,! ,m5tor ,vol4 #a ,no4 #dj1    ,,angels
 ,,9 ,,art    ,by ,,john ,c4 ,,van      
,,dyke    ,pr(essor ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,art1 
,rutg]s ,college    ,illu/ration        
,illu/ration    ,,! ,,m5tor    ,,s]ial  
,no4 #dj    ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,f9e ,,arts 
,,m5tor ,,gravures      ,,angel ,,)     
,,viol9          ,melozzo da ,=l        
,,angel ,,*oir                 ,b5ozzo  
,gozzoli    ,,angel ,,( ,,annunciation  
,burne-,jones    ,,madonna ,,& ,,*ild   
,,) ,,angels       ,bell9i    ,,angel   
,,) ,,lute                   ,c>paccio  
,,sa9t ,,mi*ael                         
,p]ug9o      ,pa9t an angel6 exclaim$   
,c\rbet 7koor-bay7 ! reali/ to a pupil  
:o "o day ask$ him h[ x %\ld be done4   
,:5 did y ev] see an  angel8 ,! aba%$   
pupil _h to admit t he _h nev] _h ! good
  =tune to see "o4 ,v well1 !n1 y _h    
bett] pa9t ! portrait  ( y\r gr&fa!r1   
:om y see e day4 ,! advice to keep 8    
head out ( ! cl\ds :ile 8 feet 7 on e>? 
may h be5  ne$$ by ! pupil2 b nev]!less 
angels h be5 pa9t$ "t  out ( m9d1 & ev5 

su* pron\nc$ reali/s z ,c\rbet & ,manet 
7mah-nay7 h pa9t$ !m4 ,& !y saw !m1 too2
 t is1 !y  saw ! pretty-fac$ models !y  
turn$ into angels by add+ enl>g$  pigeon
 w+s to _! %\ld] blades4 ,b !y 7 n v    
spiritual  angels4 ,realism r scorns ?+s
 spiritual1 & besides religi\s  feel+ & 
s5tim5t 9 art pass$ out sev]al c5turies 
be=e !  com+ ( ! mod]n reali/s4    ,!   
e>ly m5--! ,fra ,angelicos1 ! ,b5ozzos  
7b5-ots-o71 !  ,filipp9os1 ( ! fifte5?  
c5tury--believ$ 9 ! ,biblical sc5es  !y 
pa9t$1 & sometimes /at$ _! belief 9     
lett]s ( gold  at ! bottom ( _!         
pictures4 ,!y saw ?+s ) ! eye (         
fai?1--saw ,madonnas1 sa9ts1 & angels 9 
visions1 & pa9t$ !m1  z ! evangeli/s    
wrote1 by ! aid ( inspiration4 ,p]haps x
 0  _! belief1 _! int5se feel+1 t gave !
 f9e religi\s  s5tim5t to ! "w ( ^! e>ly
 m54 ,yet !y did n inv5t or  discov] !  
angel 9 art4 ,x _h a m mat]ial &        
commonplace  orig9 ?an 9 m$ieval belief 
& religi\s f]vor4      ,,w+$ ,,figures  
,,9 ,,anci5t ,,art    ,illu/ration3     

,,p]ug9o3 ,,baptism ,,( ,,*ri/ 7detail7 
,!re 7 w+$ figures 9 ,egyptian1         
,*aldean1 & ,assyrian art1  deities ( ! 
air1 goddesses ( ! cl\d & ! heav5s4 ,!  
,hittite & ! ,p]sian produc$ ! w+$      
,sph9x1 & ! ,greek !  w+$ ,victory t    
flew above ! advanc+ ho/ & po9t$ ! way  
to glory4 ,?is w+$ ,victory ( ! ,greeks 
probably sugge/$ !  ,*ri/ian angel2 ?\gh
 ! imm$iate =]unn] ( ! angel 0 f\nd  9 !
 ,cupid & ,psy*e ( ,roman art4 ,!       
,*ri/ians1 foll[+ !  ,romans1 took ov] 9
 _! art mu* ( ! mat]ial ( ! old ,roman  
_w4 ,!y _h to d ?is2 = ,*ri/ianity 0 )\t
 =m 9 art1  & ! e>ly ,*ri/ians decri$ x 
z idolatr\s4 ,b lat] on !re  came a dem&
 = tell+ ! ,bible /ories 9 =m & color1 t
  p might see :at !y c\ld n read4 ,!n   
,*ri/ianity1 answ]+  ! dem&1 took up    
,roman =ms & gave !m ,*ri/ian           
significance4  ,!y took ! ,cupids (     
,roman art & turn$ !m into ,*]ubs1 & out
  ( ! w+$ ,victories & ,psy*es !y made  
m9i/]+ angels4    ,illu/ration3         
,,p]ug9o3 ,,*]ub ,,head 7detail7    ,!  

pagan =m 0 soon =gott5 9 ! ,*ri/ian _s1 
& !  angels ( ! ,go?ic & e>ly           
,r5aissance p]iods develop$ a new       
mean+1 a new s\l4 ,:at beautiful        
s5tim5t1 :at pr(\nd feel+1  ! e>ly      
pa9t]s put into ! angel ( !             
,annunciation6 ,:at a  _w ( pa?os &     
sadness !y gave ! angel seat$ by ! tomb 
(  ,*ri/6 ,:at gladness & joy to !      
angels ( ! ,nativity /&+  ne> ! ,madonna
 or s++ ! ,gloria 9 ,excelsis 9 ! upp]  
sky6  ,accord+ to tradition1 ! angels "k
 nei!r gladness nor sadness1  nei!r wra?
 nor pity4 ,!y are heav5ly mess5g]s     
obey+ !  m&ates ( ! ,mo/ ,high1 )\t     
emotion or feel+ ( any k9d4 ,b  ! old   
ma/]s ( ,italy did n s reg>d !m4 ,!y    
gave !m human  *>act]i/ics1 made !m     
emotional & sympa!tic1 pa9t$ !m 9  robes
 ( blue1 ( r$1 ( gold1 ( :ite1 & gave !m
 faces & =ms  t 7 human1 x is true1 b z 
ne> div9e z e>?ly ?\ght  c\ld r5d] !m4  
,,*]ubim ,,& ,,s]aphim    ,! r$-rob$    
angels 7!y 7 pa9t$ r$ ( face z well z ( 
robe7  7 ! ,s]aphim1 ! angels ( love1 & 

ne>e/ to ,god4 ,(t5 )  ! e>ly pa9t]s    
only _! heads 7 %[n1 ) w+s cross$ 9     
front ( !m1 sometimes ) f\r1 six1 or    
eight w+s4 ,! blue-rob$  angels 7 !     
,*]ubim1 ! angels ( k1 & !y too 7  %[n 9
 _! heads only1 ) _m cross$ w+s4 ,!y    
appe>$ 9  gr\ps & halos surr\nd+ !      
pres5ce ( ! ,fa!r1 ! ,son1 or  ! ,virg94
 ,! *]ubs or putti ( lat] ,italian art1 
s frequ5tly  se5 ) ! ,madonna & ,*ild1  
are ! arti/ic desc5dants (  ! ,s]aphim &
 ,*]ubim4 ,!y are se5 9 ! l>ge aureoles 
(  light t surr\nd ! ,madonna2 =        
in/ance1 9 ,raphael's ,si/9e  ,madonna &
 ,titian's ,assumption ( ! ,virg94 ,!y  
rec$e into !  backgr\nd or come =w>d 9  
cl\ds z ! c\ntless ho/s ( heav54        
,illu/ration3 ,,dom5i*9o4 ,,madonna ,,( 
,,! ,,ros>y 7detail7    ,frequ5tly !    
,*]ubs are giv5 enl>g$ *ildlike or      
fem99e =ms  ) individual features1      
elongat$ w+s1 v>iegat$ colors4 ,!y are  
!n %[n hov]+ or /&+ or seat$ ne> !      
,madonna1 & are  usually play+ on       
musical in/rum5ts--mak+ music = ! glory 

( ! ,madonna & ,*ild4 ,!y are se5 9 !   
pictures ( ,bell9i  7bel-lee-nee7 &     
,c>paccio 7kahr-pah-*o7 ne> ! foot ( !  
?rone2 ) ,melozzo da ,=l 7=-lee7 !y so> 
9 ! air2 )  ,duccio 7doo-*o7 & ,cimabue 
7*ee-mah-boo-ah7 !y /& ab\t !  ?rone1   
dress$ 9 ri* robes1 s++1 play+1 or      
wor%ip+4 ,music  & color 7 associat$ 9 !
 m9ds ( ! e>ly ,italians z ?\gh  bo? 7  
manife/ations ( s5tim5t 9 art4          
,especially 0 ?is true  at ,v5ice1--! "o
 great color spot 9 ,italian art4       
,,m9i/]+ ,,& ,,gu>dian ,,angels    ,!   
angels t sang ! ,gloria 9 ,excelsis1 or 
knelt ne> at h&  at ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 7   
usually l>g] ?an ! putti1 girli%  9 =m1 
& v beautiful ( face4 ,!y 7 dress$      
sometimes 9  colors1 z ) ,correggio     
7kor-r$-jo72 sometimes 9 gold brocades (
  gorge\s patt]n1 z ) ! ,viv>9i         
7vee-vahr-ee-nee72 sometimes 9  :ite &  
blue1 z ) ,pi]o della ,franesca         
7frahn-*es-kah74 ,aga91  !y frequ5tly _h
 jewel$ cr[ns or emboss$ halos or       
peacock-ey$  w+s4 ,x 0 ! idea ( ! old   

ma/]s to make !m decoratively  beautiful
 z well z repres5tative ( purity & tru?4
 ,& !y  c>ri$ out ?is idea /ill fur!r 9 
! faces1 :i* 7 always (  ! mo/ lovely   
types !y c\ld f9d or imag9e4 ,to u today
 ^!  angel faces are p]haps ! mo/       
attractive feature ( ?is e>ly  *ur* art 
( ,italy4    ,illu/ration3 ,,correggio2 
,,angel ,,gr\p 7detail ( fresco at      
,p>ma7    ,! same k9d ( angels1 b clo!d 
usually 9 :ite1 appe>$ to  ! ,%eph]ds1  
att5d$ ! ,holy ,family 9 _! flight into 
,egypt1  /ood by ! riv] bank at !       
baptism ( ,*ri/1 7 ) ,him 9  !          
wild]ness1 9 ! g>d51 at ! crucifixion1  
wat*$ by !  tomb1 & roll$ away ! /one f 
! door4 ,o!rs ( ! angelic  ho/ appe>$ at
 times to w>n ,abraham1 to pres5t a     
message to  ,sa9t ,joa*im1 to guide     
,sa9t ,pet] out ( 8 prison4 ,!y 7 all   
m9i/]+ spirits1 b )\t specific names4   
,illu/ration3 ,,fra ,,b>tolommeo2       
,,madonna ,,en?ron$ 7detail7      ,,!   
,,sev5 ,,ar*angels    ,on ! o!r h&1     
c]ta9 de$s to be done 7 giv5 to c]ta9   

angels :o _h def9ite names4 ,^! 7 ! sev5
 ar*angels4 ,x 0  ,mi*ael1 capta9 ( !   
,ho/s ( ,heav51 t ov]came ! ,demon &    
drove him into ! ,bottomless ,pit2 x 0  
,jophiel ) ! flam+  sword t drove ,adam 
& ,eve out ( ,p>adise2 x 0 ,zadkiel t   
/ay$ ! h& ( ,abraham1 & ,*amuel t wre/l$
 ) ,jacob4  ,^! 7 all ar*angels :o      
appe>$ ) _! v>i\s symbols 9  ,*ri/ian   
art4 ,uriel1 gu>dian ( ! sun1 is se5    
less frequ5tly  ?an ! o!rs2 b ,raphael1 
! *ief gu>dian angel1 is (t5  se5 9     
company ) ,tobit1 & occasionally 9 !    
pictures ( !  ,la/ ,judgm5t ) ,mi*ael1  
bl[+ ! dread bla/ ( ! great             
resurrection4    ,illu/ration3 ,,guido  
,,r5i3 ,,/4 ,,mi*ael ,,& ,,! ,,demon    
,b ! angel ,gabriel appe>s 9 art (t5]   
?an all ! o!r angels  put toge!r4 ,?is  
is because he 0 ! angel ( !             
,annunciation &  =etold ! com+ ( ,*ri/4 
,he is se5 a ?\s& times 9 ,italian  art1
 lilies 9 h&1 kneel+ & repeat+ ! message
 to ! ,madonna4  ,! !me 0 ! mo/ popul> (
 all1 & a ?\s& diff]5t types  ( beauty 7

 creat$ to imp]sonate ,gabriel4 ,_m ( !m
 are /ill  exi/5t1 & "s ( !m are ! mo/  
lovely creations ( ! old  ma/]s4        
,,angel ,,ideals ,,( ,,! ,,old ,,ma/]s  
,illu/ration3 ,,v]oc*io 7,s*ool (7      
,,ar*angel ,,raphael 7detail7    ,(     
c\rse ! ideal ( angelic beauty v>i$ )   
ea* pa9t]4 ,ea*  *ose = a model ! faire/
 type he c\ld f9d1 & ea* diff]$  f 8    
fell[4 ,p]haps ! mo/ popul> types (     
angels 9 ! e>ly  ,r5aissance 7 pa9t$ by 
,melozzo da ,=l4 ,a notable gr\p ( !m  0
 pa9t$ 9 a cupola ( ! ,*ur* ( ! ,apo/les
 9 ,rome4 ,!y  7 angels ( ! ,asc5sion1 &
 surr\nd$ ! ris+ figure (  ,*ri/4 ,!    
fresco aft]w>d became s damag$ t x 0    
tak5 d[n1  & "s ( ! angels 7 transf]r$  
to ! ,sacri/y ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1  :]e !y are
 n[ to be se54 ,our reproduction %[s a  
detail ( "o  ( !m1--"o ) a fair face1   
abundant hair1 a halo ab\t ! head  made 
up ( gold5 cubes ( mosaic1 & l>ge exp&$ 
w+s4 ,! figure  is se5 slightly         
=e%ort5$1 & ?is1 ) ! spread w+s t  seem 
really l>ge en\gh to support an angel1  

gives ! impression (  flight1 or at lea/
 a hov]+ movem5t4 ,! w+s are uprais$1 & 
seem to frame ! beautiful head & its    
halo4 ,?is upw>d sw+ ( !  w+s is        
c\nt]balanc$ by ! d[nw>d sweep ( !      
drap]y f !  wai/ l9e4 ,betwe5 ! upw>d & 
! d[nw>d curves is a swirl+  cross l9e1 
made up by ! %\ld]1 ! arm1 & ! viol9 b[4
  ,all ?is is %rewdly work$ out1 & gives
 =ce & movem5t to !  figure4 ,! :ole    
composition has nobility & l(t9ess ab\t 
x1 &  is n a m]e sweet-fac$ affair ( !  
,c>lo ,dolci 7dol-*ee7 k9d4             
,illu/ration3 ,,v]onese3 ,,annunciation 
7detail7    ,illu/ration3 ,,botticelli3 
,,madonna1 ,,*ild1 ,,& ,,angels         
,,types ,,( ,,b5ozzo ,,& ,,leon>do ,,da 
,,v9ci    ,! angels ( ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli  
7got-s-lee7 are ( simil> *>act]s4  ,!y h
 n a p>ticle ( sweetness ab\t !m1 & w\ld
 nev] be  call$ pretty2 b :at f9e       
s5tim5t & decid$ individuality  !y h6   
,!y are "p ( a fam\s fresco 9 ! ,ricc>di
 ,palace at  ,flor5ce1 "o ( ! f9e/ & be/
 pres]v$ frescos 9 all ,italy4  ,!      

little *apel :]e !y are _h its walls    
entirely cov]$ by  ,b5ozzo ) a fresco   
repres5t+ ! ,adoration ( ! ,k+s4 ,!     
gorge\s procession ( ! k+s & _!         
att5dants 7made up (  portraits ( !     
,m$ici & _! fri5ds1 ) ,lor5zo !         
,magnific5t  rid+ z "o ( ! k+s7 cov]s   
?ree walls ( ! *apel4 ,!  spl5did       
cavalcade w9ds along1 & f9ally comes up 
to ! f\r?  wall1 :]e 0 once %[n !       
,madonna & ,*ild ) ,joseph4 ,?is  gr\p (
 ! ,holy ,family has disappe>$2 b ! b& (
 wor%ip+  angels is on ! side wall1 /ill
 intact4 ,! angels are kneel+ &  /&+    
amid fl[]s :i* "o does n see at fir/    
because ( !  bright colors & ! gold5    
halos4 ,:at beautiful faces1 nave =ms1  
& pray+ h&s are "h6 ,?is is s9c]ity 9   
art1 & true en\gh  s5tim5t into ! b>ga94
 ,"o w travel f> be=e see+ its  bett]4  
,illu/ration3 ,,bottic9i3 ,,madonna ,,& 
,,*ild 7detail ( angels7    ,a hi/oric &
 ev5 a s5tim5tal int]e/ atta*es to      
,leon>do da  ,v9ci's 7lay-o-nahrd-o dah 
v9-*ee7 little angel 9 ! ,baptism (     

,*ri/ by ,&rea ,v]oc*io 7vay-rok-kee-o74
 ,vas>i 7vah-sah-ree7  recites ! /ory ( 
h[ ,v]oc*io1 :5 ill p]haps1 told 8      
pupil1  ! "y ,leon>do1 to f9i% ?is      
picture by pa9t+ 9 ! second  angel1 & t 
,leon>do did x s well t x 0 sup]ior to !
  o!r p>ts ( ! picture4 ,p]ceiv+ ?is1   
,&rea resolv$ nev]  aga9 to take p5cil 9
 h&2 s9ce ,leon>do1 ?\gh /ill s "y1  _h 
acquitt$ himself bett] 9 ! art ?an he _h
 done4 ,?is is  a pretty /ory1 :i* has  
be5 pooh-pooh$ & d5i$ by rec5t          
criticism1 b )\t reason4 ,! angel ) !   
pr(ile 0 c]ta9ly  done by a diff]5t h&  
?an ! angel ) ! full face4 ,x is        
diff]5t f any o!r "p ( ! picture1 & !re 
is e  reason to believe x done by       
,leon>do z ,vas>i /ates4 ,! *>m (  !    
angel1 ! type1 ! graceful cont\rs1 !    
light & %ade1 all  =e%ad[ ! lat] "w (   
,leon>do4 ,:at a lovely creation1 n only
  9 face & feature1 b 9 s]5ity & f9e    
feel+6      ,,! ,,*>m+ ,,angels ,,(     
,,p]ug9o    ,p]ug9o 7pay-roo-jee-no7 0 9
 t same /udio ( ,v]oc*io1 a  fell[ pupil

 ) ,leon>do2 b 8 angels are mu* weak]   
conceptions  ?an ,leon>do's4 ,!y are    
contemplative1 full ( wi/ful t5d]ness1  
lo/ 9 rev]ie2 b !y lack some:at 9 m5tal 
grip4 ,!y make up  = ?is1 h[ev]1 by a   
*>m+ s5tim5t4 ,! ,/4 ,mi*ael1 reproduc$ 
h]e)1 %[s x4 ,he is h>dly ! ideal       
capta9-g5]al ( !  heav5ly ho/1 able to  
wield ! sword 9 ! front ranks2 b on !   
contr>y is a slight1 boyi% figure1 full 
( fancy1 & lo/ 9 day  dreams4           
,illu/ration3 ,,fra ,,angelico3         
,,trumpet-,,bl[+ ,,angel                
,,p]ug9o',s ,,sa9t ,,mi*ael    ,9 ?is   
picture he /&s alo( f ! figures ab\t    
him1 &1 )  8 head incl9$ to "o side1    
seems to be li/5+ to ! song (  ! angels 
9 ! upp] air4 ,! br[n eyes are full (   
e>ne/ness2  b ! r\nd face & slight m\? h
 no set purpose o!r ?an to  sugge/      
s5tim5t & symmetry4 ,a v pretty type1 no
 d\bt2 b n  a /rong "o4 ,a man ( p[] l  
,mi*elangelo c\ld h v little  sympa?y ) 
x4 ,inde$1 he sne]$ at ! pretty face &  
call$  ,p]ug9o a dolt & blockhead 9 art4

 ,t 0 m ?an ,p]ug9o  c\ld be>1 &1 9 a   
rage1 he br\ght ,mi*elangelo be=e !     
,c\ncil  ( ,eight on a *>ge ( sl&]4 ,b x
 only result$ 9 a laugh at  ,p]ug9o's   
exp5se4 ,8 action 0 p]haps fooli%2 b 8  
pictures  are n to be laugh$ at4 ,!y are
 excell5t 9 color1 & ! pretty  face t   
,mi*elangelo scorn$ became ! e>ly model 
= ,p]ug9o's  great pupil1 ,raphael4     
,,! ,,angels ,,( ,,fra ,,angelico       
,illu/ration3 ,,fra ,,angelico3         
,,coronation 7detail7    ,9 sweetness ( 
type & dep? ( feel+1 ! angels ( ,fra    
,angelico  are m pr(\nd ?an ,p]ug9o's4  
,besides1 !y seem to h m  s9c]ity ab\t  
!m4 ,! monk-pa9t] 9 8 cell saw visions (
  heav5ly ?+s1 & z he saw s he record$ 9
 art4 ,all 8 faces  seem fill$ ) div9e  
t5d]ness4 ,he pa9t$ only "o face1 "o    
type4  ,8 pictures %[ m5 ) be>ds & monks
 9 c[ls1 & angels 9  fl[+ robes ) bright
 w+s2 b !re is always ! same face1  !   
same s5tim5t4 ,8 trumpet-bl[+ angels1 ( 
:i* !re are  c\ntless copies 9 exi/5ce1 
are epitomes ( ?is conception &         

s5tim5t4 ,!y h great purity & beauty4   
,fra ,angelico 0 a man  ( pure ?\ght to 
/>t )1 & ev]y?+ he t\*$ reflect$ 8      
purity4      ,,types ,,( ,,filipp9o ,,& 
,,botticelli    ,illu/ration3 ,,filipp9o
 ,,lippi3 ,,madonna ,,& ,,/4 ,,b]n>d    
7detail (  angels7    ,illu/ration3     
,,seppi2 ,,angel ,,( ,,annunciation     
,filipp9o & ,botticelli came lat] ?an   
,fra ,angelico1 & ! ,flor5ce  ( _! day  
_h begun to draw away f m$ieval         
traditions 9 art  9 favor ( m le>n$     
te*nical accompli%m5t2 yet "o c h>dly   
see any wan+ ( s5tim5t 9 ! "w ( ^! m54  
,9 fact1 !  s5tim5t ( ,filipp9o is (t5  
p]il\sly ne> to s5tim5tality1 s  int5se 
& e>ne/ is ! feel+ ( ! man4 ,8 ,madonna 
is always  on ! br9k ( te>s1 & 8 angels 
are 9 p]fect sympa?y ) !  ,madonna4     
,botticelli is m ( an intellectual =ce2 
b he too is  saturat$ ) s5tim5t to a    
po9t ( morbidity4 ,8 ,madonnas h  sad   
eyes1 m\?s t droop at ! corn]s1 holl[   
*eeks1 & long1  fl[+ hair4 ,!y b5d be=e 
! ,angel ( ! ,annunciation l  brok5     

fl[]s1 or agonize at ! ,crucifixion l   
lo/ s\ls4 ,_!  s5tim5t is int5se4 ,nor  
does x v>y mu* :5 ,botticelli dealt )   
classic subjects4 ,8 ,v5us 9 h] sea%ell1
 8 ,pallas1 8 ,spr+1  all h "s ( ! same 
morbidity1 m+l$ ) my/]y1 melan*oly1     
t5d]ness1 t we see 9 8 angels surr\nd+ !
 ,madonna4 ,?is  p]sonal quality ( !    
pa9t] is v attractive1 & has p]haps     
done m to make ,botticelli popul> ?an 8 
f9e qualities z a  draftsman & a pa9t]4 
,,pr]aphaelite ,,angels    ,:5 !        
,pr]aphaelite movem5t />t$ 9 ,engl& ov] 
half a c5tury  ago1 ) ,rossetti1        
,holman-,hunt1 & ,millais z pa9t]s1 &   
,rusk9  = a prophet1 x c\ld ?9k ( no "o 
bett] z a model to foll[  ?an           
,botticelli4 ,! ,botticelli look is q   
app>5t 9 ! sad1  r unheal?y faces (     
,rossetti4 ,?is ,rossetti influ5ce 0    
h&$ on to 8 pupil1 ,burne-,jones4 ,none 
( ! ,pr]aphaelite ardor  0 abat$ or its 
s5tim5t less5$ ) ,burne-,jones4 ,inde$1 
he  improv$ ^u 8 ma/] bo? te*nically &  
s5tim5tally4 ,he 0 a  mu* bett]         

draftsman & colori/ ?an ,rossetti1 &    
pres5t$ !  ,pr]aphaelite idea ) great]  
=ce & effect4    ,illu/ration3          
,,burne-,,jones3 ,,! ,,annunciation     
,,! ,,angels ,,( ,,burne-,,jones        
,illu/ration3 ,,v]oc*io3 ,,baptism      
7detail ( ,leon>do's ,angel7    ,!      
,burne-,jones type _h r\nd]1 m inquir+  
eyes1 ?9n]  *eeks1 a sadd] m\?1 a m     
will[y figure4 ,x appe>s (t5 9  long1   
fl[+ hair1 ) swirl+ drap]y1 & dramatic  
action4 ,at  o!r times "o sees x z a    
romantic type consum$ by a fev] (       
passionate s5tim5t4 ,! ,annunciation %[n
 h]e) is n a v  good illu/ration ( ?is4 
,! ,madonna has a dull />e 9 h] eyes  z 
?\gh %e 0 some?+ ( an invalid1 & ev5 !  
angel has a  semi-mal>i\s look4 ,b !    
melan*oly1 ! sadness1 ! morbidity1  s   
app>5t 9 ,botticelli are also app>5t "h4
 ,! picture is  a f9e example ( !       
pa9t]'s decorative s5se4 ,x has be5 put 
toge!r ) mu* skill4 ,notice !           
ar*itecture1 ! passageway at  back1 !   
bas reliefs1 ! repeat$ l9es ( ! drap]ies

 9 bo? !  ,madonna & ! angel4 ,"o c\ld  
almo/ wi% x 9 /a9$ glass1 s  beautifully
 w\ld x fill an upright w9d[4    ,e     
pa9t] ( ,botticelli's rank 9 ,italy _h a
 score or less (  foll[]s1 & among !m   
all !re 0 nev] any de>? ( s5tim5tal     
,madonnas & pa!tic angels4 ,flor5ce held
 no monopoly ( ! subject4      ,,angels 
,,( ,,bell9i ,,& ,,c>paccio             
,illu/ration3 ,,murillo3 ,,gu>dian      
,,angel    ,at ,v5ice 9 ! e>ly days 7   
,bell9i & ,c>paccio1 :o produc$  fam\s  
,madonnas & mo/ lovable angels4 ,!y are 
diff]5t angels  f ^? ( ,botticelli4 ,9  
fact1 !y are little m ?an h&some  *ildr5
 navely mak+ music = ! ,madonna & ,*ild4
 ,_!  unconsci\s quality is captivat+4  
,h[ v *ildlike1 9 _! pure  faces1 _!    
gold5 hair1 _! r\nd legs & fat little   
h&s6 ,!  models 7 p]haps ! pa9t]'s own  
*ildr54 ,:y n8 ,0 n !  ,madonna1 n9e    
times out ( t51 ! pa9t]'s own wife8 ,&  
h[ bett]  c\ld he depict ! w+$ mess5g]s 
( ! sky ?an by pa9t+ !m  ) ! =ms ( ^? he
 lov$ "h bel[8 ,x is only a /ep across  

! _w f heav5 to e>?1 & is n love ! b& t 
unites  !m8           99       99       
99       99       99    ,,supplem5t>y   
,,read+4--,sacr$ & ,leg5d>y ,art1       
,jameson2 ,life (  ,*ri/ 9 ,art1 ,f>r>2 
,*ri/ian ,iconography1 ,didron2 ,angels 
(  ,god1 ,timpson2 ,angels 9 ,art1      
,clem5t4          ,,! ,,m5tor    ,,issu$
 ,,semi-,,mon?ly ,,by    ,! ,m5tor      
,association1 ,inc4    #cha ,f\r? ,ave41
 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4      ,volume #a    
,numb] #dj     ,,annual ,,subscription1 
,,f\r ,,doll>s4 ,,s+le ,,copies ,,tw5ty 
,,c5ts4 ,,=eign   ,,po/age1             
,,sev5ty-,,five ,,c5ts ,,extra4         
,,canadian ,,po/age1 ,,fifty ,,c5ts     
,,extra4 ,,ent]$ ,,at ,,! ,,po/ ,,(fice 
,,at ,,new ,,york1 ,n4 ,y41 ,,z         
,,second-,,class   ,,matt]4             
,editorial    ,we h j receiv$ ! foll[+  
lett] f a read] ( ,! ,m5tor3  ,i h      
exam9$ ) great c>e & pr(it a copy ( ,!  
,m5tor  j receiv$4 ,!re is only "o      
sugge/ion t ,i c make t[>ds  its        
improvem5t1 & t is t on ! back ( !      

photogravures  !re %\ld be a            
pronunciation s*eme = all =eign names4  
,n  ev]yone :o reads is able to pron\nce
 prop]ly ! ,spani%1 ,fr5*1  or ,italian2
 p>ticul>ly is ?is true ( names &       
places4 ,!  pronunciation might be put 9
 brackets "r aft] ! names1 or made a    
sort ( m>g9al affair4           99      
99       99       99       99    ,?is is
 ! k9d ( lett] we l to get4 ,! sugge/ion
 is a good  "o4 ,we wrote at once to !  
writ]1 say+ t pronunciation w\ld be     
indicat$ :]ev] =eign names 7 us$4 ,we h 
done s 9 ! text  pages ( ,! ,m5tor--our 
read]s "k t4 ,we h n be5 do+ x  9 !     
/ories pr9t$ on ! back ( ,! ,m5tor      
gravures4 ,!re 0  no reason = n do+ x4  
,! indication ( pronunciations %\ld     
accompany =eign names :]ev] !y are us$4 
,! writ] ( ! above  has done u a real   
s]vice 9 call+ att5tion to ! matt]4 ,we 
wi%  t read]s w\ld write to u :5ev] !y h
 a sugge/ion t  !y ?9k w\ld add to !    
value & usefulness ( ,! ,m5tor4         
99       99       99       99       99  

,half k on any subject is n ( mu* use4  
,! case ( a  college pr(essor comes to  
m9d4 ,he 0 v /rong on :at he call$      
complet+ a ?\ght & f9i%+ a fact4 ,he    
said t z a man  walk$ ?r\gh life or     
look$ ?r\gh books he 0 con/antly 9 an   
atmosph]e ( in=mation--t facts 7 d>t+ l 
meteors all  ab\t him4 ,he said t !     
habit ( m9d ( mo/ p 0 slov5ly4  ,su*    
complete facts z come to _! att5tion are
 p]haps absorb$4  ,half facts come      
along1 & mo/ p d n foll[ !m up to a     
f9i%4 ,! habit ( ?is pr(essor 0 to c>ry 
a memor&um pad  9 8 pocket1 & :5ev] he  
w\ld he> a /atem5t or receive a  bit ( k
 he w\ld jot d[n a note & !n1 9 "s      
leisure  mom5t1 look ! matt] up 9 an    
au?oritative ref]5ce book1 !reby        
complet+ 8 in=mation &1 z he put x1 sew+
 x up good &  tight = future use4       
99       99       99       99       99  
,! result is t t college pr(essor kn[s  
:at he kn[s  ?or\ghly & accurately4 ,he 
is nev] he>d say+1 z s _m d  :5 a       
subject is m5tion$1 ,oh1 :at ab\t t4 ,i 

h _h bits  ( in=mation conc]n+ x f "t to
 "t4 ,:at does x mean8  ,! pr(essor _h  
look$ up ! matt] :5 he got 8 fir/ bit ( 
in=mation1 &1 z a result1 he _h dige/$ !
 subject & 9 8  way own$ x4           99
       99       99       99       99    
,we h plann$ ,! ,m5tor ) ! ?\ght ( giv+ 
memb]s (  ! ,association ! ess5tial     
in=mation t !y %\ld h on  diff]5t       
subjects4 ,ev]yone is n =tunate en\gh to
 h a good  ref]5ce libr>y--"s are n ev5 
9 t\* ) ref]5ce books4 ,x  is ! purpose 
( ,! ,m5tor1 !re=e1 to come l a good    
fri5d :o  is well in=m$ & sp5d a few    
m9utes a day ) y1 tell+ y  9 simple     
language ab\t ! _m int]e/+ & important  
?+s1  ev5ts1 & p ( ! _w4           99   
99       99       99       99    ,& y   
don't h to make notes z ! pr(essor did4 
,y don't h  to g look+ = books ( ref]5ce
 on ! subject4 ,! ,m5tor n  only gives y
 9 an int]e/+ way ! ess5tial facts ab\t 
a ?+1  toge!r ) illu/rations1 b x gives 
y a li/ ( ! important  ref]5ce books on 
! subject4    ,illu/ration3 ,,angel ,,) 

,,viol91 ,,by ,,melozzo ,,da ,,=li      
,melozzo da ,=l    ,,"o      ,today we  
?9k ( ,italy z "o unit$ c\ntry4 ,= t    
reason x is  difficult = _m ( u to      
realize ! ,italy ( ,melozzo da ,=l's    
7mel-ot-s day =-lee7 "t4 ,!n !re 0 no   
union--practically  no ,italy4 ,! c\ntry
 0 r5t by ! /riv+s ( _m t9y             
pr9cipalities1 ea* jeal\s ( ! o!r1 ea*  
try+ to outdo !  o!r1 ea* quick to seize
 an opportunity to "w its neighbor h>m4 
,e "o ( ! petty pr9ces 0 seek+ to       
beautify 8 capital  city1 to h 8 c\rt   
out%9e ^? ( 8 rivals4 ,if he desir$  to 
be kn[n z a patron ( art & lett]s1      
poets1 ar*itects1 &  philosoph]s 7      
invit$ to associate !mselves ) him4     
,arti/s1  l ! s*ol>s1 _h to rely on !   
favor ( su* pr9ces = _!  liv+4    ,9    
lat] ye>s ! introduction ( oil pa9t+    
made easy ! s5d+  ( a panel or a canvas 
z ! gift ( "o "l to ano!r4 ,b be=e  t   
"t1 in/ead ( s5d+ ! pa9t]'s "w1 x w\ld h
 be5  necess>y to s5d ! pa9t]2 = mo/ ( !
 "w 0 done 9 ano!r  way4 ,9 fresco pa9t+

 ! arti/ 0 oblig$ to "w directly on  !  
wall on :i* ! picture 0 to be se5 :5    
f9i%$4 ,(t5 he  himself appli$ ! wet    
pla/]1 & aft] smoo?+ x laid on !  color4
 ,he _h to "w rapidly2 = :5 ! pla/] _h  
dri$ e  addition or correction %[$4     
,b be=e becom+ suffici5tly g5]\s to give
 away _! arti/'s  "w mo/ ( ! nobles fir/
 employ$ _! arti/s to decorate _!  own  
*apels or palaces = !m4 ,x 0 "u !       
patronage ( "o (  ! c>d9als1 a nephew ( 
,pope ,pius ,,iv1 t ,melozzo da ,=l     
pa9t$  8 angels4 ,pius ,,iv did n wi% to
 be beh9d 8 neighbors 9 !  enc\ragem5t (
 ! f9e arts4 ,he want$ ,rome to be !    
f9e/ city 9  ! _w1 & set ab\t mak+ x s4 
,^? :o wi%$ to please him  7 n sl[ to   
foll[ 8 lead+4    ,! angels reproduc$ 9 
,! ,m5tor are b a portion ( ! entire    
fresco1 :i* %[$ ! ,asc5sion ( ,*ri/1 &  
=m]ly decorat$  ! dome ( ! ,*ur* ( !    
,apo/les at ,rome4 ,^! fragm5ts escap$  
de/ruction :5 ! *ur* 0 recon/ruct$ 9    
#agaa4 ,!y are n[ 9  ! ,sacri/y ( ,sa9t 
,pet]'s4    ,almo/ no?+ is kn[n ( ! life

 ( ,melozzo4 ,we %\ld n h  kn[n :5 he 0 
born if 8 epitaph _h n record$ 8 age4 ,8
  "n indicates t he came f ,=l1 a small 
t[n n f> f  ,rav5na4 ,8 fame re/s almo/ 
entirely on ^! fragm5ts2 b s well  7 !y 
done t !y give ?is man high rank among !
 arti/s (  ,italy4    ,illu/ration3     
,,angel ,,*oir1 ,,by ,,b5ozzo ,,gozzoli 
,b5ozzo ,gozzoli    ,,two      ,l _m    
ano!r pa9t]1 ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli 7be-ot-s  
got-s-lee7  ow$ mu* to 8 ma/]4 ,fra     
,angelico pa9t$ beautiful angels1 & 8   
pupil seems to h le>n$ "s ( 8 skill2 = !
 gr\p ( ,ador+  ,angels 9 ! ,ricc>di    
,palace is "o ( ! lovelie/ to be se5 9  
all ,italy4 ,e>ly 9 8 life ,b5ozzo 0    
appr5tic$ to ,ghib]ti1 !  sculptor ( !  
doors ( ! bapti/]y at ,flor5ce4 ,s      
spl5did are  !y t by ! ,italians !y are 
call$ ,! ,doors ( ,p>adise4 ,he  began  
"u a good man4 ,b he c\ld n h rema9$ 9 t
 /udio  long2 = at ! age ( tw5ty-sev5 we
 f9d ,fra ,angelico tak+ him  ) him to  
,rome z assi/ant 9 8 "w = ! ,pope4      
,two ye>s lat] ,b5ozzo />t$ out =       

himself4 ,he work$ 9 sev]al  ( ! small] 
,tuscan t[ns1 until 9 #adei ! dea? (    
sev]al (  ! old] arti/s ( ,flor5ce op5$ 
up ! way = 8 return to 8  native city4  
,he 0 n oblig$ to wait long2 = ! ,m$ici 
soon call$ ^u him  = :at prov$ to be 8  
ma/]piece4 ,! palace ( ! ,m$ici _h 9  x 
a small private *apel2 to ,b5ozzo !y    
gave ! task ( decorat+  its walls4 ,!   
subject *os5 0 ,! ,adoration ( ! ,magi4 
,we  h ?ree lett]s writt5 by ,b5ozzo to 
,pi]o de' ,m$ici :5 he 0  engag$ ^u ?is 
"w4 ,!y %[ t he 0 us+ e ef=t to d  8    
be/4 ,i h no o!r ?\ght 9 my he>t1 he    
writes1 b h[  be/ to p]fect my "w &     
satisfy y\r wi%es4    ,! "w 0 well done4
 ,p]haps t is :y ev]yone :o today visits
  ,flor5ce feels t he mu/ see ?is t9y   
*apel be=e he leaves4 ,"o  /eps f ! busy
 ,flor5t9e /reet1 ?r\gh massive portals1
 into  a c\rty>d4 ,f ! pres5t we /ep    
back into ! pa/4 ,climb+ a  /air1 we    
rea* ! dim *apel1 :i* is b little *ang$ 
f !  way x 0 left by ,b5ozzo4 ,x is z   
mu* a monum5t ( 8 skill z x  is ( !     

munific5ce ( ! ,m$ici4    ,b5ozzo's     
success ) ?is "w insur$ 8 prosp]ity4 ,he
 m>ri$ &  settl$ 9 ,flor5ce4 ,t5 ye>s   
lat] he mov$ to ,pisa1 :]e he sp5t      
sixte5 ye>s pa9t+ a s]ies ( frescos 9 ! 
,campo ,santo4 ,& 9  t lovely1 quiet    
place he lies buri$ today1 ne> ! frescos
 ^u  :i* he labor$ s fai?fully4         
,illu/ration3 ,,angel ,,(               
,,annunciation1 ,,by ,,burne-,,jones    
,sir ,edw>d ,burne-,jones    ,,?ree     
,! "m ( ,sir ,edw>d ,burne-,jones di$ :5
 he 0 born4 ,! lot (  a lad )\t a "m is 
b\nd to be a h>d "o1 especially if he   
has  no bro!rs or si/]s4 ,8 fa!r w\ld   
p]mit him to read only two or  ?ree     
books2 b "o ( !m 0 sop's ,fables1 & ?is 
0 ! boy's  favorite1 because x _h pr9ts 
9 x4 ,! *ild us$ to sp5d mu*  "t be=e ! 
%op w9d[s look+ at ! volumes he might n 
read4  ,he 0 nev] v /rong physically4   
,?is c\rse seems to h driv5 ! boy to    
liv+ 9 ! realms (  ! imag9ation1--a     
tra9+ = ! pa9t] ( nymphs & fairies he  0
 to become lat]4 ,n until he 0          

tw5ty-?ree1 x is said1 did              
,burne-,jones see a good picture4    ,:5
 he w5t up to ,ox=d he =m$ a fri5d%ip ) 
,william ,morris1  a y\? almo/ z %y z   
himself4 ,!y read ,rusk9's ,mod]n       
,pa9t]s  toge!r1 & told ea* o!r _!      
dreams4 ,at ,london dur+ "o (  !        
vacations he came into t\* ) ,dante     
,gabriel ,rossetti1 & on  advice ( ?is  
arti/ gave up 8 /udies at ,ox=d to      
devote himself  exclusively to ! /udy ( 
art4 ,h[ev] frail ,burne-,jones may h   
be5 physically1 !re c\ld h be5 no lack (
 m5tal c\rage 9 !  man :o c\ld take su* 
a bold /ep z ?is4    ,8 /ruggle 0 a long
 "o & a h>d "o2 b he 0 nev] )\t  ! help 
& enc\ragem5t ( w>m fri5ds1 ,rusk9 among
 !m4 ,he  travel$ to ,italy4 ,on 8      
second trip he w5t ) ,rusk94 ,b ) !     
possible exception ( ,botticelli1 !     
,italian ma/]s _h little direct         
influ5ce ^u 8 "w4 ,he seems to h caught 
_! _s ( do+  ?+s1 ( do+ !m z well z he 0
 able1 ) deep s9c]ity (  feel+4    ,he 0
 "o ( ! lead+ spirits ( !               

,pr]aphaelites1 a b& (  "y m5 :o hop$ to
 reg5]ate art by putt+ into _! "w !     
simplicity & s9c]ity t _h actuat$ !     
arti/s be=e ,raphael's  "t4    ,he m>ri$
 9 #ahfj1 & settl$ on ! outskirts (     
,london4 ,a gradually  increas+ ho/ (   
fri5ds began to make _! way to 8 mode/  
home4  ,burne-,jones felt t1 :]ev] else 
he might be at fault1 9 _s  he 0 "r4 ,s 
he did n rea* = ! fame t makes less wise
  m5 seek %ort cuts1 b work$ /eadily &  
c>efully4 ,8 reputation  increas$1      
honors came to him1 & be=e he di$ he    
knew t 8 "w  0 be+ appreciat$4    ,9    
#ahid1 f\r ye>s be=e 8 dea?1 a b>onetcy 
0 conf]r$ ^u  him by ,que5 ,victoria1 & 
to ^? :o knew ! man & 8 "w ?is  0 felt  
to be n high] ?an 0 des]v$4             
,illu/ration3 ,,madonna ,,& ,,*ild ,,)  
,,angels1 ,,by ,,bell9i4                
,giovanni ,bell9i    ,,f\r      ,!      
,bell9i 7bel-lee-nee7 family 0 a v      
arti/ic "o4 ,n only  ,giovanni1 b 8     
bro!r ,g5tile z well1 became a fam\s    
arti/1 &  _! fa!r 0 a pa9t] ( note4 ,n  

to be outdone by ! o!r  memb]s ( !      
family1 _! only si/] ,&rea m>ri$        
,mantegna1 !  great ,paduan ma/]4 ,"u   
su* circum/ances x is unlikely t !  boy 
,giovanni _h to ov]come any p>5tal      
opposition to 8 becom+  an arti/4 ,art  
mu/ h be5 a "p ( ! daily life ( ! entire
  family4 ,at fir/ he d\btless /udi$ "u 
8 fa!r's direction2 b  8 e>ly "w %[s t  
he 0 mu* influ5c$ by 8 bro!r-9-law  z   
well4    ,al?\gh ! two bro!rs1 ,giovanni
 & ,g5tile1 work$ indep5d5tly1  !y bo?  
won di/9ction & 7 highly e/eem$ by !    
,v5etians4  ,!y 7 commission$ to pa9t a 
s]ies ( l>ge canvases = !  ,ducal       
,palace2 b ^! works h s9ce be5 de/roy$  
by two fires  :i* greatly damag$ t      
wond]ful build+1--! fir/ 9 #adgi &  !   
second 9 #aegg4    ,al?\gh no long] a "y
 man :5 ! inv5tion ( oil pa9t+ 0  fir/  
br\ght to ,v5ice1 in/ead ( adh]+ to !   
old traditions he  set ab\t ma/]+ ! new 
m$ium4 ,& he succe$$ too4 ,pupils came  
to him to be taught ! new practice2     
among !m ,titian & ,giorgione4  ,8 /udio

 0 ! v dwell+ place ( ! ,g5ius ( ,pa9t+1
 &  f 8 work%op w5t out _m ( ! m5 to :om
 ,v5etian pa9t+  owes its fame4         
,pa9t]s f f> & ne> came to visit him4   
,among !m 0 ,albre*t  ,dr]1 ! ,g]man    
ma/]1 :om ,bell9i receiv$ v cordially4  
,he is  v old1 wrote ,dr]1 b /ill ! be/ 
9 pa9t+4 ,!re 0 a  wait+ li/ ( nobles :o
 want$ him to pa9t _! portraits4    ,f9e
 9 color1 & accurate 9 draw+ to ! la/1  
he seems n to  h deg5]at$4 ,he mu/ h be5
 a man ( great =ce & tal5t4    ,he liv$ 
to be n9ety ye>s old4 ,he 0 laid to re/ 
beside 8  bro!r1 9 ,san ,giovanni e     
,paolo1 ! ,we/m9/] ,abbey ( ,v5ice4     
,illu/ration3 ,,angel ,,) ,,lute        
7,,detail ,,( ,,pres5tation71 ,,by      
,,c>paccio          ,vittore ,c>paccio  
,,five      ,v5ice ! ,magnific5t is nev]
 v f> remov$ f ! pictures (  ,vittore   
,c>paccio 7kahr-pah-*o74 ,x doesn't     
matt] :e!r he is  pa9t+ ! /ory ( ,sa9t  
,ursula at ,cologne or a sc5e f ,holy   
,writ1 ,cologne is giv5 a v ,v5etian    
look1 & ! ,madonna or !  ,sa9ts are 9   

,v5etian co/umes & brocades4    ,?is    
ori5tal love = spl5dor 9 dress has l$ "s
 writ]s to  believe t ,c>paccio mu/ h   
accompani$ 8 ma/] ,g5tile ,bell9i  to   
,con/ant9ople4 ,:5 ! sultan desir$ t    
,v5ice s5d "o ( h]  =emo/ arti/s to pa9t
 8 portrait1 ! commission 0 giv5 to     
,g5tile ,bell9i4 ,he may h tak5         
,c>paccio ) him4 ,! portrait  ,bell9i   
pa9t$ exi/s today 9 ! ,lay>d collection1
 rec5tly  bequea!d to ! ,national       
,gall]y1 ,london4    ,al?\gh ,c>paccio  
pa9t$ _m religi\s pictures1 he succe$$  
be/  :5 !re 0 "s /ory to be told4 ,he   
gave to 8 pictures !  *>m+ simplicity t 
is ! fir/ ess5tial ( a good /ory-tell]4 
,nor 0 he )\t a s5se ( humor4 ,9 "o ( 8 
pictures tell+  ! /ory ( ! life ( ,sa9t 
,j]ome he %[s ! lion walk+ up to  ,j]ome
 & hold+ out 8 paw 9 ord] t ! tr\blesome
 ?orn  might be remov$1 :ile ! t]rifi$  
bro!rs ( ! sa9t are se5  fly+ 9 all     
directions4    ,"o ( ! ,v5etian nobles  
gave ,c>paccio a commission to pa9t !   
portrait ( a poet connect$ ) 8 h\sehold4

 ,at lea/ "o ( ^!  rhyme/]s 0 to be f\nd
 9 ! tra9 ( mo/ ( ! nobles 9 ^?  times4 
,! poet 0 s elat$ t he bur/ =? into     
v]se1 giv+  ,c>paccio directions to pa9t
 him ) a wrea? ( laurel4 ,c>paccio      
pa9t$ ! portrait2 b1 possibly at a h9t f
 ! nobleman1 he  sub/itut$ = ! cr[n (   
laurel "o ( grape leaves4 ,! poet       
retaliat$ by revil+ ,c>paccio 9 a       
lampoon full ( abuse4    ,we d n "k     
exactly :5 ,c>paccio 0 born1 ?\gh x is  
g5]ally  believ$ to h be5 9 #adej1 9    
,i/ria1 nor j :5 he di$4 ,only  at      
,v5ice c an adequate conception ( 8 "w  
be =m$4 ,he seems  nev] to h j\rney$ f> 
f t isl& city4    ,c>paccio's love =    
spl5dor f\nd pl5ty ( employm5t among  ! 
beauty-lov+ ,v5etians4 ,v5ice 0 beyond !
 rea* ( papal  dictation1 & religion    
came to be consid]$ by !m m z an        
opportunity = display ?an z a rule (    
conduct4 ,its tragic phases  7 n at all 
popul>4 ,! ,crucifixion 0 n (t5 pa9t$2 b
 !  ,pres5tation 9 ! ,temple & ! ,fea/ 9
 ! ,h\se ( ,simon1 )  _! display ( f9e  

co/umes1 7 pa9t$ aga9 & aga94    ,:5    
,rusk9 fir/ w5t to ,v5ice1 ,c>paccio's  
"w 0 n at all  appreciat$2 b1 ?anks to 8
 lead 9 admir+ its *>m+  qualities1     
today ,c>paccio is lov$ by _m4          
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,assumption 7,,detail
 ,,( ,,/4 ,,mi*ael71 ,,by ,,p]ug9o      
,p]ug9o    ,,six      ,p]ug9o           
7pay-roo-jee-no7 0 born 9 #addf 9 a     
little t[n n f>  f ,p]ugia4 ,8 p>5ts 7  
respectable p1 & :5 he 0  n9e ye>s old  
!y s5t him to ,p]ugia to be educat$ "u  
"o (  ! arti/s ( t city4 ,8 family "n 0 
,vannucci2 b l _m  o!r ,italian arti/s  
he 0 call$ aft] ! city f :i* he came4   
,he grew up 9 ,p]ugia2 b by ! "t he _h  
rea*$ e>ly manhood we  f9d him at       
,flor5ce1 /udy+ ! frescos4 ,accord+ to  
,vas>i1 he  became a pupil ( ,v]oc*io1 &
 9 ,v]oc*io's /udio work$ side by  side 
) ,leon>do da ,v9ci4    ,x 0 ab\t ?is "t
 t ! *ange f temp]a to oil pa9t+  took  
place 9 ,italy4 ,p]ug9o & ,leon>do 7    
among ! fir/ ( !  arti/s :o ?or\ghly    
ma/]$ ! new m$ium4    ,p]ug9o's c>eful  

"w did mu* to increase 8 fame4 ,be=e he 
_h  rea*$ ! age ( =ty he 0 invit$ by !  
,pope to come to ,rome4  ,he pa9t$      
sev]al subjects = ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 & 8  
"w 0  giv5 a prom95t place 9 t place4 ,b
 :5 a lat] pope wi%$ to  make room =    
,mi*elangelo's ,la/ ,judgm5t ,p]ug9o's  
frescos 7  ru?lessly de/roy$ & ! space  
!y _h occupi$ 0 fill$ )  ,mi*elangelo's 
huge composition4    ,judg+ f 8 quiet1  
p5sive ,madonnas & 8 melan*oly ,sa9ts1  
x might be ?\ght t ,p]ug9o 0 ( a sa9tly 
"* too2 b  ! records ( ,flor5ce %[ t    
aft] 8 return f ,rome he &  a companion 
got into difficulties ) ! au?orities4   
,!y 7  captur$ :5 ly+ 9 wait = someone  
aga9/ :om !y _h a grudge4  ,p]ug9o      
escap$ ) a f9e ( t5 flor9s aft] plead+ t
 he _h  int5d$ t ! fell[ %\ld h no m ?an
 a good drubb+2 b  8 companion1 :o      
h>bor$ grav] designs1 0 exil$4          
,p]ug9o's "w arose /eadily 9 public     
e/eem4 ,commissions came  rapidly1 & he 
0 able to *oose among !m4 ,a numb] ( !  
y\ng]  m5 came to him to be taught 8    

me?od4 ,among !m 0 ! "y  ,raphael1 :o   
work$ ) him = sev]al ye>s4 ,raphael's   
e>ly "w  mu* resembles ,p]ug9o's4       
,p]ug9o m>ri$ a beautiful girl _m ye>s 8
 junior4 ,he nev] tir$  ( dress+ h] 9   
ri* co/umes4 ,b z he grew old] he also  
grew  mis]ly4 ,:5 he di$ he left a      
com=table e/ate = h] & h]  ?ree sons4   
,he 0 c>ri$ (f by ! plague :5 work+ 9 "o
 ( !  t[ns n f> f ,flor5ce1 at ! age (  
sev5ty-eight ye>s4     ,,prep>$ ,,by ,,!
 ,,editorial ,,/aff ,,( ,,! ,,m5tor     
,,association ,,illu/ration   ,,= ,,!   
,,m5tor1 ,,vol4 #a1 ,no4 #dj1 ,,s]ial   
,no4 #dj ,,copyright1 #aiac1 ,,by ,,!   
,,m5tor ,,association1 ,,inc4           
,transcrib]'s ,notes3    ,italic text is
 d5ot$ by und]scores4    ,m9or          
punctuation & pr9t] errors repair$4