,vol4 ,i4 ,no4 #d4 ,,! ,,national ,,geographic ,,magaz9e4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,national ,,geographic ,,society4 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,price #ej ,c5ts4 ,,cont5ts4 ,irrigation 9 ,cali=nia1 by ,wm4 ,hammond ,hall1 ,/ate ,eng9e] ( ,cali=nia ,r\nd ab\t ,a%eville1 by ,bailey ,willis 7,illu/rat$ by "o ,map & ,pr(ile47 ,a ,trip to ,panama & ,d>i51 by ,ri*>d ,u4 ,goode 7,illu/rat$ by "o ,map & ,pr(ile47 ,across ,nic>agua ) ,transit & ,ma*te1 by ,r4 ,e4 ,pe>y1 ,civil ,eng9e]1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 7,illu/rat$ by "o ,map & ?ree ,views47 ,octob]1 #ahhi4 ,,press ,,( ,,tuttle1 ,,moreh\se ,,taylor1 ,,new ,,hav51 ,,conn4 ,,! ,,national ,,geographic ,,magaz9e4 ,vol4 ,i4 #ahhi4 ,no4 #d4 ,,irrigation ,,9 ,,cali=nia4 ,,by ,,wm4 ,,hammond ,,hall4 ,mr4 ,presid5t & ,g5tlem5 ( ! ,society3 ,:5 ,i 0 invit$ to address ?is society ,i _h no mat]ial at h& on ! subject4 ,i h come to ! ea/ )\t any notes or memor&a :atev]1 f :i* to prep>e a lecture or address1 no /ati/ical data :i* w\ld make a pap] valuable1 no notes ( *>act]i/ic facts to r5d] an address int]e/+1 & no "t to write any?+ to guide me 9 any way to a prop] treatm5t ( ! subject4 ,"s ( y\r memb]s h ?\ght t ,i h writt5 some?+ wor?y ( be+ read1 & h5ce ?is invitation to address y4 ,b1 ev5 if !y are "r1 p :o c write _c always talk1 s if ,i fail 9 ?is address1 ,i %all hope1 on ! basis ( _! op9ion1 t y w f9d 9 ! reports ,i h writt5 some?+ wor?y ( read+4 ,! subject has be5 ann\nc$ z ! ,problems ( ,irrigation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i %\ld l v mu* to speak broadly on t subject1 b ,i am unable to d s1 = ! reasons ,i h giv51 & %all h to speak r ( irrigation 9 ,cali=nia1 tru/+ t some?+ :i* is said1 may1 p]*ance1 be valuable 9 relation to ! subject at l>ge4 ,irrigation 9 ! f> we/1 g5]ally1 is attract+ a va/ deal ( att5tion4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case on ! ,pacific ,coa/--! field ) :i* ,i am specially acqua9t$4 ,i appreh5d t al?\gh _m g5tlem5 pres5t h a f>-rea*+ & def9ite appreciation ( ! subject at l>ge1 _m o!rs d n appreciate ! value & importance ( irrigation4 ,9 ! arid p>ts ( ,cali=nia 7= we d n admit t ,cali=nia is z a :ole arid7 x is a vital matt]4 ,!re x is a "q ( life1 = ! p4 ,n m ?an "o-six? ( ! tillable area 9 ! ,/ate c su/a9 a really d5se population1 )\t irrigation2 two ?irds ( x w n su/a9 ev5 a mod]ate population1 )\t irrigation2 :ile "o ?ird w n su/a9 ev5 a sp>se population1 )\t su* artificial wat]+4 ,?9k well ov] ^! facts4 ,!y are v significant4 ,i d\bt :e!r !y are g5]ally appreciat$ 9 ,cali=nia itself4 ,i h no d\bt _m p]sons are famili> ) ! geography ( ! ,/ate1 b1 d\btless1 "s are n4 ,cali=nia has a coa/ l9e ( #hjj miles & a wid? ( f #adj to #bdj miles4 ,x is trav]s$ almo/ ?r\gh\t its l5g? by a great m\nta9 *a9 ext5d+ along ne> ! ea/]n b\nd>y1 :i* is call$ ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 & by a less] range1 m brok5 & less unifi$1 runn+ p>allel to ! coa/1 call$ ! ,coa/ ,range1 ! s\!rn ext5sion ( :i*1 aft] jo9+ ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 is call$ ! ,si]ra ,madre1 & at ! fur!r extremity1 ! ,san ,jac9to & ,san ,diego m\nta9s4 ,)9 ! int]ior ( ! ,/ate1 look$ d[n ^u by ! ,si]ra ,nevada on ! ea/1 & clos$ 9 by ! ,coa/ ,range on ! we/1 is ! great int]ior bas9--! valley ( ! ,san ,joaqu9 & ,sacram5to riv]s--=m+ a pla9 #dej miles long1 ) an av]age wid? ( f #dj to #fj miles4 ,outside ( ! ,si]ra ,madre 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,/ate1 & )9 ! ,coa/ ,range1 is ano!r int]ior valley1 ne>ly #ajj miles 9 l5g? & f #bj to #cj miles 9 wid?1 & outside ( ! ,coa/ ,range1 & ly+ next to ! ocean1 is a pla9 ^: l5g? is f #fj to #gj miles1 & wid? #ae to #bj miles4 ,^! ?ree areas--! great int]ior valley1 ! s\!rn int]ior valley1 & ! coa/ pla9 ( ! s\?--are ! pr9cipal irrigation regions ( ! ,/ate4 ,numb]s ( small] areas1 z ^? 9 ,san ,diego c\nty1 come 9 z irrigation regions ( less importance1 & ! scatt]+ valleys along ! ,coa/ ,range f>!r nor?1 z ! ,sal9as1 etc41 w come =w>d 9 ! future z important irrigable di/ricts ( ! ,/ate4 ,/ill fur!r nor?1 9 ! int]ior1 !re are ! great pla9s ( ,lass5 & ,mono c\nties1 & "s scatt]+ valleys 9 ,%a/a c\nty1 :]e irrigation is also practic$ or is be+ introduc$1 & ^! are on a p> ) ! di/ricts ( ,san ,diego c\nty1 9 ! matt] ( rank z irrigation regions4 ,ea/ ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 & at _! base1 lies ! ,ow5's riv] c\ntry1 an area suitable = irrigation1 :]e irrigation is necess>y & :]e x is be+ introduc$4 ,^u ! great ,mojave des]t & ! ,colorado des]t1 !re is at pres5t no irrigation4 ,! wat] supply is v scanty4 ,?is is an irrigation region ( ! future1 b x is n reg>d$ by ,cali=nians z a practicable "o at pres5t4 ,) ?is g5]al idea ( ! ,/ate1 we w n[ look at ! ra9fall & wat] supply4 ,! ,/ate conta9s #aeg1ddj squ>e miles ( t]ritory1 ( :i* #ag1gdg dra9 into ! ocean nor? ( ! ,gold5 ,gate1 #ba1ffe dra9 into ! ocean s\? ( ! ,gold5 ,gate1 #ee1idb dra9 into ! int]ior bas9s1 & #fb1jhf dra9 out at ! ,gold5 ,gate4 ,( ?is t]ritory :i* dra9s out by ! ,gold5 ,gate1 #bf1ahg squ>e miles comprise ! ,sacram5to valley1 #ca1hie squ>e miles ! ,san ,joaqu9 valley1 & #d1jjd ! c\ntry dra9+ directly to ! bays1 mak+ ! #fb1jhf giv5 above z ! :ole area4 ,! necessity = irrigation 9 ,cali=nia1 & ! relative necessity 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,/ate1 are %[n by ! di/ribution ( ra9fall4 ,! ,san ,joaqu9 valley has an av]age ( less ?an #aj in*es ( ra9fall1 ! ,sacram5to has an av]age ( betwe5 #aj & #bj in*es4 ,! great des]ts ( ! ,mojave & ,colorado h an av]age ( less ?an #aj in*es1 & 9 c]ta9 localities only #c to #f in*es4 ,! ,sal9as valley1 a small portion ( ! coa/ above ,los ,angeles1 & a portion ( ! int]ior valley ( ! s\?1 h also an av]age ( less ?an #aj in*es4 ,s1 we may say1 t ! great irrigation regions ( ,cali=nia h av]age am\nts ( ra9fall v>y+ f ab\t #f up to #bj1 b g5]ally less ?an #aj in*es4 ,?is ra9 is di/ribut$ 9 f\r or five mon?s ( ea* ye>1 ) "s slight %[]s 9 "o or two mon?s o!r ?an ^!2 ! rema9d] ( ! ye> be+ absolutely dry1 ) no ra9fall :atev]4 ,h5ce1 y w see at once1 ! necessity = ! artificial application ( wat] 9 ,cali=nia4 ,9 ! old] c\ntries ( ,europe1 :]e irrigation has be5 practic$ = c5turies1 = in/ance1 9 ,spa91 :]e wat] is us$ m ext5sively ?an 9 ,cali=nia1 ! annual mean ra9fall ranges betwe5 #aj & #be in*es4 ,9 ! irrigation regions ( ,france1 ! mean ra9fall ranges f #aj to #dj in*es2 9 ! irrigation regions ( ,italy1 ! ra9fall is betwe5 #bj & #ce in*es--= in/ance1 9 ! valley ( ! ,po1 ! classic l& ( irrigation1 ! annual precipitation is f #be to #ce in*es4 ,!re are none ( ^! ,european irrigation regions :]e ! ra9fall is less ?an #aj1 & g5]ally x is ov] #bj in*es4 ,b y w see t ! mo/ ( ! ,cali=nian irrigation regions h less ?an #ae in*es1 "s less ?an #aj1 & ! greate/ ra9fall ( any l>ge irrigable region 9 ,cali=nia is #ah in*es1 or1 exceptionally1 = small] regions1 #be in*es2 :ile 9 ,europe1 ! maxima are f #be to #dj in*es 9 c\ntries :]e irrigation has long be5 practic$4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t !re is no place 9 ,europe :]e x is s mu* ne$$ z ov] a l>ge "p ( ,cali=nia4 ,ano!r reason :y ! necessity is felt 9 our ,pacific ,coa/ ,/ate1 is f\nd 9 ! "* ( our soils2 & n alone ! surface soils1 b ! base ( ! soil--! deep subsoils4 ,we h soils exceptionally deep2 soils :i* ext5d bel[ ! surface to #ej feet1 und]laid by loose s& & op5 gravels1 s t ! ra9fall ( w9t] is lo/ 9 !m4 ,! annual ra9 seldom runs f ! surface4 ,x foll[s t ^! l&s are g5]ally b>r5 ( vegetation )\t ! artificial application ( wat]4 ,consid]+ n[ ! s\rces ( wat]-supply3 we h 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,/ate _m /reams :i* fl[ only = a few weeks aft] ra9fall1 & o!r /reams :i* run two or ?ree mon?s aft] ! ra9y season4 ,b !re is n a /ream 9 all ,cali=nia s\? ( ! ,si]ra ,madre 7except ! ,colorado1 :i* has x s\rces ( supply outside ( ! ,/ate7 :i* fl[s dur+ ! summ] ) a great] volume ?an ab\t #gj to #hj cubic feet p] second--a /ream #ae feet 9 wid?1 #b feet deep1 & fl[+ at ! rate ( #b to #c feet p] second--a little /ream t1 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! cont95t1 w\ld be ?\ght insignificant4 ,! l>ge/ /ream = six mon?s 9 ! ye>1 9 all s\!rn ,cali=nia1 is ! ,los ,angeles riv]4 ,! ,santa ,aa riv]1 ! next l>ge/1 fl[s f two sev5?s to "o ?ird z mu*2 ! ,san ,gabriel1 ! next l>ge/1 has p]haps two ?irds or ?ree f\r?s z mu* z ! ,santa ,aa2 & s1 a /ream :i* w deliv] z mu* wat] z w fl[ 9 a box #d feet wide & #a feet deep1 at a mod]ate spe$1 dur+ summ] mon?s1 w\ld be reg>d$ z a good-siz$ irrigation fe$] 9 t s\!rn c\ntry4 ,9 ! great] int]ior bas9 or c5tral valley1 we f9d o!r conditions4 ,"h we h a diff]5t class ( /reams4 ,! great ,si]ra ,nevada receives sn[ ^u its summits1 :i* does n melt till ,may or ,june & ,july4 ,! melt+ ( ^! sn[s is ! s\rce ( supply ( ! /reams2 s t1 :ile 9 f> s\!rn ,cali=nia1 ) two or ?ree exceptions1 ! great] fl[ ( wat] 9 ! /reams is almo/ gone by ,june1 9 ?is c5tral region x is ! p]iod ( ! height ( irrigation1 & ! /reams are fl[+ at _! maximum4 ,k]n riv] pres5ts ab\t #bjjj to #cjjj cubic feet ( wat] p] second2 ,k+'s riv] pres5ts 9 ! maximum fl[ ( ! season ab\t twice to ?ree times z mu* z ,k]n riv]2 ! ,tuolumne riv] ab\t z mu* z ,k+'s4 ,z we g f>!r nor?1 ! ,sacram5to riv] pres5ts m ?an ?ree times z mu* z ! ,tuolumne1 s t 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! great valley1 :]e ! ra9fall on ! valley itself is greate/1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! necessity = irrigation is lea/1 ! irrigation supply increases2 & conv]sely1 ! greate/ area ( irrigation 9 ! valley & ! greate/ necessity = x1 is1 9 g5]al1 :]e ! wat] supply is lea/4 ,ab\t #ajj ye>s ago irrigation 0 comm5c$ 9 ,cali=nia4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic prie/s1 com+ f ,mexico :]e irrigation _h long be5 practic$1 introduc$ x4 ,!y e/abli%$ missions among ! ,indians1 />t$ cultivation1 & by ! labor ( ^! ,indians built ! orig9al irrigation works4 ,! practice ( irrigation 0 ext5d$ 9 ,san ,diego c\nty1 z f> z we are able to trace1 to sev]al ?\s& acres2 9 ,san ,b]n>d9o c\nty 9 ! s\!rn int]ior valley1 !y ?us cultivat$ & wat]$1 p]haps #bjjj acres2 & 9 ,los ,angeles c\nty !re 7 possibly #cjjj acres irrigat$ "u ,mexican rule4 ,traces ( ! old mission works are f\nd 9 ,san ,diego1 ,san ,b]n>d9o & ,los ,angeles c\nties1 & z f> nor? z ,mont]ey c\nty4 ,!n came ! gold fev]1 :5 canals 7 dug ?r\gh\t ! foot-hills ( ! we/]n slope ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 = ! supply ( wat] = ! m9+ ( gold2 & ^! canals h s9ce1 9 _m in/ances1 be5 turn$ into fe$]s = irrigation4 ,sev]al ?\s& miles ( irrigation dit*es h ?us be5 creat$ f old m9+ dit*es4 ,9 #aheb1 a b& ( ,mormons came f ,salt ,lake into ! ,san ,b]n>d9o valley2 !y b\ght a ,mexican grant ran*o !re1 took possession ( "s old mission works1 con/ruct$ o!rs & />t$ irrigat+4 ,t 0 probably ! fir/ irrigation colony1 on a l>ge scale1 compos$ ( o!rs ?an ,mexicans1 9 ,cali=nia4 ,9 #ahef1 "s ,miss\ri settl]s w5t into ! valley ( ,k]n riv]1 div]t$ wat] f t /ream1 & comm5c$ irrigation ^u a small scale4 ,9 #aheh1 ! wat]s ( ,ca*e creek1 9 ! ,sacram5to valley1 7 tak5 out = irrigation4 ,9 #ahei1 ! wat]s ( ,k+'s riv] 7 tak5 out & utiliz$ = irrigation4 ,^! in/ances repres5t 9 g5]al outl9e ! comm5cem5t ( irrigation 9 ! ,/ate4 ,n[ we h 9 ! neighborhood ( #gej1jjj or #hjj1jjj acres actually irrigat$ ea* ye>1 & t repres5ts :at w\ld ord9>ily be call$ an irrigation area ( #a1bjj1jjj acres2 & !re are comm&$ by ! works--reasonably )9 ! rea* ( exi/+ canals--an area ( ab\t #b1ejj1jjj acres4 ,9 ! organization ( irrigation ent]prises !re is great div]sity4 ,comm5c+ ) ! simple/ =m1 we h a dit* con/ruct$ by ! individual irrigator = 8 own use2 we h !n successively dit*es con/ruct$ by associat$ irrigators )\t a def9ite organization1 = ! s]vice ( _! own l& only2 dit*es con/ruct$ by regul>ly organiz$ associations ( f>m]s1 ) elect$ (fic]s2 works con/ruct$ by f>m]s :o h incorporat$ "u ! g5]al laws ( ! ,/ate & issu$ /ock c]tificates ( own]%ip 9 ! prop]ties1 = ! s]vice ( ! /ockhold]s only2 works :]e incorporations h be5 =m$ = ! purpose ( atta*+ wat] /ock to l&s t are to be sold1 br++ 9 ! elem5t ( speculation2 !n works :]e ! organization has be5 effect$ ) a view ( sell+ wat]-rights2 & f9ally1 organizations t are incorporat$ = ! purpose ( sell+ wat]4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! pr9ciples ( ^! me?ods ( organization1 & ! practical outcome is a great diff]5ce 9 ! s]vice ( wat] & 9 ! duty ( wat] furni%$ by !m4 ,9 sell+ wat]1 measurem5t ( volume is made by modules--! actual am\nt ( wat] deliv]$ is measur$--or x is sold by ! acre s]v$1 or 9 proportional p>ts ( ! total available fl[ ( ! season4 ,! g5]al "* ( ! irrigation works ( ! ,/ate v>ies v mu* ) ! v>y+ conditions "u :i* x is practic$4 ,9 ! ,san ,joaqu9 valley1 ,k+'s riv]1 = in/ance1 comes out ( ! m\nta9s ne>ly on a level ) ! surface ( ! pla91 cutt+ d[n n m ?an a few feet bel[ its banks2 & h5ce b little labor is requir$ to div]t its wat]s out ^u ! l&s to be irrigat$2 b f>!r nor?1 ! ,tuolumne1 z ano!r example1 comes out ( ! m\nta9s 9 a deep caon1 & ! foot-hills ext5d f> d[n ! pla9 on ea* side4 ,x is easily se51 !n1 t x w require a million or m doll>s to div]t f ! latt] /ream ! am\nt ( wat] div]t$ f ,k+'s riv] by ! exp5diture ( a few mon?s' "w1 by a small =ce ( ! f>m]s !mselves4 ,on ,k+'s riv]1 individual & simple cop]ative ef=t is suffici5t to br+ wat] en\gh ^u ! pla9s to irrigate ?\s&s ( acres1 :ile 9 ! case ( ! ,tuolumne riv] x is absolutely necess>y to h associat$ capital 9 l>ge am\nt--an entirely diff]5t pr9ciple ( organization f t :i* 0 orig9ally appli$ on ,k+'s riv] & ! ,k]n & o!r riv]s 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! great c5tral valley4 ,9 discussions on ! subject ( irrigation "s p h advanc$ ! idea t ! works %\ld be und]tak5 by ! f>m]s1 & t capital %\ld h no?+ to d ) !m4 ,t may d v well :]e ! physical conditions w admit ( su* a c\rse1 & :]e no?+ b ! f>m]s' own s]vice dep5ds ^u x2 b ! great majority ( ! /reams ( ,cali=nia are ( su* a "* t ! "w ( ! f>m]s c avail no?+4 ,!re mu/ be /rong associations & l>ge capital4 ,= ?is purpose special laws are requir$4 ,on ! ,santa ,aa1 9 ,san ,b]n>d9o c\nty1 wat] has be5 easily div]t$1 & su* is ! case ) e /ream 9 ! int]ior valley ( ,san ,b]n>d9o & ,los ,angeles c\nties4 ,capital = ! fir/ works 0 n requir$4 ,! wat] 0 procur$ by primitive me?ods & ! works 7 simple4 ,b 9 ,san ,diego1 an entirely diff]5t condition ( affairs prevail$4 ,!re ! wat]s are back 9 ! m\nta9s1 tw5ty or tw5ty-five miles f ! coa/1 & ! irrigable l&s are close along ! coa/1 or )9 t5 or twelve miles ( x4 ,to br+ ! wat] out ( ^! m\nta9s requires ! con/ruction ( dit*es foll[+ ! m\nta9 sides = #bj to #ce miles4 ,b simple dit*es d n answ]1 because ( ! great quantity ( wat] lo/ f !m4 ,s ! companies h resort$ to flum+1 & ev5 to l9+ ! dit*es ) cem5t4 ,?us 9 ,san ,diego1 individual ef=t is out ( ! "q4 ,f>!r nor? aga91 9 ! great int]ior valley1 ,k+'s riv] is a /ream :]e cop]ative & individual ef=t h be5 effici5t1 al?\gh x requires a great] am\nt ( capital !re ?an 9 ! s\!rn int]ior valley4 ,9 ! s\!rn int]ior valley1 p]haps1 #aj1jjj w\ld (t5 build a dit* & div]t all ! wat] t ! supply w\ld furni%4 ,on ,k+'s riv] ! works h co/ f #ae1jjj to #hj1jjj ea*2 on ,k]n riv] ! works h co/ f #ae1jjj to #bej1jjj ea*2 & on ! ,tuolumne !y w co/ f #a1jjj1jjj to #a1bjj1jjj apiece4 ,on ,m]c$ riv]1 ! co/ has be5 #hjj1jjj = "o "w4 ,tak+ ! /reams f ,san ,joaqu9 riv] nor?1 t come out ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 up to ! nor!rn end ( ! valley :]e ! ,sacram5to riv] ent]s x1 e important /ream comes into ! valley )9 a deep gorge4 ,! b$s ( sev]al ( ! nor!rn /reams are s fill$ up ) m9+ debris t div]sion f !m w\ld be comp>atively easy1 b 9 _! natural /ate !re is n an important /ream nor? ( ! ,san ,joaqu9 :i* c\ld be utiliz$ = irrigation by any o!r means ?an ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( capital 9 l>ge am\nt4 ,on ! we/ side ( ?is great valley ! tillable /rip is comp>atively n>r[4 ,x is on ! lee side ( ! coa/ range ( m\nta9s4 ,precipitation is made fir/ on ! seaw>d face ( ! ,coa/ ,range1 & !n crosses ! valley1 dropp+ ^u ! inl& face ( ! out] range v little m ?an ^u ! valley itself1 :]e ! precipitation is only ab\t #aj in*es4 ,s t we h no /reams com+ out ( ! ,coa/ ,range into ! s\!rn "p ( ! int]ior valley specially notewor?y z irrigation fe$]s4 ,b z we g nor?w>d ! ,coa/ ,range becomes wid]1 & ! big m\nta9 bas9 conta9+ ,cle> ,lake furni%es a l>ge supply ( wat] to ,ca*e ,creek1 probably en\gh = #aj1jjj acres4 ,/ony ,creek fl[s betwe5 two ridges ( ! ,coa/ ,range1 & out on to ! pla9s1 furni%+ ab\t ! same am\nt ( wat]2 b /ill !re are no /reams f ! ,coa/ ,range into ! valley t are comp>able ) ^? ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada4 ,9 ! nor!a/]n corn] ( ! ,/ate1 on ! great pla9s ( ,modoc1 we h ! ,pitt riv]1 a /ream ( v consid]able volume1 b its wat]s are 9 comp>atively deep *annels1 n v well adapt$ to div]sion1 & ! consequ5ce is1 !y h be5 utiliz$ to a v small ext5t1 only on small bottom-l& f>ms4 ,! :ole /ream c be utiliz$1 h[ev]1 & ! c\ntry is ?ir/+ = wat]4 ,! practice ( irrigation 9 ,cali=nia is z div]se z x c\ld well be4 ,cali=nia1 z y "k1 cov]s a v l>ge range 9 latitude1 b a great] range 9 ! matt] ( climate & adaptability to ! cultivation ( crops4 ,9 ! s\!rn portion ( ! ,/ate1 ! orange & ! banana & _m o!r semi-tropical fruits fl\ri%4 ,9 "s localities along ! foot-hills ( ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 also1 ^? fruits fl\ri%1 p>ticul>ly ! orange & ! lemon4 ,9 ! valley ( ,san ,joaqu91 :eat is gr[n by irrigation1 & 9 "s places pr(itably1 & 9 ,k]n c\nty q pr(itably 77 x n = high transportation *>ges71 because ! co/ ( di/ribut+ & apply+ wat] has be5 r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,!re ! l&s h be5 laid out ) z mu* c>e & precision z ! ar*itect w\ld lay out ! /ones 9 a build+ & ! mason w\ld place !m4 ,irrigation is conduct$ 9 "s ,k]n riv] di/ricts ) ! greate/ ease1 sc>cely requir+ ! use ( ! %ovel4 ,! l&s are s laid (f ) ! *eck levels t by simply op5+ gates 9 ! prop] ord]1 z ! irrigation sup]9t5d5ts "k h[1 ! wat]s fl[ out & cov] ! successive plats or *ecks 9 _! ord]1 )\t leav+ any /&+ wat]1 & f9ally fl[+ (f )\t mat]ial wa/e4 ,?is is ! p]fection ( irrigation by ! broad or subm]g+ sy/em1--a me?od :]e9 ! slope ( ! gr\nd is fir/ asc]ta9$1 platt$ by cont\rs1 & ! *ecks to hold ! wat]1 con/ruct$ ) scrap]s1 are !n run out on slight grade cont\rs--n p]fectly level1 b on v g5tle slopes4 ,!re is no portion ( ! f> s\!rn "p ( ! ,/ate :]e ! *eck me?od is appli$ z x is 9 ,k]n c\nty4 ,! practice 9 ,san ,b]n>d9o is to irrigate entirely by runn+ wat] 9 rills betwe5 ! r[s ( plants4 ,orange trees plant$ #bd to #cj feet ap>t are irrigat$ by rills 9 pl\gh furr[s1 #e to #h betwe5 r[s1 d[n ! slope ( ! or*>d1 :i* slope v>ies f ab\t #a foot 9 a hundr$ to #d or #e 9 a hundr$4 ,9 ,los ,angeles c\nty !y make banks ab\t a foot high ar\nd ea* individual tree1 =m+ bas9s #e or #f to #aj or #ab feet 9 diamet] accord+ to ! size ( ! tree4 ,into ^! ! wat] is conduct$ by a dit*1 & ! bas9 be+ fill$1 ! wat] is all[$ to rema9 & soak away4 ,! l[1 ne>ly flat valley l&s1 :5 irrigat$1 are g5]ally divid$ into squ>e *ecks1 )\t respect to ! slope ( ! gr\nd1 & ! surface is simply flood$ 9 wat] /&+ #f in*es to a foot 9 dep?4 ,9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,/ate1 9 ,plac] & ,yuba c\nties1 clov] is gr[n on hills hav+ side slopes ( #aj to #ae feet 9 a hundr$1 & irrigat$ 9 pl\gh furr[s cut ar\nd on cont\rs--:i* furr[s are ab\t #e to #aj feet ap>t horizontally--& ! wat] is all[$ to soak into ! gr\nd f ea* su* furr[4 ,^! are ! five pr9cipal me?ods ( apply+ wat]3 by ! *eck sy/em2 by rills2 by ! bas9 me?od2 by ! bas9 me?od z appli$ to l[ valleys2 & by cont\r dit*es on hill sides4 ,! me?od select$ = any p>ticul> locality is det]m9$ n alone by ! crop to be cultivat$1 b also by ! slope ( ! l& & ! "* ( ! soil4 ,= in/ance1 on l&s :]e oranges are cultivat$1 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,/ate1 :]e rills are mo/ g5]ally us$1 wat] _c be appli$ by ! flood+ sy/em1 = ! reason t irrigation w\ld be foll[$ by crack+ ( ! soil1 s t ! trees w\ld be kill$4 ,x is necess>y on su* l& to cultivate imm$iately aft] irrigation1 & ! me?od ( application is gov]n$ m by ! soil ?an by ! "* ( ! crop4 ,we f9d 9 ,cali=nia v m>k$ & important effects foll[+ irrigation4 ,= in/ance1 tak+ ! great pla9s ( ,fresno1 9 ! ,san ,joaqu9 valley3 :5 irrigation comm5c$ !re tw5ty ye>s ago1 x 0 #gj to #hj feet d[n to soil wat]--absolutely dry soil = ne>ly #hj feet--& x 0 ! rule ?r\gh\t ! great pla91 #bj miles 9 wid? & #be miles 9 l5g?1 t soil wat] 0 beyond ! rea* ( ! suction pump2 n[1 9 places1 wat] /&s on ! surface1 ru%es gr[1 mosquitos bre$1 mal>ial fev]s ab\nd1 & ! p are cry+ = dra9age2 & l&s1 ^: own]s paid f five to tw5ty doll>s p] acre = ! "r to receive wat]1 n[ ne$ dra9age1 & irrigation is consid]$ unnecess>y4 ,! am\nt ( wat] tak5 f ,k+'s riv] :i* 01 a few ye>s ago1 reg>d$ z n m ?an suffici5t = "o t5? ( ! l& imm$iately comm&$ & t seem$ to require x1 is n[ appli$ to a f\r? ( ! :ole area2 s t if irrigation keeps on1 ! "t w come :5 ! :ole c\ntry w require dra9+4 ,9 a di/rict1 :]e wat] is appli$ by ! broad me?od1 ,i saw 9 #ahgg en\gh wat]1 by actual measurem5t ( fl[1 put on #bj acres ( l& to cov] x #ah feet deep1 9 "o season1 c\ld x all h be5 reta9$ ^u x4 ,x simply soak$ into ! gr\nd1 or fl[$ out "u ! great pla94 ,tak+ cross sections ( ?is c\ntry1 nor? & s\? & ea/ & we/1 ,i f\nd t :]e ! dep? to soil wat] _h1 be=e irrigation1 be5 ab\t #hj feet1 x 0 !n #bj1 #cj1 #dj or #fj & m feet d[n to x4 ,! soil wat] /ood "u ! pla9 9 ! =m ( a m\nta91 ! slope runn+ d[n #dj to #ej feet 9 a few miles on ! we/ & nor?4 ,on ! s\? & s\?we/ ! surface ( ?is wat]-m\nta9 0 mu* m /eep4 ,9 ! ,k]n riv] c\ntry1 we h a some:at simil> ph5om5on4 ,irrigation1 9 ! upp] portion ( ! ,k]n delta1 affects ! wat] 9 ! wells #f or #h miles away4 ,z ,i rememb] ! effect is felt at ! rate ( ab\t a mile a day1 t is to say1 :5 wat] is us$ 9 irrigat+ ! upp] portion ( ! delta1 or ( ,k]n isl&1 z x is call$1 ! wells comm5ce to rise a mile away 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & five miles away 9 p]haps five days4 ,9 ! s\!rn portion ( ! ,/ate1 9 ,san ,b]n>d9o c\nty1 at ,riv]side1 we f9d no su* effect at all4 ,!re x 0 #gj to #ij feet to soil wat] be=e irrigation & x is1 z a g5]al rule1 #gj to #ij feet /ill4 ,wat] appli$ on ! surface 9 "s places has nev] ev5 wet ! soil all ! way d[n1 & wells dug !re1 aft] irrigation _h be5 practic$ = ye>s1 h pi]c$ dry gr\nd = #be or #cj feet be=e gett+ d[n to :]e soil wat]s h wett$ x f bel[4 ,! consequ5ces ( ^! ph5om5a are tw(old4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 9 ! c\ntry t fills up ) wat]1 ! duty ( wat]--! quantity ( l& :i* a giv5 am\nt ( wat] w irrigate--has increas$4 ,/>t+ ) a duty ( n m ?an #be acres to a cubic foot ( wat] p] second1 we n[ f9d t1 9 "s localities1 ?is am\nt irrigates f #ajj to #afj acres2 & t "s l&s no long] require irrigat+4 ,9 ! s\!rn portion ( ! ,/ate1 h[ev]1 ! cubic foot ( wat] irrigates no m ?an at fir/1 & x is sc>cely possible t x w ev] irrigate mu* m4 ,! sav+1 z irrigation goes on 9 ! f> s\!rn portion ( ! ,/ate1 w be effect$ *iefly ?r\gh ! bett] con/ruction ( canals & irrigation works ( deliv]y & di/ribution4 ,9 ,tul>e valley1 ! duty ( wat] w increase z ! gr\nd fills up4 ,9 ,fresno1 a c\nty :i* 0 reg>d$ z ph5om5ally heal?y1 mal>ial fev]s n[ are f\nd1 :ile 9 ,san ,b]n>d9o1 at ,riv]side1 su* a ?+ is r>ely kn[n4 ,com+ to ,bak]sfield1 a region :i* be=e irrigation comm5c$ 0 fam$ = its mal>ial fev]s--kn[n z unheal?ful ?r\gh\t all ! ,/ate--:]e soil wat] 0 orig9ally )9 #ae feet ( ! surface1 irrigation has almo/ entirely rid x ( ! mal>ial effects4 ,*ills & fev] are r>e n[1 :]e be=e irrigation !y 7 preval5t4 ,:at is ! reason t :]e *ills & fev] prevail$1 irrigation has made a heal?ful c\ntry1 :ile :]e *ills & fev]s 7 n kn[n1 irrigation has made x unheal?ful8 ,i acc\nt = x 9 ?is way3 9 ! ,k]n riv] c\ntry be=e irrigation 0 ext5sively introduc$1 !re 7 _m old ab&on$ riv] *annels & sl\ghs1 ov]gr[n ) swamp vegetation & ov]hung by d5se masses ( rank-gr[+ foliage4 ,adjac5t l&s 7 9 a m or less swampy condition2 gr\nd wat]s /ood )9 #aj or #bj feet ( ! surface1 & !re 0 no h>d-pan or imp]meable /ratum betwe5 su* surface & ^! wat]s4 ,9 o!r words1 g5]al swampy conditions prevail$1 & mal>ial influ5ces foll[$ by *ills & fev]s 7 ! result4 ,irrigation br\ght ab\t ! cle>+ out ( _m ( ^! old *annel ways1 & _! use z irrigat+ canals4 ,! l&s 7 cle>$ (f & cultivat$1 fre% wat] 0 introduc$ ?r\gh ^! *annels f ! ma9 riv] ?r\gh\t ! hot mon?s1 & ! swamp-l condition ( ! c\ntry 0 *ang$ to "o ( a well-till$ agricultural neighborhood ) /reams ( fre% wat] fl[+ ?r\gh x2 & ! result1 z ,i h said1 0 "o happy 9 its effect ( mak+ ! climate salubri\s & heal?ful4 ,consid]+ n[ ! case ( ! ,k+'s riv] or ! ,fresno c\ntry1 ! l&s !re 7 a ri* alluvial deposit1 ab\nd+ 9 vegetable matt] :i* = long ages p]haps _h be51 except z wett$ by ! ra9s ( w9t]1 dry & desiccat$4 ,soil wat] 0 deep bel[ ! surface4 ,!n irrigation came4 ,ow+ to ! nature ( ! soil1 ! :ole c\ntry fill$ up ) ! wat]4 ,its absorptive qualities be+ great & its natural dra9age defective1 ! vegetable matt] 9 ! soil1 subject$ to m or less cont9u$ excessive moi/ure1 has decay$4 ,! fluctuation ( ! surface ( ! gr\nd wat]s at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>--su* surface be+ at times v ne> to ! gr\nd surface1 & at o!r times #e or #f feet l[]--has contribut$ to ! decay+ influ5ces :i* ! pres5ce ( ! wat]s eng5d]$4 ,! result has be51 :5 tak5 ) ! g5]al ov]gr[? ( ! c\ntry ) vegetation due to irrigation1 a vitiation ( ! atmosph]e by mal>i\s outp\r+s f ! soil4 ,! advantage ( ! pure atmosph]e ( a wide & dry pla9 has be5 lo/ by ! miasmatic poison+s aris+ f an ov]-wet & ill-dra9$ neighborhood1 ) ! results1 z affect+ human heal?fulness1 ( :i* ,i h already spok54 ,! rem$y is ( c\rse to dra9 ! c\ntry4 ,! example is b a repetition ( exp]i5ces _h 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,! en]gy & pluck ( ,cali=nians w soon correct ! matt]4 ,george ,p4 ,m>%1 9 8 ,man & ,nature1 laid x d[n z a rule t an effect ( irrigation 0 to conc5trate l& hold+s 9 a few h&s1 & he wrote an article1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 "o ( our ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t reports1 9 :i* he r deprecates ! introduction ( irrigation into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or says t on ?is acc\nt x %\ld be surr\nd$ by great safegu>ds4 ,he cit$ in/ances 9 ,europe1 z 9 ! valley ( ! ,po1 :]e ! t5d5cy ( irrigation _h be5 to wipe out small l& hold+s1 & br+ ! l&s into ! h&s ( a few ( ! nobility4 ,he cit$ b "o c\ntry :]e ! rev]se _h be5 ! rule1 :i* 0 9 ! s\? & ea/ ( ,spa91 & po9t$ out ! reason1 z he conceiv$ x1 t 9 s\? & s\!a/]n ,spa9 ! own]%ip ( ! wat] w5t ) ! l& & 0 insep>able f x1 "u anci5t ,moori% rights4 ,x is a fact1 t :]e ! own]%ip ( wat] goes ) ! l&1 x prev5ts c5t]+ ( l& own]%ip into few h&s1 aft] t own]%ip is once divid$ among _m p]sons1 9 irrigat$ regions4 ,b ,mr4 ,m>% ov]look$ "o ?+ 9 pr$ict+ h>m 9 our c\ntry2 t is1 t x w be _m ye>s be=e we w get su* a surplus ( poor z to br+ ab\t ! result he fe>$4 ,9 ,cali=nia1 ! effect ( irrigation has n be5 to c5t] ! l& 9 ! h&s ( a few4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! t5d5cy has be5 j ! o!r way4 ,:5 irrigation 0 introduc$ x became possible = small l& hold]s to live4 ,9 ,fresno c\nty1 !re are _m p mak+ a liv+ = a family1 ea* on #bj acres ( irrigat$ l&1 & ! c\ntry is divid$ into #bj & #dj-;acre tracts & own$ 9 t way4 ,9 ,san ,b]n>d9o ! same /ate ( ?+s prevails4 ,be=e irrigation1 ^! l&s 7 own$ 9 l>ge tracts1 & x 0 n an uncommon ?+ = "o own] to h #aj1jjj to #bj1jjj acres ( l&4 ,s t ! rule 9 ,cali=nia1 :i* is ! effect ( irrigation1 is to divide l& hold+s into small tracts1 & 9 ?is respect1 also1 irrigation is a bless+ to ! c\ntry4 ,x enables l>ge own]s to cut up _! l&s & sell out to ! _m4 ,l& values h advanc$ f #a4be 9 ?is great valley to #ej1 #aej & ev5 #bej p] acre1 simply by atta*+ to ! l& ! "r to take or use wat]1 pay+ 9 addition an annual r5tal3 9 ! s\!rn portion ( ! ,/ate1 !y h advanc$ f #e & #aj to #ejj & ev5 #ajjj an acre1 :]e ! l& has ! "r to wat]2 & _m calculations h be5 made & examples cit$ by intellig5t & prom95t p1 to %[ t good orange l& or good rais9-grape l& ) suffici5t wat] supply is well wor? #ajjj an acre4 ,wat] rights run up proportionately 9 value4 ,a little /ream fl[+ an in* ( wat]--an am\nt t w fl[ ?r\gh an in* squ>e op5+ "u f\r in*es ( pressure--9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,/ate1 is held at values rang+ f #ejj to #ejjj4 ,su* a little /ream has *ang$ h&s at #ejjj1 & n at boom prices ei!r4 ,9 ! int]ior prices are mu* less1 be+ f ab\t a qu>t] to a t5? ( ^? 9 ! f> s\!rn "p ( ! ,/ate4 ,fully "o f\r? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates requires irrigation4 ,:5 ,i say t1 ,i mean t fully "o f\r? ! tillable area ( our c\ntry requires irrigation1 9 ord] to support su* a population z1 = in/ance1 ,indiana has4 ,! irrigat$ regions ( ,italy support populations ( f #bej to #cjj p to ! squ>e mile2 ( s\? ,france1 f #aej to #bej p to ! squ>e mile2 ( s\!a/ ,spa91 f #bjj to #cjj4 ,:5 we h #ej to #ajj to ! squ>e mile 9 an agricultural region we ?9k we h a great population4 ,! great int]ior valley ( ,cali=nia w n support1 )\t irrigation1 an av]age ( m ?an #ae to #bj p p] squ>e mile4 ,irrigate x & x w support z _m z any o!r portion ( ! c\ntry--reasonably x w support #bjj to ! squ>e mile4 ,i h no d\bt t ! population w run up to t5 or twelve millions 9 t "o valley1 & !re are regions ov] ?is c\ntry f ! ,mississippi to ! ,pacific1 millions ( acres1 t c be made to support a teem+ population by ! artificial application ( wat]4 ,& :y has x n be5 done be=e8 ,simply = ! reason t !re is a lack ( k ( :at c be done & a lack ( organization & capital to c>ry out ! ent]prises4 ,! gov]nm5t has rec5tly plac$ at ! disposal ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey an appropriation = ! inve/igation ( ?is subject1 to asc]ta9 h[ irrigation c be secur$1 ! co/ ( irrigation works1 & po9t out ! means = irrigation1 9 ! arid regions4 ,x is "o ( ! wise/ ?+s ,congress ev] did2 wise 9 ! "t & 9 ! subject4 ,! "t w soon come :5 ! "q w\ld h be5 =c$ ^u ! c\ntry1 & ! wisdom ( prep>+ = t "t _c be too highly comm5d$4 ,,r\nd ,,ab\t ,,a%eville4 ,,by ,,bailey ,,willis4 ,a broad amphi!atre lies 9 ! he>t ( ! ,nor? ,c>ol9a m\nta9s :i* =m its encircl+ walls2 its l5g? is =ty miles f nor? to s\? & its wid? t5 to tw5ty miles4 ,at its s\!rn gate ! ,fr5* ,broad riv] ent]s2 ?r\gh ! nor!rn gate ! same riv] fl[s out1 augm5t$ by ! _m /reams ( its ext5sive wat]%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,geological ,,survey4 ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a_/,,t5nessee4 ,,a%eville ,,%eet4 ,cont\r int]val #ajj feet4 #ahhh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,f ,,! ,,cumb]l& ,,plateau ,,to ,,! ,,blue ,,ridge4 ,natural pr(iles4 ,f ^! wat]-c\rses ! ev5 ar5a once arose ) g5tle slope to ! surr\nd+ heights & t surface1 did x n[ exi/1 w\ld make ?is region a v g>d51 m>k$ by its g5ial climate & adequate ra9fall4 ,b t level floor exi/s no long]2 9 x ! riv]s fir/ sunk _! *annels1 _! tribut>ies foll[$1 ! gullies by :i* ! wat]s ga!r$ deep5$1 & ! old pla9 0 ?us dissect$4 ,x is n[ only visible f ^? po9ts ( view f :i* remnants ( its surface fall into a common plane ( vision4 ,?is is ! case :5ev] ! obs]v] /&s ^u ! level ( ! old ar5a2 he may !n sweep ) a glance ! pr(ile ( a geographic condition :i* has long s9ce pass$ away4 ,a%eville is built ^u a bit ( ?is pla9 betwe5 ! rav9es ( ! ,fr5* ,broad & ,swannanoa riv]s1 n[ fl[+ #chj feet bel[ ! level1 & at ! foot ( ! ,beau-cat*] hills2 t[>d :i* ! gr\nd rises g5tly4 ,! position is a comm&+ "o1 n only = ! f> rea*+ view1 b also z ! meet+ place ( l9es ( travel f nor?1 s\?1 ea/1 & we/4 ,?us ,a%eville became a t[n ( local importance long be=e railroads 7 project$ along ! l9es ( ! old turnpikes4 ,! village 0 ! c5t] ( we/]n ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 z well ( ! c\nty ( ,buncombe1 & 0 !re=e appropriately ! home ( ! di/rict ,f$]al c\rt4 ,a ,may session ( ! c\rt 0 9 progress n9e ye>s ago :5 ,i rode up ! muddy /reet f ! ,swannanoa valley4 ,sev]al well-kn[n moon%9]s 7 on trial1 & ! t[n /reet 0 cr[d$ ) _! sympa?iz]s1 lean m\nta9e]s 9 blue & butt]nut homespun4 ,horses 7 hit*$ at e available rack & f5ce1 & horse trad+ 0 active4 ,:iskey 0 on trial at o!r b>s ?an t ( ! c\rt1 & ! long rifle1 p[d]-horn & p\* _h n be5 left 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,to a t5d]foot 7:o _h ! day be=e be5 mi/ak5 = a rabbit or a rev5ue (fic]67 ! att5tions ( ! cr[d 7 n reassur+4 ,! g5]al op9ion 01 ,i felt1 ak9 to t long aft]w>d express$ by ,gr\ndhog ,cayce3 ,x air an awful ?+ t] kill a man by accid5t2 & ,i /aid b a v %ort "t 9 ,a%eville4 ,rid+ away t[>d ! sunset1 ,i trav]s$ ! old pla9 )\t see+ t x _h _h a cont9u\s surface4 ,i not$ ! _m gullies1 & ,i lo/ 9 ! multitude ( details ! wide level f :i* !y 7 c>v$4 ,t ! broad] fact %\ld be obscur$ by ! _m less] ones is no r>e exp]i5ce1 & p]haps !re is no class ( obs]vations ( :i* ?is has be5 m g5]ally true ?an ( ^? involv$ 9 l&scape /udy4 ,b :5 once ! ,a%eville pla9 has be5 recogniz$1 x c nev] aga9 be ignor$4 ,x ent]s into e view1 bo? z an elem5t ( beauty & z evid5ce ( *ange 9 ! conditions :i* det]m9e topographic =ms4 ,seldom 9 ! m\nta9s c "o get t di/ance ( wood$ level1 r>ely is ! =egr\nd s l a gem proportion$ to its sett+2 all ab\t ,a%eville "o meets ) glimpses ( riv] & valley1 sunk5 9 rea* beyond rea* ( woodl& :i* /ret* away to ! blue m\nta9s4 ,! ev5 ridges =m natural roadsites1 & 9 driv+ "o comes ev] & anon ^u a fre% view d[n ^u ! /ream f> across ! pla9 & up to ! heights4 ,& to ! /ud5t ( ,appala*ian hi/ory1 ! dissect$ pla9 is a significant contradiction ( ! "t honor$ phrase1 ! ev]la/+ hills4 ,t pla9 0 a fact1 ! result ( def9ite conditions ( erosion2 x exi/s no m 9 consequ5ce ( *anges4 ,:at 7 ! orig9al conditions8 ,9 :at mann] h !y *ang$8 ,let u take acc\nt ( c]ta9 o!r facts be=e sugge/+ an answ]4 ,( ! m\nta9s :i* wall ! ,a%eville amphi!atre1 ! ,blue ,ridge on ! ea/ & ! ,unaka *a9 on ! we/ are ! two important ranges4 ,! ,blue ,ridge =ms ! divide betwe5 ! tribut>ies ( ! ,atlantic & ^? ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & ! /reams :i* fl[ we/w>d f x all pass ?r\gh ! ,unaka *a94 ,x w\ld be reasonable to suppose t ! riv]s rose 9 ! high] & fl[$ ?r\gh ! l[] ( ! two ranges1 b !y d n4 ,! ,blue ,ridge is an irregul>1 inconspicu\s elevation b little ov] #djjj feet above ! sea2 ! ,unaka m\nta9s =m a massive *a9 f #ejjj to #fejj feet 9 height4 ,t /reams %\ld ?us fl[ ?r\gh m\nta9s high] ?an _! s\rce 0 once expla9$ by ! assumption t !y f\nd passage ?r\gh r5ts produc$ by e>? convulsions2 b t vague guess m>k$ ! e>ly & insuffici5t appreciation ( ! p[] ( /reams z *annel cutt]s1 & x has pass$ discr$it$ into ! hi/ory ( our k ( valley-=mation4 ,t riv]s c>ve out ! deepe/ caons1 z well z ! broade/ valleys1 is n[ a truism :i* we mu/ accept 9 fram+ hypo!ses to acc\nt = ! c\rses ( ! ,fr5* ,broad & o!r simil> /reams4 ,moreov]1 s9ce wat]s f a l[] ,blue ,ridge c\ld nev] ( _! own impulse h fl[$ ov] ! high] ,unaka1 we are br\ght to ! "q1 0 ! ,blue ,ridge once ! high]1 or h /reams work+ on ! we/]n slope ( ! ,unaka range 7:5 x 0 a ma9 divide71 worn x ?r\gh f we/ to ea/1 captur+ all t broad wat]%$ betwe5 ! two m\nta9 ranges8 ,ei!r hypo!sis is )9 ! possibility ( well e/abli%$ riv] action1 & bo? sugge/ ! possibility ( inf9ite *ange 9 m\nta9 =ms & riv] sy/ems4 ,)\t attempt+ "h to discrim9ate betwe5 ^! two hypo!ses1 = :i* a broad] f\ndation ( facts is ne$$1 let u look at ! *annel ( ! ,fr5* ,broad bel[ ,a%eville1 9 ! riv]'s c\rse ?r\gh ! range t is high] ?an its s\rce4 ,desc5d+ f ! old pla9 into ! riv]'s rav9e1 we at once lose all ext5d$ views & are closely %ut 9 by wood$ slopes & rocky bluffs4 ,! riv] falls ! m rapidly z we desc5d1 & its tribut>ies leap to jo9 x1 ! railroad sc>ce f9d+ room betwe5 ! rocks & ! brawl+ curr5t4 ,! way is into a rugg$ & inhospitable gorge ^: walls rise at la/ on ei!r h& into m\nta9s t culm9ate "s ?irty miles bel[ ,a%eville4 ,at ,m\nta9 ,isl& ! wat]s da% beautifully ov] a l$ge ( conglom]ate & ru% out f a long s]ies ( rapids into ! deep wat] above ,hot ,spr+s4 ,beyond ! lime/one cove 9 :i* ! spr+s occur1 ! valley1 ?\gh n>r[ /ill1 is wid] & bottom l&s appe>4 ,?us ! wat] gap ( ! ,fr5* ,broad ?r\gh ! ,unakas is n>r[ & rugg$1 ! riv] itself a toss+ torr5t2 b _h we pass$ d[n o!r /reams ( simil> c\rse1 we %\ld h f\nd !m ev5 m turbul5t1 _! *annels ev5 m %>ply c>v$ 9 ! h>d rocks4 ,on ,pigeon riv] !re are _m cliffs ( poli%$ qu>tzite1 & on ! ,noli*ucky riv] a ,v-%ap$ gorge "s eight miles long is t]rac$ :]e ! l$ges ( qu>tzite are horizontal & is turret$ ) fanta/ic =ms :]e ! /rata are v]tical4 ,:]e ! riv] valleys are ( ?is %>p cut "* 9 high m\nta9s1 ! abrupt slopes1 cliffs & rocky p9nacles are commonly /ill m %>ply acc5t$ 9 ! heights4 ,! ,alp9e t\ri/ or ! m\nta9e] ( ! ,si]ras w\ld expect to climb f ^! caons to ragg$ combs or to sc>cely accessible ne$le-l peaks4 ,b h[ diff]5t f ! heights ( ! ,jungfrau are ! balds ( ! ,unakas6 l ! ice-worn granite domes ( ,new ,engl&1 ! massive balds pres5t a r\nd$ pr(ile aga9/ ! sky4 ,al?\gh compos$ ( ! h>de/ rock1 !y yet resemble 9 _! cont\rs1 ! l[ relief ( a lime/one area4 ,broad1 ev5 surfaces1 on :i* rocky outcrops are few & ov] :i* a deep loam prevails1 sugge/ r t "o is w&]+ ov] a pla9 ?an on a great m\nta92 yet y may sweep ! entire horizon & f9d few high] peaks4 ,! view is (t5 v beautiful1 x is f>-rea*+1 n gr&4 ,no crags t[] skyw>d1 b _m domes rise ne>ly to ! same heights1 & dome-l1 _! slopes are /eepe/ t[>d ! base4 ,! valleys & ! m\nta9s h ex*ang$ ! *>act]s !y usually be>2 ! =m] are d>k & =bidd+1 wild & inaccessible1 ! latt] are broad & sunlit ( s(t5$ =m1 habitable & inhabit$4 ,all roads & villages are on ! heights1 only pass+ travel]s & ^? :o prey ^u !m frequ5t ! dep?s4 ,^! facts ( =m are n local1 !y are g5]al3 all ! /reams ( ! ,unaka m\nta9s %>e ! features ( ! ,fr5* ,broad ,caon1 :ile peaks l ,great ,roan1 ,big ,bald1 ,mt4 ,guyot1 are b examples ( a massive m\nta9 =m common ?r\gh\t ! range4 ,?us ! ,unaka *a9 pres5ts two peculi> facts = our consid]ation2 x is cut ?r\gh by /reams ris+ 9 a l[] range1 & its pr(iles ( erosion are convex upw>d n d[nw>d4 ,if we foll[ our riv]'s c\rse beyond ! ,unaka *a9 into ! valley ( ,ea/ ,t5nessee we %all /ill f9d ! *annel deeply cut2 "h & !re bottoml&s appe>1 n[ on "o side1 n[ on ! o!r1 b ! banks are m (t5 /eep slopes or v]tical cliffs f fifty to "o hundr$ feet high4 ,! creeks & brooks me&] ) mod]ate fall ?r\gh ! undulat+ surface ( ! valley1 b !y all plunge by a m or less abrupt cascade into ! ma9 riv]s4 ,x is ?us evid5t t ! tribut>ies _c keep pace ) ! riv]s 9 *annel-cutt+1 & ! latt] w cont9ue to s9k bel[ ! surface ( g5]al degradation until _! dim9i%$ fall r$uces _! rate ( corrasion bel[ t ( ! conflu5t /reams4 ,if f topographic =ms we turn to consid] ! mat]ials1 ! rocks1 ( :i* !y are compos$1 we %all f9d a g5]al rule ( relation betwe5 relative elevation & rock-h>dness4 ,?us ! great valley ( ,ea/ ,t5nessee has a g5]al surface #cjjj feet bel[ ! mean height ( ! ,unakas3 x is an area ( easily soluble1 (t5 s(t1 calc>e\s rocks1 :ile ! m\nta9s1 consi/ ( ! mo/ insoluble1 ! h>de/1 silici\s rocks4 ,ea/ ( ! ,unakas ! surface is aga9 l[]1 includ+ ! irregul> divide1 ! ,blue ,ridge2 "h also1 ! feldspa?ic gneisses & mica s*i/s are1 relatively speak+1 easily soluble1 & non-coh]5t4 ,:at is ?us broadly true is true 9 detail1 also :]e a m silici\s lime/one or a s&/one b$ occurs 9 ! valley x =ms a great] or less elevation above ! surface ( ! s(t rocks2 :]e a m soluble1 less coh]5t /ratum crops out 9 ! m\nta9 mass1 a holl[1 a cove1 corresponds to x4 ,( valley ridges1 ,cl9* m\nta9 is ! mo/ conspicu\s example2 ( m\nta9 holl[s ! ,fr5* ,broad valley at ,hot ,spr+s1 or ,tuckalee*ee ,cove b5ea? ! ,great ,smoky m\nta91 is a fair illu/ration4 ,b impassive rock-h>dness1 m]e ability to resi/1 is n adequate to raise m\nta9s1 nor is rock-s(tness an active ag5t 9 ! =mation ( valleys4 ,! passive attitude ( ! rocks implies a =ce1 t is resi/$1 & ! v t]ms 9 :i* t attitude is express$ sugge/ ! ag5t :i* applies ! =ce4 ,h>dness1 coh]5ce1 insolubility1--^! are t]ms sugge/ive ( resi/ance to a =ce appli$ to we> away1 to dissolve1 z fl[+ wat] we>s by virtue ( ! s$im5t x c>ries & z p]colat+ wat]s take ! soluble con/itu5t ( rocks into solution4 ,& x is by ! sl[ me*anical & *emical action ( wat] t n only caons are c>v$ b ev5 m\nta9 ranges r$uc$ to g5tle slopes4 ,if we designate ?is process by ! ^w degradation1 x foll[s f ! relation ( resi/ance to elevation 9 ! region "u discussion t we may say3 ,! ,appala*ians are m\nta9s ( diff]5tial degradation2 t is1 heights rema9 :]e ! rocks h be5 lea/ en]getically act$ on1 valleys are c>v$ :]e ! action ( wat] has be5 mo/ effective4 ,9 ord] t ! process ( degradation may g on x is ess5tial t a l& mass be some:at rais$ above ! sea1 &1 s9ce ! process is a nev]-ceas+ "o :ile /reams h suffici5t fall to c>ry s$im5t1 x foll[s t1 giv5 "t en\gh1 e l& surface mu/ be degrad$ to a slop+ pla91 to :at has be5 call$ a base level4 ,) ^! ideas ( m\nta9 g5esis & wa/e1 let u consid] "s phases ( degradation 9 relation to topographic =ms2 & 9 do+ s ,i _c d bett] ?an to use ! t]ms employ$ by ,pr(4 ,wm4 ,m4 ,davis4 ,:5 a l& surface rises f ! ocean ! /ream sy/ems :i* at once develope1 are set ! task ( c>ry+ back to ! sea all t /&s above x4 ,accord+ to ! am\nt ( ?is allot$ "w t /reams h accompli%$1 !y may be said to be "y1 mature or ag$2 & if1 _! task once ne>ly complet$1 ano!r uplift raise m mat]ial to be c>ri$ (f1 !y may be said to be reviv$4 ,^! t]ms apply equally to ! l&-surface1 & ea* p]iod ( developm5t is *>act]iz$ by c]ta9 topographic =ms4 ,9 y\? simple /ream sy/ems sunk 9 /eep wall$ caons are sep>at$ by broad areas ( surface incompletely dra9$4 ,9 maturity complex /ream sy/ems ext5d bran*es up to e "p ( ! surface2 /eep slopes1 %>p divides1 pyramidal peaks express ! rapidity ) :i* e portion ( ! surface is attack$4 ,9 old age ! g5tly roll+ surface is trav]s$ by _m quiet fl[+ /reams2 ! heights are gone1 ! pr(iles are r\nd$1 ! cont\rs subdu$4 ,9 ! fir/ em]g5ce f ! sea ! c\rses ( /reams are det]m9$ by accid5ts ( slope1 x may be by fold+ ( ! ris+ surface into tr\ghs & ar*es4 ,dur+ maturity ! process ( retrogressive erosion1 by :i* a /ream cuts back into ! wat]%$ ( a less p[]ful oppon5t /ream1 adju/s ! *annels to ! outcrops ( s(t rocks & leaves ! h>d] /rata z em95ces4 ,9 old age ?is process ( diff]5tial degradation is complete & only ! h>de/ rocks ma9ta9 a slight relief4 ,suppose t an ag$ surface ( ?is "* be reviv$3 ! riv]s hi!rto fl[+ quietly 9 broad pla9s w f9d _! fall increas$ 9 _! l[] c\rses2 _! *annels 9 s(t rock w rapidly become caons1 & ! reviv$ phase w retreat up /ream 9 ! same mann] t ! caons ( y\? ext5d$ back into ! fir/ uplift$ mass4 ,if ! area ( s(t rocks be b\nd$ by a consid]able mass ( v h>d rocks1 x is conceivable t a second phase ( age1 a base level1 might creep ov] ! valley :ile yet ! summits ( ! fir/ old age rema9$ unattack$1 & %\ld p]*ance revival succe$ revival ! record ( ! la/ uplift might be read 9 %>p cut *annels ( ! great riv]s1 :ile ! =ms ( ea* prec$+ phase l$ l /eps to ! /ill surviv+ domes ( t e>lie/ old age4 ,is !re aught 9 ^! speculations to fit our facts8 ,i ?9k !re is4 ,we h se5 t our m\nta9s & valleys are ! result ( diff]5tial degradation1 & t ?is is n only broadly true b true 9 detail also4 ,?is is evid5ce t /reams h be5 long at "w adju/+ _! *annels1 !y h pass$ ?r\gh ! p]iod ( maturity4 ,we h climb$ to ! summits ( ! ,unakas & f\nd !m compos$ ( rocks z h>d z ^? f :i* ! p9nacle ( ! ,matt]horn is *isel$2 b we see !m g5tly slop+1 z a pla94 ,^! summits are v1 v old4 ,we h recogniz$ t dissect$ pla91 ! level ( ! ,a%eville amphi!atre1 n[ #b1djj feet above ! sea2 x 0 a surface produc$ by suba]ial erosion1 & z su* x is evid5ce ( ! fact t ! ,fr5* ,broad ,riv]1 & su* ( its tribut>ies z dra9 ?is area1 at "o "t complet$ _! "w ^u x1 rea*$ a base level4 ,t !y %\ld h accompli%$ ?is ! level ( dis*>ge ( ! sculptur+ /reams mu/ h be5 con/ant dur+ a long p]iod1 a condition :i* implies ei!r t ! fall f ! ,a%eville pla9 to ! ocean 0 !n mu* less ?an x n[ is1 or t ?r\gh local causes ! ,fr5* ,broad 0 held by a natural dam1 :]e x cuts ! ,unaka *a94 ,if we %\ld f9d t o!r riv]s ( ?is region h c>v$ ! =ms ( age ^u ! surfaces ( _! int]montane valleys1 & !re is n[ "s evid5ce ( ?is k9d at h&1 !n we mu/ appeal to ! m g5]al cause ( base-levell+ & accept ! conclusion t ! l& /ood l[] 9 relation to ! ocean ?an x n[ does4 ,fur!rmore1 we h trav]s$ ! rav9es :i* ! /reams h cut 9 ?is anci5t pla9 & we may note on ! accompany+ atlas %eet t ! bran*es ext5d back into e "p ( x2 ! rav9es !mselves prove t ! level ( dis*>ge has be5 l[]$1 ! /reams h be5 reviv$2 & ! wide ramification ( ! brooks is ! *>act]i/ic ( approa*+ maturity4 ,we h also glanc$ at ! topography ( ! valley & h f\nd ! riv]s fl[+ 9 deep-cut simple *annels :i* are "y1 & ! small] /reams work+ on an undulat+ surface t is v s5sitive to processes ( degradation4 ,! m9or /ream sy/ems are v intricate & app>5tly mature1 b !y h n yet de/roy$ ! evid5ce ( a g5]al level to :i* ! :ole lime/one area 0 once r$uc$1 b :i* n[ is repres5t$ by _m elevations t approa* #a1fjj feet above ! sea4 ,"h !n 9 ! valley are "y riv] *annels1 mature /ream sy/ems & fa9t traces ( an e>li] base level1 all ( !m m rec5t ?an ! ,a%eville level1 :i* is 9 turn less anci5t ?an ! dome-l summits ( ! ,unakas4 ,:at hi/ory c we read 9 ^! sugge/ive topographic =ms & _! relations8 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! evolution ( a cont95t is its elevation above ! sea4 ,! geologi/ tells u t ! e>lie/ uplift ( ! ,appala*ian region aft] ! close ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod 0 prec$$ or accompani$ by a fold+ ( ! e>?'s cru/ into m\nta9\s wave-l ar*es2 ^u ^! erosion at once began & ^! =m$ our fir/ m\nta9s4 ,:]e !y 7 highe/ ! geologi/ may inf] f geologic /ructure & ! outcrops ( ! olde/ rocks2 b ! facts = t inf]5ce are n yet all ga!r$ & x c only be said t ! heights ( t anci5t topography 7 probably z great ov] ! valley ( ,t5nessee z ov] ! ,unaka *a94 ,! positions ( riv]s 7 det]m9$ by ! relations ( ! ar*es to ea* o!r &1 z !y 7 9 a g5]al way p>allel1 ext5d+ f nor!a/ to s\?we/1 we "k t ! riv]s too _h nor!a/-s\?we/ c\rses4 ,f t fir/ dra9age sy/em ! ,t5nessee riv]1 z f> d[n z ,*attanooga1 is directly desc5d$1 & :5 ! geologic /ructure ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,ea/ ,t5nessee is kn[n1 we may be able to trace ! /eps ( adju/m5t by :i* ! _m wat]s h be5 conc5trat$ to =m t great riv]4 ,at pres5t we _c sket* ! details1 b we "k t x 0 a long process & t x 0 accompani$ by a *ange 9 ! raison d'tre ( ! m\nta9 ranges4 ,! fir/ m\nta9s 7 high because !y _h be5 relatively rais$2 !y gave place to hills t surviv$ because !y _h n be5 worn d[n4 ,a topography ( diff]5tial uplift gave place to "o ( diff]5tial degradation4 ,& to ! latt] ! dome-l balds ( ! ,unakas belong4 ,^? massive summits ( granite1 qu>tzite & conglom]ate are n n[ cut by runn+ wat]s2 !y are cov]$ ) a mantel ( residual soil1 ! product ( excessively sl[ dis9tegration1 & !y are ! remnants ( a surface all ( :i* has yield$ to degradation1 save !m4 ,9 "t ! /reams w cut back & c>ve jagg$ peaks f _! masses1 b /&+ on _! heights my ?\ght has turn$ to ! condition !y repres5t--! condition t is pa/4 ,& ?us 9 ?\ght ,i h look$ f ! ,big ,bald out on a g5tly slop+ pla9 :i* cov]$ ! _m domes ( ne>ly equal height & /ret*$ away to m]ge on ! horizon 9 ! level ( ! sea4 ,t1 ,i conceive1 0 ! fir/ base level pla9 ( :i* we h any evid5ce 9 ! ,appala*ians & f t pla9 our pres5t valleys h be5 erod$4 ,! cont95tal elevation mu/ !n h be5 #c1jjj or #d1jjj feet less ?an x is n[1 & ! highe/ hills 7 probably n m ?an #b1ejj feet above ! sea4 ,?is 0 p]haps a p]iod ( con/ant relation betwe5 sea & l&1 b x 0 succe$$ by "o dur+ :i* ! l& sl[ly rose4 ,! riv]s1 :i* _h probably assum$ ne>ly _! pres5t c\rses1 7 reviv$2 ! important *annels soon sank 9 caons1 ! tribut>ies leap$ 9 rapids & cut back into ! old base level4 ,! region cont9u$ to rise dur+ a p]iod long en\gh to produce ! ess5tial features ( ! m\nta9 ranges ( to-day2 !n x /ood /ill 9 relation to ! sea or p]haps subsid$ some:at1 & ! ,fr5* ,broad & probably o!r riv]s made record ( ! pause 9 pla9s l t ab\t ,a%eville4 ,aga9 ! l& rose sl[ly2 aga9 x paus$1 & riv]s1 work+ always f _! m\?s backw>d1 c>v$ a base-level 9 ! lime/ones ( ! great valley2 b be=e t level c\ld ext5d up ?r\gh ! gorges 9 ! ,unakas1 ! cont95t 0 rais$ to its pres5t elevation1 ! /reams respond$ to ! increas$ fall giv5 !m & ! riv]s 9 ! valley began to cut _! /ill incomplete caons4 ,are we n l$ /ep by /ep f ^! late/ %>ply cut *annels up /ream ?r\gh ! *apt]s ( erosion to ! /ill surviv+ domes ( an e>ly old age8 ,let u sum up ! hi/ory we h trac$4 ,!re is reason to believe t3 #a/4 ,! consequ5t topography ( ! e>lie/ ,appala*ian uplift 0 entirely remov$ dur+ a prolong$ p]iod ( erosion & 0 replac$ by a relief ( diff]5tial degradation4 #b;d4 ,! balds ( ! ,unakas repres5t ! heights ( t fir/-kn[n approa* to a base-level4 #c;d4 ,! topography ( ! region has be5 reviv$ by a g5]al1 ?\gh n necess>ily uni=m1 uplift ( #c1jjj feet or m1 divid$ by two int]vals ( re/2 dur+ ! fir/ ( ^! ! ,a%eville base-level 0 =m$2 dur+ ! second1 ! valley alone 0 r$uc$4 #d?4 ,! late/ movem5t ( ! uplift has be51 geologically speak+1 q rec5t1 & ! reviv$ /reams h accompli%$ b a small "p ( _! new task4 ,^! conclusions are rea*$ on ! obs]vation ( a s+le class ( facts 9 "o di/rict2 !y mu/ be comp>$ ) ! record ( cont95tal oscillation on ! sea coa/s1 9 ! deposits ( ! coa/al pla91 & 9 ! topography ( o!r di/ricts4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,appala*ians is writt5 9 e riv] sy/em & on e m\nta9 range1 b 9 *>act]s det]m9$ = ea* locality by ! local conditions4 ,only :5 ! k1 to :i* e t\ri/ may contribute1 is ext5d$ ov] ! entire region %all we "k conclusively ! :ole /ory4 ,a ,,trip ,,to ,,panama ,,& ,,d>i54 ,,by ,,ri*>d ,u4 ,,goode4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,colombia 9 its act ( ,concession to ! ,panama ,canal ,company provid$ t x %\ld give to ! latt] gratuitem5t et avec t\tes les m9es qu'ils p\rront cont5ir #ejj1jjj hect>es ( l&4 ,"s ( ! conditions atta*$ to ?is grant 71 t ! l& %\ld be select$ )9 c]ta9 limits & survey$ by ! ,canal ,company2 t a topographical map %\ld be made ( ! areas survey$ & t an am\nt equal to t survey$ = ! canal %\ld also be survey$ = ! b5efit ( ! ,colombian ,gov]nm5t4 ,x 0 also fur!r agre$ t x w\ld n be necess>y to complete ! canal be=e any ( ! l& %\ld be grant$1 b t x w\ld be giv5 at diff]5t times 9 am\nts proportional to ! am\nt ( "w accompli%$4 ,?us 9 #ahhg1 ! ,gov]nm5t agre$ to consid] t "o-half ( ! "w on ! canal _h be5 f9i%$ & t ! canal 0 consequ5tly entitl$ to #bej1jjj hect>es ( l&1 ^u ! completion ( ! necess>y surveys1 etc4 ,! l& 0 ev5tually *os5 p>tly 9 ,d>i5 & p>tly 9 ,*iriqui z foll[s3 ,9 ,d>i5 ?ree lots1 "o betwe5 ! ,paya & ,mangle riv]s1 "o betwe5 ! ,m>ia & ,pirri riv]s1 ! two am\nt+ to #ajj1jjj hect>es1 & "o lot ( #be1jjj hect>es betwe5 ! ,yape & ,pucro riv]s4 ,9 ,*iriqui1 :i* is a ,prov9ce ( ,panama j ea/ ( ,co/a ,rica1 two lots 7 *os5 am\nt+ to #abe1jjj hect>es1 "o betwe5 ! ,sigsola & ,rabalo riv]s1 & ! o!r betwe5 ! ,catabella & ,san ,p$ro riv]s4 ,! ,canal ,company want$ ! title to ! l& 9 ord] t x might be us$ z collat]al security 9 bol/]+ up ! f9ances ( ! corporation1 & ! ,colombian ,gov]nm5t 0 d\btless v will+ to let ! ,canal ,company h ?is am\nt or z mu* m z 0 want$1 bo? p>ties be+ equally aw>e ( ! valueless "* ( ! l& = any practical purposes4 ,my s]vices 7 engag$ 9 #ahhh 9 connection ) ! a/ronomical "w incid5t to ! survey ( ^! grants & x 0 int5d$ t ,i %\ld visit bo? ,d>i5 & ,*iriqui1 b ! contract t]m expir$ ab\t ! "t ( ! completion ( ! "w 9 ,d>i51 :i* 0 tak5 up fir/1 & x 0 deem$ prud5t = v>i\s reasons1 ! *ief ( !m be+ ! unheal?9ess ( ! locality at t season ( ! ye>1 ab\t ! middle ( ,april1 n to rema9 long] on ! ,i/hmus4 ,if x _h be5 possible to "w z exp$iti\sly z 9 ?is c\ntry !re w\ld h be5 ample "t to h complet$ ! necess>y a/ronomical "w = bo? surveys1 & )\t und]/&+ m5 & me?ods peculi> to a tropical c\ntry ,i />t$ out ) ?is expectation1 b soon f\nd out t any ef=ts look+ t[>ds exp$it+ any p>ticul> matt] 7 n only useless b 7 detrim5tally reactive ^u ! p]son putt+ =w>d su* ef=ts4 ,?us x 0 ne>ly ! fir/ ( ,m>* be=e ,i rea*$ ,d>i51 hav+ sail$ f ,new ,york a mon? previ\sly4 ,passage 0 _h f ,panama to ,d>i5 9 a /eam] *>t]$ = ! purpose4 ,sail+ across ! ,bay ( ,panama & ent]+ ! ,tuyra ,riv] at ,boca ,*ica1 we asc5d$ ! riv] z f> z ! village ,real de ,/4 ,m>ie4 ,at ?is po9t ! /eam] 0 ab&on$ & fur!r transportation 0 _h 9 canoes4 ,d>i5 is a prov9ce ( ! ,/ate ( ,panama & its b\nd>ies z giv5 by ,lieut4 ,sullivan 9 8 compreh5sive "w on ,problem ( ,int]oceanic ,communication1 are z foll[s3 ,! ,atlantic coa/ l9e is includ$ betwe5 ,po9t ,san ,blas & ,cape ,tiburon2 t ( ! ,pacific ext5ds f ! m\? ( ! ,bayano to ,po9t ,ardita4 ,! ea/]n b\nd>y is det]m9$ by ! ma9 ,cordill]a 9 its sweep across ! ,i/hmus f a position ( close proximity to ! ,pacific1 ne> ,po9t ,ardita1 to a simil> position ne> ,tiburon1 on ! ,atlantic4 ,! valleys ( ! ,m&+a & ,mamoni-,bayano det]m9e its we/]n limit4 ,! ,d>i5 hills z se5 f ! ,atlantic side pres5t to ! view an app>5tly solid ridge ( m\nta9s1 al?\gh !re are 9 reality _m l[ passes :i* are conceal$ by project+ spurs4 ,! divid+ ridge hugs close to ! ,atlantic1 & ! riv]s1 ( :i* !re are a great _m on ?is side1 plunge abruptly to ! sea4 ,on ! ,pacific side ! riv]s h a mu* long] di/ance to fl[ be=e rea*+ ! sea1 & ! t]ritory bord]+ on ! ocean is l[ & swampy4 ,! tidal limit ( ! ,tuyra ,riv] is ne>ly fifty miles f its m\?1 & on ?is riv] & _m ( its tribut>ies "o c travel _m miles inl& be=e gr\nd suffici5tly solid to l& ^u c be f\nd4 ,! vegetation )9 ?is l[ ly+ area is ?ick & closely matt$ toge!r1 & ?is fact tak5 9 connection ) ! swampy "* ( ! gr\nd1 makes travel on foot ?r\gh any portion ( x exce$+ly difficult4 ,!re=e ! v>i\s riv]s1 :i* =m a v complex sy/em & p5etrate ev]y:]e are ! natural highways ( ! c\ntry4 ,! *ief riv]s on ! ,pacific side are ! ,tuyra & ,boyano ) _! num]\s tribut>ies & on ! ,atlantic wat]%$ is ! ,atrato4 ,a peculi>ity notic$ at ,real de ,/4 ,m>ie1 :i* is at ! junction ( ! ,pyrrhi & ,tuyra riv]s & at :i* po9t ! tide has a rise & fall ( twelve or fifte5 feet1 0 t at l[ tide x 0 impossible to ent] ! m\? ( ! ,pyrrhi ) a boat1 :ile five or six miles up ! /ream !re 0 always a good supply ( fl[+ wat] & at d\ble t di/ance x became a m\nta9 torr5t4 ,outside ( ! swampy area ! "* ( ! c\ntry is r\gh & m\nta9\s4 ,! valleys are n>r[ & ! ridges exce$+ly %>p1 ! natural result ( a great ra9 fall4 ,! hills are able to resi/ ! cont9u$ wa/+ effect ( ! va/ volumes ( desc5d+ wat] only by _! ?ick mantle ( accumulat$ vegetation1 & 7 x n = ?is protection ! _m mon?s ( cont9u\s annual ra9 w\ld long ago h produc$ a level+ effect t w\ld h made unnecess>y ! v>i\s attempts ( man to pi]ce ! ,i/hmian m\nta9s & =m an artificial /rait4 ,! ridges are sometimes level = a %ort di/ance1 b are g5]ally brok5 & are made up ( a succession ( well r\nd$ peaks4 ,^! peaks are always completely cov]$ ) trees & f ! top ( ! %>pe/ ( !m x is impossible to get a view ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,! highe/ po9t climb$ 0 ab\t #b1jjj feet above sea level & ! highe/ peak 9 ,d>i5 is ,mt4 ,pyrrhi :i* is betwe5 ?ree & f\r ?\s&4 ,d>i5 has be5 ! sc5e ( a great deal ( survey+ & exploration f ! "t t ,columbus1 9 #aejc1 coa/$ along its %ores1 hop+ to f9d a /rait connect+ ! two oceans1 up to ! pres5t "t4 ,balboa1 9 #aeaj1 discov]$ ! ,pacific by cross+ ! ,d>i5 m\nta9s f ,cal$onia ,bay4 ,?is discov]y tak5 9 connection ) ! broad ind5tations ( ! l& not$ by ,columbus1 l$ ! old _w to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( a /rait1 & ! entire coa/ on ea* side ( ! new _w 0 dilig5tly se>*$4 ,! ,cabots1 ,ponce de ,leon & ,cortez int]e/$ !mselves 9 ?is se>* & x 0 n until ab\t #aecb t all expectations ( f9d+ ! /rait 7 ab&on$4 ,! idea ( a direct natural communication betwe5 ! oceans be+ ?us dispell$1 ! "q ( an artificial junction arose1 & 9 #aeea a ,spani% hi/orian recomm5d$ to ,philip ,,ii4 ( ,spa9 ! desirability ( an attempt to jo9 ! oceans by id5tically ! same r\tes to :i* ! att5tion ( ! :ole civiliz$ portion ( ! _w is n[ be+ drawn1 t is1 ,tehauntepec1 ,nic>agua & ,panama4 ,f ?is "t up to ! comm5cem5t ( ! "w ( ! ,i/hmian exp$itions s5t out by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & :i* la/$ f #ahgj to #ahge1 b little geographical k relative to ,d>i5 0 obta9$4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates exp$itions und\bt$ly did a great am\nt ( valuable exploration & survey+1 & :ile ! names ( ,/ra91 ,truxton1 ,selfridge & ,lull w always be held 9 high e/eem = :at !y accompli%$ 9 ?is direction1 /ill x is to be regrett$ t ) all ! res\rces at _! comm& !y did n make a complete map ( ! c\ntry4 ,& j "h ,i want to br+ =w>d ! sugge/ion t all t has be5 accompli%$ & m1 c\ld h be5 accompli%$ if ! v>i\s explor]s _h kn[n1 or practically utiliz$1 a fact t my own exp]i5ce & t ( o!r topograph]s1 9 ?is c\ntry & ,d>i51 has impress$ ^u me2 & t is1 t x is easi] 9 a r\gh & m\nta9\s c\ntry to travel on ! ridge ?an 9 ! valley4 ,9 ,d>i5 !y 7 look+ = a l[ pass 9 ! ,cordill]a & ?is 0 :at %\ld h fir/ be5 s\ght1 directly4 ,hav+ f\nd ! l[ passes ! valleys ( ! /reams dra9+ !refrom c\ld h !n be5 exam9$1 & ?us all necess>y in=mation c\ld h be5 obta9$ & ! subject exhau/$4 ,! plan foll[$ by ! ,i/hmian exp$itions 0 to asc5d a /ream ) ! hope ( f9d+ a suitable pass4 ,! pass might be f\nd or x might n1 & if n1 s mu* labor z f> z ! direct solution ( ! problem 0 conc]n$ 0 lo/4 ,a pass ( l[ altitude 0 ( prim>y importance & %\ld h be5 s\ght = 9 an exhau/ive way4 ,humboldt said 9 sub/ance1 ,d n wa/e y\r "t 9 runn+ exp]im5tal l9es across4 ,s5d out a p>ty fully equipp$1 :i* keep+ d[n ! divid+ ridge ! :ole l5g? ( ! ,i/hmus1 by ?is means c obta9 a complete k ( ! hypsometrical & geological conditions ( ! dam t ob/ructs ! travel & comm]ce ( ! _w4 ,b /range to say ?is plan sugge/$ by su* an em95t au?ority z ,humboldt & s /rongly recomm5d$ by common s5se1 has nev] be5 foll[$1 & to-day aft] all ! money t has be5 sp5t & ! lives lo/ 9 explorations 9 ,d>i51 !re is n suffici5t data collect$ to prove conclusively t !re does n n[ exi/ "s r\te = an int]oceanic canal t possesses m]its sup]ior to any at pres5t kn[n4 ,x is true ! divid+ ridge w\ld be difficult to foll[ on acc\nt ( ! great numb] ( confus+ spurs1 b ,i ?9k ,i am safe 9 say+ t />t+ f ! summit ( ! ma9 ridge at ,culebra pass on ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama1 ! divid+ ridge ext5d+ to ! pass at ! head wat]s ( ! ,atrato c\ld be exhau/ively foll[$ & /udi$ ) z mu* facility z c\ld ei!r ! ,tuyra or ,atrato riv]s1 embrac+ ) ea* _! respective tribut>ies4 ,i travel$ on "s ( ! high divid+ ridges 9 ,d>i51 & did n f9d t progress 0 at all difficult1 & especially not$ ! fact ( ! abs5ce ( tangl$ und]gr[? & matt$ v9es :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( ! ,d>i5 =e/s g5]ally4 ,n[ a few words ab\t ! inhabitants ( ,panama & ,d>i51 & 9 ref]r+ to ^! ,i mean ! native inhabitants & n ! indiscrim9ate ga!r+ ( all nationalities t 7 attract$ by ! ,panama ,canal4 ,9 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica1 z 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! aborig9al inhabitant 0 ! ,indian4 ,:5 ! ,spani>ds fir/ attempt$ to colonize ,d>i5 !y 7 met & resi/$ by ! native ,indian j z our =efa!rs 7 9 ,virg9ia & ,massa*usetts1 & z ) u s 9 ,panama & ,d>i5 ! ,indians h be5 driv5 back by degrees f ! %ores ( bo? oceans until n[ !y are f\nd only 9 ! f> int]ior4 ,!y resemble our ,indians 9 appe>ance1 b are small]4 ,!y are av]se to manual labor & live almo/ entirely by hunt+ & fi%+1 al?\gh !y sometimes h small plantations ( planta9s1 bananas1 oranges & lemons4 ,! ,spani>ds 9 settl+ 9 ! new c\ntry br\ght v few wom5 ) !m & ! ,colombian ( to-day is ! result ( ! admixture ( ! ,indian & ,spani% blood1 & has _m ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ea* race4 ,9 addition to ! ,indian & ,colombian !re are 9 ,panama & ,d>i5 a comp>atively l>ge numb] ( negroes1 :o 7 orig9ally import$ z slaves by ! e>ly ,spani>ds1 & :o n[ con/itute by f> ! l>g] portion ( ! inhabitants ( ,d>i51 be+ f\nd usually 9 villages along ! valleys ( ! l>g] /reams4 ,9 contra/ to ! ,colombian & ,indian !y are l>ge 9 /ature & make excell5t labor]s4 ,! pr9cipal villages 9 ,d>i51 z ,yovisa1 ,p9agana & ,real de ,/4 ,m>ie1 are inhabit$ exclusively by ! negroes1 ) ! exception ( a ,spani% judge 9 ea*1 :o ex]cises great au?ority4 ,besides be+ a judge 9 civil & crim9al cases1 he practically controls ev]y?+ 9 8 p>ticul> village1 z all contracts = labor are negotiat$ ) him & settlem5t = s]vices made ?r\gh him4 ,^u rea*+ ,d>i5 ! fir/ "w assign$ me 0 ! survey & exploration ( ! ,pyrrhi riv]4 ,?is survey 0 made = two purposes3 prim>ily1 to det]m9e if any ( ! c\ntry bord]+ ^u x 0 ( a suffici5tly desirable "* to include x )9 ! grant1 & secondly1 to secure data = ! g5]al topographical map4 ,my in/ructions 7 to proce$ z f> s\? z latitude #g #cj'4 ,! asc5t ( ! riv] 0 made 9 canoes until ! frequ5cy ( rapids made x necess>y to ab&on !m1 & !n ! j\rney 0 cont9u$ on foot1 g5]ally wad+ 9 ! middle ( ! /ream1 z ! und]gr[? 0 too ?ick to admit ( progress along ! banks4 ,sometimes ! wat] 0 v %all[2 at o!r times1 :]e x _h be5 back$ up by dams ( porphyritic rock1 x rea*$ above ! wai/1 & ne> ! end ( ! j\rney :]e ! riv] ran betwe5 v]tical walls ( great height x 0 necess>y to swim 9 ord] to get beyond ?is caon4 ,! survey ( ?is riv] 0 satisfactorily accompli%$ 9 ab\t a week4 ,! me?od adopt$ = ! survey 0 to take compass be>+s & to e/imate di/ances4 ,^! c\rses & di/ances 7 plott$ z !y 7 tak5 & ?us ! topographical & o!r features c\ld be readily sket*$ 9 connection ) !m4 ,to *eck & control ?is "w1 obs]vations 7 tak5 e day at noon ) a sextant1 on ! sun1 = latitude & "t1 & at night circum-m]idian altitudes ( />s 7 obta9$ :5 possible4 ,?us a numb] ( riv]s 7 survey$--! ,m>ia1 ,tucuti1 ,yovisa & o!r tribut>ies ( ! ,tuyra4 ,:5 x 0 f\nd t a suffici5tly correct idea ( ! c\ntry = topographical purposes c\ld n be obta9$ by simply me&]+ ! wat] c\rses1 l9es or tro*as 7 cut ?r\gh ! =e/ f /ream to /ream1 & :]e two /reams ?us connect$ 7 tribut>ies ( a common riv]1 all ( :i* _h be5 previ\sly survey$1 a clos$ figure 0 obta9$1 an adju/m5t = errors ( closure made1 & by putt+ toge!r ! topographical data obta9$ by ! f\r l9es1 !re 0 g5]ally f\nd to be suffici5t in=mation to give a satisfactory ?\gh ( c\rse a crude del9eation ( ! includ$ area4 ,aft] a numb] ( riv]s _h be5 exam9$ ) m or less accuracy 9 ?is way1 x 0 f9ally decid$ t ! area = "o portion ( ! grant be/ suit$ = ! purposes ( ! ,canal ,company lay on ! "r bank ( ! ,tuyra riv]1 & t ! portion ( ! riv] :i* lay betwe5 ! m\?s ( two ( its tribut>ies1 ! ,rio ,yape & ! ,rio ,pucro1 %\ld be "o ( ! b\nd>ies ( ! grant4 ,! ,yape & ,pucro h c\rses approximately p>allel to ea* o!r & at "r angles to ! ,rio ,tuyra1 & ^! /reams 7 also *os5 z b\nd>y l9es1 s t ! grant w\ld h ! ?ree riv]s z natural b\nd>ies1 & ! f\r? & clos+ b\nd>y 0 to be a /raight l9e f a c]ta9 po9t on ! ,yape to ! ,pucro1 s locat$ z to include )9 ! f\r b\nd>ies an area approximately equal to ! am\nt ( ! grant1 :i* 9 ?is p>ticul> case 0 #be1jjj hect>es4 ,! problem !n pres5t$ 03 giv5 ?ree riv]s = ?ree b\nd>ies ( a figure to e/abli% a f\r? & artificial l9e1 complet+ ! figure 9 su* a way t x %\ld conta9 a giv5 area1 & also to procure data = a topographical map ( ! c\ntry survey$4 ,?is survey 0 put "u my direction & ,i 0 in/ruct$ to proce$ to a po9t ov]look+ ! ,tuyra riv]1 betwe5 ! ,rio ,yape & ! ,rio ,pucro1 ne> ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,capite1 = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ a base camp4 ,leav+ ,real de ,/4 ,m>ie on ! ev5+ ( ,m>* #ae?1 ) a fleet ( twelve canoes & ab\t ?irty native labor]s1 we rea*$ ! site = ! camp 9 two days4 ,aft] l&+ ev]y?+1 ! "w ( cle>+ away trees & und]bru% ov] an area suffici5tly l>ge = ! camp 0 comm5c$4 ,! m5 work$ will+ly ) axe & ma*te1 & soon ! =e/ rec$$ & left b>e a semi-circul> space fac+ ! riv]4 ,two h\ses 7 ne$$ & )\t saw1 nail or hamm] ! con/ruction 0 comm5c$ & prosecut$ rapidly4 ,/raight trees ab\t six in*es 9 diamet] & tw5ty feet long 7 cut & plant$ v]tically 9 holes dug out ) ! ma*te1 & horizontal pieces ( a small] diamet] 7 securely fa/5$ on ) long t\gh /rips ( b>k1 & ?us a squ>e or oblong frame 0 fa%ion$4 ,! horizontal pieces 7 plac$ at a di/ance ( ab\t ?ree feet f ! gr\nd1 on :i* a floor+ 0 ev5tually laid1 & at ! top ( ! frame :]e ! slope ( ! ro( began4 ,on ! top pieces o!r poles 7 laid & fa/5$ across & l5g?wise1 & on ^! ! m5 /ood :ile mak+ ! skeleton ( ! ro(4 ,! latt] 0 made v /eep = bett] protection aga9/ ! ra94 ,aft] ! ridge pole 0 put 9 position o!r small] poles 7 fa/5$ on p>allel & p]p5dicul> to x s t ! :ole ro( 0 divid$ up into squ>es1 & x 0 f9ally complet$ by weav+ 9 ?ick bun*es ( palm & o!r leaves 9 su* a way z to make x ?or\ghly wat]-pro(4 ,= our purpose no protection on ! sides ( ! /ructures o!r ?an ! project+ eaves 0 consid]$ necess>y4 ,a floor ( poles laid v close toge!r 0 put 9 "o h\se1 ! "o us$ = sleep+ purposes1 & 9 ! o!r a table = eat+1 writ+1 draught+1 etc41 0 made4 ,?us 9 two or ?ree days ! place 0 made ?or\ghly habitable1 & m5 7 detail$ to see t ! gr\nds1 etc41 7 always kept ?or\ghly clean & 9 a good sanit>y condition1 a v necess>y precaution 9 a tropical c\ntry4 ,! =e/ af=d$ game1 ! riv] an abundance ( fi%2 bananas1 oranges1 lemons & p9eapples 7 easily procur$ f ! natives1 :o also furni%$ mat]ial = a p\ltry y>d1 & ?us :ile locat$ at camp ,capite1 situat$ z x 0 on a picturesque spot ov]look+ two swiftly fl[+ riv]s1 ) good dr9k+ wat]1 a commiss>y dep>tm5t well /ock$1 a ,fr5* cook :o w\ld h done himself cr$it any:]e1 ,i c\ld n b ?9k t h]et(ore pictures ( life 9 ,d>i5 _h be5 too somb]ly drawn1 & t :]e s mu* suff]+ & sickness _h prevail$ among ! e>ly explor]s x 0 because !y _h gone !re n prop]ly outfitt$1 & because c>ri$ away ) ambiti\s en?usiasm _! adv5tur\s _s _h caus$ !m (t5 to und]take t :i* _! calm] judgm5t w\ld n h dictat$2 & t to ^! causes z mu* z to ! unheal?y condition ( ! locality 0 due _! _m h>d%ips4 ,sev]al days 7 sp5t "h gett+ "t & latitude obs]vations & 9 mapp+ out plans = ! "w4 ,x 0 decid$ t ! m\?s ( ! ,yape1 ,capite & ,pucro & o!r po9ts along ^! riv]s1 su* z m\?s ( tribut>y /reams1 etc41 %\ld be a/ronomically locat$1 t ^! po9ts %\ld be connect$ by compass l9es1 & also t cross l9es %\ld be run at v>i\s po9ts f ! ,yape to ! ,capite & f ! ,capite to ! ,pucro4 ,x 0 fur!r decid$ t z "t 0 limit$ x w\ld be impracticable to run out ! f\r? side ( ! figure t w\ld conta9 ! grant1 z ! c\ntry ar\nd ! headwat]s ( ! /reams 0 kn[n to be exce$+ly r\gh & m\nta9\s1 & to foll[ any /raight l9e w\ld necess>ily involve a great am\nt ( labori\s cutt+ & climb+4 ,fur!rmore1 9 ord] to "k j :at direction ?is l9e %\ld foll[ x w\ld be fir/ necess>y to make a connect$ prelim9>y survey ( ! ?ree riv]s2 to plot ?is survey & !n by inspection ( ! map & consid]ation ( v>i\s />t+ po9ts to decide on ! mo/ available location ( ! f\r? side4 ,in/ead ( ?is x 0 consid]$ be/ & suffici5t to arbitr>ily adopt a c]ta9 wat]fall on ! ,rio ,yape1 ! location ( :i* 0 approximately kn[n f a reconnoisance previ\sly made1 z ! initial po9t ( ! l9e connect+ ! upp] ,yape ) ! ,pucro & clos+ ! figure4 ,?us x only became necess>y1 z f> z ! b\nd>ies 7 conc]n$1 to run a l9e along ! ,tuyra1 jo9+ ! m\?s ( ! ,yape & ,pucro2 to run a l9e f ! m\? ( ! ,yape to ! wat]fall above ref]r$ to2 & to run up ! ,pucro suffici5tly f> to be c]ta9 t :5 ! "w 0 complet$ & plott$1 a l9e drawn f ! position ( ! wat]fall on ! map 9 su* a way z to include ! desir$ area w\ld int]sect ! ,pucro at "s po9t )9 ! limit ( :at _h be5 survey$4 ,i h n "t to g into ! details ( ! v>i\s trips by l& & wat] necess>y to c>ry out ^! plans4 ,be=e />t+ x 0 kn[n exactly :at 0 necess>y to be done2 ea* assi/ant eng9e] _h 8 "w cle>ly mapp$ out be=e him1 & ea* "o fai?fully p]=m$ ! task allott$ to him1 s t ! :ole survey 0 br\ght to a successful completion4 ,?is br\ght to a close all ! "w 9 ,d>i51 ! o!r tracts hav+ be5 survey$ be=e my arrival & consequ5tly ! :ole exp$ition return$ to ,panama1 & soon aft]w>ds ,i return$ to ?is c\ntry4 ,9 go+ to & return+ f ,d>i51 ,i pass$ twice ov] ! ,panama railroad & along ! l9e ( ! ,panama canal1 & ,i h ?\ght t a few facts relative to ! canal & railroad might prove ( int]e/ to ! ,geographical ,society4 ,publi%$ h]e) is a sket* %[+ ! location ( ! railroad1 canal & tribut>y dra9age1 & a pr(ile along ! axis ( ! canal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sket* ,,%[+ ,,location ,,( ,,panama ,,rail ,,road1 ,,panama ,,canal ,,& ,,tribut>y ,,dra9age4 ,n4 ,pet]s1 ,photo-,li?ograph]1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pr(ile ,,( ,,! ,,panama ,,canal4 ,black indicates "w execut$2 /ipple1 "w to be execut$ to complete a lock-canal2 :ite1 additional "w to be execut$ to complete a sea-level canal4 ,! fir/ surveys = ! railroad 7 made 9 #ahdi1 & x 0 probably ! excitem5t ( ! ,cali=nia gold fev] t br\ght ab\t its con/ruction at ?is p>ticul> "t4 ,gr\nd 0 brok5 9 ,janu>y1 #ahej1 & ! la/ rail 0 laid 9 ,janu>y1 #ahee4 ,! l5g? ( ! road is #dg4f miles & x crosses ! divid+ summit at an elevation ( #bfc feet above ! mean level ( ! ,atlantic ocean4 ,! maximum grade is #fj feet to ! mile4 ,soon aft] ! road 0 built accurate levels 7 run to det]m9e ! diff]5ce1 if any1 betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ,pacific oceans1 & x 0 f\nd t ! mean levels 7 ab\t ! same1 al?\gh !re are ( c\rse v>iations ow+ to local causes1 & consid]able diff]5ces ( height at times1 ow+ to diff]5ces ( tides 9 ! ,atlantic & ,pacific4 ,at ,asp9wall ! greate/ rise is only #a4f feet1 :ile at ,panama !re is at times a diff]5ce ( ov] #ba feet betwe5 high & l[ wat]4 ,! co/ ( ! railroad 0 #ge1jjj1jjj4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! railroad 0 probably ! decid+ cause t l$ ,lesseps to ! adoption ( ?is location ( ! propos$ canal4 ,n[ t ! s*eme has practically fail$ x is v easy to see & appreciate ! difficulties t lay 9 ! way ( build+ a canal at ?is p>ticul> place2 & x c]ta9ly seems t if s\nd eng9e]+ pr9ciples _h be5 adopt$ at lea/ "s ( ^! difficulties c\ld h be5 und]/ood & prop]ly combatt$4 ,! :ole s*eme1 h[ev]1 f an eng9e]+ /&po9t1 seems to h be5 conduct$ 9 ! mo/ blund]+ mann]4 ,lesseps is a diplomat & f9anci]1 b 9 no s5se a great eng9e]4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,suez canal1 ! que/ions ( diplomacy & f9ance 7 ! mo/ difficult to settle1 :ile ! eng9e]+ problems 7 comp>atively simple4 ,9 ,panama ! opposite conditions prevail$4 ,concessions 7 freely giv5 him by ! ,colombian gov]nm5t & money freely (f]$ him by ! ,fr5* p1 b he nev] grasp$ or compreh5d$ ! difficulties t nature _h plant$ 9 8 way1 & ^! only seem$ to occur to him :5 !y block$ progress 9 a c]ta9 direction4 ,! ,p>is ,conf]5ce1 controll$ by ,lesseps1 decid$ on ! #bi? ( ,may1 #ahgi1 t ! con/ruction ( an int]oceanic canal 0 possible & t x %\ld be built f ! ,gulf ( ,limon to ! ,bay ( ,panama4 ,! tide-level s*eme 0 adopt$ & ! foll[+ dim5sions decid$ ^u1 viz3 ,l5g?1 #de4e miles2 dep?1 #bh feet2 wid? at wat] l9e #afd feet1 & wid? at bottom #gb feet4 ,! r\te det]m9$ ^u 0 ab\t ! same z t ( ! railroad1 t is along ! valleys ( ! ,*agres & ,obispo1 cross+ ! divide at ! ,culebra pass & !n desc5d+ to ! ,pacific along ! c\rse ( ! ,rio ,gr&e4 ,! pr(ile :i* is reproduc$ f ,sci5ce1 %[s ! /ate ( progress on ,janu>y #a/1 #ahhh1 & ! am\nt ( excavation t has be5 done s9ce t "t w\ld make b a slight diff]5ce 9 ! appe>ance ( ! pr(ile4 ,! portion %[n 9 black is :at has be5 remov$ along ! axis ( ! canal & repres5ts an exp5diture ( ov] #che1jjj1jjj & sev5 ye>s' labor4 ,! reasons t make ! s*eme impracticable are briefly ^!1 "s ( :i* 7 kn[n be=e ! "w 0 comm5c$1 & all ( :i* %\ld h be5 und]/ood4 ,! fir/ great difficulty is 9 cutt+ ?r\gh ! ridge culm9at+ at ,culebra :]e ! orig9al surface 0 #ced feet above ! b$ ( ! propos$ canal4 ,x 0 nev] kn[n :at ! geological =mation ( ?is ridge 0 until ! diff]5t /rata 7 laid b>e by ! workman's pick1 & ! slope adopt$1 #a to #a1 0 f\nd to be insuffici5t 9 ! less compact =mations1 ev5 at ! comp>atively %all[ dep? t 0 rea*$1 & _m & s]i\s l&slides 7 ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,ano!r s]i\s difficulty 0 ! disposition ( ! excavat$ mat]ial1 = ^u ! completion ( a sea-level c\rse ?is *annel w\ld naturally dra9 all ! c\ntry hi!rto tribut>y to ! ,*agres & ,rio ,gr&e1 & any sub/ance n remov$ to a great di/ance w\ld ev5tually be wa%$ back aga9 into ! canal4 ,b p]haps ! greate/ difficulty 0 9 ! control ( ! imm5se surface dra9age4 ,! ,*agres riv] dur+ ! dry season is1 :]e x crosses ! l9e ( ! canal ne> ,gamboa1 only ab\t two feet deep & #bej feet wide1 b dur+ a flood ! dep? becomes z mu* z =ty feet1 ! wid? #a1ejj feet1 & ! volume ( wat] dis*>g$ #afj1jjj cubic feet p] second4 ,! b$ ( ! riv] is "h #db feet above sea level1 or #gj feet above :at ! bottom ( canal w\ld h be54 ,n[ add to ?is a #dj-;foot flood & we h a wat] surface "o hundr$ & t5 feet above ! b$ ( ! canal4 ,9 ord] to keep ?is imm5se volume ( wat] f ! canal x 0 propos$ to build a l>ge dam at ,gamboa1 & to convey ! wat] by an entirely diff]5t & artificial r\te to ! ,atlantic4 ,x is impossible to %[ on ! map ! :ole dra9age area ( ! ,*agres1 b a r\gh calculation %[s x to be ab\t #ejj squ>e miles4 ,?is seems a small total dra9age area1 b :5 x is consid]$ t ! annual ra9fall is ab\t #ab ,,feet1 t ?is ra9fall is conf9$ to ab\t "o half ! ye>1 & t 9 six consecutive h\rs !re has be5 a precipitation ( ov] six in*es ( ra91 "s idea ( ! am\nt ( wat] t f9ds its way ?r\gh ! ,*agres riv] dur+ ! wet season may be =m$4 ,z ,i said be=e x 0 propos$ to protect ! canal f ! wat]s ( ! upp] ,*agres by an imm5se dam at ,gamboa1 & = ! purpose ( controll+ ! wat] tribut>y to ! l[] ,*agres two additional canals or *annels 7 to be con/ruct$ on ei!r side ( ! ma9 canal4 ,?us1 z ! riv] is v tortu\s & ! axis ( ! canal cross$ x tw5ty-five or ?irty times1 _m deviations ( ! =m] became necess>y4 ,9 "s places ! canal 0 to occupy ! b$ ( ! riv] & 9 o!rs x cut across b5ds leav+ ! riv] = its orig9al natural purpose ( dra9age4 ,! difficulty 9 reta9+ ! floods 9 ^! con/ruct$ *annels w\ld ( c\rse be imm5se1 especially 9 "s ( ! cases :]e ! wat] ru%+ along its natural *annel is sudd5ly turn$ at "r angles into an artificial "o4 ,?us x is cle> t aside f ! enorm\s exp5se incid5t to ! removal ( ! imm5se am\nt ( e>? & rock necess>y to complete ! canal1 t grant+ all ?is accompli%$1 x w\ld be practically impossible to ma9ta9 a sea-level canal by reason ( ! difficulty 9 controll+ ! ,*agres & prev5t+ ! canal f fill+ up4 ,! canal company f9ally came to ! conclusion t ! sea-level s*eme 0 impracticable & x 0 ab&on$1 & plans 7 prep>$ = a lock sy/em4 ,z se5 on ! pr(ile !re 7 t5 locks propos$1 five on ea* side ( ! summit level4 ,! summit level 0 to be #aej feet above sea level & consequ5tly ea* lock w\ld h a lift ( ?irty feet4 ,! pr(ile 0 con/ruct$ especially to %[ ! am\nt rema9+ to be execut$ to complete ! lock sy/em1 & a m]e inspection w %[ ! relative am\nt ( complet$ & uncomplet$ area along ! axis ( ! canal4 ,to complete ! summit cut x is /ill necess>y to excavate #aaa feet1 #ic feet hav+ already be5 excavat$1 ?r\gh a horizontal di/ance ( #ccjj feet4 ,! wid? ( cut at top surface = ! requir$ dep? at a slope ( #a to #a w\ld be #gej feet1 b z ,i said be=e1 at ?is slope l&slides 7 ( frequ5t occurr5ce & ! slope w\ld probably h to be increas$ to at lea/ #b to #a4 ,grant+ ! necess>y excavations made1 !re w\ld be /ill ! problem ( ! control ( ! ,*agres riv] & ! wat] supply = ! summit level to provide =4 ,at fir/ x 0 ?\ght t ! wat] supply c\ld be obta9$ f ! /orage ( ! wat]s ( ! ,*agres & ,obispo1 b ?is idea 0 ev5tually ab&on$1 ei!r f a belief 9 ! insuffici5cy ( ! wat] supply dur+ ! dry season1 or f difficulties 9 ! way ( convey+ ! wat] to ! summit level4 ,!n x 0 t ! advice ( ,mr4 ,eiffel1 a not$ ,fr5* eng9e]1 0 s\ght1 & aft] a visit to ! ,i/hmus he propos$ t ! summit level %\ld be suppli$ by pump+ f ! ,pacific4 ,a contract 0 imm$iately made ) ,eiffel1 :o 0 h]ald$ all ov] ! _w z ! man :o w\ld save ! canal1 & imm$iately a positive day1 ! sev5? t _h be5 ann\nc$1 0 fix$ = ! op5+ ( ! great canal4 ,i d n "k j h[ mu* "w 0 done t[>ds p]fect+ ! sy/em = pump+1 b probably v little 0 ev] accompli%$ 9 ?is direction1 z soon aft] ?is s*eme 0 ?\ght ( ! available funds ( ! canal company began to be v sc>ce1 & !re has be5 s9ce !n a g5]al collapse ( "w all along ! l9e until n[ x is entirely susp5d$4 ,f :at ,i h said & f :at c be se5 f ! pr(ile1 x w be readily und]/ood t z f> z ! sea-level project is conc]n$ ! am\nt done is n mu* m ?an a scrap+ ( ! surface1 relatively speak+1 & t :at has be5 done is 9 places :]e ! ob/acles 7 fewe/4 ,9 reg>d to ! lock canal ab\t "o ?ird ( ! necess>y excavation has be5 made along ! axis ( ! canal1 b tak+ into consid]ation o!r requirem5ts necess>y = ! completion ( ! s*eme1 ,i %\ld e/imate1 r\ghly1 t probably only "o six? ( ! :ole am\nt ( "w _h be5 accompli%$4 ,! "q n[ naturally arises z to :at w be ! probable future ( ?is great ent]prise4 ,! ,fr5* p h se5 ! s*eme fail "u ,lesseps 9 :om !y _h ! mo/ unb\nd$ confid5ce1 & x is n likely t !y w raise any m money to be put 9 x z a bus9ess ent]prise "u any o!r managem5t4 ,saddl$ z x is ) a debt ( ne>ly f\r hundr$ millions ( doll>s1 x w\ld be difficult to conv9ce any "o t x c\ld ev] prove to be a pay+ inve/m5t4 ,nor d ,i ?9k t any ,am]ican or ,engli% corporation c be organiz$ t c\ld obta9 su* concessions f ,lesseps z w\ld make ! s*eme an invit+ field = capitali/s1 & ?us my op9ion is t ! ,compagnie ,univ]selle du ,canal ,int]ocanique de ,panama has irretrievably collaps$1 & t ! canal w rema91 z x is n[1 ! mo/ gigantic failure ( ! age4 ,,across ,,nic>agua ,,) ,,transit ,,& ,,ma*,,te4 ,,by ,r4 ,e4 ,,pe>y4 ,! action ( ?is ,national ,society1 ) its array ( di/+ui%$ memb]s1 9 turn+ its att5tion = an h\r to a region :i* has int]e/$ ! ?9k+ _w = m ?an ?ree c5turies gives me peculi> pleasure & satisfaction4 ,i propose ?is ev5+ to t\* lightly & briefly ^u ! natural features ( ,nic>agua1 to note ! reasons = ! int]e/ :i* has always c5t]$ ^u h]1 to trace ! gr[? ( ! great project ) :i* h] "n is insep>ably l9k$2 to %[ y some:at 9 detail1 ! life1 "w1 & surr\nd+s ( an eng9e] )9 h] bord]s2 & f9ally to %[ y ! result t is to cr[n ! eng9e]'s "w 9 h] wide spread+ =e/s & f]tile valleys4 ,t portion ( ,c5tral ,am]ica n[ includ$ )9 ! b\nd>ies ( our si/] republic ,nic>agua1 has almo/ f ! mom5t t ,european eyes look$ ^u x attract$ & *>m$ ! att5tion ( explor]s1 geograph]s1 great rul]s1 /ud5ts1 & m5 ( sagaci\s & f> rea*+ intellect4 ,f ,gom>a ! long li/ ( fam\s names :i* h l9k$ !mselves ) ,nic>agua rea*es d[n ?r\gh ,humboldt1 ,napoleon ,,iii41 ,amm51 ,lull1 ,m5ocal & ,taylor4 ,! %ores 7 fir/ se5 by ,europeans 9 #aejb1 :5 ,columbus 9 8 f\r? voyage r\nd$ ! cape :i* =ms ! nor!a/ angle ( ! /ate1 & call$ x ,gracias ,dios1 :i* "n x be>s to-day4 ,columbus !n coa/$ s\?w>d along ! ea/]n %ore4 ,9 #aebb1 ,avila1 p5etrat$ f ! ,pacific coa/ ( ! c\ntry to ! lakes & ! cities ( ! ,indian inhabitants4 ,previ\s to ?is ! c\ntry 0 occupi$ by a num]\s population ( ,aztecs1 or ne>ly alli$ p1 z ! quantities ( specim5s ( pott]y1 gold images1 & o!r articles f\nd ^u ! isl&s & along ! %ores ( ! lakes1 prove conclusively4 ,9 #aebi ! connection ( ! lakes ) ! ,c>ibbean sea 0 discov]$1 & dur+ ! la/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury a consid]able comm]ce 0 c>ri$ on by ?is r\te betwe5 ,granada on ,lake ,nic>agua & ! cities ( ,nombre de ,dios1 ,c>tag5a1 ,havana & ,cadiz4 ,9 #ahba ,nic>agua ?rew (f ! rule ( ! "m c\ntry & 9 #ahbc =m$ ) h] si/] ,spani% colonies1 a conf$]ation4 ,?is conf$]ation 0 dissolv$ 9 #ahch1 & s9ce !n ,nic>agua has conduct$ h] own affairs4 ,9 po9t ( advancem5t1 f9ancial solidity & /ability ( gov]nm5t %e /&s to-day ne>ly1 if n q1 at ! head ( ! ,c5tral ,am]ican republics4 ,nic>agua ext5ds ov] a little m ?an f\r degrees ea* ( latitude & longitude1 f ab\t ,n4 #aa to ,n4 #ae & f #hc #bj' ,w4 to #hg #dj' ,w4 ,its longe/ side is ! nor!rn bord] f ! ,gulf ( ,fonseca nor!a/]ly to ,cape ,gracias ,dios1 two hundr$ & n9ety miles4 ,f t cape s\? to ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,san ,juan1 ! ,c>ibbean coa/ l9e1 is two hundr$ & fifty miles4 ,ne>ly due we/ across ! ,i/hmus to ,sal9as ,bay on ! ,pacific1 is "o hundr$ & tw5ty miles4 ,! ,pacific coa/ l9e ext5ds !nce nor?we/ "o hundr$ & sixty miles4 ,9 po9t ( size ,nic>agua /&s fir/ among ! ,c5tral ,am]ican republics hav+ an area ( #ea1fjj squ>e miles4 ,x is l>g] ?an ei!r ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york or ,p5nsylvania1 ab\t ! size ( ,d5m>k1 ,belgium1 ! ,ne!rl&s & ,switz]l& comb9$1 & is "o-f\r? z l>ge z ,france or ,g]many4 ,its population numb]s ab\t #cjj1jjj4 ,! ,gulf ( ,fonseca1 at ! nor!rn1 & ,sal9as ,bay at ! s\!rn extremity ( ! coa/ l9e are two ( ! f9e/ & l>ge/ h>bors on ! ,pacific coa/ ( ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,ab\t midway betwe5 !m is ! f9e h>bor ( ,cor9to1 & !re are also sev]al o!r ports along ! coa/1 at ,san ,juan del ,sur1 ,brito & ,tam>9dito4 ,on ! ,c>ibbean coa/ no h>bors suitable = l>ge vessels exi/1 b num]\s lagoons & bights af=d ! be/ ( %elt] = coa/+ vessels4 ,! c5tral portion ( ,nic>agua is trav]s$1 f nor? to s\?1 by ! ma9 cordill]a ( ! i/hmus1 :i*1 "h greatly r$uc$ 9 altitude1 consi/s m]ely ( a confus$ mass ( peaks & ridges ) an av]age elevation sc>cely exce$+ #a1jjj feet4 ,betwe5 ?is m\nta9\s region & ! ,c>ibbean %ore /ret*es a l[ level c\ntry1 cov]$ ) a d5se =e/1 ri* 9 rubb]1 c$>1 mahogany & dye woods4 ,x is dra9$ by sev]al l>ge riv]s ^: f]tile int]vales w yield almo/ incr$ible h>ve/s ( planta9s1 bananas1 oranges1 limes1 & o!r tropical fruits4 ,we/ ( ! m\nta9 zone is a broad valley1 ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five feet above ! level ( ! sea1 ext5d+ f ! ,gulf ( ,fonseca1 s\!a/]ly to ! fronti] ( ,co/a ,rica4 ,! great] portion ( ?is valley is occupi$ by two lakes1 ,managua & ,nic>agua4 ,! latt] "o hundr$ & t5 miles long by fifty or sixty miles wide is really an inl& sea1 be+ "o-half z l>ge z ,lake ,ont>io & twice z l>ge z ,long ,isl& ,s\nd4 ,^! lakes1 ) ! ra9fall ( ! adjac5t valleys1 dra9 ?r\gh ! noble ,san ,juan riv]1 :i* dis*>ges into ! ,c>ibbean at ,greyt[n1 at ! s\!a/ angle ( ! c\ntry4 ,betwe5 ! ,pacific & ^! lakes is a n>r[ /rip ( l&1 f twelve to ?irty miles 9 wid?1 /ret*+ f ! magnific5t pla9 ( ,leon ) its ca!dral city1 9 ! nor?1 to ! roll+ indigo fields & ! cacao plantations :i* surr\nd ! g>d5 city ( ,rivas1 9 ! s\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,leon ,,ca!dral4 ,julius ,bi5 ,co4 ,! l[e/ pass across ! backbone ( ! ,new ,_w1 f ,behr+'s ,/rait to ! ,/raits ( ,magellan1 ext5ds along ! ,san ,juan valley & across ! ,lajas--,rio ,gr&e divide1 betwe5 ,lake ,nic>agua & ! ,pacific2 ! summit ( ?is divide is only "o hundr$ & fifty-two feet above ! sea & =ty-two feet above ! lake4 ,nic>agua pres5ts yet ano!r unique physical feature4 ,ly+ betwe5 ! elevat$ m\nta9 masses ( ,co/a ,rica on ! s\? & ,honduras on ! nor?1 ! av]age elevation ( its own m\nta9 backbone h>dly "o ?\s& feet1 x is ! natural ?or\ghf>e ( ! b5efic5t nor!a/ ,trades4 ,^! w9ds sweep 9 f ! ,c>ibbean across ! ,atlantic slopes1 break ! surface ( ! lakes into sp>kl+ waves1 & !n disappe> ov] ! ,pacific1 a]at+1 cool+ & purify+ ! c\ntry1 de/roy+ ! g]ms ( disease & mak+ ,nic>agua ! heal?ie/ region 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,! sc5]y ( ! ea/]n portion ( ! c\ntry is ( ! luxuriant sam5ess peculi> to all tropical c\ntries4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ! lakes & betwe5 !m & ! ,pacific1 ! isolat$ m\nta9 peaks :i* b\nd ! pla9 ( ,leon on ! nor!a/2 ! m\nta9 isl&s ( ,mad]a & ,ometepe2 ! t[]+ turquoise masses ( ! ,co/a ,rican volcanoes2 & ! di/ant blue m\nta9s ( ,segovia & ,matagalpa1 visible beyond ! sp>kl+ wat]s ( ! lakes1 fea/ ! eye ) sc5ic beauties1 unsurpass$ else:]e 9 gr&eur1 v>iety & ri*ness ( color+4 ,! products ( ! c\ntry are num]\s despite ! fact t its res\rces are z yet almo/ entirely undevelop$4 ,maize1 planta9s1 bananas1 oranges1 limes1 & inde$ e tropical fruit1 ?rive 9 abundance4 ,c(fee is gr[n 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! hilly region 9 ! nor?we/2 sug>1 tobacco1 cotton1 rice1 indigo & cacao plantations ab\nd betwe5 ! lakes & ! ,pacific2 potatoes & :eat ?rive 9 ! upl&s ( ,segovia2 ! ,*ontales region ea/ ( ,lake ,nic>agua1 a great graz+ section1 supports ?\s&s ( head ( cattle2 & back ( ?is are ! gold & silv] di/ricts ( ,la ,lib]tad1 ,javali & o!rs4 ,num]\s trees & plants ( m$ic9al & comm]cial value are f\nd 9 ! =e/s4 ,game is pl5tiful & ( num]\s v>ieties2 de]1 wild hog1 wild turkey1 manatee & tapir2 & fi% ab\nd 9 ! /reams & riv]s4 ,! temp]ature ( ,nic>agua is equable4 ,! extreme v>iation1 record$ by ,*ilds1 0 #bc obs]v$ ne> ! head ( ! ,san ,juan 9 ,may1 #ahea4 ,! s\!a/ w9d pr$om9ates dur+ ! ra9y season4 ,occasionally1 9 ,june or ,octob] z a rule1 ! w9d hauls r\nd to s\?we/ & a temporal results1 heavy ra9 sometimes fall+ = a week or t5 days4 ,! equatorial cl\d-belt1 foll[+ ! sun nor? 9 ! spr+1 is late rea*+ ,nic>agua1 & ! wet season is %ort] ?an 9 regions f>!r s\?4 ,! av]age ra9fall1 bas$ on ! records ( n9e ye>s1 is #fd4db in*es4 ,! trades bl[ almo/ ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,/rong dur+ ! dry season & fre%5+ dur+ ! day2 ! w9d comes f ! ea/-nor!a/1 & bl[s usually = f\r to five days1 :51 haul+ to ! ea/ or s\!a/ = a day or two1 x calms d[n1 !n goes back to nor!a/ & rises aga94 ,! ,spani% discov]]s ( ! great ,lake ,nic>agua1 com+ ^u x f ! ,pacific1 & not+ ! fluctuations ( level caus$ by ! action ( ! w9d ^u its broad surface1 mi/ook ^! fluctuations = tides & felt assur$ t "s broad /rait connect$ x ) ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,lat]1 :5 ,ma*uca _h discov]$ ! gr& riv] outlet ( ! lake1 & ! re/less se>*+ ( o!r explor]s 9 e bay & inlet along bo? sides ( ! ,am]ican i/hmus _h ext+ui%$ =ev] ! ignis fatuus ,secret ( ! ,/rait1 ,gom>a po9t$ ?is out z "o ( ! mo/ favorable localities = an artificial communication betwe5 ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,seas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,nic>agua ,,canal4 ,julius ,bi5 ,co4 ,x 0 n until #ahea1 h[ev]1 t an accurate & sci5tific survey ( a %ip canal r\te 0 made by ,col4 ,o4 ,w4 ,*ilds4 ,?is survey :i* %[$ ! lake ( ,nic>agua to be only "o hundr$ & sev5 feet above ! sea1 & ! maximum elevation betwe5 ! lake & ! ,pacific to be only =ty-"o feet1 exhibit$ ! advantages ( ?is r\te s cle>ly & 9 su* an unansw]able mann] t x has nev] s9ce be5 possible to ignore x4 ,9 #ahgj1 "u ! adm9i/ration ( ,g5]al ,grant & l>gely ?r\gh ! unceas+ ef=ts ( ,admiral ,amm51 ! ,unit$ ,/ates began a s]ies ( sy/ematic surveys ( all ! r\tes across ! ,am]ican i/hmus f ,tehuantepec to ! head wat]s ( ! ,rio ,atrato2 & six ye>s lat]1 ) ! plans & results ( all ^! surveys be=e x1 a commission compos$ ( ,g5]al ,humphreys1 ,*ief ( ,eng9e]s1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army2 ,hon4 ,c>lile ,patt]son1 ,sup]9t5d5t ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ ,survey2 & ,re>-,admiral ,daniel ,amm51 ,*ief ( ,bureau ( ,navigation1 ,u4 ,s4 ,navy2 gave its v]dict 9 favor ( ! ,nic>agua r\te4 ,! ,int]national ,canal ,congress at ,p>is1 9 #ahgi1 _h su* conv9c+ in=mation plac$ be=e x t x 0 =c$1 9 spite ( its prejudices1 to admit t 9 ! advantages x (f]$ = ! con/ruction ( a lock canal1 ! ,nic>agua r\te 0 sup]ior to any o!r across ! ,am]ican i/hmus4 ,9 #ahgf1 & aga9 9 #ahhj ,civil ,eng9e] ,a4 ,g4 ,m5ocal1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n41 ! *ief eng9e] ( previ\s gov]nm5tal surveys1 resurvey$ & revis$ portions ( ! r\te1 & 9 #ahhe ! same eng9e]1 assi/$ by myself1 survey$ an entirely new l9e on ! ,c>ibbean side1 f ,greyt[n to ! ,san ,juan riv]1 ne> ! m\? ( ! ,san ,c>los4 ,on ! ea/]n side ( ,nic>agua1 all ^! surveys 7except ! la/71 7 conf9$ almo/ entirely to ! ,san ,juan riv]1 & its imm$iate banks2 & ! c\ntry on ei!r side beyond ^! n>r[ limits 01 up to #ahhe1 almo/ entirely unkn[n4 ,betwe5 ,lake ,nic>agua & ! ,pacific1 h[ev]1 e pass f ! ,bay ( ,sal9as to ! ,gulf ( ,fonseca _h be5 exam9$4 ,9 #ahhe ! p>ty ( :i* ,i 0 a memb] pu%$ a ne>ly direct l9e across ! c\ntry f a po9t on ! ,san ,juan1 ab\t ?ree miles bel[ ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,san ,c>los1 to ,greyt[n1 a di/ance ( ?irty-"o miles by our l9e1 z comp>$ ) fifty-six miles by ! riv] & =ty-two miles by ! =m] propos$ canal r\te4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahhg1 ,i w5t out 9 *>ge ( a f9al survey+ exp$ition1 consi/+ ( "s =ty eng9e]s & assi/ants & "o hundr$ & fifty labor]s1 to resurvey & /ake out ! l9e ( ! canal prep>atory to ! "w ( con/ruction4 ,! in=mation & p]sonal exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 previ\s surveys made x possible1 )\t loss ( "t1 to locate ! v>i\s sections ( ! exp$ition 9 ! mo/ advantage\s mann]1 & pu% ! "w ) ! greate/ spe$ consi/5t ) accuracy4 ,! location l9es ( ! previ\s surveys 7 tak5 z a prelim9>y l9e & c>efully re-measur$ & re-levell$4 ,prelim9>y (fsets 7 run2 ! location made1 & /ak$ (f ^u ! gr\nd2 (fsets run 9 f ?ree hundr$ to "o hundr$ feet ap>t1 ext5d+ beyond ! slope limits ( ! canal2 bor+s made at frequ5t int]vals2 & all /reams gaug$4 ,! result ( ?is "w 0 a s]ies ( detail *>ts & pr(iles1 bas$ ^u rigidly *eck$ in/rum5tal data1 & cov]+ ! entire l9e f ,greyt[n to ,brito1 f :i* to e/imate quantities & co/4 ,z may be imag9$ by ^? famili> ) tropical c\ntries1 ! prosecution ( a survey 9 ^! regions is an ardu\s & difficult "w1 & "o dem&+ special qualifications 9 ! eng9e]4 ,8 days are fill$ ) a succession ( surprises1 usually disagreeable1 & con/ant happ5+s ( ! unexpect$4 ,probably 9 no o!r c\ntry w ! travel]1 explor]1 or eng9e]1 f9d su* an endless v>iety ( ob/acles to 8 progress4 ,e topographical feature ( ! c\ntry is %r\d$ & hidd5 "u a tropical gr[? ( huge trees & tangl$ und]bru%1 s d5se t x is impossible = ev5 a /rong1 active man1 burd5$ ) no?+ b a rifle1 to =ce himself ?r\gh x )\t a %ort1 heavy sword or ma*te1 ) :i* to cut 8 way4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! mo/ obs]vant eng9e] & exp]t woodsman may pass )9 a hundr$ feet ( ! base ( a consid]able hill & n h a suspicion ( its exi/5ce1 or he may be entirely unaw>e ( ! proximity ( a /ream until he is on ! po9t ( /epp+ ov] ! edge ( its precipit\s banks4 ,! topography ( ! c\ntry has to be labori\sly felt out1 mu* z a bl9d man famili>izes himself ) 8 surr\nd+s4 ,9 do+ ?is "w ! indisp5sable in/rum5t1 )\t :i* ! transit1 ! level1 & inde$ ! eng9e] himself is ( no use1 is ! national weapon ( ,nic>agua1 ! ma*te1 a %ort1 heavy sword4 ,z soon z he is able to walk1 ! son ( ! ,nic>aguan mozo or hulro takes z a play?+ a piece ( iron hoop or an old knife1 & imitates 8 fa!r ) 8 ma*te4 ,z he gets old] a brok5 or worn-d[n weapon is giv5 him1 & :5 he is able to h&le x1 a full size ma*te is entru/$ to him & he !n consid]s himself a man4 ,f t day on1 wak+ or sleep+1 our ,nic>aguan's ma*te is always at 8 side4 ,) x he cuts 8 way ?r\gh ! woods2 ) x he builds 8 camp & 8 b$2 ) x he kills 8 game & fi%2 ) x at a p9* he %aves himself1 or extracts ! ?orns f 8 feet2 ) x he fights 8 duels1 & ) x1 :5 he dies1 8 comrades dig 8 grave4 ,:5 9 ! field ! *ief ( a p>ty1 equipp$ ) a pocket compass & an an]oid b>omet]1 is always skirmi%+ ahead ( ! l9e ) a ma*t]o1 or axeman1 to cut a pa? = him4 ,a pu%+ *ief1 h[ev]1 spe$ily disp5ses ) ! ma*t]o & sla%es a way = himself mu* m rapidly4 ,z soon z he decides :]e ! l9e is to g ! eng9e] calls to ! ma*t]os & ! two be/ ones imm$iately beg9 cutt+ t[>d ! s\nd ( 8 voice4 ,!y soon sla% a n>r[ pa? to him1 drive a /ake :]e he 0 /&+ & !n turn back t[>d ! o!r ma*t]os1 :o h be5 foll[+ !m1 cutt+ a wid] pa? & cle>+ away all trees1 v9es & bran*es1 s t ! transit man c see ! flag at ! /ake4 ,! mom5t ! lead+ ma*t]os rea* him ! *ief />ts (f aga9 & by ! "t ! ma9 body ( axem5 h rea*$ 8 =m] position ! head ma*t]os are cutt+ t[>d ! s\nd ( 8 voice 9 a new position4 ,z soon z ! l9e is cle>$ ! transit man takes 8 sight & moves ahead to ! /ake1 ! *a9m5 foll[ & drive /akes e hundr$ feet1 & ! levell] foll[s putt+ 9 elevations & cross sections4 ,9 ?is way ! "w goes on f e>ly morn+ until ne>ly d>k1 /opp+ ab\t an h\r = lun*4 ,aft] ! day's "w comes ! d9n]1 ! table grac$ ) wild hog1 or turkey1 or v5ison1 or all4 ,aft] d9n] ! smoke1 !n ! day's notes are work$ up & duplicat$ & all h&s get into _! nets4 ,= a mom5t ! c\ntless nocturnal noises ( ! great =e/1 enliv5$ p]haps by ! scream ( a tig]1 or ! deep1 muffl$ ro> ( a puma1 fall ^u dr[sy e>s1 !n foll[s ! sleep t always accompanies h>d "w & good heal?1 till ! bull-voic$ h[l+ monkeys set ! =e/ e*o+ ) _! ann\ncem5t ( ! break+ dawn4 ,9 reconnoissance & prelim9>y "w ! exp]i5c$ eng9e]1 is able1 9 _m cases1 to avoid ob/acles )\t vitiat+ ! results ( 8 "w1 b 9 ! f9al location1 9 /ak+ out absolute curves & driv+ tang5ts ?\s&s ( feet long across c\ntry1 no dodg+ is possible4 ,on ! hills & elevat$ gr\nd ! eng9e] c1 comp>atively speak+1 get along q com=tably1 8 pr9cipal annoyances be+ ! unev5 "* ( ! gr\nd1 :i* compels him to set 8 in/rum5t v frequ5tly1 & ! necessity ( fell+ "s gigantic tree e n[ & !n4 ,9 ! valleys & l[l&s !re is an unceas+ r\nd ( ob/acles4 ,! l9e may run = "s di/ance ov] level gr\nd cov]$ ) a comp>atively op5 gr[?1 !n )\t w>n+ x enc\nt]s ! wreck ( a fall5 tree1 & h\rs are consum$ hew+ a passage ?r\gh ! mass ( brok5 limbs & %att]$ trunk1 all matt$ & b\nd toge!r ) v9es & %rubb]y4 ,a little f>!r on a /ream is cross$1 & ! l9e may cross & recross f\r or five times 9 ! next ?\s& feet4 ,! eng9e] mu/ ei!r climb d[n ! /eep banks1 = ! /reams burr[ deep 9 ! /iff clay ( ^! valleys1 =d ! /ream & climb ! opposite bank1 or he mu/ fall a tree f bank to bank & cross on its slipp]y trunk tw5ty or tw5ty-five feet above ! wat]4 ,ei!r on ! imm$iate bank or 9 its vic9ity is almo/ c]ta9 to be enc\nt]$ a saccate cle>+4 ,?is may be only "o or two hundr$ feet across or x may be a half a mile4 ,9 ! =m] case ! saccate grass w be t5 or fifte5 feet 9 height & s matt$ & int]wov5 ) v9es & bri>s t a tunnel may be cut ?r\gh x z ?r\gh a h$ge4 ,if ! cle>+ be l>ge1 ! t\gh1 wiry grass is no high] ?an a man's head1 & a pa? has to be m[$ ?r\gh x1 :ile ! sun beats d[n into ! furnace-l enclosure till ! blade ( ! ma*te becomes almo/ too hot to t\*4 ,b worse ?an any?+ ?us f> m5tion$ are ! ,silico or black palm swamps4 ,"s ( ^! 9 ! l>g] valleys & ne> ! coa/ are miles 9 ext5t4 ,occupi$ exclusively by ! l[1 ?ick ,silico palms1 ^! swamps are 9 ! wet season absolutely impassable except = monkeys & alligators1 & ev5 at ! end ( ! dry season ! eng9e] ent]s ^u "o ) s9k+ he>t z well z feet1 & em]ges f x tir$ & us$ up 9 e portion ( 8 anatomy4 ,x is ) ! utmo/ difficulty t he f9ds a practicable place to locate 8 in/rum5t1 g5]ally utiliz+ ! little hummocks =m$ by ! trunks ( ! clu/]s ( palms1 & 9 mov+ f po9t to po9t he is compell$ to wade f knee to %\ld] deep 9 ! black mud & wat]4 ,g5]al reconnaissances f high trees 9 elevat$ localities1 simple en\gh 9 !ory1 are by no means easy 9 a c\ntry s mis]ly ) its secrets z ?is1 nor are _! results reliable )\t a great exp5diture ( "t1 labor1 & pati5ce4 ,on level1 undulat+ & mod]ately brok5 gr\nd1 ! tops ( ! trees1 ?\gh !y may be "o hundr$ & fifty feet f ! gr\nd1 are level z ! top ( a h$ge4 ,ev5 an isolat$ hill if x be r\nd$ 9 %ape pres5ts h>dly bett] facilities1 ! trees at ! base & on ! sides1 9 _! ef=t to rea* ! sunlight gr[ tall] ?an ^? on ! summit1 & !re is no "o tree t comm&s all ! o!rs4 ,if h[ev] an isolat$ hill ( sev]al hundr$ feet 9 height be f\nd1 its /eep sides culm9at+ 9 a %>p peak1 "o day's "w by ?ree or f\r good axm51 9 cutt+ neighbor+ trees1 w prep>e ! way = a /udy ( ! g5]al relief & topography ( ! adjac5t c\ntry4 ,if aft] ^! prelim9>ies h be5 complet$ ! eng9e] imag9es t he has only to climb ! tree & sket* :at he sees1 to obta9 reliable k ( ! c\ntry1 he is doom$ to s]i\s surprises 9 ! future4 ,if he makes ! asc5t dur+ ! middle ( ! day1 he w1 aft] he has cool$ (f & re/$ f 8 exhau/+ ef=ts1 see spread out be=e him a %imm]+ l&scape 9 :i* ! uni=m gre5 c>pet & ! v]tical sun comb9$1 h oblit]at$ all outl9es except ! m prom95t irregul>ities ( ! t]r5e1 & h bl5d$ diff]5t m\nta9 ranges1 "o ( :i* may be sev]al miles beyond ! o!r1 into "o1 ( :i* only ! sky pr(ile is di/9ct4 ,naturally "u ^! conditions e/imates ( di/ance may be half or d\ble ! tru?4 ,!re are two ways ( extract+ reliable in=mation f ^! tree-top reconnaissances4 ,if x be 9 ! ra9y season ! obs]v] mu/ be prep>$ to make a day ( x1 & :5 he asc5ds ! tree 9 ! morn+ he takes ) him a long light l9e ) :i* to pull up 8 c(fee & lun*4 ,!n aid$ by ! successive %[]s :i* sweep across ! l&scape1 leav+ fragm5ts ( mi/s 9 ! rav9es1 & hang+ grey scre5s betwe5 ! diff]5t ranges & m\nta9s1 br++ out ! relief fir/ ( ?is & !n ( t section1 an accurate sket* may gradually be made4 ,! "t ( passage ( a %[] f "o peak to ano!r1 or to ! obs]v]1 may also be utiliz$ z a by no means to be despis$ *eck ^u di/ance e/imates4 ,if x be ! dry season1 ! obs]v] may take 8 *oice betwe5 rema9+ on 8 p]* 9 ! tree f be=e sunrise to aft] sunset1 or mak+ two asc5ts1 "o e>ly 9 ! morn+ & ! o!r late 9 ! aft]noon4 ,9 ?is case ! sl[ly disp]s+ cl\ds ( morn+1 & ! gradually ga!r+ mi/s at sunset1 toge!r ) ! rev]s$ lights & %ad[s at dawn & sunset1 br+ out v cle>ly ! relief ( ! t]r5e1 ! ov]lapp+ ( di/ant ranges1 & ! c\rse ( ! l>g] /reams4 ,?is k9d ( "w _c be delegat$ to anyone1 & besides ! ardu\s labor involv$ 9 climb+ ! huge trees1 !re are o!r s]i\s annoyances connect$ ) x4 ,! climb] is almo/ c]ta9 to di/urb "s v5om\s insect :i* rev5ges itself by a savage /+ :i* has to be endur$2 or he may r5d clo!s & sk9 also1 on "s ?orny v9e1 or ano!r1 cru%$ by 8 ef=ts1 may exude a juice :i* w leave him tattoo$ = days2 !n1 ?\gh !re may n be a mosquito or fly at ! base ( ! tree1 ! top w be infe/$ ) myriads ( m9ute black flies1 :i* cov] h&s & face1 & ) extremely annoy+ results4 ,on ! o!r h& ! explor] may z a comp5sation h 8 no/rils fill$ ) ! p]fume ( "s brilliant or*id on a neighbor+ bran*2 & !re is a breezy enjoym5t 9 wat*+ ! %[]s z !y ru% across ! gre5 c>pet1 & 9 li/5+ to ! ro> ) :i* ! big drops beat ^u ! tree tops4 ,! special phase ( field "w :i* fell to my p]sonal lot 0 entirely reconnaissance1 consi/+ ( canoe exam9ations ( all /reams 9 ! vic9ity ( ! l9e ( ! canal1 to det]m9e _! s\rces1 "* ( valley1 & approximate wat] %$2 ( rapid air-l9e compass & an]oid trails1 to connect "o /ream1 or valley head ) ano!r1 or furni% a base l9e = a g5]al sket* plan ( a valley2 & ( /udies ( ! l>g] features ( ! t]r5e1 f elevat$ tree tops4 ,! la/ has be5 already describ$2 9 ! second ! exp]i5ce 0 v simil> to t ( ! p>ties 9 runn+ ma9 l9es4 ,on ^! occasions ?ree or at mo/ f\r h>dy hulros 7rubb] hunt]s7 compris$ ! p>ty1 two c>ry+ ! blankets1 mosquito b>s & provisions = sev]al days1 & "o or two cutt+ ! lighte/ possible practicable trail & m>k+ prom95t trees4 ,9 a day's m>* ( f five to eight miles1 & ?is 0 ! utmo/ t ev5 su* a light1 active & exp]i5c$ p>ty c\ld cov] 9 "o day1 e possible & "s almo/ impossible k9ds ( travel+ 0 enc\nt]$1 & ?or\ghly exhau/$ m5 crept into _! b>s e night4 ,! canoe reconnaissances 7 m agreeable1 ?\gh "s mo/ unpleasant z well z mo/ enjoyable memories are connect$ ) !m4 ,! innum]able l>ge fall5 trees :i* ob/ruct ! /reams & ov] or ?r\gh :i* ! canoe mu/ be haul$ bodily1 ! almo/ inevitable capsiz+ ( ! canoe1 ! monoton\s r$ clay banks on ei!r side & ! frequ5t necessity ( ly+ d[n at night 9 a b$ ( mud into :i* ! droves ( wild pigs :i* inhabit ^! valleys h trampl$ ! clayey soil1 are among ! disagreeable incid5ts4 ,f ! head ( canoe navigation to _! s\rces ! "* ( ^! /reams is entirely diff]5t1 & bo? 9 #ahhh & 9 #ahhe ,i h foll[$ !m f> up into m\nta9 gorges1 ! beauty ( :i* is z fre% 9 my memory z if ,i _h be5 !re b ye/]day4 ,! crew ( ! canoe on ^! reconnaissances usually consi/$ ( ?ree pick$ m51 & :5 ! canoe _h be5 pu%$ z f> up /ream z x 0 possible = x to g1 two ( ! m5 7 left ) x :ile ! ?ird & be/1 sl++ ! blankets1 b>s1 & a little c(fee1 sug>1 & milk1 ^u 8 back pu%$ on ) me4 ,wad+ ?r\gh ! %all[ wat] up ! b$ ( ! /ream1 tak+ be>+s & e/imat+ di/ances1 :ile my hulro foll[$1 ev] al]t to /rike "s dr[sy beauty ( a fi% 9 ! cle> wat]2 ! s\rce ( ! /ream 0 g5]ally rea*$ 9 a day1 & nev] did we make prep>ations to sleep on "s b$ ( clean1 yell[ s& wa%$ d[n by ! /ream 9 flood times1 b :at ,i _h a plump turkey hang+ f my belt1 & my hulro sev]al f9e fi%4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 ab\t ! climate ( ,nic>agua & its effect ^u ! inhabitants ( m nor!rly c\ntries :5 expos$ to x4 ,x w\ld seem t ! exp]i5ce ( ! num]\s exp$itions s5t out by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! reports ( ! surgeons atta*$ to ^? exp$itions w\ld h long s9ce settl$ ! matt]4 ,to ^? :o _c und]/& h[ !re c be su* a diff]5ce 9 climate betwe5 two localities s slightly remov$ z ,panama & ,nic>agua1 & ! =m] possess+ a notori\sly deadly climate1 ! exp]i5ce ( ! rec5t survey+ exp$ition mu/ be conclusive4 ,only five memb]s ( t exp$ition _h ev] be5 9 tropical climates be=e1 & ! rodm5 & *a9m5 ( ! p>ty 7 "y m5 j out ( college :o _h nev] done a day's manual labor1 nor slept on ! gr\nd a night 9 _! lives4 ,arriv+ at ,greyt[n dur+ ! ra9y season1 ! fir/ "w t !y enc\nt]$ 0 ! transport+ ( _! supplies & camp equipage to ! sites ( ! v>i\s camps4 ,?is _h to be done by means ( canoes along /reams ob/ruct$ ) logs & fall5 trees4 ,"s p>ties 7 a week 9 rea*+ _! de/9ation1 wad+ & swimm+ by day1 lift+ & pu%+ _! canoes along1 & at night ly+ d[n on ! gr\nd to sleep4 ,"o p>ty work$ = six mon?s 9 ! swamps & lagoon region directly back ( ,greyt[n1 & sev]al o!r p>ties work$ = an equal l5g? ( "t 9 ! equally disagreeable swamps ( ! valley ( ! ,san ,francisco4 ,sev]al ( ^! (fic]s are d[n !re yet1 z fre% z ev]4 ,9 mak+ t\rs ( inspection ( ! diff]5t sections ,i h repeat$ly1 = sev]al days & nights 9 succession1 pass$ ! days travel+ 9 ! woods ?r\gh swamps & ra91 & ! nights sleep+ z be/ ,i c\ld1 curl$ up "u a blanket 9 a small canoe1 :ile my m5 paddl$ f "o camp to ! next4 ,9 spite ( all ?is exposure n only 7 !re no dea?s 9 ! exp$ition b !re 0 n a s+le case ( s]i\s illness1 & ! (fic]s :o h return$ up to ?is "t1 7 9 bett] heal? & weight ?an :5 !y w5t away4 ,( c\rse ! m5 _h ! be/ ( food t money c\ld obta9 & previ\s exp]i5ce sugge/1 & ! *iefs ( all p>ties 7 requir$ to /rictly en=ce c]ta9 sanit>y regulations 9 reg>d to c(fee 9 ! morn+1 a ?or\gh ba? & dose ( spirits on return+ f "w1 & mosquito b>s & dry sleep+ suits at night2 yet ! climate mu/ be held pr9cipally responsible = a sanit>y result :i* ,i believe c\ld n be excell$ 9 any temp]ate zone city1 ) ! same numb] ( m51 do+ ! same ardu\s "w "u conditions ( equal exposure4 ,! =e/s ev]y:]e ab\nd 9 game & e p>ty :i* includ$ 9 its p]sonnel a good rifle-%ot 0 sure ( a con/ant supply ( wild pig1 turkey1 quail & gr\se1 v>i$ by an occasional de]1 all obta9$ 9 ! ord9>y "w ( reconnoissance & survey+4 ,= ! m5's table !re 0 abundance ( monkey1 iguana & macaw4 ,p>ties 9 ! l[] valleys ( ! v>i\s /reams _h no tr\ble 9 add+ two or ?ree v>ieties ( v too?some fi% to _! bill ( f>e1 ?\gh ^! fi% 7 r>ely caught ) ! hook1 b usually %ot1 or knif$ by an al]t native1 z !y bask$ 9 ! %all[s4 ,^! p>ties also obta9$ occasionally a danta 7tapir7 or a manatee4 ,on ! riv] x 0 possible to obta9 a f9e /r+ ( fi% ) hook & l9e1 !n !re 0 ! huge t>pon to be _h = ! spe>+1 & fi% pots sunk 9 suitable places 7 sure to yield a mess ( fre% wat] lob/]s4 ,ducks 7 also occasionally %ot4 ,! =ms ( life are ev5 m num]\s 9 ! vegetable ?an 9 ! animal k+dom4 ,! effect ( ^! wond]ful =e/s is indescribable1 & ?\gh _m writ]s h essay$ a description1 ,i h yet to see "o t does ! subject ju/ice4 ,only a simple enum]ation ( compon5t p>ts w be attempt$ "h4 ,fir/ comes ! gr& body ( ! =e/1 huge alm5dro1 havilan1 gua*ipil91 cortez1 c$>1 cottonwood1 palo de le*e trees1 & o!rs ris+ "o hundr$ & fifty or two hundr$ feet into ! sc9tillant sun%9e4 ,! entire foliage ( ^! trees is at ! top & _! great trunks rea*+ up = a hundr$ feet or m )\t a bran* (f] a wond]ful v>iety ( /udies 9 types ( column4 ,"s rise /raight & smoo?1 & true1 o!rs s5d out ?9 deep buttresses1 & o!rs look l ! muscle-knott$ =e-arm ( a ,titan1 ) gn>l$ f+]s grip+ ! gr\nd 9 _! wide grasp4 ,b :atev] ! =m ( ! tree trunks may be1 ! %all[ soil ^u ! hills & ! m>%y soil 9 ! l[l&s1 has taught !m t !re is great] safety & /ability 9 a broad f\ndation ?an 9 a deeply p5etrat+ "o1 & s almo/ )\t exception ! tree roots spread out widely1 on1 or ne>1 ! surface4 ,b5ea? ! protect+ %elt] ( ^! patri>*s1 z completely protect$ f scor*+ sun & ru%+ w9d z if 9 a cons]vatory1 gr[ innum]able v>ieties ( palms1 "y trees de/9$ "s day to be giants !mselves1 & o!rs :i* nev] atta9 great size4 ,/ill l[] d[n1 luxuriate small] palms1 tree f]ns1 & d5se und]bru%1 & c\ntless v9es4 ,^! latt]1 h[ev]1 are by no means conf9$ to ! und]bru%1 _m ( !m climb to ! v tops ( ! talle/ trees1 cl+ ab\t _! trunks & b9d !m to o!r trees & to ! gr\nd ) ! t\ghe/ ( ropes4 ,) "o or two exceptions ^! v9es are an unmitigat$ nuisance4 ,to !m m ?an to any?+ else is due ! imp5etrabl5ess ( ! tropical ?icket4 ,( all sizes & all z t\gh z hemp l9es1 !y creep along ! gr\nd1 cat*+ ! travel]'s feet 9 a me% f :i* release is possible only by cutt+4 ,!y b9d ! und]bru% toge!r 9 a t\gh1 ela/ic mat1 :i* cat*es & holds on to e projection ab\t ! clo!s1 j]k+ revolv]s f belts1 & wr5*+ ! rifle f ! h&1 or1 hang+ 9 trap-l loops f ! trees1 cat* "o ab\t ! neck1 or con/antly drag "o's hat f ! head4 ,! "o exception not$ above is ! bejuco de agua or wat] v9e4 ,?is v9e1 :i* looks l an old worn manilla rope1 is to be f\nd hang+ f or tw9$ ab\t almo/ e l>ge tree ^u elevat$ gr\nd1 & to ! hot & ?ir/y explor] x furni%es a mo/ delici\sly cool & cle> draught4 ,seiz+ ! v9e 9 ! left h&1 a /roke ( ! ma*te sev]s x a foot or two bel[ ! h&1 & ano!r quick /roke sev]s x aga9 above ! h&2 imm$iately a /ream ( cle>1 ta/eless wat] issues f ! l[] end & may be caught 9 a dipp] or la native directly 9 ! m\?4 ,a ?ree-foot l5g? ( v9e two in*es 9 diamet] w furni% at lea/ a p9t ( wat]4 ,! ord] ( cutt+ m5tion$ above mu/ inv>iably be adh]$ to1 o!rwise1 if ! upp] cut be made fir/1 ! ?ir/y novice w f9d he has 9 8 h& only a piece ( dry cork-l rope4 ,x is practically impossible to judge ( ! age ( ! huge trees 9 ^! =e/s4 ,mighty ) inh]5t /r5g?1 /ay$ to ! gr\nd & to _! fell[s by ! num]\s v9es1 %elt]$ & protect$ also by _! fell[s f ! %ock ( /orms1 _! huge trunks h little to d except support ! direct weight ( ! tops1 & !y r>ely fall until !y h rea*$ ! la/ /ages ( decay4 ,!n "s day ! sudd5 impact ( a ton or two ( wat] dropp$ f "s furi\s tropical %[]1 or ! vibrations f a hurry+ troop ( monkeys1 or ! spr+ ( a tig]1 is too mu* = "o ( ! giant bran*es heavy ) its load ( v9es & p>asites1 & x gives way1 break+ ! v9es 9 e direction & splitt+ a huge /rip f ! ma9 trunk4 ,) its supports ?us brok5 & ! :ole weight ( ! rema9+ bran*es on "o side1 ! weak5$ trunk sways = a mom5t !n b[s to its fate4 ,! rema9+ v9es break ) ! resi/less /ra91 & ! old giant ga!r+ velocity z he falls & dragg+ ) him ev]y?+ 9 8 rea*1 cra%es to ! e>? ) a ro> :i* elicits cries ( t]ror f bird & bea/1 & goes boom+ ?r\gh ! quiv]+ =e/ l ! report ( a heavy cannon4 ,a pat* ( blue sky ov]head & a pile ( imp5etrable debris bel[1 m>k = ye>s ! grave ( ! old h]o4 ,z reg>ds ! insect & reptile pe/s ( ! c\ntry x has be5 my exp]i5ce t bo? _! numb]s & capacity = torm5t h be5 greatly exagg]at$4 ,mosquitoes1 flies ( v>i\s sizes1 wasps & /++ ants exi/1 & ! fir/ 9 "s places 9 l>ge numb]s2 yet to a p]son :o has any ( ! woodsman's craft ( tak+ c>e ( himself1 & ^: blood is n abnormally s5sitive to insect poisons1 !y pres5t no t]rors & b slight annoyances4 ,at our headqu>t]s camp on ,san ,francisco isl&1 we _h no mosquitoes f sunrise to sunset1 & ev5 aft] sunset !y 7 n especially num]\s4 ,at ano!r camp only a few miles away !re 7 black flies only & no mosquitoes1 at ano!r bo?1 :ile at ! camps up 9 ! hills !re 7 nei!r4 ,x 0 only at camps 9 ! wet l[l&s & ne> swamps1 t !y became an almo/ un5durable annoyance4 ,ev5 "h x 0 ^? :o rema9$ 9 camp t suff]$ mo/4 ,m5 out 9 ! ?ick bru% 7 b little annoy$ by !m1 & :5 on _! return to camp !y _h f9i%$ _! d9n] & gott5 into _! mosquito b>s !y 7 out ( _! rea*4 ,z to snakes1 ! dang] f !m ev5 to a ,european1 is practically no?+4 ,n a man ( ! sev]al hundr$ t h be5 engag$ 9 ! v>i\s exp$itions 9 t c\ntry has ev] be5 bitt51 & 9 hundr$s ( miles ( tramp+ ?r\gh ! wor/ =e/s ( ! c\ntry1 ei!r entirely alone or if accompani$ by natives1 ) !m "s di/ance 9 ! re>1 ,i h nev] fanci$ myself 9 dang]4 ,! poison\s snakes are inv>iably sluggi%1 & unless actually /ruck or /epp$ ^u are apt to try to get out ( ! way1 if !y make any move4 ,! only snake t is at all aggressive1 z f> z my obs]vations g1 is a long1 black1 non-poison\s snake4 ,?is w sometimes advance ^u ! intrud] ) head rais$ a c\ple ( feet f ! gr\nd1 or if coil$ ab\t a tree w la% at him ) its tail4 ,! floral exhibit ( ^! =e/s is apt to be disappo9t+ to "o ^: ideas h be5 =m$ by a p]usal ( books4 ,an occasional sc>let passion fl[]2 n[ & !n ! fragrant clu/] ( ! flor del toro2 a few insignificant ?\gh fragrant fl[]+ %rubs2 & 9 muddy sl\ghs ne> ! /reams1 pat*es ( wild callas2 are ab\t all t meet ! eye ( ! non-botanical w&]] 9 ! deep =e/4 ,!re is n light en\gh = fl[]s b5ea? ! d5se canopy ( trees1 & !y1 l ! small] birds1 seek ! tree tops & ! banks ( ! riv] :]e sunlight & air are abundant4 ,9 ! tree tops ! or*ids & o!r fl[]+ p>asites run riot4 ,_m ( ! trees are !mselves fl[]+1 & if "o c look d[n ^u ! tree tops ( a valley 9 ,m>* or ,april1 he sees ! gre5 expanse enliv5$ by blaz+ pat*es ( crimson1 yell[1 purple1 p9k1 & :ite4 ,! riv] banks are ! favorite home ( ! fl[]+ v9es1 & !re !y =m great curta9s sway+ f ! trees 9 bright patt]ns ( yell[1 p9k1 r$ & :ite4 ,! grassy banks & isl&s1 & ! %all[ s& spits also br+ =? innum]able v>ieties ( aquatic plants4 ,s mu* = ! ,atlantic slope ( ! c\ntry4 ,on ! we/ side betwe5 ! ,lake & ! ,pacific ! "w is v diff]5t4 ,!re x is possible to ride mule-back to ! top ( a comm&+ hill1 sit d[n & make ! reconnaissance sket* at leisure4 ,! second>y reconnaissances may also be made mule-back1 & ev]y:]e ! roll+ c\ntry & ! cle>$ & cultivat$ fields1 p]mit ! eng9e] to see :]e he is go+ & h[ he is go+4 ,8 surr\nd+s are also diff]5t4 ,he moves camp 9 an oxc>t in/ead ( a canoe4 ,8 eyes in/ead ( be+ conf9$ by ! imp5etrable veil ( ! tropical ?icket1 fea/ ^u views ( ! di/ant m\nta9s1 ! crisp waves ( ! ,lake1 & ! blue expanse ( ! ,pacific4 ,dur+ ! day he meets black-ey$ & br[n-limb$ seoritas1 in/ead ( wild hogs & turkeys1 & at night z he turns 91 he he>s1 n ! scream ( tig]s1 b ! songs ( ! lav&]a's ecru daught]s float+ across ! /ream :i* supplies _! wa%-tubs & 8 camp4 ,! fir/ gr& natural feature :i* arre/s att5tion 9 ! mo/ cursory exam9ation ( ! map ( ,nic>agua is ! ,great ,lake4 ,?is lake ) an area ( "s ?ree ?\s& squ>e miles & a wat]-%$ ( ab\t eight ?\s& squ>e miles1 is unique 9 ! l>ge proportion ( its own area to t ( its wat]-%$4 ,a result ( ?is l>ge proportion ( wat] surface to dra9age area1 at once evid5t1 is ! v gradual *anges ( level ( ! lake & _! conf9em5t )9 v n>r[ limits4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! level ( ! lake at ! close ( an abnormally dry season & its level at ! close ( an abnormally wet season is n m ?an t5 feet1 & ! usual annual fluctuation is ab\t five feet4 ,! next features t arre/ att5tion are1 fir/1 ! v n>r[ ribbon ( l& int]v5+ betwe5 ! we/]n %ore ( ! ,lake & ! ,pacific1 & second1 ! entire abs5ce ( lat]al tribut>ies ( any size to ! upp] half ( ! ,san ,juan ,riv]4 ,! riv] is 9 fact1 z x 0 orig9ally mo/ aptly nam$1 simply ! ,desaguad]o or dra9 ( ! ,lake4 ,illu/ration3 ,,entrance ,,to ,,highl&s--,,riv] ,,san ,,juan4 ,julius ,bi5 ,co4 ,! l5g? ( ?is riv] is "o hundr$ & tw5ty miles1 f ! ,lake to ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 & its total fall f "o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & t5 feet4 ,nature has sep>at$ ! riv] into two ne>ly equal divisions1 pres5t+ di/9ct & opposite *>act]i/ics4 ,f ,lake ,nic>agua to ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,san ,c>los1 a di/ance ( sixty-"o miles1 9 :i* occur sev]al rapids1 ! total desc5t is fifty feet1 q irregul>ly di/ribut$ h[ev]4 ,! surface slopes ( ! riv] v>y f z mu* z #hc4ch in*es p] mile = a %ort di/ance at ,ca/illo rapids1 to only 4#ij in* p] mile ?r\gh ! ,agua ,mu]te1 ! dead wat] bel[ ! ,ma*uca rapids4 ,! av]age wid? ( ! riv] ?r\gh ?is upp] section is sev5 hundr$ feet1 ! m9imum f\r hundr$ & tw5ty4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! ,agua ,mu]te ! dep? v>ies f fifty to sev5ty-five feet4 ,!re are v few isl&s 9 ?is section ( ! riv]1 ! banks are cov]$ ) huge trees matt$ ) v9es1 & ?r\gh\t ! l[] half ( ! division1 f ,toro rapids to ! m\? ( ! ,san ,c>los1 ! riv] is conf9$ betwe5 /eep hills & m\nta9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,upp] ,,ca/illo--,,riv] ,,san ,,juan4 ,julius ,bi5 ,co4 ,z a result ( ! abs5ce ( consid]able tribut>ies already not$1 ! fluctuations ( ?is portion ( ! riv] con=m closely to ^? ( ! ,lake1 & consequ5tly take place gradually & are limit$ 9 range4 ,bel[ ! ,rio ,san ,c>los ! ,san ,juan *anges its "* entirely4 ,its av]age wid? is twelve hundr$ & fifty feet1 its bottom is s&y1 !re are num]\s isl&s1 & ! slope ( ! riv] is almo/ uni=mly "o foot p] mile4 ,! dis*>ge into ?is section ( two l>ge tribut>ies1 ! ,san ,c>los & ! ,s>apiqui1 desc5d+ f ! /eep slopes ( ! ,co/a ,rican volcanoes1 causes mu* m sudd5 & consid]able fluctuations ( level ?an 9 ! upp] riv]4 ,:ile ! l[] portion ( ! riv] & especially ! delta section pres5ts v int]e/+ features1 yet ! peculi> *>m ( ! riv] is 9 ! upp] section1 & ! exceptional advantages x (f]s = obta9+ miles ( slack wat] navigation4 ,?is portion ( ! riv] ) ! lake & ! n>r[ i/hmus betwe5 x & ! ,pacific =ms a trio ( natural advantages = ! con/ruction ( a canal1 ! importance ( :i* x w\ld be difficult to ov] e/imate4 ,ab\t ?ree miles bel[ ! m\? ( ! ,san ,c>los1 ! ,cao ,ma*ado ent]s ! ,san ,juan on ! nor? bank4 ,?is /ream1 ab\t "o hundr$ feet wide & f eight to t5 feet deep1 is ! la/ ( ! m\nta9 or torr5tial tribut>ies ( ! ,san ,juan4 ,x c sc>cely be said to h a valley1 b occupies ! b$ ( a rugg$ rav9e ext5d+ = sev]al miles nor!rly & nor?we/]ly up into ! ea/]ly flank ( ! cordill]a4 ,e v>iety ( igne\s rock1 f light por\s pumice to d5se metallic gre5-black hyp]/h5e &esite1 may be pick$ up 9 ! b$ ( ?is /ream4 ,agates also are common & !re are occasional masses ( jasp]4 ,f>!r up1 frequ5t outcrops ( trap 9 situ occur1 int]sp]s$ 9 "s localities ) num]\s ve9s ( agate4 ,twelve miles bel[ ! ,ma*ado ! ,san ,francisco ent]s ! ,san ,juan4 ,?is /ream1 ) its sev]al tribut>ies1 dra9s a l>ge swampy valley spr9kl$ ) irregul> hummocks & hills4 ,= sev]al miles f ! ,san ,juan x is a sluggi%1 muddy /ream betwe5 /eep slipp]y banks2 high] up1 fl[+ ov] a gravelly & !n a rocky b$1 x f9ally disappe>s 9 /eep rav9es fill$ ) huge b[ld]s4 ,! ma9 ,san ,francisco comes f ! nor?we/1 b a l>ge tribut>y has its s\rce to ! ea/w>d 9 a range ( hills :i* sep>ates ! ,san ,francisco bas9 f ! imm$iate ,c>ibbean wat]-%$4 ,?is range1 unlike ! ones already not$1 is at he>t an un9t]rupt$ mass ( homog5e\s hyp]/h5e &esite1 & ) "o exception no?+ b fragm5ts ( trap or trap 9 situ1 is to be f\nd 9 any ( ! /reams desc5d+ f ei!r its we/]n or ea/]n slopes4 ,! "o exception is ! ,caito ,m>ia1 a tribut>y ( ! ,san ,francisco1 ent]+ x b little m ?an a mile f ! ,san ,juan4 ,9 ! b$ ( ?is /ream 7 abundant specim5s ( agates1 jasp]1 & petrifi$ woods ( sev]al v>ieties 9 a wond]fully good /ate ( pres]vation4 ,?is range ( hills ends at ! ,tamborcito b5d ( ! ,san ,juan1 f\r miles bel[ ! m\? ( ! ,san ,francisco1 & is ! la/ ea/]ly project+ spur f ! m\nta9 backbone ( ! int]ior4 ,betwe5 x & ! coa/ !re are1 h[ev]1 m\nta9 masses ( equal or great] elevation1 notably ,el ,gigante & ! ,silico hills1 ! =m] "s fifte5 hundr$ feet high1 b ^! are simply isolat$ m\nta9 ganglia1 _! innum]able radiat+ spurs spe$ily giv+ way to swamps or riv] valleys4 ,! /reams t fl[ d[n ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,silico hills are1 f _! s\rces to ! l[l&s1 ( almo/ idyllic beauty4 ,beg9n+ z noisy little brooks tumbl+ ov] black rocks 9 a ,v-%ap$ rav9e ne> ! summit ( ! hills1 !y rapidly ga!r volume & slide along 9 a poli%$ *annel ( trap1 tumbl+ e n[ & !n z %eets ( :ite spray ov] v]tical l$ges =m+ "h & !re deep gre5 pools1 & !n aft] !y h pass$ d[n among ! foot-hills1 rippl+ 9 broad %all[ rea*es ov] sunlit b$s ( bright yell[ gravel4 ,! wat] ( ^! /reams is cle> & sp>kl+ z t ( an ,alp9e /ream & app>5tly almo/ z cool4 ,! insect pe/s ( ! tropics are unkn[n 9 ! elevat$ portions ( _! valleys1 & ,i h slept m ?an once beside "o ( ^! /reams1 sev]al hundr$ feet above sea level1 )\t a mosquito b>1 :ile ! delightful trades1 ru/l+ ?r\gh ! trees above me1 br\ght ! murmur ( ! ,c>ibbean surf miles away1 to m+le ) t ( ! /ream4 ,! soil ( ?is range consi/s1 to a dep? ( t5 to =ty feet1 ( clay ( v>i\s grades & colors1 r$ prevail+4 ,9 ! valleys ?is clay is almo/ inv>iably ( a v d5se consi/5cy1 & deep1 d>k r$ 9 color4 ,f ! foot-hills ( ! range to ! coa/1 is a l[ level /ret* ( c\ntry1 a doz5 miles wide1 int]sp]s$ ) lagoons & swamps4 ,ne> ! hills1 :]e ! elevation ( ! gr\nd w av]age ab\t fifte5 feet above sea level1 ! soil is compos$ almo/ entirely ( ! be=e m5tion$ r$ clay1 :i* occasionally assumes ! =m ( hummocks4 ,)9 ab\t six miles ( ! coa/ ?is /ratum ( clay gradually disappe>s "u a lay] ( s&1 :i* is 9 turn cov]$1 by a vegetable m\ld1 to a dep? ( a few feet4 ,f ?is po9t to ! sea ! av]age elevation is b>ely five feet above ! sea level1 & ! s& & m\ld above m5tion$ are ! only mat]ials met4 ,a %ort di/ance f ! ocean ! vegetable e>?-cov]+ disappe>s & only ! s& is left1 ext5d+ to an unkn[n dep? & rea*+ out into ! sea4 ,we/ ( ,lake ,nic>agua1 f ! ,rio ,lajas to ,brito1 z we leave ! lake %ore1 ! gr\nd rises almo/ imp]ceptibly to ! ,divide among cle>$ & g5tly undulat+ fields4 ,!n we drop into ! s9u\s gorge ( ! ,rio ,gr&e only to em]ge1 a few miles f>!r on1 into ! upp] end ( ! ,rio ,gr&e & ,tola bas94 ,to ! "r ! ,tola valley /ret*es to ! nor?w>d1 & all ar\nd high & wood$ hills encircle ! valleys except directly 9 front :]e a n>r[ gateway 9 ! coa/ hills op5s to ! ,pacific4 ,9 ! bottom ( ?is valley are a few f>ms & ?r\gh x w&] devi\s roads4 ,beyond ! n>r[ gateway 9 ! hills1 less ?an ?ree miles ( level swampy sal9as rea* to ! surf ( ! ,pacific4 ,! views f ! hills :i* flank ! gateway ( ! ,rio ,gr&e1 at ,la ,flor1 are wond]fully attractive4 ,i well rememb] "o camp on ! hillside1 f :i* 9 "o direction ! eye takes 9 ! f]tile valley ( ! ,tola & ,rio ,gr&e1 back$ by ! roll+ hills ( ! ,divide & ov] !m ! symmetrical peak ( ,ometepe1 its base wa%$ by ! waves ( ! great lake4 ,9 ! o!r direction ! ,pacific lies app>5tly b a /one's ?r[ bel[1 ! little port ( ,brito at "o's v feet4 ,?is same camp inspir$ "o "y eng9e] & en?usia/ to express himself some?+ z foll[s3 ,:at if1 9 ?is camp1 we %\ld1 l ,rip ,van ,w9kle1 sleep = t5 ye>s1 & !n awak5+ look ab\t u8 ,we are /ill at ,brito1 b in/ead ( be+ 9 ! wild]ness1 we look d[n ^u a ?riv+ city4 ,9 ! h>bor are %ips f all ports ( ! _w4 ,%ips f ,san ,francisco1 b\nd = ,new ,york1 ab\t to pass ?r\gh ! canal & %ort5 _! j\rney by #aj1jjj miles4 ,%ips f ,valp>aiso1 head$ = ,new ,york1 :i* w take ! %ort cut & save #ejjj miles & ! dread /orms ( ,cape ,horn4 ,at _m a ma/head floats ! ,briti% flag1 & vessels f ,liv]pool1 ) _! b[s turn$ t[>ds ,san ,francisco1 h %ort5$ _! j\rney by #gjjj miles4 ,we g abo>d "o ( ! _m /eam]s fly+ ! '/>s & /ripes' & />t ea/w>d4 ,all along ! l9e ! face ( ! c\ntry has *ang$2 ! f]tile %ores ( ! ,tola bas9 are occupi$ by cacao plantations1 fields h replac$ =e/s1 villages h gr[n to t[ns1 & factories driv5 by ! exhau/less wat] p[] furni%$ by ! canal h sprung up on e available site4 ,along ! %ore ( ! lake are imm5se dry docks1 & vessels are re/+ 9 ?is huge fre% wat] h>bor be=e sett+ out aga9 on _! long voyages4 ,! broad bosom ( ! noble ,san ,juan is quiv]+ ) ! /rokes ( tireless propellors4 ,! ro> ( ! great dam at ,o*oa is he>d = a mom5t & !n ! ea/]n section ( ! canal is ent]$4 ,"h ! c\ntry is sc>cely recognizable s greatly has x *ang$4 ,wild]ness & m>% h disappe>$1 & only great fields ( planta9s & bananas & d>k gre5 orange groves are to be se54 ,a day f ,brito & ! /eam]'s b[ is ris+ to ! long blue swell ( ! ,c>ibbean at ,greyt[n4 ,well is ?is picture calculat$ to excite en?usiasm1 = x means ! dream ( c5turies realiz$1 ! cry ( comm]ce answ]$1 & our imp]ial ,ori5t & ,occid5t-fac+ ,republic re/+ cont5t ) coa/s unit$ f ,ea/port to ! ,/rait ( ,fuca4