,,! ,,doctor',s ,,dilemma3 ,,preface    
,,on ,,doctors   ,by ,b]n>d ,%aw   #aiji
    ,x is n ! fault ( our doctors t !   
m$ical s]vice ( ! community1 z at pres5t
 provid$ =1 is a murd]\s absurdity4 ,t  
any sane nation1 hav+ obs]v$ t y c\ld   
provide = ! supply ( bread by giv+ bak]s
 a pecuni>y int]e/ 9 bak+ = y1 %\ld g on
 to give a surgeon a pecuni>y int]e/ 9  
cutt+ (f y\r leg1 is en\gh to make "o   
despair ( political humanity4 ,b t is   
precisely :at we h done4 ,& ! m appall+ 
! mutilation1 ! m ! mutilator is paid4  
,he :o corrects ! +r[+ toe-nail receives
 a few %ill+s3 he :o cuts y\r inside out
 receives hundr$s ( gu9eas1 except :5 he
 does x to a poor p]son = practice4     
,sc&aliz$ voices murmur t ^! op]ations  
are necess>y4 ,!y may be4 ,x may also be
 necess>y to hang a man or pull d[n a   
h\se4 ,b we take good c>e n to make !   
hangman & ! h\sebreak] ! judges ( t4 ,if
 we did1 no man's neck w\ld be safe & no
 man's h\se /able4 ,b we d make ! doctor
 ! judge1 & f9e him any?+ f sixp5ce to  

sev]al hundr$ gu9eas if he decides 9 our
 favor4 ,i _c knock my %9s sev]ely )\t  
=c+ on "s surgeon ! difficult "q1 ,c\ld 
,i n make a bett] use ( a pocketful (   
gu9eas ?an ?is man is mak+ ( 8 leg8     
,c\ld he n write z well--or ev5         
bett]--on "o leg ?an on two8 ,& ! gu9eas
 w\ld make all ! diff]5ce 9 ! _w to me j
 n[4 ,my wife--my pretty ones--! leg may
 mortify--x is always saf] to op]ate--he
 w be well 9 a =tnight--artificial legs 
are n[ s well made t !y are really bett]
 ?an natural ones--evolution is t[>ds   
motors & leglessness1 etc41 etc41 etc4  
,n[ !re is no calculation t an eng9e] c 
make z to ! behavior ( a gird] "u a     
/ra91 or an a/ronom] z to ! recurr5ce ( 
a comet1 m c]ta9 ?an ! calculation t "u 
su* circum/ances we %all be dismemb]$   
unnecess>ily 9 all directions by        
surgeons :o believe ! op]ations to be   
necess>y solely because !y want to p]=m 
!m4 ,! process metaphorically call$     
ble$+ ! ri* man is p]=m$ n only         
metaphorically b lit]ally e day by      

surgeons :o are q z hone/ z mo/ ( u4    
,aft] all1 :at h>m is !re 9 x8 ,!       
surgeon ne$ n take (f ! ri* man's 7or   
woman's7 leg or arm3 he c remove !      
app5dix or ! uvula1 & leave ! pati5t    
none ! worse aft] a =tnight or s 9 b$1  
:il/ ! nurse1 ! g5]al practition]1 !    
apo!c>y1 & ! surgeon w be ! bett]4      
,,d\btful ,,"* ,,borne ,,by ,,! ,,m$ical
 ,,pr(ession  ,aga9 ,i he> ! voices     
indignantly mutt]+ old phrases ab\t !   
high "* ( a noble pr(ession & ! honor & 
consci5ce ( its memb]s4 ,i mu/ reply t !
 m$ical pr(ession has n a high "*3 x has
 an infam\s "*4 ,i d n "k a s+le        
?\ghtful & well-in=m$ p]son :o does n   
feel t ! trag$y ( illness at pres5t is t
 x deliv]s y helplessly into ! h&s ( a  
pr(ession :i* y deeply mi/ru/1 because x
 n only advocates & practises ! mo/     
revolt+ cruelties 9 ! pursuit ( k1 &    
ju/ifies !m on gr\nds :i* w\ld equally  
ju/ify practis+ ! same cruelties on     
y\rself or y\r *ildr51 or burn+ d[n     
,london to te/ a pat5t fire ext+ui%]1 b1

 :5 x has %ock$ ! public1 tries to      
reassure x ) lies ( brea?-b]eav+        
braz5ness4 ,t is ! "* ! m$ical pr(ession
 has got j n[4 ,x may be des]v$ or x may
 n3 !re x is at all ev5ts1 & ! doctors  
:o h n realiz$ ?is are liv+ 9 a fool's  
p>adise4 ,z to ! humor & consci5ce (    
doctors1 !y h z mu* z any o!r class (   
m51 no m & no less4 ,& :at o!r m5 d>e   
pret5d to be imp>tial :]e !y h a /rong  
pecuni>y int]e/ on "o side8 ,nobody     
supposes t doctors are less virtu\s ?an 
judges2 b a judge ^: sal>y & reputation 
dep5d$ on :e!r ! v]dict 0 = pla9tiff or 
def5dant1 prosecutor or prison]1 w\ld be
 z little tru/$ z a g5]al 9 ! pay ( !   
enemy4 ,to (f] me a doctor z my judge1 &
 !n weight 8 decision ) a bribe ( a l>ge
 sum ( money & a virtual gu>antee t if  
he makes a mi/ake x c nev] be prov$     
aga9/ him1 is to g wildly beyond !      
asc]ta9$ /ra9 :i* human nature w be>4 ,x
 is simply unsci5tific to allege or     
believe t doctors d n "u exi/+          
circum/ances p]=m unnecess>y op]ations &

 manufacture & prolong lucrative        
illnesses4 ,! only ones :o c claim to be
 above suspicion are ^? :o are s mu*    
s\ght aft] t _! cur$ pati5ts are        
imm$iately replac$ by fre% ones4 ,& !re 
is ?is curi\s psy*ological fact to be   
rememb]$3 a s]i\s illness or a dea?     
adv]tizes ! doctor exactly z a hang+    
adv]tizes ! b>ri/] :o def5d$ ! p]son    
hang$4 ,suppose1 = example1 a royal     
p]sonage gets some?+ wrong ) 8 ?roat1 or
 has a pa9 9 8 inside4 ,if a doctor     
effects "s trump]y cure ) a wet compress
 or a pepp]m9t loz5ge nobody takes !    
lea/ notice ( him4 ,b if he op]ates on !
 ?roat & kills ! pati5t1 or extirpates  
an int]nal organ & keeps ! :ole nation  
palpitat+ = days :il/ ! pati5t hov]s 9  
pa9 & fev] betwe5 life & dea?1 8 =tune  
is made3 e ri* man :o omits to call him 
9 :5 ! same symptoms appe> 9 8 h\sehold 
is held n to h done 8 utmo/ duty to !   
pati5t4 ,! wond] is t !re is a k+ or    
que5 left alive 9 ,europe4              
,,doctor',s ,,consci5ces  ,!re is ano!r 

difficulty 9 tru/+ to ! honor &         
consci5ce ( a doctor4 ,doctors are j l  
o!r ,engli%m53 mo/ ( !m h no honor & no 
consci5ce3 :at !y commonly mi/ake = ^!  
is s5tim5tality & an int5se dread ( do+ 
any?+ t ev]ybody else does n d1 or      
omitt+ to d any?+ t ev]ybody else does4 
,?is ( c\rse does am\nt to a sort (     
work+ or rule-(-?umb consci5ce2 b x     
means t y w d any?+1 good or bad1       
provid$ y get en\gh p to keep y 9       
c\nt5ance by do+ x also4 ,x is ! sort ( 
consci5ce t makes x possible to keep    
ord] on a pirate %ip1 or 9 a troop (    
brig&s4 ,x may be said t 9 ! la/        
analysis !re is no o!r sort ( honor or  
consci5ce 9 exi/5ce--t ! ass5t ( !      
majority is ! only sanction kn[n to     
e?ics4 ,no d\bt ?is holds good 9        
political practice4 ,if mank9d knew !   
facts1 & agre$ ) ! doctors1 !n ! doctors
 w\ld be 9 ! "r2 & any p]son :o ?\ght   
o!rwise w\ld be a lunatic4 ,b mank9d    
does n agree1 & does n "k ! facts4 ,all 
t c be said = m$ical popul>ity is t     

until !re is a practicable alt]native to
 bl9d tru/ 9 ! doctor1 ! tru? ab\t !    
doctor is s t]rible t we d>e n face x4  
,moli]e saw ?r\gh ! doctors2 b he _h to 
call !m 9 j ! same4 ,napoleon _h no     
illusions ab\t !m2 b he _h to die "u _! 
treatm5t j z mu* z ! mo/ cr$ul\s        
ignoramus t ev] paid sixp5ce = a bottle 
( /rong m$ic9e4 ,9 ?is pr$icam5t mo/ p1 
to save !mselves f unbe>able mi/ru/ &   
mis]y1 or f be+ driv5 by _! consci5ce   
into actual conflict ) ! law1 fall back 
on ! old rule t if y _c h :at y believe 
9 y mu/ believe 9 :at y h4 ,:5 y\r *ild 
is ill or y\r wife dy+1 & y happ5 to be 
v fond ( !m1 or ev5 :51 if y are n fond 
( !m1 y are human en\gh to =get e       
p]sonal grudge be=e ! spectacle ( a     
fell[ creature 9 pa9 or p]il1 :at y want
 is com=t1 reassurance1 some?+ to clut* 
at1 7 x b a /raw4 ,?is ! doctor br+s y4 
,y h a wildly urg5t feel+ t some?+ mu/  
be done2 & ! doctor does some?+4        
,sometimes :at he does kills ! pati5t2 b
 y d n "k t2 & ! doctor assures y t all 

t human skill c\ld d has be5 done4 ,&   
nobody has ! brutality to say to ! newly
 b]eft fa!r1 "m1 husb&1 wife1 bro!r1 or 
si/]1 ,y h kill$ y\r lo/ d>l+ by y\r    
cr$ulity4     ,,! ,,peculi> ,,p         
,besides1 ! call+ 9 ( ! doctor is n[    
compulsory except 9 cases :]e ! pati5t  
is an adult--& n too ill to decide !    
/eps to be tak54 ,we are subject to     
prosecution = manslaught] or = crim9al  
neglect if ! pati5t dies )\t !          
consolations ( ! m$ical pr(ession4 ,?is 
m5ace is kept be=e ! public by !        
,peculi> ,p4 ,! ,peculi>s1 z !y are     
call$1 h ga9$ _! "n by believ+ t !      
,bible is infallible1 & tak+ _! belief q
 s]i\sly4 ,! ,bible is v cle> z to !    
treatm5t ( illness4 ,! ,epi/le ( ,james2
 *apt] v41 conta9s ! foll[+ explicit    
directions3  #ad4 ,is any sick among y8 
let him call = ! eld]s ( ! ,*ur*2 & let 
!m pray ov] him1 ano9t+ him ) oil 9 ! "n
 ( ! ,"l3  #ae4 ,& ! pray] ( fai? %all  
save ! sick1 & ! ,"l %all raise him up2 
& if he h committ$ s9s1 !y %all be =giv5

 him4  ,! ,peculi>s obey ^! in/ructions 
& disp5se ) doctors4 ,!y are !re=e      
prosecut$ = manslaught] :5 _! *ildr5    
die4  ,:5 ,i 0 a "y man1 ! ,peculi>s 7  
usually acquitt$4 ,! prosecution broke  
d[n :5 ! doctor 9 ! witness box 0 ask$  
:e!r1 if ! *ild _h _h m$ical att5dance1 
x w\ld h liv$4 ,x 01 ( c\rse1 impossible
 = any man ( s5se & honor to assume     
div9e omnisci5ce by answ]+ ?is 9 !      
affirmative1 or inde$ pret5d+ to be able
 to answ] x at all4 ,& on ?is ! judge _h
 to in/ruct ! jury t !y mu/ acquit !    
prison]4 ,?us a judge ) a ke5 s5se ( law
 7a v r>e ph5om5on on ! ,b5*1 by ! way7 
0 sp>$ ! possibility ( leav+ to s5t5ce  
"o prison] 7"u ! ,blasphemy laws7 =     
que/ion+ ! au?ority ( ,scripture1 &     
ano!r = ignorantly & sup]/iti\sly       
accept+ x z a guide to conduct4 ,to-day 
all ?is is *ang$4 ,! doctor nev]        
hesitates to claim div9e omnisci5ce1 nor
 to clamor = laws to puni% any          
scepticism on ! "p ( laym54 ,a mod]n    
doctor ?9ks no?+ ( sign+ ! dea?         

c]tificate ( "o ( 8 own diph!ria        
pati5ts1 & !n go+ into ! witness box &  
swe>+ a peculi> into prison = six mon?s 
by assur+ ! jury1 on oa?1 t if !        
prison]'s *ild1 dead ( diph!ria1 _h be5 
plac$ "u 8 treatm5t in/ead ( t ( ,/4    
,james1 x w\ld n h liv$4 ,& he does s n 
only ) impunity1 b ) public applause1   
?\gh ! logical c\rse w\ld be to         
prosecute him ei!r = ! murd] ( 8 own    
pati5t or = p]jury 9 ! case ( ,/4       
,james4 ,yet no b>ri/]1 app>5tly1 dreams
 ( ask+ = ! /ati/ics ( ! relative       
case-mortality 9 diph!ria among !       
,peculi>s & among ! believ]s 9 doctors1 
on :i* alone any valid op9ion c\ld be   
f\nd$4 ,! b>ri/] is z sup]/iti\s z !    
doctor is infatuat$2 & ! ,peculi> goes  
unpiti$ to 8 cell1 ?\gh no?+ :atev] has 
be5 prov$ except t 8 *ild does )\t !    
int]f]5ce ( a doctor z effectually z any
 ( ! hundr$s ( *ildr5 :o die e day ( !  
same diseases 9 ! doctor's c>e4         
,,recoil ,,( ,,! ,,dogma ,,( ,,m$ical   
,,infallibility ,,on ,,! ,,doctor  ,on !

 o!r h&1 :5 ! doctor is 9 ! dock1 or is 
! def5dant 9 an action = malpractice1 he
 has to /ruggle aga9/ ! inevitable      
result ( 8 =m] pret5ces to inf9ite k &  
un]r+ skill4 ,he has taught ! jury & !  
judge1 & ev5 8 own c\nsel1 to believe t 
e doctor c1 ) a glance at ! tongue1 a   
t\* on ! pulse1 & a read+ ( ! cl9ical   
!rmomet]1 diagnose ) absolute c]ta9ty a 
pati5t's compla9t1 also t on dissect+ a 
dead body he c infallibly put 8 f+] on !
 cause ( dea?1 &1 9 cases :]e poison+ is
 suspect$1 ! nature ( ! poison us$4 ,n[ 
all ?is suppos$ exactness &             
infallibility is imag9>y2 & to treat a  
doctor z if 8 mi/akes 7 necess>ily      
malici\s or corrupt malpractices 7an    
inevitable d$uction f ! po/ulate t !    
doctor1 be+ omnisci5t1 _c make mi/akes7 
is z unju/ z to blame ! ne>e/ apo!c>y = 
n be+ prep>$ to supply y ) sixp5ny-wor? 
( ! elixir ( life1 or ! ne>e/ motor     
g>age = n hav+ p]petual motion on sale 9
 gallon t9s4 ,b if apo!c>ies & motor c> 
mak]s habitually adv]tiz$ elixir ( life 

& p]petual motion1 & succe$$ 9 creat+ a 
/rong g5]al belief t !y c\ld supply x1  
!y w\ld f9d !mselves 9 an awkw>d        
position if !y 7 indict$ = all[+ a      
cu/om] to die1 or = burn+ a *auffeur by 
putt+ petrol into 8 c>4 ,t is !         
pr$icam5t ! doctor f9ds himself 9 :5 he 
has to def5d himself aga9/ a *>ge (     
malpractice by a plea ( ignorance &     
fallibility4 ,8 plea is receiv$ ) flat  
cr$ulity2 & he gets little sympa?y1 ev5 
f laym5 :o "k1 because he has br\ght !  
incr$ulity on himself4 ,if he escapes1  
he c only d s by op5+ ! eyes ( ! jury to
 ! facts t m$ical sci5ce is z yet v     
imp]fectly diff]5tiat$ f common         
curemong]+ wit*craft2 t diagnosis1 ?\gh 
x means 9 _m in/ances 7includ+ ev5 !    
id5tification ( pa?og5ic bacilli "u !   
microscope7 only a *oice among t]ms s   
loose t !y w\ld n be accept$ z          
def9itions 9 any really exact sci5ce1   
is1 ev5 at t1 an unc]ta9 & difficult    
matt] on :i* doctors (t5 diff]2 & t ! v 
be/ m$ical op9ion & treatm5t v>ies      

widely f doctor to doctor1 "o           
practition] prescrib+ six or sev5 s*$ul$
 poisons = s famili> a disease z ent]ic 
fev] :]e ano!r w n tol]ate drugs at all2
 "o />v+ a pati5t :om ano!r w\ld /uff2  
"o urg+ an op]ation :i* ano!r w\ld reg>d
 z unnecess>y & dang]\s2 "o giv+ alcohol
 & meat :i* ano!r w\ld /]nly =bid1 etc41
 etc41 etc43 all ^! discrepancies aris+ 
n betwe5 ! op9ion ( good doctors & bad  
ones 7! m$ical cont5tion is1 ( c\rse1 t 
a bad doctor is an impossibility71 b    
betwe5 practition]s ( equal em95ce &    
au?ority4 ,usually x is impossible to   
p]suade ! jury t ^! facts are facts4    
,juries seldom notice facts2 & !y h be5 
taught to reg>d any d\bts ( ! omnisci5ce
 & omnipot5ce ( doctors z blasphemy4    
,ev5 ! fact t doctors !mselves die ( ! v
 diseases !y pr(ess to cure passes      
unnotic$4 ,we d n %oot out our lips &   
%ake our heads1 say+1 ,!y save o!rs3    
!mselves !y _c save3 _! reputation /&s1 
l an ,african k+'s palace1 on a         
f\ndation ( dead bodies2 & ! result is t

 ! v]dict goes aga9/ ! def5dant :5 !    
def5dant is a doctor accus$ (           
malpractice4  ,=tunately = ! doctors1 !y
 v seldom f9d !mselves 9 ?is position1  
because x is s difficult to prove any?+ 
aga9/ !m4 ,! only evid5ce t c decide a  
case ( malpractice is exp]t evid5ce3 t  
is1 ! evid5ce ( o!r doctors2 & e doctor 
w all[ a colleague to decimate a :ole   
c\ntryside soon] ?an violate ! bond (   
pr(essional etiquet by giv+ him away4 ,x
 is ! nurse :o gives ! doctor away 9    
private1 because e nurse has "s p>ticul>
 doctor :om %e likes2 & %e usually      
assures h] pati5ts t all ! o!rs are     
disa/r\s noodles1 & soo!s ! t$ium ( !   
sick-b$ by gossip ab\t _! blund]s4 ,%e w
 ev5 give a doctor away = ! sake ( mak+ 
! pati5t believe t %e kn[s m ?an !      
doctor4 ,b %e d>e n1 = h] livelihood1   
give ! doctor away 9 public4 ,& !       
doctors /& by "o ano!r at all co/s4 ,n[ 
& !n "s doctor 9 an unassailable        
position1 l ! late ,sir ,william ,gull1 
w g into ! witness box & say :at he     

really ?9ks ab\t ! way a pati5t has be5 
treat$2 b su* behavior is consid]$      
little %ort ( infam\s by 8 colleagues4  
,,:y ,,doctors ,,d ,,n ,,diff]  ,! tru? 
is1 !re w\ld nev] be any public agreem5t
 among doctors if !y did n agree to     
agree on ! ma9 po9t ( ! doctor be+      
always 9 ! "r4 ,yet ! two gu9ea man nev]
 ?9ks t ! five %ill+ man is "r3 if he   
did1 he w\ld be und]/ood z confess+ to  
an ov]*>ge ( "o p\nd sev5te5 %ill+s2 &  
on ! same gr\nd ! five %ill+ man _c     
enc\rage ! notion t ! own] ( ! sixp5ny  
surg]y r\nd ! corn] is q up to 8 m>k4   
,?us ev5 ! layman has to be taught t    
infallibility is n q infallible1 because
 !re are two qualities ( x to be _h at  
two prices4  ,b !re is no agreem5t ev5 9
 ! same rank at ! same price4 ,dur+ !   
fir/ great epidemic ( influ5za t[>ds !  
end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury a ,london ev5+   
pap] s5t r\nd a j\rnali/-pati5t to all !
 great consultants ( t day1 & publi%$ _!
 advice & prescriptions2 a proce$+      
passionately d5\nc$ by ! m$ical pap]s z 

a brea* ( confid5ce ( ^! em95t          
physicians4 ,! case 0 ! same2 b !       
prescriptions 7 diff]5t1 & s 0 ! advice4
 ,n[ a doctor _c ?9k 8 own treatm5t "r &
 at ! same "t ?9k 8 colleague "r 9      
prescrib+ a diff]5t treatm5t :5 ! pati5t
 is ! same4 ,anyone :o has ev] kn[n     
doctors well en\gh to he> m$ical %op    
talk$ )\t res]ve kn[s t !y are full (   
/ories ab\t ea* o!r's blund]s & errors1 
& t ! !ory ( _! omnisci5ce & omnipot5ce 
no m holds good among !mselves ?an x did
 ) ,moli]e & ,napoleon4 ,b = ?is v      
reason no doctor d>e accuse ano!r (     
malpractice4 ,he is n sure en\gh ( 8 own
 op9ion to ru9 ano!r man by x4 ,he kn[s 
t if su* conduct 7 tol]at$ 9 8 pr(ession
 no doctor's livelihood or reputation   
w\ld be wor? a ye>'s pur*ase4 ,i d n    
blame him3 ,i w\ld d ! same myself4 ,b !
 effect ( ?is /ate ( ?+s is to make !   
m$ical pr(ession a conspiracy to hide   
its own %ortcom+s4 ,no d\bt ! same may  
be said ( all pr(essions4 ,!y are all   
conspiracies aga9/ ! laity2 & ,i d n    

sugge/ t ! m$ical conspiracy is ei!r    
bett] or worse ?an ! milit>y conspiracy1
 ! legal conspiracy1 ! sac]dotal        
conspiracy1 ! p$agogic conspiracy1 !    
royal & ari/ocratic conspiracy1 ! lit]>y
 & arti/ic conspiracy1 & ! innum]able   
indu/rial1 comm]cial1 & f9ancial        
conspiracies1 f ! trade unions to !     
great ex*anges1 :i* make up ! huge      
conflict :i* we call society4 ,b x is   
less suspect$4 ,! ,radicals :o us$ to   
advocate1 z an indisp5sable prelim9>y to
 social re=m1 ! /rangl+ ( ! la/ k+ ) !  
entrails ( ! la/ prie/1 sub/itut$       
compulsory vacc9ation = compulsory      
baptism )\t a murmur4     ,,! ,,craze   
,,= ,,op]ations  ,?us ev]y?+ is on !    
side ( ! doctor4 ,:5 m5 die ( disease !y
 are said to die f natural causes4 ,:5  
!y recov] 7& !y mo/ly d7 ! doctor gets !
 cr$it ( cur+ !m4 ,9 surg]y all         
op]ations are record$ z successful if ! 
pati5t c be got out ( ! hospital or     
nurs+ home alive1 ?\gh ! subsequ5t      
hi/ory ( ! case may be su* z w\ld make  

an hone/ surgeon v[ nev] to recomm5d or 
p]=m ! op]ation aga94 ,! l>ge range (   
op]ations :i* consi/ ( amputat+ limbs & 
extirpat+ organs admits ( no direct     
v]ification ( _! necessity4 ,!re is a   
fa%ion 9 op]ations z !re is 9 sleeves & 
skirts3 ! triumph ( "s surgeon :o has at
 la/ f\nd out h[ to make a once desp]ate
 op]ation fairly safe is usually foll[$ 
by a rage = t op]ation n only among !   
doctors1 b actually among _! pati5ts4   
,!re are m5 & wom5 :om ! op]at+ table   
seems to fasc9ate2 half-alive p :o ?r\gh
 vanity1 or hypo*ondria1 or a crav+ to  
be ! con/ant objects ( anxi\s att5tion  
or :at n1 lose su* feeble s5se z !y ev] 
_h ( ! value ( _! own organs & limbs4   
,!y seem to c>e z little = mutilation z 
lob/]s or liz>ds1 :i* at lea/ h ! excuse
 t !y gr[ new claws & new tails if !y   
lose ! old ones4 ,:il/ ?is book 0 be+   
prep>$ = ! press a case 0 tri$ 9 !      
,c\rts1 ( a man :o su$ a railway company
 = damages because a tra9 _h run ov] him
 & amputat$ bo? 8 legs4 ,he lo/ 8 case  

because x 0 prov$ t he _h delib]ately   
contriv$ ! occurr5ce himself = ! sake ( 
gett+ an idl]'s p5sion at ! exp5se ( !  
railway company1 be+ too dull to realize
 h[ mu* m he _h to lose ?an to ga9 by ! 
b>ga9 ev5 if he _h won 8 case & receiv$ 
damages above 8 utmo/ hopes4  ,?us amaz+
 case makes x possible to say1 ) "s     
prospect ( be+ believ$1 t !re is 9 !    
classes :o c af=d to pay = fa%ionable   
op]ations a spr9kl+ ( p]sons s incapable
 ( appreciat+ ! relative importance (   
pres]v+ _! bodily integrity1 7includ+ ! 
capacity = p>5tage7 & ! pleasure ( talk+
 ab\t !mselves & he>+ !mselves talk$    
ab\t z ! h]oes & h]o9es ( s5sational    
op]ations1 t !y tempt surgeons to op]ate
 on !m n only ) l>ge fees1 b ) p]sonal  
solicitation4 ,n[ x _c be too (t5       
repeat$ t :5 an op]ation is once p]=m$1 
nobody c ev] prove t x 0 unnecess>y4 ,if
 ,i refuse to all[ my leg to be         
amputat$1 its mortification & my dea?   
may prove t ,i 0 wrong2 b if ,i let !   
leg g1 nobody c ev] prove t x w\ld n h  

mortifi$ _h ,i be5 ob/9ate4 ,op]ation is
 !re=e ! safe side = ! surgeon z well z 
! lucrative side4 ,! result is t we he> 
( cons]vative surgeons z a di/9ct class 
( practition]s :o make x a rule n to    
op]ate if !y c possibly help x1 & :o are
 s\ght aft] by ! p :o h vitality en\gh  
to reg>d an op]ation z a la/ resort4 ,b 
no surgeon is b\nd to take ! cons]vative
 view4 ,if he believes t an organ is at 
be/ a useless survival1 & t if he       
extirpates x ! pati5t w be well & none !
 worse 9 a =tnight1 :]eas to await !    
natural cure w\ld mean a mon?'s illness1
 !n he is cle>ly ju/ifi$ 9 recomm5d+ !  
op]ation ev5 if ! cure )\t op]ation is z
 c]ta9 z any?+ ( ! k9d ev] c be4 ,?us ! 
cons]vative surgeon & ! radical or      
extirpatory surgeon may bo? be "r z f> z
 ! ultimate cure is conc]n$2 s t _!     
consci5ces d n help !m out ( _!         
diff]5ces4     ,,cr$ulity ,,& ,,*lor(orm
  ,!re is no h>d] sci5tific fact 9 ! _w 
?an ! fact t belief c be produc$ 9      
practically unlimit$ quantity &         

int5sity1 )\t obs]vation or reason+1 &  
ev5 9 defiance ( bo?1 by ! simple desire
 to believe f\nd$ on a /rong int]e/ 9   
believ+4 ,ev]ybody recognizes ?is 9 !   
case ( ! amatory infatuations ( !       
adolesc5ts :o see angels & h]oes 9      
obvi\sly 7to o!rs7 commonplace & ev5    
objectionable maid5s & y\?s4 ,b x holds 
good ov] ! entire field ( human         
activity4 ,! h>de/-head$ mat]iali/ w    
become a consult] ( table-rapp]s &      
slate-writ]s if he loses a *ild or a    
wife s belov$ t ! desire to revive &    
communicate ) !m becomes irresi/ible4 ,!
 cobbl] believes t !re is no?+ l lea!r4 
,! ,imp]iali/ :o reg>ds ! conque/ (     
,engl& by a =eign p[] z ! wor/ (        
political mis=tunes believes t ! conque/
 ( a =eign p[] by ,engl& w\ld be a boon 
to ! conqu]$4 ,doctors are no m pro(    
aga9/ su* illusions ?an o!r m54 ,c      
anyone !n d\bt t "u exi/+ conditions a  
great deal ( unnecess>y & mis*iev\s     
op]at+ is b\nd to g on1 & t pati5ts are 
enc\rag$ to imag9e t mod]n surg]y &     

ane/hesia h made op]ations mu* less     
s]i\s matt]s ?an !y really are8 ,:5     
doctors write or speak to ! public ab\t 
op]ations1 !y imply1 & (t5 say 9 s _m   
words1 t *lor(orm has made surg]y       
pa9less4 ,p :o h be5 op]at$ on "k bett]4
 ,! pati5t does n feel ! knife1 & !     
op]ation is !re=e enorm\sly facilitat$ =
 ! surgeon2 b ! pati5t pays = !         
ane/hesia ) h\rs ( wret*$ sickness2 & :5
 t is ov] !re is ! pa9 ( ! w\nd made by 
! surgeon1 :i* has to heal l any o!r    
w\nd4 ,?is is :y op]at+ surgeons1 :o are
 usually out ( ! h\se ) _! fee 9 _!     
pockets be=e ! pati5t has recov]$       
consci\sness1 & :o !re=e see no?+ ( !   
suff]+ witness$ by ! g5]al practition] &
 ! nurse1 occasionally talk ( op]ations 
v mu* z ! hangman 9 ,b>naby ,rudge talk$
 ( executions1 z if be+ op]at$ on 7 a   
luxury 9 s5sation z well z 9 price4     
,,m$ical ,,pov]ty  ,to make matt]s      
worse1 doctors are hide\sly poor4 ,!    
,iri% g5tleman doctor ( my boyhood1 :o  
took no?+ less ?an a gu9ea1 ?\gh he     

might pay y f\r visits = x1 seems to h  
no equival5t n[adays 9 ,engli% society4 
,bett] be a railway port] ?an an ord9>y 
,engli% g5]al practition]4 ,a railway   
port] has f eighte5 to tw5ty-?ree %ill+s
 a week f ! ,company m]ely z a reta9]2 &
 8 additional fees f ! public1 if we    
leave ! ?ird-class twop5ny tip out (    
acc\nt 7& ,i am by no means sure t ev5  
?is res]vation ne$ be made71 are        
equival5t to doctor's fees 9 ! case (   
second-class pass5g]s1 & d\ble doctor's 
fees 9 ! case ( fir/4 ,any class (      
educat$ m5 ?us treat$ t5ds to become a  
brig& class1 & doctors are no exception 
to ! rule4 ,!y are (f]$ disgraceful     
prices = advice & m$ic9e4 ,_! pati5ts   
are = ! mo/ "p s poor & s ignorant t    
good advice w\ld be res5t$ z            
impracticable & w\nd+4 ,:5 y are s poor 
t y _c af=d to refuse eighte5p5ce f a   
man :o is too poor to pay y any m1 x is 
useless to tell him t :at he or 8 sick  
*ild ne$s is n m$ic9e1 b m leisure1     
bett] clo!s1 bett] food1 & a bett] dra9$

 & v5tilat$ h\se4 ,x is k9d] to give him
 a bottle ( some?+ almo/ z *eap z wat]1 
& tell him to come aga9 ) ano!r         
eighte5p5ce if x does n cure him4 ,:5 y 
h done t ov] & ov] aga9 e day = a week1 
h[ mu* sci5tific consci5ce h y left8 ,if
 y are weak-m9d$ en\gh to cl+ desp]ately
 to y\r eighte5p5ce z d5ot+ a c]ta9     
social sup]iority to ! sixp5ny doctor1 y
 w be mis]ably poor all y\r life2 :il/ !
 sixp5ny doctor1 ) 8 l[ prices & quick  
turnov] ( pati5ts1 visibly makes mu* m  
?an y d & kills no m p4  ,a doctor's "* 
c no m /& out aga9/ su* conditions ?an !
 lungs ( 8 pati5ts c /& out aga9/ bad   
v5tilation4 ,! only way 9 :i* he c      
pres]ve 8 self-respect is by =gett+ all 
he ev] le>nt ( sci5ce1 & cl++ to su*    
help z he c give )\t co/ m]ely by be+   
less ignorant & m accu/om$ to sick-b$s  
?an 8 pati5ts4 ,f9ally1 he acquires a   
c]ta9 skill at nurs+ cases "u           
pov]ty-/rick5 dome/ic conditions1 j z   
wom5 :o h be5 tra9$ z dome/ic s]vants 9 
"s huge in/itution ) lifts1 vacuum      

clean]s1 electric light+1 /eam heat+1 & 
ma*9]y t turns ! kit*5 into a laboratory
 & eng9e h\se comb9$1 manage1 :5 !y are 
s5t out into ! _w to drudge z g5]al     
s]vants1 to pick up _! bus9ess 9 a new  
way1 le>n+ ! slatt]nly habits & wret*$  
make%ifts ( homes :]e ev5 bundles (     
k9dl+ wood are luxuries to be anxi\sly  
economiz$4     ,,! ,,successful ,,doctor
  ,! doctor ^: success bl9ds public     
op9ion to m$ical pov]ty is almo/ z      
completely demoraliz$4 ,8 promotion     
means t 8 practice becomes m & m conf9$ 
to ! idle ri*4 ,! prop] advice = mo/ (  
_! ailm5ts is typifi$ 9 ,ab]ne?y's ,live
 on sixp5ce a day & e>n x4 ,b "h1 z at !
 o!r end ( ! scale1 ! "r advice is nei!r
 agreeable nor practicable4 ,& e        
hypo*ondriacal ri* lady or g5tleman :o c
 be p]suad$ t he or %e is a lifelong    
invalid means any?+ f fifty to five     
hundr$ p\nds a ye> = ! doctor4          
,op]ations enable a surgeon to e>n      
simil> sums 9 a c\ple ( h\rs2 & if !    
surgeon also keeps a nurs+ home1 he may 

make consid]able pr(its at ! same "t by 
runn+ :at is ! mo/ exp5sive k9d ( hotel4
 ,^! ga9s are s great t !y undo mu* ( ! 
moral advantage :i* ! abs5ce ( gr9d+    
pecuni>y anxiety gives ! ri* doctor ov] 
! poor "o4 ,x is true t ! temptation to 
prescribe a %am treatm5t because ! real 
treatm5t is too de> = ei!r pati5t or    
doctor does n exi/ = ! ri* doctor4 ,he  
always has pl5ty ( g5u9e cases :i* c    
af=d g5u9e treatm5t2 & ^! provide him ) 
en\gh s9c]e sci5tific pr(essional "w to 
save him f ! ignorance1 obsolesc5ce1 &  
atrophy ( sci5tific consci5ce into :i* 8
 poor] colleagues s9k4 ,b on ! o!r h& 8 
exp5ses are enorm\s4 ,ev5 z a ba*elor1  
he mu/1 at ,london we/ end rates1 make  
ov] a ?\s& a ye> be=e he c af=d ev5 to  
insure 8 life4 ,8 h\se1 8 s]vants1 & 8  
equipage 7or autopage7 mu/ be on ! scale
 to :i* 8 pati5ts are accu/om$1 ?\gh a  
c\ple ( rooms ) a camp b$ 9 "o ( !m     
might satisfy 8 own requirem5ts4 ,above 
all1 ! income :i* provides = ^! outgo+s 
/ops ! mom5t he himself /ops work+4     

,unlike ! man ( bus9ess1 ^: manag]s1    
cl]ks1 w>eh\sem5 & labor]s keep 8       
bus9ess go+ :il/ he is 9 b$ or 9 8 club1
 ! doctor _c e>n a f>?+ by deputy4 ,?\gh
 he is exceptionally expos$ to          
infection1 & has to face all wea!rs at  
all h\rs ( ! night & day1 (t5 n enjoy+ a
 complete night's re/ = a week1 ! money 
/ops com+ 9 ! mom5t he /ops go+ out2 &  
!re=e illness has special t]rors = him1 
& success no c]ta9 p]man5ce4 ,he d>e n  
/op mak+ hay :ile ! sun %9es2 = x may   
set at any "t4 ,m5 d n resi/ pressure ( 
?is int5sity4 ,:5 !y come "u x z doctors
 !y pay unnecess>y visits2 !y write     
prescriptions t are z absurd z ! rub (  
*alk ) :i* an ,iri% tailor once *>m$    
away a w>t f my fa!r's f+]2 !y conspire 
) surgeons to promote op]ations2 !y     
nurse ! delusions ( ! malade imag9aire  
7:o is always really ill because1 z !re 
is no su* ?+ z p]fect heal?1 nobody is  
ev] really well72 !y exploit human      
folly1 vanity1 & fe> ( dea? z ru?lessly 
z _! own heal?1 /r5g?1 & pati5ce are    

exploit$ by selfi% hypo*ondriacs4 ,!y   
mu/ d all ^! ?+s or else run pecuni>y   
risks t no man c fairly be ask$ to run4 
,& ! heal?i] ! _w becomes1 ! m !y are   
compell$ to live by impo/ure & ! less by
 t really helpful activity ( :i* all    
doctors get en\gh to pres]ve !m f utt]  
corruption4 ,= ev5 ! mo/ h>d5$ humbug :o
 ev] prescrib$ e!r tonics to ladies ^:  
ne$ = tonics is ( precisely ! same "* z 
! ne$ ( poor] wom5 = a glass ( g91 has  
to help a "m ?r\gh *ild-be>+ (t5 en\gh  
to feel t he is n liv+ :olly 9 va94     
,,! ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,self-,,respect ,,9
 ,,surgeons  ,! surgeon1 ?\gh (t5 m     
unscrupul\s ?an ! g5]al practition]1    
reta9s 8 self-respect m easily4 ,! human
 consci5ce c subsi/ on v que/ionable    
food4 ,no man :o is occupi$ 9 do+ a v   
difficult ?+1 & do+ x v well1 ev] loses 
8 self-respect4 ,! %irk1 ! duff]1 !     
mal+]]1 ! c[>d1 ! weakl+1 may be put out
 ( c\nt5ance by 8 own failures & frauds2
 b ! man :o does evil skilfully1        
en]getically1 ma/]fully1 gr[s pr\d] &   

bold] at e crime4 ,! common man may h to
 f\nd 8 self-respect on sobriety1 hone/y
 & indu/ry2 b a ,napoleon ne$s no su*   
props = 8 s5se ( dignity4 ,if ,nelson's 
consci5ce :isp]$ to him at all 9 ! sil5t
 wat*es ( ! night1 y may dep5d on x x   
:isp]$ ab\t ! ,baltic & ! ,nile & ,cape 
,/4 ,v9c5t1 & n ab\t 8 unfai?fulness to 
8 wife4 ,a man :o robs little *ildr5 :5 
no "o is look+ c h>dly h mu*            
self-respect or ev5 self-e/eem2 b an    
accompli%$ burgl> mu/ be pr\d ( himself4
 ,9 ! play to :i* ,i am at pres5t       
prelud+ ,i h repres5t$ an arti/ :o is s 
entirely satisfi$ ) 8 arti/ic consci5ce1
 ev5 to ! po9t ( dy+ l a sa9t ) its     
support1 t he is utt]ly selfi% &        
unscrupul\s 9 e o!r relation )\t feel+  
at ! smalle/ disadvantage4 ,! same ?+   
may be obs]v$ 9 wom5 :o h a g5ius =     
p]sonal attractiv5ess3 !y exp5d m ?\ght1
 labor1 skill1 inv5tiv5ess1 ta/e &      
endurance on mak+ !mselves lovely ?an   
w\ld suffice to keep a doz5 ugly wom5   
hone/2 & ?is enables !m to ma9ta9 a high

 op9ion ( !mselves1 & an angry contempt 
= unattractive & p]sonally c>eless wom51
 :il/ !y lie & *eat & sl&] & sell       
!mselves )\t a blu%4 ,! tru? is1 h>dly  
any ( u h e?ical en]gy en\gh = m ?an "o 
really inflexible po9t ( honor4 ,&rea   
del ,s>to1 l ,l\is ,dub$at 9 my play1   
mu/ h exp5d$ on ! atta9m5t ( 8 great    
ma/]y ( design & 8 orig9ality 9 fresco  
pa9t+ m consci5ti\sness & indu/ry ?an g 
to ! mak+ ( ! reputations ( a doz5      
ord9>y mayors & *ur*w>d5s2 b 7if ,vas>i 
is to be believ$7 :5 ! ,k+ ( ,france    
entru/$ him ) money to buy pictures =   
him1 he /ole x to sp5d on 8 wife4 ,su*  
cases are n conf9$ to em95t arti/s4     
,unsuccessful1 unskilful m5 are (t5 mu* 
m scrupul\s ?an successful ones4 ,9 !   
ranks ( ord9>y skill$ labor _m m5 are to
 be f\nd :o e>n good wages & are nev]   
out ( a job because !y are /rong1       
indefatigable1 & skilful1 & :o !re=e are
 bold 9 a high op9ion ( !mselves2 b !y  
are selfi% & tyrannical1 glutton\s &    
drunk51 z _! wives & *ildr5 "k to _!    

co/4  ,n only d ^! tal5t$ en]getic p    
reta9 _! self-respect ?r\gh %ameful     
misconduct3 !y d n ev5 lose ! respect ( 
o!rs1 because _! tal5ts b5efit & int]e/ 
ev]ybody1 :il/ _! vices affect only a   
few4 ,an actor1 a pa9t]1 a compos]1 an  
au?or1 may be z selfi% z he likes )\t   
reproa* f ! public if only 8 art is     
sup]b2 & he _c fulfil 8 condition )\t   
suffici5t ef=t & sacrifice to make him  
feel noble & m>tyr$ 9 spite ( 8         
selfi%ness4 ,x may ev5 happ5 t !        
selfi%ness ( an arti/ may be a b5efit to
 ! public by enabl+ him to conc5trate   
himself on _! gratification ) a         
recklessness ( e o!r consid]ation t     
makes him highly dang]\s to ^? ab\t him4
 ,9 sacrific+ o!rs to himself he is     
sacrific+ !m to ! public he gratifies2 &
 ! public is q cont5t ) t arrangem5t4 ,!
 public actually has an int]e/ 9 !      
arti/'s vices4  ,x has no su* int]e/ 9 !
 surgeon's vices4 ,! surgeon's art is   
ex]cis$ at its exp5se1 n = its          
gratification4 ,we d n g to ! op]at+    

table z we g to ! !atre1 to ! picture   
gall]y1 to ! conc]t room1 to be ent]ta9$
 & delight$3 we g to be torm5t$ & maim$1
 le/ a worse ?+ %\ld befall u4 ,x is ( !
 mo/ extreme importance to u t ! exp]ts 
on ^: assurance we face ?is horror &    
suff] ?is mutilation %\ld leave no      
int]e/s b our own to ?9k (2 %\ld judge  
our cases sci5tifically2 & %\ld feel    
ab\t !m k9dly4 ,let u see :at gu>antees 
we h3 fir/ = ! sci5ce1 & !n = ! k9dness4
     ,,are ,,doctors ,,m5 ,,( ,,sci5ce8 
,i presume nobody w "q ! exi/5ce (      
widely spread popul> delusion t e doctor
 is a titan ( sci5ce4 ,x is escap$ only 
9 ! v small class :i* und]/&s by sci5ce 
some?+ m ?an conjur+ ) retorts & _s     
lamps1 magnets & microscopes1 & discov]+
 magical cures = disease4 ,to a         
suffici5tly ignorant man e capta9 ( a   
trad+ s*oon] is a ,galileo1 e           
organ-gr9d] a ,bee?ov51 e piano-tun] a  
,hemholtz1 e ,old ,bailey b>ri/] a      
,solon1 e ,sev5 ,dials pigeon deal] a   
,d>w91 e scriv5] a ,%akespe>1 e         

locomotive eng9e a miracle1 & its driv] 
no less wond]ful ?an ,george ,/eph5son4 
,z a matt] ( fact1 ! rank & file (      
doctors are no m sci5tific ?an _!       
tailors2 or1 if y pref] to put x !      
rev]se way1 _! tailors are no less      
sci5tific ?an !y4 ,doctor+ is an art1 n 
a sci5ce3 any layman :o is int]e/$ 9    
sci5ce suffici5tly to take 9 "o ( !     
sci5tific j\rnals & foll[ ! lit]ature ( 
! sci5tific movem5t1 kn[s m ab\t x ?an  
^? doctors 7probably a l>ge majority7 :o
 are n int]e/$ 9 x1 & practise only to  
e>n _! bread4 ,doctor+ is n ev5 ! art ( 
keep+ p 9 heal? 7no doctor seems able to
 advise y :at to eat any bett] ?an 8    
gr&mo!r or ! ne>e/ quack73 x is ! art ( 
cur+ illnesses4 ,x does happ5           
exceptionally t a practis+ doctor makes 
a contribution to sci5ce 7my play       
describes a v notable "o72 b x happ5s   
mu* (t5] t he draws disa/r\s conclusions
 f 8 cl9ical exp]i5ce because he has no 
conception ( sci5tific me?od1 &         
believes1 l any ru/ic1 t ! h&l+ (       

evid5ce & /ati/ics ne$s no exp]tness4 ,!
 di/9ction betwe5 a quack doctor & a    
qualifi$ "o is ma9ly t only ! qualifi$  
"o is au?oriz$ to sign dea? c]tificates1
 = :i* bo? sorts seem to h ab\t equal   
occasion4 ,unqualifi$ practition]s n[   
make l>ge incomes z hygi5i/s1 & are     
resort$ to z frequ5tly by cultivat$     
amateur sci5ti/s :o und]/& q well :at !y
 are do+ z by ignorant p :o are simply  
dupes4 ,bone-sett]s make =tunes "u ! v  
noses ( our greate/ surgeons f educat$ &
 weal?y pati5ts2 & "s ( ! mo/ successful
 doctors on ! regi/] use q h]etical     
me?ods ( treat+ disease1 & h qualifi$   
!mselves solely = conv5i5ce4 ,leav+ out 
( acc\nt ! village wit*es :o prescribe  
spells & sell *>ms1 ! humble/           
pr(essional heal]s 9 ?is c\ntry are !   
h]bali/s4 ,^! m5 w&] ?r\gh ! fields on  
,sunday seek+ = h]bs ) magic prop]ties (
 cur+ disease1 prev5t+ *ildbir?1 & ! l4 
,ea* ( !m believes t he is on ! v]ge ( a
 great discov]y1 9 :i* ,virg9ia ,snake  
,root w be an +r$i5t1 heav5 kn[s :y6    

,virg9ia ,snake ,root fasc9ates !       
imag9ation ( ! h]bali/ z m]cury us$ to  
fasc9ate ! al*emi/s4 ,on week days he   
keeps a %op 9 :i* he sells packets (    
p5nyroyal1 d&elion1 etc41 labell$ )     
little li/s ( ! diseases !y are suppos$ 
to cure1 & app>5tly d cure to !         
satisfaction ( ! p :o keep on buy+ !m4  
,i h nev] be5 able to p]ceive any       
di/9ction betwe5 ! sci5ce ( ! h]bali/ & 
t ( ! duly regi/]$ doctor4 ,a relative (
 m9e rec5tly consult$ a doctor ab\t "s (
 ! ord9>y symptoms :i* indicate ! ne$ = 
a holiday & a *ange4 ,! doctor satisfi$ 
himself t ! pati5t's he>t 0 a little    
depress$4 ,digitalis be+ a drug labell$ 
z a he>t specific by ! pr(ession1 he    
promptly adm9i/]$ a /iff dose4          
,=tunately ! pati5t 0 a h>dy old lady :o
 0 n easily kill$4 ,%e recov]$ ) no     
worse result ?an h] conv]sion to        
,*ri/ian ,sci5ce1 :i* owes its vogue q z
 mu* to public despair ( doctors z to   
sup]/ition4 ,i am n1 obs]ve1 "h conc]n$ 
) ! "q z to :e!r ! dose ( digitalis 0   

judici\s or n2 ! po9t is1 t a f>m labor]
 consult+ a h]bali/ w\ld h be5 treat$ 9 
exactly ! same way4     ,,bact]iology   
,,z ,a ,,sup]/ition  ,! smatt]+ ( sci5ce
 t all--ev5 doctors--pick up f ! ord9>y 
newspap]s n[adays only makes ! doctor m 
dang]\s ?an he us$ to be4 ,wise m5 us$  
to take c>e to consult doctors qualifi$ 
be=e #ahfj1 :o 7 usually contemptu\s (  
or indiff]5t to ! g]m !ory &            
bact]iological !rapeutics2 b n[ t ^!    
vet]ans h mo/ly retir$ or di$1 we are   
left 9 ! h&s ( ! g5]ations :i*1 hav+    
he>d ( microbes mu* z ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as
 he>d ( angels1 sudd5ly conclud$ t !    
:ole art ( heal+ c\ld be summ$ up 9 !   
=mula3 ,f9d ! microbe & kill x4 ,& ev5 t
 !y did n "k h[ to d4 ,! simple/ way to 
kill mo/ microbes is to ?r[ !m into an  
op5 /reet or riv] & let ! sun %9e on !m1
 :i* expla9s ! fact t :5 great cities h 
recklessly ?r[n all _! sewage into ! op5
 riv] ! wat] has sometimes be5 clean]   
tw5ty miles bel[ ! city ?an ?irty miles 
above x4 ,b doctors in/9ctively avoid   

all facts t are reassur+1 & eag]ly      
swall[ ^? t make x a m>vel t anyone c\ld
 possibly survive ?ree days 9 an        
atmosph]e consi/+ ma9ly ( c\ntless      
pa?og5ic g]ms4 ,!y conceive microbes z  
immortal until sla9 by a g]micide       
adm9i/]$ by a duly qualifi$ m$ical man4 
,all ?r\gh ,europe p are adjur$1 by     
public notices & ev5 "u legal p5alties1 
n to ?r[ _! microbes into ! sun%9e1 b to
 collect !m c>efully 9 a h&k]*ief2 %ield
 ! h&k]*ief f ! sun 9 ! d>kness & w>m? (
 ! pocket2 & s5d x to a laundry to be   
mix$ up ) ev]ybody else's h&k]*iefs1 )  
results only too famili> to local heal? 
au?orities4  ,9 ! fir/ fr5zy ( microbe  
kill+1 surgical in/rum5ts 7 dipp$ 9     
c>bolic oil1 :i* 0 a great improvem5t on
 n dipp+ !m 9 any?+ at all & simply us+ 
!m dirty2 b z microbes are s fond (     
c>bolic oil t !y sw>m 9 x1 x 0 n a      
success f ! anti-microbe po9t ( view4   
,=mal9 0 squirt$ into ! circulation (   
consumptives until x 0 discov]$ t =mal9 
n\ri%es ! tub]cle bacillus h&somely &   

kills m54 ,! popul> !ory ( disease is ! 
common m$ical !ory3 namely1 t e disease 
_h its microbe duly creat$ 9 ! g>d5 (   
,ed51 & has be5 /eadily propagat+ itself
 & produc+ wid5+ circles ( malignant    
disease ev] s9ce4 ,x 0 pla9 f ! fir/ t  
if ?is _h be5 ev5 approximately true1 ! 
:ole human race w\ld h be5 wip$ out by !
 plague long ago1 & t e epidemic1 in/ead
 ( fad+ out z my/]i\sly z x ru%$ 91 w\ld
 spread ov] ! :ole _w4 ,x 0 also evid5t 
t ! *>act]i/ic microbe ( a disease might
 be a symptom in/ead ( a cause4 ,an     
unpunctual man is always 9 a hurry2 b x 
does n foll[ t hurry is ! cause (       
unpunctuality3 on ! contr>y1 :at is !   
matt] ) ! pati5t is slo?4 ,:5 ,flor5ce  
,night+ale said bluntly t if y ov]cr[d$ 
y\r soldi]s 9 dirty qu>t]s !re w\ld be  
an outbreak ( smallpox among !m1 %e 0   
snubb$ z an ignorant female :o did n "k 
t smallpox c be produc$ only by !       
importation ( its specific microbe4  ,if
 ?is 0 ! l9e tak5 ab\t smallpox1 !      
microbe ( :i* has nev] yet be5 run d[n &

 expos$ "u ! microscope by !            
bact]iologi/1 :at mu/ h be5 ! ardor (   
conviction z to tub]culosis1 tetanus1   
ent]ic fev]1 ,maltese fev]1 diph!ria1 & 
! re/ ( ! diseases 9 :i* ! *>act]i/ic   
bacillus _h be5 id5tifi$6 ,:5 !re 0 no  
bacillus x 0 assum$ t1 s9ce no disease  
c\ld exi/ )\t a bacillus1 x 0 simply    
elud+ obs]vation4 ,:5 ! bacillus 0 f\nd1
 z x frequ5tly 01 9 p]sons :o 7 n suff]+
 f ! disease1 ! !ory 0 sav$ by simply   
call+ ! bacillus an impo/or1 or         
pseudobacillus4 ,! same b\ndless        
cr$ulity :i* ! public exhibit z to a    
doctor's p[] ( diagnosis 0 %[n by !     
doctors !mselves z to ! analytic microbe
 hunt]s4 ,^! wit* f9d]s w\ld give y a   
c]tificate ( ! ultimate con/itution (   
any?+ f a sample ( ! wat] f y\r well to 
a scrap ( y\r lungs1 = sev5-&-sixp5se4  
,i d n sugge/ t ! analy/s 7 di%one/4 ,no
 d\bt !y c>ri$ ! analysis z f> z !y c\ld
 af=d to c>ry x = ! money4 ,no d\bt also
 !y c\ld af=d to c>ry x f> en\gh to be (
 "s use4 ,b ! fact rema9s t j z doctors 

p]=m = half-a-cr[n1 )\t ! lea/ misgiv+1 
op]ations :i* c\ld n be ?or\ghly &      
safely p]=m$ ) due sci5tific rigor & !  
requisite app>atus by an unaid$ private 
practition] = less ?an "s ?\s&s ( p\nds1
 s did !y proce$ on ! assumption t !y   
c\ld get ! la/ ^w ( sci5ce z to !       
con/itu5ts ( _! pa?ological samples = a 
two h\rs cab f>e4     ,,economic        
,,difficulties ,,( ,,immunization  ,i h 
he>d doctors affirm & d5y almo/ e       
possible proposition z to disease &     
treatm5t4 ,i c rememb] ! "t :5 doctors  
no m dreamt ( consumption & pneumonia   
be+ infecti\s ?an !y n[ dream (         
sea-sickness be+ infecti\s1 or ?an s    
great a cl9ical obs]v] z ,syd5ham dreamt
 ( smallpox be+ infecti\s4 ,i h he>d    
doctors d5y t !re is su* a ?+ z         
infection4 ,i h he>d !m d5y ! exi/5ce ( 
hydrophobia z a specific disease diff]+ 
f tetanus4 ,i h he>d !m def5d           
prophylactic measures & prophylactic    
legislation z ! sole & c]ta9 salvation (
 mank9d f zymotic disease2 & ,i h he>d  

!m d5\nce bo? z malignant spread]s (    
canc] & lunacy4 ,b ! "o objection ,i h  
nev] he>d f a doctor is ! objection t   
prophylaxis by ! inoculatory me?ods mo/ 
9 vogue is an economic impossibility "u 
our private practice sy/em4 ,!y buy "s  
/uff f somebody = a %ill+1 & inject a   
p5nywor? ( x "u _! pati5t's sk9 =       
half-a-cr[n1 conclud+ t1 s9ce ?is       
primitive rite pays ! somebody & pays   
!m1 ! problem ( prophylaxis has be5     
satisfactorily solv$4 ,! results are    
sometimes no worse ?an ! ord9>y results 
( dirt gett+ into cuts2 b nei!r ! doctor
 nor ! pati5t is q satisfi$ unless !    
inoculation takes2 t is1 unless x       
produces p]ceptible illness &           
disablem5t4 ,sometimes bo? doctor &     
pati5t get m value 9 ?is direction ?an  
!y b>ga9 =4 ,! results ( ord9>y         
private-practice-inoculation at _! wor/ 
are bad en\gh to be indi/+ui%able f ^? (
 ! mo/ discr$itable & dread$ disease    
kn[n2 & doctors1 to save ! cr$it ( !    
inoculation1 h be5 driv5 to accuse _!   

pati5t or _! pati5t's p>5ts ( hav+      
contract$ ?is disease indep5d5tly ( !   
inoculation1 an excuse :i* naturally    
does n make ! family any m resign$1 &   
leads to public recrim9ations 9 :i* !   
doctors1 =gett+ ev]y?+ b ! imm$iate     
qu>rel1 naively excuse !mselves by      
admitt+1 & ev5 claim+ z a po9t 9 _!     
favor1 t x is (t5 impossible to di/+ui% 
! disease produc$ by _! inoculation & ! 
disease !y h accus$ ! pati5t (          
contract+4 ,& bo? p>ties assume t :at is
 at issue is ! sci5tific s\ndness ( !   
prophylaxis4 ,x nev] occurs to !m t !   
p>ticul> pa?og5ic g]m :i* !y int5d$ to  
introduce into ! pati5t's sy/em may be q
 innoc5t ( ! cata/rophe1 & t ! casual   
dirt introduc$ ) x may be at fault4 ,:51
 z 9 ! case ( smallpox or c[pox1 ! g]m  
has n yet be5 detect$1 :at y inoculate  
is simply undef9$ matt] t has be5 scrap$
 (f an any?+ b *emically clean calf     
suff]+ f ! disease 9 "q4 ,y take y\r    
*ance ( ! g]m be+ 9 ! scrap+s1 &1 le/ y 
%\ld kill x1 y take no precautions aga9/

 o!r g]ms be+ 9 x z well4 ,any?+ may    
happ5 z ! result ( su* an inoculation4  
,yet ?is is ! only /uff ( ! k9d :i* is  
prep>$ & suppli$ ev5 9 ,/ate            
e/abli%m5ts3 t is1 9 ! only e/abli%m5ts 
free f ! comm]cial temptation to        
adult]ate mat]ials & scamp precaution>y 
processes4  ,ev5 if ! g]m 7 id5tifi$1   
complete precautions w\ld h>dly pay4 ,x 
is true t microbe f>m+ is n exp5sive4 ,!
 co/ ( bre$+ & h\s+ two head ( cattle   
w\ld provide = ! bre$+ & h\s+ ( en\gh   
microbes to inoculate ! entire          
population ( ! globe s9ce human life    
fir/ appe>$ on x4 ,b ! precautions      
necess>y to insure t ! inoculation %all 
consi/ ( no?+ else b ! requir$ g]m 9 !  
prop] /ate ( att5uation are a v diff]5t 
matt] f ! precautions necess>y 9 !      
di/ribution & consumption ( beef/eaks4  
,yet p expect to f9d vacc9es & antitox9s
 & ! l retail$ at popul> prices 9       
private ent]prise %ops j z !y expect to 
f9d ounces ( tobacco & pap]s ( p9s4     
,,! ,,p]ils ,,( ,,inoculation  ,! tr\ble

 does n end ) ! matt] to be inoculat$4  
,!re is ! "q ( ! condition ( ! pati5t4  
,! discov]ies ( ,sir ,almro? ,wright h  
%[n t ! appall+ results :i* l$ to ! ha/y
 dropp+ 9 #ahid ( ,ko*'s tub]cul9 7 n   
accid5ts1 b p]fectly ord]ly & inevitable
 ph5om5a foll[+ ! injection ( dang]\sly 
/rong vacc9es at ! wrong mom5t1 & re9=c+
 ! disease in/ead ( /imulat+ ! resi/ance
 to x4 ,to asc]ta9 ! "r mom5t a         
laboratory & a /aff ( exp]ts are ne$$4  
,! g5]al practition]1 hav+ no su*       
laboratory & no su* exp]i5ce1 has always
 *anc$ x1 & insi/$1 :5 he 0 unlucky1 t !
 results 7 n due to ! inoculation1 b to 
"s o!r cause3 a favorite & n v tactful  
"o be+ ! drunk5ness or lic5ti\sness ( ! 
pati5t4 ,b ?\gh a few doctors h n[ le>nt
 ! dang] ( inoculat+ )\t any ref]5ce to 
! pati5t's opsonic index at ! mom5t (   
inoculation1 & ?\gh ^? o!r doctors :o   
are d5\nc+ ! dang] z imag9>y & opson9 z 
a craze or a fad1 obvi\sly d s because x
 involves an op]ation :i* !y h nei!r !  
means nor ! k to p]=m1 !re is /ill no   

grasp ( ! economic *ange 9 ! situation4 
,!y h nev] be5 w>n$ t ! practicability (
 any me?od ( extirpat+ disease dep5ds n 
only on its efficacy1 b on its co/4 ,=  
example1 j at pres5t ! _w has run rav+  
mad on ! subject ( radium1 :i* has      
excit$ our cr$ulity precisely z !       
app>itions at ,l\rdes excit$ ! cr$ulity 
( ,roman ,ca?olics4 ,suppose x 7        
asc]ta9$ t e *ild 9 ! _w c\ld be r5d]$  
absolutely immune f all disease dur+ its
 entire life by tak+ half an ounce (    
radium to e p9t ( its milk4 ,! _w w\ld  
be none ! heal?i]1 because n ev5 a ,cr[n
 ,pr9ce--no1 n ev5 ! son ( a ,*icago    
,meat ,k+1 c\ld af=d ! treatm5t4 ,yet x 
is d\btful :e!r doctors w\ld refra9 f   
prescrib+ x on t gr\nd4 ,! recklessness 
) :i* !y n[ recomm5d w9t]+ 9 ,egypt or  
at ,davos to p :o _c af=d to g to       
,cornwall1 & ! ord]s giv5 = *ampagne    
jelly & old port 9 h\seholds :]e su*    
luxuries mu/ obvi\sly be acquir$ at !   
co/ ( /9t+ necess>ies1 (t5 make "o wond]
 :e!r x is possible = a man to g ?r\gh a

 m$ical tra9+ & reta9 a sp>k ( common   
s5se4 ,?is sort ( inconsid]at5ess gets  
cur$ only 9 ! classes :]e pov]ty1       
pret5ti\s z x is ev5 at its wor/1 _c    
pit* its pret5ces high en\gh to make x  
possible = ! doctor 7himself (t5 no     
bett] (f ?an ! pati5t7 to assume t !    
av]age income ( an ,engli% family is    
ab\t #b1jjj p\nds a ye>1 & t x is q easy
 to break up a home1 sell an old family 
seat at a sacrifice1 & retire into a    
=eign sanatorium devot$ to "s treatm5t t
 did n exi/ two ye>s ago & probably w n 
exi/ 7except z a pretext = keep+ an     
ord9>y hotel7 two ye>s h5ce4 ,9 a poor  
practice ! doctor mu/ f9d *eap treatm5ts
 = *eap p1 or humiliate & lose 8 pati5ts
 ei!r by prescrib+ beyond _! means or   
s5d+ !m to ! public hospitals4 ,:5 x    
comes to prophylactic inoculation1 !    
alt]native lies betwe5 ! complete       
sci5tific process1 :i* c only be br\ght 
d[n to a reasonable co/ by be+ v highly 
organiz$ z a public s]vice 9 a public   
in/itution1 & su* *eap1 na/y1 dang]\s & 

sci5tifically spuri\s imitations z      
ord9>y vacc9ation1 :i* seems n unlikely 
to be end$1 l its equally vaunt$ =]unn]1
 ,,xviii4 c5tury inoculation1 by a      
purely reaction>y law mak+ all sorts (  
vacc9ation1 sci5tific or n1 crim9al     
(f5ces4 ,naturally1 ! poor doctor 7t is1
 ! av]age doctor7 def5ds ord9>y         
vacc9ation frantically1 z x means to him
 ! bread ( 8 *ildr54 ,to secure !       
vehem5t & practically unanim\s support (
 ! rank & file ( ! m$ical pr(ession =   
any sort ( treatm5t or op]ation1 all t  
is necess>y is t x c be easily practis$ 
by a r %abbily dress$ man 9 a surgically
 dirty room 9 a surgically dirty h\se   
)\t any assi/ance1 & t ! mat]ials = x   
%all co/1 say1 a p5ny1 & ! *>ge = x to a
 pati5t ) #ajj p\nds a ye> be           
half-a-cr[n4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 a hygi5ic 
measure has only to be "o ( su*         
ref9em5t1 difficulty1 precision &       
co/l9ess z to be q beyond ! res\rces (  
private practice1 to be ignor$ or       
angrily d5\nc$ z a fad4  ,,trade        

,,unionism ,,& ,,sci5ce  ,"h we h !     
explanation ( ! savage rancor t s amazes
 p :o imag9e t ! controv]sy conc]n+     
vacc9ation is a sci5tific "o4 ,x has    
really no?+ to d ) sci5ce4 ,! m$ical    
pr(ession1 consi/+ = ! mo/ "p ( v poor  
m5 /ruggl+ to keep up appe>ances beyond 
_! means1 f9d !mselves ?reat5$ ) !      
ext9ction ( a consid]able "p ( _!       
incomes3 a "p1 too1 t is easily &       
regul>ly e>n$1 s9ce x is indep5d5t (    
disease1 & br+s e p]son born into !     
nation1 heal?y or n1 to ! doctors4 ,to  
boot1 !re is ! occasional w9dfall ( an  
epidemic1 ) its panic & ru% =           
revacc9ation4 ,"u su* circum/ances1     
vacc9ation w\ld be def5d$ desp]ately 7 x
 twice z dirty1 dang]\s1 & unsci5tific 9
 me?od z x actually is4 ,! note ( fury 9
 ! def5ce1 ! feel+ t ! anti-vacc9ator is
 do+ a cruel1 ru9\s1 inconsid]ate ?+ 9 a
 mood ( indignant folly3 all ?is1 s     
puzzl+ to ! obs]v] :o kn[s no?+ ( !     
economic side ( ! "q1 & only sees t !   
anti-vacc9ator1 hav+ no?+ :atev] to ga9 

& a good deal to lose by plac+ himself 9
 opposition to ! law & to ! outcry t    
adds private p]secution to legal        
p5alties1 c h no int]e/ 9 ! matt] except
 ! int]e/ ( a re=m] 9 aboli%+ a corrupt 
& mis*iev\s sup]/ition1 becomes         
intelligible ! mom5t ! trag$y ( m$ical  
pov]ty & ! lucrativ5ess ( *eap          
vacc9ation is tak5 into acc\nt4  ,9 !   
face ( su* economic pressure z ?is1 x is
 silly to expect t m$ical tea*+1 any m  
?an m$ical practice1 c possibly be      
sci5tific4 ,! te/ to :i* all me?ods (   
treatm5t are f9ally br\ght is :e!r !y   
are lucrative to doctors or n4 ,x w\ld  
be difficult to cite any proposition    
less obnoxi\s to sci5ce1 ?an t advanc$  
by ,hahnemann3 to wit1 t drugs :i* 9    
l>ge doses produce c]ta9 symptoms1      
c\nt]act !m 9 v small doses1 j z 9 m    
mod]n practice x is f\nd t a suffici5tly
 small inoculation ) typhoid rallies our
 p[]s to resi/ ! disease in/ead (       
pro/rat+ u ) x4 ,b ,hahnemann & 8       
foll[]s 7 frantically p]secut$ = a      

c5tury by g5]ations ( apo!c>y-doctors ^:
 incomes dep5d$ on ! quantity ( drugs !y
 c\ld induce _! pati5ts to swall[4 ,^!  
two cases ( ord9>y vacc9ation &         
homeopa?y are typical ( all ! re/4 ,j z 
! object ( a trade union "u exi/+       
conditions mu/ f9ally be1 n to improve !
 te*nical quality ( ! "w done by its    
memb]s1 b to secure a liv+ wage = !m1 s 
! object ( ! m$ical pr(ession today is  
to secure an income = ! private doctor2 
& to ?is consid]ation all conc]n =      
sci5ce & public heal? mu/ give way :5 ! 
two come into conflict4 ,=tunately !y   
are n always 9 conflict4 ,up to a c]ta9 
po9t doctors1 l c>p5t]s & masons1 mu/   
e>n _! liv+ by do+ ! "w t ! public wants
 f !m2 & z x is n 9 ! nature ( ?+s      
possible t su* public want %\ld be bas$ 
on unmix$ disutility1 x may be admitt$ t
 doctors h _! uses1 real z well z       
imag9>y4 ,b j z ! be/ c>p5t] or mason w 
resi/ ! introduction ( a ma*9e t is     
likely to ?r[ him out ( "w1 or ! public 
te*nical education ( unskill$ labor]s'  

sons to compete ) him1 s ! doctor w     
resi/ ) all 8 p[]s ( p]secution e       
advance ( sci5ce t ?reat5s 8 income4 ,& 
z ! advance ( sci5tific hygi5e t5ds to  
make ! private doctor's visits r>]1 & ! 
public inspector's frequ5t]1 :il/ !     
advance ( sci5tific !rapeutics is 9 !   
direction ( treatm5ts t involve highly  
organiz$ laboratories1 hospitals1 &     
public in/itutions g5]ally1 x unluckily 
happ5s t ! organization ( private       
practition]s :i* we call ! m$ical       
pr(ession is com+ m & m to repres5t1 n  
sci5ce1 b desp]ate & embitt]$           
antisci5ce3 a /atem5t ( ?+s :i* is      
likely to get worse until ! av]age      
doctor ei!r dep5ds ^u or hopes = an     
appo9tm5t 9 ! public heal? s]vice = 8   
livelihood4  ,s mu* = our gu>antees z to
 m$ical sci5ce4 ,let u n[ deal ) ! m    
pa9ful subject ( m$ical k9dness4        
,,doctors ,,& ,,vivisection  ,!         
importance to our doctors ( a reputation
 = ! t5d]e/ humanity is s obvi\s1 & !   
quantity ( b5evol5t "w actually done by 

!m = no?+ 7a great deal ( x f %e] good  
nature7 s l>ge1 t at fir/ sight x seems 
unacc\ntable t !y %\ld n only ?r[ all _!
 cr$it away1 b delib]ately *oose to b&  
!mselves publicly ) outlaws & sc\ndrels 
by claim+ t 9 ! pursuit ( _! pr(essional
 k !y %\ld be free f ! re/ra9ts ( law1 (
 honor1 ( pity1 ( remorse1 ( ev]y?+ t   
di/+ui%es an ord]ly citiz5 f a ,s\? ,sea
 buccane]1 or a philosoph] f an         
inquisitor4 ,= "h we look 9 va9 = ei!r  
an economic or a s5tim5tal motive4 ,9 e 
g5]ation fools & blackgu>ds h made ?is  
claim2 & hone/ & reasonable m51 l$ by ! 
/ronge/ contempor>y m9ds1 h repudiat$ x 
& expos$ its crude rascality4 ,f        
,%akespe> & ,dr4 ,johnson to ,rusk9 &   
,m>k ,twa91 ! natural abhorr5ce ( sane  
mank9d = ! vivisector's cruelty1 & !    
contempt ( able ?9k]s = 8 imbecile      
casui/ry1 h be5 express$ by ! mo/ popul>
 spokesm5 ( humanity4 ,if ! m$ical      
pr(ession 7 to outdo !                  
,anti-,vivisection ,societies 9 a g5]al 
pr(essional prote/ aga9/ ! practice &   

pr9ciples ( ! vivisectors1 e doctor 9 ! 
k+dom w\ld ga9 sub/antially by ! imm5se 
relief & reconciliation :i* w\ld foll[  
su* a reassurance ( ! humanity ( !      
doctor4 ,n "o doctor 9 a ?\s& is a      
vivisector1 or has any int]e/ 9         
vivisection1 ei!r pecuni>y or           
intellectual1 or w\ld treat 8 dog       
cruelly or all[ anyone else to d x4 ,x  
is true t ! doctor complies ) !         
pr(essional fa%ion ( def5d+ vivisection1
 & assur+ y t p l ,%akespe> & ,dr4      
,johnson & ,rusk9 & ,m>k ,twa9 are      
ignorant s5tim5tali/s1 j z he complies )
 any o!r silly fa%ion3 ! my/]y is1 h[ x 
became ! fa%ion 9 spite ( its be+ s     
injuri\s to ^? :o foll[ x4 ,mak+ all    
possible all[ance = ! effect ( ! braz5  
ly+ ( ! few m5 :o br+ a ru% ( despair+  
pati5ts to _! doors by pr(ess+ 9 lett]s 
to ! newspap]s to h le>nt f vivisection 
h[ to cure c]ta9 diseases1 & !          
assurances ( ! say]s ( smoo? ?+s t !    
practice is q pa9less "u ! law1 x is    
/ill difficult to f9d any civiliz$      

motive = an attitude by :i* ! m$ical    
pr(ession has ev]y?+ to lose & no?+ to  
ga94     ,,! ,,primitive ,,savage       
,,motive  ,i say civiliz$ motive        
advis$ly2 = primitive tribal motives are
 easy en\gh to f9d4 ,e savage *ief :o is
 n a ,mahomet le>ns t if he wi%es to    
/rike ! imag9ation ( 8 tribe--& )\t do+ 
t he c rule !m--he mu/ t]rify or revolt 
!m f "t to "t by acts ( hide\s cruelty  
or disgu/+ unnaturalness4 ,we are f> f  
be+ z sup]ior to su* tribes z we imag9e4
 ,x is v d\btful inde$ :e!r ,pet] !     
,great c\ld h effect$ ! *anges he made 9
 ,russia if he _h n fasc9at$ &          
intimidat$ 8 p by 8 mon/r\s cruelties & 
grotesque escapades4 ,_h he be5 a       
n9ete5?-c5tury k+ ( ,engl&1 he w\ld h _h
 to wait = "s huge accid5tal calamity3 a
 *ol]a epidemic1 a w>1 or an            
insurrection1 be=e wak+ u up suffici5tly
 to get any?+ done4 ,vivisection helps !
 doctor to rule u z ,pet] rul$ !        
,russians4 ,! notion t ! man :o does    
dreadful ?+s is sup]human1 & t !re=e he 

c also d wond]ful ?+s ei!r z rul]1      
av5g]1 heal]1 or :at n1 is by no means  
conf9$ to b>b>ians4 ,j z ! manifold     
wick$nesses & /upidities ( our crim9al  
code are support$1 n by any g5]al       
compreh5sion ( law or /udy (            
jurisprud5ce1 n ev5 by simple           
v9dictiv5ess1 b by ! sup]/ition t a     
calamity ( any sort mu/ be expiat$ by a 
human sacrifice2 s ! wick$nesses &      
/upidities ( our m$ic9e m5 are root$ 9  
sup]/itions t h no m to d ) sci5ce ?an !
 traditional c]emony ( *ri/5+ an        
ironclad has to d ) ! effectiv5ess ( its
 armam5t4 ,we h only to turn to         
,macaulay's description ( ! treatm5t (  
,*>les ,,ii 9 8 la/ illness to see h[   
/rongly 8 physicians felt t _! only     
*ance ( *eat+ dea? 0 by outrag+ nature 9
 torm5t+ & disgu/+ _! un=tunate pati5t4 
,true1 ?is 0 m ?an two c5turies ago2 b  
,i h he>d my own n9ete5?-c5tury gr&fa!r 
describe ! cupp+ & fir+ & nause\s       
m$ic9es ( 8 "t ) p]fect cr$ulity z to _!
 b5eficial effects2 & "s m mod]n        

treatm5ts appe> to me q z b>b>\s4 ,x is 
9 ?is way t vivisection pays ! doctor4  
,x appeals to ! fe> & cr$ulity ( !      
savage 9 u2 & )\t fe> & cr$ulity half ! 
private doctor's occupation &           
sev5-eigh?s ( 8 influ5ce w\ld be gone4  
,,! ,,high] ,,motive4 ,,! ,,tree ,,(    
,,k4  ,b ! greate/ =ce ( all on ! side (
 vivisection is ! mighty & inde$ div9e  
=ce ( curiosity4 ,"h we h no decay+     
tribal in/9ct :i* m5 /rive to root out (
 !mselves z !y /rive to root out !      
tig]'s lu/ = blood4 ,on ! contr>y1 !    
curiosity ( ! ape1 or ( ! *ild :o pulls 
out ! legs & w+s ( a fly to see :at x w 
d )\t !m1 or :o1 on be+ told t a cat    
dropp$ out ( ! w9d[ w always fall on its
 legs1 imm$iately tries ! exp]im5t on ! 
ne>e/ cat f ! highe/ w9d[ 9 ! h\se 7,i  
prote/ ,i did x myself f ! fir/ floor   
only71 is z no?+ comp>$ to ! ?ir/ = k ( 
! philosoph]1 ! poet1 ! biologi/1 & !   
naturali/4 ,i h always despis$ ,adam    
because he _h to be tempt$ by ! woman1 z
 %e 0 by ! s]p5t1 be=e he c\ld be induc$

 to pluck ! apple f ! tree ( k4 ,i %\ld 
h swall[$ e apple on ! tree ! mom5t !   
own]'s back 0 turn$4 ,:5 ,gray said ,:]e
 ignorance is bliss1 'tis folly to be   
wise1 he =got t x is godlike to be wise2
 & s9ce nobody wants bliss p>ticul>ly1  
or c\ld /& m ?an a v brief ta/e ( x if x
 7 atta9able1 & s9ce ev]ybody1 by !     
deepe/ law ( ! ,life ,=ce1 desires to be
 godlike1 x is /upid1 & inde$ blasphem\s
 & despair+1 to hope t ! ?ir/ = k w ei!r
 dim9i% or cons5t to be subord9at$ to   
any o!r end :atsoev]4 ,we %all see lat] 
on t ! claim t has aris5 9 ?is way = !  
uncondition$ pursuit ( k is z idle z all
 dreams ( uncondition$ activity2 b none 
! less ! "r to k mu/ be reg>d$ z a      
fundam5tal human "r4 ,! fact t m5 (     
sci5ce h _h to fight s h>d to secure its
 recognition1 & are /ill s vigor\sly    
p]secut$ :5 !y discov] any?+ t is n q   
palatable to vulg> p1 makes !m sorely   
jeal\s = t "r2 & :5 !y he> a popul>     
outcry = ! suppression ( a me?od (      
rese>* :i* has an air ( be+ sci5tific1  

_! fir/ in/9ct is to rally to ! def5ce (
 t me?od )\t fur!r consid]ation1 ) !    
result t !y sometimes1 z 9 ! case (     
vivisection1 pres5tly f9d !mselves      
fight+ on a false issue4     ,,! ,,flaw 
,,9 ,,! ,,argum5t  ,i may z well pause  
"h to expla9 _! error4 ,! "r to "k is l 
! "r to live4 ,x is fundam5tal &        
unconditional 9 its assumption t k1 l   
life1 is a desirable ?+1 ?\gh any fool c
 prove t ignorance is bliss1 & t a      
little k is a dang]\s ?+ 7a little be+ !
 mo/ t any ( u c atta971 z easily z t ! 
pa9s ( life are m num]\s & con/ant ?an  
its pleasures1 & t !re=e we %\ld all be 
bett] dead4 ,! logic is unimpea*able2 b 
its only effect is to make u say t if ^!
 are ! conclusions logic leads to1 s mu*
 ! worse = logic1 aft] :i* curt         
dismissal ( ,folly1 we cont9ue liv+ &   
le>n+ by in/9ct3 t is1 z ( "r4 ,we      
legislate on ! assumption t no man may  
be kill$ on ! /r5g? ( a demon/ration t  
he w\ld be happi] 9 8 grave1 n ev5 if he
 is dy+ sl[ly ( canc] & begs ! doctor to

 despat* him quickly & m]cifully4 ,to   
get kill$ lawfully he mu/ violate       
somebody else's "r to live by committ+  
murd]4 ,b he is by no means free to live
 unconditionally4 ,9 society he c       
ex]cise 8 "r to live only "u v /iff     
conditions4 ,9 c\ntries :]e !re is      
compulsory milit>y s]vice he may ev5 h  
to ?r[ away 8 individual life to save ! 
life ( ! community4  ,x is j s 9 ! case 
( ! "r to k4 ,x is a "r t is z yet v    
imp]fectly recogniz$ 9 practice4 ,b 9   
!ory x is admitt$ t an adult p]son 9    
pursuit ( k mu/ n be refus$ x on ! gr\nd
 t he w\ld be bett] or happi] )\t x4    
,p>5ts & prie/s may =bid k to ^? :o     
accept _! au?ority2 & social taboo may  
be made effective by acts ( legal       
p]secution "u cov] ( repress+ blasphemy1
 obsc5ity1 & s$ition2 b no gov]nm5t n[  
op5ly =bids its subjects to pursue k on 
! gr\nd t k is 9 itself a bad ?+1 or t x
 is possible = any ( u to h too mu* ( x4
     ,,limitations ,,( ,,! ,,"r ,,to ,,k
  ,b nei!r does any gov]nm5t exempt !   

pursuit ( k1 any m ?an ! pursuit ( life1
 lib]ty1 & happ9ess 7z ! ,am]ican       
,con/itution puts x71 f all social      
conditions4 ,no man is all[$ to put 8 "m
 into ! /ove because he desires to "k h[
 long an adult woman w survive at a     
temp]ature ( #ejj degrees ,fahr5heit1 no
 matt] h[ important or int]e/+ t        
p>ticul> addition to ! /ore ( human k   
may be4 ,a man :o did s w\ld h %ort "w  
made n only ( 8 "r to k1 b ( 8 "r to    
live & all 8 o!r rights at ! same "t4 ,!
 "r to k is n ! only "r2 & its ex]cise  
mu/ be limit$ by respect = o!r rights1 &
 = its own ex]cise by o!rs4 ,:5 a man   
says to ,society1 ,may ,i torture my "m 
9 pursuit ( k8 ,society replies1 ,no4   
,if he pleads1 ,:at6 ,n ev5 if ,i h a   
*ance ( f9d+ out h[ to cure canc] by do+
 x8 ,society /ill says1 ,n ev5 !n4 ,if !
 sci5ti/1 mak+ ! be/ ( 8 disappo9tm5t1  
goes on to ask may he torture a dog1 !  
/upid & call\s p :o d n realize t a dog 
is a fell[-creature & sometimes a good  
fri5d1 may say ,yes1 ?\gh ,%akespe>1    

,dr4 ,johnson & _! l may say ,no4 ,b ev5
 ^? :o say ,y may torture ,a dog nev]   
say ,y may torture ,,my dog4 ,& nobody  
says1 ,yes1 because 9 ! pursuit ( k y   
may d z y please4 ,j z ev5 ! /upide/ p  
say1 9 effect1 ,if y _c atta9 to k )\t  
burn+ y\r "m y mu/ d )\t k1 s ! wise/ p 
say1 ,if y _c atta9 to k )\t tortur+ a  
dog1 y mu/ d )\t k4     ,a ,,false      
,,alt]native  ,b 9 practice y _c p]suade
 any wise man t ?is alt]native c ev] be 
=c$ on anyone b a fool1 or t a fool c be
 tru/$ to le>n any?+ f any exp]im5t1    
cruel or humane4 ,! ,*9aman :o burnt d[n
 8 h\se to roa/ 8 pig 0 no d\bt hone/ly 
unable to conceive any less disa/r\s way
 ( cook+ 8 d9n]2 & ! roa/ mu/ h be5     
spoil$ aft] all 7a p]fect type ( !      
av]age vivisectioni/ exp]im5t72 b ?is   
did n prove t ! ,*9aman 0 "r3 x only    
prov$ t ! ,*9aman 0 an incapable cook &1
 fundam5tally1 a fool4  ,take ano!r     
celebrat$ exp]im5t3 "o 9 sanit>y re=m4  
,9 ! days ( ,n]o ,rome 0 9 ! same       
pr$icam5t z ,london to-day4 ,if "s "o   

w\ld burn d[n ,london1 & x 7 rebuilt1 z 
x w\ld n[ h to be1 subject to ! sanit>y 
by-laws & ,build+ ,act provisions en=c$ 
by ! ,london ,c\nty ,c\ncil1 x w\ld be  
enorm\sly improv$2 & ! av]age lifetime (
 ,london]s w\ld be consid]ably prolong$4
 ,n]o argu$ 9 ! same way ab\t ,rome4 ,he
 employ$ inc5di>ies to set x on fire2 & 
he play$ ! h>p 9 sci5tific raptures :il/
 x 0 burn+4 ,i am s f> ( ,n]o's way (   
?9k+ t ,i h (t5 said1 :5 consult$ by    
despair+ sanit>y re=m]s1 t :at ,london  
ne$s to make h] heal?y is an e>?quake4  
,:y1 !n1 x may be ask$1 d n ,i1 z a     
public-spirit$ man1 employ inc5di>ies to
 set x on fire1 ) a h]oic disreg>d ( !  
consequ5ces to myself & o!rs8 ,any      
vivisector w\ld1 if he _h ! c\rage ( 8  
op9ions4 ,! reasonable answ] is t       
,london c be made heal?y )\t burn+ h]   
d[n2 & t z we h n en\gh civic virtue to 
make h] heal?y 9 a humane & economical  
way1 we %\ld n h en\gh to rebuild h] 9 t
 way4 ,9 ! old ,hebrew leg5d1 ,god lo/  
pati5ce ) ! _w z ,n]o did ) ,rome1 &    

dr[n$ ev]ybody except a s+le family4 ,b 
! result 0 t ! prog5y ( t family        
reproduc$ all ! vices ( _! pr$ecessors s
 exactly t ! mis]y caus$ by ! flood     
might j z well h be5 sp>$3 ?+s w5t on j 
z !y did be=e4 ,9 ! same way1 ! li/s (  
diseases :i* vivisection claims to h    
cur$ is long2 b ! returns ( !           
,regi/r>-,g5]al %[ t p /ill p]si/ 9 dy+ 
( !m z if vivisection _h nev] be5 he>d  
(4 ,any fool c burn d[n a city or cut an
 animal op52 & an exceptionally fooli%  
fool is q likely to promise enorm\s     
b5efits to ! race z ! result ( su*      
activities4 ,b :5 ! con/ructive1        
b5evol5t "p ( ! bus9ess comes to be     
done1 ! same want ( imag9ation1 ! same  
/upidity & cruelty1 ! same laz9ess &    
want ( p]sev]ance t prev5t$ ,n]o or !   
vivisector f devis+ or pu%+ ?r\gh humane
 me?ods1 prev5ts him f br++ ord] out ( !
 *aos & happ9ess out ( ! mis]y he has   
made4 ,at "o "t x seem$ reasonable en\gh
 to decl>e t x 0 impossible to f9d :e!r 
or n !re 0 a /one inside a man's body   

except by explor+ x ) a knife1 or to f9d
 out :at ! sun is made ( )\t visit+ x 9 
a balloon4 ,bo? ^! impossibilities h be5
 a*iev$1 b n by vivisectors4 ,! ,rontg5 
rays ne$ n hurt ! pati5t2 & spectrum    
analysis involves no de/ruction4 ,aft]  
su* triumphs ( humane exp]im5t &        
reason+1 x is useless to assure u t !re 
is no o!r key to k except cruelty4 ,:5 !
 vivisector (f]s u t assurance1 we reply
 simply & contemptu\sly1 ,y mean t y are
 n clev] or humane or en]getic en\gh to 
f9d "o4  ,,cruelty ,,= ,,its ,,own      
,,sake  ,x w n[1 ,i hope1 be cle> :y !  
attack on vivisection is n an attack on 
! "r to k3 :y1 inde$1 ^? :o h ! deepe/  
conviction ( ! sacr$ness ( t "r are !   
lead]s ( ! attack4 ,no k is f9ally      
impossible ( human atta9m5t2 = ev5 ?\gh 
x may be beyond our pres5t capacity1 !  
ne$$ capacity is n unatta9able4         
,consequ5tly no me?od ( inve/igation is 
! only me?od2 & no law =bidd+ any       
p>ticul> me?od c cut u (f f ! k we hope 
to ga9 by x4 ,! only k we lose by =bidd+

 cruelty is k at fir/ h& ( cruelty      
itself1 :i* is precisely ! k humane p   
wi% to be sp>$4  ,b ! "q rema9s3 ,d we  
all really wi% to be sp>$ t k8 ,are     
humane me?ods really to be pref]r$ to   
cruel ones8 ,ev5 if ! exp]im5ts come to 
no?+1 may n _! cruelty be enjoy$ = its  
own sake1 z a s5sational luxury8 ,let u 
face ^! que/ions boldly1 n %r9k+ f !    
fact t cruelty is "o ( ! primitive      
pleasures ( mank9d1 & t ! detection (   
its ,protean disguises z law1 education1
 m$ic9e1 discipl9e1 sport & s =?1 is "o 
( ! mo/ difficult ( ! un5d+ tasks ( !   
legislator4     ,,our ,,own ,,cruelties 
,at fir/ blu% x may seem n only         
unnecess>y1 b ev5 indec5t1 to discuss   
su* a proposition z ! elevation (       
cruelty to ! rank ( a human "r4         
,unnecess>y1 because no vivisector      
confesses to a love ( cruelty = its own 
sake or claims any g5]al fundam5tal "r  
to be cruel4 ,indec5t1 because !re is an
 accept$ conv5tion to repudiate cruelty2
 & vivisection is only tol]at$ by ! law 

on condition t1 l judicial torture1 x   
%all be done z m]cifully z ! nature ( ! 
practice all[s4 ,b ! mom5t ! controv]sy 
becomes embitt]$1 ! recrim9ations b&i$  
betwe5 ! oppos$ p>ties br+ u            
face-to-face ) "s v ugly tru?s4 ,on "o  
occasion ,i 0 invit$ to speak at a l>ge 
,anti-,vivisection meet+ 9 ! ,que5's    
,hall 9 ,london4 ,i f\nd myself on !    
plat=m ) fox hunt]s1 tame /ag hunt]s1 m5
 & wom5 ^: cal5d> 0 divid$1 n by pay    
days & qu>t] days1 b by seasons = kill+ 
animals = sport3 ! fox1 ! h>e1 ! ott]1 !
 p>tridge & ! re/ hav+ ea* its appo9t$  
date = slaught]4 ,! ladies among u wore 
hats & cloaks & head-dresses obta9$ by  
:olesale massacres1 ru?less trapp+s1    
call\s ext]m9ation ( our fell[          
creatures4 ,we insi/$ on our but*]s     
supply+ u ) :ite veal1 & 7 l>ge &       
con/ant consum]s ( pate de foie gras2   
bo? come/ibles be+ obta9$ by revolt+    
me?ods4 ,we s5t our sons to public      
s*ools :]e indec5t flogg+ is a recogniz$
 me?od ( tam+ ! "y human animal4 ,yet we

 7 all 9 hy/]ics ( indignation at !     
cruelties ( ! vivisectors4 ,^!1 if any 7
 pres5t1 mu/ h smil$ s>donically at su* 
inhuman humanit>ians1 ^: daily habits & 
fa%ionable amusem5ts cause m suff]+ 9   
,engl& 9 a week ?an all ! vivisectors ( 
,europe d 9 a ye>4 ,i made a v effective
 spee*1 n exclusively aga9/ vivisection1
 b aga9/ cruelty2 & ,i h nev] be5 ask$  
to speak s9ce by t ,society1 nor d ,i   
expect to be1 z ,i %\ld probably give   
su* (f5ce to its mo/ afflu5t subscrib]s 
t its attempts to suppress vivisection  
w\ld be s]i\sly h9d]$4 ,b t does n      
prev5t ! vivisectors f freely us+ ! y\re
 ano!r retort1 & us+ x ) ju/ice4  ,we   
mu/ !re=e give ourselves no airs (      
sup]iority :5 d5\nc+ ! cruelties (      
vivisection4 ,we all d j z horrible ?+s1
 ) ev5 less excuse4 ,b 9 mak+ t         
admission we are also mak+ %ort "w ( !  
virtu\s airs ) :i* we are sometimes     
ref]r$ to ! humanity ( ! m$ical         
pr(ession z a gu>antee t vivisection is 
n abus$--mu* z if our burgl>s %\ld      

assure u t !y arc too hone/ to abuse !  
practice ( burgl+4 ,we are1 z a matt] ( 
fact1 a cruel nation2 & our habit (     
disguis+ our vices by giv+ polite names 
to ! (f5ces we are det]m9$ to commit    
does n1 un=tunately = my own com=t1     
impose on me4 ,vivisectors c h>dly      
pret5d to be bett] ?an ! classes f :i*  
!y are drawn1 or ^? above !m2 & if ^!   
classes are capable ( sacrific+ animals 
9 v>i\s cruel ways "u cov] ( sport1     
fa%ion1 education1 discipl9e1 & ev51 :5 
! cruel sacrifices are human sacrifices1
 ( political economy1 x is idle = !     
vivisector to pret5d t he is incapable (
 practis+ cruelty = pleasure or pr(it or
 bo? "u ! cloak ( sci5ce4 ,we are all   
t>r$ ) ! same bru%2 & ! vivisectors are 
n sl[ to rem9d u ( x1 & to prote/       
vehem5tly aga9/ be+ br&$ z exceptionally
 cruel & its devisors ( horrible        
in/rum5ts ( torture by p ^: ma9 notion (
 enjoym5t is cruel sport1 & ^:          
requirem5ts 9 ! way ( villa9\sly cruel  
traps occupy pages ( ! catalogue ( !    

,army & ,navy ,/ores4     ,,!           
,,sci5tific ,,inve/igation ,,( ,,cruelty
  ,!re is 9 man a specific lu/ = cruelty
 :i* infects ev5 8 passion ( pity &     
makes x savage4 ,simple disgu/ at       
cruelty is v r>e4 ,! p :o turn sick &   
fa9t & ^? :o gloat are (t5 alike 9 !    
pa9s !y take to witness executions1     
flogg+s1 op]ations or any o!r           
exhibitions ( suff]+1 especially ^?     
involv+ blood%$1 bl[s1 & lac]ation4 ,a  
craze = cruelty c be develop$ j z a     
craze = dr9k c2 & nobody :o attempts to 
ignore cruelty z a possible factor 9 !  
attraction ( vivisection & ev5 (        
antivivisection1 or 9 ! cr$ulity ) :i*  
we accept its excuses1 c be reg>d$ z a  
sci5tific inve/igator ( x4 ,^? :o accuse
 vivisectors ( indulg+ ! well-kn[n      
passion ( cruelty "u ! cloak ( rese>*   
are !re=e putt+ =w>d a /rictly sci5tific
 psy*ological hypo!sis1 :i* is also     
simple1 human1 obvi\s1 & probable4 ,x   
may be z w\nd+ to ! p]sonal vanity ( !  
vivisector z ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species 0

 to ! p :o c\ld n be> to ?9k t !y 7     
c\s9s to ! monkeys 7rememb] ,goldsmi?'s 
ang] :5 he 0 told t he c\ld n move 8    
upp] jaw72 b sci5ce has to consid] only 
! tru? ( ! hypo!sis1 & n :e!r conceit$ p
 w l x or n4 ,9 va9 d ! s5tim5tal       
*ampions ( vivisection decl>e !mselves !
 mo/ humane ( m51 inflict+ suff]+ only  
to relieve x1 scrupul\s 9 ! use (       
ane/hetics1 & void ( all passion except 
! passion ( pity = a disease-ridd5 _w4  
,! really sci5tific inve/igator answ]s t
 ! "q _c be settl$ by hy/]ical          
prote/ations1 & t if ! vivisectioni/    
rejects d$uctive reason+1 he _h bett]   
cle> 8 "* by 8 own favorite me?od (     
exp]im5t4  ,,sugge/$ ,,laboratory ,,te/s
 ,,( ,,! ,,vivisector',s ,,emotions     
,take ! hackney$ case ( ! ,italian :o   
tortur$ mice1 o/5sibly to f9d out ab\t !
 effects ( pa9 r less ?an ! ne>e/ d5ti/ 
c\ld h told him1 & :o boa/$ ( ! ec/atic 
s5sations 7he actually us$ ! ^w love7 ) 
:i* he c>ri$ out 8 exp]im5ts4 ,or !     
g5tleman :o />v$ sixty dogs to dea? to  

e/abli% ! fact t a dog depriv$ ( food   
gets progressively light] & weak]1      
becom+ rem>kably emaciat$1 & f9ally dy+3
 an und\bt$ tru?1 b asc]ta9able )\t     
laboratory exp]im5ts by a simple enquiry
 address$ to ! ne>e/ policeman1 or1     
fail+ him1 to any sane p]son 9 ,europe4 
,! ,italian is diagnos$ z a cruel       
voluptu>y3 ! dog-/>v] is pass$ ov] z su*
 a hopeless fool t x is impossible to   
take any int]e/ 9 him4 ,:y n te/ !      
diagnosis sci5tifically8 ,:y n p]=m a   
c>eful s]ies ( exp]im5ts on p]sons "u ! 
influ5ce ( voluptu\s ec/asy1 s z to     
asc]ta9 its physiological symptoms8 ,!n 
p]=m a second s]ies on p]sons engag$ 9  
ma!matical "w or ma*9e design+1 s z to  
asc]ta9 ! symptoms ( cold sci5tific     
activity8 ,!n note ! symptoms ( a       
vivisector p]=m+ a cruel exp]im5t2 &    
comp>e !m ) ! voluptu>y symptoms & !    
ma!matical symptoms8 ,su* exp]im5ts w\ld
 be q z int]e/+ & important z any yet   
und]tak5 by ! vivisectors4 ,!y might op5
 a l9e ( inve/igation :i* w\ld f9ally   

make1 = in/ance1 ! asc]ta9m5t ( ! guilt 
or innoc5ce ( an accus$ p]son a mu*     
exact] process ?an ! v fallible me?ods (
 our crim9al c\rts4 ,b in/ead ( propos+ 
su* an inve/igation1 our vivisectors (f]
 u all ! pi\s prote/ations & all ! huffy
 recrim9ations t any common unsci5tific 
mortal (f]s :5 he is accus$ ( unwor?y   
conduct4     ,,r\t9e  ,yet mo/          
vivisectors w\ld probably come          
triumphant out ( su* a s]ies (          
exp]im5ts1 because vivisection is n[ a  
r\t9e1 l but*]+ or hang+ or flogg+2 & _m
 ( ! m5 :o practise x d s only because x
 has be5 e/abli%$ z "p ( ! pr(ession !y 
h adopt$4 ,f> f enjoy+ x1 !y h simply   
ov]come _! natural repugnance & become  
indiff]5t to x1 z m5 inevitably become  
indiff]5t to any?+ !y d (t5 en\gh4 ,x is
 ?is dang]\s p[] ( cu/om t makes x s    
difficult to conv9ce ! common s5se (    
mank9d t any e/abli%$ comm]cial or      
pr(essional practice has its root 9     
passion4 ,let a r\t9e once spr+ f       
passion1 & y w pres5tly f9d ?\s&s (     

r\t9e]s foll[+ x passionlessly = a      
livelihood4 ,?us x always seems /ra9$ to
 speak ( ! religi\s convictions ( a     
cl]gyman1 because n9e out ( t5 cl]gym5 h
 no religions convictions3 !y are ord9>y
 (ficials c>ry+ on a r\t9e ( baptiz+1   
m>ry+1 & *ur*+2 pray+1 recit+1 & prea*+2
 &1 l solicitors or doctors1 gett+ away 
f _! duties ) relief to hunt1 to g>d51  
to keep bees1 to g into society1 & ! l4 
,9 ! same way _m p d cruel & vile ?+s   
)\t be+ 9 ! lea/ cruel or vile1 because 
! r\t9e to :i* !y h be5 br\ght up is    
sup]/iti\sly cruel & vile4 ,to say t e  
man :o beats 8 *ildr5 & e s*oolma/] :o  
flogs a pupil is a consci\s debau*ee is 
absurd3 ?\s&s ( dull1 consci5ti\s p beat
 _! *ildr5 consci5ti\sly1 because !y 7  
beat5 !mselves & ?9k *ildr5 ought to be 
beat54 ,! ill-temp]$ vulg>ity t         
in/9ctively /rikes at & hurts a ?+ t    
annoys x 7& all *ildr5 are annoy+71 & ! 
simple /upidity t requires f a *ild     
p]fection beyond ! rea* ( ! wise/ & be/ 
adults 7p]fect tru?fulness c\pl$ )      

p]fect ob$i5ce is q a common condition (
 leav+ a *ild un:ipp$71 produce a good  
deal ( flagellation among p :o n only d 
n lu/ aft] x1 b :o hit ! h>d] because !y
 are angry at hav+ to p]=m an           
uncom=table duty4 ,^! p w beat m]ely to 
ass]t _! au?ority1 or to c>ry out :at !y
 conceive to be a div9e ord] on ! /r5g? 
( ! precept ( ,solomon record$ 9 !      
,bible1 :i* c>efully adds t ,solomon    
completely spoilt 8 own son & turn$ away
 f ! god ( 8 fa!rs to ! s5su\s idolatry 
9 :i* he end$ 8 days4  ,9 ! same way we 
f9d m5 & wom5 practis+ vivisection z    
s5selessly z a humane but*]1 :o adores 8
 fox t]ri]1 w cut a calf's ?roat & hang 
x up by its heels to ble$ sl[ly to dea? 
because x is ! cu/om to eat veal & insi/
 on its be+ :ite2 or z a ,g]man purveyor
 nails a goose to a bo>d & /uffs x )    
food because fa%ionable p eat pate de   
foie gras2 or z ! crew ( a :al] breaks 9
 on a colony ( seals & clubs !m to dea? 
9 :olesale massacre because ladies want 
sealsk9 jackets2 or z fanci]s bl9d s++  

birds ) hot ne$les1 & mutilate ! e>s &  
tails ( dogs & horses4 ,let cruelty or  
k9dness or any?+ else once become       
cu/om>y & x w be practis$ by p to :om x 
is n at all natural1 b ^: rule ( life is
 simply to d only :at ev]ybody else     
does1 & :o w\ld lose _! employm5t & />ve
 if !y indulg$ 9 any peculi>ity4 ,a     
respectable man w lie daily1 9 spee* & 9
 pr9t1 ab\t ! qualities ( ! article he  
lives by sell+1 because x is cu/om>y to 
d s4 ,he w flog 8 boy = tell+ a lie1    
because x is cu/om>y to d s4 ,he w also 
flog him = n tell+ a lie if ! boy tells 
inconv5i5t or disrespectful tru?s1      
because x is cu/om>y to d s4 ,he w give 
! same boy a pres5t on 8 bir?day1 & buy 
him a spade & bucket at ! seaside1      
because x is cu/om>y to d s1 be+ all !  
"t nei!r p>ticul>ly m5daci\s1 nor       
p>ticul>ly cruel1 nor p>ticul>ly g5]\s1 
b simply incapable ( e?ical judgm5t or  
indep5d5t action4  ,j s d we f9d a cr[d 
( petty vivisectioni/s daily committ+   
atrocities & /upidities1 because x is ! 

cu/om to d s4 ,vivisection is cu/om>y z 
"p ( ! r\t9e ( prep>+ lectures 9 m$ical 
s*ools4 ,= in/ance1 !re are two ways (  
mak+ ! action ( ! he>t visible to       
/ud5ts4 ,"o1 a b>b>\s1 ignorant1 &      
?\ghtless way1 is to /ick little flags  
into a rabbit's he>t & let ! /ud5ts see 
! flags jump4 ,! o!r1 an elegant1 +5i\s1
 well-in=m$1 & in/ructive way1 is to put
 a sphygmograph on ! /ud5t's wri/ & let 
him see a record ( 8 he>t's action trac$
 by a ne$le on a slip ( smok$ pap]4 ,b x
 has become ! cu/om = lectur]s to tea* f
 ! rabbit2 & ! lectur]s are n orig9al   
en\gh to get out ( _! groove4 ,!n !re   
are ! demon/rations :i* are made by     
cutt+ up frogs ) scissors4 ,! mo/ humane
 man1 h[ev] repugnant ! op]ation may be 
to him at fir/1 _c d x at lecture aft]  
lecture = mon?s )\t f9ally--& t v       
soon--feel+ no m = ! frog ?an if he 7   
cutt+ up pieces ( pap]4 ,su* clumsy &   
lazy ways ( tea*+ are bas$ on ! *eapness
 ( frogs & rabbits4 ,if ma*9es 7 z *eap 
z frogs1 eng9e]s w\ld n only be taught !

 anatomy ( ma*9es & ! functions ( _!    
p>ts3 !y w\ld also h ma*9es misus$ &    
wreck$ be=e !m s t !y might le>n z mu* z
 possible by us+ _! eyes1 & z little z  
possible by us+ _! bra9s & imag9ations4 
,?us we h1 z "p ( ! r\t9e ( tea*+1 a    
r\t9e ( vivisection :i* soon produces   
complete indiff]5ce to x on ! "p ev5 (  
^? :o are naturally humane4 ,if !y pass 
on f ! r\t9e ( lecture prep>ation1 n    
into g5]al practice1 b into rese>* "w1  
!y c>ry ?is acquir$ indiff]5ce ) !m into
 ! laboratory1 :]e any atrocity is      
possible1 because all atrocities satisfy
 curiosity4 ,! r\t9e man is 9 ! majority
 9 8 pr(ession always3 consequ5tly !    
mom5t 8 practice is track$ d[n to its   
s\rce 9 human passion !re is a great & q
 s9c]e poohpooh+ f himself1 f ! mass ( !
 pr(ession1 & f ! mass ( ! public1 :i*  
sees t ! av]age doctor is mu* too       
commonplace & dec5t a p]son to be       
capable ( passionate wick$ness ( any    
k9d4  ,"h !n1 we h 9 vivisection1 z 9   
all ! o!r tol]at$ & in/itut$ cruelties1 

?is anti-climax3 t only a negligible    
p]c5tage ( ^? :o practise & consequ5tly 
def5d x get any satisfaction out ( x4 ,z
 9 ,mr4 ,galswor?y's play ,ju/ice !     
useless & dete/able torture ( solit>y   
imprisonm5t is %[n at its wor/ )\t !    
introduction ( a s+le cruel p]son into !
 drama1 s x w\ld be possible to repres5t
 all ! torm5ts ( vivisection            
dramatically )\t introduc+ a s+le       
vivisector :o _h n felt sick at 8 fir/  
exp]i5ce 9 ! laboratory4 ,n t ?is c     
exon]ate any vivisector f suspicion (   
enjoy+ 8 "w 7or h] "w3 a good deal ( !  
vivisection 9 m$ical s*ools is done by  
wom574 ,9 e autobiography :i* records a 
real exp]i5ce ( s*ool or prison life1 we
 f9d t "h & !re among ! r\t9e]s !re is  
to be f\nd ! g5u9e amateur1 ! orgia/ic  
flogg+ s*oolma/] or ! nagg+ w>d]1 :o has
 s\ght out a cruel pr(ession = ! sake ( 
its cruelty4 ,b x is ! g5u9e r\t9e] :o  
is ! bulw>k ( ! practice1 because1 ?\gh 
y c excite public fury aga9/ a ,sade1 a 
,bluebe>d1 or a ,n]o1 y _c r\se any     

feel+ aga9/ dull ,mr4 ,smi? do+ 8 duty3 
t is1 do+ ! usual ?+4 ,he is s obvi\sly 
no bett] & no worse ?an anyone else t x 
is difficult to conceive t ! ?+s he does
 are abom9able4 ,if y w\ld see public   
dislike surg+ up 9 a mom5t aga9/ an     
individual1 y mu/ wat* "o :o does some?+
 unusual1 no matt] h[ s5sible x may be4 
,! "n ( ,jonas ,hanway lives z t ( a    
brave man because he 0 ! fir/ :o d>$ to 
appe> 9 ! /reets ( ?is ra9y isl& ) an   
umbrella4     ,,! ,,old ,,l9e ,,betwe5  
,,man ,,& ,,bea/  ,b !re is /ill a      
di/9ction to be clung to by ^? :o d>e n 
tell !mselves ! tru? ab\t ! m$ical      
pr(ession because !y are s helplessly   
dep5d5t on x :5 dea? ?reat5s ! h\sehold4
 ,t di/9ction is ! l9e t sep>ates !     
brute f ! man 9 ! old classification4   
,grant$1 !y w plead1 t we are all cruel2
 yet ! tame-/ag-hunt] does n hunt m52 & 
! sportsman :o lets a lea% ( greyh\nds  
loose on a h>e w\ld be horrifi$ at !    
?\ght ( lett+ !m loose on a human *ild4 
,! lady :o gets h] cloak by flay+ a     

sable does n flay a negro2 nor does x   
ev] occur to h] t h] veal cutlet might  
be improv$ on by a slice ( t5d] baby4   
,n[ !re 0 a "t :5 "s tru/ c\ld be plac$ 
9 ?is di/9ction4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic     
,*ur* /ill ma9ta9s1 ) :at x mu/ p]mit me
 to call a /upid ob/9acy1 & 9 spite (   
,/4 ,francis & ,/4 ,an?ony1 t animals h 
no s\ls & no rights2 s t y _c s9 aga9/  
an animal1 or aga9/ ,god by any?+ y may 
*oose to d to an animal4 ,resi/+ !      
temptation to ent] on an argum5t z to   
:e!r y may n s9 aga9/ y\r own s\l if y  
are unju/ or cruel to ! lea/ ( ^? :om   
,/4 ,francis call$ 8 little bro!rs1 ,i h
 only to po9t out "h t no?+ c\ld be m   
despicably sup]/iti\s 9 ! op9ion ( a    
vivisector ?an ! notion t sci5ce        
recognizes any su* /ep 9 evolution z !  
/ep f a physical organism to an immortal
 s\l4 ,t conceit has be5 tak5 out ( all 
our m5 ( sci5ce1 & out ( all our        
doctors1 by ! evolutioni/s2 & :5 x is   
consid]$ h[ completely obsess$          
biological sci5ce has become 9 our days1

 n by ! full scope ( evolution1 b by t  
p>ticul> me?od ( x :i* has nei!r s5se   
nor purpose nor life nor any?+ human1   
mu* less godlike1 9 x3 by ! me?od1 t is1
 ( s-call$ ,natural ,selection 7mean+ no
 selection at all1 b m]e dead accid5t & 
luck71 ! folly ( tru/+ to vivisectors to
 hold ! human animal any m sacr$ ?an !  
o!r animals becomes s cle> t x w\ld be  
wa/e ( "t to insi/ fur!r on x4 ,z a     
matt] ( fact ! man :o once conc$es to ! 
vivisector ! "r to put a dog outside !  
laws ( honor & fell[%ip1 conc$es to him 
also ! "r to put himself outside !m2 =  
he is no?+ to ! vivisector b a m highly 
develop$1 & consequ5tly m               
int]e/+-to-exp]im5t-on v]tebrate ?an !  
dog4     ,,vivisect+ ,,! ,,human        
,,subject  ,i h 9 my h& a pr9t$ &       
publi%$ acc\nt by a doctor ( h[ he te/$ 
8 rem$y = pulmon>y tub]culosis1 :i* 0 to
 inject a p[]ful g]micide directly into 
! circulation by /abb+ a ve9 ) a syr+e4 
,he 0 "o ( ^? doctors :o are able to    
comm& public sympa?y by say+1 q truly1 t

 :5 !y discov]$ t ! propos$ treatm5t 0  
dang]\s1 !y exp]im5t$ !nce=? on         
!mselves4 ,9 ?is case ! doctor 0 devot$ 
en\gh to c>ry 8 exp]im5ts to ! po9t (   
runn+ s]i\s risks1 & actually mak+      
himself v uncom=table4 ,b he did n beg9 
) himself4 ,8 fir/ exp]im5t 0 on two    
hospital pati5ts4 ,on receiv+ a message 
f ! hospital to ! effect t ^! two m>tyrs
 to !rapeutic sci5ce _h all b expir$ 9  
convulsions1 he exp]im5t$ on a rabbit1  
:i* in/antly dropp$ dead4 ,x 0 !n1 & n  
until !n1 t he began to exp]im5t on     
himself1 ) ! g]micide modifi$ 9 !       
direction indicat$ by ! exp]im5ts made  
on ! two pati5ts & ! rabbit4 ,z a good  
_m p c\nt5ance vivisection because !y   
fe> t if ! exp]im5ts are n made on      
rabbits !y w be made on !mselves1 x is  
wor? not+ t 9 ?is case1 :]e bo? rabbits 
& m5 7 equally available1 ! m51 be+1 (  
c\rse1 enorm\sly m in/ructive1 & co/+   
no?+1 7 exp]im5t$ on fir/4 ,once grant !
 e?ics ( ! vivisectioni/s & y n only    
sanction ! exp]im5t on ! human subject1 

b make x ! fir/ duty ( ! vivisector4 ,if
 a gu9ea pig may be sacrific$ = ! sake (
 ! v little t c be le>nt f x1 %all n a  
man be sacrific$ = ! sake ( ! great deal
 t c be le>nt f him8 ,at all ev5ts1 he  
is sacrific$1 z ?is typical case %[s4 ,i
 may add 7n t x t\*es ! argum5t7 t !    
doctor1 ! pati5ts1 & ! rabbit all suff]$
 9 va91 z f> z ! hop$-= rescue ( ! race 
f pulmon>y consumption is conc]n$4      
,,! ,,lie ,,is ,a ,,european ,,p[]  ,n[ 
at ! v "t :5 ! lectures describ+ ^!     
exp]im5ts 7 be+ circulat$ 9 pr9t &      
discuss$ eag]ly by ! m$ical pr(ession1 !
 cu/om>y d5ials t pati5ts are exp]im5t$ 
on 7 z l\d1 z indignant1 z high-m9d$ z  
ev]1 9 spite ( ! few intellig5t doctors 
:o po9t out rightly t all treatm5ts are 
exp]im5ts on ! pati5t4 ,& ?is br+s u to 
an obvi\s b mo/ly ov]look$ weakness 9 ! 
vivisector's position3 t is1 8          
inevitable =feiture ( all claim to h 8  
^w believ$4 ,x is h>dly to be expect$ t 
a man :o does n hesitate to vivisect = !
 sake ( sci5ce w hesitate to lie ab\t x 

aft]w>ds to protect x f :at he deems !  
ignorant s5tim5tality ( ! laity4 ,:5 !  
public consci5ce /irs uneasily & ?reat5s
 suppression1 !re is nev] want+ "s      
doctor ( em95t position & high "* :o w  
sacrifice himself devot$ly to ! cause ( 
sci5ce by com+ =w>d to assure ! public  
on 8 honor t all exp]im5ts on animals   
are completely pa9less2 al?\gh he mu/ "k
 t ! v exp]im5ts :i* fir/ provok$ !     
antivivisection movem5t by _! atrocity 7
 exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 ! physiological   
effects ( ! s5sation ( extreme pa9 7!   
mu* m int]e/+ physiology ( pleasure     
rema9s un9ve/igat$7 & t all exp]im5ts 9 
:i* s5sation is a factor are void$ by   
its suppression4 ,besides1 vivisection  
may be pa9less 9 cases :]e ! exp]im5ts  
are v cruel4 ,if a p]son scrat*es me ) a
 poison$ dagg] s g5tly t ,i d n feel !  
scrat*1 he has a*iev$ a pa9less         
vivisection2 b if ,i pres5tly die 9     
torm5t ,i am n likely to consid] t 8    
humility is amply v9dicat$ by 8         
g5tl5ess4 ,a cobra's bite hurts s little

 t ! creature is almo/1 legally speak+1 
a vivisector :o inflicts no pa94 ,by    
giv+ 8 victims *lor(orm be=e bit+ !m he 
c\ld comply ) ! law completely4  ,"h1   
!n1 is a pretty deadlock4 ,public       
support ( vivisection is f\nd$ almo/    
:olly on ! assurances ( ! vivisectors t 
great public b5efits may be expect$ f ! 
practice4 ,n = a mom5t d ,i sugge/ t su*
 a def5ce w\ld be valid ev5 if prov$4 ,b
 :5 ! witnesses beg9 by alleg+ t 9 !    
cause ( sci5ce all ! cu/om>y e?ical     
obligations 7:i* include ! obligation to
 tell ! tru?7 are susp5d$1 :at weight c 
any reasonable p]son give to _!         
te/imony8 ,i w\ld r swe> fifty lies ?an 
take an animal :i* _h lick$ my h& 9 good
 fell[%ip & torture x4 ,if ,i did       
torture ! dog1 ,i %\ld c]ta9ly n h !    
face to turn r\nd & ask h[ any p]son !re
 suspect an honorable man l myself (    
tell+ lies4 ,mo/ s5sible & humane p     
w\ld1 ,i hope1 reply flatly t honorable 
m5 d n behave di%onorably1 ev5 to dogs4 
,! murd]] :o1 :5 ask$ by ! *apla9 :e!r  

he _h any o!r crimes to confess1 repli$ 
indignantly1 ,:at d y take me =8 rem9ds 
u v /rongly ( ! vivisectors :o are s    
deeply hurt :5 _! evid5ce is set aside z
 wor?less4     ,,an ,,argum5t ,,:i*     
,,w\ld ,,def5d ,,any ,,crime  ,!        
,a*illes heel ( vivisection1 h[ev]1 is n
 to be f\nd 9 ! pa9 x causes1 b 9 ! l9e 
( argum5t by :i* x is ju/ifi$4 ,! m$ical
 code reg>d+ x is simply crim9al an>*ism
 at its v wor/4 ,inde$ no crim9al has   
yet _h ! impud5ce to argue z e          
vivisector argues4 ,no burgl> cont5ds t 
z x is admitt$ly important to h money to
 sp5d1 & z ! object ( burgl>y is to     
provide ! burgl> ) money to sp5d1 & z 9 
_m in/ances x has a*iev$ ?is object1    
!re=e ! burgl> is a public b5efactor & !
 police are ignorant s5tim5tali/s4 ,no  
highway robb] has yet h>r[$ u )         
d5unciations ( ! pul+ morali/ :o all[s 8
 *ild to suff] all ! evils ( pov]ty     
because c]ta9 faddi/s ?9k x di%one/ to  
g>otte an ald]man4 ,?ieves & assass9s   
und]/& q well t !re are pa?s (          

acquisition1 ev5 ( ! be/ ?+s1 t are b>r$
 to all m5 ( honor4 ,aga91 has ! sillie/
 burgl> ev] pret5d$ t to put a /op to   
burgl>y is to put a /op to indu/ry8 ,all
 ! vivisections t h be5 p]=m$ s9ce ! _w 
began h produc$ no?+ s important z !    
innoc5t & honorable discov]y (          
radiography2 & "o ( ! reasons :y        
radiography 0 n discov]$ soon] 0 t ! m5 
^: bus9ess x 0 to discov] new cl9ical   
me?ods 7 co>s5+ & /upefy+ !mselves ) !  
s5sual villanies & cut?roat's casui/ries
 ( vivisection4 ,! law ( ! cons]vation (
 en]gy holds good 9 physiology z 9 o!r  
?+s3 e vivisector is a des]t] f ! army (
 honorable inve/igators4 ,b ! vivisector
 does n see ?is4 ,he n only calls 8     
me?ods sci5tific3 he cont5ds t !re are  
no o!r sci5tific me?ods4 ,:5 y express  
y\r natural loa?+ = 8 cruelty & y\r     
natural contempt = 8 /upidity1 he       
imag9es t y are attack+ sci5ce4 ,yet he 
has no inkl+ ( ! me?od & temp] ( sci5ce4
 ,! po9t at issue be+ pla9ly :e!r he is 
a rascal or n1 he n only insi/s t ! real

 po9t is :e!r "s ho!ad$                 
antivivisectioni/ is a li> 7:i* he      
proves by ridicul\sly unsci5tific       
assumptions z to ! degree ( accuracy    
atta9able 9 human /atem5t71 b nev]      
dreams ( (f]+ any sci5tific evid5ce by 8
 own me?ods4  ,!re are _m pa?s to k     
already discov]$2 & no enlight5$ man    
d\bts t !re are _m m wait+ to be        
discov]$4 ,inde$1 all pa?s lead to k2   
because ev5 ! vile/ & /upide/ action    
tea*es u some?+ ab\t vil5ess & /upidity1
 & may accid5tally tea* u a good deal m3
 = in/ance1 a cut?roat le>ns 7& p]haps  
tea*es7 ! anatomy ( ! c>otid art]y &    
jugul> ve92 & !re c be no "q t ! burn+ (
 ,/4 ,joan ( ,arc mu/ h be5 a mo/       
in/ructive & int]e/+ exp]im5t to a good 
obs]v]1 & c\ld h be5 made m s if x _h   
be5 c>ri$ out by skill$ physiologi/s "u 
laboratory conditions4 ,! e>?quake 9    
,san ,francisco prov$ invaluable z an   
exp]im5t 9 ! /ability ( giant /eel      
build+s2 & ! ramm+ ( ! ,victoria by !   
,camp]d[n settl$ d\btful po9ts ( !      

greate/ importance 9 naval w>f>e4       
,accord+ to vivisectioni/ logic our     
build]s w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 produc+       
artificial e>?quakes ) dynamite1 & our  
admirals 9 contriv+ cata/rophes at naval
 manoeuvres1 9 ord] to foll[ up ! l9e ( 
rese>* ?us accid5tally discov]$4  ,!    
tru? is1 if ! acquisition ( k ju/ifies e
 sort ( conduct1 x ju/ifies any sort (  
conduct1 f ! illum9ation ( ,n]o's fea/s 
by burn+ human be+s alive 7ano!r int]e/+
 exp]im5t7 to ! simple/ act ( k9dness4  
,& 9 ! light ( t tru? x is cle> t !     
exemption ( ! pursuit ( k f ! laws (    
honor is ! mo/ hide\s conceivable       
enl>gem5t ( an>*y2 worse1 by f>1 ?an an 
exemption ( ! pursuit ( money or        
political p[]1 s9ce !re c h>dly be      
atta9$ )\t "s reg>d = at lea/ !         
appe>ances ( human welf>e1 :]eas a      
curi\s devil might de/roy ! :ole race 9 
torm5t1 acquir+ k all ! "t f 8 highly   
int]e/+ exp]im5t4 ,!re is m dang] 9 "o  
respectable sci5ti/ c\nt5anc+ su* a     
mon/r\s claim ?an 9 fifty assass9s or   

dynamit>ds4 ,! man :o makes x is        
e?ically imbecile2 & :oev] imag9es t x  
is a sci5tific claim has n ! fa9te/     
conception ( :at sci5ce means4 ,! pa?s  
to k are c\ntless4 ,"o ( ^! pa?s is a   
pa? ?r\gh d>kness1 secrecy1 & cruelty4  
,:5 a man delib]ately turns f all o!r   
pa?s & goes d[n t "o1 x is sci5tific to 
inf] t :at attracts him is n k1 s9ce !re
 are o!r pa?s to t1 b cruelty4 ,) s     
/rong & sci5tific a case aga9/ him1 x is
 *ildi% = him to /& on 8 honor &        
reputation & high "* & ! cr$it ( a noble
 pr(ession & s =?3 he mu/ cle> himself  
ei!r by reason or by exp]im5t1 unless he
 boldly cont5ds t evolution has reta9$ a
 passion ( cruelty 9 man j because x is 
indisp5sable to ! fulness ( 8 k4        
,,?\ ,,art ,,! ,,man  ,i %all n be at   
all surpris$ if :at ,i h writt5 above   
has induc$ 9 sympa!tic read]s a         
transport ( virtu\s indignation at !    
exp5se ( ! m$ical pr(ession4 ,i %all n  
damp s cr$itable & salut>y a s5tim5t2 b 
,i mu/ po9t out t ! guilt is %>$ by all 

( u4 ,x is n 9 8 capacity ( heal] & man 
( sci5ce t ! doctor vivisects or def5ds 
vivisection1 b 9 8 entirely vulg> lay   
capacity4 ,he is made ( ! same clay z ! 
ignorant1 %all[1 cr$ul\s1               
half-mis$ucat$1 pecuni>ily anxi\s p :o  
call him 9 :5 !y h tri$ 9 va9 e bottle &
 e pill ! adv]tiz+ druggi/ c p]suade !m 
to buy4 ,! real rem$y = vivisection is !
 rem$y = all ! mis*ief t ! m$ical       
pr(ession & all ! o!r pr(essions are    
do+3 namely1 m k4 ,! juries :i* s5d !   
poor ,peculi>s to prison1 & give        
vivisectioni/s heavy damages aga9/      
humane p]sons :o accuse !m ( cruelty2 ! 
editors & c\ncillors & /ud5t-l$ mobs :o 
are /riv+ to make ,vivisection "o ( !   
wat*words ( our civilization1 are n     
doctors3 !y are ! ,briti% public1 all s 
afraid to die t !y w cl+ frantically to 
any idol :i* promises to cure all _!    
diseases1 & crucify anyone :o tells !m t
 !y mu/ n only die :5 _! "t comes1 b die
 l g5tlem54 ,9 _! p>oxysms ( c[>dice &  
selfi%ness !y =ce ! doctors to humor _! 

folly & ignorance4 ,h[ complete &       
inconsid]ate _! ignorance is c only be  
realiz$ by ^? :o h "s k ( vital         
/ati/ics1 & ( ! illusions :i* beset     
,public ,heal? legislation4     ,,:at   
,,! ,,public ,,wants ,,& ,,w ,,n ,,get  
,! dem&s ( ?is poor public are n        
reasonable1 b !y are q simple4 ,x dreads
 disease & desires to be protect$ aga9/ 
x4 ,b x is poor & wants to be protect$  
*eaply4 ,sci5tific measures are too h>d 
to und]/&1 too co/ly1 too cle>ly t5d+   
t[>ds a rise 9 ! rates & m public       
int]f]5ce ) ! insanit>y1 because        
insuffici5tly f9anc$1 private h\se4 ,:at
 ! public wants1 !re=e1 is a *eap magic 
*>m to prev5t1 & a *eap pill or potion  
to cure1 all disease4 ,x =ces all su*   
*>ms on ! doctors4     ,,! ,,vacc9ation 
,,craze  ,?us x 0 really ! public & n ! 
m$ical pr(ession t took up vacc9ation ) 
irresi/ible fai?1 sweep+ ! inv5tion out 
( ,j5n]'s h& & e/abli%+ x 9 a =m :i* he 
himself repudiat$4 ,j5n] 0 n a man (    
sci5ce2 b he 0 n a fool2 & :5 he f\nd t 

p :o _h suff]$ f c[pox ei!r by contagion
 9 ! milk+ %$ or by vacc9ation1 7 n1 z  
he _h suppos$1 immune f smallpox1 he    
ascrib$ ! cases ( immunity :i* _h =m]ly 
misl$ him to a disease ( ! horse1 :i*1  
p]haps because we d n dr9k its milk &   
eat its fle%1 is kept at a great]       
di/ance 9 our imag9ation ?an our fo/] "m
 ! c[4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! public1 :i* _h  
be5 b\ndlessly cr$ul\s ab\t ! c[1 w\ld n
 h ! horse on any t]ms2 & to ?is day !  
law :i* prescribes ,j5n]ian vacc9ation  
is c>ri$ out ) an anti-,j5n]ian         
inoculation because ! public w\ld h x s 
9 spite ( ,j5n]4 ,all ! grosse/ lies &  
sup]/itions :i* h disgrac$ ! vacc9ation 
craze 7 taught to ! doctors by ! public4
 ,x 0 n ! doctors :o fir/ began to      
decl>e t all our old m5 rememb] ! "t :5 
almo/ e face !y saw 9 ! /reet 0 horribly
 pitt$ ) smallpox1 & t all ?is          
disfigurem5t has vani%$ s9ce !          
introduction ( vacc9ation4 ,j5n] himself
 allud$ to ?is imag9>y ph5om5on be=e !  
introduction ( vacc9ation1 & attribut$ x

 to ! old] practice ( smallpox          
inoculation1 by :i* ,voltaire1 ,ca!r9e  
,,ii4 & ,lady ,m>y ,wortley ,montagu s  
confid5tly expect$ to see ! disease made
 h>mless4 ,x 0 n ,j5n] :o set p decl>+ t
 smallpox1 if n aboli%$ by vacc9ation1  
_h at lea/ be5 made mu* mild]3 on !     
contr>y1 he record$ a pre-vacc9ation    
epidemic 9 :i* none ( ! p]sons attack$  
w5t to b$ or consid]$ !mselves z s]i\sly
 ill4 ,nei!r ,j5n]1 nor any o!r doctor  
ev]1 z f> z ,i "k1 inculcat$ ! popul>   
notion t ev]ybody got smallpox z a matt]
 ( c\rse be=e vacc9ation 0 inv5t$4 ,t   
doctors get infect$ ) ^! delusions1 &   
are 9 _! unpr(essional capacity z memb]s
 ( ! public subject to !m l o!r m51 is  
true2 b if we _h to decide :e!r         
vacc9ation 0 fir/ =c$ on ! public by !  
doctors or on ! doctors by ! public1 we 
%\ld h to decide aga9/ ! public4        
,,/ati/ical ,,illusions  ,public        
ignorance ( ! laws ( evid5ce & (        
/ati/ics c h>dly be exagg]at$4 ,!re may 
be a doctor "h & !re :o 9 deal+ ) !     

/ati/ics ( disease has tak5 at lea/ !   
fir/ /ep t[>ds sanity by grasp+ ! fact t
 z an attack ( ev5 ! commone/ disease is
 an exceptional ev5t1 app>5tly ov]-:elm+
 /ati/ical evid5ce 9 favor ( any        
prophylactic c be produc$ by p]suad+ !  
public t ev]ybody caught ! disease      
=m]ly4 ,?us if a disease is "o :i*      
normally attacks fifte5 p] c5t ( !      
population1 & if ! effect ( a           
prophylactic is actually to increase !  
proportion to tw5ty p] c5t1 !           
publication ( ?is figure ( tw5ty p] c5t 
w conv9ce ! public t ! prophylactic has 
r$uc$ ! p]c5tage by eighty p] c5t in/ead
 ( increas+ x by five1 because ! public1
 left to itself & to ! old g5tlem5 :o   
are always ready to rememb]1 on e       
possible subject1 t ?+s us$ to be mu*   
worse ?an !y are n[ 7su* old g5tlem5    
greatly outnumb] ! laudatores tempori   
acti71 w assume t ! =m] p]c5tage 0 ab\t 
#ajj4 ,! vogue ( ! ,pa/eur treatm5t (   
hydrophobia1 = in/ance1 0 due to !      
assumption by ! public t e p]son bitt5  

by a rabid dog necess>ily got           
hydrophobia4 ,i myself he>d hydrophobia 
discuss$ 9 my y\? by doctors 9 ,dubl9   
be=e a ,pa/eur ,in/itute exi/$1 !       
subject hav+ be5 br\ght =w>d !re by !   
scepticism ( an em95t surgeon z to :e!r 
hydrophobia is really a specific disease
 or only ord9>y tetanus induc$ 7z       
tetanus 0 !n suppos$ to be induc$7 by a 
lac]at$ w\nd4 ,!re 7 no /ati/ics        
available z to ! proportion ( dog bites 
t end$ 9 hydrophobia2 b nobody ev]      
guess$ t ! cases c\ld be m ?an two or   
?ree p] c5t ( ! bites4 ,on me1 !re=e1 ! 
results publi%$ by ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute  
produc$ no su* effect z !y did on !     
ord9>y man :o ?9ks t ! bite ( a mad dog 
means c]ta9 hydrophobia4 ,x seem$ to me 
t ! proportion ( dea?s among ! cases    
treat$ at ! ,in/itute 0 r high]1 if     
any?+1 ?an might h be5 expect$ _h !re   
be5 no ,in/itute 9 exi/5ce4 ,b to !     
public e ,pa/eur pati5t :o did n die 0  
miracul\sly sav$ f an agoniz+ dea? by ! 
b5efic5t :ite magic ( t mo/ tru/y ( all 

wiz>ds1 ! man ( sci5ce4  ,ev5 tra9$     
/ati/icians (t5 fail to appreciate !    
ext5t to :i* /ati/ics are vitiat$ by !  
unrecord$ assumptions ( _! int]pret]s4  
,_! att5tion is too mu* occupi$ ) !     
crud] tricks ( ^? :o make a corrupt use 
( /ati/ics = adv]tiz+ purposes4 ,!re is1
 = example1 ! p]c5tage dodge4 ,9 "s     
hamlet1 b>ely l>ge en\gh to h a "n1 two 
p are attack$ dur+ a smallpox epidemic4 
,"o dies3 ! o!r recov]s4 ,"o has        
vacc9ation m>ks3 ! o!r has none4        
,imm$iately ei!r ! vacc9i/s or !        
antivacc9i/s publi% ! triumphant news t 
at su* & su* a place n a s+le vacc9at$  
p]son di$ ( smallpox :il/ #ajj p] c5t ( 
! unvacc9at$ p]i%$ mis]ably2 or1 z !    
case may be1 t #ajj p] c5t ( !          
unvacc9at$ recov]$ :il/ ! vacc9at$      
succumb$ to ! la/ man4 ,or1 to take     
ano!r common in/ance1 comp>isons :i* are
 really comp>isons betwe5 two social    
classes ) diff]5t /&>ds ( nutrition &   
education are palm$ (f z comp>isons     
betwe5 ! results ( a c]ta9 m$ical       

treatm5t & its neglect4 ,?us x is easy  
to prove t ! we>+ ( tall hats & ! c>ry+ 
( umbrellas enl>ges ! *e/1 prolongs     
life1 & conf]s comp>ative immunity f    
disease2 = ! /ati/ics %[ t ! classes :i*
 use ^! articles are bigg]1 heal?i]1 &  
live long] ?an ! class :i* nev] dreams (
 possess+ su* ?+s4 ,x does n take mu*   
p]spicacity to see t :at really makes   
?is diff]5ce is n ! tall hat & !        
umbrella1 b ! weal? & n\ri%m5t ( :i* !y 
are evid5ce1 & t a gold wat* or memb]%ip
 ( a club 9 ,pall ,mall might be prov$ 9
 ! same way to h ! l sov]eign virtues4  
,a univ]sity degree1 a daily ba?1 ! own+
 ( ?irty pairs ( tr\s]s1 a k ( ,wagn]'s 
music1 a pew 9 *ur*1 any?+1 9 %ort1 t   
implies m means & bett] nurture ?an !   
mass ( labor]s enjoy1 c be /ati/ically  
palm$ (f z a magic-spell conf]r+ all    
sorts ( privileges4  ,9 ! case ( a      
prophylactic en=c$ by law1 ?is illusion 
is int5sifi$ grotesquely1 because only  
vagrants c evade x4 ,n[ vagrants h      
little p[] ( resi/+ any disease3 _! dea?

 rate & _! case-mortality rate is always
 high relatively to t ( respectable     
folk4 ,no?+ is easi]1 !re=e1 ?an to     
prove t compliance ) any public         
regulation produces ! mo/ gratify+      
results4 ,x w\ld be equally easy ev5 if 
! regulation actually rais$ ! dea?-rate1
 provid$ x did n raise x suffici5tly to 
make ! av]age h\sehold]1 :o _c evade    
regulations1 die z e>ly z ! av]age      
vagrant :o c4     ,,! ,,surprises ,,(   
,,att5tion ,,& ,,neglect  ,!re is ano!r 
/ati/ical illusion :i* is indep5d5t (   
class diff]5ces4 ,a common compla9t (   
h\se[n]s is t ! ,public ,heal?          
,au?orities frequ5tly compel !m to in/al
 co/ly sanit>y appliances :i* are       
condemn$ a few ye>s lat] z dang]\s to   
heal?1 & =bidd5 "u p5alties4 ,yet ^!    
disc>d$ mi/akes are always made 9 ! fir/
 in/ance on ! /r5g? ( a demon/ration t  
_! introduction has r$uc$ ! dea?-rate4  
,! explanation is simple4 ,suppose a law
 7 made t e *ild 9 ! nation %\ld be     
compell$ to dr9k a p9t ( br&y p] mon?1 b

 t ! br&y mu/ be adm9i/]$ only :5 ! *ild
 0 9 good heal?1 ) its dige/ion & s =?  
work+ normally1 & its tee? ei!r         
naturally or artificially s\nd4         
,probably ! result w\ld be an imm$iate &
 />tl+ r$uction 9 *ild mortality1 lead+ 
to fur!r legislation increas+ ! quantity
 ( br&y to a gallon4 ,n until ! br&y    
craze _h be5 c>ri$ to a po9t at :i* !   
direct h>m done by x w\ld outweigh !    
incid5tal good1 w\ld an anti-br&y p>ty  
be li/5$ to4 ,t incid5tal good w\ld be !
 sub/itution ( att5tion to ! g5]al heal?
 ( *ildr5 = ! neglect :i* is n[ ! rule s
 long z ! *ild is n actually too sick to
 run ab\t & play z usual4 ,ev5 if ?is   
att5tion 7 conf9$ to ! *ildr5's tee?1   
!re w\ld be an improvem5t :i* x w\ld    
take a good deal ( br&y to cancel4  ,?is
 imag9>y case expla9s ! actual case ( ! 
sanit>y appliances :i* our local sanit>y
 au?orities prescribe today & condemn   
tomorr[4 ,no sanit>y contrivance :i* !  
m9d ( ev5 ! v wor/ plumb] c devize c\ld 
be z disa/r\s z t total neglect = long  

p]iods :i* gets av5g$ by pe/il5ces t    
sweep ?r\gh :ole cont95ts1 l ! black    
dea? & ! *ol]a4 ,if x 7 propos$ at ?is  
"t ( day to dis*>ge all ! sewage (      
,london crude & untreat$ into ! ,?ames1 
in/ead ( c>ry+ x1 aft] elaborate        
treatm5t1 f> out into ! ,nor? ,sea1 !re 
w\ld be a %riek ( horror f all our      
exp]ts4 ,yet if ,cromwell _h done t     
in/ead ( do+ no?+1 !re w\ld probably h  
be5 no ,great ,plague ( ,london4 ,:5 !  
,local ,heal? ,au?ority =ces e h\sehold]
 to h 8 sanit>y arrangem5ts ?\ght ab\t &
 att5d$ to by somebody ^: special       
bus9ess x is to att5d to su* ?+s1 !n x  
matt]s n h[ errone\s or ev5 directly    
mis*iev\s may be ! specific measures    
tak53 ! net result at fir/ is sure to be
 an improvem5t4 ,n until att5tion has   
be5 effectually sub/itut$ = neglect z ! 
g5]al rule1 w ! /ati/ics beg9 to %[ !   
m]its ( ! p>ticul> me?ods ( att5tion    
adopt$4 ,& z we are f> f hav+ arriv$ at 
?is /age1 be+ z to heal? legislation    
only at ! beg9n+ ( ?+s1 we h practically

 no evid5ce yet z to ! value ( me?ods4  
,simple & obvi\s z ?is is1 nobody seems 
z yet to disc\nt ! effect ( sub/itut+   
att5tion = neglect 9 draw+ conclusions f
 heal? /ati/ics4 ,ev]y?+ is put to !    
cr$it ( ! p>ticul> me?od employ$1 al?\gh
 x may q possibly be rais+ ! dea? rate  
by five p] ?\s& :il/ ! att5tion         
incid5tal to x is r$uc+ ! dea? rate     
fifte5 p] ?\s&4 ,! net ga9 ( t5 p] ?\s& 
is cr$it$ to ! me?od1 & made ! excuse = 
en=c+ m ( x4     ,,/eal+ ,,cr$it ,,f    
,,civilization  ,!re is yet ano!r way 9 
:i* specifics :i* h no m]its at all1    
ei!r direct or incid5tal1 may be br\ght 
into high repute by /ati/ics4 ,= a      
c5tury pa/ civilization has be5 clean+  
away ! conditions :i* favor bact]ial    
fev]s4 ,typhus1 once rife1 has vani%$3  
plague & *ol]a h be5 /opp$ at our       
fronti]s by a sanit>y blockade4 ,we /ill
 h epidemics ( smallpox & typhoid2 &    
diph!ria & sc>let fev] are endemic 9 !  
slums4 ,measles1 :i* 9 my *ildhood 0 n  
reg>d$ z a dang]\s disease1 has n[      

become s mortal t notices are po/$      
publicly urg+ p>5ts to take x s]i\sly4  
,b ev5 9 ^! cases ! contra/ betwe5 !    
dea? & recov]y rates 9 ! ri* di/ricts & 
9 ! poor ones has l$ to ! g5]al         
conviction among exp]ts t bact]ial      
diseases are prev5table2 & !y already   
are to a l>ge ext5t prev5t$4 ,! dang]s (
 infection & ! way to avoid x are bett] 
und]/ood ?an !y us$ to be4 ,x is b>ely  
tw5ty ye>s s9ce p expos$ !mselves       
recklessly to ! infection ( consumption 
& pneumonia 9 ! belief t ^! diseases 7 n
 cat*+4 ,n[adays ! tr\bles ( consumptive
 pati5ts are greatly increas$ by ! gr[+ 
disposition to treat !m z lep]s4 ,no    
d\bt !re is a good deal ( ignorant      
exagg]ation & c[>dly refusal to face a  
human & necess>y %>e ( ! risk4 ,t has   
always be5 ! case4 ,we n[ "k t ! m$ieval
 horror ( leprosy 0 out ( all proportion
 to ! dang] ( infection1 & 0 accompani$ 
by app>5t bl9dness to ! infecti\sness ( 
smallpox1 :i* has s9ce be5 work$ up by  
our disease t]rori/s into ! position    

=m]ly held by leprosy4 ,b ! sc>e (      
infection1 ?\gh x sets ev5 doctors talk+
 z if ! only really sci5tific ?+ to d ) 
a fev] pati5t is to ?r[ him into ! ne>e/
 dit* & pump c>bolic acid on him f a    
safe di/ance until he is ready to be    
cremat$ on ! spot1 has l$ to mu* great] 
c>e & cleanl9ess4 ,& ! net result has   
be5 a s]ies ( victories ov] disease4    
,n[ let u suppose t 9 ! e>ly n9ete5?    
c5tury somebody _h come =w>d ) a !ory t 
typhus fev] always beg9s 9 ! top jo9t ( 
! little f+]2 & t if ?is jo9t be        
amputat$ imm$iately aft] bir?1 typhus   
fev] w disappe>4 ,_h su* a sugge/ion be5
 adopt$1 ! !ory w\ld h be5 triumphantly 
confirm$2 = z a matt] ( fact1 typhus    
fev] has disappe>$4 ,on ! o!r h& canc] &
 madness h increas$ 7/ati/ically7 to an 
appall+ ext5t4 ,! oppon5ts ( ! little   
f+] !ory w\ld !re=e be pretty sure to   
allege t ! amputations 7 spread+ canc] &
 lunacy4 ,! vacc9ation controv]sy is    
full ( su* cont5tions4 ,s is !          
controv]sy z to ! dock+ ( horses' tails 

& ! cropp+ ( dogs' e>s4 ,s is ! less    
widely kn[n controv]sy z to circumcision
 & ! decl>+ c]ta9 k9ds ( fle% unclean by
 ! ,jews4 ,to adv]tize any rem$y or     
op]ation1 y h only to pick out all ! mo/
 reassur+ advances made by civilization1
 & boldly pres5t ! two 9 ! relation (   
cause & effect3 ! public w swall[ !     
fallacy )\t a wry face4 ,x has no idea (
 ! ne$ = :at is call$ a control         
exp]im5t4 ,9 ,%akespe>'s "t & = long    
aft] x1 mummy 0 a favorite m$icam5t4 ,y 
took a p9* ( ! du/ ( a dead ,egyptian 9 
a p9t ( ! hotte/ wat] y c\ld be> to     
dr9k2 & x did y a great deal ( good4    
,?is1 y ?\ght1 prov$ :at a sov]eign     
heal] mummy 04 ,b if y _h tri$ ! control
 exp]im5t ( tak+ ! hot wat] )\t ! mummy1
 y might h f\nd ! effect exactly ! same1
 & t any hot dr9k w\ld h done z well4   
,,biometrika  ,ano!r difficulty ab\t    
/ati/ics is ! te*nical difficulty (     
calculation4 ,be=e y c ev5 make a mi/ake
 9 draw+ y\r conclusion f ! correlations
 e/abli%$ by y\r /ati/ics y mu/ asc]ta9 

! correlations4 ,:5 ,i turn ov] ! pages 
( ,biometrika1 a qu>t]ly j\rnal 9 :i* is
 record$ ! "w done 9 ! field (          
biological /ati/ics by ,pr(essor ,k>l   
,pe>son & 8 colleagues1 ,i am out ( my  
dep? at ! fir/ l9e1 because ma!matics   
are to me only a concept3 ,i nev] us$ a 
log>i?m 9 my life1 & c\ld n und]take to 
extract ! squ>e root ( f\r )\t misgiv+4 
,i am !re=e unable to d5y t ! /ati/ical 
asc]ta9m5t ( ! correlations betwe5 "o ?+
 & ano!r mu/ be a v complicat$ &        
difficult te*nical bus9ess1 n to be     
tackl$ successfully except by high      
ma!maticians2 & ,i _c resi/ ,pr(essor   
,k>l ,pe>son's imm5se contempt =1 &     
indignant s5se ( grave social dang] 91 !
 unskill$ guesses ( ! ord9>y sociologi/4
  ,n[ ! man 9 ! /reet kn[s no?+ (       
,biometrika3 all he kn[s is t y c prove 
any?+ by figures1 ?\gh he =gets ?is !   
mom5t figures are us$ to prove any?+ he 
wants to believe4 ,if he did take 9     
,biometrika he w\ld probably become     
abjectly cr$ul\s z to all ! conclusions 

drawn 9 x f ! correlations s le>n$ly    
work$ out2 ?\gh ! ma!matician ^:        
correlations w\ld fill a ,newton )      
admiration may1 9 collect+ & accept+    
data & draw+ conclusions f !m1 fall into
 q crude errors by j su* popul>         
ov]sights z ,i h be5 describ+4          
,,pati5t-,,made ,,!rapeutics  ,to all ^!
 blund]s & ignorances doctors are no    
less subject ?an ! re/ ( u4 ,!y are n   
tra9$ 9 ! use ( evid5ce1 nor 9          
biometrics1 nor 9 ! psy*ology ( human   
cr$ulity1 nor 9 ! incid5ce ( economic   
pressure4 ,fur!r1 !y mu/ believe1 on !  
:ole1 :at _! pati5ts believe1 j z !y mu/
 we> ! sort ( hat _! pati5ts we>4 ,!    
doctor may lay d[n ! law despotically   
en\gh to ! pati5t at po9ts :]e !        
pati5t's m9d is simply blank2 b :5 !    
pati5t has a prejudice ! doctor mu/ ei!r
 keep x 9 c\nt5ance or lose 8 pati5t4   
,if p are p]suad$ t night air is dang]\s
 to heal? & t fre% air makes !m cat*    
cold x w n be possible = a doctor to    
make 8 liv+ 9 private practice if he    

prescribes v5tilation4 ,we h to g back  
no fur!r ?an ! days ( ,! ,pickwick      
,pap]s to f9d ourselves 9 a _w :]e p    
slept 9 f\r-po/ b$s ) curta9s drawn     
closely r\nd to exclude z mu* air z     
possible4 ,_h ,mr4 ,pickwick's doctor   
told him t he w\ld be mu* heal?i] if he 
slept on a camp b$ by an op5 w9d[1 ,mr4 
,pickwick w\ld h reg>d$ him z a crank & 
call$ 9 ano!r doctor4 ,_h he gone on to 
=bid ,mr4 ,pickwick to dr9k br&y & wat] 
:5ev] he felt *illy1 & assur$ him t if  
he 7 depriv$ ( meat or salt = a :ole    
ye>1 he w\ld n only n die1 b w\ld be    
none ! worse1 ,mr4 ,pickwick w\ld h fl$ 
f 8 pres5ce z f t ( a dang]\s madman4 ,&
 9 ^! matt]s ! doctor _c *eat 8 pati5t4 
,if he has no fai? 9 drugs or           
vacc9ation1 & ! pati5t has1 he c *eat   
him ) color$ wat] & pass 8 lancet ?r\gh 
! flame ( a _s lamp be=e scrat*+ 8 arm4 
,b he _c make him *ange 8 daily habits  
)\t kn[+ x4     ,,! ,,re=ms ,,also      
,,come ,,f ,,! ,,laity  ,9 ! ma91 !n1 ! 
doctor le>ns t if he gets ahead ( !     

sup]/itions ( 8 pati5ts he is a ru9$    
man2 & ! result is t he in/9ctively     
takes c>e n to get ahead ( !m4 ,t is :y 
all ! *anges come f ! laity4 ,x 0 n     
until an agitation _h be5 conduct$ = _m 
ye>s by laym51 includ+ quacks & faddi/s 
( all k9ds1 t ! public 0 suffici5tly    
impress$ to make x possible = ! doctors 
to op5 _! m9ds & _! m\?s on ! subject ( 
fre% air1 cold wat]1 temp]ance1 & ! re/ 
( ! new fa%ions 9 hygi5e4 ,at pres5t !  
tables h be5 turn$ on _m old prejudices4
 ,pl5ty ( our mo/ popul> eld]ly doctors 
believe t cold tubs 9 ! morn+ are       
unnatural1 exhau/+1 & rheumatic2 t fre% 
air is a fad & t ev]ybody is ! bett] = a
 glass or two ( port w9e e day2 b !y no 
long] d>e say z mu* until !y "k exactly 
:]e !y are2 = _m v desirable pati5ts 9  
c\ntry h\ses h lately be5 p]suad$ t _!  
fir/ duty is to get up at six 9 ! morn+ 
& beg9 ! day by tak+ a walk b>efoot     
?r\gh ! dewy grass4 ,he :o %[s ! lea/   
scepticism z to ?is practice is at once 
suspect$ ( be+ an old-fa%ion$ doctor1 & 

dismiss$ to make room = a y\ng] man4  ,9
 %ort1 private m$ical practice is gov]n$
 n by sci5ce b by supply & dem&2 & h[ev]
 sci5tific a treatm5t may be1 x _c hold 
its place 9 ! m>ket if !re is no dem& = 
x2 nor c ! grosse/ quack]y be kept (f ! 
m>ket if !re is a dem& = x4             
,,fa%ions ,,& ,,epidemics  ,a dem&1     
h[ev]1 c be inculcat$4 ,?is is ?or\ghly 
und]/ood by fa%ionable tradesm51 :o f9d 
no difficulty 9 p]suad+ _! cu/om]s to   
r5ew articles t are n worn out & to buy 
?+s !y d n want4 ,by mak+ doctors       
tradesm51 we compel !m to le>n ! tricks 
( trade2 consequ5tly we f9d t ! fa%ions 
( ! ye> include treatm5ts1 op]ations1 & 
p>ticul> drugs1 z well z hats1 sleeves1 
ballads1 & games4 ,tonsils1 v]mi=m      
app5dices1 uvulas1 ev5 ov>ies are       
sacrific$ because x is ! fa%ion to get  
!m cut out1 & because ! op]ations are   
highly pr(itable4 ,! psy*ology ( fa%ion 
becomes a pa?ology2 = ! cases h e air ( 
be+ g5u9e3 fa%ions1 aft] all1 are only  
induc$ epidemics1 prov+ t epidemics c be

 induc$ by tradesm51 & !re=e by doctors4
     ,,! ,,doctor',s ,,virtues  ,x w be 
admitt$ t ?is is a pretty bad /ate (    
?+s4 ,& ! melodramatic in/9ct ( !       
public1 always dem&+2 t e wrong %all h1 
n its rem$y1 b its villa9 to be hiss$1 w
 blame1 n its own apa?y1 sup]/ition1 &  
ignorance1 b ! depravity ( ! doctors4   
,no?+ c\ld be m unju/ or mis*iev\s4     
,doctors1 if no bett] ?an o!r m51 are   
c]ta9ly no worse4 ,i 0 reproa*$ dur+ !  
p]=mances ( ,! ,doctor's ,dilemma at !  
,c\rt ,!atre 9 #aijg because ,i made !  
arti/ a rascal1 ! j\rnali/ an illit]ate 
incapable1 & all ! doctors angels4 ,b ,i
 did n g beyond ! w>rant ( my own       
exp]i5ce4 ,x has be5 my luck to h       
doctors among my fri5ds = ne>ly =ty ye>s
 pa/ 7all p]fectly aw>e ( my fre$om f ! 
usual cr$ulity z to ! miracul\s p[]s & k
 attribut$ to !m72 & ?\gh ,i "k t !re   
are m$ical blackgu>ds z well z milit>y1 
legal1 & cl]ical blackgu>ds 7"o soon    
f9ds t out :5 "o is privileg$ to he>    
doctors talk+ %op among !mselves71 !    

fact t ,i 0 no m at a loss = private    
m$ical advice & att5dance :5 ,i _h n a  
p5ny 9 my pocket ?an ,i 0 lat] on :5 ,i 
c\ld af=d fees on ! highe/ scale1 has   
made x impossible = me to %>e t ho/ility
 to ! doctor z a man :i* exi/s & is gr[+
 z an inevitable result ( ! pres5t      
condition ( m$ical practice4 ,n t !     
int]e/ 9 disease & ab]rations :i* turns 
"s m5 & wom5 to m$ic9e & surg]y is n    
sometimes z morbid z ! int]e/ 9 mis]y & 
vice :i* turns "s o!rs to philan?ropy & 
rescue "w4 ,b ! true doctor is inspir$  
by a hatr$ ( ill-heal?1 & a div9e       
impati5ce ( any wa/e ( vital =ces4      
,unless a man is l$ to m$ic9e or surg]y 
?r\gh a v exceptional te*nical aptitude1
 or because doctor+ is a family         
tradition1 or because he reg>ds x       
un9tellig5tly z a lucrative & g5tlemanly
 pr(ession1 8 motives 9 *oos+ ! c>e] ( a
 heal] are cle>ly g5]\s4 ,h[ev] actual  
practice may disillusion & corrupt him1 
8 selection 9 ! fir/ in/ance is n a     
selection ( a base "*4     ,,!          

,,doctor',s ,,h>d%ips  ,a review ( !    
c\nts 9 ! indictm5t ,i h br\ght aga9/   
private m$ical practice w %[ t !y arise 
out ( ! doctor's position z a           
competitive private tradesman3 t is1 out
 ( 8 pov]ty & dep5d5ce4 ,& x %\ld be    
borne 9 m9d t doctors are expect$ to    
treat o!r p specially well :il/ !mselves
 submitt+ to specially inconsid]ate     
treatm5t4 ,! but*] & bak] are n expect$ 
to fe$ ! hungry unless ! hungry c pay2 b
 a doctor :o all[s a fell[-creature to  
suff] or p]i% )\t aid is reg>d$ z a     
mon/]4 ,ev5 if we mu/ dismiss hospital  
s]vice z really v5al1 ! fact rema9s t   
mo/ doctors d a good deal ( gratuit\s "w
 9 private practice all ?r\gh _! c>e]s4 
,& 9 8 paid "w ! doctor is on a diff]5t 
foot+ to ! tradesman4 ,al?\gh ! articles
 he sells1 advice & treatm5t1 are ! same
 = all classes1 8 fees h to be graduat$ 
l ! income tax4 ,! successful fa%ionable
 doctor may we$ 8 poor] pati5ts out f "t
 to "t1 & f9ally use ! ,college (       
,physicians to place x out ( 8 own p[]  

to accept l[ fees2 b ! ord9>y g5]al     
practition] nev] makes out 8 bills )\t  
consid]+ ! taxable capacity ( 8 pati5ts4
  ,!n !re is ! disreg>d ( 8 own heal? & 
com=t :i* results f ! fact t he is1 by !
 nature ( 8 "w1 an em]g5cy man4 ,we are 
polite & consid]ate to ! doctor :5 !re  
is no?+ ! matt]1 & we meet him z a fri5d
 or ent]ta9 him z a gue/2 b :5 ! baby is
 suff]+ f cr\p1 or its "m has a         
temp]ature ( #ajd degrees1 or its       
gr&fa!r has brok5 8 leg1 nobody ?9ks ( !
 doctor except z a heal] & savi\r4 ,he  
may be hungry1 we>y1 sleepy1 run d[n by 
sev]al successive nights di/urb$ by t   
in/rum5t ( torture1 ! night bell2 b :o  
ev] ?9ks ( ?is 9 ! face ( sudd5 sickness
 or accid5t8 ,we ?9k no m ( ! condition 
( a doctor att5d+ a case ?an ( !        
condition ( a fireman at a fire4 ,9 o!r 
occupations night-"w is specially       
recogniz$ & provid$ =4 ,! work] sleeps  
all day2 has 8 breakfa/ 9 ! ev5+2 8 lun*
 or d9n] at midnight2 8 d9n] or supp]   
be=e go+ to b$ 9 ! morn+2 & he *anges to

 day-"w if he _c /& night-"w4 ,b a      
doctor is expect$ to "w day & night4 ,9 
practices :i* consi/ l>gely ( workm5's  
clubs1 & 9 :i* ! pati5ts are !re=e tak5 
on :olesale t]ms & v num]\s1 ! un=tunate
 assi/ant1 or ! pr9cipal if he has no   
assi/ant1 (t5 does n undress1 kn[+ t he 
w be call$ up be=e he has snat*$ an     
h\r's sleep4 ,to ! /ra9 ( su* inhuman   
conditions mu/ be add$ ! con/ant risk ( 
infection4 ,"o wond]s :y ! impati5t     
doctors d n become savage &             
unmanageable1 & ! pati5t ones imbecile4 
,p]haps !y d1 to "s ext5t4 ,& ! pay is  
wret*$1 & s unc]ta9 t refusal to att5d  
)\t paym5t 9 advance becomes (t5 a      
necess>y measure ( self-def5ce1 :il/ !  
,c\nty ,c\rt has long ago put an end to 
! tradition t ! doctor's fee is an      
honor>ium4 ,ev5 ! mo/ em95t physicians1 
z su* biographies z ^? ( ,paget %[1 are 
sometimes mis]ably1 inhumanly poor until
 !y are pa/ _! prime4 ,9 %ort1 ! doctor 
ne$s our help = ! mom5t mu* m ?an we (t5
 ne$ 84 ,! ridicule ( ,moli]e1 ! dea? ( 

a well-in=m$ & clev] writ] l ! late     
,h>old ,fr$]ic 9 ! h&s ( ,*ri/ian       
,sci5ti/s 7a sort ( seal+ ) 8 blood ( ! 
contemptu\s disbelief 9 & dislike (     
doctors he _h bitt]ly express$ 9 8      
books71 ! sca?+ & q ju/ifiable exposure 
( m$ical practice 9 ! novel by ,mr4     
,ma>t5 ,ma>t5s entitl$ ,! ,new          
,religion3 all ^! tr\ble ! doctor v     
little1 & are 9 any case well set (f by 
! popul>ity ( ,sir ,luke ,fildes' fam\s 
picture1 & by ! v]dicts 9 :i* juries f  
"t to "t express _! conviction t !      
doctor c d no wrong4 ,! real woes ( !   
doctor are ! %abby coat1 ! wolf at !    
door1 ! tyranny ( ignorant pati5ts1 !   
"w-day ( #bd h\rs1 & ! uselessness (    
hone/ly prescrib+ :at mo/ ( ! pati5ts   
really ne$3 t is1 n m$ic9e1 b money4    
,,! ,,public ,,doctor  ,:at !n is to be 
done8  ,=tunately we h n to beg9        
absolutely f ! beg9n+3 we already h1 9 !
 ,m$ical ,(fic] ( ,heal?1 a sort (      
doctor :o is free f ! wor/ h>d%ips1 &   
consequ5tly f ! wor/ vices1 ( ! private 

practition]4 ,8 position dep5ds1 n on ! 
numb] ( p :o are ill1 & :om he c keep   
ill1 b on ! numb] ( p :o are well4 ,he  
is judg$1 z all doctors & treatm5ts %\ld
 be judg$1 by ! vital /ati/ics ( 8      
di/rict4 ,:5 ! dea? rate goes up 8 cr$it
 goes d[n4 ,z e increase 9 8 sal>y      
dep5ds on ! issue ( a public debate z to
 ! heal? ( ! con/itu5cy "u 8 *>ge1 he   
has e inducem5t to /rive t[>ds ! ideal (
 a clean bill ( heal?4 ,he has a safe1  
dignifi$1 responsible1 indep5d5t        
position bas$ :olly on ! public heal?2  
:]eas ! private practition] has a       
prec>i\s1 %abby-g5teel1 irresponsible1  
s]vile position1 bas$ :olly on !        
preval5ce ( illness4  ,x is true1 !re   
are grave sc&als 9 ! public m$ical      
s]vice4 ,! public doctor may be also a  
private practition] ek+ out 8 e>n+s by  
giv+ a little "t to public "w = a mean  
paym5t4 ,!re are cases 9 :i* ! position 
is "o :i* no successful practition] w   
accept1 & :]e1 !re=e1 incapables or     
drunk>ds get automatically select$ = !  

po/1 faute de mieux2 b ev5 9 ^! cases ! 
doctor is less disa/r\s 9 8 public      
capacity ?an 9 8 private "o3 besides1 ! 
conditions :i* produce ^! bad cases are 
doom$1 z ! evil is n[ recogniz$ &       
und]/ood4 ,a popul> b un/able rem$y is  
to enable local au?orities1 :5 !y are   
too small to require ! undivid$ "t ( su*
 m5 z ! ,m$ical ,(fic]s ( our great     
municipalities1 to comb9e = public heal?
 purposes s t ea* may %>e ! s]vices ( a 
highly paid (ficial ( ! be/ class2 b !  
"r rem$y is a l>g] area z ! sanit>y     
unit4     ,,m$ical ,,organization       
,ano!r advantage ( public m$ical "w is t
 x admits ( organization1 & consequ5tly 
( ! di/ribution ( ! "w 9 su* a mann] z  
to avoid wa/+ ! "t ( highly qualifi$    
exp]ts on trivial jobs4 ,! individualism
 ( private practice leads to an appall+ 
wa/e ( "t on trifles4 ,m5 ^: dext]ity z 
op]ators or almo/ div9atory skill 9     
diagnosis are con/antly ne$$ = difficult
 cases1 are p\ltic+ :itl[s1 vacc9at+1   
*ang+ unimportant dress+s1 prescrib+ e!r

 drams = ladies ) timid lean+s t[>ds    
dipsomania1 & g5]ally wa/+ _! "t 9 !    
pursuit ( private fees4 ,9 no o!r       
pr(ession is ! practition] expect$ to d 
all ! "w involv$ 9 x f ! fir/ day ( 8   
pr(essional c>e] to ! la/ z ! doctor is4
 ,! judge passes s5t5ce ( dea?2 b he is 
n expect$ to hang ! crim9al ) 8 own h&s1
 z he w\ld be if ! legal pr(ession 7 z  
unorganiz$ z ! m$ical4 ,! bi%op is n    
expect$ to bl[ ! organ or wa% ! baby he 
baptizes4 ,! g5]al is n ask$ to plan a  
campaign or conduct a battle at half-pa/
 twelve & to play ! drum at half-pa/    
two4 ,ev5 if !y 71 ?+s w\ld /ill n be z 
bad z 9 ! m$ical pr(ession2 = 9 x n only
 is ! fir/-class man set to d ?ird-class
 "w1 b1 :at is mu* m t]rify+1 !         
?ird-class man is expect$ to d          
fir/-class "w4 ,e g5]al practition] is  
suppos$ to be capable ( ! :ole range (  
m$ical & surgical "w at a mom5t's       
notice2 & ! c\ntry doctor1 :o has n a   
speciali/ nor a crack consultant at !   
end ( 8 telephone1 (t5 has to tackle )\t

 hesitation cases :i* no sane           
practition] 9 a t[n w\ld take 9 h& )\t  
assi/ance4 ,no d\bt ?is develops !      
res\rcefulness ( ! c\ntry doctor1 &     
makes him a m capable man ?an 8 suburban
 colleague2 b x _c develop !            
second-class man into a fir/-class "o4  
,if ! practice ( law n only l$ to a     
judge hav+ to hang1 b ! hangman to      
judge1 or if 9 ! army matt]s 7 s arrang$
 t x w\ld be possible = ! drumm] boy to 
be 9 comm& at ,wat]loo :il/ ! ,duke (   
,well+ton 0 play+ ! drum 9 ,brussels1 we
 %\ld n be consol$ by ! reflection t our
 hangm5 7 !reby made a little m         
judicial-m9d$1 & our drumm]s m          
responsible1 ?an 9 =eign c\ntries :]e ! 
legal & milit>y pr(essions recogniz$ !  
advantages ( division ( labor4  ,"u su* 
conditions no /ati/ics z to ! graduation
 ( pr(essional ability among doctors are
 available4 ,assum+ t doctors are normal
 m5 & n magicians 7& x is un=tunately v 
h>d to p]suade p to admit s mu* & !reby 
de/roy ! romance ( doctor+7 we may guess

 t ! m$ical pr(ession1 l ! o!r          
pr(essions1 consi/s ( a small p]c5tage (
 highly gift$ p]sons at "o end1 & a     
small p]c5tage ( altoge!r disa/r\s      
duff]s at ! o!r4 ,betwe5 ^! extremes    
comes ! ma9 body ( doctors 7also1 (     
c\rse1 ) a weak & a /rong end7 :o c be  
tru/$ to "w "u regulations ) m or less  
aid f above accord+ to ! gravity ( !    
case4 ,or1 to put x 9 t]ms ( ! cases1   
!re are cases t pres5t no difficulties1 
& c be dealt ) by a nurse or /ud5t at "o
 end ( ! scale1 & cases t require wat*+ 
& h&l+ by ! v highe/ exi/+ skill at !   
o!r2 :il/ betwe5 come ! great mass (    
cases :i* ne$ visits f ! doctor ( ord9>y
 ability & f ! *iefs ( ! pr(ession 9 !  
proportion (1 say1 sev5 to none1 sev5 to
 "o1 ?ree to "o1 "o to "o1 or1 = a day  
or two1 none to "o4 ,su* a s]vice is    
organiz$ at pres5t only 9 hospitals2    
?\gh 9 l>ge t[ns ! practice ( call+ 9 ! 
consultant acts1 to "s ext5t1 z a       
sub/itute = x4 ,b 9 ! latt] case x is q 
unregulat$ except by pr(essional        

etiquet1 :i*1 z we h se51 has = its     
object1 n ! heal? ( ! pati5t or ( !     
community at l>ge1 b ! protection ( !   
doctor's livelihood & ! concealm5t ( 8  
errors4 ,& z ! consultant is an exp5sive
 luxury1 he is a la/ res\rce r1 z he    
%\ld be1 ?an a matt] ( c\rse1 9 all     
cases :]e ! g5]al practition] is n equal
 to ! occasion3 a pr$icam5t 9 :i* a v   
capable man may f9d himself at any "t   
?r\gh ! cropp+ up ( a case ( :i* he has 
_h no cl9ical exp]i5ce4     ,,! ,,social
 ,,solution ,,( ,,! ,,m$ical ,,problem  
,! social solution ( ! m$ical problem1  
!n1 dep5ds on t l>ge1 sl[ly advanc+1    
petti%ly resi/$ integration ( society   
call$ g5]ally ,socialism4 ,until !      
m$ical pr(ession becomes a body ( m5    
tra9$ & paid by ! c\ntry to keep !      
c\ntry 9 heal? x w rema9 :at x is at    
pres5t3 a conspiracy to exploit popul>  
cr$ulity & human suff]+4 ,already our   
,m4,o4,h4s 7,m$ical ,(fic]s ( ,heal?7   
are 9 ! new position3 :at is lack+ is   
appreciation ( ! *ange1 n only by !     

public b by ! private doctors4 ,=1 z we 
h se51 :5 "o ( ! fir/-rate po/s becomes 
vacant 9 "o ( ! great cities1 & all !   
lead+ ,m4,o4,h4s compete = x1 !y mu/    
appeal to ! good heal? ( ! cities ( :i* 
!y h be5 9 *>ge1 & n to ! size ( !      
incomes ! local private doctors are mak+
 out ( ! ill-heal? ( _! pati5ts4 ,if a  
competitor c prove t he has utt]ly ru9$ 
e sort ( m$ical private practice 9 a    
l>ge city except ob/etric practice & !  
surg]y ( accid5ts1 8 claims are         
irresi/ible2 & ?is is ! ideal at :i* e  
,m4,o4,h4 %\ld aim4 ,b ! pr(ession at   
l>ge %\ld none ! less welcome him & set 
its h\se 9 ord] = ! social *ange :i* w  
f9ally be its own salvation4 ,= !       
,m4,o4,h4 z we "k him is only ! beg9n+ (
 t army ( ,public ,hygi5e :i* w pres5tly
 take ! place 9 g5]al int]e/ & honor n[ 
occupi$ by our milit>y & naval =ces4 ,x 
is silly t an ,engli%man %\ld be m      
afraid ( a ,g]man soldi] ?an ( a ,briti%
 disease g]m1 & %\ld clamor = m b>racks 
9 ! same newspap]s t prote/ aga9/ m     

s*ool cl9ics1 & cry out t if ! ,/ate    
fights disease = u x makes u paup]s1    
?\gh !y nev] say t if ! ,/ate fights !  
,g]mans = u x makes u c[>ds4 ,=tunately1
 :5 a habit ( ?\ght is silly x only ne$s
 /eady treatm5t by ridicule f s5sible & 
witty p to be put out ( c\nt5ance &     
p]i%4 ,e ye> sees an increase 9 ! numb] 
( p]sons employ$ 9 ! ,public ,heal?     
,s]vice1 :o w\ld =m]ly h be5 m]e        
adv5tur]s 9 ! ,private ,illness ,s]vice4
 ,to put x ano!r way1 a ho/ ( m5 & wom5 
:o h n[ a /rong inc5tive to be mis*iev\s
 & ev5 murd]\s rogues w h a mu* /rong]1 
because a mu* hone/]1 inc5tive to be n  
only good citiz5s b active b5efactors to
 ! community4 ,& !y w h no anxiety      
:atev] ab\t _! incomes4     ,,! ,,future
 ,,( ,,private ,,practice  ,x mu/ n be  
ha/ily conclud$ t ?is involves !        
ext9ction ( ! private practition]4 ,:at 
x w really mean = him is release f 8    
pres5t degrad+ & sci5tifically corrupt+ 
slav]y to 8 pati5ts4 ,z ,i h already %[n
 ! doctor :o has to live by pleas+ 8    

pati5ts 9 competition ) ev]ybody :o has 
walk$ ! hospitals1 scrap$ ?r\gh !       
exam9ations1 & b\ght a brass plate1 soon
 f9ds himself prescrib+ wat] to         
teetotall]s & br&y or *ampagne jelly to 
drunk>ds2 beef/eaks & /\t 9 "o h\se1 &  
uric acid free veget>ian diet ov] ! way2
 %ut w9d[s1 big fires1 & heavy ov]coats 
to old ,colonels1 & op5 air & z mu*     
nak$ness z is compatible ) dec5cy to "y 
faddi/s1 nev] once d>+ to say ei!r ,i   
don't "k1 or ,i don't agree4 ,= ! /r5g? 
( ! doctor's1 z ( e o!r man's position  
:5 ! evolution ( social organization at 
la/ rea*es 8 pr(ession1 w be t he w     
always h op5 to him ! alt]native (      
public employm5t :5 ! private employ]   
becomes too tyrann\s4 ,& let no "o      
suppose t ! words doctor & pati5t c     
disguise f ! p>ties ! fact t !y are     
employ] & employee4 ,no d\bt doctors :o 
are 9 great dem& c be z high-h&$ &      
indep5d5t z employees are 9 all classes 
:5 a de>? 9 _! labor m>ket makes !m     
indisp5sable2 b ! av]age doctor is n 9  

?is position3 he is /ruggl+ = life 9 an 
ov]cr[d$ pr(ession1 & kn[s well t a good
 b$side mann] w c>ry him to solv5cy     
?r\gh a morass ( illness1 :il/ ! lea/   
attempt at pla9 deal+ ) p :o are eat+   
too mu*1 or dr9k+ too mu*1 or fr[/+ too 
mu* 7to g no fur!r 9 ! li/ (            
intemp]ances t make up s mu* ( family   
life7 w\ld soon l& him 9 ! ,bankruptcy  
,c\rt4  ,private practice1 ?us protect$1
 w\ld itself protect individuals1 z f> z
 su* protection is possible1 aga9/ !    
errors & sup]/itions ( ,/ate m$ic9e1 :i*
 are at wor/ no worse ?an ! errors &    
sup]/itions ( private practice1 be+1    
inde$1 all d]iv$ f x4 ,su* mon/rosities 
z vacc9ation are1 z we h se51 f\nd$1 n  
on sci5ce1 b on half-cr[ns4 ,if !       
,vacc9ation ,acts1 in/ead ( be+ :olly   
repeal$ z !y are already half repeal$1 7
 /r5g!n$ by compell+ e p>5t to h 8 *ild 
vacc9at$ by a public (fic] ^: sal>y 0   
completely indep5d5t ( ! numb] (        
vacc9ations p]=m$ by him1 & = :om !re 0 
pl5ty ( alt]native public heal? "w      

wait+1 vacc9ation w\ld be dead 9 two    
ye>s1 z ! vacc9ator w\ld n only n ga9 by
 x1 b w\ld lose cr$it ?r\gh ! depress+  
effects on ! vital /ati/ics ( 8 di/rict 
( ! illness & dea?s x causes1 :il/ x    
w\ld take f him all ! cr$it ( t fre$om f
 smallpox :i* is ! result ( good sanit>y
 adm9i/ration & vigilant prev5tion (    
infection4 ,su* absurd panic sc&als z t 
( ! la/ ,london epidemic1 :]e a fee (   
half-a-cr[n p] re-vacc9ation produc$    
raids on h\ses dur+ ! abs5ce ( p>5ts1 & 
! =cible seizure & re-vacc9ation (      
*ildr5 left to answ] ! door1 c be       
prev5t$ simply by aboli%+ ! half-cr[n & 
all simil> follies1 pay+1 n = ?is or t  
c]emony ( wit*craft1 b = immunity f     
disease1 & pay+1 too1 9 a rational way4 
,! (fic] ) a fix$ sal>y saves himself   
tr\ble by do+ 8 bus9ess ) ! lea/        
possible int]f]5ce ) ! private citiz54  
,! man paid by ! job loses money by n   
=c+ 8 job on ! public z (t5 z possible  
)\t ref]5ce to its results4     ,,!     
,,te*nical ,,problem  ,z to any te*nical

 m$ical problem specially involv$1 !re  
is none4 ,if !re 71 ,i %\ld n be        
compet5t to deal ) x1 z ,i am n a       
te*nical exp]t 9 m$ic9e3 ,i deal ) !    
subject z an economi/1 a politician1 & a
 citiz5 ex]cis+ my common s5se4 ,ev]y?+ 
t ,i h said applies equally to all !    
m$ical te*niques1 & w hold good :e!r    
public hygi5e be bas$ on ! poetic       
fancies ( ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce1 ! tribal    
sup]/itions ( ! druggi/ & ! vivisector1 
or ! be/ we c make ( our real k4 ,b ,i  
may rem9d ^? :o confus$ly imag9e t !    
m$ical problem is also ! sci5tific      
problem1 t all problems are f9ally      
sci5tific problems4 ,! notion t         
!rapeutics or hygi5e or surg]y is any m 
or less sci5tific ?an mak+ or clean+    
boots is ent]ta9$ only by p to :om a man
 ( sci5ce is /ill a magician :o c cure  
diseases1 transmute metals1 & enable u  
to live = ev]4 ,x may /ill be necess>y =
 "s "t to come to practise on popul>    
cr$ulity1 popul> love & dread ( !       
m>vell\s1 & popul> idolatry1 to induce !

 poor to comply ) ! sanit>y regulations 
!y are too ignorant to und]/&4 ,z ,i h  
else:]e confess$1 ,i h myself be5       
responsible = ridicul\s incantations )  
burn+ sulphur1 exp]im5tally prov$ to be 
q useless1 because poor p are conv9c$1  
by ! my/ical air ( ! burn+ & ! horrible 
smell1 t x exorcises ! demons ( smallpox
 & sc>let fev] & makes x safe = !m to   
return to _! h\ses4 ,to assure !m t !   
real secret is sun%9e & soap is only to 
conv9ce !m t y d n c>e :e!r !y live or  
die1 & wi% to save money at _! exp5se4  
,s y p]=m ! incantation2 & back !y g to 
_! h\ses1 satisfi$4 ,a religi\s         
c]emony--a poetic bless+ ( ! ?re%old1 = 
in/ance--w\ld be mu* bett]2 b           
un=tunately our religion is weak on !   
sanit>y side4 ,"o ( ! wor/ mis=tunes (  
,*ri/5dom 0 t reaction aga9/ ! voluptu\s
 ba?+ ( ! imp]ial ,romans :i* made dirty
 habits a "p ( ,*ri/ian piety1 & 9 "s   
unlucky places 7! ,s&wi* ,isl&s =       
example7 made ! introduction (          
,*ri/ianity also ! introduction (       

disease1 because ! =mulators ( ! sup]s$$
 native religion1 l ,mahomet1 _h be5    
enlight5$ en\gh to introduce z religi\s 
duties su* sanit>y measures z ablution &
 ! mo/ c>eful & rev]5t treatm5t ( ev]y?+
 ca/ (f by ! human body1 ev5 to nail    
clipp+s & hairs2 & our mission>ies      
?\ghtlessly discr$it$ ?is godly doctr9e 
)\t supply+ its place1 :i* 0 promptly   
tak5 by laz9ess & neglect4 ,if ! prie/s 
( ,irel& c\ld only be p]suad$ to tea* _!
 flocks t x is a deadly insult to !     
,bless$ ,virg9 to place h] image 9 a    
cottage t is n kept up to t high /&>d ( 
,sunday cleanl9ess to :i* all h]        
wor%ipp]s mu/ believe %e is accu/om$1 & 
to repres5t h] z be+ especially p>ticul>
 ab\t /ables because h] son 0 born 9 "o1
 !y might d m 9 "o ye> ?an all !        
,sanit>y ,inspectors 9 ,irel& c\ld d 9  
tw5ty2 & !y c\ld h>dly d\bt t ,our ,lady
 w\ld be delight$4 ,p]haps !y d n[adays2
 = ,irel& is c]ta9ly a transfigur$      
c\ntry s9ce my y\? z f> z clean faces & 
p9a=es c transfigure x4 ,9 ,engl&1 :]e s

 _m ( ! inhabitants are too gross to    
believe 9 poetic fai?s1 too respectable 
to tol]ate ! notion t ! /able at ,be?any
 0 a common peasant f>m]'s /able in/ead 
( a fir/-rate rac+ "o1 & too savage to  
believe t any?+ c really ca/ out ! devil
 ( disease unless x be "s t]rify+ hoodoo
 ( tortures & /9ks1 ! ,m4,o4,h4 w no    
d\bt = a long "t to come h to prea* to  
fools accord+ to _! folly1 promis+      
miracles1 & ?reat5+ hide\s p]sonal      
consequ5ces ( neglect ( by-laws & ! l2  
!re=e x w be important t e ,m4,o4,h4    
%all h1 ) 8 7or h]7 o!r qualifications1 
a s5se ( humor1 le/ 7he or %e7 %\ld come
 at la/ to believe all ! nons5se t mu/  
ne$s be talk$4 ,b he mu/1 9 8 capacity (
 an exp]t advis+ ! au?orities1 keep !   
gov]nm5t itself free ( sup]/ition4 ,if  
,italian peasants are s ignorant t !    
,*ur* c get no hold ( !m except by      
miracles1 :y1 miracles !re mu/ be4 ,!   
blood ( ,/4 ,janu>ius mu/ liquefy :e!r !
 ,sa9t is 9 ! humor or n4 ,to trick a   
hea!n into be+ a dutiful ,*ri/ian is no 

worse ?an to trick a :itewa%] into tru/+
 himself 9 a room :]e a smallpox pati5t 
has la91 by pret5d+ to exorcise !       
disease ) burn+ sulphur4 ,b woe to !    
,*ur* if 9 deceiv+ ! peasant x also     
deceives itself2 = !n ! ,*ur* is lo/1 & 
! peasant too1 unless he revolt aga9/ x4
 ,unless ! ,*ur* works ! pret5d$ miracle
 pa9fully aga9/ ! gra91 & is cont9ually 
urg$ by its dislike ( ! impo/ure to     
/rive to make ! peasant susceptible to !
 true reasons = behav+ well1 ! ,*ur* w  
become an in/rum5t ( 8 corruption & an  
exploit] ( 8 ignorance1 & w f9d itself  
laun*$ ^u t p]secution ( sci5tific tru? 
( :i* all prie/hoods are accus$ & none )
 m ju/ice ?an ! sci5tific prie/hood4  ,&
 "h we come to ! dang] t t]rifies s _m (
 u3 ! dang] ( hav+ a hygi5ic or?odoxy   
impos$ on u4 ,b we mu/ face t3 9 su*    
cr[d$ & pov]ty ridd5 civilizations z    
ours any or?odoxy is bett] ?an          
laiss]-faire4 ,if our population ev]    
comes to consi/ exclusively ( well-to-d1
 highly cultivat$1 & ?or\ghly in/ruct$  

free p]sons 9 a position to take c>e (  
!mselves1 no d\bt !y w make %ort "w ( a 
good deal ( (ficial regulation t is n[ (
 life-&-dea? necessity to u2 b "u exi/+ 
circum/ances1 ,i repeat1 almo/ any sort 
( att5tion t democracy w /& is bett] ?an
 neglect4 ,att5tion & activity lead to  
mi/akes z well z to successes2 b a life 
sp5t 9 mak+ mi/akes is n only m         
honorable b m useful ?an a life sp5t do+
 no?+4 ,! "o lesson t comes out ( all   
our !oriz+ & exp]im5t+ is t !re is only 
"o really sci5tific progressive me?od2 &
 t is ! me?od ( trial & error4 ,if y    
come to t1 :at is laiss]-faire b an     
or?odoxy8 ! mo/ tyrann\s & disa/r\s (   
all ! or?odoxies1 s9ce x =bids y ev5 to 
le>n4     ,,! ,,late/ ,,!ories  ,m$ical 
!ories are s mu* a matt] ( fa%ion1 & !  
mo/ f]tile ( !m are modifi$ s rapidly by
 m$ical practice & biological rese>*1   
:i* are int]national activities1 t !    
play :i* furni%es ! pretext = ?is       
preface is already slightly outmod$1    
?\gh ,i believe x may be tak5 z a       

fai?ful record = ! ye> 7#aijf7 9 :i* x 0
 begun4 ,i mu/ n expose any pr(essional 
man to ru9 by connect+ 8 "n ) ! entire  
fre$om ( criticism :i* ,i1 z a layman1  
enjoy2 b x w be evid5t to all exp]ts t  
my play c\ld n h be5 writt5 b = ! "w    
done by ,sir ,almro? ,wright 9 ! !ory & 
practice ( secur+ immunization f        
bact]ial diseases by ! inoculation (    
vacc9es made ( _! own bact]ia3 a        
practice incorrectly call$ vacc9e!rapy  
7!re is no?+ vacc9e ab\t x7 app>5tly    
because x is :at vacc9ation ought to be 
& is n4 ,until ,sir ,almro? ,wright1    
foll[+ up "o ( ,met*nik(f's mo/         
sugge/ive biological romances1 discov]$ 
t ! :ite corpuscles or phagocytes :i*   
attack & dev\r disease g]ms = u d _! "w 
only :5 we butt] ! disease g]ms         
appetiz+ly = !m ) a natural sauce :i*   
,sir ,almro? nam$ opson91 & t our       
production ( ?is condim5t cont9ually    
rises & falls rhy?mically f             
negligibility to ! highe/ effici5cy1    
nobody _h be5 able ev5 to conjecture :y 

! v>i\s s]ums t 7 f "t to "t introduc$ z
 hav+ effect$ m>vell\s cures1 pres5tly  
made su* direful havoc ( "s un=tunate   
pati5t t !y _h to be dropp$ ha/ily4 ,!  
quantity ( /urdy ly+ t 0 necess>y to    
save ! cr$it ( inoculation 9 ^? days 0  
prodigi\s2 & _h x n be5 = ! devotion %[n
 by ! milit>y au?orities ?r\gh\t        
,europe1 :o w\ld ord] ! entire          
disappe>ance ( "s disease f _! armies1 &
 br+ x ab\t by ! simple plan ( *ang+ !  
"n "u :i* ! cases 7 report$1 or = our   
own ,metropolitan ,asylums ,bo>d1 :i*   
c>efully suppress$ all ! m$ical reports 
t reveal$ ! sometimes q appall+ effects 
( epidemics ( revacc9ation1 !re is no   
say+ :at popul> reaction might n h tak5 
place aga9/ ! :ole immunization movem5t 
9 !rapeutics4  ,! situation 0 sav$ :5   
,sir ,almro? ,wright po9t$ out t if y   
inoculat$ a pati5t ) pa?og5ic g]ms at a 
mom5t :5 8 p[]s ( cook+ !m = consumption
 by ! phagocytes 0 rec$+ to its l[e/    
po9t1 y w\ld c]ta9ly make him a good    
deal worse & p]haps kill him1 :]eas if y

 made precisely ! same inoculation :5 ! 
cook+ p[] 0 ris+ to "o ( its p]iodical  
climaxes1 y w\ld /imulate x to /ill     
fur!r ex]tions & produce j ! opposite   
result4 ,& he inv5t$ a te*nique =       
asc]ta9+ 9 :i* phase ! pati5t happ5$ to 
be at any giv5 mom5t4 ,! dramatic       
possibilities ( ?is discov]y & inv5tion 
w be f\nd 9 my play4 ,b x is "o ?+ to   
inv5t a te*nique3 x is q ano!r to       
p]suade ! m$ical pr(ession to acquire x4
 ,our g5]al practition]s1 ,i ga!r1      
simply decl9$ to acquire x1 be+ mo/ly   
unable to af=d ei!r ! acquisition or !  
practice ( x :5 acquir$4 ,some?+ simple1
 *eap1 & ready at all times = all com]s1
 is1 z ,i h %[n1 ! only ?+ t is         
economically possible 9 g5]al practice1 
:atev] may be ! case 9 ,sir ,almro?'s   
fam\s laboratory 9 ,/4 ,m>y's ,hospital4
 ,x w\ld h become necess>y to d5\nce    
opson9 9 ! trade pap]s z a fad & ,sir   
,almro? z a dang]\s man if 8 practice 9 
! laboratory _h n l$ him to ! conclusion
 t ! cu/om>y inoculations 7 v mu* too   

p[]ful1 & t a comp>atively inf9itesimal 
dose w\ld n precipitate a negative phase
 ( cook+ activity1 & might induce a     
positive "o4 ,& ?us x happ5s t ! refusal
 ( our g5]al practition]s to acquire !  
new te*nique is no long] q s dang]\s 9  
practice z x 0 :5 ,! ,doctor's ,dilemma 
0 writt53 nay1 t ,sir ,ralph ,bloomfield
 ,bon+tons way ( adm9i/]+ inoculations z
 if !y 7 spoonfuls ( squills may        
sometimes "w fairly well4 ,= all t1 ,i  
f9d ,sir ,almro? ,wright1 on ! #bcrd    
,may1 #aiaj1 w>n+ ! ,royal ,society (   
,m$ic9e t ! cl9ician has n yet be5      
prevail$ ^u to reconsid] 8 position1 :i*
 means t ! g5]al practition] 7! doctor1 
z he is call$ 9 our homes7 is go+ on j z
 he did be=e1 & c\ld n af=d to le>n or  
practice a new te*nique ev5 if he _h ev]
 he>d ( x4 ,to ! pati5t :o does n "k    
ab\t x he w say no?+4 ,to ! pati5t :o   
does1 he w ridicule x1 & disp>age ,sir  
,almro?4 ,:at else c he d1 except       
confess 8 ignorance & />ve8  ,b n[      
please obs]ve h[ ! :irligig ( "t br+s   

its rev5ges4 ,?is late/ discov]y ( !    
rem$ial virtue ( a v1 v t9y hair ( ! dog
 t bit y rem9ds u1 n only ( ,arndt's law
 ( protoplasmic reaction to /imuli1     
accord+ to :i* weak & /rong /imuli      
provoke opposite reactions1 b (         
,hahnemann's homeopa?y1 :i* 0 f\nd$ on !
 fact alleg$ by ,hahnemann t drugs :i*  
produce c]ta9 symptoms :5 tak5 9 ord9>y 
p]ceptible quantities1 w1 :5 tak5 9     
inf9itesimally small quantities1 provoke
 j ! opposite symptoms2 s t ! drug t    
gives y a heada*e w also cure a heada*e 
if y take little en\gh ( x4 ,i h already
 expla9$ t ! savage opposition :i*      
homeopa?y enc\nt]$ f ! m$ical pr(ession 
0 n a sci5tific opposition2 = nobody    
seems to d5y t "s drugs act 9 ! alleg$  
mann]4 ,x 0 oppos$ simply because       
doctors & apo!c>ies liv$ by sell+       
bottles & boxes ( doctor's /uff to be   
tak5 9 spoonfuls or 9 pellets z l>ge z  
peas2 & p w\ld n pay z mu* = drops &    
globules no bigg] ?an p9s' heads4       
,n[adays1 h[ev]1 ! m cultivat$ folk are 

beg9n+ to be s suspici\s ( drugs1 & !   
incorrigibly sup]/iti\s p s pr(usely    
suppli$ ) pat5t m$ic9es 7! m$ical advice
 to take !m be+ wrapp$ r\nd ! bottle &  
?r[n 9 = no?+7 t homeopa?y has become a 
way ( rehabilitat+ ! trade (            
prescription comp\nd+1 & is consequ5tly 
com+ into pr(essional cr$it4 ,at :i*    
po9t ! !ory ( opson9s comes v           
opportunely to %ake h&s ) x4  ,add to ! 
newly triumphant homeopa?i/ & ! opsoni/ 
t o!r rem>kable innovator1 ! ,sw$i%     
masseur1 :o does n !orize ab\t y1 b     
probes y all ov] ) 8 p[]ful ?umbs until 
he f9ds out y\r sore spots & rubs !m    
away1 besides *eat+ y into a little     
:olesome ex]cise2 & y h ne>ly ev]y?+ 9  
m$ical practice to-day t is n flat      
wit*craft or pure comm]cial exploitation
 ( human cr$ulity & fe> ( dea?4 ,add to 
!m a good deal ( veget>ian & teetotal   
controv]sy rag+ r\nd a clamor =         
sci5tific eat+ & dr9k+1 & result+ 9     
little s f> except call+ dige/ion       
,metabolism & divid+ ! public betwe5 !  

em95t doctor :o tells u t we d n eat    
en\gh fi%1 & 8 equally em95t colleague  
:o w>ns u t a fi% diet mu/ end 9        
leprosy1 & y h all t opposes ) any sort 
( c\nt5ance ! rise ( ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce ) 
its ca!drals & congregations & zealots &
 miracles & cures3 all v silly1 no d\bt1
 b sane & s5sible1 poetic & hopeful1    
comp>$ to ! pseudo sci5ce ( ! comm]cial 
g5]al practition]1 :o fooli%ly clamors =
 ! prosecution & ev5 ! execution ( !    
,*ri/ian ,sci5ti/s :5 _! pati5ts die1   
=gett+ ! long dea? roll ( 8 own pati5ts4
  ,by ! "t ?is preface is 9 pr9t !      
kaleidoscope may h _h ano!r %ake2 &     
opson9 may h gone ! way ( phlogi/on at !
 h&s ( its own re/less discov]]4 ,i w n 
say t ,hahnemann may h gone ! way (     
,diafoirus2 = ,diafoirus we h always )  
u4 ,b we %all /ill pick up all our k 9  
pursuit ( "s ,w o' ! ,wisp or o!r4 ,:at 
is call$ sci5ce has always pursu$ !     
,elixir ( ,life & ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one1
 & is j z busy aft] !m to-day z ev] x 0 
9 ! days ( ,p>acelsus4 ,we call !m by   

diff]5t names3 ,immunization or         
,radiology or :at n2 b ! dreams :i* lure
 u into ! adv5tures f :i* we le>n are   
always at bottom ! same4 ,sci5ce becomes
 dang]\s only :5 x imag9es t x has rea*$
 its goal4 ,:at is wrong ) prie/s &     
popes is t in/ead ( be+ apo/les & sa9ts1
 !y are no?+ b empirics :o say ,i "k    
in/ead ( ,i am le>n+1 & pray = cr$ulity 
& in]tia z wise m5 pray = scepticism &  
activity4 ,su* abom9ations z !          
,inquisition & ! ,vacc9ation ,acts are  
possible only 9 ! fam9e ye>s ( ! s\l1 :5
 ! great vital dogmas ( honor1 lib]ty1  
c\rage1 ! k9%ip ( all life1 fai? t !    
unkn[n is great] ?an ! kn[n & is only ! 
,z ,yet ,unkn[n1 & resolution to f9d a  
manly highway to x1 h be5 =gott5 9 a    
p>oxysm ( littl5ess & t]ror 9 :i* no?+  
is active except concupisc5ce & ! fe> ( 
dea?1 play+ on :i* any trad] c fil* a   
=tune1 any blackgu>d gratify 8 cruelty1 
& any tyrant make u 8 slaves4  ,le/ ?is 
%\ld seem too rhetorical a conclusion = 
our pr(essional m5 ( sci5ce1 :o are     

mo/ly tra9$ n to believe any?+ unless x 
is word$ 9 ! j>gon ( ^? writ]s :o1      
because !y nev] really und]/& :at !y are
 try+ to say1 _c f9d famili> words = x1 
& are !re=e compell$ to inv5t a new     
language ( nons5se = e book !y write1   
let me sum up my conclusions z dryly z  
is consi/5t ) accurate ?\ght & live     
conviction4  #a4 ,no?+ is m dang]\s ?an 
a poor doctor3 n ev5 a poor employ] or a
 poor l&lord4  #b4 ,( all ! anti-social 
ve/$ int]e/s ! wor/ is ! ve/$ int]e/ 9  
ill-heal?4  #c4 ,rememb] t an illness is
 a misdemeanor2 & treat ! doctor z an   
accessory unless he notifies e case to !
 ,public ,heal? au?ority4  #d4 ,treat e 
dea? z a possible & "u our pres5t sy/em 
a probable murd]1 by mak+ x ! subject ( 
a reasonably conduct$ inque/2 & execute 
! doctor1 if necess>y1 z a doctor1 by   
/rik+ him (f ! regi/]4  #e4 ,make up y\r
 m9d h[ _m doctors ! community ne$s to  
keep x well4 ,d n regi/] m or less ?an  
?is numb]2 & let regi/ration con/itute !
 doctor a civil s]vant ) a dignifi$ liv+

 wage paid out ( public funds4  #f4     
,municipalize ,h>ley ,/reet4  #g4 ,treat
 ! private op]ator exactly z y w\ld     
treat a private execution]4  #h4 ,treat 
p]sons :o pr(ess to be able to cure     
disease z y treat =tune tell]s4  #i4    
,keep ! public c>efully in=m$1 by       
special /ati/ics & ann\ncem5ts (        
individual cases1 ( all illnesses (     
doctors or 9 _! families4  #aj4 ,make x 
compulsory = a doctor us+ a brass plate 
to h inscrib$ on x1 9 addition to !     
lett]s indicat+ 8 qualifications1 !     
words ,rememb] t ,i too am mortal4  #aa4
 ,9 legislation & social organization1  
proce$ on ! pr9ciple t invalids1 mean+  
p]sons :o _c keep !mselves alive by _!  
own activities1 _c1 beyond reason1      
expect to be kept alive by ! activity ( 
o!rs4 ,!re is a po9t at :i* ! mo/       
en]getic policeman or doctor1 :5 call$  
^u to deal ) an app>5tly dr[n$ p]son1   
gives up artificial respiration1 al?\gh 
x is nev] possible to decl>e ) c]ta9ty1 
at any po9t %ort ( decomposition1 t     

ano!r five m9utes ( ! ex]cise w\ld n    
effect resuscitation4 ,! !ory t e       
individual alive is ( inf9ite value is  
legislatively impracticable4 ,no d\bt ! 
high] ! life we secure to ! individual  
by wise social organization1 ! great] 8 
value is to ! community1 & ! m pa9s we  
%all take to pull him ?r\gh any tempor>y
 dang] or disablem5t4 ,b ! man :o co/s m
 ?an he is wor? is doom$ by s\nd hygi5e 
z inexorably z by s\nd economics4  #ab4 
,d n try to live = ev]4 ,y w n succe$4  
#ac4 ,use y\r heal?1 ev5 to ! po9t (    
we>+ x out4 ,t is :at x is =4 ,sp5d all 
y h be=e y die2 & d n outlive y\rself4  
#ad4 ,take ! utmo/ c>e to get well born 
& well br\ght up4 ,?is means t y\r "m   
mu/ h a good doctor4 ,be c>eful to g to 
a s*ool :]e !re is :at !y call a s*ool  
cl9ic1 :]e y\r nutrition & tee? &       
eyesight & o!r matt]s ( importance to y 
w be att5d$ to4 ,be p>ticul>ly c>eful to
 h all ?is done at ! exp5se ( ! nation1 
z o!rwise x w n be done at all1 ! *ances
 be+ ab\t =ty to "o aga9/ y\r be+ able  

to pay = x directly y\rself1 ev5 if y "k
 h[ to set ab\t x4 ,o!rwise y w be :at  
mo/ p are at pres5t3 an uns\nd citiz5 ( 
an uns\nd nation1 )\t s5se en\gh to be  
a%am$ or unhappy ab\t x4