 ?us di/+ui%$ f ! am ha>ets or common p#cfg2 b he 0 "u no ext]nal surveillance & decid$ = himself z to 8 own purity4 ,moreov] he 01 or might be a m>ri$ man3 = ! doctors disput$ :e!r ! wives & *ildr5 ( an associate 7 n !mselves to be reg>d$ z associates#cfh4 ,9 "o passage1 ,sanh$r9 #da;a1 x is ev5 assum$1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 t a woman may be an associate 774 ,9 ano!r 7,niddah #cc;b7#cfi !re is m5tion ( a ,sadducee & ev5 ( a ,sam>itan z a *ab]4 ,an organisation s flexible z ?is has obvi\sly only ! mo/ sup]ficial resemblances ) ! rigid rules ( ! ,ess5e ord]2 & 9 _m po9ts x pres5ts a direct contra/ to ! *>act]i/ic t5ets ( t sect4 ,footnote #cff3 ,! entrance into l[] grade 0 describ$ z #8tak+ ' or #8w+s4' ,! mean+ ( ?is expression has be5 ! subject ( mu* discussion2 see e4g4 ,h]zfeld ,,ii4 p4 #cij sq41 ,frankel ,monats*r4 p4 #cc sq4 ,footnote #cfg3 ,! contempt ) :i* a *ab] w\ld look d[n ^u ! vulg> h]d1 ! am ha>ets1 f9ds expression 9 ! language ( ! ,ph>isees1 ,joh4 vii4 #di 4 ,aga9 9 ,acts iv4 #ac1 :]e ! ,apo/les are describ$ z 1 ! expression is equival5t to am ha>ets4 ,see ! passages quot$ 9 ,buxtorf1 ,lex4 p4 #afbf4 ,footnote #cfh3 ,all ^! p>ticul>s & o!rs may be ga!r$ f ,bekhoro? #cj b1 ,mi%na ,demai ii4 #b1 #c1 ,j]us4 ,demai ii4 #c1 v4 #a1 ,tosifta ,demai #b1 ,abo? ,r4 ,na?an c4 #da4 ,footnote #cfi3 ,see ,h]zfeld ,,ii4 p4 #chf4 ,sid5ote3 7#b7 ,! ,b5e hakk5ese?4 7#b7 ,hav+ discuss$ ,frankel's hypo!sis respect+ ! *ab]1 ,i ne$ h>dly foll[ 8 speculations on ! ,bn-hakknese?1 1 #8sons ( ! congregation' 7,zabim iii4 #b71 9 :i* expression probably few w\ld discov] ! ref]5ce1 :i* he f9ds1 to ! l[e/ ( ! ,ess5e ord]s#cgj4 ,footnote #cgj3 ,monats*r4 p4 #ce4 ,sid5ote3 7#c7 ,! #8holy congregation at ,j]usalem' 7#c7 ,b m5tion is also made ( a #8holy congregation' or #8assembly' 7 7 #89 ,j]usalem'2 &1 foll[+ ,rapoport1 ,frankel sees 9 ?is expression also an allusion to ! ,ess5es#cga4 ,! gr\nds = ?is id5tification are1 t 9 "o passage 7,b]akho? #i;b7 !y are m5tion$ 9 connexion ) pray] at day break1 & 9 ano!r 7,midra% ,qohele? ix4 #i7 two p]sons are /at$ to belong to ?is #8holy congregation1' because !y divid$ _! day into ?ree p>ts1 devot+ "o-?ird to le>n+1 ano!r to pray]1 & ano!r to "w4 ,! fir/ notice w\ld suit ! ,ess5es v well1 ?\gh ! practice m5tion$ 0 n s di/9ctively ,ess5e z to af=d any safe gr\nd = ?is hypo!sis4 ,( ! second x %\ld be obs]v$1 t no su* division ( ! day is record$ ( ! ,ess5es1 & inde$ bo? ,josephus 7,b4,j4 ii4 #h4 #e7 & ,philo 7,fragm4 p4 #fcc7 describe !m z work+ f morn+ till night ) ! s+le int]ruption ( _! mid-day meal#cgb4 ,b 9 fact ! id5tification is beset ) o!r & m s]i\s difficulties4 ,= ?is #8holy congregation' at ,j]usalem is m5tion$ long ,sid5ote3 n an ,ess5e community4 aft] ! second de/ruction ( ! city "u ,hadrian#cgc1 :5 on ,frankel's own %[+#cgd ! ,ess5e society _h 9 all probability ceas$ to exi/4 ,& aga9 c]ta9 memb]s ( x1 e4g4 ,jose b5 ,me%ullam 7,mi%na ,bekhoro? iii4 #c1 vi4 #a71 are repres5t$ z utt]+ precepts respect+ animals fit = sacrifice1 ?\gh we h x on ! au?ority ( ,josephus & ,philo t ! ,ess5es avoid$ ! temple sacrifices altoge!r4 ,! probability !re=e seems to be t ?is #8holy congregation' 0 an assemblage ( dev\t ,jews :o 7 drawn to ! neighb\rhood ( ! sanctu>y aft] ! de/ruction ( ! nation1 & ^: practices 7 reg>d$ ) peculi> rev]5ce by ! lat] ,jews#cge4 ,footnote #cga3 ,zeits*r4 pp4 #deh1 #dfa1 ,monats*r4 pp4 #cb1 #cf4 ,footnote #cgb3 ,x is add$ h[ev] 9 ,midra% ,qohele? ix4 #i #8,"s say t !y 7! holy congregation7 devot$ ! :ole ( ! w9t] to /udy+ ! ,scriptures & ! summ] to "w4' ,footnote #cgc3 ,monats*r4 p4 #cb4 ,footnote #cgd3 ,ib4 p4 #gj4 ,footnote #cge3 ,see ,d]5b\rg p4 #age4 ,sid5ote3 7#d7 ,! ,ve?ik94 7#d7 ,nei!r c we ) ,frankel#cgf disc]n any ref]5ce to ! ,ess5es 9 ^? ,ve?ik91 #8pi\s' or #8le>n$' m5 7:atev] may be ! exact s5se ( ! ^w71 :o are m5tion$ 9 ,b]akho? #i;b z pray+ be=e sunrise2 because ! ^w itself seems q g5]al1 & ! practice1 ?\gh en=c$ among ! ,ess5es1 z we "k f ,josephus 7,b4,j4 ii4 #h4 #e71 w\ld be common to all dev\t & e>ne/ ,jews4 ,if we are n ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t ^! 7 n ,ess5es1 we h no suffici5t gr\nds = ma9ta9+ t !y 74 ,footnote #cgf3 ,monats*r4 p4 #cb4 ,sid5ote3 7#e7 ,! #8primitive eld]s4' 7#e7 ,nor aga9 c we f9d any su* ref]5ce 9 ! or #8primitive eld]s#cgg4' ,x may readily be grant$ t ?is t]m is us$ synonym\sly1 or ne>ly s1 ) #8! primitive *asidim'2 b1 z we fail$ to see any?+ m ?an a g5]al expression 9 ! "o1 s we are naturally l$ to take ! o!r 9 ! same s5se4 ,! passages :]e ! expression occurs 7e4g4 ,%abba? #fd;b7 simply ref] to ! /rict] obs]vances ( e>ly times1 & d n indicate any ref]5ce to a p>ticul> society or body ( m54 ,footnote #cgg3 ,monats*r4 pp4 #cb1 #fh4 ,sid5ote3 7#f7 ,! #8morn+ ba!rs4' 7#f7 ,aga9 ,frankel f9ds ano!r ref]5ce to ?is sect 9 ! ,tbl-%a*r?1 or #8morn+-ba!rs1' m5tion$ 9 ,tosifta ,yadayim c4 #bcgh4 ,! id5tity ( ^! ) ! ( ,greek writ]s seems highly probable4 ,! latt] h[ev]1 ?\gh !y may h _h "s aff9ities ) ,ess5e practices & t5ets1 are nev]!less di/+ui%$ f ?is sect :]ev] !y are m5tion$#cgi4 ,b ! po9t to be obs]v$ is t1 ev5 ?\gh we %\ld id5tify ^! ,toble-%a*>i? ) ! ,ess5es1 ! passage 9 ,tosifta ,yadayim1 s f> f fav\r+1 runs directly c\nt] to ,frankel's view :i* reg>ds ! ,ess5es z only a bran* ( ,ph>isees3 = ! two are "h repres5t$ z 9 direct antagonism4 ,! ,toble-%a*>i? say1 #8,we grieve ov] y1 ,ph>isees1 because y pron\nce ! 7sacr$7 ,"n 9 ! morn+ )\t hav+ ba!d4' ,! ,ph>isees retort1 #8,we grieve ov] y1 ,toble-%a*>i?1 because y pron\nce ! ,"n f ?is body 9 :i* is impurity4' ,footnote #cgh3 ,ib4 p4 #fg4 ,footnote #cgi3 ,see bel[1 p4 #aff4 ,sid5ote3 7#g7 ,! ,banaim4 7#g7 ,9 connexion ) ! ,toble-%a*>i? we may consid] ano!r "n1 ,banm 771 9 :i* also ,frankel discov]s an allusion to ! ,ess5es#chj4 ,9 ,mi%na ,mikvao? ix4 #f ! ^w is oppos$ to br1 #8an ignorant or /upid p]son'2 & ?is po9ts to its prop] mean+ #8! build]s1' i4e4 ! edifi]s or tea*]s1 accord+ to ! common metaphor 9 ,biblical language4 ,! ^w is discuss$ 9 ,%abba? #aad & expla9$ to mean #8le>n$4' ,b1 because 9 ,mikvao? x is m5tion$ 9 connexion ) c]emonial purity1 & because 9 ,josephus ! ,ess5es are /at$ to h c>ri$ an #8axe & %ovel' 7,b4,j4 ii4 #h4 #g1 #i71 & because moreov] ! ,jewi% hi/orian 9 ano!r place 7,vit4 #b7 m5tions hav+ sp5t "s "t ) "o ,banus a dwell] 9 ! wild]ness1 :o liv$ on vegetables & fruits & ba!d (t5 day & night = ! sake ( purity1 & :o is g5]ally consid]$ to h be5 an ,ess5e2 !re=e ,frankel holds ^! ,banaim to h be5 ,ess5es4 ,?is is a specim5 ( ! misplac$ +5uity :i* di/+ui%es ,frankel's le>n$ speculations on ! ,ess5es4 ,josephus does ,sid5ote3 ,josephus mis9t]pret$4 n m5tion an #8axe & %ovel1' b an axe only 7 #g 71 :i* he aft]w>ds def9es m accurately z a spade 7 #i 1 ' 7 & :i*1 z he di/9ctly /ates1 0 giv5 !m = ! purpose ( bury+ impurities out ( sight 7comp4 ,deut4 xxiii4 #ab-ad74 ,?us x has no connexion :atev] ) any #8build+' implem5t4 ,& aga91 x is true t ,banus has frequ5tly be5 reg>d$ z an ,ess5e1 b !re is absolutely no gr\nd = ?is supposition4 ,on ! contr>y ! n>rative ( ,josephus 9 8 ,life seems to ,sid5ote3 ,ano!r d]ivation ( ,banaim4 exclude x1 z ,i %all h occasion to %[ h]eaft]#cha4 ,i %\ld add t ,sa*s int]prets ,banaim #8! ba!rs1' reg>d+ ! explanation 9 ,%abba? l4c4 z a #8lat] accommodation#chb4' ,?is seems to me v improbable2 b1 if x 7 conc$$1 ! ,banaim w\ld !n app>5tly be connect$ n ) ! ,ess5es1 b ) ! ,hem]obapti/s4 ,footnote #chj3 ,zeits*r4 p4 #dee4 ,footnote #cha3 ,see bel[1 p4 #afa4 ,footnote #chb3 ,beitrge ,,ii4 p4 #aii4 ,9 ?is d]ivation he is foll[$ by ,graetz 7,,iii4 p4 #hb1 #dfh7 & ,d]5b\rg 7p4 #aff74 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,results ( ?is inve/igation4 ,f ! prec$+ inve/igation x w h appe>$ h[ little ,frankel has succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ 8 !sis t #8! talmudical s\rces are acqua9t$ ) ! ,ess5es & make m5tion ( !m con/antly#chc4' ,we h se5 n only t no in/ance ( ! "n ,ess5e has be5 produc$1 b t all ^? passages :i* are suppos$ to ref] to !m "u o!r designations1 or to describe _! practices or t5ets1 fail u on clos] exam9ation4 ,9 no case c we feel sure t !re is any direct ref]5ce to ?is sect1 :ile 9 mo/ cases su* ref]5ce seems to be exclud$ by ! language or ! att5dant circum/ances#chd4 ,?us we are ,sid5ote3 ,philo & ,josephus our ma9 au?orities4 oblig$ to fall back ^u ! repres5tations ( ,philo & ,josephus4 ,_! acc\nts are p5n$ by eye-witnesses4 ,!y are direct & explicit1 if n s precise or s full z we c\ld h wi%$4 ,! writ]s obvi\sly consid] t !y are describ+ a di/9ct & exceptional ph5om5on4 ,& x w\ld be a rev]sal ( all e/abli%$ rules ( hi/orical criticism to des]t ! solid /&+-gr\nd ( contempor>y hi/ory = ! artificial comb9ations & %ad[y hypo!ses1 :i* ,frankel w\ld sub/itute 9 its place4 ,footnote #chc3 ,monats*r4 p4 #ca4 ,footnote #chd3 #8,! attempt to po9t out ! ,ess5es 9 our patri/ic 7i4e4 rabb9ical7 lit]ature1' says ,h]zfeld truly 7,,ii4 p4 #cig71 #8has l$ to a spl5did hypo!sis-hunt 7e9] /attli*5 ,hypo!s5jagd74' ,sid5ote3 ,frankel's depreciation ( !m is unreasonable1 & expla9s no?+4 ,b "h we are confront$ ) ,frankel's depreciation ( ^! anci5t writ]s1 :i* has be5 e*o$ by sev]al lat] critics4 ,!y 7 int]e/$1 x is argu$1 9 mak+ _! acc\nts attractive to _! hea!n contempor>ies1 & !y col\r$ !m highly = ?is purpose#che4 ,we may readily all[ t !y w\ld n be un9flu5c$ by su* a motive1 b ! concession does n t\* ! ma9 po9ts at issue4 ,?is aim might h l$ ,josephus1 = example1 to ?r[ into bold relief ! co9cid5ces betwe5 ! ,ess5es & ,py?agoreans2 x might ev5 h induc$ him to give a semi-pagan t+e to ! ,ess5e doctr9e ( ! future /ate ( ! bless$ 7,b4,j4 ii4 #h4 #aa74 ,b x entirely fails to expla9 ^? peculi>ities ( ! sect1 :i* m>k$ !m (f by a %>p l9e f or?odox ,judaism1 & :i* fully ju/ify ! t]m #8sep>ati/s' z appli$ to !m by a rec5t writ]4 ,9 ?ree ma9 features especially ! portrait ( ! ,ess5es reta9s its di/9ctive "* unaffect$ by ?is consid]ation4 ,footnote #che3 ,monats*r4 p4 #ca4 ,sid5ote3 7i7 ,! avoidance ( sacrifices is n acc\nt$ =4 7i7 ,h[1 = in/ance1 c\ld ?is pr9ciple ( accommodation h l$ bo? ,philo & ,josephus to lay s mu* /ress on _! div]g5ce f ,judaic or?odoxy 9 ! matt] ( sacrifices8 ,yet ?is is p]haps ! mo/ crucial note ( h]esy :i* is record$ ( ! ,ess5es4 ,:at 0 ! law to ! or?odox ,ph>isee )\t ! sacrifices1 ! temple-wor%ip1 ! hi]>*y8 ,yet ! ,ess5e decl9$ to take any "p 9 ! sacrifices2 he _h prie/s ( 8 own indep5d5tly ( ! ,levitical prie/hood4 ,on ,frankel's hypo!sis t ,ess5ism is m]ely an exagg]ation ( pure ,ph>isaism1 no explanation ( ?is abnormal ph5om5on c be giv54 ,frankel does inde$ attempt to meet ! case by "s speculations respect+ ! r$-heif]#chf1 :i* are s obvi\sly inadequate t !y h n be5 repeat$ by lat] writ]s & may safely be pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce "h4 ,on ?is po9t inde$ ! language ( ,josephus is n ,sid5ote3 ,! notices ( ,josephus & ,philo consid]$4 q explicit4 ,he says 7,ant4 xviii4 #a4 #e7 t1 ?\gh !y s5d (f]+s 77 to ! temple1 !y p]=m no sacrifices1 & he assigns z ! reason _! great] /rictness z reg>ds c]emonial purity 7 71 add+ t #8= ?is reason be+ exclud$ f ! common sanctu>y 77 !y p]=m _! sacrifices by !mselves 7' 74' ,frankel !re=e supposes t _! only reason = ab/a9+ f ! temple sacrifices 0 t accord+ to _! sev]e notions ! temple itself 0 pr(an$ & !re=e unfit = sacrificial wor%ip4 ,b if s1 :y %\ld x n vitiate ! (f]+s1 z well z ! sacrifices1 & make !m also unlawful8 ,& inde$1 :]e ,josephus is vague1 ,philo is explicit4 ,philo 7,,ii4 p4 #deg7 di/9ctly /ates t ! ,ess5es be+ m scrupul\s ?an any 9 ! wor%ip ( ,god 7 7 d n sacrifice animals 7 71 b hold x "r to d$icate _! own he>ts z a wor?y (f]+ 7' 74 ,?us ! great] /rictness1 :i* ,josephus ascribes to !m1 consi/s 9 ! ab/5tion f %$d+ blood1 z a pollution 9 itself4 ,&1 :5 he speaks ( _! sub/itut+ private sacrifices1 8 own qualifications %[ t he does n mean ! ^w to be tak5 lit]ally4 ,_! simple meals are _! sacrifices2 _! refectory is _! sanctu>y2 _! presid5t is _! prie/#chg4 ,x %\ld be add$ also t1 ?\gh we once he> ( an ,ess5e app>5tly )9 ! temple prec9cts 7,b4,j4 i4 #c4 #e1 ,ant4 xiii4 ,,ii4 #b7chh1 no m5tion is ev] made ( "o (f]+ sacrifices4 ,?us x is cle> t ) ! ,ess5e x 0 ! sacrifices :i* pollut$ ! temple1 & n ! ,sid5ote3 ,_! /atem5ts confirm$ by ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ian ,ess5es4 temple :i* pollut$ ! sacrifices4 ,& ?is view is fur!r recomm5d$ by ! fact t x alone w expla9 ! position ( _! desc5dants1 ! ,*ri/ianiz$ ,ess5es1 :o condemn$ ! slaught] ( victims on gr\nds v diff]5t f ^? alleg$ 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 n because !y h be5 sup]s$$ by ! ,atonem5t1 b because !y are 9 _! v nature repulsive to ,god2 n because !y h ceas$ to be "r1 b because !y nev] 7 "r f ! beg9n+4 ,footnote #chf3 ,monats*r4 p4 #fd4 ,footnote #chg3 ,b4,j4 ii4 #h4 #e 3 see also ! passages quot$ above p4 #hi1 note #bee4 ,footnote #chh3 ,see bel[1 p4 #adb4 ,x may be said inde$1 t su* a view c\ld n be ma9ta9$ )\t impugn+ ! au?ority1 or at lea/ disput+ ! integrity1 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t writ+s4 ,! sacrificial sy/em is s b\nd up ) ! ,mosaic law1 t x c only be reject$ by ! mo/ arbitr>y excision4 ,?is viol5t process h[ev]1 uncritical z x is1 0 v likely to h be5 adopt$ by ! ,ess5es#chi4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x did recomm5d itself to ^? ,judaiz+ ,*ri/ians :o reproduc$ _m ( ! ,ess5e t5ets1 & :o bo? !ologically & hi/orically may be reg>d$ z ! l9eal ,sid5ote3 ,! ,clem5t9e ,homilies ju/ify ?is doctr9e by arbitr>y excision ( ! ,scriptures4 desc5dants ( ?is ,judaic sect#cij4 ,?us 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies1 an ,ebionite "w :i* exhibits _m ,ess5e features1 ! *ief spokesman ,/ ,pet] is repres5t$ z lay+ great /ress on ! duty ( di/+ui%+ ! true & ! false elem5ts 9 ! curr5t ,scriptures 7ii4 #ch1 #ea1 iii4 #d1 #e1 #aj1 #db1 #dg1 #di1 #ej1 comp4 xviii4 #ai74 ,! say+ traditionally ascrib$ to our ,"l1 #8,%[ y\rselves approv$ money-*ang]s' 7 71 is m ?an once quot$ by ! ,apo/le z en=c+ ?is duty 7ii4 #ea1 iii4 #ej1 xviii4 #bj74 ,among ^! false elem5ts he places all ^? passages :i* repres5t ,god z enjo9+ sacrifices 7iii4 #de1 xviii4 #ai74 ,x is pla91 s he argues1 t ,god did n desire sacrifices1 = did ,he n kill ^? :o lu/$ aft] ! ta/e ( fle% 9 ! wild]ness8 &1 if ! slaught] ( animals 0 ?us displeas+ to ,him1 h[ c\ld ,he possibly h comm&$ victims to be (f]$ to ,himself 7iii4 #de78 ,x is equally cle> f o!r consid]ations t ?is 0 no "p ( ,god's g5u9e law4 ,= in/ance1 ,*ri/ decl>$ t ,he came to fulfil e tittle ( ! ,law2 yet ,*ri/ aboli%$ sacrifices 7iii4 #ea74 ,& aga91 ! say+ #8,i w h m]cy & n sacrifice' is a condemnation ( ?is practice 7iii4 #ef74 ,! true prophet #8hates sacrifices1 blood%$1 libations'2 he #8ext+ui%es ! fire ( alt>s' 7iii4 #bf74 ,! fr5zy ( ! ly+ soo?say] is a m]e intoxication produc$ by ! reek+ fumes ( sacrifice 7iii4 #ac74 ,:5 9 ! imm$iate context ( ^! d5unciations we f9d x reckon$ among ! highe/ a*ievem5ts ( man #8to "k ! names ( angels1 to drive away demons1 to endeav\r to heal diseases by *>ms 771 ,sid5ote3 ,ess5e features 9 ?is "w4 & to f9d incantations 77 aga9/ v5om\s s]p5ts 7iii4 #cf7'2 :5 aga9 ,/ ,pet] is made to condemn z false ^? scriptures :i* speak ( ,god swe>+1 & to set aga9/ !m ,*ri/'s comm& #8,let y\r yea be yea' 7iii4 #ee72 we feel h[ ?or\ghly ?is /range production ( ,ebionite ,*ri/ianity is saturat$ ) ,ess5e ideas#cia4 ,footnote #chi3 ,h]zfeld 7,,ii4 p4 #djc7 is unable to reconcile any rejection ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures ) ! rev]5ce paid to ,moses by ! ,ess5es 7,b4,j4 ii4 #h4 #i1 #aj74 ,! ,*ri/ian ,ess5es h[ev] did comb9e bo? ^! incongru\s t5ets by ! exp$i5t :i* is expla9$ 9 ! text4 ,h]zfeld himself sugge/s t allegorical int]pretation may h be5 employ$ to ju/ify ?is ab/5tion f ! temple sacrifices4 ,footnote #cij3 ,see ,galatians1 p4 #caj sq4 ,footnote #cia3 ,epiphanius 7,hr4 xviii4 ,i1 p4 #ch7 aga9 describes1 z ! acc\nt 0 h&$ d[n to him 7 71 ! t5ets ( a ,jewi% sect :i* he calls ! ,nas>eans1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 4 v 1 1 ' 4 4 ,"h we h 9 comb9ation all ! features :i* we are seek+4 ,! cradle ( ?is sect is plac$ by him 9 ,gilead & ,ba%an & #8! regions beyond ! ,jordan4' ,he uses simil> language also 7xxx4 #ah1 p4 #adb7 9 describ+ ! ,ebionites1 :om he places 9 mu* ! same localities 7nam+ ,moab also71 & ^: ,ess5e features are unmi/akeable3 4 444 ,^! p>allels w speak = !mselves4 ,sid5ote3 7ii7 ,! ,ess5e wor%ip ( ! ,sun _c be expla9$ away4 7ii7 ,nor aga9 is ,frankel successful 9 expla9+ ! ,ess5e pray]s to ! sun by rabb9ical practices#cib4 ,foll[+ ,rapoport1 he supposes t ,josephus & ,philo ref] to ! beautiful hymn ( praise = ! creation ( light & ! return ( day1 :i* =ms "p ( ! morn+-pray] ( ! ,jews to ! pres5t "t#cic1 & :i* seems to be enjo9$ 9 ! ,mi%na itself#cid2 & ?is view has be5 adopt$ by _m subsequ5t writ]s4 ,b ! language ( ,josephus is n satisfi$ by ?is explanation4 ,= he says pla9ly 7,b4,j4 ii4 #h4 #e7 t !y address$ pray]s to ! sun#cie1 & x is difficult to suppose t he has wantonly introduc$ a da% ( paganism into 8 picture2 nor inde$ 0 !re any adequate motive = 8 do+ s4 ,simil>ly ,philo relates ( ! ,!rapeutes 7,vit4 ,cont4 ,,ii1 ,,ii4 p4 #dhe71 t !y #8/& ) _! faces & _! :ole body t[>ds ! ,ea/1 & :5 !y see t ! sun is ris51 hold+ out _! h&s to heav5 !y pray = a happy day 77 & = tru? & = ke5 vision ( reason 7 74' ,& "h aga9 x is impossible to ov]look ! confirmation :i* ^! acc\nts receive f ! hi/ory ( c]ta9 ,*ri/ian h]etics d]iv+ _! desc5t f ?is ,judaic sect4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,sampsans are an ,ess5e sect1 ,epiphanius 7,hr4 xix4 #b1 xx4 #c1 pp4 #dj sq41 #dg7 speaks ( a sect call$ ! ,sampsans or #8,sun-wor%ipp]s#cif1' z exi/+ 9 8 own "t 9 ,p]a on ! bord]s ( ,moab & on ! %ores ( ! ,dead ,sea4 ,he describes !m z a remnant ( ! ,oss5es 7i4e4 ,ess5es71 :o h accept$ a spuri\s =m ( ,*ri/ianity & are nei!r ,jews nor ,*ri/ians4 ,?is debas$ ,*ri/ianity :i* !y adopt$ is embodi$1 he tells u1 9 ! pret5d$ revelation ( ! ,book ( ,el*asai1 & dates f ! "t ( ,trajan#cig4 ,else:]e 7xxx4 #c1 p4 #abg7 he seems to use ! t]ms ,sampsan1 ,oss5e1 & ,el*asaite z synonym\s 7 74 ,n[ we happ5 to "k some?+ ( ?is book ( ,el*asai1 n only f ,epiphanius himself 7xix4 #a sq41 p4 #dj sq41 xxx4 #ag1 p4 #ada71 b also f ,hippolytus ,sid5ote3 z appe>s f _! sacr$ book ( ,el*esai4 7,hr4 ix4 #ac sq47 :o describes x at consid]able l5g?4 ,f ^! acc\nts x appe>s t ! pr9cipal feature 9 ! book 0 ! injunction ( frequ5t ba?+s = ! remission ( s9s 7,hipp4 ,hr4 ix4 #ac1 #ae sq474 ,we are likewise told t x #8ana!matizes immolations & sacrifices 7 77 z be+ ali5 to ,god & c]ta9ly n (f]$ to ,god by tradition f 77 ! fa!rs & ! law1' :ile at ! same "t x #8says t m5 ought to pray !re at ,j]usalem1 :]e ! alt> 0 & ! sacrifices 77 (f]$71 prohibit+ ! eat+ ( fle% :i* exi/s among ! ,jews1 & ! re/ 7( _! cu/oms71 & ! alt> & ! fire1 z be+ ali5 to ,god' 7,epiphan4 xix4 #c1 p4 #db74 ,not)/&+1 ,sid5ote3 ,its ,ess5e peculi>ities4 we are in=m$ t ! sect reta9$ ! rite ( circumcision1 ! obs]vance ( ! sabba?1 & o!r practices ( ! ,mosaic law 7,hipp4 ,hr4 ix4 #ad2 ,epiph4 ,hr4 xix4 #e1 p4 #dc1 comp4 xxx4 #ag1 p4 #ada74 ,?is inconsi/5cy is expla9$ by a fur!r notice 9 ,epiphanius 7l4c47 t !y treat$ ! ,scriptures 9 ! same way z ! ,nas>ans#cih2 t is1 !y submitt$ !m to a process ( arbitr>y excision1 z recomm5d$ 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies1 & ?us reject$ z falsifications all /atem5ts :i* did n squ>e ) _! own !ory4 ,hippolytus also speaks ( ! ,el*asaites z /udy+ a/rology & magic1 & z practis+ *>ms & incantations on ! sick & ! demoniacs 7 #ad74 ,moreov] 9 two =mul>ies1 "o ( expiation1 ano!r ( purification1 :i* ?is fa!r has extract$ f ! book1 invocation is made to #8! holy spirits & ! angels ( pray]' 7 #ae1 comp4 ,epiph4 xix4 #a74 ,x %\ld be add$ t ! ^w ,el*asai probably signifies ! #8hidd5 p[]'#cii2 :ile ! book itself direct$ t its my/]ies %\ld be gu>d$ z preci\s pe>ls1 & %\ld n be communicat$ to ! _w at l>ge1 b only to ! fai?ful few 7,hipp4 ix4 #ae1 #ag74 ,x is h>dly necess>y to call att5tion to ! numb] ( ,ess5e features :i* are "h comb9$#djj4 ,i w\ld only rem>k t ! value ( ! notice is n at all dim9i%$1 b r enhanc$1 by ! uncritical "* ( ,epiphanius' "w2 = ?is v fact prev5ts u f ascrib+ ! co9cid5ces1 :i* "h reveal !mselves1 to ?is fa!r's own inv5tion4 ,footnote #cib3 ,zeits*r4 p4 #deh4 ,footnote #cic3 ,see ,g9sburg ,ess5es p4 #fi sq4 ,footnote #cid3 ,b]akho? i4 #d2 see ,d]5b\rg1 p4 #afi sq4 ,footnote #cie3 ,see above1 p4 #hg1 note #bdi4 ,footnote #cif3 ,see above1 p4 #hc4 ,footnote #cig3 ,galatians p4 #caa sq4 ,see also bel[1 p4 #afg4 ,footnote #cih3 ,see p4 #acf1 note #cia4 ,footnote #cii3 ,galatians p4 #cab1 note #a4 ,= ano!r d]ivation see bel[1 p4 #afg4 ,footnote #djj3 ,celibacy h[ev] is n "o ( ^!3 comp4 ,epiphan4 ,hr4 xix4 #a 7p4 #dj7 1 1 4 ,9 ?is respect !y dep>t$ f ! orig9al pr9ciples ( ,ess5ism1 alleg+1 z x w\ld appe>1 a special revelation 7 7 9 ju/ification4 ,9 l mann] m>riage is comm5d$ 9 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies4 ,sid5ote3 ,d\btful be>+ ( ?is ,sun-wor%ip4 ,9 ?is h]esy we h pla9ly ! dregs ( ,ess5ism1 :i* has only be5 corrupt$ f its e>li] & nobl] type by ! admixture ( a spuri\s ,*ri/ianity4 ,b h[ came ! ,ess5es to be call$ ,sampsans8 ,:at 0 ! orig9al mean+ ( ?is outw>d rev]5ce :i* !y paid to ! sun8 ,did !y reg>d x m]ely z ! symbol ( ,div9e illum9ation1 j z ,philo frequ5tly treats x z a type ( ,god1 ! c5tre ( all light 7e4g4 de ,somn4 i4 #ac sq41 ,i4 p4 #fca sq471 & ev5 calls ! heav5ly bodies #8visible & s5sible gods' 7de ,mund4 ,op4 #g1 ,i4 p4 #f7dja8 ,or did !y hon\r ! light1 z ! pure e!real elem5t 9 contra/ to gross t]re/rial matt]1 accord+ to a sugge/ion ( a rec5t writ]#djb8 ,sid5ote3 ,! practice repugnant to ,jewi% or?odoxy4,:atev] may h be5 ! motive ( ?is rev]5ce1 x is /rangely repugnant to ! _s ( or?odox ,judaism4 ,9 ,ezek4 viii4 #af x is d5\nc$ z an abom9ation1 t m5 %all turn t[>ds ! ea/ & wor%ip ! sun2 & accord+ly 9 ,b]akho? #g;a1 a say+ ( ,r4 ,meir is report$ to ! effect t ,god is angry :5 ! sun appe>s & ! k+s ( ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/ pro/rate !mselves be=e ?is lum9>y#djc4 ,we _c fail !re=e to recognise ! action ( "s =eign influ5ce 9 ?is ,ess5e practice--:e!r ,greek or ,syrian or ,p]sian1 x w be "t to consid] h]eaft]4 ,footnote #dja3 ,! important place :i* ! heav5ly bodies held 9 ! sy/em ( ,philo1 :o reg>d$ !m z animat$ be+s1 may be se5 f ,gfrr]'s ,philo ,i4 p4 #cdi sq4 ,footnote #djb3 ,keim ,i4 p4 #bhi4 ,footnote #djc3 ,see ,wiesn] ,s*ol4 zum ,babyl4 ,talm4 ,i4 pp4 #ah1 #bj4 ,sid5ote3 7iii7 ,! depreciation ( m>riage n acc\nt$ =4 7iii7 ,on ! subject ( m>riage aga91 talmudical & rabb9ical notices contribute no?+ t[>ds elucidat+ ! practices ( ?is sect4 ,lea/ ( all d !y po9t to any aff9ity betwe5 ! ,ess5es & ! ,ph>isees4 ,! ne>e/ resemblance1 :i* ,frankel c produce1 to any approximation 9 ?is respect is an injunction 9 ,mi%na ,ke?ubo? v4 #h respect+ ! duties ( ! husb& 9 provid+ = ! wife 9 case ( 8 sep>at+ f h]1 & ?is he ascribes to ,ess5e influ5ces#djd2 b ?is mi%na does n express any approval ( su* a sep>ation4 ,! direction seems to be fram$ entirely 9 ! int]e/s ( ! wife3 nor c ,i see t x is at all inconsi/5t1 z ,frankel urges1 ) ,mi%na ,ke?ubo? vii4 #a :i* all[s h] to claim a divorce "u su* circum/ances4 ,b h[ev] ?is may be1 ,ess5e & ,ph>isaic op9ion /& g5]ally 9 ! %>pe/ contra/ to ea* o!r ) respect to m>riage4 ,! talmudic writ+s teem ) passages imply+ n only ! sup]ior sanctity1 b ev5 ! imp]ative duty1 ( m>riage4 ,! words #8,be fruitful & multiply' 7,g54 i4 #bh7 7 reg>d$ n m]ely z a promise1 b z a comm&1 :i* 0 b9d+ on all4 ,x is a maxim ( ! ,talmud t #8,any ,jew :o has n a wife is no man' 7 17 ,yebamo? #fc;a4 ,! fact inde$ is s pat5t1 t any accumulation ( examples w\ld be sup]flu\s1 & ,i %all cont5t myself ) ref]r+ to ,pesa*im #aac;a1 b1 z fairly illu/rat+ ! doctr9e ( or?odox ,judaism on ?is po9t#dje4 ,z ?is "q affects ! :ole framework n only ( religi\s1 b also ( social life1 ! antagonism betwe5 ! ,ess5e & ! ,ph>isee 9 a matt] s vital c\ld n be ov]look$4 ,footnote #djd3 ,monats*r4 p4 #cg4 ,footnote #dje3 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr m ?an once taunts ! ,jewi% rabbis ) _! reckless enc\ragem5t ( polygamy4 ,see ,dial4 #acd1 p4 #cfc ,d1 1 4441 ib4 #ada1 p4 #cga ,a1 ,b1 1 4441 ) ,otto's note on ! fir/ passage4 ,sid5ote3 7iv7 ,! ,ess5e practice ( magic /ill a difficulty4 7iv7 ,nor aga9 is x probable t ! magical rites & incantations :i* are s prom95t 9 ! practice ( ! ,ess5es w\ld1 z a rule1 h be5 receiv$ ) any fav\r by ! ,ph>isaic ,jew4 ,9 ,mi%na ,pesa*im iv4 #i 7comp4 ,b]akho? #aj;b7 x is m5tion$ ) approval t ,hezekiah put away a #8book ( heal+s'2 :]e d\btless ! au?or ( ! tradition _h 9 view "s volume ( *>ms ascrib$ to ,solomon1 l ^? :i* app>5tly =m$ "p ( ! esot]ic lit]ature ( ! ,ess5es#djf4 ,9 ! same _s 9 ,mi%na ,sanh$r9 xi4 #a ,r4 ,akiba %uts out f ! hope ( et]nal life any #8:o read pr(ane or =eign 7i4e4 p]haps1 apocryphal7 books1 & :o mutt] ov] a w\nd' ! words ( ,exod4 xv4 #bf4 ,on ?is po9t ( diff]5ce h[ev] no great /ress c be laid4 ,?\gh ! nobl] tea*]s among ! or?odox ,jews set !mselves /eadfa/ly aga9/ ! introduction ( magic1 !y 7 unable to resi/ ! inp\r+ tide ( sup]/ition4 ,9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury ,ju/9 ,m>tyr alludes to exorci/s & magicians among ! ,jews1 z ?\gh !y 7 nei!r few nor obscure#djg4 ,:e!r ^! 7 a remnant ( ,ess5e ,judaism1 or :e!r su* practices _h by ?is "t spread ?r\gh\t ! :ole body1 x is impossible to say2 b ! fact ( _! exi/5ce prev5ts u f f\nd+ an argum5t on ! use ( magic1 z an absolutely di/9ctive feature ( ,ess5ism4 ,footnote #djf3 ,see above1 p4 #ia1 note #bfa4 ,footnote #djg3 ,dial4 #he1 p4 #caa ,c1 1 1 4 ,sid5ote3 ,g5]al result4 ,o!r div]g5ces also h be5 enum]at$#djh2 b1 z ^! d n = ! mo/ "p involve any great pr9ciples1 & ref] only to practical details 9 :i* mu* fluctuation 0 possible1 !y _c "u any circum/ances be tak5 z crucial te/s1 & ,i h n ?\ght x wor? :ile to discuss !m4 ,b ! antagonisms on :i* ,i h dwelt w tell _! own tale4 ,9 ?ree respects m especially1 9 ! avoidance ( m>riage1 9 ! ab/5tion f ! temple sacrifices1 & 7if ! view :i* ,i h adopt$ be correct7 9 ! outw>d rev]5ce paid to ! sun1 we h se5 t !re is an impassable gulf betwe5 ! ,ess5es & ! ,ph>isees4 ,no kn[n influ5ces )9 ! sph]e ( ,judaism prop] w s]ve to acc\nt = ! position ( ! ,ess5es 9 ^! respects2 & we are oblig$ to look else:]e = an explanation4 ,footnote #djh3 ,h]zfeld1 ,,ii4 p4 #cib sq4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,frankel has fail$ 9 e/abli%+ 8 po9t4 ,x 0 %[n above t ! inve/igations ( ,frankel & o!rs fail$ to discov] 9 ! talmudical writ+s a s+le ref]5ce to ! ,ess5es1 :i* is at once direct & indisputable4 ,x has n[ appe>$ t !y h also fail$ 7& ?is is ! really important po9t7 9 %[+ t ! ideas & practices g5]ally consid]$ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,ess5es are recognis$ & incorporat$ 9 ^! repres5tative books ( ,jewi% or?odoxy2 & ?us ! hypo!sis t ,ess5ism 0 m]ely a type1 ?\gh an exagg]at$ type1 ( pure ,judaism falls to ! gr\nd4 ,sid5ote3 ,aff9ities betwe5 ,ess5es & ,ph>isees conf9$ to ! ,judaic side4 ,"s aff9ities inde$ h be5 made out by ,frankel & by ^? :o h anticipat$ or foll[$ him4 ,b ^! are exactly su* z we might h expect$4 ,two di/9ct features comb9e to make up ! portrait ( ! ,ess5e4 ,! ,judaic elem5t is q z prom95t 9 ?is sect z ! non-,judaic4 ,x c\ld n be m /rongly emphasiz$ ?an 9 ! description giv5 by ,josephus himself4 ,9 ev]y?+ !re=e :i* relates to ! /rictly ,judaic side ( _! t5ets & practices1 we %\ld expect to discov] n only aff9ities1 b ev5 close aff9ities1 9 talmudic & rabb9ic au?orities4 ,& ?is is exactly :at1 z a matt] ( fact1 we d f9d4 ,! ,ess5e rules respect+ ! obs]vance ( ! sabba?1 ! rites ( lu/ration1 & ! l1 h (t5 v exact p>allels 9 ! writ+s ( m or?odox ,judaism4 ,b ,i h n ?\ght x necess>y to dwell on ^! co9cid5ces1 because !y may well be tak5 = grant$ & my imm$iate purpose did n require me to emphasize !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,! div]g5ce ( ! ,ess5es f ! ,ph>isees gradual4 ,& aga92 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! sep>ation betwe5 ,ph>isee & ,ess5e _c always h be5 s great z x appe>s 9 ! ,apo/olic age4 ,bo? sects app>5tly arose out ( "o great movem5t1 ( :i* ! motive 0 ! avoidance ( pollution#dji4 ,! div]g5ce !re=e mu/ h be5 gradual4 ,at ! same "t1 x does n seem a v pr(itable task to write a hypo!tical hi/ory ( ! gr[? ( ,ess5ism1 :]e ! data are want+2 & ,i %all !re=e ab/a9 f ! attempt4 ,frankel inde$ has n be5 det]r$ by ?is difficulty2 b he has be5 oblig$ to assume 8 data by po/ulat+ t su* & su* a p]son1 ( :om notices are pres]v$1 0 an ,ess5e1 & !nce inf]r+ ! "* ( ,ess5ism at ! p]iod 9 "q f 8 record$ say+s or do+s4 ,b )\t attempt+ any su* recon/ruction ( hi/ory1 we may fairly all[ t !re mu/ h be5 a gradual developm5t2 & consequ5tly 9 ! e>li] /ages ( its gr[? we %\ld n expect to f9d t %>p antagonism betwe5 ! two sects1 :i* ! pr9ciples ( ! ,ess5es :5 fully matur$ w\ld involve4 ,sid5ote3 ,h5ce ! possibility ( _! appe>+ 9 ! records ( or?odox ,judaism4 ,if !re=e x %\ld be %[n t ! talmudical & rabb9ical writ+s "h & !re pres]ve ) approval ! say+s ( c]ta9 ,ess5es1 ?is fact w\ld pres5t no difficulty4 ,at pres5t h[ev] no decisive example has be5 produc$2 & ! discov]ies ( ,jell9ek = in/ance#daj1 :o traces ! influ5ce ( ?is sect 9 almo/ e page ( ,pirke ,abo?1 c only be reg>d$ z ano!r illu/ration ( ! extravagance ) :i* ! :ole subject has be5 treat$ by a l>ge section ( mod]n ,jewi% writ]s4 ,m to ! po9t is a notice ( an e>li] ,ess5e pres]v$ 9 ,josephus himself4 ,we le>n f ?is hi/orian t "o ,judas1 a memb] ( ! sect1 :o _h prophesi$ ! dea? ( ,antigonus1 saw ?is pr9ce #8pass+ by ?r\gh ! temple#daa1' :5 8 prophecy 0 on ! po9t ( fulfilm5t 7ab\t ,b4,c4 #aaj74 ,at ?is mom5t ,judas is repres5t$ z sitt+ 9 ! mid/ ( 8 disciples1 in/ruct+ !m 9 ! sci5ce ( pr$iction4 ,! expression quot$ w\ld seem to imply t he 0 actually tea*+ )9 ! temple area4 ,?us he w\ld appe> n only z mix+ 9 ! ord9>y life ( ! ,jews1 b also z frequ5t+ ! national sanctu>y4 ,b ev5 suppos+ ?is to be ! "r explanation ( ! passage1 x w n pres5t any s]i\s difficulty4 ,ev5 at a lat] date1 :5 7z we may suppose7 ! pr9ciples ( ! sect _h /iff5$1 ! scruples ( ! ,ess5e 7 direct$1 if ,i h rightly int]pret$ ! acc\nt ( ,josephus1 r aga9/ ! sacrifices ?an aga9/ ! locality#dab4 ,! temple itself1 indep5d5tly ( its accompanim5ts1 w\ld n sugge/ any (f5ce to 8 consci5ce4 ,footnote #dji3 ,see above1 p4 #abj4 ,footnote #daj3 ,ori5t #ahdi1 pp4 #dhi1 #ecg1 #eec4 ,footnote #daa3 ,b4,j4 i4 #c4 #e 4 ,9 ! p>allel n>rative1 ,ant4 xiii4 ,,ii4 #b1 ! expression is 1 :i* does n imply s mu*2 b ! less precise notice mu/ be int]pret$ by ! m precise4 ,ev5 !n h[ev] x is n directly /at$ t ,judas himself 0 )9 ! temple area4 ,footnote #dab3 ,see above1 pp4 #hi1 #acd sq4 ,sid5ote3 ,! approbation ( ,philo & ,josephus is no evid5ce ( or?odoxy4 ,nor aga91 is x any ob/acle to ! view :i* is "h ma9ta9$1 t ! ,ess5es are reg>d$ ) s mu* sympa?y by ,philo & ,josephus !mselves4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! purity ( ,judaism might h be5 some:at sulli$ 9 ?is sect by ! admixture ( =eign elem5ts1 ?is fact w\ld attract r ?an repel an eclectic l ,philo1 & a latitud9>ian l ,josephus4 ,! =m]1 z an ,alex&rian1 absorb$ into 8 sy/em _m & div]se elem5ts ( hea!n philosophy1 ,platonic1 ,/oic1 & ,py?agorean4 ,! latt]1 ?\gh pr(ess$ly a ,ph>isee1 lo/ no opportunity ( +ratiat+ himself ) 8 hea!n conqu]ors1 & w\ld n be unwill+ to gratify _! curiosity respect+ a society ) ^: fame1 z we inf] f ! notice ( ,pl9y1 !y 7 already acqua9t$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,:at 0 ! =eign elem5t 9 ,ess5ism8 ,b if ,ess5ism ow$ ! features :i* di/+ui%$ x f ,ph>isaic ,judaism to an ali5 admixture1 :5ce 7 ^! =eign influ5ces d]iv$8 ,f ! philosoph]s ( ,greece or f ! religi\s my/ics ( ! ,ea/8 ,on ?is po9t rec5t writ]s are divid$4 ,sid5ote3 ,!ory ( ,neopy?agorean influ5ce4 ,^? :o trace ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ics ( ! sect to ,greece1 reg>d x z an (f%oot ( ! ,neopy?agorean ,s*ool graft$ on ! /em ( ,judaism4 ,?is solution is sugge/$ by ! /atem5t ( ,josephus1 t #8!y practise ! mode ( life :i* among ! ,greeks 0 introduc$ 77 by ,py?agoras#dac4' ,x is ?\ght to be confirm$ by ! /rong resemblances :i* z a matt] ( fact are f\nd to exi/ betwe5 ! in/itutions & practices ( ! two4 ,sid5ote3 ,/atem5t ( ! !ory by ,zell]4 ,?is !ory1 :i* is ma9ta9$ also by o!r writ]s1 z = in/ance by ,baur & ,h]zfeld1 has f\nd its able/ & mo/ p]si/5t advocate 9 ,zell]1 :o draws out ! p>allels ) great =ce & precision4 #8,! ,ess5es1' he writes1 #8l ! ,py?agoreans1 desire to atta9 a high] sanctity by an ascetic life2 & ! ab/5tions1 :i* !y impose on !mselves = ?is end1 are ! same ) bo?4 ,!y reject animal food & bloody sacrifices2 !y avoid w9e1 w>m ba?s1 & oil = ano9t+2 !y set a high value on celibate life3 or1 s f> z !y all[ m>riage1 !y require t x be re/rict$ to ! "o object ( procreat+ *ildr54 ,bo? we> only :ite g>m5ts & consid] l95 pur] ?an wool4 ,wa%+s & purifications are prescrib$ by bo?1 ?\gh = ! ,ess5es !y h a yet high] significance z religi\s acts4 ,bo? prohibit oa?s & 7:at is m7 on ! same gr\nds4 ,bo? f9d _! social ideal 9 ^? in/itutions1 :i* inde$ ! ,ess5es alone set !mselves to realise--9 a corporate life ) entire community ( goods1 9 %>ply def9$ ord]s ( rank1 9 ! unconditional submission ( all ! memb]s to _! sup]iors1 9 a society c>efully b>r$ f )\t1 into :i* new memb]s are receiv$ only aft] a sev]e probation ( sev]al ye>s1 & f :i* ! unwor?y are inexorably exclud$4 ,bo? require a /rict initiation1 bo? desire ,sid5ote3 ,zell]'s !ory4 to ma9ta9 a traditional doctr9e inviolable2 bo? pay ! highe/ respect to ! m5 f :om x 0 d]iv$1 z in/rum5ts ( ! deity3 yet bo? also love figurative clo?+ = _! doctr9es1 & treat ! old traditions z symbols ( deep] tru?s1 :i* !y mu/ extract f !m by means ( allegorical explanation4 ,9 ord] to prove ! lat] =m ( tea*+ orig9al1 newly-compos$ writ+s 7 unhesitat+ly =g$ by ! "o z by ! o!r1 & fa!r$ ^u illu/ri\s names ( ! pa/4 ,bo? p>ties pay hon\r to div9e p[]s 9 ! elem5ts1 bo? invoke ! ris+ sun1 bo? seek to )draw ev]y?+ unclean f 8 sight1 & ) ?is view give special directions1 9 :i* !y agree z well ) ea* o!r z ) old] ,greek sup]/ition1 9 a rem>kable way4 ,= bo? ! belief 9 int]m$iate be+s betwe5 ,god & ! _w has an importance :i* is high] 9 proportion z _! own conception ( ,god is pur]2 bo? appe> n to h disda9$ magic2 yet bo? reg>d ! gift ( prophecy z ! highe/ fruit ( wisdom & piety1 :i* !y pique !mselves on possess+ 9 _! mo/ di/+ui%$ memb]s4 ,f9ally1 bo? agree 7along ) ! duali/ic "* ( _! :ole conception ( ! _w 4447 9 _! t5ets respect+ ! orig9 ( ! s\l1 its relation to ! body1 & ! life aft] dea?#dad4444' ,footnote #dac3 ,ant4 xv4 #aj4 #d4 ,footnote #dad3 ,zell] ,philosophie d] ,grie*51 ,?4 ,,iii4 ,ab?4 #b1 p4 #bha4 ,sid5ote3 ,abs5ce ( di/9ctive ,py?agorean features 9 ! ,ess5es4 ,?is array ( co9cid5ces is =midable1 & ?us skilfully m>%all$ might appe> at fir/ sight inv9cible4 ,b a clos] exam9ation detracts f its value4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! two di/9ctive *>act]i/ics ( ! ,py?agorean philosophy are want+ to ! ,ess5es4 ,! ,jewi% sect did n believe 9 ! transmigration ( s\ls2 & ! doctr9e ( numb]s1 at lea/ s f> z our in=mation goes1 _h no place 9 _! sy/em4 ,yet ^! con/itute ! v ess5ce ( ! ,py?agorean tea*+4 ,9 ! next place sev]al ( ! co9cid5ces are m app>5t ?an real4 ,?us ,sid5ote3 ,! co9cid5ces are 9 "s cases only app>5t1 = in/ance ! demons :o 9 ! ,py?agorean sy/em held an int]m$iate place betwe5 ! ,supreme ,god & man1 & 7 ! result ( a compromise betwe5 poly!ism & philosophy1 h no ne> relation to ! angelology ( ! ,ess5es1 :i* arose out ( a :olly diff]5t motive4 ,nor aga9 c we f9d di/9ct traces among ! ,py?agoreans ( any su* rev]5ce = ! sun z is ascrib$ to ! ,ess5es1 ! only notice :i* is adduc$ hav+ no prom95ce :atev] 9 its own context1 & ref]r+ to a rule :i* w\ld be dictat$ by natural dec5cy & c]ta9ly 0 n peculi> to ! ,py?agoreans#dae4 ,:5 ^! imp]fect & 7= ! purpose7 valueless resemblances h be5 subtract$1 ! only basis on :i* ! !ory ( a direct affiliation c re/ is )drawn4 ,all ! rema9+ co9cid5ces are unimportant4 ,?us ! respect paid to f\nd]s is n conf9$ to any "o sect or any "o age4 ,! rev]5ce ( ! ,ess5es = ,moses1 & ! rev]5ce ( ! ,py?agoreans = ,py?agoras1 are indications ( a common humanity1 b n ( a common philosophy4 ,& aga9 ! =g]y ( supposititi\s docum5ts is unhappily n ! badge ( any "o s*ool4 ,! ,solomonian books ( ! ,ess5es1 s f> z we c judge f ! extant notices1 7 ab\t z unlike ! tracts ascrib$ to ,py?agoras & 8 disciples by ! ,neopy?agoreans z two su* =g]ies c\ld well be4 ,all or ne>ly all t rema9s 9 common to ! ,greek s*ool & ! ,jewi% sect aft] ^! d$uctions is ,sid5ote3 & 9 o!rs d n sugge/ any hi/orical connexion4 a c]ta9 simil>ity 9 ! type ( life4 ,b grant$ t two bodies ( m5 ea* held an esot]ic tea*+ ( _! own1 !y w\ld secure x indep5d5tly 9 a simil> way1 by a recognis$ process ( initiation1 by a solemn =m ( oa?1 by a rigid di/9ction ( ord]s4 ,grant$ also1 t !y bo? ma9ta9$ ! excell5ce ( an ascetic life1 _! asceticism w\ld naturally take ! same =m2 !y w\ld avoid w9e & fle%2 !y w\ld ab/a9 f ano9t+ !mselves ) oil2 !y w\ld depreciate1 & p]haps altoge!r prohibit1 m>riage4 ,unless !re=e ! hi/orical conditions are !mselves fav\rable to a direct & imm$iate connexion betwe5 ! ,py?agoreans & ! ,ess5es1 ?is !ory ( affiliation has little to recomm5d x4 ,footnote #dae3 ,diog4 ,la]t4 viii4 #ag2 see ,zell] l4c4 p4 #bhb1 note #e4 ,! precept 9 "q occurs among a numb] ( insignificant details1 & has no special prom95ce giv5 to x4 ,9 ! ,life ( ,apollonius by ,philo/ratus 7e4g4 vi4 #aj7 consid]able /ress is laid on ! wor%ip ( ! sun 7,zell] l4c4 p4 #acg1 note #f72 b ! syncretism ( ?is late "w detracts f its value z repres5t+ ,py?agorean doctr9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,tw(old objection to ?is !ory4 ,& a clos] exam9ation mu/ pron\nce !m to be mo/ unfav\rable4 ,*ronology & geography alike pres5t s]i\s ob/acles to any solution :i* d]ives ! peculi>ities ( ! ,ess5es f ! ,py?agoreans4 ,sid5ote3 7i7 ,*ronological facts are adv]se4 7i7 ,! priority ( "t1 if x c be plead$ on ei!r side1 mu/ be urg$ 9 fav\r ( ! ,ess5es4 ,! ,py?agoreans z a philosophical s*ool entirely disappe> f hi/ory be=e ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,! la/ ,py?agoreans 7 s*ol>s ( ,philolaus & ,eurytus1 ! contempor>ies ( ,socrates & ,plato#daf4 ,= ne>ly two c5turies aft] _! ext9ction we he> ,sid5ote3 ,disappe>ance ( ! ,py?agoreans4 no?+ ( !m4 ,"h & !re p]sons l ,diodorus ( ,asp5dus are satiris$ by ! ,attic poets ( ! middle com$y z #8py?agoriz]s1' 9 o!r words1 z total ab/a9]s & veget>ians#dag2 b ! philosophy _h :olly di$ or 0 fa/ dy+ out4 ,?is is ! univ]sal te/imony ( anci5t writ]s4 ,x is n till ! fir/ c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 t we meet ) any di/9ct traces ( a revival4 ,9 ,alex&] ,polyhi/or#dah1 a y\ng] contempor>y ( ,sulla1 = ! fir/ "t we f9d ref]5ces to c]ta9 writ+s1 :i* w\ld seem to h emanat$ f ?is incipi5t ,neopy?agoreanism1 r ?an f ! eld] s*ool ( ,py?agoreans4 ,& a little lat] ,cic]o comm5ds 8 fri5d ,nigidius ,figulus z "o specially rais$ up to revive ! ext9ct philosophy#dai4 ,b s sl[ or s *equ]$ 0 its progress1 t a :ole c5tury aft] ,s5eca c /ill speak ( ! ,sid5ote3 ,priority ( ,ess5ism to ,neopy?agoreanism4 s*ool z practically defunct#dbj4 ,yet long be=e ?is ! ,ess5es =m$ a compact1 well-organiz$1 num]\s society ) a peculi> sy/em ( doctr9e & a def9ite rule ( life4 ,we h se5 t ,pl9y ! eld] speaks ( ?is celibate society z hav+ exi/$ #8?r\gh ?\s&s ( ages#dba4' ,?is is a gross exagg]ation1 b x mu/ at lea/ be tak5 to imply t 9 ,pl9y's "t ! orig9 ( ! ,ess5es 0 lo/ 9 ! obscurity ( ! pa/1 or at lea/ seem$ s to ^? :o _h n access to special s\rces ( in=mation4 ,if1 z ,i h giv5 reasons = suppos+#dbb1 ,pl9y's au?ority 9 ?is passage is ! same ,alex&] ,polyhi/or to :om ,i h j ref]r$1 & if ?is p>ticul> /atem5t1 h[ev] exagg]at$ 9 expression1 is d]iv$ f him1 ! fact becomes /ill m significant4 ,b on any %[+ ! priority 9 "t is di/9ctly 9 fav\r ( ! ,ess5es z aga9/ ! ,neopy?agoreans4 ,footnote #daf3 ,zell] l4c4 p4 #fh 7comp4 ,i4 p4 #bdb74 ,:ile disput+ ,zell]'s position1 ,i h freely made use ( 8 ref]5ces4 ,x is impossible n to admire ! ma/]y ( detail & cle>ness ( exposition 9 ?is "w1 ev5 :5 ! conclusions seem que/ionable4 ,footnote #dag3 ,a!n4 iv4 p4 #afa1 ,diog4 ,la]t4 viii4 #cg4 ,see ! index to ,me9eke ,fragm4 ,com4 s4 vv4 1 etc4 ,! words commonly us$ by ^! satiri/s are 1 1 4 ,! p]sons s satiriz$ 7 probably 9 _m cases n m ,py?agoreans ?an mod]n teetotall]s are ,re*abites4 ,footnote #dah3 ,diog4 ,la]t4 viii4 #bd sq42 see ,zell] l4c4 p4 #gd-gh4 ,footnote #dai3 ,cic4 ,tim4 ,i #8sic judico1 po/ illos nobiles ,py?agoreos quorum discipl9a ext9cta e/ quodammodo1 cum aliquot scula 9 ,italia ,siciliaque viguisset1 hunc ex/itisse qui illam r5ov>et4' ,footnote #dbj3 ,s54 ,n4,q4 vii4 #cb #8,py?agorica illa invidiosa turb s*ola prceptorem non inv5it4' ,footnote #dba3 ,n4,h4 v4 #ae4 ,! passage is at :i* ,josephus ?9ks x necess>y to ins]t an acc\nt ( ! ,ess5es z already fl\ri%+ 7,ant4 xiii4 #e4 #i71 is prior to ! revival ( ! ,neopy?agorean s*ool4 ,h[ mu* e>li] ! ,jewi% sect arose1 we are )\t data = det]m9+4 ,footnote #dbb3 ,see p4 #hc1 note #bdj4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,ess5e t5ets m develop$ ?an ! ,neopy?agorean4 ,& accord+ly we f9d t :at is only a t5d5cy 9 ! ,neopy?agoreans is ) ! ,ess5es an av[$ pr9ciple & a def9ite rule ( life4 ,su* = in/ance is ! case ) celibacy1 ( :i* ,pl9y says t x has exi/$ z an in/itution among ! ,ess5es p] sculorum millia1 & :i* is a *ief corn]-/one ( _! practical sy/em4 ,! ,py?agorean notices 7:e!r truly or n1 x is unimportant = my purpose to enquire7 speak ( ,py?agoras z hav+ a wife & a daught]#dbc4 ,only at a late date d we f9d ! attempt to repres5t _! f\nd] 9 ano!r light2 & if virg9ity is ascrib$ to ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 ! great ,py?agorean ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian c5tury1 9 ! fictiti\s biography ( ,philo/ratus#dbd1 ?is repres5tation is pla9ly due to ! g5]al plan ( ! noveli/1 ^: h]o is int5d$ to rival ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ^: "w is saturat$ ) ,*ri/ian ideas4 ,9 fact virg9ity c nev] be said to h be5 a ,py?agorean pr9ciple1 ?\gh x may h be5 an exalt$ ideal ( "s n v e>ly adh]5ts ( ! s*ool4 ,& ! same rem>k applies to o!r resemblances betwe5 ! ,ess5e & ,neopy?agorean tea*+4 ,! cle>ness ( conception & ! def9it5ess ( practice are 9 almo/ e in/ance on ! side ( ! ,ess5es2 s t1 look+ to ! comp>ative *ronology ( ! two1 x w appe> almo/ inconceivable t !y c h d]iv$ _! pr9ciples f ! ,neopy?agoreans4 ,footnote #dbc3 ,diog4 ,la]t4 viii4 #db4 ,footnote #dbd3 ,vit4 ,apoll4 i4 #ae sq4 ,at ! same "t ,philo/ratus in=ms u t ! conduct ( 8 h]o 9 ?is respect _h be5 diff]5tly repres5t$ by o!rs4 ,sid5ote3 7ii7 ,geographical difficulties 9 ! !ory4 7ii7 ,b ! geographical difficulty also1 :i* ?is !ory ( affiliation involves1 mu/ be add$ to ! *ronological4 ,! home ( ! ,ess5e sect is all[$ on all h&s to h be5 on ! ea/]n bord]s ( ,pale/9e1 ! %ores ( ! ,dead ,sea1 a region lea/ ( all expos$ to ! influ5ces ( ,greek philosophy4 ,x is true t we f9d ne> ,alex&ria a closely alli$ s*ool ( ,jewi% recluses1 ! ,!rapeutes2 &1 z ,alex&ria may h be5 ! home ( ,neopy?agoreanism1 a possible l9k ( connexion is "h disclos$4 ,b1 z ,zell] himself has po9t$ out1 x is n among ! ,!rapeutes1 b among ! ,ess5es1 t ! pr9ciples 9 "q appe> fully develop$ & consi/5tly c>ri$ out#dbe2 & !re=e1 if !re be a relation ( pat]nity betwe5 ,ess5e & ,!rapeute1 ! latt] mu/ be d]iv$ f ! =m] & n conv]sely4 ,h[ !n c we suppose ?is influ5ce ( ,neopy?agoreanism br\ght to be> on a ,jewi% community 9 ! s\?-ea/]n bord] ( ,pale/9e8 ,zell]'s answ] is z foll[s#dbf4 ,juda 0 = m ?an a hundr$ & fifty ye>s be=e ! ,maccabean p]iod "u ! sov]eignty fir/ ( ! ,egyptian & !n ( ! ,syrian ,greeks4 ,we "k t at ?is "t ,hell5iz+ influ5ces did infuse !mselves l>gely into ,judaism3 & :at m natural ?an t among ^! ! ,py?agorean philosophy & discipl9e %\ld h recomm5d$ itself to a section ( ! ,jewi% p8 ,x may be said 9 reply1 t at all ev5ts ! special locality ( ! ,ess5es is ! lea/ fav\rable to su* a solution3 b1 )\t press+ ?is fact1 ,zell]'s hypo!sis is op5 to two s]i\s objections :i* comb9$ seem fatal to x1 unsupport$ z x is by any hi/orical notice4 ,fir/1 ?is influ5ce ( ,py?agoreanism is assum$ to h tak5 place at ! v "t :5 ! ,py?agorean s*ool 0 practically ext9ct3 & secondly1 x is suppos$ to h act$ ^u t v section ( ! ,jewi% community1 :i* 0 ! mo/ vigor\s advocate ( national exclusiv5ess & ! mo/ av]se to ,hell5iz+ influ5ces4 ,footnote #dbe3 l4c4 p4 #bhh sq4 ,footnote #dbf3 l4c4 p4 #bij sq4 ,sid5ote3 ,! =eign elem5t ( ,ess5ism to be s\ght 9 ! ,ea/1 ,x is n !re=e to ,greek b to ,ori5tal influ5ces t consid]ations ( "t & place1 z well z ( int]nal "*1 lead u to look = an explanation ( ! ali5 elem5ts 9 ,ess5e ,judaism4 ,& h we n "h also ! acc\nt ( any real co9cid5ces :i* may exi/ betwe5 ,ess5ism & ,neopy?agoreanism8 ,we %\ld p]haps be h>dly m ju/ifi$ 9 trac+ ,neopy?agoreanism directly to ,ess5ism ?an conv]sely 7?\gh1 if we _h no o!r alt]native1 ?is w\ld appe> to be ! m probable solution ( ! two73 b 7 n bo? alike due to sub/antially ! same influ5ces act+ 9 diff]5t degrees8 ,sid5ote3 to :i* also ,py?agoreanism may h be5 indebt$4,i ?9k x w h>dly be d5i$ t ! *>act]i/ic features ( ,py?agoreanism1 & especially ( ,neopy?agoreanism1 :i* di/+ui% x f o!r s*ools ( ,greek philosophy1 are mu* m ,ori5tal 9 type1 ?an ,hell5ic4 ,! asceticism1 ! magic1 ! my/icism1 ( ! sect all po9t 9 ! same direction4 ,& hi/ory moreov] conta9s indications t su* 0 ! case4 ,!re seems to be suffici5t gr\nd = ! /atem5t t ,py?agoras himself 0 indebt$ to int]c\rse ) ! ,egyptians1 if n ) m /rictly ,ori5tal nations1 = "s lead+ ideas ( 8 sy/em4 ,b1 h[ev] ?is may be1 ! fact t 9 ! leg5d>y acc\nts1 :i* ! ,neopy?agoreans inv5t$ to d hon\r to ! f\nd] ( ! s*ool1 he is repres5t$ z tak+ lessons f ! ,*aldeans1 ,p]sians1 ,brahm9s1 & o!rs1 may be tak5 z an evid5ce t _! own philosophy at all ev5ts 0 p>tially d]iv$ f ea/]n s\rces#dbg4 ,footnote #dbg3 ,see ! ref]5ces 9 ,zell] ,i4 p4 #bah sq42 comp4 ,,iii4 #b1 p4 #fg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b1 if ! ali5 elem5ts ( ,ess5ism 7 borr[$ n s mu* f ,greek philosophy z f ,ori5tal my/icism1 to :at nation or :at religion 0 x *iefly indebt$8 ,to ?is "q x is difficult1 ) our v imp]fect k ( ! ,ea/ at ! ,*ri/ian era1 to reply ) any confid5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,resemblances to ,p>sism4,yet !re is "o sy/em to :i* we naturally look1 z furni%+ ! mo/ probable answ]4 ,! ,m$o-,p]sian religion supplies j ^? elem5ts :i* di/+ui% ! t5ets & practices ( ! ,ess5es f ! normal type ( ,judaism4 ,sid5ote3 7i7 ,dualism47#a7 ,fir/2 we h "h a v def9ite =m ( dualism1 :i* ex]cis$ ! greate/ influ5ce on subsequ5t ,gno/ic sects1 & ( :i* ,mani*eism1 ! mo/ mature developm5t ( duali/ic doctr9e 9 connexion ) ,*ri/ianity1 0 ! ultimate fruit4 ,= ?\gh dualism may n repres5t ! olde/ !ology ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a 9 its unadult]at$ =m1 yet long be=e ! era ( :i* we are speak+ x _h become ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! ,p]sian religion4 ,sid5ote3 7ii7 ,sun-wor%ip47#b7 ,aga92 ! ,zoroa/rian symbolism ( light1 & consequ5t wor%ip ( ! sun z ! f\nta9 ( light1 w expla9 ^? anomal\s notices ( ! ,ess5es 9 :i* !y are repres5t$ z pay+ rev]5ce to ?is lum9>y#dbh4 ,sid5ote3 7iii7 ,angelolatry47#c7 ,moreov]2 ! #8wor%ip ( angels' 9 ! ,ess5e sy/em has a /rik+ p>allel 9 ! invocations ( spirits1 :i* =m a v prom95t feature 9 ! ritual ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a4 ,& altoge!r _! angelology is illu/rat$1 & n improbably 0 sugge/$1 by ! doctr9e ( int]m$iate be+s conc]n$ 9 ! gov]nm5t ( nature & ( man1 su* z ! ,am%asp&s1 :i* is an integral "p ( ! ,zoroa/rian sy/em#dbi4 ,sid5ote3 7iv7 ,magic47#d7 ,& once m2 ! magic1 :i* 0 s attractive to ! ,ess5e1 may h receiv$ its impulse f ! prie/ly ca/e ( ,p]sia1 to ^: _w-wide fame ?is =m ( sup]/ition is indebt$ = its "n4 ,sid5ote3 7v7 ,/riv+ aft] purity47#e7 ,if to ^! p>allels ,i v5ture also to add ! int5se /riv+ aft] purity1 :i* is ! noble/ feature 9 ! ,p]sian religion1 ,i d s1 n because ! ,ess5es might n h d]iv$ ?is impulse f a high] s\rce1 b because ?is feature 0 v likely to recomm5d ! ,zoroa/rian sy/em to _! fav\rable notice1 & because also ! p>ticul> =m :i* ! zeal = purity took among !m 0 at all ev5ts cong5ial to ! tea*+ ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 & may n h be5 altoge!r free f its influ5ces4 ,footnote #dbh3 ,keim 7,ges*i*te ,jesu von ,naz>a ,i4_/sc p4 #cjc7 ref]s to ,tac4 ,hi/4 iii4 #bd #8,undique clamor2 et ori5tem solem 7ita 9 ,syria mos e/7 t]tiani salutav]e1' z illu/rat+ ?is ,ess5e practice4 ,! comm5tators on ,tacitus quote a simil> notice ( ! ,p>?ians 9 ,h]odian iv4 #ae 1 1 444 ,footnote #dbi3 ,see e4g4 ,v5didad ,f>g4 xix2 & ! liturgical portions ( ! book are l>gely tak5 up ) invocations ( ^! int]m$iate be+s4 ,"s extracts are giv5 9 ,davies' ,colossians p4 #adf sq4 ,sid5ote3 ,o!r co9cid5ces accid5tal4 ,i h pref]r$ dwell+ on ^! broad] resemblances1 because !y are mu* m significant ?an any m]e co9cid5ce ( details1 :i* may or may n h be5 accid5tal4 ,?us = in/ance ! magi1 l ! ,ess5es1 wore :ite g>m5ts1 & es*ew$ gold & ornam5ts2 !y practis$ frequ5t lu/rations2 !y avoid$ fle%1 liv+ on bread & *eese or on h]bs & fruits2 !y _h diff]5t ord]s 9 _! society2 & ! l#dcj4 ,all ^!1 z ,i h already rem>k$1 may be ! indep5d5t out-gr[? ( ! same temp] & direction ( conduct1 & ne$ n imply any direct hi/orical connexion4 ,nor is !re any temptation to press su* resemblances2 = ev5 )\t _! aid ! g5]al connexion seems to be suffici5tly e/abli%$#dca4 ,footnote #dcj3 ,hilg5feld 7,zeits*rift x4 p4 #ii sq47 f9ds co9cid5ces ev5 m special ?an ^!4 ,he is answ]$ by ,zell] 7,,iii4 #b4 p4 #bgf71 b def5ds 8 position aga9 7,zeits*rift xi4 p4 #cdg sq471 ?\gh ) no great success4 ,among o!r po9ts ( co9cid5ce ,hilg5feld rem>ks on ! axe 7,jos4 ,b4,j4 ii4 #h4 #g7 :i* 0 giv5 to ! novices among ! ,ess5es1 & connects x ) ! 7,pl94 ,n4,h4 xxxvi4 #ai7 ( ! magi4 ,zell] cont5ts himself ) reply+ t ! use ( ! axe among ! ,ess5es = purposes ( div9ation is a pure conjecture1 n re/+ on any kn[n fact4 ,he might h answ]$ ) mu* m effect t ,josephus else:]e 7 #i7 def9es x z a spade or %ovel1 & assigns to x a v diff]5t use4 ,hilg5feld has damag$ 8 cause by lay+ /ress on ^! accid5tal resemblances4 ,s f> z reg>ds m9or co9cid5ces1 ,zell] makes out z good a case = 8 ,py?agoreans1 z ,hilg5feld = 8 magians4 ,footnote #dca3 ,^? :o all[ any =eign ,ori5tal elem5t 9 ,ess5ism mo/ commonly ascribe x to ,p]sia3 e4g4 among ! m rec5t writ]s1 ,hilg5feld 7l4c47 & ,lipsius ,s*5kel's ,bibel-,lexikon s4v4 ,esser p4 #ahi4 ,sid5ote3 ,! de/ruction ( ! ,p]sian empire n adv]se ,b x is said1 t ! hi/ory ( ,p]sia does n fav\r ! hypo!sis ( su* an influ5ce z is "h assum$4 ,! de/ruction ( ! ,p]sian empire by ,alex&]1 argues ,zell]#dcb1 & ! subsequ5t erection ( ! ,p>?ian dom9ation on its ru9s1 mu/ h be5 fatal to ! spread ( ,zoroa/rianism4 ,f ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 :5 ! ,p>?ian empire 0 e/abli%$1 till t[>ds ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury ( our era1 :5 ! ,p]sian mon>*y & religion 7 once m re/or$#dcc1 its influ5ce mu/ h be5 r$uc$ )9 ! n>r[e/ limits4 ,sid5ote3 b fav\rable to ! spread ( ,p>sism4 ,b does analogy really sugge/ su* an inf]5ce8 ,does n ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews !mselves %[ t ! religi\s influ5ce ( a p on ! _w at l>ge may beg9 j :]e its national life ends8 ,! v disp]sion ( ,zoroa/rianism1 consequ5t on ! fall ( ! empire1 w\ld impregnate ! atmosph]e f> & wide2 & ! g]ms ( new religi\s developm5ts w\ld ?us be implant$ 9 ali5 soils4 ,= 9 trac+ ,ess5ism to ,p]sian influ5ces ,i h n wi%$ to imply t ?is ,jewi% sect consci\sly incorporat$ ! ,zoroa/rian philosophy & religion z su*1 b only t ,zoroa/rian ideas 7 infus$ into its sy/em by m or less direct contact4 ,&1 z a matt] ( fact1 x seems q c]ta9 t ,p]sian ideas 7 widely spread dur+ ?is v int]val1 :5 ! ,p]sian nationality 0 eclips$4 ,sid5ote3 ,indications ( its influ5ce dur+ ?is p]iod4,x 0 !n t ,h]mippus gave to ! ,greeks ! mo/ detail$ acc\nt ( ?is religion :i* _h ev] be5 laid be=e !m#dcd4 ,x 0 !n t its t5ets sugge/$ or m\ld$ ! speculations ( ! v>i\s ,gno/ic sects4 ,x 0 !n t ! wor%ip ( ! ,p]sian ,mi?ras spread ?r\gh\t ! ,roman ,empire4 ,x 0 !n1 if n e>li]1 t ! magian sy/em took root 9 ,asia ,m9or1 mak+ = itself 7z x 77 a second home 9 ,cappadocia#dce4 ,x 0 !n1 if n e>li]1 t ! ,zoroa/rian demonology /amp$ itself s deeply on ! apocryphal lit]ature ( ! ,jews !mselves1 :i* borr[$ ev5 ! names ( evil spirits#dcf f ! ,p]sians4 ,!re are inde$ abundant indications t ,pale/9e 0 surr\nd$ by ,p]sian influ5ces dur+ ?is p]iod1 :5 ! ,p]sian empire 0 9 abeyance4 ,footnote #dcb3 l4c4 p4 #bge4 ,footnote #dcc3 ,see ,gibbon ,decl9e & ,fall c4 viii1 ,milman ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity ,,ii4 p4 #bdg sq4 ,! latt] speaks ( ?is re/oration ( ,zoroa/rianism1 z #8p]haps ! only in/ance ( ! vigor\s revival ( a ,pagan religion4' ,x 0 f> pur] & less ,pagan ?an ! sy/em :i* x sup]s$$2 & ?is may acc\nt = its r5ew$ life4 ,footnote #dcd3 ,see ,mll] ,fragm4 ,hi/4 ,grc4 ,,iii4 p4 #ec sq4 = ?is "w ( ,h]mippus 4 ,he fl\ri%$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #bjj4 ,see ,max ,mll] ,lectures on ! ,sci5ce ( ,language #a/ s]4 p4 #hf4 ,footnote #dce3 ,/rabo xv4 #c4 #ae 7p4 #gcc7 7 1 7 444 ,footnote #dcf3 ,at lea/ 9 "o in/ance1 ,asmodeus 7,tob4 iii4 #ag72 see ,m4 ,mll] ,*ips f a ,g]man ,work%op ,i4 p4 #adh sq4 ,= ! diff]5t dates assign$ to ! book ( ,tobit see ,dr ,we/cott's article ,tobit 9 ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ! ,bible p4 #aebe4 ,?us we seem to h ample gr\nd = ! view t c]ta9 ali5 features 9 ,ess5e ,judaism 7 d]iv$ f ! ,zoroa/rian religion4 ,sid5ote3 ,are ,buddhi/ influ5ces also p]ceptible8,b are we ju/ifi$ 9 go+ a /ep fur!r1 & attribut+ o!r elem5ts 9 ?is eclectic sy/em to ! m di/ant ,ea/8 ,! mona/icism ( ! ,buddhi/ w naturally occur to our m9ds1 z a precursor ( ! c5obitic life among ! ,ess5es2 & ,hilg5feld accord+ly has n hesitat$ to ascribe ?is *>act]i/ic ( ,ess5ism directly to ,buddhi/ influ5ces#dcg4 ,b at ! outset we are oblig$ to ask :e!r hi/ory gives any su* indication ( ! pres5ce ( ,buddhism 9 ! ,we/ z ?is hypo!sis requires4 ,hilg5feld answ]s ?is "q 9 ! affirmative4 ,sid5ote3 ,suppos$ ,buddhi/ e/abli%m5t at ,alex&ria4,he po9ts triumphantly to ! fact t z e>ly z ! middle ( ! second c5tury be=e ,*ri/ ! ,buddhi/ records speak ( _! fai? z fl\ri%+ 9 ,alas&a ! *ief city ( ! l& ( ,yavana4 ,! place int5d$1 he conceives1 c be none o!r ?an ! great ,alex&ria1 ! mo/ fam\s ( ! _m places be>+ ! "n#dch4 ,sid5ote3 ,! au?ority mis9t]pret$ ,9 ?is op9ion h[ev] he /&s q alone4 ,nei!r ,kpp5#dci1 :o is 8 au?ority = ?is /atem5t1 nor any o!r ,indian s*ol>#ddj1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 = a mom5t contemplates ?is id5tification4 ,yavana1 or ,yona1 0 ! common ,indian "n = ! ,grco-,bactrian k+dom & its dep5d5cies#dda2 & to ?is region we naturally turn4 ,! ,alas&a or ,alasadda !re=e1 :i* is "h m5tion$1 w be "o ( sev]al ,ea/]n cities be>+ ! "n ( ! great conqu]or1 mo/ probably ,alex&ria ad ,caucasum4 ,b inde$ ,i h>dly ?9k t1 if ,hilg5feld _h ref]r$ to ! orig9al au?ority = ! /atem5t1 ! great ,buddhi/ hi/ory ,mahawanso1 he w\ld h v5tur$ to lay any /ress at all on ?is notice1 z support+ 8 !ory4 ,sid5ote3 & :olly untru/wor?y 9 itself4,! hi/orian1 or r fabuli/ 7= su* he is 9 ?is e>li] "p ( 8 *ronicle71 is relat+ ! f\ndation ( ! ,mah ?po1 or great tope1 at ,ruanwelli by ! k+ ,dut?agm9i 9 ! ye> ,b4,c4 #aeg4 ,beyond ! fact t ?is tope 0 erect$ by ?is k+ ! re/ is pla9ly leg5d>y4 ,all ! mat]ials = ! con/ruction ( ! build+1 we are told1 appe>$ spontane\sly z by miracle--! bricks1 ! metals1 ! preci\s /ones4 ,! dewos1 or demons1 l5t _! aid 9 ! erection4 ,9 fact ! fabric huge ,rose l an exhalation4 ,prie/s ga!r$ 9 enorm\s numb]s f all ! great ,buddhi/ mona/]ies to d hon\r to ! fe/ival ( ! f\ndation4 ,"o place alone s5t n less ?an #if1jjj4 ,among ! re/ x is m5tion$ t #8,maha ,dhamm>akkito1 ?ro 7i4e4 s5ior prie/7 ( ,yna1 accompani$ by #cj1jjj prie/s f ! vic9ity ( ,alasadd1 ! capital ( ! ,yna c\ntry1 att5d$#ddb4' ,x is obvi\s t no weight c be atta*$ to a /atem5t occurr+ z "p ( a /ory ( :i* ! o!r details are s manife/ly false4 ,an e/abli%m5t ( #cj1jjj ,buddhi/ prie/s at ,alex&ria w\ld inde$ be a ph5om5on ( :i* hi/orians h %[n a /range neglect4 ,footnote #dcg3 ,zeits*rift ,x4 p4 #ajc sq42 comp4 ,,xi4 p4 #cea4 ,m4 ,r5an also 7,langues ,smitiques ,,iii4 iv4 #a1 ,vie de ,jsus p4 #ih7 sugge/s t ,buddhi/ influ5ces op]at$ 9 ,pale/9e4 ,footnote #dch3 ,x4 p4 #aje #80 s*on an si*1 zumal 9 dies] ,zeit1 s*w]li* ,alex&ria ad ,caucasum1 sond]n nur ,alex&ri5 9 ,aegypt5 b$eut5 kann4' ,comp4 ,,xi4 p4 #cea1 :]e he repeats ! same argum5t 9 reply to ,zell]4 ,?is is a v natural inf]5ce f a we/]n po9t ( view2 b1 :5 we place ourselves 9 ! position ( a ,buddhi/ writ] to :om ,bactria 0 ,greece1 ! relative proportions ( ?+s are :olly *ang$4 ,footnote #dci3 ,die ,religion des ,buddha ,i4 p4 #aic4 ,footnote #ddj3 ,comp4 e4g4 ,web] ,die ,v]b9dung5 ,indi5s mit d5 ,lnd]n im ,we/5 p4#fge 9 ! ,allgem4 ,monats*r4 f4 ,wiss5s*4 u4 ,lit]atur1 ,brauns*weig #ahec2 ,lass5 ,indis*e ,alt]?umskunde ,,ii4 p4 #bcf2 ,h>dy ,manual ( ,budhism p4 #eaf4 ,footnote #dda3 ,= its geographical mean+ 9 old] ,indian writ]s see ,kpp5 l4c4 ,s9ce !n x has entirely dep>t$ f its orig9al signification1 & ,yavana is n[ a common t]m us$ by ! ,h9doos to designate ! ,mohamm$ans4 ,?us ! ,greek "n has come to be appli$ to a p :i* ( all o!rs is mo/ unlike ! ,greeks4 ,?is *ange ( mean+ admirably illu/rates ! use ( among ! ,jews1 :i* 9 l mann]1 f be+ ! "n ( an ali5 nation1 became ! "n ( an ali5 religion1 irrespective ( nationality3 see ! note on ,gal4 ii4 #c4 ,footnote #ddb3 ,mahawanso p4 #aga1 ,turn\r's translation4 ,sid5ote3 ,g5]al ignorance ( ,buddhism 9 ! ,we/4 ,nor is ! pres5ce ( any ,buddhi/ e/abli%m5t ev5 on a mu* small] scale 9 ?is important c5tre ( we/]n civilization at all reconcilable ) ! ignorance ( ?is religion1 :i* ! ,greeks & ,romans betray at a mu* lat] date#ddc4 ,= "s c5turies aft] ! ,*ri/ian era we f9d t ! in=mation possess$ by we/]n writ]s 0 mo/ %ad[y & confus$2 & 9 almo/ e in/ance we are able to trace x to "s o!r cause ?an ! actual pres5ce ( ,buddhi/s 9 ! ,roman ,empire#ddd4 ,sid5ote3 ,/rabo4,?us ,/rabo1 :o wrote "u ,augu/us & ,tib]ius1 app>5tly m5tions ! ,buddhi/ prie/s1 ! sramanas1 "u ! designation s>man1 77#dde2 b he av[$ly obta9s 8 in=mation f ,mega/h5es1 :o travell$ 9 ,india some:]e ab\t ! ye> #cjj ,b4,c4 & wrote a book on ,indian affairs4 ,sid5ote3 ,b>desanes4,?us too ,b>desanes at a mu* lat] date gives an acc\nt ( ^! ,buddhi/ ascetics1 )\t h[ev] nam+ ! f\nd] ( ! religion2 b he 0 indebt$ = 8 k ( !m to conv]sations ) c]ta9 ,indian ambassadors :o visit$ ,syria on _! way we/w>d 9 ! reign ( "o ( ! ,anton9es#ddf4 ,sid5ote3 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 writ+ 9 ! late/ ye>s ( ! second c5tury or ! e>lie/ ( ! ?ird1 = ! fir/ "t#ddg m5tions ,buddha by "n2 & ev5 he betrays a /range ignorance ( ?is ,ea/]n religion#ddh4 ,footnote #ddc3 ,h[ = in/ance1 if any su* e/abli%m5t _h ev] exi/$ at ,alex&ria1 c\ld ,/rabo h us$ ! language :i* is quot$ 9 ! next note8 ,footnote #ddd3 ,consi/5tly ) ?is view1 we may all[ t s+le ,indians w\ld visit ,alex&ria f "t to "t = purposes ( trade or = o!r reasons1 & n m ?an ?is is requir$ by ! rhetorical passage 9 ,dion ,*ryso/4 ,or4 xxxii 7p4 #cgc7 ' 444 4 ,! qualify+ %[s h[ v slight 0 ! communication betwe5 ,india & ,alex&ria4 ,! mission ( ,pantnus may h be5 sugge/$ by ! pres5ce ( su* /ray visitors4 ,j]ome 7,vir4 ,ill4 #cf7 says t he w5t #8rogatus ab illius g5tis legatis4' ,x mu/ rema9 d\btful h[ev]1 :e!r "s o!r region ?an ,h9do/an1 su* z ?iopia = in/ance1 is n meant1 :5 ,pantnus is said to h gone to ,india3 see ,cave's ,lives ( ! ,primitive ,fa!rs p4 #ahh sq4 ,h[ v slight ! communication 0 betwe5 ,india & ! ,we/ 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 appe>s f ?is passage ( ,/rabo ,,xv4 #a4 #d 7p4 #fhf72 1 ' 1 aft] :i* he goes on to say t ! only in/ance ( ,indian travell]s 9 ! ,we/ 0 ! embassy s5t to ,augu/us 7see bel[ p4 #aee71 :i* came ' ' 4 ,! communications betwe5 ,india & ! ,we/ are inve/igat$ by two rec5t writ]s1 ,re9aud ,relations ,politiques et ,comm]ciales de l',empire ,roma9 avec l',asie ,c5trale1 ,p>is #ahfc1 & ,priaulx ,! ,indian ,travels ( ,apollonius ( ,tyana & ! ,indian ,embassies to ,rome1 #ahgc4 ,! latt] "w1 :i* is v ?or\gh & satisfactory1 w\ld h sav$ me mu* lab\r ( indep5d5t inve/igation1 if ,i _h se5 x 9 "t4 ,footnote #dde3 ,/rabo ,,xv4 #a4 #ei1 p4 #gab4 ,9 ! ,,mss x is writt5 1 b ?is mu/ be an error ei!r introduc$ by ,/rabo's transcrib]s or f\nd 9 ! copy ( ,mega/h5es :i* ?is au?or us$4 ,?is is pla9 n only f ! ,indian ^w itself1 b also f ! p>allel passage 9 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 7,/rom4 i4 #ae74 ,f ! co9cid5ces ( language x is cle> t ,clem5t also d]iv$ 8 in=mation f ,mega/h5es1 ^: "n he m5tions j bel[4 ,! fragm5ts ( ,mega/h5es relat+ to ! ,indian philosoph]s w be f\nd 9 ,mll] ,fragm4 ,hi/4 ,grc4 ,,ii4 p4 #dcg4 ,!y 7 previ\sly edit$ by ,s*wanbeck1 ,mega/h5is ,indica 7,bonn #ahdf74 ,= we also f9d ! =m 9 o!r writ]s2 e4g4 ,clem4 ,alex4 l4c41 ,b>desanes 9 ,porphyr4 de ,ab/94 iv4 #ag1 ,orig4 c4 ,cels4 i4 #ai 7,i4 p4 #cdb74 ,?is div]g5ce is expla9$ by ! fact t ! ,pali ^w sammana corresponds to ! ,sanskrit sramana4 ,see ,s*wanbeck1 l4c4 p4 #ag1 quot$ by ,mll] p4 #dcg4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d h[ev]1 t sev]al em95t ,indian s*ol>s believe ,mega/h5es to h meant n ,buddhi/s b ,brahm9s by 8 4 ,s = in/ance ,lass5 ,rhe94 ,mus4 #ahcc1 p4 #ahj sq41 ,ind4 ,alt]?4 ,,ii4 p4 #gjj3 & ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] 7,pref4 to ,rog]s's ,translation ( ,buddhagho%a's ,p>ables1 ,london #ahgj1 p4 lii7 says2 #8,t ,lass5 is "r 9 tak+ ! 1 m5tion$ by ,mega/h5es1 = ,brahmanic1 n = ,buddhi/ ascetics1 might be prov$ also by _! dress4 ,dresses made ( ! b>k ( trees are n ,buddhi/ic4' ,if ?is op9ion be correct1 ! e>li] notices ( ,buddhism 9 ,greek writ]s entirely disappe>1 & my position is /r5g!n$4 ,b = ! foll[+ reasons ! o!r view appe>s to me m probable3 7#a7 ,! t]m sramana is ! common t]m = ! ,buddhi/ ascetic1 :]eas x is v seldom us$ ( ! ,brahm94 7#b7 ,! 7ano!r =m ( sramana71 m5tion$ bel[ p4 #aef1 note #dej1 appe>s to h be5 a ,buddhi/4 ,?is view is tak5 ev5 by ,lass51 ,ind4 ,alt]?4 ,,iii4 p4 #fj4 7#c7 ,! di/9ction ( & 9 ,mega/h5es or ! writ]s foll[+ him corresponds to ! di/9ction ( & 9 ,b>desanes1 ,orig51 & o!rs2 &1 z ,s*wanbeck has %[n 7l4c471 ! acc\nt ( ! 9 ,mega/h5es = ! mo/ "p is a close p>allel to ! acc\nt ( ! 9 ,b>desanes 7or at lea/ 9 ,porphyry's report ( ,b>desanes74 ,x seems m probable !re=e t ,mega/h5es has be5 guilty ( confusion 9 describ+ ! dress ( ! 1 ?an t ,brahm9s are int5d$ by ! t]m4 ,! ,pali =m1 1 z a designation ( ! ,buddhi/s1 fir/ occurs 9 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria or ,b>desanes1 :i*ev] may be ! e>li] writ]4 ,x is g5]ally ascrib$ to ,alex&] ,polyhi/or1 :o fl\ri%$ ,b4,c4 #hj-fj1 because 8 au?ority is quot$ by ,cyril ( ,alex&ria 7c4 ,julian4 iv4 p4 #acc7 9 ! same context 9 :i* ! are m5tion$4 ,?is inf]5ce is drawn by ,s*wanbeck1 ,max ,mll]1 ,lass51 & o!rs4 ,an exam9ation ( ,cyril's language h[ev] %[s t ! /atem5t = :i* he quotes ! au?ority ( ,alex&] ,polyhi/or does n ext5d to ! m5tion ( ! ,samani4 ,inde$ all ! facts giv5 9 ?is passage ( ,cyril 7includ+ ! ref]5ce to ,polyhi/or7 are tak5 f ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 7,/rom4 i4 #ae2 see ! next note71 ^: acc\nt ,cyril has abridg$4 ,x is possible inde$ t ,clem5t himself d]iv$ ! /atem5t f ,polyhi/or1 b no?+ 9 ,clem5t's own language po9ts to ?is4 ,footnote #ddf3 ,! n>rative ( ,b>desanes is giv5 by ,porphyry de ,ab/4 iv4 #ag4 ,! ,buddhi/ ascetics are !re call$ 7see ! la/ note74 ,! "w ( ,b>desanes1 rec\nt+ 8 conv]sations ) ^! ,indian ambassadors1 is quot$ aga9 by ,porphyry 9 a fragm5t pres]v$ by ,/obu ,ecl4 iii4 #ef 7p4 #ada74 ,9 ?is la/ passage ! embassy is said to h arriv$ 1 by :i*1 if ! words be correct1 mu/ be meant ,elagabalus 7,a4,d4 #bah-bbb71 ! spuri\s ,anton9e 7see ,hilg5feld ,b>desanes p4 #ab sq474 ,o!r anci5t au?orities h[ev] place ,b>desanes 9 ! reign ( "o ( ! old] ,anton9es2 &1 z ! context is some:at corrupt1 we _c feel q c]ta9 ab\t ! date4 ,b>desanes gives by f> ! mo/ accurate acc\nt ( ! ,buddhi/s to be f\nd 9 any anci5t ,greek writ]2 b ev5 "h ! mon/r\s /ories1 :i* ! ,indian ambassadors relat$ to him1 %[ h[ little tru/wor?y su* s\rces ( in=mation 74 ,footnote #ddg3 ,except possibly ,arrian1 ,ind4 viii4 #a1 :o m5tions an anci5t ,indian k+1 ,budyas 77 by "n2 b :at he relates ( him is q inconsi/5t ) ! hi/ory ( ,buddha1 & probably "s "o else is int5d$4 ,footnote #ddh3 ,9 ?is passage 7,/rom4 i4 #ae1 p4 #cei7 ,clem5t app>5tly m5tions ^! same p]sons ?ree times1 suppos+ t he is describ+ ?ree diff]5t s*ools ( ,ori5tal philosoph]s4 7#a7 ,he speaks ( 7comp4 ,cyrill4 ,alex4 l4c472 7#b7 ,he di/+ui%es two classes ( ,indian gymnosophi/s1 :om he calls & 4 ,^! are ,buddhi/s & ,brahm9s respectively 7see p4 #aec1 note #dde72 7#c7 ,he says aft]w>ds 1 ' 8 4 ,s*wanbeck inde$ ma9ta9s t ,clem5t "h int5ds to describe ! same p]sons :om he has j m5tion$ z 2 b ?is is n ! natural int]pretation ( 8 language1 :i* mu/ mean #8,!re are also among ! ,indians ^? :o obey ! precepts ( ,buddha4' ,probably ,s*wanbeck is "r 9 id5tify+ ! ) ! ,buddhi/ ascetics1 b ,clem5t appe>s n to h kn[n ?is4 ,9 fact he has obta9$ 8 in=mation f diff]5t s\rces1 & s repeat$ himself )\t be+ aw>e ( x4 ,:]e he got ! fir/ fact x is impossible to say4 ,! second1 z we saw1 0 d]iv$ f ,mega/h5es4 ,! ?ird1 relat+ to ,buddha1 came1 z we may conjecture1 ei!r f ,pantnus 7if inde$ ,h9do/an is really meant by ! ,india ( 8 mission>y lab\rs7 or f "s *ance ,indian visitor at ,alex&ria4 ,9 ano!r passage 7,/rom4 iii4 #g1 p4 #eci7 ,clem5t speaks ( c]ta9 ,indian celibates & ascetics1 :o are call$ 4 ,z he di/+ui%es !m f ! gymnosophi/s1 & m5tions ! pyramid z a sacr$ build+ ) !m1 ! id5tification ) ! ,buddhi/s c h>dly be d\bt$4 ,"h !re=e is a ,greciz$ =m ( 2 & ?is modification ( ! ^w w\ld occur naturally to ,clem5t1 because 1 1 7 already us$ ( ! ascetic life3 e4g4 ,philo de ,vit4 ,cont4 #c 7p4 #dge ,m7 4 ,sid5ote3 ,hippolytus4 ,/ill lat] ?an ?is1 ,hippolytus1 :ile he gives a fairly intellig5t1 ?\gh brief1 acc\nt ( ! ,brahm9s#ddi1 says n a ^w ab\t ! ,buddhi/s1 ?\gh1 if he _h be5 acqua9t$ ) _! tea*+1 he w\ld assur$ly h se5 9 !m a fre% support to 8 !ory ( ! aff9ity betwe5 ,*ri/ian h]esies & pre-exi/+ hea!n philosophies4 ,sid5ote3 ,a ,buddhi/ at ,a!ns4,) "o d\btful exception--an ,indian fanatic atta*$ to an embassy s5t by k+ ,porus to ,augu/us1 :o a/oni%$ ! ,greeks & ,romans by burn+ himself alive at ,a!ns#dej-!re is app>5tly no notice 9 ei!r hea!n or ,*ri/ian writ]s1 :i* po9ts to ! pres5ce ( a ,buddhi/ )9 ! limits ( ! ,roman ,empire1 till long aft] ! ,ess5es _h ceas$ to exi/#dea4 ,footnote #ddi3 ,hr4 i4 #bd4 ,footnote #dej3 ,! *ief au?ority is ,nicolaus ( ,damascus 9 ,/rabo xv4 i4 #gc 7p4 #bgj74 ,! incid5t is m5tion$ also 9 ,dion ,cass4 liv4 #i4 ,nicolaus _h met ^! ambassadors at ,antio*1 & gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! motley company & _! /range pres5ts4 ,?is fanatic1 :o 0 "o ( ! numb]1 immolat$ himself 9 ! pres5ce ( an a/oni%$ cr[d1 & p]haps ( ! emp]or himself1 at ,a!ns4 ,he ano9t$ himself & !n leapt smil+ on ! pyre4 ,! inscription on 8 tomb 0 4 ,! tomb 0 visible at lea/ z late z ! age ( ,plut>*1 :o record+ ! self-immolation ( ,calanus be=e ,alex&] 7,vit4 ,alex4 #fi7 says1 1 4 ,/rabo also places ! two incid5ts 9 conjunction 9 ano!r passage 9 :i* he ref]s to ?is p]son1 xv4 #a4 #d 7p4 #fhf7 1 444 ,! reasons = suppos+ ?is p]son to h be5 a ,buddhi/1 r ?an a ,brahm91 are3 7#a7 ,! "n 7:i* appe>s ) "s v>iations 9 ! ,,mss ( ,/rabo71 be+ app>5tly ! ,indian sramanak>ja1 i4e4 #8tea*] ( ! ascetics1' 9 o!r words1 a ,buddhi/ prie/2 7#b7 ,! place ,b>gosa1 i4e4 ,b>ygaza1 :]e ,buddhism fl\ri%$ 9 t age4 ,see ,priaulx p4 #gh sq4 ,9 ,dion ,cassius x is writt5 4 ,& h we n "h an explanation ( #a ,cor4 xiii4 #c1 if be ! "r read+8 ,! passage1 be+ writt5 be=e ! fires ( ! ,n]onian p]secution1 requires explanation4 ,n[ x is cle> f ,plut>* t ! #8,tomb ( ! ,indian' 0 "o ( ! sights %[n to /rang]s at ,a!ns3 & ! ,apo/le1 :o obs]v$ ! alt> 1 0 n likely to ov]look ! sepul*re ) ! /range inscription 4 ,inde$ ! incid5t w\ld probably be press$ on 8 notice 9 8 discussions ) ,/oics & ,epicureans1 & he w\ld be =c$ to decl>e himself z to ! value ( ^! ,indian self-immolations1 :5 he prea*$ ! doctr9e ( self-sacrifice4 ,we may well imag9e !re=e t ! fate ( ?is poor ,buddhi/ fanatic 0 pres5t to 8 m9d :5 he p5n$ ! words 444 1 4 ,inde$ x w\ld furni% an almo/ equally good illu/ration ( ! text1 :e!r we read or 4 ,dion ,cassius 7l4c47 sugge/s t ! de$ 0 done or 4 ,h[ mu* att5tion ^! religi\s suicides ( ! ,indians attract$ 9 ! ,apo/olic age 7d\btless because ! act ( ?is ,buddhi/ prie/ _h br\ght ! subject vividly be=e m5's m9ds 9 ! ,we/71 we may inf] f ! spee* :i* ,josephus puts 9 ! m\? ( ,eleaz> 7,b4,j4 vii4 #h4 #g71 444 444 1 1 444 ' 2 ,footnote #dea3 ,9 ! reign ( ,claudius an embassy arriv$ f ,taprobane 7,ceylon72 & f ^! ambassadors ,pl9y d]iv$ 8 in=mation reg>d+ ! isl&1 ,n4,h4 vi4 #bd4 ,respect+ _! religion h[ev] he says only two words #8coli ,h]culem1' by :om probably ,rama is meant 7,priaulx p4 #aaf74 ,f ?is & o!r /atem5ts x appe>s t !y 7 ,tamils & n ,s+alese1 & ?us belong$ to ! non-,buddhi/ "p ( ! isl&2 see ,priaulx p4 #ia sq4 ,sid5ote3 ,! alleg$ co9cid5ces prove no?+4 ,&1 if s1 ! co9cid5ces mu/ be v precise1 be=e we are ju/ifi$ 9 attribut+ any peculi>ities ( ,ess5ism to ,buddhi/ influ5ces4 ,?is h[ev] is f> f be+ ! case4 ,!y bo? exhibit a well-organiz$ mona/ic society3 b ! mona/icism ( ! ,buddhi/ prie/s1 ) its sy/ematiz$ m5dicancy1 has little ,sid5ote3 ,mona/icism4 9 common ) ! mona/icism ( ! ,ess5e recluse1 ^: life 0 l>gely sp5t 9 manual lab\r4 ,sid5ote3 ,asceticism4,!y bo? enjo9 celibacy1 bo? prohibit ! use ( fle% & ( w9e1 bo? ab/a9 f ! slaught] ( animals4 ,b1 z we h already se51 su* resemblances prove no?+1 = !y may be expla9$ by ! indep5d5t developm5t ( ! same religi\s pr9ciples4 ,"o co9cid5ce1 & "o only1 is notic$ by ,hilg5feld1 :i* at fir/ sight seems m /rik+ & might sugge/ a hi/orical connexion4 ,sid5ote3 ,f\r ord]s & f\r /eps4,he obs]ves t ! f\r ord]s ( ! ,ess5e community are d]iv$ f ! f\r /eps ( ,buddhism4 ,aga9/ ?is x might fairly be argu$ t su* co9cid5ces ( numb]s are (t5 purely accid5tal1 & t 9 ! pres5t in/ance !re is no m reason = connect+ ! f\r /eps ( ,buddhism ) ! f\r ord]s ( ,ess5ism ?an !re w\ld be = connect+ ! t5 precepts ( ,buddha ) ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts ( ,moses4 ,b inde$ a ne>] exam9ation w %[ t ! two h no?+ :atev] 9 common except ! numb]4 ,! f\r /eps or pa?s ( ,buddhism are n f\r grades ( an ext]nal ord]1 b f\r degrees ( spiritual progress on ! way to nirvana or annihilation1 ! ultimate goal ( ! ,buddhi/'s religi\s aspirations4 ,!y are :olly unconnect$ ) ! ,buddhi/ mona/ic sy/em1 z an organization4 ,a ref]5ce to ! ,buddhi/ notices collect$ 9 ,h>dy's ,ea/]n ,mona*ism 7p4 #bhj sq47 w at once dispel any suspicion ( a resemblance4 ,a man may atta9 to ! highe/ ( ^! f\r /ages ( ,buddhi/ illum9ation in/antane\sly4 ,he does n ne$ to h pass$ ?r\gh ! l[] grades1 b may ev5 be a layman at ! "t4 ,"s m]it obta9$ 9 a previ\s /ate ( exi/5ce may raise him p] saltum to ! elevation ( a rahat1 :5 all e>?ly desires are cru%$ & no future bir? /&s betwe5 him & nirvana4 ,sid5ote3 ,buddhi/ influ5ces se5 fir/ 9 ,mani*eism4,!re rema9s !re=e no co9cid5ce :i* w\ld sugge/ any hi/orical connexion betwe5 ,ess5ism & ,buddhism4 ,inde$ x is n till "s c5turies lat]1 :5 ,mani*eism />ts into be+1 t we f9d = ! fir/ "t any traces ( ! influ5ce ( ,buddhism on ! religions ( ! ,we/#deb4 ,footnote #deb3 ,ev5 its influ5ce on ,mani*eism h[ev] is disput$ 9 a le>n$ article 9 ! ,home & ,=eign ,review ,,iii4 p4 #adc sq4 7#ahfc71 by ,mr ,p4 ,le ,page ,r5\f 7see ,academy #ahgc1 p4 #cii74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #c4 ,,ess5ism ,,& ,,*ri/ianity4 ,sid5ote3 ,! !ory :i* expla9s ,*ri/ianity z an outgr[? ( ,ess5ism1 ,x has become a common practice ) a c]ta9 class ( writ]s to call ,ess5ism to _! aid 9 acc\nt+ = any di/9ctive features ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* !y are unable to expla9 9 any o!r way4 ,:]ev] "s ext]nal p[] is ne$$ to solve a p]plexity1 "h is ! deus ex ma*9a ^: aid !y mo/ readily invoke4 ,con/ant repetition is sure to produce its effect1 & probably n a few p]sons1 :o want ei!r ! leisure or ! opportunity to inve/igate ! subject = !mselves1 h a lurk+ suspicion t ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity may h be5 an ,ess5e1 or at all ev5ts t ,*ri/ianity 0 l>gely indebt$ to ,ess5ism = its doctr9al & e?ical tea*+#dec4 ,inde$1 :5 v confid5t & sweep+ ass]tions are made1 x is natural to presume t !y re/ on a sub/antial basis ( fact4 ,?us = in/ance we are told by "o writ] t ,*ri/ianity is #8,ess5ism alloy$ ) =eign elem5ts'#ded3 :ile ano!r1 :o h[ev] approa*es ! subject 9 a diff]5t _s1 says2 #8,x w h>dly be d\bt$ t our ,savi\r ,himself belong$ to ?is holy bro!rhood4 ,?is w especially be app>5t1 :5 we rememb] t ! :ole ,jewi% community at ! adv5t ( ,*ri/ 0 divid$ into ?ree p>ties1 ! ,ph>isees1 ! ,sadducees1 & ! ,ess5es1 & t e ,jew _h to belong to "o ( ^! sects4 ,jesus :o 9 all ?+s con=m$ to ! ,jewi% law1 & :o 0 holy1 h>mless1 undefil$1 & sep>ate f s9n]s1 w\ld !re=e naturally associate ,himself ) t ord] ( ,judaism :i* 0 mo/ cong5ial to 8 nature'4#dee,sid5ote3 te/$ by facts4,i purpose te/+ ^! /rong ass]tions by an appeal to facts4 ,footnote #dec3 ,de ,qu9cey's attempt to prove t ! ,ess5es 7 actually ,*ri/ians 7,works ,,vi p4 #bgj sq41 ,,ix p4 #bec sq471 :o us$ ! ma*9]y ( an esot]ic society to inculcate _! doctr9es #8= fe> ( ! ,jews1' is conceiv$ 9 a :olly diff]5t _s f ! !ories ( ! writ]s m5tion$ 9 ! text2 b x is ev5 m unt5able & does n des]ve s]i\s refutation4 ,footnote #ded3 ,grtz ,,iii p4 #bag4 ,footnote #dee3 ,g9sburg ,ess5es p4 #bd4 ,sid5ote3 ,our ,"l ne$ n h belong$ to any sect4 ,= ! /atem5ts involv$ 9 ^? words ( ! la/ extract :i* ,i h und]l9$1 no au?ority is giv5 by ! writ] himself2 nor h ,i be5 able to f9d confirmation ( !m 9 any qu>t]4 ,on ! contr>y ! frequ5t allusions :i* we f9d to ! vulg> h]d1 ! 1 ! am ha>ets1 :o are di/+ui%$ f ! disciples ( ! s*ools#def1 sugge/ t a l>ge proportion ( ! p 0 unatta*$ to any sect4 ,if x _h be5 o!rwise1 we might reasonably presume t our ,"l1 z "o :o #89 all ?+s con=m$ to ! ,jewi% law1' w\ld h pref]r$ atta*+ ,himself to ! ,ph>isees :o #8sat 9 ,moses' seat' & ^: precepts ,he recomm5d$ ,8 disciples to obey#deg1 r ?an to ! ,ess5es :o 9 "o important respect at lea/--! repudiation ( ! temple sacrifices--act$ 9 flagrant violation ( ! ,mosaic ord9ances4 ,footnote #def3 ,see above1 p4 #acj4 ,footnote #deg3 ,matt4 xxiii4 #b1 #c4 ,sid5ote3 ,! argum5t f ! sil5ce ( ! ,new ,te/am5t answ]$4 ,?is prelim9>y b>ri] be+ remov$1 we are free to inve/igate ! evid5ce = _! presum$ connexion4 ,& "h we are met fir/ ) a negative argum5t1 :i* obvi\sly has great weight ) _m p]sons4 ,:y1 x is ask$1 does ,jesus1 :o s unsp>+ly d5\nces ! vices & ! falsehoods ( ,ph>isees & ,sadducees1 nev] once m5tion ! ,ess5es by way ( condemnation1 or inde$ m5tion !m by "n at all8 ,:y1 except t ,he himself belong$ to ?is sect & look$ fav\rably on _! tea*+8 ,?is "q is be/ answ]$ by ano!r4 ,h[ c we expla9 ! fact1 t ?r\gh\t ! enorm\s mass ( talmudical & e>ly rabb9ical lit]ature ?is sect is n once m5tion$ by "n1 & t ev5 ! suppos$ allusions to !m1 :i* h be5 discov]$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! pres5t c5tury1 turn out on inve/igation to be hypo!tical & illusory8 ,! difficulty is mu* great] 9 ?is latt] in/ance2 b ! answ] is ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,! sil5ce is expla9$ by ! comp>ative insignificance ( ! sect1 _! small numb]s & _! retir$ habits4 ,_! settlem5ts 7 f> remov$ f ! great c5tres ( political & religi\s life4 ,_! recluse habits1 z a rule1 prev5t$ !m f int]f]+ 9 ! common bus9ess ( ! _w4 ,philo & ,josephus h giv5 prom95ce to !m1 because _! ascetic practices inve/$ !m ) ! "* ( philosoph]s & int]e/$ ! ,greeks & ,romans 9 _! hi/ory2 b 9 ! national life ( ! ,jews !y bore a v insignificant "p#deh4 ,if ! ,sadducees1 :o held ! highe/ (fices 9 ! hi]>*y1 are only m5tion$ directly on ?ree occasions 9 ! ,gospels#dei1 x c be no surprise t ! ,ess5es are n nam$ at all4 ,footnote #deh3 ,?is fact is fully recognis$ by sev]al rec5t writ]s1 :o w n be suspect$ ( any undue bias t[>ds traditional views ( ,*ri/ian hi/ory4 ,?us ,lipsius writes 7p4 #aij71 #8,9 ! g5]al developm5t ( ,jewi% life ,ess5ism occupies a f> m subord9ate place ?an is commonly ascrib$ to x4' ,& ,keim expresses himself to ! same effect 7,i4 p4 #cje74 ,d]5b\rg also1 aft] us+ simil> language1 adds ?is wise caution1 #8,9 any case1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our acqua9tance ) ! ,ess5es1 :i* is s imp]fect & has no *ance ( be+ ext5d$1 ! greate/ prud5ce is requir$ ( sci5ce1 if %e pref]s to be true r ?an adv5tur\s1 if %e has at he>t r to enlight5 ?an to surprise' 7p4 #dfa74 ,ev5 ,grtz 9 "o passage c write sob]ly on ?is subject3 #8,! ,ess5es _h ?r\gh\t no influ5ce on political movem5ts1 f :i* !y held alo( z f> z possible' 7,,iii4 p4 #hf74 ,footnote #dei3 ,^! are 7#a7 ,matt4 iii4 #g2 7#b7 ,matt4 xvi4 #a sq42 7#c7 ,matt4 xxii4 #bc sq41 ,m>k xii4 #ah1 ,luke xx4 #bg4 ,sid5ote3 ,! positive argum5ts = a connexion may be tw(old4 ,z no /ress !re=e c be laid on ! argum5t = sil5ce1 any hypo!sis ( connexion betwe5 ,ess5ism & ,*ri/ianity mu/ make good its claims by e/abli%+ "o or bo? ( ^! two po9ts3 fir/1 t !re is direct hi/orical evid5ce ( close int]c\rse betwe5 ! two2 & secondly1 t ! resemblances ( doctr9e & practice are s /rik+ z to oblige1 or at lea/ to w>rant1 ! belief 9 su* a connexion4 ,if bo? ^! l9es ( argum5t fail1 ! case mu/ be consid]$ to h brok5 d[n4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,abs5ce ( direct hi/orical evid5ce ( a connexion4 #a4 ,on ! =m] po9t x mu/ be premis$ t ! ,gospel n>rative does n sugge/ any h9t ( a connexion4 ,inde$ its g5]al t5or is directly adv]se to su* a supposition4 ,f fir/ to la/ ,jesus & 8 disciples move ab\t freely1 tak+ "p 9 ! common bus9ess1 ev5 9 ! common recreations1 ( ,jewi% life4 ,! recluse ascetic bro!rhood1 :i* 0 ga!r$ ab\t ! %ores ( ! ,dead ,sea1 does n once appe> above ! ,evangeli/s' horizon4 ,( ?is close society1 z su*1 !re is n ! fa9te/ indication4 ,sid5ote3 ,two individual cases alleg$4 ,b two individuals h be5 s+l$ out1 z hold+ an important place ei!r 9 ! ,evangelical n>rative or 9 ! ,apo/olic ,*ur*1 :o1 x is cont5d$1 =m direct & p]sonal l9ks ( communication ) ?is sect4 ,^! are ,john ! ,bapti/ & ,james ! ,"l's bro!r4 ,! "o is ! =]unn] ( ! ,gospel1 ! fir/ h]ald ( ! ,k+dom2 ! o!r is ! mo/ prom95t figure 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* ( ,j]usalem4 ,sid5ote3 7i7 ,john ! ,bapti/ 7i7 ,john ! ,bapti/ 0 an ascetic4 ,8 abode 0 ! des]t2 8 clo?+ 0 r\gh2 8 food 0 sp>e2 he baptiz$ 8 p5it5ts4 ,!re=e1 x is argu$1 he 0 an ,ess5e4 ,betwe5 ! premisses & ! conclusion h[ev] !re is a broad gulf1 :i* _c v easily be bridg$ ov]4 ,sid5ote3 n an ,ess5e4,! solit>y indep5d5t life1 :i* ,john l$1 pres5ts a type :olly diff]5t f ! c5obitic e/abli%m5ts ( ! ,ess5es1 :o _h common prop]ty1 common meals1 common h\rs ( lab\r & ( pray]4 ,x may ev5 be que/ion$ :e!r 8 food ( locu/s w\ld h be5 p]mitt$ by ! ,ess5es1 if !y really ate no?+ :i* _h life 7#dfj74 ,& aga92 8 baptism z n>rat$ by ! ,evangeli/s1 & _! lu/rations z describ$ 9 ,josephus1 h no?+ 9 common except ! use ( wat] = a religi\s purpose4 ,:5 !re=e we are told confid5tly t #88 mann] ( life 0 altoge!r aft] ! ,ess5e patt]n#dfa1' & t #8he )\t d\bt baptiz$ 8 conv]ts into ! ,ess5e ord]1' we "k :at value to atta* to ?is bold ass]tion4 ,if positive /atem5ts are all[able1 x w\ld be m true to fact to say t he c\ld n possibly h be5 an ,ess5e4 ,! rule ( 8 life 0 isolation2 ! pr9ciple ( !irs1 community#dfb4 ,footnote #dfj3 ,see above p4 #hf4 ,footnote #dfa3 ,grtz ,,iii4 p4 #bbj4 ,footnote #dfb3 1 ,joseph4 ,b4,j4 ii4 #h4 #c4 ,see also ,philo ,fragm4 #fcb 1 & ! context4 ,sid5ote3 ,ext]nal resemblances to ,john 9 ,banus1 ,9 ?is mode ( life ,john 0 n s+ul>4 ,x w\ld appe> t n a few dev\t ,jews at ?is "t retir$ f ! _w & buri$ !mselves 9 ! wild]ness1 t !y might devote !mselves unmole/$ to ascetic discipl9e & religi\s m$itation4 ,"o su* in/ance at all ev5ts we h 9 ,banus ! ma/] ( ,josephus1 ) :om ! ,jewi% hi/orian1 :5 a y\?1 sp5t ?ree ye>s 9 ! des]t4 ,?is an*orite 0 clo!d 9 g>m5ts made ( b>k or ( leaves2 8 food 0 ! natural produce ( ! e>?2 he ba!d day & night 9 cold wat] = purposes ( purification4 ,to ! c>eless obs]v] d\btless ,john & ,banus w\ld appe> to be m5 ( ! same /amp4 ,9 _! outw>d mode ( life !re 0 p]haps n v mu* diff]5ce#dfc4 ,! consci\sness ( a div9e mission1 ! gift ( a prophetic insight1 9 ,john 0 ! real & all-important di/9ction betwe5 ! two4 ,sid5ote3 :o 0 n an ,ess5e4,b "h also ! same mi/ake is made2 & we n uncommonly f9d ,banus describ$ z an ,ess5e4 ,x is n too mu* to say h[ev]1 t ! :ole t5or ( ,josephus' n>rative is oppos$ to ?is supposition#dfd4 ,he says t :5 sixte5 ye>s old he desir$ to acquire a k ( ! ?ree sects ( ! ,jews be=e mak+ 8 *oice ( "o2 t accord+ly he w5t ?r\gh 77 all ! ?ree at ! co/ ( mu* r\gh discipl9e & toil2 t he 0 n satisfi$ ) ! exp]i5ce ?us ga9$1 & he>+ ( ?is ,banus he atta*$ himself to him z 8 zeal\s disciple 7 72 t hav+ rema9$ ?ree ye>s ) him he return$ to ,j]usalem2 & t !n1 be+ n9ete5 ye>s old1 he gave 9 8 adhesion to ! sect ( ! ,ph>isees4 ,?us !re is no m reason = connect+ ?is ,banus ) ! ,ess5es ?an ) ! ,ph>isees4 ,! only natural int]pretation ( ! n>rative is t he did n belong to any ( ! ?ree sects1 b repres5t$ a di/9ct type ( religi\s life1 ( :i* ,josephus 0 anxi\s to ga9 exp]i5ce4 ,& 8 h]mit life seems to dem& ?is solution1 :i* ! sequ5ce ( ! n>rative sugge/s4 ,footnote #dfc3 ,ewald 7,,vi4 p4 #fdi7 reg>ds ?is ,banus z repres5t+ an extravagant developm5t ( ! s*ool ( ,john1 & ?us supply+ a l9k betwe5 ! real tea*+ ( ! ,bapti/ & ! doctr9e ( ! ,hem]obapti/s pr(ess+ to be d]iv$ f him4 ,footnote #dfd3 ,! passage is s important t ,i give x 9 full2 ,joseph4 ,vit4 #b ' 4 ' 1 1 1 4 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 4 ' 4 ' 444 ,sid5ote3 ,g5]al result4 ,( ,john himself !re=e no traits are h&$ d[n :i* sugge/ t he 0 a memb] ( ! ,ess5e community4 ,he 0 an ascetic1 & ! ,ess5es 7 ascetics2 b ?is is pla9ly an inadequate basis = any su* inf]5ce4 ,nor inde$ is ! relation ( 8 asceticism to !irs a "q ( mu* mom5t = ! matt] 9 h&2 s9ce ?is 0 ! v po9t 9 :i* ,*ri/'s mode ( life 0 s ess5tially diff]5t f ,john's z to provoke criticism & to po9t a contra/#dfe4 ,b ! lat] hi/ory ( 8 real or suppos$ disciples has1 or may seem to h1 "s be>+ on ?is inve/igation4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,hem]obapti/s4,t[>ds ! close ( ! fir/ & ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury we meet ) a body ( sect>ians call$ 9 ,greek ,hem]obapti/s#dff1 9 ,hebrew ,toble-%a*>i?#dfg1 #8day' or #8morn+ ba!rs4' ,:at 7 _! relations to ,john ! ,bapti/ on ! "o h&1 & to ! ,ess5es on ! o!r8 ,ow+ to ! scant9ess ( our in=mation ! :ole subject is wrapp$ 9 obscurity1 & any re/oration ( _! hi/ory mu/ be m or less hypo!tical2 b x w be possible at all ev5ts to sugge/ an acc\nt :i* is n improbable 9 itself1 & :i* does no viol5ce to ! extant notices ( ! sect4 ,footnote #dfe3 ,matt4 ix4 #ad sq41 xi4 #ag sq41 ,m>k ii4 #ah sq41 ,luke v4 #cc1 vii4 #ca sq4 ,footnote #dff3 ,! ^w is g5]ally tak5 to mean #8daily-ba!rs1' & ?is mean+ is sugge/$ by ,apo/4 ,con/4 vi4 #f 1 ' 7 1 1 ib4 #bc 1 ,epiphan4 ,hr4 xvii4 #a 7p4 #cg7 ' 4 ,b1 if ! ^w is int5d$ z a translation ( ,toble-%a*>i? #8morn+ ba!rs1' z x seems to be1 x mu/ signify r #8day-ba!rs'2 & ?is is m 9 accordance ) ! analogy ( o!r comp\nds f 1 z 1 1 1 etc4 ,josephus 7,b4,j4 ii4 #h4 #e7 repres5ts ! ,ess5es z ba?+1 n at dawn1 b at ! fif? h\r1 j be=e _! meal4 ,?is is h>dly consi/5t ei!r ) ! "n ( ! ,toble-%a*>i?1 or ) ! ,talmudical anecdote ( !m quot$ above p4 #acb4 ,( ,banus he reports 7,vit4 #b7 t he #8ba!d (t5 day & night 9 cold wat]4' ,footnote #dfg3 ,see above p4 #acb4 ,sid5ote3 7a7 ,_! relation to ,john ! ,bapti/4 7a7 ,we mu/ n ha/ily conclude1 :5 we meet ) c]ta9 p]sons at ,ephesus ab\t ! ye>s ,a4,d4 #ec1 #ed1 :o are describ$ z #8kn[+ only ! baptism ( ,john1' or z hav+ be5 #8baptiz$ unto ,john's baptism#dfh1' t we h "h "s e>ly repres5tatives ( ! ,hem]obapti/ sect4 ,sid5ote3 ,john's disciples at ,ephesus4,^! 7 ,*ri/ians1 ?\gh imp]fectly in=m$ ,*ri/ians4 ,( ,apollos1 :o 0 m fully in/ruct$ by ,aquila & ,priscilla1 ?is is /at$ 9 ! mo/ explicit t]ms#dfi4 ,( ! re/1 :o ow$ _! full] k ( ! ,gospel to ,/ ,paul1 ! same appe>s to be impli$1 ?\gh ! language is n free f ambiguity#dgj4 ,b ^! notices h an important be>+ on our subject2 = !y %[ h[ pr(\ndly ! effect ( ,john's prea*+ 0 felt 9 di/ricts z remote z proconsul> ,asia1 ev5 aft] a lapse ( a qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,) ^! disciples x 0 ! initial impulse t[>ds ,*ri/ianity2 b to o!rs x repres5t$ a widely diff]5t =m ( belief & practice4 ,sid5ote3 ,pr(ess$ foll[]s at a lat] date4,! ,gospel ( ,/ ,john 0 writt51 accord+ to all tradition1 at ,ephesus 9 ! lat] ye>s ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,aga9 & aga9 ! ,evangeli/ impresses on 8 read]s1 ei!r directly by 8 own comm5ts or indirectly by ! c\rse ( ! n>rative1 ! transi5t & subord9ate "* ( ,john's m9i/ry4 ,he 0 n ! light1 says ! ,evangeli/1 b came to be> witness ( ! light#dga4 ,he 0 n ! sun 9 ! heav5s3 he 0 only ! wan+ lamp1 :i* %9es :5 k9dl$ f )\t & burns itself away 9 %9+4 ,8 light might well gladd5 ! ,jews :ile x la/$1 b ?is 0 only #8= a season#dgb4' ,john himself lo/ no opportunity ( be>+ 8 te/imony to ! l(ti] claims ( ,jesus#dgc4 ,f su* notices x is pla9 t 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! prea*+ ( ,/ ,paul & ! ,gospel ( ,/ ,john ! memory ( ! ,bapti/ at ,ephesus _h assum$ a new attitude t[>ds ,*ri/ianity4 ,8 "n is no long] ! sign ( imp]fect appreciation1 b ! wat*word ( direct antagonism4 ,john _h be5 set up z a rival ,messiah to ,jesus4 ,9 o!r words1 ?is ,gospel indicates ! spread ( ,hem]obapti/ pr9ciples1 if n ! pres5ce ( a ,hem]obapti/ community1 9 proconsul> ,asia1 :5 x 0 writt54 ,9 two respects ^! ,hem]obapti/s di/ort$ ! facts ( hi/ory4 ,sid5ote3 ,! facts ( hi/ory di/ort$ by !m4,!y p]v]t$ ,john's tea*+1 & !y misrepres5t$ 8 (fice4 ,8 baptism 0 no m a s+le rite1 once p]=m$ & initiat+ an am5dm5t ( life2 x 0 a daily recurr5ce aton+ = s9 & sanctify+ ! p]son#dgd4 ,he himself 0 no long] ! =]unn] ( ! ,messiah2 he 0 ! v ,messiah#dge4 ,sid5ote3 ,spread ( ,hem]obapti/ pr9ciples4,9 ! latt] half ( ! fir/ c5tury1 x w\ld seem1 !re 0 a great movem5t among l>ge numb]s ( ! ,jews 9 fav\r ( frequ5t baptism1 z ! "o purificatory rite ess5tial to salvation4 ,( ?is sup]/ition we h _h an in/ance already 9 ! an*orite ,banus to :om ,josephus atta*$ himself z a disciple4 ,its pres5ce 9 ! we/]n di/ricts ( ,asia ,m9or is %[n by a ,sibyll9e poem1 dat+ ab\t ,a4,d4 #hj1 :i* ,i h already _h occasion to quote#dgf4 ,"s ye>s e>li] ^! sect>ians are m5tion$ by "n z oppos+ ,james ! ,"l's bro!r & ! ,twelve at ,j]usalem#dgg4 ,nor is !re any reason = que/ion+ _! exi/5ce z a sect 9 ,pale/9e dur+ ! lat] ye>s ( ! ,apo/olic age1 ?\gh ! s\rce f :i* our in=mation comes is leg5d>y1 & ! /ory itself a fabrication4 ,b :5 or h[ !y fir/ connect$ !mselves ) ! "n ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 & :e!r ?is assumption 0 made by all alike or only by "o section ( !m1 we d n "k4 ,su* a connexion1 h[ev] false to hi/ory1 0 obvi\s & natural2 nor w\ld x be difficult to accumulate p>allels to ?is false appropriation ( an hon\r$ "n4 ,baptism 0 ! fundam5tal article ( _! cre$2 & ,john 0 ! ,bapti/ ( _w-wide fame4 ,sid5ote3 ,a wrong use made ( ,john's "n4,no?+ m ?an ?is 0 ne$$ = ! *oice ( an eponym4 ,f ,/ ,john's ,gospel x seems cle> t ?is appropriation 0 already contemplat$1 if n complet$1 at ,ephesus be=e ! fir/ c5tury _h drawn to a close4 ,9 ! second c5tury ! assumption is recognis$ z a *>act]i/ic ( ^! ,hem]obapti/s1 or ,bapti/s1 z !y are once call$#dgh1 alike by ^? :o all[ & ^? :o d5y its ju/ice#dgi4 ,ev5 9 our age ! "n ( #8,john's disciples' has be5 giv51 ?\gh wrongly giv51 to an obscure sect 9 ,babylonia1 ! ,m&eans1 ^: doctr9e & practice h "s aff9ities to ! old] sect1 & ( :om p]haps !y are ! collat]al1 if n ! direct1 desc5dants#dhj4 ,footnote #dfh3 ,! =m] expression is us$ ( ,apollos1 ,acts xviii4 #bd2 ! latt] ( #8c]ta9 disciples1' ,acts xix4 #a4 ,footnote #dfi3 ,?is appe>s f ! :ole n>rative1 b is di/9ctly /at$ 9 v]4 #be1 z correctly read1 1 n z 9 ! receiv$ text4 ,footnote #dgj3 ,! 9 xix4 #a is slightly ambigu\s1 & "s expressions 9 ! passage might sugge/ ! opposite3 b seems decisive1 = ! ^w w\ld n be us$ absolutely except ( ,*ri/ian disciples2 comp4 vi4 #a1 #b1 #g1 ix4 #aj1 #ai1 #bf1 #ch1 & frequ5tly4 ,footnote #dga3 ,john i4 #h4 ,footnote #dgb3 ,john v4 #ce 444 ,! ^w is n only #8to burn1' b n unfrequ5tly also #8to k9dle1 to set on fire1' z e4g4 ,x54 ,anab4 iv4 #d4 #ab 1 s t may mean ei!r #8:i* burns away' or #8:i* is light$4' ,) ! =m] mean+ x w\ld d5ote ! transitor9ess1 ) ! latt] ! d]ivative "*1 ( ,john's m9i/ry4 ,!re seems no reason = exclud+ ei!r idea "h4 ,?us ! :ole expression w\ld mean #8! lamp :i* is k9dl$ & burns away1 & 7only s7 gives light4' ,= an example ( two v]bs or p>ticiples jo9$ toge!r1 :]e ! second describes a result conditional ^u ! fir/1 see #a ,pet4 ii4 #bj 444 1 #a ,!ss4 iv4 #a 4 ,footnote #dgc3 ,see ,john i4 #ae-cd1 iii4 #bc-cj1 v4 #cc sq43 comp4 x4 #da1 #db4 ,?is aspect ( ,/ ,john's ,gospel has be5 br\ght out by ,ewald ,jahrb4 d] ,bibl4 ,wiss5s*4 ,,iii4 p4 #aef sq42 see also ,ges*i*te ,,vii4 p4 #aeb sq41 die ,johanneis*5 ,s*rift5 p4 #ac4 ,!re is p]haps an allusion to ^! #8disciples ( ,john' 9 #a ,joh4 v4 #f 1 ' 4442 comp4 ,acts i4 #e1 xi4 #af1 xix4 #d4 ,footnote #dgd3 ,apo/4 ,con/4 vi4 #f2 comp4 #bc4 ,see p4 #afb1 note #b4 ,footnote #dge3 ,clem4 ,recogn4 i4 #ed #8ex discipulis ,johannis1 qui 444 magi/rum suum veluti ,*ri/um pra$ic>unt1' ib4 #fj #8,ecce unus ex discipulis ,johannis adfirmabat ,*ri/um ,johannem fuisse1 et non ,jesum2 9 tantum1 inquit1 ut et ipse ,jesus omnibus hom9ibus et prophetis majorem esse pronuntiav]it ,johannem etc4'2 see also #fc4 ,footnote #dgf3 ,see above p4 #if4 ,footnote #dgg3 ,clem4 ,recogn4 l4c4 ,?is portion ( ! ,clem5t9e ,recognitions is app>5tly tak5 f an old] ,judaiz+ romance1 ! ,asc5ts ( ,james 7see ,galatians pp4 #caf1 #cdi74 ,hegesippus also 79 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iv4 #bb7 m5tions ! ,hem]obapti/s 9 8 li/ ( ,jewi% sects2 & x is n improbable t ?is li/ 0 giv5 z an introduction to 8 acc\nt ( ! lab\rs & m>tyrdom ( ,/ ,james 7see ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 ii4 #bc74 ,if s1 x 0 probably d]iv$ f ! same s\rce z ! notice 9 ! ,recognitions4 ,footnote #dgh3 ,!y are call$ ,bapti/s by ,ju/9 ,m>t4 ,dial4 #aj1 p4 #cjg ,a4 ,he m5tions !m among o!r ,jewi% sects1 )\t h[ev] allud+ to ,john4 ,footnote #dgi3 ,by ! au?or ( ! ,recognitions 7l4c47 :o d5ies ! claim2 & by ! au?or ( ! ,homilies 7see bel[ p4 #aff1 note #dhb71 :o all[s x4 ,footnote #dhj3 ,^! ,m&eans are a rapidly dim9i%+ sect liv+ 9 ! region ab\t ! ,tigris & ! ,euphrates1 s\? ( ,bagdad4 ,our mo/ exact k ( !m is d]iv$ f ,pet]mann 7,h]zog's ,real-,encyklopdie s4 vv4 ,m5der1 ,zabi]1 & ,deuts*e ,zeits*rift #ahed p4 #aha sq4 #ahef p4 #cca sq41 #cdb sq41 #cfc sq41 #chf sq47 :o has _h p]sonal int]c\rse ) !m2 & f ,*wolson 7die ,ssabi] u4 d] ,ssabismus ,i4 p4 #ajj sq47 :o has inve/igat$ ! ,arabic au?orities = _! e>li] hi/ory4 ,! names by :i* !y are kn[n are 7#a7 ,m5deans1 or m prop]ly ,m&eans1 ,m&y1 contract$ f ,m& d*y #8! ^w ( life4' ,?is is _! own "n among !mselves1 & po9ts to _! ,gno/ic pret5tions4 7#b7 ,sabeans1 ,tsabiyun1 possibly f ! root #8to dip' on acc\nt ( _! frequ5t lu/rations 7,*wolson ,i4 p4 #aaj2 b see ,galatians p4 #cab71 ?\gh ?is is n ! d]ivation ( ! ^w :i* !y !mselves adopt1 & o!r etymologies h f\nd fav\r ) "s rec5t writ]s 7see ,pet]mann ,h]zog's ,real-,encykl4 ,suppl4 ,,xviii4 p4 #cdb s4v4 ,zabi]74 ,?is is ! "n by :i* !y are kn[n 9 ! ,koran & 9 ,arabic writ]s1 & by :i* !y call !mselves :5 speak+ to o!rs4 7#c7 ,nasoreans1 ,ntsry4 ,?is t]m is at pres5t conf9$ to ^? among !m :o are di/+ui%$ 9 k or 9 bus9ess4 7#d7 #8,*ri/ians ( ,/ ,john1 or ,disciples ( ,/ ,john' 7i4e4 ! ,bapti/74 ,?is "n is n kn[n among !mselves1 & 0 incorrectly giv5 to !m by ,european travell]s & mission>ies4 ,at ! same "t ,john ! ,bapti/ has a v prom95t place 9 _! !ological sy/em1 z ! "o true prophet4 ,on ! o!r h& !y are n ,*ri/ians 9 any s5se4 ,^! ,m&eans1 ! true ,sabeans1 mu/ n be confus$ ) ! false ,sabeans1 poly!i/s & />-wor%ipp]s1 ^: locality is ,nor!rn ,mesopotamia4 ,*wolson 7,i4 p4 #aci sq47 has %[n t ^! la/ adopt$ ! "n 9 ! #i? c5tury to escape p]secution f ! ,mohamm$ans1 because 9 ! ,koran ! ,sabeans1 z mono!i/s1 are rang$ ) ! ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 & view$ 9 a m fav\rable light ?an poly!i/s4 ,! "n h[ev] has g5]ally be5 appli$ 9 mod]n times to ! false r ?an to ! true ,sabeans4 ,sid5ote3 7b7 ,_! relation to ! ,ess5es4 7b7 ,( ! connexion betwe5 ?is sect & ,john ! ,bapti/ we h be5 able to give a probable1 ?\gh necess>ily hypo!tical acc\nt4 ,b :5 we attempt to det]m9e its relation to ! ,ess5es1 we f9d ourselves entangl$ 9 a hopeless me% ( p]plexities4 ,! notices are s confus$1 ! aff9ities s subtle1 ! ramifications s num]\s1 t x becomes a desp]ate task to di/+ui% & classify ^! abnormal ,jewi% & ,judaiz+ h]esies4 ,sid5ote3 ,!y 7 at fir/ di/9ct1 if n antagoni/ic4 ,"o fact h[ev] seems cle> t1 :atev] aff9ities !y may h _h orig9ally1 & :atev] relations !y may h contract$ aft]w>ds ) "o ano!r1 ! ,hem]obapti/s1 prop]ly speak+1 7 n ,ess5es4 ,! ,sibyll9e poem :i* may be reg>d$ z 9 "s respects a ,hem]obapti/ manife/o conta9s1 z we saw1 _m traits inconsi/5t ) pure ,ess5ism#dha4 ,9 two sev]al acc\nts1 ! memoirs ( ,hegesippus & ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions1 ! ,hem]obapti/s are expressly di/+ui%$ f ! ,ess5es#dhb4 ,9 an e>ly production ( ,judaic ,*ri/ianity1 ^: ,judaism has a /rong ,ess5e t+e1 ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies1 !y & _! eponym are condemn$ 9 ! /ronge/ language4 ,! sy/em ( syzygies1 or pairs ( opposites1 is a fav\rite doctr9e ( ?is "w1 & 9 ^! ,john /&s contra/$ to ,jesus1 z ,simon ,magus to ,simon ,pet]1 z ! false to ! true2 = accord+ to ?is au?or's philosophy ( hi/ory ! manife/ation ( ! false always prec$es ! manife/ation ( ! true#dhc4 ,& aga91 ,epiphanius speaks ( !m z agree+ sub/antially 9 _! doctr9es1 n ) ! ,ess5es1 b ) ! ,scribes & ,ph>isees#dhd4 ,8 au?ority on su* a po9t may be wor? v little2 b connect$ ) o!r notices1 x %\ld n be pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce4 ,yet1 :atev] may h be5 _! diff]5ces1 ! ,hem]obapti/s & ! ,ess5es _h "o po9t ( direct contact1 _! belief 9 ! moral efficacy ( lu/rations4 ,:5 ! temple & polity 7 de/roy$1 ! %ock vibrat$ ?r\gh ! :ole fabric ( ,judaism1 loos5+ & break+ up exi/+ societies1 & prep>+ ! way = new comb9ations4 ,sid5ote3 ,b aft] ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple,m especially ! cessation ( ! sacrificial rites mu/ h produc$ a pr(\nd effect equally on ^? :o1 l ! ,ess5es1 _h condemn$ !m already1 & on ^? :o1 z possibly 0 ! case ) ! ,hem]obapti/s1 _h hi!rto rema9$ true to ! or?odox ritual4 ,sid5ote3 !re may h be5 a fusion4,"o grave ob/acle to fri5dly ov]tures 0 ?us remov$2 & a fusion1 m or less complete1 may h be5 ! consequ5ce4 ,at all ev5ts ! relations ( ! ,jewi% sects mu/ h be5 mat]ially affect$ by ?is great national crisis1 z inde$ we "k to h be5 ! case4 ,9 ! confusion :i* foll[s1 x is impossible to atta9 any cle> view ( _! hi/ory4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury h[ev] ?is pseudo-bapti/ movem5t receiv$ a fre% impulse f ! pret5d$ revelation ( ,el*esai1 :i* came f ! f>!r ,ea/#dhe4 ,h5ce=? ,el*esai is ! prom95t "n 9 ! hi/ory ( ^? ,jewi% & ,judaiz+ sects ^: prop] home is ea/ ( ! ,jordan#dhf1 & :o appe> to h reproduc$1 ) v>i\s modifications d]iv$ f ,*ri/ian & ,hea!n s\rces1 ! ,gno/ic !ology & ! pseudo-bapti/ ritual ( _! ,ess5e pr$ecessors4 ,x is /ill pres]v$ 9 ! records ( ! only extant p :o h any claim to be reg>d$ z ! religi\s heirs ( ! ,ess5es4 ,el*esai is reg>d$ z ! f\nd] ( ! sect ( ,m&eans#dhg4 ,footnote #dha3 ,see p4 #if sq4 ,footnote #dhb3 ,hegesipp4 9 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iv4 #bb1 ,apo/4 ,con/4 vi4 #f4 ,s also ! ,pseudo-,hi]onymus 9 ! ,indiculus de ,hresibus 7,corp4 ,hres4 ,i4 p4 #bhc1 ed4 ,oehl]74 ,footnote #dhc3 ,clem4 ,hom4 ii4 #bc 1 4 ,x is !n /at$ t1 z ,*ri/ _h twelve lead+ disciples1 s ,john _h ?irty4 ,?is1 x is argu$1 0 a provid5tial disp5sation--! "o numb] repres5ts ! sol>1 ! o!r ! lun> p]iod2 & s !y illu/rate ano!r po9t 9 ?is writ]'s !ory1 t 9 ! syzygies ! true & ! false are ! male & female pr9ciple respectively4 ,among ^! #cj disciples he places ,simon ,magus4 ,) ?is ! doctr9e ( ! ,m&eans /&s 9 direct opposition4 ,!y too h _! syzygies1 b ,john ) !m repres5ts ! true pr9ciple4 ,footnote #dhd3 ,hr4 xvii4 #a 7p4 #cg7 4 ,b he adds t !y resemble ! ,sadducees #8n only 9 ! matt] ( ! resurrection ( ! dead1 b also 9 _! unbelief & 9 ! o!r po9ts4' ,footnote #dhe3 ,see ,galatians p4 #caa sq4 on ?is ,book ( ,el*esai4 ,footnote #dhf3 ,see above p4 #acg4 ,footnote #dhg3 ,see ,*wolson ,i4 p4 #aab sq41 ,,ii4 p4 #edc sq4 ,! ,arabic writ] ,en-,n$im1 :o liv$ t[>ds ! close ( ! t5? c5tury1 says t ! f\nd] ( ! ,sabeans 7i4e4 ,m&eans7 0 ,el-*asai* 77 ! doctr9e ( two coord9ate pr9ciples1 ! male & female4 ,?is notice1 z f> z x goes1 agrees ) ! acc\nt ( ,el*esai or ,elxai 9 ,hippolytus 7,hr4 ix4 #ac sq47 & ,epiphanius 7,hr4 xix4 #a sq474 ,b ! d]ivation ( ! "n ,el*esai giv5 by ,epiphanius 7,hr4 xix4 #b7 7 7 is diff]5t & probably correct 7see ,galatians p4 #cab74 ,sid5ote3 7ii7 ,james ! ,"l's ,bro!r 7ii7 ,b1 if great weight has be5 atta*$ to ! suppos$ connexion ( ,john ! ,bapti/ ) ! ,ess5es1 ! case ( ,james ! ,"l's bro!r has be5 alleg$ ) /ill m confid5ce4 ,"h1 x is said1 we h an indisputable ,ess5e connect$ by ! close/ family ties ) ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,sid5ote3 inve/$ ) ,ess5e *>act]i/ics4,james is report$ to h be5 holy f 8 bir?2 to h drunk no w9e nor /rong dr9k2 to h eat5 no fle%2 to h all[$ no razor to t\* 8 head1 no oil to ano9t 8 body2 to h ab/a9$ f us+ ! ba?2 & la/ly to h worn no wool1 b only f9e l95#dhh4 ,"h we h a description ( ,naz>ite practices at lea/ & 7mu/ x n be grant$7 ( ,ess5e t5d5cies also4 ,b :at is our au?ority = ?is description8 ,! writ]1 f :om ! acc\nt is imm$iately tak51 is ! ,jewi%-,*ri/ian hi/orian ,hegesippus1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #agj4 ,he _c !re=e h be5 an eye-witness ( ! facts :i* he relates4 ,sid5ote3 ,b ! acc\nt comes f untru/wor?y s\rces4,& 8 :ole n>rative betrays its leg5d>y "*4 ,?us 8 acc\nt ( ,james's dea?1 :i* foll[s imm$iately on ?is description1 is highly improbable & melodramatic 9 itself1 & directly contradicts ! contempor>y notice ( ,josephus 9 its ma9 facts#dhi4 ,f :atev] s\rce !re=e ,hegesippus may h d]iv$ 8 in=mation1 x is :olly untru/wor?y4 ,nor c we d\bt t he 0 indebt$ to "o ( ^? romances ) :i* ! ,judaiz+ ,*ri/ians ( ,ess5e t5d5cies lov$ to gratify ! natural curiosity ( _! disciples respect+ ! fir/ f\nd]s ( ! ,*ur*#dij4 ,9 l mann] ,ess5e portraits are else:]e pres]v$ ( ! ,apo/les ,pet]#dia & ,mat!w#dib1 :i* repres5t !m z liv+ on a sp>e diet ( h]bs & b]ries4 ,i believe also t ,i h else:]e po9t$ out ! true s\rce ( ?is description 9 ,hegesippus1 & t x is tak5 f ! #8,asc5ts ( ,james#dic1' a ,judo-,*ri/ian "w /amp$1 z we happ5 to "k1 ) ! mo/ di/9ctive ,ess5e features#did4 ,b if we turn f ^! religi\s novels ( ,judaic ,*ri/ianity to e>li] & m tru/wor?y s\rces ( in=mation--to ! ,gospels or ! ,acts or ! ,epi/les ( ,/ ,paul--we fail to discov] ! fa9te/ traces ( ,ess5ism 9 ,james4 ,sid5ote3 ,no ,ess5e features 9 ! true portraits ( ,james or ( ! e>lie/ disciples4#8,! hi/orical ,james1' says a rec5t writ]1 #8%[s ,ph>isaic b n ,ess5e sympa?ies#die4' ,?is is true ( ,james1 z x is true ( ! e>ly disciples 9 ! "m ,*ur* ( ,j]usalem g5]ally4 ,! temple-ritual1 ! daily-sacrifices1 sugge/$ no scruples to !m4 ,! only di/9ction ( meats1 :i* !y recognis$1 0 ! di/9ction ( animals clean & unclean z laid d[n by ! ,mosaic law4 ,! only sacrificial victims1 :i* !y abhorr$1 7 victims (f]$ to idols4 ,!y took _! "p 9 ! religi\s (fices1 & mix$ freely 9 ! common life1 ( _! fell[-,israelites1 di/+ui%$ f !m only 9 ?is1 t to _! ,hebrew inh]itance !y sup]add$ ! k ( a high] tru? & ! joy ( a bett] hope4 ,x 0 altoge!r )9 ! sph]e ( or?odox ,judaism t ! ,jewi% elem5t 9 ! ,*ri/ian bro!rhood f\nd its scope4 ,ess5e peculi>ities are ! objects nei!r ( sympa?y nor ( antipa?y4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! infant ,*ur* = ! fir/ qu>t] ( a c5tury ,ess5ism is z ?\gh x 7 n4 ,footnote #dhh3 ,hegesippus 9 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 ii4 #bc4 ,footnote #dhi3 ,see ,galatians p4 #cdh sq4 ,footnote #dij3 ,see ,galatians p4 #caa4 ,footnote #dia3 ,clem4 ,hom4 xii4 #f1 :]e ,/ ,pet] is made to say 1 2 comp4 xv4 #g 4 ,footnote #dib3 ,clem4 ,alex4 ,pdag4 ii4 #a 7p4 #agd7 44 ,footnote #dic3 ,see ,galatians p4 #cdi1 note4 ,footnote #did3 ,epiphanius 7,hr4 xxx4 #af7 m5tions two po9ts especially1 9 :i* ! "* ( ?is "w is %[n3 7#a7 ,x repres5t$ ,james z condemn+ ! sacrifices & ! fire on ! alt> 7see above pp4 #acd-acf73 7#b7 ,x publi%$ ! mo/ unf\nd$ calumnies aga9/ ,/ ,paul4 ,footnote #die3 ,lipsius1 ,s*5kel's ,bibel-,lexicon1 p4 #aia4 ,sid5ote3 ,ess5e influ5ces visible be=e ! close ( ! ,apo/olic age4 ,b a "t came1 :5 all ?is 0 *ang$4 ,ev5 z e>ly z ! ye> #eh1 :5 ,/ ,paul wrote to ! ,romans1 we detect practices 9 ! ,*ri/ian community ( ! metropolis1 :i* may possibly h be5 due to ,ess5e influ5ces#dif4 ,five or six ye>s lat]1 ! h]etical tea*+ :i* ?reat5$ ! integrity ( ! ,gospel at ,coloss %[s t ?is type ( ,judaism 0 already /rong en\gh )9 ! ,*ur* to ex]t a dang]\s influ5ce on its doctr9al purity4 ,!n came ! great convulsion--! ov]?r[ ( ! ,jewi% polity & nation4 ,?is 0 ! turn+-po9t 9 ! relations betwe5 ,ess5ism & ,*ri/ianity1 at lea/ 9 ,pale/9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,consequ5ces ( ! ,jewi% w>4,! ,ess5es 7 extreme suff]]s 9 ! ,roman w> ( ext]m9ation4 ,x seems probable t _! organization 0 entirely brok5 up4 ,?us ca/ adrift1 !y 7 free to ent] into o!r comb9ations1 :ile ! %ock ( ! rec5t cata/rophe w\ld naturally turn _! ?\ghts into new *annels4 ,at ! same "t ! ne>] proximity ( ! ,*ri/ians1 :o _h migrat$ to ,p]a dur+ ! w>1 w\ld br+ !m into close contact ) ! new fai? & subject !m to its influ5ces1 z !y _h nev] be5 subject$ be=e#dig4 ,b1 :atev] may be ! explanation1 ! fact seems c]ta91 t aft] ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem ! ,*ri/ian body 0 l>gely re9=c$ f _! ranks4 ,! ,judaiz+ t5d5cies among ! ,hebrew ,*ri/ians1 :i* hi!rto _h be5 :olly ,ph>isaic1 are h5ce=? l>gely ,ess5e4 ,footnote #dif3 ,rom4 xiv4 #b1 #ba4 ,footnote #dig3 ,see ,galatians p4 #caj sq4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,d ! resemblances fav\r ! !ory ( a connexion8 #b4 ,if !n hi/ory fails to reveal any su* ext]nal connexion ) ,ess5ism 9 ,*ri/ & ,8 ,apo/les z to ju/ify ! op9ion t ,ess5e influ5ces contribut$ l>gely to ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! ,gospel1 su* a view1 if t5able at all1 mu/ f9d its support 9 "s /rik+ co9cid5ce betwe5 ! doctr9es & practices ( ! ,ess5es & ^? :i* its ,f\nd] /amp$ ^u ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is inde$ is ! really important po9t2 = )\t x ! ext]nal connexion1 ev5 if prov$1 w\ld be valueless4 ,! "q is n :e!r ,*ri/ianity arose amid su* & su* circum/ances1 b h[ f> x 0 creat$ & m\ld$ by ^? circum/ances4 ,sid5ote3 7i7 ,obs]vance ( ! sabba?4 7i7 ,n[ "o po9t :i* especially /rikes u 9 ! ,jewi% hi/orian's acc\nt ( ! ,ess5es1 is _! /rict obs]vance ( c]ta9 po9ts 9 ! ,mosaic c]emonial law1 m especially ! ultra-,ph>isaic rig\r ) :i* !y kept ! sabba?4 ,h[ f> _! conduct 9 ?is respect 0 consi/5t ) ! tea*+ & practice ( ,*ri/ may be se5 f ! passages quot$ 9 ! p>allel columns :i* foll[3 #8,jesus w5t on ! sabba?-day ?r\gh ! corn fields2 & 8 disciples began to pluck ! e>s ( corn & to eat#dih4444 ,b :5 ! ,ph>isees saw x1 !y said unto him1 #8,behold1 ?y disciples d t :i* x is n lawful to d ^u ! sabba?-day4 ,b he said unto !m1 ,h ye n read :at ,david did4444 ,! sabba? 0 made = man1 & n man = ! sabba?4 ,!re=e ! ,son ( ,man is ,"l ev5 ( ! sabba?-day4444' #8,x is lawful to d well on ! sabba?-days' 7,matt4 xii4 #a-ab2 ,m>k ii4 #bc4-;iii4 #f2 ,luke vi4 #a-aa1 xiv4 #a-f4 ,see also a simil> incid5t 9 ,luke xiii4 #aj-ag74 #8,! ,jews !re=e said unto him t 0 cur$2 ,x is ! sabba?-day2 x is n lawful = !e to c>ry ?y b$4 ,b he answ]$ !m1 ,he t made me :ole1 ! same said unto me1 ,take up ?y b$ & walk4444 ,!re=e ! ,jews did p]secute ,jesus & s\ght to slay him1 because he did ^! ?+s on ! sabba?-day4 ,b ,jesus answ]$ !m1 ,my ,fa!r worke? hi!rto1 & ,i "w1 etc4 7,john v4 #aj-ah2 comp4 vii4 #bb1 #bc74' #8,& x 0 ! sabba?-day :5 ,jesus made ! clay1 & op5$ 8 eyes4444 ,!re=e said "s ( ! ,ph>isees1 ,?is man is n ( ,god1 because he keepe? n ! sabba?-day 7,john ix4 #ad1 #af74' #8,& !y avoid 444 t\*+ any "w 7 7 on ! sabba?-day m scrupul\sly ?an any ( ! ,jews 7 72 = !y d n v5ture s mu* z to move a vessel#dii1 nor to p]=m ! mo/ necess>y (fices ( life 7,b4,j4 ii4 #h4 #i74' ,footnote #dih3 ,grtz 7,,iii4 p4 #bcc7 consid]s ?is n>rative an int]polation made f a ,paul9e po9t ( view 7#8e9e paul9i/is*e ,t5d5z-int]polation'74 ,?is !ory ( int]polation1 int]pos+ :]ev] ! evid5ce is unfav\rable1 cuts up all argum5t by ! roots4 ,9 ?is in/ance h[ev] ,grtz is consi/5tly c>ry+ out a pr9ciple1 :i* he broadly lays d[n else:]e4 ,he reg>ds x z ! great m]it ( ,baur & 8 s*ool1 t !y expla9$ ! orig9 ( ! ,gospels by ! conflict ( two oppos+ camps1 ! ,ebionite & ! ,paul9e4 #8,by ?is ma/]-key1' he adds1 #8criticism 0 fir/ put 9 a position to te/ :at is hi/orical 9 ! ,gospels1 & :at be>s ! /amp ( a polemical t5d5cy 70 e95 t5d5tis5 polemis*5 ,*>akt] hat74 ,inde$ by ?is means ! elem5t ( tru/wor?y hi/ory 9 ! ,gospels melts d[n to a m9imum' 7,,iii4 p4 #bbd74 ,9 o!r words ! judgm5t is n to be pron\nc$ ^u ! evid5ce1 b ! evid5ce mu/ be mutilat$ to suit ! judgm5t4 ,! me?od is n new4 ,! sect>ians ( ! second c5tury1 :e!r ,judaic or anti-,judaic1 _h sev]ally _! #8ma/]-key4' ,! ma/]-key ( ,m>cion 0 a conflict also--! antagonism ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,"u 8 h&s ! hi/orical elem5t 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t dissolv$ rapidly4 ,! ma/]-key ( ! anti-,m>cionite writ] ( ! ,clem5t9e ,homilies 0 likewise a conflict1 ?\gh ( ano!r k9d--! conflict ( fire & wat]1 ( ! sacrificial & ! baptismal sy/ems4 ,:]ev] sacrifice 0 m5tion$ ) approval1 !re 0 a #8,t5d5z-int]polation' 7see above p4 #acf74 ,9 ?is mann] aga9 ! g5u9e elem5t 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t melt$ d[n to a m9imum4 ,footnote #dii3 ,grtz h[ev] 7,,iii4 p4 #bbh7 sees a co9cid5ce betwe5 ,*ri/'s tea*+ & ,ess5ism 9 ?is notice4 ,n to d him inju/ice1 ,i w translate 8 own words 7correct+ h[ev] sev]al mispr9ts 9 ! ,greek73 #8,= ! connexion ( ,jesus ) ! ,ess5es comp>e moreov] ,m>k xi4 #af ) ,josephus ,b4,j4 ii4 #h4 #i ' 4' ,he does n expla9 :at ?is notice1 :i* ref]s solely to ! scrupul\s obs]vance ( ! sabba?1 has to d ) ! pr(anation ( ! temple1 ) :i* ! passage 9 ! ,gospel is alone conc]n$4 ,i h se5 ,grtz's hi/ory describ$ z a #8ma/]ly' "w4 ,! fir/ requisites 9 a hi/orian are accuracy 9 /at+ facts & sobriety 9 draw+ inf]5ces4 ,)\t ^!1 x is difficult to see :at claims a hi/ory c h to ?is hon\rable epi!t3 & 9 ^? portions ( 8 "w1 :i* ,i h consult$1 ,i h n f\nd ei!r4 ,sid5ote3 7ii7 ,lu/rations & o!r c]emonial obs]vances4 7ii7 ,b !re 7 o!r po9ts ( c]emonial obs]vance1 9 :i* ! ,ess5es sup]add$ to ! law4 ,( ^! ! mo/ rem>kable 0 _! practice ( con/ant lu/rations4 ,9 ?is respect ! ,ph>isee 0 suffici5tly m9ute & scrupul\s 9 8 obs]vances2 b ) ! ,ess5e ^! ablutions 7 ! pr$om9ant feature ( 8 religi\s ritual4 ,"h aga9 x w be in/ructive to comp>e ! practice ( ,*ri/ & ,8 disciples ) ! practice ( ! ,ess5es4 #8,& :5 !y saw "s ( 8 disciples eat bread ) defil$ 7t is to say1 unwa%57 h&s2 = ! ,ph>isees & all ! ,jews1 except !y wa% _! h&s (t 771 eat n444,! ,ph>isees & scribes ask$ him1 ,:y walk n ?y disciples accord+ to ! tradition ( ! eld]s4444 ,b he answ]$ 444 ,ye hypocrites1 lay+ aside ! comm&m5t ( ,god1 ye hold ! tradition ( m54444' #8,n t :i* goe? into ! m\? defile? ! man2 b t :i* come? out ( ! m\?1 ?is defile? ! man4444 ,let !m alone1 !y be bl9d lead]s ( ! bl9d4444' #8,to eat ) unwa%5 h&s defile? n ! man 7,matt4 xv4 #a-bj1 ,m>k vii4 #a-bc74' #8,s !y wa% _! :ole body 7 7 9 cold wat]2 & aft] ?is purification 77 444 be+ clean 77 !y come to ! refectory 7to d9e74444 ,& :5 !y h return$ 7f _! day's "w7 !y sup 9 l mann] 7,b4,j4 ii4 #h4 #e74' #8,aft] a ye>'s probation 7! novice7 is admitt$ to clos] int]c\rse 7 71 & ! lu/ral wat]s 9 :i* he p>ticipates h a high] degree ( purity 7 1 #g74' #8,x is a cu/om to wa% aft] x1 z if pollut$ by x 7 #i74' #8,& :5 ! ,ph>isee saw x1 he m>vell$ t he _h n fir/ wa%$ be=e d9n] 7 74 ,& ! ,"l said unto him3 ,n[ d ye ,ph>isees make clean ! outside ( ! cup & ! platt]4444 ,ye fools 444 behold all ?+s are clean unto y 7,luke xi4 #ch-da74' #8,rack$ & dislocat$1 burnt & cru%$1 & subject$ to e in/rum5t ( torture 444 to make !m eat /range food 7 7 444 !y 7 n induc$ to submit 7 #aj74' #8,ex]cis+ !mselves 9 444 div]s lu/rations 7 444 1 #ab74' ,sid5ote3 ,avoidance ( /rang]s4 ,connect$ ) ?is idea ( ext]nal purity is ! avoidance ( contact ) /rang]s1 z p]sons :o w\ld communicate c]emonial defilem5t4 ,& "h too ! ,ess5e w5t mu* beyond ! ,ph>isee4 ,! ,ph>isee avoid$ ,g5tiles or ali5s1 or ^? ^: pr(ession or "* plac$ !m 9 ! category ( #8s9n]s'2 b ! ,ess5e %runk ev5 f ! probation]s & inf]ior grades ( 8 own exclusive community4 ,"h aga9 we may pr(itably comp>e ! say+s & do+s ( ,*ri/ ) ! pr9ciples ( ?is sect4 #8,& :5 ! scribes & ,ph>isees saw him eat ) ! publicans & s9n]s !y said unto ! disciples1 ,:y eate? y\r ,ma/] ) ! publicans & ! s9n]s4444' 7,m>k ii4 #ae sq42 ,mat?4 ix4 #aj sq41 ,luke v4 #cj sq47 #8,!y say 444 a fri5d ( publicans & s9n]s 7,mat?4 xi4 #ai74' #8,! ,ph>isees & ! scribes murmur$1 say+1 ,?is man receive? s9n]s & eate? ) !m 7,luke xv4 #b74' #8,!y all murmur$ say+ t he 0 gone to be a gue/ ) a man t is a s9n] 7,luke xix4 #g74' #8,behold1 a woman 9 ! city t 0 a s9n] 444 began to wa% 8 feet ) h] te>s1 & did wipe !m ) ! hairs ( h] head & kiss$ 8 feet4444 ,n[ :5 ! ,ph>isee :i* _h bidd5 him saw x1 he spake )9 himself say+1 ,?is man1 if he _h be5 a prophet1 w\ld h kn[n :o & :at mann] ( woman ?is is t t\*e? him2 = %e is a s9n] 7,luke vii4 #cg sq474' #8,& aft] ?is purification !y assemble 9 a private room1 :]e no p]son ( a diff]5t belief 7 1 i4e4 n an ,ess5e7 is p]mitt$ to ent]2 & 7s7 be+ by !mselves & clean 7 7 !y pres5t !mselves at ! refectory 771 z if x 7 a sacr$ prec9ct 7 #e74' #8,& !y are divid$ into f\r grades accord+ to ! "t pass$ "u ! discipl9e3 & ! juniors are reg>d$ z s f> inf]ior to ! s5iors1 t1 if !y t\* !m1 ! latt] wa% _! bodies clean 771 z if !y _h come 9 contact ) a =eign] 7 1 #aj74' ,9 all ^! m9ute scruples relat+ to c]emonial obs]vances1 ! d5unciations :i* are hurl$ aga9/ ! ,ph>isees 9 ! ,gospels w\ld apply ) t5fold =ce to ! ,ess5es4 ,sid5ote3 7iii7 ,asceticism4 7iii7 ,if ! lu/rations ( ! ,ess5es f> out/ripp$ ! enactm5ts ( ! ,mosaic law1 s also did _! asceticism4 ,i h giv5 reasons above = believ+ t ?is asceticism 0 f\nd$ on a false pr9ciple1 :i* po/ulates ! malignity ( matt] & is :olly inconsi/5t ) ! tea*+ ( ! ,gospel#ejj4 ,b )\t press+ ?is po9t1 ( :i* no absolutely demon/rative pro( c be giv51 x w be suffici5t to call att5tion to ! tr5*ant contra/ 9 practice :i* ,ess5e habits pres5t to ! life ( ,*ri/4 ,he :o #8came eat+ & dr9k+' & 0 d5\nc$ 9 consequ5ce z #8a glutton & a w9e-bibb]'#eja1 ,sid5ote3 ,eat+ & dr9k+4,he ^: fir/ ex]cise ( p[] is record$ to h be5 ! multiplication ( w9e at a fe/ive ent]ta9m5t1 & ^: la/ meal 0 att5d$ ) ! dr9k+ ( w9e & ! eat+ ( fle%1 c\ld only h excit$ ! pity1 if n ! indignation1 ( ^! rigid ab/a9]s4 ,& aga91 att5tion %\ld be direct$ to ano!r k9d ( ab/95ce1 :]e ! contra/ is all ! m speak+1 because ! matt] is s trivial & ! scruple s m9ute4 ,footnote #ejj3 ,see above p4 #hg4 ,footnote #eja3 ,matt4 xi4 #ai1 ,luke vii4 #cd4 #8,my head ) oil ?\ did/ n ano9t 7,luke vii4 #df74' #8,?\1 :5 ?\ fa/e/1 ano9t ?y head 7,matt4 vi4 #ag74' #8,& !y consid] oil a pollution 771 & ?\gh "o is sme>$ involunt>ily1 he rubs 8 body clean 7 1 #c74' ,& yet x has be5 /at$ t #8! ,savi\r ( ! _w 444 %[$ :at is requir$ = a holy life 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt by a description ( ! ,ess5es#ejb4' ,footnote #ejb3 ,g9sburg ,ess5es p4 #ad4 ,sid5ote3 ,celibacy4 ,b mu* /ress has be5 laid on ! celibacy ( ! ,ess5es2 & our ,"l's say+ 9 ,matt4 xix4 #ab is quot$ to e/abli% an id5tity ( doctr9e4 ,yet !re is no?+ special 9 ! language !re us$4 ,nor is !re any close aff9ity betwe5 ! /]n invectives aga9/ m>riage :i* ,josephus & ,philo attribute to ! ,ess5e1 & ! g5tle concession #8,he t is able to receive x1 let him receive x4' ,! be/ comm5t on our ,"l's mean+ "h is ! advice ( ,/ ,paul#ejc1 :o 0 educat$ n 9 ! ,ess5e1 b 9 ! ,ph>isaic s*ool4 ,moreov] ?is say+ mu/ be balanc$ by ! g5]al t5\r ( ! ,gospel n>rative4 ,:5 we f9d ,*ri/ discuss+ ! relations ( man & wife1 grac+ ! m>riage fe/ival by ,8 pres5ce1 aga9 & aga9 employ+ w$d+ banquets & w$d$ life z apt symbols ( ! highe/ !ological tru?s1 )\t a ^w ( disp>agem5t or rebuke1 we see pla9ly t we are confront$ ) a _s v diff]5t f ! n>r[ rig\r ( ! ,ess5es4 ,footnote #ejc3 #a ,cor4 vii4 #bf-ca4 ,sid5ote3 7iv7 ,avoidance ( ! ,temple sacrifices4 7iv7 ,b n only :]e ! ,ess5es sup]add$ to ! c]emonial law1 does _! tea*+ pres5t a direct contra/ to ! ph5om5a ( ! ,gospel n>rative4 ,! same is true also ( ^? po9ts 9 :i* !y fell %ort ( ! ,mosaic enactm5ts4 ,i h already discuss$ at "s l5g? ! ,ess5e ab/5tion f ! temple sacrifices#ejd4 ,!re c1 ,i ?9k1 be little d\bt t !y object$ to ! slaught] ( sacrificial victims altoge!r4 ,b = my pres5t purpose x matt]s no?+ :e!r !y avoid$ ! temple on acc\nt ( ! sacrifices1 or ! sacrifices on acc\nt ( ! temple4 ,*ri/ did nei!r4 ,c]ta9ly ,he c\ld n h reg>d$ ! temple z unholy2 = 8 :ole "t dur+ 8 soj\rns at ,j]usalem 0 sp5t )9 its prec9cts4 ,x 0 ! sc5e ( ,8 miracles1 ( ,8 m9i/rations1 ( ,8 daily tea*+#eje4 ,& 9 l mann] x is ! common r5dezv\s ( ,8 disciples aft] ,him#ejf4 ,nor aga9 does ,he ev9ce any abhorr5ce ( ! sacrifices4 ,on ! contr>y ,he says t ! alt> consecrates ! gifts#ejg2 ,he *>ges ! cleans$ lep]s to g & fulfil ! ,mosaic ord9ance & (f] ! sacrificial (f]+s to ! prie/s#ejh4 ,sid5ote3 ,practice ( ,*ri/ & ,8 disciples4,& ,8 practice also is con=mable to ,8 tea*+4 ,he comes to ,j]usalem regul>ly to att5d ! great fe/ivals1 :]e sacrifices =m$ ! mo/ /rik+ "p ( ! c]emonial1 & ,he himself enjo9s prep>ation to be made = ! sacrifice ( ! ,pas*al lamb4 ,if ,he repeats ! inspir$ w>n+ ( ! old] prophets1 t m]cy is bett] ?an sacrifice#eji1 ?is v qualification %[s approval ( ! practice 9 itself4 ,nor is ,8 sil5ce less eloqu5t ?an ,8 utt]ances or ,8 actions4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,gospels !re is n "o ^w :i* c be con/ru$ z condemn+ ! sacrificial sy/em or z imply+ a desire = its cessation until ev]y?+ is fulfill$4 ,footnote #ejd3 ,see p4 #acd sq4 ,footnote #eje3 ,matt4 xxi4 #ab sq41 #bc sq41 xxiv4 #a sq41 xxvi4 #ee1 ,m>k xi4 #aa1 #ae sq41 #bg1 xii4 #ce1 xiii4 #a sq41 xiv4 #di1 ,luke ii4 #df1 xix4 #de1 xx4 #a sq41 xxi4 #cg sq41 xxii4 #ec1 ,john ii4 #ad sq41 v4 #ad1 vii4 #ad1 viii4 #b1 #bj1 #ei1 x4 #bc1 xi4 #ef1 xviii4 #bj4 ,footnote #ejf3 ,luke xxiv4 #ec1 ,acts ii4 #df1 iii4 #a sq41 v4 #bj sq41 #db4 ,footnote #ejg3 ,matt4 xxiii4 #ah sq43 comp4 v4 #bc1 #bd4 ,footnote #ejh3 ,matt4 viii4 #d1 ,m>k i4 #dd1 ,luke v4 #ad4 ,footnote #eji3 ,matt4 ix4 #ac1 xii4 #g4 ,sid5ote3 7v7 ,d5ial ( ! resurrection ( ! body4 7v7 ,?is la/ contra/ ref]s to ! c]emonial law4 ,b n wide is ! div]g5ce on an important po9t ( doctr9e4 ,! resurrection ( ! body is a fundam5tal article 9 ! belief ( ! e>ly disciples4 ,?is 0 di/9ctly d5i$ by ! ,ess5es#eaj4 ,h[ev] gross & s5su\s may h be5 ! conceptions ( ! ,ph>isees on ?is po9t1 /ill !y s f> agre$ ) ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ianity1 z aga9/ ! ,ess5es1 9 t ! ris5 man c\ld n1 z !y held1 be pure s\l or _s1 b mu/ necess>ily be body & s\l conjo9t4 ,footnote #eaj3 ,see above p4 #hh4 ,sid5ote3 ,"s suppos$ co9cid5ces consid]$4 ,?us at :atev] po9t we te/ ! tea*+ & practice ( our ,"l by ! *>act]i/ic t5ets ( ,ess5ism1 ! !ory ( aff9ity fails4 ,!re are inde$ sev]al co9cid5ces on :i* mu* /ress has be5 laid1 b !y _c be plac$ 9 ! category ( di/9ctive features4 ,!y are ei!r exemplifications ( a high] morality1 :i* may inde$ h be5 hon\rably illu/rat$ 9 ! ,ess5es1 b is 9 no s5se conf9$ to !m1 be+ ! natural outgr[? ( ! moral s5se ( mank9d :5ev] circum/ances are fav\rable4 ,or !y are m special1 b /ill indep5d5t developm5ts1 :i* owe _! simil>ity to ! same influ5ces ( climate & soil1 ?\gh !y d n spr+ f ! same root4 ,to ?is latt] class belong su* manife/ations z are due to ! social conditions ( ! age or nation1 :e!r !y result f sympa?y )1 or f repulsion to1 ^? conditions4 ,sid5ote3 ,simplicity & bro!rly love4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 mu* /ress has be5 laid on ! av]sion to w> & w>like pursuits1 on ! simplicity ( liv+1 & on ! feel+ ( bro!rhood :i* di/+ui%$ ,*ri/ians & ,ess5es alike4 ,b :at is ga9$ by all ?is8 ,x is q pla9 t ,*ri/ w\ld h approv$ :atev] 0 pure & lovely 9 ! morality ( ! ,ess5es1 j z ,he approv$ :atev] 0 true 9 ! doctr9e ( ! ,ph>isees1 if any occasion _h pres5t$ itself :5 ,8 approval 0 call$ =4 ,b x is ! m]e/ assumption to po/ulate direct obligation on su* gr\nds4 ,x is said h[ev]1 t ! moral resemblances are m p>ticul> ?an ?is4 ,sid5ote3 ,prohibition ( oa?s4,!re is = in/ance ,*ri/'s precept #8,swe> n at all 444 b let y\r communication be ,yea1 yea1 ,nay1 nay4' ,h we n "h1 x is urg$1 ! v c\nt]p>t to ! ,ess5e prohibition ( oa?s#eaa8 ,yet x w\ld surely be q z reasonable to say t bo? alike en=ce t simplicity & tru?fulness 9 conv]sation :i* is its own cr$5tial & does n require ! support ( adjuration1 bo? hav+ ! same reason = lay+ /ress on ?is duty1 because ! lead]s ( religi\s op9ion made artificial di/9ctions betwe5 oa? & oa?1 z reg>ds _! b9d+ =ce1 & ?us sapp$ ! f\ndations ( public & private hone/y#eab4 ,& inde$ ?is avoidance ( oa?s is any?+ b a special badge ( ! ,ess5es4 ,x 0 inculcat$ by ,py?agoreans1 by ,/oics1 by philosoph]s & morali/s ( all s*ools#eac4 ,:5 ,josephus & ,philo call$ ! att5tion ( ,greeks & ,romans to ?is feature 9 ! ,ess5es1 !y 7 simply ask+ !m to admire 9 ^! practical philosoph]s among ! #8b>b>ians' ! realisation ( an ideal :i* _! own great m5 _h laid d[n4 ,ev5 )9 ! circles ( ,ph>isaism language is occasionally he>d1 :i* meets ! ,ess5e pr9ciple half-way#ead4 ,footnote #eaa3 ,jos4 ,b4,j4 ii4 #h4 #f ' 1 1 ,philo ,omn4 prob4 lib4 #ab 7,,ii4 p4 #deh7 444 444 ,accord+ly ,josephus relates 7,ant4 xv4 #aj4 #d7 t ,h]od ! ,great excus$ ! ,ess5es f tak+ ! oa? ( allegiance to him4 ,yet !y 7 n altoge!r true to _! pr9ciples2 = ,josephus says 7,b4,j4 ii4 #h4 #g71 t on initiation into ! sect ! memb]s 7 b\nd by fe>ful oa?s 7 7 to fulfil c]ta9 conditions2 & he twice aga9 9 ! same passage m5tions oa?s 71 7 9 ?is connexion4 ,footnote #eab3 ,on ! di/9ctions :i* ! ,jewi% doctors made betwe5 ! validity ( diff]5t k9ds ( oa?s1 see ! passages quot$ 9 ,lightfoot & ,s*ttg5 on ,matt4 v4 #cc sq4 ,! ,talmudical tract ,%ebhuo? tells its own tale1 & is ! be/ comm5t on ! precepts 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,footnote #eac3 ,see e4g4 ! passages 9 ,wet/e9 on ,matt4 v4 #cg4 ,footnote #ead3 ,baba ,metsia #di a4 ,see also ,lightfoot on ,matt4 v4 #cd4 ,sid5ote3 ,community ( goods4 ,& aga92 att5tion has be5 call$ to ! community ( goods 9 ! infant ,*ur* ( ,*ri/1 z ?\gh ?is 7 a legacy ( ,ess5ism4 ,b "h too ! reasonable explanation is1 t we h an indep5d5t attempt to realise ! idea ( bro!rhood--an attempt :i* naturally sugge/$ itself )\t any direct imitation1 b :i* 0 soon ab&on$ "u ! pressure ( circum/ances4 ,inde$ ! communism ( ! ,*ri/ians 0 f ! fir/ :olly unlike ! communism ( ! ,ess5es4 ,! surr5d] ( prop]ty ) ! ,*ri/ians 0 n a necess>y condition ( entrance into an ord]2 x 0 a purely volunt>y act1 :i* might be )held )\t =ego+ ! privileges ( ! bro!rhood#eae4 ,& ! common life too 0 obvi\sly diff]5t 9 k9d1 at once m free & m sociable1 unfett]$ by rigid ord9ances1 respect+ individual lib]ty1 & altoge!r unlike a mona/ic rule4 ,footnote #eae3 #ead3 ,acts v4 #d4 ,n less irrelevant is ! /ress1 :i* has be5 laid on ano!r po9t ( suppos$ co9cid5ce 9 ! social doctr9es ( ! two communities4 ,sid5ote3 ,prohibition ( slav]y4,! prohibition ( slav]y 0 inde$ a highly hon\rable feature 9 ! ,ess5e ord]#eaf1 b x af=ds no indication ( a direct connexion ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is true t ?is social in/itution ( antiquity 0 n less antagoni/ic to ! _s ( ! ,gospel1 ?an x 0 abhorr5t to ! feel+s ( ! ,ess5e2 & ultimately ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity has triumph$ ov] x4 ,b ! imm$iate treatm5t ( ! "q 0 altoge!r diff]5t 9 ! two cases4 ,! ,ess5e bro!rs proscrib$ slav]y :olly2 !y produc$ no appreciable results by ! proscription4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,apo/les1 )\t attempt+ an imm$iate & viol5t revolution 9 society1 proclaim$ ! great pr9ciple t all m5 are equal 9 ,*ri/1 & left x to "w4 ,x did "w1 l leav51 sil5tly b surely1 till ! :ole lump 0 leav5$4 ,9 ! matt] ( slav]y ! resemblance to ! ,/oic is mu* clos] ?an to ! ,ess5e#eag4 ,! ,/oic h[ev] began & end$ 9 b>r5 declamation1 & no practical fruits 7 reap$ f 8 doctr9e4 ,footnote #eaf3 ,philo ,omn4 prob4 lib4 #ab 7,,ii4 p4 #deh7 ' ' 4441 ,fragm4 ,,ii4 p4 #fcb 1 ,jos4 ,ant4 xviii4 ,i4 #e 4 ,footnote #eag3 ,see = in/ance ! passages f ,s5eca quot$ 9 ,philippians p4 #cje4 ,sid5ote3 ,respect paid to pov]ty4 ,moreov] prom95ce has be5 giv5 to ! fact1 t ri*es are decri$1 & a pref]5ce is giv5 to ! poor1 9 ! tea*+ ( our ,"l & ,8 ,apo/les4 ,"h aga91 x is urg$1 we h a di/9ctly ,ess5e feature4 ,we ne$ n /op to enquire ) :at limitations ?is pr]ogative ( pov]ty1 :i* appe>s 9 ! ,gospels1 mu/ be int]pret$2 b1 q indep5d5tly ( ?is "q1 we may fairly decl9e to lay any /ress on su* a co9cid5ce1 :]e all o!r indications ( a direct connexion h fail$4 ,! ,ess5es1 pursu+ a simple & ascetic life1 made x _! *ief aim to r$uce _! mat]ial wants z f> z possible1 & 9 do+ s !y necess>ily exalt$ pov]ty4 ,ascetic philosoph]s 9 ,greece & ,rome _h done ! same4 ,*ri/ianity 0 entru/$ ) ! mission ( proclaim+ ! equal rights ( all m5 be=e ,god1 ( sett+ a tru] /&>d ( human wor? ?an ! outw>d conv5tions ( ! _w1 ( prote/+ aga9/ ! tyranny ( ! /rong & ! luxury ( ! ri*1 ( r$ress+ social inequalities1 if n always by a pres5t comp5sation1 at lea/ by a future hope4 ,! ne$y & oppress$ 7 ! special *>ge ( its prea*]s4 ,x 0 ! *>act]i/ic feature ( ! #8,k+dom ( ,heav51' z describ$ by ! prophet ^: words gave ! keynote to ! ,messianic hopes ( ! nation1 t ! glad-tid+s %\ld be prea*$ to ! poor#eah4 ,! exaltation ( pov]ty !re=e 0 an absolute condition ( ! ,gospel4 ,footnote #eah3 ,is4 lxi4 ,i4 1 quot$ 9 ,luke iv4 #ah4 ,!re are ref]5ces to ?is p>ticul> "p ( ! prophecy aga9 9 ,matt4 xi4 #e1 ,luke vii4 #bb1 & probably also 9 ! beatitude 4441 ,matt4 v4 #c1 ,luke vi4 #bj4 ,sid5ote3 ,! prea*+ ( ! ,k+dom wrongly ascrib$ to ! ,ess5es4 ,! m5tion ( ! k+dom ( heav5 leads to ! la/ po9t on :i* x w be necess>y to t\* be=e leav+ ?is subject4 #8,! :ole ascetic life ( ! ,ess5es1' x has be5 said1 #8aim$ only at fur!r+ ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 & ! ,com+ ,age4' ,?us ,john ! ,bapti/ 0 ! prop] repres5tative ( ?is sect4 #8,f ! ,ess5es w5t =? ! fir/ call t ! ,messiah mu/ %ortly appe>1 ,! k+dom ( heav5 is at h&'#eai4 #8,! ann\ncem5t ( ! k+dom ( heav5 unque/ionably w5t =? f ! ,ess5es'#ebj4 ,= ?is confid5t ass]tion !re is absolutely no f\ndation 9 fact2 &1 z a conjectural hypo!sis1 ! assumption is highly improbable4 ,footnote #eai3 ,grtz ,ges*4 ,,iii4 p4 #bai4 ,footnote #ebj3 ib4 p4 #dgj4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,ess5es n prophets1 b =tune-tell]s4 ,z =tune-tell]s or soo?say]s1 ! ,ess5es might be call$ prophets2 b z prea*]s ( righte\sness1 z h]alds ( ! k+dom1 !y _h no claim to ! title4 ,?r\gh\t ! notices 9 ,josephus & ,philo we _c trace ! fa9te/ indication ( ,messianic hopes4 ,nor inde$ 0 _! position at all likely to fo/] su* hopes#eba4 ,! ,messianic idea 0 built on a belief 9 ! resurrection ( ! body4 ,! ,ess5es entirely d5i$ ?is doctr9e4 ,! ,messianic idea 0 intimately b\nd up ) ! national hopes & suff]+s1 ) ! national life1 ( ! ,jews4 ,! ,ess5es _h no int]e/ 9 ! ,jewi% polity2 !y sep>at$ !mselves almo/ entirely f public affairs4 ,sid5ote3 ,!y _h no vivid ,messianic expectations4,! deliv]ance ( ! individual is ! %ipwreck ( ! :ole1 x has be5 well said1 0 ! pla9 wat*word ( ,ess5ism#ebb4 ,h[ entirely ! conception ( a ,messiah might be oblit]at$1 :]e ,judaism 0 reg>d$ only f ! side ( a my/ic philosophy1 we see f ! case ( ,philo4 ,?r\gh\t ! works ( ?is volum9\s writ] only "o or two fa9t & d\btful allusions to a p]sonal ,messiah are f\nd#ebc4 ,! philosophical t5ets ( ! ,ess5es no d\bt diff]$ widely f ^? ( ,philo2 b 9 ! sub/itution ( ! individual & contemplative aspect ( religion = ! national & practical !y 7 unit$2 & ! effect 9 obscur+ ! ,messianic idea w\ld be ! same4 ,:5 !re=e x is said t ! prom95ce giv5 to ! proclamation ( ! ,messiah's k+dom is a ma9 l9k :i* connects ,ess5ism & ,*ri/ianity1 we may dismiss ! /atem5t z a m]e hypo!sis1 unsupport$ by evid5ce & improbable 9 itself4 ,footnote #eba3 ,lipsius ,s*5kel's ,bibel-,lexikon s4v4 ,esser p4 #aij1 ,keim ,jesus von ,naz>a ,i4 p4 #cje4 ,bo? ^! writ]s express !mselves v decid$ly aga9/ ! view ma9ta9$ by ,grtz4 #8,! ,ess5e art ( soo?say+1' writes ,lipsius1 #8has absolutely no?+ to d ) ! ,messianic prophecy4 #8,( all ?is1' says ,keim1#8!re is no trace4' ,footnote #ebb3 ,keim l4c4 ,footnote #ebc3 ,h[ little c be made out ( ,philo's ,messianic utt]ances by "o :o is anxi\s to make ! mo/ possible out ( !m1 may be se5 f ,gfrr]'s treatm5t ( ! subject1 ,philo ,i4 p4 #dhf sq4 ,! treatises :i* be> on ?is topic are ! de ,prmiis et ,pnis 7,i4 p4 #djh1 ed4 ,mangey7 & ! de ,execrationibus 7,i4 p4 #dbi74 ,!y des]ve to be read1 if only = ! negative results :i* !y yield4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iii4 ,,"* ,,& ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,! ,,epi/le4 ,sid5ote3 ,! und]/&+ ( ! h]esy necess>y4 ,)\t ! prec$+ inve/igation ! tea*+ ( ?is epi/le w\ld be v imp]fectly und]/ood2 = its direction 0 necess>ily det]m9$ by ! occasion :i* gave rise to x4 ,only :5 we h once grasp$ ! nature ( ! doctr9e :i* ,/ ,paul is combat+1 d we p]ceive t e s5t5ce is in/9ct ) life & mean+4 ,sid5ote3 ,! errors ?\gh tw(old sprang f "o root4 ,we h se5 t ! error ( ! h]etical tea*]s 0 tw(old4 ,!y _h a false conception 9 !ology1 & !y _h a false basis ( morals4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out also1 t ^! two 7 closely connect$ toge!r1 & _h _! root 9 ! same fundam5tal error1 ! idea ( matt] z ! abode ( evil & ?us antagoni/ic to ,god4 ,sid5ote3 ,s ! answ] to bo? is 9 ! same tru?4 ,z ! two elem5ts ( ! h]etical doctr9e 7 d]iv$ f ! same s\rce1 s ! reply to bo? 0 s\ght by ! ,apo/le 9 ! same idea1 ! conception ( ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/ z ! "o absolute m$iator betwe5 ,god & man1 ! true & only reconcil] ( heav5 & e>?4 ,b ?\gh !y are ?us ultimately connect$1 yet x w be necess>y = ! full] und]/&+ ( ,/ ,paul's position to take !m ap>t1 & to consid] fir/ ! !ological & !n ! e?ical tea*+ ( ! epi/le4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,! !ological tea*+ ( ! h]etics4 #a4 ,?is ,colossian h]esy 0 no co>se & vulg> developm5t ( falsehood4 ,x so>$ f> above ! ,ph>isaic ,judaism :i* ,/ ,paul refutes 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians4 ,! que/ions 9 :i* x 0 int]e/$ lie at ! v root ( our religi\s consci\sness4 ,sid5ote3 ,its l(ty motive1,! impulse 0 giv5 to its speculations by an ov]:elm+ s5se ( ! unapproa*able maje/y ( ,god1 by an in/9ctive recognition ( ! *asm :i* sep>ates ,god f man1 f ! _w1 f matt]4 ,its en]gy 0 su/a9$ by ! int5se ye>n+ aft] "s m$iation :i* might bridge ov] ?is *asm1 might e/abli% int]-communion betwe5 ! f9ite & ! ,inf9ite4 ,up to ?is po9t x 0 deeply religi\s 9 ! be/ s5se ( ! t]m4 ,sid5ote3 b complete failure4 ,! answ] :i* x gave to ^! que/ions we h already se54 ,9 two respects ?is answ] fail$ signally4 ,on ! "o h& x 0 drawn f ! atmosph]e ( my/ical speculation4 ,x _h no f\ndation 9 hi/ory1 & made no appeal to exp]i5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 not)/&+ its complexity1 x 0 unsatisfactory 9 its results2 = 9 ?is plurality ( m$iators none 0 compet5t to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! case4 ,god "h & man !re--no angel or _s1 :e!r "o or m1 be+ nei!r ,god nor man1 c\ld truly reconcile ! two4 ,?us z reg>ds cr$5tials x 0 )\t a gu>antee2 :ile z reg>ds effici5cy x 0 :olly inadequate4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,apo/le's answ] is 9 ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/4 ,! ,apo/le po9t$ out to ! ,colossians a m excell5t way4 ,x 0 ! "o purpose ( ,*ri/ianity to satisfy ^? v ye>n+s :i* 7 work+ 9 _! he>ts1 to solve t v problem :i* _h ex]cis$ _! m9ds4 ,9 ,*ri/ !y w\ld f9d ! answ] :i* !y s\ght4 ,8 life--,8 cross & resurrection--0 ! gu>antee2 ,sid5ote3 ,! m$iator 9 ! _w & 9 ! ,*ur*4,8 ,p]son--! ,^w ,inc>nate--0 ! solution4 ,he alone fill$ up1 ,he alone c\ld fill up1 ! void :i* lay betwe5 ,god & man1 c\ld span ! gulf :i* sep>at$ ! ,creator & creation4 ,?is solution (f]$ by ! ,gospel is z simple z x is adequate4 ,to _! cosmical speculations1 & to _! religi\s ye>n+s alike1 ,jesus ,*ri/ is ! true answ]4 ,9 ! ,_w1 z 9 ! ,*ur*1 ,he is ! "o only m$iator1 ! "o only reconcil]4 ,?is two-fold idea runs l a d\ble ?read ?r\gh ! fabric ( ! ,apo/le's tea*+ 9 ^? passages ( ! epi/le :]e he is describ+ ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/4 ,x w be conv5i5t = ! bett] und]/&+ ( ,/ ,paul's tea*+ to consid] ^! two aspects ( ,*ri/'s m$iation ap>t--its function 9 ! natural & 9 ! spiritual ord] respectively4 ,sid5ote3 7i7 ,9 ! ,univ]se4 7i7 ,! h]esy ( ! ,colossian tea*]s took its rise1 z we saw1 9 _! cosmical speculations4 ,x 0 !re=e natural t ! ,apo/le 9 reply+ %\ld lay /ress on ! function ( ! ,^w 9 ! creation & gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,?is is ! aspect ( ,8 "w mo/ prom95t 9 ! fir/ ( ! two di/9ctly ,*ri/ological passages4 ,! ,apo/le !re pr$icates ( ! ,^w1 n only prior1 b absolute exi/5ce4 ,all ?+s 7 creat$ ?r\gh ,him1 are su/a9$ 9 ,him1 are t5d+ t[>ds ,him4 ,?us ,he is ! beg9n+1 middle1 & end1 ( creation4 ,?is ,he is1 because ,he is ! v image ( ! ,invisible ,god1 because 9 ,him dwells ! pl5itude ( ,deity4 ,sid5ote3 ,importance ( ?is aspect ( ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/1 ,?is creative & adm9i/rative "w ( ,*ri/ ! ,^w 9 ! natural ord] ( ?+s is always emphasiz$ 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,apo/les1 :5 !y t\* ^u ! doctr9e ( ,8 ,p]son4 ,x /&s 9 ! =efront ( ! prologue to ,/ ,john's ,gospel3 x is h>dly less prom95t 9 ! op5+ ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews4 ,8 m$iatorial function 9 ! ,*ur* is repres5t$ z fl[+ f ,8 m$iatorial function 9 ! _w4 ,) ourselves ?is idea has retir$ v mu* into ! backgr\nd4 ,?\gh 9 ! cre$ common to all ! ,*ur*es we pr(ess our belief 9 ,him1 z ! ,be+ #8?r\gh :om all ?+s 7 creat$1' yet 9 reality ?is confession seems to ex]cise v little influ5ce on our ?\ghts4 ,& ! loss is s]i\s4 ,h[ mu* our !ological conceptions suff] 9 bread? & fulness by ! neglect1 a mom5t's reflexion w %[4 ,h[ mu* m he>ty w\ld be ! sympa?y ( !ologians ) ! revelations ( sci5ce & ! developm5ts ( hi/ory1 if !y habitually connect$ !m ) ! op]ation ( ! same ,div9e ,^w :o is ! c5tre ( all _! religi\s aspirations1 x is ne$less to say4 ,?r\gh ! recognition ( ?is idea ) all ! consequ5ces :i* fl[ f x1 z a liv+ influ5ce1 m ?an 9 any o!r way1 may we hope to /rike ! *ords ( t #8va/] music1' :i* results only f ! h>mony ( k & fai?1 ( rev]5ce & rese>*4 ,sid5ote3 not)/&+ difficulties yet unsolv$4 ,x w be said inde$1 t ?is conception leaves unt\*$ ! philosophical difficulties :i* beset ! subject2 t creation /ill rema9s z mu* a my/]y z be=e4 ,?is may be all[$4 ,b is !re any reason to ?9k t ) our pres5t limit$ capacities ! veil :i* %r\ds x ev] w be or c be remov$8 ,! metaphysical speculations ( tw5ty-five c5turies h done no?+ to raise x4 ,! physical inve/igations ( our own age f _! v nature c d no?+2 =1 busi$ ) ! evolution ( ph5om5a1 !y lie :olly outside ?is "q1 & d n ev5 t\* ! fr+e ( ! difficulty4 ,b mean:ile revelation has int]pos$ & ?r[n out ! idea1 :i*1 if x leaves _m que/ions unsolv$1 gives a bread? & unity to our conceptions1 at once satisfy+ our religi\s ne$s & l9k+ our sci5tific in/9cts ) our !ological beliefs4 ,sid5ote3 7ii7 ,9 ! ,*ur*4 7ii7 ,b1 if ,*ri/'s m$iatorial (fice 9 ! physical creation 0 ! />t+ po9t ( ! ,apo/le's tea*+1 ,8 m$iatorial (fice 9 ! spiritual creation is its pr9cipal !me4 ,! cosmogonies ( ! false tea*]s 7 fram$ n s mu* 9 ! int]e/s ( philosophy z 9 ! int]e/s ( religion2 & ! ,apo/le replies to !m 9 ! same _s & ) ! same motive4 ,if ! function ( ,*ri/ is unique 9 ! ,univ]se1 s is x also 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,sid5ote3 ,its absolute "*4,he is ! sole & absolute l9k betwe5 ,god & humanity4 ,no?+ %ort ( ,8 p]sonality w\ld suffice z a m$ium ( reconciliation betwe5 ! two4 ,no?+ %ort ( ,8 life & "w 9 ! fle%1 z consummat$ 9 ,8 passion1 w\ld s]ve z an assurance ( ,god's love & p>don4 ,8 cross is ! atonem5t ( mank9d ) ,god4 ,he is ! ,head ) :om all ! liv+ memb]s ( ! body are 9 direct & imm$iate communication1 :o sugge/s _! manifold activities to ea*1 :o directs _! sev]al functions 9 subord9ation to ! heal?y work+ ( ! :ole1 f :om !y individually receive _! inspiration & _! /r5g?4 ,sid5ote3 ,h5ce angelic m$iations are fundam5tally wrong4 ,& be+ all ?is ,he _c cons5t to %>e ,8 pr]ogative ) o!rs4 ,he absorbs 9 ,himself ! :ole function ( m$iation4 ,?r\gh ,him alone1 )\t any int]pos+ l9k ( communication1 ! human s\l has access to ! ,fa!r4 ,"h 0 ! true answ] to ^? deep ye>n+s aft] spiritual communion ) ,god1 :i* s\ght1 & c\ld n f9d1 satisfaction 9 ! manifold & fanta/ic creations ( a dreamy my/icism4 ,! wor%ip ( angels might h ! semblance ( humility2 b x 0 9 fact a contemptu\s defiance ( ! fundam5tal idea ( ! ,gospel1 a flat d5ial ( ! absolute "* ( ,*ri/'s ,p]son & (fice4 ,x 0 a sev]ance ( ! prop] connexion ) ! ,head1 an amputation ( ! disord]$ limb1 :i* 0 ?us disjo9$ f ! s\rce ( life & left to p]i% = want ( spiritual n\ri%m5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,*ri/'s m$iation 9 ! ,*ur* ju/ifi$ by ,8 m$iation 9 ! ,_w4 ,! language ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s is beset ) difficulties1 s long z we conceive ( our ,"l only 9 connexion ) ! ,gospel revelation3 b1 :5 ) ! ,apo/les we realise 9 ,him ! same ,div9e ,"l :o is & ev] has be5 ! light ( ! :ole _w1 :o be=e ,*ri/ianity wr\ght fir/ 9 mank9d at l>ge ?r\gh ! av5ues ( ! consci5ce1 & aft]w>ds m p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,jews ?r\gh a special ?\gh /ill imp]fect revelation1 !n all ^! difficulties fall away4 ,!n we und]/& ! significance1 & we recognise ! tru?1 ( su* passages z ^!3 #8,no man come? unto ! ,fa!r1 b by me'3 #8,!re is no salvation 9 any o!r'2 #8,he t disbelieve? ! ,son %all n see life1 b ! wra? ( ,god abide? ^u him#ebd4' ,! exclusive claims advanc$ 9 ,*ri/'s "n h _! full & p]fect ju/ification 9 ! doctr9e ( ! ,et]nal ,^w4 ,footnote #ebd3 ,joh4 xiv4 #f1 ,acts iv4 #ab1 ,joh4 iii4 #cf4 ,sid5ote3 ,relation ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,^w ,! old disp5sation is prim>ily ! revelation ( ! absolute sov]eignty ( ,god4 ,x v9dicates ?is tru? aga9/ two oppos+ =ms ( error1 :i* 9 _! extreme types are repres5t$ by ,pan!ism & ,mani*eism respectively4 ,sid5ote3 to ! mono!ism ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4,! ,pan!i/ id5tifies ,god ) ! _w3 ! ,mani*ee attributes to ! _w an absolute exi/5ce1 indep5d5t ( ,god4 ,) ! ,pan!i/ s9 ceases to h any exi/5ce3 = x is only "o =m ( ,god's work+4 ,) ! ,mani*ee s9 is inh]5t 9 matt]1 :i* is antagoni/ic to ,god4 ,! tea*+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ( :i* ! key-note is /ruck 9 ! op5+ *apt]s ( ,g5esis1 is a refutation ( bo? ^! errors4 ,god is di/9ct f ! _w1 & ,he is ! ,creator ( ! _w4 ,evil is n inh]5t 9 ,god1 b nei!r is x inh]5t 9 ! mat]ial _w4 ,s9 is ! disob$i5ce ( intellig5t be+s :om ,he has creat$1 & :om ,he has end[$ ) a free-w1 :i* !y c use or misuse4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,new ,te/am5t is complem5t>y to ! ,old4 ,! revelation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is ! prop] complem5t to ! revelation ( ! ,old4 ,x holds ?is position 9 two ma9 respects4 ,if ! ,old ,te/am5t sets =? ! absolute unity ( ,god--,8 di/9ctness f & sov]eignty ov] ,8 creatures--! ,new ,te/am5t po9ts out h[ ,he holds communion ) ! _w & ) humanity1 h[ man becomes "o ) ,him4 ,& aga91 if ! ,old ,te/am5t %[s ! true "* ( s91 ! ,new ,te/am5t tea*es ! appo9t$ means ( r$emption4 ,on ! "o h& ! mono!ism ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is supplem5t$ by ! !an?ropism#ebe ( ! ,new4 ,?us ! !ology ( revelation is complet$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ham>tiology ( ! ,old ,te/am5t has its c\nt]p>t 9 ! sot]iology ( ! ,new4 ,?us ! economy ( revelation is p]fect$4 ,footnote #ebe3 ,i am indebt$ = ! t]m !an?ropism1 z describ+ ! sub/ance ( ! new disp5sation1 to an article by ,pr(4 ,we/cott 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review ,,iv4 p4 #dag 7,decemb]1 #ahfg72 b x has be5 us$ indep5d5tly1 ?\gh 9 v r>e in/ances1 by o!r writ]s4 ,! value ( t]ms su* z ,i h employ$ "h 9 fix+ ideas is enhanc$ by _! /rang5ess1 & w excuse any appe>ance ( affectation4 ,9 apply+ ! t]ms !an?ropism & sot]iology to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 z di/+ui%$ f ! ,old1 x is n meant to sugge/ t ! ideas involv$ 9 !m 7 :olly want+ 9 ! ,old1 b only to indicate t ! conceptions1 :i* 7 in*oate & t5tative & subsidi>y 9 ! "o1 atta9 ! mo/ prom95t position & are di/9ctly realis$ 9 ! o!r4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,! e?ical error ( ! h]etics4 #b4 ,:5 we turn f ! !ology ( ^! ,colossian h]etics to _! e?ical tea*+1 we f9d x *>act]is$ by ! same e>ne/ness4 ,( !m x might inde$ be said t !y did #8hung] & ?ir/ aft] righte\sness4' ,sid5ote3 ,_! practical e>ne/ness1,escape f impurity1 immunity f evil1 0 a passion ) !m4 ,b x 0 no less true t not)/&+ all _! s9c]ity !y #8w5t a/ray 9 ! wild]ness'2 #8hungry & ?ir/y1 _! s\l fa9t$ )9 !m4' ,by _! fatal transf]5ce ( ! abode ( s9 f ! human he>t )9 to ! mat]ial _w )\t1 !y _h incapacitat$ !mselves f f9d+ ! true antidote4 ,sid5ote3 b fundam5tal misconception & consequ5t failure4 ,:]e !y plac$ ! evil1 !re !y necess>ily s\ght ! rem$y4 ,h5ce !y attempt$ to f5ce !mselves ab\t1 & to purify _! lives by a code ( rigor\s prohibitions4 ,_! en]gy 0 exp5d$ on battl+ ) ! physical conditions ( human life4 ,_! :ole m9d 0 absorb$ 9 ! /ruggle ) imag9>y =ms ( evil4 ,necess>ily _! "* 0 m\ld$ by ! ?\ghts :i* habitually engag$ !m4 ,:]e ! #8elem5ts ( ! _w1' ! #8?+s :i* p]i% 9 ! us+#ebf1' engross$ all _! att5tion1 x c\ld n fail b t !y %\ld be dragg$ d[n f ! s]5e heights ( ! spiritual life into ! cl\dy atmosph]e :i* %r\ds ?is l[] e>?4 ,footnote #ebf3 ii4 #bj1 #bb4 ,sid5ote3 ,/ ,paul sub/itutes a pr9ciple = ord9ances4 ,/ ,paul sets himself to combat ?is false t5d5cy4 ,= negative prohibitions he sub/itutes a positive pr9ciple2 = special enactm5ts1 a compreh5sive motive4 ,he tells !m t all _! scrupul\s re/rictions are va91 because !y fail to t\* ! spr+s ( action4 ,if !y w\ld ov]come ! evil1 !y mu/ /rike at ! root ( ! evil4 ,_! po9t ( view mu/ be entirely *ang$4 ,!y mu/ transf] !mselves into a :olly new sph]e ( en]gy4 ,?is transf]5ce is no?+ less ?an a migration f e>? to heav5--f ! region ( ! ext]nal & transitory to ! region ( ! spiritual & et]nal#ebg4 ,= a code ( rules !y mu/ sub/itute a pr9ciple ( life1 :i* is "o 9 its ess5ce b inf9ite 9 its application1 :i* w meet e em]g5cy1 w control e action1 w resi/ e =m ( evil4 ,footnote #ebg3 iii4 #a sq4 ,sid5ote3 ,?is pr9ciple is ! heav5ly life 9 ,*ri/4 ,?is pr9ciple !y h 9 ,*ri/4 ,) ,him !y h di$ to ! _w2 ) ,him !y h ris5 to ,god4 ,*ri/1 ! revelation ( ,god's hol9ess1 ( ,god's righte\sness1 ( ,god's love1 is light1 is life1 is heav54 ,) ,him !y h be5 translat$ into a high] sph]e1 h be5 br\ght face to face ) ! ,et]nal ,pres5ce4 ,let !m only realise ?is translation4 ,x involves new insight1 new motives1 new en]gies4 ,!y w no m wa/e !mselves ^u vexati\s special re/rictions3 = !y w be furni%$ ) a high] inspiration :i* w cov] all ! m9ute details ( action4 ,!y w n exhau/ _! en]gies 9 cru%+ ?is or t ris+ desire b !y w kill ! :ole body#ebh ( _! e>?ly passions ?r\gh ! /rong arm ( ?is p]sonal communion ) ,god 9 ,*ri/4 ,footnote #ebh3 ii4 #aa 1 iii4 #e ) v]4 #h 1 & v]4 #i 4 ,see ! notes on ! sev]al passages4 ,sid5ote3 ,/ ,paul's doctr9e ( fai? & works consid]$ 9 ! light ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,:5 we once grasp ?is idea1 :i* lies at ! root ( ,/ ,paul's e?ical tea*+1 ! moral difficulty :i* is suppos$ to atta* to 8 doctr9e ( fai? & works has vani%$4 ,x is simply an impossibility t fai? %\ld exi/ )\t works4 ,?\gh 9 =m he /ates 8 doctr9e z a relation ( contra/ betwe5 ! two1 9 sub/ance x resolves itself into a "q ( prec$5ce4 ,fai? & works are relat$ z pr9ciple & practice4 ,fai?--! repose 9 ! unse51 ! recognition ( et]nal pr9ciples ( tru? & "r1 ! s5se ( p]sonal obligations to an ,et]nal ,be+ :o v9dicates ^! pr9ciples--mu/ come fir/4 ,fai? is n an intellectual ass5t1 nor a sympa!tic s5tim5t m]ely4 ,x is ! absolute surr5d] ( self to ! w ( a ,be+ :o has a "r to comm& ?is surr5d]4 ,x is ?is :i* places m5 9 p]sonal relation to ,god1 :i* 79 ,/ ,paul's language7 ju/ifies !m be=e ,god4 ,= x t\*es ! spr+s ( _! actions2 x fa/5s n on ?is or t detail ( conduct1 b ext5ds ?r\gh\t ! :ole sph]e ( moral activity2 & ?us x det]m9es _! "* z responsible be+s 9 ! sight ( ,god4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,*ri/ology ( ?is epi/le ,f ! above acc\nt x w h appe>$ t ! di/9ctive feature ( ?is epi/le is its ,*ri/ology4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/ is "h /at$ ) great] precision & fulness ?an 9 any o!r ( ,/ ,paul's epi/les4 ,x is !re=e p]t95t to ask 7ev5 ?\gh ! answ] mu/ necess>ily be brief7 :at relation ?is /atem5t be>s to c]ta9 o!r enunciations ( ! same doctr9e2 ,sid5ote3 consid]$ 9 relation toto ^? = in/ance :i* occur else:]e 9 ,/ ,paul's own lett]s1 to ^? :i* are f\nd 9 o!r ,apo/olic writ+s1 & to ^? :i* appe> 9 ! fa!rs ( ! succe$+ g5]ations4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,! ,*ri/ology ( ,/ ,paul's e>li] epi/les #a4 ,! ,*ri/ology ( ! ,colossian ,epi/le is 9 no way diff]5t f t ( ! ,apo/le's e>li] lett]s4 ,x may inde$ be call$ a developm5t ( 8 =m] tea*+1 b only z exhibit+ ! doctr9e 9 fre% relations1 z draw+ new d$uctions f x1 z def9+ :at _h hi!rto be5 left undef9$1 n z sup]add+ any =eign elem5t to x4 ,! doctr9e is practically involv$ 9 ! op5+ & clos+ words ( 8 e>lie/ extant epi/le3 #8,! ,*ur* :i* is 9 ,god ! ,fa!r & ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/'2 #8,! grace ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ be ) y#ebi4' ,! ma9 conception ( ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/1 z en=c$ 9 ! ,colossian ,epi/le1 alone ju/ifies & expla9s ?is language1 :i* o!rwise w\ld be empti$ ( all significance4 ,& aga92 x _h be5 enunciat$ by ! ,apo/le explicitly1 ?\gh briefly1 9 ! e>lie/ directly doctr9al passage :i* be>s on ! subject2 #8,"o ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 ?r\gh :om are all ?+s & we ?r\gh ,him#ecj4' ,sid5ote3 ! same 9 sub/ance b,! absolute univ]sal m$iation ( ! ,son is decl>$ z unres]v$ly 9 ?is passage f ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 z 9 any lat] /atem5t ( ! ,apo/le3 &1 ,sid5ote3 less fully develop$if all ! doctr9al & practical inf]5ces :i* x implicitly involves 7 n directly emphasiz$ at ?is e>ly date1 x 0 because ! circum/ances did n yet require explicitness on ^! po9ts4 ,new =ms ( error br+ into prom95ce new aspects ( ! tru?4 ,! h]esies ( ,laodicea & ,coloss h be5 invaluable to ! lat] ,*ur* 9 ?is respect4 ,! ,apo/le himself1 x is n too mu* to say1 realis$ ) ev] increas+ =ce ! manifoldness1 ! adaptability1 ! complet5ess ( ! ,*ri/ian idea1 not)/&+ its simplicity1 z he oppos$ x to ea* successive developm5t ( error4 ,! ,p]son ( ,*ri/ prov$ ! complete answ] to false speculations at ,coloss1 z x _h be5 f\nd ! sov]eign antidote to false practices at ,cor9?4 ,all ^! un=ese5 h>monies mu/ h appe>$ to him1 z !y w appe> to u1 fre% evid5ces ( its tru?4 ,footnote #ebi3 #a ,!ss4 i4 #a1 v4 #bh4 ,footnote #ecj3 #a ,cor4 viii4 #f ' ' 4 ,! expression ' implies ! conception ( ! ,logos1 ev5 :]e ! t]m itself is n us$4 ,see ! diss]tation on ! doctr9e ( ! ,logos 9 ! ,apo/olic writ]s4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,! ,*ri/ology ( o!r ,apo/olic writ+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,_! fundam5tal id5tity4 #b4 ,& :5 we turn f ,/ ,paul to ! o!r ,apo/olic writ+s :i* dwell on ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/ f a doctr9al po9t ( view1 we f9d !m enunciat+ x 9 language :i* implies ! same fundam5tal conception1 ?\gh !y may n always pres5t x 9 exactly ! same aspect4 ,m especially 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews fir/1 & 9 ! ,gospel ( ,/ ,john aft]w>ds1 ! =m ( expression is id5tical ) ! /atem5t ( ,/ ,paul4 ,9 bo? ^! writ+s ! univ]se is said to h be5 creat$ or to exi/ by or ?r\gh ,him4 ,?is is ! crucial expression1 :i* involves 9 itself all ! high] conceptions ( ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/#eca4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews seems to h be5 writt5 by a disciple ( ,/ ,paul imm$iately aft] ! ,apo/le's dea?1 & !re=e )9 "s five or six ye>s f ! date :i* has be5 assign$ to ! ,colossian lett]4 ,! ,gospel ( ,/ ,john1 if ! traditional report may be accept$1 dates ab\t a qu>t] ( a c5tury lat]2 b x is l9k$ ) our epi/le by ! fact t ! read]s = :om x 0 prim>ily int5d$ belong$ to ! neighb\r+ di/ricts ( ,proconsul> ,asia4 ,?us x illu/rates1 & is illu/rat$ by1 ! tea*+ ( ,/ ,paul 9 ?is lett]4 ,m especially by ! emphatic use ( ! t]m ,logos1 :i* ,/ ,paul = "s reason has suppress$1 x supplies ! c5tre r\nd :i* ! ideas ga!r1 & ?us gives unity & directness to ! conception4 ,footnote #eca3 ,joh4 i4 #c ' 4441 ,heb4 i4 #b ' 4 ,sid5ote3 ,firmness ( ! apo/olic idea4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ology ( ^! ,apo/olic writ+s !re is a firmness & precision :i* leaves no d\bt ab\t ! ma9 conception pres5t to ! m9d ( ! writ]s4 ,! idea ( ,*ri/ z an int]m$iate be+1 nei!r ,god nor man1 is absolutely & expressly exclud$4 ,on ! "o h& ,8 humanity is di/9ctly emphasiz$4 ,on ! o!r ,he is repres5t$ z exi/+ f et]nity1 z ! p]fect manife/ation ( ! ,fa!r1 z ! absolute m$iator 9 ! creation & gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,! ,*ri/ology ( ! succe$+ ages4 #c4 ,b1 :5 we turn f ^! ,apo/olic /atem5ts to ! writ+s ( succe$+ g5]ations1 we are /ruck ) ! contra/#ecb4 ,a vagu5ess1 a flaccidity1 ( conception betrays itself 9 _! language4 ,footnote #ecb3 ,! rem>ks on ! !ology ( ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs1 z comp>$ ) ! ,apo/les1 9 ,dorn]'s ,lehre von d] ,p]son ,*ri/i ,i4 p4 #acj sq4 seem to me p]fectly j & highly significant4 ,see also de ,press5s ,trois ,premi]s ,sicles ,,ii4 p4 #djf sq4 on ! unsy/ematic _s ( ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs4 ,sid5ote3 ,its loos5ess ( conception4 ,9 ! ,apo/olic ,fa!rs & 9 ! e>li] ,apologi/s we f9d inde$ = ! mo/ "p a practical appreciation ( ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/1 :i* leaves no?+ to be desir$2 b z soon z !y v5ture ^u any directly dogmatic /atem5t1 we miss at once ! firmness ( grasp & cle>ness ( conception :i* m>k ! writ+s ( ! ,apo/les4 ,if !y desire to emphasize ! maje/y ( ,8 ,p]son1 !y n unfrequ5tly fall into language :i* sav\rs ( patripassianism#ecc4 ,if on ! o!r h& !y wi% to pres5t ,him 9 ,8 m$iatorial capacity1 !y use words :i* seem to imply "s div9e be+1 :o is ,god & yet n q ,god1 nei!r ,creator nor creature#ecd4 ,footnote #ecc3 ,see = in/ance ! passages quot$ 9 ! note on ,clem4 ,rom4 #b 4 ,footnote #ecd3 ,! ungu>d$ language ( ,ju/9 = in/ance illu/rates ! /atem5t 9 ! text4 ,on ! "o h& ,petavius1 ,!ol4 ,dogm4 de ,tr94 ii4 #c4 #b1 di/9ctly accuses him ( ,arianism3 on ! o!r ,bull1 ,def4 ,fid4 ,nic4 ii4 #d4 #a sq41 indignantly repudiates ! *>ge & claims him z /rictly or?odox4 ,petavius inde$ approa*es ! subject f ! po9t ( view ( lat] ,we/]n !ology &1 unable to appreciate ,ju/9's doctr9e ( ! ,logos1 does less ?an ju/ice to ?is fa!r2 b nev]!less ,ju/9's language is occasionally su* z no ,a?anasian c\ld h us$4 ,! treatm5t ( ?is fa!r by ,dorn] 7,lehre ,i4 p4 #dad sq47 is j & avoids bo? extremes4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,apo/olic idea appli$ 9 lat] ages4 ,! ,*ur* ne$$ a long education1 be=e %e 0 fitt$ to be ! expositor ( ! true ,apo/olic doctr9e4 ,a conflict ( m ?an two c5turies ) ,gno/ics1 ,ebionites1 ,sabellians1 ,arians1 suppli$ ! necess>y discipl9e4 ,! true successors ( ! ,apo/les 9 ?is respect are n ! fa!rs ( ! second c5tury1 b ! fa!rs ( ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies4 ,9 ! expositors ( ! ,nic5e age we f9d inde$ te*nical t]ms & sy/ematic def9itions1 :i* we d n f9d 9 ! ,apo/les !mselves2 b1 unless ,i h :olly misconceiv$ ! nature ( ! h]etical tea*+ at ,coloss & ! purport ( ,/ ,paul's reply1 ! ma9 idea ( ,*ri/'s ,p]son1 ) :i* he "h confronts ?is ,gno/ic ,judaism1 is ess5tially ! same z t :i* ! fa!rs ( ^! lat] c5turies oppos$ to ! ,sabellianism & ! ,arianism ( _! own age4 ,if ,i mi/ake n1 ! m di/9ctly we realise ! nature ( ! h]esy1 ! m evid5t w x become t any conception %ort ( ! p]fect deity & p]fect humanity ( ,*ri/ w\ld n h furni%$ a satisfactory answ]2 & ?is is ! reason :y ,i h dwelt at su* l5g? on ! "* ( ! ,colossian false tea*+1 & :y ,i v5ture to call especial att5tion to ?is "p ( my subject4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,/yle ( ?is epi/le4 ,( ! /yle ( ! lett] to ! ,colossians ,i %all h occasion to speak h]eaft]1 :5 ,i come to discuss its g5u95ess4 ,x is suffici5t to say "h1 t :ile ! h& ( ,/ ,paul is unmi/akable ?r\gh\t ?is epi/le1 we miss ! fl[ & ! v]satility ( ! ,apo/le's e>li] lett]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,its rugg$ness & compression1 ,a comp>ison ) ! ,epi/les to ! ,cor9?ians & to ! ,philippians w %[ ! diff]5ce4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f !m by a c]ta9 rugg$ness ( expression1 a #8want ( f9i%' (t5 bord]+ on obscurity4 ,:at acc\nt %\ld be giv5 ( ?is *>act]i/ic1 x is impossible to say4 ,! div]g5ce ( /yle is n great] ?an w appe> 9 ! lett]s ( any active-m9d$ man1 writt5 at diff]5t times & "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,! epi/les :i* ,i h select$ = contra/ sugge/ t ! abs5ce ( all p]sonal connexion ) ! ,colossian ,*ur* w p>tially1 if n :olly1 expla9 ! dim9i%$ flu5cy ( ?is lett]4 ,sid5ote3 b ess5tial vig\r4,at ! same "t no epi/le ( ,/ ,paul is m vigor\s 9 conception or m in/9ct ) mean+4 ,x is ! v compression ( ! ?\ghts :i* creates ! difficulty4 ,if !re is a want ( flu5cy1 !re is no want ( =ce4 ,feebl5ess is ! la/ *>ge :i* c be br\ght aga9/ ?is epi/le4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis4 ,! foll[+ is an analysis ( ! epi/le3 ,i4 ,,introductory 7i4 #a-ac74 7#a7 i4 #a1 #b4 ,op5+ salutation4 7#b7 i4 #c-h4 ,?anksgiv+ = ! progress ( ! ,colossians hi!rto4 7#c7 i4 #i-ac4 ,pray] = _! future advance 9 k & well-do+ ?r\gh ,*ri/4 ,?is leads ! ,apo/le to speak ( ,*ri/ z ! only pa? ( progress4 ,,ii4 ,,doctr9al 7i4 #ac-;ii4 #c74 ,! ,p]son & ,(fice ( ,*ri/4 7#a7 i4 #ac1 #ad4 ,?r\gh ! ,son we h our deliv]ance1 our r$emption4 7#b7 i4 #ae-ai4 ,! ,preem95ce ( ! ,son2 7i7 ,z ! ,head ( ! natural ,creation1 ! ,univ]se 7i4 #ae-ag72 7ii7 ,z ! ,head ( ! new moral ,creation1 ! ,*ur* 7i4 #ah74 ,?us ,he is fir/ 9 all ?+s2 & ?is1 because ! pl]oma has its abode 9 ,him 7i4 #ai74 7#c7 i4 #bj-;ii4 #c4 ,! ,"w ( ! ,son--a "w ( reconciliation2 7i7 ,describ$ g5]ally 7i4 #bj74 7ii7 ,appli$ specially to ! ,colossians 7i4 #ba-bc74 7iii7 ,/ ,paul's own "p 9 c>ry+ out ?is "w4 ,8 suff]+s & prea*+4 ,! #8my/]y' ) :i* he is *>g$ 7i4 #bd-bg74 ,8 anxiety on behalf ( all 7i4 #bh1 #bi73 & m especially ( ! ,colossian & neighb\r+ ,*ur*es 7ii4 #a-c74 ,?is expression ( anxiety leads him by a direct pa? to ! next division ( ! epi/le4 ,,iii4 ,,polemical 7ii4 #d-;iii4 #d74 ,w>n+ aga9/ errors4 7#a7 ii4 #d-h4 ,! ,colossians *>g$ to abide 9 ! tru? ( ! ,gospel z !y receiv$ x at fir/1 & n to be l$ a/ray by a /range philosophy :i* ! new tea*]s (f]4 7#b7 ii4 #i-ae4 ,! tru? /at$ fir/ positively & !n negatively4 ,9 ! passage :i* foll[s 7ii4 #i-bc7 x w be obs]v$ h[ ,/ ,paul vibrates betwe5 ! !ological & practical be>+s ( ! tru?1 m>k$ 1 1 respectively4 7i7 ,positively4 77 ,! pl]oma dwells :olly 9 ,*ri/ & is communicat$ ?r\gh ,him 7ii4 #i1 #aj74 77 ,! true circumcision is a spiritual circumcision 7ii4 #aa1 #ab74 7ii7 ,negatively4 ,*ri/ has 77 annull$ ! law ( ord9ances 7ii4 #ad72 77 triumph$ ov] all spiritual ag5cies1 h[ev] p[]ful 7ii4 #ae74 7#c7 ii4 #af-;iii4 #d4 ,obligations foll[+ !reupon4 7i7 ,consequ5tly ! ,colossians mu/ n 77 ei!r submit to ritual prohibitions 7ii4 #af1 #ag71 77 or sub/itute ! wor%ip ( inf]ior be+s = allegiance to ! ,head 7ii4 #ah1 #ai74 7ii7 ,on ! contr>y ?is mu/ h5ce=? be _! rule3 #a4 ,!y h di$ ) ,*ri/2 & ) ,him !y h di$ to _! old life1 to e>?ly ord9ances 7ii4 #bj-bc74 #b4 ,!y h ris5 ) ,*ri/2 & ) ,him !y h ris5 to a new life1 to heav5ly pr9ciples 7iii4 #a-d74 ,,iv4 ,,hortatory 7iii4 #e-;iv4 #f74 ,practical application ( ?is dea? & ?is resurrection4 7#a7 iii4 #e-ab4 ,compreh5sive rules4 7i7 ,:at vices are to be put (f1 be+ mortifi$ 9 ?is dea? 7iii4 #e-aa74 7ii7 ,:at graces are to be put on1 be+ quick5$ ?r\gh ?is resurrection 7iii4 #ab-ag74 7#b7 iii4 #ac-;iv4 #f4 ,special precepts4 7a7 ,! obligations ,( wives & husb&s 7iii4 #ah1 #ai72 ,( *ildr5 & p>5ts 7iii4 #bj1 #ba72 ,( slaves & ma/]s 7iii4 #bb-;iv4 #a74 7b7 ,! duty ( pray] & ?anksgiv+2 ) special int]cession on ! ,apo/le's behalf 7iv4 #b-d74 7c7 ,! duty ( propriety 9 behavi\r t[>ds ! unconv]t$ 7iv4 #e1 #f74 ,v4 ,,p]sonal 7iv4 #g-ah74 7#a7 iv4 #g-i4 ,explanations relat+ to ! lett] itself4 7#b7 iv4 #aj-ad4 ,salutations f div]s p]sons4 7#c7 iv4 #ae-ag4 ,salutations to div]s p]sons4 ,a message relat+ to ,laodicea4 7#d7 iv4 #ah4 ,f>ewell4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- 4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,we ,,speak ,,wisdom ,,among ,,!m ,,t ,,are ,,p]fect4 ,,yet ,,n ,,! ,,wisdom ,,( ,,?is ,,_w4 ,,b ,,we ,,speak ,,! ,,wisdom ,,( ,,god ,,9 ,a ,,my/]y4 -------------- ,i/e vas electionis ,vires omnes rationis ,human transgr$itur3 ,sup] *oros angelorum ,raptus1 cli secretorum ,doctr9is imbuitur4 ,de hoc vase tam fecundo1 ,tam electo et tam mundo1 ,tu nos1 ,*ri/e1 complue2 ,nos de luto1 nos de fce1 ,tua sancta purga prece1 ,regno tuo /atue4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- 4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 #a1 #b 1 1 #b #a1 #b4 #8,,paul1 an apo/le ( ,*ri/ ,jesus by no p]sonal m]it b by ,god's graci\s w alone1 & ,,timo?y1 our bro!r 9 ! fai?1 to ! consecrat$ p ( ,god 9 ,coloss1 ! bre?r5 :o are /$fa/ 9 _! allegiance & fai?ful 9 ,*ri/4 ,may grace ! well-spr+ ( all m]cies1 & peace ! cr[n ( all bless+s1 be be/[$ ^u y f ,god our ,fa!r4' #a4 ,on ! exceptional omission ( ?is title 9 "s ( ,/ ,paul's epi/les see ,phil4 i4 #a4 ,?\gh !re is no reason = suppos+ t 8 au?ority 0 directly impugn$ 9 ! ,colossian ,*ur*1 yet he int]poses by virtue ( 8 ,apo/olic commission & !re=e uses 8 au?oritative title4 ,z 9 #a ,cor4 i4 #a1 #b ,cor4 i4 #a1 ,ephes4 i4 #a1 #b ,tim4 i4 #a4 ,^! passages %[ t ! words _c h a polemical be>+4 ,if !y _h be5 direct$ aga9/ ^? :o que/ion$ 8 ,apo/le%ip1 !y w\ld probably h tak5 a /rong] =m4 ,! expression mu/ !re=e be reg>d$ z a r5unciation ( all p]sonal wor?1 & a decl>ation ( ,god's unm]it$ grace2 comp4 ,rom4 ix4 #af 4 ,! same words are us$ 9 o!r connexions 9 ,rom4 xv4 #cb1 #b ,cor4 viii4 #e1 :]e no polemical ref]5ce is possible4 ,! "n ( ?is disciple is atta*$ to ! ,apo/le's own 9 ! head+ ( ! ,philippian lett]1 :i* 0 probably writt5 at an e>li] /age 9 8 ,roman captivity4 ,x appe>s also 9 ! same connexion 9 ! ,epi/le to ,philemon1 b n 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians1 ?\gh ^! two lett]s 7 contemporane\s ) "o ano!r & ) ! ,colossian lett]4 ,= an explanation ( ! omission1 see ! introduction to t epi/le4 ,9 ! ,epi/les to ! ,philippians & to ,philemon ! pres5ce ( ,timo?y is =gott5 at once 7see ,phil4 i4 #a74 ,9 ?is epi/le ! plural is ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ! ?anksgiv+ 7vv4 #c1 #d1 #g1 #h1 #i71 b aft]w>ds dropp$1 :5 ! ,apo/le beg9s to speak 9 8 own p]son 7i4 #bc1 #bd71 & s he cont9ues to ! end4 ,! exceptions 7i4 #bh1 iv4 #c7 are r app>5t ?an real4 ,timo?y is aga9 designat$ simply #8! bro!r' 9 #b ,cor4 i4 #a1 ,philem4 #a1 b n 9 ,heb4 xiii4 #bc1 :]e ! "r read+ is 4 ,! same designation is us$ ( ,qu>tus 7,rom4 xvi4 #bc71 ( ,so/h5es 7#a ,cor4 i4 #a71 ( ,apollos 7#a ,cor4 xvi4 #ab72 comp4 #b ,cor4 viii4 #ah1 ix4 #c1 #e1 xii4 #ah4 ,z "s designation seem$ to be requir$1 & z ,timo?y c\ld n be call$ an ,apo/le 7see ,galatians1 p4 #if1 note #b71 ?is1 z ! simple/ title1 w\ld naturally sugge/ itself4 #b4 ,= ! reasons :y ?is =m is pref]r$ "h1 :ile is adopt$ 9 ! head+ ( ! epi/le1 see above1 p4 #af sq4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 #c 4 #c #8sa9ts1' i4e4 ! p consecrat$ to ,god1 ! ,israel ( ! new cov5ant2 see ! note on ,phil4 i4 #a4 ,?is mode ( address m>ks ! lat] epi/les ( ,/ ,paul4 ,9 8 e>li] lett]s 7#a1 #b ,!ss41 #a1 #b ,cor41 ,gal47 he writes 1 4 ,! *ange beg9s ) ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 & f t "t =w>d ! ,apo/le always uses 9 v>i\s comb9ations 9 address+ ,*ur*es 7,rom41 ,phil41 ,col41 ,ephes474 ,= a simil> ph5om5on1 s]v+ z a *ronological m>k1 see ! note on 1 iv4 #ah4 ,! ^w mu/ "h be treat$ z a sub/antive 9 accordance ) its usage 9 p>allel passages1 & n z an adjective connect$ ) 4 ,see ! next note4 ,?is unusual addition is full ( mean+4 ,"s memb]s ( ! ,colossian ,*ur* 7 %ak5 9 _! allegiance1 ev5 if !y _h n fall5 f x4 ,! ,apo/le !re=e wi%es x to be und]/ood t1 :5 he speaks ( ! sa9ts1 he means ! true & /$fa/ memb]s ( ! bro!rhood4 ,9 ?is way he obliquely h9ts at ! defection4 ,?us ! words are a supplem5t>y explanation ( 4 ,he does n directly exclude any1 b he indirectly w>ns all4 ,! epi!t _c mean simply #8believ+'2 = !n x w\ld add no?+ :i* is n already conta9$ 9 & 4 ,its passive s5se1 #8tru/wor?y1 /$fa/1 unsw]v+1' mu/ be prom95t "h1 z 9 ,acts xvi4 #ae 4 ,see ,galatians p4 #aee4 mo/ naturally connect$ ) bo? words 1 ?\gh ref]r+ *iefly to 2 comp4 ,ephes4 vi4 #ba 1 #a ,tim4 i4 #b 4 ,= ! expression 1 1 see also #a ,cor4 iv4 #ag1 ,ephes4 i4 #a4 ,! ,apo/le assumes t ! ,colossian bre?r5 are #8/$fa/ 9 ,*ri/4' ,_! /ate ?us contra/s ) ! description ( ! h]etical tea*]1 :o 7ii4 #ai7 4 444 ,on ?is =m ( salutation see ! note to #a ,!ss4 i4 #a4 ,! only in/ance 9 ,/ ,paul's epi/les1 :]e ! "n ( ! ,fa!r /&s alone 9 ! op5+ b5$iction )\t ! addition ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! omission 0 notic$ by ,orig5 7,rom4 #a4 #h1 ,,iv4 p4 #dfg71 & by ,*ryso/om 7ad loc4 ,,xi4 p4 #cbd1 ,hom4 9 #b ,cor4 ,,xxx1 x4 p4 #fea74 ,b transcrib]s naturally aim$ at uni=mity1 & s 9 _m copies we f9d ! addition 4 ,! only o!r exception to ! ,apo/le's usual =m is 9 #a ,!ssalonians1 :]e ! b5$iction is %ort] /ill1 1 & :]e likewise ! copyi/s h suppli$ words to l5g!n x out 9 accordance ) ,/ ,paul's common practice4 #c-h4 #8,we nev] cease to p\r =? our ?anksgiv+ to ,god ! ,fa!r ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ on y\r acc\nt1 :5soev] we pray to ,him4 ,we are full ( ?ankfulness = ! tid+s ( ! fai? :i* ye h 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus1 & ! love :i* ye %[ t[>ds all ! p ( ,god1 :ile ye look =w>d to ! hope :i* is /or$ up = y 9 heav5 z a treasure = ! life to come4 ,?is hope 0 communicat$ to y 9 ^? e>li] lessons1 :5 ! ,gospel 0 prea*$ to y 9 its purity & integrity--! "o univ]sal un*angeable ,gospel1 :i* 0 made kn[n to y1 ev5 z x 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh\t ! _w1 approv+ itself by its fruits :]esoev] x is plant$4 ,=1 z else:]e1 s also 9 y1 ^! fruits 7 manife/$ f ! fir/ day :5 ye receiv$ y\r lessons 91 & appreh5d$ ! p[] (1 ! g5u9e ,gospel1 :i* is n a law ( ord9ances b a disp5sation ( grace1 n a device ( m5 b a tru? ( ,god4 ,su* 0 ! ^w prea*$ to y by ,epaphras1 our belov$ fell[-s]vant 9 our ,ma/]'s h\sehold1 :o 9 our abs5ce & on our behalf has m9i/]$ to y ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/1 & :o n[ br+s back to u ! welcome tid+s ( ! love :i* ye %[ 9 ! ,_s4' #c4 ,see ! notes on #a ,!ss4 i4 #b4 ,if ! be omitt$1 z ! balance ( au?orities appe>s to sugge/1 ! =m ( words "h is q exceptional4 ,else:]e x runs 1 ,rom4 ,,xv4 #f1 #b ,cor4 i4 #c1 xi4 #ca1 ,ephes4 i4 #c 7v4l471 #a ,pet4 i4 #c2 comp4 ,rev4 i4 #f3 & 9 analog\s cases1 su* z 1 ! rule is ! same4 ,see ! note on ,clem4 ,rom4 #g4 ,9 iii4 #ag h[ev] we h 1 :]e ! evid5ce is m decisive & ! expression q z unusual4 ,on ! au?orities = ! v>i\s read+s "h see ! deta*$ note4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 #d1 #e #d 1 1 #e 444 ,we "h meet ! same difficulty ab\t ! connexion ( ! clauses1 :i* confronts u 9 sev]al ( ,/ ,paul's op5+ ?anksgiv+s4 ,! words & mu/ cle>ly be tak5 toge!r1 because ! emphasis ( w\ld be inexplicable1 if x /ood at ! beg9n+ ( a clause4 ,b are !y to be atta*$ to ! prec$+ or to ! foll[+ s5t5ce8 ,! connexion ) ! previ\s words is fav\r$ by ,/ ,paul's usual conjunction ( 7see ! note on ,phil4 i4 #c71 & by ! p>allel passage 9 ,ephes4 i4 #af4 ,?us ! words w mean #8,we give ?anks = y always 9 our pray]s4' ,= ?is absolute use ( see ,matt4 vi4 #g1 ,acts xvi4 #be4 #d4 #8hav+ he>d' f ,epaphras 7v]4 #h72 = ! ,apo/le _h no direct p]sonal k ( ! ,colossian ,*ur*3 see ! introduction1 p4 #bg sq4 to be connect$ ) 4 ,! /rict classical language w\ld require 4 41 b ! omission ( ! article is common to ! ,new ,te/am5t 7e4g4 v]4 #h72 see ! note on #a ,!ss4 i4 #a1 & ,w9] xx4 p4 #afi 7ed4 ,m\lton74 ,! preposition "h & 9 ! p>allel passage1 ,ephes4 i4 #ae1 d5otes ! sph]e 9 :i* _! fai? moves1 r ?an ! object to :i* x is direct$ 7comp4 #a ,cor4 iii4 #e72 =1 if ! object _h be5 meant1 ! natural preposition w\ld h be5 or 7e4g4 ii4 #e74 ,?is is probably ! case also 9 ! passages :]e at fir/ sight x might seem o!rwise1 e4g4 #a ,tim4 iii4 #ac1 #b ,tim4 iii4 #ae2 = comp>e #b ,tim4 i4 #ac 1 :]e ! mean+ is unambigu\s4 ,!re is h[ev] au?ority 9 ! ,,lxx = ! use ( ) 1 1 to d5ote ! object1 9 ,j]4 xii4 #f1 ,ps4 lxxviii4 #bb1 & p]haps 9 ,m>k i4 #ae1 ,rom4 iii4 #be1 & 7m d\btfully /ill7 9 ,joh4 iii4 #ae4 ,see ! deta*$ note on ! v>i\s read+s4 #e4 #8= ! hope1' i4e4 look+ to ! hope4 ,! foll[+ reasons seem decisive 9 fav\r ( connect+ 1 n ) 1 b ) 4441 :e!r be reta9$ or n4 7#a7 ,! great di/ance ( is aga9/ ! =m] connexion2 7#b7 ,! foll[+ clause1 4441 sugge/s t ! words describe ! motives ( ! ,colossians = well-do+1 r ?an ! reasons ( ! ,apo/le = ?anksgiv+3 7#c7 ,! triad ( ,*ri/ian graces1 :i* ,/ ,paul delights to associate toge!r1 w\ld o!rwise be brok5 up4 ,?is la/ argum5t seems conclusive2 see especially ! correspond+ ?anksgiv+ 9 #a ,!ss4 i4 #c1 4441 ) ! note !re4 ,! ord] is ! same "h1 z !re2 & x is ! natural sequ5ce4 ,fai? re/s on ! pa/2 love works 9 ! pres5t2 hope looks to ! future4 ,!y may be reg>d$ z ! effici5t1 mat]ial1 & f9al causes respectively ( ! spiritual life4 ,comp>e ,polyc>p ,phil4 #c 1 1 4 ,! hope "h is id5tifi$ ) ! object ( ! hope3 see ! passages quot$ on ,gal4 v4 #e4 ,! s5se ( 1 z ( ! correspond+ words 9 any language1 oscillates betwe5 ! subjective feel+ & ! objective realisation2 comp4 ,rom4 viii4 #bd 4441 :]e x passes abruptly f ! "o to ! o!r4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 #f 1 1 #f 1 #8:i* is /or$ up4' ,x is ! ( ! ,gospels 7,matt4 vi4 #bj1 #ba1 ,luke xii4 #cd1 xviii4 #bb74 #8( :i* ye 7 told 9 "t pa/4' ,! preposition seems int5d$ to contra/ _! e>li] ) _! lat] lessons--! true ,gospel ( ,epaphras ) ! false gospel ( _! rec5t tea*]s 7see ! next note74 ,! expression w\ld ga9 =ce1 if we might suppose t ! h]etical tea*]s obscur$ or p]v]t$ ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection 7comp4 #b ,tim4 ii4 #ah72 & _! speculative t5ets 7 n unlikely to lead to su* a result4 ,b ?is is n necess>y2 = "u any circum/ances ! false doctr9e1 z lead+ !m a/ray1 t5d$ to *eat !m ( _! hope2 see v]4 #bc4 ,! common int]pretations1 :i* expla9 - z mean+ ei!r #8be=e its fulfilm5t' or #8be=e my writ+ to y1' seem nei!r s natural 9 !mselves nor s appropriate to ! context4 #8! tru? ( ! ,gospel1' i4e4 ! true & g5u9e ,gospel z taught by ,epaphras1 & n ! spuri\s sub/itute ( ^! lat] pret5d]s3 comp4 v]4 #f 4 ,see also ,gal4 ii4 #e1 #ad1 :]e a simil> contra/ is impli$ 9 ! use ( 4 #f4 #8:i* rea*$ y4' ,! expression is n uncommon 9 classical writ]s2 comp4 9 ,acts xii4 #bj1 ,gal4 iv4 #ah1 #bj4 ,s also 7,acts viii4 #dj71 7e4g4 ,acts xxv4 #ae71 & ev5 7,luke xi4 #g74 ,see ,w9] l4 p4 #eaf sq4 ,= a simil> hyp]bole see ,rom4 i4 #h 2 comp4 #a ,!ss4 i4 #h1 #b ,cor4 ii4 #ad1 4 ,m lurks "u ^! words ?an appe>s on ! surface4 ,! true ,gospel1 ! ,apo/le seems to say1 proclaims its tru? by its univ]sality4 ,! false gospels are ! outgr[?s ( local circum/ances1 ( special idiosyncrasies2 ! true ,gospel is ! same ev]y:]e4 ,! false gospels address !mselves to limit$ circles2 ! true ,gospel proclaims itself boldly ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,h]esies are at be/ e?nic3 tru? is ess5tially ca?olic4 ,see v]4 #bc 1 4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 #f 1 1 ' #8is con/antly be>+ fruit4' ,! fruit1 :i* ! ,gospel be>s )\t fail 9 all soils & "u e climate1 is its cr$5tial1 its v]ification1 z aga9/ ! pret5sions ( spuri\s c\nt]feits4 ,! sub/antive v]b %\ld "h be tak5 ) ! p>ticiple1 s z to express cont9uity ( pres5t action2 z 9 #b ,cor4 ix4 #ab 4441 ,phil4 ii4 #bf 4 ,x is less common 9 ,/ ,paul ?an 9 "s ( ! ,canonical writ]s1 e4g4 ,/ ,m>k & ,/ ,luke2 b probably only because he deals less 9 n>rative4 ,( ! middle no o!r in/ance has be5 f\nd4 ,! voice is p>tially illu/rat$ by 1 1 1 ?\gh1 z involv+ a diff]5t s5se ( - #8to we>1' ^! words are n exact p>allels4 ,"h ! use ( ! middle is ! m m>k$1 inasmu* z ! active occurs j bel[ 7v]4 #aj7 9 ! same connexion1 4 ,?is fact h[ev] po9ts to ! =ce ( ! ^w "h4 ,! middle is int5sive1 ! active ext5sive4 ,! middle d5otes ! inh]5t en]gy1 ! active ! ext]nal diffusion4 ,! ,gospel is ess5tially a reproductive organism1 a plant ^: #8se$ is 9 itself4' ,= ?is #8dynamic' middle see ,m\lton's note on ,w9] xxxviii4 p4 #cai4 ,! ,gospel is n l ^? plants :i* exhau/ !mselves 9 be>+ fruit & )] away4 ,! ext]nal gr[? keeps pace ) ! reproductive en]gy4 ,:ile describes ! inn] work+1 gives ! outw>d ext5sion ( ! ,gospel4 ,! words are n f\nd 9 ! receiv$ text1 b ! au?ority 9 _! fav\r is ov]:elm+4 ,! comp>ison is ?us d\bl$ back1 z x 71 on itself4 ,?is irregul>ity disappe>s 9 ! receiv$ text1 1 :]e ! ins]tion ( be=e /raight5s ! con/ruction4 ,= a simil> irregul>ity see #a ,!ss4 iv4 #a 1 ' 1 1 1 :]e aga9 ! receiv$ text simplifies ! con/ruction1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t way1 by omitt+ ! fir/ & ! words 4 ,9 bo? cases ! explanation ( ! irregul>ity is mu* ! same2 ! clause reciprocat+ ! comp>ison 7"h 1 !re 7 is an aft]?\ght spr++ out ( ! ,apo/le's anxiety n to )hold praise :]e praise c be giv54 ,= ! appe>ance ( 9 bo? memb]s ( ! comp>ison1 444 1 comp4 ,rom4 i4 #ac 2 & 9 ! rev]s$ ord] bel[1 iii4 #ac 1 7) ! note73 see also ,w9] liii4 p4 #edi 7ed4 ,m\lton74 ,! correlation ( ! clauses is ?us r5d]$ clos]1 & ! comp>ison emphasiz$4 ,! accusative is gov]n$ by bo? v]bs equally1 #8,ye 7 in/ruct$ 9 & fully appreh5d$ ! grace ( ,god4' ,= ?is s5se ( see bel[1 v]4 #bc4 ,= z d5ot+ #8advanc$ k1 ?or\gh appreciation1' see ! note on 1 v]4 #i4 ,/ ,paul's synonyme = ! ,gospel4 ,9 ,acts xx4 #bd he describes x z 8 mission to prea* 4 ,! true ,gospel z taught by ,epaphras 0 an (f] ( free grace1 a message f ,god2 ! false gospel1 z sup]pos$ by ! h]etical tea*]s1 0 a code ( rigor\s prohibitions1 a sy/em ( human devis+4 ,x 0 n b 7ii4 #ad72 n b 1 7ii4 #h1 #bj1 #bb74 ,= ,god's p[] & goodness x sub/itut$ self-mortification & self-exaltation4 ,! ,gospel is call$ aga9 9 #b ,cor4 vi4 #a1 viii4 #i1 ) ref]5ce to ! same lead+ *>act]i/ic :i* ! ,apo/le delights to dwell ^u 7e4g4 ,rom4 iii4 #bd1 v4 #ae1 ,eph4 ii4 #e1 #h71 & :i* he "h tacitly contra/s ) ! doctr9e ( ! lat] intrud]s4 ,! false tea*]s ( ,coloss1 l ^? ( ,galatia1 w\ld lead _! he>]s 7,gal4 ii4 #ba72 to accept _! doctr9e 0 7,gal4 v4 #d74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 #g1 #h 1 #g 1 1 #h 4 i4e4 #89 its g5u9e simplicity1 )\t adult]ation'3 see ! note on 1 v]4 #e4 #g4 #8ev5 z ye 7 in/ruct$ 9 x1' ! clause be+ an explanation ( ! prec$+ 2 comp4 ii4 #g 4 ,on ! ins]tion ( be=e 9 ! receiv$ text1 & ! consequ5t obscuration ( ! s5se1 see above1 p4 #bi sq4 ,! ins]tion h[ev] 0 v natural1 inasmu* z is an ord9>y collocation ( p>ticles & has occurr$ twice 9 ! prec$+ v]se4 ,on ! notices ( ,epaphras1 & on 8 "w z ! evangeli/ ( ! ,colossians1 see above1 p4 #bi sq41 p4 #cd sq41 & ! note on iv4 #ab4 ,see iv4 #g4 ,! ^w does n occur else:]e 9 ,/ ,paul4 ,z ! evangeli/ ( ,coloss1 ,epaphras _h repres5t$ ,/ ,paul !re & prea*$ 9 8 /ead2 see above1 p4 #cj4 ,! o!r read+ might be int]pret$ 9 two ways3 ei!r 7#a7 ,x might describe ! p]sonal m9i/rations ( ,epaphras to ,/ ,paul z ! repres5tative ( ! ,colossians 7see a simil> case 9 ,phil4 ii4 #be1 iv4 #ah71 & s x might be comp>$ ) ,philem4 #ac 2 b ?is int]pretation is h>dly consi/5t ) 4 ,or 7#b7 ,x might ref] to ! prea*+ ( ,epaphras = ! good ( ! ,colossians2 b ! natural con/ruction 9 ?is case w\ld h>dly be 7( :i* !re is no direct example71 b ei!r 7,rom4 xv4 #h7 or 7#a ,pet4 i4 #ab74 ,! balance ( ext]nal au?ority h[ev] is aga9/ x4 ,p>tly by ! accid5tal int]*ange ( simil> s\nds1 p>tly by ! recurr5ce ( 9 ! context 7vv4 #c1 #i71 & p>tly also f ignorance ( ! hi/orical circum/ances1 w\ld readily be sub/itut$ = 4 ,see ! deta*$ note on v>i\s read+s4 #h4 #8,z he prea*$ to y f u1 s also he br\ght back to u f y ! tid+s1 etc4' to be connect$ ) 4 #8,! fruit ( ! ,_s is love1' ,gal4 v4 #bb4 ,= ! omission ( ! article1 1 see ! note on v]4 #d4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 #i #i 1 ' 1 #i-ad4 #8,he>+ !n t ye ?us ab\nd 9 works ( fai? & love1 we on our "p h n ceas$1 f ! day :5 we receiv$ ! happy tid+s1 to pray on y\r behalf4 ,& ?is is ! purport ( our petitions2 t ye may gr[ m & m 9 k1 till ye atta9 to ! p]fect und]/&+ ( ,god's w1 be+ end[$ ) all wisdom to appreh5d ,8 v]ities & all intellig5ce to foll[ ,8 processes1 liv+ 9 ! m9d ( ! ,_s--to ! end t k may manife/ itself 9 practice1 t y\r conduct 9 life may be wor?y ( y\r pr(ession 9 ! ,"l1 s z 9 all ways to w9 = y ! graci\s fav\r ( ,god y\r ,k+4 ,?us1 :ile ye be> fruit 9 e good "w1 ye w also gr[ z ! tree gr[s1 be+ wat]$ & refre%$ by ?is k1 z by ! dew ( heav53 ?us w ye be /r5g!n$ 9 all /r5g?1 accord+ to t p[] :i* c5tres 9 & spreads f ,8 glori\s manife/ation ( ,himself1 & n]v$ to all endurance "u affliction & all long-suff]+ "u provocation1 n only )\t compla9+1 b ev5 ) joy3 ?us f9ally 7= ?is is ! cr[n ( all71 s rejoic+ ye w p\r =? y\r ?anksgiv+ to ! ,univ]sal ,fa!r1 :o prep>$ & fitt$ u all--y & u alike--to take possession ( ! portion :i* ,8 goodness has allott$ to u among ! sa9ts 9 ! k+dom ( light4 ,yea1 by a /rong arm ,he rescu$ u f ! lawless tyranny ( ,d>kness1 remov$ u f ! l& ( our bondage1 & settl$ u z free citiz5s 9 our new & glori\s home1 :]e ,8 ,son1 ! (fspr+ & ! repres5tative ( ,8 love1 is ,k+2 ev5 ! same1 :o paid our ransom & ?us procur$ our r$emption f captivity--our r$emption1 :i* 7be assur$7 is no?+ else ?an ! remission ( our s9s4' #i4 #8= ?is cause1' i4e4 #8by reason ( y\r progressive fai? & love1' ref]r+ n solely to 444 b to ! :ole ( ! prec$+ description4 ,= 9 an exactly simil> connexion1 see #a ,!ss4 ii4 #ac2 comp4 ,ephes4 i4 #ae 444 ,9 all ^! cases ! d5otes ! response ( ! ,apo/le's p]sonal feel+ to ! fav\rable "* ( ! news2 #8we on our "p4' ,?is idea ( correspond5ce is /ill fur!r emphasiz$ by ! repetition ( ! same words3 ' 7v]4 #f71 ' 7v]4 #i74 ,! words h an exact p>allel 9 ,m>k xi4 #bd 7z correctly read7 4 ,) words l 1 1 etc41 ! e>li] & /rong] =ce ( 1 imply+ design1 glides imp]ceptibly into its lat] & weak] use1 signify+ m]ely purport or result1 s t ! two are h>dly sep>able1 unless "o or o!r is directly indicat$ by some?+ 9 ! context4 ,see ! notes on ,phil4 i4 #i1 & comp4 ,w9] xliv4 p4 #dbj sq4 ,a fav\rite ^w 9 ! lat] epi/les ( ,/ ,paul2 see ! note on ,phil4 i4 #i4 ,9 all ! f\r epi/les ( ! fir/ ,roman captivity x is an elem5t 9 ! ,apo/le's op5+ pray] = 8 correspond5ts' well-be+ 7,phil4 i4 #i1 ,ephes4 i4 #ag1 ,philem4 #f1 & "h74 ,! great] /ress :i* is ?us laid on ! contemplative aspects ( ! ,gospel may be expla9$ p>tly by ,/ ,paul's p]sonal circum/ances1 p>tly by ! requirem5ts ( ! ,*ur*4 ,8 en=c$ retirem5t & comp>ative leisure w\ld lead 8 own ?\ghts 9 ?is direction1 :ile at ! same "t ! fre% dang]s ?reat5+ ! tru? f ! side ( my/ic speculation requir$ to be confront$ by an exposition ( ! ,gospel f a correspond+ po9t ( view4 ,! comp\nd is an advance ^u 1 d5ot+ a l>g] & m ?or\gh k4 ,s ,*ryso/om "h1 1 4 ,comp4 ,ju/9 ,m>t4 ,dial4 #c4 p4 #bba ,a1 1 4 ,s too ,/ ,paul himself contra/s 1 1 ) 1 1 z ! p>tial ) ! complete1 9 two passages1 ,rom4 i4 #ba1 #ch1 #a ,cor4 xiii4 #ab4 ,) ?is la/ passage 7 1 7 comp>e ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/rom4 i4 #ag1 p4 #cfi1 ' 1 :]e ' is commonly b wrongly translat$ #8)\t prop] recognition' 7comp4 ,tatian ad ,grc4 #dj74 ,h5ce also is us$ especially ( ! k ( ,god & ( ,*ri/1 z be+ ! p]fection ( k3 e4g4 ,prov4 ii4 #e1 ,hos4 iv4 #a1 vi4 #f1 ,ephes4 i4 #ag1 iv4 #ac1 #b ,pet4 i4 #b1 #h1 ii4 #bj1 ,clem4 ,alex4 ,pd4 ii4 #a1 p4 #agc4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 #aj 1 #aj #8wisdom & intellig5ce4' ,! two words are frequ5tly f\nd toge!r3 e4g4 ,exod4 xxxi4 #c1 ,deut4 iv4 #f1 #a ,*ron4 xxii4 #ab1 #b ,*ron4 i4 #aj sq41 ,is4 xi4 #b1 xxix4 #ad1 ,dan4 ii4 #bj1 ,b>u* iii4 #bc1 #a ,cor4 i4 #ai1 ,clem4 ,rom4 #cb4 ,s too 1 ,prov4 xvi4 #ba1 ,matt4 xi4 #be1 & else:]e4 ,9 ! p>allel passage1 ,eph4 i4 #h1 ! words are 1 & ! sub/itution ( = !re is in/ructive4 ,! ?ree words are m5tion$ toge!r1 ,ari/4 ,e?4 ,nic4 i4 #ac1 z con/itut+ ! intellectual 77 virtues4 is m5tal excell5ce 9 its highe/ & fulle/ s5se2 ,ari/4 ,e?4 ,nic4 vi4 #g 444 7see ,waitz on ,ari/4 ,organ4 ,,ii4 p4 #bie sq471 ,cic]o de ,(f4 i4 #dc #8pr9ceps omnium virtutum1' ,clem4 ,alex4 ,pd4 ii4 #b1 p4 #aha1 444 4 ,! ,/oic def9ition ( 1 z 1 is repeat$ by v>i\s writ]s3 e4g4 ,cic4 de ,(f4 ii4 #e1 ,philo4 ,congr4 erud4 grat4 #ad1 p4 #ecj1 ,joseph4 ,macc4 #b1 ,clem4 ,alex4 ,pd4 ii4 #b1 p4 #aha1 ,/rom4 i4 #e1 p4 #ccc1 ,ari/ob4 9 ,eus4 ,prp4 ,ev4 xiii4 #ab p4 #ffg74 ,& ! glorification ( by hea!n writ]s 0 ev5 surpass$ by its apo!osis 9 ! ,prov]bs & 9 ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon4 ,:ile #8wisdom' is ?us prim>y & absolute 7,e?4 ,nic4 vi4 #g 71 bo? #8intellig5ce' & #8prud5ce' are d]ivative & special 7,e?4 ,nic4 vi4 #ab ' 74 ,!y are bo? applications ( to details1 b !y "w on diff]5t l9es2 =1 :ile is critical1 is practical2 :ile appreh5ds ! be>+s ( ?+s1 sugge/s l9es ( action3 see ,ari/4 ,e?4 ,nic4 vi4 #aa 444 4 ,= see #b ,tim4 ii4 #g 1 4 ,?is relation ( to expla9s :y 9 almo/ e case 77 prec$es 771 :]e !y are f\nd toge!r1 & also :y 9 ,b>u* iii4 #bc 1 1 we f9d imply+ a t5tative1 p>tial1 approa* to 4 ,! relation ( to w be consid]$ m at l5g? 9 ! note on ! p>allel passage1 ,ephes4 i4 #h4 ,! ^w is emphatic f its position4 ,! false tea*]s also (f]$ a 1 b x _h only a %[ ( wisdom 7ii4 #bc72 x 0 an empty c\nt]feit call+ itself philosophy 7ii4 #h72 x 0 ! (fspr+ ( vanity nurtur$ by ! m9d ( ! fle% 7ii4 #ah74 ,see #b ,cor4 i4 #ab 1 :]e a simil> contra/ is impli$1 & #a ,cor4 i4 #bj1 ii4 #e1 #f1 #ac1 iii4 #ai1 :]e x is directly express$ by 1 1 1 1 etc4 #aj4 444 ,s #a ,!ss4 ii4 #ab1 ,ephes4 iv4 i2 comp4 ,phil4 i4 #bg4 ,! inf9itive "h d5otes ! consequ5ce 7n necess>ily ! purpose7 ( ! spiritual enlight5m5t describ$ 9 4442 see ,w9] xliv4 p4 #cii sq4 ,) ! receiv$ text 444 ! connexion might be d\btful2 b ?is read+ is condemn$ by ext]nal evid5ce4 ,! emphasis ( ! s5t5ce w\ld be m>r$ by ! ins]tion ( 4 ,! end ( all k1 ! ,apo/le w\ld say1 is conduct4 i4e4 #8( ,*ri/4' ,9 #a ,!ss4 ii4 #ab inde$ we h 2 b ,/ ,paul's common1 & app>5tly univ]sal1 usage requires u to und]/& ( ,*ri/4 i4e4 #8to please ,god 9 all ways'2 comp4 #a ,!ss4 iv4 #a 4 ,z ?is ^w 0 commonly us$ to describe ! prop] attitude ( m5 t[>ds ,god1 ! addition ( w\ld n be necess>y3 ,philo ,quis r]4 div4 h]4 #bd 7,i4 p4 #dij7 7 1 de ,abrah4 #be 7,,ii4 p4 #bj7 1 de ,vict4 ,(f4 #h 7,,ii4 p4 #beg7 1 ) o!r passages quot$ by ,loesn]4 ,o!rwise x is us$ especially ( +ratiat+ oneself ) a sov]eign or pot5tate1 e4g4 ,polyb4 vi4 #b4 #ab2 & p]haps 9 ! high] connexion1 9 :i* x occurs 9 ! text1 ! idea ( a k+ is /ill prom95t1 z e4g4 ,philo de ,mund4 ,op4 #ej 7,i4 p4 #cd7 4 ,t[>ds m5 ?is complaisance is always dang]\s & mo/ commonly vici\s2 h5ce is a bad quality 9 ,ari/otle 8 7,e?4 ,eud4 ii4 #c 7 z also 9 ,!ophra/us 7,*>4 #e 71 b t[>ds ! ,k+ ( k+s no obsequi\sness c be excessive4 ,! ( ,ari/otle & ,!ophra/us pres5ts ! same moral contra/ to ! "h1 z to 9 su* passages z #a ,!ss4 ii4 #d1 ,gal4 i4 #aj4 ,oppos$ to ! comm5d$ "h is condemn$ bel[1 iii4 #bb4 444 i4e4 #8n only %[+ ! fruits ( y\r fai? be=e m5 7,matt4 vii4 #af71 b y\rselves gr[+ mean:ile 9 moral /ature 7,eph4 iv4 #ac74' ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 #aa #aa #8by ! k4' ,! o!r read+s1 1 1 are unsuccessful attempts to def9e ! con/ruction4 ,! simple in/rum5tal dative repres5ts ! k ( ,god z ! dew or ! ra9 :i* nurtures ! gr[? ( ! plant2 ,deut4 xxxii4 #b1 ,hos4 xiv4 #e4 #aa4 ,a ^w f\nd m ?an once 9 ! ,greek v]sions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,ps4 lxvii 7lxviii74 #bi 7,,lxx71 ,eccles4 x4 #aj 7,,lxx71 ,dan4 ix4 #bg 7,!od471 ,ps4 lxiv 7lxv74 #d 7,aq471 ,job xxxvi4 #i 7,aq471 b n occurr+ else:]e 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 except 9 ,heb4 xi4 #cd & z a v>i\s read+ 9 ,ephes4 vi4 #aj4 ,! comp\nd h[ev] appe>s sev]al times 9 ,/ ,paul & else:]e4 ,! p[] communicat$ to ! fai?ful corresponds to1 & is a function (1 ! ,div9e might :5ce x comes4 ,unlike or 1 ! ^w 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t is appli$ solely to ,god4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 #ab #ab #ab 4 ,! #8glory' "h1 z frequ5tly1 /&s = ! maje/y or ! p[] or ! goodness ( ,god1 z manife/$ to m52 e4g4 ,eph4 i4 #f1 #ab1 #ag1 iii4 #af2 comp4 v]4 #bg1 bel[4 ,! 1 ! bright light ov] ! m]cy-seat 7,rom4 ix4 #d71 0 a symbol ( su* manife/ations4 ,god's revelation ( ,himself to u1 h[ev] ?is revelation may be made1 is ! "o s\rce ( all our highe/ /r5g? 7 44474 #8endurance & long-suff]+4' ,! two words occur 9 ! same context 9 #b ,cor4 vi4 #d1 #f1 #b ,tim4 iii4 #aj1 ,james v4 #aj1 #aa1 ,clem4 ,rom4 #eh1 ,ign4 ,ephes4 #c4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ 9 ,tr5* ,synon4 liii4 p4 #ahd sq4 ,! diff]5ce ( mean+ is be/ se5 9 _! opposites4 ,:ile is ! temp] :i* does n easily succumb "u suff]+1 is ! self-re/ra9t :i* does n ha/ily retaliate a wrong4 ,! "o is oppos$ to c[>dice or despond5cy1 ! o!r to wra? or rev5ge 7,prov4 xv4 #ah1 xvi4 #cb2 see also ! note on iii4 #ab74 ,:ile is closely alli$ to hope 7#a ,!ss4 i4 #c71 is commonly connect$ ) m]cy 7e4g4 ,exod4 xxxiv4 #f74 ,?is di/9ction h[ev]1 ?\gh x applies g5]ally1 is n true )\t exception4 ,?us 9 ,is4 lvii4 #ae is oppos$ to 1 :]e we %\ld r h expect$ 2 & is us$ simil>ly 9 ,james v4 #g4 ,s ,james i4 #b1 #c1 444 1 4443 comp4 #a ,pet4 iv4 #ac1 & see bel[ i4 #bd4 ,?is p>allel po9ts to ! prop] connexion ( 1 :i* %\ld be atta*$ to ! prec$+ words4 ,on ! o!r h& "s w\ld connect x ) = ! sake ( pres]v+ ! balance ( ! ?ree clauses1 1 1 2 & ?is seems to be fav\r$ by ,phil4 i4 #d 3 b :5 x is s connect$1 ! emphatic position ( _c be expla9$2 nor inde$ w\ld ^! words be ne$$ at all1 = is 9 itself an act ( rejoic+4 #ab4 mo/ naturally coord9at$ ) ! prec$+ p>ticiples & ref]r$ to ! ,colossians4 ,! duty ( ?anksgiv+ is m ?an once en=c$ ^u !m bel[1 ii4 #g1 iii4 #ag1 iv4 #b2 comp4 #a ,!ss4 v4 #ah4 ,on ! o!r h& ! fir/ p]son 1 :i* foll[s1 has l$ o!rs to connect ) ! prim>y v]b ( ! s5t5ce1 v]4 #i4 ,b ! sudd5 transition f ! second to ! fir/ p]son is q aft] ,/ ,paul's mann] 7see ! note on ii4 #ac1 #ad1 444 71 & _c create any difficulty4 #8:o made u compet5t'2 comp4 #b ,cor4 iii4 #f4 ,on ! v>i\s read+s see ! deta*$ note4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 #ac #ac #8! p>cel ( ! lot1' #8! portion :i* consi/s 9 ! lot1' be+ ! g5itive ( apposition3 see ,w9] lix4 p4 #fff sq41 & comp4 ,ps4 xv 7xvi74 #e 4 ,9 ,acts viii4 #ba & are coord9at$2 9 ,g54 xxxi4 #ad1 ,num4 xviii4 #bj1 ,is4 lvii4 #f1 & 4 ,! inh]itance ( ,canaan1 ! allotm5t ( ! promis$ l&1 "h pres5ts an analogy to1 & supplies a metaphor =1 ! high] hopes ( ! new disp5sation1 z 9 ,heb4 iii4 #g-;iv4 #aa4 ,see also bel[1 iii4 #bd 1 & ,ephes4 i4 #ah4 ,/ ,*ryso/om writes1 1 ref]r+ to ,luke xvii4 #aj4 ,x is n won by u1 b allott$ to u4 be/ tak5 ) ! expression 444 ,= ! omission ( ! def9ite article1 1 see above1 vv4 #b1 #d1 #h4 ,! portion ( ! sa9ts is situat$ 9 ! k+dom ( light4 ,= ! :ole context comp>e ,/ ,paul's n>rative 9 ,acts xxvi4 #ah 1 1 :]e all ! ideas & _m ( ! expressions recur4 ,see also ,acts xx4 #cb1 9 ano!r ( ,/ ,paul's lat] spee*es4 ,z a classical p>allel1 ,plato ,resp4 vii4 p4 #eah ,a1 1 is quot$4 #ac4 #8,we 7 slaves 9 ! l& ( d>kness4 ,god rescu$ u f ?is ?raldom4 ,he transplant$ u !nce1 & settl$ u z free coloni/s & citiz5s 9 ! k+dom ( ,8 ,son1 9 ! realms ( light4' #8rescu$1 deliv]$ u' by ,8 /rong arm1 z a mighty conqu]or3 comp4 ii4 #ae 4 ,on ! =m see ,a4 ,buttmann1 p4 #bi3 comp4 ,clem4 ,rom4 #ee1 & see ! note on 1 ib4 #f4 "h #8arbitr>y p[]1 tyranny4' ,! ^w prop]ly signifies #8lib]ty ( action' 771 & !nce1 l ! correspond+ ,engli% ^w #8lic5se1' invokes two second>y ideas1 ( :i* ei!r may be s prom95t z to eclipse ! o!r2 7#a7 #8au?ority1' #8delegat$ p[]' 7e4g4 ,luke xx4 #b72 or 7#b7 #8tyranny1' #8lawlessness1' #8unre/ra9$ or arbitr>y p[]4' ,= ?is second s5se comp4 e4g4 ,demo/h4 ,f4,l4 p4 #dbh 1 ,x5oph4 ,hi]o #e 7speak+ ( tyrants71 ,plut4 ,vit4 ,eum4 #ac 1 ,vit4 ,alex4 #cc 1 ,h]odian ii4 #d 4 ,?is latt] idea ( a caprici\s unruly rule is prom95t "h4 ,! expression occurs also 9 ,luke xxii4 #ec1 :]e aga9 ! idea ( disord] is involv$4 ,! transf]5ce f d>kness to light is "h repres5t$ z a transf]5ce f an arbitr>y tyranny1 an 1 to a well-ord]$ sov]eignty1 a 4 ,?is seems also to be ,/ ,*ryso/om's idea2 = he expla9s by 1 add+ ' 1 4 #8remov$1' :5 !y 7 baptiz$1 :5 !y accept$ ,*ri/4 ,! image ( is suppli$ by ! :olesale transportation ( peoples 7 or 71 ( :i* ! hi/ory ( ori5tal mon>*ies suppli$ s _m examples4 ,see ,joseph4 ,ant4 ix4 #aa4 #a 1 speak+ ( ,tigla?-,piles] & ! ,transjordanic tribes4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 #ac 1 ,n ( inf]ior angels1 z ! false tea*]s w\ld h x 7ii4 #ah71 b ( ,8 own ,son4 ,! same contra/ betwe5 a disp5sation ( angels & a disp5sation ( ! ,son und]lies ! words "h1 :i* is explicitly br\ght out 9 ,heb4 i4 #a-;ii4 #h2 see especially i4 #b 1 comp>$ ) ii4 #e 4 ,sev]ianus has rightly caught ! idea und]ly+ "h2 1 4 #8( ,8 love4' ,z love is ! ess5ce ( ! ,fa!r 7#a ,joh4 iv4 #h1 #af71 s is x also ( ! ,son4 ,! mission ( ! ,son is ! revelation ( ! ,fa!r's love2 = z ,he is ! 1 ! ,fa!r's love is p]fectly repres5t$ 9 ,him 7see #a ,joh4 iv4 #i74 ,/ ,augu/9e has rightly int]pret$ ,/ ,paul's words "h1 de ,tr94 ,,xv4 #ai 7,,viii4 p4 #iic7 #8,c>itas quippe ,patris 444 nihil e/ quam ejus ipsa natura atque sub/antia 444 ac p] hoc filius c>itatis ejus nullus e/ alius quam qui de ejus sub/antia e/ g5itus4' ,?us ^! words are intimately connect$ ) ! expressions :i* foll[1 7v]4 #ae71 & 7v]4 #ai74 ,! loose int]pretation1 :i* makes equival5t to 1 de/roys ! :ole =ce ( ! expression4 ,9 ! prec$+ v]ses we h a /rik+ illu/ration ( ,/ ,paul's tea*+ 9 two important respects4 ,fir/4 ,! reign ( ,*ri/ has already begun4 ,8 k+dom is a pres5t k+dom4 ,:atev] !re=e is ess5tial 9 ! k+dom ( ,*ri/ mu/ be capable ( realisation n[4 ,!re may be "s exceptional manife/ation 9 ! _w to come1 b ?is _c alt] its inh]5t "*4 ,9 o!r words ! sov]eignty ( ,*ri/ is ess5tially a moral & spiritual sov]eignty1 :i* has begun n[ & w only be p]fect$ h]eaft]4 ,secondly4 ,correspond+ to ?is1 & equally significant1 is 8 language 9 speak+ ( individual ,*ri/ians4 ,he reg>ds !m z already rescu$ f ! p[] ( d>kness1 z already put 9 possession ( _! inh]itance z sa9ts4 ,!y are pot5tially sav$1 because ! k ( ,god is itself salvation1 & ?is k is )9 _! rea*4 ,su* is ,/ ,paul's con/ant mode ( speak+4 ,he uses ! language n ( exclusion1 b ( compreh5sion4 ,he pref]s to dwell on _! pot5tial advantages1 r ?an on _! actual atta9m5ts4 ,he hopes to make !m sa9ts by dwell+ on _! call+ z sa9ts4 ,see especially ,ephes4 ii4 #f 444 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 #ad 1 #ad 1 #ad 4 #ad4 ,= ! read+ 1 :i* is possibly correct "h1 & :i* c>ries out ! idea en=c$ 9 ! la/ note1 see ! deta*$ note on ! v>i\s read+s4 ,9 ! p>allel passage1 ,ephes4 i4 #g1 !re is ! same v>iation ( read+4 #8ransom1 r$emption4' ,! image ( a captive & enslav$ p is /ill cont9u$3 ,philo ,omn4 prob4 lib4 #ag 7,,ii4 p4 #dfc7 444 1 ,plut4 ,vit4 ,pomp4 #bd 4 ,! metaphor h[ev] has *ang$ f ! victor :o rescues ! captive by =ce ( arms 7v]4 #ac 7 to ! philan?ropi/ :o releases him by ! paym5t ( a ransom4 ,! clause :i* foll[s 9 ! receiv$ text1 1 is int]polat$ f ! p>allel passage1 ,ephes4 i4 #g4 ,s 9 ! p>allel passage ,ephes4 i4 #g ! ,apo/le def9es z 4 ,may n ?is /udi$ precision po9t to "s false conception ( put =w>d by ! h]etical tea*]s8 ,lat] ,gno/ics c]ta9ly p]v]t$ ! mean+ ( ! t]m1 apply+ x to _! own =mul>ies ( initiation4 ,?is is relat$ ( ! ,m>cosians by ,ir5u i4 #ac4 #f 4441 i4 #ba4 #a 1 1 ib4 #d 7) ! :ole context71 & ,hippolytus ,hr4 vi4 #da 1 444 7comp4 ix4 #ac74 ,9 support ( _! nom5clature !y p]v]t$ su* passages z ! text1 ,ir54 i4 #ba4 #b 4 ,x seems n improbable t ! communication ( simil> my/ical secrets1 p]haps connect$ ) _! angelology 7ii4 #ah71 0 put =w>d by ^! ,colossian false tea*]s z an 4 ,comp>e ! words 9 ! baptismal =mula ( ! ,m>cosians z giv5 9 ,ir54 i4 #ba4 #c 7comp4 ,!odt4 ,hr4 ,fab4 i4 #i7 1 :]e ! la/ words 7:i* h be5 diff]5tly int]pret$7 mu/ surely mean #8communion ) ! 7spiritual7 p[]s4' ,?us x is a p>allel to 1 :i* appe>s 9 an alt]native =mula ( ^! h]etics giv5 likewise by ,ir5u 9 ! context2 = ?is latt] is expla9$ 9 ,clem4 ,alex4 ,exc4 ,!od4 p4 #igd1 1 1 4 ,any direct hi/orical connexion betwe5 ! ,colossian h]etics & ^! lat] ,gno/ics ( ! ,val5t9ian s*ool is v improbable2 b ! passages quot$ w s]ve to %[ h[ a false idea ( w\ld naturally be associat$ ) an esot]ic doctr9e ( angelic p[]s4 ,see ! note on i4 #bh 4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 #ae #ae 1 #ae sq4 ,9 ! passage :i* foll[s ,/ ,paul def9es ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/1 claim+ = ,him ! absolute supremacy1 7#a7 ,9 relation to ! ,univ]se1 ! ,natural ,creation 7vv4 #ae-ag72 7#b7 ,9 relation to ! ,*ur*1 ! new ,moral ,creation 7v]4 #ah72 & he !n comb9es ! two1 1 expla9+ ?is tw(old sov]eignty by ! absolute indwell+ ( ! pl]oma 9 ,*ri/1 & %[+ h[1 z a consequ5ce1 ! reconciliation & h>mony ( all ?+s mu/ be effect$ 9 ,him 7vv4 #ai1 #bj74 ,z ! idea ( ! ,logos und]lies ! :ole ( ?is passage1 ?\gh ! t]m itself does n appe>1 a few words explanatory ( ?is t]m w be necess>y by way ( preface4 ,! ^w !n1 d5ot+ bo? #8reason' & #8spee*1' 0 a philosophical t]m adopt$ by ,alex&rian ,judaism be=e ,/ ,paul wrote1 to express ! manife/ation ( ! ,unse5 ,god1 ! ,absolute ,be+1 9 ! creation & gov]nm5t ( ! ,_w4 ,x includ$ all modes by :i* ,god makes himself kn[n to man4 ,z ,8 reason1 x d5ot$ ,8 purpose or design2 z ,8 spee*1 x impli$ ,8 revelation4 ,:e!r ?is 0 conceiv$ m]ely z ! div9e en]gy p]sonifi$1 or :e!r ! conception took a m concrete =m1 ,i ne$ n /op n[ to enquire4 ,a full] acc\nt ( ! matt] w be f\nd 9 ! diss]tation at ! end ( ?is volume4 ,x is suffici5t = ! und]/&+ ( :at foll[s to say t ,*ri/ian tea*]s1 :5 !y adopt$ ?is t]m1 exalt$ & fix$ its mean+ by atta*+ to x two precise & def9ite ideas3 7#a7 #8,! ,^w is a ,div9e ,p]son1' 2 & 7#b7 #8,! ,^w became inc>nate 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1' 4 ,x is obvi\s t ^! two propositions mu/ h alt]$ mat]ially ! significance ( all ! subord9ate t]ms connect$ ) ! idea ( ! 2 & t !re=e _! use 9 ,alex&rian writ]s1 su* z ,philo1 _c be tak5 to def9e1 ?\gh x may be br\ght to illu/rate1 _! mean+ 9 ,/ ,paul & ,/ ,john4 ,) ^! cautions ! ,alex&rian phraseology1 z a provid5tial prep>ation = ! tea*+ ( ! ,gospel1 w af=d important aid 9 ! und]/&+ ( ! ,apo/olic writ+s4 #ae-ag4 #8,he is ! p]fect image1 ! visible repres5tation1 ( ! unse5 ,god4 ,he is ! ,fir/born1 ! absolute ,heir ( ! ,fa!r1 begott5 be=e ! ages2 ! ,"l ( ! ,univ]se by virtue ( primog5iture1 & by virtue also ( creative ag5cy4 ,= 9 & ?r\gh ,him ! :ole _w 0 creat$1 ?+s 9 heav5 & ?+s on e>?1 ?+s visible to ! outw>d eye & ?+s cognisable by ! inw>d p]ception4 ,8 supremacy is absolute & univ]sal4 ,all p[]s 9 heav5 & e>? are subject to ,him4 ,?is subjection ext5ds ev5 to ! mo/ exalt$ & mo/ pot5t ( angelic be+s1 :e!r !y be call$ ,?rones or ,dom9ations or ,pr9c$oms or ,p[]s1 or :atev] title ( dignity m5 may conf] ^u !m4 ,yes3 ,he is fir/ & ,he is la/4 ,?r\gh ,him1 z ! m$iatorial ,^w1 ! univ]se has be5 creat$2 & unto ,him1 z ! f9al goal1 x is t5d+4 ,9 ,him is no be=e or aft]4 ,he is pre-exi/5t & self-exi/5t be=e all ! worlds4 ,& 9 ,him1 z ! b9d+ & su/a9+ p[]1 univ]sal nature coh]es & consi/s4' #ae4 444 ,! ,p]son ( ,*ri/ is describ$ fir/ 9 relation m especially to ,deity1 z 1 & secondly 9 relation m especially to creat$ ?+s1 z 4 ,! fundam5tal conception ( ! ,logos involves ! idea ( m$iation betwe5 ,god & creation4 ,a p]v]t$ view respect+ ! nature ( ! m$iation betwe5 ! two lay1 z we h se51 at ! root ( ! h]etical tea*+ at ,coloss 7p4 #cd1 p4 #aja sq41 p4 #aha sq471 & requir$ to be met by ! true doctr9e ( ,*ri/ z ! ,et]nal ,logos4 #8! image4' ,?is expression is us$ repeat$ly by ,philo1 z a description ( ! ,logos2 de ,mund4 ,op4 #h 7,i4 p4 #f7 1 de ,confus4 l+4 #bj 7,i4 p4 #dai7 1 1 ib4 #bh 7,i4 p4 #dbg7 4441 de ,pr(ug4 #ai 7,i4 p4 #efa7 444 1 de ,mon>*4 ii4 #e 7,,ii4 p4 #bbe7 ' 1 de ,somn4 i4 #da 7,i4 p4 #fef71 etc4 ,= ! use :i* ,philo made ( ! text ,g54 i4 #bf1 #bg1 ' 1 ' 1 see ! note on iii4 #aj4 ,/ill e>li] ?an ,philo1 be=e ! idea ( ! _h assum$ su* a def9ite =m1 ! t]m 0 us$ ( ! ,div9e p]sonifi$ 9 ,wisd4 vii4 #bf 444 4 ,/ ,paul himself applies ! t]m to our ,"l 9 an e>li] epi/le1 #b ,cor4 iv4 #d 7comp4 iii4 #ah 74 ,closely alli$ to also is 1 :i* appe>s 9 ! same connexion 9 ,heb4 i4 #c 1 a passage illu/rat$ by ,philo de ,plant4 #e 7,i4 p4 #ccb7 4 ,see also ,phil4 ii4 #f 4 ,beyond ! v obvi\s notion ( lik5ess1 ! ^w involves two o!r ideas2 7#a7 ,repres5tation4 ,9 ?is respect x is alli$ to 1 & diff]s f 74 ,9 ! resemblance may be accid5tal1 z "o egg is l ano!r2 b implies an ar*etype ( :i* x is a copy1 z ,greg4 ,naz4 ,orat4 #cj 7,i4 p4 #eed7 says 4 ,s too ,io4 ,damasc4 de ,imag4 i4 #i 7,i4 p4 #caa7 2 comp4 ,philo de ,mund4 ,op4 #bc 7,i4 p4 #af74 ,on ?is diff]5ce see ,tr5* ,n4 ,t4 ,synon4 xv4 p4 #dg4 ,! might be ! result ( direct imitation 77 l ! head ( a sov]eign on a co91 or x might be due to natural causes 77 l ! p>5tal features 9 ! *ild1 b 9 any case x 0 d]iv$ f its prototype3 see ,basil4 de ,spir4 ,sanct4 #ah #de 7,,iii4 p4 #ch74 ,! ^w itself h[ev] does n necess>ily imply p]fect repres5tation4 ,?us man is said to be ! image ( ,god2 #a ,cor4 xi4 #g 1 ,clem4 ,rom4 #cc 444 4 ,?us aga9 an e>ly ,judo-,*ri/ian writ] s designates ! duly appo9t$ bi%op1 z ! repres5tative ( ! div9e au?ority2 ,clem4 ,hom4 iii4 #fb 4 ,! idea ( p]fection does n lie 9 ! ^w itself1 b mu/ be s\ght f ! context 7e4g4 v]4 #ai74 ,! use :i* 0 made ( ?is expression1 & especially ( ?is passage1 9 ! ,*ri/ological controv]sies ( ! f\r? & fif? c5turies may be se5 f ! patri/ic quotations 9 ,petav4 ,!ol4 ,dogm4 de ,tr94 ii4 #aa4 #i sq41 vi4 #e4 #f4 7#b7 ,manife/ation4 ,?is idea comes f ! impli$ contra/ to 4 ,/ ,*ryso/om inde$ ma9ta9s ! direct opposite1 argu+ t1 z ! ar*etype is invisible1 s ! image mu/ be invisible also1 4 ,s too ,hil>y c4 ,con/4 ,imp4 #ba 7,,ii4 p4 #cgh7 #8ut imago invisibilis ,dei1 etiam p] id quod ipse invisibilis e/1 invisibilis ,dei imago esset4' ,& ?is 0 ! view ( ! ,nic5e & po/-,nic5e fa!rs g5]ally4 ,b ! und]ly+ idea ( ! 1 & inde$ ( ! g5]ally1 is ! manife/ation ( ! hidd53 comp4 ,philo de ,vit4 ,moys4 ii4 #ab 7,,ii4 p4 #add7 4 ,& adopt$ into ,*ri/ian !ology1 ! doctr9e ( ! expresses ?is conception /ill m prom95tly by reason ( ! ,inc>nation2 comp4 ,t]tull4 adv4 ,m>c4 v4 #ai #8,sci5tes filium semp] retro visum1 si quibus visus e/ 9 ,dei nom9e1 ut imag9em ipsius1' ,hippol4 c4 ,noet4 #g 1 ib4 #ab1 #ac1 ,orig4 9 ,ioann4 vi4 #b 7,,iv4 p4 #ajd74 ,among ! po/-,nic5e fa!rs too ,/ ,basil has caught ! "r idea1 ,epi/4 xxxviii4 #h 7,,iii4 p4 #aba7 444 444 4 ,! ,^w1 :e!r pre-inc>nate or inc>nate1 is ! revelation ( ! unse5 ,fa!r3 comp4 ,john i4 #ah 1 1 1 xiv4 #i1 #aj 1 2 7comp>$ ) vi4 #df 44474 ,! epi!t h[ev] mu/ n be conf9$ to ! appreh5sion ( ! bodily s5ses1 b w include ! cognisance ( ! inw>d eye also4 #8! ,fir/-born ( all creation4' ,! ^w has a tw(old p>5tage3 7#a7 ,l x is closely connect$ ) & tak5 f ! ,alex&rian vocabul>y ( ! ,logos4 ,! ^w h[ev] :i* ,philo applies to ! is n b 3 de ,agric4 #ab 7,i4 p4 #cjh7 1 de ,somn4 i4 #cg 7,i4 p4 #fec7 1 de ,confus4 l+4 i4 #bh 7,i4 p4 #dbg7 3 comp4 ib4 i4 #ad 7,i4 p4 #dad7 1 3 & ?is designation is sev]al times appli$ to ! 4 ,aga9 9 ,quis r]4 div4 h]4 #bd 7,i4 p4 #dhi7 ! language ( ,exod4 xiii4 #b 444 is s int]pret$ z to apply to ! ,div9e ,^w4 ,^! appellations1 #8! fir/-begott51 ! elde/ son1' are giv5 to ! ,logos by ,philo1 because 9 8 philosophy x includes ! orig9al conception1 ! ar*etypal idea1 ( creation1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds realis$ 9 ! mat]ial _w4 ,among ! e>ly ,*ri/ian fa!rs ,ju/9 ,m>tyr aga9 & aga9 recognises ! application ( ! t]m to ! ,^w2 ,apol4 i4 #bc 7p4 #fh7 1 ib4 #df 7p4 #hc7 444 1 ib4 #cc 7p4 #ge ,c7 4 ,s too ,!ophilus ad ,antol4 ii4 #bb 1 4 7#b7 ,! ^w _h also ano!r n less important l9k ( connexion ) ! pa/4 ,! ,messianic ref]5ce ( ,ps4 lxxxix4 #bh1 4441 seems to h be5 g5]ally all[$4 ,s at lea/ x is int]pret$ by ,r4 ,na?an 9 ,%emo? ,rabba #ai1 fol4 #aah4 #d1 #8,god said1 ,z ,i made ,jacob a fir/-born 7,exod4 iv4 #bb71 s also w ,i make k+ ,messiah a fir/-born 7,ps4 lxxxix4 #bh74' ,h5ce #8! fir/-born' 771 us$ absolutely1 became a recognis$ title ( ,messiah4 ,! way _h be5 pav$ = ?is ,messianic ref]5ce ( by its prior application to ! ,israelites1 z ! pr]ogative race1 ,exod4 iv4 #bb #8,israel is my son1 my fir/-born'3 comp4 ,psalm4 ,salom4 xviii4 #d ' 1 #d ,esdr4 vi4 #eh #8nos populus tuus1 quem voca/i primog5itum1 unig5itum1' :]e ! comb9ation ( ! two titles appli$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t to ! ,son is /rik+4 ,"h1 z else:]e 7see ! note on ,gal4 iii4 #af 44471 ! t]ms are transf]r$ f ! race to ! ,messiah1 z ! repres5tative1 ! embodim5t1 ( ! race4 ,z ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/ 0 ! ,div9e response alike to ! philosophical que/ion+s ( ! ,alex&rian ,jew & to ! patriotic hopes ( ! ,pale/9ian1 ^! two curr5ts ( ?\ght meet 9 ! t]m z appli$ to our ,"l1 :o is bo? ! true ,logos & ! true ,messiah4 ,= ?is reason1 we may suppose1 z well z = o!rs1 ! ,*ri/ian ,apo/les pref]r$ to 1 :i* 7z we may inf] f ,philo7 0 ! fav\rite t]m ) ! ,alex&rians1 because ! =m] alone w\ld include ! ,messianic ref]5ce z well4 ,! ma9 ideas !n :i* ! ^w involves are tw(old2 ! "o m directly connect$ ) ! ,alex&rian conception ( ! ,logos1 ! o!r m ne>ly alli$ to ! ,pale/9ian conception ( ! ,messiah4 7#a7 ,priority to all creation4 ,9 o!r words x decl>es ! absolute pre-exi/5ce ( ! ,son4 ,at fir/ sight x might seem t ,*ri/ is "h reg>d$ z "o1 ?\gh ! e>lie/1 ( creat$ ?+s4 ,?is int]pretation h[ev] is n requir$ by ! expression itself4 ,! fa!rs ( ! f\r? c5tury rightly call$ att5tion to ! fact t ! ,apo/le writes n 1 b 2 e4g4 ,basil1 c4 ,eunom4 iv 7p4 ,i4 p4 #bib74 ,mu* e>li]1 9 ,clem4 ,alex4 ,exc4 ,!od4 #aj 7p4 #igj71 ?\gh )\t any direct ref]5ce to ?is passage1 ! is contra/$ ) ! 1 ! highe/ ord] ( angelic be+s2 & ! ^w occurs m ?an once else:]e 9 8 writ+s 7e4g4 ,/rom4 v4 #ad1 p4 #fii74 ,nor aga9 does ! g5itive case necess>ily imply t ! ,himself belong$ to ! 1 z w be %[n pres5tly4 ,& if ?is s5se is n requir$ by ! words !mselves1 x is directly exclud$ by ! context4 ,x is inconsi/5t alike ) ! univ]sal ag5cy 9 creation :i* is ascrib$ to ,him 9 ! words foll[+1 1 & ) ! absolute pre-exi/5ce & self-exi/5ce :i* is claim$ = ,him j bel[1 4 ,we may add also t x is irreconcileable ) o!r passages 9 ! ,apo/olic writ+s1 :ile x contradicts ! fundam5tal idea ( ! ,*ri/ian consci\sness4 ,m especially ! description mu/ be int]pret$ 9 su* a way t x is n inconsi/5t ) ,8 o!r title ( 1 unicus1 alone ( ,8 k9d & !re=e di/9ct f creat$ ?+s4 ,! two words express ! same et]nal fact2 b :ile /ates x 9 itself1 places x 9 relation to ! ,univ]se4 ,! correct int]pretation is suppli$ by ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,dial4 #ajj 7p4 #cbf ,d7 4 ,he does n inde$ m5tion ?is passage1 b x 0 d\btless 9 8 m9d1 = he else:]e uses ! v expression 1 ,dial4 #he 7p4 #caa ,b71 #ach 7p4 #cfg ,d72 comp4 also #hd 7p4 #caj ,b71 :]e ! words occur4 7#b7 ,sov]eignty ov] all creation4 ,god's #8fir/-born' is ! natural rul]1 ! ackn[l$g$ head1 ( ,god's h\sehold4 ,! "r ( primog5iture app]ta9s to ,messiah ov] all creat$ ?+s4 ,?us 9 ,ps4 lxxxix4 #bh aft] ! explanation is add$1 1 i4e4 7z ! orig9al implies7 #8above all ! k+s ( ! e>?4' ,9 its ,messianic ref]5ce ?is second>y idea ( sov]eignty pr$om9at$ 9 ! ^w 1 s t f ?is po9t ( view w\ld mean #8,sov]eign ,"l ov] all creation by virtue ( primog5iture4' ,! ( ! ,apo/olic writ] 7,heb4 i4 #b7 exactly corresponds to ! ( ! ,psalmi/ 7lxxxix4 #bh71 & d\btless 0 tacitly int5d$ z a p>aphrase & application ( ?is ,messianic passage4 ,s aga9 9 ,heb4 xii4 #bc1 1 ! mo/ probable explanation ( ! ^w is t :i* makes x equival5t to #8heirs ( ! k+dom1' all fai?ful ,*ri/ians be+ ipso facto 1 because all are k+s4 ,nay1 s completely might ?is idea ( dom9ion by virtue ( priority eclipse ! prim>y s5se ( ! t]m #8fir/-born' 9 "s ( its uses1 t x is giv5 z a title to ,god ,himself by ,r4 ,be*ai on ! ,p5tateu*1 fol4 #abd4 #d1 #8,:o is primog5itus mundi1' 1 i4e4 1 z x w\ld be r5d]$ 9 ,greek4 ,9 ?is same "w aga91 fol4 #gd4 #d1 ,exod4 xiii4 #b is falsely int]pret$ s t ,god is repres5t$ z call+ ,himself #8primog5itus'3 see ,s*ttg5 p4 #ibb4 ,= o!r in/ances ( second>y uses ( 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :]e ! idea ( #8priority ( bir?' is ov]-%ad[$ by & lo/ 9 ! idea ( #8pre-em95ce1' see ,job xviii4 #ac #8! fir/-born ( dea?1' ,is4 xiv4 #cj #8! fir/-born ( ! poor'4 #8( all creation1' r ?an #8( e creat$ ?+4' ,! ?ree s5ses ( 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 are 7#a7 creation1 z ! act ( creat+1 e4g4 ,rom4 i4 #bj 3 7#b7 creation1 z ! aggregate ( creat$ ?+s1 ,m>k xiii4 #ai ' 7:]e ! p>allel passage1 ,matt4 xxiv4 #ba1 has ' 71 ,rom4 viii4 #bb 3 7#c7 a creation1 a s+le creat$ ?+1 a creature1 e4g4 ,rom4 viii4 #ci 1 ,heb4 iv4 #ac 4 ,z )\t ! def9ite article is sometimes us$ ( ! creat$ _w g5]ally 7e4g4 ,m>k xiii4 #ai71 & inde$ belongs to ! category ( an>?r\s n\ns l 1 1 1 etc4 7see ,w9] xix4 p4 #adi sq471 x is be/ tak5 s "h4 ,inde$ 1 9 ! s5se ( 1 w\ld be awkw>d 9 ?is connexion2 = seems to require ei!r a collective n\n1 or a plural 4 ,9 v]4 #bc ! case is diff]5t 7see ! note !re74 ,! an>?r\s is f\nd 9 ,judi? ix4 #ab 1 :ile occurs 9 ,judi? xvi4 #ad1 ,m>k xvi4 #ae1 ,rom4 viii4 #bb1 ,clem4 ,rom4 #ai1 ,m>t4 ,polyc4 #ad4 ,= 1 signify+ #8all1' & n #8e1' :5 atta*$ to ?is class ( n\ns1 see ,w9] xviii4 p4 #acg4 ,! g5itive case mu/ be int]pret$ s z to include ! full mean+ ( 1 z already expla9$4 ,x w !re=e signify3 #8,he /&s 9 ! relation ( to all creation1' i4e4 #8,he is ! ,fir/born1 &1 z ! ,fir/born1 ! absolute ,heir & sov]eign ,"l1 ( all creation4' ,! connexion is ! same z 9 ! passage ( ,r4 ,be*ai already quot$1 :]e ,god is call$ primog5itus mundi4 ,ano!r explanation :i* w\ld connect ! g5itive ) ! fir/ "p ( ! comp\nd alone 7-71 comp>+ ,joh4 i4 #ae1 #cj1 1 unduly /ra9s ! gramm>1 :ile x excludes ! idea ( #8heir%ip1 sov]eignty4' ,! hi/ory ( ! patri/ic exegesis ( ?is expression is n )\t a pa9ful int]e/4 ,all ! fa!rs ( ! second & ?ird c5turies )\t exception1 s f> z ,i h notic$1 correctly ref] x to ! ,et]nal ,^w & n to ! ,inc>nate ,*ri/1 to ! ,deity & n to ! humanity ( our ,"l4 ,s ,ju/9 l4c41 ,!ophilus l4c41 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria ,exc4 ,!od4 #g1 #h1 #ai 7pp4 #ifg1 #igc71 ,t]tullian adv4 ,prax4 #g1 adv4 ,m>c4 v4 #ai1 ,hippolytus ,hr4 x4 #cc1 ,orig5 c4 ,cels4 vi4 #dg1 #fc1 #fd1 9 ,ioann4 i4 #bb 7,,iv4 p4 #ba71 xix4 #e 7p4 #cje71 xxviii4 #ad 7p4 #cib71 ,cyprian ,te/4 ii4 #a1 ,novatian de ,tr94 #af1 & ! ,synod ( ,antio* 7,r\?'s ,rel4 ,sacr4 ,,iii4 pp4 #bij1 #bic74 ,! ,arian controv]sy h[ev] gave a diff]5t turn to ! exegesis ( ! passage4 ,! ,arians fa/5$ ^u ! expression 1 & drew f x ! inf]5ce t ! ,son 0 a creat$ be+4 ,! great use :i* !y made ( ! text appe>s f ! docum5t 9 ,hil>y1 ,fragm4 ,hi/4 ,op4 ,,ii4 p4 #fdd4 ,! "r answ] to ?is false int]pretation we h already se54 ,_m or?odox fa!rs h[ev]1 n satisfi$ ) ?is1 transf]r$ ! expression into a new sph]e1 & ma9ta9$ t describes ! ,inc>nate ,*ri/4 ,by s do+ !y ?\ght to cut up ! ,arian argum5t by ! roots4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is int]pretation1 !y 7 oblig$ to und]/& ! & ! 9 ! context ( ! new spiritual creation1 ! ( #b ,cor4 v4 #ag1 ,gal4 vi4 #ae4 ,?us int]pret$1 "h becomes ne>ly equival5t to 9 ,rom4 viii4 #bi4 ,! argum5ts alleg$ 9 fav\r ( ?is int]pretation are ma9ly tw(old3 7#a7 ,t1 if appli$ to ! ,div9e nature1 w\ld contradict :i* else:]e describes ! nature ( ! ,et]nal ,son4 ,b ^? :o ma9ta9$1 & rightly ma9ta9$1 t 7,luke ii4 #g7 did n necess>ily imply t ! ,"l's "m _h o!r sons1 ought n to h be5 l$ away by ?is fallacy4 7#b7 ,t 9 o!r passages 7e4g4 ,rom4 viii4 #bi1 ,rev4 i4 #e1 & j bel[1 v]4 #ah7 is appli$ to ! humanity ( ,*ri/4 ,b else:]e1 9 ,heb4 i4 #f 4441 ! t]m mu/ almo/ necess>ily ref] to ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! ,son2 & moreov] ! v po9t ( ! ,apo/le's language 9 ! text 7z w be se5 pres5tly7 is ! p>allelism 9 ! two relations ( our ,"l--,8 relation to ! natural creation1 z ! ,et]nal ,^w1 & ,8 relation to ! spiritual creation1 z ! ,head ( ! ,*ur*--s t ! same ^w 7 v]4 #ae1 v]4 #ah7 is /udi\sly us$ ( bo?4 ,a false exegesis is sure to br+ a nemesis on itself4 ,logical consi/5cy requir$ t ?is int]pretation %\ld be c>ri$ f>!r2 & ,m>cellus1 :o 0 nev] det]r$ by any consid]ations ( prud5ce1 took ?is bold /ep4 ,he ext5d$ ! pr9ciple to ! :ole context1 includ+ ev5 1 :i* likewise he int]pret$ ( our ,"l's humanity4 ,9 ?is way a mo/ important ,*ri/ological passage 0 transf]r$ into an ali5 sph]e2 & ! /ronge/ argum5t aga9/ ,arianism melt$ away 9 ! attempt to combat ,arianism on false gr\nds4 ,! criticisms ( ,eusebius on ,m>cellus are p]fectly j3 ,eccl4 ,!ol4 i4 #bj 7p4 #if7 1 1 4442 comp4 ib4 ii4 #i 7p4 #fg71 iii4 #f sq4 7p4 #age71 c4 ,m>cell4 i4 #a 7p4 #f71 i4 #b 7p4 #ab71 ii4 #c 7pp4 #dc1 #df sq41 #dh74 ,! objections to ?is int]pretation are ?reefold3 7#a7 ,x disreg>ds ! hi/ory ( ! t]ms 9 _! connexion ) ! pre-,*ri/ian speculations ( ,alex&rian ,judaism4 ,^! h[ev]1 ?\gh directly or indirectly !y 7 pres5t to ! m9ds ( ! e>li] fa!rs & kept !m 9 ! "r exegetical pa?1 might v easily h escap$ a writ] 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 7#b7 ,x %att]s ! context4 ,to suppose t su* expressions z 1 or ' 444 1 or 1 ref] to ! "w ( ! ,inc>nation1 is to /ra9 language 9 a way :i* w\ld r$uce all !ological exegesis to *aos2 & yet ?is1 z ,m>cellus truly saw1 is a /rictly logical consequ5ce ( ! int]pretation :i* ref]s to ,*ri/'s humanity4 7#c7 ,x takes no acc\nt ( ! cosmogony & angelology ( ! false tea*]s aga9/ :i* ! ,apo/le's exposition "h is direct$ 7see above1 pp4 #aja sq41 #aaj sq41 #aha sq474 ,?is int]pretation is giv5 by ,/ ,a?anasius c4 ,arian4 ii4 #fb sq4 7,i4 p4 #dai sq47 & appe>s aga9 9 ,greg4 ,nyss4 c4 ,eunom4 ii 7,,ii4 pp4 #dea-dec1 #dib71 ib4 iii 7,,ii4 p4 #edj-ede71 de ,p]f4 7,,iii4 p4 #bij sq471 ,cyril ,alex4 ,!s4 #be1 p4 #bcf sq41 de ,tr94 ,dial4 iv4 p4 #eag sq41 vi4 p4 #fbe sq41 ,anon4 ,*ryso/4 ,op4 ,,viii4 p4 #bbc1 appx4 7quot$ z ,*ryso/om by ,photius ,bibl4 #bgg74 ,s too ,cyril expresses himself at ! ,c\ncil ( ,ephesus1 ,labb4 ,conc4 ,,iii4 p4 #feb 7ed4 ,colet474 ,/ ,a?anasius inde$ does n conf9e ! expression to ! condesc5sion 77 ( ! ,^w 9 ! ,inc>nation1 b includes also a prior condesc5sion 9 ! ,creation ( ! _w 7see ,bull ,def4 ,fid4 ,nic4 iii4 #i4 #a1 ) ! rem>ks ( ,newman ,select ,treatises ( ,s4 ,a?anasius ,i4 pp4 #bgh1 #cfh sq474 ,?is d\ble ref]5ce h[ev] only confuses ! exegesis ( ! passage /ill fur!r1 :ile !ologically x might lead to v s]i\s difficulties4 ,9 ano!r "w1 ,expos4 ,fid4 #c 7,i4 p4 #hj71 he seems to take a tru] view ( its mean+4 ,/ ,basil1 :o to an equally cle> appreciation ( doctr9e g5]ally unites a s\nd] exegesis ?an ,/ ,a?anasius1 :ile m5tion+ ! int]pretation :i* ref]s ! expression to ,*ri/'s human nature1 himself pref]s expla9+ x ( ! ,et]nal ,^w2 c4 ,eunom4 iv 7,i4 p4 #bib74 ,( ! ,greek comm5tators on ?is passage1 ,*ryso/om's view is n cle>2 ,sev]ianus 7,cram4 ,cat4 p4 #cjc7 & ,!odoret und]/& x rightly ( ! ,et]nal ,^w2 :ile ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia 7,cram4 ,cat4 pp4 #cjf1 #cjh1 #cji1 ,rab4 ,maur4 ,op4 ,,vi4 p4 #eaa sq4 ed4 ,migne7 expresses himself v /rongly on ! opposite side4 ,l ,m>cellus1 he c>ries ! int]pretation consi/5tly into ! :ole context1 expla9+ to ref] n to ! orig9al creation 77 b to ! moral re-creation 771 & ref]r+ to ! ,inc>nation 9 ! same way4 ,at a lat] date1 :5 ! pressure ( an imm$iate controv]sy has pass$ away1 ! ,greek writ]s g5]ally concur 9 ! e>li] & tru] int]pretation ( ! expression4 ,?us ,john ,damasc5e 7de ,or?od4 ,fid4 iv4 #h1 ,i4 p4 #beh sq471 ,!ophylact 7ad loc471 & ,,oecum5ius 7ad loc471 all expla9 x ( ,*ri/'s ,div9e ,nature4 ,among ,lat9 writ]s1 !re is m div]sity ( int]pretation4 ,:ile ,m>ius ,victor9us 7adv4 ,arium i4 #bd1 p4 #ajeh1 ed4 ,migne71 ,hil>y ( ,poicti]s 7,tract4 9 ii ,ps4 #bh sq4 ,i4 p4 #dg sq4 de ,tr94 viii4 #ej1 ,,ii4 p4 #bdh sq471 & ,hil>y ! comm5tator 7ad loc471 take x ( ! ,div9e ,nature1 ,augu/9e 7,expos4 ad ,rom4 #ef1 ,,iii4 p4 #iad7 & ,pelagius 7ad loc47 und]/& x ( ! ,inc>nate ,*ri/4 ,?is sket* ( ! hi/ory ( ! int]pretation ( ! expression w\ld n be complete )\t a ref]5ce to ano!r v diff]5t explanation4 ,isidore ( ,pelusium1 ,epi/4 iii4 #ca 7p4 #bfh71 w\ld /rike out a new pa? ( int]pretation altoge!r 7 71 & = ! passive sugge/s read+ ! active 1 allud+ to ! use ( ?is latt] ^w 9 ,hom] 7,il4 xvii4 #e 444 3 comp4 ,plat4 ,!t4 #aea ,c 74 ,?us ,/ ,paul is made to say t ,*ri/ 1 1 4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 #af #af 1 #af4 444 ,we h 9 ?is s5t5ce ! ju/ification ( ! title giv5 to ! ,son 9 ! prec$+ clause1 4 ,x mu/ !re=e be tak5 to expla9 ! s5se 9 :i* ?is title is us$4 ,?us connect$1 x %[s t ! ,himself is n includ$ 9 2 = ! expression us$ is n or 1 b -words :i* are absolute & compreh5sive1 & w admit no exception4 #89 ,him1' z bel[ v]4 #ag 4 ,= ! preposition comp4 ,acts xvii1 #bh 4 ,all ! laws & purposes :i* guide ! creation & gov]nm5t ( ! ,univ]se reside 9 ,him1 ! ,et]nal ,^w1 z _! meet+-po9t4 ,! ,apo/olic doctr9e ( ! ,logos tea*es u to reg>d ! ,et]nal ,^w z hold+ ! same relation to ! ,univ]se :i* ! ,inc>nate ,*ri/ holds to ! ,*ur*4 ,he is ! s\rce ( its life1 ! c5tre ( all its developm5ts1 ! ma9spr+ ( all its motions4 ,! use ( to describe ,8 relations to ! ,*ur* ab\nds 9 ,/ ,paul 7e4g4 ,rom4 viii4 #a1 #b1 xii4 #e1 xvi4 #c1 #g1 #i1 etc41 #a ,cor4 i4 #cj1 iv4 #ae1 #ag1 vii4 #ci1 xv4 #ah1 #bb1 etc471 & m especially 9 ! ,epi/les to ! ,colossians & ,ephesians 7e4g4 bel[ ii4 #g1 #aj74 ,9 ! pres5t passage1 z 9 v]4 #ag1 ! same preposition is appli$ also to ,8 relations to ! ,univ]se2 comp4 ,joh4 i4 #d 7m especially if we connect ! prec$+ ) x74 ,?us x is "p ( ! p>allelism :i* runs ?r\gh ! :ole passage1 & to :i* ! occurr5ce ( 9 bo? relations gives ! key4 ,! ,judo-,alex&rian tea*]s repres5t$ ! ,logos1 :i* 9 _! view 0 no?+ m ?an ! ,div9e m9d en]giz+1 z ! :]e ! et]nal ideas1 ! 1 _h _! abode2 ,philo de ,mund4 ,op4 #d 7,i4 p4 #d7 1 ib4 #e 7p4 #d7 1 ib4 #aj 7p4 #h7 444 2 & see especially de ,migr4 ,abr4 ,i4 p4 #dcg7 444 1 4 ,! ,apo/olic tea*+ is an enl>gem5t ( ?is conception1 inasmu* z ! ,logos is no long] a philosophical ab/raction b a ,div9e ,p]son3 see ,hippol4 ,hr4 x4 #cc 1 444 3 comp4 ,orig4 9 ,ioann4 i4 #bb1 ,,iv4 p4 #ba4 ,! aori/ is us$ "h2 ! p]fect bel[4 describes ! def9ite hi/orical act ( creation2 ! cont9u\s & pres5t relations ( creation to ! ,creator3 comp4 ,joh4 i4 #c ) ib4 1 #a ,cor4 ix4 #bb ) ib4 1 #b ,cor4 xii4 #ag ) v]4 #ah 1 #a ,joh4 iv4 #i ' ) v]4 #aj 4 #8! univ]se ( ?+s1' n #8all ?+s sev]ally1' b #8all ?+s collectively4' ,) v few exceptions1 :]ev] ?is phrase occurs else:]e1 x /&s 9 a simil> connexion2 see bel[1 vv4 #ag1 #bj1 iii4 #aa1 ,rom4 xi4 #cf1 #a ,cor4 viii4 #f1 xi4 #ab1 xii4 #f1 xv4 #bg1 #bh1 #b ,cor4 v4 #ah1 ,eph4 i4 #aj1 #aa1 #bc1 iv4 #aj1 ,heb4 i4 #c1 ii4 #h1 ,rev4 iv4 #aa4 ,comp>e ,rom4 viii4 #cb 1 #b ,cor4 iv4 #ae ' 1 ) #a ,cor4 iii4 #bb 444 2 & ,phil4 iii4 #h ) ,matt4 xvi4 #bf 4 ,?us x w appe> t is ne>ly equival5t to #8! univ]se4' ,x /&s midway betwe5 & 4 ,! la/ h[ev] is n a scriptural phrase2 =1 :ile ) x involves ! idea ( connexion1 x sugge/s also ! unscriptural idea ( self-conta9$ unity1 ! great _w-s\l ( ! ,/oic pan!i/4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 #af 1 1 444 ,?is division ( ! univ]se is n ! same ) ! foll[+1 z if 7 equival5t to & to 4 ,x %\ld r be comp>$ ) ,g54 i4 #a 1 ii4 #a 1 xiv4 #ai 1 ,rev4 x4 #f 4 ,x is a classification by locality1 z ! o!r is a classification by ess5ces4 ,heav5 & e>? toge!r compreh5d all space2 & all ?+s :e!r mat]ial or immat]ial are conceiv$ = ! purposes ( ! classification z hav+ _! abode 9 space4 ,?us ! sun & ! moon w\ld belong to 1 b !y w\ld be 2 :ile ! human s\l w\ld be class$ among b w\ld be reg>d$ z 2 see bel[ v]4 #bj4 ,x is difficult to say :e!r 444 %\ld be expung$ or reta9$4 ,! elem5ts 9 ! decision are2 7#a7 ,! facility ei!r ( omission or ( addition 9 ! fir/ clause1 ow+ to ! t]m9ation ( 3 7#b7 ,! mu* great] au?ority = ! omission 9 ! fir/ clause ?an 9 ! second4 ,^! two comb9$ sugge/ t 0 omitt$ accid5tally 9 ! fir/ clause1 & !n expung$ purposely 9 ! second = ! sake ( uni=mity4 ,on ! o!r h& !re is 7#c7 ,! possibility ( ins]tion 9 bo? cases ei!r = ! sake ( grammatical complet5ess or ow+ to ! p>allel passages1 v]4 #bj1 ,ephes4 i4 #aj4 ,on ! :ole ! reasons = _! omission prepond]ate4 ,at all ev5ts we c h>dly reta9 ! "o )\t ! o!r4 444 #8,?+s mat]ial & immat]ial1' or1 accord+ to ! language ( philosophy1 & 3 comp4 ,plato ,phd4 #gi ,a 1 1 1 1 1 1 444 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- 1 1 444 #8:e!r !y be ?rones or lord%ips1 etc4' ,! subdivision is no long] exhau/ive4 ,! ,apo/le s+les out ^? creat$ be+s t f _! sup]ior rank _h be5 or might be set 9 rivalry ) ! ,son4 ,a comp>ison ) ! p>allel passage ,ephes4 i4 #ba1 4441 br+s out ! foll[+ po9ts3 7#a7 ,no /ress c be laid on ! sequ5ce ( ! names1 z ?\gh ,/ ,paul 7 enunciat+ ) au?ority "s precise doctr9e respect+ ! grades ( ! cele/ial hi]>*y4 ,! names !mselves are n ! same 9 ! two passages4 ,:ile 1 1 1 are common to bo?1 is peculi> to ! "o & to ! o!r4 ,nor aga9 is !re any correspond5ce 9 ! sequ5ce4 ,nei!r does take ! place ( 1 nor d ! ?ree words common to bo? appe> 9 ! same ord]1 ! sequ5ce be+ 4 4 4 4 9 ,eph4 i4 #ba1 & 4 4 4 4 "h4 7#b7 ,an expression 9 ,eph4 i4 #ba %[s ! ,apo/le's motive 9 introduc+ ^! li/s ( names3 = he !re adds 1 i4e4 #8( e dignity or title 7:e!r real or imag9>y7 :i* is rev]5c$1' etc42 = ?is is ! =ce ( 7see ! notes on ,phil4 ii4 #i1 & ,eph4 l4c474 ,h5ce x appe>s t 9 ?is catalogue ,/ ,paul does n pr(ess to describe objective realities1 b cont5ts himself ) repeat+ subjective op9ions4 ,he bru%es away all ^! speculations )\t enquir+ h[ mu* or h[ little tru? !re may be 9 !m1 because !y are altoge!r beside ! "q4 ,8 language "h %[s ! same _s ( impati5ce ) ?is elaborate angelology1 z 9 ii4 #ah4 7#c7 ,"s comm5tators h ref]r$ ! t]ms us$ "h solely to e>?ly pot5tates & dignities4 ,!re c be little d\bt h[ev] t _! *ief & prim>y ref]5ce is to ! ord]s ( ! cele/ial hi]>*y1 z conceiv$ by ^! ,gno/ic ,judaiz]s4 ,?is appe>s f ! context2 = ! words imm$iately prec$e ?is li/ ( t]ms1 :ile 9 ! m5tion ( & 9 o!r expressions ! ,apo/le cle>ly contemplates ! rivalry ( spiritual p[]s ) ,*ri/4 ,x is also dem&$ by ! :ole design & purport ( ! lett]1 :i* is writt5 to combat ! wor%ip paid to angels4 ,! names too1 m especially 1 are especially connect$ ) ! speculations ( ,jewi% angelology4 ,b :5 ?is is grant$1 two que/ions /ill rema94 ,fir/2 are evil z well z good spirits includ$1 demons z well z angels8 ,& next2 ?\gh ! prim>y ref]5ce is to spiritual p[]s1 is x n possible t ! expression 0 int5d$ to be compreh5sive & to include e>?ly dignities z well8 ,! clause add$ 9 ! p>allel passage1 4441 enc\rages u ?us to ext5d ! ,apo/le's mean+2 & we are l$ 9 ! same direction by ! compreh5sive words :i* h prec$$ "h1 444 ,nor is !re any?+ 9 ! t]ms !mselves :i* b>s su* an ext5sion2 =1 z w be se51 ! comb9ation is appli$ n only to good angels b to bad1 n only to spiritual p[]s b to e>?ly4 ,comp>e ,ignat4 ,smyrn4 #f 4 ,?us guid$1 we may p>aphrase ! ,apo/le's mean+ z foll[s3 #8,y dispute mu* ab\t ! successive grades ( angels2 y di/+ui% ea* grade by its special title2 y c tell h[ ea* ord] 0 g5]at$ f ! prec$+2 y assign to ea* its prop] degree ( wor%ip4 ,mean:ile y h ignor$ or y h degrad$ ,*ri/4 ,i tell y1 x is n s4 ,he is fir/ & =emo/1 ,"l ( heav5 & e>?1 f> above all ?rones or dom9ations1 all pr9c$oms or p[]s1 f> above e dignity & e pot5tate--:e!r e>?ly or heav5ly--:e!r angel or demon or man--t evokes y\r rev]5ce or excites y\r fe>4' ,see above1 pp4 #ajc sq4 ,jewi% & ,judo-,*ri/ian speculations respect+ ! grades ( ! cele/ial hi]>*y took v>i\s =ms4 ,9 ! ,te/am5ts ( ! ,twelve ,patri>*s 7,levi #c71 :i* z com+ ne> to ! ,apo/olic age supplies a valuable illu/ration 7see ,galatians p4 #cjg sq471 ^! ord]s are arrang$ z foll[s3 7#a7 1 1 ^! two 9 ! highe/ or sev5? heav52 7#b7 9 ! six? heav52 7#c7 9 ! fif? heav52 7#d7 9 ! f\r? heav52 7#e7 9 ! ?ird heav52 7#f7 7i4e4 ( visitations1 retributions7 9 ! second heav53 or p]haps ! d5iz5s ( ! six? & fif? heav5s1 7#b7 & 7#c71 %\ld be transpos$4 ,! l[e/ heav5 is n peopl$ by any spirits4 ,9 ,orig5 de ,pr9c4 i4 #e4 #c1 ib4 i4 #f4 #b1 ,i4 pp4 #ff1 #gj 7comp4 i4 #h4 #a1 ib4 p4 #gd71 we h five classes1 :i* are giv5 9 an asc5d+ scale 9 ?is ord]2 7#a7 angels 7sancti angeli1 72 7#b7 pr9c$oms 7pr9cipatus1 1 72 7#c7 p[]s 7pote/ates1 72 7#d7 ?rones 7?roni vel s$es1 72 7#e7 dom9ations 7dom9ationes1 72 ?\gh else:]e1 9 ,ioann4 i4 #cd1 ,,iv4 p4 #cd1 he seems to h a some:at diff]5t classification 9 view4 ,9 ,ephrem ,syrus ,op4 ,syr4 ,i4 p4 #bgj 7:]e ! translation ( ,b5$etti is altoge!r faulty & mislead+7 ! ranks are ^!3 7#a7 1 1 2 7#b7 1 1 2 7#c7 1 1 1 2 ^! ?ree great divisions be+ repres5t$ by ! 1 ! 1 & ! respectively 9 ,deut4 i4 #ae1 on :i* passage he is comm5t+4 ,! g5]al agreem5t betwe5 ^! w be se5 at once4 ,?is gr\p+ also seems to und]lie ! conception ( ,basil ( ,seleucia ,orat4 #ci 7p4 #bjg71 :o m5tions !m 9 ?is ord]2 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 ,on ! o!r h& ! arrangem5t ( ! pseudo-,dionysius1 :o s l>gely influ5c$ subsequ5t speculations1 is q diff]5t & probably lat] 7,dion4 ,areop4 ,op4 ,i4 p4 #ge1 ed4 ,cord472 7#a7 1 1 2 7#b7 1 1 2 7#c7 1 1 4 ,b ! e>li] li/s = ! mo/ "p seem to sugge/ z _! common f\ndation a classification 9 :i* 1 1 belong$ to ! highe/ ord]1 & 1 to ! next bel[4 ,?us x w\ld appe> t ! ,apo/le takes z an illu/ration ! titles assign$ to ! two highe/ grades 9 a sy/em ( ! cele/ial hi]>*y :i* he f\nd curr5t1 & :i* probably 0 adopt$ by ^! ,gno/ic ,judaiz]s4 ,see also ! note on ii4 #ah4 ,9 all sy/ems alike ^! #8?rones' belong to ! highe/ grade ( angelic be+s1 ^: place is 9 ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ,god4 ,! mean+ ( ! "n h[ev] is d\btful3 7#a7 ,x may signify ! occupants ( ?rones :i* surr\nd ! ?rone ( ,god2 z 9 ! imag]y ( ,rev4 iv4 #d 7comp4 xi4 #af1 xx4 #d74 ,! imag]y is !re tak5 f ! c\rt ( an e>?ly k+3 see ,j]4 lii4 #cb4 ,?is is ! int]pretation giv5 by ,orig5 de ,pr9c4 i4 #e4 #c 7p4 #ff71 i4 #f4 #b 7p4 #gj7 #8judic&i vel reg5di 444 hab5tes (ficium4' ,or 7#b7 ,!y 7 s call$1 z support+ or =m+ ! ?rone ( ,god2 j z ! *>iot-seat ( ! ,almighty is repres5t$ z re/+ on ! *]ubim 9 ,ezek4 i4 #bf1 ix4 #c1 x4 #a sq41 xi4 #bb1 ,ps4 xviii4 #aj1 #a ,*ron4 xxviii4 #ah4 ,s app>5tly ,clem4 ,alex4 ,proph4 ,ecl4 #eg 7p4 #ajjc7 444 4 ,f ?is same imag]y ( ! prophet ! lat] my/icism ( ! ,kabbala d]iv$ its "n #8:eels1' :i* x gave to "o ( its t5 ord]s ( ,sephiro?4 ,adopt+ ?is int]pretation1 sev]al fa!rs id5tify ! #8?rones' ) ! *]ubim3 e4g4 ,greg4 ,nyss4 ad ,eunom4 i 7,,ii4 p4 #cdi sq471 ,*ryso/4 de ,incompr4 ,nat4 iii4 #e 7,i4 p4 #dfg71 ,!odoret 7ad loc471 ,augu/4 9 ,psalm4 xcviii4 #c 7iv4 p4 #ajfa74 ,?is explanation 0 adopt$ also by ! pseudo-,dionysius de ,cl4 ,hi]4 #g 7,i4 p4 #hj71 )\t h[ev] id5tify+ !m ) ! *]ubim2 & ?r\gh 8 writ+s x came to be g5]ally adopt$4 ,! =m] int]pretation h[ev] is m probable2 = 7#a7 ,?is highly symbolical nom5clature accords bett] ) a lat] /age ( my/ic speculation1 l ! ,kabbala2 & 7#b7 ,x seems natural to treat z belong+ to ! same category ) 1 1 1 :i* are concrete words borr[$ f diff]5t grades ( human rank & p[]4 ,z imply+ regal dignity1 naturally /&s at ! head ( ! li/4 #8dom9ations1' z ,ephes4 i4 #ba4 ,^! appe> to h be5 reg>d$ z belong+ to ! fir/ grade1 & /&+ next 9 dignity to ! 4 ,?is inde$ w\ld be sugge/$ by _! "n4 1 z ,ephes4 i4 #ba4 ,^! two words occur v frequ5tly toge!r4 ,9 "s places !y ref] to human dignities1 z ,luke xii4 #aa1 ,tit4 iii4 #a 7comp4 ,luke xx4 #bj72 9 o!rs to a spiritual hi]>*y4 ,& "h aga9 !re are two diff]5t uses3 sometimes !y designate good angels1 e4g4 bel[ ii4 #aj1 ,ephes4 iii4 #aj2 sometimes evil spirits1 e4g4 ii4 #ae1 ,ephes4 vi4 #ab3 :ile 9 "o passage at lea/ 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #bd7 bo? may be includ$4 ,9 ,rom4 viii4 #ch we h )\t 7except z a v4 l471 & 9 #a ,pet4 iii4 #bb )\t 1 9 connexion ) ! angelic ord]s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 #af ' ' 444 #8,z all creation pass$ out f ,him1 s does x all conv]ge aga9 t[>ds ,him4' ,= ! comb9ation ( prepositions see ,rom4 xi4 #cf ' 4 ,he is n only ! b also ! 1 n only ! b also ! ( creation1 n only ! fir/ b also ! la/ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,univ]se3 ,rev4 xxii4 #ac4 ,= ?is d\ble relation ( ,*ri/ to ! ,univ]se1 z bo? ! initial & ! f9al cause1 see ,heb4 ii4 #aj ' ' 1 :]e ' is ne>ly equival5t to ( ! text4 ,9 ! ,judaic philosophy ( ,alex&ria ! preposition ) ! g5itive 0 commonly us$ to describe ! function ( ! ,logos 9 ! creation & gov]nm5t ( ! _w2 e4g4 de ,*]ub4 #ce 7,i4 p4 #afb7 :]e ,philo1 enum]at+ ! causes :i* comb9e 9 ! "w ( ,creation1 describes ,god z ' 1 matt] z 1 & ! ,^w z ' 2 comp4 de ,mon4 ii4 #e 7,,ii4 p4 #bbe7 444 ' 4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,apo/les accept$ ?is use ( to describe ! m$iatorial function ( ! ,^w 9 creation2 e4g4 ,john i4 #c ' 4441 ib4 v]4 #aj ' 1 ,heb4 i4 #b ' 4 ,?is m$iatorial function h[ev] has entirely *ang$ its "*4 ,to ! ,alex&rian ,jew x 0 ! "w ( a passive tool or in/rum5t 7de ,*]ub4 l4c4 ' 1 1 444 ' 72 b to ! ,*ri/ian ,apo/le x repres5t$ a coop]at+ ag5t4 ,h5ce ! ,alex&rian ,jew frequ5tly & consi/5tly us$ ! simple in/rum5tal dative to describe ! relation ( ! ,^w to ! ,creator1 e4g4 ,quod ,deus immut4 #ab 7,i4 p4 #bha7 1 ,leg4 ,all4 i4 #i 7,i4 p4 #dg7 1 comp4 ib4 iii4 #ca 7,i4 p4 #ajf7 444 4 ,?is mode ( speak+ is n f\nd 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 #8unto ,him4' ,z ( ! ,fa!r x is said else:]e1 #a ,cor4 viii4 #f 1 s "h ( ! ,son we read ' 4 ,all ?+s mu/ f9d _! meet+-po9t1 _! reconciliation1 at l5g? 9 ,him f :om !y took _! rise--9 ! ,^w z ! m$iatorial ag5t1 & ?r\gh ! ,^w 9 ! ,fa!r z ! prim>y s\rce4 ,! ,^w is ! f9al cause z well z ! creative ag5t ( ! ,univ]se4 ,?is ultimate goal ( ! pres5t disp5sation 9 "t is simil>ly /at$ 9 sev]al passages4 ,sometimes x is repres5t$ z ! bir?-?roe & deliv]ance ( all creation ?r\gh ,*ri/2 z ,rom4 viii4 #ai sq4 1 444 4 ,sometimes x is ! absolute & f9al subjection ( univ]sal nature to ,him2 z #a ,cor4 xv4 #bh 4 ,sometimes x is ! reconciliation ( all ?+s ?r\gh ,him2 z bel[1 v]4 #bj ' 4 ,sometimes x is ! recapitulation1 ! ga!r+ up 9 "o head1 ( ! ,univ]se 9 ,him2 z ,ephes4 i4 #aj 4 ,! image involv$ 9 ?is la/ passage be/ illu/rates ! p>ticul> expression 9 ! text 444 2 b all alike enunciate ! same tru? 9 diff]5t t]ms4 ,! ,et]nal ,^w is ! goal ( ! ,univ]se1 z ,he 0 ! />t+-po9t4 ,x mu/ end 9 unity1 z x proce$$ f unity3 & ! c5tre ( ?is unity is ,*ri/4 ,?is expression has no p>allel1 & c\ld h none1 9 ! ,alex&rian phraseology & doctr9e4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 #ag #ag 1 #ag4 444 #8& ,,he ,,is be=e all ?+s'3 comp4 ,joh4 viii4 #eh 1 7& p]haps also viii4 #bd1 #bh1 xiii4 #ai74 ,! imp]fect might h suffic$ 7comp4 ,joh4 i4 #a71 b ! pres5t decl>es t ?is pre-exi/5ce is absolute exi/5ce4 ,! "h corresponds exactly to ! 9 ,/ ,john1 & ?is aga9 is illu/rat$ by ,exod4 iii4 #ad4 ,! v]b !re=e is n an enclitic1 b %\ld be acc5tuat$ 4 ,see ,basil adv4 ,eunom4 iv 7,i4 p4 #bid7 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 4 ,! is z necess>y = ! complet5ess ( ! mean+1 z ! 4 ,! "o emphasizes ! p]sonality1 z ! o!r decl>es ! pre-exi/5ce4 ,= ?is emphatic see aga9 v]4 #ah2 comp4 ,ephes4 ii4 #ad1 iv4 #aj1 #aa1 #a ,joh4 ii4 #b1 & esp4 ,rev4 xix4 #ae 444 4 ,! o!r int]pretation :i* expla9s ( sup]iority 9 rank1 & n ( priority 9 "t1 is unt5able = sev]al reasons4 7#a7 ,?is w\ld mo/ naturally be express$ o!rwise 9 ,biblical language1 z 7e4g4 ,rom4 ix4 #e1 ,eph4 iv4 #f71 or 7,eph4 i4 #bb71 or 7,eph4 i4 #ba1 iv4 #aj74 7#b7 ,! key to ! int]pretation is giv5 by ! analog\s words 9 ! context1 esp4 1 vv4 #ae1 #ah4 7#c7 ,no?+ %ort ( ?is decl>ation ( absolute pre-exi/5ce w\ld be adequate to introduce ! /atem5t :i* foll[s1 4 #8be=e all ?+s4' ,9 ! ,lat9 x 0 translat$ #8ante omnes1' i4e4 ?ronos1 dom9ationes1 etc42 & s ,t]tullian adv4 ,m>c4 v4 #ai #8,quomodo enim ante omnes1 si non ante omnia8 ,quomodo ante omnia1 si non primog5itus conditionis8' ,b ! neut] 1 /&+ 9 ! context be=e & aft]1 requires ! neut] "h also4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 #ah 4 #ah 1 #8hold toge!r1 coh]e4' ,he is ! pr9ciple ( cohesion 9 ! univ]se4 ,he impresses ^u creation t unity & solid>ity :i* makes x a cosmos in/ead ( a *aos4 ,?us 7to take "o in/ance7 ! action ( gravitation1 :i* keeps 9 _! places ?+s fix$ & regulates ! motions ( ?+s mov+1 is an expression ( ,8 m9d4 ,simil>ly 9 ,heb4 i4 #c ,*ri/ ! ,logos is describ$ z 7su/a9+ ! univ]se7 4 ,"h aga9 ! ,*ri/ian ,apo/les accept ! language ( ,alex&rian ,judaism1 :i* describes ! ,logos z ! ( ! ,univ]se2 e4g4 ,philo de ,pr(ug4 #bj 7,i4 p4 #efb7 444 1 de ,plant4 #b 7,i4 p4 #cca7 1 ,quis r]4 div4 h]4 #ch 7,i4 p4 #ejg7 3 & = ! ^w itself see ,quis r]4 div4 h]4 #ab 7,i4 p4 #dha7 1 ,clem4 ,rom4 #bg 4 ,9 ! same connexion is us$1 ,ecclus4 xliii4 #bf4 ,! indices to ,plato & ,ari/otle amply illu/rate ?is use ( 4 ,?is mode ( expression 0 common also ) ! ,/oics4 #ah4 #8,& n only does ,he hold ?is position ( absolute priority & sov]eignty ov] ! ,univ]se--! natural creation4 ,he /&s also 9 ! same relation to ! ,*ur*--! new spiritual creation4 ,he is its head1 & x is ,8 body4 ,?is is ,8 pr]ogative1 because ,he is ! s\rce & ! beg9n+ ( its life1 be+ ! ,fir/-born f ! dead4 ,?us 9 all ?+s--9 ! spiritual ord] z 9 ! natural--9 ! ,*ur* z 9 ! ,_w--,he is f\nd to h ! pre-em95ce4' ,! elevat+ influ5ce ( ?is tea*+ on ! *oice/ spirits ( ! subapo/olic age w be se5 f a noble passage 9 ! noble/ ( e>ly ,*ri/ian writ+s1 ,epi/4 ad ,diogn4 #g 444 444 1 1 1 ' 444 1 1 444 ,see ! :ole context4 #8& ,he1' repeat$ f ! prec$+ v]se1 to emphasize ! id5tity ( ! ,p]son :o unites 9 ,himself ^! pr]ogatives3 see on v]4 #ag1 & comp4 v]4 #ah 1 v]4 #ai ' 4 ,! ,creator ( ! ,_w is also ! ,head ( ! ,*ur*4 ,!re is no bl9d ignorance1 no imp]fect sympa?y1 no lat5t conflict1 9 ! relation ( ! demiurgic p[] to ! ,gospel disp5sation1 z ! h]etical tea*]s 7 dispos$ consci\sly or unconsci\sly to assume 7see above1 p4 #aja sq41 p4 #aaj sq471 b an absolute unity ( orig94 #8! head1' ! inspir+1 rul+1 guid+1 comb9+1 su/a9+ p[]1 ! ma9spr+ ( its activity1 ! c5tre ( its unity1 & ! seat ( its life4 ,9 8 e>li] epi/les ! relations ( ! ,*ur* to ,*ri/ are describ$ "u ! same image 7#a ,cor4 xii4 #ab-bg2 comp4 vi4 #ae1 x4 #ag1 ,rom4 xii4 #d sq472 b ! ,apo/le !re takes z 8 />t+-po9t ! v>i\s functions ( ! memb]s1 & n1 z 9 ^! lat] epi/les1 ! orig9at+ & controll+ p[] ( ! ,head4 ,comp4 i4 #bd1 ii4 #ai1 ,eph4 i4 #bb sq41 ii4 #af1 iv4 #d1 #ab1 #ae sq41 v4 #bc1 #cj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 #ah 1 9 apposition ) 3 comp4 i4 #bd 1 1 ,eph4 i4 #bc4 #8! orig91 ! beg9n+4' ,! t]m is "h appli$ to ! ,inc>nate ,*ri/ 9 relation to ! ,*ur*1 because x is applicable to ! ,et]nal ,^w 9 relation to ! ,univ]se1 ,rev4 iii4 #ad 4 ,! p>allelism ( ! two relations is kept 9 view ?r\gh\t4 ,! ^w "h involves two ideas3 7#a7 ,priority 9 "t2 ,*ri/ 0 ! fir/-fruits ( ! dead1 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #bj1 #bc73 7#b7 ,orig9at+ p[]2 ,*ri/ 0 also ! s\rce ( life1 ,acts iii4 #ad 2 comp4 ,acts v4 #ca1 ,heb4 ii4 #aj4 ,he is n m]ely ! pr9cipium pr9cipiatum b ! pr9cipium pr9cipians 7see ,tr5* ,epi/les to ! ,sev5 ,*ur*es p4 #ahc sq474 ,he rose fir/ f ! dead1 t o!rs might rise ?r\gh ,him4 ,! ^w 1 l 7see ! note on ,phil4 i4 #e71 be+ absolute 9 itself1 does n require ! def9ite article4 ,inde$ ! article is mo/ commonly omitt$ :]e occurs z a pr$icate1 z w appe> f sev]al examples to be ga!r$ f ! extracts 9 ,plut4 ,mor4 p4 #hge sq41 ,/ob4 ,ecl4 ,phys4 i4 #aj4 #ab sq4 ,comp4 also ,ari/ot4 ,met4 x4 #g1 p4 #ajfd1 444 1 ,onatas 9 ,/ob4 ,ecl4 ,phys4 i4 #b4 #ci 1 ,tatian4 ad ,grc4 #d 444 1 ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/rom4 iv4 #be1 p4 #fch1 1 1 1 ,me?od4 de ,creat4 #c 7p4 #ajj1 ed4 ,jahn7 444 1 pseudo-,dionys4 de ,div4 ,nom4 v4 #f 1 #aj 4 ,! text is read ) ! def9ite article1 1 9 "o or two excell5t au?orities at lea/2 b ! obvi\s motive :i* w\ld lead a scribe to aim at great] di/9ctness r5d]s ! read+ suspici\s4 ,comp4 ,rev4 i4 #e 4 ,8 resurrection f ! dead is ,8 title to ! head%ip ( ! ,*ur*2 = #8! p[] ( ,8 resurrection' 7,phil4 iii4 #aj7 is ! life ( ! ,*ur*4 ,su* passages z ,g54 xlix4 #c1 ,deut4 xxi4 #ag1 :]e ! is call$ & sup]ior privileges are claim$ = him z su*1 mu/ necess>ily be only v fa9t & p>tial illu/rations ( ! connexion betwe5 & "h1 :]e ! subject-matt] & ! :ole context po9t to a full] mean+ ( ! words4 ,! words "h correspond to v]4 #ae1 s t ! p>allelism betwe5 ,*ri/'s relations to ! ,univ]se & to ! ,*ur* is ?us emphasiz$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 #ai 1 #ai 1 444 ,z ,he is fir/ ) respect to ! ,univ]se1 s x 0 orda9$ t ,he %\ld become fir/ ) respect to ! ,*ur* z well4 ,! "h answ]s 9 a mann] to ! ( v]4 #ag4 ,?us & are contra/$ z ! absolute be+ & ! hi/orical manife/ation4 ,! relation betwe5 ,*ri/'s head%ip ( ! ,univ]se by virtue ( ,8 ,et]nal ,godhead & ,8 head%ip ( ! ,*ur* by virtue ( ,8 ,inc>nation & ,passion & ,resurrection is some:at simil>ly repres5t$ 9 ,phil4 ii4 #f sq4 444 444 444 444 #89 all ?+s' n 9 ! ,univ]se only b 9 ! ,*ur* also4 1 writes ,!odoret1 1 1 1 4 ,?us is neut] & n mascul9e1 z x is sometimes tak54 ,ei!r con/ruction is grammatically correct1 b ! context po9ts to ! =m] int]pretation "h2 & ?is is ! common use ( 1 e4g4 iii4 #aa1 ,eph4 i4 #bc1 ,phil4 iv4 #ab4 ,= ! neut] comp>e ,plut4 ,mor4 p4 #i 4 ,on ! o!r h& 9 ,demo/h4 ,amat4 p4 #adaf ! context %[s t is mascul9e4 #8,he ,himself'2 see ! note on above4 #ai1 #bj4 #8,& ?is absolute supremacy is ,81 because x 0 ! ,fa!r's good pleasure t 9 ,him all ! pl5itude ( ,deity %\ld h its home2 because ,he will$ ?r\gh ,him to reconcile ! ,univ]se once m to ,himself4 ,x 0 ,god's purpose to effect peace & h>mony ?r\gh ! blood ( ,*ri/'s cross1 & s to re/ore all ?+s1 :atsoev] & :]esoev] !y be1 :e!r on ! e>? or 9 ! heav5s4' #ai4 444 ,! et]nal indwell+ ( ! ,godhead expla9s ! head%ip ( ! ,*ur*1 n less ?an ! head%ip ( ! ,univ]se4 ,! resurrection ( ,*ri/1 :]eby ,he became ! ( ! ,*ur*1 0 ! result ( & ! te/imony to ,8 deity2 ,rom4 i4 #d 444 4 sc4 1 ! nom9ative be+ und]/ood2 see ,w9] lviii4 p4 #fee sq41 lxiv4 p4 #gce sq42 comp4 ,james i4 #ab 7! "r read+71 iv4 #f4 ,"h ! omission is ! m easy1 because 1 etc4 7l 7 are us$ absolutely ( ,god's good purpose1 e4g4 ,luke ii4 #ad 7or 71 ,phil4 ii4 #ac 1 ,clem4 ,rom4 #dj 2 see ! note 9 ,clem4 ,rom4 #b4 ,= ! expression g5]ally comp4 #b ,macc4 xiv4 #ce 1 1 4 ,! alt]native is to consid] p]sonifi$ z ! nom9ative2 b x is difficult to conceive ,/ ,paul s speak+1 m especially z ) p]sonification w\ld sugge/ p]sonality4 ,! inde$ is p]sonifi$ 9 ,clem4 ,alex4 ,exc4 ,!od4 #dc 7p4 #igi7 1 & 9 ,ir54 i4 #b4 #f 4441 i4 #ab4 #d ' 2 b ! phraseology ( ! ,val5t9ians1 to :i* ^! passages ref]1 _c be tak5 z an indication ( ,/ ,paul's usage1 s9ce _! view ( ! 0 :olly diff]5t4 ,a ?ird int]pretation is f\nd 9 ,t]tullian adv4 ,m>c4 v4 #ai1 :o translates 9 semetipso1 tak+ z ! nom9ative to 3 & ?is con/ruction is foll[$ by "s mod]n critics4 ,b1 ?\gh grammatically possible1 x confuses ! !ology ( ! passage hopelessly4 #8! pl5itude1' a recognis$ te*nical t]m 9 !ology1 d5ot+ ! totality ( ! ,div9e p[]s & attributes2 comp4 ii4 #i4 ,see ! deta*$ note on 4 ,on ! relation ( ?is /atem5t to ! speculations ( ! false tea*]s at ,coloss see ! introduction1 pp4 #ajb1 #aab4 ,ano!r int]pretation1 :i* expla9s z ref]r+ to ! ,*ur* 7comp4 ,ephes4 i4 #bb71 ?\gh adopt$ by sev]al fa!rs1 is unsuit$ to ! context & has no?+ to recomm5d x4 #8%\ld h its p]man5t abode4' ,! ^w occurs aga9 9 ! same connexion1 ii4 #i4 ,! false tea*]s probably1 l _! lat] c\nt]p>ts1 ma9ta9$ only a p>tial & transi5t connexion ( ! ) ! ,"l4 ,h5ce ,/ ,paul decl>es 9 ^! two passages t x is n a b a 4 ,! two words 1 1 occur 9 ! ,,lxx z ! common r5d]+s ( & respectively1 & are di/+ui%$ z ! p]man5t & ! transitory2 e4g4 ,g54 xxxvi4 #dd 7xxxvii4 #a7 7comp4 ,hos4 x4 #e71 ,philo ,sacr4 ,ab4 et ,ca4 #aj 7,i4 p4 #agj ,m7 1 1 ,greg4 ,naz4 ,orat4 xiv4 7,i4 p4 #bga ed4 ,caillau7 2 2 comp4 ,orat4 vii4 7,i4 p4 #bjj74 ,see also ! notes on ,ephes4 ii4 #ai1 & on ,clem4 ,rom4 #a4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 #bj #bj ' #bj4 ,! false tea*]s aim$ at effect+ a p>tial reconciliation betwe5 ,god & man ?r\gh ! int]position ( angelic m$iators4 ,! ,apo/le speaks ( an absolute & complete reconciliation ( univ]sal nature to ,god1 effect$ ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ! ,inc>nate ,^w4 ,_! m$iators 7 ineffective1 because !y 7 nei!r human nor div9e4 ,! true m$iator mu/ be bo? human & div9e4 ,x 0 necess>y t 9 ,him all ! pl5itude ( ! ,godhead %\ld dwell4 ,x 0 necess>y also t ,he %\ld be born into ! _w & %\ld suff] z a man4 ' i4e4 1 z appe>s f ! prec$+ 1 & ! foll[+ 1 ' 4 ,?is expression ' has be5 already appli$ to ! ,pre9c>nate ,^w 9 relation to ! ,univ]se 7v]4 #af72 x is n[ us$ ( ! ,inc>nate ,^w 9 relation to ! ,*ur*4 sc4 4 ,! p]sonal pron\n 1 in/ead ( ! reflexive 1 is no real ob/acle to ?is way ( connect+ ! words 7see ! next note74 ,! alt]native w\ld be to take z gov]n+ 1 b ?is mode ( expression is h>% & improbable4 ,! same d\ble comp\nd is us$ bel[1 v]4 #ba & ,ephes4 ii4 #af1 9 place ( ! usual 4 ,x may be comp>$ ) 1 ,acts iii4 #ba4 ,t]tullian1 argu+ aga9/ ! dualism ( ,m>cion :o ma9ta9$ an antagonism betwe5 ! demiurge & ! ,*ri/1 lays /ress on ! comp\nd1 adv4 ,m>c4 v4 #ai #8concili>i extraneo poss5t1 reconcili>i v]o non alii quam suo4' ,! ^w corresponds to "h & 9 ,ephes4 ii4 #af1 imply+ a re/itution to a /ate f :i* !y _h fall51 or :i* 0 pot5tially !irs1 or = :i* !y 7 de/9$4 ,simil>ly ,/ ,augu/9e on ,gal4 iv4 #e rem>ks t ! ^w us$ ( ! is n accip]e 77 b recip]e 774 ,see ! note !re4 ,! :ole univ]se ( ?+s1 mat]ial z well z spiritual1 %all be re/or$ to h>mony ) ,god4 ,h[ f> ?is re/oration ( univ]sal nature maybe subjective1 z involv$ 9 ! *ang$ p]ceptions ( man ?us br\ght into h>mony ) ,god1 & h[ f> x may h an objective & indep5d5t exi/5ce1 x 7 va9 to speculate4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 #ba 1 1 ' 1 #ba #8to ,him1' i4e4 #8to ,himself4' ,! reconciliation is always repres5t$ z made to ! ,fa!r4 ,! reconcil] is sometimes ! ,fa!r ,himself 7#b ,cor4 v4 #ah1 #ai 444 71 sometimes ! ,son 7,ephes4 ii4 #af3 comp4 ,rom4 v4 #aj1 #aa74 ,excell5t reasons are giv5 7,bleek ,hebr4 ,,ii4 p4 #fi1 ,a4 ,buttmann ,gramm4 p4 #ig7 = suppos+ t ! reflexive pron\n etc4 is nev] contract$ into etc4 9 ! ,greek ,te/am5t4 ,b at ! same "t x is q cle> t ! oblique cases ( ! p]sonal pron\n are !re us$ v widely1 & 9 cases :]e we %\ld commonly f9d ! reflexive pron\n 9 classical au?ors3 e4g4 ,ephes4 i4 #d1 #e 444 444 4 ,see also ! in/ances giv5 9 ,a4 ,buttmann p4 #ih4 ,x w\ld seem inde$ t etc4 may be us$ = etc4 9 almo/ e connexion1 except :]e x is ! direct object ( ! v]b4 ,! ^w occurs 9 ! ,,lxx1 ,prov4 x4 #aj1 & 9 ,h]mes 9 ,/ob4 ,ecl4 ,phys4 xli4 #de4 ,! sub/antive 7see ,matt4 v4 #i7 is f\nd sev]al times 9 classical writ]s4 ' ,! ext]nal au?ority = & aga9/ ^! words is ne>ly ev5ly balanc$3 b !re w\ld obvi\sly be a t5d5cy to reject !m z sup]flu\s4 ,!y are a resumption ( ! previ\s ' 4 ,= o!r examples see ii4 #ac 1 ,rom4 viii4 #bc 1 ,gal4 ii4 #ae1 #af 1 ,ephes4 i4 #ac 1 iii4 #a1 #ad 1 :]e words are simil>ly repeat$ = ! sake ( emphasis or di/9ctness4 ,9 #b ,cor4 xii4 #g !re is a repetition ( 1 :]e aga9 x is omitt$ 9 sev]al excell5t au?orities4 #ba-bc4 #8,& ye too--ye ,g5tiles--are includ$ 9 ! t]ms ( ?is peace4 ,9 times pa/ ye _h e/rang$ y\rselves f ,god4 ,y\r he>ts 7 ho/ile to ,him1 :ile ye liv$ on 9 y\r evil de$s4 ,b n[1 9 ,*ri/'s body1 9 ,*ri/'s fle% :i* di$ on ! ,cross = y\r atonem5t1 ye are reconcil$ to ,him aga94 ,he w pres5t y a liv+ sacrifice1 an acceptable (f]+ unto ,himself1 free f blemi% & free ev5 f c5sure1 t ye may /& ! pi]c+ glance ( ,him ^: scrut9y no defect c escape4 ,b ?is c only be1 if ye rema9 true to y\r old allegiance1 if ye hold fa/ 7z ,i tru/ ye are hold+ fa/7 by ! tea*+ ( ,epaphras1 if ! edifice ( y\r fai? is built on solid f\ndations & n re>$ c>elessly on ! s&s1 if ye suff] n y\rselves to be %ift$ or %ak5 b re/ firmly on ! hope :i* ye h f\nd 9 ! ,gospel--! "o univ]sal un*angeable ,gospel1 :i* 0 proclaim$ to e creature "u heav51 ( :i* ,i ,paul1 unwor?y z ,i am1 0 call$ to be a m9i/]4' #ba4 #8e/rang$1' n 1 #8/rang]s'2 comp4 ,ephes4 ii4 #ab1 iv4 #ah4 ,see ! note on v]4 #bj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 #bb 1 #bb #ba 4 #8ho/ile to ,god1' z ! consequ5ce ( 1 n #8hateful to ,god1' z x is tak5 by "s4 ,! active r ?an ! passive s5se ( is requir$ by ! context1 :i* 7z commonly 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t7 speaks ( ! s9n] z reconcil$ to ,god1 n ( ,god z reconcil$ to ! s9n]3 comp4 ,rom4 v4 #aj 444 ,x is ! m9d ( man1 n ! m9d ( ,god1 :i* mu/ und]go a *ange1 t a reunion may be effect$4 #89 y\r m9d1 int5t4' ,= ! dative ( ! "p affect$ comp>e ,ephes4 iv4 #ah 1 ,luke i4 #ea 4 ,s 1 1 ,matt4 v4 #h1 xi4 #bi1 ,acts vii4 #ea1 #b ,cor4 ix4 #g1 #a ,!ss4 ii4 #ag2 1 #a ,cor4 xiv4 #bj4 444 #89 ! mid/ (1 9 ! p]=mance ( y\r wick$ works'2 ! same use ( ! preposition z e4g4 ii4 #bc1 iv4 #b4 ,"h1 z frequ5tly1 77 admits an aori/1 because x d5otes n #8at ! pres5t mom5t1' b #89 ! pres5t disp5sation1 ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s'3 comp4 e4g4 v]4 #bf1 ,rom4 v4 #aa1 vii4 #f1 xi4 #cj1 #ca1 xvi4 #bf1 ,ephes4 ii4 #ac1 iii4 #e1 #b ,tim4 i4 #aj1 #a ,pet4 i4 #ab1 ii4 #aj1 #be4 ,9 all ^! passages !re is a direct contra/ betwe5 ! old disp5sation & ! new1 m especially z affect+ ! relation ( ! ,g5tiles to ,god4 ,! aori/ is f\nd also 9 ,classical writ]s1 :]e a simil> contra/ is involv$2 e4g4 ,plato ,symp4 #aic ,a 1 1 1 ,isu de ,cleon4 h]4 #bj 444 444 4 ,! reasons = pref]r+ ?is read+1 ?\gh ! direct au?ority = x is s slight1 are giv5 9 ! deta*$ note on ! v>i\s read+s4 ,b1 :e!r or be pref]r$1 ! con/ruction requires explanation4 ,if be adopt$1 x is p]haps be/ to treat z introduc+ ! apodosis1 ! =ego+ p>ticipial clause s]v+ z ! protasis3 #8,& y1 ?\gh ye 7 once e/rang$ 444 yet n[ ha? he reconcil$1' 9 :i* case ! fir/ w be gov]n$ directly by 2 see ,w9] ,gramm4 liii4 p4 #eec4 ,if ?is con/ruction be adopt$1 w describe ! result ( 1 #8s z to pres5t y'2 b w /ill be ! nom9ative to z 9 #b ,cor4 v4 #ai4 ,if on ! o!r h& be tak51 x is be/ to reg>d z a direct indicative clause sub/itut$ = ! m regul> p>ticipial =m = ! sake ( great] emphasis3 see ! note on v]4 #bf 444 4 ,9 ?is case w be gov]n$ directly by 1 & w itself gov]n 4441 ! second be+ a repetition ( ! fir/2 #8,& y :o once 7 e/rang$ 444 b n[ ye h be5 reconcil$ 444 to pres5t y1 ,i say1 holy & )\t blemi%4' ,= ! repetition ( 1 :i* 0 ne$$ to dis5tangle ! con/ruction1 see ! note on ' v]4 #bj4 #bb4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ,/ ,paul add$ ^! words1 :i* are evid5tly emphatic1 ) a polemical aim ei!r2 7#a7 ,to combat docetism4 ,( ?is =m ( error h[ev] !re is no direct evid5ce till a some:at lat] date3 or 7#b7 ,to combat a false spiritualism :i* took (f5ce at ! doctr9e ( an aton+ sacrifice4 ,b = ?is purpose !y w\ld n h be5 adequate1 because n explicit en\gh4 ,x seems simpl] !re=e to suppose t !y 7 add$ = ! sake ( great] cle>ness1 to di/+ui% ! natural body ( ,*ri/ int5d$ "h f ! my/ical body m5tion$ j above v]4 #ah4 ,simil>ly 9 ,ephes4 ii4 #ad is us$ r ?an 1 because occurs 9 ! context 7v]4 #af7 ( ,*ri/'s my/ical body4 ,! same expression1 1 :i* we h "h1 occurs also bel[1 ii4 #aa1 b ) a diff]5t emphasis & mean+4 ,!re ! emphasis is on 1 ! contra/ ly+ betwe5 ! :ole body & a s+le memb] 7see ! note72 :]eas "h is ! emphatic "p ( ! expression1 ! anti!sis be+ betwe5 ! mat]ial & ! spiritual4 ,comp>e also ,ecclus4 xxiii4 #af 4 ,m>cion omitt$ z inconsi/5t ) 8 views1 & expla9$ to mean ! ,*ur*4 ,h5ce ! comm5t ( ,t]tullian adv4 ,m>c4 v4 #ai1 #8utique 9 eo corpore1 9 quo mori potuit p] c>nem1 mortuus e/1 non p] ecclesiam s$ propt] ecclesiam1 corpus commut&o pro corpore1 c>nale pro spiritali4' ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 #bc 1 1 #bc ,if ! con/ruction :i* ,i h adopt$ be correct1 ?is is said ( ,god ,himself1 z 9 #b ,cor4 iv4 #ad 4 ,?is con/ruction seems 9 all respects pref]able to connect+ directly ) & int]pret+ ! words1 #8,ye h be5 reconcil$ s t ye %\ld pres5t y\rselves 77 444 be=e ,him4' ,?is latt] int]pretation leaves ! 444 )\t a gov]nm5t1 & x gives to ! second a reflexive s5se 7z if or 71 :i* is at lea/ h>%4 #8)\t blemi%' r ?an #8)\t blame1' 9 ! language ( ! ,new ,te/am5t2 see ! noteon ,ephes4 i4 #d4 ,x is a sacrificial ^w1 l 1 1 etc4 ,! v]b also is us$ ( pres5t+ a sacrifice 9 ,rom4 xii4 #a 4441 ,lev4 xvi4 #g 7v4 l473 comp4 ,luke ii4 #bb4 an advance ^u 1 #89 :om n only no blemi% is f\nd1 b aga9/ :om no *>ge is br\ght'3 comp4 #a ,tim4 vi4 #ad 1 4 ,! ^w occurs aga9 9 #a ,cor4 i4 #h1 #a ,tim4 iii4 #aj1 ,tit4 i4 #f1 #g4 #8be=e ,him1' i4e4 #8,himself1' z 9 ! p>allel passage1 ,ephes4 i4 #d2 if ! con/ruction "h adopt$ be correct4 ,= ?is use ( ! p]sonal pron\n in/ead ( ! reflexive see ! note on 1 v]4 #bj4 ,b does ref] to ,god's future judgm5t or ,8 pres5t approbation8 ,! latt] seems m probable1 bo? because ! expression c]ta9ly has ?is mean+ 9 ! p>allel passage1 ,ephes4 i4 #d1 & because 1 1 1 etc41 are commonly s us$2 e4g4 ,rom4 xiv4 #bb1 #a ,cor4 i4 #bi1 #b ,cor4 ii4 #ag1 iv4 #b1 vii4 #ab1 xii4 #ai1 etc4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :]e ! future judgm5t is int5d$1 a diff]5t expression is f\nd1 #b ,cor4 v4 #aj 4 ,?us ,god is "h reg>d$1 n z ! judge :o tries ! accus$1 b z ! :o exam9es ! victims 7,polyc4 ,phil4 #d1 see ! note on ,ephes4 i4 #d74 ,comp>e ,heb4 iv4 #ab1 #ac = a closely alli$ metaphor4 ,! passage 9 ,jude #bd1 1 ?\gh p]haps ref]r+ to f9al approval1 is too diff]5t 9 expression to influ5ce ! int]pretation ( ,paul's language "h4 #bc4 ,on ! =ce ( ^! p>ticles see ,gal4 iii4 #d4 ,!y express a pure hypo!sis 9 !mselves1 b ! indicative mood foll[+ conv]ts ! hypo!sis into a hope4 #8ye abide by1 ye adh]e to1' ) a dative2 ! common con/ruction ( 9 ,/ ,paul3 see ! note on ,phil4 i4 #bd4 ,9 ?is connexion is p]haps #8y\r fai?1' r ?an #8! fai?4' 444 #8built on a f\ndation & s firm'2 n l ! h\se ( ! fooli% man 9 ! p>able :o built 1 ,luke vi4 #di4 ,= comp4 ,ephes4 iii4 #ag4 ,! consequ5ce ( is 3 ,clem4 ,rom4 #cc 4 ,! words 1 1 etc41 are n uncommonly appli$ to build+s1 e4g4 #a ,tim4 iii4 #ae4 ,comp4 ,ign4 ,ephes4 #aj 4 #8n con/antly %ift+1' a pres5t t5se2 ! same idea z express$ f ! negative side1 z 9 #a ,cor4 xv4 #eh 1 1 ,polyc4 ,phil4 #aj #8firmi 9 fide et immutabiles4' ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 #bc 1 1 4 444 #8! hope held out by ! ,gospel1' be+ a subjective g5itive1 z 9 ,ephes4 i4 #ah 7comp4 iv4 #d74 #8among e creature1' 9 fulfilm5t ( ! ,"l's la/ comm&1 ,m>k xvi4 #ae 4 ,"h h[ev] ! def9itive article1 ?\gh f\nd 9 ! receiv$ text1 1 mu/ be omitt$ 9 accordance ) ! be/ au?orities4 ,= ! mean+s ( 1 1 see ! note on v]4 #ae4 ,! expression mu/ n be limit$ to man4 ,! /atem5t is giv5 9 ! broade/ =m1 all creation animate & inanimate be+ includ$1 z 9 ,rev4 v4 #ac 444 444 ,= ! hyp]bole comp>e #a ,!ss4 i4 #h 4 ,to dem& /ati/ical exactness 9 su* a context w\ld be to require :at is nev] requir$ 9 simil> cases4 ,! motive ( ! ,apo/le "h is at once to emphasize ! univ]sality ( ! g5u9e ,gospel1 :i* has be5 (f]$ )\t res]ve to all alike1 & to appeal to its publicity1 z ! cr$5tial & gu>antee ( its tru?3 see ! notes on v]4 #f & on v]4 #bh 4 444 ,:y does ,/ ,paul introduce ?is m5tion ( himself s abruptly8 ,8 motive c h>dly be ! ass]tion ( 8 ,apo/olic au?ority1 = x does n appe> t ?is 0 que/ion$2 o!rwise he w\ld h decl>$ 8 commission 9 /rong] t]ms4 ,we c only answ] t impress$ ) ! dignity ( 8 (fice1 z involv+ ! (f] ( grace to ! ,g5tiles1 he _c refra9 f magnify+ x4 ,at ! same "t ?is m5tion enables him to l9k himself 9 bonds ( clos] sympa?y ) ! ,colossians1 & he passes on at once to 8 relations ) !m3 comp4 ,ephes4 iii4 #b-i1 #a ,tim4 i4 #aa sq41 9 :i* latt] passage ! introduction ( 8 own "n is equally abrupt4 i4e4 #8weak & unwor?y z ,i am'3 comp4 ,ephes4 iii4 #h 4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 #bd #bd 1 #bd-bg4 #8,n[ :5 ,i see ! full ext5t ( ,god's m]cy1 n[ :5 ,i pond] ov] ,8 mighty "w ( reconciliation1 ,i _c *oose b rejoice 9 my suff]+s4 ,yes1 ,i ,paul ! p]secutor1 ,i ,paul ! feeble & s9ful1 am p]mitt$ to supplem5t--,i d n %r9k f ! ^w--to supplem5t ! afflictions ( ,*ri/4 ,despite all t ,he und]w5t1 ,he ! ,ma/] has left some?+ /ill = me ! s]vant to und]go4 ,& s my fle% is privileg$ to suff] = ,8 body--,8 spiritual body1 ! ,*ur*4 ,i 0 appo9t$ a m9i/] ( ! ,*ur*1 a /ew>d 9 ,god's h\sehold1 = ?is v purpose1 t ,i might adm9i/] my (fice on y\r behalf1 might disp5se to y ,g5tiles ! /ores :i* ,8 b\ntiful grace has provid$4 ,?us ,i 0 *>g$ to prea* )\t res]ve ! :ole ,gospel ( ,god1 to proclaim ! great my/]y :i* _h rema9$ a secret ?r\gh all ! ages & all ! g5]ations f ! beg9n+1 b :i* n[ 9 ^! la/ times 0 reveal$ to ,8 holy p4 ,= su* 0 ,8 good pleasure4 ,god will$ to make kn[n to !m1 9 all its inexhau/ible weal? ?us display$ ?r\gh ! call ( ! ,g5tiles1 ! glori\s revelation ( ?is my/]y--,*ri/ n ! ,savi\r ( ! ,jews only1 b ,*ri/ dwell+ 9 y1 ,*ri/ become to y ! hope ( glory4' #bd4 ,a sudd5 outbur/ ( ?anksgiv+1 t he1 :o 0 less ?an ! lea/1 :o 0 n wor?y to be call$ an ,apo/le1 %\ld be all[$ to %>e & ev5 to supplem5t ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/4 ,! relative 1 :i* is f\nd 9 "s au?orities1 is d\btless ! repetition ( ! f9al syllable ( 2 b its ins]tion w\ld be assi/$ by ! anxiety ( scribes to supply a connect+ l9k betwe5 ! s5t5ces4 ,! g5u9e read+ is m *>act]i/ic ( ,/ ,paul4 ,! abruptness1 :i* disp5ses ) a connect+ p>ticle1 has a p>allel 9 ,tim4 i4 #ab 4441 :]e also ! common text ins]ts a l9k ( connexion1 444 ,comp>e also #b ,cor4 vii4 #i 1 4441 :]e aga9 !re is no connect+ p>ticle4 ,! ?\ght und]ly+ seems to be ?is3 #8,if ev] ,i h be5 dispos$ to rep9e at my lot1 if ev] ,i h felt my cross almo/ too heavy to be>1 yet n[-n[1 :5 ,i contemplate ! lavi% weal? ( ,god's m]cy--n[ :5 ,i see all ! glory ( be>+ a "p 9 ?is magnific5t "w--my sorr[ is turn$ to joy4' ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 #bd #8,i fill up on my "p'1 #8,i supplem5t4' ,! s+le comp\nd occurs sev]al times 7e4g4 #a ,cor4 xiv4 #af1 xvi4 #ag1 ,gal4 vi4 #b72 ano!r d\ble comp\nd twice 7#b ,cor4 ix4 #ab1 xi4 #i2 comp4 ,wisd4 xix4 #d1 v4l472 b only "h 9 ! ,,lxx or ,new ,te/am5t4 ,= ?is v]b comp>e ,demo/h4 de ,symm4 p4 #ahb 1 7:]e %\ld be tak5 z ! subject to 71 ,dion ,cass4 xliv4 #dh ' 444 1 1 ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/rom4 vii4 #ab p4 #hgh 444 1 ,apollon4 ,con/r4 ,or4 i4 #c 7p4 #ac sq47 1 ,ptol4 ,ma?4 ,comp4 vi4 #i 7,i4 p4 #dce ed4 ,halma7 ' 444 ,! sub/antive occurs 9 ,diog4 ,la]t4 x4 #dh4 ,s too ,x54 ,hell4 ii4 #d4 #aa1 #ab 1 444 444 4 ,comp>e also ,!mi/4 ,p>aphr4 ,ari/4 #dc ,b 1 & ,joseph4 ,ant4 xviii4 #i4 #g4 ,! mean+ ( 9 ?is comp\nd w be pla9 f ! passages quot$4 ,x signifies t ! supply comes f an opposite qu>t] to ! defici5cy4 ,?is idea is m or less def9itely express$ 9 ! context ( all ! passages1 9 ! words :i* are spac$4 ,! =ce ( 9 ,/ ,paul is (t5 expla9$ z d5ot+ simply t ! supply corresponds 9 ext5t to ! defici5cy4 ,?is int]pretation practically deprives ( any mean+1 = alone w\ld d5ote z mu*4 ,if inde$ ! supply _h be5 ! subject ( ! v]b1 & ! s5t5ce _h run 4441 ?is idea might p]haps be rea*$ )\t sacrific+ ! s5se ( 2 b 9 su* a passage z ?is1 :]e "o p]sonal ag5t is m5tion$ 9 connexion ) ! supply & ano!r 9 connexion ) ! defici5cy1 ! "o =m+ ! subject & ! o!r be+ involv$ 9 ! object ( ! v]b1 ! c only describe ! correspond5ce ( ^! p]sonal ag5ts4 ,s int]pret$1 x is em95tly expressive "h4 ,! po9t ( ! ,apo/le's boa/ is t ,*ri/ ! s9less ,ma/] %\ld h left some?+ = ,paul ! unwor?y s]vant to suff]4 ,! "r idea has be5 seiz$ & is well express$ by ,photius ,amphil4 #aba 7,i4 p4 #gji ,migne7 1 ' 1 1 444 ,simil> 9 mean+1 ?\gh n id5tical1 is ! expression 9 #b ,cor4 i4 #e1 :]e ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/ are said to #8ov]fl[' 77 ^u ! ,apo/le4 ,! !ological difficulty :i* ?is pla9 & natural int]pretation ( is suppos$ to involve w be consid]$ 9 ! note on 4 #8! ?+s lack+4' ,?is same ^w #8defici5cy' occurs ) #a ,cor4 xvi4 #ag1 ,phil4 ii4 #cj1 & ) #b ,cor4 ix4 #ab1 xi4 #i4 ,its direct opposite is #8abundance1 sup]fluity1' #b ,cor4 viii4 #ac1 #ad2 comp4 ,luke xxi4 #d4 ,ano!r int]pretation1 :i* makes an anti!sis to 1 expla9+ x z #8! lat]' z oppos$ to ! e>li] #8suff]+s ( ,*ri/1' is nei!r support$ by ! usage ( ! ^w nor consi/5t ) 4 #8( ! afflictions ( ,*ri/1' i4e4 :i* ,*ri/ endur$4 ,?is seems to be ! only natural int]pretation ( ! words4 ,o!rs h expla9$ !m z mean+ #8! afflictions impos$ by ,*ri/1' or #8! afflictions endur$ = ,*ri/'s sake1' or #8! afflictions :i* resemble ^? ( ,*ri/4' ,all su* int]pretations put a m or less =c$ mean+ on ! g5itive4 ,all alike ignore ! mean+ ( 9 :i* po9ts to a di/9ction ( p]sons suff]+4 ,o!rs aga9 suppose ! words to describe ,/ ,paul's own afflictions reg>d$ z ,*ri/'s1 because ,*ri/ suff]s 9 ,8 suff]+ ,*ur*2 e4g4 ,augu/9e 9 ,psalm4 cxlii4 #c 7,,iv4 p4 #aeij7 #8,patitur1 inquit1 adhuc ,*ri/us pressuram1 non 9 c>ne sua 9 qua asc5dit 9 clum1 s$ 9 c>ne mea qu adhuc laborat 9 t]ra1' quot+ ,gal4 ii4 #bj4 ,?is la/ is a v fav\rite explanation1 & has mu* to recomm5d x4 ,x _c be *>g$ ) wre/+ ! mean+ ( 4 ,moreov] x h>monizes ) ,/ ,paul's mode ( speak+ else:]e4 ,b1 l ! o!rs1 x is op5 to ! fatal objection t x empties ! fir/ preposition 9 ( any =ce4 ,! c5tral idea 9 ?is int]pretation is ! id5tification ( ! suff]+ ,apo/le ) ! suff]+ ,*ri/1 :]eas emphasizes ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two4 ,x is !re=e inconsi/5t ) ?is context1 h[ev] important may be ! tru? :i* x expresses4 ,! !ological difficulty1 :i* ^! & simil> explanations are int5d$ to remove1 is imag9>y & n real4 ,!re is a s5se 9 :i* x is q legitimate to speak ( ,*ri/'s afflictions z incomplete1 a s5se 9 :i* !y may be1 & inde$ mu/ be1 supplem5t$4 ,= ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/ may be consid]$ f two diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,!y are ei!r satisfactori or dificatori4 ,!y h _! sacrificial efficacy1 & !y h _! m9i/]ial utility4 7#a7 ,f ! =m] po9t ( view ! ,passion ( ,*ri/ 0 ! "o full p]fect & suffici5t sacrifice1 oblation1 & satisfaction = ! s9s ( ! :ole _w4 ,9 ?is s5se !re c\ld be no ( ,*ri/'s suff]+s2 =1 ,*ri/'s suff]+s be+ diff]5t 9 k9d f ^? ( ,8 s]vants1 ! two are incomm5surable4 ,b 9 ?is s5se ! ,apo/le w\ld surely h us$ "s o!r expression su* z 7i4 #bj1 ,eph4 ii4 #af etc471 or 7i4 #bb1 ,rom4 v4 #aj1 ,heb4 ii4 #ad1 etc471 b h>dly 4 ,inde$ 1 #8affliction1' is n else:]e appli$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 any s5se to ,*ri/'s suff]+s1 & c]ta9ly w\ld n sugge/ a sacrificial act4 7#b7 ,f ! latt] po9t ( view x is a simple matt] ( fact t ! afflictions ( e sa9t & m>tyr d supplem5t ! afflictions ( ,*ri/4 ,! ,*ur* is built up by repeat$ acts ( self-d5ial 9 successive individuals & successive g5]ations4 ,!y cont9ue ! "w :i* ,*ri/ began4 ,!y be> _! "p 9 ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/ 7#b ,cor4 i4 #g 1 ,phil4 iii4 #aj 72 b ,/ ,paul w\ld h be5 ! la/ to say t !y be> _! "p 9 ! aton+ sacrifice ( ,*ri/4 ,?is be+ s1 ,/ ,paul does n mean to say t 8 own suff]+s fill$ up all ! 1 b only t !y w5t t[>ds fill+ !m up4 ,! pres5t t5se d5otes an in*oate1 & n a complete act4 ,^! w nev] be fully supplem5t$1 until ! /ruggle ( ! ,*ur* ) s9 & unbelief is br\ght to a close4 ,?us ! idea ( expiation or satisfaction is :olly abs5t f ?is passage2 & ) x is remov$ ! tw(old temptation :i* has beset !ologians ( opposite s*ools4 7#a7 ,on ! "o h& ,prote/ant comm5tators1 rightly feel+ t any int]pretation :i* infr+$ ! complet5ess ( ! "w wr\ght by ,*ri/'s dea? mu/ be wrong1 because x w\ld make ,/ ,paul contradict himself on a c>d9al po9t ( 8 tea*+1 h be5 tempt$ to wre/ ! s5se ( ! words4 ,!y h empti$ ( its prop] =ce2 or !y h assign$ a false mean+ to 2 or !y h atta*$ a non-natural s5se to ! g5itive 4 7#b7 ,on ! o!r h& ,romani/ comm5tators1 :ile prote/+ 7z !y _h a "r to d7 aga9/ ^! me?ods ( int]pretation1 h fall5 into ! opposite error4 ,!y h f\nd 9 ?is passage an ass]tion ( ! m]its ( ! sa9ts1 & 7z a necess>y consequ5ce7 ( ! doctr9e ( indulg5ces4 ,!y h n obs]v$ t1 if ! idea ( vic>i\s satisfaction comes into ! passage at all1 ! satisfaction ( ,/ ,paul is repres5t$ "h z ! same 9 k9d ) ! satisfaction ( ,*ri/1 h[ev] diff]5t x may be 9 degree2 & ?us !y h truly expos$ !mselves to ! reproa* :i* ,e/ius indignantly repudiates on _! behalf1 #8quasi ,*ri/us non satis passus sit ad r$emptionem no/ram1 ideoque supplem5to m>tyrum opus habeat2 quod impium e/ s5tire1 quodque ,ca?olicos dic]e non m9us impie calumniantur hretici4' ,x is no "p ( a comm5tator "h to enquire g5]ally :e!r ! ,roman doctr9e ( ! satisfaction ( ! sa9ts c 9 any way be reconcil$ ) ,/ ,paul's doctr9e ( ! satisfaction ( ,*ri/4 ,x is suffici5t to say t1 s f> z reg>ds ?is p>ticul> passage1 ! ,roman doctr9e c only be import$ into x at ! co/ ( a contradiction to ! ,paul9e doctr9e4 ,x is only fair to add h[ev] t ,e/ius himself says1 #8qu quidem doctr9a1 etsi ,ca?olica et ,apo/olica sit1 atque aliunde satis probetur1 ex hoc tam5 ,apo/oli loco nobis non videtur admodum solide /atui posse4' ,b ,roman ,ca?olic comm5tators g5]ally f9d ?is mean+ 9 ! text1 z may be se5 f ! notes ( ,lapide4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 #be 1 #be ,an anti!sis ( ! ,apo/le's own fle% & ,*ri/'s body4 ,?is anti!tical =m ( expression obliges ,/ ,paul to expla9 :at he means by ! body ( ,*ri/1 2 comp4 v]4 #ah4 ,contra/ ! explanation 9 v]4 #bb 1 & see ! note !re4 #be4 444 #8/ew>d%ip 9 ! h\se ( ,god4' ,! ^w seems to h two s5ses3 7#a7 #8,! actual adm9i/ration ( a h\sehold'2 7#b7 #8,! (fice ( ! adm9i/rator4' ,= ! =m] mean+ see ! note on ,ephes4 i4 #aj2 = ! latt] s5se1 :i* x has "h1 comp>e #a ,cor4 ix4 #ag 1 ,luke xvi4 #b-d1 ,isaiah xxii4 #ai1 #ba4 ,s ! ,apo/les & m9i/]s ( ! ,*ur* are call$ 1 #a ,cor4 iv4 #a1 #b1 ,tit4 i4 #g3 comp4 #a ,pet4 iv4 #aj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4#bf 1 1 #bf #8to y\w>d1' i4e4 #8= ! b5efit ( y1 ! ,g5tiles'2 be+ connect$ ) 1 z 9 ,ephes4 iii4 #b 2 comp4 ,rom4 xv4 #af 4 #8to fulfil1' i4e4 #8to prea* fully1' #8to give its complete developm5t to'2 z ,rom4 xv4 #ai 4 ,?us #8! ^w ( ,god' "h is #8! ,gospel1' z 9 mo/ places 7#a ,cor4 xiv4 #cf1 #b ,cor4 ii4 #ag1 iv4 #b1 etc471 ?\gh n always 7e4g4 ,rom4 ix4 #f71 9 ,/ ,paul1 z also 9 ! ,acts4 ,! o!r int]pretation1 #8to accompli% ! promise ( ,god1' ?\gh sugge/$ by su* passages z #a ,k+s ii4 #bg 1 #b ,*ron4 xxxvi4 #ba 1 etc41 is ali5 to ! context "h4 #bf4 ,?is is n ! only t]m borr[$ f ! anci5t my/]ies1 :i* ,/ ,paul employs to describe ! tea*+ ( ! ,gospel4 ,! ^w j bel[1 v]4 #bh1 seems to be an ext5sion ( ! same metaphor4 ,9 ,phil4 iv4 #ab aga9 we h ! v]b 3 & 9 ,ephes4 i4 #ad is p]haps an image d]iv$ f ! same s\rce4 ,s too ! ,ephesians are address$ z 9 ,ign4 ,ephes4 #ab4 ,! ,*ri/ian tea*] is ?us reg>d$ z a 7see ,epict4 iii4 #ba4 #ac sq47 :o initiates 8 disciples into ! rites4 ,!re is ?is diff]5ce h[ev]2 t1 :]eas ! hea!n my/]ies 7 /rictly conf9$ to a n>r[ circle1 ! ,*ri/ian my/]ies are freely communicat$ to all4 ,!re is !re=e an int5tional p>adox 9 ! employm5t ( ! image by ,/ ,paul4 ,see ! notes on bel[4 ,?us ! idea ( secresy or res]ve disappe>s :5 is adopt$ into ! ,*ri/ian vocabul>y by ,/ ,paul3 & ! ^w signifies simply #8a tru? :i* 0 once hidd5 b n[ is reveal$1' #8a tru? :i* )\t special revelation w\ld h be5 unkn[n4' ,( ! nature ( ! tru? itself ! ^w says no?+4 ,x may be transc5d5tal1 incompreh5sible1 my/ical1 my/]i\s1 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! t]m 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #ea1 ,eph4 v4 #cb73 b ?is idea is q accid5tal1 & mu/ be ga!r$ f ! special circum/ances ( ! case1 = x _c be inf]r$ f ! ^w itself4 ,h5ce is almo/ univ]sally f\nd 9 connexion ) words d5ot+ revelation or publication2 e4g4 1 1 ,rom4 xvi4 #be1 ,ephes4 iii4 #c1 #e1 #b ,!ss4 ii4 #g2 ,rom4 xvi4 #bf1 ,ephes4 i4 #i1 iii4 #c1 #aj1 vi4 #ai2 ,col4 iv4 #c1 ,rom4 xvi4 #bf1 #a ,tim4 iii4 #af2 iv4 #c1 #a ,cor4 ii4 #g1 xiv4 #b2 1 #a ,cor4 xv4 #ea4 ,b ! "o special #8my/]y' :i* absorbs ,/ ,paul's ?\ghts 9 ! ,epi/les to ! ,colossians & ,ephesians is ! free admission ( ! ,g5tiles on equal t]ms to ! privileges ( ! cov5ant4 ,= ?is he is a prison]2 ?is he is b\nd to proclaim fe>lessly 7iv4 #c1 ,ephes4 vi4 #ai72 ?is1 ?\gh hidd5 f all "t1 0 communicat$ to him by a special revelation 7,ephes4 iii4 #c sq472 9 ?is _h ,god mo/ signally display$ ! lavi% weal? ( ,8 goodness 7v]4 #bg1 ii4 #b sq41 ,ephes4 i4 #f sq41 iii4 #h sq474 ,9 "o passage only ?r\gh\t ^! two epi/les is appli$ to any?+ else1 ,ephes4 v4 #cb4 ,! same idea ( ! appe>s v prom95tly also 9 ! ?anksgiv+ 7add$ app>5tly lat] ?an ! re/ ( ! lett]7 at ! end ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 xvi4 #be sq4 444 4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 #bg 1 1 #bg 444 ,! preposition is d\btless temporal "h1 be+ oppos$ to 1 z 9 ! p>allel passage1 ,ephes4 iii4 #i3 comp4 ,rom4 xvi4 #be 1 #a ,cor4 ii4 #g 4 ,s too ' 1 ,acts iii4 #ba1 xv4 #ah1 ,ps4 xcii4 #c1 etc42 1 ,matt4 xiii4 #ce1 xxv4 #cd1 etc4 ,an is made up ( _m 2 comp4 ,ephes4 iii4 #ba 1 ,is4 li4 #i 7:]e ! ,hebrew has ! plural #8g5]ations'74 ,h5ce ! ord] "h4 ,n only 0 ?is my/]y unkn[n 9 remote p]iods ( antiquity1 b ev5 9 rec5t g5]ations4 ,x came ^u ! _w z a sudd5 surprise4 ,! mom5t ( its revelation 0 ! mom5t ( its fulfilm5t4 #bg4 #8will$1' #80 pleas$4' ,x 0 ,god's grace3 x 0 no m]it ( _! own4 ,see ! note on i4 #a 4 444 ,an indicative clause is sub/itut$ = a p>ticipial1 :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5 m natural1 = ! sake ( emphasiz+ ! /atem5t2 comp4 v]4 #bb 1 & see ,w9] lxiii4 p4 #gag4 ,! #8weal? ( ,god1' z manife/$ 9 ,8 disp5sation ( grace1 is a prom95t idea 9 ^! epi/les2 comp4 ii4 #b1 ,ephes4 i4 #g1 #ah1 iii4 #h1 #af2 comp4 ,rom4 xi4 #cc4 ,see above p4 #dc sq4 ,/ ,paul uses ! neut] & ! mascul9e =ms indiff]5tly 9 ^! epi/les 7e4g4 ,ephes4 i4 #g1 ,ephes4 i4 #ah71 z 9 8 o!r lett]s 7e4g4 #b ,cor4 viii4 #b1 ,rom4 ix4 #bc74 ,9 mo/ passages h[ev] !re are v>i\s read+s4 ,on ! neut] =ms 1 1 etc41 see ,w9] ix4 p4 #gf4 i4e4 #8( ! glori\s manife/ation4' ,?is ^w 9 ,hell5i/ic ,greek is frequ5tly us$ ( a bright light2 e4g4 ,luke ii4 #i 1 ,acts xxii4 #aa 1 #a ,cor4 xv4 #da 1 1 etc4 #b ,cor4 iii4 #g 4 ,h5ce x is appli$ g5]ally to a div9e manife/ation1 ev5 :]e !re is no physical accompanim5t ( light2 & m especially to ! revelation ( ,god 9 ,*ri/ 7e4g4 ,joh4 i4 #ad1 #b ,cor4 iv4 #d1 etc474 ,! expression occurs aga91 ,rom4 ix4 #bc1 ,ephes4 i4 #ah1 iii4 #af4 ,see above v]4 #aa ) ! note4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 #bh 1 1 #bh #bg 4 i4e4 #8z exhibit$ among ! ,g5tiles4' ,x 0 j "h t ?is #8my/]y1' ?is disp5sation ( grace1 a*iev$ its greate/ triumphs & display$ its transc5dant glory2 1 writes ,*ryso/om1 4 ,"h too 0 its weal?2 = x ov]fl[$ all b>ri]s ( ca/e or race4 ,judaism 0 #8begg>ly' 7,gal4 iv4 #i7 9 comp>ison1 s9ce its treasures suffic$ only = a few4 ,! antec$5t is probably 2 comp4 ii4 #b 1 444 #8,*ri/ 9 y1' i4e4 #8y ,g5tiles4' ,n ,*ri/1 b ,*ri/ giv5 freely to ! ,g5tiles1 is ! #8my/]y' ( :i* ,/ ,paul speaks2 see ! note on above4 ,?us ! v>i\s read+1 = 1 ?\gh highly support$1 int]f]es ) ! s5se4 ,) comp>e ' ,matt4 i4 #bc4 ,x may be a "q h[ev]1 :e!r means #8)9 y' or #8among y4' ,! =m] is p]haps ! m probable int]pretation1 z sugge/$ by ,rom4 viii4 #aj1 #b ,cor4 xiii4 #e1 ,gal4 iv4 #ai2 comp4 ,ephes4 iii4 #ag 4 comp4 #a ,tim4 i4 #b2 s ,ign4 ,eph4 #ba1 ,magn4 ,philad4 #e1 etc41 appli$ to our ,"l4 #bh1 #bi4 #8,?is ,*ri/ we1 ! ,apo/les & ,evangeli/s1 proclaim )\t di/9ction & )\t res]ve4 ,we "k no re/riction ei!r ( p]sons or ( topics4 ,we admoni% e man & in/ruct e man4 ,we initiate e man 9 all ! my/]ies ( wisdom4 ,x is our s+le aim to pres5t e man fully & p]fectly taught 9 ,*ri/4 ,= ?is end ,i tra9 myself 9 ! discipl9e ( self-d5ial2 = ?is end ,i commit myself to ! ar5a ( suff]+ & toil1 putt+ =? 9 ! conflict all t en]gy :i* ,he inspires1 & :i* works 9 me s p[]fully4' #bh4 #8we1' ! prea*]s2 ! same opposition z 9 #a ,cor4 iv4 #h1 #aj1 ix4 #aa1 #b ,cor4 xiii4 #e sq41 #a ,!ss4 ii4 #ac sq41 etc4 ,! ,apo/le ha/5s1 z usual1 to speak ( ! "p :i* he 0 privileg$ to be> 9 ?is glori\s disp5sation4 ,he is con/ra9$ to magnify 8 (fice4 ,see ! next note1 & comp4 v]4 #bc4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 #bh 1 444 z 9 ,/ ,paul's own language at ,!ssalonica1 ,acts xvii4 #c 1 & at ,a!ns1 ,acts xvii4 #bc 1 9 bo? :i* passages1 z "h1 emphasis is laid on ! p]son ( ! prea*]4 #8admoni%+4' ,! two words & pres5t complem5t>y aspects ( ! prea*]'s duty1 & are relat$ ! "o to ! o!r1 z to 1 #8w>n+ to rep5t1 in/ruct+ 9 ! fai?4' ,= ! relation ( to ,see ,plut4 ,mor4 p4 #fh 1 p4 #deb 4 ,! two v]bs & are connect$ 9 ,plato ,protag4 #cbc ,d1 ,legg4 #hde ,b1 ,plut4 ,mor4 p4 #df 7comp4 p4 #ci71 ,dion ,*rys4 ,or4 xxxiii4 p4 #cfi2 ! sub/antives & 9 ,plato ,resp4 #cii ,b4 ,simil>ly & occur toge!r 9 ,ari/4 ,rhet4 ii4 #ah4 ,= ! two functions ( ! prea*]'s (fice1 correspond+ respectively to ! two words1 see ,/ ,paul's own language 9 ,acts xx4 #ba 444 4 ?ree times repeat$ = ! sake ( emphasiz+ ! univ]sality ( ! ,gospel4 ,?is great tru?1 = :i* ,/ ,paul gave 8 life1 0 n[ aga9 endang]$ by ! doctr9e ( an intellectual exclusiv5ess taught by ! ,gno/iciz]s at ,coloss1 z be=e x _h be5 endang]$ by ! doctr9e ( a c]emonial exclusiv5ess taught by ! ,judaiz]s 9 ,galatia4 ,see above pp4 #gg1 #ib1 #ih sq4 ,= ! repetition ( comp>e especially #a ,cor4 x4 #a sq41 :]e is five times1 & ib4 xii4 #bi1 #cj1 :]e x is sev5 times repeat$2 see also ,rom4 ix4 #f1 #g1 xi4 #cb1 #a ,cor4 xii4 #ac1 xiii4 #g1 xiv4 #ca1 etc4 ,transcrib]s h be5 (f5d$ at ?is *>act]i/ic repetition "h1 & consequ5tly h omitt$ 9 "o place or o!r4 ,! ,gno/ic spoke ( a bl9d fai? = ! _m1 ( a high] = ! few4 ,/ ,paul decl>es t ! fulle/ wisdom is (f]$ to all alike4 ,! "* ( ! tea*+ is z free f re/riction1 z are ! qualifications ( ! recipi5ts4 ,comp4 ii4 #b1 #c 444 4 ,see ! note on 1 v]4 #bb4 ,s #a ,cor4 ii4 #f1 #g 444 4 ,9 bo? ^! passages ! epi!t is probably a metaphor borr[$ f ! anci5t my/]ies1 :]e x seems to h be5 appli$ to ! fully in/ruct$1 z oppos$ to ! novices3 comp4 ,plato ,phdr4 #bdi ,c 444 #bej ,b1 ,c 444 1 ,symp4 #bji ,e 444 444 ' ' 1 ,plut4 ,fragm4 de ,an4 vi4 #b 7v4 p4 #gbf ,wytt5b47 7) ! context71 ,dion ,*rys4 ,or4 xii4 p4 #bjc 2 see ,valckna] on ,eurip4 ,hippol4 #be1 & ,lobeck ,aglaoph4 p4 #cc sq41 p4 #abf sq4 ,some:at simil>ly 9 ! ,,lxx #a ,*ron4 xxv4 #h /&s = #8! tea*]s 7or ! wise7 & ! s*ol>s4' ,s also 9 #b ,pet4 i4 #af we seem to h ! same metaphor4 ,z an illu/ration x may be m5tion$ t ,plato & ,ari/otle call$ ! high] philosophy 1 because ^? :o h transc5d$ ! b\nds ( ! mat]ial1 l4 1 ,plut4 ,mor4 #chb ,d1 ,e4 ,= o!r metaphorical expressions 9 ,/ ,paul1 d]iv$ f ! my/]ies1 see above on v]4 #bf4 ,influ5c$ probably by ?is hea!n use ( 1 ! e>ly ,*ri/ians appli$ x to ! baptiz$1 z oppos$ to ! cate*um5s3 e4g4 ,ju/9 ,dial4 #h 7p4 #bbe ,c7 1 ,clem4 ,hom4 iii4 #bi 1 1 4441 xi4 #cf 444 4442 & = lat] writ]s see ,suic] ,!s4 s4 vv4 1 4 ,at all ev5ts we may ascribe to its connexion ) ! my/]ies ! fact t x 0 adopt$ by ,gno/ics at a lat] date1 & mo/ probably by ! ,gno/iciz]s at ?is "t1 to di/+ui% ! possessors ( ! high] f ! vulg> h]d ( believ]s3 see ! passages quot$ 9 ! note on ,phil4 iii4 #ae4 ,:ile employ+ ! fav\rite ,gno/ic t]m1 ! ,apo/le /rikes at ! root ( ! ,gno/ic doctr9e4 ,! language descriptive ( ! hea!n my/]ies is transf]r$ by him to ! ,*ri/ian disp5sation1 t he may ?us m effectively contra/ ! ?+s signifi$4 ,! true ,gospel also has its my/]ies1 its hi]ophants1 its initiation3 b ^! are op5 to all alike4 ,9 ,*ri/ e believ] is 1 = he has be5 admitt$ z ( its mo/ pr(\nd1 mo/ awful1 secrets4 ,see aga9 ! note on 1 ii4 #c4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i4 #bi #bi 4 #bi4 i4e4 1 #8t ,i may initiate all mank9d 9 ! fulness ( ?is my/]y1' #8t ,i may prea* ! ,gospel to all )\t res]ve4' ,if ,/ ,paul _h be5 cont5t to prea* an exclusive ,gospel1 he might h sav$ himself f m ?an half ! tr\bles ( 8 life4 ,?is ^w is us$ especially ( ! lab\r und]gone by ! a?lete 9 8 tra9+1 & !re=e fitly introduces ! metaphor ( 3 comp4 #a ,tim4 iv4 #aj 7! correct read+71 & see ! passages quot$ on ,phil4 ii4 #af4 #8cont5d+ 9 ! li/s1' ! metaphor be+ cont9u$ 9 ! next v]se 7ii4 #a71 2 comp4 iv4 #ab4 ,^! words 1 1 1 are only f\nd 9 ,/ ,paul & ! ,paul9e writ+s 7,luke1 ,hebrews7 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,!y occur 9 e gr\p ( ,/ ,paul's ,epi/les4 ,! use "h mo/ resembles #a ,!ss4 ii4 #b 4 ,comp4 ,eph4 iii4 #bj4 ,= ! diff]5ce betwe5 & see ! note on ,gal4 v4 #f4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii4 #a1 #b ,,ii4 #a 1 1 #b ,,ii4 #a-c4 #8,i spoke ( an ar5a & a conflict 9 describ+ my apo/olic lab\rs4 ,! image 0 n lightly *os54 ,i w\ld h y "k t my c>e is n conf9$ to my own direct & p]sonal disciples4 ,i wi% y to und]/& ! magnitude ( ! /ruggle1 :i* my anxiety = y co/s me--= y & = y\r neighb\rs ( ,laodicea & = all :o1 l y\rselves1 h nev] met me face to face 9 ! fle%4 ,i am con/antly wre/l+ 9 _s1 t ! he>ts ( all su* may be confirm$ & /r5g!n$ 9 ! fai?2 t !y may be unit$ 9 love2 t !y may atta9 to all ! unspeakable weal? :i* comes f ! firm conviction ( an und]/&+ m9d1 may be br\ght to ! p]fect k ( ,god's my/]y1 :i* is no?+ else ?an ,*ri/--,*ri/ conta9+ 9 ,himself all ! treasures ( wisdom & k hidd5 away4' #a4 444 z 9 #a ,cor4 xi4 #c4 ,! correspond+ negative =m1 1 is ! m common expression 9 ,/ ,paul2 ,rom4 i4 #ac1 xi4 #be1 #a ,cor4 x4 #a1 xii4 #a1 #b ,cor4 i4 #h1 #a ,!ss4 iv4 #ac4 ,! ar5a ( ! conte/ to :i* 9 ! prec$+ v]se ref]s may be ei!r outw>d or inw>d4 ,x w include ! #8fight+s )\t1' z well z ! #8fe>s )94' ,"h h[ev] ! inw>d /ruggle1 ! wre/l+ 9 pray]1 is ! pr$om9ant idea1 z 9 iv4 #ab 444 ,! ,laodiceans 7 expos$ to ! same doctr9al p]ils z ! ,colossians3 see above pp4 #b1 #da sq4 ,! ,hi]apolitans are d\btless includ$ 9 444 7comp4 iv4 #ac71 b are n m5tion$ "h by "n1 probably because !y 7 less closely connect$ ) ,coloss 7see iv4 #ae sq471 & p]haps also because ! dang] 0 less ?reat5+ !re4 444 #8& all :o1 l y\rselves1 h n se51 etc4'2 :]e ! introduces ! :ole class to :i* ! p]sons previ\sly enum]at$ belong2 s ,acts iv4 #f 1 ,rev4 xviii4 #ag 4 ,ev5 a simple w sometimes introduce ! g5]al aft] ! p>ticul>1 e4g4 ,acts v4 #bi 1 ,ar4 ,nub4 #dac 1 etc42 see ,khn] ,gramm4 #eba1 ,,ii4 p4 #gia4 ,on ! o!r h& 1 occurr+ 9 an enum]ation1 sometimes introduces a diff]5t class f ^? previ\sly m5tion$1 z e4g4 9 ,h]od1 vii4 #ahe4 ,z a pure grammatical "q !re=e x is unc]ta9 :e!r ,/ ,paul's language "h implies 8 p]sonal acqua9tance ) 8 correspond5ts or ! contr>y4 ,b 9 all su* cases ! s5se ( ! context mu/ be our guide4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance is q out ( place1 unless ! ,colossians & ,laodiceans also 7 p]sonally unkn[n to ! ,apo/le4 ,!re w\ld be no mean+ 9 s+l+ out individuals :o 7 kn[n to him1 & !n m5tion+ compreh5sively all :o 7 unkn[n to him3 see above p4 #bh1 note #hd4 ,h5ce we may inf] f ! expression "h1 t ,/ ,paul _h nev] visit$ ,coloss-an inf]5ce :i* has be5 already %[n 7p4 #bc sq47 to accord bo? ) ! incid5tal language ( ?is epi/le else:]e & ) ! direct hi/orical n>rative ( ! ,acts4 ,= ?is end+ ( ! #crd p]s4 plur4 p]fect 9 - see ,w9] xiii4 p4 #ij4 ,! receiv$ text reads 4 ,9 ?is passage ! =m has ! high] support2 b bel[ 9 v]4 #ah ! prepond]ance ( au?ority fav\rs r ?an 4 ,on ! use ( ! =m 9 see ,buttmann ,ausf4 ,grie*4 ,spra*l4 #hd1 ,i4 p4 #cbe4 #b4 #8enc\rag$1 confirm$1' i4e4 #8com=t$' 9 ! old] & wid] mean+ ( ! ^w1 7#8con=tati'71 b n ) its mod]n & re/rict$ s5se3 see ,phil4 ii4 #a4 ,= comp4 iv4 #h1 ,ephes4 vi4 #bb1 #b ,!ss4 ii4 #ag4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii4 #c 1 1 1 #c ,!y met ! ,apo/le he>t to he>t1 ?\gh n face to face4 ,we h "h ! same opposition ( & z 9 #a ,!ss4 ii4 #ag1 ?\gh less directly express$2 see v]4 #e4 :]e we %\ld expect 1 b ! sub/itution ( ! ?ird p]son = ! second is sugge/$ by ! imm$iately prec$+ 4 ,?is sub/itution confirms ! int]pretation ( already giv54 ,unless ! ,colossians are includ$ 9 1 !y mu/ be exclud$ by 4 ,yet ?is exclusion is h>dly conceivable 9 su* a context4 #8!y be+ unit$1 compact$1' = mu/ "h h its common mean+1 z x has else:]e 9 ?is & ! companion epi/le3 v]4 #ai 444 1 ,ephes4 iv4 #af 4 ,o!rwise we might be dispos$ to assign to ?is v]b "h ! s5se :i* x always be>s 9 ! ,,lxx 7e4g4 9 ,is4 xl4 #ac1 #ad1 quot$ 9 #a ,cor4 ii4 #af71 #8in/ruct$1 taught1' z x is r5d]$ 9 ! ,vulgate4 ,its usage 9 ! ,acts is connect$ ) ?is latt] s5se2 e4g4 ix4 #bb #8prov+1' xvi4 #aj #8conclud+'2 & s 9 xix4 #cc 7! be/ support$ read+7 c only mean #8in/ruct$ ,alex&]4' ,= ! diff]5t s5se ( ! nom9ative absolute see ! note on iii4 #af4 ,! receiv$ text sub/itutes "h4 = love is ! 7iii4 #ad7 ( p]fection4 #8& br\ght unto1' ! ?\ght be+ suppli$ f ! prec$+ 1 :i* involves an idea ( motion1 comp4 ,joh4 xx4 #g 4 ,?is read+ is bett] support$ ?an ei!r or 1 :ile1 z ! int]m$iate read+1 x also expla9s ! o!r two4 #8! full assurance1' = su* seems to be ! mean+ ( ! sub/antive :]ev] x occurs 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 #a ,!ss4 i4 #e 1 ,heb4 vi4 #aa 1 x4 #bb 1 comp4 ,clem4 ,rom4 #db 4 ,) ! exception ( #a ,!ss4 i4 #e h[ev]1 all ! ,biblical passages might be> ! o!r s5se #8fulness'3 see ,bleek on ,heb4 vi4 #aa4 ,= ! v]b see ! note on bel[1 iv4 #ab4 ,see ! note on i4 #i4 444 #8! my/]y ( ,god1 ev5 ,*ri/ 9 :om1 etc41' be+ 9 apposition ) 2 comp4 i4 #bg 444 1 #a ,tim4 iii4 #af 1 444 ,! reasons = adopt+ ! read+ are giv5 9 ! deta*$ note on v>i\s read+s4 ,o!r int]pretations ( ?is read+ are2 7#a7 #8! ,god ,*ri/1' tak+ 9 apposition ) 2 or 7#b7 #8! ,god ( ,*ri/1' mak+ x ! g5itive aft] 3 b bo? expressions are )\t a p>allel 9 ,/ ,paul4 ,! my/]y "h is n #8,*ri/1' b #8,*ri/ z conta9+ 9 ,himself all ! treasures ( wisdom'2 see ! note on i4 #bg 4 ,= ! =m ( ! s5t5ce comp4 ,ephes4 iv4 #ae1 #af 1 444 #c4 ,s v]4 #b1 ii4 #bh4 ,^! repetitions s]ve to emphasize ! "* ( ! ,gospel1 :i* is z complete 9 itself1 z x is univ]sal 9 its application4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii4 #d 4 #d ,! two words occur toge!r aga9 ,rom4 xi4 #cc 1 #a ,cor4 xii4 #h4 ,!y are f\nd 9 conjunction also sev]al times 9 ! ,,lxx ( ,eccles4 i4 #g1 #af1 #ah1 ii4 #ba1 #bf1 ix4 #aj1 :]e is repres5t$ by & by 4 ,:ile is simply intuitive1 is ratioc9ative also4 ,:ile applies *iefly to ! appreh5sion ( tru?s1 sup]adds ! p[] ( reason+ ab\t !m & trac+ _! relations4 ,:5 ,b5gel on #a ,cor4 xii4 #h sq4 says1 #8,cognitio e/ quasi visus2 sapi5tia visus cum sapore1' he is s f> "r2 b :5 he adds1 #8cognitio1 r]um ag5d>um2 sapi5tia1 r]um aet]n>um1' he is q wide ( ! m>k4 ,sub/antially ! same1 & equally wrong1 is ,/ ,augu/9e's di/9ction de ,tr94 xii4 #bj1 #be 7,,viii4 pp4 #ibc1 #ibf7 #8intellig5dum e/ ad contemplationem sapi5tiam 1 ad actionem sci5tiam p]t9]e 444 quod alia sit intellectualis cognitio aet]n>um r]um1 alia rationalis temporalium' 7comp4 xiv4 #c1 p4 #idh71 & aga9 de ,div4 ,qu/4 ad ,simpl4 ii4 #b #c 7,,vi4 p4 #aad7 #8ita disc]ni probabilit] sol5t1 ut sapi5tia p]t9eat ad intellectum t]norum1 sci5tia v]o ad ea qu s5sibus corporis exp]imur4' ,?is is directly oppos$ to usage4 ,9 ,ari/otle ,e?4 ,nic4 i4 #a is oppos$ to 4 ,9 ,/ ,paul x is connect$ ) ! appreh5sion ( et]nal my/]ies1 #a ,cor4 xiii4 #b 4 ,on ! relation ( to see above1 i4 #i4 ,s #a ,cor4 ii4 #g 1 4 ,z be=e 9 7i4 #bh71 s "h aga9 9 ! ,apo/le adopts a fav\rite t]m ( ! ,gno/ic tea*]s1 only t he may refute a fav\rite doctr9e4 ,! ^w apocrypha 0 especially appli$ to ^? esot]ic writ+s1 = :i* su* sect>ians claim$ an auctoritas secreta 7,aug4 c4 ,fau/4 xi4 #b1 ,,viii4 p4 #bai7 & :i* !y c>efully gu>d$ f publication aft] ! mann] ( _! ,jewi% prototypes ! ,ess5es 7see above p4 #hi sq473 comp4 ,ir54 i4 #bj4 #a 1 ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/rom4 i4 #ae 7p4 #ceg7 1 ib4 iii4 #d 7p4 #ebd7 4 ,see also ! application ( ! text ,prov4 ix4 #ag to ^! h]etics 9 ,/rom4 i4 #ai 7p4 #cge74 ,?us ! ^w apocrypha 9 ! fir/ in/ance 0 an hon\rable appellation appli$ by ! h]etics !mselves to _! esot]ic doctr9e & _! secret books2 b ow+ to ! g5]al "* ( ^! works ! t]m1 z adopt$ by or?odox writ]s1 got to signify #8false1' #8spuri\s4' ,! e>ly fa!rs nev] apply x1 z x is n[ appli$1 to deut]o-canonical writ+s1 b conf9e x to supposititi\s & h]etical works3 see ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ! ,bible s4v4 ,9 ! text ,/ ,paul uses x 1 z he uses 4 #8,all ! ri*e/ treasures ( t secret wisdom1' he w\ld say1 #8on :i* y lay s mu* /ress1 are buri$ 9 ,*ri/1 & be+ buri$ !re are accessible to all alike :o seek ,him4' ,b1 :ile ! t]m is adopt$ because x 0 us$ to designate ! secret doctr9e & writ+s ( ! h]etics1 x is also entirely 9 keep+ ) ! metaphor ( ! #8treasure'2 e4g4 ,is4 xlv4 #c 1 #a ,macc4 i4 #bc 1 ,dan4 xi4 #dc 3 comp4 ,matt4 xiii4 #dd4 ,! /ress ?us laid on w expla9 its position4 ,x is n connect$ ) 1 b mu/ be tak5 ap>t z a second>y pr$icate3 comp4 v]4 #aj 1 iii4 #a 1 ,james i4 #ag 1 444 #d-g4 #8,i d n say ?is )\t a purpose4 ,i wi% to w>n y aga9/ any :o w\ld lead y a/ray by speci\s argum5t & p]suasive rhetoric4 ,= ,i am n an indiff]5t spectator ( y\r do+s4 ,al?\gh ,i am abs5t f y 9 my fle%1 yet ,i am pres5t ) y 9 my _s4 ,i rejoice to behold ! ord]ly array & ! solid phalanx :i* y\r fai? t[>ds ,*ri/ pres5ts aga9/ ! assaults ( ! foe4 ,i entreat y !re=e n to ab&on ! ,*ri/1 z y le>nt f ,epaphras to "k ,him1 ev5 ,jesus ! ,"l1 b to walk /ill 9 ,him z h]et(ore4 ,i w\ld h y firmly root$ once = all 9 ,him4 ,i desire to see y built up high] 9 ,him day by day1 to see y gr[+ ev] /rong] & /rong] ?r\gh y\r fai?1 :ile y rema9 true to ! lessons taught y ( old1 s t y may ab\nd 9 x1 & ?us ab\nd+ may p\r =? y\r he>ts 9 gratitude to ,god ! giv] ( all4' ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii4 #e 1 #e 1 #d4 444 #8,i say all ?is to y1 le/ y %\ld be l$ a/ray by ^? false tea*]s :o speak ( ano!r k1 ( o!r my/]ies4' ,9 o!r connexions w frequ5tly ref] to ! words foll[+ 7e4g4 ,gal4 iii4 #ag1 #a ,cor4 i4 #ab72 b ) x po9ts to :at has gone be=e1 z 9 ,joh4 v4 #cd 4 ,! ref]5ce 9 ext5ds ov] vv4 #a-c1 & involves two /atem5ts2 7#a7 ,! decl>ation t all k is compreh5d$ 9 ,*ri/1 vv4 #b1 #c2 7#b7 ,! expression ( 8 own p]sonal anxiety t !y %\ld rema9 /$fa/ 9 ?is conviction1 vv4 #a1 #b4 ,?is la/ po9t expla9s ! language :i* foll[s1 444 #8lead y a/ray by false reason+'1 z 9 ,daniel xiv4 #g 7,,lxx73 comp4 ,james i4 #bb1 ,ign4 ,magn4 #c4 ,x is n an uncommon ^w ei!r 9 ! ,,lxx or 9 classical writ]s4 ,! sy/em aga9/ :i* ,/ ,paul "h cont5ds pr(ess$ to be a 7v]4 #h7 & _h a 7v]4 #bc74 ,! words 7,ari/4 ,e?4 ,nic4 i4 #a71 7,plat4 ,!t4 #afb ,e71 7,epictet4 i4 #h4 #g71 occur occasionally 9 classical writ]s1 b d n be> a bad s5se1 be+ mo/ frequ5tly oppos$ to 1 z probable argum5t to /rict ma!matical demon/ration4 ,?is contra/ probably sugge/$ ,/ ,paul's language 9 #a ,cor4 ii4 #d ' 4441 & may possibly h be5 pres5t to 8 m9d "h4 #e4 frequ5tly introduces ! apodosis aft] or 9 ,/ ,paul2 e4g4 ,rom4 vi4 #e1 #a ,cor4 ix4 #b1 #b ,cor4 iv4 #af1 v4 #af1 xi4 #f1 xiii4 #d 7v4 l474 #89 my _s'1 n #8by ! ,_s'4 ,we h "h ! common anti!sis ( fle% & _s1 or body & _s3 comp4 #a ,cor4 v4 #c 1 4 ,/ ,paul else:]e uses ano!r anti!sis1 & 1 to express ?is same ?+2 #a ,!ss4 ii4 #ag4 #8rejoic+ & behold+'4 ,?is mu/ n be reg>d$ z a logical inv]sion4 ,! contemplation ( _! ord]ly array1 ?\gh x might h be5 fir/ ! cause1 0 aft]w>ds ! consequ5ce1 ( ! ,apo/le's rejoic+4 ,he look$1 because x gave him satisfaction to look4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii4 #f 1 4 #f 1 1 1 #8y\r ord]ly array'1 a milit>y metaphor3 comp4 e4g4 ,x54 ,anab4 i4 #b4 #ah 1 ,plut4 ,vit4 ,pyrrh4 #af 4 ,! en=c$ companion%ip ( ,/ ,paul ) ! soldi]s ( ! prtorian gu>d at ?is "t 7,phil4 i4 #ac7 might h sugge/$ ?is image4 ,at all ev5ts 9 ! contempor>y epi/le 7,ephes4 vi4 #ad sq47 we h an elaborate metaphor f ! arm\r ( a soldi]4 #8solid front1 close phalanx'1 a cont9uation ( ! metaphor3 comp4 #a ,macc4 ix4 #ad 4 ,some:at simil> are ! expressions #a ,macc4 x4 #ej1 ,ecclus4 xxviii4 #aj4 ,= ! connexion "h comp>e #a ,pet4 v4 #i 1 ,acts xvi4 #e 4 #f4 444 i4e4 #8,let y\r conviction & conduct be 9 p]fect accordance ) ! doctr9es & precepts ( ! ,gospel z x 0 taught to y'4 ,= ?is use ( #8ye receiv$ f y\r tea*]s1 7 in/ruct$ 9'1 comp4 #a ,cor4 xv4 #a1 #c1 ,gal4 i4 #i1 ,phil4 iv4 #i1 #a ,!ss4 ii4 #ac1 iv4 #a1 #b ,!ss4 iii4 #f4 ,! ^w implies ei!r #8to receive z transmitt$'1 or #8to receive = transmission'3 see ! note on ,gal4 i4 #ab4 ,! ( ! protasis sugge/s a 9 ! apodosis1 :i* 9 ?is case is unexpress$ b mu/ be und]/ood4 ,! mean+ ( "h is expla9$ by ! 9 i4 #g2 see ! note !re1 & comp4 bel[ v]4 #g 4 #8! ,*ri/'1 r ?an #8! ,gospel'1 because ! c5tral po9t 9 ! ,colossian h]esy 0 ! subv]sion ( ! true idea ( ! ,*ri/4 #8ev5 ,jesus ! ,"l'1 9 :om ! true conception ( ! ,*ri/ is realis$3 comp4 ,ephes4 iv4 #bj1 #ba1 1 1 1 :]e ! same idea is m directly express$4 ,! g5u9e doctr9e ( ! ,*ri/ consi/s 9 7#a7 ! recognition ( ! hi/orical p]son ,jesus1 & 7#b7 ! acceptance ( ,him z ! ,"l4 ,?is doctr9e 0 s]i\sly endang]$ by ! my/ic !osophy ( ! false tea*]s4 ,! same ord] :i* we h "h occurs also 9 ,ephes4 iii4 #aa 7! correct read+74 #g4 ,two po9ts may be notic$ "h2 7#a7 ,! expressive *ange ( t5ses2 #8firmly root$' once = all1 1 1 #8built up & /r5g!n$' f h\r to h\r4 7#b7 ,! rapid transition ( metaphor1 1 1 1 ! pa?1 ! tree1 ! build+3 comp4 ,ephes4 iii4 #ag 4 ,! metaphors ( ! plant & ! build+ occur toge!r 9 #a ,cor4 iii4 #i 1 4 ,! transition 9 ?is passage is made easi] by ! fact t 7,plut4 ,mor4 #cba ,d71 7,j]4 i4 #aj1 #a ,macc4 v4 #ea71 7,jos4 ,b4,j4 vii4 #h4 #g71 etc41 are n uncommonly us$ ( cities & build+s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii4 #g #g 1 1 4 #8be+ built up1' z 9 #a ,cor4 iii4 #aj-ad4 ,aft] ?is v]b we might h expect$ ' or ' 7#a ,cor4 iii4 #ab7 r ?an 2 b 9 ?is & ! companion epi/le ,*ri/ is repres5t$ r z ! b9d+ elem5t ?an z ! f\ndation ( ! build+3 e4g4 ,ephes4 ii4 #bj 1 1 1 4 ,! 9 does n necess>ily ref] to ! orig9al f\ndation1 b may po9t to ! cont9u$ progress ( ! build+ by successive lay]s1 z e4g4 ,ari/ot4 ,rhet4 ad ,alex4 #d 7p4 #adbf7 4 ,h5ce is frequ5tly us$ absolutely1 #8to build up' 7e4g4 ,jude #bj1 ,polyb4 iii4 #bg1 #d71 z "h4 ,! repetition ( emphasizes ! ma9 idea ( ! passage1 & inde$ ( ! :ole epi/le4 #8by y\r fai?'1 ! dative ( ! in/rum5t2 comp4 ,heb4 xiii4 #i 4 ,fai? is1 z x 71 ! cem5t ( ! build+3 comp4 ,clem4 ,rom4 #bb 4 i4e4 #8rema9+ true to ! lessons :i* y receiv$ f ,epaphras1 & n l$ a/ray by any lat] pret5d]s'3 comp4 i4 #f1 #g 1 4 444 ,! same end+ occurs 9 iv4 #b4 ,?anksgiv+ is ! end ( all human conduct1 :e!r exhibit$ 9 words or 9 works4 ,= ! /ress laid on ?anksgiv+ 9 ,/ ,paul's epi/les g5]ally1 see ! note on ,phil4 iv4 #f4 ,! words 1 1 1 occur 9 ,/ ,paul's writ+s alone ( ! ,apo/olic epi/les4 ,9 ?is epi/le especially ! duty ( ?anksgiv+ assumes a peculi> prom95ce by be+ made a refra91 z "h & 9 iii4 #ae1 #ag1 iv4 #b3 see also i4 #ab4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii4 #h #h #h4 4 #h-ae4 #8,be on y\r gu>d2 d n suff] y\rselves to fall a prey to c]ta9 p]sons :o w\ld lead y captive by a holl[ & deceitful sy/em1 :i* !y call philosophy4 ,!y sub/itute ! traditions ( m5 = ! tru? ( ,god4 ,!y en=ce an elem5t>y discipl9e ( mundane ord9ances fit only = *ildr54 ,!irs is n ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/4 ,9 ,*ri/ ! entire fulness ( ! ,godhead abides = ev]1 hav+ unit$ itself ) man by tak+ a human body4 ,& s 9 ,him--n 9 any inf]ior m$iators--ye h y\r life1 y\r be+1 = ye are fill$ f ,8 fulness4 ,he1 ,i say1 is ! ,head ov] all spiritual be+s--call !m pr9cipalities or p[]s or :at y w4 ,9 ,him too ye h ! true circumcision--! circumcision :i* is n made ) h&s b wr\ght by ! ,_s--! circumcision :i* dive/s n ( a "p only b ( ! :ole c>nal body--! circumcision :i* is n ( ,moses b ( ,*ri/4 ,?is circumcision ye h1 because ye 7 buri$ ) ,*ri/ to y\r old selves b5ea? ! baptismal wat]s1 & 7 rais$ ) ,him f ^? same wat]s to a new & reg5]ate life1 ?r\gh y\r fai? 9 ! p[]ful work+ ( ,god :o rais$ ,him f ! dead4 ,yes1 y--y ,g5tiles :o be=e 7 dead1 :5 ye walk$ 9 y\r transgressions & 9 ! uncircumcision ( y\r un*a/5$ c>nal hea!n he>t--ev5 y did ,god quick5 into life toge!r ) ,*ri/2 !n & !re freely =giv+ all ( u--,jews & ,g5tiles alike--all our transgressions2 !n & !re cancell+ ! bond :i* /ood valid aga9/ u 7= x bore our own signature71 ! bond :i* engag$ u to fulfil all ! law ( ord9ances1 :i* 0 our /]n pitiless tyrant4 ,ay1 ?is v bond ha? ,*ri/ put out ( sight = ev]1 nail+ x to ,8 cross & r5d+ x ) ,8 body & kill+ x 9 ,8 dea?4 ,tak+ ^u ,him our human nature1 ,he /ripp$ (f & ca/ aside all ! p[]s ( evil :i* clung to x l a poison\s g>m5t4 ,z a mighty conqu]or ,he display$ ^! ,8 fall5 enemies to an a/oni%$ _w1 lead+ !m 9 triumph on ,8 cross4' #h4 444 ,! =m ( ! s5t5ce is a measure ( ! imm95ce ( ! p]il4 ,! usual con/ruction ) is a conjunctive2 e4g4 9 ,luke xxi4 #h 4 ,"h ! sub/itution ( an indicative %[s t ! dang] is real2 comp4 ,heb4 iii4 #ab 4 ,= o!r in/ances ( ) a future indicative comp4 ,m>k xiv4 #b 1 ,rom4 xi4 #ba 2 & see ,w9] lvi4 p4 #fca sq4 ,?is indef9ite is frequ5tly us$ by ,/ ,paul1 :5 speak+ ( oppon5ts :om he kn[s well en\gh b does n c>e to "n3 see ! note on ,gal4 i4 #g4 ,comp4 ,ign4 ,smyrn4 #e 444 1 1 4 #8makes y 8 prey1 c>ries y (f body & s\l'4 ,! ^w appe>s n to occur be=e ,/ ,paul1 nor aft] him1 indep5d5tly ( ?is passage1 till a late date3 e4g4 ,heliod4 ,ae?4 x4 #ce 4 ,9 ,tatian ad ,grc4 #bb x seems to be a rem9isc5ce ( ,/ ,paul4 ,its full & prop] mean+1 z appe>s f ! passages quot$1 is n #8to despoil1' b #8to c>ry (f z spoil'1 9 accordance ) ! analog\s comp\nds1 1 4 ,s too ! closely alli$ ^w 9 ,plut4 ,mor4 p4 #e 1 ,vit4 ,galb4 #e 1 1 4 ,! ,colossians _h be5 rescu$ f ! bondage ( d>kness2 !y _h be5 transf]r$ to ! k+dom ( light2 !y _h be5 settl$ !re z free citiz5s 7i4 #ab1 #ac72 & n[ !re 0 dang] t !y %\ld fall into a /ate worse ?an _! =m] slav]y1 t !y %\ld be c>ri$ (f z s mu* booty4 ,comp4 #b ,tim4 iii4 #f 4 ,= ! con/ruction see ! notes on ,gal4 i4 #g1 iii4 #ba4 ,! =m] passage is a close p>allel to ! words "h1 444 ,! expression gives a directness & individuality to ! ref]5ce1 :i* w\ld h be5 want+ to ! m natural con/ruction 4 444 #8?r\gh 8 philosophy :i* is an empty deceit'4 ,! abs5ce ( bo? preposition & article 9 ! second clause %[s t describes & qualifies 4 ,clem5t !re=e 7,/rom4 vi4 #h1 p4 #gga7 _h a "r to cont5d t ,/ ,paul does n "h condemn #8philosophy' absolutely4 ,! ( ?is passage corresponds to ! ( #a ,tim4 vi4 #bj4 ,b ?\gh #8philosophy' is n condemn$1 x is disp>ag$ by ! connexion 9 :i* x is plac$4 ,/ ,*ryso/om's comm5t is n altoge!r wrong1 1 4 ,! t]m 0 d\btless us$ by ! false tea*]s !mselves to describe _! sy/em4 ,?\gh ess5tially ,greek z a "n & z an idea1 x _h f\nd its way into ,jewi% circles4 ,philo speaks ( ! ,hebrew religion & ,mosaic law z 7,leg4 ad ,cai4 #bc1 ,,ii4 p4 #efh1 de ,somn4 ii4 #ah1 ,i4 p4 #fge7 or 7,leg4 ad ,cai4 #cc1 ,,ii4 p4 #ehb7 or 7de ,mut4 ,nom4 #ci1 ,i4 p4 #fab74 ,! sy/em ( ! ,ess5es1 ! probable prog5itors ( ! false tea*]s at ,coloss1 he describes z 7,omn4 prob4 lib4 #ac1 ,,ii4 p4 #dei74 ,s too ,josephus speaks ( ! ?ree ,jewi% sects z 7,ant4 xviii4 #a4 #b1 comp4 ,b4,j4 ii4 #h4 #b74 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ also1 t 9 ?is lat] age1 ow+ to ,roman influ5ce1 ! t]m 0 us$ to describe practical n less ?an speculative sy/ems1 s t x w\ld cov] ! ascetic life z well z ! my/ic !osophy ( ^! ,colossian h]etics4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le is "h fl++ back at ^! false tea*]s a fav\rite t]m ( _! own1 #8_! vaunt$ philosophy1 :i* is holl[ & mislead+'4 ,! ^w inde$ c\ld claim a truly noble orig92 = x is said to h aris5 out ( ! humility ( ,py?agoras1 :o call$ himself #8a lov] ( wisdom'1 ' 7,diog4 ,la]t4 ,prom4 #ab2 comp4 ,cic4 ,tusc4 v4 #c74 ,9 su* a s5se ! t]m w\ld entirely accord ) ! _s & tea*+ ( ,/ ,paul2 = x bore te/imony to ! insuffici5cy ( ! human intellect & ! ne$ ( a revelation4 ,b 9 8 age x _h come to be associat$ g5]ally ) ! idea ( subtle dialectics & pr(itless speculation2 :ile 9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance x 0 comb9$ ) a my/ic cosmogony & angelology :i* contribut$ a fre% elem5t ( dang]4 ,z contra/$ ) ! p[] & fulness & c]ta9ty ( revelation1 all su* philosophy 0 #8fooli%ness' 7#a ,cor4 i4 #bj74 ,x is wor? obs]v+ t ?is ^w1 :i* to ! ,greeks d5ot$ ! highe/ ef=t ( ! intellect1 occurs "h alone 9 ,/ ,paul1 j z he uses 1 :i* 0 _! t]m to express ! highe/ moral excell5ce1 9 a s+le passage only 7,phil4 iv4 #h2 see ! note !re74 ,! reason is mu* ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,! ,gospel _h depos$ ! t]ms z inadequate to ! high] /&>d1 :e!r ( k or ( practice1 :i* x _h introduc$4 ,on ! attitude ( ! fa!rs t[>ds philosophy1 :ile philosophy 0 a liv+ ?+1 see ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ! ,bible s4v4 ,clem5t1 :o 0 foll[$ 9 ! ma9 by ! e>li] ,alex&rian fa!rs1 reg>ds ,greek philosophy n only z a prelim9>y tra9+ 77 = ! ,gospel1 b ev5 z 9 "s s5se a cov5ant 77 giv5 by ,god to ! ,greeks 7,/rom4 i4 #e1 p4 #cca1 vi4 #e1 p4 #gfa1 ib4 #h1 p4 #gga sq474 ,o!rs1 :o 7 ! great majority & ( :om ,t]tullian may be tak5 z an extreme type1 set _! faces directly aga9/ x1 see+ 9 x only ! p>5t ( all h]etical tea*+3 e4g4 de ,anim4 #b1 #c1 ,apol4 #df1 #dg4 ,9 ! fir/ passage1 ref]r+ to ?is text1 he says1 #8,ab apo/olo jam tunc philosophia concussio v]itatis providebatur'2 9 ! second he asks1 #8,quid simile philosophus et ,*ri/ianus8' ,/ ,paul's spee* at ,a!ns1 on ! only occasion :5 he is kn[n to h be5 br\ght into direct p]sonal contact ) ,greek philosoph]s 7,acts xvii4 #ah71 %[s t 8 sympa?ies w\ld h be5 at lea/ z /rong ) ,clem5t's repres5tations z ) ,t]tullian's4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii4 #h 1 444 ,! false tea*+ is describ$ 7#a7 ,z reg>ds its s\rce-#8! traditions ( m5'2 7#b7 ,z reg>ds its subject matt]-#8! rudim5ts ( ! _w'4 444 ,o!r sy/ems1 z = in/ance ! c]emonial mi%na ( ! ,ph>isees1 might fitly be describ$ 9 ?is way 7,matt4 xv4 #b sq41 ,m>k vii4 #c sq473 b su* a description 0 peculi>ly appropriate to a my/ic !osophy l ?is ( ! ,colossian false tea*]s4 ,! tea*+ might be oral or writt51 b x 0 ess5tially esot]ic1 ess5tially traditional4 ,x c\ld n appeal to sacr$ books :i* _h be5 be=e all ! _w = c5turies4 ,! ,ess5es1 ! imm$iate spiritual prog5itors ( ^! ,colossian h]etics1 di/9ctly claim$ to possess su* a s\rce ( k1 :i* !y c>efully gu>d$ f divulg5ce2 ,b4,j4 ii4 #h4 #g 7see above pp4 #hi1 #ij sq41 #ie74 ,! v>i\s ,gno/ic sects1 _! direct or collat]al spiritual desc5dants1 almo/ )\t exception trac$ _! doctr9es to a simil> s\rce3 e4g4 ,hippol4 ,hr4 v4 #g 1 vii4 #bj 1 ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/rom4 vii4 #ag 7p4 #hih7 1 1 1 1 4 ,s too a lat] my/ic !ology ( ! ,jews1 :i* _h _m aff9ities ) ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ri/ianiz$ ,ess5es at ,coloss1 0 self-designat$ ,kabbala or #8tradition'1 pr(ess+ to h be5 h&$ d[n orally f ! patri>*s4 ,see ! note on 1 ii4 #c4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii4 #h 1 1 #8! rudim5ts1 ! elem5t>y tea*+'2 comp4 v]4 #bj4 ,! same phrase occurs aga9 ,gal4 iv4 #c 7comp4 v]4 #i74 ,z signifies prim>ily #8! lett]s ( ! alphabet'1 s z a second>y mean+ x d5otes #8rudim5t>y in/ruction'4 ,accord+ly x is correctly int]pret$ by ,clem5t ,/rom4 vi4 #h 7p4 #gga7 444 1 1 7i4e4 elem5t>y7 7comp4 ib4 vi4 #ae1 p4 #gii71 & by ,t]tullian adv4 ,m>c4 v4 #ai #8secundum elem5ta mundi1 non secundum clum et t]ram dic5s1 s$ secundum lit]as secul>es'4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ! fa!rs h[ev] expla9$ ! expression to ref] to ! heav5ly bodies 7call$ 71 z m>k+ ! seasons1 s t ! obs]vance ( #8fe/ivals & new-moons & sabba?s' 0 a sort ( bondage to !m4 ,x w\ld appe> f ,t]tullian's language t ,m>cion also _h s int]pret$ ! words4 ,on ?is false int]pretation see ! note on ,gal4 iv4 #c4 ,x is q out ( place "h3 = 7#a7 ,! context sugge/s "s mode ( in/ruction1 e4g4 "h1 & 9 v]4 #bj2 7#b7 ,! keep+ ( days & seasons is q subord9ate to o!r ext]nal obs]vances4 ,! rite ( circumcision 7v]4 #aa71 & ! di/9ction ( meats 7v]4 #ba7 respectively1 are plac$ 9 close & imm$iate connexion ) 9 ! two places :]e x occurs1 :]eas ! obs]vance ( days & seasons 7v]4 #af7 /&s ap>t f ei!r4 #8( ! _w'1 t is1 #8belong+ to ! sph]e ( mat]ial & ext]nal ?+s'4 ,see ! notes on ,gal4 iv4 #c1 vi4 #ad4 #8,9 ,*ri/'1 s ! ,apo/le seems to say1 #8y h atta9$ ! lib]ty & ! intellig5ce ( manhood2 d n submit y\rselves aga9 to a rudim5t>y discipl9e fit only = *ildr5 7 74 ,9 ,*ri/ y h be5 exalt$ into ! sph]e ( ! ,_s3 d n plunge y\rselves aga9 into ! atmosph]e ( mat]ial & s5su\s ?+s 7 74' ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii4 #i1 #aj #i 1 #aj #8n aft] ,*ri/'4 ,?is expression is wide 9 itself1 & %\ld be int]pret$ s z to supply ! negative to bo? ! prec$+ clauses2 #8,*ri/ is nei!r ! au?or nor ! sub/ance ( _! tea*+3 n ! au?or1 = !y li/5 to human traditions 7 72 n ! sub/ance1 = !y replace ,him by =mal ord9ances 7 7 & by angelic m$iators#84 #i sq4 ,9 expla9+ ! true doctr9e :i* is #8aft] ,*ri/'1 ,/ ,paul condemns ! two false pr9ciples1 :i* lay at ! root ( ?is h]etical tea*+2 7#a7 ,! !ological error ( sub/itut+ inf]ior & creat$ be+s angelic m$iators = ! div9e ,head ,himself 7vv4 #i1 #aj72 & 7#b7 ,! practical error ( insi/+ ^u ritual & ascetic obs]vances1 z ! f\ndation ( _! moral tea*+ 7vv4 #aa-ad74 ,_! !ological speculations & _! e?ical code alike 7 at fault4 ,on ! intimate connexion betwe5 ^! two errors1 z spr++ out ( a common root1 ! ,gno/ic dualism ( ^! false tea*]s1 see ! introduction1 pp4 #cc sq41 #gi1 #hg1 #ahj sq4 444 ,! ,apo/le ju/ifies ! =ego+ *>ge t ?is doctr9e 0 n 2 #8,9 ,*ri/ dwells ! :ole pl]oma1 ! entire fulness ( ! ,godhead1 :]eas !y repres5t x to y z disp]s$ among sev]al spiritual ag5cies4 ,*ri/ is ! "o f\nta9-head ( all spiritual life1 :]eas !y tea* y to seek x 9 communion ) inf]ior creatures4' ,! same tru?s h be5 /at$ be=e 7i4 #ad sq47 m g5]ally & !y are n[ re/at$ ) direct & imm$iate ref]5ce to ! h]etical tea*+4 #8has its fix$ abode'4 ,on ! =ce ( ?is comp\nd 9 relation to ! false tea*+1 see ! note on i4 #ai4 #8all ! pl5itude'1 #8! totality ( ! div9e p[]s & attributes'4 ,on ?is !ological t]m see i4 #ai1 & ! deta*$ note at ! end ( ! epi/le4 #8( ! ,godhead'4 #8,non modo div9 virtutes1 s$ ipsa div9a natura'1 writes ,b5gel4 ,= ! diff]5ce betwe5 #8deitas'1 ! ess5ce1 & #8div9itas'1 ! quality1 see ,tr5* ,n4 ,t4 ,syn4 ii4 p4 #f4 ,! diff]5t =ce ( ! two words may be se5 by a comp>ison ( two passages 9 ,plut>*1 ,mor4 p4 #heg ,a 7:]e x means a div9e inspiration or faculty1 & :]e no "o w\ld h us$ 71 & ,mor4 #dae ,c 1 ' 7:]e w\ld be q out ( place1 because all )\t exception 7 1 ?\gh !y only became 9 r>e in/ances & aft] long probation & discipl9e74 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ! "o ^w occurs "h alone1 ! o!r 9 ,rom4 i4 #bj alone4 ,s also 1 a v fav\rite expression 9 ,greek philosophy1 is f\nd once only1 9 ,acts xvii4 #bi1 :]e x is us$ ) s+ul> propriety2 = ! ,apo/le is !re meet+ ! hea!n philosoph]s on _! own gr\nd & argu+ ) !m 9 _! own language4 ,else:]e he in/9ctively avoids a t]m :i* t5ds to obscure ! idea ( a p]sonal ,god4 ,9 ! ,lat9 v]sions1 ow+ to ! pov]ty ( ! language1 bo? & are translat$ by ! same t]m div9itas2 b ?is 0 felt to be inadequate1 & ! ^w deitas 0 co9$ at a lat] date to repres5t 3 ,augu/4 de ,civ4 ,dei vii4 #a1 ,,vii4 p4 #afb 7quot$ 9 ,tr5*7 #8,hanc div9itatem vel1 ut sic dix]im1 deitatem3 nam et hoc v]bo uti jam no/ros non piget1 ut de ,grco expressius transf]ant id quod illi appellant etc4' #8bodily-wise'1 #8corporeally'1 i4e4 #8assum+ a bodily =m1 becom+ inc>nate'4 ,?is is an addition to ! previ\s /atem5t 9 i4 #ai 4 ,! indwell+ ( ! pl]oma ref]s to ! ,et]nal ,^w1 & n to ! ,inc>nate ,*ri/2 b is add$ to %[ t ! ,^w1 9 :om ! pl]oma ?us _h its abode f all et]nity1 cr[n$ ,8 "w by ! ,inc>nation4 ,?us :ile ! ma9 /atem5t ( ,/ ,paul corresponds to ! op5+ s5t5ce ( ,/ ,john1 ! subsidi>y adv]b ( ,/ ,paul has its c\nt]p>t 9 ! additional /atem5t ( ,/ ,john4 ,all o!r mean+s :i* h be5 assign$ to "h1 z #8:olly' 7,hi]on4 9 ,is4 xi4 #a sq41 ,,iv4 p4 #aef1 #8nequaquam p] p>tes1 ut 9 cet]is sanctis'71 or #8really' 7,aug4 ,epi/4 cxlix1 ,,ii4 p4 #eac #8,ideo corporalit] dixit1 quia illi umbratilit] s$ucebant'71 or #8ess5tially' 7,hil>4 de ,tr94 viii4 #ed1 ,,ii4 p4 #beb #8,dei ex ,deo significat v]itatem etc4'1 ,cyril4 ,alex4 9 ,!odoret4 ,op4 ,v4 p4 #cd 1 1 ,isid4 ,pelus4 ,ep4 iv4 #aff 71 are unsupport$ by usage4 ,nor aga9 c ! body be und]/ood ( any?+ else b ,*ri/'s human body2 z = in/ance ( ! creat$ ,_w 7,!od4 ,mops4 9 ,rab4 ,op4 ,,vi4 p4 #ebb7 or ( ! ,*ur* 7,anon4 9 ,*ryso/4 ad loc474 ,accord+ to ^! two la/ int]pretations is tak5 to mean ! ,univ]se 7#8univ]sam naturam repletam ab eo'7 & ! ,*ur* 7 1 see ,ephes4 i4 #bc7 respectively1 because ei!r ( ^! may be said to reside 9 ,him1 z ! s\rce ( its life1 & to /& to ,him 9 ! relation ( ! body to ! head 774 ,b ^! =c$ int]pretations h no?+ to recomm5d !m4 ,/ ,paul's language is c>efully gu>d$4 ,he does n say 1 = ! ,godhead _c be conf9$ to any limits ( space2 nor 1 = ?is might sugge/ ! unreality ( ,*ri/'s human body2 b 1 #89 bodily wise'1 #8) a bodily manife/ation'4 ,! relation ( to ! clause :i* x qualifies w dep5d on ! circum/ances ( ! case3 comp4 e4g4 ,plut4 ,mor4 p4 #dbd ,e 1 i4e4 #8ratione corporis habita'1 ,a?an4 ,exp4 ,fid4 #d 7,i4 p4 #ha7 1 i4e4 #8secundum corpus'1 ,ptolem4 9 ,epiphan4 ,hr4 xxxiii4 #e 4 #aj4 #8& ye are 9 ,him'1 :]e %\ld be sep>at$ f ! foll[+ 2 comp4 ,john xvii4 #ba1 ,acts xvii4 #bh4 ,true life consi/s 9 union ) ,him1 & n 9 dep5d5ce on any inf]ior be+2 comp4 v]4 #ai 1 444 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii4 #aj 1 #8be+ fulfill$'1 ) a direct ref]5ce to ! prec$+ 2 #8,y\r fulness comes f ,8 fulness2 ,8 is transfus$ into y by virtue ( y\r incorporation 9 ,him'4 ,s too ,john i4 #af 1 ,ephes4 iii4 #ai 1 iv4 #ac 1 comp4 ,ign4 ,ephes4 init4 4 ,h5ce also ! ,*ur*1 z ideally reg>d$1 is call$ ! ( ,*ri/1 because all ,8 graces & en]gies are communicat$ to h]2 ,ephes4 i4 #bc 1 4 ,= ! v>i\s read+ see ! deta*$ note4 ,x 0 p]haps a correction made on ! false supposition t ref]r$ to ! 4 ,at all ev5ts x mu/ be reg>d$ z an impossible read+2 = ! image w\ld be altoge!r confus$ & lo/1 if ! 7 repres5t$ z ! head4 ,& aga9 is p]si/5tly said else:]e ( ,*ri/2 i4 #ah1 ii4 #ai1 ,ephes4 i4 #bb1 iv4 #ae1 v4 #bc4 ,hil>y de ,tr94 ix4 #h 7,,ii4 p4 #bfd7 expla9s ! z ref]r+ to ! :ole s5t5ce 1 b ?is also is an inconceivable s5se4 ,aga9 x has be5 sugge/$ t 7l 7 may be tak5 z equival5t to scilicet 7comp4 ,clem4 ,hom4 viii4 #bb72 b ?is w\ld require 1 ev5 if x 7 o!rwise admissible "h4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii4 #aa #aa 1 ,! image expresses mu* m ?an ! idea ( sov]eignty3 ! head is also ! c5tre ( vital =ce1 ! s\rce ( all en]gy & life3 see ! note on v]4 #ai4 444 #8( e pr9cipality & p[]'1 & !re=e ( ^? angelic be+s :om ! false tea*]s adopt$ z m$iators1 ?us transf]r+ to ! inf]ior memb]s ! allegiance due to ! ,head3 comp4 v]4 #ah sq4 ,= 1 see ! note on i4 #af4 #aa4 ,! previ\s v]ses h dealt ) ! !ological t5ets ( ! false tea*]s4 ,! ,apo/le n[ turns to _! practical errors2 #8,y d n ne$ ! circumcision ( ! fle%2 = y h receiv$ ! circumcision ( ! he>t4 ,! di/+ui%+ features ( ?is high] circumcision are ?reefold4 7#a7 ,x is n ext]nal b inw>d1 n made ) h&s b wr\ght by ! ,_s4 7#b7 ,x dive/s n ( a "p only ( ! fle%1 b ( ! :ole body ( c>nal affections4 7#c7 ,x is ! circumcision n ( ,moses or ( ! patri>*s1 b ( ,*ri/'4 ,?us x is di/+ui%$1 z reg>ds fir/ its "*1 secondly its ext5t1 & ?irdly its au?or4 ,! mom5t at :i* ?is is conceiv$ z tak+ place is def9$ by ! o!r aori/s1 1 1 etc41 z ! "t ( _! baptism1 :5 !y #8put on ,*ri/'4 i4e4 #8immat]ial'1 #8spiritual'1 z ,m>k xiv4 #eh1 #b ,cor4 v4 #a4 ,s 1 :i* is us$ 9 ! ,n4 ,t4 ( mat]ial temples & _! furniture 7,acts vii4 #dh1 xvii4 #bd1 ,heb4 ix4 #aa1 #bd1 comp4 ,m>k l4c471 & ( ! mat]ial circumcision 7,ephes4 ii4 #aa 74 ,9 ! ,,lxx occurs exclusively z a r5d]+ ( idols 71 e4g4 ,lev4 xxvi4 #a1 ,is4 ii4 #ah1 etc471 false gods 7 ,is4 xxi4 #i1 :]e p]haps !y read 71 or images 7 ,lev4 xxvi4 #cj71 except 9 "o passage1 ,is4 xvi4 #ab1 :]e x is appli$ to an idol's sanctu>y4 ,ow+ to ?is association ( ! ^w ! application :i* we f9d 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t w\ld s\nd mu* m depreciatory to ,jewi% e>s ?an x does to our own2 e4g4 9 ,/ ,/eph5's spee*1 :]e ! =ce ( ! passage is brok5 9 ! receiv$ text by ! int]polation ( 4 ,= illu/rations ( ! typical significance ( circumcision1 z a symbol ( purity1 see ! note on ,phil4 iii4 #c4 444 ,! words are *os5 to express ! complet5ess ( ! spiritual *ange4 7#a7 ,x is n an nor an 1 b an 4 ,! ^w is extremely r>e1 & no e>li] in/ances ( x are produc$2 see ! note on v]4 #ae 4 7#b7 ,x is n a s+le memb] b ! :ole body1 :i* is ?us ca/ aside2 see ! next note4 ,?us ! idea ( complet5ess is br\ght out bo? 9 ! en]gy ( ! action & 9 ! ext5t ( its op]ation1 z 9 iii4 #i 4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii4 #ab 1 1 #ab 444 #8! :ole body :i* consi/s ( ! fle%'1 i4e4 #8! body ) all its corrupt & c>nal affections'2 z iii4 #e 4 ,= illu/rations ( ! expression see ,rom4 vi4 #f 1 vii4 #bd 1 ,phil4 iii4 #ba 4 ,?us "h means #8! fle%ly body' & n #8! entire mass ( ! fle%'2 b ! contra/ betwe5 ! :ole & ! "p /ill rema9s4 ,9 i4 #bb ! same expression occurs1 b ) a diff]5t emphasis & mean+3 see ! note !re4 ,! words 1 ins]t$ betwe5 & 9 ! receiv$ text1 are cle>ly a gloss1 & mu/ be omitt$ ) ! va/ majority ( anci5t au?orities4 #ab4 ,baptism is ! grave ( ! old man1 & ! bir? ( ! new4 ,z he s9ks b5ea? ! baptismal wat]s1 ! believ] buries !re all 8 corrupt affections & pa/ s9s2 z he em]ges !nce1 he rises reg5]ate1 quick5$ to new hopes & a new life4 ,?is x is1 because x is n only ! cr[n+ act ( 8 own fai? b also ! seal ( ,god's adoption & ! e>ne/ ( ,god's ,_s4 ,?us baptism is an image ( 8 p>ticipation bo? 9 ! dea? & 9 ! resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,see ,apo/4 ,con/4 iii4 #ag 1 4 ,= ?is tw(old image1 z x pres5ts itself to ,/ ,paul1 see especially ,rom4 vi4 #c sq4 #89 ! act ( baptism'4 ,a di/9ction seems to be obs]v$ else:]e 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t betwe5 #8baptism' prop]ly s call$1 & #8lu/ration' or #8wa%+' ( div]s k9ds1 e4g4 ( vessels 7,m>k vii4 #d1 #h1 ,heb4 ix4 #aj74 ,ev5 ,heb4 vi4 #b 1 :i* at fir/ sight might seem to be an exception to ?is rule1 is p]haps n really s 7,bleek ad loc474 ,"h h[ev]1 :]e ! v>i\s read+s & appe> 9 competition1 ! pref]5ce ought probably to be giv5 to z be+ highly support$ 9 itself 7see ! deta*$ note on v>i\s read+s7 & z ! less usual ^w 9 ?is s5se4 ,!re is no a priori reason :y ,/ ,paul %\ld n h us$ ) ?is mean+1 = x is s f\nd 9 ,josephus ,ant4 xviii4 #e4 #b 7( ,john ! ,bapti/74 ,d\btless ! =m 0 m appropriate to describe ! "o f9al & complete act ( ,*ri/ian baptism1 & x v soon obta9$ exclusive possession ( ! gr\nd 9 ,greek2 b 9 ,/ ,paul's age ! o!r =m may n yet h be5 bani%$4 ,9 ! ,lat9 ,v]sion baptisma & baptismus are us$ indiscrim9ately3 & ?is is ! case also ) ! ,lat9 fa!rs4 ,! sub/antive #8baptism' occurs s r>ely 9 any s5se 9 ,/ ,paul 7only ,rom4 vi4 #d1 ,eph4 iv4 #e1 besides ?is passage71 or inde$ else:]e 9 ! ,n4 ,t4 ( ,*ri/ian baptism 7only 9 #a ,pet4 iii4 #ba71 t we h n suffici5t data = a s\nd induction4 ,s f> z ! two words h any inh]5t diff]5ce ( mean+1 d5otes r ! act 9 process & ! result4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii4 #ab 1 #ab4 4 i4e4 4 ,o!rs w\ld und]/& = ! sake ( ! p>allelism ) v]4 #aa h 444 4 ,b ?is p>allelism is n sugge/$ by ! s5se3 :ile on ! o!r h& !re is obvi\sly a v close connexion betwe5 & z ! two complem5t>y aspects ( baptism2 comp4 ,rom4 vi4 #d sq4 444 444 1 1 #b ,tim4 ii4 #aa 1 4 ,9 fact ! idea ( mu/ be res]v$ = :]e x is want$1 #8ye 7 rais$ toge!r ) ,him'4 444 #8?r\gh y\r fai? 9 ! op]ation1' be+ ! objective g5itive4 ,s ,/ ,*ryso/om1 1 4 ,only by a belief 9 ! resurrection are ! b5efits ( ! resurrection obta9$1 because only s are its moral effects produc$4 ,h5ce ,/ ,paul prays t he may #8"k ! p[] ( ,*ri/'s resurrection' 7,phil4 iii4 #aj74 ,h5ce too he makes ?is ! c>d9al article 9 ! ,*ri/ian's cre$1 #8,if ?\ 444 believe/ 9 ?y he>t t ,god rais$ ,him f ! dead1 ?\ %alt be sav$' 7,rom4 x4 #i74 ,= ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/'s resurrection on ! moral & spiritual be+1 see ! note on ,phil4 l4c4 ,o!rs take z ! subjective g5itive1 #8fai? :i* comes f ! op]ation etc4'1 argu+ f a mi/ak5 int]pretation ( ! p>allel passage ,ephes4 i4 #ai 7:]e %\ld be connect$1 n ) 1 b ) 44474 ,! =m] explanation h[ev] yields a bett] s5se1 & ! g5itive aft] f> m commonly describes ! object ?an ! s\rce ( ! fai?1 e4g4 ,rom4 iii4 #bb1 #bf1 ,gal4 iii4 #bb1 ,ephes4 iii4 #ab1 ,phil4 i4 #bg1 iii4 #i1 #b ,!ss4 ii4 #ac4 #ac4 ,9 ! s5t5ce :i* foll[s x seems necess>y to assume a *ange ( subject4 ,!re c be little d\bt t is ! nom9ative to 3 = 7#a7 ,! p>allel passage ,ephes4 ii4 #d1 #e directly sugge/s ?is4 7#b7 ,?is is uni=mly ,/ ,paul's mode ( speak+ else:]e4 ,x is always ,god :o 1 1 1 1 etc41 ) or 9 or ?r\gh ,*ri/4 7#c7 ,?\gh x might be possible to assign to ! subject ( 7see ! note on i4 #bj71 yet a ref]5ce to "s o!r p]son is m natural4 ,^! reasons seem to decide ! subject ( 4 ,b at ! same "t x appe>s q impossible to cont9ue ! same subject1 1 to ! end ( ! s5t5ce4 ,no grammatical mean+ c be assign$ to 1 by :i* x c\ld be und]/ood ( ,god ! ,fa!r4 ,we mu/ suppose !re=e t a new subject1 1 is introduc$ mean:ile1 ei!r ) or ) itself2 & ( ! two ! =m] seems ! easi] po9t ( transition4 ,= a simil> in/ance ( abrupt transition1 :i* is ! m natural ow+ to ! intimate connexion ( ! "w ( ! ,son ) ! "w ( ! ,fa!r1 see e4g4 i4 #ag sq4 i4e4 #8y ,g5tiles'4 ,?is w appe> f a /udy ( ! p>allel passages iii4 #g1 #h1 ,ephes4 i4 #ac1 ii4 #a sq41 #aa1 #ac1 #ag1 #bb1 iii4 #b1 iv4 #ag2 see ! notes on ,ephes4 i4 #ac1 & on j bel[4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii4 #ac #ac 1 444 #8by reason ( y\r transgressions etc4' ,! are ! actual def9ite transgressions1 :ile ! is ! impure c>nal disposition :i* prompts to !m4 ,= ! dative comp4 ,ephes4 ii4 #a1 #e1 :]e ! same expression occurs2 see ,w9] ,gramm4 xxxi4 p4 #bgj4 ,on ! o!r h& 9 ,rom4 vi4 #aa 1 1 ! dative has a :olly diff]5t mean+1 z ! context %[s4 ,! ( ! receiv$ text1 ?\gh highly support$1 is d\btless an int]polation = ! sake ( grammatical cle>ness4 444 ,! ext]nal fact is "h m5tion$1 n = its own sake b = its symbolical mean+4 ,! outw>d uncircumcision ( ! ,g5tiles is a type ( _! un*a/5$ c>nal m9d4 ,9 o!r words1 ?\gh ! lit]al mean+ is n exclud$1 ! spiritual ref]5ce is mo/ prom95t1 z appe>s f v]4 #aa 4 ,h5ce ,!odore's comm5t1 77 4 ,at ! same "t ! *oice ( ! expression %[s t ! ,colossian conv]ts address$ by ,/ ,paul 7 ma9ly ,g5tiles4 ,x has be5 que/ion$ :e!r ! life "h spok5 ( %\ld be und]/ood 9 a spiritual s5se ( ! reg5]ation ( ! moral be+1 or 9 a lit]al s5se ( ! future life ( immortality reg>d$ z conf]r$ on ! ,*ri/ian pot5tially n[1 ?\gh only to be realis$ h]eaft]4 ,b is n su* an issue altoge!r sup]flu\s8 ,is !re any reason to ?9k t ,/ ,paul w\ld h sep>at$ ^! two ideas ( life8 ,to him ! future glorifi$ life is only ! cont9uation ( ! pres5t moral & spiritual life4 ,! two are ! same 9 ess5ce1 h[ev] ! accid5ts may diff]4 ,moral & spiritual reg5]ation is salvation1 is life4 ,! pron\n is repeat$ = ! sake ( emphasis4 ,! omission 9 "s good copies is d\bly expla9$2 7#a7 ,by ! desire to simplify ! gramm>2 7#b7 ,by ! wi% to relieve ! awkw>dness ( ! close proximity betwe5 & 4 ,?is latt] consid]ation has l$ a few good au?orities to sub/itute = 1 & o!rs to sub/itute = 4 ,= in/ances ( ^? emphatic repetitions 9 ,/ ,paul see ! note on i4 #bj ' 4 #8) ,*ri/'1 z 9 ,ephes4 ii4 #e 4 ,on ! inadmissibility ( ! read+ see ! note on i4 #bj4 #8hav+ =giv5'1 z 9 ,luke vii4 #db sq41 #b ,cor4 ii4 #g1 #aj1 xii4 #ac1 ,ephes4 iv4 #cb2 see also ! note on iii4 #ac bel[4 ,! idea ( s9 z a debt incurr$ to ,god 7,matt4 vi4 #ab 1 comp4 ,luke xi4 #d7 und]lies ?is expression1 z x does also ! common] t]m = p>don1 #8remission'4 ,! image is c>ri$ out 9 ! cancell$ bond1 v]4 #ad4 ,! p]son is *ang$2 #8n to y ,g5tiles only1 b to u all alike'4 ,/ ,paul is eag] to claim 8 %>e 9 ! transgression1 t he may claim x also 9 ! =giv5ess4 ,= o!r examples ( ! *ange f ! second to ! fir/ p]son1 see i4 #aj-ac1 iii4 #c1 #d1 ,ephes4 ii4 #b1 #c1 #ac1 #ad1 iv4 #ca1 #cb1 v4 #b 7! correct read+71 #a ,!ss4 v4 #e1 :]e ! motive ( ! *ange is simil>4 ,see also ,gal4 iii4 #be1 #bf1 iv4 #e1 #f1 :]e !re is ! conv]se transition4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii4 #ad 1 1 #ad ' #ad4 #8hav+ cancell$'4 ,! ^w 1 l 1 signify+ #8to blot out1 to erase'1 is commonly oppos$ to #8to ent] a "n1 etc4'2 e4g4 ,ari/4 ,pax #aaha1 ,lysias c4 ,nicom4 p4 #ahc1 ,plato ,resp4 vi4 p4 #eja ,b4 ,m especially is x s us$ 9 ref]5ce to an item 9 an acc\nt1 e4g4 ,demo/h4 c4 ,ari/og4 i4 p4 #gia 444 4 ' 444 #8! bond /&+ aga9/ u'4 ,! ^w 1 :i* means prop]ly an autograph ( any k9d1 is us$ almo/ exclusively = a note ( h&1 a bond or obligation1 z hav+ ! #8sign-manual' ( ! debtor or contractor3 e4g4 ,tobit v4 #c 7comp4 ix4 #e7 1 ,plut4 ,mor4 p4 #hbi ,a 4 ,x is m common 9 ,lat9 ?an 9 ,greek1 e4g4 ,cic4 ,fam4 vii4 #ah #8,misi cautionem *irographi mei'1 ,juv4 ,sat4 xvi4 #da #8,debitor aut sumptos p]git non r$d]e nummos1 vana sup]vacui dic5s *irographa ligni' 7comp4 xiii4 #acg74 ,h5ce *irographum1 *irograph>ius1 are frequ5t t]ms 9 ! ,roman law-books2 see ,hesse ,h&lexicon zu d5 ,quell5 des rmis*5 ,re*ts s4v4 p4 #gd4 ,9 ! case be=e u ! ,jewi% p might be said to h sign$ ! contract :5 !y b\nd !mselves by a curse to obs]ve all ! enactm5ts ( ! law 7,deut4 xxvii4 #ad-bf2 comp4 ,exod4 xxiv4 #c72 & ! prim>y ref]5ce w\ld be to !m4 ,b 1 1 seem to include ,g5tiles z well z ,jews1 s t a wid] ref]5ce mu/ be giv5 to ! expression4 ,! !re=e1 ?\gh ref]r+ prim>ily to ! ,mosaic ord9ances1 w include all =ms ( positive decrees 9 :i* moral or social pr9ciples are embodi$ or religi\s duties def9$2 & ! #8bond' is ! moral ass5t ( ! consci5ce1 :i* 7z x 77 signs & seals ! obligation4 ,! ,g5tiles1 ?\gh #8n hav+ a law1 are a law to !mselves'1 1 1 ,rom4 ii4 #ad1 #ae4 ,see ! notes on ,gal4 ii4 #ai1 iv4 #aa4 ,comp4 ,orig4 ,hom4 9 ,g54 xiii4 #d 7,,ii4 p4 #if74 #8consi/+ 9 ord9ances'3 comp4 ,ephes4 ii4 #ae 4 ,! ^w is "h us$ 9 its prop] s5se ( a #8decree'1 #8ord9ance'1 correspond+ to bel[1 v]4 #bj4 ,?is is its only s5se 9 ! ,n4 ,t42 e4g4 ,luke ii4 #a1 ,acts xvii4 #g1 ( ! ,emp]or's decrees2 ,acts xvi4 #d ( ! ,apo/olic ord9ances4 ,"h x ref]s especially to ! ,mosaic law1 z 9 ,joseph4 ,ant4 xv4 #e4 #c 1 ,philo ,leg4 ,all4 i4 #af 7,i4 p4 #ed7 1 #c ,macc4 i4 #c 4 ,comp4 ,ir54 ,fragm4 #ch 7p4 #hee ,/i]57 :]e1 imm$iately aft] a ref]5ce to our text1 is oppos$ to 4 ,9 ! p>allel passage1 ,ephes4 ii4 #ae1 ?is is ! exclusive ref]5ce2 b "h 7= reasons expla9$ 9 ! la/ note7 x seems be/ to give ! t]m a second>y & m ext5sive application4 ,! dative is p]haps be/ expla9$ z gov]n$ by ! idea ( involv$ 9 7comp4 ,plat4 ,ep4 vii4 p4 #bdc ,a 72 z 9 #a ,tim4 ii4 #f 1 :]e dep5ds on an impli$ 4 ,o!rwise x is tak5 z closely connect$ ) ' 1 #8! bond :i* 0 9 =ce aga9/ u by reason ( ! ord9ances'3 see ,w9] xxxi4 p4 #bgc1 ,a4 ,buttmann p4 #hj4 ,possibly an has dropp$ out ( ! text be=e 1 ow+ to ! simil> end+ 7comp4 ,ephes4 ii4 #ae72 b1 if s1 ! omission mu/ date f ! e>lie/ age1 s9ce no exi/+ au?orities exhibit any traces ( su* a read+2 see ! note on v]4 #ah 1 & comp4 ,phil4 ii4 #a 4 ,a :olly diff]5t int]pretation h[ev] prevails univ]sally among ,greek comm5tators bo? "h & 9 ,ephes4 ii4 #ae4 ,!y take 1 1 to mean ! #8doctr9es or precepts ( ! ,gospel'1 & s to describe ! in/rum5t by :i* ! abrogation ( ! law 0 effect$4 ,s ,*ryso/om1 ,sev]ianus1 ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia1 & ,!odoret1 foll[$ by ! lat] comm5tators ,,oecum5ius & ,!ophylact4 ,/rangely en\gh !y d n allude to ! correct int]pretation2 nor 7) ! exception ( ! passage ascrib$ to ,ir5u :i* is quot$ above7 h ,i f\nd any di/9ct traces ( x 9 any ,greek fa!r4 ,! grammatical difficulty w\ld be tak5 to fav\r ?is int]pretation1 :i* moreov] 0 *>act]i/ic ( ! age :5 ! battle ( cre$s 0 f\ght4 ,b x has be5 univ]sally ab&on$ by mod]n int]pret]s1 z pla9ly inappropriate to ! context & also z sev]+ ! sub/antive "h f ! v]b 9 v]4 #bj4 ,! ,lat9 fa!rs1 :o _h ei!r decretis or s5t5tiis 9 _! v]sion1 7 sav$ f ?is false int]pretation2 e4g4 ,hil>4 de ,tr94 i4 #ab 7,,ii4 p4 #aj71 ix4 #aj 7,,ii4 p4 #bfe sq471 ,ambros4 ,apol4 ,dav4 #ac 7,i4 p4 #fih71 de ,fid4 iii4 #b 7,,ii4 p4 #dii71 ,augu/4 de ,pecc4 ,m]4 i4 #dg 7,x4 p4 #bf73 ?\gh !y v commonly took 1 1 to ref] to ! decree ( condemnation4 ,j]ome h[ev] on ,ephes4 ii4 #ae 7,,vii4 p4 #eha7 foll[s ! ,greeks4 ,! lat] ,*ri/ian s5se ( 1 mean+ #8doctr9e'1 came f its second>y classical use1 :]e x 0 appli$ to ! au?oritative & categorical #8s5t5ces' ( ! philosoph]s3 comp4 ,j4 ,m>t4 ,apol4 i4 #g 7p4 #ef ,d7 1 1 ,cic4 ,acad4 ii4 #i #8de suis decretis qu philosophi vocant '1 ,s5ec4 ,epi/4 xcv4 #aj #8,nulla ars contemplativa s9e decretis suis e/1 qu ,grci vocant dogmata1 nobis vel decreta licet adpell>e vel scita vel placita'4 ,see ! indices to ,plut>*1 ,epictetus1 etc41 = illu/rations ( ! use ( ! t]m4 ,!re is an approa* t[>ds ! ecclesia/ical mean+ 9 ,ignat4 ,magn4 #ac 1 ,b>nab4 #a 7comp4 #i1 #aj74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii4 #ad 1 444 #8:i* 0 directly oppos$ to u'4 ,! =m] expression1 ' 1 ref]r$ to ! validity ( ! bond2 ! pres5t1 1 describes its active ho/ility4 ,x is q a mi/ake to suppose t ! fir/ preposition 9 mitigates its =ce1 z 9 1 1 1 1 etc4 ,nei!r 9 classical writ]s nor 9 ! ,,lxx has ! ^w any %ade ( ?is mean+4 ,x is v commonly us$ = in/ance1 ( ?+s :i* are directly antagoni/ic & mutually exclusive3 e4g4 ,ari/ot4 de ,g54 et ,corr4 i4 #g 7p4 #cbc7 444 444 444 7i4e4 self-contradictory7 4441 ,plato ,alcib4 ,sec4 #ach ,c 4 2 4 4444 #aci ,b 4 2 7i4e4 h[ c "o ?+ h two direct opposites871 :]e ! :ole argum5t dep5ds on ?is s5se ( 4 ,9 comp\nds ) ! =ce ( ! preposition w g5]ally be det]m9$ by ! mean+ ( ! o!r elem5t 9 ! comp\nd2 &1 z 77 implies locality1 a local s5se is communicat$ to 4 ,?us may be comp>$ ) 1 1 1 7,x54 ,cyrop4 i4 #b4 #ab 1 #8to hunt d[n'71 7,x54 ,anab4 i4 #h4 #ae 1 #8rid+ up'71 7,polyb4 i4 #ej4 #f 1 #8he br\ght up' 8 own %ip74 ,) ?is mean+1 #8ov] aga9/1' #8close 9 ^u1' ! preposition does n weak5 b enhance ! =ce ( 1 s t ! comp\nd w d5ote #8direct1' #8close1' or #8p]si/5t opposition4' 444 #8& ,he1 i4e4 ,*ri/1 ha? tak5 x away'4 ,!re is a d\ble *ange 9 ?is clause3 7#a7 ,! p>ticiples 71 7 are replac$ by a f9ite v]b4 7#b7 ,! aori/s 71 1 7 are replac$ by a p]fect4 ,! sub/itution ( = 9 "s copies betrays a consci\sness on ! "p ( ! scribes ( ! dislocation produc$ by ! new t5se4 ,z a new subject1 1 mu/ be introduc$ some:]e 7see ! note on v]4 #ac71 ! sev]ance ?us creat$ sugge/s ?is z ! be/ po9t ( transition4 ,! p]fect 1 #8,he ha? remov$ x'1 is sugge/$ by ! feel+ ( relief & ?anksgiv+1 :i* rises up 9 ! ,apo/le's m9d at ?is po9t4 ,= ! /rong expression 1 #8to remove & put out ( sight'1 comp4 ,,lxx ,is4 lvii4 #b1 ,epictet4 iii4 #c4 #ae1 ,plut4 ,mor4 p4 #eai ,d2 s #b ,!ss4 ii4 #g 4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii4 #ae 1 #ae 444 #8,! abrogation 0 ev5 m emphatic4 ,n only 0 ! writ+ eras$1 b ! docum5t itself 0 torn up & ca/ aside4' ,by is meant t ! law ( ord9ances 0 nail$ to ! cross1 r5t ) ,*ri/'s body1 & de/roy$ ) ,8 dea?3 see ! notes on ,gal4 vi4 #ad ' 7! _w1 ! sph]e ( mat]ial ord9ances7 1 :]e ! idea is ! same4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t 9 "s cities ! abrogation ( a decree 0 signifi$ by runn+ a nail ?r\gh x & hang+ x up 9 public4 ,! image w\ld ?us ga9 =ce1 b !re is no di/9ct evid5ce ( su* a cu/om4 #ae4 444 ,?is ^w appe>s n to occur at all be=e ,/ ,paul1 & r>ely if ev] aft] 8 "t1 except 9 writ]s :o may be suppos$ to h 8 language be=e !m2 e4g4 ,hippol4 ,hr4 i4 #bd 4 ,9 ,joseph4 ,ant4 vi4 #ad4 #b is only a v>iation = :i* seems to be ! correct read+4 ,! ^w also appe>s 9 "s texts ( ,babrius ,fab4 xviii4 #c1 b x is m]ely a conjectural em5dation4 ,?us ! occurr5ce ( "h & 9 iii4 #i1 & ( above 9 v]4 #aa1 is rem>kable2 & ! *oice ( an unusual1 if n a :olly new1 ^w mu/ h be5 prompt$ by ! desire to emphasize ! complet5ess ( ! action4 ,! =ce ( ! d\ble comp\nd may be inf]r$ f a passage ( ,lysias1 :]e ! two words & occur toge!r2 c4 ,!omn4 i4 #aj 7p4 #aag7 4 ,"h h[ev] ! s5se ( is difficult4 ,! mean+ g5]ally assign$ to x1 #8hav+ spoil$1 /ripp$ ( _! arms'1 disreg>ds ! middle voice4 ,/ ,j]ome is *iefly responsible = ?is common error ( int]pretation3 = 9 place ( ! ,old ,lat9 #8exu5s se'1 :i* 0 grammatically correct1 he sub/itut$ #8exspolians' 9 8 revis$ v]sion4 ,9 8 int]pretation h[ev] he 0 anticipat$ by ! comm5tator ,hil>y1 :o read #8exu5s' = #8exu5s se' 9 8 text4 ,disc>d+ ?is s5se1 z inconsi/5t ) ! voice1 we h ! *oice ( two int]pretations4 7#a7 ,! common int]pretation ( ! ,lat9 fa!rs1 #8putt+ (f ! body'1 ?us sep>at+ f 444 & und]/&+ or ) x2 comp4 #b ,cor4 v4 #c 4 ,s ,novat4 de ,tr94 #af #8exutus c>nem'2 ,ambros4 ,expos4 ,luc4 v4 #ajg 7,i4 p4 #acha7 #8exu5s se c>nem'1 comp4 de ,fid4 iii4 #b 7,,ii4 p4 #dii72 ,hil>4 de ,tr94 i4 #ac 7,,ii4 p4 #aj7 #8exutus c>nem' 7comp4 ix4 #aj1 p4 #bfe71 x4 #dh 7p4 #cee7 #8spolians se c>ne' 7comp4 ix4 #aa1 p4 #bff72 ,augu/94 ,epi/4 #adi 7,,ii4 p4 #eac7 #8exu5s se c>ne'1 etc4 ,?is appe>s to h be5 ! s5se adopt$ mu* e>li] 9 a ,docetic "w quot$ by ,hippol4 ,hr4 viii4 #aj 1 444 ,x is s p>aphras$ likewise 9 ! ,pe%ito ,syriac & ! ,go?ic4 ,! read+ 7omitt+ 71 f\nd 9 "s anci5t au?orities1 mu/ be a corruption f an e>li] text1 :i* _h ins]t$ ! gloss aft] 1 :ile reta9+ 1 & :i* seems to h be5 9 ! h&s ( "s ( ! ,lat9 fa!rs already quot$4 ,?is int]pretation has be5 connect$ ) a common metaphorical use ( 1 signify+ #8to /rip' & s #8to prep>e = a conte/'2 e4g4 ,plut4 ,mor4 #haa ,e 1 ,diod4 ,sic4 ii4 #bi 4 ,! s]i\s objection to ?is r5d]+ is1 t x introduces an isolat$ metaphor :i* is n expla9$ or sugge/$ by any?+ 9 ! context4 7#b7 ,! common int]pretation ( ! ,greek fa!rs2 #8hav+ /ripp$ (f & put away ! p[]s ( evil'1 mak+ gov]n 444 ,s ,*ryso/om1 ,sev]ianus1 ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia1 & ,!odoret4 ,?is also appe>s to h be5 ! int]pretation ( ,orig51 9 ,matt4 xii4 #be 7,,iii4 p4 #edd71 ib4 #dj 7p4 #efj71 9 ,ioann4 vi4 #cg 7,,iv4 p4 #aee71 ib4 xx4 #bi 7p4 #cef71 ?\gh 8 language is n explicit1 & ?\gh 8 translators1 e4g4 9 ,libr4 ,ies4 ,hom4 vii4 #c 7,,ii4 p4 #dac71 make him say o!rwise4 ,! mean+ !n w be z foll[s4 ,*ri/ took ^u ,himself our human nature ) all its temptations 7,heb4 iv4 #ae74 ,! p[]s ( evil ga!r$ ab\t ,him4 ,aga9 & aga9 !y assail$ ,him2 b ea* fre% assault end$ 9 a new defeat4 ,9 ! wild]ness ,he 0 tempt$ by ,satan2 b ,satan retir$ = ! "t baffl$ & defeat$ 7,luke iv4 #ac ' 74 ,?r\gh ! voice ( ,8 *ief disciple ! temptation 0 r5ew$1 & ,he 0 entreat$ to decl9e ,8 appo9t$ suff]+s & dea?4 ,satan 0 aga9 driv5 (f 7,matt4 xvi4 #bc 1 1 3 comp4 ,matt4 viii4 #ca74 ,!n ! la/ h\r came4 ,?is 0 ! great crisis ( all1 :5 #8! p[] ( d>kness' made itself felt 7,luke xxii4 #ec 2 see above i4 #ac71 :5 ! pr9ce ( ! _w ass]t$ 8 tyranny 7,joh4 xii4 #cj 74 ,! f9al act 9 ! conflict began ) ! agony ( ,ge?semane2 x end$ ) ! cross ( ,calv>y4 ,! victory 0 complete4 ,! enemy ( man 0 defeat$4 ,! p[]s ( evil1 :i* _h clung l a ,nessus robe ab\t ,8 humanity1 7 torn (f & ca/ aside = ev]4 ,& ! victory ( mank9d is involv$ 9 ! victory ( ,*ri/4 ,9 ,8 cross we too are dive/$ ( ! poison\s cl++ g>m5ts ( temptation & s9 & dea?2 1 says ,!odore1 1 7i4e4 7 ' 4 ,= ! image ( ! g>m5ts comp4 ,is4 lxiv4 #f1 b especially ,ze*4 iii4 #a sq41 #8,& he %[$ me ,jo%ua ! high-prie/ /&+ be=e ! angel ( ! ,"l & ,satan /&+ at 8 "r h& to resi/ him4 ,& ! ,"l said unto ,satan1 ,! ,"l rebuke !e1 ,o ,satan4444 ,n[ ,jo%ua 0 clo!d ) fil?y g>m5ts4444 ,& ,he answ]$ & spake unto ^? t /ood be=e ,him say+ ,take away ! fil?y g>m5ts f him4 ,& unto him ,he said ,behold1 ,i h caus$ ?9e iniquity to pass f !e'4 ,9 ?is prophetic passage ! image is us$ ( ,8 type & namesake1 ! ,jesus ( ! ,re/oration1 n 9 8 own p]son1 b z ! high-prie/ & repres5tative ( a guilty b cleans$ & =giv5 p1 ) :om he is id5tifi$4 ,= ! metaphor ( m especially1 see ,philo ,quod det4 pot4 ins4 #ac 7,i4 p4 #aii7 1 :]e ! image 9 ! context is t ( a wre/l+ b\t4 ,?is int]pretation is grammatical2 x accords ) ,/ ,paul's tea*+2 & x is comm5d$ by ! p>allel uses ( ! sub/antive 9 v]4 #aa 1 & ( ! v]b 9 iii4 #i 444 ,! accompli%$ 9 u :5 we are baptiz$ into ,8 dea? is a c\nt]p>t to ! :i* ,he accompli%$ by ,8 dea?4 ,) ,him inde$ x 0 only ! temptation1 ) u x is ! s9 z well z temptation2 b o!rwise ! p>allel is complete4 ,9 bo? cases x is a dive/iture ( ! p[]s ( evil1 a lib]ation f ! dom9ion ( ! fle%4 ,on ! o!r h& ! common explanation #8spoil+' is n less a violation ( ,/ ,paul's usage 7iii4 #i7 ?an ( grammatical rule4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii4 #ae 444 ,:at p[]s are especially meant "h w appe> f ,ephes4 vi4 #ab 1 1 1 444 ,see ! note on i4 #af4 #8display$'1 z a victor displays 8 captives or trophies 9 a triumphal procession3 ,hor4 ,epi/4 i4 #ag4 #cc #8captos o/5d]e civibus ho/es'4 ,! ^w is extremely r>e2 ,matt4 i4 #ai 7:]e x ought probably to be read = ! m common ^w 71 ,act4 ,paul4 et ,petr4 #cc 4 ,n[h]e does ! ^w convey ! idea ( #8mak+ an example' 77 b signifies simply #8to display1 publi%1 proclaim'4 ,9 ! context ( ! la/ passage we h z ! consequ5ce1 1 i4e4 to proclaim 8 impieties4 ,! sub/antive occurs on ! ,rosetta /one l4 #cj 7,boeckh1 ,c4 ,i4 #dfig7 4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii4 #ae 1 4 #8boldly'1 n #8publicly'4 ,z is #8unres]v$ness1 pla9ness ( spee*' 7-1 its opposite be+ #8sil5ce'71 s :ile appli$ /ill to language1 x may be oppos$ ei!r 7#a7 to #8fe>'1 z ,john vii4 #ac1 ,acts iv4 #bi1 or 7#b7 to #8ambiguity1 res]ve'1 ,joh4 xi4 #ad1 xvi4 #be1 #bi2 b #8misgiv+1 appreh5sion' 9 "s =m or o!r seems to be always ! correlative idea4 ,h5ce1 :5 x is transf]r$ f words to actions1 x appe>s always to reta9 ! idea ( #8confid5ce1 boldness'2 e4g4 #a ,macc4 iv4 #ah 1 ,te/4 xii4 ,patr4 ,rub4 #d 1 ,jos4 ,ant4 ix4 #a,o4 #d ' ' 4 ,! idea ( publicity may sometimes be connect$ ) ! ^w z a second>y notion1 e4g4 9 ,joh4 vii4 #d1 :]e #8to assume a bold attitude' is oppos$ to 7comp4 xviii4 #bj72 b x does n displace ! prim>y s5se4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii4 #af #af #af4 4 #8lead+ !m 9 triumph'1 ! same metaphor z 9 #b ,cor4 ii4 #ad 4441 :]e x is wrongly translat$ 9 ! ,a4 ,v4 #8cause? u to triumph'4 ,"h h[ev] x is ! defeat$ p[]s ( evil1 !re ! subjugat$ p]sons ( m51 :o are l$ 9 public1 *a9$ to ! triumphal c> ( ,*ri/4 ,?is is ! prop] mean+ & con/ruction ( 1 z f\nd else:]e4 ,?is v]b takes an accusative 7#a7 ( ! p]son ov] :om ! triumph is celebrat$1 e4g4 ,plut4 ,vit4 ,arat4 #ed 1 ,!s4 et ,rom4 ,comp4 #d 3 7#b7 ( ! spoils exhibit$ 9 ! triumph1 e4g4 ,tatian c4 ,grc4 #bf 1 1 3 7#c7 m r>ely ( ! sub/ance ( ! triumph1 e4g4 ,vit4 ,camill4 #cj 444 1 i4e4 #89 ! "* ( 8 c\ntry's savi\r'4 ,! passive is #8to be l$ 9 triumph'1 #8to be triumph$ ov]'1 e4g4 ,vit4 ,c4 ,m>c4 #ce4 ,s ! ,lat9s say #8triumph>e aliquem' & #8triumph>i'4 i4e4 3 comp4 ,ephes4 ii4 #af 444 4 ,! viol5ce ( ! metaphor is its ju/ification4 ,! p>adox ( ! crucifixion is ?us plac$ 9 ! /ronge/ light--triumph 9 helplessness & glory 9 %ame4 ,! convict's gibbet is ! victor's c>4 #af-ai4 #8,see+ !n t ! bond is cancell$1 t ! law ( ord9ances is repeal$1 bew>e ( subject+ y\rselves to its tyranny aga94 ,suff] no man to call y to acc\nt 9 ! matt] ( eat+ or dr9k+1 or aga9 ( ! obs]vance ( a fe/ival or a new moon or a sabba?4 ,^! are only %ad[s ?r[n 9 advance1 only types ( ?+s to come4 ,! sub/ance1 ! reality1 9 e case belongs to ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/4 ,! prize is n[ fairly )9 y\r rea*4 ,d n suff] y\rselves to be robb$ ( x by any /ratagem ( ! false tea*]s4 ,_! religion is an (fici\s humility :i* displays itself 9 ! wor%ip ( angels4 ,!y make a p>ade ( _! visions1 b !y are foll[+ an empty phantom4 ,!y pr(ess humility1 b !y are puff$ up ) _! vaunt$ wisdom1 :i* is aft] all only ! m9d ( ! fle%4 ,mean:ile !y h sub/itut$ inf]ior spiritual ag5cies = ! ,"o true ,m$iator1 ! ,et]nal ,^w4 ,cl++ to ^! l[] intellig5ces1 !y h lo/ _! hold ( ! ,head2 !y h sev]$ _! connexion ) ,him1 on :om ! :ole body dep5ds2 f :om x d]ives its vitality1 & to :om x owes its unity1 be+ suppli$ ) n\ri%m5t & knit toge!r 9 "o by means ( ! sev]al jo9ts & atta*m5ts1 s t x gr[s ) a gr[? :i* comes f ,god ,himself4' #af sq4 ,! two ma9 t5d5cies ( ! ,colossian h]esy are disc]nible 9 ?is w>n+ 7vv4 #af-ai71 z !y 7 9 ! previ\s /atem5t 7vv4 #i-ae74 ,"h h[ev] ! ord] is rev]s$4 ,! practical error1 an excessive ritualism & ascetic rig\r1 is fir/ dealt ) 7vv4 #af1 #ag72 ! !ological error1 ! int]position ( angelic m$iators1 foll[s aft] 7vv4 #ah1 #ai74 ,! fir/ is ! sub/itution ( a %ad[ = ! sub/ance2 ! second is ! pref]5ce ( an inf]ior memb] to ! head4 ,! rev]sal ( ord] is ow+ to ! connexion ( ! p>agraphs2 ! op5+ subject 9 ! second p>agraph be+ a cont9uation ( ! conclud+ subject 9 ! fir/1 by ! figure call$ *iasm3 comp4 ,gal4 iv4 #e4 n #8condemn y'1 b #8take y to task'2 z e4g4 ,rom4 xiv4 #c sq4 ,! judgm5t may or may n end 9 an acquittal2 b 9 any case x is wrong1 s9ce ^! matt]s ought n to be tak5 z ! basis ( a judgm5t4 444 #89 eat+ & 9 dr9k+'2 ,rom4 xiv4 #ag 1 4441 ,heb4 ix4 #aj 1 1 comp4 #a ,cor4 viii4 #h 444 ,! fir/ indication t ! ,mosaic di/9ctions ( ?+s clean & unclean %\ld be aboli%$ is giv5 by our ,"l ,himself3 ,m>k vii4 #ad sq4 7! correct read+ 9 v]4 #ai be+ 74 ,!y 7 aft]w>ds =mally annull$ by ! vision :i* appe>$ to ,/ ,pet]3 ,acts x4 #aa sq4 ,! ord9ances ( ! ,mosaic law appli$ almo/ exclusively to meats4 ,x conta9$ no prohibitions respect+ dr9ks except 9 a v few cases2 e4g4 ( ! prie/s m9i/]+ 9 ! tab]nacle 7,lev4 x4 #i71 ( liquids conta9$ 9 unclean vessels etc4 7,lev4 xi4 #cd1 #cf71 & ( ,naz>ite v[s 7,num4 vi4 #c74 ,^! directions1 tak5 9 connexion ) ! rigid obs]vances :i* ! lat] ,jews _h graft$ on !m 7,matt4 xxiii4 #bd71 w\ld be suffici5t to expla9 ! expression1 :5 appli$ to ! ,mosaic law by itself1 z 9 ,heb4 l4c4 ,! rig\r ( ! ,colossian false tea*]s h[ev]1 l t ( _! ,jewi% prototypes ! ,ess5es1 d\btless w5t f> beyond ! injunctions ( ! law4 ,x is probable t !y =bad w9e & animal food altoge!r3 see ! introduction pp4 #hf1 #ajd sq4 ,= allusions 9 ,/ ,paul to simil> obs]vances n requir$ by ! law1 see ,rom4 xiv4 #b 1 v]4 #ba 4441 #a ,tim4 iv4 #b1 #c 444 4441 ,tit4 i4 #ad 444 444 4 ,! correct read+ seems to be 1 ?us connect+ toge!r ! words betwe5 :i* !re is a natural aff9ity4 ,comp4 ,philo ,vit4 ,moys4 i4 #cc 7,,ii4 p4 #aaj7 1 ,ign4 ,trall4 #b 4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii4 #ag 1 #ag #ag 4 #89 ! matt] (1' etc42 comp4 #b ,cor4 iii4 #aj1 ix4 #c 4 ,! expression seems orig9ally to mean #89 ! division or category'1 & 9 classical writ]s mo/ commonly occurs 9 connexion ) su* words z 1 1 1 etc43 comp4 ,demo/h4 c4 ,ari/ocr4 #adh 444 444 1 i4e4 #89 ! capacity (4' ,h5ce x gets to signify m widely1 z "h1 #8) respect to'1 #8by reason ('3 comp4 ,philo ,quod det4 pot4 ins4 #b 7,i4 p4 #aib7 1 9 ,flacc4 #bj 7,,ii4 p4 #edb7 4 ,b lian ,v4 ,h4 viii4 #c 1 quot$ by ! comm5tators1 is a false p>allel3 = is !re gov]n$ by & means #89 8 turn'4 444 ,! same ?ree words occur toge!r1 z an exhau/ive enum]ation ( ! sacr$ times among ! ,jews1 9 #a ,*ron4 xxiii4 #ca1 #b ,*ron4 ii4 #d1 xxxi4 #c1 ,ezek4 xlv4 #ag1 ,hos4 ii4 #aa1 ,ju/9 ,dial4 #h1 p4 #bbf2 comp4 ,is4 i4 #ac1 #ad4 ,see also ,gal4 iv4 #aj 1 :]e ! fir/ ?ree words correspond to ! ?ree words us$ "h1 ?\gh ! ord] is rev]s$4 ,! "h1 l ! !re1 ref]s *iefly to ! annual fe/ivals1 ! passov]1 p5teco/1 etc4 ,! "h describes m precisely ! mon?ly fe/ival1 :i* is !re designat$ m vaguely z 4 ,! "h gives by "n ! weekly holy-day1 :i* is !re indicat$ m g5]ally by 4 ,see ,num4 xxviii4 #aa sq4 ,! =ms & seem to be us$ indiff]5tly 9 ! common dialect1 ?\gh ! latt] is m common4 ,9 ! ,attic alone 0 held to be correct2 see ,lobeck ,phryn4 p4 #adh4 ,on ! :ole ! pref]5ce %\ld p]haps be giv5 to "h1 z support$ by "s au?orities :i* are g5]ally tru/wor?y 9 matt]s ( or?ography1 & z be+ ! less usual =m 9 itself4 #8a sabba?-day'1 n1 z ! ,a4,v41 #8sabba? days'2 = ! coord9at$ words 1 1 are 9 ! s+ul>4 ,! ^w is d]iv$ f ! ,aramaic 7z di/+ui%$ f ! ,hebrew7 =m 1 & accord+ly pres]ves ! ,aramaic t]m9ation 9 4 ,h5ce x 0 naturally decl9$ z a plural n\n1 1 4 ,! g5]al use ( 1 :5 a s+le sabba?-day 0 meant1 w appe> f su* passages z ,jos4 ,ant4 i4 #a4 #a 1 1 ib4 iii4 #aj4 #a 1 ,plut4 ,mor4 #afi ,c 1 ib4 #fga ,f 1 ,hor4 ,sat4 i4 #i4 #fi #8hodie tricesima sabbata'4 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t is only once us$ di/9ctly ( m ?an a s+le day1 & !re ! plurality ( mean+ is br\ght out by ! atta*$ num]al2 ,acts xvii4 #b 4 ,on ! obs]vance ( days & seasons see aga9 ,gal4 iv4 #aj1 ,rom4 xiv4 #e1 #f4 ,a /rong anti-,judaic view on ! subject is express$ 9 ! ,epi/4 ad ,diogn4 #d4 ,orig5 c4 ,cels4 viii4 #ba1 #bb1 aft] ref]r+ to ,?ucyd4 i4 #gj 1 says 1 1 1 & he !n goes on to expla9 :at is ! 1 ! 1 ! 1 ( su* a man4 ,! obs]vance ( sacr$ times 0 an integral "p ( ! old disp5sation4 ,"u ! new !y h ceas$ to h any value1 except z a means to an end4 ,! great pr9ciple t #8! sabba? 0 made = man & n man = ! sabba?'1 ?\gh und]ly+ ! ,mosaic ord9ances1 0 fir/ di/9ctly pron\nc$ by our ,"l4 ,! sett+ ap>t ( special days = ! s]vice ( ,god is a confession ( our imp]fect /ate1 an av[al t we _c or d n devote our :ole "t to ,him4 ,sabba?s w !n ultimately be sup]s$$1 :5 our life becomes "o et]nal sabba?4 ,mean:ile ! ,apo/le's rebuke w>ns u aga9/ attribut+ to any holy days :atev] a mean+ & an importance :i* is ali5 to ! _s ( ! ,new ,cov5ant4 ,b5gel on ! text writes1 #8,sabbatum non laudatur1 non imp]atur2 dom9ica memoratur1 non prcipitur4 ,qui pr(undius 9 mundi negotiis hr5t1 8 utilis et necess>ius e/ dies def9itus3 qui semp] sabbatizant1 majori lib]tate gaud5t'4 ,yes3 b ^! la/ are j !y :o w mo/ scrupul\sly re/rict _! lib]ty1 s z 4 #ag4 ,two ideas are prom95t 9 ?is image4 7#a7 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! ord9ances ( ! ,law & ! tea*+ ( ! ,gospel1 z ! %ad[ & ! sub/ance respectively2 ,philo de ,conf4 l+4 #cg 7,i4 p4 #dcd7 1 ,joseph4 ,b4,j4 ii4 #b4 #e 2 comp4 ,philo 9 ,flacc4 #ai 7,,ii4 p4 #eda7 ' 1 4 7#b7 ,! conception ( ! %ad[ z ?r[n be=e ! sub/ance 7 1 says a ,greek comm5tator71 s t ! ,law 0 a type & presage ( ! ,gospel2 ,heb4 x4 #a 7comp4 viii4 #e74 ,?us x implies bo? ! unsub/antiality & ! sup]session ( ! ,mosaic ritual4 #8:i* ?+s'1 :e!r di/9ctions ( meats or obs]vances ( times4 ,if ! o!r read+ be tak51 x w ref] to ! prec$+ s5t5ce g5]ally1 z if ! antec$5t 7 #8! :ole sy/em ( ord9ances'4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii4 #ah 1 4 #ah 444 ,z ! %ad[ belong$ to ,moses1 s #8! sub/ance belongs to ,*ri/'2 i4e4 ! reality1 ! antitype1 9 ea* case is f\nd 9 ! ,*ri/ian disp5sation4 ,?us ! passov] typifies ! aton+ sacrifice2 ! unleav5$ bread1 ! purity & s9c]ity ( ! true believ]2 ! p5teco/al fea/1 ! +a!r+ ( ! fir/ fruits2 ! sabba?1 ! re/ ( ,god's p2 etc4 #ah4 ,! ,*ri/ian's c>e] is ! conte/ ( ! /adium 71 ,acts xx4 #bd1 #b ,tim4 iv4 #g72 ,*ri/ is ! umpire1 ! disp5s] ( ! rew>ds 7#b ,tim4 iv4 #h72 life et]nal is ! bay wrea?1 ! victor's prize 71 #a ,cor4 ix4 #bd1 ,phil4 iii4 #ad74 ,! ,colossians 7 9 a fair way to w9 ?is prize2 !y _h ent]$ ! li/s duly2 !y 7 runn+ bravely3 b ! false tea*]s1 ?ru/+ !mselves 9 ! way1 attempt$ to trip !m up or o!rwise imp$e !m 9 ! race1 & ?us to rob !m ( _! j rew>d4 ,= ! idea ( comp>e especially ,gal4 v4 #g 444 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii4 #ah #8rob ( ! prize1 ! '2 comp4 ,demo/h4 ,mid4 p4 #edd 7"o ( ! docum5ts7 1 :i* pres5ts a close p>allel to ! use ( "h4 ,see also ,eu/a?4 9 ,il4 i4 #djc sq4 7p4 #dc7 1 1 ib4 ,opusc4 #bgg1 etc4 ,! false tea*]s at ,coloss are n reg>d$ z umpires nor z successful rivals1 b simply z p]sons fru/rat+ ^? :o o!rwise w\ld h won ! prize4 ,! ^w is wide en\gh to include su*4 ,! two comp\nds & 7,plut4 ,mor4 p4 #ece ,c 7 only diff] 9 ?is respect1 t deprivation is ! prom95t idea 9 ! =m] ^w & trick]y 9 ! latt]4 ,j]ome1 ,epi/4 cxxi4 ad ,algas4 7,i4 p4 #hgi71 sets d[n ?is ^w1 :i* he wrongly int]prets #8bravium accipiat adv]sum vos'1 z "o ( ,/ ,paul's ,cilicisms4 ,! passages quot$ 7:e!r ! docum5t 9 ! ,midias be au!ntic or n7 are suffici5t to %[ t ?is /atem5t is gr\ndless4 #8tak+ delight 9'1 #8devot+ himself to'4 ,! expression is common 9 ! ,,lxx1 mo/ frequ5tly z a translation ( 1 #a ,sam4 xviii4 #bb1 #b ,sam4 xv4 #bf1 #a ,k+s x4 #i1 #b ,*ron4 ix4 #h1 ,ps4 cxi4 #a1 cxlvi4 #aj1 b 9 "o passage ( 1 #a ,*ron4 xxviii4 #d4 ,s too ,te/4 xii4 ,patr4 ,a%] #a 4 ,comp4 also #a ,macc4 iv4 #db 1 & see bel[4 ,aga9/ ?is con/ruction no valid objection has be5 urg$4 ,o!rwise is tak5 absolutely1 & v>i\s s5ses h be5 assign$ to x1 su* z #8imp]i\sly' or #8design$ly' or #8wilfully' or #8gladly1 readily'2 b ^! are ei!r unsupport$ by usage or inappropriate to ! context4 ,lecl]c 7ad loc47 & ,b5tley 7,crit4 ,sacr4 p4 #ei7 conjectur$ 2 ,t\p 7,em5d4 9 ,suid4 ,,ii4 p4 #fc7 m plausibly 2 b ! passages quot$ %[ t no correction is ne$$4 ,humility is a vice ) hea!n morali/s1 b a virtue ) ,*ri/ian ,apo/les2 see ! note on ,phil4 ii4 #c4 ,9 ?is passage1 :i* 7) v]4 #bc7 =ms ! sole exception to ! g5]al language ( ! ,apo/les1 ! div]g5ce is r app>5t ?an real4 ,! disp>agem5t is 9 ! accompanim5ts & n 9 ! ^w itself4 ,humility1 :5 x becomes self-consci\s1 ceases to h any value2 & self-consci\sness at lea/1 if n affectation1 is impli$ by 4 ,moreov] ! "* ( ! 9 ?is case is fur!r def9$ z 1 :i* 0 altoge!r a p]v]sion ( ! tru?4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii4 #ah 1 1 ,?is ^w is closely connect$ ) ! prec$+ by ! v9culum ( ! same preposition4 ,!re 0 an (fici\s p>ade ( humility 9 select+ ^! l[] be+s z int]cessors1 r ?an appeal+ directly to ! ?rone ( grace4 ,! ^w ref]s prop]ly to ! ext]nal rites ( religion1 & s gets to signify an ov]-scrupul\s devotion to ext]nal =ms2 z 9 ,philo ,quod det4 pot4 ins4 #g 7i4 p4 #aie7 1 ,plut4 ,vit4 ,alex4 #b 3 comp4 ,acts xxvi4 #e1 & see ! well-kn[n rem>ks ( ,col]idge on ,james i4 #bf1 #bg1 9 ,aids to ,reflection p4 #ad4 ,9 ! ,,lxx 1 1 toge!r occur f\r times 7,wisd4 xi4 #af1 xiv4 #af1 #ah1 #bg71 & 9 all ^! examples ! ref]5ce is to idolatr\s or false wor%ip4 ,inde$ g5]ally ! usage ( ! ^w exhibits a t5d5cy to a bad s5se4 ,= ! angelology & angelolatry ( ^! ,colossian false tea*]s1 m especially 9 its connexion ) ,ess5e tea*+1 see ! introduction1 pp4 #hi sq41 #aja sq41 #aaj1 #aha sq4 ,= ! prom95ce :i* 0 giv5 to angelology 9 ! speculations ( ! ,jews g5]ally1 see ! ,prea*+ ( ,pet] quot$ 9 ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/rom4 vi4 #e 7p4 #gfj7 1 444 1 ,celsus 9 ,orig4 c4 ,cels4 v4 #f 7i4 p4 #ehj7 1 4441 comp4 ib4 i4 #bf 7p4 #cdd74 ,f ,jews x naturally spread to ,judaiz+ ,*ri/ians2 e4g4 ,clem4 ,hom4 iii4 #cf 1 viii4 #ab sq41 ,te/4 xii4 ,patr4 ,levi #c 7quot$ above on i4 #af74 ,! int]e/ h[ev] ext5d$ to m or?odox circles1 z appe>s f ! /range passage 9 ,ignat4 ,trall4 #e 2 444 444 ,( angelology among ,gno/ic sects see ,ir54 ii4 #cj4 #f1 ii4 #cb4 #e1 ,orig4 c4 ,cels4 vi4 #cj sq4 7,i4 p4 #fec71 ,clem4 ,alex4 ,exc4 ,!od4 p4 #igj sq41 ,pi/is ,sophia pp4 #b1 #ai1 #bc1 etc4 444 lit]ally #8invad+ :at he has se51' :i* is g5]ally expla9$ to mean #8p>ad+' or #8por+ ov] 8 visions'4 ,= ?is s5se ( 1 :i* takes ei!r a g5itive or a dative or an accusative1 comp4 ,philo de ,plant4 ,noe ii4 #ai 7i4 p4 #cda7 1 #b ,macc4 ii4 #cj 4 ,at a lat] date ?is s5se becomes common1 e4g4 ,nemesius de ,nat4 ,hom4 p4 #fd 7ed4 ,mat?i7 4 ,9 ,x54 ,symp4 iv4 #bg 1 ! read+ may be d\btful4 ,b ?\gh s+ly might mean #88 visions'1 & #8busy+ himself )'1 ! comb9ation #8invad+ :at he has se5'1 ?us int]pret$1 is s h>% & incongru\s z to be h>dly possible2 & !re 0 p]haps "s corruption 9 ! text prior to all exi/+ au?orities 7see ! note on ,phil4 ii4 #a = a p>allel case74 ,did ! ,apo/le write 7 7or 7 8 ,9 ?is case ! exi/+ text might be expla9$ p>tly by an attempt to correct ! =m 7 into or conv]sely1 & p>tly by ! p]plexity ( transcrib]s :5 confront$ ) su* unusual words4 ,?is read+ _h sugge/$ itself to me indep5d5tly )\t ! k t1 s f> z reg>ds ! latt] ^w1 x _h be5 anticipat$ by o!rs 9 ! conjecture 7or 7 4 ,! ^w #8to walk on empt9ess'1 #8to tread ! air'1 & s metaphorically 7l 1 1 1 etc47 #8to indulge 9 va9 speculations'1 is n an uncommon ^w4 ,= its metaphorical s5se especially see ,plut4 ,mor4 p4 #ccf ,f ' 1 ,basil4 ,op4 ,i4 p4 #ace 444 4441 ib4 ,i4 p4 #eif 1 ,synes4 de ,insomn4 p4 #aef 4 ,?\gh ! precise =m does n occur1 yet x is unobjectionable 9 itself4 ,= ! o!r ^w :i* ,i h v5tur$ to sugge/1 or 1 see ,philo de ,somn4 ii4 #f 7,i4 p4 #ffe7 ' 1 ib4 #i 7p4 #ffg7 ' 1 ,quod ,deus immut4 #cf 7,i4 p4 #bih7 ' 4 ,! fir/ & la/ passages m especially pres5t /rik+ p>allels1 & %[ h[ g]mane to ,/ ,paul's subject ^! ideas ( #8susp5sion or balanc+ 9 ! air' 7 or 7 & #8tread+ ! void' 77 w\ld be1 z express+ at once ! spiritual pride & ! empt9ess ( ^! speculative my/ics2 see also de ,somn4 ii4 #b 7p4 #ffa7 1 ' 1 ' 1 1 4 ,! sub/antive1 or 1 is us$ sometimes ( ! in/rum5t = susp5d+1 sometimes ( ! position ( susp5sion4 ,9 ?is la/ s5se x describes ! pois+ ( a bird1 ! float+ ( a boat on ! wat]s1 ! balanc+ on a rope1 & ! l4 ,h5ce its expressiv5ess :5 us$ z a metaphor4 ,9 ! receiv$ text a negative is ins]t$1 4 ,?is gives a v adequate s5se #8intrud+ into ^? ?+s :i* he has n se5'2 1 says ,*ryso/om1 3 comp4 ,ezek4 xiii4 #c 4 ,b1 ?\gh ! difficulty is ?us ov]come1 ?is _c be reg>d$ z ! orig9al read+ ( ! text1 ! au?orities %[+ t ! negative 0 an aft] ins]tion4 ,see ! deta*$ note on v>i\s read+s4 ,= ! =m 1 :i* is bett] support$ "h ?an 1 see ! note on ii4 #a4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii4 #ai 1 #ai #8va9ly puff$ up4' ,_! pr(ession ( humility 0 a cloke = excessive pride3 =1 z ,/ ,paul says else:]e 7#a ,cor4 viii4 #a71 4 ,x may be que/ion$ :e!r %\ld be connect$ ) ! prec$+ or ! foll[+ words4 ,its usual position 9 ,/ ,paul1 be=e ! words :i* x qualifies 7,rom4 xiii4 #d1 #a ,cor4 xv4 #b1 ,gal4 iv4 #aa2 !re is an exceptional reason = ! exceptional position 9 ,gal4 iii4 #d71 po9ts to ! latt] con/ruction4 444 #8! m9d ( 8 fle%'1 i4e4 un5light5$ by ! ,_s2 comp4 ,rom4 viii4 #g 4 ,x w\ld seem t ! ,apo/le is "h tak+ up "s wat*word ( ! false tea*]s4 ,!y d\btless boa/$ t !y 7 direct$ 4 ,yes1 he answ]s1 b x is 4 ,comp>e ,rev4 ii4 #bd1 :]e ! fav\rite ,gno/ic boa/ is *>act]iz$ by ! addition ( 7see ,galatians p4 #bih note #c74 ,comp4 ,augu/4 ,conf4 x4 #fg #8,quem inv5irem qui me reconcili>et tibi8 ,ambi5dum mihi fuit ad angelos8 ,qua prece8 quibus sacram5tis8 ,multi conantes ad te r$ire1 neque p] se ipsos val5tes1 sicut audio1 t5tav]unt hc et incid]unt 9 desid]ium curios>um visionum et digni habiti sunt illusionibus4 ,elati enim te qurebant doctr9 fa/u1 etc4' #ai4 #8n hold+ fa/4' ,?is is ! mo/ common con/ruction & mean+ ( 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 e4g4 ,m>k vii4 #h 2 comp4 ,cant4 iii4 #d 1 4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii4 #ai 1 #8! ,head' reg>d$ z a title1 s t a p]son is at once sugge/$1 & ! relative :i* foll[s is mascul9e1 2 comp4 ! p>allel passage1 ,ephes4 iv4 #af 1 444 ,! supplication & wor%ip ( angels is a sub/itution ( inf]ior memb]s = ! ,head1 :i* is ! only s\rce ( spiritual life & en]gy4 ,see ! introduction pp4 #cd1 #gh1 #aja sq41 #aha sq4 444 #8?r\gh ! junctures & ligam5ts4' ,gal51 :5 describ+ ! /ructure ( ! human frame1 m ?an once specifies ! elem5ts ( union z tw(old3 ! body owes its compactness p>tly to ! articulation1 p>tly to ! atta*m5t2 e4g4 ,op4 ,,ii4 p4 #gcd 7ed4 ,khn7 1 1 4 ,simil>ly1 ?\gh ) a m g5]al ref]5ce1 ,ari/otle speaks ( two k9ds ( union1 :i* he describes z #8contact' & #8cohesion' respectively2 ,metaph4 iv4 #d 7p4 #ajad7 1 4441 ,phys4 ,ausc4 iv4 #f 7p4 #bac7 1 7comp4 ib4 v4 #c1 p4 #bbg71 ,metaph4 x4 #c 7p4 #ajga7 4 ,! relation ( contigu\s surfaces & ! connexion ( diff]5t p>ts toge!r effect /ructural unity4 ,?is same di/9ction appe>s 9 ! ,apo/le's language "h4 ,contact & atta*m5t are ! prim>y ideas 9 & respectively4 ,( ! function ( 1 #8contact'1 9 physiology 7 7 ,ari/otle speaks at "s l5g? 9 "o passage1 de ,g54 et ,corr4 i4 #f 7p4 #cbb sq474 ,x may be m5tion$1 z illu/rat+ ,/ ,paul's image1 t ,ari/otle 9 ?is passage lays great /ress on ! mutual sympa?y & influ5ce ( ! p>ts 9 contact1 describ+ !m z & z ' 4 ,else:]e1 l ,/ ,paul "h1 he uses ! plural 2 de ,clo i4 #aa 7p4 #bhj7 1 1 1 de ,g54 et ,corr4 i4 #h 7p4 #cbf7 1 ib4 #i 7p4 #cbg7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii4 #ai 1 1 1 3 comp4 ,plat4 ,axio*4 p4 #cfe ,a 4 ,x is q cle> f ^! passages ( ,ari/otle1 m especially f ! di/9ction ( & 1 t are ! jo9+s1 ! junctures4 ,:5 appli$ to ! human body !y w\ld be #8jo9ts1' provid$ t we use ! ^w accurately ( ! relations betwe5 contigu\s limbs1 & n loosely 7z x is (t5 us$7 ( ! p>ts ( ! limbs !mselves 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! contact4 ,hippocrates inde$ us$ z a physiological t]m 9 a diff]5t s5se1 employ+ x z a synonyme = i4e4 ! fasciculi ( muscles 7see ,gal5 ,op4 ,,xix4 p4 #hg71 b ?is use 0 q exceptional & c h no place "h4 ,?us w be almo/ a synonyme = 1 diff]+ h[ev] 7#a7 z be+ m wide & compreh5sive1 & 7#b7 z n emphasiz+ s /rongly ! adaptation ( ! contigu\s p>ts4 ,! consid]ations j urg$ seem decisive z to ! mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,"s em95t mod]n critics h[ev] expla9 to be #8! s5ses'1 foll[+ ,!odoret on ,ephes4 iv4 #af 1 1 4 ,/ ,*ryso/om _h l$ ! way to ?is int]pretation1 ?\gh 8 language is less explicit ?an ,!odoret's4 ,to su* a mean+ h[ev] !re are fatal objections4 7#a7 ,?is s5se ( is :olly unsupport$4 ,x is true t t\* lies at ! root ( all s5sations1 & t ?is fact 0 recognis$ by anci5t physiologi/s3 e4g4 ,ari/ot4 de ,anim4 i4 #ac 7p4 #dce7 4 ,b "h ! connexion ends2 & unless m cog5t examples n hi!rto adduc$ are =?com+1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t c\ld no m be us$ = 1 ?an 9 ,engli% #8! t\*es' c\ld be tak5 z a synonyme = #8! s5ses4' 7#b7 ,! image w\ld be s]i\sly m>r$ by su* a mean+4 ,! & w\ld no long] be an exhau/ive description ( ! elem5ts ( union 9 ! anatomical /ructure2 ! conjunction ( ?+s s incongru\s "u ! v9culum ( ! same article & preposition1 1 w\ld be unnatural2 & ! intrusion ( ! #8s5ses' w\ld be out ( place1 :]e ! result specifi$ is ! supply ( n\ri%m5t 77 & ! compact+ ( ! p>ts 774 7#c7 ,all ! olde/ v]sions1 ! ,lat91 ! ,syriac1 & ! ,memphitic1 expla9 x o!rwise1 s z to ref] 9 "s way to ! connexion ( ! p>ts ( ! body2 e4g4 9 ! ,old ,lat9 x is r5d]$ nexus "h & junctura 9 ,ephes4 iv4 #af4 #8b&s1' #8ligam5ts4' ,! ,greek 1 l ! ,engli% #8ligam5t1' has a g5]al & a special s5se4 ,9 its g5]al & compreh5sive mean+ x d5otes any ( ! connect+ b&s :i* /rap ! body toge!r1 su* z muscles or t5dons or ligam5ts prop]ly s call$2 9 its special & re/rict$ use x is a #8ligam5t' 9 ! te*nical s5se2 comp4 ,gal5 ,op4 ,,iv4 p4 #cfi 1 1 1 4 ,( ! or ligam5ts prop]ly s call$ ,gal5 describes at l5g? ! sev]al functions & uses1 m especially z b9d+ & hold+ toge!r ! 2 ,op4 ,i4 #bcf1 ,,ii4 #bfh1 #gci1 ,,iii4 #adi1 ,,iv4 #b1 etc41 comp4 ,tim4 ,locr4 de ,an4 ,mund4 p4 #eeg 7,opusc4 ,my?ol4 etc4 ed4 ,gale74 ,9 our text inde$ mu/ be tak5 9 its compreh5sive s5se2 b ! relation ( ! to ! 9 ,/ ,paul /ill rema9s ! same z t ( ! to ! 9 ,gal54 444 ,! two functions p]=m$ by ! & are fir/ ! supply ( nutrim5t etc4 771 & secondly ! compact+ ( ! frame 774 ,9 o!r words !y are ! communication ( life & en]gy1 & ! pres]vation ( unity & ord]4 ,! s\rce ( all 7 7 is ,*ri/ ,himself ! ,head2 b ! *annels ( communication 7 4447 are ! diff]5t memb]s ( ,8 body1 9 _! relation "o to ano!r4 ,= #8b\ntifully furni%$' see ! note on ,gal4 iii4 #e4 ,some:at simil>ly ,ari/otle speaks ( 1 ,pol4 iv4 #a 7p4 #abhh74 ,= examples ( appli$ to functions ( ! bodily organs1 see ,gal5 ,op4 ,,iii4 p4 #fag 1 ,alex4 ,probl4 i4 #ha 4 ,= 1 #8jo9$ toge!r1 compact$'1 see ! note on ii4 #b4 ,9 ! p>allel passage1 ,ephes4 iv4 #af1 ?is "p ( ! image is m di/9ctly emphasiz$1 4 ,! diff]5ce corresponds to ! diff]5t aims ( ! two epi/les4 ,9 ! ,colossian lett] ! vital connexion ) ! ,head is ! ma9 !me2 9 ! ,ephesian1 ! unity 9 div]sity among ! memb]s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii4 #bj 4 #bj 444 ,by ! two-fold means ( contact & atta*m5t nutrim5t has be5 diffus$ & /ructural unity has be5 atta9$1 b ^! are n ! ultimate result2 !y are only int]m$iate processes2 ! end is gr[?4 ,comp4 ,ari/4 ,metaph4 iv4 #d 7p4 #ajad7 ' 444 1 :]e gr[? is attribut$ to ! same two physiological conditions z "h4 i4e4 #8:i* p>takes ( ,god1 :i* belongs to ,god1 :i* has its abode 9 ,god4' ,?us ! f9ite is truly unit$ ) ! ,inf9ite2 ! end :i* ! false tea*]s /rove 9 va9 to compass is atta9$2 ! ,gospel v9dicates itself z ! true !an?ropism1 aft] :i* ! human he>t is ye>n+ & ! human intellect is feel+4 ,see above p4 #ahc sq4 ,) ?is conclusion ( ! s5t5ce contra/ ! p>allel passage ,ephes4 iv4 #af 1 :]e aga9 ! diff]5t end+s are det]m9$ by ! diff]5t motives ( ! two epi/les4 ,! discov]ies ( mod]n physiology h inve/$ ! ,apo/le's language ) f> great] di/9ctness & =ce ?an x c h worn to 8 own contempor>ies4 ,any exposition ( ! n]v\s sy/em m especially reads l a comm5t>y on 8 image ( ! relations betwe5 ! body & ! head4 ,at e turn we meet ) "s fre% illu/ration :i* k9dles x ) a flood ( light4 ,! volition communicat$ f ! bra9 to ! limbs1 ! s5sations ( ! extremities telegraph$ back to ! bra91 ! absolute mutual sympa?y betwe5 ! head & ! memb]s1 ! in/antane\s p>alysis ensu+ on ! int]ruption ( cont9uity1 all ^! add to ! complet5ess & life ( ! image4 ,b ! foll[+ passages w %[ h[ ev5 anci5t sci5tific speculation 0 feel+ aft] ^? physiological tru?s :i* ! image involves2 ,hippocr4 de ,morb4 ,sacr4 p4 #cji 7ed ,foese7 444 1 1 444 444 1 444 444 444 444 7:]e ! !ory is mix$ up ) "s curi\s physiological speculations71 ,gal5 ,op4 ,i4 #bce 1 444 1 1 1 ' 1 ib4 ,,iv4 p4 #aa 7i4e4 7 1 1 ' 1 1 444 ' ' 1 ' 1 ,,xiv4 p4 #cac h 7i4e4 7 4 ,plato _h made ! head ! c5tral organ ( ! reason 7,tim4 #fi sq43 see ,grote's ,plato ,,iii4 pp4 #bgb1 #bhg1 ,ari/otle ,,ii4 p4 #agi sq471 if inde$ ! speculations ( ! ,timu may be reg>d$ z giv+ 8 s]i\s physiological views2 b he _h po/ulat$ o!r c5tres ( ! emotions & appetites1 ! he>t & ! abdom54 ,ari/otle1 :ile rightly refus+ to localize ! m9d z m9d1 _h tak5 a retrograde /ep physiologically1 :5 he transf]r$ ! c5tre ( s5sation f ! bra9 to ! he>t2 e4g4 de ,"p4 ,anim4 ii4 #aj 7p4 #fef74 ,gal51 criticiz+ 8 pr$ecessors1 says ( ,ari/otle 7i4e4 1 ' 7,op4 ,,iii4 p4 #fbe74 ,! ,/oics h[ev] 7 7 7 ev5 worse (f5d]s2 & 9 reply to !m m especially ,gal5 else:]e discusses ! "q 1 ,op4 ,v4 p4 #bac sq4 ,be>+ 9 m9d all ?is div]sity ( op9ion among anci5t physiologi/s1 we _c fail to be /ruck 9 ! text n only ) ! correctness ( ! image b also ) ! propriety ( ! t]ms2 & we are =cibly rem9d$ t among ! ,apo/le's mo/ intimate companions at ?is "t 0 "o :om he calls #8! belov$ physician' 7iv4 #ad74 #bj-bc4 #8,y di$ ) ,*ri/ to y\r old life4 ,all mundane relations h ceas$ = y4 ,:y !n d y--y :o h atta9$ y\r spiritual manhood--submit /ill to ! rudim5t>y discipl9e ( *ildr58 ,:y d y--y :o are citiz5s ( heav5--b[ y\r necks afre% to ! tyranny ( mat]ial ord9ances1 z ?\gh y 7 /ill liv+ 9 ! _w8 ,x is ! same old /ory aga92 ! same r\nd ( h>d1 mean+less1 vexati\s prohibitions1 #8,h&le n1' #8,ta/e n1' #8,t\* n4' ,:at folly6 ,:5 all ^! ?+s--^! meats & dr9ks & ! l--are e>?ly1 p]i%able1 :olly trivial & unimportant6 ,!y are us$1 & !re is an end ( !m4 ,:at is ?is1 b to draw d[n ^u y\rselves ! d5unciations utt]$ by ! prophet ( old8 ,:at is ?is b to ab&on ,god's ^w = precepts :i* are issu$ by human au?ority & inculcat$ by human tea*]s8 ,all su* ?+s h a %[ ( wisdom1 ,i grant4 ,!re is an (fici\s p>ade ( religi\s devotion1 an eag] affectation ( humility2 !re is a /]n ascetic rig\r1 :i* ill-treats ! body2 b !re is no?+ ( any real value to *eck indulg5ce ( ! fle%4' #bj4 ,f ! !ological t5ets ( ! false tea*]s ! ,apo/le turns to ! e?ical--f ! objects ( _! wor%ip to ! pr9ciples ( _! conduct4 ,! baptism into ,*ri/1 he argues1 is dea? to ! _w4 ,! ,*ri/ian has pass$ away to ano!r sph]e ( exi/5ce4 ,mundane ord9ances h ceas$ to h any value = him1 because 8 mundane life has end$4 ,!y belong to ! category ( ! p]i%able2 he has be5 translat$ to ! region ( ! et]nal4 ,x is !re=e a d5ial ( 8 ,*ri/ianity to subject himself aga9 to _! tyranny1 to return once m to ! dom9ion ( ! _w4 ,see aga9 ! note on iii4 #a4 #8if ye di$1 :5 ye 7 baptiz$ into ,*ri/4' ,= ?is connexion betwe5 baptism & dea? see ! notes on ii4 #aa1 iii4 #c4 ,?is dea? has _m aspects 9 ,/ ,paul's tea*+4 ,x is n only a dy+ ) ,*ri/1 #b ,tim4 ii4 #aa 2 b x is also a dy+ to or f some?+4 ,?is is sometimes repres5t$ z s91 ,rom4 vi4 #b 7comp4 vv4 #g1 #h72 sometimes z self1 #b ,cor4 v4 #ad1 #ae 444 2 sometimes z ! law1 ,rom4 vii4 #f 1 ,gal4 ii4 #ai 2 sometimes /ill m widely z ! _w1 reg>d$ z ! sph]e ( all mat]ial rules & all mundane int]e/s1 s "h & iii4 #c 4 ,9 all cases ,/ ,paul uses ! aori/ 1 nev] ! p]fect 2 = he wi%es to emphasize ! "o absolute crisis1 :i* 0 m>k$ by ! *ange ( *anges4 ,:5 ! aori/ is want$1 ! comp\nd v]b is us$2 :5 ! p]fect1 ! simple v]b 2 see ,buttmann ,ausf4 ,gramm4 #aad4 ,?is rule holds univ]sally 9 ! ,greek ,te/am5t4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii4 #bj 1 444 i4e4 #8f ! rudim5t>y1 discipl9>y1 ord9ances1 ^: sph]e is ! mundane & s5su\s'3 see ! note on v]4 #h4 ,= ! pregnant expression comp4 ,gal4 v4 #d 7s too ,rom4 vii4 #b1 #f71 #b ,cor4 xi4 #c 444 1 & see ,a4 ,buttmann p4 #bgg note4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii4 #ba1 #bb 2 #ba #bb #8are ye ov]ridd5 ) precepts1 ord9ances4' ,9 ! ,,lxx ! v]b is us$ sev]al times1 mean+ #8to issue a decree1' ,e/h4 iii4 #i1 #a ,esdr4 vi4 #cc1 #b ,macc4 x4 #h1 xv4 #cf1 #c ,macc4 iv4 #aa4 ,else:]e x is appli$ mo/ commonly to ! precepts ( philosoph]s2 e4g4 ,ju/9 ,apol4 i4 #g 7comp4 #d71 ,epict4 iii4 #g4 #ag sq4 444 4 ,"h x w\ld include alike ! ( ! ,mosaic law 7v]4 #ad7 & ! ( ! #8philosophy' d5\nc$ above 7v]4 #h74 ,bo? are condemn$2 ! "o z sup]s$$ ?\gh once au?oritative1 ! o!r z :olly vexati\s & unw>rantable4 ,examples are giv5 9 ! foll[+ v]se1 444 ,= ! con/ruction "h1 :]e ! m remote object1 :i* w\ld /& 9 ! dative ) ! active voice 7#b ,macc4 x4 #h 444 71 becomes ! nom9ative ( ! passive1 comp>e ,matt4 ii4 #ab1 #bb1 ,m>k x4 #de1 & see ,w9] xxxix4 p4 #cbf1 ,a4 ,buttmann p4 #afc1 ,khn] #cgh1 ,,ii4 p4 #aji4 #ba4 444 ,! ,apo/le disp>ag+ly repeats ! prohibitions ( ! false tea*]s 9 _! own words1 #8,h&le n1 nei!r ta/e1 nei!r t\*4' ,! rabb9ical passages quot$ 9 ,s*ttg5 %[ h[ exactly ,/ ,paul's language reproduces1 n only ! _s1 b ev5 ! =m1 ( ^! injunctions4 ,! ,lat9 comm5tators1 ,hil>y & ,pelagius1 suppose ^! prohibitions to be ! ,apo/le's own1 ?us mak+ a complete %ipwreck ( ! s5se4 ,s too ,/ ,ambrose de ,noe et ,arca #be 7,i4 p4 #bfg71 de ,abr4 i4 #f 7,i4 p4 #cjj74 ,we may inf] f ! language ( ,/ ,augu/9e :o argues aga9/ x1 t ?is 0 ! popul> int]pretation 9 8 day3 ,epi/4 cxix4 7,,ii4 p4 #eab7 #8tanquam prceptum putatur apo/oli1 nescio quid tang]e1 gu/>e1 attam9>e1 prohib5tis4' ,! ascetic t5d5cy ( ! age ?us fa/5$ ^u a slight obscurity 9 ! ,greek & made ! ,apo/le recomm5d ! v practices :i* he disp>ag$4 ,= a some:at simil> in/ance ( a mis9t]pretation commonly receiv$ see ! note on v]4 #ad4 ,j]ome h[ev] 7,i4 p4 #hgh7 _h rightly int]pret$ ! passage1 illu/rat+ x by ! precepts ( ! ,talmud4 ,at a /ill e>li] date ,t]tullian1 ,adv4 ,m>c4 v4 #ai1 gives ! correct int]pretation4 ,^! prohibitions relate to defilem5t contract$ 9 div]s ways by contact ) impure objects4 ,"s 7 d\btless re5actm5ts ( ! ,mosaic law2 :ile o!rs w\ld be exagg]ations or additions ( a rigor\s asceticism1 su* z we f9d among ! ,ess5e prototypes ( ^! ,colossian h]etics1 e4g4 ! avoidance ( oil1 ( w9e1 or ( fle%-meat1 ! %unn+ ( contact ) a /rang] or a religi\s inf]ior1 & ! l2 see pp4 #he sq4 ,= ! religi\s be>+ ( ?is asceticism1 z spr++ f ! dualism ( ^! h]etical tea*]s1 see above pp4 #gi1 #ajd sq4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii4 #bb 1 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 & is n great1 & 9 "s passages :]e !y occur toge!r1 x is h>d to di/+ui% !m3 e4g4 ,exod4 xix4 #ab 1 ,eur4 ,bac*4 #fag ' ' ' 1 ,ari/4 de ,g54 et ,corr4 i4 #h 7p4 #cbf7 1 2 ,dion ,*rys4 ,or4 xxxiv4 7,,ii4 p4 #ej7 ' 1 1 ,!mi/4 ,p>aphr4 ,ari/4 #ie 4 ,b is ! /rong] ^w ( ! two4 ,?is arises f ! fact t x frequ5tly sugge/s1 ?\gh x does n necess>ily involve1 ! idea ( a volunt>y or consci\s ef=t1 #8to take hold ('-a sugge/ion :i* is entirely want+ to ! col\rless ^w 2 comp4 ,!mi/4 ,p>aphr4 ,ari/4 #id 4 ,h5ce 9 ,x54 ,cyrop4 i4 #c4 #e 1 1 1 1 1 1 444 ,?us ! words *os5 9 ! ,lat9 ,v]sions1 tang]e = & attam9>e or contrect>e = 1 are un=tunate1 & ought to be transpos$4 ,our ,engli% ,v]sion1 probably influ5c$ by ! ,lat91 has err$ 9 ! same direction1 translat+ by #8t\*' & by #8h&le'4 ,"h aga9 !y mu/ be transpos$4 #8,h&le' is too /rong a ^w = ei!r2 ?\gh 9 default ( a bett] x may /& = 1 :i* x m ne>ly repres5ts4 ,?us ! two words & be+ sep>ate 9 mean+1 may well int]pose2 & ! ?ree toge!r w =m a desc5d+ s]ies1 s t1 z ,beza 7quot$ 9 ,tr5* ,n4 ,t4 ,syn4 xvii4 p4 #eg7 well expresses x1 #8decresc5te semp] oratione1 intelligatur cresc]e sup]/itio'4 ,on ! o!r h& has be5 int]pret$ "h z ref]r+ to ! relation ( husb& & wife1 z e4g4 9 #a ,cor4 vii4 #a 2 & ! prohibition w\ld !n be illu/rat$ by ! tea*+ ( ! h]etics 9 #a ,tim4 iv4 #c 4 ,b1 :atev] likelihood !re may be t ! ,colossian false tea*]s also held ?is doctr9e 7see above p4 #he sq471 x n[h]e appe>s 9 ! context1 & we %\ld n expect s important a topic to be dismiss$ ?us cursorily4 ,moreov] is us$ z commonly 9 ?is mean+ z 7see ,gatak] ,op4 ,crit4 p4 #gi1 & examples might be multipli$72 s t all gr\nd = assign+ x to especially is remov$4 ,bo? & ref] to defilem5t incurr$ ?r\gh ! s5se ( t\*1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t degrees2 #8,h&le n1 nor yet ta/e1 nor ev5 t\*4' #bb4 #8,only consid] :at is ! real import ( ?is scrupul\s avoidance4 ,:y1 y are attribut+ an inh]5t value to ?+s :i* are fleet+2 y y\rselves are citiz5s ( et]nity1 & yet y\r ?\ghts are absorb$ 9 ! p]i%able'4 #8:i* ?+s'1 i4e4 ! meats & dr9ks & o!r mat]ial objects1 reg>d$ z impure to ! t\*4 ,! antec$5t to is implicitly involv$ 9 ! prohibitions 444 #8are de/9$ = corruption'4 ,= simil> expressions see ,acts viii4 #bj 7comp4 v]4 #bc 444 1 #b 4 4 #ab 3 444 4 ,= ! ^w 1 involv+ ! idea ( #8decomposition'1 see ! note on ,gal4 vi4 #h4 ,! expression "h corresponds to 71 ,matt4 xv4 #ag1 ,m>k vii4 #ai4 #89 ! consum+'4 ,:ile ! v]b is common1 ! sub/antive is extremely r>e3 ,plut4 ,mor4 p4 #bfg ,f 7i4e4 #8by su* modes ( consum+ & abridg+ sup]fluities'71 ,dion4 ,hal4 ,a4 ,r4 i4 #eh 4 ,! unusual ^w 0 *os5 = its expressiv5ess3 ! "h 0 an 2 ! ?+s c\ld n be us$ )\t r5d]+ !m unfit = fur!r use4 ,! subtlety ( ! expression 9 ! orig9al _c be reproduc$ 9 any translation4 ,on ! o!r h& ! clause is sometimes int]pret$ z a cont9uation ( ! language ( ! ascetic tea*]s2 #8,t\* n ?+s :i* all lead to ru9 by _! abuse'4 ,?is int]pretation h[ev] has no?+ to recomm5d x4 ,x loses ! po9t ( ! ,apo/le's argum5t2 :ile x puts ^u a mean+ :i* is at lea/ n natural4 444 connect$ directly ) vv4 #bj1 #ba1 s t ! words 444 are a p>5!tical comm5t4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii4 #bb 444 ,! abs5ce ( bo? preposition & article be=e %[s t ! two words are closely connect$4 ,!y are plac$ "h 9 _! prop] ord]2 = describes ! s\rce ( au?ority & ! m$ium ( communication4 ,! expression is tak5 ultimately f ,isaiah xxix4 #ac1 :]e ! words run 9 ! ,,lxx1 1 4 ,! ,evangeli/s 7,matt4 xv4 #i1 ,m>k vii4 #g71 quot+ ! passage1 sub/itute 9 ! latt] clause 4 ,! co9cid5ces 9 ,/ ,paul's language "h ) our ,"l's words z relat$ 9 ! ,gospels 7,matt4 xv4 #a-bj1 ,m>k vii4 #a-bc7 are /rik+1 & sugge/ t ! ,apo/le _h ?is disc\rse 9 8 m9d4 7#a7 ,bo? alike argue aga9/ ^! vexati\s ord9ances f ! p]i%abl5ess ( meats4 7#b7 ,bo? insi/ ^u ! indiff]5ce ( su* ?+s 9 !mselves4 ,9 ,m>k vii4 #ai ! ,evangeli/ emphasizes ! importance ( our ,"l's words on ?is occasion1 z practically aboli%+ ! ,mosaic di/9ction ( meats by decl>+ all alike to be clean 72 see ! note on v]4 #af74 7#c7 ,bo? alike connect su* ord9ances ) ! practices condemn$ 9 ! prophetic d5unciation ( ,isaiah4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii4 #bc #bc #bc4 #8,all su* tea*+ is wor?less4 ,x may be> ! semblance ( wisdom2 b x wants ! reality4 ,x may make an (fici\s p>ade ( religi\s s]vice2 x may vaunt its humility2 x may treat ! body ) m]ciless rig\r2 b x entirely fails 9 its *ief aim4 ,x is p[]less to *eck indulg5ce ( ! fle%4' #8:i* sort ( ?+s'4 ,n only ^! p>ticul> precepts1 4441 b all precepts fall+ "u ! same category are condemn$4 ,= ?is =ce ( z di/+ui%$ f 1 see ! notes on ,gal4 iv4 #bd1 v4 #ai1 ,phil4 iv4 #c4 ,! antec$5t "h is n 4441 b ! prohibitions giv5 9 v]4 #ba4 444 #8hav+ a reputation = wisdom'1 b n ! reality4 ,! correspond+ memb]1 :i* %\ld be introduc$ by 1 is suppress$2 ! oppositive clause be+ po/pon$ & appe>+ lat] 9 a new =m1 444 ,su* suppressions are common 9 classical writ]s1 m especially 9 ,plato2 see ,khn] #eca1 ,,ii4 p4 #hac sq41 ,jelf #gff1 & comp4 ,w9] lxiii4 p4 #gai sq4 ,/ ,j]ome !re=e is n w>rant$ 9 attribut+ ,/ ,paul's language "h to #8imp]itia artis grammatic' 7,epi/4 cxxi1 ,op4 ,,ii4 p4 #hhd74 ,on ! contr>y x is j ! lic5se :i* an adept 9 a language w\ld be m likely to take ?an a novice4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce is be/ tak5 z a s+le pr$icate1 s t is disconnect$ f 4 ,o!rwise ! con/ruction 7= 7 w\ld be support$ by _m p>allels 9 ! ,greek ,te/am5t2 see ,w9] xlv4 p4 #dcg4 ,! phrase 1 s f> z ,i h obs]v$1 has f\r mean+s4 7,a7 ,two z appli$ to ! ?9k+ subject4 7i7 #8,to take acc\nt (1 to hold 9 acc\nt1 to pay respect to'3 e4g4 s*4 ,prom4 #bca 1 ,demo/h4 de ,coron4 #aii 7 1 ,plut4 ,vit4 ,philop4 #ah 444 7ii7 #8,to possess ! reason or acc\nt or def9ition ('1 #8to h a sci5tific k ('2 ,plato ,gorg4 p4 #dfe ,a ' 1 h 1 1 & s frequ5tly4 ,^! two s5ses are recognis$ by ,ari/otle1 ,e?4 ,nic4 i4 #ac 7p4 #aajb71 :]e he di/+ui%es ! mean+ ( ! expressions & 4 7,b7 ,two z appli$ to ! object ( ?\ght4 7iii7 #8,to h ! cr$it or reputation ('1 z "h4 ,?is s5se ( 1 #8to be reput$'1 is m commonly f\nd ) an inf9itive3 e4g4 ,plato ,ep94 #ihg ,b 4 7iv7 #8,to fulfil ! def9ition (1 to possess ! *>act]i/ics1 to h ! nature ('2 e4g4 ,philo ,vit4 ,cont4 #d 7,,ii4 p4 #dgg7 1 ,plut4 ,mor4 p4 #fcg ,d 1 1 1 1 ib4 #fdj ,f 4 ,! s5ses ( ) o!r con/ructions1 or z us$ absolutely1 are v v>i\s1 e4g4 #8to be reasonable'1 #8to hold disc\rse'1 #8to be> a ratio'1 etc41 b d n come "u consid]ation "h4 ,nor aga9 does su* an expression z ,plut4 ,mor4 p4 #eej ,c 1 #8n be+ 9 possession (1 n kn[+1 ! int5tion ( ! legislator'2 = ! def9ite article removes x f ! category ( ! cases consid]$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- 1 #89 volunte]$1 self-impos$1 (fici\s1 sup]]ogatory s]vice'4 ,"o or bo? ( ^! two ideas1 7i7 #8excessive read9ess1 (fici\s zeal1' 7ii7 #8affectation1 unreality1' are involv$ 9 ?is & simil> comp\nds2 e4g4 1 1 1 1 1 3 ^! comp\nds be+ us$ mo/ frequ5tly1 ?\gh n always 7z ?is la/ ^w %[s71 9 a bad s5se4 ,?is mode ( expression 0 naturalis$ 9 ,lat91 z appe>s f ,augu/9e ,epi/4 cxlix4 #bg 7,,ii4 p4 #ead7 #8,sic enim et vulgo dicitur qui divitem affectat !lodives1 et qui sapi5tem !losapi5s1 et cet]a hujusmodi'4 ,epiphanius1 :5 writ+ ( ! ,ph>isees1 n cont5t ) ! ^w "h suppli$ by ,/ ,paul1 co9s a d\ble comp\nd 1 ,hr4 i4 #af 7p4 #cd74 ,! ^w is "h disp>ag$ by its connexion1 z 9 v]4 #ah 7see ! note !re74 ,! =ce ( - may be reg>d$ z c>ri$ on to x4 ,real g5u9e is comm5d$ bel[2 iii4 #ab4 #8h>d treatm5t ( ! body'4 ,! expression is n uncommon1 be+ us$ mo/ frequ5tly1 n z "h ( ascetic discipl9e1 b r ( c\rage\s exposure to h>d%ip & dang] 9 w>1 e4g4 ,lysias ,or4 ,fun4 #be1 ,joseph4 ,b4,j4 iii4 #g4 #ah1 ,lucian ,ana*4 #bd1 ,plut4 ,vit4 ,p]icl4 #aj2 9 ,plut4 ,mor4 p4 #acg ,c h[ev] ( a /ud5t's toil1 & ib4 p4 #ace ,e1 m g5]ally ( ! rigor\s dem&s made by ! s\l on ! body4 ,! sub/antive or does n (t5 occur4 ,on ! =ms 9 - & - d]iv$ f adjectives 9 - see ,buttmann ,ausf4 ,gramm4 #aai1 ,,ii4 p4 #daf sq4 ,! great prepond]ance ( manuscript au?ority fav\rs ! =m "h3 b 9 su* que/ions ( or?ography ! fact c>ries less weight ?an 9 o!r matt]s4 ,! be=e %\ld probably be omitt$2 9 :i* case becomes an in/rum5tal dative1 expla9+ 4 ,:ile ! ins]tion w\ld naturally occur to scribes1 ! omission gives m po9t to ! s5t5ce4 ,! z ! religi\s elem5ts are ?us sep>at$ f ! z ! practical rule4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- 4 444 #8yet n really ( any value to rem$y indulg5ce ( ! fle%4' ,s int]pret$ ! words supply ! oppositive clause to 1 z ! pres5ce ( ! negative naturally sugge/s4 ,if ! s5t5ce _h be5 undi/urb$1 ?is oppositive clause w\ld naturally h be5 introduc$ by 1 b ! int]position ( 444 has *ang$ its =m by a sort ( attraction4 ,= ?is s5se ( comp4 ,lucian ,m]c4 cond4 #ag 3 simil>ly ,hom4 ,il4 ix4 #cai 444 ,! preposition 1 l our ,engli% #8='1 :5 us$ aft] words d5ot+ utility1 value1 suffici5cy1 etc41 n uncommonly introduces ! object to *eck or prev5t or cure :i* ! ?+ is to be employ$4 ,& ev5 ?\gh utility may n be directly express$ 9 words1 yet if ! idea ( a some?+ to be rem$i$ is pres5t1 ?is preposition is freely us$ not)/&+4 ,see ,isocr4 ,phil4 #af 7p4 #he7 1 ,ari/4 ,h4 ,a4 iii4 #ba 7p4 #ebb7 1 de ,respir4 #h 7p4 #dgd7 1 1 ,lucian ,pisc4 #bg 1 ,gal5 ,op4 ,,xii4 p4 #cii 1 4 #dbj 3 4441 p4 #dcj 444 1 p4 #dgf 1 p4 #dhb 1 p4 #ead ' 1 p4 #fja 4 ,^! examples f ,gal5 are only a few out ( probably "s hundr$s1 :i* might be collect$ f ! treatise 9 :i* !y occur1 ! de ,compositione ,m$icam5torum4 ,! language1 :i* ! ,colossian false tea*]s w\ld use1 may be inf]r$ f ! acc\nt giv5 by ,philo ( a ,judaic sect ( my/ic ascetics1 :o may be reg>d$1 n inde$ z _! direct1 b z _! collat]al ance/ors 7see p4 #hf1 note #bdf1 p4 #id71 ! ,!rapeutes ( ,egypt2 de ,vit4 ,cont4 #d 7,,ii4 p4 #dgf sq47 1 444 ' 444 444 1 444 444 4 ,/ ,paul app>5tly has be=e him "s simil> exposition ( ! views ( ! ,colossian h]etics1 ei!r 9 writ+ or 7m probably7 by report f ,epaphras4 ,9 reply he altoge!r d5ies ! claims ( ?is sy/em to ! title ( 2 he disputes ! value ( ^! 2 he all[s t ?is is ! great evil to be *eck$1 ! fatal disease to be cur$2 b he w n admit t ! rem$ies prescrib$ h any sub/antial & la/+ efficacy4 ,! int]pretation "h (f]$ is n new1 b x has be5 /rangely ov]look$ or despis$4 ,! passages adduc$ w ,i tru/ %[ ! gr\ndlessness ( objections :i* h be5 br\ght aga9/ x ow+ to ! use ( ! preposition2 & 9 all o!r respects x seems to be f> pref]able to any rival explanation :i* has be5 sugge/$4 ,! fav\rite int]pretations 9 anci5t or mod]n times divide !mselves into two classes1 accord+ to ! mean+ assign$ to 4 7#a7 ,x is expla9$ 9 a good s5se3 #8to satisfy ! reasonable wants ( ! body'4 ,9 ?is case is g5]ally int]pret$1 #8n hold+ x 7! body7 9 any hon\r'4 ,s ! majority ( ! fa!rs1 ,greek & ,lat94 ,?is has ! advantage ( pres]v+ ! cont9uity ( ! words 4443 b x assigns an impossible s5se to 4 ,= always d5otes #8repletion'1 #8surfeit+'1 #8excessive indulg5ce'1 & _c be us$ ( a reasonable att5tion to ! physical crav+s ( nature2 z ,gal5 says1 ,op4 ,,xv4 p4 #aac 3 & c]ta9ly nei!r ! ,apo/le nor ! ,colossian ascetics 7 likely to dep>t f ?is univ]sal rule4 ,to ! long li/ ( passages quot$ 9 ,wet/e9 may be add$ su* ref]5ces z ,philo ,leg4 ad4 ,cai4 #a 7,,ii4 p4 #edf71 ,clem4 ,hom4 viii4 #ae1 ,ju/9 ,dial4 #abf1 ,dion4 ,alex4 9 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 vii4 #be2 b !y might be increas$ to any ext5t4 7#b7 ,a bad s5se is atta*$ to 1 z usage dem&s4 ,& "h two div]g5t int]pretations h be5 put =w>d4 7i7 ,! prop] cont9uity ( ! s5t5ce is pres]v$1 & ! words are reg>d$ z an exposition ( ! doctr9e ( ! false tea*]s f _! own po9t ( view4 ,s ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia1 1 4 ,?is able expositor h[ev] is evid5tly dissatisfi$1 = he introduces 8 explanation ) ! words 1 4442 & 8 explanation has n be5 adopt$ by o!rs4 ,ei!r ! s5t5ce1 s int]pret$1 becomes flat & unmean+1 ?\gh x is obvi\sly int5d$ to cl9* ! :ole matt]2 or ! ,apo/le is made to confirm ! value ( ! v doctr9es :i* he is combat+4 7ii7 ,! s5t5ce is reg>d$ z discont9u\s2 & x is int]pret$1 #8n ( any real value' 7or #8n consi/+ 9 any?+ comm5dable'1 or #8n hold+ ! body 9 any hon\r'7 b #8t5d+ to gratify ! c>nal desires' 7or #8m9d'74 ,?is 9 "s =m or o!r is almo/ univ]sally adopt$ by mod]n int]pret]s1 & among ! anci5ts is f\nd 9 ! comm5tator ,hil>y4 ,! objections to x are s]i\s4 77 ,! dislocation ( ! s5t5ce is inexplicable4 ,!re is no indication ei!r 9 ! gramm> or 9 ! vocabul>y t a sep>ate & oppositive clause beg9s ) 4441 b on ! contr>y ev]y?+ po9ts to an unbrok5 cont9uity4 77 ,! s5se :i* x atta*es to is ei!r =c$ & unnatural1 or x makes ! ,apo/le say :at he c\ld n h said4 ,if c\ld h ! s5se :i* ,hil>y assigns to x1 #8sag9a c>nalis s5sus traditio humana e/'1 or inde$ if x c\ld mean #8! m9d ( ! fle%' 9 any s5se 7z x is g5]ally tak5 by mod]n comm5tators71 ?is is :at ,/ ,paul might well h said4 ,b obvi\sly conveys a v diff]5t idea f su* expressions z 7v]4 #ah7 or 7,rom4 viii4 #f1 #g71 :i* include pride1 self-suffici5cy1 /rife1 hatr$1 bigotry1 & g5]ally ev]y?+ t is e>?-b\nd & selfi%4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if be tak5 9 its natural mean+1 z apply+ to co>se s5sual indulg5ces1 !n ,/ ,paul c\ld n h said )\t qualification1 t ?is rigor\s asceticism conduc$ 4 ,su* language w\ld defeat its own object by its extravagance4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iii4 #a ,,iii4 #a 1 1 ,,iii4 #a-d4 #8,if ?is be s2 if ye 7 rais$ ) ,*ri/1 if ye 7 translat$ into heav51 :at foll[s8 ,:y y mu/ realise ! *ange4 ,all y\r aims mu/ c5tre 9 heav51 :]e reigns ! ,*ri/ :o has ?us exalt$ y1 en?ron$ on ,god's "r h&4 ,all y\r ?\ghts mu/ abide 9 heav51 n on ! e>?4 ,=1 ,i say x once aga91 y h no?+ to d ) mundane ?+s3 y di$1 di$ once = all to ! _w3 y are liv+ ano!r life4 ,?is life inde$ is hidd5 n[3 x has no outw>d spl5d\r z m5 c\nt spl5d\r2 = x is a life ) ,*ri/1 a life 9 ,god4 ,b ! veil w n always %r\d x4 ,*ri/1 our life1 %all be manife/$ h]eaft]2 !n ye also %all be manife/$ ) ,him & ! _w %all see y\r glory'4 #a4 444 #8,if !n ye 7 rais$'1 n #8h be5 rais$'4 ,! aori/ 1 l 7ii4 #bj71 ref]s to _! baptism2 & ! "h is a resumption ( ! 9 ii4 #bj4 ,! sacram5t ( baptism1 z adm9i/]$ 9 ! ,apo/olic age1 involv$ a tw(old symbolism1 a dea? or burial & a resurrection3 see ! note on ii4 #ab4 ,9 ! rite itself ^! 7 repres5t$ by two di/9ct acts1 ! disappe>ance b5ea? ! wat] & ! em]g5ce f ! wat]3 b 9 ! *ange typifi$ by ! rite !y are two aspects ( ! same ?+1 #8l ! concave & convex 9 a circle'1 to use an old simile4 ,! negative side--! dea? & burial--implies ! positive side--! resurrection4 ,h5ce ! =m ( ! ,apo/le's resumption1 1 4 ,! *ange involv$ 9 baptism1 if truly realis$1 mu/ p]vade a man's :ole nature4 ,x affects n only 8 practical conduct1 b 8 intellectual conceptions also4 ,x is no?+ less ?an a removal into a new sph]e ( be+4 ,he is translat$ f e>? to heav52 & ) ?is translation 8 po9t ( view is alt]$1 8 /&>d ( judgm5t is :olly *ang$4 ,matt] is to him no long] ! great enemy2 8 position t[>ds x is "o ( absolute neutrality4 ,ascetic rules1 ritual ord9ances1 h ceas$ to h any absolute value1 irrespective ( _! effects4 ,all ^! ?+s are ( ! e>?1 e>?y4 ,! mat]ial1 ! transitory1 ! mundane1 has giv5 place to ! moral1 ! et]nal1 ! heav5ly4 444 #8,cease to conc5trate y\r en]gies1 y\r ?\ghts1 on mundane ord9ances1 & realise y\r new & heav5ly life1 ( :i* ,*ri/ is ! pole-/>'4 444 #8be+ seat$ on ! "r h& ( ,god'1 :]e mu/ n be connect$ ) 2 see ! note on 1 ii4 #c4 ,?is p>ticipial clause is p]t95t & emphatic1 = ! session ( ,*ri/ implies ! session ( ! believ] also2 ,ephes4 ii4 #d-f 444 444 444 4442 comp4 ,rev4 iii4 #ba 1 ' 1 1 9 ! message address$ to ! pr9cipal *ur* ( ?is di/rict3 see above p4 #db4 1 says ,*ryso/om1 2 2 1 1 1 2 4 4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iii4 #b1 #c #b 1 4 #c 1 #b4 ,! same expression repeat$ = emphasis2 #8,y mu/ n only seek heav52 y mu/ also ?9k heav54' ,= ! opposition ( & 9 connexion ) 1 comp4 ,phil4 iii4 #ai1 #bj 1 2 see also ,!oph4 ad ,autol4 ii4 #ag4 ,extremes meet4 ,"h ! ,apo/le po9ts ! anti!sis to controv]t a ,gno/ic asceticism3 9 ! ,philippian lett] he uses ! same contra/ to d5\nce an ,epicurean s5sualism4 ,bo? alike are guilty ( ! same fundam5tal error2 bo? alike conc5trate _! ?\ghts on mat]ial1 mundane ?+s4 #c4 #8ye di$' 9 baptism4 ,! aori/ d5otes ! pa/ act2 ! p]fect ! p]man5t effects4 ,= see ! notes on ii4 #ab1 #bj4 #8is hidd51 is buri$ out ( sight1 to ! _w'4 ,! ,apo/le's argum5t is ?is3 #8,:5 y sank "u ! baptismal wat]1 y disappe>$ = ev] to ! _w4 ,y rose aga91 x is true1 b y rose only to ,god4 ,! _w h5ce=? kn[s no?+ ( y\r new life1 & 7z a consequ5ce7 y\r new life mu/ "k no?+ ( ! _w4' #8,neque ,*ri/um'1 says ,b5gel1 #8neque ,*ri/ianos novit mundus2 ac ne ,*ri/iani quidem plane seipsos'2 comp4 ,joh4 xiv4 #ag-ai 1 1 444 1 4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iii4 #d #d 1 1 4 #d 4 #d4 ,a f\r? occurr5ce ( ! "n ( ,*ri/ 9 ?is context2 comp4 v]4 #b 1 1 v]4 #c 4 ,a pron\n w\ld h be5 m natural1 b less emphatic4 ,?is is an advance on ! previ\s /atem5t1 1 9 two respects3 7#a7 ,x is n en\gh to h said t ! life is %>$ ) ,*ri/4 ,! ,apo/le decl>es t ! life is ,*ri/4 ,comp4 #a ,joh4 v4 #ab 1 ,ign4 ,ephes4 #g 7( ,*ri/71 ,smyrn4 #d 1 ,ephes4 #c 1 ,magn4 #a 4 7#b7 ,= is sub/itut$ 4 ,! ,apo/le ha/5s to include himself among ! recipi5ts ( ! b\nty4 ,= ?is *>act]i/ic transition f ! second p]son to ! fir/ see ! note on ii4 #ac4 ,! read+ "h has v high support1 & on ?is acc\nt ,i h giv5 x z an alt]native2 b x is mo/ probably a transcrib]'s correction1 = ! sake ( uni=mity ) ! prec$+4 444 #8,! veil :i* n[ %r\ds y\r high] life f o!rs1 & ev5 p>tly f y\rselves1 w !n be )drawn4 ,! _w :i* p]secutes1 despises1 ignores n[1 w !n be bl9d$1 ) ! dazzl+ glory ( ! revelation'4 ,comp4 #a ,joh4 iii4 #a1 #b 1 4 1 1 1 4441 ,clem4 ,rom4 #ej 7or 7 4 ,joh4 xvii4 #bb 1 1 ,rom4 viii4 #ag 4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iii4 #e #e 1 1 1 1 1 #e-aa4 #8,s !n realise ?is dea? to ! _w2 kill all y\r e>?ly memb]s4 ,is x =nication1 impurity ( :atev] k9d1 passion1 evil desire8 ,or aga91 is x t covet\sness :i* makes a religion1 an idolatry1 ( gre$8 ,d n deceive y\rselves4 ,= all ^! ?+s ,god's wra? w surely come4 ,9 ^! s9s ye1 l o!r ,g5tiles1 indulg$ 9 times pa/1 :5 y\r life 0 sp5t amid/ !m4 ,b n[ ev]y?+ is *ang$4 ,n[ y also mu/ put away n ?is or t desire1 b all s9s :atsoev]4 ,ang]1 wra?1 malice1 sl&]1 fil?y abuse2 bani% x f y\r lips4 ,be n false "o to ano!r 9 ^w or de$2 b ca/ (f = ev] ! old man ) 8 actions1 & put on ! new1 :o is r5ew$ f day to day1 gr[+ unto p]fect k & refa%ion$ aft] ! image ( 8 ,creator4 ,9 ?is new life1 9 ?is reg5]ate man1 !re is n1 !re _c be1 any di/9ction ( ,greek or ,jew1 ( circumcision or uncircumcision2 !re is no room = b>b>ian1 = ,scy?ian1 = bond or free4 ,*ri/ has displac$1 has annihilat$1 all ^!2 ,*ri/ is ,himself all ?+s & 9 all ?+s'4 #e4 ,! false doctr9e ( ! ,gno/ics _h fail$ to *eck s5sual indulg5ce 7ii4 #bc74 ,! true doctr9e ( ! ,apo/le has p[] to kill ! :ole c>nal man4 ,! sub/itution ( a compreh5sive pr9ciple = special precepts--( ! heav5ly life 9 ,*ri/ = a code ( m9ute ord9ances--at l5g? atta9s ! end aft] :i* ! ,gno/ic tea*]s h /riv51 & /riv5 9 va94 i4e4 #8,c>ry out ?is pr9ciple ( dea? to ! _w 7ii4 #bj 1 iii4 #c 71 & kill ev]y?+ t is mundane & c>nal 9 y\r be+'4 444 ,ea* p]son has a tw(old moral p]sonality4 ,!re is 9 him ! #8old man'1 & !re is 9 him also #8! new' 7vv4 #i1 #aj74 ,! old man ) all 8 memb]s mu/ be pitilessly sla94 ,x is pla9 t "h is us$1 l 9 v]4 #i1 n physically1 b morally4 ,our actual limbs may be ei!r or 1 accord+ z !y are made in/rum5ts = ! _w or = ,*ri/3 j z we--our :ole be+--may id5tify ourselves ) ! or ) ! ( our tw(old pot5tiality4 ,= ?is use ( ! physical1 z a symbol ( ! moral ( :i* x is ! pot5tial in/rum5t1 comp>e ,matt4 v4 #bi sq4 1 444 ,i h v5tur$ to punctuate aft] 4 ,?us 444 are prospective accusatives1 :i* %\ld be gov]n$ directly by "s su* ^w z 4 ,b sev]al dep5d5t clauses int]pose2 ! la/ ( ^! incid5tally sugge/s a contra/ betwe5 ! pa/ & ! pres5t2 & ?is contra/1 pr$om9at+ 9 ! ,apo/le's m9d1 leads to an abrupt reca/+ ( ! s5t5ce1 9 disreg>d ( ! orig9al con/ruction4 ,?is opposition ( & has a t5d5cy to dislocate ! con/ruction 9 ,/ ,paul1 z 9 i4 #bb 7or 71 i4 #bf 3 see ! note on ?is latt] passage4 ,= ! :ole run ( ! s5t5ce 7! p>5!tic relative clauses1 ! contra/ ( pa/ & pres5t1 & ! brok5 con/ruction7 comp>e ,ephes4 ii4 #a-e 444 444 444 444 444 4 ,) ! common punctuation ! int]pretation is equally awkw>d1 :e!r we treat & 444 z 9 direct apposition1 or z d\ble accusatives1 or 9 any o!r way4 ,! case is be/ put by ,sev]ianus1 1 444 1 2 b ?is is an evasion ( ! difficulty1 :i* consi/s 9 ! direct apposition ( ! in/rum5ts & ! activities1 f :atev] po9t !y are view$4 444 ,! g5]al ord] is f ! less compreh5sive to ! m compreh5sive4 ,?us is a special k9d ( uncleanness1 :ile is uncleanness 9 any =m1 ,ephes4 v4 #c 2 comp4 ,gal4 v4 #ai 1 1 1 ) ! note !re4 ,?us aga9 1 ?\gh frequ5tly ref]r+ to ?is class ( s9s 7,rom4 i4 #bf1 #a ,!ss4 iv4 #e71 w\ld include o!r base passions :i* d n fall "u ! category ( 1 z = in/ance gluttony & intemp]ance4 1 ,! two words occur toge!r 9 #a ,!ss4 iv4 #e 4 ,s 9 a passage closely resembl+ ! text1 ,gal4 v4 #bd 4 ,! same vice may be view$ z a f its passive & an f its active side4 ,! ^w is n us$ "h 9 ! re/rict$ s5se :i* x has e4g4 9 ,ari/4 ,e?4 ,nic4 ii4 #d1 :]e x ranges ) ang]1 fe>1 etc41 be+ relat$ to z ! species to ! g5us 7see ,gal4 l4c4 note74 ,9 ! ,greek ,te/am5t has a mu* m compreh5sive s5se2 e4g4 ,joh4 viii4 #dd 4 ,"h1 if any?+1 is wid] ?an 4 ,:ile includes all ungov]nable affections1 rea*es to all evil long+s4 1 says ,*ryso/om1 1 1 1 4 ,! epi!t is add$ because is capable ( a good s5se3 comp4 #a ,cor4 x4 #f 4 #8& especially covet\sness'4 ,impurity & covet\sness may be said to divide betwe5 !m ne>ly ! :ole doma9 ( human selfi%ness & vice2 #8,si av>itia pro/rata e/1 exsurgit libido' 7,cypr4 de ,mort4 #c74 ,! "o has be5 already dealt )2 ! o!r ne$s n[ to be specially d5\nc$2 comp4 ,ephes4 v4 #c 4 #8,homo extra ,deum'1 says ,b5gel 7on ,rom4 i4 #bi71 #8qurit pabulum 9 creatura mat]iali vel p] voluptatem vel p] av>itiam4' ,comp4 ,te/4 xii ,patr4 ,jud4 #ah 1 1 444 4 ,simil>ly ,lysis ,py?ag4 #d 7,epi/ol4 ,grc4 p4 #fjb1 ed4 ,h]*]7 ' i4e4 ! vices 1 4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t is mu* wid] ?an 7see ,tr5* ,n4 ,t4 ,syn4 xxiv1 p4 #gg sq471 :i* itself is call$ 7#a ,tim4 vi4 #aj74 ,! attempt to give "h & 9 o!r passages ! s5se ( #8impurity' 7see e4g4 ,hammond on ,rom4 i4 #bi7 is f\nd$ on a misconception4 ,! words 1 1 w sometimes be us$ 9 relation to s9s ( uncleanness1 because su* may be acts ( inju/ice also4 ,?us adult]y is n only impurity1 b x is robb]y also3 h5ce #a ,!ss4 iv4 #f 7see ! note !re74 ,9 o!r passages aga9 !re w be an accid5tal connexion2 e4g4 ,ephes4 iv4 #ai 1 i4e4 #8) gre$9ess'1 #8) entire disreg>d = ! rights ( o!rs'4 ,b no :]e d ! words 9 !mselves sugge/ ?is mean+4 ,"h ! p>ticles %[ t a new type ( s9 is introduc$ ) 3 & 9 ! p>allel passage ,ephes4 v4 #c 7quot$ above7 ! same di/9ction is indicat$ by ! *ange f ! conjunctive p>ticle to ! disjunctive 4 ,x is an error to suppose t ?is s5se ( is support$ by ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/rom4 iii4 #ab 7p4 #eea sq47 1 4 ,on ! conv]se error ( expla9+ to mean #8gre$9ess'1 #8covet\sness'1 see ! note on #a ,!ss4 ii4 #c4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iii4 #f 1 #f' 444 #8= x is idolatry'3 comp4 ,ephes4 v4 #e 1 7or 7 1 ,polyc4 ,phil4 #aa #8,si quis non ab/9u]it se ab av>itia1 ab idololatria co9qu9abitur' 7see ,philippians p4 #fc on ! misund]/&+ ( ?is passage74 ,! covet\s man sets up ano!r object ( wor%ip besides ,god4 ,!re is a sort ( religi\s purpose1 a devotion ( ! s\l1 to gre$1 :i* makes ! s9 ( ! mis] s hateful4 ,! idea ( av>ice z a religion may h be5 sugge/$ to ,/ ,paul by our ,"l's words1 ,matt4 vi4 #bd 1 ?\gh x is a mi/ake to suppose t ,mammon 0 ! "n ( a ,syrian deity4 ,x appe>s h[ev] else:]e 9 ,jewi% writ]s ( ?is & lat] ages3 e4g4 ,philo de ,mon4 i4 #b 7,,ii4 p4 #bad sq47 1 7) ! :ole context71 & ,%emo? ,rabba fol4 #aba4 #c #8,qui opes suas multiplicat p] fnus1 ille e/ idololatra' 7) o!r passages quot$ by ,wet/e9 & ,s*ttg5 on ,ephes4 v4 #e74 ,/ ,*ryso/om1 ,hom4 9 ,johann4 lxv 7,,viii4 p4 #cib sq471 enl>ges on ! cult ( weal?--! consecration ( x1 ! wor%ip paid to x1 ! sacrifices dem&$ by x3 1 1 1 7p4 #cic74 ,! passage 9 ,te/4 xii ,patr4 ,jud4 #ah is no real p>allel to ,/ ,paul's language1 ?\gh at fir/ sight x seems to resemble x4 ,= 1 #8see+ t x'1 see ! note on ,phil4 iv4 #c4 #f1 #g4 ' 444 ,! receiv$ text requires correction 9 two po9ts4 7#a7 ,x ins]ts ! words aft] 4 ,?\gh ?is ins]tion has prepond]at+ support1 yet ! words are evid5tly int]polat$ f ! p>allel passage1 ,ephes4 v4 #f 4 ,we are !re=e ju/ifi$ 9 reject+ !m ) o!r au?orities1 few 9 numb] b excell5t 9 "*4 ,see ! deta*$ note on v>i\s read+s4 ,:5 ! s5t5ce is ?us correct$1 ! p>allelism ( ' 444 444 may be comp>$ ) ,ephes4 i4 #aa h 444 h 444 h 1 & ii4 #ba1 #bb h 444 4 7#b7 ,! va/ prepond]ance ( au?ority obliges u to sub/itute = 4 #f4 ,?is may ref] ei!r to ! pres5t & cont9u\s disp5sation1 or to ! future & f9al judgm5t4 ,! pres5t is frequ5tly us$ to d5ote ! c]ta9ty ( a future ev5t1 e4g4 ,matt4 xvii4 #aa1 ,joh4 iv4 #ba1 xiv4 #c1 :5ce is a designation ( ! ,messiah3 see ,w9] xl4 p4 #ccb4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iii4 #g1 #h #g 1 #h 1 444 ,! clause hav+ be5 /ruck out1 mu/ necess>ily be neut] & ref] to ! same z ' 4 ,indep5d5tly ( ! rejection ( ! clause1 ?is neut] seems m probable 9 itself ?an ! mascul9e3 = 7#a7 ,! expression is mo/ commonly us$ ( ?+s1 n ( p]sons1 especially 9 ?is & ! companion epi/le2 iv4 #e1 ,ephes4 ii4 #b1 #aj1 iv4 #ag1 v4 #b2 7#b7 ,! ,apo/le w\ld h>dly d5\nce x z a s9 9 8 ,colossian conv]ts t !y #8walk$ among ! sons ( disob$i5ce'2 = ! ,*ri/ian1 ?\gh n ( ! _w1 is necess>ily 9 ! _w3 comp4 #a ,cor4 v4 #aj4 ,! app>5t p>allel1 ,ephes4 ii4 #c 7:]e seems to be mascul9e71 does n hold1 because ! addition 444 makes all ! diff]5ce4 ,?us ! rejection ( ! clause1 :i* 0 decid$ by textual consid]ations1 is confirm$ by exegetical reasons4 #g4 #8ye1 l ! o!r hea!n' 7i4 #f 71 b 9 ! next v]se is r #8ye y\rselves'1 #8ye not)/&+ y\r =m] lives'4 444 #8,:5 ye liv$ 9 ?is atmosph]e ( s91 :5 ye _h n yet di$ to ! _w'4 #89 ^! ?+s4' ,we %\ld h expect$ 1 b is sub/itut$ z m emphatic & condemnatory3 comp4 ,ephes4 v4 #f 444 ,! two expressions & involve two di/9ct ideas1 d5ot+ ! condition ( _! life & ! "* ( _! practice respectively4 ,_! conduct 0 con=mable to _! circum/ances4 ,comp4 ,gal4 v4 #be 1 4 #h4 ,! errors ( ! pa/ sugge/ ! obligations ( ! pres5t4 ,?us ! ,apo/le returns to ! topic ) :i* ! s5t5ce comm5c$4 ,b ! viol5ce ( ! contra/ has brok5 up ! gramm> ( ! s5t5ce3 see ! note on v]4 #e4 #8n only ^? vices :i* h be5 specially nam$ be=e 7v]4 #e71 b all ( :atev] k9d4' ,! ,apo/le accord+ly goes on to specify s9s ( a :olly diff]5t type f ^? already m5tion$1 s9s ( un*>itabl5ess1 su* z ang]1 detraction1 malice1 & ! l4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iii4 #i 1 1 1 1 #i 1 #8ang]1 wra?'4 ,! "o d5otes a m or less settl$ feel+ ( hatr$1 ! o!r a tumultu\s outbur/ ( passion4 ,?is di/9ction ( ! two words 0 fix$ *iefly by ! def9itions ( ! ,/oics3 ,diog4 ,la]t4 vii4 #aad 4 ,s ,ammianus 1 1 ,greg4 ,naz4 ,c>m4 #cd 7,,ii4 p4 #fab7 1 4 ,!y may be repres5t$ 9 ,lat9 by ira & furor2 ,s5ec4 de ,ira ii4 #cf #8,ajacem 9 mortem egit furor1 9 furorem ira'1 & ,j]ome 9 ,ephes4 iv4 #ca #8,furor incipi5s ira e/'3 see ,tr5* ,n4 ,t4 ,syn4 xxxvii1 p4 #abc sq4 ,on o!r synonymes connect$ ) & see ! note on ,ephes4 iv4 #ca4 #8malice'1 or #8malignity'1 z x may be translat$ 9 default ( a bett] ^w4 ,x is n 7at lea/ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t7 vice g5]ally1 b ! vici\s nature :i* is b5t on do+ h>m to o!rs1 & is well def9$ by ,calv9 7on ,ephes4 iv4 #ca7 #8animi pravitas1 qu humanitati et quitati e/ opposita'4 ,?is w be evid5t f ! connexion 9 :i* x appe>s1 e4g4 ,rom4 i4 #bi1 ,eph4 iv4 #ca1 ,tit4 iii4 #c4 ,?us & 7:i* frequ5tly occur toge!r1 e4g4 #a ,cor4 v4 #h7 only diff] 9 s f> z ! "o d5otes r ! vici\s disposition1 ! o!r ! active ex]cise ( x4 ,! ^w is c>efully inve/igat$ 9 ,tr5* ,n4 ,t4 ,syn4 xi4 p4 #ce sq4 #8evil speak+1 rail+1 sl&]+'1 z frequ5tly1 e4g4 ,rom4 iii4 #h1 xiv4 #af1 #a ,cor4 iv4 #ac 7v4l471 x4 #cj1 ,ephes4 iv4 #ca1 ,tit4 iii4 #b4 ,! ^w has ! same tw(old s5se1 #8evil speak+' & #8blasphemy'1 9 classical writ]s1 :i* x has 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 #8f\l-m\!d abuse'4 ,! ^w1 z us$ else:]e1 has two mean+s3 7#a7 #8,fil?y-talk+'1 z def9$ 9 ,clem4 ,alex4 ,pd4 ii4 #f 7p4 #ahi sq471 :]e x is d5\nc$ at l5g?3 comp4 ,ari/4 ,pol4 vii4 #ag1 ,epict4 ,man4 #cc1 ,plut4 ,mor4 #i1 & s commonly2 7#b7 #8,abusive language'1 z e4g4 ,polyb4 viii4 #ac4 #h1 xii4 #ac4 #c1 xxxi4 #aj4 #d4 ,if ! two s5ses ( ! ^w _h be5 q di/9ct1 we might h _h "s difficulty 9 *oos+ betwe5 !m "h4 ,! =m] s5se is sugge/$ by ! p>allel passage ,ephes4 v4 #d 2 ! second by ! connexion ) "h4 ,b ! second s5se is d]iv$ f ! fir/4 ,! ^w c only mean #8abuse'1 :5 ! abuse is #8f\l-m\!d'4 ,& ?us we may suppose t bo? ideas1 #8fil?9ess' & #8evil-speak+'1 are includ$ "h4 #i4 444 #8putt+ (f'4 ,d ^! aori/ p>ticiples describe an action co9cid5t ) or prior to ! 8 ,9 o!r words are !y "p ( ! comm&1 or d !y assign ! reason = ! comm&8 ,mu/ !y be r5d]$ #8putt+ (f'1 or #8see+ t ye did 7at y\r baptism7 put (f'8 ,! =m] seems ! m probable int]pretation3 = 7#a7 ,?\gh bo? ideas are f\nd 9 ,/ ,paul1 ! imp]ative is ! m usual2 e4g4 ,rom4 xiii4 #ab sq4 1 444 1 ,ephes4 vi4 #aa ) v]4 #ad 444 4441 #a ,!ss4 ,v4 #h 444 ,! "o exception is ,gal4 iii4 #bg 1 4 7#b7 ,! #8putt+ on' 9 ! p>allel passage1 ,ephes4 iv4 #bd1 is imp]ative1 n affirmative1 :e!r we read or 4 7#c7 ,! p>ticiples "h are foll[$ imm$iately by an imp]ative 9 ! context1 v]4 #ab 1 :]e ! idea seems to be ! same4 ,= ! syn*ron\s aori/ p>ticiple see ,w9] xlv4 p4 #dcj4 ,/ ,paul uses 1 7n 1 71 = ! same reason = :i* he uses 7n 71 because x is a ?+ to be done once = all4 ,= ! d\ble comp\nd see ! notes on ii4 #aa1 #ae4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iii4 #aj1 #aa 1 #aj 1 ' #aa z ,rom4 vi4 #f1 ,ephes4 iv4 #bb4 ,) ?is expression comp>e 1 1 ,rom4 vii4 #bb1 #b ,cor4 iv4 #af1 ,ephes4 iii4 #af2 1 #a ,pet4 iii4 #d2 1 #8my insignificance'1 ,polycr4 9 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 v4 #bd4 #aj4 444 ,9 ,ephes4 iv4 #bd x is 4 ,( ! two words & 1 ! =m] ref]s solely to "t1 ! o!r d5otes quality also2 ! "o is new z be+ "y1 ! o!r new z be+ fre%3 ! "o is oppos$ to long duration1 ! o!r to effet5ess2 see ,tr5* ,n4 ,t4 ,syn4 lx4 p4 #bjf4 ,"h ! idea :i* is want+ to 1 & :i* gives 9 ! p>allel passage1 is m ?an suppli$ by ! addition 444 ,! or 9 ^! passages is n ,*ri/ ,himself1 z ! p>allel expression might sugge/1 & z x is actually us$ 9 ,ign4 ,ephes4 #bj 1 b ! reg5]ate man =m$ aft] ,*ri/4 ,! idea "h is ! same z 9 1 #b ,cor4 v4 #ag1 ,gal4 vi4 #ae3 comp4 ,rom4 vi4 #d 1 ,b>nab4 #af 1 4 #8:i* is ev] be+ r5ew$'4 ,! =ce ( ! pres5t t5se is expla9$ by #b ,cor4 iv4 #af 4 ,comp>e also ! use ( ! t5ses 9 ! p>allel passage1 ,ephes4 iv4 #bb sq4 1 1 4 ,= ! opposite see ,ephes4 iv4 #bb 444 #8unto p]fect k'1 ! true k 9 ,*ri/1 z oppos$ to ! false k ( ! h]etical tea*]s4 ,= ! impli$ contra/ see above pp4 #dd1 #ii sq4 7see ! notes on i4 #i1 ii4 #c71 & = ! ^w ! note on i4 #i4 ,! words "h are to be connect$ closely ) 3 comp4 ,heb4 vi4 #f 4 ' 444 ,! ref]5ce is to ,g54 i4 #bf ' 4442 comp4 v]4 #bh ' 4 ,see also ,ephes4 iv4 #bd 4 ,?is ref]5ce h[ev] does n imply an id5tity ( ! creation "h m5tion$ ) ! creation ( ,g5esis1 b only an analogy betwe5 ! two4 ,! spiritual man 9 ea* believ]'s he>t1 l ! primal man 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! _w1 0 creat$ aft] ,god's image4 ,! 9 ?is respect resembles ! 4 ,! pron\n _c be ref]r$ to any?+ else b ! 1 ! reg5]ate man2 & ! aori/ 7comp>e 9 ! p>allel passage ,ephes4 iv4 #bd7 ref]s to ! "t ( ?is 9 ,*ri/4 ,see ,b>nab4 #f 444 1 aft] :i* ,g54 i4 #bf is quot$4 ,! new bir? 0 a recreation 9 ,god's image2 ! subsequ5t life mu/ be a deep5+ ( ?is image ?us /amp$ ^u ! man4 ,! allusion to ,g5esis !re=e requires u to und]/& ( ,god1 & n ( ,*ri/1 z x is tak5 by ,/ ,*ryso/om & o!rs2 & ?is seems to be dem&$ also by ! common use ( 4 ,b if ,*ri/ is n 1 may ,he n be int5d$ by ! 8 ,9 fav\r ( ?is int]pretation x may be urg$ 7#a7 ,t ,*ri/ else:]e is call$ ! ( ,god1 i4 #ae1 #b ,cor4 iv4 #d2 7#b7 ,t ! ,alex&rian s*ool int]pret$ ! t]m 9 ,g54 i4 #bf z d5ot+ ! ,logos2 ?us ,philo de ,mund4 ,op4 #f 7,i4 p4 #e ,m7 1 7comp4 ib4 #g1 #bc1 #bd1 #dh71 ,fragm4 ,,ii4 p4 #fbe ,m 1 444 ,leg4 ,alleg4 i4 #ca1 #cb 7,i4 p4 #ajf sq474 ,h5ce ,philo speaks ( ! fir/ man z 7de ,mund4 ,op4 #f71 & z 7ib4 #dh74 ,a pregnant mean+ is ?us giv5 to 1 & ' is r5d]$ #8aft] ! fa%ion 7or patt]n7 ( ! ,image'4 ,b ?is int]pretation seems v improbable 9 ,/ ,paul2 = 7#a7 ,9 ! p>allel passage ,ephes4 iv4 #bd ! expression is simply 1 :i* may be reg>d$ z equival5t to ' "h2 7#b7 ,! ,alex&rian explanation ( ,g54 i4 #bf j quot$ is v closely alli$ to ! ,platonic doctr9e ( ideas 7= ! 1 s int]pret$1 is ! ar*etype or ideal patt]n ( ! s5sible _w71 & ?us x lies outside ! range ( ^? conceptions :i* specially recomm5d$ ! ,alex&rian t]m9ology ( ! ,logos to ! ,apo/les1 z a fit vehicle = communicat+ ! tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity4 #aa4 i4e4 #89 ?is reg5]ate life1 9 ?is spiritual region into :i* ! believ] is transf]r$ 9 ,*ri/4' ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iii4 #aa 1 1 #8,n only does ! di/9ction n exi/1 b x _c exi/4' ,x is a mundane di/9ction1 & !re=e x has disappe>$4 ,= ! s5se ( 1 negativ+ n m]ely ! fact b ! possibility1 see ! note on ,gal4 iii4 #bh4 444 ,comp>+ ! enum]ation "h ) ! p>allel passage ,gal4 iii4 #bh1 we m>k ?is diff]5ce4 ,9 ,galatians ! abolition ( all di/9ctions is /at$ 9 ! broade/ way by ! selection ( ?ree typical in/ances2 religi\s pr]ogative 71 71 social ca/e 71 71 natural sex 71 74 ,"h on ! o!r h& ! examples are *os5 ) special ref]5ce to ! imm$iate circum/ances ( ! ,colossian ,*ur*4 7#a7 ,! ,judaism ( ! ,colossian h]etics is met by 1 & z x manife/$ itself especially 9 en=c+ circumcision1 ?is is fur!r emphasiz$ by 7see above1 p4 #gc74 7#b7 ,_! ,gno/icism aga9 is met by 1 4 ,!y laid special /ress on intellig5ce1 p5etration1 gnosis4 ,! ,apo/le (f]s ! full privileges ( ! ,gospel to b>b>ians & ev5 b>b>ians ( ! l[e/ type 7see p4 #ii sq474 ,9 ,rom4 i4 #ad1 ! division is almo/ synonym\s ) 4 7#c7 ,special circum/ances1 connect$ ) an em95t memb] ( ! ,*ur* ( ,coloss1 _h direct$ 8 att5tion at ?is mom5t to ! relation ( ma/]s & slaves4 ,h5ce he _c leave ! subject )\t add+ 1 1 ?\gh ?is has no special be>+ on ! ,colossian h]esy4 ,see above p4 #cc1 & ! note on iii4 #bb1 toge!r ) ! introduction to ! ,epi/le to ,philemon4 444 ,en=c+ & ext5d+ ! lesson ( ! previ\s clause4 ,?is abolition ( di/9ctions applies to religi\s privilege1 n only z inh]it$ by bir? 7 71 b also z assum$ by adoption 7 74 ,if x is no advantage to be born a ,jew1 x is none to become z a ,jew2 comp4 #a ,cor4 vii4 #ai1 ,gal4 v4 #f1 vi4 #ae4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iii4 #aa 1 1 1 1 ,to ! ,jew ! :ole _w 0 divid$ into & 1 ! privileg$ & unprivileg$ portions ( mank9d1 religi\s pr]ogative be+ tak5 z ! l9e ( dem>cation 7see notes ,gal4 ii4 #c74 ,to ! ,greek & ,roman x 0 simil>ly divid$ into & 1 aga9 ! privileg$ & unprivileg$ portion ( ! human race1 civilization & culture be+ n[ ! crit]ion ( di/9ction4 ,?us f ! "o po9t ( view ! is contra/$ disadvantage\sly ) ! 1 :ile f ! o!r he is contra/$ advantage\sly ) ! 4 ,bo? di/9ctions are equally antagoni/ic to ! ,_s ( ! ,gospel4 ,! ,apo/le decl>es bo? alike null & void 9 ,*ri/4 ,! tw(old "* ( ! ,colossian h]esy enables him to /rike at ^! two opposite =ms ( error ) "o bl[4 ,! ^w prop]ly d5ot$ "o :o spoke an in>ticulate1 /amm]+1 un9telligible language2 see ,max ,mll] ,lectures on ! ,sci5ce ( ,language #a/ s]4 p4 #ha sq41 #aad sq41 ,f>r> ,families ( ,spee* p4 #ba3 comp4 #a ,cor4 xiv4 #aa4 ,h5ce x 0 adopt$ by ,greek exclusiv5ess & pride to /igmatize ! re/ ( mank9d1 a feel+ embodi$ 9 ! prov]b 7,s]vius on ,v]g4 n4 ii4 #ejd72 comp4 ,plato ,polit4 #bfb ,e h 1 444 4441 ,dionys4 ,hal4 ,rhet4 xi4 #e 1 444 ,s ,philo ,vit4 ,moys4 ii4 #e 7,,ii4 p4 #ach7 speaks ( 1 1 z oppos$ to 4 ,x is n necess>y to suppose t !y adopt$ x f ! ,egyptians1 :o seem to h call$ non-,egyptian peoples b]b] 7see ,sir ,g4 ,wilk9son 9 ,rawl9son's ,h]od4 ii4 #aeh72 = ! onomatopia w expla9 its orig9 indep5d5tly1 ,/rabo xiv4 #b4 #bh 7p4 #ffb7 ' ' 1 444 ,! ,lat9s1 adopt+ ! ,greek culture1 adopt$ ! ,greek di/9ction also1 e4g4 ,cic4 de ,f94 ii4 #ae #8,non solum ,grcia et ,italia1 s$ etiam omnis b>b>ia'3 & accord+ly ,dionysius1 ,ant4 ,rom4 i4 #fi1 classes ! ,romans ) ! ,greeks z di/+ui%$ f ! #8b>b>ians'--?is tw(old division ( ! human race be+ tak5 = grant$ z absolute & f9al4 ,s too 9 v4 #h1 hav+ m5tion$ ! ,romans1 he goes on to speak ( 4 ,! old] ,roman poets h[ev]1 writ+ f a ,greek po9t ( view1 7m ?an half 9 irony7 speak ( !mselves z b>b>i & ( _! c\ntry z b>b>ia2 e4g4 ,plaut4 ,mil4 ,glor4 ii4 #b4 #eh #8poeta b>b>o' 7( ,nvius71 ,as94 ,prol4 ,,ii4 #8,maccus vortit b>b>e'1 ,pn4 iii4 #b4 #ba #89 b>b>ia boves'4 ,9 ?is classification ! ,jews necess>ily rank$ z #8b>b>ians'4 ,at times ,philo seems tacitly to accept ?is designation 7,vit4 ,moys4 l4c472 b else:]e he res5ts x1 ,leg4 ad ,cai4 #ca 7,,ii4 p4 #egh7 1 1 1 ' 1 4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,*ri/ian ,apologi/s ) a true in/9ct glory 9 ! #8b>b>\s' orig9 ( _! religion3 ,ju/9 ,apol4 i4 #e 7p4 #ef ,a7 ' 1 ib4 #df 7p4 #hc ,d7 4441 ,tatian4 ad ,grc4 #bi 1 ib4 #ca 77 1 ib4 #ce ' 4 ,by glory+ 9 ! "n !y gave a practical comm5t on ! ,apo/le's decl>ation1 t ! di/9ction ( ,greek & b>b>ian 0 aboli%$ 9 ,*ri/4 ,9 a simil> _s ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/rom4 i4 #af 7p4 #cfa7 endeav\rs to prove t 4 #8,n till t ^w b>b>ian'1 writes ,pr(4 ,max ,mll] 7l4c4 p4 #aah71 #80 /ruck out ( ! diction>y ( mank9d & replac$ by bro!r1 n till ! "r ( all nations ( ! _w to be class$ z memb]s ( "o g5us or k9d 0 recognis$1 c we look ev5 = ! fir/ beg9n+s ( our sci5ce4 ,?is *ange 0 effect$ by ,*ri/ianity4444 ,humanity is a ^w :i* y look = 9 va9 9 ,plato or ,ari/otle2 ! idea ( mank9d z "o family1 z ! *ildr5 ( "o ,god1 is an idea ( ,*ri/ian gr[?3 & ! sci5ce ( mank9d1 & ( ! languages ( mank9d1 is a sci5ce :i*1 )\t ,*ri/ianity1 w\ld nev] h sprung into life4 ,:5 p _h be5 taught to look ^u all m5 z bre?r51 !n & !n only1 did ! v>iety ( human spee* pres5t itself z a problem t call$ = a solution 9 ! eyes ( ?\ghtful obs]v]s3 & ,i !re=e date ! real beg9n+ ( ! sci5ce ( language f ! fir/ day ( ,p5teco/4444 ,! common orig9 ( mank9d1 ! diff]5ces ( race & language1 ! susceptibility ( all nations ( ! highe/ m5tal culture1 ^! become1 9 ! new _w 9 :i* we live1 problems ( sci5tific1 because ( m ?an sci5tific int]e/'4 ,/ ,paul 0 ! great expon5t ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciple 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* :i* 0 symboliz$ on ! day ( ,p5teco/1 :5 he decl>$1 z "h1 t 9 ,*ri/ !re is nei!r nor 1 or z 9 ,rom4 i4 #ad t he himself 0 a debtor equally 4 ,! only o!r passage 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 7besides ^? quot$7 9 :i* occurs is ,acts xxviii4 #b1 #d1 :]e x is us$ ( ! p ( ,melita4 ,if ?is ,melita be ,malta1 !y w\ld be ( ,phnician desc5t4 ! l[e/ type ( b>b>ian4 ,!re is ! same collocation ( words 9 ,dionys4 ,halic4 ,rhet4 xi4 #e1 #f 1 1 1 1 s*4 c4 ,ctes4 #agb 1 1 7( ,demo/h5es74 ,! savag5ess ( ! ,scy?ians 0 prov]bial4 ,! e>li] ,greek writ]s inde$1 to :om omne ignotum 0 pro magnifico1 _h frequ5tly spok5 ( !m o!rwise 7see ,/rabo vii4 #c4 #g sq41 p4 #cjj sq474 s*ylus = in/ance call$ !m 1 ,fragm4 #ahi 7comp4 ,eum4 #gjc74 ,l ! o!r ,hyp]boreans1 !y 7 a simple1 righte\s p1 liv+ beyond ! vices & ! mis]ies ( civilisation4 ,b ! common e/imate 0 f> diff]5t1 & probably f> m true3 e4g4 #c ,macc4 vii4 #e 444 7comp4 #b ,macc4 iv4 #dg71 ,joseph4 c4 ,ap4 ii4 #cg 444 1 ,philo ,leg4 ad ,cai4 #b 7,,ii p4 #edg7 1 1 ,t]tull4 adv4 ,m>c4 i4 #a #8,scy?a tetrior'4 ,9 ,vit4 ,moys4 ii4 #d 7,i4 p4 #acg7 ,philo seems to place ! ,egyptians & ! ,scy?ians at ! two extremes 9 ! scale ( b>b>ian nations4 ,! passages giv5 9 ,wet/e9 f classical writ]s are h>dly less /rong 9 ! same direction4 ,ana*>sis ! ,scy?ian is said to h retort$ 1 ,clem4 ,/rom4 i4 #af 7p4 #cfd74 ,! ,jews _h a special reason = _! unfav\rable e/imate ( ! ,scy?ians4 ,9 ! reign ( ,josiah hordes ( ^! nor!rn b>b>ians _h delug$ ,pale/9e & a great "p ( ,we/]n ,asia 7,h]od4 i4 #ajc-ajf74 ,! incid5t inde$ is pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce 9 ! hi/orical books2 b ! t]ror inspir$ by ^! invad]s has f\nd expression 9 ! prophets 7,ezek4 xxxviii1 xxxix1 ,j]4 i4 #ac sq41 vi4 #a sq471 & !y left beh9d !m a memorial 9 ! ,greek "n ( ,be?-%ean1 7,judi? iii4 #aj1 #b ,macc4 xii4 #bi3 comp4 ,judges i4 #bg ,,lxx7 or 1 :i* seems to h be5 d]iv$ f a settlem5t on ?is occasion 7,pl94 ,n4,h4 v4 #af2 see ,ewald4 ,ges*4 ,,iii4 p4 #fhi sq41 ,grove s4v4 ,scy?opolis 9 ,smi?'s ,bibl4 ,dict474 ,h5ce ,ju/91 ,dial4 #bh 7p4 #bdf ,a71 describ+ ! l>g5ess ( ! new disp5sation1 says 1 444 1 :]e he s+les out two diff]5t b equally l[ types ( b>b>ians1 ! ,scy?ians be+ notori\s = _! f]ocity1 ! ,p]sians = _! lic5ti\sness 7,clem4 ,alex4 ,pd4 i4 #g1 p4 #aca1 ,/rom4 iii4 #b1 p4 #eae1 & ! ,apologi/s g5]ally74 ,s too ! ,pseudo-,lucian1 ,philopatris #ag1 satiris+ ,*ri/ianity1 4 1 4 4 1 4 ,f a misconception ( ?is passage 9 ! ,colossians1 h]esiolog]s di/+ui%$ f\r ma9 =ms ( h]esy 9 ! pre-,*ri/ian _w1 1 1 1 2 s ,epiphan4 ,epi/4 ad4 ,acac4 #b 1 1 1 1 1 3 comp4 ,hr4 i4 #d1 #g sq41 ,i4 p4 #e1 #h sq41 ,anaceph4 ,,ii4 pp4 #abg1 #abi sq4 444 #8,*ri/ is all ?+s & 9 all ?+s4' ,*ri/ has dispossess$ & oblit]at$ all di/9ctions ( religi\s pr]ogative & intellectual preem95ce & social ca/e2 ,*ri/ has sub/itut$ ,himself = all ^!2 ,*ri/ occupies ! :ole sph]e ( human life & p]meates all its developm5ts2 comp4 ,ephes4 i4 #bc 4 ,= 1 :i* is /rong] ?an 1 see ,gal4 iii4 #bb ) ! note4 ,9 ?is passage is probably neut]1 z 9 #b ,cor4 xi4 #f1 ,phil4 iv4 #ab1 #a ,tim4 iii4 ,,ii1 #b ,tim4 ii4 #g1 iv4 #e1 ,ephes4 iv4 #f1 vi4 #af4 ,9 ! p>allel passage ,gal4 iii4 #bh ! correspond+ clause is 4 ,! inv]sion "h accords ) a *ief motive ( ! epi/le1 :i* is to ass]t ! absolute & univ]sal supremacy ( ,*ri/2 comp4 i4 #ag sq41 ii4 #aj sq41 #ai4 ,! two p>ts ( ! anti!sis are comb9$ 9 our ,"l's say+1 ,joh4 xiv4 #bj 1 4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iii4 #ab 4 #ab 1 #ab-ae4 #8,!re=e1 z ! elect ( ,god1 z a p consecrat$ to ,8 s]vice & specially end[$ ) ,8 love1 array y\rselves 9 he>ts ( compassion1 9 k9dl9ess & humility1 9 a g5tle & yield+ _s4 ,be> ) "o ano!r3 =give freely among y\rselves4 ,z y\r ,ma/] =gave y ,8 s]vants1 s ought ye to =give y\r fell[-s]vants4 ,& ov] all ^! robe y\rselves 9 love2 = ?is is ! g>m5t :i* b9ds toge!r all ! graces ( p]fection4 ,& let ! "o supreme umpire 9 y\r he>ts1 ! "o ref]ee amid/ all y\r difficulties1 be ! peace ( ,*ri/1 :i* is ! de/9$ goal ( y\r ,*ri/ian call+1 9 :i* is realis$ ! unity belong+ to memb]s ( "o body4 ,la/ly ( all2 %[ y\r gratitude by y\r ?anksgiv+4' #ab4 #8,put on !re=e'1 z m5 to :om ,*ri/ has become all 9 all4 ,! incid5tal m5tion ( ,*ri/ z sup]s$+ all o!r relations gives occasion to ?is argum5tative 3 comp4 iii4 #a1 #e4 #8z elect ones ( ,god4' ,comp4 ,rom4 viii4 #cc1 ,tit4 i4 #a4 ,9 ! ,gospels & are di/+ui%$ z an out] & an inn] circle 7,matt4 xxii4 #ad 1 71 be+ ^? summon$ to ! privileges ( ! ,gospel & ^? appo9t$ to f9al salvation 7,matt4 xxiv4 #bb1 #bd1 #ca1 ,m>k xiii4 #bj1 #bb1 #bg1 ,luke xviii4 #g74 ,b 9 ,/ ,paul no su* di/9ction c be trac$4 ,) him ! two t]ms seem to be coext5sive1 z two aspects ( ! same process1 hav+ special ref]5ce to ! goal & to ! />t+-po9t4 ,! same p]sons are #8call$' to ,*ri/1 & #8*os5 out' f ! _w4 ,?us 9 #a ,!ss4 i4 #d 444 ! ^w cle>ly d5otes election to ,*ur*-memb]%ip4 ,?us also 9 #b ,tim4 ii4 #aj1 :]e ,/ ,paul says t he endures all ?+s 1 add+ 4441 ! unc]ta9ty impli$ 9 ^! la/ words cle>ly %[s t election to f9al salvation is n meant4 ,9 ! same s5se he speaks ( an individual ,*ri/ian z #8elect'1 ,rom4 xvi4 #ac4 ,& aga9 9 #a ,cor4 i4 #bf1 #bg 444 1 ! words appe> z synonymes4 ,! same is also ! usage ( ,/ ,pet]4 ,?us 9 an op5+ salutation he addresses :ole ,*ri/ian communities z 7#a ,pet4 i4 #a2 comp4 v4 #ac 1 i4e4 probably 71 z ,/ ,paul "u simil> circum/ances 7,rom4 i4 #f1 #g1 #a ,cor4 i4 #b7 designates !m 2 & 9 ano!r passage 7#b ,pet4 i4 #aj7 he appeals to 8 read]s to make _! & sure4 ,! use ( 9 #b ,joh4 #a4 #ac is app>5tly ! same2 & 9 ,apoc4 xvii4 #ad ' ?is is also ! case1 z we may inf] f ! addition ( 1 :i* po9ts to ^? :o h be5 true to _! #8call+ & election'4 ,?us ! ,gospels /& alone 9 ?is respect4 ,9 fact d5otes election by ,god n only to f9al salvation1 b to any special privilege or "w1 :e!r x be 7#a7 ,*ur*-memb]%ip1 z 9 ! passages cit$ f ! epi/les2 or 7#b7 ,! "w ( prea*+1 z :5 ,/ ,paul 7,acts ix4 #ae7 is call$ 1 ! object ( ! #8election' be+ def9$ 9 ! words foll[+1 4442 or 7#c7 ,! ,messiah%ip1 #a ,pet4 ii4 #d1 #f2 or 7#d7 ,! fa!rhood ( ! *os5 p1 z 9 ! case ( ,isaac & ,jacob1 ,rom4 ix4 #aa2 or 7#e7 ,! fai?ful remnant "u ! !ocracy1 ,rom4 xi4 #e1 #g1 #bh4 ,?is la/ application pres5ts ! close/ analogy to ! idea ( f9al salvation3 b ev5 "h ,/ ,paul treats & z coext5sive1 ,rom4 xi4 #bh1 #bi 4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iii4 #ab 1 1 1 444 ,^! are n to be tak5 z vocatives1 b z pr$icates fur!r def9+ ! mean+ ( 4 ,all ! ?ree t]ms 1 1 1 are transf]r$ f ! ,old ,cov5ant to ! ,new1 f ! ,israel aft] ! fle% to ! ,israel aft] ! ,_s4 ,= ! two =m] comp4 #a ,pet4 ii4 #i 444 2 & = ! s5se ( 1 #8! consecrat$ p ( ,god'1 see ! note on ,phil4 i4 #a4 ,= ! ?ird ^w1 1 see ,is4 v4 #a 4441 ,hos4 ii4 #be 7z quot$ 9 ,rom4 ix4 #be74 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t x seems to be us$ always ( ! objects ( ,god's love3 e4g4 #a ,!ss4 i4 #d 1 1 1 #b ,!ss4 ii4 #ac 7comp4 ,jude #a72 & s probably ,rev4 xx4 #i 4 ,= ! connexion ( ,god's election & ,god's love see ,rom4 xi4 #bh 7quot$ above71 #a ,!ss4 l4c4 ,! is omitt$ 9 "o or two excell5t copies 7?\gh x has ! great prepond]ance ( au?orities 9 its fav\r71 & x is impossible n to feel h[ mu* ! s5t5ce ga9s 9 =ce by ! omission1 1 1 72 comp4 #a ,pet4 ii4 #f4 #8a he>t ( pity'4 ,= ! mean+ ( see ! note on ,phil4 i4 #h1 & = ! :ole expression comp4 ,luke i4 #gh1 ,te/4 xii ,patr4 ,zab4 #g1 #h4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iii4 #ab 1 1 1 444 ,! two words & 1 #8k9dl9ess' & #8humility'1 describe ! ,*ri/ian temp] ( m9d g5]ally1 & ?is 9 two aspects1 z x affects ei!r 7#a7 our relation to o!rs 771 or 7#b7 our e/imate ( self 774 ,= see ! note on ,gal4 v4 #bb2 = 1 ! note on ,phil4 ii4 #c4 444 ,^! next two words1 & 1 d5ote ! ex]cise ( ! ,*ri/ian temp] 9 its outw>d be>+ t[>ds o!rs4 ,!y are be/ di/+ui%$ by _! opposites4 is oppos$ to #8rud5ess1 h>%ness'1 7,plato ,symp4 #aig ,d71 7,ari/4 ,h4 ,a4 ix4 i72 to #8res5tm5t1 rev5ge1 wra?1' 7,prov4 xvi4 #cb71 7,h]m4 ,m&4 v4 #a1 #b74 ,= ! mean+ ( see above1 on i4 #aa2 = ! =m ( 771 on ,gal4 v4 #bc4 ,! words are discuss$ 9 ,tr5* ,n4 ,t4 ,syn4 xlii4 p4 #adj sq41 xliii4 p4 #ade sq41 liii4 p4 #ahd sq4 ,!y appe> 9 connexion ,ephes4 iv4 #b1 ,ign4 ,polyc4 #f ' 4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iii4 #ac #ac 1 1 #ac4 1 ,! pron\n is v>i$1 z 9 ,ephes4 iv4 #cb 444 4441 #a ,pet4 iv4 #h-aj 444 444 4 ,! reciprocal diff]s f ! reciprocal 9 emphasiz+ ! idea ( corporate unity3 h5ce x is m appropriate "h 7comp4 ,ephes4 iv4 #b1 #cb7 ) ?an ) 2 comp4 ,x54 ,mem4 iii4 #e4 #af 1 1 444 ' 1 :]e ! propriety ( ! two words 9 _! respective places w be evid5t2 & ib4 ii4 #g4 #ab h1 :]e ! v>iation is m subtle b n less appropriate4 ,= in/ances ( ?is use ( see ,bleek ,hebrerbrief iii4 #ac 7p4 #dec sq471 ,khn] ,grie*4 ,gramm4 #dee 7,,ii4 p4 #dig sq474 i4e4 #8=giv+'2 see ! note on ii4 #ac4 ,an a =tiori argum5t lurks "u ! use ( 7r ?an 73 if ,*ri/ =gave !m1 mu* m %\ld !y =give !mselves4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iii4 #ad 1 #ad #8a compla9t'4 ,z is #8to f9d fault )'1 ref]r+ mo/ commonly to errors ( omission1 s "h is reg>d$ z a debt1 :i* ne$s to be remitt$4 ,! r5d]+ ( ! ,a4 ,v4 #8a qu>rel' 7 qu]ela7 is only wrong z be+ an ar*aism4 ,! phrase occurs sev]al times 9 classical ,greek1 b g5]ally 9 poetry3 e4g4 ,eur4 ,ore/4 #ajfi1 ,ari/4 ,pax #ffd4 444 ,?is mu/ n be connect$ ) ! prec$+ words1 b treat$ z an indep5d5t s5t5ce1 ! be+ answ]$ by ! 4 ,= ! pres5ce ( 9 bo? clauses ( ! comp>ison see ! note on i4 #f4 ,! ph5om5on is common 9 ! be/ classical writ]s1 e4g4 ,x54 ,mem4 i4 #f4 #c 444 4442 see ! ref]5ces 9 ,he9dorf on ,plato ,phd #fd ,c1 ,sophi/4 #bag ,b1 & ,khn] ,grie*4 ,gramm4 #ebd 7,,ii4 p4 #gii74 ,?is read+1 :i* is bett] support$ ?an 1 is also m expressive4 ,x recalls m directly ! lesson ( ! p>able :i* en=ces ! duty ( fell[-s]vant to fell[-s]vant2 ,matt4 xviii4 #bg 4443 comp4 bel[ iv4 #a 4 ,! read+ p]haps comes f ! p>allel passage ,ephes4 iv4 #cb 1 7or 74 sc4 4 #ad4 #8ov] & above all ^!'1 comp4 ,luke iii4 #bj 4 ,9 ,luke xvi4 #bf1 ,ephes4 vi4 #af1 ! correct read+ is probably 4 ,love is ! out] g>m5t :i* holds ! o!rs 9 _! places4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iii4 #ae 1 4 #ae 1 4 sc4 1 f v]4 #ab4 #8:i* ?+'1 i4e4 #8love'2 comp4 ,ephes4 v4 #e 1 1 ,ign4 ,rom4 #g 1 1 ,magn4 #aj 1 ,trall4 #g 4 ,?\gh !re are v>i\s read+s 9 ! passages ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 ! seems to be "r 9 e case4 ,^! in/ances w %[ t may be ref]r$ to alone4 ,o!rwise we might suppose ! antec$5t to be 1 b ?is h>dly suits ! s5se4 ,! common read+ is obvi\sly a scribe's correction4 444 #8! bond ( p]fection'1 i4e4 ! p[]1 :i* unites & holds toge!r all ^? graces & virtues1 :i* toge!r make up p]fection4 1 says ,*ryso/om1 h 1 3 comp4 ,clem4 ,rom4 #di 2 ,?us ! ,py?agoreans 7,simplic4 9 ,epictet4 p4 #bjh ,a7 4 ,s too ,!mi/4 ,orat4 i4 7p4 #e ,c7 77 1 4 ,! ^w w take a g5itive ei!r ( ! object b\nd or ( ! b9d+ =ce3 e4g4 ,plato ,polit4 #caj ,a 1 :]e ! & ! 4 ,we h an in/ance ( ! "o g5itive 7! objective7 "h1 ( ! o!r 7! subjective7 9 ,ephes4 iv4 #c 7see ! note !re74 ,ano!r explanation makes "h1 #8! bundle1 ! totality'1 z e4g4 ,h]odian4 iv4 #ab 7comp4 ,ign4 ,trall4 #c 72 b ?is unusual metaphor is highly improbable & inappropriate "h1 n to m5tion t we %\ld expect ! def9ite article 9 ?is case4 ,) ei!r int]pretation1 ! function assign$ to "h is ! same z :5 x is decl>$ to be 1 ,rom4 xiii4 #aj 7comp4 ,gal4 v4 #ad74 ,see also ! all-embrac+ (fice :i* is assign$ to x 9 #a ,cor4 xiii4 #ae4 #8,*ri/'s peace'1 :i* ,he left z a legacy to ,8 disciples3 ,joh4 xiv4 #bg 1 2 comp4 ,ephes4 ii4 #ad ) ! context4 ,! common read+ has a p>allel 9 ,phil4 iv4 #g4 #8be umpire'1 = ! idea ( a conte/ is only less prom95t "h1 ?an 9 #a ,cor4 ix4 #bd1 ,phil4 iii4 #ad 7see ! note !re74 1 writes ,*ryso/om1 4 ,:]ev] !re is a conflict ( motives or impulses or reasons1 ! peace ( ,*ri/ mu/ /ep 9 & decide :i* is to prevail2 1 says ,*ryso/om aga91 1 1 4 ,= ?is metaphor ( "s "o p>am\nt consid]ation act+ z umpire1 :]e !re is a conflict ( int]nal motives1 see ,polyb4 ii4 #ce4 #c 1 ,philo de ,migr4 ,abr4 #ab 7,i4 p4 #ddf7 ' 7 444 7comp4 de ,ebriet4 #ai1 ,i4 p4 #cfh71 ,jos4 ,b4 ,j4 vi4 #b4 #f 444 4 ,some:at simil>ly 7,polyb4 xxvii4 #ad4 #d7 or 7,a!n4 xv4 p4 #fgj ,a7 are made 4 ,9 o!r passages1 :]e or is said 1 ?is implies t1 :ile man proposes1 ,god disposes4 ,9 ,philo 7,qui r]4 div4 h]4 #ai1 ,i4 p4 #dhf7 is a r\gh synonyme = 7de ,abrah4 #ad1 ,,ii4 p4 #aj1 etc473 & 9 ,josephus 7,ant4 vi4 #c4 #a7 & are us$ toge!r ( ! same action4 ,9 all su* cases x appe>s t ! idea ( a decision & an aw>d is prom95t 9 ! ^w1 & t x mu/ n be tak5 to d5ote simply rule or p[]4 444 ,comp4 #a ,cor4 vii4 #ae 4 #8,z ye 7 call$ z memb]s ( "o body1 s let !re be "o _s animat+ t body'3 ,ephes4 iv4 #d h h 4 ,?is passage /rikes ! keynote ( ! companion ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians 7see esp4 ii4 #af sq41 iv4 #c sq474 #8,& to cr[n all =get y\rselves 9 ?anksgiv+ t[>ds ,god'3 see ! notes on i4 #ab1 ii4 #g4 ,! adjective 1 ?\gh n occurr+ else:]e 9 ! ,greek ,bible1 is n uncommon 9 classical writ]s1 & l ! ,engli% #8grateful'1 has two mean+s2 ei!r 7#a7 #8pleasurable' 7e4g4 ,x54 ,cyr4 ii4 #b4 #a72 or 7#b7 #8?ankful' 7e4g4 ,boeckh ,c4 ,i4 no4 #afbe71 z "h4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iii4 #af 4 #af #af1 #ag4 #8,let ! inspir+ ^w ( ,*ri/ dwell 9 y\r he>ts1 enri*+ y ) its b\ndless weal? & end[+ y ) all wisdom4 ,tea* & admoni% "o ano!r ) psalms1 ) hymns ( praise1 ) spiritual songs ( all k9ds4 ,only let !m be p]vad$ ) grace f heav54 ,s+ to ,god 9 y\r he>ts & n ) y\r lips only4 ,& g5]ally2 :atev] ye d1 :e!r 9 ^w or 9 de$1 let ev]y?+ be done 9 ! "n ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,& 7aga9 ,i repeat x7 p\r out y\r ?anksgiv+ to ,god ! ,fa!r ?r\gh ,him'4 #af4 #8! ^w ( ,*ri/'1 be+ ! subjective g5itive1 s t ,*ri/ is ! speak]4 ,?\gh & occur frequ5tly1 is f\nd "h only4 ,!re seems to be no direct ref]5ce 9 ?is expression to any def9ite body ( tru?s ei!r writt5 or oral1 b d5otes ! pres5ce ( ,*ri/ 9 ! he>t1 z an inw>d monitor3 comp4 #a ,joh4 ii4 #ad 1 ) ib4 i4 #aj 1 & s p]haps ,acts xviii4 #e 7! correct read+74 #89 y\r he>ts'1 n #8among y'2 comp4 ,rom4 viii4 #i1 #aa 1 #b ,tim4 i4 #e1 #ad1 & ,lev4 xxvi4 #ab1 z quot$ 9 #b ,cor4 vi4 #af1 4 ,see above p4 #dc sq41 & ! note on i4 #bg4 #89 e k9d ( wisdom'4 ,x seems be/ to take ^! words ) ! prec$+ clause1 ?\gh ,clem4 ,alex4 ,pd4 ii4 #d 7p4 #aid7 atta*es !m to :at foll[s4 ,= ?is position ( 1 at ! end ( ! s5t5ce to :i* x ref]s1 comp4 i4 #i1 ,ephes4 i4 #h4 ,! connexion "h adopt$ is also fav\r$ by ! p>allel passage ,ephes4 v4 #ah1 #ai 7see ! note bel[74 ,ano!r passage i4 #bh has a d\ble be>+3 :ile ! connexion fav\rs our tak+ "h ) ! foll[+ words1 ! ord] sugge/s _! be+ atta*$ to ! prec$+ clause4 444 ,! p>ticiples are "h us$ = imp]atives1 z frequ5tly 9 hortatory passages1 e4g4 ,rom4 xii4 #i sq41 #af sq41 ,ephes4 iv4 #b1 #c1 ,hebr4 xiii4 #e1 #a ,pet4 ii4 #ab81 iii4 #a1 #g1 #i1 #ae1 #af4 ,x is n1 z "s insi/1 t ! p>ticiple itself has any imp]atival =ce2 nor1 z ma9ta9$ by o!rs1 t ! con/ruction %\ld be expla9$ by ! hypo!sis ( a prec$+ p>5!sis or ( a v]b sub/antive und]/ood or by any o!r exp$i5t to obta9 a regul> grammatical /ructure 7see ,w9]1 xlv4 p4 #dda sq41 lxii4 p4 #gjg1 lxiii4 p4 #gaf1 lxiv4 p4 #gcb74 ,b ! absolute p>ticiple1 be+ 7s f> z reg>ds mood7 neutral 9 itself1 takes its col\r f ! g5]al complexion ( ! s5t5ce4 ,?us x is sometimes indicative 7e4g4 #b ,cor4 vii4 #e1 & frequ5tly71 sometimes imp]ative 7z 9 ! passages quot$71 sometimes optative 7z above1 ii4 #b1 #b ,cor4 ix4 #aa1 comp4 ,ephes4 iii4 #ag74 ,on ! di/9ction ( & see ! note on i4 #bh2 !y describe respectively ! positive & ! negative side ( in/ruction4 ,on ! reciprocal see ! note on iii4 #ac4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iii4 #af 444 to be connect$ ) ! prec$+ s5t5ce1 z sugge/$ by ,ephes4 v4 #ah sq4 1 1 4 ,! datives describe ! in/rum5ts ( ! & 4 ,! ?ree words 1 1 1 are di/+ui%$1 s f> z !y are di/+ui%able1 9 ,tr5* ,n4,t4 ,syn4 lxxviii4 p4 #bgi sq4 ,!y are correctly def9$ by ,gregory ,nyss5 9 ,psalm4 c4 iii 7,i4 p4 #bie7 1 444 2 see also ,hippol4 p4 #aia sq4 7ed4 de ,lag>de74 ,9 o!r words1 :ile ! lead+ idea ( is a musical accompanim5t & t ( praise to ,god1 is ! g5]al ^w = a song1 :e!r accompani$ or unaccompani$1 :e!r ( praise or on any o!r subject4 ,?us x 0 q possible = ! same song to be at once 1 1 & 4 ,9 ! text ! ref]5ce 9 1 we may suppose1 is specially1 ?\gh n exclusively 7#a ,cor4 xiv4 #bf71 to ! ,psalms ( ,david1 :i* w\ld e>ly =m "p ( ! religi\s wor%ip ( ! ,*ri/ian bro!rhood4 ,on ! o!r h& w\ld m appropriately designate ^? hymns ( praise :i* 7 compos$ by ! ,*ri/ians !mselves on di/9ctly ,*ri/ian !mes1 be+ ei!r set =ms ( words or spontane\s effusions ( ! mom5t4 ,! ?ird ^w ga!rs up ! o!r two1 & ext5ds ! precept to all =ms ( song1 ) ! limitation h[ev] t !y mu/ be 4 ,/ ,*ryso/om treats "h z an advance ^u 1 :i* 9 "o aspect !y are2 1 he says1 1 1 1 4 ,psalmody & hymnody 7 highly develop$ 9 ! religi\s s]vices ( ! ,jews at ?is "t3 see ,philo 9 ,flacc4 #ad 7,,ii4 p4 #ece7 1 de ,vit4 ,cont4 #c 7,,ii4 p4 #dgf7 1 1 #aj 7p4 #dhd7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4441 #aa 7p4 #dhe7 4441 ) ! :ole context4 ,!y w\ld ?us f9d _! way into ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* f ! v beg9n+4 ,= in/ances ( s++ hymns or psalms 9 ! ,apo/olic age see ,acts iv4 #bd1 xvi4 #be1 #a ,cor4 xiv4 #ae1 #bf4 ,h5ce ev5 9 ,/ ,paul's epi/les1 m especially 8 lat] epi/les1 fragm5ts ( su* hymns appe> to be quot$2 e4g4 ,ephes4 v4 #ad 7see ! note !re74 ,= ! use ( hymnody 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* ( ! succe$+ g5]ations see ,pl94 ,epi/4 x4 #ig #8,ante lucem conv5ire1 c>m5que ,*ri/o quasi ,deo dic]e secum invicem1' ,anon4 ,hippolytus 9 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 v4 #bh ' 7 4 ,! ref]5ce 9 ! text is n solely or *iefly to public wor%ip z su*4 ,clem4 ,alex4 ,pd4 ii4 #d 7p4 #aid7 treats x z apply+ to social ga!r+s2 & aga9 ,t]tullian says ( ! agape1 ,apol4 #ci #8,ut quisque de scripturis sanctis vel de proprio +5io pote/1 provocatur 9 m$ium ,deo can]e1' & ( ! society ( husb& & wife1 ,ad ,uxor4 ii4 #h #8,sonant int] duos psalmi et hymni1 et mutuo provocant quis melius ,dom9o suo cantet4' ,on ! psalmody etc4 ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians see ,b+ham ,antiq4 xiv4 c4 #a1 & especially ,prob/ ,lehre und ,gebet p4 #bef sq4 #89 ,god's grace'2 comp4 #b ,cor4 i4 #ab ' 4 ,^! words are p]haps be/ connect$ ) ! prec$+ clause1 z by ,*ryso/om4 ,?us ! p>allelism ) is pres]v$4 ,! correct read+ is 1 n 4 ,= 1 #8div9e grace'1 see ,phil4 i4 #g ) ! note4 ,! def9ite article seems to exclude all l[] s5ses ( "h1 su* z #8acceptabl5ess'1 #8sweetness' 7see iv4 #f74 ,! int]pretation #8) gratitude'1 if o!rwise t5able 7comp4 #a ,cor4 x4 #cj71 seems inappropriate "h1 because ! idea ( ?anksgiv+ is introduc$ 9 ! foll[+ v]se4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iii4 #ag1 #ah 1 #ag 1 1 ' 4 #ah 1 1 444 ,?is ext]nal manife/ation mu/ be accompani$ by ! inw>d emotion4 ,!re mu/ be ! ?anksgiv+ ( ! he>t1 z well z ( ! lips2 comp4 ,ephes4 v4 #ai 7probably ! correct read+71 :]e #8) ! he>t' br+s out ! s5se m di/9ctly4 #ag4 444 ,?is is probably a nom9ative absolute1 z ,matt4 x4 #cb 444 7comp4 ,luke xii4 #h71 ,luke xii4 #aj 444 1 ,john xvii4 #b 1 4442 comp4 ,matt4 vii4 #bd 7v4l474 sc4 1 z ! foll[+ sugge/s2 comp4 v]4 #bc4 444 ,?is is ! great practical lesson :i* fl[s f ! !ological tea*+ ( ! epi/le4 ,h5ce ! reit]ation ( 1 1 etc41 vv4 #ah1 #bj1 #bb1 #bc1 #bd4 ,see above p4 #ajd4 ,on ?is refra9 see ! notes on i4 #ab1 ii4 #g4 ,?is1 :i* is q ! be/ au!nticat$ read+1 gives a v unusual1 if n unique1 collocation ( words1 ! usual =m be+ ei!r or 4 ,! be=e 9 ! receiv$ text is an obvi\s em5dation4 ,see ! note on i4 #c1 & ! app5dix on v>i\s read+s4 #ah-ba4 #8,ye wives1 be subject to y\r husb&s1 = s x becomes y 9 ,*ri/4 ,ye husb&s1 love & *]i% y\r wives1 & use no h>%ness t[>ds !m4 ,ye *ildr51 be ob$i5t to y\r p>5ts 9 all ?+s2 = ?is is comm5dable & lovely 9 ,*ri/4 ,ye p>5ts1 vex n y\r *ildr51 le/ !y lose he>t & gr[ sull5'4 #ah sq4 ,^! precepts1 provid+ = ! conduct ( ,*ri/ians 9 private h\seholds1 %\ld be comp>$ ) ,ephes4 v4 #bb-vi4 #i1 #a ,pet4 ii4 #ah-;iii4 #g1 ,tit4 ii4 #a sq42 see also ,clem4 ,rom4 #a1 ,polyc4 ,phil4 #d sq4 #8,ye wives'1 ! nom9ative ) ! def9ite article be+ us$ = a vocative1 z frequ5tly 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 e4g4 ,matt4 xi4 #bf1 ,m>k v4 #da1 ,luke viii4 #ed2 see ,w9] xxix4 p4 #bbg sq4 ,! frequ5cy ( ?is use is d\btless due to ! fact t x is a reproduction ( ! ,hebrew idiom4 ,9 ! in/ances quot$ f classical writ]s 7see ,b]nh>dy ,syntax p4 #fg7 ! address is n s directly vocative1 ! nom9ative be+ us$ r to def9e or select ?an to summon ! p]son 9 "q4 ,! ( ! receiv$ text may h be5 ins]t$ 7z x is ins]t$ also 9 ,ephes4 v4 #bd7 f ,ephes4 v4 #bb1 ,tit4 ii4 #e1 #a ,pet4 iii4 #a1 #e1 9 all :i* passages ?is same injunction occurs4 ,! scribes h[ev] %[ a g5]al fondness = ?is adjective2 e4g4 ,m>k xv4 #bj1 ,luke ii4 #c1 ,acts i4 #ai1 ,ephes4 iv4 #bh1 #a ,!ss4 ii4 #ae1 iv4 #aa4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iii4 #ai-bb 4 #ai 1 4 #bj 1 4 #ba 1 1 4 #bb 1 ,! imp]fect1 z ,ephes4 v4 #d 7! correct read+72 comp4 ,clem4 ,hom4 ,conte/4 #c 1 1 ,x54 de ,re ,eque/r4 xii4 #ad 2 & see ,d',orville on ,*>ito viii4 #b 7p4 #fii sq474 ,! common uses ( ! imp]fect 1 1 etc41 9 classical writ]s d n pres5t a v exact p>allel2 = !y imply t ! ?+ :i* ought to h be5 done has be5 left undone4 ,& s we might int]pret ,acts xxii4 #bb 7! correct read+74 ,"h h[ev] !re c h>dly be any su* ref]5ce2 & ! be/ illu/ration is ! ,engli% pa/ t5se #8ought' 7 #8ow$'71 :i* is us$ 9 ! same way4 ,! pa/ t5se p]haps implies an ess5tial priori obligation4 ,! use ( 1 1 occasionally approximates to ?is2 e4g4 ,eur4 ,&r4 #dbc4 ,! idea ( #8propriety' is ! l9k :i* connects ! prim>y mean+ ( su* words z 1 1 1 #8aim+ at or p]ta9+ to'1 ) _! ultimate mean+ ( moral obligation4 ,! ^w occurs 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t only "h & 9 ! contempor>y epi/les1 ,ephes4 v4 #d1 ,philem4 #h4 probably to be connect$ ) 1 r ?an ) 2 comp4 v]4 #bj 4 #ai4 444 #8%[ no bitt]ness1 behave n h>%ly'2 comp4 ,lynceus 9 ,a!n4 vi4 p4 #bdb ,c 1 ,joseph4 ,ant4 v4 #g4 ,i 1 ,plut4 ,mor4 p4 #deg ,a 4 ,s also 9 ! ,,lxx1 ,j]em4 xliv 7xxxvii74 #ae1 #c ,esdr4 iv4 #ca4 ,?is v]b & its comp\nds occur frequ5tly 9 classical writ]s4 #bj4 z v]4 #bb4 ,! rule is /at$ absolutely1 because ! exceptions are s few t !y may be disreg>d$4 #8is well pleas+1 comm5dable'4 ,! receiv$ text supplies ?is adjective ) a dative ( ref]5ce 7f ,ephes4 v4 #aj71 b is unque/ionably ! "r read+4 ,) ! read+ ?us correct$ 1 l v]4 #ah1 mu/ be tak5 absolutely1 z p]haps 9 ,rom4 xii4 #b 3 comp4 ,phil4 iv4 #h 444 4 ,! qualification implies #8z judg$ by a ,*ri/ian /&>d'1 #8z judg$ by ^? :o are memb]s ( ,*ri/'s body4' #ba4 #8provoke1 irritate'4 ,! o!r read+ has high] support1 b is d\btless tak5 f ! p>allel passage1 ,ephes4 vi4 #d4 #8,irritation' is ! fir/ consequ5ce ( be+ too exact+ ) *ildr51 & irritation leads to moros5ess 774 ,9 #b ,cor4 ,,ix4 #b is us$ 9 a good s5se & produces ! opposite result1 n despond5cy b en]gy4 #8lose he>t1 become spiritless'1 i4e4 #8g ab\t _! task 9 a li/less1 moody1 sull5 frame ( m9d'4 #8,fractus animus'1 says ,b5gel1 #8pe/is juv5tutis'4 ,9 ,x54 ,cyr4 i4 #f4 #ac is oppos$ to 1 & 9 ,?uc4 ii4 #hh & else:]e is oppos$ to 4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iii4 #bc 1 1 ' 1 4 #bc 1 #bb4 4 #bb4-;iv4 #a4 #8,ye slaves1 be ob$i5t 9 all ?+s to ! ma/]s set ov] y 9 ! fle%1 n r5d]+ !m s]vice only :5 _! eyes are ^u y1 z aim+ m]ely to please m51 b s]v+ 9 all s9c]ity ( he>t1 z liv+ 9 ! sight ( ,god & /&+ 9 awe ( ,him4 ,& 9 e ?+ t ye d1 "w fai?fully & ) all y\r s\l1 z lab\r+ n = m51 b = ! great ,"l & ,ma/] ,himself2 kn[+ t ye h a ,ma/]1 f :om ye w receive ! glori\s inh]itance z y\r recomp5se1 :e!r or n ye may be defraud$ ( y\r due by m54 ,yes1 ,*ri/ is y\r ,ma/] & ye are 8 slaves4 ,he t does a wrong %all be requit$ = 8 wrong-do+4 ,i say n ?is ( slaves only1 b ( ma/]s also4 ,!re is no p>tiality1 no respect ( p]sons1 9 ,god's di/ribution ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,!re=e1 ye ma/]s1 d ye also on y\r "p deal ju/ly & equitably by y\r slaves1 kn[+ t ye too h a ,ma/] 9 heav5'4 #bb4 ,! relations ( ma/]s & slaves1 bo? "h & 9 ! companion epi/le 7,ephes4 vi4 #e-i71 are treat$ at great] l5g? ?an is usual ) ,/ ,paul4 ,"h especially ! expansion ( ?is topic1 comp>$ ) ! brief space assign$ to ! duties ( wives & husb&s 7vv4 #ah1 #ai71 or ( *ildr5 & p>5ts 7vv4 #bj1 #ba71 des]ves to be notic$4 ,! fact is expla9$ by a contempor>y incid5t 9 ! ,apo/le's private life4 ,8 int]c\rse ) ,onesimus _h turn$ 8 ?\ghts 9 ?is direction4 ,see above1 p4 #cc1 & ! introduction to ! ,epi/le to ,philemon3 comp4 also ! note on v]4 #aa4 #8eye-s]vice'1 z ,ephes4 vi4 #f3 comp4 ,apo/4 ,con/4 iv4 #ab ' 4 ,?is happy expression w\ld seem to be ! ,apo/le's own co9age4 ,at lea/ !re are no traces ( x e>li]4 ,comp>e ii4 #bc4 ,! read+ is bett] support$ ?an 1 ?\gh ! plural is r5d]$ slightly m probable 9 itself by its great] difficulty4 aga9 9 ,ephes4 vi4 #f4 ,x is a ,,lxx ^w1 ,ps4 lii4 #f1 :]e ! ,greek entirely dep>ts f ! ,hebrew3 comp4 also ,ign4 ,rom4 #b1 ,ju/9 ,apol4 i4 #b 7p4 #ec ,e74 ,s or 1 ,timo ,phlias4 9 ,diog4 ,la]t4 iv4 #db 7vv4 #aa474 z 9 ,ephes4 vi4 #e1 i4e4 #8) undivid$ s]vice'2 a ,,lxx expression1 #a ,*ron4 xxix4 #ag1 ,wisd4 i4 #a4 #8! "o ,"l & ,ma/]'1 z contra/$ ) 3 ! idea be+ c>ri$ out 9 ! foll[+ v]ses4 ,! receiv$ text1 by sub/itut+ 1 blunts ! edge ( ! contra/4 #bc4 i4e4 #8d x dilig5tly'1 an advance ^u 4 ,= ! use ( r ?an 9 anti!ses1 see ,w9] lv4 p4 #fja sq4 ,! negative "h is :olly unconnect$ ) ! imp]ative1 & ref]s solely to 4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iii4 #bd1 #be 1 1 #bd #be #bd4 #8,h[ev] y may be treat$ by y\r e>?ly ma/]s1 y h /ill a ,ma/] :o w recomp5se y4' ,! abs5ce ( ! def9ite article "h 7comp4 iv4 #a7 is ! m rem>kable1 because x is /udi\sly ins]t$ 9 ! context1 vv4 #bb-bd1 1 1 4 ,9 ! p>allel passage ,ephes4 vi4 #h x is 3 = ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two see ,gal4 i4 #ab4 #8! j recomp5se'1 a common ^w bo? 9 ! lxx & 9 classical writ]s1 ?\gh n occurr+ else:]e 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 comp4 ,luke xiv4 #ab1 ,rom4 xi4 #i4 ,! d\ble comp\nd involves ! idea ( #8exact requital'4 #8:i* consi/s 9 ! inh]itance'1 ! g5itive ( apposition3 see ! note on 1 i4 #ab4 ,!re is a p>adox involv$ 9 ?is ^w3 else:]e ! & ! are contra/$ 7,matt4 xxi4 #ce-ch1 etc41 ,rom4 viii4 #ae-ag1 ,gal4 iv4 #a1 #g71 b "h ! is ! 4 ,?is he is because1 ?\gh 1 he is 7#a ,cor4 vii4 #bb7 & ?us 7,gal4 iv4 #g72 comp4 ,h]mas ,sim4 v4 #b 7) ! context74 444 i4e4 #8y s]ve z y\r ma/] ! great ,ma/] ,*ri/4' ,?is clause is add$ to expla9 :o is meant by ! prec$+ 4 ,= ?is application ( comp>e 7besides ! p>allel passage1 ,ephes4 vi4 #f-i7 #a ,cor4 vii4 #bb 444 ,x seems be/ to take "h z an indicative1 r ?an z an imp]ative2 = 7#a7 ,! indicative is want$ to expla9 ! previ\s 2 7#b7 ,! imp]ative w\ld seem to require 1 z 9 ,ephes4 vi4 #g 7! correct text74 ,on ! o!r h& see ,rom4 xii4 #aa4 #be4 444 ,:o is ?is unrighte\s p]son 8 ,! slave :o defrauds 8 ma/] ( 8 s]vice1 or ! ma/] :o defrauds 8 slave ( 8 rew>d8 ,"s int]pret]s conf9e x exclusively to ! =m]2 o!rs to ! latt]4 ,x seems be/ to suppose t bo? are includ$4 ,! connexion ( ! s5t5ce 7:]e 1 n 1 is c]ta9ly ! "r read+7 po9ts to ! slave4 ,on ! o!r h& ! expression :i* foll[s1 4441 sugge/s ! ma/]4 ,?us !re seems to be a tw(old ref]5ce2 ! w>n+ is sugge/$ by ! case ( ! slave1 b x is ext5d$ to ! case ( ! ma/]2 & ?is accords ) ! p>allel passage1 ,ephes4 vi4 #h 1 4 ,! rec5t fault ( ,onesimus w\ld make ! ,apo/le d\bly anxi\s to emphasize ! duties ( ! slave t[>ds ! ma/]1 le/ 9 8 love = ! (f5d] he %\ld seem to condone ! (f5ce4 ,?is same ^w is us$ by ,/ ,paul to describe ! crime ( ,onesimus 9 ,philem4 #ah4 ,b on ! o!r h& x is ! ,apo/le's bus9ess to %[ t ju/ice has a d\ble edge4 ,!re mu/ be a reciprocity betwe5 ! ma/] & ! slave4 ,! philosoph]s ( ,greece taught1 & ! laws ( ,rome assum$1 t ! slave 0 a *attel4 ,b a *attel c\ld h no rights4 ,x w\ld be absurd to talk ( treat+ a *attel ) ju/ice4 ,/ ,paul places ! relations ( ! ma/] & ! slave 9 a :olly diff]5t light4 ,ju/ice & equity are ! expression ( ! ,div9e m9d3 & ) ,god !re is no 4 ,) ,him ! claims ( ! slave are z real z ! claims ( ! ma/]4 ,= ?is s5se ( ! middle1 #8to recov]'1 #8to get back'1 & s 7) an accusative ( ! ?+ to be recomp5s$71 #8to be requit$ ='1 see e4g4 ,lev4 xx4 #ag 1 #b ,cor4 v4 #aj 2 comp4 ,b>nab4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iv4 #a 1 4 ,,iv4 #a 1 1 4 #d 1 1 4 ,9 ! p>allel passage ,ephes4 vi4 #h1 ! =m is c]ta9ly 3 "h x is m d\btful1 ! au?orities be+ m equally divid$ betwe5 & 4 ,see h[ev] ! note on iv4 #i4 ,on ?is ^w see ! note ,gal4 ii4 #f4 ,?is 1 ?\gh g5]ally f\nd on ! side ( rank & p[]1 may also be ex]cis$ 9 fav\r ( ! opposite2 ,levit4 xix4 #ae 4 ,!re w\ld be a t5d5cy 9 ! m9d ( ! slave to assume t1 because ! ( man 0 on ! side ( ! ma/]1 !re mu/ be a correspond+ ( ,god on ! side ( ! slave4 ,?is assumption is correct$ by ,/ ,paul4 ,,iv4 #a4 #8equity'1 #8fairness'2 comp4 ,plut4 ,sol4 et ,popl4 ,comp4 #c 4 ,some:at simil>ly ,lysias ,or4 ,fun4 #gg 7speak+ ( dea?7 1 ' 4 ,x seems a mi/ake to suppose t "h has any?+ to d ) ! treatm5t ( slaves z equals 7comp4 ,philem4 #af74 ,:5 connect$ ) 1 ! ^w naturally sugge/s an ev5-h&$1 imp>tial treatm5t1 & is equival5t to ! ,lat9 quitas3 comp4 ,ari/4 ,top4 vi4 #e 7p4 #adc7 77 1 ,philo de ,creat4 ,pr9c4 #ad 7,,ii4 p4 #cgc7 444 1 ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/rom4 vi4 #f 7p4 #gfd7 4 ,?us 9 ,ari/4 ,e?4 ,nic4 v4 #a & are reg>d$ z synonymes1 & 9 ,plut4 ,mor4 p4 #gai ! relation ( to is discuss$4 ,! ^w "h is us$ 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* ! adjective occurs 9 ! common expressions 1 1 etc4 ,philo1 describ+ ! ,ess5e condemnation ( slav]y1 says1 ,omn4 prob4 lib4 #ab 7,,ii4 p4 #deg7 1 1 1 4441 b he possibly does mean #8equality' r ?an #8equity4' #8exhibit on y\r "p4' ,! middle 1 #8to af=d f oneself1' w take diff]5t %ades ( mean+ accord+ to ! context1 z #8to furni% "o's quota' 7e4g4 ,h]od4 viii4 #a1 #b7 or #8to put =w>d "o's repres5tative' 7esp4 ( witnesses1 e4g4 ,plato ,apol4 #ai ,d74 ,"h ! idea is #8reciprocation'1 ! ma/]'s duty z correspond+ to ! slave's4 z ,ephes4 vi4 #i2 comp4 #a ,cor4 vii4 #bb 4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iv4 #b-d #b 1 #c 1 1 1 ' #d #b-f4 #8,be e>ne/ & unceas+ 9 pray]2 keep y\r he>ts & m9ds awake :ile pray+3 rememb] also 7z ,i h s (t5 told y7 t ?anksgiv+ is ! goal & cr[n ( pray]4 ,mean:ile 9 y\r petitions =get n u--myself ,paul--my fell[-lab\r] ,timo?y--y\r evangeli/ ,epaphras--all ! tea*]s ( ! ,gospel2 b pray t ,god may op5 a door = ! prea*+ ( ! ^w1 to ! end t we may proclaim ! free (f] ( grace to ! ,g5tiles--t great my/]y ( ,*ri/ = :i* ,i am n[ a prison] 9 bonds4 ,s %all ,i decl>e x fe>lessly1 z ,i am b\nd to proclaim x4 ,walk wisely & discreetly 9 all y\r deal+s ) unbeliev]s2 all[ no opportunity to slip ?r\gh y\r h&s1 b buy up e pass+ mom5t4 ,let y\r language be always p]vad$ ) grace & season$ ) salt4 ,s w y "k h[ to give a fit answ] to ea* man1 z ! occasion dem&s4' #b4 #8cl+ closely to'1 #8rema9 con/ant to' 7comp4 ,m>k iii4 #i1 ,acts viii4 #ac1 x4 #g71 & s #8cont9ue /$fa/ 9'4 ,?is ^w occurs aga9 ) 1 1 ,acts i4 #ad1 ii4 #db1 vi4 #d1 ,rom4 xii4 #ab4 ,! con/ruction is ) a simple dative bo? 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 7ll4 cc47 & 9 classical writ]s1 except :]e x /&s absolutely 7,acts ii4 #df1 ,rom4 xiii4 #f74 ,! injunction "h corresponds to ! ( #a ,!ss4 v4 #ag4 ,long cont9uance 9 pray] is apt to produce li/lessness4 ,h5ce ! additional *>ge t ! he>t mu/ be awake1 if ! pray] is to h any value4 ,! ^w is n to be tak5 lit]ally "h1 b metaphorically4 ,9 ,matt4 xxvi4 #da etc41 1 ! idea is n q ! same4 z ! cr[n ( all pray]2 see ! notes on i4 #ab1 ii4 #g4 #c4 #8u'1 #8! ,apo/les & prea*]s ( ! ,gospel'1 ) ref]5ce m especially to ,timo?y 7i4 #a7 & ,epaphras 7iv4 #ab1 #ac74 ,:]e ! ,apo/le speaks ( himself alone1 he uses ! s+ul> 7v]4 #c1 #d 1 74 ,inde$ !re is no reason to ?9k t ,/ ,paul ev] uses an #8epi/ol>y' plural1 ref]r+ to himself solely3 see ! note on #a ,!ss4 iii4 #a4 444 ,on ! s5se ( aft] etc41 see ! note on i4 #i4 #8a door ( admission = ! ^w'1 i4e4 #8an opportunity ( prea*+ ! ,gospel'1 z #a ,cor4 xvi4 #i 1 #b ,cor4 ii4 #ab 3 comp4 ,plut4 ,mor4 p4 #fgd ,d 1 444 4 ,simil>ly 7 is us$ 9 #a ,!ss4 i4 #i1 ii4 #a4 ,! conv]se application ( ! metaphor appe>s 9 ,acts xiv4 #bg 1 :]e ! door is op5$ n to ! tea*]s1 b to ! recipi5ts ( ! ,gospel4 ,accord+ to ano!r int]pretation 7sugge/$ by ,ephes4 vi4 #ai 7 x is expla9$ #8! door ( our spee*'1 i4e4 #8our m\?'3 comp4 ,ps4 cxli 7cxl74 #c1 ,mic4 vii4 #e1 ,ecclus4 xxviii4 #be4 ,b ! p>allel passages d n fav\r ?is s5se1 nor w ! words !mselves admit x4 ,9 t case = we %\ld require 4 #8,! ^w' "h is #8! ,gospel'1 z frequ5tly4 #8s z to speak'1 ! inf9itive ( ! consequ5ce1 l v]4 #f 2 see ,w9] xliv1 p4 #djj4 444 i4e4 ! doctr9e ( ! free admission ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,= ! lead+ idea :i* ,/ ,paul 9 ^! epi/les atta*es to #8! my/]y' ( ! ,gospel1 see ! note on i4 #bf4 ' ,/ ,paul might h be5 /ill at l>ge1 if he _h be5 cont5t to prea* a ,judaic ,gospel4 ,x 0 because he cont5d$ = ,g5tile lib]ty1 & ?us (f5d$ ,jewi% prejudices1 t he f\nd himself a prison]4 ,see ,acts xxi4 #bh1 xxii4 #ba1 #bb1 xxiv4 #e1 #f1 xxv4 #f1 #h4 ,! o!r read+1 ' 1 de/roys ! po9t ( ! s5t5ce4 #b ,tim4 ii4 #i 1 ,philem4 #i 4 #d4 444 ,?is is be/ tak5 z dep5d5t on ! previ\s clause 444 4 ,= in/ances ( a d\ble 1 :]e ! second is n coord9at$ )1 b subord9at$ to1 ! fir/1 see ! note on ,gal4 iii4 #ad4 ,! imm$iate purport ( ! ,colossians' pray]s mu/ be t ! ,apo/le %\ld h all opportunities ( prea*+ ! ,gospel3 ! ult]ior object1 t he %\ld use ^! opportunities boldly4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iv4 #e1 #f 1 4 #e 1 #f #e4 ,matt4 x4 #af 4 #8^? )\t ! pale' ( ! ,*ur*1 ! unbeliev]s2 z 9 #a ,cor4 v4 #ab1 #ac1 #a ,!ss4 iv4 #ab4 ,s 1 #a ,tim4 iii4 #g4 ,! believ]s on ! o!r h& are 1 #a ,cor4 v4 #ab4 ,?is mode ( speak+ 0 d]iv$ f ! ,jews1 :o call$ ! hea!n 7,s*ttg5 on #a ,cor4 l4c471 translat$ ,ecclus4 ,prol4 & ,joseph4 ,ant4 xv4 #i4 #b4 444 #8buy+ up ! opportunity = y\rselves1 lett+ no opportunity slip y1 ( say+ & do+ :at may fur!r ! cause ( ,god'3 comp4 ,ephes4 v4 #af4 ,! expression occurs also 9 ,dan4 ii4 #h 1 i4e4 #8are eag] to ga9 "t'4 ,some:at simil> are ! phrases 1 4 ,9 mu* ! same s5se ,ignatius says1 ,polyc4 #c 4 ,= ?is s5se ( #8coemo' 7closely alli$ 9 mean+ to 71 see ,polyb4 iii4 #db4 #b ' 4441 ,plut4 ,vit4 ,crass4 #b4 ,m commonly ! ^w signifies #8to r$eem' 7see ! note on ,gal4 iii4 #ac71 & "s w\ld assign ?is s5se to x "h2 b no appropriate mean+ is ?us obta9$4 ,9 ,m>t4 ,polyc4 #b x means #8buy+ (f'1 a s5se 9 :i* occurs sev]al times4 ,! reason = ! injunction is add$ 9 ,ephes4 v4 #af1 3 ! prevail+ evil ( ! times makes ! opportunities = good m preci\s4 #f4 #8) grace1 fav\r'1 i4e4 #8acceptabl5ess'1 #8pleas+ness'2 comp4 ,eccles4 x4 #ab 1 ,ps4 xliv 7xlv74 #c 1 ,eccles4 xxi4 #af 4 ,9 classical writ]s is a /ill m common connexion2 e4g4 ,demo/h4 c4 ,phil4 i4 #ch1 ,dionys4 ,hal4 de ,lys4 #aj1 #aa1 ,plut4 ,vit4 ,m>4 #dd4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iv4 #g 1 1 1 4 #g comp4 ,m>k ix4 #ej 1 7 4 ,! salt has a tw(old purpose4 7#a7 ,x gives a flav\r to ! disc\rse & recomm5ds x to ! palate3 comp4 ,job vi4 #f 2 9 :i* passage ! fir/ clause 0 r5d]$ by ,symma*us 2 ,?is is ! prim>y idea ( ! metaphor "h1 z ! ^w seems to %[4 7#b7 ,x pres]ves f corruption & r5d]s :olesome2 ,ign4 ,magn4 #aj 1 4 ,h5ce ! ,py?agorean say+1 ,diog4 ,la]t4 viii4 ,i4 #ce 4 ,x may be inf]r$ t ?is second>y application ( ! metaphor 0 pres5t to ! ,apo/le's m9d "h1 because 9 ! p>allel epi/le1 ,ephes4 iv4 #bi1 he says 444 ,9 ! fir/ application ! opposite to w\ld be #8insipid' 7,luke xiv4 #cd72 9 ! second1 #8corrupt'4 ,hea!n writ]s also insi/$ t disc\rse %\ld be #8season$ ) salt'2 e4g4 ,cic4 de ,orat4 i4 #cd #8faceti>um quidam lepos quo1 tanquam sale1 p]sp]gatur omnis oratio'4 ,!y likewise dwelt on ! connexion betwe5 & 2 e4g4 ,plut4 ,mor4 p4 #ead ,f 1 1 p4 #fig ,d 7comp4 p4 #fhe ,a7 1 1 p4 #ffi ,a 444 1 ,dion4 ,*rys4 ,or4 xviii4 #ac4 ,_! notion ( #8salt' h[ev] 0 wit1 & g5]ally ! k9d ( wit :i* deg5]at$ into ! d5\nc$ by ,/ ,paul 9 ,ephes4 v4 #d 7see ! note !re74 ,! =m is common 9 ! ,,lxx & ,greek ,te/am5t4 ,o!rwise x is r>e3 see ,buttmann ,gramm4 ,i4 p4 #bbj1 & comp4 ,plut4 ,mor4 #ffh ,f4 #8s z to "k'2 see ! note on v]4 #c4 #8,n only mu/ y\r conv]sation be opportune z reg>ds ! "t2 x mu/ also be appropriate z reg>ds ! p]son'4 ,! ,apo/le's precept 0 en=c$ by 8 own example1 = he made x a rule to become 1 7#a ,cor4 ix4 #bb74 #g-i4 #8,y w le>n ev]y?+ ab\t me f ,ty*icus1 ! belov$ bro!r :o has m9i/]$ to me & s]v$ ) me fai?fully 9 ! ,"l4 ,?is inde$ 0 my purpose 9 s5d+ him to y3 t y might be in=m$ h[ matt]s /& ) me1 & t he might *e] y\r he>ts & /r5g!n y\r resolves by ! tid+s4 ,onesimus w accompany him--a fai?ful & belov$ bro!r1 :o is "o ( y\rselves1 a ,colossian4 ,^! two w in=m y ( all t is go+ on "h4' #g4 ' #8all t relates to me'2 see ! note on ,phil4 i4 #ab1 & comp4 ,bion 9 ,diog4 ,la]t4 iv4 #dg4 ,s ,acts xxv4 #ad 4 ,on ?is ^w see ! note ,phil4 i4 #bb4 ,ty*icus 0 *>g$ by ,/ ,paul at ?is same "t ) a m ext5d$ mission4 ,he 0 entru/$ ) copies ( ! circul> lett]1 :i* he 0 enjo9$ to deliv] 9 ! pr9cipal *ur*es ( proconsul> ,asia 7see above1 p4 #cg1 & ! introduction to ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians74 ,?is mission w\ld br+ him to ,laodicea1 :i* 0 "o ( ^! great c5tres ( ,*ri/ianity 7see p4 #h72 &1 z ,coloss 0 only a few miles di/ant1 ! ,apo/le w\ld naturally engage him to pay a visit to ! ,colossians4 ,at ! same "t ! pres5ce ( an au?oris$ delegate ( ,/ ,paul1 z ,ty*icus 0 kn[n to be1 w\ld s]ve to recomm5d ,onesimus1 :o ow+ to 8 =m] conduct /ood 9 e ne$ ( su* a recomm5dation4 ,! two names & occur 9 proximity 9 ,phrygian inscriptions f\nd at ,alt5ta% 7,b5nisoa87 ,boeckh #chegr sqq4 appx4 ,ty*icus 0 a native ( proconsul> ,asia 7,acts xx4 #d7 & p]haps ( ,ephesus 7#b ,tim4 iv4 #ab3 see ,philippians p4 #aa74 ,he is f\nd ) ,/ ,paul at ?ree diff]5t epo*s 9 8 life4 7#a7 ,he accompani$ him :5 on 8 way ea/w>d at ! close ( ! ?ird mission>y j\rney ,a4,d4 #eh 7,acts xx4 #d71 & probably l ,trophimus 7,acts xxi4 #bi7 w5t ) him to ,j]usalem 7= ! words mu/ be /ruck out 9 ,acts xx4 #d74 ,x is probable inde$ t ,ty*icus1 toge!r ) o!rs m5tion$ among ! ,apo/le's num]\s ret9ue on ?is occasion1 0 a delegate appo9t$ by 8 own *ur* accord+ to ! ,apo/le's injunctions 7#a ,cor4 xvi4 #c1 #d7 to be> ! contributions ( 8 bre?r5 to ! poor ,*ri/ians ( ,juda2 & if s1 he may possibly be ! p]son comm5d$ z ! bro!r 7#b ,cor4 viii4 #ah73 b ?is w dep5d on ! int]pretation ( ! be/ support$ read+ 9 ,acts xx4 #e 4 7#b7 ,we f9d ,ty*icus aga9 9 ,/ ,paul's company at ! "t ) :i* we are imm$iately conc]n$1 :5 ?is epi/le 0 writt51 probably t[>ds ! end ( ! fir/ ,roman captivity ,a4,d4 #fb1 #fc 7see ,philippians p4 #ca sq474 7#c7 ,once m1 at ! close ( ,/ ,paul's life 7ab\t ,a4,d4 #fg71 he appe>s aga9 to h associat$ himself ) ! ,apo/le1 :5 8 "n is m5tion$ 9 connexion ) a mission to ,crete 7,tit4 iii4 #ab7 & ano!r to ,ephesus 7#b ,tim4 iv4 #ab74 ,= ! leg5ds respect+ him1 :i* are slight & insignificant1 see ,act4 ,sanct4 ,boll4 ,april4 #bi 7,,iii4 p4 #fai74 ,ty*icus is n s common a "n z "s o!rs :i* occur 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 e4g4 ,onesimus1 ,trophimus2 b x is f\nd occasionally 9 inscriptions belong+ to ,asia ,m9or1 e4g4 ,boeckh ,c4 ,i4 #biah1 #cffe1 #cheg c1 #cheg r1 7comp4 #chfe i1 etc472 & p]sons be>+ x are commemorat$ on ! co9s ( bo? ,magnesia ad ,m&rum 7,mionnet ,,iii4 p4 #aec sq41 ,suppl4 ,,vi4 p4 #bcf7 & ,magnesia ad ,sipylum 7ib4 ,,iv4 p4 #gj74 ,! "n occurs also 9 ,roman inscriptions2 e4g4 ,muratori1 pp4 ,,dccccxvii1 ,,mcccxciv1 ,,mmlv4 ,along ) sev]al o!r prop] names simil>ly =m$1 ?is ^w is commonly acc5tuat$ 7,*&l] ,greek ,acc5tuation #bee71 & s x /&s 9 all ! critical ,s$itions1 ?\gh accord+ to rule 7,w9] vi4 p4 #eh7 x %\ld be 4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iv4 #h #h 1 444 ,! connexion ( ! words is n q obvi\s4 ,x seems be/ h[ev] to take z ref]r+ to ! :ole clause r ?an to alone3 = 7#a7 ,! two sub/antives are ?us b\nd toge!r by ! prec$+ & ! foll[+ 9 a natural way3 7#b7 ,! atta*m5t ( to is sugge/$ by ! p>allel passage ,ephes4 vi4 #ba 4 ,! "q ( connect+ ) z well ne$ n be ent]ta9$1 s9ce ! idea ( 1 #8a ,*ri/ian bro!r'1 is complete 9 itself3 see ! note on ,phil4 i4 #ad4 ,! adjective w "h h its passive s5se1 #8tru/wor?y1 /$fa/'1 z also 9 v]4 #i3 see ,galatians p4 #aed sq4 #8m9i/]'1 b to :om8 ,to ! *ur*es1 or to ,/ ,paul himself8 ,! foll[+ sugge/s ! latt] z ! prom95t idea "h4 ,s 9 ,acts xix4 #bb ,timo?y & ,era/us are describ$ z 4 ,ty*icus himself also 0 "o ( sev]al :o m9i/]$ to ,/ ,paul ab\t t same "t 7,acts xx4 #d74 ,x is n probable h[ev]1 t has "h its /rict (ficial s5se1 #8a deacon'1 z 9 ,rom4 xvi4 #a1 ,phil4 i4 #a1 #a ,tim4 iii4 #h1 #ab4 ,! ^w does n occur else:]e 9 ,/ ,paul1 except 9 i4 #g1 :]e x is said ( ,epaphras4 ,x is probably ow+ to ! fact ( ,/ ,paul's apply+ ! t]m 9 bo? ^! passages to p]sons :om he calls 1 t seems to h be5 adopt$ z a cu/om>y =m ( address 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* on ! "p ( a bi%op1 :5 speak+ ( a deacon4 ,9 ,ignatian lett]s = in/ance1 ! t]m is nev] us$ except ( deacons2 ,ephes4 #b1 ,magn4 #b1 ,philad4 #d1 ,smyrn4 #ab4 ,:]e ! m>tyr has occasion to speak ( a bi%op or a presbyt] "s o!r designation is us$ in/ead4 #h4 #8,i s5d1' or #8,i h s5t1' be+ ! epi/ol>y aori/2 see ! note on 1 ,gal4 vi4 #aa4 ,ty*icus appe>s to h accompani$ ! lett] itself4 ,= simil> in/ances ( ! epi/ol>y 1 1 etc41 see #b ,cor4 viii4 #ah1 #bb1 ix4 #c1 ,ephes4 vi4 #bb1 ,phil4 ii4 #be1 #bh1 ,philem4 #aa1 ,hebr4 xiii4 #bb1 ,polyc4 ,phil4 #ac4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iv4 #i 1 #i 1 4 4 ,?is mu/ be pref]r$ to ! receiv$ read+1 1 = two indep5d5t reasons4 7#a7 ,! prepond]ance ( anci5t au?ority is decid$ly 9 its fav\r4 7#b7 ,! emphatic seems imp]atively to dem& x4 ,/ ,paul 9 ! context twice /ates ! object ( ,ty*icus' visit to be t ! ,colossians might be in=m$ ab\t ! ,apo/le's own do+s1 ' 7v]4 #g71 & 4 ,he c\ld h>dly !re=e h describ$ #8! v purpose' ( 8 mission 9 ! same brea? z some?+ q diff]5t4 ,x is urg$ inde$1 t ?is is a scribe's alt]ation to br+ ! passage into accordance ) ,ephes4 vi4 #ba4 ,b aga9/ ?is x may fairly be argu$ t1 on any hypo!sis z reg>ds ! au?or%ip & relation ( ! two lett]s1 ?is /range v>iation f to 9 ! au?or himself is improbable4 ,on ! o!r h& a transcrib] 0 "u a great temptation to sub/itute = ow+ to ! foll[+ 1 & ?is temptation w\ld become almo/ irresi/ible1 if by any *ance _h be5 writt5 = 9 ! copy be=e him1 z we f9d to be ! case 9 "s ,,mss4 ,see ! deta*$ note on v>i\s read+s4 444 i4e4 #8enc\rage y to p]sev]e by 8 tid+s & exhortations'4 ,! phrase occurs aga91 ,ephes4 vi4 #bb1 #b ,!ss1 ii4 #ag3 see above ii4 #b4 ,! prom95t idea 9 all ^! passages is n com=t or consolation b p]sev]ance 9 ! "r way4 #i4 ,see above1 p4 #cc1 & ! introduction to ! ,epi/le to ,philemon4 444 ,! man :om ! ,colossians _h only kn[n hi!rto1 if !y knew him at all1 z a wor?less runaway slave1 is ?us comm5d$ to !m z no m a slave b a bro!r1 no m di%one/ & fai?less b tru/wor?y1 no m an object ( contempt b ( love2 comp4 ,philem4 #aa1 #af4 ,?is =m has r bett] support f ! ,,mss ?an 3 see also above1 iii4 #be4 ,on ! ,attic future f v]bs 9 - 9 ! ,greek ,te/am5t g5]ally see ,w9] xiii4 p4 #hh1 ,a4 ,buttmann p4 #cb sq4 ,is !re any decisive in/ance ( ^! ,attic =ms 9 ,/ ,paul1 except 9 quotations f ! ,,lxx 7e4g4 ,rom4 x4 #ai1 xv4 #ab78 #aj-ad4 #8,i s5d y greet+ f ,ari/>*us :o is a fell[-prison] ) me2 f ,m>cus1 ,b>nabas' c\s91 conc]n+ :om ,i h already s5t y directions1 t y welcome him he>tily1 if he pays y a visit2 & f ,jesus1 surnam$ ,ju/us2 all ?ree ,hebrew conv]ts4 ,!y alone ( _! fell[-c\ntrym5 h work$ loyally ) me 9 spread+ ! k+dom ( ,god2 & _! /$fa/ness has inde$ be5 a com=t to me 9 ! h\r ( trial4 ,greet+ also f ,epaphras1 y\r fell[-t[nsman1 a true s]vant ( ,*ri/1 :o is ev] wre/l+ 9 8 pray]s on y\r behalf1 t ye may /& firm 9 ! fai?1 p]fectly in/ruct$ & fully conv9c$ 9 e w & purpose ( ,god4 ,i be> te/imony to ! e>ne/ness ) :i* he lab\rs = y & ! bre?r5 ( ,laodicea & ^? ( ,hi]apolis4 ,greet+ also f ,luke ! physician1 my v de> fri5d1 & f ,demas4' ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iv4 #aj #aj #aj4 ,! salutations to ,philemon are s5t f ! same p]sons z to ! ,colossians1 except t 9 ! =m] case ! "n ( ,jesus ,ju/us is omitt$4 ! ,!ssalonian4 ,he _h />t$ ) ,/ ,paul on 8 voyage f ,j]usalem to ,rome1 b probably _h p>t$ f ! ,apo/le at ,myra 7see ,philippians p4 #cc sq474 ,if s1 he mu/ h rejo9$ him at ,rome at a lat] date4 ,on ?is ,ari/>*us see ,philippians p4 #aj & ! introduction to ! ,epi/les to ! ,!ssalonians4 ,he w\ld be well kn[n 9 proconsul> ,asia1 :i* he _h visit$ f "t to "t2 ,acts xix4 #bi1 xx4 #d1 xxvii4 #b4 ,9 ,philem4 #bc ?is hon\rable title is )held f ,ari/>*us & giv5 to ,epaphras4 ,9 ,rom4 xvi4 #g ,/ ,paul's k9sm51 ,&ronicus & ,junias1 are s call$4 ,on ! possibility ( its ref]r+ to a spiritual captivity or subjection see ,philippians p4 #aa4 ,9 fav\r ( ?is mean+ x may be urg$1 t1 ?\gh ,/ ,paul z a prison] 0 truly a 1 he 0 n /rictly an #8a prison] ( w>'2 nor c\ld he h call$ himself s1 except by a confusion ( ! actual & metaphorical4 ,if on ! o!r h& ref]s to a physical captivity1 x _c easily be expla9$ by any kn[n fact4 ,! incid5t 9 ,acts xix4 #bi is h>dly adequate4 ,! mo/ probable solution w\ld be1 t 8 relations ) ,/ ,paul 9 ,rome excit$ suspicion & l$ to a tempor>y conf9em5t4 ,ano!r possible hypo!sis is t he volunt>ily %>$ ! ,apo/le's captivity by liv+ ) him4 d\btless ,john ,m>k1 :o _h be5 associat$ ) ,/ ,paul 9 8 e>li] mission>y "w2 ,acts xii4 #be1 xv4 #cg sq4 ,?is comm5datory notice is especially int]e/+ z be+ ! fir/ m5tion ( him s9ce ! sep>ation "s twelve ye>s be=e1 ,acts xv4 #ci4 ,9 ! lat] ye>s ( ! ,apo/le's life he entirely effac$ ! unfav\rable impression left by 8 e>li] des]tion2 #b ,tim4 iv4 #aa 4 ,?is notice is likewise important 9 two o!r respects4 7#a7 ,m>k appe>s "h z comm5d$ to a *ur* ( proconsul> ,asia1 & int5d+ to visit ^? p>ts4 ,to ! *ur*es ( ?is same region he s5ds a salutation 9 #a ,pet4 v4 #ac2 & 9 ?is di/rict app>5tly also he is f\nd "s few ye>s lat] ?an ! pres5t "t1 #b ,tim4 iv4 #aa4 7#b7 ,m>k is n[ resid+ at ,rome4 ,8 connexion ) ! metropolis appe>s also f #a ,pet4 v4 #ac1 if !re 7z seems mo/ probable7 be rightly int]pret$ ( ,rome2 & e>ly tradition speaks ( 8 ,gospel z hav+ be5 writt5 = ! ,romans 7,ir54 iii4 #a4 #a2 comp4 ,papias 9 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iii4 #ci74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iv4 #aj 1 1 #8! c\s9'4 ,! t]m is appli$ to c\s9s g]man1 ! *ildr5 :e!r ( two bro!rs or ( two si/]s or ( a bro!r & si/]1 z x is c>efully def9$ 9 ,pollux iii4 #bh4 ,?is writ] adds t means nei!r m nor less ?an 4 ,z a synonyme we f9d 1 :i* h[ev] is condemn$ z a vulg>ism2 ,phryn4 p4 #cjf 7ed4 ,lobeck74 ,_m in/ances ( are f\nd 9 diff]5t au?ors ( v>i\s ages 7e4g4 ,h]od1 vii4 #e1 #hb1 ix4 #aj1 ,?ucyd4 i4 #acb1 ,plato ,*>m4 #aed ,b1 ,gorg4 #dga ,b1 ,&oc4 de ,my/4 #dg1 ,isu ,hagn4 ,h]4 #h sq41 ,demo/h4 c4 ,mac>t4 #bd1 #bg1 etc41 ,dion4 ,hal4 ,a4 ,r4 i4 #gi1 ,plut4 ,vit4 ,!s4 #g1 ,vit4 ,cs4 #a1 ,vit4 ,brut4 #ac1 ,lucian ,dial4 ,mort4 xxix4 #a1 ,hegesipp4 9 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iv4 #bb71 :]e ! relation%ip is directly def9$ or already kn[n1 & !re is no wav]+ z to ! mean+4 ,?is s5se also x has 9 ! ,,lxx1 ,num4 xxxvi4 #aa4 ,9 v late writ]s h[ev] 7e4g4 ,io4 ,malalas ,*ron4 xvii4 p4 #dbd1 ,io4 ,damasc4 adv4 ,con/4 ,cab4 #ab1 ,,ii4 p4 #fba2 b 9 ,!odt4 ,h4,e4 v4 #ci1 :i* is also quot$ by ,e4 ,a4 ,sophocles ,gr4 ,lex4 s4v4 = ?is mean+1 ! text is d\btful7 ! ^w comes to be us$ = a nephew1 prop]ly 2 & to ?is lat] use ! r5d]+ ( our ,engli% v]sions mu/ be trac$4 ,! ,g]man translations also 7,lu!r & ! ,zri*7 h #8,neffe'4 ,! e>lie/ ( ! anci5t v]sions 7,lat91 ,syriac1 ,egyptian7 seem all to translate x correctly2 n s 9 e case app>5tly ! lat]4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t ,/ ,paul w\ld or c\ld h us$ x 9 any o!r ?an its prop] s5se4 ,/ ,m>k's relation%ip ) ,b>nabas may h be5 ?r\gh 8 "m ,m>y1 :o is m5tion$ ,acts xii4 #ab4 ,! incid5tal notice "h expla9s :y ,b>nabas %\ld h tak5 a m fav\rable view ( ,m>k's defection ?an ,/ ,paul1 ,acts xv4 #cg-ci4 ,! notices 9 ?is passage & 9 #b ,tim4 iv4 #aa %[ t ,m>k _h recov]$ ! ,apo/le's good op9ion4 ,! /udi\s recomm5dation ( ,/ ,m>k 9 bo? passages indicates a desire to efface ! unfav\rable impression ( ! pa/4 ,! "n ( ,m>k occurs 9 five diff]5t relations1 z 7#a7 ,! e>ly disciple1 ,john ,m>k1 ,acts xii4 #ab1 #be1 xv4 #ci2 7#b7 ,! lat] companion ( ,/ ,paul1 "h & ,philem4 #bd1 #b ,tim4 iv4 #aa2 7#c7 ,! companion & #8son' ( ,/ ,pet]1 #a ,pet4 v4 #ac2 7#d7 ,! evangeli/2 7#e7 ,! bi%op ( ,alex&ria4 ,out ( ^! notices "s writ]s get ?ree or ev5 f\r di/9ct p]sons 7see ! note ( ,coteli] on ,apo/4 ,con/4 ii4 #eg74 ,ev5 ,tillemont 7,mem4 ,eccl4 ,,ii4 p4 #hi sq41 #ejc sq47 assumes two ,m>ks1 suppos+ 7#a7 7#b7 to ref] to "o p]son1 & 7#c7 7#d7 7#e7 to ano!r4 ,8 ma9 reason is t he _c reconcile ! notices ( ! fir/ ) ! tradition 7,euseb4 ,h4,e4 ii4 #ae1 #af7 t ,/ ,m>k ! evangeli/ accompani$ ,/ ,pet] to ,rome 9 ,a4 ,d4 #dc1 hav+ fir/ prea*$ ! ,gospel 9 ,alex&ria 7p4 #eae74 ,to mo/ p]sons h[ev] ?is e>ly date ( ,/ ,pet]'s visit to ,rome w appe> q irreconcilable ) ! notices 9 ! ,apo/olic writ+s1 & !re=e ) !m ,tillemont's argum5t w c>ry no weight4 ,b 9 fact ,eusebius does n say1 ei!r t ,/ ,m>k w5t ) ,/ ,pet] to ,rome1 or t he _h prea*$ 9 ,alex&ria be=e ?is4 ,! ,scriptural notices sugge/ t ! same ,m>k is int5d$ 9 all ! occurr5ces ( ! "n1 = !y are connect$ toge!r by p]sonal l9ks 7,pet]1 ,paul1 ,b>nabas72 & ! e>lie/ =ms ( tradition likewise id5tify !m4 ,on ! affectionate tone ( ,/ ,paul's language1 :5ev] he m5tions ,b>nabas aft] ! collision at ,antio* 7,gal4 ii4 #aa sq47 & ! sep>ation ( mission>y sph]es 7,acts xv4 #ci71 see ! note on ,gal4 ii4 #ac4 ,x has be5 inf]r$ f ! ref]5ce "h1 t inasmu* z ,m>k has rejo9$ ,/ ,paul1 ,b>nabas mu/ h di$ be=e ?is epi/le 0 writt5 7ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #fc72 & ?is has be5 us$ z an argum5t aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ! lett] be>+ 8 "n 7,hefele ,s5ds*r4 d4 ,apo/4 ,b>nab4 p4 #bi sq472 b ?is argum5t is some:at prec>i\s4 ,f #a ,cor4 ix4 #f we may inf] t he 0 /ill liv+1 ,a4 ,d4 #eg4 ,! notices be>+ on ! biography ( ,b>nabas are collect$ & discuss$ by ,hefele1 p4 #a sq4 ,^! injunctions mu/ h be5 communicat$ previ\sly ei!r by lett] or by ^w ( m\?3 = x _c be a "q "h ( an epi/ol>y aori/4 ,! natural inf]5ce is1 t !y 7 s5t by ,/ ,paul himself1 & n by any "o else1 e4g4 by ,/ ,pet] or ,/ ,b>nabas1 z "s h sugge/$4 ,?us ! notice po9ts to e>li] communications betwe5 ! ,apo/le & ,coloss4 ,b :at 0 _! t5\r8 ,x seems be/ to suppose t ?is is giv5 9 ! next clause 444 ,by an abrupt *ange to ! oratio recta ! injunction is repeat$ z x 0 deliv]$2 comp4 ,ps4 cv 7civ74 #ae 444 ,aft] v]bs signify+ #8to comm&1 *>ge1 etc4'1 !re is a t5d5cy to pass f ! oblique to ! direct2 e4g4 ,luke v4 #ad1 ,acts i4 #d1 xxiii4 #bb4 ,! read+ gives ! "r s5se1 b c h>dly be correct4 ,if ?is con/ruction be n accept$1 x is va9 to speculate :at may h be5 ! t5\r ( ! injunction4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iv4 #aa 1 1 1 #aa 1 1 #aa4 ,he is n m5tion$ else:]e4 ,ev5 9 ! ,epi/le to ,philemon 8 "n is omitt$4 ,probably he 0 n a man ( any prom95ce 9 ! ,*ur*1 b 8 p]sonal devotion to ! ,apo/le prompt$ ?is hon\rable m5tion4 ,= ! /ory :i* makes him bi%op ( ,eleu!ropolis 9 ,pale/9e1 see ,le ,qui5 ,ori5s ,*ri/4 9 ,,iii4 p4 #fcc4 ,a common "n or surname ( ,jews & proselytes1 d5ot+ ob$i5ce & devotion to ! law4 ,x is appli$ to two p]sons 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 besides ?is ,jesus2 7#a7 ,joseph ,b>sabbas1 ,acts i4 #bc2 7#b7 ,a proselyte at ,cor9?1 ,acts xviii4 #g4 ,x occurs twice 9 ! li/ ( e>ly ,jewi% ,*ri/ian bi%ops ( ,j]usalem1 9 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iii4 #ce1 iv4 #e4 ,x 0 borne by a ,jew ( ,tib]ias :o wrote ! hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% w> 7,joseph4 ,vit4 #i1 #fe71 & by a son ( ! hi/orian ,josephus himself 7ib4 #a74 ,x occurs 9 ! rabb9ical writ+s 7 or 1 ,s*ttg5 on ,acts4 i4 #bc1 ,zunz ,jud5nam5 p4 #bj71 & 9 monum5tal inscriptions f ,jewi% cemet]ies 9 v>i\s places 7,boeckh ,c4 ,i4 no4 #iibb1 #iibe2 ,revue ,ar*ologique #ahfj1 ,,ii4 p4 #cdh2 ,g>rucci ,diss]tazioni ,ar*eologi*e ,,ii4 p4 #ahb74 ,s also ! correspond+ female "n ,ju/a 7,g>rucci l4c4 p4 #ahj74 ,9 ,clem4 ,hom4 ii4 #ai1 iii4 #gc1 iv4 #a1 xiii4 #g1 ! ,syrophnician woman ( ! ,gospels is nam$ 1 d\btless because %e is repres5t$ 9 ?is ,judaiz+ romance z a proselytess xiii4 #g7 :o /rictly obs]ves ! ,mosaic ord9ances 7 ii4 #bj71 & is contra/$ ) ! hea!n #8dogs' 7 ii4 #ai7 :o disreg>d !m4 ,9 "s cases ,ju/us might be ! only "n ( ! p]son1 z a ,lat9 r5d]+ ( ! ,hebrew ,zadok2 :ile 9 o!rs1 z "h & 9 ,acts i4 #bc1 x is a surname4 ,its ,greek equival5t1 1 is ! recognis$ epi!t ( ,james ! ,"l's bro!r3 see ,galatians1 p4 #cdh4 444 i4e4 #8conv]ts f ,judaism' 7see ! note ,gal4 ii4 #ab71 or p]haps #8belong+ to ! ,circumcision'2 b 9 ?is latt] case 1 ?\gh )\t ! article1 mu/ be us$ 9 a concrete s5se1 l 1 = #8! ,jews'4 ,( ,m>k & ( ,jesus ! fact is pla9 f _! "n or _! connexions4 ,( ,ari/>*us we c\ld n h inf]r$ a ,jewi% orig91 indep5d5tly ( ?is direct /atem5t4 i4e4 ( ! ,jewi% ,*ri/ians 9 ,rome4 ,on ?is antagonism ( ! conv]ts f ! ,circumcision 9 ! metropolis1 see ,philippians p4 #af sq4 ,! words h[ev] mu/ n be closely press$1 z if absolutely no ,jewi% ,*ri/ian besides _h rema9$ fri5dly2 !y w only imply t among ! m prom95t memb]s ( ! body ! ,apo/le c only "n ^! ?ree z /$fa/ 9 _! allegiance3 comp4 ,phil4 ii4 #bj 444 444 7) ! note74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iv4 #ab 4 #ab 1 1 1 444 ,see ! note on i4 #ac4 444 #8m5 :om ,i f\nd etc4'2 comp4 ,acts xxviii4 #ae 1 & see ,philippians p4 #ag4 ,= 1 n specify+ ! individuals1 b ref]r+ !m to _! class *>act]i/ics1 see ! notes on ,gal4 iv4 #bd1 v4 #ai1 ,phil4 iii4 #g1 iv4 #c4 #8enc\ragem5t'1 #8com=t'4 ,! range ( mean+ 9 ?is ^w is ev5 wid] ?an 9 or 7see ! note ,phil4 ii4 #a74 ,! v]b d5otes ei!r 7#a7 #8to exhort1 enc\rage' 7,h]od4 v4 #ajd1 ,apoll4 ,rhod4 ii4 #fd72 7#b7 #8to dissuade' 7,h]od4 ix4 #ed1 #ee72 7#c7 #8to appease'1 #8quiet' 7,plut4 ,vit4 ,pomp4 #ac1 ,mor4 p4 #gcg ,c72 or 7#d7 #8to console1 com=t' 7s*4 ,eum4 #ejg74 ,! ^w h[ev]1 & its d]ivates 1 1 1 1 7 us$ especially z m$ical t]ms1 9 ! s5se ( #8assuag+'1 #8alleviat+'2 e4g4 ,hippocr4 pp4 #cib1 #cic1 #cid1 ,gal5 ,,xiv4 p4 #cce1 #ddf1 ,plut4 ,mor4 pp4 #dc ,d1 #adb ,d2 & p]haps ow+ to ?is usage1 ! idea ( consolation1 com=t1 is on ! :ole pr$om9ant 9 ! ^w2 e4g4 ,plut4 ,mor4 p4 #ef ,a 1 p4 #aah ,a 1 ,vit4 ,cim4 #d 4 ,9 ,plut4 ,mor4 p4 #eii ,b & are contra/$1 z ! "r & wrong me?od ( deal+ ) ! sorr[s ( ! exile2 & ! =m] is said to be ! "p ( m5 444 #ab4 ,8 full "n w\ld be ,epaphroditus1 b he is always call$ by ! %ort5$ =m ,epaphras1 & mu/ n be confus$ ) ! ,philippian ,epaphroditus 7see ,philippians p4 #fj71 :o also 0 ) ,/ ,paul at "o p]iod ( 8 ,roman captivity4 ,( ,epaphras1 z ! evangeli/ ( ,coloss1 & p]haps ( ! neighb\r+ t[ns1 see above1 pp4 #bi sq41 #cd sq4 #8:o belongs to y'1 #8:o is "o ( y'1 i4e4 a native1 or at lea/ an inhabitant1 ( ,coloss1 z 9 ! case ( ,onesimus v]4 #i2 comp4 ,acts iv4 #f1 xxi4 #h1 ,rom4 xvi4 #aj1 #aa1 #a ,cor4 xii4 #af1 ,phil4 iv4 #bb1 etc4 4 4 ,?is title1 :i* ! ,apo/le uses sev]al times ( himself1 is n else:]e conf]r$ on any o!r individual1 except once on ,timo?y 7,phil4 i4 #a71 & probably po9ts to exceptional s]vices 9 ! cause ( ! ,gospel on ! "p ( ,epaphras4 #8wre/l+'2 comp4 ,rom4 xv4 #cj 4 ,see also ! great ( pray] 9 ,luke xxii4 #dd4 ,comp4 ,ju/9 ,apol4 ii4 #ac 7p4 #ea ,b7 4 ,see also i4 #bi1 ii4 #a1 ) ! notes4 #8/& fa/'1 d\btless ! correct read+ r ?an :i* ! receiv$ text has2 comp4 ,matt4 ii4 #i1 xxvii4 #aa1 :]e also ! receiv$ text sub/itutes ! weak] ^w4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iv4 #ac 4 #ac #8fully p]suad$'4 ,! v]b has sev]al s5ses4 7#a7 #8,to fulfil1 accompli%'2 #b ,tim4 iv4 #e 1 ib4 v]4 #ag 1 ,clem4 ,hom4 xix4 #bd 4 ,s p]haps ,h]mas ,sim4 #b 444 1 ?\gh x is a little difficult to c>ry ! same s5se into ! latt] clause1 :]e ! ^w seems to signify r #8to satisfy'4 7#b7#8,to p]suade fully1 to conv9ce'2 ,rom4 iv4 #ba 1 xiv4 #e 1 ,clem4 ,rom4 #db 4441 ,ign4 ,magn4 #h 1 ib4 #aa 4441 ,philad4 inscr4 1 ,smyrn4 #a 1 ,m>t4 ,ign4 #g 1 ,clem4 ,hom4 ,ep4 ad ,iac4 #aj 1 ib4 xix4 #bd 4 ,s too ,,lxx ,eccles4 viii4 #aa 4 7#c7 #8,to fill'2 ,rom4 xv4 #ac 7a d\btful v4 l471 ,clem4 ,rom4 #ed 2 ,te/4 xii ,patr4 ,dan #b 1 :]e x means #8,i 0 fill$ )'1 i4e4 #8,i 0 fully b5t on'1 a s5se closely alli$ to ! la/4 ,f ?is acc\nt x w be se5 t !re is 9 ! usage ( ! ^w no ju/ification = translat+ x #8mo/ surely believ$' 9 ,luke i4 #a 1 & x %\ld !re=e be r5d]$ #8fulfill$1 accompli%$'4 ,! ^w is almo/ exclusively biblical & ecclesia/ical2 & x seems cle> t ! passage f ,ctesias 9 ,photius 7,bibl4 #gb7 is n quot$ ) v]bal exactness4 ,9 ,isocr4 ,trapez4 #h ! ^w is n[ expung$ f ! text on ! au?ority ( ! ,,mss4 ,= ! sub/antive see ! note on ii4 #b above4 ,! read+ ( ! receiv$ text "h1 1 mu/ be reject$ z ( inf]ior au?ority4 444 #89 e ?+ will$ by ,god'2 comp4 #a ,k+s ix4 #aa4 ,s ! plural 9 ,acts xiii4 #bb1 ,ephes4 ii4 #c1 & sev]al times 9 ! ,,lxx4 ,! words are be/ connect$ directly ) 4 ,! passages quot$ 9 ! la/ note amply illu/rate ?is con/ruction4 ,! preposition may d5ote 7#a7 ,! abode ( ! conviction1 z ,rom4 xiv4 #e 2 or 7#b7 ,! object ( ! conviction1 z ,ign4 ,magn4 ,,ii 1 ,philad4 inscr4 2 or 7#c7 ,! atmosph]e1 ! surr\nd+s1 ( ! conviction1 z ,philad4 inscr4 74 ,?is la/ seems to be its s5se "h4 ,! connexion 444 1 ?\gh legitimate 9 itself 7,rom4 v4 #b1 #a ,cor4 xv4 #a71 is n fav\r$ by ! ord] ( ! words "h4 #ac4 #8mu* toil'1 bo? inw>d & outw>d1 ?\gh f ! connexion ! =m] notion seems to pr$om9ate1 z 9 ii4 #a2 comp4 ,plat4 ,phdr4 p4 #bdg ,b 4 ,( ! two v>iations :i* transcrib]s h sub/itut$ = ! correct read+1 emphasizes ! =m] idea & ! latt]4 ,! true read+ is m expressive ?an ei!r4 ,! ^w h[ev] is v r>e 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 7occurr+ only ,rev4 xvi4 #aj1 #aa1 xxi4 #d1 besides ?is passage71 & 0 !re=e liable to be *ang$4 444 ,! neighb\r+ cities are tak5 9 _! geographical ord]1 comm5c+ f ,coloss2 see above1 p4 #b4 ,epaphras1 ?\gh a ,colossian1 may h be5 ! evangeli/ ( ! two l>g] cities also4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iv4 #ad 4 #ad 1 4 ,?is =m has n ! same ov]:elm+ prepond]ance ( au?ority 9 its fav\r "h & 9 vv4 #ae1 #af1 z 9 ii4 #a1 b is probably correct 9 all ^! places4 ,x is q possible h[ev]1 t ! same p]son w\ld write & indiff]5tly4 ,ev5 ! =m is f\nd 9 ,mionnet1 ,suppl4 ,,vii4 p4 #eha4 ,ano!r v>iation is ! contraction ( - into -2 e4g4 1 :i* occurs frequ5tly 9 ! edict ( ,diocletian4 #ad4 ,/ ,luke _h travell$ ) ,/ ,paul on 8 la/ j\rney to ,j]usalem 7,acts xxi4 #a sq474 ,he _h also accompani$ him two ye>s lat] f ,j]usalem to ,rome 7,acts xxvii4 #b sq474 ,& n[ aga91 probably aft] ano!r int]val ( two ye>s 7see ,philippians p4 #ca sq471 we f9d him 9 ! ,apo/le's company4 ,x is n probable t he rema9$ ) ,/ ,paul 9 ! mean:ile 7,philippians p4 #ce71 & ?is w acc\nt = 8 "n n occurr+ 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,philippians4 ,he 0 at ! ,apo/le's side aga9 9 8 second captivity 7#b ,tim4 iv4 #aa74 ,lucas is d\btless a contraction ( ,lucanus4 ,sev]al ,old ,lat9 ,,mss write out ! "n ,lucanus 9 ! sup]scription & subscription to ! ,gospel1 j z else:]e ,apollos is writt5 9 full ,apollonius4 ,on ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( ?is "n ,lucanus 9 inscriptions see ,ephem4 ,epigr4 ,,ii4 p4 #bh 7#ahgd74 ,! %ort5$ =m ,lucas h[ev] seems to be r>e4 ,he is "h di/+ui%$ f 7v]4 #aa74 ,?is alone is fatal to 8 id5tification 7m5tion$ z a tradition by ,orig5 ad loc47 ) ! ,lucius1 ,/ ,paul's #8k9sman' 7i4e4 a ,jew2 see ,philippians pp4 #ag1 #aga1 #agc71 :o s5ds a salutation f ,cor9? to ,rome 7,rom4 xvi4 #ba74 ,x is equally fatal to ! some:at lat] tradition t he 0 "o ( ! sev5ty 7,dial4 c4 ,m>c4 #a 9 ,orig4 ,op4 ,i4 p4 #hjf1 ed4 ,de la ,rue2 ,epiphan4 ,hr4 li4 #aa74 ,! id5tification ) ,lucius ( ,cyr5e 7,acts xiii4 #ac7 is possible b n probable4 ,?\gh ! example ( ,patrobius = ,patrobas 7,rom4 xvi4 #ad7 %[s t su* a contraction is n out ( ! "q1 yet probability & te/imony alike po9t to ,lucanus1 z ! long] =m ( ! ,evangeli/'s "n4 ,indications ( m$ical k h be5 trac$ bo? 9 ! ?ird ,gospel & 9 ! ,acts2 see on ?is po9t ,smi?'s ,voyage & ,%ipwreck ( ,/ ,paul p4 #f sq4 7ed4 #b74 ,x has be5 obs]v$ also1 t ,/ ,luke's fir/ appe>ance 9 company ) ,/ ,paul 7,acts xvi4 #aj7 ne>ly syn*ronizes ) an attack ( ! ,apo/le's con/itutional malady 7,gal4 iv4 #ac1 #ad72 s t he may h jo9$ him p>tly 9 a pr(essional capacity4 ,?is conjecture is p]haps borne out by ! p]sonal feel+ :i* brea!s 9 ! foll[+ 4 ,b :atev] may be ?\ght ( ^! po9ts1 !re is no gr\nd = que/ion+ ! anci5t belief 7,ir54 iii4 #ad4 #a sq47 t ! physician is also ! ,evangeli/4 ,/ ,paul's motive 9 specify+ him z ! physician may n h be5 to di/+ui% him f any o!r be>+ ! same "n1 b to emphasize 8 own obligations to 8 m$ical k4 ,! "n 9 ?is =m does n appe> to h be5 common4 ,! tradition t ,/ ,luke 0 a pa9t] is q late 7,niceph4 ,call4 ii4 #dc74 ,x is wor?y ( notice t ! two ,evangeli/s are m5tion$ toge!r 9 ?is context1 z also 9 ,philem4 #bd1 #b ,tim4 iv4 #aa4 #8! belov$ "o'1 n to be closely connect$ ) 1 = is complete 9 itself2 comp4 ,philem4 #a1 ,rom4 xvi4 #ab 7comp4 vv4 #e1 #h1 #i71 #c ,joh4 #a4 ,= ! =m comp>e ! expression 9 ! ,gospels1 ,matt4 iii4 #ag1 etc4 1 4442 :]e a comp>ison ( ,is4 xlii4 #a1 z quot$ 9 ,matt4 xii4 #ah1 seems to %[ t 444 =ms a di/9ct clause f 4 ,on ! probability t ?is p]son 0 a ,!ssalonian 7#b ,tim4 iv4 #aj7 & t 8 "n 0 ,demetrius1 see ! introduction to ! ,epi/les to ! ,!ssalonians4 ,he appe>s 9 close connexion ) ,/ ,luke 9 ,philem4 #bd1 z "h4 ,9 #b ,tim4 iv4 #aj _! conduct is plac$ 9 direct contra/1 444 ' 4 ,!re is p]haps a =e%ad[+ ( ?is contra/ 9 ! language "h4 ,:ile ,luke is describ$ ) special t5d]ness z 1 1 ,demas alone is dismiss$ ) a b>e m5tion & )\t any epi!t ( comm5dation4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iv4 #ae1 #af #ae ' 4 #af #ae-ag4 #8,greet f me ! bre?r5 :o are 9 ,laodicea1 especially ,nymphas1 & ! *ur* :i* assembles 9 _! h\se4 ,& :5 ?is lett] has be5 read among y1 take c>e t x is read also 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,laodiceans1 & be sure t ye also read ! lett] :i* ,i h s5t to ,laodicea1 & :i* ye w get f !m4 ,moreov] give ?is message f me to ,ar*ippus2 ,take he$ to ! m9i/ry :i* ?\ ha/ receiv$ f me 9 ,*ri/1 & dis*>ge x fully & fai?fully4' #ae4 z ! context %[s1 an inhabitant ( ,laodicea4 ,! "n 9 full w\ld probably be ,nymphodorus1 z ,artemas 7,tit4 iii4 #ab7 = ,artemidorus1 ,z5as 7,tit4 iii4 #ac7 = ,z5odorus1 ,!udas 7,acts v4 #cf7 = ,!odorus1 ,olympas 7,rom4 xvi4 #ae7 = ,olympiodorus1 & probably ,h]mas 7,rom4 xvi4 #ad7 = ,h]modorus 7see ,philippians p4 #agd74 ,o!r names 9 occurr+ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t & repres5t+ diff]5t t]m9ations are ,amplias 7,ampliatus1 a v4 l471 ,antipas 7,antipat]71 ,demas 7,demetrius871 ,epaphras 7,epaphroditus71 ,lucas 7,lucanus71 ,p>m5as 7,p>m5ides71 ,patrobas 7,patrobius71 ,silas 7,sylvanus71 ,/ephanas 7,/ephanephorus71 & p]haps ,junias 7,junianus1 ,rom4 xvi4 #g74 ,= a collection ( names ) ?is contraction1 f\nd 9 diff]5t places1 see ,*&l] ,greek ,acc5tuation #cd2 comp4 ,lobeck ,pa?ol4 p4 #eje sq4 ,"s rem>kable in/ances are f\nd 9 ! inscriptions2 e4g4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 etc42 see esp4 ,boeckh ,c4 ,i4 ,,iii4 pp4 #ajgb1 #ajig4 ,! "n ,nymphodorus is f\nd n unfrequ5tly2 e4g4 ,h]od4 vii4 #acg1 ,?uc4 ii4 #bi1 ,a!n4 i4 p4 #ai ,f1 vi4 p4 #bfe ,c1 ,mionnet ,suppl4 ,,vi4 p4 #hh1 ,boeckh ,c4 ,i4 no4 #aeh1 etc4 ,! contract$ =m h[ev] is v r>e1 ?\gh x appe>s to occur 9 a ,sp>tan inscription1 ,boeckh ,c4 ,i4 no4 #abdj 7 4 ,9 ,murat4 ,,mdxxxv4 #f1 is an inscription to "o ,nu4 ,aquilius ,nymphas1 a fre$man1 :]e ! dative is ,nymphadi4 ,o!r names f :i* ,nymphas might be contract$ are ,nymphius1 ,nymphicus1 ,nymphidius1 ,nymphodotus1 ! fir/ & la/ be+ ! mo/ common4 ,^?1 :o read 9 ! foll[+ clause1 take x z a woman's "n 71 n 72 & ! "n ,nymphe1 ,nympha1 ,nympa1 etc41 occurs f "t to "t 9 ,lat9 inscriptions2 e4g4 ,inscr4 ,hisp4 #ajii1 #aghc1 #cgfc1 ,inscr4 ,z4 ,prov4 etc4 #ebe1 ,murator4 ,,cmxxiv4 #a1 ,,mclix4 #h1 ,,mccxcv4 #i1 ,,mdxci4 #c4 ,b a ,doric =m ( ! ,greek "n "h seems 9 ! highe/ degree improbable4 ' 444 ,! same expression is us$ ( ,prisca & ,aquila bo? at ,rome 7,rom4 xvi4 #e7 & at ,ephesus 7#a ,cor4 xvi4 #ai71 & also ( ,philemon1 :e!r at ,coloss or at ,laodicea is some:at unc]ta9 7,philem4 #b72 comp4 ,acts xii4 #ab 444 1 & see ,philippians p4 #ef4 ,p]haps simil> ga!r+s may be impli$ by ! expressions 9 ,rom4 xvi4 #ad1 #ae 1 7,prob/ ,kir*li*e ,discipl9 p4 #ahb1 #ahgc74 ,see also ,act4 ,m>t4 ,ju/94 #c 7,,ii4 p4 #bfb ed4 ,otto71 ,clem4 ,recogn4 x4 #ga #8,!ophilus 444 domus su +5tem basilicam ecclesi nom9e consecr>et' 7:]e ! ^w #8basilica' 0 probably introduc$ by ! translator ,ruff9us74 ,( ! same k9d mu/ h be5 ! #8collegium quod e/ 9 domo ,s]gi ,paul9' 7de ,rossi ,roma ,sott]anea ,i4 p4 #bji72 = ! ,*ri/ians 7 fir/ recognis$ by ! ,roman gov]nm5t z #8collegia' or burial clubs1 & protect$ by ?is recognition d\btless held _! meet+s = religi\s wor%ip4 ,!re is no cle> example ( a sep>ate build+ set ap>t = ,*ri/ian wor%ip )9 ! limits ( ! ,roman empire be=e ! ?ird c5tury1 ?\gh ap>tm5ts 9 private h\ses might be specially devot$ to ?is purpose4 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 appe>s z a negative result f ! passages collect$ 9 ,b+ham ,,viii4 ,i4 #ac & ,prob/ p4 #aha sq4 ) a diff]5t view4 ,h5ce ! places ( ,*ri/ian assembly 7 n commonly call$ till q late 7,ignat4 ,magn4 #g is n really an exception71 b 1 1 1 & ! l 7,euseb4 ,h4,e4 vii4 #cj1 viii4 #ac1 ix4 #i1 etc474 ,! difficulty ( ?is read+ has l$ to ! two corrections1 & 1 ( :i* ! =m] appe>s 9 ! receiv$ text & ! latt] is support$ by "o or two v anci5t au?orities4 ,( ^! alt]native read+s h[ev]1 is condemn$ by its simplicity1 & has aris5 f ! =m 1 :i* prima facie w\ld look l a woman's "n1 & yet h>dly c be s4 ,we %\ld require to "k m ( ! circum/ances to feel any confid5ce 9 expla9+ 4 ,a simple explanation is t d5otes #8,nymphas & 8 fri5ds'1 by a transition :i* is common 9 classical writ]s2 e4g4 ,x54 ,anab4 iii4 #c4 #g 77 444 ' 4441 iv4 #e4 #cc ' 1 7 3 see also ,khn] ,gramm4 #cga 7,,ii4 p4 #gg71 ,b]nh>dy ,syntax p4 #bhh4 ,or p]haps may ref] n to ! :ole body ( ! ,laodicean ,*ur*1 b to a family ( ,colossian ,*ri/ians e/abli%$ 9 ,laodicea4 ,"u any circum/ances ?is is only a section ( m5tion$ 9 v]4 #af4 ,on ! au?orities = ! v>i\s read+s see ! deta*$ note4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iv4 #af ' 1 #af4 #8! lett]'1 :i* has j be5 conclud$1 = ^! salutations h ! "* ( a po/script2 comp4 ,rom4 xvi4 #bb 1 #b ,!ss4 iii4 #ad 1 ,m>t4 ,polyc4 #bj 4 ,su* examples h[ev] d n c\nt5ance ! explanation :i* ref]s 9 #a ,cor4 v4 #i to ! ,fir/ ,epi/le itself1 occurr+ 7z x does7 9 ! middle ( ! lett] 7comp4 #b ,cor4 vii4 #h74 #8cause t'2 s ,john xi4 #cg1 ,apoc4 xiii4 #ae4 ,9 su* cases ! is pass+ away f its e>li] s5se ( design to its lat] s5se ( result4 ,a correspond+ classical expression is or 1 e4g4 ,x54 ,cyr4 vi4 #c4 #ah4 ,a simil> *>ge is giv5 9 #a ,!ss4 v4 #bg4 ,! precaution "h is probably sugge/$ by ! di/a/efulness ( ! ,apo/le's w>n+s1 :i* might lead to ! suppression ( ! lett]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iv4 #ag 1 4 #ag 1 1 4 i4e4 #8! lett] left at ,laodicea1 :i* y w procure !nce'4 ,= ?is abridg$ expression comp>e ,luke xi4 #ac 1 xvi4 #bf 7v4 l47 1 ,susann4 #bf 1 444 ,= in/ances ( ?is proleptic use ( ! preposition 9 classical writ]s1 :]e x is extremely common1 see ,khn] ,gr4 #ddh 7,,ii4 p4 #dgd71 ,jelf ,gr4 #fdg1 ,mat?i ,gr4 #eif3 e4g4 ,plat4 ,apol4 #cb ,b 1 ,x54 ,cyr4 vii4 #b4 #e 1 ,isocr4 ,paneg4 #ahg 7 4 ,!re are good reasons = ! belief t ,/ ,paul "h alludes to ! s-call$ ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians1 :i* 0 9 fact a circul> lett] address$ to ! pr9cipal *ur*es ( proconsul> ,asia 7see above p4 #cg1 & ! introduction to ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians74 ,ty*icus 0 oblig$ to pass ?r\gh ,laodicea on 8 way to ,coloss1 & w\ld leave a copy !re1 be=e ! ,colossian lett] 0 deliv]$4 ,= o!r op9ions respect+ ?is #8lett] f ,laodicea' see ! deta*$ note4 444 #8see t ye also read'4 ,at fir/ sight x might seem z ?\gh ?is also 7 gov]n$ by 1 l ! =m]2 b1 inasmu* z w\ld be some:at awkw>d 9 ?is connexion1 x is p]haps bett] to treat ! second clause z indep5d5t & elliptical1 7 444 ,?is is sugge/$ also by ! position ( be=e 2 comp4 ,gal4 ii4 #aj 7) ! note74 ,ellipses be=e are frequ5t2 e4g4 ,john ix4 #c1 #b ,cor4 viii4 #ac1 #b ,!ss4 iii4 #i1 #a ,joh4 ii4 #ai4 #ag4 7 ,:y does n ! ,apo/le address himself directly to ,ar*ippus8 ,x might be answ]$ t he probably ?\ght ! w>n+ w\ld come ) great] emphasis1 :5 deliv]$ by ! voice ( ! ,*ur*4 ,or ! simpl] explanation p]haps is1 t ,ar*ippus 0 n resid5t at ,coloss b at ,laodicea3 see ! introduction to ! ,epi/le to ,philemon4 ,on ?is w>n+ itself see above1 p4 #db4 #8look to'1 z #b ,joh4 #h 444 ,m commonly x has ! accusative ( ! ?+ to be avoid$2 see ,phil4 iii4 #b 7) ! note74 ,f ! /ress :i* is laid ^u x1 ! "h w\ld seem to ref]1 z 9 ! case ( ,timo?y cit$ bel[1 to "s high] function ?an ! diaconate prop]ly s call$4 ,9 ,acts xii4 #be ! same phrase1 1 is us$ ( a tempor>y m9i/ration1 ! collection & conveyance ( ! alms = ! poor ( ,j]usalem 7,acts xi4 #bi72 b ! solemnity ( ! w>n+ "h po9ts to a cont9u\s (fice1 r ?an an imm$iate s]vice4 i4e4 probably ' 4 ,! ^w sugge/s1 ?\gh x does n necess>ily imply1 a m$iate r ?an a direct reception3 see ! note ,gal4 i4 #ab4 ,ar*ippus receiv$ ! *>ge imm$iately f ,/ ,paul1 ?\gh ultimately f ,*ri/4 #8,non enim sequitur'1 writes ,b5gel1 #8a ,dom9o 7#a ,cor4 xi4 #bc71 s$ 9 ,dom9o'4 #8fulfil'1 i4e4 #8dis*>ge fully'2 comp4 #b ,tim4 iv4 #e 4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iv4 #ah #ah 4 4 ' 4 #ah4 #8,i add ?is salutation ) my own h&1 sign+ x ) my "n ,paul4 ,be m9dful ( my bonds4 ,god's grace be ) y4' 444 ,! lett] 0 evid5tly writt5 by an amanu5sis 7comp4 ,rom4 xvi4 #bb74 ,! f9al salutation alone1 ) ! accompany+ s5t5ce 4441 0 9 ! ,apo/le's own h&writ+4 ,?is seems to h be5 ! ,apo/le's g5]al practice1 ev5 :]e he does n call att5tion to 8 own signature4 ,9 #b ,!ss4 iii4 #ag sq41 #a ,cor4 xvi4 #ba1 z "h1 he directs 8 read]s' notice to ! fact1 b 9 o!r epi/les he is sil5t4 ,9 "s cases h[ev] he writes mu* m ?an ! f9al s5t5ce4 ,?us ! :ole lett] to ,philemon is app>5tly 9 8 own h&writ+ 7see v]4 #ai71 & 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians he writes a long p>agraph at ! close 7see ! note on vi4 #aa74 ,! same phrase occurs 9 #b ,!ss4 iii4 #ag1 #a ,cor4 xvi4 #ba4 ,= ! con/ruction comp4 e4g4 ,philo ,leg4 ad ,cai4 #h 7,,ii4 p4 #eed7 1 & see ,khn] #djf 7,,ii4 p4 #bdb71 ,jelf #dfg4 ,8 bonds e/abli% an additional claim to a he>+4 ,he :o is suff]+ = ,*ri/ has a "r to speak on behalf ( ,*ri/4 ,! appeal is simil> 9 ,ephes4 iii4 #a 4 41 :i* is resum$ aga9 7aft] a long digression7 9 iv4 #a 444 7comp4 vi4 #bj 74 ,s too ,philem4 #i 444 4 ,^! passages seem to %[ t ! appeal "h is n = himself1 b = 8 tea*+--n = sympa?y ) 8 suff]+s b = ob$i5ce to ! ,gospel4 ,8 bonds 7 n 8 own2 !y 7 7,philem4 #ac74 ,9 ,heb4 x4 #cd ! "r read+ is n 1 b 7comp4 xiii4 #c74 ,some:at simil> is ! appeal to 8 9 ,gal4 vi4 #ag1 #8,h5ce=? let no man tr\ble me4' ,see ! notes on ,philem4 #aj1 #ac4 444 ,?is v %ort =m ( ! f9al b5$iction appe>s only "h & 9 #a ,tim4 vi4 #ba1 #b ,tim4 iv4 #bb4 ,9 ,tit4 iii4 #ae is ins]t$1 & s 9 ,heb4 xiii4 #be4 ,9 ,ephes4 vi4 #bd ! =m s f> agrees ) ! examples quot$1 t is us$ absolutely1 ?\gh ! end is l5g!n$ out4 ,9 all ! e>li] epi/les is def9$ by ! addition ( 2 #a ,!ss4 v4 #bh1 #b ,!ss4 iii4 #ah1 #a ,cor4 xvi4 #bc1 #b ,cor4 xiii4 #ac1 ,gal4 vi4 #ah1 ,rom4 xvi4 #bj1 #bd1 ,phil4 iv4 #bc4 ,?us ! absolute 9 ! f9al b5$iction may be tak5 z a *ronological note4 ,a simil> ph5om5on has be5 already obs]v$ 7 1 7 9 ! op5+ addresses3 see ! note on i4 #b4 ,on "s ,v>i\s ,read+s 9 ! ,epi/le#ece4 ,sid5ote3 ,h>moni/ic read+s4 ,9 "o respect ! lett]s to ! ,ephesians & ,colossians hold a unique position among ! ,epi/les ( ,/ ,paul1 z reg>ds textual criticism4 ,!y alone h be5 expos$1 or expos$ 9 any consid]able degree1 to ^? h>moniz+ t5d5cies 9 transcrib]s1 :i* h _h s great an influ5ce on ! text ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels4 ,sid5ote3 ,prepond]ant evid5ce 7#a7 = ! correct read+2 ,9 su* cases !re is sometimes no difficulty 9 asc]ta9+ ! correct read+4 ,! h>moni/ic *ange is condemn$ by ! majority ( ! olde/ & be/ au?orities2 or !re is at lea/ a ne>ly ev5 balance ( ext]nal te/imony1 & ! suspici\s "* ( ! read+ is q suffici5t to turn ! scale4 ,?us we _c hesitate = a mom5t ab\t su* read+s z i4 #ad 7f ,ephes4 i4 #g71 or iii4 #af 1 & 7= 7 9 ! same v]se 7bo? f ,ephes4 v4 #ai74 ,sid5ote3 7#b7 aga9/ ! correct read+4 ,9 o!r in/ances aga9 !re c h>dly be any d\bt ab\t ! text1 ev5 ?\gh ! va/ prepond]ance ( au?ority is 9 fav\r ( ! h>moni/ic read+2 & ^! are especially valuable because !y enable u to te/ ! wor? ( our au?orities4 ,su* examples are3 ,footnote #ece3 ,! ref]5ces to ! patri/ic quotations 9 ! foll[+ pages h all be5 v]ifi$4 ,i h also consult$ ! ,egyptian & ,syriac ,v]sions 9 e case1 & ! ,arm5ian & ,lat9 9 "s in/ances1 be=e giv+ ! read+s4 ,z reg>ds ! ,,mss1 ,i h cont5t$ myself ) ! collations z giv5 9 ,tregelles & ,tis*5dorf1 n v]ify+ !m unless ,i _h reason to suspect an error4 ,! read+s ( ! ,memphitic ,v]sion are v incorrectly giv5 ev5 by ! pr9cipal editors1 su* z ,tregelles & ,tis*5dorf2 ! translation ( ,wilk9s be+ commonly adopt$1 ?\gh full ( errors1 & no att5tion be+ paid to ! v>i\s read+s ( ,boetti*]'s text4 ,besides ! errors correct$ 9 ! foll[+ pages1 ,i h also obs]v$ ^! places :]e ! text ( ?is v]sion is incorrectly report$2 ii4 #g n omitt$2 ii4 #ac ! second n omitt$2 ii4 #ag ! s+ul> 771 n ! plural 772 iii4 #d 1 n 2 iii4 #af 1 n 2 iii4 #bb 1 n 2 iv4 #c d\btful :e!r ' or ' 2 & probably !re are o!rs4 ,sid5ote3 ,examples4 ,sid5ote3 iii4 #f1 words ins]t$4iii4 #f4 ,! omission ( ! words 7tak5 f ,ephes4 v4 #f74 ,app>5tly ! only extant ,,ms 9 fav\r ( ! omission is ,b4 ,9 ,d h[ev] !y are writt5 7?\gh by ! fir/ h&7 9 small] lett]s & ext5d beyond ! l9e 79 bo? ,greek & ,lat971 :5ce we may inf] t !y 7 n f\nd 9 a copy :i* 0 be=e ! transcrib]4 ,!y are want+ also 9 ! ,!baic ,v]sion & 9 "o =m ( ! ?iopic 7,polyglott74 ,!y 7 also abs5t f copies us$ by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 7,pd4 iii4 #aa1 p4 #bie1 :]e h[ev] !y are ins]t$ 9 ! pr9t$ texts2 ,/rom4 iii4 #e1 p4 #eca71 by ,cyprian 7,epi/4 lv4 #bg1 p4 #fde ed4 ,h>tel71 by an unkn[n writ] 7de ,s+4 ,cl]4 #ci1 9 ,cypr4 ,op4 ,,iii4 p4 #bae71 by ! ,ambrosian ,hil>y 7ad loc471 & by ,j]ome 7,epi/4 xiv4 #e1 ,i4 p4 #cb71 ?\gh n[ f\nd app>5tly 9 all ! ,lat9 ,,mss4 ,sid5ote3 iii4 #ba4 4 iii4 #ba4 is only f\nd 9 ,b ,k & 9 lat] h&s ( ,d 7) its transcript ,e7 among ! uncial ,,mss4 ,all ! o!r uncials read 1 :i* is tak5 f ,ephes4 vi4 #d4 ,9 ?is case h[ev] ! read+ ( ,b is support$ by ! great] numb] ( cursives1 & x accord+ly has a place 9 ! receiv$ text4 ,! v]sions 7s f> z we c safely inf] _! read+s7 g almo/ entirely ) ! majority ( uncials4 ,sid5ote3 ,syriac v]sion misrepres5t$4,! true read+s ( ! ,syriac ,v]sions are j ! rev]se ( ^? assign$ to !m ev5 by ! *ief critical editors1 ,tregelles & ,tis*5dorf4 ,?us 9 ! ,pe%ito ! ^w us$ is ! ,aphel ( 1 ! same mood ( ! same v]b be+ employ$ to translate 1 n only 9 ,rom4 x4 #ai1 b ev5 9 ! p>allel passage ,ephes4 vi4 #d4 ,! ^w 9 ! text ( ! ,h>clean is ! same1 1 b 9 ! m>g9 ! alt]native is giv54 ,:ite int]prets ?is z say+ t ! text is & ! m>g9 1 & he is foll[$ by ,tregelles & ,tis*5dorf4 ,b 9 ?is v]sion1 z 9 ! ,pe%ito1 ! =m] ^w translates 9 ,rom4 x4 #ai1 ,ephes4 vi4 #d2 :ile 9 ! ,pe%ito ! latt] ^w is adopt$ to r5d] 9 #b ,cor4 ix4 #b 7! only o!r passage 9 ! ,n4 ,t4 :]e occurs74 ,9 ! ,h>clean ( #b ,cor4 ix4 #b a diff]5t ^w f ei!r1 1 is us$4 ,x seems tol]ably cle> !re=e t 0 read 9 ! text ( bo? ,pe%ito & ,h>clean "h1 :ile 0 giv5 9 ! m>g9 ( ! latt]4 ,sid5ote3 ,lat9 v]sions4,! ,lat9 ,v]sions seem also to h read 2 = ! ,old ,lat9 has #8ad iram 7or 9 iram or ad iracundiam7 provoc>e1 & ! ,vulgate ad indignationem provoc>e' "h1 :ile bo? h ad iracundiam provoc>e 9 ,ephes4 vi4 #d4 ,! ,memphitic too has ! same r5d]+ 9 bo? passages4 ,( ! e>li] ,greek fa!rs ,clem5t1 ,/rom4 iv4 #h 7p4 #eic71 reads 3 & x is f\nd 9 ,*ryso/om & "s lat] writ]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,great value ( ,b4 ,^! examples %[ h[ s+ul>ly free ,b is f ?is passion = h>moniz+1 & may ev5 embold5 u to place reliance on its au?ority 9 extreme cases4 ,sid5ote3 ,p>allel passages4 ,sid5ote3 ,col4 iii4 #af1 ,eph4 v4 #ai4 ,= in/ance1 ! p>allel passages ,ephes4 v4 #ai & ,col4 iii4 #af /& ?us 9 ! receiv$ text3 ,,ephesians4 4 ,,colossians4 4 ,& ,a c>ries ! h>moniz+ t5d5cy /ill fur!r by ins]t+ be=e 9 ,ephes4 f ! p>allel passage4 ,9 ,b !y are read z foll[s3 4 4 ,sid5ote3 ,alt]ations = ! sake ( h>moniz+4 ,"h are sev5 div]g5ces f ! receiv$ text4 7#a7 ,! ins]tion ( be=e 9 ,ephes42 7#b7 ,! omission ( 1 1 atta*+ 1 1 9 ,col42 7#c7 ,! omission ( 9 ,ephes42 7#d7 ,! ins]tion ( be=e 9 ,col42 7#e7 ,! omission ( be=e 9 ,ephes42 7#f7 ,! sub/itution ( = 9 ,col42 7#g7 ,! sub/itution ( = 9 ,col4 ,( ^! sev5 div]g5ces ! f\r? alone does n affect ! "q3 ( ! rema9+ six1 ! read+s ( ,b 9 7#b71 7#f71 7#g7 are support$ by ! great prepond]ance ( ! be/ au?orities1 & are unque/ionably "r4 ,9 7#a71 7#c71 7#e7 h[ev] ! case /&s ?us3 ,sid5ote3 4 7#a7 ,b1 ,p1 ) ! cursives #ag1 #fg99991 #gc1 #aaf1 #aah1 & 9 ,lat91 d1 e1 vulg41 ) ! ,lat9 comm5tators ,victor9us1 ,hil>y & ,j]ome4 ,( ^! h[ev] x is cle> t ! ,lat9 au?orities c h little weight 9 su* a case1 z ! preposition might h be5 introduc$ by ! translator4 ,all ! o!r ,greek ,,mss ) sev]al ,greek fa!rs omit 4 ,sid5ote3 4 7#c7 omitt$ 9 ,b1 d1 e4 ,( ! ,ambrosian ,hil>y ,tis*5dorf says #8fluct4 lectio'2 b 8 comm5t #8,9 quo enim e/ spiritus1 semp] spiritualia m$itatur' seems c]ta9ly to recognise ! ^w4 ,x appe>s to be f\nd 9 e o!r au?ority4 ,sid5ote3 4 7#e7 99 ,b ) ,orig5 9 ,cram]'s ,cat5a1 p4 #bja4 ,k ,l1 & ! va/ majority ( lat] ,,mss1 ! ,arm5ian & ?iopic ,v]sions1 ,eu?alius 7,tis*5dorf's ,,ms71 ,!odoret1 & o!rs4 ,! ,h>clean ,syriac 7text7 is quot$ by ,tis*5dorf & ,tregelles 9 fav\r ( 1 b x is impossible to say :e!r ! translator _h or _h n ! preposition4 c ,a ,d ,f ,g ,p1 #dg1 #hpe2 ! ,old ,lat91 ,vulgate1 ,memphitic1 ,pe%ito ,syriac1 & ,go?ic ,v]sions1 toge!r ) ! m>g9 ( ! ,h>clean ,syriac2 ! fa!rs ,basil 7,,ii4 p4 #dfd71 ,victor9us 7probably71 ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia1 ! ,ambrosian ,hil>y1 ,j]ome1 & o!rs4 ,*ryso/om 7z read 9 ! exi/+ texts7 wav]s betwe5 & 4 ,?is =m ( ! read+ is an attempt to br+ ,ephes4 into h>mony ) ,col41 j z 7#f7 is an attempt to br+ ,col4 into h>mony ) ,ephes4 ,x w be se5 h[ sl5d]ly ,b is support$2 & yet we c h>dly resi/ ! impression t x has ! "r read+ 9 all ?ree cases4 ,9 ! omission ( m especially1 :]e ! support is weake/1 ?is impression mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be v /rong4 ,sid5ote3 ,excell5ce ( ,b else:]e4 ,?is highly fav\rable e/imate ( ,b is our />t+-po9t2 & on ! :ole x w be enhanc$ z we proce$4 ,?us = in/ance 9 i4 #bb & ii4 #b we %all f9d ?is ,,ms alone 7) "o important ,lat9 fa!r7 reta9+ ! correct text2 9 ! latt] case amid/ a great complication ( v>i\s read+s4 ,& :5 aga91 z 9 iv4 #h1 we f9d ,b = once on ! side ( a read+ :i* might o!rwise be suspect$ z a h>moni/ic *ange1 ?is support alone w weigh heavily 9 its fav\r4 ,o!r cases 9 :i* ,b 7) m or less support7 pres]ves ! correct read+ aga9/ ! mass ( au?orities are ii4 #b 1 ii4 #g 1 ii4 #ac 7omitt+ 71 v4 #ab 1 toge!r ) sev]al in/ances :i* w appe> 9 ! c\rse ( ! foll[+ inve/igation4 ,on ! o!r h& its value mu/ n be ov]e/imat$4 ,sid5ote3 ,false read+s 9 ,b4,?us 9 iv4 #c ' #ecf !re c be little d\bt t ! great majority ( anci5t au?orities correctly read ' 1 ?\gh ,b ,f ,g h ' 3 b ! v>iation is easily expla9$4 ,a s+le /roke1 :e!r accid5tal or delib]ate1 alone w\ld be necess>y to turn ! neut] into a mascul9e & make ! relative agree ) ! sub/antive ne>e/ to x 9 position4 ,aga9 9 ii4 #aj 1 ! read+ ( ,b :i* sub/itutes = is pla9ly wrong1 ?\gh support$ 9 ?is in/ance by ,d ,f ,g #dg991 by ! ,lat9 text d1 & by ,hil>y 9 "o passage 7de ,tr94 ix4 #h1 ,,ii4 p4 #bfc71 ?\gh else:]e 7ib4 i4 #ac1 ,i4 p4 #aj7 he reads 4 ,b "h aga9 we h only an in/ance ( a v common int]*ange4 ,:e!r = grammatical reasons or f diplomatic confusion or f "s o!r cause1 five o!r in/ances ( ?is int]*ange occur 9 ?is %ort epi/le alone2 i4 #ae = ,f ,g2 i4 #ah = ,f ,g2 i4 #bd = ,c ,d99 etc42 i4 #bg = ,c ,d ,k ,l etc42 iii4 #ad = 99 ,d4 ,su* read+s aga9 z ! omission ( i4 #i by ,b ,k1 or ( ' 9 i4 #bj by ,b ,d99 ,f ,g etc41 or ( 9 iv4 #af by ,b alone1 ne$ n be consid]$1 s9ce ! motive = ! omission is obvi\s1 & ! au?ority ( ,b w n c>ry z great weight z x w\ld 9 o!r cases4 ,simil>ly ! ins]tion ( 9 i4 #ah1 1 by ,b1 #dg1 #fg99991 bscr1 & ( 9 ii4 #ae1 1 by ,b alone1 d n appe> to des]ve consid]ation1 because 9 bo? in/ances ^! read+s w\ld sugge/ !mselves z obvi\s improvem5ts4 ,9 o!r cases1 z 9 ! omission ( be=e 7i4 #bj71 & ( 9 7iii4 #ae71 ! scribe ( ,b has err$ z any scribe might err4 ,footnote #ecf3 ,9 ?is passage ,b 7) "s few o!r au?orities7 has = 1 ?us sub/itut+ a common] expression 7ii4 #b1 #a ,cor4 iv4 #a1 ,rev4 x4 #g2 comp4 #a ,cor4 ii4 #a1 v4l47 = a less common 7,ephes4 iii4 #d74 99 99 99 99 99 ,! v>i\s read+s 9 ?is epi/le are m p]plex+ ?an p]haps 9 any portion ( ,/ ,paul's ,epi/les ( ! same l5g?4 ,! foll[+ des]ve special consid]ation4 i4 #c 4 ,sid5ote3 i4 #c 1 ,on ?is v unusual collocation ,i h already rem>k$ 9 ! notes 7p4 #aii74 ,! au?orities /& z foll[s3 7#a7 ,b ,c994 7#b7 ,d99 ,f ,g ,*ryso/om4 ,"o or o!r is also ! read+ ( ! ,old ,lat9 7d1 e1 g1 h>l4999971 ( ! ,memphitic1 ! two ,syriac 7,pe%ito & ,h>clean71 ! ?iopic1 & ! ,arabic 7,erp5ius1 ,b$well1 ,leipzig7 ,v]sions2 & ( ,augu/9e 7de ,unit4 ,eccl4 #de1 ,,ix4 p4 #cfh7 & ,cassiodorus 7,,ii4 p4 #acea1 ,migne74 7#c7 ,a ,c#b ,dc ,k ,l ,p & app>5tly all ! o!r ,,mss2 ! ,vulgate & ,arm5ian ,v]sions2 ,eu?alius 7,tis*5dorf's ,,ms71 ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia 7transl471 ,!odoret1 ! ,ambrosian ,hil>y1 & o!rs4 ,a comp>ison ( ^! au?orities seems to %[ pretty cle>ly t 0 ! orig9al read+4 ,! o!r two 7 exp$i5ts = gett+ rid ( a v unusual collocation ( words4 ,sid5ote3 comp>$ ) iii4 #ag1,! scribes h felt ! same difficulty aga9 9 iii4 #ag ' 1 & !re aga9 we f9d ins]t$ be=e 4 ,9 ?is latt] in/ance h[ev] ! great prepond]ance ( anci5t au?ority is 9 fav\r ( ! unusual =m 4 ,sid5ote3 & i4 #ab4 ,x is wor? obs]v+ also t 9 i4 #ab1 :]e has ! highe/ support1 !re is suffici5t au?ority = to create a suspicion t !re too x may be possibly ! correct read+4 ,?us is read 9 #cg1 :ile /&s 9 ,f ,g4 ,"o or o!r mu/ h be5 ! read+ ( "s ,old ,lat9 & ,vulgate texts 7f1 g1 m1 fuld471 ( ! ,pe%ito ,syriac1 ( ! ,memphitic 79 "s texts2 = o!rs read simply71 ( ! ,arabic 7,b$well71 ( ! ,arm5ian 7,uscan71 & ( ,orig5 7,,ii4 p4 #dea1 ! ,lat9 translator72 :ile sev]al o!r au?orities1 ,greek & ,lat91 read 4 ,sid5ote3 ,unique collocation4 ,!re is no o!r in/ance ( ?is collocation ( words1 1 9 ! ,greek ,te/am5t1 s f> z ,i rememb]2 & x mu/ be reg>d$ z peculi> to ?is epi/le4 i4 #d 4 ,sid5ote3 i4 #d 4 ,"h ! v>i\s read+s are2 7#a7 ,b4 7#b7 ,a ,c ,d99 ,f ,g ,p #ag1 #cg1 #dg2 ! ,old ,lat9 & ,vulgate1 ,memphitic 7app>5tly71 & ,h>clean ,syriac ,v]sions2 ! ,ambrosian ,hil>y1 ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia 7transl471 & o!rs4 7#c7 4 ,dc ,k ,l2 ! ,pe%ito ,syriac 7app>5tly71 & ,arm5ian 7app>5tly7 ,v]sions2 ,*ryso/om1 ,!odoret & o!rs4 ,if ! "q 7 to be decid$ by ext]nal au?ority alone1 we c\ld n hesitate4 ,x is important h[ev] to obs]ve t 7#b7 con=ms to ! p>allel passage ,philem4 #e 1 :ile 7#c7 con=ms to ! o!r p>allel passage ,ephes4 i4 #ae 4 ,?us1 ?\gh is s highly support$ & ?\gh x helps out ! s5se1 x is op5 to suspicion4 ,/ill ! omission 9 ,b may be an in/ance ( t impati5ce ( app>5tly sup]flu\s words1 :i* sometimes appe>s 9 ?is ,,ms4 i4 #g 4 ,sid5ote3 i4 #g 4 ,"h !re is a conflict betwe5 ,,mss & ,v]sions4 7#a7 ,a ,b 99 ,d99 ,f ,g1 #c1 #ac1 #cc1 #dc1 #eb1 #hj1 #ia1 #aji4 ,?is mu/ also h be5 ! read+ ( ! ,ambrosian ,hil>y 7?\gh ! editors make him write #8pro vobis'71 = he expla9s x #8qui eis m9i/ravit gratiam ,*ri/i vice ,apo/oli4' 7#b7 c ,c ,db ,k ,l ,p1 #ag1 #cg1 #dg1 & _m o!rs2 ! ,vulgate1 ! ,pe%ito & ,h>clean ,syriac1 ! ,memphitic1 ,go?ic1 & ,arm5ian ,v]sions2 ,*ryso/om1 ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia 7transl471 & ,!odoret 79 _! respective texts1 = ) ! exception ( ,*ryso/om !re is no?+ decisive 9 _! comm5ts71 ) o!rs4 ,! ,old ,lat9 is d\btful2 d1 e hav+ vobis & g nobis4 ,?\gh ! common confusion betwe5 ^! two words ev5 9 ! be/ ,,mss is a caution aga9/ speak+ ) absolute c]ta9ty1 yet su* a comb9ation ( ! highe/ au?orities z we h "h = does n leave mu* room = d\bt3 & consid]ations ( int]nal criticism po9t 9 ! same direction4 ,see ! note on ! passage4 i4 #ab 4 ,sid5ote3 i4 #ab 4 ,aga9/ ?is1 :i* is ! read+ ( all ! o!r anci5t au?orities1 we h 7#b7 ,d99 ,f ,g1 #ag1 #hj1 ) ! ,lat9 au?orities d1 e1 f1 g1 m1 & ! ,go?ic1 ,arm5ian1 & ?iopic ,v]sions4 ,x is s read also by ! ,ambrosian ,hil>y1 by ,didymus de ,tr94 iii4 #d 7p4 #cdf71 & by ,vigilius ,?aps5sis c4 ,v>im4 i4 #ej 7p4 #dji74 7#c7 1 f\nd 9 ,b alone4 ,"h ! confusion betwe5 & w\ld be easy1 m especially at a p]iod prior to ! e>lie/ exi/+ ,,mss1 :5 ! iota adscript 0 /ill writt52 :ile at ! same "t w\ld sugge/ itself to scribes z ! obvi\s ^w 9 su* a connexion4 ,x is a ,we/]n read+4 ,! text ( ,b obvi\sly pres5ts a comb9ation ( bo? read+s4 i4 #ad 4 ,sid5ote3 i4 #ad or 8 ,= ,b1 ! ,memphitic ,v]sion1 & ! ,arabic 7,b$well1 ,leipzig71 read 4 ,?is is possibly ! correct read+4 ,9 ! p>allel passage1 ,ephes4 i4 #g1 sev]al au?orities 799 ,d991 ! ,memphitic & ?iopic ,v]sions1 & ! translator ( ,ir5u v4 #ad4 #c7 simil>ly read = 4 ,x may be conjectur$ t 9 ^! au?orities 0 a h>moni/ic *ange 9 ,ephes4 i4 #g1 to con=m to ! text :i* !y or _! pr$ecessors _h 9 ,col4 i4 #ad4 ,tis*5dorf on ,ephes4 l4c4 says #8aut utroque loco aut ,paulum scripsisse puto'2 b if any inf]5ce c be drawn f ! ph5om5a ( ! ,,mss1 !y po9t r to a diff]5t t5se 9 ! two passages4 i4 #bb 4 ,sid5ote3 i4 #bb 4 ,?is read+ is p]haps ! highe/ te/imony ( all to ! great value ( ,b4 ,! v>iations are2 7#a7 ,b4 ,?is also seems to be ! read+ ( ,hil>y ( ,poiti]s ,9 xci ,psalm4 #i 7,i4 p4 #bgj71 :o transf]s ! ,apo/le's language into ! fir/ p]son1 #8cum aliqu&o essemus ali5ati et inimici s5sus ejus 9 factis malis1 nunc autem reconciliati sumus corpore c>nis ejus4' 7#b7 #ag4 7#c7 ,d99 ,f ,g1 & ! ,lat9 au?orities d1 e1 g1 m1 ! ,go?ic ,v]sion1 ! translator ( ,ir5u 7v4 #ad4 #c71 & o!rs4 7#d7 1 all ! o!r au?orities4 ,( ^! 7#b7 is obvi\sly a corruption ( 7#a7 f simil>ity ( s\nd2 & 7#c7 is an em5dation1 ?\gh a c>eless em5dation1 ( 7#a7 = ! sake ( ! gramm>4 ,x %\ld h be5 4 ,! read+ !re=e mu/ lie betwe5 & 4 ,?is latt] h[ev] is probably a grammatical correction to /raight5 ! syntax4 ,9 ! ,memphitic a s+le lett] = w\ld make ! diff]5ce betwe5 & 2 b no v>iation f ! latt] is record$4 ii4 #b 1 4 ,sid5ote3 ii4 #b 4 ,! v>i\s read+s "h are v num]\s & at fir/ sight p]plex+2 b ! result ( an inve/igation into _! sev]al claims is f> f unsatisfactory4 ,! read+ :i* expla9s all ! re/ may safely be adopt$ z ! orig9al4 ,sid5ote3 ,orig9al read+4 7#a7 4 ,?is is ! read+ ( ,b & ( ,hil>y ( ,poiti]s1 de ,tr94 ix4 #fb 7,i4 p4 #cjf71 :o quotes ! passage sacram5ti ,dei ,*ri/i 9 quo etc41 & wrongly expla9s x #8,deus ,*ri/us sacram5tum e/'4 ,sid5ote3 ,v>iations2 ,all ! o!r v>iations are d]iv$ f ?is1 ei!r by explanation or by omission or by amplification4 ,sid5ote3 7a7 by int]pretation1 ,by explanation we get2 7#b7 1 ! read+ ( ,d1 ) ! ,lat9 au?orities d1 e1 :i* h ,dei quod e/ ,*ri/us4 ,s x is quot$ by ,vigilius ,?aps5sis c4 ,v>im4 i4 #bj 7p4 #chj71 & 9 a slightly long] =m by ,augu/9e de ,tr94 xiii4 #bd 7,,viii4 p4 #idd7 my/]ium ,dei quod e/ ,*ri/us ,jesus4 7#c7 4 ,s x is twice quot$ by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria ,/rom4 v4 #aj 7p4 #fhc71 ib4 #ab 7p4 #fid72 or 1 ! read+ ( #ag4 ,s ! ,ambrosian ,hil>y 7bo? text & comm5t>y7 has ,dei 9 ,*ri/o4 ,& ! ,arm5ian has ! same l5g!n$ out1 ,dei 9 ,*ri/o ,jesu 7,zohrab7 or ,dei patris 9 ,*ri/o ,jesu 7,uscan74 7#d7 ,dom9i quod de ,*ri/o is ! ?iopic r5d]+4 ,:e!r ?is repres5ts ano!r v>i\s read+ 9 ! ,greek or :e!r ! p>aphrase is ! translator's own1 x is impossible to say4 ,sid5ote3 7b7 by omission1 ,! two foll[+ v>iations /rive to ov]come ! difficulty by omission2 7#e7 1 ! read+ ( ,d by a second h&1 ( ,p1 #cg1 #fg99991 #ga1 #hj1 #aaf4 7#f7 1 ! read+ ( ,eu?alius 9 ,tis*5dorf's ,,ms2 b ,tis*5dorf adds ! caution #8s$ non satis app>et'4 ,sid5ote3 7c7 by amplification2 ,all ! rema9+ read+s are attempts to rem$y ! te/ by amplification4 ,!y fall into two classes2 ^? :i* ins]t s z to make dep5d5t on x1 7#g71 7#h71 & ^? :i* sep>ate f by ! int]position ( a 1 7#i71 7#aj71 7#aa74 ,sid5ote3 7i7 by ins]t+ to gov]n 2 7#g7 1 ! read+ ( 7by ! fir/ h&74 ,tis*5dorf also adds bscr99 & oscr2 b ,i read ,scriv5]'s collations diff]5tly 7,cod4 ,aug4 p4 #ejf73 or 1 ! read+ ( ,a ,c1 #d4 ,"o or o!r is ! read+ ( ! ,!baic ,v]sion 7giv5 by ,griesba*7 & ( ! ,arabic 7,leipz474 ,a l5g!n$ =m ( ! same1 ,dei patris ,*ri/i ,jesu1 appe>s 9 ! olde/ ,,mss ( ! ,vulgate1 am4 fuld4 f3 & ! same is also ! read+ ( ! ,memphitic 7,boetti*]74 7#h7 4 ,s 7! ?ird h&71 bscr991 oscr1 & a corrector 9 ! ,h>clean ,syriac4 ,sid5ote3 7ii7 by sep>at+ f by a conjunction4 7#i7 1 ! simple/ =m ( ! o!r class ( em5dations by amplification4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,cyril ,!s4 p4 #bhg4 7#aj7 4 ,s #dg1 #gc1 ! ,pe%ito ,syriac 7ed4 pr9ceps & ,s*aaf74 ,& s x /&s 9 ! comm5tators ,*ryso/om 7b ) v>i\s read+s7 & ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia 7,spicil4 ,solesm4 ,i4 p4 #aca ,dei patris et ,*ri/i1 b 9 ,rab4 ,maur4 ,op4 ,,vi4 p4 #eba ,dei patris ,*ri/i ,jesu74 ,pelagius has ,dei patris et ,*ri/i ,jesu1 & s ! ,memphitic 7,wilk9s74 ,sid5ote3 ,! common text ! late/ developm5t4 7#aa7 4 ,?is1 :i* may be reg>d$ z ! late/ developm5t1 is ! read+ ( ! receiv$ text4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,d 7?ird h&7 ,k ,l1 & 9 ! great majority ( cursives2 9 ! text ( ! ,h>clean ,syriac1 & 9 ,!odoret & o!rs4 ,besides ^! read+s "s copies ( ! ,vulgate exhibit o!r v>iations2 e4g4 demid4 ,dei patris et ,dom9i no/ri ,*ri/i ,jesu1 tolet4 ,dei ,*ri/i ,jesu patris et ,dom9i4 ,x is n necess>y to add any rem>ks4 ,! ju/ification ( z ! orig9al read+ w h appe>$ 9 ! v>iations to :i* x has giv5 rise4 ,! passage is altoge!r an in/ructive lesson 9 textual criticism4 ii4 #af 4 ,sid5ote3 ii4 #af or 8 ,9 ?is read+ ,b /&s alone among ! ,,mss2 b x is support$ by ! ,pe%ito ,syriac & ,memphitic ,v]sions1 by ,t]tullian 7adv4 ,m>c4 v4 #ai71 & by ,orig5 79 ,ioann4 x4 #aa1 ,,iv4 p4 #agd74 ,! te/imony ( ,t]tullian h[ev] is invalidat$ by ! fact t he uses et z ! connect+ p>ticle ?r\gh\t ! passage2 & ! ,pe%ito ,syriac also has #8&' = 9 ! two la/ clauses1 ?\gh n 9 ! second4 ,! re/ h 4 ,?is may be expla9$ z a v obvi\s1 ?\gh n v intellig5t1 alt]ation ( scribes to con=m to ! disjunctive p>ticles 9 ! context1 4 ,9 ?is same context x is probable t ,b reta9s ! "r =m 7support$ "h by ,f ,g & o!rs7 z aga9/ ! ,attic 4 ,9 ! same way 9 iii4 #be & iv4 #i ,b 7) "s o!rs7 has resi/$ ! t5d5cy to ,attic =ms4 ii4 #ah 4 ,sid5ote3 ii4 #ah1 ! omission ( ! negative4 ,t ?is is ! olde/ read+ :i* ! exi/+ texts exhibit1 w appe> f ! foll[+ comp>ison ( au?orities4 7#a7 7 ,a ,b 99 ,d991 #ag991 #bh1 #fg99992 ! ,old ,lat9 au?orities d1 e1 m2 ! ,memphitic1 ?iopic1 & ,arabic 7,leipz47 ,v]sions2 ,t]tull4 c4 ,m>c4 v4 #ai 7#8ex visionibus angelicis'2 & app>5tly ,m>cion himself also72 ,orig5 7c4 ,cels4 v4 #h1 ,i4 p4 #ehc1 ?\gh ! negative is "h ins]t$ by ,de la ,rue1 & 9 ,cant4 ii1 ,,iii4 p4 #fc1 9 8 qu videt72 ,lucif] 7,de non conv4 c4 hr4 p4 #ghb ,migne72 ! ,ambrosian ,hil>y 7ad loc4 expla9+ x #8,inflantur motum p]vid5tes /ell>um1 quas angelos vocat'74 ,s too ! unkn[n au?or ( ,qu/4 ex ,n4 ,t4 ii4 #fb 9 ,augu/4 ,op4 ,,iii4 ,appx4 p4 #aef4 ,j]ome 7,epi/4 cxxi ad ,alg4 #aj1 ,i4 p4 #hhj7 m5tions bo? read+s 7) & )\t ! negative7 z f\nd 9 ! ,greek text3 & ,augu/9e 7,epi/4 #adi1 ,,ii4 p4 #ead71 :ile giv+ ! pref]5ce to qu non vidit1 says t "s ,,mss h qu vidit4 7#b7 77 c ,c ,dbc ,k ,l ,p1 & ! great majority ( cursives2 7#c7 ,f ,g4 ,! negative is also read 9 g2 9 ! ,vulgate1 ! ,go?ic1 bo? ! ,syriac1 & ! ,arm5ian ,v]sions2 9 ! translator ( ,orig5 ,9 ,rom4 ix4 #db 7,,iv4 p4 #ffe71 9 ,ambrose ,9 ,psalm4 cxviii ,exp4 xx 7,i4 p4 #abbb71 & 9 ! comm5tators ,pelagius1 ,*ryso/om1 ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia 7,spic4 ,solesm4 ,i4 p4 #acb #8qu nec sciunt'71 ,!odoret1 & o!rs4 ,f a review ( ^! au?orities we inf] t ! ins]tion ( ! negative 0 a lat] correction1 & t 7or 7 repres5ts ! prior read+4 ,9 my note ,i h express$ my suspicion t 7or 7 is itself corrupt1 & t ! orig9al read+ is lo/4 ,sid5ote3 ,! =m 4 ,! unusual =m is f\nd 9 ,b99 ,c ,d ,p1 & is !re=e to be pref]r$ to 4 ii4 #bc 4 ,sid5ote3 ii4 #bc4 ,is to be omitt$8 ,"h is f\nd 9 all ! ,greek copies except ,b1 b is omitt$ 9 ^! ,lat9 au?orities1 m1 ! translator ( ,orig5 7,9 ,rom4 ix4 #db1 ,,iv4 p4 #ffe71 ,hil>y ( ,poiti]s 7,tract4 9 xiv ,ps4 #g1 p4 #gc71 ! ,ambrosian ,hil>y1 ,ambrose 7de ,noe #be1 p4 #bfg71 & ,paul9us 7,epi/4 #ej1 p4 #bib sq474 ,we h m ?an once f\nd ,b & ,hil>y alone 9 support+ ! correct read+ 7i4 #bb1 ii4 #b72 & ?is fact gives weight to _! jo9t au?ority "h4 ,! omission also seems to expla9 ! impossible read+ ( d1 e1 :i* h 9 religione et humilitate s5sus et vexationem corporis1 :]e = et vexationem1 we %\ld probably read ad vexationem1 z 9 ! ,ambrosian ,hil>y4 ,!re 0 e temptation = a scribe to ins]t ! s z to make range ) ! o!r datives3 :ile on ! o!r h& a f9] appreciation ( ! be>+ ( ! passage sugge/s t ,/ ,paul w\ld h dissociat$ x1 s z to give x a special prom95ce4 ,a simil> in/ance occurs 9 iii4 #ab 1 1 :]e ,b omits ! ) #ag & ! ,!baic ,v]sion#ecg4 ,9 #bai is read = 4 ,! great ga9 9 =ce leads to ! suspicion t ?is omission may be correct1 not)/&+ ! enorm\s prepond]ance ( au?ority on ! o!r side4 ,footnote #ecg3 ,x is true t 9 ! text 7,spicil4 ,solesm4 ,i4 p4 #abc1 ,rab4 ,maur4 ,op4 ,,vii4 p4 #eci1 ,migne7 he is cr$it$ ) ! lat] ,lat9 read+ ut cognoscat qu circa vos sunt1 b 8 comm5t implies ! o!r2 #8,quoniam omnia vobis nota faciet ,ty*icus illa qu erga me sunt1 propt]ea a me directus e/ cum ,onesimo fratre qui a vobis v5]at1 ut nota vobis faciant qu erga nos sunt et oblect5t vos p] suum adv5tum 1 omnia qu hic aguntur manife/a faci5tes vobis4' ,see ,spicil4 ,solesm4 l4c42 ! comm5t is mutilat$ 9 ,rab4 ,maur4 ,op4 l4c4 iv4 #h4 4 ,sid5ote3 iv4 #h 4 ,( ! v>i\s read+s ( ?is passage ,i h already spok5 7p4 #bi sq41 note #a1 p4 #cja74 ,! au?orities are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,a ,b ,d99 ,f ,g ,p1 #aj1 #ag1 #cc1 #ce1 #cg1 #dd1 #dg1 #ga1 #aaa1 #aaf1 #acg2 d1 e1 g2 ! ,arm5ian & ?iopic ,v]sions2 ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia#ecg1 ,!odoret#ech1 ,j]ome 7on ,ephes4 vi4 #ba sq41 ,,vii4 p4 #fhb71 & ,eu?alius 7,tis*5dorf's ,,ms74 ,?is is also ! read+ ( 991 except t x has = 4 7#b7 c ,c ,dbc ,k ,l & ! majority ( cursives2 ! ,memphitic1 ,go?ic1 ,vulgate1 & bo? ,syriac ,v]sions2 ! ,ambrosian ,hil>y1 ,j]ome 7on ,philem4 ,i1 ,,vii4 p4 #gdh71 ,*ryso/om 7expressly71 & o!rs4 ,footnote #ech3 ,9 ! text2 b 9 ! comm5t>y he is made to write 1 1 1 an impossible read+4 ,sid5ote3 ,! v>i\s read+s acc\nt$ =4 ,! int]nal evid5ce is consid]$ 9 ! note on ! passage1 & f\nd to accord ) ! va/ prepond]ance ( ext]nal au?ority 9 fav\r ( 4 ,! read+ ( by ! fir/ h& exhibits a transitional /age4 ,x w\ld appe> z ?\gh ! transcrib] int5d$ x to be read 4 ,at all ev5ts ?is is ! read+ ( ,,iii & ( ,io4 ,damasc4 ,op4 ,,ii4 p4 #bad4 ,! v>iation is ?us easily expla9$4 7#a7 w\ld be accid5tally sub/itut$ = 2 7#b7 w\ld !n be read 2 7#c7 ! awkw>d & sup]flu\s w\ld be omitt$4 ,9 illu/ration ( ! t5d5cy to con=m ! p]sons ( ! two v]bs 1 1 7see p4 #cja7 x may be m5tion$ t #ag reads 1 1 bo? "h & 9 ,ephes4 vi4 #bb4 iv4 #ae4 ' 4 ,sid5ote3 iv4 #ae 4 ,! read+s "h are3 7#a7 ,a ,c ,p1 #e1 #i1 #ag1 #bc1 #cd1 #ci1 #dg1 #gc2 toge!r ) ! ,memphitic ,v]sion1 ! ,arabic 7,leipz471 & ,eu?alius 7,tis*5dorf's ,,ms74 ,! ,memphitic ,v]sion is commonly b wrongly quot$ 9 fav\r ( 1 ow+ to a mi/ranslation ( ,wilk9s4 ,b bo? ,wilk9s & ,boetti*] give )\t any v>i\s read+ 1 i4e4 4 ,?is seems also to be ! read+ ( ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia 7,spic4 ,solesm4 ,i4 p4 #acc7 qu 9 domo eorum e/ ecclesia2 ?\gh 9 ,rab4 ,maur4 ,op4 ,,vi4 p4 #edj 8 text runs qu 9 domo ejus e/ ecclesiam1 & he is made to say ,nympham cum omnibus suis qui 9 domo ejus sunt4 7#b7 ,b #fg99994 7#c7 ,d ,f ,g ,k ,l & ! great majority ( cursives2 & s ! ,go?ic ,v]sion1 ,*ryso/om1 & ,!odoret 7! latt] di/9ctly74 ,sid5ote3 ,nymphas or ,nympha8 ,! s+ul>1 :e!r or 1 is ! read+ ( ! old ,lat9 & ,vulgate1 :i* h ejus1 & ( ! ,arm5ian4 ,! pron\n is also s+ul> 9 ! ,pe%ito & ,h>clean ,syriac4 ,9 ?is language ! same consonants express mascul9e & fem99e alike1 ! diff]5ce ly+ 9 ! po9t+ & vocalisation4 ,& "h ! copies are inconsi/5t ) !mselves4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,syriac v]sions4,9 ! ,pe%ito 7bo? ! editio pr9ceps & ,s*aaf7 ! prop] "n is vocalis$ z a fem99e ,numph 7 71 & yet is treat$ z hav+ a mascul9e affix ' 4 ,9 ! text ( ! ,h>clean is po9t$ ?us1 z a fem99e 2 :ile ! m>g9 gives ! alt]native read+ 7)\t ! po9t7 4 ,! "n itself is writt5 ,nympha1 :i* accord+ to ! translit]ation ( ?is v]sion might /& ei!r = a mascul9e 7z ,b>naba1 ,luka1 9 ! context1 = 1 7 or = a fem99e 7s9ce ,demas1 ,epaphras1 are writt5 ) an s7#eci4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,lat9 au?orities4,! ,lat9 ejus leav+ ! g5d] undet]m9$1 ! ,lat9 comm5tators 7 free to take ei!r ,nymphas or ,nympha2 &1 z ,nympha 0 common ,lat9 =m ( 1 !y w\ld naturally adopt ! female "n4 ,s ! comm5tator ,hil>y di/9ctly4 ,footnote #eci3 ,m probably ! latt]4 ,9 ,rom4 xvi ! t]m9ations - & = ! fem99e & mascul9e names respectively are c>efully reproduc$ 9 ! ,h>clean ,v]sion4 ,9 v]4 #ae inde$ we h ,julias1 b ! translator d\btless consid]$ ! "n to be a contraction = ,julianus4 ,! prop] ,syriac t]m9ation -a seems only to be employ$ = ! ,greek - 9 v famili> names su* z ,b>naba1 ,luka4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ! ^w is acc5tuat$ z a mascul9e 9 ,dc ,l ,p1 & z a fem99e 9 ,bc & ,eu?alius 7,tis*5dorf's ,,ms474 ,on ! mean+ ( 4 ,sid5ote3 ,! mean+ ( ! v]b 4 ,! v]b has two s5ses4 ,x signifies ei!r 7#a7 #8,to fill'1 e4g4 ,acts ii4 #b 2 or 7#b7 #8,to fulfil1 complete1 p]fect1 accompli%'1 e4g4 ,matt4 xxvi4 #ef 1 ,rom4 xiii4 #h 1 ,acts xii4 #be 4 ,! latt] s5se inde$ is d]iv$ f ! =m]1 b practically x has become sep>ate f x4 ,! ^w occurs altoge!r ab\t a hundr$ times 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & = e "o in/ance ( ! =m] s5se !re are at lea/ f\r ( ! latt]4 ,sid5ote3 ,false issue rais$ respect+ ,sid5ote3 result+ 9 !ological confusion ,9 ! inve/igations :i* h hi!rto be5 made into ! signification ( ! d]iv$ sub/antive 1 z x occurs 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 an almo/ exclusive prom95ce has be5 giv5 to ! =m] mean+ ( ! v]b2 & mu* confusion has aris5 9 consequ5ce4 ,! "q has be5 discuss$ :e!r has an active or a passive s5se1 :e!r x describes ! fill+ sub/ance or ! fill$ receptacle3 & n unfrequ5tly critics h arriv$ at ! result t diff]5t grammatical s5ses mu/ be atta*$ to x 9 diff]5t passages1 ev5 )9 ! limits ( ! same epi/le4 ,?us x has be5 ma9ta9$ t ! ^w has a passive s5se #8id quod impletur' 9 ,ephes4 i4 #bc 1 1 & an active s5se #8id quod implet' 9 ,ephes4 iii4 #ai 4 ,inde$ s long z we see 9 only ! s5se #8to fill'1 & refuse to contemplate ! s5se #8to complete'1 x seems impossible to escape f ! difficulties :i* meet u at e turn1 o!rwise ?an by assign+ to its d]ivative bo? an active & a passive s5se2 b ! greate/ viol5ce is ?us done to ! connexion ( !ological ideas4 ,sid5ote3 & disreg>d ( gramm>4 ,moreov] ! disreg>d ( lexical rules is n less viol5t#edj4 ,sub/antives 9 -1 =m$ f ! p]fect passive1 appe> always to h a passive s5se4 ,!y may d5ote an ab/ract notion or a concrete ?+2 !y may signify ! action itself reg>d$ z complete1 or ! product (,sid5ote3 ,mean+ ( sub/antives 9 -4 ! action2 b 9 any case !y give ! result ( ! ag5cy involv$ 9 ! correspond+ v]b4 ,su* = example are #8a message'1 #8a knot'1 #8a silv]-made vessel'1 #8a plan'1 #8a righte\s de$' or #8an ord9ance'1 #8an inve/igation'1 #8a proclamation'1 #8a h9drance'1 #8a lik5ess'1 #8a vision'1 #8a c>pet'1 #8a r\nd ?+'1 etc4 ,9 _m cases ! same ^w w h two mean+s1 bo? h[ev] passive2 x w d5ote bo? ! complet$ action & ! result or object ( ! action3 e4g4 ! #8robb]y' or ! #8booty'1 ! #8ex*ange' or ! #8?+ giv5 or tak5 9 ex*ange'1 ! #8hunt' or ! #8prey'1 ! #8tread' or ! #8c>pet'1 & ! l4 ,b 9 all cases ! ^w is /rictly passive2 x describes t :i* might h /ood aft] ! active v]b1 ei!r z ! direct object or z ! cognate notion4 ,sid5ote3 ,app>5t exceptions4,! app>5t exceptions are only app>5t4 ,sometimes ?is deceptive appe>ance is 9 ! ^w itself4 ,?us #8a veil' seems to d5ote #8t :i* cov]s'1 b x is really d]iv$ f ano!r s5se & con/ruction ( 1 n #8to hide'1 b #8to wrap r\nd' 7e4g4 ,hom4 ,il4 v4 #cae ' 1 xxi4 #cba 71 & !re=e is /rictly passive4 ,sometimes aga9 we may be l$ a/ray by ! app>5t connexion ) ! foll[+ g5itive4 ,?us 9 ,plut4 ,mor4 #gh ,e ! ^w does n mean1 z might appe> at fir/ sight1 #8a ?+ %[+'1 b #8a ?+ %[n'1 #8a demon/ration giv5'2 nor 9 #b ,!ss4 i4 #e mu/ we expla9 #8a ?+ prov+'1 b #8a ?+ prov$'1 #8a pro('4 ,& ! same is probably ! case also ) su* expressions z 7,critias 9 ,a!n4 xiii4 p4 #fjj ,d71 7s*4 ,p]s4 #adg71 & ! l2 :]e ! sub/antives 9 - are no m depriv$ ( _! passive s5se by ! connexion1 ?an !y are 9 or 2 ?\gh 9 su* in/ances ! lic5se ( poetical con/ruction may (t5 lead to a false inf]5ce4 ,analog\s to ?is la/ class ( cases is ,eur4 ,troad4 #hbd 1 n #8! fill+'1 b #8! fulness ( ! cups1 ! brimm+ cups1 ( ,zeus4' ,footnote #edj3 ,! mean+ ( ?is ^w is ! subject ( a pap] ,de vocis v>io s5su 9 ,n4 ,t4 9 ,/orr's ,opusc4 ,acad4 ,i4 p4 #add sq41 & ( an elaborate note 9 ,fritzs*e's ,rom4 ,,ii4 p4 #dfi sq4 ,/orr attempts to %[ t x always has an active s5se #8id quod implet' 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,fritzs*e rightly objects to assign+ a p]si/5tly active s5se to a ^w :i* has a directly passive t]m9ation3 & he himself attributes to x two ma9 s5ses1 #8id quod impletur' & #8id quo res impletur'1 ! latt] be+ ! m common4 ,he app>5tly consid]s t he has surm\nt$ ! difficulties involv$ 9 ,/orr's view1 = he speaks ( ?is la/ z a passive s5se1 ?\gh 9 fact x is no?+ m ?an #8id quod implet' express$ 9 o!r words4 ,9 ,rom4 xiii4 #aj he conc$es an active s5se #8legis completio'1 h4 e4 #8obs]vatio'4 ,sid5ote3 connect$ ) ! second s5se ( 4 ,n[ if we conf9e ourselves to ! second ( ! two s5ses above ascrib$ to 1 x seems possible to expla9 9 ! same way1 at all ev5ts 9 all ! !ological passages ( ,/ ,paul & ,/ ,john1 )\t do+ any viol5ce to ! grammatical =m4 ,z is #8to complete'1 s is #8t :i* is complet$'1 i4e4 ! complem5t#eda1 ! full tale1 ! entire numb] or quantity1 ! pl5itude1 ! p]fection4 ,footnote #eda3 ,! ,engli% ^w complem5t has two di/9ct s5ses4 ,x is ei!r 7i7 ! complete set1 ! entire quantity or numb]1 :i* satisfies a giv5 /&>d or cadre1 z e4g4 ! complem5t ( a regim5t2 or 7ii7 ! numb] or quantity :i*1 :5 add$ to a preexi/+ numb] or quantity1 produces complet5ess2 z e4g4 ! complem5t ( an angle1 i4e4 ! angle by :i* x falls %ort ( be+ a complete "r angle4 ,9 o!r words1 x is ei!r ! :ole or ! "p4 ,z a !ological t]m1 corresponds to ! fir/ ( ^! two s5ses2 & ) ?is mean+ alone ! ^w #8complem5t' w be us$ 9 ! foll[+ diss]tation4 ,sid5ote3 ,its uses 9 ,classical writ]s4 ,?is inde$ is ! prim>y s5se to :i* its commone/ usages 9 classical ,greek c be mo/ conv5i5tly ref]r$4 ,?us x signifies 7#a7 ,sid5ote3 7#a7 #8,a %ip's crew4' #8,a %ip's crew'3 e4g4 ,x54 ,hell4 i4 #f4 #af 77 4 ,9 ?is s5se1 :i* is v frequ5t1 x is g5]ally expla9$ z hav+ an active =ce1 #8t :i* fills ! %ips'2 & ?is v obvi\s explanation is recomm5d$ by ! fact t is a recogniz$ expression = #8mann+ a %ip'1 e4g4 ,x54 ,hell4 i4 #f4 #bd4 ,b is us$ n only ( ! crew :i* mans a %ip1 b also ( ! %ip :i* is mann$ ) a crew2 e4g4 ,polyb4 i4 #di4 #d1 #e 444 1 ,lucian ,v]4 ,hi/4 ii4 #cg1 #ch1 444 2 & x is difficult to see h[ ! ^w c\ld be transf]r$ f ! crew to ! %ip z a :ole1 if ! common explanation 7 correct4 ,fritzs*e 7,rom4 ,,ii4 p4 #dfi sq471 to :om ,i am *iefly indebt$ = ! passages quot$ 9 ?is p>agraph1 has boldly giv5 ! ^w two directly opposite s5ses 9 ! two cases1 expla9+ x 9 ! "o #8ea quibus naves compl5tur1 h4 e4 vel socii navales vel milites classi>ii vel utrique'1 & 9 ! o!r #8id quod completur1 v4 c4 navigium'2 b ?is sev]ance ( mean+ c h>dly be ma9ta9$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we suppose t ! crew is s call$ z #8! complem5t1' 7i4e4 #8n t :i* fills ! %ip1' b #8t :i* is itself full or complete 9 respect ( ! %ip'71 we pres]ve ! passive s5se ( ! ^w1 :ile at ! same "t ! transf]5ce to ! fully equipp$ & mann$ vessel itself becomes natural4 ,9 ?is s5se #8a complem5t' we h ! ^w us$ aga9 ( an army1 ,sid5ote3 7#b7 #8,population4',ari/id4 ,or4 ,i4 p4 #cha 4 7#b7 ,x sometimes signifies #8! population ( a city'1 ,ari/4 ,pol4 iii4 #ac 7p4 #abhd7 7comp4 iv4 #d1 p4 #abia74 ,cle>ly ! same idea ( complet5ess und]lies ?is mean+ ( ! ^w1 s t "h aga9 x signifies #8! complem5t'3 comp4 ,dion4 ,hal4 ,a4 ,r4 vi4 #ea ' 4441 ,eur4 ,ion #ffc ' #8! :ole body ( 8 fri5ds'4 ,sid5ote3 7#c7 #8,total am\nt4'7#c7 #8,! entire sum'1 ,ari/4 ,vesp4 #ffj ' 1 #8,f ^! s\rces a total ( ne>ly two ?\s& tal5ts accrues to u'4 ,sid5ote3 7#d7 #8,entire t]m4'7#d7 #8,! full t]m'1 ,h]od4 iii4 #bb ' 4 ,sid5ote3 7#e7 #8,fulfilm5t4'7#e7 #8,! p]fect atta9m5t'1 #8! full accompli%m5t'1 e4g4 ,philo de ,abr4 #df 7,,ii4 p4 #ci7 4 ,9 %ort ! fundam5tal mean+ ( ! ^w g5]ally1 ?\gh p]haps n univ]sally1 is nei!r #8! fill+ mat]ial'1 nor #8! vessel fill$'2 b #8t :i* is complete 9 itself'1 or 9 o!r words #8pl5itude1 fulness1 totality1 abundance'4 ,sid5ote3 ,use ( 9 ! ,gospels4 ,matt4 ix4 #af4 ,9 ! ,gospels ! uses ( ! ^w pres5t "s difficulty4 7#a7 ,9 ,matt4 ix4 #af 1 x ref]s to ! :i* has gone be=e2 b ne$ n !re=e be equival5t to s z to mean ! pat* itself1 z is (t5 assum$4 ,! foll[+ pron\n is mo/ naturally ref]r$ to 2 & if s describes #8! complet5ess'1 :i* results f ! pat*4 ,! /atem5t is ?us ?r[n into ! =m ( a direct p>adox1 ! v complet5ess mak+ ! g>m5t m imp]fect ?an be=e4 ,sid5ote3 ,m>k ii4 #ba4;,9 ! p>allel passage ,m>k ii4 #ba ! v>iations are num]\s1 b ! "r read+ seems c]ta9ly to be ' 1 444 ,! receiv$ text omits ! preposition be=e 1 b a glance at ! au?orities is conv9c+ 9 fav\r ( its ins]tion4 ,9 ?is case ! con/ruction w be 7nom47 ' 7i4e4 1 :i* has be5 m5tion$ imm$iately be=e71 7 72 #8,! complet5ess takes away f ! g>m5t1 ! new complet5ess ( ! old g>m5t'1 :]e ! p>adox is put /ill m emphatically4 ,sid5ote3 ,m>k vi4 #dc4 7#b7 ,9 ,m>k vi4 #dc ! "r read+ is 1 i4e4 #8full' or #8complete measures'1 :]e ! apposition to obviates ! temptation to expla9 z #8ea qu impl5t'4 ,sid5ote3 ,m>k viii4 #bj4,on ! o!r h& 9 ,m>k viii4 #bj 2 ?is w\ld be ! prima facie explanation2 comp4 ,eccles4 iv4 #f 4 ,b x is objectionable to give an active s5se to "u any circum/ances2 & if 9 su* passages ! pat* itself is meant1 x mu/ /ill be s call$1 n because x fills ! hole1 b because x is itself fulness or full measure z reg>ds ! defect :i* ne$s supply+4 ,sid5ote3 ,usage 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les4 ,f ! ,gospels we pass to ! ,epi/les ( ,/ ,paul1 ^: usage be>s m directly on our subject4 ,& "h ! evid5ce seems all to t5d 9 ! same direction4 ,sid5ote3 #a ,cor4 x4 #bf47a7 ,9 #a ,cor4 x4 #bf x occurs 9 a quotation f ,ps4 xxiv 7xxiii74 #a4 ,! expressions 1 1 occur sev]al times 9 ! ,,lxx 7e4g4 ,ps4 xcvi 7xcv74 #aa1 ,j]4 viii4 #af71 :]e is a translation ( 1 a ^w d5ot+ prim>ily #8fulness'1 b hav+ 9 its second>y uses a consid]able latitude ( mean+ rang+ betwe5 #8cont5ts' & #8abundance'4 ,?is la/ s5se seems to pr$om9ate 9 its ,greek r5d]+ 1 & inde$ ! o!r is exclud$ altoge!r 9 "s passages1 e4g4 ,cant4 v4 #ac 4 ,sid5ote3 ,rom4 xiii4 #aj47b7 ,9 ,rom4 xiii4 #aj 1 ! be/ comm5t on ! mean+ ( ! ^w is ! context1 v]4 #h 1 s t "h means ! #8complet5ess' & s #8fulfilm5t1 accompli%m5t'3 see ! note on ,gal4 v4 #ad4 ,sid5ote3 ,rom4 xv4 #bi47c7 ,9 ,rom4 xv4 #bi 1 x pla9ly has ! s5se ( #8fulness1 abundance'4 ,sid5ote3 ,gal4 iv4 #d47d7 ,9 ,gal4 iv4 #d & ,sid5ote3 ,eph4 i4 #aj4;,ephes4 i4 #aj 1 its =ce is illu/rat$ by su* passages z ,m>k i4 #ae 4441 ,luke xxi4 #bd 7comp4 ,acts ii4 #a1 vii4 #bc1 #cj1 ix4 #bc1 xxiv4 #bg71 s t ! expressions w mean #8! full measure ( ! "t1 ! full tale ( ! seasons'4 ,sid5ote3 ,rom4 xi4 #be47e7 ,9 ,rom4 xi4 #be 1 x seems to mean #8! full numb]'1 #8! :ole body'1 7:e!r ! :ole absolutely1 or ! :ole relatively to ,god's purpose71 ( :om only a "p _h hi!rto be5 ga!r$ into ! ,*ur*4 ,sid5ote3 ,rom4 xi4 #ab47f7 ,9 an e>li] passage 9 ?is *apt] ! same expression occurs ( ! ,jews1 xi4 #ab 1 4 ,"h ! anti!sis betwe5 & 1 #8failure' & #8fulness'1 is n suffici5tly direct to fix ! s5se ( 2 & 79 ! abs5ce ( any?+ to guide u 9 ! context7 we may fairly assume t x is us$ 9 ! same s5se ( ! ,jews "h1 z ( ! ,g5tiles 9 v]4 #be4 ,sid5ote3 ,g5]al result4 ,?us1 :atev] hesitation may be felt ab\t ! exact =ce ( ! ^w z x occurs 9 ! ,gospels1 yet sub/antially "o mean+ runs ?r\gh all ! passages hi!rto quot$ f ,/ ,paul4 ,9 ^! has its prop] passive =ce1 z a d]ivative f #8to make complete'4 ,x is #8! full complem5t1 ! entire measure1 ! pl5itude1 ! fulness'4 ,!re is !re=e a presumption 9 fav\r ( ?is mean+ 9 o!r passages :]e x occurs 9 ?is ,apo/le's writ+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,!ological passages 9 ,we n[ come to ^? !ological passages 9 ! ,epi/les to ! ,colossians & ,ephesians & 9 ! ,gospel ( ,/ ,john1 = ! sake ( :i* ?is inve/igation has be5 und]tak54 ,!y are z foll[s2 ,sid5ote3 ,colossians & ,ephesians4 ,col4 i4 #ai 4 ,col4 ii4 #i 1 4 ,ephes4 i4 #bc 1 1 4 ,ephes4 iii4 #ai 4 ,ephes4 iv4 #ac 1 4 ,sid5ote3 ,/4 ,john4 ,john i4 #ad1 #af 7 1 7 444 4 ,sid5ote3 ,ignatius4 ,to ^! %\ld be add$ two passages f ! ,ignatian ,epi/les#edb1 :i* z belong+ to ! conf9es ( ! ,apo/olic age af=d valuable illu/ration ( ! ,apo/olic language4 ,ephes4 inscr4 1 1 #edc 444 444 ,trall4 inscr4 1 444 444 7 1 4 ,footnote #edb3 ,! fir/ ( ! two passages is conta9$ 9 ! %ort ,syriac rec5sion ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les1 ?\gh loosely translat$2 ! o!r is want+ !re4 ,i ne$ n /op to enquire :e!r ! second 0 writt5 by ,/ ,ignatius himself or by an int]polator4 ,! int]polat$ epi/les1 if !y be int]polat$1 c h>dly be lat] ?an ! middle ( ! second c5tury & are !re=e e>ly en\gh to af=d valuable illu/rations ( ! ,apo/les' language4 ,footnote #edc3 ,! common texts read 1 b !re c be little d\bt 7f a comp>ison ( ! au?orities7 t %\ld be /ruck out4 ,! pres5t ,syriac text has et p]fect = 2 b !re is no reason = suppos+ t ! ,syriac translator _h ano!r read+ be=e him4 ,a slight *ange 9 ! ,syriac1 = 1 w\ld br+ ?is ,v]sion into entire accordance ) ! ,greek2 & ! confusion 0 ! m easy1 because ! latt] ^w occurs 9 ! imm$iate context4 ,or ! translator may h indulg$ 9 a p>aphrase accord+ to 8 wont2 j z 9 ! long] ,lat9 ,v]sion "h is translat$ replet4 ,sid5ote3 ,! t]m has a recognis$ value ,x w be evid5t1 ,i ?9k1 f ! passages 9 ,/ ,paul1 t ! ^w #8fulness1 pl5itude'1 mu/ h _h a m or less def9ite !ological value :5 he wrote4 ,?is inf]5ce1 :i* is sugge/$ by ! frequ5cy ( ! ^w1 seems almo/ inevitable :5 we consid] ! =m ( ! expression 9 ! fir/ passage quot$1 ,col4 i4 #ai4 ,! absolute use ( ! ^w1 #8all ! fulness'1 w\ld o!rwise be un9telligible1 = x does n expla9 itself4 ,9 my notes ,i h tak5 to be ! nom9ative to 1 b if ! subject ( ! v]b 7 1 z "s suppose1 ! inf]5ce w\ld be /ill m necess>y4 ,! ^w h[ev]1 reg>d$ z a !ological t]m1 does n appe> to h be5 adopt$1 l s _m o!r expressions 9 ! ,apo/olic writ]s#edd1 f ! nom5clature ( ,alex&rian ,judaism4 ,sid5ote3 d]iv$ f ,pale/9e & n ,alex&ria4,at lea/ no in/ance ( its occurr5ce 9 ?is s5se is produc$ f ,philo4 ,we may !re=e conjecture t x _h a ,pale/9ian orig91 & t ! ,ess5e ,judaiz]s ( ,coloss1 :om ,/ ,paul is confront+1 d]iv$ x f ?is s\rce4 ,9 ?is case x w\ld repres5t ! ,hebrew 1 ( :i* x is a translation 9 ! ,,lxx1 & ! ,aramaic or "s o!r d]ivative ( ! same root1 su* be+ its common r5d]+ 9 ! ,pe%ito4 ,footnote #edd3 ,see ! notes on ,col4 i4 #ae sq4 ,sid5ote3 ,x d5otes ! totality ( ! ,div9e p[]s1 etc4 9 ! ,colossian lett]4 ,! s5se 9 :i* ,/ ,paul employs ?is t]m 0 d\btless ! s5se :i* he f\nd already atta*$ to x4 ,he means1 z he explicitly /ates 9 ! second ,*ri/ological passage ( ! ,colossian ,epi/le 7ii4 #i71 ! pl]oma1 ! pl5itude ( #8! ,godhead' or #8( ,deity'4 ,9 ! fir/ passage 7i4 #ai71 ?\gh ! ^w /&s )\t ! addition 1 ! signification requir$ by ! context is ! same4 ,! true doctr9e ( ! "o ,*ri/1 :o is ! absolute m$iator 9 ! creation & gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 is oppos$ to ! false doctr9e ( a plurality ( m$iators1 #8?rones1 dom9ions1 pr9cipalities1 p[]s'4 ,an absolute & unique position is claim$ = ,him1 because 9 ,him resides #8all ! pl]oma'1 i4e4 ! full complem5t1 ! aggregate ( ! ,div9e attributes1 virtues1 en]gies4 ,?is is ano!r way ( express+ ! fact t ,he is ! ,logos1 = ! ,logos is ! syn!sis ( all ! v>i\s 1 9 & by :i* ,god manife/s ,himself :e!r 9 ! k+dom ( nature or 9 ! k+dom ( grace4 ,sid5ote3 ,analogy to its usage else:]e3 e4g4 ,?is application is 9 entire h>mony ) ! fundam5tal mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,! t]m has be5 transf]r$ to ! region ( !ology1 b 9 itself x conveys exactly ! same idea z be=e4 ,x implies t all ! sev]al elem5ts :i* are requir$ to realise ! conception specifi$ are pres5t1 & t ea* appe>s 9 its full proportions4 ,sid5ote3 9 ,philo ( ! family,?us ,philo1 describ+ ! ideal /ate ( prosp]ity :i* w result f absolute ob$i5ce to ,god's law1 m5tions among o!r bless+s ! p]fect developm5t ( ! family3 #8,m5 %all be fa!rs & fa!rs too ( goodly sons1 & wom5 %all be mo!rs ( goodly *ildr51 s t ea* h\sehold %all be ! pl]oma ( a num]\s k9dr$1 :]e no "p or "n is want+ ( all ^? :i* are us$ to designate relations1 :e!r 9 ! asc5d+ l9e1 z p>5ts1 uncles1 gr&fa!rs1 or aga9 9 ! desc5d+ l9e 9 l mann]1 z bro!rs1 nephews1 sons' sons1 daught]s' sons1 c\s9s1 c\s9s' sons1 k9sm5 ( all degrees#ede4' ,sid5ote3 & 9 ,ari/otle1 ( ! /ate4,s aga9 ,ari/otle1 criticiz+ ! ,republic ( ,plato1 writes2 #8,socrates says t a city 7or /ate7 is compos$ ( f\r classes1 z its indisp5sable elem5ts 7 73 by ^! he means ! weav]1 ! husb&man1 ! %oemak]1 & ! build]2 & aga91 because ^! are n suffici5t by !mselves1 he adds ! smi? & p]sons to look aft] ! necess>y cattle1 & besides !m ! m]*ant & ! retail deal]3 ^! toge!r make up ! pl]oma ( a city 9 its simple/ =m 7 72 ?us he assumes t a city is =m$ to supply ! b>e necessities ( life 7 7 etc4'#edf4 ,f ^! passages x w be se5 t ! adequacy impli$ by ! ^w1 z s us$1 consi/s n less 9 ! v>iety ( ! elem5ts ?an 9 ! fulness ( ! entire quantity or numb]4 ,footnote #ede3 de ,prm4 et ,pn4 #ah 7,,ii4 p4 #dbe74 ,! important words are 1 444 ,! con/ruction ( ! subsequ5t "p ( ! s5t5ce is obscure2 & = we %\ld probably read 4 ,footnote #edf3 ,ari/4 ,pol4 iv4 #d 7p4 #abia74 ,sid5ote3 ,transition f ,colossians to ,ephesians4 ,s f> ! explanation seems cle>4 ,b :5 we turn f ! ,colossian lett] to ! ,ephesian1 x is necess>y to be> 9 m9d ! diff]5t aims ( ! two epi/les4 ,:ile 9 ! =m] ! ,apo/le's ma9 object is to ass]t ! supremacy ( ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/1 9 ! latt] 8 pr9cipal !me is ! life & en]gy ( ! ,*ur*1 z dep5d5t on ,*ri/#edg4 ,s ! pl]oma resid+ 9 ,*ri/ is view$ f a diff]5t aspect1 no long] 9 relation to ,god1 s mu* z 9 relation to ! ,*ur*4 ,sid5ote3 ,correspond+ application ( to ! ,*ur*4,x is t pl5itude ( ,div9e graces & virtues :i* is communicat$ ?r\gh ,*ri/ to ! ,*ur* z ,8 body4 ,! ,*ur*1 z ideally reg>d$1 ! bride #8)\t spot or wr9kle or any su* ?+'1 becomes 9 a mann] id5tifi$ ) ,him#edh4 ,all ! ,div9e graces :i* reside 9 ,him are imp>t$ to h]2 ,8 #8fulness' is communicat$ to h]3 & ?us %e may be said to be ,8 pl]oma 7i4 #bc74 ,?is is ! ideal ,*ur*4 ,! actual militant ,*ur* mu/ be ev] advanc+1 ev] /ruggl+ t[>ds ! atta9m5t ( ?is ideal4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le describes ! end ( all (fices & adm9i/rations 9 ! ,*ur* to be t ! collective body may atta9 its full & mature gr[?1 or 79 o!r words7 may gr[ up to ! complete /ature ( ,*ri/'s fulness#edi4 ,b ,*ri/'s fulness is ,god's fulness4 ,h5ce 9 ano!r passage he prays t ! bre?r5 may by ! indwell+ ( ,*ri/ be fulfill$ till !y atta9 to ! pl]oma ( ,god 7iii4 #ai74 ,x is ano!r way ( express+ ! cont9u\s aspiration & ef=t aft] hol9ess :i* is enjo9$ 9 our ,"l's precept1 #8,ye %all be p]fect z y\r heav5ly ,fa!r is p]fect'#eej4 ,footnote #edg3 ,see ! notes on ,col4 ii4 #ai 7p4 #bff74 ,footnote #edh3 ,ephes4 v4 #bg sq4 ,footnote #edi3 ,! ,apo/le 9 ?is passage 7,ephes4 iv4 #ac7 is evid5tly contemplat+ ! collective body1 & n ! individual believ]s4 ,he writes 1 n 1 & 1 n 4 ,z he has said be=e 1 s n[ he describes ! result ( ^! v>i\s p>tial graces be/[$ on individuals to be ! unity & mature gr[? ( ! :ole1 #8! build+ up ( ! body'1 444 1 4 ,?is corporate be+ mu/ gr[ up into ! "o colossal ,man1 ! /&>d ( ^: spiritual & moral /ature is no?+ less ?an ! pl]oma ( ,*ri/ ,himself4 ,footnote #eej3 ,matt4 v4 #dh4 ,sid5ote3 ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john4 ,! ,gospel ( ,/ ,john1 writt5 9 ! fir/ in/ance = ! same ,*ur*es to :i* ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians 0 s5t1 has num]\s & /rik+ po9ts ( resemblance ) ,/ ,paul's lett]4 ,?is is ! case "h4 ,z ,/ ,paul tells ! ,ephesians t ! ideal ,*ur* is ! pl]oma ( ,*ri/ & t ! militant ,*ur* mu/ /rive to become ! pl]oma ( ,*ri/1 s ,/ ,john 7i4 #ad sq47 aft] describ+ our ,"l z 1 i4e4 ! unique & absolute repres5tative ( ! ,fa!r1 & z su* #8full 77 ( grace & ( tru?'1 says t !y1 ! disciples1 _h #8receiv$ out ( ,8 pl]oma' ev] fre% accessions ( grace4 ,ea* individual believ] 9 8 degree receives a fraction ( t pl]oma :i* is communicat$ :ole to ! ideal ,*ur*4 ,sid5ote3 ,ignatian lett]s4 ,! use ( ! ^w is n v diff]5t 9 ! ,ignatian lett]s4 ,/ ,ignatius greets ?is same ,ephesian ,*ur*1 to :i* ,/ ,paul & ,/ ,john successively "h address$ ! language already quot$1 z #8bless$ 9 greatness by ! pl]oma ( ,god ! ,fa!r1' i4e4 by graces imp>t$ f ! pl]oma4 ,to ! ,trallians aga9 he s5ds a greet+ #89 ! pl]oma'1 :]e ! ^w d5otes ! sph]e ( ,div9e gifts & op]ations1 s t is almo/ equival5t to or 4 ,sid5ote3 ,gno/ic sects4 ,:5 we turn f ,ca?olic ,*ri/ianity to ! ,gno/ic sects we f9d ?is t]m us$1 ?\gh 7) "o important exception7 n 9 great frequ5cy4 ,probably h[ev]1 if ! writ+s ( ! e>li] ,gno/ics _h be5 pres]v$1 we %\ld h f\nd t x occupi$ a m important place ?an at pres5t appe>s4 ,"o class ( e>ly ,gno/ics sep>at$ ! spiritual be+ ,*ri/ f ! man ,jesus2 !y suppos$ t ! ,*ri/ ent]$ ,jesus at ! "t ( ,8 baptism & left him at ! mom5t ( ,8 crucifixion4 ,?us ! ,*ri/ 0 nei!r born z a man nor suff]$ z a man4 ,9 ?is way !y obviat$ ! difficulty1 insup]able to ! ,gno/ic m9d1 ( conceiv+ ! connexion betwe5 ! highe/ spiritual ag5cy & gross corporeal matt] :i* 0 involv$ 9 ! ,ca?olic doctr9e ( ! ,inc>nation & ,passion1 & :i* ,gno/ics ( ano!r type m effectually set aside by ! !ory ( docetism1 i4e4 by assum+ t ! human body ( our ,"l 0 only a phantom body & n real fle% & blood4 ,ir5u repres5ts ! =m] class z tea*+ t #8,jesus 0 ! receptacle ( ! ,*ri/'1 & t ! ,*ri/ #8desc5d$ ^u him f heav5 9 ! =m ( a dove & aft] ,he _h decl>$ 7to mank9d7 ! nameless ,fa!r1 ent]$ 7aga97 into ! pl]oma imp]ceptibly & invisibly'#eea4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,c]9?ians4,"h no names are giv54 ,b 9 ano!r passage he ascribes precisely ! same doctr9e1 )\t h[ev] nam+ ! pl]oma1 to ,c]9?us#eeb4 ,& 9 a ?ird passage1 :i* l9ks toge!r ! o!r two1 ?is same fa!r1 aft] m5tion+ ?is h]esi>*1 aga9 alludes to ! doctr9e :i* ma9ta9$ t ! ,*ri/1 hav+ desc5d$ on ,jesus at 8 baptism1 #8flew back aga9 into ,8 own pl]oma'#eec4 ,9 ?is la/ passage inde$ ! op9ions ( ,c]9?us are m5tion$ 9 connexion ) ^? ( o!r ,gno/ics1 m especially ! ,val5t9ians1 s t we _c ) any c]ta9ty attribute ?is expression to ,c]9?us himself4 ,b 9 ! fir/ passage ! unnam$ h]etics :o ma9ta9$ ?is return ( ! ,*ri/ #8into ! pl]oma' are expressly di/+ui%$ f ! ,val5t9ians2 & presumably !re=e ! allusion is to ! ,c]9?ians1 to :om ! doctr9e1 ?\gh n ! expression1 is ascrib$ 9 ! second passage4 ,sid5ote3 ,connexion ( ?is use ) ,/ ,paul & ) ! ,colossian h]etics4,?us !re seems to be suffici5t reason = attribut+ ! use ( ! t]m to ,c]9?us#eed4 ,?is inde$ is probable on o!r gr\nds4 ,! t]m pl]oma1 we may presume1 0 common to ,/ ,paul & ! ,colossian h]etics :om he controv]ts4 ,to bo? alike x convey$ ! same idea1 ! totality ( ! div9e p[]s or attributes or ag5cies or manife/ations4 ,b aft] ?is ! div]g5ce beg9s4 ,!y ma9ta9$ t a s+le div9e p[]1 a fraction ( ! pl]oma1 resid$ 9 our ,"l3 ! ,apo/le urges on ! contr>y1 t ! :ole pl]oma has its abode 9 ,him#eee4 ,! doctr9e ( ,c]9?us 0 a developm5t ( ! ,colossian h]esy1 z ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ above#eef4 ,he w\ld !re=e inh]it ! t]m pl]oma f x4 ,sid5ote3 ,! pl]oma localiz$4,at ! same "t he seems to h giv5 a poetical col\r+ to 8 doctr9e1 & s do+ to h treat$ ! pl]oma z a locality1 a high] spiritual region1 f :i* ?is div9e p[]1 typifi$ by ! dove-l =m1 issu$ =? z on w+s1 & to :i*1 tak+ flight aga91 x reasc5d$ be=e ! ,passion4 ,if s1 8 language w\ld prep>e ! way = ! /ill m elaborate poetic imag]y ( ! ,val5t9ians1 9 :i* ! pl]oma1 conceiv$ z a locality1 a region1 an abode ( ! div9e p[]s1 is conspicu\s4 ,footnote #eea3 iii4 #af4 #a #8,quoniam autem sunt qui dicunt ,iesum quidem receptaculum ,*ri/i fuisse1 9 quem desup] quasi columbam desc5disse1 et quum indicasset innom9abilem ,patrem1 incompreh5sibilit] et invisibilit] intrasse 9 pl]oma'4 ,footnote #eeb3 i4 #bf4 #a #8po/ baptismum desc5disse 9 eum ab ea pr9cipalitate1 qu e/ sup] omnia1 ,*ri/um figura columb2 et tunc annuntiasse incognitum ,patrem et virtutes p]fecisse3 9 f9e autem revolasse it]um ,*ri/um de ,iesu et ,iesum passum esse et resurrexisse1 etc4' ,footnote #eec3 iii4 #aa4 #a #8it]um revolasse 9 suum pl]oma'4 ,?is expression is ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! o!r two passages4 ,?is ?ird passage is quot$ m at l5g?1 above1 p4 #aab3 b ,i ought to h /at$ !re t illi is ref]r$ by sev]al critics to ! ,val5t9ians1 & t c]ta9ly "s *>act]i/ic errors ( ! ,val5t9ian tea*+ are specifi$ imm$iately aft]4 ,! probable explanation seems to be t illi is int5d$ to include ! ,gno/ics g5]ally1 & t ,ir5u m5tions 9 illu/ration ! pr9cipal errors ( ,gno/ic tea*+1 irrespective ( ! s*ools to :i* !y belong4 ,he goes on to say t ,/ ,john 9 8 ,gospel desir$ to exclude #8omnia talia'4 ,footnote #eed3 ,i h n be5 able h[ev] to v]ify ! /atem5t 9 ,h>vey's ,ir5u ,i4 p4 lxxiii t #8,! ,val5t9ian notion ( a spiritual m>riage betwe5 ! s\ls ( ! elect & ! angels ( ! ,pl]oma orig9at$ ) ,c]9?us'4 ,footnote #eee3 ,see p4 #aja sq41 & ! notes on i4 #ai4 ,footnote #eef3 p4 #ajg sq4 ,sid5ote3 ,! t]m avoid$ by ,basilides1 ,! attitude ( lat] ,gno/ics t[>ds ?is t]m is widely div]g5t4 ,! ^w is n1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 once m5tion$ 9 connexion ) ! sy/em ( ,basilides4 ,inde$ ! nom5clature ( ?is h]esi>* belongs to a :olly diff]5t type2 &1 z he altoge!r repudiat$ ! doctr9e ( emanations#eeg1 x is n probable t he w\ld h any fondness = a t]m :i* 0 almo/ inextricably entangl$ ) ?is doctr9e4 ,footnote #eeg3 ,hippol4 ,r4 ,h4 vii4 #bb 4 ,basilides ask$ :y ! absolute ,fir/ ,cause %\ld be lik5$ to a spid] sp9n+ ?reads f itself1 or a smi? or c>p5t] work+ up 8 mat]ials4 ,! lat] ,basilideans1 app>5tly influ5c$ by ,val5t9ianism1 sup]add$ to ! tea*+ ( _! f\nd] 9 ?is respect2 b ! /rong language quot$ by ,hippolytus leaves no d\bt ab\t ! m9d ( ,basilides himself4 ,sid5ote3 b prom95t 9 ,val5t9ianism4 ,on ! o!r h& ) ,val5t9us & ! ,val5t9ians ! doctr9e ( ! pl]oma 0 ! v key-/one ( _! sy/em2 &1 s9ce at fir/ sight x is some:at difficult to connect _! use ( ! t]m ) ,/ ,paul's1 a few words on ?is subject may n be out ( place4 ,sid5ote3 ,poetic tea*+ ( ,val5t9us4 ,val5t9us !n dress$ 8 sy/em 9 a poetic imag]y n unlike ! my?s ( 8 ma/] ,plato4 ,b a my? or /ory involves action1 & action requires a sc5e ( action4 ,h5ce ! my/]ies ( !ology & cosmogony & r$emption call = a topographical repres5tation1 & ! pl]oma appe>s n z an ab/ract idea1 b z a locality4 ,sid5ote3 ,topographical conception ( ! pl]oma4 ,! ,val5t9ian sy/em accord+ly maps out ! univ]se ( ?+s into two great regions1 call$ respectively ! pl]oma & ! k5oma1 ! #8fulness' & ! #8void'4 ,f a ,*ri/ian po9t ( view ^! may be describ$ z ! k+doms ( light & ( d>kness respectively4 ,sid5ote3 ,anti!sis ( pl]oma & k5oma4,f ! side ( ,platonism1 !y are ! regions ( real & ( ph5om5al exi/5ces--! _w ( et]nal ar*etypes or ideas1 & ! _w ( mat]ial & s5sible ?+s4 ,! id5tification ( ^! two anti!ses 0 r5d]$ easy = ! ,gno/ic2 because ) him k 0 "o ) morality & ) salvation1 & because also matt] 0 absolutely b\nd up ) evil4 ,x is difficult to say :e!r ! ,platonism or ! ,*ri/ianity pr$om9ates 9 ! ,val5t9ian !ology2 b ! =m] at all ev5ts is especially prom95t 9 _! conception ( ! relations betwe5 ! pl]oma & ! k5oma4 ,sid5ote3 ,pl]oma ! abode ( ! ons4 ,! pl]oma is ! abode ( ! ons1 :o are ?irty 9 numb]4 ,^! ons are successive emanations1 ( :i* ! fir/ pair sprang imm$iately f ! preexi/5t ,by?us or ,dep?4 ,?is ,by?us is deity 9 itself1 ! absolute fir/ pr9ciple1 z ! "n sugge/s2 ! pr(\nd1 unfa?omable1 limitless1 ( :om or ( :i* no?+ c be pr$icat$ & no?+ kn[n4 ,"h aga9 we h some?+ l a local repres5tation4 ,! ons or emanations are pla9ly ! attributes & en]gies ( deity2 !y are1 or !y comprise1 ! et]nal ideas or ar*etypes ( ! ,platonic philosophy4 ,9 %ort !y are deity relative1 deity "u self-impos$ limitations1 deity d]iv$ & divid$ up1 z x 71 s z at l5g? to be conceivable4 ,sid5ote3 ,diff]5t =ms ( ,val5t9ianism4 ,! topographical relation ( ,by?us to ! d]iv$ ons 0 diff]5tly giv5 9 diff]5t developm5ts ( ! ,val5t9ian tea*+4 ,accord+ to "o repres5tation he 0 outside ! pl]oma2 o!rs plac$ 8 abode )9 x1 b ev5 9 ?is case he 0 sep>at$ f ! re/ by ,horus 771 a p]sonifi$ ,b\nd>y or ,f5ce1 :om none1 n ev5 ! ons !mselves1 c\ld pass#eeh4 ,! =m] mode ( repres5tation might be ?\ght to accord bett] ) ! imag]y1 at ! same "t t x is m accurate if reg>d$ z ! embodim5t ( a philosophical conception4 ,nev]!less ! latt] 0 ! fav\rite mode ( del9eation2 & x _h at lea/ ?is recomm5dation1 t x comb9$ 9 "o all t is real1 z oppos$ to all t is ph5om5al4 ,9 ?is pl]oma e exi/5ce :i* is supras5sual & !re=e true has its abode4 ,footnote #eeh3 ,= ! v>i\s modes 9 :i* ! relation ( ! absolute fir/ pr9ciple to ! pl]oma 0 repres5t$ 9 diff]5t ,val5t9ian s*ools1 see ,ir54 i4 #a4 #a1 i4 #b4 #d1 i4 #aa4 #a1 #c1 #e1 i4 #ab4 #a1 etc4 ,! ma9 di/9ction is t /at$ 9 ! text3 ! fir/ pr9ciple 0 repres5t$ 9 two ways2 ei!r 7i7 z a monad1 outside ! pl]oma2 or 7ii7 z a dyad1 a syzygy1 mo/ commonly "u ! designation ( & 1 includ$ )9 ! pl]oma b f5c$ (f f ! o!r ons4 ,! ,val5t9ian doctr9e z giv5 by ,hippolytus 7vi4 #bi sq47 repres5ts ! =m] type4 ,!re are good1 ?\gh p]haps n absolutely decisive1 reasons = suppos+ t ?is fa!r gives ! orig9al tea*+ ( ,val5t9us himself4 ,= 7#a7 ?is v doctr9e ( ! monad seems to po9t to an e>li] date4 ,x is ! l9k :i* connects ! sy/em ( ,val5t9us n only ) ,py?agoreanism to :i* 7z ,hippolytus po9ts out7 he 0 s l>gely indebt$1 b also ) ! tea*+ ( ! e>li] h]esi>* ,basilides1 ^: fir/ pr9ciple likewise 0 a monad1 ! absolute no?+1 ! non-exi/5t ,god4 ,! conception ( ! fir/ pr9ciple z a dyad seems to h be5 a lat]1 & n v happy1 modification ( ! doctr9e ( ! f\nd]1 be+ 9 fact an ext5sion ( ! pr9ciple ( syzygies :i* ,val5t9us ) a tru] philosophical conception _h re/rict$ to ! d]iv$ ess5ces4 7#b7 ,! exposition ( ,hippolytus ?r\gh\t exhibits a sy/em at once m consi/5t & m simple1 ?an ! luxuriant developm5ts ( ! lat] ,val5t9ians1 su* z ,ptolemu & ,m>cus4 7#c7 ,! sequ5ce ( 8 /atem5t po9ts to ! same conclusion4 ,he gives a consecutive acc\nt ( "s "o sy/em1 turn+ aside f "t to "t to notice ! v>iations ( diff]5t ,val5t9ian s*ools f ?is /&>d & aga9 resum+ ! ma9 ?read ( 8 exposition4 ,x seems mo/ natural !re=e t he %\ld h tak5 ! sy/em ( ! f\nd] z 8 basis4 ,on ! o!r h& ,ir5u 7i4 #aa4 #a7 /ates t ,val5t9us repres5t$ ! fir/ pr9ciple z a dyad 7 or 1 & 73 b !re is no evid5ce t he _h any direct or indirect k ( ! writ+s ( ,val5t9us himself1 & 8 in=mation 0 d]iv$ f ! lat] disciples ( ! s*ool1 m especially f ! ,ptolemans4 ,sid5ote3 ,k5oma1 ! region ( ph5om5a4 ,sep>at$ f ?is cele/ial region by ,horus1 ano!r ,horus or ,b\nd>y1 :i*1 or :o1 l ! =m] is impassable1 lies ! #8k5oma' or #8void'--! k+dom ( ?is _w1 ! region ( matt] & mat]ial ?+s1 ! l& ( %ad[ & d>kness#eei4 ,"h is ! empire ( ! ,demiurge or ,creator1 :o is n a cele/ial on at all1 b 0 born 9 ?is v void ov] :i* he reigns4 ,"h reside all ^? ph5om5al1 deceptive1 transitory ?+s1 ( :i* ! et]nal c\nt]p>ts are f\nd only 9 ! pl]oma4 ,footnote #eei3 ,ir54 i4 #d4 #a1 #b1 ii4 #c4 #a1 ii4 #d4 #a1 #c1 ii4 #e4 #a1 ii4 #h4 #a-c1 ii4 #ad4 #c1 iii4 #be4 #f1 #g1 etc4 ,sid5ote3 ,platonism ( ?is anti!sis4 ,x is 9 ?is anti!sis t ! ,platonism ( ! ,val5t9ian !ory rea*es its climax4 ,all ?+s are set (f "o aga9/ ano!r 9 ^! two regions#efj3 j z ,! swan on /ill ,/ ,m>y's lake ,floats d\ble1 swan & %ad[4 ,n only h ! ?irty ons _! t]re/rial c\nt]p>ts2 b _! subdivisions also are repres5t$ 9 ?is l[] region4 ,! k5oma too has its ogdoad1 its decad1 its dodecad1 l ! pl]oma#efa4 ,!re is "o ,sophia 9 ! supramundane region1 & ano!r 9 ! mundane2 !re is "o ,*ri/ :o r$eems ! ons 9 ! spiritual _w1 & a second ,*ri/ :o r$eems mank9d1 or r a portion ( mank9d1 9 ! s5sible _w4 ,!re is an on ,man & ano!r on ,ecclesia 9 ! cele/ial k+dom1 ! ideal c\nt]p>ts to ! ,human ,race & ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ( ! t]re/rial4 ,ev5 individual m5 & wom51 z we %all see pres5tly1 h _! ar*etypes 9 ?is high] sph]e ( intelligible be+4 ,footnote #efj3 ,ir54 i4 #f4 #c1 i4 #g4 #a sq41 ii4 #ad4 #c1 ii4 #ae4 #c sq41 ii4 #bj4 #e1 ii4 #cj4 #c1 etc4 ,footnote #efa3 ,ir54 i4 #e4 #b1 ii4 #ad4 #c2 comp4 ,hippol4 vi4 #cd4 ,sid5ote3 ,! localization ( ! pl]oma c>ri$ out 9 detail4 ,! topographical conception ( ! pl]oma moreov] is c>ri$ out 9 ! details ( ! imag]y4 ,! second ,sophia1 call$ also ,a*amo?1 is ! desire1 ! (fspr+1 ( h] eld] namesake1 sep>at$ f h] "m1 ca/ out ( ! pl]oma1 & left #8/r&$' 9 ! void beyond#efb1 be+ prev5t$ f return+ by ! inexorable ,horus :o gu>ds ! fronti] ( ! supramundane k+dom4 ,! second ,*ri/--a be+ comp\nd$ ( elem5ts contribut$ by all ! ons#efc--0 s5t d[n f ! pl]oma1 fir/ ( all at ! eve ( creation to infuse some?+ l ord] & to provide = a spiritual elem5t 9 ?is l[] _w2 & secondly1 :5 ,he unit$ ,himself ) ! man ,jesus = ! sake ( r$eem+ ^? :o 7 capable ( r$emption#efd4 ,at ! end ( all ?+s ,sophia ,a*amo?1 & ) h] ! spiritual portion ( mank9d1 %all be r$eem$ & receiv$ up into ! pl]oma1 :ile ! psy*ical portion w be left outside to =m ano!r k+dom "u ! dom9ion ( _! fa!r ! ,demiurge4 ,?is r$emption & asc5sion ( ,a*amo? 7by a p]v]sion ( a scriptural image7 0 repres5t$ z h] esp\sals ) ! ,savi\r1 ! second ,*ri/2 & ! pl]oma1 ! sc5e ( ?is happy union1 0 call$ ! bridal-*amb]#efe4 ,inde$ ! localization ( ! pl]oma is z complete z language c make x4 ,! con/ant repetition ( ! words #8)9' & #8)\t'1 #8above' & #8b5ea?'1 9 ! developm5t ( ?is philosophical & religi\s my? /ill fur!r impresses ?is local s5se on ! t]m#eff4 ,footnote #efb3 ,ir54 i4 #d4 #a 7 444 ,! ,greek ,,ms reads 1 b ! r5d]+ ( ! e>ly ,lat9 translation #89 umbr et8 vacuitatis locis' leaves no d\bt ab\t ! ^w 9 ! orig9al text4 ,t]tullian says ( ?is ,a*amo? 7adv4 ,val5t4 #ad7 #8explosa e/ 9 loca lum9is ali5a 444 9 vacuum atque inane illud ,epicuri'4 ,see note #efg4 ,footnote #efc3 ,ir54 i4 #b4 #f1 ,hippol4 vi4 #cb4 ,footnote #efd3 ,!y quot$1 z ref]r+ to ?is desc5t ( ! second ,*ri/ into ! k5oma1 ! words ( ,/ ,paul1 ,phil4 ii4 #g 2 ,clem4 ,alex4 ,exc4 ,!od4 #ce 7p4 #igh74 ,footnote #efe3 ,ir54 i4 #g4 #a 1 3 comp4 ,hippol4 vi4 #cd 4 ,footnote #eff3 ,?is language is s frequ5t t special ref]5ces are ne$less4 ,9 ,ir54 ii4 #e4 #c we h a /ill /rong] expression1 #89 v5tre pl]omatis'4 ,sid5ote3 ,! connexion ) ,/4 ,paul's use ( ! t]m obscur$1 ,9 ?is topographical repres5tation ! connexion ( mean+ 9 ! ^w pl]oma z employ$ by ,/ ,paul & by ,val5t9us respectively seems at fir/ sight to be entirely lo/4 ,:5 we read ( ! contra/ betwe5 ! pl]oma & ! k5oma1 ! fulness & ! void1 we are naturally rem9d$ ( ! pl5um & ! vacuum ( physical speculations4 ,! s5se ( pl]oma1 z express+ complet5ess & s d5ot+ ! aggregate or totality ( ! ,div9e p[]s1 seems altoge!r to h disappe>$4 ,sid5ote3 ow+ p>tly to ! false anti!sis ,b 9 fact ?is anti!sis ( 01 s f> z we c make out1 a m]e aft]-?\ght1 & appe>s to h be5 borr[$1 z ,ir5u /ates1 f ! physical !ories ( ,democritus & ,epicurus#efg4 ,x w\ld naturally sugge/ itself bo? because ! opposition ( & 0 obvi\s1 & because ! ^w mat]ially assi/$ ! imag]y z a description ( ! k+dom ( wa/e & %ad[4 ,b 9 itself x is a false anti!sis4 ,sid5ote3 borr[$ f physical philosoph]s2,! true anti!sis appe>s 9 ano!r1 & probably an e>li]1 t]m us$ to describe ! mundane k+dom4 ,9 ?is e>li] repres5tation1 :i* !re is good reason = ascrib+ to ,val5t9us himself1 x is call$ n #8! void'1 b #8! defici5cy1 incomplet5ess'#efh4 ,sid5ote3 b reappe>s 9 _! common phraseology4,moreov] ! common phraseology ( ! ,val5t9ian s*ools %[s t ! idea sugge/$ by ?is opposition to 0 n ! orig9al idea ( ! t]m4 ,!y speak ( 1 1 #8! :ole aggregate ( ! ons'#efi4 ,& ?is 7mak+ all[ance = ! p]sonification ( ! ons7 corresponds exactly to its use 9 ,/ ,paul4 ,footnote #efg3 ,ir54 ii4 #ad4 #c #8,umbram autem et vacuum ipsorum a ,democrito et ,epicuro sum5tes sibimetipsis aptav]unt1 quum illi primum multum s]monem fec]9t de vacuo et de atomis'4 ,footnote #efh3 ,hippol4 vi4 #ca 7i4e4 z /&+ betwe5 ! & 7 1 1 4 ,ir5u repres5ts ! ,m>cosians z designat+ ! ,demiurge i4 #ag4 #b1 i4 #ai4 #a1 ii4 prf4 #a1 ii4 #a4 #a 7comp4 i4 #ad4 #a74 ,?is 0 p]haps int5d$ orig9ally z an anti!sis to ! "n ( ! ,*ri/1 :o 0 4 ,! ,m>cosians h[ev] app>5tly meant ,sophia ,a*amo? by ?is 4 ,?is transf]5ce f ! :ole to ! "p w\ld be 9 /rict accordance ) _! t]m9ology3 = z !y call$ ! supramundane ons 7,ir54 i4 #ad4 #b1 #e2 quot$ 9 ,hippol4 vi4 #dc1 #df71 s also by analogy !y might designate ! mundane ,p[]s 7comp4 ,ir54 i4 #af4 #c74 ,! t]m1 z x occurs 9 ! docum5t us$ by ,hippolytus1 pla9ly d5otes ! :ole mundane region4 ,hippolytus does n use ! ^w 1 ?\gh s common 9 ,ir5u4 ,?is fact seems to po9t to ! e>li] date ( ! ,val5t9ian docum5t :i* he uses1 & s to be> out ! result arriv$ at 9 a previ\s note 7p4 #ccb7 t we h "h a "w ( ,val5t9us himself4 ,! ^w appe>s also 9 ,exc4 ,!od4 #bb 7p4 #igd74 ,footnote #efi3 e4g4 ,hippol4 vi4 #cd1 ,ir54 i4 #b4 #f4 ,see especially ,ir54 ii4 #g4 #c #8,quoniam enim pl]oma ipsorum trig9ta ,aeones sunt1 ipsi te/antur'4 ,sid5ote3 ,! orig9al mean+ %[n by o!r uses4 ,aga9 ! tea*+ ( ! ,val5t9ian s*ools supplies o!r uses :i* s]ve to illu/rate its mean+4 ,n only does ! supramundane k+dom z a :ole be> ?is "n1 b ea* sep>ate on1 ( :i* t k+dom is ! aggregation1 is likewise call$ a pl]oma#egj4 ,?is designation is giv5 to an on1 because x is ! fulness1 ! p]fection1 ( :i* its mundane c\nt]p>t is only a %ad[y & defective copy4 ,nor does ! n>r[+ ( ! t]m /op "h4 ,!re likewise dwells 9 ?is high] region a pl]oma1 or et]nal ar*etype1 n only ( e compreh5sive mundane p[]1 b ( ea* individual man2 & to w$ himself ) ?is heav5ly p>tn]1 ?is ,div9e ideal ( himself1 mu/ be ! /udy ( 8 life4 ,sid5ote3 ,int]pretation ( ,john iv4 #ag1 #ah4,! pr(\nd moral significance1 :i* und]lies ! exagg]at$ ,platonism & p]v]se exegesis ( ?is conception1 w be at once app>5t4 ,b ! mann] 9 :i* ! !ory 0 c>ri$ out is curi\sly illu/rat$ by ! comm5t>y ( ! ,val5t9ian ,h]acleon on our ,"l's disc\rse ) ! ,sam>itan woman#ega4 ,?is woman1 su* is 8 explanation1 belongs to ! spiritual portion ( mank9d4 ,b %e _h _h six#egb husb&s1 or 9 o!r words %e _h entangl$ h]self ) ! mat]ial _w1 _h defil$ h]self ) s5su\s ?+s4 ,! husb& h[ev]1 :om %e n[ has1 is n h] husb&2 h]e9 %e has spok5 rightly3 ! ,savi\r 9 fact means #8h] p>tn] f ! pl]oma'4 ,h5ce %e is bidd5 to g & call him2 t is1 %e mu/ f9d #8h] pl]oma1 t com+ to ! ,savi\r ) him 7or x71 %e may be able to obta9 f ,him ! p[] & ! union & ! comb9ation ) h] pl]oma' 7 74 #8,='1 adds ,h]acleon1 #8,he did n speak ( a mundane 77 husb& :5 ,he told h] to call him1 s9ce ,he 0 n ignorant t %e _h no lawful husb&'4 ,footnote #egj3 ,see ! passages f ,ir5u quot$ above1 note #efh2 comp4 ,exc4 ,!od4 #cb1 #cc 7p4 #igg74 ,simil>ly is a synonym = ! ons1 1 ,exc4 ,!od4 #be 7p4 #ige74 ,footnote #ega3 ,h]acleon 9 ,orig4 9 ,ioann4 xiii1 iv4 p4 #bje sq4 ,! passages are collect$ 9 ,/i]5's ,ir5u p4 #idg sq4 ,see especially p4 #iej 1 ' 1 1 444 1 4 ,l[] d[n ,h]acleon says 4 ,by ?is la/ expression ,i suppose he means t ! great on ,man ( ! ,ogdoad1 ! et]nal ar*etype ( mank9d1 comprises 9 itself ar*etypes correspond+ to ea* individual man & woman1 n inde$ ( ! :ole human race 7= ! ,val5t9ian w\ld exclude ! psy*ical & c>nal portion f any p>ticipation 9 ?is high] region7 b ( ! spiritual portion !re(4 ,footnote #egb3 ,orig5 expressly /ates t ,h]acleon read = 4 ,! numb] six 0 suppos$ to symbolize ! mat]ial creature3 see ,h]acleon on #8! =ty & six ye>s' ( ,john ii4 #bj 7,/i]5 p4 #idg74 ,!re is no reason to ?9k t ,h]acleon falsifi$ ! text "h2 he appe>s to h f\nd ?is v>i\s read+ already 9 8 copy4 ,sid5ote3 ,val5t9ians accept ,/ ,paul & ,/ ,john1 ,impossible z x seems to u to reconcile ! ,val5t9ian sy/em ) ! tea*+ ( ! ,apo/les1 ! ,val5t9ians !mselves felt no su* difficulty4 ,!y int5d$ _! philosophy n to sup]s$e or contradict ! ,apo/olic doctr9e1 b to supplem5t x & to expla9 x on philosophical pr9ciples4 ,h5ce ! ,canon ( ! ,val5t9ians compreh5d$ ! ,canon ( ,ca?olic ,*ri/ianity 9 all its ess5tial p>ts1 ?\gh "s ,val5t9ian s*ools at all ev5ts supplem5t$ x ) ,apocryphal writ+s4 ,m p>ticul>ly ! ,gospel ( ,/ ,john & ! ,epi/les to ! ,colossians & ,ephesians 7 reg>d$ ) especial fav\r2 & ^? passages :i* speak ( ! pl]oma are quot$ m ?an once 9 _! writ+s to illu/rate _! tea*+4 ,sid5ote3 & quote !m 9 support ( _! views4,by isolat+ a few words f ! context & int]pret+ !m :olly )\t ref]5ce to _! sett+1 !y _h no difficulty 9 f9d+ a confirmation ( _! views1 :]e we see only an incongruity or ev5 a contradiction4 ,= in/ance1 _! second ,*ri/--! r$eem] ( ! spiritual elem5t 9 ! mundane _w--01 z we saw1 compact$ ( gifts contribut$ by all ! ons ( ! pl]oma4 ,h5ce he 0 call$ #8! common fruit ( ! pl]oma'1 #8! fruit ( all ! pl]oma'#egc1 #8! mo/ p]fect beauty & con/ellation ( ! pl]oma'#egd2 h5ce also he 0 designat$ #8,all' 77 & #8,all ?+s' 77#ege4 ,accord+ly1 to ?is second ,*ri/1 n to ! fir/1 !y appli$ ^! texts2 ,col4 iii4 #aa #8,& ,he is all ?+s'1 ,rom4 xi4 #cf #8,all ?+s are unto ,him & f ,him are all ?+s'1 ,col4 ii4 #i #8,9 ,him dwelle? all ! fulness ( ! ,godhead'1 ,ephes4 i4 #aj #8,to ga!r toge!r 9 "o all ?+s 9 ,*ri/ ?r\gh ,god'#egf4 ,s too !y /yl$ him 71 ) a ref]5ce to ,col4 i4 #ai1 because #8all ! pl]oma 0 pleas$ ?r\gh ,him to glorify ! ,fa!r'#egg4 ,& inasmu* z ?is second ,*ri/ 0 accord+ to ! ,val5t9ian !ory in/rum5tal 9 ! creation ( ! mundane p[]s1 !y quot$1 or r misquot$1 z ref]r+ to ?is p>ticipation 9 ! "w ( ! ,demiurge1 ! passage ,col4 i4 #af #8,9 ,him 7 creat$ all ?+s1 visible & invisible1 ?rones1 deities1 dom9ions'#egh4 ,inde$ x seems cle> t ^! adaptations 7 n always aft]?\ghts1 b t 9 sev]al in/ances at lea/ _! nom5clature 0 orig9ally *os5 = ! sake ( fitt+ ! !ory to isolat$ phrases & expressions 9 ! ,apo/olic writ+s1 h[ev] mu* x might conflict ) ! ,apo/olic doctr9e 9 its ma9 l9es#egi4 ,footnote #egc3 ,! expression is 9 ,hippolytus vi4 #cb1 #cd1 #cf 7pp4 #aij1 #aia1 #aib1 #aic1 #aif74 ,9 ,ir5u i4 #h4 #e x is 4 ,footnote #egd3 ,ir54 i4 #b4 #f 4 ,footnote #ege3 ,ir54 i4 #b4 #f1 i4 #c4 #d4 ,footnote #egf3 ,ir54 i4 #c4 #d4 ,! passages are giv5 9 ! text z !y are quot$ by ,ir5u f ! ,val5t9ians4 ,?ree out ( ! f\r are incorrect4 ,footnote #egg3 ,ir54 i4 #ab4 #d2 comp4 ,exc4 ,!od4 #ca 7p4 #igg7 4 ,footnote #egh3 ,ir54 i4 #d4 #e 1 1 1 1 1 :]e ! misquotation is rem>kable4 ,9 ,exc4 ,!od4 #dc 7p4 #igi7 ! words run 1 1 1 1 1 444 7! la/ words be+ tak5 f ,phil4 ii4 #i sq474 ,footnote #egi3 ,?us !y int]pret$ ,ephes4 iii4 #ba z ref]r+ to _! g5]at$ ons3 ,ir54 i4 #c4 #a4 ,simil> is ! use :i* !y made ( expressions 9 ! op5+ *apt] ( ,/ ,john1 :]e !y f\nd _! fir/ ,ogdoad describ$3 ib4 i4 #h4 #e4 ,sid5ote3 ,use ( ! t]m by ! ,docet ,! h]etics call$ ,docet by ,hippolytus h no connexion ) docetism1 z x is g5]ally und]/ood1 i4e4 ! t5et t ,*ri/'s body 0 n real fle% & blood1 b m]ely a phantom body4 ,_! views on ?is po9t1 z repres5t$ by ?is fa!r1 are :olly diff]5t#ehj4 ,( _! sy/em g5]ally no?+ ne$ be said "h1 except t x is l>gely saturat$ ) ,val5t9ian ideas & phrases4 ,f ! ,val5t9ians !y evid5tly borr[$ _! conception ( ! pl]oma1 by :i* !y und]/ood ! aggregate1 or 7z localiz$7 ! abode1 ( ! ons4 ,) !m1 z ) ! ,val5t9ians1 ! ,savi\r is ! common product ( all ! ons#eha2 & 9 speak+ ( him !y e*o a common ,val5t9ian phrase #8! pl]oma ( ! entire ons'#ehb4 ,footnote #ehj3 ,r4 ,h4 viii4 #aj 7p4 #bfg74 ,footnote #eha3 ib4 viii4 #i4 ,footnote #ehb3 ib4 viii4 #aj 7p4 #bff74 ,sid5ote3 & by two ,ophite sects4 ,! ,ophite h]esy1 ,proteus-l1 assumes s _m v>i\s =ms1 t ! skill ( critics has be5 tax$ to ! utmo/ to b9d x ) cords & extract its /ory f x4 ,x appe>s h[ev] f ! notices ( ,hippolytus1 t ! t]m pl]oma 0 us$ 9 a def9ite !ological s5se by at lea/ two bran*es ( ! sect1 :om he calls ,naass5es & ,p]at4 ,sid5ote3 7i7 ,naass5es4 ,( ! ,naass5es ,hippolytus tells u t among o!r images borr[$ f ! ,*ri/ian & ,jewi% ,scriptures1 z well z f hea!n poetry1 !y describ$ ! region ( true k--_! k+dom ( heav51 :i* 0 ent]$ by initiation into _! my/]ies--z ! l& fl[+ ) milk & honey1 #8:i* :5 ! p]fect 7! true ,gno/ics1 ! fully initiat$7 h ta/$1 !y are fre$ f subjection to k+s 77 & p>take ( ! pl]oma4' ,"h is a pla9 allusion to ,joh4 i4 #af4 #8,?is'1 ! anonym\s ,naass5e writ] goes on to say1 #8is ! pl]oma1 ?r\gh :i* all creat$ ?+s com+ into be+ are produc$ & fulfill$ 77 f ! ,uncreat$'#ehc4 ,"h aga91 z 9 ! ,val5t9ian sy/em1 ! conception ( ! pl]oma is /rongly t+$ ) ,platonism4 ,! pl]oma is ! region ( ideas1 ( ar*etypes1 :i* int]v5es betwe5 ! au?or ( creation & ! mat]ial _w1 & communicates _! specific =ms to ! ph5om5al exi/5ces ( ! latt]4 ,footnote #ehc3 ,r4 ,h4 v4 #h4 ,sid5ote3 7ii7 ,p]at4 ,! !ology ( ! second ,ophite sect1 ! ,p]at1 z describ$ by ,hippolytus1 is a /range ph5om5on4 ,sid5ote3 ,_! !ology,!y divid$ ! univ]se into ?ree regions1 ! uncreate1 ! self-create1 & ! creat$4 ,aga9 ! middle region may be said to correspond r\ghly to ! ,platonic k+dom ( ideas4 ,b _! conception ( deity is entirely _! own4 ,!y po/ulate ?ree ( e be+2 ?ree ,gods1 ?ree ,words1 ?ree ,m9ds 7i4e4 z we may suppose ?ree ,spirits71 ?ree ,m54 ,?us !re is a ,god = ea* region1 j z !re is a ,man4 ,9 full accordance ) ?is p]v]se & abnormal !ology is _! application ( ,/ ,paul's language4 ,sid5ote3 & correspond+ application ( 4,_! ,*ri/ has ?ree natures1 belong+ to ^! ?ree k+doms respectively2 & ?is complet5ess ( ,8 be+ is impli$ by ,/ ,paul 9 ,col4 i4 #ai1 ii4 #i1 :i* passages are comb9$ 9 _! loose quotation or p>aphrase1 #8,all ! pl]oma 0 pleas$ to dwell 9 him bodily1 & !re is 9 him all ! godhead'1 i4e4 7z ,hippolytus adds 9 explanation7 #8( ?is _! triple division 7 7'#ehd4 ,?is application is altoge!r arbitr>y1 hav+ no relation :atev] to ! !ological mean+ ( ! t]m 9 ,/ ,paul4 ,x is also an entire dep>ture f ! conception ( ! ,c]9?ians1 ,val5t9ians1 & ,naass5es1 9 :i* ?is mean+1 h[ev] obscur$1 0 n altoge!r lo/4 ,^! ?ree h]esies took a horizontal section ( ! univ]se1 s to speak1 & appli$ ! t]m z coext5sive ) ! supramundane /ratum4 ,! ,p]at on ! o!r h& divid$ x v]tically1 & ! pl]oma1 9 _! int]pretation ( ! text1 d5ot$ ! :ole ext5t ( ?is v]tical section4 ,!re is no?+ 9 common betwe5 ! two applications beyond ! fundam5tal mean+ ( ! ^w1 #8complet5ess1 totality'4 ,footnote #ehd3 ,r4 ,h4 v4 #ab4 ,sid5ote3 ,pi/is ,sophia4 ,! extant ,gno/ic "w1 call$ ,pi/is ,sophia1 0 attribut$ at "o "t on insuffici5t gr\nds to ,val5t9us4 ,x appe>s h[ev] to exhibit a late developm5t ( ,ophitism#ehe1 f> m ,*ri/ian & less hea!n 9 its "* ?an ^? already consid]$4 ,9 ?is "w ! ^w pl]oma occurs ) tol]able frequ5cy2 b its mean+ is n easily fix$4 ,sid5ote3 ,frequ5t use ( ! t]m4,e>ly 9 ! treatise x is said t ! disciples suppos$ a c]ta9 #8my/]y'1 ( :i* ,jesus spoke1 to be #8! end ( all ! ends' & #8! head 77 ( ! ,univ]se' & #8! :ole pl]oma'#ehf4 ,"h we seem to h an allusion to ! ,platonic k+dom ( ideas1 i4e4 ( intelligible be+1 ( absolute tru?1 z reproduc$ 9 ! ,val5t9ian pl]oma4 ,& ! ^w is us$ sometimes 9 connexion ) ! complet5ess ( revelation or ! p]fection ( k4 ,?us our ,"l is repres5t$ z say+ to ,8 disciples1 #8,i w tell y ! :ole my/]y & ! :ole pl]oma1 & ,i w conceal no?+ f y f ?is h\r2 & 9 p]fection w ,i p]fect y 9 e pl]oma & 9 e p]fection & 9 e my/]y1 :i* ?+s are ! p]fection ( all ! p]fections & ! pl]oma ( all ! pl]omas'#ehg4 ,else:]e h[ev] ,m>y1 to :om ,jesus is repres5t$ z mak+ "s ( 8 *ief revelations1 is ?us address$ by ,him2 #8,bless$ art ?\ above 77 all wom5 t are on ! e>?1 = ?\ %alt be pl]oma ( all ! pl]omas & p]fection ( all ! p]fections'#ehh1 :]e ! ^w mu/ be us$ 9 a m g5]al s5se4 ,footnote #ehe3 ,see ,k/l9 9 ,!olog4 ,jahrb4 ,tb+5 #ahed1 p4 #ahe4 ,footnote #ehf3 ,pi/is ,sophia p4 #c sq4 ,footnote #ehg3 ib4 p4 #ae sq43 comp4 pp4 #d1 #fj1 #ge1 #ahg1 #bge4 ,footnote #ehh3 ib4 p4 #bh sq43 comp4 p4 #ef4 ,on p4 #g is oppos$ to 1 app>5tly 9 ! s5se ( #8completion'4 ,sid5ote3 ,monoimus ! ,arabian4 ,"o h]esy /ill rema9s to be notic$ 9 connexion ) ?is ^w4 ,hippolytus has pres]v$ an acc\nt ( ! tea*+ ( ,monoimus ! ,arabian1 ( :om previ\sly to ! discov]y ( ?is fa!r's treatise we knew little m ?an ! "n4 ,9 ?is /range =m ( h]esy ! absolute fir/ pr9ciple is ! uncreate1 imp]i%able1 et]nal ,man4 ,i ne$ n /op to enquire :at ?is /atem5t means4 ,x is suffici5t = ! pres5t purpose to add t ?is et]nal ,man is symboliz$ by ! lett] 1 ! #8"o iota'1 ! #8"o tittle' ( ! ,gospel#ehi2 & ?is 1 z repres5t+ ! numb] t51 includes 9 itself all ! units f "o to n9e4 #8,?is'1 add$ ,monoimus1 #8is 7meant by7 ! say+ 7( scripture7 ,all ! pl]oma 0 pleas$ to dwell ^u ! ,son ( ,man bodily'#eij4 ,"h ! orig9al idea ( ! ^w z d5ot+ complet5ess1 totality1 is /ill pres]v$4 ,footnote #ehi3 ,matt4 v4 #ah4 ,footnote #eij3 ,r4 ,h4 viii4 #ac4 ,! ,epi/le f ,laodicea#eia4 ,sid5ote3 ,diff]5t !ories classifi$4 ,! diff]5t op9ions respect+ ! epi/le ?us designat$ by ,/ ,paul1 :i* h be5 held 9 anci5t or mod]n times1 w be se5 f ! foll[+ table2 #a4 ,an ,epi/le writt5 by ! ,laodiceans2 to 77 ,/ ,paul2 77 ,epaphras2 77 ,coloss4 #b4 ,an ,epi/le writt5 by ,/ ,paul f ,laodicea4 77 #a ,timo?y2 77 #a ,!ssalonians2 77 #b ,!ssalonians2 77 ,galatians4 #c4 ,an ,epi/le address$ to ! ,laodiceans by 7a7 ,/ ,john 7! ,fir/ ,epi/le72 7b7 ,"s companion ( ,/ ,paul 7,epaphras or ,luke72 7c7 ,/ ,paul himself2 7i7 ,a lo/ ,epi/le4 7ii7 ,"o ( ! ,canonical ,epi/les4 77 ,hebrews2 77 ,philemon2 77 ,ephesians4 7iii7 ,! ,apocryphal ,epi/le4 ,footnote #eia3 ,! "w ( ,ang]1 ,ueb] d5 ,laodic5]brief 7,leipzig #ahdc71 is v complete4 ,he enum]ates & discusses v ?or\ghly ! op9ions ( 8 pr$ecessors1 omitt+ h>dly any?+ relat+ to ! lit]ature ( ! subject :i* 0 accessible at ! "t :5 he wrote4 ,8 exposition ( 8 own view1 ?\gh n less elaborate1 is less satisfactory4 ,a lat] monograph by ,a4 ,s>tori1 ,ueb] d5 ,laodic5s]brief 7,lbeck #ahec71 is mu* slight] & contributes no?+ new4 ,9 ?is maze ( conflict+ hypo!ses we might p]haps be tempt$ to despair ( f9d+ our way & give up ! se>* z hopeless4 ,yet ,i v5ture to ?9k t ! true id5tification ( ! epi/le 9 "q is n1 or at lea/ ought n to be1 d\btful4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,an epi/le writt5 by ! ,laodiceans4 #a4 ,! op9ion t ! epi/le 0 address$ by ! ,laodiceans to ,/ ,paul1 & n conv]sely1 f\nd mu* support 9 ! age ( ! ,greek comm5tators4 ,x is m5tion$ by ,/ ,*ryso/om z held by #8"s p]sons'1 ?\gh he himself does n pron\nce a def9ite op9ion on ! subject#eib4 ,sid5ote3 ,advocates ( ?is !ory4,x is eag]ly advocat$ by ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia4 ,he supposes t ! lett] ( ! ,laodiceans conta9$ "s reflexions on ! ,colossian ,*ur*1 & t ,/ ,paul ?\ght x good = ! ,colossians to he> :at _! neighb\rs said ( !m#eic4 ,!odoret1 ?\gh n m5tion+ ,!odore by "n1 foll[s 9 8 foot/eps#eid4 ,! same op9ion is also express$ 9 a note ascrib$ to ,photius 9 ! ,,oecum5ian ,cat5a4 ,?is view seems to h be5 v widely ent]ta9$ 9 anci5t times4 ,x possibly und]lies ! ,lat9 ,v]sion #8ea qu ,laodic5sium e/'#eie3 x is di/9ctly express$ 9 ! r5d]+ ( ! ,pe%ito1 #8t :i* 0 writt5 by ! ,laodiceans'#eif4 ,at a m rec5t date too x f\nd great fav\r4 ,x 0 adopt$ on ! "o h& by ,calv9#eig & ,beza#eih & ,dav5ant & ,lightfoot#eii1 on ! o!r by ,b>onius#fjj & ,lapide & ,e/ius1 besides o!r v consid]able names#fja4 ,latt]ly its popul>ity has decl9$1 b x has secur$ ! support ( "o or two comm5tators ev5 9 ! pres5t c5tury4 ,footnote #eib3 ad loc4 1 ' 4 ,footnote #eic3 ,rab4 ,maur4 ,op4 ,,vi4 p4 #edj 7,migne7 #8,non quia ad ,laodic5ses scribit4 ,unde quidam falsam epi/olam ad ,laodic5ses ex nom9e beati ,pauli conf+5dam esse exi/imav]unt2 nec enim erat v]a epi/ola4 /imav]unt autem quidam illam esse1 qu 9 hoc loco e/ significata4 ,apo/olus v]o non ad ,laodic5ses dicit s$ ex ,laodicea2 quam illi scrips]unt ad apo/olum1 9 quam aliqua repreh5sionis digna inf]ebantur1 quam etiam hac de causa jussit apud eos legi1 ut ipsi repreh5dant seipsos disc5tes qu de ipsis erant dicta' 7see ,spic4 ,solesm4 ,i4 p4 #acc7 etc4 ,footnote #eid3 ,aft] repeat+ ! argum5t bas$ on ! expression 1 ,!odoret says 4 ,footnote #eie3 ,?is h[ev] may be que/ion$4 ,on ! o!r h& ,beza 7ad loc471 ,:itak] 7,disputation on ,scripture pp4 #ajh1 #cjc1 #dfh sq41 #ebf1 #eca1 ,p>k] ,society's ed471 & o!rs1 :o expla9 ! passage 9 ?is way1 urge t x is requir$ by ! ,greek 1 & compla9 t ! o!r int]pretation dep5ds on ! errone\s ,lat9 r5d]+4 ,footnote #eif3 ,or1 #8t :i* 0 writt5 f ,laodicea4' ,! diff]5ce dep5ds on ! vocalisation ( :i* may be ei!r 7#a7 #8,laodicea1' z 9 vv4 #ac1 #ae1 or 7#b7 #8! ,laodiceans1' z 9 ! previ\s clause 9 ?is same v]4 #af4 ,footnote #eig3 ,calv9 is v positive2 #8,bis halluc9ati sunt qui ,paulum arbitrati sunt ad ,laodic5ses scripsisse4 ,non dubito qu9 epi/ola fu]it ad ,paulum missa4444 ,impo/ura autem nimis crassa fuit1 quod nebulo nescio quis hoc prtextu epi/olam suppon]e ausus e/ adeo insulsam1 ut nihil a ,pauli spiritu magis ali5um f+i queat4' ,! la/ s5t5ce reveals ! motive :i* unconsci\sly l$ s _m to adopt ?is unnatural int]pretation ( ,/ ,paul's language4 ,footnote #eih3 ad loc4 #8,multo fdius err>unt qui ex hoc loco suspicati sunt qu&am fuisse epi/olam ,pauli ad ,laodic5ses 444 quum potius significet ,paulus epi/olam aliquam ad se missam ,laodicea1 aut potius qua responsuri ess5t ,laodic5ses ,coloss5sibus4' ,footnote #eii3 ,works ,,ii4 p4 #cbf4 ,footnote #fjj3 ,ann4 ,eccl4 s4 a4 #fj1 xiii4 ,footnote #fja3 e4g4 ,tillemont ,mem4 ,eccl4 p4 #egf4 ,sid5ote3 ,reasons = x4 ,! und]ly+ motive ( ?is int]pretation 0 to )draw ! support :i* ! apocryphal epi/le seem$ to d]ive f ?is ref]5ce1 )\t be+ oblig$ at ! same "t to po/ulate a lo/ epi/le ( ,/ ,paul4 ,! critical argum5t adduc$ 9 its support 0 ! =m ( expression1 4 ,sid5ote3 ,objections to x4,! :ole context h[ev] po9ts to a diff]5t explanation4 ,! ,colossian & ,laodicean ,epi/les are obvi\sly reg>d$ z 9 "s s5se companion epi/les1 ( :i* ! ,apo/le directs an int]*ange betwe5 ! two ,*ur*es4 ,& aga91 if ! lett] 9 "q _h be5 writt5 by ! ,laodiceans to ,/ ,paul1 :y %\ld he enjo9 ! ,colossians to get x f ,laodicea8 ,h[ c\ld he assume t a copy _h be5 kept by ! ,laodiceans2 or1 if kept1 w\ld be giv5 up :5 requir$8 ,inde$ ! difficulties 9 ?is hypo!sis are s great1 t no?+ b ! mo/ imp]i\s requirem5ts ( ! ,greek language w\ld ju/ify its acceptance4 ,b ! expression 9 ! orig9al makes no su* dem&4 ,x is equally compet5t = u to expla9 ei!r #8! lett] writt5 f ,laodicea'1 or #8! lett] to be procur$ f ,laodicea'1 z ! context may sugge/4 ,! latt] accords at lea/ z well ) ,greek usage z ! =m]#fjb4 ,footnote #fjb3 ,see ! note on iv4 #af4 ,sid5ote3 ,views respect+ ! p]son address$4 ,! va/ majority ( ^? :o int]pret ! expression 9 ?is way assume t ! lett] 0 writt5 to 77 ,/ ,paul4 ,! modifications ( ?is view1 :i* suppose x address$ to "s "o else1 ne$ h>dly be consid]$4 ,! !ory = in/ance1 :i* addresses x to 77 ,epaphras#fjc1 removes none ( ! objections br\ght aga9/ ! simpl] hypo!sis4 ,ano!r op9ion1 :i* takes 77 ! ,colossians !mselves to h be5 ! recipi5ts#fjd1 does inde$ dispose ( "o difficulty1 ! necessity ( assum+ a copy kept by ! ,laodiceans1 b x is ev5 m irreconcileable ) ! language ( ! context4 ,:y !n %\ld ,/ ,paul s /udi\sly *>ge !m to see t !y read x8 ,:y above all %\ld he say 1 #8ye also'1 :5 !y 7 ! only p]sons :o w\ld read x z a matt] ( c\rse8 ,footnote #fjc3 e4g4 ,/orr ,opusc4 ,,ii4 p4 #abd sq4 ,footnote #fjd3 ,s = in/ance ,corn4 ,lapide1 z an alt]native1 #8vel c]te ad ipsos ,coloss5ses1 ut vult ,!odor4'2 b ,i d n f9d any?+ ( ! k9d 9 ,!odoret4 ,?is view also comm5ds itself to ,beza4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,a lett] writt5 f ,laodicea by ,/ ,paul4 #b4 ,a second class ( id5tifications re/s on ! supposition t x 0 a lett] writt5 f ,laodicea1 ?\gh n by ! ,laodiceans !mselves4 ,! consid]ations :i* recomm5d ?is hypo!sis = acceptance are ! same z 9 ! la/ case4 ,x )draws all support f ! apocryphal ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans1 & x refra9s f po/ulat+ a lo/ ,apo/olic epi/le4 ,x is n expos$ to all ! objections ( ! o!r !ory1 b x introduces new difficulties /ill m s]i\s4 ,"h a *oice ( sev]al epi/les is (f]$ to u4 ,sid5ote3 #a ,timo?y477 ,! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ,timo?y4 ,?is view is di/9ctly ma9ta9$ by ,john ,damasc5e#fje & by ,!ophylact#fjf2 b x took its rise mu* e>li]4 ,x appe>s 9 ! m>g9 ( ! ,philox5ian ,syriac#fjg1 & x seems to h sugge/$ ! subscriptions f\nd 9 _m au?orities at ! close ( t epi/le4 ,! words are f\nd 9 ,,akl #dg etc41 & _m ( ^! def9e ! place meant by ! addition 4 ,a simil> note is f\nd 9 "s ,lat9 ,,mss4 ,x is q possible t ?is subscription 0 prior to ! !ory respect+ ! int]pretation ( ,col4 iv4 #af1 & gave rise to x2 b ! conv]se is m probable1 & 9 "s ,,mss 7ascr1 #gd7 ! be>+ ( ?is subscription on ,col4 iv4 #af is emphasiz$1 4 ,?is id5tification has n be5 altoge!r )\t support 9 lat] times#fjh4 ,sid5ote3 #a ,!ssalonians477 ,! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,!ssalonians4 ,a f9al colophon 9 ! ,philox5ian ,syriac ass]ts t x 0 #8writt5 f ,laodicea'3 & ! same is /at$ 9 a lat] h& ( d1 #8scrib5s a ,laodicea'4 ,aga9 an ?iopic ,,ms1 ?\gh giv+ ,a!ns z ! place ( writ+1 adds t x 0 #8s5t ) ,timo!us1 ,ty*icus1 & ,onesimus#fji4' ,?is id5tification 0 p]haps sugge/$ by ! fact t #a ,!ssalonians foll[s next aft] ,colossians 9 ! common ord] ( ,/ ,paul's ,epi/les4 ,sid5ote3 #b ,!ssalonians477 ,! ,second ,epi/le to ! ,!ssalonians4 ,9 ! ,pe%ito 7z giv5 by ,s*aaf#fji7 !re is a f9al colophon /at+ t ?is epi/le #80 writt5 f ,laodicea ( ,pisidia & 0 s5t by ! h& ( ,ty*icus#faj'4 ,?\gh ! addition ( ,pisidia wrongly def9es ! place z ,laodicea ,combu/a1 in/ead ( ,laodicea ad ,lycum1 yet ! m5tion ( ! mess5g]'s "n %[s pla9ly t ! id5tification ) ! miss+ epi/le ( ,col4 iv4 #af 0 contemplat$4 ,s too ! ,memphitic #8p] ,silvanum et ,ty*icum'1 & a ,lat9 prologue #8p] ,titum et ,onesimum'4 ,aga9 an ?iopic ,,ms po9ts to ! same id5tification1 ?\gh /rangely confus$ 9 its /atem5ts4 ,9 ! sup]scription we are told t ?is epi/le 0 writt5 :5 ! ,apo/le 0 at ,laodicea1 b 9 ! subscription t x #80 writt5 at ,a!ns to ,laodicea & s5t by ,ty*icus'2 :ile ! prolegom5a /ate t x 0 writt5 & left at ,laodicea1 & t aft]w>ds1 :5 ,/ ,paul wrote 8 lett] to ! ,colossians f ,rome1 he gave directions t x %\ld be transmitt$ to ! ,!ssalonians by ! ,colossians#faa4 ,sid5ote3 ,galatians477 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians#fab4 ,?is might h be5 *os51 p>tly because x af=ds no int]nal data = decid+ :]e x 0 writt51 p>tly because l ! ,colossian ,epi/le x is direct$ aga9/ a =m ( ,judaism1 & ! advocates ( ?is hypo!sis might n be c>eful to di/+ui% ! two types1 ?\gh v di/9ct 9 !mselves4 ,i f9d no support = x 9 ! subscriptions1 except ! notice #8p] ,ty*icum' 9 "s ,slavonic ,,mss4 ,footnote #fje3 ,op4 ,,ii4 p4 #bad 7ed4 ,lequi57 4 ,b he adds 444 ' 4 ,footnote #fjf3 ad loc4 2 4 1 ' 4 ,footnote #fjg3 ad loc4 #8,propt] eam qu e/ ad ,timo!um dixit4' ,footnote #fjh3 ,x is adopt$ by ,erasmus 9 8 p>aphrase2 #8vicissim vos legatis epi/olam qu ,timo!o scripta fuit ex ,laodic5sium urbe'3 b 9 8 comm5t>y he does n commit himself to x4 ,= o!r names see ,ang] p4 #ag1 note k4 ,footnote #fji3 ,catal4 ,bibl4 ,bodl4 ,cod4 ?iop4 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #faj3 ,9 ! editio pr9ceps 7,vi5na #aeee7 ! latt] "p ( ?is colophon1 #8& 0 s5t by ! h& ( ,ty*icus1' is want+4 ,footnote #faa3 ,catal4 ,bibl4 ,bodl4 ,cod4 ?iop4 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #fab3 ,blo*1 quot$ 9 ,ang] p4 #ag note l4 ,sid5ote3 ,objections to ^! solutions4 ,! special difficulties att5d+ ?is class ( solutions are manifold4 7#a7 ,x does n appe> t ,/ ,paul _h ev] be5 at ,laodicea :5 he wrote ! lett] to ! ,colossians4 7#b7 ,all ! epi/les ?us s+l$ out are sep>at$ f ! ,colossian lett] by an int]val ( "s ye>s at lea/4 7#c7 ,9 e case !y c ) a high degree ( probability be %[n to h be5 writt5 else:]e ?an at ,laodicea4 ,inde$1 z ,/ ,paul _h be5 long a prison] ei!r at ,cs>ea or at ,rome1 :5 he wrote to ,coloss1 he c\ld n h despat*$ a lett] rec5tly f ,laodicea4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,a lett] to ! ,laodiceans writt5 by 7a7 ,/ ,john4 7b7 ,a companion ( ,/ ,paul4 7c7 ,/ ,paul4 #c4 ,?us we are ?r[n back on "s =m ( ! solution :i* makes x a lett] writt5 to ! ,laodiceans4 ,& "h we may at once reject ! hypo!sis t ! writ] 0 7a7 ,/ ,john#fac4 ,! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/ ,john1 :i* has be5 select$1 0 writt5 7z is all[$ on all h&s7 mu* lat] ?an ?is date4 ,nor aga9 does ,/ ,paul's language fav\r ! alt]native1 :i* o!rs h ma9ta9$1 t ! lett] 9 "q 0 writt5 by 7b7 "o ( ,/ ,paul's companions1 e4g4 ,epaphras or ,luke#fad4 ,! writ] mu/ !re=e h be5 7c7 ,/ ,paul himself4 ,footnote #fac3 ,a conjecture ( ,lightfoot's 7,works ,,ii4 pp4 #cbf1 #cci1 ,london #afhd71 b he does n lay mu* /ress on x4 ,he (f]s x #8r !n conceive t any epi/le ( ,paul is lo/4' ,see also ,ang] p4 #ag1 note m4 ,footnote #fad3 ,baumg>t5 ,comm4 ad loc41 quot$ by ,ang] p4 #be1 note g4 ,on ?is assumption ?ree alt]natives (f] !mselves4 ,sid5ote3 7i7 ,a lo/ lett]4 7i74 ,we may suppose t ! epi/le 9 "q has be5 lo/4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out else:]e t ! ,apo/le mu/ h writt5 _m lett]s :i* are n pres]v$ 9 our ,canon#fae4 ,?us !re is no a priori objection to ?is solution2 &1 be+ easy & obvi\s 9 itself1 x has f\nd common support 9 rec5t times4 ,if !re=e we _h no positive reasons = id5tify+ ! ,laodicean lett] ) "o ( ! extant epi/les ( our ,canon1 we might at once close ) ?is acc\nt ( ! matt]4 ,b su* reasons d exi/4 ,& moreov]1 z we are oblig$ to suppose t at lea/ ?ree lett]s--! ,epi/les to ! ,colossians1 to ! ,ephesians1 & to ,philemon--7 despat*$ by ,/ ,paul to ,asia ,m9or at ! same "t1 x is be/ n to po/ulate a f\r?1 unless we are oblig$ to d s4 ,footnote #fae3 ,philippians p4 #acf sq4 ,sid5ote3 7ii7 ,a ,canonical epi/le4 7ii74 ,b1 if x 0 n a lo/ lett]1 ) :i* ( ! ,canonical ,epi/les ( ,/ ,paul c we id5tify x ) mo/ probability8 ,0 x ,sid5ote3 77 ,hebrews4 ,phila/rius4 77 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews8 ,! support]s ( ?is hypo!sis are able to produce anci5t evid5ce ( a c]ta9 k9d1 ?\gh n su* z c>ries any real weight4 ,phila/rius1 writ+ ab\t ! close ( ! f\r? c5tury1 says t "s p]sons ascrib$ ! au?or%ip ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews to ,luke ! ,evangeli/1 & adds t x 0 ass]t$ 7app>5tly by ^! same p]sons1 ?\gh ?is is n q cle>7 to h be5 writt5 to ! ,laodiceans#faf4 ,sid5ote3 ,suppos$ te/imony ( ,,ms ,g4,aga9 9 ! ,grco-,lat9 ,,ms ,g ( ,/ ,paul's ,epi/les1 ! ,codex ,bo]n]ianus1 probably writt5 9 ! n9? c5tury1 aft] ! ,epi/le to ,philemon1 :i* breaks (f abruptly at v]4 #bj1 a vacant space is left1 z if = ! conclusion ( ?is epi/le3 & !n foll[s a fre% title ad laudic5ses incipit epi/ola ,?is is evid5tly int5d$ z ! head+ to ano!r epi/le4 ,no o!r epi/le h[ev] succe$s1 b ! leaf conta9+ ?is title is foll[$ by sev]al leaves1 :i* 7 orig9ally left blank1 b 7 fill$ at a lat] date ) extrane\s matt]4 ,:at !n 0 ?is ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans1 :i* 0 int5d$ to foll[1 b :i* ! scribe 0 prev5t$ f transcrib+8 ,z ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews is n f\nd 9 ?is ,,ms1 & z 9 ! common ord] ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les x w\ld foll[ ! ,epi/le to ,philemon1 ! title has frequ5tly be5 suppos$ to ref] to x4 ,?is op9ion h[ev] does n appe> at all probable4 ,ang]#fag inde$ argues 9 its fav\r on ! gr\nd t 9 ! companion ,,ms ,f1 ! ,codex ,augi5sis1 :i* 7s f> z reg>ds ! ,greek text7 mu/ h be5 d]iv$ imm$iately f ! same ar*etype#fah1 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews does really foll[4 ,b :at are ! facts8 ,sid5ote3 ,relation ( ,g to ,f4,x is pla9 t ! ,greek texts ( ,g & ,f came f ! same orig9al3 b x is equally pla9 t ! two scribes _h diff]5t ,lat9 texts be=e !m--t ( ,g be+ ! ,old ,lat91 & t ( ,f ,j]ome's revis$ ,vulgate4 ,no argum5t !re=e d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 text holds good = ! ,greek4 ,b ! ph5om5a ( bo? ,,mss alike#fai %[ t ! ,greek text ( _! common ar*etype end$ abruptly at ,philem4 #bj 7probably ow+ to ! loss ( ! f9al leaves ( ! volume74 ,! two scribes !re=e 7 left sev]ally to ! res\rces ( _! respective ,lat9 ,,mss4 ,! scribe ( ,f1 ^: ,greek & ,lat9 texts are 9 p>allel columns1 conclud$ ! ,epi/le to ,philemon 9 ,lat91 ?\gh he c\ld n mat* x ) its prop] ,greek2 & aft] ?is he add$ ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews 9 ,lat91 no long] h[ev] leav+ a blank column1 z he _h done = ! la/ few v]ses ( ,philemon4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,lat9 text 9 ,g is int]l9e>1 ! ,lat9 words be+ writt5 above ! ,greek to int]pret !m4 ,:5 !re=e ! ,greek text came to an end ! scribe's "w 0 done1 = he c\ld no long] int]l9eate4 ,b he left a blank space = ! rema9d] ( ,philemon1 hop+ d\btless h]eaft] to f9d a ,greek ,,ms f :i* he c\ld fill x 92 & he likewise gave ! title ( ! epi/le :i* he f\nd next 9 8 ,lat9 copy1 9 ,greek z well z 9 ,lat94 ,! ,greek title h[ev] he _h to supply = himself4 ,?is is cle> f ! =m1 :i* %[s x to h be5 translat$ f ! ,lat9 by a p]son :o _h ! v smalle/ k ( ,greek4 ,no ,greek 9 ! mo/ b>b>\s age w\ld h writt5 = or 4 ,! is a ,lat9 corruption au = ao1 & ! t]m9ation is a ,lat9's notion ( ! ,greek accusative4 ,?us ! :ole ^w is a reproduction ( ! ,lat9 #8,laudic5ses1' ! en be+ repres5t$ z usual by ! ,greek #fbj4 ,sid5ote3 ,! spuri\s ,laodicean ,epi/le int5d$4,if s1 we h only to ask :at writ+ w\ld probably appe> z ,epi/ola ad ,laudic5ses 9 a ,lat9 copy2 & to ?is "q !re c be only "o answ]4 ,! apocryphal ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans occurs frequ5tly 9 ! ,lat9 ,bibles1 be+ f\nd at lea/ two or ?ree c5turies be=e ! ,,ms ,g 0 writt54 ,?\gh x does n usually foll[ ! ,epi/le to ,philemon1 yet its place v>ies v consid]ably 9 diff]5t ,lat9 copies1 & an in/ance w be giv5 bel[#fba :]e x actually occurs 9 ?is position4 ,footnote #faf3 ,hr4 lxxxix #8,sunt alii quoque qui epi/olam ,pauli ad ,hebros non ads]unt esse ipsius1 s$ dicunt aut ,b>nab esse apo/oli aut ,clem5tis de urbe ,roma episcopi2 alii autem ,luc evangeli/ aiunt epi/olam etiam ad ,laodic5ses scriptam4 ,et quia addid]unt 9 ea qudam non b5e s5ti5tes1 inde non legitur 9 ecclesia2 et si legitur a quibusdam1 non tam5 9 ecclesia legitur populo1 nisi tr$ecim epi/ol ipsius1 et ad ,hebros int]dum4 ,et 9 ea quia rhetorice scripsit1 s]mone plausibili1 inde non putant esse ejusdem apo/oli2 et quia factum ,*ri/um dicit 9 ea ,heb4 iii4 #b1 inde non legitur2 de pnit5tia autem ,heb4 vi4 #d1 x4 #bf propt] ,novatianos que4 ,cum ergo factum dicit ,*ri/um1 corpore1 non div9itate1 dicit factum1 cum doceat ibidem quod div9 sit et pat]n sub/anti filius1 ,qui e/ spl5dor glori1 inquit1 et imago sub/anti ejus ,heb4 i4 #c' etc4 ,oehl] punctuates ! s5t5ce ) :i* we are conc]n$ ?us3 #8alii autem ,luc evangeli/4 ,aiunt epi/olam etiam ad ,laodic5ses scriptam1' & 9 8 note he adds #8videlicet ,pauli esse apo/oli4' ,?us he supposes ! clause to ref] to ! apocryphal ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans3 & ,fabricius expla9s ! ref]5ce simil>ly4 ,su* a ref]5ce h[ev] w\ld be q out ( place "h4 ,! :ole p>agraph be=e & aft] is tak5 up ) discuss+ ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews2 & ! int]position ( j six words1 ref]r+ to a :olly diff]5t matt]1 is inconceivable4 ,we mu/ !re=e punctuate ei!r #8alii autem ,luc evangeli/ aiunt epi/olam1 etiam ad ,laodic5ses scriptam'1 or #8alii autem ,luc evangeli/ aiunt2 epi/olam etiam ad ,laodic5ses scriptam4' ,9 ei!r case x w mean t "s p]sons suppos$ ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews to h be5 writt5 to ! ,laodiceans4 ,footnote #fag3 ,laodic5]brief p4 #bi sq4 ,footnote #fah3 ,if inde$ ! ,greek text ( ,f 0 n copi$ imm$iately f ,g1 z has be5 rec5tly ma9ta9$ by ,mr ,hort 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,philology ,,iii4 p4 #fg4 ,! div]g5t ph5om5a ( ! two ,lat9 texts seem to me unfav\rable to ?is hypo!sis2 b x ought n to be ha/ily reject$4 ,footnote #fai3 ,volkm>1 ! editor ( ,cr$n]'s ,ges*i*te des ,neute/am5tli*5 ,kanon p4 #bii1 ) /range c>elessness speaks ( #8! appe>ance 7das ,vorkomm57 ( ! ,laodicean ,epi/le 9 bo? ! ,codices ,augi5sis & ,bo]n]ianus :i* 9 o!r respects are closely alli$4' ,!re is no m5tion ( x 9 ! ,codex ,augi5sis4 ,footnote #fbj3 ,x is curi\s t ?is ,,ms1 :i* 0 writt5 by an ,iri% scribe1 %\ld give ! same corrupt =m1 ,laudac- = ,laodac-1 :i* we f9d 9 ! ,book ( ,armagh2 see bel[ p4 #cdh4 ,footnote #fba3 ,see p4 #ceb4 ,x occurs also 9 ?is position 9 ! li/ ( ,aelfric 7see bel[ p4 #cfb71 :]e ! ord] ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les is 444 ,col41 ,hebr41 #a1 #b ,tim41 ,tit41 ,philem41 ,laod4 ,sid5ote3 ,?is id5tification unsatisfactory4 ,?us beyond ! notice 9 ,phila/rius !re is no anci5t support = ! id5tification ( ! miss+ lett] ( ,col4 iv4 #af ) ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews2 & d\btless ! p]sons to :om ,phila/rius alludes _h no m au?ority = _! op9ion ?an _! mod]n successors4 ,critical conjecture1 n hi/orical tradition1 l$ !m to ?is result4 ,! !ory !re=e mu/ /& or fall by its own m]its4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$ by "o or two mod]n writ]s#fbb1 *iefly on ! gr\nd ( "s p>tial co9cid5ces betwe5 ! ,epi/les to ! ,hebrews & ! ,colossians2 b ! g5]al "* & purport ( ! two is :olly dissimil>1 & !y obvi\sly deal ) antagoni/s ( a v diff]5t type4 ,! insup]able difficulty ( suppos+ t two epi/les s unlike 9 /yle 7 writt5 by ! same p]son to ! same neighb\rhood at or ab\t ! same "t w\ld /ill rema91 ev5 ?\gh ! ,paul9e au?or%ip ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews %\ld be = a mom5t grant$4 ,footnote #fbb3 ,see especially ,s*neck5burg] ,beitrge p4 #aec sq4 ,sid5ote3 77 ,philemon4 77 ,! ,epi/le to ,philemon has be5 /rongly advocat$ by ,wiesel]#fbc1 z ! lett] to :i* ,/ ,paul ref]s 9 ?is passage4 ,= ?is id5tification x is necess>y to e/abli% two po9ts2 7#a7 t ,philemon liv$ n at ,coloss1 b at ,laodicea2 & 7#b7 t ! lett] is address$ n to a private individual1 b to a :ole *ur*4 ,= ! fir/ po9t !re is some?+ to be said4 ,?\gh = reasons expla9$ else:]e ! abode ( ,philemon himself appe>s to h be5 at ,coloss1 :]ev] ,ar*ippus may h resid$#fbd1 /ill two op9ions may v fairly be held on ?is po9t4 ,b ,wiesel]'s argum5ts entirely fail to e/abli% 8 o!r position4 ,sid5ote3 ,?is epi/le does n answ] ! conditions4,! !me1 ! treatm5t1 ! :ole t5\r ( ! lett]1 m>k x z private3 & ! m]e fact t ! ,apo/le's c\rtesy leads him to include 9 ! op5+ salutation ! ,*ri/ians :o met at ,philemon's h\se is p[]less to *ange its "*4 ,:y %\ld a lett]1 conta9+ su* intimate confid5ces1 be read publicly 9 ! ,*ur*1 n only at ,laodicea b at ,coloss1 by ! express ord] ( ! ,apo/le8 ,! tact & delicacy ( ! ,apo/le's plead+ = ,onesimus w\ld be nullifi$ at "o /roke by ! dem& = publication4 ,footnote #fbc3 ,"s e>li] writ]s :o ma9ta9$ ?is view are m5tion$ by ,ang]1 p4 #be1 note f4 ,x has s9ce be5 m fully develop$ & m vigor\sly urg$ by ,wiesel]1 fir/ 9 a programme ,comm5tat4 de ,epi/4 ,laodic5a quam vulgo p]ditam putant #ahdd1 & aft]w>ds 9 8 well kn[n "w ,*ronol4 des ,apo/ol4 ,zeit4 p4 #dej sq4 ,x may !re=e be id5tifi$ ) 8 "n4 ,he speaks ( x ) mu* confid5ce z #8sc>cely op5 to a d\bt1' b he has n succe$$ 9 conv9c+ o!rs4 ,footnote #fbd3 ,see ! introduction to ! ,epi/le to ,philemon4 ,sid5ote3 77 ,ephesians4 77 ,b may we n id5tify ! lett] 9 "q ) ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians1 :i* also is kn[n to h be5 despat*$ at ! same "t ) ! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians8 ,unlike ! ,epi/le to ,philemon1 x 0 address$ n to a private p]son b to a *ur* or *ur*es4 ,if !re=e x c be %[n t ! ,laodiceans 7 ! recipi5ts1 ei!r alone or ) o!rs1 we h f\nd ! object ( our se>*4 ,sid5ote3 ,?is is ! true solution4,! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ?is solution are res]v$ = ! introduction to t epi/le4 ,mean:ile x is suffici5t to say t educat$ op9ion is t5d+1 ?\gh sl[ly1 9 ?is direction1 & to express ! belief t ultimately ?is view w be g5]ally receiv$#fbe4 ,footnote #fbe3 ,see above p4 #cg4 ,sid5ote3 7iii7 ,! extant un-canonical ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans4 7iii7 ,ano!r :olly diff]5t id5tification rema9s to be m5tion$4 ,x 0 nei!r a lo/ epi/le nor a ,canonical epi/le1 ?\ght "s1 b ! writ+ :i* is extant "u ! title ( ! #8,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans1' ?\gh n g5]ally receiv$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,( ! v>i\s op9ions held respect+ ?is apocryphal lett] ,i %all h to speak pres5tly4 ,x is suffici5t "h to say t ! advocates ( its g5u95ess fall into two classes4 ,ei!r !y assign to x a place 9 ! ,canon ) ! o!r ,epi/les ( ,/ ,paul1 or !y acquiesce 9 its exclusion1 hold+ t ! ,*ur* has au?ority to pron\nce = or aga9/ ! ,canonicity ev5 ( ,apo/olic writ+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,g5]al "* ( ! spuri\s epi/le4 ,! apocryphal ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans is a c5to ( ,paul9e phrases /rung toge!r )\t any def9ite connexion or any cle> object4 ,!y are tak5 *iefly f ! ,epi/le to ! ,philippians1 b "h & !re "o is borr[$ else:]e1 e4g4 f ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians4 ,( c\rse x closes ) an injunction to ! ,laodiceans to ex*ange epi/les ) ! ,colossians4 ,! ,apo/le's injunction 9 ,col4 iv4 #af sugge/$ ! =g]y1 & su* curr5cy z x ev] atta9$ 0 due to ! support :i* t passage 0 suppos$ to give to x4 ,unlike mo/ =g]ies1 x _h no ult]ior aim4 ,x 0 n fram$ to advance any p>ticul> op9ions1 :e!r het]odox or or?odox4 ,x has no doctr9al peculi>ities4 ,?us x is q h>mless1 s f> z falsity & /upidity comb9$ c ev] be reg>d$ z h>mless4 99 99 99 99 99 ,among ! m important ,,mss :i* conta9 ?is epi/le are ! foll[+4 ,! lett]s 9 brackets give ! designations adopt$ 9 ! app>atus ( v>i\s read+s :i* foll[s4 #a4 ,fuld5sis ,f4 ,! fam\s ,,ms ( ! ,vulgate ,n4 ,t4 writt5 = ,victor ,bi%op ( ,capua1 by :om x 0 read & correct$ 9 ! ye>s #edf1 #edg2 edit$ by ,ern4 ,ranke1 ,m>burgi et ,lipsi #ahfh4 ,! ,laodicean ,epi/le occurs betwe5 ,col4 & #a ,tim4 )\t any indication ( d\btful au!nticity1 except t x has no argum5t or table ( cont5ts1 l ! o!r epi/les4 ,! scribe h[ev] has errone\sly int]polat$ "p ( ! argum5t belong+ to #a ,tim4 betwe5 ! title & ! epi/le2 see p4 #bia sq4 ( ,ranke's edition4 #b4 ,cav5sis4 ,a ,,ms ( ! :ole ,lat9 ,bible1 at ! ,mona/]y ( ,la ,cava ne> ,sal]no1 ascrib$ to ! #f? or #g? or #h? c5tury4 ,see ,v]cellone ,v>4 ,lect4 ,vulg4 ,lat4 ,bibl4 ,i4 p4 lxxxviii4 ,un=tunately we h no acc\nt ( ! read+s 9 ! ,laodicean ,epi/le 7= :i* x w\ld be ! mo/ important au?ority aft] ! ,codex ,fuld5sis71 except ! la/ s5t5ce quot$ by ,mai ,nov4 ,patr4 ,bibl4 ,i4 #b4 p4 #fc1 #8,et facite legi ,coloss5sium vobis4' ,laod4 "h occurs betwe5 ,col4 & #a ,!ss4 7,mai p4 #fb74 ,dr ,we/cott 7,smi?'s ,dict4 ( ! ,bible s4v4 ,vulgate1 p4 #agac7 has rem>k$ t ! two olde/ au?orities = ! int]polation ( ! ?ree heav5ly witnesses 9 #a ,joh4 v4 #g1 ?is ,la ,cava ,,ms & ! ,speculum publi%$ by ,mai1 also support ! ,laodicean ,epi/le 7see ,mai l4c4 pp4 #g1 #fb sq474 ,! two ph5om5a are comb9$ 9 ano!r v anci5t ,,ms1 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,add4 #aa1heb1 describ$ bel[4 #c4 ,arma*anus ,a4 ,a ,,ms ( ! ,n4 ,t41 n[ belong+ to ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 & kn[n z ! #8,book ( ,armagh4' ,x 0 writt5 9 ! ye> #hjg1 z asc]ta9$ by ,bp4 ,graves2 see ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy ,,iii4 pp4 #caf1 #cef4 ,! ,laodicean ,epi/le foll[s ,colossians on fol4 #ach1 b ) ! w>n+ t ,j]ome d5ies its g5u95ess4 ,! text ( ! ,laodicean ,epi/le 9 ?is ,,ms is n s pure z might h be5 anticipat$ f its antiquity4 ,i owe ! collation ( read+s :i* is giv5 bel[ to ! k9dness ( ,dr ,reeves1 :o is engag$ 9 edit+ ! ,,ms4 #d4 ,d>m/adi5sis ,d4 ,a fol4 ,,ms ( ! :ole ,bible1 defective f ,apoc4 xxii4 #ab to ! end1 n[ 9 ! ,gr&-ducal libr>y at ,d>m/adt1 b =m]ly belong+ to ! ,ca!dral ,libr>y at ,cologne2 pres5t$ by ,h]mann ,pius1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cologne f ,a4,d4 #hij-ibe4 ,laod4 foll[s ,col4 ,a collation 0 made = ,ang]1 f :om 7p4 #add7 ?is acc\nt is tak54 #e4 ,b]n5sis no4 #ccd ,b4 ,a #dto ,,ms ( miscellane\s cont5ts1 end+ ) ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 ! la/ be+ ! ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans1 writt5 9 ! #i? c5t4 ,! ,laodicean ,epi/le is a fragm5t1 end+ ) #8,gaudete 9 ,*ri/o et prcavete sordibus 9 lucro' 7v]4 #ac74 ,?is acc\nt is tak5 by ,ang] f ,s9n] ,catal4 ,cod4 ,,mss4 ,bibl4 ,b]n4 ,i4 p4 #bh4 ,9 8 ,add5da 7p4 #agi7 ,ang] gives a collation ( ?is ,,ms4 #f4 ,toletanus ,t ,a ,,ms ( ! ,lat9 ,bible belong+ to ! ,ca!dral ,libr>y at ,tol$o1 & writt5 ab\t ! #h? c5tury3 see ,we/cott 9 ,smi?'s ,dict4 ( ! ,bible1 s4v4 ,vulgate p4 #agaj1 ,v]cellone ,v>4 ,lect4 ,i4 p4 lxxxiv4 sq4 ,! read+s 9 ! ,laodicean ,epi/le are tak5 f ,joh4 ,m>iana ,s*ol4 9 ,vet4 et ,nov4 ,te/41 :]e x is pr9t$ 9 full4 ,! edition :i* ,i h us$ is dat$ ,p>is #afbj 7p4 #hca74 ,! text h[ev] _c be assum$ to be /rictly accurate1 z ,m>iana _h a pr9t$ copy ( ! epi/le be=e him1 f :i* at all ev5ts he suppli$ 9 brackets words want+ 9 ! ,,ms 7see ,ang] p4 #add71 & :i* may h influ5c$ 8 read+s 9 o!r ways4 ,9 ?is ,,ms ,laod4 foll[s ,col4 #g4 ,p>isi5sis ,reg4 ,lat4 #c 7=m]ly #cefb7fbf ,p#a4 ,a ,lat9 ,bible1 9 "o volume fol41 call$ aft] ,an[>e?a by :om x 0 giv5 to ! mona/]y ( ,glanfeuille 7,/ ,maur71 & ascrib$ 9 ! pr9t$ ,catalogue to ! #i? c5t4 ,laod4 foll[s ,col4 on fol4 #cgi4 ,footnote #fbf3 ,s at lea/ ,i f9d ! numb] giv5 9 my notes4 ,b 9 ,b5tl4 ,crit4 ,sacr4 p4 xxxvii x is #cefa4 #h4 ,p>isi5sis ,reg4 ,lat4 #f ,p#b4 ,a ,,ms ( ! ,lat9 ,bible 9 #d vols4 fol41 accord+ to ! ,catalogue probably writt5 9 ! #aj? c5t4 84 ,x belong$ =m]ly to ! ,duc de ,noailles4 ,laod4 foll[s ,col4 ,x conta9s num]\s corrections 9 a lat] h& ei!r betwe5 ! l9es or 9 ! m>g94 ,! two h&s are di/+ui%$ z ,p#b991 ,p#b99994 #i4 ,p>isi5sis ,reg4 ,lat4 #bej 7=m]ly #cegb7 ,p#c4 ,a fol4 ,,ms ( ! ,n4 ,t41 describ$ 9 ! ,catalogue z probably belong+ to end ( ! #i? c5t4 ,laod4 foll[s ,col4 ,x has a few corrections 9 a lat] h&4 ,! two h&s are di/+ui%$ z ,p#c991 ,p#c99994 ,^! ?ree ,p>isian ,,mss ,i collat$ myself1 b ,i _h n "t to exam9e !m z c>efully z ,i c\ld h wi%$4 #aj4 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,add4 #aa1heb4 ,g4 ,an important ,,ms ( ,/ ,paul's ,epi/les writt5 9 ! #i? c5t4 ,x =m]ly belong$ to ! mona/]y ( ,/ ,gall1 be+ "o ( ! books ) :i* ! libr>y !re 0 enri*$ by ,h>tmot :o 0 ,abbot f ,a4,d4 #hgb to #hhd or #hhe4 ,laod4 foll[s ,heb4 & has no capitula l ! o!r epi/les4 #aa4 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,add4 #aj1edf ,c4 ,a fol4 ,,ms ( ! ,vulgate1 commonly kn[n z #8,*>lemagne's ,bible1' b probably belong+ to ! age ( ,*>les ! ,bald 7 #hgg74 ,laod4 /&s betwe5 ,heb4 & ,apoc4 ,x has no argum5t or capitula4 #ab4 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,reg4 #a4 ,e4 vii1 viii ,r4 ,an ,engli% ,,ms ( ! ,lat9 ,bible f ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,cant]bury1 writt5 ab\t ! middle ( ! #aj? c5t4 ,laod4 foll[s ,heb4 ,?is is ! mo/ anci5t ,,ms1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 9 :i* ! epi/le has capitulations4 ,x is "h giv5 9 its fulle/ =m1 & ?us pres5ts ! e>lie/ example ( :at may be call$ ! mod]n rec5sion4 #ac4 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,h>l4 #bhcc1 #bhcd ,h#a4 ,a ,,ms ( ! #ac? c5t4 writt5 = ! ,ca!dral ( ,ang]s4 ,laod4 foll[s ,apoc4 ,! read+s ( ! f\r prec$+ ,,mss are tak5 f ! collations 9 ,we/cott ,canon ,appx4 ,e p4 #egb sq4 7ed4 #d74 #ad4 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,h>l4 #caca ,h#b4 ,a smalli% #dto4 ( ! #ab? c5t41 said to be ( ,g]man orig91 ) m>g9al & int]l9e> glosses 9 "s p>ts4 ,laod4 /&s betwe5 ,philem4 & ,heb4 ,x has no head+ b only a r$ initial lett] ,p4 ,at ! end is ',expl4 ,epla ad ,laodic5ses4 ,prologus ad ,ebreos4' #ae4 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,sloane #eci ,s4 ,a small fol4 ( ! #ab? c5t41 said to be ,g]man4 ,x conta9s ,/ ,paul's ,epi/les ) glosses4 ,! gloss on ,col4 iv4 #af #8et ea qu e/ ,laodic5sium etc4' runs #8quam ego eis misi ut ipsi mi*i ut videatis hic esse responsum4' ,laod4 foll[s ,heb41 & has no glosses4 ,! two la/ ,,mss ,i collat$ myself4 #af4 ,bodl4 ,laud4 ,lat4 #ac 7=m]ly #haj7 ,l#a4 ,a #dto ,,ms 9 d\ble columns ( ! #ac? c5t4 conta9+ ! ,lat9 ,bible4 ,see ,catal4 ,bibl4 ,laud4 ,cod4 ,lat4 p4 #aj4 ,laod4 foll[s ,col4 ,not)/&+ ! date ( ! ,,ms1 x gives a v anci5t text ( ?is epi/le4 #ag4 ,bodl4 ,laud4 ,lat4 #h 7=m]ly #geg7 ,l#b4 ,a fol4 ,,ms ( ! ,lat9 ,bible1 belong+ to ! end ( ! #ab? c5t4 ,see ,catal4 ,bibl4 ,laud4 ,cod4 ,lat4 p4 #i4 ,?is is ! same ,,ms1 :i* ,ang] describes 7p4 #ade7 z #aae;,c 7its orig9al m>k71 & ( :i* he gives a collation4 ,laod4 /&s betwe5 #b ,!ss4 & #a ,tim4 ,i am indebt$ = collations ( ^! two ,laudian ,,mss to ! k9dness ( ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,wordswor?1 ,fell[ ( ,bras5ose ,college4 #ah4 ,v9dob4 #bhg ,v4 ,! ,paul9e ,epp41 writt5 by ,m>ianus ,scotus 7i4e4 ! ,iri%man71 ,a4,d4 #ajgi4 ,see ,alt] ,nov4 ,te/4 ad ,cod4 ,v9dob4 ,grce ,expressum ,,ii4 p4 #ajdj sq41 ,d5is ,cod4 ,,mss ,lat4 ,bibl4 ,v9dob4 ,i4 no4 lviii1 ,zeuss ,grammatica ,celtica p4 xviii 7ed4 #b74 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans is transcrib$ f ?is ,,ms by ,alt] l4c4 p4 #ajfg sq4 ,x foll[s ,col4 #ai4 ,tr94 ,coll4 ,cantabr4 ,b4 #e4 #a ,x4 ,a fol4 ,,ms ( ! ,lat9 ,bible1 writt5 probably 9 ! #ab? c5tury4 ,laod4 foll[s ,col4 ,i h giv5 a collation ( ?is ,,ms1 because 7l ,brit4 ,mus4 ,reg4 #a4 ,e4 viii7 x is an e>ly example ( ! complet$ =m4 ,! epi/le is prec$$ by capitula1 z foll[s4 ,,incipiunt ,,capitula ,,epi/ole ,,ad ,,laodic5ses4 #a4 ,paulus ,apo/olus pro ,laodic5sibus dom9o gratias ref]t et hortatur eos ne a s$uctoribus decipiantur4 #b4 ,de manife/is v9culis apo/oli 9 quibus letatur et gaudet4 #c4 ,monet ,laodic5ses apo/olus ut sicut sui audi]unt praes5tia ita ret9eant et s9e retractu faciant4 #d4 ,hortatur apo/olus ,laodic5ses ut fide s9t firmi et qu integra et v]a et deo placita sunt faciant4 et salutatio fratrum4 ,,expliciunt ,,capitula4 ,,incipit ,,epi/ola ,,beati ,,pauli ,,apo/oli ,,ad ,,laodic5ses4 ,^! capitulations may be comp>$ ) ^? giv5 by ,dr ,we/cott f ,reg4 #a4 ,e4 viii1 ) :i* !y are ne>ly id5tical4 ,besides ^! n9ete5 ,,mss1 ( :i* 7) ! exception ( ,cav5sis7 collations are giv5 bel[1 x may be wor? :ile record+ ! foll[+1 z conta9+ ?is epi/le4 ,among ! ,lambe? ,,mss are 7i7 no4 #d1 l>ge folio1 #ab? or #ac? c5t4 ,laod4 /&s betwe5 ,col4 & #a ,!ss4 7ii7 no4 #ij1 small folio1 #ac? or #ad? c5t4 ,laod4 /&s betwe5 ,col4 & #a ,!ss4 )\t title or head+ ( any k9d4 ,app>5tly a good text4 7iii7 no4 #cdh1 #dto1 #ae? c5t4 ,laod4 /&s betwe5 ,col4 & #a ,!ss41 )\t head+ etc4 7iv7 no4 #edd1 #hvo1 #ae? c5t4 ,laod4 /&s betwe5 ,col4 & #a ,!ss41 )\t head+ etc4 7v7 no4 #aaeb1 #dto1 #ac? or #ad? c5t4 ,laod4 occupies ! same position z 9 ! f\r prec$+ ,,mss & has no head+ or title4 ,! fir/ & la/ ( ^! five ,,mss are collat$ by ,dr ,we/cott 7,canon p4 #egb sq474 ,i inspect$ !m all4 ,9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y at ,ox=d belong+ to ! ,canonici collection are 7i7 ,canon4 ,bibl4 #hb 7see ,catal4 p4 #bgg71 v small #dto1 #ac? c5t41 conta9+ p>ts ( ! ,n4 ,t4 ,/ ,paul's ,epp4 are at ! end ( ! volume1 foll[+ ,apoc4 ,laod4 int]v5es betwe5 ,tit4 & ,philem41 beg9n+ #8,explicit epi/ola ad titum4 ,incipit ad laud4'1 & end+ #8,explicit epi/ola ad laudic5ses4 ,incipit ad phylemonem'4 7ii7 ,canon4 ,bibl4 #g 7see ,catal4 p4 #bea71 small #dto1 beg9n+ ( #ad? c5t41 conta9+ ,evv41 ,acts1 ,ca?4 ,epp41 ,apoc41 ,paul4 ,epp4 ,laod4 is at ! end4 7iii7 ,canon4 ,bibl4 #af 7,catal4 p4 #bef71 small #dto1 conta9+ ! ,n4 ,t41 #ae? c5t41 writt5 by ! h& #8,/ephani de ,tautaldis'4 ,laod4 foll[s ,col4 7iv7 ,canon4 ,bibl4 #be 7,catal4 p4 #beh71 v small #dto1 mutilat$1 e>ly "p ( #ae? c5t4 ,x conta9s a "p ( ,/ ,paul's ,epp4 7beg9n+ 9 ! middle ( ,gal47 & ! ,apocalypse4 ,laod4 foll[s ,col4 ,= in=mation respect+ ^! ,,mss ,i am indebt$ to ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,wordswor?4 ,9 ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y1 ,cambridge1 ,i h obs]v$ ! ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans 9 ! foll[+ ,,mss4 7i7 ,dd4 #e4 #eb 7see ,catal4 ,i4 p4 #bgc71 #dto1 d\ble columns1 #ad? c5t4 ,laod4 is betwe5 ,col4 & #a ,!ss4 7ii7 ,ee4 ,i4 #i 7see ,catal4 ,,ii4 p4 #aj71 #dto1 d\ble columns1 v small neat h&1 #ae? c5t4 ,x belong$ to ,/ ,alban's4 ,laod4 is betwe5 ,col4 & #a ,!ss4 7iii7 ,mm4 #c4 #b 7see ,catal4 ,,iv4 p4 #agd71 fol41 ,lat9 ,bible1 d\ble columns1 #ac? c5t4 ,laod4 is betwe5 ,col4 & #a ,!ss41 b ! head+ is #8,explicit epi/ola ad ,coloc5ses1 et hic incipit ad !saloc5ses'1 aft] :i* ,laod4 foll[s imm$iately4 ,at ! top ( ! page is #8,ad ,laudon5ses'4 7iv7 ,ee4 ,i4 #af 7see ,catal4 ,,ii4 p4 #af71 #dto1 d\ble columns1 ,lat9 ,bible1 #ac? or #ad? c5t4 ,! ord] ( ! ,n4 ,t4 is ,evv41 ,acts1 ,ca?4 ,epp41 ,paul ,epp41 ,apoc4 ,"h ,laod4 is betwe5 ,heb4 & ,rev42 x is treat$ l ! o!r books1 except t x has no prologue4 ,9 ! ,college ,libr>ies at ,cambridge ,i h accid5tally notic$ ! foll[+ ,,mss z conta9+ ! epi/le2 = ,i h n und]tak5 any sy/ematic se>*4 7i7 ,/ ,pet]'s1 ,o4 #d4 #f1 fol41 #b columns1 #ac? c5t41 ,lat9 ,bible4 ,! ord] ( ! ,n4 ,t4 is ,evv41 ,acts1 ,ca?4 ,epp41 ,paul ,epp41 ,apoc4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans is betwe5 ,heb4 & ,apoc4 7ii7 ,sidney 4 #e4 #aa1 fol41 #b columns1 ,lat9 ,bible1 #ac? c5t4 ,! ord] ( ! ,n4 ,t4 is ,evv41 ,paul4 ,epp41 ,acts1 ,ca?4 ,epp41 ,apoc42 & ,laod4 is betwe5 #b ,!ss4 & #a ,tim4 7iii7 ,emman4 #b4 #a4 #f1 l>ge fol41 ,lat9 ,bible1 e>ly #ad? c5t4 ,! ord] ( ! ,n4 ,t4 is diff]5t f ! la/1 be+ ,evv41 ,acts1 ,ca?4 ,epp41 ,paul4 ,epp42 ,apoc42 b ,laod4 is 9 ! same position1 betwe5 #b ,!ss4 & #a ,tim4 ,notice ( a few o!r ,,mss1 9 :i* ?is epi/le occurs1 w be f\nd 9 ,hody de ,bibl4 ,text4 ,orig4 p4 #ffd1 & 9 ,ang] p4 #ade sq4 ,?is li/1 slight & p>tial z x is1 w s]ve to %[ ! wide circulation ( ! ,laodicean ,epi/le4 ,at ! same "t x w h be5 obs]v$ t its position v>ies v consid]ably 9 diff]5t copies4 7i7 ,! mo/ common position is imm$iately aft] ,colossians1 z ! notice 9 ,col4 iv4 #af w\ld sugge/4 ,?is is its place 9 ! mo/ anci5t au?orities1 e4g4 ! ,fulda1 ,la ,cava1 & ,tol$o ,,mss1 & ! ,book ( ,armagh4 7ii7 ,ano!r position is aft] #b ,!ss4 ,s ,laud4 ,lat4 #h1 ,sidn4 ,delta4 #e4 #aa1 ,emman4 #b4 #a4 #f3 see also ,,mss 9 ,hody ,bibl4 ,text4 ,orig4 p4 #ffd4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 ! ,lat9 ,bibles ! ,epi/les to ! ,!ssalonians sometimes prec$e & sometimes foll[ ! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians4 ,h5ce we get ?ree arrangem5ts 9 diff]5t ,,mss2 7#a7 #a1 #b ,!ss41 ,col41 ,laod42 7#b7 ,col41 ,laod41 #a1 #b ,!ss42 7#c7 ,col41 #a1 #b ,!ss41 ,laod4 7iii7 ,x occurs at lea/ 9 "o in/ance betwe5 ,titus & ,philemon2 ,oxon4 ,bodl4 ,canon4 #hb4 ,mai also 7,nov4 ,patr4 ,bibl4 ,i4 #b4 p4 #fc7 m5tions a #8v anci5t ,,ms'1 9 :i* x /&s betwe5 ,titus & #a ,john2 b he does n say h[ ,titus & #a ,john appe> 9 su* close neighb\rhood4 7iv7 ,aga9 x foll[s ,philemon 9 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,h>l4 #caca4 ,?is also mu/ h be5 its position 9 ! ,lat9 ,,ms :i* ! scribe ( ! ,codex ,bo]n]ianus _h be=e him3 see above p4 #cdf4 7v7 ,ano!r & some:at common position is aft] ,hebrews2 e4g4 ,brit4 ,mus4 ,add4 #aa1heb1 ,add4 #aj1edf1 ,reg4 ,i4 ,e4 viii1 ,sloane #eci1 ,camb4 ,univ4 ,ee4 ,i4 #af1 ,pet4 ,o4 #d4 #f4 ,see also ,hody l4c4 7vi7 ,x is frequ5tly plac$ at ! end ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & s aft] ! ,apocalypse :5 ! ,apocalypse comes la/1 e4g4 ,h>l4 #bhcc4 ,sometimes ! ,paul9e ,epi/les foll[ ! ,apocalypse1 s t ,laod4 occurs at ! end at once ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les & ( ! ,n4 ,t42 e4g4 ,bodl4 ,canon4 ,lat4 #g4 ,o!r exceptional positions1 e4g4 aft] ,galatians or aft] #c ,john1 are f\nd 9 v]sions & pr9t$ texts 7see ,ang] p4 #adc72 b no au?ority ( ,lat9 ,,mss is quot$ = !m4 ,! ,codex ,fuld5sis1 besides be+ ! olde/ ,,ms1 is also by f> ! mo/ tru/wor?y4 ,9 "s in/ances inde$ a true read+ may be pres]v$ 9 lat] ,,mss1 :]e x has a false "o2 b su* cases are r>e4 ,! text h[ev] 0 already corrupt 9 sev]al places at ?is "t2 & ! v>iations 9 ! lat] ,,mss are mo/ frequ5tly attempts ( ! scribes to r5d] x intelligible by alt]ation or amplification4 ,su* = in/ance is ! case ) ! mutilat$ read+ #8quod e/' 7v]4 #ac71 :i* is amplifi$1 ev5 z e>ly z ! ,book ( ,armagh1 into #8quodcunque optimum e/'1 ?\gh !re c be little d\bt t ! expression repres5ts ( ,phil4 iii4 #b1 & ! miss+ ^w !re=e is #8reliquum'4 ,! greate/ contra/ to ,f is pres5t$ by su* ,,mss z ,,rx1 :]e ! epi/le has n only be5 fill$ out to ! ample/ proportions1 b also suppli$ ) a complete set ( capitulations l ! ,canonical books4 ,?\gh = ?is reason ^! two ,,mss h no great value1 yet !y are int]e/+ z be+ among ! olde/ :i* give ! amplifi$ text1 & ,i h !re=e add$ a collation ( !m4 ,on ! o!r h& "s mu* lat] ,,mss1 especially ,l#a1 pres]ve a v anci5t text1 :i* closely resembles t ( ,f4#fbg ,footnote #fbg3 ,! epi/le has be5 critically edit$ by ,ang] ,laodic5]brief p4 #aee sq4 & ,we/cott ,canon ,app4 ,e4 p4 #egb4 ,i h already express$ my obligations to bo? ^! writ]s = _! collations ( ,,mss4 ,9 ! app>atus ( v>i\s read+s1 :i* is subjo9$ to ! epi/le1 ,i h n attempt$ to give su* m9ute diff]5ces ( spell+ z e & ae1 or c & t 7,laodicia1 ,laoditia71 nor is ! punctuation ( ! ,,mss not$4 ,,ad ,,laodic5ses4 ,sid5ote3 ,text ( ! epi/le4 ,paulus ,apo/olus non ab hom9ibus neque p] hom9em s$ p] ,ihesum ,*ri/um1 fratribus qui sunt ,laodiciae4 #b;,gratia vobis et pax a ,deo patre et ,dom9o ,ihesu ,*ri/o4 #c;,gratias ago ,*ri/o p] omnem orationem meam1 quod p]man5tes e/is 9 eo et p]sev]antes 9 op]ibus eius1 promissum expectantes 9 diem iudicii4 #d,neque de/ituant vos quorundam vaniloquia ins9uantium1 ut vos av]tant a v]itate evangelii quod a me pra$icatur4 #e;,et nunc faciet ,deus ut qui sunt ex me ad pr(ectum v]itatis evangelii des]vi5tes et faci5tes b5ignitatem op]um quae salutis vitae aet]nae4 #f;,et nunc palam sunt v9cula mea quae patior 9 ,*ri/o2 quibus laetor et gaudeo4 #g;,et hoc mihi e/ ad salutem p]petuam2 quod ipsum factum orationibus ve/ris et adm9i/rante ,spiritu sancto1 sive p] vitam sive p] mortem4 #h;,e/ enim mihi viv]e 9 ,*ri/o et mori gaudium4 #i;,et id ipsum 9 vobis faciet mis]icordia sua1 ut e&em dilectionem habeatis et sitis unianimes4 #aj;,ergo1 dilectissimi1 ut audi/is praes5tia mei1 ita ret9ete et facite 9 timore ,dei1 et erit vobis vita 9 aet]num3 #aa;,e/ enim ,deus qui op]atur 9 vos4 #ab;,et facite s9e retractu quaecumque facitis4 #ac;al#ac;,et quod e/ reliquum1 dilectissimi1 gaudete 9 ,*ri/o2 et praecavete sordidos 9 lucro4 #ad,omnes s9t petitiones ve/rae palam apud ,deum2 et e/ote firmi 9 s5su ,*ri/i4 #ae;,et quae integra et v]a et pudica et iu/a et amabilia1 facite4 #af;,et quae audi/is et accepi/is 9 corde ret9ete2 et erit vobis pax4 #ah,salutant vos sancti4 #ai;,gratia ,dom9i ,ihesu cum spiritu ve/ro4 #bj;,et facite legi ,colos5sibus et ,colos5sium vobis4 ,inc4 ad laodic5ses ,f2 ,incipit epi/ola ad laodic5ses 7laudic5ses ,p#b,r7 ,,bdp#a,p#b,p#c;,,crh#b,,sv2 ,epi/ola ad laodic5ses ,,tm 7if ?is head+ be n due to ! editors !mselves72 ,incipit epi/ola pauli ad laodic5ses ,,gh#a2 ,incipit epi/ola beati pauli ad laodic5ses ,x2 ,incipit aepi/ola ad laudic5ses s$ hirunimus eam negat esse pauli ,a3 no head+ 9 ,l#a,l#b;,h#b4 apo/olus om4 ,,tm4 hom9ibus hom9e ,g4 ihesum *ri/um *ri/um ihesum ,t4 *ri/um add4 #8et deum patrem omnipot5tem qui suscitavit eum a mortuis' ,,rx4 fratribus qui sunt 8 qui sunt fratribus ,a4 ,= fratribus ,b has fratres4 laodiciae laodicae ,t2 ladoicie ,l2 laudaciae ,a2 laudiciae ,r2 laodiceae ,b4 #b4 patre et patre no/ro ,l#a2 patre no/ro ,h#a;,h#b,,sm2 no/ro ,a4 dom9o add4 no/ro ,p#b,p#c,,rgl#b4 #c4 *ri/o deo meo ,,dp#a,p#b,p#c;,,cl#a2 deo meo et *ri/o ihesu ,,rx4 meam memoriam ,m4 p]man5tes e/is e/is p]man5tes ,,agr4 9 op]ibus eius 9 op]ibus bonis ,h#a;,h#b,s2 om ,,bdtp#a,p#b,p#c;,,cm4 promissum expectantes promissa expectantes ,t2 et promissum expectantes ,m2 promissionem expectantes ,v2 sp]antes promissionem ,,ag2 sp]antes promissum ,,rx4 diem die ,,btdp#a,p#c;,,gcrh#a;,h#b,,sl#a,,vmx4 iudicii iudicationis ,,grx4 #d4 neque add4 enim ,r4 de/ituant di/ituant ,a2 de/ituunt ,h#a2 de/ituat ,m1 ,spec42 de/ituit ,,dp#a,p#c;,,cm2 di/ituit ,b2 de/itui ,p#b2 di/urbat ,t4 vaniloquia vaniloqu5tia ,,bdtp#a,p#b,p#c;,,gcvm2 vaneloqu5tia1 ,spec4 ins9uantium ins9uantium se ,,gm2 insani5tium ,h#a,s2 insimulantium ,t4 ut s$ ut ,,ba2 s$ peto ne ,r2 s$uctorum ne ,x4 vos om4 ,t4 av]tant ,spec42 ev]tant ,,fml#b2 ev]t5t ,b4 evangelii aevanguelii ,a 7& s bel[74 #e4 et nunc 444 v]itatis evangelii om4 ,l4 faciet deus deus faciet ,,ag4 ut add4 s9t ,g4 qui que 7alt]$ f qui7 ,p#c99 7or ,p#c999974 me add4 p]v5iant ,,tm2 add4 pr(iciant ,v4 ad pr(ectum imp]fectum ,a2 ad p]fectum ,r2 9 pr(ectum ,g4 v]itatis evangelii evangelii v]itatis ,v4 des]vi5tes add4 s9t ,p#b9999,p#c9999;,h#a;,h#b,s4 ,= des]vi5tes ,,rx h dei s]vi5tes4 et faci5tes repeat$ 9 ,l#a4 ,= faci5tes b5ignitatem op]um ,t has b5ignitatem op]um faci5tes4 op]um eorum ,,rx2 op]a ,l#b4 quae om4 ,m2 add4 sunt ,,ap#b9999;,,gcrh#a;,h#b,,svx4 ,x is impossible to say 9 _m cases :e!r a scribe int5d$ op]um quae or op]umque4 ,ranke pr9ts op]umque 9 ,f4 salutis add4 et ,l#a4 #f4 nunc n non ,l#b4 palam sunt sunt palam ,g2 sunt 7om4 palam7 ,a4 ,*ri/o add4 ,ihesu 7iesu7 ,,dp#a,p#b,p#c;,,cvx4 quibus 9 quibus ,,trmp#b4 et ut ,c4 #g4 mihi mi*i ,h#a,s 7& s bel[72 enim 7= mihi7 ,m4 factum fletum ,l#b,m2 factum e/ ,,tp#c9999;,h#a,s4 orationibus op]ationibus ,b4 ve/ris meis ,,dp#a4 et e/ ,m3 om4 ,,tgrl#a,x4 adm9i/rante spiritu sancto adm9i/rantem spiritum sanctum ,,fbl#b2 amm9i/rante spiritum sanctum ,,dcp#a,p#b99 7b !re is an erasure 9 ,p#a74 ,= adm9i/rante ,l#a,x h amm9i/rante2 & = spiritu sancto ,g transposes & reads sancto spiritu4 p] mortem mortem 7om4 p]7 ,h#a4 #h4 e/ enim et5im ,t4 mihi om4 ,m4 viv]e viv]e vita ,,dtp#a,p#b,p#c;,,cvh#a;,h#b,s2 v]e vita ,,fl#a,,rmx2 v]a vita ,b2 v]e 7alt]$ into viv]e prima manu7 vita ,l#b4 gaudium lucrum et gaudium ,a2 gaudium ut lucrum ,h#b,p#b99992 gaudium vel lucrum ,h#a,s4 #i4 et om4 ,t2 qui 7om4 et7 ,v4 id ipsum 9 ipsum ,,fbl#b2 9 idipsum ,l#a,v2 ipsum ,p#b;,,gm2 ipse ,,tah#a;,h#b,,srx4 9 vobis vobis ,p#b2 9 nobis ,h#b4 mis]icordia sua mis]icordiam suam ,,fbdap#a,p#b,p#c;,,*#a;,h#b,,rsvl#a,,xl #b 7b writt5 mis]icordi su 9 sev]al cases74 et om4 ,l#a2 ut ,v4 unianimes unanimes ,,bdtp#a,p#b,p#c;,,g*#a,,rl#a,l#b,,vmsx4 #aj4 ergo ego ,h#b4 ut et ,l#b4 praes5tia mei praes5tiam ei ,,dp2 praes5tiam ,g99992 9 praes5tia mei ,p#c99992 praes5tiam mihi ,m2 pres5ciam eius ,l#b2 praes5tiam dei ,a2 prs5tiam dom9i 7dn7 ,p#b9999;,h#a;,h#b,s4 ita om4 ,,dp#a,p#b9999,p#c;,,cx4 ret9ete ret9]e ,a2 s5tite ,t4 9 cum ,,tm2 om4 ,b4 timore timorem ,,ab4 dei dom9i ,h#a,s4 vita pax et vita ,,rx4 9 aet]num 9 aet]no ,a2 9 aet]na ,g992 aet]na 7et]na7 ,g9999,,pl#a4 #aa4 ,e/ enim 444 vos om4 787 ,t4 enim om4 ,b4 vos vobis ,,gah#a;,h#b,,srvp#b9999 7or ,p#b997 ,p#c9999,,mx4 #ab4 retractu retractatu ,,bp#b,,rl#b2 retractatione ,,agv2 tractu ,t2 reatu ,h#a,s4 ,9 ,p#b9999 ut peccato is add$2 9 ,h#b t peccato4 quaecumque quodcumque ,,tm4 #ac4 quod e/ reliquum quod e/ ,,fbtdp#a,p#b99,p#c99,,rcl#a,l#b,,mx2 quod e/ optimum ,,gh#a;,h#b,,sv2 quodcunque optimum e/ ,a2 quodcunque e/ obtimum ,p#b99992 quod bonum e/ ,p#c99993 see p4 #cef4 dilectissimi dilectissime ,b4 *ri/o dom9o ,,dp#a,p#b,p#c;,,cx4 sordidos add4 omnes ,p#b9999;,h#a;,h#b,s2 add4 hom9es ,a4 9 ut ,l#a4 lucro lucrum ,,rx4 #ad4 omnes 9 omnibus ,g2 hom9es 7atta*$ to ! prec$+ s5t5ce7 ,,tm4 s9t omitt$ "h & plac$ aft] palam ,h#a,s4 apud aput ,f2 ante ,,ag4 deum dom9um ,a4 firmi 9 s5su *ri/i s5su firmi 9 *ri/o ihesu ,r4 #ae4 quae add4 sunt ,r4 integra intigra2 add4 sunt ,t4 v]a add4 sunt ,,dp#a,p#b,p#c;,,cvx4 pudica et iu/a iu/a et pudica ,r4 iu/a iu/a et ca/a ,,agv2 ca/a et iu/a ,p#b9999;,h#a;,h#b,s4 amabilia add4 sunt ,,?#a;,h#b,,sm2 add4 et sancta ,,rx4 #af4 audi/is add4 et vidi/is ,l#b4 accepi/is accipi/is ,a4 pax add4 v]4 #ag1 salutate omnes fratres 7sanctos = fratres ,,gv7 9 osculo sancto ,,agp#b9999;,h#a;,h#b,,srvx4 #ah4 sancti omnes sancti ,,agrh#a,,svx2 sancti omnes ,h#b2 add4 9 *ri/o ihesu ,,rx4 #ai4 dom9i ihesu dom9i no/ri ihesu 7iesu7 *ri/i ,,dtap#a,p#b,p#c;,,g*#a;,h#b,,svmrx4 #bj4 et add4 hanc ,h#a;,h#b,,sp#b99994 legi add4 epi/olam ,l#a,p#c9999 colos5sibus et om4 ,,ftdp#a,p#b99,p#c;,,cvl#a,l#b4 ,!y are also omitt$ 9 ! ,la ,cava ,,ms2 see above p4 #cdh4 colos5sium add4 epi/olam ,l#b4 ,! words colos5sibus1 colos5sium1 are commonly writt5 ) a s+le s1 m especially 9 ! olde/ ,,mss4 ,9 ,l#a ! =m is *olos5sium4 ,! la/ s5t5ce et facite etc4 is entirely omitt$ 9 ,m4 ,9 ,,rx x is exp&$ into et facite legi colos5sibus hanc epi/olam et colos5sium 7colos5sibus ,r7 vos legite4 deus autem et pat] dom9i no/ri ihesu *ri/i cu/odiat vos immaculatos 9 *ri/o ihesu cui e/ honor et gloria 9 secula seculorum4 am54 ,subscriptions4 ,explicit ,p#b,p#c;,h#a2 ,exp4 ad laodic5ses ,f2 ,explicit epi/ola ad laodic5ses 7laudic5ses ,r7 ,,dp#a;,,g*#b,,srvx4 ,!re is no subscription 9 ,,al#a,l#b1 & none is giv5 = ,,tm4 ,sid5ote3 ,notes on ! epi/le4 ,! foll[+ notes are add$ = ! sake ( elucidat+ "o or two po9ts ( difficulty 9 ! text or int]pretation ( ! epi/le4 #d ,neque ,?is is ! passage quot$ 9 ! ,speculum #ej publi%$ by ,mai ,nov4 ,patr4 ,bibl4 ,i4 #b4 p4 #fb sq41 #8,item ad ,laodic5ses3 ,neque de/ituat vos quorundam vaneloqu5tia 7sic7 ins9uantium1 ut vos av]tant a v]itate evangelii quod a me pra$icatur'4 ,we ought possibly to adopt ! read+ #8de/ituat 444 vaniloqu5tia' ( ?is & o!r old mss 9 pref]5ce to ! #8de/ituant 444 vaniloquia' ( ,f4 #8,vaniloquium' h[ev] is ! r5d]+ ( #a ,tim4 i4 #f1 & is support$ by su* analogies z inaniloquium1 maliloquium1 multiloquium1 /ultiloquium1 etc42 see ,hag5 ,spra*l4 ,errt]4 zur ,vulgata p4 #gd1 ,ro5s* ,das ,neue ,te/am5t ,t]tullians p4 #gaj4 de/ituant ,prop]ly #8leave 9 ! lur*' & s #8*eat'1 #8beguile'1 e4g4 ,cic4 pro ,rosc4 ,am4 #dj #8induxit1 decepit1 de/ituit1 adv]s>iis tradidit1 omni fraude et p]fidia fefellit4' ,9 ,heb4 ix4 #bf is translat$ #8ad de/itutionem peccati'4 ,! orig9al "h may h be5 or 4 ins9uantium ,9 late ,lat9 ?is ^w means little m ?an #8to communicate'1 #8to inculcate'1 #8to tea*'3 see ! ref]5ces 9 ,ro5s* ,itala u4 ,vulgata p4 #chg1 ,heumann ,h&lexicon des rmis*5 ,re*ts s4v41 ,ducange ,gloss>ium s4v4 ,s too #8ins9uator' ,t]tull4 ad ,nat4 ii4 #a1 #8ins9uatrix' ,augu/4 ,ep4 #aaj 7,,ii4 p4 #cag74 ,9 ,acts xvii4 #c x is ! r5d]+ ( 4 #e ut qui sunt etc4 ,! passage1 z x /&s1 is obvi\sly corrupt2 & a comp>ison ) ,phil4 i4 #ab ' seems to reveal ! nature ( ! corruption4 7#a7 ,= #8qui' we %\ld probably read #8qu'1 :i* inde$ is f\nd 9 "s late ,,mss ( no au?ority4 7#b7 ,!re is a lacuna some:]e 9 ! s5t5ce1 probably aft] #8evangelii'4 ,! orig9al !re=e w\ld run 9 ?is =m #8ut qu sunt ex me ad pr(ectum v]itatis ev5iant 444 des]vi5tes etc41' ! p>ticiples belong+ to a sep>ate s5t5ce ( :i* ! beg9n+ is lo/4 ,! supplem5ts #8p]v5iant'1 #8pr(iciant'1 f\nd 9 "s ,,mss give ! "r s5se1 ?\gh p]haps !y are conjectural4 ,! ,vulgate ( ,phil4 i4 #ab is #8qu circa me sunt magis ad pr(ectum v5]unt evangelii'4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! v]se x is impossible 9 _m cases to say :e!r a ,,ms int5ds #8op]um qu' or #8op]umque'2 b ! =m] is probably correct1 z repres5t+ 3 unless inde$ ?is s5t5ce also is corrupt or mutilat$4 #g adm9i/rante etc4 ,consid]+ ! div]sity ( read+s "h1 we may p]haps v5ture on ! em5dation #8adm9i/ratione spiritus sancti'1 z ?is m closely resembles ! passage on :i* our text is f\nd$1 ,phil4 i4 #ai 444 #ab retractu #8wav]+'1 #8hesitation'4 ,= ?is s5se ( #8retract>e'1 #8to reh&le1 discuss'1 & s #8to "q1 hesitate'1 & ev5 #8to %irk1 decl9e'1 see ,oehl] ,t]tullian1 index p4 cxciii1 ,ro5s* ,n4 ,t4 ,t]tullian's p4 #ffi1 ,ducange ,gloss>ium s4v43 comp4 e4g4 ,ir54 v4 #aa4 #a #8ne rel9qu]etur qu/io 8 qui infidelit] retractant de eo'4 ,s #8retractator' is equival5t to #8detractator' 9 ,t]t4 de ,jejun4 #ae #8retractatores hujus (ficii' 7see ,oehl]'s note72 & 9 #a ,sam4 xiv4 #ci #8absque retractatione morietur' is ! r5d]+ ( #8dy+ he %all die'1 4 ,"h ! expression probably repres5ts 444 ( ,phil4 ii4 #ad1 :i* 9 ! ,old ,lat9 is #8s9e 444 detractionibus'4 ,all ?ree =ms occur1 retractus 7,t]t4 ,scorp4 #a71 retractatus 7,t]t4 ,apol4 #d1 adv4 ,m>c4 i4 #a1 v4 #c1 adv4 ,prax4 #b1 & frequ5tly71 retractatio 7,cic4 ,tusc4 v4 #bi1 #8s9e retractatione' & s frequ5tly2 #a ,sam4 l4 c74 ,"h #8retractus' mu/ be pref]r$1 bo? z be+ ! lea/ common =m & z hav+ ! highe/ ,,ms au?ority4 ,9 ,t]t4 ,scorp4 #a h[ev] x is n us$ 9 ?is same s5se4 #ac quod e/ reliquum ,i h already spok5 ( ?is passage1 p4 #ceb1 & %all h to speak ( x aga91 p4 #ceg4 ,! olde/ & mo/ tru/wor?y ,,mss h simply #8quod e/'4 ,! ^w #8reliquum' mu/ be suppli$1 z ,ang] truly disc]n$ 7p4 #afc72 = ! passage is tak5 f ,phil4 iii4 #a 1 1 4 ,see ! ,vulgate translation ( 9 #a ,cor4 vii4 #bi4 ,lat] & less tru/wor?y au?orities supply #8optimum' or #8bonum'4 #ad 9 s5su ,*ri/i #89 ! m9d ( ,*ri/'3 = 9 #a ,cor4 ii4 #af is r5d]$ #8s5sum ,*ri/i'4 #bj facite legi etc4 ,?\gh ! words #8,colos5sibus et' are want+ 9 v _m ( ! au?orities :i* are else:]e mo/ tru/wor?y1 yet ,i h felt ju/ifi$ 9 reta9+ !m ) o!r respectable copies1 because 7#a7 ,! homoteleuton w\ld acc\nt = _! omission ev5 9 v anci5t ,,mss2 7#b7 ,! p>allelism ) ,col4 iv4 #af requires _! ins]tion2 7#c7 ,! ins]tion is n l ! device ( a ,lat9 scribe1 :o w\ld h>dly h manipulat$ ! s5t5ce into a =m :i* sav\rs s /rongly ( a ,greek orig9al4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,!ory ( a ,greek orig9al discuss$4 ,x is ! g5]al1 ?\gh n univ]sal1 op9ion t ?is epi/le 0 altoge!r a =g]y ( ! ,we/]n ,*ur*#fbh2 & consequ5tly t ! ,lat9 is n a translation f a lo/ ,greek orig9al1 b pres]ves ! e>lie/ =m ( ! epi/le4 ,?\gh ! =g]y d\btless atta9$ its wide/ circulation 9 ! ,we/1 !re are1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 /rong reasons = diss5t+ f ?is op9ion4 ,footnote #fbh3 e4g4 ,ang] ,laodic5]brief p4 #adb sq41 ,we/cott ,canon p4 #ded sq4 7ed4 #d74 ,erasmus asks boldly1 #8,qui factum e/ ut hc epi/ola apud ,lat9os extet1 cum nullus sit apud ,grcos1 ne vet]um quidem1 qui te/etur eam a se lectam8' ,! accuracy ( ?is /atem5t w be te/$ pres5tly4 ,sid5ote3 ,frequ5t ,grecisms 9 ! epi/le4 ,if we read ! epi/le 9 its mo/ au!ntic =m1 dive/$ ( ! additions contribut$ by ! lat] ,,mss1 we are /ruck ) its cramp$ /yle4 ,altoge!r x has n ! run ( a ,lat9 orig9al4 ,&1 :5 we come to exam9e x 9 detail1 we f9d t ?is con/ra9t is due v l>gely to ! fett]s impos$ by close adh]5ce to ,greek idiom4 ,?us = in/ance we h v]4 #e #8qui or qu sunt ex me'1 or 2 op]um qu salutis1 2 v]4 #f palam v9cula mea qu patior1 2 v]4 #ac sordidos 9 lucro1 2 v]4 #bj et facite legi ,colos5sibus et ,colos5sium vobis1 4 ,x is q possible inde$ t p>allels = "s ( ^! anomalies may be f\nd 9 ,lat9 writ]s4 ,?us ,t]t4 c4 ,m>c4 i4 #bc #8r$undantia ju/iti sup] scrib>um et ,ph>isorum' is quot$ to illu/rate ! g5itive #8,coloss5sium' v]4 #bj4fbi ,! ,greek ca/ h[ev] is n conf9$ to "o or two expressions b ext5ds to ! :ole lett]4 ,footnote #fbi3 ,ang]1 p4 #afe4 ,sid5ote3 ,x diff]s widely f ! ,old ,lat9 & ,vulgate ,v]sions4 ,b a yet /rong] argum5t 9 fav\r ( a ,greek orig9al rema9s4 ,?is epi/le1 z we saw1 is a c5to ( passages f ,/ ,paul4 ,if x _h be5 writt5 orig9ally 9 ,lat91 we %\ld expect to f9d t ! passages 7 tak5 directly f ! ,lat9 v]sions4 ,?is h[ev] is n ! case4 ,?us comp>e v]4 #f #8palam sunt v9cula mea' ) ,phil4 i4 #ac #8ut v9cula mea manife/a fi]5t'3 v]4 #g #8orationibus ve/ris et adm9i/rante spiritu sancto' adm9i/ratione spiritus sancti'8 ) ,phil4 i4 #ai #8p] ve/ram obsecrationem 7,v4 orationem7 et subm9i/rationem spiritus sancti'2 v]4 #i #8ut e&em dilectionem habeatis et sitis unianimes' ) ,phil4 ii4 #b #8e&em c>itatem hab5tes1 unanimes'2 v]4 #aj #8ergo1 dilectissimi1 ut audi/is prs5tia mei 444 facite 9 timore' ) ,phil4 ii4 #ab #8,propt] quod 7,v4 ,itaque7 dilectissimi mihi 7,v4 *>issimi mei7 sicut semp] obaudi/is 7,v4 ob$i/is7 444 prs5tia 7,v4 9 prs5tia7 mei 444 cum timore 7,v4 metu7 444 op]am9i'2 v]4 #aa1 #ab #8,e/ enim ,deus qui op]atur 9 vos 7v4 #a4 vobis74 ,et facite s9e retractu qucumque facitis' ) ,phil4 ii4 #ac1 #ad ,deus enim e/ qui op]atur 9 vobis 444 ,omnia autem facite s9e 444 detractionibus 7,v4 hsitationibus7'2 v]4 #ac quod e/ reliquum1 dilectissimi1 gaudete 9 ,*ri/o et prcavete' ) ,phil4 iii4 #a1 #b #8de ct]o1 fratres mei1 gaudete 9 ,dom9o 444 ,videte'2 ib4 #8sordidos 9 lucro' ) ! ,lat9 r5d]+s ( #a ,tim4 iii4 #h #8turpilucros' 7,v4 #8turpe lucrum sectantes'71 ,tit4 i4 #g turpilucrum 7,v4 #8turpis lucri cupidum'72 v]4 #ad #8s9t petitiones ve/r palam apud ,deum' ) ,phil4 iv4 #f #8po/ulationes 7,v4 petitiones7 ve/r innotescant apud ,deum'2 v]4 #bj #8facite legi ,colos5sibus et ,colos5sium vobis' ) ,col4 iv4 #af #8facite ut et 9 ,laodic5sium ecclesia legatur et eam qu ,laodic5sium 7,,mss ,laodiciam7 e/ ut 7om4 ,v47 vos legatis'4 ,^! examples tell _! own tale4 ,sid5ote3 ,?us int]nal evid5ce fav\rs a ,greek orig9al4,! occasional resemblances to ! ,lat9 ,v]sion are easily expla9$ on ! gr\nd t rem9isc5ces ( ?is v]sion w\ld naturally occur to ! translator ( ! epi/le4 ,! habitual div]g5ces f x are only acc\nt$ = on ! hypo!sis t ! orig9al compil] 0 bett] acqua9t$ ) ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ,greek ?an 9 ,lat91 & !re=e presumably t he wrote 9 ,greek4 ,sid5ote3 ,ext]nal te/imony to ! same effect4 ,&1 if we are l$ to ?is conclusion by an exam9ation ( ! epi/le itself1 we %all f9d x confirm$ by an appeal to ext]nal te/imony4 ,!re is ample evid5ce t a spuri\s ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans 0 kn[n to ,greek writ]s1 z well z ,lat91 at a suffici5tly e>ly date4 ,sid5ote3 ,muratorian ,fragm5t4,a m5tion ( su* an epi/le occurs z e>ly z ! ,muratorian ,fragm5t on ! ,canon 7ab\t ,a4,d4 #agj71 :]e ! writ] speaks ( two lett]s1 "o to ! ,laodiceans & ano!r to ! ,alex&rians1 z circulat$ "u ! "n ( ,paul#fcj4 ,! be>+ ( ! words h[ev] is unc]ta94 ,he may be ref]r+ to ! ,m>cionite rec5sion ( ! canonical ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians1 :i* 0 entitl$ by t h]etic an ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans#fca4 ,or1 if ?is explanation ( 8 words be n correct 7z p]haps x is n71 /ill we %\ld n feel ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t he is ref]r+ to ! extant apocryphal epi/le4 ,inde$ we %\ld h>dly expect t an epi/le ( ?is "* w\ld be writt5 & circulat$ at s e>ly a date4 ,! ref]5ce 9 ,col4 iv4 #af (f]$ a /rong temptation to ! =g]1 & probably m ?an "o unscrupul\s p]son 0 induc$ by x to try 8 h& at falsification#fcb4 ,b1 h[ev] ?is may be1 x seems cle> t be=e ! close ( ! f\r? c5tury our epi/le 0 l>gely circulat$ 9 ! ,ea/ & ,we/ alike4 ,sid5ote3 ,j]ome4#8,c]ta9 p]sons'1 writes ,j]ome 9 8 acc\nt ( ,/ ,paul1 #8read also an ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans1 b x is reject$ by all#fcc'4 ,no d\bt is ent]ta9$1 t ?is fa!r ref]s to our epi/le4 ,sid5ote3 ,!odore4,if !n we f9d t ab\t ! same "t ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia also m5tions an ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans1 :i* he condemns z spuri\s#fcd1 x is a reasonable inf]5ce t ! same writ+ is meant4 ,sid5ote3 ,!odoret4,9 ?is he is foll[$ by ,!odoret#fce2 & inde$ ! int]pretations ( ,col4 iv4 #af giv5 by ! ,greek ,fa!rs ( ?is age 7 l>gely influ5c$ z we h se51 by ! pres5ce ( a spuri\s epi/le :i* !y 7 anxi\s to discr$it#fcf4 ,sid5ote3 #bnd ,c\ncil ( ,nica4,ev5 two or ?ree c5turies lat] ! epi/le seems to h be5 read 9 ! ,ea/4 ,at ! ,second ,c\ncil ( ,nica 7,a4,d4 #ghg7 x 0 f\nd necess>y to w>n p aga9/ #8a =g$ ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans' :i* 0 #8circulat$1 hav+ a place 9 "s copies ( ! ,apo/le#fcg4' ,footnote #fcj3 ,canon ,murat4 p4 #dg 7ed4 ,tregelles74 ,! passage /&s 9 ! ,,ms1 #8,f]tur etiam ad ,laudec5ses alia ad ,alex&r9os ,pauli nom9e f9cte ad h]esem ,m>cionis et alia plura qu 9 ca?olicam eclesiam recepi non pote/4' ,!re is obvi\sly "s corruption 9 ! text4 ,"o v simple em5dation is ! repetition ( #8alia'1 s t ! words w\ld run #8ad ,laudic5ses alia1 alia ad ,alex&r9os'4 ,9 ?is case f9cte 7 f9ct7 might ref] to ! two epi/les fir/ m5tion$1 & ! ,lat9 w\ld con/rue intelligibly4 ,! writ+ describ$ z #8ad ,laodic5ses alia' might !n be ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians "u its ,m>cionite title1 ! writ] probably n hav+ any p]sonal k ( x1 b suppos+ f its "n t x 0 a diff]5t & a =g$ writ+4 ,b :at c !n be ! mean+ ( #8alia ad ,alex&r9os'8 ,is x1 z "s h ?\ght1 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews8 ,b ?is c\ld n "u any circum/ances be describ$ z #8f9cta ad hresem ,m>cionis'1 ev5 ?\gh we %\ld /ra9 ! mean+ ( ! preposition & int]pret ! words #8aga9/ ! h]esy ( ,m>cion'4 ,& aga9 our k ( ,m>cion's ,canon is f> too full to admit ! hypo!sis t x includ$ a spuri\s ,epi/le to ! ,alex&rians1 ( :i* no notice is else:]e pres]v$4 ,we are !re=e driv5 to ! conclusion t !re is a hiatus "h1 z 9 o!r places ( ?is fragm5t1 probably aft] #8,pauli nom9e'2 & #8f9ct' w !n ref] n to ! two epi/les nam$ be=e1 b to ! mutilat$ epi/les ( ,m>cion's ,canon :i* he _h #8tamp]$ ) to adapt !m to 8 h]esy'4 ,9 ?is case ! lett] #8ad ,laudic5ses' may ref] to our apocryphal epi/le or to "s e>li] =g]y4 ,footnote #fca3 ,see ! introduction to ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians4 ,footnote #fcb3 ,timo!us1 :o became ,patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople 9 #eaa1 :ile /ill a presbyt]1 includes 9 a li/ ( apocryphal works =g$ by ! ,mani*eans i4e4 1 ,meurse p4 #aag 7quot$ by ,fabricius1 ,cod4 ,apocr4 ,n4 ,t4 ,i44 p4 #aci74 ,ang] 7p4 #bg7 sugge/s t !re is a confusion ( ! ,m>cionites & ,mani*eans "h4 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t ,timo!us recklessly cr$its ! ,mani*eans ) sev]al =g]ies ( :i* !y 7 innoc5t1 among o!rs ) our apocryphal ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans4 ,/ill x is possible t !re 0 ano!r ,laodicean ,epi/le =g$ by ^! h]etics to support _! peculi> t5ets4 ,footnote #fcc3 ,vir4 ,ill4 #e 7,,ii4 p4 #hdj7 #8,legunt quidam et ad ,laodic5ses1 s$ ab omnibus exploditur'4 ,footnote #fcd3 ,! passage is quot$ above1 p4 #cda1 note #eic4 ,footnote #fce3 4 ,footnote #fcf3 ,ang] 7p4 #adc7 argues aga9/ a ,greek orig9al on ! gr\nd t ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*1 unlike ! ,lat91 did n g5]ally int]pret ,col4 iv4 #af z mean+ an epi/le writt5 to ! ,laodiceans4 ,! fact is true1 b ! inf]5ce is wrong1 z ! language ( ! ,greek comm5tators !mselves %[s4 ,footnote #fcg3 ,act4 vi4 ,tom4 v 7,labbe viii4 p4 #aabe ed4 ,colet47 1 4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,greek re/or$4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans !n 9 ! orig9al ,greek w\ld run some:at z foll[s#fch3 4 ,sid5ote3 a ,gal4 i4 #a4 a ' ' 1 4 ,sid5ote3 b ,gal4 i4 #c42 ,phil4 i4 #b4b;b 4 ,sid5ote3 c ,phil4 i4 #c4 #c;c 1 1 ,sid5ote3 d ,gal4 v4 #e4;d ,sid5ote3 e #b ,pet4 ii4 #i2 iii4 #g2 cf4 ,phil4 ii4 #af4;e 4 #d ,sid5ote3 f #a ,tim4 i4 #f4;f ,sid5ote3 g #b ,tim4 iv4 #d4;g ,sid5ote3 h ,col4 i4 #e2 ,gal4 ii4 #e1 #ad4;h ,sid5ote3 i ,gal4 i4 #aa 7cf4 i4 #h74;i ' 4 #e ,sid5ote3 k ,phil4 i4 #ab4k 99 99 99 4 #f ,sid5ote3 l ,phil4 i4 #ac4l 1 1 ,sid5ote3 m ,matt4 v4 #ab2 cf4 ,phil4 i4 #ahm 4 #g ,sid5ote3 n ,phil4 i4 #ai4n 1 1 ,sid5ote3 o ,phil4 i4 #bj4o 7 4 ,sid5ote3 p ,phil4 i4 #ba4hp 4 #i 1 ,sid5ote3 q ,phil4 ii4 #b4q 1 4 ,sid5ote3 r ,phil4 ii4 #ab4ajr1 1 1 ,sid5ote3 s #b ,!ss4 ii4 #e 7see vulg474s 1 ,sid5ote3 t ,phil4 ii4 #ac4aat 4 ,sid5ote3 u ,phil4 ii4 #ad4ab u ,sid5ote3 x ,col4 iii4 #ag1 #bc4x 4 ,sid5ote3 y ,phil4 iii4 #a4ac y 1 1 4 ,sid5ote3 z #a ,tim4 iii4 #h2 ,tit4 i4 #g4z4 ,sid5ote3 a ,phil4 iv4 #f4ad;a 4 ,sid5ote3 b #a ,cor4 xv4 #eh4;b ,sid5ote3 c #a ,cor4 ii4 #af4;c 4 ,sid5ote3 d ,phil4 iv4 #h1 #i4ae;d 1 4 #af 1 1 ' 4 ,sid5ote3 e ,phil4 iv4 #bb4 #ah;e 4 ,sid5ote3 f ,phil4 iv4 #bc4 #ai;f 4 ,sid5ote3 g ,col4 iv4 #af4 #bj;g 1 4 ,footnote #fch3 ,a ,greek v]sion is giv5 9 ,elias ,hutt]'s ,polyglott ,new ,te/am5t 7,noreb4 #aeii72 see ,ang] p4 #adg note g4 ,b ,i h retranslat$ ! epi/le anew1 introduc+ ! ,paul9e passages1 ( :i* x is almo/ entirely made up1 z !y /& 9 ! ,greek ,te/am5t4 ,! ref]5ces are giv5 9 ! m>g94 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,scanty circulation 9 ! ,ea/1 ,b1 ?\gh writt5 orig9ally 9 ,greek1 x 0 n among ,greek ,*ri/ians t ?is epi/le atta9$ its wide/ circulation4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! #h? c5tury inde$1 :5 ! ,second ,c\ncil ( ,nica met1 x _h f\nd its way into "s copies ( ,/ ,paul's ,epi/les#fci4 ,b ! d5unciation ( ?is ,c\ncil seems to h be5 effective 9 secur+ its ultimate exclusion4 ,we discov] no traces ( x 9 any extant ,greek ,,ms1 ) ! v d\btful exception :i* has already be5 consid]$#fdj4 ,sid5ote3 b wide diffusion 9 ! ,we/4,b 9 ! ,lat9 ,*ur* ! case 0 diff]5t4 ,/ ,j]ome1 z we saw1 _h pron\nc$ v decid$ly aga9/ x4 ,yet ev5 8 au?ority 0 n suffici5t to /amp x out4 ,at lea/ z e>ly z ! six? c5tury x f\nd a place 9 "s copies ( ! ,lat9 ,bibles3 & be=e ! close ( t c5tury its g5u95ess 0 affirm$ by p]haps ! mo/ influ5tial !ologian :om ! ,lat9 ,*ur* produc$ dur+ ! elev5 c5turies :i* elaps$ betwe5 ! age ( ,j]ome & ,augu/9e & ! era ( ! ,re=mation4 ,sid5ote3 ,gregory ! ,great4,gregory ! ,great did n inde$ affirm its canonicity4 ,he pron\nc$ t ! ,*ur* _h re/rict$ ! canonical ,epi/les ( ,/ ,paul to f\rte51 & he f\nd a my/ical explanation ( ?is limitation 9 ! numb] itself1 :i* 0 atta9$ by add+ ! numb] ( ! ,comm&m5ts to ! numb] ( ! ,gospels & ?us fitly repres5t$ ! tea*+ ( ! ,apo/le :i* comb9es ! two#fda4 ,b at ! same "t he /ates t ! ,apo/le wrote fifte52 &1 ?\gh he does n m5tion ! ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans by "n1 !re c be little d\bt t he int5d$ to include ?is z 8 fifte5? epi/le1 & t 8 words 7 rightly und]/ood by subsequ5t writ]s z affirm+ its ,paul9e au?or%ip4 ,! influ5ce ( ?is great "n is p]ceptible 9 ! /atem5ts ( lat] writ]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,haymo ( ,halb]/adt4,haymo ( ,halb]/adt1 :o di$ ,a4,d4 #hec1 comm5t+ on ,col4 iv4 #af1 says1 ,! ,apo/le #8enjo9s ! ,laodicean ,epi/le to be read to ! ,colossians1 because ?\gh x is v %ort & is n reckon$ 9 ! ,canon1 yet /ill x has "s use#fdb'4,sid5ote3 ,h]vey ( ,dole4 ,& betwe5 two or ?ree c5turies lat] ,h]vey ( ,dole 7c4 ,a4,d4 #aacj71 if x be n ,anselm ( ,laon#fdc1 comm5t+ on ?is same passage1 says3 #8,al?\gh ! ,apo/le wrote ?is epi/le also z 8 fifte5? or sixte5?#fdd1 & x is e/abli%$ by ,apo/olic au?ority l ! re/1 yet holy ,*ur* does n reckon m ?an f\rte51' & he proce$s to ju/ify ?is limitation ( ! ,canon ) ! argum5ts & 9 ! language ( ,gregory#fde4 ,o!rs h[ev] did n conf9e !mselves to ! qualifi$ recognition giv5 to ! epi/le by ! great ,bi%op ( ,rome4 ,gregory _h c>efully di/+ui%$ betwe5 g5u95ess & canonicity2 b ?is important di/9ction 0 n seldom disreg>d$ by lat] writ]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,engli% ,*ur*4 ,aelfric4,9 ! ,engli% ,*ur* m especially x 0 =gott54 ,?us ,aelfric abbot ( ,c]ne1 :o wrote dur+ ! clos+ ye>s ( ! t5? c5tury1 speaks z foll[s ( ,/ ,paul3 #8,fifte5 epi/les wrote ?is "o ,apo/le to ! nations by him conv]t$ unto ! fai?3 :i* are l>ge books 9 ! ,bible & make mu* = our am5dm5t1 if we foll[ 8 doctr9e t 0 tea*] ( ! ,g5tiles'4 ,he !n gives a li/ ( ! ,apo/le's writ+s1 :i* closes ) #8"o to ,philemon & "o to ! ,laodiceans2 fifte5 9 all z l\d z ?und] to fai?ful p#fdf'4 ,sid5ote3 ,john ( ,salisbury4,aga91 ne>ly two c5turies lat] ,john ( ,salisbury1 likewise writ+ on ! ,canon1 reckons #8,fifte5 epi/les ( ,paul includ$ 9 "o volume1 ?\gh x be ! wide-spread & common op9ion ( ne>ly all t !re are only f\rte52 t5 to *ur*es & f\r to individuals3 suppos+ t ! "o address$ to ! ,hebrews is to be reckon$ among ! ,epi/les ( ,paul1 z ,j]ome ! doctor ( doctors seems to lay d[n 9 8 preface1 :]e he refute? ! cavils ( ^? :o cont5d$ t x 0 n ,paul's4 ,b ! fifte5? is t :i* is address$ to ! ,*ur* ( ! ,laodiceans2 & ?\gh1 z ,j]ome sai?1 x be reject$ by all1 nev]!less 0 x writt5 by ! ,apo/le4 ,nor is ?is op9ion assum$ on ! conjecture ( o!rs1 b x is confirm$ by ! te/imony ( ! ,apo/le himself3 = he make? m5tion ( x 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians 9 ^! words1 ,:5 ?is epi/le %all h be5 read among y1 etc4 7,col4 iv4 #af7fdg'4 ,aelfric & ,john are ! typical !ologians ( ! ,*ur* 9 ?is c\ntry 9 _! respective ages4 ,! ,conque/ effect$ a revolution 9 ecclesia/ical & !ological matt]s4 ,! ,old ,engli% ,*ur* 0 sep>at$ f ! ,anglo-,norman ,*ur* 9 n a few po9ts bo? ( doctr9e & ( discipl9e4 ,yet "h we f9d ! repres5tative m5 ( le>n+ 9 bo? agre$ on ?is "o po9t--! au?or%ip & canonicity ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans4 ,f ! language ( ,john ( ,salisbury h[ev] x appe>s t su* 0 n ! common v]dict at lea/ 9 8 age1 & t on ?is po9t ! in/9ct ( ! _m 0 m s\nd ?an ! le>n+ ( ! few4 ,nor inde$ 0 x ! undisput$ op9ion ev5 ( ! le>n$ 9 ?is c\ntry dur+ ?is int]val4 ,sid5ote3 ,! epi/le repudiat$ by ,lanfranc4,! fir/ ,norman ,ar*bi%op1 ,lanfranc1 an ,italian by bir? & education1 expla9s ! passage 9 ! ,colossian ,epi/le z ref]r+ to a lett] writt5 by ! ,laodiceans to ! ,apo/le1 & adds t o!rwise #8!re w\ld be m ?an ?irte5 ,epi/les ( ,paul#fdh'4 ,?us he tacitly ignores ! ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans1 ) :i* he c h>dly h be5 unacqua9t$4 ,footnote #fci3 ,quot$ above1 p4 #cei1 note #fcg4 ,footnote #fdj3 ,see above1 p4 #cae sq4 ,footnote #fda3 ,greg4 ,magn4 ,mor4 9 ,iob4 xxxv4 #be 7,,iii4 p4 #dcc1 ed4 ,gallicc47 #8,recte vita ecclesi multiplicata p] decem et quattuor computatur2 quia utrumque te/am5tum cu/odi5s1 et tam secundum ,legis decalogum quam secundum quattuor ,evangelii libros viv5s1 usque ad p]fectionis culm5 ext5ditur4 ,unde et ,paulus apo/olus quamvis epi/olas qu9decim scrips]it1 sancta tam5 ecclesia non amplius quam quatuordecim t5et1 ut ex ipso epi/ol>um num]o o/5d]et quod doctor egregius ,legis et ,evangelii secreta rimasset'4 ,footnote #fdb3 ,patrol4 ,lat4 ,,cxvii4 p4 #gfe 7ed4 ,migne7 #8,et eam qu erat ,laodic5sium ideo prcipit ,coloss5sibus legi1 quia1 licet p]p>va sit et 9 ,canone non habeatur1 aliquid tam5 utilitatis habet'4 ,he uses ! expression #8eam qu erat ,laodic5sium'1 because 0 translat$ 9 ! ,lat9 ,bible #8eam qu ,laodic5sium e/'4 ,footnote #fdc3 ,see ,galatians p4 #bcb on ! au?or%ip ( ?is comm5t>y4 ,footnote #fdd3 ,a ?ird ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians be+ p]haps reckon$ z ! #ae?2 see ,fabric4 ,cod4 ,apocr4 ,nov4 ,te/4 ,,ii p4 #hff4 ,footnote #fde3 ,patrol4 ,lat4 ,,clxxxi4 p4 #acee sq4 7ed4 ,migne7 #8et ea similit] epi/ola1 qu ,laodic5sium e/1 i4e4 quam ego ,laodic5sibus misi1 legatur vobis4 ,quamvis et hanc epi/olam qu9tamdecimam vel sextamdecimam apo/olus scrips]it1 et auctoritas eam apo/olica sicut ct]a firmavit1 sancta tam5 ecclesia non amplius quam quatuordecim t5et1 ut ex ipso epi/ol>um num]o o/5d]et etc4' ,at ! end ( ! notes to ! ,colossians he adds #8,hucusque prot5ditur epi/ola qu missa e/ ad ,coloss5ses4 ,congruum autem videtur ut propt] notitiam leg5tium subjiciamus eam qu e/ ad ,laodic5ses directa2 quam1 ut diximus1 9 usu non habet ecclesia4 ,e/ ergo talis4' ,!n foll[s ! text ( ! ,laodicean ,epi/le1 b x is n annotat$4 ,footnote #fdf3 ,a ,saxon ,treatise conc]n+ ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t by lfricus ,abbas1 p4 #bh 7ed4 ,w4 ,l',isle1 ,london #afbc74 ,footnote #fdg3 ,ioann4 ,s>isb4 ,epi/4 #adc 7,i4 p4 #baj ed4 ,giles7 #8,epi/ol ,pauli qu9decim uno volum9e compreh5s1 licet sit vulgata et f]e omnium communis op9io non esse nisi quatuordecim1 decem ad ecclesias1 quatuor ad p]sonas2 si tam5 illa qu ad ,hebros e/ connum]&a e/ epi/olis ,pauli1 quod 9 prfatione ejus a/ru]e videtur doctorum doctor ,hi]onymus1 illorum dissolv5s argutias qui eam ,pauli non esse cont5debant4 ,ct]um qu9tadecima e/ illa qu ecclesi ,laodic5sium scribitur2 et licet1 ut ait ,hi]onymus1 ab omnibus explodatur1 tam5 ab apo/olo scripta e/3 neque s5t5tia hc de aliorum prsumitur op9ione s$ ipsius apo/oli te/imonio roboratur4 ,mem9it enim ipsius 9 epi/ola ad ,coloss5ses 8 v]bis1 ,quum lecta fu]it apud vos hc epi/ola1 etc4' ,footnote #fdh3 ,patrol4 ,lat4 ,,cl4 p4 #cca 7ed4 ,migne7 on ,col4 iv4 #af #8,hc si esset apo/oli1 ad ,laodic5ses dic]et1 non ,laodic5sium2 et plusquam tr$ecim ess5t epi/ol ,pauli'4 ,we %\ld p]haps read xiiii = xiii1 #8quatuordecim' = #8tr$ecim'1 z ,lanfranc is n likely to h que/ion$ ! ,paul9e au?or%ip ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews4 ,sid5ote3 ,occurr5ce 9 ,,mss ( all ages & c\ntries4 ,inde$ ! safe/ crit]ion ( ! ext5t to :i* ?is op9ion prevail$1 is to be f\nd 9 ! manuscripts4 ,at all ages f ! six? to ! fifte5? c5tury we h examples ( its occurr5ce among ! ,paul9e ,epi/les & mo/ frequ5tly )\t any m>ks :i* imply d\bt respect+ its canonicity4 ,^! in/ances are m common 9 proportion to ! numb] ( extant ,,mss 9 ! e>li] epo* ?an 9 ! lat]#fdi4 ,9 "o ( ! ?ree or f\r extant au?orities = ! ,old ,lat9 ,v]sion ( ! ,paul9e ,epi/les x has a place#fej4 ,9 "o ( ! two mo/ anci5t copies ( ,j]ome's revis$ ,vulgate x is f\nd#fea4 ,among ! fir/ class ,,mss ( ?is latt] ,v]sion its ins]tion is almo/ z common z its omission4 ,?is ph5om5on moreov] is n conf9$ to any "o c\ntry4 ,italy1 ,spa91 ,france1 ,irel&1 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 ,switz]l&--all ! great nations ( ,lat9 ,*ri/5dom--contribute examples ( e>ly manuscripts 9 :i* ?is epi/le has a place#feb4 ,footnote #fdi3 ,! proportion h[ev] is v diff]5t 9 diff]5t collections4 ,9 ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,libr>y ,i f\nd ! epi/le 9 f\r only out ( "s ?irty ,,mss ,:i* ,i inspect$2 :]eas 9 ! ,lambe? ,libr>y ! proportion 0 f> great]4 ,footnote #fej3 ,! ,speculum ( ,mai1 see above1 p4 #cdh4 ,footnote #fea3 ,! ,codex ,fuld5sis1 :i* 0 writt5 )9 a few ye>s ( ! ,codex ,amiat9us4 ,footnote #feb3 ,! li/ ( ,,mss giv5 above p4 #cdh sq4 w sub/antiate ?is /atem5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,v]sions4 ,&1 :5 ! ,scriptures came to be translat$ into ! v]nacul> languages ( mod]n ,europe1 ?is epi/le 0 n uncommonly includ$4 ,sid5ote3 ,albig5sian4,?us we meet ) an ,albig5sian v]sion1 :i* is said to belong to ! ?irte5? c5tury#fec4 ,sid5ote3 ,bohemian4,?us too x is f\nd 9 ! ,bohemian language1 bo? 9 manuscript & 9 ! e>ly pr9t$ ,bibles1 9 v>i\s rec5sions#fed4 ,sid5ote3 ,g]man4,& aga9 an old ,g]man translation is extant1 :i*1 judg+ f l+ui/ic peculi>ities1 _c be assign$ to a lat] date ?an ab\t ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & 0 pr9t$ 9 n less ?an f\rte5 editions ( ! ,g]man ,bible at ! close ( ! fifte5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5turies1 be=e ,lu!r's v]sion appe>$#fee4 ,sid5ote3 ,engli%4,9 ! e>ly ,engli% ,bibles too x has a place4 ,?\gh x 0 exclud$ by bo? ,wycliffe & ,purvey1 yet x did n long rema9 untranslat$ & appe>s 9 two diff]5t & q indep5d5t v]sions1 9 ,,mss writt5 be=e ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury#fef4 ,! prologue prefix$ to ! common] ( ! two =ms runs z foll[s3 ,sid5ote3 ,engli% prologue4 #8,laodic5sis b5 also ,coloc5ses1 z tweye t[nes & oo peple 9 man]s4 ,^! b5 ( ,asie1 & among hem hadd5 be false apo/lis1 & disceyu$e manye4 ,!r=e ! po/le br+i? hem to mynde ( 8 conu]sacion & trewe pre*+ ( ! gospel1 & exciti? hem to be /idfa/ 9 ! trewe witt & l\e ( ,cri/1 & to be ( oo wil4 ,b ?is pi/il is n 9 comyn ,latyn bookis1 & !r= x 0 b late translatid into ,englis* tunge#feg4' ,footnote #fec3 ,an acc\nt ( ?is ,,ms1 :i* is at ,lyons1 is giv5 by ,reuss 9 ! ,revue de ,?ologie v4 p4 #ccd 7,/rassb4 #aheb74 ,he ascribes ! translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t to ! #ac? c5tury1 & dates ! ,,ms a little lat]4 ,footnote #fed3 ,?is v]sion is pr9t$ by ,ang]1 p4 #agj sq4 ,footnote #fee3 ,see ,ang]1 p4 #adi sq41 p4 #aff sq4 ,footnote #fef3 ,^! two v]sions are pr9t$ 9 ,lewis's ,new ,te/am5t translat$ by ,j4 ,wiclif 7#agca7 p4 #ii sq41 & 9 ,=%all & ,madd5's ,wycliffite ,v]sions ( ! ,holy ,bible 7#ahej7 ,,iv4 p4 #dch sq4 ,!y are also giv5 by ,ang] p4 #afh sq4 7#ahdc71 :o takes ! r>] =m f ,lewis & ! o!r f a ,dresd5 ,,ms4 ,dr ,we/cott also has pr9t$ ! common] v]sion 9 8 ,canon1 p4 #deg 7ed4 #d71 f ,=%all & ,madd54 ,( "o ( ^! two v]sions ,=%all & ,madd5 give a collation ( sev]al ,,mss2 ! o!r is tak5 f a s+le ,,ms 7,i4 p4 xxxii74 ,lewis does n /ate :5ce he d]iv$ ! r>] ( ^! two v]sions1 b !re c be little d\bt t x came f ! same ,,ms ,pepys4 #bjgc 7belong+ to ,magd4 ,coll4 ,cambridge7 f :i* x 0 tak5 by ,=%all & ,madd5 7,i4 p4 lvii72 s9ce he else:]e m5tions us+ ?is ,,ms 7p4 #ajd74 ,! v]sion is n kn[n to exi/ 9 any o!r4 ,=%all & ,madd5 give ! date ( ! ,,ms z ab\t #addj4 ,footnote #feg3 ,f ,=%all & ,madd51 ,,iv4 p4 #dch4 ,! e>lie/ ,,mss :i* conta9 ! common v]sion ( ! ,laodicean ,epi/le 7to :i* ?is prologue is prefix$7 date ab\t ,a4,d4 #adcj4 ,sid5ote3 ,two ,v]sions ( ! epi/le4 ,! two =ms ( ! epi/le 9 its ,engli% dress are z foll[s#feh4 ,! v]sion on ! left h& is extant only 9 a s+le ,,ms2 ! o!r1 :i* occupies ! "r column1 is comp>atively common4 #8,p\l1 apo/le1 n ( m51 ne bi man1 b bi ,jhesu ,cri/1 to ! bri!r5 t b5 ( ,laodice1 grace to ou1 & pees ( ,god ! fadir1 & ( ! ,"l ,jhesu ,cri/4 ,gracis ,i d to ,cri/ bi al myn oris\n1 t e be dwell+e 9 him & la/+e1 bi ! bihee/ abid+e 9 ! dai ( doom4 ,ne he vnordeyn$e vs ( sum veyn spe*e feynynge1 t vs ou]turne fro ! so?fa/nesse ( ! gospel t ( me is pre*id4 ,also n[ s*al ,god d hem leuynge1 & doynge ( blessdnesse ( w]kis1 :i* heel! ( lyf is4 ,& n[ op5li b5 my boondis1 :i*e ,i suffre 9 ,cri/ ,jhesu1 9 :i*e ,i glad & ioie4 ,& t is to me heel! eu]la/ynge1 t t ,i dide ) oure prei]is1 & myny/r+e ! ,holy ,_s1 bi lijf or bi dee?4 ,x is =so! to me lijf into ,cri/1 & to die ioie )\t5 e5de4 ,9 vs he s*al d 8 m]ci1 t e haue ! same l\ynge1 & t e be ( o wil4 ,!r=e1 d]lyngis1 z e han h]d 9 pres5ce ( me1 hold e1 & d e 9 dr$e ( ,god2 & x s*al be to ou lijf )\t5 e5d4 ,x is =so! ,god t wor*i? 9 vs4 ,& d e )\t5 ony )draw+e1 :at soeu]e e doon4 ,& t x is1 d]lyngis1 ioie e 9 ,cri/1 & flee e maad f\l 9 clay4 ,alle oure ax+is b5 op5 an5tis ,god1 & be e fa/n$ 9 ! witt ( ,cri/4 ,& :i*e be5 hool1 & soo?1 & *a/1 & rightwijs1 & l\able1 d e2 & :i*e h]d5 & take 9 h]te1 hold e2 & x s*al be to ou pees4 ,holi m5 greet5 ou weel1 9 ! grace ( oure ,"l ,jhesu ,cri/1 ) ! ,holi ,goo/4 ,& d e t pi/il ( ,colos5sis to be r$ to ou4 ,am54 #8,p\l1 apo/le1 n ( m51 ne by man1 b bi ,jhesu ,cri/1 to ! bri!r5 t b5 at ,laodice1 grace to ou1 & pees ( ,god ! fadir1 & ( ! ,"l ,jhesu ,cri/4 ,i d ?ankyngis to my ,god bi al my prei]1 t e be dwell+ & la/yng 9 him1 abid+ ! bihee/ 9 ! day ( doom4 ,= nei?ir ! veyn spekyng ( summe vnwise m5 ha? lettide ou1 ! :i*e wold5 turne ou fro ! treu! ( ! gospel1 t is pre*id ( me4 ,& n[ hem t b5 ( me1 to ! pr(it ( tru! ( ! gospel1 ,god s*al make diss]uyng1 & doyng b5ygnyte ( w]kis1 & hel! ( eu]la/+ lijf4 ,& n[ my boondis b5 op51 :i* ,y suffre 9 ,cri/ ,jhesu1 9 :i*e ,y glade & ioie4 ,& t is to me to eu]la/yng hel!1 t ?is same ?+ be doon by oure prei]s1 & myny/ryng ( ! ,holi ,goo/1 ei!r bi lijf1 ei!r bi dee?4 ,=so! to me x is lijf to lyue 9 ,cri/1 & to die ioie4 ,& 8 m]cy s*al d 9 ou ! same ?+1 t e m\n haue ! same l\e1 & t e be ( oo w4 ,!r=e1 e weel bil\$ bri!r51 holde e1 & d e 9 ! dre$e ( ,god1 z e han h]de ! pres5ce ( me2 & lijf s*al be to ou )\t5 e5de4 ,so!li x is ,god t wor*i? 9 ou4 ,&1 my weel bil\$ bri!r51 d e )\t eny )drawyng :at eu] ?+is e don4 ,joie e 9 ,cri/1 & es*ewe e m5 def\lid 9 lucre1 ei!r f\l wynnyng4 ,be alle oure askyngis op5 an5tis ,god1 & be e /idefa/ 9 ! witt ( ,cri/4 ,& d e ?o ?+is t b5 hool1 & trewe1 & *aa/1 & iu/1 & able to be l\$2 & kepe e 9 h]te ?o ?+is t e haue h]d & take2 & pees s*al be to ou4 ,alle holi m5 gret5 ou weel4 ,! grace ( oure ,"l ,jhesu ,cri/ be ) oure _s4 ,& d e t pi/il ( ,coloc5sis to be r$ to ou4 ,footnote #feh3 ,pr9t$ f ,=%all & ,madd5 l4c4 ,i am assur$ by ^? :o are ?or\ghly conv]sant ) old ,engli%1 t !y c disc]n no diff]5ce ( date 9 ^! two v]sions1 & t !y bo? belong probably to ! e>ly ye>s ( ! #ae? c5tury4 ,! r>] v]sion is tak5 f a bett] ,lat9 text ?an ! o!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,revival ( le>n+ & condemnation ( ! epi/le4 ,?us = m ?an n9e c5turies ?is =g$ epi/le hov]$ ab\t ! doors ( ! sacr$ ,canon1 )\t ei!r f9d+ admission or be+ p]emptorily exclud$4 ,at l5g? ! revival ( le>n+ dealt its dea?-bl[ to ?is z to s _m o!r spuri\s pret5sions4 ,z a rule1 ,roman ,ca?olics & ,re=m]s 7 equally /rong 9 _! condemnation ( its wor?lessness4 ,! language ( ,erasmus m especially is wor? quot+ = its own sake1 & mu/ n be dilut$ by translation3 ,sid5ote3 ,/rictures ( ,erasmus4 #8,nihil habet ,pauli prt] voculas aliquot ex ct]is ejus epi/olis m5dicatas4444 ,non e/ cujusvis hom9is ,paul9um pectus eff+]e4 ,tonat1 fulgurat1 m]as flammas loquitur ,paulus4 ,at hc1 prt]quam quod brevissima e/1 quam friget1 quam jacet6444 ,quanquam quid att9et argum5t>i8 ,legat1 qui volet1 epi/olam4444 ,nullum argum5tum efficacius p]suas]it eam non esse ,pauli quam ipsa epi/ola4 ,et si quid mihi n>is e/1 ejusdem e/ opificis qui nniis suis omnium vet]um !ologorum omnia scripta contam9avit1 conspurcavit1 p]didit1 ac prcipue ejus qui pr ct]is indignus erat ea contumelia1 nempe ,d4 ,hi]onymi#fei'4 ,footnote #fei3 ,on ,col4 iv4 #af4 ,erasmus is too h>d ^u ! writ] ( ?is lett]1 :5 he *>ges him ) su* a mass ( =g]ies4 ,he does n expla9 h[ ?is hypo!sis is consi/5t ) ! condemnation ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans 9 ,hi]on4 ,vir4 ,ill4 #e 7quot$ above p4 #cei74 ,sid5ote3 ,exceptions4 ,b "s ecc5tric spirits on bo? sides 7 /ill f\nd to ma9ta9 its g5u95ess4 ,sid5ote3 ,prtorius4,?us on ! "o h& ! ,lu!ran ,/eph4 ,prtorius prefaces 8 edition ( ?is epi/le 7,a4,d4 #aeie7 ) ! /atem5t t he #8re/ores x to ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*'2 he gives 8 op9ion t x 0 writt5 #8ei!r by ! ,apo/le himself or by "s o!r ,apo/olic man'3 he decl>es t to himself x is #8r$ol5t ( ! _s & grace ( ! mo/ div9e ,paul'2 & he recomm5ds y\ng] tea*]s ( ! ,gospel to #8try _! /r5g? 9 expla9+ x'1 t ?us #8accu/om+ !mselves gradually to ! ,apo/olic doctr9e !y may extract !nce a flav\r sweet] ?an ambrosia & nect>#ffj4' ,sid5ote3 ,/apleton4,on ! o!r h& ! ,jesuit ,/apleton 0 n less eag] 9 8 advocacy ( ?is mis]able c5to4 ,to him its g5u95ess _h a controv]sial value4 ,along ) sev]al o!r apocryphal writ+s :i* he accept$ 9 l mann]1 x 0 important 9 8 eyes z %[+ t ! ,*ur* _h au?ority to exclude ev5 ,apo/olic writ+s f ! ,canon1 if %e judg$ fit#ffa4 ,b su* ph5om5a 7 q abnormal4 ,! dawn ( ! ,re=mation epo* _h effectually sc>$ away ?is gho/ ( a ,paul9e epi/le1 :i* 7we may confid5tly hope7 has be5 laid = ev] & w n aga9 be suff]$ to haunt ! m9d ( ! ,*ur*4 ,footnote #ffj3 ,pauli ,apo/oli ad ,laodic5ses ,epi/ola1 ,lat9e et ,g]manice1 ,hamburg1 #aeie1 ( :i* ! preface is giv5 9 ,fabricius ,cod4 ,apocr4 ,nov4 ,te/4 ,,ii4 p4 #hfg4 ,x is curi\s t ! only two argum5ts aga9/ its g5u95ess :i* he ?9ks wor?y ( notice are 7#a7 ,its brevity2 :i* he answ]s by appeal+ to ! ,epi/le to ,philemon2 & 7#b7 ,its recomm5dation ( works 7#8quod scripsit op]a esse faci5da qu sunt salutis t]n'72 :i* he expla9s to ref] to works t proce$ ( fai?4 ,footnote #ffa3 ,see ,bp4 ,dav5ant on ,col4 iv4 #af3 #8,dete/&a ,/apletonis op9io1 qui ipsius ,pauli epi/olam esse /atuit1 quam omnes patres ut adult]9am et insulsam repudi>unt3 nec sanior conclusio1 quam inde d$uc]e voluit1 posse nimirum ecclesiam g]manam et v]am apo/oli ,pauli epi/olam pro sua au?oritate e ,canone exclud]e'4 ,s also ,:itak] ,disputation on ,scripture passim 7see ! ref]5ces giv5 above1 p4 #cda1 note #eie74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,epi/le ,,to ,,philemon4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,epi/le4 ,sid5ote3 ,unique "* ( ! epi/le4 ,! ,epi/le to ,philemon holds a unique place among ! ,apo/le's writ+s4 ,x is ! only /rictly private lett] :i* has be5 pres]v$4 ,! ,pa/oral ,epi/les inde$ are address$ to individuals1 b !y discuss important matt]s ( ,*ur* discipl9e & gov]nm5t4 ,evid5tly !y 7 int5d$ to be read by o!rs besides ^? to :om !y are imm$iately address$4 ,on ! o!r h& ! lett] be=e u does n once t\* ^u any "q ( public int]e/4 ,x is address$ app>5tly to a layman4 ,x is :olly occupi$ ) an incid5t ( dome/ic life4 ,! occasion :i* call$ x =? 0 altoge!r common-place4 ,x is only "o sample ( numb]less lett]s :i* mu/ h be5 writt5 to 8 _m fri5ds & disciples by "o ( ,/ ,paul's eag] temp]am5t & w>m affections1 9 ! c\rse ( a long & *equ]$ life4 ,sid5ote3 ,its value4,yet to ourselves ?is fragm5t1 :i* has be5 rescu$1 we "k n h[1 f ! wreck ( a l>ge & v>i$ correspond5ce1 is inf9itely preci\s4 ,n[h]e is ! social influ5ce ( ! ,gospel m /rik+ly ex]t$2 n[h]e does ! nobility ( ! ,apo/le's "* receive a m vivid illu/ration ?an 9 ?is accid5tal plead+ on behalf ( a runaway slave4 ,sid5ote3 ,! p]sons address$4 ,! lett] introduces u to an ord9>y h\sehold 9 a small t[n ( ,phrygia4 ,f\r memb]s ( x are m5tion$ by "n1 ! fa!r1 ! "m1 ! son1 & ! slave4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,philemon4 #a4 ,! head ( ! family be>s a "n :i*1 = good or = evil1 0 n unkn[n 9 connexion ) ,phrygian /ory4 ,sid5ote3 ,occurr5ce ( ! "n 9 ,phrygia4,! leg5d ( ,philemon & ,baucis1 ! ag$ peasants :o ent]ta9$ n angels b gods unaw>es1 & 7 rew>d$ by _! div9e gue/s = _! homely hospitality & _! conjugal love#ffb1 is "o ( ! mo/ attractive 9 ,greek my?ology1 & contra/s fav\rably ) _m a revolt+ tale 9 :i* ! p[]s ( ,olympus are repres5t$ z visit+ ?is l[] e>?4 ,x has a special int]e/ too = ! ,apo/olic hi/ory1 because x sugge/s an explanation ( ! sc5e at ,ly/ra1 :5 ! b>b>ians w\ld h sacrific$ to ! ,apo/les1 imag9+ t ! same two gods1 ,zeus & ,h]mes1 _h once aga9 deign$ to visit1 9 ! lik5ess ( m51 ^? regions :i* !y _h grac$ ( old by _! pres5ce#ffc4 ,aga91 9 hi/orical times we read ( "o ,philemon :o obta9$ an un5viable notoriety at ,a!ns by assum+ ! rights ( ,a!nian citiz5%ip1 ?\gh a ,phrygian & app>5tly a slave#ffd4 ,o!rwise ! "n is n di/9ctively ,phrygian4 ,x does n occur ) any special frequ5cy 9 ! inscriptions belong+ to ?is c\ntry2 & ?\gh sev]al p]sons be>+ ?is "n rose to em95ce 9 lit]>y hi/ory1 n "o1 s f> z we "k1 0 a ,phrygian4 ,footnote #ffb3 ,ovid4 ,met4 vii4 #fbf sq4 #8,jupit] huc1 specie mortali1 cumque p>5te ,v5it ,atlantiades positis caducif] alis' etc4 ,footnote #ffc3 ,acts xiv4 #aa 444 ,!re are two po9ts wor? obs]v+ 9 ! ,phrygian leg5d1 z illu/rat+ ! ,apo/olic hi/ory4 7#a7 ,x is a miracle1 :i* op5s ! eyes ( ! peasant c\ple to ! div9ity ( _! gue/s ?us disguis$2 7#b7 ,! imm$iate effect ( ?is miracle is _! attempt to sacrifice to _! div9e visitors1 #8dis hospitibus mact>e p>abant'4 ,! famili>ity ) ?is beautiful /ory may h sugge/$ to ! b>b>ians ( ,ly/ra1 ^: #8,lycaonian spee*' 0 n improbably a dialect ( ,phrygian1 t ! same two gods1 ,zeus & ,h]mes1 _h aga9 visit$ ?is region on an err& at once ( b5efic5ce & ( v5geance1 :ile at ! same "t x w\ld prompt !m to conciliate ! deities by a simil> mode ( propitiation1 4 ,footnote #ffd3 ,ari/oph4 ,av4 #gfb 444 ' 1 4 ,sid5ote3 ,?is ,philemon a ,colossian ,! ,philemon ) :om we are conc]n$ 0 a native1 or at lea/ an inhabitant1 ( ,coloss4 ,?is appe>s f ! fact t 8 slave is m5tion$ z belong+ to t place4 ,x may be add$ also1 9 confirmation ( ?is view1 t 9 "o ( two epi/les writt5 & despat*$ at ! same "t ,/ ,paul ann\nces ! re/oration ( ,onesimus to 8 ma/]1 :ile 9 ! o!r he speaks ( ?is same p]son z revisit+ ,coloss#ffe4 ,on ! o!r h& x w\ld n be safe to lay any /ress on ! /atem5t ( ,!odoret1 t ,philemon's h\se 0 /ill /&+ at ,coloss :5 he wrote#fff1 = traditions ( ?is k9d h seldom any hi/orical wor?4 ,footnote #ffe3 ,comp>e ,col4 iv4 #i ) ,philem4 #aa sq4 ,footnote #fff3 ,!odoret 9 8 preface to ! epi/le says 4 ,?is is g5]ally tak5 to mean t ,philemon's h\se 0 /ill /&+1 :5 ,!odoret wrote4 ,?is may be ! correct int]pretation1 b ! language is n q explicit4 ,sid5ote3 conv]t$ by ,/ ,paul4 ,philemon _h be5 conv]t$ by ,/ ,paul himself#ffg4 ,at :at "t or "u :at circum/ances he receiv$ 8 fir/ lessons 9 ! ,gospel1 we d n "k3 b ! ,apo/le's long resid5ce at ,ephesus naturally sugge/s itself z ! p]iod :5 he 0 mo/ likely to h become acqua9t$ ) a citiz5 ( ,coloss#ffh4 ,footnote #ffg3 v]4 #ai4 ,footnote #ffh3 ,see above1 p4 #cj sq4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 evangelical zeal1 ,philemon prov$ n unwor?y ( 8 spiritual p>5tage4 ,?\gh to ,epaphras belongs ! *ief glory ( prea*+ ! ,gospel at ,coloss#ffi1 8 lab\rs 7 well second$ by ,philemon4 ,! title ( #8fell[-lab\r]1' conf]r$ ^u him by ! ,apo/le#fgj1 is a noble te/imony to 8 evangelical zeal4 ,l ,nymphas 9 ! neighb\r+ ,*ur* ( ,laodicea#fga1 ,philemon _h plac$ 8 h\se at ! disposal ( ! ,*ri/ians at ,coloss = _! religi\s & social ga!r+s#fgb4 ,l ,gaius#fgc1 to :om ! only o!r private lett] 9 ! ,apo/olic ,canon is address$#fgd1 he 0 g5]\s 9 8 hospitalities4 ,sid5ote3 & wide hospitality4,all ^? ) :om he came 9 contact spoke ) gratitude ( 8 k9dly att5tions#fge4 ,( 8 subsequ5t c>e] we h no c]ta9 k4 ,sid5ote3 ,leg5d>y m>tyrdom4,leg5d>y /ory inde$ promotes him to ! bi%opric ( ,coloss#fgf1 & records h[ he 0 m>tyr$ 9 8 native city "u ,n]o#fgg4 ,b ?is tradition or fiction is n entitl$ to any cr$it4 ,all t we really "k ( ,philemon is conta9$ )9 ?is epi/le itself4 ,footnote #ffi3 ,see above1 p4 #ca sq4 ,footnote #fgj3 v]4 #a 4 ,footnote #fga3 ,col4 iv4 #ae4 ,footnote #fgb3 v]4 #b ' 4 ,! ,greek comm5tators1 ,*ryso/om & ,!odoret1 suppose t ,/ ,paul designates ,philemon's own family 7includ+ 8 slaves7 by ?is hon\rable title ( 1 9 ord] to int]e/ !m 9 8 petition4 ,?is is pla9ly wrong4 ,see ! note on ,col4 iv4 #ae4 ,footnote #fgc3 #c ,joh4 #e sq4 ,footnote #fgd3 ,i take ! view t ! address$ 9 ! ,second ,epi/le ( ,/ ,john is "s *ur* p]sonifi$1 z inde$ ! :ole t5\r ( ! epi/le seems to imply3 see esp4 vv4 #d1 #g sq4 ,! salutation to ! #8elect lady' 7v]4 #a7 f h] #8elect si/]' 7v]4 #ae7 w !n be a greet+ s5t to "o *ur* f ano!r2 j z 9 #a ,pet]1 ! lett] is address$ at ! outset 444 7i4 #a7 & conta9s at ! close a salutation f 7v4 #ac74 ,footnote #fge3 vv4 #e1 #g4 ,footnote #fgf3 ,apo/4 ,con/4 vii4 #df 1 1 4 ,! ,greek ,m5a h[ev] make ,philemon bi%op ( ,gaza2 see ,tillemont ,i4 p4 #egd note lxvi4 ,footnote #fgg3 ,see ,tillemont ,i4 pp4 #bij1 #egd1 = ! ref]5ces4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,apphia 8 wife4 #b4 ,x is a safe inf]5ce f ! connexion ( ! names t ,apphia 0 ! wife ( ,philemon#fgh4 ,! comm5tators assume )\t misgiv+ t we h "h ! famili> ,roman "n ,appia1 ?\gh !y d n expla9 ! intrusion ( ! aspirate#fgi4 ,?is seems to be a mi/ake4 ,sid5ote3 ,a /rictly ,phrygian "n4,! ^w occurs v frequ5tly on ,phrygian inscriptions z a prop] "n1 & is d\btless ( native orig94 ,at ,aphrodisias & ,philadelphia1 at ,eum5ia & ,apamea ,cibotus1 at ,/ratonicea1 at ,philomelium1 at zani & ,cotium & ,dorylum1 at almo/ all ! t[ns f> & ne>1 :i* 7 ei!r ,phrygian or subject to ,phrygian influ5ces1 & 9 :i* any fair numb] ( inscriptions has be5 pres]v$1 ! "n is f\nd4 ,if no example has be5 discov]$ at ,coloss itself1 we mu/ rememb] t n a s+le prop] "n has be5 pres]v$ on any monum5tal inscription at ?is place4 ,x is g5]ally writt5 ei!r ,apphia or ,aphphia#fhj2 m r>ely ,aphia1 :i* is p]haps due m]ely to ! c>elessness ( ! /onecutt]s#fha4 ,sid5ote3 ,its aff9ities,b1 s f> z ,i h obs]v$1 x always pres]ves ! aspirate4 ,its dim9utive is ,apphion or ,aphphion or ,aphion#fhb4 ,! alli$ =m ,aphphias or ,aphias1 also a woman's "n1 is f\nd1 ?\gh less commonly#fhc2 & we likewise frequ5tly meet ) ! %ort] =m ,apphe or ,aphphe#fhd4 ,! man's "n correspond+ to ,apphia is ,apphianos1 b ?is is r>e#fhe4 ,! root w\ld appe> to be "s ,phrygian t]m ( ende>m5t or relation%ip#fhf4 ,sid5ote3 & analogies4,x occurs commonly 9 connexion ) o!r ,phrygian names ( a l /amp1 m especially ,ammia1 :i* und]goes ! same modifications ( =m1 ,amia1 ,ammias1 ,ammion or ,amion1 ,ammiane or ,ammiana1 ) ! correspond+ mascul9e ,ammianos#fhg4 ,) ^! we may also comp>e ,tatia1 ,tatias1 ,tation1 ,tatiane or ,tatiana1 ,tatianos4 ,simil> too is ! "n ,papias or ,pappias1 ) ! l5g!n$ =m ,papianos1 to :i* corresponds ! fem99e ,papiane#fhh4 ,s aga9 we h ,nannas or ,nanas1 ,nanna or ,nana1 ) _! d]ivatives1 9 ^! ,phrygian inscriptions#fhi4 ,sid5ote3 ,n to be confus$ ) ! ,lat9 ,appia4,!re is a t5d5cy 9 "s ( ! alli$ =ms ( ,apphia or ,aphphia to drop ! aspirate s t !y are writt5 ) a pp1 m especially 9 ,appe#fij1 b n 9 ! ^w itself2 nor h ,i obs]v$ conv]sely any disposition to write ! ,roman "n ,appia ) an aspirate1 ,apphia or ,aphphia#fia4 ,ev5 if su* a disposition c\ld be prov$1 ! ma9 po9t = :i* ,i am cont5d+ c h>dly be que/ion$4 ,) ! ov]:elm+ evid5ce ( ! inscriptions be=e u1 x is impossible to d\bt t ,apphia is a native ,phrygian "n#fib4 ,footnote #fgh3 ,boeckh ,corp4 ,inscr4 #chad 4 ,9 ! foll[+ inscriptions also a wife be>+ ! "n ,apphia 7,aphphia1 ,aphia7 or ,apphion 7,aphphion1 ,aphion7 is m5tion$ 9 connexion ) h] husb&2 #bgbj1 #bghb1 #bhcf1 #cddf1 #bgge b1 c1 d1 #bhcg b1 #chdi1 #cijb m1 #cifb1 #dada1 #dbgg1 #dcba f1 #chdf z#ag1 etc4 ,m4 ,r5an 7,sa9t ,paul p4 #cfj7 says1 #8,appia1 diaconesse de cette ville'4 ,l o!r direct /atem5ts ( ?is same writ]1 z = in/ance t ! ,colossians s5t a deputation to ,/ ,paul 7,l',ante*ri/ p4 #ij71 ?is ass]tion re/s on no au?ority4 ,footnote #fgi3 ,!y speak ( z a s(t5$ =m ( ! ,lat9 ,appia1 & quote ,acts xxviii4 #ae1 :]e h[ev] ! =m is 4 ,ev5 ,ewald writes ! ^w ,appia4 ,footnote #fhj3 1 no4 #bghb1 #bhce1 #biej1 #cdcb1 #cddf1 #bgge b1 c1 d1 #bhcg b1 #cijb m1 #cifb1 #dabd1 #dade3 1 no4 #chad1 #dada1 #dbgg1 #dcba f1 #chbg l1 #chdf z1 #chdf z#ag4 ,s f> z ,i c\ld trace any law1 ! =m is pref]r$ 9 ! nor!rn & m di/ant t[ns l zani & ,cotium1 :ile prevails 9 ! s\!rn t[ns 9 ! m imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ,coloss1 su* z ,aphrodisias4 ,?is accords ) ! evid5ce ( our ,,mss1 9 :i* is ! be/ support$ =m1 ?\gh is f\nd 9 "s4 ,9 ,!od4 ,mops4 7,cram]'s ,cat4 p4 #aje7 x becomes by a common corruption2 & ,old ,lat9 copies write ! dative ,apphiadi f ! alli$ =m ,apphias4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! inscriptions m5tion+ ! "n is no4 #bghb at ,aphrodisias1 :]e !re is a notice ( 4 1 1 444 ,footnote #fha3 no4 #bgbj1 #chbg4 ,footnote #fhb3 or #bgcc1 #bhcf1 #cbie1 #chdi1 #cijb m1 #dbjg2 #chdf z#cd & #chdf z#ca2 & ev5 1 #cafg1 #cbgh4 ,9 #cijb m ! "m's "n is & ! daught]'s 4 ,footnote #fhc3 1 #cfig1 #cihc2 #chgi4 ,footnote #fhd3 #chaf1 #ccij1 #dadc2 #cgif1 #dabb4 ,footnote #fhe3 ,x is met ) at ! neighb\r+ t[n ( ,hi]apolis1 9 ! =m no4 #ciaa4 ,x also occurs on co9s ( n v di/ant p>ts ( ,asia ,m9or1 be+ writt5 ei!r or 2 ,mionnet ,,iii4 p4 #agi1 #ahd1 ,,iv4 p4 #fe1 #fg1 ,suppl4 ,,vi4 p4 #bic1 ,,vii4 p4 #cfe4 ,footnote #fhf3 ,suidas 3 1 & s ,bekk4 ,anecd4 p4 #dda4 ,eu/a?4 ,il4 p4 #efe says 1 4441 & he adds 1 4 ,^! words 7 f\nd 9 writ]s ( ,attic com$y 7,pollux iii4 #gd 2 comp4 ,x5>*us 1 ' 1 1 ,me9eke ,fragm4 ,com4 ,,iii4 p4 #fag73 & d\btless !y 7 he>d commonly 9 ,attic homes4 ,b 7 !y n le>nt 9 ! nurs]y f ,phrygian slaves8 appe>s 9 two inscriptions almo/ z a prop] "n1 #bfcg 1 #cbgg 4 ,9 no4 #dbjg 7at ,telmissus7 we h 1 s t x seems sometimes to h be5 employ$ side by side ) a ,greek "n2 comp4 no4 #ciab a 444 1 quot$ above p4 #dh4 ,?is w acc\nt = ! frequ5cy ( ! names1 ,apphia1 ,apphion1 etc4 ,9 ,!ocr4 ,,xv4 #ac we h 1 & 9 ,callim4 ,hym4 ,dian4 #f 1 z a t]m ( ende>m5t appli$ to a fa!r4 ,footnote #fhg3 ,?is appe>s f ! fact t ,ammias & ,ammianos appe> sometimes z ! names ( "m & son respectively 9 ! same inscriptions2 e4g4 #chdf z#hb1 #chdg k1 #chhb i4 ,footnote #fhh3 ,on ! "n ,papias or ,pappias see above p4 #dh4 ,footnote #fhi3 ,see ,boeckh ,corp4 ,inscr4 ,,iii4 p4 #ajhe = ! names 1 etc4 ,footnote #fij3 ,we h n only ! =m sev]al times 7e4g4 #chbg x1 #chdf p1 #chdf x1 #chdf z#df1 etc472 b also #chbg g1 #chdf n1 #chdf z#gg1 /ill z a woman's "n4 ,^! all occur 9 ! same neighb\rhood1 at ,cotium & zani4 ,i h n notic$ any in/ance ( ?is ph5om5on 9 ! names ,apphia1 ,apphion2 ?\gh probably1 :]e ,roman influ5ces 7 especially /rong1 !re w\ld be a t5d5cy to trans=m a ,phrygian "n into a ,roman1 e4g4 ,apphia into ,appia1 & ,apphianus into ,appianus4 ,footnote #fia3 ,9 ! ,greek hi/orians ( ,rome = in/ance ! p]sonal "n is always & ! road 2 s too 9 ,acts xxviii4 #ae x is 4 ,footnote #fib3 ,! po9t to be obs]v$ is t examples ( ^! names are ?icke/ 9 ! he>t ( ,phrygia1 t !y dim9i% 9 frequ5cy z ,phrygian influ5ce becomes weak]1 & t !y almo/1 ?\gh n entirely1 disappe> 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,greek & ,roman _w4 ,sid5ote3 ,h] %>e 9 ! lett]4 ,( ?is ,phrygian matron we "k no?+ m ?an c be le>nt f ?is epi/le4 ,! tradition or fiction :i* repres5ts h] z m>tyr$ toge!r ) h] husb& may be safely disreg>d$4 ,/ ,paul addresses h] z a ,*ri/ian#fic4 ,equally ) h] husb& %e _h be5 aggriev$ by ! misconduct ( _! slave ,onesimus1 & equally ) him %e might int]e/ h]self 9 ! p5it5t's future well-be+4 ,footnote #fic3 v]4 #b 4 ,see ! note4 ,sid5ote3 #c4 ,ar*ippus1 ! son4 #c4 ,) less confid5ce1 b /ill ) a reasonable degree ( probability1 we may inf] t ,ar*ippus1 :o is likewise m5tion$ 9 ! op5+ salutation1 0 a son#fid ( ,philemon & ,apphia4 ,! inscriptions d n exhibit ! "n 9 any su* frequ5cy ei!r 9 ,phrygia or 9 ! surr\nd+ di/ricts1 z to sugge/ t x 0 *>act]i/ic ( ^! p>ts#fie4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 (fice,our ,ar*ippus held "s important (fice 9 ! ,*ur*#fif2 b :at ?is 01 we are n told4 ,/ ,paul speaks ( x z a #8m9i/ry' 774 ,"s h int]pret$ ! t]m te*nically z signify+ ! diaconate2 b ,/ ,paul's emphatic message seems to imply a m important position ?an ?is4 ,o!rs aga9 suppose t he succe$$ ,epaphras z bi%op ( ,coloss1 :5 ,epaphras left 8 native city to jo9 ! ,apo/le at ,rome#fig2 b ! assumption ( a regul> & cont9u\s episcopate 9 su* a place z ,coloss at ?is date seems to involve an ana*ronism4 ,m probable ?an ei!r is ! hypo!sis :i* makes him a presbyt]4 ,or p]haps he held a mission>y *>ge1 & belong$ to ! ord] ( #8evangeli/s#fih4' ,ano!r "q too arises respect+ ,ar*ippus4 ,:]e 0 he ex]cis+ ?is m9i/ry1 :atev] x may h be58 ,at ,coloss1 or at ,laodicea8 ,sid5ote3 & abode1,8 connexion ) ,philemon w\ld sugge/ ! =m] place4 ,b 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians 8 "n is m5tion$ imm$iately aft] ! salutations to ! ,laodiceans & ! directions affect+ t ,*ur*2 & ?is fact seems to connect him ) ,laodicea4 ,sid5ote3 ,laodicea1 r ?an ,coloss4,on ! :ole ?is appe>s to be ! m probable solution#fii4 ,laodicea 0 )9 walk+ di/ance ( ,coloss#gjj4 ,ar*ippus mu/ h be5 9 con/ant communication ) 8 p>5ts1 :o liv$ !re2 & x 0 !re=e q natural t1 writ+ to ! fa!r & "m1 ,/ ,paul %\ld m5tion ! son's "n also 9 ! op5+ address1 ?\gh he 0 n on ! spot4 ,an e>ly tradition1 if x be n a critical inf]5ce f ! allusion 9 ! ,colossian lett]1 makes him bi%op n ( ,coloss1 b ( ,laodicea#gja4 ,footnote #fid3 ,s ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia4 ,b ,*ryso/om 1 & ,!odoret 4 ,footnote #fie3 ,x occurs 9 two ,smyrnan inscriptions1 no4 #cadc1 #cbbd4 ,footnote #fif3 ,col4 iv4 #ag 1 4 ,footnote #fig3 ,s ! ,ambrosian ,hil>y on ,col4 iv4 #ag4 ,footnote #fih3 ,ephes4 iv4 #aa be>s te/imony to ! exi/5ce ( ! (fice ( evangeli/ at ?is date4 ,footnote #fii3 ,x is adopt$ by ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia4 ,on ! o!r h& ,!odoret argues aga9/ ?is view on critical gr\nds2 1 ' 3 b he does n allege any traditional support = 8 own op9ion4 ,footnote #gjj3 ,see above pp4 #b1 #ae4 ,footnote #gja3 ,apo/4 ,con/4 vii1 #df quot$ above p4 #cgb1 note #fgf4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 c>e]4 ,( ! appreh5sions :i* ! ,apo/le seems to h ent]ta9$ respect+ ,ar*ippus1 ,i h already spok5#gjb4 ,x is n improbable t !y 7 sugge/$ by 8 y\? & inexp]i5ce4 ,/ ,paul "h addresses him z 8 #8fell[-soldi]#gjc1' b we are n in=m$ on :at spiritual campaigns !y _h s]v$ 9 company4 ,( 8 subsequ5t c>e] we h no tru/wor?y evid5ce4 ,tradition repres5ts him z hav+ suff]$ m>tyrdom at ,coloss ) 8 fa!r & "m4 ,footnote #gjb3 ,see p4 #db4 ,footnote #gjc3 v]4 #b 4 ,see ! note4 ,sid5ote3 #d4 ,onesimus4 #d4 ,b f> m important to ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity ?an ! p>5ts or ! son ( ! family1 is ! s]vant4 ,! "n ,onesimus 0 v commonly borne by slaves4 ,l o!r words signify+ utility1 wor?1 & s =?1 x naturally l5t itself to ?is purpose#gjd4 ,accord+ly ! inscriptions (f] a v l>ge numb] ( examples 9 :i* x appe>s z ! "n ( "s slave or fre$man#gje2 ,sid5ote3 ,a s]vile "n4& ev5 :]e ?is is n ! case1 ! accompanim5ts frequ5tly %[ t ! p]son 0 ( s]vile desc5t1 ?\gh he might nev] himself h be5 a slave#gjf4 ,inde$ x occurs m ?an once z a fictiti\s "n = a slave#gjg1 a fact :i* po9ts significantly to ! social condition naturally sugge/$ by x4 ,9 ! inscriptions ( proconsul> ,asia x is f\nd#gjh2 b no /ress c be laid on ?is co9cid5ce1 = its occurr5ce z a prop] "n 0 d\btless coext5sive ) ! use ( ! ,greek language4 ,m important is ! fact t 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity x atta9s "s em95ce 9 ?is region4 ,sid5ote3 ,its prom95ce among ! ,*ri/ians ( proconsul> ,asia4,"o ,onesimus is bi%op ( ,ephesus 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( ! second c5tury1 :5 ,ignatius passes ?r\gh ,asia ,m9or on 8 way to m>tyrdom1 & is m5tion$ by ! sa9t 9 t]ms ( w>m affection & respect#gji4 ,ano!r1 app>5tly an influ5tial layman1 ab\t half a c5tury lat] urges ,melito bi%op ( ,s>dis to compile a volume ( extracts f ! scriptures2 & to him ?is fa!r d$icates ! "w :5 complet$#gaj4 ,?us x w\ld appe> t ! memory ( ! ,colossian slave _h inve/$ ! "n ) a special popul>ity among ,*ri/ians 9 ?is di/rict4 ,footnote #gjd3 e4g4 ,*resimus1 ,*re/us1 ,onesiphorus1 ,symphorus1 ,c>pus1 etc4 ,s too ! correspond+ female names ,onesime1 ,*re/e1 ,symph]usa1 etc43 b m commonly ! wom5's names are ( a diff]5t ca/ ( mean+1 ,arescusa1 ,prepusa1 ,t]pusa1 ,?allusa1 ,tryphosa1 etc4 ,footnote #gje3 e4g4 9 ! ,corp4 ,inscr4 ,lat4 ,,iii4 p4 #cbc1 no4 #badf1 p4 #cei1 no4 #bgbc1 p4 #ihf1 no4 #fajg 7:]e x is spell$ ,honesimus72 & 9 ,muratori1 ,,cc4 #f1 ,,dxxix4 #e1 ,,cmlxviii4 #d1 ,,miii4 #b1 ,,mdxviii4 #b1 ,,mdxxiii4 #d1 ,,mdli4 #i1 ,,mdlxxi4 #e1 ,,mdlxxv4 #a1 ,,mdxcii4 #h1 ,,mdxcvi4 #g1 ,,mdcvi4 #b1 ,,mdcx4 #ai1 ,,mdcxiv4 #ag1 #ci2 & ! correspond+ female "n ,onesime 9 ,,mccxxxix4 #ab1 ,,mdxlvi4 #f1 ,,mdcxii4 #i4 ,a m dilig5t se>* ?an ,i h made w\ld probably increase ! numb] ( examples v l>gely4 ,footnote #gjf3 e4g4 ,corp4 ,inscr4 ,lat4 ,,iii4 p4 #bch1 no4 #adfg1 ,d4 ,m4 ,m4 ,,avr ,,onesimo ,,c>pion ,,avg ,,lib ,,tabvl ,,filio4 ,9 ! next g5]ation any direct notice ( s]vile orig9 w\ld disappe>2 b ! names v (t5 indicate x4 ,x ne$ n h[ev] necess>ily d5ote l[ extraction3 see e4g4 ,liv4 xliv4 #af4 ,footnote #gjg3 ,m5&] ,inc4 #cab 7,me9eke ,fragm4 ,com4 ,,iv4 p4 #cjj71 :]e ! address$ is a slave1 z appe>s f ! m5tion ( 8 1 i4e4 ma/]2 ,gal5 de ,opt4 ,doctr4 ,i 7,i4 p4 #da ed4 ,khn71 :]e !re is a ref]5ce to a "w ( ,phavor9us 9 :i* 0 introduc$ "o ,onesimus 2 ,an?ol4 ,grc4 ,,ii4 p4 #afa1 :]e ! context %[s t ! p]son address$ z ,onesimus is a slave2 ib4 ,,ii4 p4 #dhb1 :]e ! ma/]1 leav+ legacies to 8 s]vants1 says ' 1 444 ,see also ! use ( ! "n 9 ! ,lat9 play quot$ ,suet4 ,galb4 #ac 7accord+ to "o read+74 ,footnote #gjh3 ,x occurs z ne> to ,coloss z ,aphrodisias2 ,boeckh ,c4 ,i4 no4 #bgdc4 ,footnote #gji3 ,ign4 ,ephes4 ,i4 444 2 see also #b1 #e1 #f4 ,footnote #gaj3 ,melito 9 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 iv4 #bf 4 444 ,sid5ote3 ,position & conduct ( ,onesimus4 ,onesimus repres5t$ ! lea/ respectable type ( ! lea/ respectable class 9 ! social scale4 ,he 0 reg>d$ by philosoph]s z a #8live *attel'1 a #8live implem5t#gaa'2 & he _h tak5 philosophy at h] ^w4 ,he _h done :at a *attel or an implem5t might be expect$ to d1 if endu$ ) life & intellig5ce4 ,he 0 treat$ by ! law z hav+ no rights#gab2 & he _h c>ri$ ! pr9ciples ( ! law to _! logical consequ5ces4 ,he _h decl9$ to ent]ta9 any responsibilities4 ,!re 0 absolutely no?+ to recomm5d him4 ,he 0 a slave1 & :at 0 worse1 a ,phrygian slave2 & he _h confirm$ ! popul> e/imate ( 8 class#gac & nation#gad by 8 own conduct4 ,he 0 a ?ief & a runaway4 ,8 (f5ce did n diff] 9 any way1 s f> z we "k1 f ! vulg> type ( slavi% (f5ces4 ,he seems to h done j :at ! repres5tative slave 9 ! ,roman com$y ?reat5s to d1 :5 he gets into tr\ble4 ,he _h #8pack$ up "s goods & tak5 to 8 heels#gae4' ,rome 0 ! natural cesspool = ^! (fsc\r+s ( humanity#gaf4 ,9 ! ?rong+ cr[ds ( ! metropolis 0 8 be/ hope ( secresy4 ,9 ! dregs ( ! city rabble he w\ld f9d ! society ( cong5ial spirits4 ,footnote #gaa3 ,ari/ot4 ,pol4 i4 #d 7p4 #abec7 1 ,e?4 ,nic4 viii4 #ac 7p4 #aafa7 1 ' 4 ,see also ! classification ( #8implem5ts' 9 ,v>ro1 de ,re ru/4 ,i4 #ag4 #a #8,in/rum5ti g5us vocale et semivocale et mutum3 vocale1 9 quo sunt s]vi2 semivocale1 9 quo boves2 mutum1 9 quo plau/ra'4 ,footnote #gab3 ,dig4 iv4 #e #8,s]vile caput nullum jus habet' 7,paulus72 ib4 l4 #ag #8,9 p]sonam s]vilem nulla cadit obligatio' 7,ulpianus74 ,footnote #gac3 ,plaut4 ,pseud4 ,i4 #b1 #f #8,ubi data occasio/1 rape1 clepe1 t5e1 h>paga1 bibe1 es1 fuge2 hoc eorum opu/'2 ,ovid4 ,amor4 i4 #ae4 #ag #8,dum fallax s]vus'4 ,footnote #gad3 ,cic]o speaks ?us ( ,phrygia & ! neighb\r+ di/ricts2 pro ,flacc4 #bg #8,utrum igitur no/rum e/ an ve/rum hoc prov]bium ,phrygem plagis fi]i sol]e meliorem8 ,quid de tota ,c>ia8 ,nonne hoc ve/ra voce vulgatum e/2 si quid cum p]iculo exp]iri velis1 9 ,c>e id potissimum esse faci5dum8 ,quid porro 9 ,grco s]mone tam tritum e/1 quam si quis despicatui ducitur1 ut ,mysorum ultimus esse dicatur8 ,nam quid ego dicam de ,lydia8 ,quis unquam ,grcus comdiam scripsit 9 qua s]vus prim>um p>tium non ,lydus esset'3 comp4 ,alciphr4 ,epi/4 iii4 #ch 4442 ,apollod4 ,com4 7,me9eke1 ,,iv4 p4 #dea7 444 ,?is la/ passage ref]s to ! c[>dice ) :i*1 besides all _! o!r bad qualities1 ! ,phrygians 7 cr$it$3 comp4 ,anon4 ,com4 7ib4 ,,iv4 p4 #feb7 1 ,t]tull4 de ,anim4 #bj #8,comici ,phrygas timidos illudunt'3 see ,ribbeck ,com4 ,lat4 p4 #ajf4 ,footnote #gae3 ,t]4 ,phorm4 i4 #d4 #ac #8aliquid convasassem1 atque h9c me prot9am conjic]em 9 p$es'4 ,footnote #gaf3 ,sall4 ,cat4 xxxvii4 #e #8,romam sicuti 9 s5t9am conflux]ant'3 comp4 ,tac4 ,ann4 xv4 #dd4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 enc\nt] ) ,/ ,paul 9 ,rome ,b at ,rome ! ,apo/le spread 8 net = him1 & he 0 caught 9 its me%es4 ,h[ he fir/ came 9 contact ) ! imprison$ mission>y1 we c only conjecture4 ,0 x an accid5tal enc\nt] ) 8 fell[-t[nsman ,epaphras 9 ! /reets ( ,rome :i* l$ to ! int]view8 ,0 x ! pressure ( want :i* induc$ him to seek alms f "o ^: l>ge-he>t$ *>ity mu/ h be5 a h\sehold ^w 9 8 ma/]'s family8 ,or did ! memory ( solemn words1 :i* he _h *anc$ to ov]he> at ^? weekly ga!r+s 9 ! upp] *amb] at ,coloss1 haunt him 9 8 lonel9ess1 till1 yield+ to ! fasc9ation1 he 0 con/ra9$ to unburd5 himself to ! "o man :o c\ld soo! 8 t]rors & satisfy 8 ye>n+s8 ,:atev] motive may h drawn him to ! ,apo/le's side--:e!r ! pangs ( hung] or ! gnaw+s ( consci5ce--:5 he 0 once )9 ! range ( attraction1 he c\ld n escape4 ,sid5ote3 & conv]sion4,he li/5$1 0 impress$1 0 conv9c$1 0 baptiz$4 ,! slave ( ,philemon became ! fre$man ( ,*ri/#gag4 ,/ ,paul f\nd n only a s9c]e conv]t1 b a devot$ fri5d1 9 8 late/ son 9 ! fai?4 ,ari/otle _h said t !re ought n to be1 & c\ld n be1 any fri5d%ip ) a slave qua slave1 ?\gh !re might be qua man#gah2 & o!rs _h held /ill /rong] language to ! same effect4 ,! ,apo/le did n recognize ! philosoph]'s subtle di/9ction4 ,= him ! conv5tional b>ri] betwe5 slave & free _h altoge!r vani%$ be=e ! dissolv+ pres5ce ( an et]nal v]ity#gai4 ,sid5ote3 ,/ ,paul's affection = him4,he f\nd 9 ,onesimus some?+ m ?an a slave1 a belov$ bro!r bo? z a slave & z a man1 #8bo? 9 ! fle% & 9 ! ,"l#gbj4' ,! great capacity = good :i* appe>s 9 ! typical slave ( ,greek & ,roman fiction1 not)/&+ all ! fraud & pr(ligacy ov]ly+ x1 0 evok$ & develop$ "h by ! inspiration ( a new fai? & ! inc5tive ( a new hope4 ,! g5ial1 affectionate1 w9n+ disposition1 purifi$ & elevat$ by a high] k1 _h f\nd its prop] scope4 ,altoge!r ?is new fri5d%ip 0 a solace & a /r5g? to ! ,apo/le 9 8 we>y captivity1 :i* he c\ld ill af=d to =ego4 ,to take away ,onesimus 0 to te> out ,paul's he>t#gba4 ,footnote #gag3 #a ,cor4 vii4 #bb4 ,footnote #gah3 ,e?4 ,nic4 viii4 #ac 7p4 #aafa7 ' ' 1 1 ' 1 1 ' 444 ,on ! views ( ,ari/otle respect+ slav]y see ,beck]'s ,*>ikles ,,iii4 p4 #b sq4 7ed4 #b1 #ahed7 ) ! editor ,k4 ,f4 ,h]mann's ref]5ces to ! lit]ature ( ! subject1 p4 #e4 ,footnote #gai3 #a ,cor4 vii4 #ba sq41 ,gal4 iii4 #bh1 ,col4 iii4 #aa4 ,) ?is contra/ ! expression attribut$ to a speak] 9 ,macrob4 ,sat4 i4 #aa #8quasi v]o cur5t div9a de s]vis'4 ,footnote #gbj3 ,philem4 #af4 ,footnote #gba3 v]4 #ab4 ,sid5ote3 ,necessity = 8 return ,b !re 0 an imp]i\s dem& = ! sacrifice4 ,onesimus _h rep5t$1 b he _h n made re/itution4 ,he c\ld only d ?is by submitt+ aga9 to ! s]vitude f :i* he _h escap$4 ,philemon mu/ be made to feel t1 :5 ,onesimus 0 ga9$ = ,*ri/1 he 0 rega9$ = 8 old ma/] also4 ,b if ! claim ( duty dem&$ a great sacrifice f ,paul1 x dem&$ a great] /ill f ,onesimus4 ,sid5ote3 not)/&+ ! risk4,by return+ he w\ld place himself entirely at ! m]cy ( ! ma/] :om he _h wrong$4 ,roman law1 m cruel ?an ,a!nian1 practically impos$ no limits to ! p[] ( ! ma/] ov] 8 slave#gbb4 ,! alt]native ( life or dea? re/$ solely ) ,philemon1 & slaves 7 con/antly crucifi$ = f> light] (f5ces ?an 8#gbc4 ,a ?ief & a runaway1 he laid no claim to =giv5ess4 ,footnote #gbb3 ,dig4 i4 #f #8,9 pote/ate sunt s]vi dom9orum2 quae quidem pote/as juris g5tium e/3 nam apud omnes p]aeque g5tes animadv]t]e possumus dom9is 9 s]vos vitae necisque pote/atem fuisse'4 ,comp4 ,s5ec4 de ,clem4 i4 #ah #8,cum 9 s]vum omnia liceant'4 ,footnote #gbc3 ,s ! mi/ress 9 ,juv4 ,sat4 vi4 #bai sq4 #8,pone crucem s]vo4 ,m]uit quo crim9e s]vus supplicium8 quis te/is ade/8 quis detulit8444 ,o dem5s1 ita s]vus homo e/8 nil fec]it1 e/o4 ,hoc volo1 sic jubeo1 etc4' ,comp>e ! words ( ! slave 9 ,plautus ,mil4 ,glor4 ii4 #d4 #ai #8,noli m9it>i3 scio crucem futuram mihi sepulcrum3 ,ibi mei sunt majores siti1 pat]1 avos1 proavos1 abavos'4 ,sid5ote3 ,m$iation ( ,ty*icus ,sid5ote3 supplem5t$ by ! ,apo/le's lett]4 ,a fav\rable opportunity occurr$ = re/or+ ,onesimus to 8 ma/]4 ,ty*icus1 z ! be>] ( lett]s f ! ,apo/le to ,laodicea & ,coloss1 _h occasion to visit ^? p>ts4 ,he might und]take ! (fice ( m$iator1 & plead ! cause ( ! p5it5t slave ) ! (f5d$ ma/]4 ,"u 8 %elt] ,onesimus w\ld be saf] ?an if he enc\nt]$ ,philemon alone4 ,b ,/ ,paul is n satisfi$ ) ?is precaution4 ,he w ) 8 own h& write a few words ( eag] affectionate entreaty1 id5tify+ himself ) ! cause ( ,onesimus4 ,s he takes up 8 p54 ,sid5ote3 ,analysis ( ! lett]4 ,aft] ! op5+ salutation to ,philemon & ! memb]s ( 8 family1 he expresses 8 ?ankfulness = ! report :i* has rea*$ 8 e>s ( 8 fri5d's *>itable de$s4 ,x is a great joy & enc\ragem5t to ! ,apo/le t s _m bre?r5 h _h cause to bless 8 "n4 ,?is wide-spread reputation = k9dl9ess embold5s him to reveal 8 object 9 writ+4 ,?\gh he has a "r to comm&1 he pref]s r to entreat4 ,he has a petition to pref] on behalf ( a *ild ( 8 own4 ,?is is none o!r ?an ,onesimus1 :om ,philemon w rememb] only z a wor?less creature1 altoge!r untrue to 8 "n1 b :o n[ is a re=m$ man4 ,he w\ld h wi%$ to deta9 ,onesimus1 = he c ill af=d to disp5se ) 8 lov+ s]vices4 ,inde$ ,philemon w\ld d\btless h be5 glad ?us to m9i/] vic>i\sly to ! ,apo/le's wants4 ,b a b5efit :i* we>s ! appe>ance ( be+ =c$1 :e!r truly s or n1 loses all its value1 & !re=e he s5ds him back4 ,nay1 !re may h be5 9 ?is des]tion a ,div9e provid5ce :i* x w\ld ill become him ,paul to ?w>t4 ,onesimus may h be5 )held f ,philemon = a "t1 t he might be re/or$ to him = ev]4 ,he may h left z a slave1 t he might return m ?an a slave4 ,to o!rs--to ! ,apo/le himself especially--he is n[ a de>ly belov$ bro!r4 ,mu/ he n be ?is & m ?an ?is to ,philemon1 :e!r 9 e>?ly ?+s or 9 heav5ly ?+s8 ,he !re=e begs ,philemon to receive ,onesimus z he w\ld receive himself4 ,z = any injury t he may h done1 z = any money t he may owe1 ! ,apo/le makes himself responsible = ?is4 ,! pres5t lett] may be accept$ z a bond1 a security = repaym5t4 ,yet at ! same "t he _c refra9 f rem9d+ ,philemon t he might fairly claim ! remission ( s small an am\nt4 ,does n 8 fri5d owe to him 8 own s\l besides8 ,yes1 he has a "r to look = "s filial gratitude & duty f "o to :om he /&s 9 ! relation ( a spiritual fa!r4 ,philemon w surely n refuse him ?is com=t 9 8 _m trials4 ,he writes 9 ! full confid5ce t he w be obey$2 he is q sure t 8 fri5d w d m ?an is ask$ ( him4 ,at ! same "t he tru/s to see him be=e v long1 & to talk ov] ?is & o!r matt]s4 ,philemon may provide him a lodg+3 = he hopes ?r\gh _! pray]s t he may be lib]at$1 & giv5 back to !m4 ,!n foll[ ! salutations1 & ! lett] ends ) ! ,apo/le's b5$iction4 ,sid5ote3 ,result ( ! appeal4 ,( ! result ( ?is appeal we h no c]ta9 k4 ,x is reasonable to suppose h[ev] t ,philemon w\ld n belie ! ,apo/le's hopes2 t he w\ld receive ! slave z a bro!r2 t he w\ld ev5 g beyond ! express$ t]ms ( ! ,apo/le's petition1 & emancipate ! p5it5t4 ,b all ?is is a m]e conjecture4 ,"o tradition makes ,onesimus bi%op ( ,ephesus#gbd4 ,b ?is obvi\sly arises f a confusion ) 8 namesake1 :o liv$ ab\t half a c5tury lat]#gbe4 ,sid5ote3 ,leg5d>y hi/ory4,ano!r /ory po9ts to ,b]a 9 ,mac$onia z 8 see#gbf4 ,?is is at lea/ free f ! suspicion ( hav+ be5 sugge/$ by any notice 9 ! ,apo/olic writ+s3 b ! au?ority on :i* x re/s does n entitle x to mu* cr$it4 ,! leg5d ( 8 mission>y lab\rs 9 ,spa9 & ( 8 m>tyrdom at ,rome may h be5 built on ! hypo!sis ( 8 cont9u+ 9 ! ,apo/le's company1 foll[+ 9 ! ,apo/le's foot/eps1 & %>+ ! ,apo/le's fate4 ,ano!r /ory1 :i* gives a circum/antial acc\nt ( 8 m>tyrdom at ,puteoli1 seems to confuse him ) a namesake :o suff]$1 or 0 relat$ to h suff]$1 9 ! ,decian p]secution#gbg4 ,footnote #gbd3 ,see ,acta ,sanct4 ,boll4 xvi ,febr4 7,,ii4 p4 #heg sq4 ed4 nov47 = ! au?orities1 if !y des]ve ! "n4 ,footnote #gbe3 ,if we take ! e>li] date ( ! ,epi/les ( ,/ ,ignatius1 ,a4,d4 #ajg1 we get an int]val ( #dd ye>s betwe5 ! ,onesimus ( ,/ ,paul & ! ,onesimus ( ,ignatius4 ,x is n altoge!r impossible !re=e t ! same p]son may be int5d$4 ,b on ! o!r h& ! language ( ,ignatius 7,ephes4 #a sq47 leaves ! impression t he is speak+ ( a p]son comp>atively "y & untri$ 9 (fice4 ,footnote #gbf3 ,apo/4 ,con/4 vii4 #df1 quot$ above1 p4 #cgb1 note #fgf4 ,footnote #gbg3 ,= ^! ecclesia/ical leg5ds see ,act4 ,sanct4 l4c4 p4 #heh sq4 ,sid5ote3 ,depreciation ( ! epi/le 9 e>ly times4 ,! e/imate =m$ ( ?is epi/le at v>i\s epo*s has diff]$ widely4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury !re 0 a /rong bias aga9/ x4 ,! #8_s ( ! age' _h no sympa?y ) ei!r ! subject or ! h&l+4 ,l ! _s ( m ?an "o lat] age1 x 0 enam\r$ ( its own n>r[ness1 :i* x mi/ook = l>g5ess ( view1 & x c\ld n condesc5d to su* trivialities z 7 "h (f]$ to x4 ,its maxim seem$ to be ,de m9imis non curat evangelium4 ,( :at acc\nt 0 ! fate ( a s+le insignificant slave1 long s9ce dead & gone1 to ^? be=e ^: eyes ! battle ( ! cre$s 0 /ill rag+8 ,?is lett] taught !m no?+ ab\t que/ions ( !ological int]e/1 no?+ ab\t matt]s ( ecclesia/ical discipl9e2 & !re=e !y w\ld h none ( x4 ,!y d5i$ t x _h be5 writt5 by ,/ ,paul4 ,x matt]$ no?+ to !m t ! ,*ur* f ! e>lie/ ages _h accept$ x z g5u9e1 t ev5 ! remorseless #8high] criticism' ( a ,m>cion _h n v5tur$ to lay h&s on x#gbh4 ,x 0 :olly unwor?y ( ! ,apo/le4 ,if writt5 by him1 !y cont5d$1 x mu/ h be5 writt5 :5 he 0 n "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,_s3 its cont5ts 7 altoge!r s un$ify+4 ,sid5ote3 ,reply ( ! fa!rs4,we may inf] f ! replies ( ,j]ome#gbi1 ( ,*ryso/om#gcj1 & ( ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia#gca1 t !y felt !mselves to be /emm+ a fi]ce curr5t ( prejudice :i* _h set 9 ?is direction4 ,b !y 7 /rong 9 ! excell5ce ( _! cause1 & !y nobly v9dicat$ ?is epi/le aga9/ its assailants4 ,footnote #gbh3 ,hi]on4 ,comm4 9 ,philem4 ,prf4 ,,vii4 p4 #gdc #8,pauli esse epi/olam ad ,philemonem saltem ,m>cione auctore doceantur3 qui1 quum ct]as epi/olas ejusdem vel non suscep]it vel qudam 9 8 mutav]it atque corros]it1 9 hanc solam manus non e/ ausus mitt]e1 quia sua illam brevitas def5debat'4 ,/ ,j]ome has 9 8 m9d ! passage ( ,t]tullian adv4 ,m>c4 v4 #ba #8,soli huic epi/ol brevitas sua pr(uit1 ut fals>ias manus ,m>cionis evad]et'4 ,footnote #gbi3 ib4 p4 #gdb sq4 #8,qui nolunt int] epi/olas ,pauli eam recip]e qu ad ,philemonem scribitur1 aiunt non semp] apo/olum nec omnia ,*ri/o 9 se loqu5te dixisse1 quia nec humana imbecillitas unum t5orem ,sancti ,spiritus f]re potuisset etc4444 ,8 et ct]is i/ius modi volunt aut epi/olam non esse ,pauli qu ad ,philemonem scribitur aut1 etiamsi ,pauli sit1 nihil hab]e quod dific>e nos possit etc4444 s$ mihi vid5tur1 dum epi/olam simplicitatis arguunt1 suam imp]itiam prod]e1 non intellig5tes quid 9 s+ulis s]monibus virtutis et sapi5ti lateat'4 ,footnote #gcj3 ,argum4 9 ,philem4 ' 1 1 1 4441 & he goes on to discuss ! value ( ! epi/le at "s l5g?4 ,footnote #gca3 ,spicil4 ,solesm4 ,i4 ,w4 #adi #8,quid v]o ex ea lucri possit acquiri1 conv5it manife/ius explic>e1 quia nec omnibus id exi/imo posse esse cognitum2 quod maxime h]i jam ipse a nobis diss]i po/ula/i'2 ib4 p4 #aeb #8,de 8 et nunc sup]ius dixi1 quod non omnes similit] arbitror potius se 7potuisse87 prospic]e'4 ,sid5ote3 ,high e/imate ( mod]n writ]s4 ,9 mod]n times !re has be5 no disposition to "u-rate its value4 ,ev5 ,lu!r & ,calv91 ^: bias t5d$ to ! depreciation ( ! e?ical z comp>$ ) ! doctr9al portions ( ! scriptures1 %[ a true appreciation ( its beauty & significance4 ,sid5ote3 ,lu!r4#8,?is epi/le'1 writes ,lu!r1 #8%[e? a "r noble lovely example ( ,*ri/ian love4 ,"h we see h[ ,/ ,paul laye? himself out = poor ,onesimus1 & ) all 8 means pleade? 8 cause ) 8 ma/]3 & s sette? himself z if he 7 ,onesimus1 & _h himself done wrong to ,philemon4 ,ev5 z ,*ri/ did = u ) ,god ! ,fa!r1 ?us also do? ,/ ,paul = ,onesimus ) ,philemon4444 ,we are all 8 ,onesimi1 to my ?9k+'4 ,sid5ote3 ,calv94#8,?\gh he h&le? a subject'1 says ,calv91 #8:i* o!rwise 7 l[ & mean1 yet aft] 8 mann] he is borne up al(t unto ,god4 ,) su* mode/ entreaty do? he humble himself on behalf ( ! l[e/ ( m51 t sc>ce any:]e else is ! g5tl5ess ( 8 _s portray$ m truly to ! life4' ,& ! *orus ( admiration has be5 swell$ by lat] voices f ! mo/ opposite qu>t]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,lat] writ]s4#8,! s+le ,epi/le to ,philemon1' says "o quot$ by ,b5gel1 #8v f> surpasses all ! wisdom ( ! _w'#gcb4 #8,n[h]e'1 writes ,ewald1 #8c ! s5sibility & w>m? ( a t5d] fri5d%ip bl5d m beautifully ) ! l(ti] feel+ ( a comm&+ _s1 a tea*] & an ,apo/le1 ?an 9 ?is lett]1 at once s brief1 & yet s surpass+ly full & significant#gcc4' #8,a true little *ef d'uvre ( ! art ( lett]-writ+1' exclaims ,m4 ,r5an *>act]i/ically#gcd4 #8,we h "h'1 writes ,sabati]1 #8only a few famili> l9es1 b s full ( grace1 ( salt1 ( s]i\s & tru/ful affection1 t ?is %ort epi/le gleams l a pe>l ( ! mo/ exquisite purity 9 ! ri* treasure ( ! ,new ,te/am5t#gce'4 ,ev5 ,baur1 :ile lay+ viol5t h&s ^u x1 is con/ra9$ to speak ( ?is #8little lett]' z #8mak+ su* an agreeable impression by its attractive =m' & z p5etrat$ #8) ! noble/ ,*ri/ian _s'#gcf4 ,footnote #gcb3 ,franke ,prf4 ,n4 ,t4 ,grc4 p4 #bf1 #bg1 quot$ by ,b5gel on ,philem4 #a4 ,footnote #gcc3 ,die ,s5ds*reib5 etc4 p4 #deh4 ,footnote #gcd3 ,l',ante*ri/ p4 #if4 ,footnote #gce3 ,l',aptre ,paul p4 #aid4 ,he goes on to say2 #8,nev] has ! precept :i* ,paul himself gave at ! end ( 8 lett] to ! ,colossians be5 bett] realis$1 1 444 7,col4 iv4 #f74' ,footnote #gcf3 ,paulus p4 #dgf4 ,sid5ote3 ,! epi/le comp>$ ) a lett] ( ,pl9y1 ,! ,epi/le to ,philemon has m ?an once be5 comp>$ ) ! foll[+ lett] address$ to a fri5d by ! y\ng] ,pl9y on a some:at simil> occasion#gcg3 ,y\r fre$man1 ) :om y _h told me y 7 vex$1 came to me1 & ?r[+ himself d[n be=e me clung to my feet1 z if !y _h be5 y\rs4 ,he 0 pr(use 9 8 te>s & 8 entreaties2 he 0 pr(use also 9 8 sil5ce4 ,9 %ort1 he conv9c$ me ( 8 p5it5ce4 ,i believe t he is inde$ a re=m$ "*1 because he feels t he has done wrong4 ,y are angry1 ,i "k2 & y h reason to be angry1 ?is also ,i "k3 b m]cy w9s ! highe/ praise j :5 !re is ! mo/ righte\s cause = ang]4 ,y lov$ ! man1 &1 ,i hope1 w cont9ue to love him3 mean:ile x is en\gh1 t y %\ld all[ y\rself to yield to 8 pray]s4 ,y may be angry aga91 if he des]ves x2 & 9 ?is y w be ! m readily p>don$ if y yield n[4 ,conc$e some?+ to 8 y\?1 some?+ to 8 te>s1 some?+ to y\r own indulg5t disposition4 ,d n torture him1 le/ y torture y\rself at ! same "t4 ,= x is torture to y1 :5 "o ( y\r g5tle temp] is angry4 ,i am afraid le/ ,i %\ld appe> n to ask b to compel1 if ,i %\ld add my pray]s to 84 ,yet ,i w add !m ! m fully & unres]v$ly1 because ,i scold$ ! man himself ) %>pness & sev]ity2 = ,i ?reat5$ him /raitly t ,i w\ld nev] ask y aga94 ,?is ,i said to him1 = x 0 necess>y to al>m him2 b ,i d n use ! same language to y4 ,= p]*ance ,i %all ask aga91 & %all be successful aga92 only let my reque/ be su*1 z x becomes me to pref] & y to grant4 ,f>ewell4 ,footnote #gcg3 ,pl94 ,ep4 ix4 #ba4 ,sid5ote3 z an expression ( "*4 ,! y\ng] ,pl9y is ! noble/ type ( a true ,roman g5tleman1 & ?is t\*+ lett] ne$s no words ( praise4 ,yet1 if purity ( diction be except$1 !re w h>dly be any diff]5ce ( op9ion 9 aw>d+ ! palm to ! ,*ri/ian ,apo/le4 ,z an expression ( simple dignity1 ( ref9$ c\rtesy1 ( l>ge sympa?y1 & ( w>m p]sonal affection1 ! ,epi/le to ,philemon /&s unrivall$4 ,& its pre-em95ce is ! m rem>kable because 9 /yle x is exceptionally loose4 ,x owes no?+ to ! graces ( rhetoric2 its effect is due solely to ! _s ( ! writ]4 ,sid5ote3 ,its high] int]e/4 ,b ! int]e/ :i* atta*es to ?is %ort epi/le z an expression ( individual "* is f> less important ?an its significance z exhibit+ ! attitude ( ,*ri/ianity to a widely spread & *>act]i/ic social in/itution ( ! anci5t _w4 ,sid5ote3 ,slav]y among ! ,hebrews4 ,slav]y 0 practis$ by ! ,hebrews "u ! sanction ( ! ,mosaic law1 n less ?an by ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,b ?\gh ! same 9 "n1 x 0 9 its actual work+ some?+ :olly diff]5t4 ,! ,hebrew 0 n suff]$ ei!r by law-giv] or by prophet to =get t he himself _h be5 a bondman 9 ! l& ( ,egypt2 & all 8 relations to 8 dep5d5ts 7 m\ld$ by ! sympa?y ( ?is recollection4 ,8 slaves 7 memb]s ( 8 family2 !y 7 memb]s also ( ! ,holy ,congregation4 ,!y _h _! religi\s1 z well z _! social1 rights4 ,if ,hebrews1 _! lib]ty 0 secur$ to !m aft] six ye>s' s]vice at ! outside4 ,if =eign]s1 !y 7 protect$ by ! laws f ! tyranny & viol5ce ( _! ma/]s4 ,consid]+ ! conditions ( anci5t society1 & m especially ( anci5t w>f>e1 slav]y z practis$ among ! ,hebrews 0 probably an escape f alt]natives :i* w\ld h involv$ a f> great] am\nt ( human mis]y4 ,/ill ev5 9 ?is =m x 0 only a tempor>y concession1 till ! fulness ( "t came1 & ! _w 0 taught t #89 ,*ri/ is nei!r bond nor free#gch'4 ,footnote #gch3 ,on slav]y among ! ,hebrews see ! admirable "w ( ,pr(4 ,goldw9 ,smi? ,does ! ,bible sanction ,am]ican slav]y8 p4 #a sq4 ,among ! ,jews ! slaves =m$ only a small fraction ( ! :ole population#gci4 ,!y occupy a v insignificant place 9 ! pictures ( ,hebrew life & hi/ory :i* h be5 h&$ d[n to u4 ,sid5ote3 ,l>ge numb] ( slaves 9 ,greece & ,rome4,b 9 ,greece & ,rome ! case 0 f> diff]5t4 ,9 our en?usia/ic eulogies ( free1 enlight5$1 democratic ,a!ns1 we are apt to =get t ! int]e/s ( ! _m 7 ru?lessly sacrific$ to ! selfi%ness ( ! few4 ,! slaves ( ,attica on ! mo/ probable computation 7 ab\t f\r times z num]\s z ! citiz5s1 & ab\t ?ree times z num]\s z ! :ole free population ( ! /ate1 includ+ ! resid5t ali5s#gdj4 ,!y 7 consign$ = ! mo/ "p to lab\r 9 gangs 9 ! fields or ! m9es or ! factories1 )\t any hope ( bett]+ _! condition4 ,9 ! light ( ^! facts we see :at 0 really meant by popul> gov]nm5t & equal rights at ,a!ns4 ,! proportions ( ! slave population else:]e 7 ev5 great]4 ,9 ! small isl& ( g9a1 sc>cely exce$+ =ty ,engli% squ>e miles 9 ext5t1 !re 7 #dgj1jjj slaves2 9 ! contract$ t]ritory ( ,cor9? !re 7 n less ?an #dfj1jjjgda4 ,! /ati/ics ( slave-hold+ 9 ,italy are q z />tl+4 ,we are told t weal?y ,roman l&[n]s sometimes possess$ z _m z t5 or tw5ty ?\s& slaves1 or ev5 m#gdb4 ,we may inde$ n unreasonably view ^! vague & g5]al /atem5ts ) suspicion3 b x is a fact t1 a few ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 "o ,claudius ,isidorus left by w m ?an f\r ?\s& slaves1 ?\gh he _h incurr$ s]i\s losses by ! civil w>#gdc4 ,footnote #gci3 ,9 ,ezra ii4 #fe ! numb] ( slaves comp>$ ) ! numb] ( free is a little m ?an "o to six4 ,footnote #gdj3 ,boeckh ,public ,economy ( ,a!ns p4 #ce sq4 ,accord+ to a c5sus tak5 by ,demetrius ,phal]eus !re 7 9 ! ye> #cji ,b4 ,c4 #ba1jjj citiz5s1 #aj1jjj resid5ts1 & #djj1jjj slaves 7,ctesicles 9 ,a!n4 vi4 p4 #bgb ,b74 ,?is w\ld make ! proportion ( slaves to citiz5s ne>ly tw5ty to "o4 ,x is suppos$ h[ev] t ! numb] ( citiz5s "h includes only adult males1 :]eas ! numb] ( slaves may comprise bo? sexes & all ages4 ,h5ce ,boeckh's e/imate :i* is adopt$ 9 ! text4 ,= o!r calculations see ,wallon ,hi/oire de l',esclavage ,i4 p4 #bba sq4 ,footnote #gda3 ,a!n4 l4c4 p4 #bgb ,b1 ,d4 ,! /atem5t respect+ g9a is giv5 on ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle2 t respect+ ,cor9? on ! au?ority ( ,epitimu4 ,footnote #gdb3 ,a!n4 l4c4 444 4 ,see ,beck] ,gallus ,,ii4 p4 #aac 7ed4 #c74 ,footnote #gdc3 ,pl94 ,n4,h4 xxxiii4 #dg4 ,sid5ote3 ,cruelty ( ,roman law t[>ds slaves4 ,& ^! va/ masses ( human be+s _h no protection f ,roman law#gdd4 ,! slave _h no relation%ips1 no conjugal rights4 ,cohabitation 0 all[$ to him at 8 own]'s pleasure1 b n m>riage4 ,8 companion 0 sometimes assign$ to him by lot#gde4 ,! slave 0 absolutely at 8 ma/]'s disposal2 = ! smalle/ (f5ce he might be sc\rg$1 mutilat$1 crucifi$1 ?r[n to ! wild bea/s#gdf4 ,only two or ?ree ye>s be=e ! lett] to ,philemon 0 writt51 & probably dur+ ,/ ,paul's resid5ce 9 ,rome1 a t]rible trag$y _h be5 enact$ "u ! sanction ( ! law#gdg4 ,sid5ote3 ,murd] ( ,p$anius ,secundus4,p$anius ,secundus1 a s5ator1 _h be5 sla9 by "o ( 8 slaves 9 a fit ( ang] or jeal\sy4 ,! law dem&$ t 9 su* cases all ! slaves "u ! same ro( at ! "t %\ld be put to dea?4 ,on ! pres5t occasion f\r hundr$ p]sons 7 condemn$ to suff] by ?is inhuman enactm5t4 ,! populace h[ev] int]pos$ to rescue !m1 & a tumult ensu$4 ,! ,s5ate accord+ly took ! matt] into delib]ation4 ,among ! speak]s ,c4 ,cassius /rongly advocat$ ! en=cem5t ( ! law4 #8,! disposition ( slaves1' he argu$1 #87 reg>d$ ) suspicion by our ance/ors1 ev5 :5 !y 7 born on ! same e/ates or 9 ! same h\ses & le>nt to feel an affection = _! ma/]s f ! fir/4 ,n[ h[ev]1 :5 we h sev]al nations among our slaves1 ) v>i\s rites1 ) =eign religions or none at all1 x is n possible to keep d[n su* a rabble except by fe>4' ,^! s5tim5ts prevail$1 & ! law 0 put 9 =ce4 ,b ! roads 7 l9$ by a milit>y gu>d1 z ! prison]s 7 l$ to execution1 to prev5t a popul> outbreak4 ,?is incid5t illu/rates n only ! he>tless cruelty ( ! law1 b also ! social dang]s aris+ out ( slav]y4 ,inde$ ! univ]sal di/ru/ _h already f\nd expression 9 a common prov]b1#8,z _m enemies z slaves#gdh4' ,b ?is 0 n ! only way 9 :i* slav]y av5g$ itself on ! ,romans4 ,! spread ( luxury & idl5ess 0 a direct consequ5ce ( ! /ate ( ?+s4 ,"w came to be reg>d$ z a l[ & degrad+1 because a s]vile occupation4 ,mean:ile s5suality 9 its vile/ =ms 0 fo/]$ by ! trem5d\s p[] :i* plac$ ! slave at ! m]cy ( ! ma/]'s wor/ passions#gdi4 ,footnote #gdd3 ,on ! condition ( ,greek & ,roman slaves ! able & exhau/ive "w ( ,wallon ,hi/oire de l',esclavage dans l',antiquit 7,p>is #ahdg7 is ! *ief au?ority4 ,see also ,beck] & ,m>qu>dt ,rm4 ,alt]?4 v4 #a4 p4 #aci sq42 ,beck] ,*>ikles ,,ii4 p4 #a sq41 ,gallus ,,ii4 p4 #ii sq4 ,! practical work+ ( slav]y among ! ,romans is plac$ 9 its mo/ fav\rable light 9 ,ga/on ,bossi]1 ,la ,religion ,roma9e ,,ii4 p4 #cdc sq4 7,p>is #ahgd74 ,footnote #gde3 ,rm4 ,alt]?4 l4c4 p4 #ahd sq42 ,gallus ,,ii4 p4 #add sq4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 o!r respects1 ! cruelty ( ! legislature 0 mitigat$ by ! humanity ( individual ma/]s2 & ! inscriptions %[ t male & female slaves 9 _m cases 7 all[$ to live toge!r ?r\gh life z man & wife1 ?\gh ! law did n recognise or secure _! union4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ,con/ant9e to take ! initiative 9 protect+ ! conjugal & family rights ( slaves by legislature2 ,cod4 ,!od4 ii4 #be4 #a4 ,footnote #gdf3 ,wallon ,,ii4 p4 #agg sq42 ,rm4 ,alt]?4 l4c42 ,gallus ,,ii4 p4 #ade sq42 ,re9 ,privatre*t d] ,rm] p4 #eeb sq4 ,hadrian fir/ took away f ma/]s ! p[] ( life & dea? ov] _! slaves2 ,sp>t4 ,vit4 ,hadr4 #ah #8,s]vos a dom9is occidi vetuit eosque jussit damn>i p] judices1 si digni ess5t'4 ,= e>li] legislative enactm5ts :i* _h af=d$ a v feeble protection to slaves1 see bel[ p4 #cic4 ,footnote #gdg3 ,tac4 ,ann4 xiv4 #db4 ,?is incid5t took place ,a4 ,d4 #fa4 ,! law 9 "q 0 ! ,s5atusconsultum ,silonianum1 pass$ "u ,augu/us ,a4 ,d4 #aj4 ,footnote #gdh3 ,s5ec4 ,ep4 ,mor4 #dg #8,de9de ejusdem arroganti prov]bium jactatur totidem ho/es esse quot s]vos'2 comp4 ,macrob4 i4 ,,ii4 #ac4 ,see also ,fe/us p4 #bfa 7,ed4 ,muell]7 #8,quot s]vi tot ho/es 9 prov]bio e/4' ,footnote #gdi3 ,see ! say+ ( ,hat]ius 9 ! eld] ,s5eca ,controv4 iv4 ,prf41 #8,impudicitia 9 +5uo crim5 e/1 9 s]vo necessitas1 9 lib]to (ficium'1 ) its context4 ,wallon 7,i4 p4 #ccb7 sums up ! condition ( ! slave ?us3 #8,l'esclave app>t5ait au matre3 p> lui mme1 il n'tait ri51 il n'avait ri54 ,voil le pr9cipe2 et t\t ce qu'on en peut tir] p> voie de consqu5ce =mait aussi1 en fait1 l'tat commun des esclaves dans la plup>t des pays4 ,a t\tes les poques1 dans t\tes les situations de la vie1 cette autorit s\v]a9e plane sur eux et modifie leur de/9e p> ses rigueurs comme p> son indiff]5ce4 ,dans l'ge de la =ce et dans la plnitude de leurs facults1 elle les v\ait1 son *oix1 soit au travail1 soit au vice2 au travail les natures grossires2 au vice1 les natures plus dlicates1 n\rries p\r le plaisir du matre1 et qui lorsqu'il en tait las1 tai5t relgues dans la pro/itution a son pr(it4 ,avant et aprs l'ge du travail1 ab&onns a leur faiblesse ou a leurs infirmits2 enfants1 ils gr&issai5t dans le dsordre2 viell>ds1 ils m\rai5t s\v5t dans la misre2 morts1 ils tai5t quelquefois dlaisss sur la voie publique4444' ,sid5ote3 ,*ri/ianity n revolution>y4 ,) ?is wide-spread in/itution ,*ri/ianity f\nd itself 9 conflict4 ,h[ 0 ! evil to be met8 ,slav]y 0 inwov5 into ! texture ( society2 & to prohibit slav]y 0 to te> society into %r$s4 ,no?+ less ?an a s]vile w> ) its c]ta9 horrors & its d\btful issues mu/ h be5 ! consequ5ce4 ,su* a mode ( op]ation 0 altoge!r ali5 to ! _s ( ! ,gospel4 #8,! ,new ,te/am5t'1 x has be5 truly said1 #8is n conc]n$ ) any political or social in/itutions2 = political & social in/itutions belong to p>ticul> nations & p>ticul> phases ( society'4 #8,no?+ m>ks ! div9e "* ( ! ,gospel m ?an its p]fect fre$om f any appeal to ! _s ( political revolution#gej'4 ,x belongs to all "t3 & !re=e1 in/ead ( attack+ special abuses1 x lays d[n univ]sal pr9ciples :i* %all und]m9e ! evil4 ,footnote #gej3 ,g4 ,smi? ,does ! ,bible etc48 pp4 #ie1 #if4 ,sid5ote3 ,/ ,paul's treatm5t ( ! case ( ,onesimus4 ,h5ce ! ,gospel nev] directly attacks slav]y z an in/itution3 ! ,apo/les nev] comm& ! lib]ation ( slaves z an absolute duty4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t ,/ ,paul 9 ?is epi/le /ops %ort ( any positive injunction4 ,! ^w #8emancipation' seems to be trembl+ on 8 lips1 & yet he does n once utt] x4 ,he *>ges ,philemon to take ! runaway slave ,onesimus into 8 confid5ce aga92 to receive him ) all affection2 to reg>d him no m z a slave b z a bro!r2 to treat him ) ! same consid]ation1 ! same love1 :i* he ent]ta9s = ! ,apo/le himself to :om he owes ev]y?+4 ,9 fact he tells him to d v mu* m ?an emancipate 8 slave1 b ?is "o ?+ he does n directly enjo94 ,/ ,paul's treatm5t ( ?is individual case is an apt illu/ration ( ! attitude ( ,*ri/ianity t[>ds slav]y 9 g5]al4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 language respect+ slav]y else:]e4 ,simil> also is 8 language else:]e4 ,writ+ to ! ,cor9?ians1 he decl>es ! absolute equality ( ! freeman & ! slave 9 ! sight ( ,god#gea4 ,x foll[s !re=e t ! slave may *e]fully acquiesce 9 8 lot1 kn[+ t all e>?ly di/9ctions vani% 9 ! light ( ?is et]nal tru?4 ,if 8 fre$om %\ld be (f]$ to him1 he w d well to accept x1 = x puts him 9 a m advantage\s position#geb3 b mean:ile he ne$ n give himself any conc]n ab\t 8 lot 9 life4 ,s aga91 :5 he addresses ! ,ephesians & ,colossians on ! mutual obligations ( ma/]s & slaves1 he is cont5t to insi/ on ! broad fact t bo? alike are slaves ( a heav5ly ,ma/]1 & to en=ce ! duties :i* fl[ f its recognition#gec4 ,he has no ^w ( reproa* = ! ma/]s on ! inju/ice ( _! position2 he brea!s no h9t to ! slaves ( a social grievance ne$+ r$ress4 ,footnote #gea3 #a ,cor4 vii4 #ba sq4 ,footnote #geb3 ,! clause1 ' 1 1 has be5 diff]5tly int]pret$ f e>ly times1 ei!r z recomm5d+ ! slave to avail himself ( any opportunity ( emancipation1 or z advis+ him to refuse ! (f] ( fre$om & to rema9 9 s]vitude4 ,! e>lie/ comm5tator ^: op9ion ,i h obs]v$1 ,orig5 79 ,cram4 ,cat4 p4 #adj71 int]prets x z fav\rable to lib]ty1 b he confuses ! mean+ by giv+ a metaphorical s5se to slav]y1 4 ,aga91 ,sev]ianus 7ib4 p4 #ada7 di/9ctly expla9s x z recomm5d+ a /ate ( lib]ty4 ,on ! o!r h& ,*ryso/om1 :ile m5tion+ t #8c]ta9 p]sons' int]pret x 1 1 himself supposes ,/ ,paul to advise ! slave's rema9+ 9 slav]y4 ,& s ,!odoret & o!rs4 ,! balance ( argum5t seems to be decid$ly 9 fav\r ( ! =m] view4 7#a7 ,! actual language mu/ be consid]$ fir/4 ,& "h 7i7 ! p>ticles w suit ei!r int]pretation4 ,if !y are translat$ #8ev5 ?\gh'1 ! clause recomm5ds ! cont9uance 9 slav]y4 ,b may be equally well tak5 ) 1 & ! words w !n mean #8if x %\ld be 9 y\r p[] to obta9 y\r fre$om'4 ,s above v]4 #aa 3 comp4 ,luke xi4 #ah ' 1 #a ,pet4 iii4 #ad ' 4 7ii7 ,! expression seems to direct ! slave to avail himself ( "s new opportunity (f]$1 & !re=e to recomm5d lib]ty2 comp4 ix4 #ab1 #ae4 7#b7 ,! imm$iate context w admit ei!r int]pretation4 ,if slav]y be pref]r$1 ! s5t5ce is cont9u\s4 ,if lib]ty1 ! clause ' 444 is p>5!tical4 ,9 ?is latt] case its motive is to correct misappreh5sion1 z if ! ,apo/le w\ld say1 #8,:5 ,i decl>e ! absolute indiff]5ce ( ! two /ates 9 ! sight ( ,god1 ,i d n mean to say t y %\ld n avail y\rselves ( fre$om1 if x comes 9 y\r way2 x puts y 9 a m advantage\s position1 & y w d well to pref] x'4 ,su* a corrective p>5!sis is altoge!r aft] ,/ ,paul's mann]1 & inde$ in/ances occur 9 ?is v context3 e4g4 v]4 #aa 4441 v]4 #ae 444 ,?is la/ passage is an exact p>allel1 = ! ( v]4 #af is connect$ imm$iately ) v]4 #ad1 ! p>5!sis be+ disreg>d$ z "h4 7#c7 ,! argum5t :i* seems decisive is ! extreme improbability t ,/ ,paul %\ld h recomm5d$ slav]y 9 pref]5ce to fre$om4 ,= 7i7 ,su* a recomm5dation w\ld be ali5 to ! _s ( a man ^: s5se ( political "r 0 s /rong1 & :o ass]t$ 8 citiz5%ip s /an*ly on m ?an "o occasion 7,acts xvi4 #cg1 xxii4 #bh74 7ii7 ,! indep5d5t position ( ! freeman w\ld give him an obvi\s advantage 9 do+ ! "w ( ,*ri/1 :i* x is difficult to imag9e ,/ ,paul enjo9+ him delib]ately to =ego4 7iii7 ,?r\gh\t ! passage ! ,apo/le1 :ile ma9ta9+ ! indiff]5ce ( ^! e>?ly relations 9 ! sight ( ,god1 yet always gives ! pref]5ce to a position ( indep5d5ce1 :5ev] x comes to a ,*ri/ian naturally & )\t any undue impati5ce on 8 "p4 ,! _s :i* animates ,/ ,paul's injunctions "h may be se5 f vv4 #h1 #aa1 #ae1 #bf1 #bg etc4 ,footnote #gec3 ,ephes4 vi4 #e-i1 ,col4 iii4 #bb-;iv4 #a4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,*ri/ian idea fatal to slav]y4 ,b mean:ile a pr9ciple is boldly enunciat$1 :i* mu/ 9 ! end prove fatal to slav]y4 ,:5 ! ,gospel taught t ,god _h made all m5 & wom5 ^u e>? ( "o family2 t all alike 7 ,8 sons & ,8 daught]s2 t1 :atev] conv5tional di/9ctions human society might set up1 ! supreme ,k+ ( ,heav5 refus$ to ackn[l$ge any2 t ! slave not)/&+ 8 slav]y 0 ,*ri/'s fre$man1 & ! free not)/&+ 8 lib]ty 0 ,*ri/'s slave2 :5 ! ,*ur* c>ri$ out ?is pr9ciple by admitt+ ! slave to h] highe/ privileges1 invit+ him to kneel side by side ) 8 ma/] at ! same holy table2 :5 9 %ort ! ,apo/olic precept t #89 ,*ri/ ,jesus is nei!r bond nor free' 0 n only recognis$ b act$ ^u1 !n slav]y 0 doom$4 ,h5ce=w>d x 0 only a "q ( "t4 ,"h 0 ! idea :i* mu/ act z a solv5t1 mu/ dis9tegrate ?is v5]able in/itution1 h[ev] deeply root$ & h[ev] widely spread4 ,sid5ote3 ,its g5]al t5d5cy4#8,! bro!rhood ( man1 9 %ort1 is ! idea :i* ,*ri/ianity 9 its social phase has be5 always /riv+ to realise1 & ! progress ( :i* con/itutes ! social hi/ory ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,) :at difficulties ?is idea has /ruggl$2 h[ x has be5 m>r$ by revolution>y viol5ce1 z well z imp$$ by reaction>y selfi%ness2 to :at *im]ical hopes1 to :at wild s*emes1 to :at calamit\s disappo9tm5ts1 to :at desp]ate conflicts1 x has giv5 bir?2 h[ (t5 be+ misund]/ood & misappli$1 x has br\ght n peace on e>? b a sword--x is ne$less "h to rehe>se4 ,/ill1 z we look back ov] ! range ( pa/ hi/ory1 we c see beyond d\bt t x is t[>ds ?is goal t ,*ri/ianity z a social pr9ciple has be5 always t5d+ & /ill t5ds#ged4' ,footnote #ged3 ,g4 ,smi? ,does ! ,bible etc48 p4 #aba4 ,sid5ote3 ,its effects on slav]y4 ,& ?is b5efic5t t5d5cy ( ! ,gospel 0 felt at once 9 its effects on slav]y4 ,! ,*ur* inde$1 ev5 9 ! ard\r ( h] e>lie/ love1 did n prohibit h] sons f reta9+ slaves 9 _! h\seholds4 ,x is q pla9 f extant notices1 t 9 ! e>li] c5turies1 z 9 ! lat]1 ,*ri/ians own$ slaves#gee l _! hea!n neighb\rs1 )\t =feit+ consid]ation among _! fell[-believ]s4 ,b nev]!less ! ,*ri/ian idea 0 n a dead-lett]4 ,sid5ote3 ,protection & manumission ( slaves4,! *ivalry ( ! ,gospel :i* reg>d$ ! weak & helpless f :atev] cause1 z its special *>ge1 :i* ext5d$ its protection to ! wid[1 ! orphan1 ! sick1 ! ag$1 & ! prison]1 0 n likely to neglect ! slave4 ,accord+ly we f9d t "o ( ! e>lie/ =ms :i* ,*ri/ian b5evol5ce took 0 ! contribution ( funds = ! lib]ation ( slaves#gef4 ,sid5ote3 ,hon\rs paid to slave m>tyrs4,b ev5 m important ?an ov]t acts l ^! 0 ! moral & social importance ) :i* ! slave 0 n[ inve/$4 ,among ! h]oes & h]o9es ( ! ,*ur* 7 f\nd n a few memb]s ( ?is class4 ,:5 slave girls l ,bl&9a 9 ,gaul or ,felicitas 9 ,africa1 hav+ won = !mselves ! cr[n ( m>tyrdom1 7 celebrat$ 9 ! fe/ivals ( ! ,*ur* ) hon\rs d5i$ to ! mo/ p[]ful & noble/ born ( mank9d1 social prejudice _h receiv$ a w\nd :i* c\ld nev] be heal$4 ,footnote #gee3 ,a!nag4 ,suppl4 #ce 1 ' 4 ,x w\ld ev5 appe> t ! dome/ic s]vant :o betray$ ,polyc>p 7,m>t4 ,polyc4 #f7 0 a slave1 = he 0 put to ! torture4 ,comp4 ,ju/94 ,apol4 ii4 #ab4 ,footnote #gef3 ,ignat4 ,polyc4 #d 1 ,apo/4 ,con/4 iv4 #i 1 1 1 1 1 444 ,sid5ote3 ,*ri/ianity pr$om9ant4 ,:ile ! ,*ur* 0 /ill kept 9 subjection1 moral influ5ce & private ent]prise 7 h] only weapons4 ,b ,*ri/ianity 0 no soon] seat$ on ! ?rone ( ! ,cs>s ?an its influ5ce began to be felt 9 ! imp]ial policy#geg4 ,sid5ote3 ,legislation ( ,con/ant9e4,! legislation ( ,con/ant9e1 despite its />tl+ inequalities1 =ms a unique *apt] 9 ! /atute book ( ,rome4 ,9 its mix$ "* inde$ x reflects ! transitional position ( its au?or4 ,b aft] all all[ance made = its v pat5t defects1 its g5]al advance 9 ! direction ( humanity & purity is f> great] ?an c be trac$ 9 ! legislation ev5 ( ! mo/ humane & virtu\s ( 8 hea!n pr$ecessors4 ,m especially 9 ! ext5sion ( legal protection to slaves1 & 9 ! enc\ragem5t giv5 to emancipation1 we h an e>ne/ ( ! future "w :i* ,*ri/ianity 0 de/9$ to d = ?is oppress$ class ( mank9d1 ?\gh ! relief :i* x gave 0 aft] all v p>tial & t5tative#geh4 ,footnote #geg3 ,x mu/ n h[ev] be =gott5 t1 ev5 be=e ,*ri/ianity became ! pr$om9ant religion1 a m humane _s _h ent]$ into ,roman legislation4 ,! important enactm5t ( ,hadrian has be5 already m5tion$1 p4 #chg1 note #gdf4 ,ev5 e>li] ! lex ,petronia 7( :i* ! date is unc]ta97 _h prohibit$ ma/]s f mak+ _! slaves fight ) wild bea/s 9 m]e caprice & )\t an ord] f a judge 7,dig4 xlviii4 #h4 #aa72 & ,claudius 7,a4,d4 #dg71 f9d+ t ! practice ( turn+ out sick slaves into ! /reets to die 0 on ! increase1 ord]$ t ^? :o surviv$ ?is treatm5t %\ld h _! fre$om 7,dion ,cass4 lx4 #bi1 ,suet4 ,claud4 #be74 ,= ^! & simil> enactm5ts ( ! hea!n emp]ors see ,wallon ,,iii4 p4 #fj sq41 ,rm4 ,alt]?4 ,v4 ,i4 #aig1 ,re9 ,privatre*t d4 ,rm] p4 #efj sq4 ,! "* ( ?is exceptional legislation is ! /ronge/ impea*m5t ( ! g5]al cruelty ( ! law2 :ile at ! same "t subsequ5t notices %[ h[ v f> f effective x 0 ev5 )9 its own n>r[ limits4 ,see = in/ance ! passage 9 ,gal51 v4 p4 #ag 7ed4 ,khn7 444 7comp4 ib4 p4 #ehd71 or ,s5eca de ,ira iii4 #c4 #f #8eculei et fidicul et erga/ula et cruces et circundati defossis corporibus ignes et cadav]a quoque trah5s uncus1 v>ia v9culorum g5]a1 v>ia pn>um1 lac]ationes membrorum1 inscriptiones frontis et be/i>um immanium cave4' ,on ! causes ( ^! ameliorations 9 ! law see ,rm4 ,alt]?4 ,v4 #a4 p4 #aii4 ,footnote #geh3 ,on ! legislation ( ,con/ant9e affect+ slav]y see ,de ,broglie ,l',eglise et l',empire ,roma91 ,i4 p4 #cjd sq4 7ed4 #e71 ,*awn] ,influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity ^u ! ,legislation ( ,con/ant9e ! ,great1 p4 #gc sq41 ,wallon ,,iii4 p4 #dad sq4 ,! legislation ( ,ju/9ian is /ill m hon\rably di/+ui%$ = its alleviation ( ! evils ( slav]y4 ,sid5ote3 ,subsequ5t activity ( ! ,*ur*4 ,& on ! :ole ?is "p has be5 fai?fully & c\rage\sly p]=m$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,!re h be5 %ameful exceptions n[ & !n3 !re has be5 occasional timidity & excess ( caution4 ,! comm5t>ies ( ! fa!rs on ?is epi/le are an illu/ration ( ?is latt] fault#gei4 ,mu* may be p>don$ to m5 :o %r9k f seem+ to c\nt5ance a viol5t social revolution4 ,b not)/&+1 x is a broad & pat5t fact t ?r\gh\t ! e>ly & middle ages ! influ5ce ( ! ,*ur* 0 ex]t$ /rongly on ! side ( humanity 9 ?is matt]#gfj4 ,! emancipation ( slaves 0 reg>d$ z a pr9cipal aim ( ! high] ,*ri/ian life#gfa2 ! amelioration ( s]fdom 0 a matt] ( con/ant solicitude ) ! rul]s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,sid5ote3 ,! conque/s & hopes ( ! pres5t "t4 ,& at l5g? we seem to see ! beg9n+ ( ! end4 ,! rapid /rides t[>ds emancipation dur+ ! pres5t g5]ation are )\t a p>allel 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,! abolition ( slav]y ?r\gh\t ! ,briti% ,empire at an enorm\s mat]ial sacrifice is "o ( ! greate/ moral conque/s :i* ,engl& has ev] a*iev$4 ,! lib]ation ( tw5ty millions ( s]fs ?r\gh\t ! ,russian dom9ions has ?r[n a halo ( glory r\nd ! "n ( ,alex&] ,,ii41 :i* no "t c dim4 ,! emancipation ( ! negro 9 ! va/ republic ( ! ,new ,_w 0 a victory n less important ?an ei!r to ! well-be+ ( ! human race4 ,?us )9 ! %ort p]iod ( little m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury ?is reproa* ( civilisation & humanity has be5 wip$ out 9 ! ?ree greate/ empires ( ! _w4 ,x is a fit sequel to ^! a*ievem5ts1 t at l5g? a well direct$ attack %\ld h be5 made on ! c5tral =tress ( slav]y & ! slave-trade1 ! int]ior ( ,africa4 ,may we n v5ture to pr$ict t 9 future ages1 :5 di/ance ( view %all h adju/$ ! true relations ( ev5ts1 :5 ! brilliancy ( empires & ! fame ( w>s %all h sunk to _! prop] level ( significance1 ?is epo* w /& out 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d z ! era ( lib]ation8 ,if s1 ! ,epi/le to ,philemon1 z ! e>lie/ prelude to ^! magnific5t social victories1 mu/ be inve/$ ) m ?an common int]e/ = our g5]ation4 ,footnote #gei3 ,e4g4 ,*ryso/om & ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia 7,spic4 ,solesm4 ,i4 p4 #aeb74 ,yet ,/ ,*ryso/om himself pleads ! cause ( slaves e>ne/ly else:]e4 ,9 ,hom4 xl4 ad #a ,cor4 x4 p4 #che he says ( slav]y1 #8,x is ! p5alty ( s9 & ! puni%m5t ( disob$i5ce4 ,b :5 ,*ri/ came1 he annull$ ev5 ?is1 ,= 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus !re is no slave nor free4 ,!re=e x is n necess>y to h a slave2 b1 if x %\ld be necess>y1 !n "o only or at mo/ a second'4 ,& he !n tells 8 audi5ce t if !y really c>e = ! welf>e ( slaves1 !y mu/ #8buy !m1 & hav+ taught !m "s art t !y may ma9ta9 !mselves1 set !m free4' #8,i "k1' he adds1 #8t ,i am annoy+ my he>]s2 b :at c ,i d8 ,= ?is purpose ,i am appo9t$1 & ,i w n cease speak+ s4' ,on ! attitude ( ?is fa!r t[>ds slav]y see ,mhl] p4 #hi sq4 ,footnote #gfj3 ,on ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ?is respect see ,wallon ,,iii4 p4 #cad sq41 ,s*midt ,essai hi/orique sur la ,socit ,civile dans le ,monde ,roma9 etc4 p4 #bbh sq4 7#ahec71 ,mhl] ,gesammelte ,s*rift5 ,,ii4 p4 #ed sq41 ,g4 ,smi? ,does ! ,bible etc48 p4 #ie sq41 ,e4 ,s4 ,talbot ,slav]y z affect$ by ,*ri/ianity 7#ahfi71 ,lecky ,rationalism 9 ,europe ,,ii4 p4 #bee sq41 ,european ,morals ,,ii4 p4 #fe sq4 ,footnote #gfa3 ,mhl] p4 #ii sq41 ,s*midt p4 #bdf sq41 ,lecky ,e4 ,m4 ,,ii4 p4 #gc sq4 4 ,,:]e ,,! ,,_s ,,( ,,! ,,"l ,,is1 ,,!re ,,is ,,lib]ty4 ,,:o ,,is ,,weak1 ,,& ,i ,,am ,,n ,,weak8 ,,:o ,,is ,,(f5d$1 ,,& ,i ,,burn ,,n8 99 99 99 99 99 ,su* ev] 0 love's way3 to rise1 x /oops4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- 4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #a-c #a1 1 #b ' #c #a-c4 #8,,paul1 n[ a prison] ( ,*ri/ ,jesus1 & ,,timo?y a bro!r 9 ! fai?1 unto ,,philemon our de>ly-belov$ & fell[-lab\r] 9 ! ,gospel1 & unto ,,apphia our si/]1 & unto ,,ar*ippus our fell[-soldi] 9 ,*ri/1 & to ! ,*ur* :i* assembles 9 ?y h\se4 ,grace & peace to y all f ,god our ,fa!r & ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4' #a4 ,! au?oritative title ( #8,apo/le' is dropp$1 because ?r\gh\t ?is lett] ,/ ,paul desires to entreat r ?an to comm& 7v]4 #h1 #i72 see ! note on ,phil4 i4 #a4 ,9 its place is sub/itut$ a designation :i* w\ld t\* 8 fri5d's he>t4 ,h[ c\ld ,philemon resi/ an appeal :i* 0 p5n$ )9 prison walls & by a manacl$ h&8 ,= ?is *>act]i/ic ref]5ce to 8 #8bonds' see ! note on v]4 #ac4 ,timo?y seems to h be5 ) ,/ ,paul dur+ a great "p ( 8 ?ree ye>s' soj\rn 9 ,ephesus 7,acts xix4 #bb71 & c\ld h>dly h fail$ to make ! acqua9tance ( ,philemon4 ,= ! designation appli$ to ,timo?y see ! note on ,col4 i4 #a4 444 ,on ! p]sons "h address$1 & ! language 9 :i* !y are describ$1 see ! introduction p4 #cfi sq4 ,x w\ld probably be dur+ ,/ ,paul's long soj\rn at ,ephesus t ,philemon _h lab\r$ ) him3 see above p4 #ca sq4 %\ld probably be atta*$ to z well z to 2 comp4 ,rom4 xvi4 #e1 #h1 #i1 #a ,cor4 x4 #ad1 ,phil4 ii4 #ab4 #b4 ,= ?is ! receiv$ text has 4 ,int]nal probabilities c be urg$ 9 fav\r ( bo? read+s4 ,on ! "o h& might h be5 introduc$ = ! sake ( con=mity to ! prec$+ 2 on ! o!r might h be5 sub/itut$ = on gr\nds ( false delicacy4 ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia 7,spicil4 ,solesm4 ,i4 p4 #aed71 :o _h ! read+ 1 feels an apology necess>y3 #8,i/ius temporis 7i4e4 ( ! pres5t "t7 hom9es propemodum omnes 9 crim9e voc&os esse exi/imant1 modo si audi]9t nom5 *>itatis4 ,apo/olus v]o non sic s5tiebat2 s$ contr>io etc4' ,i h pref]r$ 1 because ! prepond]ance ( anci5t au?ority is v decid$ly 9 its fav\r4 ,^! spiritual campaigns1 9 :i* ,ar*ippus 0 8 comrade1 probably took place :ile ,/ ,paul 0 at ,ephesus 7,a4,d4 #ed-eg74 ,= ! ^w see ,phil4 ii4 #be4 ,! metaphor ( 1 1 is common 9 ,/ ,paul4 ' 444 probably at ,coloss2 see above p4 #cgj sq4 ,= ! mean+ ( ! expression see ! note on ,col4 iv4 #ae4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #d1 #e 4 #d 1 1 #e #d-g4 #8,i nev] cease to give ?anks to my ,god = ?y well-do+1 & ?\ art ev] m5tion$ 9 my pray]s4 ,= !y tell me ( ?y love & fai?--?y fai? :i* ?\ ha/ 9 ! ,"l ,jesus1 & ?y love :i* ?\ %[e/ t[>ds all ! sa9ts2 & x is my pray] t ?is active sympa?y & *>ity1 ?us spr++ f ?y fai?1 may ab\nd m & m1 z ?\ atta9e/ to ! p]fect k ( e good ?+ be/[$ ^u u by ,god1 look+ unto & /riv+ aft] ,*ri/4 ,= inde$ x gave me great joy & com=t to he> ( ?y lov+-k9dness1 & to le>n h[ ! he>ts ( ,god's p _h be5 *e]$ & refre%$ by ?y help1 my de> bro!r'4 ,! ,apo/le's ?anksgiv+ & int]cessory pray] 7v]4 #d7--! cause ( 8 ?anksgiv+ 7v]4 #e7--! purport ( 8 pray] 7v]4 #f7--! joy & com=t :i* he has 9 ,philemon's good de$s 7v]4 #g7--?is is ! v simple ord] ( topics 9 ^! v]ses4 ,b mean:ile all e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( arrangem5t are defi$ 9 ! anxiety to give expression to ! ?\ght :i* is upp]mo/ = ! mom5t4 ,! clause 444 is sep>at$ f 4441 on :i* x dep5ds1 by ! int]v5+ clause 444 :i* introduces ano!r ?\ght4 ,x itself int]poses betwe5 two clauses 444 & 4441 :i* /& 9 ! close/ logical & grammatical connexion ) ea* o!r4 ,its own compon5t elem5ts are dislocat$ & inv]t$ 9 ! /ruggle ( ! sev]al ideas = imm$iate utt]ance4 ,& la/ly1 9 444 !re is aga9 a recurr5ce to a topic :i* has occurr$ 9 an e>li] "p ( ! s5t5ce 7 444 7 b :i* has be5 dropp$1 be=e x 0 exhau/$1 ow+ to ! pressure ( ano!r m importunate ?\ght4 #d4 ,see ! note on #a ,!ss4 i4 #b4 %\ld probably be tak5 ) 7r ?an ) 44471 accord+ to ,/ ,paul's usual collocation 9 ^! op5+ ?anksgiv+s3 see ! notes on ,col4 i4 #c1 ,phil4 i4 #c4 444 #8mak+ m5tion ( !e4' ,= see ! note on #a ,!ss4 i4 #b4 ,"h ! #8m5tion' involves ! idea ( int]cession on behalf ( ,philemon1 & s introduces ! 444 ( v]4 #f4 ,see ! note !re4 #e4 ,?is in=mation w\ld probably come f ,epaphras 7,col4 i4 #g1 #h1 iv4 #ab7 r ?an f ,onesimus4 ,! p>ticiple is connect$ m directly ) ?an ) ! int]v5+ words1 & expla9s ! gr\nds ( ! ,apo/le's ?anksgiv+4 444 i4e4 #8! fai? :i* ?\ ha/ t[>ds ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ & ! love :i* ?\ %[e/ to all ! sa9ts4' ,! logical ord] is violat$1 & ! clauses are inv]t$ 9 ! second "p ( ! s5t5ce1 ?us produc+ an example ( ! figure call$ *iasm2 see ,gal4 iv4 #d1 #e4 ,?is results "h f ! ,apo/le's sett+ d[n ! ?\ghts 9 ! sequ5ce 9 :i* !y occur to him1 )\t pay+ reg>d to symmetrical arrangem5t4 ,! fir/ & prom95t ?\ght is ,philemon's love4 ,?is sugge/s ! m5tion ( 8 fai?1 z ! s\rce f :i* x spr+s4 ,?is aga9 requires a ref]5ce to ! object ( fai?4 ,& !n at l5g? comes ! def]r$ sequel to ! fir/ ?\ght--! range & compreh5siv5ess ( 8 love4 ,! transition f ! object ( fai? to ! object ( love is m easy1 because ! love is repres5t$ z spr++ f ! fai?4 ,"s copies transpose ! ord]1 read+ --an obvi\s em5dation4 ,o!rs w\ld obviate ! difficulty by giv+ to ! mean+ #8fidelity1 /$fa/ness'3 ,w9] #a4 p4 #eaa sq4 ,?us !y are enabl$ to ref] bo? words1 1 equally to bo? ! clauses :i* foll[4 ,b1 ?\gh ?is is a legitimate s5se ( 9 ,/ ,paul 7see ,galatians1 p4 #aee71 yet 9 imm$iate connexion ) 1 x is h>dly possible t ! ^w c h any o!r ?an its prop] !ological mean+4 ,see ! op5+ ( ! contempor>y epi/le1 ,col4 i4 #d4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #f 1 #f 444 ,! *ange ( prepositions1 #8t[>ds ! ,"l' & #8unto ! sa9ts'1 des]ves att5tion4 ,x seems to arise f ! in/9ctive desire to sep>ate ! two clauses1 z !y ref] to diff]5t words 9 ! prec$+ "p ( ! s5t5ce4 ,( ! two prepositions ! =m] 7-7 signifies direction #8=w>d to'1 #8t[>ds'2 ! latt] 7-7 arrival & s contact1 #89-to'1 #8unto4' ,consequ5tly ei!r might be us$ 9 ei!r connexion2 & z a matt] ( fact is mu* m common ) 771 z x is also ) 1 be+ q exceptional 7#a ,!ss4 i4 #h 2 comp4 #b ,cor4 iii4 #d74 ,b :]e a di/9ction is necess>y1 !re is a propriety 9 us+ ( ! fai? :i* aspires t[>ds ,*ri/1 & ( ! love :i* is ex]t$ ^u m54 ,"s good copies read "h 9 bo? clauses4 #f4 444 to be tak5 ) 4441 z giv+ ! aim & purport ( ,/ ,paul's pray]4 ,o!rs connect x ) h 1 z if x describ$ ! t5d5cy ( ,philemon's fai?1 #8ita ut'2 b1 ev5 if c\ld be> ?is mean+1 su* a connexion is altoge!r h>% & improbable4 444 ,( _m int]pretations :i* h be51 or might be1 giv5 ( ^! words1 two seem to des]ve consid]ation4 7#a7 #8,y\r fri5dly (fices & sympa?ies1 y\r k9dly de$s ( *>ity1 :i* spr+ f y\r fai?'3 comp4 ,phil4 i4 #e 1 ,heb4 xiii4 #af 1 :5ce is us$ especially ( #8contributions1 almsgiv+'1 ,rom4 xv4 #bf1 #b ,cor4 viii4 #d1 ix4 #ac4 7#b7 #8,y\r communion ) ,god ?r\gh fai?'3 comp4 #a ,cor4 i4 #i1 & see also #b ,cor4 xiii4 #ac1 #a ,joh4 i4 #c1 #f1 #g4 ,! p>allel passages /rongly support ! =m] s5se4 ,o!r int]pretations propos$ are1 #8,! p>ticipation ( o!rs 9 y\r fai?1 ?r\gh y\r example'1 or #8y\r communion ) me1 spr++ out ( y\r fai?'4 ,?is la/1 :i* is widely receiv$1 is sugge/$ by v]4 #ag2 1 1 1 writes ,*ryso/om1 7comp4 ,tit4 i4 #c 73 b x seems q out ( place 9 ?is context4 #8effective'4 ,! ,lat9 translators mu/ h read 1 = !y r5d] ! ^w evid5s or manife/a4 ,j]ome 7ad loc47 speaks ( evid5s z ! read+ ( ! ,lat91 & efficax ( ! ,greek text4 ,! conv]se error appe>s 9 ! ,,mss ( ,clem4 ,hom4 xvii4 #e1 = 4 444 #89 ! p]fect k ( e good ?+'4 ,?is 1 involv+ z x does ! complete appropriation ( all tru? & ! unres]v$ id5tification ) ,god's w1 is ! goal & cr[n ( ! believ]'s c\rse4 ,! ,apo/le does n say #89 ! possession' or #89 ! p]=mance' b #89 ! k ( e good ?+'2 =1 9 ?is high] s5se ( k1 to "k is bo? to possess & to p]=m4 ,9 all ! epi/les ( ! ,roman captivity ,/ ,paul's pray] = 8 correspond5ts culm9ates 9 ?is ^w 3 see ! note on ,col4 i4 #i4 ,?is is ! result & ! rew>d ( fai? manife/+ itself 9 de$s ( love1 444 ,= ! sequ5ce comp4 ,ephes4 iv4 #ac 4441 ,tit4 i4 #a ' 4 ,! !re=e :i* ! ,apo/le contemplates is ,philemon's own4 ,!re is no ref]5ce to ! =ce ( 8 example on o!rs1 z x is sometimes int]pret$1 #89 _! recognition ( e good ?+ :i* is wr\ght 9 y'4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #g 4 #g 1 1 4 #f4 4 #8:i* is 9 u ,*ri/ians'1 #8:i* is plac$ )9 our rea* by ! ,gospel'2 i4e4 ! :ole range ( spiritual bless+s1 ! complete cycle ( ,*ri/ian tru?4 ,if ! read+ be adopt$1 ! ref]5ce w be re/rict$ to ! bro!rhood at ,coloss1 b ! mean+ mu/ be sub/antially ! same4 ,?\gh has some:at bett] support1 we seem to be ju/ifi$ 9 pref]r+ z be+ mu* m expressive4 ,9 su* cases ! ,,mss are ( no great au?ority2 & 9 ! pres5t in/ance scribes w\ld be /rongly tempt$ to alt] into f a misappreh5sion ( ! s5se1 & a wi% to apply ! words to ,philemon & 8 h\sehold4 ,a simil> misappreh5sion d\btless l$ 9 "s copies to ! omission ( 1 :i* seem$ to be sup]flu\s b is really requir$ = ! s5se4 #8unto ,*ri/'1 i4e4 lead+ to ,him z ! goal4 ,! words %\ld be connect$ n ) 1 b ) ! ma9 /atem5t ( ! s5t5ce 444 #g4 ,?is s5t5ce aga9 mu/ n be connect$ ) ! words imm$iately prec$+4 ,x gives ! motive ( ! ,apo/le's ?anksgiv+ m5tion$ 9 v]4 #d4 ,?is ?anksgiv+ 0 ! outp\r+ ( gratitude = ! joy & com=t t he _h receiv$ 9 8 bonds1 f ! report ( ,philemon's g5]\s *>ity4 ,! connexion !re=e is 444444 444 444 ,= ! receiv$ text 7,/eph4 b n ,elz47 reads 1 :i* is tak5 to mean #8?ankfulness' 7#a ,tim4 i4 #ab1 #b ,tim4 i4 #c72 b ?is read+ is absolutely condemn$ by ! paucity ( anci5t au?ority4 #8! he>t1 ! spirits'4 ,on 1 ! nobl] visc]a1 reg>d$ z ! seat ( ! emotions1 see ! note on ,phil4 i4 #h4 ,"h ! prom95t idea is t ( t]ror1 grief1 despond5cy1 etc4 #8h be5 reliev$1 refre%$'1 comp4 v]4 #bj4 ,! comp\nd expresses a tempor>y relief1 z ! simple expresses a f9al cessation3 ,plut4 ,vit4 ,lucull4 #e ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #h1 #i #h 1 #i 1 #i4 4 ' 4 ,?us x implies #8relaxation1 refre%m5t1' z a prep>ation = ! r5ewal ( lab\r or suff]+4 ,x is an ,ignatian z well z a ,paul9e ^w2 ,ephes4 #b1 ,smyrn4 #i1 #aj1 #ab1 ,trall4 #ab1 ,magn4 #ae1 ,rom4 #aj4 ,= ! appeal sugge/$ by ! emphatic position ( ! ^w1 comp4 ,gal4 vi4 #ah4 ,see also ! note on v]4 #bj bel[4 #h-ag4 #8,enc\rag$ by ^! tid+s ( ?y lov+ _s1 ,i pref] to entreat1 :]e ,i might comm&4 ,my (fice gives me au?ority to dictate ?y duty 9 pla9 language1 b love bids me plead z a suitor4 ,h ,i n inde$ a "r to comm&--,i ,paul :om ,*ri/ ,jesus long ago commission$ z ,8 ambassador1 & :om n[ ,he has exalt$ to ! rank ( ,8 prison]8 ,b ,i entreat !e4 ,i h a fav\r to ask = a son ( my own--"o d\bly de> to me1 because ,i became 8 fa!r amid/ ! sorr[s ( my bonds4 ,i speak ( ,onesimus1 :o 9 times pa/ 0 f\nd :olly untrue to 8 "n1 :o 0 !n f> f useful to !e1 b n[ is useful to !e--yea1 & to myself also4 ,him ,i s5d back to !e1 & ,i entreat !e to take him into ?y fav\r1 = 9 giv+ him ,i am giv+ my own he>t4 ,inde$ ,i w\ld gladly h deta9$ him ) me1 t he might m9i/] to me on ?y behalf1 9 ^! bonds ) :i* ! ,gospel has inve/$ me4 ,b ,i _h scruples4 ,i did n wi% to d any?+ )\t ?y direct cons5t2 = !n x might h seem$ 7?\gh x 7 only seem+7 z if ?y k9dly (fices _h be5 r5d]$ by compulsion & n ( free w4 ,s ,i h s5t him back4 ,inde$ x may h be5 ,god's provid5tial design1 t he 0 p>t$ f !e = a season1 only t ?\ mighte/ rega9 him = ev]2 t he left !e z a slave1 only t he might return to !e a belov$ bro!r4 ,?is inde$ he is to me mo/ ( all2 &1 if to me1 mu/ he n be s mu* m to !e1 bo? 9 worldly ?+s & 9 spiritual8 ,if !re=e ?\ reg>de/ me z a fri5d & companion1 take him to !e1 z if he 7 myself'4 #h4 i4e4 #8,see+ t ,i h ^! pro(s ( ?y love1 ,i pref] to entreat1 :]e ,i might comm&'4 #8confid5ce'1 lit]ally #8fre$om' or #8privilege ( spee*'2 see ! notes on ,col4 ii4 #ae1 ,ephes4 iii4 #ab4 ,x 0 8 ,apo/olic au?ority :i* gave him ?is "r to comm& 9 pla9 language4 ,h5ce ! addition 4 #8:at is fitt+'3 see ! note on ,col4 iii4 #ah4 #i4 #8= love's sake'1 i4e4 #8hav+ respect to ! claims ( love'4 ,x is n ,philemon's love 7vv4 #e1 #g17 nor ,/ ,paul's own love1 b love absolutely1 love reg>d$ z a pr9ciple :i* dem&s a def]5tial respect4 444 #8be+ su* an "o z ,paul an ambassador1 & n[ also a prison]1 ( ,*ri/ ,jesus'4 ,sev]al que/ions ( m or less difficulty arise on ^! words4 7#a7 ,is to be connect$ ) or sep>at$ f 4448 ,if sep>at$1 w mean #8?\gh z an ,apo/le ,i am arm$ ) su* au?ority'1 & 444 w describe 8 condesc5sion to entreaty1 #8yet z simply ,paul1 etc4' ,b ! o!r con/ruction is mu* m probable = ! foll[+ reasons41 7a7 s us$1 imply+1 z x w\ld1 some?+ ( a p]sonal boa/1 seems unlike ,/ ,paul's usual mode ( speak+4 ,sev]al int]pret]s inde$1 tak+ sep>ately1 ref] x to v]4 #h1 #8see+ t ?is is my disposition'1 i4e4 #8see+ t ,i desire to entreat'2 b sugge/s m ?an an accid5tal impulse4 7b7 ,z & are correlative words1 x is m natural to connect !m toge!r2 comp4 ,plato ,symp4 #aha ,e 4441 ,alexis 7,me9eke ,fragm4 ,com4 ,,iii4 p4 #cii7 4 ,su* passages are an answ] to ! objection t w\ld require "s /rong] ^w ?an 1 su* z 1 1 or 4 ,ev5 aft] su* expressions z 1 1 in/ances occur ( 773 see ,lobeck ,phryn4 p4 #dbg1 ,/allbaum on ,plat4 ,phd4 #hf ,a4 ,inde$ x may be que/ion$ :e!r any ^w b w\ld give exactly ,/ ,paul's mean+ "h4 7c7 ,all ! ,greek comm5tators )\t a s+le exception connect ! words toge!r4 7#b7 ,assum+ t ! words 444 are tak5 toge!r1 %\ld !y be connect$ ) ! prec$+ or ! foll[+ s5t5ce8 ,on ! :ole ! passage is m =cible1 if !y are l9k$ to ! prec$+ words4 ,9 ?is case ! resumptive 7v]4 #aj7 beg9s a new s5t5ce1 :i* introduces a fre% subject4 ,! ,apo/le has be=e describ$ ! "* ( 8 appeal2 he n[ speaks ( its object4 7#c7 ,9 ei!r connexion1 :at is ! po9t ( ! words 4448 ,d !y lay d[n ! gr\nds ( 8 entreaty1 or d !y en=ce 8 "r to comm&8 ,if ! view ( adopt$ bel[ be correct1 ! latt] mu/ be ! true int]pretation2 b ev5 ?\gh be tak5 9 its ord9>y s5se1 ?is w /ill rema9 ! m probable alt]native2 =1 :ile & w\ld suit ei!r entreaty or comm&1 ! addition sugge/s an appeal to au?ority4 ,! m5tion ( 8 p]sonal "n involves an ass]tion ( au?ority1 z 9 ,ephes4 iii4 #a2 comp4 ,gal4 v4 #b1 ) ! note !re4 ,!odoret writes1 1 1 1 444 ,comp>+ a passage 9 ! contempor>y epi/le1 ,ephes4 vi4 #bj 1 x _h occurr$ to me t we %\ld read "h1 be=e ,i 0 aw>e t ?is conjecture _h be5 anticipat$ by o!rs1 e4g4 by ,b5tley 7,crit4 ,sacr4 p4 #ic7 & by ,b5son 7,p>aphrase etc4 on ,six ,epi/les ( ,/ ,paul p4 #ceg74 ,x has s9ce be5 sugge/$ indep5d5tly 9 ,l9wood's ,obs]v4 qud4 9 nonnulla ,n4 ,t4 loca #ahfe1 & probably o!rs h ent]ta9$ ! same ?\ght4 ,/ill believ+ t ,/ ,paul "h speaks ( himself z an #8ambassador'1 ,i n[ "q :e!r any *ange is necess>y4 ,!re is reason = ?9k+ t 9 ! common dialect may h be5 writt5 indiff]5tly = 9 ,/ ,paul's "t2 & if s1 ! =m "h may be due1 n to "s comp>atively late scribe1 b to ! orig9al autograph itself or to an imm$iate transcript4 ,9 #a ,macc4 xiv4 #ba ! ,s9aitic ,,ms has 7a corruption ( 1 = ! common read+ is 72 9 xiv4 #bb x reads 2 b 9 xiii4 #ba 3 ?\gh 9 all passages alike ! mean+ is #8ambassadors'4 ,aga9 ! ,alex&rian ,,ms has 9 xiii4 #ba1 b 9 xiv4 #bb1 & 7i4e4 7 9 xiv4 #ba4 ,9 #b ,macc4 xi4 #cd ?is same ,,ms has 1 & ! read+ ( ! common texts ( ! ,,lxx 7ev5 ,tis*5dorf & ,fritzs*e7 !re is 4 ,grimm treats x z mean+ #8ambassadors'1 )\t ev5 notic+ ! =m4 ,o!r ,,mss are also m5tion$ 9 ,holmes & ,p>sons :i* h ! =m 9 #a ,macc4 xiii4 #ba4 ,9 #b ,*ron4 xxxii4 #ca aga9 ! ^w = #8ambassador' is writt5 ?us 9 ! ,vatican ,,ms1 ?\gh ! is add$ above ! l9e2 & "h too sev]al ,,mss 9 ,holmes & ,p>sons agree 9 read+ 4 ,?us x is pla9 t1 9 ! age ( our e>lie/ extant ,,mss at all ev5ts1 ! scribes us$ bo? =ms indiff]5tly 9 ?is s5se4 ,s also ,eusebius on ,isaiah xviii4 #b writes 1 7 4 ,aga9 9 ,ignat4 ,smyrn4 #aa is ! =m 9 all ! ,,mss ( ei!r rec5sion1 ?\gh ! mean+ is pla9ly #8an ambassador ( ,god4' ,s too 9 ,clem4 ,hom4 ,ep4 ,clem4 #f ! ,,mss read 1 :i* ev5 ,s*wegl] & ,dressel tacitly reta94 ,see also ,appian ,samn4 #g1 :]e is due to ! lat] editors1 & ,acta ,?om #aj1 :]e !re is a v4 l4 9 at lea/ "o ,,ms4 ,& probably examples ( ?is sub/itution might be l>gely multipli$4 ,! ma9 reason = adopt+ ?is read+ is ! p>allel passage1 :i* sugge/s x v /rongly4 ,! difficulty :i* _m f9d 9 ,/ ,paul's describ+ himself z an old man is n s]i\s4 ,on any %[+ he mu/ h be5 v]g+ on sixty at ?is "t1 & may h be5 "s ye>s old]4 ,a life ( un9t]mitt5t toil & suff]+1 su* z he _h liv$1 w\ld br+ a premature decay2 & look+ back on a long ev5tful life1 he w\ld naturally s ?9k & speak ( himself4 ,?us ,rog] ,bacon 7,opus ,majus ,i #aj1 p4 #ae1 ed4 ,jebb2 ,opus ,t]tium p4 #fc1 ed4 ,brew]7 writes #8me s5em'1 #8nos s5es'1 9 #abfg1 ?\gh he appe>s to h be5 n m ?an fifty-two or fifty-?ree at ! "t & liv$ at lea/ a qu>t] ( a c5tury aft] 7see ,e4 ,*>les ,rog] ,bacon1 ,sa ,vie etc4 pp4 #d sq41 #dj74 ,s too ,scott 9 8 fifty-fif? ye> speaks ( himself z #8an old grey man' & #8ag$' 7,lockh>t's ,life ,,viii4 pp4 #cbg1 #ceg74 ,x is m difficult to und]/& h[ ,/ ,paul %\ld make 8 age a gr\nd ( appeal to ,philemon :o1 if ,ar*ippus 0 8 son1 _c h be5 mu* y\ng] ?an himself4 ,! comm5tator ,hil>y says t ! ,apo/le appeals to 8 fri5d #8quasi covum tatis'1 b ?is idea is =eign to ! context4 ,! comm5t ( ,!ophylact is1 1 1 1 1 1 444 ,does he mean to include bo? mean+s 9 8 ,or is he accid5tally borr[+ ! t]m #8ambassador' f "s e>li] comm5tator )\t see+ its be>+8 ,ano!r title to respect4 ,! m5tion ( 8 bonds might sugge/ ei!r an appeal = commis]ation or a claim ( au?ority3 see ! note on v]4 #ac4 ,"h ! addition ( inve/s x ) ! "* ( an (ficial title1 & s gives prom95ce to ! latt] idea4 ,to 8 old (fice ( #8ambassador' ,*ri/ has add$ ! new title ( #8prison]'4 ,! g5itive belongs to z well z to 1 & 9 bo? cases describes ! p]son :o conf]s ! (fice or rank4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #aj 4 #aj 1 #aj4 444 ,/ ,*ryso/om rem>ks on ! ,apo/le's )hold+ ! "n1 until he has fav\rably dispos$ ,philemon bo? to ! reque/ & to ! object ( x2 1 1 444 ,! :ole passage des]ves to be read4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #aa 1 1 #aa 444 ,s too #a ,cor4 iv4 #ae4 ,9 ,gal4 iv4 #ai he speaks ( himself z suff]+ a "m's pangs = 8 *ildr5 9 ! fai?4 ,comp4 ,phil4 ,leg4 ad ,cai4 #h 7,,ii4 p4 #eed7 4 ,he 0 d\bly de> to ! ,apo/le1 z be+ ! *ild ( 8 sorr[s4 = by attraction1 z e4g4 ,m>k vi4 #af 1 4 ,h5ce=w>d he w be true to 8 "n1 no long] 1 b 3 comp4 ,ru? i4 #bj #8,call me n ,naomi 7pleasant7 b call me ,m>a 7bitt]7 etc4' ,! ^w is a synonyme = 1 ,demo/h4 ,phil4 iii4 #dj 7p4 #aba7 4443 comp4 ,pseudophocyl4 #cg 7#cd7 1 ' 4 ,! significance ( names 0 a matt] ( special importance among ! anci5ts4 ,h5ce !y 7 c>eful 9 ! inauguration ( any great "w t only ^? :o _h bona nom9a1 prosp]a nom9a1 fau/a nom9a1 %\ld take "p3 ,cic4 de ,div4 i4 #de1 ,pl94 ,n4,h4 xxviii4 #b4 #e1 ,tac4 ,hi/4 iv4 #ec4 ,on ! value atta*$ to names by ! anci5ts1 & m especially by ! ,hebrews1 see ,f>r> ,*apt]s on ,language p4 #bfg sq41 :]e a l>ge numb] ( in/ances are collect$4 ,"h h[ev] !re is no?+ m ?an an affectionate play on a "n1 su* z might occur to any "o at any "t3 comp4 ,euseb4 ,h4,e4 v4 #bd 7 1 4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ab 1 4 #ab1 1 #aa4 1 ,comp4 ,plat4 ,resp4 iii4 p4 #daa ,a 444 4 ,( ^! words1 is f\nd only "h1 occurs also #b ,tim4 ii4 #ba1 iv4 #aa1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,bo? appe> 9 ! ,,lxx4 ,9 ,matt4 xxv4 #cj a slave is describ$ z 4 ,= ! mode ( expression comp4 ,ephes4 v4 #ae ' 4 ,"s h discov]$ 9 ^! words a ref]5ce to 1 z commonly pron\nc$ 2 comp4 ,!oph4 ad ,autol4 i4 #ab 444 & see ,philippians p4 #af note4 ,any su* allusion h[ev]1 ev5 if x %\ld n involve an ana*ronism1 is f> too recondite to be probable "h4 ,! play on words is exhau/$ 9 ! ref]5ce to 4 ,an aft]-?\ght2 comp4 ,phil4 ii4 #bg 1 4 ,?is acc\nts = ! exceptional ord]1 :]e accord+ to common ,greek usage ! fir/ p]son w\ld naturally prec$e ! second4 #8,i s5d back'1 ! epi/ol>y aori/ us$ = ! pres5t3 see ! notes on ,phil4 ii4 #be1 #bh4 ,s too 1 v]4 #ai1 #ba 7see ! note74 ,x is cle> bo? f ! context "h1 & f ,col4 iv4 #g-i1 t ,onesimus accompani$ ! lett]4 #ab4 444 ,! read+ ( ! receiv$ text is 1 1 4 ,! words ?us suppli$ d\btless give ! "r con/ruction1 b mu/ be reject$ z defici5t 9 au?ority4 ,! accusative is susp5d$2 ! s5t5ce *anges its =m & loses itself 9 a numb] ( dep5d5t clauses2 & ! ma9 po9t is n resum$ till v]4 #ag 1 ! gramm> hav+ be5 mean:ile dislocat$4 ,= ! emphatic position ( comp4 ,john ix4 #ba1 #bc1 ,ephes4 i4 #bb4 #8my v he>t'1 a mode ( spee* common 9 all languages4 ,= ! mean+ ( see ! note on ,phil4 i4 #h4 ,comp4 ,te/4 ,patr4 ,zab4 #h1 ,neph4 #d1 9 bo? :i* passages ,*ri/ is call$ ( ,god1 & 9 ! fir/ x is said 444 ' 444 ,o!rwise has be5 int]pret$ #8my son' 7comp4 v]4 #aj 44471 & x is s r5d]$ "h 9 ! ,pe%ito4 ,= ?is s5se ( comp4 ,artemid4 ,oneir4 i4 #dd 1 ib4 v4 #eg 1 4 ,) ?is mean+ x is us$ n less ( ! fa!r ?an ( ! "m2 e4g4 ,philo de ,joseph4 #e 7,,ii4 p4 #de7 444 1 ,basil4 ,op4 ,,iii4 p4 #eja 4 ,! ,lat9 visc]a occurs /ill m frequ5tly 9 ?is s5se1 z ! passages quot$ 9 ,wet/e9 & ,suic] %[4 ,= ?is latt] int]pretation !re is mu* to be said4 ,b x adds no?+ to ! previ\s 4441 & 7:at is a m s]i\s objection7 x is :olly unsupport$ by ,/ ,paul's usage else:]e1 :i* connects ) a diff]5t class ( ideas3 see e4g4 vv4 #g1 #bj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ac1 #ad #ac 1 #ad #ac4 #8,i 0 ( a m9d'1 di/+ui%$ f 1 :i* foll[s1 9 two respects2 7#a7 ,:ile involves ! idea ( #8purpose1 delib]ation1 desire1 m9d'1 d5otes simply #8w'2 ,epictet4 i4 #ab4 #ac 1 1 2 1 iii4 #bd1 #ed 1 4 7#b7 ,! *ange ( t5ses is significant4 ,! imp]fect implies a t5tative1 in*oate process2 :ile ! aori/ describes a def9ite & complete act4 ,! w /epp$ 9 & put an end to ! incl9ations ( ! m9d4 ,inde$ ! imp]fect ( ?is & simil> v]bs are n infrequ5tly us$ :]e ! wi% is /opp$ at ! outset by "s antec$5t consid]ation :i* r5d]s x impossible1 & ?us practically x is n ent]ta9$ at all3 e4g4 ,ari/4 ,ran4 #hff 1 ,antiph4 de ,h]od4 cd4 ,i 7p4 #abi7 444 4442 ,isu de ,ari/4 hr4 ,i 7p4 #gi7 444 4441 s*4 c4 ,ctes4 #b 7p4 #ec7 1 7 444 4441 ,lucian ,abd4 ,i 444 444 4442 see ,khn] #cib b 7,,ii4 p4 #agg74 ,s ,acts xxv4 #bb 1 n #8,i %\ld wi%' 7z ,w9] xli4 p4 #cec7 b #8,i c\ld h wi%$'1 i4e4 #8if x _h n be5 too mu* to ask'4 ,simil>ly ,gal4 iv4 #bj1 ,rom4 ix4 #c4 ,see ,revision ( ! ,engli% ,new ,te/am5t p4 #if4 ,s "h a n improbable mean+ w\ld be n #8,i 0 desir\s'1 b #8,i c\ld h desir$'4 #8to deta9' or #8reta9'1 oppos$ to ! foll[+ 1 v]4 #ae4 444 ,comp4 ,phil4 ii4 #cj 1 #a ,cor4 xvi4 #ag 4 ,see ! note on ,col4 i4 #g4 ,) a delicate tact ! ,apo/le assumes t ,philemon w\ld h wi%$ to p]=m ^! fri5dly (fices 9 p]son1 if x _h be5 possible4 ,an indirect appeal to 8 compassion3 see vv4 #a1 #i1 #aj4 ,9 ?is in/ance h[ev] 7z 9 v]4 #i7 ! appeal assumes a tone ( au?ority1 by ref]5ce to ! occasion ( 8 bonds4 ,= ! g5itive 1 describ+ ! orig91 comp4 ,col4 i4 #bc 4 ,!y 7 n %ackles :i* self _h rivet$1 b a *a9 ) :i* ,*ri/ _h inve/$ him4 ,?us !y 7 z a badge ( (fice or a decoration ( hon\r4 ,9 ?is respect1 z 9 o!rs1 ! language ( ,/ ,paul is e*o$ 9 ! epi/les ( ,/ ,ignatius4 ,"h too entreaty & triumph alt]nate2 ! sa9t's bonds are at once a gr\nd = appeal & a !me ( ?anksgiv+3 ,trall4 #ab 1 ,philad4 #g 1 ,ephes4 #aa 7i4e4 7 1 1 ,smyrn4 #aj 1 ,magn4 #a 2 see also ,ephes4 #a1 #c1 #ba1 ,magn4 #ab1 ,trall4 #a1 #e1 #aj1 ,smyrn4 #d1 #aa1 ,polyc4 #b1 ,rom4 #a1 #d1 #e1 ,philad4 #e4 #ad4 444 #8)\t ?y approval1 cons5t'2 ,polyb4 ii4 #ba4 #a1 #c1 1 3 simil>ly 1 e4g4 ,polyb4 xxi4 #h4 #g1 ,ign4 ,polyc4 #d4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ae1 #af 1 1 #ae 1 1 #af 1 1 ,/ ,paul does n say b 4 ,he w n suppose t x w\ld really be by con/ra9t2 b x mu/ n ev5 we> ! appe>ance 77 ( be+ s3 comp4 #b ,cor4 xi4 #ag 4 ,see ,pl94 ,ep4 ix4 #ba #8,v]eor ne vide> non rog>e s$ cog]e'2 :]e1 z "h1 ! writ] is ask+ 8 correspond5t to =give a dome/ic :o has (f5d$4 #8! b5efit aris+ f !e'1 i4e4 #8! good :i* ,i %\ld get f ! cont9u$ pres5ce ( ,onesimus1 & :i* w\ld be ow+ to !e'4 z 9 ,num4 xv4 #c4 ,! =m ' is p]haps m classical3 ,?uc4 viii4 #bg ' 4 ,! ^w und]/ood 9 ! "o case appe>s to be 7,porphyr4 de ,ab/4 i4 #i ' 1 comp4 ,eur4 ,m$4 #gea 72 9 ! o!r1 7s 1 1 etc473 comp4 ,lobeck ,phryn4 p4 #d4 #ae4 444 ,! expla9s an additional motive :i* guid$ ! ,apo/le's decision3 #8,i did n d>e to deta9 him1 h[ev] mu* ,i desir$ x4 ,i might h defeat$ ! purpose = :i* ,god 9 ,8 good provid5ce all[$ him to leave !e'4 #8,he does n say'1 writes ,*ryso/om1 #8,= ?is cause he fl$1 b ,= ?is cause he 0 p>t$3 = he w\ld appease ,philemon by a m euphemi/ic phrase4 ,& aga9 he does n say he p>t$ himself1 b he 0 p>t$3 s9ce ! design 0 n ,onesimus' own to dep>t = ?is or t reason3 j z ,joseph also1 :5 excus+ 8 bre?r51 says 7,g54 xlv4 #e7 ,god did s5d me hi!r4' #8= an h\r'1 #8= a %ort season'3 #b ,cor4 vii4 #h1 ,gal4 ii4 #e4 #8,x 0 only a brief mom5t aft] all'1 ! ,apo/le w\ld say1 #8comp>$ ) ! magnitude ( ! "w wr\ght 9 x4 ,he dep>t$ a reprobate2 he returns a sav$ man4 ,he dep>t$ = a few mon?s2 he returns to be ) y = all "t & = et]nity'4 ,! s5se ( mu/ n be arbitr>ily limit$4 ,s9ce he left1 ,onesimus _h obta9$ et]nal life1 & et]nal life involves et]nal int]*ange ( fri5d%ip4 ,8 s]vices to 8 old ma/] 7 no long] b>r$ by ! gates ( dea?4 ,9 ?is connexion may be> ei!r ( two s5ses3 7#a7 #8to h back1 to h 9 return'3 or 7#b7 #8to h to ! full1 to h :olly'1 z 9 ,phil4 iv4 #ah 7see ! note74 ,9 o!r words ! prom95t idea 9 ! ^w may be ei!r re/itution1 or complet5ess4 ,! =m] is ! m probable s5se "h1 z sugge/$ by 9 v]se #ac & by 9 ?is v]se4 #af4 ,/ ,paul does n say b 4 ,x 0 a matt] ( indiff]5ce :e!r he 7 outw>dly or outw>dly 1 s9ce bo? are "o 9 ,*ri/ 7,col4 iii4 #aa74 ,b ?\gh he might /ill rema9 a slave1 he c\ld no long] be z a slave4 ,a *ange _h be5 wr\ght 9 him1 indep5d5tly ( 8 possible manumission3 9 ,*ri/ he _h become a bro!r4 ,x %\ld be notic$ also t ! negative is n 1 b 4 ,! negation is ?us :olly indep5d5t ( 444 4 ,x describes n ! possible view ( ,philemon1 b ! actual /ate ( ,onesimus4 ,! #8no m z a slave' is an absolute fact1 :e!r ,philemon *ooses to recognise x or n4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ag-ai 1 1 4 #ag 1 #ah 1 4 #ai 1 writes ,*ryso/om1 apo/rophiz+ ,philemon4 444 ,hav+ fir/ said #8mo/ ( all to me'1 he goes a /ep fur!r1 #8m ?an mo/ ( all to !e'4 444 #8,9 bo? sph]es alike1 9 ! affairs ( ?is _w & 9 ! affairs ( ! high] life4' ,9 ! =m]1 z ,mey] po9t$ly says1 ,philemon _h ! bro!r = a slave2 9 ! latt] he _h ! slave = a bro!r3 comp4 ,ign4 ,trall4 #ab 4 #ag4 #8?\ holde/ me to be a comrade1 an intimate fri5d'4 ,= ?is use ( comp4 ,luke xiv4 #ah 1 ,phil4 ii4 #bi 4 ,^? are 1 :o h common int]e/s1 common feel+s1 common "w4 #ah-bb4 #8,b if he has done !e any injury1 or if he /&s 9 ?y debt1 set x d[n to my acc\nt4 ,"h is my signature--,paul--9 my own h&writ+4 ,accept ?is z my bond4 ,i w repay !e4 ,= ,i w n insi/1 z ,i might1 t ?\ art indebt$ to me = mu* m ?an ?is2 t ?\ owe/ to me ?9e own self4 ,yes1 de> bro!r1 let me receive f my son 9 ! fai? su* a return z a fa!r has a "r to expect4 ,*e] & refre% my spirits 9 ,*ri/4 ,i h full confid5ce 9 ?y compliance1 z ,i write ?is2 = ,i "k t ?\ wilt d ev5 m ?an ,i ask4 ,at ! same "t also prep>e to receive me on a visit2 = ,i hope t ?r\gh y\r pray]s ,i %all be set free & giv5 to y once m'4 #ah4 ,! case is /at$ hypo!tically b ! words d\btless describe ! actual (f5ce ( ,onesimus4 ,he _h done 8 ma/] "s injury1 probably _h robb$ him2 & he _h fl$ to escape puni%m5t4 ,see ! introduction4 def9+ ! (f5ce :i* has be5 indicat$ 9 4 ,b /ill ! ,apo/le refra9s f us+ ! pla9 ^w 4 ,he w\ld sp>e ! p5it5t slave1 & avoid irritat+ ! injur$ ma/]4 #8reckon x 9'1 #8set x d[n'4 ,?is =m mu/ be adopt$ in/ead ( :i* /&s 9 ! receiv$ text1 z ! great prepond]ance ( au?ority %[s4 ,on ! o!r h& we h ,rom4 v4 #ac 7?\gh ) a v4 l4 71 ,boeckh ,c4 ,i4 no4 #agcb ,a1 & ,edict4 ,diocl4 9 ,corp4 ,inscr4 ,lat4 ,,iii4 p4 #hcf4 ,b ! ^w is s r>e 9 any =m1 t ^! occurr5ces ( af=d no gr\nd = exclud+ z impossible4 ,! two =ms might be employ$ side by side1 j z we f9d & 1 & 1 & 7,matt4 xv4 #bc71 & ! l2 see ,buttmann ,ausf4 ,gramm4 #aab 7,,ii4 p4 #ec74 ,! ^w 1 z us$ by ,lucian ,lexiph4 #ae 7:]e x is a desid]ative #8to be eag] to speak'1 l 1 1 1 etc471 has no?+ to d ) ! use ( "h4 #ai4 ,! introduction ( 8 own "n gives x ! "* ( a =mal & b9d+ signature3 comp4 #a ,cor4 xvi4 #ba1 ,col4 iv4 #ah1 #b ,!ss4 iii4 #ag4 ,a signature to a de$ 9 anci5t or m$ival times w\ld commonly take ?is =m 1--#8,i s & s'2 :]e we %\ld omit ! m>ks ( ! fir/ p]son4 ,an epi/ol>y or docum5t>y aori/1 z 9 v]4 #ba2 s too v]4 #aa4 ,see ! note on ,gal4 vi4 #aa4 ,! aori/ is ! t5se commonly us$ 9 signatures2 e4g4 to ! concili> decrees4 ,?is incid5tal m5tion ( 8 autograph1 occurr+ :]e x does1 %[s t he wrote ! :ole lett] ) 8 own h&4 ,?is proc$ure is q exceptional1 j z ! purport ( ! lett] is exceptional4 ,9 all o!r cases he appe>s to h employ$ an amanu5sis1 only add+ a few words 9 8 own h&writ+ at ! close3 see ! note on ,gal4 l4c4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bj 1 1 4 #bj1 1 4 #8n to say'1 z #b ,cor4 ix4 #d4 ,!re is a suppress$ ?\ght1 #8?\gh inde$ y _c fairly claim repaym5t'1 #8?\gh inde$ y owe me 77 z mu* z ?is'1 on :i* ! 444 is dep5d5t4 ,h5ce #8owe/ besides'2 = ?is is ! common mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,/ ,paul 0 8 spiritual fa!r1 :o _h begott5 him 9 ! fai?1 & to :om !re=e he ow$ 8 be+2 comp4 ,plato ,legg4 iv4 p4 #gag ,b 444 1 1 444 1 1 1 444 #bj4 introduc+ an affectionate appeal z 9 ,phil4 iv4 #c 4 ,x is ! entreaty ( a bro!r to a bro!r on behalf ( a bro!r 7v]4 #af74 ,= ! pa!tic appeal involv$ 9 ! ^w see ! notes on ,gal4 iii4 #ae1 vi4 #a1 #ah2 & comp4 v]4 #g4 #8,i seem to be entreat+ = ,onesimus2 b ,i am plead+ = myself3 ! fav\r w be done to me'2 comp4 v]4 #ag 4 ,! emphatic id5tifies ! cause ( ,onesimus ) 8 own4 #8may ,i h satisfaction1 f9d com=t 9 !e'1 i4e4 #8may ,i receive su* a return f !e1 z a fa!r has a "r to expect f 8 *ild4' ,! common use ( ! ^w w\ld sugge/ ! ?\ght ( filial (fices2 e4g4 ,ari/4 ,!sm4 #dfi 1 ,lucian ,philops4 #bg 1 1 1 1 ,ps-,ignat4 ,h]o #f 1 1 ,synes4 ,ep4 #dd 1 ) o!r passages quot$ 9 ,wet/e94 ,s too = 1 1 comp>e ,eur4 ,m$4 #ajbe sq4 444 ' 1 '1 1 ,alc4 #ccc ' 7 1 ,philem4 ,inc4 #fd 7,,iv4 p4 #ee ,me9eke7 1 1 1 1 ,ecclus4 xxx4 #b ' 7! only passage 9 ! ,,lxx :]e ! ^w occurs74 ,! pray] 1 1 etc41 occurs sev]al times 9 ,ignatius2 ,polyc4 #a1 #f1 ,magn4 #b1 #ab1 ,ephes4 #b4 ,x is n unlikely t "h involves a ref]5ce to ! "n ,onesimus2 see ! note on v]4 #aa4 ,! ,hebrew fondness = play+ on names makes su* an allusion at lea/ possible4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #ba1 #bb #ba 1 4 #bb 4 ,z he _h begott5 ,philemon 7comp4 #a ,cor4 iv4 #ae1 #ag71 s x 0 t he look$ = ! recomp5se ( filial (fices4 444 ,see ! note v]4 #g4 #ba4 #8,i write'3 see ! note on v]4 #ai4 444 ,:at 0 ! ?\ght upmo/ 9 ! ,apo/le's m9d :5 he p5n$ ^! words8 ,did he contemplate ! manumission ( ,onesimus8 ,if s1 ! re/ra9t :i* he imposes ^u himself is significant4 ,inde$ ?r\gh\t ?is epi/le ! idea w\ld seem to be pres5t to 8 ?\ghts1 ?\gh ! ^w nev] passes 8 lips4 ,?is res]ve is em95tly *>act]i/ic ( ! ,gospel4 ,slav]y is nev] directly attack$ z su*1 b pr9ciples are inculcat$ :i* mu/ prove fatal to x4 #bb4 444 ,:5 ,/ ,paul fir/ contemplat$ visit+ ,rome1 he _h int5d$1 aft] leav+ ! metropolis1 to pass we/w>d into ,spa92 ,rom4 xv4 #bd1 #bh4 ,b by ?is "t he appe>s to h alt]$ 8 plans1 purpos+ fir/ to revisit ,greece & ,asia ,m9or4 ,?us 9 ,phil4 ii4 #bd he looks =w>d to see+ ! ,philippians %ortly2 :ile "h he contemplates a visit to ! ,*ur*es ( ! ,lycus valley4 ,!re is a g5tle compulsion 9 ?is m5tion ( a p]sonal visit to ,coloss4 ,! ,apo/le w\ld ?us be able to see = himself t ,philemon _h n disappo9t$ 8 expectations4 ,simil>ly ,s]apion 9 ,eus4 ,h4,e4 vi4 #ab 4 #8a lodg+'2 comp4 ,clem4 ,hom4 xii4 #b 4 ,s ! ,lat9 p>>e hospitium ,cic4 ad ,att4 xiv4 #b1 ,m>t4 ,ep4 ix4 #a4 ,?is latt] passage1 #8,vale et p>a hospitium'1 closely resembles ,/ ,paul's language "h4 ,9 ! expression be=e u is probably ! place ( ent]ta9m5t3 b 9 su* phrases z 1 1 1 & ! l1 x d5otes ! (fices ( hospitality4 ,! ,lat9 hospitium also includes bo? s5ses4 ,! 1 z a lodg+1 may d5ote ei!r qu>t]s 9 an inn or a room 9 a private h\se3 see ,philippians p4 #i4 ,= ! latt] comp4 ,plato ,tim4 #bj ,c 1 1 4 ,9 ?is case ! response w\ld d\btless be a hospitable reception 9 ,philemon's home2 b ! reque/ does n assume s mu* z ?is4 #8,i %all be grant$ to y'4 ,! grant 77 ( "o p]son to ano!r1 may be = purposes ei!r 7#a7 ( de/ruction1 z ,acts xxv4 #aa 7comp4 v]4 #af71 or 7#b7 ( pres]vation1 z ,acts iii4 #ad 1 & "h4 #bc-be4 #8,epaphras my fell[-captive 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus salutes y4 ,z d also ,m>k1 ,ari/>*us1 ,demas1 & ,luke1 my fell[-lab\r]s4 ,! grace ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ be ) !e & ?y h\sehold1 & sanctify ! _s ( y all4' #bc sq4 ,= ^! salutations see ! notes on ,col4 iv4 #aj sq4 ,epaphras is m5tion$ fir/ because he 0 a ,colossian 7,col4 iv4 #ab7 &1 z ! evangeli/ ( ,coloss 7see p4 #bi sq471 d\btless well kn[n to ,philemon4 ,( ! f\r o!rs ,ari/>*us & ,m>k belong$ to ! ,circumcision 7,col4 iv4 #aa71 :ile ,demas & ,luke 7 ,g5tile ,*ri/ians4 ,all ^! 7 ( ,greek or ,asiatic orig9 & w\ld probably be well kn[n to ,philemon1 at lea/ by "n4 ,on ! o!r h& ,jesus ,ju/us1 :o is hon\rably m5tion$ 9 ! ,colossian lett] 7iv4 #aa71 b pass$ ov] "h1 may h be5 a ,roman ,*ri/ian4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #bc-be #bc 1 #bd1 1 1 1 4 #be 4 ,on ! possible mean+s ( ?is title see ,col4 iv4 #aj1 :]e x is giv5 n to ,epaphras b to ,ari/>*us4 #be4 444 ,! same =m ( f>ewell z 9 ,gal4 vi4 #ah2 comp4 #b ,tim4 iv4 #bb4 ,! p]sons ^: names are m5tion$ 9 ! op5+ salutation4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,additions ,,& ,,corrections4 p4 #f1 l4 #ab4 ,on ,polemo & 8 family see ,ephem]is ,epigraphica ,i4 p4 #bgj sq4 7#ahgc74 p4 #ch1 note #abe4 ,! inve/igations ( ,m4 ,wadd+ton respect+ ! *ronology ( ?is p]iod 7see bel[7 require a modification ( ! dates "h giv5 = ! e>?quakes 9 ! second c5tury4 ,he enum]ates ?ree3 7#a7 ,"o at ,rhodes1 f ,a4,d4 #ach-adb2 7#b7 ,"o :i* de/roy$ ,mityl5e & did consid]able damage to ,smyrna1 ,a4,d4 #aea-aeb2 7#c7 ,"o :i* de/roy$ ,smyrna ,a4,d4 #ahj4 ,^! two la/ h be5 conf\nd$ toge!r by previ\s writ]s4 ,see ,m4 ,wadd+ton's ,mmoire1 pp4 #bdb sq41 #bfg sq4 p4 #dh1 note #afj4 ,on ! names ,ammias1 ,tatias1 :i* are fem99e & n mascul9e1 see bel[ p4 #cgc4 p4 #di1 note4 ,i h "h giv5 ! commonly receiv$ date = ! m>tyrdom ( ,polyc>p2 = ,i _h n !n se5 ,m4 ,wadd+ton's inve/igations4 ,?is writ] seems to h prov$ conclusively t x took place sev]al ye>s e>li]1 ,a4,d4 #aee3 see 8 ,mmoire sur la ,*ronologie du ,rhteur lius ,ari/ide p4 #bcb sq41 9 ! ,mmoires de l',acadmie des ,inscriptions1 c4 ,,xxvi4 7#ahfg74 pp4 #eb1 #ec4 ,z ^! rem>ks respect+ ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius w seem to be direct$ aga9/ ! op9ions express$ 9 a rec5t "w1 x may be wor? :ile /at+ t ! e>ly %eets ( ?is comm5t>y 7 /ruck (f ne>ly twelve mon?s be=e ,sup]natural ,religion 0 publi%$4 ,! expression 9 p4 #ec1 note #agj1 #8num]\s & pat5t quotations1' is too /rongly word$1 ?\gh ! ref]5ces to ,/ ,james 9 ,clem5t's ,epi/le seem to me to be cle>4 ,i might h[ev] h *os5 o!r m palpable illu/rations f t epi/le4 p4 #fc1 l4 #ab4 ,! ,proconsulate ( ,paullus1 "u :om ?is m>tyrdom took place1 is dat$ by ,borghesi 7,,oeuvres ,,viii4 p4 #ejg7 some:]e betwe5 ,a4,d4 #afc-afh1 by ,wadd+ton 7,fa/es des ,prov9ces ,asiatiques p4 #gca1 9 ,le ,bas & ,wadd+ton ,voyage ,ar*ologique etc47 probably ,a4,d4 #afd-aff4 ,?is re/s on ! assumption t ! ,s]villius ,paullus "h nam$ mu/ be id5tifi$ ) ,l4 ,s]gius ,paullus ( ! inscriptions4 ,! "n ,s]gius is else:]e conf\nd$ ) ,s]vius 7,s]villius7 ow+ to ! use ( contractions 7see ,borghesi ,,iv4 p4 #dic1 ,,viii4 p4 #ejd74 ,! mi/ake mu/ h be5 introduc$ v e>ly into ! text ( ,eusebius4 ,all ! ,greek ,,mss h ,s]villius 7,s]vilius71 & s x is writt5 9 ! ,syriac ,v]sion4 ,ruff9us h[ev] writes x correctly ,s]gius4 p4 #ga1 l9e #a4 ,we may conjecture t x 0 ! e>?quake "u ,galli5us 7,a4,d4 #bfb7 :i* prov$ fatal to ,coloss 7see above p4 #ch1 note #abe74 ,?is is consi/5t ) ! fact t no ,colossian co9s lat] ?an ,gordian 7,a4,d4 #bch-bdd7 are extant4 ,:5 ,/ ,*ryso/om wrote1 ! city exi/$ no long]1 z may be inf]r$ f 8 comm5t 7,,xi4 p4 #cbc7 #8 4' ,on ! o!r h& ,m4 ,r5an 7,l',ante*ri/ p4 #ii7 says ( ! e>?quake "u ,n]o1 #8,colosses ne sut se relev]2 elle disp>ut presque du nombre des glises2' & he adds 9 a note #8,colosses n'a pas de monnaies impriales ,wadd+ton4' ,?is is a mi/ake1 & he mu/ h misund]/ood ,m4 ,wadd+ton4 p4 #gg1 note #bbi4 ,to ?is li/ ( works add ,mansel's ,gno/ic ,h]esies ( ! ,fir/ & ,second ,c5turies 7,london #ahge74 p4 #aab1 note #ccf4 ,see p4 #ccj1 note #eec4 p4 #afj1 l4 #d4 ,= #8argum5t = sil5ce' read #8argum5t f sil5ce4' p4 #bje1 col4 #a1 l4 #cj4 ,/rike out be=e 4 p4 #baj1 col4 #a1 l4 #b4 ,! diss]tation to :i* ref]5ce is "h made is def]r$ to a lat] volume4 p4 #bej1 col4 #b1 l4 #ba4 ,/rike out ! words 9 brackets4 p4 #bgj1 col4 #a4 444 ,comp4 ,s5eca de ,vit4 beat4 #g #89 ipso usu sui p]iturum4' p4 #bhj1 col4 #a1 l4 #bc4 ,= #8,ammianus' read #8,ammonius4' ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,index4 ,ab]cius 7,avircius71 ,bp4 ( ,hi]apolis1 p4 #ed sq4 ,acts ( ! ,apo/les2 passages expla9$1 p4 #bc 7xiii4 #d1 xvi4 #f72 p4 #ie 7xix4 #ac1 #ai72 p4 #cgj 7xiv4 #aa74 dificatori1 ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/ z1 p4 #bcb lfric on ! ,epi/le to ,laodiceans1 p4 #cfb ,alas&a or ,alasadda1 p4 #aeb ,alex&] ( ,tralles on *>ms1 p4 #ib ,alex&ria1 a suppos$ ,buddhi/ e/abli%m5t at1 p4 #aea ,&rew1 ,/1 9 ,asia1 p4 #de ,angelolatry condemn$1 p4 #aja1 #ajc1 #ahd1 i4 #af1 ii4 #aj1 #ae1 #ah2 =bidd5 by ! ,c\ncil ( ,laodicea1 p4 #fh angelology ( ,c]9?us1 p4 #aaj2 ( ,ess5ism1 p4 #if2 ( ! ,jews1 ii4 #ah ,angels1 ord]s (1 i4 #af ,anselm ( ,laon1 p4 #cfa ,antio*us ! ,great1 colony (1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 p4 #ai ,antio*us ,!os ref\nds ,laodicea1 p4 #e aori/1 epi/ol>y1 iv4 #h1 ,ph4 #aa1 #ai1 #ba2 contra/$ ) p]fect1 i4 #af ,apamea1 p4 #ai1 #bj2 ,jews at1 p4 #ba ,apocalypse1 correspond5ces ) ,/ ,paul's ,epi/les to ,asia1 #da sq4 apocrypha1 use ( ^w1 p4 #ij1 ii4 #c ,apoll9>is1 see ,claudius ,apoll9>is ,apollo ,ar*egetes wor%ipp$ at ,hi]apolis1 p4 #ab ,apo/olic ,fa!rs1 ,*ri/ology (1 p4 #aij ,apo/olic ,writ+s1 ,*ri/ology (1 p4 #ahi ,apphia1 wife ( ,philemon1 p4 #cgb2 ! "n ,phrygian1 #cgb sq4 ,ar*ippus1 iv4 #ag2 son ( ,philemon1 #cgd2 (fice & abode1 #cge2 rebuke to1 #dc ,arian h]esy 9 ,hi]apolis & ,laodicea1 p4 #fd ,arian use ( ! expression #8,fir/-born ( all creation1' i4 #ae ,ari/>*us1 iv4 #aj ,ari/ion1 p4 #de ,ari/otle1 on slav]y1 p4 #cgi2 def9ition ( #8k1' ii4 #c2 ( #8wisdom1' i4 #i ,armagh1 ,book (1 p4 #cdh1 #ceb article1 omission ( ! def9ite1 i4 #d asah1 a suppos$ d]ivation ( ,ess5es1 p4 #abf ,asc5ts ( ,james1 p4 #afh asceticism among ! ,jewi% sects1 p4 #hg2 ,colossian h]etics1 p4 #ajd2 ,ess5es1 p4 #agc2 a result ( ,gno/icism1 p4 #gi ,aseis1 a ,laodicean title ( ,zeus1 p4 #h ,asia1 mean+ (1 p4 #ai ,asia ,m9or1 geography (1 p4 #a sq42 li/ ( writ]s on1 p4 #a2 h[ divid$ "u ! ,romans1 #g2 a mod]n hypo!sis ab\t ,*ri/ianity 91 p4 #ej ,asidans1 p4 #abj asya1 a suppos$ d]ivation ( ,ess5e1 p4 #abe ,a?anasius1 on #8,fir/born ( all ,creation1' i4 #ae ,a!ns1 a ,buddhi/ burnt alive at1 p4 #aee ,augu/9e1 on #8,fir/born ( all ,creation1' i4 #ae2 on #8wisdom & k1' ii4 #c 1 1 i4 #ac 1 i4 #b 1 1 1 i4 #bi1 ii4 #a1 iv4 #ab 771 i1 #a 1 iii4 #ba 1 iii4 #h 1 iii4 #e 1 iv4 #f 1 1 i4 #e2 1 i4 #f 1 aft] or 9 ,/ ,paul1 ii4 #e 1 i4 #bb 1 ,ph4 #g 1 p4 #bcj 1 i4 #bb 1 iv4 #aj 1 iii4 #ah2 1 ,ph4 #h 1 iii4 #bb 1 i4 #bd 1 iii4 #bd 1 i4 #af 1 ii4 #ae 1 ii4 #aa 1 ,ph4 #ae 1 i4 #ba 1 ii4 #bj 1 i4 #bj1 #ba 1 ii4 #c 1 i4 #ad 1 ii4 #bb 1 ii4 #ba 1 i4 #aj appli$ to ,*ri/1 p4 #da2 i4 #af1 #ah 1 i4 #f 1 i4 #ag 1 ii4 #bc 1 ii4 #ai 1 ii4 #aa 1 ,ph4 #aa ,b 7,cod4 ,vaticanus71 excell5ce (1 p4 #cad4 ,banaim1 !1 p4 #acb ,banus n an ,ess5e1 p4 #afa ,b>desanes1 on ,buddhi/s1 #aed2 8 date1 p4 #aee ,b>nabas1 life (1 iv4 #aj2 epi/le ascrib$ to1 ib4 basilica1 iv4 #ae ,basilides1 p4 #cca ,baur1 p4 #gg1 #ha1 #chd ,b5e-hakk5ese?1 p4 #acj ,brahm9ism1 p4 #aed1 #aee ,buddhism1 assum$ influ5ce on ,ess5ism1 p4 #aea sq42 suppos$ e/abli%m5t (1 9 ,alex&ria1 p4 #aea2 unkn[n 9 ! ,we/1 p4 #aec sq42 f\r /eps (1 p4 #aeg ,buddhi/ at ,a!ns1 p4 #aee 1 1 p4 #bej 1 iii4 #aa 1 iii4 #h 1 ,ph4 #ac 1 iii4 #ae ,cabbala1 see ,kabbala ,ca9ites1 p4 #gi ,calv91 iii4 #h1 p4 #cda1 #chd ,canonical writ+s & ,papias1 p4 #eb ,c>pocratians1 p4 #gi1 #hj ,cataphryges1 p4 #ih ,cav5sis1 codex1 p4 #cdh celibacy1 p4 #agc ,c]9?us1 p4 #ajg sq42 ,judaism (1 p4 #ajh2 ,gno/icism (1 ib42 cosmogony (1 p4 #aji2 ,*ri/ology (1 p4 #aaa sq42 pl]oma (1 p4 #ccj *ab]1 p4 #abh ,*agigah1 on c]emonial purity1 p4 #abh ,*alc$on1 c\ncil (1 p4 #fe *a%a1 *a%aim1 a d]ivation ( ,ess5e1 p4 #aai *asi1 *asyo1 a d]ivation ( ,ess5e1 p4 #aah2 connexion ) *asid1 p4 #abd *asid1 a false d]ivation ( ,ess5e1 p4 #aae ,*asidim1 p4 #abj2 n a prop] "n = ! ,ess5es1 p4 #abb *as91 *os91 a false d]ivation = ,ess5e1 p4 #aaf *aza1 *azya1 a d]ivation ( ,ess5e1 p4 #aag ,*onos or ,*on1 p4 #ae1 #ga ,*ri/1 ! ,p]son (1 p4 #cd2 ,/ ,paul's doctr9e ab\t1 p4 #da1 #aha sq41 i4 #ae-bj1 ii4 #i-ae2 ! ,^w ,inc>nate1 p4 #aja1 #ajb2 ! pl]oma 9 ,him p4 #ajb1 i4 #ai1 ii4 #i1 #aj2 ,life 9 ,him1 ! rem$y aga9/ s91 p4 #cd1 #ahf sq42 ,8 tea*+ & practice n ,ess5e1 p4 #agj sq4 ,*ri/ianity1 n an outgr[? ( ,ess5ism1 p4 #aei2 9 relation to ,epictetus1 p4 #ac2 to ,gno/icism1 p4 #hj2 to slav]y1 p4 #chi1 #cia sq4 ,*ri/ianity 9 ,asia ,m9or1 p4 #ej ,*ri/ianiz$ ,ess5es1 p4 #hi1 #ij1 #ace ,*ri/ians ( ,/ ,john1 p4 #afe ,*ri/ology ( ,ep4 to ,col41 p4 #aja1 #ahh2 ( o!r ,apo/olic writ+s1 p4 #ahi2 ( succe$+ ages1 p4 #aij ,*ronicon ,pas*ale1 p4 #dh1 #fa ,*ryso/om1 i4 #ac1 #ae1 iii4 #af1 p4 #cdj1 ,ph4 #ae1 p4 #chc ,cibotus1 p4 #ba ,cibyratic conv5tion1 p4 #g ,circul> ,lett]--! ,ep4 to ! ,ephesians--p4 #cg ,claudius1 embassy f ,ceylon 9 ! reign (1 p4 #aef ,claudius ,apoll9>is1 ! "n1 p4 #eg sq42 8 works1 p4 #eh sq4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 p4 #gi1 #ih1 #aed1 #afh1 i4 #i1 #ae1 ii4 #h1 iii4 #e1 #af ,clem5t ( ,rome 7 #g7 ,col4 i4 #c2 7 #eh7 i4 #aa2 7 #cc1 i4 #ae2 7,ep4 ii4 #i71 p4 #ajd ,clem5t9e ,homilies1 p4 #acf1 #afh ,clem5t9e ,recognitions1 p4 #afd ,cl]mont1 p4 #c collegia1 iv4 #ae ,coloss1 or?ography (1 p4 #af1 i4 #b2 situation1 etc41 p4 #a sq42 di/ance f ,laodicea1 p4 #cgf2 site1 p4 #ac2 anci5t greatness & decl9e1 p4 #ae2 a ,phrygian city1 p4 #ah sq42 ,jewi% colony at1 p4 #ai2 n visit$ by ,/ ,paul :5 ! epi/le 0 writt51 p4 #bc2 ,epaphras ! evangeli/ (1 p4 #bi2 int5d$ visit ( ,m>k to1 p4 #dj2 visit ( ,/ ,paul to1 p4 #da2 obscurity (1 p4 #gj2 a suffragan see ( ,laodicea1 p4 #fi2 ! ,turki% conque/ (1 p4 #ga ,colossian h]esy1 nature (1 p4 #gc sq41 #hi1 ii4 #h2 writ]s ^u1 p4 #gd2 _h reg>d to ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/1 p4 #aab2 relation to ,gno/icism1 p4 #ih2 ,/ ,paul's answ] to1 p4 #aha sq4 ,colossians1 ,epi/le to1 p4 #cc2 be>]s (1 p4 #ce2 salutations 91 ib42 *>ge respect+ ,laodicea1 p4 #cf2 writt5 by an amanu5sis1 iv4 #ah2 ,*ri/ology (1 p4 #ahh2 /yle (1 p4 #aia2 analysis (1 p4 #aib2 v>i\s read+s1 see read+s coloss9us1 p4 #d community ( goods1 p4 #agf ,concord ( ! ,laodiceans & ,ephesians1 etc41 p4 #ca ,congregation1 ! holy1 at ,j]usalem1 p4 #aca ,con/ant9e1 legislation (1 p4 #cic ,con/ant9ople1 ,c\ncil (1 p4 #fe conv5tus 7,roman71 p4 #g ,cor9?1 visit ( ,/ ,paul to1 dur+ 8 resid5ce at ,ephesus1 p4 #cj ,cor9?ians1 ,fir/ ,epi/le to2 passages expla9$3 7i4 #ai1 i4 #i2 7ii4 #f1 #g1 i4 #bh2 7v4 #i1 iv4 #af2 7vii4 #ba7 p4 #cij2 7viii4 #f7 p4 #ahh2 7ix4 #bd1 ii4 #ah2 7x4 #bf7 p4 #cbf2 7xi4 #g1 i4 #ae2 7xiii4 #c7 p4 #aef2 7xiii4 #ab1 i4 #i2 7xv4 #bd1 i4 #af ,cor9?ians1 ,second ,epi/le to2 passages expla9$3 7i4 #g1 i4 #bd2 7iii4 #f1 i4 #ab2 7iv4 #d1 i4 #ae2 7v4 #ad1 #ae1 ii4 #bj2 7vi4 #a1 i4 #f2 7vi4 #d1 #f1 i4 #aa2 7viii4 #i1 i4 #f2 7ix4 #ab7 ib42 7xiii4 #e1 i4 #bg ,cornelius a ,lapide1 p4 #cdb ,creation1 ,gno/ic speculations ab\t1 p4 #gh sq42 ,ess5e d41 p4 #ij ,cyril ( ,alex&ria1 p4 #aed 1 i4 #f1 iii4 #a 9 bo? memb]s ( a comp>ison1 i4 #f 1 ii4 #a & 1 ii4 #aj 1 iii4 #h 1 i4 #f 1 ii4 #ah 1 i4 #bb 1 i4 #ai 1 ii4 #ah 1 i4 #ah 1 iii4 #bd 1 i4 #ab 1 iii4 #ab 1 ,ph4 #f 1 iii4 #be 1 i4 #bi 1 p4 #d 1 ii4 #h 1 ii4 #ai 1 i4 #aa 1 ii4 #af 1 i4 #ae 1 1 7,*ri/1 i4 #aj2 7,ma/]71 iii4 #bd 1 i4 #af 1 i4 #ae 1 ii4 #ac1 iii4 #ac1 ,ph4 #bb 1 i4 #b1 71 iii4 #af2 1 i4 #f 1 ii4 #ad 1 iii4 #ab ,damasc5e3 see ,john ,damasc5e ,d>m/adi5sis ,codex1 p4 #cdh dative 7( in/rum5t71 ii4 #g1 iii4 #af2 7( "p affect$71 i4 #d ,demas1 p4 #cf1 iv4 #ad1 ,ph4 #bd ,d5izli1 p4 #g2 e>?quake at1 p4 #c diocese1 p4 #g ,diognetus1 ,epi/le to1 i4 #ah ,dion ,*ryso/om1 p4 #ha1 #aec ,diospolis1 an old "n ( ,laodicea1 p4 #fh ,div9ity ( ,*ri/1 p4 #aja sq41 #ahb sq41 i4 #ae ,docet1 use ( pl]oma by1 p4 #ccg dualism1 p4 #gh1 #hg1 #adi dyes ( ,coloss & ! neighb\rhood1 p4 #d 1 ii4 #ae 1 ,ph4 #a1 #aj 1 ,ph4 #ac ) g541 us$ ( ! ,logos1 p4 #ahh1 i4 #af1 #bj 1 1 iv4 #g1 #ag 1 i4 #bh 1 p4 #g 1 ii4 #ad 1 ii4 #bj 1 i4 #aa1 #bg 1 ,ph4 #af2 1 iv4 #ab 1 i4 #af 1 i4 #aa ,e>?quakes 9 ! valley ( ! ,lycus1 p4 #ch ,ebionite ,*ri/ology ( ,c]9?us1 p4 #aaj economy ( revelation p]fect$1 p4 #ahe ,el*esai1 f\nd] ( ! ,m&eans1 p4 #afg ,el*esai1 ,book (1 p4 #acg eld]s1 primitive1 p4 #acb ,eleaz> expels evil spirits1 p4 #ia ,engli% ,*ur* on ! ,epi/le to ,laodicea1 p4 #cfb ,engli% v]sions ( ! ,epi/le to ,laodicea1 p4 #cfd ,epaphras1 p4 #cd2 evangeli/ ( ,coloss1 p4 #bi1 #ca2 mission to ,/ ,paul1 p4 #cb1 iv4 #ab1 ,ph4 #bc ,epaphroditus1 p4 #cd ,ephesians1 ,epi/le to2 a circul> lett]1 p4 #cg2 read+s 91 h>moni/ic ) ,epi/4 to ,col41 p4 #cab sq42 passages expla9$1 i4 #ah 1 i4 #bc72 i4 #ba 1 i4 #af72 i4 #bc 1 i4 #ah72 ii4 #c 1 iii4 #f72 ii4 #d 1 iii4 #a72 ii4 #d1 #e 1 ii4 #ac72 ii4 #ab 1 i4 #ba72 ii4 #ad 1 i4 #ag72 ii4 #ae 1 ii4 #ad72 ii4 #af 1 i4 #bj72 ii4 #bj 1 ii4 #g72 iii4 #ag 1 ii4 #ag72 iii4 #ba 1 i4 #bf72 iv4 #aj1 #aa 1 i4 #ag72 iv4 #ah 1 i4 #ba72 iv4 #ai1 v4 #c 7iii4 #e72 v4 #cb 7i4 #bf7 ,ephesus1 ,c\ncil (1 p4 #fe ,ephesus1 ,/ ,paul at1 p4 #cj1 #ie2 exorci/s at1 p4 #ie ,epictetus1 p4 #ac ,epiphanius1 acc\nt ( ,c]9?us1 p4 #ajg2 on ! ,nas>eans1 p4 #acf epi/ol>y aori/1 ,ph4 #aa1 #ai1 #ba epulones ( ,ephesian ,artemis call$ ,ess5es1 p4 #if ,erasmus on ! ,epi/le to ,laodicea1 p4 #cfe ,ess5e1 mean+ ( t]m1 p4 #id2 ! "n1 p4 #aad sq42 ,frankel's !ory1 p4 #aba sq4 ,ess5es1 p4 #hb1 ii4 #h2 li/ ( writ]s ^u1 p4 #hc2 localities (1 p4 #ic2 asceticism (1 p4 #he2 speculations (1 p4 #hg2 exclusiv5ess (1 p4 #ib2 ,josephus & ,philo *ief au?orities ^u1 p4 #acd2 oa? tak5 by1 p4 #abg2 _! grades1 p4 #abi2 orig9 & aff9ities1 p4 #aai sq42 relation to ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #aeh2 to ,ph>isaism1 p4 #aja1 #abj2 to ,neopy?agoreanism1 p4 #adc2 to ,hem]obapti/s1 p4 #aff2 to ,gno/icism1 p4 #ib2 to ,p>sism1 p4 #adi2 to ,buddhism1 p4 #aeg2 excus$ by ,h]od ! ,great f tak+ ! oa? ( allegiance1 p4 #agf2 =tune tell]s1 p4 #agh2 sil5ce ( ,new ,te/4 ab\t1 p4 #aei2 9 relation to ,john ! ,bapti/1 p4 #afj2 to ,james ! ,"l's bro!r1 p4 #afh2 ,*ri/ianiz$ ,ess5es1 p4 #ace ,ess5ism1 p4 #hb2 ma9 features (1 p4 #hc sq42 comp>$ ) ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #agj sq42 ! sabba?1 p4 #agj2 lu/rations1 p4 #aga2 avoidance ( /rang]s1 p4 #agb2 asceticism1 celibacy1 p4 #agc2 avoidance ( ! ,temple1 p4 #agd2 d5ial ( ! resurrection ( ! body1 p4 #age2 c]ta9 suppos$ co9cid5ces ) ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #age ,eusebius1 on ! e>?quakes 9 ! valley ( ! ,lycus1 p4 #ci2 8 mi/ake respect+ "s m>tyrdoms1 p4 #dh2 sil5ce on quotations f ,canonical writ+s1 p4 #eb2 on tracts aga9/ ,montanism1 p4 #ef2 ! ,?und]+ ,legion1 p4 #fa2 on ,m>cellus1 i4 #ae evil1 ,gno/ic !ories ab\t1 p4 #gh exorci/s at ,ephesus1 p4 #ie & 1 i4 #ab2 & 1 iii4 #ac 1 ,ph4 #ai 1 ii4 #bc 1 i4 #bc 1 i4 #ae1 iii4 #aa 1 i4 #f 1 i4 #f1 ii4 #bb1 ,ph4 #f 771 iv4 #af 1 iv4 #ae 1 iii4 #ab 1 ,ph4 #ah 1 i4 #e 1 iv4 #ab2 d5ot+ ! sph]e1 i4 #d2 1 i4 #af2 1 ii4 #af2 1 iv4 #ab2 1 i4 #ah2 1 i4 #ba2 1 i4 #bg1 iii4 #af2 1 i4 #b 1 1 i4 #bi 1 iii4 #aa 1 iv4 #e 1 ii4 #ad 1 i4 #ac1 #af 71 iv4 #e 1 ii4 #af 1 1 p4 #ajj1 i4 #f1 #i1 ,ph4 #f 1 iii4 #e 1 i4 #bc 771 iv4 #af 1 ii4 #ai 1 ii4 #g 1 iii4 #bc 1 iii4 #ba 1 ii4 #g 1 iii4 #f 1 iii4 #bj 1 1 i4 #ai 1 1 ii4 #g1 i4 #c2 1 iii4 #ae 1 p4 #ie 1 ,ph4 #ag 1 i4 #ba ,f 7,codex ,augi5sis7 relation to ,g1 p4 #cde ,fir/born ( all ,creation1 i4 #ae ,flaccus1 p4 #bj ,frankel on ! ,ess5es1 p4 #aba sq4 ,g 7,codex ,bo]n]ianus7 relation to ,f1 p4 #cde ,galatia1 mean+ (1 9 ,/ ,paul & ,/ ,luke1 p4 #bd ,galatian & ,colossian ,judaism comp>$1 p4 #aje1 i4 #bh ,galatians1 ,epi/le to2 passages expla9$1 i4 #bd 7,gal4 ii4 #bj72 i4 #bh 7iv4 #ai72 ii4 #h 7iv4 #c7 ,gal51 ii4 #ai1 #bj ,g9sburg1 7,dr7 p4 #hh1 #abg sq4 ,gno/ic1 p4 #hj sq4 ,gno/ic elem5t 9 ,colossian h]esy1 p4 #gc sq4 ,gno/ic sects1 use ( pl]oma by1 p4 #ccj ,gno/icism1 li/ ( writ]s on1 p4 #gg2 def9ition (1 p4 #gf sq42 intellectual exclusiv5ess (1 p4 #gg2 speculations (1 p4 #gg sq42 practical errors (1 p4#gi sq42 indep5d5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #hj2 relation to ,judaism1 p4 #ha2 to ,ess5ism1 p4 #ic2 to ,colossian h]esy1 p4 #ih grades ( ,ess5es1 p4 #abi ,grtz1 p4 #abc1 #afj1 #afa1 #agj ,greece1 slav]y 91 p4 #chf ,gregory ! ,great on ! ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans1 p4 #cfa guild ( dy]s1 p4 #d 1 p4 #aec 1 i4 #i1 ii4 #c 1 p4 #ha ,ham>tiology ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 p4 #ahe ,haymo ( ,halb]/adt1 on ! ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans1 p4 #cfa ,hebrew slav]y1 p4 #che sq4 ,hebrews1 ,epi/le to !2 passages expla9$1 i4 #aa 7,heb4 xi4 #cd72 i4 #ae 7i4 #b1 #c1 #f7 ,hefele on ! date ( ,claudius ,apoll9>is1 p4 #ahe ,hem]obapti/s1 p4 #afb ,h]od ! ,great excuses ! oa? ( allegiance to ! ,ess5es1 p4 #agf ,h]vey ( ,dole1 on ! ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans1 p4 #cfa ,hi]apolis1 p4 #i2 mod]n "n1 p4 #i2 physical features (1 p4 #aj2 a fam\s wat]+ place1 p4 #aa2 ! ,plutonium at1 p4 #ab2 bir?place ( ,epictetus1 p4 #ac2 political relations (1 p4 #ah2 attractions = ,jews1 p4 #bb2 a ,*ri/ian settlem5t1 p4 #de2 ,philip ( ,be?saida at1 p4 #de sq42 ,c\ncil at1 p4 #ei2 ,papias1 bi%op (1 p4 #dh sq42 ,ab]cius1 bi%op (1 p4 #ed sq42 ,claudius ,apoll9>is1 bi%op (1 p4 #eg sq42 dyes (1 p4 #d ,hilg5feld1 p4 #ge2 on ! ,ess5es1 p4 #aej sq4 ,james ! ,"l's bro!r1 p4 #afg ,j]ome1 p4 #bi2 on ,/ ,paul's p>5ts1 p4 #ce2 on ! ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans1 p4 #cei sq4 ,jesus ,ju/us1 iv4 #aa ,jews1 sects ( !1 p4 #hb imp]fect1 iii4 #ah indicative aft] 1 ii4 #h inf9itive ( consequ5ce1 i4 #aj1 iv4 #c1 #f ,john 7,/7 9 ,asia ,m9or1 p4 #da2 ,apocalypse1 passages expla9$1 p4 #da 7iii4 #ad-ba72 ,gospel1 p4 #afc 7i4 #h1 v4 #ce72 ,second ,epi/le1 p4 #cga2 ,?ird ,epi/le1 ib4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 n an ,ess5e1 p4 #afj2 disciples (1 at ,ephesus1 p4 #afc ,john 7,/71 ,*ri/ians (1 p4 #afe ,john ,damasc5e1 p4 #ae ,john ( ,salisbury on ! ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans1 p4 #cfb ,josephus on ,ess5ism1 p4 #acc sq4 ,judaism & ,gno/icism1 p4 #ha 1 iv4 #af 1 iv4 #aa 1 iv4 #a ,kabbala1 p4 #ic1 i4 #af1 ii4 #h ,lanfranc on ! ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans1 p4 #cfc ,laodicea1 "n & hi/ory1 p4 #e2 condition1 p4 #f2 political rank & relations1 p4 #g1 #ah2 religi\s wor%ip at1 p4 #h2 ,c\ncil (1 p4 #ff2 ecclesia/ical /atus1 p4 #fi2 dyes (1 p4 #d2 surnam$ ,trimet>ia1 p4 #ah2 ! vaunt (1 p4 #dd ,laodicea1 ! lett] f1 iv4 #af2 p4 #cdj sq4 ,laodiceans1 apocryphal ,epi/le to !1 p4 #cdg sq42 li/ ( ,,mss (1 p4 #cdi sq42 ,lat9 text (1 p4 #cec2 notes on1 p4 #cee sq42 !ory ( a ,greek orig9al1 p4 #ceg2 re/oration ( ! ,greek1 p4 #cei2 circulation (1 p4 #cfj sq42 ,engli% prologue & v]sions1 p4 #cfd2 /rictures ( ,erasmus on1 p4 #cfe2 g5u95ess ma9ta9$ by "s1 p4 #cff ,latroc9ium1 see ,robb]s' ,synod ,legio ,fulm9ata1 p4 #fa legislation ( ,con/ant9e on slav]y1 p4 #cic ,logos1 !1 i4 #ae ,luke1 ,/1 iv4 #ad2 8 n>rative ( ,/ ,paul's ?ird mission>y j\rney1 p4 #bd sq42 makes a di/9ction betwe5 ,philip ! ,apo/le & ,philip ! ,evangeli/1 p4 #de1 #ei lukew>mness at ,laodicea1 p4 #db lu/rations ( ! ,ess5es1 p4 #aga ,lu!r's e/imate ( ! ,epi/le to ,philemon1 p4 #chc ,lycus1 di/rict ( !2 li/ ( writ]s on1 p4 #a sq42 physical features (1 p4 #b sq42 produce (1 p4 #d2 subt]ranean *annel ( !1 p4 #ad2 e>?quakes 91 p4 #ch sq4 ,lycus1 ,*ur*es ( !1 p4 #a sq42 evangelis$ by ,epaphras1 p4 #bi sq42 ecclesia/ical /atus (1 p4 #fi 1 iv4 #ac 1 ii4 #bc ,magic1 =bidd5 by ,c\ncil ( ,laodicea1 p4 #fi2 among ! ,ess5es1 p4 #adj magical books at ,ephesus1 p4 #ie2 magical *>ms among ! ,ess5es1 p4 #ij sq4 ,m&eans1 p4 #afe ,m>cosians1 p4 #cce ,m>k 7,/71 iv4 #aj2 visits ,coloss1 p4 #dj m>riage depreciat$ by ! ,ess5es1 p4 #aci ,mat!w 7,/7 ,gospel (1 accept$ by ,c]9?us & ! ,ebionites1 p4 #ajh ,mega/h5es1 p4 #aec mona/icism ( ! ,ess5es1 p4 #aeg ,monoimus1 ! ,arabian1 p4 #cci ,montanism1 ,claudius ,apoll9>is on1 p4 #ei2 ,phrygian orig9 (1 p4 #ih morn+ ba!rs1 p4 #acb ,muratorian ,fragm5t on ! ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans1 p4 #ceh 1 i4 #aa1 iii4 #ab 1 i4 #ab 1 ,ph4 #d 1 iii4 #ac 1 i4 #ae 1 i4 #bf ,naass5es1 p4 #ccg ,nasoreans1 p4 #ach1 #afe ,ne&] on ,c]9?us1 p4 #ajh ,neopy?agoreanism & ,ess5ism1 p4 #adf sq4 ,new ,te/am5t1 relation (1 to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 p4 #ahd ,nica1 ,bi%ops ( ,hi]apolis & ,laodicea at ! ,c\ncil (1 p4 #fe ,nicetas ,*oniates1 p4 #ga nom9ative ) def9ite article = vocative1 iii4 #ah ,novatianism 9 ,phrygia1 p4 #ih ,nymphas1 iv4 #ae1 p4 #ca 1 ii4 #af 1 iii4 #aj 1 i4 #bh ) aori/1 i4 #ba ,obs]vance ( ! ,sabba? by ! ,ess5es & our ,"l1 p4 #agj ,onesimus1 p4 #cgg1 ,ph4 #aj2 at ,rome1 p4 #cc2 enc\nt]s ,/ ,paul1 p4 #cgh2 returns to ,philemon1 p4 #ce1 #cgi sq42 leg5d>y hi/ory (1 p4 #chb ,ophites1 !1 p4 #ha1 #ih1 #ccg ,oracle1 see ,sibyll9e ,oracle 1 i4 #be 1 ' 1 iv4 #ae 1 i4 #be 1 1 ,ph4 #bj 1 iii4 #h 1 iii4 #e1 iv4 #aa 1 iii4 #bb 1 iii4 #af 1 ,ph4 #ad1 #af 4ix ,papias1 p4 #dg2 writ+s (1 ib42 life & tea*+ (1 p4 #dh2 acc\nt (1 giv5 by ,eusebius1 p4 #di2 traditions collect$ by1 p4 #ea sq42 ref]5ces to ! ,canonical writ+s1 p4 #ea sq42 sil5ce ( ,eusebius1 p4 #eb2 views inf]r$ f 8 associates1 p4 #ec ,p>sism1 resemblances to1 9 ,ess5ism1 p4 #adi sq42 spread by ! de/ruction ( ! ,p]sian empire1 p4 #aej2 influ5ce (1 p4 #aea p>ticiple us$ = imp]ative1 iii4 #af ,pas*al controv]sy1 p4 #ei1 #fc ,paul 7,/7 visits ,phrygia on 8 second mission>y j\rney1 p4 #bc2 _h n visit$ ,coloss :5 he wrote1 p4 #bc sq42 visits ,phrygia on 8 ?ird j\rney1 p4 #bd2 sil5ce ab\t p]sonal relations ) ,coloss1 p4 #bh2 at ,ephesus1 p4 #cj1 #ie sq42 at ,rome1 p4 #cb2 mission ( ,epaphras to1 ib42 meets ) ,onesimus1 p4 #cc1 #cgh2 despat*es ?ree lett]s1 p4 #cc2 visits ,coloss1 p4 #da2 8 plans aft] 8 release1 ,ph4 #bb2 uses an amanu5sis1 iv4 #ah2 8 signature1 iv4 #ah1 ,ph4 #ai2 co9cid5ces ) words ( our ,"l1 ii4 #bb2 8 tea*+ on ! univ]sality ( ! ,gospel1 p4 #ii2 on ! k+dom ( ,*ri/1 i4 #ac sq42 on ! ord]s ( angels1 i4 #af sq42 on philosophy1 ii4 #h2 on ! ,inc>nation1 ii4 #i2 on ! abolition ( di/9ctions1 iii4 #aa2 on slav]y1 iii4 #bb sq41 p4 #chi sq42 8 cosmogony & !ology1 p4 #aja sq42 8 answ] to ! ,colossian h]esy1 p4 #aha sq42 8 ,*ri/ology1 p4 #ahh1 i4 #ae sq42 8 relations ) ,philemon1 p4 #cgj sq42 connects baptism & dea?1 ii4 #aa1 #bj1 iii4 #c2 makes use ( metaphors f ! my/]ies1 i4 #bf1 #bh2 f ! /adium1 ii4 #ah1 iii4 #ad2 8 rapid *ange ( metaphor1 ii4 #g ,paul 7,/7 ,epi/les (1 correspond5ces ) ! ,apocalypse--on ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/1 p4 #da2 w>n+ aga9/ lukew>mness1 p4 #db2 aga9/ pride ( weal?1 p4 #dc ,paul 7,/7 apocryphal ,epi/le (1 to ! ,laodiceans1 p4 #cec ,p$anius ,secundus1 execution ( 8 slaves1 p4 #chh ,p]son ( ,*ri/1 ,/ ,paul & ,/ ,john on1 p4 #da sq42 ,/ ,paul's answ] to ! ,colossian h]esy1 p4 #aha sq41 i4 #ae sq4 p]sonal pron\n us$ = reflexive1 i4 #bj1 #bb ,pet] 7,/7 & ! ,*ur* 9 ,asia ,m9or1 p4 #da petrify+ /ream at ,coloss1 p4 #ae ,ph>isees1 p4 #hb2 relation to ,ess5es1 p4 #hb1 #abj1 #ada ,philemon1 p4 #ca1 #cgj sq42 leg5d>y hi/ory (1 p4 #cga2 8 wife1 p4 #cgb2 8 son1 p4 #cgd ,philemon1 ,epi/le to2 ,introduction to1 p4 #cfi2 "* (1 p4 #cgj2 analysis (1 p4 #chj sq42 diff]5t e/imates (1 p4 #chb sq42 comp>$ ) a lett] ( ,pl9y1 p4 #chd ,philip ! ,apo/le1 9 ,asia1 p4 #de sq42 confus$ ) ,philip ! ,evangeli/1 p4 #de ,philippopolis1 synod (1 p4 #fd ,philo1 on ! ,ess5es1 p4 #acc2 8 use ( ,logos1 i4 #ae ,phrygia1 p4 #ag sq42 mean+ ( ! phrase 9 ,/ ,luke1 p4 #bc2 religi\s t5d5cies (1 p4 #ig sq42 see ,paul 7,/7 ,pi/is ,sophia1 p4 #cci ,pl9y ! y\ng]1 a lett] (1 p4 #chd sq4 pl]oma1 deta*$ note ^u1 p4 #cbc ,plutonium1 at ,hi]apolis1 p4 #ab ,polyc>p1 m>tyrdom (1 p4 #di pov]ty1 respect paid to1 by ,ess5es & ,*ri/1 p4 #agg ,prtorius accepts ! ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans z g5u9e1 p4 #cff ,py?agoreanism & ,ess5ism1 p4 #add2 disappe>ance (1 p4 #adf 1 iii4 #e 1 ii4 #b 1 ii4 #f 1 ii4 #ac 1 i4 #f 1 iv4 #a 1 iv4 #aa 1 1 ii4 #ae1 ,ph4 #h 1 1 i4 #af2 1 i4 #ae2 1 i4 #af 1 1 i4 #c2 1 i4 #b 1 ,ph4 #g 1 ii4 #d 1 iii4 #ai 1 1 i4 #b 1 iii4 #e 1 iv4 #ab 1 ii4 #b 1 i4 #be1 iv4 #ag 1 i4 #ai1 ii4 #i1 p4 #cbc sq4 1 ii4 #bc 1 i4 #bg 1 iii4 #e 1 iii4 #ab 1 1 ,ph4 #h 1 i4 #ag 1 i4 #e 1 ii4 #bc1 ,ph4 #e 1 iv4 #b 1 iii4 #be 1 i4 #ae1 #ah 1 ii4 #h 1 ii4 #bb 1 i4 #i 1 p4 #fi 1 iii4 #af ,qu>todeciman controv]sy1 p4 #ei1 #fc ,qu9isext9e ,c\ncil1 p4 #fh ,read+s1 h>moniz$ ) correspond+ passages 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians1 p4 #cab 7iii4 #f72 p4 #cac 7ii4 #ba1 v4 #ai7 read+s1 v>i\s1 p4 #cae 7i4 #c72 p4 #caf 7i4 #d1 i4 #g72 p4 #cag 7i4 #ab1 i4 #ad1 i4 #bb72 p4 #cah 7ii4 #b72 p4 #cai 7ii4 #af72 p4 #cbj 7ii4 #ah1 ii4 #bc72 p4 #cba 7iv4 #h72 p4 #cbb 7iv4 #ae7 ,r5an1 on ! mean+ ( ,galatia 9 ,/ ,paul & ,/ ,luke1 p4 #be2 8 e/imate ( ! ,epi/le to ,philemon1 p4 #chd ,re/oration1 "u ,ezra1 p4 #aai resurrection ( ! body d5i$1 p4 #hh1 #age ,revelation2 see ,apocalypse ,robb]s' ,synod1 p4 #fe ,roman slav]y1 p4 #chg ,rome1 ,onesimus at1 p4 #cgh2 ,/ ,paul at1 p4 #cb 1 ii4 #g ,sabba?1 obs]vance (1 by ,*ri/ & ! ,ess5es comp>$1 p4 #agj ,sabans1 p4 #afe sacrifices prohibit$ by ,ess5es1 p4 #hi1 #acd ,sadduceeism1 p4 #hb ,sag>is1 ,bi%op ( ,laodicea1 p4 #fc ,samani1 p4 #aed ,sampsans1 p4 #acg ,s>man1 p4 #aec satisfactori1 suff]+s ( ,*ri/ reg>d$ z1 i4 #be ,secundus1 see ,p$anius ,secundus ,sibyll9e ,oracle1 p4 #if sil5ce ( ,eusebius1 p4 #eb sq42 ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ab\t ! ,ess5es1 p4 #aei slave m>tyrs1 p4 #cib slav]y1 ,hebrew1 p4 #che2 ,greek1 p4 #chf2 ,roman1 p4 #chg2 ,/ ,paul's treatm5t (1 p4 #chi sq42 attitude ( ,*ri/ianity t[>ds1 p4 #cia sq42 prohibit$ by ,ess5es1 p4 #agg2 legislation ( ,con/ant9e1 p4 #cic2 ( ,ju/9ian1 p4 #cid2 abolition (1 p4 #cid ,socrates on ,novatianism 9 ,phrygia1 p4 #ih solid>ity ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! second c5tury1 p4 #fb ,sophia ( ,val5t9us1 p4 #ccc2 ,sophia ,a*amo?1 p4 #ccd sot]iology ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 p4 #ahe /adium1 metaphor f !1 ii4 #ah ,/apleton receives ! ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans z g5u9e1 p4 #cff ,/rabo on ,buddhism1 p4 #aec ,sunwor%ip1 p4 #hg1 #acg sq41 #adi 1 ii4 #af 1 1 i4 #bb 1 iii4 #aa 1 i4 #i1 #bh1 ii4 #c1 iii4 #af 771 iii4 #ab1 ,ph4 #g1 #ab 1 ii4 #e 771 ii4 #h 1 ii4 #h 1 ii4 #b1 #ai 1 iv4 #aj 1 ii4 #ai1 iii4 #ad 1 i4 #g1 iv4 #g 1 i4 #i1 ii4 #b 1 ,ph4 #b 1 1 ii4 #aa 1 ii4 #i ,tacitus on ! e>?quake at ,laodicea1 p4 #ci ,talmud1 suppos$ etymologies ( ,ess5e 91 p4 #aaf sq41 #abe sq42 suppos$ allusions to ! ,ess5es1 p4 #abh ,temple1 avoidance ( !1 p4 #agd ,te/am5ts1 ,old & ,new1 p4 #ahe ,te/am5ts ( ! ,twelve ,patri>*s1 on ! ord]s ( angels1 i4 #af !an?ropism ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 p4 #ahe ?und]+ legion1 p4 #fa ,?yatira1 dyes (1 p4 #d ,timo!us1 8 position 9 ^! epi/les1 i4 #a1 ,ph4 #a2 #8! bro!r1' i4 #a ,tivoli comp>$ ) ! valley ( ! ,lycus1 p4 #c trav]t9e deposits 9 ! valley ( ! ,lycus1 p4 #c ,trimet>ia1 a surname ( ,laodicea1 p4 #ah ,ty*icus1 iv4 #g1 p4 #ce1 #chj4 1 iii4 #ab 1 ii4 #e 1 i4 #bh 7indef471 ,/ ,paul's use (1 ii4 #h 1 ,ph4 #i1 #ab 1 ,ph4 #ac2 1 ii4 #ah 1 i4 #a 1 i4 #bc 1 1 ii4 #i 1 ii4 #ba 1 1 ii4 #bj 1 ii4 #ae 1 iii4 #h 1 iv4 #c 1 iii4 #af 1 ii4 #ad 1 i4 #aa 1 i4 #bd1 p4 #cce sq4 ,val5t9ianism1 diff]5t =ms (1 p4 #ccb sq4 ,val5t9ians accept ,/ ,paul & ,/ ,john1 p4 #ccf ,val5t9us1 use ( pl]oma by1 p4 #cca v]sions ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans1 ,lat91 p4 #ceg2 ,bohemian1 ,g]man1 & ,engli%1 p4 #cfc sq4 ,ve?ik91 p4 #aca ,^w1 !1 p4 #aja1 see ,logos1 ,*ri/ ,wycliffe exclud$ ! ,apocryphal ,epi/le to ! ,laodiceans f 8 ,bible1 p4 #cfc ,yavana or ,yona1 p4 #aeb ,zell] on ,ess5ism1 p4 #adc sq4 ,z5da-ve/a1 p4 #adi ,zoroa/rianism & ,ess5ism1 p4 #adi sq4 ,,cambridge3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,c4 ,j4 ,,clay1 ,m4,a4 ,,at ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press4 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,m9or lapses 9 punctuation h be5 rectifi$4 ,c]ta9 o!r editorial or pr9t+ errors h be5 not$ bel[1 & correct$4 ,on p4 #bhf1 9 ! note on i4 #ab ( ,colossians = 1 ! citation ( ,romans #h3cc1 ref]r+ to #8,god's elect' 0 incorrect1 appe>+ z ,romans #h4c4 ,! correction has be5 made4 ,on p4 #cba4 !re are two sep>ate ref]5ces to footnote #ecg4 ,?is seems to be int5tional1 & h be5 reta9$4 ,likewise1 on p4 #cdc1 footnote #fji is repeat$4 ,x seems mo/ likely t ! second in/ance is correct1 b bo? h be5 reta9$4 ,on p4 #daf1 9 ! ,index1 ! entry = ref]s to iv4 #e4 ,h[ev]1 ! ^w & its gloss appe> 9 iv4 #f4 p4 #bh ,he recalls ,add$4 p4 #dc n4 #adc co9cid5ce ,add$4 p4 #aba n4 #cci ,zeitschrift ,add$4 p4 #aii a simil> ph5onem_/m5on ,transpos$4 p4 #bac c4 ,eunom4 iv 7p4 ,i4p4 #bib7 ,remov$4 p4 #bcj ,! ?\ght und]ly+ seems ,add$4 to be ?is p4 #bca expla9+ x z #8! lat]' ,add$4 p4 #cbc !ological confusion ,add$4 p4 #cgc n4 #fhj f ! alli$ fro_/orm ,transpos$4 ,apphias4