,,international ,,federation ,,of ,,university ,,women4 ,president3 ,,professor ,,caroline ,f4 ,e4 ,,spurgeon1 ,great ,britain4 ,vice-,president3 ,,mrs4 ,,margaret ,s4 ,,mcwilliams1 ,canada4 ,treasurer3 ,,mrs4 ,,alice ,,lord ,,parsons1 c_/o ,bankers ,trust ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,secretary3 ,,miss ,,theodora ,,bosanquet1 #ff1 ,avenue ,chambers1 ,vernon ,place1 ,london1 ,w4,c4#a4 ,council3 ,the ,council is composed of representatives of each national federation or association holding membership in the ,international ,federation1 in addition to the four officers elected for the period #aibj-bb1 whose names are printed above4 ,the purpose of the ,federation is to promote understanding and friendship between the ,university women of the nations of the world1 and thereby to further their interests and develop between their countries sympathy and mutual helpfulness4 ,the means by which the ,federation seeks to realise its aims are3 7#a7 encouragement and organisation of exchange of lecturers and students between the ,universities2 7#b7 endowment of international scholarships and fellowships2 7#c7 establishment of club-houses and other centres of international hospitality in the cities of the world2 7#d7 co-operation with the national bureaux of international education established in the various countries4 ,contributions towards the endowment of scholarships1 the establishment of club-houses and other branches of the work of the ,federation will be very welcome and should be sent to the ,treasurer or to the ,secretary4 ,further information will be found on the back cover4 ,,higher ,,education ,,for ,,women ,,in ,,great ,,britain4 ,,by ,,ph,,be ,,sheavyn1 ,d4 ,lit4 7,lond474 ,senior ,tutor for ,women ,students1 7,university of ,manchester74 ,,contents4 #a4 ,introduction4 p4 #c4 #b4 ,general ,education ,system4 p4 #d4 #c4 ,the ,universities4 p4 #g4 #d4 ,careers for ,university ,women4 p4 #ba4 #e4 ,opportunities for ,students from other ,countries4 p4 #bd4 ,appendix4 ,the ,british ,federation of ,university ,women4 p4 #be4 ,,price ,,sixpence ,,net4 ,,london4 ,the ,international ,federation of ,university ,women4 ,,pamphlet ,no4 #b4 ,,higher ,,education ,,for ,,women ,,in ,,great ,,britain4 ,by ,,phoebe ,,sheavyn1 ,d4,lit4 7,lond471 ,senior ,tutor for ,women ,students1 ,university of ,manchester4 ,,introduction4 ,the movement for the education of girls is of recent growth1 dating back less than a century1 to the decade #ahdj-ej4 ,before that time there was no public provision for them1 educational endowments being used for boys only4 ,the earliest tangible sign of the progress of the movement was the foundation in ,london of ,queen's ,college1 ,bedford ,college and the ,north ,london ,collegiate ,school for ,girls1 and in the provinces of the ,cheltenham ,ladies' ,college4 ,this inaugurated the era of public secondary education for girls1 who now have their large1 well-equipped schools in every town4 ,at first the education given was necessarily very simple2 but as the schoolgirls of the new age grew up1 the need for a more extended training became apparent4 ,it was met partly by an extension of the teaching given in certain of the schools2 partly by the establishment of a system of lectures for older girls1 notably at ,queen's ,college1 ,london1 and in ,glasgow1 ,liverpool and ,manchester4 ,before long it became clear that some more systematic higher education must be provided1 and efforts were made to enlist the sympathies of the ,universities4 ,university professors undertook to repeat their lectures for the benefit of girls2 but the number of girls was for some time too few to finance these schemes1 and it was apparent that either their numbers must be increased by the provision of residence1 or expenses must be reduced by obtaining the admission of girls to the classes held for men4 ,both measures were attempted4 ,a residential ,college for girls was established at ,hitchin 7#ahfi71 afterwards removed to ,girton1 near ,cambridge 7#ahgc72 ,newnham ,hall 7later ,college7 was founded in ,cambridge in #ahga2 and in ,oxford1 ,lady ,margaret ,hall 7#ahgh7 and ,somerville ,hall 7later ,college7 7#ahgi74 ,before long residence in or near ,london was provided by ,bedford ,college1 ,westfield ,college1 and the ,royal ,holloway ,college at ,englefield ,green in ,surrey4 ,meanwhile1 a great impetus had been given in #ahgh to the higher education of women throughout ,england by the opening to them of the examinations and degrees of the ,university of ,london4 ,this ,university was at that time purely an examining body1 and teaching had to be provided locally2 but the possibility of obtaining the hall-mark of a ,university degree greatly increased the number of girls seeking instruction in the provincial towns1 and many institutions gradually opened their doors1 among the first being ,owens ,college1 afterwards the ,university of ,manchester4 ,at ,glasgow1 ,queen ,margaret ,college1 availing itself largely of the services of ,university lecturers1 was founded in #ahhc4 ,further advance was marked by the statutory permission given in #ahib to the ,scottish ,universities1 granting them power to admit women to graduation and to provide for their instruction4 ,and in #ahic the ,royal ,charter for the new ,university of ,wales definitely enacted that women should be eligible for all privileges accorded to men4 ,every ,university incorporated since that date has adopted a similar enactment4 ,the last two strongholds of masculine privilege1 ,oxford and ,cambridge1 held out for many years4 ,quite recently1 in #aibj1 ,oxford has capitulated with a whole-hearted grace1 which has won for this ancient ,university the gratitude of all women4 ,cambridge alone now still refuses to women the privilege of membership and graduation1 but it cannot be long before there also admission will be granted4 ,one may safely prophesy that the completion of the century 7#aidj7 will see the admission of women to full ,university rights4#a #a ,except a few privileges likely for some time to be reserved for men at ,oxford and ,cambridge1 and certain which cannot legally be bestowed 7e4g41 scholarships with special trust deeds limiting them to men74 ,,the ,,general ,,education ,,system4 ,elementary education is entirely free in public schools1 supported jointly by the ,state and the ,municipal and ,county ,councils4 ,many of the good ,secondary ,schools1 moreover1 have preparatory departments1 in which fees are charged2 and there is a large number of private ,kindergarten and other ,preparatory ,schools1 charging small fees and offering a mediocre education4 ,middle-class parents prefer to send their children to these rather than to the public ,elementary ,schools1 fearing possible contamination to morals and manners in the latter4 ,secondary education in ,england and ,wales is carried on in several classes of institution4 #a4 ,high ,schools1 under the management of specially established educational corporations1 pioneers in secondary education4 #b4 ,endowed ,schools--few in number for girls4 #c4 ,municipal or ,county ,schools--some for girls only1 others for girls and boys4 ,these have usually been started on a lower educational level2 but they are rapidly improving1 and many of them now give an education quite equal to that given by the good ,high ,schools which led the way4 #d4 ,private ,schools2 of which some are expensive1 and excellently equipped and staffed2 others expensive and poorly provided1 relying mainly on their social prestige2 others inexpensive and poor4 ,many parents of the more wealthy or aristocratic families still entrust the education of their girls to private governesses1 from whom they require chiefly a knowledge of languages and the usages of polite society1 supplemented1 perhaps1 by music and painting4 ,the movement for the more complete education of women has not as yet gained much strength among those sections of society in which a girl is not expected to earn her own living4 ,teachers of the public schools are for the most part prepared professionally1 after completing their ,secondary ,school course1 at special ,training ,colleges1 supported by ,state and ,municipal grants--in some cases supplemented by fees from the student4 ,this professional course for teachers in ,elementary ,schools covers two years4 ,in a few of the ,universities also1 arrangements are made for a two-year course2 in others1 however1 only teachers for ,secondary ,schools are now prepared4 ,these study first for their degree 7,bachelor7 during three years1 following this up by a fourth year devoted to professional training4 ,during the whole course the ,university fees are paid by the ,state through the ,board of ,education1 and a substantial grant is made to the student for maintenance4 ,many women who could not otherwise meet the expense of a ,university career are thus enabled1 at the cost of undertaking to teach for a certain number of years1 to pass through the ,university practically without expense4 ,in some ,universities1 and particularly in those which still offer a two-year training course for teachers in ,elementary ,schools1 the training students form a class somewhat apart from the others1 regarded as to some extent socially1 and perhaps also intellectually1 inferior4 ,in others no distinction whatever exists1 except that the training student has to satisfy the fairly stringent regulations of the ,board of ,education1 in regard to making satisfactory progress year by year4 ,teachers in the preparatory departments of ,secondary ,schools have usually received a thorough professional training2 but those in the small private ,kindergartens have commonly very meagre qualifications4 ,in the better schools the education of girls is good1 and though there is cause for complaint as to overpressure1 attention is given to the physical condition of the pupils2 of late1 it is becoming customary to have girls medically examined at school from time to time4 ,science and ,mathematics are often not as well taught as in boys' and mixed schools2 but the teaching has rapidly improved during the last decade1 and a good deal of practical work is always included4 ,in languages1 much headway has been made and new methods are earnestly followed2 but the general level of linguistic study is still below that in most continental countries4 ,the general level of ,secondary education is good2 but the schools suffer from a multiplicity of external examinations1 for which public opinion compels them to prepare pupils4 ,the more advanced pupils are prepared for the ,entrance ,examinations 7usually called ,matriculation7 of the different ,universities1 and they afterwards compete for one of the many scholarships offered by the local educational authorities or by the ,universities4 ,competition for these is very keen4 ,recently an examination of higher standard--for the ,higher ,certificate--has been instituted by the ,board of ,education1 preparation for which is regarded as carrying on the school education to a level comparable with that of the first year at the ,university4 ,it is still1 however1 in an experimental stage1 and the amount of recognition to be awarded by the more conservative ,universities is as yet uncertain4 ,the ,board of ,education is the ,government ,department1 which concerns itself with the education of both boys and girls in all stages4 ,it maintains an army of ,inspectors1 men and women1 for schools of all types2 it conducts examinations for ,secondary ,schools2 and it makes arrangements1 through ,training ,colleges founded by various bodies1 for the professional training of teachers for both ,elementary and ,secondary ,schools4 ,it works for the most part through locally appointed ,education ,committees1 paying grants to them for all ,schools and ,training ,colleges under their control4 ,it lays down a scale 7or rather scales7 of salaries to be paid to teachers in various types of ,public ,school4 ,the ,board also undertakes1 when requested1 to inspect and certify as efficient schools privately conducted1 but it does not exercise any supervision over the larger number of such schools4 ,recent regulations1 raising the salaries of teachers in ,state-aided ,schools1 and providing good pensions1 are likely to crush out of existence many of the less efficient of the private schools2 some educationalists fear that even the more efficient may now find it difficult to secure good teachers2 and they hold that in that case1 valuable freedom of initiative in education may be lost to the nation4 ,the ,university ,training ,departments in the larger ,universities regard it as part of their natural function to initiate new and experimental methods in education2 and some of them have special schools established for the purpose4 ,excellent pioneer work of the kind is described in the records of the ,fielden ,school1 under the ,university of ,manchester4 ,this ,university has established a ,faculty of ,education1 in which one of the ,professors devotes his whole time to the superintendence of the work of students for the research degree of ,master of ,education4 ,,the ,,universities4 ,the ,government and the ,universities4--,universities in ,great ,britain enjoy a very considerable amount of freedom2 in fact1 the curriculum may be said to be entirely in the hands of the ,academic ,governing ,body 7called in most modern ,universities1 ,the ,senate1 but passing under various titles in the older ,universities74 ,only such institutions as are incorporated by a ,university ,charter from ,government may grant degrees1 but enactments in matters academic are made by the ,university itself1 under the constitution as laid down in each ,charter4 ,the ,government1 through the ,board of ,education1 makes yearly grants to ,universities and ,colleges2 but it has hitherto refrained from laying down any stringent conditions as to the precise use made of them4 ,the amount of the ,government grant is however very small as compared with what is given in other countries1 and higher education has to depend very largely upon endowment by private benefactors1 with some support from municipal grants4 ,the present critical state of national and private finance1 together with the largely increased demand for higher education1 has brought about in all ,universities something like a serious financial crisis--for which at the present moment no adequate remedy appears4 ,universities and ,colleges4--,there are no degree-giving ,colleges in the ,united ,kingdom2 all degree-giving institutions are called ,universities4 ,colleges are institutions too much specialised or too incomplete to be incorporated as ,universities in themselves2 they may form parts of a ,university1 or may be independent4 ,there are no degree-giving institutions for women only1 as in the ,united ,states4 ,list of ,universities and ,colleges ,open to ,women4 ,universities4--,birmingham1 ,bristol1 ,cambridge 7partially open71 ,durham1 ,leeds1 ,liverpool1 ,london1 ,manchester1 ,oxford1 ,sheffield1 ,wales2 in ,scotland--,aberdeen1 ,st4 ,andrews1 ,edinburgh1 ,glasgow2 in ,ireland--,belfast1 ,dublin1 the ,national ,university4 ,colleges4-- 7#a7 ,forming part of a ,university4 ,in the ,university of ,st4 ,andrews3--,university ,college1 ,dundee4 ,in the ,university of ,durham3--,university ,college2 ,college of ,medicine1 ,armstrong ,college--both at ,newcastle-upon-,tyne4 ,in the ,university of ,london3--,bedford ,college1 ,university ,college1 ,king's ,college for ,women1 ,east ,london ,college1 ,royal ,holloway ,college1 ,westfield ,college1 ,london ,day ,training ,college1 ,london ,school of ,medicine for ,women1 ,school of ,economics1 ,school of ,oriental ,studies1 etc41 etc4 ,in the ,university of ,manchester3--,municipal ,college of ,technology4 ,in the ,university of ,oxford3--,lady ,margaret ,hall1 ,somerville ,college1 ,st4 ,hugh's ,college1 ,st4 ,hilda's ,hall1 ,society of ,home ,students4 ,in the ,university of ,wales3--,university ,college of ,wales1 ,aberystwyth2 ,university ,college of ,north ,wales1 ,bangor2 ,university ,college of ,south ,wales1 ,cardiff2 ,university ,college of ,swansea4 ,in the ,university of ,glasgow3--,queen ,margaret ,college4 ,in the ,national ,university of ,ireland3--,university ,college1 ,cork2 ,university ,college1 ,dublin2 ,university ,college1 ,galway4 7#b7 ,independent ,colleges4 ,girton ,college1 ,newnham ,college--preparing for the degree examinations of ,cambridge ,university4 ,the ,imperial ,college of ,science and ,technology 7,london7--preparing for its own ,diplomas4 ,exeter1 ,nottingham1 ,reading1 ,southampton ,colleges--preparing for the degrees of the 7,external7 ,university of ,london4 ,where there are various ,colleges within the ,university1 it is customary to make application for admission to the ,university through the ,college selected4 ,queen ,margaret ,college is the name given to the women's side of the ,university of ,glasgow2 all applications from women for entrance to the ,university must be made through the ,college4 ,in ,cambridge1 all women students must be members of either ,girton or ,newnham ,college1 and can only receive permission to attend ,university lectures or examinations through the ,college4 ,in ,oxford1 the body of ,home ,students ranks as a ,college1 and has a ,principal4 ,the following ,universities are ancient foundations3--,cambridge1 ,oxford1 ,durham1 ,aberdeen1 ,st4 ,andrews1 ,edinburgh1 ,glasgow1 ,belfast 7,queen's ,college71 and ,dublin 7,trinity ,college74 ,the other ,universities are grouped together as ,modern4 ,the ,scottish ,universities1 however1 being chiefly non-residential1 and situated in large cities1 have many features in common with the modern group4 ,teaching ,system4--,at ,oxford and ,cambridge the system is a combination of ,university1 ,inter-,collegiate and ,college lectures1 classes and seminars1 with individual teaching4 ,each undergraduate student is under the personal guidance of a tutor or director of studies1 who plans out her course of work for term and vacations1 supervises her studies1 advises her as to lectures1 teaches her1 either alone or with others1 and arranges1 if necessary1 for additional tuition4 ,great importance is attached to written work 7consisting in ,oxford mainly of essays1 in ,cambridge in answers to question papers71 and to a close personal relation between teacher and pupil4 ,this system has obvious advantages to the student1 as the tutor has scope for developing individual capacity1 but it makes considerable demands upon the tutor's time4 ,science students are admitted to the ,university laboratories1 both in ,cambridge and in ,oxford1 and in the former ,university1 ,natural ,science is one of the subjects most popular and important4 ,advanced students obtain advice and supervision in their work from ,professors and other specialists4 ,in other ,universities1 instruction is carried on mainly by means of lectures2 the amount of written work is smaller1 and there is practically no coaching1 either of individuals or of small groups--except where the number studying a given subject is extremely small4 ,there is a trend of opinion in favour of the appointment of ,tutors to give general guidance to those wishing for it1 but the expense at present bars any innovation on a large scale in this direction4 ,some of the residential ,halls provide tutors for their students4 ,in all scientific subjects a considerable amount of practical work in the laboratories is required of the student1 with more or less individual guidance from the ,demonstrators in charge of the laboratories4 ,it is the vice of most of the modern ,universities to require attendance at too large a number of lectures1 leaving too little time for study and thought4 ,and though the evil is readily recognised1 and efforts are made from time to time to reduce the amount of attendance required1 the zeal and autocratic power of the ,professor in charge of any given subject has usually succeeded in defeating them4 ,in ,english ,universities it is customary to call courses for a first degree either ,honours or ,pass ,courses4 ,the ,honours ,course is specialised--only one subject 7say1 a language or a science7 with a minimum amount of one or two related subjects4 ,a ,pass ,course is more general4 ,both types of ,course cover1 as a rule1 a period of three years before the ,final ,degree ,examination2 which may1 or may not1 be preceded by subsidiary examinations in the earlier years4 ,it is the rule in most of the ,women's ,colleges in ,cambridge and ,oxford that ,honours ,examinations only may be prepared for2 in other ,universities and ,colleges1 the women1 like the men1 can choose between ,honours and ,pass4 ,there has been of late years a growing tendency to choose the more specialised course2 it has more prestige1 and the ,headmistresses of ,girls' ,secondary ,schools have preferred specialists as teachers4 ,but there are slight indications that this preference is becoming less marked2 and there may possibly before long be seen a revival of the demand for a more general education--which is manifestly suited to certain types of mind4 ,degrees4--,the degrees conferred by the ,universities are those of ,bachelor1 ,master1 and ,doctor4 ,not all of these degrees1 are1 however1 conferred in every ,faculty4 ,the ,course for a ,bachelor's degree usually covers three years#b2 the ,master's degree is sometimes 7as in ,oxford and ,cambridge7 conferred for a payment without further examination2 sometimes1 as in most of the modern ,universities1 it requires a further examination2 in ,scottish ,universities it is the first degree1 obtained after three years' study4 ,hence this degree connotes a surprising variety of attainment4 ,the ,doctor's degree is in all ,universities awarded only upon the production of original work which can be regarded as a serious contribution to knowledge4 #b ,in ,cambridge the examination for the first degree is called the ,tripos2 in ,oxford it is called ,schools4 ,recently every ,university has created a ,ph4,d4 degree1 open to graduates of any approved institution1 ,british or foreign4 ,it is given for advanced work only1 the results of which must be embodied in a dissertation2 and study must have been prosecuted during the greater part of two 7or three7 years in the ,university conferring the degree4 ,it may be conferred in any ,faculty4 ,many of the other higher degrees1 ,m4,a41 ,m4,sc41 ,b4,litt41 etc41 etc41 are also open to graduates from other approved institutions4 ,the ,imperial ,college of ,science and ,technology1 ,london1 holds a special position among independent ,colleges1 granting a diploma of its own which is regarded as equal in standard to a ,university degree4 ,subjects ,studied4--,the greater number of women students enter the ,faculty of ,arts1 but large numbers also enter for ,science and for ,medicine2 a few for ,commerce1 ,technology1 ,law1 etc4 ,the study of ,medicine can now be carried on under the same conditions as for men in practically all the modern ,universities4 ,in some1 however1 situated in comparatively small towns1 the clinical facilities are inadequate1 and it is customary to continue clinical study in one of the larger ,medical ,schools1 ,london1 ,edinburgh1 ,glasgow1 ,liverpool1 or ,manchester4 ,edinburgh1 with a long-established prestige in medicine1 attracts large numbers of students4 ,tradition inherited from early days of controversy has long limited the opportunities of women in ,edinburgh1 but a more liberal policy now admits them to substantial privileges4 ,in ,london1 the position of medical study is peculiar4 ,it is mainly in the hands of ancient ,medical ,schools1 each with its own large ,hospital--,bartholomew's1 ,st4 ,george's1 ,guy's1 ,st4 ,thomas's1 ,westminster1 etc4--out of which1 in fact1 the ,teaching ,school has developed4 ,these great ,medical ,schools followed the policy of the ,university of ,edinburgh1 opposing to the admission of women such relentless hostility that eventually the women had to create and finance a separate school4 ,thus came into being the ,london ,school of ,medicine for ,women1 which succeeded in making a working arrangement for clinical instruction at the ,royal ,free ,hospital4 ,though women are now admitted to the ,medical ,schools of ,university and ,king's ,colleges1 and the ,charing ,cross ,hospital1 most of the great ,hospital ,medical ,schools are still closed to them1 and the ,london ,school of ,medicine for ,women remains the chief centre for the medical education of women in ,london4 ,pharmacy is taught at most of the ,universities1 but all pharmacists must prepare1 at the ,universities or in special schools1 for examinations held by an outside body--the ,pharmaceutical ,society4 ,degrees in ,dentistry are conferred by some ,universities1 and an excellent training is provided1 but the profession of ,dentistry is still unregulated by the ,state1 and unqualified persons freely practise4 ,this makes ,dentistry less popular as a profession among persons of ,university education2 but there is a great field for qualified dentists1 and women would do well to enter upon it in larger numbers4 ,languages studied at the ,universities are ,greek1 ,latin1 ,french1 ,german1 ,oriental languages1 and more recently1 ,italian1 ,spanish1 and ,russian4 ,the teaching in modern languages is carried on partly by native1 partly by foreign lecturers2 except in ,oriental languages1 which are practically always taught by ,englishmen4 ,there is a tendency observable at present in the ,secondary ,schools1 and in the ,universities1 to give less attention than hitherto to ,greek and ,latin4 ,faculties of ,commerce have been established in the great civic ,universities of ,birmingham and ,manchester1 and recently in ,london2 ,leeds and ,liverpool also give teaching in ,commerce4 ,economics is a subject of study--sometimes the subject of an ,honours ,schools--in most of the ,universities4 ,the ,london ,school of ,economics has unrivalled facilities for research and advanced study4 ,in the ,fine ,arts there is practically no ,university study4 ,throughout the country there are ,schools of ,music1 some of which are recognised1 as in ,london and ,manchester1 as institutions affiliated to the ,university2 but none of them are mainly under ,university control4 ,the ,schools of ,art existing in many of the larger cities are also self-governing institutions4 ,a movement has been set on foot for bringing some of these into closer connection with the ,universities1 and the ,slade ,art ,school in ,london is closely connected with ,university ,college2 but on the whole very little progress has yet been recorded4 ,the nearest approach to recognition of the existence of the ,fine ,arts 7outside the ,slade ,school71 is the establishment of ,schools of ,art and ,architecture in the ,universities of ,liverpool and ,manchester1 but these are concerned very largely with ,architecture rather than with the ,fine ,arts4 ,the study of ,law in ,england is carried on to some extent in the ,universities1 many of which have ,faculties of ,law2 but the examinations which admit to practice as ,barristers are controlled by the ,council of ,legal ,education 7established by four ancient foundations1 the ,inns of ,court in ,london71 and those admitting ,solicitors are held by the ,law ,society4 ,preparation for these examinations is mainly post-graduate1 and must1 in part at least1 be carried on in the ,inns of ,court or under the ,law ,society4 ,colonial and foreign students may1 under certain conditions1 be admitted4 ,the admission of women is of very recent date4 ,no woman has as yet quite completed all the formalities entitling her to be called to the ,bar--that is1 to be recognised as qualified to plead before the ,courts2 but a considerable number are now engaged in preparing for the profession1 as solicitors or barristers4 ,the study of ,agriculture1 ,horticulture and kindred subjects is provided for in nearly all the ,universities1 which maintain their own practical and experimental farms4 ,it is1 however1 more usual to pursue these studies in various independent colleges1 where practical work plays a larger part than scientific training4 ,for women there are1 among others1 ,horticultural ,colleges at ,swanley and at ,studley1 and the ,edinburgh ,school of ,gardening for ,women4 ,these colleges for the most part prepare pupils for the examinations of the ,royal ,horticultural ,society4 ,the ,university ,college of ,reading makes special provision for education in ,horticulture and ,agriculture1 which is rendered valuable by close co-operation with the ,department of ,science2 and the ,college awards its own ,diploma4 ,physical ,culture4--,very little attention is at present paid by ,university authorities to physical training and education1 no ,university giving a professional training in physical culture4 ,for women a number of independent ,colleges provide full courses of instruction suited to prepare teachers in the subject2 for men teachers there is practically no provision4 ,any systematic teaching in gymnasium exercise is usually given to men by ex-,army instructors2 coaching in games 7football1 cricket1 rowing1 etc471 is given by special experts4 ,for a nation which1 unofficially1 attaches immense importance to physical fitness and to athletic games1 the neglect of scientific study of the subject1 and the absence of official provision for systematic exercise1 is astonishing4 ,universities and ,colleges for the most part limit themselves to supporting financially the provision of gymnasium and athletic grounds1 where such students as desire if may indulge in open-air games or indoor exercise4 ,in the residential ,universities the early part of the afternoon is by common consent left free for recreation2 but in the great civic ,universities1 for the most part non-residential1 this is rendered impossible by the necessity for freeing the later afternoon for the return journey of students from a distance4 ,as a result1 large numbers of students never take any recreative exercise2 and for all of them the possibilities are extremely limited4 ,in these civic ,universities1 moreover1 the athletic grounds are nearly all inevitably situated at a considerable distance from the ,university buildings4 ,in these circumstances1 opportunities for playing games are practically limited to match teams1 the chief game played by women being hockey4 ,the part of the average student is therefore mainly that of an onlooker1 and this is likely to continue so1 unless the ,universities should decide to take more full official direction of the physical development of their students4 ,there are signs of a movement towards this2 but the difficulties are great1 and very little has been achieved4 ,the ,board of ,education has set an example by insisting that all students training to be teachers1 at the ,universities or elsewhere1 shall take a minimum of some form of physical exercise4 ,social ,science4--,several ,universities carry on ,departments 7or ,schools7 for the study of ,social ,science1 usually in close connection with ,university ,settlements and with such organisations for charity and relief as exist in the district4 ,women enter these ,schools in some number2 since there are many openings for them as organising secretaries1 and some few as investigators into social conditions4 ,birmingham1 ,glasgow1 and ,liverpool are good centres for this study2 and the ,london ,school of ,economics offers an excellent training in methods of research4 ,household ,economics4--,very little has as yet been done by the ,universities for this subject of study4 ,most of the large cities support ,municipal ,schools of ,domestic ,economy2 but these are unconnected with the ,universities1 and give a training which is purely practical4 ,it is much to be desired that encouragement should be given to a more scientific study of questions of nutrition and diet1 and methods of institutional management4 ,the only institution of ,university rank concerning itself with this study is ,king's ,college for ,women 7,household and ,social ,science ,department71 ,london4 ,the study of ,education has already been discussed4 ,sessions and ,terms4--,the whole period of study in any given year is called a ,session1 and the session usually consists of three terms--,michaelmas1 ,lent1 and ,easter 7or ,summer7--each of about ten or eleven weeks4 ,in ,cambridge1 however1 the terms are about nine weeks each1 and in ,oxford1 eight4 ,terms in ,faculties of ,medicine 7and ,dentistry7 are often longer than in other ,faculties2 and in ,scotland1 some ,faculties still adhere to the old plan of two terms4 ,the session begins in ,october4 ,there are vacations at ,christmas and at ,easter1 dividing the terms1 and varying in length from a fortnight to four or five weeks4 ,in the ,long ,vacation 7,july to ,september7 there is no systematic instruction for the ordinary ,university student1 though from time to time summer schools are held for students from outside1 more especially in ,universities situated in an attractive environment4 ,in ,cambridge there is also a ,long ,vacation term1 during which tuition is given1 without lectures1 to those ,university students who desire it4 ,lectures are usually given and laboratory work done in the morning and afternoon2 in ,faculties of ,commerce there are also evening lectures4 ,women on the ,staff4--,in spite of the fact that1 nominally at least1 professorial appointments have now been open to women for a good many years1 very few women professors have as yet been appointed4 ,there are two or three in ,departments of ,education2 women have quite recently been appointed to professorial chairs in ,french and ,italian2 and the ,national ,university of ,ireland has appointed one or two women4 ,oxford1 opened to women only in #aibj1 has already a woman as ,acting-,professor of ,french4 ,but the number of women professors is still disappointingly few2 and it is difficult to say whether the chief cause is lack of applications from women or prejudice on the part of appointing bodies2 both causes undoubtedly operate4 ,women lecturers are not so rare1 though their numbers are still comparatively small4 ,they are most numerous in ,education1 but are appointed also in other ,faculties1 salaries being the same as for men4 ,the main avenue to ,university teaching for women lies through the ,colleges for women only1 where they1 of course1 form the entire residential staff2 the tutorial system of ,cambridge and ,oxford thus affords employment in higher teaching to a considerable number of women4 ,further1 the residential ,halls attached to the mixed ,universities provide posts of responsibility and prestige for a considerable number of educated women as ,wardens or ,principals4 ,the recognition accorded to these officials by the ,university itself is1 however1 not always entirely satisfactory4 ,upon the whole1 the present position of women upon the staffs of the ,universities and ,colleges is one of comparative subordination4 ,very few occupy senior posts of importance and prestige4 ,except in the ,women's ,colleges1 the higher direction of the teaching and the general administration are still almost wholly in the hands of men2 and this is the case even where1 as in ,wales1 the number of men and women students is fairly equal4 ,on account of the comparative scarcity of women in senior positions1 it is usual in most non-residential ,colleges and ,universities to employ some senior woman as a member of the administrative staff1 charged with the duty of superintending the general welfare of the women students4#c ,her status and duties vary greatly--from those of a mere chaperon to those of a ,senior authority1 consulted in all matters concerning women students individually and collectively1 and responsible for making representations as to any matter1 academic or social1 affecting them4 ,it is partially realised that women students1 having often received a different education from that given to boys and having the prospect of other careers and other spheres of work1 may be specially affected by academic legislation2 and in matters of building and equipment their needs are always to some extent special4 ,the most enlightened ,universities and ,colleges therefore afford considerable powers and status to this woman official 7who is known by various titles--,dean1 ,senior ,tutor1 ,censor1 etc74 ,in residential ,universities the ,heads of the ,women's ,colleges have the necessary academic information1 official status1 and knowledge of their students' needs4 #c ,there are1 however1 some eight or nine exceptions4 ,the ,association of ,head ,mistresses has asked that some such official shall be appointed wherever there are women students4 ,residence4--,all ,universities and ,colleges 7except the ,university of ,london on its external side7 require students to live in the district and to receive instruction or guidance in the institution itself4 ,certain ,universities and ,colleges also require all students to be members of organised bodies1 for the most part resident in ,colleges or ,halls4#d ,this is the case in ,cambridge and in ,oxford4 ,in ,london1 ,bedford1 ,holloway1 and ,westfield ,colleges are largely or mainly residential4 ,the ,university ,college of ,wales1 ,aberystwyth1 is1 for women1 entirely residential2 and the ,university ,college of ,reading requires both men and women to live in ,halls4 ,all the other ,universities 7except ,aberdeen7 have ,halls1 large or small1 for women students1 but do not compel residence4 ,lists of ,halls can be obtained from the ,university prospectuses2 and applications for residence 7as distinct from entrance to the ,university7 should be made direct to the various ,wardens or ,principals4 ,the demand for accommodation is everywhere very great2 and it is practically impossible to secure admission unless application is made at least a year in advance4 ,it is usually a great additional benefit for foreign students to reside in a ,hall2 and every effort should be made to secure provisional acceptance beforehand4 #d ,in regard to the meaning the terms ',college' and ',hall1' it may be said that 7except in ,oxford7 the ',hall' provides residence only2 the ',college' provides teaching1 and arranges for admission into the ,university1 while it may1 or may not1 also provide residence4 ,discipline varies from one ,university to another--from the comparatively strict discipline necessitated in old ,universities with a long tradition of obedience and convention2 or in smaller ,universities which are the centre of interest in small towns such as ,reading and ,aberystwyth2 to the freedom of the great civic ,university1 compelled to accord almost complete social liberty to the large numbers of men and women living in their own homes2 and comfortably sheltered from censorious criticism among the many more exciting attractions existing in every great city4 ,in some ,universities men and women students may not converse together in the streets2 in others they may freely meet1 walk1 take meals1 and study together4 ,in all ,universities and ,colleges there is much ,social ,intercourse and gaiety4 ,dancing is very frequent2 dramatic performances1 debates 7for one sex only1 or mixed7 are common2 and almost every ,honours ,school or ,department has its ,society for the encouragement of its special subject1 and the promotion of social intercourse among its members4 ,even in ,oxford and ,cambridge some of these ,societies include both men and women4 ,residential ,colleges and ,halls usually provide ,common 7or ,combination7 ,rooms where staff or students can meet each other2 and the mixed ,universities set apart rooms1 usually separate for men and for women1 for the hours of the day not devoted to study4 ,these may be simply sitting-rooms with restaurant attached1 as in the smaller institutions1 or may be1 in the more established modern ,universities1 large1 well-furnished ,union ,buildings or club-houses1 as provided in ,edinburgh1 ,liverpool1 or ,manchester4 ,the management of these ,unions1 as to both finance and discipline1 is usually in the hands of the students themselves4 ,in no ,university1 however1 does the accommodation for women compare in dignity1 commodiousness1 or spaciousness with that provided in many ,american institutions4 ,with the exception of some of the oldest ,universities1 where the provision for men is ample and beautiful1 ,university and ,college buildings in ,great ,britain are upon a wholly different scale from those in the ,united ,states4 ,while laboratories are often excellently equipped1 libraries and lecture-rooms are not infrequently inadequate1 and the provision for recreation1 physical well-being1 and social intercourse is sometimes seriously wanting4 ,nothing exists in our modern ,universities at all comparable with the magnificent buildings1 the extensive grounds1 woods and lakes1 the immense gymnasiums and swimming baths1 provided for women students in the ,united ,states4 ,and in the older of our civic ,universities1 the cramped conditions of existence in the midst of an immense city are responsible for the absence of many social amenities4 ,in the smaller1 younger ,universities an attempt is being made to secure more space for future development before it is too late2 but the standards even there are far below those known in the ,united ,states4 ,english girls of aristocratic or wealthy parentage do not as yet go to the ,university in large numbers2 most of the students come from homes of limited means1 and their demands1 except in the matter of education pure and simple1 are modest4 ,at the same time1 one never hears of students1 as in ,american ,colleges1 paying their expenses by giving personal service2 it would1 in fact1 be very difficult for the average student to spare sufficient time from her studies1 which are exacting enough to leave her only the minimum amount of leisure essential for recreation4 ,finance is a matter for serious concern in our ,universities1 largely dependent as they are upon small public grants and private benefactions2 and in ,women's ,colleges and ,halls this question is still more pressing4 ,it should be remembered that the numbers in our ,women's ,colleges are small2 all the five ,women's ,colleges together in ,oxford do not number #gjj students4 ,moreover1 though the generous benefactor exists in this country1 his gifts are on a comparatively modest scale1 and institutions specially for women do not attract the largest4 ,libraries4--,the most complete collections of books are those of the privileged libraries1 the ,british ,museum ,library1 the ,bodleian 7,oxford71 the ,cambridge ,university ,library1 the ,advocates' ,library 7,edinburgh71 the ,trinity ,college ,library 7,dublin71 and1 more recently1 the ,national ,library of ,wales4 ,each of these is privileged to receive a copy of every book published in ,great ,britain4 ,other valuable libraries are those of the ,london ,school of ,economics1 and the ,school of ,oriental ,studies 7,london74 ,in ,manchester a rich storehouse of early printed books1 mediaeval manuscripts1 and general literature is provided by the lavishly endowed ,john ,rylands ,library1 the ancient ,chetham ,library1 the ,university 7,christie7 ,library1 and the ,municipal ,reference ,library4 ,expenses4--,university education in ,great ,britain is not free1 as in some countries2 although in the case of a certain number of students1 ,government grants or local scholarships cover the expenses more or less completely4 ,it is extremely difficult to give any figures as to the cost of a ,university training1 on account of the great difference in the fees and the general absence of any inclusive charge4 ,it is1 moreover1 to be noted that1 where the ,university includes several ,colleges1 there are often both ,college fees and ,university fees4 ,the fees for residence in ,college1 again1 may or may not include also the fees for tuition and lectures4 ,life at ,cambridge is1 for women1 rather more expensive than in other ,universities2 but in ,oxford it is less expensive to be a member of the ,society of ,home ,students than to reside in a ,college1 and in ,cambridge the small number of older students permitted by the ,colleges to be out-students can live more cheaply4 ,again1 the extreme brevity of the terms in ,cambridge and ,oxford entails heavy vacation expenses for the foreign student4 ,at ,oxford and ,cambridge the cost of board1 lodging and tuition for the session1 consisting of three terms of eight to nine weeks each1 varies from #ace to #aej4 ,next in order of expense comes ,london1 where the fees for residence in ,college1 apart from tuition1 are #ij to #ajj4 ,in the larger ,university cities of ,england1 residence costs about #gj2 in the smaller places1 in ,wales and in ,scotland1 it is lower 7#dj to #ej74 ,where the fees for guidance or tuition in advanced work are charged separately from those for residence1 they vary from #e to #ae in the ,faculty of ,arts2 in the ,faculty of ,science they usually depend on the nature of the practical work involved4 ,for the examination of these the charge may be from #e to #aj1 and for the conferment of the degree from #e to #bj4 ,,careers ,,for ,,university ,,women4 ,most of the women students in ,british ,universities are intending to earn their living2 the exceptions being a few at ,oxford and ,cambridge4 ,the careers most fully open to them are teaching and medicine1 for which full professional training is provided in the ,universities4 ,a large army of women graduates is employed in the ,secondary ,schools1 and many women doctors hold positions in hospitals1 especially in those for women and children1 or carry on private practice4 ,pharmacy is chosen as an occupation by many women1 and in dentistry there is plenty of room--though very few women enter upon it4 ,students showing marked talent fairly often obtain grants enabling them to prosecute research for a year or two2 a few private commercial firms employ research workers and occasionally engage a woman2 but the opportunities of this kind are comparatively rare4 ,a certain number of women in practically every ,university now hold positions as ,demonstrators in laboratories1 or as ,assistant ,lecturers or ,lecturers2 a very few are ,professors4 ,some are employed as lecturers under organisations for extending advanced teaching outside the ,universities4#e #e ,such are the ,workers' ,educational ,association1 and the various ,university ,extension ,schemes4 ,in the ,civil ,service 7which is the general name for the various departments of work under the ,government71 ,university women are employed in some numbers under the ,board of ,education1 the ,home ,office1 the ,ministry of ,health and the ,local ,government ,board1 as ,inspectors and ,medical ,officers4 ,the ,ministry of ,labour and the ,post ,office1 while employing large numbers of women1 offer very few posts suitable for ,university graduates4 ,during the war many women held in ,government offices positions of importance and responsibility2 but most of them have now been dispensed with under the plea of economy1 or of providing employment for discharged soldiers4 ,a very few of these women1 however1 still retain their posts1 and there is a fairly powerful movement for opening the higher positions in the ,civil ,service to women4 ,hitherto all women employed have been engaged by individual selection2 it is now proposed that after three years from #aiba1 they shall be eligible to compete for posts in the same examinations as men1 though power is to be retained to appoint to any given post either a man or a woman1 as may seem best1 from among the successful candidates4 ,it remains to be seen to what extent this provision may be used to nullify the chances of women4 ,there is powerful opposition in many ,government departments2 but the ,treasury is said to be favourable to the gradual introduction of women in higher administrative positions4 ,at present1 such openings for them are few4 ,it is not at present even proposed to open to them positions in diplomacy or in the consulate4 ,a considerable number of educated women find administrative positions as ,heads of ,university ,colleges1 ,halls of ,residence1 and ,training ,colleges for ,teachers4 ,some of the older ,training ,colleges are still presided over by men as ,principals2 but it is the policy of the ,board of ,education to replace these upon retirement by women4 ,all ,heads and ,assistants in ,elementary and ,secondary ,schools for girls only are women2 but in schools open to both boys and girls1 it is customary to appoint a man as ,head1 with or without a senior woman in special charge of the girls4 ,in ,scotland it is still common for a girls' school to have a ,headmaster4 ,secretarial work is a career coveted by many ,university graduates unwilling to enter upon the occupation of teaching4 ,the ,universities do not1 however1 provide a professional training for this2 nor are the openings suited for ,university women very numerous4 ,some occasionally find congenial posts as foreign correspondents in banks and commercial firms2 many become organising secretaries for philanthropic or kindred organisations2 a favoured few become private secretaries to literary1 scientific1 or political personages4 ,the demand1 however1 for secretaries of ,university education is not at this moment equal to the supply4 ,the ,church offers at present very little scope for women3 except in one or two of the free sects1 the ministry is not open to them4 ,the ,law has only within the last year or two been opened to them4 ,librarianship offers a very limited number of opportunities4 ,some ,college and ,university libraries employ a few women in comparatively subordinate positions2 the ordinary ,city ,library does not offer any opening to women of ,university education4 ,an attempt has recently been made to provide a professional training for ,librarians1 following the example set long ago by the ,united ,states2 but for women the prospects seem at present precarious4 ,home ,economics and ,domestic ,science being 7with the exception noted above7 still outside the purview of the ,universities1 practically no ,university women are qualified to undertake posts either as teachers or as practical workers in this sphere4 ,there is1 however1 a very large demand for highly qualified ,institutional ,managers1 ,matrons1 ,superintendents1 etc41 and good salaries can be earned in such positions4 ,it is to be hoped that with the return of better financial prospects in the ,universities1 advanced training in work of this kind1 eminently suitable for educated women1 may be undertaken4 ,it will be seen that1 though many careers are open to ,university women1 the prizes are few2 and in very many of these careers the openings are so rare1 or the initial income offered so low1 that only those who are adventurous or independent financially1 can afford to run the risk involved in choosing them4 ,by far the most usual occupation for them1 apart from medicine1 is the profession of teaching2 although it is now by no means1 as at one time1 the only avenue open4 ,during the war1 women teachers entered boys' schools in considerable numbers1 but1 except for quite young boys1 few of these are now retained4 ,upon the whole1 the outlook is discouraging to those who looked for a permanent increase in the number of openings for women as a result of women's varied services in the war4 ,only a few positions of importance have been retained1 and throughout the whole field of labour women have lost the greater part of the advance made4 ,all that seems to be definitely gained at present is the breaking down of the bar of absolute exclusion4 ,,women ,,students ,,from ,,other ,,countries4 ,women students wishing to enter any ,university in ,great ,britain should have complete command of the ,english language1 since this is pre-supposed in all ,university studies4 ,in none of the ,universities is any course arranged specially for foreign students 7though occasionally summer schools suitable for foreigners are held72 but1 provided they can pass the ,entrance ,examinations1 foreigners are accepted as students in the ordinary courses4 ,it is not1 however1 as a rule very practicable for a foreigner to pass one of these ,entrance ,examinations--planned as they are for ,british boys and girls leaving school4 ,by far the best plan is to study first at a home ,university and resort to this country only for post-graduate work4 ,the student should forward to the proper authority 7usually the ,registrar7 an application for admission giving full information as to her previous ,university studies1 with examinations passed1 etc42 and each application is usually considered entirely upon its merits4 ,as a rule1 any candidate who can give proof of having attained a standard equivalent to that of the first degree examination may hope for admission without further test4 ,the studies of all such post-graduate students are directed individually by the ,professor of the subject concerned2 and it is advisable to communicate with him before actually applying for admission to the ,college or ,university4 ,the most suitable degree for such students to work for is the ,ph4,d41 open in any ,faculty4 ,nearly all ,universities publish special prospectuses giving details as to the facilities provided for research and advanced work4 ,scholarships and ,fellowships4--,there is only one ,fellowship definitely set aside to be awarded to foreign students--the ,john ,w4 ,garrett ,international ,fellowship in ,bacteriology1 offered by the ,university of ,liverpool to students from the ,united ,states or other foreign countries4 ,in several ,universities1 however1 scholarships and fellowships exist which are not limited to students in ,great ,britain2 and particulars of these can be obtained from their ,scholarship ,prospectuses4 ,candidates from other countries must1 however1 produce ample proof of their qualifications1 and are probably at some disadvantage unless they have studied under professors of world-wide reputation4 ,in many of the ,universities there are endowments for research open to persons1 whether ,british born or not1 who have already begun work at the ,university in question4 ,,appendix4 ,,the ,,british ,,federation ,,of ,,university ,,women4 ,president3 ,professor ,caroline ,spurgeon1 ,doc4 ,univ4 ,paris1 ,hon4 ,litt4,d4 7,michigan74 ,the ,british ,federation of ,university ,women was formed in #aiaj1 for the purpose of furthering the interests of ,university women4 ,aims of the ,federation4 #a4 ,to create an organisation which shall represent ,university women in all professions1 and enable them to take concerted action on matters affecting their interests in public and private life4 #b4 ,to promote co-operation between the ,university women of ,great ,britain1 and to stimulate friendship between ,university women throughout the world4 #c4 ,to encourage independent research work by ,university women4 #d4 ,to stimulate the interest of ,university women in municipal and public life4 #e4 ,to keep a ,register of ,university women and to notify them of suitable appointments4 ,constitution4 ,the ,british ,federation is composed of ,local ,associations of ,university women1 the country being divided for this purpose into areas around different large centres4 ,local ,associations have been formed in eleven areas1 the centre in each case being a ,university town4 ,twenty members is the minimum required to form a ,local ,association4 ,these ,associations are free to adopt any objects which are in accord with the ,aims of the ,federation4 ,membership4 ,membership is restricted to women who hold a ,university degree or its equivalent4 ,registered medical women or registered dentists are qualified for membership4 ,in addition to regular members the ,federation admits as associates1 in certain cases1 women who have studied for not less than two years regularly at a ,university4 ,students in their last year may be admitted as temporary associates1 at the discretion of the ,local ,association1 on the understanding that they become members after taking their degree4 ,women who have not studied at a ,university1 but who have advanced the higher education and the interests of women1 may be admitted by the ,local ,associations as honorary members4 ,neither associates nor honorary members have voting power4 ,annual ,meeting4 ,an ,annual ,meeting of the ,general ,committee is held during the summer term for the election of the officers of the ,federation and other business4 ,this ,general ,committee is composed of the members of the ,executive ,committee and delegates from each ,local ,association4 ,special meetings may also be called at the request of the delegates of any three branches4 ,executive ,committee4 ,the ,executive ,committee consists of the ,president1 ,hon4 ,secretaries1 ,hon4 ,treasurer1 the ,chairman of the ,committee on ,international ,relations1 the ,secretaries of the ,british ,federation and of the ,committee on ,international ,relations1 eight members elected by the ,general ,committee at the ,annual ,meeting1 and representatives of each ,local ,association4 ,the ,executive may co-opt four additional members4 ,the ,president may not hold office for more than five years1 and the eight elected members of the ,executive retire annually4 ,no member of the ,executive ,committee1 other than the officers1 may hold office for more than four consecutive years4 ,finance4 ,members are admitted to ,local ,associations on payment of a small entrance fee 7#f;d47 and either an annual subscription1 varying slightly within the different ,associations1 or a uniform life membership subscription of #c #ajs4 ,annual subscriptions are paid to the local secretaries or treasurers4 ,life subscriptions are paid to the central ,treasurer4 ,each ,local ,association contributes out of its annual subscriptions a minimum capitation fee of #ds4 per member to the general funds of the ,federation4 ,the financial year runs from ,june #ast to ,may #cast4 ,the ,central ,office of the ,federation is at #gc1 ,avenue ,chambers1 ,vernon ,place1 ,southampton ,row1 ,london1 ,w4,c4#a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,printed by ,john ,roberts ,press ,ltd41 #ad ,clerkenwell ,green1 ,london1 ,e4,c4#a4 ,,international ,,federation ,,of ,,university ,,women4 ,the first ,conference of the ,federation was held at ,bedford ,college for ,women1 ,london1 in ,july1 #aibj4 ,fifteen countries were represented4 ,articles of a constitution and bye-laws were adopted which are calculated to provide effective machinery for ensuring co-operation between the national associations of ,university women in the various parts of the world4 ,an account of the ,conference1 including full reports of speeches by ,professor ,caroline ,spurgeon1 ,dean ,virginia ,c4 ,gildersleeve1 ,president ,m4 ,carey ,thomas and other speakers1 together with reports on the higher education of women in the countries represented and the text of the constitution and bye-laws1 will be found in the ,report1 ,bulletin ,no4 #a4 ,copies may be obtained from the ,secretary 7price #as41 postage #c;d474 ,in the ,united ,states copies may be obtained from ,miss ,virginia ,newcomb1 ,institute of ,international ,education1 #dai1 ,west #aagth ,street1 ,new ,york4 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,possible printer errors have been changed4