,transcrib]'s notes ,?is e-text includes ,greek *>act]s1 ,hebrew *>act]s1 uncommon diacritics1 & punctuation t w only display 9 ,,utf-#h 7,unicode7 text read]s3 e4g4 1 1 8mal'akhi04 ,if any ( ^! *>act]s d n display prop]ly1 make sure t y\r text read]'s 8"* set0 or 8file encod+0 is set to ,unicode 7,,utf-#h74 ,y may also ne$ to *ange ! default font4 ,a small numb] ( obvi\s typos h be5 correct$4 ,! spell+ & punctuation ( ! book h n be5 *ang$4 ,! footnotes h be5 r5umb]$ f #a to #a1efj4 ,ea* footnote c be f\nd at ! end ( ! *apt] 9 :i* x is flagg$4 ,x is cle> f ! context t "s ,hebrew lett]s are miss+ f ,section #b ( ,*apt] ,,vi ( ! book4 ,^! lett]s1 enclos$ 9 squ>e brackets1 h be5 re/or$4 ,an expression su* z ,a,b is us$ 9 ?is text to repres5t ,a foll[$ by ,b z a sup]script4 ,= example1 ,x c\ld be repres5t$ by ,xn4 7,! only lett]s t c be us$ z sup]scripts 9 ,,utf-#h are l[]-case i & n47 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,! ,,expositor',s ,,bible ,,edit$ ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,w4 ,,rob]tson ,,nicoll1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,editor ( 8,! ,expositor0 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,twelve ,,prophets ,,vol4 ,,ii4--,,zephaniah1 ,,nahum1 ,,habakkuk1 ,,obadiah1 ,,haggai1 ,,ze*>iah ,i4--,,viii41 8,,mala*i10 ,,joel1 8,,ze*>iah0 ,,ix4--,,xiv4 ,,& ,,jonah ,,by ,,george ,,adam ,,smi?1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,new ,,york ,a4 ,c4 ,,arm/rong ,,& ,,son #ea ,,ea/ ,,t5? ,,/reet #ahih ,,! ,,expositor',s ,,bible4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 price #a4ej ea* vol4 ,,fir/ ,,s]ies1 #ahhg-h4 ,colossians4 ,by ,a4 ,,macl>51 ,d4,d4 ,/4 ,m>k4 ,by ,v ,rev4 ! ,bi%op ( ,d]ry4 ,g5esis4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,m>cus ,,dods1 ,d4,d4 #a ,samuel4 ,by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,g4 ,,blaikie1 ,d4,d4 #b ,samuel4 ,by ! same ,au?or4 ,hebrews4 ,by ,pr9cipal ,t4 ,c4 ,,edw>ds1 ,d4,d4 ,,second ,,s]ies1 #ahhh-i4 ,galatians4 ,by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,g4 ,,f9dlay1 ,b4,a4 ,! ,pa/oral ,epi/les4 ,by ,rev ,a4 ,,plumm]1 ,d4,d4 ,isaiah ,i4--,,xxxix4 ,by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,a4 ,,smi?1 ,d4,d4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,! ,book ( ,revelation4 ,by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,,milligan1 ,d4,d4 #a ,cor9?ians ,by ,pr(4 ,,m>cus ,,dods1 ,d4,d4 ,! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,john4 ,by ,mo/ ,rev4 ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,armagh4 ,,?ird ,,s]ies1 #ahhi-ij4 ,judges & ,ru?4 ,by ,r4 ,a4 ,,watson1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4 ,j]emiah4 ,by ,rev4 ,c4 ,j4 ,,ball1 ,m4,a4 ,isaiah ,,xl4--,,lxvi4 ,by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,a4 ,,smi?1 ,d4,d4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,/4 ,mat!w4 ,by ,rev4 ,j4 ,,monro ,,gibson1 ,d4,d4 ,exodus4 ,by ,"r ,rev4 ! ,bi%op ( ,d]ry4 ,/4 ,luke4 ,by ,rev4 ,h4 ,,burton1 ,m4,a4 ,,f\r? ,,s]ies1 #ahij-ia4 ,ecclesia/es4 ,by ,rev4 ,,samuel ,,cox1 ,d4,d4 ,/4 ,james & ,/4 ,jude4 ,by ,rev4 ,a4 ,,plumm]1 ,d4,d4 ,prov]bs4 ,by ,rev4 ,r4 ,f4 ,,horton1 ,d4,d4 ,leviticus4 ,by ,rev4 ,s4 ,h4 ,,kellogg1 ,d4,d4 ,! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john4 ,by ,pr(4 ,m4 ,,dods1 ,d4,d4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,/okes1 ,d4,d4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,,fif? ,,s]ies1 #ahia-b4 ,! ,psalms4 ,by ,a4 ,,macl>51 ,d4,d4 ,vol4 ,i4 #a & #b ,!ssalonians4 ,by ,,james ,,d5ney1 ,d4,d4 ,! ,book ( ,job4 ,by ,r4 ,a4 ,,watson1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4 ,ephesians4 ,by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,g4 ,,f9dlay1 ,b4,a4 ,! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,john4 ,by ,pr(4 ,m4 ,,dods1 ,d4,d4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,/okes1 ,d4,d4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,six? ,,s]ies1 #ahib-c4 #a ,k+s4 ,by ,v ,rev4 ! ,dean ( ,cant]bury4 ,philippians4 ,by ,pr9cipal ,,ra9y1 ,d4,d4 ,ezra1 ,nehemiah1 ,e/h]4 ,by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,ad5ey1 ,m4,a4 ,jo%ua4 ,by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,g4 ,,blaikie1 ,d4,d4 ,! ,psalms4 ,by ,a4 ,,macl>51 ,d4,d4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,rawson ,,lumby1 ,d4,d4 ,,sev5? ,,s]ies1 #ahic-d4 #b ,k+s4 ,by ,v ,rev4 ! ,dean ( ,cant]bury4 ,romans4 ,by ,h4 ,c4 ,g4 ,,m\le1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4 ,! ,books ( ,*ronicles4 ,by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,b5nett1 ,m4,a4 #b ,cor9?ians4 ,by ,,james ,,d5ney1 ,d4,d4 ,numb]s4 ,by ,r4 ,a4 ,,watson1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4 ,! ,psalms4 ,by ,a4 ,,macl>51 ,d4,d4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,,eigh? ,,s]ies1 #ahie-f4 ,daniel4 ,by ,v ,rev4 ! ,dean ( ,cant]bury4 ,! ,book ( ,j]emiah4 ,by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,b5nett1 ,m4,a4 ,deut]onomy4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,&rew ,,h>p]1 ,b4,d4 ,! ,song ( ,solomon & ,lam5tations4 ,by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,ad5ey1 ,m4,a4 ,ezekiel4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,john ,,sk9n]1 ,m4,a4 ,! ,book ( ! ,twelve ,prophets4 ,by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,a4 ,,smi?1 ,d4,d4 ,two ,vols ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,! ,,twelve ,,prophets ,,commonly ,,call$ ,,! ,,m9or ,,by ,,george ,,adam ,,smi?1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,hebrew ,,& ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,exegesis ,,free ,,*ur* ,,college1 ,,glasg[ ,,9 ,,two ,,volumes ,,vol4 ,,ii4--,,zephaniah1 ,,nahum1 ,,habakkuk1 ,,obadiah1 ,,haggai1 ,,ze*>iah ,i4--,,viii41 8,,mala*i10 ,,joel1 8,,ze*>iah0 ,,ix4--,,xiv4 ,,& ,,jonah ,,) ,,hi/orical ,,& ,,critical ,,introductions ,,new ,,york ,a4 ,c4 ,,arm/rong ,,& ,,son #ea ,,ea/ ,,t5? ,,/reet #ahih ,,preface ,! fir/ volume on ! ,twelve ,prophets dealt ) ! ?ree :o belong$ to ! ,eigh? ,c5tury3 ,amos1 ,hosea & ,micah4 ,?is second volume includes ! o!r n9e books arrang$ 9 *ronological ord]3 ,zephaniah1 ,nahum & ,habakkuk1 ( ! ,sev5? ,c5tury2 ,obadiah1 ( ! ,exile2 ,haggai1 ,ze*>iah i4--viii41 8,mala*i0 & ,joel1 ( ! ,p]sian ,p]iod1 #ech--cca2 8,ze*>iah0 ix4--xiv4 & ! ,book ( ,jonah1 ( ! ,greek ,p]iod1 :i* began 9 #ccb1 ! date ( ,alex&]'s ,syrian campaign4 ,! same plan has be5 foll[$ z 9 ,volume ,i4 ,a hi/orical introduction is (f]$ to ea* p]iod4 ,to ea* prophet are giv51 fir/ a *apt] ( critical introduction1 & !n "o or m *apt]s ( exposition4 ,a complete translation has be5 furni%$1 ) critical & explanatory notes4 ,all que/ions ( date & ( text1 & ne>ly all ( int]pretation1 h be5 conf9$ to ! introductions & ! notes1 s t ^? :o consult ! volume only = expository purposes w f9d ! exposition un5cumb]$ by ! discussion ( te*nical po9ts4 ,! necessity ( includ+ )9 "o volume s _m prophets1 scatt]$ ov] m ?an ?ree c5turies1 & ea* ( !m requir+ a sep>ate introduction1 has r$uc$ ! space available = ! practical application ( _! tea*+ to mod]n life4 ,b ?is is ! less to be regrett$1 t ! cont5ts ( ! n9e books be=e u are n s applicable to our own day1 z we h f\nd _! great] pr$ecessors to be4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 !y =m a m v>i$ introduction to ,old ,te/am5t ,criticism1 :ile1 by ! long range ( "t :i* !y cov]1 & ! _m /ages ( religion to :i* !y belong1 !y af=d a wid] view ( ! developm5t ( prophecy4 ,let u look = a little at ^! two po9ts4 #a4 ,to ,old ,te/am5t ,criticism ^! books furni% valuable introduction--"s ( !m1 l ,obadiah1 ,joel & 8,ze*>iah0 ix4--xiv41 by ! great v>iety ( op9ion t has prevail$ z to _! dates or _! relation to o!r prophets ) :om !y h passages 9 common2 "s1 l ,ze*>iah & 8,mala*i10 by _! relation to ! ,law1 9 ! light ( mod]n !ories ( ! orig9 ( ! latt]2 & "s1 l ,joel & ,jonah1 by ! "q :e!r we are to read !m z hi/ory1 or z allegories ( hi/ory1 or z apocalypse4 ,t is to say1 ^! n9e books raise1 besides ! usual que/ions ( g5u95ess & integrity1 e o!r possible problem ( ,old ,te/am5t ,criticism4 ,x has1 !re=e1 be5 necess>y to make ! critical introductions full & detail$4 ,! enorm\s diff]5ces ( op9ion z to ! dates ( "s mu/ />t ! suspicion ( arbitr>9ess1 unless !re be includ$ 9 ea* case a hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( criticism1 s z to exhibit to ! ,engli% read] ! pr9ciples & ! evid5ce ( fact ^u :i* t criticism is bas$4 ,i am conv9c$ t :at is *iefly requir$ j n[ by ! dev\t /ud5t ( ! ,bible is ! opportunity to judge = himself h[ f> ,old ,te/am5t ,criticism is an adult sci5ce2 ) :at am\nt ( reasonabl5ess x has be5 prosecut$2 h[ gradually its conclusions h be5 rea*$1 h[ jeal\sly !y h be5 conte/$2 & h[ f>1 amid ! _m v>ieties ( op9ion :i* mu/ always exi/ ) ref]5ce to facts s anci5t & que/ions s obscure1 !re has be5 progress t[>ds agreem5t ^u ! lead+ problems4 ,b1 besides ! acc\nts ( pa/ criticism giv5 9 ?is volume1 ! read] w f9d 9 ea* case an indep5d5t attempt to arrive at a conclusion4 ,?is has n always be5 successful4 ,a numb] ( po9ts h be5 left 9 d\bt2 & ev5 :]e results h be5 /at$ ) "s degree ( positiv5ess1 ! read] ne$ sc>cely be w>n$ 7aft] :at 0 said 9 ! ,preface to ,vol4 ,i47 t _m ( ^! mu/ necess>ily be provisional4 ,b1 9 look+ back f ! close ( ?is "w ^u ! discussions :i* x conta9s1 ,i am m ?an ev] conv9c$ ( ! extreme probability ( mo/ ( ! conclusions4 ,among ^! are ! foll[+3 t ! correct int]pretation ( ,habakkuk is to be f\nd 9 ! direction ( ! position to :i* ,budde's +5i\s proposal has be5 c>ri$ on pages #abc ff4 ) ref]5ce to ,egypt2 t ! mo/ ( ,obadiah is to be dat$ f ! six? c5tury2 t 8,mala*i0 is an anonym\s "w f ! eve ( ,ezra's re=ms2 t ,joel foll[s 8,mala*i02 & t 8,ze*>iah0 ix4--xiv4 has be5 rightly assign$ by ,/ade to ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,greek ,p]iod4 ,i h v5tur$ to conte/ ,ko/]s' !ory t !re 0 no return ( ,jewi% exiles "u ,cyrus1 & am ! m dispos$ to believe 8 /rong argum5t inconclusive1 n only ^u a review ( ! reasons ,i h /at$ 9 ,*ap4 ,,xvi41 b on ?is gr\nd also1 t _m ( its *ief adh]5ts 9 ?is c\ntry & ,g]many h s modifi$ x z virtually to give up its ma9 cont5tion4 ,i ?9k1 too1 !re c be little d\bt z to ! sub/antial au!nticity ( ,zephaniah ii4 7except ! v]ses on ,moab & ,ammon7 & iii4 #a-ac1 ( ,habakkuk ii4 #e ff41 & ( ! :ole ( ,haggai2 or z to ! ung5u9e "* ( ! lyric piece 9 ,ze*>iah ii4 & ! intrusion ( 8,mala*i0 ii4 #aa-ac;a4 ,on ^! & small] po9ts ! read] w f9d full discussion at ! prop] places4 ,i may "h add a ^w or two ^u "s ( ! critical conclusions rea*$ 9 ,vol4 ,i41 :i* h be5 rec5tly conte/$4 ,! /ud5t w f9d /rong gr\nds (f]$ by ,canon ,driv] 9 8 ,joel & ,amos#a = ! au!nticity ( ^? passages 9 ,amos :i*1 foll[+ o!r critics1 ,i reg>d$ or suspect$ z n au!ntic4 ,x makes "o diffid5t 9 "o's op9ions :5 ,canon ,driv] supports ,pr(essors ,ku55 & ,rob]tson ,smi? on ! o!r side4 ,b on a survey ( ! case ,i am unable to feel t ev5 !y h remov$ :at !y admit to be 8=cible0 objections to ! au?or%ip by ,amos ( ! passages 9 "q4 ,!y seem to me to h e/abli%$ n m ?an a possibility t ! passages are au!ntic2 & on ! :ole ,i /ill feel t ! probability is 9 ! o!r direction4 ,if ,i am "r1 !n ,i ?9k t ! date ( ! apo/rophes to ,jehovah's creative p[] :i* occur 9 ! ,book ( ,amos1 & ! ref]5ce to a/ral deities 9 *ap4 v4 #bg1 may be t :i* ,i h sugge/$ on pages #h & #i ( ?is volume4 ,"s critics h *>g$ me ) inconsi/5cy 9 d5y+ ! au!nticity ( ! epilogue to ,amos :ile def5d+ t ( ! epilogue to ,hosea4 ,! two cases1 z my argum5ts prov$1 are entirely diff]5t4 ,nor d ,i see any reason to *ange ! conclusions ( ,vol4 ,i4 ^u ! que/ions ( ! au!nticity ( v>i\s p>ts ( ,micah4 ,! text ( ! n9e prophets treat$ 9 ?is volume has pres5t$ ev5 m difficulties ?an t ( ! ?ree treat$ 9 ,vol4 ,i4 ,& ^! difficulties mu/ be my apology = ! delay ( ?is volume4 #b4 ,b ! critical & textual value ( our n9e books is f> exce$$ by ! hi/orical4 ,ea* exhibits a developm5t ( ,hebrew prophecy ( ! greate/ int]e/4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 inde$1 ! volume might be entitl$ 8,! ,pass+ ( ! ,prophet40 ,= ?r\gh\t our n9e books we see ! _s & ! /yle ( ! classic prophecy ( ,israel gradually dissolv+ into o!r =ms ( religi\s ?\ght & feel+4 ,! cle> />t f ! facts ( ! prophet's day1 ! anci5t tru?s ab\t ,jehovah & ,israel1 & ! direct appeal to ! consci5ce ( ! prophet's contempor>ies1 are n always giv51 or :5 giv5 are m+l$1 col\r$ & w>p$ by o!r religi\s int]e/s1 bo? pres5t & future1 :i* are ev5 p[]ful en\gh to %ake ! e?ical absolutism ( ! old] prophets4 ,) ,nahum & ,obadiah ! e?ical is entirely miss$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! claims--& we _c d5y t !y 7 natural claims--( ! long-suff]+ nation's h\r ( rev5ge ^u h] hea!n tyrants4 ,) ,zephaniah prophecy1 /ill au/]ely e?ical1 passes "u ! %ad[ ( apocalypse2 & ! future is solv$1 n ^u purely hi/orical l9es1 b by ! int]v5tion ( 8sup]natural0 elem5ts4 ,) ,habakkuk ! ideals ( ! old] prophets enc\nt] ! %ock ( ! facts ( exp]i5ce3 we h ! prophet z sceptic4 ,^u ! o!r m>g9 ( ! ,exile1 ,haggai & ,ze*>iah 7i4--viii471 al?\gh !y are z practical z any ( _! pr$ecessors1 exhibit ! influ5ce ( ! exilic developm5ts ( ritual1 angelology & apocalypse4 ,god appe>s fur!r (f f ,ze*>iah ?an f ! prophets ( ! eigh? c5tury1 & 9 ne$ ( m$iators1 human & sup]human4 ,) ,ze*>iah ! prie/ has displac$ ! prophet1 & x is v rem>kable t no place is f\nd = ! latt] beside ! two sons ( oil1 ! political & prie/ly heads ( ! community1 :o1 accord+ to ! ,fif? ,vision1 /& 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god & betwe5 !m fe$ ! religi\s life ( ,israel4 ,ne>ly sixty ye>s lat] 8,mala*i0 exhibits ! work+ ( ,prophecy )9 ! ,law1 & beg9s to employ ! didactic /yle ( ! lat] ,rabb9ism4 ,joel />ts1 l any old] prophet1 f ! facts ( 8 own day1 b ^! hurry him at once into apocalypse2 he calls1 z ?or\ghly z any ( 8 pr$ecessors1 to rep5tance1 b "u ! imm95ce ( ! ,day ( ! ,"l1 ) its 8sup]natural0 t]rors1 he m5tions no special s9 & en=ces no s+le virtue4 ,! civic & p]sonal e?ics ( ! e>li] prophets are abs5t4 ,9 ! ,greek ,p]iod1 ! oracles n[ numb]$ f ! n9? to ! f\rte5? *apt]s ( ! ,book ( ,ze*>iah repeat to aggravation ! exult+ rev5ge ( ,nahum & ,obadiah1 )\t ! /rong /yle or ! hold ^u hi/ory :i* ! =m] exhibits1 & %[ u prophecy /ill fur!r enwrapp$ 9 apocalypse4 ,b 9 ! ,book ( ,jonah1 ?\gh x is p>able & n hi/ory1 we see a great recov]y & expansion ( ! be/ elem5ts ( prophecy4 ,god's "* & ,israel's true mission to ! _w are reveal$ 9 ! _s ( ,hosea & ( ! ,se] ( ! ,exile1 ) mu* ( ! t5d]ness1 ! insight1 ! analysis ( "* & ev5 ! hum\r ( classic prophecy4 ,^! qualities raise ! ,book ( ,jonah1 ?\gh x is probably ! late/ ( our ,twelve1 to ! highe/ rank among !m4 ,no book is m wor?y to /& by ! side ( ,isaiah xl4--lv42 none is ne>] 9 _s to ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,all ?is gives unity to ! /udy ( prophets s f> sep>ate 9 "t1 & s v di/9ct 9 "*1 f ea* o!r4 ,f ,zephaniah to ,jonah1 or ov] a p]iod ( ?ree c5turies1 !y illu/rate ! dissolution ( ,prophecy & its passage into o!r =ms ( religion4 ,! s*ol>s1 to :om e work] 9 ?is field is indebt$1 are nam$ ?r\gh\t ! volume4 ,i regret t ,n[ack's rec5t comm5t>y on ! ,m9or ,prophets 7,gtt+53 ,v&5hoeck ,rupre*t7 rea*$ me too late = use 7except 9 footnotes7 ^u ! e>li] ( ! n9e prophets4 ,,george ,,adam ,,smi?4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,cambridge ,bible = ,s*ools1 #ahig ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,page ,,preface v ,,*ronological ,,tables ,fac+ p4 #a 9 ,volume ,i ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,prophets ,,( ,,! ,,sev5? ,,c5tury ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,,! ,,sev5? ,,c5tury ,,be=e ,,*ri/ #c #a4 ,,reaction ,,"u ,,manasseh ,,& ,,amon 7#fie8--fci74 #b4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,ye>s ,,( ,,josiah 7#fci--fbe73 ,,j]emiah ,,& ,,zephaniah4 #c4 ,,! ,,re/ ,,( ,,! ,,c5tury 7#fbe--ehf73 ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,n9iveh2 ,,nahum ,,& ,,habakkuk4 ,,zephaniah ,,ii4 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,zephaniah #ce ,,iii4 ,,! ,,prophet ,,& ,,! ,,re=m]s #df ,,zephaniah i4--ii4 #c4 ,,iv4 ,,n9ive ,,del5da #fa ,,zephaniah ii4 #d-ae4 ,v4 ,,s ,,z ,,by ,,fire #fg ,,zephaniah iii4 ,,nahum ,,vi4 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,nahum #gg #a4 ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,el,,%4 #b4 ,,! ,,au!nticity ,,( ,,*ap4 i4 #c4 ,,! ,,date ,,( ,,*aps4 ii4 ,,& iii4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,v5geance ,,( ,,! ,,"l #ij ,,nahum i4 ,,viii4 ,,! ,,siege ,,& ,,fall ,,( ,,n9iveh #if ,,nahum ii4 ,,& iii4 ,,haba,u ,,ix4 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,habakkuk #aae #a4 ,,*ap4 i4 #b--;ii4 #d 7,,or #h74 #b4 ,,*ap4 ii4 #e-bj4 #c4 ,,*ap4 iii4 ,x4 ,,! ,,prophet ,,z ,,sceptic #abi ,,habakkuk i4--ii4 #d4 ,,xi4 ,,tyranny ,,is ,,suicide #adc ,,habakkuk ii4 #e-bj4 ,,xii4 8,,9 ,,! ,,mid/ ,,( ,,! ,,ye>s0 #adi ,,habakkuk iii4 ,,obadiah ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,obadiah #afc ,,xiv4 ,,edom ,,& ,,israel #agg ,,obadiah #a-ba4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,prophets ,,( ,,! ,,p]sian ,,p]iod 7#eci--cca ,b4,c47 ,,xv4 ,,israel ,,"u ,,! ,,p]sians #ahg ,,xvi4 ,,f ,,! ,,return ,,f ,,babylon ,,to ,,! ,,build+ ,,( ,,! ,,temple 7#ecf--eaf ,b4,c47 #aih ,,) ,a ,,discussion ,,( ,,pr(essor ,,ko/]s' ,,!ory4 ,,haggai ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,haggai #bbe ,,xviii4 ,,haggai ,,& ,,! ,,build+ ,,( ,,! ,,temple #bcd ,haggai i41 ii4 #a4 ,,! ,,call ,,to ,,build 7,,*ap4 i474 #b4 ,,c\rage1 ,,z]ubbabel6 ,,c\rage1 ,,jeho%ua ,,& ,,all ,,! ,,p6 7,,*ap4 ii4 #a-i74 #c4 ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,! ,,unclean 7,,*ap4 ii4 #aj-ai74 #d4 ,,! ,,re9ve/m5t ,,( ,,israel',s ,,hope 7,,*ap4 ii4 #bj-bc74 ,,ze*>iah 7,i4--,,viii47 ,,xix4 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,ze*>iah 7,i4--,,viii47 #bee ,,xx4 ,,ze*>iah ,,! ,,prophet #bfd ,,ze*>iah i4 #a-f1 ,,etc42 ,,ezra v4 #a1 vi4 #ad4 ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,visions ,,( ,,ze*>iah #bgc ,,ze*>iah i4 #g--vi4 #a4 ,,! ,,influ5ces ,,:i* ,,m\ld$ ,,! ,,visions4 #b4 ,,g5]al ,,features ,,( ,,! ,,visions4 #c4 ,,exposition ,,( ,,! ,,sev]al ,,visions3 ,,! ,,fir/3 ,,! ,,angel-,,horsem5 7i4 #g-ag74 ,,! ,,second3 ,,! ,,f\r ,,horns ,,& ,,! ,,f\r ,,smi?s 7i4 #ah-ba ,,eng474 ,,! ,,?ird3 ,,! ,,city ,,( ,,peace 7ii4 #a-e ,,eng474 ,,! ,,f\r?3 ,,! ,,high ,,prie/ ,,& ,,! ,,satan 7iii474 ,,! ,,fif?3 ,,! ,,temple ,,c&le/ick ,,& ,,! ,,two ,,olive-,,trees 7iv474 ,,! ,,six?3 ,,! ,,w+$ ,,volume 7v4 #a-d74 ,,! ,,sev5?3 ,,! ,,woman ,,9 ,,! ,,b>rel 7v4 #e-aa74 ,,! ,,eigh?3 ,,! ,,*>iots ,,( ,,! ,,f\r ,,w9ds 7vi4 #a-h74 ,,! ,,result ,,( ,,! ,,visions 7vi4 #i-ae74 ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,angels ,,( ,,! ,,visions #caj ,,ze*>iah i4 #g--vi4 #h4 ,,xxiii4 8,,! ,,se$ ,,( ,,peace0 #cbj ,,ze*>iah vii41 viii4 8,,mala*i0 ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,book ,,( 8,,mala*i0 #cca ,,xxv4 ,,f ,,ze*>iah ,,to 8,,mala*i0 #cda ,,xxvi4 ,,prophecy ,,)9 ,,! ,,law #cdh 8,,mala*i0 i4--iv4 7,,eng474 #a4 ,,god',s ,,love ,,= ,,israel ,,& ,,hatr$ ,,( ,,edom 7i4 #b-e74 #b4 8,,hon\r ,,?y ,,fa!r0 7i4 #f-ad74 #c4 ,,! ,,prie/hood ,,( ,,k 7ii4 #a-i74 #d4 ,,! ,,cruelty ,,( ,,divorce 7ii4 #aj-af74 #e4 8,,:]e ,,is ,,! ,,god ,,( ,,judgm5t80 7ii4 #ag--;iii4 #e74 #f4 ,,rep5tance ,,by ,,ti!s 7iii4 #f-ab74 #g4 ,,! ,,judgm5t ,,to ,,come 7iii4 #ac--;iv4 #b ,,eng474 #h4 ,,! ,,return ,,( ,,elijah 7iv4 #c-e ,,eng474 ,,joel ,,xxvii4 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,joel #cge #a4 ,,! ,,date ,,( ,,! ,,book4 #b4 ,,! ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,! ,,book4 #c4 ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,text ,,& ,,! ,,/yle ,,( ,,! ,,book4 ,,xxviii4 ,,! ,,locu/s ,,& ,,! ,,day ,,( ,,! ,,"l #cih ,,joel i4--ii4 #ag4 ,,xxix4 ,,prosp]ity ,,& ,,! ,,_s #dah ,,joel ii4 #ah-cb 7,,eng474 #a4 ,,! ,,return ,,( ,,prosp]ity 7ii4 #ai-bg74 #b4 ,,! ,,outp\r+ ,,( ,,! ,,_s 7ii4 #bh-cb74 ,,xxx4 ,,! ,,judgm5t ,,( ,,! ,,hea!n #dca ,,joel iii4 7,,eng474 ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,prophets ,,( ,,! ,,grecian ,,p]iod 7,,f #cca ,,onw>ds7 ,,xxxi4 ,,israel ,,& ,,! ,,greeks #dci 8,,ze*>iah0 7,,ix4--,,xiv47 ,,xxxii4 8,,ze*>iah0 ,,ix4--,,xiv4 #ddi ,,xxxiii4 ,,! ,,cont5ts ,,( 8,,ze*>iah0 ,,ix4--,,xiv4 #dfc #a4 ,,! ,,com+ ,,( ,,! ,,greeks 7ix4 #a-h74 #b4 ,,! ,,pr9ce ,,( ,,peace 7ix4 #i-ab74 #c4 ,,! ,,slaught] ,,( ,,! ,,greeks 7ix4 #ac-ag74 #d4 ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,t]aphim ,,& ,,sorc]]s 7x4 #a1 #b74 #e4 ,,aga9/ ,,evil ,,%eph]ds 7x4 #c-ab74 #f4 ,,w> ,,^u ,,! ,,syrian ,,tyrants 7xi4 #a-c74 #g4 ,,! ,,rejection ,,& ,,murd] ,,( ,,! ,,good ,,%eph]d 7xi4 #d-ag1 xiii4 #g-i74 #h4 ,,judah v]sus ,,j]usalem 7xii4 #a-g74 #i4 ,,f\r ,,results ,,( ,,j]usalem',s ,,deliv]ance 7xii4 #h--xiii4 #f74 #aj4 ,,judgm5t ,,( ,,! ,,hea!n ,,& ,,sanctification ,,( ,,j]usalem 7xiv474 ,,jonah ,,xxxiv4 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,jonah #dic #a4 ,,! ,,date ,,( ,,! ,,book4 #b4 ,,! ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,book4 #c4 ,,! ,,purpose ,,( ,,! ,,book4 #d4 ,,our ,,"l',s ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,book4 #e4 ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,! ,,book4 ,,xxxv4 ,,! ,,great ,,refusal #ead ,,jonah i4 ,,xxxvi4 ,,! ,,great ,,fi% ,,& ,,:at ,,x ,,means--,,! ,,psalm #ebc ,,jonah ii4 ,,xxxvii4 ,,! ,,rep5tance ,,( ,,! ,,city #ebi ,,jonah iii4 ,,xxxviii4 ,,israel',s ,,jeal\sy ,,( ,,jehovah #ecf ,,jonah iv4 ,,index ,,( ,,prophets #edc ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,prophets ,,( ,,! ,,sev5? ,,c5tury ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,sev5? ,,c5tury ,,be=e ,,*ri/ ,! ?ree prophets :o 7 treat$ 9 ! fir/ volume ( ?is "w belong$ to ! eigh? c5tury be=e ,*ri/3 if ,micah liv$ into ! sev5? 8 lab\rs 7 ov] by #fge4 ,! next gr\p ( our twelve1 also ?ree 9 numb]1 ,zephaniah1 ,nahum & ,habakkuk1 did n appe> till aft] #fcj4 ,to make our /udy cont9u\s#b we mu/ n[ sket* ! c\rse ( ,israel's hi/ory betwe54 ,9 ano!r volume ( ?is s]ies1#c "s acc\nt 0 giv5 ( ! religi\s progress ( ,israel f ,isaiah & ! ,deliv]ance ( ,j]usalem 9 #gja to ,j]emiah & ! ,fall ( ,j]usalem 9 #ehg4 ,isaiah's /r5g? 0 b5t ^u e/abli%+ ! inviolabl5ess ( ,zion4 ,zion1 he said1 %\ld n be tak51 & ! p1 ?\gh cut to _! roots1 %\ld rema9 plant$ 9 _! own l&1 ! /ock ( a noble nation 9 ! latt] days4 ,b ,j]emiah pr$ict$ ! ru9 bo? ( ,city & ,temple1 summon$ ,j]usalem's enemies aga9/ h] 9 ! "n ( ,jehovah1 & c\nsell$ 8 p to submit to !m4 ,?is rev]sal ( ! prophetic ideal _h a tw(old reason4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! moral condition ( ,israel 0 worse 9 #fjj ,b4,c4 ?an x _h be5 9 #gjj2 ano!r c5tury _h %[n h[ mu* ! nation ne$$ ! p5alty & purgation ( exile4 ,b secondly1 h[ev] ! inviolabl5ess ( ,j]usalem _h be5 requir$ 9 ! int]e/s ( pure religion 9 #gja1 religion _h n[ to %[ t x 0 indep5d5t ev5 ( ,zion & ( ,israel's political survival4 ,our ?ree prophets ( ! eigh? c5tury 7z well z ,isaiah himself7 _h inde$ prea*$ a gospel :i* impli$ ?is1 b x 0 res]v$ to ,j]emiah to prove t ! exi/5ce ( /ate & temple 0 n indisp5sable to fai? 9 ,god1 & to expla9 ! ru9 ( ,j]usalem1 n m]ely z a well-m]it$ p5ance1 b z ! condition ( a m spiritual int]c\rse betwe5 ,jehovah & ,8 p4 ,x is our duty to trace ! c\rse ( ev5ts ?r\gh ! sev5? c5tury1 :i* l$ to ?is *ange ( ! /&po9t ( prophecy1 & :i* m\ld$ ! messages especially ( ,j]emiah's contempor>ies1 ,zephaniah1 ,nahum & ,habakkuk4 ,we may divide ! c5tury into ?ree p]iods3 ,fir/1 t ( ! ,reaction & ,p]secution "u ,manasseh & ,amon1 f #fie or #fij to #fci1 dur+ :i* prophecy 0 sil5t or anonym\s2 ,second1 t ( ! ,e>ly ,ye>s ( ,josiah1 #fci to #fbe1 ne> ! end ( :i* we meet ) ! "y ,j]emiah & ,zephaniah2 ,?ird1 ! ,re/ ( ! ,c5tury1 #fbe to #fjj1 cov]+ ! ,decl9e & ,fall ( ,n9iveh1 & ! prophets ,nahum & ,habakkuk1 ) an addition c>ry+ on ! hi/ory to ! ,fall ( ,j]usalem 9 #ehg--f4 #a4 ,,reaction ,,"u ,,manasseh ,,& ,,amon 7#fie8--fci74 ,j]usalem 0 deliv]$ 9 #gja1 & ! ,assyrians kept away f ,pale/9e = tw5ty-?ree ye>s4#d ,judah _h peace1 & ,hezekiah 0 free to devote 8 latt] days to ! "w ( purify+ ! wor%ip ( 8 p4 ,:at he exactly a*iev$ is unc]ta94 ,! hi/orian imputes to him ! removal ( ! high places1 ! de/ruction ( all ,maebo? & ,a%]as1 & ( ! braz5 s]p5t4#e ,t 8 measures 7 dra/ic is probable f ! op9ions ( ,isaiah1 :o 0 _! inspiration1 & prov$ by ! reaction :i* !y provok$ :5 ,hezekiah di$4 ,! removal ( ! high places & ! conc5tration ( ! national wor%ip )9 ! ,temple w\ld be ! m easy t ! prov9cial sanctu>ies _h be5 deva/at$ by ! ,assyrian invasion1 & t ! %r9e ( ,jehovah 0 glorifi$ by ! rais+ ( ! siege ( #gja4 ,:ile ! fir/ ( ,isaiah's great po/ulates = ! future1 ! inviolabl5ess ( ,zion1 _h be5 fulfill$1 ! second1 ! reign ( a righte\s pr9ce 9 ,israel1 seem$ doom$ to disappo9tm5t4 ,hezekiah di$ e>ly 9 ! sev5? c5tury1#f & 0 succe$$ by 8 son ,manasseh1 a boy ( twelve1 :o appe>s to h be5 captur$ by ! p>ty :om 8 fa!r _h oppos$4 ,! few ye>s' peace--peace 9 ,israel 0 always dang]\s to ! heal? ( ! high] religion--! int]e/s ( ^? :o _h suff]$ f ! re=ms1 ! inevitable reaction :i* a rigor\s puritanism provokes--^! swiftly rev]s$ ! religi\s =tunes ( ,israel4 ,isaiah's & ,micah's pr$ictions ( ! f9al ov]?r[ ( ,assyria seem$ falsifi$1 :5 9 #fha ! m vigor\s ,as>haddon succe$$ ,s5na*]ib1 & 9 #fgh swept ! long abs5t armies back ^u ,syria4 ,sidon 0 de/roy$1 & tw5ty-two pr9ces ( ,pale/9e imm$iately yield$ _! tribute to ! conqu]or4 ,manasseh 0 "o ( !m1 & 8 political homage may h br\ght him1 z x br\ght ,ahaz1 )9 ! infection ( =eign idolatries4#g ,ev]y?+1 9 %ort1 work$ = ! revival ( t eclectic paganism :i* ,hezekiah _h /riv5 to /amp out4 ,! high places 7 rebuilt2 alt>s 7 erect$ to ,baal1 ) ! sacr$ pole ( ,a%]ah1 z 9 ! "t ( ,ahab2#h %r9es to ! ho/ ( heav5 defil$ ! c\rts ( ,jehovah's h\se2 !re 0 a recrudesc5ce ( soo?say+1 div9ation & traffic ) ! dead4 ,b x 0 all v diff]5t f ! secure & sunny temp] :i* ,amos _h enc\nt]$ 9 ,nor!rn ,israel4#i ,! t]rible ,assyrian invasions _h come betwe54 ,life c\ld nev] aga9 feel s /able4 ,/ill m de/ructive _h be5 ! social poisons :i* our prophets describ$ z sapp+ ! con/itution ( ,israel = ne>ly ?ree g5]ations4 ,! rural simplicity 0 corrupt$ by ^? economic *anges :i* ,micah bewails4 ,) ! ou/+ ( ! old families f ! soil1 a ?\s& traditions1 memories & habits mu/ h be5 brok51 :i* _h pres]v$ ! p's pres5ce ( m9d 9 days ( sudd5 disa/]1 & _h c>ri$ !m1 = in/ance1 ?r\gh s long a trial z ! ,syrian w>s4 ,nor c\ld ! blood ( ,israel h run s pure aft] ! luxury & lic5ti\sness describ$ by ,hosea & ,isaiah4 ,! novel obligations ( comm]ce1 ! gre$ to be ri*1 ! increas+ di/ress among ! poor1 _h /ra9$ ! joy\s temp] ( t nation ( peasants' sons1 :om we met ) ,amos1 & %att]$ ! n]ves ( _! rul]s4 ,!re is no ^w ( fight+ 9 ,manasseh's days1 no ^w ( revolt aga9/ ! tyrant4 ,p]haps also ! int]v5+ puritanism1 :i* _h fail$ to give ! p a p]man5t fai?1 _h at lea/ awak5$ )9 !m a new consci5ce4 ,at all ev5ts !re is n[ no m ease 9 ,zion1 b a re/less fe>1 driv+ ! p to excesses ( religi\s zeal4 ,we d n read ( ! happy c\ntry fe/ivals ( ! previ\s c5tury1 nor ( ! c>eless pride ( t sudd5 weal? :i* built va/ palaces & load$ ! alt> ( ,jehovah ) hecatombs4 ,! full-blood$ patriotism1 :i* at lea/ kept ritual 9 t\* ) clean national issues1 has vani%$4 ,! popul> religion is sull5 & exasp]at$4 ,x takes ! =m ( sacrifices ( fr5zi$ cruelty & lu/4 ,*ildr5 are pass$ ?r\gh ! fire to ,molo*1 & ! ,temple is defil$ by ! orgies ( ^? :o abuse _! bodies to propitiate a =eign & a brutal god4#aj ,b ! mo/ c]ta9 consequ5ce ( a religion ^: n]ves are on edge is p]secution1 & ?is rag$ all ! e>li] ye>s ( ,manasseh4 ,! adh]5ts ( ! pur] fai? 7 slaught]$1 & ,j]usalem dr5*$#aa ) innoc5t blood4 ,h] own sword1 says ,j]emiah1 dev\r$ ! prophets l a de/roy+ lion4#ab ,x is significant t all t has come d[n to u f ?is 8kill+ "t0 is anonym\s2#ac we d n meet ) our next gr\p ( public prophets till ,manasseh & 8 l-m9d$ son h pass$ away4 ,yet prophecy 0 n :olly /ifl$4 ,voices 7 rais$ to pr$ict ! exile & de/ruction ( ! nation4 ,jehovah spake by ,8 s]vants2#ad :ile o!rs wove into ! prophecies ( an ,amos1 a ,hosea or an ,isaiah "s application ( ! old pr9ciples to ! new circum/ances4 ,x is probable1 = in/ance1 t ! extremely d\btful passage 9 ! ,book ( ,amos1 v4 #bf f41 :i* imputes to ,israel z a :ole ! wor%ip ( a/ral deities f ,assyria1 is to be assign$ to ! reign ( ,manasseh4 ,9 its pres5t position x looks v l an intrusion3 n[h]e else does ,amos *>ge 8 g5]ation ) s]v+ =eign gods2 & c]ta9ly 9 all ! hi/ory ( ,israel we c\ld n f9d a m suitable p]iod = s specific a *>ge ?an ! days :5 into ! c5tral sanctu>y ( ! national wor%ip images 7 introduc$ ( ! ho/ ( heav51 & ! nation 01 9 consequ5ce1 ?reat5$ ) exile4#ae ,9 times ( p]secution ! docum5ts ( ! suff]+ fai? h ev] be5 rev]5c$ & gu>d$ ) especial zeal4 ,x is n improbable t ! prophets1 driv5 f public life1 gave !mselves to ! arrangem5t ( ! national scriptures2 & "s critics date f ,manasseh's reign ! weav+ ( ! two e>lie/ docum5ts ( ! ,p5tateu* into "o cont9u\s book ( hi/ory4#af ,! ,book ( ,deut]onomy =ms a problem by itself4 ,! legislation :i* composes ! bulk ( x#ag appe>s to h be5 f\nd among ! ,temple ar*ives at ! end ( our p]iod1 & pres5t$ to ,josiah z an old & =gott5 "w4#ah ,!re is no reason to *>ge ) fraud ^? :o made ! pres5tation by affirm+ t !y really inv5t$ ! book4 ,!y 7 prie/s ( ,j]usalem1 b ! book is writt5 by memb]s ( ! prophetic p>ty1 & o/5sibly 9 ! int]e/s ( ! prie/s ( ! c\ntry4 ,x betrays no tremor ( ! awful p]secutions ( ,manasseh's reign2 x does n h9t at ! di/9ction1 !n = ! fir/ "t app>5t1 betwe5 a false & a true ,israel4 ,b x does draw ano!r di/9ction1 famili> to ! eigh? c5tury1 betwe5 ! true & ! false prophets4 ,! political & spiritual premisses ( ! doctr9e ( ! book 7 all pres5t by ! end ( ! reign ( ,hezekiah1 & x is extremely improbable t 8 re=ms1 :i* 7 9 ! ma9 ^? ( ,deut]onomy1 7 n accompani$ by "s code1 or by "s appeal to ! f\nta9 ( all law 9 ,israel4 ,b :e!r ! ,book ( ,deut]onomy n[ exi/$ or n1 !re 7 ^? 9 ! nation :o ?r\gh all ! d>k days betwe5 ,hezekiah & ,josiah laid up its tru? 9 _! he>ts & 7 ready to assi/ ! latt] mon>* 9 8 public en=cem5t ( x4 ,:ile ^! ?+s happ5$ )9 ,judah1 v great ev5ts 7 tak+ place beyond h] bord]s4 ,as>haddon ( ,assyria 7#fha--ffh7 0 a mon>* ( long purposes & ?or\gh plans4 ,be=e he invad$ ,egypt1 he sp5t a ye> 7#fge7 9 subdu+ ! re/less tribes ( ,nor!rn ,arabia1 & ano!r 7#fgd7 9 conqu]+ ! p59sula ( ,s9ai1 an anci5t appanage ( ,egypt4 ,tyre ^u h] isl& baffl$ 8 assaults1 b ! re/ ( ,pale/9e rema9$ subject to him4 ,he receiv$ 8 rew>d 9 c>ry+ ! ,assyrian arms f>!r into ,egypt ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors1 & ab\t #fgj took ,memphis f ! ,e?iopian ,ph>aoh ,tah>ka4 ,!n he di$4 ,assurbanipal1 :o succe$$1 lo/ ,egypt = a few ye>s1 b ab\t #ffe1 ) ! help ( 8 tribut>ies 9 ,pale/9e1 he ov]?rew ,tah>ka1 took ,!bes1 & e/abli%$ along ! ,nile a s]ies ( vassal /ates4 ,he quell$ a revolt !re 9 #ffc & ov]?rew ,memphis = a second "t4 ,! fall ( ! ,egyptian capital res\nds ?r\gh ! re/ ( ! c5tury2 we %all he> its e*oes 9 ,nahum4 ,tyre fell at la/ ) ,arvad 9 #ffb4 ,b ! ,assyrian empire _h gr[n too va/ = human h&s to grasp1 & 9 #feb a g5]al revolt took place 9 ,egypt1 ,arabia1 ,pale/9e1 ,elam1 ,babylon & ,asia ,m9or4 ,9 #fdi ,assurbanipal r$uc$ ,elam & ,babylon2 & by two fur!r campaigns 7#fdg & #fde7 ,hauran1 ,edom1 ,ammon1 ,moab1 ,nabatea & all ! nor!rn ,arabs4 ,on 8 return f ^! he cross$ ,we/]n ,pale/9e to ! sea & puni%$ ,usu & ,akko4 ,x is v rem>kable t1 :ile ,assurbanipal1 :o ?us f\ght ! neighb\rs ( ,judah1 makes no m5tion ( h]1 nor numb]s ,manasseh among ! rebels :om he *a/is$1 ! ,book ( ,*ronicles %\ld conta9 ! /atem5t t ,jehovah s5t ^u ,manasseh ! capta9s ( ! ho/ ( ! k+ ( ,assyria1 :o b\nd him ) fett]s & c>ri$ him to ,babylon4#ai ,:at gr\nds ! ,*ronicl] _h = su* a /atem5t are q unkn[n to u4 ,he introduces ,manasseh's captivity z ! consequ5ce ( idolatry1 & ass]ts t on 8 re/oration ,manasseh aboli%$ 9 ,judah all wor%ip save t ( ,jehovah1 b if ?is happ5$ 7& ! ,book ( ,k+s has no trace ( x7 x 0 )\t result4 ,amon1 son ( ,manasseh1 cont9u$ to sacrifice to all ! images :i* 8 fa!r _h introduc$4 #b4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,ye>s ,,( ,,josiah 7#fci--fbe73 ,,j]emiah ,,& ,,zephaniah4 ,amon _h n reign$ = two ye>s :5 8 s]vants conspir$ aga9/ him1 & he 0 sla9 9 8 own h\se4#bj ,b ! p ( ! l& rose aga9/ ! c\rt1 slew ! conspirators1 & secur$ ! ?rone = ,amon's son1 ,josiah1 a *ild ( eight4 ,x is difficult to "k :at we ought to und]/& by ^! movem5ts4 ,amon1 :o 0 sla91 0 an idolat]2 ! popul> p>ty1 :o slew 8 slay]s1 put 8 son on ! ?rone1 & t son1 unlike bo? 8 fa!r & gr&fa!r1 bore a "n comp\nd$ ) ! "n ( ,jehovah4 ,0 ,amon !n sla9 = p]sonal reasons8 ,did ! p1 9 _! ris+1 h a zeal = ,jehovah8 ,0 ! crisis purely political1 b usurp$ by "s s*ool or p>ty ( ,jehovah :o _h be5 ga!r+ /r5g? ?r\gh ! lat] ye>s ( ,manasseh1 & wait+ = "s su* unsettlem5t ( affairs z n[ occurr$8 ,! meagre records ( ! ,bible give u no help1 & = sugge/ions t[>ds an answ] we mu/ turn to ! wid] politics ( ! "t4 ,assurbanipal's campaigns ( #fdg & #fde 7 ! la/ appe>ances ( ,assyria 9 ,pale/9e4 ,he _h n attempt$ to reconqu] ,egypt1#ba & h] k+1 ,psamtik ,i41 began to pu% 8 arms nor?w>d4 ,progress mu/ h be5 sl[1 = ! siege ( ,a%dod1 :i* ,psamtik probably began aft] #fde1 is said to h occupi$ him tw5ty-n9e ye>s4 ,/ill1 he mu/ h made 8 influ5ce to be felt 9 ,pale/9e1 & 9 all probability !re 0 once m1 z 9 ! days ( ,isaiah1 an ,egyptian p>ty 9 ,j]usalem4 ,z ! p[] ( ,assyria rec$$ ov] ! nor!rn horizon1 ! fasc9ation ( h] idolatries1 :i* ,manasseh _h e/abli%$ 9 ,judah1 mu/ h wan$4 ,! prie/s ( ,jehovah's h\se1 jo/l$ by _! pagan rivals1 w\ld be incl9$ to make common cause ) ! prophets "u a p]secution :i* bo? _h suff]$4 ,) ! loos5+ ( ! ,assyrian yoke ! national _s w\ld revive1 & x is easy to imag9e prophets1 prie/s & p work+ toge!r 9 ! movem5t :i* plac$ ! *ild ,josiah on ! ?rone4 ,at 8 t5d] age1 he mu/ h be5 :olly 9 ! c>e ( ! wom5 ( ! royal h\se2 & among ^! ! influ5ce ( ! prophets may h f\nd adh]5ts m readily ?an among ! c\nsellors ( an adult pr9ce4 ,n only did ! new mon>* c>ry ! "n ( ,jehovah 9 8 own2 ?is 0 ! case also ) 8 "m's fa!r4#bb ,9 ! revolt1 !re=e1 :i* rais$ ?is unconsci\s *ild to ! ?rone & 9 ! circum/ances :i* m\ld$ 8 "*1 we may inf] t !re already exi/$ ! g]ms ( ! great "w ( re=m :i* 8 manhood a*iev$4 ,= "s "t little *ange w\ld be possible1 b f ! fir/ facts 7 work+ = great issues4 ,! ,book ( ,k+s1 :i* places ! de/ruction ( ! idols aft] ! discov]y ( ! law-book 9 ! eighte5? ye> ( ,josiah's reign1 records a previ\s cleans+ & re/oration ( ! h\se ( ,jehovah4#bc ,?is po9ts to ! gr[+ asc5d5cy ( ! prophetic p>ty dur+ ! fir/ fifte5 ye>s ( ,josiah's reign4 ,( ! fir/ t5 ye>s we "k no?+1 except t ! pre/ige ( ,assyria 0 wan+2 b ?is fact1 along ) ! prea*+ ( ! prophets1 :o _h nei!r a native tyrant nor ! exig5cies ( a =eign alliance to sil5ce !m1 mu/ h wean$ ! p f ! wor%ip ( ! ,assyrian idols4 ,unless ^! _h be5 discr$it$1 ! repair ( ,jehovah's h\se c\ld h>dly h be5 attempt$2 & t ?is progress$ means t "p ( ,josiah's de/ruction ( ! hea!n images took place be=e ! discov]y ( ! ,book ( ! ,law1 :i* happ5$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! cleans+ ( ! ,temple4 ,b j z "u ! good ,hezekiah ! social condition ( ! p1 & especially ! behavi\r ( ! upp] classes1 cont9u$ to be bad1 s x 0 aga9 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ,josiah4 ,!re 0 a remnant ( ,baal#bd 9 ! l&4 ,! %r9es ( ! ho/ ( heav5 might h be5 swept f ! ,temple1 b !y 7 /ill wor%ipp$ f ! h\setops4#be ,m5 swore by ! ,que5 ( ,heav51 & by ,molo*1 ! ,k+4 ,"s turn$ back f ,jehovah2 "s1 gr[n up 9 idolatry1 _h n yet s\ght ,him4 ,idolatry may h be5 dise/abli%$ f ! national sanctu>y3 its practices /ill l+]$ 7h[ intelligibly to u67 9 social & comm]cial life4 ,=eign fa%ions 7 affect$ by ! c\rt & nobility2 trade1 z always1 0 comb9$ ) ! ackn[l$gm5t ( =eign gods4#bf ,moreov]1 ! ri* 7 fraudul5t & cruel4 ,! m9i/]s ( ju/ice1 & ! great 9 ! l&1 rav5$ among ! poor4 ,j]usalem 0 full ( oppression4 ,^! 7 ! same disord]s z ,amos & ,hosea expos$ 9 ,nor!rn ,israel1 & z ,micah expos$ 9 ,j]usalem4 ,b "o new trait ( evil 0 add$4 ,9 ! eigh? c5tury1 ) all _! ignorance ( ,jehovah's true "*1 m5 _h yet believ$ 9 ,him1 glori$ 9 ,8 en]gy1 & expect$ ,him to act--7 x only 9 accordance ) _! l[ ideals4 ,!y _h be5 alive & bubbl+ ) religion4 ,b n[ !y _h ?ick5$ on _! lees4 ,!y _h gr[n sceptical1 dull1 indiff]5t2 !y said 9 _! he>ts1 ,jehovah w n d good1 nei!r w ,he d evil6 ,n[1 j z 9 ! eigh? c5tury !re _h ris51 contemporane\s ) ,israel's social corruption1 a cl\d 9 ! nor?1 black & pregnant ) de/ruction1 s 0 x once m4 ,b ! cl\d 0 n ,assyria4 ,f ! hidd5 _w beyond h]1 f ! regions ov] ,caucasus1 va/1 nameless hordes ( m5 arose1 &1 sweep+ pa/ h] un*eck$1 p\r$ ^u ,pale/9e4 ,?is 0 ! great ,scy?ian invasion record$ by ,h]odotus4#bg ,we h almo/ no o!r report ?an 8 few p>agraphs1 b we c realise ! ev5t f our k ( ! ,mongol & ,t>t> invasions :i* 9 lat] c5turies pursu$ ! same pa? s\?w>ds4 ,liv+ 9 ! saddle1 & 7x w\ld seem7 ) no infantry nor *>iots to delay !m1 ^! ,c5taurs swept on ) a spe$ ( invasion hi!rto unkn[n4 ,9 #fcj !y _h cross$ ! ,caucasus1 by #fbf !y 7 on ! bord]s ( ,egypt4 ,psamtik ,i4 succe$$ 9 pur*as+ _! retreat1#bh & !y swept back aga9 z swiftly z !y came4 ,!y mu/ h foll[$ ! old ,assyrian w>-pa?s ( ! eigh? c5tury1 &1 )\t foot-soldi]s1 _h probably kept ev5 m closely to ! pla9s4 ,9 ,pale/9e _! way w\ld lie1 l ,assyria's1 across ,hauran1 ?r\gh ! pla9 ( ,esdraelon1 & d[n ! ,phili/9e coa/1 & 9 fact x is only on ?is l9e t !re exi/s any possible trace ( !m4#bi ,b !y %ook ! :ole ( ,pale/9e into con/]nation4 ,?\gh ,judah among h] hills escap$ !m1 z %e escap$ ! e>li] campaigns ( ,assyria1 !y %[$ h] ! p5al res\rces ( h] (f5d$ ,god4 ,once aga9 ! d>k1 sacr$ ,nor? 0 se5 to be full ( ! possibilities ( doom4 ,behold1 !re=e1 exactly ! two conditions1 e?ical & political1 :i*1 z we saw1 call$ =? ! sudd5 prophets ( ! eigh? c5tury1 & made !m s sure ( _! message ( judgm5t3 on ! "o side ,judah1 h] s9s call+ al\d = puni%m5t2 on ! o!r side ! =ces ( puni%m5t swiftly draw+ on4 ,x 0 precisely at ?is juncture t prophecy aga9 arose1 & z ,amos1 ,hosea1 ,micah & ,isaiah appe>$ 9 ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury1 ,zephaniah1 ,habakkuk1 ,nahum & ,j]emiah appe>$ 9 ! end ( ! sev5?4 ,! co9cid5ce is exact1 & a rem>kable confirmation ( ! tru? :i* we d$uc$ f ! exp]i5ce ( ,amos1 t ! assurance ( ! prophet 9 ,israel arose f ! co9cid5ce ( 8 consci5ce ) 8 political obs]vation4 ,! ju/ice ( ,jehovah dem&s ,8 p's *a/isem5t1 b see--! =ces ( *a/isem5t are already ^u ! horizon4 ,zephaniah uses ! same phrase z ,amos3 ! ,day ( ,jehovah1 he says1 is draw+ ne>4 ,we are n[ 9 t\* ) ,zephaniah1 ! fir/ ( our prophets1 b1 be=e li/5+ to him1 x w be well to complete our survey ( ^? rema9+ ye>s ( ! c5tury 9 :i* he & 8 imm$iate successors lab\r$4 #c4 ,,! ,,re/ ,,( ,,! ,,c5tury 7#fbe--ehf73 ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,n9iveh2 ,,nahum ,,& ,,habakkuk4 ,al?\gh ! ,scy?ians _h vani%$ f ! horizon ( ,pale/9e & ! ,assyrians came ov] x no m1 ! fateful ,nor? /ill l[]$ d>k & turbul5t4 ,yet ! ke5 eyes ( ! wat*m5 9 ,pale/9e p]ceiv$ t1 = a "t at lea/1 ! /orm mu/ break :]e x _h ga!r$4 ,x is ^u ,n9iveh1 n ^u ,j]usalem1 t ! prophetic passion ( ,nahum & ,habakkuk is conc5trat$2 ! new day ( ! ,"l is fill$ ) ! fate1 n ( ,israel1 b ( ,assyria4 ,= ne>ly two c5turies ,n9iveh _h be5 ! capital & cynosure ( ,we/]n ,asia2 = m ?an "o %e _h set ! fa%ions1 ! art1 & ev51 to "s ext5t1 ! religion ( all ! ,semitic nations4 ,( late ye>s1 too1 %e _h drawn to h]self ! _w's trade4 ,great roads f ,egypt1 f ,p]sia & f ! gean conv]g$ ^u h]1 till l ,imp]ial ,rome %e 0 fill$ ) a va/ motley ( peoples1 & m5 w5t =? f h] to ! ends ( ! e>?4 ,"u ,assurbanipal travel & rese>* _h increas$1 & ! city acquir$ r5[n z ! c5tre ( ! _w's wisdom4 ,?us h] size & glory1 ) all h] details ( ramp>t & t[]1 /reet1 palace & temple1 grew ev]y:]e famili>4 ,b ! peoples gaz$ at h] z ^? :o _h be5 bl$ to build h]4 ,! mo/ remote ( !m _h se5 face to face on _! own fields1 trampl+1 /ripp+1 burn+1 ! w>riors :o mann$ h] walls4 ,%e _h da%$ _! little ones aga9/ ! rocks4 ,_! k+s _h be5 dragg$ f !m & hung 9 cages ab\t h] gates4 ,_! gods _h l9$ ! temples ( h] gods4 ,ye> by ye> !y s5t h] _! heavy tribute1 & ! be>]s came back ) fre% tales ( h] rapaci\s insol5ce4 ,s %e /ood1 bitt]ly cle> to all m51 9 h] glory & h] cruelty6 ,_! hate haunt$ h] e p9nacle2 & at la/1 :5 ab\t #fbe ! news came t h] fronti] =tresses _h fall5 & ! great city h]self 0 be+ besieg$1 we c und]/& h[ h] victims gloat$ on ea* possible /age ( h] fall1 & saw h] yield to "o aft] ano!r ( ! cruelties ( battle1 siege & /orm1 :i* = two hundr$ ye>s %e _h inflict$ on !mselves4 ,to su* a vision ! prophet ,nahum gives voice1 n on behalf ( ,israel alone1 b ( all ! nations :om ,n9iveh _h cru%$4 ,x 0 obvi\s t ! v5geance :i* ,we/]n ,asia ?us hail$ ^u ,assyria mu/ come f "o or o!r ( two gr\ps ( peoples1 /&+ respectively to ! nor? & to ! s\? ( h]4 ,to ! nor?1 or nor?-ea/1 betwe5 ,mesopotamia & ! ,caspian1 !re 7 ga!r$ a cong]ies ( re/less tribes kn[n to ! ,assyrians z ! ,madai or ,matai1 ! ,m$es4 ,!y are m5tion$ fir/ by ,%almanes] ,,ii4 9 #hdj1 & few ( 8 successors d n record campaigns aga9/ !m4 ,! e>lie/ notice ( !m 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t is 9 connection ) ! captives ( ,sam>ia1 "s ( :om 9 #gbj 7 settl$ among !m4#cj ,^! ,m$es 7 probably ( ,turanian /ock1 b by ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury1 if we are to judge f ! names ( "s ( _! *iefs1#ca _! mo/ ea/]ly tribes _h already fall5 "u ,aryan influ5ce1 spread+ we/w>d f ,p]sia4#cb ,s l$1 !y became unit$ & =midable to ,assyria4 ,h]odotus relates t _! ,k+ ,phraortes1 or ,frav>tis1 actually attempt$ ! siege ( ,n9iveh1 probably on ! dea? ( ,assurbanipal 9 #fbe1 b 0 sla94#cc ,8 son ,kyax>es1 ,ka/>it or ,uvak%a?ra1 0 =c$ by a ,scy?ian invasion ( 8 own c\ntry to )draw 8 troops f ,assyria2 b hav+ ei!r b\ght (f or assimilat$ ! ,scy?ian invad]s1 he return$ 9 #fjh1 ) =ces suffici5t to ov]?r[ ! nor!rn ,assyrian =tresses & to inve/ ,n9iveh h]self4 ,! o!r & s\!rn gr\p ( peoples :i* ?reat5$ ,assyria 7 ,semitic4 ,at _! head 7 ! ,kasdim or ,*aldeans4#cd ,?is "n appe>s = ! fir/ "t 9 ! ,assyrian annals a little e>li] ?an t ( ! ,m$es1#ce & f ! middle ( ! n9? c5tury onw>ds ! p designat$ by x frequ5tly engage ! ,assyrian arms4 ,!y 71 to beg9 )1 a few half-savage tribes to ! s\? ( ,babylon1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf2 b !y prov$ _! vig\r by ! repeat$ lord%ip ( all ,babylonia & by invet]ate rebellion aga9/ ! mon>*s ( ,n9iveh4 ,be=e ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury we f9d _! names us$ by ! prophets = ! ,babylonians z a :ole4 ,assurbanipal1 :o 0 a patron ( ,babylonian culture1 kept ! c\ntry quiet dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( 8 reign1 b 8 son ,as%ur-itil-ilani1 ^u 8 accession 9 #fbe1 _h to grant ! vic]oyalty to ,nabopolass> ! ,*aldean ) a consid]able degree ( indep5d5ce4 ,as%ur-itil-ilani 0 succe$$ 9 a few ye>s#cf by ,s9surisk91 ! ,s>akos ( ! ,greeks1 :o pres]v$ at lea/ a nom9al sov]eignty ov] ,babylon1#cg b ,nabopolass> mu/ already h *]i%$ ambitions ( succe$+ ! ,assyrian 9 ! empire ( ! _w4 ,he enjoy$ suffici5t fre$om to organise 8 =ces to t end4 ,^! 7 ! two p[]s :i* f nor? & s\? wat*$ ) impati5ce ! decay ( ,assyria4 ,t !y made no attempt ^u h] betwe5 #fbe & #fjh 0 probably due to sev]al causes3 _! jeal\sy ( ea* o!r1 ! ,m$es' tr\ble ) ! ,scy?ians1 ,nabopolass>'s g5ius = wait+ till 8 =ces 7 ready1 & above all ! /ill consid]able vig\r ( ! ,assyrian himself4 ,! ,lion1 ?\gh old1#ch 0 n brok54 ,8 p[] may h relax$ 9 ! di/ant prov9ces ( 8 empire1 ?\gh1 if ,budde be "r ab\t ! date ( ,habakkuk1#ci ! peoples ( ,syria /ill groan$ "u ! ?\ght ( x2 b 8 own l&--8 lair1 z ! prophets call x--0 /ill t]rible4 ,x is true t1 z ,nahum p]ceives1 ! capital 0 no long] native & patriotic z x _h be52 ! trade fo/]$ by ,assurbanipal _h fill$ ,n9iveh ) a va/ & m]c5>y population1 ready to break & disp]se at ! fir/ brea* 9 h] walls4 ,yet ,assyria prop] 0 cov]$ ) =tresses1 & ! tradition _h long fa/5$ ^u ! peoples t ,n9iveh 0 impregnable4 ,h5ce ! t5sion ( ^? ye>s4 ,! peoples ( ,we/]n ,asia look$ eag]ly = _! rev5ge2 b ! two p[]s :i* alone c\ld accompli% ?is /ood wait+--afraid ( ea* o!r p]haps1 b m afraid ( ! object ( _! common ambition4 ,x is said t ,kyax>es & ,nabopolass> at la/ came to an agreem5t2#dj b m probably ! crisis 0 ha/5$ by ! appe>ance ( ano!r claimant = ! covet$ spoil4 ,9 #fjh ,ph>aoh ,ne*o w5t up aga9/ ! k+ ( ,assyria t[>ds ! riv] ,euphrates4#da ,?is ,egyptian advance may h =c$ ! h& ( ,kyax>es1 :o appe>s to h begun 8 inve/m5t ( ,n9iveh a little aft] ,ne*o defeat$ ,josiah at ,megiddo4#db ,! siege is said to h la/$ two ye>s4 ,:e!r ?is includ$ ! delays necess>y = ! r$uction ( =tresses ^u ! great roads ( approa* to ! ,assyrian capital we d n "k2 b ,n9iveh's own position1 =tifications & res\rces may well acc\nt = ! :ole ( ! "t4 ,colonel ,bill]beck1 a milit>y exp]t1 has sugge/$#dc t ! ,m$es f\nd x possible to inve/ ! city only ^u ! nor!rn & ea/]n sides4 ,d[n ! we/ fl[s ! ,tigris1 & across ?is ! besieg$ may h be5 able to br+ 9 supplies & re9=cem5ts f ! f]tile c\ntry beyond4 ,h]odotus affirms t ! ,m$es effect$ ! capture ( ,n9iveh by !mselves1#dd & = ?is "s rec5t evid5ce has be5 f\nd1#de s t ano!r tradition t ! ,*aldeans 7 also actively engag$1#df :i* has no?+ to support x1 may be reg>d$ z false4 ,nabopolass> may /ill h be5 9 "n an ,assyrian vic]oy2 yet1 z ,colonel ,bill]beck po9ts out1 he _h x 9 8 p[] to make ,kyax>es' victory possible by hold+ ! s\!rn roads to ,n9iveh1 deta*+ o!r vic]oys ( h] prov9ces & s %utt+ h] up to h] own res\rces4 ,b among o!r reasons :i* kept him away f ! siege may h be5 ! necessity ( gu>d+ aga9/ ,egyptian designs on ! moribund empire4 ,ph>aoh ,ne*o1 z we "k1 0 mak+ = ! ,euphrates z e>ly z #fjh4 ,n[ if ,nabopolass> & ,kyax>es _h arrang$ to divide ,assyria betwe5 !m1 !n x is likely t !y agre$ also to %>e ! "w ( mak+ _! inh]itance sure1 s t :ile ,kyax>es ov]?rew ,n9iveh1 ,nabopolass>1 or r 8 son ,nebu*adrezz>1#dg wait$ = & ov]?rew ,ph>aoh by ,c>*emi% on ! ,euphrates4 ,consequ5tly ,assyria 0 divid$ betwe5 ! ,m$es & ! ,*aldeans2 ! latt] z h] heirs 9 ! s\? took ov] h] title to ,syria & ,pale/9e4 ,! two prophets ) :om we h to deal at ?is "t are almo/ entirely engross$ ) ! fall ( ,assyria4 ,nahum exults 9 ! de/ruction ( ,n9iveh2 ,habakkuk sees 9 ! ,*aldeans no?+ b ! av5g]s ( ! peoples :om ,assyria#dh _h oppress$4 ,= bo? ^! ev5ts are ! close ( an epo*3 nei!r prophet looks beyond ?is4 ,nahum 7n on behalf ( ,israel alone7 gives expression to ! epo*'s long ?ir/ = v5geance on ! tyrant2 ,habakkuk 7if ,budde's read+ ( him be "r#di7 /ates ! problems ) :i* its victori\s cruelties _h fill$ ! pi\s m9d--/ates ! problem & beholds ! solution 9 ! ,*aldeans4 ,&1 surely1 ! v5geance 0 s j & s ample1 ! solution s dra/ic & = ! "t complete1 t we c well und]/& h[ two prophets %\ld exhau/ _! (fice 9 describ+ su* ?+s1 & feel no motive to look ei!r deep into ! moral condition ( ,israel1 or f> out into ! future :i* ,god 0 prep>+ = ,8 p4 ,x might1 ( c\rse1 be said t ! prophets' sil5ce on ! latt] subjects 0 due to _! positions imm$iately aft] ! great ,re=m ( #fba1 :5 ! nation1 hav+ be5 r\s$ to an hone/ /riv+ aft] righte\sness1 did n require prophetic rebuke1 & :5 ! success ( s godly a pr9ce z ,josiah left no spiritual ambitions unsatisfi$4 ,b ?is 7ev5 if ! dates ( ! two prophets 7 c]ta97 is h>dly probable2 & ! o!r explanation is suffici5t4 ,:o c d\bt ?is :o has realis$ ! long epo* :i* !n rea*$ a crisis1 or has be5 ?rill$ by ! cra% ( ! crisis itself8 ,! fall ( ,n9iveh 0 deaf5+ en\gh to dr[n = ! mom5t1 z x does 9 ,nahum1 ev5 a ,hebrew's clamant consci5ce ( 8 c\ntry's s94 ,! problems1 :i* ! long success ( ,assyrian cruelty _h />t$1 7 old & =midable en\gh to dem& /atem5t & answ] be=e ei!r ! hopes or ! responsibilities ( ! future c\ld f9d voice4 ,! pa/ also requires its prophets4 ,feel+ has to be satisfi$1 & exp]i5ce balanc$1 be=e ! he>t is will+ to turn ! leaf & read ! page ( ! future4 ,yet1 ?r\gh all ?is "t ( ,assyria's decl9e1 ,israel _h h] own s9s1 fe>s & convictions ( judgm5t to come4 ,! disappe>ance ( ! ,scy?ians did n leave ,zephaniah's pr$ictions ( doom )\t means ( fulfilm5t2 nor did ! great ,re=m ( #fba remove ! necessity ( t doom4 ,9 ! deepe/ he>ts ! assurance t ,israel mu/ be puni%$ 0 by ^! ?+s only confirm$4 ,! prophetess ,huldah1 ! fir/ to speak 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l aft] ! ,book ( ! ,law 0 discov]$1 emphasis$ n ! re=ms :i* x enjo9$ b ! judgm5ts :i* x pr$ict$4 ,josiah's righte\sness c\ld at mo/ ensure = himself a peaceful dea?3 8 p 7 incorrigible & doom$4#ej ,! re=ms inde$ proce$$1 !re 0 public & widespread p5it5ce1 idolatry 0 aboli%$4 ,b ^? 7 only %all[ p$ants :o put _! tru/ 9 ! possession ( a reveal$ ,law & purg$ ,temple1#ea & :o boa/$ t !re=e ,israel 0 secure4 ,j]emiah repeat$ ! gloomy =eca/s ( ,zephaniah & ,huldah1 & ev5 be=e ! wick$ness ( ,jehoiakim's reign prov$ ! obduracy ( ,israel's he>t1 he affirm$ ! imm95ce ( ! evil out ( ! nor? & ! great de/ruction4#eb ,( our ?ree prophets 9 ?is p]iod ,zephaniah1 ?\gh ! e>lie/1 _h !re=e ! la/ ^w4 ,:ile ,nahum & ,habakkuk 7 almo/ :olly absorb$ ) ! epo* t is clos+1 he _h a vision ( ! future4 ,is ?is :y 8 book has be5 rang$ among our ,twelve aft] ^? ( 8 slightly lat] contempor>ies8 ,! precise c\rse ( ev5ts 9 ,israel 0 ?is--& we mu/ foll[ !m1 = among !m we h to seek exact dates = ,nahum & ,habakkuk4 ,9 #fba ! ,book ( ! ,law 0 discov]$1 & ,josiah appli$ himself ) ?or\ghness to ! re=ms :i* he _h already begun4 ,= ?irte5 ye>s he seems to h _h peace to c>ry !m ?r\gh4 ,! hea!n alt>s 7 ?r[n d[n1 ) all ! high places 9 ,judah & ev5 "s 9 ,sam>ia4 ,images 7 aboli%$4 ,! hea!n prie/s 7 ext]m9at$1 ) ! wiz>ds & soo?say]s4 ,! ,levites1 except ! sons ( ,zadok1 :o alone 7 all[$ to m9i/] 9 ! ,temple1 h5ce=? ! only place ( sacrifice1 7 deb>r$ f prie/ly duties4 ,a great passov] 0 celebrat$4#ec ,! k+ did ju/ice & 0 ! fri5d ( ! poor2#ed x w5t well ) him & ! p4#ee ,he ext5d$ 8 influ5ce into ,sam>ia2 x is probable t he v5tur$ to c>ry out ! injunctions ( ,deut]onomy ) reg>d to ! neighb\r+ hea!n4#ef ,lit]ature fl\ri%$3 ?\gh critics h n comb9$ ^u ! works to be assign$ to ?is reign1 !y agree t a great _m 7 produc$ 9 x4 ,weal? mu/ h accumulat$3 c]ta9ly ! nation ent]$ ! tr\bles ( ! next reign ) an arrogant confid5ce t argues "u ,josiah ! rapid gr[? ( prosp]ity 9 e direction4 ,!n ( a sudd5 came ! fatal ye> ( #fjh4 ,ph>aoh ,ne*o appe>$ 9 ,pale/9e#eg ) an army de/9$ = ! ,euphrates1 & ,josiah w5t up to meet him at ,megiddo4 ,8 tactics are pla9--x is ! fir/ /rait on ! l&-road f ,egypt to ! ,euphrates--b 8 motives are obscure4 ,assyria c h>dly h be5 /rong en\gh at ?is "t to fl+ him z h] vassal across ! pa? ( h] anci5t foe4 ,he mu/ h gone ( himself4 8,8 dream 0 probably to br+ back ! scatt]$ rema9s ( ! nor!rn k+dom to a pure wor%ip1 & to unite ! :ole p ( ,israel "u ! sceptre ( ! h\se ( ,david2 & he 0 n incl9$ to all[ ,egypt to cross 8 aspirations1 & rob him ( ! inh]itance :i* 0 fall+ to him f ! dead h& ( ,assyria40#eh ,josiah fell1 & ) him n only ! lib]ty ( 8 p1 b ! *ief support ( _! fai?4 ,t ! righte\s k+ 0 cut d[n 9 ! mid/ ( 8 days & 9 def5ce ( ! ,holy ,l&--:at c\ld ?is mean8 ,0 x1 !n1 va9 to s]ve ! ,"l8 ,c\ld ,he n def5d ,8 own8 ,) "s ! disa/] 0 a cause ( sore compla9t1 & ) o!rs1 p]haps1 ( op5 des]tion f ,jehovah4 ,b ! extraord9>y ?+ is1 h[ little effect ,josiah's dea? seems to h _h ^u ! p's self-confid5ce at l>ge1 or ^u _! adh]5ce to ,jehovah4 ,!y imm$iately plac$ ,josiah's second son on ! ?rone2 b ,ne*o1 hav+ got him by "s means to 8 camp at ,riblah betwe5 ! ,lebanons1 s5t him 9 fett]s to ,egypt1 :]e he di$1 & e/abli%$ 9 8 place ,eliakim1 8 eld] bro!r4 ,on 8 accession ,eliakim *ang$ 8 "n to ,jehoiakim1 a pro( t ,jehovah 0 /ill reg>d$ z ! suffici5t patron ( ,israel2 & ! same bl9d belief t1 = ! sake ( ,8 ,temple & ( ,8 ,law1 ,jehovah w\ld keep ,8 p 9 security1 cont9u$ to p]sev]e 9 spite ( ,megiddo4 ,x 0 a mo/ immoral ease1 & fill$ ) inju/ice4 ,ne*o subject$ ! l& to a f9e4 ,?is 0 n heavy1 b ,jehoiakim1 in/ead ( pay+ x out ( ! royal treasures1 exact$ x f ! p ( ! l&1#ei & !n employ$ ! peace :i* x pur*as$ 9 erect+ a co/ly palace = himself by ! =c$ lab\r ( 8 subjects4#fj ,he 0 covet\s1 unju/ & viol5tly cruel4 ,l pr9ce l p3 social oppression prevail$1 & !re 0 a recrudesc5ce ( ! idolatries ( ,manasseh's "t1#fa especially 7x may be inf]r$7 aft] ,ne*o's defeat at ,c>*emi% 9 #fje4 ,t all ?is %\ld exi/ along ) a fanatic tru/ 9 ,jehovah ne$ n surprise u :o rememb] ! v simil> /ate ( ! public m9d 9 ,nor? ,israel "u ,amos & ,hosea4 ,j]emiah attack$ x z !y _h done4 ,?\gh ,assyria 0 fall51 & ,egypt 0 promis+ protection1 ,j]emiah pr$ict$ de/ruction f ! nor? on ,egypt & ,israel alike4 ,:5 at la/ ! ,egyptian defeat at ,c>*emi% /irr$ "s vague fe>s 9 ! p's he>ts1 ,j]emiah's conviction broke out into cle> flame4 ,= ?ree-&-tw5ty ye>s he _h br\ght ,god's ^w 9 va9 to 8 c\ntrym54 ,n[ ,god ,himself w\ld act3 ,nebu*adrezz> 0 b ,8 s]vant to lead ,israel into captivity4#fb ,! same ye>1 #fje or #fjd1 ,j]emiah wrote all ^! ?+s 9 a volume2#fc & a few mon?s lat]1 at a national fa/1 occasion$ p]haps by ! fe> ( ! ,*aldeans1 ,b>u*1 8 secret>y1 read !m 9 ! h\se ( ! ,"l1 9 ! e>s ( all ! p4 ,! k+ 0 in=m$1 ! roll 0 br\ght to him1 & z x 0 read1 ) 8 own h&s he cut x up & burn$ x1 ?ree or f\r columns at a "t4 ,j]emiah answ]$ by call+ d[n on ,jehoiakim an ignom9i\s dea?1 & repeat$ ! doom already utt]$ on ! l&4 ,ano!r prophet1 ,urijah1 _h rec5tly be5 execut$ = ! same tru?2 b ,j]emiah & ,b>u* escap$ into hid+4 ,?is 0 probably 9 #fjc1 & = a little "t ,jehoiakim & ! populace 7 re/or$ to _! false security by ! delay ( ! ,*aldeans to come s\?4 ,nebu*adrezz> 0 occupi$ 9 ,babylon1 secur+ 8 succession to 8 fa!r4 ,at la/1 ei!r 9 #fjb or m probably 9 #fjj1 he m>*$ into ,syria1 & ,jehoiakim became 8 s]vant = ?ree ye>s4#fd ,9 su* a condition ! ,jewi% /ate might h surviv$ = at lea/ ano!r g5]ation1#fe b 9 #eii or #eig ,jehoiakim1 ) ! madness ( ! doom$1 held back 8 tribute4 ,! revolt 0 probably in/igat$ by ,egypt1 :i*1 h[ev]1 did n d>e to support x4 ,z 9 ,isaiah's "t aga9/ ,assyria1 s n[ aga9/ ,babylon1 ,egypt 0 a blu/]] :o blu/]$ & sat /ill4 ,%e /ill help$ 9 va9 & to no purpose4#ff ,nor c\ld ,judah c\nt on ! help ( ! o!r /ates ( ,pale/9e4 ,!y _h jo9$ ,hezekiah aga9/ ,s5na*]ib1 b rememb]+ p]haps h[ ,manasseh _h fail$ to help !m aga9/ ,assurbanipal1 & t ,josiah _h c>ri$ ?+s ) a high h& t[>ds !m1#fg !y obey$ ,nebu*adrezz>'s comm& & raid$ ,judah till he himself %\ld h "t to arrive4#fh ,amid ^! raids ! s5seless ,jehoiakim seems to h p]i%$1#fi = :5 ,nebu*adrezz> appe>$ be=e ,j]usalem 9 #eig1 8 son ,jehoia*91 a y\? ( eighte51 _h succe$$ to ! ?rone4 ,! innoc5t reap$ ! h>ve/ s[n by ! guilty4 ,9 ! attempt 7x w\ld appe>7 to save 8 p f de/ruction1#gj ,jehoia*9 capitulat$4 ,b ,nebu*adrezz> 0 n cont5t ) ! p]son ( ! k+3 he deport$ to ,babylon ! c\rt1 a l>ge numb] ( influ5tial p]sons1 ! mighty m5 ( ! l& or :at mu/ h be5 ne>ly all ! fight+ m51 ) ! necess>y milit>y artific]s & swordsmi?s4 ,prie/s also w5t1 ,ezekiel among !m1 & probably repres5tatives ( o!r classes n m5tion$ by ! annali/4 ,all ^! 7 ! fl[] ( ! nation4 ,ov] :at 0 left ,nebu*adrezz> plac$ a son ( ,josiah on ! ?rone :o took ! "n ( ,z$ekiah4 ,aga9 ) a little common-s5se1 ! /ate might h surviv$2 b x 0 a %ort respite4 ,! new c\rt began intrigues ) ,egypt1 & ,z$ekiah1 ) ! ,ammonites & ,tyre1 v5tur$ a revolt 9 #ehi4 ,j]emiah & ,ezekiel knew x 0 9 va94 ,nebu*adrezz> m>*$ on ,j]usalem1 & ?\gh = a "t he _h to raise ! siege 9 ord] to defeat a =ce s5t by ,ph>aoh ,hophra1 ! ,*aldean armies clos$ 9 aga9 ^u ! doom$ city4 ,h] def5ce 0 /ubborn2 b fam9e & pe/il5ce sapp$ x1 & numb]s fell away to ! enemy4 ,ab\t ! eighte5? mon?1 ! besieg]s took ! nor!rn suburb & /orm$ ! middle gate4 ,z$ekiah & ! army broke _! l9es only to be captur$ at ,j]i*o4 ,9 a few weeks m ! city 0 tak5 & giv5 ov] to fire4 ,z$ekiah 0 bl9d$1 & ) a l>ge numb] ( 8 p c>ri$ to ,babylon4 ,x 0 ! end1 = al?\gh a small community ( ,jews 0 left at ,mizpeh "u a ,jewi% vic]oy & ) ,j]emiah to guide !m1 !y 7 soon brok5 up & fl$ to ,egypt4 ,judah _h p]i%$4 ,h] savage neighb\rs1 :o _h ga!r$ ) glee to ! day ( ,j]usalem's calamity1 assi/$ ! ,*aldeans 9 captur+ ! fugitives1 & ,edomites came up f ! s\? on ! desolate l&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x has be5 necess>y to foll[ s f> ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 because ( our prophets ,zephaniah is plac$ 9 ea* ( ! ?ree sections ( ,josiah's reign1 & by "s ev5 9 ,jehoiakim's2 ,nahum has be5 assign$ to diff]5t po9ts betwe5 ! eve ( ! fir/ & ! eve ( ! second siege ( ,n9iveh2 & ,habakkuk has be5 plac$ by diff]5t critics 9 almo/ e ye> f #fba to ! reign ( ,jehoia*92 :ile ,obadiah1 :om we %all f9d reasons = dat+ dur+ ! ,exile1 describes ! behavi\r ( ,edom at ! f9al siege ( ,j]usalem4 ,! next ( ! ,twelve1 ,haggai1 may h be5 born be=e ! ,exile1 b did n prophesy till #ebj4 ,ze*>iah appe>$ ! same ye>1 ,mala*i n = half a c5tury aft]4 ,^! ?ree are prophets ( ! ,p]sian p]iod4 ,) ! approa* ( ! ,greeks ,joel appe>s1 !n comes ! prophecy :i* we f9d 9 ! end ( ,ze*>iah's book1 & la/ ( all ! ,book ( ,jonah4 ,to all ^! po/-exilic prophets we %all provide lat] on ! necess>y hi/orical introductions4 ,,footnotes3 #b ,see ,vol4 ,i41 p4 viii4 #c ,expositor's ,bible1 ,isaiah xl4--lxvi41 ,*ap4 ,,ii4 #d ,x is unc]ta9 :e!r ,hezekiah 0 an ,assyrian vassal dur+ ^! ye>s1 z 8 successor ,manasseh is record$ to h be5 9 #fgf4 #e #b ,k+s xviii4 #d4 #f ,! exact date is q unc]ta92 #fie is sugge/$ on ! *ronological table prefix$ to ?is volume1 b x may h be5 #fij or #fhe4 #g ,cf4 ,mc,curdy1 ,hi/ory1 ,prophecy & ! ,monum5ts1 #gii4 #h ,/ade 7,ges*4 des ,volkes ,israel1 ,i41 pp4 #fbg f47 d5ies to ,manasseh ! recon/ruction ( ! high places1 ! ,baal alt>s & ! ,a%]as1 = he does n believe t ,hezekiah _h succe$$ 9 de/roy+ ^!4 ,he takes #b ,k+s xxi4 #c1 :i* describes ^! recon/ructions1 z a late int]polation r5d]$ necess>y to reconcile ! tradition t ,hezekiah's re=ms _h be5 q 9 ! _s ( ,deut]onomy1 ) ! fact t !re 7 /ill high places 9 ! l& :5 ,josiah began 8 re=ms4 ,fur!r1 ,/ade takes ! re/ ( #b ,k+s xxi4 #b;b-#g z also an int]polation1 b unlike v]se #c an accurate acc\nt ( ,manasseh's idolatr\s in/itutions1 because x is corroborat$ by ! acc\nt ( ,josiah's re=ms1 #b ,k+s xxiii4 ,/ade also discusses ?is passage 9 ,z4,a4,t4,w41 #ahhf1 pp4 #ahf ff4 #i ,see ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #da4 ,9 addition to ! reasons ( ! *ange giv5 above1 we mu/ rememb] t we are n[ treat+1 n ( ,nor!rn ,israel1 b ( ! m /]n & sull5 ,judans4 #aj #b ,k+s xxi41 xxiii4 #aa ,fill$ f m\? to m\? 7#b ,k+s xxi4 #af74 #ab ,j]4 ii4 #cj4 #ac ,we h already se5 t !re is no reason = t !ory ( s _m critics :i* assigns to ?is p]iod ,micah4 ,see ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #cgj4 #ad #b ,k+s xxi4 #aj ff4 #ae ,:e!r ! p>5!tical apo/rophes to ,jehovah z ,mak] ( ! heav5s1 _! ho/s & all ! p[]s ( nature 7,amos iv4 #ac1 v4 #h1 #i1 ix4 #e1 #f71 are also to be attribut$ to ,manasseh's reign is m d\btful4 ,yet ! foll[+ facts are to be obs]v$3 t ^! passages are also 7?\gh to a less degree ?an v4 #bf f47 p>5!tic2 t _! language seems ( a lat] ca/ ?an t ( ! "t ( ,amos 7see ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #bjd1 #bje3 ?\gh "h evid5ce is adduc$ to %[ t ! late features are probably po/-exilic72 & t ,jehovah is expressly nam$ z ! ,mak] ( c]ta9 ( ! />s4 ,simil>ly :5 ,mohamm$ seeks to condemn ! wor%ip ( ! heav5ly bodies1 he insi/s t ,god is _! ,mak]4 ,koran1 ,sur4 #da1 #cg3 8,to ! signs ( ,8 ,omnipot5ce belong night & day1 sun & moon2 b d n pray to sun or moon1 = ,god ha? creat$ !m40 ,sur4 #ec1 #ej3 8,because ,he is ! ,"l ( ,sirius40 ,on ! o!r side see ,driv]'s ,joel & ,amos 7,cambridge ,bible = ,s*ools ,s]ies71 #ahig1 pp4 #aah f41 #ahi4 ,h[ deeply ,manasseh _h plant$ 9 ,israel ! wor%ip ( ! heav5ly ho/ may be se5 f ! survival ( ! latt] ?r\gh all ! re=ms ( ,josiah & ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem 7,j]4 vii4 #ah1 viii41 xliv42 ,ezek4 viii4 ,cf4 ,/ade1 ,ges*4 des ,v4 ,israel1 ,i41 pp4 #fbi ff474 #af ,! ,jehovi/ & ,elohi/ into ! closely mortis$ ,,je4 ,/ade inde$ assigns to ! p]iod ( ,manasseh ,israel's fir/ acqua9tance ) ! ,babylonian cosmogonies & my?s :i* l$ to t recon/ruction ( !m 9 ! _s ( h] own religion :i* we f9d 9 ! ,jehovi/ic portions ( ! beg9n+ ( ,g5esis 7,ges*4 des ,v4 ,isr41 ,i41 pp4 #fcj ff474 ,b x may well be d\bt$ 7#a7 :e!r ! reign ( ,manasseh af=ds "t = ?is assimilation1 & 7#b7 :e!r x 0 likely t ,assyrian & ,babylonian !ology c\ld make s deep & la/+ impression ^u ! pur] fai? ( ,israel at a "t :5 ! latt] /ood 9 su* %>p ho/ility to all =eign influ5ces & 0 s bitt]ly p]secut$ by ! p>ties 9 ,israel :o _h succumb$ to ^! influ5ces4 #ag ,*aps4 v4--xxvi41 xxviii4 #ah #fba ,b4,c4 #ai #b ,*ron4 xxxiii4 #aa ff4 #bj #b ,k+s xxi4 #bc4 #ba ,b 9 8 conque/s ( ,hauran1 ,nor!rn ,arabia & ! ea/]n neighb\rs ( ,judah1 he _h evid5tly s\ght to imitate ! policy ( ,as>haddon 9 #fge f41 & secure firm gr\nd 9 ,pale/9e & ,arabia = a subsequ5t attack ^u ,egypt4 ,t ?is nev] came %[s m ?an any?+ else c\ld ,assyria's consci\sness ( gr[+ weakness4 #bb ,! "n ( ,josiah's 77 "m 0 ,j$idah 771 daught] ( ,adaiah 77 ( ,boa? 9 ! ,%ephelah ( ,judah4 #bc #b ,k+s xxii41 xxiii4 #bd ,zeph4 i4 #d3 ! ,,lxx4 reads names ( ,baal4 ,see bel[1 p4 #dj1 n4 #hg4 #be ,ibid41 #e4 #bf ,ibid41 #h-ab4 #bg ,i4 #ajb ff4 #bh ,h]od41 ,i4 #aje4 #bi ,! new "n ( ,be?%an 9 ! m\? ( ,esdraelon1 viz4 ,scy?opolis1 is said to be d]iv$ f !m 7b see ,hi/4 ,geog4 ( ! ,holy ,l&1 pp4 #cfc f472 !y conqu]$ ,askalon 7,h]od41 ,i4 #aje74 #cj #b ,k+s xvii4 #f3 & 9 ! cities 7,,lxx4 m\nta9s7 ( ! ,m$es4 ,! ,heb4 is 1 ,madai4 #ca ,m5tion$ by ,s>gon4 #cb ,sayce1 ,empires ( ! ,ea/1 #bci3 cf4 ,mc,curdy1 #hbc f4 #cc ,h]od41 ,i4 #ajc4 #cd ,heb4 ,kasdim1 2 ,,lxx4 2 ,assyr4 ,kalda1 ,kaldu4 ,! ,hebrew =m ) s is reg>d$ by _m au?orities z ! orig9al1 f ! ,assyrian root ka%adu1 to conqu]1 & ! ,assyrian =m ) l to h aris5 by ! common *ange ( % ?r\gh r into l4 ,! =m ) s does n occur1 h[ev]1 9 ,assyrian1 :i* also possesses ! root kaladu1 ) ! same mean+ z ka%adu4 ,see ,mr4 ,p9*es' articles on ,*aldea & ! ,*aldeans 9 ! new edition ( ,vol4 ,i4 ( ,smi?'s ,bible ,diction>y4 #ce ,ab\t #hhj ,b4,c4 9 ! annals ( ,assurnatsirpal4 ,see ,*ronological ,table to ,vol4 ,i4 #cf ,no inscriptions ( ,as%ur-itil-ilani h be5 f\nd lat] ?an ! fir/ two ye>s ( 8 reign4 #cg ,bill]beck-,j]emias1 8,d] ,unt]gang ,n9iveh's10 9 ,delitzs* & ,haupt's ,beitrge zur ,assyriologie1 ,,iii41 p4 #aac4 #ch ,nahum ii4 #ci ,see bel[1 p4 #abj4 #dj ,abyd5us 7apud ,euseb41 ,*ron41 ,i4 #i7 reports a m>riage betwe5 ,nebu*adrezz>1 ,nabopolass>'s son1 & ! daught] ( ! ,m$ian k+4 #da #b ,k+s xxiii4 #bi4 ,! hi/ory is "h v obscure4 ,ne*o1 met at ,megiddo by ,josiah1 & hav+ sla9 him1 appe>s to h sp5t a ye> or two 9 subjugat+1 & arrang+ = ! gov]nm5t (1 ,syria 7ibid41 v]ses #cc-ce71 & only rea*$ ! ,euphrates 9 #fje1 :5 ,nebu*adrezz> defeat$ him4 #db ,! rev]se view is tak5 by ,wellhaus51 :o says 7,israel u4 ,jd4 ,ges*41 pp4 #ig f473 8,d] ,ph>aoh s*e9t ausgezog5 zu se9 um si* se95 ,teil an d] ,erbs*aft ,n9ives vorwegzunehm51 whr5d die ,m$] und ,*alder die ,/adt belag]t540 #dc ,see above1 p4 #bj1 n4 #cg4 #dd ,i4 #ajf4 #de ,a /ele ( ,nabonidus discov]$ at ,hilleh & n[ 9 ! museum at ,con/ant9ople relates t 9 8 ?ird ye>1 #eec1 ! k+ re/or$ at ,h>ran ! temple ( ,s91 ! moon-god1 :i* ! ,m$es _h de/roy$ fifty-f\r ye>s be=e1 i4e4 #fjg4 ,:e!r ! ,m$es did ?is be=e1 dur+ or aft] ! siege ( ,n9iveh is unc]ta91 b ! approximate date ( ! siege1 #fjh--fjf1 is ?us m>vell\sly confirm$4 ,! /ele affirms t ! ,m$es alone took ,n9iveh1 b t !y 7 call$ 9 by ,m>duk1 ! ,babylonian god1 to assi/ ,nabopolass> & av5ge ! deportation ( 8 image by ,s5na*]ib to ,n9iveh4 ,mess]s*midt 7,mit!ilung5 d] ,vord]asiatis*5 ,gesells*aft1 ,i4 #ahif7 argues t ! ,m$es 7 summon$ by ! ,babylonians :ile ! latt] 7 be+ sore press$ by ! ,assyrians4 ,w9ckl] _h already 7,unt]su*41 pp4 #abd ff41 #ahhi7 urg$ t ! ,babylonians w\ld refra9 f tak+ an active "p 9 ! ov]?r[ ( ,n9iveh1 9 fe> ( incurr+ ! guilt ( sacrilege4 ,nei!r ,mess]s*midt's pap]1 nor ,s*eil's 7:o describes ! /ele 9 ! ,recueil des ,travaux1 ,,xviii4 #ahif71 be+ accessible to me1 ,i h writt5 ?is note on ! in=mation suppli$ by ,rev4 ,c4 ,h4 ,w4 ,johns1 ( ,cambridge1 9 ! ,expository ,times1 #ahif1 & by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,b4 ,davidson 9 ,app4 ,i4 to ,nah41 ,hab4 & ,zeph4 #df ,b]osus & ,abyd5us 9 ,eusebius4 #dg ,?is spell+ 7,j]4 xlix4 #bh7 is ne>] ! orig9al ?an ! alt]native ,hebrew ,nebu*adnezz>4 ,b ! ,,lxx4 1 & ! ( ,abyd5us & ,mega/h5es & ( ,/rabo1 h pres]v$ ! m correct vocalisation2 = ! orig9al is ,nabu-kudurri-uur ,nebo1 def5d ! cr[n6 #dh ,b see bel[1 pp4 #abc f4 #di ,bel[1 pp4 #aba ff4 #ej #b ,k+s xxii4 #aa-bj4 ,! g5u95ess ( ?is passage is prov$ 7z aga9/ ,/ade1 ,ges*4 des ,volkes ,israel1 ,i47 by ! promise :i* x gives to ,josiah ( a peaceful dea?4 ,_h x be5 writt5 aft] ! battle ( ,megiddo1 9 :i* ,josiah 0 sla91 x c\ld n h conta9$ su* a promise4 #ea ,j]4 vii4 #d1 viii4 #h4 #eb vi4 #a4 #ec ,all ^! re=ms 9 #b ,k+s xxiii4 #ed ,j]4 xxii4 #ae f4 #ee ,ibid41 v]4 #af4 #ef ,we h no record ( ?is1 b a pr9ce :o s ra%ly flung himself 9 ! way ( ,egypt w\ld n hesitate to claim au?ority ov] ,moab & ,ammon4 #eg #b ,k+s xxiii4 #bd4 ,! "q :e!r ,ne*o came by l& f ,egypt or br\ght 8 troops 9 8 fleet to ,acre is h>dly answ]$ by ! fact t ,josiah w5t to ,megiddo to meet him4 ,b ,megiddo on ! :ole tells m = ! l& ?an ! sea4 ,x is n on ! pa? f ,acre to ! ,euphrates2 x is ! key ( ! l&-road f ,egypt to ! ,euphrates4 ,josiah c\ld h no hope ( /opp+ ,ph>aoh on ! broad levels ( ,phili/ia2 b at ,megiddo !re 0 a n>r[ pass1 & ! only *ance ( arre/+ s l>ge an army z x mov$ 9 deta*m5ts4 ,josiah's tactics 7 !re=e analog\s to ^? ( ,saul1 :o also left 8 own t]ritory & m>*$ nor? to ,esdraelon1 to meet 8 foe--& dea?4 #eh ,a4 ,b4 ,davidson1 ,! ,exile & ! ,re/oration1 p4 #h 7,bible ,class ,prim]s1 ed4 by ,salmond2 ,ed941 ,t4 ,t4 ,cl>k1 #ahig74 #ei #b ,k+s xxiii4 #cc-ce4 #fj ,j]4 xxii4 #ac-ae4 #fa ,j]4 xi4 #fb xxv4 #a ff4 #fc xxxvi4 #fd #b ,k+s xxiv4 #a4 ,9 ! *ronological table app5d$ to ,kautzs*'s ,bibel ?is v]se & ,jehoiakim's submission are assign$ to #fjb4 ,b ?is all[s too little "t = ,nebu*adrezz> to confirm 8 ?rone 9 ,babylon & m>* to ,pale/9e1 & x is n corroborat$ by ! record 9 ! ,book ( ,j]emiah ( ev5ts 9 ,judah 9 #fjd--fjb4 #fe ,nebu*adrezz> did n die till #efb4 #ff ,see ,isaiah i4--xxxix4 7,expositor's ,bible71 pp4 #bbc f4 #fg ,see above1 p4 #bf1 n4 #ef4 #fh #b ,k+s xxiv4 #b4 #fi ,j]4 xxxvii4 #cj1 b see #b ,k+s xxiv4 #f4 #gj ,s ,josephus puts x 7,x4 ,antiq41 vii4 #a74 ,jehoia*9 0 unusually bewail$ 7,lam4 iv4 #bj2 ,ezek4 xvii4 #bb ff474 ,he surviv$ 9 captivity till ! dea? ( ,nebu*adrezz>1 ^: successor ,evil-,m]oda* 9 #efa took him f prison & gave him a place 9 8 palace 7#b ,k+s xxv4 #bg ff474 ,,zephaniah ,dies ,ir1 ,dies ,illa6--,,zeph4 i4 #ae4 8,8 book is ! fir/ t++ ( prophecy ) apocalypse3 t is ! mom5t :i* x supplies 9 ! hi/ory ( ,israel's religion40 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,zephaniah ,! ,book ( ,zephaniah is "o ( ! mo/ difficult 9 ! prophetic canon4 ,! title is v g5]ally accept$2 ! p]iod f :i* *ap4 i4 dates is recognis$ by practically all critics to be ! reign ( ,josiah1 or at lea/ ! la/ ?ird ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,b aft] t d\bts />t1 & we f9d pres5t ne>ly e o!r problem ( introduction4 ,to beg9 )1 ! text is v damag$4 ,9 "s passages we may be q sure t we h n ! true text2#ga 9 o!rs we _c be sure t we h x1#gb & !re are sev]al glosses4#gc ,! bulk ( ! second *apt] 0 writt5 9 ! ,q9ah1 or elegiac measure1 b z x n[ /&s ! rhy?m is v mu* brok54 ,x is difficult to say :e!r ?is is due to ! dilapidation ( ! orig9al text or to wilful ins]tion ( glosses & o!r lat] passages4 ,! ,greek v]sion ( ,zephaniah possesses ! same g5]al features z t ( o!r difficult prophets4 ,occasionally x enables u to correct ! text2 b by ! "t x 0 made ! text mu/ already h conta9$ ! same corruptions :i* we enc\nt]1 & ! translators 7 ignorant besides ( ! mean+ ( "s phrases :i* to u are pla94#gd ,! difficulties ( textual criticism z well z ( translation are aggravat$ by ! l>ge numb] ( words1 grammatical =ms & phrases :i* ei!r happ5 v seldom 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1#ge or n[h]e else 9 x at all4#gf ,( ! r>e words & phrases1 a v few 7z w be se5 f ! app5d$ notes7 are f\nd 9 e>li] writ+s4 ,inde$ all t are f\nd are f ! au!ntic prophecies ( ,isaiah1 ) ^: /yle & doctr9e ,zephaniah's own exhibit mo/ aff9ity4 ,all ! o!r r>ities ( vocabul>y & gramm> are %>$ only by lat] writ]s2 & z a :ole ! language ( ,zephaniah exhibits symptoms :i* sep>ate x by _m ye>s f ! language ( ! prophets ( ! eigh? c5tury1 & range x ) t ( ,j]emiah1 ,ezekiel1 ! ,second ,isaiah & /ill lat] lit]ature4 ,x may be useful to ! /ud5t to collect 9 a note ! mo/ /rik+ ( ^! symptoms ( ! comp>ative lat5ess ( ,zephaniah's dialect4#gg ,we n[ come to ! "q ( date1 & we take1 to beg9 )1 ! ,fir/ ,*apt]4 ,x 0 said above t critics agree z to ! g5]al p]iod--betwe5 #fci1 :5 ,josiah began to reign1 & #fjj4 ,b ?is p]iod 0 divid$ into ?ree v diff]5t sections1 & ea* ( ^! has receiv$ consid]able support f mod]n criticism4 ,! great majority ( critics place ! *apt] 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ,josiah1 be=e ! en=cem5t ( ,deut]onomy & ! great ,re=m 9 #fba4gh ,o!rs h argu$ = ! lat] ye>s ( ,josiah1 #fba--fjh1 on ! gr\nd t ! *apt] implies t ! great ,re=m has already tak5 place1 & o!rwise %[s k ( ,deut]onomy2#gi :ile "s pref] ! days ( reaction "u ,jehoiakim1 #fjh ff41#hj & assume t ! phrase 9 ! title1 9 ! days ( ,josiah1 is a late & errone\s inf]5ce f i4 #d4 ,! evid5ce = ! argum5t consi/s ( ! title & ! condition ( ,judah reflect$ 9 ! body ( ! *apt]4 ,! latt] is a def9ite piece ( oratory4 ,"u ! al>m ( an imm$iate & g5]al w>1 ,zephaniah proclaims a va/ de/ruction ^u ! e>?4 ,judah mu/ fall b5ea? x3 ! wor%ipp]s ( ,baal1 ( ! ho/ ( heav5 & ( ,milcom1 ! apo/ates f ,jehovah1 ! pr9ces & h\se ( ! k+1 ! imitators ( =eign fa%ions1 & ! =ceful & fraudul5t1 %all be cut (f 9 a great slaught]4 ,^? :o h gr[n sceptical & indiff]5t to ,jehovah %all be unsettl$ by invasion & w>4 ,?is %all be ! ,day ( ,jehovah1 ne> & imm$iate1 a day ( battle & disa/] on ! :ole l&4 ,! conditions reflect$ are ?us tw(old--! idolatr\s & sceptical /ate ( ! p1 & an imp5d+ invasion4 ,b ^! suit1 m or less exactly1 ea* ( ! ?ree sections ( our p]iod4 ,= ,j]emiah di/9ctly /ates t he _h to attack idolatry 9 ,judah = tw5ty-?ree ye>s1 #fbg to #fjd2ha he inveighs aga9/ ! fals5ess & impurity ( ! p alike be=e ! great ,re=m1 & aft] x :ile ,josiah 0 /ill alive1 & /ill m fi]cely "u ,jehoiakim4 ,&1 :ile be=e #fba ! great ,scy?ian invasion 0 sweep+ ^u ,pale/9e f ! nor?1 aft] #fba1 & especially aft] #fjd1 ! ,babylonians f ! same qu>t] 7 visibly ?reat5+ ! l&4 ,b :5 look$ at m closely1 ! *apt] %[s sev]al features :i* suit ! second section ( our p]iod less ?an !y d ! o!r two4 ,! wor%ip ( ! ho/ ( heav51 probably introduc$ "u ,manasseh1 0 put d[n by ,josiah 9 #fba2 x reviv$ "u ,jehoiakim1#hb b dur+ ! latt] ye>s ( ,josiah x _c possibly h be5 s public z ,zephaniah describes4#hc ,o!r reasons :i* h be5 giv5 = ^? ye>s are inconclusive#hd--! *apt]1 = in/ance1 makes no indubitable ref]5ce to ,deut]onomy or ! ,cov5ant ( #fba--;& on ! :ole we may leave ! end ( ,josiah's reign out ( acc\nt4 ,turn+ to ! ?ird section1 ,jehoiakim's reign1 we f9d "o feature ( ! prophecy :i* suits x admirably4 ,! temp] describ$ 9 v]4 #ab--m5 :o are settl$ on _! lees1 :o say 9 _! he>t1 ,jehovah doe? nei!r good nor evil--is ! k9d ( temp] likely to h be5 produc$ among ! less e>ne/ adh]5ts ( ,jehovah by ! failure ( ! great ,re=m 9 #fba to effect ei!r ! purity or ! prosp]ity ( ! nation4 ,b ?is is m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by ! significant exception ( ! k+ f ! condemnation :i* v]4 #h passes on ! pr9ces & ! sons ( ! k+4 ,su* an exception c\ld n h be5 made :5 ,jehoiakim 0 on ! ?rone2 x po9ts almo/ conclusively to ! reign ( ! good ,josiah4 ,& ) ?is agrees ! title ( ! *apt]--9 ! days ( ,josiah4#he ,we are1 !re=e1 driv5 back to ! ye>s ( ,josiah be=e #fba4 ,9 ^! we f9d no discrepancy ei!r ) ! *apt] itself1 or ) its title4 ,! s\?w>d m>* ( ! ,scy?ians1#hf betwe5 #fcj & #fbe1 acc\nts = ,zephaniah's al>m ( a g5]al w>1 includ+ ! invasion ( ,judah2 ! idolatr\s practices :i* he describes may well h be5 ^? surviv+ f ! days ( ,manasseh1#hg & n yet rea*$ by ! dra/ic measures ( #fba2 ! temp] ( scepticism & hopelessness condemn$ by v]4 #ab 0 possible among ^? adh]5ts ( ,jehovah :o _h hop$ great] ?+s f ! ov]?r[ ( ,amon ?an ! sl[ & small re=ms ( ! fir/ fifte5 ye>s ( ,josiah's reign4 ,nor is a date be=e #fba made at all difficult by ! g5ealogy ( ,zephaniah 9 ! title4 ,if1 z is probable1#hh ! ,hezekiah giv5 z 8 great-great-gr&fa!r be ,hezekiah ! k+1 & if he di$ ab\t #fie1 & ,manasseh1 8 successor1 :o 0 !n twelve1 0 8 elde/ son1 !n by #fcj ,zephaniah _c h be5 mu* m ?an tw5ty ye>s ( age1 & n m ?an tw5ty-five by ! "t ! ,scy?ian invasion _h pass$ away4#hi ,x is !re=e by no means impossible to suppose t he prophesi$ be=e #fbe2 & besides1 ! data ( ! g5ealogy 9 ! title are too prec>i\s to make !m valid1 z aga9/ an inf]5ce f ! cont5ts ( ! *apt] itself4 ,! date1 !re=e1 ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ,zephaniah may be giv5 z ab\t #fbe ,b4,c41 & probably r be=e ?an aft] t ye>1 z ! tide ( ,scy?ian invasion has app>5tly n yet ebb$4 ,! o!r two *apt]s h )9 rec5t ye>s be5 almo/ :olly d5i$ to ,zephaniah4 ,ku55 d\bt$ *ap4 iii4 #i-bj4 ,/ade makes all *ap4 iii4 po/-exilic1 & suspects ii4 #a-c1 #aa4 ,a v ?or\gh exam9ation ( !m has l$ ,s*wally#ij to assign to exilic or po/-exilic times ! :ole ( ! little sections compris+ !m1 ) ! possible exception ( *ap4 iii4 #a-g1 :i* 8may be0 ,zephaniah's4 ,8 essay has be5 subject$ to a se>*+ & g5]ally ho/ile criticism by a numb] ( lead+ s*ol>s2#ia & he has admitt$ ! inconclusiv5ess ( "s ( 8 reasons4#ib ,*ap4 ii4 #a-d is assign$ by ,s*wally to a date lat] ?an ,zephaniah's1 pr9cipally because ( ! t]m meekness 7v]4 #c71 :i* is a fav\rite "o ) po/-exilic writ]s4 ,he has be5 suffici5tly answ]$2#ic & ! close connection ( vv4 #a-c ) *ap4 i4 has be5 cle>ly prov$4#id ,*ap4 ii4 #d-ae is ! passage 9 elegiac measure b brok51 an argum5t = ! !ory t ins]tions h be5 made 9 x4 ,! subject is a s]ies ( =eign nations--,phili/ia 7#e-g71 ,moab & ,ammon 7#h-aj71 ,egypt 7#aa7 & ,assyria 7#ac-ae74 ,! passage has giv5 rise to _m d\bts2 e "o mu/ admit ! difficulty ( com+ to a conclusion z to its au!nticity4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! de/ruction j pr$ict$ is s univ]sal t1 z ,pr(essor ,davidson says1 we %\ld expect ,zephaniah to m5tion o!r nations ?an ,judah4#ie ,! conclud+ oracle on ,n9iveh mu/ h be5 publi%$ be=e #fjh1 & ev5 ,s*wally admits t x may be ,zephaniah's own4 ,b if ?is be s1 !n we may inf] t ! fir/ ( ! oracles on ,phili/ia is also ,zephaniah's1 = bo? x & ! oracle on ,assyria are 9 ! elegiac measure1 a fact :i* makes x probable t ! :ole passage1 h[ev] brok5 & intrud$ ^u1 0 orig9ally a unity4 ,nor is !re any?+ 9 ! oracle on ,phili/ia incompatible ) ,zephaniah's date4 ,phili/ia lay on ! pa? ( ! ,scy?ian invasion2 ! phrase 9 v]4 #g1 %all turn _! captivity1 is n necess>ily exilic4 ,z ,cornill1 too1 po9ts out1 ! expression 9 v]4 #ac1 ,he w /ret* out ,8 h& to ! nor?1 implies t ! prophecy has already look$ 9 o!r directions4 ,!re rema9s ! passage betwe5 ! oracles on ,phili/ia & ,assyria4 ,?is is n 9 ! elegiac measure4 ,its subject is ,moab & ,ammon1 :o 7 n on ! l9e ( ! ,scy?ian invasion1 & ,wellhaus5 fur!r objects to x1 because ! attitude to ,israel ( ! two peoples :om x describes is t :i* is attribut$ to !m only j be=e ! ,exile & surprises u 9 ,josiah's reign4 ,dr4 ,davidson meets ?is objection by po9t+ out t1 j z 9 ,deut]onomy1 s "h1 ,moab & ,ammon are d5\nc$1 :ile ,edom1 :i* 9 ,deut]onomy is spok5 ( ) k9dness1 is "h n d5\nc$ at all4 ,a /rong] objection to ! passage is t v]4 #aa pr$icts ! conv]sion ( ! nations1 :ile v]4 #ab makes !m ! prey ( ,jehovah's sword1 & 9 ?is v]4 #ab foll[s on naturally to v]4 #g4 ,on ?is gr\nd z well z on ! abs5ce ( ! elegiac measure ! oracle on ,moab & ,ammon is /rongly to be suspect$4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 ! mo/ probable conclusion is t *ap4 ii4 #d-ae 0 orig9ally an au!ntic oracle ( ,zephaniah's 9 ! elegiac metre1 utt]$ at ! same date z *ap4 i4--ii4 #c1 ! p]iod ( ! ,scy?ian invasion1 ?\gh f a diff]5t /&po9t2 & t x has suff]$ consid]able dilapidation 7witness especially vv4 #f & #ad71 & probably "o great intrusion1 vv4 #h-aj4 ,!re rema9s ! ,?ird ,*apt]4 ,! au!nticity has be5 d5i$ by ,s*wally1 :o transf]s ! :ole till aft] ! ,exile4 ,b ! *apt] is n a unity4#if ,9 ! fir/ place1 x falls into two sections1 vv4 #a-ac & #ad-bj4 ,!re is no reason to take away ! bulk ( ! fir/ section f ,zephaniah4 ,z ,s*wally admits1 ! argum5t "h is p>allel to t ( *ap4 i4--ii4 #c4 ,x c\ld h>dly h be5 appli$ to ,j]usalem dur+ or aft] ! ,exile1 b suits h] conditions be=e h] fall4 ,s*wally's l+ui/ic objections to a pre-exilic date h be5 answ]$ by ,budde4#ig ,he holds v]4 #f to be out ( place & puts x aft] v]4 #h1 & ?is may be4 ,b z x /&s x appeals to ! imp5it5t ,jews ( v]4 #e ) ! picture ( ! judgm5t ,god has already complet$ ^u ! nations1 & contra/s ) v]4 #g1 9 :i* ,god says t ,he tru/s ,israel w rep5t4 ,vv4 #i & #aj are1 we %all see1 obvi\sly an intrusion1 z ,budde ma9ta9s & ,davidson admits to be possible4#ih ,we rea* m c]ta9ty :5 we come to ! second section ( ! *apt]1 vv4 #ad-bj4 ,s9ce ,ku55 x has be5 recognis$ by ! majority ( critics t we h "h a prophecy f ! end ( ! ,exile or aft] ! ,return4 ,! temp] has *ang$4 ,in/ead ( ! au/]e & sombre outlook ( *ap4 i4--ii4 #c & *ap4 iii4 #a-ac1 9 :i* ! s9ful ,israel is to be sav$ inde$1 b only z by fire1 we h a triumphant prophecy ( h] recov]y f all affliction 7no?+ is said ( h] s97 & ( h] glory among ! nations ( ! _w4 ,to put x o!rwise1 :ile ! g5u9e prophecies ( ,zephaniah almo/ grudg+ly all[ a door ( escape to a few righte\s & humble ,israelites f a judgm5t :i* is to fall alike on ,israel & ! ,g5tiles1 *ap4 iii4 #ad-bj pr$icts ,israel's deliv]ance f h] ,g5tile oppressors1 h] return f captivity & ! e/abli%m5t ( h] r5[n ov] ! e>?4 ,! language1 too1 has _m resemblances to t ( ,second ,isaiah4#ii ,obvi\sly !re=e we h "h1 add$ to ! sev]e prophecies ( ,zephaniah1 su* a m hopeful1 peaceful epilogue z we saw 0 add$1 dur+ ! ,exile or imm$iately aft] x1 to ! despair+ prophecies ( ,amos4 ,,footnotes3 #ga i4 #c;b1 #e;b2 ii4 #b1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h la/ ^w1 #ad;b2 iii4 #ah1 #ai;a1 #bj4 #gb i4 #ad;b2 ii4 #a1 #c2 iii4 #a1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #aj1 #ae1 #ag4 #gc i4 #c;b1 #e;b2 ii4 #b1 #f2 iii4 #e 7874 #gd ,= details see translation bel[4 #ge i4 #c1 1 only 9 ,isa4 iii4 #f2 #ae1 1 only 9 ,job xxx4 #c1 xxxviii4 #bg--;cf4 ,psalms lxxiii4 #ah1 lxxiv4 #c2 ii4 #h1 1 ,isa4 xliii4 #bh--;cf4 li4 #g2 #i1 1 ,prov4 xxiv4 #ca1 ,job xxx4 #g2 #ae1 1 ,isa4 xxii4 #b1 xxiii4 #g1 xxxii4 #ac--;cf4 xiii4 #c1 xxiv4 #h2 iii4 #a1 1 see next note b "o2 #c1 1 ,hab4 i4 #h2 #aa1 1 ,isa4 xiii4 #c2 #ah1 1 ,lam4 i4 #d1 4 #gf i4 #aa1 z ! "n ( a "p ( ,j]usalem1 o!rwise only ,j]4 xv4 #ai2 2 #ab1 9 pt4 ,qal1 & o!rwise only ,exod4 xv4 #h1 ,ze*4 xiv4 #f1 ,job x4 #aj2 #ad1 7adj471 b ! po9t+ may be wrong--cf4 ,mah]-%alal-ha%-baz1 ,isa4 viii4 #a1 #c2 9 ,qal1 else:]e only once 9 ,hi4 ,isa4 xlii4 #ac2 #ag1 9 s5se ( fle%1 cf4 ,job xx4 #bc2 #ah1 if a n\n 7872 ii4 #a1 9 ,qal & ,hi?po1 else:]e only 9 ,polel2 #i1 12 #aa1 1 to make lean1 o!rwise only 9 ,isa4 xvii4 #d1 to be lean2 #ad1 7872 iii4 #a1 1 pt4 ( 21 pt4 ,qal1 9 ,j]4 xlvi4 #af1 l4 #af1 x may be a n\n2 #d1 2 #f1 2 #i1 2 #aj1 7872 #ae1 9 s5se to turn away2 #ah1 7874 #gg i4 #h1 etc41 1 foll[$ by p]son1 b n by ?+--cf4 ,j]4 ix4 #bd1 xxiii4 #cd1 etc41 ,job xxxvi4 #bc1 #b ,*ron4 xxxvi4 #bc1 ,ezek4 i4 #b2 #ac1 1 only 9 ,hab4 ii4 #g1 ,isa4 xlii41 ,j]4 xxx4 #af1 #b ,k+s xxi4 #ad2 #ag1 1 ,hi4 ( 1 only 9 #a ,k+s viii4 #cg1 & ,deut41 #b ,*ron41 ,j]41 ,neh42 ii4 #c1 2 #h1 1 ,isa4 xliii4 #bh1 li4 #g 7fem4 pl472 #i1 1 ,prov4 xxiv4 #ca1 ,job xxx4 #g2 iii4 #a1 1 ,ni1 pt4 impure1 ,isa4 lix4 #c1 ,lam4 iv4 #ad2 1 a pt4 9 ,j]4 xlvi4 #af1 l4 #af2 #c1 1 ,hab4 i4 #h--;cf4 ,j]4 v4 #f1 2 #i1 1 ,isa4 xlix4 #b1 1 ,ezek4 xx4 #ch1 #a ,*ron4 vii4 #dj1 ix4 #bb1 xvi4 #da1 ,neh4 v4 #ah1 ,job xxxiii4 #c1 ,eccles4 iii4 #ah1 ix4 #a2 #aa1 1 ,isa4 xiii4 #c2 #ah1 1 ,lam4 i4 #d has 4 #gh ,s ,hitzig1 ,ewald1 ,pusey1 ,ku551 ,rob]tson ,smi? 7,encyc4 ,brit471 ,driv]1 ,wellhaus51 ,kirkpatrick1 ,budde1 von ,orelli1 ,cornill1 ,s*wally1 ,davidson4 #gi ,s ,delitzs*1 ,kle9]t1 & ,s*ulz 7,comm5t> b] d5 ,proph4 ,zeph41 #ahib1 p4 #g1 quot$ by ,knig74 #hj ,s ,knig4 #ha ,j]4 xxv4 #hb ,j]4 vii4 #ah4 #hc i4 #c4 #hd ,kle9]t 9 8 ,comm5t>y 9 ,lange's ,bibelw]k1 & ,delitzs* 9 8 article 9 ,h]zog's ,real-,encyclopdie1 bo? (f] a numb] ( inconclusive argum5ts4 ,^! are drawn f ! position ( ,zephaniah aft] ,habakkuk1 b1 z we h se51 ! ord] ( ! ,twelve is n always *ronological2 f ! supposition t ,zephaniah i4 #g1 ,sil5ce be=e ! ,"l ,jehovah1 quotes ,habakkuk ii4 #bj1 ,keep sil5ce be=e ,him1 all ! e>?1 b ! phrase common to bo? is too g5]al to be decisive1 & if borr[$ by "o or o!r may j z well h be5 ,zephaniah's orig9ally z ,habakkuk's2 f ! phrase remnant ( ,baal 7i4 #d71 z if ?is 7 appropriate only aft] ! ,re=m ( #fba1 b x 0 q z appropriate aft] ! beg9n+s ( re=m six ye>s e>li]2 f ! condemnation ( ! sons ( ! k+ 7i4 #h71 :om ,delitzs* takes z ,josiah's sons1 :o be=e ! great ,re=m 7 too "y to be condemn$1 :ile lat] _! *>act]s did develop badly & judgm5t fell ^u all ( !m1 b sons ( ! k+1 ev5 if t be ! correct read+ 7,,lxx4 h\se ( ! k+71 does n necess>ily mean ! reign+ mon>*'s *ildr52 & f ! ass]tion t ,deut]onomy is quot$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,zephaniah1 & 8s quot$ z to %[ t ! prophet ne$s only to put ! p 9 m9d ( x z some?+ suppos$ to be kn[n10 b ! v]ses cit$ 9 support ( ?is 7viz4 #ac1 #ae1 #ag3 cf4 ,deut4 xxviii4 #cj & #bi7 are too g5]al 9 _! "* to prove ! ass]tion4 ,see translation bel[4 #he ,knig has to d5y ! au!nticity ( ?is 9 ord] to make 8 case = ! reign ( ,jehoiakim4 ,b ne>ly all critics take ! phrase z g5u9e4 #hf ,see above1 p4 #ae4 ,= inconclusive reasons ,s*wally1 ,z4,a4,t4,w41 #ahij1 pp4 #bae--bag1 pref]s ! ,egyptians "u ,psamtik4 ,see 9 answ] ,davidson1 p4 #ih4 #hg ,n mu* /ress c be laid ^u ! phrase ,i w cut (f ! remnant ( ,baal1 v]4 #d1 =1 if ! read+ be correct1 x may only mean ! de/ruction ( ,baal-wor%ip1 & n ! uproot+ ( :at has be5 left ov]4 #hh ,see bel[1 p4 #dg1 n4 #aje4 #hi ,if #fie be ! date ( ! accession ( ,manasseh1 be+ !n twelve1 ,am>iah1 ,zephaniah's great-gr&fa!r1 _c h be5 m ?an t51 t is1 born 9 #gje4 ,8 son ,g$aliah 0 probably n born be=e #fhi1 8 son ,ku%i probably n be=e #fgb1 & 8 son ,zephaniah probably n be=e #fej4 #ij ,z4,a4,t4,w41 #ahij1 ,heft #a4 #ia ,ba*]1 ,z4,a4,t4,w41 #ahia1 #ahf2 ,cornill1 ,e9leitung1 #ahia2 ,budde1 ,!ol4 ,/ud4 u4 ,krit41 #ahic1 #cic ff42 ,davidson1 ,nah41 ,hab4 & ,zeph41 #ajj ff4 #ib ,z4,a4,t4,w41 #ahia1 ,heft #b4 #ic ,by especially ,ba*]1 ,cornill & ,budde z above4 #id ,see ,budde & ,davidson4 #ie ,! ideal ( *ap4 i4--ii4 #c1 ( ! f9al security ( a poor & l[ly remnant ( ,israel1 8necess>ily implies t !y %all no long] be ?reat5$ by ho/ility f )\t1 & ?is condition is satisfi$ by ! prophet's view ( ! imp5d+ judgm5t on ! anci5t enemies ( 8 nation10 i4e4 ^? m5tion$ 9 ii4 #d-ae 7,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,encyc4 ,brit41 art4 8,zephaniah074 #if ,see1 h[ev]1 ,davidson = "s l+ui/ic reasons = tak+ ! two sections z "o4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 also 9 #ahhh 7,encyc4 ,brit41 art4 8,zephaniah071 assum$ 7?\gh n )\t po9t+ out ! possibility ( ! addition ( o!r pieces to ! g5u9e prophecies ( ,zephaniah7 t 8a s+le lead+ motive runs ?r\gh ! :ole0 book1 & 8! fir/ two *apt]s w\ld be incomplete )\t ! ?ird1 :i* moreov] is c]ta9ly pre-exilic 7vv4 #a-d7 & pres5ts specific po9ts ( contact ) :at prec$es1 z well z a g5]al agreem5t 9 /yle & idea40 #ig ,s*wally 7#bcd7 ?9ks t ! epi!t 7v]4 #e7 0 fir/ appli$ to ,jehovah by ! ,second ,isaiah 7xlv4 #ba1 lxiv4 #b1 xlii4 #ba71 & became frequ5t f 8 "t on4 ,9 dispro( ,budde 7#ccih7 quotes ,exod4 ix4 #bg1 ,j]4 xii4 #a1 ,lam4 i4 #ah4 ,s*wally also po9ts to z borr[$ f ,aramaic4 #ih ,budde1 p4 #cie2 ,davidson1 #ajc4 ,s*wally 7#bcj ff47 seeks to prove ! unity ( #i & #aj ) ! context1 b he has app>5tly mi/ak5 ! mean+ ( v]4 #h 7#bca74 ,t surely does n mean t ! nations are ga!r$ 9 ord] to puni% ! godlessness ( ! ,jews1 b t !y may !mselves be puni%$4 #ii ,see ,davidson1 #ajc4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,prophet ,,& ,,! ,,re=m]s ,,zephaniah i4--ii4 #c ,t[>ds ! ye> #fbe1 :5 ,k+ ,josiah _h pass$ out ( 8 m9ority1#ajj & 0 mak+ 8 fir/ ef=ts at religi\s re=m1 prophecy1 long slumb]+1 awoke aga9 9 ,israel4 ,l ! k+ himself1 its fir/ h]alds 7 m5 9 _! e>ly y\?4 ,9 #fbg ,j]emiah calls himself b a boy1 & ,zephaniah c h>dly h be5 out ( 8 te5s4#aja ,= ! sudd5 outbreak ( ^! "y lives !re mu/ h be5 a l>ge res]voir ( pati5ce & hope ga!r$ 9 ! g5]ation beh9d !m4 ,s ,scripture itself te/ifies4 ,to ,j]emiah x 0 said3 ,be=e ,i =m$ !e 9 ! belly ,i knew !e1 & be=e ?\ came/ =? out ( ! womb ,i consecrat$ !e4#ajb ,9 an age :5 names 7 be/[$ only because ( _! significance1#ajc bo? prophets bore t ( ,jehovah 9 _! own4 ,s did ,j]emiah's fa!r1 :o 0 ( ! prie/s ( ,ana?o?4 ,zephaniah's 8=be>s0 are giv5 = f\r g5]ations1 & ) "o exception !y also are call$ aft] ,jehovah3 ,! ,^w ( ,jehovah :i* came to ephanyah1 son ( ,ku%i1 son ( ,g$halyah1 son ( ,am>yah1 son ( ,hiziyah1 9 ! days ( ,jo%iyahu1#ajd ,amon's son1 k+ ( ,judah4 ,zephaniah's great-great-gr&fa!r ,hezekiah 0 9 all probability ! k+4#aje ,8 fa!r's "n ,ku%i1 or ,e?iop1 is curi\s4 ,if we are "r1 t ,zephaniah 0 a "y man t[>ds #fbe1 !n ,ku%i mu/ h be5 born t[>ds #ffc1 ab\t ! "t ( ! conflicts betwe5 ,assyria & ,egypt1 & x is possible t1 z ,manasseh & ! pr$om9ant p>ty 9 ,judah s closely hung ^u & imitat$ ,assyria1 ! adh]5ts ( ,jehovah put _! hope 9 ,egypt1 :]e(1 x may be1 ?is "n ,ku%i is a tok54#ajf ,! "n ,zephaniah itself1 mean+ ,jehovah ha? hidd51 sugge/s ! prophet's bir? 9 ! 8kill+-"t0 ( ,manasseh4 ,!re 0 at lea/ "o o!r contempor>y ( ! same "n--a prie/ execut$ by ,nebu*adrezz>4#ajg ,( ! adh]5ts ( ,jehovah1 !n1 & probably ( royal desc5t1 ,zephaniah liv$ 9 ,j]usalem4 ,we descry him aga9/ h]1 almo/ z cle>ly z we descry ,isaiah4 ,9 ! gl>e & smoke ( ! conflagration :i* 8 vision sweeps across ! _w1 only h] features /& out def9ite & p>ticul>3 ! flat ro(s ) m5 & wom5 b[+ 9 ! twilight to ! ho/ ( heav51 ! cr[ds ( prie/s1 ! nobles & _! =eign fa%ions2 ! ,fi%gate1 ! ,new or ,second ,t[n1 :]e ! ri* liv$1 ! ,heights to :i* build+ _h at la/ spread1 & betwe5 !m ! holl[ ,mort>1 ) its m>kets1 ,phnician m]*ants & money-deal]s4 ,9 ! fir/ few v]ses ( ,zephaniah we see almo/ z mu* ( ,j]usalem z 9 ! :ole book ei!r ( ,isaiah or ,j]emiah4 ,= s "y a man ! vision ( ,zephaniah may seem /rangely d>k & f9al4 ,yet n o!rwise 0 ,isaiah's inaugural vision1 & z a rule x is ! "y & n ! old ^: indignation is ard5t & unsp>+4 ,zephaniah c>ries ?is temp] to ! extreme4 ,!re is no great hope 9 8 book1 h>dly any t5d]ness & nev] a glimpse ( beauty4 ,a t[nsman1 ,zephaniah has no eye = nature2 n only is no fair prospect describ$ by him1 he has n ev5 a s+le metaphor drawn f nature's lovel9ess or peace4 ,he is pitilessly true to 8 great keynotes3 ,i w sweep1 sweep f ! face ( ! gr\nd2 ,he w burn1 burn up ev]y?+4 ,no hott] book lies 9 all ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,nei!r dew nor grass nor tree nor any blossom lives 9 x1 b x is ev]y:]e fire1 smoke & d>kness1 drift+ *aff1 ru9s1 nettles1 saltpits1 & owls & rav5s look+ f ! w9d[s ( desolate palaces4 ,nor does ,zephaniah =etell ! re/oration ( nature 9 ! end ( ! days4 ,!re is no prospect ( a r$eem$ & fruitful l&1 b only ( a gr\p ( batt]$ & h>dly sav$ *>act]s3 a few meek & righte\s are hidd5 f ! fire & creep =? :5 x is ov]4 ,israel is left a poor & humble folk4 ,no prophet is m true to ! doctr9e ( ! remnant1 or m resolutely refuses to modify x4 ,p]haps he di$ "y4 ,! full tru?1 h[ev]1 is t ,zephaniah1 ?\gh he f\nd 8 mat]ial 9 ! ev5ts ( 8 own day1 te>s himself loose f hi/ory altoge!r4 ,to ! e>li] prophets ! ,day ( ! ,"l1 ! crisis ( ! _w1 is a def9ite po9t 9 hi/ory3 full ( t]rible1 div9e ev5ts1 yet 8natural0 ones--battle1 siege1 fam9e1 massacre & captivity4 ,aft] x hi/ory is /ill to fl[ on1 common days come back & ,israel pursue _! way z a nation4 ,b to ,zephaniah ! ,day ( ! ,"l beg9s to assume :at we call ! 8sup]natural40 ,! grim col\rs are /ill wov5 ( w> & siege1 b mix$ ) vague & solemn t]rors f ano!r sph]e1 by :i* hi/ory appe>s to be swall[$ up1 & x is only ) an ef=t t ! prophet ?9ks ( a rally ( ,israel beyond4 ,9 %ort1 ) ,zephaniah ! ,day ( ! ,"l t5ds to become ! ,la/ ,day4 ,8 book is ! fir/ t++ ( prophecy ) apocalypse3 t is ! mom5t :i* x supplies 9 ! hi/ory ( ,israel's religion4 ,&1 !re=e1 x 0 ) a true in/9ct t ! great ,*ri/ian s+] ( ! ,la/ ,day took f ,zephaniah 8 keynote4 ,! 8,dies ,ir1 ,dies ,illa0 ( ,?omas ( ,celano is b ! ,vulgate translation ( ,zephaniah's ,a day ( wra? is t day4#ajh ,nev]!less1 ?\gh ! fir/ ( apocalyptic writ]s1 ,zephaniah does n all[ himself ! lic5se ( apocalypse4 ,z he refuses to imag9e great glory = ! righte\s1 s he does n dwell on ! t]rors ( ! wick$4 ,he is sob] & re/ra9$1 a matt]-(-fact man1 yet ) p[] ( imag9ation1 :o1 amid/ ! vague horrors he summons1 delights 9 giv+ a %>p reali/ic impression4 ,! ,day ( ! ,"l1 he says1 :at is x8 ,a /rong man--!re6--cry+ bitt]ly4#aji ,x is to ! fi]ce ard\r1 & to ! elem5tal int]e/s ( ! book1 t we owe ! abs5ce ( two features ( prophecy :i* are s con/ant 9 ! prophets ( ! eigh? c5tury4 ,fir/ly1 ,zephaniah betrays no int]e/ 9 ! practical re=ms :i* 7if we are "r ab\t ! date7 ! "y k+1 8 contempor>y1 _h already />t$4#aaj ,!re 0 a p>ty ( re=m1 ! p>ty _h a programme1 ! programme 0 drawn f ! ma9 pr9ciples ( prophecy & 0 design$ to put ^! into practice4 ,& ,zephaniah 0 a prophet--& ignor$ !m4 ,?is =ms ! dramatic int]e/ ( 8 book4 ,"h 0 a man ( ! same fai? :i* k+s1 prie/s & /atesm5 7 /riv+ to realise 9 public life1 9 ! assur$ hope--z is pla9 f ! temp] ( ,deut]onomy--t ! nation z a :ole w\ld be re=m$ & become a v great nation1 righte\s & victori\s4 ,all ?is he ignor$1 & gave 8 own vision ( ! future3 ,israel is a br& pluck$ f ! burn+2 a v few meek & righte\s are sav$ f ! conflagration ( a :ole _w4 ,:y8 ,because = ,zephaniah ! elem5ts 7 loose1 & :5 ! elem5ts 7 loose :at 0 ! use ( talk+ ab\t re=ms8 ,! ,scy?ians 7 sweep+ d[n ^u ,pale/9e1 ) en\gh ( ,god's wra? 9 !m to de/roy a p /ill s full ( idolatry z ,israel 02 & if n ! ,scy?ians1 !n "s o!r p[] 9 t d>k1 rumbl+ ,nor? :i* _h ev] be5 s full ( doom4 ,let ,josiah try to re=m ,israel1 b x 0 nei!r ,josiah's nor ,israel's day t 0 fall+4 ,x 0 ! ,day ( ! ,"l1 & :5 ,he came x 0 nei!r to re=m nor to build up ,israel1 b to make visitation & to puni% 9 ,8 wra? = ! unbelief & wick$ness ( :i* ! nation 0 /ill full4 ,an analogy to ?is dramatic opposition betwe5 prophet & re=m] may be f\nd 9 our own c5tury4 ,at its crisis1 9 #ahdh1 !re 7 _m righte\s m5 ri* 9 hope & en]gy4 ,! political in/itutions ( ,europe 7 be+ rebuilt4 ,9 our own l& !re 7 great measures = ! relief ( lab\r+ *ildr5 & wom51 ! organisation ( lab\r & ! j di/ribution ( weal?4 ,b ,c>lyle t ye> held ap>t f !m all1 &1 ?\gh a p]sonal fri5d ( _m ( ! re=m]s1 c\nt$ _! "w hopeless3 society 0 too corrupt1 ! rude/ =ces 7 loose1 8,niag>a0 0 ne>4 ,c>lyle 0 prov$ wrong & ! re=m]s "r1 b 9 ! analog\s situation ( ,israel ! re=m]s 7 wrong & ! prophet "r4 ,josiah's hope & d>+ 7 ov]?r[n at ,megiddo1 &1 ?\gh ! ,scy?ians pass$ away1 ,zephaniah's conviction ( ! s9 & doom ( ,israel 0 fulfill$1 n =ty ye>s lat]1 9 ! fall ( ,j]usalem & ! great ,exile4 ,aga91 to ! same elem5tal int]e/s1 z we may call !m1 is due ! abs5ce f ,zephaniah's pages ( all ! social & individual /udies :i* =m ! *>m ( o!r prophets4 ,) "o exception1 !re is no analysis ( "*1 no portrait1 no satire4 ,b ! exception is wor? dwell+ ^u3 x describes ! temp] equally abhorr$ by bo? prophet & re=m]--t ( ! indiff]5t & /agnant man4 ,"h we h a subtle & memorable picture ( "*1 :i* is n )\t its w>n+s = our own "t4 ,zephaniah he>d ,god say3 ,& x %all be at t "t t ,i w se>* out ,j]usalem ) lights1 & ,i w make visitation ^u ! m5 :o are become /agnant ^u _! lees1 :o say 9 _! he>ts1 ,jehovah doe? no good & doe? no evil4#aaa ,! metaphor is cle>4 ,new w9e 0 left ^u its lees only long en\gh to fix its col\r & body4#aab ,if n !n drawn (f x grew ?ick & syrupy--sweet] inde$ ?an ! /ra9$ w9e1 & to ! ta/e ( "s m pleasant1 b feeble & ready to decay4 8,to settle ^u "o's lees0 became a prov]b = slo?1 indiff]5ce & ! muddy m9d4 ,moab ha? be5 at ease f 8 y\? & ha? settl$ ^u 8 lees1 & ha? n be5 empti$ f vessel to vessel2 !re=e 8 ta/e /&s 9 him & 8 sc5t is n *ang$4#aac ,! *>act]s /igmatis$ by ,zephaniah are also obvi\s4 ,!y 7 a precipitate f ! f]m5t ( fifte5 ye>s back4 ,?r\gh ! cruel days ( ,manasseh & ,amon hope _h be5 /irr$ & /ra9$1 empti$ f vessel to vessel1 & s _h sprung sp>kl+ & ke5 into ! new days ( ,josiah4 ,b no miracle came1 only t5 ye>s ( wait+ = ! k+'s majority & five m ( small1 t5tative re=ms4 ,no?+ div9e happ5$4 ,!re 7 b ! ambigu\s successes ( a small p>ty :o _h secur$ ! k+ = _! pr9ciples4 ,! c\rt 0 /ill full ( =eign fa%ions1 & idolatry 0 rank ^u ! h\setops4 ,( c\rse disappo9tm5t ensu$--disappo9tm5t & li/lessness4 ,! new security ( life became a temptation2 p]secution ceas$1 & religi\s m5 liv$ aga9 at ease4 ,s numb]s ( eag] & sp>kl+ s\ls1 :o _h be5 9 ! front ( ! movem5t1 fell away into a selfi% & idle obscurity4 ,! prophet he>s ,god say1 ,i mu/ se>* ,j]usalem ) lights 9 ord] to f9d !m4 ,!y _h 8fall5 f ! van & ! freem502 !y _h 8sunk to ! re> & ! slaves10 :]e !y wall[$ 9 ! excuse t ,jehovah ,himself w\ld d no?+--nei!r good1 !re=e x is useless to attempt re=m l ,josiah & 8 p>ty1 nor evil1 !re=e ,zephaniah's prophecy ( de/ruction is also va94 ,exactly ! same temp] 0 enc\nt]$ by ,mazz9i 9 ! second /age ( 8 c>e]4 ,_m ( ^?1 :o ) him _h eag]ly dreamt ( a free ,italy1 fell away :5 ! fir/ revolt fail$--fell away n m]ely into we>9ess & fe>1 b1 z he emphasises1 into ! v two temp]s :i* are describ$ by ,zephaniah1 scepticism & self-indulg5ce4 ,all ?is />ts que/ions = ourselves4 ,"h is evid5tly ! same public temp]1 :i* at all p]iods provokes alike ! despair ( ! re=m] & ! indignation ( ! prophet3 ! crim9al apa?y ( ! well-to-d classes sunk 9 ease & religi\s indiff]5ce4 ,we h to-day ! same mass ( obscure1 nameless p]sons1 :o oppose _! almo/ unconqu]able in]tia to e movem5t ( re=m1 & are ! drag ^u all vital & progressive religion4 ,! great causes ( ,god & ,humanity are n defeat$ by ! hot assaults ( ! ,devil1 b by ! sl[1 cru%+1 glaci]-l mass ( ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( indiff]5t nobodies4 ,god's causes are nev] de/roy$ by be+ bl[n up1 b by be+ sat ^u4 ,x is n ! viol5t & an>*ical :om we h to fe> 9 ! w> = human progress1 b ! sl[1 ! /aid1 ! respectable4 ,& ! dang] ( ^! does n lie 9 _! /upidity4 ,not)/&+ all _! religi\s pr(ession1 x lies 9 _! real scepticism4 ,respectability may be ! precipitate ( unbelief4 ,nay1 x is t1 h[ev] religi\s its mask1 :]ev] x is m]e com=t1 decor\sness & conv5tionality2 :]e1 ?\gh x w\ld abhor articulately confess+ t ,god does no?+1 x virtually means s--says s 7z ,zephaniah puts x7 9 its he>t1 by refus+ to %>e manife/ opportunities ( s]v+ ,him1 & cov]s its slo? & its fe> by sne]+ t ,god is n ) ! great crusades = fre$om & purity to :i* x is summon$4 ,9 ^! ways1 ,respectability is ! precipitate :i* unbelief naturally =ms 9 ! selfi% ease & /illness ( s mu* ( our middle-class life4 ,& t is :at makes m]e respectability s dang]\s4 ,l ! un%ak51 un/ra9$ w9e to :i* ! prophet comp>es its obscure & muddy com=t1 x t5ds to decay4 ,to "s ext5t our respectable classes are j ! dregs & lees ( our national life2 l all dregs1 !y are subject to corruption4 ,a great s]mon c\ld be prea*$ on ! putresc5ce ( respectability--h[ ! ignoble com=t ( our respectable classes & _! indiff]5ce to holy causes lead to s5suality1 & poison ! v in/itutions ( ! ,home & ! ,family1 on :i* !y pride !mselves4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( ! lic5ti\sness ( ! pres5t day is n t ( outlaw & disord]$ lives1 b is br$ f ! settl$ ease & indiff]5ce ( _m ( our middle-class families4 ,x is p]haps ! *ief "p ( ! s9 ( ! obscure units1 :i* =m ^! great masses ( indiff]5ce1 t !y ?9k !y escape notice & cov] _! individual responsibility4 ,at all times _m h s\ght obscurity1 n because !y are humble1 b because !y are slo?ful1 c[>dly or indiff]5t4 ,obvi\sly x is ?is temp] :i* is met by ! words1 ,i w se>* out ,j]usalem ) lights4 ,none ( u %all escape because we h said1 8,i w g ) ! cr[d10 or 8,i am a common man & h no "r to ?ru/ myself =w>d40 ,we %all be foll[$ & judg$1 ea* ( u = 8 & h] p]sonal attitude to ! great movem5ts ( our "t4 ,^! ?+s are n too high = u3 !y are our duty2 & we _c escape our duty by sl9k+ into ! %ad[4 ,= all ?is wick$ness & indiff]5ce ,zephaniah sees prep>$ ! ,day ( ! ,"l--ne>1 ha/5+ & v t]rible4 ,x sweeps at fir/ 9 vague desolation & ru9 ( all ?+s1 b !n takes ! outl9es ( a solemn slaught]-fea/ = :i* ,jehovah has consecrat$ ! gue/s1 ! dim unnam$ armies f ! nor?4 ,judah %all be invad$1 & !y t are at ease1 :o say ,jehovah does no?+1 %all be unsettl$ & r\t$4 ,"o vivid trait comes 9 l a scree* ^u ! he>ts ( a p unaccu/om$ = ye>s to w>4 ,h>k1 ,jehovah's ,day6 cries ! prophet4 ,a /rong man--!re6--cry+ bitt]ly4 ,f ?is fla% ^u ! concrete1 he returns to a great vague t]ror1 9 :i* e>?ly armies m]ge 9 heav5ly2 battle1 siege1 /orm & d>kness are m+l$1 & de/ruction is spread abroad ^u ! :ole e>?4 ,! fir/ %ades ( ,apocalypse are ^u u4 ,we may n[ take ! full text ( ?is /rong & significant prophecy4 ,we h already giv5 ! title4 ,textual em5dations & o!r po9ts are expla9$ 9 footnotes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i w sweep1 sweep away ev]y?+ f ! face ( ! gr\nd--oracle ( ,jehovah--sweep man & bea/1 sweep ! f[l ( ! heav5 & ! fi% ( ! sea1 & ,i w br+ to ru9#aad ! wick$ & cut (f ! m5 ( wick$ness f ! gr\nd--oracle ( ,jehovah4 ,& ,i w /ret* =? ,my h& ^u ,judah1 & ^u all ! inhabitants ( ,j]usalem2 & ,i w cut (f f ?is place ! remnant#aae ( ! ,baal1#aaf ! names#aag ( ! prie/l+s ) ! prie/s1 & !m :o ^u ! h\setops b[ !mselves to ! ho/ ( heav51 & !m :o444#aah swe> by _! ,mele*1#aai & !m :o h turn$ f foll[+ ,jehovah1 & :o d n seek ,jehovah nor h inquir$ ( ,him4 ,sil5ce = ! ,"l ,jehovah6 ,= ne> is ,jehovah's ,day4 ,jehovah has prep>$ a#abj slaught]1 ,he has consecrat$ ,8 gue/s4 ,& x %all be 9 ,jehovah's day ( slaught] t ,i w make visitation ^u ! pr9ces & ! h\se#aba ( ! k+1 & ^u all :o array !mselves 9 =eign raim5t2 & ,i w make visitation ^u all :o leap ov] ! ?re%old#abb on t day1 :o fill _! "l's h\se full ( viol5ce & fraud4 ,& on t day--oracle ( ,jehovah--!re %all be a noise ( cry+ f ! ,fi%gate1 & wail+ f ! ,mi%neh1#abc & great havoc on ! ,heights4 ,h[l1 ,o dwell]s 9 ! ,mort>1#abd = undone are all ! m]*ant folk1#abe cut (f are all ! money-deal]s4#abf ,& 9 t "t x %all be1 t ,i w se>* ,j]usalem ) lant]ns1 & make visitation ^u ! m5 :o are become /agnant ^u _! lees1 :o 9 _! he>ts say1 ,jehovah doe? no good & doe? no evil4#abg ,_! sub/ance %all be = spoil1 & _! h\ses = wa/+4444#abh ,ne> is ! great ,day ( ,jehovah1 ne> & v spe$y4#abi ,h>k1 ! ,day ( ,jehovah6 ,a /rong man--!re6--cry+ bitt]ly6 ,a day ( wra? is t ,day6#acj ,day ( siege & blockade1 day ( /ress & di/ress1#aca day ( d>kness & murk1 day ( cl\d & heavy mi/1 day ( ! w>-horn & battle-ro>1 up aga9/ ! f5c$ cities & aga9/ ! highe/ turrets6 ,& ,i w beleagu] m51 & !y %all walk l ! bl9d1 = !y h s9n$ aga9/ ,jehovah2 & p\r$ out %all _! blood be l du/1 & ! fle% ( !m l dung4 ,ev5 _! silv]1 ev5 _! gold %all n avail to save !m 9 ! day ( ,jehovah's wra?1#acb & 9 ! fire ( ,8 zeal %all all ! e>? be dev\r$1 = de/ruction1 yea1#acc sudd5 collapse %all ,he make ( all ! inhabitants ( ! e>?4 ,^u ?is vision ( absolute doom !re foll[s#acd a qualification = ! few meek & righte\s4 ,!y may be hidd5 on ! day ( ! ,"l's ang]2 b ev5 = !m escape is only a possibility4 ,note ! abs5ce ( all m5tion ( ! ,div9e m]cy z ! cause ( deliv]ance4 ,zephaniah has no gospel ( t k9d4 ,! conditions ( escape are /]nly e?ical--meekness1 ! do+ ( ju/ice & righte\sness4 ,s au/]e is our prophet4 4441#ace ,o p unaba%$6#acf be=e t ye become z ! drift+ *aff1 be=e ! ang] ( ,jehovah come ^u y1#acg be=e !re come ^u y ! day ( ,jehovah's wra?2#ach seek ,jehovah1 all ye meek ( ! l& :o d ,8 ord9ance1#aci seek righte\sness1 seek meekness1 p]adv5ture ye may hide y\rselves 9 ! day ( ,jehovah's wra?4 ,,footnotes3 #ajj ,josiah1 born c4 #fdh1 succe$$ c4 #fci1 0 ab\t eighte5 9 #fcj1 & !n appe>s to h begun 8 re=ms4 #aja ,see above1 pp4 #dj f41 n4 #he4 #ajb ,j]4 i4 #e4 #ajc ,see ,g4 ,b4 ,gray1 ,hebrew ,prop] ,names4 #ajd ,josiah4 #aje ,x is n usual 9 ! ,o4,t4 to c>ry a man's g5ealogy beyond 8 gr&fa!r1 except = "s special purpose1 or 9 ord] to include "s ance/or ( note4 ,also ! "n ,hezekiah is v r>e ap>t f ! k+4 ,! numb] ( names comp\nd$ ) ,jah or ,jehovah is ano!r pro( t ! l9e is a royal "o4 ,! omission ( ! phrase k+ ( ,judah aft] ,hezekiah's "n proves no?+2 x may h be5 ( purpose because ! phrase has to occur imm$iately aga94 #ajf ,x 0 n till #feb t a league 0 made betwe5 ! ,pale/9e pr9ces & ,psamtik ,i4 aga9/ ,assyria4 ,?is c]ta9ly w\ld h be5 ! mo/ natural ye> = a *ild to be nam$ ,ku%i4 ,b t w\ld set ! bir? ( ,zephaniah z late z #fcb1 & 8 prophecy t[>ds ! end ( ,josiah's reign1 :i* we h se5 to be improbable on o!r gr\nds4 #ajg ,j]4 xxi4 #a1 xxix4 #be1 #bi1 xxxvii4 #c1 lii4 #bd ff42 #b ,k+s xxv4 #ah4 ,! analog\s ,phnician "n 1 ,saphan-ba'al 8,baal protects or hides10 is f\nd 9 ,no4 #bjg ( ! ,phnician inscriptions 9 ! ,corpus ,inscr4 ,semitic>um4 #ajh ,*ap4 i4 #ae4 ,) ! above p>agraph cf4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,encyc4 ,brit41 art4 8,zephaniah40 #aji ,*ap4 i4 #ad;b4 #aaj ,9 fact ?is =ms "o difficulty ab\t ! conclusion :i* we h rea*$ z to ! date4 ,we saw t "o reason aga9/ putt+ ! ,book ( ,zephaniah aft] ! great ,re=ms ( #fba 0 t x betray$ no sign ( _! effects4 ,b x might ju/ly be answ]$ t1 if ,zephaniah prophesi$ be=e #fba1 8 book ought to betray "s sign ( ! approa* ( re=m4 ,/ill ! explanation giv5 above is satisfactory4 #aaa ,*ap4 i4 #ab4 #aab ,s w9e ^u ! lees is a g5]\s w9e accord+ to ,isa4 xxv4 #f4 #aac ,j]4 xlviii4 #aa4 #aad ,! text reads ! ru9s 71 unless we pref] ) ,wellhaus5 1 ! /umbl+-blocks1 i4e4 idols7 ) ! wick$1 & ,i w cut (f man 7,,lxx4 ! lawless7 f (f ! face ( ! gr\nd4 ,"s ?9k ! clause p>tly too r$undant1 p>tly too specific1 to be orig9al4 ,b suppose we read 7cf4 ,mal4 ii4 #h1 ,lam4 i4 #ad & passim3 ?is is m probable ?an ,s*wally's 1 op4 cit41 p4 #afi71 & = ! read+ :i* probably ! ,,lxx4 _h be=e !m1 7,job xx4 #bi1 xxvii4 #ac1 ,prov4 xi4 #g3 cf4 ,prov4 vi4 #ab7 or 7cf4 iii4 #e71 we get ! r5d]+ adopt$ 9 ! translation above4 ,"s ?9k ! :ole passage an intrusion1 yet x is surely probable t ! e>ne/ moral _s ( ,zephaniah w\ld aim at ! wick$ f ! v outset ( 8 prophecy4 #aae ,,lxx4 names1 held by "s to be ! orig9al read+ 7,s*wally1 etc474 ,9 t case ! phrase might h "s allusion to ! well-kn[n promise 9 ,deut41 ! place :]e ,i %all set ,my "n4 ,?is is m natural ?an a ref]5ce to ,hosea ii4 #ai1 :i* is quot$ by "s4 #aaf ,"s ,greek codd4 take ,baal z fem41 o!rs z plur44 #aag ,s ,,lxx4 #aah ,heb4 reads & !m :o b[ !mselves1 :o swe>1 by ,jehovah4 ,s ,,lxx4 ,b ) & be=e :o swe>4 ,b ,,lxx4 ,a omits &4 ,,lxx4 ,q omits !m :o b[ !mselves4 ,wellhaus5 keeps ! clause ) ! exception ( :o swe>1 & s reads 7to ! end ( v]se7 !m :o b[ !mselves to ,jehovah & swe> by ,milcom4 #aai ,or ,mole* k+4 ,,lxx4 by _! k+4 ,o!r ,greek v]sions3 ,molo* & ,mel*om4 ,vulg4 ,mel*om4 #abj ,,lxx4 ,84 #aba ,s ,,lxx4 ,heb4 sons4 #abb ,is ?is "s sup]/iti\s rite ( ! idol-wor%ipp]s z describ$ 9 ! case ( ,dagon1 #a ,sam4 v4 #e8 ,or is x a phrase = break+ into a h\se1 & s p>allel to ! second clause ( ! v]se8 ,mo/ int]pret]s pref] ! latt]4 ,! idolatr\s rites h be5 left beh9d4 ,s*wally sugge/s ! orig9al ord] may h be53 pr9ces & sons ( ! k+1 :o fill _! "l's h\se full ( viol5ce & deceit2 & ,i w visit ^u e "o t leape? ov] ! ?re%old on t day1 & ^u all t we> =eign raim5t4 #abc ,! ,second or ,new ,t[n3 cf4 #b ,k+s xxii4 #ad1 #b ,*ron4 xxxiv4 #bb1 :i* /ate t ! prophetess ,huldah liv$ !re4 ,cf4 ,neh4 iii4 #i1 #ab1 xi4 #i4 #abd ,! holl[ probably betwe5 ! we/]n & ea/]n hills1 or ! upp] "p ( ! ,tyropan 7,orelli74 #abe ,heb4 p ( ,canaan4 #abf 1 f\nd only "h1 f 1 to lift up1 & 9 ,isa4 xl4 #ae to weigh4 ,/ill x may h a wid] mean+1 all !y t c>ry money 7,davidson74 #abg ,see above1 p4 #eb4 #abh ,! ,hebrew text & v]sions "h add3 ,& !y %all build h\ses & n inhabit 7,greek 9 !m71 & plant v9ey>ds & n dr9k ! w9e !re(4 ,b ! phrase is a common "o 7,deut4 xxviii4 #cj2 ,amos v4 #aa3 cf4 ,micah vi4 #ae71 & :ile likely to h be5 ins]t$ by a lat] h&1 is "h sup]flu\s1 & m>s ! firmness & edge ( ,zephaniah's ?reat4 #abi ,= ,wellhaus5 reads 1 pt4 ,pi2 b may be a v]bal adj42 comp>e ! phrase 1 ,isa4 viii4 #a4 #acj ,dies ,ir1 ,dies ,illa6 #aca ,heb4 %o'ah u-me%o'ah4 ,lit4 ru9 7or deva/ation7 & de/ruction4 #acb ,"s take ?is fir/ clause ( v]4 #ah z a gloss4 ,see ,s*wally 9 loco4 #acc ,read = 4 ,s ,,lxx41 ,syr41 ,wellhaus51 ,s*wally4 #acd ,9 vv4 #a-c ( *ap4 ii41 wrongly sep>at$ f *ap4 i43 see ,davidson4 #ace ,heb4 4 ,a4,v4 ,ga!r y\rselves toge!r1 yea1 ga!r toge!r 7 is to ga!r /raw or /icks--cf4 ,arab4 a%1 to sweep up--& ,ni?p4 ( ! ,aram4 is to assemble74 ,orelli3 ,cr[d & cr\* d[n4 ,ewald comp>es ,aram4 a%1 late ,heb4 1 to gr[ old1 :i* he believes orig9ally meant to be )]$1 grey4 ,budde sugge/s 1 b1 z ,davidson rem>ks1 x is n easy to see h[ ?is1 if once extant1 0 alt]$ to ! pres5t read+4 #acf is usually ?\ght to h z its root mean+ to be pale or col\rless1 i4e4 ei!r :ite or black 7,j\rnal ( ,phil41 #ad1 #abe71 :5ce 1 silv] or ! pale metal3 h5ce 9 ! ,qal to long =1 ,job xiv4 #ae1 ,ps4 xvii4 #ab2 s ,ni1 ,g54 xxxi4 #cj1 ,ps4 lxxxiv4 #c2 & "h to be a%am$4 ,b ! d]ivation ( ! "n = silv] is q imag9>y1 & ! col\r ( %ame is r$ r ?an :ite3 cf4 ! mod4 ,arab4 say+1 8,!y are a p t _c blu%2 !y h no blood 9 _! faces10 i4e4 %ameless4 ,inde$ ,s*wally says 79 loco71 8,die ,b$eutung fahl1 blass i/ un]weisli*40 ,h5ce 79 spite ( ! mean+s ( ! ,aram4 bo? to lose col\r & to be a%am$7 a d]ivation = ! ,hebrew is m probably to be f\nd 9 ! root kasaf1 to cut (f4 ,! ,arab4 1 :i* 9 ! classic tongue means to cut a ?read or eclipse ! sun1 is 9 colloquial ,arabic to give a rebuff1 refuse a fav\r1 disappo9t1 %ame4 ,9 ! =ms inkasaf & itkasaf x means to receive a rebuff1 be disappo9t$1 !n %y or timid1 & kasf means %ame1 %yness 7z well z eclipse ( ! sun74 ,see ,spiro's ,arabic-,engli% ,vocabul>y4 ,9 ,ps4 lxxxiv4 is evid5tly us$ ( unsatisfi$ long+ 7b see ,*eyne71 :i* is also ! prop] mean+ ( ! p>allel 7cf4 o!r passages :]e is us$ ( /ill unfulfill$ or rebuff$ hopes3 ,job xix4 #bg1 ,ps4 lxix4 #d1 cxix4 #ha1 cxliii4 #g74 ,s 9 ,ps4 xvii4 #d is us$ ( a lion :o is long+ =1 i4e4 /ill disappo9t$ 91 8 prey1 & s 9 ,job xiv4 #ae4 #acg ,,lxx4 7"h 9 error read+ = 7 1 ' 7la/ clause omitt$ by c4b74 ,accord+ to ?is ! ,hebrew text1 :i* is obvi\sly dis>rang$1 may be re/or$ to 4 #ach ,?is clause ,wellhaus5 deletes4 ,cf4 ,hexapl> ,syriac translation4 #aci ,,lxx4 take ?is also z imp]ative1 d judgm5t1 & s co-ord9ate to ! o!r clauses4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,n9ive ,,del5da ,,zephaniah ii4 #d-ae ,!re n[ come a s]ies ( oracles on =eign nations1 connect$ ) ! previ\s prophecy by ! conjunction =1 & detail+ ! worldwide judgm5t :i* x _h proclaim$4 ,b ?\gh dat$ f ! same p]iod z t prophecy1 circa #fbf1 ^! oracles are be/ treat$ by !mselves4#adj ,^! oracles orig9ally =m$ "o passage 9 ! well-kn[n ,q9ah or elegiac measure2 b ?is has suff]$ sadly bo? by dilapidation & rebuild+4 ,h[ mangl$ ! text is may be se5 especially f vv4 #f & #ad1 :]e ! ,greek gives u "s help 9 re/or+ x4 ,! v]ses 7#h-aa7 ^u ,moab & ,ammon _c be r$uc$ to ! metre :i* bo? prec$es & foll[s !m4 ,probably1 !re=e1 !y are a lat] addition3 nor did ,moab & ,ammon lie ^u ! way ( ! ,scy?ians1 :o are presumably ! invad]s pictur$ by ! prophet4#ada ,! poem beg9s ) ,phili/ia & ! sea-coa/1 ! v pa? ( ! ,scy?ian raid4#adb ,evid5tly ! latt] is imm95t1 ! ,phili/9e cities are %ortly to be tak5 & ! :ole l& r$uc$ to grass4 ,across ! empti$ /rip ! long hope ( ,israel spr+s sea-w>d2 b--m>k6--n yet ) a vision ( ! isles beyond4 ,! prophet is satisfi$ ) rea*+ ! edge ( ! ,promis$ ,l&3 by ! sea %all !y fe$#adc _! flocks4 ,= ,gaza =sak5 %all be1 ,a%'ln a des]t4 ,a%dod--by noon %all !y r\t h]1 ,& ,eron be torn up6#add ,ah6 woe1 dwell]s ( ! sea-%ore1 ,folk ( ,k]?im4 ,! ^w ( ,jehovah aga9/ !e1 ,kna#8an1#ade ,l& ( ! ,phili/9es6 ,& ,i de/roy !e to ! la/ inhabitant1#adf ,& ,k]e? %all become %eph]ds' cots1#adg ,& folds = flocks4 ,& ! coa/#adh = ! remnant ( ,judah's h\se2 ,by ! sea#adi %all !y fe$4 ,9 ,a%elon's h\ses at ev5 %all !y c\*2 4 4 4 4 4 4#aej ,= ,jehovah _! ,god %all visit !m1 ,& turn _! captivity4#aea ,!re comes n[ an oracle ^u ,moab & ,ammon 7vv4 #h-aa74 ,z already said1 x is n 9 ! elegiac measure :i* prec$es & foll[s x1 :ile o!r features ca/ a d\bt ^u its au!nticity4 ,l o!r oracles on ! same peoples1 ?is d5\nces ! l\d-m\!d arrogance ( ! sons ( ,moab & ,ammon4 ,i h he>d#aeb ! revil+ ( ,moab & ! insults ( ! sons ( ,ammon1 :o h revil$ ,my p & vaunt$ !mselves ^u _!#aec bord]4 ,:]e=e z ,i live1 sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s1 ,god ( ,israel1 ,moab %all become z ,sodom1 & ,ammon's sons z ,gomorrah--! possession#aed ( nettles1 & saltpits1#aee & a desolation = ev]2 ! remnant ( ,my p %all spoil !m1 & ! re/ ( ,my nation possess !m4 ,?is to !m = _! arrogance1 because !y revil$1 & vaunt$ !mselves aga9/1 ! p (#aef ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4 ,jehovah %[e? ,himself t]rible#aeg aga9/ !m1 = ,he ha? made lean#aeh all gods ( e>?1 t all ! coa/s ( ! nations may wor%ip ,him1 e man f 8 own place4#aei 99 99 99 99 99 ,! next oracle is a v %ort "o 7v]4 #ab7 ^u ,egypt1 :i* aft] its long subjection to ,e?iopic dyna/ies is call$1 n ,miraim1 b ,ku%1 or ,e?iopia4 ,! v]se foll[s on naturally to v]4 #g1 b is n r$ucible to ! elegiac measure4 ,also ye1 ,o ,ku%ites1 are ! sla9 ( ,my sword4#afj ,! elegiac measure is n[ r5ew$#afa 9 an oracle aga9/ ,assyria1 ! climax & front ( hea!ndom 7vv4 #ac-ae74 ,x mu/ h be5 writt5 be=e #fjh3 !re is no reason to d\bt t x is ,zephaniah's4 ,& may ,he /ret* out ,8 h& aga9/ ! ,nor?1 ,& de/roy ,as%ur2 ,& may ,he turn ,n9iveh to desolation1 ,dry z ! des]t4 ,& h]ds %all c\* 9 h] mid/4 ,e bea/ (4444#afb ,yea1 pelican & bitt]n#afc %all roo/ on ! capitals2 ,! owl %all hoot 9 ! w9d[1 ,! rav5 on ! door/ep4 4 4 4 4 4#afd ,su* is ! ,city1 ! ,jubilant1 ,%e t sitte? at ease1 ,%e t sai? 9 h] he>t1 ,i am ,& !re is none else6 ,h[ ha? %e become desolation6 ,a lair ( bea/s4 ,e "o pass+ by h] hisses1 ,%akes 8 h&4 ,! ess5ce ( ^! oracles is _! cle> confid5ce 9 ! fall ( ,n9iveh4 ,f #feb1 :5 ,egypt revolt$ f ,assyria1 &1 ,assurbanipal not)/&+1 began to pu% nor?w>d1 m5 mu/ h felt1 ?r\gh\t all ,we/]n ,asia1 t ! great empire ^u ! ,tigris 0 beg9n+ to tott]4 ,?is feel+ 0 /r5g!n$ by ! ,scy?ian invasion1 & aft] #fbe x became a moral c]ta9ty t ,n9iveh w\ld fall#afe--:i* happ5$ 9 #fjg--f4 ,^! are ! feel+s1 #fbe to #fjh1 :i* ,zephaniah's oracles reflect4 ,we c h>dly ov]-e/imate :at !y meant4 ,n a man 0 !n alive :o _h ev] kn[n any?+ else ?an ! greatness & ! glory ( ,assyria4 ,x 0 two hundr$ & ?irty ye>s s9ce ,israel fir/ felt ! weight ( h] arms4#aff ,x 0 m ?an a hundr$ s9ce h] ho/s _h swept ?r\gh ,pale/9e1#afg & = at lea/ fifty h] supremacy _h be5 accept$ by ,judah4 ,n[ ! colossus began to tott]4 ,z %e _h m5ac$1 s %e 0 m5ac$4 ,! ru9s ) :i* = nigh ?ree c5turies %e _h /rewn ,we/]n ,asia--to ^! 7 to be r$uc$ h] own impregnable & anci5t glory4 ,x 0 ! close ( an epo*4 ,,footnotes3 #adj ,see above1 pp4 #da ff4 #ada ,"s1 h[ev]1 ?9k ! prophet is speak+ 9 prospect ( ! ,*aldean invasion ( a few ye>s lat]4 ,?is is n s likely1 because he pictures ! ov]?r[ ( ,n9iveh z subsequ5t to ! invasion ( ,phili/ia1 :ile ! ,*aldeans accompli%$ ! latt] only aft] ,n9iveh _h fall54 #adb ,accord+ to ,h]odotus4 #adc ,v]4 #g1 ,,lxx4 #add ,! measure1 z said above1 is elegiac3 alt]nate l9es long ) a ris+1 & %ort ) a fall+1 cad5ce4 ,!re is a play ^u ! names1 at lea/ on ! fir/ & la/--8,gazzah0 or 8#8,azzah #8,azubah0--:i* 9 ,engli% we might reproduce by ! use ( ,sp5s]'s ^w = 8dre>y03 ,= ,gaza gha/ful %all be4 8#8,eron te'aer40 ,,lxx4 7,b71 7,a74 ,9 ! second l9e we h a slight] assonance1 #8,a%kln li%mamah4 ,9 ! ?ird ! v]b is 2 ,ba*] 7,z4,a4,t4,w41 #ahia1 #ahe ff47 po9ts out t is n us$ ( cities1 b ( _! populations or ( individual m51 & sugge/s 7f ,abulwalid7 1 %all possess h]1 z 8a plausible em5dation40 ,s*wally 7ibid41 #bfj7 pref]s to alt] to 1 ) ! rem>k t ?is is n only a good p>allel to 1 b suits ! ,,lxx4 4--,on ! expression by noon see ,davidson1 ,n4 ,h4 & ,z41 ,app5dix1 ,note #b1 :]e he quotes a p>allel expression1 9 ! ,s5j]li inscription1 ( ,as>haddon3 t he took ,memphis by midday or 9 half a day 7,s*rad]74 ,?is suits ! use ( ! phrase 9 ,j]4 xv4 #h1 :]e x is p>allel to sudd5ly4 #ade ,canaan omitt$ by ,wellhaus51 :o reads = 4 ,b z ! metre requires a l>g] numb] ( syllables 9 ! fir/ l9e ( ea* c\plet ?an 9 ! second1 ,kna'an %\ld probably rema94 ,! difficulty is ! use ( ,canaan z synonym\s ) ,l& ( ! ,phili/9es4 ,n[h]e else 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t is x expressly appli$ to ! coa/ s\? ( ,c>mel1 ?\gh x is s us$ 9 ! ,egyptian inscriptions1 & ev5 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 a s5se :i* cov]s ?is z well z o!r l[ly+ p>ts ( ,pale/9e4 #adf ,an odd long l9e1 ei!r ! rema9s ( two1 or p]haps we %\ld take ! two previ\s l9es z "o1 omitt+ ,canaan4 #adg ,s ,,lxx43 ,hebrew text & ! sea-coa/ %all become dwell+s1 cots 77 ( %eph]ds4 ,b ! po9t+ & mean+ ( are bo? conjectural1 & ! sea-coa/ has probably fall5 by mi/ake into ?is v]se f ! next4 ,on ,k]e? & ,k]e?im z names = ,phili/ia & ! ,phili/9es see ,hi/4 ,geog41 p4 #aga4 #adh ,,lxx4 adds ( ! sea4 ,s ,wellhaus51 b unnecess>ily & improbably = phonetic reasons1 z sea has to be read 9 ! next l9e4 #adi ,s ,wellhaus51 read+ = 4 #aej ,"s words mu/ h fall5 out1 = fir/ a %ort l9e is requir$ "h by ! metre1 & second ! ,,lxx4 h "s additional words1 :i*1 h[ev]1 give u no help to :at ! lo/ l9e 03 4 #aea ,z /at$ above1 !re is no conclusive reason aga9/ ! pre-exilic date ( ?is expression4 #aeb ,cf4 ,isa4 xvi4 #f4 #aec ,,lxx4 ,my4 #aed ,d\btful ^w1 n occurr+ else:]e4 #aee ,heb4 s+ul>4 #aef ,,lxx4 omits ! p (4 #aeg ,,lxx4 make? ,himself manife/1 = 4 #aeh 4 ,! passive ( ! v]b means to gr[ lean 7,isa4 xvii4 #d74 #aei has probably "h ! s5se :i* x has 9 a few o!r passages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & 9 ,arabic1 ( sacr$ place4 ,_m w %>e ,s*wally's d\bts 7p4 #aib7 ab\t ! au!nticity ( v]4 #aa2 nor1 z ,wellhaus5 po9ts out1 does its pr$iction ( ! conv]sion ( ! hea!n agree ) v]4 #ab1 :i* devotes !m to de/ruction4 ,v]4 #ab foll[s naturally on to v]4 #g4 #afj ,wellhaus5 reads ,8 sword1 to agree ) ! next v]se4 ,p]haps is an abbreviation = 4 #afa ,see ,budde1 ,z4,a4,t4,w41 #ahhb1 #be4 #afb ,heb4 reads a nation1 & ,wellhaus5 translates e9 buntes ,gemis* von ,volk4 ,,lxx4 bea/s ( ! e>?4 #afc 1 a wat]-bird accord+ to ,deut4 xiv4 #ag1 ,lev4 xi4 #ah1 mo/ly tak5 z pelican2 s ,r4,v4 ,a4,v4 cormorant4 has usually be5 tak5 f 1 to draw toge!r1 !re=e h$gehog or porcup9e4 ,b ! o!r animals m5tion$ "h are birds1 & x is birds :i* w\ld naturally roo/ on capitals4 ,!re=e bitt]n is ! bett] r5d]+ 7,hitzig1 ,*eyne74 ,! "n is onomatopic4 ,cf4 ,eng4 butt]-dump4 ,,lxx4 translates *ameleons & h$gehogs4 #afd ,heb43 a voice %all s+ 9 ! w9d[1 desolation on ! ?re%old1 = ,he %all uncov] ! c$>-"w4 ,,lxx4 1 1 3 ,wild bea/s %all s\nd 9 h] excavations1 rav5s 9 h] por*es1 because 7!7 c$> is h] height4 ,= 1 voice1 ,wellhaus5 reads 1 owl1 & ) ! ,,lxx4 1 rav51 = 1 desolation4 ,! la/ two words are left untranslat$ above4 occurs only "h & is usually tak5 to mean c$>-"w2 b x might be po9t$ h] c$>4 1 he1 or "o1 has /ripp$ ! c$>-"w4 #afe ,see above1 pp4 #ag1 #ah4 #aff ,at ! battle ( ,k>k>1 #hed4 #afg ,"u ,tigla?-,piles] 9 #gcd4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,s ,,z ,,by ,,fire ,zephaniah iii4 ,! ?ird *apt] ( ! ,book ( ,zephaniah consi/s#afh ( two sections1 ( :i* only ! fir/1 vv4 #a-ac1 is a g5u9e "w ( ! prophet2 :ile ! second1 vv4 #ad-bj1 is a lat] epilogue su* z we f\nd add$ to ! g5u9e prophecies ( ,amos4 ,x is writt5 9 ! l>ge hope & brilliant temp] ( ! ,second ,isaiah1 say+ no ^w ( ,judah's s9 or judgm5t1 b pr$ict+ h] triumphant deliv]ance out ( all h] afflictions4 ,9 a second address to 8 ,city 7vv4 #a-ac7 ,zephaniah /rikes ! same notes z he did 9 8 fir/4 ,he sp>es ! k+1 b d5\nces ! rul+ & tea*+ classes4 ,j]usalem's pr9ces are lions1 h] judges wolves1 h] prophets bragg>ts1 h] prie/s p]v]t ! law1 h] wick$ h no %ame4 ,he repeats ! proclamation ( a univ]sal doom4 ,b ! "t is p]haps lat]4 ,judah has disreg>d$ ! _m ?reats4 ,%e w n accept ! ,"l's discipl9e2 & :ile 9 *ap4 i4--ii4 #c ,zephaniah _h said t ! meek & righte\s might escape ! doom1 he n[ emphatically affirms t all pr\d & imp5it5t m5 %all be remov$ f ,j]usalem1 & a humble p be left to h]1 righte\s & secure4 ,!re is ! same moral e>ne/ness z be=e1 ! same abs5ce ( all o!r elem5ts ( prophecy ?an ! e?ical4 ,be=e we ask ! reason & emphasise ! beauty ( ?is au/]e gospel1 let u see ! exact words ( ! address4 ,!re are ! usual m>ks ( poetic diction 9 x--elliptic phrases1 ! frequ5t abs5ce ( ! def9ite article1 ar*aic =ms & an ord] ( ! syntax diff]5t f t :i* obta9s 9 prose4 ,b ! measure is difficult to det]m9e1 & mu/ be pr9t$ z prose4 ,! e*o ( ! elegiac rhy?m 9 ! op5+ is m app>5t ?an real3 x is n su/a9$ beyond ! fir/ v]se4 ,v]ses #i & #aj are relegat$ to a footnote1 z v probably an intrusion1 & di/urbance ( ! argum5t4 ,woe1 rebel & unclean1 city ( oppression6#afi ,%e li/5s to no voice1 %e accepts no discipl9e1 9 ,jehovah %e tru/s n1 nor has drawn ne> to h] ,god4 ,h] pr9ces 9 h] mid/ are ro>+ lions2 h] judges ev5+ wolves1#agj !y 444#aga n till morn+2 h] prophets are bragg>ts & traitors2 h] prie/s h pr(an$ :at is holy & done viol5ce to ! ,law4#agb ,jehovah is righte\s 9 ! mid/ ( h]1 ,he does no wrong4 ,morn+ by morn+ ,he br+s ,8 judgm5t to light3 ,he does n let ,himself fail#agc--;b ! wick$ man kn[s no %ame4 ,i h cut (f nations1 _! turrets are ru9$2 ,i h laid wa/e _! broad /reets1 till no "o passes ^u !m2 de/roy$ are _! cities1 )\t a man1 )\t a dwell]4#agd ,i said1 ,surely %e w fe> ,me1 %e w accept puni%m5t1#age & all t ,i h visit$ ^u h]#agf %all nev] vani% f h] eyes4#agg ,b only ! m zeal\sly h !y corrupt$ all _! do+s4#agh ,:]e=e wait ye = ,me--oracle ( ,jehovah--wait = ! day ( ,my ris+ to te/ify1 = 'tis ,my fix$ purpose#agi to sweep nations toge!r1 to collect k+doms1 to p\r ^u !m 444#ahj all ! heat ( ,my wra?--yea1 ) ! fire ( ,my jeal\sy %all ! :ole e>? be consum$4#aha ,9 t day ?\ %alt n be a%am$#ahb ( all ?y de$s1 by :i* ?\ ha/ rebell$ aga9/ ,me3 = !n w ,i turn out ( ! mid/ ( !e all :o exult ) t arrogance ( ?9e1#ahc & ?\ wilt n aga9 vaunt ?yself ^u ! ,m\nt ( ,my ,hol9ess4 ,b ,i w leave 9 ?y mid/ a p humble & poor1 & !y %all tru/ 9 ! "n ( ,jehovah4 ,! ,remnant ( ,israel %all d no evil1 & %all n speak falsehood1 & no fraud %all be f\nd 9 _! m\?1 b !y %all pa/ure & !y %all c\*1 ) none to make !m afraid4 ,su* is ! simple & au/]e gospel ( ,zephaniah4 ,x is n to be ov]look$ amid ! lavi% & gorge\s promises :i* o!r prophets h p\r$ ar\nd x1 & by ourselves1 too1 x is ne$$ 9 our (t5 unscrupul\s enjoym5t ( ! ri*es ( grace t are 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,a ?or\gh purgation1 ! removal ( ! wick$1 ! sp>+ ( ! hone/ & ! meek2 insi/5ce only ^u ! rudim5ts ( morality & religion2 fai? 9 its simple/ =m ( tru/ 9 a righte\s ,god1 & "* 9 its basal elem5ts ( meekness & tru?1--^! & ^! alone survive ! judgm5t4 ,:y does ,zephaniah nev] talk ( ! ,love ( ,god1 ( ! ,div9e ,pati5ce1 ( ! ,grace t has sp>$ & w sp>e wick$ he>ts if only x c t\* !m to p5it5ce8 ,:y has he no call to rep5t1 no appeal to ! wick$ to turn f ! evil ( _! ways8 ,we h already se5 "p ( ! answ]4 ,zephaniah /&s too ne> to judgm5t & ! la/ ?+s4 ,"* is fix$1 ! "t = plead+ is pa/2 !re rema9s only ! sep>ation ( bad m5 f good4 ,x is ! same /&po9t 7at lea/ e?ically7 z t ( ,*ri/'s visions ( ! ,judgm5t4 ,p]haps also an au/]e gospel 0 requir$ by ! fa%ionable temp] ( ! day4 ,! g5]ation 0 l\d & arrogant2 x gild$ ! future to excess1 & knew no %ame4#ahd ,! true prophet 0 =c$ to retic5ce2 he mu/ make 8 age feel ! desp]ate e>ne/ness ( life1 & t salvation is by fire4 ,= ! gorge\s future ( its unsanctifi$ hopes he mu/ give x ?is sev]e1 almo/ mean1 picture ( a poor & humble folk1 h>dly sav$ b at la/ at peace4 ,! p]man5t value ( su* a message is prov$ by ! ?ir/ :i* we feel ev5 to-day = ! cle>1 cold wat] ( its simple promises4 ,:]e a gl>+ optimism prevails1 & ! future is prea*$ ) a l\d assurance1 :]e _m f9d _! only religi\s en?usiasm 9 ! resurrection ( m$ival ritual or ! s++ ( /irr+ & gorge\s hymns ( second-h& imag]y1 h[ ne$ful to be recall$ to ! e>ne/ness & sev]ity ( life1 to ! simplicity ( ! conditions ( salvation1 & to _! e?ical1 n emotional1 "*6 ,:]e s5sationalism has s invad$ religion1 h[ good to he> ! sob] insi/5ce ^u ,god's daily commonplaces--morn+ by morn+ ,he br+e? =? ,8 judgm5t to light--& to "k t ! acceptance ( discipl9e is :at prevails ) ,him4 ,:]e national re=m is vaunt$ & ! progress ( education1 h[ well to g back to a prophet :o ignor$ all ! great re=ms ( 8 day t he might impress 8 p ) ! indisp5sabl5ess ( humility & fai?4 ,:]e ,*ur*es h su* l>ge ambitions = !mselves1 h[ necess>y to he> t ! future is de/9$ = a poor folk1 ! meek & ! hone/4 ,:]e m5 boa/ t _! religion--,bible1 ,cre$ or ,*ur*--has und]tak5 to save !m1 vaunt+ !mselves on ! ,m\nt ( ,my ,hol9ess1 h[ ne$ful to he> salvation plac$ ^u "* & a v simple tru/ 9 ,god4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 is any "o 9 despair at ! d>kness & cruelty ( ?is life1 let him he> h[ ,zephaniah proclaims t1 ?\gh all else be fraud1 ! ,"l is righte\s 9 ! mid/ ( u1 ,he do? n let ,himself fail1 t ! resign$ he>t & ! humble1 ! j & ! pure he>t1 is imp]i%able1 & 9 ! end !re is at lea/ peace4 ,,epilogue4 ,,v]ses #ad-bj4 ,zephaniah's prophecy 0 fulfill$4 ,! ,day ( ! ,"l came1 & ! p met _! judgm5t4 ,! ,remnant surviv$--a folk poor & humble4 ,to !m1 9 ! new e/ate & temp] ( _! life1 came a new song f ,god--p]haps x 0 ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s aft] ,zephaniah _h spok5--& !y add$ x to 8 prophecies4 ,x came 9 ) wond]ful fitness1 = x 0 ! song ( ! r$eem$1 :om he _h =ese51 & x tun$ 8 book1 sev]e & simple1 to ! full h>mony ( prophecy1 s t 8 book might take a place 9 ! great *oir ( ,israel--! diapason ( t full salvation :i* no "o man1 b only ! exp]i5ce ( c5turies1 c\ld a*ieve4 ,s+ out1 ,o daught] ( ,zion6 %\t al\d1 ,o ,israel6 ,rejoice & be jubilant ) all ?y#ahe he>t1 daught] ( ,j]usalem6 ,jehovah ha? set aside ?y judgm5ts1#ahf ,he ha? turn$ ?y foes4 ,k+ ( ,israel1 ,jehovah is 9 ?y mid/2 ?\ %alt n see#ahg evil any m4 ,9 t day x %all be said to ,j]usalem1 ,fe> n4 ,o ,zion1 let n ?y h&s droop6 ,jehovah1 ?y ,god1 9 ! mid/ ( !e is mighty2#ahh ,he w save1 ,he w rejoice ov] !e ) joy1 ,he w make new#ahi ,8 love1 ,he w exult ov] !e ) s++4 ,! scatt]$ ( ?y congregation#aij h ,i ga!r$--?9e#aia are !y1 444#aib reproa* ^u h]4 ,behold1 ,i am ab\t to d all = ?y sake at t "t1#aic & ,i w rescue ! lame & ! outca/ w ,i br+ 91#aid & ,i w make !m = r5[n & fame ^: %ame is 9 ! :ole e>?4#aie ,9 t "t ,i w br+ y 91#aif ev5 9 ! "t t ,i ga!r y4#aig ,= ,i w set y = fame & r5[n among all ! peoples ( ! e>?1 :5 ,i turn aga9 y\r captivity be=e y\r eyes1 sai? ,jehovah4#aih ,,footnotes3 #afh ,see above1 pp4 #dc-de4 #afi ,heb4 ! city ! oppressor4 ,! two p>ticiples 9 ! fir/ clause are n pr$icates to ! n\n & adjective ( ! second 7,s*wally71 b vocatives1 ?\gh )\t ! article1 aft] 4 #agj ,,lxx4 wolves ( ,arabia4 #aga ,! v]b left untranslat$1 1 is q unc]ta9 9 mean+4 is a root common to ! ,semitic languages & seems to mean orig9ally to cut (f1 :ile ! n\n is a bone4 ,9 ,num4 xxiv4 #h ! ,piel ( ! v]b us$ ) ano!r ^w = bone means to gnaw1 mun*4 7,! only o!r passage :]e x is us$1 ,ezek4 xxiii4 #cd1 is corrupt47 ,s "s take x "h3 !y d n gnaw bones till morn+1 i4e4 dev\r all at once2 b ?is is awkw>d1 & ,s*wally 7#aih7 has propos$ to omit ! negative1 !y d gnaw bones till morn+1 yet 9 t case surely ! impf4 & n ! p]f4 t5se w\ld h be5 us$4 ,! ,,lxx4 r5d] !y d n leave ov]1 & x has be5 attempt$1 ?\gh inconclusively1 to d]ive ?is mean+ f t ( cutt+ (f1 i4e4 lay+ aside 7! ,arabic ,=m ,,ii4 means1 h[ev]1 to leave beh9d74 ,ano!r l9e ( mean+ p]haps promises m4 ,9 ,aram4 ! v]b means to be ! cause ( any?+1 to br+ ab\t1 & p]haps conta9s ! idea ( decid+ 7,levy sub voce comp>es 1 c]no72 9 ,arab4 x means1 among o!r ?+s1 to commit a crime1 be guilty1 b 9 mod4 ,arabic to f9e4 ,n[ x is to be notic$ t "h ! expression is us$ ( judges1 & x may be !re is an int5tional play ^u ! d\ble possibility ( mean+ 9 ! root4 #agb ,ezek4 xxii4 #bf3 ,h] prie/s h done viol5ce to ,my ,law & h pr(an$ ,my holy ?+s2 !y h put no diff]5ce betwe5 ! holy & pr(ane1 betwe5 ! clean & ! unclean4 ,cf4 ,j]4 ii4 #h4 #agc ,s*wally by alt]+ ! acc5ts3 morn+ by morn+ ,he give? =? ,8 judgm5t3 no day does ,he fail4 #agd ,on ?is v]4 #f see above1 p4 #dd4 ,x is d\btful4 #age ,or discipl9e4 #agf ,wellhaus53 t :i* ,i h comm&$ h]4 ,cf4 ,job xxxvi4 #bc2 #b ,*ron4 xxxvi4 #bc2 ,ezra i4 #b4 #agg ,s ,,lxx41 read+ = ! ,heb4 1 h] dwell+4 #agh ,a frequ5t phrase ( ,j]emiah's4 #agi 1 decree1 ord9ance1 decision4 #ahj ,heb4 ,my ang]4 ,,lxx4 omits4 #aha ,t is to say1 ! prophet returns to t g5]al judgm5t ( ! :ole e>?1 ) :i* 9 8 fir/ disc\rse he _h already ?reat5$ ,judah4 ,he ?reat5s h] ) x aga9 9 ?is eigh? v]se1 because1 z he has said 9 ! prec$+ ones1 all o!r w>n+s h fail$4 ,! eigh? v]se !re=e foll[s naturally ^u ! sev5?1 j z naturally z 9 ,amos iv4 v]4 #ab1 introduc$ by ! same z "h1 foll[s its pr$ecessors4 ,! next two v]ses ( ! text1 h[ev]1 describe an opposite result3 in/ead ( ! de/ruction ( ! hea!n1 !y picture _! conv]sion1 & x is only 9 ! elev5? v]se t we return to ! ma9 subject ( ! passage1 ,judah h]self1 :o is repres5t$ 79 h>mony ) ! close ( ,zephaniah's fir/ disc\rse7 z r$uc$ to a righte\s & pi\s remnant4 ,vv4 #i & #aj are !re=e obvi\sly a lat] ins]tion1 & we pass to ! elev5? v]se4 ,vv4 #i & #aj3 ,= !n 7?is has no mean+ aft] v]4 #h7 w ,i give to ! peoples a pure lip 7elliptic phrase3 turn to ! peoples a pure lip--i4e4 turn _! evil lip into a pure lip3 pure pick$ out1 select1 excell5t1 cf4 ,isa4 xlix4 #b71 t !y may all ( !m call ^u ! "n ( ! ,"l1 t !y may s]ve ,him ) "o cons5t 7,heb4 %\ld]1 ,,lxx4 yoke74 ,f beyond ! riv]s ( ,e?iopia--!re foll[s a v obscure phrase1 1 suppliants 787 ( ! daught] ( ,my disp]s$1 b ,ewald ( ! daught] ( ,phut--!y %all br+ ,m9e (f]+4 #ahb ,wellhaus5 despair4 #ahc ,heb4 ! jubilant ones ( ?9e arrogance4 #ahd ,see vv4 #d1 #e1 #aa4 #ahe ,heb4 !4 #ahf 4 ,b ,wellhaus5 reads 1 ?9e adv]s>ies3 cf4 ,job ix4 #ae4 #ahg ,read+ 7) ,,lxx41 ,wellhaus5 & ,s*wally7 = ( ! ,hebrew text1 fe>4 #ahh ,lit4 h]o1 mighty man4 #ahi ,heb4 w be sil5t 91 1 b n 9 h>mony ) ! next clause4 ,,lxx4 & ,syr4 r5d] w make new1 :i* translates 1 a =m t does n else:]e occur1 ?\gh t is no objection to f9d+ x 9 ,zephaniah1 or 4 ,hitzig3 ,he makes new ?+s 9 ,8 love4 ,buhl3 ,he r5ews ,8 love4 ,s*wally sugge/s 1 ,he rejoices 9 ,8 love4 #aij ,,lxx4 ,9 ! days ( ?y fe/ival1 :i* x takes ) ! previ\s v]se4 ,! ,heb4 con/ruction is ungrammatical1 ?\gh n unprec$5t$--! con/ruct /ate be=e a preposition4 ,besides is obscure 9 mean+4 ,x is a ,ni4 pt4 = f 1 to be sad3 cf4 ! ,pi4 9 ,lam4 iii4 #cc4 ,b ! ,hiphil 9 #b ,sam4 xx4 #ac1 foll[$ 7z "h7 by 1 means to ?ru/ away f1 & t is probably ! s5se "h4 #aia ,,lxx4 ?9e oppress$ 9 acc4 gov]n$ by ! prec$+ v]b1 :i* 9 ,,lxx4 beg9s ! v]se4 #aib ,! ,heb41 1 burd5 (1 is un9telligible4 ,wellhaus5 proposes 4 #aic ,?is r5d]+ is only a v5ture 9 ! almo/ impossible task ( re/or+ ! text ( ! clause4 ,z x /&s ! ,heb4 runs1 ,behold1 ,i am ab\t to d1 or deal1 ) ?9e oppressors 7:i* ,hitzig & ,ewald accept74 ,s*wally po9ts 7active7 z a passive1 1 ?9e oppress$4 ,,lxx4 has 1 i4e4 x read 4 ,foll[+ its sugge/ion we might read 1 & s get ! above translation4 #aid ,micah iv4 #f4 #aie ,?is r5d]+ 7,ewald's7 is d\btful4 ,! v]se concludes ) 9 ! :ole e>? _! %ame4 ,b may be a gloss4 ,,lxx4 take x z a v]b ) ! next v]se4 #aif ,,lxx4 d good to y2 p]haps = 4 #aig ,s ,heb4 lit]ally1 b ! con/ruction is v awkw>d4 ,p]haps we %\ld read 9 t "t ,i w ga!r y4 #aih ,be=e y\r eyes1 i4e4 9 y\r lifetime4 ,x is d\btful :e!r v]4 #bj is orig9al to ! passage4 ,= x is simply a v>iation on v]4 #ai1 & x has m ?an "o impossible read+3 see previ\s note1 & = read 4 ,,nahum ,woe to ! ,city ( ,blood1 ,all ( h] guile1 robb]y-full1 ceaseless rap9e6 ,h>k ! :ip1 ,& ! rumbl+ ( :eels6 ,horses at ! gallop1 ,& ! rattl+ dance ( ! *>iot6 ,cavalry at ! *>ge1 ,fla% ( sabres1 & lightn+ ( lances6 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,nahum ,! ,book ( ,nahum consi/s ( a d\ble title & ?ree odes4 ,! title runs ,oracle ( ,n9iveh3 ,book ( ! ,vision ( ,nahum ! ,el%ite4 ,! ?ree odes1 eag] & passionate pieces1 are all ( !m app>5tly vibrant to ! imp5d+ fall ( ,assyria4 ,! fir/1 *ap4 i4 ) ! possible inclusion ( *ap4 ii4 #b1aii is g5]al & !ological1 affirm+ ,god's p[] ( v5geance & ! c]ta9ty ( ! ov]?r[ ( ,8 enemies4 ,! second1 *ap4 ii4 ) ! omission ( v]4 #b1bjj & ! ?ird1 *ap1 iii41 c h>dly be disjo9$2 !y bo? pres5t a vivid picture ( ! siege1 ! /orm & ! spoil+ ( ,n9iveh4 ,! introductory que/ions1 :i* title & cont5ts />t1 are 9 ! ma9 ?ree3 #a4 ,! position ( ,el%1 to :i* ! title assigns ! prophet2 #b4 ,! au!nticity ( *ap4 i42 #c4 ,! date ( *aps1 ii41 iii43 to :i* siege ( ,n9iveh d !y ref]8 #a4 ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,el,,%4 ,! title calls ,nahum ! ,el%ite--t is1 native or citiz5 ( ,el%4#bja ,?ree positions h be5 claim$ = ?is place1 :i* is n m5tion$ else:]e 9 ! ,bible4 ,! fir/ we take is ! mod]n ,al-%1 a t[n /ill fl\ri%+ ab\t tw5ty-f\r miles to ! nor? ( ! site ( ,n9iveh1#bjb ) 8no fragm5ts ( antiquity0 ab\t x1 b possess+ a 8simple pla/] box10 :i* ,jews1 ,*ri/ians & ,mohamm$ans alike rev]5ce z ! tomb ( ,nahum4#bjc ,!re is no evid5ce t ,al-%1 a "n ( ,arabic =m1 is old] ?an ! ,arab p]iod1 :ile ! tradition :i* locates ! tomb !re is n f\nd be=e ! sixte5? c5tury ( our era1 b on ! contr>y ,nahum's grave 0 po9t$ out to ,b5jam9 ( ,tudela 9 #aafe at #8,a9 ,japhata1 on ! s\? ( ,babylon4#bjd ,! tradition t ! prophet liv$ & di$ at ,al-% is !re=e due to ! simil>ity ( ! "n to t ( ,nahum's ,el%1 z well z to ! fact t ,n9iveh 0 ! subject ( 8 prophesy+4#bje ,9 8 book !re is no trace ( pro( = ! ass]tion t ,nahum 0 a desc5dant ( ! t5 tribes exil$ 9 #gba to ! region to ! nor? ( ,al-%4 ,he prophesies = ,judah alone4 ,nor does he %[ any m k ( ,n9iveh ?an h] anci5t fame mu/ h scatt]$ to ! limits ( ! _w4#bjf ,we might z well argue f *ap4 iii4 #h-aj t ,nahum _h visit$ ,!bes ( ,egypt4 ,! second tradition ( ! position ( ,el% is old]4 ,9 8 comm5t>y on ,nahum ,j]ome says t 9 8 day x /ill exi/$1 a petty village ( ,galilee1 "u ! "n ( ,helkesei1#bjg or ,elkese1 & app>5tly ) an e/abli%$ reputation z ! t[n ( ,nahum4#bjh ,b ! book itself be>s no symptom ( its au?or's connection ) ,galilee1 & al?\gh x 0 q possible = a prophet ( t p]iod to h liv$ !re1 x is n v probable4#bji ,a ?ird tradition places ,el% 9 ! s\? ( ,judah4 ,a ,syriac v]sion ( ! acc\nts ( ! prophets1 :i* are ascrib$ to ,epiphanius1#baj describes ,nahum z 8( ,el% beyond ,bt ,gabr1 ( ! tribe ( ,simeon02#baa & x may be not$ t ,cyril ( ,alex&ria says#bab t ,elkese 0 a village 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,jews4 ,?is tradition is sup]ior to ! fir/ 9 t !re is no app>5t motive = its fabrication1 & to ! second 9 s f> z ,judah 0 at ! "t ( ,nahum a mu* m probable home = a prophet ?an ,galilee2 nor does ! book give any ref]5ces except su* z might be made by a ,judan4#bac ,no mod]n place-"n1 h[ev]1 c be sugge/$ ) any c]ta9ty z ! e*o ( ,el%4 ,umm ,lis1 :i* has be5 prov$ n to be ,la*i%1 conta9s ! same radicals1 & "s six & a qu>t] miles ea/ f ,beit-,jibr9 at ! upp] end ( ! ,wady es ,sur !re is an anci5t well ) ! "n ,bir el s4#bad #b4 ,,! ,,au!nticity ,,( ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,till rec5tly no "o d\bt$ t ! ?ree *apt]s =m$ a unity4 8,nahum's prophecy10 said ,ku55 9 #ahhi1 8is a :ole40 ,9 #ahiabae ,cornill affirm$ t no que/ions ( au!nticity arose 9 reg>d to ! book2 & 9 #ahib ,wellhaus5 saw 9 *ap4 i4 an introduction lead+ 89 no awkw>d way to ! prop] subject ( ! prophecy40 ,meantime1 h[ev]1 ,bickell1#baf discov]+ :at he ?\ght to be ! rema9s ( an alphabetic ,psalm 9 *ap4 i4 #a-g1 attempt$ to recon/ruct ?r\gh\t *ap4 i4--ii4 #c tw5ty-two v]ses1 ea* beg9n+ ) a successive lett] ( ! alphabet4 ,&1 foll[+ ?is1 ,gunkel 9 #ahic produc$ a m full & plausible recon/ruction ( ! same s*eme4#bag ,by radical em5dations ( ! text1 by excision ( :at he believes to be glosses & by alt]+ ! ord] ( _m ( ! v]ses1 ,gunkel seeks to produce tw5ty-?ree di/i*s1 tw5ty ( :i* beg9 ) ! successive lett]s ( ! alphabet1 two are want+1 :ile 9 ! fir/ ?ree lett]s ( ! tw5ty-?ird1 1 he f9ds v probable ! "n ( ! au?or1 ,%obai or ,%obi4#bah ,he takes ?is ode1 !re=e1 to be an es*atological ,psalm ( ! lat] ,judaism1 :i* f its !ological be>+ has be5 ?\ght suitable z an introduction to ,nahum's g5u9e prophecies4 ,! text ( *ap4 i4--ii4 #d has be5 badly maul$ & is clamant = recon/ruction ( "s k9d4 ,z x lies1 !re are traces ( an alphabetical arrangem5t z f> z ! beg9n+ ( v]4 #i1bai & s f> ,gunkel's *anges are comp>atively simple4 ,_m ( 8 em5dations are 9 !mselves & ap>t f ! alphabetic s*eme desirable4 ,!y get rid ( difficulties & improve ! poetry ( ! passage4#bbj ,8 recon/ruction is always clev] & z a :ole =ms a wond]fully spirit$ poem4 ,b to h produc$ good or poetical ,hebrew is n conclusive pro( ( hav+ recov]$ ! orig9al1 & !re are obvi\s objections to ! process4 ,sev]al ( ! propos$ *anges are unnatural 9 !mselves & unsupport$ by any?+ except ! exig5cies ( ! s*eme2 = example1 #b;b & #c;a are dismiss$ z a gloss only because1 if !y be reta9$1 ! ,aleph v]se is two b>s too long4 ,! gloss1 ,gunkel ?9ks1 0 introduc$ to mitigate ! absolut5ess ( ! decl>ation t ,jehovah is a ,god ( wra? & v5geance2 b ?is is n obvi\s & w\ld h>dly h be5 alleg$ ap>t f ! ne$s ( ! alphabetic s*eme4 ,9 ord] to f9d a ,dale?1 x is q arbitr>y to say t ! fir/ 9 #d;b is r$undant 9 face ( ! second1 & t a ^w beg9n+ ) ,dale? orig9ally fill$ its place1 b 0 remov$ because x 0 a r>e or difficult ^w6 ,! re-arrangem5t ( #g & #h;a is v clev]1 & reads z if x 7 "r2 b ! next ef=t1 to get a v]se beg9n+ ) ,lam$1 is ( ! k9d by :i* any?+ might be prov$4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are no?+ to ! difficulties :i* vv4 #i-ad & *ap4 ii4 #a1 #c1 pres5t to an alphabetic s*eme1 or to ! means :i* ,gunkel takes to surm\nt !m4 ,he has to re-arrange ! ord] ( ! v]ses1#bba & ( ! words )9 ! v]ses4 ,! di/i*s beg9n+ ) ,nun & oph are want+1 or at lea/ undeciph]able4 ,to provide "o ) initial ,re% ! int]jection has to be remov$ f ! op5+ ( *ap4 ii4 #a1 & ! v]se made to beg9 ) & to run ?us3 ! feet ( him t br+e? good news on ! m\nta9s2 behold him t publi%e? peace4 ,o!r unlikely *anges w be notic$ :5 we come to ! translation4 ,"h we may ask ! "q3 if ! passage 0 orig9ally alphabetic1 t is1 furni%$ ) s fix$ & easily recognis$ a frame1 :y has x s fall5 to pieces8 ,& aga91 if x has s fall5 to pieces1 is x possible t x c be re/or$8 ,! _m arbitr>9esses ( ,gunkel's able essay w\ld seem to imply t x is n4 ,dr4 ,davidson says3 8,ev5 if x %\ld be assum$ t an alphabetical poem lurks "u *ap4 i41 ! attempt to re/ore x1 j z 9 ,psalm x41 c nev] be m ?an an academic ex]cise40 ,little is to be le>n$ f ! language4 ,wellhaus51 :o makes no objection to ! g5u95ess ( ! passage1 ?9ks t ab\t v]4 #g we beg9 to cat* ! famili> dialect ( ! ,psalms4 ,gunkel f9ds a want ( orig9ality 9 ! language1 ) _m t\*es t betray connection n only ) ! ,psalms b ) late es*atological lit]ature4 ,b :5 we take "o by "o ! clauses ( *ap1 i41 we discov] v few p>allels ) ! ,psalms1 :i* are n at ! same "t p>allels ) ,j]emiah's or "s e>li] writ+s4 ,t ! prophecy is vague1 & ) mu* ( ! air ( ! lat] es*atology ab\t x1 is no reason = remov+ x f an age 9 :i* we h already se5 prophecy beg9n+ to %[ ! same apocalyptic temp]4#bbb ,gunkel d5ies any ref]5ce 9 v]4 #i;b to ! approa*+ fall ( ,n9iveh1 al?\gh t is se5 by ,ku551 ,wellhaus51 ,knig & o!rs1 & he omits v]4 #aa;a1 9 :i* mo/ read an allusion to ,s5na*]ib4 ,!re=e1 :ile x is possible t a lat] poem has be5 prefix$ to ! g5u9e prophecies ( ,nahum1 & ! fir/ *apt] supplies _m provocations to belief 9 su* a !ory1 ?is has n be5 prov$1 & ! able essays ( pro( h mu* aga9/ !m4 ,! "q is op54#bbc #c4 ,,! ,,date ,,( ,,*aps4 ,,ii4 ,,& ,,iii4 ,we turn n[ to ! date ( ! ,book ap>t f ?is prologue4 ,x 0 writt5 aft] a great ov]?r[ ( ! ,egyptian ,!bes#bbd & :5 ! ov]?r[ ( ,n9iveh 0 imm95t4 ,n[ ,!bes _h be5 deva/at$ by ,assurbanipal ab\t #ffd 7we "k ( no lat] ov]?r[71 & ,n9iveh fell f9ally ab\t #fjg4 ,nahum fl\ri%$1 !n1 some:]e betwe5 #ffd & #fjg4bbe ,"s critics1 feel+ 9 8 description ( ! fall ( ,!bes ! =ce ( a rec5t impression1 h plac$ 8 prophesy+ imm$iately aft] t1 or ab\t #ffj4bbf ,b ?is is too f> away f ! fall ( ,n9iveh4 ,9 #ffj ! p[] ( ,assyria 0 un?reat5$4 ,nor is #feb1 ! ye> ( ! revolt ( ,babylon1 ,egypt & ! pr9ces ( ,pale/9e1 a m likely date4#bbg ,= al?\gh 9 t ye> ,assyrian supremacy ebb$ f ,egypt nev] to return1 ,assurbanipal quickly r$uc$ ,elam1 ,babylon & all ,syria4 ,nahum1 on ! o!r h&1 repres5ts ! v c5tre ( ! empire z ?reat5$4 ,! l& ( ,assyria is app>5tly already invad$ 7iii4 #ac1 etc474 ,n9iveh1 if n inve/$1 mu/ imm$iately be s1 & t by =ces too great = resi/ance4 ,h] mix$ populace already %[ signs ( break+ up4 ,)91 z )\t1 h] doom is seal$4 ,all ?is implies n only ! advance ( an enorm\s =ce ^u ,n9iveh1 b ! r$uction ( h] p to ! la/ /age ( hopelessness4 ,n[1 z we h se51#bbh ,assyria prop] 0 ?rice ov]run4 ,! ,scy?ians p\r$ across h] ab\t #fbf1 b !re is no pro( t !y ?reat5$ ,n9iveh4#bbi ,a little aft] ,assurbanipal's dea? 9 #fbe1 ! ,m$es "u ,k+ ,phraortes invad$ ,assyria1 b ,phraortes 0 sla9 & 8 son ,kyax>es call$ away by an invasion ( 8 own c\ntry4 ,h]odotus says t ?is 0 aft] he _h defeat$ ! ,assyrians 9 a battle & _h begun ! siege ( ,n9iveh1#bcj b be=e he _h succe$$ 9 r$uc+ ! city4 ,aft] a "t he subdu$ or assimilat$ ! ,m$es1 & !n inve/+ ,n9iveh once m1 ab\t #fjg1 9 two ye>s he took & de/roy$ h]4 ,to :i* ( ^! two sieges by ,kyax>es are we to assign ! ,book ( ,nahum8 ,hitzig1 ,ku551 ,cornill & o!rs incl9e to ! fir/ on ! gr\nd t ,nahum speaks ( ! yoke ( ,assyria z /ill heavy on ,judah1 ?\gh ab\t to be lift$4 ,!y argue t by #fjh1 :5 ,k+ ,josiah _h already felt himself free en\gh to ext5d 8 re=ms into ,nor!rn ,israel1 & d>$ to dispute ,ne*o's passage across ,esdraelon1 ! ,jews mu/ h be5 consci\s t !y _h no?+ m to fe> f ,assyria1 & ,nahum c\ld h>dly h writt5 z he does 9 i4 #ac1 ,i w break 8 yoke f (f !e & bur/ ?y bonds 9 sund]4#bca ,b ?is is n conclusive1 = fir/1 z we h se51 x is n c]ta9 t i4 #ac is f ,nahum himself1 & second1 if x be f himself1 he might z well h writt5 x ab\t #fjh z ab\t #fbe1 = he speaks n f ! feel+s ( any s+le ye>1 b ) ! impression ^u him ( ! :ole epo* ( ,assyrian s]vitude !n draw+ to a close4 ,! eve ( ! lat] siege z a date = ! book is1 z ,davidson rem>ks1#bcb 8well )9 ! v]ge ( possibility10 & "s critics pref] x because 9 _! op9ion ,nahum's descriptions !reby acquire great] reality & naturalness4 ,b ?is is n conv9c+1 = if ,kyax>es actually began ! siege ( ,n9iveh ab\t #fbe1 ,nahum's s5se ( ! imm95ce ( h] fall is p]fectly natural4 ,wellhaus5 inde$ d5ies t e>li] siege4 8,ap>t f ,h]odotus10 he says1 8x w\ld nev] h occurr$ to anybody to d\bt t ,nahum's prophecy co9cid$ ) ! fall ( ,n9iveh40#bcc ,?is is true1 = x is to ,h]odotus alone t we owe ! tradition ( ! e>li] siege4 ,b :at if we believe ,h]odotus8 ,9 t case1 x is impossible to come to a decision z betwe5 ! two sieges4 ,) our pres5t scanty k ( bo?1 ! prophecy ( ,nahum suits ei!r equally well4#bcd ,=tunately x is n necess>y to come to a decision4 ,nahum1 we _c too (t5 insi/1 expresses ! feel+s nei!r ( ?is nor ( t decade 9 ! reign ( ,josiah1 b ! :ole volume ( hope1 wra? & j passion ( v5geance :i* _h be5 ga!r+ = m ?an a c5tury & :i* at la/ broke into exultation :5 x became c]ta9 t ,n9iveh 0 fall+4 ,t suits ! eve ( ei!r siege by ,kyax>es4 ,till we le>n a little m ab\t ! fir/ siege & h[ f> x proce$$ t[>ds a successful result1 p]haps we ought to pref] ! second4 ,& ( c\rse ^? :o feel t ,nahum writes n 9 ! future b ! pres5t t5se ( ! details ( ,n9iveh's ov]?r[1 mu/ pref] ! second4 99 99 99 99 99 ,t ! =m z well z ! _s ( ! ,book ( ,nahum is poetical is prov$ by ! famili> m>ks ( poetic measure--! unusual syntax1 ! frequ5t abs5ce ( ! article & p>ticles1 ! pres5ce ( elliptic =ms & ar*aic & sonor\s ones4 ,9 ! two *apt]s on ! siege ( ,n9iveh ! l9es are %ort & quick1 9 h>mony ) ! da%+ action !y e*o4 ,z we h se51 ! text ( *ap4 i4 is v unc]ta94 ,! subject ( ! o!r two *apt]s involves ! use ( a numb] ( te*nical & "s =eign t]ms1 ( ! mean+ ( mo/ ( :i* we are ignorant4#bce ,!re are app>5tly "s glosses2 "h & !re ! text is obvi\sly disord]$4 ,we get ! usual help1 & f9d ! usual faults1 9 ! ,septuag9t2 !y w be notic$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! translation4 ,,footnotes3 #aii ,9 ! ,engli% v]sion1 b 9 ! ,hebrew *ap4 ii4 vv4 #a & #c2 = ! ,hebrew text divides *ap4 i4 f *ap4 ii4 diff]5tly f ! ,engli%1 :i* foll[s ! ,greek4 ,! ,hebrew beg9s *ap4 ii4 ) :at 9 ! ,engli% & ,greek is ! fifte5? v]se ( *ap4 i43 ,behold1 ^u ! m\nta9s1 etc4 #bjj ,9 ! ,engli% text1 b 9 ! ,hebrew ) ! omission ( vv4 #a & #c3 see previ\s note4 #bja ,o!r mean+s h be5 sugge/$1 b are impossible4 #bjb ,s x lies on ,bill]beck's map 9 ,delitzs* & ,haupt's ,beitrge zur ,assyr41 ,,iii4 ,smi?'s ,bible ,diction>y puts x at only #b m4 ,n4 ( ,mosul4 #bjc ,lay>d1 ,n9iveh & its ,rema9s1 ,i4 #bcc1 #crd ed41 #ahdi4 #bjd ,bohn's ,e>ly ,travels 9 ,pale/9e1 p4 #ajb4 #bje ,j z !y %[ ,jonah's tomb at ,n9iveh itself4 #bjf ,see above1 p4 #ah4 #bjg ,j z 9 ,micah's case ,j]ome calls 8 bir?place ,more%e? by ! adjective ,mora/hi1 s ) equal c>elessness he calls ,elo% by ! adjective ) ! article ,ha-elo%i1 ! ,elo%ite4 ,j]ome's words are3 8,quum ,elcese usque hodie 9 ,galilea viculus sit1 p>vus quidem et vix ru9is vet]um dificiorum indicans ve/igia1 s$ tam5 notus ,judis et mihi quoque a circumduc5te mon/ratus0 79 ,prol4 ad ,prophetiam ,na*umi74 ,9 ! ,onoma/icon ,j]ome gives ! "n z ,elcese1 ,eusebius z 1 b )\t def9+ ! position4 #bjh ,?is ,elkese has be5 id5tifi$1 ?\gh n conclusively1 ) ! mod]n ,el ,kauze ne> ,ramieh1 "s sev5 miles ,w4 ( ,tibn94 #bji ,cf4 ,ku551 #ge1 n4 #e2 ,davidson1 p4 #ab 7#b74 ,cap]naum1 :i* ! ,textus ,receptus gives z 1 b mo/ au?orities z & ! ,pe%itto z ,kaph> ,nahum1 obvi\sly means ,village ( ,nahum1 & bo? ,hitzig & ,knobel look$ = ,el% 9 x4 ,see ,hi/4 ,geog41 p4 #def4 ,aga9/ ! ,galilean orig9 ( ,nahum x is usual to appeal to ,john vii4 #eb3 ,se>* & see t out ( ,galilee arise? no prophet2 b ?is is n decisive1 = ,jonah came out ( ,galilee4 #baj ,?\gh p]haps falsely4 #baa ,?is occurs 9 ! ,syriac translation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t by ,paul ( ,tella1 #fag ,a4,d41 9 :i* ! notices ( ,epiphanius 7,bi%op ( ,con/antia 9 ,cyprus ,a4,d4 #cfg7 or ,pseudepiphanius are atta*$ to _! respective prophets4 ,x 0 fir/ communicat$ to ! ,z4,d4,p4,v41 ,i4 #abb ff41 by ,dr4 ,ne/le3 cf4 ,hi/4 ,geog41 p4 #bca1 n4 #a4 ,! previ\sly kn[n read+s ( ! passage 7 ei!r geographically impossible1 z 8,he came f ,elkesei beyond ,jordan1 t[>ds ,begab> ( ! tribe ( ,simeon0 7s 9 ,p>is edition1 #afbb1 ( ! works ( ,/4 ,epiphanius1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #adg3 cf4 ,migne1 ,patr4 ,gr41 ,,xliii4 #dji72 or bas$ on a misread+ ( ! title ( ! book3 8,nahum son ( ,elkesaios 0 ( ,jesbe ( ! tribe ( ,simeon02 or indef9able3 8,nahum 0 ( ,elkesem beyond ,betab>em ( ! tribe ( ,simeon02 ^! la/ two f rec5sions ( ,epiphanius publi%$ 9 #ahee by ,tis*5dorf 7quot$ by ,davidson1 p4 #ac74 ,9 ! 1 attribut$ to ,hesy*ius1 ,presbyt] ( ,j]usalem1 :o di$ #dbh ( #dcc 7,migne1 ,patrologia ,gr41 ,,xciii4 #aceg71 x is said t ,nahum 0 7,helces97 2 to :i* has be5 add$ a note f ,!ophylact1 4 #bab ,ad ,nahum i4 ,i 7,migne1 ,patr4 ,gr41 ,,lxxi4 #ghj73 4 #bac ,! selection ,ba%an1 ,c>mel & ,lebanon 7i4 #d71 does n prove nor!rn au?or%ip4 #bad may be 7#a7 a !ophoric "n o% is ,god2 & o% might !n be ! ,edomite deity ^: "n is spelt ) a ,%9 on ! ,assyrian monum5ts 7,bae?g51 ,beitrge z4 ,semit4 ,religionsges*i*te1 p4 #aa2 ,s*rad]1 ,k4,a4,t41 pp4 #aej1 #fac71 & :o is probably ! same z ! ,arab deity ais 7,bae?g51 id41 p4 #ajh72 & ?is w\ld suit a position 9 ! s\? ( ,judah1 9 :i* region we f9d ! majority ( place-names comp\nd$ ) 4 ,or else 7#b7 ! is pro/hetic1 z 9 ! place-names on ! ,phnician coa/1 9 ,s\!rn ,canaan1 1 etc4 ,9 ?is case we might f9d its equival5t 9 ! =m 7cf4 72 b no su* =m is n[ extant or record$ at any previ\s p]iod4 ,! =m ,lis w\ld n suit4 ,on ,bir el s see ,rob9son1 ,b4,r41 ,,iii41 p4 #ad1 & ,gur91 ,jude1 ,,iii41 p4 #cda4 ,bir el s means ,well ( ! ,b[1 or1 accord+ to ,gur91 ( ! ,ar*1 f ru9s t /& by x4 ,! position1 ea/ ( ,beit-,jibr91 is unsuitable2 = ! e>ly ,*ri/ian texts quot$ 9 ! previ\s note fix x beyond1 presumably s\? or s\?-we/ ( ,beit-,jibr91 & 9 ! tribe ( ,simeon4 ,! error 8tribe ( ,simeon0 does n matt]1 = ! same fa!rs place ,be?ze*>ias1 ! alleg$ bir?place ( ,habakkuk1 !re4 #bae ,e9leitung1 #a/ ed4 #baf ,:o seems to h ow$ ! h9t to a quotation by ,delitzs* on ,psalm ix4 f ,g4 ,frohnmey] to ! effect t !re 7 traces ( 8alphabetic0 v]ses 9 *ap1 i41 at lea/ 9 vv4 #c-g4 ,see ,bickell's ,beitrge zur ,semit4 ,metrik1 ,sep>atabdruck1 ,wi51 #ahid4 #bag ,z4,a4,t4,w41 #ahic1 pp4 #bbc ff4 #bah ,cf4 ,ezra ii4 #db2 ,neh4 vii4 #de2 #b ,sam4 xvii4 #bg4 #bai ,v]4 #a is title2 #b beg9s ) 2 !n is f\nd 9 1 #c;b2 9 1 v]4 #d2 is want+--,bickell proposes to sub/itute a ,new-,hebrew ^w 1 ,gunkel 1 = 1 v]4 #d;b2 9 1 #e;a2 9 1 #e;b2 by remov+ ( v]4 #f;a to ! end ( ! clause 7& read+ x !re 71 & s leav+ z ! fir/ ^w2 9 9 #f;b2 9 1 #g;a2 by elid+ f 1 #g;b2 9 1 #h2 is want+1 ?\gh ,gunkel seeks to supply x by tak+ #i;c1 beg9n+ 1 ) #i;b1 be=e #i;a2 beg9s #i;a4 #bbj ,see bel[ 9 ! translation4 #bba ,z ?us3 #i;a1 #aa;b1 #ab 7b un9telligible71 #aj1 #ac1 #ad1 ii4 #a1 #c4 #bbb ,see above on ,zephaniah1 pp4 #di ff4 #bbc ,cornill1 9 ! #bnd ed4 ( 8 ,e9leitung1 has accept$ ,gunkel's & ,bickell's ma9 cont5tions4 #bbd iii4 #h-aj4 #bbe ,! description ( ! fall ( ,no-,amon precludes ! old] view almo/ univ]sally held be=e ! discov]y ( ,assurbanipal's de/ruction ( ,!bes1 viz4 t ,nahum prophesi$ 9 ! days ( ,hezekiah or 9 ! e>li] ye>s ( ,manasseh 7,lightfoot1 ,pusey1 ,ngelsba*1 etc474 #bbf ,s ,s*rad]1 ,volck 9 ,h]z4 ,real4 ,enc41 & o!rs4 #bbg ,x is fav\r$ by ,w9ckl]1 ,a4,t4 ,unt]su*41 pp4 #abg f4 #bbh ,above1 pp4 #ae f42 #ai1 #bb ff4 #bbi ,?is 9 answ] to ,j]emias 9 ,delitzs*'s & ,haupt's ,beitrge zur ,assyriologie1 ,,iii4 #if4 #bcj ,i4 #ajc4 #bca ,hitzig's o!r reason1 t ! besieg]s ( ,n9iveh are describ$ by ,nahum 9 ii4 #c ff4 z s+le1 :i* 0 true ( ! siege 9 #fbe c41 b n ( t ( #fjg--f1 :5 ! ,*aldeans jo9$ ! ,m$es1 is dispos$ ( by ! pro( on p4 #bb above1 t ev5 9 #fjg--f ! ,m$es c>ri$ on ! siege alone4 #bcb ,page #ag4 #bcc ,9 comm5t+ on *ap4 i4 #i2 p4 #aef ( ,kle9e ,prophet54 #bcd ,! phrase :i* is s (t5 appeal$ to by bo? sides1 i4 #i1 ,jehovah make? a complete end1 n twice %all tr\ble arise1 is really inconclusive4 ,hitzig ma9ta9s t if ,nahum _h writt5 ?is aft] ! fir/ & be=e ! second siege ( ,n9iveh he w\ld h _h to say1 8n ?rice %all tr\ble arise40 ,?is is n conclusive3 ! prophet is look+ only at ! future & ?9k+ ( x--n twice aga9 %all tr\ble arise2 & if !re 7 really two sieges ( ,n9iveh1 w\ld ! words n twice h be5 suff]$ to rema91 if !y _h be5 a confid5t pr$iction be=e ! fir/ siege8 ,besides1 ! mean+ ( ! phrase is n c]ta92 x may be only a g5]al /atem5t correspond+ to :at seems a g5]al /atem5t 9 ! fir/ clause ( ! v]se4 ,ku55 & o!rs ref] ! tr\ble n to t :i* is ab\t to afflict ,assyria1 b to ! long slav]y & slaught] :i* ,judah has suff]$ at ,assyria's h&s4 ,davidson leaves x ambigu\s4 #bce ,te*nical milit>y t]ms3 ii4 #b1 2 #d1 7872 #d1 2 #f1 2 iii4 #c1 7874 ,probably =eign t]ms3 ii4 #h1 2 iii4 #ag1 4 ,c]ta9ly =eign3 iii4 #ag1 4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,v5geance ,,( ,,! ,,"l ,,nahum i ,! prophet ,nahum1 z we h se51#bcf arose probably 9 ,judah1 if n ab\t ! same "t z ,zephaniah & ,j]emiah1 !n a few ye>s lat]4 ,:e!r he prophesi$ be=e or aft] ! great ,re=m ( #fba we h no means ( decid+4 ,8 book does n reflect ! inn] hi/ory1 "* or m]its ( 8 g5]ation4 ,8 sole int]e/ is ! fate ( ,n9iveh4 ,zephaniah _h also doom$ ! ,assyrian capital1 yet he 0 mu* m conc]n$ ) ,israel's unwor?9ess ( ! opportunity pres5t$ to !m4 ,! yoke ( ,as%ur1 he saw1 0 to be brok51 b ! same cl\d :i* 0 bur/+ f ! nor? ^u ,n9iveh mu/ ov]:elm ! incorrigible p ( ,jehovah4 ,= ?is ,nahum has no ?\ght4 ,8 he>t1 = all its bigness1 holds room only = ! bitt] memories1 ! baffl$ hopes1 ! unappeas$ hatr$s ( a hundr$ ye>s4 ,& t is :y we ne$ n be anxi\s to fix 8 date ^u "o or o!r ( ! %ift+ phases ( ,israel's hi/ory dur+ t la/ qu>t] ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,= he repres5ts no s+le movem5t ( 8 fickle p's progress1 b ! passion ( ! :ole epo* !n draw+ to a close4 ,nahum's book is "o great ,at ,la/6 ,&1 !re=e1 :ile ,nahum is a worse prophet ?an ,zephaniah1 ) less consci5ce & less insight1 he is a great] poet1 p\r+ =? ! exultation ( a p long enslav$1 :o see _! tyrant ready = de/ruction4 ,8 language is /rong & brilliant2 8 rhy?m rumbles & rolls1 leaps & fla%es1 l ! horsem5 & *>iots he describes4 ,x is a great pity ! text is s corrupt4 ,if ! orig9al lay be=e u1 & t full k ( ! times :i* ! excavation ( anci5t ,assyria may /ill yield to u1 we might judge ,nahum to be an ev5 great] poet ?an we d4 ,we h se5 t !re are "s reasons = d\bt+ :e!r he wrote ! fir/ *apt] ( ! book1#bcg b no "o que/ions its fitness z an introduction to ! exultation ov] ,n9iveh's fall 9 *apt]s ii4 & iii4 ,! *apt] is !ological1 affirm+ ^? g5]al pr9ciples ( ,div9e ,provid5ce1 by :i* ! ov]?r[ ( ! tyrant is c]ta9 & ,god's own p are assur$ ( deliv]ance4 ,let u place ourselves among ! p1 :o = s long a "t _h be5 ?w>t$1 cru%$ & demoralis$ by ! mo/ brutal empire :i* 0 ev] suff]$ to roll its =ce across ! _w1 & we %all sympa?ise ) ! au?or1 :o = ! mom5t w feel no?+ ab\t 8 ,god1 save t ,he is a ,god ( v5geance4 ,l ! grief ( a b]eav$ man1 ! v5geance ( an enslav$ p has h\rs sacr$ to itself4 ,& ?is p _h su* a ,god6 ,jehovah mu/ puni% ! tyrant1 else 7 ,he untrue4 ,he _h be5 pati5t1 & pati5t1 z a v]se seems to h9t1#bch j because ,he 0 omnipot5t1 b 9 ! end ,he mu/ rise to judgm5t4 ,he 0 ,god ( heav5 & e>?1 & x is ! old physical pro(s ( ,8 p[]1 s (t5 appeal$ to by ! peoples ( ! ,ea/1 = !y feel !m z we _c1 :i* ?is hymn calls up z ,jehovah sweeps to ! ov]?r[ ( ! oppressor4 ,be=e su* p[] ( wra? :o may /&8 ,:at ?9k ye ( ,jehovah8 ,! ,god :o works ) su* ru?less1 absolute =ce 9 nature w n relax 9 ! fate ,he is prep>+ = ,n9iveh4 ,he is "o :o make? utt] de/ruction1 n ne$+ to raise up ,8 =ces a second "t1 & z /ubble be=e fire s ,8 foes g d[n be=e ,him4 ,no half-measures are ,81 ,^: are ! /orm1 ! dr\ght & ! e>?quake4 ,su* is ! %e] religion ( ! ,proem to ! ,book ( ,nahum--?or\ghly ,ori5tal 9 its s5se ( ,god's me?od & res\rces ( de/ruction2 v ,jewi%1 & v natural to t age ( ,jewi% hi/ory1 9 ! bur/+ ( its long p5t hopes ( rev5ge4 ,we ( ! ,we/ might express ^! hopes diff]5tly4 ,we %\ld n attribute s mu* p]sonal passion to ! ,av5g]4 ,) our ke5] s5se ( law1 we %\ld emphasise ! sl[ness ( ! process1 & select = its illu/ration ! =ces ( decay r ?an ^? ( sudd5 ru94 ,b we mu/ rememb] ! cra%+ times 9 :i* ! ,jews liv$4 ,! _w 0 break+ up4 ,! elem5ts 7 loose1 & all t ,god's own p c\ld hope = 0 ! bur/+ ( _! yoke1 ) a little %elt] 9 ! day ( tr\ble4 ,! elem5ts 7 loose1 b amid/ ! bl9d cra% ! little p knew t ,jehovah knew !m4 ,a ,god jeal\s & av5g+ is ,jehovah2 ,jehovah is av5g] & "l ( wra?2 ,v5geful is ,jehovah t[>ds ,8 enemies1 ,& implacable ,he to ,8 foes4 ,jehovah is long-suff]+ & great 9 might1#bci ,yet ,he w n absolve4 ,jehovah6 ,8 way is 9 /orm & 9 hurricane1 ,& cl\ds are ! du/ ( ,8 feet4#bdj ,he curbe? ! sea1 & drie? x up2 ,all ! /reams ha? ,he p>*$4 ,)]$#bda be ,ba%an & ,c>mel2 ,! bloom ( ,lebnon is )]$4 ,m\nta9s h quak$ be=e ,him1 ,& ! hills h roll$ d[n4 ,e>? heav$ at ,8 pres5ce1 ,! _w & all its inhabitants4 ,be=e ,8 rage :o may /&1 ,or :o abide 9 ! gl[ ( ,8 ang]8 ,8 wra? p\rs =? l fire1 ,& rocks are r5t be=e ,him4 ,good is ,jehovah to !m t wait ^u ,him 9 ! day ( tr\ble1#bdb ,& ,he kn[e? !m t tru/ ,him4 ,) an ov]:elm+ flood ,he makes an end ( ,8 rebels1 ,& ,8 foes ,he comes d[n on#bdc ) d>kness4 ,:at ?9k ye ( ,jehovah8 ,he is "o t makes utt] de/ruction2 ,n twice ne$ tr\ble arise4 ,= ?\gh !y be l plait$ ?orns1 ,& sodd5 z 4441#bdd ,!y %all be consum$ l dry /ubble4 ,came !re n#bde out ( !e "o to plan evil aga9/ ,jehovah1 ,a c\nsellor ( mis*ief8#bdf ,?us sai? ,jehovah1 444 _m wat]s1#bdg yet %all !y be cut (f & pass away1 & ,i w s humble !e t ,i ne$ humble !e#bdh no m2#bdi & ,jehovah ha? ord]$ conc]n+ !e1 t no m ( ?y se$ be s[n3 f ! h\se ( ?y ,god1 ,i w cut (f grav5 & molt5 image4 ,i w make ?y sepul*re 444#bej ,dis5tangl$ f ! above v]ses are ?ree :i* pla9ly ref] n to ,assyria b to ,judah4 ,h[ !y came to be wov5 among ! o!rs we _c tell4 ,"s ( !m appe> applicable to ! days ( ,josiah aft] ! great ,re=m4 ,& n[ w ,i break 8 yoke f ^u !e1 ,& bur/ ?y bonds asund]4 ,lo1 ^u ! m\nta9s ! feet ( ,him t br+e? good tid+s1 ,t publi%e? peace6 ,keep ?y fea/s1 ,o ,judah1 ,fulfil ?y v[s3 ,= no m %all ! wick$ attempt to pass ?r\gh !e2 ,cut (f is ! :ole ( him4#bea ,= ,jehovah ha? turn$ ! pride ( ,jacob1 ,l to ! pride ( ,isrel3#beb ,= ! plund]]s plund]$ !m1 ,& de/roy$ _! v9e bran*es4 ,,footnotes3 #bcf ,above1 pp4 #gh ff41 #he ff4 #bcg ,see above1 pp4 #ha ff4 #bch ,v]4 #c1 if ! read+ be correct4 #bci ,gunkel am5ds to 9 m]cy to make ! p>allel exact4 ,b see above1 p4 #hb4 #bdj ,gunkel's em5dation is q unnecess>y "h4 #bda ,see above1 p4 #hc4 #bdb ,s ,,lxx4 ,heb4 = a /ronghold 9 ! day ( tr\ble4 #bdc ,?ru/s into1 ,wellhaus51 read+ or = 4 ,,lxx4 d>kness %all pursue4 #bdd ,heb4 & ,r4,v4 dr5*$ z ) _! dr9k4 ,,lxx4 l a tangl$ yew4 ,! text is corrupt4 #bde ,! sup]flu\s ^w at ! end ( v]4 #aj ,wellhaus5 reads z at ! beg9n+ ( v]4 #aa4 #bdf ,usually tak5 z ,s5na*]ib4 #bdg ,! ,hebrew is giv5 by ! ,r4,v4 ?\gh !y be 9 full /r5g? & likewise _m4 ,,lxx4 ,?us sai? ,jehovah rul+ ov] _m wat]s1 read+ & omitt+ ! fir/ 4 ,simil>ly ,syr4 ,?us sai? ,jehovah ( ! heads ( _m wat]s1 4 ,wellhaus51 sub/itut+ = ! fir/ 1 translates1 ,let ! great wat]s be ev] s full1 !y w yet all 4448 7mispr9t "h7 & vani%4 ,= read ) ,,lxx41 borr[+ f next ^w4 #bdh ,lit4 & ,i w afflict !e1 ,i w n afflict !e aga94 ,?is r5d]+ implies t ,n9iveh is ! object4 ,! ,a4,v41 ?\gh ,i h afflict$ !e ,i w afflict !e no m1 ref]s to ,israel4 #bdi ,omit v]4 #ac & run #ad on to #ab4 ,= ! curi\s alt]nation n[ occurs3 ,assyria 9 "o v]se1 ,judah 9 ! o!r4 ,assyria3 i4 #ab1 #ad1 ii4 #b 7,heb42 ,eng4 ii4 #a71 #d ff4 ,judah3 i4 #ac1 ii4 #a 7,heb42 ,eng4 i4 #ae71 #c 7,heb42 ,eng4 #b74 ,remove ^! latt]1 z ,wellhaus5 does1 & ! v]ses on ,assyria rema9 a connect$ & ord]ly :ole4 ,s 9 ! text above4 #bej ,syr4 make x ?y sepul*re4 ,! ,hebrew left untranslat$ above might be r5d]$ = ?\ art vile4 ,bickell am5ds into dunghills4 ,lightfoot1 ,*ron4 ,temp4 et ,ord4 ,text ,v4,t4 9 ,collect$ ,works1 ,i4 #aji1 takes ?is z a pr$iction ( ,s5na*]ib's murd] 9 ! temple1 an int]pretation :i* dem&s a date = ,nahum "u ei!r ,hezekiah or ,manasseh4 ,s ,pusey also1 p4 #ceg4 #bea ,,lxx4 de/ruction 1 = 4 #beb ,davidson3 re/ore? ! excell5cy ( ,jacob1 z ! excell5cy ( ,israel1 b :5 0 ! latt] re/or$8 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,siege ,,& ,,fall ,,( ,,n9iveh ,,nahum ii41 iii ,! sc5e n[ *anges f ! pres5ce & awful ars5al ( ! ,almighty to ! hi/orical consummation ( ,8 v5geance4 ,nahum =esees ! siege ( ,n9iveh4 ,probably ! ,m$es h already ov]run ,assyria4#bec ,! ,old ,lion has )drawn to 8 inn] d51 & is mak+ 8 la/ /&4 ,! suburbs are full ( ! enemy1 & ! great walls :i* made ! inn] city "o va/ =tress are inve/$4 ,nahum describes ! details ( ! assault4 ,let u try1 be=e we foll[ him ?r\gh !m1 to =m "s picture ( ,assyria & h] capital at ?is "t4#bed ,z we h se51#bee ! ,assyrian ,empire began ab\t #fbe to %r9k to ! limits ( ,assyria prop]1 or ,upp] ,mesopotamia1 )9 ! ,euphrates on ! s\?-we/1 ! m\nta9-range ( ,kurdi/an on ! nor?-ea/1 ! riv] ,*abor on ! nor?-we/ & ! ,less] ,zab on ! s\?-ea/4#bef ,?is is a t]ritory ( ne>ly a hundr$ & fifty miles f nor? to s\?1 & r m ?an two hundr$ & fifty f ea/ to we/4 ,to ! s\? ( x ! ,vic]oy ( ,babylon1 ,nabopolass>1 held practically indep5d5t sway ov] ,l[] ,mesopotamia1 if he did n comm& z well a l>ge "p ( ! ,upp] ,euphrates ,valley4 ,on ! nor? ! ,m$es 7 urg5t1 hold+ at lea/ ! f>!r ends ( ! passes ?r\gh ! ,kurdi% m\nta9s1 if !y _h n already p5etrat$ ^! to _! s\!rn issues4 ,! k]nel ( ! ,assyrian t]ritory 0 ! triangle1 two ( ^: sides are repres5t$ by ! ,tigris & ! ,great] ,zab1 ! ?ird by ! foot ( ! ,kurdi/an m\nta9s4 ,x is a f]tile pla91 ) "s l[ hills4 ,to-day ! level p>ts ( x are cov]$ by a l>ge numb] ( villages & well-cultivat$ fields4 ,! m frequ5t m\nds ( ru9 atte/ 9 anci5t times a /ill great] population4 ,at ! p]iod ( :i* we are treat+1 ! pla9s mu/ h be5 cov]$ by an almo/ cont9u\s s]ies ( t[ns4 ,at ei!r end lay a gr\p ( =tresses4 ,! s\!rn 0 ! anci5t capital ( ,assyria1 ,kal*u1 n[ ,nimrud1 ab\t six miles to ! nor? ( ! conflu5ce ( ! ,great] ,zab & ! ,tigris4 ,! nor!rn1 close by ! pres5t t[n ( ,khorsabad1 0 ! great =tress & palace ( ,s>gon1 ,dur-,s>g9a3#beg x cov]$ ! roads ^u ,n9iveh f ! nor?1 & /&+ ^u ! upp] rea*es ( ! ,*os] protect$ ,n9iveh's wat] supply4 ,b besides ^! !re 7 scatt]$ ^u all ! ma9 roads & r\nd ! fronti]s ( ! t]ritory a numb] ( o!r =ts1 t[]s & po/s1 ! ru9s ( _m ( :i* are /ill consid]able1 b o!rs h p]i%$ )\t leav+ any visible traces4 ,! roads ?us protect$ drew 9 ^u ,n9iveh f all directions4 ,! *ief ( ^?1 along :i* ! ,m$es & _! allies w\ld advance f ! ea/ & nor?1 cross$ ! ,great] ,zab1 or came d[n ?r\gh ! ,kurdi/an m\nta9s ^u ! citadel ( ,s>gon4 ,two ( !m 7 di/ant en\gh f ! latt] to relieve ! invad]s f ! necessity ( tak+ x1 & ,kal*u lay f> to ! s\? ( all ( !m4 ,! brunt ( ! fir/ def5ce ( ! l& w\ld !re=e fall ^u ! small] =tresses4 ,n9iveh itself lay ^u ! ,tigris betwe5 ,kal*u & ,s>gon's city1 j :]e ! ,tigris is met by ! ,*os]4 ,l[ hills desc5d f ! nor? ^u ! v site ( ! =tress1 & !n curve ea/ & s\?1 b[-%ap$1 to draw we/ aga9 ^u ! ,tigris at ! s\? end ( ! city4 ,to ! ea/ ( ! latt] !y leave a level pla91 "s two & a half miles by "o & a half4 ,^! hills appe> to h be5 cov]$ by sev]al =ts4 ,! city itself 0 f\r-sid$1 ly+ l5g?wise to ! ,tigris & cut across its bread? by ! ,*os]4 ,! circumf]5ce 0 ab\t sev5 & a half miles1 enclos+ ! l>ge/ =tifi$ space 9 ,we/]n ,asia1 & capable ( hold+ a population ( ?ree hundr$ ?\s&4 ,! we/]n wall1 r ov] two & a half miles long1 t\*$ ! ,tigris at ei!r end1 b betwe5 !re lay a broad1 b[-%ap$ /ret* ( l&1 probably 9 anci5t times1 z n[1 free ( build+s4 ,! nor?-we/]n wall ran up f ! ,tigris = a mile & a qu>t] to ! l[ ridge :i* ent]$ ! city at its nor!rn corn]4 ,f ?is ! ea/]n wall1 ) a curve ^u x1 ran d[n 9 face ( ! ea/]n pla9 = a little m ?an ?ree miles1 & 0 jo9$ to ! we/]n by ! %ort s\!rn wall ( n q half a mile4 ,! ru9s ( ! we/]n wall /& f t5 to tw5ty1 ^? ( ! o!rs f tw5ty-five to sixty1 feet above ! natural surface1 ) "h & !re ! /ill high] rema9s ( t[]s4 ,!re 7 sev]al gates1 ( :i* ! *ief 7 "o 9 ! nor!rn & two 9 ! ea/]n wall4 ,r\nd all ! walls except ! we/]n ran moats ab\t a hundr$ & fifty feet broad--n close up to ! foot ( ! walls1 b at a di/ance ( "s sixty feet4 ,wat] 0 suppli$ by ! ,*os] to all ! moats s\? ( x2 ^? to ! nor? 7 f$ f a canal :i* ent]$ ! city ne> its nor!rn corn]4 ,at ^! & o!r po9ts "o c /ill trace ! rema9s ( huge dams1 bat>deaux & sluices2 & ! moats might be empti$ by op5+ at ei!r end ( ! we/]n wall o!r dams1 :i* kept back ! wat]s f ! b$ ( ! ,tigris4 ,beyond its moat1 ! ea/]n wall 0 protect$ nor? ( ! ,*os] by a l>ge outwork cov]+ its gate1 & s\? ( ! ,*os] by ano!r outwork1 9 %ape ! segm5t ( a circle1 & consi/+ ( a d\ble l9e ( =tification m ?an five hundr$ y>ds long1 ( :i* ! inn] wall 0 almo/ z high z ! great wall itself1 b ! out] consid]ably l[]4 ,aga91 9 front ( ?is & 9 face ( ! ea/]n pla9 0 a ?ird l9e ( =tification1 consi/+ ( a l[ inn] wall & a colossal out] wall /ill ris+ to a height ( fifty feet1 ) a moat "o hundr$ & fifty feet broad betwe5 !m4 ,on ! s\? ?is ?ird l9e 0 clos$ by a l>ge =tress4 ,^u ! trebly =tifi$ city ! ,m$es drew 9 f ea/ & nor?1 f> away f ,kal*u & able to avoid ev5 ,dur-,s>g9a4 ,! o!r =tresses on ! fronti] & ! approa*es fell into _! h&s1 says ,nahum1 l ripe fruit4#beh ,he cries to ,n9iveh to prep>e = ! siege4#bei ,milit>y au?orities#bfj suppose t ! ,m$es direct$ _! ma9 attack ^u ! nor!rn corn] ( ! city4 ,"h !y w\ld be ^u a level ) its highe/ po9t1 & w\ld comm& ! wat]works by :i* mo/ ( ! moats 7 f$4 ,_! flank1 too1 w\ld be protect$ by ! rav9es ( ! ,*os]4 ,nahum describes fight+ 9 ! suburbs be=e ! assault ( ! walls1 & x 0 j "h1 accord+ to "s au?orities1#bfa t ! fam\s suburbs ( ,n9iveh lay1 out ^u ! canal & ! road to ,khorsabad4 ,all ! op5 fight+ :i* ,nahum =esees w\ld take place 9 ^! outplaces & broad /reets#bfb--! mu/]+ ( ! r$ ranks1#bfc ! pranc+ horses#bfd & rattl+ *>iots#bfe & cavalry at ! *>ge4#bff ,beat5 !re ! ,assyrians w\ld retire to ! great walls1 & ! wat]works w\ld fall into ! h&s ( ! besieg]s4 ,!y w\ld n imm$iately de/roy ^!1 b 9 ord] to br+ _! eng9es & batt]+-rams aga9/ ! walls !y w\ld h to lay /rong dams across ! moats2 ! ea/]n moat has actually be5 f\nd fill$ ) rubbi% 9 face ( a great brea* at ! nor? end ( its wall4 ,?is brea* may h be5 effect$ n only by ! rams b by direct+ ^u ! wall ! wat]s ( ! canal2 or f>!r s\? ! ,*os] itself1 9 its spr+ floods1 may h be5 conf9$ by ! besieg]s & swept 9 ^u ! sluices :i* regulate its passage ?r\gh ! ea/]n wall into ! city4 ,to ?is means tradition has assign$ ! capture ( ,n9iveh1#bfg & ,nahum p]haps =esees ! possibility ( x3 ! gates ( ! riv]s are op5$1 ! palace is dissolv$4#bfh ,n[ ( all ?is probable progress ( ! siege ,nahum1 ( c\rse1 does n give u a n>rative1 = he is writ+ ^u ! eve ( x1 & probably1 z we h se51 9 ,judah1 ) only su* k ( ! position & /r5g? ( ,n9iveh z h] fame _h scatt]$ across ! _w4 ,! milit>y details1 ! mu/]1 ! fight+ 9 ! op51 ! inve/m5t1 ! assault1 he did n ne$ to g to ,assyria or to wait = ! fall ( ,n9iveh to describe z he has done4 ,assyria h]self 7& h]e9 lies mu* ( ! pa?os ( ! poem7 _h made all ,we/]n ,asia famili> ) _! horrors = ! la/ two c5turies4 ,z we le>n f ! prophets & n[ /ill m f h]self1 ,assyria 0 ! great ,besieg] ( ,m54 ,x is siege1 siege1 siege1 :i* ,amos1 ,hosea & ,isaiah tell _! p !y %all feel3 siege & blockade1 & t "r r\nd ! l&6 ,x is siege1 irresi/ible & full ( cruelty1 :i* ,assyria records z h] own glory4 ,miles ( sculpture are cov]$ ) masses ( troops m>*+ ^u "s ,syrian or ,m$ian =tress4 ,scal+ ladd]s & enorm\s eng9es are pu%$ =w>d to ! walls "u cov] ( a %[] ( arr[s4 ,!re are assaults & brea*es1 panic-/rick5 & suppliant def5d]s4 ,/reets & places are /rewn ) corpses1 m5 are impal$1 wom5 l$ away weep+1 *ildr5 da%$ aga9/ ! /ones4 ,! ,jews _h se51 _h felt ^! horrors = a hundr$ ye>s1 & x is out ( _! exp]i5ce ( !m t ,nahum weaves 8 exultant pr$ictions4 ,! ,besieg] ( ! _w is at la/ besieg$2 e cruelty he has inflict$ ^u m5 is n[ to be turn$ ^u himself4 ,aga9 & aga9 does ,nahum return to ! vivid details1--he he>s ! v :ips crack b5ea? ! walls1 & ! rattle ( ! leap+ *>iots2 ! end is slaught]1 disp]sion & a dead wa/e4#bfi ,two o!r po9ts rema9 to be emphasis$4 ,!re is a /rik+ abs5ce f bo? *apt]s ( any ref]5ce to ,israel4#bgj ,jehovah ( ,ho/s is m5tion$ twice 9 ! same =mula1#bga b o!rwise ! au?or does n obtrude 8 nationality4 ,x is n 9 ,judah's "n he exults1 b 9 t ( all ! peoples ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,n9iveh has sold peoples by h] h>lotries & races by h] wit*craft2 x is peoples t %all gaze ^u h] nak$ness & k+doms ^u h] %ame4 ,nahum gives voice to no national passions1 b to ! outrag$ consci5ce ( mank9d4 ,we see "h ano!r pro(1 n only ( ! l>ge1 human he>t ( prophecy1 b ( t :i* 9 ! introduction to ^! ,twelve ,prophets we v5tur$ to assign z "o ( its causes4 ,by cru%+ all peoples to a common level ( despair1 by ! univ]sal pity :i* h] cruelties excit$1 ,assyria contribut$ to ! developm5t 9 ,israel ( ! idea ( a common humanity4#bgb ,! o!r ?+ to be notic$ is ,nahum's feel+ ( ! incoh]5ce & m]c5>9ess ( ! va/ population ( ,n9iveh4 ,n9iveh's comm& ( ! _w _h turn$ h] into a great trad+ p[]4 ,"u ,assurbanipal ! l9es ( anci5t comm]ce _h be5 div]t$ s z to pass ?r\gh h]4 ,! imm$iate result 0 an enorm\s increase ( population1 su* z ! _w _h nev] be=e se5 )9 ! limits ( "o city4 ,b ?is _h come out ( all races & 0 held toge!r only by ! gre$ ( ga94 ,:at _h once be5 a firm & vigor\s nation ( w>riors1 irresi/ible 9 _! unit$ impact ^u ! _w1 0 n[ a loose aggregate ( _m peoples1 )\t patriotism1 discipl9e or s5se ( hon\r4 ,nahum lik5s x to a res]voir ( wat]s1#bgc :i* z soon z x is brea*$ mu/ scatt]1 & leave ! city b>e4 ,! ,second ,isaiah said ! same ( ,babylon1 to :i* ! bulk ( ,n9iveh's m]c5>y populace mu/ h fl$3-- ,?us are !y gr[n to !e1 !y :o did we>y !e1 ,trad]s ( ?9e f ?y y\? up2 ,ea* z he c\ld escape h !y fl$2 ,none is ?y help]4#bgd ,! prophets saw ! tru? ab\t bo? cities4 ,_! va/ness & _! spl5d\r 7 artificial4 ,nei!r ( !m1 & ,n9iveh /ill less ?an ,babylon1 0 a natural c5tre = ! _w's comm]ce4 ,:5 _! political p[] fell1 ! great l9es ( trade1 :i* _h be5 twi/$ to _! feet1 drew back to m natural c\rses1 & ,n9iveh 9 especial became des]t$4 ,?is is ! explanation ( ! absolute collapse ( t mighty city4 ,nahum's =esight1 & ! v metaphor 9 :i* he express$ x1 7 ?or\ghly s\nd4 ,! population vani%$ l wat]4 ,! site be>s little trace ( any di/urbance s9ce ! ru9 by ! ,m$es1 except su* z has be5 inflict$ by ! wea!r & ! w&]+ tribes ar\nd4 ,mosul1 ,n9iveh's repres5tative to-day1 is n built ^u x1 & is b a prov9cial t[n4 ,! di/rict 0 nev] meant = any?+ else4 ,! swift decay ( ^! anci5t empires f ! climax ( _! comm]cial glory is (t5 employ$ z a w>n+ to ourselves4 ,b ! p>allel1 z ! previ\s p>agraphs sugge/1 is v f> f exact4 ,if we c lay aside = ! mom5t ! greate/ diff]5ce ( all1 9 religion & morals1 !re rema9 o!rs almo/ ( c>d9al importance4 ,assyria & ,babylonia 7 n fill$1 l ,great ,brita91 ) reproductive races1 able to colonise di/ant l&s1 & c>ry ev]y:]e ! _s :i* _h made !m /rong at home4 ,/ill m1 !y did n cont9ue at home to be homog5e\s4 ,_! native =ces 7 exhau/$ by long & unceas+ w>s4 ,_! populations1 especially 9 _! capitals1 7 v l>gely ali5 & di/raught1 ) no?+ to hold !m toge!r save _! comm]cial int]e/s4 ,!y 7 b\nd to break up at ! fir/ disa/]4 ,x is true t we are n )\t "s risks ( _! p]il4 ,no patriot among u c obs]ve )\t misgiv+ ! l>ge & gr[+ proportion ( =eign]s 9 t dep>tm5t ( our life f :i* ! /r5g? ( our def5ce is l>gely drawn--our m]*ant navy4 ,b su* a fact is v f> f br++ our empire & its *ief cities into ! fatal condition ( ,n9iveh & ,babylon4 ,our capitals1 our comm]ce1 our life z a :ole are /ill ,briti% to ! core4 ,if we only be true to our ideals ( righte\sness & religion1 if our patriotism cont9ue moral & s9c]e1 we %all h ! p[] to absorb ! =eign elem5ts t ?rong to u 9 comm]ce1 & /amp !m ) our own _s4 ,we are n[ ready to foll[ ,nahum's two great poems deliv]$ on ! eve ( ! ,fall ( ,n9iveh4 ,probably1 z we h said1 ! fir/ ( !m has lo/ its orig9al op5+4 ,x wants "s notice at ! outset ( ! object to :i* x is address$3 ?is is indicat$ only by ! second p]sonal pron\n4 ,o!r ne$ful comm5ts w be giv5 9 footnotes4 #a4 ,! ,hamm]#bge is come up to ?y face6 ,hold ! ramp>t6#bgf,keep wat* on ! way6 ,brace ! lo9s6#bgg ,pull ?yself firmly toge!r6#bgh ,! %ields#bgi ( 8 h]oes are r$1 ,! w>riors are 9 sc>let2#bhj ,l#bha fire are ! 444#bhb( ! *>iots 9 ! day ( 8 mu/]1 ,& ! horsem5#bhc are pranc+4 ,?r\gh ! m>kets rage *>iots1 ,!y te> across ! squ>es2#bhd ,! look ( !m is l tor*es1 ,l lightn+s !y d>t to & fro4#bhe ,he mu/]s 8 nobles4444#bhf ,!y ru% to ! wall & ! mantlet#bhg is fix$6 ,! riv]-gates#bhh bur/ op51 ! palace dissolves4#bhi ,& ,huab#bij is /ripp$1 is br\ght =?1 ,) h] maids sobb+ l doves1 ,beat+ _! brea/s4 ,& ,n9iveh6 %e 0 l a res]voir ( wat]s1 ,h] wat]s 444#bia ,& n[ !y flee4 8,/&1 /&60 b !re is none to rally4 ,plund] silv]1 plund] gold6 ,inf9ite treasures1 mass ( all preci\s ?+s6 ,void & devoid & desolate#bib is %e4 ,melt+ he>ts & %ak+ knees1 ,& angui% 9 all lo9s1 ,& no?+ b faces full ( black fe>4#bic ,:]e is ! ,lion's d51 ,& ! "y lions' fe$+ gr\nd#bid8 ,:i!r ! ,lion retreat$1#bie ,! :elps ( ! ,lion1 ) none to affray3 ,! ,lion1 :o tore en\gh = 8 :elps1 ,& /rangl$ = 8 lionesses4 ,& he fill$ 8 pits ) prey1 ,& 8 d5s ) rap9e4 ,lo1 ,i am at !e 7oracle ( ,jehovah ( ,ho/s73 ,i w put up ?y 444#bif 9 flames1 ,! sword %all dev\r ?y "y lions2 ,i w cut (f f ! e>? ?y rap9e1 ,& ! noise ( ?9e envoys %all no m be he>d4 #b4 ,woe to ! ,city ( ,blood1 ,all ( h] guile1 robb]y-full1 ceaseless rap9e6 ,h>k ! :ip1 ,& ! rumbl+ ( ! :eel1 ,& horses gallop+1 ,& ! rattl+ dance ( ! *>iot6#big ,cavalry at ! *>ge1#bih & fla% ( sabres1 ,& lightn+ ( lances1 ,mass ( sla9 & weight ( corpses1 ,endless dead bodies-- ,!y /umble on _! dead6 --,= ! manifold h>lotries ( ! ,h>lot1 ,! well-fav\r$1 mi/ress ( *>ms1 ,%e :o sold nations ) h] h>lotries ,& races by h] wit*crafts6 ,lo1 ,i am at !e 7oracle ( ,jehovah ( ,ho/s73 ,i w uncov] ?y skirts to ?y face2#bii ,give nations to look on ?y nak$ness1 ,& k+doms ^u ?y %ame2 ,w h !e pelt$ ) fil?1 & disgrace !e1 ,& set !e = a gaz+/ock2 ,s t e "o see+ !e %all %r9k f !e & say1 8,%att]$ is ,n9iveh--:o w pity h]8 ,:5ce %all ,i seek = com=t]s to !e80 ,%alt ?\ be bett] ?an ,no-,amon1#cjj ,:i* sat ^u ! ,nile /reams#cja--wat]s 7 r\nd h]-- ,^: ramp>t 0 ! sea1#cjb & wat]s h] wall8#cjc ,ku% 0 h] /r5g? & ,miraim )\t end2 ,phut & ! ,lybians 7 !re to assi/ h]4#cjd ,ev5 %e 0 = exile1 %e w5t to captivity3 ,ev5 h] *ildr5 7 da%$ on e /reet corn]2 ,= h] nobles !y ca/ lots1 ,& all h] great m5 7 fa/5$ ) fett]s4 ,?\ too %alt /agg]1#cje %alt gr[ fa9t2 ,?\ too %alt seek help f#cjf ! foe6 ,all ?y =tresses are fig-trees ) figs e>ly-ripe3 ,be !y %ak5 !y fall on ! m\? ( ! eat]4 ,lo1 ?y folk are b wom5 9 ?y mid/3#cjg ,to ?y foes ! gates ( ?y l& fly op52 ,fire has dev\r$ ?y b>s4 ,draw !e wat] = siege1 /r5g!n ?y =ts6 ,get !e d[n to ! mud1 & tramp 9 ! clay6 ,grip fa/ ! brick-m\ld6 ,!re fire consumes !e1 ! sword cuts !e (f4#cjh ,make ?yself _m z a locu/ sw>m1 ,_m z gras%opp]s1 ,multiply ?y trad]s m ?an heav5's />s1 --,! locu/s break (f#cji & fly away4 ,?y 444#caj are z locu/s & ?y 444 z gras%opp]s1 ,t hive 9 ! h$ges 9 ! cold ( ! day3#caa ,! sun is ris51 !y are fl$1 ,& "o kn[s n ! place :]e !y be4 ,asleep are ?y %eph]ds1 ,o k+ ( ,assyria1 ,?y nobles d slumb]2#cab ,?y p are /rewn on ! m\nta9s1 ,)\t any to ga!r4 ,!re is no heal+ ( ?y wreck1 ,fatal ?y w\nd6 ,all :o he> ! bruit ( !e %all clap ! h& at !e1 ,= ^u :om ha? n ?y cruelty pass$ )\t ceas+8 ,,footnotes3 #bec ,see above1 pp4 #bb ff4 #bed ,! au?orities are v full4 ,fir/ !re is ,m4 ,botta's huge "w ,monum5t de ,n9ive1 ,p>is1 #e vols41 #ahde4 ,!n mu/ be m5tion$ ! "w ( :i* we avail$ ourselves 9 describ+ ,babylon 9 ,isaiah xl4--lxvi41 ,expositor's ,bible1 pp4 #eb ff43 8,memoirs by ,comm&] ,james ,felix ,jones1 ,i4,n410 9 ,selections f ! ,records ( ! ,bombay ,gov]nm5t1 ,no4 ,,xliii41 ,new ,s]ies1 #aheg4 ,x is good to f9d t ! c>eful & able obs]vations ( ,comm&] ,jones1 too mu* neglect$ 9 8 own c\ntry1 h _h ju/ice done !m by ! ,g]man ,colonel ,bill]beck 9 ! "w ab\t to be cit$4 ,!n !re is ! invaluable ,n9iveh & its ,rema9s1 by ,lay>d4 ,!re are also ! works ( ,rawl9son & ,george ,smi?4 ,& rec5tly ,colonel ,bill]beck1 f\nd+ on ^! & o!r works1 has publi%$ an admirable monograph 7lavi%ly illu/rat$ by maps & pictures71 n only ^u ! milit>y /ate ( ,assyria prop] & ( ,n9iveh at ?is p]iod1 b ^u ! :ole subject ( ,assyrian =tification & art ( besieg+1 z well z ^u ! c\rse ( ! ,m$ian invasions4 ,x =ms ! l>g] "p ( an article to :i* ,dr4 ,alfr$ ,j]emias contributes an introduction1 & recon/ruction ) notes ( *aps4 ii4 & iii4 ( ! ,book ( ,nahum3 8,d] ,unt]gang ,n9iveh's und die ,weissagungs*rift des ,nahum von ,elo%10 9 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ( ,beitrge zur ,assyriologie und ,semitis*5 ,spra*wiss5s*aft1 edit$ by ,fri$ri* ,delitzs* & ,paul ,haupt1 ) ! support ( ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity at ,baltimore1 ,u4,s4,a43 ,leipzig1 #ahie4 #bee ,pages #bj f4 #bef ,colonel ,bill]beck 7p4 #aae7 ?9ks t ! s\?-ea/ fronti] at ?is "t lay m to ! nor?1 ne> ! ,great] ,zab4 #beg ,fir/ excavat$ by ,m4 ,botta1 #ahdb-ahde4 ,see also ,george ,smi?1 ,assyr4 ,disc41 pp4 #ih f4 #beh iii4 #ab4 #bei iii4 #ad4 #bfj ,see ,jones & ,bill]beck4 #bfa ,delitzs* places ! ( ,g54 x4 #aa1 ! 8ribit ,n9a0 ( ! inscriptions1 on ! nor?-ea/ ( ,n9iveh4 #bfb ii4 #d ,eng41 #e ,heb4 #bfc ii4 #c ,eng41 #d ,heb4 #bfd ,ibid4 ,,lxx4 #bfe iii4 #b4 #bff iii4 #c4 #bfg ,x is ! wat]s ( ! ,tigris t ! tradition av]s to h brok5 ! wall2 b ! ,tigris itself runs 9 a b$ too l[ = ?is3 x c only h be5 ! ,*os]4 ,see bo? ,jones & ,bill]beck4 #bfh ii4 #f4 #bfi ,if ! above conception ( *aps4 ii4 & iii4 be correct1 !n !re is no ne$ = su* a re-arrangem5t ( ^! v]ses z has be5 propos$ by ,j]emias & ,bill]beck4 ,9 ord] to produce a cont9u\s n>rative ( ! progress ( ! siege1 !y br+ =w>d iii4 #ab-ae 7describ+ ! fall ( ! =tresses & gates ( ! l& & ! call to ! def5ce ( ! city71 & place x imm$iately aft] ii4 #b1 #d 7! description ( ! invad]7 & ii4 #e-aa 7! appe>ance ( *>iots 9 ! suburbs ( ! city1 ! op5+ ( ! floodgates1 ! flight & ! spoil+ ( ! city74 ,b if !y believe t ! orig9al gave an ord]ly acc\nt ( ! progress ( ! siege1 :y d !y n br+ =w>d also iii4 #b f41 :i* describe ! arrival ( ! foe "u ! city walls8 ,! tru? appe>s to be z /at$ above4 ,we h really two poems aga9/ ,n9iveh1 *ap4 ii4 & *ap4 iii4 ,!y d n give an ord]ly description ( ! siege1 b exult ov] ,n9iveh's imm95t d[nfall1 ) gleams scatt]$ "h & !re ( h[ ?is is to happ54 ,( ^! 8impressions0 ( ! com+ siege !re are ?ree1 & 9 ! ord] 9 :i* we n[ h !m !y occur v naturally3 ii4 #e ff41 iii4 #b f41 & iii4 #ab ff4 #bgj ii4 #b goes ) ! previ\s *apt]4 ,see above1 pp4 #id f4 #bga ii4 #ac1 iii4 #e4 #bgb ,see above1 ,vol4 ,i41 ,*ap4 ,,iv41 especially pp4 #ed ff4 #bgc ii4 #h4 #bgd ,isaiah xl4--lxvi4 7,expositor's ,bible71 pp4 #aig ff4 #bge ,read ) ,wellhaus5 7cf4 ,siegfri$-,/ade's ,wrt]bu*1 sub 7 = 1 ,break] 9 pieces4 ,9 ,j]4 li4 #bj ,babylon is also call$ by ,jehovah ,8 1 ,hamm] or ,maul4 #bgf ,keep wat*1 ,wellhaus54 #bgg ,?is may be a milit>y call to att5tion1 ! conv]se ( 8,/& at ease60 #bgh ,heb4 lit]ally3 brace up ?y p[] exce$+ly4 #bgi ,heb4 s+ul>4 #bhj ,rev4 ix4 #ag4 ,purple or r$ 0 ! fav\rite col\r ( ! ,m$es4 ,! ,assyrians also lov$ r$4 #bha ,read = 4 #bhb 1 ! ^w omitt$1 is d\btful2 x does n occur else:]e4 ,,lxx4 2 ,vulg4 hab54 ,"s h ?\ght t x means scy!s--cf4 ! ,arabic falad1 8to cut0--b ! e>lie/ notice ( *>iots arm$ ) scy!s is at ! battle ( ,cunaxa1 & 9 ,jewi% lit]ature !y d n appe> be=e #b ,macc4 xiii4 #b4 ,cf4 ,j]emias1 op4 cit41 p4 #ig1 :]e ,bill]beck sugge/s t ! words ( ,nahum are applicable to ! cov]$ siege-eng9es1 pictur$ on ! ,assyrian monum5ts1 f :i* ! besieg]s flung tor*es on ! walls3 cf4 ibid41 p4 #afg1 n4 9999994 ,b f ! p>allelism ( ! v]se x is m probable t ord9>y *>iots are meant4 ,! lead+ *>iots 7 cov]$ ) plates ( metal 7,bill]beck1 p4 #afg74 #bhc ,s ,,lxx41 read+ = ( ,heb4 text1 t means fir-trees4 ,if ! latt] be correct1 !n we %\ld ne$ to suppose ) ,bill]beck t ei!r ! long lances ( ! ,aryan ,m$es 7 meant1 or ! great1 heavy spe>s :i* 7 ?ru/ aga9/ ! walls by eng9es4 ,we are n1 h[ev]1 among ^! yet2 x appe>s to be ! cavalry & *>iots 9 ! op5 t are "h describ$4 #bhd ,or broad places or suburbs4 ,see above1 pp4 #ajj f4 #bhe ,see above1 p4 #ajf1 end ( n4 #bhb4 #bhf ,heb4 ,!y /umble 9 _! go+s4 ,davidson holds ?is is m probably ( ! def5d]s4 ,wellhaus5 takes ! v]se z ( ! besieg]s4 ,see next note4 #bhg 4 ,p>tic4 ( ! v]b to cov]1 h5ce cov]+ ?+3 :e!r mantlet 7on ! side ( ! besieg]s7 or bulw>k 7on ! side ( ! besieg$3 cf4 1 ,isa4 xxii4 #h7 is unc]ta94 ,bill]beck says1 if x be an article ( def5ce1 we c read v]4 #e z illu/rat+ ! vanity ( ! hurri$ def5ce1 :5 ! elem5ts !mselves break 9 vv4 #f & #g 7p4 #aja3 cf4 p4 #agf1 n4 9974 #bhh ,sluices 7,j]emias7 or bridge-gates 7,wellhaus578 #bhi ,or breaks into motion1 i4e4 flight4 #bij 1 if a ,hebrew ^w1 might be ,hophal ( & has be5 tak5 to mean x is det]m9$1 %e 7,n9iveh7 is tak5 captive4 ,volck 79 ,h]zog71 ,kle9]t1 ,orelli3 x is settl$4 ,,lxx4 4 ,vulg4 miles 7z if "s =m ( 874 ,hitzig po9ts x 1 ! liz>d1 ,wellhaus5 ! toad4 ,b ?is n\n is mascul9e 7,lev4 xi4 #bi7 & ! v]bs fem99e4 ,davidson sugge/s ! o!r 1 fem41 ! litt] or palanqu9 7,isa4 lxvi4 #bj73 89 lieu ( any?+ bett] "o might be tempt$ to ?9k t ! litt] might mean ! woman or lady1 j z 9 ,arab4 a'inah means a woman's litt] & !n a woman40 ,"o is also tempt$ to ?9k ( 1 ! beauty4 ,! ,t>g4 has 1 ! que54 ,f z e>ly z at lea/ #aebg 7,lat9a ,int]pretatio ,xantis ,pagn9i ,luc5sis revis$ & edit$ = ! ,plant9 ,bible1 #afae7 ! ^w has be5 tak5 by a s]ies ( s*ol>s z a prop] "n1 ,huab4 ,s ,ewald & o!rs4 ,x may be an ,assyrian ^w1 l "s o!rs 9 ,nahum4 ,p]haps1 aga91 ! text is corrupt4 ,mr4 ,paul ,rub5 7,academy1 ,m>* #g?1 #ahif7 has propos$ in/ead ( 1 is br\ght =?1 to read 1 & to translate x by analogy ( ! ,assyrian 8etellu10 fem4 8etellitu0 great or exalt$1 ,! ,lady4 ,! l9e w\ld !n run ,huab1 ! lady1 is /ripp$4 7,) ,*eyne1 ,academy1 ,june #ba/1 #ahif1 comp>es 1 :i*1 he sugge/s1 is 8,yahwe is great0 or 8is "l407 #bia ,heb4 = 1 f days %e 04 ,a4,v4 is ( old4 ,r4,v4 ha? be5 ( old1 & ,m>g4 f ! days t %e ha? be54 ,,lxx4 h] wat]s1 4 ,on wat]s flee+1 cf4 ,ps4 civ4 #g4 #bib ,buah1 umebuah1 umebullah4 ,ewald3 des]t & desolation & deva/ation4 ,! adj4 are fem99e4 #bic ,lit]ally3 & ! faces ( all !m ga!r lividness4 #bid ,= ,wellhaus5 reads 1 cave or hold4 #bie ,,lxx41 read+ = 4 #bif ,heb4 h] *>iots4 ,,lxx4 & ,syr4 sugge/ ?y mass or multitude1 4 ,davidson sugge/s ?y lair1 4 #big ,lit]ally & ! *>iot danc+1 b ! ^w1 m]ak$ah1 has a rattle 9 x4 #bih ,d\btful1 4 ,,lxx4 4 #bii ,j]emias 7#ajd7 %[s h[ ! ,assyrians did ?is to female captives4 #cjj ,j]4 xlvi4 #be3 ,i w puni% ,amon at ,no4 ,ezek4 xxx4 #ad-af3 444 judgm5ts 9 ,no4444 ,i w cut (f ,no-,amon 7,heb4 & ,a4,v4 multitude ( ,no1 read+ 2 s also ,,lxx4 = 7 444 & ,no %all be brok5 up4 ,x is ,!bes1 ! ,egyptian "n ( :i* 0 ,nu-,am54 ,! god ,am5 _h 8 temple !re3 ,h]od4 ,i4 #ahb1 ,,ii4 #db4 ,nahum ref]s to ,assurbanipal's acc\nt ( ! fall ( ,!bes4 ,see above1 p4 #aa4 #cja 4 ,pl4 ( ! ^w = ,nile4 #cjb ,arabs /ill call ! ,nile ! sea4 #cjc ,s ,,lxx41 read+ = ,heb4 4 #cjd ,s ,,lxx42 ,heb4 !e4 #cje ,heb4 be drunk54 #cjf ,i4e4 aga9/1 because (4 #cjg ,j]4 l4 #cg1 li4 #cj4 #cjh ,heb4 & ,,lxx4 add dev\r !e l ! locu/1 probably a gloss4 #cji ,cf4 ,j]4 ix4 #cc4 ,"s take x ( ! locu/s /ripp+ ! sk9 :i* conf9es _! w+s3 ,davidson4 #caj 4 ,a4,v4 ?y cr[n$ ones2 b p]haps l its neighb\r an ,assyrian ^w1 mean+ we "k n :at4 ,wellhaus5 reads 1 ,,lxx4 7appli$ 9 ,deut4 xxiii4 #c & ,ze*4 ix4 #f to ! (fspr+ ( a mix$ m>riage betwe5 an ,israelite & a ,g5tile71 de9e ,mis*l+e3 a t]m ( contempt = ! float+ =eign or semi-=eign population :i* fill$ ,n9iveh & 0 ready to fly at sight ( dang]4 ,simil>ly ,wellhaus5 takes ! second t]m1 4 ,?is1 :i* occurs also 9 ,j]4 li4 #bg1 appe>s to be "s k9d ( (ficial4 ,9 ,assyrian dups> is scribe1 :i* may1 l ,heb4 1 h be5 appli$ to any high (ficial4 ,see ,s*rad]1 ,k4,a4,t41 ,eng4 ,tr41 ,i4 #ada1 ,,ii4 #aah4 ,see also ,fri$4 ,delitzs*1 ,wo lag ,p>ad41 p4 #adb4 ,! "n & (fice 7 anci5t4 ,su* ,babylonian (ficials are m5tion$ 9 ! ,tell el ,am>na lett]s z pres5t at ! ,egyptian c\rt4 #caa ,heb4 day ( cold4 #cab 1 dwell1 is ! ,heb4 read+4 ,b ,,lxx4 1 4 ,sleep mu/ be tak5 9 ! s5se ( dea?3 cf4 ,j]4 li4 #ci1 #eg2 ,isa4 xiv4 #ah4 ,,habakkuk ,^u my wat*-t[] w ,i /&1 ,& take up my po/ on ! ramp>t4 ,i w wat* to see :at ,he w say to me1 ,& :at answ] ,i get back to my plea4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! righte\s %all live by 8 fai?fulness4 8,! beg9n+ ( speculation 9 ,israel40 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,habakkuk ,z x has rea*$ u1 ! ,book ( ,habakkuk1 "u ! title ,! ,oracle :i* ,habakkuk ! prophet receiv$ by vision1 consi/s ( ?ree *apt]s1 :i* fall into ?ree sections4 ,fir/3 *ap4 i4 #b--;ii4 #d 7or #h71 a piece 9 dramatic =m2 ! prophet lifts 8 voice to ,god aga9/ ! wrong & viol5ce ( :i* 8 :ole horizon is full1 & ,god s5ds him answ]4 ,second3 *ap4 ii4 #e 7or #i7-bj1 a taunt-song 9 a s]ies ( ,woes ^u ! wrong-do]4 ,?ird3 *ap4 iii41 "p psalm1 "p pray]1 descriptive ( a ,!ophany & expressive ( ,israel's fai? 9 _! ,god4 ,( ^! ?ree sections no "o d\bts ! au!nticity ( ! fir/2 op9ion is divid$ ab\t ! second2 ab\t ! ?ird !re is a gr[+ agreem5t t x is n a g5u9e "w ( ,habakkuk1 b a poem f a p]iod aft] ! ,exile4 #a4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 #b--;,,ii4 #d 7,,or #h74 ,yet x is ! fir/ piece :i* raises ! mo/ difficult que/ions4 ,all#cac admit t x is to be dat$ some:]e along ! l9e ( ,j]emiah's long c>e]1 c4 #fbg--ehf4 ,!re is no d\bt ab\t ! g5]al tr5d ( ! argum5t3 x is a pla9t to ,god on ! suff]+s ( ! righte\s "u tyranny1 ) ,god's answ]4 ,b ! ord] & connection ( ! p>agraphs ( ! argum5t are n cle>4 ,!re is also diff]5ce ( op9ion z to :o ! tyrant is--native1 ,assyrian or ,*aldee2 & ?is leads to a diff]5ce1 ( c\rse1 ab\t ! date1 :i* ranges f ! e>ly ye>s ( ,josiah to ! end ( ,jehoiakim's reign1 or f ab\t #fcj to #eig4 ,z ! v]ses lie1 _! argum5t is ?is4 ,9 *ap4 i4 #b-d ,habakkuk asks ! ,"l h[ long ! wick$ are to oppress ! righte\s1 to ! p>alys+ ( ! ,torah1 or ,revelation ( ,8 ,law1 & ! mak+ futile ( judgm5t4 ,= answ] ! ,"l tells him1 vv4 #e-aa1 to look r\nd among ! hea!n3 ,he is ab\t to raise up ! ,*aldees to d ,8 "w1 a p swift1 self-reliant1 irresi/ible4 ,^u :i* ,habakkuk resumes 8 "q1 vv4 #ab-ag1 h[ long w ,god suff] a tyrant :o sweeps up ! peoples into 8 net l fi%8 ,is he to g on ) ?is = ev]8 ,9 ii4 #a ,habakkuk prep>es = an answ]1 :i* comes 9 ii4 #b1 #c1 #d3 let ! prophet wait = ! vision ?\gh x t>ries2 ! pr\d oppressor _c la/1 b ! righte\s %all live by 8 con/ancy1 or fai?fulness4 ,! difficulties are ^!4 ,:o are ! wick$ oppressors 9 *ap4 i4 #b-d8 ,are !y ,jews1 or "s hea!n nation8 ,& :at is ! connection betwe5 vv4 #a-d & vv4 #e-aa8 ,are ! ,*aldees1 :o are describ$ 9 ! latt]1 rais$ up to puni% ! tyrant compla9$ aga9/ 9 ! =m]8 ,to ^! que/ions ?ree diff]5t sets ( answ]s h be5 giv54 ,fir/3 ! great majority ( critics take ! wrong compla9$ ( 9 vv4 #b-d to be wrong done by unju/ & cruel ,jews to _! c\ntrym51 t is1 civic disord] & viol5ce1 & believe t 9 vv4 #e-aa ,jehovah is repres5t$ z rais+ up ! ,*aldees to puni% ! s9 ( ,judah--a message :i* is pretty mu* ! same z ,j]emiah's4 ,b ,habakkuk goes fur!r3 ! ,*aldees !mselves ) _! cruelties aggravate 8 problem1 h[ ,god c suff] wrong1 & he appeals aga9 to ,god1 vv4 #ab-ag4 ,are ! ,*aldees to be all[$ to deva/ate = ev]8 ,! answ] is giv51 z above1 9 *ap4 ii4 #a-d4 ,su* is practically ! view ( ,pusey1 ,delitzs*1 ,kle9]t1 ,ku551 ,s9k]1#cad ,driv]1 ,orelli1 ,kirkpatrick1 ,wildebo] & ,davidson1 a =midable league1 & ,davidson says 8?is is ! mo/ natural s5se ( ! v]ses & ( ! words us$ 9 !m40 ,b ^! s*ol>s diff] z to ! date4 ,pusey1 ,delitzs* & ,volck take ! :ole passage f i4 #e z pr$iction1 & date x f be=e ! rise ( ! ,*aldee p[] 9 #fbe1 attribut+ ! int]nal wrongs ( ,judah describ$ 9 vv4 #b-d to ,manasseh's reign or ! e>ly ye>s ( ,josiah4#cae ,b ! re/1 on ! gr\nds t ! prophet %[s "s exp]i5ce ( ! ,*aldean me?ods ( w>f>e1 & t ! acc\nt ( ! int]nal disord] 9 ,judah does n suit ,josiah's reign1 br+ ! passage d[n to ! reign ( ,jehoiakim1 #fjh--eih1 or ( ,jehoia*91 #eig4 ,kle9]t & ,von ,orelli date x be=e ! battle ( ,c>*emi%1 #ejf1 9 :i* ! ,*aldean ,nebu*adrezz> wre/$ f ,egypt ! ,empire ( ! ,we/]n ,asia1 on ! gr\nd t aft] t ,habakkuk c\ld n h call$ a ,*aldean invasion ( ,judah incr$ible 7i4 #e74 ,b ,ku551 ,driv]1 ,kirkpatrick1 ,wildebo] & ,davidson date x aft] ,c>*emi%4 ,to ,driv] x mu/ be imm$iately aft]1 & be=e ,judah became al>m$ at ! consequ5ces to h]self4 ,to ,davidson ! description ( ! ,*aldeans 8is sc>cely conceivable be=e ! battle10 8h>dly "o w\ld ?9k be=e ! deportation ( ! p "u ,jehoia*940#caf ,?is also is ,ku55's view1 :o ?9ks t ,judah mu/ h suff]$ at lea/ ! fir/ ,*aldean raids1 & he expla9s ! use ( an und\bt$ future 9 *ap4 i4 #e1 ,lo1 ,i am ab\t to raise up ! ,*aldeans1 z due to ! prophet's pr$ilection = a dramatic /yle4 8,he sets himself 9 ! pa/1 & repres5ts ! already exp]i5c$ *a/isem5t ( ,judah z hav+ be5 !n ann\nc$ by ,jehovah4 ,8 contempor>ies c\ld n h mi/ak5 8 mean+40 ,second3 o!rs1 h[ev]1 d5y t *ap4 i4 #b-d ref]s to ! int]nal disord] ( ,judah1 except z ! effect ( =eign tyranny4 ,! righte\s m5tion$ !re are ,israel z a :ole1 ! wick$ _! hea!n oppressors4 ,s ,hitzig1 ,ewald1 ,knig & practically ,sm5d4 ,ewald is s cle> t ,habakkuk ascribes no s9 to ,judah1 t he says we might be l$ by ?is to assign ! prophecy to ! reign ( ! righte\s ,josiah2 b he pref]s1 because ( ! vivid s5se :i* ! prophet betrays ( actual exp]i5ce ( ! ,*aldees1 to date ! passage f ! reign ( ,jehoiakim1 & to expla9 ,habakkuk's sil5ce ab\t 8 p's s9fulness z due to 8 ov]:elm+ impression ( ,*aldean cruelty4 ,knig#cag takes vv4 #b-d z a g5]al compla9t ( ! viol5ce t fills ! prophet's day1 & vv4 #e-aa z a detail$ description ( ! ,*aldeans1 ! in/rum5ts ( ?is viol5ce4 ,vv4 #e-aa1 !re=e1 give n ! judgm5t ^u ! wrongs describ$ 9 vv4 #b-d1 b ! explanation ( !m4 ,lebanon is already wa/$ by ! ,*aldeans 7ii4 #ag72 !re=e ! :ole prophecy mu/ be assign$ to ! days ( ,jehoiakim4 ,giesebre*t#cah & ,wellhaus5 adh]e to ! view t no s9s ( ,judah are m5tion$1 b t ! righte\s & wick$ ( *ap4 i4 #d are ! same z 9 v]4 #ac1 viz4 ,israel & a hea!n tyrant4 ,b ?is leads !m to dispute t ! pres5t ord] ( ! p>agraphs ( ! prophecy is ! "r "o4 ,9 *ap4 i4 #e ! ,*aldeans are repres5t$ z ab\t to be rais$ up = ! fir/ "t1 al?\gh _! viol5ce has already be5 describ$ 9 vv4 #a-d1 & 9 vv4 #ab-ag ^! are already 9 full c>e]4 ,moreov] v]4 #ab foll[s on naturally to v]4 #d4 ,accord+ly ^! critics w\ld remove ! section vv4 #e-aa4 ,giesebre*t prefixes x to v]4 #a1 & dates ! :ole passage f ! ,exile4 ,wellhaus5 calls #e-aa an old] passage ?an ! re/ ( ! prophecy1 & removes x altoge!r z n ,habakkuk's4 ,to ! latt] he assigns :at rema9s1 i4 #a-d1 #ab-ag1 ii4 #a-e1 & dates x f ! reign ( ,jehoiakim4#cai ,?ird3 f ea* ( ^! gr\ps ( critics ,budde ( ,/rasburg borr[s some?+1 b s z to con/ruct an arrangem5t ( ! v]ses1 & to rea* a date1 = ! :ole1 f :i* bo? diff]4#cbj ,) ,hitzig1 ,ewald1 ,knig1 ,sm5d1 ,giesebre*t & ,wellhaus5 he agrees t ! viol5ce compla9$ ( 9 i4 #b-d is t inflict$ by a hea!n oppressor1 ! wick$1 on ! ,jewi% nation1 ! righte\s4 ,b ) ,ku55 & o!rs he holds t ! ,*aldeans are rais$ up1 accord+ to i4 #e-aa1 to puni% ! viol5ce compla9$ ( 9 i4 #b-d & aga9 9 i4 #ab-ag4 ,9 ^! v]ses x is ! ravages ( ano!r hea!n p[] ?an ! ,*aldeans :i* ,budde descries4 ,! ,*aldeans are /ill to come1 & _c be ! same z ! deva/ator ^: long cont9u$ tyranny is describ$ 9 i4 #ab-ag4 ,!y are r ! p[] :i* is to puni% him4 ,he c only be ! ,assyrian4 ,b if t be s1 ! prop] place = ! passage1 i4 #e-aa1 :i* describes ! rise ( ! ,*aldeans mu/ be aft] ! description ( ! ,assyrian ravages 9 i4 #ab-ag1 & 9 ! body ( ,god's answ] to ! prophet :i* we f9d 9 ii4 #b ff4 ,budde1 !re=e1 places i4 #e-aa aft] ii4 #b-d4 ,b if ! ,*aldeans are /ill to come1 & ,budde ?9ks t !y are describ$ vaguely & ) a good deal ( imag9ation1 ! prophecy ?us arrang$ mu/ fall some:]e betwe5 #fbe1 :5 ,nabopolass> ! ,*aldean made himself indep5d5t ( ,assyria & ,k+ ( ,babylon1 & #fjg1 :5 ,assyria fell4 ,t ! prophet calls ,judah righte\s is pro( t he wrote aft] ! great ,re=m ( #fba2 h5ce1 too1 8 ref]5ce to ,torah & ,mi%pat 7i4 #d71 & 8 compla9t ( ! ob/acles :i* ,assyrian supremacy pres5t$ to _! free c\rse4 ,z ! ,assyrian yoke appe>s n to h be5 felt any:]e 9 ,judah by #fjh1 ,budde w\ld fix ! exact date ( ,habakkuk's prophecy ab\t #fae4 ,to ^! conclusions ( ,budde ,cornill1 :o 9 #ahia _h v confid5tly assign$ ! prophecy ( ,habakkuk to ! reign ( ,jehoiakim1 gave 8 adh]5ce 9 #ahif4cba ,budde's v able & +5i\s argum5t has be5 subject$ to a se>*+ criticism by ,pr(essor ,davidson1 :o emphasises fir/ ! difficulty ( acc\nt+ = ! transposition ( *ap4 i4 #e-aa f :at ,budde alleges to h be5 its orig9al place aft] ii4 #d to its pres5t position 9 *ap4 i4#cbb ,he po9ts out t if *ap4 i4 #b-d & #ab-ag & ii4 #e ff4 ref] to ! ,assyrian1 x is /range ! latt] is n once m5tion$4 ,aga91 by #fae we may inf] 7?\gh we "k little ( ,assyrian hi/ory at ?is "t7 t ! ,assyrian's hold on ,judah 0 already too relax$ = ! prophet to impute to him p[] to h9d] ! ,law1 especially z ,josiah _h begun to c>ry 8 re=ms into ! nor!rn k+dom2 & ! k ( ! ,*aldeans display$ 9 i4 #e-aa is too fre% & detail$#cbc to suit s e>ly a date3 x 0 possible only aft] ! battle ( ,c>*emi%4 ,& aga91 x is improbable t we h two diff]5t nations1 z ,budde ?9ks1 describ$ by ! v simil> phrases 9 i4 #aa1 8 own p[] becomes 8 god1 & 9 i4 #af1 he sacrifices to 8 net4 ,aga91 *ap4 i4 #e-aa w\ld n read q naturally aft] *ap4 ii4 #d4 ,& 9 ! woes pron\nc$ on ! oppressor x is n "o nation1 ! ,*aldeans1 :i* are to spoil him1 b all ! remnant ( ! peoples 7ii4 #g1 #h74 ,^! objections are n inconsid]able4 ,b are !y conclusive8 ,& if n1 is any ( ! o!r !ories ( ! prophecy less beset ) difficulties8 ,! objections are sc>cely conclusive4 ,we h no pro( t ! p[] ( ,assyria 0 altoge!r remov$ f ,judah by #fae2 on ! contr>y1 ev5 9 #fjh ,assyria 0 /ill ! p[] ) :i* ,egypt w5t =? to cont5d = ! empire ( ! _w4 ,sev5 ye>s e>li] h] h& may well h be5 /rong ^u ,pale/9e4 ,aga91 by #fae ! ,*aldeans1 a p fam\s 9 ,we/]n ,asia = a long "t1 _h be5 t5 ye>s indep5d5t3 m5 9 ,pale/9e may h be5 famili> ) _! me?ods ( w>f>e2 at lea/ x is impossible to say !y 7 n4#cbd ,!re is m weight 9 ! objection drawn f ! abs5ce ( ! "n ( ,assyria f all ( ! passages :i* ,budde alleges describe x2 nor d we get ov] all difficulties ( text by ins]t+ i4 #e-aa betwe5 ii4 #d & #e4 ,besides1 h[ does ,budde expla9 i4 #ab;b on ! !ory t x means ,assyria8 ,is ! clause n premature at t po9t8 ,does he propose to elide x1 l ,wellhaus58 ,& 9 any case an errone\s transposition ( ! orig9al is impossible to prove & difficult to acc\nt =4#cbe ,b h n ! o!r !ories ( ! ,book ( ,habakkuk equally great difficulties8 ,surely1 we _c say t ! righte\s & ! wick$ 9 i4 #d mean some?+ diff]5t f :at !y d 9 i4 #ac8 ,b if ?is is impossible ! con/ruction ( ! book support$ by ! great majority ( critics#cbf falls to ! gr\nd4 ,pr(essor ,davidson ju/ly says t x has 8some?+ artificial 9 x0 & 8puts a /ra9 on ! natural s5se40#cbg ,h[ c ! ,*aldeans be describ$ 9 i4 #e z j ab\t to be rais$ up1 & 9 #ad-ag z already = a long "t ! deva/ators ( e>?8 ,ewald's1 ,hitzig's & ,knig's views#cbh are equally beset by ^! difficulties2 ,knig's exposition also 8/ra9s ! natural s5se40 ,ev]y?+1 9 fact1 po9ts to i4 #e-aa be+ out ( its prop] place2 x is no wond] t ,giesebre*t1 ,wellhaus5 & ,budde indep5d5tly arriv$ at ?is conclusion4#cbi ,:e!r ,budde be "r 9 ins]t+ i4 #e-aa aft] ii4 #d1 !re c be little d\bt ( ! correctness ( 8 views t i4 #ab-ag describe a hea!n oppressor :o is n ! ,*aldeans4 ,budde says ?is oppressor is ,assyria4 ,c he be any "o else8 ,f #fjh to #fje ,judah 0 sorely beset by ,egypt1 :o _h ov]run all ,syria up to ! ,euphrates4 ,! ,egyptians kill$ ,josiah1 depos$ 8 successor1 & put _! own vassal "u a v heavy tribute2 gold & silv] 7 exact$ ( ! p ( ! l&3 ! picture ( di/ress 9 i4 #a-d might easily be t ( ,judah 9 ^! ?ree t]rible ye>s4 ,& if we assign$ ! prophecy to !m1 we %\ld c]ta9ly give x a date at :i* ! k ( ! ,*aldeans express$ 9 i4 #e-aa 0 m probable ?an at ,budde's date ( #fae4 ,b !n does ! description 9 *ap1 i4 #ad-ag suit ,egypt s well z x does ,assyria8 ,we c h>dly affirm ?is1 until we "k m ( :at ,egypt did 9 ^? days1 b x is v probable4 ,!re=e1 ! !ory support$ by ! majority ( critics be+ unnatural1 we are1 ) our pres5t meagre k ( ! "t1 flung back ^u ,budde's int]pretation t ! prophet 9 i4 #b--;ii4 #d appeals f oppression by a hea!n p[]1 :i* is n ! ,*aldean1 b ^u :i* ! ,*aldean %all br+ ! j v5geance ( ,god4 ,! tyrant is ei!r ,assyria up to ab\t #fae or ,egypt f #fjh to #fje1 & !re is n a little to be said = ! latt] date4 ,9 arriv+ at s unc]ta9 a conclusion ab\t i4--ii4 #d1 we h b ^! consolations1 t no o!r is possible 9 our pres5t k1 & t ! unc]ta9ty w n hamp] u mu* 9 our appreciation ( ,habakkuk's spiritual attitude & poetic gifts4#ccj #b4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 #e-bj4 ,! dramatic piece i4 #b--;ii4 #d is succe$$ by a s]ies ( f9e taunt-songs1 />t+ aft] an introduction f #f;b1 !n #i1 #aa1 #ae & 7#ah7 #ai1 & ea* op5+ ) ,woe6 ,_! subject is1 if we take ,budde's int]pretation ( ! dramatic piece1 ! ,assyrian & n ! ,*aldean#cca tyrant4 ,! text1 z we %all see :5 we come to x1 is corrupt4 ,"s words are manife/ly wrong1 & ! rhy?m mu/ h suff]$ beyond re/oration4 ,9 all probability ^! f9e lyric ,woes1 or at lea/ z _m ( !m z are au!ntic--= !re is d\bt ab\t "o or two--7 ( equal l5g?4 ,:e!r !y all orig9ally _h ! refra9 n[ atta*$ to two is m d\btful4 ,hitzig suspect$ ! au!nticity ( "s p>ts ( ?is s]ies ( songs4 ,/ade#ccb & ,ku55 h gone fur!r & d5i$ ! g5u95ess ( vv4 #i-bj4 ,b ?is is ) little reason4 ,z ,budde says1 a s]ies ( ,woes 0 to be expect$ "h by a prophet :o foll[s s mu* ! example ( ,isaiah4#ccc ,9 spite ( ,ku55's objection1 vv4 #i-aa w\ld n be /range ( ! ,*aldean1 b !y suit ! ,assyrian bett]4 ,vv4 #ab-ad are d\btful3 #ab recalls ,micah iii4 #aj2 #ac is a repetition ( ,j]4 li4 #eh2 #ad is a v>iant ( ,isa4 xi4 #i4 ,v likely ,j]4 li4 #eh1 a late passage1 is borr[$ f ?is passage2 yet ! addition us$ "h1 ,are n ^! ?+s#ccd f ! ,"l ( ,ho/s8 looks z if x not$ a citation4 ,vv4 #ae-ag are v suitable to ! ,assyrian2 !re is no reason to take !m f ,habakkuk4#cce ,! f9al song1 vv4 #ah & #ai1 has its ,woe at ! beg9n+ ( its second v]se1 & closely resembles ! language ( lat] prophets4#ccf ,moreov] ! refra9 =ms a suitable close at ! end ( v]4 #ag4 ,v]4 #bj is a quotation f ,zephaniah1#ccg p]haps ano!r sign ( ! composite "* ( ! end ( ?is *apt]4 ,"s take x to h be5 ins]t$ z an introduction to ! !ophany 9 *ap4 iii4 ,sm5d has drawn up a def5ce#cch ( ! :ole passage1 ii4 #i-bj1 :i* he deems n only to /& 9 a natural relation to vv4 #d-h1 b to be indisp5sable to !m4 ,t ! passage quotes f o!r prophets1 he holds to be no pro( aga9/ its au!nticity4 ,if we break (f ) v]4 #h1 he ?9ks t we mu/ impute to ,habakkuk ! op9ion t ! wrongs ( ! _w are *iefly av5g$ by human means--a conclusion :i* is n to be expect$ aft] *ap4 i4--ii4 #a ff4 #c4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,! ?ird *apt]1 an ,ode or ,rhapsody1 is ascrib$ to ,habakkuk by its title4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n prove its au!nticity3 ! title is too l ^? assign$ to ! ,psalms 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,second ,temple4#cci ,on ! contr>y1 ! title itself1 ! occurr5ce ( ! musical sign ,selah 9 ! cont5ts1 & ! colophon sugge/ = ! *apt] a liturgical orig9 aft] ! ,exile4#cdj ,t ?is is m probable ?an ! alt]native op9ion1 t1 be+ a g5u9e "w ( ,habakkuk1 ! *apt] 0 aft]w>ds arrang$ z a ,psalm = public wor%ip1 is confirm$ by ! fact t no o!r "w ( ! prophets has be5 treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,nor d ! cont5ts support ! au?or%ip by ,habakkuk4 ,!y reflect no def9ite hi/orical situation l ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,! /yle & temp] are diff]5t4 ,:ile 9 !m ! prophet speaks = himself1 "h x is ! nation or congregation ( ,israel t addresses ,god4 ,! language is n1 z "s h ma9ta9$1 late2#cda b ! designation ( ! p z ,?9e ano9t$1 a t]m :i* be=e ! ,exile 0 appli$ to ! k+1 und\bt$ly po9ts to a po/-exilic date4 ,! figures1 ! !ophany itself1 are n necess>ily ar*aic1 b are m probably m\ld$ on ar*aic models4 ,!re are _m aff9ities ) ,psalms ( a late date4 ,at ! same "t a numb] ( critics#cdb ma9ta9 ! g5u95ess ( ! *apt]1 & !y h "s gr\nds = ?is4 ,habakkuk 01 z we c see f *aps4 i4 & ii41 a real poet4 ,!re 0 no ne$ :y a man ( 8 temp] %\ld be b\nd d[n to reflect+ only 8 own day4 ,if s practical a prophet z ,hosea1 & "o :o has s closely id5tifi$ himself ) 8 times1 0 wont to escape f !m to a retrospect ( ! deal+s ( ,god ) ,israel f ( old1 :y %\ld n ! same be natural = a prophet :o 0 mu* less practical & m lit]>y & arti/ic8 ,!re are also _m phrases 9 ! ,psalm :i* may be int]pret$ z reflect+ ! same situation z *aps4 i41 ii4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 only proves possibility4 ,! ,psalm has be5 adapt$ 9 ,psalm lxxvii4 #ag-bj4 ,,fur!r ,,note ,,on ,,*ap4 ,i4--,,ii4 #d4 ,s9ce ?is *apt] 0 9 pr9t ,n[ack's ,die ,kle95 ,prophet5 9 ! 8,h&komm5t> z4 ,a4 ,t40 has be5 publi%$4 ,he recognises emphatically t ! disput$ passage ab\t ! ,*aldeans1 *ap4 i4 #e-aa1 is out ( place :]e x lies 7?is aga9/ ,ku55 & ! o!r au?orities cit$ above1 p4 #aag71 & admits t x foll[s on1 ) a natural connection1 to *ap4 ii4 #d1 to :i* ,budde proposes to atta* x4 ,nev]!less1 = o!r reasons1 :i* he does n /ate1 he reg>ds ,budde's proposal z unt5able2 & reckons ! disput$ passage to be by ano!r h& ?an ,habakkuk's1 & intrud$ into ! latt]'s argum5t4 ,habakkuk's argum5t he assigns to aft] #fje2 p]haps #eij4 ,! tyrant compla9$ aga9/ w\ld !re=e be ! ,*aldean4--,driv] 9 ! #f? ed4 ( 8 ,introduction 7#ahig7 deems ,budde's argum5t 8too +5i\s10 & holds by ! old] & mo/ num]\sly support$ argum5t 7above1 pp4 #aaf ff474--,on a review ( ! case 9 ! light ( ^! two discussions1 ! pres5t writ] holds to 8 op9ion t ,budde's re>rangem5t1 :i* he has adopt$1 (f]s ! fewe/ difficulties4 ,,footnotes3 #cac ,except "o or two critics :o place x 9 ,manasseh's reign4 ,see bel[4 #cad ,see next note4 #cae ,s ,pusey4 ,delitzs* 9 8 comm5t>y on ,habakkuk1 #ahdc1 pref]r$ ,josiah's reign1 b 9 8 ,o4 ,t4 ,hi/4 ( ,r$emption1 #ahha1 p4 #bbf1 ,manasseh's4 ,volck 79 ,h]zog1 ,real ,encyc41 art4 8,habakkuk10 #ahgi71 assum+ t ,habakkuk is quot$ bo? by ,zephaniah 7see above1 p4 #ci1 n47 & ,j]emiah1 places him be=e ^!4 ,s9k] 7,! ,psalm ( ,habakkuk3 see bel[1 p4 #abg1 n4 #b7 deems 8! prophecy1 tak5 z a :ole10 to br+ 8be=e u ! ?reat ( ! ,*aldean invasion1 ! horrors t foll[ 9 its tra910 etc41 ) a vision ( ! day 8:5 ! ,*aldean ho/ itself1 its "w done1 falls b5ea? a mighti] foe40 ,he fixes ! date ei!r 9 ! conclud+ ye>s ( ,manasseh's reign1 or ! op5+ ye>s ( t ( ,josiah 7,preface1 #a-d74 #caf ,pages #ec1 #di4 ,kirkpatrick 7,smi?'s ,dict4 ( ! ,bible1 art4 8,habakkuk10 #ahic7 puts x n lat] ?an ! six? ye> ( ,jehoiakim4 #cag ,e9l4 9 das ,a4 ,t4 #cah ,beitrge zur ,jesaiakritik1 #ahij1 pp4 #aig f4 #cai ,see ,fur!r ,note on p4 #abh4 #cbj ,/udi5 u4 ,kritik5 = #ahic4 #cba ,cf4 ! op5+ ( #cj 9 ! fir/ edition ( 8 ,e9leitung ) t ( #cd 9 ! ?ird & f\r? editions4 #cbb ,budde's explanation ( ?is is1 t to ! lat] editors ( ! book1 long aft] ! ,babylonian de/ruction ( ,jews1 x 0 incr$ible t ! ,*aldean %\ld be repres5t$ z ! deliv]] ( ,israel1 & s ! acc\nt ( him 0 plac$ :]e1 :ile 8 call to puni% ,israel = h] s9s 0 n emphasis$1 he %\ld be pictur$ z de/9$ to doom2 & s ! prophecy orig9ally ref]r+ to ! ,assyrian 0 read ( him4 8,?is is possible10 says ,davidson1 8if x be true criticism is n )\t its romance40 #cbc ,?is 9 opposition to ,budde's /atem5t t ! description ( ! ,*aldeans 9 i4 #e-aa 8i/ e9e phanta/is*e ,s*ild]ung0 7p4 #chg74 #cbd ,x is1 h[ev]1 a s]i\s "q :e!r x w\ld be possible 9 #fae to describe ! ,*aldeans z a nation t trav]s$ ! bread? ( ! e>? to occupy dwell+-places t 7 n 8 own 7i4 #f74 ,?is suits bett] aft] ! battle ( ,c>*emi%4 #cbe ,see above1 p4 #aba1 n4 #cbb4 #cbf ,see above1 pp4 #aad ff4 #cbg ,pages #di & #ej4 #cbh ,see above1 pp4 #aah f4 #cbi ,wellhaus5 9 #ahgc 7see p4 #ffa72 ,giesebre*t 9 #ahij2 ,budde 9 #ahib1 be=e he _h se5 ! op9ions ( ei!r ( ! o!rs 7see ,/ud4 und ,krit41 #ahic1 p4 #chf1 n4 #b74 #ccj ,cornill quotes a re>rangem5t ( *aps1 i41 ii41 by ,ro?/e91 :o takes i4 #b-d1 #ab a1 #ac1 ii4 #a-c1 #d1 #e a1 i4 #f-aj1 #ad1 #ae a1 ii4 #f b1 #g1 #i1 #aj a b 1 #aa1 #ae1 #af1 #ai1 #ah1 z an oracle aga9/ ,jehoiakim & ! godless 9 ,israel ab\t #fje1 :i* dur+ ! ,exile 0 work$ up into ! pres5t oracle aga9/ ,babylon4 ,cornill e/eems x 8too complicat$40 ,budde 7,expositor1 #ahie1 pp4 #cgb ff47 & ,n[ack hold x unt5able4 #cca ,z ( c\rse 0 univ]sally suppos$ accord+ to ei!r ( ! o!r two int]pretations giv5 above4 #ccb ,z4,a4,t4,w41 #ahhd1 p4 #aed4 #ccc ,cf4 ,isa4 v4 #h ff4 7x4 #a-d71 etc4 #ccd ,s ,,lxx4 #cce ,cf4 ,davidson1 p4 #ef1 & ,budde1 p4 #cia1 :o all[s #i-aa & #ae-ag4 #ccf ,e4g4 ,isa4 xl4 #ah ff41 xliv4 #i ff41 xlvi4 #e ff41 etc4 ,on ?is gr\nd x is condemn$ by ,/ade1 ,ku55 & ,budde4 ,davidson f9ds ?is n a s]i\s difficulty1 =1 he po9ts out1 ,habakkuk anticipates sev]al lat] l9es ( ?\ght4 #ccg ,see above1 p4 #ci1 n4 #cch ,a4 ,t4 ,religionsges*i*te1 p4 #bbi1 n4 #b4 #cci ,cf4 ! ascription by ! ,,lxx4 ( ,psalms cxlvi4-cl4 to ! prophets ,haggai & ,ze*>iah4 #cdj ,cf4 ,ku551 :o conceives x to h be5 tak5 f a po/-exilic collection ( ,psalms4 ,see also ,*eyne1 ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,psalt]3 8exilic or m probably po/-exilic0 7p4 #abe74 8,! mo/ natural position = x is 9 ! ,p]sian p]iod4 ,x 0 d\btless app5d$ to ,habakkuk1 = ! same reason = :i* ,isa4 lxiii4 #g--lxiv4 0 atta*$ to ! great prophecy ( ,re/oration1 viz4 t ! e>li] national tr\bles seem$ to ! ,jewi% ,*ur* to be typical ( its own sore tr\bles aft] ! ,return4444 ,! lovely clos+ v]ses ( ,hab4 iii4 are also 9 a tone cong5ial to ! lat] religion0 7p4 #aef74 ,mu* less c]ta9 is ! ass]tion t ! language is imitative & artificial 7ibid472 :ile ! /atem5t t 9 v]4 #c--;cf4 ) ,deut4 xxxiii4 #b--we h an in/ance ( ! ef=t to avoid ! p]sonal "n ( ! ,deity 7p4 #bhg7 is disprov$ by ! use ( ! latt] 9 v]4 #b & o!r v]ses4 #cda 1 v]4 #ac1 _c be tak5 z a pro( ( lat5ess2 read probably 4 #cdb ,pusey1 ,ewald1 ,knig1 ,s9k] 7,! ,psalm ( ,habakkuk1 ,cambridge1 #ahij71 ,kirkpatrick 7,smi?'s ,bible ,dict41 art4 8,habakkuk071 ,von ,orelli4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,prophet ,,z ,,sceptic ,,habakkuk i4--ii4 #d ,( ! prophet ,habakkuk we "k no?+ t is p]sonal save 8 "n--to our e>s 8 some:at odd "n4 ,x is ! int5sive =m ( a root :i* means to c>ess or embrace4 ,m probably x 0 giv5 to him z a *ild1 ?an aft]w>ds assum$ z a symbol ( 8 cl++ to ,god4#cdc ,tradition says t ,habakkuk 0 a prie/1 ! son ( ,jo%ua1 ( ! tribe ( ,levi1 b ?is is only an inf]5ce f ! late liturgical notes to ! ,psalm :i* has be5 app5d$ to 8 prophecy4#cdd ,all t we "k = c]ta9 is t he 0 a contempor>y ( ,j]emiah1 ) a s5sitiv5ess "u wrong & impulses to "q ,god :i* rem9d u ( ,j]emiah2 b ) a lit]>y p[] :i* is q 8 own4 ,we may emphasise ! latt]1 ev5 ?\gh we recognise ^u 8 writ+ ! influ5ce ( ,isaiah's4 ,habakkuk's orig9ality1 h[ev]1 is deep] ?an /yle4 ,he is ! e>lie/ :o is kn[n to u ( a new s*ool ( religion 9 ,israel4 ,he is call$ prophet1 b at fir/ he does n adopt ! attitude :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! prophets4 ,8 face is set 9 an opposite direction to !irs4 ,!y address ! nation ,israel1 on behalf ( ,god3 he r speaks to ,god on behalf ( ,israel4 ,_! task 0 ,israel's s91 ! proclamation ( ,god's doom & ! (f] ( ,8 grace to _! p5it5ce4 ,habakkuk's task is ,god ,himself1 ! ef=t to f9d out :at ,he means by p]mitt+ tyranny & wrong4 ,!y attack ! s9s1 he is ! fir/ to /ate ! problems1 ( life4 ,to him ! prophetic revelation1 ! ,torah1 is complete3 x has be5 codifi$ 9 ,deut]onomy & en=c$ by ,josiah4 ,habakkuk's bus9ess is n to add to x b to ask :y x does n "w4 ,:y does ,god suff] wrong to triumph1 s t ! ,torah is p>alys$1 & ,mi%pat1 ! prophetic ju/ice or judgm5t1 comes to n\ght8 ,! prophets travail$ = ,israel's "*--to get ! p to love ju/ice till ju/ice prevail$ among !m3 ,habakkuk feels ju/ice _c prevail 9 ,israel1 because ( ! great disord] :i* ,god p]mits to fill ! _w4 ,x is true t he arrives at a prophetic attitude1 & be=e ! end au?oritatively decl>es ,god's w2 b he beg9s by se>*+ = ! latt]1 ) an appreciation ( ! great obscurity ca/ ov] x by ! facts ( life4 ,he compla9s to ,god1 asks que/ions & expo/ulates4 ,?is is ! beg9n+ ( speculation 9 ,israel4 ,x does n g f>3 x is satisfi$ ) /at+ que/ions to ,god2 x does n1 directly at lea/1 /ate que/ions aga9/ ,him4 ,b ,habakkuk at lea/ feels t revelation is baffl$ by exp]i5ce1 t ! facts ( life bewild] a man :o believes 9 ! ,god :om ! prophets h decl>$ to ,israel4 ,z 9 ,zephaniah prophecy beg9s to exhibit traces ( apocalypse1 s 9 ,habakkuk we f9d x develop+ ! fir/ impulses ( speculation4 ,we h se5 t ! c\rse ( ev5ts :i* tr\bles ,habakkuk & r5d]s ! ,torah ineffectual is some:at obscure4 ,on "o int]pretation ( ^! two *apt]s1 t :i* takes ! pres5t ord] ( _! v]ses z ! orig9al1 ,habakkuk asks :y ,god is sil5t 9 face ( ! inju/ice :i* fills ! :ole horizon 7*ap4 i4 #a-d71 is told to look r\nd among ! hea!n & see h[ ,god is rais+ up ! ,*aldeans 7i4 #e-aa71 presumably to puni% ?is inju/ice 7if x be ,israel's own7 or to ov]?r[ x 7if vv4 #a-d mean t x is inflict$ on ,israel by a =eign p[]74 ,b ! ,*aldeans only aggravate ! prophet's problem2 !y !mselves are a wick$ & oppressive p3 h[ c ,god suff] !m8 7i4 #ab-ag74 ,!n come ! prophet's wait+ = an answ] 7ii4 #a7 & ! answ] itself 7ii4 #b ff474 ,ano!r int]pretation takes ! passage ab\t ! ,*aldeans 7i4 #e-aa7 to be out ( place :]e x n[ lies1 removes x to aft] *ap4 ii4 #d z a "p ( ,god's answ] to ! prophet's problem1 & leaves ! rema9d] ( *ap4 i4 z ! description ( ! ,assyrian oppression ( ,israel1 baffl+ ! ,torah & p]plex+ ! prophet's fai? 9 a ,holy & ,j ,god4#cde ,( ^! two views ! =m] is1 we h se51 some:at artificial1 & ?\gh ! latt] is by no means prov$1 ! argum5ts = x are suffici5t to ju/ify u 9 re-arrang+ ! v]ses *ap4 i4--ii4 #d 9 accordance ) its proposals4 ,! ,oracle :i* ,habakkuk ! ,prophet ,receiv$ by ,vision4#cdf ,h[ long1 ,o ,jehovah1 h ,i call$ & ,?\ he>e/ n8 ,i cry to ,!e1 ,wrong6 & ,?\ s5de/ no help4 ,:y make me look ^u sorr[1 ,& fill m9e eyes ) tr\ble8 ,viol5ce & wrong are be=e me1 ,/rife comes & qu>rel arises4#cdg ,s ! ,law is b5umb$1 & judgm5t nev] gets =?3#cdh ,= ! wick$ beleagu]s ! righte\s1 ,s judgm5t comes =? p]v]t$4#cdi 99 99 99 99 99 ,art n ,?\ ( old1 ,jehovah1 my ,god1 my ,holy ,"o8444#cej ,pur] ( eyes ?an to behold evil1 ,& t can/ n gaze ^u tr\ble6 ,:y gaze/ ,?\ ^u traitors1#cea ,art dumb :5 ! wick$ swall[s him t is m righte\s ?an he8#ceb ,?\ ha/ let m5 be made#cec l fi% ( ! sea1 ,l worms t h no rul]6#ced ,he lifts ! :ole ( x ) 8 angle2 ,draws x 9 ) 8 net1 sweeps x 9 8 drag-net3 ,s rejoices & exults4 ,s he sacrifices to 8 net1 & (f]s inc5se to 8 drag-net2 ,= by !m is 8 portion fat1 & 8 food ri*4 ,%all he = ev] draw 8 sword1#cee ,& ceaselessly1 ru?lessly massacre nations8#cef ,^u my wat*-t[] ,i w /&1 ,& take my po/ on ! ramp>t4#ceg ,i w wat* to see :at ,he w say to me1 ,& :at answ] ,i#ceh get back to my plea4 ,& ,jehovah answ]$ me & said3 ,write ! vision1 & make x pla9 ^u tablets1 ,t he may run :o reads x4 ,=#cei ! vision is = a "t yet to be fix$1 ,yet x hurries#cfj to ! end1 & %all n fail3 ,?\gh x l+]1 wait ?\ = x2 ,com+ x %all come1 & %all n be beh9d4#cfa ,lo6 swoll51#cfb n level is 8#cfc s\l )9 him2 ,b ! righte\s %all live by 8 fai?fulness4#cfd 99 99 99 99 99 ,look#cfe r\nd among ! hea!n1 & look well1 ,%udd] & be %ock$2#cff ,= ,i am#cfg ab\t to d a "w 9 y\r days1 ,ye %all n believe x :5 told4 ,=1 lo1 ,i am ab\t to raise up ! ,kasdim1#cfh ,a p ! mo/ bitt] & ! mo/ ha/y1 ,t trav]se ! bread?s ( ! e>?1 ,to possess dwell+-places n _! own4 ,awful & t]rible are !y2 ,f !mselves#cfi />t _! purpose & ris+4 ,fleet] ?an leop>ds _! /e$s1 ,swift] ?an night-wolves4 ,_! horsem5 leap#cgj f af>2 ,!y swoop l ! eagle a-ha/e to dev\r4 ,all = wrong d !y#cga come2 ,! set ( _! faces is =w>d1#cgb ,& !y sweep up captives l s&4 ,!y--at k+s d !y sc(f1 ,& pr9ces are sport to !m4 ,!y--!y laugh at ea* =tress1 ,heap du/ up & take x6 ,!n ! w9d %ifts1#cgc & !y pass6 ,b doom$ are ^? ^: own /r5g? is _! god6#cgd ,! difficulty ( decid+ betwe5 ! v>i\s arrangem5ts ( ! two *apt]s ( ,habakkuk does n1 =tunately1 prev5t u f appreciat+ 8 argum5t4 ,:at he feels ?r\gh\t 7?is is obvi\s1 h[ev] y arrange 8 v]ses7 is ! tyranny ( a great hea!n p[]1#cge be x ,assyrian1 ,egyptian or ,*aldean4 ,! prophet's horizon is fill$ ) wrong3#cgf ,israel ?r[n into disord]1 revelation p>alys$1 ju/ice p]v]t$4#cgg ,b1 l ,nahum1 ,habakkuk feels n = ,israel alone4 ,! ,tyrant has outrag$ humanity4#cgh ,he sweeps peoples into 8 net1 & z soon z he empties ?is1 he fills x aga9 ceaselessly1 z if !re 7 no j ,god above4 ,he exults 9 8 va/ cruelty1 & has success s unbrok5 t he wor%ips ! v means ( x4 ,9 itself su* impiety is gross en\gh1 b to a he>t t believes 9 ,god x is a problem ( exquisite pa94 ,habakkuk's is ! burd5 ( ! f9e/ fai?4 ,he illu/rates ! great commonplace ( religi\s d\bt1 t problems arise & become rigor\s 9 proportion to ! purity & t5d]ness ( a man's conception ( ,god4 ,x is n ! co>se/ b ! f9e/ temp]am5ts :i* are expos$ to scepticism4 ,e advance 9 assurance ( ,god or 9 appreciation ( ,8 "* develops new p]plexities 9 face ( ! facts ( exp]i5ce1 & fai? becomes h] own mo/ cruel tr\bl]4 ,habakkuk's que/ions are n due to any cool+ ( ! religi\s temp] 9 ,israel1 b are begott5 ( ! v heat & ard\r ( prophecy 9 its enc\nt] ) exp]i5ce4 ,8 tremul\sness1 = in/ance1 is impossible )\t ! high k ( ,god's purity & fai?fulness1 :i* old] prophets _h a*iev$ 9 ,israel3-- ,art n ,?\ ( old1 ,o ,,"l1 my ,god1 my ,holy ,"o1 ,pur] ( eyes ?an to behold evil1 ,& incapable ( look+ ^u wrong8 ,8 despair is t :i* comes only f eag] & p]sev]+ habits ( pray]3-- ,h[ long1 ,o ,,"l1 h ,i call$ & ,?\ he>e/ n6 ,i cry to ,!e ( wrong & ,?\ give/ no help6 ,8 que/ions1 too1 are bold ) t s5se ( ,god's absolute p[]1 :i* fla%$ s bright 9 ,israel z to bl9d m5's eyes to all second>y & int]m$iate causes4 ,?\1 he says1-- ,?\ ha/ made m5 l fi%es ( ! sea1 ,l worms t h no rul]1 boldly *>g+ ! ,almighty1 9 almo/ ! temp] ( ,job himself1 ) be+ ! cause ( ! cruelty inflict$ by ! un*eck$ tyrant ^u ! nations2 = %all evil happ51 & ,jehovah n h done x8#cgi ,?us all ?r\gh we p]ceive t ,habakkuk's tr\ble spr+s f ! c5tral f\nts ( prophecy4 ,?is scepticism--if we may v5ture to give ! "n to ! fir/ motions 9 ,israel's m9d ( t temp] :i* und\bt$ly became scepticism--?is scepticism 0 ! inevitable h]itage ( prophecy3 ! /ress & pa9 to :i* prophecy 0 =c$ by its own /rong convictions 9 face ( ! facts ( exp]i5ce4 ,habakkuk1 ! prophet1 z he is call$1 /ood 9 ! direct l9e ( 8 ord]1 b j because ( t he 0 ! fa!r also ( ,israel's religi\s d\bt4 ,b a discont5t spr++ f s\rces s pure 0 surely ! prep>ation ( its own heal+4 ,9 a v]se ( exquisite beauty ! prophet describes ! temp] 9 :i* he tru/$ = an answ] to all 8 d\bts3-- ,on my wat*-t[] w ,i /&1 ,& take up my po/ on ! ramp>t2 ,i w wat* to see :at ,he says to me1 ,& :at answ] ,i get back to my plea4 ,?is v]se is n to be pass$ ov]1 z if its metaphors 7 m]ely ( lit]>y effect4 ,!y express r ! moral temp] 9 :i* ! prophet c>ries 8 d\bt1 or1 to use ,new ,te/am5t language1 ! good consci5ce1 :i* "s hav+ put away1 conc]n+ fai? h made %ipwreck4 ,nor is ?is temp] pati5ce only & a c]ta9 elevation ( m9d1 nor only a fix$ att5tion & s9c]e will+ness to be answ]$4 ,?r\gh ! *os5 words !re brea!s a noble s5se ( responsibility4 ,! prophet feels he has a po/ to hold1 a ramp>t to gu>d4 ,he kn[s ! h]itage ( tru?1 won by ! great m9ds ( ! pa/2 & 9 a _w see?+ ) disord]1 he w take 8 /& ^u t & see :at m 8 ,god w s5d him4 ,at ! v lea/1 he w n indol5tly drift1 b feel t he has a /&po9t1 h[ev] n>r[1 & bravely hold x4 ,su* has ev] be5 ! attitude ( ! greate/ sceptics--n only1 let u repeat1 e>ne/ness & s9c]ity1 b ! recognition ( duty t[>ds ! tru?3 ! conviction t ev5 ! mo/ toss$ & tr\bl$ m9ds h some:]e a appo9t$ ( ,god1 & ^u x int]e/s human & div9e to def5d4 ,)\t su* a consci5ce1 scepticism1 h[ev] intellectually gift$1 w avail no?+4 ,m5 :o drift nev] discov]1 nev] grasp aught4 ,!y are only dazzl$ by %ift+ gleams ( ! tru?1 only frett$ & brok5 by exp]i5ce4 ,tak+ !n 8 /& )9 ! pati5t temp]1 b especially ^u ! consci5ce ( 8 great ord]1 ! prophet waits = 8 answ] & ! heal+ ( 8 tr\ble4 ,! answ] comes to him 9 ! promise ( a ,vision1 :i*1 ?\gh x seem to l+]1 w n be lat] ?an ! "t fix$ by ,god4 ,a ,vision is some?+ realis$1 exp]i5c$--some?+ t w be z actual & pres5t to ! wait+ prophet z ! cruelty :i* n[ fills 8 sight4 ,obvi\sly "s s]ies ( hi/orical ev5ts is meant1 by :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ! unju/ oppressor ( ! nations %all be ov]?r[n & ! righte\s v9dicat$4 ,^u ! re-arrangem5t ( ! text propos$ by ,budde1#chj ?is s]ies ( ev5ts is ! rise ( ! ,*aldeans1 & x is an argum5t 9 fav\r ( 8 proposal t ! promise ( a ,vision requires "s su* hi/orical picture to foll[ x z we f9d 9 ! description ( ! ,*aldeans--*ap4 i4 #e-aa4 ,?is1 too1 is explicitly introduc$ by t]ms ( vision3 ,see among ! nations & look r\nd4444 ,yea1 behold ,i am ab\t to raise up ! ,kasdim4 ,b be=e ?is ,vision is giv51#cha & = ! unc]ta9 int]val ( wait+ ere ! facts come to pass1 ! ,"l en=ces ^u ,8 wat*+ s]vant ! great moral pr9ciple t arrogance & tyranny _c1 f ! nature ( !m1 la/1 & t if ! righte\s be only pati5t he w survive !m3-- ,lo1 swoll51 n level1 is 8 s\l )9 him2 ,b ! righte\s %all live by 8 fai?fulness4 ,we h already se5#chb t ! text ( ! fir/ l9e ( ?is c\plet is unc]ta94 ,yet ! mean+ is obvi\s1 p>tly 9 ! words !mselves1 & p>tly by _! impli$ contra/ ) ! second l9e4 ,! s\l ( ! wick$ is a radically morbid ?+3 inflat$1 swoll5 7unless we %\ld read p]v]t$1 :i* m pla9ly means ! same ?+#chc71 n level1 n natural & normal4 ,9 ! nature ( ?+s x _c endure4 ,b ! righte\s %all live by 8 fai?fulness4 ,?is ^w1 wrongly translat$ fai? by ! ,greek & o!r v]sions1 is conc5trat$ by ,paul 9 8 repeat$ quotation f ! ,greek#chd ^u t s+le act ( fai? by :i* ! s9n] secures =giv5ess & ju/ification4 ,) ,habakkuk x is a wid] t]m4 ',emunah1#che f a v]b mean+ orig9ally to be firm1 is us$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! physical s5se ( /eadfa/ness4 ,s x is appli$ to ! arms ( ,moses held up by ,a>on & ,hur ov] ! battle ) ,amalek3 !y 7 /ead9ess till ! go+ d[n ( ! sun4#chf ,x is also us$ ( ! fai?ful dis*>ge ( public (fice1#chg & ( fidelity z betwe5 man & wife4#chh ,x is also fai?ful te/imony1#chi equity 9 judgm5t1#cij tru? 9 spee*1#cia & s9c]ity or hone/ deal+4#cib ,( c\rse x has fai? 9 ,god z its secret--! v]b f :i* x is d]iv$ is ! regul> ,hebrew t]m to believe--b x is r ! temp] :i* fai? produces ( endurance1 /eadfa/ness1 integrity4 ,let ! righte\s1 h[ev] baffl$ 8 fai? be by exp]i5ce1 hold on 9 loyalty to ,god & duty1 & he %all live4 ,?\gh ,/4 ,paul1 z we h said1 us$ ! ,greek r5d]+ ( fai? = ! en=cem5t ( tru/ 9 ,god's m]cy ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/ z ! secret ( =giv5ess & life1 x is r to ,habakkuk's wid] int5tion ( pati5ce & fidelity t ! au?or ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews returns 9 8 full] quotation ( ! v]se3 ,= yet a little :ile & ,he t %all come w come & w n t>ry2 n[ ! j %all live by fai?1 b if he draw back ,my s\l %all h no pleasure 9 him4#cic ,su* !n is ! t5or ( ! passage4 ,9 face ( exp]i5ce t baffles fai?1 ! duty ( ,israel is pati5ce 9 loyalty to ,god4 ,9 ?is ! nasc5t scepticism ( ,israel receiv$ its fir/ great comm&m5t1 & ?is x nev] =sook4 ,intellectual que/ions arose1 ( :i* ,habakkuk's 7 b ! fa9te/ =ebod+--que/ions conc]n+ n only ! mission & de/9y ( ! nation1 b ! v f\ndation ( ju/ice & ! "* ( ,god ,himself4 ,yet did no sceptic1 h[ev] bold & h[ev] provok$1 =sake 8 fai?fulness4 ,ev5 ,job1 :5 mo/ audaci\sly arraign+ ! ,god ( 8 exp]i5ce1 turn$ f ,him to ,god z 9 8 he>t ( he>ts he believ$ ,he mu/ be1 exp]i5ce not)/&+4 ,ev5 ! ,prea*]1 amid ! aimless flux & drift :i* he f9ds 9 ! univ]se1 holds to ! conclusion ( ! :ole matt] 9 a comm&1 :i* bett] ?an any o!r def9es ! cont5ts ( ! fai?fulness en=c$ by ,habakkuk3 ,fe> ,god & keep ,8 comm&m5ts1 = ?is is ! :ole ( man4 ,x has be5 ! same ) ! great mass ( ! race4 ,repeat$ly disappo9t$ ( _! hopes1 & cru%$ = ages b5ea? an intol]able tyranny1 h !y n exhibit$ ! same h]oic temp] ) :i* _! fir/ great que/ion] 0 end[$8 ,endurance--?is above all o!rs has be5 ! quality ( ,israel3 ?\gh ,he slay me1 yet w ,i tru/ ,him4 ,&1 !re=e1 z ,paul's adaptation1 ,! j %all live by fai?1 has become ! motto ( evangelical ,*ri/ianity1 s we may say t ,habakkuk's orig9al ( x has be5 ! motto & ! fame ( ,judaism3 ,! righte\s %all live by 8 fai?fulness4 ,,footnotes3 #cdc 7! ,greek 1 ,,lxx4 v]sion ( ! title ( ?is book1 & aga9 ! inscription to ,bel & ! ,dragon1 sugge/s ! po9t+ 2 ,epiph41 ,de ,vitis ,proph4--see next note--spells x 71 f 1 to embrace4 ,j]ome3 8,he is call$ #8embrace' ei!r because ( 8 love to ! ,"l1 or because he wre/les ) ,god40 ,lu!r3 8,habakkuk means "o :o com=ts & holds up 8 p z "o embraces a weep+ p]son40 #cdd ,see above1 pp4 #abf ff4 ,! title to ! ,greek v]sion ( ,bel & ! ,dragon be>s t ! latt] 0 tak5 f ! prophecy ( ,hambak\m1 son ( ,jesus1 ( ! tribe ( ,levi4 ,fur!r details are (f]$ 9 ! ,de ,vitis ,prophet>um ( 7,pseud-7 ,epiphanius1 ,epiph4 ,op]a1 ed4 ,p>is1 #afbb1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #adg1 accord+ to :i* ,habakkuk belong$ to 1 :i* is probably ( #a ,macc4 vi4 #cb1 ! mod]n ,beit-,zak>yeh1 a little to ! nor? ( ,hebron1 & plac$ by ?is notice1 z ,nahum's ,elko% is plac$1 9 ! tribe ( ,simeon4 ,8 grave 0 %[n 9 ! neighb\r+ ,keilah4 ,! notice fur!r alleges t :5 ,nebu*adrezz> came up to ,j]usalem ,habakkuk fl$ to ,o/rac9e1 :]e he travell$ 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,i%maelites2 b he return$ aft] ! fall ( ,j]usalem1 & di$ 9 #ech1 two ye>s be=e ! return ( ! exiles4 ,bel & ! ,dragon tells an extraord9>y /ory ( 8 miracul\s c>riage ( food to ,daniel 9 ! lions' d5 soon aft] ,cyrus _h tak5 ,babylon4 #cde ,see above1 pp4 #aai ff4 #cdf ,heb4 saw4 #cdg ,text unc]ta94 ,p]haps we %\ld read1 ,:y make me look ^u sorr[ & tr\ble8 :y fill m9e eyes ) viol5ce & wrong8 ,/rife is come be=e me1 & qu>rel arises4 #cdh ,nev] gets away1 to use a colloquial expression4 #cdi ,"h vv4 #e-aa come 9 ! orig9al4 #cej ,v]4 #ab;b3 ,we %all n die 7_m ,jewi% au?orities read ,?\ %alt n die74 ,o ,jehovah1 = judgm5t ha/ ,?\ set him1 &1 ,o my ,rock1 = puni%m5t ha/ ,?\ appo9t$ him4 #cea ,wellhaus53 on ! robb]y ( robb]s4 #ceb ,,lxx4 dev\re? ! righte\s4 #cec ,lit]ally ,?\ ha/ made m54 #ced ,wellhaus53 cf4 ,j]4 xviii4 #a1 xix4 #a4 #cee ,s ,giesebre*t 7see above1 p4 #aai1 n4 #cah71 read+ = 1 %all he !re=e empty 8 net8 #cef ,wellhaus51 read+ = 3 %\ld he !re=e be empty+ 8 net cont9ually1 & slaught]+ ! nations )\t pity8 #ceg 4 ,b ,wellhaus5 takes x z f & w>d or wat*-t[]4 ,s ,n[ack4 #ceh ,s ,heb4 & ,,lxx42 b ,syr4 he3 s ,wellhaus51 :at answ] ,he returns to my plea4 #cei ,br$5kamp 7,/ud4 u4 ,krit41 #ahhi1 pp4 #afa ff47 sugge/s t ! writ+ on ! tablets beg9s "h & goes on to v]4 #e;a4 ,budde 7,z4,a4,t4,w41 #ahhi1 pp4 #aee f47 takes ! :i* op5s x z simply equival5t to ! ,greek 1 introduc+1 l our m>ks ( quotation1 ! writ+ itself4 #cfj 3 cf4 ,psalm xxvii4 #ab4 ,br$5kamp em5ds to 4 #cfa ,n be late1 or pa/ its fix$ "t4 #cfb ,s lit]ally ! ,heb4 1 i4e4 arrogant1 false3 cf4 ! colloquial expression swoll5-head conceit1 z oppos$ to level-head$4 ,br$5kamp1 ,/ud4 u4 ,krit41 #ahhi1 #aba1 reads = 4 ,wellhaus5 sugge/s 1 ,lo1 ! s9n]1 9 contra/ to ( next clause4 ,n[ack pref]s ?is4 #cfc ,,lxx4 wrongly my4 #cfd ,,lxx4 1 fai?1 & s 9 ,n4 ,t4 #cfe ,*ap4 i4 #e-aa4 #cff ,s to br+ out ! assonance1 read+ 4 #cfg ,s ,,lxx4 #cfh ,or ,*aldeans2 on ! "n & p see above1 p4 #ai4 #cfi ,heb4 s+ul>4 #cgj ,omit 7evid5tly a dittography7 & ! lame :i* is omitt$ by ,,lxx4 & 0 probably ins]t$ to af=d a v]b = ! second 4 #cga ,heb4 s+41 & s 9 all ! clauses "h except ! next4 #cgb ,a problematical r5d]+4 is f\nd only "h1 & probably means direction4 ,hitzig translates desire1 ef=t1 /riv+4 1 t[>ds ! front or =w>d2 b else:]e x means only ea/w>d3 1 ! ea/ w9d4 ,cf4 ,judg4 v4 #ba1 1 a riv] ( spates or ru%es is ! riv] ,ki%on 7,hi/4 ,geog41 p4 #cie74 ,p]haps we %\ld *ange to a s+ul> suffix1 z 9 ! clauses be=e & aft]1 & ?is w\ld leave to =m ) a p>ticiple f 7cf4 ,amos ix4 #aj74 #cgc ,or _! _s *anges1 or !y *ange l ! w9d 7,wellhaus5 sugge/s 74 ,grtz reads & 1 he r5ews 8 /r5g?4 #cgd ,von ,orelli4 ,= ,wellhaus5 proposes 1 & sets4 #cge ,! wick$ ( *ap4 i4 #d mu/1 z we h se51 be ! same z ! wick$ ( *ap4 i4 #ac--;a hea!n oppressor ( ! righte\s1 i4e4 ! p ( ,god4 #cgf i4 #c4 #cgg i4 #d4 #cgh i4 #ac-ag4 #cgi ,amos iii4 #f4 ,see ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #ij4 #chj ,see above1 pp4 #aai ff4 #cha ,its prop] place 9 ,budde's re-arrangem5t is aft] *ap4 ii4 #d4 #chb ,above1 p4 #acd1 n4 #cfb4 #chc in/ead ( 4 #chd ,rom4 i4 #ag2 ,gal4 iii4 #aa4 #che 4 #chf ,exod4 xvii4 #ab4 #chg #b ,*ron4 xix4 #i4 #chh ,hosea ii4 #bb 7,heb474 #chi ,prov4 xiv4 #e4 #cij ,isa4 xi4 #e4 #cia ,prov4 xii4 #ag3 cf4 ,j]4 ix4 #b4 #cib ,prov4 xii4 #bb1 xxviii4 #cj4 #cic ,heb4 x4 #cg1 #ch4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,tyranny ,,is ,,suicide ,,habakkuk ii4 #e-bj ,9 ! /yle ( 8 ma/] ,isaiah1 ,habakkuk foll[s up 8 ,vision ) a s]ies ( lyrics on ! same subject3 *ap4 ii4 #e-bj4 ,!y are taunt-songs1 ! mo/ ( !m beg9n+ ) ,woe unto1 address$ to ! hea!n oppressor4 ,p]haps !y 7 all at fir/ ( equal l5g?1 & x has be5 sugge/$ t ! /rik+ refra9 9 :i* two ( !m close-- ,= m5's blood1 & e>?'s wa/e1 ,cities & _! inhabitants-- 0 once atta*$ to ea* ( ! o!rs z well4 ,b ! text has be5 too mu* alt]$1 besides suff]+ sev]al int]polations1#cid to p]mit ( its re/oration1 & we c only reproduce ^! taunts z !y n[ run 9 ! ,hebrew text4 ,!re are sev]al quotations 7n necess>ily an argum5t aga9/ ,habakkuk's au?or%ip72 b1 z a :ole1 ! expression is orig9al1 & !re are "s l9es ( especial =ce & fre%ness4 ,v]ses #e-f;a are prop]ly an introduction1 ! fir/ ,woe comm5c+ ) #f;b4 ,! belief :i* inspires ^! songs is v simple4 ,tyranny is intol]able4 ,9 ! nature ( ?+s x _c endure1 b works out its own p5alties4 ,by oppress+ s _m nations1 ! tyrant is prep>+ ! in/rum5ts ( 8 own de/ruction4 ,z he treats !m1 s 9 "t %all !y treat him4 ,he is l a debtor :o increases ! numb] ( 8 cr$itors4 ,"s day !y %all rise up & exact f him ! la/ p5ny4 ,s t 9 cutt+ (f o!rs he is b =feit+ 8 own life4 ,! v viol5ce done to nature1 ! de=e/+ ( ,lebanon = in/ance1 & ! va/ hunt+ ( wild bea/s1 %all recoil on him4 ,?is l9e ( ?\ght is exce$+ly int]e/+4 ,we h already se5 9 prophecy1 & especially 9 ,isaiah1 ! beg9n+s ( ,hebrew ,wisdom--! attempt to uncov] ! moral processes ( life & express a philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,b h>dly any:]e h we f\nd s complete an abs5ce ( all ref]5ce to ! direct int]f]5ce ( ,god ,himself 9 ! puni%m5t ( ! tyrant2 = ! cup ( ,jehovah's "r h& 9 v]4 #af is simply ! survival ( an anci5t metaphor4 ,^! prov]bs or taunt-songs1 9 con=mity ) ! prov]bs ( ! lat] ,wisdom1 dwell only ^u ! inh]5t t5d5cy to decay ( all inju/ice4 ,tyranny1 !y ass]t1 & hi/ory ev] s9ce has affirm$ _! tru?fulness--tyranny is suicide4 ,! la/ ( ! taunt-songs1 :i* treats ( ! diff]5t subject ( idolatry1 is probably1 z we h se51 n f ,habakkuk's h&1 b ( a lat] date4#cie ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,taunt-,,songs 7ii4 #e-f;a74 ,= 444#cif trea*]\s1 ,an arrogant fell[1 & is n 444#cig ,:o op5s 8 desire wide z ,%eol2 ,he is l dea?1 unsatisfi$2 ,& ha? swept to himself all ! nations1 ,& ga!r$ to him all peoples4 ,%all n ^!1 all ( !m1 take up a prov]b ^u him1 ,& a taunt-song aga9/ him8 & say3-- ,,fir/ ,,taunt-,,song 7ii4 #f;b-#h74 ,woe unto him :o multiplies :at is n 8 own1 --,h[ long8-- ,& loads him ) debts6#cih ,%all n ?y cr$itors#cii rise up1 ,& ?y tr\bl]s awake1 ,& ?\ be = spoil#djj to !m8 ,because ?\ ha/ spoil$ _m nations1 ,all ! re/ ( ! peoples %all spoil !e4 ,= m5's blood1 & e>?'s wa/e1 ,cities & all _! inhabitants4#dja ,,second ,,taunt-,,song 7ii4 #i-aa74 ,woe unto him t ga9s evil ga9 = 8 h\se1#djb ,to set high 8 ne/1 to save him f ! grasp ( calamity6 ,?\ ha/ plann$ %ame = ?y h\se2 ,?\ ha/ cut (f#djc _m p1 ,:ile =feit+ ?9e own life4#djd ,= ! /one %all cry out f ! wall1 ,& ! la?#dje f ! timb] answ] x4 ,,?ird ,,taunt-,,song 7ii4 #ab-ad74 ,woe unto him t builds a city 9 blood1#djf ,& /abli%es a t[n 9 iniquity6#djg ,lo1 is x n f ,jehovah ( ho/s1 ,t ! nations %all toil = smoke1#djh ,& ! peoples we> !mselves out = n\ght8 ,b e>? %all be fill$ ) ! k ( ! glory ( ,jehovah1#dji ,l ! wat]s t cov] ! sea4 ,,f\r? ,,taunt-,,song 7ii4 #ae-ag74 ,woe unto him t gives 8 neighb\r to dr9k1 ,f ! cup ( 8 wra?#daj till he be drunk51 ,t he may gloat on 8#daa nak$ness6 ,?\ art sat$ ) %ame--n ) glory2 ,dr9k also ?\1 & /agg]4#dab ,comes r\nd to !e ! cup ( ,jehovah's "r h&1 ,& f\l %ame#dac on ?y glory4 ,= ! viol5ce to ,lebnon %all cov] !e1 ,! de/ruction ( ! bea/s %all affray !e4#dad ,= m5's blood1 & e>?'s wa/e1 ,cities & all _! inhabitants4#dae ,,fif? ,,taunt-,,song 7ii4 #ah-bj74 ,:at boots an image1 :5 its arti/ has grav5 x1 ,a ca/-image & lie-oracle1 t its m\ld] has tru/$ ^u x1 ,mak+ dumb idols8 ,woe to him t sai? to a block1 ,awake6 ,to a dumb /one1 ,arise6 ,c x tea*8 ,lo1 x 444#daf ) gold & silv]2 ,!re is no brea? at all 9 ! he>t ( x4 ,b ,jehovah is 9 ,8 ,holy ,temple3 ,sil5ce be=e ,him1 all ! e>?6 ,,footnotes3 #cid ,see above1 pp4 #abe f4 #cie ,see above1 pp4 #abe f4 ,n[ack 7#ahig7 agrees t ,cornill's & o!rs' conclusion t vv4 #i-bj are n ,habakkuk's is too sweep+4 ,he takes ! fir/1 second & f\r? ( ! taunt-songs z au!ntic1 b assigns ! ?ird 7vv4 #ab-ad7 & ! fif? 7#ah-bj7 to ano!r h&4 ,he deems ! refra91 #h;b & #ag;b1 to be a gloss1 & puts #ai be=e #ah4 ,driv]1 ,introd41 #f? ed41 holds to ! au!nticity ( all ! v]ses4 #cif ,! text reads1 ,= also w9e is trea*]\s1 "u :i* we might be tempt$ to suspect "s su* orig9al z1 ,z w9e is trea*]\s1 s 7next l9e7 ! pr\d fell[1 etc4 7or1 z ,davidson sugge/s1 ,l w9e is ! trea*]\s deal]71 7 x n t ! ^w w9e appe>s nei!r 9 ! ,greek nor 9 ! ,syrian v]sion4 ,wellhaus5 sugge/s t 1 w9e1 is a corruption ( 1 ) :i* ! v]se1 l vv4 #f;b1 #i1 #ab1 #ae1 #ai1 may h orig9ally begun1 b accord+ to #f;a ! taunt-songs1 op5+ ) 1 />t fir/ 9 #f;b4 ,br$5kamp proposes 4 #cig ,! text is 1 a v]b n else:]e f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & conjectur$ by our translators to mean keepe? at home1 because ! n\n alli$ to x means home/ead or re/+-place4 ,! ,syriac gives is n satisfi$1 & ,wellhaus5 proposes to read ) t s5se4 ,see ,davidson's note on ! v]se4 #cih ,a4,v4 ?ick clay1 :i* is rea*$ by break+ up ! ^w 1 pl$ge or debt1 into 1 ?ick cl\d1 & 1 clay4 #cii ,lit]ally ?y bit]s1 1 b 1 bit+1 is int]e/ or usury1 & ! ,hiphil ( is to exact int]e/4 #djj ,,lxx4 s+41 ,heb4 pl4 #dja ,^! words occur aga9 9 v]4 #ag4 ,wellhaus5 ?9ks !y suit nei!r "h nor !re4 ,b !y suit all ! taunt-songs1 & "s suppose t !y =m$ ! refra9 to ea* ( ^!4 #djb ,dyna/y or p8 #djc ,s ,,lxx42 ,heb4 cutt+ (f4 #djd ,! grammatical con/ruction is obscure1 if ! text be correct4 ,!re is no mi/ak+ ! mean+4 #dje;,heb4 1 n else:]e f\nd 9 ! ,o4,t41 is 9 ,rabb9ic ,hebrew bo? cross-beam & la?4 #djf ,micah iii4 #aj4 #djg ,j]4 xxii4 #ac4 #djh ,lit]ally fire4 #dji ,j]4 li4 #eh3 :i* orig9al8 #daj ,aft] ,wellhaus5's sugge/ion to read in/ead ( ! text 1 add+1 or mix+1 ?y wra?4 #daa ,s ,,lxx4 ,q42 ,heb4 _!4 #dab ,read 7cf4 ,nahum ii4 #d2 ,ze*4 xii4 #b74 ,! text is 1 n f\nd else:]e1 :i* has be5 conjectur$ to mean uncov] ! =esk94 ,& !re is "s gr\nd = ?is1 z p>allel to 8 nak$ness 9 ! previ\s clause4 ,wellhaus5 also removes ! fir/ clause to ! end ( ! v]se3 ,dr9k also ?\ & reel2 !re comes to !e ! cup 9 ,jehovah's "r h&1 & ?\ wilt glut ?yself ) %ame in/ead ( hon\r4 #dac ,s ,r4,v4 = 1 :i* ,a4,v4 has tak5 z two words-- = :i* cf4 ,j]4 xxv4 #bg1 :]e h[ev] ! text is probably corrupt1 & 4 ,) ?is confusion cf4 above1 v]4 #f1 4 #dad ,read ) ,,lxx4 = ( ! text4 #dae ,see above1 v]4 #h4 #daf 8 ,,*apt] ,,xii 8,,9 ,,! ,,mid/ ,,( ,,! ,,ye>s0 ,,habakkuk iii4 ,we h se5 ! impossibility ( decid+ ! age ( ! ode :i* is attribut$ to ,habakkuk 9 ! ?ird *apt] ( 8 book4#dag ,b ?is is only "o ( ! _m problems rais$ by t brilliant poem4 ,mu* ( its text is corrupt1 & ! mean+ ( _m s+le words is unc]ta94 ,z 9 mo/ ,hebrew poems ( description1 ! t5ses ( ! v]bs puzzle u2 we _c always det]m9e :e!r ! poet is s++ ( t :i* is pa/ or pres5t or future1 & ?is difficulty is increas$ by 8 subject1 a revelation ( ,god 9 nature = ! deliv]ance ( ,israel4 ,is ?is ! deliv]ance f ,egypt1 ) ! t]rible tempe/s :i* accompani$ x8 ,or h ! features ( ! ,exodus be5 borr[$ to describe "s o!r deliv]ance1 or to sum up ! con/ant manife/ation ( ,jehovah = ,8 p's help8 ,! introduction1 9 v]4 #b1 is cle>4 ,! s+] has he>d :at is to be he>d ( ,jehovah1 & ,8 great de$s 9 ! pa/4 ,he prays = a revival ( ^! 9 ! mid/ ( ! ye>s4 ,! times are full ( tr\ble & turmoil4 ,w\ld t ,god1 9 ! pres5t confusion ( baffl$ hopes & brok5 issues1 made ,himself manife/ by p[] & brilliance1 z ( old6 ,9 turmoil rememb] m]cy6 ,to r5d] turmoil by wra?1 z if x 7 ,god's ang] aga9/ :i* ! s+]'s he>t appeal$1 is n true to ! orig9al ^w itself1#dah af=ds no p>allel to ! mid/ ( ! ye>s1 & misses ! situation4 ,israel cries f a /ate ( life 9 :i* ! obscure ye>s are huddl$ toge!r & full ( turmoil4 ,we ne$ n wi% to fix ! date m precisely ?an ! writ] himself does1 b may leave x ) him 9 ! mid/ ( ! ye>s4 ,!re foll[s ! description ( ! ,great ,!ophany1 ( :i*1 9 8 own poor times1 ! s+] has he>d4 ,x is probable t he has 9 8 memory ! ev5ts ( ! ,exodus & ,s9ai4 ,on ?is po9t 8 few geographical allusions agree ) 8 descriptions ( nature4 ,he draws all ! latt] f ! des]t1 or ,arabian1 side ( ,israel's hi/ory4 ,he introduces none ( ! sea-mon/]s1 or imputations ( arrogance & rebellion to ! sea itself1 :i* ! influ5ce ( ,babylonian my?ology s ?ickly scatt]$ ?r\gh ! lat] sea-poetry ( ! ,hebrews4 ,! ,!ophany takes place 9 a viol5t tempe/ ( ?und] & ra91 ! only process ( nature ^u :i* ! des]t poets ( ,arabia dwell ) any detail4 ,9 h>mony ) ?is1 ,god appe>s f ! s\!rn des]t1 f ,teman & ,p>an1 z 9 ! !ophanies 9 ,deut]onomy xxxiii4 & 9 ! ,song ( ,deborah2#dai a few l9es recall ! ,song ( ! ,exodus1#dbj & !re are _m resemblances to ! phraseology ( ! ,sixty-,eigh? ,psalm4 ,! poet sees "u tr\ble ! t5ts ( ,ku%an & ( ,midian1 tribes ( ,s9ai4 ,& ?\gh ! ,!ophany is ) floods ( ra9 & lightn+1 & foam+ ( great wat]s1 x is n ) hills1 riv]s or sea t ,god is angry1 b ) ! nations1 ! oppressors ( ,8 poor p1 & 9 ord] t ,he may deliv] ! latt]4 ,all ?is1 tak5 ) ! fact t no m5tion is made ( ,egypt1 proves t1 :ile ! s+] draws *iefly ^u ! m>vell\s ev5ts ( ! ,exodus & ,s9ai = 8 description1 he celebrates n !m alone b all ! anci5t triumphs ( ,god ov] ! hea!n oppressors ( ,israel4 ,comp>e ! obscure l9e--^! be ,8 go+s ( old4 ,! report ( x all fills ! poet ) trembl+ 7v]4 #af returns ^u v]4 #bf71 & al?\gh 8 language is too obscure to p]mit u to foll[ ) c]ta9ty ! c\rse ( 8 feel+1 he appe>s to await 9 confid5ce ! issue ( ,israel's pres5t tr\bles4 ,8 argum5t seems to be1 t su* a ,god may be tru/$ /ill1 9 face ( approa*+ invasion 7v]4 #af74 ,! next v]se1 h[ev]1 does n express ! exp]i5ce ( tr\ble f human foes2 b figur+ ! extreme affliction ( dr\ght1 b>r5ness & pov]ty1 ! poet speak+ 9 ! "n ( ,israel decl>es t1 9 spite ( !m1 he w /ill rejoice 9 ! ,god ( _! salvation 7v]4 #ag74 ,s sudd5 is ?is *ange f human foes to natural plagues1 t "s s*ol>s h "h felt a passage to ano!r poem describ+ a diff]5t situation4 ,b ! la/ l9es ) _! confid5ce 9 ! ,god ( salvation1 a t]m always us$ ( deliv]ance f enemies1 & ! boa/1 borr[$ f ! ,eighte5? ,psalm1 ,he make? my feet l to h9ds' feet1 & gives me to m>* on my heights1 reflect ! same circum/ances z ! bulk ( ! ,psalm1 & (f] no gr\nds to d\bt ! unity ( ! :ole4#dba ,,psalm#dbb ,,( ,,habakkuk ,,! ,,prophet4 ,,"l1 ,i h he>d ! report ( ,!e2 ,i /& 9 awe6#dbc ,,"l1 revive ,?y "w 9 ! mid/ ( ! ye>s1 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! ye>s make ,!e kn[n2#dbd ,9 turmoil#dbe rememb] m]cy6 ,god comes f ,teman1#dbf ,! ,holy f ,m\nt ,p>an4#dbg ,he cov]s ! heav5s ) ,8 glory1 ,& fill$ ) ,8 praise is ! e>?4 ,! fla% is l lightn+2 ,he has rays f ea* h& ( ,him1 ,!re9#dbh is ! ambu% ( ,8 might4 ,pe/il5ce travels be=e ,him1 ,! plague-fire breaks =? at ,8 feet4 ,he /&s & e>? %akes1#dbi ,he looks & drives nations asund]2 ,& ! anci5t m\nta9s are clov51 ,! hills ev]la/+ s9k d[n4 ,^! be ,8 ways f ( old4#dcj ,"u tr\ble ,i see ! t5ts ( ,k%n1#dca ,! curta9s ( ,midian's l& are quiv]+4 ,is x ) hills#dcb ,jehovah is wro?8 ,is ,?9e ang] ) riv]s8 ,or aga9/ ! sea is ,?y wra?1 ,t ,?\ ride/ x ) horses1 ,?y *>iots ( victory8 ,?y b[ is /ripp$ b>e2#dcc ,?\ glutte/ 787 ,?y %afts4#dcd ,into riv]s ,?\ cleave/ ! e>?2#dce ,m\nta9s see ,!e & wri!2 ,! ra9/orm sweeps on3#dcf ,! ,deep utt]s 8 voice1 ,he lifts up 8 ro> ^u high4#dcg ,sun & moon /& /ill 9 _! dwell+1 ,at ! fla% ( ,?y %afts z !y spe$1 ,at ! %e5 ( ! lightn+1 ,?y lance4 ,9 wra? ,?\ /ride/ ! e>?1 ,9 ang] ,?\ ?re%e/ ! nations6 ,?\ art =? to ! help ( ,?y p1 ,to save ,?9e ano9t$4#dch ,?\ ha/ %att]$ ! head f ! h\se ( ! wick$1 ,lay+ b>e f 444#dci to ! neck4 ,?\ ha/ pi]c$ ) ,?y spe>s ! head ( 8 pr9ces4#ddj ,!y /orm$ =? to cru% me2 ,_! triumph 0 z to dev\r ! poor 9 secret4#dda ,?\ ha/ m>*$ on ! sea ) ,?y horses2 ,foam$#ddb ! great wat]s4 ,i h he>d1 & my he>t#ddc %akes2 ,at ! s\nd my lips tremble1#ddd ,rott5ness ent]s my bones1#dde ,my /eps %ake "u me4#ddf ,i w 444#ddg = ! day ( tr\ble ,t p\rs 9 on ! p4#ddh ,?\gh ! fig-tree d n blossom1#ddi ,& no fruit be on ! v9es1 ,fail ! produce ( ! olive1 ,& ! fields yield no meat1 ,cut (f#dej be ! flock f ! fold1 ,& no cattle 9 ! /alls1 ,yet 9 ! ,,"l w ,i exult1 ,i w rejoice 9 ! ,god ( my salvation4 ,jehovah1 ! ,"l1 is my might2 ,he ha? made my feet l ! h9ds'1 ,& on my heights ,he gives me to m>*4 ,?is ,psalm1 ^: musical signs prove x to h be5 employ$ 9 ! liturgy ( ! ,jewi% ,temple1 has also l>gely ent]$ into ! use ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,! vivid /yle1 ! sweep ( vision1 ! exultation 9 ! extreme ( adv]sity ) :i* x closes1 h made x a frequ5t !me ( prea*]s & ( poets4 ,/4 ,augu/9e's exposition ( ! ,septuag9t v]sion spiritualises almo/ e clause into a description ( ! fir/ & second adv5ts ( ,*ri/4#dea ,calv9's m sob] & accurate le>n+ int]pret$ x ( ,god's guidance ( ,israel f ! "t ( ! ,egyptian plagues to ! days ( ,jo%ua & ,gideon1 & made x en=ce ! lesson t ,he :o s wond]fully deliv]$ ,8 p 9 _! y\? w n =sake !m 9 ! midway ( _! c>e]4#deb ,! clos+ v]ses h be5 torn f ! re/ to =m ! ess5ce ( a l>ge numb] ( hymns 9 _m languages4 ,= ourselves x is p]haps mo/ useful to fa/5 ^u ! poet's description ( 8 own position 9 ! mid/ ( ! ye>s1 & l him to take he>t1 amid our v simil> circum/ances1 f ! glori\s /ory ( ,god's anci5t revelation1 9 ! fai? t ,he is /ill ! same 9 might & 9 purpose ( grace to ,8 p4 ,we1 too1 live among ! nameless ye>s4 ,we feel !m ab\t u1 undi/+ui%$ by ! manife/ work+s ( ,god1 sl[ & petty1 or1 at ! mo/1 full ( in>ticulate turmoil4 ,at ?is v mom5t we suff] f ! fru/ration ( a great cause1 on :i* believ+ m5 _h set _! he>ts z ,god's cause2 ,*ri/5dom has receiv$ f ! infidel no great] rev]se s9ce ! days ( ! ,crusades4 ,or1 lift+ our eyes to a l>g] horizon1 we are tempt$ to see ab\t u a wide1 flat wa/e ( ye>s4 ,x is ne>ly n9ete5 c5turies s9ce ! great revelation ( ,god 9 ,*ri/1 ! r$emption ( mank9d1 & all ! wond]s ( ! ,e>ly ,*ur*4 ,we are f>1 f> away f t1 & un/irr$ by ! expectation ( any crisis 9 ! ne> future4 ,we /& 9 ! mid/ ( ! ye>s1 equally di/ant f beg9n+ & f end4 ,x is ! situation :i* ,jesus ,himself lik5$ to ! long d\ble wat* 9 ! middle ( ! night--if he come 9 ! second wat* or 9 ! ?ird wat*--aga9/ ^: dulness ,he w>n$ ,8 disciples4 ,h[ mu* ne$ is !re at su* a "t to recall1 l ?is poet1 :at ,god has done--h[ (t5 ,he has %ak5 ! _w & ov]turn$ ! nations1 = ! sake ( ,8 p & ! ,div9e causes !y repres5t4 ,8 ways are ev]la/+4 ,z ,he !n work$1 s ,he w "w n[ = ! same ends ( r$emption4 ,our pray] = a revival ( ,8 "w w be answ]$ be=e x is spok54 ,x is probable t mu* ( our s5se ( ! /al5ess ( ! ye>s comes f _! prosp]ity4 ,! dull feel+ t "t is m]e r\t9e is fa/5$ ^u our he>ts by no?+ m firmly ?an by ! con/ant r\nd ( fruitful seasons--t =tification ( com=t1 t regul>ity ( mat]ial supplies1 :i* mod]n life assures to s _m4 ,adv]sity w\ld brace u to a new expectation ( ! ne> & /rong action ( our ,god4 ,?is is p]haps ! mean+ ( ! sudd5 m5tion ( natural plagues 9 ! sev5te5? v]se ( our ,psalm4 ,n 9 spite ( ! extremes ( mis=tune1 b j because ( !m1 %\ld we exult 9 ! ,god ( our salvation2 & realise t x is by discipl9e ,he makes ,8 ,*ur* to feel t %e is n m>*+ ov] ! dre>y levels ( nameless ye>s1 b on our high places ,he makes u to m>*4 8,grant1 ,almighty ,god1 z ! dulness & h>dness ( our fle% is s great t x is ne$ful = u to be 9 v>i\s ways afflict$--oh grant t we pati5tly be> ,?y *a/isem5t1 & "u a deep feel+ ( sorr[ flee to ,?y m]cy display$ to u 9 ,*ri/1 s t we dep5d n on ! e>?ly bless+s ( ?is p]i%able life1 b rely+ on ,?y ^w g =w>d 9 ! c\rse ( our call+1 until at l5g? we be ga!r$ to t bless$ re/ :i* is laid up = u 9 heav51 ?r\gh ,*ri/ our ,"l4 ,am540#dec ,,footnotes3 #dag ,above1 pp4 #abf ff4 #dah n[h]e 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t means wra?1 b ei!r ro> & noise ( ?und] 7,job xxxvii4 #b7 & ( horseho(s 7xxxix4 #bd71 or ! rag+ ( ! wick$ 7iii4 #ag7 or ! commotion ( fe> 7iii4 #bf2 ,isa4 xiv4 #c74 #dai ,jehovah f ,s9ai ha? come1 ,& ris5 f ,se#8ir ^u !m2 ,he %one f ,m\nt ,p>an1 ,& broke f ,m]ibah ( ade%3 ,f ! ,s\? fire 444 to !m4 ,deut4 xxxiii4 #b1 slightly alt]$ aft] ! ,,lxx4 ,s\?3 "s =m ( mu/ be read to br+ ! l9e into p>allel ) ! o!rs2 1 ,teman1 is f ! same root4 ,jehovah1 9 ,?y go+ =? f ,se'ir1 ,9 ,?y m>*+ f ,edom's field1 ,e>? %ook1 yea1 heav5 dropp$1 ,yea1 ! cl\ds dropp$ wat]4 ,m\nta9s fl[$ d[n be=e ,jehovah1 ,yon ,s9ai at ! face ( ! ,god ( ,israel4 ,judges v4 #d1 #e4 #dbj ,exod4 xv4 #dba ,9 ?is case v]4 #ag w\ld be ! only "o t (f]$ any reason = suspicion t x 0 an intrusion4 #dbb 1 lit4 ,pray]1 b us$ = ,psalm3 cf4 ,psalm cii4 #a4 #dbc ,s9k] takes ) ?is ! fir/ two words ( next l9e3 ,i h trembl$1 ,o ,,"l1 at ,?y "w4 #dbd 1 ,imp4 ,niph41 aft] ,,lxx4 4 ,! ,hebrew has 1 ,hi41 make kn[n4 ,! ,,lxx4 _h a text ( ^! v]ses :i* r$uplicat$ !m1 & x has translat$ !m v badly4 #dbe 1 turmoil1 noise1 z 9 ,job3 a mean+ t (f]s a bett] p>allel to 9 ! mid/ ( ! ye>s ?an wra?1 :i* ! ^w also means4 ,davidson1 h[ev]1 ?9ks x m natural to und]/& ! wra? manife/ at ! com+ ( ,jehovah to judgm5t4 ,s ,s9k]4 #dbf ,vulg4 ab ,au/ro1 f ! ,s\?4 #dbg ,,lxx4 adds 1 :i* seems ! translation ( a clause1 p]haps a gloss1 conta9+ ! "n ( ,m\nt ,se#8ir1 z 9 ! p>allel descriptions ( a !ophany1 ,deut4 xxiii4 #b1 ,judg4 v4 #d4 ,see ,s9k]1 p4 #de4 #dbh ,wellhaus51 read+ = 1 translates ,he made !m1 etc4 #dbi ,s ,,lxx4 ,heb4 & measures ! e>?4 #dcj ,?is is ! only way ( r5d]+ ! v]se s z n to make x seem sup]flu\s3 s r5d]$ x sums up & cl5*es ! !ophany f v]4 #c onw>ds2 & a new /rophe n[ beg9s4 ,!re is !re=e no ne$ to omit ! v]se1 z ,wellhaus5 does4 #dca ,,lxx4 2 b ^! are ,ku%1 & ! p>allelism requires a tribe 9 ,arabia4 ,calv9 rejects ! mean+ ,e?iopian on ! same gr\nd1 b takes ! ref]5ce z to ,k+ ,ku%an 9 ,judg4 iii4 #h1 #aj1 on acc\nt ( ! p>allelism ) ,midian4 ,! ,midianite wife :om ,moses m>ri$ is call$ ! ,ku%ite 7,num4 xii4 #a74 ,hommel 7,anc4 ,hebrew ,tradition z illu/rat$ by ! ,monum5ts1 p4 #cae & n4 #a7 appe>s to take ,z]ah ! ,ku%ite ( #b ,*ron4 xiv4 #i ff4 z a pr9ce ( ,ku% 9 ,c5tral ,arabia4 ,b ! n>rative :i* makes him deliv] 8 invasion ( ,judah at ,m>e%ah surely confirms ! usual op9ion t he & 8 ho/ 7 ,e?iopians com+ up f ,egypt4 #dcb ,= 1 is x ) /reams1 read 1 is x ) hills3 because hills h already be5 m5tion$1 & riv]s occur 9 ! next clause1 & are sep>at$ by ! same disjunctive p>ticle1 1 :i* sep>ates ! sea 9 ! ?ird clause f !m4 ,! :ole phrase might be r5d]$1 ,is x ) hills ,?\ art angry1 ,o ,jehovah8 #dcc ,que/ionable3 ! v]b 1 ,ni4 ( a suppos$ 1 does n else:]e occur1 & is only conjectur$ f ! n\n 1 nak$ness1 & 1 /ripp+4 ,,lxx4 has 1 & ,wellhaus5 reads1 aft] #b ,sam4 xxiii4 #ah1 1 ,?\ br+e/ into action ,?y b[4 #dcd 1 lit]ally sworn are /aves or rods ( spee*4 ,a4,v43 accord+ to ! oa?s ( ! tribes1 ev5 ,?y ^w4 ,,lxx4 7omitt+ & add+ 7 1 4 ,^! words 8=m a riddle :i* all ! +5uity ( s*ol>s has n be5 able to solve4 ,delitzs* calculates t a hundr$ translations ( !m h be5 (f]$0 7,davidson74 ,9 p>allel to previ\s clause ab\t a b[1 we ought to expect 1 /aves1 ?\gh x is n else:]e us$ = %afts or arr[s4 may h be5 1 ,?\ sate/4 ,! ,cod4 ,b>b4 reads3 1 ,?\ ha/ satiat$ ! %afts ( 8 quiv]4 ,s9k]3 sworn are ! puni%m5ts ( ! solemn decree1 & relevantly comp>es ,isa4 xi4 #d1 ! rod ( ,8 m\?2 xxx4 #cb1 rod ( doom4 ,ewald3 sev5fold %afts ( w>4 ,b cf4 ,psalm cxviii4 #ab4 #dce ,unc]ta91 b a m natural result ( cleav+ ?an ! riv]s ,?\ cleave/ into dry l& 7,davidson & ,wellhaus574 #dcf ,b ,ewald takes ?is z ( ! ,r$ ,sea floods sweep+ on ! ,egyptians4 #dcg he lifts up 8 h&s on high4 ,b ! ,,lxx4 read 1 1 & took ) ! next v]se4 ,! read+ 7= 7 is inde$ nons5se1 b sugge/s an em5dation to 1 8 %\t or wail3 cf4 ,amos vi4 #g1 ,j]4 xvi4 #e4 #dch ,read+ = 1 requir$ by ! acc4 foll[+4 ,?9e ano9t$1 lit4 ,?y ,messiah1 accord+ to ,isa4 xl4 ff4 ! :ole p4 #dci ,heb4 1 f\ndation4 ,,lxx4 bonds4 ,"s sugge/ lay+ b>e f ! f\ndation to ! neck1 b ?is is mix$ unless neck happ5$ to be a te*nical "n = a "p ( a build+3 cf4 ,isa4 viii4 #h1 xxx4 #bh4 #ddj ,heb4 8 spe>s or /aves2 8 own 7,von ,orelli74 ,,lxx4 3 see ,s9k]1 pp4 #ef ff4 ,pr9ces3 only "h4 ,hitzig3 8 brave ones4 ,ewald1 ,wellhaus51 ,davidson3 8 pr9ces4 ,delitzs*3 8 ho/s4 ,,lxx4 4 #dda ,s ,heb4 lit]ally4 ,a v difficult l9e4 ,on ,,lxx4 see ,s9k]1 pp4 #fj f4 #ddb ,= 1 heap 7s ,a4,v471 read "s "p ( 1 to foam4 ,,lxx4 3 cf4 ,psalm xlvi4 #d4 #ddc ,s ,,lxx4 7"s codd471 s(t5+ ! orig9al belly4 #ddd ,or my lips quiv] al\d--1 vocally 7,von ,orelli74 #dde ,by ! ,hebrew ! bones 7 felt1 z a mod]n man feels 8 n]ves3 ,psalms xxxii41 li42 ,job4 #ddf ,= 1 = :i* ,,lxx4 gives 1 read 1 my /eps2 & = 1 ,,lxx4 1 4 #ddg 4 ,,lxx4 1 ,i w re/4 ,a4,v43 t ,i might re/ 9 ! day ( tr\ble4 ,o!rs3 ,i w wait =4 ,wellhaus5 sugge/s 7,isa4 l4 #bd71 ,i w take com=t4 ,s9k] takes z ! simple relative3 ,i :o w wait pati5tly = ! day ( doom4 ,von ,orelli takes x z ! conjunction because4 #ddh 1 x invades1 br+s up troops on !m1 only 9 ,g54 xlix4 #ai & "h4 ,wellhaus53 :i* invades u4 ,s9k]3 = ! com+ up aga9/ ! p ( him :o %all assail x4 #ddi 2 b ,,lxx4 1 1 be> no fruit4 #dej ,= ,wellhaus5 reads 4 ,,lxx4 4 #dea ,de ,civitate ,dei1 ,,xviii4 #cb4 #deb ,s he p>aphrases 9 ! mid/ ( ! ye>s4 #dec ,f ! pray] ) :i* ,calv9 concludes 8 exposition ( ,habakkuk4 ,,obadiah ,& ,savi\rs %all come up on ,m\nt ,zion to judge ,m\nt ,esau1 & ! k+dom %all be ,jehovah's4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,obadiah ,! ,book ( ,obadiah is ! smalle/ among ! prophets1 & ! smalle/ 9 all ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,yet !re is none :i* bett] illu/rates _m ( ! ma9 problems ( ,old ,te/am5t criticism4 ,x raises1 inde$1 no doctr9al issue nor any "q ( hi/orical accuracy4 ,all t x claims to be is ,! ,vision ( ,obadiah2#ded & ?is vague "n1 ) no date or dwell+-place to *all5ge comp>ison ) ! cont5ts ( ! book1 introduces u )\t prejudice to ! criticism ( ! latt]4 ,nor is ! book involv$ 9 ! c5tral controv]sy ( ,old ,te/am5t s*ol>%ip1 ! date ( ! ,law4 ,x has no ref]5ce to ! ,law4 ,nor is x made use ( 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! m freely1 !re=e1 may we /udy ! lit]>y & hi/orical que/ions />t$ by ! tw5ty-"o v]ses :i* compose ! book4 ,_! brief c\rse is brok5 by diff]5ces ( /yle1 & by sudd5 *anges ( outlook f ! pa/ to ! future4 ,"s ( !m pres5t a close p>allel to ano!r passage ( prophecy1 a feature :i* :5 pres5t (f]s a difficult problem to ! critic4 ,h>dly any ( ! hi/orical allusions are free f ambiguity1 = al?\gh ! book ref]s ?r\gh\t to a s+le nation--& s vividly t ev5 if ,edom 7 n nam$ we might /ill disc]n ! "* & crimes ( t bitt] bro!r ( ,israel--yet ! conflict ( ,israel & ,edom 0 s prolong$ & s monoton\s 9 its cruelties1 t !re are few ( its _m c5turies to :i* "s s*ol> has n felt himself able to assign1 9 "p or :ole1 ,obadiah's indignant oration4 ,! little book has be5 toss$ out ( "o c5tury into ano!r by successive critics1 till !re exi/s 9 _! e/imates ( its date a diff]5ce ( ne>ly six hundr$ ye>s4#dee ,su* a fact seems1 at fir/ sight1 to convict criticism ei!r ( arbitr>9ess or helplessness2#def yet a little consid]ation ( details is en\gh to lead u to an appreciation ( ! reasonable me?ods ( ,old ,te/am5t criticism1 & ( its indubitable progress t[>ds c]ta9ty1 9 spite ( our ignorance ( l>ge /ret*es ( ! hi/ory ( ,israel4 ,to ! /ud5t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t no?+ c\ld be m pr(itable ?an to ma/] ! hi/orical & lit]>y que/ions rais$ by ! ,book ( ,obadiah1 be=e foll[+ !m out among ! m complicat$ problems :i* are />t$ by o!r prophetical books 9 _! relation to ! ,law ( ,israel1 or to _! own titles1 or to claims made = !m 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,book ( ,obadiah conta9s a numb] ( v]bal p>allels to ano!r prophecy aga9/ ,edom :i* appe>s 9 ,j]emiah xlix4 #g-bb4 ,mo/ critics h reg>d$ ?is prophecy ( ,j]emiah z g5u9e1 & h assign$ x to ! ye> #fjd ,b4,c4 ,! "q is :e!r ,obadiah or ,j]emiah is ! e>li]4 ,hitzig & ,vatke#deg answ]$ 9 fav\r ( ,j]emiah2 & z ! ,book ( ,obadiah also conta9s a description ( ,edom's conduct 9 ! day ( ,j]usalem's ov]?r[ by ,nebu*adrezz>1 9 #ehf1 !y br\ght ! :ole book d[n to po/-exilic times4 ,v =cible argum5ts1 h[ev]1 h be5 (f]$ = ,obadiah's priority4#deh ,^u ?is priority1 z well z on ! facts t ,joel1 :om !y take to be e>ly1 quotes f ,obadiah1 & t ,obadiah's book occurs among ! fir/ six--presumably ! pre-exilic memb]s--( ! ,twelve1 a numb] ( s*ol>s h assign$ all ( x to an e>ly p]iod 9 ,israel's hi/ory4 ,"s fix ^u ! reign ( ,jeho%aphat1 :5 ,judah 0 invad$ by ,edom & 8 allies ,moab & ,ammon1 b sav$ f disa/] ?r\gh ,moab & ,ammon turn+ ^u ! ,edomites & slaught]+ !m4#dei ,to ?is !y ref] ! phrase 9 ,obadiah #i1 ! m5 ( ?y cov5ant h betray$ !e4 ,o!rs place ! :ole book 9 ! reign ( ,joram ( ,judah 7#hdi--hdb ,b4,c471 :51 accord+ to ! ,*ronicles1#dfj ,judah 0 invad$ & ,j]usalem p>tly sack$ by ,phili/9es & ,arabs4#dfa ,b 9 ! /ory ( ?is invasion1 !re is no m5tion ( ,edomites1 & ! argum5t :i* is drawn f ,joel's quotation ( ,obadiah fails if ,joel1 z we %all see1 be ( late date4 ,) great] prud5ce ,pusey decl9es to fix a p]iod4 ,! support]s ( a pre-exilic orig9 = ! :ole ,book ( ,obadiah h to expla9 vv4 #aa-ad1 :i* appe> to reflect ,edom's conduct at ! sack ( ,j]usalem by ,nebu*adrezz> 9 #ehf1 & !y d s 9 two ways4 ,pusey takes ! v]ses z pr$ictive ( ,nebu*adrezz>'s siege4 ,orelli & o!rs believe t !y suit bett] ! conque/ & plund] ( ! city 9 ! "t ( ,jehoram4 ,b1 z ,calv9 has said1 8!y seem to be mi/ak5 :o ?9k t ,obadiah liv$ be=e ! "t ( ,isaiah40 ,! "q1 h[ev]1 v e>ly arose1 :e!r x 0 possible to take ,obadiah z a unity4 ,vv4 #a-i are m vigor\s & firm ?an vv4 #aj-ba4 ,9 vv4 #a-i ,edom is de/roy$ by nations :o are its allies2 9 vv4 #aj-ba x is /ill to fall along ) o!r ,g5tiles 9 ! g5]al judgm5t ( ! ,"l4#dfb ,vv4 #aj-ba admitt$ly describe ! conduct ( ! ,edomites at ! ov]?r[ ( ,j]usalem 9 #ehf2 b vv4 #a-i probably reflect e>li] ev5ts2 & x is significant t 9 !m alone occur ! p>allels to ,j]emiah's prophecy aga9/ ,edom 9 #fjd4 ,on "s ( ^! gr\nds ,ewald reg>d$ ! little book z consi/+ ( two pieces1 bo? ( :i* ref] to ,edom1 b ! fir/ ( :i* 0 writt5 be=e ,j]emiah1 & ! second is po/-exilic4 ,z ,j]emiah's prophecy has "s features m orig9al ?an ,obadiah's1#dfc he trac$ bo? prophecies to an orig9al oracle aga9/ ,edom1 ( :i* ,obadiah on ! :ole r5d]s an exact v]sion4 ,he fix$ ! date ( ?is oracle 9 ! e>li] days ( ,isaiah1 :5 ,rez9 ( ,syria enabl$ ,edom to ass]t aga9 its indep5d5ce ( ,judah1 & ,edom won back ,ela?1 :i* ,uzziah _h tak54#dfd ,driv]1 ,wildebo] & ,cornill#dfe adopt ?is !ory1 ) ! exception ( ! p]iod to :i* ,ewald ref]s ! orig9al oracle4 ,accord+ to !m1 ! ,book ( ,obadiah consi/s ( two pieces1 vv4 #a-i pre-exilic1 & vv4 #aj-ba po/-exilic & descriptive 9 #aa-ad ( ,nebu*adrezz>'s sack ( ,j]usalem4 ,?is latt] po9t ne$ n be conte/$4#dff ,b is x cle> t #a-i are s diff]5t f #aj-ba t !y mu/ be assign$ to ano!r p]iod8 ,are !y necess>ily pre-exilic8 ,wellhaus5 ?9ks n1 & has con/ruct$ /ill ano!r !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! book1 :i*1 l ,vatke's1 br+s x all d[n to ! p]iod aft] ! ,exile4 ,!re is no m5tion 9 ! book ei!r ( ,assyria or ( ,babylonia4#dfg ,! allies :o h betray$ ,edom 7v]4 #g7 are !re=e probably ^? ,arabian tribes :o surr\nd$ x & 7 its frequ5t conf$]ates4#dfh ,!y are describ$ z s5d+ ,edom to ! bord] 7ib474 ,wellhaus5 ?9ks t ?is c only ref] to ! great nor?w>d movem5t ( ,arabs :i* began to press ^u ! f]tile l&s to ! s\?-ea/ ( ,israel dur+ ! "t ( ! ,captivity4 ,ezekiel#dfi prophesies t ,ammon & ,moab w disappe> be=e ! ,arabs1 & we "k t by ! ye> #cab ! latt] 7 firmly settl$ 9 ! t]ritories ( ,edom4#dgj ,%ortly be=e ?is ! ,hag>5es appe> 9 ,*ronicles1 & ,se'ir is call$ by ! ,arabic "n ,gebal1#dga :ile z e>ly z ! fif? c5tury 8,mala*i0#dgb records ! desolation ( ,edom's t]ritory by ! jackals ( ! wild]ness1 & ! expulsion ( ! ,edomites1 :o w n return4 ,! ,edomites 7 pu%$ up into ! ,negeb ( ,israel1 & occupi$ ! t]ritory r\nd1 & to ! s\? (1 ,hebron till _! conque/ by ,john ,hyrcanus ab\t #acj2 ev5 aft] t x 0 call$ ,iduma4#dgc ,wellhaus5 w\ld assign ,obadiah #a-g to ! same /age ( ?is movem5t z is reflect$ 9 8,mala*i0 i4 #a-e2 &1 ap>t f c]ta9 p>5!ses1 w\ld !re=e take ! :ole ( ,obadiah z a unity f ! end ( ! fif? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,9 t case ,giesebre*t argues t ! p>allel prophecy1 ,j]emiah xlix4 #g-bb1 mu/ be reckon$ z "o ( ! passages ( ! ,book ( ,j]emiah 9 :i* po/-exilic additions h be5 ins]t$4#dgd ,our criticism ( ?is !ory may />t f ! sev5? v]se ( ,obadiah3 ,to ! bord] !y h s5t !e1 all ! m5 ( ?y cov5ant h betray$ !e1 !y h ov]p[]$ !e1 ! m5 ( ?y peace4 ,on our pres5t k ( ! hi/ory ( ,edom x is impossible to assign ! fir/ ( ^! clauses to any p]iod be=e ! ,exile4 ,no d\bt 9 e>li] days ,edom 0 m ?an once subject$ to ,arab razzias4 ,b up to ! ,jewi% ,exile ! ,edomites 7 /ill 9 possession ( _! own l&4 ,s ! ,deut]onomi/#dge implies1 & s ,ezekiel#dgf & p]haps ! au?or ( ,lam5tations4#dgg ,wellhaus5's claim1 !re=e1 t ! sev5? v]se ( ,obadiah ref]s to ! expulsion ( ,edomites by ,arabs 9 ! six? or fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 may be grant$4#dgh ,b does ?is mean t v]ses #a-f belong1 z he ma9ta9s1 to ! same p]iod8 ,a negative answ] seems requir$ by ! foll[+ facts4 ,to beg9 )1 ! sev5? v]se is n f\nd 9 ! p>allel prophecy 9 ,j]emiah4 ,!re is no reason :y x %\ld n h be5 us$ !re1 if t prophecy _h be5 compil$ at a "t :5 ! expulsion ( ! ,edomites 0 already an accompli%$ fact4 ,b bo? by ?is omission & by all its o!r features1 t prophecy suits ! "t ( ,j]emiah1 & we may leave x1 !re=e1 :]e x 0 left till ! appe>ance ( ,wellhaus5's !ory--namely1 ) ,j]emiah himself4#dgi ,moreov] ,j]emiah xlix4 #i seems to h be5 adapt$ 9 ,obadiah #e 9 ord] to suit v]se #f4 ,b aga91 ,obadiah #a-f1 :i* conta9s s _m p>allels to ,j]emiah's prophecy1 also seems to imply t ! ,edomites are /ill 9 possession ( _! l&4 ,! nations 7we may und]/& by ?is ! ,arab tribes7 are ris5 aga9/ ,edom1 & ,edom is already despicable 9 face ( !m 7vv4 #a1 #b72 b he has n yet fall51 any m ?an1 to ! writ] ( ,isaiah xlv4--xlvii41 :o uses analog\s language1 ,babylon is already fall54 ,edom is weak & _c resi/ ! ,arab razzias4 ,b he /ill makes 8 eyrie on high & says3 ,:o w br+ me d[n8 ,to :i* *all5ge ,jehovah replies1 n #8,i h br\ght !e d[n1' b ,i w br+ !e d[n4 ,! po/-exilic portion ( ,obadiah1 !n1 ,i take to beg9 ) v]se #g2 & ! au?or ( ?is prophecy has begun by incorporat+ 9 vv4 #a-f a pre-exilic prophecy aga9/ ,edom1 :i* _h be5 already1 & ) m fre$om1 us$ by ,j]emiah4 ,v]ses #h-i =m a difficulty4 ,!y return to ! future t5se1 z if ! ,edomites 7 /ill to be cut (f f ,m\nt ,esau4 ,b v]se #aj1 z ,wellhaus5 po9ts out1 foll[s on naturally to v]se #g1 &1 ) its successors1 cle>ly po9ts to a p]iod subsequ5t to ,nebu*adrezz>'s ov]?r[ ( ,j]usalem4 ,! *ange f ! pa/ t5se 9 vv4 #aj-aa to ! imp]atives ( #ab-ad ne$ cause1 9 spite ( :at ,pusey says1 no difficulty1 b may be acc\nt$ = by ! excit$ feel+s ( ! prophet4 ,! sugge/ion has be5 made1 & x is plausible1 t ,obadiah speaks z an eye-witness ( t awful "t4 ,c]ta9ly !re is no?+ 9 ! re/ ( ! prophecy 7vv4 #ae-ba7 to lead u to br+ x fur!r d[n ?an ! ye>s foll[+ ! de/ruction ( ,j]usalem4 ,ev]y?+ po9ts to ! ,jews be+ /ill 9 exile4 ,! v]bs :i* describe ! inviolat5ess ( ,j]usalem 7#ag71 & ! re9/atem5t ( ,israel 9 _! h]itage 7#ag1 #ai71 & _! conque/ ( ,edom 7#ah71 are all 9 ! future4 ,! prophet himself appe>s to write 9 exile 7#bj74 ,! captivity ( ,j]usalem is 9 ,seph>ad 7ib47 & ! savi\rs h to come up to ,m\nt ,zion2 t is to say1 !y are /ill beyond ! ,holy ,l& 7#ba74dhj ,! "o difficulty 9 assign+ ?is date to ! prophecy is t no?+ is said 9 ! ,hebrew ( v]4 #ai ab\t ! re-occupation ( ! hill-c\ntry ( ,juda itself1 b "h ! ,greek may help u4#dha ,c]ta9ly e o!r feature suits ! e>ly days ( ! ,exile4 ,! result ( our inquiry is t ! ,book ( ,obadiah 0 writt5 at t "t by a prophet 9 exile1 :o 0 fill$ by ! same hatr$ ( ,edom z fill$ ano!r exile1 :o 9 ,babylon wrote ,psalm cxxxvii42 & t1 l s _m ( ! exilic writ]s1 he />t$ f an e>li] prophecy aga9/ ,edom1 already us$ by ,j]emiah4#dhb ,n[ack 7,comm41 #ahig7 takes vv4 #a-ad 7) additions 9 vv4 #a1 #e1 #f1 #h;f4 & #ab7 to be f a date n long aft] ! ,fall ( ,j]usalem1 allud$ to 9 vv4 #aa-ad2 & vv4 #ae-ba to belong to a lat] p]iod1 :i* x is impossible to fix exactly4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! language ( ! book to di/urb ?is conclusion4 ,! ,hebrew ( ,obadiah is pure2 unlike its neighb\r1 ! ,book ( ,jonah1 x conta9s nei!r ,aramaisms nor o!r symptoms ( decad5ce4 ,! text is v s\nd4 ,! ,septuag9t ,v]sion enables u to correct vv4 #g & #ag1 (f]s ! true division betwe5 vv4 #i & #aj1 b makes an omission :i* leaves no s5se 9 v]4 #ag4dhc ,x w be be/ to give all ! tw5ty-"o v]ses toge!r be=e comm5t+ on _! _s4 ,,! ,,vision ,,( ,,obadiah4 ,?us ha? ! ,"l ,jehovah spok5 conc]n+ ,edom4#dhd 8,a report h we he>d f ,jehovah1 & a mess5g] has be5 s5t ?r\gh ! nations1 #8,up & let u rise aga9/ h] to battle4' ,lo1 ,i h made !e small among ! nations1 ?\ art v despis$6 ,! arrogance ( ?y he>t ha? misl$ !e1 dwell] 9 clefts ( ! ,rock#dhe2 ! height is 8 dwell+1 t sai? 9 8 he>t #8,:o %all br+ me d[n to e>?6' ,?\gh ?\ build high z ! eagle1 ?\gh betwe5 ! />s ?\ set ?y ne/1 !nce w ,i br+ !e d[n--oracle ( ,jehovah4 ,if ?ieves _h come into !e by night 7h[ art ?\ humbl$671#dhf w\ld !y n /eal j :at !y want$8 ,if v9e-cropp]s _h come into !e1 w\ld !y n leave "s glean+s8 7,h[ se>*$ out is ,esau1 h[ rifl$ 8 treasures670 ,b n[ to ?y v bord] h !y s5t !e1 all ! m5 ( ?y cov5ant#dhg h betray$ !e1 ! m5 ( ?y peace h ov]p[]$ !e#dhh2 !y kept sett+ traps = !e--!re is no und]/&+ 9 him6 8#dhi,%all x n be 9 t day--oracle ( ,jehovah--t ,i w cause ! wise m5 to p]i% f ,edom1 & und]/&+ f ,m\nt ,esau8 ,& ?y h]oes1 ,o ,teman1 %all be dismay$1 till#dij e man be cut (f f ,m\nt ,esau40 ,= ! slaught]1#dia = ! outrag+ ( ?y bro!r ,jacob1 %ame do? cov] !e1 & ?\ art cut (f = ev]4 ,9 ! day ( ?y /&+ alo(1#dib 9 ! day :5 /rang]s took captive 8 sub/ance1 & ali5s came into 8 gates1#dic & !y ca/ lots on ,j]usalem1 ev5 ?\ w]t z "o ( !m6 ,ah1 gloat n#did ^u ! day ( ?y bro!r1#die ! day ( 8 mis=tune#dif2 exult n ov] ! sons ( ,judah 9 ! day ( _! de/ruction1 & make n ?y m\? l>ge#dig 9 ! day ( di/ress4 ,come n up into ! gate ( ,my p 9 ! day ( _! disa/]4 ,gloat n ?\1 yea ?\1 ^u 8 ills1 9 ! day ( 8 disa/]1 nor put =? ?y h& to 8 sub/ance 9 ! day ( 8 disa/]1 nor /& at ! p>t+#dih ( ! ways 787 to cut (f 8 fugitives2 nor arre/ 8 escap$ ones 9 ! day ( di/ress4 ,= ne> is ! day ( ,jehovah1 ^u all ! nation z ?\ ha/ done1 s %all x be done to !e3 ?y de$ %all come back on ?9e own head4#dii ,= z ye#ejj h drunk on my holy m\nt1 all ! nations %all dr9k cont9u\sly1 dr9k & reel1 & be z ?\gh !y _h n be54#eja ,b on ,m\nt ,zion %all be refuge1 & x %all be inviolate1 & ! h\se ( ,jacob %all inh]it ^? :o h dis9h]it$ !m4#ejb ,= ! h\se ( ,jacob %all be fire1 & ! h\se ( ,joseph a flame1 b ! h\se ( ,esau %all become /ubble1 & !y %all k9dle ^u !m & dev\r !m1 & !re %all n "o escape ( ! h\se ( ,esau--= ,jehovah ha? spok54 ,& ! ,negeb %all possess ,m\nt ,esau1 & ! ,%ephelah ! ,phili/9es1#ejc & ! ,m\nta9#ejd %all possess ,ephraim & ! field ( ,sam>ia1#eje & ,b5jam9 %all possess ,gilead4 ,& ! exiles ( ?is ho/#ejf ( ! *ildr5 ( ,israel %all possess787 ! l&#ejg ( ! ,canaanites unto ,s>epha?1 & ! exiles ( ,j]usalem :o are 9 ,seph>ad#ejh %all inh]it ! cities ( ! ,negeb4 ,& savi\rs %all come up on ,m\nt ,zion to judge ,m\nt ,esau1 & ! k+dom %all be ,jehovah's4 ,,footnotes3 #ded 1 #8,obadyah1 ! lat] =m ( 1 #8,obadyahu 7a "n occurr+ ?rice be=e ! ,exile3 ,ahab's /ew>d :o hid ! prophets ( ! ,"l1 #a ,k+s xviii4 #c-g1 #af2 ( a man 9 ,david's h\se1 #a ,*ron4 xxvii4 #ai2 a ,levite 9 ,josiah's reign1 #b ,*ron4 xxxiv4 #ab71 is ! "n ( sev]al ( ! ,jews :o return$ f exile3 ,ezra viii4 #i1 ! son ( ,jehi'el 79 #a ,esdras viii4 72 ,neh4 x4 #f1 a prie/1 probably ! same z ! ,obadiah 9 xii4 #be1 a port]1 & ! 1 ! s+]1 9 xi4 #ag1 :o is call$ 9 #a ,*ron4 ix4 #af4 ,ano!r #8,obadyah is giv5 9 ! elev5? g5]ation f ,saul1 #a ,*ron4 viii4 #ch1 ix4 #dd2 ano!r 9 ! royal l9e 9 ! "t ( ! ,exile1 iii4 #ba2 a man ( ,issa*>1 vii4 #c2 a ,gadite "u ,david1 xii4 #i2 a pr9ce "u ,jeho%aphat s5t to tea* 9 ! cities ( ,judah1 #b ,*ron4 xvii4 #g4 ,) ! ,massoretic po9ts means wor%ipp] ( ,jehovah3 cf4 ,ob$-,edom1 & s 9 ! ,greek =m1 1 ( ,cod4 ,b4 ,b o!r ,codd41 ,a1 & 1 give or 1 & ?is1 ) ! alt]native ,hebrew =m ( ,neh4 xi4 #ag1 sugge/s r 1 s]vant ( ,jehovah4 ,! "n z giv5 9 ! title is probably int5d$ to be t ( an hi/orical individual1 z 9 ! titles ( all ! o!r books2 b :i*1 or if any1 ( ! above m5tion$ x is impossible to say4 ,note1 h[ev]1 t x is ! lat] po/-exilic =m ( ! "n t is us$1 9 spite ( ! book occurr+ among ! pre-exilic prophets4 ,"s1 less probably1 take ! "n ,obadyah to be symbolic ( ! prophetic "* ( ! writ]4 #dee #hhi ,b4,c4 ,h(mann1 ,keil1 etc42 & soon aft] #cab1 ,hitzig4 #def ,cf4 ! extraord9>y tirade ( ,pusey 9 8 ,introd4 to ,obadiah4 #deg ,! fir/ 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ,die ,zwlf ,kle9e ,prophet52 ! o!r 9 8 ,e9leitung4 #deh ,casp>i 7,d] ,proph4 ,ob4 ausgelegt #ahdb71 ,ewald1 ,graf1 ,pusey1 ,driv]1 ,giesebre*t1 ,wildebo] & ,knig4 ,cf4 ,j]4 xlix4 #i ) ,ob4 #e2 ,j]4 xlix4 #ad ff4 ) ,ob4 #a-d4 ,! op5+ ( ,ob4 #a ff4 is held to be m 9 its place ?an :]e x occurs 9 ! middle ( ,j]emiah's passage4 ,! language ( ,obadiah is 8t]s] & m =cible4 ,j]emiah seems to exp& ,obadiah1 & p>ts ( ,j]emiah :i* h no p>allel 9 ,obadiah are l ,obadiah's own /yle0 7,driv]74 ,?is /rong argum5t is en=c$ 9 detail by ,pusey3 8,out ( ! sixte5 v]ses ( :i* ! prophecy ( ,j]emiah aga9/ ,edom consi/s1 f\r are id5tical ) ^? ( ,obadiah2 a fif? embodies a v]se ( ,obadiah's2 ( ! elev5 :i* rema9 t5 h "s turns ( expression or idioms1 m or few]1 :i* occur 9 ,j]emiah1 ei!r 9 ^! prophecies aga9/ =eign nations1 or 9 8 prophecies g5]ally4 ,n[ x w\ld be :olly improbable t a prophet1 select+ v]ses out ( ! prophecy ( ,j]emiah1 %\ld h select$ precisely ^? :i* conta9 none ( ,j]emiah's *>act]i/ic expressions2 :]eas x p]fectly fits 9 ) ! supposition t ,j]emiah int]wove v]ses ( ,obadiah ) 8 own prophecy1 t 9 v]ses s int]wov5 !re is n "o expression :i* occurs else:]e 9 ,j]emiah40 ,simil>ly ,n[ack1 ,comm41 #ahig4 #dei #b ,*ron4 xx4 #dfj #b ,*ron4 xxi4 #ad-ag4 #dfa ,s ,delitzs*1 ,keil1 ,volck 9 ,h]zog's ,real4 ,ency4 ,,ii41 ,orelli & ,kirkpatrick4 ,delitzs* inde$ sugge/s t ! prophet may h be5 ,obadiah ! pr9ce appo9t$ by ,jeho%aphat to tea* 9 ! cities ( ,judah4 ,see above1 p4 #afc1 n4 #ded4 #dfb ,driv]1 ,introd4 #dfc ,j]4 xlix4 #i & #af appe> to be m orig9al ?an ,ob4 #c & #b;b4 ,notice ! pres5ce 9 ,j]4 xlix4 #af ( :i* ,obadiah omits4 #dfd #b ,k+s xiv4 #bb2 xvi4 #f1 ,revis$ ,v]sion m>g94 #dfe ,e9l4 pp4 #ahe f43 8,9 any case ,obadiah #a-i are old] ?an ! f\r? ye> ( ,jehoiakim40 #dff 8,t ! v]ses ,obadiah #aj ff4 ref] to ?is ev5t ! sack ( ,j]usalem w always rema9 ! mo/ natural supposition1 = ! description :i* !y give s completely suits t "t t x is n possible to take any o!r explanation into consid]ation40 #dfg ,edom paid tribute to ,s5na*]ib 9 #gja1 & to ,as>haddon 7#fha--ffi74 ,accord+ to #b ,k+s xxiv4 #b ,nebu*adrezz> s5t ,ammonites1 ,moabites & ,edomites = read aga9/ ,jehoiakim1 :o _h brok5 8 oa? to ,babylonia4 #dfh ,= ,edom's alliances ) ,arab tribes cf4 ,g54 xxv4 #ac ) xxxvi4 #c1 #ab1 etc4 #dfi ,ezek4 xxv4 #d1 #e1 #aj4 #dgj ,diod4 ,sic4 ,,xix4 #id4 ,a little e>li] !y are describ$ z 9 possession ( ,iturea1 on ! s\?-ea/ slopes ( ,anti-,lebanon 7,arrian ,,ii4 #bj1 #d74 #dga ,psalm lxxxiii4 #h4 #dgb i4 #a-e4 #dgc ,e4g4 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t3 ,m>k iii4 #h4 #dgd ,s too ,n[ack1 #ahig4 #dge ,deut4 ii4 #e1 #h1 #ab4 #dgf ,ezek4 xxxv41 esp4 #b & #ae4 #dgg iv4 #ba3 yet ,uz fails 9 ,,lxx41 & "s take to ref] to ! ,holy ,l& itself4 ,buhl1 ,ges*4 d] ,edomit]1 #gc4 #dgh ,x c h>dly be suppos$ t ,edom's trea*]\s allies 7 ,assyrians or ,babylonians1 = ev5 if ! phrase 8m5 ( ?y cov5ant0 c\ld be appli$ to ^? to :om ,edom 0 tribut>y1 ! ,assyrian or ,babylonian me?od ( deal+ ) conqu]$ peoples is describ$ by say+ t !y took !m (f into captivity1 n t !y s5t !m to ! bord]4 #dgi ,s ev5 ,cornill1 ,e9l4 #dhj ,?is 9 answ] to ,wellhaus5 on ! v]se4 #dha ,see bel[1 p4 #age1 n4 #f4 #dhb ,calv91 :ile refus+ 9 8 introduction to ,obadiah to fix a date 7except 9 s f> z he ?9ks x impossible = ! book to be e>li] ?an ,isaiah71 implies ?r\gh\t 8 comm5t>y on ! book t x 0 address$ to ,edom :ile ! ,jews 7 9 exile4 ,see 8 rem>ks on vv4 #ah-bj4 #dhc ,!re is a mi/ranslation 9 v]4 #ah3 is r5d]$ by 4 #dhd ,?is is no d\bt f ! lat] writ]1 :o be=e he gives ! new ^w ( ,jehovah ) reg>d to ,edom1 quotes ! e>li] prophecy1 m>k$ above by quotation m>ks4 ,9 no o!r way c we expla9 ! imm$iate foll[+ ( ! words 8,?us ha? ! ,"l spok50 ) 8,we h he>d a report10 etc4 #dhe #8,sela1' ! "n ( ! ,edomite capital1 ,petra4 #dhf ,! p>5!sis is n 9 ,j]4 xlix4 #i2 ,n[ack omits x4 ,if spoil]s occurs 9 ,heb4 be=e by night3 delete4 #dhg ,anti!tic to ?ieves & spoil]s by night1 z ! s5d+ ( ! p to _! bord] is anti!tic to ! ?ieves tak+ only :at !y want$4 #dhh 1 ?y bread1 :i* "h foll[s1 is n f\nd 9 ! ,,lxx41 & is probably an error due to a me*anical repetition ( ! lett]s ( ! previ\s ^w4 #dhi ,aga9 p]haps a quotation f an e>li] prophecy3 ,n[ack c\nts x f ano!r h&4 ,m>k ! sudd5 *ange to ! future4 #dij ,heb4 s t4 #dia ,) ,,lxx4 transf] ?is expression f ! end ( ! n9? to ! beg9n+ ( ! t5? v]se4 #dib 8,:5 ?\ did/ /& on ! opposite side40--,calv94 #dic ,plural2 ,,lxx4 & ,q]i4 #did ,sudd5 *ange to imp]ative4 ,! ,engli% v]sions r5d]1 ,?\ %\lde/ n h look$ on1 etc4 #die ,cf4 ,ps4 cxxxvii4 #g1 ! day ( ,j]usalem4 #dif ,! day ( 8 /rang5ess ali5a =tuna4 #dig ,) laught]4 ,wellhaus5 & ,n[ack suspect v]4 #ac z an intrusion4 #dih does n else:]e occur4 ,x means cleav+1 & ! ,,lxx4 r5d] x by 1 i4e4 pass betwe5 m\nta9s4 ,! ,arabic =ms f ! same root sugge/ ! s5se ( a b& ( m5 /&+ ap>t f ! ma9 body on ! wat* = /raggl]s 7cf4 1 9 v]4 #aa74 ,calv91 8! go+ =?02 ,grtz 1 brea*1 b see ,n[ack4 #dii ,wellhaus5 proposes to put ! la/ two clauses imm$iately aft] v]4 #ad4 #ejj ,! prophet seems "h to turn to address 8 own c\ntrym53 ! dr9k+ w !re=e take ! mean+ ( suff]+ ,god's *a/is+ wra?4 ,o!rs1 l ,calv91 take x 9 ! opposite s5se1 & apply x to ,edom3 8z ye h exult$10 etc4 #eja ,reel--= we ought 7) ,wellhaus57 probably to read 3 cf4 ,lam4 iv4 #b4 ,"s codd4 ( ,,lxx4 omit all ! nations 444 cont9u\sly1 dr9k & reel4 ,b ,ca ,a & ,q h all ! nations %all dr9k w9e4 #ejb ,s ,,lxx4 ,heb4 _! h]itages4 #ejc ,t is ! rev]se ( ! conditions aft] ! ,jews w5t into exile1 = !n ! ,edomites came up on ! ,negeb & ! ,phili/9es on ! ,%ephelah4 #ejd ,i4e4 ( ,judah1 ! re/ ( ! c\ntry outside ! ,negeb & ,%ephelah4 ,! read+ is aft] ! ,,lxx4 #eje ,:]eas ! pagan inhabitants ( ^! places came ^u ! hill-c\ntry ( ,juda dur+ ! ,exile4 #ejf ,an unusual =m ( ! ^w4 ,ewald w\ld read coa/4 ,! v]se is obscure4 #ejg ,s ,,lxx4 #ejh ,! ,jews !mselves ?\ght ?is to be ,spa93 s ,onkelos1 :o translates by ,hispania4 ,h5ce ! orig9 ( ! "n ,seph>dim ,jews4 ,! supposition t x is ,sp>ta ne$ h>dly be notic$4 ,our decision mu/ lie betwe5 two o!r regions--! "o 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ! o!r 9 ,s4,w4 ,m$ia4 ,fir/1 9 ! anci5t ,p]sian inscriptions !re ?rice occurs 7great ,behi/un inscription1 ,i4 #ae2 inscription ( ,d>ius1 ,,ii4 #ab1 #ac2 & inscription ( ,d>ius f ,na%-i-,ru/am7 p>da4 ,x is connect$ ) ,janua or ,ionia & ,katapatuka or ,cappadocia 7,s*rad]1 ,cun4 ,inscr4 & ,o4 ,t41 ,g]m4 ed41 p4 #ddf2 ,eng41 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #ade72 & ,sayce %[s t1 call$ ,%ap>da on a late cunei=m inscription ( #bge ,b4,c41 x mu/ h la9 9 ,bi?ynia or ,galatia 7,high] ,criticism & ,monum5ts1 p4 #dhc74 ,d>ius made x a satrapy4 ,x is cle>1 z ,*eyne says 7,f\nd]s ( ,o4 ,t4 ,criticism1 p4 #cab71 t ^? :o on o!r gr\nds are conv9c$ ( ! po/-exilic orig9 ( ?is "p ( ,obadiah1 ( its orig9 9 ! ,p]sian p]iod1 w id5tify ,seph>ad ) ?is p>da1 :i* bo? he & ,sayce d4 ,b to ^? ( u :o hold t ?is "p ( ,obadiah is f ! "t ( ! ,babylonian exile1 z we h s\ght to prove above on pp4 #aga f41 !n ,seph>ad _c be p>da1 = ,nebu*adrezz> did n subdue ,asia ,m9or & _c h transport$ ,jews !re4 ,are we !n =c$ to give up our !ory ( ! date ( ,obadiah #aj-ba 9 ! ,babylonian exile8 ,by no means4 ,=1 second1 ! inscriptions ( ,s>gon1 k+ ( ,assyria 7#gba--gje ,b4,c471 m5tion a ,%ap>da1 9 ,s4,w4 ,m$ia t[>ds ,babylonia1 a "n phonetically correspond5t to 7,s*rad]1 l4c471 & ! id5tification ( ! two is reg>d$ z 8exce$+ly probable0 by ,fri$4 ,delitzs* 7,wo lag das ,p>adies8 p4 #bdi74 ,b ev5 if ?is %\ld be %[n to be impossible1 & if ! id5tification ,seph>ad p>da be prov$1 t w\ld n oblige u to alt] our op9ion z to ! date ( ! :ole ( ,obadiah #aj-ba1 = x is possible t lat] additions1 includ+ ,seph>ad1 h be5 made to ! passage4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,edom ,,& ,,israel ,,obadiah #a-ba ,if ! ,book ( ,obadiah pres5ts u ) "s ( ! mo/ difficult que/ions ( criticism1 x raises besides "o ( ! h>de/ e?ical problems 9 all ! vex$ hi/ory ( ,israel4 ,israel's fate has be5 to "w out _! call+ 9 ! _w ?r\gh antipa?ies r ?an by sympa?ies1 b ( all ! antipa?ies :i* ! nation exp]i5c$ none 0 m bitt] & m con/ant ?an t t[>ds ,edom4 ,! re/ ( ,israel's enemies rose & fell l waves3 ,canaanites 7 succe$$ by ,phili/9es1 ,phili/9es by ,syrians1 ,syrians by ,greeks4 ,tyrant rel9qui%$ 8 grasp ( ,god's p to tyrant3 ,egyptian1 ,assyrian1 ,babylonian1 ,p]sian2 ! ,seleucids1 ! ,ptolemies4 ,b ,edom 0 always !re1 & frett$ 8 ang] = ev]4#eji ,f t f> back day :5 _! ance/ors wre/l$ 9 ! womb ( ,rebekah to ! v eve ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 :5 a ,jewi% k+#eaj dragg$ ! ,idumeans b5ea? ! yoke ( ! ,law1 ! two peoples scorn$1 hat$ & sc\rg$ ea* o!r1 ) a rel5tlessness t f9ds no analogy1 betwe5 k9dr$ & neighb\r nations1 any:]e else 9 hi/ory4 ,ab\t #ajcj ,david1 ab\t #acj ! ,hasmoneans1 7 equally at w> ) ,edom2 & few are ! prophets betwe5 ^? di/ant dates :o d n cry = v5geance aga9/ him or exult 9 8 ov]?r[4 ,! ,book ( ,obadiah is s+ul> 9 ?is1 t x conta9s no?+ else ?an su* feel+s & su* cries4 ,x br+s no spiritual message4 ,x speaks no ^w ( s91 or ( righte\sness1 or ( m]cy1 b only doom ^u ,edom 9 bitt] res5tm5t at 8 cruelties1 & 9 exultation t1 z he has help$ to dis9h]it ,israel1 ,israel %all dis9h]it him4 ,su* a book among ! prophets surprises u4 ,x seems b a d>k surge /a9+ ! /ream ( revelation1 z if to exhibit ?r\gh :at a muddy *annel ^! sacr$ wat]s h be5 p\r$ ^u ! _w4 ,is ! book only an outbreak ( ,israel's selfi% patriotism8 ,?is is ! "q we h to discuss 9 ! pres5t *apt]4 ,reasons = ! ho/ility ( ,edom & ,israel are n f> to seek4 ,! two nations 7 neighb\rs ) bitt] memories & rival int]e/s4 ,ea* ( !m 0 possess$ by a /rong s5se ( di/9ction f ! re/ ( mank9d1 :i* goes f> to ju/ify ! /ory ( _! common desc5t4 ,b :ile 9 ,israel ?is pride 0 *iefly due to ! consci\sness ( a peculi> de/9y n yet realis$--a pride pa9ful & hungry--9 ,edom x took ! complac5t =m ( satisfaction 9 a t]ritory ( rem>kable isolation & self-suffici5cy1 9 l>ge /ores ( weal?1 & 9 a reputation = worldly wisdom--a fulness t reck$ little ( ! future1 & felt no ne$ ( ! ,div9e4 ,! purple m\nta9s1 into :i* ! wild sons ( ,esau clamb]$1 run out f ,syria ^u ! des]t1 "s hundr$ miles by tw5ty ( porphyry & r$ s&/one4 ,!y are said to be ! f9e/ rock sc5]y 9 ! _w4 8,salvator ,rosa nev] conceiv$ s savage & s suitable a haunt = b&itti40#eaa ,f ,m\nt ,hor1 :i* is _! summit1 y look d[n ^u a maze ( m\nta9s1 cliffs1 *asms1 rocky %elves & /rips ( valley4 ,on ! ea/ ! range is b ! cre/$ edge ( a high1 cold plateau1 cov]$ = ! mo/ "p by /ones1 b ) /ret*es ( corn l& & scatt]$ woods4 ,! we/]n walls1 on ! contr>y1 spr+ /eep & b>e1 black & r$1 f ! yell[ ( ! des]t #8,arabah4 ,! int]ior is rea*$ by defiles1 s n>r[ t two horsem5 may sc>cely ride abrea/1 & ! sun is %ut out by ! ov]hang+ rocks4 ,eagles1 hawks & o!r m\nta9 birds fly scream+ r\nd ! travell]4 ,little else ?an wild-f[ls' ne/s are ! villages2 human eyries p]*$ on high %elves or hidd5 away 9 caves at ! ends ( ! deep gorges4 ,!re is abundance ( wat]4 ,! gorges are fill$ ) tam>isks1 ole&]s & wild figs4 ,besides ! :eat l&s on ! ea/]n plateau1 ! wid] defiles hold f]tile fields & t]races = ! v9e4 ,m\nt ,esau is1 !re=e1 no m]e citadel ) supplies = a limit$ siege1 b a well-/ock$1 well-wat]$ c\ntry1 full ( food & lu/y m51 yet lift$ s high1 & lock$ s fa/ by precipice & slipp]y m\nta91 t x calls = little tr\ble ( def5ce4 ,dwell] 9 ! clefts ( ! rock1 ! height is 8 habitation1 t sai? 9 8 he>t3 ,:o %all br+ me d[n to e>?8#eab ,on ?is ri* =tress-l& ! ,edomites enjoy$ a civilisation f> above t ( ! tribes :o sw>m$ ^u ! surr\nd+ des]ts2 & at ! same "t !y 7 cut (f f ! l&s ( ^? ,syrian nations :o 7 _! equals 9 culture & desc5t4 ,:5 ,edom look$ out ( himself1 he look$ d[n & across--d[n ^u ! ,arabs1 :om 8 position enabl$ him to rule ) a loose1 r\gh h&1 & across at 8 bro!rs 9 ,pale/9e1 =c$ by _! m op5 t]ritories to make alliances ) & aga9/ ea* o!r1 f all ( :i* he c\ld af=d to hold himself free4 ,t alone 0 b\nd to exasp]ate !m4 ,9 ,edom himself x appe>s to h br$ a want ( sympa?y1 a habit ( keep+ to himself & ignor+ ! claims bo? ( pity & ( k9%ip--) :i* he is *>g$ by all ! prophets4 ,he corrupt$ 8 natural feel+s1 & wat*$ 8 passion = ev]4#eac ,?\ /oode/ alo(6#ead ,?is self-suffici5cy 0 aggravat$ by ! position ( ! c\ntry among sev]al ( ! ma9 r\tes ( anci5t trade4 ,! ma/]s ( ,m\nt ,se'ir held ! h>b\rs ( #8,akaba1 into :i* ! gold %ips came f ,ophir4 ,!y int]cept$ ! ,arabian c>avans & cut ! roads to ,gaza & ,damascus4 ,petra1 9 ! v he>t ( ,edom1 0 9 lat] times ! capital ( ! ,nabatean k+dom1 ^: comm]ce rivall$ t ( ,phnicia1 scatt]+ its inscriptions f ,teyma 9 ,c5tral ,arabia up to ! v gates ( ,rome4#eae ,! e>li] ,edomites 7 also trad]s1 middlem5 betwe5 ,arabia & ! ,phnicians2 & !y fill$ _! cav]ns ) ! weal? bo? ( ,ea/ & ,we/4#eaf ,!re c be little d\bt t x 0 ?is :i* fir/ drew ! envi\s h& ( ,israel ^u a l& s cut (f f _! own & s difficult ( invasion4 ,he> ! exultation ( ! anci5t prophet ^: words ,obadiah has borr[$3 ,h[ se>*$ out is ,esau1 & 8 hidd5 treasures rifl$6#eag ,b ! same is cle> f ! hi/ory4 ,solomon1 ,jeho%aphat1 ,amaziah1 ,uzziah & o!r ,jewi% invad]s ( ,edom 7 all ambiti\s to comm& ! ,ea/]n trade ?r\gh ,ela? & ,ezion-geb]4 ,= ?is x 0 necess>y to subdue ,edom2 & ! frequ5t r$uction ( ! c\ntry to a vassal /ate1 ) ! revolts 9 :i* x broke free1 7 accompani$ by t]rible cruelties ^u bo? sides4#eah ,e c5tury increas$ ! tale ( bitt] memories betwe5 ! bro!rs1 & add$ ! horrors ( a w> ( rev5ge to ^? ( a w> = gold4 ,! deepe/ spr+s ( _! hate1 h[ev]1 bubbl$ 9 _! blood4 ,9 g5ius1 temp] & ambition1 ! two peoples 7 ( opposite extremes4 ,x is v s+ul> t we nev] he> 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ( ! ,edomite gods4 ,israel fell "u ! fasc9ation ( e neighb\r+ idolatry1 b does n ev5 m5tion t ,edom _h a religion4 ,su* a sil5ce _c be accid5tal1 & ! inf]5ce :i* x sugge/s is confirm$ by ! picture drawn ( ,esau himself4 ,esau is a pr(ane p]son#eai2 ) no consci5ce ( a bir?right1 no fai? 9 ! future1 no capacity = visions2 dead to ! unse51 & clam\r+ only = ! satisfaction ( 8 appetites4 ,! same 0 probably ! "* ( 8 desc5dants2 :o _h1 ( c\rse1 _! own gods1 l e o!r p 9 t ,semitic _w1#ebj b 7 ess5tially irreligi\s1 liv+ = food1 spoil & v5geance1 ) no national consci5ce or ideals--a k9d ( p :o des]v$ ev5 m ?an ! ,phili/9es to h _! "n desc5d to our times z a symbol ( h>dness & obscurantism4 ,x is no contradiction to all ?is t ! "o intellectual quality imput$ to ! ,edomites %\ld be t ( %rewdness & a wisdom :i* 0 obvi\sly worldly4 ,! wise m5 ( ,edom1 ! clev]ness ( ,m\nt ,esau#eba 7 notori\s4 ,x is ! race :i* has giv5 to hi/ory only ! ,h]ods--clev]1 s*em+1 ru?less /atesm51 z able z !y 7 false & bitt]1 z %rewd 9 policy z !y 7 de/itute ( ideals4 ,t fox1 cri$ ,*ri/1 & cry+ /amp$ ! race4 ,b ( su* a national "* ,israel 0 9 all po9ts1 save t ( cunn+1 ess5tially ! rev]se4 ,:o _h su* a passion = ! ideal8 ,:o su* a hung] = ! future1 su* hopes or su* visions8 ,nev] m ?an 9 ! day ( _! pro/ration1 :5 ,j]usalem & ! sanctu>y fell 9 ru9s1 did !y feel & hate ! h>dness ( ! bro!r1 :o /ood alo( & made l>ge 8 m\?4#ebb ,x is1 !re=e1 no m]e passion = rev5ge1 :i* inspires ^! few1 hot v]ses ( ,obadiah4 ,no d\bt1 bitt] memories rankle 9 8 he>t4 ,he eag]ly repeats#ebc ! voices ( a day :5 ,israel mat*$ ,edom 9 cruelty & 0 cruel = ! sake ( gold1 :5 ,judah's k+s covet$ ,esau's treasures & 7 foil$4 ,no d\bt !re is exultation 9 ! news he he>s1 t ^! treasures h be5 rifl$ by o!rs2 t all ! clev]ness ( ?is pr\d p has n avail$ aga9/ its trea*]\s allies2 & t x has be5 s5t pack+ to its bord]s4#ebd ,b b5ea? su* savage temp]s1 !re beats ! he>t :i* has f\ght & suff]$ = ! highe/ ?+s1 & n[ 9 its m>tyrdom sees !m baffl$ & mock$ by a p )\t vision & )\t feel+4 ,ju/ice1 m]cy & tru?2 ! education ( humanity 9 ! law ( ,god1 ! e/abli%m5t ( ,8 w ^u e>?--^! ?+s1 x is true1 are n m5tion$ 9 ! ,book ( ,obadiah1 b x is = ! sake ( "s dim in/9ct ( !m t its wra? is p\r$ ^u foes ^: trea*]y & malice seek to make !m impossible by de/roy+ ! "o p on e>? :o !n believ$ & liv$ = !m4 ,consid] ! situation4 ,x 0 ! d>ke/ h\r ( ,israel's hi/ory4 ,city & ,temple _h fall51 ! p _h be5 c>ri$ away4 ,up ov] ! empty l& ! waves ( mock+ hea!n _h fl[$1 !re 0 none to beat !m back4 ,a ,jew :o _h liv$ ?r\gh ^! ?+s1 :o _h se5#ebe ! day ( ,j]usalem's fall & pass$ f h] ru9s "u ! mock+ ( h] foes1 d>$ to cry back into ! l>ge m\?s !y made3 ,our day is n sp5t2 we %all return ) ! ?+s we live =2 ! l& %all yet be ours1 & ! k+dom our ,god's4 ,brave1 hot he>t6 ,x %all be z ?\ saye/2 x %all be = a brief season4 ,b 9 exile ?y p & ?\ h fir/ to le>n _m m ?+s ab\t ! hea!n ?an y c n[ feel4 ,mix ) !m on t f>-(f coa/1 f :i* ?\ crie/4 ,le>n :at ! _w is1 & t m beautiful & m possible ?an ! n>r[ rule :i* ?\ ha/ promis$ to ,israel ov] h] neighb\rs %all be t worldwide s]vice ( man1 ( :i*1 9 fifty ye>s1 all ! be/ ( ?y p %all be dream+4 ,! ,book ( ,obadiah at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,exile1 & ! great prophecy ( ! ,s]vant at ! end ( x--h[ true 0 8 ^w :o said3 ,he t goe? =? & weepe?1 be>+ preci\s se$1 %all d\btless come aga9 ) rejoic+1 br++ 8 %eaves ) him4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ,israel & ,edom may be quickly trac$4 ,:5 ! ,jews return$ f exile !y f\nd ! ,edomites 9 possession ( all ! ,negeb1 & ( ! ,m\nta9 ( ,judah f> nor? ( ,hebron4 ,! old w>f>e 0 resum$1 & n till #acj ,b4,c4 7z has be5 already said7 did a ,jewi% k+ br+ ! old enemies ( 8 p b5ea? ! ,law ( ,jehovah4 ,! ,jewi% scribes transf]r$ ! "n ( ,edom to ,rome1 z if x 7 ! p]petual symbol ( t ho/ility ( ! hea!n _w1 aga9/ :i* ,israel _h to "w out h] call+ z ! peculi> p ( ,god4 ,yet ,israel _h n done ) ! ,edomites !mselves4 ,nev] did %e enc\nt] foes m dang]\s to h] high] int]e/s ?an 9 h] ,idumean dyna/y ( ! ,h]ods2 :ile ! savage rel5tlessness ( c]ta9 ,edomites 9 ! la/ /ruggles aga9/ ,rome prov$ t ! fire :i* _h scor*$ h] bord]s = a ?\s& ye>s1 n[ burn$ a /ill m fatal flame )9 h]4 ,m ?an any?+ else1 ?is ,edomite fanaticism provok$ ! spl5did suicide ( ,israel1 :i* beg9n+ 9 ,galilee 0 consummat$ ^u ! rocks ( ,masada1 half-way betwe5 ,j]usalem & ,m\nt ,esau4 ,,footnotes3 #eji ,amos i4 #aa4 ,see ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #abi4 #eaj ,john ,hyrcanus1 ab\t #acj ,b4,c4 #eaa ,irby & ,mangles' ,travels3 cf4 ,burckh>dt's ,travels 9 ,syria1 & ,d\ghty1 ,arabia ,des]ta1 ,i4 #eab ,obadiah #c4 #eac ,amos i43 cf4 ,ezek4 xxxv4 #e4 #ead ,obadiah #aj4 #eae ,c4 ,i4 ,s41 ,,ii4 i4 #ahc ff4 #eaf ,obadiah #f4 #eag ,v]se #f4 #eah ,see ! details 9 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #abi f4 #eai ,heb4 xii4 #af4 #ebj ,we ev5 "k ! names ( "s ( ^! deities f ! !ophor\s names ( ,edomites3 e4g4 ,baal-*anan 7,g54 xxxvi4 #ch71 ,hadad 7ib4 #ce2 #a ,k+s xi4 #ad ff472 ,malikram1 ausmalaka1 ausgabri 7on ,assyrian inscriptions3 ,s*rad]1 ,k4,a4,t4 #aej1 #fac72 1 1 1 7,rev4 ar*ol4 #ahgj1 ,i4 pp4 #aji ff41 #agj ff471 7,jos41 ,,xv4 ,ant4 vii4 #i74 ,see ,bae?g51 ,beitrge zur ,semit4 ,rel4 ,ges*41 pp4 #aj ff4 #eba ,obadiah #h3 cf4 ,j]4 xlix4 #g4 #ebb ,obadiah #aa1 #ab3 cf4 ,ezek4 xxxv4 #ab f4 #ebc #a-e or #f4 ,see above1 pp4 #afg1 #aga f4 #ebd ,v]se #g4 #ebe ,see above1 p4 #aga4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,prophets ,,( ,,! ,,p]sian ,,p]iod 7#eci--cca ,b4,c47 8,! exiles return$ f ,babylon to f\nd n a k+dom b a *ur*40 ,,kirkpatrick4 8,israel is no long] a k+dom1 b a colony0 7p4 #ahi74 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,israel ,,"u ,,! ,,p]sians 7#eci--cca ,b4,c47 ,! next gr\p ( ! ,twelve ,prophets--,haggai1 ,ze*>iah1 ,mala*i & p]haps ,joel--fall )9 ! p]iod ( ! ,p]sian ,empire4 ,! ,p]sian ,empire 0 f\nd$ on ! conque/ ( ,babylon by ,cyrus 9 #eci ,b4,c41 & x fell 9 ! defeat ( ,d>ius ,,iii4 by ,alex&] ! ,great at ! battle ( ,gaugamela1 or ,arbela1 9 #cca4 ,! p]iod is ?us "o ( a little m ?an two c5turies4 ,dur+ all ?is "t ,israel 7 ! subjects ( ! ,p]sian mon>*s1 & b\nd to !m & _! civilisation by ! close/ ( ties4 ,!y ow$ !m _! lib]ty & revival z a sep>ate community ^u its own l&4 ,! ,jewi% ,/ate--if we may give t title to :at is p]haps m truly describ$ z a ,congregation or ,commune--0 "p ( an empire :i* /ret*$ f ! gean to ! ,indus1 & ! prov9ces ( :i* 7 held 9 close int]c\rse by ! fir/ sy/em ( roads & po/s t ev] br\ght diff]5t races toge!r4 ,jews 7 scatt]$ almo/ ev]y:]e across ?is empire4 ,a va/ numb] /ill rema9$ 9 ,babylon1 & !re 7 _m at ,susa & ,ecbatana1 two ( ! royal capitals4 ,mo/ ( ^! 7 subject to ! full influ5ce ( ,aryan mann]s & religion2 "s 7 ev5 memb]s ( ! ,p]sian ,c\rt & _h access to ! ,royal ,pres5ce4 ,9 ! ,delta ( ,egypt !re 7 ,jewi% settlem5ts1 & ,jews 7 f\nd also ?r\gh\t ,syria & along ! coa/s1 at lea/1 ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,"h !y t\*$ ano!r civilisation1 de/9$ to impress !m 9 ! future ev5 m deeply ?an ! ,p]sian4 ,x is ! p]iod ( ! /ruggle betwe5 ,asia & ,europe1 betwe5 ,p]sia & ,greece3 ! p]iod ( ,m>a?on & ,!rmopyl1 ( ,salamis & ,plata1 ( ,x5ophon & ! ,t5 ,?\s&4 ,greek fleets occupi$ ,cyprus & visit$ ! ,delta4 ,greek armies--9 ! pay ( ,p]sia--trod = ! fir/ "t ! soil ( ,syria4#ebf ,9 su* a _w1 dom9at$ = ! fir/ "t by ! ,aryan1 ,jews return$ f exile1 rebuilt _! ,temple & resum$ its ritual1 reviv$ ,prophecy & codifi$ ! ,law3 9 %ort1 re/or$ & organis$ ,israel z ! p ( ,god1 & develop$ _! religion to ^? ultimate =ms 9 :i* x has accompli%$ its supreme s]vice to ! _w4 ,9 ?is p]iod ,prophecy does n ma9ta9 t l(ty position :i* x has hi!rto held 9 ! life ( ,israel1 & ! reasons = its decl9e are obvi\s4 ,to beg9 )1 ! national life1 f :i* x spr+s1 is ( a f> poor] quality4 ,israel is no long] a k+dom1 b a colony4 ,! /ate is n indep5d5t3 !re is virtually no /ate4 ,! community is poor & feeble1 cut (f f all ! habit & pre/ige ( _! pa/1 & beg9n+ ! rudim5ts ( life aga9 9 h>d /ruggle ) nature & ho/ile tribes4 ,to ?is level ,prophecy has to desc5d1 & occupy itself ) ^! rudim5ts4 ,we miss ! civic atmosph]e1 ! great spaces ( public life1 ! l>ge e?ical issues4 ,in/ead we h te>ful que/ions1 rais$ by a grudg+ soil & bad seasons1 ) all ! petty selfi%ness ( hung]-bitt5 peasants4 ,! religi\s duties ( ! colony are ma9ly ecclesia/ical3 ! build+ ( a temple1 ! arrangem5t ( ritual1 & ! c]emonial discipl9e ( ! p 9 sep>ation f _! hea!n neighb\rs4 ,we miss1 too1 ! cle> outlook ( ! e>li] prophets ^u ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 & _! calm1 rational grasp ( its =ces4 ,! _w is /ill se51 & ev5 to fur!r di/ances ?an be=e4 ,! p abate no :it ( _! ideal to be ! tea*]s ( mank9d4 ,b x is all ?r\gh ano!r m$ium4 ,! lurid air ( ,apocalypse envelops ! future1 & 9 _! weakness to grapple ei!r politically or philosophically ) ! problems :i* hi/ory (f]s1 ! prophets resort to ! expectation ( physical cata/rophes & ( ! int]v5tion ( sup]natural armies4 ,su* an atmosph]e is n ! native air ( ,prophecy1 & ,prophecy yields its supreme (fice 9 ,israel to o!r =ms ( religi\s developm5t4 ,on "o side ! ecclesia/ic comes to ! front--! legali/1 ! organis] ( ritual1 ! prie/2 on ano!r1 ! tea*]1 ! morali/1 ! ?9k] & ! speculator4 ,at ! same "t p]sonal religion is p]haps m deeply cultivat$ ?an at any o!r /age ( ! p's hi/ory4 ,a l>ge numb] ( lyrical pieces be> pro( to ! exi/5ce ( a v g5u9e & beautiful piety ?r\gh\t ! p]iod4 99 99 99 99 99 ,un=tunately ! ,jewi% records = ?is "t are bo? fragm5t>y & confus$2 !y t\* ! g5]al hi/ory ( ! _w only at int]vals1 & give rise to a numb] ( difficult que/ions1 "s ( :i* are insoluble4 ,! cle>e/ & only consecutive l9e ( data ?r\gh ! p]iod is ! li/ ( ! ,p]sian mon>*s4 ,! ,p]sian ,empire1 #eci--cca1 0 su/a9$ ?r\gh elev5 reigns & two usurpations1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is a *ronological table3-- ,cyrus 7,kuru%7 ! ,great #eci--ebi ,cambyses 7,kambujiya7 #ebi--ebb ,pseudo-,sm]dis1 or ,b>adis #ebb ,d>ius 7,d>ayahu%7 ,i41 ,hy/aspis #eba--dhe ,x]xes 7,k%ay>%a7 ,i4 #dhe--dfd ,artax]xes 7,artak%a?ra7 ,i41 ,longimanus #dfd--dbd ,x]xes ,,ii4 #dbd--dbc ,sogdianus #dbc ,d>ius ,,ii41 ,no?us #dbc--djd ,artax]xes ,,ii41 ,mnemon #djd--ceh ,artax]xes ,,iii41 ,o*us #ceh--cch ,arses #cch--cce ,d>ius ,,iii41 ,codomanus #cce--cca ,( ^! royal names1 ,cyrus1 ,d>ius1 ,x]xes 7,ahasu]us7 & ,artax]xes are giv5 among ! ,biblical data2 b ! fact t !re are ?ree ,d>ius'1 two ,x]xes' & ?ree ,artax]xes' makes possible m ?an "o set ( id5tifications1 & has sugge/$ diff]5t *ronological s*emes ( ,jewi% hi/ory dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,! simple/ & mo/ g5]ally accept$ id5tification ( ! ,d>ius1 ,x]xes 7,ahasu]us7 & ,artax]xes ( ! ,biblical hi/ory1#ebg is t !y 7 ! fir/ ,p]sian mon>*s ( ^! names2 & aft] ne$ful re>rangem5t ( ! some:at confus$ ord] ( ev5ts 9 ! n>rative ( ! ,book ( ,ezra1 x 0 held z settl$ t1 :ile ! exiles return$ "u ,cyrus ab\t #ecg1 ,haggai & ,ze*>iah prophesi$ & ! ,temple 0 built "u ,d>ius ,i4 betwe5 ! second & ! six? ye> ( 8 reign1 or f #ebj to #eaf2 t attempts 7 made to build ! walls ( ,j]usalem "u ,x]xes ,i4 7#dhe--dfd71 b especially "u ,artax]xes ,i4 7#dfd--dbd71 "u :om fir/ ,ezra 9 #deh & !n ,nehemiah 9 #dde arriv$ at ,j]usalem1 promulgat$ ! ,law & reorganis$ ,israel4 ,b ?is has by no means satisfi$ all mod]n critics4 ,"s 9 ! int]e/s ( ! au!nticity & correct ord] ( ! ,book ( ,ezra1 & "s = o!r reasons1 argue t ! ,d>ius "u :om ! ,temple 0 built 0 ,d>ius ,,ii41 or ,no?us1 #dbc--djd1 & ?us br+ d[n ! build+ ( ! ,temple & ! prophets ,haggai & ,ze*>iah a :ole c5tury lat] ?an ! accept$ !ory2#ebh & t !re=e ! ,artax]xes1 "u :om ,ezra & ,nehemiah lab\r$1 0 n ! fir/ ,artax]xes1 or ,longimanus 7#dfd--dbd71 b ! second1 or ,mnemon 7#djd--ceh74ebi ,?is arrangem5t ( ! hi/ory f9ds "s support 9 ! data1 & especially 9 ! ord] ( ! data1 furni%$ by ! ,book ( ,ezra1 :i* describes ! build+ ( ! ,temple "u ,d>ius aft] its record ( ev5ts "u ,x]xes ,i4 7,ahasu]us7 & ,artax]xes ,i4#ecj ,b1 z we %all see 9 ! next *apt]1 ! ,compil] ( ! ,book ( ,ezra has se5 fit1 = "s reason1 to violate ! *ronological ord] ( ! data at 8 disposal1 & no?+ reliable c be built ^u 8 arrangem5t4 ,unravel 8 some:at confus$ hi/ory1 take ! contempor>y data suppli$ 9 ,haggai & ,ze*>iah1 add to !m ! hi/orical probabilities ( ! "t1 & y w f9d1 z ! ?ree ,dut* s*ol>s ,ku551 ,van ,hoonack] & ,ko/]s h done1#eca t ! rebuild+ ( ! ,temple _c possibly be dat$ s late z ! reign ( ! second ,d>ius 7#dbc--djd71 b mu/ be left1 accord+ to ! usual acceptation1 "u ,d>ius ,i4 7#eba--dhe74 ,haggai1 = in/ance1 pla9ly implies t among ^? :o saw ! ,temple ris+ 7 m5 :o _h se5 its pr$ecessor de/roy$ 9 #ehf1ecb & ,ze*>iah decl>es t ,god's wra? on ,j]usalem has j la/$ sev5ty ye>s4#ecc ,nor 7h[ev] mu* 8 confusion may give gr\nds to ! contr>y7 c ! ,compil] ( ! ,book ( ,ezra h meant any o!r reign = ! build+ ( ! ,temple ?an t ( ,d>ius ,i4 ,he m5tions t no?+ 0 done to ! ,temple all ! days ( ,cyrus & up to ! reign ( ,d>ius3#ecd by ?is he _c int5d to pass ov] ! fir/ ,d>ius & leap on ?ree m reigns1 or a c5tury1 to ,d>ius ,,ii4 ,he m5tions ,z]ubbabel & ,je%ua bo? z at ! head ( ! exiles :o return$ "u ,cyrus1 & z presid+ at ! build+ ( ! ,temple "u ,d>ius4#ece ,if alive 9 #ecf1 !y may well h be5 alive 9 #eba1 b _c h surviv$ till #dbc4ecf ,^! data are fully support$ by ! hi/orical probabilities4 ,x is inconceivable t ! ,jews %\ld h delay$ ! build+ ( ! ,temple = m ?an a c5tury f ! "t ( ,cyrus4 ,t ! ,temple 0 built by ,z]ubbabel & ,je%ua 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,d>ius ,i4 may be consid]$ z "o ( ! unque/ionable data ( our p]iod4 ,b if ?is be s1 !n !re falls away a great "p ( ! argum5t = plac+ ! build+ ( ! walls ( ,j]usalem & ! lab\rs ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah "u ,artax]xes ,,ii4 7#djd--ceh7 in/ead ( ,artax]xes ,i4 ,x is true t "s :o accept ! build+ ( ! ,temple "u ,d>ius ,i4 nev]!less put ,ezra & ,nehemiah "u ,artax]xes ,,ii4 ,! weakness ( _! case1 h[ev]1 has be5 cle>ly expos$ by ,ku551#ecg :o proves t ,nehemiah's mission to ,j]usalem mu/ h fall5 9 ! tw5tie? ye> ( ,artax]xes ,i41 or #dde4ech 8,on ?is fact !re c be no fur!r diff]5ce ( op9ion40#eci ,^! two dates !n are fix$3 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,temple 9 #ebj by ,z]ubbabel & ,je%ua1 & ! arrival ( ,nehemiah at ,j]usalem 9 #dde4 ,o!r po9ts are m difficult to e/abli%1 & 9 p>ticul> !re re/s a great obscurity on ! date ( ! two visits ( ,ezra to ,j]usalem4 ,accord+ to ! ,book ( ,ezra1#edj he w5t !re fir/ 9 ! sev5? ye> ( ,artax]xes ,i41 or #deh ,b4,c41 ?irte5 ye>s be=e ! arrival ( ,nehemiah4 ,he f\nd _m ,jews m>ri$ to hea!n wives1 laid x to he>t1 & call$ a g5]al assembly ( ! p to drive ! latt] out ( ! community4 ,!n we he> no m ( him3 nei!r 9 ! negotiations ) ,artax]xes ab\t ! build+ ( ! walls1 nor ^u ! arrival ( ,nehemiah1 nor 9 ,nehemiah's treatm5t ( ! mix$ m>riages4 ,he is abs5t f ev]y?+1 till sudd5ly he appe>s aga9 at ! d$ication ( ! walls by ,nehemiah & at ! read+ ( ! ,law4#eda ,?is 8eclipse ( ,ezra10 z ,ku55 well calls x1 tak5 ) ! mix$ "* ( all ! records left ( him1 has mov$ "s to d5y to him & 8 re=ms & 8 promulgation ( ! ,law any hi/orical reality :atev]2#edb :ile o!rs1 ) a m sob] & rational criticism1 h s\ght to solve ! difficulties by ano!r arrangem5t ( ! ev5ts ?an t usually accept$4 ,van ,hoonack] makes ,ezra's fir/ appe>ance 9 ,j]usalem to be at ! d$ication ( ! walls & promulgation ( ! ,law 9 #dde1 & ref]s 8 arrival describ$ 9 ,ezra vii4 & 8 attempts to aboli% ! mix$ m>riages to a second visit to ,j]usalem 9 ! tw5tie? ye>1 n ( ,artax]xes ,i41 b ( ,artax]xes ,,ii41 or #cih ,b4,c4 ,ku55 has expos$ ! extreme unlikelihood1 if n impossibility1 ( s late a date = ,ezra1 & 9 ?is ,ko/]s holds ) him4#edc ,b ,ko/]s agrees ) ,van ,hoonack] 9 plac+ ,ezra's activity subsequ5t to ,nehemiah's & to ! d$ication ( ! walls4 ,^! que/ions ab\t ,ezra h little be>+ on our pres5t /udy ( ! prophets1 & x is n our duty to discuss !m4 ,b ,ku551 9 answ] to ,van ,hoonack]1 has %[n v /rong reasons#edd = hold+ 9 ! ma9 to ! g5]ally accept$ !ory ( ,ezra's arrival 9 ,j]usalem 9 #deh1 ! sev5? ye> ( ,artax]xes ,i42 & ?\gh !re are great difficulties ab\t ! n>rative :i* foll[s1 & especially ab\t ,ezra's sudd5 disappe>ance f ! sc5e till aft] ,nehemiah's arrival1 reasons may be f\nd = ?is4#ede ,we are !re=e ju/ifi$ 9 hold+1 9 ! meantime1 to ! traditional arrangem5t ( ! great ev5ts 9 ,israel 9 ! fif? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,we may divide ! :ole ,p]sian p]iod by ! two po9ts we h f\nd to be c]ta91 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,temple "u ,d>ius ,i4 9 #ebj & ! mission ( ,nehemiah to ,j]usalem 9 #dde1 & by ! o!r t we h f\nd to be probable1 ,ezra's arrival 9 #deh4 ,on ^! data ! ,p]sian p]iod may be arrang$ "u ! foll[+ f\r sections1 among :i* we place ^? prophets :o respectively belong to !m3-- #a4 ,f ! ,tak+ ( ,babylon by ,cyrus to ! ,completion ( ! ,temple 9 ! six? ye> ( ,d>ius ,i41 #ech--eaf3 ,haggai & ,ze*>iah 9 #ebj ff4 #b4 ,f ! ,completion ( ! ,temple "u ,d>ius ,i4 to ! arrival ( ,ezra 9 ! sev5? ye> ( ,artax]xes ,i41 #eaf--deh3 sometimes call$ ! p]iod ( sil5ce1 b probably yield+ ! ,book ( 8,mala*i40 #c4 ,! ,"w ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah "u ,artax]xes ,i41 ,longimanus1 #deh--dbe4 #d4 ,! ,re/ ( ! ,p]iod1 ,x]xes ,,ii4 to ,d>ius ,,iii41 #dbe--cca3 ! prophet ,joel & p]haps sev]al o!r anonym\s fragm5ts ( prophecy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,( ^! f\r sections we mu/ n[ exam9e ! fir/1 = x =ms ! necess>y introduction to our /udy ( ,haggai & ,ze*>iah1 & above all x raises a "q almo/ great] ?an any ( ^? we h j be5 discuss+4 ,! fact record$ by ! ,book ( ,ezra1 & till a few ye>s ago accept$ )\t d\bt by tradition & mod]n criticism1 ! fir/ ,return ( ,exiles f ,babylon "u ,cyrus1 has lately be5 altoge!r d5i$2 & ! build]s ( ! ,temple 9 #ebj h be5 ass]t$ to be1 n return$ exiles1 b ! remnant ( ,jews left 9 ,judah by ,nebu*adrezz> 9 #ehf4 ,! importance ( ?is = our int]pretation ( ,haggai & ,ze*>iah1 :o in/igat$ ! build+ ( ! ,temple1 is obvi\s3 we mu/ discuss ! "q 9 detail4 ,,footnotes3 #ebf ,! *ief au?orities = ?is p]iod are z foll[s3--,a4 ,anci5t3 ! inscriptions ( ,nabonidus1 la/ native ,k+ ( ,babylon1 ,cyrus & ,d>ius ,i42 ! ,hebrew writ+s :i* 7 compos$ 91 or record ! hi/ory (1 ! p]iod2 ! ,greek hi/orians ,h]odotus1 fragm5ts ( ,ctesias 9 ,diodorus ,sic4 etc41 ( ,abyd5us 9 ,eusebius1 ,b]osus4 ,b4 ,mod]n3 ,mey]'s & ,dunck]'s ,hi/ories ( ,antiquity2 art4 8,anci5t ,p]sia0 9 ,encycl4 ,brit41 by ,nldeke & ,guts*mid2 ,sayce1 ,anc4 ,empires2 ! works ( ,ku551 ,van ,hoonack] & ,ko/]s giv5 on p4 #aib2 rec5t hi/ories ( ,israel1 e4g4 ,/ade's1 ,wellhaus5's & ,klo/]mann's2 ,p4 ,hay ,hunt]1 ,aft] ! ,exile1 a ,hundr$ ,ye>s ( ,jewi% ,hi/ory & ,lit]ature1 #b ,vols41 ,ed94 #ahij2 ,w4 ,fairwea!r1 ,f ! ,exile to ! ,adv5t1 ,ed94 #ahie4 ,on ,ezra & ,nehemiah see especially ,ryle's ,comm5t>y 9 ! ,cambridge ,bible = ,s*ools1 & ,b]!au-,ryssel's 9 ,kurzgefas/es ,exegetis*es ,h&bu*3 cf4 also ,*>les ,c4 ,torrey1 ,! ,composition & ,hi/orical ,value ( ,ezra-,nehemiah1 9 ! ,beihefte zur ,z4,a4,t4,w41 ,,ii41 #ahif4 #ebg ,ezra iv4 #e-g1 etc41 vi4 #a-ad1 etc4 #ebh ,havet1 ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 ,,xciv4 #gii ff4 7art4 ,la ,mod]nit des ,prophtes72 ,imb]t 79 def5ce ( ! hi/orical "* ( ! ,book ( ,ezra71 ,le ,temple ,recon/ruit p> ,zorobabel1 extrait du ,muson1 #ahhh-i 7?is ,i h n se572 ,sir ,h5ry ,h[or? 9 ! ,academy = #ahic--see especially pp4 #cbj ff4 #ebi ,ano!r ,fr5* writ]1 ,bellang1 9 ! ,muson = #ahij1 quot$ by ,ku55 7,ges4 ,abh&l41 p4 #bac71 goes fur!r1 & places ,ezra & ,nehemiah "u ! ?ird ,artax]xes1 ,o*us 7#ceh--cch74 #ecj ,ezra iv4 #f--v4 #eca ,ku551 ,de ,*ronologie van het ,p]zis*e ,tijdvak d] ,joods*e ,ges*i$5is1 #ahij1 translat$ by ,budde 9 ,ku55's ,gesammelte ,abh&lung51 pp4 #bab ff42 ,van ,hoonack]1 ,zorobabel et le ,second ,temple 7#ahib72 ,ko/]s1 ,het ,h]/el van ,israel1 9 ,het ,p]zis*e ,tijdvak1 #ahid1 translat$ by ,bas$[1 ,die ,wi$]h]/ellung ,israels im ,p]sis*5 ,zeitalt]1 #ahif4 #ecb ,hag4 ii4 #c4 #ecc ,ze*4 i4 #ab4 #ecd ,ezra iv4 #e4 #ece ,ezra ii4 #b1 iv4 #a ff41 v4 #b4 #ecf ,z ,ku55 %[s1 p4 #bbf1 no?+ c be d$uc$ f ,ezra vi4 #ad4 #ecg ,p4 #bbg2 9 answ] to ,de ,saulcy1 tude ,*ronologique des ,livres d',esdras et de ,nhmie 7#ahfh71 ,sept ,sicles de l',hi/oire ,judaque 7#ahgd74 ,de ,saulcy's case re/s on ! acc\nt ( ,josephus 7,,xi4 ,ant4 vii4 #b-h3 cf4 ix4 #a71 ! untru/wor?y "* ( :i* & its confusion ( two di/ant eras ,ku55 has no difficulty 9 %[+4 #ech ,:5 ,nehemiah came to ,j]usalem ,eliya%ib 0 high prie/1 & he 0 gr&son ( ,je%ua1 :o 0 high prie/ 9 #ebj1 or sev5ty-five ye>s be=e2 b betwe5 #ebj & ! tw5tie? ye> ( ,artax]xes ,,ii4 lie "o hundr$ & ?irty-six ye>s4 ,& aga91 ! ,artax]xes ( ,ezra iv4 #h-bc1 "u :om ! walls ( ,j]usalem 7 begun1 0 ! imm$iate foll[] ( ,x]xes 7,ahasu]us71 & !re=e ,artax]xes ,i41 & ,van ,hoonack] has %[n t he mu/ be ! same z ! ,artax]xes ( ,nehemiah4 #eci ,ko/]s1 p4 #dc4 #edj vii4 #a-h4 #eda ,neh4 xii4 #cf1 viii41 x4 #edb ,v]nes1 ,prcis d',hi/oire ,juive depuis les ,orig9es jusqu' l'poque ,p]sane 7#ahhi71 pp4 #egi ff4 7n se572 m rec5tly also ,*>les ,c4 ,torrey ( ,&ov]1 ,! ,composition & ,hi/orical ,value ( ,ezra-,nehemiah1 9 ! ,beihefte zur ,z4,a4,t4,w41 ,,ii41 #ahif4 #edc ,pages #aac ff4 #edd ,page #bcg4 #ede ,! failure ( 8 too ha/y & impetu\s attempts at s :olesale a measure z ! bani%m5t ( ! hea!n wives2 or 8 return to ,babylon1 hav+ accompli%$ 8 end4 ,see ,ryle1 ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 9 ! ,cambridge ,bible = ,s*ools1 ,introd41 pp4 xl4 f4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,f ,,! ,,return ,,f ,,babylon ,,to ,,! ,,build+ ,,( ,,! ,,temple 7#ecf--eaf ,b4 ,c47 ,cyrus ! ,great took ,babylon & ! ,babylonian ,empire 9 #eci4 ,^u ! eve ( 8 conque/ ! ,second ,isaiah _h hail$ him z ! ,lib]ator ( ! p ( ,god & ! build] ( _! ,temple4 ,! ,return ( ! ,exiles & ! ,re/oration bo? ( ,temple & ,city 7 pr$ict$ by ! ,second ,isaiah = ! imm$iate future2 & a ,jewi% hi/orian1 ! ,compil] ( ! ,books ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 :o liv$ ab\t #cjj ,b4,c41 has tak5 up ! /ory ( h[ ^! ev5ts came to pass f ! v fir/ ye> ( ,cyrus onw>d4 ,be=e discuss+ ! dates & prop] ord] ( ^! ev5ts1 x w be well to h ?is ,*ronicl]'s n>rative be=e u4 ,x lies 9 ! fir/ & foll[+ *apt]s ( our ,book ( ,ezra4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ,cyrus1 soon aft] 8 conque/ ( ,babylon1 gave p]mission to ! ,jewi% exiles to return to ,pale/9e1 & betwe5 =ty & fifty ?\s&#edf did s return1 be>+ ! vessels ( ,jehovah's h\se :i* ! ,*aldeans _h tak5 away 9 #ehf4 ,^! ,cyrus deliv]$ to ,%e%bazz>1 pr9ce ( ,judah#edg 7:o is fur!r describ$ 9 an ,aramaic docum5t incorporat$ by ! ,compil] ( ! ,book ( ,ezra z 8,peah10 or prov9cial gov]nor1#edh & z lay+ ! f\ndation ( ! ,temple#edi71 & !re is also m5tion$ 9 comm& ( ! p a ,tir%a?a1 probably ! ,p]sian ,t>sta1#eej :i* also means prov9cial gov]nor4 ,^u _! arrival at ,j]usalem1 ! date ( :i* w be imm$iately discuss$1 ! p are said to be "u ,je%u'a b5 ,jadak#eea & ,z]ubbabel b5 ,%e'alt'el1#eeb :o _h already be5 m5tion$ z ! head ( ! return+ exiles1#eec & :o is call$ by 8 contempor>y ,haggai ,peah1 or gov]nor1 ( ,judah4#eed ,are we to und]/& by ,%e%bazz> & ,z]ubbabel "o & ! same p]son8 ,mo/ critics h answ]$ 9 ! affirmative1 believ+ t ,%e%bazz> is b ! ,babylonian or ,p]sian "n by :i* ! ,jew ,z]ubbabel 0 kn[n at c\rt2#eee & ?is view is support$ by ! facts t ,z]ubbabel 0 ( ! h\se ( ,david & is call$ ,peah by ,haggai1 & by ! argum5t t ! comm& giv5 by ! ,tir%a?a to ! ,jews to ab/a9 f eat+ ! mo/ holy ?+s#eef c\ld only h be5 giv5 by a native ,jew4#eeg ,b o!rs1 argu+ t ,ezra v4 #a1 comp>$ ) vv4 #ad & #af1 implies t ,z]ubbabel & ,%e%bazz> 7 two diff]5t p]sons1 take ! =m] to h be5 ! mo/ prom95t ( ! ,jews !mselves1 b ! latt] an (ficial1 ,p]sian or ,babylonian1 appo9t$ by ,cyrus to c>ry out su* bus9ess 9 connection ) ! ,return z c\ld only be dis*>g$ by an imp]ial (fic]4#eeh ,?is is1 on ! :ole1 ! m probable !ory4 ,if x is "r1 ,%e%bazz>1 :o sup]9t5d$ ! ,return1 _h disappe>$ f ,j]usalem by #eba1 :5 ,haggai comm5c$ to prophesy1 & _h be5 succe$$ z ,peah1 or gov]nor1 by ,z]ubbabel4 ,b 9 t case ! ,compil] has be5 9 error 9 call+ ,%e%bazz> a pr9ce ( ,judah4#eei ,! next po9t to fix is :at ! ,compil] consid]s to h be5 ! date ( ! ,return4 ,he names no ye>1 b he rec\nts t ! same p1 :om he has j describ$ z receiv+ ! comm& ( ,cyrus to return1 did imm$iately leave ,babylon1#efj & he says t !y arriv$ at ,j]usalem 9 ! sev5? mon?1 b aga9 )\t /at+ a ye>4#efa ,9 any case1 he obvi\sly int5ds to imply t ! ,return foll[$ imm$iately on reception ( ! p]mission to return1 & t ?is 0 giv5 by ,cyrus v soon aft] 8 occupation ( ,babylon 9 #eci--h4 ,we may take x t ! ,compil] und]/ood ! ye> to be t we "k z #ecg ,b4,c4 ,he adds t1 on ! arrival ( ! c>avans f ,babylon1 ! ,jews set up ! alt> on its old site & re/or$ ! morn+ & ev5+ sacrifices2 t !y kept also ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1 & !reaft] all ! re/ ( ! fea/s ( ,jehovah2 & fur!r1 t !y engag$ masons & c>p5t]s = build+ ! ,temple1 & ,phnicians to br+ !m c$>-wood f ,lebanon4#efb ,ano!r section f ! ,compil]'s h& /ates t ! return$ ,jews set to "w ^u ! ,temple 9 ! second mon? ( ! second ye> ( _! ,return1 presumably #ecf ,b4,c41 lay+ ! f\ndation-/one ) due pomp1 & amid ! excitem5t ( ! :ole p4#efc ,:]eupon c]ta9 adv]s>ies1 by :om ! ,compil] means ,sam>itans1 dem&$ a %>e 9 ! build+ ( ! ,temple1 & :5 ,je%ua & ,z]ubbabel refus$ ?is1 ! p ( ! l& fru/rat$ ! build+ ( ! ,temple ev5 until ! reign ( ,d>ius1 #eba ff4 ,?is--! second ye> ( ,d>ius--is ! po9t to :i* contempor>y docum5ts1 ! prophecies ( ,haggai & ,ze*>iah1 assign ! beg9n+ ( new measures to build ! ,temple4 ,( ^! ! ,compil] ( ! ,book ( ,ezra says 9 ! meantime no?+1 b aft] b>ely m5tion+ ! reign ( ,d>ius leaps at once#efd to fur!r ,sam>itan ob/ructions--?\gh n ( ! build+ ( ! ,temple 7be x not$71 b ( ! build+ ( ! city walls--9 ! reigns ( ,ahasu]us1 t is ,x]xes1 presumably ,x]xes ,i41 ! successor ( ,d>ius1 #dhe--dfd1 & ( 8 successor ,artax]xes ,i41 #dfd--dbd2efe ! acc\nt ( ! latt] ( :i* he gives n 9 8 own language b 9 t ( an ,aramaic docum5t1 ,ezra iv4 #h ff4 ,& ?is docum5t1 aft] rec\nt+ h[ ,artax]xes emp[]$ ! ,sam>itans to /op ! build+ ( ! walls ( ,j]usalem1 records#eff t ! build+ ceas$ till ! second ye> ( ! reign ( ,d>ius1 :5 ! prophets ,haggai & ,ze*>iah /irr$ up ,z]ubbabel & ,je%ua to rebuild1 n ! city walls1 be x obs]v$1 b ! ,temple1 & ) ! p]mission ( ,d>ius ?is build+ 0 at la/ complet$ 9 8 six? ye>4#efg ,t is to say1 ?is ,aramaic docum5t br+s u back1 ) ! fru/rat$ build+ ( ! walls "u ,x]xes ,i4 & ,artax]xes ,i4 7#dhe--dbd71 to ! same date "u _! pr$ecessor ,d>ius ,i41 viz4 #ebj1 to :i* ! ,compil] _h br\ght d[n ! fru/rat$ build+ ( ! ,temple6 ,! mo/ reasonable explanation ( ?is confusion1 n only ( *ronology1 b ( two di/9ct processes--! erection ( ! ,temple & ! =tification ( ! city--is t ! ,compil] 0 misl$ by 8 desire to give z /rong an impression z possible ( ! ,sam>itan ob/ructions by plac+ !m all toge!r4 ,attempts to h>monise ! ord] ( 8 n>rative ) ! asc]ta9$ sequ5ce ( ! ,p]sian reigns h fail$4#efh ,su* !n is ! "* ( ! compilation kn[n to u z ! ,book ( ,ezra4 ,if we add t 9 its pres5t =m x _c be ( e>li] date ?an #cjj ,b4,c41 or two hundr$ & ?irty-six ye>s aft] ! ,return1 & t ! ,aramaic docum5t :i* x incorporates is probably n e>li] ?an #dcj1 or "o hundr$ ye>s aft] ! ,return1 :ile ! ,li/ ( ,exiles :i* x gives 79 *ap4 ii47 also conta9s elem5ts t _c be e>li] ?an #dcj1 we %all n wond] t grave d\bts %\ld h be5 rais$ conc]n+ its tru/wor?9ess z a n>rative4 ,^! d\bts affect1 ) "o exception1 all ! great facts :i* x pr(esses to record4 ,! exception is ! build+ ( ! ,temple betwe5 ! second & six? ye>s ( ,d>ius ,i41 #ebj--eaf1 :i* we h already se5 to be pa/ d\bt4#efi ,b all t ! ,book ( ,ezra relates be=e ?is has be5 call$ 9 "q1 & x has be5 successively alleg$3 7#a7 t !re 0 no su* attempt z ! book describes to build ! ,temple be=e #ebj1 7#b7 t !re 0 no ,return ( ,exiles at all "u ,cyrus1 & t ! ,temple 0 n built by ,jews :o _h come f ,babylon1 b by ,jews :o _h nev] left ,judah4 ,^! conclusions1 if ju/ifi$1 w\ld h ! mo/ important be>+ ^u our int]pretation ( ,haggai & ,ze*>iah4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to exam9e !m ) c>e4 ,!y 7 rea*$ by critics 9 ! ord] j /at$1 b z ! second is ! m sweep+ & to "s ext5t involves ! o!r1 we may take x fir/4 #a4 ,is ! ,book ( ,ezra1 !n1 "r or wrong 9 ass]t+ t !re 0 a great return ( ,jews1 head$ by ,z]ubbabel & ,je%ua1 ab\t ! ye> #ecf1 & t x 0 !y :o 9 #ebj--eaf rebuilt ! ,temple8 ,! argum5t t 9 rec\nt+ ^! ev5ts ! ,book ( ,ezra is unhi/orical has be5 fully /at$ by ,pr(essor ,ko/]s ( ,leid54#egj ,he rea*es 8 conclusion along ?ree l9es ( evid5ce3 ! ,books ( ,haggai & ,ze*>iah1 ! s\rces f :i* he believes ! ,aramaic n>rative ,ezra v4 #a--vi4 #ah to h be5 compil$1 & ! li/ ( names 9 ,ezra ii4 ,9 ! ,books ( ,haggai & ,ze*>iah1 he po9ts out t ! inhabitants ( ,j]usalem :om ! prophets summon to build ! ,temple are n call$ by any "n :i* implies t !y are return$ exiles2 t no?+ 9 ! description ( !m w\ld lead u to suppose ?is2 t ,god's ang] aga9/ ,israel is repres5t$ z /ill unbrok52 t nei!r prophet speaks ( a ,return z pa/1 b t ,ze*>iah seems to look = x z /ill to come4#ega ,! second l9e ( evid5ce is an analysis ( ! ,aramaic docum5t1 ,ezra v4 #f ff41 into two s\rces1 nei!r ( :i* implies a ,return "u ,cyrus4 ,b ^! two l9es ( pro( _c avail aga9/ ! ,li/ ( ,return$ ,exiles (f]$ u 9 ,ezra ii4 & ,nehemiah vii41 if ! latt] be g5u9e4 ,on 8 ?ird l9e ( evid5ce1 ,dr4 ,ko/]s1 !re=e1 disputes ! g5u95ess ( ?is ,li/1 & fur!r d5ies t x ev5 gives itself out z a ,li/ ( ,exiles return$ "u ,cyrus4 ,s he arrives at ! conclusion t !re 0 no ,return f ,babylon "u ,cyrus1 nor any be=e ! ,temple 0 built 9 #ebj ff41 b t ! build]s 7 p ( ! l&1 ,jews :o _h nev] gone into exile4 ,! evid5ce :i* ,dr4 ,ko/]s draws f ! ,book ( ,ezra lea/ conc]ns u4 ,bo? because ( ?is & because x is ! weake/ "p ( 8 case1 we may take x fir/4 ,dr4 ,ko/]s analyses ! bulk ( ! ,aramaic docum5t1 ,ezra v4--vi4 #ah1 into two con/itu5ts4 ,8 argum5ts = ?is are v prec>i\s4#egb ,! fir/ docum5t1 :i* he takes to consi/ ( *ap4 v4 #a-e & #aj1 ) p]haps vi4 #f-ae 7except a few phrases71 relates t ,?a?nai1 ,satrap ( ! ,we/ ( ! ,euphrates1 ask$ ,d>ius :e!r he might all[ ! ,jews to proce$ ) ! build+ ( ! ,temple1 & receiv$ comm& n only to all[ b to help !m1 on ! gr\nd t ,cyrus _h already giv5 !m p]mission4 ,! second1 *ap4 v4 #aa-ag1 vi4 #a-c1 affirms t ! build+ _h actually begun "u ,cyrus1 :o _h s5t ,%e%bazz>1 ! ,satrap1 to see x c>ri$ out4 ,nei!r ( ^! docum5ts says a ^w ab\t any ord] f ,cyrus to ! ,jews to return2 & ! implication ( ! second1 t ! build+ _h gone on un9t]rupt$ly f ! "t ( ,cyrus' ord] to ! second ye> ( ,d>ius1#egc is n 9 h>mony ) ! evid5ce ( ! ,compil] ( ! ,book ( ,ezra1 :o1 z we h se51#egd /ates t ,sam>itan ob/ruction /ay$ ! build+ till ! second ye> ( ,d>ius4 ,b suppose we accept ,ko/]s' premisses & agree t ^! two docum5ts really exi/ )9 ,ezra v4--vi4 #ah4 ,_! evid5ce is n irreconcilable4 ,bo? imply t ,cyrus gave comm& to rebuild ! ,temple3 if !y 7 orig9ally indep5d5t t w\ld b /r5g!n ! tradition ( su* a comm&1 & r5d] a little weak] ,dr4 ,ko/]s' cont5tion t ! tradition arose m]ely f a desire to f9d a fulfilm5t ( ! ,second ,isaiah's pr$ictions#ege t ,cyrus w\ld be ! ,temple's build]4 ,t nei!r ( ! suppos$ docum5ts m5tions ! ,return itself is v natural1 because bo? are conc]n$ ) ! build+ ( ! ,temple4 ,= ! ,compil] ( ! ,book ( ,ezra1 :o on ,ko/]s' argum5t put !m toge!r1 ! int]e/ ( ! ,return is ov]2 he has already suffici5tly dealt ) x4 ,b m--,ko/]s' second docum5t1 :i* ascribes ! build+ ( ! ,temple to ,cyrus1 surely by t v /atem5t implies a ,return ( ,exiles dur+ 8 reign4 ,= is x at all probable t ,cyrus w\ld h committ$ ! rebuild+ ( ! ,temple to a ,p]sian magnate l ,%e%bazz>1 )\t s5d+ ) him a l>ge numb] ( ^? ,babylonian ,jews :o mu/ h in/igat$ ! k+ to give 8 ord] = rebuild+8 ,we may conclude !n t ,ezra v4--vi4 #ah1 :atev] be its value & its date1 conta9s no evid5ce1 positive or negative1 aga9/ a ,return ( ! ,jews "u ,cyrus1 b1 on ! contr>y1 takes ?is = grant$4 ,we turn n[ to ,dr4 ,ko/]s' treatm5t ( ! s-call$ ,li/ ( ! ,return$ ,exiles4 ,he holds ?is ,li/ to h be51 n only borr[$ = its place 9 ,ezra ii4 f ,nehemiah vii41#egf b ev5 int]polat$ 9 ! latt]4 ,8 reasons = ?is latt] conclusion are v improbable1 z w be se5 f ! app5d$ note1 & really weak5 8 o!rwise /rong case4#egg ,z to ! cont5ts ( ! ,li/1 !re are1 x is true1 _m elem5ts :i* date f ,nehemiah's own "t & ev5 lat]4 ,b ^! are n suffici5t to prove t ! ,li/ 0 n orig9ally a ,li/ ( ,exiles return$ "u ,cyrus4 ,! v]ses 9 :i* ?is is ass]t$--,ezra ii4 #a1 #b2 ,nehemiah vii4 #f1 #g--pla9ly intimate t ^? ,jews :o came up out ( ! ,exile 7 ! same :o built ! ,temple "u ,d>ius4 ,dr4 ,ko/]s endeav\rs to de/roy ! =ce ( ?is /atem5t 7if true s de/ructive ( 8 !ory7 by po9t+ to ! numb] ( ! lead]s :i* ! ,li/ assigns to ! return+ exiles4 ,9 fix+ ?is numb] z twelve1 ! au?or1 ,ko/]s ma9ta9s1 int5d$ to make ! lead]s repres5tative ( ! twelve tribes & ! body ( return$ exiles z equival5t to ,all-,israel4 ,b1 he argues1 nei!r ,haggai nor ,ze*>iah consid]s ! build]s ( ! ,temple to be equival5t to ,all-,israel1 nor 0 ?is conception realis$ 9 ,judah till aft] ! arrival ( ,ezra ) 8 b&s4 ,! =ce ( ?is argum5t is greatly weak5$ by rememb]+ h[ natural x w\ld h be5 = m51 :o felt ! ,return "u ,cyrus1 h[ev] small1 to be ! fulfilm5t ( ! ,second ,isaiah's glori\s pr$ictions ( a re/oration ( ,all-,israel1 to appo9t twelve lead]s1 & s make !m repres5tative ( ! nation z a :ole4 ,ko/]s' argum5t aga9/ ! naturalness ( su* an appo9tm5t 9 #ecg1 & !re=e aga9/ ! tru? ( ! /atem5t ( ! ,li/ ab\t x1 falls to ! gr\nd4 ,b 9 ! ,books ( ,haggai & ,ze*>iah ,dr4 ,ko/]s f9ds mu* m =midable witnesses = 8 !sis t !re 0 no ,return ( exiles f ,babylon be=e ! build+ ( ! ,temple "u ,d>ius4 ,^! books n[h]e speak ( a ,return "u ,cyrus1 nor d !y call ! community :o built ! ,temple by ! names ( ,glah or ,b'ne ha-,glah1 ,captivity or ,sons ( ! ,captivity1 :i* are giv5 aft] ! ,return ( ,ezra's b&s2 b !y simply "n !m ?is p#egh or remnant ( ! p1#egi p ( ! l&1#ehj ,judah or ,h\se ( ,judah1#eha names p]fectly suitable to ,jews :o _h nev] left ! neighb\rhood ( ,j]usalem4 ,ev5 if we except f ?is li/ ! phrase ! remnant ( ! p1 z int5d$ by ,haggai & ,ze*>iah 9 ! num]ical s5se ( ! re/ or all ! o!rs1#ehb we h /ill to deal ) ! o!r titles1 ) ! abs5ce f !m ( any symptom descriptive ( return f exile1 & ) ! :ole sil5ce ( our two prophets conc]n+ su* a return4 ,^! are v /rik+ ph5om5a1 & !y und\bt$ly af=d consid]able evid5ce = ,dr4 ,ko/]s' !sis4#ehc ,b x _c escape notice t ! evid5ce !y af=d is ma9ly negative1 & ?is raises two que/ions3 7#a7 ,c ! ph5om5a 9 ,haggai & ,ze*>iah be acc\nt$ =8 & 7#b7 :e!r acc\nt$ = or n1 c !y be held to prevail aga9/ ! mass ( positive evid5ce 9 fav\r ( a ,return "u ,cyrus8 ,an explanation ( ! abs5ce ( all allusion 9 ,haggai & ,ze*>iah to ! ,return is c]ta9ly possible4 ,no "o c fail to be /ruck ) ! spirituality ( ! tea*+ ( ,haggai & ,ze*>iah4 ,_! "o ambition is to put c\rage f ,god into ! poor he>ts be=e !m1 t ^! out ( _! own res\rces may rebuild _! ,temple4 ,z ,ze*>iah puts x1 ,n by might1 nor by p[]1 b by ,my ,_s1 sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4#ehd ,x is obvi\s :y m5 ( ?is temp] %\ld refra9 f appeal+ to ! ,return1 or to ! royal p[] ( ,p]sia by :i* x _h be5 a*iev$4 ,we c und]/& :y1 :ile ! annals employ$ 9 ! ,book ( ,ezra record ! appeal ( ! political lead]s ( ! ,jews to ,d>ius ^u ! /r5g? ( ! edict ( ,cyrus1 ! prophets1 9 _! ef=t to enc\rage ! p to make ! mo/ ( :at !y !mselves 7 & to en=ce ! omnipot5ce ( ,god's ,_s ap>t f all human aids1 %\ld be sil5t ab\t ! latt]4 ,we mu/ also rememb] t ,haggai & ,ze*>iah 7 address+ a p to :om 7:atev] view we take ( ! transactions "u ,cyrus7 ! fav\r ( ,cyrus _h be5 "o va/ disillusion 9 ! light ( ! pr$ictions ( ,second ,isaiah4#ehe ,! ,p]sian magnate ,%e%bazz> himself1 inve/$ ) full p[]1 _h be5 unable to build ! ,temple = !m1 & _h app>5tly disappe>$ f ,judah1 leav+ 8 p[]s z ,peah1 or gov]nor1 to ,z]ubbabel4 ,0 x n1 !n1 z suitable to ^! circum/ances1 z x 0 ess5tial to ! prophets' own religi\s temp]1 t ,haggai & ,ze*>iah %\ld refra9 f allud+ to any ( ! political advantages1 to :i* _! c\ntrym5 _h hi!rto tru/$ 9 va98#ehf ,ano!r fact %\ld be m>k$4 ,if ,haggai is sil5t ab\t any return f exile 9 ! pa/1 he is equally sil5t ab\t any 9 ! future4 ,if = him no return _h yet tak5 place1 w\ld he n h be5 likely to pr$ict x z c]ta9 to happ58#ehg ,at lea/ 8 sil5ce on ! subject proves h[ absolutely he conf9$ 8 ?\ghts to ! circum/ances be=e him1 & to ! ne$s ( 8 p at ! mom5t he address$ !m4 ,ko/]s1 inde$1 alleges t ,ze*>iah describes ! ,return f ,exile z /ill future--viz4 9 ! lyric piece app5d$ to 8 ,?ird ,vision4#ehh ,b1 z we %all see :5 we come to x1 ?is lyric piece is mo/ probably an intrusion among ! ,visions1 & is n to be assign$ to ,ze*>iah himself4 ,ev51 h[ev]1 if x 7 f ! same date & au?or z ! ,visions1 x w\ld n prove t no return f ,babylon _h tak5 place1 b only t numb]s ( ,jews /ill rema9$ 9 ,babylon4 ,b we may n[ take a fur!r /ep4 ,if !re 7 ^! natural reasons = ! sil5ce ( ,haggai & ,ze*>iah ab\t a return ( exiles "u ,cyrus1 c t sil5ce be all[$ to prevail aga9/ ! mass ( te/imony :i* we h t su* a return took place8 ,x is true t1 :ile ! ,books ( ,haggai & ,ze*>iah are contempor>y ) ! p]iod 9 "q1 "s ( ! evid5ce = ! ,return1 ,ezra i4 & iii4--iv4 #g1 is at lea/ two c5turies lat]1 & ^u ! date ( ! re/1 ! ,li/ 9 ,ezra ii4 & ! ,aramaic docum5t 9 ,ezra iv4 #h ff41 we h no c]ta9 in=mation4 ,b t ! ,li/ is f a date v soon aft] ,cyrus is all[$ by a l>ge numb] ( ! mo/ advanc$ critics1#ehi & ev5 if we ignore x1 we /ill h ! ,aramaic docum5t1 :i* agrees ) ,haggai & ,ze*>iah 9 assign+ ! real1 effectual beg9n+ ( ! ,temple-build+ to ! second ye> ( ,d>ius & to ! lead]%ip ( ,z]ubbabel & ,je%ua at ! in/igation ( ! two prophets4 ,may we n tru/ ! same docum5t 9 its relation ( ! ma9 facts conc]n+ ,cyrus8 ,aga91 9 8 memoirs ,ezra#eij speaks ( ! transgressions ( ! ,glah or ,b'ne ha-,glah 9 effect+ m>riages ) ! mix$ p ( ! l&1 9 a way :i* %[s t he means by ! "n1 n ! ,jews :o _h j come up ) himself f ,babylon1 b ! old] community :om he f\nd 9 ,judah1 & :o _h _h "t1 z 8 own b&s _h n1 to scatt] ov] ! l& & ent] into social relations ) ! hea!n4 ,b1 z ,ku55 po9ts out1#eia we h yet fur!r evid5ce = ! probability ( a ,return "u ,cyrus1 9 ! explicit pr$ictions ( ! ,second ,isaiah t ,cyrus w\ld be ! build] ( ,j]usalem & ! ,temple4 8,if !y express ! expectation1 n\ri%$ by ! prophet & 8 contempor>ies1 !n x is cle> f _! pres]vation = future g5]ations t ,cyrus did n disappo9t ! hope ( ! exiles1 f ^: mid/ ?is voice peal$ =? to him40 ,& ?is leads to o!r consid]ations4 ,:e!r 0 x m probable = ! pov]ty-/rick5 p ( ! l&1 ! dregs :i* ,nebu*adrezz> _h left beh9d1 or = ! body & fl[] ( ,israel 9 ,babylon1 to rebuild ! ,temple8 ,surely = ! latt]4#eib ,among !m _h ris51 z ,cyrus drew ne> to ,babylon1 ! hopes & ! motives1 nay1 ! glori\s assurance ( ! ,return & ! ,rebuild+2 & ) !m 0 all ! mat]ial = ! latt]4 ,is x cr$ible t !y took no advantage ( _! opportunity "u ,cyrus8 ,is x cr$ible t !y wait$ ne>ly a c5tury be=e seek+ to return to ,j]usalem1 & t ! build+ ( ! ,temple 0 left to p :o 7 half-hea!n1 &1 9 ! eyes ( ! exiles1 despicable & unholy8 ,?is w\ld be cr$ible only ^u "o condition1 t ,cyrus & 8 imm$iate successors disappo9t$ ! pr$ictions ( ! ,second ,isaiah & refus$ to all[ ! exiles to leave ,babylon4 ,b ! little we "k ( ^! ,p]sian mon>*s po9ts all ! o!r way3 no?+ is m probable1 = no?+ is m 9 h>mony ) ,p]sian policy1 ?an t ,cyrus %\ld p]mit ! captives ( ! ,babylon :i* he conqu]$ to return to _! own l&s4#eic ,moreov]1 we h ano!r1 & to ! m9d ( ! pres5t writ] an almo/ conclusive argum5t1 t ! ,jews address$ by ,haggai & ,ze*>iah 7 ,jews return$ f ,babylon4 ,nei!r prophet ev] *>ges 8 p ) idolatry2 nei!r prophet s mu* z m5tions idols4 ,?is is natural if ! congregation address$ 0 compos$ ( su* pi\s & ard5t adh]5ts ( ,jehovah1 z ,8 ^w _h br\ght back to ,judah1 :5 ,8 s]vant ,cyrus op5$ ! way4 ,b _h ,haggai & ,ze*>iah be5 address+ ! p ( ! l&1 :o _h nev] left ! l&1 !y c\ld n h help$ speak+ ( idolatry4 ,su* consid]ations may v ju/ly be us$ aga9/ an argum5t :i* seeks to prove t ! n>ratives ( a ,return "u ,cyrus 7 due to ! pi\s inv5tion ( a ,jewi% writ] :o wi%$ to record t ! pr$ictions ( ! ,second ,isaiah 7 fulfill$ by ,cyrus1 _! designat$ tru/ee4#eid ,!y c]ta9ly possess a f> high] degree ( probability ?an t argum5t does4 ,f9ally !re is ?is consid]ation4 ,if !re 0 no return f ,babylon "u ,cyrus1 & ! ,temple1 z ,dr4 ,ko/]s alleges1 0 built by ! poor p ( ! l&1 is x likely t ! latt] %\ld h be5 reg>d$ ) su* contempt z !y 7 by ! exiles :o return$ "u ,ezra & ,nehemiah8 ,!irs w\ld !n h be5 ! glory ( recon/itut+ ,israel1 & _! position v diff]5t f :at we f9d x4 ,on all ^! gr\nds1 !re=e1 we mu/ hold t ! attempt to discr$it ! tradition ( an important return ( exiles "u ,cyrus has n be5 successful2 t su* a return rema9s ! m probable solution ( an obscure & difficult problem2 & t !re=e ! ,jews :o ) ,z]ubbabel & ,je%ua are repres5t$ 9 ,haggai & ,ze*>iah z build+ ! ,temple 9 ! second ye> ( ,d>ius1 #ebj1 _h come up f ,babylon ab\t #ecg4eie ,su* a conclusion1 ( c\rse1 ne$ n commit u to ! v>i\s data (f]$ by ! ,*ronicl] 9 8 /ory ( ! ,return1 su* z ! ,edict ( ,cyrus1 nor to all ( 8 details4 #b4 ,_m1 h[ev]1 :o grant ! correctness ( ! tradition t a l>ge numb] ( ,jewi% exiles return$ "u ,cyrus to ,j]usalem1 d5y ! /atem5t ( ! ,compil] ( ! ,book ( ,ezra t ! return$ exiles imm$iately prep>$ to build ! ,temple & laid ! f\ndation-/one ) solemn fe/ival1 b 7 h9d]$ f proce$+ ) ! build+ till ! second ye> ( ,d>ius4#eif ,!y ma9ta9 t ?is late n>rative is contradict$ by ! contempor>y /atem5ts ( ,haggai & ,ze*>iah1 :o1 accord+ to !m1 imply t no f\ndation-/one 0 laid till #ebj ,b4,c4#eig ,= ! int]pretation ( our prophets ?is is n a "q ( c>d9al importance4 ,b = cle>ness' sake we d well to lay x op54 ,we may at once conc$e t 9 ,haggai & ,ze*>iah !re is no?+ :i* necess>ily implies t ! ,jews _h made any beg9n+ to build ! ,temple be=e ! />t record$ by ,haggai 9 ! ye> #ebj4 ,! "o passage1 ,haggai ii4 #ah1 :i* is cit$ to prove ?is#eih is at ! be/ ambigu\s1 & _m s*ol>s claim x z a fixture ( t date = ! tw5ty-f\r? day ( ! n9? mon? ( #ebj4eii ,at ! same "t1 & ev5 grant+ t ! latt] int]pretation ( ,haggai ii4 #ah is correct1 !re is no?+ 9 ei!r ,haggai or ,ze*>iah to make x impossible t a f\ndation-/one _h be5 laid "s ye>s be=e1 b ab&on$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! ,sam>itan ob/ruction1 z alleg$ 9 ,ezra iii4 #h-aa4 ,if we keep 9 m9d ,haggai's & ,ze*>iah's sil5ce ab\t ! ,return f ,babylon1 & _! v natural conc5tration ^u _! own circum/ances1#fjj we %all n be able to reckon _! sil5ce ab\t previ\s attempts to build ! ,temple z a conclusive pro( t ^! attempts nev] took place4 ,moreov] ! ,aramaic docum5t1 :i* agrees ) our two prophets 9 assign+ ! only effective />t ( ! "w on ! ,temple to #ebj1fja does n deem x inconsi/5t ) ?is to record t ! ,p]sian ,satrap ( ! ,we/ ( ! ,euphrates#fjb report$ to ,d>ius t1 :5 he ask$ ! ,jews :y !y 7 rebuild+ ! ,temple1 !y repli$ n only t a decree ( ,cyrus _h grant$ !m p]mission1#fjc b t 8 legate ,%e%bazz> _h actually laid ! f\ndation-/one ^u 8 arrival at ,j]usalem1 & t ! build+ _h gone on )\t int]ruption f t "t to #ebj4fjd ,?is la/ ass]tion1 :i* ( c\rse 0 false1 may h be5 due ei!r to a misund]/&+ ( ! ,jewi% eld]s by ! report+ ,satrap1 or else to ! ,jews !mselves1 anxi\s to make _! case z /rong z possible4 ,! latt] is ! m probable alt]native4 ,z ev5 ,/ade admits1 x 0 a v natural ass]tion = ! ,jews to make1 & s conceal t _! ef=t ( #ebj 0 due to ! in/igation ( _! own prophets4 ,b 9 any case ! ,aramaic docum5t corroborates ! /atem5t ( ! ,compil] t !re 0 a f\ndation-/one laid 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ,cyrus1 & does n conceive ?is to be inconsi/5t ) its own n>rative ( a /one be+ laid 9 #ebj1 & an effective />t at la/ made ^u ! ,temple works4 ,s mu* does ,/ade feel ! =ce ( ?is1 t he conc$es n only t ,%e%bazz> may h />t$ "s prep>ation = build+ ! ,temple1 b t he may ev5 h laid ! /one ) c]emony4#fje ,& inde$1 is x n 9 itself v probable t "s e>ly attempt 0 made by ! exiles return$ "u ,cyrus to rebuild ! h\se ( ,jehovah8 ,cyrus _h be5 pr$ict$ by ! ,second ,isaiah n only z ! r$eem] ( ,god's p1 b ) equal explicitness z ! build] ( ! ,temple2 & all ! argum5t :i* ,ku55 draws f ! ,second ,isaiah = ! fact ( ! ,return f ,babylon#fjf tells ) almo/ equal =ce = ! fact ( "s ef=ts to raise ! fall5 sanctu>y ( ,israel imm$iately aft] ! ,return4 ,among ! return$ 7 _m prie/s1 & _m no d\bt ( ! mo/ sangu9e spirits 9 ,israel4 ,!y came /raight f ! he>t ( ,jewry1 ?\gh t he>t 0 9 ,babylon2 !y came ) ! impetus & obligation ( ! great ,deliv]ance ^u !m2 !y 7 ! repres5tatives ( a community :i* we "k to h be5 comp>atively weal?y4 ,is x cr$ible t !y %\ld n h begun ! ,temple at ! e>lie/ possible mom5t8 ,nor is ! /ory ( _! fru/ration by ! ,sam>itans any less natural4#fjg ,x is true t !re 7 n any adv]s>ies likely to dispute ) ! coloni/s ! l& 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ,j]usalem4 ,! ,edomites _h ov]run ! fruitful c\ntry ab\t ,hebron1 & "p ( ! ,%ephelah4 ,! ,sam>itans held ! ri* valleys ( ,ephraim1 & probably ! pla9 ( ,ajalon4 ,b if any peasants /ruggl$ ) ! /ony plateaus ( ,b5jam9 & ,nor!rn ,judah1 su* mu/ h be5 ( ! remnants ( ! ,jewi% population :o 7 left beh9d by ,nebu*adrezz>1 & :o clung to ! sacr$ soil f habit or f motives ( religion4 ,j]usalem 0 nev] a site to attract m51 ei!r = agriculture1 or1 n[ t its %r9e 0 desolate & its population scatt]$1 = ! comm& ( trade4#fjh ,! return$ exiles mu/ h be5 at fir/ undi/urb$ by ! envy ( _! neighb\rs4 ,! tale is1 !re=e1 probable :i* attributes ! ho/ility ( ! latt] to purely religi\s causes--! refusal ( ! ,jews to all[ ! half-hea!n ,sam>itans to %>e 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,temple4#fji ,n[ ! ,sam>itans c\ld prev5t ! build+4 ,:ile /ones 7 to be _h by ! build]s 9 pr(usion f ! ru9s ( ! city & ! great qu>ry to ! nor? ( x1 ord9>y timb] did n gr[ 9 _! neighb\rhood1 & ?\gh ! /ory be true t a contract 0 already made ) ,phnicians to br+ c$> to ,joppa1 x _h to be c>ri$ !nce = ?irty-six miles4 ,"h1 !n1 0 ! opportunity ( ! ,sam>itans4 ,!y c\ld ob/ruct ! c>riage bo? ( ! ord9>y timb] & ( ! c$>4 ,to ?is /ate ( affairs ! pres5t writ] f\nd an analogy 9 #ahia among ! ,circassian colonies settl$ by ! ,turki% ,gov]nm5t a few ye>s e>li] 9 ! vic9ity ( ,g]asa & ,rabba?-,ammon4 ,! coloni/s _h built _! h\ses f ! num]\s ru9s ( ^! cities1 b at ,rabba?-,ammon !y said _! great difficulty _h be5 ab\t timb]4 ,& we c\ld well und]/& h[ ! ,b$u91 :o res5t$ ! settlem5t ( ,circassians on l&s !y _h us$ = ages1 & ) :om ! ,circassians 7 ne>ly always at v>iance1#faj did :at !y c\ld to make ! c>riage ( timb] impossible4 ,simil>ly ) ! ,jews & _! ,sam>itan adv]s>ies4 ,! site might be cle>$ & ! /one ( ! ,temple laid1 b if ! timb] 0 /opp$ !re 0 little use 9 rais+ ! walls1 & ! ,jews1 fur!r disc\rag$ by ! failure ( _! impetu\s hopes ( :at ! ,return w\ld br+ !m1 f\nd cause = desi/+ f _! ef=ts4 ,bad seasons foll[$1 ! lab\rs = _! own su/5ance exhau/$ _! /r5g?1 & 9 ! sordid toil _! he>ts grew h>d to high] int]e/s4 ,cyrus di$ 9 #ebi1 & 8 legate ,%e%bazz>1 hav+ done no?+ b lay ! /one1 appe>s to h left ,juda4#faa ,cambyses m>*$ m ?an once ?r\gh ,pale/9e1 & 8 army g>rison$ ,gaza1 b he 0 n a mon>* to h any consid]ation = ,jewi% ambitions4 ,!re=e--al?\gh ,sam>itan opposition ceas$ on ! /oppage ( ! ,temple works & ! ,jews procur$ timb] en\gh = _! private dwell+s#fab--;is x wond]ful t ! site ( ! ,temple %\ld be neglect$ & ! /one laid by ,%e%bazz> =gott51 or t ! disappo9t$ ,jews %\ld seek to expla9 ! disillusions ( ! ,return1 by argu+ t ,god's "t = ! re/oration ( ,8 h\se _h n yet come8 ,! dea? ( a cruel mon>* is always 9 ! ,ea/ an occasion = ! revival ( %att]$ hopes1 & ! ev5ts :i* accompani$ ! suicide ( ,cambyses 9 #ebb 7 p>ticul>ly fraught ) ! possibilities ( political *ange4 ,cambyses' ?rone _h be5 usurp$ by "o ,gaumata1 :o pret5d$ to be ,sm]dis or ,b>ada1 a son ( ,cyrus4 ,9 a few mon?s ,gaumata 0 sla9 by a conspiracy ( sev5 ,p]sian nobles1 ( :om ,d>ius1 ! son ( ,hy/aspes1 bo? by virtue ( 8 royal desc5t & by 8 own great ability1 0 rais$ to ! ?rone 9 #eba4 ,! empire _h be5 too pr(\ndly %ock$ by ! revolt ( ,gaumata to settle at once "u ! new k+1 & ,d>ius f\nd himself engag$ by insurrections 9 all 8 prov9ces except ,syria & ,asia ,m9or4#fac ,! coloni/s 9 ,j]usalem1 l all _! ,syrian neighb\rs1 rema9$ loyal to ! new k+2 s loyal t _! ,peah or ,satrap 0 all[$ to be "o ( !mselves--,z]ubbabel1 son ( ,%e'alt'el1#fad a son ( _! royal h\se4 ,yet ?\gh !y 7 quiet1 ! nations 7 ris+ aga9/ ea* o!r & ! _w 0 %ak54 ,x 0 j su* a crisis z _h (t5 be=e 9 ,israel rewak5$ prophecy4 ,nor did x fail n[2 & :5 prophecy 0 r\s$ :at duty lay m clamant = its inspiration ?an ! duty ( build+ ! ,temple8 ,we are 9 t\* ) ! fir/ ( our po/-exilic prophets1 ,haggai & ,ze*>iah4 ,,footnotes3 #edf #db1cfj1 besides _! s]vants1 is ! total sum giv5 9 ,ezra ii4 #fd2 b ! detail$ figures 9 ,ezra am\nt only to #bi1hah1 ^? 9 ,nehemiah to #ca1jhi1 & ^? 9 #a ,esdras to #cj1adc 7o!r ,,mss4 #cj1fgh74 ,see ,ryle on ,ezra ii4 #fd4 #edg ,ezra i4 #h4 #edh ,ezra v4 #ad4 #edi ,ib4 #af4 #eej ,ezra ii4 #fc4 #eea 3 ,ezra iii4 #b1 l ,ezra i4 #a-h1 f ! ,compil] ( ,ezra-,nehemiah4 #eeb 4 #eec ,ezra ii4 #b4 #eed ,hag4 i4 #ad1 ii4 #b1 #ba1 & p]haps by ,nehemiah 7vii4 #fe-gj74 ,nehemiah himself is /yl$ bo? ,peah 7xiv4 #bj7 & ,tir%a?a 7viii4 #i1 x4 #a74 #eee ,z ,daniel & 8 ?ree fri5ds _h also ,babylonian names4 #eef ,ezra ii4 #fc4 #eeg ,cf4 ,ryle1 xxxi ff42 & on ,ezra i4 #h1 ii4 #fc4 #eeh ,/ade1 ,ges*4 des ,volkes ,israel1 ,,ii4 #ih ff43 cf4 ,ku551 ,gesammelte ,abh&l41 #bbj4 #eei ,ezra i4 #h4 #efj ,ezra i4 comp>$ ) ii4 #a4 #efa ,"s ?9k to f9d ?is 9 #a ,esdras v4 #a-f1 :]e x is said t ,d>ius1 a "n !y take to be an error = t ( ,cyrus1 br\ght up ! exiles ) an escort ( a ?\s& cavalry1 />t+ 9 ! fir/ mon? ( ! second ye> ( ! k+'s reign4 ,?is passage1 h[ev]1 is n beyond suspicion z a gloss 7see ,ryle on ,ezra i4 #aa71 & ev5 if g5u9e may be int5d$ to describe a second cont+5t ( exiles despat*$ by ,d>ius ,i4 9 8 second ye>1 #ebj4 ,! names giv5 include t ( ,jesua1 son ( ,jos$ec1 & in/ead ( ,z]ubbabel's1 t ( 8 son ,joacim4 #efb ,ezra iii4 #c-g4 #efc ,ib4 #h-ac4 #efd ,ezra iv4 #g4 #efe ,see above1 p4 #aic4 #eff iv4 #bd4 #efg ,ezra iv4 #bd--vi4 #ae4 #efh ,!re are 9 ! ma9 two classes ( su* attempts4 7a7 ,"s h sugge/$ t ! ,ahasu]us 7,x]xes7 & ,artax]xes m5tion$ 9 ,ezra iv4 #f & #g ff4 are n ! successors ( ,d>ius ,i4 :o bore ^! names1 b titles ( 8 pr$ecessors ,cambyses & ! ,pseudo-,sm]dis 7see above1 p4 #aij74 ,?is view has be5 dispos$ ( by ,ku551 ,ges4 ,abh&l41 pp4 #bbd ff41 & by ,ryle1 pp4 #fe ff4 7b7 ,! attempt to prove t ! ,d>ius "u :om ! ,temple 0 built 0 n ,d>ius ,i4 7#eba--dhe71 ! pr$ecessor ( ,x]xes ,i4 & ,artax]xes ,i4 7#dhe--dbd71 b _! successor once remov$1 ,d>ius ,,ii41 ,no?us 7#dbc--djd74 ,s1 9 def5ce ( ! ,book ( ,ezra1 ,imb]t4 ,= 8 !ory & ! answ] to x see above1 pp4 #aia f4 #efi ,see above1 pp4 #aib ff4 #egj ,= 8 "w see above1 p4 #aib1 n4 #eca4 ,i regret t nei!r ,wellhaus5's answ] to x1 nor ,ko/]s' reply to ,wellhaus51 0 accessible to me 9 prep>+ ?is *apt]4 ,nor did ,i read ,mr4 ,torrey's resume ( ,wellhaus5's answ]1 or ,wellhaus5's notes to ! second edition ( 8 ,isr4 u4 ,jd4 ,ges*i*te1 till ! *apt] 0 writt54 ,previ\s to ,ko/]s1 ! ,return "u ,cyrus _h be5 call$ 9 "q only by ! v arbitr>y ,fr5* s*ol> ,m4 ,v]nes 9 #ahhi-ij4 #ega ii4 #f ff4 ,eng41 #aj ff4 ,heb4 #egb ,8 *ief gr\nds = ?is analysis are 7#a7 t 9 v4 #a-e ! ,jews are said to h begun to build ! ,temple 9 ! second ye> ( ,d>ius1 :ile 9 v4 #af ! f\ndation-/one is said to h be5 laid "u ,cyrus2 7#b7 ! frequ5t want ( connection ?r\gh\t ! passage2 7#c7 an alleg$ d\blet3 9 v4 #ag--vi4 #a se>* is said to h be5 made = ! edict ( ,cyrus 9 ,babylon1 :ile 9 vi4 #b ! edict is said to h be5 f\nd 9 ,ecbatana4 ,b 7#a7 & 7#c7 are capable ( v obvi\s explanations1 & 7#b7 is f> f conclusive4--,! rema9d] ( ! ,aramaic text1 iv4 #h-bd1 ,ko/]s seeks to prove is by ! ,*ronicl] or ,compil] himself4 ,z ,torrey 7op4 cit41 p4 #aa7 has %[n1 ?is 8is z unlikely z possible40 ,at ! mo/ he may h made additions to ! ,aramaic docum5t4 #egc ,ezra v4 #af4 #egd ,above1 pp4 #bja f4 #ege ,isa4 xliv4 #bh1 xlv4 #a4 ,accord+ to ,ko/]s1 ! /atem5t ( ! ,aramaic docum5t ab\t ! rebuild+ ( ! ,temple is !re=e a pi\s inv5tion ( a lit]al fulfilm5t ( prophecy4 ,to ?is op9ion ,*eyne adh]es 7,introd4 to ! ,book ( ,isaiah1 #ahie1 p4 xxxviii71 & adds ! fur!r assumption t ! ,*ronicl]1 be+ 8%ock$ at ! ascription to ,cyrus 7= ! ,judan build]s h no cr$it giv5 !m7 ( :at mu/1 he ?\ght1 h be5 at lea/ equally due to ! zeal ( ! exiles10 inv5t$ 8 /ory 9 ! e>li] *apt]s ( ,ezra z to ! "p ! exiles !mselves took 9 ! rebuild+4 ,x w be notic$ t ^! assumptions h precisely ! value ( su*4 ,!y are m]ely ! imputation ( motives1 m or less probable to ! writ]s ( c]ta9 /atem5ts1 & may !re=e be fairly met by probabilities f ! o!r side4 ,b ( ?is m lat] on4 #egf ,?is is ! usual op9ion ( critics1 :o yet hold x to be g5u9e--e4g4 ,ryle4 #egg ,he seeks to argue t a ,li/ ( ,exiles return$ "u ,cyrus 9 #ecf c\ld be ( no use = ,nehemiah's purpose to obta9 9 #dde a c5sus ( ! inhabitants ( ,j]usalem2 b surely1 if 9 8 ef=ts to make a c5sus ,nehemiah discov]$ ! exi/5ce ( su* a ,li/1 x 0 natural = him to give x z ! basis ( 8 inquiry1 or 7because ! ,li/--see above1 p4 #bjc--;conta9s elem5ts f ,nehemiah's own "t7 to enl>ge x & br+ x d[n to date4 ,b ,dr4 ,ko/]s ?9ks also t1 z ,nehemiah w\ld nev] h brok5 ! connection ( 8 memoirs ) su* a ,li/1 ! latt] mu/ h be5 ins]t$ by ! ,compil]1 :o at ?is po9t grew we>y ( ! discursiv5ess ( ! memoirs1 broke f !m1 & !n--ins]t$ ?is l5g?y ,li/6 ,?is is simply incr$ible--t he %\ld seek to atone = ! diffus5ess ( ,nehemiah's memoirs by ! intrusion ( a v long catalogue :i* _h no relevance to ! po9t at :i* he broke !m (f4 #egh ,hag4 i4 #b1 #ab2 ii4 #ad4 #egi ,hag4 i4 #ab1 #ad2 ii4 #b2 ,ze*4 viii4 #f1 #aa1 #ab4 #ehj ,hag4 ii4 #d2 ,ze*4 vii4 #e4 #eha ,ze*4 ii4 #af2 viii4 #ac1 #ae4 #ehb ,x is us$ 9 ,hag4 i4 #ab1 #ad1 ii4 #b1 only aft] ! m5tion ( ! lead]s2 see1 h[ev]1 ,pusey's note #i to ,hag4 i4 #ab2 :ile 9 ,ze*4 viii4 #f1 #aa1 #ah1 x might be argu$ t x 0 employ$ 9 su* a way z to cov] n only ,jews :o _h nev] left _! l&1 b all ,jews z well :o 7 left ( anci5t ,israel4 #ehc ,comp>e ,*eyne1 ,introduction to ! ,book ( ,isaiah1 #ahie1 xxxv4 ff41 :o says t 9 ! ma9 po9ts ,ko/]s' conclusions 8appe> s inevitable0 t he has 8con/antly presuppos$ !m0 9 deal+ ) *aps4 lvi4--lxvi4 ( ,isaiah2 & ,torrey1 op4 cit41 #ahif1 p4 #ec3 8,ko/]s has demon/rat$1 f ! te/imony ( ,haggai & ,ze*>iah1 t ,z]ubbabel & ,je%ua 7 n return$ exiles2 & fur!rmore1 t ! prophets ,haggai & ,ze*>iah knew no?+ ( an important return ( exiles f ,babylonia40 ,cf4 also ,wildebo]1 ,litt]atur des ,a4 ,t41 pp4 #bia ff4 #ehd iv4 #d4 #ehe ,( c\rse x is always possible t1 if !re _h be5 no great ,return f ,babylon "u ,cyrus1 ! community at ,j]usalem 9 #ebj _h n he>d ( ! prophecies ( ! ,second ,isaiah4 #ehf ,?is argum5t1 x is true1 does n fully acc\nt = ! curi\s fact t ,haggai & ,ze*>iah nev] call ! ,jewi% community at ,j]usalem by a "n significant ( _! return f exile4 ,b 9 ref]5ce to ?is x ought to be not$ t ev5 ! ,aramaic docum5t 9 ! ,book ( ,ezra :i* records ! ,return "u ,cyrus does n call ! build]s ( ! ,temple by any "n :i* implies t !y h come up f exile1 b /yles !m simply ! ,jews :o 7 9 ,judah & ,j]usalem 7,ezra v4 #a71 9 contra/ to ! ,jews :o 7 9 =eign l&s4 #ehg ,inde$1 :y does he ignore ! :ole ,exile itself if no return f x has tak5 place8 #ehh ,ze*4 ii4 #aj-ag ,heb41 #f-ac ,eng4 #ehi ,e4g4 ,/ade1 ,ku55 7op4 cit41 p4 #baf74 ,s1 too1 ,klo/]mann1 ,ges*4 des ,volkes ,israel1 ,mn*51 #ahif4 ,wellhaus51 9 ! second edition ( 8 ,ges*41 does n admit t ! ,li/ is "o ( exiles return$ "u ,cyrus 7p4 #aee1 n474 #eij ix4 #d2 x4 #f1 #g4 #eia ,op4 cit41 p4 #baf1 :]e he also quotes ! te/imony ( ! ,book ( ,daniel 7ix4 #be74 #eib ,s9ce writ+ ! above ,i h se5 ! relevant notes to ! second edition ( ,wellhaus5's ,ges*41 pp4 #aee & #afj4 8,! ref\nd+ ( ,j]usalem & ! ,temple _c h />t$ f ! ,jews left beh9d 9 ,pale/9e40 8,! remnant left 9 ! l& w\ld h re/or$ ! old popul> cultus ( ! high places4 ,in/ead ( t we f9d ev5 be=e ,ezra ! legitimate cultus & ! hi]ocracy 9 ,j]usalem3 9 ! ,temple-s]vice prop] ,ezra discov]s no?+ to re=m4 ,)\t ! leav5 ( ! ,glah ! ,judaism ( ,pale/9e is 9 its orig9 incompreh5sible40 #eic ,! inscription ( ,cyrus is sometimes quot$ to ?is effect3 cf4 ,p4 ,hay ,hunt]1 op4 cit41 ,i4 #ce4 ,b x w\ld seem t ! /atem5t ( ,cyrus is limit$ to ! re/oration ( ,assyrian idols & _! wor%ipp]s to ,assur & ,akkad4 ,/ill1 :at he did 9 ?is case furni%es a /rong argum5t = ! probability ( 8 hav+ done ! same 9 ! case ( ! ,jews4 #eid ,see above1 p4 #bjf1 & especially n4 #ege4 #eie ,ev5 ,*eyne1 aft] accept+ ,ko/]s' conclusions z 9 ! ma9 po9ts inevitable 7op4 cit41 p4 xxxv71 consid]s 7p4 xxxviii7 t 8! e>ne/ness ( ,haggai & ,ze*>iah 7:o _c h /ood alone7 implies ! exi/5ce ( a high] religi\s elem5t at ,j]usalem long be=e #dcb ,b4,c4 ,:5ce came ?is high] elem5t b f its natural home among ! m cultur$ ,jews 9 ,babylonia80 #eif ,ezra iii4 #h-ac4 #eig ,s*rad]1 8,ueb] die ,dau] des ,tempelbaues10 9 ,/ud4 u4 ,krit41 #ahgi1 #dfj ff42 ,/ade1 ,ges*4 des ,volkes ,israel1 ,,ii4 #aae ff42 ,ku551 op4 cit41 p4 #bbb2 ,ko/]s1 op4 cit41 ,*ap4 ,i41 #a4 ,to ?is op9ion o!rs h adh]$3 ,knig 7,e9leit4 9 das ,a4 ,t471 ,ryssel 7op4 cit47 & ,m>ti 7#bnd edition ( ,kays]'s ,!ol4 des ,a4 ,t41 p4 #bjj74 ,s*rad] 7p4 #efc7 argues t ,ezra iii4 #h-ac 0 n f\nd$ on a hi/orical docum5t1 b is an imitation ( ,neh4 vii4 #gc--viii42 & ,/ade t ! ,aramaic docum5t 9 ,ezra :i* ascribes ! lay+ ( ! f\ndation-/one to ,%e%bazz>1 ! legate ( ,cyrus1 0 n e>li] ?an #dcj4 #eih ,ryle1 op4 cit41 p4 xxx4 #eii ,/ade1 ,wellhaus51 etc4 ,see bel[1 ,*ap4 ,,xviii4 on ,hag4 ii4 #ah4 #fjj ,see above1 pp4 #baj f4 #fja ,ezra iv4 #bd1 v4 #a4 #fjb ,ezra v4 #f4 #fjc ,ib4 #ac4 #fjd ,ib4 #af4 #fje ,ges*41 ,,ii41 p4 #abc4 #fjf ,see above1 p4 #bac4 #fjg ,ezra iv4 #a-d4 8,t ! relation ( ,ezra iv4 #a-d is hi/orical seems to be e/abli%$ aga9/ objections :i* h be5 tak5 to x by ! ref]5ce to ,es>haddon1 :i* ,a4 v4 ,guts*mid has v9dicat$ by an +5i\s hi/orical comb9ation ) ! aid ( ! ,assyrian monum5ts 7,neue ,beitrge1 p4 #ade740--,rob]tson ,smi?1 art4 8,haggai10 ,encyc4 ,brit4 #fjh ,cf4 ,hi/4 ,geog41 pp4 #cag ff4 #fji ,ezra iv4 #faj ,!re 0 a %>p skirmi% at ,rabba?-,ammon ! night we sp5t !re1 & at lea/ "o ,circassian 0 %ot4 #faa 8,%e%bazz> presumably hav+ tak5 up 8 task ) ! usual consci5ti\sness ( an ,ori5tal gov]nor1 t is hav+ done no?+ ?\gh ! "w 0 nom9ally 9 h& all along 7,ezra v4 #af740--,rob]tson ,smi?1 art4 8,haggai10 ,encyc4 ,brit4 #fab ,see bel[1 ,*ap4 ,,xviii4 #fac ,h]od41 ,i4 #acj1 ,,iii4 #abg4 #fad #a ,*ron4 iii4 #ai makes him a son ( ,p$aiah1 bro!r ( ,%e'alt'el1 son ( ,jehoia*91 ! k+ :o 0 c>ri$ away by ,nebu*adrezz> 9 #eig & rema9$ captive till #efa1 :5 ,k+ ,evil-,m]oda* set him 9 hon\r4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t1 ,%e'alt'el dy+ *ildless1 ,p$aiah by levirate m>riage ) 8 wid[ became fa!r ( ,z]ubbabel4 ,,haggai ,g up into ! m\nta91 & fet* wood1 & build ! ,h\se4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,haggai ,! ,book ( ,haggai conta9s ?irty-eight v]ses1 :i* h be5 divid$ betwe5 two *apt]s4#fae ,! text is1 = ! prophets1 a comp>atively s\nd "o4 ,! ,greek v]sion af=ds a numb] ( corrections1 b has also ! usual am\nt ( misund]/&+s1 &1 z 9 ! case ( o!r prophets1 a few additions to ! ,hebrew text4#faf ,^! & ! v>iations 9 ! o!r anci5t v]sions w be not$ 9 ! translation bel[4#fag ,! book consi/s ( f\r sections1 ea* rec\nt+ a message f ,jehovah to ! ,jews 9 ,j]usalem 9 #ebj ,b4,c41 ! second ye> ( ,d>ius 7,hy/aspis71 by ! h& ( ! prophet ,haggai4 ,! fir/1 *ap4 i41 dat$ ! fir/ day ( ! six? mon?1 dur+ our ,septemb]1 reproves ! ,jews = build+ _! own ciel$ h\ses1 :ile !y say t ! "t = build+ ,jehovah's h\se has n yet come2 affirms t ?is is ! reason ( _! pov]ty & ( a great dr\ght :i* has afflict$ !m4 ,a piece ( n>rative is add$ rec\nt+ h[ ,z]ubbabel & ,je%ua1 ! heads ( ! community1 7 /irr$ by ?is ^w to lead ! p to beg9 "w on ! ,temple1 on ! tw5ty-f\r? day ( ! same mon?4 ,! second section1 *ap4 ii4 #a-i1 conta9s a message1 dat$ ! tw5ty-fir/ day ( ! sev5? mon?1 dur+ our ,octob]1 9 :i* ! build]s are enc\rag$ = _! "w4 ,jehovah is ab\t to %ake all nations1 ^! %all contribute ( _! weal?1 & ! latt] glory ( ! ,temple be great] ?an ! =m]4 ,! ?ird section1 *ap4 ii4 #aj-ai1 conta9s a ^w ( ,jehovah :i* came to ,haggai on ! tw5ty-f\r? day ( ! n9? mon?1 dur+ our ,decemb]4 ,x is 9 ! =m ( a p>able bas$ on c]ta9 c]emonial laws1 accord+ to :i* ! t\* ( a holy ?+ does n sanctify s mu* z ! t\* ( an unholy pollutes4 ,?us is ! p pollut$1 & ?us e "w ( _! h&s4 ,_! sacrifices avail n\ght1 & adv]sity has p]si/$3 small increase ( fruits1 bla/+1 mildew & hail4 ,b f ?is day ,god w bless4 ,! f\r? section1 *ap4 ii4 #bj-bc1 is a second ^w f ! ,"l to ,haggai on ! tw5ty-f\r? day ( ! n9? mon?4 ,x is = ,z]ubbabel1 & decl>es t ,god w ov]?r[ ! ?rones ( k+doms & de/roy ! =ces ( _m ( ! ,g5tiles by w>4 ,9 t day ,z]ubbabel1 ! ,"l's elect s]vant1 %all be z a signet to ! ,"l4 ,! au!nticity ( all ^! f\r sections 0 d\bt$ by no "o1#fah till t5 ye>s ago ,w4 ,bhme1 besides po9t+ out "s useless repetitions ( s+le words & phrases1 ca/ suspicion on *ap4 i4 #ac1 & que/ion$ ! :ole ( ! f\r? section1 *ap4 ii4 #bj-bc4fai ,) reg>d to *ap4 i4 #ac1 x is inde$ curi\s t ,haggai %\ld be describ$ z ! mess5g] ( ,jehovah2 :ile ! message itself1 ,i am ) y1 seems sup]flu\s "h1 & if ! v]se be omitt$1 v]4 #ad runs on naturally to v]4 #ab4fbj ,bhme's reasons = disput+ ! au!nticity ( *ap4 ii4 #bj-bc are mu* less suffici5t4 ,he ?9ks he sees ! h& ( an editor 9 ! phrase = a second "t 9 v]4 #bj2 notes ! omission ( ! title 8prophet0#fba aft] ,haggai's "n1 & ! diff]5ce ( ! =mula ! ^w came to ,haggai f t employ$ 9 ! previ\s sections1 by ! h& ( ,haggai1 & ! repetition ( v]4 #f;b 9 v]4 #ba2 & o!rwise concludes t ! section is an ins]tion f a lat] h&4 ,b ! =mula ! ^w came to ,haggai occurs also 9 ii4 #aj3fbb ! o!r po9ts are trivial1 & :ile x 0 mo/ natural = ,haggai ! contempor>y ( ,z]ubbabel to ent]ta9 ( ! latt] su* hopes z ! passage expresses1 x is inconceivable t a lat] writ]1 :o knew h[ !y _h n be5 fulfill$ 9 ,z]ubbabel1 %\ld h inv5t$ !m4#fbc ,rec5tly ,m4 ,tony ,&re1 privat-doc5t 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,g5eva1 has issu$ a l>ge "w on ,haggai1#fbd 9 :i* he has s\ght to prove t ! ?ird section ( ! book1 *ap4 ii4 7#aj7 #aa-ai1 is f ! h& ( ano!r writ] ?an ! re/4 ,he admits#fbe t 9 nei!r =m1 nor /yle1 nor language is !re any?+ to prove ?is di/9ction1 & t ! ideas ( all ! sections suit p]fectly ! condition ( ! ,jews 9 ! "t soon aft] ! ,return4 ,b he consid]s t *ap4 ii4 7#aj7 #aa-ai int]rupts ! connection betwe5 ! sections ^u ei!r side ( x2 t ! au?or is a legali/ or casui/1 :ile ! au?or ( ! o!r sections is a man ^: only ecclesia/ical int]e/ is ! rebuild+ ( ! ,temple2 t !re are obvi\s contradictions betwe5 *ap4 ii4 7#aj7 #aa-ai & ! re/ ( ! book2 & t !re is a diff]5ce ( vocabul>y4 ,let u consid] ea* ( ^! reasons4 ,! fir/1 t *ap4 ii4 7#aj7 #aa-ai int]rupts ! connection betwe5 ! sections on ei!r side ( x1 is true only 9 s f> z x has a diff]5t subject f t :i* ! latt] h m or less 9 common4 ,b ! second ( ! latt]1 *ap4 ii4 #bj-bc1 treats only ( a coroll>y ( ! fir/1 *ap4 ii4 #a-i1 & t coroll>y may well h =m$ ! subject ( a sep>ate oracle4 ,besides1 z we %all see1 *ap4 ii4 #aj-ai is a natural developm5t ( *ap4 i4#fbf ,! contradictions alleg$ by ,m4 ,&re are two4 ,he po9ts out t :ile *ap4 i4 speaks only ( a dr\ght1#fbg *ap4 ii4 7#aj7 #aa-ai m5tions#fbh z ! plagues on ! crops %iddphn & yrkn1 g5]ally r5d]$ bla/+ & mildew 9 our ,engli% ,bible1 & brd1 or hail2 & ^! he reckons to be plagues due n to dr\ght b to excessive moi/ure4 ,b %iddphn & yrkn1 :i* are always connect$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t & are words ( d\btful mean+1 are n ref]r$ to damp 9 any ( ! passages 9 :i* !y occur1 b1 on ! contr>y1 appe> to be ! consequ5ces ( dr\ght4#fbi ,! o!r contradiction alleg$ ref]s to ! ambigu\s v]se ii4 #ah1 on :i* we h already se5 x difficult to base any conclusion1 & :i* w be treat$ :5 we come to x 9 ! c\rse ( translation4#fcj ,f9ally1 ! diff]5ces 9 language :i* ,m4 ,&re cites are l>gely imag9>y1 & x is h>d to und]/& h[ a responsible critic has come to cite1 f> m to emphasise !m1 z he has done4 ,we may relegate ! discussion ( !m to a note1#fca & ne$ "h only rem>k t !re is among !m b "o ( any significance3 :ile ! re/ ( ! book calls ! ,temple ! ,h\se or ! ,h\se ( ,jehovah 7or ( ,jehovah ( ,ho/s71 *ap4 ii4 7#aj7 #aa-ai /yles x palace1 or temple1 ( ,jehovah4#fcb ,on su* a diff]5ce betwe5 two comp>atively brief passages x w\ld be unreasonable to decide = a di/9ction ( au?or%ip4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no reason to disagree ) ! cons5sus ( all o!r critics 9 ! integrity ( ! ,book ( ,haggai4 ,! f\r sections are ei!r f himself or f a contempor>y ( 84 ,!y probably repres5t1#fcc n ! full addresses giv5 by him on ! occasions /at$1 b ab/racts or summ>ies ( ^!4 8,x is nev] an easy task to p]suade a :ole population to make pecuni>y sacrifices1 or to po/pone private to public int]e/s2 & ! probability is1 t 9 ^! brief rema9s ( ! prophet ,haggai we h b "o or two specim5s ( a ceaseless dilig5ce & p]si/5t det]m9ation1 :i* upheld & animat$ ! :ole p till ! "w 0 accompli%$40#fcd ,at ! same "t x mu/ be notic$ t ! /yle ( ! book is n :olly ( ! b>e1 jejune prose :i* x is sometimes describ$ to be4 ,! passages ( ,haggai's own exhortation are 9 ! well-kn[n p>allel rhy?m ( prophetic disc\rse3 see especially *ap4 i41 v]4 #f4 ,! only o!r matt] ( ,introduction to ! prophet ,haggai is 8 "n4 ,! precise =m#fce is n else:]e f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 b "o ( ! clans ( ! tribe ( ,gad is call$ ,haggi1#fcf & ! lett]s ,h ,g ,i occur z ! consonants ( a "n on a ,phnician inscription4#fcg ,"s#fch h tak5 ,haggai to be a contraction ( ,haggiyah1 ! "n ( a ,levitical family1#fci b al?\gh ! f9al yod ( "s prop] names /&s = ,jehovah1 we _c c]ta9ly conclude t x is s 9 ?is case4 ,o!rs#fdj see 9 ,haggai a probable contraction = ,hag>iah1#fda z ,zaccai1 ! orig9al ( ,zac*u1 is a contraction ( ,ze*>iah4#fdb ,a m g5]al op9ion#fdc takes ! t]m9ation z adjectival1#fdd & ! root to be 8hag10 fea/ or fe/ival4#fde ,9 t case ,haggai w\ld mean fe/al1 & x has be5 suppos$ t ! "n w\ld be giv5 to him f 8 bir? on ! day ( "s fea/4 ,x is impossible to decide ) c]ta9ty among ^! alt]natives4 ,m4 ,&re1#fdf :o accepts ! mean+ fe/al1 v5tures ! hypo!sis t1 l 8,mala*i10 ,haggai is a symbolic title giv5 by a lat] h& to ! anonym\s writ] ( ! book1 because ( ! co9cid5ce ( 8 v>i\s prophecies ) solemn fe/ivals4#fdg ,b ! "n is too (t5 & too naturally introduc$ into ! book to pres5t any analogy to t ( 8,mala*i02 & ! hypo!sis may be dismiss$ z improbable & unnatural4 ,no?+ m is kn[n ( ,haggai ?an 8 "n & ! facts giv5 9 8 book4 ,b z ) ! o!r prophets :om we h treat$1 s ) ?is "o1 ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian leg5ds h be5 v busy4 ,o!r functions h be5 ascrib$ to him2 a sket* ( 8 biography has be5 inv5t$4 ,accord+ to ! ,rabbis he 0 "o ( ! m5 ( ! ,great ,synagogue1 & ) ,ze*>iah & 8,mala*i0 transmitt$ to t my?ical body ! tradition ( ! old] prophets4#fdh ,he 0 ! au?or ( sev]al c]emonial regulations1 & ) ,ze*>iah & 8,mala*i0 introduc$ into ! alphabet ! t]m9al =ms ( ! five elongat$ lett]s4#fdi ,! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs n>rate t he 0 ( ! tribe ( ,levi1#fej t ) ,ze*>iah he prophesi$ 9 exile ( ! ,return1#fea & 0 /ill "y :5 he arriv$ 9 ,j]usalem1#feb :]e he di$ & 0 buri$4 ,a /range leg5d1 f\nd$ on ! d\btful v]se :i* /yles him ! mess5g] ( ,jehovah1 gave out t ,haggai1 z well z = simil> reasons 8,mala*i0 & ,john ! ,bapti/1 7 n m51 b angels 9 human %ape4#fec ,) ,ze*>iah ,haggai appe>s on ! titles ( ,psalms cxxxvii41 cxlv4-cxlviii4 9 ! ,septuag9t2 cxi41 cxlv41 cxlvi4 9 ! ,vulgate2 & cxxv41 cxxvi4 & cxlv4-cxlviii4 9 ! ,pe%itto4#fed 8,9 ! ,temple at ,j]usalem he 0 ! fir/ :o *ant$ ! ,hallelujah1 444 :]e=e we say3 ,hallelujah1 :i* is ! hymn ( ,haggai & ,ze*>iah40#fee ,all ^! te/imonies are1 ( c\rse1 devoid ( value4 ,f9ally1 ! mod]n inf]5ce f *ap4 ii4 #c1 t ,haggai 9 8 y\? _h se5 ! =m] ,temple1 _h gone into exile1 & 0 n[ return$ a v old man1#fef may be probable1 b is n c]ta94 ,we are q ignorant ( 8 age at ! "t ! ^w ( ,jehovah came to him4 ,,footnotes3 #fae ,9 ! ,engli% ,bible ! division corresponds to t ( ! ,hebrew1 :i* gives fifte5 v]ses to *ap4 i4 ,! ,,lxx4 takes ! fifte5? v]se along ) v]4 #a ( *ap4 ii4 #faf ii4 #i1 #ad3 see on ^! passages1 pp4 #bdc1 n4 #fhe1 #bdf1 n4 #gjj4 #fag ,besides ! g5]al works on ! text ( ! ,twelve ,prophets1 already cit$1 ,m4 ,tony ,&re has publi%$ tat ,critique du ,texte d',agge3 ,quatre ,tableaux ,comp>atifs 7,p>is1 #ahic71 :i* is also includ$ 9 8 g5]al introduction & comm5t>y on ! prophet1 quot$ bel[4 #fah ,rob]tson ,smi? 7,encyc4 ,brit41 art4 8,haggai10 #ahhj7 does n ev5 m5tion au!nticity4 8,)\t d\bt f ,haggai himself0 7,ku5574 8,! ,book ( ,haggai is )\t d\bt to be dat$1 accord+ to its :ole extant cont5ts1 f ! prophet ,haggai1 ^: "w fell 9 ! ye> #ebj0 7,knig74 ,s ,driv]1 ,kirkpatrick1 ,cornill1 etc4 #fai ,z4,a4,t4,w41 #ahhg1 #bae f4 #fbj ,s also ,wellhaus54 #fba ,:i* occurs only 9 ! ,,lxx4 #fbb ,see note on t v]se1 n4 #fid #fbc ,cf4 ,wildebo]1 ,litt]4 des ,a4 ,t41 #bid4 #fbd ,le ,prophte ,agge1 ,introduction ,critique et ,comm5taire4 ,p>is1 ,fis*ba*]1 #ahic4 #fbe ,page #aea4 #fbf ,bel[1 p4 #bdi4 #fbg i4 #aj1 #aa4 #fbh ii4 #ag4 #fbi ,!y foll[ dr\ght 9 ,amos iv4 #i2 & 9 ! o!r passages :]e !y occur--,deut4 xxviii4 #bb2 #a ,k+s viii4 #cg2 #b ,*ron4 vi4 #bh--!y are m5tion$ 9 a li/ ( possible plagues aft] fam9e1 or pe/il5ce1 or fev]s1 all ( :i*1 ) ! d\btful exception ( fev]s1 foll[$ dr\ght4 #fcj ,above1 p4 #baf2 bel[1 p4 #bdh1 n4 #gjh4 #fca ,"s ( ,m4 ,&re's alleg$ diff]5ces ne$ n be discuss$ at all1 e4g4 t betwe5 & 4 ,b "h are ! o!rs4 ,he ass]ts t :ile *ap4 i4 calls oil & w9e 8yih> & tr%10 *ap4 ii4 7#aj7 #aa-ai calls !m 8yay9 & %em540 ,b he ov]looks ! fact t ! =m] pair ( names1 mean+ ! newly press$ oil & w9e1 suit _! connection1 9 :i* ! fruits ( ! e>? are be+ catalogu$1 i4 #aa1 :ile ! latt] pair1 mean+ ! f9i%$ w9e & oil1 equally suit _! connection1 9 :i* articles ( food are be+ catalogu$1 ii4 #ab4 ,equally futile is ! di/9ction drawn betwe5 i4 #i1 :i* speaks ( br++ ! crops to ! h\se1 or z we %\ld say home1 & ii4 #ai1 :i* speaks ( se$ be+ 9 ! b>n4 ,aga91 :at is to be said ( a critic :o adduces 9 evid5ce ( di/9ction ( au?or%ip ! fact t i4 #f employs ! v]b labha%1 to clo!1 :ile ii4 #ab uses beg$ = g>m5t1 & :o actually puts 9 brackets ! root bagad1 z if x any:]e 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t meant to clo!6 ,aga91 ,&re rem>ks t :ile ii4 7#aj7 #aa-ai does n employ ! epi!t ,jehovah ( ,ho/s1 b only ,jehovah1 ! re/ ( ! book frequ5tly uses ! =m]2 b he omits to obs]ve t ! re/ ( ! book1 besides us+ ,jehovah ( ,ho/s1 (t5 uses ! "n ,jehovah alone ! phrase 9 ii4 7#aj7 #aa-ai is 1 & occurs twice ii4 #ad1 #ag2 b ! re/ ( ! book has also 1 ii4 #d2 & besides 1 i4 #a1 ii4 #a1 ii4 #bj2 1 i4 #h2 & & 1 i4 #ab4 ,aga91 ,&re obs]ves t :ile ! re/ ( ! book designates ,israel always by & ! hea!n by 1 *ap4 ii4 7#aj7 #aa-ai1 9 v]4 #ad1 uses bo? t]ms ( ,israel4 ,yet 9 ?is latt] case is us$ only 9 p>allel to 1 z frequ5tly 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,aga91 t :ile 9 ! re/ ( ! book ,haggai is call$ ! prophet 7! d\btful i4 #ac may be omitt$71 he is simply nam$ 9 ii4 7#aj7 #aa-ai1 means no?+1 = ! "n "h occurs only 9 introduc+ 8 contribution to a conv]sation1 9 record+ :i* x 0 natural to omit titles4 ,simil>ly insignificant is ! fact t :ile ! re/ ( ! book m5tions only ! ,high ,prie/1 *ap4 ii4 7#aj7 #aa-ai talks only ( ! prie/s3 because "h aga9 ea* is suitable to ! connection4--,two or ?ree ( ,&re's alleg$ gr\nds 7su* z t f ! names = w9e & oil & t f labha% & beg$7 are en\gh to discr$it 8 :ole case4 #fcb ii4 #ae1 #ah4 #fcc ,9 ?is op9ion1 /at$ fir/ by ,ei*horn1 mo/ critics agree4 #fcd ,m>cus ,dods1 ,haggai1 ,ze*>iah & ,mala*i1 #ahgi1 9 ,h&books = ,bible ,classes3 ,ed941 ,t4 ,t4 ,cl>k4 #fce ,greek 4 #fcf 1 ,g54 xlvi4 #af1 ,num4 xxvi4 #ae2 ,greek 1 4 ,! fem99e 1 ,haggi?1 0 ! "n ( "o ( ,david's wives3 #b ,sam4 iii4 #d4 #fcg ,no4 #fg ( ! ,phnician inscriptions 9 ,c4 ,i4 ,s4 #fch ,hill]1 ,onom4 ,sacrum1 ,tb41 #agjf 7quot$ by ,&re71 & ,pusey4 #fci 1 see #a ,*ron4 vi4 #ae2 ,greek 1 ,lu4 4 #fdj ,khl]1 ,na*exil4 ,proph41 ,i4 #b2 ,wellhaus5 9 f\r? edition ( ,bleek's ,e9leitung2 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,encyc4 ,brit41 art4 8,haggai40 #fda ,jehovah ha? gird$4 #fdb ,d]5b\rg1 ,hi/4 de la ,pale/9e1 pp4 #ie1 #aej4 #fdc ,j]ome1 ,ges5ius1 & mo/ mod]ns4 #fdd ,z 9 ! names 1 11 etc4 #fde ,! radical d\ble g ( :i* appe>s 9 composition4 #fdf ,op4 cit41 p4 #h4 #fdg i4 #a1 ! new moon2 ii4 #a1 ! sev5? day ( ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles2 ii4 #ah1 ! f\ndation ( ! ,temple 7874 #fdh ,baba-ba?ra1 #ae;a1 etc4 #fdi ,megilla1 #b;b4 #fej ,hesy*ius3 see above1 p4 #hj1 n4 #fea ,augu/9e1 ,en>ratio 9 ,psalm cxlvii4 #feb ,pseud-,epiphanius1 ,de ,vitis ,prophet>um4 #fec ,j]ome on ,hag4 i4 #ac4 #fed ,eusebius did n f9d ^! titles 9 ! ,hexapl> ,septuag9t4 ,see ,field's ,hexapl> on ,psalm cxlv4 #a4 ,! titles are ( c\rse :olly )\t au?ority4 #fee ,pseud-,epiphanius1 z above4 #fef ,s ,ewald1 ,wildebo] 7p4 #bie7 & o!rs4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,haggai ,,& ,,! ,,build+ ,,( ,,! ,,temple ,,haggai i41 ii4 ,we h se5 t ! mo/ probable solution ( ! problems pres5t$ to u by ! inadequate & confus$ records ( ! "t is t a consid]able numb] ( ,jewi% exiles return$ f ,j]usalem to ,babylon ab\t #ecg1 ^u ! p]mission ( ,cyrus1 & t ! ,satrap :om he s5t ) !m n only all[$ !m to raise ! alt> on its anci5t site1 b himself laid = !m ! f\ndation-/one ( ! ,temple4#feg ,we h se51 too1 :y ?is attempt l$ to no?+1 & we h foll[$ ! ,sam>itan ob/ructions1 ! failure ( ! ,p]sian patronage1 ! dr\ght & bad h>ve/s1 & all ! disillusion ( ! fifte5 ye>s :i* succe$$ ! ,return4#feh ,! ho/ility ( ! ,sam>itans 0 entirely due to ! refusal ( ! ,jews to give !m a %>e 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,temple1 & its virul5ce1 probably %[n by prev5t+ ! ,jews f procur+ timb]1 seems to h ceas$ :5 ! ,temple works 7 /opp$4 ,at lea/ we f9d no m5tion ( x 9 our prophets2 & ! ,jews are furni%$ ) en\gh ( timb] to panel & ciel _! own h\ses4#fei ,b ! ,jews mu/ h fe>$ a r5ewal ( ,sam>itan attacks if !y resum$ "w on ! ,temple1 & = ! re/ !y 7 too sodd5 ) adv]sity1 & too weight$ ) ! c>e ( _! own su/5ance1 to spr+ at high] int]e/s4 ,:at imm$iately prec$es our prophets is a mis]able /ory ( b>r5 seasons & little income1 money leak+ fa/ away1 & e man's sordid he>t engross$ ) 8 own h\sehold4 ,little wond] t critics h be5 l$ to d5y ! great ,return ( sixte5 ye>s back1 ) its gr& ambitions = ! ,temple & glori\s future ( ,israel4 ,b ! l collapse has (t5 be5 exp]i5c$ 9 hi/ory :5 b&s ( religi\s m51 go+ =?1 z !y ?\ght1 to fre$om & ! imm$iate erection ( a holy commonweal?1 h f\nd _! unity wreck$ & _! en?usiasm dissipat$ by a few inclem5t seasons on a b>r5 & a ho/ile %ore4 ,nature & _! b>b>\s fell[-m5 h fru/rat$ :at ,god _h promis$4 ,!mselves1 accu/om$ f a high /age ( civilisation to plan /ill high] social /ructures1 are sudd5ly r$uc$ to ! primitive necessities ( tillage & def5ce aga9/ a savage foe4 ,/atesm51 poets & ideali/s ( sorts h to hoe ! gr\nd1 qu>ry /ones & /ay up ( nights to wat* z s5t9els4 ,de/itute ( ! com=ts & res\rces ) :i* !y h gr[n up1 !y live 9 con/ant battle ) _! b>e & unsympa!tic environs4 ,x is a famili> tale 9 hi/ory1 & we read x ) ease 9 ! case ( ,israel4 ,! ,jews enjoy$ ?is advantage1 t !y came n to a /range l&1 b to "o cr[d$ ) inspir+ memories1 & !y _h beh9d !m ! mo/ glori\s impetus ( prophecy :i* ev] s5t a p =w>d to ! future4 ,yet ! v ard\rs ( ?is hurri$ !m pa/ a due appreciation ( ! difficulties !y w\ld h to enc\nt]1 & :5 !y f\nd !mselves on ! /ony soil ( ,judah1 :i* !y _h be5 idealis+ = fifty ye>s1 & 7 fur!r afflict$ by b>r5 seasons1 _! he>ts mu/ h suff]$ an ev5 m bitt] disillusion ?an has s frequ5tly fall5 to ! lot ( religi\s emigrants to an absolutely new coa/4 #a4 ,,! ,,call ,,to ,,build 7,*ap4 i474 ,x 0 to ?is situation1 ^u an autumn day1 :5 ! coloni/s felt ano!r ye> ( begg>ly ef=t beh9d !m & _! wret*$ h>ve/ _h be5 br\ght home1 t ! prophet ,haggai address$ himself4 ,) r>e s5se he conf9$ 8 ef=ts to ! practical ne$s ( ! mom5t4 ,! sne]s ( mod]n writ]s h n be5 sp>$ ^u a /yle t is crabb$ & jejune1 & !y h e/eem$ ?is to be a collapse ( ! prophetic _s1 9 :i* ,haggai ignor$ all ! a*ievem5ts ( prophecy & int]pret$ ! ^w ( ,god z only a call to hew wood & lay /one ^u /one4 ,b ! man felt :at ! mom5t ne$$1 & t is ! supreme m>k ( ! prophet4 ,set a prophet !re1 & :at else c\ld a prophet h done8 ,x w\ld h be5 futile to rewak5 ^? mo/ spl5did voices ( ! pa/1 :i* _h 9 "p be5 ! reason ( ! p's disappo9tm5t1 & equally futile to int]pret ! mission ( ! great _w p[]s t[>ds ,god's p4 ,:at ,god's p !mselves c\ld d = !mselves--t 0 :at ne$$ tell+ at ! mom5t2 & if ,haggai told x ) a meagre & />v$ /yle1 ?is also 0 9 h>mony ) ! occasion4 ,"o does n expect x o!rwise :5 hungry m5 speak to ea* o!r ( _! duty4 ,nor does ,haggai des]ve blame t he int]pret$ ! duty z ! mat]ial build+ ( ! ,temple4 ,?is 0 no m]e ecclesia/ical function4 ,)\t ! ,temple ! cont9uity ( ,israel's religion c\ld n be ma9ta9$4 ,an indep5d5t /ate1 ) ! full c\rses ( civic life1 0 !n impossible4 ,! e?ical _s1 ! reg>d = ea* o!r & ,god1 c\ld prevail ov] _! mat]ial int]e/s 9 no o!r way ?an by common devotion to ! wor%ip ( ! ,god ( _! fa!rs4 ,9 urg+ !m to build ! ,temple f _! own unaid$ res\rces1 9 ab/a9+ f all hopes ( imp]ial patronage1 9 mak+ ! bus9ess "o1 n ( s5tim5t nor ( com=table assurance d]iv$ f ! pa/ promises ( ,god1 b ( pla9 & h>d duty--,haggai illu/rat$ at once ! sanity & ! spiritual ess5ce ( prophecy 9 ,israel4 ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi? has contra/$ ! c5tral importance :i* ,haggai atta*$ to ! ,temple ) ! attitude ( ,isaiah & ,j]emiah1 to :om 8! religion ( ,israel & ! hol9ess ( ,j]usalem h little to d ) ! edifice ( ! ,temple4 ,! city is holy because x is ! seat ( ,jehovah's sov]eignty on e>?1 ex]t$ 9 ,8 deal+s ) & = ! /ate ( ,judah & ! k+dom ( ,david40#ffj ,at ! same "t x ought to be po9t$ out t ev5 to ,isaiah ! ,temple 0 ! dwell+-place ( ,jehovah1 & if x _h be5 ly+ 9 ru9s at 8 feet1 z x 0 at ,haggai's1 !re is little d\bt he w\ld h be5 z e>ne/ z ,haggai 9 urg+ its recon/ruction4 ,nor did ! ,second ,isaiah1 :o has z l(ty an idea ( ! spiritual de/9y ( ! p z any o!r prophet1 lay less emphasis ^u ! c>d9al importance ( ! ,temple to _! life1 & ^u ! c]ta9ty ( its future glory4 ,9 ! second ye> ( ,d>ius#ffa ! k+1 9 ! six? mon? & ! fir/ day ( ! mon?--t is1 on ! fea/ ( ! new moon--! ^w ( ,jehovah came by#ffb ,haggai ! prophet to ,z]ubbabel1 son ( ,%e'alt'el1#ffc ,satrap ( ,judah1 & to ,jeho%ua#81 son ( ,jehoada1#ffd ! high prie/--! civil & religi\s heads ( ! community--z foll[s#ffe3-- ,?us ha? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s spok51 say+3 ,?is p h said1 ,n yet#fff is come ! "t = ! build+ ( ,jehovah's ,h\se4 ,!re=e ,jehovah's ^w is come by ,haggai ! prophet1 say+3 ,is x a "t = y--y#ffg--to be dwell+ 9 h\ses ciel$ ) planks1#ffh :ile ?is ,h\se is wa/e8 ,& n[ ?us sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s3 ,lay to he>t h[ ?+s h gone ) y4#ffi ,ye s[$ mu* b _h little income1 ate & 7 n satisfi$1 drank & 7 n full1 put on clo?+ & !re 0 no w>m?1 :ile he t e>n$ wages has e>n$ !m into a bag ) holes4 ,?us sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s3#fgj ,g up into ! m\nta9--! hill-c\ntry ( ,judah--& br+ 9 timb]1 & build ! ,h\se1 t ,i may take pleasure 9 x1 & %[ ,my glory1 sai? ,jehovah4 ,ye look$ = mu* & x has turn$ out little1#fga & :at ye br\ght home ,i puff$ at4 ,on acc\nt ( :at8--oracle ( ,jehovah ( ,ho/s--on acc\nt ( ,my ,h\se :i* is wa/e1 :ile ye are hurry+ e man aft] 8 own h\se4 ,!re=e#fgb ha? heav5 %ut (f ! dew1#fgc & e>? %ut (f h] increase4 ,& ,i h call$ dr\ght ^u ! e>?1 bo? ^u ! m\nta9s1#fgd & ^u ! corn1 & ^u ! w9e1 & ^u ! oil1 & ^u :at ! gr\nd br+s =?1 & ^u man1 & ^u bea/1 & ^u all ! lab\r ( ! h&s4 ,= ourselves1 ,haggai's appeal to ! b>r5 seasons & pov]ty ( ! p z pro( ( ,god's ang] ) _! selfi%ness mu/ raise que/ions4 ,b we h already se51 n only t natural calamities 7 by ! anci5t _w int]pret$ z ! p5al in/rum5ts ( ! ,deity1 b t all ?r\gh hi/ory !y h _h a wond]ful influ5ce on ! spirits ( m51 =c+ !m to se>* _! own he>ts & to believe t ,provid5ce is conduct$ = o!r ends ?an ^? ( our physical prosp]ity4 8,h n ^? :o h believ$ z ,amos believ$ ev] be5 ! /rong spirits ( our race1 mak+ ! v disa/]s :i* cru%$ !m to ! e>? ! tok5s t ,god has great views ab\t !m80#fge ,haggai1 !re=e1 takes no sordid view ( ,provid5ce :5 he int]prets ! seasons1 f :i* 8 c\ntrym5 _h suff]$1 z ,god's ang] ^u _! selfi%ness & delay 9 build+ ,8 ,h\se4 ,! /raight appeal to ! consci5ce ( ! ,jews _h an imm$iate effect4 ,)9 ?ree weeks !y began "w on ! ,temple4 ,& ,z]ubbabel1 son ( ,%e'alt'el1 & ,jeho%ua#81 son ( ,jehoada1 ! high prie/1 & all ! re/ ( ! p1 he>k5$ to ! voice ( ,jehovah _! ,god1 & to ! words ( ,haggai ! prophet1 z ,jehovah _! ,god _h s5t him2 & ! p fe>$ be=e ! face ( ,jehovah4 ,& ,haggai1 ! mess5g] ( ,jehovah1 9 ,jehovah's mission to ! p1 spake1 say+1 ,i am ) y--oracle ( ,jehovah4#fgf ,& ,jehovah /irr$ ! _s ( ,z]ubbabel1 son ( ,%e'alt'el1 ,satrap ( ,judah1 & ! _s ( ,jeho%ua#81 son ( ,jehoada1 ! high prie/1 & ! _s ( all ! re/ ( ! p2 & !y w5t & did "w 9 ! ,h\se ( ,jehovah ( ,ho/s1 _! ,god1 on ! tw5ty-f\r? day ( ! six? mon?1 9 ! second ye> ( ,d>ius ! k+4#fgg ,note h[ ! n>rative emphasises t ! new en]gy 01 z x c\ld n b be f ,haggai's unflatt]+ words1 a purely spiritual result4 ,x 0 ! _s ( ,z]ubbabel1 & ! _s ( ,jeho%ua1 & ! _s ( all ! re/ ( ! p1 :i* 0 /irr$--_! consci5ce & radical =ce ( "*4 ,n 9 va9 _h ! p suff]$ _! great disillusion "u ,cyrus1 if n[ _! hi/ory 0 to />t aga9 f s\rces s inw>d & s pure4 #b4 ,,c\rage1 ,,z]ubbabel6 ,,c\rage1 ,,jeho%ua ,,& ,,all ,,! ,,p6 7,*ap4 ii4 #a-i74 ,! second occasion on :i* ,haggai spoke to ! p 0 ano!r fea/ ! same autumn1 ! sev5? day ( ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1#fgh ! tw5ty-fir/ ( ! sev5? mon?4 ,= ne>ly f\r weeks ! "w on ! ,temple _h proce$$4 ,"s progress mu/ h be5 made1 = comp>isons became possible betwe5 ! old ,temple & ! /ate ( ?is "o4 ,probably ! outl9e & size ( ! build+ 7 visible4 ,9 any case x 0 en\gh to disc\rage ! build]s ) _! ef=ts & ! means at _! disposal4 ,haggai's new ^w is a v simple "o ( enc\ragem5t4 ,! p's consci5ce _h be5 /irr$ by 8 fir/2 !y ne$$ n[ "s hope4 ,consequ5tly he appeals to :at he _h ignor$ be=e1 ! political possibilities :i* ! pres5t /ate ( ! _w af=d$--always a s\rce ( prophetic promise4 ,b aga9 he makes 8 =m] call ^u _! own c\rage & res\rces4 ,! ,hebrew text conta9s a ref]5ce to ! ,exodus :i* w\ld be appropriate to a disc\rse deliv]$ dur+ ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1 b x is n f\nd 9 ! ,septuag9t1 & is s impossible to con/rue t x has be5 ju/ly suspect$ z a gloss1 ins]t$ by "s lat] h&1 only because ! passage _h to d ) ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles4 ,9 ! sev5? mon?1 on ! tw5ty-fir/ day ( ! mon?1 ! ^w ( ,jehovah came by#fgi ,haggai ! prophet1 say+3-- ,speak n[ to ,z]ubbabel1 son ( ,%e'alt'el1 ,satrap ( ,judah1 & to ,jeho%ua#81 son ( ,jehoada1 ! high prie/1 & to ! re/ ( ! p1 say+3 ,:o among y is left t saw ?is ,h\se 9 its =m] glory1 & h[ d ye see x n[8 ,is x n z no?+ 9 y\r eyes8#fhj ,& n[ c\rage1#fha ,o ,z]ubbabel--oracle ( ,jehovah--& c\rage1 ,jeho%ua#81 son ( ,jehoada1 ,o high prie/2#fhb & c\rage1 all p ( ! l&6--oracle ( ,jehovah2 & get to "w1 = ,i am ) y--oracle ( ,jehovah ( ,ho/s#fhc--;& ,my ,_s is /&+ 9 y\r mid/4 ,fe> n6 ,= ?us sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s3 ,x is b a little :ile1 & ,i w %ake ! heav5s1 & ! e>? & ! sea & ! dry l&2 & ,i w %ake all nations1 & ! co/ly ?+s#fhd ( all nations %all come 91 & ,i w fill ?is ,h\se ) glory1 sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4 ,m9e is ! silv] & ,m9e ! gold--oracle ( ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4 ,great] %all ! latt] glory ( ?is ,h\se be ?an ! =m]1 sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s1 & 9 ?is place w ,i give peace#fhe--oracle ( ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4 ,f ! e>lie/ times ?is passage1 by ! majority ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 has be5 int]pret$ ( ! com+ ( ,*ri/4 ,! ,vulgate r5d]s v]4 #g;b1 ,et v5iet ,desid]atus cunctis g5tibus1 & s a l>ge numb] ( ! ,lat9 ,fa!rs1 :o are foll[$ by ,lu!r1 ,d] ,tro/ all] ,heid51 & by our own ,au?oris$ ,v]sion1 ,& ! ,desire ( all nations %all come4 ,?is 0 n contr>y to ,jewi% tradition1 = ,rabbi ,akiba _h def9$ ! clause ( ! ,messiah1 & ,j]ome receiv$ ! int]pretation f 8 ,jewi% in/ructors4 ,9 itself ! n\n1 z po9t$ 9 ! ,massoretic text1 means long+ or object ( long+4#fhf ,b ! v]b :i* goes ) x is 9 ! plural1 & by a *ange ( po9ts ! n\n itself may be read z a plural4#fhg ,t ?is 0 ! orig9al read+ is made extremely probable by ! fact t x lay be=e ! translators ( ! ,septuag9t1 :o r5d]3 ! pick$1 or *os51 ?+s ( ! nations4#fhh ,s ! old ,italic v]sion3 ,et v5i5t omnia electa g5tium4#fhi ,moreov] ?is mean+ suits ! context1 z ! o!r does n4 ,! next v]se m5tions silv] & gold4 8,we may und]/& :at he says10 writes ,calv91 8( ,*ri/2 we inde$ "k t ,*ri/ 0 ! expectation ( ! :ole _w2 444 b z x imm$iately foll[s1 ,m9e is ! silv] & ,m9e is ! gold1 ! m simple mean+ is t :i* ,i fir/ /at$3 t ! nations w\ld come1 br++ ) !m all _! ri*es1 t !y might (f] !mselves & all _! possessions a sacrifice to ,god40#fij #c4 ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,! ,,unclean 7,*ap4 ii4 #aj-ai74 ,haggai's ?ird address to ! p is bas$ on a deliv]ance :i* he seeks f ! prie/s4 ,! ,book ( ,deut]onomy _h provid$ t1 9 all difficult cases n settl$ by its own code1 ! p %all seek a deliv]ance or ,torah f ! prie/s1 & %all obs]ve to d accord+ to ! deliv]ance :i* ! prie/s deliv] to !e4#fia ,bo? n\n & v]b1 :i* may be ?us lit]ally translat$1 are also us$ = ! complet$ & canonical ,law 9 ,israel1 & !y signify t 9 ! "t ( ! composition ( ! ,book ( ,deut]onomy t ,law 0 /ill reg>d$ z 9 process ( gr[?4 ,s x is also 9 ! "t ( ,haggai3 he does n consult a code ( laws1 nor asks ! prie/s :at ! canon says1 z1 = in/ance1 our ,"l does ) ! "q1 h[ reade/ ?\8 ,b he begs !m to give him a ,torah or deliv]ance1#fib bas$ ( c\rse ^u exi/+ cu/om1 b n yet committ$ to writ+4#fic ,= ! hi/ory ( ! ,law 9 ,israel ?is is1 !re=e1 a passage ( great int]e/4 ,on ! tw5ty-f\r? ( ! n9? mon?1 9 ! second ye> ( ,d>ius1 ! ^w ( ,jehovah came to#fid ,haggai ! prophet1 say+3 ,?us sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s1 ,ask1 ,i pray1 ( ! prie/s a deliv]ance1#fie say+3-- ,if a man be c>ry+ fle% t is holy 9 ! skirt ( 8 robe1 & ) 8 skirt t\* bread or pottage or w9e or oil or any food1 %all ! latt] become holy8 ,& ! prie/s gave answ] & said1 ,no6 ,& ,haggai said1 ,if "o unclean by a corpse#fif t\* any ( ^!1 %all ! latt] become unclean8 ,& ! prie/s gave answ] & said1 ,x %all4 ,t is to say1 hol9ess :i* pass$ f ! s\rce to an object imm$iately 9 t\* ) ! latt] did n spread fur!r2 b pollution infect$ n only ! p]son :o came into contact ) x1 b :atev] he t\*$4#fig 8,! fle% ( ! sacrifice hall[$ :atev] x %\ld t\*1 b n fur!r2#fih b ! human be+ :o 0 defil$ by t\*+ a dead body1 defil$ all he might t\*40#fii ,& ,haggai answ]$ & said3 ,s is ?is p1 & s is ?is nation be=e ,me--oracle ( ,jehovah--& s is all ! "w ( _! h&s1 & :at !y (f] !re--at ! alt> erect$ on its old site--is unclean4#gjj ,t is to say1 :ile ! ,jews _h expect$ _! re/or$ ritual to make !m holy to ! ,"l1 ?is _h n be5 effective1 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 _! contact ) s\rces ( pollution _h ?or\ghly pollut$ bo? !mselves & _! lab\r & _! sacrifices4 ,:at ^! s\rces ( pollution are is n explicitly /at$1 b ,haggai1 f 8 o!r messages1 c only mean1 ei!r ! p's want ( en]gy 9 build+ ! ,temple1 or ! unbuilt ,temple itself4 ,&re goes s f> z to comp>e ! latt] ) ! corpse1 ^: t\*1 accord+ to ! prie/s1 spreads infection ?r\gh m ?an "o degree4 ,9 any case ,haggai means to illu/rate & en=ce ! build+ ( ! ,temple )\t delay2 & meantime he takes "o in/ance ( ! effect he has already spok5 (1 ! "w ( _! h&s1 & %[s h[ x has be5 spoilt by _! neglect & delay4 ,& n[1 ,i pray1 set y\r he>ts backw>d f to-day1#gja be=e /one 0 laid ^u /one 9 ! ,temple ( ,jehovah3 444#gjb :5 "o came to a heap ( gra9 ( tw5ty measures1 & x _h become t51 or w5t to ! w9evat to draw fifty measures1#gjc & x _h become tw5ty4 ,i smote y ) bla/+ & ) )]+1#gjd & ) hail all ! "w ( y\r h&s1 & 444#gje--oracle ( ,jehovah4 ,lay n[ y\r he>ts on ! "t be=e to-day#gjf 7! tw5ty-f\r? day ( ! n9? mon?#gjg71 be=e ! day ( ! f\ndation ( ! ,temple ( ,jehovah#gjh--lay y\r he>ts to t "t6 ,is !re yet any se$ 9 ! b>n#gji8 ,& z yet#gaj ! v9e1 ! fig-tree1 ! pomegranate & ! olive h n borne fruit4 ,f ?is day ,i w bless !e4 ,?is !n is ! sub/ance ( ! :ole message4 ,on ! tw5ty-f\r? day ( ! n9? mon?1 some:]e 9 our ,decemb]1 ! ,jews _h be5 disc\rag$ t _! attempts to build ! ,temple1 begun ?ree mon?s be=e1#gaa _h n turn$ ! tide ( _! mis=tunes & produc$ prosp]ity 9 _! agriculture4 ,haggai tells !m1 !re is n yet "t = ! *ange to "w4 ,if contact ) a holy ?+ has only a slight effect1 b contact ) an unclean ?+ has a mu* great] effect 7v]ses #aa-ac71 !n _! attempts to build ! ,temple mu/ h less good influ5ce ^u _! condition ?an ! bad influ5ce ( all _! pa/ devotion to !mselves & _! secul> lab\rs4 ,t is :y adv]sity /ill cont9ues1 b c\rage6 f ?is day on ,god w bless4 ,! :ole message is1 !re=e1 opportune to ! date at :i* x 0 deliv]$1 & comes naturally on ! back ( ,haggai's previ\s oracles4 ,&re's reason = assign+ x to ano!r writ]1 on ! gr\nd ( its break+ ! connection1 does n exi/4#gab ,^! poor coloni/s1 9 _! hope def]r$1 7 le>n+ ! old lesson1 :i* humanity f9ds s h>d to und]/&1 t rep5tance & new-born zeal d n imm$iately "w a *ange ^u our mat]ial condition2 b ! natural consequ5ces ( s9 (t5 outweigh ! influ5ce ( conv]sion1 & ?\gh devot$ to ,god & v indu/ri\s we may /ill be puni%$ = a s9ful pa/4 ,evil has an infecti\s p[] great] ?an t ( hol9ess4 ,its effects are m ext5sive & la/+4#gac ,x 0 no bit ( casui/ry :i* ,haggai s\ght to illu/rate by 8 appeal to ! prie/s on ! c]emonial law1 b an e?ical tru? deeply emb$d$ 9 human exp]i5ce4 #d4 ,,! ,,re9ve/m5t ,,( ,,israel',s ,,hope 7,*ap4 ii4 #bj-bc74 ,on ! same day ,haggai publi%$ ano!r oracle1 9 :i* he put ! climax to 8 own message by re-inve/+ 9 ,z]ubbabel ! anci5t hopes ( 8 p4 ,:5 ! mon>*y fell ! ,messianic hopes 7 naturally no long] conc5trat$ 9 ! p]son ( a k+2 & ! great evangeli/ ( ! ,exile f\nd ! elect & ano9t$ ,s]vant ( ,jehovah 9 ! p z a :ole1 or 9 at lea/ ! pi\s "p ( !m1 ) functions n ( political gov]nm5t b ( moral influ5ce & in/ruction t[>ds all ! peoples ( ! e>?4 ,yet 9 ! ,exile ,ezekiel /ill pr$ict$ an individual ,messiah1 a son ( ! h\se ( ,david2 only x is significant t1 9 8 late/ prophecies deliv]$ aft] ! ov]?r[ ( ,j]usalem1 ,ezekiel calls him n k+#gad any m1 b pr9ce4#gae ,aft] ! return ( ,%e%bazz> to ,babylon ?is position 0 virtually fill$ by ,z]ubbabel1 a gr&son ( ,jehoiak91 ! second la/ k+ ( ,judah1 & appo9t$ by ! ,p]sian k+ ,peah or ,satrap ( ,judah4 ,him ,haggai n[ =mally names ! elect s]vant ( ,jehovah4 ,9 t ov]turn+ ( ! k+doms ( ! _w :i* ,haggai _h pr$ict$ two mon?s be=e1 & :i* he n[ expla9s z _! mutual de/ruction by w>1 ,jehovah ( ,ho/s w make ,z]ubbabel ,8 signet-r+1 insep>able f ,himself & ! symbol ( ,8 au?ority4 ,& ! ^w ( ,jehovah came a second "t to#gaf ,haggai on ! tw5ty-f\r? day ( ! n9? mon?1 say+3 ,speak to ,z]ubbabel1 ,satrap ( ,judah1 say+3 ,i am ab\t to %ake ! heav5s & ! e>?1#gag & ,i w ov]turn ! ?rones#gah ( k+doms1 & w %att] ! p[] ( ! k+doms ( ! ,g5tiles1 & w ov]turn *>iots#gai & _! rid]s1 & horses & _! rid]s w come d[n1 e man by ! sword ( 8 bro!r4 ,9 t day--oracle ( ,jehovah ( ,ho/s--,i w take ,z]ubbabel1 son ( ,%e'alt'el1 ,my s]vant--oracle ( ,jehovah--& w make him l a signet-r+2 = !e h ,i *os5--oracle ( ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4 ,! w>s & mutual de/ruction ( ! ,g5tiles1 ( :i* ,haggai speaks1 are d\btless ^? revolts ( races & prov9ces1 :i* ?reat5$ to disrupt ! ,p]sian ,empire ^u ! accession ( ,d>ius 9 #eba4 ,p]sians1 ,babylonians1 ,m$es1 ,arm5ians1 ! ,sac & o!rs rose toge!r or 9 succession4 ,9 f\r ye>s ,d>ius quell$ !m all1 & reorganis$ 8 empire be=e ! ,jews f9i%$ _! ,temple4 ,l all ! ,syrian gov]nors1 ,z]ubbabel rema9$ 8 poor lieut5ant & submissive tribut>y4 ,hi/ory roll$ we/w>d into ,europe4 ,greek & ,p]sian began _! /ruggle = ! control ( its future1 & ! ,jews fell into an obscurity & oblivion unbrok5 = c5turies4 ,! signet-r+ ( ,jehovah 0 n ackn[l$g$ by ! _w--does n seem ev5 to h *all5g$ its briefe/ att5tion4 ,b ,haggai _h at lea/ succe$$ 9 ass]t+ ! ,messianic hope ( ,israel1 always baffl$1 nev] qu5*$1 9 ?is re-op5+ ( h] life4 ,he _h deliv]$ ! anci5t h]itage ( ,israel to ! c>e ( ! new ,judaism4 99 99 99 99 99 ,haggai's place 9 ! succession ( prophecy ought n[ to be cle> to u4 ,! meagr5ess ( 8 words & _! crabb$ /yle1 8 occupation ) ! con/ruction ( ! ,temple1 8 unfulfill$ hope 9 ,z]ubbabel1 8 sil5ce on ! great inh]itance ( tru? deliv]$ by 8 pr$ecessors1 & ! abs5ce f 8 prophesy+ ( all visions ( ,god's "* & all emphasis ^u ! e?ical elem5ts ( religion--^! h mov$ "s to depress 8 value z a prophet almo/ to ! vani%+ po9t4 ,no?+ c\ld be m unju/4 ,9 8 op5+ message ,haggai ev9c$ ! fir/ indisp5sable p[] ( ! prophet3 to speak to ! situation ( ! mom5t1 & to succe$ 9 gett+ m5 to take up ! duty at _! feet2 9 ano!r message he ann\nc$ a great e?ical pr9ciple2 9 8 la/ he cons]v$ ! ,messianic traditions ( 8 religion1 & ?\gh n less disappo9t$ ?an ,isaiah 9 ! p]sonality to :om he look$ = _! fulfilm5t1 he succe$$ 9 pass+ on _! hope undim9i%$ to future ages4 ,,footnotes3 #feg ,see above1 pp4 #baj-ah1 & emphasise specially ! facts t ! mo/ pron\nc$ adh]5ts ( ,ko/]s' !ory seek to qualify 8 absolute negation ( a ,return "u ,cyrus1 by ! admission t "s ,jews did return2 & t ev5 ,/ade1 :o agrees 9 ! ma9 ) ,s*rad] t no attempt 0 made by ! ,jews to beg9 build+ ! ,temple till #ebj1 admits ! probability ( a /one be+ laid by ,%e%bazz> ab\t #ecf4 #feh ,see above1 pp4 #bah ff4 #fei ,hag4 i4 #d4 #ffj ,art4 8,haggai10 ,encyc4 ,brit4 #ffa ,heb4 ,d>yave%4 #ffb ,heb4 by ! h& (4 #ffc ,see above1 pp4 #aii f4 & #bba4 #ffd ,see bel[1 pp4 #beh1 #bgi1 #bib ff4 #ffe ,heb4 say+4 #fff ,= n ! "t ( com+ read ) ,hitzig & ,wellhaus5 1 n n[ is come2 = cf4 ,ezek4 xxiii4 #d1 ,psalm lxxiv4 #f4 #ffg ,! emphasis may be due only to ! awkw>d grammatical con/ruction4 #ffh 1 f 1 to cov] ) planks ( c$>1 #b ,k+s vi4 #i3 cf4 iii4 #g4 #ffi ,heb4 set y\r he>ts 7see ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #beh1 #bge1 #cba1 #cbc7 ^u y\r ways2 b y\r ways _c mean "h1 z else:]e1 y\r conduct1 b obvi\sly f :at foll[s ! ways y h be5 l$1 ! way ?+s h gone ) y--! b>r5 seasons & little income4 #fgj ,! ,hebrew & ,v]sions "h ins]t set y\r he>ts ^u y\r ways1 obvi\sly a m]e cl]ical repetition f v]4 #e4 #fga ,= read ) ! ,,lxx4 or 4 #fgb ,! "h ins]t$ 9 ! ,hebrew text is unp>sable1 n f\nd 9 ! ,,lxx4 & probably a cl]ical error by dittography f ! prec$+ 4 #fgc ,heb4 heav5s are %ut f dew4 ,b p]haps ! ( %\ld be delet$4 ,s ,wellhaus54 ,!re is no in/ance ( an intransitive ,qal ( 4 #fgd ,qu]y8 #fge ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #afb ff4 #fgf ,see above1 p4 #bbg4 #fgg ,! ,,lxx4 wrongly takes ?is la/ v]se ( *ap4 i4 z ! fir/ half ( ! fir/ v]se ( *ap4 ii4 #fgh ,lev4 xxiii4 #cd1 #cf1 #dj-db4 #fgi ,by ! h& (4 #fhj 4 ,lit]ally1 is n ! l ( x z no?+ 9 y\r eyes8 ,b t c h>dly be ! mean+4 ,x might be equival5t to is x n1 z x /&s1 z no?+ 9 y\r eyes8 ,b ! fact is t 9 ,hebrew con/ruction ( a simple1 unemphasis$ comp>ison1 ! comp>+ p>ticle /&s be=e bo? objects comp>$3 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! phrase 7,g54 xliv4 #ah7 1 ?\ art z ,ph>aoh4 #fha ,lit]ally3 be /rong4 #fhb ,x is difficult to say :e!r high prie/ belongs to ! text or n4 #fhc ,"h occurs ! anacol\?ic clause1 introduc$ by an acc4 )\t a v]b1 :i* is n f\nd 9 ! ,,lxx4 & is probably a gloss 7see above1 p4 #bda73 ,! promise :i* ,i made ) y 9 y\r go+ =? f ,egypt4 #fhd ,hebrew has s+ul>1 co/ly ?+ or desirabl5ess1 7fem1 = neut471 b ! v]b %all come is 9 ! plural1 & ! ,,lxx4 has 1 ! *oice ?+s4 ,see bel[1 next page4 #fhe ,! ,,lxx4 add a p>allel clause 1 :i* w\ld read 9 ,hebrew 4 ,on ,wellhaus5 cites #a ,*ron4 xi4 #h1 re/ore or revive4 #fhf long+1 #b ,*ron4 xxi4 #b1 & object ( long+1 ,dan4 xi4 #cg4 ,x is ! fem99e or neut]1 & might be r5d]$ z a collective1 desirable ?+s4 ,pusey cites ,cic]o's address to 8 wife3 ,valete1 mea desid]ia1 valete 7,ep4 ad ,famil41 xiv4 #b f9474 #fhg plural fem99e ( pass4 "p41 z 9 ,g54 xxvii4 #ae1 :]e x is an adjective1 b us$ z a n\n preci\s ?+s1 ,dan4 xi4 #ch1 #dc1 :i* use meets ! objection ( ,pusey1 9 loco1 :]e he wrongly ma9ta9s t preci\s ?+s1 if int5d$1 mu/ h be5 express$ by 4 #fhh 4 ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia takes x z elect p]sons ( all nations1 to :i* a few mod]ns adh]e4 #fhi ,augu/9i ,contra ,donati/as po/ ,collationem1 cap4 xx4 #cj 7,migne1 ,lat9 ,patrology1 ,,xliii41 p4 #fga74 #fij ,calv91 ,comm4 9 ,haggai1 ii4 #f-i4 #fia ,deut4 xvii4 #h ff43 4 ,comp>e ! expression 1 9 #b ,*ron4 xv4 #c1 & ! duties ( ! tea*+ prie/s assign$ by ! ,*ronicl] 7#b ,*ron4 xvii4 #g-i7 to ! days ( ,jeho%aphat4 #fib ,note t x is n ! ,torah1 b a ,torah4 #fic ,! ne>e/ passage to ! deliv]ance ( ! prie/s to ,haggai is ,lev4 vi4 #bj1 #ba 7,heb471 #bg1 #bh 7,eng474 ,?is is "p ( ! ,prie/ly ,code n promulgat$ till #dde ,b4,c41 b bas$1 ( c\rse1 on long extant cu/om1 "s ( x v anci5t4 ,ev]y?+ t t\*es ! fle% 7( ! s9-(f]+1 :i* is holy7 %all be holy--1 ! v]b us$ by ! prie/s 9 _! answ] to ,haggai--& :5 any ( its blood has be5 spr9kl$ on a g>m5t1 t :]eon x 0 spr9kl$ %all be wa%$ 9 a holy place4 ,! e>!n vessel :]e9 x has be5 boil$ %all be brok51 & if x has be5 boil$ 9 a braz5 vessel1 ?is %all be sc\r$ & r9s$ ) wat]4 #fid ,s sev]al old edd4 & _m codd41 & adopt$ by ,ba] 7see 8 note 9 loco7 9 8 text4 ,b mo/ ( ! edd4 ( ! ,massoretic text read aft] ,cod4 ,hill4 ,= ! importance ( ! "q see above1 p4 #bbg4 #fie ,torah4 #fif 4 #fig ,!re does n appe> to be ! contra/ betwe5 indirect contact ) a holy ?+ & direct contact ) a pollut$ :i* ,wellhaus5 says !re is4 ,9 ei!r case ! articles ^: "* is 9 "q /& second f ! s\rce ( hol9ess & pollution--! holy fle% & ! corpse4 #fih ,see above1 p4 #bde1 n4 #fic4 #fii ,pusey1 9 loco4 #gjj ,! ,,lxx4 h "h f\nd ins]t$ ?ree o!r clauses3 1 1 4 ,! fir/ clause is a misread+ 7,wellhaus571 = 1 because ye take a bribe1 & goes well ) ! ?ird clause1 modifi$ f ,amos v4 #aj3 1 !y hate him :o reproves 9 ! gate4 ,^! may h be5 ins]t$ into ! ,hebrew text by "s "o puzzl$ to "k :at ! s\rce ( ! p's pollution 01 & :o absurdly f\nd x 9 s9s :i* 9 ,haggai's "t x 0 impossible to impute to !m4 ,! middle clause1 1 !y vex !mselves ) _! lab\rs1 is suitable to ! s5se ( ! ,hebrew text ( ! v]se1 z ,wellhaus5 po9ts out1 b besides gives a connection ) :at foll[s4 #gja ,f ?is day & onw>d4 #gjb ,heb4 lit]ally s9ce !y 74 ,a4,v4 s9ce ^? days 74 #gjc ,w9evat1 1 is di/+ui%$ f w9epress1 1 9 ,jo%4 ix4 #ac1 & is translat$ by ! ,greek ,m>k xii4 ,i1 ,matt4 xxi4 #cc1 dug a pit = ! w9epress2 b ! "n is appli$ sometimes to ! :ole w9epress--,hosea ix4 #b etc41 ,job xxiv4 #aa1 to tread ! w9epress4 ,! ^w translat$ measures1 z 9 ,,lxx4 1 is 1 & t is prop]ly ! vat 9 :i* ! grapes 7 trodd5 7,isa4 lxiii4 #c71 b "h x c sc>cely mean fifty vatfuls1 b mu/ ref] to "s small] measure--cask8 #gjd ,see above1 pp4 #bbh f41 n4 #fbe4 #gje ,! words omitt$ _c be con/ru$ 9 ! ,hebrew1 1 lit]ally & n y 7acc47 to ,me4 ,hitzig1 etc41 propose to read & r5d] !re 0 none ) y :o turn$ to ,me4 ,o!rs propose 1 z if none ( y turn$ to ,me4 ,o!rs reta9 & r5d] z = y4 ,! v]sions ,,lxx4 ,syr41 ,vulg4 ye w n return or did n return to ,me1 read+ p]haps = 1 1 :i* is f\nd 9 ,amos iv4 #i1 ( :i* ! re/ ( ! v]se is an e*o4 ,wellhaus5 deletes ! :ole v]se z a gloss4 ,x is c]ta9ly suspici\s1 & rem>kable 9 t ! ,,lxx4 text has already introduc$ two citations f ,amos4 ,see above on v]4 #ad4 #gjf ,heb4 f ?is day backw>ds4 #gjg ,! date ,wellhaus5 ?9ks 0 add$ by a lat] h&4 #gjh ,?is is ! ambigu\s clause on diff]5t int]pretations ( :i* s mu* has be5 f\nd$3 4 ,does ?is clause1 9 simple p>allel to ! previ\s "o1 describe ! day on :i* ! prophet 0 speak+1 ! tw5ty-f\r? day ( ! n9? mon?1 ! t]m9us a quo ( ! p's retrospect8 ,9 t case ,haggai reg>ds ! f\ndation-/one ( ! ,temple z laid on ! tw5ty-f\r? day ( ! n9? mon? #ebj ,b4,c41 & does n "k1 or at lea/ ignores1 any previ\s lay+ ( a f\ndation-/one4 ,s ,ku551 ,ko/]s1 ,&re1 etc4 ,or does signify up to ! "t ! f\ndation-/one 0 laid1 & /ate a t]m9us ad quem = ! p's retrospect8 ,s ,ewald & o!rs1 :o !re=e f9d 9 ! v]se a pro( t ,haggai knew ( an e>li] lay+ ( ! f\ndation-/one4 ,b t is ev] us$ = _c be prov$1 & inde$ is disprov$ by ,j]4 vii4 #g1 :]e x occurs 9 contra/ to 4 ,van ,hoonack] f9ds ! same1 b 9 a m subtle translation ( 41 he says1 is nev] us$ except ( a date di/ant f ! speak] or writ] ( x2 7if ,i und]/& him aright7 ref]s !re=e to a date previ\s to ,haggai to :i* ! p's ?\ghts are direct$ by ! & !n br\ght back f x to ! date at :i* he 0 speak+ by means ( ! 3 8la prposition signifie la direction de l'esprit v]s une poque du pass d'o il e/ ram5 p> la prposition 40 ,b surely c be us$ 7z inde$ ,haggai has j us$ x7 to signify ext5sion backw>ds f ! /&po9t ( ! speak]2 & al?\gh 9 ! passages cit$ by ,van ,hoonack] ( ! use ( x always ref]s to a pa/ date--,deut4 ix4 #g1 ,judg4 xix4 #cj1 #b ,sam4 vi4 #aa1 ,j]4 vii4 #g & #be--/ill1 z x is !re no?+ b a pleona/ic =m = 1 x surely might be employ$ z is sometimes employ$ = dep>ture f ! pres5t backw>ds4 ,nor 9 any case is x us$ to express :at ,van ,hoonack] seeks to draw f x "h1 ! idea ( direction ( ! m9d to a pa/ ev5t & !n an imm$iate return f t4 ,_h ,haggai wi%$ to express t idea he w\ld h phras$ x ?us3 7z ,ko/]s rem>ks74 ,besides1 z ,ko/]s has po9t$ out 7pp4 #g ff4 ( ! ,g]m4 trans4 ( ,het ,h]/el1 etc471 ev5 if ,van ,hoonack]'s translation ( 7 correct1 ! context w\ld %[ t x might ref] only to a lay+ ( ! f\ndation-/one s9ce ,haggai's fir/ address to ! p1 & !re=e ! "q ( an e>li] f\ndation-/one "u ,cyrus w\ld rema9 unsolv$4 ,consequ5tly ,haggai ii4 #ah _c be quot$ z a pro( ( ! latt]4 ,see above1 p4 #baf4 #gji ,mean+ !re is none4 #gaj or = 1 aft] ,,lxx4 4 #gaa ,! tw5ty-f\r? day ( ! six? mon?1 accord+ to *ap4 i4 #ae4 #gab ,see above1 p4 #bbh4 #gac 8,= ,i believe ! devil's voice ,s9ks deep] 9 our e>1 ,?an any :isp] s5t f heav51 ,h[ev] sweet & cle>40 #gad ,only 9 xxxiv4 #bd1 xxxvii4 #bb1 #bd4 #gae 3 cf4 ,sk9n]1 ,ezekiel 7,expositor's ,bible ,s]ies71 pp4 #ddg ff41 :o1 h[ev]1 attributes ! dim9ution ( ! importance ( ! civil head 9 ,israel1 n to ! feel+ t he w\ld h5ce=? always be subject to a =eign emp]or1 b to ! conviction t 9 ! future he w be 8ov]%ad[$ by ! p]sonal pres5ce ( ,jehovah 9 ! mid/ ( ,8 p40 #gaf ,see above1 p4 #bbg4 #gag ,,lxx4 enl>ges3 & ! sea & ! dry l&4 #gah ,heb4 s+4 collect4 ,,lxx4 plural4 #gai ,aga9 a s+4 coll4 ,,ze*>iah 7,i4-,,viii47 ,n by might1 & n by =ce1 b by ,my ,_s1 sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4 ,be n afraid1 /r5g!n y\r h&s6 ,speak tru?1 e man to 8 neighb\r2 tru? & :olesome judgm5t judge ye 9 y\r gates1 & 9 y\r he>ts plan no evil = ea* o!r1 nor take pleasure 9 false swe>+1 = all ^! ?+s d ,i hate--oracle ( ,jehovah4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,ze*>iah 7,i4-,,viii47 ,! ,book ( ,ze*>iah1 consi/+ ( f\rte5 *apt]s1 falls cle>ly into two divisions3 ,fir/1 *aps4 i4--viii41 ascrib$ to ,ze*>iah himself & full ( evid5ce = _! au!nticity2 ,second1 *aps4 ix4--xiv41 :i* are n ascrib$ to ,ze*>iah1 & deal ) conditions diff]5t f ^? ^u :i* he work$4 ,! full discussion ( ! date & "* ( ?is second section we %all res]ve till we rea* ! p]iod at :i* we believe x to h be5 writt54 ,"h an introduction is necess>y only to *aps4 i4--viii4 ,^! *apt]s may be divid$ into five sections4 ,i4 ,*ap4 i4 #a-f4--;,a ,^w ( ,jehovah :i* came to ,ze*>iah 9 ! eigh? mon? ( ! second ye> ( ,d>ius1 t is 9 ,novemb] #ebj ,b4,c41 or betwe5 ! second & ! ?ird oracles ( ,haggai4#gbj ,9 ?is ! prophet's place is affirm$ 9 ! succession ( ! prophets ( ,israel4 ,! anci5t prophets are gone1 b _! pr$ictions h be5 fulfill$ 9 ! calamities ( ! ,exile1 & ,god's ,^w abides = ev]4 ,,ii4 ,*ap4 i4 #g--vi4 #i4--;,a ,^w ( ,jehovah :i* came to ,ze*>iah on ! tw5ty-f\r? ( ! elev5? mon? ( ! same ye>1 t is ,janu>y or ,febru>y #eai1 & :i* he reproduces 9 ! =m ( eight ,visions by night4 7#a7 ,! ,vision ( ! ,f\r ,horsem53 ,god's new m]cies to ,j]usalem 7*ap4 i4 #g-ag74 7#b7 ,! ,vision ( ! ,f\r ,horns1 or ,p[]s ( ! ,_w1 & ! ,f\r ,smi?s1 :o smite !m d[n 7ii4 #a-d ,heb41 b 9 ! ,septuag9t & 9 ! ,engli% ,v]sion i4 #ah-ba74 7#c7 ,! ,vision ( ! ,man ) ! ,measur+ ,rope3 ,j]usalem %all be rebuilt1 no long] z a n>r[ =tress1 b spread abroad = ! multitude ( h] population 7*ap4 ii4 #e-i ,heb41 ii4 #a-e ,,lxx4 & ,eng474 ,to ?is ,vision is app5d$ a lyric piece ( probably old] date call+ ^u ! ,jews 9 ,babylon to return1 & celebrat+ ! jo9+ ( _m peoples to ,jehovah1 n[ t ,he takes up aga9 ,8 habitation 9 ,j]usalem 7*ap4 ii4 #aj-ag ,heb41 ii4 #f-ac ,,lxx4 & ,eng474 7#d7 ,! ,vision ( ,jo%ua1 ! ,high ,prie/1 & ! ,satan or ,accus]3 ! ,satan is rebuk$1 & ,jo%ua is cleans$ f 8 f\l g>m5ts & clo!d ) a new turban & fe/al app>el2 ! l& is purg$ & secure 7*ap4 iii474 7#e7 ,! ,vision ( ! ,sev5-,bran*$ ,lamp & ! ,two ,olive-,trees 7*ap4 iv4 #a-f;a1 #aj;b-#ad73 into ! c5tre ( ?is has be5 ins]t$ a ,^w ( ,jehovah to ,z]ubbabel 7vv4 #f;b-#aj;a71 :i* int]rupts ! ,vision & ought probably to come at ! close ( x4 7#f7 ,! ,vision ( ! ,fly+ ,book3 x is ! curse ( ! l&1 :i* is be+ remov$1 b aft] de/roy+ ! h\ses ( ! wick$ 7*ap4 v4 #a-d74 7#g7 ,! ,vision ( ! ,bu%el & ! ,woman3 t is ! guilt ( ! l& & its wick$ness2 !y are c>ri$ (f & plant$ 9 ! l& ( ,%9#8ar 7v4 #e-aa74 7#h7 ,! ,vision ( ! ,f\r ,*>iots3 !y g =? f ! ,"l ( all ! e>?1 to trav]se ! e>? & br+ ,8 ,_s1 or ang]1 to be> on ! ,nor? c\ntry 7*ap4 vi4 #a-h74 ,,iii4 ,*ap4 vi4 #i-ae4--;,a ,^w ( ,jehovah1 undat$ 7unless x is to be tak5 z ( ! same date z ! ,visions to :i* x is atta*$71 giv+ directions z to ! gifts s5t to ! community at ,j]usalem f ! ,babylonian ,jews4 ,a cr[n is to be made f ! silv] & gold1 &1 accord+ to ! text1 plac$ ^u ! head ( ,jo%ua4 ,b1 z we %all see1#gba ! text gives evid5t signs ( hav+ be5 alt]$ 9 ! int]e/ ( ! ,high ,prie/2 & probably ! cr[n 0 meant = ,z]ubbabel1 at ^: "r h& ! prie/ is to /&1 & !re %all be a c\nsel ( peace betwe5 ! two ( !m4 ,! f>-away %all come & assi/ at ! build+ ( ! ,temple4 ,?is section breaks (f 9 ! middle ( a s5t5ce4 ,,iv4 ,*ap4 vii4--,! ,^w ( ,jehovah :i* came to ,ze*>iah on ! f\r? ( ! n9? mon? ( ! f\r? ye> ( ,d>ius1 t is ne>ly two ye>s aft] ! date ( ! ,visions4 ,! ,temple 0 approa*+ completion2 & an inquiry 0 address$ to ! prie/s :o 7 9 x & to ! prophets conc]n+ ! ,fa/s1 :i* _h be5 ma9ta9$ dur+ ! ,exile1 :ile ! ,temple lay desolate 7*ap4 vii4 #a-c74 ,?is inquiry drew f ,ze*>iah a hi/orical explanation ( h[ ! ,fa/s arose 7*ap4 vii4 #d-ad74 ,v4 ,*ap4 viii4--,t5 %ort undat$ oracles1 ea* introduc$ by ! same =mula1 ,?us sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s1 & summ>is+ all ,ze*>iah's tea*+ s9ce be=e ! ,temple began up to ! "q ( ! cessation ( ! ,fa/s ^u its completion--) promises = ! future4 7#a7 ,a ,^w affirm+ ,jehovah's new zeal = ,j]usalem & ,8 ,return to h] 7vv4 #a1 #b74 7#b7 ,ano!r ( ! same 7v]4 #c74 7#c7 ,a ,^w promis+ fulness ( old folk & *ildr5 9 h] /reets 7vv4 #d1 #e74 7#d7 ,a ,^w affirm+ t no?+ is too wond]ful = ,jehovah 7v]4 #f74 7#e7 ,a ,^w promis+ ! return ( ! p f ea/ & we/ 7vv4 #g1 #h74 7#f & #g7 ,two ,words contra/+1 9 t]ms simil> to ,haggai i41 ! pov]ty ( ! p be=e ! f\ndation ( ! ,temple ) _! new prosp]ity3 f a curse ,israel %all become a bless+4 ,?is is due to ,god's ang] hav+ *ang$ into a purpose ( grace to ,j]usalem4 ,b ! p !mselves mu/ d tru? & ju/ice1 ceas+ f p]jury & ?\ghts ( evil aga9/ ea* o!r 7vv4 #i-ag74 7#h7 ,a ,^w :i* recurs to ! "q ( ,fa/+1 & comm&s t ! f\r great ,fa/s1 in/itut$ to commemorate ! siege & ov]?r[ ( ,j]usalem1 & ! murd] ( ,g$aliah1 be *ang$ to joy & gladness 7vv4 #ah1 #ai74 7#i7 ,a ,^w pr$ict+ ! com+ ( ! ,g5tiles to ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah at ,j]usalem 7vv4 #bj-bb74 7#aj7 ,ano!r ( ! same 7v]4 #bc74 ,!re c be little d\bt t1 ap>t f ! few int]polations not$1 ^! eight *apt]s are g5u9e prophecies ( ,ze*>iah1 :o is m5tion$ 9 ! ,book ( ,ezra z ! colleague ( ,haggai1 & contempor>y ( ,z]ubbabel & ,jo%ua at ! "t ( ! rebuild+ ( ! ,temple4#gbb ,l ! oracles ( ,haggai1 ^! prophecies are dat$ accord+ to ! ye>s ( ,d>ius ! k+1 f 8 second ye> to 8 f\r?4 ,al?\gh !y may conta9 "s ( ! exhortations to build ! ,temple1 :i* ! ,book ( ,ezra in=ms u t ,ze*>iah made along ) ,haggai1 ! mo/ ( !m presuppose progress 9 ! "w1 & seek to assi/ x by hi/orical retrospect & by gl[+ hopes ( ! ,messianic effects ( its completion4 ,_! allusions suit exactly ! ye>s to :i* !y are assign$4 ,d>ius is k+4 ,! ,exile has la/$ ab\t sev5ty ye>s4#gbc ,numb]s ( ,jews rema9 9 ,babylon1#gbd & are scatt]$ ov] ! re/ ( ! _w4#gbe ,! community at ,j]usalem is small & weak3 x is ! m]e colony ( "y m5 & m5 9 middle life :o came to x f ,babylon2 !re are few *ildr5 & old folk4#gbf ,jo%ua & ,z]ubbabel are ! heads ( ! community1 & ! pl$ges = its future4#gbg ,! exact conditions are recall$ z rec5t :i* ,haggai spoke ( a few ye>s be=e4#gbh ,moreov]1 !re is a /eady & ord]ly progress ?r\gh\t ! prophecies1 9 h>mony ) ! successive dates at :i* !y 7 deliv]$4 ,9 ,novemb] #ebj !y beg9 ) a cry to rep5tance & lessons drawn f ! pa/ ( prophecy4#gbi ,9 ,janu>y #eai ,temple & ,city are /ill to be built4#gcj ,z]ubbabel has laid ! f\ndation2 ! completion is yet future4#gca ,! prophet's duty is to quiet ! p's appreh5sions ab\t ! /ate ( ! _w1#gcb to provoke _! zeal1#gcc give !m confid5ce 9 _! great m51#gcd &1 above all1 assure !m t ,god is return$ to !m#gce & _! s9 p>don$4#gcf ,b 9 ,decemb] #eah ! ,temple is s f> built t ! prie/s are said to belong to x2#gcg !re is no occasion = cont9u+ ! fa/s ( ! ,exile1#gch ! future has op5$ & ! horizon is bright ) ! ,messianic hopes4#gci ,mo/ ( all1 x is felt t ! h>d /ruggle ) ! =ces ( nature is ov]1 & ! p are exhort$ to ! virtues ( ! civic life4#gdj ,!y h "t to lift _! eyes f _! "w & see ! nations com+ f af> to ,j]usalem4#gda ,^! features leave no room = d\bt t ! great bulk ( ! fir/ eight *apt]s ( ! ,book ( ,ze*>iah are by ! prophet himself1 & f ! ye>s to :i* he assigns !m1 ,novemb] #ebj to ,decemb] #eah4 ,! po9t requires no argum5t4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 ?ree passages :i* provoke fur!r exam9ation--two ( !m because ( ! signs !y be> ( an e>li] date1 & "o because ( ! alt]ation x has suff]$ 9 ! int]e/s ( a lat] day 9 ,israel's hi/ory4 ,! lyric passage :i* is app5d$ to ! ,second ,vision 7*ap4 ii #aj-ag ,heb41 #f-ac ,,lxx4 & ,eng47 sugge/s que/ions by its s+ul>ity3 !re is no o!r su* among ! ,visions4 ,b 9 addition to ?is x speaks n only ( ! ,return f ,babylon z /ill future#gdb--?is might /ill be said aft] ! ,fir/ ,return ( ! exiles 9 #ecfgdc--;b x diff]s f ! language ( all ! ,visions prop] 9 describ+ ! return ( ,jehovah ,himself to ,zion z /ill future4 ,! :ole1 too1 has ! r+ ( ! great odes 9 ,isaiah xl4--lv41 & seems to reflect ! same situation1 ^u ! eve ( ,cyrus' conque/ ( ,babylon4 ,!re c be little d\bt t we h "h ins]t$ 9 ,ze*>iah's ,visions a song ( tw5ty ye>s e>li]1 b we mu/ confess inability to decide :e!r x 0 adopt$ by ,ze*>iah himself or add$ by a lat] h&4#gdd ,aga91 !re are ! two passages call$ ! ,^w ( ,jehovah to ,z]ubbabel1 *ap4 iv4 #f;b-#aj;a2 & ! ,^w ( ,jehovah conc]n+ ! gifts :i* came to ,j]usalem f ! ,jews 9 ,babylon1 *ap4 vi4 #i-ae4 ,! fir/1 z ,wellhaus5 has %[n1#gde is cle>ly out ( place2 x di/urbs ! n>rative ( ! ,vision1 & is to be put at ! end ( ! latt]4 ,! second is undat$1 & sep>ate f ! ,visions4 ,! second pla9ly affirms t ! build+ ( ! ,temple is /ill future4 ,! man ^: "n is ,bran* or ,%oot is designat$3 & he %all build ! ,temple ( ,jehovah4 ,! fir/ is 9 ! same temp] z ! fir/ two oracles ( ,haggai4 ,x is possible !n t ^! two passages are n1 l ! ,visions ) :i* !y are tak51 to be dat$ f #eai1 b repres5t t /ill e>li] prophesy+ ( ,ze*>iah ) :i* we are told he assi/$ ,haggai 9 in/igat+ ! p to beg9 to build ! ,temple4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! /yle ( ! prophet ,ze*>iah betrays special features almo/ only 9 ! n>rative ( ! ,visions4 ,outside ^! 8 language is simple1 direct & pure1 z x c\ld n b be1 consid]+ h[ mu* ( x is drawn f1 or modell$ ^u1 ! old] prophets1#gdf & *iefly ,hosea & ,j]emiah4 ,only "o or two lapses into a c>eless & deg5]ate dialect %[ u h[ ! prophet might h writt51 _h he n be5 su/a9$ by ! music ( ! classical p]iods ( ! language4#gdg ,?is directness & pi? is n %>$ by ! language 9 :i* ! ,visions are n>rat$4#gdh ,"h ! /yle is involv$ & r$undant4 ,! syntax is loose2 !re is a frequ5t omission ( ! copula1 & ( o!r means by :i*1 9 bett] ,hebrew1 connection & concis5ess are su/a9$4 ,! =mulas1 ?us sai? & say+1 are repeat$ to we>9ess4 ,at ! same "t x is fair to ask1 h[ mu* ( ?is r$undancy 0 due to ,ze*>iah himself8 ,take ! ,septuag9t v]sion4 ,! ,hebrew text1 :i* x foll[$1 n only includ$ a numb] ( repetitions ( ! =mulas1 & ( ! designations ( ! p]sonages introduc$ into ! ,visions1 :i* d n occur 9 ! ,massoretic text1#gdi b omitt$ "s :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,massoretic text4#gej ,^! two sets ( ph5om5a prove t f an e>ly date ! copi]s ( ! orig9al text ( ,ze*>iah mu/ h be5 busy 9 increas+ its r$undancies4 ,fur!r1 !re are /ill e>li] intrusions & expansions1 = ^! are %>$ by bo? ! ,hebrew & ! ,greek texts3 "s ( !m v natural ef=ts to cle> up ! p]sonages & conv]sations record$ 9 ! dreams1#gea "s ( !m /upid mi/akes 9 und]/&+ ! drift ( ! argum5t4#geb ,!re mu/ ( c\rse h be5 a c]ta9 am\nt ( r$undancy 9 ! orig9al to provoke su* aggravations ( x1 & ( obscurity or tortu\sness ( /yle to cause !m to be deem$ necess>y4 ,b x w\ld be v unju/ to *>ge all ! faults ( our pres5t text to ,ze*>iah himself1 especially :5 we f9d su* =ce & simplicity 9 ! passages outside ! ,visions4 ,( c\rse ! involv$ & mi/y subjects ( ! latt] naturally =c$ ^u ! description ( !m a labori\sness ( art1 to :i* !re 0 no provocation 9 directly exhort+ ! p to a pure life1 or 9 /raight=w>d pr$ictions ( ! ,messianic era4 ,beyond ! corruptions due to ^! causes1 ! text ( ,ze*>iah i4--viii4 has n suff]$ m ?an t ( our o!r prophets4 ,!re are "o or two cl]ical errors2#gec an occasional preposition or p]son ( a v]b ne$s to be am5d$4 ,"h & !re ! text has be5 dis>rang$2#ged & z already notic$1 !re has be5 "o s]i\s alt]ation ( ! orig9al4#gee ,f ! =ego+ p>agraphs x mu/ be app>5t :at help & h9drance 9 ! recon/ruction ( ! text is furni%$ by ! ,septuag9t4 ,a li/ ( its v>iant read+s & ( its mi/ranslations is app5d$4#gef ,,footnotes3 #gbj ,see above1 pp4 #bbe ff4 #gba ,bel[1 p4 #cjh4 #gbb ,ezra v4 #a1 vi4 #ad4 #gbc i4 #ab1 vii4 #e3 reckon+ 9 r\nd numb]s f #eij1 midway betwe5 ! two ,exiles ( #eig & #ehf1 t br+s u to ab\t #ebj1 ! second ye> ( ,d>ius4 #gbd ii4 #f 7,eng41 ,heb4 #aj74 ,on ! "q :e!r ! ,book ( ,ze*>iah gives no evid5ce ( a previ\s ,return f ,babylon see above1 pp4 #bjh ff4 #gbe viii4 #g1 etc4 #gbf viii4 #d1 #e4 #gbg iii4 #a-aj1 iv4 #f-aj1 vi4 #aa ff4 #gbh viii4 #i1 #aj4 #gbi i4 #a-f4 #gcj i4 #g-ag4 #gca iv4 #f-aj4 #gcb i4 #g-ba 7,eng41 ,heb4 i4 #g--;ii4 #d74 #gcc iv4 #f ff4 #gcd iii41 iv4 #gce i4 #af4 #gcf v4 #gcg vii4 #c4 #gch vii4 #a-g1 viii4 #ah1 #ai4 #gci viii4 #bj-bc4 #gdj viii4 #af1 #ag4 #gda viii4 #bj-bc4 #gdb ii4 #aj f4 ,heb41 #f f4 ,,lxx4 & ,eng4 #gdc ,?\gh ! expression ,i h scatt]$ y to ! f\r w9ds ( heav5 seems to imply ! ,exile be=e any return4 #gdd ,= ! be>+ ( ?is on ,ko/]s' !ory ( ! ,return see pp4 #baa f4 #gde ,see bel[1 p4 #cjj4 #gdf ,outside ! ,visions ! prophecies conta9 ^! e*oes or repetitions ( e>li] writ]s3 *ap4 i4 #a-f quotes ! con/ant refra9 ( prophetic prea*+ be=e ! ,exile1 & 9 *ap4 vii4 #g-ad 7v]4 #h mu/ be delet$7 is giv5 a summ>y ( t prea*+2 9 *ap4 viii4 v]4 #c e*oes ,isa4 i4 #ba1 #bf1 city ( tro?1 & ,j]4 xxxi4 #bc1 m\nta9 ( hol9ess 7!re is really no connection1 z ,ku55 holds1 betwe5 v]4 #d & ,isa4 lxv4 #bj2 x w\ld create m int]e/+ que/ions z to ! date ( ! latt] if !re 772 v]4 #h is bas$ on ,hosea ii4 #ae ,heb41 #ai ,eng41 & ,j]4 xxxi4 #cc2 v]4 #ab is bas$ on ,hosea ii4 #ba f4 7,heb4 #bc f472 ) v]4 #ac comp>e ,j]4 xlii4 #ah1 a curse2 vv4 #ba ff4 ) ,isa4 ii4 #c & ,micah iv4 #b4 #gdg ,e4g4 vii4 #e1 = 3 cf4 ,ewald1 ,syntax1 #cae;b4 ,! curi\s use ( ! acc4 9 ! foll[+ v]se is p]haps only app>5t2 "p ( ! text may h fall5 out4 #gdh ,?\gh !re are n want+1 ( c\rse1 e*oes "h z 9 ! o!r prophecies ( old] writ+s1 e4g4 i4 #ab1 #ag4 #gdi 1 say+1 ii4 #h 7,gr4 ii4 #d72 iv4 #e1 ,& ! angel :o spoke ) me said2 i4 #ag1 cf4 vi4 #e4 ,all is ins]t$ 9 i4 #aa1 iii4 #i2 "l 9 ii4 #b2 ( ho/s 7aft] ,jehovah7 viii4 #ag2 & !re are o!r in/ances ( palpable expansion1 e4g4 i4 #f1 #h1 ii4 #d bis1 #f1 viii4 #ai4 #gej ,e4g4 ii4 #b1 iv4 #b1 #ac1 v4 #i1 vi4 #ab bis1 vii4 #h3 cf4 also vi4 #ac4 #gea i4 #h ff41 iii4 #d ff43 cf4 also vi4 #c ) vv4 #f f4 #geb ,e4g4 7b ?is is outside ! ,visions7 ! v flagrant misund]/&+ to :i* ! ins]tion ( vii4 #h is due4 #gec v4 #f1 = z 9 ,,lxx41 & ! la/ words ( v4 #aa2 p]haps vi4 #aj2 & almo/ c]ta9ly vii4 #b;a4 #ged ,*ap4 iv4 ,on #f;a1 #aj;b-#ad %\ld imm$iately foll[1 & #f;b-#aj;a come aft] #ad4 #gee vi4 #aa ff4 ,see bel[1 pp4 #cjh f4 #gef ,*ief v>iants3 i4 #h1 #aj2 ii4 #ae2 iii4 #d2 iv4 #g1 #ab2 v4 #a1 #c1 #d1 #i2 vi4 #aj1 #ac2 vii4 #c2 viii4 #h1 #i1 #ab1 #bj4 ,obvi\s mi/ranslations or misread+s3 ii4 #i1 #aj1 #ae1 #ag2 iii4 #d2 iv4 #g1 #aj2 v4 #a1 #d1 #i2 vi4 #aj1 cf4 #ad2 vii4 #c4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,ze*>iah ,,! ,,prophet ,,ze*>iah i4 #a-f1 etc42 ,,ezra v4 #a1 vi4 #ad ,ze*>iah is "o ( ! prophets ^: p]sonality z di/+ui%$ f _! message ex]ts "s degree ( fasc9ation on ! /ud5t4 ,?is is n due1 h[ev]1 z 9 ! case ( ,hosea or ,j]emiah1 to ! facts ( 8 life1 = ( ^! we "k extremely little2 b to c]ta9 conflict+ symptoms ( "* :i* appe> ?r\gh 8 prophecies4 ,8 "n 0 a v common "o 9 ,israel1 ,zekh]-,yah1 ,jehovah rememb]s4#geg ,9 8 own book he is describ$ z ! son ( ,b]ekh-,yah1 ! son ( ,iddo1#geh & 9 ! ,aramaic docum5t ( ! ,book ( ,ezra z ! son ( ,iddo4#gei ,"s h expla9$ ?is diff]5ce by suppos+ t ,b]ekhyah 0 ! actual fa!r ( ! prophet1 b t ei!r he di$ e>ly1 leav+ ,ze*>iah to ! c>e ( ! gr&fa!r1 or else t he 0 a man ( no note1 & ,iddo 0 m naturally m5tion$ z ! head ( ! family4 ,!re are sev]al in/ances 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ( m5 be+ call$ ! sons ( _! gr&fa!rs3#gfj z 9 ^! cases ! gr&fa!r 0 ! reput$ f\nd] ( ! h\se1 s 9 t ( ,ze*>iah ,iddo 0 ! head ( 8 family :5 x came out ( ,babylon & 0 anew plant$ 9 ,j]usalem4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 h conte/$ ! g5u95ess ( ! words son ( ,b]ekh-,yah1 & h trac$ _! ins]tion to a confusion ( ! prophet ) ,ze*>iah son ( ,ybh]ekh-,yahu1 ! contempor>y ( ,isaiah4#gfa ,?is is prec>i\s1 :ile ! o!r hypo!sis is a v natural "o4#gfb ,:i*ev] be correct1 ! prophet ,ze*>iah 0 a memb] ( ! prie/ly family ( ,iddo1 t came up to ,j]usalem f ,babylon "u ,cyrus4#gfc ,! ,book ( ,nehemiah adds t 9 ! high-prie/hood ( ,yoyakim1 ! son ( ,jo%ua1 ! head ( ! h\se ( ,iddo 0 a ,ze*>iah4#gfd ,if ?is be our prophet1 !n he 0 probably a "y man 9 #ebj1gfe & _h come up z a *ild 9 ! c>avans f ,babylon4 ,! ,aramaic docum5t ( ! ,book ( ,ezra#gff assigns to ,ze*>iah a %>e ) ,haggai 9 ! "w ( in/igat+ ,z]ubbabel & ,je%ua to beg9 ! ,temple4 ,none ( 8 oracles is dat$ previ\s to ! beg9n+ ( ! "w 9 ,augu/ #ebj1 b we h se5#gfg t among ^? undat$ !re are "o or two :i* by ref]r+ to ! build+ ( ! ,temple z /ill future may conta9 "s relics ( t fir/ /age ( 8 m9i/ry4 ,f ,novemb] #ebj we h ! fir/ ( 8 dat$ oracles2 8 ,visions foll[$ 9 ,janu>y #eai1 & 8 la/ record$ prophesy+ 9 ,decemb] #eah4gfh ,^! are all ! c]ta9 ev5ts ( ,ze*>iah's hi/ory4 ,b 9 ! well-atte/$ prophecies he has left we discov]1 besides "s obvi\s traits ( "*1 c]ta9 problems ( /yle & expression :i* sugge/ a p]sonality ( m ?an usual int]e/4 ,loyalty to ! great voices ( old1 ! temp] :i* appeals to ! exp]i5ce1 r ?an to ! dogmas1 ( ! pa/1 ! gift ( pla9 spee* to 8 own times1 a wi/ful anxiety ab\t 8 reception z a prophet#gfi comb9$ ) ! abs5ce ( all ambition to be orig9al or any?+ b ! cle> voice ( ! lessons ( ! pa/ & ( ! consci5ce ( to-day--^! are ! qualities :i* *>act]ise ,ze*>iah's orations to ! p4 ,b h[ to reconcile !m ) ! /ra9$ art & obscure tru?s ( ! ,visions--x is ?is :i* inve/s ) int]e/ ! /udy ( 8 p]sonality4 ,we h prov$ t ! obscurity & r$undancy ( ! ,visions _c all h be5 due to himself4 ,lat] h&s h exagg]at$ ! repetitions & ravell$ ! processes ( ! orig9al4 ,b ^! gradual blemi%es h n gr[n f no?+3 ! orig9al /yle mu/ h be5 suffici5tly involv$ to provoke ! int]polations ( ! scribes1 & x c]ta9ly conta9$ all ! weird & %ift+ app>itions :i* we f9d s h>d to make cle> to ourselves4 ,! problem1 !re=e1 rema9s--h[ "o :o _h gift ( spee*1 s /raight & cle>1 came to torture & tangle 8 /yle2 h[ "o :o pres5t$ ) all pla9ness ! ma9 issues ( 8 p's hi/ory f\nd x laid ^u him to inv5t1 = ! fur!r expression ( ^!1 symbols s lab\r$ & intricate4 ,we beg9 ) ! oracle1 :i* op5s 8 book & illu/rates ^? simple *>act]i/ics ( ! man t contra/ s %>ply ) ! temp] ( 8 ,visions4 ,9 ! eigh? mon?1 9 ! second ye> ( ,d>ius1 ! ^w ( ,jehovah came to ! prophet ,ze*>iah1 son ( ,b]ekhyah1 son ( ,iddo1#ggj say+3 ,jehovah 0 v wro?#gga ) y\r fa!rs4 ,& ?\ %alt say unto !m3 ,?us sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s3 ,turn ye to ,me--oracle ( ,jehovah ( ,ho/s--t ,i may turn to y1 sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s6 ,be n l y\r fa!rs1 to :om ! =m] prophets prea*$1 say+3 8,?us sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s1 ,turn n[ f y\r evil ways & f#ggb y\r evil de$s10 b !y he>k5$ n1 & paid no att5tion to ,me--oracle ( ,jehovah4 ,y\r fa!rs1 :]e are !y8 ,& ! prophets1 d !y live = ev]8 ,b#ggc ,my words & ,my /atutes1 ) :i* ,i *>g$ ,my s]vants ! prophets1 did !y n ov]take y\r fa!rs8 till ^! turn$ & said1 ,z ,jehovah ( ,ho/s did purpose to d unto u1 accord+ to our de$s & accord+ to our ways1 s ha? ,he dealt ) u4 ,x is a sign ( ! new age :i* we h rea*$1 t its prophet %\ld appeal to ! old] prophets ) z mu* solemnity z !y did to ,moses himself4 ,! hi/ory :i* l$ to ! ,exile has become to ,israel z classic & sacr$ z h] great days ( deliv]ance f ,egypt & ( conque/ 9 ,canaan4 ,b /ill m significant is :at ,ze*>iah seeks f t pa/2 ?is we mu/ c>efully discov]1 if we w\ld appreciate ) exactness 8 rank z a prophet4 ,! developm5t ( religion may be said to consi/ ( a /ruggle betwe5 two temp]s1 bo? ( :i* inde$ appeal to ! pa/1 b f v opposite motives4 ,! "o proves its devotion to ! old] prophets by adopt+ ! exact =mulas ( _! doctr9e1 c\nts ^! sacr$ to ! lett]1 & w\ld en=ce !m 9 detail ^u ! m9ds & circum/ances ( ! new g5]ation4 ,x conceives t tru? has be5 promulgat$ once = all 9 =ms z endur+ z ! pr9ciples !y conta94 ,x f5ces anci5t rites1 *]i%es old cu/oms & in/itutions1 & :5 ^! are que/ion$ x becomes al>m$ & ev5 savage4 ,! o!r temp] is no :it beh9d ?is "o 9 its devotion to ! pa/1 b x seeks ! anci5t prophets n s mu* = :at !y h said z = :at !y h be51 n = :at !y en=c$ b = :at !y enc\nt]$1 suff]$ & confess$4 ,x asks n = dogmas b = exp]i5ce & te/imony4 ,he :o c ?us read ! pa/ & int]pret x to 8 own day--he is ! prophet4 ,9 8 read+ he f9ds no?+ s cle>1 no?+ s tragic1 no?+ s conv9c+ z ! work+ ( ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,he beholds h[ ?is came to m51 haunt$ !m & 0 entreat$ by !m4 ,he sees t x 0 _! great opportunity1 :i* be+ reject$ became _! judgm5t4 ,he f9ds abus$ ju/ice v9dicat$1 pr\d wrong puni%$1 & all ,god's neglect$ commonplaces a*iev+ 9 "t _! triumph4 ,he reads h[ m5 came to see ?is1 & to confess _! guilt4 ,he is haunt$ by ! remorse ( g5]ations :o "k h[ !y might h obey$ ! ,div9e call1 b wilfully did n4 ,& ?\gh !y h p]i%$1 & ! prophets h di$ & _! =mulas are no m applicable1 ! victori\s ,^w itself /ill lives & cries to m5 ) ! t]rible emphasis ( _! fa!rs' exp]i5ce4 ,all ?is is ! vision ( ! true prophet1 & x 0 ! vision ( ,ze*>iah4 ,8 g5]ation 0 "o ^: *ief temptation 0 to adopt t[>ds ! pa/ ! o!r attitude we h describ$4 ,9 _! feebl5ess :at c\ld ! poor remnant ( ,israel d b cl+ s]vilely to ! =m] greatness8 ,! v9dication ( ! ,exile _h /amp$ ! ,div9e au?ority ( ! e>li] prophets4 ,! habits1 :i* ! life 9 ,babylon _h p]fect$1 ( arrang+ & codify+ ! lit]ature ( ! pa/1 & ( employ+ x1 9 place ( alt> & ritual1 9 ! /at$ s]vice ( ,god1 _h canonis$ ,scripture & provok$ m5 to ! wor%ip ( its v lett]4 ,_h ! real prophet n aga9 be5 rais$1 ^! habits might h too e>ly produc$ ! belief t ! ,^w ( ,god 0 exhau/$1 & mu/ h fa/5$ ^u ! feeble life ( ,israel t mass ( /iff & />k dogmas1 ! lit]al application ( :i* ,*ri/ aft]w>ds f\nd cru%+ ! lib]ty & ! =ce ( religion4 ,ze*>iah prev5t$ ?is--= a "t4 ,he himself 0 mighty 9 ! ,scriptures ( ! pa/3 no man 9 ,israel makes l>g] use ( !m4 ,b he employs !m z witnesses1 n z dogmas2 he f9ds 9 !m n au?ority1 b exp]i5ce4#ggd ,he reads _! te/imony to ! ev]-liv+ pres5ce ( ,god's ,^w ) m54 ,& see+ t1 ?\gh ! old =ms & figures h p]i%$ ) ! he>ts :i* %ap$ !m1 ! ,^w itself 9 its b>e tru? has v9dicat$ its life by fulfilm5t 9 hi/ory1 he kn[s t x lives /ill1 & hurls x ^u 8 p1 n 9 ! =ms publi%$ by ?is or t prophet ( long ago1 b 9 its ess5ce & direct f ,god ,himself1 z ,8 ,^w = to-day & n[4 ,! fa!rs1 :]e are !y8 ,& ! prophets1 d !y live = ev]8 ,b ,my words & ,my /atutes1 ) :i* ,i *>g$ ,my s]vants ! prophets1 h !y n ov]tak5 y\r fa!rs8 ,?us sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s1 ,be ye n l y\r fa!rs1 b turn ye to ,me t ,i may turn to y4 ,! argum5t ( ?is oracle might v naturally h be5 n>r[$ into a cr$5tial = ! prophet himself z s5t f ,god4 ,ab\t 8 reception z ,jehovah's mess5g] ,ze*>iah %[s a repeat$ anxiety4 ,f\r times he concludes a pr$iction ) ! words1 ,& ye %all "k t ,jehovah ha? s5t me1#gge z if aft] 8 fir/ utt]ances he _h enc\nt]$ t suspicion & unbelief :i* a prophet nev] fail$ to suff] f 8 contempor>ies4 ,b 9 ?is oracle !re is no trace ( su* p]sonal anxiety4 ,! oracle is p]vad$ only ) ! desire to prove ! anci5t ,^w ( ,god z /ill alive1 & to drive x home 9 its own %e] =ce4 ,l ! greate/ ( 8 ord]1 ,ze*>iah appe>s ) ! call to rep5t3 ,turn ye to ,me--oracle ( ,jehovah ( ,ho/s--t ,i may turn to y4 ,?is is ! pivot on :i* hi/ory has turn$1 ! "o condition on :i* ,god has be5 able to help m54 ,:]ev] x is read z ! conclusion ( all ! pa/1 :]ev] x is proclaim$ z ! consci5ce ( ! pres5t1 !re ! true prophet is f\nd & ! ,^w ( ,god has be5 spok54 ,! same possession by ! e?ical _s reappe>s1 z we %all see1 9 ,ze*>iah's orations to ! p aft] ! anxieties ( build+ are ov] & ! completion ( ! ,temple is 9 sight4 ,9 ^! he affirms aga9 t ! :ole ess5ce ( ,god's ,^w by ! old] prophets has be5 moral--to judge true judgm5t1 to practise m]cy1 to def5d ! wid[ & orphan1 ! /rang] & poor1 & to ?9k no evil ( "o ano!r4 ,= ! sad fa/s ( ! ,exile ,ze*>iah enjo9s gladness1 ) ! duty ( tru? & ! hope ( peace4 ,aga9 & aga9 he en=ces s9c]ity & ! love )\t dissimulation4 ,8 ideals = ,j]usalem are v high1 includ+ ! conv]sion ( ! nations to h] ,god4 ,b w>like ambitions h vani%$ f !m1 & 8 pictures ( h] future condition are homely & practical4 ,j]usalem %all be no m a =tress1 b spread village-wise )\t walls4#ggf ,full families1 unlike ! pres5t colony ) its few *ildr5 & its m5 worn out 9 middle life by h>ass+ w>f>e ) enemies & a sull5 nature2 /reets rife ) *ildr5 play+ & old folk sitt+ 9 ! sun2 ! return ( ! exiles2 happy h>ve/s & spr+times ( peace2 solid ga9 ( lab\r = e man1 ) no raid+ neighb\rs to h>ass1 nor ! mutual envies ( peasants 9 _! selfi% /ruggle ) fam9e4 ,x is a simple1 he>ty1 practical man :om su* prophesy+ reveals1 ! _s ( him b5t on ju/ice & love1 & ye>n+ = ! unh>ass$ lab\r ( ! field & = happy homes4 ,no prophet has m beautiful sympa?ies1 a m direct ^w ( righte\sness1 or a brav] he>t4 ,fa/ n1 b love tru? & peace4 ,tru? & :olesome ju/ice set ye up 9 y\r gates4 ,be n afraid2 /r5g!n y\r h&s6 ,old m5 & wom5 %all yet sit 9 ! /reets ( ,j]usalem1 ea* ) /aff 9 h& = ! fulness ( _! ye>s2 ! city's /reets %all be rife ) boys & girls at play4 ,,footnotes3 #geg 2 ,,lxx4 4 #geh i4 #a3 4 ,9 i4 #g3 4 #gei ,ezra v4 #a1 vi4 #ad3 4 #gfj ,g54 xxiv4 #dg1 cf4 xxix4 #e2 #a ,k+s xix4 #af1 cf4 #b ,k+s ix4 #ad1 #bj4 #gfa ,isa4 viii4 #b3 4 ,?is confusion1 :i* exi/$ 9 e>ly ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian times1 ,knobel1 ,von ,ort5b]g1 ,bleek1 ,wellhaus5 & o!rs take to be due to ! ef=t to f9d a second ,ze*>iah = ! au?or%ip ( *aps4 ix4 ff4 #gfb ,s ,vatke1 ,knig & _m o!rs4 ,m>ti pref]s x 7,d] ,prophet ,sa*>ja1 p4 #eh74 ,see also ,ryle on ,ezra v4 #a4 #gfc ,neh4 xii4 #d4 #gfd ,ib4 #af4 #gfe ,?is is n prov$1 z ,pusey1 ,knig 7,e9l41 p4 #cfd7 & o!rs ?9k1 by 1 or "y man1 ( ! ,?ird ,vision 7ii4 #h ,heb41 ii4 #d ,,lxx4 & ,eng474 ,cf4 ,wright1 ,ze*>iah & 8 ,prophecies1 p4 xvi4 #gff v4 #a1 vi4 #ad4 #gfg ,above1 p4 #bfj4 #gfh ,m ?an ?is we d n "k ( ,ze*>iah4 ,! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian traditions ( him are z unf\nd$ z ^? ( o!r prophets4 ,accord+ to ! ,jews he 01 ( c\rse1 a memb] ( ! my?ical ,great ,synagogue4 ,see above on ,haggai1 pp4 #bcb f4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! prophets we h already treat$1 ! ,*ri/ian traditions ( ,ze*>iah are f\nd 9 7,pseud-7,epiphanius1 ,de ,vitis ,prophet>um1 ,doro!us1 & ,hesy*ius1 z quot$ above1 p4 #hj4 ,!y am\nt to ?is1 t ,ze*>iah1 aft] pr$ict+ 9 ,babylon ! bir? ( ,z]ubbabel1 & to ,cyrus 8 victory ov] ,crsus & 8 treatm5t ( ! ,jews1 came 9 8 old age to ,j]usalem1 prophesi$1 di$ & 0 buri$ ne> ,beit-,jibr9--ano!r in/ance ( ! curi\s relegation by ,*ri/ian tradition ( ! bir? & burial places ( s _m ( ! prophets to t neighb\rhood4 ,comp>e ,beit-,zakh>ya1 #ab miles f ,beit-,jibr94 ,hesy*ius says he 0 born 9 ,gilead4 ,doro!us confuses him1 z ! ,jews did1 ) ,ze*>iah ( ,isa4 viii4 #a4 ,see above1 p4 #bfe1 n4 #a4 ,ze*>iah 0 c]ta9ly n ! ,ze*>iah :om our ,"l describes z sla9 betwe5 ! ,temple & ! ,alt> 7,matt4 xxiii4 #ce2 ,luke xi4 #ea74 ,9 ! =m] passage alone is ?is ,ze*>iah call$ ! son ( ,b>a*iah4 ,9 ! ,evang4 ,naz>4 ,j]ome read ! son ( ,yehoyada4 ,bo? read+s may be ins]tions4 ,accord+ to #b ,*ron4 xxiv4 #ba1 9 ! reign ( ,joa%1 ,ze*>iah1 ! son ( ,yehoyada ! prie/1 0 /on$ 9 ! c\rt ( ! ,temple1 & accord+ to ,josephus 7,,iv4 ,w>s1 v4 #d71 9 ! ye> #fh ,a4,d4 ,ze*>iah son ( ,b>u* 0 assass9at$ 9 ! ,temple by two zealots4 ,! latt] murd] may1 z ,m>ti rem>ks 7pp4 #eh f471 h l$ to ! ins]tion ( ,b>a*iah into ,matt4 xxiii4 #ce4 #gfi ii4 #ac1 #ae2 iv4 #i2 vi4 #ae4 #ggj ,,lxx4 4 ,see above1 p4 #bfd4 #gga ,heb4 ang]$ ) ang]2 ,gr4 ) great ang]4 #ggb ,z 9 ,,lxx4 #ggc ,,lxx4 has misund]/ood & exp&$ ?is v]se4 #ggd ,x is to be notic$ t ,ze*>iah appeals to ! ,torah ( ! prophets1 & does n m5tion any ,torah ( ! prie/s4 ,cf4 ,sm5d1 ,a4 ,t4 ,rel4 ,ges*41 pp4 #agf f4 #gge ,page #bfg1 n4 #gfi4 #ggf ,?is picture is giv5 9 "o ( ! ,visions3 ! ,?ird4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,! ,,visions ,,( ,,ze*>iah ,,ze*>iah i4 #g--vi4 ,! ,visions ( ,ze*>iah d n lack ^? l>ge & simple views ( religion :i* we h j se5 to be ! *>m ( 8 o!r prophecies4 ,inde$ x is among ! ,visions t we f9d ! mo/ spiritual ( all 8 utt]ances3#ggg ,n by might1 & n by =ce1 b by ,my ,_s1 sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4 ,! ,visions express ! ne$ ( ! ,div9e =giv5ess1 emphasise ! reality ( s91 z a pr9ciple deep] ?an ! civic crimes 9 :i* x is manife/$1 & decl>e ! p[] ( ,god to bani% x f ,8 p4 ,! ,visions also conta9 ! rem>kable prospect ( ,j]usalem z ! ,city ( ,peace1 h] only wall ! ,"l ,himself4#ggh ,! ov]?r[ ( ! hea!n empires is pr$ict$ by ! ,"l's own h&1 & f all ! ,visions !re are abs5t bo? ! turmoil & ! glory ( w>4 ,we mu/ also be /ruck by ! abs5ce ( ano!r elem5t1 :i* is a cause ( complexity 9 ! writ+s ( _m prophets--! polemic aga9/ idolatry4 ,ze*>iah n[h]e m5tions ! idols4 ,we h already se5 :at pro( ?is sil5ce be>s = ! fact t ! community to :i* he spoke 0 n t half-hea!n remnant ( ,israel :i* _h rema9$ 9 ! l&1 b 0 compos$ ( wor%ipp]s ( ,jehovah :o at ,8 ^w _h return$ f ,babylon4#ggi ,"h we h only to d ) ! be>+ ( ! fact ^u ,ze*>iah's /yle4 ,t bewild]+ confusion ( ! hea!n pan!on & its rites1 :i* =ms s mu* ( our difficulty 9 int]pret+ "s ( ! prophecies ( ,ezekiel & ! clos+ *apt]s ( ! ,book ( ,isaiah1 is n to blame = any ( ! complexity ( ,ze*>iah's ,visions4 ,nor c we attribute ! latt] to ! fact t ! ,visions are dreams1 & !re=e b\nd to be m involv$ & obscure ?an ! words ( ,jehovah :i* came to ,ze*>iah 9 ! op5 daylight ( 8 p's public life4 ,9 *aps4 i4 #g--vi4 we h n ! n>rative ( actual dreams1 b a s]ies ( consci\s & arti/ic allegories--! delib]ate translation into a c>efully con/ruct$ symbolism ( ! ,div9e tru?s ) :i* ! prophet 0 entru/$ by 8 ,god4 ,yet ?is only increases our problem--:y a man ) su* gifts ( direct spee*1 & su* cle> views ( 8 p's "* & hi/ory1 %\ld *oose to express ! latt] by an imag]y s artificial & involv$8 ,9 8 orations ,ze*>iah is v l ! prophets :om we h kn[n be=e ! ,exile1 ?or\ghly e?ical & int5t ^u ! public consci5ce ( 8 "t4 ,he appreciates :at !y 71 feels himself /&+ 9 _! succession1 & is end[$ bo? ) _! _s & _! /yle4 ,b none ( !m con/ructs ! elaborate allegories :i* he does1 or insi/s ^u ! religi\s symbolism :i* he en=ces z indisp5sable to ! /&+ ( ,israel ) ,god4 ,n only are _! visions few & simple1 b !y look d[n ^u ! vision>y temp] z a rude /age ( prophecy & inf]ior to _! own1 9 :i* ! ,^w ( ,god is receiv$ by p]sonal communion ) ,himself1 & convey$ to ,8 p by /raight & pla9 words4 ,"s ( ! e>li] prophets ev5 condemn all prie/hood & ritual2 none ( !m reg>ds ^! z indisp5sable to ,israel's "r relations ) ,jehovah2 & none employs ^? sup]human m$iators ( ! ,div9e tru?1 by :om ,ze*>iah is in/ruct$ 9 8 ,visions4 #a4 ,,! ,,influ5ces ,,:i* ,,m\ld$ ,,! ,,visions4 ,! explanation ( ?is *ange t has come ov] prophecy mu/ be s\ght = 9 c]ta9 habits :i* ! p =m$ 9 exile4 ,dur+ ! ,exile sev]al causes conspir$ to develop among ,hebrew writ]s ! temp]s bo? ( symbolism & apocalypse4 ,! *ief ( ^! 0 _! sep>ation f ! realities ( civic life1 ) ! opportunity _! political leisure af=d$ !m ( brood+ & dream+4 ,facts & ,div9e promises1 :i* _h previ\sly to be dealt ) by ! consci5ce ( ! mom5t1 7 left to be work$ out by ! imag9ation4 ,! exiles 7 n responsible citiz5s or /atesm51 b dream]s4 ,!y 7 inspir$ by mighty hopes = ! future1 & n fett]$ by ! practical necessities ( a def9ite hi/orical situation ^u :i* ^! hopes _h to be imm$iately realis$4 ,!y _h a f>-(f horizon to build ^u1 & !y occupi$ ! :ole bread? ( x4 ,!y _h a long "t to build1 & !y elaborat$ ! m9ute/ details ( _! ar*itecture4 ,consequ5tly _! con/ruction ( ! future ( ,israel1 & _! description ( ! processes by :i* x 0 to be rea*$1 became colossal1 ornate & lavi%ly symbolic4 ,nor c\ld ! exiles fail to receive /imulus = all ?is f ! ri* imag]y ( ,babylonian art by :i* !y 7 surr\nd$4 ,"u ^! influ5ces !re 7 ?ree /rong developm5ts 9 ,israel4 ,"o 0 t developm5t ( ,apocalypse ! fir/ beg9n+s ( :i* we trac$ 9 ,zephaniah--! repres5tation ( ,god's provid5ce ( ! _w & ( ,8 p1 n by ! ord9>y political & milit>y processes ( hi/ory1 b by awful convulsions & cata/rophes1 bo? 9 nature & 9 politics1 9 :i* ,god ,himself appe>$1 ei!r alone 9 sudd5 glory or by ! m$iation ( heav5ly armies4 ,! second--& x 0 b a "p ( ! fir/--0 ! developm5t ( a belief 9 ,angels3 sup]human be+s :o _h n only a "p to play 9 ! apocalyptic w>s & revolutions2 b1 9 ! gr[+ s5se1 :i* *>act]ises ! p]iod1 ( ,god's di/ance & awfulness1 7 believ$ to act z ,8 ag5ts 9 ! communication ( ,8 ,^w to m54 ,&1 ?irdly1 !re 0 ! developm5t ( ! ,ritual4 ,to "s m9ds ?is may appe> ! /range/ ( all ! effects ( ! ,exile4 ,! fall ( ! ,temple1 its hi]>*y & sacrifices1 might be suppos$ to en=ce m spiritual conceptions ( ,god & ( ,8 communion ) ,8 p4 ,& no d\bt x did4 ,! impossibility ( ! legal sacrifices 9 exile op5$ ! m9d ( ,israel to ! belief t ,god 0 satisfi$ ) ! sacrifices ( ! brok5 he>t1 & drew ne>1 )\t m$iation1 to all :o 7 humble & pure ( he>t4 ,b no "o 9 ,israel !re=e und]/ood t ^! sacrifices 7 = ev] aboli%$4 ,_! int]ruption 0 reg>d$ z m]ely tempor>y ev5 by ! mo/ spiritual ( ,jewi% writ]s4 ,! ,fifty-,fir/ ,psalm1 = in/ance1 :i* decl>es t ! sacrifices ( ,god are a brok5 _s2 a brok5 & a contrite he>t1 ,o ,"l1 ,?\ wilt n despise1 imm$iately foll[s ?is decl>ation by ! assurance t :5 ,god builds aga9 ! walls ( ,j]usalem1 ,he w once m take delight 9 ! legal sacrifices3 burnt (f]+ & :ole burnt (f]+1 ! oblation ( bullocks ^u ,?9e alt>4#ghj ,= m5 ( su* views ! ru9 ( ! ,temple 0 n its abolition ) ! :ole disp5sation :i* x repres5t$1 b r ! occasion = its recon/ruction ^u wid] l9es & a m detail$ sy/em1 = ! plann+ ( :i* ! nation's exile af=d$ ! leisure & ! c>efulness ( art describ$ above4 ,! anci5t liturgy1 too1 0 insuffici5t = ! /rong] convictions ( guilt & ne$ ( purgation1 :i* sore puni%m5t _h impress$ ^u ! p4 ,!n1 scatt]$ among ! hea!n z !y 71 !y le>n$ to require /rict] laws & m dra/ic c]emonies to re/ore & pres]ve _! hol9ess4 ,_! ritual1 !re=e1 _h to be exp&$ & detail$ to a degree f> beyond :at we f9d 9 ,israel's e>li] sy/ems ( wor%ip4 ,) ! fall ( ! mon>*y & ! abs5ce ( civic life ! importance ( ! prie/hood 0 proportionately enhanc$2 & ! gr[+ s5se ( ,god's alo(ness f ! _w1 already allud$ to1 made ! m indisp5sable human1 z well z sup]human1 m$iators betwe5 ,himself & ,8 p4 ,consid] ^! ?+s1 & x w be cle> :y prophecy1 :i* ) ,amos _h begun a w> aga9/ all ritual1 & ) ,j]emiah _h a*iev$ a religion absolutely indep5d5t ( prie/hood & ,temple1 %\ld reappe> aft] ! ,exile1 insi/5t ^u ! build+ ( ! ,temple1 en=c+ ! ne$ bo? ( prie/hood & sacrifice1 & :ile x proclaim$ ! ,messianic ,k+ & ! ,high ,prie/ z ! great fe$]s ( ! national life & wor%ip1 f9d+ no place beside !m = ! ,prophet himself4#gha ,! =ce ( ^! developm5ts ( ,apocalypse1 ,angelology & ! ,ritual appe>s bo? 9 ,ezekiel & 9 ! exilic codification ( ! ritual :i* =ms s l>ge a "p ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,ezekiel c>ries ,apocalypse f> beyond ! beg9n+s />t$ by ,zephaniah4 ,he introduces1 ?\gh n "u ! "n ( angels1 sup]human m$iators betwe5 himself & ,god4 ,! ,prie/ly ,code does n m5tion angels1 & has no ,apocalypse2 b l ,ezekiel x develops1 to an extraord9>y degree1 ! ritual ( ,israel4 ,bo? its au?or & ,ezekiel base on ! old] =ms1 b build z m5 :o are n conf9$ by ! l9es ( an actually exi/+ sy/em4 ,! *anges !y make1 ! innovations !y introduce1 are too num]\s to m5tion "h4 ,to illu/rate _! influ5ce ^u ,ze*>iah1 x is en\gh to emphasise ! l>ge place !y give 9 ! ritual to ! processes ( propitiation & cleans+ f s91 & ! increas$ au?ority ) :i* !y inve/ ! prie/hood4 ,9 ,ezekiel ,israel has /ill a ,pr9ce1 ?\gh he is n call$ ,k+4 ,he arranges ! cultus1#ghb & sacrifices are (f]$ = him & ! p1#ghc b ! prie/s tea* & judge ! p4#ghd ,9 ! ,prie/ly ,code#ghe ! prie/hood is m rigor\sly f5c$ ?an by ,ezekiel f ! laity1 & m regul>ly grad$4 ,at its head appe>s a ,high ,prie/ 7z he does n 9 ,ezekiel71 & by 8 side ! civil rul]s are portray$ 9 less] dignity & p[]4 ,sacrifices are made1 no long] z ) ,ezekiel = ,pr9ce & ,p1 b = ,a>on & ! ,congregation2 & ?r\gh\t ! n>rative ( anci5t hi/ory1 into ! =m ( :i* ?is ,code projects its legislation1 ! ,high ,prie/ /&s above ! capta9 ( ! ho/1 ev5 :5 ! latt] is ,jo%ua himself4 ,god's enemies are defeat$ n s mu* by ! wisdom & val\r ( ! secul> p[]s1 z by ! miracles ( ,jehovah ,himself1 m$iat$ ?r\gh ! prie/hood4 ,ezekiel & ! ,prie/ly ,code bo? elaborate ! sacrifices ( atonem5t & sanctification beyond all ! e>li] uses4 #b4 ,,g5]al ,,features ,,( ,,! ,,visions4 ,x 0 b5ea? ^! influ5ces t ,ze*>iah grew up1 & to !m we may trace1 n only num]\s details ( 8 ,visions1 b ! :ole ( _! involv$ symbolism4 ,he 0 himself a prie/ & ! son ( a prie/1 born & br$ 9 ! v ord] to :i* we owe ! codification ( ! ritual1 & ! developm5t ( ^? ideas ( guilt & uncleanness t l$ to its expansion & specialisation4 ,! ,visions 9 :i* he deals ) ^! are ! ,?ird to ! ,sev5?4 ,z ) ,haggai !re is a ,high ,prie/1 9 advance ^u ,ezekiel & 9 agreem5t ) ! ,prie/ly ,code4 ,z 9 ! latt] ! ,high ,prie/ repres5ts ! p1 & c>ries _! guilt be=e ,god4#ghf ,he & 8 colleagues are pl$ges & port5ts ( ! com+ ,messiah4 ,b ! civil p[] is n yet dim9i%$ be=e ! sac]dotal1 z 9 ! ,prie/ly ,code4 ,we %all f9d inde$ t a rem>kable attempt has be5 made to alt] ! orig9al text ( a prophecy app5d$ to ! ,visions1#ghg 9 ord] to div]t to ! ,high ,prie/ ! coronation & ,messianic rank !re describ$4 ,b any "o :o reads ! passage c>efully c see = himself t ! cr[n 7a s+le cr[n1 z ! v]b :i* x gov]ns proves#ghh7 :i* ,ze*>iah 0 ord]$ to make 0 design$ = ,ano!r ?an ! prie/1 t ! prie/ 0 b to /& at ?is ,o!r's "r h&1 & t !re 0 to be concord betwe5 ! two ( !m4 ,?is ,o!r c only h be5 ! ,messianic ,k+1 ,z]ubbabel1 z 0 already proclaim$ by ,haggai4#ghi ,! alt]$ text is due to a lat] p]iod1 :5 ! ,high ,prie/ became ! civil z well z ! religi\s head ( ! community4 ,to ,ze*>iah he 0 /ill only ! "r h& ( ! mon>* 9 gov]nm5t2 b1 z we h se51 ! religi\s life ( ! p 0 already ga!r$ up & conc5trat$ 9 him4 ,x is ! prie/s1 too1 :o by _! p]petual s]vice & holy life br+ on ! ,messianic era4#gij ,m5 come to ! ,temple to propitiate ,jehovah1 = :i* ,ze*>iah uses ! an?ropomorphic expression to make smoo? or placid ,8 face4#gia ,no m ?an ?is is made ( ! sacrificial sy/em1 :i* 0 n 9 full c\rse :5 ! ,visions 7 ann\nc$4 ,b ! symbolism ( ! ,f\r? ,vision is drawn f ! furniture ( ! ,temple4 ,x is int]e/+ t ! great c&elabrum se5 by ! prophet %\ld be l1 n ! t5 lights ( ! old ,temple ( ,solomon1 b ! sev5-bran*$ c&le/ick describ$ 9 ! ,prie/ly ,code4 ,9 ! ,six? & ,sev5? ,visions1 ! /rong convictions ( guilt & uncleanness1 :i* 7 eng5d]$ 9 ,israel by ! ,exile1 are n remov$ by ! sacrificial means en=c$ 9 ! ,prie/ly ,code1 b by symbolic processes 9 ! /yle ( ! visions ( ,ezekiel4 ,! ,visions 9 :i* ,ze*>iah treats ( ! out] hi/ory ( ! _w are ! fir/ two & ! la/1 & 9 ^! we notice ! influ5ce ( ! ,apocalypse develop$ dur+ ! ,exile4 ,9 ,ze*>iah's day ,israel _h no /age = _! hi/ory save ! site ( ,j]usalem & its imm$iate neighb\rhood4 ,s long z he keeps to ?is ,ze*>iah is z practical & matt]-(-fact z any ( ! prophets1 b :5 he has to g beyond x to describe ! g5]al ov]?r[ ( ! hea!n1 he is unable to project t1 z ,amos or ,isaiah did1 9 t]ms ( hi/oric battle1 & has to call 9 ! apocalyptic4 ,a p su* z t poor colony ( exiles1 ) no issue ^u hi/ory1 is =c$ to take refuge 9 ,apocalypse1 & c>ries ) x ev5 ^? ( its prophets ^: consci5ce1 l ,ze*>iah's1 is mo/ /rongly b5t ^u ! practical pres5t4 ,consequ5tly ^! ?ree hi/orical ,visions are ! mo/ vague ( ! eight4 ,!y reveal ! :ole e>? "u ! c>e ( ,jehovah & ! patrol ( ,8 angels4 ,!y def9itely pr$ict ! ov]?r[ ( ! hea!n empires4 ,b1 unlike ,amos or ,isaiah1 ! prophet does n see by :at political movem5ts ?is is to be effect$4 ,! _w is /ill quiet & at peace4#gib ,! "t is hidd5 9 ! ,div9e c\nsels2 ! means1 ?\gh cle>ly symbolis$ 9 f\r smi?s :o come =w>d to smite ! horns ( ! hea!n1#gic & 9 a *>iot :i* c>ries ,god's wra? to ! ,nor?1#gid are obscure4 ,! prophet appe>s to h int5d$1 n any def9ite individuals or political movem5ts ( ! imm$iate future1 b ,god's own sup]natural =ces4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,smi?s & ,*>iots are n an allegory ( hi/ory1 b p[]s apocalyptic4 ,! =ms ( ! symbols 7 d]iv$ by ,ze*>iah f diff]5t s\rces4 ,p]haps t ( ! smi?s :o de/roy ! horns 9 ! ,second ,vision 0 sugge/$ by ! smi?s ( de/ruction ?reat5$ ^u ,ammon by ,ezekiel4#gie ,9 ! horsem5 ( ! ,fir/ ,vision & ! *>iots ( ! ,eigh?1 ,ewald sees a reflection ( ! c\ri]s & po/s :i* ,d>ius organis$ ?r\gh\t ! empire2 !y are m probably1 z we %all see1 a reflection ( ! milit>y b&s & patrols ( ! ,p]sians4 ,b f :atev] qu>t] ,ze*>iah d]iv$ ! exact aspect ( ^! ,div9e mess5g]s1 he f\nd _m prec$5ts = !m 9 ! native beliefs ( ,israel4 ,!y are1 9 %ort1 angels1 inc>nate z ,hebrew angels always 71 & 9 fa%ion l m54 ,b ?is br+s up ! :ole subject ( ! angels1 :om he also sees employ$ z ! m$iators ( ,god's ,^w to him2 & t is l>ge en\gh to be left to a *apt] by itself4#gif ,we h n[ be=e u all ! influ5ces :i* l$ ,ze*>iah to ! ma9 =m & *ief features ( 8 ,visions4 #c4 ,,exposition ,,( ,,! ,,sev]al ,,visions4 ,= all ! ,visions !re is "o date1 9 ! tw5ty-f\r? day ( ! elev5? mon?1 ! mon? ,%ebat1 9 ! second ye> ( ,d>ius1 t is ,janu>y or ,febru>y #eai2 & "o ,div9e impulse1 ! ,^w ( ,jehovah came to ! prophet ,zekh>yah1 son ( ,b]ekhyahu1 son ( ,iddo1 z foll[s4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,vision3 ,,! ,,angel-,,horsem5 7i4 #g-ag74 ,! sev5ty ye>s :i* ,j]emiah _h fix$ = ! duration ( ! ,babylonian s]vitude 7 draw+ to a close4 ,f\r mon?s _h elaps$ s9ce ,haggai promis$ t 9 a little :ile ,god w\ld %ake all nations4#gig ,b ! _w 0 n %ak53 !re 0 no political movem5t :i* promis$ to re/ore h] glory to ,j]usalem4 ,a v natural disappo9tm5t mu/ h be5 ! result among ! ,jews4 ,9 ?is situation ( affairs ! ,^w came to ,ze*>iah1 & bo? situation & ,^w he express$ by 8 ,fir/ ,vision4 ,x 0 "o ( ! myrtle-cov]$ gl5s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,j]usalem3#gih ,ze*>iah calls x ! ,gl5 or ,valley-,bottom1 ei!r because x 0 kn[n "u t "n to ! ,jews1 or because he 0 himself wont to frequ5t x = pray]4 ,he discov]s 9 x :at seems to be a r5dezv\s ( ,p]sian cavalry-sc\ts1#gii ! lead] ( ! troop 9 front1 & ! re/ beh9d him1 hav+ j come 9 ) _! reports4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 he is made aw>e t !y are angels1 & ) t quick1 dissolv+ *ange bo? ( function & figure1 :i* m>ks all angelic app>itions1#hjj !y expla9 to him _! mission4 ,n[ x is an angel-int]pret] at 8 side :o speaks1 & n[ ! angel on ! front horse4 ,!y are sc\ts ( ,god come 9 f _! survey ( ! :ole e>?4 ,! _w lies quiet4 ,:]eupon ! angel ( ,jehovah asks ,him h[ long ,8 ang] mu/ re/ on ,j]usalem & no?+ be done to re/ore h]2 & ! prophet he>s a k9d & com=t+ answ]4 ,! nations h done m evil to ,israel ?an ,god emp[]$ !m to d4 ,_! aggravations h *ang$ ,8 wra? aga9/ h] to pity1 & 9 pity ,he is come back to h]4 ,%e %all soon be rebuilt & ov]fl[ ) prosp]ity4 ,! only p]plexity 9 all ?is is ! angels' report t ! :ole e>? lies quiet4 ,h[ ?is c\ld h be5 9 #eai is difficult to und]/&4 ,! great revolts aga9/ ,d>ius 7 !n 9 active progress1 ! result 0 unc]ta9 & he took at lea/ ?ree m ye>s to put !m all d[n4 ,!y 7 conf9$1 x is true1 to ! ea/ & nor?-ea/ ( ! empire1 b "s ( !m ?reat5$ ,babylon1 & we c h>dly ascribe ! report ( ! angels to su* a limitation ( ! ,jews' horizon at ?is "t z %ut out ,mesopotamia or ! l&s to ! nor? ( h]4 ,!re rema9 two alt]natives4 ,ei!r ^! f>-away revolts made only m impressive ! /agnancy ( ! tribes ( ! re/ ( ! empire1 & ! helplessness ( ! ,jews & _! ,syrian neighb\rs 0 conv9c+ly %[n by _! inability to take advantage ev5 ( ! desp]ate /raits to :i* ,d>ius 0 r$uc$2 or else 9 t mon? ( vision ,d>ius _h quell$ "o ( ! rebellions aga9/ him1 & = ! mom5t !re 0 quiet 9 ! _w4 ,by night ,i _h a vision1 & behold6 a man rid+ a br[n horse1#hja & he 0 /&+ betwe5 ! myrtles t are 9 ! ,gl52#hjb & beh9d him horses br[n1 bay#hjc & :ite4 ,& ,i said1 ,:at are ^!1 my "l8 ,& ! angel :o talk$ ) me said1 ,i w %[ y :at ^! are4 ,& ! man :o 0 /&+ among ! myrtles answ]$ & said1 ,^! are !y :om ,jehovah ha? s5t to g to & fro ?r\gh ! e>?4 ,& !y answ]$ ! angel ( ,jehovah :o /ood among ! myrtles1#hjd & said1 ,we h gone up & d[n ?r\gh ! e>?1 & lo6 ! :ole e>? is /ill & at peace4#hje ,& ! angel ( ,jehovah answ]$ & said1 ,jehovah ( ,ho/s1 h[ long ha/ ,?\ no pity = ,j]usalem & ! cities ( ,judah1 ) :i*#hjf ,?\ ha/ be5 wro? ^! sev5ty ye>s8 ,& ,jehovah answ]$ ! angel :o talk$ ) me1#hjg k9d words & com=t+4 ,& ! angel :o talk$ ) me said to me1 ,proclaim n[ z foll[s3 ,?us sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s1 ,i am zeal\s = ,j]usalem & = ,zion1 ) a great zeal2 b ) great wra? am ,i wro? aga9/ ! arrogant ,g5tiles4 ,= ,i 0 b a little angry ) ,israel1 b !y aggravat$ ! evil4#hjh ,!re=e ?us sai? ,jehovah1 ,i am return$ to ,j]usalem ) m]cies4 ,my h\se %all be built 9 h]--oracle ( ,jehovah ( ,ho/s--& ! measur+ l9e %all be drawn ov] ,j]usalem4 ,proclaim yet aga91 say+3 ,?us sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s1 ,my cities %all yet ov]fl[ ) prosp]ity1 & ,jehovah %all aga9 com=t ,zion1 & aga9 make *oice ( ,j]usalem44 ,two ?+s are to be not$ 9 ?is oracle4 ,no political movem5t is indicat$ z ! means ( ,j]usalem's re/oration3 ?is is to be ! effect ( ,god's free grace 9 return+ to dwell 9 ,j]usalem1 :i* is ! rew>d ( ! build+ ( ! ,temple4 ,& !re is an int]e/+ explanation ( ! motive = ,god's new grace3 9 execut+ ,8 s5t5ce ^u ,israel1 ! hea!n _h f> exce$$ _! commission1 & n[ !mselves des]v$ puni%m5t4 ,t is to say1 ! re/oration ( ,j]usalem & ! resumption ( ! wor%ip are n en\gh = ! future ( ,israel4 ,! hea!n mu/ be *a/is$4 ,b ,ze*>iah does n pr$ict any ov]?r[ ( ! _w's p[]1 ei!r by e>?ly or by heav5ly =ces4 ,?is is entirely 9 h>mony ) ! insi/5ce ^u peace :i* di/+ui%es him f o!r prophets4 ,,! ,,second ,,vision3 ,,! ,,f\r ,,horns ,,& ,,! ,,f\r ,,smi?s 7ii4 #a-d ,heb41 i4 #ah-ba ,eng474 ,! ,second ,vision supplies :at is lack+ 9 ! ,fir/1 ! de/ruction ( ! tyrants :o h oppress$ ,israel4 ,! prophet sees f\r horns1 :i*1 he is told by 8 int]pret+ angel1 are ! p[]s t h scatt]$ ,judah4 ,! _m attempts to id5tify ^! ) f\r hea!n nations are +5i\s b futile4 8,f\r horns 7 se5 z repres5t+ ! totality ( ,israel's enemies--h] enemies f all qu>t]s40#hji ,& to de/roy ^! horns f\r smi?s appe>4 ,because 9 ! ,vision ! horns are ( iron1 9 ,israel an old symbol ( p[]1 ! fir/ v]b us$ ( ! action c h>dly be1 z 9 ! ,hebrew text1 to t]rify4 ,! ,greek reads %>p51 & probably "s v]b mean+ to cut or *isel /ood 9 ! orig9al4#haj ,& ,i lift$ m9e eyes & look$1 & lo6 f\r horns4 ,& ,i said to ! angel :o spoke ) me1 ,:at are ^!8 ,& he said to me1 ,^! are ! horns :i* h scatt]$ ,judah1 ,israel & ,j]usalem4#haa ,& ,jehovah %[$ me f\r smi?s4 ,& ,i said1 ,:at are ^! com+ to d8 ,& ,he spake1 say+1 ,^! are ! horns :i* scatt]$ ,judah1 s t none lift$ up 8 head2#hab & ^! are come to 444#hac !m1 to /rike d[n ! horns ( ! nations1 t lift$ ! horn aga9/ ! l& ( ,judah to scatt] x4 ,,! ,,?ird ,,vision3 ,,! ,,city ,,( ,,peace 7ii4 #e-i ,heb41 ii4 #a-e ,eng474 ,l ! ,second ,vision1 ! ,?ird foll[s f ! ,fir/1 ano!r1 b a /ill m significant1 supplem5t4 ,! ,fir/ _h promis$ ! rebuild+ ( ,j]usalem1 & n[ ! prophet beholds a "y man--by ?is t]m he probably means a s]vant or appr5tice--:o is attempt+ to def9e ! limits ( ! new city4 ,9 ! light ( :at ?is attempt enc\nt]s1 !re c be little d\bt t ! prophet means to symbolise by x ! int5tion ( build+ ! walls ^u ! old l9es1 s z to make ,j]usalem aga9 ! m\nta9 =tress %e _h previ\sly be54 ,"s h consid]$ t ! "y man goes =? only to see1 or to %[1 ! ext5t ( ! city 9 ! approa*+ future4 ,b if ?is _h be5 8 motive1 !re w\ld h be5 no reason 9 int]rupt+ him ) o!r ord]s4 ,! po9t is1 t he has n>r[ ideas ( :at ! city %\ld be1 & is prep>$ to def9e x ^u its old l9es ( a =tress4 ,= ! int]pret+ angel :o comes =w>d#had is told by ano!r angel to run & tell ! "y man t 9 ! future ,j]usalem %all be a l>ge unwall$ t[n1 & ?is1 n only because ( ! multitude ( its population1 = ev5 !n x might /ill h be5 =tifi$ l ,n9iveh1 b because ,jehovah ,himself %all be its wall4 ,! "y man is prev5t$1 n m]ely f mak+ x small1 b f mak+ x a citadel4 ,& ?is is 9 con=mity ) all ! s+ul> abs5ce ( w> f ,ze*>iah's ,visions1 bo? ( ! future deliv]ance ( ,jehovah's p & ( _! future duties be=e ,him4 ,x is inde$ rem>kable h[ ,ze*>iah n only develops none ( ! w>like elem5ts ( e>li] ,messianic prophecies1 b tells u "h ( h[ ,god ,himself actually prev5t$ _! repetition1 & insi/s aga9 & aga9 only on ^? elem5ts ( anci5t pr$iction :i* _h fill$ ! future ( ,israel ) peace4 ,& ,i lift$ m9e eyes & look$1 & lo6 a man ) a measur+ rope 9 8 h&4 ,s ,i said1 ,:i!r art ?\ go+8 ,& he said to me1 ,to measure ,j]usalem3 to see h[ mu* its bread? & h[ mu* its l5g? %\ld be4 ,& lo6 ! angel :o talk$ ) me came =w>d1#hae & ano!r angel came =w>d to meet him4 ,& he said to him1 ,run & speak to yond] "y man ?us3 ,l a numb] ( op5 villages %all ,j]usalem rema91 because ( ! multitude ( m5 & cattle 9 ! mid/ ( h]4 ,& ,i ,myself w be to h]--oracle ( ,jehovah--a wall ( fire r\nd ab\t1 & = glory w ,i be 9 h] mid/4 ,9 ?is ,vision ,ze*>iah gives u1 ) 8 prophecy1 a lesson 9 ! int]pretation ( prophecy4 ,8 contempor>ies believ$ ,god's promise to rebuild ,j]usalem1 b !y def9$ its limits by ! conditions ( an old] & a n>r[] day4 ,!y br\ght =? _! measur+ rods1 to measure ! future by ! sacr$ atta9m5ts ( ! pa/4 ,su* lit]al fulfilm5t ( ,8 ,^w ,god prev5t$ by t m9i/ry ( angels :i* ,ze*>iah beheld4 ,he w\ld n be b\nd by ^? =ms :i* ,8 ,^w _h assum$ 9 suitabl5ess to ! ne$s ( rud] g5]ations4 ,! ideal ( _m ( ! return$ exiles mu/ h be5 t fr[n+ citadel1 ^? gates ( ev]la/+ness1#haf :i* "s ( !m celebrat$ 9 ,psalms1 & f :i* ! ho/s ( ,s5na*]ib _h be5 brok5 & swept back z ! angry sea is swept f ! fix$ l9e ( ,canaan's coa/4#hag ,:at _h be5 en\gh = ,david & ,isaiah 0 en\gh = !m1 especially z s _m prophets ( ! ,"l _h =etold a ,messianic ,j]usalem t %\ld be a c\nt]p>t ( ! hi/orical4 ,b ,god breaks ! lett] ( ,8 ,^w to give its _s a m glori\s fulfilm5t4 ,j]usalem %all n be build$ z a city t is compact toge!r1#hah b op5 & spread abroad village-wise ^u h] high m\nta9s1 & ,god ,himself h] only wall4 ,! int]e/ ( ?is ,vision is !re=e n only hi/orical4 ,= ourselves x has an abid+ doctr9al value4 ,x is a lesson 9 ! me?od ( apply+ prophecy to ! future4 ,h[ mu* x is ne$$ we mu/ feel z we rememb] ! read9ess ( m5 among ourselves to con/ruct ! ,*ur* ( ,god ^u ! l9es ,8 own h& drew = our fa!rs1 & to raise aga9 ! bulw>ks beh9d :i* !y suffici5tly %elt]$ ,8 %r9e4 ,:e!r ^! anci5t & sacr$ def5ces be dogmas or in/itutions1 we h no "r1 ,god tells u1 to cramp beh9d !m ,8 p[]s = ! future4 ,& ! great m5 :om ,he raises to rem9d u ( ?is1 & to prev5t by _! m9i/ry ! timid measurem5ts ( ! zeal\s b s]vile spirits :o w\ld conf9e ev]y?+ to ! exact lett] ( anci5t ,scripture--are !y any less ,8 angels to u ?an ^? m9i/]+ spirits :om ,ze*>iah beheld prev5t+ ! n>r[ measures ( ! poor appr5tice ( 8 dream8 ,to ! ,?ird ,vision !re has be5 app5d$ ! only lyrical piece :i* breaks ! prose n>rative ( ! ,visions4 ,we h already se5 t x is a piece ( e>li] date4 ,israel is address$ z /ill scatt]$ to ! f\r w9ds ( heav51 & /ill inhabit+ ,babylon4 ,:ile 9 ,ze*>iah's own oracles & visions ,jehovah has return$ to ,j]usalem1 ,8 return accord+ to ?is piece is /ill future4 ,!re is no?+ ab\t ! ,temple3 ,god's holy dwell+ f :i* ,he has r\s$ ,himself is ,heav54 ,! piece 0 probably ins]t$ by ,ze*>iah himself3 its l9es are brok5 by :at seems to be a piece ( prose1 9 :i* ! prophet ass]ts 8 mission1 9 words he twice uses else:]e4 ,b ?is is unc]ta94 ,ho1 ho6 ,flee f ! ,l& ( ! ,nor? 7oracle ( ,jehovah72 ,= z ! f\r w9ds h ,i spread y abroad#hai 7oracle ( ,jehovah74 ,ho6 to ,zion escape1 ?\ inhabitress ( ,babel4#hbj ,= ?us sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s#hba to ! nations t plund] y 7= he t t\*e? y t\*e? ! apple ( ,8 eye71 t1 lo6 ,i am ab\t to wave ,my h& ov] !m1 & !y %all be plund] to _! own s]vants1 & ye %all "k t ,jehovah ( ,ho/s ha? s5t me4 ,s+ out & rejoice1 ,o daught] ( ,zion2 ,=1 lo6 ,i come1 & w dwell 9 ?y mid/ 7oracle ( ,jehovah74 ,& _m nations %all jo9 !mselves to ,jehovah 9 t day1 ,& %all be to ,him#hbb a p4 ,& ,i w dwell 9 ?y mid/ 7,& ?\ %alt "k t ,jehovah ( ,ho/s ha? s5t me to !e74 ,& ,jehovah w make ,judah ,8 h]itage1 ,8 portion %all be ^u holy soil1 ,& make *oice once m ( ,j]usalem4 ,sil5ce1 all fle%1 be=e ,jehovah2#hbc ,= ,he ha? r\s$ ,himself up f ,8 holy dwell+4 ,,! ,,f\r? ,,vision3 ,,! ,,high ,,prie/ ,,& ,,! ,,satan 7,*ap4 iii474 ,! next ,visions deal ) ! moral condition ( ,israel & _! /&+ be=e ,god4 ,! ,f\r? is a judgm5t sc5e4 ,! ,angel ( ,jehovah1 :o is n to be di/+ui%$ f ,jehovah ,himself1#hbd /&s = judgm5t1 & !re appe> be=e him ,jo%ua ! ,high ,prie/ & ! ,satan or ,adv]s>y :o has come to accuse him4 ,n[ ^? :o are accus$ by ! ,satan--see next *apt] ( ?is volume ^u ! ,angels ( ! ,visions--are1 accord+ to ,jewi% belief1 ^? :o h be5 ov]tak5 by mis=tune4 ,! p :o are /&+ at ,god's b> 9 ! p]son ( _! ,high ,prie/ /ill suff] f ! adv]sity 9 :i* ,haggai f\nd !m1 & ! cont9uance ( :i* s di%e>t5$ !m aft] ! ,temple _h begun4 ,! evil seasons & poor h>ve/s torm5t$ _! he>ts ) ! ?\ght t ! ,satan /ill sl&]$ !m 9 ! c\rt ( ,god4 ,b ,ze*>iah com=ts !m ) ! vision ( ! ,satan rebuk$4 ,israel has inde$ be5 sorely beset by calamity1 a br& mu* burn$1 b n[ ( ,god's grace pluck$ f ! fire4 ,! ,satan's role is clos$1 & he disappe>s f ! ,vision4#hbe ,yet some?+ rema9s3 ,israel is rescu$1 b n sanctifi$4 ,! nation's tr\bles are ov]3 _! uncleanness has /ill to be remov$4 ,ze*>iah sees t ! ,high ,prie/ is clo!d 9 fil?y g>m5ts1 :ile he /&s be=e ! ,angel ( ,judgm5t4 ,! ,angel ord]s 8 s]vants1 ^? t /& be=e him1#hbf to give him clean fe/al robes4 ,& ! prophet1 break+ out 9 sympa?y ) :at he sees1 = ! fir/ "t takes "p 9 ! ,visions4 ,!n ,i said1 ,let !m also put a clean turban on 8 head--! turban be+ ! headdress1 9 ,ezekiel ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,israel1 & 9 ! ,prie/ly ,code ( ! ,high ,prie/4#hbg ,?is is done1 & ! national effect ( 8 cleans+ is expla9$ to ! ,high ,prie/4 ,if he rema9s loyal to ! law ( ,jehovah1 he1 ! repres5tative ( ,israel1 %all h "r ( entry to ,jehovah's pres5ce among ! angels :o /& !re4 ,b m1 he & 8 colleagues ! prie/s are a port5t ( ! com+ ( ! ,messiah--! ,s]vant ( ,jehovah1 ! ,bran*1 z he has be5 call$ by _m prophets4#hbh ,a /one has already be5 set be=e ,jo%ua1 ) sev5 eyes ^u x4 ,god w engrave x ) inscriptions1 & on ! same day take away ! guilt ( ! l&4 ,!n %all be ! peace ^u :i* ,ze*>iah loves to dwell4 ,& he %[$ me ,jo%ua1 ! high prie/1 /&+ be=e ! ,angel ( ,jehovah1 & ! ,satan#hbi /&+ at 8 "r h& to accuse him4#hcj ,& ,jehovah#hca said to ! ,satan3 ,jehovah rebuke !e1 ,o ,satan6 ,jehovah :o makes *oice ( ,j]usalem rebuke !e6 ,is n ?is a br& sav$ f ! fire8 ,b ,jo%ua 0 clo!d 9 f\l g>m5ts :ile he /ood be=e ! ,angel4 ,& he--! ,angel--answ]$ & said to ^? :o /ood 9 8 pres5ce1 ,take ! f\l g>m5ts f (f him 7& he said to him1 ,see1 ,i h made ?y guilt to pass away f !e71#hcb & clo! him#hcc 9 fre% clo?+4 ,& ,i said1#hcd ,let !m put a clean turban#hce on 8 head4 ,& !y put ! clean turban ^u 8 head1 & clo!d him ) g>m5ts1 ! ,angel ( ,jehovah /&+ up ! :ile4#hcf ,& ! ,angel ( ,jehovah c]tifi$ unto ,jo%ua1 say+3 ,?us sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s1 ,if 9 ,my ways ?\ walke/1 & if ,my *>ges ?\ keepe/ 9 *>ge1 !n ?\ also %all judge ,my h\se1 & h *>ge ( ,my c\rts1 & ,i w give !e entry#hcg among ^! :o /& 9 ,my pres5ce4 ,he>k5 n[1 ,o ,jo%ua1 high prie/1 ?\ & ?y fell[s :o sit be=e !e are m5 ( om51 t1 lo6 ,i am ab\t to br+ ,my s]vant1 ,bran*4 ,= see ! /one :i* ,i h set be=e ,jo%ua1 "o /one ) sev5 eyes4#hch ,lo1 ,i w et* ! engrav+ ^u x 7oracle ( ,jehovah71 & ,i w wa% away ! guilt ( t l& 9 "o day4 ,9 t day 7oracle ( ,jehovah ( ,ho/s7 ye w invite "o ano!r 9 "u v9e & "u fig-tree4 ,! !ological significance ( ! ,vision is z cle> z its consequ5ces 9 ! subsequ5t !ology & symbolism ( ,judaism4 ,! uncleanness ( ,israel :i* infe/s _! repres5tative be=e ,god is n def9$4 ,"s#hci hold t x includes ! guilt ( ,israel's idolatry4 ,b !y h to g back to ,ezekiel = ?is1 & we h se5 t ,ze*>iah n[h]e m5tions or feels ! pres5ce ( idols among 8 p4 ,! ,vision itself supplies a bett] explanation4 ,jo%ua's fil?y g>m5ts are replac$ by fe/al & (ficial robes4 ,he is w>n$ to walk 9 ! :ole law ( ! ,"l1 rul+ ! ,temple & gu>d+ ,jehovah's c\rt4 ,! uncleanness 0 ! opposite ( all ?is4 ,x 0 n e?ical failure3 covet\sness1 gre$1 immorality4 ,x 01 z ,haggai prote/$1 ! neglect ( ! ,temple1 & ( ! :ole wor%ip ( ,jehovah4 ,if ?is be n[ remov$1 9 all fidelity to ! law1 ! ,high ,prie/ %all h access to ,god1 & ! ,messiah w come4 ,! ,high ,prie/ himself %all n be ! ,messiah--?is dogma is left to a lat] age to frame4 ,b be=e ,god he w be z "o ( ! angels1 & himself & 8 fai?ful prie/hood om5s ( ! ,messiah4 ,we ne$ n l+] on ! significance ( ?is = ! place ( ! prie/hood 9 lat] ,judaism4 ,note h[ ! ,high ,prie/ is already ! religi\s repres5tative ( 8 p3 _! uncleanness is 82 :5 he is p>don$ & cleans$1 ! uncleanness ( ! l& is purg$ away4 ,9 su* a ,high ,prie/ ,*ri/ian !ology has se5 ! prototype ( ,*ri/4 ,! /one is v difficult to expla94 ,"s h ?\ght ( x z ! f\ndation-/one ( ! ,temple1 :i* _h already be5 employ$ z a symbol ( ! ,messiah & :i* play$ s important a "p 9 lat] ,jewi% symbolism4#hdj ,o!rs pref] ! top-/one ( ! ,temple1 m5tion$ 9 *ap4 iv4 #g1hda & o!rs an alt> or sub/itute = ! ark4#hdb ,aga91 "s take x to be a jewel1 ei!r on ! brea/plate ( ! ,high ,prie/1#hdc or ^u ! cr[n aft]w>ds prep>$ = ,z]ubbabel4#hdd ,to all ( ^! !re are objections4 ,x is difficult to connect ) ! f\ndation-/one an engrav+ /ill to be made2 nei!r ! top-/one ( ! ,temple1 nor a jewel on ! brea/plate ( ! prie/1 nor a jewel on ! k+'s cr[n1 c\ld prop]ly be said to be set be=e ! ,high ,prie/4 ,we mu/ r suppose t ! /one is symbolic ( ! f9i%$ ,temple4#hde ,! ,temple is ! full expression ( ,god's provid5ce & c>e--,8 sev5 eyes4 ,^u x %all ,8 w be engrav$1 & by its sacrifices ! uncleanness ( ! l& %all be tak5 away4 ,,! ,,fif? ,,vision3 ,,! ,,temple ,,c&le/ick ,,& ,,! ,,two ,,olive-,,trees 7,*ap4 iv474 ,z ! ,f\r? ,vision unfold$ ! dignity & significance ( ! ,high ,prie/1 s 9 ! ,fif? we f9d discov]$ ! jo9t glory ( himself & ,z]ubbabel1 ! civil head ( ,israel4 ,& to ?is is app5d$ a ,^w = ,z]ubbabel himself4 ,9 our pres5t text ?is ,^w has become ins]t$ 9 ! middle ( ! ,vision1 vv4 #f;b-#aj;a2 9 ! translation :i* foll[s x has be5 remov$ to ! end ( ! ,vision1 & ! reasons = ?is w be f\nd 9 ! notes4 ,! ,vision is ( ! great gold5 lamp :i* /ood 9 ! ,temple4 ,9 ! =m] ,temple1 light 0 suppli$ by t5 sev]al c&le/icks4#hdf ,b ! ,levitical ,code orda9$ "o sev5-bran*$ lamp1 & su* appe>s to h /ood 9 ! ,temple built :ile ,ze*>iah 0 prophesy+4#hdg ,! lamp ,ze*>iah sees has also sev5 bran*es1 b diff]s 9 o!r respects1 & especially 9 "s curi\s fanta/ic details only possible 9 dream & symbol4 ,its sev5 lights 7 f$ by sev5 pipes f a b[l or res]voir ( oil :i* /ood high] ?an !mselves1 & ?is 0 f$1 ei!r directly f two olive-trees :i* /ood to ! "r & left ( x1 or1 if v]4 #ab be g5u9e1 by two tubes :i* br\ght ! oil f ! trees4 ,! sev5 lights are ! sev5 eyes ( ,jehovah--if1 z we ought1 we run ! second half ( v]4 #aj on to ! fir/ half ( v]4 #f4 ,! pipes & res]voir are giv5 no symbolic =ce2 b ! olive-trees :i* fe$ !m are call$ ! two sons ( oil :i* /& be=e ! ,"l ( all ! e>?4 ,^! c only be ! two ano9t$ heads ( ! community--,z]ubbabel1 ! civil head1 & ,jo%ua1 ! religi\s head4 ,!irs 0 ! equal & co-ord9ate duty ( su/a9+ ! ,temple1 figur$ by ! :ole c&elabrum1 & ensur+ ! brightness ( ! sev5fold revelation4 ,! ,temple1 t is to say1 is no?+ )\t ! mon>*y & ! prie/hood beh9d x2 & ^! /& 9 ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ,god4 ,!re=e ?is ,vision1 :i* to ! sup]ficial eye might seem to be a glorification ( ! m]e ma*9]y ( ! ,temple & its ritual1 is r to prove t ! latt] d]ive all _! p[] f ! national in/itutions :i* are beh9d !m1 f ! two repres5tatives ( ! p :o 9 _! turn /& be=e ,god ,himself4 ,! ,temple s ne> completion w n ( itself reveal ,god3 let n ! ,jews put _! tru/ 9 x1 b 9 ! life beh9d x4 ,& = ourselves ! lesson ( ! ,vision is t :i* ,*ri/ian !ology has be5 s sl[ to le>n1 t ,god's revelation "u ! old cov5ant %one n directly ?r\gh ! mat]ial framework1 b 0 m$iat$ by ! national life1 ^: *ief m5 /ood & grew fruitful 9 ,8 pres5ce4 ,"o ?+ is v rem>kable4 ,! two s\rces ( revelation are ! ,k+ & ! ,prie/4 ,! ,prophet is n m5tion$ beside !m4 ,no?+ c\ld prove m emphatically ! s5se 9 ,israel t prophecy 0 exhau/$4 ,! appo9tm5t ( s responsible a position = ,z]ubbabel dem&$ = him a special promise ( grace4 ,& !re=e1 z ,jo%ua _h 8 promise 9 ! ,f\r? ,vision1 we f9d ,z]ubbabel's app5d$ to ! ,fif?4 ,x is "o ( ! great say+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t3 !re is none m spiritual & m com=t+4 ,z]ubbabel %all complete ! ,temple1 & ^? :o sc(f$ at its small beg9n+s 9 ! day ( small ?+s %all frankly rejoice :5 !y see him set ! top-/one by plummet 9 its place4 ,z ! moral ob/acles to ! future 7 remov$ 9 ! ,f\r? ,vision by ! v9dication ( ,jo%ua & by 8 cleans+1 s ! political ob/acles1 all ! h9drances describ$ by ! ,book ( ,ezra 9 ! build+ ( ! ,temple1 %all disappe>4 ,be=e ,z]ubbabel ! great m\nta9 %all become a pla94 ,& ?is1 because he %all n "w by 8 own /r5g?1 b ! ,_s ( ,jehovah ( ,ho/s %all d ev]y?+4 ,aga9 we f9d t abs5ce ( expectation 9 human means1 & t full tru/ 9 ,god's own direct action1 :i* *>act]ise all ! prophesy+ ( ,ze*>iah4 ,!n ! angel :o talk$ ) me return$ & r\s$ me l a man r\s$ out ( 8 sleep4 ,& he said to me1 ,:at see/ ?\8 ,& ,i said1 ,i see1 & lo6 a c&le/ick all ( gold1 & its b[l ^u ! top ( x1 & its sev5 lamps on x1 & sev5#hdh pipes to ! lamps :i* are ^u x4 ,& two olive-trees /ood ov] aga9/ x1 "o on ! "r ( ! b[l1#hdi & "o on ! left4 ,& ,i began#hej & said to ! angel :o talk$ ) me1#hea ,:at be ^!1 my "l8 ,& ! angel :o talk$ ) me answ]$ & said1 ,kn[e/ ?\ n :at ^! be8 ,& ,i said1 ,no1 my "l6 ,& he answ]$ & said to me1#heb ,^! sev5 are ! eyes ( ,jehovah1 :i* sweep ?r\gh ! :ole e>?4 ,& ,i ask$ & said to him1 ,:at are ^! two olive-trees on ! "r ( ! c&le/ick & on its left8 ,& aga9 ,i ask$ & said to him1 ,:at are ! two olive-bran*es :i* are beside ! two gold5 tubes t p\r =? ! oil#hec f !m8#hed ,& he said to me1 ,kn[e/ ?\ n :at ^! be8 ,& ,i said1 ,no1 my "l6 ,& he said1 ,^! are ! two sons ( oil :i* /& be=e ! ,"l ( all ! e>?4 ,?is is ,jehovah's ,^w to ,z]ubbabel1 & x says3#hee ,n by might1 & n by =ce1 b by ,my ,_s1 sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4 ,:at art ?\1 ,o great m\nta98 ,be=e ,z]ubbabel be ?\ level6 ,& he#hef %all br+ =? ! top-/one ) %\t+s1 ,grace1 grace to x6#heg ,& ! ,^w ( ,jehovah came to me1 say+1 ,! h&s ( ,z]ubbabel h f\nd$ ?is h\se1 & 8 h&s %all complete x1 & ?\ %all "k t ,jehovah ( ,ho/s ha? s5t me to y4 ,= :oev] ha? despis$ ! day ( small ?+s1 !y %all rejoice :5 !y see ! plummet#heh 9 ! h& ( ,z]ubbabel4 ,,! ,,six? ,,vision3 ,,! ,,w+$ ,,volume 7,*ap4 v4 #a-d74 ,! religi\s & political ob/acles be+ n[ remov$ f ! future ( ,israel1 ,ze*>iah 9 ! next two ,visions beholds ! l& purg$ ( its crime & wick$ness4 ,^! ,visions are v simple1 if some:at aft] ! pond]\s fa%ion ( ,ezekiel4 ,! fir/ ( !m is ! ,vision ( ! removal ( ! curse br\ght ^u ! l& by its civic crim9als1 especially ?ieves & p]jur]s--! two =ms :i* crime takes 9 a poor & rude community l ! colony ( ! return$ exiles4 ,! prophet tells u he beheld a roll fly+4 ,he uses ! ord9>y ,hebrew "n = ! rolls ( sk9 or p>*m5t ^u :i* writ+ 0 set d[n4 ,b ! proportions ( its colossal size--tw5ty cubits by t5--prove t x 0 n a cyl9drical b an oblong %ape :i* he saw4 ,x consi/$1 !re=e1 ( %eets laid on ea* o!r l our books1 & z our ^w 8volume10 :i* orig9ally meant1 l 8 own t]m1 a roll1 means n[ an oblong article1 we may use ?is 9 our translation4 ,! volume is ! record ( ! crime ( ! l&1 & ,ze*>iah sees x fly+ f ! l&4 ,b x is also ! curse ^u ?is crime1 & s aga9 he beholds x ent]+ e ?ief's & p]jur]'s h\se & de/roy+ x4 ,sm5d gives a possible explanation ( ?is3 8,x appe>s t 9 anci5t times curses 7 writt5 on pieces ( pap] & s5t d[n ! w9d into ! h\ses0#hei ( ^? aga9/ :om !y 7 direct$4 ,b ! figure seems r to be ( birds ( prey4 ,& ,i turn$ & lift$ my eyes & look$1 & lo6 a volume#hfj fly+4 ,& he said unto me1 ,:at do/ ?\ see8 ,& ,i said1 ,i see a volume fly+1 its l5g? tw5ty cubits & its bread? t54 ,& he said unto me1 ,?is is ! curse t is go+ out ^u ! face ( all ! l&4 ,= e ?ief is h]eby purg$ away f h5ce1#hfa & e p]jur] is h]eby purg$ away f h5ce4 ,i h s5t x =?--oracle ( ,jehovah ( ,ho/s--& x %all ent] ! ?ief's h\se1 & ! h\se ( him t ha? sworn falsely by ,my "n1 & x %all roo/#hfb 9 ! mid/ ( 8 h\se & consume x1 ) its beams & its /ones4#hfc ,,! ,,sev5? ,,vision3 ,,! ,,woman ,,9 ,,! ,,b>rel 7,*ap4 v4 #e-aa74 ,x is n en\gh t ! curse fly f ! l& aft] de/roy+ e crim9al4 ,! liv+ pr9ciple ( s91 ! p[] ( temptation1 mu/ be cov]$ up & remov$4 ,?is is ! subject ( ! ,sev5? ,vision4 ,! prophet sees an ephah1 ! l>ge/ vessel 9 use among ! ,jews1 ( m ?an sev5 gallons capacity1 & r\nd#hfd l a b>rel4 ,pres5tly ! lead5 top is lift$1 & ! prophet sees a woman inside4 ,?is is ,wick$ness1 fem99e because %e figures ! p[] ( temptation4 ,%e is ?ru/ back into ! b>rel1 ! lead5 lid is pu%$ d[n1 & ! :ole c>ri$ (f by two o!r female figures1 w+$ l ! /rong1 f>-fly+ /ork1 into ! l& ( ,%9#8ar1 8:i* at t "t _h ! g5]al significance ( ! c\nt]p>t ( ! ,holy ,l&10#hfe & 0 ! prop] home ( all t 0 evil4 ,& ! angel ( ,jehovah :o spake ) me came =w>d#hff & said to me1 ,lift n[ ?9e eyes & see :at ?is is t comes =?4 ,& ,i said1 ,:at is x8 ,& he said1 ,?is is a bu%el com+ =?4 ,& he said1 ,?is is _! transgression#hfg 9 all ! l&4#hfh ,& behold6 ! r\nd lead5 top 0 lift$ up1 & lo6#hfi a woman sitt+ inside ! bu%el4 ,& he said1 ,?is is ! ,wick$ness1 & he ?ru/ h] back into ! bu%el1 & ?ru/ ! lead5 disc ^u ! m\? ( x4 ,& ,i lift$ m9e eyes & look$1 & lo6 two wom5 came =? ) ! w9d 9 _! w+s1 = !y _h w+s l /orks' w+s1 & !y bore ! bu%el betwixt e>? & heav54 ,& ,i said to ! angel t talk$ ) me1 ,:i!r d !y c>ry ! bu%el8 ,& he said to me1 ,to build x a h\se 9 ! l& ( ,%9#8ar1 t x may be fix$ & br\ght to re/ !re on a place ( its own4#hgj ,we mu/ n all[ ?is curi\s imag]y to hide f u its v spiritual tea*+4 ,if ,ze*>iah is weight$ 9 ^! ,visions by ! pond]\s fa%ion ( ,ezekiel1 he has also t prophet's truly moral _s4 ,he is n cont5t$ ) ! ritual atonem5t = s91 nor ) ! legal puni%m5t ( crime4 ,! liv+ p[] ( s9 mu/ be bani%$ f ,israel2 & ?is _c be done by any ef=ts ( m5 !mselves1 b by ,god's action only1 :i* is ?or\gh & effectual4 ,if ! figures by :i* ?is is illu/rat$ appe> to u grotesque & heavy1 let u rememb] h[ !y w\ld suit ! imag9ation ( ! prophet's own day4 ,let u lay to he>t _! et]nally valid doctr9e1 t s9 is n a =mal curse1 nor only express$ 9 c]ta9 social crimes1 nor exhau/$ by ! puni%m5t ( ^!1 b1 z a p[] ( attraction & temptation to all m51 x mu/ be bani%$ f ! he>t1 & c be bani%$ only by ,god4 ,,! ,,eigh? ,,vision3 ,,! ,,*>iots ,,( ,,! ,,f\r ,,w9ds 7,*ap4 vi4 #a-h74 ,z ! s]ies ( ,visions op5$ ) "o ( ! univ]sal provid5ce ( ,god1 s !y close ) ano!r ( ! same4 ,! ,fir/ ,vision _h po/pon$ ,god's ov]?r[ ( ! nations till ,8 own "t1 & ?is ! ,la/ ,vision n[ describes z begun1 ! religi\s & moral ne$s ( ,israel hav+ mean:ile be5 met by ! ,visions :i* come betwe51 & e ob/acle to ,god's action = ! deliv]ance ( ,8 p be+ remov$4 ,! prophet sees f\r *>iots1 ) horses ( diff]5t col\r 9 ea*1 com+ out f betwe5 two m\nta9s ( brass4 ,! horsem5 ( ! ,fir/ ,vision 7 br++ 9 reports3 ^! *>iots are com+ =? ) _! commissions f ! pres5ce ( ! ,"l ( all ! e>?4 ,!y are ! f\r w9ds ( heav51 s]vants ( ,him :o make? ! w9ds ,8 angels4 ,!y are de/9$ = diff]5t qu>t]s ( ! _w4 ,! prophet has n be5 admitt$ to ! ,pres5ce1 & does n "k :at exactly !y h be5 commission$ to d2 t is to say1 ,ze*>iah is ignorant ( ! actual political processes by :i* ! nations are to be ov]?r[n & ,israel glorifi$ be=e !m4 ,b 8 ,angel-int]pret] tells him t ! black horses g nor?1 ! :ite we/1 & ! dappl$ s\?1 :ile ! horses ( ! f\r? *>iot1 impati5t because no direction is assign$ to !m1 are ord]$ to roam up & d[n ?r\gh ! e>?4 ,x is /rik+ t none are s5t ea/w>d4#hga ,?is appe>s to mean t1 9 ,ze*>iah's day1 no p[] oppress$ or ?reat5$ ,israel f t direction2 b 9 ! nor? !re 0 ! c5tre ( ! ,p]sian ,empire1 to ! s\? ,egypt1 /ill a possible ma/] ( ! _w1 & to ! we/ ! new =ces ( ,europe t 9 less ?an a g5]ation 7 to prove !mselves a mat* = ,p]sia4 ,! horses ( ! f\r? *>iot are !re=e giv5 ! *>ge to ex]cise sup]vision ^u ! :ole e>?--unless 9 v]4 #g we %\ld translate1 n e>?1 b l&1 & und]/& a commission to patrol ! l& ( ,israel4 ,! c5tre ( ! _w's p[] is 9 ! nor?1 & !re=e ! black horses1 :i* are dispat*$ 9 t direction1 are explicitly describ$ z *>g$ to br+ ,god's _s1 t is ,8 ang] or ,8 p[]1 to be> on t qu>t] ( ! _w4 ,& once m#hgb ,i lift$ m9e eyes & look$1 & lo6 f\r *>iots com+ =w>d f betwe5 two m\nta9s1 & ! m\nta9s 7 m\nta9s ( brass4 ,9 ! fir/ *>iot 7 br[n horses1 & 9 ! second *>iot black horses1 & 9 ! ?ird *>iot :ite horses1 & 9 ! f\r? *>iot dappl$ 444#hgc horses4 ,& ,i broke 9 & said to ! angel :o talk$ ) me1 ,:at are ^!1 my "l8 ,& ! angel answ]$ & said to me1 ,^! be ! f\r w9ds ( heav5 t come =? f pres5t+ !mselves be=e ! ,"l ( all ! e>?4#hgd ,t ) ! black horses goes =? to ! l& ( ! nor?1 :ile ! :ite g out we/#hge 7871 & ! dappl$ g to ! l& ( ! s\?4 ,& ! 444#hgf g =? & seek to g1 to m>* up & d[n on ! e>?4 ,& he said1 ,g1 m>* up & d[n on ! e>?2 & !y m>*$ up & d[n on ! e>?4 ,& he call$ me & spake to me1 say+1 ,see !y t g =? to ! l& ( ! nor? h br\ght my _s to be>#hgg on ! l& ( ! nor?4 ,,! ,,result ,,( ,,! ,,visions3 ,,! ,,cr[n+ ,,( ,,! ,,k+ ,,( ,,israel 7,*ap4 vi4 #i-ae74 ,! hea!n be+ ov]?r[n1 ,israel is free1 & may h h] k+ aga94 ,!re=e ,ze*>iah is ord]$--x w\ld appe> on ! same day z t on :i* he receiv$ ! ,visions--to visit a c]ta9 deputation f ! captivity 9 ,babylon1 ,heldai1 ,tobiyah & ,y$ayah1 at ! h\se ( ,josiah ! son ( ,zephaniah1 :]e !y h j arriv$2 & to select f ! gifts !y h br\ght en\gh silv] & gold to make circlets = a cr[n4 ,! pres5t text assigns ?is cr[n to ,jo%ua1 ! high prie/1 b z we h already rem>k$1 & w pres5tly prove 9 ! notes to ! translation1 ! orig9al text assign$ x to ,z]ubbabel1 ! civil head ( ! community1 & gave ,jo%ua1 ! prie/1 a place at 8 "r h&--! two to act 9 p]fect concord ) ea* o!r4 ,! text has suff]$ "s o!r injuries1 :i* x is easy to am5d2 & ! end ( x has be5 brok5 (f 9 ! middle ( a s5t5ce4 ,& ! ,^w ( ,jehovah came to me1 say+3 ,take f ! ,glah1#hgh f ,heldai#hgi & f ,tobiyah & f ,y$ayah2 & d ?\ g on ! same day1 yea1 g ?\ to ! h\se ( ,yosiyahu1 son ( ephanyah1 :i!r !y h arriv$ f ,babylon4#hhj ,& ?\ %all take silv] & gold1 & make a cr[n1 & set x on ! head (4444#hha ,& say to him3 ,?us sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s1 ,lo6 a man call$ ,bran*2 f 8 roots %all a bran* come1 & he %all build ! ,temple ( ,jehovah4 ,yea1 he %all build ,jehovah's ,temple1#hhb & he %all we> ! royal maje/y & sit & rule ^u 8 ?rone1 & ,jo%ua#hhc %all be prie/ on 8 "r h&1#hhd & !re w be a c\nsel ( peace betwe5 ! two ( !m4#hhe ,& ! cr[n %all be = ,heldai#hhf & ,tobiyah & ,y$ayah1 & = ! c\rtesy#hhg ( ! son ( ephanyah1 = a memorial 9 ! ,temple ( ,jehovah4 ,& ! f>-away %all come & build at ! ,temple ( ,jehovah1 & ye %all "k t ,jehovah ( ,ho/s ha? s5t me to y2 & x %all be if ye he>k5 lo ! voice ( ,jehovah y\r ,god4444#hhh ,,footnotes3 #ggg iv4 #f4 ,unless ?is be tak5 z an e>li] prophecy4 ,see above1 p4 #bfj4 #ggh ii4 #i1 #aj ,heb41 #e1 #f ,,lxx4 & ,eng4 #ggi ,see above1 p4 #bad1 :]e ?is is /at$ z an argum5t aga9/ ,ko/]s' !ory t !re 0 no ,return f ,babylon 9 ! reign ( ,cyrus4 #ghj ,vv4 #ag & #ai4 #gha ,see ,ze*>iah's ,fif? ,vision4 #ghb xliv4 #a ff4 #ghc xlv4 #bb4 #ghd xliv4 #bc1 #bd4 #ghe ,its orig9 0 ! ,exile1 :e!r its date be be=e or aft] ! ,fir/ ,return "u ,cyrus 9 #ecg ,b4,c4 #ghf ,f\r? ,vision1 *ap4 iii4 #ghg vi4 #i-ae4 #ghh ,see v]4 #aa4 #ghi ii4 #bj-bc4 #gij iii4 #h4 #gia 4 ,! v]b 7,piel7 orig9ally means to make weak or flaccid 7! ,kal means to be sick71 & s to s(t5 or weak5 by flatt]y4 #a ,sam4 xiii4 #ab2 #a ,k+s xiii4 #f1 etc4 #gib ,fir/ ,vision1 *ap4 i4 #aa4 #gic ,second ,vision1 ii4 #a-d ,heb41 i4 #ah-ba ,,lxx4 & ,eng4 #gid ,eigh? ,vision1 *ap4 vi4 #a-h4 #gie xxi4 #cf ,heb41 #ca ,eng43 skilful to de/roy4 #gif ,see next *apt]4 #gig ,j]4 xxv4 #ab2 ,hag4 ii4 #g4 #gih ,myrtles 7 once common 9 ! ,holy ,l&1 & h be5 rec5tly f\nd 7,hasselqui/1 ,travels74 ,= _! preval5ce ne> ,j]usalem see ,neh4 viii4 #ae4 ,!y d n appe> to h any symbolic value 9 ! ,vision4 #gii ,= a less probable explanation see above1 p4 #bhb4 #hjj ,see pp4 #caa1 #cac1 etc4 #hja ,ewald omits rid+ a br[n horse1 z 8m>r+ ! lucidity ( ! description1 & add$ f a misconception by an e>ly h&40 ,b we mu/ n expect lucidity 9 a phantasmagoria l ?is4 #hjb 1 ,meullah1 ei!r %ad[ f 1 or = 1 rav9e1 or else a prop] "n4 ,! ,,lxx41 :i* uni=mly = 1 myrtles1 reads 1 m\nta9s1 r5d]s by 4 ,ewald & ,hitzig read 1 ,arab1 mizhallah1 %ad[+ or t5t4 #hjc ,heb4 1 only "h4 ,= ?is ,,lxx4 gives two k9ds1 1 & dappl$ & piebald4 ,wright gives a full treatm5t ( ! "q1 pp4 #eca ff4 ,he po9ts out t ! cognate ^w 9 ,arabic means sorrel1 or yell[i% r$4 #hjd ,:o /ood among ! myrtles omitt$ by ,n[ack4 #hje ,isa4 xxxvii4 #bi2 ,j]4 xlviii4 #aa2 ,psalm cxxiii4 #d2 ,zeph4 i4 #ab4 #hjf ,or =4 #hjg ,:o talk$ ) me omitt$ by ,n[ack4 #hjh ,heb4 help$ = evil1 or till x became a calamity4 #hji ,m>cus ,dods1 ,hag41 ,ze*4 & ,mal41 p4 #ga4 ,orelli3 8,9 di/9ction f ,daniel1 ,ze*>iah is fond ( a simultane\s survey1 n ! pres5t+ ( a succession40 #haj ,= ! symbolism ( iron horns see ,micah iv4 #ac1 & comp>e ,orelli's note1 9 :i* x is po9t$ out t ! de/roy]s mu/ be smi?s z 9 ,isa4 xliv4 #ab1 workm5 ( iron1 & n z 9 ,,lxx4 c>p5t]s4 #haa ,wellhaus5 & ,n[ack delete ,israel & ,j]usalem2 ! latt] does n occur 9 ,codd4 ,a1 ,q1 ( ,septuag9t4 #hab ,wellhaus5 reads1 aft] ,mal4 ii4 #i1 1 s t x lift$ n its head2 b 9 t case we %\ld n f9d 1 b 4 #hac 1 b ,,lxx4 read 1 & ei!r t or "s v]b ( cutt+ mu/ be read4 #had ,! ,hebrew1 lit]ally comes =?1 is ! te*nical t]m ?r\gh\t ! ,visions = ! entrance ( ! figures ^u ! /age ( vision4 #hae ,,lxx4 1 /ood up3 adopt$ by ,n[ack4 #haf ,psalm xxiv4 #hag ,isa4 xvii4 #ab-ad4 #hah ,psalm cxxii4 #c4 #hai ,"s codd4 read ) ! f\r w9ds4 ,,lxx4 f ! f\r w9ds w ,i ga!r y 7 71 & ?is is adopt$ by ,wellhaus5 & ,n[ack4 ,b x is probably a lat] *ange int5d$ to adapt ! poem to its new context4 #hbj ,dwell] ( ! daught] ( ,babel4 ,b 1 daught]1 is m]e dittography ( ! t]m9ation ( ! prec$+ ^w4 #hba ,a curi\s phrase "h occurs 9 ! ,heb4 & v]sions1 ,aft] glory ha? ,he s5t me1 :i* we are probably "r 9 omitt+4 ,9 any case x is a p>5!sis1 & ought to g n ) s5t me b ) sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4 #hbb ,s ,,lxx4 ,heb4 to me4 #hbc ,cf4 ,zeph4 i4 #g2 ,hab4 ii4 #bj4 8,among ! ,arabians1 aft] ! slaught] ( ! sacrificial victim1 ! p>ticipants /ood = "s "t 9 sil5ce ab\t ! alt>4 ,t 0 ! mom5t 9 :i* ! ,deity approa*$ 9 ord] to take ,8 %>e 9 ! sacrifice40 7,sm5d1 ,a4 ,t4 ,rel4 ,ges*41 p4 #abd74 #hbd ,cf4 vv4 #a & #b4 #hbe ,see bel[1 p4 #cah4 #hbf ,9 ?is ,vision ! v]b to /& be=e is us$ 9 two te*nical s5ses3 7a7 ( ! appe>ance ( pla9tiff & def5dant be=e _! judge 7vv4 #a & #c72 7b7 ( s]vants be=e _! ma/]s 7vv4 #d & #g74 #hbg ,see bel[1 p4 #bid1 n4 #hce4 #hbh ,isa4 iv4 #b1 xi4 #a2 ,j]4 xxiii4 #e1 xxxiii4 #ae2 ,isa4 liii4 #b4 ,/ade 7,ges*4 des ,volkes ,isr41 ,,ii4 #abe71 foll[$ by ,m>ti 7,d] ,proph4 ,sa*41 #he n471 suspects ! clause ,i w br+ 9 ,my ,s]vant ! ,bran* z a lat] int]polation1 entangl+ ! con/ruction & f9d+ 9 ?is section no fur!r ju/ification4 #hbi ,or ,adv]s>y2 see p4 #cag4 #hcj ,to ,satan him3 sl&]1 or accuse1 him4 #hca ,t is ! ,angel ( ,jehovah1 :i* ,wellhaus5 & ,n[ack read2 b see bel[1 p4 #cad4 #hcb ,?is clause int]rupts ! ,angel's spee* to ! s]vants4 ,wellh4 & ,n[ack omit x4 cf4 #b ,sam4 xii4 #ac2 ,job vii4 #ba4 #hcc ,s ,,lxx4 ,heb4 has a degrad$ grammatical =m1 clo! ?yself :i* has obvi\sly be5 made to suit ! intrusion ( ! previ\s clause1 & is !re=e an argum5t aga9/ ! au!nticity ( ! latt]4 #hcd ,,lxx4 omits ,i said & reads ,let !m put z ano!r imp]ative1 ,d ye put1 foll[+ on ! two ( ! previ\s v]se4 ,wellhaus5 adopts ?is 7read+ = 74 ,?\gh x is difficult to see h[ dropp$ out ( ! text if once !re1 x is equally s to und]/& :y if n orig9al x 0 ins]t$4 ,! :ole passage has be5 tamp]$ )4 ,if we accept ! ,massoretic text1 !n we h a sympa!tic int]f]5ce 9 ! vision ( ! dream] himself :i* is v natural2 & he speaks1 z is prop]1 n 9 ! direct1 b indirect1 imp]ative1 ,let !m put4 #hce 1 ! headdress ( ri* wom5 7,isa4 iii4 #bc71 z ( em95t m5 7,job xxix4 #ad71 means some?+ w\nd r\nd & r\nd ! head 7cf4 ! use ( to =m l a ball 9 ,isa4 xxii4 #ah1 & ! use ( 7to w9d7 to express ! putt+ on ( ! headdress 7,ezek4 xvi4 #aj1 etc4774 ,h5ce turban seems to be ! prop] r5d]+4 ,ano!r =m f ! same root1 1 is ! "n ( ! headdress ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,israel 7,ezek4 xxi4 #ca72 & 9 ! ,prie/ly ,codex ( ! ,p5tateu* ! headdress ( ! high prie/ 7,exod4 xxviii4 #cg1 etc474 #hcf ,wellhaus5 takes ! la/ words ( v]4 #e ) v]4 #f1 reads & r5d]s ,& ! ,angel ( ,jehovah /ood up or /epp$ =w>d4 ,b ev5 if be read1 ! ord] ( ! words w\ld require translation 9 ! plup]fect1 :i* w\ld come to ! same z ! orig9al text4 ,& if ,wellhaus5's proposal 7 correct ! words ,angel ( ,jehovah 9 v]4 #f w\ld be sup]flu\s4 #hcg ,read 7,sm5d1 ,a4 ,t4 ,rel4 ,ges*41 p4 #cbd1 n4 #b74 #hch ,or facets4 #hci ,e4g4 ,m>ti1 ,d] ,prophet ,sa*>ja1 p4 #hc4 #hdj ,hitzig1 ,wright & _m o!rs4 ,on ! place ( ?is /one 9 ! leg5ds ( ,judaism see ,wright1 pp4 #ge f4 #hda ,ewald1 ,m>cus ,dods4 #hdb ,von ,orelli1 ,volck4 #hdc ,br$5kamp4 #hdd ,wellhaus51 9 loco1 & ,sm5d1 ,a4 ,t4 ,rel4 ,ges*41 #cde4 #hde ,s ,m>ti1 p4 #hh4 #hdf #a ,k+s vii4 #di4 #hdg #a ,macc4 i4 #ba2 iv4 #di1 #ej4 ,josephus1 ,,xiv4 ,ant4 iv4 #d4 #hdh ,,lxx4 ,heb4 has sev5 sev5s ( pipes4 #hdi ,wellhaus5 reads its "r & deletes ! b[l4 #hej 4 is n only to answ]1 b to take "p 9 a conv]sation1 :e!r by />t+ or cont9u+ x4 ,,lxx4 rightly 4 #hea ,heb4 say+4 #heb ,9 ! ,hebrew text1 foll[$ by ! anci5t & mod]n v]sions1 includ+ ! ,engli% ,bible1 !re "h foll[s #f;b-#aj;a1 ! ,^w to ,z]ubbabel4 ,!y obvi\sly di/urb ! n>rative ( ! ,vision1 & ,wellhaus5 has rightly transf]r$ !m to ! end ( x1 :]e !y come 9 z naturally z ! ^w ( hope to ,jo%ua comes 9 at ! end ( ! prec$+ ,vision4 ,take !m away1 &1 z c be se5 above1 v]4 #aj;b foll[s q naturally ^u #f;a4 #hec ,heb4 gold4 ,s ,,lxx4 #hed ,wellhaus5 omits ! :ole ( ?is second "q 7v]4 #ab7 z intrud$ & unnecess>y4 ,s also ,sm5d z a d\blet on v]4 #aa 7,a4 ,t4 ,rel4 ,ges*41 #cdc n474 ,s also ,n[ack4 #hee ,heb4 say+4 #hef ,,lxx4 ,i4 #heg ,or ,fair1 fair is x6 ,n[ack4 #heh ,! /one1 ! lead54 ,m>ti1 ,/4 u4 ,kr41 #ahib1 p4 #bac n41 takes ! lead5 = a gloss1 & reads simply ! /one1 i4e4 ! top-/one2 b ! plummet is ! la/ ?+ laid to ! build+ to te/ ! /raightness ( ! top-/one4 #hei ,a4 ,t4 ,rel4 ,ges*41 #cab n4 #hfj roll or volume4 ,,lxx4 1 sickle1 4 #hfa ,a gr\p ( difficult expressions4 ,! v]b is ,ni4 ( a root :i* orig9ally _h ! physical mean+ to clean out ( a place1 & ?is ,ni4 is s us$ ( a plund]$ t[n 9 ,isa4 iii4 #bf4 ,b its m usual mean+ is to be spok5 free f guilt 7,psalm xix4 #ad1 etc474 ,mo/ comm5tators take x "h 9 ! physical s5se1 ,hitzig quot+ ! use ( 9 ,m>k vii4 #ai4 are v>i\sly r5d]$4 is mo/ly und]/ood z locative1 h5ce1 i4e4 f ! l& j m5tion$1 b "s take x ) /eal 7,hitzig71 "s ) clean$ out 7,ewald1 ,orelli1 etc474 is r5d]$ l x--! fly+ roll 7,ewald1 ,orelli71 :i* _c be1 s9ce ! roll flies ^u ! face ( ! l&1 & ! s9n] is to be purg$ out ( x2 or 9 accordance ) ! roll or its curse 7,j]ome1 ,khl]74 ,b ,wellhaus5 reads 1 & takes 9 its usual mean+ & 9 ! pa/ t5se1 & r5d]s ,e ?ief has = long rema9$ unpuni%$2 & s 9 ! next clause4 ,s1 too1 ,n[ack4 ,,lxx4 ,e ?ief %all be condemn$ to dea?1 4 #hfb ,heb4 lodge1 pass ! night3 cf4 ,zeph4 ii4 #ad 7above1 p4 #fe71 pelican & bitt]n %all roo/ ^u ! capitals4 #hfc ,sm5d sees a cont9uation ( ,ezekiel's idea ( ! guilt ( man ov]tak+ him 7iii4 #bj1 xxxiv474 ,"h ,god's curse does all4 #hfd ,?is foll[s f ! %ape ( ! disc t fits into x4 ,sev5 gallons are sev5-eigh?s ( ! ,engli% bu%el3 t 9 use 9 ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates is some:at small]4 #hfe ,ewald4 #hff ,^u ! /age ( vision4 #hfg ,= ,heb4 read ) ,,lxx4 #hfh ,by ins]t+ aft] 9 v]4 #e1 & delet+ 444 9 v]4 #f1 ,wellhaus5 secures ! m concise text3 ,& see :at ?is bu%el is t comes =?4 ,& ,i said1 ,:at is x8 ,& he said1 ,t is ! evil ( ! p 9 ! :ole l&4 ,b to r$uce ! r$undancies ( ! ,visions is to delete ! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature ( _! /yle4 ,besides1 ,wellhaus5's result gives no s5se4 ,! prophet w\ld n be ask$ to see :at a bu%el is3 ! angel is !re to tell him ?is4 ,s ,wellhaus5 9 8 translation has to omit ! ( v]4 #e1 :ile tell+ u 9 8 note to replace aft] x4 ,8 em5dation is1 !re=e1 to be reject$4 ,n[ack1 h[ev]1 accepts x4 #hfi ,,lxx4 ,heb4 ?is4 #hgj ,9 ! la/ clause ! v]bal =ms are obscure if n corrupt4 ,,lxx4 2 b see ,ewald1 ,syntax1 #aca d4 #hga ,wellhaus5 sugge/s t 9 ! direction assign$ to ! :ite horses1 7v]4 #f71 :i* we h r5d]$ we/w>d1 we might read 1 l& ( ! ea/2 & t f v]4 #g ! we/ has probably fall5 out aft] !y g =?4 #hgb ,heb4 ,i turn$ aga9 &4 #hgc ,hebrew reads 1 /rong2 ,,lxx4 1 dappl$1 & = ! previ\s 1 spott$ or dappl$1 x reads 1 piebald4 ,p]haps we %\ld read 7cf4 ,isa4 lxiii4 #a71 d>k r$ or sorrel1 ) grey spots4 ,s ,ewald & ,orelli4 ,wright keeps /rong4 #hgd ,wellhaus51 supply+ be=e 1 r5d]s ,^! g =? to ! f\r w9ds ( heav5 aft] !y h pres5t$ !mselves1 etc4 #hge ,heb4 beh9d !m4 #hgf 1 ! second epi!t ( ! horses ( ! f\r? *>iot1 v]4 #c4 ,see note !re4 #hgg ,or ang] to be>1 ,heb4 re/4 #hgh ,! collective "n = ! ,jews 9 exile4 #hgi ,,lxx4 1 2 b s9ce an accusative is want$ to express ! articles tak51 ,hitzig proposes to read 1 ,my preci\s ?+s4 ,! ,,lxx4 reads ! o!r two names 4 #hhj ,! con/ruction ( v]4 #aj is v clumsy2 above x is r5d]$ lit]ally4 ,wellhaus5 proposes to delete & d ?\ g 444 to ! h\se (1 & take ,yosiyahu's "n z simply a f\r? ) ! o!rs1 read+ ! la/ clause :o h come f ,babylon4 ,?is is to cut1 n dis5tangle1 ! knot4 #hha ,! ,hebrew text "h has ,jo%ua son ( ,jehosadak1 ! high prie/1 b !re is good reason to suppose t ! cr[n 0 meant = ,z]ubbabel1 b t ! "n ( ,jo%ua 0 ins]t$ in/ead 9 a lat] age1 :5 ! high prie/ 0 also ! k+--see bel[1 note4 ,= ^! reasons ,ewald _h previ\sly suppos$ t ! :ole v]se 0 g5u9e1 b t !re _h fall5 out ( x ! words & on ! head ( ,z]ubbabel4 ,ewald f\nd a pro( ( ?is 9 ! plural =m 1 :i* he r5d]$ cr[ns4 7,s also ,wildebo]1 ,a4 ,t4 ,litt]atur1 p4 #big47 ,b is to be r5d]$ cr[n2 see v]4 #aa1 :]e x is foll[$ by a s+ul> v]b4 ,! plural =m ref]s to ! sev]al circlets ( :i* x 0 wov54 #hhb ,"s critics omit ! repetition4 #hhc ,s ,wellhaus5 proposes to ins]t4 ,! "n 0 at lea/ und]/ood 9 ! orig9al text4 #hhd ,s ,,lxx4 ,heb4 on 8 ?rone4 #hhe ,) ?is phrase1 v\*$ = by bo? ! ,heb4 & ! ,sept41 ! re/ ( ! receiv$ text _c be h>monis$4 ,!re 7 two3 "o is ! prie/ j m5tion$ :o is to be at ! "r h& ( ! cr[n$4 ,! receiv$ text makes ?is cr[n$ "o to be ! high prie/ ,jo%ua4 ,b if !re are two & ! prie/ is only second>y1 ! cr[n$ "o mu/ be ,z]ubbabel1 :om ,haggai has already designat$ z ,messiah4 ,nor is x difficult to see :y1 9 a lat] age1 :5 ! high prie/ 0 sov]eign 9 ,israel1 ,jo%ua's "n %\ld h be5 ins]t$ 9 place ( ,z]ubbabel's1 & at ! same "t ! phrase prie/ at 8 "r h&1 to :i* ! ,,lxx4 te/ifies 9 h>mony ) ! two ( !m1 %\ld h be5 alt]$ to ! read+ ( ! receiv$ text1 prie/ ^u 8 ?rone4 ,) ! above agree ,sm5d1 ,a4 ,t4 ,rel4 ,ges*41 #cdc n41 & ,n[ack4 #hhf ,heb4 1 ,hlem1 b ! read+ ,heldai1 1 is prov$ by ! previ\s occurr5ce ( ! "n & by ! ,,lxx4 read+ "h1 1 i4e4 f root 1 to la/4 #hhg 1 b ,wellhaus5 & o!rs take x z abbreviation or misread+ = ! "n ( ,yosiyahu 7see v]4 #aj74 #hhh ,"h ! v]se & p>agraph break sudd5ly (f 9 ! middle ( a s5t5ce4 ,on ! passage see ,sm5d1 #cdc & #cde4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,! ,,angels ,,( ,,! ,,visions ,,ze*>iah i4 #g--vi4 #h ,among ! influ5ces ( ! ,exile :i* contribut$ ! mat]ial ( ,ze*>iah's ,visions we includ$ a consid]able developm5t ( ,israel's belief 9 ,angels4 ,! g5]al subject is 9 itself s l>ge1 & ! ,angels play s _m p>ts 9 ! ,visions1 t x is necess>y to devote to !m a sep>ate *apt]4 ,f ! e>lie/ times ! ,hebrews _h conceiv$ _! ,div9e ,k+ to be surr\nd$ by a c\rt ( m9i/]s1 :o besides celebrat+ ,8 glory w5t =? f ,8 pres5ce to execute ,8 w ^u e>?4 ,9 ?is latt] capacity !y 7 call$ ,mess5g]s1 ,male'akim1 :i* ! ,greeks translat$ ,angeloi1 & s gave u our ,angels4 ,! orig9 ( ?is conception is wrapt 9 obscurity4 ,x may h be5 p>tly due to a belief1 %>$ by all e>ly peoples1 9 ! exi/5ce ( sup]human be+s inf]ior to ! gods1#hhi b ev5 )\t ?is x mu/ h sprung up 9 ! natural t5d5cy to provide ! royal deity ( a p ) a c\rt1 an army & s]vants4 ,9 ! pi\s m9ds ( e>ly ,israel !re mu/ h be5 a k9d ( necessity to believe & develop ?is--a necessity impos$ fir/ly by ! belief 9 ,jehovah's resid5ce z conf9$ to "o spot1 ,s9ai or ,j]usalem1 f :i* ,he ,himself w5t =? only ^u great occasions to ! deliv]ance ( ,8 p z a :ole2 & secondly by ! unwill+ness to conceive ( ,8 p]sonal appe>ance 9 missions ( a m5ial nature1 or to repres5t ,him 9 ! human =m 9 :i*1 accord+ to primitive ideas1 ,he c\ld alone hold conv]se ) m54 ,x c easily be und]/ood h[ a religion1 :i* 0 above all a religion ( revelation1 %\ld accept su* popul> conceptions 9 its con/ant record ( ! appe>ance ( ,god & ,8 ,^w 9 human life4 ,accord+ly1 9 ! e>lie/ docum5ts ( ! ,hebrews1 we f9d angels :o br+ to ,israel ! bless+s1 curses & comm&s ( ,jehovah4#hij ,ap>t f ?is duty & _! human appe>ance1 ^! be+s are n conceiv$ to be end[$ ei!r ) "* or1 if we may judge by _! namelessness1#hia ) individuality4 ,!y are ! ,^w ( ,god p]sonifi$4 ,act+ z ,god's m\?piece1 !y are m]g$ 9 ,him1 & s completely t !y (t5 speak ( !mselves by ! ,div9e ,i4#hib 8,! function ( an ,angel s ov]%ad[s 8 p]sonality t ! ,old ,te/am5t does n ask :o or :at ?is ,angel is1 b :at he does4 ,& ! answ] to ! la/ "q is1 t he repres5ts ,god to man s directly & fully t :5 he speaks or acts ,god ,himself is felt to speak or act40#hic ,besides ! c>riage ( ! ,div9e ,^w1 angels br+ back to _! ,"l report ( all t happ5s3 k+s are said1 9 popul> language1 to be z wise z ! wisdom ( an angel ( ,god1 to "k all ! ?+s t are 9 ! e>?4#hid ,!y are also employ$ 9 ! deliv]ance & discipl9e ( ,8 p4#hie ,by !m come ! pe/il5ce1#hif & ! re/ra9t ( ^? :o set !mselves aga9/ ,god's w4#hig ,n[ ! prophets be=e ! ,exile _h s spiritual a conception ( ,god1 work$ s imm$iately f ,8 pres5ce1 & above all 7 s conv9c$ ( ,8 p]sonal & practical int]e/ 9 ! affairs ( ,8 p1 t !y felt no room = ,angels betwe5 ,him & _! he>ts1 & !y d n employ ,angels1 except :5 ,isaiah 9 8 inaugural vision p5etrates to ! heav5ly palace & c\rt ( ! ,mo/ ,high4#hih ,ev5 :5 ,amos sees a plummet laid to ! walls ( ,j]usalem1 x is by ! h&s ( ,jehovah ,himself1#hii & we h n enc\nt]$ an ,angel 9 ! m$iation ( ! ,^w to any ( ! prophets :om we h already /udi$4 ,b ,angels reappe>1 ?\gh n "u ! "n1 9 ! visions ( ,ezekiel1 ! fir/ prophet ( ! ,exile4 ,!y are 9 human =m1 & he calls !m ,m54 ,"s execute ,god's wra? ^u ,j]usalem1#ijj & "o1 ^: appe>ance is z ! appe>ance ( brass1 acts z ! int]pret] ( ,god's w to ! prophet1 & in/ructs him 9 ! details ( ! build+ ( ,city & ,temple4#ija ,:5 ! glory ( ,jehovah appe>s & ,jehovah ,himself speaks to ! prophet out ( ! ,temple1 ?is ,man /&s by ! prophet1#ijb di/9ct f ! ,deity1 & aft]w>ds cont9ues 8 "w ( explanation4 8,!re=e10 z ,dr4 ,davidson rem>ks1 8x is n ! s5se ( di/ance to :i* ,god is remov$ t causes ,ezekiel to create ^! int]m$i>ies40 ,! necessity = !m r arises f ! same natural feel+1 :i* we h sugge/$ z giv+ rise to ! e>lie/ conceptions ( ,angels3 ! unwill+ness1 namely1 to engage ! ,p]son ( ,god ,himself 9 ! subord9ate task ( expla9+ ! details ( ! ,temple4 ,note1 too1 h[ ! ,div9e ,voice1 :i* speaks to ,ezekiel out ( ! ,temple1 bl5ds & becomes "o ) ! ,man /&+ at 8 side4 ,ezekiel's ,angel-int]pret] is simply "o function ( ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,_m ( ! features ( ,ezekiel's ,angels appe> 9 ^? ( ,ze*>iah4 ,! f\r smi?s or smit]s ( ! f\r horns recall ! six execution]s ( ! wick$ 9 ,j]usalem4#ijc ,l ,ezekiel's ,int]pret]1 !y are call$ ,m51#ijd & l him "o appe>s z ,ze*>iah's in/ructor & guide3 he :o talk$ ) me4#ije ,b :ile ,ze*>iah calls ^! be+s ,m51 he also gives !m ! anci5t "n1 :i* ,ezekiel _h n us$1 ( ,male'akim1 mess5g]s1 angels4 ,! ,in/ructor is ! ,angel :o talk$ ) me4 ,9 ! ,fir/ ,vision1 ! ,man rid+ ! br[n horse1 ! ,man t /ood among ! myrtles1 is ! ,angel ( ,jehovah t /ood among ! myrtles4#ijf ,! ,int]pret] is also call$ ! ,angel ( ,jehovah1 & if our text ( ! ,fir/ ,vision be correct1 ! two ( !m are curi\sly m+l$1 z if bo? 7 functions ( ! same ,^w ( ,god1 & 9 p]sonality n to be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4 ,! ,report+ ,angel among ! myrtles takes up ! duty ( ! ,int]pret+ ,angel & expla9s ! ,vision to ! prophet4 ,9 ! ,f\r? ,vision ?is dissolv+ view is c>ri$ fur!r1 & ! ,angel ( ,jehovah is int]*angeable ) ,jehovah ,himself2#ijg j z 9 ! ,vision ( ,ezekiel ! ,div9e ,voice f ! ,glory & ! ,man /&+ beside ! prophet are curi\sly m+l$4 ,aga9 9 ! ,f\r? ,vision we he> ( ^? :o /& 9 ! pres5ce ( ,jehovah1#ijh & 9 ! ,eigh? ( executant angels com+ out f ,8 pres5ce ) commissions ^u ! :ole e>?4#iji ,9 ! ,visions ( ,ze*>iah1 !n1 z 9 ! e>li] books1 we see ! ,"l ( all ! e>?1 surr\nd$ by a c\rt ( angels1 :om ,he s5ds =? 9 human =m to int]pret ,8 ,^w & execute ,8 w1 & 9 _! do+ ( ?is !re is ! same indi/9ctness ( individuality1 ! same pr$om9ance ( function ov] p]sonality4 ,z ) ,ezekiel1 "o /&s out m cle>ly ?an ! re/1 to be ! prophet's int]pret]1 :om1 z 9 ! e>li] visions ( angels1 ,ze*>iah calls my "l1#iaj b ev5 he melts into ! figures ( ! re/4 ,^! are ! old & borr[$ elem5ts 9 ,ze*>iah's doctr9e ( ,angels4 ,b he has add$ to !m 9 sev]al important p>ticul>s1 :i* make 8 ,visions an int]m$iate /age betwe5 ! ,book ( ,ezekiel & ! v intricate angelology ( lat] ,judaism4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,ze*>iah is ! e>lie/ prophet :o introduces ord]s & ranks among ! angels4 ,9 8 ,f\r? ,vision ! ,angel ( ,jehovah is ! ,div9e ,judge be=e :om#iaa ,jo%ua appe>s ) ! ,adv]s>y4 ,he also has o!rs /&+ be=e him#iab to execute 8 s5t5ces4 ,9 ! ,?ird ,vision1 aga91 ! ,int]pret+ ,angel does n communicate directly ) ,jehovah1 b receives 8 words f ano!r ,angel :o has come =?4#iac ,all ^! are symptoms1 t ev5 ) a prophet1 :o s ke5ly felt z ,ze*>iah did ! e?ical directness ( ,god's ^w & its p]vasiv5ess ?r\gh public life1 !re _h yet begun to increase ^? feel+s ( ,god's sublimity & awfulness1 :i* 9 ! lat] ?\ght ( ,israel lift$ ,him to s f> a di/ance f m51 & creat$ s complex a ho/ ( int]m$i>ies1 human & sup]human1 betwe5 ! wor%ipp+ he>t & ! ,?rone ( ,grace4 ,we c be/ e/imate ! diff]5ce 9 ?is respect betwe5 ,ze*>iah & ! e>li] prophets :om we h /udi$ by rem>k+ t 8 *>act]i/ic phrase talk$ ) me1 lit]ally spake 9 or by me1 :i* he uses ( ! ,int]pret+ ,angel1 is us$ by ,habakkuk ( ,god ,himself4#iad ,to ! same awful impressions ( ! ,godhead is p]haps due ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! ,angel z int]cessor4 ,amos1 ,isaiah & ,j]emiah !mselves directly int]c$$ ) ,god = ! p2 b ) ,ze*>iah x is ! ,int]pret+ ,angel :o int]c$es1 & :o 9 return receives ! ,div9e com=t4#iae ,9 ?is angelic function1 ! fir/ ( its k9d 9 ,scripture1 we see ! small & explicable beg9n+s ( a belief de/9$ to assume enorm\s dim5sions 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,*ur*'s wor%ip4 ,! supplication ( ,angels1 ! fai? 9 _! int]cession & 9 ! prevail+ pray]s ( ! righte\s dead1 :i* has be5 s egregi\sly multipli$ 9 c]ta9 sections ( ,*ri/5dom1 may be trac$ to ! same increas+ s5se ( ! di/ance & awfulness ( ,god1 b is to be correct$ by ! fai? ,*ri/ has taught u ( ! ne>ness ( our ,fa!r 9 ,heav51 & ( ,8 imm$iate c>e ( ,8 e human *ild4 ,! int]cession ( ! ,angel 9 ! ,fir/ ,vision is also a /ep t[>ds t id5tification ( special ,angels ) diff]5t peoples :i* we f9d 9 ! ,book ( ,daniel4 ,?is tells u ( heav5ly pr9ces n only = ,israel--,mi*ael1 y\r pr9ce1 ! great pr9ce :i* /&e? up = ! *ildr5 ( ?y p#iaf--;b = ! hea!n nations1 a conception ! fir/ beg9n+s ( :i* we see 9 a prophecy t 0 p]haps n f> f be+ contemporane\s ) ,ze*>iah4#iag ,ze*>iah's ,vision ( a hi]>*y among ! angels 0 also de/9$ to fur!r developm5t4 ,! head ( ! patrol among ! myrtles1 & ! ,judge-,angel be=e :om ,jo%ua appe>s1 are ! fir/ ,ar*angels4 ,we "k h[ ^! 7 fur!r specialis$1 & _h ev5 p]sonalities & names giv5 !m by bo? ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian writ]s4#iah ,among ! ,angels describ$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 we h se5 "s *>g$ ) p[]s ( h9drance & de/ruction--a troop ( angels ( evil4#iai ,!y too are ! s]vants ( ,god1 :o is ! au?or ( all evil z well z good1#ibj & ! in/rum5ts ( ,8 wra?4 ,b ! temptation ( m5 is also "p ( ,8 ,provid5ce4 ,:]e wilful s\ls h to be misl$1 ! _s :o does s1 z 9 ,ahab's case1 comes f ,jehovah's pres5ce4#iba ,all ^! spirits are j z devoid ( "* & p]sonality z ! re/ ( ! angelic ho/4 ,!y "w evil z m]e in/rum5ts3 nei!r malice nor fals5ess is attribut$ to !mselves4 ,!y are n rebel nor fall5 angels1 b ob$i5t to ,jehovah4 ,nay1 l ,ezekiel's & ,ze*>iah's ,angels ( ! ,^w1 ! ,angel :o tempts ,david to numb] ! p is int]*angeable ) ,god ,himself4#ibb ,k9dr$ to ! duty ( tempt+ m5 is t ( discipl9e1 9 its =ms bo? ( re/ra9+ or accus+ ! guilty1 & ( vex+ ! righte\s 9 ord] to te/ !m4 ,= bo? ( ^! ! same v]b is us$1 8to satan10#ibc 9 ! g5]al s5se ( )/&+1 or antagonis+4 ,! ,angel ( ,jehovah /ood 9 ,balaam's way to satan him4#ibd ,! n\n1 ! ,satan1 is us$ repeat$ly ( a human foe4#ibe ,b 9 two passages1 ( :i* ,ze*>iah's ,f\r? ,vision is "o1 & ! o!r ! ,prologue to ,job1#ibf ! "n is giv5 to an ,angel1 "o ( ! sons ( ,elohim1 or ,div9e p[]s :o receive _! commission f ,jehovah4 ,! n\n is n yet1 :at x aft]w>ds became1#ibg a prop] "n2 b has ! def9ite article1 ! ,adv]s>y or ,accus]--t is1 ! ,angel to :om t function 0 assign$4 ,) ,ze*>iah 8 bus9ess is ! (ficial "o ( prosecutor 9 ! supreme c\rt ( ,jehovah1 & :5 8 "w is done he disappe>s4 ,yet1 be=e he does s1 we see = ! fir/ "t 9 connection ) any angel a gleam ( "*4 ,?is is reveal$ by ! ,"l's rebuke ( him4 ,!re is some?+ blamewor?y 9 ! accusation ( ,jo%ua3 n inde$ false witness1 = ,israel's guilt is pat5t 9 ! f\l g>m5ts ( _! ,high ,prie/1 b h>dness or malice1 t w\ld seek to prev5t ! ,div9e grace4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,job ! ,satan is also a function1 ev5 "h n a fall5 or rebel angel1 b "o ( ,god's c\rt1#ibh ! in/rum5t ( discipl9e or *a/isem5t4 ,yet1 9 t he himself sugge/s 8 cruelties & is repres5t$ z =w>d & (fici\s 9 _! infliction1 a "* is imput$ to him ev5 m cle>ly ?an 9 ,ze*>iah's ,vision4 ,b ! ,satan /ill %>es t id5tification ) 8 function :i* we h se5 to *>act]ise all ! angels ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & !re=e he disappe>s f ! drama s soon z 8 place 9 its high argum5t is ov]4#ibi ,9 ?is description ( ! developm5t ( ,israel's doctr9e ( ,angels1 & ( ,ze*>iah's contributions to x1 we h n t\*$ ^u ! "q :e!r ! developm5t 0 assi/$ by ,israel's contact ) ! ,p]sian religion & ) ! sy/em ( ,angels :i* ! latt] conta9s4 ,= sev]al reasons ! "q is a difficult "o4 ,b s f> z pres5t evid5ce goes1 x makes = a negative answ]4 ,s*ol>s1 :o are 9 no way prejudic$ aga9/ ! !ory ( a l>ge ,p]sian influ5ce ^u ,israel1 decl>e t ! religion ( ,p]sia affect$ ! ,jewi% doctr9e ( ,angels 8only 9 second>y po9ts10 su* z _! 8numb] & p]sonality1 & ! exi/5ce ( demons & evil spirits40#icj ,our own discussion has %[n u t ,ze*>iah's ,angels1 9 spite ( ! new features !y introduce1 are 9 sub/ance "o ) ! ,angels ( pre-exilic ,israel4 ,ev5 ! ,satan is prim>ily a function1 & "o ( ! s]vants ( ,god4 ,if he has develop$ an immoral "*1 ?is _c be attribut$ to ! influ5ce ( ,p]sian belief 9 a ,_s ( evil oppos$ to ! ,_s ( good 9 ! univ]se1 b may be expla9$ by ! native1 or selfi%1 res5tm5t ( ,israel aga9/ _! prosecutor be=e ! b> ( ,jehovah4 ,nor c we fail to rem>k t ?is "* ( evil appe>s 9 ! ,satan1 n1 z 9 ! ,p]sian religion1 9 g5]al opposition to goodness1 b z ?w>t+ t sav+ grace :i* 0 s peculi>ly ,jehovah's own4 ,& ,jehovah said to ! ,satan1 ,jehovah rebuke !e1 ,o ,satan1 yea1 ,jehovah :o ha? *os5 ,j]usalem rebuke !e6 ,is n ?is a br& pluck$ f ! burn+8 ,,footnotes3 #hhi ,s ,rob]tson ,smi?1 art4 8,angels0 9 ! ,encyc4 ,brit41 #i? ed4 #hij ,s already 9 ,deborah's ,song1 ,judg4 v4 #bc1 & ?r\gh\t bo? ,j & ,e4 #hia ,cf4 especially ,g54 xxxii4 #bi4 #hib ,judg4 vi4 #ab ff4 #hic ,rob]tson ,smi?1 z above4 #hid #b ,sam4 xiv4 #bj4 #hie ,exod4 xiv4 #ai 7871 xxiii4 #bj1 etc42 ,jo%4 v4 #ac4 #hif #b ,sam4 xxiv4 #af1 #ag2 #b ,k+s xix4 #ce2 ,exod4 xii4 #bc4 ,9 ,eccles4 v4 #f ?is de/roy+ angel is ! m9i/] ( ,god3 cf4 ,psalm lxxviii4 #di;b1 hurtful angels--,*eyne1 ,orig9 ( ,psalt]1 p4 #aeg4 #hig ,balaam3 ,num4 xxii4 #bc1 #ca4 #hih vi4 #b-f4 #hii ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #aad4 #ijj ix4 #ija xl4 #c ff4 #ijb xliii4 #f4 #ijc ,ze*4 i4 #ah ff42 ,ezek4 ix4 #a ff4 #ijd ,ze*4 i4 #h3 s ev5 9 ! ,book ( ,daniel we h ! man ,gabriel--ix4 #ba4 #ije i4 #i1 #ai2 ii4 #c2 iv4 #a1 #d1 #e2 v4 #e1 #aj2 vi4 #d4 ,b see above1 pp4 #bfa f4 #ijf i4 #h1 #aj1 #aa4 #ijg iii4 #a comp>$ ) #b4 #ijh iii4 #f1 #g4 #iji vi4 #e4 #iaj i4 #i1 etc4 #iaa iii4 #a4 ,/& be=e is "h us$ =5sically3 cf4 ! ,n4,t4 phrases to /& be=e ,god1 ,rev4 xx4 #ab2 be=e ! judgm5t-seat ( ,*ri/1 ,rom4 xiv4 #aj2 & be acquitt$1 ,luke xxi4 #cf4 #iab iii4 #d4 ,"h ! phrase is us$ dome/ically ( s]vants 9 ! pres5ce ( _! ma/]4 ,see above1 p4 #bic1 n4 #hbf4 #iac ii4 #c1 #d4 #iad ,hab4 ii4 #a3 cf4 also ,num4 xii4 #f-i4 #iae ,fir/ ,vision1 i4 #ab4 #iaf x4 #ba1 xii4 #a4 #iag ,isa4 xxiv4 #ba4 #iah ,book ( ,daniel x41 xii42 ,tobit xii4 #ae2 ,book ( ,eno* passim2 ,jude #i2 ,rev4 viii4 #b1 etc4 #iai ,psalm lxxviii4 #di4 ,see above1 p4 #cab1 n4 #hif4 #ibj ,amos iii4 #f4 #iba #a ,k+s xxii4 #bj ff4 #ibb #b ,sam4 xxiv4 #a2 #a ,*ron4 xxi4 #a4 ,?\gh "h diff]5ce ( age betwe5 ! two docum5ts may h caus$ ! diff]5ce ( view4 #ibc ,!re are two =ms ( ! v]b1 1 satan1 & 1 satam1 ! latt] app>5tly ! old]4 #ibd ,num4 xxii4 #bb1 #cb4 #ibe #a ,sam4 xxix4 #d2 #b ,sam4 xix4 #bc ,heb41 #bb ,eng42 #a ,k+s v4 #ah1 xi4 #ad1 etc4 #ibf ,ze*4 iii4 #a ff42 ,job i4 #f ff4 #ibg #a ,*ron4 xxi4 #a4 #ibh i4 #f;b4 #ibi ,see ,davidson 9 ,cambridge ,bible = ,s*ools on ,job i4 #f-ab1 especially on v]4 #i3 8,! ,satan ( ?is book may %[ ! beg9n+s ( a p]sonal malevol5ce aga9/ man1 b he is /ill rigidly subord9at$ to ,heav51 & 9 all he does subs]ves its int]e/s4 ,8 function is z ! m9i/] ( ,god to try ! s9c]ity ( man2 h5ce :5 8 "w ( trial is ov] he is no m f\nd1 & no place is giv5 him among ! dramatis p]son ( ! poem40 #icj ,*eyne1 ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,psalt]1 p4 #bgb4 ,read c>efully on ?is po9t ! v important rem>ks on pp4 #bgj ff4 & #bha f4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii 8,,! ,,se$ ,,( ,,peace0 ,,ze*>iah vii41 viii4 ,! ,visions h reveal$ ! removal ( ! guilt ( ! l&1 ! re/oration ( ,israel to _! /&+ be=e ,god1 ! revival ( ! great national in/itutions1 & ,god's w to de/roy ! hea!n =ces ( ! _w4 ,) ! ,temple built1 ,israel %\ld be aga9 9 ! position :i* %e enjoy$ be=e ! ,exile4 ,ze*>iah1 !re=e1 proce$s to exhort 8 p to put away ! fa/s :i* ! ,exile _h made necess>y1 & address !mselves1 z ( old1 to ! virtues & duties ( ! civic life4 ,& he introduces 8 orations to ?is end by a natural appeal to ! exp]i5ce ( ! =m] days4 ,! occasion came to him :5 ! ,temple _h be5 build+ = two ye>s1 & :5 "s ( its s]vices 7 probably resum$4#ica ,a deputation ( ,jews appe>$ 9 ,j]usalem & rais$ ! "q ( ! cont9uance ( ! great ,fa/s ( ! ,exile4 ,:o ! deputation 7 is n c]ta93 probably we ought to delete ,be!l f ! second v]se1 & read ei!r ,el-s>'es] s5t ,regem-,melekh & 8 m5 to ! h\se ( ,jehovah to propitiate ,jehovah1 or else ! h\se ( ,el-s>'es] s5t ,regem-,melekh & 8 m5 to propitiate ,jehovah4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t !y came f ! ,jews 9 ,babylon3 ?is w\ld agree ) _! arrival 9 ! n9? mon? to inquire ab\t a fa/ 9 ! fif? mon?4 ,b ,ze*>iah's answ] is address$ to ,jews 9 ,juda4 ,! deputation limit$ _! inquiry to ! fa/ ( ! fif? mon?1 :i* commemorat$ ! burn+ ( ! ,temple & ! ,city1 n[ practically re/or$4 ,b ) a bread? ( view :i* reveals ! prophet r ?an ! prie/1 ,ze*>iah replies1 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 ^u all ! fa/s by :i* ,israel = sev5ty ye>s _h bewail$ h] ru9 & exile4 ,he in/ances two1 t ( ! fif? mon?1 & t ( ! sev5? mon?1 ! date ( ! murd] ( ,g$aliah1 :5 ! la/ poor remnant ( a ,jewi% /ate 0 swept away4#icb ,) a boldness :i* recalls ,amos to ! v lett]1 ,ze*>iah asks 8 p :e!r 9 ^? fa/s !y fa/$ at all to _! ,god4 ,jehovah _h n *>g$ !m1 & 9 fa/+ !y _h fa/$ = !mselves1 j z 9 eat+ & dr9k+ !y _h eat5 & drunk5 to !mselves4 ,!y %\ld r he>k5 to ! words ,he really s5t !m4 ,9 a passage1 ! mean+ ( :i* has be5 p]v]t$ by ! intrusion ( ! eigh? v]se1 t !re=e ought to be delet$1 ,ze*>iah recalls :at ^? words ( ,jehovah _h be5 9 ! =m] times :5 ! l& 0 inhabit$ & ! national life 9 full c\rse4 ,!y 7 n c]emonial2 !y 7 e?ical3 !y comm&$ ju/ice1 k9dness1 & ! c>e ( ! helpless & ! poor4 ,& x 0 9 consequ5ce ( ! p's disob$i5ce to ^? words t all ! ru9 came ^u !m = :i* !y n[ annually m\rn$4 ,! moral is obvi\s if unexpress$4 ,let !m drop _! fa/s1 & practise ! virtues ! neglect ( :i* _h made _! fa/s a necessity4 ,x is a sane & practical ^w1 & makes u feel h[ mu* ,ze*>iah has inh]it$ ( ! temp] ( ,amos & ,isaiah4 ,he re/s1 z be=e1 ^u ! lett] ( ! anci5t oracles1 b only s z to br+ out _! _s4 ,) su* an example ( ! use ( anci5t ,scripture1 x is deplorable t s _m m51 bo? among ! ,jews & ! ,*ri/ians1 %\ld h devot$ !mselves to ! lett] at ! exp5se ( ! _s4 ,& x came to pass 9 ! f\r? ye> ( ,d>ius ! k+1 t ! ,^w ( ,jehovah came to ,ze*>iah on ! f\r? ( ! n9? mon?1 ,kislev4 ,= !re s5t to ! h\se ( ,jehovah1 ,el-s>'es] & ,regem-,melekh & 8 m51#icc to propitiate#icd ,jehovah1 to ask ( ! prie/s :i* 7 9 ! h\se ( ,jehovah ( ,ho/s & ( ! prophets z foll[s3 ,%all ,i weep 9 ! fif? mon? ) fa/+ z ,i h n[ done s _m ye>s8 ,& ! ,^w ( ,jehovah ( ,ho/s came to me3 ,speak n[ to all ! p ( ! l&1 & to ! prie/s1 say+3 ,:5 ye fa/$ & m\rn$ 9 ! fif? & 9 ! sev5? mon?1#ice & ?is = sev5ty ye>s1 did ye fa/ at all to ,me8 ,& :5 ye eat & :5 ye dr9k1 are n ye ! eat]s & ye ! dr9k]s8 ,are n ^!#icf ! words :i* ,jehovah proclaim$ by ! h& ( ! =m] prophets1 :5 ,j]usalem 0 inhabit$ & at peace1 ) h] cities r\nd ab\t h]1 & ! ,negeb & ! ,%ephelah 7 inhabit$8 #icg,?us spake ,jehovah ( ,ho/s3 ,judge true judgm5t1 & practise t[>ds ea* o!r k9dness & m]cy2 oppress nei!r wid[ nor orphan1 /rang] nor poor1 & ?9k n evil 9 y\r he>ts t[>ds "o ano!r4 ,b !y refus$ to he>k51 & turn$ a rebelli\s %\ld]1#ich & _! e>s !y dull$ f li/5+4 ,& _! he>t !y made adamant1 s z n to he> ! ,torah & ! words :i* ,jehovah ( ,ho/s s5t ?r\gh ,8 ,_s by ! h& ( ! =m] prophets2 & !re 0 great wra? f ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4 ,& x came to pass t1 z ,he _h call$ & !y he>d n1 s !y %all call & ,i w n he>1 said ,jehovah ( ,ho/s1 b ,i w :irl#ici !m away among nations :om !y "k n4 ,& ! l& 0 laid wa/e beh9d !m1 )\t any to pass to & fro1 & !y made ! pleasant l& desolate4 ,!re foll[ ^u ?is deliv]ance t5 o!r %ort oracles3 *ap4 viii4 ,:e!r all ( ?is decalogue are to be dat$ f ! same "t z ! answ] to ! deputation ab\t ! fa/s is unc]ta94 ,"s ( !m appe> r to belong to an e>li] date1 = !y reflect ! situation1 & ev5 ! words1 ( ,haggai's oracles1 & repres5t ! adv5t ( ,jehovah to ,j]usalem z /ill future4 ,b !y return to ! "q ( ! fa/s1 treat+ x /ill m compreh5sively ?an be=e1 & !y close ) a promise1 fitly spok5 z ! ,temple grew to completion1 ( ! com+ ( ! hea!n to wor%ip at ,j]usalem4 ,we h already notic$ ! t5d] *>m & /rong simplicity ( ^! prophecies1#idj & !re is little n[ to add except ! translation ( !m4 ,z ) ! old] prophets1 & especially ! great ,evangeli/ ( ! ,exile1 !y />t f ! gl[+ love ( ,jehovah = ,8 p1 to :i* no?+ is impossible2#ida !y promise a complete return ( ! scatt]$ ,jews to _! l&1 & are n cont5t except ) ! assurance ( a _w conv]t$ to ! fai? ( _! ,god4 ,) ,haggai ,ze*>iah promises ! spe$y end ( ! pov]ty ( ! little colony2 & he adds 8 own *>act]i/ic notes ( a reign ( peace to be us$ = he>ty lab\r1 br++ =? a great prosp]ity4 ,only let m5 be true & j & k9d1 ?9k+ no evil ( ea* o!r1 z 9 ^? h>d days :5 hung] & ! fi]ce rivalry = su/5ance made e "o's neighb\r 8 enemy1 & ! petty life1 devoid ( l>ge int]e/s = ! commonweal1 fill$ _! he>ts ) envy & malice4 ,= ourselves ! *ief pr(it ( ^! beautiful oracles is _! lesson t ! rem$y = ! sordid temp]s & cruel hatr$s1 eng5d]$ by ! fi]ce /ruggle = exi/5ce1 is f\nd 9 civic & religi\s hopes1 9 a noble ideal = ! national life1 & 9 ! assurance t ,god's ,love is at ! back ( all1 ) no?+ impossible to x4 ,amid ^! glories1 h[ev]1 ! he>t w probably ?ank ,ze*>iah mo/ = 8 immortal picture ( ! /reets ( ! new ,j]usalem3 old m5 & wom5 sitt+ 9 ! sun1 boys & girls play+ 9 all ! op5 places4 ,! motive ( x1 z we h se51 0 f\nd 9 ! circum/ances ( 8 own day4 ,l _m ano!r emigration1 = religion's sake1 f ! he>t ( civilisation to a b>r5 coa/1 ! poor colony ( ,j]usalem consi/$ *iefly ( m51 "y & 9 middle life4 ,! b>r5 ye>s gave no enc\ragem5t to m>riage4 ,! con/ant w>f>e ) neighb\r+ tribes all[$ few to rea* grey hairs4 ,x 0 a r\gh & a h>d society1 unbless$ by ! two great b5$ictions ( life1 *ildhood & old age4 ,b ?is %\ld all be *ang$1 & ,j]usalem fill$ ) placid old m5 & wom51 & ) joy\s boys & girls4 ,! oracle1 we say1 _h its motive 9 ,ze*>iah's day4 ,b :at an oracle = ^! times ( ours6 ,:e!r 9 ! l>ge cities ( ! old _w1 :]e s few ( ! work]s may hope = a quiet old age1 sitt+ 9 ! sun1 & ! *ildr5's days ( play are %ort5$ by premature toil & k ( evil2 or 9 ! newe/ fr+es ( ! new _w1 :]e m5's h>dness & co>s5ess are1 9 ! /ruggle = gold1 unaw$ by rev]5ce = age & uns(t5$ by ! fell[%ip ( *ildhood1--,ze*>iah's great promise is equally ne$$4 ,ev5 !re %all x be fulfill$ if m5 w rememb] 8 conditions--t ! fir/ reg>d ( a community1 h[ev] /rait5$ 9 means1 be ! provision ( religion1 t tru? & :ole-he>t$ ju/ice ab\nd 9 ! gates1 ) love & loyalty 9 e he>t t[>ds e o!r4 ,& ! ,^w ( ,jehovah ( ,ho/s came1 say+3-- #a4 ,?us sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s3 ,i am jeal\s = ,zion ) a great jeal\sy1 & ) great ang] am ,i jeal\s = h]4 #b4 ,?us sai? ,jehovah3 ,i am return$ to ,zion1 & ,i dwell 9 ! mid/ ( ,j]usalem1 & ,j]usalem %all be call$ ! ,city ( ,tro?1#idb & ! m\nta9 ( ,jehovah ( ,ho/s ! ,holy ,m\nta94 #c4 ,?us sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s3 ,old m5 & old wom5 %all yet sit 9 ! /reets ( ,j]usalem1 ea* ) /aff 9 h&1 = fulness ( days2 & ! /reets ( ! city %all be full ( boys & girls play+ 9 h] /reets4 #d4 ,?us sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s3 ,because x seems too wond]ful to ! remnant ( ?is p 9 ^? days1 %all x also seem too wond]ful to ,me8--oracle ( ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4 #e4 ,?us sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s3 ,lo6 ,i am ab\t to save ,my p out ( ! l& ( ! ris+ & out ( ! l& ( ! sett+ ( ! sun2 & ,i w br+ !m home1 & !y %all dwell 9 ! mid/ ( ,j]usalem1 & !y %all be to ,me = a p1#idc & ,i w be to !m = ,god1 9 tro? & 9 righte\sness4 #f4 ,?us sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s3 ,/r5g!n y\r h&s1 ,o ye :o h he>d 9 su* days su* words f ! m\? ( ! prophets1 s9ce#idd ! day :5 ! ,h\se ( ,jehovah ( ,ho/s 0 f\nd$3 ! sanctu>y 0 to be built6 ,= be=e ^? days !re 0 no ga9 = man1#ide & none to be made by cattle2 & nei!r = him t w5t out nor = him t came 9 0 !re any peace f ! adv]s>y1 & ,i set e man's h& aga9/ 8 neighb\r4 ,b n n[ z 9 ! pa/ days am ,i t[>ds ! remnant ( ?is p--oracle ( ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4 ,= ,i am s[+ ! se$ ( peace4#idf ,! v9e %all yield h] fruit1 & ! l& yield h] increase1 & ! heav5s yield _! dew1 & ,i w give !m all = a h]itage to ! remnant ( ?is p4 ,& x %all come to pass1 t z ye h be5 a curse among ! nations1 ,o h\se ( ,judah & h\se ( ,israel1 s w ,i save y & ye %all be a bless+6 ,be n afraid1 /r5g!n y\r h&s6 #g4 ,= ?us sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s3 ,z ,i h plann$ to d evil to y1 = ! provocation y\r fa!rs gave ,me1 sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s1 & did n rel5t1 s h ,i turn$ & plann$ 9 ^! days to d good to ,j]usalem & ! h\se ( ,judah4 ,be n afraid6 ,^! are ! ?+s :i* ye %all d3 ,speak tru? to "o ano!r2 tru? & :olesome judgm5t decree ye 9 y\r gates2 & plan no evil to ea* o!r 9 y\r he>ts1 nor take pleasure 9 false swe>+3 = x is all ^! t ,i hate--oracle ( ,jehovah4 ,& ! ,^w ( ,jehovah ( ,ho/s came to me1 say+3-- #h4 ,?us sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s3 ,! fa/ ( ! f\r? mon?1 & ! fa/ ( ! fif?1 & ! fa/ ( ! sev5?1 & ! fa/ ( ! t5?1 %all become to ! h\se ( ,judah joy & gladness & happy fea/s4#idg ,b love ye tru? & peace4 #i4 ,?us sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s3 ,!re %all yet come peoples & citiz5s ( great cities2 & ! citiz5s ( "o city#idh w g to ano!r city1 say+3 8,let u g to propitiate ,jehovah1 & to seek ,jehovah ( ,ho/s60 8,i w g too60 ,& _m peoples & /rong nations %all come to seek ,jehovah ( ,ho/s 9 ,j]usalem & to propitiate ,jehovah4 #aj4 ,?us sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s3 ,9 ^? days t5 m51 ( all languages ( ! nations1 %all take hold ( ! skirt ( a ,jew & say1 ,we w g ) y1 = we h he>d t ,god is ) y4 ,,footnotes3 #ica ,cf4 *ap4 vii4 #c3 ! prie/s :i* 7 ( ! h\se ( ,jehovah4 #icb ,j]4 xli4 #b2 #b ,k+s xxv4 #be4 #icc ,! ,hebrew text is difficult if n impossible to con/rue3 ,= ,be!l s5t ,s>'es] 7)\t sign ( accusative7 & ,regem-,melekh & 8 m54 ,wellhaus5 po9ts out t ,s>'es] is a defective "n1 requir+ ! "n or title ( deity 9 front ( x1 & ,m>ti proposes to f9d ?is 9 ! la/ syllable ( ,be!l1 & to read ',el-s>'es]4 ,x is tempt+ to f9d 9 ! fir/ syllable ( ,be!l ! remnant ( ! phrase to ! h\se ( ,jehovah4 #icd ,to /roke ! face (4 #ice ,! fif? mon? ,j]usalem fell1 ! sev5? mon? ,g$aliah 0 murd]$3 ,j]4 lii4 #ab f42 #b ,k+s xxv4 #h f41 #be4 #icf ,s ,,lxx4 ,heb4 has acc4 sign be=e words1 p]haps imply+ ,is x n r necess>y to d ! words8 etc4 #icg ,omit "h v]4 #h1 ,& ! ,^w ( ,jehovah came to ,ze*>iah1 say+4 ,x is obvi\sly a gloss by a scribe :o did n notice t ! ( v]4 #i is ,god's /atem5t by ! =m] prophets4 #ich ,cf4 ! phrase ) "o %\ld]1 i4e4 unanim\sly4 #ici ,s ,heb4 & ,,lxx42 b p]haps we ought to po9t & ,i :irl$ !m away1 tak+ ! clause ) ! next4 #idj ,see above1 pp4 #bga f4 #ida ,cf4 especially ,isa4 xl4 ff4 #idb ,isa4 i4 #bf4 #idc ,n m]ely ,my p 7,wellhaus571 b _! return %all con/itute !m a p once m4 ,! quotation is f ,hosea ii4 #be4 #idd ,s ,,lxx4 #ide ,b he t made wages made !m to put !m into a bag ) holes1 ,haggai i4 #f4 #idf ,read = ( ! text1 = ! se$ ( peace4 ,! ,,lxx4 makes a v]b4 ,cf4 ,hosea ii4 #bc ff41 :i* ! next clauses %[ to be 9 ! m9d ( our prophet4 ,klo/]mann & ,n[ack pref] 1 h] 7! remnant's7 se$ %all be peace4 #idg ,9 ! t5? mon? ! siege ( ,j]usalem _h begun 7#b ,k+s xxv4 #a72 on ! n9? ( ! f\r? mon? ,j]usalem 0 tak5 7,j]4 xxxix4 #b72 on ! sev5? ( ! fif? ,city & ,temple 7 burnt d[n 7#b ,k+s xxv4 #h72 9 ! sev5? mon? ,g$aliah 0 assass9at$ & ! poor relics ( a ,jewi% /ate swept f ! l& 7,j]4 xli474 ,see above1 pp4 #cj ff4 #idh ,,lxx4 ! citiz5s ( five cities w g to "o4 8,,mala*i0 ,h we n all ,"o ,fa!r8 ,:y !n are we unfai?ful to ea* o!r8 ,! lips ( a ,prie/ gu>d k1 & m5 seek in/ruction f 8 m\?1 = he is ! ,angel ( ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,! ,,book ,,( 8,,mala*i0 ,?is book1 ! la/ 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! prophetic canon1 be>s ! title3 ,burd5 or ,oracle ( ! ,^w ( ,jehovah to ,israel by ! h& ( mal'akhi4 ,s9ce at lea/ ! second c5tury ( our era ! ^w has be5 und]/ood z a prop] "n1 ,mala*i or ,mala*ias4 ,b !re are /rong objections to ?is1 z well z to ! g5u95ess ( ! :ole title1 & critics n[ almo/ univ]sally agree t ! book 0 orig9ally anonym\s4 ,x is true t nei!r 9 =m nor 9 mean+ is !re any insup]able ob/acle to our und]/&+ 8mal'akhi0 z ! "n ( a p]son4 ,if s1 h[ev]1 x _c h be51 z "s h sugge/$1 an abbreviation ( ,mal'akhiyah1 =1 accord+ to ! analogy ( o!r names ( su* =mation1 ?is c\ld only express ! impossible mean+ ,jehovah is ,angel4#idi ,b1 z x /&s1 x might h meant ,my ,angel or ,mess5g]1 or x may be tak5 z an adjective1 ,angelicus4#iej ,ei!r ( ^! mean+s w\ld =m a natural "n = a ,jewi% *ild1 & a v suitable "o = a prophet4 ,!re is evid5ce1 h[ev]1 t "s ( ! e>lie/ ,jewi% int]pret]s did n ?9k ( ! title z conta9+ ! "n ( a p]son4 ,! ,septuag9t read by ! h& ( ,8 mess5g]1#iea 8mal'akho02 & ! ,t>gum ( ,jona?an1 :ile reta9+ 8mal'akhi10 r5d]$ x ,my mess5g]1 add+ t x 0 ,ezra ! ,scribe :o 0 ?us designat$4#ieb ,?is op9ion 0 adopt$ by ,calv94 ,rec5t criticism has %[n t1 :e!r ! ^w 0 orig9ally int5d$ z a p]sonal "n or n1 x 0 a purely artificial "o borr[$ f *ap4 iii4 #a1 ,behold1 ,i s5d ,my mess5g]1 8mal'akhi10 = ! title1 :i* itself has be5 add$ by ! editor ( ! ,twelve ,prophets 9 ! =m 9 :i* we n[ h !m4 ,! peculi> words ( ! title1 ,burd5 or ,oracle ( ! ,^w ( ,jehovah1 occur n[h]e else ?an 9 ! titles ( ! two prophecies :i* h be5 app5d$ to ! ,book ( ,ze*>iah1 *ap4 ix4 #a & *ap4 xii4 #a1 & imm$iately prec$e ?is ,book ( 8,mala*i40 ,9 *ap4 ix4 #a ! ,^w ( ,jehovah belongs to ! text2 ,burd5 or ,oracle has be5 ins]t$ be=e x z a title2 !n ! :ole phrase has be5 ins]t$ z a title 9 *ap4 xii4 #a4 ,^! two pieces are anonym\s1 & no?+ is m likely ?an t ano!r anonym\s prophecy %\ld h receiv$1 :5 atta*$ to !m1 ! same head+4#iec ,! argum5t is n f9al1 b x is ! mo/ probable explanation ( ! data1 & agrees ) ! o!r facts4 ,! cumulative =ce ( all t we h /at$--! improbability ( mal'akhi be+ a p]sonal "n1 ! fact t ! e>lie/ v]sions d n treat x z su*1 ! obvi\s sugge/ion = its inv5tion 9 ! mal'akhi ( *ap4 iii4 #a1 ! abs5ce ( a fa!r's "n & place ( resid5ce1 & ! "* ( ! :ole title--is en\gh = ! op9ion rapidly spread+ among critics t our book 01 l s mu* m 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 orig9ally anonym\s4#ied ,! au?or attacks ! religi\s au?orities ( 8 day2 he belongs to a pi\s remnant ( 8 p1 :o are ov]borne & p]haps oppress$ by ! majority4#iee ,9 ^! facts1 :i* are all we "k ( 8 p]sonality1 he f\nd suffici5t reason = n atta*+ 8 "n to 8 prophecy4 ,! book is also undat$1 b x reflects its p]iod almo/ z cle>ly z d ! dat$ ,books ( ,haggai & ,ze*>iah4 ,! conque/ ( ,edom by ! ,nabateans1 :i* took place dur+ ! ,exile1#ief is already pa/4#ieg ,! ,jews are "u a ,p]sian vic]oy4#ieh ,!y are 9 t\* ) a hea!n p[]1 :i* does n tyrannise ov] !m1 = ?is book is ! fir/ to pr$ict no judgm5t ^u ! hea!n1 & ! fir/1 moreov]1 to ackn[l$ge t among ! hea!n ! true ,god is wor%ipp$ f ! ris+ to ! sett+ ( ! sun4#iei ,! only judgm5t pr$ict$ is "o ^u ! false & disob$i5t portion ( ,israel1 ^: arrogance & success h ca/ true ,israelites into despair4#ifj ,all ?is reveals a "t :5 ! ,jews 7 fav\rably treat$ by _! ,p]sian lords4 ,! reign mu/ be t ( ,artax]xes ,longh&1 #dfd--dbd4 ,! ,temple has be5 f9i%$1#ifa & ye>s en\gh h elaps$ to disappo9t ^? f]vid hopes ) :i* ab\t #eah ,ze*>iah expect$ its completion4 ,! congregation has gr[n worldly & c>eless4 ,9 p>ticul> ! prie/s are corrupt & p>tial 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,law4#ifb ,!re h be5 _m m>riages ) ! hea!n wom5 ( ! l&2#ifc & ! laity h fail$ to pay ! ti!s & o!r dues to ! ,temple4#ifd ,^! are ! evils aga9/ :i* we f9d /r5u\s measures direct$ by ,ezra1 :o return$ f ,babylon 9 #deh1ife & by ,nehemiah1 :o visit$ ,j]usalem z its gov]nor = ! fir/ "t 9 #dde & = ! second "t 9 #dcc4 ,besides1 8! religi\s _s ( ! book is t ( ! pray]s ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah4 ,a /rong s5se ( ! unique privileges ( ! *ildr5 ( ,jacob1 ! objects ( elect+ love1#iff ! *ildr5 ( ! ,div9e ,fa!r1#ifg is comb9$ ) an equally /rong assurance ( ,jehovah's righte\sness amid/ ! _m mis]ies t press$ on ! unhappy inhabitants ( ,juda4444 ,ob$i5ce to ! ,law is ! sure pa? to bless$ness40#ifh ,b ! "q /ill rema9s :e!r ! ,book ( 8,mala*i0 prep>$ =1 assi/$ or foll[$ up ! re=ms ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah4 ,an anci5t tradition already allud$ to#ifi assign$ ! au?or%ip to ,ezra himself4 ,rec5t criticism has be5 divid$ among ! ye>s imm$iately be=e ,ezra's arrival 9 #deh1 ^? imm$iately be=e ,nehemiah's fir/ visit 9 #dde1 ^? betwe5 8 fir/ gov]nm5t & 8 second1 & ^? aft] ,nehemiah's disappe>ance f ,j]usalem4 ,b ! ye>s 9 :i* ,nehemiah held (fice may be exclud$1 because ! ,jews are repres5t$ z br++ gifts to ! gov]nor1 :i* ,nehemiah tells u he did n all[ to be br\ght to him4#igj ,! :ole "q dep5ds ^u :at ,law 0 9 practice 9 ,israel :5 ! book 0 writt54 ,9 #dde ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 by solemn cov5ant betwe5 ! p & ,jehovah1 in/itut$ ! code :i* we n[ "k z ! ,prie/ly ,code ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,be=e t ye> ! ritual & social life ( ! ,jews appe> to h be5 direct$ by ! ,deut]onomic ,code4 ,n[ ! ,book ( 8,mala*i0 en=ces a practice ) reg>d to ! ti!s1 :i* agrees m closely ) ! ,prie/ly ,code ?an x does ) ,deut]onomy4 ,deut]onomy comm&s t e ?ird ye> ! :ole ti! is to be giv5 to ! ,levites & ! poor :o reside )9 ! gates ( ! giv]1 & is !re to be eat5 by !m4 8,mala*i0 comm&s t ! :ole ti! be br\ght into ! /oreh\se ( ! ,temple = ! ,levites 9 s]vice !re2 & s does ! ,prie/ly ,code4#iga ,on ?is gr\nd _m date ! ,book ( 8,mala*i0 aft] #dde4igb ,b 8,mala*i's0 div]g5ce f ,deut]onomy on ?is po9t may be expla9$ by ! fact t 9 8 "t !re 7 practically no ,levites outside ,j]usalem2 & x is to be notic$ t he jo9s ! ti! ) ! trmah or heave-(f]+ exactly z ,deut]onomy does4#igc ,on o!r po9ts ( ! ,law he agrees r ) ,deut]onomy ?an ) ! ,prie/ly ,code4 ,he foll[s ,deut]onomy 9 call+ ! prie/s sons ( ,levi1#igd :ile ! ,prie/ly ,code limits ! prie/hood to ! sons ( ,a>on4 ,he seems to quote ,deut]onomy :5 =bidd+ ! oblation ( bl9d1 lame & sick bea/s2#ige appe>s to diff] f ! ,prie/ly ,code :i* all[s ! sacrificial bea/ to be male or female1 :5 he assumes t x is a male2#igf foll[s ! expressions ( ,deut]onomy & n ^? ( ! ,prie/ly ,code 9 detail+ ! s9s ( ! p2#igg & uses ! ,deut]onomic phrases ! ,law ( ,moses1 ,my s]vant ,moses1 /atutes & judgm5ts1 & ,horeb = ! ,m\nt ( ! ,law4#igh ,= ! re/1 he e*oes or implies only ,ezekiel & t "p ( ! ,prie/ly ,code#igi :i* is reg>d$ z e>li] ?an ! re/1 & probably f ! fir/ ye>s ( exile4 ,moreov] he describes ! ,torah z n yet fully codifi$4#ihj ,! prie/s /ill deliv] x 9 a way improbable aft] #dde4 ,! tr\ble ( ! hea!n m>riages ) :i* he deals 7if inde$ ! v]ses on ?is subject be au!ntic & n a lat] intrusion#iha7 0 t :i* engag$ ,ezra's att5tion on 8 arrival 9 #deh1 b ,ezra f\nd t x _h already = "s "t be5 vex+ ! heads ( ! community4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 we are oblig$ to date ! ,book ( 8,mala*i0 be=e #dde ,b4,c41 x is unc]ta9 :e!r x prec$$ or foll[$ ,ezra's attempts at re=m 9 #deh4 ,mo/ critics n[ ?9k t x prec$$ !m4#ihb ,! ,book ( 8,mala*i0 is an argum5t ) ! prophet's contempor>ies1 n only ) ! wick$ among !m1 :o 9 =getfulness ( :at ,jehovah is corrupt ! ritual1 fail to give ! ,temple its dues1 abuse ju/ice1 m>ry =eign wives1#ihc divorce _! own1 & commit v>i\s o!r s9s2 b also ) ! pi\s1 :o1 equally =getful ( ,god's "*1 are driv5 by ! arrogance ( ! wick$ to ask1 :e!r ,he loves ,israel1 :e!r ,he is a ,god ( ju/ice1 & to murmur t x is va9 to s]ve ,him4 ,to ^! two classes ( 8 contempor>ies ! prophet has ! foll[+ answ]s4 ,god does love ,israel4 ,he is wor%ipp$ ev]y:]e among ! hea!n4 ,he is ! ,fa!r ( all ,israel4 ,he w bless ,8 p :5 !y put away all abuses f _! mid/ & pay _! religi\s dues2 & ,8 ,day ( ,judgm5t is com+1 :5 ! good %all be sep>at$ f ! wick$4 ,b be=e x come1 ,elijah ! prophet w be s5t to attempt ! conv]sion ( ! wick$1 or at lea/ to call ! nation to decide = ,jehovah4 ,?is argum5t is pursu$ 9 sev5 or p]haps eight p>agraphs1 :i* d n %[ mu* consecutiv5ess1 b are address$1 "s to ! wick$1 & "s to ! despair+ adh]5ts ( ,jehovah4 #a4 ,*ap4 i4 #b-e4--,to ^? :o ask h[ ,god loves ,israel1 ! pro( ( ,jehovah's election ( ,israel is %[n 9 ! fall ( ! ,edomites4 #b4 ,*ap4 i4 #f-ad4--;,*>ge aga9/ ! p ( di%on\r+ _! ,god1 :om ev5 ! hea!n rev]5ce4 #c4 ,*ap4 ii4 #a-i4--;,*>ge aga9/ ! prie/s1 :o h brok5 ! cov5ant ,god made ( old ) ,levi1 & debas$ _! high (fice by n rev]5c+ ,jehovah1 by mislead+ ! p & by p]v]t+ ju/ice4 ,a curse is !re=e fall5 on !m--!y are contemptible 9 ! p's eyes4 #d4 ,*ap4 ii4 #aj-af4--;,a *>ge aga9/ ! p = _! trea*]y to ea* o!r2 in/anc$ 9 ! hea!n m>riages1 if ! two v]ses1 #aa & #ab1 ^u ?is be au!ntic1 & 9 _! divorce ( _! wives4 #e4 ,*ap4 ii4 #ag--;iii4 #e or #f4--;,aga9/ ^? :o 9 ! mid/ ( su* evils gr[ sceptical ab\t ,jehovah4 ,8 ,angel1 or ,himself1 w come fir/ to purge ! prie/hood & ritual t !re may be pure sacrifices1 & second to rid ! l& ( its crim9als & s9n]s4 #f4 ,*ap4 iii4 #f or #g-ab4--;,a *>ge aga9/ ! p ( neglect+ ti!s4 ,let ^! be paid1 disa/]s %all cease & ! l& be bless$4 #g4 ,*ap4 iii4 #ac-ba ,heb41 ,*ap4 iii4 #ac--;iv4 #b ,,lxx4 & ,eng4--,ano!r *>ge aga9/ ! pi\s = say+ x is va9 to s]ve ,god4 ,god w rise to action & sep>ate betwe5 ! good & bad 9 ! t]rible ,day ( ,8 com+4 #h4 ,to ?is1 ,*ap4 iii4 #bb-bd ,heb41 ,*ap4 iv4 #c-e ,eng41 adds a call to keep ! ,law1 & a promise t ,elijah w be s5t to see :e!r he may n conv]t ! p be=e ! ,day ( ! ,"l comes ^u !m ) its curse4 ,! au!nticity ( no "p ( ! book has be5 till n[ 9 s]i\s "q4 ,bhme1#ihd inde$1 took ! la/ ?ree v]ses = a lat] addition1 on acc\nt ( _! ,deut]onomic "*1 b1 z ,ku55 po9ts out1 ?is is 9 agreem5t ) o!r p>ts ( ! book4 ,suffici5t att5tion has n yet be5 paid to ! "q ( ! integrity ( ! text4 ,! ,septuag9t (f]s a few em5dations4#ihe ,!re are o!r passages obvi\sly or probably corrupt4#ihf ,! text ( ! title1 z we h se51 is unc]ta91 & probably a lat] addition4 ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi? has call$ att5tion to *ap4 ii4 #af1 :]e ! ,massoretic punctuation seems to h be5 det]m9$ ) ! desire to support ! r5d]+ ( ! ,t>gum 8if ?\ hate/ h] put h] away10 & s p]v]t into a p]mission to divorce a passage :i* =bids divorce almo/ z cle>ly z ,*ri/ ,himself did4 ,b 9 tru? ! :ole ( ?is passage1 *ap4 ii4 #aj-af1 is 9 su* a curi\s /ate t we c h>dly believe 9 its integrity4 ,x op5s ) ! /atem5t t ,god is ! ,fa!r ( all u ,israelites1 & ) ! *all5ge1 :y !n are we fai?less to ea* o!r8--v]4 #aj4 ,b vv4 #aa & #ab d n give an in/ance ( ?is3 !y describe ! m>riages ) ! hea!n wom5 ( ! l&1 :i* is n a pro( ( fai?lessness betwe5 ,israelites4 ,su* a pro( is furni%$ only by vv4 #ac-af1 ) _! condemnation ( ^? :o divorce ! wives ( _! y\?4 ,! v]ses1 !re=e1 _c lie 9 _! prop] ord]1 & vv4 #ac-af ought to foll[ imm$iately ^u v]4 #aj4 ,?is raises ! "q ( ! au!nticity ( vv4 #aa & #ab1 aga9/ ! hea!n m>riages4 ,if !y be> su* pla9 m>ks ( hav+ be5 intrud$ into _! position1 we c und]/& ! possibility ( su* an intrusion 9 subsequ5t days1 :5 ! "q ( ! hea!n m>riages came to ! front ) ,ezra & ,nehemiah4 ,besides1 ^! v]ses #aa & #ab lack ! *>act]i/ic m>k ( all ! o!r oracles ( ! book3 !y d n /ate a g5]al *>ge aga9/ ! p1 & !n introduce ! p's "q z to ! p>ticul>s ( ! *>ge4 ,on ! :ole1 !re=e1 ^! v]ses are suspici\s4 ,if n a lat] intrusion1 !y are at lea/ out ( place :]e !y n[ lie4 ,! peculi> rem>k 9 v]4 #ac1 & ?is secondly ye d1 mu/ h be5 add$ by ! editor to :om we owe ! pres5t arrangem5t4 ,,footnotes3 #idi or 4 ,to judge f ! analogy ( o!r cases ( ! same =mation 7e4g4 ,abiyah ,jehovah is ,fa!r1 & n ,fa!r ( ,jehovah71 ?is "n1 if ev] extant1 c\ld n h borne ! mean+1 :i* ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,cornill1 ,kirkpatrick1 etc41 suppose x mu/ h done1 ( ,angel ( ,jehovah4 ,^! s*ol>s1 x %\ld be add$1 oppose1 = v>i\s reasons1 ! !ory t x is a prop] "n4 #iej ,cf4 ! sugge/$ mean+ ( ,haggai1 ,fe/us4 ,above1 p4 #bca4 #iea ,& add$ ! words1 lay x to y\r he>ts3 4 ,ba*mann 7,a4 ,t4 ,unt]su*41 ,b]l91 #ahid1 pp4 #aji ff47 takes ?is add$ clause z a translation ( 1 & sugge/s t x may be a corruption ( an orig9al 1 & 8 "n 0 ,kaleb4 ,b ! read+ is n ! exact equival5t ( ! ,greek phrase4 #ieb 4 #iec ,see ,/ade1 ,z4,a4,t4,w41 #ahha1 p4 #ad2 #ahhb1 p4 #cjh2 ,cornill1 ,e9leitung1 #d? ed41 pp4 #bjg f4 #ied ,s 7besides ,calv91 :o takes x z a title7 ev5 ,h5g/5b]g 9 8 ,*ri/ology ( ! ,o4 ,t41 ,ewald1 ,ku551 ,reuss1 ,/ade1 ,rob4 ,smi?1 ,cornill1 ,wellhaus51 ,kirkpatrick 7probably71 ,wildebo]1 ,n[ack4 ,on ! o!r side ,hitzig1 ,vatke1 ,ngelsba* & ,volck 79 ,h]zog71 ,von ,orelli1 ,pusey & ,rob]tson hold x to be a p]sonal "n--,pusey ) ?is qualification1 8t ! prophet may h fram$ x = himself10 simil>ly ,orelli4 ,!y support _! op9ion by ! fact t ev5 ! ,,lxx4 entitle ! book 2 t ! ^w 0 reg>d$ z a prop] "n 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*1 & t x is a possible "n = a ,hebrew4 ,9 opposition to ! hypo!sis t x 0 borr[$ f *ap4 iii4 #a1 ,hitzig sugge/s ! conv]se t 9 ! latt] ! prophet plays ^u 8 own "n4 ,none ( ^! critics1 h[ev]1 meets ! objections to ! "n drawn f ! peculi> "* ( ! title & its relations to ,ze*4 ix4 #a1 xii4 #a4 ,! suppos$ "n ( ! prophet gave rise to ! leg5d support$ by _m ( ! ,fa!rs t ,mala*i1 l ,haggai & ,john ! ,bapti/1 0 an inc>nate angel4 ,?is is /at$ & condemn$ by ,j]ome1 ,comm4 ad ,hag4 i4 #ac1 b held by ,orig51 ,t]tullian & o!rs4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* an op9ion is itself pro( = ! imp]sonal "* ( ! "n4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! re/ ( ! prophets1 ,*ri/ian tradition furni%es ! prophet ) ! outl9e ( a biography4 ,see 7,pseud-7,epiphanius & o!r writ]s quot$ above1 p4 #bcb4 #iee iii4 #af ff4 #ief ,see above on ,obadiah1 p4 #afi1 & bel[ on ! passage itself4 #ieg i4 #b-e4 #ieh i4 #h4 #iei i4 #aa3 ! v]bs "h are to be tak5 9 ! pres5t1 n z 9 ,a4,v4 9 ! future1 t5se4 #ifj ,passim3 especially iii4 #ac ff41 #bd4 #ifa i4 #aj2 iii4 #a1 #aj4 #ifb ii4 #a-i4 #ifc ii4 #aj-af4 #ifd iii4 #g-ab4 #ife ,see above1 pp4 #aie f4 #iff i4 #b4 #ifg ii4 #aj4 #ifh ii4 #ag--;iii4 #ab2 iii4 #bb f41 ,eng4 iv4 ,! above s5t5ces are f ,rob]tson ,smi?1 art4 8,mala*i10 ,encyc4 ,brit41 #i? ed4 #ifi ,above1 p4 #ccb1 n4 #ieb4 #igj 8,mal40 i4 #h2 ,neh4 v4 #iga ,deut4 xii4 #aa1 xxvi4 #ab2 8,mal40 iii4 #h1 #aj2 ,num4 xviii4 #ba ff4 7,p74 #igb ,vatke 7contemporane\s ) ,nehemiah71 ,s*rad]1 ,keil1 ,ku55 7p]haps 9 second gov]nor%ip ( ,nehemiah1 b see above1 p4 #cce1 = a decisive reason aga9/ ?is71 ,khl]1 ,driv]1 ,von ,orelli 7betwe5 ,nehemiah's fir/ & second visit71 ,kirkpatrick1 ,rob]tson4 #igc ,deut4 xii4 #aa4 ,9 ,p trmah is a due paid to prie/s z di/9ct f ,levites4 #igd ii4 #d-h3 cf4 ,deut4 xxxiii4 #h4 #ige i4 #h2 ,deut4 xv4 #ba4 #igf i4 #ad2 ,lev4 iii4 #a1 #f4 #igg iii4 #e2 ,deut4 v4 #aa ff41 xviii4 #aj1 xxiv4 #ag ff42 ,lev4 xix4 #ca1 #cc f41 xx4 #f4 #igh iii4 #bb ,heb41 iv4 #d ,eng4 ,law ( ,moses & ,moses ,my s]vant are f\nd only 9 ! ,deut]onomi/ic portions ( ! ,hexateu* & hi/orical books & "h4 ,9 ,p ,s9ai is ! ,m\nt ( ! ,law4 ,to ! above may be add$ segullah1 iii4 #ag1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! ,p5tateu* only outside ,p & 9 ,psalm cxxxv4 #d4 ,all ^! resemblances betwe5 8,mala*i0 & ,deut]onomy & 8,mala*i's0 div]g5ces f ,p are giv5 9 ,rob]tson ,smi?'s ,old ,te/4 9 ! ,jewi% ,*ur*1 #bnd ed41 #dbe ff43 cf4 #ddd ff4 #igi ,lev4 xvii4--xxvi4 ,f ?is & ,ezekiel he receiv$ ! conception ( ! pr(anation ( ! sanctu>y by ! s9s ( ! p--ii4 #aa3 cf4 also ii4 #b1 iii4 #c1 #d1 = traces ( ,ezekiel's influ5ce4 #ihj ii4 #f ff4 #iha ,see bel[1 pp4 #cdj1 #cfc1 #cfe4 #ihb ,h]zfeld1 ,bleek1 ,/ade1 ,kautzs* 7probably71 ,wellhaus5 7,ges*41 p4 #abe71 ,n[ack be=e ! arrival ( ,ezra1 ,cornill ei!r soon be=e or soon aft] #deh1 ,rob]tson ,smi? ei!r be=e or soon aft] #dde4 ,hitzig at fir/ put x be=e #deh1 b 0 aft]w>ds mov$ to date x aft] #ceh1 z he took ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,edomites describ$ 9 *ap4 i4 #b-e to be due to a campaign 9 t ye> by ,artax]xes ,o*us 7cf4 ,euseb41 ,*ron41 ,,ii4 #bba74 #ihc ,b see bel[1 pp4 #cdj1 #cfe4 #ihd ,z4,a4,t4,w41 #ahhg1 #baj ff4 #ihe i4 #aa1 = 2 p]haps ii4 #ab1 = 2 p]haps iii4 #h ff41 = 2 #af1 = 4 #ihf i4 #aa ff42 ii4 #c1 & p]haps #ab1 #ae4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,f ,,ze*>iah ,,to 8,,mala*i0 ,betwe5 ! completion ( ! ,temple 9 #eaf & ! arrival ( ,ezra 9 #deh1 we h almo/ no record ( ! little colony r\nd ,m\nt ,zion4 ,! ,jewi% *ronicles devote to ! p]iod b a few v]ses ( unsupport$ tradition4#ihg ,aft] #eag we h no?+ f ,ze*>iah himself2 & if any o!r prophet appe>$ dur+ ! next half-c5tury1 8 words h n surviv$4 ,we are left to inf] :at 0 ! true condition ( affairs1 n less f ?is om9\s sil5ce ?an f ! h9ts :i* are giv5 to u 9 ! writ+s ( 8,mala*i10 ,ezra & ,nehemiah aft] ! p]iod 0 ov]4 ,beyond a p>tial attempt to rebuild ! walls ( ! city 9 ! reign ( ,artax]xes ,i41#ihh !re seems to h be5 no?+ to record4 ,x 0 a p]iod ( disillusion1 di%e>t5+ & decay4 ,! completion ( ! ,temple did n br+ 9 ! ,messianic era4 ,z]ubbabel1 :om ,haggai & ,ze*>iah _h cr[n$ z ! promis$ ,k+ ( ,israel1 di$ )\t rea*+ high] rank ?an a m9or satrapy 9 ! ,p]sian ,empire1 & ev5 9 t he appe>s to h be5 succe$$ by a ,p]sian (ficial4#ihi ,! re-migrations f ,babylon & else:]e1 :i* ,ze*>iah pr$ict$1 did n take place4 ,! small population ( ,j]usalem 7 /ill h>ass$ by ! ho/ility1 & _! morale sapp$ by ! insidi\sness1 ( _! ,sam>itan neighb\rs3 !y 7 d5i$ ! /imulus1 ! purgation1 ! glory ( a great p]secution4 ,_! ,p]sian tyrants = ! mo/ "p left !m alone4 ,! _w left !m alone4 ,no?+ /irr$ 9 ,pale/9e except ! ,sam>itan intrigues4 ,hi/ory roll$ away we/w>d1 & de/9y seem$ to be settl+ on ! ,greeks4 ,9 #dij ,miltiades defeat$ ! ,p]sians at ,m>a?on4 ,9 #dhj ,!rmopyl 0 f\ght & ! ,p]sian fleet brok5 at ,salamis4 ,9 #dgi a ,p]sian army 0 de/roy$ at ,plata1 & ,x]xes lo/ ,europe & mo/ ( ! ,ionian coa/4 ,9 #dfj ,a!ns s5t an exp$ition to ,egypt to assi/ ! ,egyptian revolt aga9/ ,p]sia1 & 9 #deg 8h] sla9 fell 9 ,cyprus1 9 ,egypt1 9 ,phnicia1 at ,hali1 9 g9a1 & 9 ,meg>a 9 ! same ye>40 ,?us sev]ely left to !mselves & to ! petty ho/ilities ( _! neighb\rs1 ! ,jews appe> to h sunk into a c>eless & sordid mann] ( life4 ,!y ent]$ ! p]iod1 x is true1 ) "s s5se ( _! di/9ction4#iij ,9 exile !y _h suff]$ ,god's ang]1#iia & _h be5 purg$ by x4 ,b out ( discipl9e (t5 spr+s pride1 & !re is no subtl] temptation ( ! human he>t4 ,! return$ ,israel felt ?is to ! quick1 & x sorely unfitt$ !m = enc\nt]+ ! disappo9tm5t & h>d%ip :i* foll[$ ^u ! completion ( ! ,temple4 ,! tide ( hope1 :i* rose to flood ) t consummation1 ebb$ rapidly away1 & left ,god's p /ruggl+1 l any ord9>y tribe ( peasants1 ) bad seasons & ! cruelty ( _! envi\s neighb\rs4 ,_! pride 0 set on edge1 & !y fell1 n z at o!r p]iods ( disappo9tm5t into despair1 b into a bitt] c>elessness & a contempt ( _! duty to ,god4 ,?is 0 a curi\s temp]1 &1 s f> z we "k1 new 9 ,israel4 ,x l$ !m to despise bo? ,8 love & ,8 hol9ess4#iib ,!y neglect$ _! ,temple dues1 & impud5tly pres5t$ to _! ,god pollut$ bread & blemi%$ bea/s :i* !y w\ld n h d>$ to (f] to _! ,p]sian gov]nor4#iic ,l p l prie/3 ! prie/hood lo/ n rev]5ce only1 b dec5cy & all consci5ce ( _! (fice4#iid ,!y despis$ ! ,table ( ! ,"l1 ceas$ to in/ruct ! p & grew p>tial 9 judgm5t4 ,z a consequ5ce !y became contemptible 9 ! eyes ( ! community4 ,immorality prevail$ among all classes3 e man dealt trea*]\sly ) 8 bro!r4#iie ,adult]y1 p]jury1 fraud & ! oppression ( ! poor 7 v rife4 ,"o p>ticul> fa%ion1 9 :i* ! p's w\nd$ pride spit$ itself1 0 ! cu/om ( m>riage :i* ev5 ! be/ families contract$ ) ! half-hea!n p ( ! l&4 ,across ,judah !re 7 scatt]$ ! desc5dants ( ^? ,jews :om ,nebu*adrezz> _h n deem$ wor? remov+ to ,babylon4 ,:e!r reg>d$ f a social or a religi\s po9t ( view1 _! fa!rs _h be5 ! dregs ( ! old community4 ,_! own religion1 cut (f z !y 7 f ! ma9 body ( ,israel & scatt]$ among ! old hea!n %r9es ( ! l&1 mu/ h det]iorat$ /ill fur!r2 b 9 all probability !y _h secur$ = !mselves ! be/ portions ( ! vacant soil1 & n[ enjoy$ a com=t & a /ability ( welf>e f> beyond t :i* 0 yet atta9able by ! majority ( ! return$ exiles4 ,m num]\s ?an ^! dregs ( anci5t ,jewry 7 ! v mix$ race ( ! ,sam>itans4 ,!y possess$ a ri* l&1 :i* !y _h cultivat$ long en\gh = _m ( _! families to be settl$ 9 comp>ative weal?4 ,) all ^! half-pagan ,jews & ,sam>itans1 ! families ( ! true ,israel1 z !y reg>d$ !mselves1 did n hesitate to =m alliances1 = 9 ! prec>i\s position ( ! colony1 su* alliances 7 ! sure/ way bo? to weal? & to political influ5ce4 ,h[ mu* ! ,jews 7 ma/]$ by _! desire = !m is se5 f ! fact t1 :5 ! relatives ( _! half-hea!n brides made x a condition ( ! m>riages t !y %\ld fir/ put away _! old wives1 !y readily did s4 ,divorce became v frequ5t1 & great suff]+ 0 inflict$ on ! native ,jewi% wom54#iif ,s ! religi\s condition ( ,israel decl9$ = ne>ly two g5]ations1 & !n ab\t #dfj ! ,^w ( ,god1 aft] long sil5ce1 broke once m ?r\gh a prophet's lips4 ,we call ?is prophet 8,mala*i10 foll[+ ! error ( an editor ( 8 book1 :o1 f9d+ x nameless1 inf]r$ or inv5t$ t "n f its description ( ! prie/ z ! 8,mal'a*10 or mess5g]1 ( ! ,"l ( ,ho/s4#iig ,b ! prophet gave himself no "n4 ,writ+ f ! mid/ ( a poor & p]secut$ gr\p ( ! p1 & attack+ ! au?orities bo? ( *ur* & /ate1 he pref]r$ to publi% 8 *>ge anonym\sly4 ,8 "n 0 9 ! ,"l's own book ( remembrance4#iih ,! unkn[n prophet address$ himself bo? to ! s9n]s ( 8 p1 & to ^? qu]ul\s adh]5ts ( ,jehovah :om ! success ( ! s9n]s _h tempt$ to despair 9 _! s]vice ( ,god4 ,8 /yle %>es ! practical directness ( 8 pr$ecessors among ! return$ exiles4 ,he takes up "o po9t aft] ano!r1 & drives !m home 9 a s]ies ( /rong1 pla9 p>agraphs ( prose4 ,b x is sixty ye>s s9ce ,haggai & ,ze*>iah1 & 9 ! circum/ances we h describ$1 a prophet c\ld no long] come =w>d z a public inspir] ( 8 nation4 ,prophecy seems to h be5 driv5 f public life1 f ! sudd5 en=cem5t ( tru? 9 ! face ( ! p to ! m delib]ate & ord]$ argum5t :i* m>ks ! tea*] :o works 9 private4 ,9 ! ,book ( 8,mala*i0 !re are _m ( ! pr9ciples & mu* ( ! en?usiasm ( ! anci5t ,hebrew se]4 ,b ! disc\rse is brok5 up into =mal p>agraphs1 ea* ^u ! same academic model4 ,fir/ a tru? is pron\nc$1 or a *>ge made aga9/ ! p2 !n ) ! words b ye w say ! prophet /ates "s possible objection ( 8 he>]s1 proce$s to answ] x by detail$ evid5ce1 & only !n drives home 8 tru?1 or 8 *>ge1 9 g5u9e prophetic fa%ion4 ,to ! /ud5t ( prophecy ?is peculi>ity ( ! book is ( ! greate/ int]e/1 = x is no m]ely p]sonal idiosyncrasy4 ,we r feel t prophecy is n[ assum+ ! temp] ( ! tea*]4 ,! me?od is ! comm5cem5t ( t :i* lat] on becomes ! prevail+ habit 9 ,jewi% lit]ature4 ,j z ) ,zephaniah we saw prophecy pass+ into ,apocalypse1 & ) ,habakkuk into ! speculation ( ! s*ools ( ,wisdom1 s n[ 9 8,mala*i0 we p]ceive its trans=mation into ! s*ola/icism ( ! ,rabbis4 ,b ! int]e/ ( ?is *ange ( /yle mu/ n prev5t u f appreciat+ ! g5u9e prophetic _s ( our book4 ,f> m fully ?an1 = in/ance1 t ( ,haggai1 to ! /yle ( :i* its practical simplicity is s ak91 x enum]ates ! prophetic pr9ciples3 ! ev]la/+ ,love ( ,jehovah = ,israel1 ! ,fa!rhood ( ,jehovah & ,8 ,hol9ess1 ,8 anci5t ,ideals = ,prie/hood & ,p1 ! ne$ ( a ,rep5tance prov$ by de$s1 ! consequ5t ,promise ( ,prosp]ity1 ! ,day ( ! ,"l1 & ,judgm5t betwe5 ! evil & ! righte\s4 ,^u ! la/ ( ^! ! book af=ds a /rik+ pro( ( ! del9qu5cy ( ! p dur+ ! la/ half-c5tury1 & 9 connection ) x ! prophet introduces c]ta9 novel features4 ,to ,haggai & ,ze*>iah ! great ,tribulation _h clos$ ) ! ,exile & ! rebuild+ ( ! ,temple3 ,israel /ood on ! m>g9 ( ! ,messianic age4 ,b ! ,book ( 8,mala*i0 proclaims ! ne$ ( ano!r judgm5t z emphatically z ! old] prophets _h pr$ict$ ! ,babylonian doom4 8,mala*i0 repeats _! "n = x1 ! great & t]rible ,day ( ,jehovah4 ,b he does n =esee x1 z !y did1 9 ! %ape ( a hi/orical process4 ,8 description ( x is pure ,apocalypse--! fire ( ! smelt] & ! full]'s acid3 ! day t burns l a furnace1 :5 all wick$ness is z /ubble1 & all evil m5 are dev\r$1 b to ! righte\s ! ,sun ( ,righte\sness %all arise ) heal+ 9 ,8 w+s1 & !y %all tread ! wick$ "u foot4#iii ,to ?is ! prophet adds a novel promise4 ,god is s mu* ! ,god ( love1#ajjj t be=e ! ,day comes ,he w give ,8 p an opportunity ( conv]sion4 ,he w s5d !m ,elijah ! prophet to *ange _! he>ts1 t ,he may be prev5t$ f /rik+ ! l& ) ,8 ,ban4 ,9 "o o!r po9t ! book is orig9al1 & t is 9 its attitude t[>ds ! hea!n4 ,among ! hea!n1 x boldly says1 ,jehovah is held 9 high] rev]5ce ?an among ,8 own p4#ajja ,9 su* a /atem5t we c h>dly fail to feel ! influ5ce ^u ,israel ( _! contact1 (t5 close & p]sonal1 ) _! wise & mild tyrants ! ,p]sians4 ,we may emphasise ! v]se z ! fir/ note ( t recognition ( ! real religi\sness ( ! hea!n1 :i* we %all f9d swell+ to su* fulness & t5d]ness 9 ! ,book ( ,jonah4 ,su* are 9 brief ! /yle & ! pr9ciples ( ! ,book ( 8,mala*i10 ^: sep>ate prophecies we may n[ proce$ to take up 9 detail4 ,,footnotes3 #ihg ,ezra iv4 #f-bc4 #ihh ,?is is record$ 9 ! ,aramean docum5t :i* has be5 incorporat$ 9 our ,book ( ,ezra1 & !re is no reason to d\bt its reality4 ,9 t docum5t we h already f\nd1 9 spite ( its comp>atively late date1 mu* t is accurate hi/ory4 ,see above1 p4 #bab4 ,& x is cle> t1 ! ,temple be+ f9i%$1 ! ,jews mu/ h drawn ^u !mselves ! same religi\s envy ( ! ,sam>itans :i* _h previ\sly delay$ ! con/ruction ( ! ,temple4 ,to meet x1 :at m natural ?an t ! ,jews %\ld h attempt$ to raise ! walls ( _! city8 ,x is almo/ impossible to believe t !y :o _h a*iev$ ! con/ruction ( ! ,temple 9 #eaf %\ld n1 9 ! next fifty ye>s1 make "s ef=t to raise _! fall5 walls4 ,& inde$ ,nehemiah's acc\nt ( 8 own "w almo/ necess>ily implies t !y _h done s1 = :at he did aft] #dde 0 n to build new walls1 b r to repair %att]$ ones4 #ihi ,see above1 p4 #cce1 n4 #igj1 & bel[1 p4 #ced1 on 8,mal40 i4 #h4 #iij ,cf4 ,/ade1 ,ges*4 des ,volkes ,israel1 ,,ii41 pp4 #abh-ach1 ! be/ acc\nt ( ?is p]iod4 #iia 8,mal40 iii4 #ad4 #iib 8,mal40 i4 #b1 #f2 iii4 #h f4 #iic ,id4 i4 #g f41 #ab-ad4 #iid ,id4 i4 #f f41 ii4 #iie ,id4 ii1 #aj4 #iif 8,mal40 ii4 #aj-af4 #iig ,= pro( ( ?is see above1 pp4 #cca f4 #iih 8,mal40 iii4 #af4 #iii iii4 #b1 #ai ff4 ,heb41 iv4 #a ff4 ,eng4 #ajjj iii4 #f4 #ajja i4 #aa4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,prophecy ,,)9 ,,! ,,law 8,,mala*i0 i4--iv4 ,b5ea? ?is title we may ga!r all ! eight sections ( ! ,book ( 8,mala*i40 ,!y conta9 _m ?+s ( p]5nial int]e/ & validity3 _! tru? is applicable1 _! music is /ill musical1 to ourselves4 ,b _! *ief significance is hi/orical4 ,!y illu/rate ! developm5t ( prophecy )9 ! ,law4 ,n "u ! ,law1 be x obs]v$4 ,= if "o ?+ be m cle> ?an ano!r ab\t 8,mala*i's0 tea*+1 x is t ! _s ( prophecy is n yet cru%$ by ! legalism :i* f9ally kill$ x )9 ,israel4 8,mala*i0 obs]ves & en=ces ! dem&s ( ! ,deut]onomic law "u :i* 8 p _h liv$ s9ce ! ,return f ,exile4 ,b he traces ea* ( ^! to "s spiritual pr9ciple1 to "s ess5tial ( religion 9 ! "* ( ,israel's ,god1 :i* is ei!r d\bt$ or neglect$ by 8 contempor>ies 9 _! lax p]=mance ( ! ,law4 ,t is :y we may entitle 8 book ,prophecy )9 ! ,law4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ess5tial pr9ciples ( ! religion ( ,israel :i* _h be5 %ak5 or obscur$ by ! del9qu5cy ( ! p dur+ ! half-c5tury aft] ! rebuild+ ( ! ,temple 7 ?ree--! di/9ctive ,love ( ,jehovah = ,8 p1 ,8 ,hol9ess1 & ,8 ,righte\sness4 ,! ,book ( 8,mala*i0 takes up ea* ( ^! 9 turn1 & proves or en=ces x accord+ z ! p h =mally d\bt$ x or 9 _! c>elessness done x despite4 #a4 ,,god',s ,,love ,,= ,,israel ,,& ,,hatr$ ,,( ,,edom 7,*ap4 i4 #b-e74 ,he beg9s ) ,god's ,love1 & 9 answ] to ! disappo9t$#ajjb p's cry1 ,:]e9 ha/ ,?\ lov$ u8 he does n1 z ! old] prophets did1 sweep ! :ole hi/ory ( ,israel1 & ga!r pro(s ( ,jehovah's grace & unfail+ guidance 9 all ! great ev5ts f ! deliv]ance f ,egypt to ! deliv]ance f ,babylon4 ,b he conf9es himself to a comp>ison ( ,israel ) ! ,g5tile nation1 :i* 0 mo/ ak9 to ,israel accord+ to ! fle%1 _! own bro!r ,edom4 ,x is possible1 ( c\rse1 to see 9 ?is a pro( ( our prophet's n>r[ness1 z contra/$ ) ,amos or ,hosea or ! great ,evangeli/ ( ! ,exile4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t out ( all ! hi/ory ( ,israel 8,mala*i0 c\ld n h *os5 an in/ance :i* w\ld m /rongly appeal to ! he>t ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,we h se5 f ! ,book ( ,obadiah h[ ev] s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! ,exile ,edom _h come to be reg>d$ by ,israel z _! great anti!sis4#ajjc ,if we ne$$ fur!r pro( ( ?is we %\ld f9d x 9 _m ,psalms ( ! ,exile1 :i* l ! ,book ( ,obadiah rememb] ) bitt]ness ! ho/ile "p t ,edom play$ 9 ! day ( ,israel's calamity4 ,! two nations 7 utt]ly oppos$ 9 g5ius & "*4 ,edom 0 a p ( z unspiritual & self-suffici5t a temp] z ev] curs$ any ( ,god's human creatures4 ,l _! ance/or !y 7 pr(ane1#ajjd )\t rep5tance1 humility or ideals1 & almo/ )\t religion4 ,ap>t1 !re=e1 f ! long hi/ory ( w> betwe5 ! two peoples1 x 0 a true in/9ct :i* l$ ,israel to reg>d _! bro!r z repres5tative ( t hea!ndom aga9/ :i* !y _h to realise _! de/9y 9 ! _w z ,god's own nation4 ,9 *oos+ ! contra/ ( ,edom's fate to illu/rate ,jehovah's love = ,israel1 8,mala*i0 0 n only *oos+ :at w\ld appeal to ! passions ( 8 contempor>ies1 b :at is ! mo/ /rik+ & con/ant anti!sis 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ,israel3 ! absolutely div]se g5ius & de/9y ( ^! two ,semitic nations :o 7 ne>e/ neighb\rs &1 accord+ to _! traditions1 tw9-bre?r5 aft] ! fle%4 ,if we keep ?is 9 m9d we %all und]/& ,paul's use ( ! anti!sis 9 ! passage 9 :i* he cl5*es x by a quotation f 8,mala*i03 z x is writt51 ,jacob h ,i lov$1 b ,esau h ,i hat$4#ajje ,9 ^! words ! doctr9e ( ! ,div9e election ( individuals appe>s to be express$ z absolutely z possible4 ,b x w\ld be unfair to read ! passage except 9 ! light ( ,israel's hi/ory4 ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t x is a matt] ( fact t ! doctr9e ( ! ,div9e pref]5ce ( ,israel to ,esau appe>$ only aft] ! respective *>act]s ( ! nations 7 manife/$ 9 hi/ory1 & t x grew m def9$ & absolute only z hi/ory discov]$ m ( ! fundam5tal contra/ betwe5 ! two 9 g5ius & de/9y4#ajjf ,9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 !re=e1 ! doctr9e is ! result1 n ( an arbitr>y belief 9 ,god's b>e fiat1 b ( hi/orical exp]i5ce2 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ! di/9ction :i* exp]i5ce proves is trac$ back1 ) ev]y?+ else ( good or evil t happ5s1 to ! sov]eign w & purpose ( ,god4 ,nor let u =get t ! ,old ,te/am5t doctr9e ( election is ( election to s]vice only4 ,t is to say1 ! ,div9e int5tion 9 elect+ cov]s n ! elect individual or nation only1 b ! :ole _w & its ne$s ( ,god & ,8 tru?4 ,! ev5t to :i* 8,mala*i0 appeals z evid5ce = ,god's rejection ( ,edom is ! desolation ( ! latt]'s anci5t h]itage1 & ! ab&onm5t ( x to ! jackals ( ! des]t4 ,s*ol>s us$ to ?9k t ^! vague phrases ref]r$ to "s act ( ! ,p]sian k+s3 "s removal ( ! ,edomites f ! l&s ( ! ,jews 9 ord] to make room = ! return$ exiles4#ajjg ,b 8,mala*i0 says expressly t x 0 ,edom's own h]itage :i* 0 laid desolate4 ,?is c only be ,m\nt ,esau or ,se'ir1 & ! /atem5t t x 0 deliv]$ to ! jackals ( ! des]t proves t ! ref]5ce is to t same expulsion ( ,edom f _! t]ritory by ! ,nabatean ,arabs :i* we h already se5 ! ,book ( ,obadiah relate ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,exile4#ajjh ,b x is n[ "t to give 9 full ! op5+ passage ( 8,mala*i10 9 :i* he appeals to ?is important ev5t z pro( ( ,god's di/9ctive love = ,israel1 &1 8,mala*i0 adds1 ( ,8 p[] beyond ,israel's bord] 78,mal40 *ap4 i4 #b-e74 ,i h lov$ y1 sai? ,jehovah4 ,b ye say1 8,:]e9 ha/ ,?\ lov$ u80 ,is n ,esau bro!r to ,jacob8--oracle ( ,jehovah--& ,i h lov$ ,jacob & ,esau h ,i hat$4 ,i h made 8 m\nta9s desolate1 & giv5 8 h]itage to ! jackals ( ! des]t4 ,%\ld ! p ( ,edom say1#ajji 8,we are de/roy$1 b we w rebuild ! wa/e places10 ?us sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s1 ,!y may build1 b ,i w pull d[n3 m5 %all call !m 8,! ,bord] ( ,wick$ness0 & 8,! ,p ) :om ,jehovah is wro? = ev]40 ,& y\r eyes %all see x1 & y\rselves %all say1 8,great is ,jehovah beyond ,israel's bord]40 #b4 8,,hon\r ,,?y ,,fa!r0 7,*ap4 i4 #f-ad74 ,f ,god's ,love1 :i* ,israel h d\bt$1 ! prophet passes to ,8 ,maje/y or ,hol9ess1 :i* !y h wrong$4 ,n[ x is v rem>kable t ! relation ( ,god to ! ,jews 9 :i* ! prophet %\ld see ,8 ,maje/y illu/rat$ is n only ,8 lord%ip ov] !m b ,8 ,fa!rhood3 ,a son hon\rs a fa!r1 & a s]vant 8 "l2 b if ,i be ,fa!r1 :]e is ,my hon\r8 & if ,i be ,"l1 :]e is !re rev]5ce = ,me8 sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4#ajaj ,we are s accu/om$ to associate ) ! ,div9e ,fa!rhood only ideas ( love & pity t ! use ( ! relation to illu/rate n love b ,maje/y1 & ! sett+ ( x 9 p>allel to ! ,div9e ,k+%ip1 may seem to u /range4 ,yet ?is 0 v natural to ,israel4 ,9 ! old ,semitic _w1 ev5 to ! human p>5t1 hon\r 0 due be=e love4 ,hon\r ?y fa!r & ?y "m1 said ! ,fif? ,comm&m5t2 & :51 aft] long %yness to d s1 ,israel at la/ v5tur$ to claim ,jehovah z ! ,fa!r ( ,8 p1 x 0 at fir/ r ) ! view ( increas+ _! s5se ( ,8 au?ority & _! duty ( rev]5c+ ,him1 ?an ) ! view ( br++ ,him ne> to _! he>ts & assur+ !m ( ,8 t5d]ness4 ,! latt] elem5ts1 x is true1 7 n abs5t f ! conception4 ,b ev5 9 ! ,psalt]1 9 :i* we f9d ! mo/ intimate & t5d] fell[%ip ( ! believ] ) ,god1 !re is only "o passage 9 :i* ,8 love = ,8 own is comp>$ to ! love ( a human fa!r4#ajaa ,& 9 ! o!r v few passages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t :]e ,he is reveal$ or appeal$ to z ! ,fa!r ( ! nation1 x is1 ) two exceptions1#ajab 9 ord] ei!r to emphasise ,8 creation ( ,israel or ,8 discipl9e4 ,s 9 ,j]emiah1#ajac & 9 an anonym\s prophet ( ! same p]iod p]haps z 8,mala*i40#ajad ,?is hesitation to ascribe to ,god ! "n ( ,fa!r1 & ?is sev]e conception ( :at ,fa!rhood meant1 0 p]haps ne$ful = ,israel 9 face ( ! s5su\s ideas ( ! ,div9e ,fa!rhood *]i%$ by _! hea!n neighb\rs4#ajae ,b1 h[ev] ?is may be1 ! infrequ5cy & au/]ity ( ,israel's conception ( ,god's ,fa!rhood1 9 contra/ ) t ( ,*ri/ianity1 enables u to und]/& :y 8,mala*i0 %\ld employ ! relation z pro(1 n ( ! ,love1 b ( ! ,maje/y & ,hol9ess ( ,jehovah4 ,?is ,maje/y & ?is ,hol9ess h be5 wrong$1 he says1 by l[ ?\ghts ( ,god's alt>1 & by (f]+ ^u x1 ) untr\bl$ consci5ce1 *eap & blemi%$ sacrifices4 ,! p w\ld h be5 a%am$ to pres5t su* to _! ,p]sian gov]nor3 h[ c ,god be pleas$ ) !m8 ,bett] t sacrifice %\ld cease ?an t su* (f]+s %\ld be pres5t$ 9 su* a _s6 ,is !re no "o1 cries ! prophet1 to close ! doors ( ! ,temple altoge!r1 s t ! alt> smoke n 9 va98 ,! passage %[s u :at a *ange has pass$ ov] ! _s ( ,israel s9ce prophecy fir/ attack$ ! sacrificial ritual4 ,we rememb] h[ ,amos w\ld h swept x all away z an abom9ation to ,god4#ajaf ,s1 too1 ,isaiah & ,j]emiah4 ,b _! reason = ?is 0 v diff]5t f 8,mala*i's40 ,_! contempor>ies 7 assidu\s & lavi% 9 sacrific+1 & 7 devot$ to ! ,temple & ! ritual ) a fanaticism :i* made !m =get t ,jehovah's dem&s ^u ,8 p 7 righte\sness & ! s]vice ( ! weak4 ,b 8,mala*i0 condemns 8 g5]ation = depreciat+ ! ,temple1 & = be+ /+y & fraudul5t 9 _! (f]+s4 ,c]ta9ly ! po/-exilic prophet assumes a diff]5t attitude to ! ritual f t ( 8 pr$ecessors 9 anci5t ,israel4 ,!y wi%$ x all aboli%$1 & plac$ ! *ief duties ( ,israel t[>ds ,god 9 civic ju/ice & m]cy4 ,b he emphasises x z ! fir/ duty ( ! p t[>ds ,god1 & sees 9 _! neglect ! reason ( _! mis=tunes & ! cause ( _! com+ doom4 ,9 ?is *ange :i* has come ov] prophecy we mu/ admit ! gr[+ influ5ce ( ! ,law4 ,f ,ezekiel onw>ds ! prophets become m ecclesia/ical & legal4 ,& ?\gh at fir/ !y d n become less e?ical1 yet ! influ5ce :i* 0 at "w ^u !m 0 ( su* a "* z 0 b\nd 9 "t to engross _! int]e/1 & lead !m to remit ! e?ical elem5ts ( _! religion to a place second>y to ! c]emonial4 ,we see symptoms ( ?is ev5 9 8,mala*i10 we %all f9d m 9 ,joel1 & we "k h[ aggravat$ ^! symptoms aft]w>ds became 9 all ! lead]s ( ,jewi% religion4 ,at ! same "t we ought to rememb] t ?is *ange ( emphasis1 :i* _m w ?9k to be = ! worse1 0 l>gely r5d]$ necess>y by ! *ange ( temp] 9 ! p to :om ! prophets m9i/]$4 8,mala*i0 f\nd among 8 contempor>ies a habit ( religi\s p]=mance :i* 0 n only slov5ly & indec5t1 b mean & fraudul5t1 & x became 8 fir/ practical duty to attack ?is4 ,moreov] ! neglect ( ! ,temple 0 n due to ^? spiritual conceptions ( ,jehovah & ^? moral duties ,he dem&$1 9 ! int]e/s ( :i* ! old] prophets _h condemn$ ! ritual4 ,at bottom ! neglect ( ! ,temple 0 due to ! v same reasons z ! sup]/iti\s zeal & fanaticism 9 sacrific+ :i* ! old] prophets _h attack$--false ideas1 namely1 ( ,god ,himself1 & ( :at 0 due to ,him f ,8 p4 ,& on ^! gr\nds1 !re=e1 we may say t 8,mala*i0 0 p]=m+ = 8 g5]ation z ne$ful & z ,div9e a "w z ,amos & ,isaiah _h p]=m$ = !irs4 ,only1 be x admitt$1 ! direction ( 8,mala*i's0 emphasis 0 m dang]\s = religion ?an t ( ! emphasis ( ,amos or ,isaiah4 ,h[ liable ! practice he inculcat$ 0 to exagg]ation & abuse is sadly prov$ 9 ! lat] hi/ory ( 8 p3 x 0 aga9/ t exagg]ation1 gr[n great & obdurate ?r\gh ?ree c5turies1 t ,jesus deliv]$ ,8 mo/ unsp>+ words4 ,a son hon\rs a fa!r1 & a s]vant 8 "l4 ,b if ,i am ,fa!r1 :]e is ,my hon\r8 & if ,i am ,"l1 :]e is rev]5ce = ,me8 sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s to y1 ,o prie/s1 :o despise ,my ,"n4 ,ye say1 8,h[ !n h we despis$ ,?y ,"n80 ,ye are br++ pollut$ food to ,m9e ,alt>4 ,ye say1 8,h[ h we pollut$ ,!e80#ajag ,by say+1#ajah 8,! ,table ( ,jehovah may be despis$02 & :5 ye br+ a bl9d bea/ to sacrifice1 8,no h>m60 or :5 ye br+ a lame or sick "o1 8,no h>m60#ajai ,pray1 take x to ?y ,satrap3 w he be pleas$ ) !e1 or accept ?y p]son8 sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4 ,b n[1 propitiate#ajbj ,god1 t ,he may be graci\s to u4 ,:5 ?+s l ?is come f y\r h&s1 c ,he accept y\r p]sons8 sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4 ,:o is !re among y to close ! doors ( ! ,temple altoge!r1 t ye k9dle n ,m9e ,alt> 9 va98 ,i h no pleasure 9 y1 sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s1 & ,i w n accept an (f]+ f y\r h&s4 ,= f ! ris+ ( ! sun & to its sett+ ,my ,"n is glorifi$#ajba among ! nations2 & 9 e sacr$ place#ajbb inc5se is (f]$ to ,my ,"n1 & a pure (f]+3#ajbc = great is ,my ,"n among ! nations1 sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4 ,b ye are pr(an+ x1 9 t ye ?9k#ajbd t ! ,table ( ! ,"l is pollut$1 &#ajbe its food contemptible4 ,& ye say1 ,:at a we>9ess6 & ye sniff at x1#ajbf sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4 ,:5 ye br+ :at has be5 plund]$1#ajbg & ! lame & ! diseas$1 yea1 :5 ye s br+ an (f]+1 c ,i accept x ) grace f y\r h&s8 sai? ,jehovah4 ,curs$ be ! *eat 9 ^: flock is a male bea/ & he v[s x1#ajbh & slays = ! ,"l a mis]able bea/4#ajbi ,= a great ,k+ am ,i1 sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s1 & ,my ,"n is rev]5c$ among ! nations4 ,be=e we pass f ?is passage we mu/ notice 9 x "o v rem>kable feature--p]haps ! mo/ orig9al contribution :i* ! ,book ( 8,mala*i0 makes to ! developm5t ( prophecy4 ,9 contra/ to ! irrev]5ce ( ,israel & ! wrong !y d to ,jehovah's ,hol9ess1 ,he ,himself ass]ts t n only is ,8 ,"n great & glorifi$ among ! hea!n1 f ! ris+ to ! sett+ ( ! sun1 b t 9 e sacr$ place inc5se & a pure (f]+ are (f]$ to ,8 ,"n4 ,?is is s novel a /atem5t1 &1 we may truly say1 s />tl+1 t x is n wond]ful t ! attempt %\ld h be5 made to int]pret x1 n ( ! prophet's own day1 b ( ! ,messianic age & ! k+dom ( ,*ri/4 ,s1 _m ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 f ,ju/9 & ,ir5u to ,!odoret & ,augu/9e2#ajcj s1 our own ,au?oris$ ,v]sion1 :i* boldly ?r[s ! v]bs into ! future2 & s1 _m mod]n int]pret]s l ,pusey1 :o decl>es t ! /yle is 8a vivid pres5t su* z is (t5 us$ to describe ! future2 b ! ?+s spok5 ( %[ x to be future40 ,all ^! take ! passage to be an anticipation ( ,*ri/'s p>ables decl>+ ! rejection ( ! ,jews & +a!r+ ( ! ,g5tiles to ! k+dom ( heav51 & ( ! argum5t ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 t ! ble$+ & defective (f]+s ( ! ,jews 7 abrogat$ by ! sacrifice ( ! ,cross4 ,b su* an exegesis is only possible by p]v]t+ ! text & misread+ ! :ole argum5t ( ! prophet4 ,n only are ! v]bs ( ! orig9al 9 ! pres5t t5se--s also 9 ! e>ly v]sions--b ! prophet is obvi\sly contra/+ ! contempt ( ,god's own p = ,himself & ,8 in/itutions ) ! rev]5ce paid to ,8 ,"n among ! hea!n4 ,x is n ! m]e "q ( !re be+ righte\s p 9 e nation1 well-pleas+ to ,jehovah because ( _! lives4 ,! v sacrifices ( ! hea!n are pure & acceptable to ,him4 ,nev] h we _h 9 prophecy1 ev5 ! mo/ f>-see+ & evangelical1 a /atem5t s g5]\s & s ca?olic z ?is4 ,:y x %\ld appe> only n[ 9 ! hi/ory ( prophecy is a "q we are unable to answ] ) c]ta9ty4 ,_m h se5 9 x ! result ( ,israel's int]c\rse ) _! tol]ant & religi\s ma/]s ! ,p]sians4 ,none ( ! ,p]sian k+s _h up to ?is "t p]secut$ ! ,jews1 & numb]s ( pi\s & l>ge-m9d$ ,israelites mu/ h _h opportunity ( acqua9tance ) ! v pure doctr9es ( ! ,p]sian religion1 among :i* x is said t !re 0 already numb]$ ! recognition ( true piety 9 m5 ( all religions4#ajca ,if ,paul d]iv$ f 8 ,hell5ic culture ! k :i* made x possible = him to speak z he did 9 ,a!ns ( ! religi\sness ( ! ,g5tiles1 x 0 j z probable t ,jews :o _h come )9 ! exp]i5ce ( a /ill pur] ,aryan fai? %\ld utt] an ev5 m emphatic ackn[l$gm5t t ! ,"o ,true ,god _h ^? :o s]v$ ,him 9 _s & 9 tru? all ov] ! _w4 ,b1 :atev] =eign influ5ces may h rip5$ su* a fai? 9 ,israel1 we mu/ n =get t its roots 7 /ruck deep 9 ! native soil ( _! religion4 ,f ! fir/ !y _h kn[n _! ,god z a ,god ( a grace s inf9ite t x 0 impossible x %\ld be exhau/$ on !mselves4 ,if ,8 righte\sness1 z ,amos %[$1 0 ov] all ! ,syrian /ates1 & ,8 pity & ,8 p[] to conv]t1 z ,isaiah %[$1 cov]$ ev5 ! cities ( ,phnicia1 ! great ,evangeli/ ( ! ,exile c\ld decl>e t ,he qu5*$ n ! smok+ wicks ( ! dim hea!n fai?s4 ,z int]e/+1 h[ev]1 z ! orig9 ( 8,mala*i's0 attitude to ! hea!n1 are two o!r po9ts ab\t x4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is rem>kable t x %\ld occur1 especially 9 ! =m ( emphasis+ ! purity ( hea!n sacrifices1 9 a book :i* lays su* heavy /ress ^u ! ,jewi% ,temple & ritual4 ,?is is a w>n+ to u n to judge h>%ly ! s-call$ legal age ( ,jewi% religion1 nor to despise ! prophets :o h come "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,law4 ,& 9 ! second place1 we p]ceive 9 ?is /atem5t a /ep t[>ds ! full] ackn[l$gm5t ( ,g5tile religi\sness :i* we f9d 9 ! ,book ( ,jonah4 ,x is /range t none ( ! po/-exilic ,psalms /rike ! same note4 ,!y (t5 pr$ict ! conv]sion ( ! hea!n2 b !y d n recognise _! native rev]5ce & piety4 ,p]haps ! reason is t 9 a body ( song1 collect$ = ! national s]vice1 su* a feature w\ld be out ( place4 #c4 ,,! ,,prie/hood ,,( ,,k 7,*ap4 ii4 #a-i74 ,9 ! ?ird section ( 8 book 8,mala*i0 addresses himself to ! prie/s4 ,he *>ges !m n only ) irrev]5ce & slov5l9ess 9 _! dis*>ge ( ! ,temple s]vice--= ?is he appe>s to int5d by ! phrase fil? ( y\r fea/s--b ) ! neglect ( _! intellectual duties to ! p4 ,! lips ( a prie/ gu>d k1 & m5 seek in/ruction f 8 m\?1 = he is ! ,angel--! reveal+ ,angel--( ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4 ,once m1 :at a rem>kable say+ to come f ! legal age ( ,israel's religion1 & f a writ] :o s emphasises ! c]emonial law6 ,9 all ! range ( prophecy !re is n any m 9 h>mony ) ! prophetic ideal4 ,h[ ne$$ x is 9 our own age6--ne$$ aga9/ ^? two extremes ( religion f :i* we suff]1 ! limitation ( ! ideal ( prie/hood to ! communication ( a magic grace1 & its evaporation 9 a vague religiosity f :i* ! intellect is exclud$ z if x 7 p]il\s1 worldly & devili%4#ajcb 8,surr5d] ( ! intellect0 inde$6 ,?is is ! burial ( ! tal5t 9 ! napk91 &1 z 9 ! p>able ( ,*ri/1 x is /ill 9 our day prea*$ & practis$ by ! m5 ( "o tal5t4 ,religion ne$s all ! bra9s we poor mortals c put into x4 ,!re is a prie/hood ( k1 a prie/hood ( ! intellect1 says 8,mala*i10 & he makes ?is a l>ge "p ( ,god's cov5ant ) ,levi4 ,e prie/ ( ,god is a prie/ ( tru?2 & x is v l>gely by ! ,*ri/ian m9i/ry's neglect ( _! intellectual duties t s mu* irreligion prevails4 ,z 9 8,mala*i's0 day1 s n[1 8! laity take hurt & h9drance by our neglig5ce40#ajcc ,& j z he po9ts out1 s ) ourselves1 ! consequ5ce is ! gr[+ indiff]5ce ) :i* l>ge bodies ( ! ,*ri/ian m9i/ry are reg>d$ by ! ?\ghtful portions bo? ( our lab\r+ & pr(essional classes4 ,7 ! m9i/]s ( all ! ,*ur*es to awake to _! ideal 9 ?is matt]1 !re w\ld surely come a v great revival ( religion among u4 ,& n[ ?is ,*>ge = y1 ,o prie/s3 ,if ye he> n1 & lay n to he>t to give glory to ,my ,"n1 sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s1 ,i w s5d ^u y ! curse1 & w curse y\r bless+s--yea1 ,i h curs$ !m#ajcd--;= none ( y laye? x to he>t4 ,behold1 ,i 444 y 444#ajce & ,i w scatt] fil? 9 y\r faces1 ! fil? ( y\r fea/s4444#ajcf ,& ye %all "k t ,i h s5t to y ?is ,*>ge1 to be ,my cov5ant ) ,levi1#ajcg sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4 ,my cov5ant 0 ) him life & peace1#ajch & ,i gave !m to him1 fe> & he fe>$ ,me1 & humbl$ himself be=e ,my ,"n4#ajci ,! revelation ( tru? 0 9 8 m\?1 & wick$ness 0 n f\nd ^u 8 lips4 ,9 :ole-he>t$ness#ajdj & integrity he walk$ ) ,me1 & turn$ _m f iniquity4 ,= ! lips ( a prie/ gu>d k1 & m5 seek in/ruction#ajda f 8 m\?1 = he is ! ,angel ( ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4 ,b ye h turn$ f ! way1 ye h tripp$ up _m by ! ,torah1 ye h spoil$ ! cov5ant ( ,levi1 sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4 ,& ,i on ,my "p#ajdb h made y contemptible to all ! p1 & abas$ 9 proportion z ye kept n ,my ways & _h respect ( p]sons 9 deliv]+ y\r ,torah4 #d4 ,,! ,,cruelty ,,( ,,divorce 7,*ap4 ii4 #aj-ag74 ,9 8 f\r? section1 ^u 8 c\ntrym5's frequ5t divorce ( _! native wives 9 ord] to m>ry into ! influ5tial families ( _! half-hea!n neighb\rs1#ajdc 8,mala*i0 makes ano!r ( ^? wide & spiritual utt]ances :i* s di/+ui% 8 prophecy & r$eem 8 age f ! *>ge ( legalism t is s (t5 br\ght aga9/ x4 ,to him ! ,fa!rhood ( ,god is n m]ely a relation ( p[] & au?ority1 requir+ rev]5ce f ! nation4 ,x con/itutes ! memb]s ( ! nation "o close bro!rhood1 & aga9/ ?is divorce is a crime & unnatural cruelty4 ,jehovah makes ! wife ( a man's y\? 8 mate = life & 8 wife by cov5ant4 ,he hates divorce1 & ,8 alt> is s wett$ by ! te>s ( ! wrong$ wom5 ( ,israel t ! gifts ^u x are no m acceptable 9 ,8 sight4 ,no high] ^w on m>riage 0 spok5 except by ,*ri/ ,himself4 ,x brea!s ! _s ( our ,"l's utt]ance3 if we 7 sure ( ! text ( v]4 #ae1 we might almo/ say t x anticipat$ ! lett]4 ,c]ta9 v]ses1 #aa-ac;a1 :i* di/urb ! argum5t by br++ 9 ! m>riages ) hea!n wives are omitt$ 9 ! foll[+ translation1 & w be giv5 sep>ately4 ,h we n all ,"o ,fa!r8 ,ha? n ,"o ,god creat$ u8 ,:y !n are we unfai?ful to "o ano!r1 pr(an+ ! cov5ant ( our fa!rs8444#ajdd ,ye cov] ) te>s ! alt> ( ,jehovah1 ) weep+ & ) groan+1 because respect is no long] _h to ! (f]+1 & acceptable gifts are n tak5 f y\r h&s4 ,& ye say1 8,:y80 ,because ,jehovah has be5 witness betwe5 !e & ! wife ( ?y y\?1 ) :om ?\ ha/ brok5 fai?1 ?\gh %e is ?y mate#ajde & ?y wife by cov5ant4 ,& 444#ajdf ,& :at is ! "o seek+8 ,a ,div9e ,se$4 ,take he$1 !n1 to y\r _s1 & be n unfai?ful to ! wife ( ?y y\?4#ajdg ,= ,i hate divorce1 sai? ,jehovah1 ,god ( ,israel1 & t a man cov] 8 clo?+#ajdh ) cruelty1 sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4 ,s take he$ to y\r _s1 & deal n fai?lessly4 ,! v]ses omitt$ 9 ! above translation treat ( ! =eign m>riages1 :i* l$ to ?is frequ5t divorce by ! ,jews ( _! native wives4 ,s f>1 ( c\rse1 !y are relevant to ! subject ( ! passage4 ,b !y obvi\sly di/urb its argum5t1 z already po9t$ out4#ajdi ,!y h no?+ to d ) ! pr9ciple f :i* x />ts t ,jehovah is ! ,fa!r ( ! :ole ( ,israel4 ,remove !m & ! awkw>d clause 9 v]4 #ac;a1 by :i* "s editor has tri$ to connect !m ) ! re/ ( ! p>agraph1 & ! latt] runs smoo?ly4 ,! motive ( _! lat] addition is app>5t1 if n ju/ifiable4 ,"h !y are by !mselves3-- ,judah 0 fai?less1 & abom9ation 0 practis$ 9 ,israel#ajej1 & 9 ,j]usalem1 = ,judah ha? defil$ ! sanctu>y ( ,jehovah1 :i* 0 de> to ,him1 & ha? m>ri$ ! daught] ( a /range god4 ,may ,jehovah cut (f f ! man1 :o doe? ?is1 witness & *ampion#ajea f ! t5ts ( ,jacob1 & (f]] ( sacrifices to ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4#ajeb #e4 8,,:]e ,,is ,,! ,,god ,,( ,,judgm5t80 7,*ap4 ii4 #ag--;iii4 #e74 ,9 ?is section 8,mala*i0 turns f ! s9n]s ( 8 p to ^? :o we>y ,jehovah ) ! compla9t t s9 is successful1 or1 z !y put x1 ,e "o t does evil is good 9 ! eyes ( ,jehovah1 & ,he delighte? 9 !m2 & aga91 ,:]e is ! ,god ( ,judgm5t8 ,! answ] is1 ,! ,"l ,himself %all come4 ,8 ,angel %all prep>e ,8 way be=e ,him1 & sudd5ly %all ! ,"l come to ,8 ,temple4 ,8 com+ %all be = judgm5t1 t]rible & se>*+4 ,its fir/ object 7note ! ord]7 %all be ! cleans+ ( ! prie/hood1 t prop] sacrifices may be e/abli%$1 & its second ! purg+ ( ! immorality ( ! p4 ,m>k t al?\gh ! com+ ( ! ,angel is said to prec$e t ( ,jehovah ,himself1 !re is ! same bl5d+ ( ! two z we h se5 9 previ\s acc\nts ( angels4#ajec ,x is unc]ta9 :e!r ?is section closes ) v]4 #e or #f3 ! latt] goes equally well ) x & ) ! foll[+ section4 ,ye h we>i$ ,jehovah ) y\r words2 & ye say1 8,9 :at h we we>i$ ,him 80 ,9 t ye say1 8,e "o t does evil is good 9 ! eyes ( ,jehovah1 & ,he delighte? 9 !m02 or else1 8,:]e is ! ,god ( ,judgm5t80 ,behold1 ,i w s5d ,my ,angel1 to prep>e ! way be=e ,me1 & sudd5ly %all come to ,8 ,temple ! ,"l :om ye seek & ! ,angel ( ! ,cov5ant :om ye desire4 ,behold1 ,he comes6 sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4 ,b :o may be> ! day ( ,8 com+1 & :o /& :5 ,he appe>s8 ,= ,he is l ! fire ( ! smelt] & ! acid ( ! full]s4 ,he takes ,8 seat to smelt & to purge2#ajed & ,he w purge ! sons ( ,levi1 & wa% !m out l gold or silv]1 & !y %all be to ,jehovah br+]s ( an (f]+ 9 righte\sness4 ,& ! (f]+ ( ,judah & ,j]usalem %all be pleas+ to ,jehovah1 z 9 ! days ( old & z 9 long pa/ ye>s4 ,& ,i w come ne> y to judgm5t1 & ,i w be a swift witness aga9/ ! sorc]]s & ! adult]]s & ! p]jur]s1 & aga9/ ^? :o wrong ! hirel+ 9 8 wage1 & ! wid[ & ! orphan1 & oppress ! /rang]1 & fe> n ,me1 sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4 #f4 ,,rep5tance ,,by ,,ti!s 7,*ap4 iii4 #f-ab74 ,?is section ought p]haps to foll[ on to ! prec$+4 ,^? :om x blames = n pay+ ! ,temple ti!s may be ! sceptics address$ 9 ! previ\s section1 :o h /opp$ _! dues to ,jehovah out ( %e] disappo9tm5t t ,he does no?+4 ,& v]4 #f1 :i* goes well ) ei!r section1 may be ! jo9t betwe5 ! two4 ,h[ev] ?is be1 ! new section en=ces ! ne$ ( ! p's rep5tance & return to ,god1 if ,he is to return to !m4 ,& :5 !y ask1 h[ are !y to return1 8,mala*i0 pla9ly answ]s1 ,by ! paym5t ( ! ti!s !y h n paid4 ,9 )hold+ ^! !y robb$ ,god1 & to ?is1 _! crime1 are due ! locu/s & bad seasons :i* h afflict$ !m4 ,9 our temptation to see 9 ?is a purely legal _s1 let u rememb] t ! neglect to pay ! ti!s 0 due to a religi\s cause1 unbelief 9 ,jehovah1 & t ! return to belief 9 ,him c\ld n !re=e be %[n 9 a m practical way ?an by ! paym5t ( ti!s4 ,?is is n prophecy subject to ! ,law1 b prophecy employ+ ! means & vehicles ( grace ) :i* ! ,law at t "t provid$ ! p4 ,= ,i ,jehovah h n *ang$1 b ye sons ( ,jacob h n done ) 7874#ajee ,9 ! days ( y\r fa!rs ye turn$ f ,my /atutes & did n keep !m4 ,return to ,me1 & ,i w return to y1 sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4 ,b y say1 8,h[ !n %all we return80 ,c a man rob#ajef ,god8 yet ye are robb+ ,me4 ,b ye say1 8,9 :at h we robb$ ,!e80 ,9 ! ti! & ! tribute4#ajeg ,) ! curse are ye curs$1 & yet ,me ye are robb+1 ! :ole p ( y4 ,br+ 9 ! :ole ti! to ! /oreh\se1 t !re may be provision#ajeh 9 ,my ,h\se1 & pray1 prove ,me 9 ?is1 sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s--:e!r ,i w n op5 to y ! w9d[s ( heav51 & p\r bless+ ^u y till !re is no m ne$4 ,& ,i w *eck = y ! dev\r]1#ajei & he %all n de/roy = y ! fruit ( ! gr\nd1 nor ! v9e 9 ! field misc>ry1 sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4 ,& all nations %all call y happy1 = ye %all be a l& ( delight1 sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4 #g4 ,,! ,,judgm5t ,,to ,,come 7,*ap4 iii4 #ac-ba ,heb41 iii4 #ac--;iv4 #b ,eng474 ,?is is ano!r *>ge to ! d\bt]s among ! pi\s remnant ( ,israel1 :o1 see+ ! success ( ! wick$1 said x is va9 to s]ve ,god4 ,deut]onomy 0 _! ,canon1 & ,deut]onomy said t if m5 s9n$ !y decay$1 if !y 7 righte\s !y prosp]$4 ,h[ diff]5t 7 ! facts ( exp]i5ce6 ,! evil m5 succe$$3 ! good won no ga9 by _! goodness1 nor did _! m\rn+ = ! s9s ( _! p "w any effect4 ,bitt]e/ ( all1 !y _h to congratulate wick$ness 9 high places1 & ,jehovah ,himself suff]$ x to g unpuni%$4 ,su* ?+s1 says 8,mala*i10 spake !y t fe>$ ,god to ea* o!r--tempt$ !reto by ! dogmatic =m ( _! religion1 & =getful ( all t ,j]emiah & ! ,evangeli/ ( ! ,exile _h taught !m ( ! value ( righte\s suff]+s4 ,nor does 8,mala*i0 rem9d !m ( ?is4 ,8 message is t ! ,"l rememb]s !m1 has _! names writt5 be=e ,him1 & :5 ! day ( ,8 action comes !y %all be sep>at$ f ! wick$ & sp>$4 ,?is is simply to transf] ! fulfilm5t ( ! promise ( ,deut]onomy to ! future & to ano!r disp5sation4 ,prophecy /ill works )9 ! ,law4 ,! ,apocalypse ( ?is la/ judgm5t is "o ( ! gr&e/ 9 all ,scripture4 ,to ! wick$ x %all be a t]rible fire1 root & bran* %all !y be burn$ out1 b to ! righte\s a fair morn+ ( ,god1 z :5 dawn comes to ^? :o h be5 sick & sleepless ?r\gh ! black night1 & its beams br+ heal+1 ev5 z to ! popul> belief ( ,israel x 0 ! rays ( ! morn+ sun :i* di/ill$ ! dew4#ajfj ,!y break into life & en]gy1 l "y calves leap+ f ! d>k p5 into ! e>ly sun%9e4 ,to ?is morn+ l&scape a grim figure is add$4 ,!y %all tread d[n ! wick$ & ! arrogant l a%es b5ea? _! feet4 ,y\r words are h>d ^u ,me1 sai? ,jehovah4 ,ye say1 8,:at h we said aga9/ ,!e80 ,ye h said1 8,x is va9 to s]ve ,god10 & 8,:at ga9 is x to u to h kept ,8 *>ge1 or to h walk$ 9 fun]al g>b be=e ,jehovah ( ,ho/s8 ,ev5 n[ we h got to congratulate ! arrogant2 yea1 ! work]s ( wick$ness are =tifi$2 yea1 !y tempt ,god & escape60 ,su* ?+s#ajfa spake !y t fe> ,jehovah to ea* o!r4 ,b ,jehovah gave e> & he>d1 & a book ( remembrance#ajfb 0 writt5 be=e ,him ab\t ^? :o fe> ,jehovah1 & ^? :o keep 9 m9d#ajfc ,8 ,"n4 ,& !y %all be ,m9e own prop]ty1 sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s1 9 ! day :5 ,i rise to action1#ajfd & ,i w sp>e !m ev5 z a man sp>es 8 son t s]ves him4 ,& ye %all once m see ! diff]5ce betwe5 righte\s & wick$1 betwe5 him t s]ves ,god & him t does n s]ve ,him4 ,=1 lo6 ! day is com+ t %all burn l a furnace1 & all ! ov]we5+ & e "o t works wick$ness %all be z /ubble1 & ! day t is com+ %all dev\r !m1 sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s1 s t !re be left !m nei!r root nor bran*4 ,b to y t fe> ,my ,"n ! ,sun ( ,righte\sness %all rise ) heal+ 9 ,8 w+s1 & ye %all g =? & leap#ajfe l calves ( ! /all4#ajff ,& ye %all tread d[n ! wick$1 = !y %all be z a%es#ajfg b5ea? ! soles ( y\r feet1 9 ! day t ,i beg9 to d1 sai? ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4 #h4 ,,! ,,return ,,( ,,elijah 7,*ap4 iii4 #bb-bd ,heb41 iv4 #c-e ,eng474 ,) 8 la/ ^w ! prophet significantly calls ^u ! p to rememb] ! ,law4 ,?is is _! "o hope be=e ! com+ ( ! great & t]rible day ( ! ,"l4 ,b1 9 ord] t ! ,law may h full effect1 ,prophecy w be s5t to br+ x home to ! he>ts ( ! p--,prophecy 9 ! p]son ( h] f\nd] & mo/ dra/ic repres5tative4 ,no?+ c\ld bett] ga!r up ?an ?is conjunction does t m+l+ ( ,law & ( ,prophecy :i* we h se5 to be s *>act]i/ic ( ! "w ( 8,mala*i40 ,only we mu/ n ov]look ! fact t 8,mala*i0 expects ?is prophecy1 :i* ) ! ,law is to "w ! conv]sion ( ! p1 n 9 ! cont9uance ( ! prophetic succession by ! appe>ance ( orig9al p]sonalities1 develop+ fur!r ! great pr9ciples ( _! ord]1 b 9 ! return ( ! fir/ prophet ,elijah4 ,?is is surely ! confession ( ,prophecy t ! numb] ( h] s]vants is exhau/$ & h] message to ,israel fulfill$4 ,%e c n[ d no m = ! p ?an %e has done4 ,b %e w summon up h] old en]gy & fire 9 ! return ( h] mo/ p[]ful p]sonality1 & make "o gr& ef=t to conv]t ! nation be=e ! ,"l come & /rike x ) judgm5t4 ,rememb] ! ,torah ( ,moses1 ,my s]vant1 ) :i* ,i *>g$ him 9 ,horeb = all ,israel3 /atutes & judgm5ts4 ,lo6 ,i am s5d+ to y ,elijah ! prophet1 be=e ! com+ ( ! great & t]rible day ( ,jehovah4 ,& he %all turn ! he>t ( ! fa!rs to ! sons1 & ! he>t ( ! sons to _! fa!rs1 ere ,i come & /rike ! l& ) ! ,ban4 99 99 99 99 99 8,mala*i0 makes ?is promise ( ! ,law 9 ! dialect ( ,deut]onomy3 /atutes & judgm5ts ) :i* ,jehovah *>g$ ,moses = ,israel4 ,b ! ,law he en=ces is n t :i* ,god deliv]$ to ,moses on ! pla9s ( ,%ittim1 b t :i* ,he gave him 9 ,m\nt ,horeb4 ,& s x came to pass4 ,9 a v few ye>s aft] 8,mala*i0 prophesi$ ,ezra ! ,scribe br\ght f ,babylon ! great ,levitical ,code1 :i* appe>s to h be5 arrang$ !re1 :ile ! colony 9 ,j]usalem 7 /ill organis+ _! life "u ! ,deut]onomic legislation4 ,9 #ddd ,b4,c4 ?is ,levitical ,code1 along ) ,deut]onomy1 became by cov5ant betwe5 ! p & _! ,god _! ,canon & ,law4 ,& 9 ! next ( our prophets1 ,joel1 we %all f9d its full influ5ce at "w4 ,,footnotes3 #ajjb ,see above1 p4 #cdc4 #ajjc ,see above1 ,*apt] ,,xiv4 on 8,edom & ,israel40 #ajjd ,heb4 xii4 #af4 #ajje ,romans ix4 #ac4 ,! citation is f ! ,,lxx43 1 4 #ajjf ,?is 0 ma9ly aft] ! beg9n+ ( exile4 ,%ortly be=e t ,deut4 xxiii4 #g says3 ,?\ %alt n abhor an ,edomite1 = he is ?y bro!r4 #ajjg ,s ev5 s rec5tly z #ahhh1 ,/ade1 ,ges*4 des ,volkes ,israel1 ,,ii41 p4 #aab4 #ajjh ,see above1 p4 #afi4 ,?is int]pretation is !re said to be ,wellhaus5's2 b ,*eyne1 9 a note contribut$ to ! ,z4,a4,t4,w41 #ahid1 p4 #adb1 po9ts out t ,grtz1 9 an article 8,die ,anfnge d] ,nabater-,h]rs*aft0 9 ! ,monats*rift fr ,wiss5s*aft u4 ,ges*i*te des ,jud5?ums1 #ahge1 pp4 #fj-ff1 _h already expla9$ 8,mal40 i4 #a-e z describ+ ! conque/ ( ,edom by ! ,nabateans4 ,?is is adopt$ by ,buhl 9 8 ,ges*4 d] ,edomit]1 p4 #gi4 #ajji ,! v]b 9 ! fem99e indicates t ! population ( ,edom is meant4 #ajaj i4 #f4 #ajaa ,psalm ciii4 #i4 ,9 ,psalm lxxiii4 #ae believ]s are call$ ,8 *ildr52 b else:]e son%ip is claim$ only = ! k+--ii4 #g1 lxxxix4 #bg f4 #ajab ,hosea xi4 #a ff4 7?\gh ev5 "h ! idea ( discipl9e is pres5t7 & ,isa4 lxiii4 #af4 #ajac iii4 #d4 #ajad ,isa4 lxiv4 #h1 cf4 ,deut4 xxxii4 #aa :]e ! discipl9e ( ,israel by ,jehovah1 %ak+ !m out ( _! des]t circum/ance & tempt+ !m to _! great c>e] 9 ,pale/9e1 is lik5$ to ! fa!r-eagle's tra9+ ( 8 new-fl$g$ brood to fly3 ,a4,v4 "m-eagle4 #ajae ,cf4 ,*eyne1 ,orig9 ( ! ,psalt]1 p4 #cje1 n4 ,o4 #ajaf ,vol4 ,i41 ,*ap4 ,,ix4 #ajag ,or us$ pollut$ ?+s ) respect to ,!e4 ,= simil> con/ruction see ,ze*4 vii4 #e3 4 ,?is 9 answ] to ,wellhaus51 :o1 on ! gr\nd t ! phrase gives a wrong object & de/roys ! connection1 deletes x4 ,fur!r he takes 1 n 9 ! s5se ( pollution1 b z equival5t to 1 despis$4 #ajah ,obvi\sly 9 _! he>ts ?9k+4 #ajai ,,lxx4 is !re no h>m8 #ajbj ,pacify ! face (1 z 9 ,ze*>iah4 #ajba ,s ,,lxx4 ,heb4 is great1 b ! phrase is probably writt5 by mi/ake f ! in/ance fur!r on3 is glorifi$ c\ld sc>cely h be5 us$ 9 ! v lit]al v]sion ( ! ,,lxx4 unless x _h be5 f\nd 9 ! orig9al4 #ajbb 1 "h to be tak5 9 ! s5se x be>s 9 ,arabic ( sacr$ place4 ,see on ,zeph4 ii4 #aa3 above1 p4 #fd1 n4 #aei4 #ajbc ,wellhaus5 deletes z a gloss on 1 & ! vau be=e 4 #ajbd ,heb4 say4 #ajbe ,heb4 also has 1 f\nd besides only 9 ,k]i ( ,isa4 lvii4 #ai4 ,b ,rob]tson ,smi? 7,o4,t4,j4,c41 #b1 p4 #ddd7 is probably "r 9 consid]+ ?is an error = 1 :i* has kept its place aft] ! correction 0 ins]t$4 #ajbf ,?is clause is obscure1 & comes 9 awkw>dly be=e t :i* foll[s x4 ,wellhaus5 omits4 #ajbg 4 ,wellhaus5 em5ds borr[+ ! fir/ ?ree lett]s f ! previ\s ^w4 ,,lxx4 4 #ajbh ,,lxx4 #ajbi ,cf4 ,lev4 iii4 #a1 #f4 #ajcj ,quot$ by ,pusey1 9 loco4 #ajca ,see ,*eyne1 ,orig9 ( ! ,psalt]1 #bib & #cje f4 #ajcb ,isaiah i4--xxxix4 7,expositor's ,bible71 p4 #ahh4 #ajcc ,see mo/ admirable rem>ks on ?is subject 9 ,ar*deacon ,wilson's ,essays & ,addresses1 ,no4 ,,iii4 8,! ,ne$ ( giv+ ,high] ,biblical ,tea*+1 & ,in/ruction on ! ,fundam5tal ,que/ions ( ,religion & ,*ri/ianity40 ,london3 ,macmillan1 #ahhg4 #ajcd ,d\btful4 ,,lxx4 adds 3 obvi\s r$undancy1 if n m]e dittography4 #ajce ,an obscure phrase1 1 ,behold1 ,i rebuke y ! se$4 ,,lxx4 ,behold1 ,i sep>ate f y ! arm or %\ld]1 read+ = & p]haps = 1 bo? ( :i* read+s ,wellhaus5 adopts1 & ,ewald ! =m]4 ,! ref]5ce may be to ! arm ( ! prie/ rais$ 9 bless+4 ,orelli reads se$ po/]ity4 ,x may mean ! :ole se$ or class or k9d ( ! prie/s4 ,! next clause tempts "o to suppose t conta9s ! v]b ( ?is "o1 z if scatt]+ some?+4 #ajcf ,heb4 1 & "o %all be> y to x4 ,hitzig3 fil? %all be ca/ on !m1 & !y on ! fil?4 #ajcg ,o!rs w\ld r5d] ,my cov5ant be+ ) ,levi4 ,wellhaus53 = ,my cov5ant 0 ) ,levi4 ,b ?is new ,*>ge or cov5ant seems contra/$ ) a =m] cov5ant 9 ! next v]se4 #ajch ,num4 xxv4 #ab4 #ajci ,?is s5t5ce is a lit]al translation ( ! ,hebrew4 ,) o!r punctuation ,wellhaus5 r5d]s ,my cov5ant 0 ) him1 life & peace ,i gave !m to him1 fe>444 #ajdj ,or peace1 4 #ajda ,or revelation1 ,torah4 #ajdb 3 cf4 ,amos iv4 #ajdc ,see above1 p4 #cdd4 #ajdd ,"h occur ! two v]ses & a clause1 #aa-ac;a1 ^u ! =eign m>riages1 :i* seem to be an intrusion4 #ajde ,see ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bei4 #ajdf ,heb4 lit]ally3 ,& n "o did1 & a remnant ( _s 0 82 :i* 7#a7 ,a4,v4 r5d]s3 ,& did n he make "o8 ,yet he _h ! residue ( ! _s1 :i* ,pusey accepts & applies to ,adam & ,eve1 int]pret+ ! second clause z ! brea? ( life1 by :i* ,adam became a liv+ s\l 7,g54 ii4 #g74 ,9 ,g54 i4 #bg ,adam & ,eve are call$ "o4 ,9 t case ! mean+ w\ld be t ! law ( m>riage 0 prior to t ( divorce1 z 9 ! words ( our ,"l1 ,matt4 xix4 #d-f4 7#b7 ,! ,hebrew might be r5d]$1 ,n "o has done ?is :o _h any _s left 9 him4 ,s ,hitzig & ,orelli4 ,9 t case ! foll[+ clauses ( ! v]se are ref]r$ to ,abraham4 8,b :at ab\t ! ,"o80 7,,lxx4 ins]t ye say aft] ,b7--! "o :o did put away 8 wife4 ,answ]3 ,he 0 seek+ a ,div9e se$4 ,! objection to ?is int]pretation is t ,abraham did n ca/ (f ! wife ( 8 y\?1 ,s>ah1 b ! =eign] ,hag>4 7#c7 ,ewald made a v diff]5t proposal3 ,& has n ,"o creat$ !m1 & all ! ,_s 7cf4 ,zeph4 i4 #d7 is ,88 ,& :at do? ! ,"o seek8 ,a ,div9e se$4 ,s ,re9ke4 ,simil>ly ,kirkpatrick 7,doct4 ( ! ,proph41 p4 #ejb73 ,& did n ,"o makey bo?8 ,& :y did! ,"o d s8 ,seek+ a goodly se$4 7#d7 ,wellhaus5 goes fur!r along ! same l9e4 ,read+ = 1 & = 1 & = 1 he translates3 ,ha? n ! same ,god creat$ & su/a9$ y\r 78 our7 brea?8 ,& :at does ,he desire8 ,a se$ ( ,god4 #ajdg ,lit]ally3 let none be unfai?ful to ! wife ( ?y y\?1 a curi\s in/ance ( ! ,hebrew habit ( mix+ ! pronom9al ref]5ces4 ,wellhaus5's em5dation is unnecess>y4 #ajdh ,see ,ges5ius & ,ewald = ,arabic analogies = ! use ( clo?+ wife4 #ajdi ,see above1 p4 #cdj4 #ajej ,wellhaus5 omits4 #ajea ,heb4 1 call] & answ]]4 ,b ,,lxx4 read 1 witness 7see iii4 #e71 ?\gh x po9t$ x diff]5tly4 #ajeb #ac;a1 ,b secondly ye d ?is1 is ! obvi\s addition ( ! editor 9 ord] to connect 8 intrusion ) :at foll[s4 #ajec ,see above1 pp4 #caa1 #cac f4 #ajed ,delete silv]3 ! long] ,,lxx4 text %[s h[ easily x 0 add$4 #ajee ,made an end (1 read+ ! v]b z ,piel 7,orelli74 ,,lxx4 refra9 f4 ,y\r s9s are und]/ood1 ! s9s :i* h always *>act]is$ ! p4 ,,lxx4 connects ! op5+ ( ! next v]se ) ?is1 & ) a diff]5t read+ ( ! fir/ ^w translates f ! s9s ( y\r fa!rs4 #ajef ,heb4 1 only "h & ,prov4 xxii4 #cb4 ,,lxx4 read 1 supplant1 *eat1 :i* ,wellhaus5 adopts4 #ajeg 1 ! heave (f]+1 ! tax or tribute giv5 to ! sanctu>y or prie/s & associates ) ! ti!s1 z "h 9 ,deut4 xii4 #aa1 to be eat5 by ! (f]] 7ib4 #ag71 b 9 ,ezekiel by ! prie/s 7xliv4 #cj72 tak5 by ! p & ! ,levites to ! ,temple treasury = ! prie/s 7,neh4 x4 #ch1 xii4 #dd73 corn1 w9e & oil4 ,9 ! ,prie/ly ,writ+ x signifies ! "p ( ea* sacrifice :i* 0 ! prie/s' due4 ,ezekiel also uses x ( ! "p ( ! ,holy ,l& t fell to ! pr9ce & prie/s4 #ajeh 9 its lat] mean+3 cf4 ,job xxiv4 #e2 ,prov4 xxxi4 #ae4 #ajei ,i4e4 locu/4 #ajfj ,a dew ( lights4 ,see ,isaiah i4--xxxix4 7,expositor's ,bible71 pp4 #ddh f4 #ajfa ,s ,,lxx42 ,heb4 !n4 #ajfb ,ezek4 xiii4 #i4 #ajfc 1 to ?9k1 plan1 has mu* ! same mean+ z "h 9 ,isa4 xiii4 #ag1 xxxiii4 #h1 liii4 #c4 #ajfd ,heb4 :5 ,i am do+2 b 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! ^w is us$ ( ,jehovah's decisive & f9al do+1 ,psalms xx41 xxxii41 etc4 #ajfe ,hab4 i4 #h4 #ajff ,see note to ,amos vi4 #d3 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #agd1 n4 #c4 #ajfg ,or du/4 ,,joel ,! ,day ( ,jehovah is great & v awful1 & :o may abide x8 ,b n[ ! oracle ( ,jehovah--,turn ye to ,me ) all y\r he>t1 & ) fa/+ & ) weep+ & ) m\rn+4 ,& r5d y\r he>ts & n y\r g>m5ts1 & turn to ,jehovah y\r ,god1 = graci\s & m]ciful is ,he1 long-suff]+ & ab\nd+ 9 love4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,joel ,9 ! criticism ( ! ,book ( ,joel !re exi/ diff]5ces ( op9ion--^u its date1 ! exact ref]5ce ( its /atem5ts & its relation to p>allel passages 9 o!r prophets--z wide z ev5 ^? by :i* ! ,book ( ,obadiah has be5 assign$ to e c5tury betwe5 ! t5? & ! f\r? be=e ,*ri/4#ajfh ,z 9 ! case ( ,obadiah1 ! problem is n entangl$ ) any doctr9al issue or "q ( accuracy2 b :ile we saw t ,obadiah 0 n involv$ 9 ! c5tral controv]sy ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! date ( ! ,law1 n a little 9 ,joel turns ^u ! latt]4 ,&1 besides1 c]ta9 descriptions raise ! l>ge "q betwe5 a lit]al & an allegorical int]pretation4 ,?us ! ,book ( ,joel c>ries ! /ud5t fur!r into ! problems ( ,old ,te/am5t ,criticism1 & =ms an ev5 m excell5t introduction to ! latt]1 ?an does ! ,book ( ,obadiah4 #a4 ,,! ,,date ,,( ,,! ,,book4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( prophecy ! ,book ( ,joel mu/ be ei!r v e>ly or v late1 & ) few exceptions ! lead+ critics place x ei!r be=e #hjj ,b4,c4 or aft] #ejj4 ,s great a diff]5ce is due to mo/ sub/antial reasons4 ,unlike e o!r prophet1 except ,haggai1 8,mala*i0 & 8,ze*>iah0 ix4--xiv41 ,joel m5tions nei!r ,assyria1 :i* em]g$ ^u ! prophetic horizon ab\t #gfj1ajfi nor ! ,babylonian ,empire1 :i* _h fall5 by #ecg4 ,! presumption is t he wrote be=e #gfj or aft] #ecg4 ,unlike all ! prophets1 too1#ajgj ,joel does n *>ge 8 p ) civic or national s9s2 nor does 8 book be> any trace ( ! /ruggle betwe5 ! righte\s & unrighte\s 9 ,israel1 nor ( t betwe5 ! spiritual wor%ipp]s ( ,jehovah & ! idolat]s4 ,! book addresses an undivid$ nation1 :o "k no ,god b ,jehovah2 & aga9 ! presumption is t ,joel wrote be=e ,amos & 8 successors _h />t$ ! spiritual antagonisms :i* r5t ,israel 9 twa91 or aft] ! ,law _h be5 accept$ by ! :ole p "u ,nehemiah4#ajga ,! same wide alt]native is sugge/$ by ! /yle & phraseology4 ,joel's ,hebrew is simple & direct4 ,ei!r he is an e>ly writ]1 or imitates e>ly writ]s4 ,8 book conta9s a numb] ( phrases & v]ses id5tical1 or ne>ly id5tical1 ) ^? ( prophets f ,amos to 8,mala*i40 ,ei!r !y all borr[$ f ,joel1 or he borr[$ f !m4#ajgb ,( ?is alt]native mod]n criticism at fir/ pref]r$ ! e>li] solution1 & dat$ ,joel be=e ,amos4 ,s ,cr$n] 9 8 ,comm5t>y 9 #ahca1 & foll[+ him ,hitzig1 ,bleek1 ,ewald1 ,delitzs*1 ,keil1 ,ku55 7up to #ahfd71ajgc ,pusey & o!rs4 ,s1 too1 at fir/ "s liv+ critics ( ! fir/ rank1 :o1 l ,ku551 h s9ce *ang$ _! op9ion4 ,& s1 ev5 /ill1 ,kirkpatrick 7on ! :ole71 ,von ,orelli1 ,rob]tson1#ajgd ,/anley ,lea!s & ,s9k]4#ajge ,! reasons :i* ^! s*ol>s h giv5 = ! e>ly date ( ,joel are r\ghly z foll[s4#ajgf ,8 book occurs among ! e>lie/ ( ! ,twelve3 :ile x is recognis$ t ! ord] ( ^! is n /rictly *ronological1 x is alleg$ t !re is a division betwe5 ! pre-exilic & po/-exilic prophets1 & t ,joel is f\nd among ! =m]4 ,! vagu5ess ( 8 repres5tations 9 g5]al1 & ( 8 pictures ( ! ,day ( ,jehovah 9 p>ticul>1 is attribut$ to ! simplicity ( ! e>li] religion ( ,israel1 & to ! want ( t analysis ( its lead+ conceptions :i* 0 ! "w ( lat] prophets4#ajgg ,8 horror ( ! int]ruption ( ! daily (f]+s 9 ! ,temple1 caus$ by ! plague ( locu/s1#ajgh is ascrib$ to a fe> :i* p]vad$ ! primitive ages ( all peoples4#ajgi ,9 ,joel's attitude t[>ds o!r nations1 :om he condemns to judgm5t1 ,ewald saw 8! old unsubdu$ w>like _s ( ! times ( ,deborah & ,david40 ,! prophet's absorption 9 ! ravages ( ! locu/s is held to reflect ! feel+ ( a purely agricultural community1 su* z ,israel 0 be=e ! eigh? c5tury4 ,! abs5ce ( ! "n ( ,assyria f ! book is assign$ to ! same unwill+ness to give ! "n z we see 9 ,amos & ! e>li] prophecies ( ,isaiah1 & x is ?\ght by "s t1 ?\gh n nam$1 ! ,assyrians are symbolis$ by ! locu/s4 ,! abs5ce ( all m5tion ( ! ,law is also held by "s to prove an e>ly date3 ?\gh o!r critics1 :o believe t ! ,levitical legislation 0 extant 9 ,israel f ! e>lie/ times1 f9d pro( ( ?is 9 ,joel's insi/5ce ^u ! daily (f]+4 ,! abs5ce ( all m5tion ( a k+ & ! prom95ce giv5 to ! prie/s are expla9$ by assign+ ! prophecy to ! m9ority ( ,k+ ,joa% ( ,judah1 :5 ,jehoyada ! prie/ 0 reg5t2#ajhj ! *>ge aga9/ ,egypt & ,edom ( spill+ innoc5t blood by ,%i%ak's invasion ( ,judah1#ajha & by ! revolt ( ! ,edomites "u ,jehoram2#ajhb ! *>ge aga9/ ! ,phili/9es & ,phnicians by ! ,*ronicl]'s acc\nt ( ,phili/9e raids#ajhc 9 ! reign ( ,jehoram ( ,judah1 & by ! oracles ( ,amos aga9/ bo? nations2#ajhd & ! m5tion ( ! ,vale ( ,jeho%aphat by t k+'s defeat ( ,moab1 ,ammon & ,edom 9 ! ,vale ( ,b]akhah4#ajhe ,^! allusions be+ recognis$1 x 0 d$uc$ f !m t ! p>allels betwe5 ,joel & ,amos 7 due to ,amos hav+ quot$ f ,joel4#ajhf ,^! reasons are n all equally cog5t1#ajhg & ev5 ! /ronge/ ( !m d n prove m ?an ! possibility ( an e>ly date = ,joel4#ajhh ,nor d !y meet e hi/orical difficulty4 ,! m9ority ( ,joa%1 ^u :i* !y conv]ge1 fell at a "t :5 ,aram 0 n only prom95t to ! ?\ghts ( ,israel1 b _h already be5 felt to be an enemy z p[]ful z ! ,phili/9es or ,edomites4 ,b ! ,book ( ,joel does n m5tion ,aram4 ,x m5tions ! ,greeks1#ajhi &1 al?\gh we h no "r to say t su* a notice 0 impossible 9 ,israel 9 ! n9? c5tury1 x 0 n only improbable1 b no o!r ,hebrew docum5t f be=e ! ,exile speaks ( ,greece1 & 9 p>ticul> ,amos does n :5 describ+ ! ,phnicians z slave-trad]s4#ajij ,! argum5t t ! ,book ( ,joel mu/ be e>ly because x 0 plac$ among ! fir/ six ( ! ,twelve ,prophets by ! arrang]s ( ! ,prophetic ,canon1 :o c\ld n h =gott5 ,joel's date _h he liv$ aft] #dej1 loses all =ce f ! fact t 9 ! same gr\p ( pre-exilic prophets we f9d ! exilic ,obadiah & ! po/-exilic ,jonah1 bo? ( !m 9 prec$5ce to ,micah4 ,! argum5t = ! e>ly date ( ,joel is1 !re=e1 n conclusive4 ,b !re are besides s]i\s objections to x1 :i* make = ! o!r solution ( ! alt]native we />t$ f1 & lead u to place ,joel aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,law by ,ezra & ,nehemiah 9 #ddd ,b4,c4 ,a po/-exilic date 0 fir/ propos$ by ,vatke1#ajia & !n def5d$ by ,hilg5feld1#ajib & by ,duhm 9 #ahge4ajic ,f ?is "t ! !ory made rapid way1 w9n+ ov] _m :o _h previ\sly held ! e>ly date ( ,joel1 l ,oort1#ajid ,ku551#ajie ,a4 ,b4 ,davidson1#ajif ,driv] & ,*eyne1#ajig p]haps also ,wellhaus51#ajih & f9d+ acceptance & new pro(s f a gradually increas+ majority ( y\ng] critics1 ,m]x1#ajii ,rob]tson ,smi?1#aajj ,/ade1#aaja ,mat!s & ,s*olz1#aajb ,holz+]1#aajc ,f>r>1#aajd ,kautzs*1#aaje ,cornill1#aajf ,wildebo]1#aajg ,g4 ,b4 ,gray#aajh & ,n[ack4#aaji ,! reasons :i* h l$ to ?is =midable *ange ( op9ion 9 fav\r ( ! late date ( ! ,book ( ,joel are z foll[s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ,exile ( ,judah appe>s 9 x z already pa/4 ,?is is prov$1 n by ! ambigu\s phrase1 :5 ,i %all br+ aga9 ! captivity ( ,judah & ,j]usalem1#aaaj b by ! pla9 /atem5t t ! hea!n h scatt]$ ,israel among ! nations & divid$ _! l&4#aaaa ,! plund] ( ! ,temple seems also to be impli$4#aaab ,moreov]1 no great _w-p[] is pictur$ z ei!r ?reat5+ or actually p]secut+ ,god's p2 b ,israel's active enemies & enslav]s are repres5t$ z h] own neighb\rs1 ,edomites1 ,phili/9es & ,phnicians1 & ! la/ are repres5t$ z sell+ ,jewi% captives to ! ,greeks4 ,all ?is suits1 if x does n absolutely prove1 ! ,p]sian age1 be=e ! reign ( ,artax]xes ,o*us1 :o 0 ! fir/ ,p]sian k+ to treat ! ,jews ) cruelty4#aaac ,! ,greeks1 ,javan1 d n appe> 9 any ,hebrew writ] be=e ! ,exile2#aaad ! =m 9 :i* _! "n is giv5 by ,joel1 ,b'ne ha-,jevanim1 has admitt$ly a late s\nd ab\t x1#aaae & we "k f o!r s\rces t x 0 9 ! fif? & f\r? c5turies t ,syrian slaves 7 9 dem& 9 ,greece4#aaaf ,simil>ly ) ! int]nal condition ( ! ,jews z reflect$ 9 ,joel4 ,no k+ is m5tion$2 b ! prie/s are prom95t1 & ! eld]s are introduc$ at lea/ once4#aaag ,x is an agricultural calamity1 & t alone1 unmix$ ) any political al>m1 :i* is ! om5 ( ! com+ ,day ( ! ,"l4 ,all ?is suits ! /ate ( ,j]usalem "u ! ,p]sians4 ,take aga9 ! religi\s temp] & emphasis ( ! book4 ,! latt] is laid1 z we h se51 v rem>kably ^u ! horror ( ! int]ruption by ! plague ( locu/s ( ! daily meal & dr9k (f]+s1 & 9 ! lat] hi/ory ( ,israel ! pro(s are _m ( ! exce$+ importance ) :i* ! regul>ity ( ?is 0 reg>d$4#aaah ,?is1 says ,pr(essor ,a4 ,b4 ,davidson1 8is v unlike ! way 9 :i* all o!r prophets d[n to ,j]emiah speak ( ! sacrificial s]vice40 ,! prie/s1 too1 are call$ to take ! initiative2 & ! summons to a solemn & =mal fa/1 )\t any notice ( ! p>ticul> s9s ( ! p or exhortations to di/9ct virtues1 contra/s ) ! attitude to fa/s ( ! e>li] prophets1 & ) _! insi/5ce ^u a *ange ( life z ! only acceptable =m ( p5it5ce4#aaai ,& ano!r contra/ ) ! e>lie/ prophets is se5 9 ! g5]al apocalyptic atmosph]e & col\r+ ( ! ,book ( ,joel1 z well z 9 "s ( ! p>ticul> figures 9 :i* ?is is express$1 & :i* are d]iv$ f lat] prophets l ,zephaniah & ,ezekiel4#aabj ,^! evid5ces = a late date are support$1 on ! :ole1 by ! language ( ! book4 ,( ?is ,m]x furni%es _m details1 & by a c>eful exam9ation1 :i* makes due all[ance = ! poetic =m ( ! book & = possible glosses1 ,holz+] has %[n t !re are symptoms 9 vocabul>y1 gramm> & syntax :i* at lea/ are m reconcilable ) a late ?an ) an e>ly date4#aaba ,!re are a numb] ( ,aramaic words1 ( ,hebrew words us$ 9 ! s5se 9 :i* !y are us$ by ,aramaic1 b by no o!r ,hebrew1 writ]s1 & sev]al t]ms & con/ructions :i* appe> only 9 ! lat] books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t or v seldom 9 ! e>ly ones4#aabb ,x is true t ^! d n /& 9 a l>ge proportion to ! re/ ( ,joel's vocabul>y & gramm>1 :i* is classic & suitable to an e>ly p]iod ( ! lit]ature2 b ?is may be acc\nt$ = by ! l>ge use :i* ! prophet makes ( ! v words ( e>li] writ]s4 ,take ?is l>ge use into acc\nt1 & ! unmi/akable ,aramaisms ( ! book become ev5 m emphatic 9 _! pro( ( a late date4 ,! lit]>y p>allels betwe5 ,joel & o!r writ]s are unusually _m = s small a book4 ,!y numb] at lea/ tw5ty 9 sev5ty-two v]ses4 ,! o!r books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 :i* !y occur are ab\t twelve4 ,:]e "o writ] has p>allels ) _m1 we d n necess>ily conclude t he is ! borr[]1 unless we f9d t "s ( ! phrases common to bo? are *>act]i/ic ( ! o!r writ]s1 or t1 9 8 text ( !m1 !re are diff]5ces f !irs :i* may reasonably be reckon$ to be ( a lat] orig94 ,b t bo? ( ^! conditions are f\nd 9 ! p>allels betwe5 ,joel & o!r prophets has be5 %[n by ,pr(4 ,driv] & ,mr4 ,g4 ,b4 ,gray4 8,sev]al ( ! p>allels--ei!r 9 _! entirety or by virtue ( c]ta9 words :i* !y conta9--h _! aff9ities solely or *iefly 9 ! lat] writ+s4 ,b ! significance ( ?is is increas$ :5 ! v diff]5ce betwe5 a passage 9 ,joel & its p>allel 9 ano!r book consi/s 9 a ^w or phrase *>act]i/ic ( ! lat] c5turies4 ,t a passage 9 a writ] ( ! n9? c5tury %\ld diff] f its p>allel 9 a subsequ5t writ] by ! pres5ce ( a ^w else:]e conf9$ to ! lat] lit]ature w\ld be /range2 a s+le in/ance w\ld n1 inde$1 be inexplicable 9 view ( ! scant9ess ( extant writ+s2 b e additional in/ance--?\gh itself n v conv9c+--r5d]s ! /rang5ess great]40 ,& aga91 8! v>iations 9 "s ( ! p>allels z f\nd 9 ,joel h o!r common peculi>ities4 ,?is also f9ds its natural explanation 9 ! fact t ,joel quotes3 = t ! same au?or ev5 :5 quot+ f diff]5t s\rces %\ld quote ) v>iations ( ! same "* is natural1 b t diff]5t au?ors quot+ f a common s\rce %\ld foll[ ! same me?od ( quotation is improbable40#aabc 8,:ile 9 "s ( ! p>allels a comp>ison discloses indications t ! phrase 9 ,joel is probably ! lat]1 9 o!r cases1 ev5 ?\gh ! expression may 9 itself be met ) e>li]1 x becomes frequ5t only 9 a lat] age1 & ! use ( x by ,joel increases ! presumption t he /&s by ! side ( ! lat] writ]s40#aabd ,9 face ( s _m conv]g+ l9es ( evid5ce1 we %all n wond] t !re %\ld h come ab\t s great a *ange 9 ! op9ion ( ! majority ( critics on ! date ( ,joel1 & t x %\ld n[ be assign$ by !m to a po/-exilic date4 ,"s place x 9 ! six? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1#aabe "s 9 ! fir/ half ( ! fif? be=e 8,mala*i0 & ,nehemiah1#aabf b ! mo/ aft] ! full e/abli%m5t ( ! ,law by ,ezra & ,nehemiah 9 #ddd ,b4,c4#aabg ,x is difficult1 p]haps impossible1 to decide4 ,no?+ c]ta9 c be d$uc$ f ! m5tion ( ! city wall 9 *ap4 ii4 #i1 f :i* ,rob]tson ,smi? & ,cornill inf] t ,nehemiah's walls 7 already built4 ,nor c we be sure t ,joel quotes ! phrase1 be=e ! great & t]rible day ( ,jehovah come1 f 8,mala*i10#aabh al?\gh ?is is r5d]$ probable by ! "* ( ,joel's o!r p>allels4 ,b ! abs5ce ( all ref]5ce to ! prophets z a class1 ! promise ( ! rigor\s exclusion ( =eign]s f ,j]usalem1#aabi ! condemnation to judgm5t ( all ! hea!n1 & ! /rong apocalyptic "* ( ! book1 w\ld incl9e u to place x aft] ,ezra r ?an be=e4 ,h[ f> aft]1 x is impossible to say1 b ! abs5ce ( feel+ aga9/ ,p]sia requires a date be=e ! cruelties inflict$ by ,artax]xes ab\t #cfj4aacj ,"o solution1 :i* has lately be5 (f]$ = ! problems ( date pres5t$ by ! ,book ( ,joel1 des]ves "s notice4 ,9 8 ,g]man translation ( ,driv]'s ,introduction to ! ,old ,te/am5t1#aaca ,ro?/e9 que/ions ! integrity ( ! prophecy1 & alleges reasons = divid+ x into two sections4 ,*aps4 i4 & ii4 7,heb42 i4--ii4 #bg ,eng47 he assigns to an e>ly au?or1 writ+ 9 ! m9ority ( ,k+ ,joa%1 b *aps4 iii4 & iv4 7,heb42 ii4 #bh--;iii4 ,eng47 to a date aft] ! ,exile1 :ile ii4 #bj1 :i*1 x w be rememb]$1 ,rob]tson ,smi? takes z a gloss1 he attributes to ! editor :o has jo9$ ! two sections toge!r4 ,8 reasons are t *aps4 i4 & ii4 are entirely tak5 up ) ! physical plague ( locu/s1 & no tr\bles f hea!n are m5tion$2 :ile *aps4 iii4 & iv4 say no?+ ( a physical plague1 b ! evils !y deplore = ,israel are entirely political1 ! assaults ( enemies4 ,n[ x is q )9 ! b\nds ( possibility t *aps4 iii4 & iv4 are f ano!r h& ?an *aps4 i4 & ii43 we h no?+ to disprove t4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is no?+ to prove x4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! possibility ( all f\r *apt]s be+ f ! same h& is v obvi\s4 ,joel m5tions no hea!n 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 because he is engross$ ) ! plague ( locu/s4 ,b :5 ?is has pass$1 x is q natural t he %\ld take up ! /&+ problem ( ,israel's hi/ory--_! relation to hea!n peoples4 ,!re is no discrepancy betwe5 ! two diff]5t subjects1 nor betwe5 ! /yles 9 :i* !y are respectively treat$4 ,ro?/e9's argum5ts = an e>ly date = *aps4 i4 & ii4 h be5 already answ]$1 & :5 we come to ! exposition ( !m we %all f9d /ill /rong] reasons = assign+ !m to ! end ( ! fif? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,! assault on ! integrity ( ! prophecy may !re=e be said to h fail$1 ?\gh no "o :o rememb]s ! composite "* ( ! prophetical books c d5y t ! "q is /ill op54#aacb #b4 ,,! ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,! ,,book3 ,,is ,,x ,,description1 ,,allegory ,,or ,,apocalypse8 ,ano!r "q to :i* we mu/ address ourselves be=e we c pass to ! exposition ( ,joel's prophecies is ( ! attitude & int5tion ( ! prophet4 ,does he describe or pr$ict8 ,does he give hi/ory or allegory8 ,joel />ts f a great plague ( locu/s1 :i* he describes n only 9 ! ravages !y commit ^u ! l&1 b 9 _! om9\s =e%ad[+ ( ! ,day ( ! ,"l4 ,!y are ! h]alds ( ,god's ne> judgm5t ^u ! nation4 ,let ! latt] rep5t in/antly ) a day ( fa/+ & pray]4 ,p]adv5ture ,jehovah w rel5t1 & sp>e ,8 p4 ,s f> *ap4 i4 #b--;ii4 #ag4 ,!n comes a break4 ,an unc]ta9 int]val appe>s to elapse2 & 9 *ap4 ii4 #ah we are told t ,jehovah's zeal = ,israel has be5 /irr$1 & ,he has _h pity on ,8 folk4 ,promises foll[1 fir/1 ( deliv]ance f ! plague & ( re/oration ( ! h>ve/s x has consum$1 & second1 ( ! outp\r+ ( ! ,_s on all classes ( ! community3 *ap4 ii4 #ag-cb 7,eng42 ii4 #ag--;iii4 ,heb474 ,*ap4 iii4 7,eng42 iv4 ,heb47 gives ano!r picture ( ! ,day ( ,jehovah1 ?is "t describ$ z a judgm5t ^u ! hea!n enemies ( ,israel4 ,!y %all be br\ght toge!r1 condemn$ judicially by ,him1 & sla9 by ,8 ho/s1 ,8 8sup]natural0 ho/s4 ,j]usalem %all be fre$ f ! feet ( /rang]s1 & ! f]tility ( ! l& re/or$4 ,^! are ! cont5ts ( ! book4 ,d !y describe an actual plague ( locu/s1 already exp]i5c$ by ! p8 ,or d !y pr$ict ?is z /ill to come8 ,& aga91 are ! locu/s :i* !y describe real locu/s1 or a symbol & allegory ( ! human foes ( ,israel8 ,to ^! two que/ions1 :i* 9 a measure cross & involve ea* o!r1 ?ree k9ds ( answ] h be5 giv54 ,a l>ge & gr[+ majority ( critics ( all s*ools#aacc hold t ,joel />ts1 l o!r prophets1 f ! facts ( exp]i5ce4 ,8 locu/s1 ?\gh describ$ ) poetic hyp]bole--= are !y n ! vangu>d ( ! awful ,day ( ,god's judgm5t8--are real locu/s2 _! plague has j be5 felt by 8 contempor>ies1 :om he summons to rep5t1 & to :om1 :5 !y h rep5t$1 he br+s promises ( ! re/oration ( _! ru9$ h>ve/s1 ! outp\r+ ( ! ,_s1 & judgm5t ^u _! foes4 ,pr$iction is !re=e f\nd only 9 ! second half ( ! book 7ii4 #ah onw>ds73 x re/s ^u a basis ( n>rative & exhortation :i* fills ! fir/ half4 ,b a numb] ( o!r critics h argu$ 7& ) great =ce7 t ! prophet's language ab\t ! locu/s is too aggravat$ & too om9\s to be limit$ to ! natural plague :i* ^! insects p]iodically inflict$ ^u ,pale/9e4 ,joel 7!y reason7 w\ld h>dly h connect$ s common an adv]sity ) s s+ul> & ultimate a crisis z ! ,day ( ! ,"l4 ,"u ! figure ( locu/s he mu/ be describ+ "s m fateful ag5cy ( ,god's wra? ^u ,israel4 ,m ?an "o trait ( 8 description appe>s to imply a human army4 ,x c only be "o or o!r1 or all1 ( ^? hea!n p[]s :om at diff]5t p]iods ,god rais$ up to *a/ise ,8 del9qu5t p2 & ?is op9ion is held to be support$ by ! facts t *ap4 ii4 #bj speaks ( !m z ! ,nor!rn & *ap4 iii4 7,eng42 iv4 ,heb47 deals ) ! hea!n4 ,! locu/s ( *aps4 i4 & ii4 are ! same z ! hea!n ( *ap4 iii4 ,9 *aps4 i4 & ii4 !y are describ$ z ?reat5+ ,israel1 b on condition ( ,israel rep5t+ 7*ap4 ii4 #ah ff47 ! ,day ( ! ,"l :i* !y h]ald %all be _! de/ruction & n ,israel's 7*ap4 iii474#aacd ,! support]s ( ?is allegorical int]pretation ( ,joel are1 h[ev]1 divid$ among !mselves z to :e!r ! hea!n p[]s symbolis$ by ! locu/s are describ$ z hav+ already afflict$ ,israel or are pr$ict$ z /ill to come4 ,hilg5feld1#aace = in/ance1 says t ! prophet 9 *aps4 i4 & ii4 speaks ( _! ravages z already pa/4 ,to him _! f\rfold plague describ$ 9 *ap4 i4 #d symbolises f\r ,p]sian assaults ^u ,pale/9e1 aft] ! la/ ( :i* 9 #ceh ! prophecy mu/ !re=e h be5 writt54#aacf ,o!rs read !m z /ill to come4 ,9 our own c\ntry ,pusey has be5 ! /ronge/ support] ( ?is !ory4#aacg ,to him ! :ole book1 writt5 be=e ,amos1 is pr$iction4 8,x ext5ds f ! prophet's own day to ! end ( "t40 ,joel calls ! sc\rge ! ,nor!rn3 he directs ! prie/s to pray = its removal1 t ! hea!n may n rule ov] ,god's h]itage2#aach he describes ! ag5t z a responsible "o2#aaci 8 imag]y goes f> beyond ! effects ( locu/s1 & ?reat5s dr\ght1 fire & plague1#aadj ! assault ( cities & ! t]rify+ ( peoples4#aada ,! sc\rge is to be de/roy$ 9 a way physically inapplicable to locu/s2#aadb & ! promises ( its removal include ! rem$y ( ravages :i* m]e locu/s c\ld n inflict3 ! captivity ( ,judah is to be turn$1 & ! l& recov]$ f =eign]s :o are to be bani%$ f x4#aadc ,pusey ?us reckons z future ! rel5t+ ( ,god1 consequ5t ^u ! p's p5it5ce3 *ap4 ii4 #ah ff4 ,! pa/ t5ses 9 :i* x is relat$1 he takes z in/ances ( ! well-kn[n prophetic p]fect1 accord+ to :i* ! prophets express _! assurance ( ?+s to come by describ+ !m z if !y _h already happ5$4 ,?is is und\bt$ly a /rong case = ! pr$ictive & allegorical "* ( ! ,book ( ,joel2 b a little consid]ation w %[ u t ! facts on :i* x is gr\nd$ are capable ( a diff]5t explanation ?an t :i* x assumes1 & t ,pusey has ov]look$ a numb] ( o!r facts :i* =ce u to a lit]al int]pretation ( ! locu/s z a plague already pa/1 ev5 ?\gh we feel !y are describ$ 9 ! language ( poetical hyp]bole4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,pusey's !ory implies t ! prophecy is address$ to a future g5]ation1 :o %all be alive :5 ! pr$ict$ invasions ( hea!n come ^u ! l&4 ,:]eas ,joel obvi\sly addresses 8 own contempor>ies4 ,! prophet & 8 he>]s are "o4 ,be=e our eyes1 he says1 ! food has be5 cut (f4#aadd ,z obvi\sly1 he speaks ( ! plague ( locu/s z ( some?+ t has j happ5$4 ,8 he>]s c comp>e its effects ) pa/ disa/]s1 :i* x has f> exce$$2#aade & x is _! duty to h& d[n ! /ory ( x to future g5]ations4#aadf ,aga91 8 description is t ( a physical1 n ( a political1 plague4 ,fields & g>d5s1 v9es & figs1 are deva/at$ by be+ /ripp$ & gnaw$4 ,dr\ght accompanies ! locu/s1 ! se$ %rivels b5ea? ! clods1 ! trees langui%1 ! cattle pant = want ( wat]4#aadg ,^! are n ! trail :i* an invad+ army leave beh9d !m4 ,9 support ( 8 !ory t human ho/s are meant1 ,pusey po9ts to ! v]ses :i* bid ! p pray t ! hea!n rule n ov] !m1 & :i* describe ! invad]s z attack+ cities4#aadh ,b ! =m] phrase may be r5d]$ ) equal propriety1 t ! hea!n make n satirical songs ab\t !m2#aadi & z to ! latt]1 n only d locu/s invade t[ns exactly z ,joel describes1 b 8 words t ! invad] /eals into h\ses l a ?ief are f> m applicable to ! insidi\s entrance ( locu/s ?an to ! bold & noisy assault ( a /orm+ p>ty4 ,moreov] ,pusey & ! o!r allegorical int]pret]s ( ! book ov]look ! fact t ,joel nev] s mu* z h9ts at ! inv>iable effects ( a human invasion1 massacre & plund]4 ,he describes no slay+ & no loot+2 b :5 he comes to ! promise t ,jehovah w re/ore ! losses :i* h be5 su/a9$ by ,8 p1 he def9es !m z ! ye>s :i* ,8 army has eat54#aaej ,b all ?is pro( is cl5*$ by ! fact t ,joel comp>es ! locu/s to actual soldi]s4#aaea ,!y are l horsem51 ! s\nd ( !m is l *>iots1 !y run l horses1 & l m5 ( w> !y leap ^u ! wall4 ,joel c\ld nev] h comp>$ a real army to itself6 ,! allegorical int]pretation is !re=e unt5able4 ,b "s critics1 :ile admitt+ ?is1 are yet n dispos$ to take ! fir/ "p ( ! book = n>rative4 ,!y admit t ! prophet means a plague ( locu/s1 b !y d5y t he is speak+ ( a plague already pa/1 & hold t 8 locu/s are /ill to come1 t !y are z mu* a "p ( ! future z ! p\r+ out ( ! ,_s#aaeb & ! judgm5t ( ! hea!n 9 ! ,valley ( ,jeho%aphat4#aaec ,all alike1 !y are signs or accompanim5ts ( ! ,day ( ,jehovah1 & t ,day has /ill to break4 ,! prophet's sc5]y is apocalyptic2 ! locu/s are 8es*atological locu/s10 n hi/orical ones4 ,?is int]pretation ( ,joel has be5 elaborat$ by ,dr4 ,adalb]t ,m]x1 & ! foll[+ is a summ>y ( 8 op9ions4#aaed ,aft] exam9+ ! book along all ! l9es ( exposition :i* h be5 propos$1 ,m]x f9ds himself unable to trace any plan or ev5 sign ( a plan2 & 8 only escape f p]plexity is ! belief t no plan c ev] h be5 meant by ! au?or4 ,joel weaves 9 "o pa/1 pres5t & future1 pa9ts situations only to blot !m out & put o!rs 9 _! place1 />ts _m processes b develops none4 ,8 book %[s no insight into ,god's plan ) ,israel1 b is purely ext]nal2 ! be>+ & ! end ( x is ! mat]ial prosp]ity ( ! little l& ( ,judah4 ,f ?is ,m]x concludes t ! book is n an orig9al "w1 b a m]e summ>y ( passages f previ\s prophets1 t ) a few reflections ( ! life ( ! ,jews aft] ! ,return lead u to assign x to t p]iod ( lit]>y culture :i* ,nehemiah inaugurat$ by ! collection ( national writ+s & :i* 0 fav\r$ by ! cessation ( all political di/urbance4 ,joel ga!r$ up ! pictures ( ! ,messianic age 9 ! old] prophets1 & weld$ !m toge!r 9 "o long pray] by ! f]vid belief t t age 0 ne>4 ,b :ile ! old] prophets spoke ^u ! gr\nd ( actual fact & rose f ?is to a maje/ic picture ( ! la/ puni%m5t1 ! /ill life ( ,joel's "t _h no?+ su* to (f] him & he _h to seek ano!r basis = 8 prophetic flight4 ,x is probable t he s\ght ?is 9 ! relation ( ,type & ,antitype4 ,! ,antitype he f\nd 9 ! lib]ation f ,egypt1 ! d>kness & ! locu/s ( :i* he transf]r$ to 8 canvas f ,exodus x4 #d-f4 ,! locu/s1 !re=e1 are nei!r real nor symbolic1 b ideal4 ,?is is ! me?od ( ! ,midra% & ,haggada 9 ,jewi% lit]ature1 :i* con/antly plac$ ov] aga9/ ea* o!r ! deliv]ance f ,egypt & ! la/ judgm5t4 ,x is a me?od t is already f\nd 9 su* portions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t z ,ezekiel xxxvii4 & ,psalm lxxviii4 ,joel's locu/s are borr[$ f ! ,egyptian plagues1 b are pres5t$ z ! signs ( ! ,la/ ,day4 ,!y w br+ x ne> to ,israel by fam9e1 dr\ght & ! int]ruption ( wor%ip describ$ 9 *ap4 i4 ,*ap4 ii41 :i* ,m]x keeps di/9ct f *ap4 i41 is bas$ on a /udy ( ,ezekiel1 f :om ,joel has borr[$1 among o!r ?+s1 ! expressions ! g>d5 ( ,ed5 & ! ,nor!rn]4 ,! two v]ses g5]ally held to be hi/oric1 #ah & #ai1 ,m]x takes to be ! cont9uation ( ! pray] ( ! prie/s1 po9t+ ! v]bs s z to turn !m f p]fects into futures4#aaee ,! re/ ( ! book1 ,m]x /rives to %[1 is piec$ toge!r f _m prophets1 *iefly ,isaiah & ,ezekiel1 b )\t ! t5d] spiritual feel+ ( ! "o1 or ! colossal magnific5ce ( ! o!r4 ,special nations are m5tion$1 b 9 ?is portion ( ! "w we h to d n ) ev5ts already pa/1 b ) g5]al views1 & ^! n orig9al1 b condition$ by ! expressions ( e>li] writ]s4 ,!re is no hi/ory 9 ! book3 x is all ideal1 my/ical1 apocalyptic4 ,t is to say1 accord+ to ,m]x1 !re is no real prophet or prophetic fire1 only an old man w>m+ 8 feeble h&s ov] a few emb]s t he has scrap$ toge!r f ! a%es ( anci5t fires1 n[ ne>ly :olly dead4 ,m]x has trac$ ,joel's relations to o!r prophets1 & reflection ( a late date 9 ,israel's hi/ory1 ) c>e & +5uity2 b 8 treatm5t ( ! text & exegesis ( ! prophet's mean+ are alike =c$ & fanciful4 ,9 face ( ! support :i* ! ,massoretic read+ ( ! h+e ( ! book1 *ap4 ii4 #ah ff41 receives f ! anci5t v]sions1 & ( its inh]5t probability & h>mony ) ! context1 ,m]x's textual em5dation is unnecess>y1 besides be+ 9 itself unnatural4#aaef ,:ile ! v same objections :i* we h already f\nd valid aga9/ ! allegorical int]pretation equally dispose ( ?is my/ical "o4 ,m]x outrages ! evid5t features ( ! book almo/ z mu* z ,h5g/5b]g & ,pusey h done4 ,he has lift$ out ( "t altoge!r t :i* pla9ly purports to be hi/orical4 ,8 lit]>y criticism is z uns\nd z 8 textual4 ,x is only by ignor+ ! beautiful poetry ( *ap4 i4 t he transplants x to ! future4 ,joel's figures are too vivid1 too actual1 to be pr$ictive or my/ical4 ,& ! :ole int]pretation wrecks itself 9 ! same v]se z ! allegorical1 ! v]se1 viz41 9 :i* ,joel pla9ly speaks ( himself z hav+ suff]$ ) 8 he>]s ! plague he describes4#aaeg ,we may1 !re=e1 ) confid5ce conclude t ! allegorical & my/ical int]pretations ( ,joel are impossible2 & t ! only reasonable view ( our prophet is t :i* reg>ds him z call+1 9 *ap4 i4 #b--;ii4 #ag1 ^u 8 contempor>ies to rep5t 9 face ( a plague ( locu/s1 s unusually sev]e t he has felt x to be om9\s ( ev5 ! ,day ( ! ,"l2 & 9 ! re/ ( 8 book1 z promis+ mat]ial1 political & spiritual triumphs to ,israel 9 consequ5ce ( _! rep5tance1 ei!r already consummat$1 or anticipat$ by ! prophet z c]ta94 ,x is true t ! acc\nt ( ! locu/s appe>s to be> features :i* conflict ) ! lit]al int]pretation4 ,"s ( ^!1 h[ev]1 vani% ^u a full] k ( ! awful degree :i* su* a plague has be5 te/ifi$ to rea* by compet5t obs]v]s )9 our own era4#aaeh ,^? t rema9 may be attribut$ p>tly to ! poetic hyp]bole ( ,joel's /yle1 & p>tly to ! fact t he sees 9 ! plague f> m ?an itself4 ,! locu/s are signs ( ! ,day ( ,jehovah4 ,joel treats !m z we f\nd ,zephaniah treat+ ! ,scy?ian hordes ( 8 day4 ,!y are z real z ! latt]1 b on !m z on ! latt] ! lurid gl>e ( ,apocalypse has fall51 magnify+ !m & inve/+ !m ) t air ( om9\sness :i* is ! sole ju/ification ( ! allegorical & my/ic int]pretation ( _! appe>ance4 ,to ! same s5se ( _! (fice z h]alds ( ! la/ day1 we owe ! description ( ! locu/s z ! ,nor!rn]4#aaei ,! ,nor? is n ! qu>t] f :i* locu/s usually rea* ,pale/9e1 nor is !re any reason to suppose t by nam+ ! ,nor? ,joel meant only to emphasise ! unusual "* ( ^! sw>ms4 ,r he takes a "n employ$ 9 ,israel s9ce ,j]emiah's "t to express ! in/rum5ts ( ,jehovah's wra? 9 ! day ( ,8 judgm5t ( ,israel4 ,! "n is typical ( ,doom1 & !re=e ,joel applies x to 8 fateful locu/s4 #c4 ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,text ,,& ,,! ,,/yle ,,( ,,! ,,book4 ,joel's /yle is flu5t & cle>1 bo? :5 he is describ+ ! locu/s1 9 :i* "p ( 8 book he is mo/ orig9al1 & :5 he is pr$ict+1 9 apocalyptic language l>gely borr[$ f e>li] prophets1 ! ,day ( ,jehovah4 ,to ! ease ( und]/&+ him we may attribute ! s\nd /ate ( ! text & its fre$om f glosses4 ,9 ?is1 l mo/ ( ! books ( ! po/-exilic prophets1 especially ! ,books ( ,haggai1 8,mala*i0 & ,jonah1 ,joel's book contra/s v fav\rably ) ^? ( ! old] prophets2 & t also1 to "s degree1 is pro( ( ! lat5ess ( 8 date4 ,! ,greek translators h1 on ! :ole1 und]/ood ,joel easily & ) little error4 ,9 _! v]sion !re are ! usual diff]5ces ( grammatical con/ruction1 especially 9 ! pronom9al suffixes & v]bs1 & ( punctuation2 b v few bits ( expansion & no real additions4 ,^! are all not$ 9 ! translation bel[4 ,,footnotes3 #ajfh ,see above1 ,*ap4 ,,xiii4 #ajfi ,see ,vol4 ,i4 ,! ,assyria ( 8,ze*40 x4 #aa is ,syria4 ,see bel[4 #ajgj ,! two exceptions1 ,nahum & ,habakkuk1 are n relevant to ?is "q4 ,_! dates are fix$ by _! ref]5ces to ,assyria & ,babylon4 #ajga ,see ,rob4 ,smi?1 art4 8,joel10 ,encyc4 ,brit4 #ajgb ,s obvi\s is ?is alt]native t all critics may be said to grant x1 except ,knig 7,e9l471 on ^: reasons = plac+ ,joel 9 ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury see bel[1 p4 #chf1 n4 #aacj4 ,kessn] 7,das ,zeitalt] d] ,proph4 ,joel1 #ahhh7 deems ! date unprovable4 #ajgc ,see ,! ,religion ( ,israel1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #hf f4 #ajgd ,! ,o4,t4 & its ,cont5ts1 p4 #aje4 #ajge ,lex ,mosaica1 pp4 #dbb1 #dej4 #ajgf ,see especially ,ewald on ,joel 9 8 ,prophets ( ! ,o4,t41 & ,kirkpatrick's v fair argum5t 9 ,doctr9e ( ! ,prophets1 pp4 #eg ff4 #ajgg ,on ,joel's picture ( ! ,day ( ,jehovah ,ewald says3 8,we h x "h 9 its fir/ simple & cle> =m1 nor has x become a subject ( ridicule z 9 ,amos40 #ajgh i4 #i1 #ac1 #af1 ii4 #ad4 #ajgi ,s ,ewald4 #ajhj #b ,k+s xi4 #d-ba4 #ajha #a ,k+s xiv4 #be f43 cf4 ,joel iii4 #ag;b1 #ai4 #ajhb #b ,k+s viii4 #bj-bb3 cf4 ,joel iii4 #ai4 #ajhc #b ,*ron4 xxi4 #af1 #ag1 xxii4 #a3 cf4 ,joel iii4 #d-f4 #ajhd ,amos i43 cf4 ,joel iii4 #d-f4 #ajhe #b ,*ron4 xx41 especially #bf3 cf4 ,joel iii4 #b4 #ajhf ,joel iii4 7,eng42 iv4 ,heb47 #af2 ,amos i4 #b4 ,= a li/ ( ! v>i\s p]iods to :i* ,joel has be5 assign$ by support]s ( ?is e>ly date see ,ku551 #fh4 #ajhg ,! ref]5ce ( ,egypt 9 iii4 #ai to ,%i%ak's invasion appe>s p>ticul>ly weak4 #ajhh ,cf4 ,rob]tson1 ,o4 ,t4 & its ,cont5ts1 #aje1 & ,kirkpatrick's cauti\s1 ?\gh conv9c$1 /atem5t ( ! reasons = an e>ly date4 #ajhi iii4 #f 7,heb4 iv4 #f74 #ajij ,amos i4 #i4 #ajia ,bibl4 ,!ol41 ,i41 p4 #dfb2 ,e9l41 pp4 #fge ff4 #ajib ,zts*r4 f4 wiss5s*4 ,!ol41 ,x41 ,heft #d4 #ajic ,!ol4 d] ,proph41 pp4 #bge ff4 #ajid ,!ol4 ,tijd41 #ahgf1 pp4 #cfb ff4 7n se574 #ajie ,ond]z41 #fh4 #ajif ,expositor1 #ahhh1 ,jan4--,june1 pp4 #aih ff4 #ajig ,see ,*eyne1 ,orig9 ( ,psalt]1 xx42 ,driv]1 ,introd41 9 ! six? edition ( :i*1 #ahig1 he supports ! late date ( ,joel m /rongly ?an 9 ! fir/ edition1 #ahib4 #ajih ,wellhaus5 all[$ ! !ory ( ! e>ly date ( ,joel to /& 9 8 edition ( ,bleek's ,e9leitung1 b adopts ! late date 9 8 own ,kle9e ,prophet54 #ajii ,die ,prophetie des ,joels u4 ihre ,ausleg]1 #ahgi4 #aajj ,encyc4 ,brit41 art4 8,joel10 #ahha4 #aaja ,ges*41 ,,ii4 #bjg4 #aajb ,!ol4 ,tijds*r41 #ahhe1 p4 #aea2 ,comm41 #ahhe 7nei!r se574 #aajc 8,spra**>akt] u4 ,abfassungszeit des ,b4 ,joels0 9 ,z4,a4,t4,w41 #ahhi1 pp4 #hi ff4 #aajd ,m9or ,prophets4 #aaje ,bibel4 #aajf ,e9leit4 #aajg ,litt]atur des ,a4 ,t4 #aajh ,expositor1 ,septemb] #ahic4 #aaji ,comm41 #ahig4 #aaaj iv4 7,heb42 iii4 ,eng47 #a4 ,= ?is may only mean turn aga9 ! =tunes ( ,judah & ,j]usalem4 #aaaa iv4 7,heb42 iii4 ,eng47 #b4 ,! support]s ( a pre-exilic date ei!r pass$ ?is ov] or und]/ood x ( incursions by ! hea!n into ,israel's t]ritories 9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 too univ]sal to suit ^!4 #aaab iv4 7,heb42 iii4 ,eng47 #e4 #aaac ,kautzs* dates aft] ,artax]xes ,o*us1 & c4 #cej4 #aaad ,ezekiel 7xxvii4 #ac1 #ai7 is ! fir/ to give ! "n ,javan1 i4e4 1 or ,ionian 7e>li] writ]s "n ,egypt1 ,edom1 ,arabia & ,phnicia z ! great slave-m>kets3 ,amos i42 ,isa4 xi4 #aa2 ,deut4 xxviii4 #fh72 & ,greeks are also m5tion$ 9 ,isa4 lxvi4 #ai 7a po/-exilic passage72 ,ze*4 ix4 #ac2 ,dan4 viii4 #ba1 x4 #bj1 xi4 #b2 #a ,*ron4 i4 #e1 #g1 & ,g54 x4 #b4 ,see bel[1 ,*ap4 ,,xxxi4 #aaae in/ead ( 1 j z ! ,*ronicl] gives = 3 see ,wildebo]1 p4 #cdh1 & ,mat!s1 quot$ by ,holz+]1 p4 #id4 #aaaf ,mov]s1 ,phn4 ,alt]?um41 ,,ii4 #a1 pp4 #gj sqq43 :i* ref]5ce ,i owe to ,r4 ,smi?'s art4 9 ! ,encyc4 ,brit4 #aaag ,) ^! might be tak5 ! use ( 7ii4 #af7 9 its s5se ( a ga!r+ = public wor%ip4 ,! ^w itself 0 old 9 ,hebrew1 b z "t w5t on x came m & m to mean ! convocation ( ! nation = wor%ip or delib]ation4 ,holz+]1 pp4 #aje f4 #aaah ,cf4 ,neh4 x4 #cc2 ,dan4 viii4 #aa1 xi4 #ca1 xii4 #aa4 ,also ,acts xxvi4 #g3 4 ,also ! passages 9 ,jos41 ,,xiv4 ,ant4 iv4 #c1 xvi4 #b1 9 :i* ,josephus m5tions ! horror caus$ by ! int]ruption ( ! daily sacrifice by fam9e 9 ! la/ siege ( ,j]usalem1 & adds t x _h happ5$ 9 no previ\s siege ( ! city4 #aaai ,cf4 ,j]4 xiv4 #ab2 ,isa4 lviii4 #f2 ,ze*4 vii4 #e1 vi4 #aa1 #ai1 ) ,neh4 i4 #d1 ix4 #a2 ,ezra viii4 #ba2 ,jonah iii4 #e1 #g2 ,e/h] iv4 #c1 #af1 ix4 #ca2 ,dan4 ix4 #c4 #aabj ,! ga!r+ ( ! ,g5tiles to judgm5t1 ,zeph4 iii4 #h 7see above1 p4 #fi7 & ,ezek4 xxxviii4 #bb2 ! /ream issu+ f ! ,temple to fill ! ,wady ha-,%ittim1 ,ezek4 xlvii4 #a ff41 cf4 ,ze*4 xiv4 #h2 ! outp\r+ ( ! ,_s1 ,ezek4 xxxix4 #bi4 #aaba ,z4,a4,t4,w41 #ahhi1 pp4 #hi-acf4 ,holz+]'s own conclusion is /at$ m emphatically ?an above4 #aabb ,= an exhau/ive li/ ! read] mu/ be ref]r$ to ,holz+]'s article 7cf4 ,driv]1 ,introd41 six? edition2 ,joel & ,amos1 p4 #bd2 ,g4 ,b4 ,gray1 ,expositor1 ,septemb] #ahic1 p4 #bab74 ,b ! foll[+ 7a few ( :i* are n giv5 by ,holz+]7 are suffici5t to prove ! conclusion come to above3 i4 #b1 iv4 #d1 444 -- ?is is ! =m ( ! disjunctive int]rogative 9 lat] ,o4 ,t4 writ+s1 replac+ ! e>li] 444 2 i4 #h1 only "h 9 ,o4 ,t41 b frequ5t 9 ,aram42 #ac1 9 ,ni4 only f ,j]emiah onw>ds1 ,qal only 9 two passages be=e ,j]emiah & 9 a numb] aft] him2 #ah1 1 if ! correct read+1 occurs only 9 ! late/ ,o4 ,t4 writ+s1 ! ,qal only 9 ^! & ,aram42 ii4 #b1 iv4 7,heb42 iii4 ,eng47 #bj1 fir/ 9 ,deut4 xxxii4 #g1 & !n exilic & po/-exilic frequ5tly2 #h1 1 a late ^w1 only 9 ,job xxxiii4 #ah1 xxxvi4 #ab1 #b ,*ron4 xxiii4 #aj1 xxxii4 #e1 ,neh4 iii4 #ae1 iv4 #aa1 #ag2 #bj1 1 end1 only 9 #b ,*ron4 xx4 #af & ,eccles41 ,aram4 ( ,daniel1 & po/ ,bibl4 ,aram4 & ,heb42 iv4 7,heb42 iii4 ,eng47 #d1 1 cf4 #b ,*ron4 xx4 #aa2 #aj1 1 see bel[ on ?is v]se2 #aa1 1 ,aram42 #ac1 1 9 ,hebrew to cook 7cf4 ,ezek4 xxiv4 #e71 & 9 o!r =ms always ) t mean+ d[n to ! ,prie/ly ,writ+ & 8,ze*40 ix4--xiv41 is us$ "h 9 ! s5se ( rip51 :i* is frequ5t 9 ,aram41 b does n occur else:]e 9 ,o4 ,t4 ,besides1 ,joel uses = ! fir/ p]sonal pron\n --ii4 #bg 7bis71 iv4 #aj1 #ag--:i* is by f> ! mo/ usual =m ) lat] writ]s1 & n 1 pref]r$ by pre-exilic writ]s4 7,see bel[ on ! language ( ,jonah47 #aabc ,g4 ,b4 ,gray1 ,expositor1 ,septemb] #ahic1 pp4 #bac f4 ,= ! above conclusions ample pro( is giv5 9 ,mr4 ,gray's detail$ exam9ation ( ! p>allels3 pp4 #bad ff4 #aabd ,driv]1 ,joel & ,amos1 p4 #bg4 #aabe ,s*olz & ,ros5zweig 7n se574 #aabf ,hilg5feld1 ,duhm1 ,oort4 ,driv] puts x 8mo/ safely %ortly aft] ,haggai & ,ze*>iah i4--viii41 c4 #ejj ,b4,c40 #aabg ,v]nes1 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,ku551 ,mat!s1 ,cornill1 ,n[ack1 etc4 #aabh ,joel iii4 #d 7,heb42 ,eng4 ii4 #ca72 8,mal40 iv4 #e4 #aabi iii4 7,eng42 iv4 ,heb47 #ag4 #aacj ,p]haps ?is is ! mo/ conv5i5t place to ref] to ,knig's proposal to place ,joel 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ,josiah4 ,"s ( 8 argum5ts 7e4g4 t ,joel is plac$ among ! fir/ ( ! ,twelve7 we h already answ]$4 ,he ?9ks t i4 #ag-bj suit ! great dr\ght 9 ,josiah's reign 7,j]4 xiv4 #b-f71 t ! "n giv5 to ! locu/s1 1 ii4 #bj1 is due to ,j]emiah's enemy f ! nor?1 & t ! phrases return ) all y\r he>t1 ii4 #ab1 & return to ,jehovah y\r ,god1 #ac1 imply a p]iod ( apo/asy4 ,none ( ^! conclusions is necess>y4 ,! abs5ce ( ref]5ce to ! high places f9ds an analogy 9 ,isa4 i4 #ac2 ! is m5tion$ 9 ,isa4 i4 #ac3 if ,amos viii4 #e te/ifies to obs]vance ( ! ,sabba?1 & ,nahum ii4 #a to o!r fe/ivals1 :o c say a pre-exilic prophet w\ld n be int]e/$ 9 ! meal & dr9k (f]+s8 ,b surely no pre-exilic prophet w\ld h s emphasis$ ^! z ,joel has done4 ,nor is ,knig's explanation ( iv4 #b z ( ! ,assyrian & ,egyptian invasion ( ,judah s probable z t :i* ref]s ! v]se to ! ,babylonian exile4 ,nor are ,knig's objections to a date aft] 8,mala*i0 conv9c+4 ,!y are t a prophet ne> 8,mala*i's0 "t mu/ h specifi$ z 8,mala*i0 did ! reasons = ! rep5tance to :i* he summon$ ! p1 :ile ,joel gives none1 b is q g5]al 7ii4 #ac;a74 ,b ! *ange ( attitude may be acc\nt$ = by ! cov5ant & ,law ( #ddd4 8,mala*i0 i4 #aa speaks ( ! ,g5tiles wor%ipp+ ,jehovah1 b n ev5 9 ,jonah iii4 #e is any relation ( ! ,g5tiles to ,jehovah pr$icat$4 ,aga91 ! great] exclusiv5ess ( ,ezra & 8 ,law may be ! cause4 ,joel1 x is true1 z ,knig says1 does n m5tion ! ,law1 :ile 8,mala*i0 does 7ii4 #h1 etc472 b ?is 0 n necess>y if ! p _h accept$ x 9 #ddd4 ,pr(essor ,ryle 7,canon ( ,o4,t41 #ajf n47 leaves ! "q ( ,joel's date op54 #aaca ,pages #ccc f4 n4 #aacb ,v]nes1 ,hi/oire des ,ides ,messianiques depuis ,alex&re1 pp4 #ac ff41 _h already ass]t$ t *aps4 i4 & ii4 mu/ be by a diff]5t au?or f *aps4 iii4 & iv41 because ! =m] has to d :olly ) ! writ]'s pres5t1 ) :i* ! latt] has no connection :atev]1 b x is entirely es*atological4 ,b 9 8 ,mlanges de ,crit4 ,relig41 pp4 #bah ff41 ,v]nes all[s t 8 argum5ts are n conclusive1 & t all f\r *apt]s may h come f ! same h&4 #aacc ,i4e4 ,hitzig1 ,vatke1 ,ewald1 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,ku551 ,kirkpatrick1 ,driv]1 ,davidson1 ,n[ack1 etc4 #aacd ,?is allegorical int]pretation 0 a fav\rite "o ) ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs3 cf4 ,j]ome4 #aace ,zeits*r4 fr wiss5s*4 ,!ologie1 #ahfj1 pp4 #dab ff4 #aacf ,cambyses #ebe1 ,x]xes #dhd1 ,artax]xes ,o*us #dfj & #deh4 #aacg ,9 ,g]many1 among o!r repres5tatives ( ?is op9ion1 are ,b]?oldt 7,e9l47 & ,h5g/5b]g 7,*ri/ol41 ,,iii4 #ceb ff471 ! latt] ( :om saw 9 ! f\r k9ds ( locu/s ! ,assyrian-,babylonian1 ! ,p]sian1 ! ,greek & ! ,roman tyrants ( ,israel4 #aach ii4 #ag4 #aaci ii4 #bj4 #aadj i4 #ai1 #bj4 #aada ,plur4 ii4 #f4 #aadb ii4 #bj4 #aadc iii4 7,heb4 iv47 #a f41 #ag4 #aadd i4 #af4 #aade i4 #b f4 #aadf i4 #c4 #aadg i4 #ag ff4 #aadh ii4 #ag1 ii4 #i ff4 #aadi #aaej ,a4 ,b4 ,davidson1 ,expos41 #ahhh1 pp4 #bjj f4 #aaea ii4 #d ff4 #aaeb ,eng4 ii4 #bh ff41 ,heb4 iii4 #aaec ,eng4 iii41 ,heb4 iv4 #aaed ,die ,prophetie des ,joel u4 ihre ,ausleg]1 #ahgi4 ,! foll[+ summ>y & criticism ( ,m]x's views ,i take f an 7unpubli%$7 review ( 8 "w :i* ,i wrote 9 #ahha4 #aaee ,= etc4 he reads etc4 #aaef 8,! proposal ( ,m]x1 to *ange ! po9t+ s z to trans=m ! p]fects into futures1 444 is an exegetical mon/rosity40--,rob]tson ,smi?1 art4 8,joel10 ,encyc4 ,brit4 #aaeg i4 #af4 #aaeh ,ev5 ! comp>ison ( ! ravages ( ! locu/s to burn+ by fire4 ,b probably also ,joel means t !y 7 accompani$ by dr\ght & =e/ fires4 ,see bel[4 #aaei ii4 #bj4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii ,,! ,,locu/s ,,& ,,! ,,day ,,( ,,! ,,"l ,,joel i4--ii4 #ag ,joel1 z we h se51 f\nd ! motive ( 8 prophecy 9 a rec5t plague ( locu/s1 ! appe>ance ( :i* & ! havoc !y work$ are describ$ by him 9 full detail4 ,writ+ n only z a poet b z a se]1 :o reads 9 ! locu/s signs ( ! great ,day ( ! ,"l1 ,joel has necess>ily put into 8 picture sev]al features :i* c>ry ! imag9ation beyond ! limits ( exp]i5ce4 ,& yet1 if we ourselves _h liv$ ?r\gh su* a plague1 we %\ld be able to recognise h[ little lic5se ! poet has tak51 & t ! se]1 s f> f unduly mix+ ) 8 facts ! col\rs ( ,apocalypse1 mu/ h exp]i5c$ 9 ! t]rible plague itself en\gh to provoke all ! religi\s & monitory use :i* he makes ( x4 ,! pres5t writ] has se5 b "o sw>m ( locu/s1 9 :i*1 ?\gh x 0 small & soon swept away by ! w9d1 he felt n only _m ( ! features t ,joel describes1 b ev5 "s degree ( t s+ul> helplessness be=e a calamity ( port5t f> beyond itself1 some?+ ( t sup]natural edge & acc5t1 :i*1 by ! confession ( s _m obs]v]s1 *>act]ise ! locu/-plague & ! e>?quake above all o!r physical disa/]s4 ,"o summ] aft]noon1 ^u ! pla9 ( ,hauran1 a long bank ( mi/ grew rapidly f ! we/]n horizon4 ,! day 0 dull1 & z ! mi/ rose a?w>t ! sunbeams1 /ruggl+ ?r\gh cl\ds1 x gleam$ cold & :ite1 l ! front ( a di/ant sn[-/orm4 ,:5 x came ne>1 x seem$ to be m ?an a mile broad1 & 0 d5se en\gh to turn ! atmosph]e raw & dirty1 ) a *ill z ( a summ] sea-fog1 only t ?is 0 n due to any fall 9 ! temp]ature4 ,nor 0 !re ! sil5ce ( a mi/4 ,we 7 envelop$ by a noise1 less l ! :irr+ ( w+s ?an ! rattle ( hail or ! crackl+ ( bu% on fire4 ,myriads ^u myriads ( locu/s 7 ab\t u1 cov]+ ! gr\nd1 & %utt+ out ! view 9 all directions4 ,?\gh !y drift$ be=e ! w9d1 !re 0 no confusion 9 _! ranks4 ,!y sail$ 9 unbrok5 l9es1 sometimes /raight1 sometimes wavy2 & :5 !y pass$ pu%+ ?r\gh our c>avan1 !y left almo/ no /raggl]s1 except f ! la/ battalion1 & only ! few dead :i* we _h caught 9 our h&s4 ,aft] sev]al m9utes !y 7 aga9 b a lu/re on ! air1 & s melt$ away into "s heavy cl\ds 9 ! ea/4 ,mod]n travell]s furni% u ) t]rible impressions ( ! innum]able multitudes ( a locu/-plague1 ! succession ( _! sw>ms ?r\gh days & weeks1 & ! utt] desolation !y leave beh9d !m4 ,mr4 ,d\ghty writes3#aafj 8,!re hopp$ be=e our feet a m9ute brood ( second locu/s1 ( a lead5 col\r1 ) budd+ w+s l ! spr+ leaves1 & born ( ^? gay sw>ms :i* a few weeks be=e _h pass$ ov] & despoil$ ! des]t4 ,aft] =ty days ^! also w\ld fly z a pe/il5ce1 yet m hungry ?an ! =m]1 & fill ! atmosph]e40 ,& lat]3 8,! cl\ds ( ! second locu/ brood :i* ! ,arabs call #8,am'dan1 pill>s1 flew ov] u = "s days1 invad$ ! boo?s & = bl9d hung] ev5 bit our %9s40#aafa ,x 0 8a /orm ( ru/l+ w+s40#aafb 8,?is ye> 0 rememb]$ = ! locu/ sw>ms & great summ] heat40#aafc ,a travell] 9 ,s\? ,africa#aafd says3 8,= ! space ( t5 miles on ea* side ( ! ,sea-,c[ riv] & eighty or n9ety miles 9 l5g?1 an area ( sixte5 or eighte5 hundr$ squ>e miles1 ! :ole surface might lit]ally be said to be cov]$ ) !m40 ,9 8 rec5tly publi%$ book on ,s\? ,africa1 ,mr4 ,bryce writes3--#aafe 8,x is a /range sight1 beautiful if y c =get ! de/ruction x br+s ) x4 ,! :ole air1 to twelve or ev5 eighte5 feet above ! gr\nd1 is fill$ ) ! insects1 r$di% br[n 9 body1 ) bright1 gauzy w+s4 ,:5 ! sun's rays cat* !m x is l ! sea sp>kl+ ) light4 ,:5 y see !m aga9/ a cl\d !y are l ! d5se flakes ( a driv+ sn[-/orm4 ,y feel z if y _h nev] be=e realis$ imm5sity 9 numb]4 ,va/ cr[ds ( m5 ga!r$ at a fe/ival1 c\ntless tree-tops ris+ along ! slope ( a =e/ ridge1 ! *imneys ( ,london h\ses f ! top ( ,/4 ,paul's--all are z no?+ to ! myriads ( insects t blot out ! sun above & cov] ! gr\nd b5ea? & fill ! air :i*ev] way "o looks4 ,! breeze c>ries !m swiftly pa/1 b !y come on 9 fre% cl\ds1 a ho/ ( :i* !re is no end1 ea* ( !m a h>mless creature :i* y c cat* & cru% 9 y\r h&1 b appall+ 9 _! p[] ( collective deva/ation40 ,& take ?ree te/imonies f ,syria3 8,! quantity ( ^! insects is a ?+ incr$ible to any "o :o has n se5 x himself2 ! gr\nd is cov]$ by !m = sev]al leagues40#aaff 8,! :ole face ( ! m\nta9#aafg 0 black ) !m4 ,on !y came l a liv+ deluge4 ,we dug tr5*es & k9dl$ fires1 & beat & burnt to dea? heaps ^u heaps1 b ! ef=t 0 utt]ly useless4 ,!y roll$ up ! m\nta9-side1 & p\r$ ov] rocks1 walls1 dit*es & h$ges1 ^? beh9d cov]+ up & pass+ ov] ! masses already kill$4 ,= "s days !y cont9u$ to pass4 ,! noise made by !m 9 m>*+ & =ag+ 0 l t ( a heavy %[] fall+ ^u a di/ant =e/40#aafh 8,! roads 7 cov]$ ) !m1 all m>*+ & 9 regul> l9es1 l armies ( soldi]s1 ) _! lead]s 9 front2 & all ! opposition ( man to resi/ _! progress 0 9 va940 ,hav+ consum$ ! plantations 9 ! c\ntry1 !y ent]$ ! t[ns & villages4 8,:5 !y approa*$ our g>d5 all ! f>m s]vants 7 employ$ to keep !m (f1 b to no avail2 ?\gh our m5 broke _! ranks = a mom5t1 no soon] _h !y pass$ ! m51 ?an !y clos$ aga91 & m>*$ =w>d ?r\gh h$ges & dit*es z be=e4 ,our g>d5 f9i%$1 !y cont9u$ _! m>* t[>d ! t[n1 deva/at+ "o g>d5 aft] ano!r4 ,!y h also p5etrat$ into mo/ ( our rooms3 :atev] "o is do+ "o he>s _! noise f )\t1 l ! noise ( arm$ ho/s1 or ! runn+ ( _m wat]s4 ,:5 9 an erect position _! appe>ance at a little di/ance is l t ( a well-arm$ horseman40#aafi ,locu/s are notori\sly adapt$ = a plague1 8s9ce to /r5g? incr$ible = s small a creature1 !y add saw-l tee?1 admirably calculat$ to eat up all ! h]bs 9 ! l&40#aagj ,!y are ! inc>nation ( hung]4 ,no voracity is l !irs1 ! voracity ( little creatures1 ^: million sep>ate appetites no?+ is too m9ute to escape4 ,!y dev\r fir/ grass & leaves1 fruit & foliage1 ev]y?+ t is gre5 & juicy4 ,!n !y attack ! "y bran*es ( trees1 & !n ! h>d b>k ( ! trunks4#aaga 8,aft] eat+ up ! corn1 !y fell ^u ! v9es1 ! pulse1 ! will[s1 & ev5 ! hemp1 not)/&+ its great bitt]ness40#aagb 8,! b>k ( figs1 pomegranates & oranges1 bitt]1 h>d & corrosive1 escap$ n _! voracity40#aagc 8,!y are p>ticul>ly injuri\s to ! palm-trees2 ^! !y /rip ( e leaf & gre5 p>ticle1 ! trees rema9+ l skeletons ) b>e bran*es40#aagd 8,= eighty or n9ety miles !y dev\r$ e gre5 h]b & e blade ( grass40#aage 8,! g>d5s outside ,jaffa are n[ completely /ripp$1 ev5 ! b>k ( ! "y trees hav+ be5 dev\r$1 & look l a bir*-tree =e/ 9 w9t]40#aagf 8,! bu%es 7 eat5 q b>e1 ?\gh ! animals c\ld n h be5 long on ! spot4 ,!y sat by hundr$s on a bu% gnaw+ ! r9d & ! woody fibres40#aagg 8,bamboo groves h be5 /ripp$ ( _! leaves & left /&+ l sapl+s aft] a rapid bu% fire1 & grass has be5 dev\r$ s t ! b>e gr\nd appe>$ z if burn$40#aagh 8,! c\ntry did n seem to be burnt1 b to be mu* cov]$ ) sn[ ?r\gh ! :it5ess ( ! trees & ! dryness ( ! h]bs40#aagi ,! fields f9i%$1 !y invade t[ns & h\ses1 9 se>* ( /ores4 ,victual ( all k9ds1 hay1 /raw1 & ev5 l95 & wooll5 clo!s & lea!r bottles1 !y consume or te> 9 pieces4#aahj ,!y flood ?r\gh ! op51 unglaz$ w9d[s & lattices3 no?+ c keep !m out4 ,^! extracts prove to u :at little ne$ ,joel _h ( hyp]bole 9 ord] to read 8 locu/s z signs ( ! ,day ( ,jehovah2 especially if we keep 9 m9d t locu/s are wor/ 9 v hot summ]s1 & (t5 accompany an absolute dr\ght along ) its consequ5ce ( prairie & =e/ fires4 ,"s h ?\ght t1 9 introduc+ ! effects ( fire1 ,joel only means to pa9t ! burnt look ( a l& aft] locu/s h ravag$ x4 ,b locu/s d n dr9k up ! /reams1 nor cause ! se$ to %rivel 9 ! e>?4#aaha ,by ^! ! prophet mu/ mean dr\ght1 & by ! flame t has burn$ all ! trees ( ! field1#aahb ! =e/ fire1 f9d+ an easy prey 9 ! trees :i* h be5 r$uc$ to firewood by ! locu/s' tee?4 ,ev5 9 ! great passage 9 :i* he passes f hi/ory to ,apocalypse1 f ! gloom & t]ror ( ! locu/s to ! lurid dawn ( ,jehovah's ,day1 ,joel keeps )9 ! actual facts ( exp]i5ce3-- ,day ( d>kness & murk1 ,day ( cl\d & heavy mi/1 ,l dawn scatt]$ on ! m\nta9s1 ,a p _m & p[]ful4 ,no "o :o has se5 a cl\d ( locu/s c "q ! realism ev5 ( ?is picture3 ! heavy gloom ( ! immeasurable mass ( !m1 %ot by gleams ( light :]e a few ( ! sun's imprison$ beams h brok5 ?r\gh or across ! /orm ( lu/r\s w+s4 ,?is is l dawn beat5 d[n ^u ! hilltops1 & cru%$ by roll+ masses ( cl\d1 9 conspiracy to prolong ! night4 ,no3 ! only po9t at :i* ,joel leaves absolute fact = ! wild] comb9ations ( ,apocalypse is at ! v close ( 8 description1 *ap4 ii4 #aj & #aa1 & j be=e 8 call to rep5tance4 ,"h we f9d1 mix$ ) ! locu/s1 e>?quake & ?und]/orm2 & ,joel has borr[$ ^! f ! classic pictures ( ! ,day ( ! ,"l1 us+ "s ( ! v phrases ( ! latt]3-- ,e>? trembles be=e !m1 ,heav5 quakes1 ,sun & moon become black1 ,! />s )draw _! %9+1 ,& ,jehovah utt]s ,8 voice be=e ,8 army4 ,joel1 !n1 describes1 & does n unduly enhance1 ! t]rors ( an actual plague4 ,at fir/ 8 :ole /r5g? is s b5t to make 8 p feel ^!1 t1 ?\gh ab\t to call to rep5tance1 he does n detail ! national s9s :i* require x4 ,9 8 op5+ v]ses he summons ! drunk>ds1#aahc b t is m]ely to l5d vividness to 8 picture ( facts1 because m5 ( su* habits w be ! fir/ to feel a plague ( ?is k9d4 ,nor does ,joel yet ask 8 he>]s :at ! calamity port5ds4 ,at fir/ he only dem&s t !y %all feel x1 9 its uniqu5ess & its own %e] =ce4 ,h5ce ! peculi> /yle ( ! passage4 ,lett] = lett]1 ?is is "o ( ! heavie/ passages 9 prophecy4 ,! proportion 9 ,hebrew ( liquids to ! o!r lett]s is n l>ge2 b "h x is small] ?an ev]4 ,! explosives & d5tals are v num]\s4 ,!re are sev]al keywords1 ) h>d consonants & long v[els1 us$ aga9 & aga93 ,%uddadh1 #8bhlah1 #8umlal1 hbh%4 ,! long] l9es into :i* ,hebrew p>allelism t5ds to run are replac$ by a rapid s]ies ( %ort1 heavy phrases1 fall+ l bl[s4 ,critics h call$ x rhetoric4 ,b x is rhetoric ( a v high ord] & p]fectly suit$ to ! prophet's purpose4 ,look at *ap4 i4 #aj3 ,%uddadh sadheh1 #8bhlah #8adhamah1 %uddadh daghan1 hbh% tr%1 #8umlal yiar4#aahd ,joel loads 8 clauses ) ! mo/ lead5 lett]s he c f9d1 & drops !m 9 quick succession1 repeat+ ! same heavy ^w aga9 & aga91 z if he w\ld /un ! c>eless p into "s s5se ( ! b>e1 brutal weight ( ! calamity :i* has befall5 !m4 ,n[ ,joel does ?is because he believes t1 if 8 p feel ! plague 9 its prop] viol5ce1 !y mu/ be conv9c$ t x comes f ,jehovah4 ,! keynote ( ?is "p ( ! prophecy is f\nd 9 *ap4 i4 #ae3 8,ke%dh mi%%addhai10 l viol5ce f ! ,all-viol5t do? x come4 8,if y feel ?is z x is1 y w feel ,jehovah ,himself 9 x4 ,by ^! v bl[s1 ,he & ,8 ,day are ne>4 ,we _h be5 =gett+ h[ ne>40 ,joel m5tions no crime1 nor en=ces any virtue3 h[ c\ld he h done s 9 s /rong a s5se t 8! ,judge 0 at ! door08 ,to make m5 feel t !y _h =gott5 !y 7 9 rea* ( t ,almighty ,h&1 :i* c\ld /rike s sudd5ly & s h>d--,joel _h "t only to make m5 feel t1 & to call !m to rep5tance4 ,9 ?is we probably see "s reflection ( ! age3 an age :5 m5's ?\ghts 7 ?ru/+ ! ,deity fur!r & fur!r f _! life2 :5 !y put ,8 ,law & ,temple betwe5 ,him & !mselves2 & :5 _! religion1 devoid ( ! s5se ( ,8 ,pres5ce1 _h become a set ( =mal obs]vances1 ! r5d+ ( g>m5ts & n ( he>ts4 ,b ,he1 :om ,8 own ord9ances _h hidd5 f ,8 p1 has bur/ =? ?r\gh nature & 9 %e] =ce ( calamity4 ,he has reveal$ ,himself1 ,el-,%addhai1 ,god ,all-viol5t1 z ,he 0 kn[n to _! fa!rs1 :o _h no elaborate law or ritual to put betwe5 _! fe>ful he>ts & ,8 t]rible /r5g?1 b c[]$ be=e ,him1 helpless on ! /ripp$ soil1 & nak$ b5ea? ,8 ?und]4 ,by j ^! means did ,elijah & ,amos br+ ,god home to ! he>ts ( anci5t ,israel4 ,9 ,joel we see ! revival ( ! old nature-religion1 & ! rev5ge t x 0 b\nd to take ^u ! elaborate sy/ems :i* _h displac$ x1 b :i* by _! =malism & _! artificial complet5ess _h made m5 =get t ne> pres5ce & direct action ( ! ,almighty :i* x is nature's own (fice to en=ce ^u ! he>t4 ,! ?+ is true1 & p]man5tly valid4 ,only ! great natural processes c break up ! sy/ems ( dogma & ritual 9 :i* we make ourselves com=table & =mal1 & drive u out into ,god's op5 air ( reality4 ,9 ! cra% ( nature's =ces ev5 our p>ticul> s9s are =gott51 & we feel1 z 9 ! imm$iate pres5ce ( ,god1 our :ole1 deep ne$ ( rep5tance4 ,s f> f blam+ ! abs5ce ( special e?ics 9 ,joel's s]mon1 we accept x z natural & prop] to ! occasion4 ,su*1 !n1 appe>s to be ! explanation ( ! fir/ "p ( ! prophecy1 & its developm5t t[>ds ! call to rep5tance1 :i* foll[s x4 ,if we are correct1 ! ass]tion#aahe is false t no plan 0 meant by ! prophet4 ,= n only is !re a plan1 b ! plan is mo/ suitable to ! requirem5ts ( ,israel1 aft] _! adoption ( ! :ole ,law 9 #dde1 & =ms "o ( ! mo/ necess>y & int]e/+ developm5ts ( all religion3 ! revival1 9 an artificial p]iod1 ( ^? primitive =ces ( religion :i* nature alone supplies1 & :i* are ne$$ to correct =malism & ! =getfulness ( ! ne> pres5ce ( ! ,almighty4 ,we see 9 ?is1 too1 ! reason ( ,joel's ar*aic /yle1 bo? ( conception & expression3 t lik5ess ( 8 to e>ly prophets :i* has l$ s _m to place him betwe5 ,elijah & ,amos4#aahf ,!y are wrong4 ,joel's simplicity is t n ( e>ly prophecy1 b ( ! au/]e =ces ( ?is reviv$ & appli$ to ! artificiality ( a lat] age4 ,"o o!r pro( ( ,joel's conviction ( ! religi\s mean+ ( ! plague might also h be5 pl$ by ! e>li] prophets1 b c]ta9ly n 9 ! t]ms 9 :i* ,joel expresses x4 ,amos & ,hosea _h bo? describ$ ! de/ruction ( ! c\ntry's f]tility 9 _! day z ,god's displeasure on ,8 p & 7z ,hosea puts x7 ,8 divorce ( ,8 ,bride f ,himself4#aahg ,b by !m ! physical calamities 7 n ?reat5$ alone3 bani%m5t f ! l& & f enjoym5t ( its fruits 0 to foll[ ^u dr\ght1 locu/s & fam9e4 ,9 ?reat5+ no captivity ,joel diff]s entirely f ! e>ly prophets4 ,x is a m>k ( 8 late date4 ,& he also describes ! divorce betwe5 ,jehovah & ,israel1 ?r\gh ! int]ruption ( ! ritual by ! plague1 9 t]ms & ) an acc5t :i* c\ld h>dly h be5 employ$ 9 ,israel be=e ! ,exile4 ,aft] ! rebuild+ ( ! ,temple & re/oration ( ! daily sacrifices morn+ & ev5+1 ! regul> p]=mance ( ! latt] 0 reg>d$ by ! ,jews ) a mo/ sup]/iti\s s5se ( its indisp5sabl5ess to ! national life4 ,be=e ! ,exile1 ,j]emiah1 = in/ance1 atta*es no importance to x1 9 circum/ances 9 :i* x w\ld h be5 n unnatural = him1 prie/ z he 01 to d s4#aahh ,b aft] ! ,exile1 ! great] scrupul\sness ( ! religi\s life1 & its absorption 9 ritual1 laid extraord9>y emphasis ^u ! daily (f]+1 :i* increas$ to a mo/ pa9ful degree ( anxiety z ! c5turies w5t on4#aahi ,! ,new ,te/am5t speaks ( ! ,twelve ,tribes con/antly s]v+ ,god day & night2#aaij & ,josephus1 :ile decl>+ t 9 no siege ( ,j]usalem be=e ! la/ did ! int]ruption ev] take place 9 spite ( ! /ress ( fam9e & w> comb9$1 records ! awful impression made alike on ,jew & hea!n by ! giv+ up ( ! daily sacrifice on ! #ag? ( ,july1 ,a4,d4 #gj1 dur+ ! inve/m5t ( ! city by ,titus4#aaia ,?is disa/]1 :i* ,judaism s pa9fully fe>$ at e crisis 9 its hi/ory1 actually happ5$1 ,joel tells u1 dur+ ! fam9e caus$ by ! locu/s4 ,cut (f are ! meal & ! dr9k (f]+s f ! h\se ( ,jehovah4#aaib ,is n food cut (f f our eyes1 joy & gladness f ! h\se ( our ,god8#aaic ,p]haps ,he w turn & rel5t1 & leave a bless+ beh9d ,him1 meal & dr9k (f]+ = ,jehovah our ,god4#aaid ,! break 8( ! cont9ual symbol ( graci\s int]c\rse betwe5 ,jehovah & ,8 p1 & ! ma9 (fice ( religion10 means divorce betwe5 ,jehovah & ,israel4 ,wail l a bride girt 9 sackclo? = ! husb& ( h] y\?6 ,wail1 ,o m9i/]s ( ! alt>1 ,o m9i/]s ( ,god6#aaie ,?is !n 0 ano!r reason = read+ 9 ! plague ( locu/s m ?an a physical mean+4 ,?is 0 ano!r pro(1 only too intelligible to scrupul\s ,jews1 t ! great & t]rible ,day ( ! ,"l 0 at h&4 ,?us ,joel rea*es ! climax ( 8 argum5t4 ,jehovah is ne>1 ,8 ,day is ab\t to break4 ,f ?is x is impossible to escape on ! n>r[ pa? ( disa/] by :i* ! prophet has l$ up to x4 ,b b5ea? t pa? ! prophet passes ! gr\nd ( a broad tru?1 & on t tru?1 :ile judgm5t rema9s /ill z real1 !re is room = ! p to turn f x4 ,if exp]i5ce has %[n t ,god is 9 ! pres5t1 ne> & inevitable1 fai? rememb]s t ,he is !re n will+ly = judgm5t1 b ) all ,8 anci5t feel+ = ,israel & ,8 zeal to save h]4 ,if ! p *oose to turn1 ,jehovah1 z _! ,god & z "o :o works = _! sake1 w save !m4 ,( ?is ,god assures !m by ,8 own ^w4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 ! prophecy ,he speaks = ,himself4 ,hi!rto ! prophet has be5 describ+ ! plague & summon+ to p5it5ce4 ,b n[ oracle ( ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4#aaif ,! great cov5ant "n1 ,jehovah y\r ,god1 is solemnly repeat$ z if symbolic ( ! hi/oric orig9 & age-long endurance ( ,jehovah's relation to ,israel2 & ! v words ( bless+ are repeat$ :i* 7 giv5 :5 ,israel 0 call$ at ,s9ai & ! cov5ant ratifi$3-- ,= ,he is graci\s & m]ciful1 ,long-suff]+ & pl5te\s 9 leal love1 ,& rel5ts ,him ( ! evil ,he has ?reat5$ ^u y4 ,once m ! nation is summon$ to try ,him by pray]3 ! solemn pray] ( all ,israel1 plead+ t ,he %\ld n give ,8 p to reproa*4 ,! ,^w ( ,jehovah :i* came to ,jo'el ! son ( ,pe?'el4#aaig ,he> ?is1 ye old m51 ,& give e>1 all inhabitants ( ! l&6 ,has ! l be5 9 y\r days1 ,or 9 ! days ( y\r fa!rs8 ,tell x to y\r *ildr51 ,& y\r *ildr5 to _! *ildr51 ,& _! *ildr5 to ! g5]ation t foll[s4 ,t :i* ! ,%e>] left ! ,sw>m] ha? eat51 ,& t :i* ! ,sw>m] left ! ,lapp] ha? eat54 ,& t :i* ! ,lapp] left ! ,dev\r] ha? eat54 ,^! are f\r diff]5t names = locu/s1 :i* x is be/ to translate by _! lit]al mean+4 ,"s ?9k t !y repres5t "o sw>m ( locu/s 9 f\r /ages ( developm5t1 b ?is _c be1 because ! same sw>m nev] returns ^u its pa?1 to complete ! "w ( de/ruction :i* x _h begun 9 an e>li] /age ( its gr[?4 ,nor c ! fir/-nam$ be ! adult brood f ^: eggs ! o!rs spr+1 z ,d\ghty has describ$1#aaih = t w\ld acc\nt only = two ( ! f\r names4 ,joel r describes successive sw>ms ( ! insect1 )\t ref]5ce to ! /ages ( its gr[?1 & he does s z a poet1 us+1 9 ord] to br+ out ! full =ce ( its deva/ation1 sev]al ( ! ,hebrew names1 t 7 giv5 to ! locu/ z epi!ts ( v>i\s aspects ( its de/ructive p[]4 ,! names1 x is true1 _c be said to rise 9 climax1 b at lea/ ! mo/ s9i/] is res]v$ to ! la/4#aaii ,r\se ye1 drunk>ds1 & weep1 ,& wail1 all ye bibb]s ( w9e6 ,! new w9e is cut (f f y\r m\?6 ,= a nation is come up on ,my l&1 ,p[]ful & numb]less2 ,8 tee? are ! tee? ( ! lion1 ,& ! fangs#abjj ( ! lioness 84 ,my v9e he has turn$ to wa/e1 ,& ,my fig-tree to spl9t]s2 ,he ha? peel$ x & /raw$ x1 ,blea*$ are its bran*es6 ,wail z a bride girt 9 sackclo? = ! sp\se ( h] y\?4 ,cut (f are ! meal & dr9k (f]+s f ! h\se ( ,jehovah6 ,9 grief are ! prie/s1 ! m9i/]s ( ,jehovah4 ,! fields are bla/$1 ! gr\nd is 9 grief1 ,bla/$ is ! corn1 aba%$ is ! new w9e1 ! oil p9es away4 ,be ye aba%$1 ,o pl\ghm56 ,wail1 ,o v9e-dress]s1 ,= ! :eat & ! b>ley2 ,! h>ve/ is lo/ f ! field6 ,! v9e is aba%$1 & ! fig-tree is droop+2 ,pomegranate1 palm too & apple1 ,all trees ( ! field are dri$ up3 ,yea1 joy is aba%$ & away f ! *ildr5 ( m54 ,9 ?is passage ! same feel+ is attribut$ to m5 & to ! fruits ( ! l&3 ,9 grief are ! prie/s1 ! gr\nd is 9 grief4 ,& x is repeat$ly said t all alike are aba%$4 ,by ?is heavy ^w we h s\ght to r5d] ! effect ( ! simil>ly s\nd+ 8hbh%a10 t our ,engli% v]sion r5d]s a%am$4 ,x signifies to be fru/rat$1 & s di%e>t5$1 put out3 s\r$ w\ld be an equival5t1 applicable to ! v9e & to joy & to m5's he>ts4 ,put on m\rn+ 1 ,o prie/s1 beat ! brea/2 ,wail1 ye m9i/]s ( ! alt>2 ,come1 lie d[n 9 sackclo?1 ,o m9i/]s ( my ,god3 ,= meal-(f]+ & dr9k-(f]+ are cut (f f ! h\se ( y\r ,god4 ,hall[ a fa/1 summon an assembly1 ,ga!r#abja all ! inhabitants ( ! l& to ! h\se ( y\r ,god2 ,& cry to ,jehovah3 8,alas = ! ,day6 ,at h& is ! ,day ( ,jehovah6 ,& z vehem5ce f ! ,vehem5t#abjb do? x come40 ,is n food cut (f f be=e u1 ,gladness & joy f ! h\se ( our ,god8 ,! gra9s %rivel "u _! hoes1#abjc ,! g>n]s are desolate1 ! b>ns brok5 d[n1 ,= ! corn is )]$--:at %all we put 9 !m8#abjd ,! h]ds ( cattle huddle toge!r1#abje = !y h no pa/ure2 ,yea1 ! flocks ( %eep are =lorn4#abjf ,to ,!e1 ,jehovah1 d ,i cry3 ,= fire has dev\r$ ! pa/ures ( ! /eppes1#abjg ,& ! flame ha? scor*$ all ! trees ( ! field4 ,! wild bea/s pant up to ,!e3 ,= ! wat]c\rses are dry1 ,& fire has dev\r$ ! pa/ures ( ! /eppes4 ,"h1 ) ! close ( *ap4 i41 ,joel's disc\rse takes pause1 & 9 *ap4 ii4 he beg9s a second ) ano!r call to rep5tance 9 face ( ! same plague4 ,b ! plague has progress$4 ,! locu/s are describ$ n[ 9 _! invasion n ( ! c\ntry b ( ! t[ns1 to :i* !y pass aft] ! c\ntry is /ripp$4 ,= illu/ration ( ! latt] see above1 p4 #dja4 ,! horn :i* is to be bl[n1 v]4 #a1 is an al>m horn1#abjh to w>n ! p ( ! approa* ( ! ,day ( ! ,"l1 & n ! ,%oph> :i* call$ ! p to a g5]al assembly1 z 9 v]4 #ae4 ,bl[ a horn 9 ,zion1 ,s\nd ! al>m 9 ,my holy m\nta96 ,let all inhabitants ( ! l& tremble1 ,= ! ,day ( ,jehovah comes--x is ne>6 ,day ( d>kness & murk1 day ( cl\d & heavy mi/4#abji ,l dawn scatt]$#abaj on ! m\nta9s1 ,a p _m & p[]ful2 ,its l has n be5 f ( old1 ,& %all n aga9 be = ye>s ( g5]ation ^u g5]ation4 ,be=e x ! fire dev\rs1#abaa ,& beh9d ! flame consumes4 ,l ! g>d5 ( ,ed5#abab is ! l& 9 front1 ,& beh9d x a desolate des]t2 ,yea1 x lets no?+ escape4 ,_! visage is ! visage ( horses1 ,& l horsem5 !y run4 ,!y rattle l *>iots ov] ! tops ( ! hills1 ,l ! crackle ( flames dev\r+ /ubble1 ,l a p[]ful p prep>$ = battle4 ,peoples are wri?+ be=e !m1 ,e face ga!rs blackness4 ,l w>riors !y run1 ,l fight+-m5 !y come up ! wall2 ,!y m>* e man by himself1#abac ,& !y ravel#abad n _! pa?s4 ,none jo/les 8 comrade1 ,!y m>* e man on 8 track1#abae ,& plunge ?r\gh ! missiles unbrok54#abaf ,!y sc\r ! city1 run ^u ! walls1 ,climb into ! h\ses1 & ent] ! w9d[s l a ?ief4 ,e>? trembles be=e !m1 ,heav5 quakes1 ,sun & moon become black1 ,! />s )draw _! %9+4 ,& ,jehovah utt]s ,8 voice be=e ,8 army3 ,= v great is ,8 ho/2 ,yea1 p[]ful is ,he t p]=me? ,8 ^w4 ,great is ! ,day ( ,jehovah1 & v awful3 ,:o may abide x8#abag ,b n[ he> ! oracle ( ,jehovah3 ,turn ye to ,me ) all y\r he>t1 ,& ) fa/+ & weep+ & m\rn+4 ,r5d ye y\r he>ts & n y\r g>m5ts1 ,& turn to ,jehovah y\r ,god3 ,= ,he is graci\s & m]ciful1 ,long-suff]+ & pl5te\s 9 love1 ,& rel5ts ( ! evil4 ,:o kn[s b ,he w turn & rel5t1 ,& leave beh9d ,him a bless+1 ,meal-(f]+ & dr9k-(f]+ to ,jehovah y\r ,god8 ,bl[ a horn 9 ,zion1 ,hall[ a fa/1 summon ! assembly6 ,ga!r ! p1 hall[ ! congregation1 ,assemble ! old m51#abah ga!r ! *ildr51 & infants at ! brea/2 ,let ! bridegroom come =? f 8 *amb]1 ,& ! bride f h] b[]4#abai ,let ! prie/s1 ! m9i/]s ( ,jehovah1 weep betwe5 por* & alt>2 ,let !m say1 ,sp>e1 ,o ,jehovah1 ,?y p1 ,& give n ,?9e h]itage to di%on\r1 = ! hea!n to mock !m3#abbj ,:y %\ld x be said among ! nations1 ,:]e is _! ,god8 ,,footnotes3 #aafj ,arabia ,des]ta1 p4 #cjg4 #aafa ,arabia ,des]ta1 p4 #cce4 #aafb ,id41 #cif4 #aafc ,id41 #cce4 #aafd ,b>r[1 ,s\? ,africa1 p4 #beg1 quot$ by ,pusey4 #aafe ,impressions ( ,s\? ,africa1 by ,james ,bryce3 ,macmillans1 #ahig4 #aaff ,volney1 ,voyage en ,syrie1 ,i4 #bgg1 quot$ by ,pusey4 #aafg ,lebanon4 #aafh ,abridg$ f ,?omson's ,! ,l& & ! ,book1 ed4 #ahgg1 ,nor!rn ,pale/9e1 pp4 #daf ff4 #aafi ,f ,driv]'s abridgm5t 7,joel & ,amos1 p4 #ij7 ( an acc\nt 9 ! ,j\rn4 ( ,sacr$ ,lit41 ,octob] #ahfe1 pp4 #bce f4 #aagj ,mori]1 ,a ,second ,j\rney ?r\gh ,p]sia1 p4 #ii1 quot$ by ,pusey1 f ^: notes & ,driv]'s excursus ^u locu/s 9 ,joel & ,amos ! foll[+ quotations h be5 borr[$4 #aaga ,%aw's ,travels 9 ,b>b>y1 #agch1 pp4 #bcf-h2 ,jackson's ,travels to ,morocco4 #aagb ,adansson1 ,voyage au ,snegal1 p4 #hh4 #aagc ,*ni]1 ,re*]*es ,hi/oriques sur les ,maures1 ,,iii41 p4 #dif4 #aagd ,burckh>dt1 ,notes1 ,,ii4 #ij4 #aage ,b>r[1 ,s\? ,africa1 p4 #beg4 #aagf ,j\rn4 ( ,sac4 ,lit41 ,octob] #ahfe4 #aagg ,li*t5/e91 ,travels 9 ,s\? ,africa4 #aagh ,/&>d1 ,decemb] #be?1 #ahif4 #aagi ,fr4 ,alv>ez4 #aahj ,b>heb41 ,*ron4 ,syr41 p4 #ghd2 ,burckh>dt1 ,notes1 ,,ii4 #ij4 #aaha i4 #bj1 #ag4 #aahb i4 #ai4 #aahc i4 #e4 #aahd ,cf4 i4 #ab1 #ac1 & _m v]ses 9 *ap4 ii4 #aahe ,( ,m]x & o!rs3 see above1 p4 #cid4 #aahf ,see above1 p4 #cgg4 #aahg ,see ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #bdb1 #bde f4 #aahh ,j]4 xiv4 #aahi ,cf4 ,ezek4 xlvi4 #ae on ! ,?amid1 & ,neh4 x4 #cc2 ,dan4 viii4 #aa1 xi4 #ca1 xii4 #aa3 cf4 p4 #chb4 #aaij ,acts xxvi4 #g4 #aaia ,,xiv4 ,antt4 iv4 #c1 xvi4 #b2 ,,vi4 ,w>s ii4 #a4 #aaib i4 #i1 #ac4 #aaic i4 #af4 #aaid ii4 #ad4 #aaie i4 #h1 #ac4 #aaif ii4 #ab4 #aaig ,,lxx4 #aaih ,see above1 pp4 #cii f4 #aaii f 1 us$ 9 ! ,o4,t4 only 9 ,deut4 xxviii4 #ch1 to dev\r2 b 9 po/-biblical ,hebrew to utt]ly de/roy1 br+ to an end4 ,talmud ,j]us43 ,taani? ,,iii4 #ff;d1 8,:y is ! locu/ call$ 8 ,because x br+s ev]y?+ to an end40 #abjj ,a4,v4 *eek-tee?1 ,r4,v4 jaw-tee?1 or eye-tee?4 8,possibly 7f ! ,arabic7 projectors03 ,driv]4 #abja ,heb4 text ins]ts eld]s1 :i* may be tak5 z vocative1 or ) ! ,,lxx4 z accusative1 b aft] ! latt] we %\ld expect &4 ,wellhaus5 sugge/s its deletion1 & ,n[ack reg>ds x z an intrusion4 ,= ,wellhaus5 reads 1 be ye ga!r$4 #abjb ,ke%dh mi%%addhai 7,isa4 xiii4 #f72 ,driv]1 z ov]p[]+ f ! ,ov]p[]]4 #abjc ,a4,v4 clods4 3 ! mean+ is d\btful1 b ! correspond+ ,arabic ^w means besom or %ovel or 7,p4,e4,f4,q41 #ahia1 p4 #aaa1 ) plate7 hoe1 & ! ,aram4 %ovel4 ,see ,driv]'s note4 #abjd ,read+1 aft] ! ,,lxx4 7probably an error = 71 = ! ,massoretic ,h[ ! bea/s sob6 to :i* ,a4,v4 & ,driv] adh]e4 #abje ,lit4 press !mselves 9 p]plexity4 #abjf ,read+1 ) ,wellhaus5 & ,n[ack 78p]haps rightly10 ,driv]7 = 1 are guilty or puni%$4 #abjg 1 usually r5d]$ wild]ness or des]t1 b lit]ally place :]e ! %eep are driv51 l& n cultivat$4 ,see ,hi/4 ,geog41 p4 #fef4 #abjh ,see on ,amos iii4 #f3 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #hb4 #abji ,zeph4 i4 #ae4 ,see above1 p4 #eh4 #abaj 9 ,qal to spread abroad1 b ! passive is "h to be tak5 9 ! same s5se z ! ,ni4 9 ,ezek4 xvii4 #ba1 disp]s$4 ,! figure is ( dawn cru%$ by & /ruggl+ ) a mass ( cl\d & mi/1 & expresses ! gleams ( :ite :i* s (t5 break ?r\gh a locu/ cl\d4 ,see above1 p4 #djd4 #abaa ,s travell]s h describ$ ! effect ( locu/s4 ,see above1 p4 #djc4 #abab ,ezek4 xxxvi4 #ce4 #abac ,heb4 9 8 own ways4 #abad 1 an impossible metaphor1 s t mo/ read 1 a root f\nd only 9 ,micah vii4 #c 7see ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #dbh71 to twi/ or tangle2 b ,wellhaus5 reads 1 twi/1 ,eccles4 vii4 #ac4 #abae ,heb4 highroad1 z if def9$ & heap$ up = him alone4 #abaf ,see above1 p4 #dja4 #abag ,zeph4 i4 #ad2 8,mal40 iii4 #b4 #abah ,s 7& n eld]s7 9 contra/ to *ildr54 #abai ,canopy or pavilion1 bridal t5t4 #abbj 1 :i* may mean ei!r rule ov] !m or mock !m1 b ! p>allelism decides = ! latt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix ,,prosp]ity ,,& ,,! ,,_s ,,joel ii4 #ah-cb 7,eng42 ii4 #ah--;iii4 ,heb47 ,!n did ,jehovah become jeal\s = ,8 l&1 & took pity ^u ,8 p--) ^! words ,joel op5s ! second half ( 8 book4 ,our ,au?oris$ ,v]sion r5d]s !m 9 ! future t5se1 z ! cont9uation ( ! prophet's disc\rse1 :i* _h ?reat5$ ! ,day ( ! ,"l1 urg$ ! p to p5it5ce1 & n[ promises t _! p5it5ce %all be foll[$ by ! ,"l's m]cy4 ,b su* a r5d]+ =ces ! gramm>2#abba & ! ,revis$ ,engli% ,v]sion is "r 9 tak+ ! v]bs1 z ! va/ majority ( critics d1 9 ! pa/4 ,joel's call to rep5tance has clos$1 & has be5 successful4 ,! fa/ has be5 hall[$1 ! pray]s are he>d4 ,probably an int]val has elaps$ betwe5 vv4 #ag & #ah1 b 9 any case1 ! p hav+ rep5t$1 no?+ m is said ( _! ne$ ( do+ s1 & in/ead we h f ,god ,himself a s]ies ( promises1 vv4 #ai-bg1 9 answ] to _! cry = m]cy4 ,^! promises relate to ! physical calamity :i* has be5 suff]$4 ,god w de/roy ! locu/s1 /ill imp5d+ on ! l&1 & re/ore ! ye>s :i* ,8 great army has eat54 ,!re foll[s 9 vv4 #bh-cb 7,eng42 ,heb4 *ap1 iii47 ! promise ( a great outp\r+ ( ! ,_s on all ,israel1 amid t]rible manife/ations 9 heav5 & e>?4 #a4 ,,! ,,return ,,( ,,prosp]ity 7ii4 #ai-bg74 ,& ,jehovah answ]$ & said to ,8 p3 ,lo1 ,i w s5d y corn & w9e & oil1 ,& y\r fill %all ye h ( !m2 ,& ,i w n aga9 make y a reproa* among ! hea!n4 ,& ! ,nor!rn ,foe#abbb w ,i remove f> f y2 ,& ,i w pu% him into a l& b>r5 & wa/e1 ,8 van to ! ea/]n sea & 8 re> to ! we/]n1#abbc ,till ! /5* ( him rises1#abbd ,because he ha? done greatly4 ,locu/s disappe> ) ! same sudd5ness z !y arrive4 ,a w9d spr+s up & !y are gone4#abbe ,dead ,sea & ,m$it]ranean are at ! extremes ( ! compass1 b !re is no reason to suppose t ! prophet has ab&on$ ! realism :i* has hi!rto di/+ui%$ 8 treatm5t ( ! locu/s4 ,! plague cov]$ ! :ole l&1 on ^: high wat]%$ ! w9ds sudd5ly ve] & *ange4 ,! disp]sion ( ! locu/s ^u ! des]ts & ! opposite seas 0 !re=e possible at "o & ! same "t4 ,j]ome v\*es = an in/ance 9 8 own day4 ,! o!r detail is also true to life4 ,j]ome says t ! bea*es ( ! two seas 7 /rewn ) putrify+ locu/s1 & ,augu/9e#abbf quotes hea!n writ]s 9 evid5ce ( l>ge masses ( locu/s1 driv5 f ,africa ^u ! sea1 & !n ca/ up on ! %ore1 :i* gave rise to a pe/il5ce4 8,! s\? & ea/ w9ds10 says ,volney ( ,syria1 8drive ! cl\ds ( locu/s ) viol5ce into ! ,m$it]ranean1 & dr[n !m 9 su* quantities1 t :5 _! dead are ca/ on ! %ore !y infect ! air to a great di/ance40#abbg ,! prophet cont9ues1 celebrat+ ?is de/ruction ( ! locu/s z if x 7 already realis$--! ,"l ha? done greatly1 v]4 #ba4 ,t among ! bless+s he m5tions a full supply ( ra9 proves t we 7 "r 9 int]pret+ him to h spok5 ( dr\ght z accompany+ ! locu/s4#abbh ,fe> n1 ,o ,l&6 ,rejoice & be glad1 ,= ,jehovah ha? done greatly4#abbi ,fe> n1 ,o bea/s ( ! field6 ,= ! pa/ures ( ! /eppes are spr++ ) new grass1 ,! trees be> _! fruit1 ,fig-tree & v9e yield _! sub/ance4 ,o sons ( ,zion1 be glad1 ,& rejoice 9 ,jehovah y\r ,god3 ,= ,he ha? giv5 y ! e>ly ra9 9 normal measure1#abcj ,& p\r$#abca on y w9t] ra9#abcb & latt] ra9 z be=e4#abcc ,& ! ?re%+-floors %all be full ( :eat1 ,& ! vats /ream ov] ) new w9e & oil4 ,& ,i w re/ore to y ! ye>s :i* ! ,sw>m] has eat51 ,! ,lapp]1 ! ,dev\r] & ! ,%e>]1 ,my great army :om ,i s5t among y4 ,& ye %all eat y\r food & be full1 ,& praise ! ,"n ( ,jehovah y\r ,god1 ,:o ha? dealt s wondr\sly ) y2 ,& ,my p %all be aba%$ nev]more4 ,ye %all "k ,i am 9 ! mid/ ( ,israel1 ,t ,i am ,jehovah y\r ,god & none else2 ,& nev]more %all ,my p be aba%$4 #b4 ,,! ,,outp\r+ ,,( ,,! ,,_s 7ii4 #bh-cb ,eng42 iii4 ,heb474 ,^u ^! promises ( physical bless+ !re foll[s ano!r ( ! p\r+ =? ( ! ,_s3 ! prophecy by :i* ,joel became ! ,prophet ( ,p5teco/1 & ?r\gh :i* 8 book is be/ kn[n among ,*ri/ians4 ,:5 f]tility has be5 re/or$ to ! l&1 ! seasons aga9 run _! normal c\rses1 & ! p eat _! food & be full--,x %all come to pass aft] ^! ?+s1 ,i w p\r out ,my ,_s ^u all fle%4 ,! ord] ( ev5ts makes u pause to "q3 does ,joel mean to imply t physical prosp]ity mu/ prec$e spiritual fulness8 ,x w\ld be unfair to ass]t t he does1 )\t rememb]+ :at he und]/&s by ! physical bless+s4 ,to ,joel ^! are ! tok5 t ,god has return$ to ,8 p4 ,! dr\ght & ! fam9e produc$ by ! locu/s 7 signs ( ,8 ang] & ( ,8 divorce ( ! l&4 ,! pro(s t ,he has rel5t$1 & tak5 ,israel back into a spiritual relation to ,himself1 c1 !re=e1 f ,joel's po9t ( view1 only be giv5 by ! heal+ ( ! p's w\nds4 ,9 pl5te\s ra9s & full h>ve/s ,god sets ,8 seal to man's p5it5ce4 ,ra9 & h>ve/ are n m]ely physical b5efits1 b religi\s sacram5ts3 signs t ,god has return$ to ,8 p1 & t ,8 zeal is aga9 /irr$ on _! behalf4#abcd ,?is has to be made cle> be=e !re c be talk ( any high] bless+4 ,god has to return to ,8 p & to %[ ,8 love = !m be=e ,he p\rs =? ,8 ,_s ^u !m4 ,t is :at ,joel int5ds by ! ord] he pursues1 & n t a c]ta9 /age ( physical com=t is indisp5sable to a high degree ( spiritual feel+ & exp]i5ce4 ,! e>ly & latt] ra9s1 ! fulness ( corn1 w9e & oil1 are z purely religi\s to ,joel1 ?\gh n s highly religi\s1 z ! ph5om5a ( ! ,_s 9 m54 ,b ?\gh t be an adequate answ] to our "q s f> z ,joel himself is conc]n$1 x does n exhau/ ! "q ) reg>d to hi/ory 9 g5]al4 ,f ,joel's own /&po9t physical bless+s may h be5 z religi\s z spiritual2 b we mu/ g fur!r1 & ass]t t = ,joel's anticipation ( ! baptism ( ! ,_s by a return ( prosp]ity !re is an e?ical reason & "o :i* is p]man5tly valid 9 hi/ory4 ,a c]ta9 degree ( prosp]ity1 & ev5 ( com=t1 is an indisp5sable condition ( t univ]sal & lavi% ex]cise ( ! religi\s faculties1 :i* ,joel pictures "u ! p\r+ =? ( ,god's ,_s4 ,! hi/ory ( prophecy itself furni%es u ) pro(s ( ?is4 ,:5 did prophecy mo/ fl\ri% 9 ,israel8 ,:5 _h ! ,_s ( ,god mo/ fre$om 9 develop+ ! intellectual & moral nature ( ,israel8 ,n :5 ! nation 0 /ruggl+ ) ! conque/ & settlem5t ( ! l&1 n :5 x 0 engag$ ) ! emb>rassm5ts & privations ( ! ,syrian w>s2 b an ,amos1 a ,hosea1 an ,isaiah came =? at ! end ( ! long1 peaceful & prosp]\s reigns ( ,j]oboam ,,ii4 & ,uzziah4 ,! intellectual /r5g? & lib]ty ( ! great ,prophet ( ! ,exile1 8 deep insight into ,god's purposes & 8 l>ge view ( ! future1 _h n be5 possible )\t ! security & comp>ative prosp]ity ( ! ,jews 9 ,babylon1 f among :om he wrote4 ,9 ,haggai & ,ze*>iah1 on ! o!r h&1 :o work$ 9 ! hung]-bitt5 colony ( return$ exiles1 !re 0 no su* fulness ( ! ,_s4 ,prophecy1 we saw1#abce 0 !n />v$ by ! pov]ty & meanness ( ! national life f :i* x rose4 ,all ?is is v explicable4 ,:5 m5 are /unn$ by su* a calamity z ,joel describes1 or :5 !y are engross$ by ! daily /ruggle ) bitt] enemies & a succession ( bad seasons1 !y may feel ! ne$ ( p5it5ce & be able to speak ) decision ^u ! practical duty ( ! mom5t1 to a degree n atta9able 9 bett] days1 b !y lack ! leisure1 ! fre$om & ! res\rces amid :i* _! v>i\s faculties ( m9d & s\l c alone respond to ! ,_s's influ5ce4 ,has x be5 o!rwise 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity8 ,our ,"l ,himself f\nd ,8 fir/ disciples1 n 9 a hungry & ragg$ community1 b amid ! prosp]ity & opul5ce ( ,galilee4 ,!y left all to foll[ ,him & a*iev$ _! m9i/ry 9 pov]ty & p]secution1 b !y br\ght to t m9i/ry ! =ce ( m9ds & bodies tra9$ 9 a v f]tile l& & by a prosp]\s comm]ce4#abcf ,paul1 9 8 apo/olate1 su/a9$ himself by ! lab\r ( 8 h&s1 b he 0 ! *ild ( a ri* civilisation & ! citiz5 ( a great empire4 ,! ,re=mation 0 prec$$ by ! ,r5aissance1 & on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe drew its =ces1 n f ! enslav$ & impov]i%$ populations ( ,italy & ,s\!rn ,au/ria1 b f ! l>ge civic & comm]cial c5tres ( ,g]many4 ,an acute hi/orian1 9 8 rec5t lectures on ! ,economic ,int]pretation ( ,hi/ory1#abcg obs]ves t e religi\s revival 9 ,engl& has happ5$ ^u a basis ( comp>ative prosp]ity4 ,he has prov$ 8! opul5ce ( ,norfolk dur+ ! epo* ( ,loll>dy10 & po9t$ out t 8! ,puritan movem5t 0 ess5tially & orig9ally "o ( ! middle classes1 ( ! trad]s 9 t[ns & ( ! f>m]s 9 ! c\ntry02 t ! religi\s /ate ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& 0 nev] s l[ z among ! s]vile & begg>ly cl]gy ( ! sev5te5? & "p ( ! eighte5? c5turies2 t ! ,noncon=mi/ bodies :o kept religion alive dur+ ?is p]iod 7 closely id5tifi$ ) ! lead+ movem5ts ( trade & f9ance2#abch & t ev5 ,wesley's great revival ( religion among ! lab\r+ classes ( ,engl& took place at a "t :5 prices 7 f> l[] ?an 9 ! previ\s c5tury1 wages _h slightly ris5 & 8mo/ lab\r]s 7 small occupi]s2 !re 0 !re=e 9 ! comp>ative pl5ty ( ! "t an op5+ = a religi\s movem5t among ! poor1 & ,wesley 0 equal to ! occasion40 ,he might h add$ t ! great mission>y movem5t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury is contemporane\s ) ! enorm\s advance ( our comm]ce & our empire4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 ! witness ( hi/ory is uni=m4 ,pov]ty & p]secution1 fam9e1 nak$ness1 p]il & sword1 put a ke5ness ^u ! _s ( religion1 :ile luxury rots its v fibres2 b a /able basis ( prosp]ity is indisp5sable to e social & religi\s re=m1 & ,god's ,_s f9ds fulle/ c\rse 9 communities ( a c]ta9 degree ( civilisation & ( fre$om f sordidness4 ,we may draw f ?is an impressive lesson = our own day4 ,joel pr$icts t1 ^u ! new prosp]ity ( 8 l&1 ! l[e/ classes ( society %all be p]meat$ by ! _s ( prophecy4 ,is x n "p ( ! secret ( ! failure ( ,*ri/ianity to enli/ l>ge portions ( our population1 t ! basis ( _! life is s sordid & insecure8 ,h we n yet to le>n f ! ,hebrew prophets1 t "s am\nt ( fre$om 9 a p & "s am\nt ( heal? are indisp5sable to a revival ( religion8 ,lives :i* are /ra9$ & />v$1 lives :i* are pass$ 9 rank discom=t & "u gr9d+ pov]ty1 )\t ! possibility ( ! indep5d5ce ( ! individual or ( ! sacr$ness ( ! home1 _c be religi\s except 9 ! mo/ rudim5t>y s5se ( ! ^w4 ,= ! revival ( en]getic religion among su* lives we mu/ wait = a bett] di/ribution1 n ( weal?1 b ( ! b>e means ( com=t1 leisure & security4 ,:51 to our p5it5ce & our /riv+1 ,god re/ores ! ye>s :i* ! locu/ has eat51 :5 ! social plagues ( ri* m5's selfi%ness & ! pov]ty ( ! v poor are lift$ f u1 !n may we look = ! fulfilm5t ( ,joel's pr$iction--ev5 ^u all ! slaves & ^u ! h&maid5s w ,i p\r out ,my ,_s 9 ^? days4 ,! economic problem1 !re=e1 has also its place 9 ! w>f>e = ! k+dom ( ,god4 ,& x %all be t aft] su* ?+s1 ,i w p\r out ,my ,_s on all fle%2 ,& y\r sons & y\r daught]s %all prophesy1 ,y\r old m5 %all dream dreams1 ,y\r "y m5 %all see visions3 ,& ev5 ^u all ! slaves & ! h&maid5s 9 ^? days w ,i p\r out ,my ,_s4 ,& ,i w set signs 9 heav5 & on e>?1 ,blood & fire & pill>s ( smoke4 ,! sun %all be turn$ to d>kness1 ,& ! moon to blood1 ,be=e ! com+ ( ! ,day ( ,jehovah1 ! great & ! awful4 ,& x %all be t e "o :o calls on ! "n ( ,jehovah %all be sav$3 ,= 9 ,m\nt ,zion & 9 ,j]usalem %all be a remnant1 z ,jehovah ha? spok51 ,& among ! fugitives ^? :om ,jehovah calle?4 ,?is prophecy divides into two p>ts--! outp\r+ ( ! ,_s1 & ! appe>ance ( ! t]rible ,day ( ! ,"l4 ,! ,_s ( ,god is to be p\r$ on all fle%1 says ! prophet4 ,by ?is t]m1 :i* is sometimes appli$ to all ?+s t brea!1 & sometimes to mank9d z a :ole1#abci ,joel means ,israel only3 ! hea!n are to be de/roy$4#abdj ,nor did ,pet]1 :5 he quot$ ! passage at ! ,day ( ,p5teco/1 mean any?+ m4 ,he spoke to ,jews & proselytes3 = ! promise is to y & y\r *ildr51 & to !m t are af> (f3 x 0 n till aft]w>ds t he discov]$ t ! ,holy ,gho/ 0 grant$ to ! ,g5tiles1 & !n he 0 unready = ! revelation & surpris$ by x4#abda ,b )9 ,joel's ,israel ! op]ation ( ! ,_s 0 to be at once ?or\gh & univ]sal4 ,all classes w\ld be affect$1 & affect$ s t ! simple/ & rude/ w\ld become prophets4 ,! limitation 0 !re=e n )\t its advantages4 ,9 ! e>li] /ages ( all religions1 x is impossible to be bo? ext5sive & int5sive4 ,) a few exceptions1 ! ,israel ( ,joel's "t 0 a n>r[ & exclusive body1 hat+ & hat$ by o!r peoples4 ,beh9d ! ,law x kept itself /rictly alo(4 ,b )\t do+ s1 ,israel c\ld h>dly h surviv$ or prep>$ itself at t "t = its influ5ce on ! _w4 ,hea!nism ?reat5$ x f all sides ) ! mo/ insidi\s ( infections2 & !re await$ x 9 ! ne> future a /ill m subtle & p[]ful means ( dis9tegration4 ,9 ! wake ( ,alex&]'s exp$itions1 ,hell5ism p\r$ across all ! ,ea/4 ,!re 0 n a community nor a religion1 save ,israel's1 :i* 0 n ,hell5is$4 ,t ,israel rema9$ ,israel1 9 spite ( ,greek arms & ! ,greek m9d1 0 due to ! legalism ( ,ezra & ,nehemiah1 & to :at we call ! n>r[ en?usiasm ( ,joel4 ,! he>ts :i* kept _! passion s conf9$ felt all ! deep] = its limits4 ,!y w\ld be satisfi$ ) no?+ less ?an ! inspiration ( e ,israelite1 ! fulfilm5t ( ! pray] ( ,moses3 ,w\ld to ,god t all ,jehovah's p 7 prophets6 ,& ( itself ?is c>ries ,joel's pr$iction to a wid] fulfilm5t4 ,a nation ( prophets is meant = ! _w4 ,b ev5 ! be/ ( m5 d n see ! full =ce ( ! tru? ,god gives to !m1 nor foll[ x ev5 to its imm$iate consequ5ces4 ,few ( ! prophets did s1 & at fir/ none ( ! apo/les4 ,joel does n hesitate to say t ! hea!n %all be de/roy$4 ,he does n ?9k ( ,israel's mission z =etold by ! ,second ,isaiah2 nor ( 8,mala*i's0 vision ( ! hea!n wait+ ^u ,jehovah4 ,b 9 ! ne> future ( ,israel !re 0 wait+ ano!r prophet to c>ry ,joel's doctr9e to its full effect ^u ! _w1 to rescue ! gospel ( ,god's grace f ! n>r[ness ( legalism & ! awful pressure ( ,apocalypse1 & by ! p>able ( ,jonah1 ! type ( ! prophet nation1 to %[ to ,israel t ,god _h grant$ to ! ,g5tiles also rep5tance unto life4 ,t x 0 ! lurid cl\ds ( ,apocalypse1 :i* ?us hemm$ 9 our prophet's view1 is cle> f ! next v]ses4 ,!y br+ ! t]rible manife/ations ( ,god's wra? 9 nature v closely ^u ! lavi% outp\r+ ( ! ,_s3 ! sun turn$ to d>kness & ! moon to blood1 ! great & t]rible ,day ( ! ,"l4 ,apocalypse mu/ always p>alyse ! mission>y en]gies ( religion4 ,:o c ?9k ( conv]t+ ! _w1 :5 ! _w is ab\t to be convuls$8 ,!re is only "t = a remnant to be sav$4 ,b :5 we get rid ( ,apocalypse1 z ! ,book ( ,jonah does1 !n we h "t & space op5$ up aga91 & ! ess5tial =ces ( su* a prophecy ( ! ,_s z ,joel has giv5 u bur/ _! national & tempor>y conf9es1 & are se5 to be applicable to all mank9d4 ,,footnotes3 #abba ,a4,v41 adh]+ to ! ,massoretic text1 9 :i* ! v]bs are po9t$ = ! pa/1 has evid5tly und]/ood !m z in/ances ( ! prophetic p]fect4 ,b 8?is is grammatically indef5sible03 ,driv]1 9 loco2 see 8 ,heb4 ,t5ses1 #hb1 ,obs4 ,calv9 & o!rs1 :o take ! v]bs ( v]4 #ah z future1 accept ^? ( ! next v]se z pa/ & ) x beg9 ! n>rative4 ,b if ,god's answ] to ,8 p's pray] be 9 ! pa/1 s mu/ ,8 jeal\sy & pity4 ,all ^! v]bs are 9 ! same sequ5ce ( "t4 ,m]x proposes to *ange ! v[el-po9ts ( ! v]bs & turn !m into futures4 ,b see above1 p4 #cie4 ,v]4 #ba %[s t ,jehovah's action is pa/1 & ,n[ack po9ts out ! v unusual "* ( ! con/ruction t w\ld foll[ f ,m]x's em5dation4 ,ewald1 ,hitzig1 ,ku551 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,davidson1 ,rob]tson1 ,/e9]1 ,wellhaus51 ,driv]1 ,n[ack1 etc41 all take ! v]bs 9 ! pa/4 #abbb ,?is is sc>cely a "n = ! locu/s1 :o1 ?\gh !y might rea* ,pale/9e f ! ,n4,e4 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 came g5]ally f ,e4 & ,s4,e4 ,b see above1 p4 #cig3 s ,ku551 ,wellhaus51 ,n[ack4 ,w4 ,r4 ,smi? sugge/s ! :ole v]se z an allegoris+ gloss4 ,hitzig ?\ght ( ! locu/s only1 & r5d]$ 1 ,acts xxvii4 #ad2 b ?is is n prov$4 #abbc ,i4e4 ! ,dead ,sea 7,ezek4 xlvii4 #ah2 ,ze*4 xiv4 #h7 & ! ,m$it]ranean4 #abbd ,! con/ruction %[s t ! clause prec$+ ?is1 1 is a gloss4 ,s ,driv]4 ,b ,n[ack gives ! o!r clause z ! gloss4 #abbe ,nah4 iii4 #ag2 ,exod4 x4 #ai4 #abbf ,de ,civitate ,dei1 ,,iii4 #ca4 #abbg ,i4 #bgh1 quot$ by ,pusey4 #abbh i4 #ag-bj3 see above1 p4 #djc4 #abbi ,prophetic pa/3 ,driv]4 #abcj ,op9ion is divid$ z to ! mean+ ( ?is phrase3 = righte\sness4 ,a4 ,!re are ^? :o take x z hav+ a moral ref]5ce2 & 7#a7 ?is is s emphatic to "s t !y r5d] ! ^w = e>ly ra91 1 :i* also means tea*] or reveal]1 9 ! latt] significance4 ,s 7"s ( !m apply+ x to ! ,messiah7 ,t>gum1 ,symma*us1 ! ,vulgate1 doctorem ju/iti1 "s ,jews1 e4g4 ,ra%i & ,ab>banel1 & "s mod]ns1 e4g4 7at opposite extremes7 ,pusey & ,m]x4 ,b1 z ,calv9 po9ts out 7?is is ano!r in/ance ( 8 sanity z an exegete1 & refusal to be l$ by !ological presuppositions3 he says1 8,i d n love /ra9$ expositions071 ?is does n agree ) ! context1 :i* speaks n ( spiritual b :olly ( physical bless+s4 7#b7 ,"s1 :o take z e>ly ra91 give ! mean+ = righte\sness1 ad ju/itiam1 ei!r 9 ! s5se t ,god w give ! ra9 z a tok5 ( ,8 own righte\sness1 or 9 ord] to re/ore or v9dicate ! p's righte\sness 7s ,davidson1 ,expositor1 #ahhh1 ,i41 p4 #bjc n471 9 ! frequ5t s5se 9 :i* is employ$ 9 ,isa4 xl4 ff4 7see ,isaiah xl4--lxvi41 ,expositor's ,bible1 pp4 #bai ff474 ,cf4 ,hosea x4 #ac1 2 above1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bhi1 n4 #b4 ,?is ( c\rse is possible1 especially 9 view ( ,israel hav+ be5 made by _! plagues a reproa* among ! hea!n4 ,/ill1 if ,joel _h int5d$ ?is mean+1 he w\ld h appli$ ! phrase1 n to ! e>ly ra9 only1 b to ! :ole s]ies ( bless+s by :i* ! p 7 re/or$ to _! /&+ be=e ,god4 ,b4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 "r to take 9 a purely physical s5se1 ( ! measure or quality ( ! e>ly ra94 ,s ev5 ,calv91 ra9 accord+ to :at is j or fit2 ,a4,v4 mod]ately 7inexact72 ,r4,v4 9 j measure2 ,siegfri$-,/ade suffici5t4 ,! root-mean+ ( is probably accord+ to norm 7cf4 ,isaiah xl4--lxvi41 p4 #bae71 & 9 t case ! mean+ w\ld be ra9 ( normal quantity4 ,?is too suits ! p>allel 9 ! next clause3 z =m]ly4 ,9 ,himy>itic ! ^w is appli$ to good h>ve/s4 ,a man prays to ,god = 1 full or good h>ve/s & fruits3 ,corp4 ,inscr4 ,sem41 ,p>s ,qu>ta1 ,tomus ,i41 ,no4 #b1 l94 #a-e2 cf4 ! note4 #abca ,driv]1 9 loco4 #abcb ,heb4 also repeats "h e>ly ra91 b r$undantly4 #abcc 1 9 ! fir/4 ,a4,v4 adds mon?4 ,b ,,lxx4 & ,syr4 read 1 :i* is probably ! correct read+1 z be=e or =m]ly4 #abcd i4 #ah4 #abce ,above1 p4 #ahi4 #abcf ,cf4 ,hi/4 ,geog41 ,*ap4 ,,xxi41 especially p4 #dfc4 #abcg ,by ,?orold ,rog]s1 pp4 #hj ff4 #abch ,e4g4 ! ,quak]s & ! ,indep5d5ts4 ,! ,indep5d5ts ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 87 ! f\nd]s ( ! ,bank ( ,engl&40 #abci ,all liv+ ?+s1 ,g54 vi4 #ag1 #ai1 etc42 mank9d1 ,isa4 xl4 #e1 xlix4 #bf4 ,see ,driv]'s note4 #abdj ,next *apt]4 #abda ,acts x4 #de4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx ,,! ,,judgm5t ,,( ,,! ,,hea!n ,,joel iii4 7,eng42 iv4 ,heb47 ,hi!rto ,joel has spok5 no syllable ( ! hea!n1 except to pray t ,god by ,8 plagues w n give ,israel to be mock$ by !m4 ,b 9 ! la/ *apt] ( ! ,book we h ,israel's captivity to ! hea!n tak5 = grant$1 a promise made t x w be remov$ & _! l& set free f ! =eign]4 ,c]ta9 nations are s+l$ out = judgm5t1 :i* is describ$ 9 ! t]ms ( ,apocalypse2 & ! ,book closes ) ! vision1 already famili> 9 prophecy1 ( a sup]natural f]tility = ! l&4 ,x is q ano!r horizon & f> diff]5t int]e/s f ^? ( ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,"h = ! fir/ "t we may suspect ! unity ( ! ,book1 & li/5 to sugge/ions ( ano!r au?or%ip ?an ,joel's4 ,b ^! c sc>cely be reg>d$ z conclusive4 ,e prophet1 h[ev] national 8 int]e/s1 feels x 8 duty to express himself ^u ! subject ( =eign peoples1 & ,joel may well h done s4 ,only1 9 t case1 8 la/ *apt] 0 deliv]$ by him at ano!r "t & 9 diff]5t circum/ances f ! re/ ( 8 prophecies4 ,*aps4 i4--ii4 7,eng42 i4--iii4 ,heb47 are complete 9 !mselves4 ,*ap4 iii4 7,eng42 iv4 ,heb47 op5s )\t any connection ( "t or subject ) ^? t prec$e x4#abdb ,! "t ( ! prophecy is a "t :5 ,israel's =tunes are at l[ ebb1#abdc h] sons scatt]$ among ! hea!n1 h] l&1 9 "p at lea/1 held by =eign]s4 ,b x w\ld appe> 7?\gh ?is is n expressly said1 & mu/ r be inf]r$ f ! g5]al pro(s ( a po/-exilic date7 t ,j]usalem is inhabit$4 ,no?+ is said to imply t ! city ne$s to be re/or$4#abdd ,all ! hea!n nations are to be br\ght toge!r = judgm5t into a c]ta9 valley1 :i* ! prophet calls fir/ ! ,vale ( ,jeho%aphat & !n ! ,vale ( ,decision4 ,! second "n leads u to inf] t ! fir/1 :i* means ,jehovah-judges1 is also symbolic4 ,t is to say1 ! prophet does n s+le out a def9ite valley already call$ ,jeho%aphat4 ,9 all probability1 h[ev]1 he has 9 8 m9d's eye "s vale 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,j]usalem1 = s9ce ,ezekiel#abde ! judgm5t ( ! hea!n 9 face ( ,j]usalem has be5 a /&+ feature 9 ,israel's vision ( ! la/ ?+s2 & z no valley ab\t t city l5ds itself to ! picture ( judgm5t s well z ! valley ( ! ,k$ron ) ! slopes ( ,olivet1 ! "n ,jeho%aphat has naturally be5 appli$ to x4#abdf ,c]ta9 nations are s+l$ out by "n4 ,^! are n ,assyria & ,babylon1 :i* _h long ago p]i%$1 nor ! ,sam>itans1 ,moab & ,ammon1 :i* h>ass$ ! ,jews 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,return f ,babylon1 b ,tyre1 ,sidon1 ,phili/ia1 ,edom & ,egypt4 ,! crime ( ! fir/ ?ree is ! robb]y ( ,jewi% treasures1 n necess>ily ^? ( ! ,temple1 & ! sell+ into slav]y ( _m ,jews4 ,! crime ( ,edom & ,egypt is t !y h %$ ! innoc5t blood ( ,jews4 ,to :at precise ev5ts ^! *>ges ref] we h no means ( kn[+ 9 our pres5t ignorance ( ,syrian hi/ory aft] ,nehemiah4 ,t ! *apt] has no explicit ref]5ce to ! cruelties ( ,artax]xes ,o*us 9 #cfj w\ld seem to imply = x a date e>li] ?an t ye>4 ,b x is possible t v]4 #ag ref]s to t1 ! prophet refra9+ f accus+ ! ,p]sians = ! v good reason t ,israel 0 /ill "u _! rule4 ,ano!r feature wor?y ( notice is t ! ,phnicians are accus$ ( sell+ ,jews to ! sons ( ! ,jevanm1 ,ionians or ,greeks4#abdg ,! latt] lie on ! f> horizon ( ! prophet1#abdh & we "k f classical writ]s t f ! fif? c5tury onw>ds numb]s ( ,syrian slaves 7 br\ght to ,greece4 ,! o!r features ( ! *apt] are borr[$ f e>li] prophets4 ,=1 behold1 9 ^? days & 9 t "t1 ,:5 ,i br+ aga9 ! captivity#abdi ( ,judah & ,j]usalem1 ,i w also ga!r all ! nations1 ,& br+ !m d[n to ! ,vale ( ,jeho%aphat2#abej ,& ,i w ent] into judgm5t ) !m !re1 ,= ,my p & = ,my h]itage ,israel1 ,:om !y h scatt]$ among ! hea!n1 ,& ,my l& h !y divid$4 ,& !y h ca/ lots = ,my p3#abea ,!y h giv5 a boy = a h>lot1#abeb ,& a girl h !y sold = w9e & drunk x4 ,& aga91 :at are ye to ,me1 ,tyre & ,sidon & all circuits ( ,phili/ia8#abec ,is x any de$ ( ,m9e ye are repay+8 ,or are ye do+ any?+ to ,me8#abed ,swiftly1 spe$ily w ,i return y\r de$ on y\r head1 ,:o h tak5 ,my silv] & ,my gold1 ,& ,my goodly jewels ye h br\ght into y\r palaces4 ,! sons ( ,judah & ! sons ( ,j]usalem h ye sold to ! sons ( ! ,greeks1 ,9 ord] t ye might set !m z f> z possible f _! own bord]4 ,lo6 ,i w /ir !m up f ! place to :i* ye h sold !m1 ,& ,i w return y\r de$ ^u y\r head4 ,i w sell y\r sons & y\r daught]s into ! h&s ( ! sons ( ,judah1 ,& !y %all sell !m to ! ,%ebans1#abee ,to a nation f> (f2 = ,jehovah ha? spok54 ,proclaim ?is among ! hea!n1 hall[ a w>4 ,wake up ! w>riors1 let all ! fight+-m5 mu/] & g up4#abef ,beat y\r pl\gh%>es into swords1 ,& y\r prun+-hooks into lances4 ,let ! weakl+ say1 ,i am /rong4 444#abeg & come1 all ye nations r\nd ab\t1 ,& ga!r y\rselves toge!r4 ,?i!r br+ d[n ,?y w>riors1 ,jehovah4 ,let ! hea!n be r\s$1 ,& come up to ! ,vale ( ,jeho%aphat1 ,= !re w ,i sit to judge all ! nations r\nd ab\t4 ,put 9 ! sickle1#abeh = ripe is ! h>ve/4 ,come1 get y d[n2 = ! press is full1 ,! vats ov]fl[1 great is _! wick$ness4 ,multitudes1 multitudes 9 ! ,vale ( ,decision6 ,= ne> is ,jehovah's day 9 ! ,vale ( ,decision4 ,sun & moon h turn$ black1 ,& ! />s )drawn _! %9+4 ,jehovah ?und]s f ,zion1 ,& f ,j]usalem gives#abei =? ,8 voice3 ,heav5 & e>? d quake4 ,b ,jehovah is a refuge to ,8 p1 ,& = a =tress to ! sons ( ,israel4 ,& ye %all "k t ,i am ,jehovah y\r ,god1 ,:o dwell 9 ,zion1 ! m\nt ( ,my hol9ess2 ,& ,j]usalem %all be holy1 ,/rang]s %all n pass ?r\gh h] aga94 ,& x %all be on t day ,! m\nta9s %all drop sweet w9e1 ,& ! hills be liquid ) milk1 ,& all ! *annels ( ,judah fl[ ) wat]2 ,a f\nta9 %all spr+ f ! h\se ( ,jehovah1 ,& %all wat] ! ,wady ( ,%ittim4#abfj ,egypt %all be desolation1 ,& ,edom des]t-l&1 ,= ! outrage done to ! *ildr5 ( ,judah1 ,because !y %$ innoc5t blood 9 _! l&4 ,judah %all abide peopl$ = ev]1 ,& ,j]usalem = g5]ation ^u g5]ation4 ,& ,i w decl>e innoc5t _! blood1#abfa :i* ,i h n decl>$ innoc5t1 ,by#abfb ,jehovah :o dwelle? 9 ,zion4 ,,footnotes3 #abdb ,i am unable to feel ,driv]'s & ,n[ack's argum5ts = a connection conclusive4 ,! only reason ,davidson gives is 7p4 #bjd7 t ! judgm5t ( ! hea!n is an ess5tial elem5t 9 ! ,day ( ,jehovah1 a reason :i* does n make ,joel's au?or%ip ( ! la/ *apt] c]ta91 b only possible4 #abdc ,! phrase ( v]4 #a1 :5 ,i turn aga9 ! captivity ( ,judah & ,j]usalem1 may be r5d]$ :5 ,i re/ore ! =tunes ( ,israel4 #abdd ,see above1 p4 #chf1 especially n4 #aacj4 #abde xxxviii4 #abdf ,"s h unnecess>ily ?\ght ( ! ,vale ( ,b]akhah1 9 :i* ,jeho%aphat defeat$ ,moab1 ,ammon & ,edom 7#b ,*ron4 xx474 #abdg ,see above1 p4 #cha1 nn4 #aaad1 #aaae4 #abdh ,v]4 #f;b4 #abdi ,or turn aga9 ! =tunes4 #abej ,jehovah-judges4 ,see above1 p4 #dcb4 #abea ,see above1 ,obadiah #aa & ,nahum iii4 #aj4 #abeb 4 ,oort sugge/s 1 = food4 #abec ,gelil?1 ! plural fem99e ( ,galilee--! circuit 7( ! ,g5tiles74 ,hi/4 ,geog41 p4 #dac4 #abed ,scil4 t ,i mu/ repay4 #abee ,,lxx4 !y %all give !m into captivity4 #abef ,te*nical use ( 1 to g up to w>4 #abeg 1 n f\nd else:]e1 b suppos$ to mean ga!r4 ,cf4 ,zeph4 ii4 #a4 ,o!rs read 1 ha/5 7,driv]72 ,wellhaus5 4 #abeh 1 only "h & 9 ,j]4 l4 #af3 o!r ,heb4 ^w = sickle erme% 7,deut4 xvi4 #i1 xxiii4 #bf74 #abei ,driv]1 future4 #abfj ,n ! well-kn[n sc5e ( e>ly ,israel's camp across ,jordan1 b x mu/ be "s dry & des]t valley ne> ,j]usalem 7s mo/ comm474 ,n[ack ?9ks ( ! ,wadi el ,sant on ! way to ,askalon1 b ?is did n ne$ wat]+ & is call$ ! ,vale ( ,elah4 #abfa ,m]x applies ?is to ! ,jews ( ! ,messianic era4 ,,lxx4 read 4 ,s ,syr4 ,cf4 #b ,k+s ix4 #g4 ,/e9]3 ,%all ,i leave _! blood unpuni%$8 ,i w n leave x unpuni%$4 ,n[ack deems ?is to be unlikely1 & sugge/s1 ,i w av5ge _! blood2 ,i w n leave unpuni%$ ! %$d]s ( x4 #abfb ,heb4 con/ruction is f\nd also 9 ,hosea xii4 #e4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,prophets ,,( ,,! ,,grecian ,,p]iod 7#cca---- ,b4,c47 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi ,,israel ,,& ,,! ,,greeks ,ap>t f ! au?or ( ! t5? *apt] ( ,g5esis1 :o def9es ,javan or ,greece z ! fa!r ( ,eli%ah & ,t>%i%1 ( ,kittim or ,cyprus & ,rodanim or ,rhodes1#abfc ! fir/ ,hebrew writ] :o m5tions ! ,greeks is ,ezekiel1#abfd c4 #ehj ,b4,c4 ,he describes !m z engag$ 9 comm]ce ) ! ,phnicians1 :o b\ght slaves f !m4 ,ev5 :ile ,ezekiel wrote 9 ,babylonia1 ! ,babylonians 7 9 t\* ) ! ,ionian ,greeks ?r\gh ! ,lydians4#abfe ,! latt] 7 ov]?r[n by ,cyrus ab\t #ede1 & by ! beg9n+ ( ! next c5tury ! ,p]sian lords ( ,israel 7 9 close /ruggle ) ! ,greeks = ! supremacy ( ! _w1 & _h virtually be5 defeat$ s f> z conc]n$ ,europe1 ! we/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 & ! sov]eignty ( ! ,m$it]ranean & ,black ,seas4 ,9 #dfj ,a!ns s5t an exp$ition to ,egypt to assi/ a revolt aga9/ ,p]sia1 & ev5 be=e t ,greek fleets _h sc\r$ ! ,levant & ,greek soldi]s1 ?\gh 9 ! pay ( ,p]sia1 _h trodd5 ! soil ( ,syria4 ,/ill ,joel1 writ+ t[>ds #djj ,b4,c41 m5tions ,greece#abff only z a m>ket to :i* ! ,phnicians c>ri$ ,jewi% slaves2 & 9 a prophecy :i* "s take to be contempor>y ) ,joel1 ,isaiah lxvi41 ! coa/s ( ,greece are among ! mo/ di/ant ( ,g5tile l&s4#abfg ,9 #dja ! y\ng] ,cyrus br\ght to ! ,euphrates to fight aga9/ ,artax]xes ,mnemon ! t5 ?\s& ,greeks :om1 aft] ! battle ( ,cunaxa1 ,x5ophon l$ nor? to ! ,black ,sea4 ,= ne>ly sev5ty ye>s !reaft] ,a!nian trade sl[ly spread ea/w>d1 b no?+ 0 yet done by ,greece to adv]tise h] to ! peoples ( ,asia z a claimant = ! _w's ?rone4 ,!n sudd5ly 9 #ccd ,alex&] ( ,mac$on cross$ ! ,hellespont1 sp5t a ye> 9 ! conque/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 defeat$ ,d>ius at ,issus 9 #ccb1 took ,damascus1 ,tyre & ,gaza1 ov]ran ! ,delta & f\nd$ ,alex&ria4 ,9 #cca he m>*$ back ov] ,syria1 cross$ ! ,euphrates1 ov]?rew ! ,p]sian ,empire on ! field ( ,arbela1 & = ! next sev5 ye>s till 8 dea? 9 #cbd ext5d$ 8 conque/s to ! ,oxus & ! ,indus4 ,! /ory1 t on 8 second passage ( ,syria ,alex&] visit$ ,j]usalem1#abfh is probably false4 ,b he mu/ h encamp$ repeat$ly )9 =ty miles ( x1 & he visit$ ,sam>ia4#abfi ,x is impossible t he receiv$ no embassy f a p :o _h n kn[n political indep5d5ce = c5turies & mu/ h be5 only too ready to come to t]ms ) ! new "l ( ! _w4 ,alex&] left beh9d him colonies ( 8 vet]ans1 bo? to ! ea/ & we/ ( ! ,jordan1 & 9 8 wake !re p\r$ into all ! cities ( ! ,syrian seabo>d a consid]able volume ( ,greek immigration4#abgj ,x is f ?is "t onw>d t we f9d 9 ,greek writ]s ! e>lie/ m5tion ( ! ,jews by "n4 ,!ophra/us & ,cle>*us ( ,soli1 disciples ( ,ari/otle1 bo? speak ( !m2 b :ile ! =m] gives evid5ce ( "s k ( _! habits1 ! latt] reports t 9 ! p]spective ( 8 great ma/] !y _h be5 s di/ant & vague z to be conf\nd$ ) ! ,brahm9s ( ,india1 a confusion :i* long surviv$ among ! ,greeks4#abga ,alex&]'s dea? deliv]$ 8 empire to ! ambitions ( 8 g5]als1 ( :om f\r conte/$ = ! ma/]y ( ,asia & ,egypt--,antigonus1 ,ptolemy1 ,lysima*us & ,seleucus4 ,( ^! ,ptolemy & ,seleucus em]g$ victori\s1 ! "o 9 possession ( ,egypt1 ! o!r ( ,nor!rn ,syria & ! re/ ( ,asia4 ,pale/9e lay betwe5 !m1 & bo? 9 ! w>s :i* l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! two k+doms & 9 ^? :i* = c5turies foll[$1 ,pale/9e became ! battle-field ( ! ,greeks4 ,ptolemy ga9$ ,egypt )9 two ye>s ( ,alex&]'s dea?1 & f its def9ite & /rongly entr5*$ t]ritory he _h by #cbj conqu]$ ,syria & ,cyprus4 ,9 #cae or #cad ,syria 0 tak5 f him by ,antigonus1 :o also expell$ ,seleucus f ,babylon4 ,seleucus fl$ to ,egypt & /irr$ up ,ptolemy to ! reconque/ ( ,syria4 ,9 #cab ,ptolemy defeat$ ,demetrius1 ! g5]al ( ,antigonus1 at ,gaza1 b ! next ye> 0 driv5 back into ,egypt by ,antigonus himself4 ,mean:ile ,seleucus rega9$ ,babylon4#abgb ,9 #caa ! ?ree made peace ) ea* o!r1 b ,antigonus reta9$ ,syria4 ,9 #cjf !y assum$ ! title ( k+s1 & 9 ! same ye> r5ew$ _! qu>rel4 ,aft] a naval battle ,antigonus wre/$ ,cyprus f ,ptolemy1 b 9 #cja he 0 defeat$ & sla9 by ,seleucus & ,lysima*us at ! battle ( ,ipsus 9 ,phrygia4 ,8 son ,demetrius reta9$ ,cyprus & "p ( ! ,phnician coa/ till #bhg1 :5 he 0 =c$ to yield !m to ,seleucus1 :o _h mov$ ! c5tre ( 8 p[] f ,babylon to ! new ,antio* on ! ,orontes1 ) a seaport at ,seleucia4 ,mean:ile 9 #cja ,ptolemy _h rega9$ :at ! ,greeks !n knew z ,cle-,syria1 t is all ,syria to ! s\? ( ,lebanon except ! ,phnician coa/4#abgc ,damascus belong$ to ,seleucus4 ,b ,ptolemy 0 n all[$ to reta9 ,pale/9e 9 peace1 = 9 #big ,demetrius appe>s to h invad$ x1 & ,seleucus1 especially aft] 8 m>riage ) ,/ratonike1 ! daught] ( ,demetrius1 nev] :olly resign$ 8 claims to x4#abgd ,ptolemy1 h[ev]1 e/abli%$ a hold ^u ! l&1 :i* cont9u$ practically unbrok5 = a c5tury1 & yet dur+ all t "t _h to be ma9ta9$ by frequ5t w>s1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ! l& itself mu/ h sev]ely suff]$ 7#bfd--bdh74 ,!re=e1 z 9 ! days ( _! e>lie/ prophets1 ! p ( ,israel once m lay betwe5 two rival empires4 ,& z ,hosea & ,isaiah pictur$ !m 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 ! possible prey ei!r ( ,egypt or ,assyria1 s n[ 9 ^! la/ ye>s ( ! f\r? !y 7 toss$ betwe5 ,ptolemy & ,antigonus1 & 9 ! op5+ ye>s ( ! ?ird 7 equally woo$ by ,ptolemy & ,seleucus4 ,^u ?is new alt]native ( tyranny ! ,jews appe> to h be/[$ ! actual names ( _! old oppressors4 ,ptolemy 0 ,egypt to !m2 ,seleucus1 ) "o ( 8 capitals at ,babylon1 0 /ill ,assyria1 f :i* came 9 "t ! abbreviat$ ,greek =m ( ,syria4#abge ,b1 unlike ! anci5t empires1 ^! new rival lords 7 ( "o race4 ,:e!r ! tyranny came f ,asia or ,africa1 its quality 0 ,greek2 & 9 ! sons ( ,javan ! ,jews saw ! successors ( ^? _w-p[]s ( ,egypt1 ,assyria & ,babylonia1 9 :i* _h be5 conc5trat$ aga9/ !mselves ! :ole =ce ( ! hea!n _w4 ,our records ( ! times are fragm5t>y1 b ?\gh ,alex&] sp>$ ! ,jews x appe>s t !y _h n long to wait be=e feel+ ! =ce ( ,greek arms4 ,josephus quotes#abgf f ,aga?>*ides ( ,cnidos 7#ahj--ade ,b4,c47 to ! effect t ,ptolemy ,i4 surpris$ ,j]usalem on a ,sabba? day & easily took x2 & he adds t at ! same "t he took a great _m captives f ! hill-c\ntry ( ,juda1 f ,j]usalem & f ,sam>ia1 & l$ !m into ,egypt4 ,:e!r ?is 0 9 #cbj or #cab or #cjaabgg we _c tell4 ,x is possible t ! ,jews suff]$ 9 ea* ( ^! ,egyptian invasions ( ,syria1 z well z dur+ ! s\?w>d m>*es ( ,demetrius & ,antigonus4 ,! lat] policy1 bo? ( ! ,ptolemies1 :o 7 _! lords1 & ( ! ,seleucids1 0 = a long "t exce$+ly fri5dly to ,israel4 ,_! suff]+s f ! ,greeks 7 !re=e probably ov] by #bhj1 al?\gh !y _c h rema9$ unsca!d by ! w>s betwe5 #bfd & #bdh4 ,! ,greek invasion1 h[ev]1 0 n l ! ,assyrian & ,babylonian1 ( arms alone2 b ( a =ce ( intellect & culture f> surpass+ ev5 ! influ5ces :i* ! ,p]sians _h impress$ ^u ! religion & m5tal attitude ( ,israel4 ,! anci5t empires _h transplant$ ! nations ( ,pale/9e to ,assyria & ,babylonia4 ,! ,greeks did n ne$ to remove !m to ,greece2 = !y br\ght ,greece to ,pale/9e4 8,! ,ori5t10 says ,wellhaus51 8became _! ,am]ica40 ,!y p\r$ into ,syria1 infect+1 exploit+1 assimilat+ its peoples4 ,) dismay ! ,jews mu/ h se5 !mselves surr\nd$ by new ,greek colonies1 & /ill m by ! old ,pale/9ian cities ,hell5is$ 9 polity & religion4 ,! ,greek translator ( ,isaiah ix4 #ab r5d]s ,phili/9es by ,hell5es4 ,israel 7 compass$ & p5etrat$ by influ5ces z subtle z ! atmosph]e3 n z ( old uproot$ f _! fa!rl&1 b ) _! fa!rl& itself infect$ & alt]$ beyond all p[]s ( resi/ance4 ,! full al>m ( ?is1 h[ev]1 0 n felt = _m ye>s to come4 ,x 0 at fir/ ! policy bo? ( ! ,seleucids & ! ,ptolemies to flatt] & fo/] ! ,jews4 ,!y enc\rag$ !m to feel t _! religion _h its own place beside ! =ces ( ,greece1 & 0 wor? int]pret+ to ! _w4 ,seleucus ,i4 gave to ,jews ! rights ( citiz5%ip 9 ,asia ,m9or & ,nor!rn ,syria2 & ,ptolemy ,i4 aton$ = 8 previ\s viol5ce by grant+ !m ! same 9 ,alex&ria4 ,9 ! matt] ( ! consequ5t tribute ,seleucus respect$ _! religi\s scruples2 & x 0 "u ,ptolemy ,philadelphus 7#bhc--bdg71 if n at 8 in/igation1 t ! ,law 0 fir/ translat$ into ,greek4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to prophecy1 be=e x f9ally expir$1 !re 0 grant$ ! opportunity to ass]t itself1 ^u at lea/ ! ?re%old ( ?is new era ( ,israel's hi/ory4 ,we h f ! fir/ half-c5tury ( ! era p]haps ?ree or f\r1 b c]ta9ly two1 prophetic pieces4 ,by _m critics ,isaiah xxiv4--xxvii4 are assign$ to ! ye>s imm$iately foll[+ ,alex&]'s campaigns4 ,o!rs assign ,isaiah xix4 #af-be to ! la/ ye>s ( ,ptolemy ,i4#abgh ,& ( our ,book ( ! ,twelve ,prophets1 ! *apt]s atta*$ to ! g5u9e prophecies ( ,ze*>iah1 or *aps1 ix4--xiv4 ( 8 book1 mo/ probably fall to be dat$ f ! conte/s ( ,syria & ,egypt = ! possession ( ,pale/9e2 :ile some:]e ab\t #cjj is ! mo/ likely date = ! ,book ( ,jonah4 ,9 8,ze*40 ix4--xiv4 we see prophecy p]haps at its l[e/ ebb4 ,! cla% ) ! new foes produces a really t]rible ?ir/ = ! blood ( ! hea!n3 !re are s*isms & intrigues )9 ,israel :i* 9 our ignorance ( h] hi/ory dur+ ?is "t x is n possible = u to foll[3 ! bright] gleams1 :i* contra/ s =cibly ) ! re/1 may be m anci5t oracles t ! writ] has incorporat$ ) 8 own /]n & d>k ,apocalypse4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,jonah1 on ! o!r h&1 we f9d a _s & a /yle 9 :i* prophecy may n unju/ly be said to h giv5 its highe/ utt]ance4 ,& ?is alone suffices1 9 our unc]ta9ty z to ! exact date ( ! book1 to take x la/ ( all our ,twelve4 ,= 89 ?is book10 z ,cornill has f9ely said1 8! prophecy ( ,israel quits ! sc5e ( battle z victor1 & z victor 9 its sev]e/ /ruggle--t aga9/ self40 ,,footnotes3 #abfc ,g54 x4 #b1 #d4 ,javan1 is 1 or 1 ! old] =m ( ! "n ( ! ,ionians1 ! fir/ ( ! ,greek race ) :om ,ea/]n peoples came into contact4 ,!y are p]haps nam$ on ! ,tell-el-,am>na tablets z 8,yivana10 s]v+ 89 ! c\ntry ( ,tyre0 7c4 #adjj ,b4,c472 & on an inscription ( ,s>gon 7c4 #gji7 ,cyprus is call$ ,yvanu4 #abfd xxvii4 #ac4 #abfe ,isaiah xl4--lxvi4 7,expositor's ,bible71 #ajh f4 #abff iii4 #f 7,eng42 iv4 #f ,heb474 #abfg ,! s5se ( di/ance betwe5 ! two peoples 0 mutual4 ,writ+ 9 ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 ,h]odotus has he>d ( ! ,jews only z a p t practise circumcision & 7 defeat$ by ,ph>aoh ,ne*o at ,megiddo 7,,ii4 #ajd1 #aei2 on ! latt] passage see ,hi/4 ,geog41 p4 #dje n474 ,he does n ev5 "k !m by "n4 ,! fragm5t ( ,*rilos ( ,samos1 f ! end ( ! fif? c5tury1 :i* ,josephus cites 7,contra ,apionem1 ,i4 #bb7 z a ref]5ce to ! ,jews1 is probably ( a p 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,ev5 9 ! la/ half ( ! f\r? c5tury & be=e ,alex&]'s campaigns1 ,ari/otle kn[s ( ! ,dead ,sea only by a vague report 7,meteor41 ,,ii4 iii4 #ci74 ,8 pupil ,!ophra/us 7d4 #bhg7 names & describes ! ,jews 7,porphyr4 de ,ab/95tia1 ,,ii4 #bf2 ,eusebius1 ,prep>4 ,evang41 ,,ix4 #b3 cf4 ,josephus1 ,c4 ,apion41 ,i4 #bb72 & ano!r pupil1 ,cle>*us ( ,soli1 records ! m5tion by ,ari/otle ( a travell$ ,jew ( ,cle-,syria1 b 8,greek 9 s\l z 9 tongue10 :om ! great philosoph] _h met1 & le>n$ f him t ! ,jews 7 desc5d$ f ! philosoph]s ( ,india 7quot$ by ,josephus1 ,c4 ,apion41 ,i4 #bb74 #abfh ,jos41 ,,xi4 ,antt4 iv4 #e4 #abfi ,hi/4 ,geog41 p4 #cdg4 #abgj ,hi/4 ,geog41 pp4 #eic f4 #abga ,see above1 p4 #ddj1 n4 #abfg4 #abgb ,h5ce ! ,seleucid era dates f #cab4 #abgc ,hi/4 ,geog41 #ech4 #abgd ,cf4 ,ewald1 ,hi/4 7,eng4 ,ed471 ,v4 #bbf f4 #abge ,as%ur or ,assyria fell 9 #fjg 7z we h se571 b h] "n 0 transf]r$ to h] successor ,babylon 7#b ,k+s xxiii4 #bi2 ,j]4 ii4 #ah2 ,lam4 v4 #f71 & ev5 to ,babylon's successor ,p]sia 7,ezra vi4 #bb74 ,:5 ,seleucus secur$ :at 0 virtually ! old ,assyrian ,empire ) l>ge ext5sions to ,phrygia on ! we/ & ! ,punjaub on ! ea/1 ! "n w\ld naturally be cont9u$ to 8 dom9ion1 especially z 8 fir/ capital 0 ,babylon1 f 8 capture ( :i* 9 #cab ! ,seleucid era took its />t4 ,!re is actual record ( ?is4 ,brugs* 7,ges*4 ,aeg41 p4 #bah7 /ates t 9 ! hi]oglyphic inscriptions ( ! ,ptoleman p]iod ! k+dom ( ! ,seleucids is call$ ,a%>u 7cf4 ,/ade1 ,z4,a4,t4,w41 #ahhb1 p4 #bib1 & ,*eyne1 ,book ( ,psalms1 p4 #bec1 & ,introd4 to ,book ( ,isaiah1 p4 #ajg1 n4 #c74 ,z ! ,seleucid k+dom %rank to ?is side ( ! ,euphrates1 x drew ! "n ,assyria ) x4 ,b 9 ,greek m\?s ?is _h long ago 7cf4 ,h]od47 be5 %ort5$ to ,syria3 ,h]odotus also appe>s to h appli$ x only to ! we/ ( ! ,euphrates4 ,cf4 ,hi/4 ,geog41 pp4 #c f4 #abgf ,,xii4 ,antt4 i43 cf4 ,con4 ,apion41 ,i4 #bb4 #abgg ,see above1 p4 #ddb4 ,eusebius1 ,*ron4 ,arm41 ,,ii4 #bbe1 assigns x to #cbj4 #abgh ,*eyne1 ,introd4 to ,book ( ,isaiah1 p4 #aje4 8,,ze*>iah0 7,,ix4--,,xiv47 ,lo1 ?y ,k+ come? to !e1 v9dicat$ & victori\s1 meek & rid+ on an ass1 & on a colt1 ! foal ( an ass4 ,up1 ,sword1 aga9/ ,my ,%eph]d6444 ,smite ! ,%eph]d1 t ! %eep may be scatt]$6 ,& ,i w p\r ^u ! h\se ( ,david & ^u all ! inhabitants ( ,j]usalem ! _s ( grace & ( supplication1 & !y %all look to ,him :om !y h pi]c$2 & !y %all lam5t = ,him1 z ) lam5tation = an only son1 & bitt]ly grieve = ,him1 z ) grief = a fir/-born4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii ,,*apt]s ,,ix4--,,xiv4 ,,( 8,,ze*>iah0 ,we saw t ! fir/ eight *apt]s ( ! ,book ( ,ze*>iah 71 ) ! exception ( a few v]ses1 f ! prophet himself4 ,no "o has ev] d\bt$ ?is4 ,no "o c\ld d\bt x3 !y are obvi\sly f ! ye>s ( ! build+ ( ! ,temple1 #ebj--eaf ,b4,c4 ,!y hang toge!r ) a consi/5cy exhibit$ by few o!r gr\ps ( *apt]s 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,b :5 we pass into *ap4 ix4 we f9d ourselves 9 circum/ances & an atmosph]e altoge!r diff]5t4 ,israel is ^u a new situation ( hi/ory1 & ! words address$ to h] brea! ano!r _s4 ,!re is n ! fa9te/ allusion to ! build+ ( ! ,temple--! subject f :i* all ! fir/ eight *apt]s dep5d4 ,!re is n a s+le c]ta9 reflection ( ! ,p]sian p]iod1 "u ! %ad[ ( :i* ! fir/ eight *apt]s 7 all evid5tly writt54 ,we h names ( hea!n p[]s m5tion$1 :i* n only d n occur 9 ! fir/ eight *apt]s1 b ( :i* x is n possible to ?9k t !y _h any int]e/ :atev] = ,israel betwe5 #ebj & #eaf3 ,damascus1 ,hadra*1 ,hama?1 ,assyria1 ,egypt & ,greece4 ,! peace1 & ! love ( peace1 9 :i* ,ze*>iah wrote1 has disappe>$4#abgi ,ne>ly ev]y?+ brea!s ( w> actual or imm95t4 ,! hea!n are spok5 ( ) a f]ocity :i* f9ds few p>allels 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,!re is a revell+ 9 _! blood1 ( :i* ! /ud5t ( ! au!ntic prophecies ( ,ze*>iah w at once p]ceive t g5tle lov] ( peace c\ld n h be5 capable4 ,& "o passage figures ! imm95ce ( a ?or\gh judgm5t ^u ,j]usalem1 v diff]5t f ,ze*>iah's outlook ^u 8 p's future f ! eve ( ! completion ( ! ,temple4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t "o ( ! e>lie/ ef=ts ( ,old ,te/am5t criticism %\ld h be5 to prove ano!r au?or ?an ,ze*>iah = *aps4 ix4--xiv4 ( ! book call$ by 8 "n4 ,! v fir/ attempt ( ?is k9d 0 made s f> back z #afcb by ! ,cambridge !ologian ,joseph ,m$e1#abhj :o 0 mov$ !reto by ! desire to v9dicate ! correctness ( ,/4 ,mat!w's ascription#abha ( 8,ze*40 xi4 #ac to ! prophet ,j]emiah4 ,m$e's ef=t 0 develop$ by o!r ,engli% exegetes4 ,hammond assign$ *aps4 x4--xii41 ,bi%op ,kidd]#abhb & ,william ,:i/on1 ! translator ( ,josephus1 *aps4 ix4--xiv41 to ,j]emiah4 ,ar*bi%op ,newcome#abhc divid$ !m1 & s\ght to prove t :ile *aps4 ix4--xi4 mu/ h be5 writt5 be=e #gba1 or a c5tury e>li] ?an ,j]emiah1 because ( ! hea!n p[]s !y "n1 & ! divisions betwe5 ,judah & ,israel1 *aps4 xii4--xiv4 reflect ! imm95ce ( ! ,fall ( ,j]usalem4 ,9 #aghd ,flgge#abhd (f]$ indep5d5t pro( t *aps4 ix4--xiv4 7 by ,j]emiah2 & 9 #ahad ,b]?oldt#abhe sugge/$ t *aps4 ix4--xi4 might be by ,ze*>iah ! contempor>y ( ,isaiah1#abhf & on t acc\nt atta*$ to ! prophecies ( 8 y\ng] namesake4 ,^! op9ions gave ! tr5d to ! ma9 volume ( criticism1 :i*1 till fifte5 ye>s ago1 deem$ 8,ze*40 ix4--xiv4 to be pre-exilic4 ,s ,hitzig1 :o at fir/ took ! :ole to be f "o h&1 b aft]w>ds plac$ xii4--xiv4 by a diff]5t au?or "u ,manasseh4 ,s ,ewald1 ,bleek1 ,ku55 7at fir/71 ,samuel ,davidson1 ,s*rad]1 ,duhm 79 #ahge71 & m rec5tly ,knig & ,orelli1 :o assign *aps4 ix4--xi4 to ! reign ( ,ahaz1 b xii4--xiv4 to ! eve ( ! ,fall ( ,j]usalem1 or ev5 a little lat]4 ,"s critics1 h[ev]1 rema9$ unmov$ by ! evid5ce (f]$ = a pre-exilic date4 ,!y po9t$ out 9 p>ticul> t ! geographical ref]5ces 7 equally suitable to ! c5turies aft] ! ,exile4 ,damascus1 ,hadra* & ,hama?1#abhg ?\gh politically obsolete by #gbj1 ent]$ hi/ory aga9 ) ! campaigns ( ,alex&] ! ,great 9 #ccb--cca1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,seleucid k+dom 9 ,nor!rn ,syria4#abhh ,egypt & ,assyria#abhi 7 names us$ aft] ! ,exile = ! k+dom ( ! ,ptolemies1 & = ^? p[]s :i* /ill ?reat5$ ,israel f ! nor?1 or ,assyrian qu>t]4 ,judah & ,joseph or ,ephraim#abij 7 names /ill us$ aft] ! ,exile to express ! :ole ( ,god's ,israel2 & 9 *aps4 ix4--xiv4 !y are pres5t$1 n divid$ z be=e #gba1 b unit$4 ,none ( ! *apt]s give a h9t ( any k+ 9 ,j]usalem2 & all ( !m1 :ile repres5t+ ! great ,exile ( ,judah z already begun1 %[ a c]ta9 dep5d5ce 9 /yle & ev5 9 language ^u ,j]emiah1 ,ezekiel & ,isaiah xl4--lxvi4 ,moreov] ! language is po/-exilic1 spr9kl$ ) ,aramaisms & ) o!r words & phrases us$ only1 or ma9ly1 by ,hebrew writ]s f ,j]emiah onw>ds4 ,b ?\gh _m critics judg$ ^! gr\nds to be suffici5t to prove ! po/-exilic orig9 ( 8,ze*40 ix4--xiv41 !y diff]$ z to ! au?or & exact date ( ^! *apt]s4 ,cons]vatives l ,h5g/5b]g1#abia ,delitzs*1 ,keil1 ,khl] & ,pusey us$ ! evid5ce to prove ! au?or%ip ( ,ze*>iah himself aft] #eaf1 & int]pret$ ! ref]5ces to ! ,greek p]iod z pure pr$iction4 ,pusey says#abib t *aps4 ix4--xi4 ext5d f ! completion ( ! ,temple & its deliv]ance dur+ ! invasion ( ,alex&]1 & f ! victories ( ! ,maccabees1 to ! rejection ( ! true %eph]d & ! curse ^u ! false2 & *aps4 xi4--xii4 8f a future rep5tance = ! dea? ( ,*ri/ to ! f9al conv]sion ( ! ,jews & ,g5tiles40#abic ,b on ! same gr\nds ,ei*horn#abid saw 9 ! *apt]s n a pr$iction b a reflection ( ! ,greek p]iod4 ,he assign$ *aps4 ix4 & x4 to an au?or 9 ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great2 xi4--xiii4 #f he plac$ a little lat]1 & br\ght d[n xiii4 #g--xiv4 to ! ,maccabean p]iod4 ,btt*]#abie plac$ ! :ole 9 ! w>s ( ,ptolemy & ,seleucus aft] ,alex&]'s dea?2 & ,vatke1 :o _h at fir/ select$ a date 9 ! reign ( ,artax]xes ,longh&1 #dfd--dbe1 f9ally decid$ = ! ,maccabean p]iod1 #agj ff4#abif ,9 rec5t times ! mo/ ?or\gh exam9ation ( ! *apt]s has be5 t by ,/ade1#abig & ! conclusion he comes to is t *aps4 ix4--xiv4 are all f "o au?or1 :o mu/ h writt5 dur+ ! e>ly w>s betwe5 ! ,ptolemies & ,seleucids ab\t #bhj ,b4,c41 b employ$1 especially 9 *aps4 ix41 x41 an e>li] prophecy4 ,a criticism & modification ( ,/ade's !ory is giv5 by ,ku554 ,he all[s t ! pres5t =m ( *aps4 ix4--xiv4 mu/ be ( po/-exilic orig93 ?is is obvi\s f ! m5tion ( ! ,greeks z a _w-p[]2 ! description ( a siege ( ,j]usalem by all ! hea!n2 ! way 9 :i* 7*aps4 ix4 #aa f41 b especially x4 #f-i7 ! captivity is presuppos$1 if n ( all ,israel1 yet ( ,ephraim2 ! fact t ! ,h\se ( ,david are n repres5t$ z gov]n+2 & ! ?or\ghly prie/ly "* ( all ! *apt]s4 ,b ,ku55 holds t an anci5t prophecy ( ! eigh? c5tury und]lies *aps4 ix4--xi41 xiii4 #g-i1 9 :i* sev]al actual phrases ( x survive2#abih & t 9 _! pres5t =m xii4--xiv4 are old] ?an ix4--xi41 & probably by a contempor>y ( ,joel1 ab\t #djj ,b4,c4 ,9 ! ma9 ,*eyne1#abii ,cornill1#acjj ,wildebo]#acja & ,/a]k#acjb adh]e to ,/ade's conclusions4 ,*eyne proves ! unity ( ! six *apt]s & _! date be=e ! ,maccabean p]iod4 ,/a]k br+s d[n xi4 #d-ag & xiii4 #g-i to #aga ,b4,c4 ,wellhaus5 argues = ! unity1 & assigns x to ! ,maccabean times4 ,driv] judges ix4--xi41 ) its natural cont9uation xiii4 #g-i1 z n e>li] ?an #ccc2 & ! re/ ( xii4--xiv4 z c]ta9ly po/-exilic1 & probably f #dcb--cjj4 ,rub9kam#acjc places ix4 #a-aj 9 ,alex&]'s "t1 ! re/ 9 t ( ! ,maccabees1 b ,zeydn]#acjd all ( x to ! latt]4 ,kirkpatrick1#acje aft] %[+ ! po/-exilic "* ( all ! *apt]s1 fav\rs assign+ ix4--xi4 to a diff]5t au?or f xii4--xiv4 ,ass]t+ t to ! "q ( ! exact date x is impossible to give a def9ite answ]1 he ?9ks t ! :ole may be ) consid]able probability assign$ to ! fir/ sixty or sev5ty ye>s ( ! ,exile1 & is !re=e 9 its prop] place betwe5 ,ze*>iah & 8,mala*i40 ,! ref]5ce to ! sons ( ,javan he takes to be a gloss1 probably add$ 9 ,maccabean times4#acjf ,x w be se5 f ?is catalogue ( conclusions t ! prevail+ tr5d ( rec5t criticism has be5 to assign 8,ze*40 ix4--xiv4 to po/-exilic times1 & to a diff]5t au?or f *aps4 i4--viii42 & t :ile a few critics ma9ta9 a date soon aft] ! ,return1 ! bulk are divid$ betwe5 ! ye>s foll[+ ,alex&]'s campaigns & ! "t ( ! ,maccabean /ruggles4#acjg ,!re are1 9 fact1 9 rec5t ye>s only two attempts to support ! cons]vative position ( ,pusey & ,h5g/5b]g t ! :ole book is a g5u9e "w ( ,ze*>iah ! son ( ,iddo4 ,"o ( ^! is by ,c4 ,h4 ,h4 ,wright 9 8 ,bampton ,lectures4 ,! o!r is by ,george ,l4 ,rob9son1 n[ ,pr(essor at ,toronto1 9 a repr9t 7#ahif7 f ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,semitic ,languages & ,lit]atures1 :i* (f]s a valuable hi/ory ( ! discussion ( ! :ole "q f ! days ( ,m$e1 ) a c>eful argum5t ( all ! evid5ce on bo? sides4 ,! v orig9al conclusion is rea*$ t ! *apt]s reflect ! hi/ory ( ! ye>s #eah--eaf ,b4,c4 ,9 discuss+ ! "q1 = :i* our treatm5t ( o!r prophets has left u too little space1 we ne$ n op5 t "p ( x :i* lies betwe5 a pre-exilic & a po/-exilic date4 ,rec5t criticism ( all s*ools & at bo? extremes has t5d$ to e/abli% ! latt] ^u reasons :i* we h already /at$1#acjh & = fur!r details ( :i* ! /ud5t may be ref]r$ to ,/ade's & ,eck>dt's inve/igations 9 ! ,zeits*rift fr ,a4 ,t4 ,wiss5s*aft & to ,kirkpatrick's imp>tial summ>y4 ,!re rema9 ! que/ions ( ! unity ( *aps4 ix4--xiv42 _! exact date or dates aft] ! ,exile1 & z a consequ5ce ( ?is _! relation to ! au!ntic prophecies ( ,ze*>iah 9 *aps4 i4--viii4 ,on ! "q ( unity we take fir/ *aps4 ix4--xi41 to :i* mu/ be add$ 7z by mo/ critics s9ce ,ewald7 xiii4 #g-i1 :i* has got out ( its place z ! natural cont9uation & conclusion ( *ap4 xi4 ,*ap4 ix4 #a-h pr$icts ! ov]?r[ ( hea!n neighb\rs ( ,israel1 _! possession by ,jehovah & ,8 safegu>d ( ,j]usalem4 ,vv4 #i-ab foll[ ) a pr$iction ( ! ,messianic ,k+ z ! ,pr9ce ( ,peace2 b !n come vv4 #ac-ag1 ) no m5tion ( ! ,k+1 b ,jehovah appe>s alone z ! h]o ( ,8 p aga9/ ! ,greeks1 & !re is inde$ suffici5cy ( w> & blood4 ,*ap4 x4 makes a new />t3 ! p are w>n$ to seek _! bless+s f ,jehovah1 & n f ,t]aphim & div9]s1 :om _! false %eph]ds foll[4 ,jehovah1 visit+ ,8 flock1 %all puni% ^!1 give prop] rul]s1 make ! p /rong & ga!r 9 _! exiles to fill ,gilead & ,lebanon4 ,*ap4 xi4 op5s ) a bur/ ( w> on ,lebanon & ,ba%an & ! ov]?r[ ( ! hea!n 7vv4 #a-c71 & foll[s ) an allegory1 9 :i* ! prophet fir/ takes *>ge f ,jehovah ( ! p z _! %eph]d1 b is contemptu\sly treat$ by !m 7#d-ad71 & !n tak+ ! guise ( an evil %eph]d repres5ts :at !y mu/ suff] f _! next rul] 7#ae-ag74 ,?is tyrant1 h[ev]1 %all receive puni%m5t1 two-?irds ( ! nation %all be scatt]$1 b ! re/1 fur!r purifi$1 %all be ,god's own p 7xiii4 #g-i74 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is prophesy+ !re is no conclusive pro( ( a d\ble au?or%ip4 ,! only passage :i* (f]s /rong evid5ce = ?is is *ap4 ix4 ,! v]ses pr$ict+ ! peaceful com+ ( ,messiah 7#i-ab7 d n accord 9 _s ) ^? :i* foll[ pr$ict+ ! appe>ance ( ,jehovah ) w> & great %$d+ ( blood4 ,nor is ! diff]5ce altoge!r expla9$1 z ,/ade ?9ks1 by ! simil> ord] ( ev5ts 9 *ap4 x41 :]e ,judah & ,joseph are fir/ repres5t$ z sav$ & br\ght back 9 v]4 #f1 & !n we h ! process ( _! r$emption & return describ$ 9 vv4 #g ff4 ,:y did ! same writ] give /atem5ts ( su* v diff]5t temp] z *ap4 ix4 #i-ab & #ac-ag8 ,or1 if ^! be f diff]5t h&s1 :y 7 !y ev] put toge!r8 ,o!rwise !re is no reason = break+ up *aps4 ix4--xi41 xiii4 #g-i4 ,rub9kam1 :o sep>ates ix4 #a-aj by a hundr$ & fifty ye>s f ! re/2 ,bleek1 :o divides ix4 f x42 & ,/a]k1 :o sep>ates ix4--xi4 #c f ! re/1 h be5 answ]$ by ,rob9son & o!rs4#acji ,on ! gr\nd ( language1 gramm> & syntax1 ,eck>dt has fully prov$ t ix4--xi4 are f ! same au?or ( a late date1 :o1 h[ev]1 may h occasionally foll[$ e>li] models & ev5 introduc$ _! v phrases4#acaj ,m support]s h be5 f\nd = a division ( au?or%ip betwe5 *aps4 ix4--xi41 xiii4 #g-i1 & *aps4 xii4--xiv4 7less xiii4 #g-i74 ,*ap4 xii4 op5s ) a title ( its own4 ,a /range elem5t is introduc$ into ! hi/orical relation4 ,j]usalem is assault$ n by ! hea!n only1 b by ,judah1 :o1 h[ev]1 turns on f9d+ t ,jehovah fights = ,j]usalem1 & is sav$ by ,jehovah be=e ,j]usalem 9 ord] t ! latt] may n boa/ ov] x 7xii4 #a-i74 ,a _s ( grace & supplication is p\r$ ^u ! guilty city1 a f\nta9 op5$ = uncleanness1 idols aboli%$1 & ! prophets1 :o are put on a level ) !m1 aboli%$ too1 :]e !y d n dis[n _! pr(ession 7xii4 #aj--xiii4 #f74 ,ano!r assault ( ! hea!n on ,j]usalem is describ$1 half ( ! p be+ tak5 captive4 ,jehovah appe>s1 & by a great e>?quake saves ! re/4 ,! l& is trans=m$4 ,& !n ! prophet goes back to ! defeat ( ! hea!n assault on ! city1 9 :i* ,judah is aga9 describ$ z tak+ "p2 & ! surviv+ hea!n are conv]t$1 or1 if !y refuse to be1 puni%$ by ! )hold+ ( ra94 ,j]usalem is holy to ! ,"l 7xiv474 ,9 all ?is !re is m t diff]s f *aps4 ix4--xi41 xiii4 #g-i1 ?an ! /range opposition ( ,judah & ,j]usalem4 ,ephraim1 or ,joseph1 is n m5tion$1 nor any return ( exiles1 nor puni%m5t ( ! %eph]ds1 nor com+ ( ! ,messiah1#acaa ! latt]'s place be+ tak5 by ,jehovah4 ,b 9 answ] to ?is we may rememb] t ! ,messiah1 aft] be+ describ$ 9 ix4 #i-ab1 is imm$iately lo/ beh9d ! w>like com+ ( ,jehovah4 ,bo? sections speak ( idolatry1 & ( ! hea!n1 _! puni%m5t & conv]sion1 & d s 9 ! same apocalyptic /yle4 ,nor does ! language ( ! two diff] 9 any decisive fa%ion4 ,on ! contr>y1 z ,eck>dt#acab & ,kuip] h %[n1 ! language is on ! :ole an argum5t = unity ( au?or%ip4#acac ,!re is1 !n1 no?+ conclusive aga9/ ! position1 :i* ,/ade s cle>ly laid d[n & /rongly =tifi$1 t *aps4 ix4--xiv4 are f ! same h&1 al?\gh1 z he admits1 ?is _c be prov$ ) absolute c]ta9ty4 ,s also ,*eyne3 8,) p]haps "o or two exceptions1 *aps4 ix4--xi4 & xii4--xiv4 are s closely weld$ toge!r t ev5 analysis is impossible40#acad ,! next que/ions we h to decide are :e!r *aps4 ix4--xiv4 (f] any evid5ce ( be+ by ,ze*>iah1 ! au?or ( *aps4 i4--viii41 & if n to :at o!r po/-exilic date !y may be assign$4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t 9 language & 9 /yle ! two p>ts ( ! ,book ( ,ze*>iah h features 9 common4 ,b t ^! h be5 exagg]at$ by def5d]s ( ! unity !re c be no d\bt4 ,we _c inf] any?+ f ! fact#acae t bo? p>ts conta9 specim5s ( clumsy diction1 ( ! repetition ( ! same ^w1 ( phrases 7n ! same phrases7 unus$ by o!r writ]s2#acaf or t ea* is lavi% 9 vocatives2 or t ea* is v>iable 9 8 spell+4 ,resemblances ( t k9d !y %>e ) o!r books3 "s ( !m are due to ! fact t bo? sections are po/-exilic4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z ,eck>dt has cle>ly %[n1 !re exi/s a /ill great] numb] ( diff]5ces betwe5 ! two sections1 bo? 9 language & 9 /yle4#acag ,n only d *>act]i/ic words occur 9 ea* :i* are n f\nd 9 ! o!r1 n only d *aps4 ix4--xiv4 conta9 _m m ,aramaisms ?an *aps4 i4--viii41 & !re=e symptoms ( a lat] date2 b bo? p>ts use ! same words ) m or less diff]5t mean+s1 & apply diff]5t t]ms to ! same objects4 ,!re are also diff]5ces ( gramm>1 ( fav\rite =mulas1 & ( o!r features ( ! phraseology1 :i*1 if !re be any ne$1 complete ! pro( ( a di/9ction ( dialect s great z to require to acc\nt = x di/9ction ( au?or%ip4 ,! same impression is su/a9$ by ! contra/ ( ! hi/orical circum/ances reflect$ 9 ea* ( ! two sections4 ,ze*4 i4--viii4 7 writt5 dur+ ! build+ ( ! ,temple4 ,!re is no e*o ( ! latt] 9 8,ze*40 ix4--xiv4 ,ze*4 i4--viii4 picture ! :ole e>? z at peace1 :i* 0 true at lea/ ( all ,syria3 !y port5d no dang] to ,j]usalem f ! hea!n1 b describe h] peace & fruitful expansion 9 t]ms mo/ suitable to ! circum/ances impos$ ^u h] by ! solid & clem5t policy ( ! e>li] ,p]sian k+s4 ,?is is all *ang$ 9 8,ze*40 ix4--xiv4 ,! nations are re/less2 a siege ( ,j]usalem is imm95t1 & h] salvation is to be assur$ only by mu* w> & a t]rible %$d+ ( blood4 ,we "k exactly h[ ,israel f>$ & felt 9 ! e>ly sections ( ! ,p]sian p]iod3 h] int]e/s 9 ! politics ( ! _w1 h] feel+s t[>ds h] gov]nors & h] :ole attitude to ! hea!n 7 n at t "t ^? :i* are reflect$ 9 8,ze*40 ix4--xiv4 ,nor is !re any su* resemblance betwe5 ! religi\s pr9ciples ( ! two sections ( ! ,book ( ,ze*>iah z c\ld prove id5tity ( orig94 ,t bo? are spiritual1 or t !y h a simil> expectation ( ! ultimate position ( ,israel 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 proves only t bo? 7 late (f%oots f ! same religi\s developm5t1 & work$ ^u ! same anci5t models4 ,)9 ^! outl9es1 !re are n a few div]g5ces4 ,ze*4 i4--viii4 7 writt5 be=e ,ezra & ,nehemiah _h impos$ ! ,levitical legislation ^u ,israel2 b ,eck>dt has %[n ! dep5d5ce on ! latt] ( 8,ze*40 ix4--xiv4 ,we may1 !re=e1 adh]e to ,canon ,driv]'s ass]tion1 t ,ze*>iah 9 *aps4 i4--viii4 8uses a diff]5t phraseology1 ev9ces diff]5t int]e/s & moves 9 a diff]5t circle ( ideas f ^? :i* prevail 9 *aps4 ix4--xiv40#acah ,criticism has inde$ be5 ju/ifi$ 9 sep>at+1 by ! va/ & gr[+ majority ( its op9ions1 ! two sections f ea* o!r4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ results :i* mod]n criticism a*iev$1 & ! late/ rese>*es h b e/abli%$ x on a firm] basis4 ,if1 !n1 *aps4 ix4--xiv4 be n ,ze*>iah's1 to :at date may we assign !m8 ,we h already se5 t !y be> evid5ce ( be+ ^u ! :ole lat] ?an ,ze*>iah1 ?\gh !y appe> to conta9 fragm5ts f an e>li] p]iod4 ,p]haps ?is is all we c ) c]ta9ty affirm4 ,yet some?+ m def9ite is at lea/ probable4 ,! m5tion ( ! ,greeks1 n z ,joel m5tions !m ab\t #djj1 ! mo/ di/ant nation to :i* ,jewi% slaves c\ld be c>ri$1 b z ! *ief ( ! hea!n p[]s1 & a foe ) :om ! ,jews are 9 t\* & mu/ soon cross swords1#acai appe>s to imply t ! ,syrian campaign ( ,alex&] is happ5+ or has happ5$1 or ev5 t ! ,greek k+doms ( ,syria & ,egypt are already cont5d+ = ! possession ( ,pale/9e4 ,) ?is agrees ! m5tion ( ,damascus1 ,hadra* & ,hama?1 ! localities :]e ! ,seleucids _h _! *ief seats4#acbj ,9 t case ,as%ur w\ld signify ! ,seleucids & ,egypt ! ,ptolemies3#acba x is ^!1 & n ,greece itself1 f :om ! ,jewi% exiles h /ill to be r$eem$4 ,all ?is makes probable ! date :i* ,/ade has propos$ = ! *apt]s1 betwe5 #cjj & #bhj ,b4,c4 ,to br+ !m fur!r d[n1 to ! "t ( ! ,maccabees1 z "s h tri$ to d1 w\ld n be impossible s f> z ! hi/orical allusions are conc]n$2 b _h !y be5 ( s late a date z t1 viz4 #agj or #afj1 we may ass]t t !y c\ld n h f\nd a place 9 ! prophetic canon1 :i* 0 clos$ by #bjj1 b mu/ h fall5 along ) ,daniel into ! ,hagiographa4 ,! appe>ance ( ^! prophecies at ! close ( ! ,book ( ,ze*>iah has be5 expla9$1 n q satisfactorily1 z foll[s4 ,) ! ,book ( 8,mala*i0 !y =m$ orig9ally ?ree anonym\s pieces1#acbb :i* because ( _! anonymity 7 set at ! end ( ! ,book ( ! ,twelve4 ,! fir/ ( !m beg9s ) ! v peculi> con/ruction 8,massa' ,db> ,jehovah10 oracle ( ! ^w ( ,jehovah1 :i*1 ?\gh p>tly belong+ to ! text1 ! editor read z a title1 & atta*$ z a title to ea* ( ! o!rs4 ,x occurs n[h]e else4 ,! ,book ( 8,mala*i0 0 too di/9ct 9 "* to be atta*$ to ano!r book1 & soon came to h ! suppos$ "n ( its au?or add$ to its title4#acbc ,b ! o!r two pieces fell1 l all anonym\s works1 to ! ne>e/ writ+ ) an au?or's "n4 ,p]haps ! atta*m5t 0 ha/5$ by ! desire to make ! r\nd numb] ( ,twelve ,prophets4 ,,add5da4 ,:i/on's "w 7p4 #dej7 is ,an ,essay t[>ds re/or+ ! ,true ,text ( ! ,o4 ,t4 & = v9dicat+ ! ,citations made !nce 9 ! ,n4 ,t41 #agbb1 pp4 #ic ff4 7n se574 ,besides ^? m5tion$ on p4 #deb 7see n4 #abic7 z support+ ! unity ( ,ze*>iah !re ought to be nam$ ,de ,wette1 ,umbreit1 von ,h(fmann1 ,ebr>d1 etc4 ,kuip]'s "w 7p4 #deh7 is ,za*>ia #i-ad1 ,utre*t1 #ahid 7n se574 ,n[ack's conclusions are3 ix4--xi4 #c date f ! ,greek p]iod 7we _c date !m m exactly1 unless ix4 #h ref]s to ,ptolemy's capture ( ,j]usalem 9 #cbj72 xi41 xiii4 #g-i1 are po/-exilic2 xii4--xiii4 #f long aft] ,exile2 xiv4 long aft] ,exile1 lat] ?an 8,mala*i40 ,,footnotes3 #abgi ,except 9 ! passage ix4 #aj-ab1 :i* seems /rangely out ( place 9 ! re/ ( ix4--xiv4 #abhj ,works1 #d? ed4 #afgg1 pp4 #ghf ff4 7#afcb71 #hcd4 ,m$e di$ #afch4 #abha ,matt4 xxvii4 #i4 #abhb ,demon/ration ( ! ,messias1 #agjj4 #abhc ,an ,attempt t[>ds an ,improv$ ,v]sion ( ! ,twelve ,m9or ,prophets1 #aghe 7n se574 ,see also ,wright on ,ar*bi%op ,seek]4 #abhd ,die ,weissagung51 wel*e bei d5 ,s*rift5 des ,proph4 ,sa*>ja beygebog5 s9d1 b]setzt1 etc41 ,hamburg 7n se574 #abhe ,e9leitung 9 ,a4 u4 ,n4 ,t4 7n se574 #abhf ,isa4 viii4 #b4 ,see above1 p4 #bfe4 #abhg ix4 #a4 #abhh ,see above1 ,*ap4 ,,xxxi4 #abhi x4 #aj4 #abij ix4 #aj1 #ac1 etc4 #abia ,dan4 u4 ,sa*>ja4 #abib ,page #ejc4 #abic ,see ,add5da1 p4 #dfb4 #abid ,e9l4 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 #abie ,neue ,exeg4 krit4 ,aehr5lese z4 ,a4 ,t41 #ahfd4 #abif ,e9l41 #ahhb1 p4 #gji4 #abig ,z4,a4,t4,w41 #ahha1 #ahhb4 ,see fur!r pro( ( ! late "* ( language & /yle1 & ( ! unity1 by ,eck>dt1 ,z4,a4,t4,w41 #ahic1 pp4 #gf ff4 #abih #ha1 n4 #c1 #aj4 ,see p4 #deg1 end ( note #acaj4 #abii ,jewi% ,qu>t4 ,review1 #ahhi4 #acjj ,e9l4 #acja ,a4 ,t4 ,litt4 #acjb ,unt]su*ung b] die ,komposition u4 ,abfassungszeit von ,za*4 #i-ad1 etc4 ,halle1 #ahia 7n se574 #acjc #ahib3 quot$ by ,wildebo]4 #acjd #ahic3 quot$ by ,wildebo]4 #acje ,doctr9e ( ! ,prophets1 #dch ff41 9 :i* ! ,engli% read] w f9d a s+ul>ly lucid & fair treatm5t ( ! "q4 ,see1 too1 ,wright4 #acjf ,page #dgb1 ,note ,a4 #acjg ,kautzs*--! ,greek p]iod4 #acjh ,above1 pp4 #dea f4 #acji ,rob9son1 pp4 #gf ff4 #acaj ,z4,a4,t4,w41 #ahic1 #gf ff4 ,see also ! summ>ies ( l+ui/ic evid5ce giv5 by ,rob9son4 ,ku55 f9ds 9 ix4--xi4 ! foll[+ pre-exilic elem5ts3 ix4 #a-e1 #h-aj1 #ac;a 7872 x4 #a f41 #aj f42 xi4 #d-ad or #ag4 #acaa ,ku554 #acab ,see above1 p4 #dec1 n4 #abig4 #acac ,see also ,rob9son4 #acad ,jewi% ,qu>t]ly ,review1 #ahhi1 p4 #ha4 #acae ,z ,rob9son1 e4g41 does4 #acaf ,e4g4 holy l&1 ii4 #af1 & ,m\nt ( ,olives1 xiv4 #d4 #acag ,op4 cit41 #ajc-aji3 cf4 ,driv]1 ,introd41 #ced4 #acah ,introd41 p4 #ced4 #acai ix4 #ac4 #acbj ix4 #a f4 #acba x4 #aa4 ,see above1 p4 #dea4 #acbb ,see above1 pp4 #cca ff41 = pro( ( ! orig9al anonymity ( ! ,book ( 8,mala*i40 #acbc ,above1 p4 #cca4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii ,,! ,,cont5ts ,,( 8,,ze*>iah0 ,,ix4--,,xiv4 ,f ! numb] ( conflict+ op9ions :i* prevail ^u ! subject1 we h se5 h[ impossible x is to decide ^u a s*eme ( division = 8,ze*40 ix4--xiv4 ,^! *apt]s consi/ ( a numb] ( sep>ate oracles1 :i* _! language & g5]al conceptions lead u on ! :ole to believe 7 put toge!r by "o h&1 & :i*1 ) ! possible exception ( "s old] fragm5ts1 reflect ! tr\bl$ times 9 ,pale/9e t foll[$ on ! invasion ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,b ?\gh ! mo/ ( !m are probably due to "o date & possibly come f ! same au?or1 ^! oracles d n always exhibit a connection1 & inde$ sometimes %[ no relevance to ea* o!r4 ,x w !re=e be simple/ to take !m piece by piece1 &1 be=e giv+ ! translation ( ea*1 to expla9 ! difficulties 9 x & indicate ! rul+ ideas4 #a4 ,,! ,,com+ ,,( ,,! ,,greeks 7ix4 #a-h74 ,?is passage runs exactly 9 ! /yle ( ! e>ly prophets4 ,x figures ! progress ( w> f ! nor? ( ,syria s\?w>ds by ! valley ( ! ,orontes to ,damascus1 & !n along ! coa/s ( ,phnicia & ! ,phili/9es4 ,all ^! %all be deva/at$1 b ,jehovah w camp ab\t ,8 own ,h\se & x %all be inviolate4 ,?is is exactly h[ ,amos or ,isaiah might h pictur$ an ,assyrian campaign1 or ,zephaniah a ,scy?ian4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t ev5 "s ( ^? :o take ! bulk ( 8,ze*40 ix4--xiv4 z po/-exilic %\ld reg>d ix4 #a-e z e>li] ev5 ?an ,amos1 ) po/-exilic additions only 9 vv4 #f-h4acbd ,?is is possible4 ,vv4 #f-h are c]ta9ly po/-exilic1 because ( _! m5tion ( ! half-bre$s1 & _! intimation t ,jehovah w take unclean food out ( ! m\? ( ! hea!n2 b ! allusions 9 vv4 #a-e suit an e>ly date4 ,!y equally suit1 h[ev]1 a date 9 ! ,greek p]iod4 ,! progress ( w> f ! ,orontes valley by ,damascus & !nce d[n ! coa/ ( ,pale/9e foll[s ! l9e ( ,alex&]'s campaign 9 #ccb1 :i* mu/ also h be5 ! l9e ( ,demetrius 9 #cae & ( ,antigonus 9 #caa4 ,! evid5ce ( language is mo/ly 9 fav\r ( a late date4#acbe ,if ,ptolemy ,i4 took ,j]usalem 9 #cbj1acbf !n ! promise1 no assailant %all return 7v]4 #h71 is probably lat] ?an t4 ,9 face !n ( ,alex&]'s invasion ( ,pale/9e1 or ( ano!r campaign on ! same l9e1 ?is oracle repeats ! anci5t confid5ce ( ,isaiah4 ,god rules3 ,8 provid5ce is awake alike = ! hea!n & = ,israel4 ,jehovah ha? an eye = mank9d1 & all ! tribes ( ,israel4#acbg ,! hea!n %all be de/roy$1 b ,j]usalem re/ secure2 & ! remnant ( ! hea!n be conv]t$1 accord+ to ! ,levitical notion1 by hav+ unclean foods tak5 out ( _! m\?s4 ,oracle4 ,! ,^w ( ,jehovah is on ! l& ( ,hadra*1 & ,damascus is its goal#acbh--;= ,jehovah ha? an eye ^u ! hea!n1#acbi & all ! tribes ( ,israel--& on#accj ,hama?1 :i* bord]s ^u x1 ,tyre & ,sidon1 = !y 7 v wise4#acca ,& ,tyre built h] a =tress1 & heap$ up silv] l du/1 & gold l ! dirt ( ! /reets4 ,lo1 ! ,"l w dispossess h]1 & /rike h] ramp>t#accb into ! sea1 & %e %all be consum$ 9 fire4 ,a%lon %all see & %all fe>1 & ,gaza wri! 9 angui%1 & ,ekron1 = h] confid5ce#accc is aba%$1 & ! k+ %all p]i% f ,gaza & ,a%lon lie un9habit$4 ,half-bre$s#accd %all dwell 9 ,a%dod1 & ,i w cut d[n ! pride ( ! ,phili/9es4 ,& ,i w take _! blood f _! m\? & _! abom9ations f betwe5 _! tee?1#acce & ev5 !y %all be left = our ,god1 & %all become l a clan 9 ,judah1 & ,ekron %all be z ! ,jebusite4 ,& ,i %all encamp = a gu>d#accf to ,my ,h\se1 s t none pass by or return1 & no assailant aga9 pass ^u !m1 = n[ d ,i reg>d x ) ,m9e eyes4 #b4 ,,! ,,pr9ce ,,( ,,peace 7ix4 #i-ab74 ,?is beautiful picture1 appli$ by ! ,evangeli/ ) su* fitness to our ,"l ^u ,8 entry to ,j]usalem1 mu/ also be ( po/-exilic date4 ,x contra/s ) ! w>like portraits ( ! ,messiah drawn 9 pre-exilic times1 = x clo!s ,him ) humility & ) peace4 ,! com+ ,k+ ( ,israel has ! attributes already imput$ to ! ,s]vant ( ,jehovah by ! prophet ( ! ,babylonian captivity4 ,! next v]ses also imply ! ,exile z already a fact4 ,on ! :ole1 too1 ! language is ( a late r ?an ( an e>ly date4#accg ,no?+ 9 ! passage betrays ! exact po9t ( its orig9 aft] ! ,exile4 ,! epi!ts appli$ to ! ,messiah are ( v great int]e/4 ,he does n br+ victory or salvation1 b is ! passive recipi5t ( x4#acch ,?is det]m9es ! mean+ ( ! prec$+ adjective1 righte\s1 :i* has n ! moral s5se ( ju/ice1 b r t ( v9dication1 9 :i* righte\sness & righte\s are s frequ5tly us$ 9 ,isa4 xl4--lv4#acci ,he is l[ly1 l ! ,s]vant ( ,jehovah2 & comes rid+ n ! horse1 an animal = w>1 because ! next v]se says t horses & *>iots are to be remov$ f ,israel1#acdj b ! ass1 ! animal n ( l[l9ess1 z "s h int]pret$1 b ( peace4 ,to ?is day 9 ! ,ea/ asses are us$1 z !y are repres5t$ 9 ! ,song ( ,deborah1 by great (ficials1 b only :5 ^! are ^u civil1 & n ^u milit>y1 duty4 ,x is possible t ?is oracle closes ) v]4 #aj1 & t we %\ld take vv4 #aa & #ab1 on ! deliv]ance f exile1 ) ! next4 ,rejoice mightily1 daught] ( ,zion6 %\t al\d1 daught] ( ,j]usalem6 ,lo1 ?y ,k+ come? to !e1 v9dicat$ & victori\s1#acda meek & rid+ on an ass1#acdb & on a colt ! %e-ass' foal4#acdc ,& ,i#acdd w cut (f ! *>iot f ,ephraim & ! horse f ,j]usalem1 & ! w>-b[ %all be cut (f1 & ,he %all speak peace to ! nations1 & ,8 rule %all be f sea to sea & f ! riv] ev5 to ! ends ( ! e>?4 ,?\1 too1--by ?y cov5ant-blood1 #acde ,i h set free ?y prison]s f ! pit4#acdf ,return to ! =tress1 ye prison]s ( hope2 ev5 to-day d ,i proclaim3 ,d\ble w ,i return to !e4#acdg #c4 ,,! ,,slaught] ,,( ,,! ,,greeks 7ix4 #ac-ag74 ,! next oracle seems s+ul>ly out ( keep+ ) ! _s ( ! la/1 :i* decl>$ ! arrival ( ! ,messianic peace1 :ile ?is repres5ts ,jehovah z us+ ,israel = ,8 weapons 9 ! slaught] ( ! ,greeks & hea!ns1 9 ^: blood !y %all revel4 ,b ,/ade has po9t$ out h[ (t5 9 *aps4 ix4--xiv4 a result is fir/ /at$ & !n ! oracle goes on to describe ! process by :i* x is a*iev$4 ,accord+ly we h no gr\nd = affirm+ ix4 #ac-ag to be by ano!r h& ?an ix4 #i-ab4 ,! apocalyptic "* ( ! means by :i* ! hea!n are to be ov]?r[n1 & ! exultation display$ 9 _! slaught]1 z 9 a great sacrifice 7v]4 #ae71 betray ,israel 9 a /ate ( absolute political weakness1 & !re=e suit a date aft] ,alex&]'s campaigns1 :i* is also made sure by ! ref]5ce to ! sons ( ,javan1 z if ,israel 7 n[ 9 imm$iate contact ) !m4 ,kirkpatrick's note %\ld be read1 9 :i* he seeks to prove ! sons ( ,javan a late gloss2#acdh b 8 reasons d n appe> conclusive4 ,! language be>s sev]al traces ( lat5ess4#acdi ,= ,i h drawn ,judah = ,my b[1 ,i h *>g$ x ) ,ephraim2 & ,i w urge ?y sons1 ,o ,zion1 aga9/ ! sons (#acej ,javan1 & make !e l ! sword ( a h]o4 ,!n w ,jehovah appe> above !m1 & ,8 %aft %all g =? l lightn+2 & ! ,"l ,jehovah %all bl[ a bla/ on ! trumpet1 & travel 9 ! /orms ( ! s\?4#acea ,jehovah w protect !m1 & !y %all dev\r 787#aceb & trample 4442#acec & !y %all dr9k _! blood#aced l w9e1 & be dr5*$ ) x1 l a b[l & l ! corn]s ( ! alt>4 ,& ,jehovah _! ,god w give !m victory 9 t day4444#acee ,h[ good x#acef is1 & h[ beautiful6 ,corn %all make ! "y m5 fl\ri% & new w9e ! maid5s4 #d4 ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,t]aphim ,,& ,,sorc]]s 7x4 #a1 #b74 ,?is little piece is connect$ ) ! previ\s "o only ?r\gh ! latt]'s conclusion ^u ! f]tility ( ! l&1 :ile ?is op5s ) ra91 ! requisite ( f]tility4 ,x is connect$ ) ! piece t foll[s only by its m5tion ( ! %eph]dless /ate ( ! p1 ! piece t foll[s be+ aga9/ ! false %eph]ds4 ,^! connections are extremely slight4 ,p]haps ! piece is an indep5d5t "o4 ,! subject ( x gives no clue to ! date4 ,sorc]]s are condemn$ bo? by ! e>li] prophets1 & by ! lat]4#aceg ,/ade po9ts out t ?is is ! only passage ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 :i* ! ,t]aphim are said to speak4#aceh ,! language has "o symptom ( a late p]iod4#acei ,aft] emphasis+ ! futility ( images1 en*antm5ts & dreams1 ?is little oracle says1 !re=e ! p w&] l %eep3 !y h no %eph]d4 ,%eph]d 9 ?is connection _c mean civil rul]1 b mu/ be religi\s director4 ,ask f ,jehovah ra9 9 ! "t ( ! latt] ra94#acfj ,jehovah is ! mak] ( ! lightn+-fla%es1 & ! w9t] ra9 ,he gives to !m--to e man h]bage 9 ! field4 ,b ! ,t]aphim speak no?+ness1 & ! sorc]]s see lies1 & dreams disc\rse vanity1 & !y com=t 9 va94 ,:]e=e !y w&] 787#acfa l a flock ( %eep1 & flee ab\t1#acfb = !re is no %eph]d4 #e4 ,,aga9/ ,,evil ,,%eph]ds 7x4 #c-ab74 ,! unity ( ?is section is m app>5t ?an its connection ) ! prec$+1 :i* _h spok5 ( ! want ( a %eph]d1 or religi\s director1 ( ,israel1 :ile ?is is direct$ aga9/ _! %eph]ds & lead]s1 mean+ _! =eign tyrants4#acfc ,! figure is tak5 f ,j]emiah xxiii4 #a ff41 :]e1 besides1 to visit ^u#acfd is us$ 9 a s5se ( puni%m5t1 b ! simple visit#acfe 9 ! s5se ( to look aft]1 j z )9 v]4 #c ( ?is t5? *apt]4 ,:o ^! =eign tyrants are is n explicitly /at$1 b ! ref]5ce to ,egypt & ,assyria z l&s :5ce ! ,jewi% captives %all be br\ght home1 :ile at ! same "t !re is a ,jewi% nation 9 ,judah1 suits only ! ,greek p]iod1 aft] ,ptolemy _h tak5 s _m ,jews to ,egypt1#acff & !re 7 numb]s /ill scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! o!r great empire 9 ! nor?1 to :i*1 z we h already se51 ! ,jews appli$ ! "n ( ,assyria4 ,! ref]5ce c h>dly suit ! ye>s aft] ,seleucus & ,ptolemy grant$ to ! ,jews 9 _! t]ritories ! rights ( citiz5s4 ,! captive ,jews are to be br\ght back to ,gilead & ,lebanon4 ,:y exactly ^! are m5tion$1 & nei!r ,sam>ia nor ,galilee1 =ms a difficulty1 to :atev] age we assign ! *apt]4 ,! language ( x4 #c-ab has sev]al late features4#acfg ,joseph or ,ephraim1 "h & else:]e 9 ^! *apt]s1 is us$ ( ! portion ( ,israel /ill 9 captivity1 9 contra/ to ,judah1 ! return$ community4 ,! passage pr$icts t ,jehovah w *ange ,8 poor lead]less %eep1 ! ,jews1 into w>-horses1 & give !m /rong *iefs & weapons ( w>4 ,!y %all ov]?r[ ! hea!n1 & ,jehovah w br+ back ,8 exiles4 ,! passage is !re=e "o ) *ap4 ix4 ,my wra? is hot aga9/ ! %eph]ds1 & ,i w make visitation on ! he-goats3#acfh yea1 ,jehovah ( ,ho/s w#acfi visit ,8 flock1 ! h\se ( ,judah1 & w make !m l ,8 spl5did w>-horses4 ,f ,him ! corn]-/one1 f ,him ! /ay1#acgj f ,him ! w>-b[1 f ,him ! oppressor--%all g =? toge!r4 ,& 9 battle %all !y trample on h]oes z on ! dirt ( ! /reets1#acga & fight1 = ,jehovah is ) !m1 & ! rid]s on horses %all be aba%$4 ,& ! h\se ( ,judah w ,i make /rong & "w salvation = ! h\se ( ,joseph1 & br+ !m back1#acgb = ,i h pity = !m1#acgc & !y %all be z ?\gh ,i _h n put !m away1#acgc = ,i am ,jehovah _! ,god#acgc & ,i w hold conv]se ) !m4#acgc ,& ,ephraim %all be z h]oes1#acgd & _! he>t %all be glad z ) w9e1 & _! *ildr5 %all behold & be glad3 _! he>t %all rejoice 9 ,jehovah4 ,i w :i/le = !m & ga!r !m 91 = ,i h r$eem$ !m1 & !y %all be z _m z !y once 74 ,i scatt]$ !m#acge among ! nations1 b among ! f>-away !y ?9k ( ,me1 & !y w br+ up#acgf _! *ildr51 & come back4 ,& ,i w fet* !m home f ! l& ( ,miraim1 & f ,as%ur#acgg w ,i ga!r !m1 & to ! l& ( ,gilead & ,lebnon w ,i br+ !m 91 ?\gh ^! be n f\nd suffici5t = !m4 ,& !y#acgh %all pass ?r\gh ! sea ( ,egypt1#acgi & ,he %all smite ! sea ( break]s1 & all ! deeps ( ! ,nile %all be dri$1 & ! pride ( ,assyria br\ght d[n1 & ! sceptre ( ,egypt swept aside4 ,& _! /r5g?#achj %all be 9 ,jehovah1 & 9 ,8 ,"n %all !y boa/ !mselves#acha--oracle ( ,jehovah4 #f4 ,,w> ,,^u ,,! ,,syrian ,,tyrants 7xi4 #a-c74 ,?is is tak5 by "s ) ! previ\s *apt]1 by o!rs ) ! passage foll[+4 ,ei!r connection seems prec>i\s4 ,no conclusion z to date c be drawn f ! language4 ,b ! localities ?reat5$ 7 on ! s\?w>d front ( ! ,seleucid k+dom4 ,op51 ,lebnon1 ?y doors suits ! ,egyptian invasions ( t k+dom4 ,to :i* ( ^! ! passage ref]s _c ( c\rse be det]m9$4 ,! %eph]ds are ! rul]s4 ,op51 ,lebnon1 ?y doors1 t ! fire may dev\r 9 ?y c$>s4 ,wail1 ,o p9e-tree1 = ! c$> is fall52#achb wail1 ,o oaks ( ,ba%an1 = fall5 is ! imp5etrable#achc wood4 ,h>k to ! wail+ ( ! %eph]ds6 = _! glory is de/roy$4 ,h>k h[ ! lions ro>6 = bla/$ is ! pride#achd ( ,jordan4 #g4 ,,! ,,rejection ,,& ,,murd] ,,( ,,! ,,good ,,%eph]d 7xi4 #d-ag1 xiii4 #g-i74 ,!re foll[s n[1 9 ! re/ ( *ap4 xi41 a long] oracle1 to :i* ,ewald & mo/ critics aft] him h suitably atta*$ *ap4 xiii4 #g-i4 ,?is passage appe>s to rise f circum/ances simil> to ^? ( ! prec$+ & f ! same circle ( ideas4 ,jehovah's p are ,8 flock & h suff]$4 ,_! rul]s are _! %eph]ds2 & ! rul]s ( o!r peoples are _! %eph]ds4 ,a true %eph]d is s\ght = ,israel 9 place ( ! evil ones :i* h di/ress$ !m4 ,! language %[s traces ( a late date4#ache ,no hi/orical allusion is obvi\s 9 ! passage4 ,! buy]s & sell]s ( ,god's %eep might reflect ! ,seleucids & ,ptolemies betwe5 :om ,israel 7 ex*ang$ = _m ye>s1 b probably mean _! native lead]s4 ,! ?ree %eph]ds cut (f 9 a mon? 7 int]pret$ by ! support]s ( ! pre-exilic date ( ! *apt]s z ,ze*>iah & ,%allum 7#b ,k+s xv4 #h-ac71 & ano!r :om ^! critics assume to h foll[$ !m to dea?1 b ( him ! hi/ory has no trace4 ,! support]s ( a ,maccabean date = ! prophecy recall ! quick succession ( high prie/s be=e ! ,maccabean ris+4 ,! "o mon? probably means no?+ m ?an a v %ort "t4 ,! allegory :i* our passage unfolds is giv51 l s _m m 9 ,hebrew prophecy1 to ! prophet himself to enact4 ,x recalls ! pictures 9 ,j]emiah & ,ezekiel ( ! ov]?r[ ( ! false %eph]ds ( ,israel1 & ! appo9tm5t ( a true %eph]d4#achf ,jehovah commissions ! prophet to become %eph]d to ,8 %eep t h be5 s cruelly abus$ by _! guides & rul]s4 ,l ! %eph]ds ( ,pale/9e1 ! prophet took two /aves to h]d 8 flock4 ,he call$ "o ,grace1 ! o!r ,union4 ,9 a mon? he cut (f ?ree %eph]ds--bo? mon? & ?ree are probably =mal t]ms4 ,b he did n get on well ) 8 *>ge4 ,!y 7 wilful & qu>relsome4 ,s he broke 8 /aff ,grace1 9 tok5 t 8 engagem5t 0 dissolv$4 ,! deal]s ( ! %eep saw t he act$ = ,god4 ,he ask$ = 8 wage1 if !y c>$ to give x4 ,!y gave him ?irty pieces ( silv]1 ! price ( an injur$ slave1#achg :i* by ,god's comm& he ca/ into ! treasury ( ! ,temple1 z if 9 tok5 t x 0 ,god ,himself :om !y paid ) s wret*$ a sum4 ,& !n he broke 8 o!r /aff1 to signify t ! bro!rhood betwe5 ,judah & ,israel 0 brok54 ,!n1 to %[ ! p t by _! rejection ( ! good %eph]d !y mu/ fall a prey to an evil "o1 ! prophet assum$ ! "* ( ! latt]4 ,b ano!r judgm5t foll[s4 ,9 *ap4 xiii4 #g-i ! good %eph]d is smitt5 & ! flock disp]s$4 ,! spiritual pr9ciples :i* und]lie ?is allegory are obvi\s4 ,god's own %eep1 p]secut$ & helpless ?\gh !y be1 are yet ob/9ate1 & _! ob/9acy n only r5d]s ,god's good-w to !m futile1 b causes ! dea? ( ! "o man :o c\ld h done !m good4 ,! guilty sacrifice ! innoc5t1 b 9 ?is execute _! own doom4 ,t is a summ>y ( ! hi/ory ( ,israel4 ,b _h ! writ] ( ?is allegory any special "p ( t hi/ory 9 view8 ,:o 7 ! deal]s ( ! flock8 ,?us sai? ,jehovah my ,god3#achh ,%eph]d ! flock ( slaught]1 ^: pur*as]s slaught] !m imp5it5tly1 & ^: sell]s say1#achi ,bless$ be ,jehovah1 = ,i am ri*6--& _! %eph]ds d n sp>e !m4 ,= ,i w no m sp>e ! inhabitants ( ! l&--oracle ( ,jehovah2 b lo6 ,i am ab\t to give mank9d#acij ov]1 ea* into ! h& ( 8 %eph]d1#acia & into ! h& ( 8 k+2 & !y %all de/roy ! l&1 & ,i w n secure x f _! h&s4#acib ,& ,i %eph]d$ ! flock ( slaught] = ! %eep m]*ants1#acic & ,i took to me two /aves--! "o ,i call$ ,grace1 & ! o!r ,i call$ ,union#acid--;& s ,i %eph]d$ ! %eep4 ,& ,i de/roy$ ! ?ree %eph]ds 9 "o mon?4 ,!n 0 my s\l vex$ ) !m1 & !y on _! "p 7 displeas$ ) me4 ,& ,i said3 ,i w n %eph]d y3 :at is dead1 let x die2 & :at is de/roy$1 let x be de/roy$2 & ^? t survive1 let !m dev\r "o ano!r's fle%6 ,& ,i took my /aff ,grace1 & ,i brake x s z to annul my cov5ant :i* ,i made ) all ! peoples4#acie ,& 9 t day x 0 annull$1 & ! deal]s ( ! %eep1#acif :o wat*$ me1 knew t x 0 ,jehovah's ^w4 ,& ,i said to !m1 ,if x be good 9 y\r sight1 give me my wage1 & if x be n good1 let x g6 ,& !y weigh$ out my wage1 ?irty pieces ( silv]4 ,!n said ,jehovah to me1 ,?r[ x into ! treasury#acig 7! preci\s wage at :i* ,i#acih _h be5 valu$ ( !m74 ,s ,i took ! ?irty pieces ( silv]1 & ca/ !m to ! ,h\se ( ,jehovah1 to ! treasury4#acii ,& ,i brake my second /aff1 ,union1 s z to dissolve ! bro!rhood betwe5 ,judah & ,israel4#adjj ,& ,jehovah said to me3 ,take aga9 to !e ! implem5ts ( a wor?less %eph]d3 = lo6 ,i am ab\t to appo9t a %eph]d ov] ! l&2 ! de/roy$ he w n visit1 ! 444#adja he w n seek out1 ! w\nd$ he w n heal1 ! 4442#adjb he w n *]i%1 b he w dev\r ! fle% ( ! fat &4444#adjc ,woe to ,my wor?less#adjd %eph]d1 t des]ts ! flock6 ,! sword be ^u 8 arm & 8 "r eye6 ,may 8 arm )]1 & 8 "r eye be bl9d$4 ,^u ?is foll[s ! section xiii4 #g-i1 :i* develops ! trag$y ( ! nation to its climax 9 ! murd] ( ! good %eph]d4 ,up1 ,sword1 aga9/ ,my %eph]d & ! man ,my compatriot#adje--oracle ( ,jehovah ( ,ho/s4 ,smite#adjf ! %eph]d1 t ! %eep may be scatt]$2 & ,i w turn ,my h& aga9/ ! little ones4#adjg ,& x %all come to pass 9 all ! l&--oracle ( ,jehovah--t two-?irds %all be cut (f 9 x1 & p]i%1 b a ?ird %all be left 9 x4 ,& ,i %all br+ ! ?ird into ! fire1 & smelt x z m5 smelt silv] & try x z m5 try gold4 ,x %all call ^u ,my ,"n1 & ,i w answ] x4 ,& ,i w#adjh say1 ,x is ,my p1 & x w say1 ,jehovah my ,god6 #h4 ,,judah v]sus ,,j]usalem 7xii4 #a-g74 ,a title1 ?\gh probably ( lat] date ?an ! text1#adji introduces ) ! beg9n+ ( *ap4 xii4 an oracle pla9ly f circum/ances diff]5t f ^? ( ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,! nations1 n p>ticul>is$ z !y h be51 ga!r to ! siege ( ,j]usalem1 &1 v s+ul>ly1 ,judah is ga!r$ ) !m aga9/ h] own capital4 ,b ,god makes ! city l "o ( ^? great b\ld]s1 deeply emb$d$1 :i* husb&m5 try to pull up f _! fields1 b x te>s & w\nds ! h&s ( ^? :o w\ld remove x4 ,moreov] ,god /rikes ) panic all ! besieg]s1 save only ,judah1 :o1 h] eyes be+ op5$1 p]ceives t ,god is ) ,j]usalem & turns to h] help4 ,j]usalem rema9s 9 h] place2 b ! glory ( ! victory is fir/ ,judah's1 s t ! h\se ( ,david may n h too mu* fame nor boa/ ov] ! c\ntry di/ricts4 ,! writ] d\btless alludes to "s tempor>y s*ism betwe5 ! capital & c\ntry caus$ by ! arrogance ( ! =m]4 ,b we h no means ( kn[+ :5 ?is took place4 ,x mu/ (t5 h be5 imm95t 9 ! days bo? be=e & especially aft] ! ,exile1 :5 ,j]usalem _h absorb$ all ! religi\s privilege & influ5ce ( ! nation4 ,! language is und\bt$ly late4#adaj ,! figure ( ,j]usalem z a b\ld]1 deeply b$d$ 9 ! soil1 :i* te>s ! h&s t seek to remove x1 is a mo/ true & expressive summ>y ( ! hi/ory ( hea!n assaults ^u h]4 ,till %e h]self 0 r5t by int]nal diss5sions1 & ! ,romans at la/ succe$$ 9 te>+ h] loose1 %e rema9$ plant$ on h] own site4#adaa ,?is 0 v true ( all ! ,greek p]iod4 ,seleucids & ,ptolemies alike w\nd$ !mselves ^u h]4 ,b at :at p]iod did ei!r ( !m induce ,judah to take "p aga9/ h]8 ,n 9 ! ,maccabean4 ,oracle ( ! ,^w ( ,jehovah ^u ,israel4 ,oracle ( ,jehovah1 :o /ret*$ out ! heav5s & f\nd$ ! e>?1 & =m$ ! _s ( man )9 him3 ,lo1 ,i am ab\t to make ,j]usalem a cup ( reel+ = all ! surr\nd+ peoples1 & ev5 ,judah#adab %all be at ! siege ( ,j]usalem4 ,& x %all come to pass 9 t day t ,i w make ,j]usalem a /one to be lift$#adac by all ! peoples--all :o lift x d inde$ w\nd#adad !mselves--& !re are ga!r$ aga9/ x all nations ( ! e>?4 ,9 t day--oracle ( ,jehovah--,i w smite e horse ) panic1 & _! rid]s ) madness2 b z = ! h\se ( ,judah1 ,i w op5 its#adae eyes1 ?\gh e horse ( ! peoples ,i smite ) bl9dness4 ,!n %all ! *iefs#adaf ( ,judah say 9 _! he>ts1 444#adag ! inhabitants ( ,j]usalem ?r\gh ,jehovah ( ,ho/s _! ,god4 ,9 t day w ,i make ! di/ricts ( ,judah l a pan ( fire among timb] & l a tor* among %eaves1 s t !y dev\r "r & left all ! peoples r\nd ab\t1 b ,j]usalem %all /ill abide on its own site4#adah ,& ,jehovah %all fir/ give victory to ! t5ts#adai ( ,judah1 s t ! fame ( ! h\se ( ,david & ! fame ( ! inhabitants ( ,j]usalem be n too great 9 contra/ to ,judah4 #i4 ,,f\r ,,results ,,( ,,j]usalem',s ,,deliv]ance 7xii4 #h--xiii4 #f74 ,^u ! deliv]ance ( ,j]usalem1 by ! help ( ! conv]t$ ,judah1 !re foll[ f\r results1 ea* introduc$ by ! words t x happ5$ 9 t day 7xii4 #h1 #i1 xiii4 #a1 #b74 ,fir/1 ! p ( ,j]usalem %all !mselves be /r5g!n$4 ,second1 ! ho/ile hea!n %all be de/roy$1 b on ! h\se ( ,david & all ,j]usalem ! _s ( p5it5ce %all be p\r$1 & !y w lam5t = ! good %eph]d :om !y slew4 ,?ird1 a f\nta9 = s9 & uncleanness %all be op5$4 ,f\r?1 ! idols1 ! unclean _s1 & prophecy1 n[ s degrad$1 %all all be aboli%$4 ,! connection ( ^! oracles ) ! prec$+ is obvi\s1 z well z ) ! oracle describ+ ! murd] ( ! good %eph]d 7xiii4 #g-i74 ,:5 we see h[ ?is is presuppos$ by xii4 #i ff41 we feel m ?an ev] t its "r place is betwe5 *aps4 xi4 & xii4 ,!re are no hi/orical allusions4 ,b aga9 ! language gives evid5ce ( a late date4#adbj ,& ?r\gh\t ! passage !re is a repetition ( =mal phrases :i* recalls ! ,prie/ly ,code & ! g5]al /yle ( ! po/-exilic age4#adba ,notice t no k+ is m5tion$1 al?\gh !re are sev]al po9ts at :i*1 _h he exi/$1 he mu/ h be5 introduc$4 #a4 ,! fir/ ( ! f\r effects ( ,j]usalem's deliv]ance f ! hea!n is ! promotion ( h] weakl+s to ! /r5g? ( h] h]oes1 & ( h] h]oes to div9e rank 7xii4 #h74 ,9 t day ,jehovah w protect ! inhabitants ( ,j]usalem1 & ! lame among !m %all 9 t day be l ,david himself 1 & ! h\se ( ,david l ,god1 l ! ,angel ( ,jehovah be=e !m4 #b4 ,! second p>agraph ( ?is s]ies v rem>kably emphasises t ^u h] deliv]ance ,j]usalem %all n give way to rejoic+1 b to p5it5t lam5tation = ! murd] ( him :om %e has pi]c$--! good %eph]d :om h] p h reject$ & sla94 ,?is is "o ( ! few e?ical /ra9s :i* run ?r\gh ^! apocalyptic *apt]s4 ,x =ms _! highe/ int]e/ = u4 ,j]usalem's m\rn+ is comp>$ to t = ,hadad-,rimmon 9 ! valley or pla9 ( ,megiddo4 ,?is is ! classic battle-field ( ! l&1 & ! !atre ^u :i* ,apocalypse has plac$ ! la/ conte/ betwe5 ! ho/s ( ,god & ! ho/s ( evil4#adbb ,9 ,israel's hi/ory x _h be5 ! gr\nd n only ( triumph b ( te>s4 ,! greate/ trag$y ( t hi/ory1 ! defeat & dea? ( ! righte\s ,josiah1 took place !re2#adbc & s9ce ! e>lie/ ,jewi% int]pret]s ! m\rn+ ( ,hadad-,rimmon 9 ! valley ( ,megiddo has be5 ref]r$ to ! m\rn+ = ,josiah4#adbd ,j]ome id5tifies ,hadad-,rimmon ) ,rummni1#adbe a village on ! pla9 /ill extant1 close to ,megiddo4 ,b ! lam5tation = ,josiah 0 at ,j]usalem2 & x _c be prov$ t ,hadad-,rimmon is a place-"n4 ,x may r be ! "n ( ! object ( ! m\rn+1 & z ,hadad 0 a div9e "n among ,phnicians & ,arameans1 & ,rimmn ! pomegranate 0 a sacr$ tree1 a numb] ( critics h suppos$ ?is to be a title ( ,adonis1 & ! m\rn+ l t excessive grief :i* ,ezekiel tells u 0 ye>ly celebrat$ = ,tammuz4#adbf ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n fully prov$4#adbg ,obs]ve1 fur!r1 t :ile ! read+ ,hadad-,rimmon is by no means pa/ d\bt1 ! sangu9e blossoms & fruit ( ! pomegranate1 8r$-ripe at ! he>t10 w\ld naturally lead to its association ) ! slaught]$ ,adonis4 ,& x %all come to pass 9 t day t ,i w seek to de/roy all ! nations :o h come 9 ^u ,j]usalem4 ,& ,i w p\r ^u ! h\se ( ,david & ^u all ! inhabitants ( ,j]usalem ! _s ( grace & ( supplication1 & !y %all look to him#adbh :om !y h pi]c$2 & !y %all lam5t = him1 z ) lam5tation = an only son1 & bitt]ly grieve = him1 z ) grief = a fir/-born4 ,9 t day lam5tation %all be z great 9 ,j]usalem z ! lam5tation = ,hadad-,rimmon#adbi 9 ! valley ( ,megiddo4 ,& ! l& %all m\rn1 e family by itself3 ! family ( ! h\se ( ,david by itself1 & _! wives by !mselves2 ! family ( ! h\se ( ,na?an by itself1 & _! wives by !mselves2 ! family ( ! h\se ( ,levi by itself1 & _! wives by !mselves2 ! family ( ,%ime'i#adcj by itself1 & _! wives by !mselves2 all ! families :o are left1 e family by itself1 & _! wives by !mselves4 #c4 ,! ?ird result ( ,j]usalem's deliv]ance f ! hea!n %all be ! op5+ ( a f\nta9 ( cleans+4 ,?is purg+ ( h] s9 foll[s fitly ^u h] p5it5ce j describ$4 ,9 t day a f\nta9 %all be op5$ = ! h\se ( ,david1 & = ! inhabitants ( ,j]usalem1 = s9 & = uncleanness4#adca #d4 ,! f\r? consequ5ce is ! removal ( idolatry1 ( ! unclean _s & ( ! degrad$ prophets f h] mid/4 ,! la/ is especially rem>kable3 = x is n m]ely false prophets1 z di/+ui%$ f true1 :o %all be remov$2 b prophecy 9 g5]al4 ,x is s+ul> t 9 almo/ its late/ passage ! prophecy ( ,israel %\ld return to ! l9e ( its e>lie/ repres5tative1 ,amos1 :o refus$ to call himself prophet4 ,z 9 8 day1 ! prophets _h become m]e pr(essional & m]c5>y oracle-mong]s1 abjur$ to ! po9t ( dea? by _! own a%am$ & we>i$ relatives4 ,& x %all be 9 t day--oracle ( ,jehovah ( ,ho/s--,i w cut (f ! names ( ! idols f ! l&1 & !y %all n be rememb]$ any m4 ,& also ! prophets & ! unclean _s w ,i expel f ! l&4 ,& x %all come to pass1 if any man prophesy aga91 !n %all 8 fa!r & "m :o begat him say to him1 ,?\ %all n live1 = ?\ speake/ falsehood 9 ! "n ( ,jehovah2 & 8 fa!r & "m :o begat him %all /ab him = 8 prophesy+4 ,& x %all be 9 t day t ! prophets %all be a%am$ ( _! visions :5 !y prophesy1 & %all n we> ! lea!r cloak 9 ord] to lie4 ,& he w say1 ,no prophet am ,i6 ,a till] ( ! gr\nd ,i am1 = ! gr\nd is my possession#adcb f my y\? up4 ,& !y %all say to him1 ,:at are ^! w\nds 9#adcc ?y h&s8 & he %all say1 ,:at ,i 0 w\nd$ ) 9 ! h\se ( my lov]s6 #aj4 ,,judgm5t ,,( ,,! ,,hea!n ,,& ,,sanctification ,,( ,,j]usalem 7xiv474 ,9 ano!r apocalyptic vision ! prophet beholds ,j]usalem aga9 beset by ! hea!n4 ,b ,jehovah ,himself int]v5es1 appe>+ 9 p]son1 & an e>?quake breaks out at ,8 feet4 ,! hea!n are smitt51 z !y /&1 into m\ld]+ corpses4 ,! remnant ( !m %all be conv]t$ to ,jehovah & take "p 9 ! annual ,fea/ ( ,boo?s4 ,if any refuse !y %all be puni%$ ) dr\ght4 ,b ,j]usalem %all abide 9 security & hol9ess3 e detail ( h] equipm5t %all be consecrate4 ,! passage has _m resemblances to ! prec$+ oracles4#adcd ,! language is und\bt$ly late1 & ! figures are borr[$ f o!r prophets1 *iefly ,ezekiel4 ,x is a *>act]i/ic specim5 ( ! ,jewi% ,apocalypse4 ,! de/ruction ( ! hea!n is describ$ 9 v]ses ( t]rible grimness3 !re is no t5d]ness nor hope exhibit$ = !m4 ,& ev5 9 ! picture ( ,j]usalem's hol9ess we h no really e?ical elem5ts1 b ! details are purely c]emonial4 ,lo6 a day is com+ = ,jehovah1#adce :5 ?y spoil w be divid$ 9 ?y mid/4 ,& ,i w ga!r all ! nations to besiege ,j]usalem1 & ! city w be tak5 & ! h\ses plund]$ & ! wom5 ravi%$1 & ! half ( ! city %all g into captivity1 b ! re/ ( ! p %all n be cut (f f ! city4 ,& ,jehovah %all g =? & d battle ) ^? nations1 z 9 ! day :5 ,he f\ght 9 ! day ( conte/4 ,& ,8 feet %all /& 9 t day on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives :i* is ov] aga9/ ,j]usalem on ! ea/1 & ! ,m\nt ( ,olives %all be split into halves f ea/ to we/ by a v great rav9e1 & half ( ! ,m\nt w slide nor?w>ds & half s\?w>ds4 4441#adcf = ! rav9e ( m\nta9s#adcg %all ext5d to #8,aal1#adch & ye %all flee z ye fl$ f be=e ! e>?quake 9 ! days ( ,uzziah k+ ( ,judah1#adci & ,jehovah my ,god w come &#addj all ! holy ones ) ,him4#adda ,& 9 t day !re %all n be light1 444 congeal4#addb ,& x %all be "o#addc day--x is kn[n to ,jehovah#addd--nei!r day nor night2 & x %all come to pass t at ev5+ "t !re %all be light4 ,& x %all be 9 t day t liv+ wat]s %all fl[ =? f ,j]usalem1 half ( !m to ! ea/]n sea & half ( !m to ! we/]n sea3 bo? 9 summ] & 9 w9t] %all x be4 ,& ,jehovah %all be ,k+ ov] all ! e>?3 9 t day ,jehovah w be ,"o & ,8 ,"n ,"o4 ,all ! l& %all be *ang$ to pla91#adde f ,geba to ,rimmon1#addf s\? ( ,j]usalem2 b %e %all be high & abide 9 h] place#addg f ! ,gate ( ,b5jam9 up to ! place ( ! ,fir/ ,gate1 up to ! ,corn] ,gate1 & f ! ,t[] ( ,hanan'el z f> z ! ,k+'s ,w9epresses4 ,& !y %all dwell 9 x1 & !re %all be no m ,ban1#addh & ,j]usalem %all abide 9 security4 ,& ?is %all be ! /roke ) :i* ,jehovah w smite all ! peoples :o h w>r$ aga9/ ,j]usalem3 ,he w make _! fle% m\ld] :ile !y /ill /& ^u _! feet1 & _! eyes %all m\ld] 9 _! sockets1 & _! tongue %all m\ld] 9 _! m\?4 ,& x %all come to pass 9 t day1 !re %all be a great confusion f ,jehovah among !m1 & !y %all grasp e man ! h& ( 8 neighb\r1 & 8 h& %all be lift$ aga9/ ! h& ( 8 neighb\r4#addi ,& ev5 ,judah %all fight aga9/ ,j]usalem1 & ! weal? ( all ! nations r\nd ab\t %all be swept up1 gold & silv] & g>m5ts1 9 a v great mass4 ,^! two v]ses1 #ac & #ad1 obvi\sly di/urb ! connection1 :i* v]4 #ae z obvi\sly resumes ) v]4 #ab4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 g5]ally reg>d$ z an intrusion4#adej ,b :y !y h be5 ins]t$ is n cle>4 ,v]4 #ad is a curi\s e*o ( ! /rife betwe5 ,judah & ,j]usalem describ$ 9 *ap4 xii4 ,!y may be n a m]e intrusion1 b simply out ( _! prop] place3 yet1 if s1 :]e ?is prop] place lies 9 ^! oracles is impossible to det]m9e4 ,& ev5 s %all be ! plague ^u ! horses1 mules1 camels & asses1 & all ! bea/s :i* are 9 ^? camps--j l ?is plague4 ,& x %all come to pass t all t survive ( all ! nations :o h come up aga9/ ,j]usalem1 %all come up f ye> to ye> to d obeisance to ,k+ ,jehovah ( ,ho/s1 & to keep ! ,fea/ ( ,boo?s4 ,& x %all come to pass t :osoev] ( all ! races ( ! e>? w n come up to ,j]usalem to d obeisance to ,k+ ,jehovah ( ,ho/s1 ^u !m !re %all be no ra94 ,& if ! race ( ,egypt g n up nor come 91 ^u !m also %all#adea come ! plague1 ) :i* ,jehovah %all /rike ! nations t g n up to keep ! ,fea/ ( ,boo?s4 ,su* %all be ! puni%m5t#a ( ,egypt1 & ! puni%m5t#adeb ( all nations :o d n come up to keep ! ,fea/ ( ,boo?s4 ,! ,fea/ ( ,boo?s 0 specially "o ( ?anksgiv+ = ! h>ve/2 t is :y ! neglect ( x is puni%$ by ! )hold+ ( ! ra9 :i* br+s ! h>ve/4 ,b su* a puni%m5t = su* a neglect %[s h[ completely prophecy has become subject to ! ,law4 ,"o is tempt$ to ?9k :at ,amos or ,j]emiah or ev5 8,mala*i0 w\ld h ?\ght ( ?is4 ,v]ily all ! writ]s ( ! prophetical books d n /& ^u ! same level ( religion4 ,! writ] rememb]s t ! curse ( no ra9 _c affect ! ,egyptians1 ! f]tility ( ^: ra9less l& is secur$ by ! annual floods ( h] riv]4 ,s he has to ins]t a special v]se = ,egypt4 ,%e also w be plagu$ by ,jehovah1 yet he does n tell u 9 :at fa%ion h] plague w come4 ,! book closes ) a little oracle ( ! mo/ c]emonial description1 connect$ n only 9 temp] b ev5 by subject ) :at has gone be=e4 ,! v horses1 :i* hi!rto h be5 reg>d$ z too =eign1#adec or--z ev5 9 ?is gr\p ( oracles#aded--;z too w>like1 to exi/ 9 ,j]usalem1 %all be consecrat$ to ,jehovah4 ,& s va/ %all be ! multitudes :o ?rong f all ! e>? to ! annual fea/s & sacrifices at ! ,temple1 t ! pots ( ! latt] %all be z l>ge z ! great alt>-b[ls1#adee & e pot 9 ,j]usalem & ,judah %all be consecrat$ = use 9 ! ritual4 ,?is hall[+ ( ! horses raises ! "q1 :e!r ! passage c be f ! same h& z wrote ! pr$iction ( ! disappe>ance ( all horses f ,j]usalem4#adef ,9 t day !re %all be ^u ! bells ( ! horses1 ,hol9ess unto ,jehovah4 ,& ! v pots 9 ! ,h\se ( ,jehovah %all be z ! b[ls be=e ! alt>4 ,yea1 e pot 9 ,j]usalem & 9 ,judah %all be holy to ,jehovah ( ,ho/s1 & all :o sacrifice %all come & take ( !m & cook 9 !m4 ,& !re %all be no m any p$l>#adeg 9 ! ,h\se ( ,jehovah ( ,ho/s 9 t day4 ,,footnotes3 #acbd ,s ,/a]k1 :o ?9ks ,amos ,i4 made use ( vv4 #a-e4 #acbe ix4 #a1 1 mank9d1 9 contra/ to ! tribes ( ,israel2 #c1 1 gold2 #e1 z passive1 cf4 xii4 #f2 1 ,hi4 ( 1 9 passive s5se only aft] ,j]emiah 7cf4 above1 p4 #dab1 on ,joel72 9 #b ,sam4 xix4 #f1 ,hosea ii4 #g1 x is active4 #acbf ,see p4 #ddb4 #acbg ix4 #a4 #acbh ,heb4 re/+-place3 cf4 ,ze*4 vi4 #h1 br+ ,m9e ang] to re/4 ,?is meets ! objection ( ,br$5kamp & o!rs1 t is o!rwise us$ ( ,jehovah alone1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* !y ref] ! suffix to ,him4 #acbi ,! expression ha? an eye is s unusual t ,klo/]mann1 ,!o4 ,litt4 ,zeit41 #ahgi1 #eff 7quot$ by ,n[ack71 proposes to read = 1 ,jehovah's are ! cities ( ! hea!n4 ,= 1 mank9d1 z hea!n cf4 ,j]4 xxxii4 #bj4 #accj ,s ,,lxx43 ,heb4 also4 #acca ,s ,,lxx43 ,heb4 has v]b 9 s+4 #accb ,cf4 ,nahum iii4 #h2 ,isa4 xxvi4 #a4 #accc ,read 4 #accd ,deut4 xxiii4 #c 7,heb41 #b ,eng474 #acce ,! prepositions ref] to ! half-bre$s4 ,ezekiel uses ! t]m to eat ^u ! blood1 i4e4 meat eat5 )\t be+ ritually sla9 & consecrat$1 = illegal sacrifices 7xxxiii4 #ce3 cf4 #a ,sam4 xiv4 #cb f42 ,lev4 xix4 #bf1 xvii4 #aa-ad74 #accf = 2 b to be am5d$ to 1 #a ,sam4 xiv4 #ab1 a milit>y po/4 ,ewald reads 1 ramp>t4 ,,lxx4 4 #accg ix4 #aj1 1 cf4 ,dan4 xi4 #d2 only 9 late writ+s 7unless ,deut4 xxxiii4 #ag be e>ly7--see ,eck>dt1 p4 #hj2 #ab1 is 2 ! la/ clause ( #ab is bas$ on ,isa4 lxi4 #g4 ,if our int]pretation ( & be "r1 !y are also symptoms ( a late date4 #acch 7v]4 #i73 ! passive p>ticiple4 #acci ,cf4 ,isaiah xl4--lxvi4 7,expositor's ,bible71 p4 #bai4 #acdj ,:y *>iot f ,ephraim & horse f ,j]usalem is expla9$ 9 ,hi/4 ,geog41 pp4 #cbi-cca4 #acda ,see above4 #acdb ,symbol ( peace z ! horse 0 ( w>4 #acdc ,son ( %e-asses4 #acdd ,mass43 ,,lxx4 ,he4 #acde ,heb4 blood ( ?y cov5ant1 b ! suffix ref]s to ! :ole phrase 7,duhm1 ,!ol4 d] ,proph41 p4 #adc74 ,! cov5ant is ,jehovah's2 ! blood1 t :i* ! p %$ 9 sacrifice to ratify ! cov5ant4 #acdf ,heb4 adds !re is no wat] 9 x1 b ?is is ei!r a gloss1 or p]haps an attempt to make s5se out ( a dittography ( 1 or a corruption ( none %all be a%am$4 #acdg ,isa4 lxi4 #g4 #acdh ,doctr9e ( ! ,prophets1 ,note ,a1 p4 #dgb4 #acdi #ad1 on see ,eck>dt2 #ae1 1 ,aramaism2 is late2 #ag1 1 only "h & ,psalm lx4 #f2 1 probably late4 #acej ,s ,,lxx43 ,heb4 reads1 ?y sons1 ,o ,javan4 #acea ,,lxx4 1 9 ! toss+ ( ,8 ?reat1 787 or 4 ,x is natural to see "h a ref]5ce to ! ,!ophanies ( ,hab4 iii4 #c1 ,deut4 xxxiii4 7see above1 pp4 #aej f474 #aceb ,p]haps 1 ov]come !m4 ,,lxx4 4 #acec ,heb4 /ones ( a sl+1 4 ,wellhaus5 & ,n[ack read sons1 1 b :at !n is 8 #aced ,read+ = ,heb4 1 & ro>4 #acee ,heb4 l a flock ( %eep ,8 p1 7b h[ is "o to con/rue ?is ) ! context87 = 78 l7 /ones ( a diadem lift+ !mselves up 78 %imm]+7 ov] ,8 l&4 ,wellhaus5 & ,n[ack delete = /ones 444 %imm]+ z a gloss4 ,?is w\ld leave l a flock ( %eep ,8 p 9 ,8 l&1 to :i* x is propos$ to add ,he w fe$4 ,?is gives good s5se4 #acef ,wellhaus51 read+ 1 fem4 suffix = neut]4 ,ewald & o!rs ,he4 ,hitzig & o!rs !y1 ! p4 #aceg ,( ^! cf4 8,mal40 iii4 #e2 ! late ,j]4 xliv4 #h ff42 ,isa4 lxv4 #c-e2 &1 9 ! ,prie/ly ,law1 ,lev4 xix4 #ca1 xx4 #f4 #aceh ,z4,a4,t4,w41 ,i4 #fj4 ,he comp>es ?is v]se ) #a ,sam4 xv4 #bc4 ,9 ,ezek4 xxi4 #bf !y give oracles4 #acei 1 lightn+-fla%1 only "h & 9 ,job xxviii4 #bf1 xxxviii4 #be4 #acfj ,,lxx4 read3 9 season e>ly ra9 & latt] ra94 #acfa 1 us$ ( a nomadic life 9 ,j]4 xxxi4 #bd 7#bc71 & s x is possible t 9 a lat] /age ( ! language x _h come to mean to w&] or /ray4 ,b ?is is d\btful1 & !re may be a false read+1 z appe>s f ,,lxx4 4 #acfb ,= read 4 ,! ,,lxx4 read 4 #acfc ,!re c !re=e be none ( t connection betwe5 ! two pieces :i* ,kirkpatrick assumes 7p4 #ded & note #b74 #acfd #acfe #acff ,see above1 p4 #ddd4 #acfg x4 #e1 1 ,eck>dt1 p4 #hb2 #f1 #ab1 1 ,pi41 cf4 ,eccles4 x4 #aj1 :]e x alone occurs besides "h2 #e1 #aa1 9 passive s5se4 #acfh ,z we %\ld say1 bell-we!rs3 cf4 ,isa4 xiv4 #i1 also a late mean+4 #acfi ,s ,,lxx41 read+ = 4 #acgj ,corn]-/one z "n = a *ief3 cf4 ,judg4 xx4 #b2 #a ,sam4 xiv4 #ch2 ,isa4 xix4 #ac4 ,/ay or t5t-p91 ,isa4 xxii4 #bc4 ,f ,him1 o!rs f !m4 #acga ,read & 7,wellhaus574 #acgb ,read = ! ,mass4 1 & ,i w make !m to dwell4 #acgc & 1 & 1 keywords ( ,hosea i4--iii4 #acgd ,,lxx42 s+4 ,heb4 #acge ,*ang+ ! ,heb4 po9ts :i* make ! v]b future4 ,see ,n[ack's note4 #acgf ,) ,,lxx4 read = ,mass4 4 #acgg ,see above1 pp4 #dea1 #dga4 #acgh ,s ,,lxx42 ,mass4 s+4 #acgi ,heb4 1 n>r[ sea3 s ,,lxx41 b ,wellhaus5 sugge/s 1 :i* ,n[ack adopts4 #achj = 4 #acha ,= read 1 ) ,,lxx4 & ,syr4 #achb ,heb4 adds "h a difficult clause1 = nobles are wa/$4 ,probably a gloss4 #achc ,aft] ! er4 #achd ,i4e4 rankness2 appli$ to ! ?ick vegetation 9 ! l>g] b$ ( ! /ream3 see ,hi/4 ,geog41 p4 #dhd4 #ache xi4 #e1 1 ,hiph41 b intransitive1 gr[ ri*2 #f1 2 #g1 #aj1 7872 #h1 1 ,aram42 #ac1 1 ,aram41 ,j]4 xx4 #e1 ,ezek4 xxii4 #be1 ,job xxviii4 #aj2 9 ,e/h] t51 9 ,daniel f\r times 7,eck>dt72 xiii4 #g1 1 "o ( ! m>ks ( ! aff9ity ( ! language ( 8,ze*40 ix4--xiv4 to t ( ! ,prie/ly ,code 7cf4 ,lev4 v4 #ba1 xviii4 #bj1 etc471 b 9 ,p x is concrete1 "h ab/ract2 2 #h1 1 see ,eck>dt1 p4 #he4 #achf ,j]4 xxiii4 #a-h2 ,ezek4 xxxiv41 xxxvii4 #bd ff43 cf4 ,kirkpatrick ,p4 #dfb4 #achg ,exod4 xxi4 #cb4 #achh ,,lxx4 ,god ( ,ho/s4 #achi ,read plural ) ,,lxx4 #acij ,t is ! late ,hebrew "n = ! hea!n3 cf4 ix4 #a4 #acia ,heb4 1 neighb\r2 read 4 #acib ,_m take ?is v]se z an intrusion4 ,x c]ta9ly seems to add no?+ to ! s5se & to int]rupt ! connection1 :i* is cle> :5 x is remov$4 #acic ,heb4 1 :]e=e ! mis]able ( ! flock1 :i* makes no s5se4 ,b ,,lxx4 read 1 & ?is sugge/s ! ,heb4 1 to ! ,canaanites1 i4e4 m]*ants1 ( ! %eep3 s 9 v]4 #aa4 #acid ,lit4 ,b&s4 #acie ,! s5se is "h obscure4 ,is ! text s\nd8 ,9 h>mony ) ! context ought to mean tribes ( ,israel4 ,b e passage 9 ! ,o4,t4 9 :i* might mean tribes has be5 %[n to h a d\btful text3 ,deut4 xxxii4 #h1 xxxiii4 #c2 ,hosea x4 #ad2 ,micah i4 #b4 #acif ,see above1 note #acic1 on ! same mis-read phrase 9 v]4 #g4 #acig ,heb4 1 ! pott]4 ,,lxx4 smelt+ furnace4 ,read by *ange ( = 3 ! two are (t5 conf\nd$2 see n4 #acii4 #acih ,wellhaus5 & ,n[ack read ?\ ha/ be5 valu$ ( !m4 ,b !re is no ne$ ( ?is4 ,! clause is a s>ca/ic p>5!sis spok5 by ! prophet himself4 #acii ,aga9 ,heb4 ! pott]1 ,,lxx4 ! smelt+ furnace1 z above 9 v]4 #ac4 ,! additional clause ,h\se ( ,god proves h[ "r x is to read ! treasury1 & disposes ( ! idea t to ?r[ to ! pott] 0 a prov]b = ?r[+ away4 #adjj ,two codd4 read ,j]usalem1 :i* ,wellhaus5 & ,n[ack adopt4 #adja ,heb4 1 ! scatt]$4 ,,lxx4 4 #adjb 1 obscure3 "s translate ! s\nd or /able4 #adjc ,heb4 & _! ho(s he w te> 7874 #adjd ,= ,heb4 read z 9 v]4 #ae 4 #adje 3 only 9 ,lev4 & "h4 #adjf 4 ,p]haps we %\ld read 1 ,i smite1 ) ,matt4 xxvi4 #ca4 #adjg ,"s take ?is z a promise3 turn ,my h& t[>ds ! little ones4 #adjh ,,lxx4 ,heb4 1 b ! has fall5 f ! front ( x4 #adji ,see above1 p4 #dfb4 #adaj xii4 #b1 1 a n\n n f\nd else:]e 9 ,o4 ,t4 ,we f\nd ! v]b 9 ,nahum ii4 #d 7see above1 p4 #ajf71 & probably 9 ,hab4 ii4 #af = 7see above1 p4 #adg1 n4 #dab73 x is common 9 ,aramean2 o!r =ms belong to lat] ,hebrew 7cf4 ,eck>dt1 p4 #he74 #c1 is us$ 9 classic ,heb4 only ( int5tional cutt+ & tattoo+ ( oneself2 9 ! s5se ( w\nd+ :i* x has "h x is frequ5t 9 ,aramean4 #c has besides 1 n f\nd else:]e4 #d has ?ree n\ns t]m9at+ 9 1 two ( !m--1 panic1 & 1 judicial bl9dness--9 ,o4 ,t4 only f\nd "h & 9 ,deut4 xxviii4 #bh1 ! =m] also 9 ,aramean4 #g is also cit$ by ,eck>dt z us$ only 9 ,ezek4 xix4 #f1 xxvi4 #bj1 & f\r times 9 ,psalms4 #adaa xii4 #f1 4 #adab ,! text reads aga9/ ,judah1 z if x ) ,j]usalem suff]$ ! siege ( ! hea!n4 ,b 7#a7 ?is makes an uncon/ruable clause1 & 7#b7 ! context %[s t ,judah 0 aga9/ ,j]usalem4 ,!re=e ,geig] 7,urs*rift1 p4 #eh7 is "r 9 delet+ 1 & re/or+ to ! clause bo? s5se 9 itself & h>mony ) ! context4 ,x is easy to see :y 0 aft]w>ds introduc$4 ,,lxx4 4 #adac ,s9ce ,j]ome1 comm5tators h ?\ght ( a /one by ?r[+ or lift+ :i* m5 try _! /r5g?1 :at we call a 8putt+ /one40 ,b is n ! idea r ( "o ( ! l>ge /ones half-buri$ 9 ! e>? :i* x is ! ef=t ( ! husb&man to te> f its b$ & c>ry out ( 8 field be=e he pl\ghs x8 ,keil & ,wright ?9k ( a heavy /one = build+4 ,?is is n s likely4 #adad 1 else:]e only 9 ,lev4 xxi4 #e1 is !re us$ ( int5tional cutt+ ( oneself z a sign ( m\rn+4 ,n[ack takes ! clause z a lat] intrusion2 b !re is no real reason = ?is4 #adae ,heb4 ^u ,judah w ,i keep ,my eyes op5 to protect him1 & ?is has analogies1 ,job xiv4 #c1 ,j]4 xxxii4 #ai4 ,b ! read+ its eyes1 :i* is made by ins]t+ a t might easily h dropp$ out ?r\gh confusion ) ! initial ( ! next ^w1 has also analogies 7,isa4 xlii4 #g1 etc471 & /&s 9 bett] p>allel to ! next clause1 z well z to ! clauses describ+ ! panic ( ! hea!n4 #adaf ,o!rs read 1 ?\s&s1 i4e4 di/ricts4 #adag ,heb4 ,i w f9d me2 ,,lxx4 4 #adah ,hebrew adds a gloss3 9 ,j]usalem4 #adai ,! population 9 "t ( w>4 #adbj xii4 #aj1 1 n e>li] ?an ,ezek4 xxxix4 #bi1 ,joel iii4 #a1 #b 7,heb472 1 only 9 ,job1 ,prov]bs1 ,psalms & ,daniel2 1 an intrans4 ,hiph42 xiii4 #a1 1 f\nta91 be=e ,j]emiah only 9 ,hosea xiii4 #ae 7p]haps a late intrusion71 b sev]al times 9 po/-exilic writ+s in/ead ( pre-exilic 7,eck>dt72 only aft] ,ezekiel2 #c1 cf4 xii4 #aj1 1 *iefly1 b n only1 9 po/-exilic writ+s4 #adba ,see especially xii4 #ab ff41 :i* is v sugge/ive ( ! ,prie/ly ,code4 #adbb ,hi/4 ,geog41 ,*ap4 ,,xix4 ,on ! "n pla9 ( ,megiddo see especially notes1 p4 #chf4 #adbc #b ,*ron4 xxxv4 #bb ff4 #adbd ,ano!r explanation (f]$ by ! ,t>gum is ! m\rn+ = 8,ahab son ( ,omri1 sla9 by ,hadad-,rimmon son ( ,tab-,rimmon40 #adbe ,,lxx4 gives = ,hadad-,rimmon only ! second "p1 4 #adbf ,ezek4 viii4 #ad4 #adbg ,baudiss91 ,/udi5 z4 ,sem4 ,rel4 ,ges*41 ,i4 #bie ff4 #adbh ,heb4 ,me2 sev]al codd4 him3 "s read to 7him7 :om !y h pi]c$2 b ?is w\ld require ! elision ( ! sign ( ! acc4 be=e :o4 ,wellhaus5 & o!rs ?9k some?+ has fall5 f ! text4 #adbi ,see above1 p4 #dhb4 #adcj ,,lxx4 4 #adca ,cf4 ,ezek4 xxxvi4 #be1 xlvii4 #a4 #adcb ,read = ! ,mass4 3 s ,wellhaus54 #adcc ,heb4 betwe54 #adcd ,b see bel[1 p4 #dij4 #adce 3 or belong+ to ,jehovah2 or l ! ,lam$ auctoris or ,lam$ :5 con/ru$ ) passive v]bs 7see ,ox=d ,heb4-,eng4 ,diction>y1 pp4 #eac & #ead1 col4 #a71 f1 by means (1 ,jehovah4 #adcf ,heb43 & ye %all flee1 ! rav9e ( ,my m\nta9s4 ,! text is obvi\sly corrupt1 b x is difficult to see h[ x %\ld be repair$4 ,,lxx41 ,t>g4 ,symma*us & ! ,babylonian codd4 7,ba]1 p4 #hd7 read 1 %all be clos$1 = 1 ye %all flee1 & ?is is adopt$ by a numb] ( critics 7,br$5kamp1 ,wellhaus51 ,n[ack74 ,b x is h>dly possible be=e ! next clause1 :i* says ! valley ext5ds to ',aal4 #adcg ,wellhaus5 sugge/s ! rav9e 77 ( ,h9nom4 #adch 1 place-"n3 cf4 1 "n ( a family ( ,b5jam91 viii4 #cg f41 ix4 #dc f42 & 1 ,micah i4 #aa4 ,"s w\ld read 1 ! adv]b ne> by4 #adci ,amos i4 #a4 #addj ,,lxx4 #adda ,,lxx42 ,heb4 !e4 #addb ,heb4 ,ke?ibh1 1 jewels 78 h>dly />s z "s h s\ght to prove f ,job xxxi4 #bf7 gr[ dead or congeal$4 ,heb4 er1 jewels & fro/1 4 ,,lxx4 1 1 & cold & fro/4 ,f\nd+ on ?is ,wellhaus5 proposes to read = 1 & r5d]s1 !re %all be nei!r heat nor cold nor fro/4 ,s ,n[ack4 ,b x is n easy to see h[ ev] got *ang$ to 4 #addc ,unique or ! same8 #addd ,tak5 z a gloss by ,wellhaus5 & ,n[ack4 #adde 1 ! "n = ! ,jordan ,valley1 ! ,ghr 7,hi/4 ,geog41 pp4 #dhb-dhd74 ,x is employ$1 n because ( its f]tility1 b because ( its level "*4 ,cf4 ,josephus' "n = x1 8! ,great ,pla90 7,,iv4 ,w>s viii4 #b2 ,,iv4 ,antt4 vi4 #a73 also #a ,macc4 v4 #eb1 xvi4 #aa4 #addf ,geba 8long ! limit ( ,judah to ! nor?1 #b ,k+s xxiii4 #h0 7,hi/4 ,geog41 pp4 #beb1 #bia74 ,rimmon 0 on ! s\!rn bord] ( ,pale/9e 7,jo%4 xv4 #cb1 xix4 #g71 ! pres5t ,umm er ,rummam9 ,n4 ( ,be]%eba 7,rob41 ,b4 ,r474 #addg ,or be inhabit$ z x /&s4 #addh ,cf4 8,mal40 iii4 #bd 7,heb474 #addi ,ezek4 xxxviii4 #ba4 #adej ,s ,wellhaus5 & ,n[ack4 #adea ,s ,,lxx4 & ,syr4 ,! ,heb4 text ins]ts a n4 #adeb 1 9 classic ,heb4 s92 b z 9 ,num4 xxxii4 #bc & ,isa4 v4 #ah1 ! puni%m5t t s9 br+s d[n4 #adec ,hosea xiv4 #c4 #aded ix4 #aj4 #adee ,s ,wellhaus54 #adef ix4 #aj4 #adeg ,heb4 ,canaanite4 ,cf4 ,*ri/'s action 9 cleans+ ! ,temple ( all deal]s 7,matt4 xxi4 #ab-ad74 ,,jonah 8,& ?is is ! trag$y ( ! ,book ( ,jonah1 t a ,book :i* is made ! means ( "o ( ! mo/ sublime revelations ( tru? 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t %\ld be kn[n to mo/ only = its connection ) a :ale40 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,jonah ,! book ( ,jonah is ca/ ?r\gh\t 9 ! =m ( n>rative--! only "o ( our ,twelve :i* is s4 ,?is fact1 comb9$ ) ! extraord9>y ev5ts :i* ! n>rative relates1 />ts que/ions n rais$ by any ( ! re/4 ,besides treat+1 !re=e1 ( ! book's orig91 unity1 division & o!r commonplaces ( introduction1 we mu/ fur!r seek 9 ?is *apt] reasons = ! appe>ance ( su* a n>rative among a collection ( prophetic disc\rses4 ,we h to ask :e!r ! n>rative be int5d$ z "o ( fact2 & if n1 :y ! au?or 0 direct$ to ! *oice ( su* a =m to en=ce ! tru? committ$ to him4 ,! appe>ance ( a n>rative among ! ,twelve ,prophets is n1 9 itself1 s exceptional z x seems to be4 ,p>ts ( ! ,books ( ,amos & ,hosea treat ( ! p]sonal exp]i5ce ( _! au?ors4 ,! same is true ( ! ,books ( ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah & ,ezekiel1 9 :i* ! prophet's call & 8 attitude to x are reg>d$ z elem5ts ( 8 message to m54 ,no3 ! peculi>ity ( ! ,book ( ,jonah is n ! pres5ce ( n>rative1 b ! app>5t abs5ce ( all prophetic disc\rse4#adeh ,yet ev5 ?is might be expla9$ by ref]5ce to ! fir/ "p ( ! prophetic canon--,jo%ua to ,second ,k+s4#adei ,^! ,=m] ,prophets1 z !y are call$1 are :olly n>rative--n>rative 9 ! prophetic _s & writt5 to en=ce a moral4 ,_m ( !m beg9 z ! ,book ( ,jonah does3#adfj !y conta9 /ories1 = in/ance1 ( ,elijah & ,eli%a1 :o fl\ri%$ imm$iately be=e ,jonah & l him 7 s5t ) commissions to =eign l&s4 ,x might !re=e be argu$ t ! ,book ( ,jonah1 ?\gh n>rative1 is z mu* a prophetic book z !y are1 & t ! only reason :y x has f\nd a place1 n ) ^! hi/ories1 b among ! ,lat] ,prophets1 is ! exce$+ly late date ( its composition4#adfa ,?is is a plausible1 b n ! real1 answ] to our "q4 ,suppose we 7 to f9d ! latt] by discov]+ t ! ,book ( ,jonah1 ?\gh 9 n>rative =m1 is n real hi/ory at all1 nor pret5ds to be2 b1 f beg9n+ to end1 is z mu* a prophetic s]mon z any ( ! o!r ,twelve ,books1 yet ca/ 9 ! =m ( p>able or allegory8 ,?is w\ld c]ta9ly expla9 ! adoption ( ! book among ! ,twelve2 nor w\ld its allegorical "* appe> )\t prec$5t to ^? 7& !y are among ! mo/ cons]vative ( critics7 :o ma9ta9 7z ! pres5t writ] does n7 ! allegorical "* ( ! /ory ( ,hosea's wife4#adfb ,x is1 h[ev]1 :5 we pass f ! =m to ! sub/ance ( ! book t we p]ceive ! full ju/ification ( its reception among ! prophets4 ,! tru? :i* we f9d 9 ! ,book ( ,jonah is z full & fre% a revelation ( ,god's w z prophecy any:]e a*ieves4 ,t ,god has grant$ to ! ,g5tiles also rep5tance unto life#adfc is n[h]e else 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t s vividly illu/rat$4 ,x lifts ! tea*+ ( ! ,book ( ,jonah to equal rank ) ! second "p ( ,isaiah1 & ne>e/ ( all our ,twelve to ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! v =m 9 :i* ?is tru? is ins9uat$ into ! prophet's reluctant m9d1 by contra/+ ,god's pity = ! dim population ( ,n9iveh ) ,jonah's own pity = 8 p]i%$ g\rd1 sugge/s ! me?ods ( our ,"l's tea*+1 & inve/s ! book ) ! morn+ air ( t high day :i* %9es ^u ! mo/ evangelic ( ,8 p>ables4 ,"o o!r rem>k is necess>y4 ,9 our ef=t to appreciate ?is l(ty gospel we lab\r "u a disadvantage4 ,t is our s5se ( hum\r--our mod]n s5se ( hum\r4 ,"s ( ! figures 9 :i* our au?or conveys 8 tru? _c b appe> to u grotesque4 ,h[ _m h miss$ ! sublime _s ( ! book 9 amusem5t or (f5ce at its curi\s details6 ,ev5 9 circles 9 :i* ! acceptance ( its lit]al int]pretation has be5 dem&$ z a condition ( belief 9 its inspiration1 ! /ory has too (t5 s]v$ z a subject = humor\s rem>ks4 ,?is is almo/ inevitable if we take x z hi/ory4 ,b we %all f9d t "o advantage ( ! !ory1 :i* treats ! book z p>able1 is t ! features1 :i* appe> s grotesque to _m1 are trac$ to ! popul> poetry ( ! writ]'s own "t & %[n to be natural4 ,:5 we prove ?is1 we %all be able to treat ! sc5]y ( ! book z we d t ( "s e>ly ,*ri/ian fresco1 9 :i*1 h[ev] rude x be or untrue to nature1 we discov] an e>ne/ness & a success 9 express+ ! moral ess5ce ( a situation t are n always pres5t 9 works ( art m skilful or m correct4 #a4 ,,! ,,date ,,( ,,! ,,book4 ,jonah b5-,amittai1 f ,ga?-heph]#adfd 9 ,galilee1 came =w>d 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,j]oboam ,,ii4 to ann\nce t ! k+ w\ld rega9 ! lo/ t]ritories ( ,israel f ! ,pass ( ,hama? to ! ,dead ,sea4#adfe ,he fl\ri%$1 !re=e1 ab\t #ghj1 & _h ?is book be5 by himself we %\ld h _h to place x fir/ ( all ! ,twelve1 & ne>ly a g5]ation be=e t ( ,amos4 ,b ! book nei!r claims to be by ,jonah1 nor gives any pro( ( com+ f an eye-witness ( ! adv5tures :i* x describes1#adff nor ev5 f a contempor>y ( ! prophet4 ,on ! contr>y1 "o v]se implies t :5 x 0 writt5 ,n9iveh _h ceas$ to be a great city4#adfg ,n[ ,n9iveh fell1 & 0 practically de/roy$1 9 #fjf ,b4,c4#adfh ,9 all anci5t hi/ory !re 0 no collapse ( an imp]ial city m sudd5 or s complete4#adfi ,we mu/ !re=e date ! ,book ( ,jonah "s "t aft] #fjf1 :5 ,n9iveh's greatness _h become :at x 0 to ! ,greek writ]s1 a matt] ( tradition4 ,a late date is also prov$ by ! language ( ! book4 ,?is n only conta9s ,aramaic elem5ts :i* h be5 cit$ to support ! argum5t = a nor!rn orig9 9 ! "t ( ,jonah himself1#adgj b a numb] ( words & grammatical con/ructions :i* we f9d 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 "s ( !m 9 ! lat] & "s only 9 ! v late/ writ+s4#adga ,sc>cely less decisive are a numb] ( app>5t quotations & e*oes ( passages 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 mo/ly lat] ?an ! date ( ! hi/orical ,jonah1 & "s ( !m ev5 lat] ?an ! ,exile4#adgb ,if x c\ld be prov$ t ! ,book ( ,jonah quotes f ,joel1 t w\ld inde$ set x d[n to a v late date--probably ab\t #cjj ,b4,c41 ! p]iod ( ! composition ( ,ezra-,nehemiah1 ) ! language ( :i* its own %[s mo/ aff9ity4#adgc ,?is w\ld leave "t = its reception into ! ,canon ( ! ,prophets1 :i* 0 clos$ by #bjj ,b4,c4#adgd ,_h ! book be5 lat] x w\ld und\bt$ly h fall51 l ,daniel1 )9 ! ,hagiographa4 #b4 ,,! ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,book4 ,nor does ?is book1 writt5 s _m c5turies aft] ,jonah _h pass$ away1 claim to be real hi/ory4 ,on ! contr>y1 x (f]s to u all ! m>ks ( ! p>able or allegory4 ,we h1 fir/ ( all1 ! resid5ce ( ,jonah = ! conv5tional p]iod ( ?ree days & ?ree nights 9 ! belly ( ! great fi%1 a /ory n only v extraord9>y 9 itself & suffici5t to provoke ! suspicion ( allegory 7we ne$ n /op to argue ?is71 b app>5tly wov51 z we %all see1#adge f ! mat]ials ( a my? well kn[n to ! ,hebrews4 ,we h also ! v g5]al acc\nt ( ,n9iveh's conv]sion1 9 :i* !re is n ev5 ! attempt to describe any precise ev5t4 ,! abs5ce ( precise data is inde$ conspicu\s ?r\gh\t ! book4 8,! au?or neglects a multitude ( ?+s1 :i* he w\ld h be5 oblig$ to m5tion _h hi/ory be5 8 pr9cipal aim4 ,he says no?+ ( ! s9s ( :i* ,n9iveh 0 guilty1#adgf nor ( ! j\rney ( ! prophet to ,n9iveh1 nor does he m5tion ! place :]e he 0 ca/ out ^u ! l&1 nor ! "n ( ! ,assyrian k+4 ,9 any case1 if ! n>rative 7 int5d$ to be hi/orical1 x w\ld be incomplete by ! frequ5t fact1 t circum/ances :i* are necess>y = ! connection ( ev5ts are m5tion$ lat] ?an !y happ5$1 & only :]e att5tion has to be direct$ to !m z hav+ already happ5$40#adgg ,we f9d1 too1 a numb] ( trifl+ discrepancies1 f :i* "s critics#adgh h attempt$ to prove ! pres5ce ( m ?an "o /ory 9 ! composition ( ! book1 b :i* are simply due to ! lic5se a writ] all[s himself :5 he is tell+ a tale & n writ+ a hi/ory4 ,above all1 !re is ! abrupt close to ! /ory at ! v mom5t at :i* its moral is obvi\s4#adgi ,all ^! ?+s are symptoms ( ! p>able--s obvi\s & s natural1 t we really s9 aga9/ ! int5tion ( ! au?or1 & ! purpose ( ! ,_s :i* inspir$ him1 :5 we wilfully int]pret ! book z real hi/ory4#adhj #c4 ,,! ,,purpose ,,( ,,! ,,book4 ,! g5]al purpose ( ?is p>able is v cle>4 ,x is n1 z "s h ma9ta9$1#adha to expla9 :y ! judgm5ts ( ,god & ! pr$ictions ( ,8 prophets 7 n always fulfill$--?\gh ?is also becomes cle> by ! way4 ,! purpose ( ! p>able1 & x is pat5t f fir/ to la/1 is to illu/rate ! mission ( prophecy to ! ,g5tiles1 ,god's c>e = !m1 & _! susceptibility to ,8 ^w4 ,m correctly1 x is to en=ce all ?is tru? ^u a prejudic$ & ?rice-reluctant m9d4#adhb ,^: 0 ?is reluctant m9d8 ,9 ,israel aft] ! ,exile !re 7 _m diff]5t feel+s ) reg>d to ! future & ! great ob/acle :i* hea!ndom int]pos$ betwe5 ,israel & ! future4 ,!re 0 ! feel+ ( outrag$ ju/ice1 ) ! int5se conviction t ,jehovah's k+dom c\ld n be e/abli%$ save by ! ov]?r[ ( ! cruel k+doms ( ?is _w4 ,we h se5 t conviction express$ 9 ! ,book ( ,obadiah4 ,b ! nation1 :i* read & *]i%$ ! visions ( ! ,great ,se] ( ! ,exile1#adhc c\ld n help produc+ among h] sons m5 ) hopes ab\t ! hea!n ( a v diff]5t k9d--m5 :o felt t ,israel's mission to ! _w 0 n "o ( w>1 b ( s]vice 9 ^? high tru?s ( ,god & ( ,8 ,grace :i* _h be5 committ$ to h]self4 ,betwe5 ! two p>ties x is c]ta9 !re 0 mu* polemic1 & we f9d ?is /ill bitt] 9 ! "t ( our ,"l4 ,& "s critics ?9k t :ile ,e/h]1 ,obadiah & o!r writ+s ( ! c5turies aft] ! ,return repres5t ! "o side ( ?is polemic1 :i* dem&$ ! ov]?r[ ( ! hea!n1 ! ,book ( ,jonah repres5ts ! o!r side1 & 9 ! vex$ & reluctant prophet pictures su* ,jews z 7 will+ to proclaim ! de/ruction ( ! enemies ( ,israel1 & yet l ,jonah 7 n )\t ! lurk+ fe> t ,god w\ld disappo9t _! pr$ictions & 9 ,8 pati5ce leave ! hea!n room = rep5tance4#adhd ,_! dogmatism c\ld n resi/ ! impression ( h[ long ,god _h actually sp>$ ! oppressors ( ,8 p1 & ! au?or ( ! ,book ( ,jonah cunn+ly s\ght ^! jo9ts 9 _! arm\r to ins9uate ! po9ts ( 8 doctr9e ( ,god's real w = nations beyond ! cov5ant4 ,?is is +5i\s & plausible4 ,b 9 spite ( ! clev]ness ) :i* x has be5 argu$ t ! details ( ! /ory ( ,jonah are adapt$ to ! temp] ( ! ,jewi% p>ty :o desir$ only v5geance on ! hea!n1 x is n at all necess>y to suppose t ! book 0 ! produce ( m]e polemic4 ,! book is too simple & too gr& = t4 ,& !re=e ^? appe> m "r :o conceive t ! writ] _h 9 view1 n a ,jewi% p>ty1 b ,israel z a :ole 9 _! national reluctance to fulfil _! ,div9e mission to ! _w4#adhe ,( !m ,god _h already said3 ,:o is bl9d b ,my s]vant1 or deaf z ,my mess5g] :om ,i h s5t8444 ,:o gave ,jacob = a spoil & ,israel to ! robb]s8 ,did n ,jehovah1 ,he aga9/ :om we h s9n$8--= !y w\ld n walk 9 ,8 ways1 nei!r 7 !y ob$i5t to ,8 law4#adhf ,( su* a p ,jonah is ! type4 ,l !m he flees f ! duty ,god has laid ^u him4 ,l !m he is1 beyond 8 own l&1 ca/ = a set p]iod into a liv+ dea?1 & l !m rescu$ aga9 only to exhibit once m ^u 8 return an ill-w to believe t ,god _h any fate = ! hea!n except de/ruction4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 !n1 ,jonah's disappe>ance 9 ! sea & ! great fi%1 & 8 subsequ5t ejection ^u dry l&1 symbolise ! ,exile ( ,israel & _! re/oration to ,pale/9e4 ,9 pro( ( ?is view x has be5 po9t$ out t1 :ile ! prophets frequ5tly repres5t ! hea!n tyrants ( ,israel z ! sea or ! sea-mon/]1 "o ( !m has actually describ$ ! nation's exile z its swall[+ by a mon/]1 :om ,god =ces at la/ to disgorge 8 liv+ prey4#adhg ,! full illu/ration ( ?is w be giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 on 8,! ,great ,fi% & ,:at x ,means40 ,"h x is only necess>y to m5tion t ! metaphor 0 borr[$1 n1 z has be5 alleg$ by _m1 f "s ,greek1 or o!r =eign1 my?1 :i*1 l t ( ,p]seus & ,&rom$a1 _h its sc5e 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,joppa1 b f a ,semitic my?ology :i* 0 well kn[n to ! ,hebrews1 & ! mat]ials ( :i* 7 employ$ v frequ5tly by o!r prophets & poets ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4#adhh ,:y1 ( all prophets1 ,jonah %\ld h be5 select$ z ! type ( ,israel1 is a "q h>d b p]haps n impossible to answ]4 ,9 hi/ory ,jonah appe>s only z conc]n$ ) ,israel's reconque/ ( h] l&s f ! hea!n4 ,did ! au?or ( ! book say3 ,i w take su* a man1 "o to :om tradition attributes no outlook beyond ,israel's own t]ritories1 = none c\ld be s typical ( ,israel1 n>r[1 selfi% & ) no love = ! _w beyond h]self8 ,or did ! au?or "k "s /ory ab\t a j\rney ( ,jonah to ,n9iveh1 or at lea/ "s disc\rse by ,jonah aga9/ ! great city8 ,elijah w5t to ,s>epta1 ,eli%a took ,god's ^w to ,damascus3 may !re n h be51 ?\gh we are ignorant ( x1 "s connection betwe5 ,n9iveh & ! lab\rs ( ,eli%a's successor8 ,?irty ye>s aft] ,jonah appe>$1 ,amos proclaim$ ! judgm5t ( ,jehovah ^u =eign nations1 ) ! de/ruction ( _! capitals2 ab\t ! ye> #gee he cle>ly en=c$1 z equal ) ,israel's own1 ! moral responsibility ( ! hea!n to ! ,god ( righte\sness4 ,may n ,jonah1 almo/ ! contempor>y ( ,amos1 h d5\nc$ ,n9iveh 9 ! same way8 ,w\ld n "s tradition ( ?is s]ve z ! nucleus ( hi/ory1 r\nd :i* our au?or built 8 allegory8 ,x is possible t ,jonah proclaim$ doom ^u ,n9iveh2 yet ^? :o are famili> ) ! prophesy+ ( ,amos1 ,hosea1 &1 9 8 y\ng] days1 ,isaiah1 w deem x h>dly probable4 ,= :y d all ^! prophets exhibit su* res]ve 9 ev5 nam+ ,assyria1 if ,israel _h already ?r\gh ,jonah ent]$ into su* articulate relations ) ,n9iveh8 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 admit our ignorance ( ! reasons :i* l$ our au?or to *oose ,jonah z a type ( ,israel4 ,we c only conjecture t x may h be5 because ,jonah 0 a prophet1 :om hi/ory id5tifi$ only ) ,israel's n>r[] int]e/s4 ,if1 dur+ subsequ5t c5turies1 a tradition _h ris5 ( ,jonah's j\rney to ,n9iveh or ( 8 disc\rse aga9/ h]1 su* a tradition has probability aga9/ x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a m def9ite orig9 = ! book ?an any yet giv5 has be5 sugge/$ by ,pr(essor ,budde4#adhi ,! ,second ,book ( ,*ronicles ref]s to a ,midra% ( ! ,book ( ! ,k+s#adij = fur!r p>ticul>s conc]n+ ,k+ ,joa%4 ,a ,midra%#adia 0 ! expansion1 = doctr9al or homiletic purposes1 ( a passage ( ,scripture1 & v frequ5tly took ! =m1 s de> to ,ori5tals1 ( p>able or inv5t$ /ory ab\t ! subject ( ! text4 ,we h examples ( ,midra%im among ! ,apocrypha1 9 ! ,books ( ,tobit & ,susannah & 9 ! ,pray] ( ,manasseh1 ! same z is probably ref]r$ to by ! ,*ronicl]4#adib ,t ! ,*ronicl] himself us$ ! ,midra% ( ! ,book ( ! ,k+s z mat]ial = 8 own book is obvi\s f ! =m ( ! latt] & its adaptation ( ! hi/orical n>ratives ( ! ,book ( ,k+s4#adic ,! ,book ( ,daniel may also be reckon$ among ! ,midra%im1 & ,budde n[ proposes to add to _! numb] ! ,book ( ,jonah4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r ?is di/+ui%$ critic is "r 9 suppos+ t ! book =m$ ! ,midra% to #b ,k+s xiv4 #be ff4 7! au?or be+ desir\s to add to ! expression !re ( ,jehovah's pity ^u ,israel "s expression ( ,8 pity ^u ! hea!n71 or t x 0 extract$ j z x /&s1 9 pro( ( :i* ,budde po9ts to its abrupt beg9n+ & end4 ,we h se5 ano!r reason = ! latt]2#adid & x is v improbable t ! ,midra%im1 s l>gely ! basis ( ! ,books ( ,*ronicles1 %>$ t _s ( univ]salism :i* inspires ! ,book ( ,jonah4#adie ,b we may well believe t x 0 9 "s ,midra% ( ! ,book ( ,k+s t ! au?or ( ! ,book ( ,jonah f\nd ! basis ( ! latt] "p ( 8 immortal "w1 :i* too cle>ly reflects ! =tunes & conduct ( all ,israel to h be5 :olly drawn f a ,midra% ^u ! /ory ( ! individual prophet ,jonah4 #d4 ,,our ,,"l',s ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,book4 ,we h se51 !n1 t ! ,book ( ,jonah is n actual hi/ory1 b ! en=cem5t ( a pr(\nd religi\s tru? ne>] to ! level ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ?an any?+ else 9 ! ,old1 & ca/ 9 ! =m ( ,*ri/'s own p>ables4 ,! full pro( ( ?is c be made cle> only by ! detail$ exposition ( ! book4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o o!r "q1 :i* is relevant to ! argum5t4 ,*ri/ ,himself has employ$ ! /ory ( ,jonah4 ,does ,8 use ( x involve ,8 au?ority = ! op9ion t x is a /ory ( real facts8 ,two passages ( ! ,gospels conta9 ! words ( our ,"l ^u ,jonah3 ,matt4 xii4 #ci1 #da1 & ,luke xi4 #bi1 #cj4adif ,a g5]ation1 wick$ & adult]\s1 seeke? a sign1 & sign %all n be giv5 x1 save ! sign ( ! prophet ,jonah4444 ,! m5 ( ,n9iveh %all /& up 9 ! ,judgm5t ) ?is g5]ation1 & condemn x1 = !y rep5t$ at ! prea*+ ( ,jonah1 & behold1 a great] ?an ,jonah is "h4 ,?is g5]ation is an evil g5]ation3 x seeke? a sign2 & sign %all n be giv5 x1 except ! sign ( ,jonah4 ,= z ,jonah 0 a sign to ! ,n9ivites1 s also %all ! ,son ( ,man be to ?is g5]ation4 ,^! words1 ( c\rse1 are compatible ) ! op9ion t ! ,book ( ,jonah is a record ( real fact4 ,! only "q is1 are !y also compatible ) ! op9ion t ! ,book ( ,jonah is a p>able8 ,_m say ,no2 & !y allege t ^? ( u :o hold ?is op9ion are d5y+1 or at lea/ ignor+1 ! te/imony ( our ,"l2 or t we are tak+ away ! :ole =ce ( ! p>allel :i* ,he drew4 ,?is is a "q ( int]pretation1 n ( fai?4 ,we d n believe t our ,"l _h any ?\ght ( confirm+ or n confirm+ ! hi/oric "* ( ! /ory4 ,8 purpose 0 purely "o ( exhortation1 & we feel ! gr\nds ( t exhortation to be j z /rong1 :5 we h prov5 ! ,book ( ,jonah to be a p>able4 ,*ri/ is us+ an illu/ration3 x surely matt]s n :e!r t illu/ration be drawn f ! realms ( fact or ( poetry4 ,aga9 & aga9 9 _! disc\rses to ! p d m5 use illu/rations & en=cem5ts drawn f traditions ( ! pa/4 ,d we1 ev5 :5 ! hi/orical value ( ^! traditions is v ambigu\s1 give a s+le ?\ght to ! "q ( _! hi/orical "*8 ,we nev] ?9k ( x4 ,x is en\gh = u t ! tradition is popul>ly accept$ & famili>4 ,& we _c d5y to our ,"l t :i* we claim = ourselves4#adig ,ev5 cons]vative writ]s admit ?is4 ,9 8 rec5t ,introduction to ,jonah ,orelli says expressly3 8,x is n1 inde$1 prov$ ) conclusive necessity t1 if ! resurrection ( ,jesus 0 a physical fact1 ,jonah's abode 9 ! fi%'s belly mu/ also be j z hi/orical40#adih ,^u ! g5]al "q ( our ,"l's au?ority 9 matt]s ( criticism1 ,8 own words ) reg>d to p]sonal que/ions may be appositely quot$3 ,man1 :o made ,me a judge or divid] ov] y8 ,i am come n to judge 444 b to save4 ,su* matt]s our ,"l surely leaves to ourselves1 & we h to decide !m by our reason1 our common-s5se & our loyalty to tru?--( all ( :i* ,he ,himself is ! creator1 & ( :i* we %all h to r5d] to ,him an acc\nt at ! la/4 ,let u rememb] ?is1 & we %all use !m ) equal lib]ty & rev]5ce4 ,br++ e ?\ght into subjection to ,*ri/ is surely j us+ our k1 our reason1 & e o!r intellectual gift :i* ,he has giv5 u1 ) ! accuracy & ! c\rage ( ,8 own ,_s4 #e4 ,,! ,,unity ,,( ,,! ,,book4 ,! next "q is t ( ! ,unity ( ! ,book4 ,sev]al attempts h be5 made to prove f discrepancies1 "s real & "s alleg$1 t ! book is a compilation ( /ories f sev]al diff]5t h&s4 ,b ^! essays are too artificial to h obta9$ any adh]5ce f critics2 & ! few real discrepancies ( n>rative f :i* !y />t are due1 z we h se51 r to ! lic5se ( a writ] ( p>able ?an to any diff]5ce ( au?or%ip4#adii ,9 ! "q ( ! ,unity ( ! ,book1 ! ,pray] or ,psalm 9 *ap4 ii4 (f]s a problem ( its own1 consi/+ z x does almo/ entirely ( passages p>allel to o!rs 9 ! ,psalt]4 ,besides a numb] ( religi\s phrases1 :i* are too g5]al = u to say t "o pray] has borr[$ !m f ano!r1#aejj !re are sev]al unmi/akeable repetitions ( ! ,psalms4#aeja ,& yet ! ,psalm ( ,jonah has /rong features1 :i*1 s f> z we "k1 are orig9al to x4 ,! horror ( ! great deep has n[h]e 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t be5 describ$ ) su* p[] or ) su* concis5ess4 ,s f>1 !n1 ! ,psalm is n a m]e /r+ ( quotations1 b a liv+ unity4 ,did ! au?or ( ! book himself ins]t x :]e x /&s8 ,aga9/ ?is x has be5 urg$ t ! ,psalm is n ! pray] ( a man inside a fi%1 b ( "o :o on dry l& celebrates a deliv]ance f dr[n+1 & t if ! au?or ( ! n>rative himself _h ins]t$ x1 he w\ld r h done s aft] v]4 #aa1 :i* records ! prophet's escape f ! fi%4#aejb ,& a usual !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! ,psalm is t a lat] editor1 hav+ f\nd ! ,psalm ready-made & 9 a collection :]e x 0 p]haps attribut$ to ,jonah1#aejc ins]t$ x aft] v]4 #b1 :i* records t ,jonah did pray f ! belly ( ! fi%1 & ins]t$ x !re ! m readily1 because x seem$ "r = a book :i* _h f\nd its place among ! ,twelve ,prophets to contribute1 z all ! o!rs did1 "s actual disc\rse ( ! prophet ^: "n x bore4#aejd ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n probable4 ,:e!r ! orig9al au?or f\nd ! ,psalm ready to 8 h& or made x1 !re is a great deal to be said = ! op9ion ( ! e>li] critics1#aeje t he himself ins]t$ x1 & j :]e x n[ /&s4 ,=1 f ! /&po9t ( ! writ]1 ,jonah 0 already sav$1 :5 he 0 tak5 up by ! fi%--sav$ f ! deep into :i* he _h be5 ca/ by ! sailors1 & ! dang]s ( :i* ! ,psalm s vividly describes4 ,h[ev] impossible x be = u to conceive ( ! compilation ( a ,psalm 7ev5 ?\gh full ( quotations7 by a man 9 ,jonah's position1#aejf x 0 consi/5t ) ! /&po9t ( a writ] :o _h j affirm$ t ! fi% 0 expressly appo9t$ by ,jehovah1 9 ord] to save 8 p5it5t s]vant f ! sea4 ,to argue t ! ,psalm is an intrusion is !re=e n only unnecess>y1 b x betrays failure to appreciate ! /&po9t ( ! writ]4 ,giv5 ! fi% & ! ,div9e purpose ( ! fi%1 ! ,psalm is intelligible & appe>s at its prop] place4 ,x 7 m reasonable inde$ to argue t ! fi% itself is an ins]tion4 ,besides1 z we %all see1 ! _s ( ! ,psalm is national2 9 con=mity ) ! tru? und]ly+ ! book1 x is a ,psalm ( ,israel z a :ole4 ,if ?is be correct1 we h ! ,book ( ,jonah z x came f ! h&s ( its au?or4 ,! text is 9 wond]fully good condition1 due to ! ease ( ! n>rative & its late date4 ,! ,greek v]sion exhibits ! usual proportion ( cl]ical errors & mi/ranslations1#aejg omissions#aejh & amplifications1#aeji ) "s v>iant read+s#aeaj & o!r *anges t w be not$ 9 ! v]ses !mselves4 ,,footnotes3 #adeh ,unless ! ,psalm 7 c\nt$ z su*4 ,see bel[1 p4 #eaa4 #adei ,m9us ,ru? ( c\rse4 #adfj ,cf4 ) ,jonah i4 #a1 1 ,jo%4 i4 #a1 #a ,sam4 i4 #a1 #b ,sam4 i4 #a4 ,! corrupt /ate ( ! text ( ,ezek4 i4 #a does n p]mit u to adduce x also z a p>allel4 #adfa ,see bel[1 p4 #dif4 #adfb ,see above1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bcf4 #adfc ,acts xi4 #h4 #adfd ,cf4 ,gittah-heph]1 ,jo%4 xix4 #ac1 by "s held to be ,el ,me%h$1 ?ree miles nor?-ea/ ( ,naz>e?4 ,! tomb ( ,jonah is po9t$ out !re4 #adfe #b ,k+s xiv4 #be4 #adff ,cf4 ,ku551 ,e9l41 ,,ii4 #dag1 #dah4 #adfg iii4 #c3 1 04 #adfh ,see above1 pp4 #ba ff41 #if ff4 #adfi ,cf4 ,george ,smi?1 ,assyrian ,discov]ies1 p4 #id2 ,sayce1 ,anci5t ,empires ( ! ,ea/1 p4 #ada4 ,cf4 previ\s note4 #adgj ,z1 e4g41 by ,volck1 article 8,jona0 9 ,h]zog's ,real4 ,encycl43 ! use ( = 1 z1 e4g41 9 ! v e>ly ,song ( ,deborah4 ,b ! same occurs 9 _m late passages3 ,eccles4 i4 #g1 #aa1 ii4 #ba1 #bb1 etc42 ,psalms cxxii41 cxxiv41 cxxxv4 #b1 #h1 cxxxvii4 #h1 cxlvi4 #c4 #adga ,a4 ,grammatical con/ructions3--i4 #g1 2 #ab1 3 t has n altoge!r displac$ ,knig 7,e9l41 #cgh7 ?9ks a pro( ( ! date ( ,jonah 9 ! e>ly ,aramaic p]iod4 iv4 #f1 ! use ( = ! accusative1 cf4 ,j]4 xl4 #b1 ,ezra viii4 #bd3 seldom 9 e>li] ,hebrew1 #a ,sam4 xxiii4 #aj1 #b ,sam4 iii4 #cj1 especially :5 ! object /&s be=e ! v]b1 ,isa4 xi4 #i 7?is may be late71 #a ,sam4 xxii4 #g1 ,job v4 #b2 b cont9ually 9 ,aramaic1 ,dan4 ii4 #aj1 #ab1 #ad1 #bd1 etc4 ,! fir/ p]sonal pron\n 7five times7 occurs (t5] ?an 7twice71 j z 9 all exilic & po/-exilic writ+s4 ,! num]als ii4 #a1 iii4 #c1 prec$e ! n\n1 z 9 e>li] ,hebrew4 ,b4 ,words3-- 9 ,pi4 is a fav\rite t]m ( our au?or1 ii4 #a1 iv4 #f1 #h2 is else:]e 9 ,o4,t4 ,hebrew f\nd only 9 ,dan4 i4 #e1 #aj1 #ah1 #a ,*ron4 ix4 #bi1 ,psalm lxi4 #h2 b 9 ,o4,t4 ,aramaic ,pi4 occurs 9 ,ezra vii4 #be1 ,dan4 ii4 #bd1 #di1 iii4 #ab1 etc4 1 i4 #e1 is n else:]e f\nd 9 ,o4,t41 b is common 9 lat] ,hebrew & 9 ,aramaic4 1 i4 #f1 to ?9k1 = ! ,heb4 1 cf4 ,psalm cxlvi4 #d1 b ,aram4 cf4 ,dan4 vi4 #d & ,t>gums4 9 ! s5se to ord] or comm&1 iii4 #g1 is f\nd else:]e 9 ! ,o4,t4 only 9 ! ,aramaic passages ,dan4 iii4 #aj1 ,ezra vi4 #a1 etc4 1 iv4 #aa1 = ! e>li] occurs only 9 lat] ,hebrew1 ,ezra ii4 #fd1 ,neh4 vii4 #ff1 #gb1 #a ,*ron4 xxix4 #g 7,hosea viii4 #ab1 ,ke?ibh is suspect$74 1 i4 #aa1 #ab1 occurs only 9 ,psalm cvii4 #cj1 ,prov4 xxvi4 #bj4 1 iv4 #aj1 in/ead ( ! usual 4 ,! expression ,god ( ,heav51 i4 #i1 occurs only 9 #b ,*ron4 xxxvi4 #bc1 ,psalm cxxxvi4 #bf1 ,dan4 ii4 #ah1 #ai1 #dd1 & frequ5tly 9 ,ezra & ,nehemiah4 #adgb ,9 *ap4 iv4 !re are und\bt$ e*oes ( ! /ory ( ,elijah's depression 9 #a ,k+s xix41 ?\gh ! alleg$ p>allel betwe5 ,jonah's tree 7iv4 #h7 & ,elijah's broom-bu% seems to me =c$1 iv4 #i has be5 ?\ght1 ?\gh n conclusively1 to dep5d on ,g54 iv4 #f1 & ! appe>ance ( has be5 ref]r$ to its frequ5t use 9 ,g54 ii4 f4 ,m important are ! p>allels ) ,joel3 iii4 #i ) ,joel ii4 #ad;a1 & ! attributes ( ,god 9 iv4 #b ) ,joel ii4 #ac4 ,b :i* ( ! two is ! orig9al8 #adgc ,kle9]t assigns ! book to ! ,exile2 ,ewald to ! fif? or six? c5tury2 ,driv] to ! fif? c5tury 7,introd4#f1 #cja72 ,orelli to ! la/ ,*aldean or fir/ ,p]sian age2 ,vatke to ! ?ird c5tury4 ,^! assign g5]ally to aft] ! ,exile3 ,*eyne 7,!ol4 ,rev41 ,,xiv41 p4 #bah3 cf4 art4 8,jonah0 9 ! ,encycl4 ,brit471 ,knig 7,e9l471 ,rob4 ,smi?1 ,ku551 ,wildebo]1 ,budde1 ,cornill1 ,f>r>1 etc4 ,hitzig br+s x d[n z f> z ! ,maccabean age1 :i* is impossible if ! prophetic canon clos$ 9 #bjj ,b4,c41 & seeks = its orig9 9 ,egypt1 8t l& ( wond]s10 on acc\nt ( its fabul\s "*1 & because ( ! description ( ! ea/ w9d z 7iv4 #h71 & ! "n ( ! g\rd1 1 ,egyptian kiki4 ,b su* a w9d & su* a plant 7 f\nd outside ,egypt z well4 ,n[ack dates ! book aft] ,joel4 #adgd ,see above1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #e4 #adge ,bel[1 pp4 #ebc ff4 #adgf ,contra/ ! treatm5t ( =eign /ates by ,eli%a1 ,amos & ,isaiah1 etc4 #adgg ,abridg$ f pp4 #c & #d ( ,kle9]t's ,introduction to ! ,book ( ,jonah 9 ,lange's ,s]ies ( ,comm5t>ies4 ,eng4 ed41 ,vol4 ,,xvi4 #adgh ,khl]1 ,!ol4 ,rev41 ,vol4 ,,xvi42 ,bhme1 ,z4,a4,t4,w41 #ahhg1 pp4 #bbd ff4 #adgi ,inde$ ?r\gh\t ! book ! tru?s x en=ces are always m pu%$ to ! front ?an ! facts4 #adhj ,ne>ly all ! critics :o accept ! late date ( ! book int]pret x z p>abolic4 ,see also a p[]ful article by ! late ,dr4 ,dale 9 ! ,expositor1 ,f\r? ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,,vi41 ,july #ahib1 pp4 #a ff4 ,cf41 too1 ,c4 ,h4 ,h4 ,wright1 ,biblical ,essays 7#ahhf71 pp4 #cd-ih4 #adha ,m>ck 7quot$ by ,kle9]t7 said3 8,scriptum e/ magna p>te hi/oricum s$ ita ut 9 hi/oria ipsa lateat maximi vatic9ii my/]ium1 atque ipse fatis suis1 non m9us quam effatis vatem se v]um demon/ret40 ,hitzig curi\sly ?9ks t ?is is ! reason :y x has be5 plac$ 9 ! ,canon ( ! ,prophets next to ! unfulfill$ prophecy ( ,god aga9/ ,edom4 ,b by ! date :i* ,hitzig assigns to ! book ! prophecy aga9/ ,edom 0 at lea/ 9 a fair way to fulfilm5t4 ,riehm 7,!ol4 ,/ud4 u4 ,krit41 #ahfb1 pp4 #dac f473 8,! practical int5tion ( ! book is to af=d in/ruction conc]n+ ! prop] attitude to prophetic w>n+s02 ^!1 ?\gh g5u9e words ( ,god1 may be av]t$ by rep5tance4 ,volck 7art4 8,jona0 9 ,h]zog's ,real4 ,encycl47 gives ! foll[+4 ,jonah's exp]i5ce is *>act]i/ic ( ! :ole prophetic pr(ession4 8,we le>n f x 7#a7 t ! prophet mu/ p]=m :at ,god comm&s him1 h[ev] unusual x appe>s2 7#b7 t ev5 dea? _c nullify 8 call+2 7#c7 t ! prophet has no "r to ! fulfilm5t ( 8 pr$iction1 b mu/ place x 9 ,god's h&40 ,vatke 7,e9l41 #fhh7 ma9ta9s t ! book 0 writt5 9 an apologetic int]e/1 :5 ,jews exp\nd$ ! prophets & f\nd ?is difficulty1 t all _! pr$ictions _h n be5 fulfill$4 8,! au?or obvi\sly tea*es3 7#a7 s9ce ! prophet _c )draw f ! ,div9e commission1 he is also n responsible = ! cont5ts ( 8 pr$ictions2 7#b7 ! prophet (t5 ann\nces ,div9e purposes1 :i* are n fulfill$1 because ,god 9 ,8 m]cy takes back ! ?reat1 :5 rep5tance foll[s2 7#c7 ! hon\r ( a prophet is n hurt :5 a ?reat is n fulfill$1 & ! inspiration rema9s unque/ion$1 al?\gh _m pr$ictions are n c>ri$ out40 ,to all ( :i* !re is a conclusive answ]1 9 ! fact t1 _h ! book be5 meant to expla9 or ju/ify unfulfill$ prophecy1 ! au?or w\ld c]ta9ly n h *os5 z an in/ance a judgm5t aga9/ ,n9iveh1 because1 by ! "t he wrote1 all ! e>ly pr$ictions ( ,n9iveh's fall _h be5 fulfill$1 we might say1 to ! v lett]4 #adhb ,s ev5 ,kim*i2 & 9 mod]n times ,de ,wette1 ,delitzs*1 ,bleek1 ,reuss1 ,*eyne1 ,wright1 ,knig1 ,f>r>1 ,orelli1 etc4 ,s virtually also ,n[ack4 ,ewald's view is a little diff]5t4 ,he ?9ks t ! fundam5tal tru? ( ! book is t 8true fe> & rep5tance br+ salvation f ,jehovah40 #adhc ,isa4 xl4 ff4 #adhd ,s virtually ,ku551 ,e9l41 ,,ii41 p4 #dbc2 ,sm5d1 ,lehrbu* d] ,a4 ,t4 ,religionsges*i*te1 pp4 #djh f41 & ,n[ack4 #adhe ,t ! book is a hi/orical allegory is a v old !ory4 ,h]mann v4 d4 ,h>dt 7nigmata ,prisci ,orbis1 #agbc3 cf4 ,jonas 9 ,c>*>ia1 ,israel 9 ,c>ca?io1 #agah1 quot$ by ,vatke1 ,e9l41 p4 #fhf7 f\nd 9 ! book a political allegory ( ! hi/ory ( ,manasseh l$ into exile1 & conv]t$1 :ile ! la/ two *apt]s repres5t ! hi/ory ( ,josiah4 ,t ! book 0 symbolic 9 "s way ( ! conduct & =tunes ( ,israel 0 a view famili> 9 ,great ,brita9 dur+ ! fir/ half ( ?is c5tury3 see ! ,preface to ! ,engli% translation ( ,calv9 on ,jonah 7#ahdg74 ,kle9]t 79 8 comm5t>y on ,jonah 9 ,lange's ,s]ies1 ,vol4 ,,xvi4 ,engli% translation1 #ahgd7 0 "o ( ! fir/ to exp\nd ) details ! symbolis+ ( ,israel 9 ! prophet ,jonah4 ,!n came ! article 9 ! ,!ol4 ,review 7,,xiv4 #ahgg1 pp4 #bad ff47 by ,*eyne1 foll[+ ,blo*'s ,/udi5 z4 ,ges*4 d] ,sammlung d] al!bris*5 ,litt]atur 7,breslau1 #ahgf72 b add+ ! explanation ( ! great fi% f ,hebrew my?ology 7see bel[74 ,von ,orelli quotes ,kle9]t ) approval 9 ! ma94 #adhf ,isa4 xlii4 #ai-bd4 #adhg ,j]4 li4 #cd1 #dd f4 #adhh ,t ! ,book ( ,jonah employs my?ical elem5ts is an op9ion t has prevail$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury4 ,b be=e ,semitic my?ology 0 s well kn[n z x is n[1 ^! my?ical elem5ts 7 ?\ght to h be5 d]iv$ f ! ,greek my?ology4 ,s ,ges5ius1 ,de ,wette1 & ev5 ,knobel1 b see especially ,f4 ,c4 ,baur 9 ,ilg5's ,zeits*rift = #ahcg1 p4 #bja4 ,ku55 7,e9l41 #dbd7 & ,*eyne 7,!ol4 ,rev41 ,,xiv47 rightly d5y traces ( any ,greek influ5ce on ,jonah1 & _! d5ial is g5]ally agre$ 94 ,kle9]t 7op4 cit41 p4 #aj7 po9ts to ! prop] s\rce 9 ! native my?ology ( ! ,hebrews3 8,! sea-mon/] is by no means an unusual ph5om5on 9 prophetic typology4 ,x is ! secul> p[] appo9t$ by ,god = ! sc\rge ( ,israel & ( ! e>? 7,isa4 xxvii4 #a702 & ,*eyne 7,!ol4 ,rev41 ,,xiv41 8,jonah3 a ,/udy 9 ,jewi% ,folk-lore & ,religion07 po9ts out h[ ,j]4 li4 #cd1 #dd f41 =ms ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! /ory ( ,jonah & ! popul> my?ology4 #adhi ,z4,a4,t4,w41 #ahib1 pp4 #dj ff4 #adij #b ,*ron4 xxiv4 #bg4 #adia ,cf4 ,driv]1 ,introduction1 ,i41 p4 #dig4 #adib #b ,*ron4 xxxiii4 #ah4 #adic ,see ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,old ,te/4 9 ! ,jewi% ,*ur*1 pp4 #adj1 #aed4 #adid ,see above1 pp4 #dii f4 #adie ,cf4 ,sm5d1 ,a4 ,t4 ,religionsges*i*te1 p4 #dji1 n4 #a4 #adif ,matt4 xii4 #dj--;,= z ,jonah 0 9 ! belly ( ! :ale ?ree days & ?ree nights1 s %all ! ,son ( ,man be 9 ! he>t ( ! e>? ?ree days & ?ree nights--is n repeat$ 9 ,luke xi4 #bi1 #cj1 :i* conf9es ! sign to ! prea*+ ( rep5tance1 & is suspect$ z an intrusion bo? = ?is & o!r reasons1 e4g4 t v]4 #dj is sup]flu\s & does n fit 9 ) v]4 #da1 :i* gives ! prop] explanation ( ! sign2 t ,jonah1 :o came by 8 burial 9 ! fi% ?r\gh neglect ( 8 duty & n by m>tyrdom1 c\ld n !re=e 9 ?is respect be a type ( our ,"l4 ,on ! o!r h&1 v]4 #dj is n unlike ano!r ref]5ce ( our ,"l to ,8 resurrection1 ,john ii4 #ai ff4 ,yet1 ev5 if v]4 #dj be g5u9e1 ! vagu5ess ( ! p>allel drawn 9 x betwe5 ,jonah & our ,"l surely makes = ! op9ion t 9 quot+ ,jonah our ,"l 0 n conc]n$ ab\t quot+ facts1 b simply gave an illu/ration f a well-kn[n tale4 ,matt4 xvi4 #d1 :]e ! sign ( ,jonah is aga9 m5tion$1 does n expla9 ! sign4 #adig ,take a case4 ,suppose we tell slo?ful p t !irs w be ! fate ( ! man :o buri$ 8 tal5t1 is ?is to commit u to ! belief t ! p]sonages ( ,*ri/'s p>ables actually exi/$8 ,or take ! homiletic use ( ,%akespe>e's dramas--8z ,macbe? did10 or 8z ,hamlet said40 ,does x commit u to ! hi/orical reality ( ,macbe? or ,hamlet8 ,any prea*] among u w\ld res5t be+ b\nd by su* an inf]5ce4 ,& if we res5t ?is = ourselves1 h[ *>y we %\ld be ab\t seek+ to b9d our ,"l by x4 #adih ,eng4 trans4 ( ,! ,twelve ,m9or ,prophets1 p4 #agb4 ,consult also ,f>r>'s judici\s p>agraphs on ! subject3 ,m9or ,prophets1 #bcd f4 #adii ,! two attempts :i* h be5 made to divide ! ,book ( ,jonah are ^? by ,khl] 9 ! ,!ol4 ,rev41 ,,xvi4 #aci ff41 & by ,bhme 9 ! ,z4,a4,t4,w41 ,,vii4 #bbd ff4 ,khl] fir/ insi/s on traits ( an e>li] age 7rude conception ( ,god1 no %>p b\nd>y drawn betwe5 hea!ns & ! ,hebrews1 etc471 & !n f9ds traces ( a late revision3 lacuna 9 i4 #b2 hesitation 9 iii4 #a1 9 ! giv+ ( ! prophet's commission1 :i* is n pure ,hebrew2 *ange ( ?ree days to =ty 7cf4 ,,lxx472 m5tion ( unnam$ k+ & 8 edict1 :i* is sup]flu\s aft] ! popul> movem5t2 bea/s %>+ 9 m\rn+2 also 9 i4 #e1 #h1 #i1 #ad1 ii4 #b1 1 iii4 #i1 iv4 #a-d1 z di/urb+ context2 also ! build+ ( a boo? is sup]flu\s1 & only inv5t$ to acc\nt = ,jonah rema9+ =ty days in/ead ( ! orig9al ?ree2 iv4 #f1 = an orig9al to (f] him %ade2 #g1 ! worm1 1 due to a copyi/'s *ange ( ! foll[+ 4 ,)draw+ ^!1 ,khl] gets an acc\nt ( ! sp>+ ( ,n9iveh on rep5tance foll[+ a s5t5ce ( doom1 :i*1 he says1 reflects ! position ( ! city ( ,god 9 ,j]emiah's "t1 & 0 due to ,j]emiah's oppon5ts1 :o said 9 answ] to 8 s5t5ce ( doom3 ,if ,n9iveh c\ld av]t h] fate1 :y n ,j]usalem8 ,bhme's conclusion1 />t+ f ! alleg$ contradictions 9 ! /ory1 is t no few] ?an f\r h&s h _h to deal ) x4 ,a suffici5t answ] is giv5 by ,ku55 7,e9l41 #dbf ff471 :o1 aft] analys+ ! dissection1 says t its 8improbability is imm$iately evid5t40 ,) reg>d to ! inconsi/5cies :i* ,bhme alleges to exi/ 9 *ap4 iii4 betwe5 v]4 #e & vv4 #f-i1 ,ku55 rem>ks t 8all t is ne$$ = _! explanation is a little good-w0--a phrase applicable to _m o!r difficulties rais$ ) reg>d to o!r ,old ,te/am5t books by critical attempts ev5 m rational ?an ^? ( ,bhme4 ,cornill *>act]ises ,bhme's hypo!sis z absurd4 #aejj ,to ,?y holy temple1 vv4 #e & #h3 cf4 ,psalm v4 #h1 etc4 ,! wat]s h come r\nd me to my v s\l1 v]4 #f3 cf4 ,psalm lxix4 #b4 ,& ,?\ br\ghte/ up my life1 v]4 #g3 cf4 ,psalm xxx4 #d4 ,:5 my s\l fa9t$ ^u me1 v]4 #h3 cf4 ,psalm cxlii4 #d1 etc4 ,) ! voice ( ?anksgiv+1 v]4 #aj3 cf4 ,psalm xlii4 #e4 ,! reff4 are to ! ,heb4 text4 #aeja ,cf4 v]4 #c ) ,psalm xviii4 #g2 v]4 #d ) ,psalm xlii4 #h2 v]4 #e ) ,psalm xxxi4 #bc2 v]4 #i ) ,psalm xxxi4 #g1 & v]4 #aj ) ,psalm l4 #ad4 #aejb ,budde1 z above1 p4 #db4 #aejc ,de ,wette1 ,knobel1 ,ku554 #aejd ,budde4 #aeje ,e4g4 ,hitzig4 #aejf ,lu!r says ( ,jonah's pray]1 t 8he did n speak ) ^! exact words 9 ! belly ( ! fi%1 nor plac$ !m s ord]ly1 b he %[s h[ he took c\rage1 & :at sort ( ?\ghts 8 he>t _h1 :5 he /ood 9 su* a battle ) dea?40 ,we recognise 9 ?is ,psalm 8! recollection ( ! confid5ce ) :i* ,jonah hop$ t[>ds ,god1 t s9ce he _h be5 rescu$ 9 s wond]ful a way f dea? 9 ! waves1 ,he w\ld also br+ him out ( ! night ( 8 grave into ! light ( day40 #aejg ii4 #e1 ,b has = 2 i4 #i1 = x reads 1 & takes ! to be abbreviation = 2 ii4 #g1 = x reads & translates 2 iv4 #aa1 = x reads 1 & translates 4 #aejh i4 #d1 1 p]haps rightly omitt$ be=e foll[+ 2 i4 #h1 ,b omits ! clause to 1 probably rightly1 = x is ne$less1 ?\gh suppli$ by ,codd4 ,a1 ,q2 iii4 #i1 "o v]b1 1 = 1 probably correctly1 see bel[4 #aeji i4 #b1 = 2 ii4 #c1 aft] 2 ii4 #aj1 9 ob$i5ce to ano!r read+2 iii4 #b1 aft] 2 iii4 #h1 4 #aeaj iii4 #d1 #h4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv ,,! ,,great ,,refusal ,,jonah i ,we h n[ laid cle> ! l9es ^u :i* ! ,book ( ,jonah 0 compos$4 ,its purpose is to illu/rate ,god's grace to ! hea!n 9 face ( ,8 p's refusal to fulfil _! mission to !m4 ,! au?or 0 l$ to a*ieve ?is purpose by a p>able1 ?r\gh :i* ! prophet ,jonah moves z ! symbol ( 8 recusant1 exil$1 r$eem$ & /ill h>d5$ p4 ,x is ! ,drama ( ,israel's c>e]1 z ! ,s]vant ( ,god1 9 ! mo/ pa!tic mom5ts ( t c>e]4 ,a nation is /umbl+ on ! highe/ road nation 0 ev] call$ to tread4 ,:o is bl9d b ,my s]vant1 ,or deaf z ,my mess5g] :om ,i h s5t8 ,he t w\ld read ?is ,drama aright mu/ rememb] :at lies beh9d ! ,great ,refusal :i* =ms its trag$y4 ,! cause ( ,israel's recusancy 0 n only wilfulness or c[>dly slo?1 b ! horror ( a :ole _w giv5 ov] to idolatry1 ! p>alys+ s5se ( its irresi/ible =ce1 ( its cruel p]secutions endur$ = c5turies1 & ( ! long fam9e ( ,heav5's ju/ice4 ,^! x 0 :i* _h fill$ ,israel's eyes too full ( fev] to see h] duty4 ,only :5 we feel1 z ! writ] himself felt1 all ?is tragic backgr\nd to 8 /ory are we able to appreciate ! exquisite gleams :i* he fla%es across x3 ! g5]\s magnanimity ( ! hea!n sailors1 ! rep5tance ( ! hea!n city1 &1 light+ f above1 ,god's pity ^u ! dumb hea!n multitudes4 ,! p>able or drama divides itself into ?ree p>ts3 ,! ,prophet's ,flight & ,turn+ 7*ap4 i472 ,! ,great ,fi% & ,:at x ,means 7*ap4 ii472 & ,! ,rep5tance ( ! ,city 7*aps4 iii4 & iv474 99 99 99 99 99 ,! *ief figure ( ! /ory is ,jonah1 son ( ,amittai1 f ,ga?-heph] 9 ,galilee1 a prophet id5tifi$ ) t turn 9 ,israel's =tunes1 by :i* %e began to defeat h] ,syrian oppressors1 & w9 back f !m h] own t]ritories--a prophet1 !re=e1 ( rev5ge1 & f ! mo/ bitt] ( ! hea!n w>s4 ,& ! ^w ( ,jehovah came to ,jonah1 ! son ( ,amittai1 say+1 ,up1 g to ,n9iveh1 ! ,great ,city1 & cry out aga9/ h]1 = h] evil is come up be=e ,me4 ,b he arose to flee4 ,x 0 n ! l5g? ( ! road1 nor ! dang] ( decl>+ ,n9iveh's s9 to h] face1 :i* turn$ him1 b ! in/9ct t ,god int5d$ by him some?+ else ?an ,n9iveh's de/ruction2 & ?is in/9ct sprang f 8 k ( ,god ,himself4 ,ah n[1 ,jehovah1 0 n my ^w1 :ile ,i 0 yet ^u m9e own soil1 at ! "t ,i made ready to flee to ,t>%i%1 ?is--t ,i knew t ,?\ art a ,god graci\s & t5d] & long-suff]+1 pl5te\s 9 love & rel5t+ ( evil8#aeaa ,jonah int]pret$ ! ,^w :i* came to him by ! ,"* :i* he knew to be beh9d ! ,^w4 ,?is is a significant h9t ^u ! me?od ( revelation4 ,x w\ld be ra% to say t1 9 imput+ ev5 to ! hi/orical ,jonah ! fe> ( ,god's grace ^u ! hea!n1 our au?or 7 guilty ( an ana*ronism4#aeab ,we h to d1 h[ev]1 ) a great] ?an ,jonah--! nation h]self4 ,?\gh p]haps ,israel little reflect$ ^u x1 ! in/9ct c nev] h be5 f> away t "s day ! grace ( ,jehovah might rea* ! hea!n too4 ,su* an in/9ct1 ( c\rse1 mu/ h be5 almo/ /ifl$ by hatr$ born ( hea!n oppression1 z well z by ! intellectual scorn :i* ,israel came to feel = hea!n idolatries4 ,b we may believe t x haunt$ ev5 ^? d>k p]iods 9 :i* rev5ge ^u ! ,g5tiles seem$ mo/ j1 & _! de/ruction ! only means ( e/abli%+ ,god's k+dom 9 ! _w4 ,we "k t x mov$ uneasily ev5 b5ea? ! rig\r ( ,jewi% legalism4 ,= its secret 0 t fai? 9 ! ess5tial grace ( ,god1 :i* ,israel ga9$ v e>ly & nev] lo/1 & :i* 0 ! spr+ ( e new conviction & e re=m 9 h] wond]ful developm5t4 ,) a subtle appreciation ( all ?is1 our au?or imputes ! in/9ct to ,jonah f ! outset4 ,jonah's fe>1 t aft] all ! hea!n may be sp>$1 reflects ! re/less appreh5sion ev5 ( ! mo/ exclusive ( 8 p--an appreh5sion :i* by ! "t our book 0 writt5 seem$ to be /ill m ju/ifi$ by ,god's long delay ( doom ^u ! tyrants :om ,he _h promis$ to ov]?r[4 ,b to ! natural man 9 ,israel ! possibility ( ! hea!n's rep5tance 0 /ill s abhorr5t1 t he turn$ 8 back ^u x4 ,jonah rose to flee to ,t>%i% f ! face ( ,jehovah4 ,9 spite ( rec5t argum5ts to ! contr>y1 ! mo/ probable location ( ,t>%i% is ! g5]ally accept$ "o1 t x 0 a ,phnician colony at ! o!r end ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,9 any case x 0 f> f ! ,holy ,l&2 & by go+ !re ! prophet w\ld put ! sea betwe5 himself & 8 ,god4 ,to ! ,hebrew imag9ation !re c\ld n be a flight m remote4 ,israel 0 ess5tially an inl& p4 ,!y _h come up out ( ! des]t1 & !y _h practically nev] yet t\*$ ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,!y liv$ )9 sight ( x1 b f t5 to tw5ty miles ( =eign soil int]v5$ betwe5 _! m\nta9s & its /ormy coa/4 ,! ,jews _h no traffic ^u ! sea1 nor 7b = "o sublime in/ance#aeac to ! contr>y7 _h _! poets ev] employ$ x except z a symbol ( arrogance & re/less rebellion aga9/ ! w ( ,god4#aead ,x 0 all ?is popul> feel+ ( ! di/ance & /rang5ess ( ! sea :i* made our au?or *oose x z ! sc5e ( ! prophet's flight f ! face ( ,israel's ,god4 ,jonah _h to pass1 too1 ?r\gh a =eign l& to get to ! coa/3 ^u ! sea he w\ld only be among hea!n4 ,?is 0 to be "p ( 8 conv]sion4 ,he w5t d[n to ,yapho1 & f\nd a %ip go+ to ,t>%i%1 & paid ! f>e !re(1 & emb>k$ on h] to get away ) h] crew#aeae to ,t>%i%--away f ! face ( ,jehovah4 ,! sc5es :i* foll[ are v vivid3 ! sudd5 w9d sweep+ d[n f ! v hills on :i* ,jonah believ$ he _h left 8 ,god2 ! tempe/2 ! behavi\r ( ! %ip1 s alive ) ef=t t ! /ory attributes to h] ! feel+s ( a liv+ ?+--%e ?\ght %e mu/ be brok52 ! despair ( ! m>9]s1 driv5 f ! unity ( _! common task to ! hopeless div]sity ( _! idolatry--!y cri$ e man unto 8 own god2 ! jettison+ ( ! tackle ( ! %ip to light5 h] 7z we %\ld say1 !y let ! ma/s g by ! bo>d72 ! worn-out prophet 9 ! hull ( ! %ip1 sleep+ l a /[away2 ! gr\p ga!r$ on ! heav+ deck to ca/ ! lot2 ! pass5g]'s confession1 & ! new fe> :i* fell ^u ! sailors f x2 ! rev]5ce ) :i* ^! rude m5 ask ! advice ( him1 9 ^: guilt !y feel n ! (f5ce to !mselves1 b ! sacr$ness to ,god2 ! awak5+ ( ! prophet's bett] self by _! g5]\s def]5ce to him2 h[ he c\nsels to !m 8 own sacrifice2 _! reluctance to yield to ?is1 & _! return to ! o>s ) increas$ p]sev]ance = 8 sake4 ,b nei!r _! g5]osity nor _! ef=ts avail4 ,! prophet aga9 (f]s himself1 & z _! sacrifice he is ?r[n into ! sea4 ,& ,jehovah ca/ a w9d#aeaf on ! sea1 & !re 0 a great tempe/1#aeag & ! %ip ?reat5$#aeah to break up4 ,& ! sailors 7 afraid1 & cri$ e man unto 8 own god2 & !y ca/ ! tackle ( ! %ip into ! sea1 to light5 x f ^u !m4 ,b ,jonah _h gone d[n to ! bottom ( ! %ip & lay fa/ asleep4 ,& ! capta9 ( ! %ip#aeai came to him1 & said to him1 ,:at art ?\ do+ asleep8 ,up1 call on ?y ,god2 p]adv5ture ! ,god w be graci\s to u1 t we p]i% n4 ,& !y said e man to 8 neighb\r1 ,come1 & let u ca/ lots1 t we may "k = ^: sake is ?is evil come ^u u4 ,s !y ca/ lots1 & ! lot fell on ,jonah4 ,& !y said to him1 ,tell u n[1#aebj :at is ?y bus9ess1 & :5ce come/ ?\8 :at is ?y l&1 & f :at p art ?\8 ,& he said to !m1 ,a ,hebrew am ,i1 & a wor%ipp] ( ! ,god ( ,heav51#aeba :o made ! sea & ! dry l&4 ,& ! m5 fe>$ greatly1 & said to him1 ,:at is ?is ?\ ha/ done8 7= !y knew he 0 flee+ f ! face ( ,jehovah1 because he _h told !m74 ,& !y said to him1 ,:at are we to d to !e t ! sea cease rag+ aga9/ u8 ,= ! sea 0 surg+ high] & high]4 ,& he said1 ,take me & ?r[ me into ! sea2 s %all ! sea cease rag+ aga9/ y3 = ,i am sure t x is on my acc\nt t ?is great tempe/ is ris5 ^u y4 ,& ! m5 lab\r$#aebb ) ! o>s to br+ ! %ip to l&1 & !y c\ld n1 = ! sea grew m & m /ormy aga9/ !m4 ,s !y call$ on ,jehovah & said1 ,jehovah1 let u n p]i%1 we pray ,!e1 = ! life ( ?is man1 nei!r br+ innoc5t blood ^u u3 = ,?\ art ,jehovah1 ,?\ doe/ z ,?\ please/4 ,!n !y took up ,jonah & ca/ him into ! sea1 & ! sea /ill$ f its rag+4 ,b ! m5 7 9 great awe ( ,jehovah1 & sacrific$ to ,him & v[$ v[s4 ,h[ v real x is & h[ v noble6 ,we see ! /orm1 & !n we =get ! /orm 9 ! joy ( t g5]\s conte/ betwe5 hea!n & ,hebrew4 ,b ! glory ( ! passage is ! *ange 9 ,jonah himself4 ,x has be5 call$ 8 puni%m5t & ! conv]sion ( ! hea!n4 ,r x is 8 own conv]sion4 ,he meets aga9 n only ,god1 b ! tru? f :i* he fl$4 ,he n only meets t tru?1 b he (f]s 8 life = x4 ,! art is consummate4 ,! writ] w fir/ r$uce ! prophet & ! hea!n :om he abhors to ! elem5ts ( _! common humanity4 ,z m5 h sometimes se5 ^u a mass ( wreckage or on an ice-floe a numb] ( wild animals1 by nature foes to ea* o!r1 r$uc$ to peace ?r\gh _! common dang]1 s we descry ! prophet & 8 natural enemies ^u ! /ra9$ & break+ %ip4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! /orm !y are equally helpless1 & !y ca/ = all ! lot :i* has no respect ( p]sons4 ,b f ?is ! /ory passes quickly1 to %[ h[ ,jonah feels n only ! human k9%ip ( ^! hea!n ) himself1 b _! susceptibility to ! k ( 8 ,god4 ,!y pray to ,jehovah z ! ,god ( ! sea & ! dry l&2 :ile we may be sure t ! prophet's confession1 & ! /ory ( 8 own relation to t ,god1 =ms z p[]ful an exhortation to rep5tance z any he c\ld h prea*$ 9 ,n9iveh4 ,at lea/ x produces ! effects :i* he has dread$4 ,9 ^! sailors he sees hea!n turn$ to ! fe> ( ! ,"l4 ,all t he has fl$ to avoid happ5s !re be=e 8 eyes & ?r\gh 8 own m$iation4 ,! climax is rea*$1 h[ev]1 nei!r :5 ,jonah feels 8 common humanity ) ! hea!n nor :5 he discov]s _! awe ( 8 ,god1 b :5 9 ord] to secure = !m ,god's sp>+ m]cies he (f]s 8 own life in/ead4 ,take me up & ca/ me into ! sea2 s %all ! sea cease f rag+ aga9/ y4 ,aft] _! pity = him has wre/l$ = a "t ) 8 hone/ entreaties1 he becomes _! sacrifice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 all ?is /ory p]haps ! mo/ in/ructive passages are ^? :i* lay b>e to u ! me?od ( ,god's revelation4 ,:5 we 7 *ildr5 ?is 0 %[n to u 9 pictures ( angels b5d+ f heav5 to guide ,isaiah's p51 or to cry ,jonah's commission to him ?r\gh a trumpet4 ,& :5 we grew old]1 al?\gh we le>n$ to disp5se ) t ma*9]y1 yet its infection rema9$1 & our conception ( ! :ole process 0 me*anical /ill4 ,we ?\ght ( ! prophets z ( ano!r ord] ( ?+s2 we releas$ !m f our own laws ( life & ?\ght1 & we paid ! p5alty by los+ all int]e/ 9 !m4 ,b ! prophets 7 human1 & _! inspiration came ?r\gh exp]i5ce4 ,! s\rce ( x1 z ?is /ory %[s1 0 ,god4 ,p>tly f ,8 guidance ( _! nation1 p>tly ?r\gh close communion ) ,himself1 !y receiv$ new convictions ( ,8 "*4 ,yet !y did n receive ^! me*anically4 ,!y spake nei!r at ! bidd+ ( angels1 nor l hea!n prophets 9 trance or ec/asy1 b z !y 7 mov$ by ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,& ! ,_s work$ ^u !m fir/ z ! influ5ce ( ,god's "*1#aebc & second ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce ( life4 ,god & life--^! are all ! po/ulates = revelation4 ,at fir/ ,jonah fl$ f ! tru?1 at la/ he laid d[n 8 life = x4 ,s ,god /ill =ces u to ! acceptance ( new light & ! p]=mance ( /range duties4 ,m5 turn f ^!1 because ( slo? or prejudice1 b 9 ! end !y h to face !m1 & !n at :at a co/6 ,9 y\? !y %irk a self-d5ial to :i* 9 "s /orm ( lat] life !y h to b5d ) heavi]1 & (t5 hopeless1 he>ts4 ,= _! n>r[ prejudices & refusals1 ,god puni%es !m by br++ !m into pa9 t /+s1 or into responsibility = o!rs t %ames1 ^! out ( !m4 ,! drama ( life is ?us int5sifi$ 9 int]e/ & beauty2 *>act]s em]ge h]oic & sublime4 8,b1 oh ! lab\r1 ,o pr9ce1 ! pa960 ,sometimes ! neglect$ duty is at la/ a*iev$ only at ! co/ ( a man's brea?2 & ! tru?1 :i* might h be5 ! bride ( 8 y\? & 8 comrade ?r\gh a long life1 is recognis$ by him only 9 ! features ( ,dea?4 ,,footnotes3 #aeaa iv4 #b4 #aeab ,= ! grace ( ,god _h be5 ! mo/ =mative influ5ce 9 ! e>ly religion ( ,israel 7see ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #ai71 & ,amos1 only ?irty ye>s aft] ,jonah1 emphasis$ ! moral equality ( ,israel & ! ,g5tiles be=e ! "o ,god ( righte\sness4 ,giv5 ^! two premisses ( ,god's ess5tial grace & ! moral responsibility ( ! hea!n to ,him1 & ! conclusion c\ld nev] h be5 f> away t 9 ! end ,8 ess5tial grace mu/ rea* ! hea!n too4 ,inde$ 9 say+s n lat] ?an ! eigh? c5tury x is =etold t ,israel %all become a bless+ to ! :ole _w4 ,our au?or1 !n1 may h be5 guilty ( no ana*ronism 9 imput+ su* a =ebod+ to ,jonah4 #aeac ,second ,isaiah4 ,see *ap4 lx4 #aead ,see ! au?or's ,hi/4 ,geog4 ( ! ,holy ,l&1 pp4 #aca-acd4 #aeae ,heb4 !m4 #aeaf ,s ,,lxx43 ,heb4 a great w9d4 #aeag ,heb4 on ! sea4 #aeah ,lit4 reckon$ or ?\ght4 #aeai ,heb4 ropes4 #aebj ,! words = ^: sake is ?is evil come ^u u d n occur 9 ,,lxx4 & are unnecess>y4 #aeba ,wellhaus5 suspects ?is =m ( ! ,div9e title4 #aebb ,heb4 dug4 #aebc ,i knew h[ ,?\ art a ,god graci\s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi ,,! ,,great ,,fi% ,,& ,,:at ,,x ,,means--,,! ,,psalm ,,jonah ii ,at ?is po9t 9 ! tale appe>s ! ,great ,fi%4 ,& ,jehovah prep>$ a great fi% to swall[ ,jonah1 & ,jonah 0 9 ! belly ( ! fi% ?ree days & ?ree nights4 ,aft] ! v natural /ory :i* we h foll[$1 ?is v]se obtrudes itself ) a %ock ( unreality & grotesqu5ess4 ,:at an anticlimax6 say "s2 :at a clumsy intrusion6 ,s x is if ,jonah be tak5 z an individual4 ,b if we keep 9 m9d t he /&s "h1 n = himself1 b = 8 nation1 ! difficulty & ! grotesqu5ess disappe>4 ,x is ,israel's ill-w to ! hea!n1 ,israel's refusal ( h] mission1 ,israel's emb>kation on ! /ormy sea ( ! _w's politics1 :i* we h _h describ$ z ,jonah's4 ,^u h] flight f ,god's w !re foll[$ h] ,exile1 & f h] ,exile1 :i* 0 = a set p]iod1 %e came back to h] own l&1 a p /ill1 & /ill ,god's s]vant to ! hea!n4 ,h[ 0 ! au?or to express ?is national dea? & resurrection8 ,9 con=mity ) ! popul> language ( 8 "t1 he _h describ$ ,israel's turn+ f ,god's w by h] emb>kation on a /ormy sea1 always ! symbol ( ! prophets = ! toss+ hea!n _w t 0 ready to engulf h]2 & n[ to express h] exile & return he s\ght metaphors 9 ! same ri* poetry ( ! popul> imag9ation4 ,to ! ,israelite :o wat*$ f 8 hills t /ormy coa/ on :i* ! waves h>dly ev] cease to break 9 _! impot5t re/lessness1 ! sea 0 a symbol ( arrogance & futile defiance to ! w ( ,god4 ,! popul> my?ology ( ! ,semites _h fill$ x ) turbul5t mon/]s1 snakes & dragons :o wall[$ l its own waves1 helpless aga9/ ! b\nds set to !m1 or rose to wage w> aga9/ ! gods 9 heav5 & ! great lights :i* !y _h creat$2 b a god slays !m & ca/s _! c>cases = meat & dr9k to ! ?ir/y p ( ! des]t4#aebd ,x is a symbol ( ! p]petual w> betwe5 light & d>kness2 ! dragons are ! cl\ds1 ! slay] ! sun4 ,a v>iant =m1 :i* approa*es closely to t ( ,jonah's great fi%1 is /ill f\nd 9 ,pale/9e4 ,9 ,may #ahia ,i witness$ at ,hasbeya1 on ! we/]n skirts ( ,h]mon1 an eclipse ( ! moon4 ,:5 ! %ad[ began to creep across h] disc1 !re rose f ! village a hide\s d9 ( drums1 metal pots & planks ( wood beat5 toge!r2 guns 7 fir$1 & !re 0 mu* %\t+4 ,i 0 told t ?is 0 done to t]rify ! great fi% :i* 0 swall[+ ! moon1 & to make him disgorge h]4 ,n[ ^! purely natural my?s 7 appli$ by ! prophets & poets ( ! ,old ,te/am5t to ! illu/ration1 n only ( ,jehovah's sov]eignty ov] ! /orm & ! night1 b ( ,8 conque/ ( ! hea!n p[]s :o _h enslav$ ,8 p4#aebe ,isaiah _h he>d 9 ! sea ! confusion & rage ( ! peoples aga9/ ! bulw>k :i* ,jehovah set ar\nd ,israel2#aebf b x is *iefly f ! "t ( ! ,exile onw>d t ! my?s !mselves1 ) _! cruel mon/]s & ! prey ( ^!1 are appli$ to ! great hea!n p[]s & _! captive1 ,israel4 ,"o prophet explicitly describes ! ,exile ( ,israel z ! swall[+ ( ! nation by ! mon/]1 ! ,babylonian tyrant1 :om ,god =ces at la/ to disgorge its prey4 ,israel says3#aebg ,nebu*adrezz> ! k+ ( ,babylon ha? dev\r$ me#aebh & cru%$ me1#aebh 444 he ha? swall[$ me up l ! ,dragon1 fill+ 8 belly1 f my delights he ha? ca/ me out4 ,b ,jehovah replies3#aebi ,i w puni% ,bel 9 ,babylon1 & ,i w br+ out ( 8 m\? t :i* he ha? swall[$4444 ,my p1 g ye out ( ! mid/ ( h]4 ,x has be5 ju/ly rem>k$ by ,canon ,*eyne t ?is passage may be consid]$ z ! int]v5+ l9k betwe5 ! orig9al =m ( ! my? & ! application ( x made 9 ! /ory ( ,jonah4#aecj ,to ?is ! objection might be (f]$ t 9 ! /ory ( ,jonah ! great fi% is n actually repres5t$ z ! means ( ! prophet's tempor>y de/ruction1 l ! mon/] 9 ,j]emiah li41 b r z ! vessel ( 8 deliv]ance4#aeca ,?is is true1 yet x only means t our au?or has /ill fur!r adapt$ ! v pla/ic mat]ial (f]$ him by ?is mu* trans=m$ my?4 ,b we d n dep5d = our pro( ^u ! comp>ison ( a s+le passage4 ,let ! /ud5t ( ! ,book ( ,jonah read c>efully ! _m passages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 9 :i* ! sea or its mon/]s rage 9 va9 aga9/ ,jehovah1 or are h>ness$ & l$ ab\t by ,him2 or /ill m ^? passages 9 :i* ,8 conque/ ( ^! mon/]s is made to figure ,8 conque/ ( ! hea!n p[]s1#aecb--;& ! conclusion w appe> irresi/ible t ! /ory ( ! great fi% & ( ,jonah ! type ( ,israel is drawn f ! same s\rce4 ,su* a solution ( ! problem has "o great advantage4 ,x relieves u ( ! grotesqu5ess :i* atta*es to ! lit]al conception ( ! /ory1 & ( ! necessity ( ^? pa9ful ef=ts = acc\nt+ = a miracle :i* h di/ort$ ! common-s5se & ev5 ! or?odoxy ( s _m comm5tators ( ! book4#aecc ,we are deal+1 let u rememb]1 ) poetry--a poetry inspir$ by "o ( ! mo/ sublime tru?s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b ^: figures are drawn f ! leg5ds & my?s ( ! p to :om x is address$4 ,to treat ?is z prose is n only to s9 aga9/ ! common-s5se :i* ,god has giv5 u1 b aga9/ ! simple & obvi\s int5tion ( ! au?or4 ,x is bl9dness bo? to reason & to ,scripture4 ,^! views are confirm$ by an exam9ation ( ! ,psalm or ,pray] :i* is put into ,jonah's m\? :ile he is yet 9 ! fi%4 ,we h already se5 :at gr\nds !re are = believ+ t ! ,psalm belongs to ! au?or's own plan1 & f ! beg9n+ appe>$ j :]e x does n[4#aecd ,b we may also po9t out h[1 9 consi/5ce ) its context1 ?is is a ,psalm1 n ( an individual ,israelite1 b ( ! nation z a :ole4 ,x is l>gely drawn f ! national liturgy4#aece ,x is full ( cries :i* we "k1 ?\gh !y are express$ 9 ! s+ul> numb]1 to h be5 us$ ( ! :ole p1 or at lea/ ( t pi\s portion ( !m1 :o 7 ,israel inde$4 ,true t 9 ! orig9al portion ( ! ,psalm1 & by f> its mo/ beautiful v]ses1 we seem to h ! description ( a dr[n+ man swept to ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,b ev5 "h1 ! colossal sc5]y & ! magnific5t hyp]bole ( ! language suit n ! exp]i5ce ( an individual1 b ! extremities ( t va/ gulf ( exile into :i* a :ole nation 0 plung$4 ,x is a nation's c>case :i* rolls ^u ^? inf]nal tides t swirl among ! roots ( m\nta9s & beh9d ! b>r$ gates ( e>?4 ,f9ally1 vv4 #i & #aj are obvi\sly a contra/1 n betwe5 ! individual prophet & ! hea!n1 b betwe5 ! true ,israel1 :o 9 exile pres]ve _! loyalty to ,jehovah1 & ^? ,jews :o1 =sak+ _! cov5ant-love1 lapse to idolatry4 ,we f9d _m p>allels to ?is 9 exilic & po/-exilic lit]ature4 ,& ,jonah pray$ to ,jehovah 8 ,god f ! belly ( ! fi%1 & said3-- ,i cri$ out ( my angui% to ,jehovah1 & ,he answ]$ me2 ,f ! belly ( ,inf]no ,i s\ght help--,?\ he>de/ my voice4 ,= ,?\ had/#aecf ca/ me into ! dep?1 to ! he>t ( ! seas1 & ! flood roll$ ar\nd me2 ,all ,?y break]s & bill[s w5t ov] me4 ,!n ,i said1 ,i am hurl$ f ,?y sight3 ,h[#aecg %all ,i ev] aga9 look t[>ds ,?y holy temple8 ,wat]s enwrapp$ me to ! s\l2 ! ,deep roll$ ar\nd me2 ,! tangle 0 b\nd ab\t my head4 ,i 0 gone d[n to ! roots ( ! hills2 ,e>? & h] b>s 7 beh9d me = ev]4 ,b ,?\ br\ghte/ my life up f de/ruction1 ,jehovah my ,god6 ,:5 my s\l fa9t$ ^u me1 ,i rememb]$ ,jehovah1 ,& my pray] came 9 unto ,!e1 to ,?y holy temple4 ,!y t obs]ve ! idols ( vanity1 ,!y =sake _! cov5ant-love4 ,b to ! s\nd ( praise ,i w sacrifice to ,!e2 ,:at ,i h v[$ ,i w p]=m4 ,salvation is ,jehovah's4 ,& ,jehovah spake to ! fi%1 & x ?rew up ,jonah on ! dry l&4 ,,footnotes3 #aebd ,= ! ,babylonian my?s see ,sayce's ,hibb]t ,lectures2 ,george ,smi?'s ,assyrian ,discov]ies2 & ,gunkel1 ,s*pfung u4 ,*aos4 #aebe ,passages 9 :i* ?is class ( my?s are tak5 9 a physical s5se are ,job iii4 #h1 vii4 #ab1 xxvi4 #ab1 #ac1 etc41 etc42 & passages 9 :i* x is appli$ politically are ,isa4 xxvii4 #a1 li4 #i2 ,j]4 li4 #cd1 #dd2 ,psalm lxxiv41 etc4 ,see ,gunkel1 ,s*pfung u4 ,*aos4 #aebf ,*ap4 xvii4 #ab-ad4 #aebg ,j]4 li4 #cd4 #aebh ,heb4 m>g91 ,,lxx4 & ,syr42 ,heb4 text u4 #aebi ,j]4 li4 #dd1 #de4 #aecj ,*eyne1 ,!ol4 ,rev41 ,,xiv4 ,see above1 p4 #ejc4 #aeca ,see above1 p4 #eaa1 on ! ,psalm ( ,jonah4 #aecb ,above1 p4 #ebe1 n4 #aebe4 #aecc ,x is v int]e/+ to notice h[ _m comm5tators 7e4g4 ,pusey1 & ! ,engli% edition ( ,lange7 :o take ! /ory 9 its individual mean+1 & !re=e z miracul\s1 imm$iately try to m9imise ! miracle by quot+ /ories ( great fi%es :o h swall[$ m51 & ev5 m5 9 arm\r1 :ole1 & 9 "o case at lea/ h vomit$ !m up alive6 #aecd ,see above1 pp4 #eaa f4 #aece ,see above1 p4 #eaa1 nn4 #aejj1 #aeja4 #aecf ,! gramm>1 :i* usually expresses result1 m lit]ally runs1 ,& ,?\ did/ ca/ me2 b aft] ! prec$+ v]se x mu/ be tak5 n z express+ consequ5ce b cause4 #aecg ,read = 1 & ) ! ,,lxx4 take ! s5t5ce int]rogatively4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii ,,! ,,rep5tance ,,( ,,! ,,city ,,jonah iii ,hav+ le>n$1 ?r\gh suff]+1 8 moral k9%ip ) ! hea!n1 & hav+ (f]$ 8 life = "s ( !m1 ,jonah receives a second comm& to g to ,n9iveh4 ,he obeys1 b ) 8 prejudice z /rong z ?\gh x _h nev] be5 humbl$1 nor met by ,g5tile nobl5ess4 ,! fir/ "p ( 8 /ory appe>s to h no consequ5ces 9 ! second4#aech ,b ?is is consi/5t ) ! writ]'s purpose to treat ,jonah z if he 7 ,israel4 ,=1 ^u _! return f ,exile1 & 9 spite ( all _! new k ( !mselves & ! _w1 ,israel cont9u$ to *]i% _! old grudge aga9/ ! ,g5tiles4 ,& ! ^w ( ,jehovah came to ,jonah ! second "t1 say+1 ,up1 g to ,n9iveh1 ! great city1 & call unto h] ) ! call :i* ,i %all tell !e4 ,& ,jonah arose & w5t to ,n9iveh1 z ,jehovah said4 ,n[ ,n9iveh 0 a city great be=e ,god1 ?ree days' j\rney ?r\gh & ?r\gh4#aeci ,& ,jonah began by go+ ?r\gh ! city "o day's j\rney1 & he cri$ & said1 ,=ty#aedj days m & ,n9iveh %all be ov]turn$4 ,opposite to ,mosul1 ! well-kn[n emporium ( trade on ! "r bank ( ! ,upp] ,tigris1 two high artificial m\nds n[ lift !mselves f ! o!rwise level pla94 ,! m nor!rly takes ! "n ( ,kujunds*ik1 or 8little lamb10 aft] ! ,turki% village :i* c\*es pleasantly ^u its nor?-ea/]n slope4 ,! o!r is call$ 9 ! popul> dialect ,nebi ,yunus1 8,prophet ,jonah10 aft] a mosque d$icat$ to him1 :i* us$ to be a ,*ri/ian *ur*2 b ! (ficial "n is ,n9iveh4 ,^! two m\nds are b\nd to ea* o!r on ! we/ by a broad brick wall1 :i* ext5ds beyond !m bo?1 & is connect$ nor? & s\? by o!r walls1 ) a circumf]5ce 9 all ( ab\t n9e ,engli% miles4 ,! int]val1 includ+ ! m\nds1 0 cov]$ ) build+s1 ^: ru9s /ill enable u to =m "s idea ( :at 0 = c5turies ! wond] ( ! _w4 ,^u t]races & sub/ructions ( enorm\s bread? rose /ori$ palaces1 ars5als1 b>racks1 libr>ies & temples4 ,a lavi% wat] sy/em spread 9 all directions f canals ) massive embankm5ts & sluices4 ,g>d5s 7 lift$ into mid-air1 fill$ ) ri* plants & r>e & beautiful animals4 ,alaba/]1 silv]1 gold & preci\s /ones reliev$ ! dull masses ( brick & fla%$ sunlight f e frieze & battlem5t4 ,! surr\nd+ walls 7 s broad t *>iots c\ld roll abrea/ on !m4 ,! gates1 & especially ! riv] gates1 7 v massive4#aeda ,all ?is 0 ,n9iveh prop]1 ^: glory ! ,hebrews envi$ & ov] ^: fall m ?an "o ( _! prophets exult4 ,b ?is 0 n ! ,n9iveh to :i* our au?or saw ,jonah come4 ,beyond ! walls 7 great suburbs1#aedb & beyond ! suburbs o!r t[ns1 league ^u league ( dwell+s1 s closely set ^u ! pla9 z to =m "o va/ complex ( population1 :i* is kn[n to ,scripture z ,! ,great ,city4#aedc ,to judge f ! ru9s :i* /ill cov] ! gr\nd1#aedd ! circumf]5ce mu/ h be5 ab\t sixty miles1 or ?ree days' j\rney4 ,x is ^! nameless leagues ( common dwell+s :i* roll be=e u 9 ! /ory4 ,none ( ^? glories ( ,n9iveh are m5tion$1 ( :i* o!r prophets speak1 b ! only pro(s (f]$ to u ( ! city's greatness are its ext5t & its population4#aede ,jonah is s5t to ?ree days1 n ( mighty build+s1 b ( homes & families1 to ! ,n9iveh1 n ( k+s & _! glories1 b ( m51 wom5 & *ildr51 besides mu* cattle4 ,! palaces & temples he may pass 9 an h\r or two1 b f sunrise to sunset he treads ! dim drab mazes :]e ! p dwell4 ,:5 we op5 our he>ts = h]oic witness to ! tru? !re ru% ^u !m gl[+ memories ( ,moses be=e ,ph>aoh1 ( ,elijah be=e ,ahab1 ( ,/eph5 be=e ! ,sanh$rim1 ( ,paul ^u ,areopagus1 ( ,galileo be=e ! ,inquisition1 ( ,lu!r at ! ,diet4 ,b x takes a great] h]oism to face ! p ?an a k+1 to conv]t a nation ?an to p]suade a s5ate4 ,pr9ces & assemblies ( ! wise /imulate ! imag9ation2 !y drive to bay all ! nobl] passions ( a solit>y man4 ,b !re is no?+ to help ! he>t1 & !re=e its c\rage is all ! great]1 :i* be>s witness be=e ^? endless masses1 9 monotone ( life & col\r1 t n[ p>alyse ! imag9ation l long /ret*es ( s& :5 ! sea is out1 & aga9 t]rify x l ! resi/less ru% ( ! flood b5ea? a hopeless ev5+ sky4 ,x is1 !n1 ) an art mo/ fitt$ to 8 high purpose t our au?or--unlike all o!r prophets1 ^: aim 0 diff]5t--pres5ts to u1 n ! description ( a great milit>y p[]3 k+1 nobles & arm$ battalions3 b ! vision ( ^? monoton\s millions4 ,he /rips 8 c\ntry's foes ( ev]y?+ =eign1 ev]y?+ provocative ( envy & hatr$1 & unfolds !m to ,israel only 9 _! teem+ humanity4#aedf ,8 next /ep is /ill m gr&4 ,= ?is teem+ humanity he claims ! univ]sal human possibility ( rep5tance--t & no?+ m4 ,"u e =m & "* ( human life1 b5ea? all ne$s & all habits1 deep] ?an despair & m native to man ?an s9 itself1 lies ! p[] ( ! he>t to turn4 ,x 0 ?is & n hope t rema9$ at ! bottom ( ,p&ora's ,box :5 e o!r gift _h fl$4 ,= ?is is ! indisp5sable secret ( hope4 ,x lies 9 e he>t1 ne$+ inde$ "s dream ( ,div9e m]cy1 h[ev] f> & vague1 to r\se x2 b :5 r\s$1 nei!r ignorance ( ,god1 nor pride1 nor long obduracy ( evil may )/& x4 ,x takes comm& ( ! :ole nature ( a man1 & spe$s f he>t to he>t ) a viol5ce1 t l pa9 & dea? sp>es nei!r age nor rank nor degree ( culture4 ,?is primal human "r is all our au?or claims = ! m5 ( ,n9iveh4 ,he has be5 blam$ = tell+ u an impossible ?+1 t a :ole city %\ld be conv]t$ at ! call ( a s+le /rang]2 & o!rs h />t$ up 9 8 def5ce & quot$ cases 9 :i* l>ge ,ori5tal populations h actually be5 /irr$ by ! prea*+ ( an ali5 9 race & religion2 & !n x has be5 repli$1 8,grant$ ! possibility1 grant$ ! fact 9 o!r cases1 yet :]e 9 hi/ory h we any trace ( ?is alleg$ conv]sion ( all ,n9iveh80 & "s sc(f1 8,h[ c\ld a ,hebrew h made himself articulate 9 "o day to ^? ,assyrian multitudes80 ,h[ long1 ,o ,"l1 mu/ ,?y poetry suff] f ^? :o c only treat x z prose8 ,on :atev] side !y /&1 sceptical or or?odox1 !y are equally p$ants1 qu5*]s ( ! spiritual1 creators ( unbelief4 ,our au?or1 let u once = all und]/&1 makes no attempt to record an hi/orical conv]sion ( ?is va/ hea!n city4 ,= its m5 he claims only ! prim>y human possibility ( rep5tance2 express+ himself n 9 ?is g5]al ab/ract way1 b z ,ori5tals1 to :om an illu/ration is ev] a pro(1 love to h x done--by /ory or p>able4 ,) magnific5t res]ve he has n gone fur!r2 b only told into ! prejudic$ faces ( 8 p1 t out !re1 beyond ! ,cov5ant1 9 ! great _w ly+ 9 d>kness1 !re live1 n be+s creat$ = ignorance & ho/ility to ,god1 elect = de/ruction1 b m5 ) consci5ces & he>ts1 able to turn at ,8 ,^w & to hope 9 ,8 ,m]cy--t to ! f>!/ ends ( ! _w1 & ev5 on ! high places ( unrighte\sness1 ,^w & ,m]cy "w j z !y d )9 ! ,cov5ant4 ,! fa%ion 9 :i* ! rep5tance ( ,n9iveh is describ$ is natural to ! "t ( ! writ]4 ,x is a national rep5tance1 ( c\rse1 & ?\gh swell+ upw>ds f ! p1 x is confirm$ & organis$ by ! au?orities3 = we are /ill 9 ! ,old ,disp5sation1 :5 ! picture ( a complete & ?or\gh rep5tance c\ld h>dly be o!rwise conceiv$4 ,& ! bea/s are made to %>e its obs]vance1 z 9 ! ,ori5t !y always %>$ & /ill %>e 9 fun]al pomp & trapp+s4#aedg ,x may h be51 9 addition1 a p]sonal pleasure to our writ] to record ! "p ( ! animals 9 ! movem5t4 ,see h[1 lat] on1 he tells u t = _! sake also ,god _h pity ^u ,n9iveh4 ,& ! m5 ( ,n9iveh believ$ ^u ,god1 & cri$ a fa/1 & f ! greate/ ( !m to ! lea/ ( !m !y put on sackclo?4 ,& ^w came to ! k+ ( ,n9iveh1 & he rose (f 8 ?rone1 & ca/ 8 mantle f ^u him1 & dress$ 9 sackclo? & sat 9 ! du/4 ,& he s5t cri]s to say 9 ,n9iveh3-- ,by ,ord] ( ! ,k+ & 8 ,nobles1 ?us3--,man & ,bea/1 ,ox5 & ,%eep1 %all n ta/e any?+1 nei!r eat nor dr9k wat]4 ,b let !m clo! !mselves#aedh 9 sackclo?1 bo? man & bea/1 & call ^u ,god ) p[]1 & turn e man f 8 evil way & f e wrong :i* !y h 9 h&4 ,:o kn[e? b t ,god may#aedi rel5t & turn f ! fi]c5ess ( ,8 wra?1 t we p]i% n8#aeej ,& ,god saw _! do+s1 h[ !y turn$ f _! evil way2 & ,god rel5t$ ( ! evil :i* ,he said ,he w\ld d to !m1 & did x n4 ,,footnotes3 #aech ,only 9 iii4 #a1 second "t1 & 9 iv4 #b are !re any ref]5ces f ! second to ! fir/ "p ( ! book4 #aeci ,! diamet] r ?an ! circumf]5ce seems int5d$ by ! writ]1 if we c judge by 8 s5d+ ! prophet "o day's j\rney ?r\gh ! city4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 take ! circumf]5ce z meant1 & ?is agrees ) ! computation ( sixty ,engli% miles z ! gir? ( ! great] ,n9iveh describ$ bel[4 #aedj ,,lxx4 ,codd4 ,b1 etc41 read ?ree days2 o!r ,codd4 h ! =ty ( ! ,heb4 text4 #aeda ,= a m detail$ description ( ,n9iveh see above on ! ,book ( ,nahum1 pp4 #ih ff4 #aedb 1 ,g54 x4 #aa4 #aedc ,g54 x4 #ab1 accord+ to :i* ! ,great ,city includ$1 besides ,n9iveh1 at lea/ ,res5 & ,kela*4 #aedd ,& tak+ ! pres5t ,kujunds*ik1 ,nimrud1 ,khorsabad & ,balawat z ! f\r corn]s ( ! di/rict4 #aede iii4 #b1 iv4 #aa4 #aedf ,comp>e ! ,book ( ,jonah1 = in/ance1 ) ! ,book ( ,nahum4 #aedg ,cf4 ,h]od4 ,,ix4 #bd2 ,joel i4 #ah2 ,virgil1 ,eclogue ,v41 neid ,,xi4 #hi ff42 ,plut>*1 ,alex4 #gb4 #aedh ,,lxx43 & !y did clo! !mselves 9 sackclo?1 & s on4 #aedi ,s ,,lxx4 ,heb4 text3 may turn & rel5t1 & turn4 #aeej ,! alleg$ discrepancies 9 ?is acc\nt h be5 already notic$4 ,z ! text /&s ! fa/ & m\rn+ are proclaim$ & actually begun be=e ^w rea*es ! k+ & 8 proclamation ( fa/ & m\rn+ goes =?4 ,! discrepancies might be remov$ by transf]r+ ! words 9 v]4 #f1 & !y cri$ a fa/1 & f ! greate/ ( !m1 to ! lea/ !y clo!d !mselves 9 sackclo?1 to ! end ( v]4 #h1 ) a or to introduce v]4 #i4 ,b1 z said above 7pp4 #dii1 #eaj1 n4 #adii71 x is m probable t ! text z x /&s 0 orig9al1 & t ! inconsi/5cies 9 ! ord] ( ! n>rative are due to its be+ a tale or p>able4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxviii ,,israel',s ,,jeal\sy ,,( ,,jehovah ,,jonah iv ,hav+ illu/rat$ ! tru?1 t ! ,g5tiles are capable ( rep5tance unto life1 ! ,book n[ describes ! effect ( _! escape ^u ,jonah1 & closes by reveal+ ,god's full he>t ^u ! matt]4 ,jonah is v angry t ,n9iveh has be5 sp>$4 ,is ?is 7z "s say7 because 8 own ^w has n be5 fulfill$8 ,9 ,israel !re 0 an accept$ rule t a prophet %\ld be judg$ by ! issue ( 8 pr$ictions3 ,if ?\ say 9 ?9e he>t1 ,h[ %all we "k ! ^w :i* ,jehovah ha? n spok58--:5 a prophet speake? 9 ! "n ( ,jehovah1 if ! ?+ foll[ n nor come to pass1 t is ! ?+ :i* ,jehovah ha? n spok51 b ! prophet ha? spok5 presumptu\sly1 ?\ %alt h no rev]5ce = him4#aeea ,0 x ?is t /ung ,jonah8 ,did he ask = dea? because m5 w\ld say ( him t :5 he pr$ict$ ,n9iveh's ov]?r[ he 0 false & _h n ,god's ^w8 ,( su* fe>s !re is no trace 9 ! /ory4 ,jonah nev] d\bts t 8 ^w came f ,jehovah1 nor dreads t o!r m5 w d\bt4 ,!re is absolutely no h9t ( anxiety z to 8 pr(essional reputation4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 ,jonah says t f ! fir/ he _h ! =ebod+1 gr\nd$ ^u 8 k ( ,god's "*1 t ,n9iveh w\ld be sp>$1 & t x 0 f ?is issue he %rank & fl$ to g to ,t>%i%4 ,9 %ort he c\ld n1 ei!r !n or n[1 ma/] 8 conviction t ! hea!n %\ld be de/roy$4 ,8 grief1 ?\gh fooli%1 is n selfi%4 ,he is angry1 n at ! baffl+ ( 8 ^w1 b at ,god's =be>ance ) ! foes & tyrants ( ,israel4 ,n[1 z 9 all else1 s 9 ?is1 ,jonah is ! type ( 8 p4 ,if we c judge f _! lit]ature aft] ! ,exile1 !y 7 n tr\bl$ by ! nonfulfilm5t ( prophecy1 except z "o item ( :at 0 ! problem ( _! fai?--! cont9u$ prosp]ity ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,& ?is 0 n1 :at x appe>s to be 9 "s ,psalms1 only an intellectual problem or an (f5ce to _! s5se ( ju/ice4 ,nor c\ld !y meet x always1 z "s ( _! prophets did1 ) a supreme intellectual scorn ( ! hea!n1 & 9 ! pr\d confid5ce t !y !mselves 7 ! fav\rites ( ,god4 ,= ! k t ,god 0 inf9itely graci\s haunt$ _! pride2 & f ! v he>t ( _! fai? arose a jeal\s fe> t ,he w\ld %[ ,8 grace to o!rs ?an !mselves4 ,to u x may be difficult to und]/& ?is temp]4 ,we h n be5 tra9$ to believe ourselves an elect p2 nor h we suff]$ at ! h&s ( ! hea!n4 ,yet1 at lea/1 we h contempor>ies & fell[-,*ri/ians among :om we may f9d /ill alive _m ( ! feel+s aga9/ :i* ! ,book ( ,jonah 0 writt54 ,take ! ,ori5tal ,*ur*es ( to-day4 ,c5turies ( oppression h creat$ 9 !m an awful hatr$ ( ! infidel1 b5ea? ^: p[] !y are h>dly suff]$ to live4 ,! b>e/ ju/ice calls = ! ov]?r[ ( _! oppressors4 ,t ^! %>e a common humanity ) !mselves is a s5se !y h ne>ly lo/4 ,= c5turies !y h _h no spiritual int]c\rse ) !m2 to try to conv]t a ,mohamm$an has be5 = twelve hundr$ ye>s a capital crime4 ,x is n wond]ful t ,ea/]n ,*ri/ians %\ld h long lo/ p[] to believe 9 ! conv]sion ( infidels1 & to feel t any?+ is due b _! de/ruction4 ,! pres5t writ] once ask$ a cultur$ & dev\t layman ( ! ,greek ,*ur*1 ,:y !n did ,god create s _m ,mohamm$ans8 ,! answ] came hot & fa/3 ,to fill up ,hell6 ,analog\s to ?is 7 ! feel+s ( ! ,jews t[>ds ! peoples :o _h conqu]$ & oppress$ !m4 ,b ! jeal\sy already allud$ to aggravat$ ^! feel+s to a rig\r no ,*ri/ian c ev] %>e4 ,:at "r _h ,god to ext5d to _! oppressors ,8 love = a p :o alone _h witness$ & suff]$ = ,him1 to :om ,he _h b\nd ,himself by s _m exclusive promises1 :om ,he _h call$ ,8 ,bride1 ,8 ,d>l+1 ,8 ,only ,"o8 ,& yet ! m ,israel dwelt ^u t ,love ! m !y 7 afraid ( x4 ,god _h be5 s graci\s & s long-suff]+ to !mselves t !y c\ld n tru/ ,him n to %[ ^! m]cies to o!rs4 ,9 :i* case1 :at 0 ! use ( _! uniqu5ess & privilege8 ,:at wor? 0 _! liv+ any m8 ,israel might z well p]i%4 ,x is ?is subtle /ory ( ,israel's jeal\sy ( ,jehovah1 & ,jehovah's g5tle treatm5t ( x1 :i* we foll[ 9 ! la/ *apt] ( ! book4 ,! *apt] />ts f ,jonah's confession ( a fe> ( ! results ( ,god's lov+k9dness & f 8 p]suasion t1 z ?is spread to ! hea!n1 ! life ( ,8 s]vant sp5t 9 opposition to ! hea!n 0 a wor?less life2 & ! *apt] closes ) ,god's own v9dication ( ,8 ,love to ,8 jeal\s prophet4 ,x 0 a great grief to ,jonah1 & he 0 ang]$2 & he pray$ to ,jehovah & said3 ,ah n[1 ,jehovah1 :ile ,i 0 /ill ^u m9e own gr\nd1 at ! "t t ,i prep>$ to flee to ,t>%i%1 0 n ?is my ^w1 t ,i knew ,!e to be a ,god graci\s & t5d]1 long-suff]+ & pl5te\s 9 love1 rel5t+ ( evil8 ,& n[1 ,jehovah1 take1 ,i pray ,!e1 my life f me1 = = me dea? is bett] ?an life4 ,9 ?is impati5ce ( life z well z 9 "s subsequ5t traits1 ! /ory ( ,jonah reflects t ( ,elijah4 ,b ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two prophets 0 ?is1 t :ile ,elijah 0 v jeal\s = ,jehovah1 ,jonah 0 v jeal\s ( ,him4 ,jonah c\ld n be> to see ! love promis$ to ,israel alone1 & *]i%$ by h]1 be/[$ equally ^u h] hea!n oppressors4 ,& he behav$ aft] ! mann] ( jeal\sy & ( ! he>t t ?9ks itself insult$4 ,he )drew1 & sulk$ 9 solitude1 & w\ld take no responsibility nor fur!r int]e/ 9 8 "w4 ,su* m5 are be/ treat$ by a cau/ic g5tl5ess1 a little hum\r1 a little rally+1 a leav+ to nature1 & a tak+ unaw>es 9 _! own confess$ prejudices4 ,all ^!--,i d>e to ?9k ev5 ! hum\r--are pres5t 9 ,god's treatm5t ( ,jonah4 ,?is is v natural & v beautiful4 ,twice ! ,div9e ,voice speaks ) a s(t s>casm3 ,art ?\ v angry8#aeeb ,!n ,jonah's affections1 turn$ f man & ,god1 are all[$ _! c\rse ) a bit ( nature1 ! fre% & gre5 companion ( 8 solitude2 & !n :5 all 8 pity = ?is has be5 r\s$ by its de/ruction1 t v pity is employ$ to awak5 8 sympa?y ) ,god's compassion = ! great city1 & he is %[n h[ he has d5i$ to ,god ! same natural affection :i* he confesses to be s /rong 9 himself4 ,b :y try fur!r to exp\nd s cle> & obvi\s an argum5t8 ,b ,jehovah said1 ,art ?\ s v angry8 ,jonah w\ld n answ]--h[ lifelike is 8 sil5ce at ?is po9t6--b w5t out f ! city & sat d[n be=e x1#aeec & made him !re a boo? & dwelt b5ea? x 9 ! %ade1 till he %\ld see :at happ5$ 9 ! city4 ,& ,jehovah ,god prep>$ a g\rd1#aeed & x grew up above ,jonah to be a %ad[ ov] 8 head4444#aeee ,& ,jonah rejoic$ 9 ! g\rd ) a great joy4 ,b z dawn came up ! next day ,god prep>$ a worm1 & ?is#aeef w\nd$ ! g\rd1 t x p]i%$4 ,& x came to pass1 :5 ! sun rose1 t ,god prep>$ a dry ea/-w9d1#aeeg & ! sun smote on ,jonah's head1 s t he 0 fa9t1 & begg$ = himself t he might die1#aeeh say+1 ,bett] my dy+ ?an my liv+6 ,& ,god said unto ,jonah1 ,art ?\ s v angry ab\t ! g\rd8 ,& he said1 ,i am v angry--ev5 unto dea?6 ,& ,jehovah said3 ,?\ c>e/ = a g\rd = :i* ?\ ha/ n travail$1 nor ha/ ?\ br\ght x up1 a ?+ t came 9 a night & 9 a night has p]i%$4#aeei ,& %all ,i n c>e = ,n9iveh1 ! ,great ,city1#aefj 9 :i* !re are m ?an twelve times t5 ?\s& human be+s :o "k n _! "r h& f _! left1 besides mu* cattle8 ,god has v9dicat$ ,8 love to ! jeal\sy ( ^? :o ?\ght t x 0 !irs alone4 ,& we are left ) ?is gr& vague vision ( ! immeasurable city1 ) its multitude ( innoc5t *ildr5 & cattle1 & ,god's compassion brood+ ov] all4 ,,footnotes3 #aeea ,deut4 xviii4 #ba1 #bb4 #aeeb ,! ,hebrew may be translat$ ei!r1 fir/1 ,doe/ ?\ well to be angry8 or second1 ,art ?\ v angry8 ,our v]sions bo? pref] ! fir/1 ?\gh !y put ! second 9 ! m>g94 ,! ,,lxx4 take ! second4 ,t ! second is ! "r "o is n only prov$ by its great] suitabl5ess1 b by ,jonah's answ] to ! "q1 ,i am v angry1 yea1 ev5 unto dea?4 #aeec ,heb4 ! city4 #aeed 1 ! ,egyptian kiki1 ! ,ric9us or ,palma ,*ri/i4 ,see above1 p4 #dih1 n4 #adgc4 #aeee ,heb4 adds to save him f 8 evil1 p]haps a gloss4 #aeef ,heb4 x4 #aeeg 4 ,! ,t>gum implies a quiet1 i4e4 swelt]+1 ea/ w9d4 ,hitzig ?9ks t ! "n is d]iv$ f ! season ( pl\gh+ & "s mod]n prov]bs appe> to be> ?is out3 an autumn ea/ w9d4 ,,lxx4 ,siegfri$-,/ade3 a cutt+ ea/ w9d1 z if f 4 ,/e9] em5ds to 1 z if f ! pi]c+1 a poetic "n ( ! sun2 & ,bhme1 ,z4,a4,t4,w41 ,,vii4 #bef1 to 1 f 1 to gl[4 ,khl] 7,!ol4 ,rev41 ,,xvi41 p4 #adc7 comp>es 1 dri$ clay4 #aeeh ,heb43 begg$ 8 life1 t he might die4 #aeei ,heb43 :i* 0 ! son ( a night1 & son ( a night has p]i%$4 #aefj ,g54 x4 #ab4 ,,index ,,( ,,prophets ,,habakkuk1 ,introduction1 #aae2 ,*aps4 i4--ii4 #d1 #abi2 ii4 #e-bj1 #adc2 iii41 #adi4 ,,haggai1 ,introduction1 #bbe2 ,*ap4 i41 #bcf2 ii4 #a-i1 #bda2 ii4 #aj-ai1 #bdd2 ii4 #bj-bc1 #bej4 ,,joel1 ,introduction1 #cge2 ,*aps4 i4--ii4 #ag1 #cih2 ii4 #ah-cb1 #dah2 iii41 #dca4 ,,jonah1 ,introduction1 #dic2 ,*ap4 i41 #ead2 ii41 #ebc2 iii41 #ebi2 iv41 #ecf4 8,,mala*i10 ,introduction1 #cca2 ,*ap4 i4 #b-e1 #cdi2 i4 #f-ad1 #ceb2 ii4 #a-i1 #cfj2 ii4 #aj-af1 #cfc2 ii4 #ag--;iii4 #e1 #cfe2 iii4 #f-ab1 #cfg2 iii4 #ac--;iv4 #b 7,eng42 iii4 #ac-ba ,heb471 #cfi2 iv4 #c-e 7,eng42 iii4 #bb-bd ,heb471 #cga4 ,,nahum1 ,introduction1 #gg2 ,*ap4 i41 #ij2 ii41 iii41 #if4 ,,obadiah1 ,introduction1 #afc2 vv4 #a-ba1 #agc1 #agg4 ,,ze*>iah 7i4--viii471 ,introduction1 #bee2 ,*ap4 i4 #a-f1 #bfg2 i4 #g-ag1 #bhc2 i4 #ah-ba 7,eng42 ii4 #a-d ,heb471 #bhf2 ii4 #a-e 7,eng42 ii4 #e-i ,heb471 #bhg2 iii41 #bib2 iv41 #big2 v4 #a-d1 #cja2 v4 #e-aa1 #cjc2 vi4 #a-h1 #cje2 vi4 #i-ae1 #cjg2 vii41 #cbj2 viii41 #cbc4 8,,ze*>iah0 7ix4--xiv471 ,introduction1 #ddi2 ,*ap4 ix4 #a-h1 #dfc2 ix4 #i-ab1 #dff2 ix4 #ac-ag1 #dfg2 x4 #a1 #b1 #dfi2 x4 #c-ab1 #dgj2 xi4 #a-c1 #dgc2 xi4 #d-ag1 #dgc2 xii4 #a-g1 #dgh2 xii4 #h--xiii4 #f1 #dha2 xiii4 #g-i1 #dgc1 #dgg2 xiv41 #dhe4 ,,zephaniah1 ,introduction1 #ce2 ,*aps4 i4--ii4 #c1 #df2 ii4 #d-ae1 #fa2 iii4 #a-ac1 #fg2 iii4 #ad-bj1 #fg1 #gc4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,hazell1 ,,watson1 ,,& ,,v9ey1 ,,ld41 ,,london ,,& ,,aylesbury4