,,int]national ,,f$]ation ,,( ,,univ]sity ,,wom54 ,presid5t3 ,,pr(essor ,,c>ol9e ,f4 ,e4 ,,spurgeon1 ,great ,brita94 ,vice-,presid5t3 ,,mrs4 ,,m>g>et ,s4 ,,mcwilliams1 ,canada4 ,treasur]3 ,,mrs4 ,,alice ,,"l ,,p>sons1 c_/o ,bank]s ,tru/ ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,secret>y3 ,,miss ,,!odora ,,bosanquet1 #ff1 ,av5ue ,*amb]s1 ,v]non ,place1 ,london1 ,w4,c4#a4 ,c\ncil3 ,! ,c\ncil is compos$ ( repres5tatives ( ea* national f$]ation or association hold+ memb]%ip 9 ! ,int]national ,f$]ation1 9 addition to ! f\r (fic]s elect$ = ! p]iod #aibj-bb1 ^: names are pr9t$ above4 ,! purpose ( ! ,f$]ation is to promote und]/&+ & fri5d%ip betwe5 ! ,univ]sity wom5 ( ! nations ( ! _w1 & !reby to fur!r _! int]e/s & develop betwe5 _! c\ntries sympa?y & mutual helpfulness4 ,! means by :i* ! ,f$]ation seeks to realise its aims are3 7#a7 enc\ragem5t & organisation ( ex*ange ( lectur]s & /ud5ts betwe5 ! ,univ]sities2 7#b7 end[m5t ( int]national s*ol>%ips & fell[%ips2 7#c7 e/abli%m5t ( club-h\ses & o!r c5tres ( int]national hospitality 9 ! cities ( ! _w2 7#d7 co-op]ation ) ! national bureaux ( int]national education e/abli%$ 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries4 ,contributions t[>ds ! end[m5t ( s*ol>%ips1 ! e/abli%m5t ( club-h\ses & o!r bran*es ( ! "w ( ! ,f$]ation w be v welcome & %\ld be s5t to ! ,treasur] or to ! ,secret>y4 ,fur!r in=mation w be f\nd on ! back cov]4 ,,high] ,,education ,,= ,,wom5 ,,9 ,,great ,,brita94 ,,by ,,ph,,be ,,%eavyn1 ,d4 ,lit4 7,lond474 ,s5ior ,tutor = ,wom5 ,/ud5ts1 7,univ]sity ( ,man*e/]74 ,,cont5ts4 #a4 ,introduction4 p4 #c4 #b4 ,g5]al ,education ,sy/em4 p4 #d4 #c4 ,! ,univ]sities4 p4 #g4 #d4 ,c>e]s = ,univ]sity ,wom54 p4 #ba4 #e4 ,opportunities = ,/ud5ts f o!r ,c\ntries4 p4 #bd4 ,app5dix4 ,! ,briti% ,f$]ation ( ,univ]sity ,wom54 p4 #be4 ,,price ,,sixp5ce ,,net4 ,,london4 ,! ,int]national ,f$]ation ( ,univ]sity ,wom54 ,,pamphlet ,no4 #b4 ,,high] ,,education ,,= ,,wom5 ,,9 ,,great ,,brita94 ,by ,,phoebe ,,%eavyn1 ,d4,lit4 7,lond471 ,s5ior ,tutor = ,wom5 ,/ud5ts1 ,univ]sity ( ,man*e/]4 ,,introduction4 ,! movem5t = ! education ( girls is ( rec5t gr[?1 dat+ back less ?an a c5tury1 to ! decade #ahdj-ej4 ,be=e t "t !re 0 no public provision = !m1 educational end[m5ts be+ us$ = boys only4 ,! e>lie/ tangible sign ( ! progress ( ! movem5t 0 ! f\ndation 9 ,london ( ,que5's ,college1 ,b$=d ,college & ! ,nor? ,london ,collegiate ,s*ool = ,girls1 & 9 ! prov9ces ( ! ,*elt5ham ,ladies' ,college4 ,?is inaugurat$ ! era ( public second>y education = girls1 :o n[ h _! l>ge1 well-equipp$ s*ools 9 e t[n4 ,at fir/ ! education giv5 0 necess>ily v simple2 b z ! s*oolgirls ( ! new age grew up1 ! ne$ = a m ext5d$ tra9+ became app>5t4 ,x 0 met p>tly by an ext5sion ( ! tea*+ giv5 9 c]ta9 ( ! s*ools2 p>tly by ! e/abli%m5t ( a sy/em ( lectures = old] girls1 notably at ,que5's ,college1 ,london1 & 9 ,glasg[1 ,liv]pool & ,man*e/]4 ,be=e long x became cle> t "s m sy/ematic high] education mu/ be provid$1 & ef=ts 7 made to enli/ ! sympa?ies ( ! ,univ]sities4 ,univ]sity pr(essors und]took to repeat _! lectures = ! b5efit ( girls2 b ! numb] ( girls 0 = "s "t too few to f9ance ^! s*emes1 & x 0 app>5t t ei!r _! numb]s mu/ be increas$ by ! provision ( resid5ce1 or exp5ses mu/ be r$uc$ by obta9+ ! admission ( girls to ! classes held = m54 ,bo? measures 7 attempt$4 ,a resid5tial ,college = girls 0 e/abli%$ at ,hit*9 7#ahfi71 aft]w>ds remov$ to ,girton1 ne> ,cambridge 7#ahgc72 ,newnham ,hall 7lat] ,college7 0 f\nd$ 9 ,cambridge 9 #ahga2 & 9 ,ox=d1 ,lady ,m>g>et ,hall 7#ahgh7 & ,som]ville ,hall 7lat] ,college7 7#ahgi74 ,be=e long resid5ce 9 or ne> ,london 0 provid$ by ,b$=d ,college1 ,we/field ,college1 & ! ,royal ,holl[ay ,college at ,englefield ,gre5 9 ,surrey4 ,mean:ile1 a great impetus _h be5 giv5 9 #ahgh to ! high] education ( wom5 ?r\gh\t ,engl& by ! op5+ to !m ( ! exam9ations & degrees ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,london4 ,?is ,univ]sity 0 at t "t purely an exam9+ body1 & tea*+ _h to be provid$ locally2 b ! possibility ( obta9+ ! hall-m>k ( a ,univ]sity degree greatly increas$ ! numb] ( girls seek+ in/ruction 9 ! prov9cial t[ns1 & _m in/itutions gradually op5$ _! doors1 among ! fir/ be+ ,ow5s ,college1 aft]w>ds ! ,univ]sity ( ,man*e/]4 ,at ,glasg[1 ,que5 ,m>g>et ,college1 avail+ itself l>gely ( ! s]vices ( ,univ]sity lectur]s1 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahhc4 ,fur!r advance 0 m>k$ by ! /atutory p]mission giv5 9 #ahib to ! ,scotti% ,univ]sities1 grant+ !m p[] to admit wom5 to graduation & to provide = _! in/ruction4 ,& 9 #ahic ! ,royal ,*>t] = ! new ,univ]sity ( ,wales def9itely enact$ t wom5 %\ld be eligible = all privileges accord$ to m54 ,e ,univ]sity incorporat$ s9ce t date has adopt$ a simil> enactm5t4 ,! la/ two /rongholds ( mascul9e privilege1 ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 held out = _m ye>s4 ,q rec5tly1 9 #aibj1 ,ox=d has capitulat$ ) a :ole-he>t$ grace1 :i* has won = ?is anci5t ,univ]sity ! gratitude ( all wom54 ,cambridge alone n[ /ill refuses to wom5 ! privilege ( memb]%ip & graduation1 b x _c be long be=e !re also admission w be grant$4 ,"o may safely prophesy t ! completion ( ! c5tury 7#aidj7 w see ! admission ( wom5 to full ,univ]sity rights4#a #a ,except a few privileges likely = "s "t to be res]v$ = m5 at ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 & c]ta9 :i* _c legally be be/[$ 7e4g41 s*ol>%ips ) special tru/ de$s limit+ !m to m574 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,education ,,sy/em4 ,elem5t>y education is entirely free 9 public s*ools1 support$ jo9tly by ! ,/ate & ! ,municipal & ,c\nty ,c\ncils4 ,_m ( ! good ,second>y ,s*ools1 moreov]1 h prep>atory dep>tm5ts1 9 :i* fees are *>g$2 & !re is a l>ge numb] ( private ,k9d]g>t5 & o!r ,prep>atory ,s*ools1 *>g+ small fees & (f]+ a m$iocre education4 ,middle-class p>5ts pref] to s5d _! *ildr5 to ^! r ?an to ! public ,elem5t>y ,s*ools1 fe>+ possible contam9ation to morals & mann]s 9 ! latt]4 ,second>y education 9 ,engl& & ,wales is c>ri$ on 9 sev]al classes ( in/itution4 #a4 ,high ,s*ools1 "u ! managem5t ( specially e/abli%$ educational corporations1 pione]s 9 second>y education4 #b4 ,end[$ ,s*ools--few 9 numb] = girls4 #c4 ,municipal or ,c\nty ,s*ools--"s = girls only1 o!rs = girls & boys4 ,^! h usually be5 />t$ on a l[] educational level2 b !y are rapidly improv+1 & _m ( !m n[ give an education q equal to t giv5 by ! good ,high ,s*ools :i* l$ ! way4 #d4 ,private ,s*ools2 ( :i* "s are exp5sive1 & excell5tly equipp$ & /aff$2 o!rs exp5sive & poorly provid$1 rely+ ma9ly on _! social pre/ige2 o!rs inexp5sive & poor4 ,_m p>5ts ( ! m weal?y or ari/ocratic families /ill entru/ ! education ( _! girls to private gov]nesses1 f :om !y require *iefly a k ( languages & ! usages ( polite society1 supplem5t$1 p]haps1 by music & pa9t+4 ,! movem5t = ! m complete education ( wom5 has n z yet ga9$ mu* /r5g? among ^? sections ( society 9 :i* a girl is n expect$ to e>n h] own liv+4 ,tea*]s ( ! public s*ools are = ! mo/ "p prep>$ pr(essionally1 aft] complet+ _! ,second>y ,s*ool c\rse1 at special ,tra9+ ,colleges1 support$ by ,/ate & ,municipal grants--9 "s cases supplem5t$ by fees f ! /ud5t4 ,?is pr(essional c\rse = tea*]s 9 ,elem5t>y ,s*ools cov]s two ye>s4 ,9 a few ( ! ,univ]sities also1 arrangem5ts are made = a two-ye> c\rse2 9 o!rs1 h[ev]1 only tea*]s = ,second>y ,s*ools are n[ prep>$4 ,^! /udy fir/ = _! degree 7,ba*elor7 dur+ ?ree ye>s1 foll[+ ?is up by a f\r? ye> devot$ to pr(essional tra9+4 ,dur+ ! :ole c\rse ! ,univ]sity fees are paid by ! ,/ate ?r\gh ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 & a sub/antial grant is made to ! /ud5t = ma9t5ance4 ,_m wom5 :o c\ld n o!rwise meet ! exp5se ( a ,univ]sity c>e] are ?us enabl$1 at ! co/ ( und]tak+ to tea* = a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s1 to pass ?r\gh ! ,univ]sity practically )\t exp5se4 ,9 "s ,univ]sities1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ^? :i* /ill (f] a two-ye> tra9+ c\rse = tea*]s 9 ,elem5t>y ,s*ools1 ! tra9+ /ud5ts =m a class some:at ap>t f ! o!rs1 reg>d$ z to "s ext5t socially1 & p]haps also intellectually1 inf]ior4 ,9 o!rs no di/9ction :atev] exi/s1 except t ! tra9+ /ud5t has to satisfy ! fairly /r+5t regulations ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 9 reg>d to mak+ satisfactory progress ye> by ye>4 ,tea*]s 9 ! prep>atory dep>tm5ts ( ,second>y ,s*ools h usually receiv$ a ?or\gh pr(essional tra9+2 b ^? 9 ! small private ,k9d]g>t5s h commonly v meagre qualifications4 ,9 ! bett] s*ools ! education ( girls is good1 & ?\gh !re is cause = compla9t z to ov]pressure1 att5tion is giv5 to ! physical condition ( ! pupils2 ( late1 x is becom+ cu/om>y to h girls m$ically exam9$ at s*ool f "t to "t4 ,sci5ce & ,ma!matics are (t5 n z well taught z 9 boys' & mix$ s*ools2 b ! tea*+ has rapidly improv$ dur+ ! la/ decade1 & a good deal ( practical "w is always includ$4 ,9 languages1 mu* headway has be5 made & new me?ods are e>ne/ly foll[$2 b ! g5]al level ( l+ui/ic /udy is /ill bel[ t 9 mo/ cont95tal c\ntries4 ,! g5]al level ( ,second>y education is good2 b ! s*ools suff] f a multiplicity ( ext]nal exam9ations1 = :i* public op9ion compels !m to prep>e pupils4 ,! m advanc$ pupils are prep>$ = ! ,entrance ,exam9ations 7usually call$ ,matriculation7 ( ! diff]5t ,univ]sities1 & !y aft]w>ds compete = "o ( ! _m s*ol>%ips (f]$ by ! local educational au?orities or by ! ,univ]sities4 ,competition = ^! is v ke54 ,rec5tly an exam9ation ( high] /&>d--= ! ,high] ,c]tificate--has be5 in/itut$ by ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 prep>ation = :i* is reg>d$ z c>ry+ on ! s*ool education to a level comp>able ) t ( ! fir/ ye> at ! ,univ]sity4 ,x is /ill1 h[ev]1 9 an exp]im5tal /age1 & ! am\nt ( recognition to be aw>d$ by ! m cons]vative ,univ]sities is z yet unc]ta94 ,! ,bo>d ( ,education is ! ,gov]nm5t ,dep>tm5t1 :i* conc]ns itself ) ! education ( bo? boys & girls 9 all /ages4 ,x ma9ta9s an army ( ,inspectors1 m5 & wom51 = s*ools ( all types2 x conducts exam9ations = ,second>y ,s*ools2 & x makes arrangem5ts1 ?r\gh ,tra9+ ,colleges f\nd$ by v>i\s bodies1 = ! pr(essional tra9+ ( tea*]s = bo? ,elem5t>y & ,second>y ,s*ools4 ,x works = ! mo/ "p ?r\gh locally appo9t$ ,education ,committees1 pay+ grants to !m = all ,s*ools & ,tra9+ ,colleges "u _! control4 ,x lays d[n a scale 7or r scales7 ( sal>ies to be paid to tea*]s 9 v>i\s types ( ,public ,s*ool4 ,! ,bo>d also und]takes1 :5 reque/$1 to inspect & c]tify z effici5t s*ools privately conduct$1 b x does n ex]cise any sup]vision ov] ! l>g] numb] ( su* s*ools4 ,rec5t regulations1 rais+ ! sal>ies ( tea*]s 9 ,/ate-aid$ ,s*ools1 & provid+ good p5sions1 are likely to cru% out ( exi/5ce _m ( ! less effici5t ( ! private s*ools2 "s educationali/s fe> t ev5 ! m effici5t may n[ f9d x difficult to secure good tea*]s2 & !y hold t 9 t case1 valuable fre$om ( initiative 9 education may be lo/ to ! nation4 ,! ,univ]sity ,tra9+ ,dep>tm5ts 9 ! l>g] ,univ]sities reg>d x z "p ( _! natural function to initiate new & exp]im5tal me?ods 9 education2 & "s ( !m h special s*ools e/abli%$ = ! purpose4 ,excell5t pione] "w ( ! k9d is describ$ 9 ! records ( ! ,field5 ,s*ool1 "u ! ,univ]sity ( ,man*e/]4 ,?is ,univ]sity has e/abli%$ a ,faculty ( ,education1 9 :i* "o ( ! ,pr(essors devotes 8 :ole "t to ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! "w ( /ud5ts = ! rese>* degree ( ,ma/] ( ,education4 ,,! ,,univ]sities4 ,! ,gov]nm5t & ! ,univ]sities4--,univ]sities 9 ,great ,brita9 enjoy a v consid]able am\nt ( fre$om2 9 fact1 ! curriculum may be said to be entirely 9 ! h&s ( ! ,academic ,gov]n+ ,body 7call$ 9 mo/ mod]n ,univ]sities1 ,! ,s5ate1 b pass+ "u v>i\s titles 9 ! old] ,univ]sities74 ,only su* in/itutions z are incorporat$ by a ,univ]sity ,*>t] f ,gov]nm5t may grant degrees1 b enactm5ts 9 matt]s academic are made by ! ,univ]sity itself1 "u ! con/itution z laid d[n 9 ea* ,*>t]4 ,! ,gov]nm5t1 ?r\gh ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 makes ye>ly grants to ,univ]sities & ,colleges2 b x has hi!rto refra9$ f lay+ d[n any /r+5t conditions z to ! precise use made ( !m4 ,! am\nt ( ! ,gov]nm5t grant is h[ev] v small z comp>$ ) :at is giv5 9 o!r c\ntries1 & high] education has to dep5d v l>gely ^u end[m5t by private b5efactors1 ) "s support f municipal grants4 ,! pres5t critical /ate ( national & private f9ance1 toge!r ) ! l>gely increas$ dem& = high] education1 has br\ght ab\t 9 all ,univ]sities some?+ l a s]i\s f9ancial crisis--= :i* at ! pres5t mom5t no adequate rem$y appe>s4 ,univ]sities & ,colleges4--,!re are no degree-giv+ ,colleges 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom2 all degree-giv+ in/itutions are call$ ,univ]sities4 ,colleges are in/itutions too mu* specialis$ or too incomplete to be incorporat$ z ,univ]sities 9 !mselves2 !y may =m p>ts ( a ,univ]sity1 or may be indep5d5t4 ,!re are no degree-giv+ in/itutions = wom5 only1 z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,li/ ( ,univ]sities & ,colleges ,op5 to ,wom54 ,univ]sities4--,birm+ham1 ,bri/ol1 ,cambridge 7p>tially op571 ,durham1 ,le$s1 ,liv]pool1 ,london1 ,man*e/]1 ,ox=d1 ,%effield1 ,wales2 9 ,scotl&--,ab]de51 ,/4 ,&rews1 ,ed9burgh1 ,glasg[2 9 ,irel&--,belfa/1 ,dubl91 ! ,national ,univ]sity4 ,colleges4-- 7#a7 ,=m+ "p ( a ,univ]sity4 ,9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,/4 ,&rews3--,univ]sity ,college1 ,dundee4 ,9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,durham3--,univ]sity ,college2 ,college ( ,m$ic9e1 ,arm/rong ,college--bo? at ,newca/le-^u-,tyne4 ,9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,london3--,b$=d ,college1 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,k+'s ,college = ,wom51 ,ea/ ,london ,college1 ,royal ,holl[ay ,college1 ,we/field ,college1 ,london ,day ,tra9+ ,college1 ,london ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e = ,wom51 ,s*ool ( ,economics1 ,s*ool ( ,ori5tal ,/udies1 etc41 etc4 ,9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,man*e/]3--,municipal ,college ( ,te*nology4 ,9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d3--,lady ,m>g>et ,hall1 ,som]ville ,college1 ,/4 ,hugh's ,college1 ,/4 ,hilda's ,hall1 ,society ( ,home ,/ud5ts4 ,9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,wales3--,univ]sity ,college ( ,wales1 ,ab]y/wy?2 ,univ]sity ,college ( ,nor? ,wales1 ,bangor2 ,univ]sity ,college ( ,s\? ,wales1 ,c>diff2 ,univ]sity ,college ( ,swansea4 ,9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[3--,que5 ,m>g>et ,college4 ,9 ! ,national ,univ]sity ( ,irel&3--,univ]sity ,college1 ,cork2 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,dubl92 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,galway4 7#b7 ,indep5d5t ,colleges4 ,girton ,college1 ,newnham ,college--prep>+ = ! degree exam9ations ( ,cambridge ,univ]sity4 ,! ,imp]ial ,college ( ,sci5ce & ,te*nology 7,london7--prep>+ = its own ,diplomas4 ,exet]1 ,nott+ham1 ,read+1 ,s\?ampton ,colleges--prep>+ = ! degrees ( ! 7,ext]nal7 ,univ]sity ( ,london4 ,:]e !re are v>i\s ,colleges )9 ! ,univ]sity1 x is cu/om>y to make application = admission to ! ,univ]sity ?r\gh ! ,college select$4 ,que5 ,m>g>et ,college is ! "n giv5 to ! wom5's side ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[2 all applications f wom5 = entrance to ! ,univ]sity mu/ be made ?r\gh ! ,college4 ,9 ,cambridge1 all wom5 /ud5ts mu/ be memb]s ( ei!r ,girton or ,newnham ,college1 & c only receive p]mission to att5d ,univ]sity lectures or exam9ations ?r\gh ! ,college4 ,9 ,ox=d1 ! body ( ,home ,/ud5ts ranks z a ,college1 & has a ,pr9cipal4 ,! foll[+ ,univ]sities are anci5t f\ndations3--,cambridge1 ,ox=d1 ,durham1 ,ab]de51 ,/4 ,&rews1 ,ed9burgh1 ,glasg[1 ,belfa/ 7,que5's ,college71 & ,dubl9 7,tr9ity ,college74 ,! o!r ,univ]sities are gr\p$ toge!r z ,mod]n4 ,! ,scotti% ,univ]sities1 h[ev]1 be+ *iefly non-resid5tial1 & situat$ 9 l>ge cities1 h _m features 9 common ) ! mod]n gr\p4 ,tea*+ ,sy/em4--,at ,ox=d & ,cambridge ! sy/em is a comb9ation ( ,univ]sity1 ,int]-,collegiate & ,college lectures1 classes & sem9>s1 ) individual tea*+4 ,ea* und]graduate /ud5t is "u ! p]sonal guidance ( a tutor or director ( /udies1 :o plans out h] c\rse ( "w = t]m & vacations1 sup]vises h] /udies1 advises h] z to lectures1 tea*es h]1 ei!r alone or ) o!rs1 & arranges1 if necess>y1 = additional tuition4 ,great importance is atta*$ to writt5 "w 7consi/+ 9 ,ox=d ma9ly ( essays1 9 ,cambridge 9 answ]s to "q pap]s71 & to a close p]sonal relation betwe5 tea*] & pupil4 ,?is sy/em has obvi\s advantages to ! /ud5t1 z ! tutor has scope = develop+ individual capacity1 b x makes consid]able dem&s ^u ! tutor's "t4 ,sci5ce /ud5ts are admitt$ to ! ,univ]sity laboratories1 bo? 9 ,cambridge & 9 ,ox=d1 & 9 ! =m] ,univ]sity1 ,natural ,sci5ce is "o ( ! subjects mo/ popul> & important4 ,advanc$ /ud5ts obta9 advice & sup]vision 9 _! "w f ,pr(essors & o!r speciali/s4 ,9 o!r ,univ]sities1 in/ruction is c>ri$ on ma9ly by means ( lectures2 ! am\nt ( writt5 "w is small]1 & !re is practically no coa*+1 ei!r ( individuals or ( small gr\ps--except :]e ! numb] /udy+ a giv5 subject is extremely small4 ,!re is a tr5d ( op9ion 9 fav\r ( ! appo9tm5t ( ,tutors to give g5]al guidance to ^? wi%+ = x1 b ! exp5se at pres5t b>s any innovation on a l>ge scale 9 ?is direction4 ,"s ( ! resid5tial ,halls provide tutors = _! /ud5ts4 ,9 all sci5tific subjects a consid]able am\nt ( practical "w 9 ! laboratories is requir$ ( ! /ud5t1 ) m or less individual guidance f ! ,demon/rators 9 *>ge ( ! laboratories4 ,x is ! vice ( mo/ ( ! mod]n ,univ]sities to require att5dance at too l>ge a numb] ( lectures1 leav+ too little "t = /udy & ?\ght4 ,& ?\gh ! evil is readily recognis$1 & ef=ts are made f "t to "t to r$uce ! am\nt ( att5dance requir$1 ! zeal & autocratic p[] ( ! ,pr(essor 9 *>ge ( any giv5 subject has usually succe$$ 9 defeat+ !m4 ,9 ,engli% ,univ]sities x is cu/om>y to call c\rses = a fir/ degree ei!r ,hon\rs or ,pass ,c\rses4 ,! ,hon\rs ,c\rse is specialis$--only "o subject 7say1 a language or a sci5ce7 ) a m9imum am\nt ( "o or two relat$ subjects4 ,a ,pass ,c\rse is m g5]al4 ,bo? types ( ,c\rse cov]1 z a rule1 a p]iod ( ?ree ye>s be=e ! ,f9al ,degree ,exam9ation2 :i* may1 or may n1 be prec$$ by subsidi>y exam9ations 9 ! e>li] ye>s4 ,x is ! rule 9 mo/ ( ! ,wom5's ,colleges 9 ,cambridge & ,ox=d t ,hon\rs ,exam9ations only may be prep>$ =2 9 o!r ,univ]sities & ,colleges1 ! wom51 l ! m51 c *oose betwe5 ,hon\rs & ,pass4 ,!re has be5 ( late ye>s a gr[+ t5d5cy to *oose ! m specialis$ c\rse2 x has m pre/ige1 & ! ,headmi/resses ( ,girls' ,second>y ,s*ools h pref]r$ speciali/s z tea*]s4 ,b !re are slight indications t ?is pref]5ce is becom+ less m>k$2 & !re may possibly be=e long be se5 a revival ( ! dem& = a m g5]al education--:i* is manife/ly suit$ to c]ta9 types ( m9d4 ,degrees4--,! degrees conf]r$ by ! ,univ]sities are ^? ( ,ba*elor1 ,ma/]1 & ,doctor4 ,n all ( ^! degrees1 are1 h[ev]1 conf]r$ 9 e ,faculty4 ,! ,c\rse = a ,ba*elor's degree usually cov]s ?ree ye>s#b2 ! ,ma/]'s degree is sometimes 7z 9 ,ox=d & ,cambridge7 conf]r$ = a paym5t )\t fur!r exam9ation2 sometimes1 z 9 mo/ ( ! mod]n ,univ]sities1 x requires a fur!r exam9ation2 9 ,scotti% ,univ]sities x is ! fir/ degree1 obta9$ aft] ?ree ye>s' /udy4 ,h5ce ?is degree connotes a surpris+ v>iety ( atta9m5t4 ,! ,doctor's degree is 9 all ,univ]sities aw>d$ only ^u ! production ( orig9al "w :i* c be reg>d$ z a s]i\s contribution to k4 #b ,9 ,cambridge ! exam9ation = ! fir/ degree is call$ ! ,tripos2 9 ,ox=d x is call$ ,s*ools4 ,rec5tly e ,univ]sity has creat$ a ,ph4,d4 degree1 op5 to graduates ( any approv$ in/itution1 ,briti% or =eign4 ,x is giv5 = advanc$ "w only1 ! results ( :i* mu/ be embodi$ 9 a diss]tation2 & /udy mu/ h be5 prosecut$ dur+ ! great] "p ( two 7or ?ree7 ye>s 9 ! ,univ]sity conf]r+ ! degree4 ,x may be conf]r$ 9 any ,faculty4 ,_m ( ! o!r high] degrees1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,sc41 ,b4,litt41 etc41 etc41 are also op5 to graduates f o!r approv$ in/itutions4 ,! ,imp]ial ,college ( ,sci5ce & ,te*nology1 ,london1 holds a special position among indep5d5t ,colleges1 grant+ a diploma ( its own :i* is reg>d$ z equal 9 /&>d to a ,univ]sity degree4 ,subjects ,/udi$4--,! great] numb] ( wom5 /ud5ts ent] ! ,faculty ( ,arts1 b l>ge numb]s also ent] = ,sci5ce & = ,m$ic9e2 a few = ,comm]ce1 ,te*nology1 ,law1 etc4 ,! /udy ( ,m$ic9e c n[ be c>ri$ on "u ! same conditions z = m5 9 practically all ! mod]n ,univ]sities4 ,9 "s1 h[ev]1 situat$ 9 comp>atively small t[ns1 ! cl9ical facilities are inadequate1 & x is cu/om>y to cont9ue cl9ical /udy 9 "o ( ! l>g] ,m$ical ,s*ools1 ,london1 ,ed9burgh1 ,glasg[1 ,liv]pool1 or ,man*e/]4 ,ed9burgh1 ) a long-e/abli%$ pre/ige 9 m$ic9e1 attracts l>ge numb]s ( /ud5ts4 ,tradition inh]it$ f e>ly days ( controv]sy has long limit$ ! opportunities ( wom5 9 ,ed9burgh1 b a m lib]al policy n[ admits !m to sub/antial privileges4 ,9 ,london1 ! position ( m$ical /udy is peculi>4 ,x is ma9ly 9 ! h&s ( anci5t ,m$ical ,s*ools1 ea* ) its own l>ge ,hospital--,b>?olomew's1 ,/4 ,george's1 ,guy's1 ,/4 ,?omas's1 ,we/m9/]1 etc4--out ( :i*1 9 fact1 ! ,tea*+ ,s*ool has develop$4 ,^! great ,m$ical ,s*ools foll[$ ! policy ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 oppos+ to ! admission ( wom5 su* rel5tless ho/ility t ev5tually ! wom5 _h to create & f9ance a sep>ate s*ool4 ,?us came into be+ ! ,london ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e = ,wom51 :i* succe$$ 9 mak+ a work+ arrangem5t = cl9ical in/ruction at ! ,royal ,free ,hospital4 ,?\gh wom5 are n[ admitt$ to ! ,m$ical ,s*ools ( ,univ]sity & ,k+'s ,colleges1 & ! ,*>+ ,cross ,hospital1 mo/ ( ! great ,hospital ,m$ical ,s*ools are /ill clos$ to !m1 & ! ,london ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e = ,wom5 rema9s ! *ief c5tre = ! m$ical education ( wom5 9 ,london4 ,ph>macy is taught at mo/ ( ! ,univ]sities1 b all ph>maci/s mu/ prep>e1 at ! ,univ]sities or 9 special s*ools1 = exam9ations held by an outside body--! ,ph>maceutical ,society4 ,degrees 9 ,d5ti/ry are conf]r$ by "s ,univ]sities1 & an excell5t tra9+ is provid$1 b ! pr(ession ( ,d5ti/ry is /ill unregulat$ by ! ,/ate1 & unqualifi$ p]sons freely practise4 ,?is makes ,d5ti/ry less popul> z a pr(ession among p]sons ( ,univ]sity education2 b !re is a great field = qualifi$ d5ti/s1 & wom5 w\ld d well to ent] ^u x 9 l>g] numb]s4 ,languages /udi$ at ! ,univ]sities are ,greek1 ,lat91 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 ,ori5tal languages1 & m rec5tly1 ,italian1 ,spani%1 & ,russian4 ,! tea*+ 9 mod]n languages is c>ri$ on p>tly by native1 p>tly by =eign lectur]s2 except 9 ,ori5tal languages1 :i* are practically always taught by ,engli%m54 ,!re is a t5d5cy obs]vable at pres5t 9 ! ,second>y ,s*ools1 & 9 ! ,univ]sities1 to give less att5tion ?an hi!rto to ,greek & ,lat94 ,faculties ( ,comm]ce h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! great civic ,univ]sities ( ,birm+ham & ,man*e/]1 & rec5tly 9 ,london2 ,le$s & ,liv]pool also give tea*+ 9 ,comm]ce4 ,economics is a subject ( /udy--sometimes ! subject ( an ,hon\rs ,s*ools--9 mo/ ( ! ,univ]sities4 ,! ,london ,s*ool ( ,economics has unrivall$ facilities = rese>* & advanc$ /udy4 ,9 ! ,f9e ,arts !re is practically no ,univ]sity /udy4 ,?r\gh\t ! c\ntry !re are ,s*ools ( ,music1 "s ( :i* are recognis$1 z 9 ,london & ,man*e/]1 z in/itutions affiliat$ to ! ,univ]sity2 b none ( !m are ma9ly "u ,univ]sity control4 ,! ,s*ools ( ,art exi/+ 9 _m ( ! l>g] cities are also self-gov]n+ in/itutions4 ,a movem5t has be5 set on foot = br++ "s ( ^! into clos] connection ) ! ,univ]sities1 & ! ,slade ,art ,s*ool 9 ,london is closely connect$ ) ,univ]sity ,college2 b on ! :ole v little progress has yet be5 record$4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to recognition ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,f9e ,arts 7outside ! ,slade ,s*ool71 is ! e/abli%m5t ( ,s*ools ( ,art & ,ar*itecture 9 ! ,univ]sities ( ,liv]pool & ,man*e/]1 b ^! are conc]n$ v l>gely ) ,ar*itecture r ?an ) ! ,f9e ,arts4 ,! /udy ( ,law 9 ,engl& is c>ri$ on to "s ext5t 9 ! ,univ]sities1 _m ( :i* h ,faculties ( ,law2 b ! exam9ations :i* admit to practice z ,b>ri/]s are controll$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,legal ,education 7e/abli%$ by f\r anci5t f\ndations1 ! ,inns ( ,c\rt 9 ,london71 & ^? admitt+ ,solicitors are held by ! ,law ,society4 ,prep>ation = ^! exam9ations is ma9ly po/-graduate1 & mu/1 9 "p at lea/1 be c>ri$ on 9 ! ,inns ( ,c\rt or "u ! ,law ,society4 ,colonial & =eign /ud5ts may1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 be admitt$4 ,! admission ( wom5 is ( v rec5t date4 ,no woman has z yet q complet$ all ! =malities entitl+ h] to be call$ to ! ,b>--t is1 to be recognis$ z qualifi$ to plead be=e ! ,c\rts2 b a consid]able numb] are n[ engag$ 9 prep>+ = ! pr(ession1 z solicitors or b>ri/]s4 ,! /udy ( ,agriculture1 ,horticulture & k9dr$ subjects is provid$ = 9 ne>ly all ! ,univ]sities1 :i* ma9ta9 _! own practical & exp]im5tal f>ms4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 m usual to pursue ^! /udies 9 v>i\s indep5d5t colleges1 :]e practical "w plays a l>g] "p ?an sci5tific tra9+4 ,= wom5 !re are1 among o!rs1 ,horticultural ,colleges at ,swanley & at ,/udley1 & ! ,ed9burgh ,s*ool ( ,g>d5+ = ,wom54 ,^! colleges = ! mo/ "p prep>e pupils = ! exam9ations ( ! ,royal ,horticultural ,society4 ,! ,univ]sity ,college ( ,read+ makes special provision = education 9 ,horticulture & ,agriculture1 :i* is r5d]$ valuable by close co-op]ation ) ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,sci5ce2 & ! ,college aw>ds its own ,diploma4 ,physical ,culture4--,v little att5tion is at pres5t paid by ,univ]sity au?orities to physical tra9+ & education1 no ,univ]sity giv+ a pr(essional tra9+ 9 physical culture4 ,= wom5 a numb] ( indep5d5t ,colleges provide full c\rses ( in/ruction suit$ to prep>e tea*]s 9 ! subject2 = m5 tea*]s !re is practically no provision4 ,any sy/ematic tea*+ 9 gymnasium ex]cise is usually giv5 to m5 by ex-,army in/ructors2 coa*+ 9 games 7football1 cricket1 r[+1 etc471 is giv5 by special exp]ts4 ,= a nation :i*1 un(ficially1 atta*es imm5se importance to physical fitness & to a?letic games1 ! neglect ( sci5tific /udy ( ! subject1 & ! abs5ce ( (ficial provision = sy/ematic ex]cise1 is a/oni%+4 ,univ]sities & ,colleges = ! mo/ "p limit !mselves to support+ f9ancially ! provision ( gymnasium & a?letic gr\nds1 :]e su* /ud5ts z desire if may indulge 9 op5-air games or indoor ex]cise4 ,9 ! resid5tial ,univ]sities ! e>ly "p ( ! aft]noon is by common cons5t left free = recreation2 b 9 ! great civic ,univ]sities1 = ! mo/ "p non-resid5tial1 ?is is r5d]$ impossible by ! necessity = free+ ! lat] aft]noon = ! return j\rney ( /ud5ts f a di/ance4 ,z a result1 l>ge numb]s ( /ud5ts nev] take any recreative ex]cise2 & = all ( !m ! possibilities are extremely limit$4 ,9 ^! civic ,univ]sities1 moreov]1 ! a?letic gr\nds are ne>ly all inevitably situat$ at a consid]able di/ance f ! ,univ]sity build+s4 ,9 ^! circum/ances1 opportunities = play+ games are practically limit$ to mat* teams1 ! *ief game play$ by wom5 be+ hockey4 ,! "p ( ! av]age /ud5t is !re=e ma9ly t ( an onlook]1 & ?is is likely to cont9ue s1 unless ! ,univ]sities %\ld decide to take m full (ficial direction ( ! physical developm5t ( _! /ud5ts4 ,!re are signs ( a movem5t t[>ds ?is2 b ! difficulties are great1 & v little has be5 a*iev$4 ,! ,bo>d ( ,education has set an example by insi/+ t all /ud5ts tra9+ to be tea*]s1 at ! ,univ]sities or else:]e1 %all take a m9imum ( "s =m ( physical ex]cise4 ,social ,sci5ce4--,sev]al ,univ]sities c>ry on ,dep>tm5ts 7or ,s*ools7 = ! /udy ( ,social ,sci5ce1 usually 9 close connection ) ,univ]sity ,settlem5ts & ) su* organisations = *>ity & relief z exi/ 9 ! di/rict4 ,wom5 ent] ^! ,s*ools 9 "s numb]2 s9ce !re are _m op5+s = !m z organis+ secret>ies1 & "s few z inve/igators into social conditions4 ,birm+ham1 ,glasg[1 & ,liv]pool are good c5tres = ?is /udy2 & ! ,london ,s*ool ( ,economics (f]s an excell5t tra9+ 9 me?ods ( rese>*4 ,h\sehold ,economics4--,v little has z yet be5 done by ! ,univ]sities = ?is subject ( /udy4 ,mo/ ( ! l>ge cities support ,municipal ,s*ools ( ,dome/ic ,economy2 b ^! are unconnect$ ) ! ,univ]sities1 & give a tra9+ :i* is purely practical4 ,x is mu* to be desir$ t enc\ragem5t %\ld be giv5 to a m sci5tific /udy ( que/ions ( nutrition & diet1 & me?ods ( in/itutional managem5t4 ,! only in/itution ( ,univ]sity rank conc]n+ itself ) ?is /udy is ,k+'s ,college = ,wom5 7,h\sehold & ,social ,sci5ce ,dep>tm5t71 ,london4 ,! /udy ( ,education has already be5 discuss$4 ,sessions & ,t]ms4--,! :ole p]iod ( /udy 9 any giv5 ye> is call$ a ,session1 & ! session usually consi/s ( ?ree t]ms--,mi*aelmas1 ,l5t1 & ,ea/] 7or ,summ]7--ea* ( ab\t t5 or elev5 weeks4 ,9 ,cambridge1 h[ev]1 ! t]ms are ab\t n9e weeks ea*1 & 9 ,ox=d1 eight4 ,t]ms 9 ,faculties ( ,m$ic9e 7& ,d5ti/ry7 are (t5 long] ?an 9 o!r ,faculties2 & 9 ,scotl&1 "s ,faculties /ill adh]e to ! old plan ( two t]ms4 ,! session beg9s 9 ,octob]4 ,!re are vacations at ,*ri/mas & at ,ea/]1 divid+ ! t]ms1 & v>y+ 9 l5g? f a =tnight to f\r or five weeks4 ,9 ! ,long ,vacation 7,july to ,septemb]7 !re is no sy/ematic in/ruction = ! ord9>y ,univ]sity /ud5t1 ?\gh f "t to "t summ] s*ools are held = /ud5ts f outside1 m especially 9 ,univ]sities situat$ 9 an attractive environm5t4 ,9 ,cambridge !re is also a ,long ,vacation t]m1 dur+ :i* tuition is giv51 )\t lectures1 to ^? ,univ]sity /ud5ts :o desire x4 ,lectures are usually giv5 & laboratory "w done 9 ! morn+ & aft]noon2 9 ,faculties ( ,comm]ce !re are also ev5+ lectures4 ,wom5 on ! ,/aff4--,9 spite ( ! fact t1 nom9ally at lea/1 pr(essorial appo9tm5ts h n[ be5 op5 to wom5 = a good _m ye>s1 v few wom5 pr(essors h z yet be5 appo9t$4 ,!re are two or ?ree 9 ,dep>tm5ts ( ,education2 wom5 h q rec5tly be5 appo9t$ to pr(essorial *airs 9 ,fr5* & ,italian2 & ! ,national ,univ]sity ( ,irel& has appo9t$ "o or two wom54 ,ox=d1 op5$ to wom5 only 9 #aibj1 has already a woman z ,act+-,pr(essor ( ,fr5*4 ,b ! numb] ( wom5 pr(essors is /ill disappo9t+ly few2 & x is difficult to say :e!r ! *ief cause is lack ( applications f wom5 or prejudice on ! "p ( appo9t+ bodies2 bo? causes und\bt$ly op]ate4 ,wom5 lectur]s are n s r>e1 ?\gh _! numb]s are /ill comp>atively small4 ,!y are mo/ num]\s 9 ,education1 b are appo9t$ also 9 o!r ,faculties1 sal>ies be+ ! same z = m54 ,! ma9 av5ue to ,univ]sity tea*+ = wom5 lies ?r\gh ! ,colleges = wom5 only1 :]e !y1 ( c\rse1 =m ! entire resid5tial /aff2 ! tutorial sy/em ( ,cambridge & ,ox=d ?us af=ds employm5t 9 high] tea*+ to a consid]able numb] ( wom54 ,fur!r1 ! resid5tial ,halls atta*$ to ! mix$ ,univ]sities provide po/s ( responsibility & pre/ige = a consid]able numb] ( educat$ wom5 z ,w>d5s or ,pr9cipals4 ,! recognition accord$ to ^! (ficials by ! ,univ]sity itself is1 h[ev]1 n always entirely satisfactory4 ,^u ! :ole1 ! pres5t position ( wom5 ^u ! /affs ( ! ,univ]sities & ,colleges is "o ( comp>ative subord9ation4 ,v few occupy s5ior po/s ( importance & pre/ige4 ,except 9 ! ,wom5's ,colleges1 ! high] direction ( ! tea*+ & ! g5]al adm9i/ration are /ill almo/ :olly 9 ! h&s ( m52 & ?is is ! case ev5 :]e1 z 9 ,wales1 ! numb] ( m5 & wom5 /ud5ts is fairly equal4 ,on acc\nt ( ! comp>ative sc>city ( wom5 9 s5ior positions1 x is usual 9 mo/ non-resid5tial ,colleges & ,univ]sities to employ "s s5ior woman z a memb] ( ! adm9i/rative /aff1 *>g$ ) ! duty ( sup]9t5d+ ! g5]al welf>e ( ! wom5 /ud5ts4#c ,h] /atus & duties v>y greatly--f ^? ( a m]e *ap]on to ^? ( a ,s5ior au?ority1 consult$ 9 all matt]s conc]n+ wom5 /ud5ts individually & collectively1 & responsible = mak+ repres5tations z to any matt]1 academic or social1 affect+ !m4 ,x is p>tially realis$ t wom5 /ud5ts1 hav+ (t5 receiv$ a diff]5t education f t giv5 to boys & hav+ ! prospect ( o!r c>e]s & o!r sph]es ( "w1 may be specially affect$ by academic legislation2 & 9 matt]s ( build+ & equipm5t _! ne$s are always to "s ext5t special4 ,! mo/ enlight5$ ,univ]sities & ,colleges !re=e af=d consid]able p[]s & /atus to ?is woman (ficial 7:o is kn[n by v>i\s titles--,dean1 ,s5ior ,tutor1 ,c5sor1 etc74 ,9 resid5tial ,univ]sities ! ,heads ( ! ,wom5's ,colleges h ! necess>y academic in=mation1 (ficial /atus1 & k ( _! /ud5ts' ne$s4 #c ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s eight or n9e exceptions4 ,! ,association ( ,head ,mi/resses has ask$ t "s su* (ficial %all be appo9t$ :]ev] !re are wom5 /ud5ts4 ,resid5ce4--,all ,univ]sities & ,colleges 7except ! ,univ]sity ( ,london on its ext]nal side7 require /ud5ts to live 9 ! di/rict & to receive in/ruction or guidance 9 ! in/itution itself4 ,c]ta9 ,univ]sities & ,colleges also require all /ud5ts to be memb]s ( organis$ bodies1 = ! mo/ "p resid5t 9 ,colleges or ,halls4#d ,?is is ! case 9 ,cambridge & 9 ,ox=d4 ,9 ,london1 ,b$=d1 ,holl[ay1 & ,we/field ,colleges are l>gely or ma9ly resid5tial4 ,! ,univ]sity ,college ( ,wales1 ,ab]y/wy?1 is1 = wom51 entirely resid5tial2 & ! ,univ]sity ,college ( ,read+ requires bo? m5 & wom5 to live 9 ,halls4 ,all ! o!r ,univ]sities 7except ,ab]de57 h ,halls1 l>ge or small1 = wom5 /ud5ts1 b d n compel resid5ce4 ,li/s ( ,halls c be obta9$ f ! ,univ]sity prospectuses2 & applications = resid5ce 7z di/9ct f entrance to ! ,univ]sity7 %\ld be made direct to ! v>i\s ,w>d5s or ,pr9cipals4 ,! dem& = accommodation is ev]y:]e v great2 & x is practically impossible to secure admission unless application is made at lea/ a ye> 9 advance4 ,x is usually a great additional b5efit = =eign /ud5ts to reside 9 a ,hall2 & e ef=t %\ld be made to secure provisional acceptance be=eh&4 #d ,9 reg>d to ! mean+ ! t]ms ',college' & ',hall1' x may be said t 7except 9 ,ox=d7 ! ',hall' provides resid5ce only2 ! ',college' provides tea*+1 & arranges = admission into ! ,univ]sity1 :ile x may1 or may n1 also provide resid5ce4 ,discipl9e v>ies f "o ,univ]sity to ano!r--f ! comp>atively /rict discipl9e necessitat$ 9 old ,univ]sities ) a long tradition ( ob$i5ce & conv5tion2 or 9 small] ,univ]sities :i* are ! c5tre ( int]e/ 9 small t[ns su* z ,read+ & ,ab]y/wy?2 to ! fre$om ( ! great civic ,univ]sity1 compell$ to accord almo/ complete social lib]ty to ! l>ge numb]s ( m5 & wom5 liv+ 9 _! own homes2 & com=tably %elt]$ f c5sori\s criticism among ! _m m excit+ attractions exi/+ 9 e great city4 ,9 "s ,univ]sities m5 & wom5 /ud5ts may n conv]se toge!r 9 ! /reets2 9 o!rs !y may freely meet1 walk1 take meals1 & /udy toge!r4 ,9 all ,univ]sities & ,colleges !re is mu* ,social ,int]c\rse & gaiety4 ,danc+ is v frequ5t2 dramatic p]=mances1 debates 7= "o sex only1 or mix$7 are common2 & almo/ e ,hon\rs ,s*ool or ,dep>tm5t has its ,society = ! enc\ragem5t ( its special subject1 & ! promotion ( social int]c\rse among its memb]s4 ,ev5 9 ,ox=d & ,cambridge "s ( ^! ,societies include bo? m5 & wom54 ,resid5tial ,colleges & ,halls usually provide ,common 7or ,comb9ation7 ,rooms :]e /aff or /ud5ts c meet ea* o!r2 & ! mix$ ,univ]sities set ap>t rooms1 usually sep>ate = m5 & = wom51 = ! h\rs ( ! day n devot$ to /udy4 ,^! may be simply sitt+-rooms ) re/aurant atta*$1 z 9 ! small] in/itutions1 or may be1 9 ! m e/abli%$ mod]n ,univ]sities1 l>ge1 well-furni%$ ,union ,build+s or club-h\ses1 z provid$ 9 ,ed9burgh1 ,liv]pool1 or ,man*e/]4 ,! managem5t ( ^! ,unions1 z to bo? f9ance & discipl9e1 is usually 9 ! h&s ( ! /ud5ts !mselves4 ,9 no ,univ]sity1 h[ev]1 does ! accommodation = wom5 comp>e 9 dignity1 commodi\sness1 or spaci\sness ) t provid$ 9 _m ,am]ican in/itutions4 ,) ! exception ( "s ( ! olde/ ,univ]sities1 :]e ! provision = m5 is ample & beautiful1 ,univ]sity & ,college build+s 9 ,great ,brita9 are ^u a :olly diff]5t scale f ^? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:ile laboratories are (t5 excell5tly equipp$1 libr>ies & lecture-rooms are n infrequ5tly inadequate1 & ! provision = recreation1 physical well-be+1 & social int]c\rse is sometimes s]i\sly want+4 ,no?+ exi/s 9 our mod]n ,univ]sities at all comp>able ) ! magnific5t build+s1 ! ext5sive gr\nds1 woods & lakes1 ! imm5se gymnasiums & swimm+ ba?s1 provid$ = wom5 /ud5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,& 9 ! old] ( our civic ,univ]sities1 ! cramp$ conditions ( exi/5ce 9 ! mid/ ( an imm5se city are responsible = ! abs5ce ( _m social am5ities4 ,9 ! small]1 y\ng] ,univ]sities an attempt is be+ made to secure m space = future developm5t be=e x is too late2 b ! /&>ds ev5 !re are f> bel[ ^? kn[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,engli% girls ( ari/ocratic or weal?y p>5tage d n z yet g to ! ,univ]sity 9 l>ge numb]s2 mo/ ( ! /ud5ts come f homes ( limit$ means1 & _! dem&s1 except 9 ! matt] ( education pure & simple1 are mode/4 ,at ! same "t1 "o nev] he>s ( /ud5ts1 z 9 ,am]ican ,colleges1 pay+ _! exp5ses by giv+ p]sonal s]vice2 x w\ld1 9 fact1 be v difficult = ! av]age /ud5t to sp>e suffici5t "t f h] /udies1 :i* are exact+ en\gh to leave h] only ! m9imum am\nt ( leisure ess5tial = recreation4 ,f9ance is a matt] = s]i\s conc]n 9 our ,univ]sities1 l>gely dep5d5t z !y are ^u small public grants & private b5efactions2 & 9 ,wom5's ,colleges & ,halls ?is "q is /ill m press+4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! numb]s 9 our ,wom5's ,colleges are small2 all ! five ,wom5's ,colleges toge!r 9 ,ox=d d n numb] #gjj /ud5ts4 ,moreov]1 ?\gh ! g5]\s b5efactor exi/s 9 ?is c\ntry1 8 gifts are on a comp>atively mode/ scale1 & in/itutions specially = wom5 d n attract ! l>ge/4 ,libr>ies4--,! mo/ complete collections ( books are ^? ( ! privileg$ libr>ies1 ! ,briti% ,museum ,libr>y1 ! ,bodleian 7,ox=d71 ! ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,libr>y1 ! ,advocates' ,libr>y 7,ed9burgh71 ! ,tr9ity ,college ,libr>y 7,dubl971 &1 m rec5tly1 ! ,national ,libr>y ( ,wales4 ,ea* ( ^! is privileg$ to receive a copy ( e book publi%$ 9 ,great ,brita94 ,o!r valuable libr>ies are ^? ( ! ,london ,s*ool ( ,economics1 & ! ,s*ool ( ,ori5tal ,/udies 7,london74 ,9 ,man*e/] a ri* /oreh\se ( e>ly pr9t$ books1 m$iaeval manuscripts1 & g5]al lit]ature is provid$ by ! lavi%ly end[$ ,john ,ryl&s ,libr>y1 ! anci5t ,*e?am ,libr>y1 ! ,univ]sity 7,*ri/ie7 ,libr>y1 & ! ,municipal ,ref]5ce ,libr>y4 ,exp5ses4--,univ]sity education 9 ,great ,brita9 is n free1 z 9 "s c\ntries2 al?\gh 9 ! case ( a c]ta9 numb] ( /ud5ts1 ,gov]nm5t grants or local s*ol>%ips cov] ! exp5ses m or less completely4 ,x is extremely difficult to give any figures z to ! co/ ( a ,univ]sity tra9+1 on acc\nt ( ! great diff]5ce 9 ! fees & ! g5]al abs5ce ( any inclusive *>ge4 ,x is1 moreov]1 to be not$ t1 :]e ! ,univ]sity includes sev]al ,colleges1 !re are (t5 bo? ,college fees & ,univ]sity fees4 ,! fees = resid5ce 9 ,college1 aga91 may or may n include also ! fees = tuition & lectures4 ,life at ,cambridge is1 = wom51 r m exp5sive ?an 9 o!r ,univ]sities2 b 9 ,ox=d x is less exp5sive to be a memb] ( ! ,society ( ,home ,/ud5ts ?an to reside 9 a ,college1 & 9 ,cambridge ! small numb] ( old] /ud5ts p]mitt$ by ! ,colleges to be out-/ud5ts c live m *eaply4 ,aga91 ! extreme brevity ( ! t]ms 9 ,cambridge & ,ox=d entails heavy vacation exp5ses = ! =eign /ud5t4 ,at ,ox=d & ,cambridge ! co/ ( bo>d1 lodg+ & tuition = ! session1 consi/+ ( ?ree t]ms ( eight to n9e weeks ea*1 v>ies f #ace to #aej4 ,next 9 ord] ( exp5se comes ,london1 :]e ! fees = resid5ce 9 ,college1 ap>t f tuition1 are #ij to #ajj4 ,9 ! l>g] ,univ]sity cities ( ,engl&1 resid5ce co/s ab\t #gj2 9 ! small] places1 9 ,wales & 9 ,scotl&1 x is l[] 7#dj to #ej74 ,:]e ! fees = guidance or tuition 9 advanc$ "w are *>g$ sep>ately f ^? = resid5ce1 !y v>y f #e to #ae 9 ! ,faculty ( ,arts2 9 ! ,faculty ( ,sci5ce !y usually dep5d on ! nature ( ! practical "w involv$4 ,= ! exam9ation ( ^! ! *>ge may be f #e to #aj1 & = ! conf]m5t ( ! degree f #e to #bj4 ,,c>e]s ,,= ,,univ]sity ,,wom54 ,mo/ ( ! wom5 /ud5ts 9 ,briti% ,univ]sities are int5d+ to e>n _! liv+2 ! exceptions be+ a few at ,ox=d & ,cambridge4 ,! c>e]s mo/ fully op5 to !m are tea*+ & m$ic9e1 = :i* full pr(essional tra9+ is provid$ 9 ! ,univ]sities4 ,a l>ge army ( wom5 graduates is employ$ 9 ! ,second>y ,s*ools1 & _m wom5 doctors hold positions 9 hospitals1 especially 9 ^? = wom5 & *ildr51 or c>ry on private practice4 ,ph>macy is *os5 z an occupation by _m wom51 & 9 d5ti/ry !re is pl5ty ( room--?\gh v few wom5 ent] ^u x4 ,/ud5ts %[+ m>k$ tal5t fairly (t5 obta9 grants enabl+ !m to prosecute rese>* = a ye> or two2 a few private comm]cial firms employ rese>* work]s & occasionally engage a woman2 b ! opportunities ( ?is k9d are comp>atively r>e4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( wom5 9 practically e ,univ]sity n[ hold positions z ,demon/rators 9 laboratories1 or z ,assi/ant ,lectur]s or ,lectur]s2 a v few are ,pr(essors4 ,"s are employ$ z lectur]s "u organisations = ext5d+ advanc$ tea*+ outside ! ,univ]sities4#e #e ,su* are ! ,work]s' ,educational ,association1 & ! v>i\s ,univ]sity ,ext5sion ,s*emes4 ,9 ! ,civil ,s]vice 7:i* is ! g5]al "n = ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( "w "u ! ,gov]nm5t71 ,univ]sity wom5 are employ$ 9 "s numb]s "u ! ,bo>d ( ,education1 ! ,home ,(fice1 ! ,m9i/ry ( ,heal? & ! ,local ,gov]nm5t ,bo>d1 z ,inspectors & ,m$ical ,(fic]s4 ,! ,m9i/ry ( ,lab\r & ! ,po/ ,(fice1 :ile employ+ l>ge numb]s ( wom51 (f] v few po/s suitable = ,univ]sity graduates4 ,dur+ ! w> _m wom5 held 9 ,gov]nm5t (fices positions ( importance & responsibility2 b mo/ ( !m h n[ be5 disp5s$ ) "u ! plea ( economy1 or ( provid+ employm5t = dis*>g$ soldi]s4 ,a v few ( ^! wom51 h[ev]1 /ill reta9 _! po/s1 & !re is a fairly p[]ful movem5t = op5+ ! high] positions 9 ! ,civil ,s]vice to wom54 ,hi!rto all wom5 employ$ h be5 engag$ by individual selection2 x is n[ propos$ t aft] ?ree ye>s f #aiba1 !y %all be eligible to compete = po/s 9 ! same exam9ations z m51 ?\gh p[] is to be reta9$ to appo9t to any giv5 po/ ei!r a man or a woman1 z may seem be/1 f among ! successful c&idates4 ,x rema9s to be se5 to :at ext5t ?is provision may be us$ to nullify ! *ances ( wom54 ,!re is p[]ful opposition 9 _m ,gov]nm5t dep>tm5ts2 b ! ,treasury is said to be fav\rable to ! gradual introduction ( wom5 9 high] adm9i/rative positions4 ,at pres5t1 su* op5+s = !m are few4 ,x is n at pres5t ev5 propos$ to op5 to !m positions 9 diplomacy or 9 ! consulate4 ,a consid]able numb] ( educat$ wom5 f9d adm9i/rative positions z ,heads ( ,univ]sity ,colleges1 ,halls ( ,resid5ce1 & ,tra9+ ,colleges = ,tea*]s4 ,"s ( ! old] ,tra9+ ,colleges are /ill presid$ ov] by m5 z ,pr9cipals2 b x is ! policy ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education to replace ^! ^u retirem5t by wom54 ,all ,heads & ,assi/ants 9 ,elem5t>y & ,second>y ,s*ools = girls only are wom52 b 9 s*ools op5 to bo? boys & girls1 x is cu/om>y to appo9t a man z ,head1 ) or )\t a s5ior woman 9 special *>ge ( ! girls4 ,9 ,scotl& x is /ill common = a girls' s*ool to h a ,headma/]4 ,secret>ial "w is a c>e] covet$ by _m ,univ]sity graduates unwill+ to ent] ^u ! occupation ( tea*+4 ,! ,univ]sities d n1 h[ev]1 provide a pr(essional tra9+ = ?is2 nor are ! op5+s suit$ = ,univ]sity wom5 v num]\s4 ,"s occasionally f9d cong5ial po/s z =eign correspond5ts 9 banks & comm]cial firms2 _m become organis+ secret>ies = philan?ropic or k9dr$ organisations2 a fav\r$ few become private secret>ies to lit]>y1 sci5tific1 or political p]sonages4 ,! dem&1 h[ev]1 = secret>ies ( ,univ]sity education is n at ?is mom5t equal to ! supply4 ,! ,*ur* (f]s at pres5t v little scope = wom53 except 9 "o or two ( ! free sects1 ! m9i/ry is n op5 to !m4 ,! ,law has only )9 ! la/ ye> or two be5 op5$ to !m4 ,libr>ian%ip (f]s a v limit$ numb] ( opportunities4 ,"s ,college & ,univ]sity libr>ies employ a few wom5 9 comp>atively subord9ate positions2 ! ord9>y ,city ,libr>y does n (f] any op5+ to wom5 ( ,univ]sity education4 ,an attempt has rec5tly be5 made to provide a pr(essional tra9+ = ,libr>ians1 foll[+ ! example set long ago by ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 b = wom5 ! prospects seem at pres5t prec>i\s4 ,home ,economics & ,dome/ic ,sci5ce be+ 7) ! exception not$ above7 /ill outside ! purview ( ! ,univ]sities1 practically no ,univ]sity wom5 are qualifi$ to und]take po/s ei!r z tea*]s or z practical work]s 9 ?is sph]e4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a v l>ge dem& = highly qualifi$ ,in/itutional ,manag]s1 ,matrons1 ,sup]9t5d5ts1 etc41 & good sal>ies c be e>n$ 9 su* positions4 ,x is to be hop$ t ) ! return ( bett] f9ancial prospects 9 ! ,univ]sities1 advanc$ tra9+ 9 "w ( ?is k9d1 em95tly suitable = educat$ wom51 may be und]tak54 ,x w be se5 t1 ?\gh _m c>e]s are op5 to ,univ]sity wom51 ! prizes are few2 & 9 v _m ( ^! c>e]s ! op5+s are s r>e1 or ! initial income (f]$ s l[1 t only ^? :o are adv5tur\s or indep5d5t f9ancially1 c af=d to run ! risk involv$ 9 *oos+ !m4 ,by f> ! mo/ usual occupation = !m1 ap>t f m$ic9e1 is ! pr(ession ( tea*+2 al?\gh x is n[ by no means1 z at "o "t1 ! only av5ue op54 ,dur+ ! w>1 wom5 tea*]s ent]$ boys' s*ools 9 consid]able numb]s1 b1 except = q "y boys1 few ( ^! are n[ reta9$4 ,^u ! :ole1 ! outlook is disc\rag+ to ^? :o look$ = a p]man5t increase 9 ! numb] ( op5+s = wom5 z a result ( wom5's v>i$ s]vices 9 ! w>4 ,only a few positions ( importance h be5 reta9$1 & ?r\gh\t ! :ole field ( lab\r wom5 h lo/ ! great] "p ( ! advance made4 ,all t seems to be def9itely ga9$ at pres5t is ! break+ d[n ( ! b> ( absolute exclusion4 ,,wom5 ,,/ud5ts ,,f ,,o!r ,,c\ntries4 ,wom5 /ud5ts wi%+ to ent] any ,univ]sity 9 ,great ,brita9 %\ld h complete comm& ( ! ,engli% language1 s9ce ?is is pre-suppos$ 9 all ,univ]sity /udies4 ,9 none ( ! ,univ]sities is any c\rse arrang$ specially = =eign /ud5ts 7?\gh occasionally summ] s*ools suitable = =eign]s are held72 b1 provid$ !y c pass ! ,entrance ,exam9ations1 =eign]s are accept$ z /ud5ts 9 ! ord9>y c\rses4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 z a rule v practicable = a =eign] to pass "o ( ^! ,entrance ,exam9ations--plann$ z !y are = ,briti% boys & girls leav+ s*ool4 ,by f> ! be/ plan is to /udy fir/ at a home ,univ]sity & resort to ?is c\ntry only = po/-graduate "w4 ,! /ud5t %\ld =w>d to ! prop] au?ority 7usually ! ,regi/r>7 an application = admission giv+ full in=mation z to h] previ\s ,univ]sity /udies1 ) exam9ations pass$1 etc42 & ea* application is usually consid]$ entirely ^u its m]its4 ,z a rule1 any c&idate :o c give pro( ( hav+ atta9$ a /&>d equival5t to t ( ! fir/ degree exam9ation may hope = admission )\t fur!r te/4 ,! /udies ( all su* po/-graduate /ud5ts are direct$ individually by ! ,pr(essor ( ! subject conc]n$2 & x is advisable to communicate ) him be=e actually apply+ = admission to ! ,college or ,univ]sity4 ,! mo/ suitable degree = su* /ud5ts to "w = is ! ,ph4,d41 op5 9 any ,faculty4 ,ne>ly all ,univ]sities publi% special prospectuses giv+ details z to ! facilities provid$ = rese>* & advanc$ "w4 ,s*ol>%ips & ,fell[%ips4--,!re is only "o ,fell[%ip def9itely set aside to be aw>d$ to =eign /ud5ts--! ,john ,w4 ,g>rett ,int]national ,fell[%ip 9 ,bact]iology1 (f]$ by ! ,univ]sity ( ,liv]pool to /ud5ts f ! ,unit$ ,/ates or o!r =eign c\ntries4 ,9 sev]al ,univ]sities1 h[ev]1 s*ol>%ips & fell[%ips exi/ :i* are n limit$ to /ud5ts 9 ,great ,brita92 & p>ticul>s ( ^! c be obta9$ f _! ,s*ol>%ip ,prospectuses4 ,c&idates f o!r c\ntries mu/1 h[ev]1 produce ample pro( ( _! qualifications1 & are probably at "s disadvantage unless !y h /udi$ "u pr(essors ( _w-wide reputation4 ,9 _m ( ! ,univ]sities !re are end[m5ts = rese>* op5 to p]sons1 :e!r ,briti% born or n1 :o h already begun "w at ! ,univ]sity 9 "q4 ,,app5dix4 ,,! ,,briti% ,,f$]ation ,,( ,,univ]sity ,,wom54 ,presid5t3 ,pr(essor ,c>ol9e ,spurgeon1 ,doc4 ,univ4 ,p>is1 ,hon4 ,litt4,d4 7,mi*igan74 ,! ,briti% ,f$]ation ( ,univ]sity ,wom5 0 =m$ 9 #aiaj1 = ! purpose ( fur!r+ ! int]e/s ( ,univ]sity wom54 ,aims ( ! ,f$]ation4 #a4 ,to create an organisation :i* %all repres5t ,univ]sity wom5 9 all pr(essions1 & enable !m to take conc]t$ action on matt]s affect+ _! int]e/s 9 public & private life4 #b4 ,to promote co-op]ation betwe5 ! ,univ]sity wom5 ( ,great ,brita91 & to /imulate fri5d%ip betwe5 ,univ]sity wom5 ?r\gh\t ! _w4 #c4 ,to enc\rage indep5d5t rese>* "w by ,univ]sity wom54 #d4 ,to /imulate ! int]e/ ( ,univ]sity wom5 9 municipal & public life4 #e4 ,to keep a ,regi/] ( ,univ]sity wom5 & to notify !m ( suitable appo9tm5ts4 ,con/itution4 ,! ,briti% ,f$]ation is compos$ ( ,local ,associations ( ,univ]sity wom51 ! c\ntry be+ divid$ = ?is purpose into areas ar\nd diff]5t l>ge c5tres4 ,local ,associations h be5 =m$ 9 elev5 areas1 ! c5tre 9 ea* case be+ a ,univ]sity t[n4 ,tw5ty memb]s is ! m9imum requir$ to =m a ,local ,association4 ,^! ,associations are free to adopt any objects :i* are 9 accord ) ! ,aims ( ! ,f$]ation4 ,memb]%ip4 ,memb]%ip is re/rict$ to wom5 :o hold a ,univ]sity degree or its equival5t4 ,regi/]$ m$ical wom5 or regi/]$ d5ti/s are qualifi$ = memb]%ip4 ,9 addition to regul> memb]s ! ,f$]ation admits z associates1 9 c]ta9 cases1 wom5 :o h /udi$ = n less ?an two ye>s regul>ly at a ,univ]sity4 ,/ud5ts 9 _! la/ ye> may be admitt$ z tempor>y associates1 at ! discretion ( ! ,local ,association1 on ! und]/&+ t !y become memb]s aft] tak+ _! degree4 ,wom5 :o h n /udi$ at a ,univ]sity1 b :o h advanc$ ! high] education & ! int]e/s ( wom51 may be admitt$ by ! ,local ,associations z honor>y memb]s4 ,nei!r associates nor honor>y memb]s h vot+ p[]4 ,annual ,meet+4 ,an ,annual ,meet+ ( ! ,g5]al ,committee is held dur+ ! summ] t]m = ! election ( ! (fic]s ( ! ,f$]ation & o!r bus9ess4 ,?is ,g5]al ,committee is compos$ ( ! memb]s ( ! ,executive ,committee & delegates f ea* ,local ,association4 ,special meet+s may also be call$ at ! reque/ ( ! delegates ( any ?ree bran*es4 ,executive ,committee4 ,! ,executive ,committee consi/s ( ! ,presid5t1 ,hon4 ,secret>ies1 ,hon4 ,treasur]1 ! ,*airman ( ! ,committee on ,int]national ,relations1 ! ,secret>ies ( ! ,briti% ,f$]ation & ( ! ,committee on ,int]national ,relations1 eight memb]s elect$ by ! ,g5]al ,committee at ! ,annual ,meet+1 & repres5tatives ( ea* ,local ,association4 ,! ,executive may co-opt f\r additional memb]s4 ,! ,presid5t may n hold (fice = m ?an five ye>s1 & ! eight elect$ memb]s ( ! ,executive retire annually4 ,no memb] ( ! ,executive ,committee1 o!r ?an ! (fic]s1 may hold (fice = m ?an f\r consecutive ye>s4 ,f9ance4 ,memb]s are admitt$ to ,local ,associations on paym5t ( a small entrance fee 7#f;d47 & ei!r an annual subscription1 v>y+ slightly )9 ! diff]5t ,associations1 or a uni=m life memb]%ip subscription ( #c #ajs4 ,annual subscriptions are paid to ! local secret>ies or treasur]s4 ,life subscriptions are paid to ! c5tral ,treasur]4 ,ea* ,local ,association contributes out ( its annual subscriptions a m9imum capitation fee ( #ds4 p] memb] to ! g5]al funds ( ! ,f$]ation4 ,! f9ancial ye> runs f ,june #a/ to ,may #ca/4 ,! ,c5tral ,(fice ( ! ,f$]ation is at #gc1 ,av5ue ,*amb]s1 ,v]non ,place1 ,s\?ampton ,r[1 ,london1 ,w4,c4#a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pr9t$ by ,john ,rob]ts ,press ,ltd41 #ad ,cl]k5well ,gre51 ,london1 ,e4,c4#a4 ,,int]national ,,f$]ation ,,( ,,univ]sity ,,wom54 ,! fir/ ,conf]5ce ( ! ,f$]ation 0 held at ,b$=d ,college = ,wom51 ,london1 9 ,july1 #aibj4 ,fifte5 c\ntries 7 repres5t$4 ,articles ( a con/itution & bye-laws 7 adopt$ :i* are calculat$ to provide effective ma*9]y = ensur+ co-op]ation betwe5 ! national associations ( ,univ]sity wom5 9 ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,an acc\nt ( ! ,conf]5ce1 includ+ full reports ( spee*es by ,pr(essor ,c>ol9e ,spurgeon1 ,dean ,virg9ia ,c4 ,gild]sleeve1 ,presid5t ,m4 ,c>ey ,?omas & o!r speak]s1 toge!r ) reports on ! high] education ( wom5 9 ! c\ntries repres5t$ & ! text ( ! con/itution & bye-laws1 w be f\nd 9 ! ,report1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #a4 ,copies may be obta9$ f ! ,secret>y 7price #as41 po/age #c;d474 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates copies may be obta9$ f ,miss ,virg9ia ,newcomb1 ,in/itute ( ,int]national ,education1 #dai1 ,we/ #aag? ,/reet1 ,new ,york4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,possible pr9t] errors h be5 *ang$4