,illustration ,when a ,man ,comes to ,himself by ,woodrow ,wilson ,ph4,d41 ,litt4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,president of the ,united ,states #aija4 ,contents ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 ,v4 ,,vi4 ,i ,it is a very wholesome and regenerating change which a man undergoes when he 8comes to himself40 ,it is not only after periods of recklessness or infatuation1 when he has played the spendthrift or the fool1 that a man comes to himself4 ,he comes to himself after experiences of which he alone may be aware3 when he has left off being wholly preoccupied with his own powers and interests and with every petty plan that centers in himself2 when he has cleared his eyes to see the world as it is1 and his own true place and function in it4 ,it is a process of disillusionment4 ,the scales have fallen away4 ,he sees himself soberly1 and knows under what conditions his powers must act1 as well as what his powers are4 ,he has got rid of earlier prepossessions about the world of men and affairs1 both those which were too favorable and those which were too unfavorable--both those of the nursery and those of a young man's reading4 ,he has learned his own paces1 or1 at any rate1 is in a fair way to learn them2 has found his footing and the true nature of the 8going0 he must look for in the world2 over what sorts of roads he must expect to make his running1 and at what expenditure of effort2 whither his goal lies1 and what cheer he may expect by the way4 ,it is a process of disillusionment1 but it disheartens no soundly made man4 ,it brings him into a light which guides instead of deceiving him2 a light which does not make the way look cold to any man whose eyes are fit for use in the open1 but which shines wholesomely1 rather upon the obvious path1 like the honest rays of the frank sun1 and makes traveling both safe and cheerful4 ,,ii ,there is no fixed time in a man's life at which he comes to himself1 and some men never come to themselves at all4 ,it is a change reserved for the thoroughly sane and healthy1 and for those who can detach themselves from tasks and drudgery long and often enough to get1 at any rate once and again1 a view of the proportions of life and of the stage and plot of its action4 ,we speak often with amusement1 sometimes with distaste and uneasiness1 of men who 8have no sense of humor10 who take themselves too seriously1 who are intense1 self-absorbed1 over-confident in matters of opinion1 or else go plumed with conceit1 proud of we cannot tell what1 enjoying1 appreciating1 thinking of nothing so much as themselves4 ,these are men who have not suffered that wholesome change4 ,they have not come to themselves4 ,if they be serious men1 and real forces in the world1 we may conclude that they have been too much and too long absorbed2 that their tasks and responsibilities long ago rose about them like a flood1 and have kept them swimming with sturdy stroke the years through1 their eyes level with the troubled surface--no horizon in sight1 no passing fleets1 no comrades but those who struggled in the flood like themselves4 ,if they be frivolous1 light-headed men without purpose or achievement1 we may conjecture1 if we do not know1 that they were born so1 or spoiled by fortune1 or befuddled by self-indulgence4 ,it is no great matter what we think of them4 ,it is enough to know that there are some laws which govern a man's awakening to know himself and the right part to play4 ,a man is the part he plays among his fellows4 ,he is not isolated2 he cannot be4 ,his life is made up of the relations he bears to others--is made or marred by those relations1 guided by them1 judged by them1 expressed in them4 ,there is nothing else upon which he can spend his spirit--nothing else that we can see4 ,it is by these he gets his spiritual growth2 it is by these we see his character revealed1 his purpose and his gifts4 ,some play with a certain natural passion1 an unstudied directness1 without grace1 without modulation1 with no study of the masters or consciousness of the pervading spirit of the plot2 others give all their thought to their costume and think only of the audience2 a few act as those who have mastered the secrets of a serious art1 with deliberate subordination of themselves to the great end and motive of the play1 spending themselves like good servants1 indulging no wilfulness1 obtruding no eccentricity1 lending heart and tone and gesture to the perfect progress of the action4 ,these have 8found themselves10 and have all the ease of a perfect adjustment4 ,adjustment is exactly what a man gains when he comes to himself4 ,some men gain it late1 some early2 some get it all at once1 as if by one distinct act of deliberate accommodation2 others get it by degrees and quite imperceptibly4 ,no doubt to most men it comes by slow processes of experience--at each stage of life a little4 ,a college man feels the first shock of it at graduation1 when the boy's life has been lived out and the man's life suddenly begins4 ,he has measured himself with boys2 he knows their code and feels the spur of their ideals of achievement4 ,but what the world expects of him he has yet to find out1 and it works1 when he has discovered1 a veritable revolution in his ways both of thought and of action4 ,he finds a new sort of fitness demanded of him1 executive1 thorough-going1 careful of details1 full of drudgery and obedience to orders4 ,everybody is ahead of him4 ,just now he was a senior1 at the top of the world he knows and reigned in1 a finished product and pattern of good form4 ,of a sudden he is a novice again1 as green as in his first school year1 studying a thing that seems to have no rules--at sea amid crosswinds1 and a bit seasick withal4 ,presently1 if he be made of stuff that will shake into shape and fitness1 he settles to his tasks and is comfortable4 ,he has come to himself3 understands what capacity is1 and what it is meant for2 sees that his training was not for ornament or personal gratification1 but to teach him how to use himself and develop faculties worth using4 ,henceforth there is a zest in action1 and he loves to see his strokes tell4 ,the same thing happens to the lad come from the farm into the city1 a big and novel field1 where crowds rush and jostle1 and a rustic boy must stand puzzled for a little how to use his placid and unjaded strength4 ,it happens1 too1 though in a deeper and more subtle way1 to the man who marries for love1 if the love be true and fit for foul weather4 ,mr4 ,bagehot used to say that a bachelor was 8an amateur at life10 and wit and wisdom are married in the jest4 ,a man who lives only for himself has not begun to live--has yet to learn his use1 and his real pleasure1 too1 in the world4 ,it is not necessary he should marry to find himself out1 but it is necessary he should love4 ,men have come to themselves serving their mothers with an unselfish devotion1 or their sisters1 or a cause for whose sake they forsook ease and left off thinking of themselves4 ,it is unselfish action1 growing slowly into the high habit of devotion1 and at last1 it may be1 into a sort of consecration1 that teaches a man the wide meaning of his life1 and makes of him a steady professional in living1 if the motive be not necessity1 but love4 ,necessity may make a mere drudge of a man1 and no mere drudge ever made a professional of himself2 that demands a higher spirit and a finer incentive than his4 ,,iii ,surely a man has come to himself only when he has found the best that is in him1 and has satisfied his heart with the highest achievement he is fit for4 ,it is only then that he knows of what he is capable and what his heart demands4 ,and1 assuredly1 no thoughtful man ever came to the end of his life1 and had time and a little space of calm from which to look back upon it1 who did not know and acknowledge that it was what he had done unselfishly and for others1 and nothing else1 that satisfied him in the retrospect1 and made him feel that he had played the man4 ,that alone seems to him the real measure of himself1 the real standard of his manhood4 ,and so men grow by having responsibility laid upon them1 the burden of other people's business4 ,their powers are put out at interest1 and they get usury in kind4 ,they are like men multiplied4 ,each counts manifold4 ,men who live with an eye only upon what is their own are dwarfed beside them--seem fractions while they are integers4 ,the trustworthiness of men trusted seems often to grow with the trust4 ,it is for this reason that men are in love with power and greatness3 it affords them so pleasurable an expansion of faculty1 so large a run for their minds1 an exercise of spirit so various and refreshing2 they have the freedom of so wide a tract of the world of affairs4 ,but if they use power only for their own ends1 if there be no unselfish service in it1 if its object be only their personal aggrandizement1 their love to see other men tools in their hands1 they go out of the world small1 disquieted1 beggared1 no enlargement of soul vouchsafed them1 no usury of satisfaction4 ,they have added nothing to themselves4 ,mental and physical powers alike grow by use1 as every one knows2 but labor for oneself is like exercise in a gymnasium4 ,no healthy man can remain satisfied with it1 or regard it as anything but a preparation for tasks in the open1 amid the affairs of the world--not sport1 but business--where there is no orderly apparatus1 and every man must devise the means by which he is to make the most of himself4 ,to make the most of himself means the multiplication of his activities1 and he must turn away from himself for that4 ,he looks about him1 studies the facts of business or of affairs1 catches some intimation of their larger objects1 is guided by the intimation1 and presently finds himself part of the motive force of communities or of nations4 ,it makes no difference how small a part1 how insignificant1 how unnoticed4 ,when his powers begin to play outward1 and he loves the task at hand1 not because it gains him a livelihood1 but because it makes him a life1 he has come to himself4 ,necessity is no mother to enthusiasm4 ,necessity carries a whip4 ,its method is compulsion1 not love4 ,it has no thought to make itself attractive2 it is content to drive4 ,enthusiasm comes with the revelation of true and satisfying objects of devotion2 and it is enthusiasm that sets the powers free4 ,it is a sort of enlightenment4 ,it shines straight upon ideals1 and for those who see it the race and struggle are henceforth toward these4 ,an instance will point the meaning4 ,one of the most distinguished and most justly honored of our great philanthropists spent the major part of his life absolutely absorbed in the making of money--so it seemed to those who did not know him4 ,in fact1 he had very early passed the stage at which he looked upon his business as a means of support or of material comfort4 ,business had become for him an intellectual pursuit1 a study in enterprise and increment4 ,the field of commerce lay before him like a chess-board2 the moves interested him like the manoeuvers of a game4 ,more money was more power1 a great advantage in the game1 the means of shaping men and events and markets to his own ends and uses4 ,it was his will that set fleets afloat and determined the havens they were bound for2 it was his foresight that brought goods to market at the right time2 it was his suggestion that made the industry of unthinking men efficacious2 his sagacity saw itself justified at home not only1 but at the ends of the earth4 ,and as the money poured in1 his government and mastery increased1 and his mind was the more satisfied4 ,it is so that men make little kingdoms for themselves1 and an international power undarkened by diplomacy1 undirected by parliaments4 ,,iv ,it is a mistake to suppose that the great captains of industry1 the great organizers and directors of manufacture and commerce and monetary exchange1 are engrossed in a vulgar pursuit of wealth4 ,too often they suffer the vulgarity of wealth to display itself in the idleness and ostentation of their wives and children1 who 8devote themselves10 it may be1 8to expense regardless of pleasure02 but we ought not to misunderstand even that1 or condemn it unjustly4 ,the masters of industry are often too busy with their own sober and momentous calling to have time or spare thought enough to govern their own households4 ,a king may be too faithful a statesman to be a watchful father4 ,these men are not fascinated by the glitter of gold3 the appetite for power has got hold upon them4 ,they are in love with the exercise of their faculties upon a great scale2 they are organizing and overseeing a great part of the life of the world4 ,no wonder they are captivated4 ,business is more interesting than pleasure1 as ,mr4 ,bagehot said1 and when once the mind has caught its zest1 there's no disengaging it4 ,the world has reason to be grateful for the fact4 ,it was this fascination that had got hold upon the faculties of the man whom the world was afterward to know1 not as a prince among merchants--for the world forgets merchant princes--but as a prince among benefactors2 for beneficence breeds gratitude1 gratitude admiration1 admiration fame1 and the world remembers its benefactors4 ,business1 and business alone1 interested him1 or seemed to him worthwhile4 ,the first time he was asked to subscribe money for a benevolent object he declined4 ,why should he subscribe8 ,what affair would be set forward1 what increase of efficiency would the money buy1 what return would it bring in8 ,was good money to be simply given away1 like water poured on a barren soil1 to be sucked up and yield nothing8 ,it was not until men who understood benevolence on its sensible1 systematic1 practical1 and really helpful side explained it to him as an investment that his mind took hold of it and turned to it for satisfaction4 ,he began to see that education was a thing of infinite usury2 that money devoted to it would yield a singular increase to which there was no calculable end1 an increase in perpetuity--increase of knowledge1 and therefore of intelligence and efficiency1 touching generation after generation with new impulses1 adding to the sum total of the world's fitness for affairs--an invisible but intensely real spiritual usury beyond reckoning1 because compounded in an unknown ratio from age to age4 ,henceforward beneficence was as interesting to him as business--was1 indeed1 a sort of sublimated business in which money moved new forces in a commerce which no man could bind or limit4 ,he had come to himself--to the full realization of his powers1 the true and clear perception of what it was his mind demanded for its satisfaction4 ,his faculties were consciously stretched to their right measure1 were at last exercised at their best4 ,he felt the keen zest1 not of success merely1 but also of honor1 and was raised to a sort of majesty among his fellow-men1 who attended him in death like a dead sovereign4 ,he had died dwarfed had he not broken the bonds of mere money-getting2 would never have known himself had he not learned how to spend it2 and ambition itself could not have shown him a straighter road to fame4 ,this is the positive side of a man's discovery of the way in which his faculties are to be made to fit into the world's affairs1 and released for effort in a way that will bring real satisfaction4 ,there is a negative side also4 ,men come to themselves by discovering their limitations no less than by discovering their deeper endowments and the mastery that will make them happy4 ,it is the discovery of what they can not do1 and ought not to attempt1 that transforms reformers into statesmen2 and great should be the joy of the world over every reformer who comes to himself4 ,the spectacle is not rare2 the method is not hidden4 ,the practicability of every reform is determined absolutely and always by 8the circumstances of the case10 and only those who put themselves into the midst of affairs1 either by action or by observation1 can know what those circumstances are or perceive what they signify4 ,no statesman dreams of doing whatever he pleases2 he knows that it does not follow that because a point of morals or of policy is obvious to him it will be obvious to the nation1 or even to his own friends2 and it is the strength of a democratic polity that there are so many minds to be consulted and brought to agreement1 and that nothing can be wisely done for which the thought1 and a good deal more than the thought1 of the country1 its sentiment and its purpose1 have not been prepared4 ,social reform is a matter of cooperation1 and if it be of a novel kind1 requires an infinite deal of converting to bring the efficient majority to believe in it and support it4 ,without their agreement and support it is impossible4 ,v ,it is this that the more imaginative and impatient reformers find out when they come to themselves1 if that calming change ever comes to them4 ,oftentimes the most immediate and drastic means of bringing them to themselves is to elect them to legislative or executive office4 ,that will reduce over-sanguine persons to their simplest terms4 ,not because they find their fellow-legislators or officials incapable of high purpose or indifferent to the betterment of the communities which they represent4 ,only cynics hold that to be the chief reason why we approach the millennium so slowly1 and cynics are usually very ill-informed persons4 ,nor is it because under our modern democratic arrangements we so subdivide power and balance parts in government that no one man can tell for much or turn affairs to his will4 ,one of the most instructive studies a politician could undertake would be a study of the infinite limitations laid upon the power of the ,russian ,czar1 notwithstanding the despotic theory of the ,russian constitution--limitations of social habit1 of official prejudice1 of race jealousies1 of religious predilections1 of administrative machinery even1 and the inconvenience of being himself only one man1 caught amidst a rush of duties and responsibilities which never halt or pause4 ,he can do only what can be done with the ,russian people4 ,he cannot change them at will4 ,he is himself of their own stuff1 and immersed in the life which forms them1 as it forms him4 ,he is simply the leader of the ,russians4 ,an ,english or ,american statesman is better off4 ,he leads a thinking nation1 not a race of peasants topped by a class of revolutionists and a caste of nobles and officials4 ,he can explain new things to men able to understand1 persuade men willing and accustomed to make independent and intelligent choices of their own4 ,an ,english statesman has an even better opportunity to lead than an ,american statesman1 because in ,england executive power and legislative initiative are both intrusted to the same grand committee1 the ministry of the day4 ,the ministers both propose what shall be law and determine how it shall be enforced when enacted4 ,and yet ,english reformers1 like ,american1 have found office a veritable cold-water bath for their ardor for change4 ,many a man who has made his place in affairs as the spokesman of those who see abuses and demand their reformation has passed from denunciation to calm and moderate advice when he got into ,parliament1 and has turned veritable conservative when made a minister of the crown4 ,mr4 ,bright was a notable example4 ,slow and careful men had looked upon him as little better than a revolutionist so long as his voice rang free and imperious from the platforms of public meetings4 ,they greatly feared the influence he should exercise in ,parliament1 and would have deemed the constitution itself unsafe could they have foreseen that he would some day be invited to take office and a hand of direction in affairs4 ,but it turned out that there was nothing to fear4 ,mr4 ,bright lived to see almost every reform he had urged accepted and embodied in legislation2 but he assisted at the process of their realization with greater and greater temperateness and wise deliberation as his part in affairs became more and more prominent and responsible1 and was at the last as little like an agitator as any man that served the queen4 ,it is not that such men lose courage when they find themselves charged with the actual direction of the affairs concerning which they have held and uttered such strong1 unhesitating1 drastic opinions4 ,they have only learned discretion4 ,for the first time they see in its entirety what it was that they were attempting4 ,they are at last at close quarters with the world4 ,men of every interest and variety crowd about them2 new impressions throng them2 in the midst of affairs the former special objects of their zeal fall into new environments1 a better and truer perspective2 seem no longer so susceptible to separate and radical change4 ,the real nature of the complex stuff of life they were seeking to work in is revealed to them--its intricate and delicate fiber1 and the subtle1 secret interrelationship of its parts--and they work circumspectly1 lest they should mar more than they mend4 ,moral enthusiasm is not1 uninstructed and of itself1 a suitable guide to practicable and lasting reformation2 and if the reform sought be the reformation of others as well as of himself1 the reformer should look to it that he knows the true relation of his will to the wills of those he would change and guide4 ,when he has discovered that relation1 he has come to himself3 has discovered his real use and planning part in the general world of men2 has come to the full command and satisfying employment of his faculties4 ,otherwise he is doomed to live for ever in a fool's paradise1 and can be said to have come to himself only on the supposition that he is a fool4 ,,vi ,every man--if ,i may adopt and paraphrase a passage from ,dr4 ,south--every man hath both an absolute and a relative capacity3 an absolute in that he hath been endued with such a nature and such parts and faculties2 and a relative in that he is part of the universal community of men1 and so stands in such a relation to the whole4 ,when we say that a man has come to himself1 it is not of his absolute capacity that we are thinking1 but of his relative4 ,he has begun to realize that he is part of a whole1 and to know what part1 suitable for what service and achievement4 ,it was once fashionable--and that not a very long time ago--to speak of political society with a certain distaste1 as a necessary evil1 an irritating but inevitable restriction upon the 8natural0 sovereignty and entire self-government of the individual4 ,that was the dream of the egotist4 ,it was a theory in which men were seen to strut in the proud consciousness of their several and 8absolute0 capacities4 ,it would be as instructive as it would be difficult to count the errors it has bred in political thinking4 ,as a matter of fact1 men have never dreamed of wishing to do without the 8trammels0 of organized society1 for the very good reason that those trammels are in reality but no trammels at all1 but indispensable aids and spurs to the attainment of the highest and most enjoyable things man is capable of4 ,political society1 the life of men in states1 is an abiding natural relationship4 ,it is neither a mere convenience nor a mere necessity4 ,it is not a mere voluntary association1 not a mere corporation4 ,it is nothing deliberate or artificial1 devised for a special purpose4 ,it is in real truth the eternal and natural expression and embodiment of a form of life higher than that of the individual--that common life of mutual helpfulness1 stimulation1 and contest which gives leave and opportunity to the individual life1 makes it possible1 makes it full and complete4 ,it is in such a scene that man looks about to discover his own place and force4 ,in the midst of men organized1 infinitely cross-related1 bound by ties of interest1 hope1 affection1 subject to authorities1 to opinion1 to passion1 to visions and desires which no man can reckon1 he casts eagerly about to find where he may enter in with the rest and be a man among his fellows4 ,in making his place he finds1 if he seek intelligently and with eyes that see1 more than ease of spirit and scope for his mind4 ,he finds himself--as if mists had cleared away about him and he knew at last his neighborhood among men and tasks4 ,what every man seeks is satisfaction4 ,he deceives himself so long as he imagines it to lie in self-indulgence1 so long as he deems himself the center and object of effort4 ,his mind is spent in vain upon itself4 ,not in action itself1 not in 8pleasure10 shall it find its desires satisfied1 but in consciousness of right1 of powers greatly and nobly spent4 ,it comes to know itself in the motives which satisfy it1 in the zest and power of rectitude4 ,christianity has liberated the world1 not as a system of ethics1 not as a philosophy of altruism1 but by its revelation of the power of pure and unselfish love4 ,its vital principle is not its code1 but its motive4 ,love1 clear-sighted1 loyal1 personal1 is its breath and immortality4 ,christ came1 not to save ,himself1 assuredly1 but to save the world4 ,his motive1 ,his example1 are every man's key to his own gifts and happiness4 ,the ethical code he taught may no doubt be matched1 here a piece and there a piece1 out of other religions1 other teachings and philosophies4 ,every thoughtful man born with a conscience must know a code of right and of pity to which he ought to conform2 but without the motive of ,christianity1 without love1 he may be the purest altruist and yet be as sad and as unsatisfied as ,marcus ,aurelius4 ,christianity gave us1 in the fullness of time1 the perfect image of right living1 the secret of social and of individual well-being2 for the two are not separable1 and the man who receives and verifies that secret in his own living has discovered not only the best and only way to serve the world1 but also the one happy way to satisfy himself4 ,then1 indeed1 has he come to himself4 ,henceforth he knows what his powers mean1 what spiritual air they breathe1 what ardors of service clear them of lethargy1 relieve them of all sense of effort1 put them at their best4 ,after this fretfulness passes away1 experience mellows and strengthens and makes more fit1 and old age brings1 not senility1 not satiety1 not regret1 but higher hope and serene maturity4 ,,the ,,end